@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2002-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 7, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2002: Special Issue on {H}ow{N}et and Its Applications",
    month = feb,
    year = "2002",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-etal-2002-yi,
    title = "以構詞律與相似法為本的中文動詞自動分類研究 (A Hybrid Approach for Automatic Classification of {C}hinese Unknown Verbs) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Tseng, Hui-Hsin  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Gao, Zhao-Ming  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 7, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2002: Special Issue on {H}ow{N}et and Its Applications",
    month = feb,
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O02-1001",
    pages = "1--28",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-etal-2002-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation and Sense-Based {NV} Event Frame Identifier",
    author = "Tsai, Jia-Lin  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian  and
      Su, Jeng-Woei",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 7, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2002: Special Issue on {H}ow{N}et and Its Applications",
    month = feb,
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O02-1002",
    pages = "29--46",
}
@inproceedings{yang-li-2002-yi,
    title = "一種基於知網的語義排歧模型研究 (A Study of Semantic Disambiguation Based on {H}ow{N}et) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yang, Xiaofeng  and
      Li, Tangqiu",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 7, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2002: Special Issue on {H}ow{N}et and Its Applications",
    month = feb,
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O02-1003",
    pages = "47--78",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2002-ji,
    title = "基於文本概念和k{NN}的跨語種文本過濾 (Cross-Language Text Filtering Based on Text Concepts and k{NN}) [In {C}hinese",
    author = "Su, Weifeng  and
      Li, Shaozi  and
      Li, Tanqiu  and
      You, Wenjian",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 7, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2002: Special Issue on {H}ow{N}et and Its Applications",
    month = feb,
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O02-1004",
    pages = "79--90",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2002-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 7, Number 2, August 2002: Special Issue on Computational {C}hinese Lexical Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2002",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2002-qing,
    title = "情境{---}{---}組織/存放辭彙語義知識的恰當框架 (Situation {--} A Suitable Framework for Organizing and Positioning Lexical Semantic Knowledge) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Zusun  and
      Zhou, Qiang  and
      Zhao, Qiang",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 7, Number 2, August 2002: Special Issue on Computational {C}hinese Lexical Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O02-2001",
    pages = "1--36",
}
@inproceedings{chen-you-2002-study,
    title = "A Study on Word Similarity using Context Vector Models",
    author = "Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      You, Jia-Ming",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 7, Number 2, August 2002: Special Issue on Computational {C}hinese Lexical Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O02-2002",
    pages = "37--58",
}
@inproceedings{liu-li-2002-ji,
    title = "基於《知網》的辭彙語義相似度計算 (Word Similarity Computing Based on How-net) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Liu, Qun  and
      Li, Sujian",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 7, Number 2, August 2002: Special Issue on Computational {C}hinese Lexical Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O02-2003",
    pages = "59--76",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2002-ji,
    title = "基於組合特徵的漢語名詞詞義消歧 (A Study on Noun Sense Disambiguation Based on Syntagmatic Features) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Hui",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 7, Number 2, August 2002: Special Issue on Computational {C}hinese Lexical Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O02-2004",
    pages = "77--88",
}
@inproceedings{kang-2002-xian,
    title = "《現代漢語新詞語資訊電子詞典》的研究與實現 (Development and Study of the {``}Modern {C}hinese New Words Information Electronic Dictionary{''}) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Kang, Shiyong",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 7, Number 2, August 2002: Special Issue on Computational {C}hinese Lexical Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O02-2005",
    pages = "89--100",
}
@inproceedings{song-xu-2002-ji,
    title = "基於詞彙語義的百科辭典知識提取實驗 (An Experiment on Knowledge Extraction from an Encyclopedia Based on Lexicon Semantics) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Song, Rou  and
      Xu, Yong",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 7, Number 2, August 2002: Special Issue on Computational {C}hinese Lexical Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O02-2006",
    pages = "101--112",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2016-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    author = "Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Kao, Hung-Yu",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1000",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-etal-2016-ping,
    title = "評估尺度相關最佳化方法於華語錯誤發音檢測之研究(Evaluation Metric-related Optimization Methods for {M}andarin Mispronunciation Detection) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hsu, Yao-Chi  and
      Yang, Ming-Han  and
      Hung, Hsiao-Tsung  and
      Lin, Yi-Ju  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1001",
    pages = "1--3",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2016-rong,
    title = "融合多任務學習類神經網路聲學模型訓練於會議語音辨識之研究(Leveraging Multi-task Learning with Neural Network Based Acoustic Modeling for Improved Meeting Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yang, Ming-Han  and
      Hsu, Yao-Chi  and
      Hung, Hsiao-Tsung  and
      Chen, Ying-Wen  and
      Chen, Berlin  and
      Chen, Kuan-Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1002",
    pages = "4--6",
}
@inproceedings{yan-etal-2016-shi,
    title = "使用字典學習法於強健性語音辨識(The Use of Dictionary Learning Approach for Robustness Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yan, Bi-Cheng  and
      Shih, Chin-Hong  and
      Liu, Shih-Hung  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1003",
    pages = "7--9",
}
@inproceedings{chan-chen-2016-yi,
    title = "以多層感知器辨識情緒於國台客語料庫 (Use Multilayer Perceptron To Recognize Emotion in {M}andarin,{T}aiwanese and {H}akka Database) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chan, Chia-Hsien  and
      Chen, Chia-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1004",
    pages = "10--21",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2016-vdao,
    title = "「{V}到」結構的合分詞及語意區分(Word segmentation and sense representation for V-dao structure in {C}hinese)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Shu-Ling  and
      Li, Shi-Min  and
      Bai, Ming-Hong  and
      Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Wang, Ying-Ni  and
      Lin, Qing-Long",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1005",
    pages = "22--34",
}
@inproceedings{kung-etal-2016-ge,
    title = "歌詞演唱錯誤偵測(Automatic Sung Lyrics Verification)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Kung, Shiang-Shiun  and
      Ma, Cin-Hao  and
      Shen, Sin-Fu  and
      Hsiao, Po-Yuan  and
      Tsai, Wei-Ho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1006",
    pages = "35--48",
}
@inproceedings{bai-etal-2016-ji,
    title = "基於詞語分布均勻度的核心詞彙選擇之研究(A Study on Dispersion Measures for Core Vocabulary Compilation )[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Bai, Ming-Hong  and
      Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Chien, Ying-Ni  and
      Huang, Shu-Ling  and
      Lin, Ching-Lung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1007",
    pages = "49--51",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chung-2016-shi,
    title = "什麼時候「認真就輸了」？{---}{---}語料庫中「認真」一詞的語意變化(Do We Lose When Being Serious? {---}{C}hange in Meaning of the Word {``}Renzen(認真){''} in Corpora)",
    author = "Chen, Pei-Yi  and
      Chung, Siaw-Fong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1008",
    pages = "52--81",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2016-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing Experiment Designs for {C}hinese Word Sense Annotation",
    author = "Huang, Tzu-Yun  and
      Wu, Hsiao-Han  and
      Lee, Chia-Chen  and
      Lee, Shao-Man  and
      Li, Guan-Wei  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1009",
    pages = "82--99",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-ma-2016-ji,
    title = "基於相依詞向量的剖析結果重估與排序(N-best Parse Rescoring Based on Dependency-Based Word Embeddings)",
    author = "Hsieh, Yu-Ming  and
      Ma, Wei-Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1010",
    pages = "100--102",
}
@inproceedings{pu-etal-2016-yi,
    title = "以語言模型評估學習者文句修改前後之流暢度(Using language model to assess the fluency of learners sentences edited by teachers)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Pu, Guan-Ying  and
      Chen, Po-Lin  and
      Wu, Shih-Hung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1011",
    pages = "103--114",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2016-yun,
    title = "運用序列到序列生成架構於重寫式自動摘要(Exploiting Sequence-to-Sequence Generation Framework for Automatic Abstractive Summarization)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hsieh, Yu-Lun  and
      Liu, Shih-Hung  and
      Chen, Kuan-Yu  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1012",
    pages = "115--128",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2016-ji,
    title = "基於字元階層之語音合成用文脈訊息擷取(Character-Level Linguistic Features Extraction for Text-to-Speech System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Kuan-Hung  and
      Liao, Shu-Han  and
      Liao, Yuan-Fu  and
      Wang, Yih-Ru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1013",
    pages = "129--130",
}
@inproceedings{kuan-etal-2016-duo,
    title = "多通道之多重音頻串流方法之研究(Multi-channel Source Clustering of Polyphonic Music) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Kuan, Chih Yi  and
      Su, Li  and
      Chin, Yu Hao  and
      Wang, Jia-Ching",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1014",
    pages = "131--141",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chen-2016-support,
    title = "Support Super-Vector Machines in Automatic Speech Emotion Recognition",
    author = "Chen, Chia-Ying  and
      Chen, Chia-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1015",
    pages = "142--152",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-speech,
    title = "Speech Intelligibility and the Production of Fricative and Affricate among {M}andarin-speaking Children with Cerebral Palsy",
    author = "Liu, Chin-Ting  and
      Chen, Li-mei  and
      Lin, Yu-Ching  and
      Cheng, Chia-Fang  and
      Chang, Hui-chen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1016",
    pages = "153--163",
}
@inproceedings{hu-chung-2016-wang,
    title = "網路新興語言{\&}耍{'}之語意辨析：以批踢踢語料庫為本(On the semantic analysis of the verb shua3 in Taiwan {M}andarin: The {PTT} corpus-based study)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hu, Hsueh-ying  and
      Chung, Siaw-Fong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1017",
    pages = "164--180",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-fei,
    title = "非負矩陣分解法於語音調變頻譜強化之研究(A study of enhancing the modulation spectrum of speech signals via nonnegative matrix factorization)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Xu-Xiang  and
      Zheng, Zhi-Hao  and
      Tsao, Yu  and
      Hong, Jhih-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1018",
    pages = "181--193",
}
@inproceedings{chen-wang-2016-yi,
    title = "以多重表示選擇文章分類的樣本(Using Multiple Representations to Select Instances for Text Classification)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Yao-Hui  and
      Wang, Jhih-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1019",
    pages = "194--203",
}
@inproceedings{tran-phan-2016-computing,
    title = "Computing Sentiment Scores of Verb Phrases for {V}ietnamese",
    author = "Tran, Thien Khai  and
      Phan, Tuoi Thi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1020",
    pages = "204--213",
}
@inproceedings{rysova-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic evaluation of surface coherence in {L}2 texts in {C}zech",
    author = "Rysov{\'a}, Kate{\v{r}}ina  and
      Rysov{\'a}, Magdal{\'e}na  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1021",
    pages = "214--228",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chang-2016-facebook,
    title = "{F}acebook 活動事件擷取系統({F}acebook Activity Event Extraction System)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Yuan-Hao  and
      Chang, Chia-Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1022",
    pages = "229--243",
}
@inproceedings{wu-chen-2016-biao,
    title = "標記對於類神經語音情緒辨識系統辨識效果之影響(Effects of Label in Neural Speech Emotion Recognition System)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wu, Tung-Han  and
      Chen, Chia-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1023",
    pages = "244--254",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-etal-2016-ji,
    title = "基於深層類神經網路及表示學習技術之文件可讀性分類(Classification of Text Readability Based on Deep Neural Network and Representation Learning Techniques)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Tseng, Hou-Chiang  and
      Hung, Hsiao-Tsung  and
      Sung, Yao-Ting  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1024",
    pages = "255--270",
}
@inproceedings{hung-etal-2016-ming,
    title = "命名實體識別運用於產品同義詞擴增(Using Named Entity Recognition Increases the Synonym of Products)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hung, Chihli  and
      Huang, Jheng-Hua  and
      Zhong, Rui-Jia  and
      Chen, Liang-Pu  and
      Yang, Ping-Che",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1025",
    pages = "271--283",
}
@inproceedings{magistry-2016-design,
    title = "Design of an Input Method for {T}aiwanese Hokkien using Unsupervized Word Segmentation for Language Modeling",
    author = "Magistry, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1026",
    pages = "284--298",
}
@inproceedings{lin-hsieh-2016-sarcasm,
    title = "Sarcasm Detection in {C}hinese Using a Crowdsourced Corpus",
    author = "Lin, Shih-Kai  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1027",
    pages = "299--310",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2016-ji-yu,
    title = "基於深層類神經網路之音訊事件偵測系統(Deep Neural Networks for Audio Event Detection)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Jhih-wei  and
      Liu, Chia-Hsin  and
      Liao, Yuan-Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1028",
    pages = "311--324",
}
@inproceedings{hsiao-etal-2016-ji,
    title = "基於增強式深層類神經網路之語言辨認系統(Reinforcement Training for Deep Neural Networks-based Language Recognition)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hsiao, Yen-Wen  and
      Liu, Hung-Jui  and
      Liao, Yuan-Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1029",
    pages = "325--341",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-zhong,
    title = "中文近義詞的偵測與判別(Detection and Discrimination of {C}hinese Near-synonyms)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Li, Shih-Min  and
      Bai, Ming-Hong  and
      Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Huang, Shu-Ling  and
      Lin, Ching-Lung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1030",
    pages = "342--351",
}
@inproceedings{miao-etal-2016-gou,
    title = "構建一個中文國小數學文字問題語料庫(Building a Corpus for Developing the {C}hinese Elementary School Math Word Problem Solver)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Miao, Shen-Yun  and
      Lin, Su-Chu  and
      Ma, Wei-Yun  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1031",
    pages = "352--371",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2016-ji,
    title = "基於深層遞迴類神經網路之多通道電視回聲消除系統(Multi-Channel Television Echo Cancellation based on Deep Recurrent Neural Networks)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Hung  and
      Hung, Wei-Jung  and
      Liao, Yuan-Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1032",
    pages = "372--386",
}
@inproceedings{sun-lee-2016-ji,
    title = "基於多模態主動式學習法進行需備標記樣本之挑選用於候用校長評鑑之自動化評分系統建置(A Multimodal Active Learning Approach toward Identifying Samples to Label during the Development of Automatic Oral Presentation Assessment System for Pre-service Principals Certification Program)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Sun, Hung-Ching  and
      Lee, Chi-Chun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1033",
    pages = "387--401",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2016-generation,
    title = "Generation of Conceptual-Level Text Cloud with Graph Diffusion",
    author = "Lin, Ying-Chun  and
      Yang, Po-An  and
      Lee, Yen-Kuan  and
      Chuang, Kun-Ta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2016)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-1034",
    pages = "402--411",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2016-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 21, Number 1, June 2016",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Chen, Kuang-Hua",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-2000",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2016-segmentation,
    title = "A Segmentation Matrix Method for {C}hinese Segmentation Ambiguity Analysis",
    author = "Chen, Yanping  and
      Zheng, Qinghua  and
      Tian, Feng  and
      Zheng, Deli",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 21, Number 1, June 2016",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-2001",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2016-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Template Extraction for Recognizing Reader-Emotion",
    author = "Chang, Yung-Chun  and
      Chu, Chun-Han  and
      Chen, Chien Chin  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 21, Number 1, June 2016",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-2002",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2016-enriching,
    title = "Enriching Cold Start Personalized Language Model Using Social Network Information",
    author = "Huang, Yu-Yang  and
      Yan, Rui  and
      Kuo, Tsung-Ting  and
      Lin, Shou-De",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 21, Number 1, June 2016",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-2003",
}
@inproceedings{wang-lu-2016-identifying,
    title = "Identifying the Names of Complex Search Tasks with Task-Related Entities",
    author = "Wang, Ting-Xuan  and
      Lu, Wen-Hsiang",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 21, Number 1, June 2016",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-2004",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2016-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 21, Number 2, {D}ecember 2016",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Chien, Jen-Tzung",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-3000",
}
@inproceedings{bai-etal-2016-ji-yu,
    title = "基於詞語分布均勻度的核心詞彙選擇 (A Study on Dispersion Measures for Core Vocabulary Compilation) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Bai, Ming-Hong  and
      Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Chien, Ying-Ni  and
      Huang, Shu-Ling  and
      Lin, Ching-Lung",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 21, Number 2, {D}ecember 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-3001",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-ma-2016-n,
    title = "N-best Rescoring for Parsing Based on Dependency-Based Word Embeddings",
    author = "Hsieh, Yu-Ming  and
      Ma, Wei-Yun",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 21, Number 2, {D}ecember 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-3002",
}
@inproceedings{yan-etal-2016-shi-yong,
    title = "使用字典學習法於強健性語音辨識 (The Use of Dictionary Learning Approach for Robustness Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yan, Bi-Cheng  and
      Shih, Chin-Hong  and
      Liu, Shih-Hung  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 21, Number 2, {D}ecember 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-3003",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-etal-2016-ping-gu,
    title = "評估尺度相關最佳化方法於華語錯誤發音檢測之研究 (Evaluation Metric-related Optimization Methods for {M}andarin Mispronunciation Detection) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hsu, Yao-Chi  and
      Yang, Ming-Han  and
      Hung, Hsiao-Tsung  and
      Lin, Yi-Ju  and
      Chen, Kuan-Yu  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 21, Number 2, {D}ecember 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-3004",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2016-ji-yu-zi,
    title = "基於字元階層之語音合成用文脈訊息擷取 (Character-Level Linguistic Features Extraction for Text-to-Speech System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Kuan-Hung  and
      Liao, Shu-Han  and
      Liao, Yuan-Fu  and
      Wang, Yih-Ru",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 21, Number 2, {D}ecember 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-3005",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2016-rong-duo,
    title = "融合多任務學習類神經網路聲學模型訓練於會議語音辨識之研究 (Leveraging Multi-Task Learning with Neural Network Based Acoustic Modeling for Improved Meeting Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yang, Ming-Han  and
      Hsu, Yao-Chi  and
      Hung, Hsiao-Tsung  and
      Chen, Ying-Wen  and
      Chen, Kuan-Yu  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 21, Number 2, {D}ecember 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O16-3006",
}
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    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 25, Number 1, March 1999",
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@article{carberry-lambert-1999-process,
    title = "A Process Model for Recognizing Communicative Acts and Modeling Negotiation Subdialogues",
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@article{lascarides-copestake-1999-default,
    title = "Default Representation in Constraint-based Frameworks",
    author = "Lascarides, Alex  and
      Copestake, Ann",
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    title = "Bitext Maps and Alignment via Pattern Recognition",
    author = "Melamed, I. Dan",
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@article{chi-1999-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Properties of Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars",
    author = "Chi, Zhiyi",
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@article{akman-1999-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Survey of the State of the Art in Human Language Technology",
    author = "Akman, Varol",
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@article{biber-1999-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Exploring Textual Data",
    author = "Biber, Douglas",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
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    number = "1",
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@article{tiedemann-1999-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Linguistic Databases",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
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@article{nn-1999-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
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@article{nn-1999-erratum,
    title = "Erratum",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "1",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-1009",
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@article{nn-1999-advertisements,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "1",
    year = "1999",
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@article{cl-1999-linguistics-25,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 25, Number 2, June 1999",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
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@article{suri-etal-1999-methodology,
    title = "A Methodology for Extending Focusing Frameworks",
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      McCoy, Kathleen F.  and
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    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
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@article{bruce-wiebe-1999-decomposable,
    title = "Decomposable Modeling in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Bruce, Rebecca  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
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@article{abrusci-etal-1999-tree,
    title = "Tree Adjoining Grammars in a Fragment of the Lambek Calculus",
    author = "Abrusci, V. Michele  and
      Fouquer{\'e}, Christophe  and
      Vauzeilles, Jacqueline",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
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    number = "2",
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@article{bangalore-joshi-1999-supertagging,
    title = "{S}upertagging: An Approach to Almost Parsing",
    author = "Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
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@article{somers-1999-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Phonetic Segments for Children{'}s Articulation Assessment",
    author = "Somers, Harold",
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@article{wedekind-1999-semantic,
    title = "Semantic-driven Generation with {LFG}- and {PATR}-style Grammars",
    author = {Wedekind, J{\"u}rgen},
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@article{li-abe-1999-learning,
    title = "Learning Dependencies between Case Frame Slots",
    author = "Li, Hang  and
      Abe, Naoki",
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@article{lin-1999-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: {W}ord{N}et: An Electronic Lexical Database",
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@article{neufeld-1999-book,
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@article{ooi-1999-book,
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@article{lessard-1999-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Learner {E}nglish on Computer",
    author = "Lessard, Greg",
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@article{nn-1999-briefly-noted,
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@article{nn-1999-publications,
    title = "Publications Received",
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@article{nn-1999-advertisements-2,
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@article{cl-1999-linguistics-25-number,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 25, Number 3, September 1999",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
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@article{strube-hahn-1999-functional,
    title = "Functional Centering {--} Grounding Referential Coherence on Information Structure",
    author = "Strube, Michael  and
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@article{nederhof-1999-computational,
    title = "The Computational Complexity of the Correct-Prefix Property for {TAG}s",
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@article{chu-carroll-carpenter-1999-vector,
    title = "Vector-based Natural Language Call Routing",
    author = "Chu-Carroll, Jennifer  and
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@article{green-carberry-1999-interpreting,
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@article{schutze-1999-book,
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@article{collins-1999-book,
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@article{pulman-1999-book,
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@article{ferrari-1999-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Processing Metonymy and Metaphor",
    author = "Ferrari, St{\'e}phane",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "3",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-3009",
}
@article{nn-1999-briefly-noted-2,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "3",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-3010",
}
@article{sampson-1999-letter,
    title = "Letter to the Editor: Grammatical Depth: A Rejoinder",
    author = "Sampson, Geoffrey",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "3",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-3011",
}
@article{nn-1999-advertisements-3,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "3",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-3012",
}
@article{cl-1999-linguistics-25-number-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 25, Number 4, {D}ecember 1999",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "4",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-4000",
}
@article{ritchie-1999-completeness,
    title = "Completeness conditions for mixed strategy bidirectional parsing",
    author = "Ritchie, Graeme",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "4",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-4001",
    pages = "457--486",
}
@article{briscoe-copestake-1999-lexical,
    title = "Lexical rules in constraint based grammars",
    author = "Briscoe, Ted  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "4",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-4002",
    pages = "487--526",
}
@article{heeman-allen-1999-speech,
    title = "Speech repains, intonational phrases, and discourse markers: modeling speakers{'} utterances in spoken dialogue",
    author = "Heeman, Peter A.  and
      Allen, James F.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "4",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-4003",
    pages = "527--572",
}
@article{goodman-1999-semiring,
    title = "Semiring Parsing",
    author = "Goodman, Joshua",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "4",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-4004",
    pages = "573--606",
}
@article{knight-1999-decoding,
    title = "Decoding complexity in word-replacement translation models",
    author = "Knight, Kevin",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "4",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-4005",
    pages = "607--615",
}
@article{grosz-gordon-1999-conceptions,
    title = "Conceptions of limited attention and discourse focus",
    author = "Grosz, Barbara J.  and
      Gordon, Peter C.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "4",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-4006",
    pages = "617--624",
}
@article{mitkov-1999-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Centering Theory in Discourse",
    author = "Mitkov, Ruslan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "4",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-4007",
}
@article{hirst-1999-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: {E}uro{W}ord{N}et: A Multilingual Database with Lexical Semantic Networks",
    author = "Hirst, Graeme",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "4",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-4008",
}
@article{sowa-1999-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought",
    author = "Sowa, John F.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "4",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-4009",
}
@article{nn-1999-briefly-noted-3,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "4",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-4010",
}
@article{nn-1999-publications-received,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "4",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-4011",
}
@article{cole-1999-letter,
    title = "Letter to the Editor: Language Technology for Beginners",
    author = "Cole, Ronald A.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "4",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-4012",
}
@article{nn-1999-author,
    title = "Author Index: Volume 25",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "4",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-4013",
}
@article{nn-1999-title,
    title = "Title Index: Volume 25",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "4",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-4014",
}
@article{nn-1999-advertisements-4,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "25",
    number = "4",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-4015",
}
@proceedings{eacl-2009-european,
    title = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    author = "Lascarides, Alex  and
      Gardent, Claire  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1000",
}
@inproceedings{copestake-2009-invited,
    title = "\textbf{Invited Talk:} Slacker Semantics: Why Superficiality, Dependency and Avoidance of Commitment can be the Right Way to Go",
    author = "Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{de-jong-2009-invited,
    title = "\textbf{Invited Talk:} {NLP} and the Humanities: The Revival of an Old Liaison",
    author = "de Jong, Franciska",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1002",
    pages = "10--15",
}
@inproceedings{abdul-rauf-schwenk-2009-use,
    title = "On the Use of Comparable Corpora to Improve {SMT} performance",
    author = "Abdul-Rauf, Sadaf  and
      Schwenk, Holger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1003",
    pages = "16--23",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2009-contextual,
    title = "Contextual Phrase-Level Polarity Analysis Using Lexical Affect Scoring and Syntactic {N}-Grams",
    author = "Agarwal, Apoorv  and
      Biadsy, Fadi  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1004",
    pages = "24--32",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-soroa-2009-personalizing,
    title = "Personalizing {P}age{R}ank for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Soroa, Aitor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1005",
    pages = "33--41",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-lopez-de-lacalle-2009-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Domain Adaption for {WSD}",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Lopez de Lacalle, Oier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1006",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{ah-pine-jacquet-2009-clique,
    title = "Clique-Based Clustering for Improving Named Entity Recognition Systems",
    author = "Ah-Pine, Julien  and
      Jacquet, Guillaume",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1007",
    pages = "51--59",
}
@inproceedings{albrecht-etal-2009-correcting,
    title = "Correcting Automatic Translations through Collaborations between {MT} and Monolingual Target-Language Users",
    author = "Albrecht, Joshua  and
      Hwa, Rebecca  and
      Marai, G. Elisabeta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1008",
    pages = "60--68",
}
@inproceedings{angelov-2009-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Parsing with Parallel Multiple Context-Free Grammars",
    author = "Angelov, Krasimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1009",
    pages = "69--76",
}
@inproceedings{apidianaki-2009-data,
    title = "Data-Driven Semantic Analysis for Multilingual {WSD} and Lexical Selection in Translation",
    author = "Apidianaki, Marianna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1010",
    pages = "77--85",
}
@inproceedings{badr-etal-2009-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Phrase Reordering for {E}nglish-to-{A}rabic Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Badr, Ibrahim  and
      Zbib, Rabih  and
      Glass, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1011",
    pages = "86--93",
}
@inproceedings{bangalore-stent-2009-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Parsing Models for Dialog Task Structure",
    author = "Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1012",
    pages = "94--102",
}
@inproceedings{brody-lapata-2009-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Word Sense Induction",
    author = "Brody, Samuel  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1013",
    pages = "103--111",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-forst-2009-human,
    title = "Human Evaluation of a {G}erman Surface Realisation Ranker",
    author = "Cahill, Aoife  and
      Forst, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1014",
    pages = "112--120",
}
@inproceedings{carlos-etal-2009-large,
    title = "Large-Coverage Root Lexicon Extraction for {H}indi",
    author = "Carlos, Cohan Sujay  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Dandapat, Sandipan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1015",
    pages = "121--129",
}
@inproceedings{cartoni-2009-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Morphology in Machine Translation: A Feasibility Study",
    author = "Cartoni, Bruno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1016",
    pages = "130--138",
}
@inproceedings{chae-nenkova-2009-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Fluency of Text with Shallow Structural Features: Case Studies of Machine Translation and Human-Written Text",
    author = "Chae, Jieun  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1017",
    pages = "139--147",
}
@inproceedings{charniak-elsner-2009-em,
    title = "{EM} Works for Pronoun Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Charniak, Eugene  and
      Elsner, Micha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1018",
    pages = "148--156",
}
@inproceedings{creutz-etal-2009-web,
    title = "Web Augmentation of Language Models for Continuous Speech Recognition of {SMS} Text Messages",
    author = "Creutz, Mathias  and
      Virpioja, Sami  and
      Kovaleva, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1019",
    pages = "157--165",
}
@inproceedings{cromieres-kurohashi-2009-alignment,
    title = "An Alignment Algorithm Using Belief Propagation and a Structure-Based Distortion Model",
    author = "Cromi{\`e}res, Fabien  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1020",
    pages = "166--174",
}
@inproceedings{davidov-rappoport-2009-translation,
    title = "Translation and Extension of Concepts Across Languages",
    author = "Davidov, Dmitry  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1021",
    pages = "175--183",
}
@inproceedings{devault-stone-2009-learning,
    title = "Learning to Interpret Utterances Using Dialogue History",
    author = "DeVault, David  and
      Stone, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1022",
    pages = "184--192",
}
@inproceedings{dickinson-2009-correcting,
    title = "Correcting Dependency Annotation Errors",
    author = "Dickinson, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1023",
    pages = "193--201",
}
@inproceedings{dinarelli-etal-2009-ranking,
    title = "Re-Ranking Models for Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Dinarelli, Marco  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1024",
    pages = "202--210",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-wang-2009-inference,
    title = "Inference Rules and their Application to Recognizing Textual Entailment",
    author = "Dinu, Georgiana  and
      Wang, Rui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1025",
    pages = "211--219",
}
@inproceedings{furstenau-lapata-2009-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = {F{\"u}rstenau, Hagen  and
      Lapata, Mirella},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1026",
    pages = "220--228",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2009-cognitively,
    title = "Cognitively Motivated Features for Readability Assessment",
    author = "Feng, Lijun  and
      Elhadad, No{\'e}mie  and
      Huenerfauth, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1027",
    pages = "229--237",
}
@inproceedings{feng-bangalore-2009-effects,
    title = "Effects of Word Confusion Networks on Voice Search",
    author = "Feng, Junlan  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1028",
    pages = "238--245",
}
@inproceedings{filippova-etal-2009-company,
    title = "Company-Oriented Extractive Summarization of Financial News",
    author = "Filippova, Katja  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Ciaramita, Massimiliano  and
      Zaragoza, Hugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1029",
    pages = "246--254",
}
@inproceedings{fitzgerald-etal-2009-reconstructing,
    title = "Reconstructing False Start Errors in Spontaneous Speech Text",
    author = "Fitzgerald, Erin  and
      Hall, Keith  and
      Jelinek, Frederick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1030",
    pages = "255--263",
}
@inproceedings{forst-fang-2009-tbl,
    title = "{TBL}-Improved Non-Deterministic Segmentation and {POS} Tagging for a {C}hinese Parser",
    author = "Forst, Martin  and
      Fang, Ji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1031",
    pages = "264--272",
}
@inproceedings{frampton-etal-2009-combining,
    title = "Who is {``}You{''}? Combining Linguistic and Gaze Features to Resolve Second-Person References in Dialogue",
    author = "Frampton, Matthew  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel  and
      Ehlen, Patrick  and
      Christoudias, Mario  and
      Darrell, Trevor  and
      Peters, Stanley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1032",
    pages = "273--281",
}
@inproceedings{fraser-etal-2009-rich,
    title = "Rich Bitext Projection Features for Parse Reranking",
    author = {Fraser, Alexander  and
      Wang, Renjing  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1033",
    pages = "282--290",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-rodriguez-etal-2009-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Mildly Non-Projective Dependency Structures",
    author = "G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos  and
      Weir, David  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1034",
    pages = "291--299",
}
@inproceedings{garera-yarowsky-2009-structural,
    title = "Structural, Transitive and Latent Models for Biographic Fact Extraction",
    author = "Garera, Nikesh  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1035",
    pages = "300--308",
}
@inproceedings{gasser-2009-semitic,
    title = "{S}emitic Morphological Analysis and Generation Using Finite State Transducers with Feature Structures",
    author = "Gasser, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1036",
    pages = "309--317",
}
@inproceedings{gimpel-smith-2009-cube,
    title = "Cube Summing, Approximate Inference with Non-Local Features, and Dynamic Programming without Semirings",
    author = "Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1037",
    pages = "318--326",
}
@inproceedings{goldberg-etal-2009-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Unlexicalized Parsing Performance Using a Wide Coverage Lexicon, Fuzzy Tag-Set Mapping, and {EM}-{HMM}-Based Lexical Probabilities",
    author = "Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Tsarfaty, Reut  and
      Adler, Meni  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1038",
    pages = "327--335",
}
@inproceedings{goldstein-stewart-etal-2009-person,
    title = "Person Identification from Text and Speech Genre Samples",
    author = "Goldstein-Stewart, Jade  and
      Winder, Ransom  and
      Sabin, Roberta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1039",
    pages = "336--344",
}
@inproceedings{hamon-etal-2009-end,
    title = "End-to-End Evaluation in Simultaneous Translation",
    author = {Hamon, Olivier  and
      F{\"u}gen, Christian  and
      Mostefa, Djamel  and
      Arranz, Victoria  and
      Kolss, Muntsin  and
      Waibel, Alex  and
      Choukri, Khalid},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1040",
    pages = "345--353",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-etal-2009-learning,
    title = "Learning-Based Named Entity Recognition for Morphologically-Rich, Resource-Scarce Languages",
    author = "Hasan, Kazi Saidul  and
      Rahman, Md. Altaf ur  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1041",
    pages = "354--362",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-ng-2009-weakly,
    title = "Weakly Supervised Part-of-Speech Tagging for Morphologically-Rich, Resource-Scarce Languages",
    author = "Hasan, Kazi Saidul  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1042",
    pages = "363--371",
}
@inproceedings{hoang-koehn-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving Mid-Range Re-Ordering Using Templates of Factors",
    author = "Hoang, Hieu  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1043",
    pages = "372--379",
}
@inproceedings{iglesias-etal-2009-rule,
    title = "Rule Filtering by Pattern for Efficient Hierarchical Translation",
    author = "Iglesias, Gonzalo  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Banga, Eduardo R.  and
      Byrne, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1044",
    pages = "380--388",
}
@inproceedings{izquierdo-etal-2009-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study on Class-Based Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Izquierdo, Rub{\'e}n  and
      Su{\'a}rez, Armando  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1045",
    pages = "389--397",
}
@inproceedings{jijkoun-hofmann-2009-generating,
    title = "Generating a Non-{E}nglish Subjectivity Lexicon: Relations That Matter",
    author = "Jijkoun, Valentin  and
      Hofmann, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1046",
    pages = "398--405",
}
@inproceedings{kubler-etal-2009-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Coordinations",
    author = {K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      Maier, Wolfgang  and
      Klett, Eva},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1047",
    pages = "406--414",
}
@inproceedings{kastner-monz-2009-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Single-Document Key Fact Extraction from Newswire Articles",
    author = "Kastner, Itamar  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1048",
    pages = "415--423",
}
@inproceedings{khalilov-fonollosa-2009-n,
    title = "{N}-Gram-Based Statistical Machine Translation versus Syntax Augmented Machine Translation: Comparison and System Combination",
    author = "Khalilov, Maxim  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1049",
    pages = "424--432",
}
@inproceedings{kirschenbaum-wintner-2009-lightly,
    title = "Lightly Supervised Transliteration for Machine Translation",
    author = "Kirschenbaum, Amit  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1050",
    pages = "433--441",
}
@inproceedings{klenner-ailloud-2009-optimization,
    title = "Optimization in Coreference Resolution is not Needed: A Nearly-Optimal Algorithm with Intensional Constraints",
    author = "Klenner, Manfred  and
      Ailloud, {\'E}tienne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1051",
    pages = "442--450",
}
@inproceedings{koller-lascarides-2009-logic,
    title = "A Logic of Semantic Representations for Shallow Parsing",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Lascarides, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1052",
    pages = "451--459",
}
@inproceedings{koller-kuhlmann-2009-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Trees and the Strong Generative Capacity of {CCG}",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Kuhlmann, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1053",
    pages = "460--468",
}
@inproceedings{kopru-yazici-2009-lattice,
    title = "Lattice Parsing to Integrate Speech Recognition and Rule-Based Machine Translation",
    author = {K{\"o}pr{\"u}, Sel{\c{c}}uk  and
      Yaz{\i}c{\i}, Adnan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1054",
    pages = "469--477",
}
@inproceedings{kuhlmann-satta-2009-treebank,
    title = "Treebank Grammar Techniques for Non-Projective Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1055",
    pages = "478--486",
}
@inproceedings{langlais-etal-2009-improvements,
    title = "Improvements in Analogical Learning: Application to Translating Multi-Terms of the Medical Domain",
    author = "Langlais, Philippe  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1056",
    pages = "487--495",
}
@inproceedings{lefever-etal-2009-language,
    title = "Language-Independent Bilingual Terminology Extraction from a Multilingual Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Lefever, Els  and
      Macken, Lieve  and
      Hoste, Veronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1057",
    pages = "496--504",
}
@inproceedings{lemon-konstas-2009-user,
    title = "User Simulations for Context-Sensitive Speech Recognition in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Lemon, Oliver  and
      Konstas, Ioannis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1058",
    pages = "505--513",
}
@inproceedings{lerman-etal-2009-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Summarization: Evaluating and Learning User Preferences",
    author = "Lerman, Kevin  and
      Blair-Goldensohn, Sasha  and
      McDonald, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1059",
    pages = "514--522",
}
@inproceedings{loftsson-2009-correcting,
    title = "Correcting a {POS}-Tagged Corpus Using Three Complementary Methods",
    author = "Loftsson, Hrafn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1060",
    pages = "523--531",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-2009-translation,
    title = "Translation as Weighted Deduction",
    author = "Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1061",
    pages = "532--540",
}
@inproceedings{louis-nenkova-2009-performance,
    title = "Performance Confidence Estimation for Automatic Summarization",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1062",
    pages = "541--548",
}
@inproceedings{ma-way-2009-bilingually,
    title = "Bilingually Motivated Domain-Adapted Word Segmentation for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Ma, Yanjun  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1063",
    pages = "549--557",
}
@inproceedings{mirkin-etal-2009-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Inferential Utility of Lexical-Semantic Resources",
    author = "Mirkin, Shachar  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Shnarch, Eyal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1064",
    pages = "558--566",
}
@inproceedings{mohler-mihalcea-2009-text,
    title = "Text-to-Text Semantic Similarity for Automatic Short Answer Grading",
    author = "Mohler, Michael  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1065",
    pages = "567--575",
}
@inproceedings{moschitti-2009-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic and Semantic Kernels for Short Text Pair Categorization",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1066",
    pages = "576--584",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-etal-2009-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Global Patterns in Linguistic Networks through Spectral Analysis: A Case Study of the Consonant Inventories",
    author = "Mukherjee, Animesh  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Kannan, Ravi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1067",
    pages = "585--593",
}
@inproceedings{navigli-2009-using,
    title = "Using Cycles and Quasi-Cycles to Disambiguate Dictionary Glosses",
    author = "Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1068",
    pages = "594--602",
}
@inproceedings{ninomiya-etal-2009-deterministic,
    title = "Deterministic Shift-Reduce Parsing for Unification-Based Grammars by Using Default Unification",
    author = "Ninomiya, Takashi  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Shimizu, Nobuyuki  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1069",
    pages = "603--611",
}
@inproceedings{nothman-etal-2009-analysing,
    title = "Analysing {W}ikipedia and Gold-Standard Corpora for {NER} Training",
    author = "Nothman, Joel  and
      Murphy, Tara  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1070",
    pages = "612--620",
}
@inproceedings{o-seaghdha-copestake-2009-using,
    title = "Using Lexical and Relational Similarity to Classify Semantic Relations",
    author = "{\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1071",
    pages = "621--629",
}
@inproceedings{ovrelid-2009-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Evaluations of {A}nimacy Annotation",
    author = "{\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1072",
    pages = "630--638",
}
@inproceedings{pasca-2009-outclassing,
    title = "Outclassing {W}ikipedia in Open-Domain Information Extraction: Weakly-Supervised Acquisition of Attributes over Conceptual Hierarchies",
    author = "Pa{\c{s}}ca, Marius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1073",
    pages = "639--647",
}
@inproceedings{peirsman-geeraerts-2009-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Strong Associations on the Basis of Corpus Data",
    author = "Peirsman, Yves  and
      Geeraerts, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1074",
    pages = "648--656",
}
@inproceedings{pennacchiotti-wirth-2009-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Frame Relatedness",
    author = "Pennacchiotti, Marco  and
      Wirth, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1075",
    pages = "657--665",
}
@inproceedings{pinchak-etal-2009-flexible,
    title = "Flexible Answer Typing with Discriminative Preference Ranking",
    author = "Pinchak, Christopher  and
      Lin, Dekang  and
      Rafiei, Davood",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1076",
    pages = "666--674",
}
@inproceedings{rao-ravichandran-2009-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Polarity Lexicon Induction",
    author = "Rao, Delip  and
      Ravichandran, Deepak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1077",
    pages = "675--682",
}
@inproceedings{rieser-lemon-2009-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Generation as Planning Under Uncertainty for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Rieser, Verena  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1078",
    pages = "683--691",
}
@inproceedings{sajjad-schmid-2009-tagging,
    title = "Tagging {U}rdu Text with Parts of Speech: A Tagger Comparison",
    author = "Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Schmid, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1079",
    pages = "692--700",
}
@inproceedings{sangati-zuidema-2009-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Methods for Head Assignments",
    author = "Sangati, Federico  and
      Zuidema, Willem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1080",
    pages = "701--709",
}
@inproceedings{schlangen-skantze-2009-general,
    title = "A General, Abstract Model of Incremental Dialogue Processing",
    author = "Schlangen, David  and
      Skantze, Gabriel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1081",
    pages = "710--718",
}
@inproceedings{schroeder-etal-2009-word,
    title = "Word Lattices for Multi-Source Translation",
    author = "Schroeder, Josh  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1082",
    pages = "719--727",
}
@inproceedings{schweitzer-etal-2009-frequency,
    title = "Frequency Matters: Pitch Accents and Information Status",
    author = {Schweitzer, Katrin  and
      Walsh, Michael  and
      M{\"o}bius, Bernd  and
      Riester, Arndt  and
      Schweitzer, Antje  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1083",
    pages = "728--736",
}
@inproceedings{simpson-etal-2009-using,
    title = "Using Non-Lexical Features to Identify Effective Indexing Terms for Biomedical Illustrations",
    author = "Simpson, Matthew  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Sneiderman, Charles  and
      Antani, Sameer K.  and
      Thoma, George R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1084",
    pages = "737--744",
}
@inproceedings{skantze-schlangen-2009-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Dialogue Processing in a Micro-Domain",
    author = "Skantze, Gabriel  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1085",
    pages = "745--753",
}
@inproceedings{sporleder-li-2009-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Recognition of Literal and Non-Literal Use of Idiomatic Expressions",
    author = "Sporleder, Caroline  and
      Li, Linlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1086",
    pages = "754--762",
}
@inproceedings{spoustova-etal-2009-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Training for the Averaged Perceptron {POS} Tagger",
    author = "Spoustov{\'a}, Drahom{\'\i}ra {``}johanka{''}  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Raab, Jan  and
      Spousta, Miroslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1087",
    pages = "763--771",
}
@inproceedings{sun-tsujii-2009-sequential,
    title = "Sequential Labeling with Latent Variables: An Exact Inference Algorithm and its Efficient Approximation",
    author = "Sun, Xu  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1088",
    pages = "772--780",
}
@inproceedings{takamura-okumura-2009-text,
    title = "Text Summarization Model Based on Maximum Coverage Problem and its Variant",
    author = "Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1089",
    pages = "781--789",
}
@inproceedings{tsuruoka-etal-2009-fast,
    title = "Fast Full Parsing by Linear-Chain Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1090",
    pages = "790--798",
}
@inproceedings{udupa-etal-2009-mint,
    title = "{MINT}: A Method for Effective and Scalable Mining of Named Entity Transliterations from Large Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Udupa, Raghavendra  and
      Saravanan, K  and
      Kumaran, A  and
      Jagarlamudi, Jagadeesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1091",
    pages = "799--807",
}
@inproceedings{van-durme-etal-2009-deriving,
    title = "Deriving Generalized Knowledge from Corpora Using {W}ord{N}et Abstraction",
    author = "Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Michalak, Phillip  and
      Schubert, Lenhart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1092",
    pages = "808--816",
}
@inproceedings{van-noord-2009-learning,
    title = "Learning Efficient Parsing",
    author = "van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1093",
    pages = "817--825",
}
@inproceedings{vandekerckhove-etal-2009-robust,
    title = "A Robust and Extensible Exemplar-Based Model of Thematic Fit",
    author = "Vandekerckhove, Bram  and
      Sandra, Dominiek  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1094",
    pages = "826--834",
}
@inproceedings{veale-etal-2009-growing,
    title = "Growing Finely-Discriminating Taxonomies from Seeds of Varying Quality and Size",
    author = "Veale, Tony  and
      Li, Guofu  and
      Hao, Yanfen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1095",
    pages = "835--842",
}
@inproceedings{vu-etal-2009-feature,
    title = "Feature-Based Method for Document Alignment in Comparable News Corpora",
    author = "Vu, Thuy  and
      Aw, Ai Ti  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1096",
    pages = "843--851",
}
@inproceedings{wan-etal-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving Grammaticality in Statistical Sentence Generation: Introducing a Dependency Spanning Tree Algorithm with an Argument Satisfaction Model",
    author = "Wan, Stephen  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Dale, Robert  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1097",
    pages = "852--860",
}
@inproceedings{washtell-2009-co,
    title = "Co-Dispersion: A Windowless Approach to Lexical Association",
    author = "Washtell, Justin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1098",
    pages = "861--869",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2009-language,
    title = "Language {ID} in the Context of Harvesting Language Data off the Web",
    author = "Xia, Fei  and
      Lewis, William  and
      Poon, Hoifung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1099",
    pages = "870--878",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-2009-character,
    title = "Character-Level Dependencies in {C}hinese: Usefulness and Learning",
    author = "Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {ACL} ({EACL} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1100",
    pages = "879--887",
}
@proceedings{eacl-2009-demonstrations,
    title = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations Session at {EACL} 2009",
    author = {Kreutel, J{\"o}rn},
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-2000",
}
@inproceedings{benotti-2009-frolog,
    title = "{F}rolog: an Accommodating Text-Adventure Game",
    author = "Benotti, Luciana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations Session at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-2001",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{bossard-etal-2009-cbseas,
    title = "{CBSEAS}, a Summarization System {--} Integration of Opinion Mining Techniques to Summarize Blogs",
    author = "Bossard, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      G{\'e}n{\'e}reux, Michel  and
      Poibeau, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations Session at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-2002",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{bringert-etal-2009-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Framework Web Service",
    author = {Bringert, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Angelov, Krasimir  and
      Ranta, Aarne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations Session at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-2003",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2009-gossip,
    title = "Gossip Galore {--} A Self-Learning Agent for Exchanging Pop Trivia",
    author = "Cheng, Xiwen  and
      Adolphs, Peter  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Li, Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations Session at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-2004",
    pages = "13--16",
}
@inproceedings{galanis-etal-2009-open,
    title = "An Open-Source Natural Language Generator for {OWL} Ontologies and its Use in Protege and Second Life",
    author = "Galanis, Dimitrios  and
      Karakatsiotis, George  and
      Lampouras, Gerasimos  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations Session at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-2005",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@inproceedings{gleim-etal-2009-ehumanities,
    title = "e{H}umanities {D}esktop - An Online System for Corpus Management and Analysis in Support of Computing in the Humanities",
    author = {Gleim, R{\"u}diger  and
      Waltinger, Ulli  and
      Ernst, Alexandra  and
      Mehler, Alexander  and
      Feith, Tobias  and
      Esch, Dietmar},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations Session at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-2006",
    pages = "21--24",
}
@inproceedings{harbusch-etal-2009-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Clausal Coordinate Ellipsis in {E}stonian and {G}erman: Remarkably Similar Elision Rules Allow a Language-Independent Ellipsis-Generation Module",
    author = "Harbusch, Karin  and
      Koit, Mare  and
      {\~O}im, Haldur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations Session at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-2007",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{hulden-2009-foma,
    title = "{F}oma: a Finite-State Compiler and Library",
    author = "Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations Session at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-2008",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{koller-etal-2009-software,
    title = "The Software Architecture for the First Challenge on Generating Instructions in Virtual Environments",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Byron, Donna  and
      Cassell, Justine  and
      Dale, Robert  and
      Moore, Johanna  and
      Oberlander, Jon  and
      Striegnitz, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations Session at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-2009",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@inproceedings{konstantopoulos-etal-2009-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Natural Language Interaction",
    author = "Konstantopoulos, Stasinos  and
      Tegos, Athanasios  and
      Bilidas, Dimitrios  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion  and
      Lampouras, Gerasimos  and
      Matheson, Colin  and
      Deroo, Olivier  and
      Malakasiotis, Prodromos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations Session at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-2010",
    pages = "37--40",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-xia-2009-parsing,
    title = "Parsing, Projecting {\&} Prototypes: Repurposing Linguistic Data on the Web",
    author = "Lewis, William  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations Session at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-2011",
    pages = "41--44",
}
@inproceedings{michou-seretan-2009-tool,
    title = "A Tool for Multi-Word Expression Extraction in Modern {G}reek Using Syntactic Parsing",
    author = "Michou, Athina  and
      Seretan, Violeta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations Session at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-2012",
    pages = "45--48",
}
@inproceedings{miltsakaki-2009-matching,
    title = "Matching Readers{'} Preferences and Reading Skills with Appropriate Web Texts",
    author = "Miltsakaki, Eleni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations Session at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-2013",
    pages = "49--52",
}
@inproceedings{pastra-balta-2009-text,
    title = "A Text-Based Search Interface for Multimedia Dialectics",
    author = "Pastra, Katerina  and
      Balta, Eirini",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations Session at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-2014",
    pages = "53--56",
}
@inproceedings{ranta-etal-2009-grammar,
    title = "Grammar Development in {GF}",
    author = {Ranta, Aarne  and
      Angelov, Krasimir  and
      Bringert, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations Session at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-2015",
    pages = "57--60",
}
@inproceedings{sasaki-etal-2009-three,
    title = "Three {B}io{NLP} Tools Powered by a Biological Lexicon",
    author = "Sasaki, Yutaka  and
      Thompson, Paul  and
      McNaught, John  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations Session at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-2016",
    pages = "61--64",
}
@inproceedings{stahl-etal-2009-mobile,
    title = "A Mobile Health and Fitness Companion Demonstrator",
    author = {St{\aa}hl, Olov  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Turunen, Markku  and
      Hakulinen, Jaakko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations Session at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-2017",
    pages = "65--68",
}
@proceedings{eacl-2009-student,
    title = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {EACL} 2009",
    author = "Demberg, Vera  and
      Ma, Yanjun  and
      Reiter, Nils",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-3000",
}
@inproceedings{aimetti-2009-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Early Language Acquisition Skills: Towards a General Statistical Learning Mechanism",
    author = "Aimetti, Guillaume",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-3001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{boonkwan-2009-memory,
    title = "A Memory-Based Approach to the Treatment of Serial Verb Construction in {C}ombinatory {C}ategorial {G}rammar",
    author = "Boonkwan, Prachya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-3002",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{francois-2009-combining,
    title = "Combining a Statistical Language Model with Logistic Regression to Predict the Lexical and Syntactic Difficulty of Texts for {FFL}",
    author = "Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-3003",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{herbelot-2009-finding,
    title = "Finding Word Substitutions Using a Distributional Similarity Baseline and Immediate Context Overlap",
    author = "Herbelot, Aurelie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-3004",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{plank-2009-structural,
    title = "Structural Correspondence Learning for Parse Disambiguation",
    author = "Plank, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-3005",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{recasens-2009-chain,
    title = "A Chain-starting Classifier of Definite {NP}s in {S}panish",
    author = "Recasens, Marta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-3006",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{sidorova-2009-speech,
    title = "Speech Emotion Recognition With {TGI}+.2 Classifier",
    author = "Sidorova, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-3007",
    pages = "54--60",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-2009-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Merging Strategies for Translation of {G}erman Compounds",
    author = "Stymne, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-3008",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@inproceedings{tsatsaronis-panagiotopoulou-2009-generalized,
    title = "A Generalized Vector Space Model for Text Retrieval Based on Semantic Relatedness",
    author = "Tsatsaronis, George  and
      Panagiotopoulou, Vicky",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-3009",
    pages = "70--78",
}
@inproceedings{wennerberg-2009-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Medical Domain Ontologies for Clinical Query Extraction",
    author = "Wennerberg, Pinar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-3010",
    pages = "79--87",
}
@inproceedings{westerhout-2009-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Definitions Using Grammar-Enhanced Machine Learning",
    author = "Westerhout, Eline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {EACL} 2009",
    month = apr,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-3011",
    pages = "88--96",
}
@proceedings{acl-2006-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Isabelle, Pierre",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1000",
}
@inproceedings{sadat-habash-2006-combination,
    title = "Combination of {A}rabic Preprocessing Schemes for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Sadat, Fatiha  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220176",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{ayan-dorr-2006-going,
    title = "Going Beyond {AER}: An Extensive Analysis of Word Alignments and Their Impact on {MT}",
    author = "Ayan, Necip Fazil  and
      Dorr, Bonnie J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220177",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{purver-etal-2006-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Topic Modelling for Multi-Party Spoken Discourse",
    author = {Purver, Matthew  and
      K{\"o}rding, Konrad P.  and
      Griffiths, Thomas L.  and
      Tenenbaum, Joshua B.},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220178",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{malioutov-barzilay-2006-minimum,
    title = "Minimum Cut Model for Spoken Lecture Segmentation",
    author = "Malioutov, Igor  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220179",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{bergsma-lin-2006-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Path-Based Pronoun Resolution",
    author = "Bergsma, Shane  and
      Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220180",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2006-kernel,
    title = "Kernel-Based Pronoun Resolution with Structured Syntactic Knowledge",
    author = "Yang, Xiaofeng  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220181",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{park-brew-2006-finite,
    title = "A Finite-State Model of Human Sentence Processing",
    author = "Park, Jihyun  and
      Brew, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220182",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{blache-etal-2006-acceptability,
    title = "Acceptability Prediction by Means of Grammaticality Quantification",
    author = "Blache, Philippe  and
      Hemforth, Barbara  and
      Rauzy, St{\'e}phane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220183",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{blunsom-cohn-2006-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Word Alignment with Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Blunsom, Phil  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220184",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{sproat-etal-2006-named,
    title = "Named Entity Transliteration with Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Sproat, Richard  and
      Tao, Tao  and
      Zhai, ChengXiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220185",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{munteanu-marcu-2006-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Parallel Sub-Sentential Fragments from Non-Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Munteanu, Dragos Stefan  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220186",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{chan-ng-2006-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Class Priors in Domain Adaptation for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Chan, Yee Seng  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220187",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{brody-etal-2006-ensemble,
    title = "Ensemble Methods for Unsupervised {WSD}",
    author = "Brody, Samuel  and
      Navigli, Roberto  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220188",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{navigli-2006-meaningful,
    title = "Meaningful Clustering of Senses Helps Boost Word Sense Disambiguation Performance",
    author = "Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220189",
    pages = "105--112",
}
@inproceedings{pantel-pennacchiotti-2006-espresso,
    title = "{E}spresso: Leveraging Generic Patterns for Automatically Harvesting Semantic Relations",
    author = "Pantel, Patrick  and
      Pennacchiotti, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220190",
    pages = "113--120",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2006-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Commonality among Related Classes in Relation Extraction",
    author = "Zhou, GuoDong  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220191",
    pages = "121--128",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2006-relation,
    title = "Relation Extraction Using Label Propagation Based Semi-Supervised Learning",
    author = "Chen, Jinxiu  and
      Ji, Donghong  and
      Tan, Chew Lim  and
      Niu, Zhengyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220192",
    pages = "129--136",
}
@inproceedings{kahane-2006-polarized,
    title = "Polarized Unification Grammars",
    author = "Kahane, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220193",
    pages = "137--144",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-sygal-wintner-2006-partially,
    title = "Partially Specified Signatures: A Vehicle for Grammar Modularity",
    author = "Cohen-Sygal, Yael  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220194",
    pages = "145--152",
}
@inproceedings{cetinoglu-oflazer-2006-morphology,
    title = "Morphology-Syntax Interface for {T}urkish {LFG}",
    author = {{\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem  and
      Oflazer, Kemal},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220195",
    pages = "153--160",
}
@inproceedings{hale-etal-2006-pcfgs,
    title = "{PCFG}s with Syntactic and Prosodic Indicators of Speech Repairs",
    author = "Hale, John  and
      Shafran, Izhak  and
      Yung, Lisa  and
      Dorr, Bonnie J.  and
      Harper, Mary  and
      Krasnyanskaya, Anna  and
      Lease, Matthew  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Roark, Brian  and
      Snover, Matthew  and
      Stewart, Robin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220196",
    pages = "161--168",
}
@inproceedings{ohno-etal-2006-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing of {J}apanese Spoken Monologue Based on Clause Boundaries",
    author = "Ohno, Tomohiro  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki  and
      Kashioka, Hideki  and
      Maruyama, Takehiko  and
      Inagaki, Yasuyoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220197",
    pages = "169--176",
}
@inproceedings{schmid-2006-trace,
    title = "Trace Prediction and Recovery with Unlexicalized {PCFG}s and Slash Features",
    author = "Schmid, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220198",
    pages = "177--184",
}
@inproceedings{frampton-lemon-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning More Effective Dialogue Strategies Using Limited Dialogue Move Features",
    author = "Frampton, Matthew  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220199",
    pages = "185--192",
}
@inproceedings{rotaru-litman-2006-dependencies,
    title = "Dependencies between Student State and Speech Recognition Problems in Spoken Tutoring Dialogues",
    author = "Rotaru, Mihai  and
      Litman, Diane J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220200",
    pages = "193--200",
}
@inproceedings{bangalore-etal-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning the Structure of Task-Driven Human-Human Dialogs",
    author = "Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Di Fabbrizio, Giuseppe  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220201",
    pages = "201--208",
}
@inproceedings{jiao-etal-2006-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Conditional Random Fields for Improved Sequence Segmentation and Labeling",
    author = "Jiao, Feng  and
      Wang, Shaojun  and
      Lee, Chi-Hoon  and
      Greiner, Russell  and
      Schuurmans, Dale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220202",
    pages = "209--216",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2006-training,
    title = "Training Conditional Random Fields with Multivariate Evaluation Measures",
    author = "Suzuki, Jun  and
      McDermott, Erik  and
      Isozaki, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220203",
    pages = "217--224",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2006-approximation,
    title = "Approximation Lasso Methods for Language Modeling",
    author = "Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Suzuki, Hisami  and
      Yu, Bin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220204",
    pages = "225--232",
}
@inproceedings{ishioka-kameda-2006-automated,
    title = "Automated {J}apanese Essay Scoring System based on Articles Written by Experts",
    author = "Ishioka, Tsunenori  and
      Kameda, Masayuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220205",
    pages = "233--240",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-etal-2006-feedback,
    title = "A Feedback-Augmented Method for Detecting Errors in the Writing of Learners of {E}nglish",
    author = "Nagata, Ryo  and
      Kawai, Atsuo  and
      Morihiro, Koichiro  and
      Isu, Naoki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220206",
    pages = "241--248",
}
@inproceedings{brockett-etal-2006-correcting,
    title = "Correcting {ESL} Errors Using Phrasal {SMT} Techniques",
    author = "Brockett, Chris  and
      Dolan, William B.  and
      Gamon, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220207",
    pages = "249--256",
}
@inproceedings{nilsson-etal-2006-graph,
    title = "Graph Transformations in Data-Driven Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Nilsson, Jens  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Hall, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220208",
    pages = "257--264",
}
@inproceedings{higashinaka-etal-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning to Generate Naturalistic Utterances Using Reviews in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Walker, Marilyn A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220209",
    pages = "265--272",
}
@inproceedings{ellison-kirby-2006-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Language Divergence by Intra-Lexical Comparison",
    author = "Ellison, T. Mark  and
      Kirby, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220210",
    pages = "273--280",
}
@inproceedings{ferret-zock-2006-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Electronic Dictionaries with an Index Based on Associations",
    author = "Ferret, Olivier  and
      Zock, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220211",
    pages = "281--288",
}
@inproceedings{foth-etal-2006-guiding,
    title = "Guiding a Constraint Dependency Parser with Supertags",
    author = "Foth, Kilian A.  and
      By, Tomas  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220212",
    pages = "289--296",
}
@inproceedings{davidov-rappoport-2006-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Unsupervised Discovery of Word Categories Using Symmetric Patterns and High Frequency Words",
    author = "Davidov, Dmitry  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220213",
    pages = "297--304",
}
@inproceedings{daume-iii-marcu-2006-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Query-Focused Summarization",
    author = "Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220214",
    pages = "305--312",
}
@inproceedings{turney-2006-expressing,
    title = "Expressing Implicit Semantic Relations without Supervision",
    author = "Turney, Peter D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220215",
    pages = "313--320",
}
@inproceedings{foth-menzel-2006-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Parsing: Using Probabilistic Models as Predictors for a Symbolic Parser",
    author = "Foth, Kilian A.  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220216",
    pages = "321--328",
}
@inproceedings{sagot-de-la-clergerie-2006-error,
    title = "Error Mining in Parsing Results",
    author = "Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220217",
    pages = "329--336",
}
@inproceedings{mcclosky-etal-2006-reranking,
    title = "Reranking and Self-Training for Parser Adaptation",
    author = "McClosky, David  and
      Charniak, Eugene  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220218",
    pages = "337--344",
}
@inproceedings{korhonen-etal-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Classification of Verbs in Biomedical Texts",
    author = "Korhonen, Anna  and
      Krymolowski, Yuval  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220219",
    pages = "345--352",
}
@inproceedings{hagiwara-etal-2006-selection,
    title = "Selection of Effective Contextual Information for Automatic Synonym Acquisition",
    author = "Hagiwara, Masato  and
      Ogawa, Yasuhiro  and
      Toyama, Katsuhiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220220",
    pages = "353--360",
}
@inproceedings{gorman-curran-2006-scaling,
    title = "Scaling Distributional Similarity to Large Corpora",
    author = "Gorman, James  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220221",
    pages = "361--368",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2006-extractive,
    title = "Extractive Summarization using Inter- and Intra- Event Relevance",
    author = "Li, Wenjie  and
      Wu, Mingli  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Xu, Wei  and
      Yuan, Chunfa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220222",
    pages = "369--376",
}
@inproceedings{clarke-lapata-2006-models,
    title = "Models for Sentence Compression: A Comparison across Domains, Training Requirements and Evaluation Measures",
    author = "Clarke, James  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220223",
    pages = "377--384",
}
@inproceedings{bollegala-etal-2006-bottom,
    title = "A Bottom-Up Approach to Sentence Ordering for Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Bollegala, Danushka  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Ishizuka, Mitsuru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220224",
    pages = "385--392",
}
@inproceedings{pan-etal-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning Event Durations from Event Descriptions",
    author = "Pan, Feng  and
      Mulkar, Rutu  and
      Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220225",
    pages = "393--400",
}
@inproceedings{zanzotto-moschitti-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Learning of Textual Entailments with Cross-Pair Similarities",
    author = "Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220226",
    pages = "401--408",
}
@inproceedings{koller-thater-2006-improved,
    title = "An Improved Redundancy Elimination Algorithm for Underspecified Representations",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Thater, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220227",
    pages = "409--416",
}
@inproceedings{dubey-etal-2006-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Syntactic Priming into an Incremental Probabilistic Parser, with an Application to Psycholinguistic Modeling",
    author = "Dubey, Amit  and
      Keller, Frank  and
      Sturt, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220228",
    pages = "417--424",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2006-fast,
    title = "A Fast, Accurate Deterministic Parser for {C}hinese",
    author = "Wang, Mengqiu  and
      Sagae, Kenji  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220229",
    pages = "425--432",
}
@inproceedings{petrov-etal-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning Accurate, Compact, and Interpretable Tree Annotation",
    author = "Petrov, Slav  and
      Barrett, Leon  and
      Thibaux, Romain  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220230",
    pages = "433--440",
}
@inproceedings{frunza-inkpen-2006-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Learning of Partial Cognates Using Bilingual Bootstrapping",
    author = "Frunza, Oana  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220231",
    pages = "441--448",
}
@inproceedings{dagan-etal-2006-direct,
    title = "Direct Word Sense Matching for Lexical Substitution",
    author = "Dagan, Ido  and
      Glickman, Oren  and
      Gliozzo, Alfio  and
      Marmorshtein, Efrat  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1057",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220232",
    pages = "449--456",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2006-equivalent,
    title = "An Equivalent Pseudoword Solution to {C}hinese Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Lu, Zhimao  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Yao, Jianmin  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1058",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220233",
    pages = "457--464",
}
@inproceedings{okanohara-etal-2006-improving,
    title = "Improving the Scalability of Semi-{M}arkov Conditional Random Fields for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Okanohara, Daisuke  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1059",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220234",
    pages = "465--472",
}
@inproceedings{florian-etal-2006-factorizing,
    title = "Factorizing Complex Models: A Case Study in Mention Detection",
    author = "Florian, Radu  and
      Jing, Hongyan  and
      Kambhatla, Nanda  and
      Zitouni, Imed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1060",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220235",
    pages = "473--480",
}
@inproceedings{gu-cercone-2006-segment,
    title = "Segment-Based Hidden {M}arkov Models for Information Extraction",
    author = "Gu, Zhenmei  and
      Cercone, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1061",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220236",
    pages = "481--488",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2006-dom,
    title = "A {DOM} Tree Alignment Model for Mining Parallel Data from the Web",
    author = "Shi, Lei  and
      Niu, Cheng  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1062",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220237",
    pages = "489--496",
}
@inproceedings{judge-etal-2006-questionbank,
    title = "{Q}uestion{B}ank: Creating a Corpus of Parse-Annotated Questions",
    author = "Judge, John  and
      Cahill, Aoife  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1063",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220238",
    pages = "497--504",
}
@inproceedings{hockenmaier-2006-creating,
    title = "Creating a {CCG}bank and a Wide-Coverage {CCG} Lexicon for {G}erman",
    author = "Hockenmaier, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1064",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220239",
    pages = "505--512",
}
@inproceedings{moore-etal-2006-improved,
    title = "Improved Discriminative Bilingual Word Alignment",
    author = "Moore, Robert C.  and
      Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Bode, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1065",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220240",
    pages = "513--520",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-etal-2006-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Entropy Based Phrase Reordering Model for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Xiong, Deyi  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Lin, Shouxun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1066",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220241",
    pages = "521--528",
}
@inproceedings{al-onaizan-papineni-2006-distortion,
    title = "Distortion Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Al-Onaizan, Yaser  and
      Papineni, Kishore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1067",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220242",
    pages = "529--536",
}
@inproceedings{hulth-megyesi-2006-study,
    title = "A Study on Automatically Extracted Keywords in Text Categorization",
    author = "Hulth, Anette  and
      Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1068",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220243",
    pages = "537--544",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2006-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison and Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Words and Character-Bigrams as Features in {C}hinese Text Categorization",
    author = "Li, Jingyang  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Zhang, Xian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1069",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220244",
    pages = "545--552",
}
@inproceedings{gliozzo-strapparava-2006-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Comparable Corpora and Bilingual Dictionaries for Cross-Language Text Categorization",
    author = "Gliozzo, Alfio  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1070",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220245",
    pages = "553--560",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2006-progressive,
    title = "A Progressive Feature Selection Algorithm for Ultra Large Feature Spaces",
    author = "Zhang, Qi  and
      Weng, Fuliang  and
      Feng, Zhe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1071",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220246",
    pages = "561--568",
}
@inproceedings{smith-eisner-2006-annealing,
    title = "Annealing Structural Bias in Multilingual Weighted Grammar Induction",
    author = "Smith, Noah A.  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1072",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220247",
    pages = "569--576",
}
@inproceedings{zitouni-etal-2006-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Entropy Based Restoration of {A}rabic Diacritics",
    author = "Zitouni, Imed  and
      Sorensen, Jeffrey S.  and
      Sarikaya, Ruhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1073",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220248",
    pages = "577--584",
}
@inproceedings{lv-etal-2006-iterative,
    title = "An Iterative Implicit Feedback Approach to Personalized Search",
    author = "Lv, Yuanhua  and
      Sun, Le  and
      Zhang, Junlin  and
      Nie, Jian-Yun  and
      Chen, Wan  and
      Zhang, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1074",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220249",
    pages = "585--592",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-wang-2006-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Translation Quality in {MT}-Based Cross-Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Zhu, Jiang  and
      Wang, Haifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1075",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220250",
    pages = "593--600",
}
@inproceedings{blake-2006-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Document, Sentence, and Term Event Spaces",
    author = "Blake, Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1076",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220251",
    pages = "601--608",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2006-tree,
    title = "Tree-to-String Alignment Template for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Lin, Shouxun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1077",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220252",
    pages = "609--616",
}
@inproceedings{sudoh-etal-2006-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Speech Recognition Confidence into Discriminative Named Entity Recognition of Speech Data",
    author = "Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Tsukada, Hajime  and
      Isozaki, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1078",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220253",
    pages = "617--624",
}
@inproceedings{iida-etal-2006-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Syntactic Patterns as Clues in Zero-Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Iida, Ryu  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1079",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220254",
    pages = "625--632",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2006-self,
    title = "Self-Organizing n-gram Model for Automatic Word Spacing",
    author = "Park, Seong-Bae  and
      Tae, Yoon-Shik  and
      Park, Se-Young",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1080",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220255",
    pages = "633--640",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2006-concept,
    title = "Concept Unification of Terms in Different Languages for {IR}",
    author = "Li, Qing  and
      Myaeng, Sung-Hyon  and
      Jin, Yun  and
      Kang, Bo-yeong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1081",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220256",
    pages = "641--648",
}
@inproceedings{chatterjee-agrawal-2006-word,
    title = "Word Alignment in {E}nglish-{H}indi Parallel Corpus Using Recency-Vector Approach: Some Studies",
    author = "Chatterjee, Niladri  and
      Agrawal, Saumya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1082",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220257",
    pages = "649--656",
}
@inproceedings{khaltar-etal-2006-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Loanwords from {M}ongolian Corpora and Producing a {J}apanese-{M}ongolian Bilingual Dictionary",
    author = "Khaltar, Badam-Osor  and
      Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Ishikawa, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1083",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220258",
    pages = "657--664",
}
@inproceedings{adler-elhadad-2006-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Morpheme-Based {HMM} for {H}ebrew Morphological Disambiguation",
    author = "Adler, Meni  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1084",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220259",
    pages = "665--672",
}
@inproceedings{goldwater-etal-2006-contextual,
    title = "Contextual Dependencies in Unsupervised Word Segmentation",
    author = "Goldwater, Sharon  and
      Griffiths, Thomas L.  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1085",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220260",
    pages = "673--680",
}
@inproceedings{habash-rambow-2006-magead,
    title = "{MAGEAD}: A Morphological Analyzer and Generator for the {A}rabic Dialects",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1086",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220261",
    pages = "681--688",
}
@inproceedings{goldberg-etal-2006-noun,
    title = "Noun Phrase Chunking in {H}ebrew: Influence of Lexical and Morphological Features",
    author = "Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Adler, Meni  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1087",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220262",
    pages = "689--696",
}
@inproceedings{curran-etal-2006-multi,
    title = "Multi-Tagging for Lexicalized-Grammar Parsing",
    author = "Curran, James R.  and
      Clark, Stephen  and
      Vadas, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1088",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220263",
    pages = "697--704",
}
@inproceedings{nakagawa-matsumoto-2006-guessing,
    title = "Guessing Parts-of-Speech of Unknown Words Using Global Information",
    author = "Nakagawa, Tetsuji  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1089",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220264",
    pages = "705--712",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-etal-2006-clustered,
    title = "A Clustered Global Phrase Reordering Model for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Nagata, Masaaki  and
      Saito, Kuniko  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide  and
      Ohashi, Kazuteru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1090",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220265",
    pages = "713--720",
}
@inproceedings{tillmann-zhang-2006-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Global Training Algorithm for Statistical {MT}",
    author = "Tillmann, Christoph  and
      Zhang, Tong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1091",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220266",
    pages = "721--728",
}
@inproceedings{mori-etal-2006-phoneme,
    title = "Phoneme-to-Text Transcription System with an Infinite Vocabulary",
    author = "Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Takuma, Daisuke  and
      Kurata, Gakuto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1092",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220267",
    pages = "729--736",
}
@inproceedings{roy-subramaniam-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of Domain Models for Call-Centers from Noisy Transcriptions",
    author = "Roy, Shourya  and
      Subramaniam, L Venkata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1093",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220268",
    pages = "737--744",
}
@inproceedings{kelleher-etal-2006-proximity,
    title = "Proximity in Context: An Empirically Grounded Computational Model of Proximity for Processing Topological Spatial Expressions",
    author = "Kelleher, John D.  and
      Kruijff, Geert-Jan M.  and
      Costello, Fintan J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1094",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220269",
    pages = "745--752",
}
@inproceedings{mani-etal-2006-machine,
    title = "Machine Learning of Temporal Relations",
    author = "Mani, Inderjeet  and
      Verhagen, Marc  and
      Wellner, Ben  and
      Lee, Chong Min  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1095",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220270",
    pages = "753--760",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2006-end,
    title = "An End-to-End Discriminative Approach to Machine Translation",
    author = "Liang, Percy  and
      Bouchard-C{\^o}t{\'e}, Alexandre  and
      Klein, Dan  and
      Taskar, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1096",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220271",
    pages = "761--768",
}
@inproceedings{fraser-marcu-2006-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Training for Statistical Word Alignment",
    author = "Fraser, Alexander  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1097",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220272",
    pages = "769--776",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-2006-left,
    title = "Left-to-Right Target Generation for Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation",
    author = "Watanabe, Taro  and
      Tsukada, Hajime  and
      Isozaki, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1098",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220273",
    pages = "777--784",
}
@inproceedings{wermter-hahn-2006-cant,
    title = "You Can{'}t Beat Frequency (Unless You Use Linguistic Knowledge) {--} A Qualitative Evaluation of Association Measures for Collocation and Term Extraction",
    author = "Wermter, Joachim  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1099",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220274",
    pages = "785--792",
}
@inproceedings{pennacchiotti-pantel-2006-ontologizing,
    title = "Ontologizing Semantic Relations",
    author = "Pennacchiotti, Marco  and
      Pantel, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1100",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220275",
    pages = "793--800",
}
@inproceedings{snow-etal-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Taxonomy Induction from Heterogenous Evidence",
    author = "Snow, Rion  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel  and
      Ng, Andrew Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1101",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220276",
    pages = "801--808",
}
@inproceedings{pasca-etal-2006-names,
    title = "Names and Similarities on the Web: Fact Extraction in the Fast Lane",
    author = "Pa{\c{s}}ca, Marius  and
      Lin, Dekang  and
      Bigham, Jeffrey  and
      Lifchits, Andrei  and
      Jain, Alpa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1102",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220277",
    pages = "809--816",
}
@inproceedings{klementiev-roth-2006-weakly,
    title = "Weakly Supervised Named Entity Transliteration and Discovery from Multilingual Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Klementiev, Alexandre  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1103",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220278",
    pages = "817--824",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2006-composite,
    title = "A Composite Kernel to Extract Relations between Entities with Both Flat and Structured Features",
    author = "Zhang, Min  and
      Zhang, Jie  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Zhou, GuoDong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1104",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220279",
    pages = "825--832",
}
@inproceedings{abekawa-okumura-2006-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Dependency Parsing Using Co-Occurrence Information and a Combination of Case Elements",
    author = "Abekawa, Takeshi  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1105",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220280",
    pages = "833--840",
}
@inproceedings{demner-fushman-lin-2006-answer,
    title = "Answer Extraction, Semantic Clustering, and Extractive Summarization for Clinical Question Answering",
    author = "Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1106",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220281",
    pages = "841--848",
}
@inproceedings{zanzotto-etal-2006-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Asymmetric Entailment Relations between Verbs Using Selectional Preferences",
    author = "Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo  and
      Pennacchiotti, Marco  and
      Pazienza, Maria Teresa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1107",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220282",
    pages = "849--856",
}
@inproceedings{halpin-moore-2006-event,
    title = "Event Extraction in a Plot Advice Agent",
    author = "Halpin, Harry  and
      Moore, Johanna D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1108",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220283",
    pages = "857--864",
}
@inproceedings{bod-2006-subtrees,
    title = "An All-Subtrees Approach to Unsupervised Parsing",
    author = "Bod, Rens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1109",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220284",
    pages = "865--872",
}
@inproceedings{turian-melamed-2006-advances,
    title = "Advances in Discriminative Parsing",
    author = "Turian, Joseph  and
      Melamed, I. Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1110",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220285",
    pages = "873--880",
}
@inproceedings{haghighi-klein-2006-prototype,
    title = "Prototype-Driven Grammar Induction",
    author = "Haghighi, Aria  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1111",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220286",
    pages = "881--888",
}
@inproceedings{shen-klakow-2006-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Correlation of Dependency Relation Paths for Answer Extraction",
    author = "Shen, Dan  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1112",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220287",
    pages = "889--896",
}
@inproceedings{novischi-moldovan-2006-question,
    title = "Question Answering with Lexical Chains Propagating Verb Arguments",
    author = "Novischi, Adrian  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1113",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220288",
    pages = "897--904",
}
@inproceedings{harabagiu-hickl-2006-methods,
    title = "Methods for Using Textual Entailment in Open-Domain Question Answering",
    author = "Harabagiu, Sanda  and
      Hickl, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1114",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220289",
    pages = "905--912",
}
@inproceedings{kate-mooney-2006-using,
    title = "Using String-Kernels for Learning Semantic Parsers",
    author = "Kate, Rohit J.  and
      Mooney, Raymond J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1115",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220290",
    pages = "913--920",
}
@inproceedings{abdalla-teufel-2006-bootstrapping,
    title = "A Bootstrapping Approach to Unsupervised Detection of Cue Phrase Variants",
    author = "Abdalla, Rashid M.  and
      Teufel, Simone",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1116",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220291",
    pages = "921--928",
}
@inproceedings{giuglea-moschitti-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling via {F}rame{N}et, {V}erb{N}et and {P}rop{B}ank",
    author = "Giuglea, Ana-Maria  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1117",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220292",
    pages = "929--936",
}
@inproceedings{serasset-etal-2006-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Legal Terminology on the Jibiki Platform: The {L}ex{ALP} Project",
    author = "S{\'e}rasset, Gilles  and
      Brunet-Manquat, Francis  and
      Chiocchetti, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1118",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220293",
    pages = "937--944",
}
@inproceedings{murray-etal-2006-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Reusability: Cost-Effective Lexical Acquisition for Large-Scale Ontology Translation",
    author = "Murray, G. Craig  and
      Dorr, Bonnie J.  and
      Lin, Jimmy  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Pecina, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1119",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220294",
    pages = "945--952",
}
@inproceedings{seretan-wehrli-2006-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Collocation Extraction Using a Multilingual Parser",
    author = "Seretan, Violeta  and
      Wehrli, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1120",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220295",
    pages = "953--960",
}
@inproceedings{galley-etal-2006-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Inference and Training of Context-Rich Syntactic Translation Models",
    author = "Galley, Michel  and
      Graehl, Jonathan  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Marcu, Daniel  and
      DeNeefe, Steve  and
      Wang, Wei  and
      Thayer, Ignacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1121",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220296",
    pages = "961--968",
}
@inproceedings{talbot-osborne-2006-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Lexical Redundancy for Machine Translation",
    author = "Talbot, David  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1122",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220297",
    pages = "969--976",
}
@inproceedings{wellington-etal-2006-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Lower Bounds on the Complexity of Translational Equivalence",
    author = "Wellington, Benjamin  and
      Waxmonsky, Sonjia  and
      Melamed, I. Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1123",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220298",
    pages = "977--984",
}
@inproceedings{teh-2006-hierarchical,
    title = "A Hierarchical {B}ayesian Language Model Based On Pitman-Yor Processes",
    author = "Teh, Yee Whye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1124",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220299",
    pages = "985--992",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2006-phonetic,
    title = "A Phonetic-Based Approach to {C}hinese Chat Text Normalization",
    author = "Xia, Yunqing  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai  and
      Li, Wenjie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1125",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220300",
    pages = "993--1000",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2006-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Pruning of Language Models for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Li, Jianfeng  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Ren, Dengjun  and
      Li, Guohua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1126",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220301",
    pages = "1001--1008",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2006-novel,
    title = "Novel Association Measures Using Web Search with Double Checking",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Lin, Ming-Shun  and
      Wei, Yu-Chuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1127",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220302",
    pages = "1009--1016",
}
@inproceedings{miyao-etal-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Retrieval for the Accurate Identification of Relational Concepts in Massive Textbases",
    author = "Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Masuda, Katsuya  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Yoshida, Kazuhiro  and
      Ninomiya, Takashi  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1128",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220303",
    pages = "1017--1024",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2006-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Distributional Similarity Based Models for Query Spelling Correction",
    author = "Li, Mu  and
      Zhu, Muhua  and
      Zhang, Yang  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1129",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220304",
    pages = "1025--1032",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-van-genabith-2006-robust,
    title = "Robust {PCFG}-Based Generation Using Automatically Acquired {LFG} Approximations",
    author = "Cahill, Aoife  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1130",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220305",
    pages = "1033--1040",
}
@inproceedings{kelleher-kruijff-2006-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Generation of Spatial Referring Expressions in Situated Dialog",
    author = "Kelleher, John D.  and
      Kruijff, Geert-Jan M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1131",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220306",
    pages = "1041--1048",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-toutanova-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning to Predict Case Markers in {J}apanese",
    author = "Suzuki, Hisami  and
      Toutanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1132",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220307",
    pages = "1049--1056",
}
@inproceedings{lin-hauptmann-2006-documents,
    title = "Are These Documents Written from Different Perspectives? A Test of Different Perspectives Based on Statistical Distribution Divergence",
    author = "Lin, Wei-Hao  and
      Hauptmann, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1133",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220308",
    pages = "1057--1064",
}
@inproceedings{wiebe-mihalcea-2006-word,
    title = "Word Sense and Subjectivity",
    author = "Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1134",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220309",
    pages = "1065--1072",
}
@inproceedings{prager-etal-2006-improving,
    title = "Improving {QA} Accuracy by Question Inversion",
    author = "Prager, John  and
      Duboue, Pablo  and
      Chu-Carroll, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1135",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220310",
    pages = "1073--1080",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2006-reranking,
    title = "Reranking Answers for Definitional {QA} Using Language Modeling",
    author = "Chen, Yi  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Wang, Shilong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1136",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220311",
    pages = "1081--1088",
}
@inproceedings{feinstein-wintner-2006-highly,
    title = "Highly Constrained Unification Grammars",
    author = "Feinstein, Daniel  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1137",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220312",
    pages = "1089--1096",
}
@inproceedings{gerdes-kahane-2006-polynomial,
    title = "A Polynomial Parsing Algorithm for the Topological Model: Synchronizing Constituent and Dependency Grammars, Illustrated by {G}erman Word Order Phenomena",
    author = "Gerdes, Kim  and
      Kahane, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1138",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220313",
    pages = "1097--1104",
}
@inproceedings{soricut-marcu-2006-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Language Generation Using {WIDL}-Expressions and its Application in Machine Translation and Summarization",
    author = "Soricut, Radu  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1139",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220314",
    pages = "1105--1112",
}
@inproceedings{nakatsu-white-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning to Say It Well: Reranking Realizations by Predicted Synthesis Quality",
    author = "Nakatsu, Crystal  and
      White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1140",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220315",
    pages = "1113--1120",
}
@inproceedings{krishnan-manning-2006-effective,
    title = "An Effective Two-Stage Model for Exploiting Non-Local Dependencies in Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Krishnan, Vijay  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1141",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220316",
    pages = "1121--1128",
}
@inproceedings{kuo-etal-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning Transliteration Lexicons from the Web",
    author = "Kuo, Jin-Shea  and
      Li, Haizhou  and
      Yang, Ying-Kuei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1142",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220317",
    pages = "1129--1136",
}
@inproceedings{malik-2006-punjabi,
    title = "{P}unjabi Machine Transliteration",
    author = "Malik, M.G. Abbas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1143",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220318",
    pages = "1137--1144",
}
@inproceedings{montalvo-etal-2006-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Document Clustering: An Heuristic Approach Based on Cognate Named Entities",
    author = "Montalvo, Soto  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Raquel  and
      Casillas, Arantza  and
      Fresno, V{\'\i}ctor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1144",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220319",
    pages = "1145--1152",
}
@inproceedings{noro-etal-2006-time,
    title = "Time Period Identification of Events in Text",
    author = "Noro, Taichi  and
      Inui, Takashi  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1145",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220320",
    pages = "1153--1160",
}
@inproceedings{pado-lapata-2006-optimal,
    title = "Optimal Constituent Alignment with Edge Covers for Semantic Projection",
    author = "Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1146",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220321",
    pages = "1161--1168",
}
@inproceedings{wu-strzalkowski-2006-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing Co-Occurrence of Answers in Question Answering",
    author = "Wu, Min  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1147",
    doi = "10.3115/1220175.1220322",
    pages = "1169--1176",
}
@proceedings{acl-2006-coling,
    title = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2000",
}
@inproceedings{alegria-etal-2006-using,
    title = "Using Machine Learning Techniques to Build a Comma Checker for Basque",
    author = "Alegria, I{\~n}aki  and
      Arrieta, Bertol  and
      Diaz de Ilarraza, Arantza  and
      Izagirre, Eli  and
      Maritxalar, Montse",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{alfonseca-etal-2006-rote,
    title = "A Rote Extractor with Edit Distance-Based Generalisation and Multi-Corpora Precision Calculation",
    author = "Alfonseca, Enrique  and
      Castells, Pablo  and
      Okumura, Manabu  and
      Ruiz-Casado, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{amigo-etal-2006-mt,
    title = "{MT} Evaluation: Human-Like vs. Human Acceptable",
    author = "Amig{\'o}, Enrique  and
      Gim{\'e}nez, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Gonzalo, Julio  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2003",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{atterer-schutze-2006-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Corpus Size in Combining Supervised and Unsupervised Training for Disambiguation",
    author = {Atterer, Michaela  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2004",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{aw-etal-2006-phrase,
    title = "A Phrase-Based Statistical Model for {SMS} Text Normalization",
    author = "Aw, AiTi  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Xiao, Juan  and
      Su, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2005",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{briscoe-carroll-2006-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Accuracy of an Unlexicalized Statistical Parser on the {PARC} {D}ep{B}ank",
    author = "Briscoe, Ted  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2006",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{carterette-etal-2006-n,
    title = "N Semantic Classes are Harder than Two",
    author = "Carterette, Ben  and
      Jones, Rosie  and
      Greiner, Wiley  and
      Barr, Cory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2007",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{chai-etal-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards Conversational {QA}: Automatic Identification of Problematic Situations and User Intent",
    author = "Chai, Joyce Y.  and
      Zhang, Chen  and
      Baldwin, Tyler",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2008",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2006-pipeline,
    title = "A Pipeline Framework for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Do, Quang  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2009",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{che-etal-2006-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Convolution Tree Kernel for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Che, Wanxiang  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2010",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chen-2006-high,
    title = "A High-Accurate {C}hinese-{E}nglish {NE} Backward Translation System Combining Both Lexical Information and Web Statistics",
    author = "Chen, Conrad  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2011",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2006-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Relation Disambiguation Using Spectral Clustering",
    author = "Chen, Jinxiu  and
      Ji, Donghong  and
      Tan, Chew Lim  and
      Niu, Zhengyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2012",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2006-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of {C}hinese Chunking",
    author = "Chen, Wenliang  and
      Zhang, Yujie  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2013",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{cherry-lin-2006-soft,
    title = "Soft Syntactic Constraints for Word Alignment through Discriminative Training",
    author = "Cherry, Colin  and
      Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2014",
    pages = "105--112",
}
@inproceedings{chime-2006-account,
    title = "An Account for Compound Prepositions in {F}arsi",
    author = "Chime, Zahra Abolhassani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2015",
    pages = "113--119",
}
@inproceedings{chou-2006-techniques,
    title = "Techniques to Incorporate the Benefits of a Hierarchy in a Modified Hidden {M}arkov Model",
    author = "Chou, Lin-Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2016",
    pages = "120--127",
}
@inproceedings{choudhury-etal-2006-analysis,
    title = "Analysis and Synthesis of the Distribution of Consonants over Languages: A Complex Network Approach",
    author = "Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Mukherjee, Animesh  and
      Basu, Anupam  and
      Ganguly, Niloy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2017",
    pages = "128--135",
}
@inproceedings{chrupala-van-genabith-2006-using,
    title = "Using Machine-Learning to Assign Function Labels to Parser Output for {S}panish",
    author = "Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2018",
    pages = "136--143",
}
@inproceedings{clarke-lapata-2006-constraint,
    title = "Constraint-Based Sentence Compression: An Integer Programming Approach",
    author = "Clarke, James  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2019",
    pages = "144--151",
}
@inproceedings{conroy-etal-2006-topic,
    title = "Topic-Focused Multi-Document Summarization Using an Approximate Oracle Score",
    author = "Conroy, John M.  and
      Schlesinger, Judith D.  and
      O{'}Leary, Dianne P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2020",
    pages = "152--159",
}
@inproceedings{costello-etal-2006-using,
    title = "Using {W}ord{N}et to Automatically Deduce Relations between Words in Noun-Noun Compounds",
    author = "Costello, Fintan J.  and
      Veale, Tony  and
      Dunne, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2021",
    pages = "160--167",
}
@inproceedings{creswell-etal-2006-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Extracting Nominal Mentions of Events with a Bootstrapped Probabilistic Classifier",
    author = "Creswell, Cassandre  and
      Beal, Matthew J.  and
      Chen, John  and
      Cornell, Thomas L.  and
      Nilsson, Lars  and
      Srihari, Rohini K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2022",
    pages = "168--175",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2006-bio,
    title = "A Bio-Inspired Approach for Multi-Word Expression Extraction",
    author = "Duan, Jianyong  and
      Lu, Ruzhan  and
      Wu, Weilin  and
      Hu, Yi  and
      Tian, Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2023",
    pages = "176--182",
}
@inproceedings{eckart-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards A Modular Data Model For Multi-Layer Annotated Corpora",
    author = "Eckart, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2024",
    pages = "183--190",
}
@inproceedings{ekbal-etal-2006-modified,
    title = "A Modified Joint Source-Channel Model for Transliteration",
    author = "Ekbal, Asif  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2025",
    pages = "191--198",
}
@inproceedings{fang-etal-2006-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese-{E}nglish Term Translation Mining Based on Semantic Prediction",
    author = "Fang, Gaolin  and
      Yu, Hao  and
      Nishino, Fumihito",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2026",
    pages = "199--206",
}
@inproceedings{filatova-etal-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Creation of Domain Templates",
    author = "Filatova, Elena  and
      Hatzivassiloglou, Vasileios  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2027",
    pages = "207--214",
}
@inproceedings{finch-etal-2006-using,
    title = "Using Lexical Dependency and Ontological Knowledge to Improve a Detailed Syntactic and Semantic Tagger of {E}nglish",
    author = "Finch, Andrew  and
      Black, Ezra  and
      Hwang, Young-Sook  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2028",
    pages = "215--222",
}
@inproceedings{foth-menzel-2006-benefit,
    title = "The Benefit of Stochastic {PP} Attachment to a Rule-Based Parser",
    author = "Foth, Kilian A.  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2029",
    pages = "223--230",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-suzuki-2006-using,
    title = "Using Bilingual Comparable Corpora and Semi-supervised Clustering for Topic Tracking",
    author = "Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Suzuki, Yoshimi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2030",
    pages = "231--238",
}
@inproceedings{fung-chen-2006-robust,
    title = "Robust Word Sense Translation by {EM} Learning of Frame Semantics",
    author = "Fung, Pascale  and
      Chen, Benfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2031",
    pages = "239--246",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-parmentier-2006-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Handling in {XMG}",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Parmentier, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2032",
    pages = "247--254",
}
@inproceedings{gatt-van-deemter-2006-conceptual,
    title = "Conceptual Coherence in the Generation of Referring Expressions",
    author = "Gatt, Albert  and
      van Deemter, Kees",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2033",
    pages = "255--262",
}
@inproceedings{ge-mooney-2006-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Reranking for Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Ge, Ruifang  and
      Mooney, Raymond J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2034",
    pages = "263--270",
}
@inproceedings{giguet-luquet-2006-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Lexical Database Generation from Parallel Texts in 20 {E}uropean Languages with Endogenous Resources",
    author = "Giguet, Emmanuel  and
      Luquet, Pierre-Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2035",
    pages = "271--278",
}
@inproceedings{gildea-etal-2006-factoring,
    title = "Factoring Synchronous Grammars by Sorting",
    author = "Gildea, Daniel  and
      Satta, Giorgio  and
      Zhang, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2036",
    pages = "279--286",
}
@inproceedings{gimenez-marquez-2006-low,
    title = "Low-Cost Enrichment of {S}panish {W}ord{N}et with Automatically Translated Glosses: Combining General and Specialized Models",
    author = "Gim{\'e}nez, Jes{\'u}s  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2037",
    pages = "287--294",
}
@inproceedings{glaysher-moldovan-2006-speeding,
    title = "Speeding Up Full Syntactic Parsing by Leveraging Partial Parsing Decisions",
    author = "Glaysher, Elliot  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2038",
    pages = "295--300",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-chatterjee-2006-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Aligned Parallel Corpus by Projecting Syntactic Relations from Annotated Source Corpus",
    author = "Goyal, Shailly  and
      Chatterjee, Niladri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2039",
    pages = "301--308",
}
@inproceedings{ha-etal-2006-reduced,
    title = "Reduced n-gram Models for {E}nglish and {C}hinese Corpora",
    author = "Ha, Le Q  and
      Hanna, P  and
      Stewart, D W  and
      Smith, F J",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2040",
    pages = "309--315",
}
@inproceedings{hall-etal-2006-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Classifiers for Deterministic Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Hall, Johan  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Nilsson, Jens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2041",
    pages = "316--323",
}
@inproceedings{hamabe-etal-2006-detection,
    title = "Detection of Quotations and Inserted Clauses and Its Application to Dependency Structure Analysis in Spontaneous {J}apanese",
    author = "Hamabe, Ryoji  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2042",
    pages = "324--330",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2006-improving,
    title = "Improving {E}nglish Subcategorization Acquisition with Diathesis Alternations as Heuristic Information",
    author = "Han, Xiwu  and
      Zhao, Tiejun  and
      Fu, Xingshang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2043",
    pages = "331--336",
}
@inproceedings{hargreaves-ramsay-2006-local,
    title = "Local Constraints on Sentence Markers and Focus in {S}omali",
    author = "Hargreaves, Katherine  and
      Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2044",
    pages = "337--344",
}
@inproceedings{haruechaiyasak-etal-2006-collaborative,
    title = "A Collaborative Framework for Collecting {T}hai Unknown Words from the Web",
    author = "Haruechaiyasak, Choochart  and
      Sangkeettrakarn, Chatchawal  and
      Palingoon, Pornpimon  and
      Kongyoung, Sarawoot  and
      Damrongrat, Chaianun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2045",
    pages = "345--352",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-etal-2006-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Idiom Recognition: Drawing a Line between Literal and Idiomatic Meanings",
    author = "Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Sato, Satoshi  and
      Utsuro, Takehito",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2046",
    pages = "353--360",
}
@inproceedings{hirakawa-2006-graph,
    title = "Graph Branch Algorithm: An Optimum Tree Search Method for Scored Dependency Graph with Arc Co-Occurrence Constraints",
    author = "Hirakawa, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2047",
    pages = "361--368",
}
@inproceedings{hopkins-kuhn-2006-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Potential of Intractable Parsers",
    author = "Hopkins, Mark  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2048",
    pages = "369--376",
}
@inproceedings{horacek-wolska-2006-transformation,
    title = "Transformation-Based Interpretation of Implicit Parallel Structures: Reconstructing the Meaning of {``}vice versa{''} and Similar Linguistic Operators",
    author = "Horacek, Helmut  and
      Wolska, Magdalena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2049",
    pages = "377--384",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-huang-2006-conset,
    title = "When Conset Meets Synset: A Preliminary Survey of an Ontological Lexical Resource Based on {C}hinese Characters",
    author = "Hsieh, Shu-Kai  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2050",
    pages = "385--390",
}
@inproceedings{huwel-wrede-2006-spontaneous,
    title = "Spontaneous Speech Understanding for Robust Multi-Modal Human-Robot Communication",
    author = {H{\"u}wel, Sonja  and
      Wrede, Britta},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2051",
    pages = "391--398",
}
@inproceedings{ichikawa-etal-2006-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Sentence Retrieval Based on Syntactic Structure",
    author = "Ichikawa, Hiroshi  and
      Hakoda, Keita  and
      Hashimoto, Taiichi  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2052",
    pages = "399--406",
}
@inproceedings{jabbari-etal-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards the Orwellian Nightmare: Separation of Business and Personal Emails",
    author = "Jabbari, Sanaz  and
      Allison, Ben  and
      Guthrie, David  and
      Guthrie, Louise",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2053",
    pages = "407--411",
}
@inproceedings{jeong-lee-2006-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Non-Local Features for Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Jeong, Minwoo  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2054",
    pages = "412--419",
}
@inproceedings{ji-grishman-2006-analysis,
    title = "Analysis and Repair of Name Tagger Errors",
    author = "Ji, Heng  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2055",
    pages = "420--427",
}
@inproceedings{jin-tanaka-ishii-2006-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Segmentation of {C}hinese Text by Use of Branching Entropy",
    author = "Jin, Zhihui  and
      Tanaka-Ishii, Kumiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2056",
    pages = "428--435",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-nugues-2006-framenet,
    title = "A {F}rame{N}et-Based Semantic Role Labeler for {S}wedish",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2057",
    pages = "436--443",
}
@inproceedings{kacmarcik-gamon-2006-obfuscating,
    title = "Obfuscating Document Stylometry to Preserve Author Anonymity",
    author = "Kacmarcik, Gary  and
      Gamon, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2058",
    pages = "444--451",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-kitsuregawa-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Construction of Polarity-Tagged Corpus from {HTML} Documents",
    author = "Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Kitsuregawa, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2059",
    pages = "452--459",
}
@inproceedings{kambhatla-2006-minority,
    title = "Minority Vote: At-Least-N Voting Improves Recall for Extracting Relations",
    author = "Kambhatla, Nanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2060",
    pages = "460--466",
}
@inproceedings{khadivi-etal-2006-integration,
    title = "Integration of Speech to Computer-Assisted Translation Using Finite-State Automata",
    author = "Khadivi, Shahram  and
      Zens, Richard  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2061",
    pages = "467--474",
}
@inproceedings{khegai-2006-gf,
    title = "{GF} Parallel Resource Grammars and {R}ussian",
    author = "Khegai, Janna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2062",
    pages = "475--482",
}
@inproceedings{kim-hovy-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Pro and Con Reasons in Online Reviews",
    author = "Kim, Soo-Min  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2063",
    pages = "483--490",
}
@inproceedings{kim-baldwin-2006-interpreting,
    title = "Interpreting Semantic Relations in Noun Compounds via Verb Semantics",
    author = "Kim, Su Nam  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2064",
    pages = "491--498",
}
@inproceedings{knight-etal-2006-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Analysis for Decipherment Problems",
    author = "Knight, Kevin  and
      Nair, Anish  and
      Rathod, Nishit  and
      Yamada, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2065",
    pages = "499--506",
}
@inproceedings{kuhlmann-nivre-2006-mildly,
    title = "Mildly Non-Projective Dependency Structures",
    author = "Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2066",
    pages = "507--514",
}
@inproceedings{li-brew-2006-parsing,
    title = "Parsing and Subcategorization Data",
    author = "Li, Jianguo  and
      Brew, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2067",
    pages = "515--522",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2006-role,
    title = "The Role of Information Retrieval in Answering Complex Questions",
    author = "Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2068",
    pages = "523--530",
}
@inproceedings{lioma-ounis-2006-examining,
    title = "Examining the Content Load of Part of Speech Blocks for Information Retrieval",
    author = "Lioma, Christina  and
      Ounis, Iadh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2069",
    pages = "531--538",
}
@inproceedings{liu-gildea-2006-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Iterative Alignment for Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Liu, Ding  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2070",
    pages = "539--546",
}
@inproceedings{loeff-etal-2006-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating Image Senses by Clustering with Multimodal Features",
    author = "Loeff, Nicolas  and
      Alm, Cecilia Ovesdotter  and
      Forsyth, David A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2071",
    pages = "547--554",
}
@inproceedings{marrafa-mendes-2006-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Adjectives in Computational Relational Lexica",
    author = "Marrafa, Palmira  and
      Mendes, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2072",
    pages = "555--562",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-hinarejos-etal-2006-segmented,
    title = "Segmented and Unsegmented Dialogue-Act Annotation with Statistical Dialogue Models",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez Hinarejos, Carlos D.  and
      Granell, Ram{\'o}n  and
      Bened{\'\i}, Jos{\'e} Miguel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2073",
    pages = "563--570",
}
@inproceedings{maslennikov-etal-2006-instance,
    title = "{ARE}: Instance Splitting Strategies for Dependency Relation-Based Information Extraction",
    author = "Maslennikov, Mstislav  and
      Goh, Hai-Kiat  and
      Chua, Tat-Seng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2074",
    pages = "571--578",
}
@inproceedings{mirkin-etal-2006-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Pattern-Based and Distributional Similarity Methods for Lexical Entailment Acquisition",
    author = "Mirkin, Shachar  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Geffet, Maayan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2075",
    pages = "579--586",
}
@inproceedings{murata-etal-2006-machine,
    title = "Machine-Learning-Based Transformation of Passive {J}apanese Sentences into Active by Separating Training Data into Each Input Particle",
    author = "Murata, Masaki  and
      Kanamaru, Toshiyuki  and
      Shirado, Tamotsu  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2076",
    pages = "587--594",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-etal-2006-reinforcing,
    title = "Reinforcing {E}nglish Countability Prediction with One Countability per Discourse Property",
    author = "Nagata, Ryo  and
      Kawai, Atsuo  and
      Morihiro, Koichiro  and
      Isu, Naoki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2077",
    pages = "595--602",
}
@inproceedings{nanba-okumura-2006-automatic,
    title = "An Automatic Method for Summary Evaluation Using Multiple Evaluation Results by a Manual Method",
    author = "Nanba, Hidetsugu  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2078",
    pages = "603--610",
}
@inproceedings{ng-etal-2006-examining,
    title = "Examining the Role of Linguistic Knowledge Sources in the Automatic Identification and Classification of Reviews",
    author = "Ng, Vincent  and
      Dasgupta, Sajib  and
      Arifin, S. M. Niaz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2079",
    pages = "611--618",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing with Structured {SVM} Ensemble Classification Models",
    author = "Nguyen, Le-Minh  and
      Shimazu, Akira  and
      Phan, Xuan-Hieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2080",
    pages = "619--626",
}
@inproceedings{oberlander-nowson-2006-whose,
    title = "Whose Thumb Is It Anyway? Classifying Author Personality from Weblog Text",
    author = "Oberlander, Jon  and
      Nowson, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2081",
    pages = "627--634",
}
@inproceedings{ohtake-2006-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Selective Strategies to Build a Dependency-Analyzed Corpus",
    author = "Ohtake, Kiyonori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2082",
    pages = "635--642",
}
@inproceedings{okazaki-ananiadou-2006-term,
    title = "A Term Recognition Approach to Acronym Recognition",
    author = "Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2083",
    pages = "643--650",
}
@inproceedings{pecina-schlesinger-2006-combining,
    title = "Combining Association Measures for Collocation Extraction",
    author = "Pecina, Pavel  and
      Schlesinger, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2084",
    pages = "651--658",
}
@inproceedings{rieser-lemon-2006-using,
    title = "Using Machine Learning to Explore Human Multimodal Clarification Strategies",
    author = "Rieser, Verena  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2085",
    pages = "659--666",
}
@inproceedings{rosenfeld-feldman-2006-ures,
    title = "{URES} : an Unsupervised Web Relation Extraction System",
    author = "Rosenfeld, Benjamin  and
      Feldman, Ronen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2086",
    pages = "667--674",
}
@inproceedings{ruch-etal-2006-argumentative,
    title = "Argumentative Feedback: A Linguistically-Motivated Term Expansion for Information Retrieval",
    author = "Ruch, Patrick  and
      Tbahriti, Imad  and
      Gobeill, Julien  and
      Aronson, Alan R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2087",
    pages = "675--682",
}
@inproceedings{ryu-etal-2006-simultaneous,
    title = "Simultaneous {E}nglish-{J}apanese Spoken Language Translation Based on Incremental Dependency Parsing and Transfer",
    author = "Ryu, Koichiro  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki  and
      Inagaki, Yasuyoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2088",
    pages = "683--690",
}
@inproceedings{sagae-lavie-2006-best,
    title = "A Best-First Probabilistic Shift-Reduce Parser",
    author = "Sagae, Kenji  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2089",
    pages = "691--698",
}
@inproceedings{santini-etal-2006-implementing,
    title = "Implementing a Characterization of Genre for Automatic Genre Identification of Web Pages",
    author = "Santini, Marina  and
      Power, Richard  and
      Evans, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2090",
    pages = "699--706",
}
@inproceedings{sato-etal-2006-translating,
    title = "Translating {HPSG}-Style Outputs of a Robust Parser into Typed Dynamic Logic",
    author = "Sato, Manabu  and
      Bekki, Daisuke  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2091",
    pages = "707--714",
}
@inproceedings{schrader-2006-atlas,
    title = "{ATLAS} {--} A New Text Alignment Architecture",
    author = "Schrader, Bettina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2092",
    pages = "715--722",
}
@inproceedings{schwenk-etal-2006-continuous,
    title = "Continuous Space Language Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Schwenk, Holger  and
      Dechelotte, Daniel  and
      Gauvain, Jean-Luc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2093",
    pages = "723--730",
}
@inproceedings{sekine-2006-demand,
    title = "On-Demand Information Extraction",
    author = "Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2094",
    pages = "731--738",
}
@inproceedings{sharoff-etal-2006-using,
    title = "Using Comparable Corpora to Solve Problems Difficult for Human Translators",
    author = "Sharoff, Serge  and
      Babych, Bogdan  and
      Hartley, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2095",
    pages = "739--746",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2006-adding,
    title = "Adding Syntax to Dynamic Programming for Aligning Comparable Texts for the Generation of Paraphrases",
    author = {Shen, Siwei  and
      Radev, Dragomir R.  and
      Patel, Agam  and
      Erkan, G{\"u}ne{\c{s}}},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2096",
    pages = "747--754",
}
@inproceedings{shibata-kurohashi-2006-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Topic Identification by Integrating Linguistic and Visual Information Based on Hidden {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Shibata, Tomohide  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2097",
    pages = "755--762",
}
@inproceedings{shimizu-haas-2006-exact,
    title = "Exact Decoding for Jointly Labeling and Chunking Sequences",
    author = "Shimizu, Nobuyuki  and
      Haas, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2098",
    pages = "763--770",
}
@inproceedings{shirai-ookawa-2006-compiling,
    title = "Compiling a Lexicon of Cooking Actions for Animation Generation",
    author = "Shirai, Kiyoaki  and
      Ookawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2099",
    pages = "771--778",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2006-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Richness Offsets Resource Demand {--} Experiences in Constructing a {POS} Tagger for {H}indi",
    author = "Singh, Smriti  and
      Gupta, Kuhoo  and
      Shrivastava, Manish  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2100",
    pages = "779--786",
}
@inproceedings{smith-eisner-2006-minimum,
    title = "Minimum Risk Annealing for Training Log-Linear Models",
    author = "Smith, David A.  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2101",
    pages = "787--794",
}
@inproceedings{snider-diab-2006-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Induction of Modern Standard {A}rabic Verb Classes Using Syntactic Frames and {LSA}",
    author = "Snider, Neal  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2102",
    pages = "795--802",
}
@inproceedings{soricut-marcu-2006-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Generation Using Utility-Trained Coherence Models",
    author = "Soricut, Radu  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2103",
    pages = "803--810",
}
@inproceedings{swanson-gordon-2006-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Alternative Parse Tree Paths for Labeling Semantic Roles",
    author = "Swanson, Reid  and
      Gordon, Andrew S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2104",
    pages = "811--818",
}
@inproceedings{tatu-moldovan-2006-logic,
    title = "A Logic-Based Semantic Approach to Recognizing Textual Entailment",
    author = "Tatu, Marta  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2105",
    pages = "819--826",
}
@inproceedings{tokunaga-etal-2006-infrastructure,
    title = "Infrastructure for Standardization of {A}sian Language Resources",
    author = "Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Charoenporn, Thatsanee  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Soria, Claudia  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Xia, YingJu  and
      Yu, Hao  and
      Prevot, Laurent  and
      Shirai, Kiyoaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2106",
    pages = "827--834",
}
@inproceedings{tomas-casacuberta-2006-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Phrase-Based Models for Interactive Computer-Assisted Translation",
    author = "Tom{\'a}s, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2107",
    pages = "835--841",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-2006-using,
    title = "Using Word Support Model to Improve {C}hinese Input System",
    author = "Tsai, Jia-Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2108",
    pages = "842--849",
}
@inproceedings{unno-etal-2006-trimming,
    title = "Trimming {CFG} Parse Trees for Sentence Compression Using Machine Learning Approaches",
    author = "Unno, Yuya  and
      Ninomiya, Takashi  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2109",
    pages = "850--857",
}
@inproceedings{utsumi-suzuki-2006-word,
    title = "Word Vectors and Two Kinds of Similarity",
    author = "Utsumi, Akira  and
      Suzuki, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2110",
    pages = "858--865",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-plas-tiedemann-2006-finding,
    title = "Finding Synonyms Using Automatic Word Alignment and Measures of Distributional Similarity",
    author = {van der Plas, Lonneke  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2111",
    pages = "866--873",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2006-word,
    title = "Word Alignment for Languages with Scarce Resources Using Bilingual Corpora of Other Language Pairs",
    author = "Wang, Haifeng  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      Liu, Zhanyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2112",
    pages = "874--881",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2006-combining,
    title = "Combining Statistical and Knowledge-Based Spoken Language Understanding in Conditional Models",
    author = "Wang, Ye-Yi  and
      Acero, Alex  and
      Mahajan, Milind  and
      Lee, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2113",
    pages = "882--889",
}
@inproceedings{wasala-etal-2006-sinhala,
    title = "{S}inhala Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion and Rules for Schwa Epenthesis",
    author = "Wasala, Asanka  and
      Weerasinghe, Ruvan  and
      Gamage, Kumudu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2114",
    pages = "890--897",
}
@inproceedings{wu-lowery-2006-prosodic,
    title = "From Prosodic Trees to Syntactic Trees",
    author = "Wu, Andi  and
      Lowery, Kirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2115",
    pages = "898--904",
}
@inproceedings{wu-lee-2006-grammatical,
    title = "A Grammatical Approach to Understanding Textual Tables Using Two-Dimensional {SCFG}s",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Lee, Ken Wing Kuen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2116",
    pages = "905--912",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2006-boosting,
    title = "Boosting Statistical Word Alignment Using Labeled and Unlabeled Data",
    author = "Wu, Hua  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Liu, Zhanyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2117",
    pages = "913--920",
}
@inproceedings{xue-etal-2006-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Features with Sense Distinction Dimensions",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen  and
      Chen, Jinying  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2118",
    pages = "921--928",
}
@inproceedings{yang-powers-2006-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation Using Lexical Cohesion in the Context",
    author = "Yang, Dongqiang  and
      Powers, David M. W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2119",
    pages = "929--936",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-etal-2006-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Discourse Modeling in Spoken Dialogue Systems Using Semantic Dependency Graphs",
    author = "Yeh, Jui-Feng  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Yang, Mao-Zhu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2120",
    pages = "937--944",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2006-hal,
    title = "{HAL}-Based Cascaded Model for Variable-Length Semantic Pattern Induction from Psychiatry Web Resources",
    author = "Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Jang, Fong-Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2121",
    pages = "945--952",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-gildea-2006-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Word Alignments with Bilexical Synchronous Trees",
    author = "Zhang, Hao  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2122",
    pages = "953--960",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2006-subword,
    title = "Subword-Based Tagging for Confidence-Dependent {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Zhang, Ruiqiang  and
      Kikui, Genichiro  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2123",
    pages = "961--968",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-xing-2006-bitam,
    title = "{B}i{TAM}: Bilingual Topic {A}d{M}ixture Models for Word Alignment",
    author = "Zhao, Bing  and
      Xing, Eric P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2124",
    pages = "969--976",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-li-2006-hmm,
    title = "An {HMM}-Based Approach to Automatic Phrasing for {M}andarin Text-to-Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Zhu, Jing  and
      Li, Jian-Hua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2125",
    pages = "977--982",
}
@proceedings{acl-2006-coling-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Student Research Workshop",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Hwa, Rebecca",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-3000",
}
@inproceedings{biswas-2006-flexible,
    title = "A Flexible Approach to Natural Language Generation for Disabled Children",
    author = "Biswas, Pradipta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-3001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{biemann-2006-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Part-of-Speech Tagging Employing Efficient Graph Clustering",
    author = "Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-3002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{cromieres-2006-sub,
    title = "Sub-Sentential Alignment Using Substring Co-Occurrence Counts",
    author = "Cromieres, Fabien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-3003",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{maier-2006-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Schemes and their Influence on Parsing Results",
    author = "Maier, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-3004",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{park-2006-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Human Sentence Processing Data with a Statistical Parts-of-Speech Tagger",
    author = "Park, Jihyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-3005",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{shimizu-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Discourse Segmentation and Labeling for Route Instructions",
    author = "Shimizu, Nobuyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-3006",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{wu-2006-investigations,
    title = "Investigations on Event-Based Summarization",
    author = "Wu, Mingli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-3007",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{yue-2006-discursive,
    title = "Discursive Usage of Six {C}hinese Punctuation Marks",
    author = "Yue, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-3008",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{tsarfaty-2006-integrated,
    title = "Integrated Morphological and Syntactic Disambiguation for Modern {H}ebrew",
    author = "Tsarfaty, Reut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-3009",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{specia-2006-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Relational Approach for {WSD} {--} First Results",
    author = "Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-3010",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@inproceedings{loos-2006-on2l,
    title = "{O}n2{L} {--} A Framework for Incremental Ontology Learning in Spoken Dialog Systems",
    author = "Loos, Berenike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-3011",
    pages = "61--66",
}
@inproceedings{narupiyakul-2006-focus,
    title = "Focus to Emphasize Tone Structures for Prosodic Analysis in Spoken Language Generation",
    author = "Narupiyakul, Lalita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-3012",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@inproceedings{park-2006-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Tree Adjoining Grammars from a Treebank for {K}orean",
    author = "Park, Jungyeul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-3013",
    pages = "73--78",
}
@inproceedings{li-2006-parsing,
    title = "Parsing and Subcategorization Data",
    author = "Li, Jianguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-3014",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{rudzicz-2006-clavius,
    title = "{C}lavius: Bi-Directional Parsing for Generic Multimodal Interaction",
    author = "Rudzicz, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-3015",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@proceedings{acl-2006-coling-acl-2006,
    title = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    author = "Curran, James",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4000",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2006-fast,
    title = "{FAST} {--} An Automatic Generation System for Grammar Tests",
    author = "Chen, Chia-Yin  and
      Liou, Hsien-Chin  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4001",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225404",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{montero-araki-2006-correct,
    title = "Is It Correct? {--} Towards Web-Based Evaluation of Automatic Natural Language Phrase Generation",
    author = "Montero, Calkin S.  and
      Araki, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4002",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225405",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{tesconi-etal-2006-lexflow,
    title = "{L}e{XF}low: A System for Cross-Fertilization of Computational Lexicons",
    author = "Tesconi, Maurizio  and
      Marchetti, Andrea  and
      Bertagna, Francesca  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Soria, Claudia  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4003",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225406",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{navigli-2006-valido,
    title = "{V}alido: A Visual Tool for Validating Sense Annotations",
    author = "Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4004",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225407",
    pages = "13--16",
}
@inproceedings{ohta-etal-2006-intelligent,
    title = "An Intelligent Search Engine and {GUI}-based Efficient {MEDLINE} Search Tool Based on Deep Syntactic Parsing",
    author = "Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Ninomiya, Takashi  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Yakushiji, Akane  and
      Masuda, Katsuya  and
      Takeuchi, Jumpei  and
      Yoshida, Kazuhiro  and
      Hara, Tadayoshi  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Tateisi, Yuka  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4005",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225408",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@inproceedings{mima-2006-mima,
    title = "{MIMA} Search: A Structuring Knowledge System towards Innovation for Engineering Education",
    author = "Mima, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4006",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225409",
    pages = "21--24",
}
@inproceedings{hickl-etal-2006-ferret,
    title = "{FERRET}: Interactive Question-Answering for Real-World Environments",
    author = "Hickl, Andrew  and
      Wang, Patrick  and
      Lehmann, John  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4007",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225410",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2006-k,
    title = "{K}-{QARD}: A Practical {K}orean Question Answering Framework for Restricted Domain",
    author = "Song, Young-In  and
      Chung, HooJung  and
      Han, Kyoung-Soo  and
      Lee, JooYoung  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang  and
      Lee, Jae-Won",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4008",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225411",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{mazur-dale-2006-intermediate,
    title = "An Intermediate Representation for the Interpretation of Temporal Expressions",
    author = "Mazur, Pawe{\l}  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4009",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225412",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@inproceedings{yao-uszkoreit-2006-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Named Entity and Relation Identification System",
    author = "Yao, Tianfang  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4010",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225413",
    pages = "37--40",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2006-computational,
    title = "Computational Analysis of Move Structures in Academic Abstracts",
    author = "Wu, Jien-Chen  and
      Chang, Yu-Chia  and
      Liou, Hsien-Chin  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4011",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225414",
    pages = "41--44",
}
@inproceedings{radev-etal-2006-lexnet,
    title = "{L}ex{N}et: A Graphical Environment for Graph-Based {NLP}",
    author = {Radev, Dragomir R.  and
      Erkan, G{\"u}ne{\c{s}}  and
      Fader, Anthony  and
      Jordan, Patrick  and
      Shen, Siwei  and
      Sweeney, James P.},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4012",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225415",
    pages = "45--48",
}
@inproceedings{ailomaa-etal-2006-archivus,
    title = "{A}rchivus: A Multimodal System for Multimedia Meeting Browsing and Retrieval",
    author = "Ailomaa, Marita  and
      Melichar, Miroslav  and
      Lisowska, Agnes  and
      Rajman, Martin  and
      Armstrong, Susan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4013",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225416",
    pages = "49--52",
}
@inproceedings{lonning-oepen-2006-usable,
    title = "Re-Usable Tools for Precision Machine Translation",
    author = "L{\o}nning, Jan Tore  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4014",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225417",
    pages = "53--56",
}
@inproceedings{becker-etal-2006-sammie,
    title = "The {SAMMIE} System: Multimodal In-Car Dialogue",
    author = "Becker, Tilman  and
      Poller, Peter  and
      Schehl, Jan  and
      Blaylock, Nate  and
      Gerstenberger, Ciprian  and
      Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4015",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225418",
    pages = "57--60",
}
@inproceedings{wehrli-2006-twicpen,
    title = "{T}wic{P}en: Hand-held Scanner and Translation Software for non-Native Readers",
    author = "Wehrli, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4016",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225419",
    pages = "61--64",
}
@inproceedings{fujita-etal-2006-implemented,
    title = "An Implemented Description of {J}apanese: The {L}exeed Dictionary and the {H}inoki Treebank",
    author = "Fujita, Sanae  and
      Tanaka, Takaaki  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Nakaiwa, Hiromi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4017",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225420",
    pages = "65--68",
}
@inproceedings{bird-2006-nltk,
    title = "{NLTK}: The {N}atural {L}anguage {T}oolkit",
    author = "Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4018",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225421",
    pages = "69--72",
}
@inproceedings{blanc-constant-2006-outilex,
    title = "{O}utilex, a Linguistic Platform for Text Processing",
    author = "Blanc, Olivier  and
      Constant, Matthieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4019",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225422",
    pages = "73--76",
}
@inproceedings{briscoe-etal-2006-second,
    title = "The Second Release of the {RASP} System",
    author = "Briscoe, Ted  and
      Carroll, John  and
      Watson, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}/{ACL} 2006 Interactive Presentation Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-4020",
    doi = "10.3115/1225403.1225423",
    pages = "77--80",
}
@proceedings{acl-2012-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    author = "Li, Haizhou  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Osborne, Miles  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae  and
      Park, Jong C.",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1000",
}
@inproceedings{duh-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning to Translate with Multiple Objectives",
    author = "Duh, Kevin  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Wu, Xianchao  and
      Tsukada, Hajime  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{simianer-etal-2012-joint,
    title = "Joint Feature Selection in Distributed Stochastic Learning for Large-Scale Discriminative Training in {SMT}",
    author = "Simianer, Patrick  and
      Riezler, Stefan  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1002",
    pages = "11--21",
}
@inproceedings{kolachina-etal-2012-prediction,
    title = "Prediction of Learning Curves in Machine Translation",
    author = "Kolachina, Prasanth  and
      Cancedda, Nicola  and
      Dymetman, Marc  and
      Venkatapathy, Sriram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1003",
    pages = "22--30",
}
@inproceedings{sim-2012-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Integration of Partial Lexical Information for Noise Robust Haptic Voice Recognition",
    author = "Sim, Khe Chai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1004",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{lee-glass-2012-nonparametric,
    title = "A Nonparametric {B}ayesian Approach to Acoustic Model Discovery",
    author = "Lee, Chia-ying  and
      Glass, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1005",
    pages = "40--49",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2012-automated,
    title = "Automated Essay Scoring Based on Finite State Transducer: towards {ASR} Transcription of Oral {E}nglish Speech",
    author = "Peng, Xingyuan  and
      Ke, Dengfeng  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1006",
    pages = "50--59",
}
@inproceedings{feng-hirst-2012-text,
    title = "Text-level Discourse Parsing with Rich Linguistic Features",
    author = "Feng, Vanessa Wei  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1007",
    pages = "60--68",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-xue-2012-pdtb,
    title = "{PDTB}-style Discourse Annotation of {C}hinese Text",
    author = "Zhou, Yuping  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1008",
    pages = "69--77",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2012-sits,
    title = "{SITS}: A Hierarchical Nonparametric Model using Speaker Identity for Topic Segmentation in Multiparty Conversations",
    author = "Nguyen, Viet-An  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1009",
    pages = "78--87",
}
@inproceedings{kolomiyets-etal-2012-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Narrative Timelines as Temporal Dependency Structures",
    author = "Kolomiyets, Oleksandr  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1010",
    pages = "88--97",
}
@inproceedings{chambers-2012-labeling,
    title = "Labeling Documents with Timestamps: Learning from their Time Expressions",
    author = "Chambers, Nathanael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1011",
    pages = "98--106",
}
@inproceedings{garrido-etal-2012-temporally,
    title = "Temporally Anchored Relation Extraction",
    author = "Garrido, Guillermo  and
      Pe{\~n}as, Anselmo  and
      Cabaleiro, Bernardo  and
      Rodrigo, {\'A}lvaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1012",
    pages = "107--116",
}
@inproceedings{berant-etal-2012-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Tree-based Approximation for Entailment Graph Learning",
    author = "Berant, Jonathan  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Adler, Meni  and
      Goldberger, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1013",
    pages = "117--125",
}
@inproceedings{branavan-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning High-Level Planning from Text",
    author = "Branavan, S.R.K.  and
      Kushman, Nate  and
      Lei, Tao  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1014",
    pages = "126--135",
}
@inproceedings{bruni-etal-2012-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Semantics in Technicolor",
    author = "Bruni, Elia  and
      Boleda, Gemma  and
      Baroni, Marco  and
      Tran, Nam-Khanh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1015",
    pages = "136--145",
}
@inproceedings{green-denero-2012-class,
    title = "A Class-Based Agreement Model for Generating Accurately Inflected Translations",
    author = "Green, Spence  and
      DeNero, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1016",
    pages = "146--155",
}
@inproceedings{nuhn-etal-2012-deciphering,
    title = "Deciphering Foreign Language by Combining Language Models and Context Vectors",
    author = "Nuhn, Malte  and
      Mauser, Arne  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1017",
    pages = "156--164",
}
@inproceedings{neubig-etal-2012-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation without Words through Substring Alignment",
    author = "Neubig, Graham  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1018",
    pages = "165--174",
}
@inproceedings{rastrow-etal-2012-fast,
    title = "Fast Syntactic Analysis for Statistical Language Modeling via Substructure Sharing and Uptraining",
    author = "Rastrow, Ariya  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1019",
    pages = "175--183",
}
@inproceedings{elsner-etal-2012-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping a Unified Model of Lexical and Phonetic Acquisition",
    author = "Elsner, Micha  and
      Goldwater, Sharon  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1020",
    pages = "184--193",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2012-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Pronunciation Modeling: A Large-Margin, Feature-Rich Approach",
    author = "Tang, Hao  and
      Keshet, Joseph  and
      Livescu, Karen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1021",
    pages = "194--203",
}
@inproceedings{constant-etal-2012-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Strategies to Integrate Multiword Expression Recognition and Parsing",
    author = "Constant, Matthieu  and
      Sigogne, Anthony  and
      Watrin, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1022",
    pages = "204--212",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2012-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing Dependency Language Models for Graph-based Dependency Parsing Models",
    author = "Chen, Wenliang  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1023",
    pages = "213--222",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-2012-spectral,
    title = "Spectral Learning of Latent-Variable {PCFG}s",
    author = "Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Stratos, Karl  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Foster, Dean P.  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1024",
    pages = "223--231",
}
@inproceedings{sun-wan-2012-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Approximation and Estimation Errors for {C}hinese Lexical Processing with Heterogeneous Annotations",
    author = "Sun, Weiwei  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1025",
    pages = "232--241",
}
@inproceedings{sun-uszkoreit-2012-capturing,
    title = "Capturing Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic Lexical Relations: Towards Accurate {C}hinese Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Sun, Weiwei  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1026",
    pages = "242--252",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2012-fast,
    title = "Fast Online Training with Frequency-Adaptive Learning Rates for {C}hinese Word Segmentation and New Word Detection",
    author = "Sun, Xu  and
      Wang, Houfeng  and
      Li, Wenjie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1027",
    pages = "253--262",
}
@inproceedings{croce-etal-2012-verb,
    title = "Verb Classification using Distributional Similarity in Syntactic and Semantic Structures",
    author = "Croce, Danilo  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Basili, Roberto  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1028",
    pages = "263--272",
}
@inproceedings{zhong-ng-2012-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation Improves Information Retrieval",
    author = "Zhong, Zhi  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1029",
    pages = "273--282",
}
@inproceedings{stern-etal-2012-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Search for Transformation-based Inference",
    author = "Stern, Asher  and
      Stern, Roni  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Felner, Ariel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1030",
    pages = "283--291",
}
@inproceedings{he-deng-2012-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Expected {BLEU} Training of Phrase and Lexicon Translation Models",
    author = "He, Xiaodong  and
      Deng, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1031",
    pages = "292--301",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning Translation Consensus with Structured Label Propagation",
    author = "Liu, Shujie  and
      Li, Chi-Ho  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1032",
    pages = "302--310",
}
@inproceedings{vaswani-etal-2012-smaller,
    title = "Smaller Alignment Models for Better Translations: Unsupervised Word Alignment with the l0-norm",
    author = "Vaswani, Ashish  and
      Huang, Liang  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1033",
    pages = "311--319",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-liu-2012-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Review Comments",
    author = "Mukherjee, Arjun  and
      Liu, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1034",
    pages = "320--329",
}
@inproceedings{celikyilmaz-hakkani-tur-2012-joint,
    title = "A Joint Model for Discovery of Aspects in Utterances",
    author = "Celikyilmaz, Asli  and
      Hakkani-Tur, Dilek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1035",
    pages = "330--338",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-liu-2012-aspect,
    title = "Aspect Extraction through Semi-Supervised Modeling",
    author = "Mukherjee, Arjun  and
      Liu, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1036",
    pages = "339--348",
}
@inproceedings{raghavan-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning to {``}Read Between the Lines{''} using {B}ayesian Logic Programs",
    author = "Raghavan, Sindhu  and
      Mooney, Raymond  and
      Ku, Hyeonseo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1037",
    pages = "349--358",
}
@inproceedings{kuznetsova-etal-2012-collective,
    title = "Collective Generation of Natural Image Descriptions",
    author = "Kuznetsova, Polina  and
      Ordonez, Vicente  and
      Berg, Alexander  and
      Berg, Tamara  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1038",
    pages = "359--368",
}
@inproceedings{konstas-lapata-2012-concept,
    title = "Concept-to-text Generation via Discriminative Reranking",
    author = "Konstas, Ioannis  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1039",
    pages = "369--378",
}
@inproceedings{wick-etal-2012-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Hierarchical Model for Fast Coreference at Large Scale",
    author = "Wick, Michael  and
      Singh, Sameer  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1040",
    pages = "379--388",
}
@inproceedings{bansal-klein-2012-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Semantics from Web Features",
    author = "Bansal, Mohit  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1041",
    pages = "389--398",
}
@inproceedings{abu-jbara-etal-2012-subgroup,
    title = "Subgroup Detection in Ideological Discussions",
    author = "Abu-Jbara, Amjad  and
      Dasigi, Pradeep  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1042",
    pages = "399--409",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-cross,
    title = "Cross-Domain Co-Extraction of Sentiment and Topic Lexicons",
    author = "Li, Fangtao  and
      Pan, Sinno Jialin  and
      Jin, Ou  and
      Yang, Qiang  and
      Zhu, Xiaoyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1043",
    pages = "410--419",
}
@inproceedings{lippincott-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning Syntactic Verb Frames using Graphical Models",
    author = "Lippincott, Thomas  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      {\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1044",
    pages = "420--429",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2012-fast,
    title = "Fast Online Lexicon Learning for Grounded Language Acquisition",
    author = "Chen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1045",
    pages = "430--439",
}
@inproceedings{shindo-etal-2012-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Symbol-Refined Tree Substitution Grammars for Syntactic Parsing",
    author = "Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Fujino, Akinori  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1046",
    pages = "440--448",
}
@inproceedings{bu-etal-2012-string,
    title = "String Re-writing Kernel",
    author = "Bu, Fan  and
      Li, Hang  and
      Zhu, Xiaoyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1047",
    pages = "449--458",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2012-translation,
    title = "Translation Model Adaptation for Statistical Machine Translation with Monolingual Topic Information",
    author = "Su, Jinsong  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Chen, Yidong  and
      Shi, Xiaodong  and
      Dong, Huailin  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1048",
    pages = "459--468",
}
@inproceedings{sajjad-etal-2012-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Model for Unsupervised and Semi-supervised Transliteration Mining",
    author = "Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Schmid, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1049",
    pages = "469--477",
}
@inproceedings{bisazza-federico-2012-modified,
    title = "Modified Distortion Matrices for Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1050",
    pages = "478--487",
}
@inproceedings{jones-etal-2012-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing with {B}ayesian Tree Transducers",
    author = "Jones, Bevan  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Goldwater, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1051",
    pages = "488--496",
}
@inproceedings{ng-curran-2012-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Hashing for n-best {CCG} Parsing",
    author = "Ng, Dominick  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1052",
    pages = "497--505",
}
@inproceedings{maletti-engelfriet-2012-strong,
    title = "Strong Lexicalization of Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Maletti, Andreas  and
      Engelfriet, Joost",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1053",
    pages = "506--515",
}
@inproceedings{yan-etal-2012-tweet,
    title = "Tweet Recommendation with Graph Co-Ranking",
    author = "Yan, Rui  and
      Lapata, Mirella  and
      Li, Xiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1054",
    pages = "516--525",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2012-joint,
    title = "Joint Inference of Named Entity Recognition and Normalization for Tweets",
    author = "Liu, Xiaohua  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Zhou, Xiangyang  and
      Fu, Zhongyang  and
      Wei, Furu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1055",
    pages = "526--535",
}
@inproceedings{diao-etal-2012-finding,
    title = "Finding Bursty Topics from Microblogs",
    author = "Diao, Qiming  and
      Jiang, Jing  and
      Zhu, Feida  and
      Lim, Ee-Peng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1056",
    pages = "536--544",
}
@inproceedings{druck-pang-2012-spice,
    title = "Spice it up? Mining Refinements to Online Instructions from User Generated Content",
    author = "Druck, Gregory  and
      Pang, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1057",
    pages = "545--553",
}
@inproceedings{qu-liu-2012-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Dependency Tagging in Online Question Answering Forums",
    author = "Qu, Zhonghua  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1058",
    pages = "554--562",
}
@inproceedings{pantel-etal-2012-mining,
    title = "Mining Entity Types from Query Logs via User Intent Modeling",
    author = "Pantel, Patrick  and
      Lin, Thomas  and
      Gamon, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1059",
    pages = "563--571",
}
@inproceedings{meng-etal-2012-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Mixture Model for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Meng, Xinfan  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Liu, Xiaohua  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Xu, Ge  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1060",
    pages = "572--581",
}
@inproceedings{chan-etal-2012-community,
    title = "Community Answer Summarization for Multi-Sentence Question with Group {L}1 Regularization",
    author = "Chan, Wen  and
      Zhou, Xiangdong  and
      Wang, Wei  and
      Chua, Tat-Seng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1061",
    pages = "582--591",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-narayan-2012-error,
    title = "Error Mining on Dependency Trees",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Narayan, Shashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1062",
    pages = "592--600",
}
@inproceedings{zweig-etal-2012-computational,
    title = "Computational Approaches to Sentence Completion",
    author = "Zweig, Geoffrey  and
      Platt, John C.  and
      Meek, Christopher  and
      Burges, Christopher J.C.  and
      Yessenalina, Ainur  and
      Liu, Qiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1063",
    pages = "601--610",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2012-iterative,
    title = "Iterative {V}iterbi {A}* Algorithm for K-Best Sequential Decoding",
    author = "Huang, Zhiheng  and
      Chang, Yi  and
      Long, Bo  and
      Crespo, Jean-Francois  and
      Dong, Anlei  and
      Keerthi, Sathiya  and
      Wu, Su-Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1064",
    pages = "611--619",
}
@inproceedings{whitney-sarkar-2012-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping via Graph Propagation",
    author = "Whitney, Max  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1065",
    pages = "620--628",
}
@inproceedings{naseem-etal-2012-selective,
    title = "Selective Sharing for Multilingual Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Naseem, Tahira  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Globerson, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1066",
    pages = "629--637",
}
@inproceedings{wilson-2012-creation,
    title = "The Creation of a Corpus of {E}nglish Metalanguage",
    author = "Wilson, Shomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1067",
    pages = "638--646",
}
@inproceedings{titov-klementiev-2012-crosslingual,
    title = "Crosslingual Induction of Semantic Roles",
    author = "Titov, Ivan  and
      Klementiev, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1068",
    pages = "647--656",
}
@inproceedings{hayashi-etal-2012-head,
    title = "Head-driven Transition-based Parsing with Top-down Prediction",
    author = "Hayashi, Katsuhiko  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1069",
    pages = "657--665",
}
@inproceedings{kanazawa-salvati-2012-mix,
    title = "{MIX} Is Not a Tree-Adjoining Language",
    author = "Kanazawa, Makoto  and
      Salvati, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1070",
    pages = "666--674",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Multiple Treebanks for Parsing with Quasi-synchronous Grammars",
    author = "Li, Zhenghua  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Che, Wanxiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1071",
    pages = "675--684",
}
@inproceedings{yogatama-etal-2012-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Model for Canonicalizing Named Entity Mentions",
    author = "Yogatama, Dani  and
      Sim, Yanchuan  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1072",
    pages = "685--693",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2012-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Named Entity Recognition using Parallel Data and Metadata from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Kim, Sungchul  and
      Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Yu, Hwanjo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1073",
    pages = "694--702",
}
@inproceedings{ozbal-strapparava-2012-computational,
    title = "A Computational Approach to the Automation of Creative Naming",
    author = {{\"O}zbal, G{\"o}zde  and
      Strapparava, Carlo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1074",
    pages = "703--711",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Relation Discovery with Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Yao, Limin  and
      Riedel, Sebastian  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1075",
    pages = "712--720",
}
@inproceedings{takamatsu-etal-2012-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Wrong Labels in Distant Supervision for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Takamatsu, Shingo  and
      Sato, Issei  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1076",
    pages = "721--729",
}
@inproceedings{kessler-etal-2012-finding,
    title = "Finding Salient Dates for Building Thematic Timelines",
    author = "Kessler, R{\'e}my  and
      Tannier, Xavier  and
      Hag{\`e}ge, Caroline  and
      Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Bittar, Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1077",
    pages = "730--739",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-historical,
    title = "Historical Analysis of Legal Opinions with a Sparse Mixed-Effects Latent Variable Model",
    author = "Wang, William Yang  and
      Mayfield, Elijah  and
      Naidu, Suresh  and
      Dittmar, Jeremiah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1078",
    pages = "740--749",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2012-topic,
    title = "A Topic Similarity Model for Hierarchical Phrase-based Translation",
    author = "Xiao, Xinyan  and
      Xiong, Deyi  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Lin, Shouxun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1079",
    pages = "750--758",
}
@inproceedings{moschitti-etal-2012-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Topic Dependencies in Hierarchical Text Categorization",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Ju, Qi  and
      Johansson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1080",
    pages = "759--767",
}
@inproceedings{pitler-2012-attacking,
    title = "Attacking Parsing Bottlenecks with Unlabeled Data and Relevant Factorizations",
    author = "Pitler, Emily",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1081",
    pages = "768--776",
}
@inproceedings{mirroshandel-etal-2012-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Dependency Parsing using Lexical Affinities",
    author = "Mirroshandel, Seyed Abolghasem  and
      Nasr, Alexis  and
      Le Roux, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1082",
    pages = "777--785",
}
@inproceedings{yang-xue-2012-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Comma Disambiguation for Discourse Analysis",
    author = "Yang, Yaqin  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1083",
    pages = "786--794",
}
@inproceedings{markert-etal-2012-collective,
    title = "Collective Classification for Fine-grained Information Status",
    author = "Markert, Katja  and
      Hou, Yufang  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1084",
    pages = "795--804",
}
@inproceedings{mauge-etal-2012-structuring,
    title = "Structuring E-Commerce Inventory",
    author = "Mauge, Karin  and
      Rohanimanesh, Khash  and
      Ruvini, Jean-David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1085",
    pages = "805--814",
}
@inproceedings{davis-etal-2012-named,
    title = "Named Entity Disambiguation in Streaming Data",
    author = "Davis, Alexandre  and
      Veloso, Adriano  and
      Soares, Altigran  and
      Laender, Alberto  and
      Meira Jr., Wagner",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1086",
    pages = "815--824",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-big,
    title = "Big Data versus the Crowd: Looking for Relationships in All the Right Places",
    author = "Zhang, Ce  and
      Niu, Feng  and
      R{\'e}, Christopher  and
      Shavlik, Jude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1087",
    pages = "825--834",
}
@inproceedings{lu-roth-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Event Extraction with Structured Preference Modeling",
    author = "Lu, Wei  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1088",
    pages = "835--844",
}
@inproceedings{minkov-zettlemoyer-2012-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Learning for Joint Template Filling",
    author = "Minkov, Einat  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1089",
    pages = "845--853",
}
@inproceedings{falk-etal-2012-classifying,
    title = "Classifying {F}rench Verbs Using {F}rench and {E}nglish Lexical Resources",
    author = "Falk, Ingrid  and
      Gardent, Claire  and
      Lamirel, Jean-Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1090",
    pages = "854--863",
}
@inproceedings{guo-diab-2012-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Sentences in the Latent Space",
    author = "Guo, Weiwei  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1091",
    pages = "864--872",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving Word Representations via Global Context and Multiple Word Prototypes",
    author = "Huang, Eric  and
      Socher, Richard  and
      Manning, Christopher  and
      Ng, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1092",
    pages = "873--882",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-etal-2012-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Social Information in Grounded Language Learning via Grammatical Reduction",
    author = "Johnson, Mark  and
      Demuth, Katherine  and
      Frank, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1093",
    pages = "883--891",
}
@inproceedings{danescu-niculescu-mizil-etal-2012-hello,
    title = "You Had Me at Hello: How Phrasing Affects Memorability",
    author = "Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian  and
      Cheng, Justin  and
      Kleinberg, Jon  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1094",
    pages = "892--901",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-etal-2012-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the Translation of Predicate-Argument Structure for {SMT}",
    author = "Xiong, Deyi  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1095",
    pages = "902--911",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2012-ranking,
    title = "A Ranking-based Approach to Word Reordering for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Yang, Nan  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhang, Dongdong  and
      Yu, Nenghai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1096",
    pages = "912--920",
}
@inproceedings{liu-ng-2012-character,
    title = "Character-Level Machine Translation Evaluation for Languages with Ambiguous Word Boundaries",
    author = "Liu, Chang  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1097",
    pages = "921--929",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2012-port,
    title = "{PORT}: a Precision-Order-Recall {MT} Evaluation Metric for Tuning",
    author = "Chen, Boxing  and
      Kuhn, Roland  and
      Larkin, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1098",
    pages = "930--939",
}
@inproceedings{razmara-etal-2012-mixing,
    title = "Mixing Multiple Translation Models in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Razmara, Majid  and
      Foster, George  and
      Sankaran, Baskaran  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1099",
    pages = "940--949",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2012-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Chunk-to-String Translation",
    author = "Feng, Yang  and
      Zhang, Dongdong  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1100",
    pages = "950--958",
}
@inproceedings{pauls-klein-2012-large,
    title = "Large-Scale Syntactic Language Modeling with Treelets",
    author = "Pauls, Adam  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1101",
    pages = "959--968",
}
@inproceedings{yamaguchi-tanaka-ishii-2012-text,
    title = "Text Segmentation by Language Using Minimum Description Length",
    author = "Yamaguchi, Hiroshi  and
      Tanaka-Ishii, Kumiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1102",
    pages = "969--978",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2012-improve,
    title = "Improve {SMT} Quality with Automatically Extracted Paraphrase Rules",
    author = "He, Wei  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1103",
    pages = "979--987",
}
@inproceedings{guerini-etal-2012-ecological,
    title = "Ecological Evaluation of Persuasive Messages Using {G}oogle {A}d{W}ords",
    author = "Guerini, Marco  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Stock, Oliviero",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1104",
    pages = "988--996",
}
@inproceedings{dragut-etal-2012-polarity,
    title = "Polarity Consistency Checking for Sentiment Dictionaries",
    author = "Dragut, Eduard  and
      Wang, Hong  and
      Yu, Clement  and
      Sistla, Prasad  and
      Meng, Weiyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1105",
    pages = "997--1005",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining Coherence Models and Machine Translation Evaluation Metrics for Summarization Evaluation",
    author = "Lin, Ziheng  and
      Liu, Chang  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1106",
    pages = "1006--1014",
}
@inproceedings{wubben-etal-2012-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Simplification by Monolingual Machine Translation",
    author = "Wubben, Sander  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1107",
    pages = "1015--1024",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2012-cost,
    title = "A Cost Sensitive Part-of-Speech Tagging: Differentiating Serious Errors from Minor Errors",
    author = "Song, Hyun-Je  and
      Son, Jeong-Woo  and
      Noh, Tae-Gil  and
      Park, Seong-Bae  and
      Lee, Sang-Jo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1108",
    pages = "1025--1034",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2012-broad,
    title = "A Broad-Coverage Normalization System for Social Media Language",
    author = "Liu, Fei  and
      Weng, Fuliang  and
      Jiang, Xiao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1109",
    pages = "1035--1044",
}
@inproceedings{hatori-etal-2012-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Joint Approach to Word Segmentation, {POS} Tagging, and Dependency Parsing in {C}hinese",
    author = "Hatori, Jun  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1110",
    pages = "1045--1053",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-marcus-2012-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Deterministic Constraints: from a Constrained {E}nglish {POS} Tagger to an Efficient {ILP} Solution to {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Zhao, Qiuye  and
      Marcus, Mitch",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-1111",
    pages = "1054--1062",
}
@proceedings{acl-2012-association-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    author = "Li, Haizhou  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Osborne, Miles  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae  and
      Park, Jong C.",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2000",
}
@inproceedings{chen-kit-2012-higher,
    title = "Higher-order Constituent Parsing and Parser Combination",
    author = "Chen, Xiao  and
      Kit, Chunyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2001",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{tsarfaty-etal-2012-joint,
    title = "Joint Evaluation of Morphological Segmentation and Syntactic Parsing",
    author = "Tsarfaty, Reut  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Andersson, Evelina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2002",
    pages = "6--10",
}
@inproceedings{che-etal-2012-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of {C}hinese Parsers for {S}tanford Dependencies",
    author = "Che, Wanxiang  and
      Spitkovsky, Valentin  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2003",
    pages = "11--16",
}
@inproceedings{golland-etal-2012-feature,
    title = "A Feature-Rich Constituent Context Model for Grammar Induction",
    author = "Golland, Dave  and
      DeNero, John  and
      Uszkoreit, Jakob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2004",
    pages = "17--22",
}
@inproceedings{cancedda-2012-private,
    title = "Private Access to Phrase Tables for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Cancedda, Nicola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2005",
    pages = "23--27",
}
@inproceedings{wuebker-etal-2012-fast,
    title = "Fast and Scalable Decoding with Language Model Look-Ahead for Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Wuebker, Joern  and
      Ney, Hermann  and
      Zens, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2006",
    pages = "28--32",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-head,
    title = "Head-Driven Hierarchical Phrase-based Translation",
    author = "Li, Junhui  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2007",
    pages = "33--37",
}
@inproceedings{sun-zhou-2012-joint,
    title = "Joint Learning of a Dual {SMT} System for Paraphrase Generation",
    author = "Sun, Hong  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2008",
    pages = "38--42",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2012-novel,
    title = "A Novel Burst-based Text Representation Model for Scalable Event Detection",
    author = "Zhao, Xin  and
      Chen, Rishan  and
      Fan, Kai  and
      Yan, Hongfei  and
      Li, Xiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2009",
    pages = "43--47",
}
@inproceedings{kim-lee-2012-graph,
    title = "A Graph-based Cross-lingual Projection Approach for Weakly Supervised Relation Extraction",
    author = "Kim, Seokhwan  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2010",
    pages = "48--53",
}
@inproceedings{alfonseca-etal-2012-pattern,
    title = "Pattern Learning for Relation Extraction with a Hierarchical Topic Model",
    author = "Alfonseca, Enrique  and
      Filippova, Katja  and
      Delort, Jean-Yves  and
      Garrido, Guillermo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2011",
    pages = "54--59",
}
@inproceedings{bak-etal-2012-self,
    title = "Self-Disclosure and Relationship Strength in Twitter Conversations",
    author = "Bak, JinYeong  and
      Kim, Suin  and
      Oh, Alice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2012",
    pages = "60--64",
}
@inproceedings{dasigi-etal-2012-genre,
    title = "Genre Independent Subgroup Detection in Online Discussion Threads: A Study of Implicit Attitude using Textual Latent Semantics",
    author = "Dasigi, Pradeep  and
      Guo, Weiwei  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2013",
    pages = "65--69",
}
@inproceedings{raghavan-etal-2012-learning-temporally,
    title = "Learning to Temporally Order Medical Events in Clinical Text",
    author = "Raghavan, Preethi  and
      Lai, Albert  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2014",
    pages = "70--74",
}
@inproceedings{veale-2012-context,
    title = "A Context-sensitive, Multi-faceted Model of Lexico-Conceptual Affect",
    author = "Veale, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2015",
    pages = "75--79",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-knight-2012-decoding,
    title = "Decoding Running Key Ciphers",
    author = "Reddy, Sravana  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2016",
    pages = "80--84",
}
@inproceedings{borschinger-johnson-2012-using,
    title = "Using Rejuvenation to Improve Particle Filtering for {B}ayesian Word Segmentation",
    author = {B{\"o}rschinger, Benjamin  and
      Johnson, Mark},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2017",
    pages = "85--89",
}
@inproceedings{wang-manning-2012-baselines,
    title = "Baselines and Bigrams: Simple, Good Sentiment and Topic Classification",
    author = "Wang, Sida  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2018",
    pages = "90--94",
}
@inproceedings{sahakian-snyder-2012-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Learning Measures of Child Language Development",
    author = "Sahakian, Sam  and
      Snyder, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2019",
    pages = "95--99",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2012-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of Target Dependency Structures for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Wu, Xianchao  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Tsukada, Hajime  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2020",
    pages = "100--104",
}
@inproceedings{kummerfeld-etal-2012-robust,
    title = "Robust Conversion of {CCG} Derivations to Phrase Structure Trees",
    author = "Kummerfeld, Jonathan K.  and
      Klein, Dan  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2021",
    pages = "105--109",
}
@inproceedings{yamangil-shieber-2012-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Compact Yet Rich Tree Insertion Grammars",
    author = "Yamangil, Elif  and
      Shieber, Stuart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2022",
    pages = "110--114",
}
@inproceedings{eidelman-etal-2012-topic,
    title = "Topic Models for Dynamic Translation Model Adaptation",
    author = "Eidelman, Vladimir  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2023",
    pages = "115--119",
}
@inproceedings{mehdad-etal-2012-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Semantic Equivalence and Information Disparity in Cross-lingual Documents",
    author = "Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2024",
    pages = "120--124",
}
@inproceedings{frermann-bond-2012-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Parse Disambiguation based on Semantic Correspondence",
    author = "Frermann, Lea  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2025",
    pages = "125--129",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning to Find Translations and Transliterations on the Web",
    author = "Chang, Joseph Z.  and
      Chang, Jason S.  and
      Jang, Roger Jyh-Shing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2026",
    pages = "130--134",
}
@inproceedings{garley-hockenmaier-2012-beefmoves,
    title = "{B}eefmoves: Dissemination, Diversity, and Dynamics of {E}nglish Borrowings in a {G}erman Hip Hop Forum",
    author = "Garley, Matt  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2027",
    pages = "135--139",
}
@inproceedings{guo-diab-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning the Latent Semantics of a Concept from its Definition",
    author = "Guo, Weiwei  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2028",
    pages = "140--144",
}
@inproceedings{garg-henderson-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Semantic Role Induction with Global Role Ordering",
    author = "Garg, Nikhil  and
      Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2029",
    pages = "145--149",
}
@inproceedings{labutov-lipson-2012-humor,
    title = "Humor as Circuits in Semantic Networks",
    author = "Labutov, Igor  and
      Lipson, Hod",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2030",
    pages = "150--155",
}
@inproceedings{zeichner-etal-2012-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing Inference-Rule Evaluation",
    author = "Zeichner, Naomi  and
      Berant, Jonathan  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2031",
    pages = "156--160",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2012-comprehensive,
    title = "A Comprehensive Gold Standard for the {E}nron Organizational Hierarchy",
    author = "Agarwal, Apoorv  and
      Omuya, Adinoyi  and
      Harnly, Aaron  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2032",
    pages = "161--165",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-two,
    title = "A Two-step Approach to Sentence Compression of Spoken Utterances",
    author = "Wang, Dong  and
      Qian, Xian  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2033",
    pages = "166--170",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2012-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Stylometry for Deception Detection",
    author = "Feng, Song  and
      Banerjee, Ritwik  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2034",
    pages = "171--175",
}
@inproceedings{mohamed-etal-2012-transforming,
    title = "Transforming Standard {A}rabic to Colloquial {A}rabic",
    author = "Mohamed, Emad  and
      Mohit, Behrang  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2035",
    pages = "176--180",
}
@inproceedings{benotti-etal-2012-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based Interpretation of Instructions in Virtual Environments",
    author = "Benotti, Luciana  and
      Villalba, Mart{\'\i}n  and
      Lau, Tessa  and
      Cerruti, Juli{\'a}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2036",
    pages = "181--186",
}
@inproceedings{xue-etal-2012-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Mining Question Reformulation Patterns from Search Log Data",
    author = "Xue, Xiaobing  and
      Tao, Yu  and
      Jiang, Daxin  and
      Li, Hang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2037",
    pages = "187--192",
}
@inproceedings{swanson-charniak-2012-native,
    title = "Native Language Detection with Tree Substitution Grammars",
    author = "Swanson, Benjamin  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2038",
    pages = "193--197",
}
@inproceedings{tajiri-etal-2012-tense,
    title = "Tense and Aspect Error Correction for {ESL} Learners Using Global Context",
    author = "Tajiri, Toshikazu  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2039",
    pages = "198--202",
}
@inproceedings{banchs-2012-movie,
    title = "Movie-{D}i{C}: a Movie Dialogue Corpus for Research and Development",
    author = "Banchs, Rafael E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2040",
    pages = "203--207",
}
@inproceedings{cabrio-villata-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining Textual Entailment and Argumentation Theory for Supporting Online Debates Interactions",
    author = "Cabrio, Elena  and
      Villata, Serena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2041",
    pages = "208--212",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards the Unsupervised Acquisition of Discourse Relations",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2042",
    pages = "213--217",
}
@inproceedings{darwish-ali-2012-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Retrieval Revisited: Morphological Hole Filling",
    author = "Darwish, Kareem  and
      Ali, Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2043",
    pages = "218--222",
}
@inproceedings{williams-katz-2012-extracting,
    title = "Extracting and modeling durations for habits and events from Twitter",
    author = "Williams, Jennifer  and
      Katz, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2044",
    pages = "223--227",
}
@inproceedings{nothman-etal-2012-event,
    title = "Event Linking: Grounding Event Reference in a News Archive",
    author = "Nothman, Joel  and
      Honnibal, Matthew  and
      Hachey, Ben  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2045",
    pages = "228--232",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-coupling,
    title = "Coupling Label Propagation and Constraints for Temporal Fact Extraction",
    author = "Wang, Yafang  and
      Dylla, Maximilian  and
      Spaniol, Marc  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2046",
    pages = "233--237",
}
@inproceedings{ganchev-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using Search-Logs to Improve Query Tagging",
    author = "Ganchev, Kuzman  and
      Hall, Keith  and
      McDonald, Ryan  and
      Petrov, Slav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2047",
    pages = "238--242",
}
@inproceedings{tyndall-2012-toward,
    title = "Toward Automatically Assembling {H}ittite-Language Cuneiform Tablet Fragments into Larger Texts",
    author = "Tyndall, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2048",
    pages = "243--247",
}
@inproceedings{lee-webster-2012-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Textual Revisions in Second Language Writing",
    author = "Lee, John  and
      Webster, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2049",
    pages = "248--252",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-etal-2012-coarse,
    title = "Coarse Lexical Semantic Annotation with Supersenses: An {A}rabic Case Study",
    author = "Schneider, Nathan  and
      Mohit, Behrang  and
      Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2050",
    pages = "253--258",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-nastase-2012-word,
    title = "Word Epoch Disambiguation: Finding How Words Change Over Time",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Nastase, Vivi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2051",
    pages = "259--263",
}
@inproceedings{seroussi-etal-2012-authorship,
    title = "Authorship Attribution with Author-aware Topic Models",
    author = "Seroussi, Yanir  and
      Bohnert, Fabian  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2052",
    pages = "264--269",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2012-information,
    title = "Information-theoretic Multi-view Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Yang, Pei  and
      Gao, Wei  and
      Tan, Qi  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2053",
    pages = "270--274",
}
@inproceedings{hu-boyd-graber-2012-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Tree-Based Topic Modeling",
    author = "Hu, Yuening  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2054",
    pages = "275--279",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning Better Rule Extraction with Translation Span Alignment",
    author = "Zhu, Jingbo  and
      Xiao, Tong  and
      Zhang, Chunliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2055",
    pages = "280--284",
}
@inproceedings{xi-etal-2012-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Statistical Machine Translation with Character Alignment",
    author = "Xi, Ning  and
      Tang, Guangchao  and
      Dai, Xinyu  and
      Huang, Shujian  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2056",
    pages = "285--290",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2012-translation,
    title = "Translation Model Size Reduction for Hierarchical Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Lee, Seung-Wook  and
      Zhang, Dongdong  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2057",
    pages = "291--295",
}
@inproceedings{gesmundo-etal-2012-heuristic,
    title = "Heuristic Cube Pruning in Linear Time",
    author = "Gesmundo, Andrea  and
      Satta, Giorgio  and
      Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2058",
    pages = "296--300",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-tiedemann-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining Word-Level and Character-Level Models for Machine Translation Between Closely-Related Languages",
    author = {Nakov, Preslav  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2059",
    pages = "301--305",
}
@inproceedings{riley-gildea-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving the {IBM} Alignment Models Using Variational {B}ayes",
    author = "Riley, Darcey  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2060",
    pages = "306--310",
}
@inproceedings{goto-etal-2012-post,
    title = "Post-ordering by Parsing for {J}apanese-{E}nglish Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Goto, Isao  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2061",
    pages = "311--316",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-chiang-2012-exploration,
    title = "An Exploration of Forest-to-String Translation: Does Translation Help or Hurt Parsing?",
    author = "Zhang, Hui  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2062",
    pages = "317--321",
}
@inproceedings{stallard-etal-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Morphology Rivals Supervised Morphology for {A}rabic {MT}",
    author = "Stallard, David  and
      Devlin, Jacob  and
      Kayser, Michael  and
      Lee, Yoong Keok  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2063",
    pages = "322--327",
}
@inproceedings{seo-etal-2012-meta,
    title = "A Meta Learning Approach to Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Seo, Hongsuck  and
      Lee, Jonghoon  and
      Kim, Seokhwan  and
      Lee, Kyusong  and
      Kang, Sechun  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2064",
    pages = "328--332",
}
@inproceedings{fang-huang-2012-fine,
    title = "Fine Granular Aspect Analysis using Latent Structural Models",
    author = "Fang, Lei  and
      Huang, Minlie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2065",
    pages = "333--337",
}
@inproceedings{tu-etal-2012-identifying,
    title = "Identifying High-Impact Sub-Structures for Convolution Kernels in Document-level Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      He, Yifan  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Lin, Shouxun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2066",
    pages = "338--343",
}
@inproceedings{kuo-etal-2012-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Latent Information to Predict Diffusions of Novel Topics on Social Networks",
    author = "Kuo, Tsung-Ting  and
      Hung, San-Chuan  and
      Lin, Wei-Shih  and
      Peng, Nanyun  and
      Lin, Shou-De  and
      Lin, Wei-Fen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2067",
    pages = "344--348",
}
@inproceedings{yoshikawa-etal-2012-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Compression with Semantic Role Constraints",
    author = "Yoshikawa, Katsumasa  and
      Iida, Ryu  and
      Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2068",
    pages = "349--353",
}
@inproceedings{genest-lapalme-2012-fully,
    title = "Fully Abstractive Approach to Guided Summarization",
    author = "Genest, Pierre-Etienne  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2069",
    pages = "354--358",
}
@inproceedings{owczarzak-etal-2012-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Effect of Inconsistent Assessors on Summarization Evaluation",
    author = "Owczarzak, Karolina  and
      Rankel, Peter A.  and
      Dang, Hoa Trang  and
      Conroy, John M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2070",
    pages = "359--362",
}
@inproceedings{choi-palmer-2012-fast,
    title = "Fast and Robust Part-of-Speech Tagging Using Dynamic Model Selection",
    author = "Choi, Jinho D.  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2071",
    pages = "363--367",
}
@inproceedings{gesmundo-samardzic-2012-lemmatisation,
    title = "Lemmatisation as a Tagging Task",
    author = "Gesmundo, Andrea  and
      Samard{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Tanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2072",
    pages = "368--372",
}
@inproceedings{baba-suzuki-2012-spelling,
    title = "How Are Spelling Errors Generated and Corrected? A Study of Corrected and Uncorrected Spelling Errors Using Keystroke Logs",
    author = "Baba, Yukino  and
      Suzuki, Hisami",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2073",
    pages = "373--377",
}
@inproceedings{dridan-oepen-2012-tokenization,
    title = "{T}okenization: Returning to a Long Solved Problem {---} A Survey, Contrastive Experiment, Recommendations, and Toolkit {---}",
    author = "Dridan, Rebecca  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2074",
    pages = "378--382",
}
@inproceedings{magistry-sagot-2012-unsupervized,
    title = "Unsupervized Word Segmentation: the Case for {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Magistry, Pierre  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2075",
    pages = "383--387",
}
@inproceedings{imamura-etal-2012-grammar,
    title = "Grammar Error Correction Using Pseudo-Error Sentences and Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Imamura, Kenji  and
      Saito, Kuniko  and
      Sadamitsu, Kugatsu  and
      Nishikawa, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2076",
    pages = "388--392",
}
@proceedings{acl-2012-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    author = "Zhang, Min",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3000",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2012-applications,
    title = "Applications of {GPC} Rules and Character Structures in Games for Learning {C}hinese Characters",
    author = "Huang, Wei-Jie  and
      Chou, Chia-Ru  and
      Tzeng, Yu-Lin  and
      Lee, Chia-Ying  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{veale-li-2012-specifying,
    title = "Specifying Viewpoint and Information Need with Affective Metaphors: A System Demonstration of the Metaphor-Magnet Web App/Service",
    author = "Veale, Tony  and
      Li, Guofu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2012-quickview,
    title = "{Q}uick{V}iew: {NLP}-based Tweet Search",
    author = "Liu, Xiaohua  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Microsoft, QuickView Team",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3003",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2012-niutrans,
    title = "{N}iu{T}rans: An Open Source Toolkit for Phrase-based and Syntax-based Machine Translation",
    author = "Xiao, Tong  and
      Zhu, Jingbo  and
      Zhang, Hao  and
      Li, Qiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3004",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{lui-baldwin-2012-langid,
    title = "langid.py: An Off-the-shelf Language Identification Tool",
    author = "Lui, Marco  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3005",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{aw-lee-2012-personalized,
    title = "Personalized Normalization for a Multilingual Chat System",
    author = "Aw, Ai Ti  and
      Lee, Lian Hau",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3006",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{banchs-li-2012-iris,
    title = "{IRIS}: a Chat-oriented Dialogue System based on the Vector Space Model",
    author = "Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3007",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{vasiljevs-etal-2012-letsmt,
    title = "{L}ets{MT}!: Cloud-Based Platform for Do-It-Yourself Machine Translation",
    author = {Vasi{\c{l}}jevs, Andrejs  and
      Skadi{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Raivis  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3008",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{janarthanam-etal-2012-web,
    title = "A Web-based Evaluation Framework for Spatial Instruction-Giving Systems",
    author = "Janarthanam, Srinivasan  and
      Lemon, Oliver  and
      Liu, Xingkun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3009",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{bai-etal-2012-domcat,
    title = "{DOMCAT}: A Bilingual Concordancer for Domain-Specific Computer Assisted Translation",
    author = "Bai, Ming-Hong  and
      Hsieh, Yu-Ming  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3010",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@inproceedings{roark-etal-2012-opengrm,
    title = "The {O}pen{G}rm open-source finite-state grammar software libraries",
    author = "Roark, Brian  and
      Sproat, Richard  and
      Allauzen, Cyril  and
      Riley, Michael  and
      Sorensen, Jeffrey  and
      Tai, Terry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3011",
    pages = "61--66",
}
@inproceedings{navigli-ponzetto-2012-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual {WSD} with Just a Few Lines of Code: the {B}abel{N}et {API}",
    author = "Navigli, Roberto  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3012",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@inproceedings{stern-dagan-2012-biutee,
    title = "{BIUTEE}: A Modular Open-Source System for Recognizing Textual Entailment",
    author = "Stern, Asher  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3013",
    pages = "73--78",
}
@inproceedings{adler-etal-2012-entailment,
    title = "Entailment-based Text Exploration with Application to the Health-care Domain",
    author = "Adler, Meni  and
      Berant, Jonathan  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3014",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{eckart-de-castilho-etal-2012-csniper,
    title = "{CSNIPER} - Annotation-by-query for Non-canonical Constructions in Large Corpora",
    author = "Eckart de Castilho, Richard  and
      Bartsch, Sabine  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3015",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@inproceedings{pinnis-etal-2012-accurat,
    title = "{ACCURAT} Toolkit for Multi-Level Alignment and Information Extraction from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Pinnis, M{\=a}rcis  and
      Ion, Radu  and
      {\c{S}}tef{\u{a}}nescu, Dan  and
      Su, Fangzhong  and
      Skadi{\c{n}}a, Inguna  and
      Vasi{\c{l}}jevs, Andrejs  and
      Babych, Bogdan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3016",
    pages = "91--96",
}
@inproceedings{ku-etal-2012-demonstration,
    title = "Demonstration of {I}llu{M}e: Creating Ambient According to Instant Message Logs",
    author = "Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Sun, Cheng-Wei  and
      Hsueh, Ya-Hsin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3017",
    pages = "97--102",
}
@inproceedings{baumann-schlangen-2012-inpro,
    title = "{INPRO}{\_}i{SS}: A Component for Just-In-Time Incremental Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Baumann, Timo  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3018",
    pages = "103--108",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-wizie,
    title = "{W}iz{IE}: A Best Practices Guided Development Environment for Information Extraction",
    author = "Li, Yunyao  and
      Chiticariu, Laura  and
      Yang, Huahai  and
      Reiss, Frederick  and
      Carreno-fuentes, Arnaldo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3019",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-system,
    title = "A System for Real-time Twitter Sentiment Analysis of 2012 {U}.{S}. Presidential Election Cycle",
    author = "Wang, Hao  and
      Can, Dogan  and
      Kazemzadeh, Abe  and
      Bar, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3020",
    pages = "115--120",
}
@inproceedings{rak-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building Trainable Taggers in a Web-based, {UIMA}-Supported {NLP} Workbench",
    author = "Rak, Rafal  and
      Kolluru, BalaKrishna  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3021",
    pages = "121--126",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2012-akamon,
    title = "{A}kamon: An Open Source Toolkit for Tree/Forest-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Wu, Xianchao  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3022",
    pages = "127--132",
}
@inproceedings{abu-jbara-radev-2012-subgroup,
    title = "Subgroup Detector: A System for Detecting Subgroups in Online Discussions",
    author = "Abu-Jbara, Amjad  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3023",
    pages = "133--138",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-etal-2012-graphical,
    title = "A Graphical Interface for {MT} Evaluation and Error Analysis",
    author = "Gonz{\`a}lez, Meritxell  and
      Gim{\'e}nez, Jes{\'u}s  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3024",
    pages = "139--144",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2012-online,
    title = "Online Plagiarized Detection Through Exploiting Lexical, Syntax, and Semantic Information",
    author = "Lin, Wan-Yu  and
      Peng, Nanyun  and
      Yen, Chun-Chao  and
      Lin, Shou-de",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3025",
    pages = "145--150",
}
@inproceedings{de-melo-weikum-2012-uwn,
    title = "{UWN}: A Large Multilingual Lexical Knowledge Base",
    author = "de Melo, Gerard  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3026",
    pages = "151--156",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2012-flow,
    title = "{FLOW}: A First-Language-Oriented Writing Assistant System",
    author = "Chen, Mei-Hua  and
      Huang, Shih-Ting  and
      Hsieh, Hung-Ting  and
      Kao, Ting-Hui  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3027",
    pages = "157--162",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2012-social,
    title = "Social Event Radar: A Bilingual Context Mining and Sentiment Analysis Summarization System",
    author = "Hsieh, Wen-Tai  and
      Wu, Chen-Ming  and
      Ku, Tsun  and
      Chou, Seng-cho T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3028",
    pages = "163--168",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2012-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Annotations for the {G}oogle Books {NG}ram Corpus",
    author = "Lin, Yuri  and
      Michel, Jean-Baptiste  and
      Aiden Lieberman, Erez  and
      Orwant, Jon  and
      Brockman, Will  and
      Petrov, Slav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3029",
    pages = "169--174",
}
@proceedings{acl-2012-association-linguistics-tutorial,
    title = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    author = "Strube, Michael",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-4000",
}
@inproceedings{mani-pustejovsky-2012-qualitative,
    title = "Qualitative Modeling of Spatial Prepositions and Motion Expressions",
    author = "Mani, Inderjeet  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-4001",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{moschitti-2012-state,
    title = "State-of-the-Art Kernels for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-4002",
    pages = "2",
}
@inproceedings{xing-2012-topic,
    title = "Topic Models, Latent Space Models, Sparse Coding, and All That: A Systematic Understanding of Probabilistic Semantic Extraction in Large Corpus",
    author = "Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-4003",
    pages = "3",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-etal-2012-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Banea, Carmen  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-4004",
    pages = "4",
}
@inproceedings{socher-etal-2012-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning for {NLP} (without Magic)",
    author = "Socher, Richard  and
      Bengio, Yoshua  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-4005",
    pages = "5",
}
@inproceedings{subramanya-talukdar-2012-graph,
    title = "Graph-based Semi-Supervised Learning Algorithms for {NLP}",
    author = "Subramanya, Amar  and
      Talukdar, Partha Pratim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-4006",
    pages = "6",
}
@proceedings{acl-2013-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    author = "Schuetze, Hinrich  and
      Fung, Pascale  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1000",
}
@inproceedings{liu-2013-shift,
    title = "A Shift-Reduce Parsing Algorithm for Phrase-based String-to-Dependency Translation",
    author = "Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Translation Memory into Phrase-Based Machine Translation during Decoding",
    author = "Wang, Kun  and
      Zong, Chengqing  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1002",
    pages = "11--21",
}
@inproceedings{schoenemann-2013-training,
    title = "Training Nondeficient Variants of {IBM}-3 and {IBM}-4 for Word Alignment",
    author = "Schoenemann, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1003",
    pages = "22--31",
}
@inproceedings{cohn-specia-2013-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Annotator Bias with Multi-task {G}aussian Processes: An Application to Machine Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Cohn, Trevor  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1004",
    pages = "32--42",
}
@inproceedings{roark-etal-2013-smoothed,
    title = "Smoothed marginal distribution constraints for language modeling",
    author = "Roark, Brian  and
      Allauzen, Cyril  and
      Riley, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1005",
    pages = "43--52",
}
@inproceedings{yu-siskind-2013-grounded,
    title = "Grounded Language Learning from Video Described with Sentences",
    author = "Yu, Haonan  and
      Siskind, Jeffrey Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1006",
    pages = "53--63",
}
@inproceedings{manshadi-etal-2013-plurality,
    title = "Plurality, Negation, and Quantification:Towards Comprehensive Quantifier Scope Disambiguation",
    author = "Manshadi, Mehdi  and
      Gildea, Daniel  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1007",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-joint,
    title = "Joint Event Extraction via Structured Prediction with Global Features",
    author = "Li, Qi  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1008",
    pages = "73--82",
}
@inproceedings{angeli-uszkoreit-2013-language,
    title = "Language-Independent Discriminative Parsing of Temporal Expressions",
    author = "Angeli, Gabor  and
      Uszkoreit, Jakob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1009",
    pages = "83--92",
}
@inproceedings{guinaudeau-strube-2013-graph,
    title = "Graph-based Local Coherence Modeling",
    author = "Guinaudeau, Camille  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1010",
    pages = "93--103",
}
@inproceedings{mayfield-etal-2013-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Rare Social Phenomena in Conversation: Empowerment Detection in Support Group Chatrooms",
    author = "Mayfield, Elijah  and
      Adamson, David  and
      Penstein Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1011",
    pages = "104--113",
}
@inproceedings{durrett-etal-2013-decentralized,
    title = "Decentralized Entity-Level Modeling for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Durrett, Greg  and
      Hall, David  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1012",
    pages = "114--124",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2013-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Parsing Exploiting Characters",
    author = "Zhang, Meishan  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1013",
    pages = "125--134",
}
@inproceedings{sartorio-etal-2013-transition,
    title = "A Transition-Based Dependency Parser Using a Dynamic Parsing Strategy",
    author = "Sartorio, Francesco  and
      Satta, Giorgio  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1014",
    pages = "135--144",
}
@inproceedings{buchse-etal-2013-general,
    title = "General binarization for parsing and translation",
    author = {B{\"u}chse, Matthias  and
      Koller, Alexander  and
      Vogler, Heiko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1015",
    pages = "145--154",
}
@inproceedings{goto-etal-2013-distortion,
    title = "Distortion Model Considering Rich Context for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Goto, Isao  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Tamura, Akihiro  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1016",
    pages = "155--165",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2013-word,
    title = "Word Alignment Modeling with Context Dependent Deep Neural Network",
    author = "Yang, Nan  and
      Liu, Shujie  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Yu, Nenghai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1017",
    pages = "166--175",
}
@inproceedings{ling-etal-2013-microblogs,
    title = "Microblogs as Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Ling, Wang  and
      Xiang, Guang  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Black, Alan  and
      Trancoso, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1018",
    pages = "176--186",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2013-improved,
    title = "Improved {B}ayesian Logistic Supervised Topic Models with Data Augmentation",
    author = "Zhu, Jun  and
      Zheng, Xun  and
      Zhang, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1019",
    pages = "187--195",
}
@inproceedings{almeida-martins-2013-fast,
    title = "Fast and Robust Compressive Summarization with Dual Decomposition and Multi-Task Learning",
    author = "Almeida, Miguel  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1020",
    pages = "196--206",
}
@inproceedings{berg-kirkpatrick-etal-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Transcription of Historical Documents",
    author = "Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor  and
      Durrett, Greg  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1021",
    pages = "207--217",
}
@inproceedings{kim-mooney-2013-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Discriminative Reranking to Grounded Language Learning",
    author = "Kim, Joohyun  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1022",
    pages = "218--227",
}
@inproceedings{abend-rappoport-2013-universal,
    title = "Universal Conceptual Cognitive Annotation ({UCCA})",
    author = "Abend, Omri  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1023",
    pages = "228--238",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2013-linking,
    title = "Linking Tweets to News: A Framework to Enrich Short Text Data in Social Media",
    author = "Guo, Weiwei  and
      Li, Hao  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1024",
    pages = "239--249",
}
@inproceedings{danescu-niculescu-mizil-etal-2013-computational,
    title = "A computational approach to politeness with application to social factors",
    author = "Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian  and
      Sudhof, Moritz  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Leskovec, Jure  and
      Potts, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1025",
    pages = "250--259",
}
@inproceedings{persing-ng-2013-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Thesis Clarity in Student Essays",
    author = "Persing, Isaac  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1026",
    pages = "260--269",
}
@inproceedings{lugaresi-di-eugenio-2013-translating,
    title = "Translating {I}talian connectives into {I}talian Sign Language",
    author = "Lugaresi, Camillo  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1027",
    pages = "270--280",
}
@inproceedings{marecek-straka-2013-stop,
    title = "Stop-probability estimates computed on a large corpus improve Unsupervised Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      Straka, Milan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1028",
    pages = "281--290",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2013-transfer,
    title = "Transfer Learning for Constituency-Based Grammars",
    author = "Zhang, Yuan  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Globerson, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1029",
    pages = "291--301",
}
@inproceedings{swanson-etal-2013-context,
    title = "A Context Free {TAG} Variant",
    author = "Swanson, Ben  and
      Yamangil, Elif  and
      Charniak, Eugene  and
      Shieber, Stuart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1030",
    pages = "302--310",
}
@inproceedings{green-etal-2013-fast,
    title = "Fast and Adaptive Online Training of Feature-Rich Translation Models",
    author = "Green, Spence  and
      Wang, Sida  and
      Cer, Daniel  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1031",
    pages = "311--321",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2013-advancements,
    title = "Advancements in Reordering Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Feng, Minwei  and
      Peter, Jan-Thorsten  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1032",
    pages = "322--332",
}
@inproceedings{feng-cohn-2013-markov,
    title = "A {M}arkov Model of Machine Translation using Non-parametric {B}ayesian Inference",
    author = "Feng, Yang  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1033",
    pages = "333--342",
}
@inproceedings{lucas-downey-2013-scaling,
    title = "Scaling Semi-supervised Naive {B}ayes with Feature Marginals",
    author = "Lucas, Michael  and
      Downey, Doug",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1034",
    pages = "343--351",
}
@inproceedings{bamman-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning Latent Personas of Film Characters",
    author = "Bamman, David  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1035",
    pages = "352--361",
}
@inproceedings{ravi-2013-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Decipherment for Machine Translation via Hash Sampling",
    author = "Ravi, Sujith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1036",
    pages = "362--371",
}
@inproceedings{tratz-hovy-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Interpretation of the {E}nglish Possessive",
    author = "Tratz, Stephen  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1037",
    pages = "372--381",
}
@inproceedings{narisawa-etal-2013-204,
    title = "Is a 204 cm Man Tall or Small ? Acquisition of Numerical Common Sense from the Web",
    author = "Narisawa, Katsuma  and
      Watanabe, Yotaro  and
      Mizuno, Junta  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1038",
    pages = "382--391",
}
@inproceedings{cheung-penn-2013-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Domain Modelling With Contextualized Distributional Semantic Vectors",
    author = "Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1039",
    pages = "392--401",
}
@inproceedings{aker-etal-2013-extracting,
    title = "Extracting bilingual terminologies from comparable corpora",
    author = "Aker, Ahmet  and
      Paramita, Monica  and
      Gaizauskas, Rob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1040",
    pages = "402--411",
}
@inproceedings{popat-etal-2013-haves,
    title = "The Haves and the Have-Nots: Leveraging Unlabelled Corpora for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Popat, Kashyap  and
      A.R, Balamurali  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1041",
    pages = "412--422",
}
@inproceedings{cai-yates-2013-large,
    title = "Large-scale Semantic Parsing via Schema Matching and Lexicon Extension",
    author = "Cai, Qingqing  and
      Yates, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1042",
    pages = "423--433",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2013-fast,
    title = "Fast and Accurate Shift-Reduce Constituent Parsing",
    author = "Zhu, Muhua  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Chen, Wenliang  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Zhu, Jingbo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1043",
    pages = "434--443",
}
@inproceedings{gormley-eisner-2013-nonconvex,
    title = "Nonconvex Global Optimization for Latent-Variable Models",
    author = "Gormley, Matthew R.  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1044",
    pages = "444--454",
}
@inproceedings{socher-etal-2013-parsing,
    title = "Parsing with Compositional Vector Grammars",
    author = "Socher, Richard  and
      Bauer, John  and
      Manning, Christopher D.  and
      Ng, Andrew Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1045",
    pages = "455--465",
}
@inproceedings{metallinou-etal-2013-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative state tracking for spoken dialog systems",
    author = "Metallinou, Angeliki  and
      Bohus, Dan  and
      Williams, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1046",
    pages = "466--475",
}
@inproceedings{lan-etal-2013-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Synthetic Discourse Data via Multi-task Learning for Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition",
    author = "Lan, Man  and
      Xu, Yu  and
      Niu, Zhengyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1047",
    pages = "476--485",
}
@inproceedings{joty-etal-2013-combining,
    title = "Combining Intra- and Multi-sentential Rhetorical Parsing for Document-level Discourse Analysis",
    author = "Joty, Shafiq  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Ng, Raymond  and
      Mehdad, Yashar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1048",
    pages = "486--496",
}
@inproceedings{lassalle-denis-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving pairwise coreference models through feature space hierarchy learning",
    author = "Lassalle, Emmanuel  and
      Denis, Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1049",
    pages = "497--506",
}
@inproceedings{maxwell-etal-2013-feature,
    title = "Feature-Based Selection of Dependency Paths in Ad Hoc Information Retrieval",
    author = "Maxwell, K. Tamsin  and
      Oberlander, Jon  and
      Croft, W. Bruce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1050",
    pages = "507--516",
}
@inproceedings{popel-etal-2013-coordination,
    title = "Coordination Structures in Dependency Treebanks",
    author = "Popel, Martin  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      {\v{S}}t{\v{e}}p{\'a}nek, Jan  and
      Zeman, Daniel  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1051",
    pages = "517--527",
}
@inproceedings{de-benedictis-etal-2013-glossboot,
    title = "{G}loss{B}oot: Bootstrapping Multilingual Domain Glossaries from the Web",
    author = "De Benedictis, Flavio  and
      Faralli, Stefano  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1052",
    pages = "528--538",
}
@inproceedings{endriss-fernandez-2013-collective,
    title = "Collective Annotation of Linguistic Resources: Basic Principles and a Formal Model",
    author = "Endriss, Ulle  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1053",
    pages = "539--549",
}
@inproceedings{sulger-etal-2013-pargrambank,
    title = "{P}ar{G}ram{B}ank: The {P}ar{G}ram Parallel Treebank",
    author = {Sulger, Sebastian  and
      Butt, Miriam  and
      King, Tracy Holloway  and
      Meurer, Paul  and
      Laczk{\'o}, Tibor  and
      R{\'a}kosi, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Dione, Cheikh Bamba  and
      Dyvik, Helge  and
      Ros{\'e}n, Victoria  and
      De Smedt, Koenraad  and
      Patejuk, Agnieszka  and
      {\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem  and
      Arka, I Wayan  and
      Mistica, Meladel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1054",
    pages = "550--560",
}
@inproceedings{ferret-2013-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Bad Semantic Neighbors for Improving Distributional Thesauri",
    author = "Ferret, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1055",
    pages = "561--571",
}
@inproceedings{silberer-etal-2013-models,
    title = "Models of Semantic Representation with Visual Attributes",
    author = "Silberer, Carina  and
      Ferrari, Vittorio  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1056",
    pages = "572--582",
}
@inproceedings{garrette-etal-2013-real,
    title = "Real-World Semi-Supervised Learning of {POS}-Taggers for Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "Garrette, Dan  and
      Mielens, Jason  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1057",
    pages = "583--592",
}
@inproceedings{weller-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using subcategorization knowledge to improve case prediction for translation to {G}erman",
    author = "Weller, Marion  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1058",
    pages = "593--603",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-name,
    title = "Name-aware Machine Translation",
    author = "Li, Haibo  and
      Zheng, Jing  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Li, Qi  and
      Wang, Wen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1059",
    pages = "604--614",
}
@inproceedings{nuhn-ney-2013-decipherment,
    title = "Decipherment Complexity in 1:1 Substitution Ciphers",
    author = "Nuhn, Malte  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1060",
    pages = "615--621",
}
@inproceedings{quan-etal-2013-non,
    title = "Non-Monotonic Sentence Alignment via Semisupervised Learning",
    author = "Quan, Xiaojun  and
      Kit, Chunyu  and
      Song, Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1061",
    pages = "622--630",
}
@inproceedings{lee-hwang-2013-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Entity Translation on Weakly Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Lee, Taesung  and
      Hwang, Seung-won",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1062",
    pages = "631--640",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-transfer,
    title = "Transfer Learning Based Cross-lingual Knowledge Extraction for {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Wang, Zhigang  and
      Li, Zhixing  and
      Li, Juanzi  and
      Tang, Jie  and
      Pan, Jeff Z.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1063",
    pages = "641--650",
}
@inproceedings{nastase-strapparava-2013-bridging,
    title = "Bridging Languages through Etymology: The case of cross language text categorization",
    author = "Nastase, Vivi  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1064",
    pages = "651--659",
}
@inproceedings{veale-li-2013-creating,
    title = "Creating Similarity: Lateral Thinking for Vertical Similarity Judgments",
    author = "Veale, Tony  and
      Li, Guofu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1065",
    pages = "660--670",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-liu-2013-discovering,
    title = "Discovering User Interactions in Ideological Discussions",
    author = "Mukherjee, Arjun  and
      Liu, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1066",
    pages = "671--681",
}
@inproceedings{kozareva-2013-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Affect Polarity and Valence Prediction in Metaphor-Rich Texts",
    author = "Kozareva, Zornitsa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1067",
    pages = "682--691",
}
@inproceedings{boros-etal-2013-large,
    title = "Large tagset labeling using Feed Forward Neural Networks. Case study on {R}omanian Language",
    author = "Boros, Tiberiu  and
      Ion, Radu  and
      Tufis, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1068",
    pages = "692--700",
}
@inproceedings{radziszewski-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning to lemmatise Polish noun phrases",
    author = "Radziszewski, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1069",
    pages = "701--709",
}
@inproceedings{bergsma-van-durme-2013-using,
    title = "Using Conceptual Class Attributes to Characterize Social Media Users",
    author = "Bergsma, Shane  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1070",
    pages = "710--720",
}
@inproceedings{ferschke-etal-2013-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Topic Bias on Quality Flaw Prediction in {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Ferschke, Oliver  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Rittberger, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1071",
    pages = "721--730",
}
@inproceedings{wang-kan-2013-mining,
    title = "Mining Informal Language from {C}hinese Microtext: Joint Word Recognition and Segmentation",
    author = "Wang, Aobo  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1072",
    pages = "731--741",
}
@inproceedings{rokhlenko-szpektor-2013-generating,
    title = "Generating Synthetic Comparable Questions for News Articles",
    author = "Rokhlenko, Oleg  and
      Szpektor, Idan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1073",
    pages = "742--751",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2013-punctuation,
    title = "Punctuation Prediction with Transition-based Parsing",
    author = "Zhang, Dongdong  and
      Wu, Shuangzhi  and
      Yang, Nan  and
      Li, Mu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1074",
    pages = "752--760",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2013-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Learning with Natural Annotations: Word Segmentation as a Case Study",
    author = {Jiang, Wenbin  and
      Sun, Meng  and
      L{\"u}, Yajuan  and
      Yang, Yating  and
      Liu, Qun},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1075",
    pages = "761--769",
}
@inproceedings{zeng-etal-2013-graph,
    title = "Graph-based Semi-Supervised Model for Joint {C}hinese Word Segmentation and Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Zeng, Xiaodong  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.  and
      Trancoso, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1076",
    pages = "770--779",
}
@inproceedings{cohn-haffari-2013-infinite,
    title = "An Infinite Hierarchical {B}ayesian Model of Phrasal Translation",
    author = "Cohn, Trevor  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1077",
    pages = "780--790",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-additive,
    title = "Additive Neural Networks for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Liu, Lemao  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1078",
    pages = "791--801",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2013-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Phrase Table Combination for Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhu, Conghui  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1079",
    pages = "802--810",
}
@inproceedings{braune-etal-2013-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Local Multi-Bottom-up Tree Transducers in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Braune, Fabienne  and
      Seemann, Nina  and
      Quernheim, Daniel  and
      Maletti, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1080",
    pages = "811--821",
}
@inproceedings{xiang-etal-2013-enlisting,
    title = "Enlisting the Ghost: Modeling Empty Categories for Machine Translation",
    author = "Xiang, Bing  and
      Luo, Xiaoqiang  and
      Zhou, Bowen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1081",
    pages = "822--831",
}
@inproceedings{sennrich-etal-2013-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Domain Translation Model Framework for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Sennrich, Rico  and
      Schwenk, Holger  and
      Aransa, Walid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1082",
    pages = "832--840",
}
@inproceedings{tamura-etal-2013-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Induction in Dependency Trees for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Tamura, Akihiro  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1083",
    pages = "841--851",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2013-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation Improves Question Retrieval in Community Question Answering via Matrix Factorization",
    author = "Zhou, Guangyou  and
      Liu, Fang  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      He, Shizhu  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1084",
    pages = "852--861",
}
@inproceedings{reichart-korhonen-2013-improved,
    title = "Improved Lexical Acquisition through {DPP}-based Verb Clustering",
    author = "Reichart, Roi  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1085",
    pages = "862--872",
}
@inproceedings{xie-etal-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Frames to Predict Stock Price Movement",
    author = "Xie, Boyi  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca J.  and
      Wu, Leon  and
      Creamer, Germ{\'a}n G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1086",
    pages = "873--883",
}
@inproceedings{tanigaki-etal-2013-density,
    title = "Density Maximization in Context-Sense Metric Space for All-words {WSD}",
    author = "Tanigaki, Koichi  and
      Shiba, Mitsuteru  and
      Munaka, Tatsuji  and
      Sagisaka, Yoshinori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1087",
    pages = "884--893",
}
@inproceedings{hermann-blunsom-2013-role,
    title = "The Role of Syntax in Vector Space Models of Compositional Semantics",
    author = "Hermann, Karl Moritz  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1088",
    pages = "894--904",
}
@inproceedings{kundu-etal-2013-margin,
    title = "Margin-based Decomposed Amortized Inference",
    author = "Kundu, Gourab  and
      Srikumar, Vivek  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1089",
    pages = "905--913",
}
@inproceedings{celikyilmaz-etal-2013-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Semantic Tagging of Conversational Understanding using {M}arkov Topic Regression",
    author = "Celikyilmaz, Asli  and
      Hakkani-Tur, Dilek  and
      Tur, Gokhan  and
      Sarikaya, Ruhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1090",
    pages = "914--923",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-etal-2013-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Graphs with Hyperedge Replacement Grammars",
    author = "Chiang, David  and
      Andreas, Jacob  and
      Bauer, Daniel  and
      Hermann, Karl Moritz  and
      Jones, Bevan  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1091",
    pages = "924--932",
}
@inproceedings{poon-2013-grounded,
    title = "Grounded Unsupervised Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Poon, Hoifung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1092",
    pages = "933--943",
}
@inproceedings{yancheva-rudzicz-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic detection of deception in child-produced speech using syntactic complexity features",
    author = "Yancheva, Maria  and
      Rudzicz, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1093",
    pages = "944--953",
}
@inproceedings{scheible-schutze-2013-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Relevance",
    author = {Scheible, Christian  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1094",
    pages = "954--963",
}
@inproceedings{hasegawa-etal-2013-predicting,
    title = "Predicting and Eliciting Addressee{'}s Emotion in Online Dialogue",
    author = "Hasegawa, Takayuki  and
      Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Toyoda, Masashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1095",
    pages = "964--972",
}
@inproceedings{perez-rosas-etal-2013-utterance,
    title = "Utterance-Level Multimodal Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "P{\'e}rez-Rosas, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Morency, Louis-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1096",
    pages = "973--982",
}
@inproceedings{mohtarami-etal-2013-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Sense Sentiment Similarity through Hidden Emotions",
    author = "Mohtarami, Mitra  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1097",
    pages = "983--992",
}
@inproceedings{lampos-etal-2013-user,
    title = "A user-centric model of voting intention from Social Media",
    author = "Lampos, Vasileios  and
      Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1098",
    pages = "993--1003",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using Supervised Bigram-based {ILP} for Extractive Summarization",
    author = "Li, Chen  and
      Qian, Xian  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1099",
    pages = "1004--1013",
}
@inproceedings{dasgupta-etal-2013-summarization,
    title = "Summarization Through Submodularity and Dispersion",
    author = "Dasgupta, Anirban  and
      Kumar, Ravi  and
      Ravi, Sujith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1100",
    pages = "1014--1022",
}
@inproceedings{morita-etal-2013-subtree,
    title = "Subtree Extractive Summarization via Submodular Maximization",
    author = "Morita, Hajime  and
      Sasano, Ryohei  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1101",
    pages = "1023--1032",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-johnson-2013-effect,
    title = "The effect of non-tightness on {B}ayesian estimation of {PCFG}s",
    author = "Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1102",
    pages = "1033--1041",
}
@inproceedings{uematsu-etal-2013-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Multiple Dependency Corpora for Inducing Wide-coverage {J}apanese {CCG} Resources",
    author = "Uematsu, Sumire  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Hanaoka, Hiroki  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Mima, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1103",
    pages = "1042--1051",
}
@inproceedings{choi-mccallum-2013-transition,
    title = "Transition-based Dependency Parsing with Selectional Branching",
    author = "Choi, Jinho D.  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1104",
    pages = "1052--1062",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-bilingually,
    title = "Bilingually-Guided Monolingual Dependency Grammar Induction",
    author = {Liu, Kai  and
      L{\"u}, Yajuan  and
      Jiang, Wenbin  and
      Liu, Qun},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1105",
    pages = "1063--1072",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-joint,
    title = "Joint Word Alignment and Bilingual Named Entity Recognition Using Dual Decomposition",
    author = "Wang, Mengqiu  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1106",
    pages = "1073--1082",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2013-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Entity Morphs in Censored Data",
    author = "Huang, Hongzhao  and
      Wen, Zhen  and
      Yu, Dian  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Sun, Yizhou  and
      Han, Jiawei  and
      Li, He",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1107",
    pages = "1083--1093",
}
@inproceedings{oconnor-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning to Extract International Relations from Political Context",
    author = "O{'}Connor, Brendan  and
      Stewart, Brandon M.  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1108",
    pages = "1094--1104",
}
@inproceedings{razmara-etal-2013-graph,
    title = "Graph Propagation for Paraphrasing Out-of-Vocabulary Words in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Razmara, Majid  and
      Siahbani, Maryam  and
      Haffari, Reza  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1109",
    pages = "1105--1115",
}
@inproceedings{eidelman-etal-2013-online,
    title = "Online Relative Margin Maximization for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Eidelman, Vladimir  and
      Marton, Yuval  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1110",
    pages = "1116--1126",
}
@inproceedings{zhai-etal-2013-handling,
    title = "Handling Ambiguities of Bilingual Predicate-Argument Structures for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhai, Feifei  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zhou, Yu  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1111",
    pages = "1127--1136",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-whittaker-2013-reconstructing,
    title = "Reconstructing an {I}ndo-{E}uropean Family Tree from Non-native {E}nglish Texts",
    author = "Nagata, Ryo  and
      Whittaker, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1112",
    pages = "1137--1147",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-flor-2013-word,
    title = "Word Association Profiles and their Use for Automated Scoring of Essays",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Flor, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1113",
    pages = "1148--1158",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2013-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Parser-Centric Text Normalization",
    author = "Zhang, Congle  and
      Baldwin, Tyler  and
      Ho, Howard  and
      Kimelfeld, Benny  and
      Li, Yunyao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1114",
    pages = "1159--1168",
}
@inproceedings{tian-etal-2013-random,
    title = "A Random Walk Approach to Selectional Preferences Based on Preference Ranking and Propagation",
    author = "Tian, Zhenhua  and
      Xiang, Hengheng  and
      Liu, Ziqi  and
      Zheng, Qinghua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1115",
    pages = "1169--1179",
}
@inproceedings{laparra-rigau-2013-impar,
    title = "{I}mp{A}r: A Deterministic Algorithm for Implicit Semantic Role Labelling",
    author = "Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1116",
    pages = "1180--1189",
}
@inproceedings{kozhevnikov-titov-2013-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Transfer of Semantic Role Labeling Models",
    author = "Kozhevnikov, Mikhail  and
      Titov, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1117",
    pages = "1190--1200",
}
@inproceedings{zeller-etal-2013-derivbase,
    title = "{DE}riv{B}ase: Inducing and Evaluating a Derivational Morphology Resource for {G}erman",
    author = "Zeller, Britta  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1118",
    pages = "1201--1211",
}
@inproceedings{potthast-etal-2013-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing Interaction Logs to Understand Text Reuse from the Web",
    author = {Potthast, Martin  and
      Hagen, Matthias  and
      V{\"o}lske, Michael  and
      Stein, Benno},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1119",
    pages = "1212--1221",
}
@inproceedings{flati-navigli-2013-spred,
    title = "{SP}red: Large-scale Harvesting of Semantic Predicates",
    author = "Flati, Tiziano  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1120",
    pages = "1222--1232",
}
@inproceedings{cheung-penn-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Robust Abstractive Multi-Document Summarization: A Caseframe Analysis of Centrality and Domain",
    author = "Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1121",
    pages = "1233--1242",
}
@inproceedings{alfonseca-etal-2013-heady,
    title = "{HEADY}: News headline abstraction through event pattern clustering",
    author = "Alfonseca, Enrique  and
      Pighin, Daniele  and
      Garrido, Guillermo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1122",
    pages = "1243--1253",
}
@inproceedings{dethlefs-etal-2013-conditional,
    title = "Conditional Random Fields for Responsive Surface Realisation using Global Features",
    author = "Dethlefs, Nina  and
      Hastie, Helen  and
      Cuay{\'a}huitl, Heriberto  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1123",
    pages = "1254--1263",
}
@inproceedings{setiawan-etal-2013-two,
    title = "Two-Neighbor Orientation Model with Cross-Boundary Global Contexts",
    author = "Setiawan, Hendra  and
      Zhou, Bowen  and
      Xiang, Bing  and
      Shen, Libin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1124",
    pages = "1264--1274",
}
@inproceedings{visweswariah-etal-2013-cut,
    title = "Cut the noise: Mutually reinforcing reordering and alignments for improved machine translation",
    author = "Visweswariah, Karthik  and
      Khapra, Mitesh M.  and
      Ramanathan, Ananthakrishnan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1125",
    pages = "1275--1284",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2013-vector,
    title = "Vector Space Model for Adaptation in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Chen, Boxing  and
      Kuhn, Roland  and
      Foster, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1126",
    pages = "1285--1293",
}
@inproceedings{lei-etal-2013-natural,
    title = "From Natural Language Specifications to Program Input Parsers",
    author = "Lei, Tao  and
      Long, Fan  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Rinard, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1127",
    pages = "1294--1303",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-entity,
    title = "Entity Linking for Tweets",
    author = "Liu, Xiaohua  and
      Li, Yitong  and
      Wu, Haocheng  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Lu, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1128",
    pages = "1304--1311",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2013-identification,
    title = "Identification of Speakers in Novels",
    author = "He, Hua  and
      Barbosa, Denilson  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1129",
    pages = "1312--1320",
}
@inproceedings{villavicencio-etal-2013-language,
    title = "Language Acquisition and Probabilistic Models: keeping it simple",
    author = "Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Idiart, Marco  and
      Berwick, Robert  and
      Malioutov, Igor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1130",
    pages = "1321--1330",
}
@inproceedings{melamud-etal-2013-two,
    title = "A Two Level Model for Context Sensitive Inference Rules",
    author = "Melamud, Oren  and
      Berant, Jonathan  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Goldberger, Jacob  and
      Szpektor, Idan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1131",
    pages = "1331--1340",
}
@inproceedings{pilehvar-etal-2013-align,
    title = "Align, Disambiguate and Walk: A Unified Approach for Measuring Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Jurgens, David  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1132",
    pages = "1341--1351",
}
@inproceedings{bond-foster-2013-linking,
    title = "Linking and Extending an Open Multilingual {W}ordnet",
    author = "Bond, Francis  and
      Foster, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1133",
    pages = "1352--1362",
}
@inproceedings{hartmann-gurevych-2013-framenet,
    title = "{F}rame{N}et on the Way to Babel: Creating a Bilingual {F}rame{N}et Using {W}iktionary as Interlingual Connection",
    author = "Hartmann, Silvana  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1134",
    pages = "1363--1373",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2013-dirt,
    title = "Dirt Cheap Web-Scale Parallel Text from the Common Crawl",
    author = "Smith, Jason R.  and
      Saint-Amand, Herve  and
      Plamada, Magdalena  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1135",
    pages = "1374--1383",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-sentence,
    title = "A Sentence Compression Based Framework to Query-Focused Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Wang, Lu  and
      Raghavan, Hema  and
      Castelli, Vittorio  and
      Florian, Radu  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1136",
    pages = "1384--1394",
}
@inproceedings{wang-cardie-2013-domain,
    title = "Domain-Independent Abstract Generation for Focused Meeting Summarization",
    author = "Wang, Lu  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1137",
    pages = "1395--1405",
}
@inproceedings{kondadadi-etal-2013-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical {NLG} Framework for Aggregated Planning and Realization",
    author = "Kondadadi, Ravi  and
      Howald, Blake  and
      Schilder, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1138",
    pages = "1406--1415",
}
@inproceedings{hopkins-may-2013-models,
    title = "Models of Translation Competitions",
    author = "Hopkins, Mark  and
      May, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1139",
    pages = "1416--1424",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-zong-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning a Phrase-based Translation Model from Monolingual Data with Application to Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1140",
    pages = "1425--1434",
}
@inproceedings{carpuat-etal-2013-sensespotting,
    title = "{S}ense{S}potting: Never let your parallel data tie you to an old domain",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Henry, Katharine  and
      Irvine, Ann  and
      Jagarlamudi, Jagadeesh  and
      Rudinger, Rachel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1141",
    pages = "1435--1445",
}
@inproceedings{ozbal-etal-2013-brainsup,
    title = "{BRAINSUP}: Brainstorming Support for Creative Sentence Generation",
    author = {{\"O}zbal, G{\"o}zde  and
      Pighin, Daniele  and
      Strapparava, Carlo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1142",
    pages = "1446--1455",
}
@inproceedings{wu-ng-2013-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Error Correction Using Integer Linear Programming",
    author = "Wu, Yuanbin  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1143",
    pages = "1456--1465",
}
@inproceedings{speriosu-baldridge-2013-text,
    title = "Text-Driven Toponym Resolution using Indirect Supervision",
    author = "Speriosu, Michael  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1144",
    pages = "1466--1476",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-argument,
    title = "Argument Inference from Relevant Event Mentions in {C}hinese Argument Extraction",
    author = "Li, Peifeng  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1145",
    pages = "1477--1487",
}
@inproceedings{nakashole-etal-2013-fine,
    title = "Fine-grained Semantic Typing of Emerging Entities",
    author = "Nakashole, Ndapandula  and
      Tylenda, Tomasz  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1146",
    pages = "1488--1497",
}
@inproceedings{plank-moschitti-2013-embedding,
    title = "Embedding Semantic Similarity in Tree Kernels for Domain Adaptation of Relation Extraction",
    author = "Plank, Barbara  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1147",
    pages = "1498--1507",
}
@inproceedings{borschinger-etal-2013-joint,
    title = "A joint model of word segmentation and phonological variation for {E}nglish word-final /t/-deletion",
    author = {B{\"o}rschinger, Benjamin  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Demuth, Katherine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1148",
    pages = "1508--1516",
}
@inproceedings{lazaridou-etal-2013-compositional,
    title = "Compositional-ly Derived Representations of Morphologically Complex Words in Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Lazaridou, Angeliki  and
      Marelli, Marco  and
      Zamparelli, Roberto  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1149",
    pages = "1517--1526",
}
@inproceedings{kim-snyder-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Consonant-Vowel Prediction over Hundreds of Languages",
    author = "Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Snyder, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1150",
    pages = "1527--1536",
}
@inproceedings{kauchak-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Text Simplification Language Modeling Using Unsimplified Text Data",
    author = "Kauchak, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1151",
    pages = "1537--1546",
}
@inproceedings{zarriess-kuhn-2013-combining,
    title = "Combining Referring Expression Generation and Surface Realization: A Corpus-Based Investigation of Architectures",
    author = "Zarrie{\ss}, Sina  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1152",
    pages = "1547--1557",
}
@inproceedings{darwish-2013-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition using Cross-lingual Resources: {A}rabic as an Example",
    author = "Darwish, Kareem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1153",
    pages = "1558--1567",
}
@inproceedings{nuhn-etal-2013-beam,
    title = "Beam Search for Solving Substitution Ciphers",
    author = "Nuhn, Malte  and
      Schamper, Julian  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1154",
    pages = "1568--1576",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-menezes-2013-social,
    title = "Social Text Normalization using Contextual Graph Random Walks",
    author = "Hassan, Hany  and
      Menezes, Arul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1155",
    pages = "1577--1586",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-vogel-2013-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Phrase-based Reordering Features into a Chart-based Decoder for Machine Translation",
    author = "Nguyen, ThuyLinh  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1156",
    pages = "1587--1596",
}
@inproceedings{arase-zhou-2013-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation Detection from Monolingual Web-Text",
    author = "Arase, Yuki  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1157",
    pages = "1597--1607",
}
@inproceedings{fader-etal-2013-paraphrase,
    title = "Paraphrase-Driven Learning for Open Question Answering",
    author = "Fader, Anthony  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1158",
    pages = "1608--1618",
}
@inproceedings{varga-etal-2013-aid,
    title = "Aid is Out There: Looking for Help from Tweets during a Large Scale Disaster",
    author = "Varga, Istv{\'a}n  and
      Sano, Motoki  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Ohtake, Kiyonori  and
      Kawai, Takao  and
      Oh, Jong-Hoon  and
      De Saeger, Stijn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1159",
    pages = "1619--1629",
}
@inproceedings{lazaridou-etal-2013-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Model for Joint Unsupervised Induction of Sentiment, Aspect and Discourse Representations",
    author = "Lazaridou, Angeliki  and
      Titov, Ivan  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1160",
    pages = "1630--1639",
}
@inproceedings{yang-cardie-2013-joint,
    title = "Joint Inference for Fine-grained Opinion Extraction",
    author = "Yang, Bishan  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1161",
    pages = "1640--1649",
}
@inproceedings{recasens-etal-2013-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Models for Analyzing and Detecting Biased Language",
    author = "Recasens, Marta  and
      Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1162",
    pages = "1650--1659",
}
@inproceedings{janarthanam-etal-2013-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating a City Exploration Dialogue System with Integrated Question-Answering and Pedestrian Navigation",
    author = "Janarthanam, Srinivasan  and
      Lemon, Oliver  and
      Bartie, Phil  and
      Dalmas, Tiphaine  and
      Dickinson, Anna  and
      Liu, Xingkun  and
      Mackaness, William  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1163",
    pages = "1660--1668",
}
@inproceedings{volkova-etal-2013-lightly,
    title = "Lightly Supervised Learning of Procedural Dialog Systems",
    author = "Volkova, Svitlana  and
      Choudhury, Pallavi  and
      Quirk, Chris  and
      Dolan, Bill  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1164",
    pages = "1669--1679",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-etal-2013-public,
    title = "Public Dialogue: Analysis of Tolerance in Online Discussions",
    author = "Mukherjee, Arjun  and
      Venkataraman, Vivek  and
      Liu, Bing  and
      Meraz, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1165",
    pages = "1680--1690",
}
@inproceedings{fokkens-etal-2013-offspring,
    title = "Offspring from Reproduction Problems: What Replication Failure Teaches Us",
    author = "Fokkens, Antske  and
      van Erp, Marieke  and
      Postma, Marten  and
      Pedersen, Ted  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Freire, Nuno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1166",
    pages = "1691--1701",
}
@inproceedings{fournier-2013-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Text Segmentation using Boundary Edit Distance",
    author = "Fournier, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1167",
    pages = "1702--1712",
}
@inproceedings{ramanath-etal-2013-crowd,
    title = "Crowd Prefers the Middle Path: A New {IAA} Metric for Crowdsourcing Reveals Turker Biases in Query Segmentation",
    author = "Ramanath, Rohan  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Bali, Kalika  and
      Saha Roy, Rishiraj",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1168",
    pages = "1713--1722",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-deceptive,
    title = "Deceptive Answer Prediction with User Preference Graph",
    author = "Li, Fangtao  and
      Gao, Yang  and
      Zhou, Shuchang  and
      Si, Xiance  and
      Dai, Decheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1169",
    pages = "1723--1732",
}
@inproceedings{oh-etal-2013-question,
    title = "Why-Question Answering using Intra- and Inter-Sentential Causal Relations",
    author = "Oh, Jong-Hoon  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Sano, Motoki  and
      De Saeger, Stijn  and
      Ohtake, Kiyonori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1170",
    pages = "1733--1743",
}
@inproceedings{yih-etal-2013-question,
    title = "Question Answering Using Enhanced Lexical Semantic Models",
    author = "Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Meek, Christopher  and
      Pastusiak, Andrzej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1171",
    pages = "1744--1753",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Patterns versus Word Alignment: Extracting Opinion Targets from Online Reviews",
    author = "Liu, Kang  and
      Xu, Liheng  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1172",
    pages = "1754--1763",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2013-mining,
    title = "Mining Opinion Words and Opinion Targets in a Two-Stage Framework",
    author = "Xu, Liheng  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Lai, Siwei  and
      Chen, Yubo  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1173",
    pages = "1764--1773",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2013-connotation,
    title = "Connotation Lexicon: A Dash of Sentiment Beneath the Surface Meaning",
    author = "Feng, Song  and
      Kang, Jun Seok  and
      Kuznetsova, Polina  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1174",
    pages = "1774--1784",
}
@proceedings{acl-2013-association-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    author = "Schuetze, Hinrich  and
      Fung, Pascale  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2000",
}
@inproceedings{sajjad-etal-2013-translating,
    title = "Translating Dialectal {A}rabic to {E}nglish",
    author = "Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Darwish, Kareem  and
      Belinkov, Yonatan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{quirk-2013-exact,
    title = "Exact Maximum Inference for the Fertility Hidden {M}arkov Model",
    author = "Quirk, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2002",
    pages = "7--11",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-etal-2013-tale,
    title = "A Tale about {PRO} and Monsters",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Guzm{\'a}n, Francisco  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2003",
    pages = "12--17",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-nagata-2013-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Model Learning with Feature Grouping based on a Discrete Constraint",
    author = "Suzuki, Jun  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2004",
    pages = "18--23",
}
@inproceedings{si-etal-2013-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Topic based Twitter Sentiment for Stock Prediction",
    author = "Si, Jianfeng  and
      Mukherjee, Arjun  and
      Liu, Bing  and
      Li, Qing  and
      Li, Huayi  and
      Deng, Xiaotie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2005",
    pages = "24--29",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning Entity Representation for Entity Disambiguation",
    author = "He, Zhengyan  and
      Liu, Shujie  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Zhang, Longkai  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2006",
    pages = "30--34",
}
@inproceedings{movshovitz-attias-cohen-2013-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Models for Predicting Programming Comments",
    author = "Movshovitz-Attias, Dana  and
      Cohen, William W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2007",
    pages = "35--40",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-paraphrasing,
    title = "Paraphrasing Adaptation for Web Search Ranking",
    author = "Wang, Chenguang  and
      Duan, Nan  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Zhang, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2008",
    pages = "41--46",
}
@inproceedings{andreas-etal-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing as Machine Translation",
    author = "Andreas, Jacob  and
      Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2009",
    pages = "47--52",
}
@inproceedings{bernardi-etal-2013-relatedness,
    title = "A relatedness benchmark to test the role of determiners in compositional distributional semantics",
    author = "Bernardi, Raffaella  and
      Dinu, Georgiana  and
      Marelli, Marco  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2010",
    pages = "53--57",
}
@inproceedings{wei-etal-2013-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study on Uncertainty Identification in Social Media Context",
    author = "Wei, Zhongyu  and
      Chen, Junwen  and
      Gao, Wei  and
      Li, Binyang  and
      Zhou, Lanjun  and
      He, Yulan  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2011",
    pages = "58--62",
}
@inproceedings{wolfe-etal-2013-parma,
    title = "{PARMA}: A Predicate Argument Aligner",
    author = "Wolfe, Travis  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Andrews, Nicholas  and
      Beller, Charley  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      DeYoung, Jay  and
      Snyder, Justin  and
      Weese, Jonathan  and
      Xu, Tan  and
      Yao, Xuchen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2012",
    pages = "63--68",
}
@inproceedings{biran-mckeown-2013-aggregated,
    title = "Aggregated Word Pair Features for Implicit Discourse Relation Disambiguation",
    author = "Biran, Or  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2013",
    pages = "69--73",
}
@inproceedings{vogel-etal-2013-implicatures,
    title = "Implicatures and Nested Beliefs in Approximate Decentralized-{POMDP}s",
    author = "Vogel, Adam  and
      Potts, Christopher  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2014",
    pages = "74--80",
}
@inproceedings{gilbert-riloff-2013-domain,
    title = "Domain-Specific Coreference Resolution with Lexicalized Features",
    author = "Gilbert, Nathan  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2015",
    pages = "81--86",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning to Order Natural Language Texts",
    author = "Tan, Jiwei  and
      Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Xiao, Jianguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2016",
    pages = "87--91",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-etal-2013-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependency Annotation for Multilingual Parsing",
    author = {McDonald, Ryan  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Quirmbach-Brundage, Yvonne  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Das, Dipanjan  and
      Ganchev, Kuzman  and
      Hall, Keith  and
      Petrov, Slav  and
      Zhang, Hao  and
      T{\"a}ckstr{\"o}m, Oscar  and
      Bedini, Claudia  and
      Bertomeu Castell{\'o}, N{\'u}ria  and
      Lee, Jungmee},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2017",
    pages = "92--97",
}
@inproceedings{kummerfeld-etal-2013-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Examination of Challenges in {C}hinese Parsing",
    author = "Kummerfeld, Jonathan K.  and
      Tse, Daniel  and
      Curran, James R.  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2018",
    pages = "98--103",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-zhao-2013-joint,
    title = "Joint Inference for Heterogeneous Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Zhou, Guangyou  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2019",
    pages = "104--109",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2013-easy,
    title = "Easy-First {POS} Tagging and Dependency Parsing with Beam Search",
    author = "Ma, Ji  and
      Zhu, Jingbo  and
      Xiao, Tong  and
      Yang, Nan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2020",
    pages = "110--114",
}
@inproceedings{bergen-etal-2013-arguments,
    title = "Arguments and Modifiers from the Learner{'}s Perspective",
    author = "Bergen, Leon  and
      Gibson, Edward  and
      O{'}Donnell, Timothy J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2021",
    pages = "115--119",
}
@inproceedings{deng-etal-2013-benefactive,
    title = "Benefactive/Malefactive Event and Writer Attitude Annotation",
    author = "Deng, Lingjia  and
      Choi, Yoonjung  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2022",
    pages = "120--125",
}
@inproceedings{senapati-garain-2013-guitar,
    title = "{G}ui{TAR}-based Pronominal Anaphora Resolution in {B}engali",
    author = "Senapati, Apurbalal  and
      Garain, Utpal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2023",
    pages = "126--130",
}
@inproceedings{rankel-etal-2013-decade,
    title = "A Decade of Automatic Content Evaluation of News Summaries: Reassessing the State of the Art",
    author = "Rankel, Peter A.  and
      Conroy, John M.  and
      Dang, Hoa Trang  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2024",
    pages = "131--136",
}
@inproceedings{wisniewski-2013-predictability,
    title = "On the Predictability of Human Assessment: when Matrix Completion Meets {NLP} Evaluation",
    author = "Wisniewski, Guillaume",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2025",
    pages = "137--142",
}
@inproceedings{passonneau-etal-2013-automated,
    title = "Automated Pyramid Scoring of Summaries using Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca J.  and
      Chen, Emily  and
      Guo, Weiwei  and
      Perin, Dolores",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2026",
    pages = "143--147",
}
@inproceedings{deveaud-etal-2013-semantically,
    title = "Are Semantically Coherent Topic Models Useful for Ad Hoc Information Retrieval?",
    author = "Deveaud, Romain  and
      SanJuan, Eric  and
      Bellot, Patrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2027",
    pages = "148--152",
}
@inproceedings{moreno-etal-2013-post,
    title = "Post-Retrieval Clustering Using Third-Order Similarity Measures",
    author = {Moreno, Jos{\'e} G.  and
      Dias, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Cleuziou, Guillaume},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2028",
    pages = "153--158",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Coupling of Answer Extraction and Information Retrieval",
    author = "Yao, Xuchen  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Clark, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2029",
    pages = "159--165",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2013-improved,
    title = "An improved {MDL}-based compression algorithm for unsupervised word segmentation",
    author = "Chen, Ruey-Cheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2030",
    pages = "166--170",
}
@inproceedings{zeng-etal-2013-co,
    title = "Co-regularizing character-based and word-based models for semi-supervised {C}hinese word segmentation",
    author = "Zeng, Xiaodong  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.  and
      Trancoso, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2031",
    pages = "171--176",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving {C}hinese Word Segmentation on Micro-blog Using Rich Punctuations",
    author = "Zhang, Longkai  and
      Li, Li  and
      He, Zhengyan  and
      Wang, Houfeng  and
      Sun, Ni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2032",
    pages = "177--182",
}
@inproceedings{hagiwara-sekine-2013-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Word Segmentation using Transliteration and Language Model Projection",
    author = "Hagiwara, Masato  and
      Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2033",
    pages = "183--189",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2013-broadcast,
    title = "Broadcast News Story Segmentation Using Manifold Learning on Latent Topic Distributions",
    author = "Lu, Xiaoming  and
      Xie, Lei  and
      Leung, Cheung-Chi  and
      Ma, Bin  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2034",
    pages = "190--195",
}
@inproceedings{elluru-etal-2013-word,
    title = "Is word-to-phone mapping better than phone-phone mapping for handling {E}nglish words?",
    author = "Elluru, Naresh Kumar  and
      Vadapalli, Anandaswarup  and
      Elluru, Raghavendra  and
      Murthy, Hema  and
      Prahallad, Kishore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2035",
    pages = "196--200",
}
@inproceedings{you-etal-2013-enriching,
    title = "Enriching Entity Translation Discovery using Selective Temporality",
    author = "You, Gae-won  and
      Cha, Young-rok  and
      Kim, Jinhan  and
      Hwang, Seung-won",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2036",
    pages = "201--205",
}
@inproceedings{adel-etal-2013-combination,
    title = "Combination of Recurrent Neural Networks and Factored Language Models for Code-Switching Language Modeling",
    author = "Adel, Heike  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang  and
      Schultz, Tanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2037",
    pages = "206--211",
}
@inproceedings{hirao-etal-2013-latent,
    title = "Latent Semantic Matching: Application to Cross-language Text Categorization without Alignment Information",
    author = "Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Iwata, Tomoharu  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2038",
    pages = "212--216",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-topicspam,
    title = "{T}opic{S}pam: a Topic-Model based approach for spam detection",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Li, Sujian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2039",
    pages = "217--221",
}
@inproceedings{quirk-choudhury-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Neighborhoods as Hypergraphs",
    author = "Quirk, Chris  and
      Choudhury, Pallavi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2040",
    pages = "222--227",
}
@inproceedings{petrovic-matthews-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised joke generation from big data",
    author = "Petrovi{\'c}, Sa{\v{s}}a  and
      Matthews, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2041",
    pages = "228--232",
}
@inproceedings{chong-etal-2013-modeling,
    title = "Modeling of term-distance and term-occurrence information for improving n-gram language model performance",
    author = "Chong, Tze Yuang  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Chng, Eng Siong  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2042",
    pages = "233--237",
}
@inproceedings{sakaguchi-etal-2013-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Approach to Fill-in-the-Blank Quiz Generation for Language Learners",
    author = "Sakaguchi, Keisuke  and
      Arase, Yuki  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2043",
    pages = "238--242",
}
@inproceedings{valitutti-etal-2013-everything,
    title = "{``}Let Everything Turn Well in Your Wife{''}: Generation of Adult Humor Using Lexical Constraints",
    author = "Valitutti, Alessandro  and
      Toivonen, Hannu  and
      Doucet, Antoine  and
      Toivanen, Jukka M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2044",
    pages = "243--248",
}
@inproceedings{king-etal-2013-random,
    title = "Random Walk Factoid Annotation for Collective Discourse",
    author = "King, Ben  and
      Jha, Rahul  and
      Radev, Dragomir  and
      Mankoff, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2045",
    pages = "249--254",
}
@inproceedings{vincze-etal-2013-identifying,
    title = "Identifying {E}nglish and {H}ungarian Light Verb Constructions: A Contrastive Approach",
    author = "Vincze, Veronika  and
      Nagy T., Istv{\'a}n  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2046",
    pages = "255--261",
}
@inproceedings{braslavski-etal-2013-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-to-{R}ussian {MT} evaluation campaign",
    author = "Braslavski, Pavel  and
      Beloborodov, Alexander  and
      Khalilov, Maxim  and
      Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2047",
    pages = "262--267",
}
@inproceedings{bhatt-etal-2013-indonet,
    title = "{I}ndo{N}et: A Multilingual Lexical Knowledge Network for {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Bhatt, Brijesh  and
      Poddar, Lahari  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2048",
    pages = "268--272",
}
@inproceedings{kaneko-etal-2013-building,
    title = "Building {J}apanese Textual Entailment Specialized Data Sets for Inference of Basic Sentence Relations",
    author = "Kaneko, Kimi  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Bekki, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2049",
    pages = "273--277",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2013-building,
    title = "Building Comparable Corpora Based on Bilingual {LDA} Model",
    author = "Zhu, Zede  and
      Li, Miao  and
      Chen, Lei  and
      Yang, Zhenxin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2050",
    pages = "278--282",
}
@inproceedings{melamud-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using Lexical Expansion to Learn Inference Rules from Sparse Data",
    author = "Melamud, Oren  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Goldberger, Jacob  and
      Szpektor, Idan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2051",
    pages = "283--288",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2013-mining,
    title = "Mining Equivalent Relations from Linked Data",
    author = "Zhang, Ziqi  and
      Gentile, Anna Lisa  and
      Augenstein, Isabelle  and
      Blomqvist, Eva  and
      Ciravegna, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2052",
    pages = "289--293",
}
@inproceedings{lim-etal-2013-context,
    title = "Context-Dependent Multilingual Lexical Lookup for Under-Resourced Languages",
    author = "Lim, Lian Tze  and
      Soon, Lay-Ki  and
      Lim, Tek Yong  and
      Tang, Enya Kong  and
      Ranaivo-Malan{\c{c}}on, Bali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2053",
    pages = "294--299",
}
@inproceedings{sheykh-esmaili-salavati-2013-sorani,
    title = "{S}orani {K}urdish versus {K}urmanji {K}urdish: An Empirical Comparison",
    author = "Sheykh Esmaili, Kyumars  and
      Salavati, Shahin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2054",
    pages = "300--305",
}
@inproceedings{georgi-etal-2013-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced and Portable Dependency Projection Algorithms Using Interlinear Glossed Text",
    author = "Georgi, Ryan  and
      Xia, Fei  and
      Lewis, William D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2055",
    pages = "306--311",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2013-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Projections between Languages from Different Families",
    author = "Yu, Mo  and
      Zhao, Tiejun  and
      Bai, Yalong  and
      Tian, Hao  and
      Yu, Dianhai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2056",
    pages = "312--317",
}
@inproceedings{tofighi-zahabi-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using Context Vectors in Improving a Machine Translation System with Bridge Language",
    author = "Tofighi Zahabi, Samira  and
      Bakhshaei, Somayeh  and
      Khadivi, Shahram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2057",
    pages = "318--322",
}
@inproceedings{hieber-etal-2013-task,
    title = "Task Alternation in Parallel Sentence Retrieval for Twitter Translation",
    author = "Hieber, Felix  and
      Jehl, Laura  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2058",
    pages = "323--327",
}
@inproceedings{curiel-collet-2013-sign,
    title = "Sign Language Lexical Recognition With Propositional Dynamic Logic",
    author = "Curiel, Arturo  and
      Collet, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2059",
    pages = "328--333",
}
@inproceedings{razmara-sarkar-2013-stacking,
    title = "Stacking for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Razmara, Majid  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2060",
    pages = "334--339",
}
@inproceedings{cui-etal-2013-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Data Cleaning for {SMT} using Graph-based Random Walk",
    author = "Cui, Lei  and
      Zhang, Dongdong  and
      Liu, Shujie  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2061",
    pages = "340--345",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-etal-2013-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Predicting Sentence Translation Difficulty",
    author = "Mishra, Abhijit  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Carl, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2062",
    pages = "346--351",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning to Prune: Context-Sensitive Pruning for Syntactic {MT}",
    author = "Xu, Wenduan  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Williams, Philip  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2063",
    pages = "352--357",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-novel,
    title = "A Novel Graph-based Compact Representation of Word Alignment",
    author = "Liu, Qun  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Lin, Shouxun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2064",
    pages = "358--363",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-stem,
    title = "Stem Translation with Affix-Based Rule Selection for Agglutinative Languages",
    author = {Wang, Zhiyang  and
      L{\"u}, Yajuan  and
      Sun, Meng  and
      Liu, Qun},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2065",
    pages = "364--369",
}
@inproceedings{tu-etal-2013-novel,
    title = "A Novel Translation Framework Based on Rhetorical Structure Theory",
    author = "Tu, Mei  and
      Zhou, Yu  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2066",
    pages = "370--374",
}
@inproceedings{lo-etal-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving machine translation by training against an automatic semantic frame based evaluation metric",
    author = "Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Addanki, Karteek  and
      Saers, Markus  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2067",
    pages = "375--381",
}
@inproceedings{ben-etal-2013-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Lexical Cohesion Trigger Model for Document-Level Machine Translation",
    author = {Ben, Guosheng  and
      Xiong, Deyi  and
      Teng, Zhiyang  and
      L{\"u}, Yajuan  and
      Liu, Qun},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2068",
    pages = "382--386",
}
@inproceedings{huang-pendus-2013-generalized,
    title = "Generalized Reordering Rules for Improved {SMT}",
    author = "Huang, Fei  and
      Pendus, Cezar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2069",
    pages = "387--392",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-tightly,
    title = "A Tightly-coupled Unsupervised Clustering and Bilingual Alignment Model for Transliteration",
    author = "Li, Tingting  and
      Zhao, Tiejun  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Zhang, Chunyue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2070",
    pages = "393--398",
}
@inproceedings{durrani-etal-2013-markov,
    title = "Can {M}arkov Models Over Minimal Translation Units Help Phrase-Based {SMT}?",
    author = "Durrani, Nadir  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Schmid, Helmut  and
      Hoang, Hieu  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2071",
    pages = "399--405",
}
@inproceedings{toutanova-ahn-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning Non-linear Features for Machine Translation Using Gradient Boosting Machines",
    author = "Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Ahn, Byung-Gyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2072",
    pages = "406--411",
}
@inproceedings{el-kholy-etal-2013-language,
    title = "Language Independent Connectivity Strength Features for Phrase Pivot Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "El Kholy, Ahmed  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Leusch, Gregor  and
      Matusov, Evgeny  and
      Sawaf, Hassan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2073",
    pages = "412--418",
}
@inproceedings{bazrafshan-gildea-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Roles for String to Tree Machine Translation",
    author = "Bazrafshan, Marzieh  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2074",
    pages = "419--423",
}
@inproceedings{duan-2013-minimum,
    title = "Minimum {B}ayes Risk based Answer Re-ranking for Question Answering",
    author = "Duan, Nan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2075",
    pages = "424--428",
}
@inproceedings{ligozat-2013-question,
    title = "Question Classification Transfer",
    author = "Ligozat, Anne-Laure",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2076",
    pages = "429--433",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-etal-2013-latent,
    title = "Latent Semantic Tensor Indexing for Community-based Question Answering",
    author = "Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Tian, Le  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2077",
    pages = "434--439",
}
@inproceedings{herbelot-ganesalingam-2013-measuring,
    title = "Measuring semantic content in distributional vectors",
    author = "Herbelot, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Ganesalingam, Mohan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2078",
    pages = "440--445",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2013-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Human Inference Process for Textual Entailment Recognition",
    author = "Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Chang, Kai-Chun  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2079",
    pages = "446--450",
}
@inproceedings{levy-etal-2013-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Partial Textual Entailment",
    author = "Levy, Omer  and
      Zesch, Torsten  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2080",
    pages = "451--455",
}
@inproceedings{elfardy-diab-2013-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Level Dialect Identification in {A}rabic",
    author = "Elfardy, Heba  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2081",
    pages = "456--461",
}
@inproceedings{goldwasser-roth-2013-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Domain-Independent Information in Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Goldwasser, Dan  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2082",
    pages = "462--466",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-etal-2013-structured,
    title = "A Structured Distributional Semantic Model for Event Co-reference",
    author = "Goyal, Kartik  and
      Jauhar, Sujay Kumar  and
      Li, Huiying  and
      Sachan, Mrinmaya  and
      Srivastava, Shashank  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2083",
    pages = "467--473",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-etal-2013-text,
    title = "Text Classification from Positive and Unlabeled Data using Misclassified Data Correction",
    author = "Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Suzuki, Yoshimi  and
      Matsuyoshi, Suguru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2084",
    pages = "474--478",
}
@inproceedings{nalisnick-baird-2013-character,
    title = "Character-to-Character Sentiment Analysis in Shakespeare{'}s Plays",
    author = "Nalisnick, Eric T.  and
      Baird, Henry S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2085",
    pages = "479--483",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-novel-classifier,
    title = "A Novel Classifier Based on Quantum Computation",
    author = "Liu, Ding  and
      Yang, Xiaofang  and
      Jiang, Minghu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2086",
    pages = "484--488",
}
@inproceedings{labutov-lipson-2013-embedding,
    title = "Re-embedding words",
    author = "Labutov, Igor  and
      Lipson, Hod",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2087",
    pages = "489--493",
}
@inproceedings{aly-atiya-2013-labr,
    title = "{LABR}: A Large Scale {A}rabic Book Reviews Dataset",
    author = "Aly, Mohamed  and
      Atiya, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2088",
    pages = "494--498",
}
@inproceedings{reschke-etal-2013-generating,
    title = "Generating Recommendation Dialogs by Extracting Information from User Reviews",
    author = "Reschke, Kevin  and
      Vogel, Adam  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2089",
    pages = "499--504",
}
@inproceedings{volkova-etal-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Sentiment in Social Media: Bootstrapping Subjectivity Clues from Multilingual Twitter Streams",
    author = "Volkova, Svitlana  and
      Wilson, Theresa  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2090",
    pages = "505--510",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-joint,
    title = "Joint Modeling of News Reader{'}s and Comment Writer{'}s Emotions",
    author = "Liu, Huanhuan  and
      Li, Shoushan  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Li, Peifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2091",
    pages = "511--515",
}
@inproceedings{okeefe-etal-2013-annotated,
    title = "An annotated corpus of quoted opinions in news articles",
    author = "O{'}Keefe, Tim  and
      Curran, James R.  and
      Ashwell, Peter  and
      Koprinska, Irena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2092",
    pages = "516--520",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2013-dual,
    title = "Dual Training and Dual Prediction for Polarity Classification",
    author = "Xia, Rui  and
      Wang, Tao  and
      Hu, Xuelei  and
      Li, Shoushan  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2093",
    pages = "521--525",
}
@inproceedings{wan-2013-co,
    title = "Co-Regression for Cross-Language Review Rating Prediction",
    author = "Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2094",
    pages = "526--531",
}
@inproceedings{boella-di-caro-2013-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Definitions and Hypernym Relations relying on Syntactic Dependencies and Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Boella, Guido  and
      Di Caro, Luigi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2095",
    pages = "532--537",
}
@inproceedings{bhingardive-etal-2013-neighbors,
    title = "Neighbors Help: Bilingual Unsupervised {WSD} Using Context",
    author = "Bhingardive, Sudha  and
      Shaikh, Samiulla  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2096",
    pages = "538--542",
}
@inproceedings{beck-etal-2013-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Annotation Effort for Quality Estimation via Active Learning",
    author = "Beck, Daniel  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2097",
    pages = "543--548",
}
@inproceedings{tomeh-etal-2013-reranking,
    title = "Reranking with Linguistic and Semantic Features for {A}rabic Optical Character Recognition",
    author = "Tomeh, Nadi  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Roth, Ryan  and
      Farra, Noura  and
      Dasigi, Pradeep  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2098",
    pages = "549--555",
}
@inproceedings{li-li-2013-evolutionary,
    title = "Evolutionary Hierarchical {D}irichlet Process for Timeline Summarization",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Li, Sujian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2099",
    pages = "556--560",
}
@inproceedings{lampouras-androutsopoulos-2013-using,
    title = "Using Integer Linear Programming in Concept-to-Text Generation to Produce More Compact Texts",
    author = "Lampouras, Gerasimos  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2100",
    pages = "561--566",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2013-sequential,
    title = "Sequential Summarization: A New Application for Timely Updated Twitter Trending Topics",
    author = "Gao, Dehong  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Zhang, Renxian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2101",
    pages = "567--571",
}
@inproceedings{jha-etal-2013-system,
    title = "A System for Summarizing Scientific Topics Starting from Keywords",
    author = "Jha, Rahul  and
      Abu-Jbara, Amjad  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2102",
    pages = "572--577",
}
@inproceedings{tsarfaty-2013-unified,
    title = "A Unified Morpho-Syntactic Scheme of {S}tanford Dependencies",
    author = "Tsarfaty, Reut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2103",
    pages = "578--584",
}
@inproceedings{ma-xia-2013-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parser Adaptation with Subtrees from Auto-Parsed Target Domain Data",
    author = "Ma, Xuezhe  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2104",
    pages = "585--590",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-iterative,
    title = "Iterative Transformation of Annotation Guidelines for Constituency Parsing",
    author = {Li, Xiang  and
      Jiang, Wenbin  and
      L{\"u}, Yajuan  and
      Liu, Qun},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2105",
    pages = "591--596",
}
@inproceedings{yamangil-shieber-2013-nonparametric,
    title = "Nonparametric {B}ayesian Inference and Efficient Parsing for Tree-adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Yamangil, Elif  and
      Shieber, Stuart M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2106",
    pages = "597--603",
}
@inproceedings{ambati-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using {CCG} categories to improve {H}indi dependency parsing",
    author = "Ambati, Bharat Ram  and
      Deoskar, Tejaswini  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2107",
    pages = "604--609",
}
@inproceedings{coppola-steedman-2013-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Higher-Order Dependency Features in Discriminative Phrase-Structure Parsing",
    author = "Coppola, Greg  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2108",
    pages = "610--616",
}
@inproceedings{martins-etal-2013-turning,
    title = "Turning on the Turbo: Fast Third-Order Non-Projective Turbo Parsers",
    author = "Martins, Andr{\'e}  and
      Almeida, Miguel  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2109",
    pages = "617--622",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-lattice,
    title = "A Lattice-based Framework for Joint {C}hinese Word Segmentation, {POS} Tagging and Parsing",
    author = "Wang, Zhiguo  and
      Zong, Chengqing  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2110",
    pages = "623--627",
}
@inproceedings{goldberg-etal-2013-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Implementation of Beam-Search Incremental Parsers",
    author = "Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Zhao, Kai  and
      Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2111",
    pages = "628--633",
}
@inproceedings{duong-etal-2013-simpler,
    title = "Simpler unsupervised {POS} tagging with bilingual projections",
    author = "Duong, Long  and
      Cook, Paul  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Pecina, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2112",
    pages = "634--639",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2013-part,
    title = "Part-of-speech tagging with antagonistic adversaries",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2113",
    pages = "640--644",
}
@inproceedings{derczynski-gaizauskas-2013-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Signals Help Label Temporal Relations",
    author = "Derczynski, Leon  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2114",
    pages = "645--650",
}
@inproceedings{habibi-popescu-belis-2013-diverse,
    title = "Diverse Keyword Extraction from Conversations",
    author = "Habibi, Maryam  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2115",
    pages = "651--657",
}
@inproceedings{govindaraju-etal-2013-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Tables in Context Using Standard {NLP} Toolkits",
    author = "Govindaraju, Vidhya  and
      Zhang, Ce  and
      R{\'e}, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2116",
    pages = "658--664",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2013-filling,
    title = "Filling Knowledge Base Gaps for Distant Supervision of Relation Extraction",
    author = "Xu, Wei  and
      Hoffmann, Raphael  and
      Zhao, Le  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2117",
    pages = "665--670",
}
@inproceedings{radford-curran-2013-joint,
    title = "Joint Apposition Extraction with Syntactic and Semantic Constraints",
    author = "Radford, Will  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2118",
    pages = "671--677",
}
@inproceedings{duh-etal-2013-adaptation,
    title = "Adaptation Data Selection using Neural Language Models: Experiments in Machine Translation",
    author = "Duh, Kevin  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Tsukada, Hajime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2119",
    pages = "678--683",
}
@inproceedings{langlais-2013-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Source to Target Strings without Alignment by Analogical Learning: A Case Study with Transliteration",
    author = "Langlais, Phillippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2120",
    pages = "684--689",
}
@inproceedings{heafield-etal-2013-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Modified {K}neser-{N}ey Language Model Estimation",
    author = "Heafield, Kenneth  and
      Pouzyrevsky, Ivan  and
      Clark, Jonathan H.  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2121",
    pages = "690--696",
}
@inproceedings{hewavitharana-etal-2013-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Topic-Based Translation Model Adaptation for Conversational Spoken Language Translation",
    author = "Hewavitharana, Sanjika  and
      Mehay, Dennis  and
      Ananthakrishnan, Sankaranarayanan  and
      Natarajan, Prem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2122",
    pages = "697--701",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2013-lightweight,
    title = "A Lightweight and High Performance Monolingual Word Aligner",
    author = "Yao, Xuchen  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Clark, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2123",
    pages = "702--707",
}
@inproceedings{sawai-etal-2013-learner,
    title = "A Learner Corpus-based Approach to Verb Suggestion for {ESL}",
    author = "Sawai, Yu  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2124",
    pages = "708--713",
}
@inproceedings{severyn-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning Semantic Textual Similarity with Structural Representations",
    author = "Severyn, Aliaksei  and
      Nicosia, Massimo  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2125",
    pages = "714--718",
}
@inproceedings{salama-etal-2013-typesetting,
    title = "Typesetting for Improved Readability using Lexical and Syntactic Information",
    author = "Salama, Ahmed  and
      Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Hagan, Susan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2126",
    pages = "719--724",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-alonso-etal-2013-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of regular polysemy and underspecification",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Sandford Pedersen, Bolette  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2127",
    pages = "725--730",
}
@inproceedings{pado-etal-2013-derivational,
    title = "Derivational Smoothing for Syntactic Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      Zeller, Britta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2128",
    pages = "731--735",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2013-diathesis,
    title = "Diathesis alternation approximation for verb clustering",
    author = "Sun, Lin  and
      McCarthy, Diana  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2129",
    pages = "736--741",
}
@inproceedings{fossati-etal-2013-outsourcing,
    title = "Outsourcing {F}rame{N}et to the Crowd",
    author = "Fossati, Marco  and
      Giuliano, Claudio  and
      Tonelli, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2130",
    pages = "742--747",
}
@inproceedings{cai-knight-2013-smatch,
    title = "{S}match: an Evaluation Metric for Semantic Feature Structures",
    author = "Cai, Shu  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2131",
    pages = "748--752",
}
@inproceedings{moran-etal-2013-variable,
    title = "Variable Bit Quantisation for {LSH}",
    author = "Moran, Sean  and
      Lavrenko, Victor  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2132",
    pages = "753--758",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2013-context,
    title = "Context Vector Disambiguation for Bilingual Lexicon Extraction from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Bouamor, Dhouha  and
      Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2133",
    pages = "759--764",
}
@inproceedings{dunietz-etal-2013-effects,
    title = "The Effects of Lexical Resource Quality on Preference Violation Detection",
    author = "Dunietz, Jesse  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2134",
    pages = "765--770",
}
@inproceedings{de-souza-etal-2013-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Qualitative Information from Automatic Word Alignment for Cross-lingual {NLP} Tasks",
    author = "de Souza, Jos{\'e} G.C.  and
      Espl{\`a}-Gomis, Miquel  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Negri, Matteo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2135",
    pages = "771--776",
}
@inproceedings{faruqui-dyer-2013-information,
    title = "An Information Theoretic Approach to Bilingual Word Clustering",
    author = "Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2136",
    pages = "777--783",
}
@inproceedings{snajder-etal-2013-building,
    title = "Building and Evaluating a Distributional Memory for {C}roatian",
    author = "{\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2137",
    pages = "784--789",
}
@inproceedings{kuznetsova-etal-2013-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing Image Captions for Image-Text Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Kuznetsova, Polina  and
      Ordonez, Vicente  and
      Berg, Alexander  and
      Berg, Tamara  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2138",
    pages = "790--796",
}
@inproceedings{glavas-snajder-2013-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Identical Events with Graph Kernels",
    author = "Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2139",
    pages = "797--803",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Term Ambiguity Detection",
    author = "Baldwin, Tyler  and
      Li, Yunyao  and
      Alexe, Bogdan  and
      Stanoi, Ioana R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2140",
    pages = "804--809",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Accurate Distant Supervision for Relational Facts Extraction",
    author = "Zhang, Xingxing  and
      Zhang, Jianwen  and
      Zeng, Junyu  and
      Yan, Jun  and
      Chen, Zheng  and
      Sui, Zhifang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2141",
    pages = "810--815",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-ng-2013-extra,
    title = "Extra-Linguistic Constraints on Stance Recognition in Ideological Debates",
    author = "Hasan, Kazi Saidul  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2142",
    pages = "816--821",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2013-school,
    title = "Are School-of-thought Words Characterizable?",
    author = "Jiang, Xiaorui  and
      Sun, Xiaoping  and
      Zhuge, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2143",
    pages = "822--828",
}
@inproceedings{abu-jbara-etal-2013-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Opinion Subgroups in {A}rabic Online Discussions",
    author = "Abu-Jbara, Amjad  and
      King, Ben  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2144",
    pages = "829--835",
}
@inproceedings{wen-etal-2013-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Events with Informal Temporal References in Personal Histories in Online Communities",
    author = "Wen, Miaomiao  and
      Zheng, Zeyu  and
      Jang, Hyeju  and
      Xiang, Guang  and
      Penstein Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2145",
    pages = "836--842",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2013-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal {DBN} for Predicting High-Quality Answers in c{QA} portals",
    author = "Hu, Haifeng  and
      Liu, Bingquan  and
      Wang, Baoxun  and
      Liu, Ming  and
      Wang, Xiaolong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2146",
    pages = "843--847",
}
@inproceedings{klinger-cimiano-2013-bi,
    title = "Bi-directional Inter-dependencies of Subjective Expressions and Targets and their Value for a Joint Model",
    author = "Klinger, Roman  and
      Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2147",
    pages = "848--854",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2013-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Sentiment Words Using an Optimization-based Model without Seed Words",
    author = "Yu, Hongliang  and
      Deng, Zhi-Hong  and
      Li, Shiyingxue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2148",
    pages = "855--859",
}
@inproceedings{ramteke-etal-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Turnarounds in Sentiment Analysis: Thwarting",
    author = "Ramteke, Ankit  and
      Malu, Akshat  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Nath, J. Saketha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2149",
    pages = "860--865",
}
@inproceedings{post-bergsma-2013-explicit,
    title = "Explicit and Implicit Syntactic Features for Text Classification",
    author = "Post, Matt  and
      Bergsma, Shane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2150",
    pages = "866--872",
}
@inproceedings{daland-zuraw-2013-korean,
    title = "Does {K}orean defeat phonotactic word segmentation?",
    author = "Daland, Robert  and
      Zuraw, Kie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2151",
    pages = "873--877",
}
@inproceedings{frank-etal-2013-word,
    title = "Word surprisal predicts N400 amplitude during reading",
    author = "Frank, Stefan L.  and
      Otten, Leun J.  and
      Galli, Giulia  and
      Vigliocco, Gabriella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2152",
    pages = "878--883",
}
@inproceedings{ryan-etal-2013-computerized,
    title = "Computerized Analysis of a Verbal Fluency Test",
    author = "Ryan, James O.  and
      Pakhomov, Serguei  and
      Marino, Susan  and
      Bernick, Charles  and
      Banks, Sarah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2153",
    pages = "884--889",
}
@inproceedings{szumlanski-etal-2013-new,
    title = "A New Set of Norms for Semantic Relatedness Measures",
    author = "Szumlanski, Sean  and
      Gomez, Fernando  and
      Sims, Valerie K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2154",
    pages = "890--895",
}
@proceedings{acl-2013-association-linguistics-student,
    title = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    author = "Dey, Anik  and
      Krause, Sebastian  and
      Nikolova, Ivelina  and
      Vecchi, Eva  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Nakov, Preslav I.  and
      Xu, Feiyu",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3000",
}
@inproceedings{akkus-cakici-2013-categorization,
    title = "Categorization of {T}urkish News Documents with Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Akku{\c{s}}, Burak Kerim  and
      Cakici, Ruket",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{barbaresi-2013-crawling,
    title = "Crawling microblogging services to gather language-classified {URL}s. Workflow and case study",
    author = "Barbaresi, Adrien",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3002",
    pages = "9--15",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2013-patient,
    title = "Patient Experience in Online Support Forums: Modeling Interpersonal Interactions and Medication Use",
    author = "Chen, Annie",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3003",
    pages = "16--22",
}
@inproceedings{florou-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Metaphor by Contextual Analogy",
    author = "Florou, Eirini",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3004",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{ivanova-etal-2013-survey,
    title = "Survey on parsing three dependency representations for {E}nglish",
    author = "Ivanova, Angelina  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3005",
    pages = "31--37",
}
@inproceedings{mihaila-ananiadou-2013-causes,
    title = "What causes a causal relation? Detecting Causal Triggers in Biomedical Scientific Discourse",
    author = "Mih{\u{a}}il{\u{a}}, Claudiu  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3006",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{ogura-kobayashi-2013-text,
    title = "Text Classification based on the Latent Topics of Important Sentences extracted by the {P}age{R}ank Algorithm",
    author = "Ogura, Yukari  and
      Kobayashi, Ichiro",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3007",
    pages = "46--51",
}
@inproceedings{pereira-etal-2013-automated,
    title = "Automated Collocation Suggestion for {J}apanese Second Language Learners",
    author = "Pereira, Lis  and
      Manguilimotan, Erlyn  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3008",
    pages = "52--58",
}
@inproceedings{rajan-2013-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Verbs based on Overlapping Verbs Senses",
    author = "Rajan, Kavitha",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3009",
    pages = "59--66",
}
@inproceedings{sarioglu-etal-2013-topic,
    title = "Topic Modeling Based Classification of Clinical Reports",
    author = "Sarioglu, Efsun  and
      Yadav, Kabir  and
      Choi, Hyeong-Ah",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3010",
    pages = "67--73",
}
@inproceedings{skeppstedt-2013-annotating,
    title = "Annotating named entities in clinical text by combining pre-annotation and active learning",
    author = "Skeppstedt, Maria",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3011",
    pages = "74--80",
}
@inproceedings{martschat-2013-multigraph,
    title = "Multigraph Clustering for Unsupervised Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Martschat, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3012",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{niculae-yaneva-2013-computational,
    title = "Computational considerations of comparisons and similes",
    author = "Niculae, Vlad  and
      Yaneva, Victoria",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3013",
    pages = "89--95",
}
@inproceedings{przybyla-2013-question,
    title = "Question Analysis for Polish Question Answering",
    author = "Przyby{\l}a, Piotr",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3014",
    pages = "96--102",
}
@inproceedings{shardlow-2013-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Techniques to Automatically Identify Complex Words.",
    author = "Shardlow, Matthew",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3015",
    pages = "103--109",
}
@inproceedings{takase-etal-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Chronic Critics Based on Sentiment Polarity and User{'}s Behavior in Social Media",
    author = "Takase, Sho  and
      Murakami, Akiko  and
      Enoki, Miki  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3016",
    pages = "110--116",
}
@inproceedings{cirik-2013-addressing,
    title = "Addressing Ambiguity in Unsupervised Part-of-Speech Induction with Substitute Vectors",
    author = "Cirik, Volkan",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3017",
    pages = "117--122",
}
@inproceedings{dasgupta-2013-psycholinguistically,
    title = "Psycholinguistically Motivated Computational Models on the Organization and Processing of Morphologically Complex Words",
    author = "Dasgupta, Tirthankar",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3018",
    pages = "123--129",
}
@inproceedings{duma-etal-2013-new,
    title = "A New Syntactic Metric for Evaluation of Machine Translation",
    author = "Duma, Melania  and
      Vertan, Cristina  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3019",
    pages = "130--135",
}
@inproceedings{eriguchi-kobayashi-2013-high,
    title = "High-quality Training Data Selection using Latent Topics for Graph-based Semi-supervised Learning",
    author = "Eriguchi, Akiko  and
      Kobayashi, Ichiro",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3020",
    pages = "136--141",
}
@inproceedings{klerke-sogaard-2013-simple,
    title = "Simple, readable sub-sentences",
    author = "Klerke, Sigrid  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3021",
    pages = "142--149",
}
@inproceedings{lu-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Word Order Universals: a Probabilistic Graphical Model Approach",
    author = "Lu, Xia",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3022",
    pages = "150--157",
}
@inproceedings{dusek-jurcicek-2013-robust,
    title = "Robust multilingual statistical morphological generation models",
    author = "Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Jur{\v{c}}{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Filip",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3023",
    pages = "158--164",
}
@inproceedings{fourtassi-dupoux-2013-corpus,
    title = "A corpus-based evaluation method for Distributional Semantic Models",
    author = "Fourtassi, Abdellah  and
      Dupoux, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3024",
    pages = "165--171",
}
@inproceedings{rosa-etal-2013-deepfix,
    title = "{D}eepfix: Statistical Post-editing of Statistical Machine Translation Using Deep Syntactic Analysis",
    author = "Rosa, Rudolf  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-3025",
    pages = "172--179",
}
@proceedings{acl-2013-association-linguistics-system,
    title = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    author = "Butt, Miriam  and
      Hussain, Sarmad",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4000",
}
@inproceedings{yimam-etal-2013-webanno,
    title = "{W}eb{A}nno: A Flexible, Web-based and Visually Supported System for Distributed Annotations",
    author = "Yimam, Seid Muhie  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Eckart de Castilho, Richard  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2013-stacking,
    title = "A Stacking-based Approach to Twitter User Geolocation Prediction",
    author = "Han, Bo  and
      Cook, Paul  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{list-moran-2013-open,
    title = "An Open Source Toolkit for Quantitative Historical Linguistics",
    author = "List, Johann-Mattis  and
      Moran, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4003",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{tablan-etal-2013-annomarket,
    title = "{A}nno{M}arket: An Open Cloud Platform for {NLP}",
    author = "Tablan, Valentin  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Roberts, Ian  and
      Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Dimitrov, Marin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4004",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{balahur-tanev-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Event-Related Links and Sentiments from Social Media Texts",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Tanev, Hristo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4005",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-etal-2013-dissect,
    title = "{DISSECT} - {DIS}tributional {SE}mantics Composition Toolkit",
    author = "Dinu, Georgiana  and
      Pham, Nghia The  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4006",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2013-dkpro,
    title = "{DKP}ro {WSD}: A Generalized {UIMA}-based Framework for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Miller, Tristan  and
      Erbs, Nicolai  and
      Zorn, Hans-Peter  and
      Zesch, Torsten  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4007",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{kontonatsios-etal-2013-extending,
    title = "Extending an interoperable platform to facilitate the creation of multilingual and multimodal {NLP} applications",
    author = "Kontonatsios, Georgios  and
      Thompson, Paul  and
      Batista-Navarro, Riza Theresa  and
      Mih{\u{a}}il{\u{a}}, Claudiu  and
      Korkontzelos, Ioannis  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4008",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-etal-2013-fudannlp,
    title = "{F}udan{NLP}: A Toolkit for {C}hinese Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Zhang, Qi  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4009",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{gartner-etal-2013-icarus,
    title = "{ICARUS} {--} An Extensible Graphical Search Tool for Dependency Treebanks",
    author = {G{\"a}rtner, Markus  and
      Thiele, Gregor  and
      Seeker, Wolfgang  and
      Bj{\"o}rkelund, Anders  and
      Kuhn, Jonas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4010",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@inproceedings{fialho-etal-2013-meet,
    title = "Meet {EDGAR}, a tutoring agent at {MONSERRATE}",
    author = "Fialho, Pedro  and
      Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa  and
      Curto, S{\'e}rgio  and
      Cl{\'a}udio, Pedro  and
      Costa, {\^A}ngela  and
      Abad, Alberto  and
      Meinedo, Hugo  and
      Trancoso, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4011",
    pages = "61--66",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-pal,
    title = "{PAL}: A Chatterbot System for Answering Domain-specific Questions",
    author = "Liu, Yuanchao  and
      Liu, Ming  and
      Wang, Xiaolong  and
      Wang, Limin  and
      Li, Jingjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4012",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@inproceedings{mayer-rohrdantz-2013-phonmatrix,
    title = "{P}hon{M}atrix: Visualizing co-occurrence constraints of sounds",
    author = "Mayer, Thomas  and
      Rohrdantz, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4013",
    pages = "73--78",
}
@inproceedings{specia-etal-2013-quest,
    title = "{Q}u{E}st - A translation quality estimation framework",
    author = "Specia, Lucia  and
      Shah, Kashif  and
      de Souza, Jose G.C.  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4014",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{mirkin-etal-2013-sort,
    title = "{SORT}: An Interactive Source-Rewriting Tool for Improved Translation",
    author = "Mirkin, Shachar  and
      Venkatapathy, Sriram  and
      Dymetman, Marc  and
      Calapodescu, Ioan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4015",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@inproceedings{neubig-2013-travatar,
    title = "{T}ravatar: A Forest-to-String Machine Translation Engine based on Tree Transducers",
    author = "Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4016",
    pages = "91--96",
}
@inproceedings{shnarch-etal-2013-plis,
    title = "{PLIS}: a Probabilistic Lexical Inference System",
    author = "Shnarch, Eyal  and
      Segal-haLevi, Erel  and
      Goldberger, Jacob  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4017",
    pages = "97--102",
}
@inproceedings{faralli-navigli-2013-java,
    title = "A {J}ava Framework for Multilingual Definition and Hypernym Extraction",
    author = "Faralli, Stefano  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4018",
    pages = "103--108",
}
@inproceedings{lamprecht-etal-2013-visual,
    title = "A Visual Analytics System for Cluster Exploration",
    author = {Lamprecht, Andreas  and
      Hautli, Annette  and
      Rohrdantz, Christian  and
      B{\"o}gel, Tina},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4019",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{rak-etal-2013-development,
    title = "Development and Analysis of {NLP} Pipelines in Argo",
    author = "Rak, Rafal  and
      Rowley, Andrew  and
      Carter, Jacob  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4020",
    pages = "115--120",
}
@inproceedings{bar-etal-2013-dkpro,
    title = "{DKP}ro Similarity: An Open Source Framework for Text Similarity",
    author = {B{\"a}r, Daniel  and
      Zesch, Torsten  and
      Gurevych, Iryna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4021",
    pages = "121--126",
}
@inproceedings{wellens-etal-2013-fluid,
    title = "Fluid Construction Grammar for Historical and Evolutionary Linguistics",
    author = "Wellens, Pieter  and
      van Trijp, Remi  and
      Beuls, Katrien  and
      Steels, Luc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4022",
    pages = "127--132",
}
@inproceedings{yosef-etal-2013-hyena,
    title = "{HYENA}-live: Fine-Grained Online Entity Type Classification from Natural-language Text",
    author = "Yosef, Mohamed Amir  and
      Bauer, Sandro  and
      Hoffart, Johannes  and
      Spaniol, Marc  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4023",
    pages = "133--138",
}
@inproceedings{boisson-etal-2013-linggle,
    title = "{L}inggle: a Web-scale Linguistic Search Engine for Words in Context",
    author = "Boisson, Joanne  and
      Kao, Ting-Hui  and
      Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Yen, Tzu-Hsi  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4024",
    pages = "139--144",
}
@inproceedings{kotlerman-etal-2013-paraquery,
    title = "{P}ara{Q}uery: Making Sense of Paraphrase Collections",
    author = "Kotlerman, Lili  and
      Madnani, Nitin  and
      Cahill, Aoife",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4025",
    pages = "145--150",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2013-paths,
    title = "{PATHS}: A System for Accessing Cultural Heritage Collections",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Aletras, Nikolaos  and
      Clough, Paul  and
      Fernando, Samuel  and
      Goodale, Paula  and
      Hall, Mark  and
      Soroa, Aitor  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4026",
    pages = "151--156",
}
@inproceedings{akbik-etal-2013-propminer,
    title = "{P}ropminer: A Workflow for Interactive Information Extraction and Exploration using Dependency Trees",
    author = "Akbik, Alan  and
      Konomi, Oresti  and
      Melnikov, Michail",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4027",
    pages = "157--162",
}
@inproceedings{rus-etal-2013-semilar,
    title = "{SEMILAR}: The Semantic Similarity Toolkit",
    author = "Rus, Vasile  and
      Lintean, Mihai  and
      Banjade, Rajendra  and
      Niraula, Nobal  and
      Stefanescu, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4028",
    pages = "163--168",
}
@inproceedings{ponnamperuma-etal-2013-tag2blog,
    title = "{T}ag2{B}log: Narrative Generation from Satellite Tag Data",
    author = "Ponnamperuma, Kapila  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Zeng, Cheng  and
      Mellish, Chris  and
      van der Wal, Ren{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4029",
    pages = "169--174",
}
@inproceedings{kunchukuttan-etal-2013-transdoop,
    title = "{T}rans{D}oop: A Map-Reduce based Crowdsourced Translation for Complex Domain",
    author = "Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Roy, Shourya  and
      Mishra, Abhijit  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4030",
    pages = "175--180",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-etal-2013-tsearch,
    title = "t{SEARCH}: Flexible and Fast Search over Automatic Translations for Improved Quality/Error Analysis",
    author = "Gonz{\`a}lez, Meritxell  and
      Mascarell, Laura  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4031",
    pages = "181--186",
}
@inproceedings{bruni-etal-2013-vsem,
    title = "{VSEM}: An open library for visual semantics representation",
    author = "Bruni, Elia  and
      Bordignon, Ulisse  and
      Liska, Adam  and
      Uijlings, Jasper  and
      Sergienya, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4032",
    pages = "187--192",
}
@inproceedings{hardmeier-etal-2013-docent,
    title = "{D}ocent: A Document-Level Decoder for Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = {Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Stymne, Sara  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Nivre, Joakim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4033",
    pages = "193--198",
}
@inproceedings{eidelman-etal-2013-mr,
    title = "Mr. {MIRA}: Open-Source Large-Margin Structured Learning on {M}ap{R}educe",
    author = "Eidelman, Vladimir  and
      Wu, Ke  and
      Ture, Ferhan  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-4034",
    pages = "199--204",
}
@proceedings{acl-2013-association-linguistics-tutorials,
    title = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Tutorials)",
    author = "Bos, Johan  and
      Hall, Keith",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-5000",
}
@inproceedings{bruni-baroni-2013-visual,
    title = "Visual Features for Linguists: Basic image analysis techniques for multimodally-curious {NLP}ers",
    author = "Bruni, Elia  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Tutorials)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-5001",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{artzi-etal-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing with Combinatory Categorial Grammars",
    author = "Artzi, Yoav  and
      FitzGerald, Nicholas  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Tutorials)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-5002",
    pages = "2",
}
@inproceedings{knight-2013-decipherment,
    title = "Decipherment",
    author = "Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Tutorials)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-5003",
    pages = "3--4",
}
@inproceedings{ponzetto-zielinski-2013-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Social Media for Natural Language Processing: Bridging the Gap between Language-centric and Real-world Applications",
    author = "Ponzetto, Simone Paolo  and
      Zielinski, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Tutorials)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-5004",
    pages = "5--6",
}
@inproceedings{kordoni-egg-2013-robust,
    title = "Robust Automated Natural Language Processing with Multiword Expressions and Collocations",
    author = "Kordoni, Valia  and
      Egg, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Tutorials)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-5005",
    pages = "7--8",
}
@inproceedings{burkett-klein-2013-variational,
    title = "Variational Inference for Structured {NLP} Models",
    author = "Burkett, David  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Tutorials)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-5006",
    pages = "9--10",
}
@inproceedings{kornai-etal-2013-mathematics,
    title = "The mathematics of language learning",
    author = {Kornai, Andr{\'a}s  and
      Penn, Gerald  and
      Rogers, James  and
      Yli-Jyr{\"a}, Anssi},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Tutorials)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-5007",
    pages = "11--13",
}
@proceedings{acl-2007-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Zaenen, Annie  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1000",
}
@inproceedings{deng-gao-2007-guiding,
    title = "Guiding Statistical Word Alignment Models With Prior Knowledge",
    author = "Deng, Yonggang  and
      Gao, Yuqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{chang-toutanova-2007-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Syntactic Word Order Model for Machine Translation",
    author = "Chang, Pi-Chuan  and
      Toutanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{denero-klein-2007-tailoring,
    title = "Tailoring Word Alignments to Syntactic Machine Translation",
    author = "DeNero, John  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1003",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{ueffing-etal-2007-transductive,
    title = "Transductive learning for statistical machine translation",
    author = "Ueffing, Nicola  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1004",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{chan-etal-2007-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation Improves Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Chan, Yee Seng  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1005",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{specia-etal-2007-learning,
    title = "Learning Expressive Models for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Specia, Lucia  and
      Stevenson, Mark  and
      Volpe Nunes, Maria das Gra{\c{c}}as",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1006",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{chan-ng-2007-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation with Active Learning for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Chan, Yee Seng  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1007",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{veale-hao-2007-making,
    title = "Making Lexical Ontologies Functional and Context-Sensitive",
    author = "Veale, Tony  and
      Hao, Yanfen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1008",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{daume-iii-campbell-2007-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Model for Discovering Typological Implications",
    author = "Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Campbell, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1009",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{okanohara-tsujii-2007-discriminative,
    title = "A discriminative language model with pseudo-negative samples",
    author = "Okanohara, Daisuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1010",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{spitters-etal-2007-learning,
    title = "Learning to Compose Effective Strategies from a Library of Dialogue Components",
    author = "Spitters, Martijn  and
      De Boni, Marco  and
      Zavrel, Jakub  and
      Bonnema, Remko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1100",
    pages = "792--799",
}
@inproceedings{gravano-etal-2007-role,
    title = "On the role of context and prosody in the interpretation of {`}okay{'}",
    author = "Gravano, Agust{\'\i}n  and
      Benus, Stefan  and
      Ch{\'a}vez, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Wilcox, Lauren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1101",
    pages = "800--807",
}
@inproceedings{reitter-moore-2007-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Success in Dialogue",
    author = "Reitter, David  and
      Moore, Johanna D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1102",
    pages = "808--815",
}
@inproceedings{muller-2007-resolving,
    title = "Resolving It, This, and That in Unrestricted Multi-Party Dialog",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Christoph},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1103",
    pages = "816--823",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2007-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of Parameter Estimation Methods for Statistical Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Andrew, Galen  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Toutanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1104",
    pages = "824--831",
}
@inproceedings{muresan-rambow-2007-grammar,
    title = "Grammar Approximation by Representative Sublanguage: A New Model for Language Learning",
    author = "Muresan, Smaranda  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1105",
    pages = "832--839",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-clark-2007-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Segmentation with a Word-Based Perceptron Algorithm",
    author = "Zhang, Yue  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1106",
    pages = "840--847",
}
@inproceedings{haghighi-klein-2007-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Coreference Resolution in a Nonparametric {B}ayesian Model",
    author = "Haghighi, Aria  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1107",
    pages = "848--855",
}
@inproceedings{wu-wang-2007-pivot,
    title = "Pivot Language Approach for Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Wu, Hua  and
      Wang, Haifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1108",
    pages = "856--863",
}
@inproceedings{sherif-kondrak-2007-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping a Stochastic Transducer for {A}rabic-{E}nglish Transliteration Extraction",
    author = "Sherif, Tarek  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1109",
    pages = "864--871",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2007-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Erroneous Sentences using Automatically Mined Sequential Patterns",
    author = "Sun, Guihua  and
      Liu, Xiaohua  and
      Cong, Gao  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Xiong, Zhongyang  and
      Lee, John  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1011",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{chew-abdelali-2007-benefits,
    title = "Benefits of the {`}Massively Parallel Rosetta Stone{'}: Cross-Language Information Retrieval with over 30 Languages",
    author = "Chew, Peter  and
      Abdelali, Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1110",
    pages = "872--879",
}
@inproceedings{albrecht-hwa-2007-examination,
    title = "A Re-examination of Machine Learning Approaches for Sentence-Level {MT} Evaluation",
    author = "Albrecht, Joshua  and
      Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1111",
    pages = "880--887",
}
@inproceedings{cimiano-wenderoth-2007-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Ranked Qualia Structures from the Web",
    author = "Cimiano, Philipp  and
      Wenderoth, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1112",
    pages = "888--895",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-etal-2007-sequencing,
    title = "A Sequencing Model for Situation Entity Classification",
    author = "Palmer, Alexis  and
      Ponvert, Elias  and
      Baldridge, Jason  and
      Smith, Carlota",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1113",
    pages = "896--903",
}
@inproceedings{baroni-evert-2007-words,
    title = "Words and Echoes: Assessing and Mitigating the Non-Randomness Problem in Word Frequency Distribution Modeling",
    author = "Baroni, Marco  and
      Evert, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1114",
    pages = "904--911",
}
@inproceedings{preiss-etal-2007-system,
    title = "A System for Large-Scale Acquisition of Verbal, Nominal and Adjectival Subcategorization Frames from Corpora",
    author = "Preiss, Judita  and
      Briscoe, Ted  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1115",
    pages = "912--919",
}
@inproceedings{demberg-2007-language,
    title = "A Language-Independent Unsupervised Model for Morphological Segmentation",
    author = "Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1116",
    pages = "920--927",
}
@inproceedings{barthelemy-2007-using,
    title = "Using Mazurkiewicz Trace Languages for Partition-Based Morphology",
    author = "Barth{\'e}lemy, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1117",
    pages = "928--935",
}
@inproceedings{daland-etal-2007-much,
    title = "Much ado about nothing: A social network model of {R}ussian paradigmatic gaps",
    author = "Daland, Robert  and
      Sims, Andrea D.  and
      Pierrehumbert, Janet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1118",
    pages = "936--943",
}
@inproceedings{sherif-kondrak-2007-substring,
    title = "Substring-Based Transliteration",
    author = "Sherif, Tarek  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1119",
    pages = "944--951",
}
@inproceedings{puurula-kurimo-2007-vocabulary,
    title = "Vocabulary Decomposition for {E}stonian Open Vocabulary Speech Recognition",
    author = "Puurula, Antti  and
      Kurimo, Mikko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1012",
    pages = "89--95",
}
@inproceedings{hollingshead-roark-2007-pipeline,
    title = "Pipeline Iteration",
    author = "Hollingshead, Kristy  and
      Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1120",
    pages = "952--959",
}
@inproceedings{wong-mooney-2007-learning,
    title = "Learning Synchronous Grammars for Semantic Parsing with Lambda Calculus",
    author = "Wong, Yuk Wah  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1121",
    pages = "960--967",
}
@inproceedings{nilsson-etal-2007-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing Tree Transformations for Inductive Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Nilsson, Jens  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Hall, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1122",
    pages = "968--975",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-etal-2007-learning,
    title = "Learning Multilingual Subjective Language via Cross-Lingual Projections",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Banea, Carmen  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1123",
    pages = "976--983",
}
@inproceedings{devitt-ahmad-2007-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Polarity Identification in Financial News: A Cohesion-based Approach",
    author = "Devitt, Ann  and
      Ahmad, Khurshid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1124",
    pages = "984--991",
}
@inproceedings{medlock-briscoe-2007-weakly,
    title = "Weakly Supervised Learning for Hedge Classification in Scientific Literature",
    author = "Medlock, Ben  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1125",
    pages = "992--999",
}
@inproceedings{deschacht-moens-2007-text,
    title = "Text Analysis for Automatic Image Annotation",
    author = "Deschacht, Koen  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1126",
    pages = "1000--1007",
}
@inproceedings{pallotta-etal-2007-user,
    title = "User Requirements Analysis for Meeting Information Retrieval Based on Query Elicitation",
    author = "Pallotta, Vincenzo  and
      Seretan, Violeta  and
      Ailomaa, Marita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1127",
    pages = "1008--1015",
}
@inproceedings{hsueh-moore-2007-combining,
    title = "Combining Multiple Knowledge Sources for Dialogue Segmentation in Multimedia Archives",
    author = "Hsueh, Pei-Yun  and
      Moore, Johanna D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1128",
    pages = "1016--1023",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2007-topic,
    title = "Topic Analysis for Psychiatric Document Retrieval",
    author = "Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Lin, Chia-Ling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1129",
    pages = "1024--1031",
}
@inproceedings{demberg-etal-2007-phonological,
    title = "Phonological Constraints and Morphological Preprocessing for Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion",
    author = {Demberg, Vera  and
      Schmid, Helmut  and
      M{\"o}hler, Gregor},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1013",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@inproceedings{gurevych-etal-2007-electronic,
    title = "What to be? - Electronic Career Guidance Based on Semantic Relatedness",
    author = {Gurevych, Iryna  and
      M{\"u}ller, Christof  and
      Zesch, Torsten},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1130",
    pages = "1032--1039",
}
@inproceedings{jing-etal-2007-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Social Networks and Biographical Facts From Conversational Speech Transcripts",
    author = "Jing, Hongyan  and
      Kambhatla, Nanda  and
      Roukos, Salim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1131",
    pages = "1040--1047",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-etal-2007-redundancy,
    title = "Redundancy Ratio: An Invariant Property of the Consonant Inventories of the World{'}s Languages",
    author = "Mukherjee, Animesh  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Basu, Anupam  and
      Ganguly, Niloy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1014",
    pages = "104--111",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-etal-2007-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Transliteration Using Feature based Phonetic Method",
    author = "Yoon, Su-Youn  and
      Kim, Kyoung-Young  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1015",
    pages = "112--119",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2007-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Transliteration of Personal Names",
    author = "Li, Haizhou  and
      Sim, Khe Chai  and
      Kuo, Jin-Shea  and
      Dong, Minghui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1016",
    pages = "120--127",
}
@inproceedings{minkov-etal-2007-generating,
    title = "Generating Complex Morphology for Machine Translation",
    author = "Minkov, Einat  and
      Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Suzuki, Hisami",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1017",
    pages = "128--135",
}
@inproceedings{babych-etal-2007-assisting,
    title = "Assisting Translators in Indirect Lexical Transfer",
    author = "Babych, Bogdan  and
      Hartley, Anthony  and
      Sharoff, Serge  and
      Mudraya, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1018",
    pages = "136--143",
}
@inproceedings{huang-chiang-2007-forest,
    title = "Forest Rescoring: Faster Decoding with Integrated Language Models",
    author = "Huang, Liang  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1019",
    pages = "144--151",
}
@inproceedings{bangalore-etal-2007-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation through Global Lexical Selection and Sentence Reconstruction",
    author = "Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Haffner, Patrick  and
      Kanthak, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1020",
    pages = "152--159",
}
@inproceedings{kuhlmann-mohl-2007-mildly,
    title = "Mildly Context-Sensitive Dependency Languages",
    author = {Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      M{\"o}hl, Mathias},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1021",
    pages = "160--167",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-2007-transforming,
    title = "Transforming Projective Bilexical Dependency Grammars into efficiently-parsable {CFG}s with Unfold-Fold",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1022",
    pages = "168--175",
}
@inproceedings{kanazawa-2007-parsing,
    title = "Parsing and Generation as Datalog Queries",
    author = "Kanazawa, Makoto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1023",
    pages = "176--183",
}
@inproceedings{gildea-temperley-2007-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Grammars for Minimum Dependency Length",
    author = "Gildea, Daniel  and
      Temperley, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1024",
    pages = "184--191",
}
@inproceedings{gordon-swanson-2007-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing semantic role annotations across syntactically similar verbs",
    author = "Gordon, Andrew  and
      Swanson, Reid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1025",
    pages = "192--199",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2007-grammar,
    title = "A Grammar-driven Convolution Tree Kernel for Semantic Role Classification",
    author = "Zhang, Min  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Aw, Aiti  and
      Tan, Chew Lim  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1026",
    pages = "200--207",
}
@inproceedings{liu-ng-2007-learning,
    title = "Learning Predictive Structures for Semantic Role Labeling of {N}om{B}ank",
    author = "Liu, Chang  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1027",
    pages = "208--215",
}
@inproceedings{erk-2007-simple,
    title = "A Simple, Similarity-based Model for Selectional Preferences",
    author = "Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1028",
    pages = "216--223",
}
@inproceedings{goldberg-elhadad-2007-svm,
    title = "{SVM} Model Tampering and Anchored Learning: A Case Study in {H}ebrew {NP} Chunking",
    author = "Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1029",
    pages = "224--231",
}
@inproceedings{davidov-etal-2007-fully,
    title = "Fully Unsupervised Discovery of Concept-Specific Relationships by Web Mining",
    author = "Davidov, Dmitry  and
      Rappoport, Ari  and
      Koppel, Moshe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1030",
    pages = "232--239",
}
@inproceedings{vadas-curran-2007-adding,
    title = "Adding Noun Phrase Structure to the {P}enn Treebank",
    author = "Vadas, David  and
      Curran, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1031",
    pages = "240--247",
}
@inproceedings{clark-curran-2007-formalism,
    title = "Formalism-Independent Parser Evaluation with {CCG} and {D}ep{B}ank",
    author = "Clark, Stephen  and
      Curran, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1032",
    pages = "248--255",
}
@inproceedings{daume-iii-2007-frustratingly,
    title = "Frustratingly Easy Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1033",
    pages = "256--263",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-zhai-2007-instance,
    title = "Instance Weighting for Domain Adaptation in {NLP}",
    author = "Jiang, Jing  and
      Zhai, ChengXiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1034",
    pages = "264--271",
}
@inproceedings{finkel-etal-2007-infinite,
    title = "The Infinite Tree",
    author = "Finkel, Jenny Rose  and
      Grenager, Trond  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1035",
    pages = "272--279",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2007-guiding,
    title = "Guiding Semi-Supervision with Constraint-Driven Learning",
    author = "Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Ratinov, Lev  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1036",
    pages = "280--287",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-etal-2007-supertagged,
    title = "Supertagged Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Hassan, Hany  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1037",
    pages = "288--295",
}
@inproceedings{albrecht-hwa-2007-regression,
    title = "Regression for Sentence-Level {MT} Evaluation with Pseudo References",
    author = "Albrecht, Joshua  and
      Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1038",
    pages = "296--303",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2007-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Word Alignment via Word Packing",
    author = "Ma, Yanjun  and
      Stroppa, Nicolas  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1039",
    pages = "304--311",
}
@inproceedings{rosti-etal-2007-improved,
    title = "Improved Word-Level System Combination for Machine Translation",
    author = "Rosti, Antti-Veikko  and
      Matsoukas, Spyros  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1040",
    pages = "312--319",
}
@inproceedings{filippova-strube-2007-generating,
    title = "Generating Constituent Order in {G}erman Clauses",
    author = "Filippova, Katja  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1041",
    pages = "320--327",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-kow-2007-symbolic,
    title = "A Symbolic Approach to Near-Deterministic Surface Realisation using Tree Adjoining Grammar",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Kow, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1042",
    pages = "328--335",
}
@inproceedings{koller-stone-2007-sentence,
    title = "Sentence generation as a planning problem",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Stone, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1043",
    pages = "336--343",
}
@inproceedings{mutton-etal-2007-gleu,
    title = "{GLEU}: Automatic Evaluation of Sentence-Level Fluency",
    author = "Mutton, Andrew  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Wan, Stephen  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1044",
    pages = "344--351",
}
@inproceedings{eisenstein-davis-2007-conditional,
    title = "Conditional Modality Fusion for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Eisenstein, Jacob  and
      Davis, Randall",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1045",
    pages = "352--359",
}
@inproceedings{rotaru-litman-2007-utility,
    title = "The Utility of a Graphical Representation of Discourse Structure in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Rotaru, Mihai  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1046",
    pages = "360--367",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2007-automated,
    title = "Automated Vocabulary Acquisition and Interpretation in Multimodal Conversational Systems",
    author = "Liu, Yi  and
      Chai, Joyce  and
      Jin, Rong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1047",
    pages = "368--375",
}
@inproceedings{johnston-etal-2007-multimodal,
    title = "A Multimodal Interface for Access to Content in the Home",
    author = "Johnston, Michael  and
      D{'}Haro, Luis Fernando  and
      Levine, Michelle  and
      Renger, Bernard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1048",
    pages = "376--383",
}
@inproceedings{seginer-2007-fast,
    title = "Fast Unsupervised Incremental Parsing",
    author = "Seginer, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1049",
    pages = "384--391",
}
@inproceedings{hall-2007-k,
    title = "K-best Spanning Tree Parsing",
    author = "Hall, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1050",
    pages = "392--399",
}
@inproceedings{bod-2007-end,
    title = "Is the End of Supervised Parsing in Sight?",
    author = "Bod, Rens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1051",
    pages = "400--407",
}
@inproceedings{reichart-rappoport-2007-ensemble,
    title = "An Ensemble Method for Selection of High Quality Parses",
    author = "Reichart, Roi  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1052",
    pages = "408--415",
}
@inproceedings{ghose-etal-2007-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Mining using Econometrics: A Case Study on Reputation Systems",
    author = "Ghose, Anindya  and
      Ipeirotis, Panagiotis  and
      Sundararajan, Arun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1053",
    pages = "416--423",
}
@inproceedings{esuli-sebastiani-2007-pageranking,
    title = "{P}age{R}anking {W}ord{N}et Synsets: An Application to Opinion Mining",
    author = "Esuli, Andrea  and
      Sebastiani, Fabrizio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1054",
    pages = "424--431",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-etal-2007-structured,
    title = "Structured Models for Fine-to-Coarse Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "McDonald, Ryan  and
      Hannan, Kerry  and
      Neylon, Tyler  and
      Wells, Mike  and
      Reynar, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1055",
    pages = "432--439",
}
@inproceedings{blitzer-etal-2007-biographies,
    title = "Biographies, {B}ollywood, Boom-boxes and Blenders: Domain Adaptation for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Blitzer, John  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Pereira, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1056",
    pages = "440--447",
}
@inproceedings{brody-2007-clustering,
    title = "Clustering Clauses for High-Level Relation Detection: An Information-theoretic Approach",
    author = "Brody, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1057",
    pages = "448--455",
}
@inproceedings{szpektor-etal-2007-instance,
    title = "Instance-based Evaluation of Entailment Rule Acquisition",
    author = "Szpektor, Idan  and
      Shnarch, Eyal  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1058",
    pages = "456--463",
}
@inproceedings{riezler-etal-2007-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation for Query Expansion in Answer Retrieval",
    author = "Riezler, Stefan  and
      Vasserman, Alexander  and
      Tsochantaridis, Ioannis  and
      Mittal, Vibhu  and
      Liu, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1059",
    pages = "464--471",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2007-computational,
    title = "A Computational Model of Text Reuse in Ancient Literary Texts",
    author = "Lee, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1060",
    pages = "472--479",
}
@inproceedings{ferret-2007-finding,
    title = "Finding document topics for improving topic segmentation",
    author = "Ferret, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1061",
    pages = "480--487",
}
@inproceedings{fisher-roark-2007-utility,
    title = "The utility of parse-derived features for automatic discourse segmentation",
    author = "Fisher, Seeger  and
      Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1062",
    pages = "488--495",
}
@inproceedings{mairesse-walker-2007-personage,
    title = "{PERSONAGE}: Personality Generation for Dialogue",
    author = "Mairesse, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1063",
    pages = "496--503",
}
@inproceedings{malioutov-etal-2007-making,
    title = "Making Sense of Sound: Unsupervised Topic Segmentation over Acoustic Input",
    author = "Malioutov, Igor  and
      Park, Alex  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Glass, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1064",
    pages = "504--511",
}
@inproceedings{talbot-osborne-2007-randomised,
    title = "Randomised Language Modelling for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Talbot, David  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1065",
    pages = "512--519",
}
@inproceedings{tam-etal-2007-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual-{LSA} Based {LM} Adaptation for Spoken Language Translation",
    author = "Tam, Yik-Cheung  and
      Lane, Ian  and
      Schultz, Tanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1066",
    pages = "520--527",
}
@inproceedings{yang-su-2007-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution Using Semantic Relatedness Information from Automatically Discovered Patterns",
    author = "Yang, Xiaofeng  and
      Su, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1067",
    pages = "528--535",
}
@inproceedings{ng-2007-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Class Induction and Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1068",
    pages = "536--543",
}
@inproceedings{branavan-etal-2007-generating,
    title = "Generating a Table-of-Contents",
    author = "Branavan, S. R. K.  and
      Deshpande, Pawan  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1069",
    pages = "544--551",
}
@inproceedings{wan-etal-2007-towards,
    title = "Towards an Iterative Reinforcement Approach for Simultaneous Document Summarization and Keyword Extraction",
    author = "Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Yang, Jianwu  and
      Xiao, Jianguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1070",
    pages = "552--559",
}
@inproceedings{collobert-weston-2007-fast,
    title = "Fast Semantic Extraction Using a Novel Neural Network Architecture",
    author = "Collobert, Ronan  and
      Weston, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1071",
    pages = "560--567",
}
@inproceedings{girju-2007-improving,
    title = "Improving the Interpretation of Noun Phrases with Cross-linguistic Information",
    author = "Girju, Roxana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1072",
    pages = "568--575",
}
@inproceedings{bunescu-mooney-2007-learning,
    title = "Learning to Extract Relations from the Web using Minimal Supervision",
    author = "Bunescu, Razvan  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1073",
    pages = "576--583",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2007-seed,
    title = "A Seed-driven Bottom-up Machine Learning Framework for Extracting Relations of Various Complexity",
    author = "Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Li, Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1074",
    pages = "584--591",
}
@inproceedings{maslennikov-chua-2007-multi,
    title = "A Multi-resolution Framework for Information Extraction from Free Text",
    author = "Maslennikov, Mstislav  and
      Chua, Tat-Seng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1075",
    pages = "592--599",
}
@inproceedings{rosenfeld-feldman-2007-using,
    title = "Using Corpus Statistics on Entities to Improve Semi-supervised Relation Extraction from the Web",
    author = "Rosenfeld, Benjamin  and
      Feldman, Ronen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1076",
    pages = "600--607",
}
@inproceedings{havelka-2007-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Projectivity: Multilingual Evaluation of Constraints and Measures on Non-Projective Structures",
    author = "Havelka, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1077",
    pages = "608--615",
}
@inproceedings{reichart-rappoport-2007-self,
    title = "Self-Training for Enhancement and Domain Adaptation of Statistical Parsers Trained on Small Datasets",
    author = "Reichart, Roi  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1078",
    pages = "616--623",
}
@inproceedings{sagae-etal-2007-hpsg,
    title = "{HPSG} Parsing with Shallow Dependency Constraints",
    author = "Sagae, Kenji  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1079",
    pages = "624--631",
}
@inproceedings{titov-henderson-2007-constituent,
    title = "Constituent Parsing with Incremental Sigmoid Belief Networks",
    author = "Titov, Ivan  and
      Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1080",
    pages = "632--639",
}
@inproceedings{karimi-etal-2007-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Effects on the Evaluation of Automated Transliteration Systems",
    author = "Karimi, Sarvnaz  and
      Turpin, Andrew  and
      Scholer, Falk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1081",
    pages = "640--647",
}
@inproceedings{karimi-etal-2007-collapsed,
    title = "Collapsed Consonant and Vowel Models: New Approaches for {E}nglish-{P}ersian Transliteration and Back-Transliteration",
    author = "Karimi, Sarvnaz  and
      Scholer, Falk  and
      Turpin, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1082",
    pages = "648--655",
}
@inproceedings{bergsma-kondrak-2007-alignment,
    title = "Alignment-Based Discriminative String Similarity",
    author = "Bergsma, Shane  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1083",
    pages = "656--663",
}
@inproceedings{morin-etal-2007-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Terminology Mining - Using Brain, not brawn comparable corpora",
    author = "Morin, Emmanuel  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice  and
      Takeuchi, Koichi  and
      Kageura, Kyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1084",
    pages = "664--671",
}
@inproceedings{liu-liu-2007-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Language Model Adaptation Incorporating Named Entity Information",
    author = "Liu, Feifan  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1085",
    pages = "672--679",
}
@inproceedings{hogan-2007-coordinate,
    title = "Coordinate Noun Phrase Disambiguation in a Generative Parsing Model",
    author = "Hogan, Deirdre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1086",
    pages = "680--687",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2007-unified,
    title = "A Unified Tagging Approach to Text Normalization",
    author = "Zhu, Conghui  and
      Tang, Jie  and
      Li, Hang  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1087",
    pages = "688--695",
}
@inproceedings{downey-etal-2007-sparse,
    title = "Sparse Information Extraction: Unsupervised Language Models to the Rescue",
    author = "Downey, Doug  and
      Schoenmackers, Stefan  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1088",
    pages = "696--703",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2007-forest,
    title = "Forest-to-String Statistical Translation Rules",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Huang, Yun  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Lin, Shouxun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1089",
    pages = "704--711",
}
@inproceedings{setiawan-etal-2007-ordering,
    title = "Ordering Phrases with Function Words",
    author = "Setiawan, Hendra  and
      Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1090",
    pages = "712--719",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2007-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Approach to Syntax-based Reordering for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Li, Chi-Ho  and
      Li, Minghui  and
      Zhang, Dongdong  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Guan, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1091",
    pages = "720--727",
}
@inproceedings{cohn-lapata-2007-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation by Triangulation: Making Effective Use of Multi-Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Cohn, Trevor  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1092",
    pages = "728--735",
}
@inproceedings{jansche-2007-maximum,
    title = "A Maximum Expected Utility Framework for Binary Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Jansche, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1093",
    pages = "736--743",
}
@inproceedings{goldwater-griffiths-2007-fully,
    title = "A fully {B}ayesian approach to unsupervised part-of-speech tagging",
    author = "Goldwater, Sharon  and
      Griffiths, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1094",
    pages = "744--751",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2007-computationally,
    title = "Computationally Efficient M-Estimation of Log-Linear Structure Models",
    author = "Smith, Noah A.  and
      Vail, Douglas L.  and
      Lafferty, John D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1095",
    pages = "752--759",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2007-guided,
    title = "Guided Learning for Bidirectional Sequence Classification",
    author = "Shen, Libin  and
      Satta, Giorgio  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1096",
    pages = "760--767",
}
@inproceedings{dang-lin-2007-different,
    title = "Different Structures for Evaluating Answers to Complex Questions: Pyramids Won{'}t Topple, and Neither Will Human Assessors",
    author = "Dang, Hoa Trang  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1097",
    pages = "768--775",
}
@inproceedings{moschitti-etal-2007-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Syntactic and Shallow Semantic Kernels for Question Answer Classification",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Quarteroni, Silvia  and
      Basili, Roberto  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1098",
    pages = "776--783",
}
@inproceedings{ko-etal-2007-language,
    title = "Language-independent Probabilistic Answer Ranking for Question Answering",
    author = "Ko, Jeongwoo  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1099",
    pages = "784--791",
}
@proceedings{acl-2007-association-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    author = "Ananiadou, Sophia",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2000",
}
@inproceedings{amores-etal-2007-mimus,
    title = "{MIMUS}: A Multimodal and Multilingual Dialogue System for the Home Domain",
    author = "Amores, J. Gabriel  and
      P{\'e}rez, Guillermo  and
      Manch{\'o}n, Pilar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2001",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{abekawa-kageura-2007-translation,
    title = "A Translation Aid System with a Stratified Lookup Interface",
    author = "Abekawa, Takeshi  and
      Kageura, Kyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2002",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{okumura-etal-2007-multimedia,
    title = "Multimedia Blog Creation System using Dialogue with Intelligent Robot",
    author = "Okumura, Akitoshi  and
      Ikeda, Takahiro  and
      Nishizawa, Toshihiro  and
      Ando, Shin-ichi  and
      Adachi, Fumihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2003",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-parmentier-2007-semtag,
    title = "{S}em{TAG}: a platform for specifying Tree Adjoining Grammars and performing {TAG}-based Semantic Construction",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Parmentier, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2004",
    pages = "13--16",
}
@inproceedings{sekine-oda-2007-system,
    title = "System Demonstration of On-Demand Information Extraction",
    author = "Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Oda, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2005",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@inproceedings{ajani-etal-2007-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Ontological Analysis of {E}uropean Directives",
    author = "Ajani, Gianmaria  and
      Boella, Guido  and
      Lesmo, Leonardo  and
      Mazzei, Alessandro  and
      Rossi, Piercarlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2006",
    pages = "21--24",
}
@inproceedings{sumita-etal-2007-nict,
    title = "{NICT}-{ATR} Speech-to-Speech Translation System",
    author = "Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Shimizu, Tohru  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2007",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{evert-baroni-2007-zipfr,
    title = "zipf{R}: Word Frequency Modeling in R",
    author = "Evert, Stefan  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2008",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{curran-etal-2007-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically Motivated Large-Scale {NLP} with C{\&}C and Boxer",
    author = "Curran, James  and
      Clark, Stephen  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2009",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2007-dont,
    title = "Don{'}t worry about metaphor: affect detection for conversational agents",
    author = "Smith, Catherine  and
      Rumbell, Timothy  and
      Barnden, John  and
      Hendley, Robert  and
      Lee, Mark  and
      Wallington, Alan  and
      Zhang, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2010",
    pages = "37--40",
}
@inproceedings{rychly-kilgarriff-2007-efficient,
    title = "An efficient algorithm for building a distributional thesaurus (and other Sketch Engine developments)",
    author = "Rychl{\'y}, Pavel  and
      Kilgarriff, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2011",
    pages = "41--44",
}
@inproceedings{batchelor-corbett-2007-semantic,
    title = "Semantic enrichment of journal articles using chemical named entity recognition",
    author = "Batchelor, Colin R.  and
      Corbett, Peter T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2012",
    pages = "45--48",
}
@inproceedings{ponzetto-strube-2007-api,
    title = "An {API} for Measuring the Relatedness of Words in {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Ponzetto, Simone Paolo  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2013",
    pages = "49--52",
}
@inproceedings{rapp-2007-deriving,
    title = "Deriving an Ambiguous Word{'}s Part-of-Speech Distribution from Unannotated Text",
    author = "Rapp, Reinhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2014",
    pages = "53--56",
}
@inproceedings{fuentes-etal-2007-support,
    title = "Support Vector Machines for Query-focused Summarization trained and evaluated on Pyramid data",
    author = "Fuentes, Maria  and
      Alfonseca, Enrique  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2015",
    pages = "57--60",
}
@inproceedings{noh-etal-2007-joint,
    title = "A Joint Statistical Model for Simultaneous Word Spacing and Spelling Error Correction for {K}orean",
    author = "Noh, Hyungjong  and
      Cha, Jeong-Won  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2016",
    pages = "61--64",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2007-approximate,
    title = "An Approximate Approach for Training Polynomial Kernel {SVM}s in Linear Time",
    author = "Wu, Yu-Chieh  and
      Yang, Jie-Chi  and
      Lee, Yue-Shi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2017",
    pages = "65--68",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2007-rethinking,
    title = "Rethinking {C}hinese Word Segmentation: Tokenization, Character Classification, or Wordbreak Identification",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      {\v{S}}imon, Petr  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai  and
      Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2018",
    pages = "69--72",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2007-feature,
    title = "A Feature Based Approach to Leveraging Context for Classifying Newsgroup Style Discussion Segments",
    author = "Wang, Yi-Chia  and
      Joshi, Mahesh  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2019",
    pages = "73--76",
}
@inproceedings{shinnou-sasaki-2007-ensemble,
    title = "Ensemble document clustering using weighted hypergraph generated by {NMF}",
    author = "Shinnou, Hiroyuki  and
      Sasaki, Minoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2020",
    pages = "77--80",
}
@inproceedings{tan-2007-using,
    title = "Using Error-Correcting Output Codes with Model-Refinement to Boost Centroid Text Classifier",
    author = "Tan, Songbo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2021",
    pages = "81--84",
}
@inproceedings{janus-przepiorkowski-2007-poliqarp,
    title = "{P}oliqarp: An open source corpus indexer and search engine with syntactic extensions",
    author = "Janus, Daniel  and
      Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2022",
    pages = "85--88",
}
@inproceedings{ku-etal-2007-test,
    title = "Test Collection Selection and Gold Standard Generation for a Multiply-Annotated Opinion Corpus",
    author = "Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Lo, Yong-Sheng  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2023",
    pages = "89--92",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-belis-estrella-2007-generating,
    title = "Generating Usable Formats for Metadata and Annotations in a Large Meeting Corpus",
    author = "Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Estrella, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2024",
    pages = "93--96",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2007-exploration,
    title = "Exploration of Term Dependence in Sentence Retrieval",
    author = "Cai, Keke  and
      Bu, Jiajun  and
      Chen, Chun  and
      Liu, Kangmiao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2025",
    pages = "97--100",
}
@inproceedings{ehling-etal-2007-minimum,
    title = "Minimum {B}ayes Risk Decoding for {BLEU}",
    author = "Ehling, Nicola  and
      Zens, Richard  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2026",
    pages = "101--104",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2007-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating Between Generic and Referential {``}You{''} in Dialog",
    author = "Gupta, Surabhi  and
      Purver, Matthew  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2027",
    pages = "105--108",
}
@inproceedings{agerri-etal-2007-formalization,
    title = "On the formalization of Invariant Mappings for Metaphor Interpretation",
    author = "Agerri, Rodrigo  and
      Barnden, John  and
      Lee, Mark  and
      Wallington, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2028",
    pages = "109--112",
}
@inproceedings{cardinal-etal-2007-real,
    title = "Real-Time Correction of Closed-Captions",
    author = "Cardinal, Patrick  and
      Boulianne, Gilles  and
      Comeau, Michel  and
      Boisvert, Maryse",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2029",
    pages = "113--116",
}
@inproceedings{higashinaka-etal-2007-learning,
    title = "Learning to Rank Definitions to Generate Quizzes for Interactive Information Presentation",
    author = "Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Dohsaka, Kohji  and
      Isozaki, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2030",
    pages = "117--120",
}
@inproceedings{nakano-etal-2007-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Evidence of Understanding by Monitoring User{'}s Task Manipulation in Multimodal Conversations",
    author = "Nakano, Yukiko  and
      Murata, Kazuyoshi  and
      Enomoto, Mika  and
      Arimoto, Yoshiko  and
      Asa, Yasuhiro  and
      Sagawa, Hirohiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2031",
    pages = "121--124",
}
@inproceedings{weimer-etal-2007-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Assessing the Post Quality in Online Discussions on Software",
    author = {Weimer, Markus  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      M{\"u}hlh{\"a}user, Max},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2032",
    pages = "125--128",
}
@inproceedings{pucher-2007-wordnet,
    title = "{W}ord{N}et-based Semantic Relatedness Measures in Automatic Speech Recognition for Meetings",
    author = "Pucher, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2033",
    pages = "129--132",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2007-building,
    title = "Building Emotion Lexicon from Weblog Corpora",
    author = "Yang, Changhua  and
      Lin, Kevin Hsin-Yih  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2034",
    pages = "133--136",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-kurohashi-2007-construction,
    title = "Construction of Domain Dictionary for Fundamental Vocabulary",
    author = "Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2035",
    pages = "137--140",
}
@inproceedings{yamamoto-isahara-2007-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Word Sets with Non-Taxonomical Relation",
    author = "Yamamoto, Eiko  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2036",
    pages = "141--144",
}
@inproceedings{hayashi-2007-linguistic,
    title = "A Linguistic Service Ontology for Language Infrastructures",
    author = "Hayashi, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2037",
    pages = "145--148",
}
@inproceedings{hogan-2007-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Measurements of Lexical Similarity in Noun Phrase Conjuncts",
    author = "Hogan, Deirdre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2038",
    pages = "149--152",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2007-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Discovery of Named Entity Variants: Grammar-driven Approaches to Non-Alphabetical Transliterations",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      {\v{S}}imon, Petr  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2039",
    pages = "153--156",
}
@inproceedings{hirano-etal-2007-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Semantic Relations between Named Entities in Text Using Contextual Features",
    author = "Hirano, Toru  and
      Matsuo, Yoshihiro  and
      Kikui, Genichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2040",
    pages = "157--160",
}
@inproceedings{roventini-etal-2007-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Concrete Entities from {PAROLE}-{SIMPLE}-{CLIPS} to {I}tal{W}ord{N}et: Methodology and Results",
    author = "Roventini, Adriana  and
      Ruimy, Nilda  and
      Marinelli, Rita  and
      Ulivieri, Marisa  and
      Mammini, Michele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2041",
    pages = "161--164",
}
@inproceedings{tjong-kim-sang-2007-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Hypernym Pairs from the Web",
    author = "Tjong Kim Sang, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2042",
    pages = "165--168",
}
@inproceedings{wilcock-2007-owl,
    title = "An {OWL} Ontology for {HPSG}",
    author = "Wilcock, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2043",
    pages = "169--172",
}
@inproceedings{chambers-etal-2007-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Temporal Relations Between Events",
    author = "Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Wang, Shan  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2044",
    pages = "173--176",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-etal-2007-moses,
    title = "{M}oses: Open Source Toolkit for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Hoang, Hieu  and
      Birch, Alexandra  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Federico, Marcello  and
      Bertoldi, Nicola  and
      Cowan, Brooke  and
      Shen, Wade  and
      Moran, Christine  and
      Zens, Richard  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Constantin, Alexandra  and
      Herbst, Evan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2045",
    pages = "177--180",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-sumita-2007-boosting,
    title = "Boosting Statistical Machine Translation by Lemmatization and Linear Interpolation",
    author = "Zhang, Ruiqiang  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2046",
    pages = "181--184",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2007-extractive,
    title = "Extractive Summarization Based on Event Term Clustering",
    author = "Liu, Maofu  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Wu, Mingli  and
      Lu, Qin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2047",
    pages = "185--188",
}
@inproceedings{tantug-etal-2007-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation between {T}urkic Languages",
    author = {Tantu{\u{g}}, Ahmet C{\"u}neyd  and
      Adali, E{\c{s}}ref  and
      Oflazer, Kemal},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2048",
    pages = "189--192",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2007-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Importance and Query Relevance in Topic-focused Multi-document Summarization",
    author = "Gupta, Surabhi  and
      Nenkova, Ani  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2049",
    pages = "193--196",
}
@inproceedings{tsuchiya-etal-2007-expanding,
    title = "Expanding {I}ndonesian-{J}apanese Small Translation Dictionary Using a Pivot Language",
    author = "Tsuchiya, Masatoshi  and
      Purwarianti, Ayu  and
      Wakita, Toshiyuki  and
      Nakagawa, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2050",
    pages = "197--200",
}
@inproceedings{klenner-2007-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Dependency Labeling",
    author = "Klenner, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2051",
    pages = "201--204",
}
@inproceedings{kawahara-uchimoto-2007-minimally,
    title = "Minimally Lexicalized Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2052",
    pages = "205--208",
}
@inproceedings{halacsy-etal-2007-poster,
    title = "Poster paper: {H}un{P}os {--} an open source trigram tagger",
    author = "Hal{\'a}csy, P{\'e}ter  and
      Kornai, Andr{\'a}s  and
      Oravecz, Csaba",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2053",
    pages = "209--212",
}
@inproceedings{crego-marino-2007-extending,
    title = "Extending {MARIE}: an N-gram-based {SMT} decoder",
    author = "Crego, Josep M.  and
      Mari{\~n}o, Jos{\'e} B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2054",
    pages = "213--216",
}
@inproceedings{nakagawa-uchimoto-2007-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach to Word Segmentation and {POS} Tagging",
    author = "Nakagawa, Tetsuji  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2055",
    pages = "217--220",
}
@inproceedings{dandapat-etal-2007-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Part-of-Speech Tagging for {B}engali: An Approach for Morphologically Rich Languages in a Poor Resource Scenario",
    author = "Dandapat, Sandipan  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna  and
      Basu, Anupam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2056",
    pages = "221--224",
}
@inproceedings{imamura-etal-2007-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Dependency Parsing Using Sequential Labeling for Semi-spoken Language",
    author = "Imamura, Kenji  and
      Kikui, Genichiro  and
      Yasuda, Norihito",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2057",
    pages = "225--228",
}
@proceedings{acl-2007-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2007 Student Research Workshop",
    author = "Biemann, Chris  and
      Seretan, Violeta  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-3000",
}
@inproceedings{sanders-2007-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Syntactic Difference in {B}ritish {E}nglish",
    author = "Sanders, Nathan C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2007 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-3001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{ponvert-2007-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Combinatory Categorial Grammars with Genetic Algorithms",
    author = "Ponvert, Elias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2007 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-3002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{buczynski-2007-implementation,
    title = "An Implementation of Combined Partial Parser and Morphosyntactic Disambiguator",
    author = "Buczy{\'n}ski, Aleksander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2007 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-3003",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{moszczynski-2007-practical,
    title = "A Practical Classification of Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Moszczy{\'n}ski, Rados{\l}aw",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2007 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-3004",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{mulloni-2007-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Prediction of Cognate Orthography Using Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Mulloni, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2007 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-3005",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{naughton-2007-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Structure for Event Discovery Using the {MDI} Algorithm",
    author = "Naughton, Martina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2007 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-3006",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{zagibalov-2007-kinds,
    title = "Kinds of Features for {C}hinese Opinionated Information Retrieval",
    author = "Zagibalov, Taras",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2007 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-3007",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{cramer-2007-limitations,
    title = "Limitations of Current Grammar Induction Algorithms",
    author = "Cramer, Bart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2007 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-3008",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-2007-logistic,
    title = "Logistic Online Learning Methods and Their Application to Incremental Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Johansson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2007 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-3009",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{scherrer-2007-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive String Distance Measures for Bilingual Dialect Lexicon Induction",
    author = "Scherrer, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2007 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-3010",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@inproceedings{prokic-2007-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Linguistic Structure in a Quantitative Analysis of Dialect Pronunciation",
    author = "Proki{\'c}, Jelena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2007 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-3011",
    pages = "61--66",
}
@inproceedings{scheible-2007-towards,
    title = "Towards a Computational Treatment of Superlatives",
    author = "Scheible, Silke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2007 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-3012",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@inproceedings{o-seaghdha-2007-annotating,
    title = "Annotating and Learning Compound Noun Semantics",
    author = "{\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2007 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-3013",
    pages = "73--78",
}
@inproceedings{nulty-2007-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Classification of Noun Phrases Using Web Counts and Learning Algorithms",
    author = "Nulty, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2007 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-3014",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{medelyan-2007-computing,
    title = "Computing Lexical Chains with Graph Clustering",
    author = "Medelyan, Olena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2007 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-3015",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@inproceedings{gabor-heja-2007-clustering,
    title = "Clustering {H}ungarian Verbs on the Basis of Complementation Patterns",
    author = "G{\'a}bor, Kata  and
      H{\'e}ja, Enik{\H{o}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2007 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-3016",
    pages = "91--96",
}
@proceedings{ijcnlp-2005-international,
    title = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1000",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2005-new,
    title = "A New Method for Sentiment Classification in Text Retrieval",
    author = "Hu, Yi  and
      Duan, Jianyong  and
      Chen, Xiaoming  and
      Pei, Bingzhen  and
      Lu, Ruzhan",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1001",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_1",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-yamaji-2005-topic,
    title = "Topic Tracking Based on Linguistic Features",
    author = "Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Yamaji, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1002",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_2",
}
@inproceedings{qu-etal-2005-use,
    title = "The Use of Monolingual Context Vectors for Missing Translations in Cross-Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Qu, Yan  and
      Grefenstette, Gregory  and
      Evans, David A.",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1003",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_3",
}
@inproceedings{li-sun-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Image Annotation Using Maximum Entropy Model",
    author = "Li, Wei  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1004",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_4",
}
@inproceedings{abekawa-okumura-2005-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Analysis of {J}apanese Relative Clause Constructions",
    author = "Abekawa, Takeshi  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1005",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_5",
}
@inproceedings{lease-charniak-2005-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Biomedical Literature",
    author = "Lease, Matthew  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1006",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_6",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-etal-2005-parsing,
    title = "Parsing the {P}enn {C}hinese Treebank with Semantic Knowledge",
    author = "Xiong, Deyi  and
      Li, Shuanglong  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Lin, Shouxun  and
      Qian, Yueliang",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1007",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_7",
}
@inproceedings{sassano-2005-using,
    title = "Using a Partially Annotated Corpus to Build a Dependency Parser for {J}apanese",
    author = "Sassano, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1008",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_8",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-ishii-2005-entropy,
    title = "Entropy as an Indicator of Context Boundaries: An Experiment Using a Web Search Engine",
    author = "Tanaka-Ishii, Kumiko",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1009",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_9",
}
@inproceedings{tokunaga-etal-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Discovery of Attribute Words from Web Documents",
    author = "Tokunaga, Kosuke  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1010",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_10",
}
@inproceedings{pasca-dienes-2005-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Needles in a Haystack: Paraphrase Acquisition Across the Web",
    author = "Pa{\c{s}}ca, Marius  and
      Dienes, P{\'e}ter",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1011",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_11",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-2005-confirmed,
    title = "Confirmed Knowledge Acquisition Using Mails Posted to a Mailing List",
    author = "Watanabe, Yasuhiko  and
      Nishimura, Ryo  and
      Okada, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1012",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_12",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Partial Parsing Rule Acquisition Using Decision Tree Induction",
    author = "Choi, Myung-Seok  and
      Lim, Chul Su  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1013",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_13",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2005-chunking,
    title = "Chunking Using Conditional Random Fields in {K}orean Texts",
    author = "Lee, Yong-Hun  and
      Kim, Mi-Young  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1014",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_14",
}
@inproceedings{carroll-oepen-2005-high,
    title = "High Efficiency Realization for a Wide-Coverage Unification Grammar",
    author = "Carroll, John  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1015",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_15",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2005-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically-Motivated Grammar Extraction, Generalization and Adaptation",
    author = "Hsieh, Yu-Ming  and
      Yang, Duen-Chi  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1016",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_16",
}
@inproceedings{kawahara-kurohashi-2005-pp,
    title = "{PP}-Attachment Disambiguation Boosted by a Gigantic Volume of Unambiguous Examples",
    author = "Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1017",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_17",
}
@inproceedings{hara-etal-2005-adapting,
    title = "Adapting a Probabilistic Disambiguation Model of an {HPSG} Parser to a New Domain",
    author = "Hara, Tadayoshi  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1018",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_18",
}
@inproceedings{bharathi-etal-2005-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach to Single and Multiple {PP} Attachment Using {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Bharathi, Akshar  and
      Rohini, U.  and
      Vishnu, P.  and
      Bendre, S.M.  and
      Sangal, Rajeev",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1019",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_19",
}
@inproceedings{kit-liu-2005-period,
    title = "Period Disambiguation with Maxent Model",
    author = "Kit, Chunyu  and
      Liu, Xiaoyue",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1020",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_20",
}
@inproceedings{shimohata-sumita-2005-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Synonyms from Monolingual Comparable Texts",
    author = "Shimohata, Mitsuo  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1021",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_21",
}
@inproceedings{fan-sun-2005-method,
    title = "A Method of Recognizing Entity and Relation",
    author = "Fan, Xinghua  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1022",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_22",
}
@inproceedings{wu-fung-2005-inversion,
    title = "Inversion Transduction Grammar Constraints for Mining Parallel Sentences from Quasi-Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1023",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_23",
}
@inproceedings{yoshida-nakagawa-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Term Extraction Based on Perplexity of Compound Words",
    author = "Yoshida, Minoru  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1024",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_24",
}
@inproceedings{chali-noureddine-2005-document,
    title = "Document Clustering with Grouping and Chaining Algorithms",
    author = "Chali, Yllias  and
      Noureddine, Soufiane",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1025",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_25",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2005-using,
    title = "Using Multiple Discriminant Analysis Approach for Linear Text Segmentation",
    author = "Zhu, Jingbo  and
      Ye, Na  and
      Chang, Xinzhi  and
      Chen, Wenliang  and
      Tsou, Benjamin K",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1026",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_26",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2005-classifying,
    title = "Classifying {C}hinese Texts in Two Steps",
    author = "Fan, Xinghua  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Choi, Key-sun  and
      Zhang, Qin",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1027",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_27",
}
@inproceedings{okanohara-tsujii-2005-assigning,
    title = "Assigning Polarity Scores to Reviews Using Machine Learning Techniques",
    author = "Okanohara, Daisuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1028",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_28",
}
@inproceedings{veale-2005-analogy,
    title = "Analogy as Functional Recategorization: Abstraction with {H}ow{N}et Semantics",
    author = "Veale, Tony",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1029",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_29",
}
@inproceedings{hagiwara-etal-2005-plsi,
    title = "{PLSI} Utilization for Automatic Thesaurus Construction",
    author = "Hagiwara, Masato  and
      Ogawa, Yasuhiro  and
      Toyama, Katsuhiko",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1030",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_30",
}
@inproceedings{tongchim-etal-2005-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of an Iterative Algorithm for Term-Based Ontology Alignment",
    author = "Tongchim, Shisanu  and
      Kruengkrai, Canasai  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Srichaivattana, Prapass  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1031",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_31",
}
@inproceedings{choi-park-2005-finding,
    title = "Finding Taxonomical Relation from an {MRD} for Thesaurus Extension",
    author = "Choi, SeonHwa  and
      Park, HyukRo",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1032",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_32",
}
@inproceedings{hong-2005-relation,
    title = "Relation Extraction Using Support Vector Machine",
    author = "Hong, Gumwon",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1033",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_33",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2005-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Relations Between Named Entities from a Large Raw Corpus Using Tree Similarity-Based Clustering",
    author = "Zhang, Min  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Wang, Danmei  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1034",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_34",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Relation Extraction with Model Order Selection and Discriminative Label Identification",
    author = "Chen, Jinxiu  and
      Ji, Donghong  and
      Tan, Chew Lim  and
      Niu, Zhengyu",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1035",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_35",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-2005-mining,
    title = "Mining Inter-Entity Semantic Relations Using Improved Transductive Learning",
    author = "Zhang, Zhu",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1036",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_36",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2005-preliminary,
    title = "A Preliminary Work on Classifying Time Granularities of Temporal Questions",
    author = "Li, Wei  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1037",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_37",
}
@inproceedings{tamura-etal-2005-classification,
    title = "Classification of Multiple-Sentence Questions",
    author = "Tamura, Akihiro  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1038",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_38",
}
@inproceedings{weerasinghe-etal-2005-rule,
    title = "A Rule Based Syllabification Algorithm for {S}inhala",
    author = "Weerasinghe, Ruvan  and
      Wasala, Asanka  and
      Gamage, Kumudu",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1039",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_39",
}
@inproceedings{oh-choi-2005-ensemble,
    title = "An Ensemble of Grapheme and Phoneme for Machine Transliteration",
    author = "Oh, Jong-Hoon  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1040",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_40",
}
@inproceedings{wu-wang-2005-improving,
    title = "Improving Statistical Word Alignment with Ensemble Methods",
    author = "Wu, Hua  and
      Wang, Haifeng",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1041",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_41",
}
@inproceedings{hwang-etal-2005-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Study of Utilizing Morph-Syntactic Information in {SMT}",
    author = "Hwang, Young-Sook  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Sasaki, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1042",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_42",
}
@inproceedings{denecke-tsukada-2005-instance,
    title = "Instance-Based Generation for Interactive Restricted Domain Question Answering Systems",
    author = "Denecke, Matthias  and
      Tsukada, Hajime",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1043",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_43",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2005-answering,
    title = "Answering Definition Questions Using Web Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Zhang, Zhushuo  and
      Zhou, Yaqian  and
      Huang, Xuanjing  and
      Wu, Lide",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1044",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_44",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2005-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Syntactic Relation Patterns for Question Answering",
    author = "Shen, Dan  and
      Kruijff, Geert-Jan M.  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1045",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_45",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2005-web,
    title = "Web-Based Unsupervised Learning for Query Formulation in Question Answering",
    author = "Wang, Yi-Chia  and
      Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Liang, Tyne  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1046",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_46",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-2005-chunking,
    title = "A Chunking Strategy Towards Unknown Word Detection in {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Zhou, GuoDong",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1047",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_47",
}
@inproceedings{meng-etal-2005-lexicon,
    title = "A Lexicon-Constrained Character Model for {C}hinese Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Meng, Yao  and
      Yu, Hao  and
      Nishino, Fumihito",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1048",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_48",
}
@inproceedings{venkatapathy-joshi-2005-relative,
    title = "Relative Compositionality of Multi-word Expressions: A Study of Verb-Noun (V-N) Collocations",
    author = "Venkatapathy, Sriram  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1049",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_49",
}
@inproceedings{hore-etal-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Fixed Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Hore, Campbell  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Y{\=u}ji",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1050",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_50",
}
@inproceedings{setiawan-etal-2005-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation: A Level of Detail Approach",
    author = "Setiawan, Hendra  and
      Li, Haizhou  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Ooi, Beng Chin",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1051",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_51",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2005-zero,
    title = "Why Is Zero Marking Important in {K}orean?",
    author = "Lee, Sun-Hee  and
      Byron, Donna K.  and
      Jang, Seok Bae",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1052",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_52",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2005-phrase,
    title = "A Phrase-Based Context-Dependent Joint Probability Model for Named Entity Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Setiawan, Hendra",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1053",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_53",
}
@inproceedings{wong-etal-2005-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation Based on Constraint-Based Synchronous Grammar",
    author = "Wong, Fai  and
      Hu, Dong-Cheng  and
      Mao, Yu-Hang  and
      Dong, Ming-Chui  and
      Li, Yi-Ping",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1054",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_54",
}
@inproceedings{bollegala-etal-2005-machine,
    title = "A Machine Learning Approach to Sentence Ordering for Multidocument Summarization and Its Evaluation",
    author = "Bollegala, Danushka  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Ishizuka, Mitsuru",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1055",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_55",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2005-significant,
    title = "Significant Sentence Extraction by {E}uclidean Distance Based on Singular Value Decomposition",
    author = "Lee, Changbeom  and
      Park, Hyukro  and
      Ock, Cheolyoung",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1056",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_56",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2005-two,
    title = "Two-Phase Biomedical Named Entity Recognition Using A Hybrid Method",
    author = "Kim, Seonho  and
      Yoon, Juntae  and
      Park, Kyung-Mi  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1057",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_57",
}
@inproceedings{lee-lee-2005-heuristic,
    title = "Heuristic Methods for Reducing Errors of Geographic Named Entities Learned by Bootstrapping",
    author = "Lee, Seungwoo  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1058",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_58",
}
@inproceedings{goh-etal-2005-building,
    title = "Building a {J}apanese-{C}hinese Dictionary Using Kanji/Hanzi Conversion",
    author = "Goh, Chooi-Ling  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1059",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_59",
}
@inproceedings{nakazawa-etal-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Basic Katakana Lexicon from a Given Corpus",
    author = "Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1060",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_60",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2005-ctemp,
    title = "{CTEMP}: A {C}hinese Temporal Parser for Extracting and Normalizing Temporal Information",
    author = "Wu, Mingli  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Li, Baoli",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1061",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_61",
}
@inproceedings{daille-morin-2005-french,
    title = "{F}rench-{E}nglish Terminology Extraction from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Daille, B{\'e}atrice  and
      Morin, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1062",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_62",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2005-twin,
    title = "A Twin-Candidate Model of Coreference Resolution with Non-Anaphor Identification Capability",
    author = "Yang, Xiaofeng  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1063",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_63",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2005-improving,
    title = "Improving {K}orean Speech Acts Analysis by Using Shrinkage and Discourse Stack",
    author = "Kim, Kyungsun  and
      Ko, Youngjoong  and
      Seo, Jungyun",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1064",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_64",
}
@inproceedings{liang-lin-2005-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora Resolution for Biomedical Literature by Exploiting Multiple Resources",
    author = "Liang, Tyne  and
      Lin, Yu-Hsiang",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1065",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_65",
}
@inproceedings{shibata-kurohashi-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Slide Generation Based on Discourse Structure Analysis",
    author = "Shibata, Tomohide  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1066",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_66",
}
@inproceedings{gurevych-2005-using,
    title = "Using the Structure of a Conceptual Network in Computing Semantic Relatedness",
    author = "Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1067",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_67",
}
@inproceedings{ye-baldwin-2005-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labelling of Prepositional Phrases",
    author = "Ye, Patrick  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1068",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_68",
}
@inproceedings{chklovski-pantel-2005-global,
    title = "Global Path-Based Refinement of Noisy Graphs Applied to Verb Semantics",
    author = "Chklovski, Timothy  and
      Pantel, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1069",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_69",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-tsou-2005-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Tagging for {C}hinese at the Lexical Level",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee  and
      Tsou, Benjamin K.",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1070",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_70",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-etal-2005-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Article Errors Based on the Mass Count Distinction",
    author = "Nagata, Ryo  and
      Wakana, Takahiro  and
      Masui, Fumito  and
      Kawai, Atsuo  and
      Isu, Naoki",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1071",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_71",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2005-principles,
    title = "Principles of Non-stationary Hidden {M}arkov Model and Its Applications to Sequence Labeling Task",
    author = "Xiao, JingHui  and
      Liu, BingQuan  and
      Wang, XiaoLong",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1072",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_72",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chen-2005-integrating,
    title = {Integrating Punctuation Rules and Na{\"\i}ve {B}ayesian Model for {C}hinese Creation Title Recognition},
    author = "Chen, Conrad  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1073",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_73",
}
@inproceedings{mayberry-etal-2005-connectionist,
    title = "A Connectionist Model of Anticipation in Visual Worlds",
    author = "Mayberry, Marshall R.  and
      Crocker, Matthew W.  and
      Knoeferle, Pia",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1074",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_74",
}
@inproceedings{fossum-abney-2005-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Inducing a Part-of-Speech Tagger by Projecting from Multiple Source Languages Across Aligned Corpora",
    author = "Fossum, Victoria  and
      Abney, Steven",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1075",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_75",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2005-verbal,
    title = "The Verbal Entries and Their Description in a Grammatical Information-Dictionary of Contemporary {T}ibetan",
    author = "Jiang, Di  and
      Long, Congjun  and
      Zhang, Jichuan",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1076",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_76",
}
@inproceedings{ye-zhang-2005-tense,
    title = "Tense Tagging for Verbs in Cross-Lingual Context: A Case Study",
    author = "Ye, Yang  and
      Zhang, Zhu",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1077",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_77",
}
@inproceedings{smith-osborne-2005-regularisation,
    title = "Regularisation Techniques for Conditional Random Fields: Parameterised Versus Parameter-Free",
    author = "Smith, Andrew  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1078",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_78",
}
@inproceedings{fujita-etal-2005-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Lexical Conceptual Structure for Paraphrase Generation",
    author = "Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1079",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_79",
}
@inproceedings{seo-etal-2005-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation by Relative Selection",
    author = "Seo, Hee-Cheol  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang  and
      Jang, Myung-Gil",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1080",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_80",
}
@inproceedings{chen-palmer-2005-towards,
    title = "Towards Robust High Performance Word Sense Disambiguation of {E}nglish Verbs Using Rich Linguistic Features",
    author = "Chen, Jinying  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1081",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_81",
}
@inproceedings{kim-baldwin-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Interpretation of Noun Compounds Using {W}ord{N}et Similarity",
    author = "Kim, Su Nam  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1082",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_82",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-etal-2005-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study on Language Model Adaptation Using a Metric of Domain Similarity",
    author = "Yuan, Wei  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Suzuki, Hisami",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1083",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_83",
}
@inproceedings{uzuner-katz-2005-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of Language Models for Book and Author Recognition",
    author = {Uzuner, {\"O}zlem  and
      Katz, Boris},
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1084",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_84",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-kurohashi-2005-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Choice via Topic Adaptation for Paraphrasing Written Language to Spoken Language",
    author = "Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1085",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_85",
}
@inproceedings{fan-kendall-2005-case,
    title = "A Case-Based Reasoning Approach for Speech Corpus Generation",
    author = "Fan, Yandong  and
      Kendall, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1086",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_86",
}
@inproceedings{fang-etal-2005-web,
    title = "Web-Based Terminology Translation Mining",
    author = "Fang, Gaolin  and
      Yu, Hao  and
      Nishino, Fumihito",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1087",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_87",
}
@inproceedings{kang-etal-2005-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Terminologically Relevant Collocations in the Translation of {C}hinese Monograph",
    author = "Kang, Byeong-Kwu  and
      Chang, Bao-Bao  and
      Chen, Yi-Rong  and
      Yu, Shi-Wen",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1088",
    doi = "10.1007/11562214_88",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2005-author,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Second International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Full Papers",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-1089",
}
@proceedings{ijcnlp-2005-companion,
    title = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2000",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2005-classification,
    title = "A Classification-based Algorithm for Consistency Check of Part-of-Speech Tagging for {C}hinese Corpora",
    author = "Zhang, Hu  and
      Zheng, Jia-heng  and
      Zhao, Ying",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2001",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2005-hierarchical,
    title = "A Hierarchical Parsing Approach with Punctuation Processing for Long {C}hinese Sentences",
    author = "Li, Xing  and
      Zong, Chengqing  and
      Hu, Rile",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2002",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-etal-2005-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid {C}hinese Language Model based on a Combination of Ontology with Statistical Method",
    author = "Zheng, Dequan  and
      Zhao, Tiejun  and
      Li, Sheng  and
      Yu, Hao",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2003",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-tarau-2005-language,
    title = "A Language Independent Algorithm for Single and Multiple Document Summarization",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Tarau, Paul",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2004",
}
@inproceedings{mima-tomabechi-2005-novel,
    title = "A Novel Method for Content Consistency and Efficient Full-text Search for {P}2{P} Content Sharing Systems",
    author = "Mima, Hideki  and
      Tomabechi, Hideto",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2005",
}
@inproceedings{nishimura-etal-2005-question,
    title = "A Question Answer System Based on Confirmed Knowledge Developed by Using Mails Posted to a Mailing List",
    author = "Nishimura, Ryo  and
      Watanabe, Yasuhiko  and
      Okada, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2006",
}
@inproceedings{huh-laporte-2005-resource,
    title = "A Resource-based {K}orean Morphological Annotation System",
    author = "Huh, Hyun-gue  and
      Laporte, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2007",
}
@inproceedings{saito-etal-2005-system,
    title = "A System to Solve Language Tests for Second Grade Students",
    author = "Saito, Manami  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2008",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-etal-2005-analysis,
    title = "Analysis and Modeling of Manual Summarization of {J}apanese Broadcast News",
    author = "Tanaka, Hideki  and
      Kumano, Tadashi  and
      Nishiwaki, Masamichi  and
      Itoh, Takayuki",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2009",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-2005-applying,
    title = "Applying a Mix Word-Pair Identifier to the {C}hinese Syllable-to-Word Conversion Problem",
    author = "Tsai, Jia-Lin",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2010",
}
@inproceedings{kim-hovy-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Opinion Bearing Words and Sentences",
    author = "Kim, Soo-Min  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2011",
}
@inproceedings{oh-choi-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of {E}nglish-{K}orean Translations for Constituents of Technical Terms",
    author = "Oh, Jong-Hoon  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2012",
}
@inproceedings{danlos-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Recognition of {F}rench Expletive Pronoun Occurrences",
    author = "Danlos, Laurence",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2013",
}
@inproceedings{denoual-lepage-2005-bleu,
    title = "{BLEU} in Characters: Towards Automatic {MT} Evaluation in Languages without Word Delimiters",
    author = "Denoual, Etienne  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2014",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2005-building,
    title = "Building an Annotated {J}apanese-{C}hinese Parallel Corpus - A Part of {NICT} Multilingual Corpora",
    author = "Zhang, Yujie  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Ma, Qing  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2015",
}
@inproceedings{funakoshi-tokugana-2005-controlling,
    title = "Controlling Animated Agents in Natural Language",
    author = "Funakoshi, Kotaro  and
      Tokugana, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2016",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2005-deep,
    title = "Deep Processing of Honorification Phenomena in a Typed Feature Structure Grammar",
    author = "Kim, Jong-Bok  and
      Sells, Peter  and
      Yang, Jaehyung",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2017",
}
@inproceedings{peng-araki-2005-detecting,
    title = "Detecting the Countability of {E}nglish Compound Nouns Using Web-based Models",
    author = "Peng, Jing  and
      Araki, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2018",
}
@inproceedings{ichikawa-etal-2005-ebonsai,
    title = "e{B}onsai: An Integrated Environment for Annotating Treebanks",
    author = "Ichikawa, Hiroshi  and
      Noguchi, Masaki  and
      Hashimoto, Taiichi  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2019",
}
@inproceedings{tonoike-etal-2005-effect,
    title = "Effect of Domain-Specific Corpus in Compositional Translation Estimation for Technical Terms",
    author = "Tonoike, Masatsugu  and
      Kida, Mitsuhiro  and
      Takagi, Toshihiro  and
      Sasaki, Yasuhiro  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Sato, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2020",
}
@inproceedings{carpuat-wu-2005-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Word Sense Disambiguation Performance of Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2021",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2005-hmm,
    title = "{HMM} Based Chunker for {H}indi",
    author = "Singh, Akshay  and
      Bendre, Sushma  and
      Sangal, Rajeev",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2022",
}
@inproceedings{che-etal-2005-improved,
    title = "Improved-Edit-Distance Kernel for {C}hinese Relation Extraction",
    author = "Che, Wanxiang  and
      Jiang, Jianmin  and
      Su, Zhong  and
      Pan, Yue  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2023",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2005-information,
    title = "Information Retrieval Capable of Visualization and High Precision",
    author = "Ma, Qing  and
      Enomoto, Kousuke  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2024",
}
@inproceedings{deng-nakamura-2005-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the Features that Affect Cue Usage of Non-native Speakers of {E}nglish",
    author = "Deng, Xinyu  and
      Nakamura, Jun-ichi",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2025",
}
@inproceedings{nahnsen-etal-2005-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Chains and Sliding Locality Windows in Content-based Text Similarity Detection",
    author = {Nahnsen, Thade  and
      Uzuner, {\"O}zlem  and
      Katz, Boris},
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2026",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2005-machine,
    title = "Machine Learning Approach to Augmenting News Headline Generation",
    author = "Wang, Ruichao  and
      Dunnion, John  and
      Carthy, Joe",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2027",
}
@inproceedings{piskorski-2005-modelling,
    title = "Modelling of a Gazetteer Look-up Component",
    author = "Piskorski, Jakub",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2028",
}
@inproceedings{kacmarcik-2005-multi,
    title = "Multi-Modal Question-Answering: Questions without Keyboards",
    author = "Kacmarcik, Gary",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2029",
}
@inproceedings{kobayashi-etal-2005-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Extraction Using a Learning-Based Anaphora Resolution Technique",
    author = "Kobayashi, Nozomi  and
      Iida, Ryu  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2030",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2005-problems,
    title = "Problems of Reusing an Existing {MT} System",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Homola, Petr  and
      Kubo{\v{n}}, Vladislav",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2031",
}
@inproceedings{aziz-etal-2005-pola,
    title = "Pola Grammar Technique to Identify Subject and Predicate in {M}alaysian Language",
    author = "Aziz, Mohd Juzaiddin Ab  and
      Ahmad, Fatimah Dato{'}  and
      Ghani, Abdul Azim Abdul  and
      Mahmod, Ramlan",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2032",
}
@inproceedings{kuba-etal-2005-pos,
    title = "{POS} Tagger Combinations on {H}ungarian Text",
    author = {Kuba, Andr{\'a}s  and
      Felf{\"o}ldi, L{\'a}szl{\'o}  and
      Kocsor, Andr{\'a}s},
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2033",
}
@inproceedings{lee-rim-2005-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Models for {K}orean Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Lee, Do-Gil  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2034",
}
@inproceedings{bender-flickinger-2005-rapid,
    title = "Rapid Prototyping of Scalable Grammars: Towards Modularity in Extensions to a Language-Independent Core",
    author = "Bender, Emily M.  and
      Flickinger, Dan",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2035",
}
@inproceedings{hensman-dunnion-2005-representing,
    title = "Representing Semantics of Texts - a Non-Statistical Approach",
    author = "Hensman, Svetlana  and
      Dunnion, John",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2036",
}
@inproceedings{lim-etal-2005-restoring,
    title = "Restoring an Elided Entry Word in a Sentence for Encyclopedia {QA} System",
    author = "Lim, Soojong  and
      Lee, Changki  and
      Jang, Myoung-Gil",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2037",
}
@inproceedings{tateisi-etal-2005-syntax,
    title = "Syntax Annotation for the {GENIA} Corpus",
    author = "Tateisi, Yuka  and
      Yakushiji, Akane  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2038",
}
@inproceedings{denoual-2005-influence,
    title = "The Influence of Data Homogeneity on {NLP} System Performance",
    author = "Denoual, Etienne",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2039",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2005-transformation,
    title = "Transformation Based {C}hinese Entity Detection and Tracking",
    author = "Zhou, Yaqian  and
      Huang, Changning  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Wu, Lide",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2040",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2005-tree,
    title = "Tree Annotation Tool using Two-phase Parsing to Reduce Manual Effort for Building a Treebank",
    author = "Park, So-Young  and
      Cho, Yongjoo  and
      Son, Sunghoon  and
      Song, Ui-Sung  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2041",
}
@inproceedings{kotani-etal-2005-toward,
    title = "Toward a Unified Evaluation Method for Multiple Reading Support Systems: A Reading Speed-based Procedure",
    author = "Kotani, Katsunori  and
      Yoshimi, Takehiko  and
      Kutsumi, Takeshi  and
      Sata, Ichiko  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2042",
}
@inproceedings{murata-etal-2005-trend,
    title = "Trend Survey on {J}apanese Natural Language Processing Studies over the Last Decade",
    author = "Murata, Masaki  and
      Ichii, Koji  and
      Ma, Qing  and
      Shirado, Tamotsu  and
      Kanamaru, Toshiyuki  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2043",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2005-two,
    title = "Two-Phase Shift-Reduce Deterministic Dependency Parser of {C}hinese",
    author = "Jin, Meixun  and
      Kim, Mi-Young  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2044",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2005-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Feature Selection for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Chen, Jinxiu  and
      Ji, Donghong  and
      Tan, Chew Lim  and
      Niu, Zhengyu",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2045",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-etal-2005-using,
    title = "Using Maximum Entropy to Extract Biomedical Named Entities without Dictionaries",
    author = "Tsai, Tzong-Han  and
      Wu, Chia-Wei  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2046",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2005-automated,
    title = "Automated Text Summarization",
    author = "Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2047",
}
@inproceedings{vogel-2005-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation Part {I}: Hands-On Introduction",
    author = "Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2048",
}
@inproceedings{wu-2005-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation Part {II}: Tree-Based {SMT}",
    author = "Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2049",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2005-author-index,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Conference including Posters/Demos and tutorial abstracts",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-2050",
}
@proceedings{ijcnlp-2005-sighan,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3000",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2005-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Segmentation Errors in {C}hinese Annotated Corpus",
    author = "Sun, Chengjie  and
      Huang, Chang-Ning  and
      Wang, Xiaolong  and
      Li, Mu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3001",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-2005-using,
    title = "Using Word-Pair Identifier to Improve {C}hinese Input System",
    author = "Tsai, Jia-Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3002",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2005-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Deterministic Dependency Analyzer: Examining Effects of Global Features and Root Node Finder",
    author = "Cheng, Yuchang  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3003",
}
@inproceedings{guo-zhong-2005-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Classifier Assignment Using {SVM}s",
    author = "Guo, Hui  and
      Zhong, Huayan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3004",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-etal-2005-morphological,
    title = "Morphological features help {POS} tagging of unknown words across language varieties",
    author = "Tseng, Huihsin  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3005",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2005-product,
    title = "Product Named Entity Recognition Based on Hierarchical Hidden {M}arkov Model",
    author = "Liu, Feifan  and
      Zhao, Jun  and
      Lv, Bibo  and
      Xu, Bo  and
      Yu, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3006",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2005-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Sketch Engine and the Extraction of Grammatical Collocations",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Kilgarriff, Adam  and
      Wu, Yiching  and
      Chiu, Chih-Ming  and
      Smith, Simon  and
      Rychly, Pavel  and
      Bai, Ming-Hong  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3007",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-2005-word,
    title = "Word Meaning Inducing via Character Ontology: A Survey on the Semantic Prediction of {C}hinese Two-Character Words",
    author = "Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3008",
}
@inproceedings{chang-2005-domain,
    title = "Domain Specific Word Extraction from Hierarchical Web Documents: A First Step Toward Building Lexicon Trees from Web Corpora",
    author = "Chang, Jing-Shin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3009",
}
@inproceedings{levow-2005-turn,
    title = "Turn-taking in {M}andarin Dialogue: Interactions of Tone and Intonation",
    author = "Levow, Gina-Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3010",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-waibel-2005-learning,
    title = "Learning a Log-Linear Model with Bilingual Phrase-Pair Features for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhao, Bing  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3011",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2005-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Collocation Features in {C}hinese Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Li, Wanyin  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Li, Wenjie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3012",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2005-nil,
    title = "{NIL} Is Not Nothing: Recognition of {C}hinese Network Informal Language Expressions",
    author = "Xia, Yunqing  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai  and
      Gao, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3013",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2005-robustness,
    title = "The Robustness of Domain Lexico-Taxonomy: Expanding Domain Lexicon with {C}i{L}in",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Li, Xiang-Bing  and
      Hong, Jia-Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3014",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-chen-2005-studies,
    title = "Some Studies on {C}hinese Domain Knowledge Dictionary and Its Application to Text Classification",
    author = "Zhu, Jingbo  and
      Chen, Wenliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3015",
}
@inproceedings{converse-2005-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Pronominal References in {C}hinese with the {H}obbs Algorithm",
    author = "Converse, Susan P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3016",
}
@inproceedings{emerson-2005-second,
    title = "The Second International {C}hinese Word Segmentation Bakeoff",
    author = "Emerson, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3017",
}
@inproceedings{asahara-etal-2005-combination,
    title = "Combination of Machine Learning Methods for Optimum {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Fukuoka, Kenta  and
      Azuma, Ai  and
      Goh, Chooi-Ling  and
      Watanabe, Yotaro  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji  and
      Tsuzuki, Takashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3018",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2005-unigram,
    title = "Unigram Language Model for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Chen, Aitao  and
      Zhou, Yiping  and
      Zhang, Anne  and
      Sun, Gordon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3019",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-2005-report,
    title = "Report to {BMM}-based {C}hinese Word Segmentor with Context-based Unknown Word Identifier for the Second International {C}hinese Word Segmentation Bakeoff",
    author = "Tsai, Jia-Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3020",
}
@inproceedings{kit-liu-2005-example,
    title = "An Example-Based {C}hinese Word Segmentation System for {CWSB}-2",
    author = "Kit, Chunyu  and
      Liu, Xiaoyue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3021",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2005-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation in {FTRD} Beijing",
    author = "Li, Heng  and
      Dong, Yuan  and
      Mao, Xinnian  and
      Wang, Haila  and
      Liu, Wu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3022",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2005-perceptron,
    title = "Perceptron Learning for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Li, Yaoyong  and
      Miao, Chuanjiang  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Cunningham, Hamish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3023",
}
@inproceedings{lim-kang-2005-data,
    title = "Data-driven Language Independent Word Segmentation Using Character-Level Information",
    author = "Lim, Dong-Hee  and
      Kang, Seung-Shik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3024",
}
@inproceedings{low-etal-2005-maximum,
    title = "A Maximum Entropy Approach to {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Low, Jin Kiat  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Guo, Wenyuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3025",
}
@inproceedings{fu-etal-2005-description,
    title = "Description of the {HKU} {C}hinese Word Segmentation System for Sighan Bakeoff 2005",
    author = "Fu, Guohong  and
      Luke, Kang-Kwong  and
      WONG, Percy Ping-Wai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3026",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-etal-2005-conditional,
    title = "A Conditional Random Field Word Segmenter for Sighan Bakeoff 2005",
    author = "Tseng, Huihsin  and
      Chang, Pichuan  and
      Andrew, Galen  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3027",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2005-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation with Multiple Postprocessors in {HIT}-{IRL}ab",
    author = "Zhang, Huipeng  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Ma, Jinshan  and
      Liao, Xiantao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3028",
}
@inproceedings{chow-etal-2005-maximal,
    title = "Maximal Match {C}hinese Segmentation Augmented by Resources Generated from a Very Large Dictionary for Post-Processing",
    author = "Chow, Ka-Po  and
      Chin, Andy C.  and
      Tsoi, Wing Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3029",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2005-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation based on Mixing Model",
    author = "Jiang, Wei  and
      Zhao, Jian  and
      Guan, Yi  and
      Xu, Zhiming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3030",
}
@inproceedings{lau-king-2005-two,
    title = "Two-Phase {LMR}-{RC} Tagging for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Lau, Tak Pang  and
      King, Irwin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3031",
}
@inproceedings{li-2005-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation in {ICT}-{NLP}",
    author = "Li, ShuangLong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3032",
}
@inproceedings{lu-2005-towards,
    title = "Towards a Hybrid Model for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Lu, Xiaofei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3033",
}
@inproceedings{shi-2005-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation Based On Direct Maximum Entropy Model",
    author = "Shi, Wu-Guang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3034",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2005-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach to {C}hinese Word Segmentation around {CRF}s",
    author = "Zhou, Jun-sheng  and
      Dai, Xin-yu  and
      Ni, Rui-yu  and
      Chen, Jia-jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3035",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2005-author-index-2,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-3036",
}
@proceedings{ijcnlp-2005-asian,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}-05) and First Symposium on {A}sian Language Resources Network ({ALRN})",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-4000",
}
@inproceedings{sui-etal-2005-domain,
    title = "Domain Knowledge Engineering Based on Encyclopedias and the Web Text",
    author = "Sui, Zhifang  and
      Cui, Gaoying  and
      Ding, Wansong  and
      Zhang, Qinlong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}-05) and First Symposium on {A}sian Language Resources Network ({ALRN})",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-4001",
}
@inproceedings{noro-etal-2005-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of a {J}apanese {CFG} Derived from a Syntactically Annotated Corpus with Respect to Dependency Measures",
    author = "Noro, Tomoya  and
      Koike, Chimato  and
      Hashimoto, Taiichi  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}-05) and First Symposium on {A}sian Language Resources Network ({ALRN})",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-4002",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-kashioka-2005-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-oriented Acquisition of {C}hinese Grammar",
    author = "Zhang, Yan  and
      Kashioka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}-05) and First Symposium on {A}sian Language Resources Network ({ALRN})",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-4003",
}
@inproceedings{he-xu-2005-standard,
    title = "The Standard of {C}hinese Corpus Metadata",
    author = "He, Tingting  and
      Xu, Xiaoqi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}-05) and First Symposium on {A}sian Language Resources Network ({ALRN})",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-4004",
}
@inproceedings{yang-rau-2005-integrated,
    title = "An Integrated Framework for Archiving, Processing and Developing Learning Materials for an Endangered Aboriginal Language in Taiwan",
    author = "Yang, Meng-Chien  and
      Rau, D. Victoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}-05) and First Symposium on {A}sian Language Resources Network ({ALRN})",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-4005",
}
@inproceedings{kato-etal-2005-construction,
    title = "Construction of Structurally Annotated Spoken Dialogue Corpus",
    author = "Kato, Shingo  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki  and
      Yamaguchi, Yukiko  and
      Kawaguchi, Nobuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}-05) and First Symposium on {A}sian Language Resources Network ({ALRN})",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-4006",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2005-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Conversion of Lexical Semantic Relations: Building Parallel Wordnets",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Su, I-Li  and
      Hong, Jia-Fei  and
      Li, Xiang-Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}-05) and First Symposium on {A}sian Language Resources Network ({ALRN})",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-4007",
}
@inproceedings{tsay-2005-taiwan,
    title = "Taiwan Child Language Corpus: Data Collection and Annotation",
    author = "Tsay, Jane S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}-05) and First Symposium on {A}sian Language Resources Network ({ALRN})",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-4008",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2005-question,
    title = "Question Classification using Multiple Classifiers",
    author = "Li, Xin  and
      Huang, Xuan-Jing  and
      Wu, Li-de",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}-05) and First Symposium on {A}sian Language Resources Network ({ALRN})",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-4009",
}
@inproceedings{kit-etal-2005-harvesting,
    title = "Harvesting the Bitexts of the Laws of Hong {K}ong From the Web",
    author = "Kit, Chunyu  and
      Liu, Xiaoyue  and
      Sin, KingKui  and
      Webster, Jonathan J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}-05) and First Symposium on {A}sian Language Resources Network ({ALRN})",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-4010",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2005-author-index-3,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}-05) and First Symposium on {A}sian Language Resources Network ({ALRN})",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-4011",
}
@proceedings{ijcnlp-2005-international-paraphrasing,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Paraphrasing ({IWP}2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-5000",
}
@inproceedings{brockett-dolan-2005-support,
    title = "Support Vector Machines for Paraphrase Identification and Corpus Construction",
    author = "Brockett, Chris  and
      Dolan, William B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Paraphrasing ({IWP}2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-5001",
}
@inproceedings{dolan-brockett-2005-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Constructing a Corpus of Sentential Paraphrases",
    author = "Dolan, William B.  and
      Brockett, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Paraphrasing ({IWP}2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-5002",
}
@inproceedings{finch-etal-2005-using,
    title = "Using Machine Translation Evaluation Techniques to Determine Sentence-level Semantic Equivalence",
    author = "Finch, Andrew  and
      Hwang, Young-Sook  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Paraphrasing ({IWP}2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-5003",
}
@inproceedings{fujita-inui-2005-class,
    title = "A Class-oriented Approach to Building a Paraphrase Corpus",
    author = "Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Paraphrasing ({IWP}2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-5004",
}
@inproceedings{hallett-scott-2005-structural,
    title = "Structural variation in generated health reports",
    author = "Hallett, Catalina  and
      Scott, Donia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Paraphrasing ({IWP}2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-5005",
}
@inproceedings{ikeda-yamamoto-2005-transforming,
    title = "Transforming a Sentence End into News Headline Style",
    author = "Ikeda, Satoshi  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Paraphrasing ({IWP}2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-5006",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2005-automated,
    title = "Automated Generalization of Phrasal Paraphrases from the Web",
    author = "Li, Weigang  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Zhang, Yu  and
      Li, Sheng  and
      He, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Paraphrasing ({IWP}2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-5007",
}
@inproceedings{lepage-denoual-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic generation of paraphrases to be used as translation references in objective evaluation measures of machine translation",
    author = "Lepage, Yves  and
      Denoual, Etienne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Paraphrasing ({IWP}2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-5008",
}
@inproceedings{ohtake-2005-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Contextual Dependency of Paraphrases using a Latent Variable Model",
    author = "Ohtake, Kiyonroi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Paraphrasing ({IWP}2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-5009",
}
@inproceedings{power-scott-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic generation of large-scale paraphrases",
    author = "Power, Richard  and
      Scott, Donia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Paraphrasing ({IWP}2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-5010",
}
@inproceedings{sekine-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Paraphrase Discovery based on Context and Keywords between {NE} Pairs",
    author = "Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Paraphrasing ({IWP}2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-5011",
}
@inproceedings{wan-etal-2005-towards,
    title = "Towards Statistical Paraphrase Generation: Preliminary Evaluations of Grammaticality",
    author = "Wan, Stephen  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Dale, Robert  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Paraphrasing ({IWP}2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-5012",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2005-author-index-4,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Paraphrasing ({IWP}2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-5013",
}
@proceedings{ijcnlp-2005-international-linguistically,
    title = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-6000",
}
@inproceedings{spreyer-frank-2005-tiger,
    title = "The {TIGER} 700 {RMRS} Bank: {RMRS} Construction from Dependencies",
    author = "Spreyer, Kathrin  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-6001",
}
@inproceedings{kanamaru-etal-2005-obtaining,
    title = "Obtaining {J}apanese Lexical Units for Semantic Frames from {B}erkeley {F}rame{N}et Using a Bilingual Corpus",
    author = "Kanamaru, Toshiyuki  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Kuroda, Kow  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-6002",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-2005-study,
    title = "A Study of Applying {BTM} Model on the {C}hinese Chunk Bracketing",
    author = "Tsai, Jia-Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-6003",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-etal-2005-integration,
    title = "Integration of a Lexical Type Database with a Linguistically Interpreted Corpus",
    author = "Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Tanaka, Takaaki  and
      Siegel, Melanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-6004",
}
@inproceedings{ozaku-etal-2005-building,
    title = "Building Dialogue Corpora for Nursing Activity Analysis",
    author = "Ozaku, Hiromi itoh  and
      Abe, Akinori  and
      Kuwahara, Noriaki  and
      Naya, Futoshi  and
      Kogure, Kiyoshi  and
      Sagara, Kaoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-6005",
}
@inproceedings{fang-2005-syntactically,
    title = "The Syntactically Annotated {ICE} Corpus and the Automatic Induction of a Formal Grammar",
    author = "Fang, Alex Chengyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-6006",
}
@inproceedings{skadhauge-hardt-2005-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Identification of Attribution in the {RST} Treebank",
    author = "Skadhauge, Peter Rossen  and
      Hardt, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-6007",
}
@inproceedings{moiron-2005-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically enriched corpora for establishing variation in support verb constructions",
    author = "Moir{\'o}n, Bego{\~n}a Villada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-6008",
}
@inproceedings{izumi-etal-2005-error,
    title = "Error Annotation for Corpus of {J}apanese Learner {E}nglish",
    author = "Izumi, Emi  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-6009",
}
@inproceedings{spranger-2005-remarks,
    title = "Some remarks on the Annotation of Quantifying Noun Groups in Treebanks",
    author = "Spranger, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-6010",
}
@inproceedings{nariyama-etal-2005-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Honorifics Denoting Social Ranking of Referents",
    author = "Nariyama, Shigeko  and
      Nakaiwa, Hiromi  and
      Siegel, Melanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-6011",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2005-author-index-5,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-2005)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-6012",
}
@proceedings{ijcnlp-2005-ontolex,
    title = "Proceedings of {O}nto{L}ex 2005 - Ontologies and Lexical Resources",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-7000",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2005-extended,
    title = "Extended-{H}ow{N}et: A Representational Framework for Concepts",
    author = "Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Huang, Shu-Ling  and
      Shih, Yueh-Yin  and
      Chen, Yi-Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {O}nto{L}ex 2005 - Ontologies and Lexical Resources",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-7001",
}
@inproceedings{chou-huang-2005-hantology,
    title = "{H}antology: An Ontology based on Conventionalized Conceptualization",
    author = "Chou, Ya-Min  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {O}nto{L}ex 2005 - Ontologies and Lexical Resources",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-7002",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2005-general,
    title = "From General Ontology to Specialized Ontology: A study based on a single author historical corpus",
    author = "Chang, Ru-Yng  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Lo, Feng-Ju  and
      Chang, Sueming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {O}nto{L}ex 2005 - Ontologies and Lexical Resources",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-7003",
}
@inproceedings{gavrila-vertan-2005-managelex,
    title = "{MANAGELEX} and the Semantic Web",
    author = "Gavrila, Monica  and
      Vertan, Cristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {O}nto{L}ex 2005 - Ontologies and Lexical Resources",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-7004",
}
@inproceedings{gurevych-niederlich-2005-computing,
    title = "Computing Semantic Relatedness in {G}erman with Revised Information Content Metrics",
    author = "Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Niederlich, Hendrik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {O}nto{L}ex 2005 - Ontologies and Lexical Resources",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-7005",
}
@inproceedings{kwak-kim-2005-interaction,
    title = "Interaction of Context Descriptor and Ontology for Semantic Service Discovery in Ubiquitous environment",
    author = "Kwak, JunWon  and
      Kim, UngMo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {O}nto{L}ex 2005 - Ontologies and Lexical Resources",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-7006",
}
@inproceedings{nirenburg-etal-2005-increasing,
    title = "Increasing Understanding: Interpreting Events of Change",
    author = "Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      McShane, Marjorie  and
      Beale, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {O}nto{L}ex 2005 - Ontologies and Lexical Resources",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-7007",
}
@inproceedings{aramaki-etal-2005-toward,
    title = "Toward Medical Ontology using Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Aramaki, Eiji  and
      Imai, Takeshi  and
      Kashiwagi, Masayo  and
      Kajino, Masayuki  and
      Miyo, Kengo  and
      Ohe, Kazuhiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {O}nto{L}ex 2005 - Ontologies and Lexical Resources",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-7008",
}
@inproceedings{philpot-etal-2005-omega,
    title = "The Omega Ontology",
    author = "Philpot, Andrew  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Pantel, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {O}nto{L}ex 2005 - Ontologies and Lexical Resources",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-7009",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2005-experiments,
    title = "Experiments of Ontology Construction with Formal Concept Analysis",
    author = "Li, Sujian  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Li, Wenjie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {O}nto{L}ex 2005 - Ontologies and Lexical Resources",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-7010",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-plas-bouma-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Lexico-semantic Knowledge for {QA}",
    author = "van der Plas, Lonneke  and
      Bouma, Gosse",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {O}nto{L}ex 2005 - Ontologies and Lexical Resources",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-7011",
}
@inproceedings{barbu-mititelu-2005-case,
    title = "A Case Study in Automatic Building of Wordnets",
    author = "Barbu, Eduard  and
      Mititelu, Verginica Barbu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {O}nto{L}ex 2005 - Ontologies and Lexical Resources",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-7012",
}
@inproceedings{prevot-etal-2005-interfacing,
    title = "Interfacing Ontologies and Lexical Resources",
    author = "Prevot, Laurent  and
      Borgo, Stefano  and
      Oltramari, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {O}nto{L}ex 2005 - Ontologies and Lexical Resources",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-7013",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2005-author-index-6,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {O}nto{L}ex 2005 - Ontologies and Lexical Resources",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I05-7014",
}
@proceedings{ijcnlp-2011-international,
    title = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Wang, Haifeng  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1000",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-manning-2011-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Dynamics of Research by Extracting Key Aspects of Scientific Papers",
    author = "Gupta, Sonal  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{qian-zhou-2011-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-directed Tree Kernel-based Protein-Protein Interaction Extraction from Biomedical Literature",
    author = "Qian, Longhua  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1002",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{bach-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning Logical Structures of Paragraphs in Legal Articles",
    author = "Bach, Ngo Xuan  and
      Minh, Nguyen Le  and
      Oanh, Tran Thi  and
      Shimazu, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1003",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2011-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Pre-ordering Rules from Predicate-Argument Structures",
    author = "Wu, Xianchao  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Tsukada, Hajime  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1004",
    pages = "29--37",
}
@inproceedings{khalilov-simaan-2011-context,
    title = "Context-Sensitive Syntactic Source-Reordering by Statistical Transduction",
    author = "Khalilov, Maxim  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1005",
    pages = "38--46",
}
@inproceedings{ling-etal-2011-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Phrase-based Lexicalized Reordering Models using Weighted Reordering Graphs",
    author = "Ling, Wang  and
      Gra{\c{c}}a, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Martins de Matos, David  and
      Trancoso, Isabel  and
      Black, Alan W",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1006",
    pages = "47--55",
}
@inproceedings{mirroshandel-etal-2011-active,
    title = "Active Learning Strategies for Support Vector Machines, Application to Temporal Relation Classification",
    author = "Mirroshandel, Seyed Abolghasem  and
      Ghassem-Sani, Gholamreza  and
      Nasr, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1007",
    pages = "56--64",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2011-fast,
    title = "A Fast Accurate Two-stage Training Algorithm for {L}1-regularized {CRF}s with Heuristic Line Search Strategy",
    author = "Zhou, Jinlong  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1008",
    pages = "65--74",
}
@inproceedings{levine-dejong-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Topic Model Adaptation for Sentiment Analysis in Structured Domains",
    author = "Levine, Geoffrey  and
      DeJong, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1009",
    pages = "75--83",
}
@inproceedings{iida-etal-2011-multi,
    title = "Multi-modal Reference Resolution in Situated Dialogue by Integrating Linguistic and Extra-Linguistic Clues",
    author = "Iida, Ryu  and
      Yasuhara, Masaaki  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1010",
    pages = "84--92",
}
@inproceedings{saha-etal-2011-single,
    title = "Single and multi-objective optimization for feature selection in anaphora resolution",
    author = "Saha, Sriparna  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Uryupina, Olga  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1011",
    pages = "93--101",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2011-unified,
    title = "A Unified Event Coreference Resolution by Integrating Multiple Resolvers",
    author = "Chen, Bin  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Pan, Sinno Jialin  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1012",
    pages = "102--110",
}
@inproceedings{gandhe-etal-2011-handling,
    title = "Handling verb phrase morphology in highly inflected {I}ndian languages for Machine Translation",
    author = "Gandhe, Ankur  and
      Gangadharaiah, Rashmi  and
      Visweswariah, Karthik  and
      Ramanathan, Ananthakrishnan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1013",
    pages = "111--119",
}
@inproceedings{hatori-suzuki-2011-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Pronunciation Prediction as Phrasal Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Hatori, Jun  and
      Suzuki, Hisami",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1014",
    pages = "120--128",
}
@inproceedings{sajjad-etal-2011-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Two Techniques for Learning Transliteration Models Using a Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Durrani, Nadir  and
      Schmid, Helmut  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1015",
    pages = "129--137",
}
@inproceedings{chen-zong-2011-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic-Specific Model for {C}hinese Named Entity Translation",
    author = "Chen, Yufeng  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1016",
    pages = "138--146",
}
@inproceedings{mizumoto-etal-2011-mining,
    title = "Mining Revision Log of Language Learning {SNS} for Automated {J}apanese Error Correction of Second Language Learners",
    author = "Mizumoto, Tomoya  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Nagata, Masaaki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1017",
    pages = "147--155",
}
@inproceedings{solorio-etal-2011-modality,
    title = "Modality Specific Meta Features for Authorship Attribution in Web Forum Posts",
    author = "Solorio, Thamar  and
      Pillay, Sangita  and
      Raghavan, Sindhu  and
      Montes y G{\'o}mez, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1018",
    pages = "156--164",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2011-keyphrase,
    title = "Keyphrase Extraction from Online News Using Binary Integer Programming",
    author = "Ding, Zhuoye  and
      Zhang, Qi  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1019",
    pages = "165--173",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving Related Entity Finding via Incorporating Homepages and Recognizing Fine-grained Entities",
    author = "Wu, Youzheng  and
      Hori, Chiori  and
      Kawai, Hisashi  and
      Kashioka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1020",
    pages = "174--182",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2011-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Active Learning for Semantic Role Labeling via Compressed Dependency Trees",
    author = "Chen, Chenhua  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1021",
    pages = "183--191",
}
@inproceedings{boxwell-etal-2011-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling Without Treebanks?",
    author = "Boxwell, Stephen  and
      Brew, Chris  and
      Baldridge, Jason  and
      Mehay, Dennis  and
      Ravi, Sujith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1022",
    pages = "192--200",
}
@inproceedings{hayashibe-etal-2011-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Predicate Argument Structure Analysis Exploiting Argument Position and Type",
    author = "Hayashibe, Yuta  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1023",
    pages = "201--209",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-etal-2011-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study on Compositionality in Compound Nouns",
    author = "Reddy, Siva  and
      McCarthy, Diana  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1024",
    pages = "210--218",
}
@inproceedings{huang-harper-2011-feature,
    title = "Feature-Rich Log-Linear Lexical Model for Latent Variable {PCFG} Grammars",
    author = "Huang, Zhongqiang  and
      Harper, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1025",
    pages = "219--227",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving Dependency Parsing with Fined-Grained Features",
    author = "Zhou, Guangyou  and
      Cai, Li  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1026",
    pages = "228--236",
}
@inproceedings{carlos-2011-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Programming Using Class Sequential Rules",
    author = "Carlos, Cohan Sujay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1027",
    pages = "237--245",
}
@inproceedings{mackinlay-etal-2011-treeblazing,
    title = "{T}reeblazing: Using External Treebanks to Filter Parse Forests for Parse Selection and Treebanking",
    author = "MacKinlay, Andrew  and
      Dridan, Rebecca  and
      Flickinger, Dan  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1028",
    pages = "246--254",
}
@inproceedings{mcnamee-etal-2011-cross,
    title = "Cross-Language Entity Linking",
    author = "McNamee, Paul  and
      Mayfield, James  and
      Lawrie, Dawn  and
      Oard, Douglas  and
      Doermann, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1029",
    pages = "255--263",
}
@inproceedings{fu-etal-2011-generating,
    title = "Generating {C}hinese Named Entity Data from a Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Fu, Ruiji  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1030",
    pages = "264--272",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning the Latent Topics for Question Retrieval in Community {QA}",
    author = "Cai, Li  and
      Zhou, Guangyou  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1031",
    pages = "273--281",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2011-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Event Descriptions using Co-training with Online News Summaries",
    author = "Wang, William Yang  and
      Thadani, Kapil  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1032",
    pages = "282--291",
}
@inproceedings{oka-etal-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Labeling of Voiced Consonants for Morphological Analysis of Modern {J}apanese Literature",
    author = "Oka, Teruaki  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Ogiso, Toshinobu  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1033",
    pages = "292--300",
}
@inproceedings{natarajan-charniak-2011-s3,
    title = "$S^3$ - Statistical Sandhi Splitting",
    author = "Natarajan, Abhiram  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1034",
    pages = "301--308",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving {C}hinese Word Segmentation and {POS} Tagging with Semi-supervised Methods Using Large Auto-Analyzed Data",
    author = "Wang, Yiou  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Chen, Wenliang  and
      Zhang, Yujie  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1035",
    pages = "309--317",
}
@inproceedings{dasigi-diab-2011-codact,
    title = "{CODACT}: Towards Identifying Orthographic Variants in Dialectal {A}rabic",
    author = "Dasigi, Pradeep  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1036",
    pages = "318--326",
}
@inproceedings{wei-gulla-2011-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing the {HL}-{SOT} Approach to Sentiment Analysis via a Localized Feature Selection Framework",
    author = "Wei, Wei  and
      Gulla, Jon Atle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1037",
    pages = "327--335",
}
@inproceedings{zirn-etal-2011-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis with Structural Features",
    author = {Zirn, C{\"a}cilia  and
      Niepert, Mathias  and
      Stuckenschmidt, Heiner  and
      Strube, Michael},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1038",
    pages = "336--344",
}
@inproceedings{ku-etal-2011-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Opinion Dependency Relations for Opinion Analysis",
    author = "Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Huang, Ting-Hao  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1039",
    pages = "345--353",
}
@inproceedings{min-park-2011-detecting,
    title = "Detecting and Blocking False Sentiment Propagation",
    author = "Min, Hye-Jin  and
      Park, Jong C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1040",
    pages = "354--362",
}
@inproceedings{chrupala-2011-efficient,
    title = "Efficient induction of probabilistic word classes with {LDA}",
    author = "Chrupala, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1041",
    pages = "363--372",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2011-quality,
    title = "Quality-biased Ranking of Short Texts in Microblogging Services",
    author = "Huang, Minlie  and
      Yang, Yi  and
      Zhu, Xiaoyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1042",
    pages = "373--382",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2011-labeling,
    title = "Labeling Unlabeled Data using Cross-Language Guided Clustering",
    author = "Joshi, Sachindra  and
      Contractor, Danish  and
      Negi, Sumit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1043",
    pages = "383--391",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2011-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Relation Descriptors with Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Li, Yaliang  and
      Jiang, Jing  and
      Chieu, Hai Leong  and
      Chai, Kian Ming A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1044",
    pages = "392--400",
}
@inproceedings{pasca-2011-attribute,
    title = "Attribute Extraction from Synthetic Web Search Queries",
    author = "Pa{\c{s}}ca, Marius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1045",
    pages = "401--409",
}
@inproceedings{uchiumi-etal-2011-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Abbreviation Expansion with Query and Clickthrough Logs",
    author = "Uchiumi, Kei  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Machinaga, Keigo  and
      Maezawa, Toshiyuki  and
      Satou, Toshinori  and
      Kobayashi, Yoshinori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1046",
    pages = "410--419",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2011-mining,
    title = "Mining Parallel Documents Using Low Bandwidth and High Precision {CLIR} from the Heterogeneous Web",
    author = "Shi, Simon  and
      Fung, Pascale  and
      Prochasson, Emmanuel  and
      Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1047",
    pages = "420--428",
}
@inproceedings{barbosa-etal-2011-crawling,
    title = "Crawling Back and Forth: Using Back and Out Links to Locate Bilingual Sites",
    author = "Barbosa, Luciano  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Rangarajan Sridhar, Vivek Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1048",
    pages = "429--437",
}
@inproceedings{boonkwan-steedman-2011-grammar,
    title = "Grammar Induction from Text Using Small Syntactic Prototypes",
    author = "Boonkwan, Prachya  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1049",
    pages = "438--446",
}
@inproceedings{dara-etal-2011-transferring,
    title = "Transferring Syntactic Relations from {E}nglish to {H}indi Using Alignments on Local Word Groups",
    author = "Dara, Aswarth  and
      Mannem, Prashanth  and
      Bayyarapu, Hemanth Sagar  and
      PVS, Avinesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1050",
    pages = "447--455",
}
@inproceedings{kawahara-kurohashi-2011-generative,
    title = "Generative Modeling of Coordination by Factoring Parallelism and Selectional Preferences",
    author = "Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1051",
    pages = "456--464",
}
@inproceedings{rahman-ng-2011-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Parsing for Ranking-Based Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Rahman, Altaf  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1052",
    pages = "465--473",
}
@inproceedings{bach-etal-2011-tris,
    title = "{T}ri{S}: A Statistical Sentence Simplifier with Log-linear Models and Margin-based Discriminative Training",
    author = "Bach, Nguyen  and
      Gao, Qin  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1053",
    pages = "474--482",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2011-social,
    title = "Social Summarization via Automatically Discovered Social Context",
    author = "Hu, Po  and
      Sun, Cheng  and
      Wu, Longfei  and
      Ji, Donghong  and
      Teng, Chong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1054",
    pages = "483--490",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2011-simultaneous,
    title = "Simultaneous Clustering and Noise Detection for Theme-based Summarization",
    author = "Cai, Xiaoyan  and
      Zhang, Renxian  and
      Gao, Dehong  and
      Li, Wenjie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1055",
    pages = "491--499",
}
@inproceedings{tamura-etal-2011-extractive,
    title = "Extractive Summarization Method for Contact Center Dialogues based on Call Logs",
    author = "Tamura, Akihiro  and
      Ishikawa, Kai  and
      Saikou, Masahiro  and
      Tsuchida, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1056",
    pages = "500--508",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2011-indexing,
    title = "Indexing Spoken Documents with Hierarchical Semantic Structures: Semantic Tree-to-string Alignment Models",
    author = "Zhu, Xiaodan  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1057",
    pages = "509--517",
}
@inproceedings{galibert-etal-2011-structured,
    title = "Structured and Extended Named Entity Evaluation in Automatic Speech Transcriptions",
    author = "Galibert, Olivier  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Quintard, Ludovic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1058",
    pages = "518--526",
}
@inproceedings{foda-bird-2011-normalising,
    title = "Normalising Audio Transcriptions for Unwritten Languages",
    author = "Foda, Adel  and
      Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1059",
    pages = "527--535",
}
@inproceedings{varga-etal-2011-similarity,
    title = "Similarity Based Language Model Construction for Voice Activated Open-Domain Question Answering",
    author = "Varga, Istv{\'a}n  and
      Ohtake, Kiyonori  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      De Saeger, Stijn  and
      Misu, Teruhisa  and
      Matsuda, Shigeki  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1060",
    pages = "536--544",
}
@inproceedings{enright-kondrak-2011-application,
    title = "The application of chordal graphs to inferring phylogenetic trees of languages",
    author = "Enright, Jessica  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1061",
    pages = "545--552",
}
@inproceedings{lui-baldwin-2011-cross,
    title = "Cross-domain Feature Selection for Language Identification",
    author = "Lui, Marco  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1062",
    pages = "553--561",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2011-wikipedia,
    title = "A {W}ikipedia-{LDA} Model for Entity Linking with Batch Size Changing Instance Selection",
    author = "Zhang, Wei  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1063",
    pages = "562--570",
}
@inproceedings{ngo-cao-2011-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Latent Concepts and Exploiting Ontological Features for Semantic Text Search",
    author = "Ngo, Vuong M.  and
      Cao, Tru H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1064",
    pages = "571--579",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2011-clgvsm,
    title = "{CLGVSM}: Adapting Generalized Vector Space Model to Cross-lingual Document Clustering",
    author = "Tang, Guoyu  and
      Xia, Yunqing  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou  and
      Zheng, Fang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1065",
    pages = "580--588",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2011-thread,
    title = "Thread Cleaning and Merging for Microblog Topic Detection",
    author = "Zhang, Jianfeng  and
      Xia, Yunqing  and
      Ma, Bin  and
      Yao, Jianmin  and
      Hong, Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1066",
    pages = "589--597",
}
@inproceedings{rossignol-etal-2011-training,
    title = "Training a {BN}-based user model for dialogue simulation with missing data",
    author = "Rossignol, St{\'e}phane  and
      Pietquin, Olivier  and
      Ianotto, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1067",
    pages = "598--604",
}
@inproceedings{louis-nenkova-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic identification of general and specific sentences by leveraging discourse annotations",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1068",
    pages = "605--613",
}
@inproceedings{xia-zong-2011-pos,
    title = "A {POS}-based Ensemble Model for Cross-domain Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Xia, Rui  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1069",
    pages = "614--622",
}
@inproceedings{dong-schafer-2011-ensemble,
    title = "Ensemble-style Self-training on Citation Classification",
    author = {Dong, Cailing  and
      Sch{\"a}fer, Ulrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1070",
    pages = "623--631",
}
@inproceedings{wachsmuth-bujna-2011-back,
    title = "Back to the Roots of Genres: Text Classification by Language Function",
    author = "Wachsmuth, Henning  and
      Bujna, Kathrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1071",
    pages = "632--640",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2011-transductive,
    title = "Transductive Minimum Error Rate Training for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhao, Yinggong  and
      Liu, Shujie  and
      Ji, Yangsheng  and
      Chen, Jiajun  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1072",
    pages = "641--648",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2011-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Minimum Error Rate Training of {SMT} using Particle Swarm Optimization",
    author = "Suzuki, Jun  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1073",
    pages = "649--657",
}
@inproceedings{patry-langlais-2011-going,
    title = "Going Beyond Word Cooccurrences in Global Lexical Selection for Statistical Machine Translation using a Multilayer Perceptron",
    author = "Patry, Alexandre  and
      Langlais, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1074",
    pages = "658--666",
}
@inproceedings{devlin-etal-2011-system,
    title = "System Combination Using Discriminative Cross-Adaptation",
    author = "Devlin, Jacob  and
      Rosti, Antti-Veikko  and
      Ananthakrishnan, Sankaranarayanan  and
      Matsoukas, Spyros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1075",
    pages = "667--675",
}
@inproceedings{fujita-fujino-2011-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation by Combining Labeled Data Expansion and Semi-Supervised Learning Method",
    author = "Fujita, Sanae  and
      Fujino, Akinori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1076",
    pages = "676--685",
}
@inproceedings{chen-liu-2011-combining,
    title = "Combining {C}oncept{N}et and {W}ord{N}et for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Chen, Junpeng  and
      Liu, Juan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1077",
    pages = "686--694",
}
@inproceedings{khapra-etal-2011-takes,
    title = "It Takes Two to Tango: A Bilingual Unsupervised Approach for Estimating Sense Distributions using Expectation Maximization",
    author = "Khapra, Mitesh M.  and
      Joshi, Salil  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1078",
    pages = "695--704",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-etal-2011-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic and Static Prototype Vectors for Semantic Composition",
    author = "Reddy, Siva  and
      Klapaftis, Ioannis  and
      McCarthy, Diana  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1079",
    pages = "705--713",
}
@inproceedings{liao-grishman-2011-using,
    title = "Using Prediction from Sentential Scope to Build a Pseudo Co-Testing Learner for Event Extraction",
    author = "Liao, Shasha  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1080",
    pages = "714--722",
}
@inproceedings{jean-louis-etal-2011-text,
    title = "Text Segmentation and Graph-based Method for Template Filling in Information Extraction",
    author = "Jean-Louis, Ludovic  and
      Besan{\c{c}}on, Romaric  and
      Ferret, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1081",
    pages = "723--731",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-moschitti-2011-joint,
    title = "Joint Distant and Direct Supervision for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Nguyen, Truc-Vien T.  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1082",
    pages = "732--740",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2011-cross,
    title = "A Cross-lingual Annotation Projection-based Self-supervision Approach for Open Information Extraction",
    author = "Kim, Seokhwan  and
      Jeong, Minwoo  and
      Lee, Jonghoon  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1083",
    pages = "741--748",
}
@inproceedings{hara-etal-2011-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Difficulties in Parsing Imperatives and Questions",
    author = "Hara, Tadayoshi  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1084",
    pages = "749--757",
}
@inproceedings{sasano-kurohashi-2011-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Approach to {J}apanese Zero Anaphora Resolution with Large-scale Lexicalized Case Frames",
    author = "Sasano, Ryohei  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1085",
    pages = "758--766",
}
@inproceedings{cholakov-etal-2011-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Comparison of Unknown Word Prediction Methods",
    author = "Cholakov, Kostadin  and
      van Noord, Gertjan  and
      Kordoni, Valia  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1086",
    pages = "767--775",
}
@inproceedings{flannery-etal-2011-training,
    title = "Training Dependency Parsers from Partially Annotated Corpora",
    author = "Flannery, Daniel  and
      Miayo, Yusuke  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Mori, Shinsuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1087",
    pages = "776--784",
}
@inproceedings{ghodke-etal-2011-breadth,
    title = "A Breadth-First Representation for Tree Matching in Large Scale Forest-Based Translation",
    author = "Ghodke, Sumukh  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Zhang, Rui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1088",
    pages = "785--793",
}
@inproceedings{nakazawa-kurohashi-2011-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Subtree Alignment Model based on Dependency Trees",
    author = "Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1089",
    pages = "794--802",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2011-enriching,
    title = "Enriching {SMT} Training Data via Paraphrasing",
    author = "He, Wei  and
      Zhao, Shiqi  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1090",
    pages = "803--810",
}
@inproceedings{paul-sumita-2011-translation,
    title = "Translation Quality Indicators for Pivot-based Statistical {MT}",
    author = "Paul, Michael  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1091",
    pages = "811--818",
}
@inproceedings{ananthakrishnan-etal-2011-source,
    title = "Source Error-Projection for Sample Selection in Phrase-Based {SMT} for Resource-Poor Languages",
    author = "Ananthakrishnan, Sankaranarayanan  and
      Vitaladevuni, Shiv  and
      Prasad, Rohit  and
      Natarajan, Prem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1092",
    pages = "819--827",
}
@inproceedings{iwakura-etal-2011-named,
    title = "A Named Entity Recognition Method based on Decomposition and Concatenation of Word Chunks",
    author = "Iwakura, Tomoya  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1093",
    pages = "828--836",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2011-extract,
    title = "Extract {C}hinese Unknown Words from a Large-scale Corpus Using Morphological and Distributional Evidences",
    author = "Zhang, Kaixu  and
      Wang, Ruining  and
      Xue, Ping  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1094",
    pages = "837--845",
}
@inproceedings{dai-etal-2011-entity,
    title = "Entity Disambiguation Using a {M}arkov-Logic Network",
    author = "Dai, Hong-Jie  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1095",
    pages = "846--855",
}
@inproceedings{wan-etal-2011-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition in {C}hinese News Comments on the Web",
    author = "Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Zong, Liang  and
      Huang, Xiaojiang  and
      Ma, Tengfei  and
      Jia, Houping  and
      Wu, Yuqian  and
      Xiao, Jianguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1096",
    pages = "856--864",
}
@inproceedings{hauer-kondrak-2011-clustering,
    title = "Clustering Semantically Equivalent Words into Cognate Sets in Multilingual Lists",
    author = "Hauer, Bradley  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1097",
    pages = "865--873",
}
@inproceedings{yamada-etal-2011-extending,
    title = "Extending {W}ord{N}et with Hypernyms and Siblings Acquired from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Yamada, Ichiro  and
      Oh, Jong-Hoon  and
      Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      De Saeger, Stijn  and
      Kawada, Takuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1098",
    pages = "874--882",
}
@inproceedings{meyer-gurevych-2011-psycholinguists,
    title = "What Psycholinguists Know About Chemistry: Aligning {W}iktionary and {W}ord{N}et for Increased Domain Coverage",
    author = "Meyer, Christian M.  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1099",
    pages = "883--892",
}
@inproceedings{foster-etal-2011-news,
    title = "From News to Comment: Resources and Benchmarks for Parsing the Language of Web 2.0",
    author = {Foster, Jennifer  and
      {\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem  and
      Wagner, Joachim  and
      Le Roux, Joseph  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Hogan, Deirdre  and
      van Genabith, Josef},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1100",
    pages = "893--901",
}
@inproceedings{tsuchida-etal-2011-toward,
    title = "Toward Finding Semantic Relations not Written in a Single Sentence: An Inference Method using Auto-Discovered Rules",
    author = "Tsuchida, Masaaki  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      De Saeger, Stijn  and
      Oh, Jong-Hoon  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Ohwada, Hayato",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1101",
    pages = "902--910",
}
@inproceedings{fothergill-baldwin-2011-fleshing,
    title = "Fleshing it out: A Supervised Approach to {MWE}-token and {MWE}-type Classification",
    author = "Fothergill, Richard  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1102",
    pages = "911--919",
}
@inproceedings{yokono-etal-2011-identification,
    title = "Identification of relations between answers with global constraints for Community-based Question Answering services",
    author = "Yokono, Hikaru  and
      Hasegawa, Takaaki  and
      Kikui, Genichiro  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1103",
    pages = "920--928",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2011-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Generating Questions from Queries for Community-based Question Answering",
    author = "Zhao, Shiqi  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Li, Chao  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Guan, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1104",
    pages = "929--937",
}
@inproceedings{hui-etal-2011-question,
    title = "Question classification based on an extended class sequential rule model",
    author = "Hui, Zijing  and
      Liu, Juan  and
      Ouyang, Lumei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1105",
    pages = "938--946",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-etal-2011-k2q,
    title = "{K}2{Q}: Generating Natural Language Questions from Keywords with User Refinements",
    author = "Zheng, Zhicheng  and
      Si, Xiance  and
      Chang, Edward  and
      Zhu, Xiaoyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1106",
    pages = "947--955",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2011-answering,
    title = "Answering Complex Questions via Exploiting Social Q{\&}A Collection",
    author = "Wu, Youzheng  and
      Hori, Chiori  and
      Kawai, Hisashi  and
      Kashioka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1107",
    pages = "956--964",
}
@inproceedings{neubig-etal-2011-safety,
    title = "Safety Information Mining {---} What can {NLP} do in a disaster{---}",
    author = "Neubig, Graham  and
      Matsubayashi, Yuichiroh  and
      Hagiwara, Masato  and
      Murakami, Koji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1108",
    pages = "965--973",
}
@inproceedings{pennell-liu-2011-character,
    title = "A Character-Level Machine Translation Approach for Normalization of {SMS} Abbreviations",
    author = "Pennell, Deana  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1109",
    pages = "974--982",
}
@inproceedings{sachan-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using Text Reviews for Product Entity Completion",
    author = "Sachan, Mrinmaya  and
      Faruquie, Tanveer  and
      Subramaniam, L. V.  and
      Mohania, Mukesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1110",
    pages = "983--991",
}
@inproceedings{negi-2011-mining,
    title = "Mining bilingual topic hierarchies from unaligned text",
    author = "Negi, Sumit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1111",
    pages = "992--1000",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2011-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Near-Duplicate Detection for Q{\&}A Forum",
    author = "Wu, Yan  and
      Zhang, Qi  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1112",
    pages = "1001--1009",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2011-graph,
    title = "A Graph-based Method for Entity Linking",
    author = "Guo, Yuhang  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1113",
    pages = "1010--1018",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2011-harvesting,
    title = "Harvesting Related Entities with a Search Engine",
    author = "Sun, Shuqi  and
      Zhao, Shiqi  and
      Yang, Muyun  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1114",
    pages = "1019--1027",
}
@inproceedings{shibata-kurohashi-2011-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Strongly-related Events using Predicate-argument Co-occurring Statistics and Case Frames",
    author = "Shibata, Tomohide  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1115",
    pages = "1028--1036",
}
@inproceedings{harashima-kurohashi-2011-relevance,
    title = "Relevance Feedback using Latent Information",
    author = "Harashima, Jun  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1116",
    pages = "1037--1045",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2011-passage,
    title = "Passage Retrieval for Information Extraction using Distant Supervision",
    author = "Xu, Wei  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      Zhao, Le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1117",
    pages = "1046--1054",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using Context Inference to Improve Sentence Ordering for Multi-document Summarization",
    author = "Li, Peifeng  and
      Deng, Guangxi  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1118",
    pages = "1055--1061",
}
@inproceedings{smith-jonsson-2011-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing extraction based summarization with outside word space",
    author = {Smith, Christian  and
      J{\"o}nsson, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1119",
    pages = "1062--1070",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-etal-2011-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Discourse Parsing with Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Ghosh, Sucheta  and
      Johansson, Richard  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe  and
      Tonelli, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1120",
    pages = "1071--1079",
}
@inproceedings{kitagawa-tanaka-ishii-2011-relational,
    title = "Relational Lasso {---}{A}n Improved Method Using the Relations Among Features{---}",
    author = "Kitagawa, Kotaro  and
      Tanaka-Ishii, Kumiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1121",
    pages = "1080--1088",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2011-enhance,
    title = "Enhance Top-down method with Meta-Classification for Very Large-scale Hierarchical Classification",
    author = "Wang, Xiao-Lin  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Lu, Bao-Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1122",
    pages = "1089--1097",
}
@inproceedings{chali-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using Syntactic and Shallow Semantic Kernels to Improve Multi-Modality Manifold-Ranking for Topic-Focused Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Chali, Yllias  and
      Hasan, Sadid A.  and
      Imam, Kaisar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1123",
    pages = "1098--1106",
}
@inproceedings{komiya-okumura-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Determination of a Domain Adaptation Method for Word Sense Disambiguation Using Decision Tree Learning",
    author = "Komiya, Kanako  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1124",
    pages = "1107--1115",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning from {C}hinese-{E}nglish Parallel Data for {C}hinese Tense Prediction",
    author = "Liu, Feifan  and
      Liu, Fei  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1125",
    pages = "1116--1124",
}
@inproceedings{yoshikawa-etal-2011-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Extracting {J}apanese Predicate-Argument Relation with {M}arkov Logic",
    author = "Yoshikawa, Katsumasa  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1126",
    pages = "1125--1133",
}
@inproceedings{thater-etal-2011-word,
    title = "Word Meaning in Context: A Simple and Effective Vector Model",
    author = {Thater, Stefan  and
      F{\"u}rstenau, Hagen  and
      Pinkal, Manfred},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1127",
    pages = "1134--1143",
}
@inproceedings{souza-feltrim-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Analysis of Semantic Coherence in Academic Abstracts Written in {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Souza, Vin{\'\i}cius Mour{\~a}o Alves de  and
      Feltrim, Val{\'e}ria Delisandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1128",
    pages = "1144--1152",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2011-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Subjectivity Detection with Weakly-Supervised Learning",
    author = "Lin, Chenghua  and
      He, Yulan  and
      Everson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1129",
    pages = "1153--1161",
}
@inproceedings{berend-2011-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Expression Mining by Exploiting Keyphrase Extraction",
    author = "Berend, G{\'a}bor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1130",
    pages = "1162--1170",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-liu-2011-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Resource Terms for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Zhang, Lei  and
      Liu, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1131",
    pages = "1171--1179",
}
@inproceedings{benamara-etal-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards Context-Based Subjectivity Analysis",
    author = "Benamara, Farah  and
      Chardon, Baptiste  and
      Mathieu, Yannick  and
      Popescu, Vladimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1132",
    pages = "1180--1188",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2011-compression,
    title = "Compression Methods by Code Mapping and Code Dividing for {C}hinese Dictionary Stored in a Double-Array Trie",
    author = "Liu, Huidan  and
      Nuo, Minghua  and
      Ma, Longlong  and
      Wu, Jian  and
      He, Yeping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1133",
    pages = "1189--1197",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-marcus-2011-functional,
    title = "Functional Elements and {POS} Categories",
    author = "Zhao, Qiuye  and
      Marcus, Mitch",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1134",
    pages = "1198--1206",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2011-joint,
    title = "Joint Alignment and Artificial Data Generation: An Empirical Study of Pivot-based Machine Transliteration",
    author = "Zhang, Min  and
      Duan, Xiangyu  and
      Liu, Ming  and
      Xia, Yunqing  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1135",
    pages = "1207--1215",
}
@inproceedings{hatori-etal-2011-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Joint {POS} Tagging and Dependency Parsing in {C}hinese",
    author = "Hatori, Jun  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1136",
    pages = "1216--1224",
}
@inproceedings{tolone-voyatzi-2011-extending,
    title = "Extending the adverbial coverage of a {NLP} oriented resource for {F}rench",
    author = "Tolone, Elsa  and
      Voyatzi, Stavroula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1137",
    pages = "1225--1233",
}
@inproceedings{bhatt-etal-2011-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Phenomena, Analyses, and Representations: Understanding Conversion between Treebanks",
    author = "Bhatt, Rajesh  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1138",
    pages = "1234--1242",
}
@inproceedings{rishoj-etal-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Transformation of the {T}hai Categorial Grammar Treebank to Dependency Trees",
    author = "Rish{\o}j, Christian  and
      Ruangrajitpakorn, Taneth  and
      Boonkwan, Prachya  and
      Supnithi, Thepchai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1139",
    pages = "1243--1250",
}
@inproceedings{wang-zong-2011-parse,
    title = "Parse Reranking Based on Higher-Order Lexical Dependencies",
    author = "Wang, Zhiguo  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1140",
    pages = "1251--1259",
}
@inproceedings{chen-kit-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving Part-of-speech Tagging for Context-free Parsing",
    author = "Chen, Xiao  and
      Kit, Chunyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1141",
    pages = "1260--1268",
}
@inproceedings{dinarelli-rosset-2011-models,
    title = "Models Cascade for Tree-Structured Named Entity Detection",
    author = "Dinarelli, Marco  and
      Rosset, Sophie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1142",
    pages = "1269--1278",
}
@inproceedings{husain-etal-2011-clausal,
    title = "Clausal parsing helps data-driven dependency parsing: Experiments with {H}indi",
    author = "Husain, Samar  and
      Gadde, Phani  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Sangal, Rajeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1143",
    pages = "1279--1287",
}
@inproceedings{he-liang-2011-word,
    title = "Word-reordering for Statistical Machine Translation Using Trigram Language Model",
    author = "He, Jing  and
      Liang, Hongyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1144",
    pages = "1288--1293",
}
@inproceedings{tu-etal-2011-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Hierarchical Rules from a Weighted Alignment Matrix",
    author = "Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Lin, Shouxun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1145",
    pages = "1294--1303",
}
@inproceedings{doren-singh-bandyopadhyay-2011-integration,
    title = "Integration of Reduplicated Multiword Expressions and Named Entities in a Phrase Based Statistical Machine Translation System",
    author = "Doren Singh, Thoudam  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1146",
    pages = "1304--1312",
}
@inproceedings{schoenemann-2011-regularizing,
    title = "Regularizing Mono- and Bi-Word Models for Word Alignment",
    author = "Schoenemann, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1147",
    pages = "1313--1322",
}
@inproceedings{shah-etal-2011-parametric,
    title = "Parametric Weighting of Parallel Data for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = {Shah, Kashif  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Schwenk, Holger},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1148",
    pages = "1323--1331",
}
@inproceedings{jan-etal-2011-effective,
    title = "An Effective and Robust Framework for Transliteration Exploration",
    author = "Jan, Ea-Ee  and
      Ge, Niyu  and
      Lin, Shih-Hsiang  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1149",
    pages = "1332--1340",
}
@inproceedings{devault-etal-2011-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of Alternative Strategies for Implementing Dialogue Policies Using Statistical Classification and Hand-Authored Rules",
    author = "DeVault, David  and
      Leuski, Anton  and
      Sagae, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1150",
    pages = "1341--1345",
}
@inproceedings{gangadharaiah-2011-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Asymmetry between language-pairs to Improve Alignment and Translation Quality",
    author = "Gangadharaiah, Rashmi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1151",
    pages = "1346--1350",
}
@inproceedings{ramanathan-etal-2011-clause,
    title = "Clause-Based Reordering Constraints to Improve Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Ramanathan, Ananthakrishnan  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Visweswariah, Karthik  and
      Ladha, Kushal  and
      Gandhe, Ankur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1152",
    pages = "1351--1355",
}
@inproceedings{duh-etal-2011-generalized,
    title = "Generalized Minimum {B}ayes Risk System Combination",
    author = "Duh, Kevin  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Wu, Xianchao  and
      Tsukada, Hajime  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1153",
    pages = "1356--1360",
}
@inproceedings{r-costa-jussa-etal-2011-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing scarce-resource language translation through pivot combinations",
    author = "R. Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta  and
      Henr{\'\i}quez, Carlos  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1154",
    pages = "1361--1365",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2011-baseline,
    title = "A Baseline System for {C}hinese Near-Synonym Choice",
    author = "Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Chien, Wei-Nan  and
      Chen, Shih-Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1155",
    pages = "1366--1370",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-suzuki-2011-cluster,
    title = "Cluster Labelling based on Concepts in a Machine-Readable Dictionary",
    author = "Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Suzuki, Yoshimi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1156",
    pages = "1371--1375",
}
@inproceedings{chuang-etal-2011-text,
    title = "Text Patterns and Compression Models for Semantic Class Learning",
    author = "Chuang, Chung-Yao  and
      Lee, Yi-Hsun  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1157",
    pages = "1376--1381",
}
@inproceedings{takamura-okumura-2011-potts,
    title = "Potts Model on the Case Fillers for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1158",
    pages = "1382--1386",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-sun-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving Word Sense Induction by Exploiting Semantic Relevance",
    author = "Zhang, Zhenzhong  and
      Sun, Le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1159",
    pages = "1387--1391",
}
@inproceedings{brooke-etal-2011-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Word Clipping with Latent Semantic Analysis",
    author = "Brooke, Julian  and
      Wang, Tong  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1160",
    pages = "1392--1396",
}
@inproceedings{haralambous-klyuev-2011-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic Relatedness Measure Based on Combined Encyclopedic, Ontological and Collocational Knowledge",
    author = "Haralambous, Yannis  and
      Klyuev, Vitaly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1161",
    pages = "1397--1402",
}
@inproceedings{leong-mihalcea-2011-going,
    title = "Going Beyond Text: A Hybrid Image-Text Approach for Measuring Word Relatedness",
    author = "Leong, Chee Wee  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1162",
    pages = "1403--1407",
}
@inproceedings{kovelamudi-etal-2011-domain,
    title = "Domain Independent Model for Product Attribute Extraction from User Reviews using {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Kovelamudi, Sudheer  and
      Ramalingam, Sethu  and
      Sood, Arpit  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1163",
    pages = "1408--1412",
}
@inproceedings{qu-liu-2011-finding,
    title = "Finding Problem Solving Threads in Online Forum",
    author = "Qu, Zhonghua  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1164",
    pages = "1413--1417",
}
@inproceedings{kotani-etal-2011-compiling,
    title = "Compiling Learner Corpus Data of Linguistic Output and Language Processing in Speaking, Listening, Writing, and Reading",
    author = "Kotani, Katsunori  and
      Yoshimi, Takehiko  and
      Nanjo, Hiroaki  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1165",
    pages = "1418--1422",
}
@inproceedings{wen-wu-2011-mining,
    title = "Mining the Sentiment Expectation of Nouns Using Bootstrapping Method",
    author = "Wen, Miaomiao  and
      Wu, Yunfang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1166",
    pages = "1423--1427",
}
@inproceedings{kojima-etal-2011-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Questions in a Q{\&}A Site Resubmitted Based on Indications of Unclear Points of Original Questions",
    author = "Kojima, Masahiro  and
      Watanabe, Yasuhiko  and
      Okada, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1167",
    pages = "1428--1431",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2011-diversifying,
    title = "Diversifying Information Needs in Results of Question Retrieval",
    author = "Zhang, Yaoyun  and
      Wang, Xiaolong  and
      Wang, Xuan  and
      Xu, Ruifeng  and
      Xu, Jun  and
      Fan, ShiXi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1168",
    pages = "1432--1436",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-chai-2011-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Normalization: Pragmatics of Word Form in Text Messages",
    author = "Baldwin, Tyler  and
      Chai, Joyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1169",
    pages = "1437--1441",
}
@inproceedings{huang-chen-2011-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Discourse Relation Recognition",
    author = "Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1170",
    pages = "1442--1446",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving {C}hinese {POS} Tagging with Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Li, Zhenghua  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1171",
    pages = "1447--1451",
}
@inproceedings{goutam-ambati-2011-exploring,
    title = "Exploring self training for {H}indi dependency parsing",
    author = "Goutam, Rahul  and
      Ambati, Bharat Ram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1172",
    pages = "1452--1456",
}
@inproceedings{shrestha-etal-2011-reduction,
    title = "Reduction of Search Space to Annotate Monolingual Corpora",
    author = "Shrestha, Prajol  and
      Jacquin, Christine  and
      Daille, Beatrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1173",
    pages = "1457--1461",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2011-toward,
    title = "Toward a Parallel Corpus of Spoken {C}antonese and Written {C}hinese",
    author = "Lee, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1174",
    pages = "1462--1466",
}
@inproceedings{otegi-etal-2011-query,
    title = "Query Expansion for {IR} using Knowledge-Based Relatedness",
    author = "Otegi, Arantxa  and
      Arregi, Xabier  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1175",
    pages = "1467--1471",
}
@inproceedings{che-liu-2011-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation Corpora Acquisition via Confirmation Code",
    author = "Che, Wanxiang  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-1176",
    pages = "1472--1476",
}
@proceedings{ijcnlp-2011-ijcnlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    author = "Church, Kenneth  and
      Xia, Yunqing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-2000",
}
@inproceedings{judea-etal-2011-wikinettk,
    title = "{W}iki{N}et{TK} {--} A Tool Kit for {E}mbedding{W}orld Knowledge in {NLP} Applications",
    author = "Judea, Alex  and
      Nastase, Vivi  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-2001",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{beale-2011-using,
    title = "Using Linguist{'}s Assistant for Language Description and Translation",
    author = "Beale, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-2002",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{rocheteau-daille-2011-ttc,
    title = "{TTC} {T}erm{S}uite - A {UIMA} Application for Multilingual Terminology Extraction from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Rocheteau, J{\'e}r{\^o}me  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I11-2003",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@proceedings{ranlp-2011-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    author = "Mitkov, Ruslan  and
      Angelova, Galia",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1000",
}
@inproceedings{sil-yates-2011-extracting,
    title = "Extracting {STRIPS} Representations of Actions and Events",
    author = "Sil, Avirup  and
      Yates, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{liao-grishman-2011-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Topic Features to improve Event Extraction: in Pre-selected and Balanced Collections",
    author = "Liao, Shasha  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2011-minimally,
    title = "Minimally Supervised Rule Learning for the Extraction of Biographic Information from Various Social Domains",
    author = "Li, Hong  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1003",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{swampillai-stevenson-2011-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Relations Within and Across Sentences",
    author = "Swampillai, Kumutha  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1004",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{guegan-de-loupy-2011-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-Poor Approach to Shallow Parsing: Contribution of Unsupervised Part-of-Speech Induction",
    author = "Gu{\'e}gan, Marie  and
      de Loupy, Claude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1005",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{kubler-baucom-2011-fast,
    title = "Fast Domain Adaptation for Part of Speech Tagging for Dialogues",
    author = {K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Baucom, Eric},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1006",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{loftsson-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using a Morphological Database to Increase the Accuracy in {POS} Tagging",
    author = {Loftsson, Hrafn  and
      Helgad{\'o}ttir, Sigr{\'u}n  and
      R{\"o}gnvaldsson, Eir{\'\i}kur},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1007",
    pages = "49--55",
}
@inproceedings{kubler-etal-2011-actions,
    title = "Actions Speak Louder than Words: Evaluating Parsers in the Context of Natural Language Understanding Systems for Human-Robot Interaction",
    author = {K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Cantrell, Rachael  and
      Scheutz, Matthias},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1008",
    pages = "56--62",
}
@inproceedings{basirat-faili-2011-constructing,
    title = "Constructing Linguistically Motivated Structures from Statistical Grammars",
    author = "Basirat, Ali  and
      Faili, Heshaam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1009",
    pages = "63--69",
}
@inproceedings{virk-etal-2011-open,
    title = "An Open Source {P}unjabi Resource Grammar",
    author = "Virk, Shafqat Mumtaz  and
      Humayoun, Muhammad  and
      Ranta, Aarne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1010",
    pages = "70--76",
}
@inproceedings{lloret-etal-2011-multi,
    title = "Multi-Document Summarization by Capturing the Information Users are Interested in",
    author = "Lloret, Elena  and
      Plaza, Laura  and
      Aker, Ahmet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1011",
    pages = "77--83",
}
@inproceedings{bayyarapu-2011-efficient,
    title = "Efficient algorithm for Context Sensitive Aggregation in Natural Language generation",
    author = "Bayyarapu, Hemanth Sagar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1012",
    pages = "84--89",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-cartagena-etal-2011-enriching,
    title = "Enriching a statistical machine translation system trained on small parallel corpora with rule-based bilingual phrases",
    author = "S{\'a}nchez-Cartagena, V{\'\i}ctor M.  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Mart{\'\i}nez, Felipe  and
      P{\'e}rez-Ortiz, Juan Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1013",
    pages = "90--96",
}
@inproceedings{c-m-de-sousa-etal-2011-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Post-Editing Effort for Automatic and Semi-Automatic Translations of {DVD} Subtitles",
    author = "C. M. de Sousa, Sheila  and
      Aziz, Wilker  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1014",
    pages = "97--103",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-etal-2011-jrc,
    title = "{JRC}-{NAMES}: A Freely Available, Highly Multilingual Named Entity Resource",
    author = "Steinberger, Ralf  and
      Pouliquen, Bruno  and
      Kabadjov, Mijail  and
      Belyaeva, Jenya  and
      van der Goot, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1015",
    pages = "104--110",
}
@inproceedings{wettig-etal-2011-mdl,
    title = "{MDL}-based Models for Alignment of Etymological Data",
    author = "Wettig, Hannes  and
      Hiltunen, Suvi  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1016",
    pages = "111--117",
}
@inproceedings{ehrmann-etal-2011-building,
    title = "Building a Multilingual Named Entity-Annotated Corpus Using Annotation Projection",
    author = "Ehrmann, Maud  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Steinberger, Ralf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1017",
    pages = "118--124",
}
@inproceedings{fiser-ljubesic-2011-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual lexicon extraction from comparable corpora for closely related languages",
    author = "Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1018",
    pages = "125--131",
}
@inproceedings{sokolova-bobicev-2011-sentiments,
    title = "Sentiments and Opinions in Health-related Web messages",
    author = "Sokolova, Marina  and
      Bobicev, Victoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1019",
    pages = "132--139",
}
@inproceedings{rooney-etal-2011-exploration,
    title = "An Exploration into the Use of Contextual Document Clustering for Cluster Sentiment Analysis",
    author = {Rooney, Niall  and
      Wang, Hui  and
      Browne, Fiona  and
      Monaghan, Fergal  and
      M{\"u}ller, Jann  and
      Sergeant, Alan  and
      Lin, Zhiwei  and
      Taylor, Philip  and
      Dobrynin, Vladimir},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1020",
    pages = "140--145",
}
@inproceedings{huang-chen-2011-pause,
    title = "Pause and Stop Labeling for {C}hinese Sentence Boundary Detection",
    author = "Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1021",
    pages = "146--153",
}
@inproceedings{versley-2011-multilabel,
    title = "Multilabel Tagging of Discourse Relations in Ambiguous Temporal Connectives",
    author = "Versley, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1022",
    pages = "154--161",
}
@inproceedings{nagy-t-etal-2011-noun,
    title = "Noun Compound and Named Entity Recognition and their Usability in Keyphrase Extraction",
    author = "Nagy T., Istv{\'a}n  and
      Berend, G{\'a}bor  and
      Vincze, Veronika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1023",
    pages = "162--169",
}
@inproceedings{iwakura-2011-named,
    title = "A Named Entity Recognition Method using Rules Acquired from Unlabeled Data",
    author = "Iwakura, Tomoya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1024",
    pages = "170--177",
}
@inproceedings{klenner-tuggener-2011-incremental,
    title = "An Incremental Entity-Mention Model for Coreference Resolution with Restrictive Antecedent Accessibility",
    author = "Klenner, Manfred  and
      Tuggener, Don",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1025",
    pages = "178--185",
}
@inproceedings{de-clercq-etal-2011-cross,
    title = "Cross-Domain {D}utch Coreference Resolution",
    author = "De Clercq, Orph{\'e}e  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Hendrickx, Iris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1026",
    pages = "186--193",
}
@inproceedings{lloret-palomar-2011-finding,
    title = "Finding the Best Approach for Multi-lingual Text Summarisation: A Comparative Analysis",
    author = "Lloret, Elena  and
      Palomar, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1027",
    pages = "194--201",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanov-cardie-2011-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Creating General-Purpose Opinion Summaries from Text",
    author = "Stoyanov, Veselin  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1028",
    pages = "202--209",
}
@inproceedings{piskorski-etal-2011-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Usefulness of Cross-lingual Information Fusion for Refining Real-time News Event Extraction: A Preliminary Study",
    author = "Piskorski, Jakub  and
      Belayeva, Jenya  and
      Atkinson, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1029",
    pages = "210--217",
}
@inproceedings{mirroshandel-ghassem-sani-2011-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Relation Extraction Using Expectation Maximization",
    author = "Mirroshandel, Seyed Abolghasem  and
      Ghassem-Sani, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1030",
    pages = "218--225",
}
@inproceedings{aziz-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving Chunk-based Semantic Role Labeling with Lexical Features",
    author = "Aziz, Wilker  and
      Rios, Miguel  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1031",
    pages = "226--232",
}
@inproceedings{gutierrez-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving {WSD} using {ISR}-{WN} with Relevant Semantic Trees and {S}em{C}or Senses Frequency",
    author = "Guti{\'e}rrez, Yoan  and
      V{\'a}zquez, Sonia  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1032",
    pages = "233--239",
}
@inproceedings{micol-etal-2011-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Advanced Techniques for Document Content Similarity Applied to External Plagiarism Analysis",
    author = "Micol, Daniel  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael  and
      Ferr{\'a}ndez, {\'O}scar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1033",
    pages = "240--246",
}
@inproceedings{navlea-todirascu-2011-using,
    title = "Using Cognates in a {F}rench-{R}omanian Lexical Alignment System: A Comparative Study",
    author = "Navlea, Mirabela  and
      Todira{\c{s}}cu, Amalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1034",
    pages = "247--253",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-etal-2011-highly,
    title = "Highly Multilingual Coreference Resolution Exploiting a Mature Entity Repository",
    author = "Steinberger, Josef  and
      Belyaeva, Jenya  and
      Crawley, Jonathan  and
      Della-Rocca, Leonida  and
      Ebrahim, Mohamed  and
      Ehrmann, Maud  and
      Kabadjov, Mijail  and
      Steinberger, Ralf  and
      van der Goot, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1035",
    pages = "254--260",
}
@inproceedings{kubler-zhekova-2011-singletons,
    title = "Singletons and Coreference Resolution Evaluation",
    author = {K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Zhekova, Desislava},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1036",
    pages = "261--267",
}
@inproceedings{mckinlay-markert-2011-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Entity Instantiations",
    author = "McKinlay, Andrew  and
      Markert, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1037",
    pages = "268--274",
}
@inproceedings{ezzat-poibeau-2011-new,
    title = "A New Scheme for Annotating Semantic Relations between Named Entities in Corpora",
    author = "Ezzat, Mani  and
      Poibeau, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1038",
    pages = "275--281",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-klakow-2011-prototypical,
    title = "Prototypical Opinion Holders: What We can Learn from Experts and Analysts",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1039",
    pages = "282--288",
}
@inproceedings{vincze-etal-2011-multiword,
    title = "Multiword Expressions and Named Entities in the Wiki50 Corpus",
    author = "Vincze, Veronika  and
      Nagy T., Istv{\'a}n  and
      Berend, G{\'a}bor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1040",
    pages = "289--295",
}
@inproceedings{padro-etal-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards the Automatic Merging of Lexical Resources: Automatic Mapping",
    author = "Padr{\'o}, Muntsa  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Necsulescu, Silvia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1041",
    pages = "296--301",
}
@inproceedings{montazery-faili-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning for {P}ersian {W}ord{N}et Construction",
    author = "Montazery, Mortaza  and
      Faili, Heshaam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1042",
    pages = "302--308",
}
@inproceedings{menon-choi-2011-domain,
    title = "Domain Independent Authorship Attribution without Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Menon, Rohith  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1043",
    pages = "309--315",
}
@inproceedings{miquel-ribe-rodriguez-2011-cultural,
    title = "Cultural Configuration of {W}ikipedia: measuring Autoreferentiality in Different Languages",
    author = "Miquel Rib{\'e}, Marc  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1044",
    pages = "316--322",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-kozareva-2011-combining,
    title = "Combining Relational and Attributional Similarity for Semantic Relation Classification",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Kozareva, Zornitsa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1045",
    pages = "323--330",
}
@inproceedings{ruppenhofer-etal-2011-search,
    title = "In Search of Missing Arguments: A Linguistic Approach",
    author = "Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Gorinski, Philip  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1046",
    pages = "331--338",
}
@inproceedings{espla-gomis-etal-2011-enlarging,
    title = "Enlarging Monolingual Dictionaries for Machine Translation with Active Learning and Non-Expert Users",
    author = "Espl{\`a}-Gomis, Miquel  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Cartagena, V{\'\i}ctor M.  and
      P{\'e}rez-Ortiz, Juan Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1047",
    pages = "339--346",
}
@inproceedings{claveau-kijak-2011-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Analysis of Biomedical Terminology with Analogy-Based Alignment",
    author = "Claveau, Vincent  and
      Kijak, Ewa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1048",
    pages = "347--354",
}
@inproceedings{cholakov-etal-2011-adaptability,
    title = "Adaptability of Lexical Acquisition for Large-scale Grammars",
    author = "Cholakov, Kostadin  and
      van Noord, Gertjan  and
      Kordoni, Valia  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1049",
    pages = "355--362",
}
@inproceedings{sigogne-etal-2011-integration,
    title = "Integration of Data from a Syntactic Lexicon into Generative and Discriminative Probabilistic Parsers",
    author = "Sigogne, Anthony  and
      Constant, Matthieu  and
      Laporte, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1050",
    pages = "363--370",
}
@inproceedings{turchi-etal-2011-pattern,
    title = "Pattern Learning for Event Extraction using Monolingual Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Turchi, Marco  and
      Zavarella, Vanni  and
      Tanev, Hristo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1051",
    pages = "371--377",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2011-meta,
    title = "{META}-{DARE}: Monitoring the Minimally Supervised {ML} of Relation Extraction Rules",
    author = "Li, Hong  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1052",
    pages = "378--384",
}
@inproceedings{nabende-2011-mining,
    title = "Mining Transliterations from {W}ikipedia using Dynamic {B}ayesian Networks",
    author = "Nabende, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1053",
    pages = "385--391",
}
@inproceedings{brun-2011-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Opinions Using Deep Syntactic Analysis",
    author = "Brun, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1054",
    pages = "392--398",
}
@inproceedings{bergsma-goebel-2011-using,
    title = "Using Visual Information to Predict Lexical Preference",
    author = "Bergsma, Shane  and
      Goebel, Randy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1055",
    pages = "399--405",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2011-systematic,
    title = "Systematic Knowledge Acquisition for Question Analysis",
    author = "Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Nguyen, Dai Quoc  and
      Pham, Son Bao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1056",
    pages = "406--412",
}
@inproceedings{dima-hinrichs-2011-semi,
    title = "A Semi-Automatic, Iterative Method for Creating a Domain-Specific Treebank",
    author = "Dima, Corina  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1057",
    pages = "413--419",
}
@inproceedings{henrich-hinrichs-2011-determining,
    title = "Determining Immediate Constituents of Compounds in {G}erma{N}et",
    author = "Henrich, Verena  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1058",
    pages = "420--426",
}
@inproceedings{cocco-etal-2011-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation and Clustering of Textual Sequences: a Typological Approach",
    author = {Cocco, Christelle  and
      Pittier, Rapha{\"e}l  and
      Bavaud, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Xanthos, Aris},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1059",
    pages = "427--433",
}
@inproceedings{drury-etal-2011-contextual,
    title = "A Contextual Classification Strategy for Polarity Analysis of Direct Quotations from Financial News",
    author = {Drury, Brett  and
      Dias, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Torgo, Lu{\'\i}s},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1060",
    pages = "434--440",
}
@inproceedings{francois-watrin-2011-contribution,
    title = "On the Contribution of {MWE}-based Features to a Readability Formula for {F}rench as a Foreign Language",
    author = "Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas  and
      Watrin, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1061",
    pages = "441--447",
}
@inproceedings{ramsay-mansour-2011-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Hidden Morphophonemic Constraints for Finding the Underlying Forms of {`}weak{'} {A}rabic Verbs",
    author = "Ramsay, Allan  and
      Mansour, Hanady",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1062",
    pages = "448--454",
}
@inproceedings{stern-dagan-2011-confidence,
    title = "A Confidence Model for Syntactically-Motivated Entailment Proofs",
    author = "Stern, Asher  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1063",
    pages = "455--462",
}
@inproceedings{regneri-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning Script Participants from Unlabeled Data",
    author = "Regneri, Michaela  and
      Koller, Alexander  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1064",
    pages = "463--470",
}
@inproceedings{simov-osenova-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards Minimal Recursion Semantics over {B}ulgarian Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Simov, Kiril  and
      Osenova, Petya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1065",
    pages = "471--478",
}
@inproceedings{mithun-kosseim-2011-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Structures to Reduce Discourse Incoherence in Blog Summarization",
    author = "Mithun, Shamima  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1066",
    pages = "479--486",
}
@inproceedings{goller-2011-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Suffix Arrays for Linguistic Pattern Search",
    author = "Goller, Johannes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1067",
    pages = "487--494",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-2011-mechanism,
    title = "A Mechanism to Restrict the Scope of Clause-Bounded Quantifiers in {`}Continuation{'} Semantics",
    author = "Dinu, Anca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1068",
    pages = "495--502",
}
@inproceedings{kotlerman-etal-2011-support,
    title = "A Support Tool for Deriving Domain Taxonomies from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Kotlerman, Lili  and
      Avital, Zemer  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Lotan, Amnon  and
      Weintraub, Ofer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1069",
    pages = "503--508",
}
@inproceedings{alicante-corazza-2011-barrier,
    title = "Barrier Features for Classification of Semantic Relations",
    author = "Alicante, Anita  and
      Corazza, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1070",
    pages = "509--514",
}
@inproceedings{bar-etal-2011-reflective,
    title = "A Reflective View on Text Similarity",
    author = {B{\"a}r, Daniel  and
      Zesch, Torsten  and
      Gurevych, Iryna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1071",
    pages = "515--520",
}
@inproceedings{boldrini-etal-2011-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Robustness of {E}moti{B}log for Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining",
    author = "Boldrini, Ester  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Javi  and
      G{\'o}mez, Jos{\'e} Manuel  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Barco, Patricio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1072",
    pages = "521--526",
}
@inproceedings{bru-etal-2011-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid System For Plagiarism Detection",
    author = "Bru, Javier R.  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Barco, Patricio  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1073",
    pages = "527--532",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-etal-2011-data,
    title = "Data-Driven Approach Using Semantics for Recognizing and Classifying {T}ime{ML} Events in {I}talian",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Llorens, Hector  and
      Navarro-Colorado, Borja  and
      Saquete, Estela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1074",
    pages = "533--538",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-etal-2011-alternations,
    title = "Can Alternations Be Learned? A Machine Learning Approach To {R}omanian Verb Conjugation",
    author = "Dinu, Liviu P.  and
      Ionescu, Emil  and
      Niculae, Vlad  and
      {\c{S}}ulea, Octavia-Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1075",
    pages = "539--544",
}
@inproceedings{fehri-etal-2011-new,
    title = "A New Representation Model for the Automatic Recognition and Translation of {A}rabic Named Entities with {N}oo{J}",
    author = "Fehri, H{\'e}la  and
      Haddar, Kais  and
      Ben hamadou, Abdelmajid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1076",
    pages = "545--550",
}
@inproceedings{gavrila-vertan-2011-training,
    title = "Training Data in Statistical Machine Translation - the More, the Better?",
    author = "Gavrila, Monica  and
      Vertan, Cristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1077",
    pages = "551--556",
}
@inproceedings{gotsoulia-dendrinos-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards a Corpus-based Approach to Modelling Language Production of Foreign Language Learners in Communicative Contexts",
    author = "Gotsoulia, Voula  and
      Dendrinos, Bessie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1078",
    pages = "557--561",
}
@inproceedings{homola-2011-parsing,
    title = "Parsing a Polysynthetic Language",
    author = "Homola, Petr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1079",
    pages = "562--567",
}
@inproceedings{huang-haralick-2011-algorithm,
    title = "An algorithm of Identifying Semantic Arguments of a Verb From Structured Data",
    author = "Huang, Minhua  and
      Haralick, Robert M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1080",
    pages = "568--573",
}
@inproceedings{zalila-haddar-2011-construction,
    title = "Construction of an {HPSG} Grammar for the {A}rabic Relative Sentences",
    author = "Zalila, Ines  and
      Haddar, Kais",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1081",
    pages = "574--579",
}
@inproceedings{klinger-2011-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Selected Skip Edges in Conditional Random Fields for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Klinger, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1082",
    pages = "580--585",
}
@inproceedings{komiya-etal-2011-negation,
    title = "Negation Naive {B}ayes for Categorization of Product Pages on the Web",
    author = "Komiya, Kanako  and
      Sato, Naoto  and
      Fujimoto, Koji  and
      Kotani, Yoshiyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1083",
    pages = "586--591",
}
@inproceedings{kolya-etal-2011-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach for Event Extraction and Event Actor Identification",
    author = "Kolya, Anup Kumar  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1084",
    pages = "592--597",
}
@inproceedings{liao-etal-2011-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Human Correction Quality for Machine Translation from Crowdsourcing",
    author = "Liao, Shasha  and
      Wu, Cheng  and
      Huerta, Juan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1085",
    pages = "598--603",
}
@inproceedings{minard-etal-2011-multi,
    title = "Multi-class {SVM} for Relation Extraction from Clinical Reports",
    author = "Minard, Anne-Lyse  and
      Ligozat, Anne-Laure  and
      Grau, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1086",
    pages = "604--609",
}
@inproceedings{mukerjee-etal-2011-discovering,
    title = "Discovering coreference using image-grounded verb models",
    author = "Mukerjee, Amitabha  and
      Neema, Kruti  and
      Nayak, Sushobhan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1087",
    pages = "610--615",
}
@inproceedings{mukerjee-joshi-2011-word,
    title = "Word and Phrase Learning based on Prior Semantics",
    author = "Mukerjee, Amitabha  and
      Joshi, Nikhil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1088",
    pages = "616--621",
}
@inproceedings{nagy-t-etal-2011-domain,
    title = "Domain-Dependent Identification of Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Nagy T., Istv{\'a}n  and
      Vincze, Veronika  and
      Berend, G{\'a}bor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1089",
    pages = "622--627",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-etal-2011-robust,
    title = "Robust Semantic Analysis for Unseen Data in {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Palmer, Alexis  and
      Alishahi, Afra  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1090",
    pages = "628--633",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-2011-studying,
    title = "Studying Translationese at the Character Level",
    author = "Popescu, Marius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1091",
    pages = "634--639",
}
@inproceedings{saers-wu-2011-linear,
    title = "Linear Transduction Grammars and Zipper Finite-State Transducers",
    author = "Saers, Markus  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1092",
    pages = "640--647",
}
@inproceedings{scaiano-inkpen-2011-finding,
    title = "Finding Negative Key Phrases for {I}nternet Advertising Campaigns using {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Scaiano, Martin  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1093",
    pages = "648--653",
}
@inproceedings{temnikova-2011-establishing,
    title = "Establishing Implementation Priorities in Aiding Writers of Controlled Crisis Management Texts",
    author = "Temnikova, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1094",
    pages = "654--659",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2011-techwatchtool,
    title = "{T}ech{W}atch{T}ool: Innovation and Trend Monitoring",
    author = "Li, Hong  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1095",
    pages = "660--665",
}
@inproceedings{abdul-mageed-etal-2011-yes,
    title = "{``}Yes we can?{''}: Subjectivity Annotation and Tagging for the Health Domain",
    author = "Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad  and
      Korayem, Mohammed  and
      YoussefAgha, Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1096",
    pages = "666--671",
}
@inproceedings{barbu-mititelu-2011-wordnets,
    title = "{W}ordnets: State of the Art and Perspectives. Case Study: the {R}omanian {W}ordnet",
    author = "Barbu Mititelu, Verginica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1097",
    pages = "672--677",
}
@inproceedings{boian-etal-2011-creation,
    title = "Creation and Development of the {R}omanian Lexical Resources",
    author = "Boian, Elena  and
      Ciubotaru, Constantin  and
      Cojocaru, Svetlana  and
      Colesnicov, Alexandru  and
      Malahov, Ludmila  and
      Petic, Mircea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1098",
    pages = "678--685",
}
@inproceedings{boukedi-haddar-2011-analyses,
    title = "Analyses Tools for Non-head Structures",
    author = "Bouk{\'e}di, Sirine  and
      Haddar, Kais",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1099",
    pages = "686--691",
}
@inproceedings{burkovski-heidemann-2011-visualization,
    title = "Visualization for Coreference Annotation",
    author = "Burkovski, Andre  and
      Heidemann, Gunther",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1100",
    pages = "692--697",
}
@inproceedings{da-cunha-etal-2011-rst,
    title = "The {RST} {S}panish Treebank On-line Interface",
    author = "da Cunha, Iria  and
      Torres-Moreno, Juan-Manuel  and
      Sierra, Gerardo  and
      Cabrera-Diego, Luis-Adri{\'a}n  and
      Castro-Rol{\'o}n, Brenda-Gabriela  and
      Rolland Bartilotti, Juan-Miguel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1101",
    pages = "698--703",
}
@inproceedings{chong-specia-2011-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Generalisation for Word-level Matching in Plagiarism Detection",
    author = "Chong, Miranda  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1102",
    pages = "704--709",
}
@inproceedings{dobrov-loukachevitch-2011-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Evidence for Term Extraction in Broad Domains",
    author = "Dobrov, Boris  and
      Loukachevitch, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1103",
    pages = "710--715",
}
@inproceedings{foucault-etal-2011-language,
    title = "Language Modeling for Document Selection in Question Answering",
    author = "Foucault, Nicolas  and
      Adda, Gilles  and
      Rosset, Sophie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1104",
    pages = "716--720",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-gamallo-2011-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Various Linguistic Features on Semantic Relation Extraction",
    author = "Garcia, Marcos  and
      Gamallo, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1105",
    pages = "721--726",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-etal-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic titling of Articles Using Position and Statistical Information",
    author = "Lopez, C{\'e}dric  and
      Prince, Violaine  and
      Roche, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1106",
    pages = "727--732",
}
@inproceedings{petasis-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Domain Adaptation based on Text Relatedness",
    author = "Petasis, Georgios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1107",
    pages = "733--739",
}
@inproceedings{rushdi-saleh-etal-2011-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Experiments with an {A}rabic-{E}nglish Corpus for Opinion Mining",
    author = "Rushdi-Saleh, Mohammed  and
      Mart{\'\i}n-Valdivia, M. Teresa  and
      Ure{\~n}a-L{\'o}pez, L. Alfonso  and
      Perea-Ortega, Jos{\'e} M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1108",
    pages = "740--745",
}
@inproceedings{da-silva-conrado-etal-2011-experiments,
    title = "Experiments on Term Extraction using Noun Phrase Subclassifications",
    author = "da Silva Conrado, Merley  and
      Koza, Walter  and
      D{\'\i}az-Labrador, Josuka  and
      Abaitua, Joseba  and
      Oliveira Rezende, Solange  and
      Pardo, Thiago  and
      Solana, Zulema",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1109",
    pages = "746--751",
}
@inproceedings{shaalan-magdy-2011-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Feedback Message Generation for Second Language Learners of {A}rabic",
    author = "Shaalan, Khaled  and
      Magdy, Marwa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1110",
    pages = "752--757",
}
@inproceedings{sokolova-schramm-2011-building,
    title = "Building a Patient-based Ontology for User-written Web Messages",
    author = "Sokolova, Marina  and
      Schramm, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1111",
    pages = "758--763",
}
@inproceedings{soraluze-etal-2011-recognition,
    title = "Recognition and Classification of Numerical Entities in Basque",
    author = "Soraluze, Ander  and
      Alegria, I{\~n}aki  and
      Ansa, Olatz  and
      Arregi, Olatz  and
      Arregi, Xabier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1112",
    pages = "764--769",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-etal-2011-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Entity-Centered Sentiment Analysis Evaluated by Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Steinberger, Josef  and
      Lenkova, Polina  and
      Kabadjov, Mijail  and
      Steinberger, Ralf  and
      van der Goot, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1113",
    pages = "770--775",
}
@inproceedings{ulanov-simanovsky-2011-term,
    title = "Term Validation for Vocabulary Construction and Key Term Extraction",
    author = "Ulanov, Alexander  and
      Simanovsky, Andrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1114",
    pages = "776--780",
}
@inproceedings{zidrasco-etal-2011-agreement,
    title = "{A}greement: How to Reach it? Defining Language Features Leading to {A}greement in Discourse",
    author = "Zidra{\c{s}}co, Tatiana  and
      Bobicev, Victoria  and
      Shiramatsu, Shun  and
      Ozono, Tadachika  and
      Shintani, Toramatsu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-1115",
    pages = "781--786",
}
@proceedings{ranlp-2011-student,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    author = "Temnikova, Irina  and
      Nikolova, Ivelina  and
      Konstantinova, Natalia",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2000",
}
@inproceedings{nagy-etal-2011-domain,
    title = "Domain-Dependent Detection of Light Verb Constructions",
    author = {Nagy, Istv{\'a}n T.  and
      Berend, G{\'a}bor  and
      M{\'o}ra, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Vincze, Veronika},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{arnulphy-2011-weighted,
    title = "A Weighted Lexicon of {F}rench Event Names",
    author = "Arnulphy, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{stajner-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards a Better Exploitation of the Brown {`}Family{'} Corpora in Diachronic Studies of {B}ritish and {A}merican {E}nglish Language Varieties",
    author = "{\v{S}}tajner, Sanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2003",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{khan-etal-2011-projecting,
    title = "Projecting {F}arsi {POS} Data To Tag {P}ashto",
    author = "Khan, Mohammad  and
      Baucom, Eric  and
      Meyer, Anthony  and
      Moe, Lwin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2004",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{kaeshammer-wetzel-2011-enriching,
    title = "Enriching Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation with {POS} Information",
    author = "Kaeshammer, Miriam  and
      Wetzel, Dominikus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2005",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{berend-etal-2011-inter,
    title = "Inter-domain Opinion Phrase Extraction Based on Feature Augmentation",
    author = {Berend, G{\'a}bor  and
      Nagy, Istv{\'a}n T.  and
      M{\'o}ra, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Vincze, Veronika},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2006",
    pages = "41--47",
}
@inproceedings{alabbas-2011-arbte,
    title = "{A}rb{TE}: {A}rabic Textual Entailment",
    author = "Alabbas, Maytham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2007",
    pages = "48--53",
}
@inproceedings{duma-2011-rdfa,
    title = "{RDF}a Editor for Ontological Annotation",
    author = "Duma, Melania",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2008",
    pages = "54--59",
}
@inproceedings{ebadat-2011-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Protein-Protein Interactions with Language Modelling",
    author = "Ebadat, Ali Reza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2009",
    pages = "60--66",
}
@inproceedings{gavrila-elita-2011-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with Small-size Corpora in {CBMT}",
    author = "Gavrila, Monica  and
      Elita, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2010",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@inproceedings{gayo-2011-question,
    title = "Question Parsing for {QA} in {S}panish",
    author = "Gayo, Iria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2011",
    pages = "73--78",
}
@inproceedings{hough-2011-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Semantics Driven Natural Language Generation with Self-Repairing Capability",
    author = "Hough, Julian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2012",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{hromada-2011-initial,
    title = "Initial Experiments with Multilingual Extraction of Rhetoric Figures by means of {PERL}-compatible Regular Expressions",
    author = "Hromada, Daniel Devatman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2013",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@inproceedings{de-oliveira-etal-2011-three,
    title = "Is Three the Optimal Context Window for Memory-Based Word Sense Disambiguation?",
    author = "de Oliveira, Rodrigo  and
      Hausmann, Lucas  and
      Zhekova, Desislava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2014",
    pages = "91--96",
}
@inproceedings{karagiozov-2011-heterogeneous,
    title = "Heterogeneous Natural Language Processing Tools via Language Processing Chains",
    author = "Karagiozov, Diman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2015",
    pages = "97--102",
}
@inproceedings{klaussner-zhekova-2011-pattern,
    title = "Pattern-Based Ontology Construction from Selected {W}ikipedia Pages",
    author = "Klaussner, Carmen  and
      Zhekova, Desislava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2016",
    pages = "103--108",
}
@inproceedings{klaussner-zhekova-2011-lexico,
    title = "Lexico-Syntactic Patterns for Automatic Ontology Building",
    author = "Klaussner, Carmen  and
      Zhekova, Desislava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2017",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{nayak-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards a Grounded Model for Ontological Metaphors",
    author = "Nayak, Sushobhan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2018",
    pages = "115--120",
}
@inproceedings{necsulescu-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Possible Contexts for Low-Frequent Words",
    author = "Necsulescu, Silvia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2019",
    pages = "121--126",
}
@inproceedings{s-rabiee-2011-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Standard Open-Source Resources To Tagging A Morphologically Rich Language: A Case Study With {A}rabic",
    author = "S. Rabiee, Hajder",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2020",
    pages = "127--132",
}
@inproceedings{rudnick-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards Cross-Language Word Sense Disambiguation for {Q}uechua",
    author = "Rudnick, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2021",
    pages = "133--138",
}
@inproceedings{konstantinova-c-m-de-sousa-2011-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Negation and Speculation: the Case of the Review Domain",
    author = "Konstantinova, Natalia  and
      C. M. de Sousa, Sheila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2022",
    pages = "139--144",
}
@inproceedings{zecevic-2011-n,
    title = "N-gram Based Text Classification According To Authorship",
    author = "Ze{\v{c}}evi{\'c}, An{\dj}elka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2023",
    pages = "145--149",
}
@inproceedings{zhekova-2011-instance,
    title = "Instance Sampling for Multilingual Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Zhekova, Desislava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2011",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R11-2024",
    pages = "150--155",
}
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    author = "Creaney, Norman",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "1",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-1009",
}
@article{nn-1998-publications,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "1",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-1010",
}
@article{nn-1998-advertisements,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "1",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-1011",
}
@article{cl-1998-linguistics-24,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 24, Number 2, June 1998",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "2",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-2000",
}
@article{poesio-vieira-1998-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-based Investigation of Definite Description Use",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "2",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-2001",
    pages = "183--216",
}
@article{li-abe-1998-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing Case Frames Using a Thesaurus and the {MDL} Principle",
    author = "Li, Hang  and
      Abe, Naoki",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "2",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-2002",
    pages = "217--244",
}
@article{marcus-etal-1998-contextual,
    title = "Contextual Grammars as Generative Models of Natural Language",
    author = "Marcus, Solomon  and
      Mart{\'\i}n-Vide, Carlos  and
      P{\u{a}}un, Gheorghe",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "2",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-2003",
    pages = "245--274",
}
@article{caraballo-charniak-1998-new,
    title = "New Figures of Merit for Best-First Probabilistic Chart Parsing",
    author = "Caraballo, Sharon A.  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "2",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-2004",
    pages = "275--298",
}
@article{chi-geman-1998-estimation,
    title = "Estimation of Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars",
    author = "Chi, Zhiyi  and
      Geman, Stuart",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "2",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-2005",
    pages = "299--305",
}
@article{frank-satta-1998-optimality,
    title = "Optimality Theory and the Generative Complexity of Constraint Violability",
    author = "Frank, Robert  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "2",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-2006",
    pages = "307--315",
}
@article{bruce-1998-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Corpus-Based Methods in Language and Speech Processing",
    author = "Bruce, Rebecca",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "2",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-2007",
}
@article{ide-1998-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Text Databases: One Database Model and Several Retrieval Languages",
    author = "Ide, Nancy",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "2",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-2008",
}
@article{fitzpatrick-1998-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: An Introduction to Text-to-Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Fitzpatrick, Eileen",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "2",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-2009",
}
@article{honeycutt-1998-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Linguistic Concepts and Methods in {CSCW}",
    author = "Honeycutt, Lee",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "2",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-2010",
}
@article{kehter-1998-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Computational and Conversational Discourse: Burning Issues-An Interdisciplinary Account",
    author = "Kehter, Andrew",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "2",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-2011",
}
@article{kirk-1998-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Corpus Linguistics",
    author = "Kirk, John M.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "2",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-2012",
}
@article{walter-1998-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Evaluating Natural Language Processing Systems: An Analysis and Review",
    author = "Walter, Sharon M.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "2",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-2013",
}
@article{nn-1998-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "2",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-2014",
}
@article{nn-1998-publications-received,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "2",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-2015",
}
@article{nn-1998-advertisements-2,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "2",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-2016",
}
@article{cl-1998-linguistics-24-number,
    title = "Computational-Linguistics, Volume 24, Number 3, September 1998",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "3",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-3000",
}
@article{dale-etal-1998-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to the Special Issue on Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Dale, Robert  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Scott, Donia",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "3",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-3001",
    pages = "345--353",
}
@article{chu-carroll-carberry-1998-collaborative,
    title = "Collaborative Response Generation in Planning Dialogues",
    author = "Chu-Carroll, Jennifer  and
      Carberry, Sandra",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "3",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-3002",
    pages = "355--400",
}
@article{stede-1998-generative,
    title = "A Generative Perspective on Verb Alternations",
    author = "Stede, Manfred",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "3",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-3003",
    pages = "401--430",
}
@article{mittal-etal-1998-describing,
    title = "Describing Complex Charts in Natural Language: A Caption Generation System",
    author = "Mittal, Vibhu O.  and
      Moore, Johanna D.  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Roth, Steven",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "3",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-3004",
    pages = "431--467",
}
@article{radev-mckeown-1998-generating,
    title = "Generating Natural Language Summaries from Multiple On-Line Sources",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir R.  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "3",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-3005",
    pages = "469--500",
}
@article{oberlander-1998-right,
    title = "Do the Right Thing {\ldots} but Expect the Unexpected",
    author = "Oberlander, Jon",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "3",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-3006",
    pages = "501--507",
}
@article{williams-1998-book,
    title = "Book Review: Progress in Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Williams, Briony",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "3",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-3007",
}
@article{van-santen-1998-book,
    title = "Book Review: Handbook of Standards and Resources for Spoken Language Systems",
    author = "van Santen, Jan P. H.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "3",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-3008",
}
@article{eynde-1998-book,
    title = "Book Review: Machine Translation and Translation Theory",
    author = "Eynde, Frank Van",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "3",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-3009",
}
@article{luckin-1998-book,
    title = "Book Review: Vygotsky and Cognitive Science: Language and the Unification of the Social and Computational Mind",
    author = "Luckin, Rosemary",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "3",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-3010",
}
@article{nn-1998-advertisements-3,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "3",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-3011",
}
@article{cl-1998-linguistics-24-number-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 24, Number 4, {D}ecember 1998",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "4",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-4000",
}
@article{lochbaum-1998-collaborative,
    title = "A Collaborative Planning Model of Intentional Structure",
    author = "Lochbaum, Karen E.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "4",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-4001",
    pages = "525--572",
}
@article{fujii-etal-1998-selective,
    title = "Selective Sampling for Example-based Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "4",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-4002",
    pages = "573--597",
}
@article{knight-graehl-1998-machine,
    title = "Machine Transliteration",
    author = "Knight, Kevin  and
      Graehl, Jonathan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "4",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-4003",
    pages = "599--612",
}
@article{johnson-1998-pcfg,
    title = "{PCFG} Models of Linguistic Tree Representations",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "4",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-4004",
    pages = "613--632",
}
@article{yngve-1998-letter,
    title = "Letter to the Editor: Clues from the Depth Hypothesis: A Reply to Geoffrey Sampson{'}s Review",
    author = "Yngve, Victor H.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "4",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-4005",
}
@article{caccamo-kowaltowski-1998-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Finite-State Language Processing",
    author = "Caccamo, Mario Jose  and
      Kowaltowski, Tomasz",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "4",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-4006",
}
@article{ter-meulen-1998-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Anaphores temporelles et (in-)coherence",
    author = "ter Meulen, Alice G. B.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "4",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-4007",
}
@article{sowa-1998-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Language at Work: Analyzing Communication Breakdown in the Workplace to Inform Systems Design",
    author = "Sowa, John F.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "4",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-4008",
}
@article{stevenson-1998-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: The Architecture of the Language Faculty",
    author = "Stevenson, Suzanne",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "4",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-4009",
}
@article{oshaughnessy-1998-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Text-to-Speech Synthesis: The Bell Labs Approach",
    author = "O{'}Shaughnessy, Douglas",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "4",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-4010",
}
@article{nn-1998-briefly-noted,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "4",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-4011",
}
@article{nn-1998-publications-received-2,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "4",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-4012",
}
@article{nn-1998-author,
    title = "Author Index: Volume 24",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "4",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-4013",
}
@article{nn-1998-title,
    title = "Title Index: Volume 24",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "4",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-4014",
}
@article{nn-1998-advertisements-4,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "24",
    number = "4",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J98-4015",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2017-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    author = "Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Tsao, Yu",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1000",
}
@inproceedings{chang-2017-yi,
    title = "以知識表徵方法建構台語聲調群剖析器 (A Knowledge Representation Method to Implement A {T}aiwanese Tone Group Parser) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Yu-Chu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1001",
    pages = "1--4",
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@inproceedings{deng-etal-2017-yun,
    title = "運用類神經網路方法之語言端點偵測研究 (A Study on Voice Activation Detection by Using Neural Networks) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Deng, Yu-Chih  and
      Chiang, Chen-Yu  and
      Pan, Chen-Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1002",
    pages = "5--20",
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@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-ji,
    title = "基於卷積類神經網路之廣播節目音訊事件偵測系統 (Automatic Audio Event Detection of Broadcast Radio Programs Based on Convolution Neural Networks) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Jhih-wei  and
      Hsu, Wu-Hua  and
      Liao, Yuan-Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
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@inproceedings{hung-etal-2017-ji,
    title = "基於次頻道遞迴類神經網路之麥克風陣列電視回聲消除系統 (Subband Recurrent Neural Networks-based Microphone Array Television Echo Cancellation) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hung, Wei-Jung  and
      Su, Shih-An  and
      Liao, Yuan-Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
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@inproceedings{chang-etal-2017-novel,
    title = "A Novel Trajectory-based Spatial-Temporal Spectral Features for Speech Emotion Recognition",
    author = "Chang, Chun-Min  and
      Lin, Wei-Cheng  and
      Lee, Chi-Chun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1005",
    pages = "52--52",
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@inproceedings{hsu-etal-2017-ying,
    title = "應用興趣點辨識技術從 Web 中挖掘新商家資訊 (Mining {POI}s from Web via {POI} recognition and Relation Verification) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hsu, Kuo-Hsin  and
      Chuang, Hsiu-Min  and
      Chou, Chien-Lung  and
      Chang, Chia-Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
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    title = "Exploring Lavender Tongue from Social Media Texts[In {C}hinese]",
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      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1007",
    pages = "68--80",
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@inproceedings{huang-etal-2017-shou,
    title = "手機平台 {APP} 之四縣客語輸入法的研發 (Research and Implementation of Sixian {H}akka Pinyin Input Method for Mobile Cell {APP}) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Feng-Long  and
      Liu, Kuei-Sen  and
      Tseng, Sheng-Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1008",
    pages = "81--100",
}
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    author = "Lee, Shih-Kuang  and
      Wang, Syu-Siang  and
      Tsao, Yu  and
      Hung, Jeih-weih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1009",
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    title = "基於鑑別式自編碼解碼器之錄音回放攻擊偵測系統 (A Replay Spoofing Detection System Based on Discriminative Autoencoders) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lu, Yu-Ding  and
      Lee, Hung-Shin  and
      Tsao, Yu  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1010",
    pages = "114--115",
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@inproceedings{tseng-etal-2017-tan,
    title = "探究不同領域文件之可讀性分析 (Exploring Readability Analysis on Multi-Domain Texts) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Tseng, Hou-Chiang  and
      Sung, Yao-Ting  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1011",
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@inproceedings{chang-etal-2017-ji,
    title = "基於i-vector與{PLDA}並使用{GMM}-{HMM}強制對位之自動語者分段標記系統 (Speaker Diarization based on {I}-vector {PLDA} Scoring and using {GMM}-{HMM} Forced Alignment) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Cheng-Jo Ray  and
      Lee, Hung-Shin  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min  and
      Jang, Jyh-Shing Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1012",
    pages = "119--135",
}
@inproceedings{chou-etal-2017-amplifying,
    title = "Amplifying a Sense of Emotion toward Drama-Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network for dynamic emotion recognition",
    author = "Chou, Huang-Cheng  and
      Chang, Chun-Min  and
      Liu, Yu-Shuo  and
      Kao, Shiuan-Kai  and
      Lee, Chi-Chun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1013",
    pages = "136--147",
}
@inproceedings{weng-etal-2017-question,
    title = "Question Retrieval with Distributed Representations and Participant Reputation in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Weng, Sam  and
      Wu, Kevin Chun-Kai  and
      Wang, Yu-Chun  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1014",
    pages = "148--148",
}
@inproceedings{lo-etal-2017-shi,
    title = "使用查詢意向探索與類神經網路於語音文件檢索之研究 (Exploring Query Intent and Neural Network modeling Techniques for Spoken Document Retrieval) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lo, Tien-Hong  and
      Chen, Ying-Wen  and
      Chen, Berlin  and
      Chen, Kuan-Yu  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1015",
    pages = "149--151",
}
@inproceedings{tran-phan-2017-toward,
    title = "TOWARD CONTEXTUAL VALENCE SHIFTERS IN VIETNAMESE REVIEWS",
    author = "Tran, Thien Khai  and
      Phan, Tuoi Thi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1016",
    pages = "152--159",
}
@inproceedings{chou-chi-2017-ji,
    title = "基於雙工音高感知模型之神經網路旋律抽取演算法 (The duplex model of pitch perception inspired neural network for melody extraction) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chou, Hsin  and
      Chi, Tai-Shih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1017",
    pages = "160--177",
}
@inproceedings{li-you-etal-2017-gai,
    title = "改進的向量空間可適性濾波器用於聲學回聲消除 (Acoustic Echo Cancellation Using an Improved Vector-Space-Based Adaptive Filtering Algorithm) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Li-You, Jin  and
      Tsao, Yu  and
      Chien, Ying-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1018",
    pages = "178--182",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2017-ptt,
    title = "{PTT} 網站餐廳美食類別擷取之研究 (A Study of Restaurant Information and Food Type Extraction from {PTT}) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chung, Chih-Yu  and
      Chou, Chien-Lung  and
      Chang, Chia-Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1019",
    pages = "183--196",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-ji,
    title = "基於半監督式學習之廣播節目語音逐字稿自動轉寫系統 (Automatic Transcription of Broadcast Radio Speech Based on Quality Estimation-Guided Semi-Supervised Training) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Sing-Yue  and
      Hsu, Wu-Hua  and
      Liao, Yuan-Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1020",
    pages = "197--212",
}
@inproceedings{liao-etal-2017-wan,
    title = "完全基於類神經網路之語音合成系統初步研究 (A Preliminary Study on Fully Neural Network-based Speech Synthesis System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Liao, Shu-Han  and
      Chai, Ya-Bo  and
      Liao, Yuan-Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1021",
    pages = "213--229",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2017-ying,
    title = "應用詞向量於語言樣式探勘之研究 (Mining Language Patterns Using Word Embeddings) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Xiao, Xiang  and
      Ye, Shao-Zhen  and
      Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Lai, K.Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1022",
    pages = "230--243",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-kim-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-Channel Lexicon Integrated {CNN}-{B}i{LSTM} Models for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Yoon, Joosung  and
      Kim, Hyeoncheol",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1023",
    pages = "244--253",
}
@inproceedings{hsiao-etal-2017-using,
    title = "Using Teacher-Student Model For Emotional Speech Recognition[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hsiao, Po-Wei  and
      Hsieh, Po-Chen  and
      Chen, Chia-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1024",
    pages = "254--263",
}
@inproceedings{adiban-etal-2017-sut,
    title = "{SUT} System Description for Anti-Spoofing 2017 Challenge",
    author = "Adiban, Mohammad  and
      Sameti, Hossein  and
      Maghsoodi, Noushin  and
      Shahsavari, Sajjad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1025",
    pages = "264--275",
}
@inproceedings{zeinali-etal-2017-sut,
    title = "{SUT} Submission for {NIST} 2016 Speaker Recognition Evaluation: Description and Analysis",
    author = "Zeinali, Hossein  and
      Sameti, Hossein  and
      Maghsoodi, Noushin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1026",
    pages = "276--286",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-yi,
    title = "以語音能量特性發展即時語速偵測裝置-前導型研究 (Real-time monitoring device of phonation speed and volume based on speech energy: A pilot study) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Chi-Te  and
      Lin, Feng-Chuan  and
      Zheng, Wei-Zhung  and
      Fang, Shih-Hau  and
      Tsao, Yu  and
      Lai, Ying-Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1027",
    pages = "287--294",
}
@inproceedings{chathuranga-etal-2017-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Target Extraction for Student Course Feedback",
    author = "Chathuranga, Janaka  and
      Ediriweera, Shanika  and
      Munasinghe, Pranidhith  and
      Hasantha, Ravindu  and
      Ranathunga, Surangika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1028",
    pages = "295--307",
}
@inproceedings{jihan-etal-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-Domain Aspect Extraction Using Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Jihan, Nadheesh  and
      Senarath, Yasas  and
      Tennekoon, Dulanjaya  and
      Wickramarathne, Mithila  and
      Ranathunga, Surangika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1029",
    pages = "308--322",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-yi-ruan,
    title = "以軟體為基礎建構語音增強系統使用者介面 (Development of a software-based User-Interface of Speech Enhancement System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Tao-Wei  and
      Tsao, Yu  and
      Lai, Ying-Hui  and
      Hsu, Hsiang-Ping  and
      Wu, Chia-Lung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1030",
    pages = "323--331",
}
@inproceedings{lo-etal-2017-ji,
    title = "基於聽覺感知模型之類神經網路及其在語者識別上之應用 (Two-stage Attentional Auditory Model Inspired Neural Network and Its Application to Speaker Identification) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lo, Yu-Wen  and
      Liao, Yuan-Fu  and
      Chi, Tai-Shih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1031",
    pages = "332--353",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2017-xu,
    title = "序列標記與配對方法用於語音辨識錯誤偵測及修正 (On the Use of Sequence Labeling and Matching Methods for {ASR} Error Detection and Correction) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wu, Chia-Hua  and
      Tsai, Chun-I  and
      Hung, Hsiao-Tsung  and
      Kao, Yu-Chen  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-1032",
    pages = "354--369",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2017-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 22, Number 1, June 2017",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Chien, Jen-Tzung",
    month = jun,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-2000",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2017-dang,
    title = "當代非監督式方法之比較於節錄式語音摘要 (An Empirical Comparison of Contemporary Unsupervised Approaches for Extractive Speech Summarization) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Liu, Shih-Hung  and
      Chen, Kuan-Yu  and
      Shih, Kai-Wun  and
      Chen, Berlin  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 22, Number 1, June 2017",
    month = jun,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-2001",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chung-2017-fan,
    title = "反義詞「多」和「少」在數量名結構中的不對稱現象－－以語料庫為本的分析 (The Asymmetric Occurences of \textit{Dou1} and \textit{Shao3} in the [Numeral + Measure Word/Classifier + Noun] Construction: A Corpus-based Analysis) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Wei-Yu  and
      Chung, Siaw-Fong",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 22, Number 1, June 2017",
    month = jun,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-2002",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2017-approach,
    title = "An Approach to Extract Product Features from {C}hinese Consumer Reviews and Establish Product Feature Structure Tree",
    author = "Xu, Xinsheng  and
      Lin, Jing  and
      Xiao, Ying  and
      Yu, Jianzhe",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 22, Number 1, June 2017",
    month = jun,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-2003",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2017-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 22, Number 2, {D}ecember 2017-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIX}",
    author = "Lee, Chi-Chun (Jeremy)  and
      Yang, Cheng-Zen",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-3000",
}
@inproceedings{lee-yang-2017-forewords,
    title = "Forewords",
    author = "Lee, Chi-Chun Jeremy  and
      Yang, Cheng-Zen",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 22, Number 2, {D}ecember 2017-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIX}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-3001",
}
@inproceedings{lo-etal-2017-yu,
    title = "語音文件檢索使用類神經網路技術 (On the Use of Neural Network Modeling Techniques for Spoken Document Retrieval) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lo, Tien-Hong  and
      Chen, Ying-Wen  and
      Chen, Kuan-Yu  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 22, Number 2, {D}ecember 2017-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIX}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-3002",
}
@inproceedings{weng-etal-2017-question-retrieval,
    title = "Question Retrieval with Distributed Representations and Participant Reputation in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Weng, Sam  and
      Wu, Chun-Kai  and
      Wang, Yu-Chun  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 22, Number 2, {D}ecember 2017-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIX}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-3003",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-etal-2017-tan-jiu,
    title = "探究使用基於類神經網路之特徵於文本可讀性分類 (Exploring the Use of Neural Network based Features for Text Readability Classification) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Tseng, Hou-Chiang  and
      Chen, Berlin  and
      Sung, Yao-Ting",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 22, Number 2, {D}ecember 2017-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIX}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-3004",
}
@inproceedings{li-you-etal-2017-gai-jin,
    title = "改進的向量空間可適性濾波器用於聲學回聲消除 (Acoustic Echo Cancellation Using an Improved Vector-Space-Based Adaptive Filtering Algorithm) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Li-You, Jin  and
      Tsao, Yu  and
      Chien, Ying-Ren",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 22, Number 2, {D}ecember 2017-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIX}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-3005",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2017-ji,
    title = "基於鑑別式自編碼解碼器之錄音回放攻擊偵測系統 (A Replay Spoofing Detection System Based on Discriminative Autoencoders) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wu, Chia-Lung  and
      Hsu, Hsiang-Ping  and
      Lu, Yu-Ding  and
      Tsao, Yu  and
      Lee, Hung-Shin  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 22, Number 2, {D}ecember 2017-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIX}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-3006",
}
@inproceedings{chang-2017-yi-zhi,
    title = "以知識表徵方法建構台語聲調群剖析器 (A Knowledge Representation Method to Implement A {T}aiwanese Tone Group Parser) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Yu-Chu",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 22, Number 2, {D}ecember 2017-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIX}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-3007",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2017-novel-trajectory,
    title = "A Novel Trajectory-based Spatial-Temporal Spectral Features for Speech Emotion Recognition",
    author = "Chang, Chun-Min  and
      Lin, Wei-Cheng  and
      Lee, Chi-Chun",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 22, Number 2, {D}ecember 2017-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIX}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O17-3008",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2003-research,
    title = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XV}",
    author = "Chang, Jason J.  and
      Liou, Hsien-Chin",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2003-word,
    title = "Word-Transliteration Alignment",
    author = "Lin, Tracy  and
      Wu, Chien-Cheng  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XV}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-1001",
    pages = "1--16",
}
@inproceedings{kuo-yang-2003-ying,
    title = "應用混淆音矩陣之中英文音譯詞組自動抽取 (Automatic Transliterated-term Extraction Using Confusion Matrix from Non-parallel Corpora) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Kuo, Jin-Shea  and
      Yang, Ying-Kuei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XV}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-1002",
    pages = "17--32",
}
@inproceedings{wu-chang-2003-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Collocation Extraction Based on Syntactic and Statistical Analyses",
    author = "Wu, Chien-Cheng  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XV}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-1003",
    pages = "33--55",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2003-livetrans,
    title = "{L}ive{T}rans: Translation Suggestion for Cross-Language Web Search from Web Anchor Texts and Search Results",
    author = "Lu, Wen-Hsiang  and
      Chien, Lee-Feng  and
      Lee, Hsi-Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XV}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-1004",
    pages = "57--72",
}
@inproceedings{iunn-2003-cong,
    title = "從語域及借詞觀點探討台語文寫作風格 (Discussion on {T}aiwanese Writing Style from The Viewpoint of Register and Loanword) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Iunn, Un-Gian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XV}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-1005",
    pages = "73--86",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2003-economy,
    title = "{ECONOMY} {IS} A {PERSON}: A {C}hinese-{E}nglish Corpora and Ontological-based Comparison Using the Conceptual Mapping Model",
    author = "Chung, Siaw-Fong  and
      Ahrens, Kathleen  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XV}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-1006",
    pages = "87--110",
}
@inproceedings{liang-wu-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Pronominal Anaphora Resolution in {E}nglish Texts",
    author = "Liang, Tyne  and
      Wu, Dian-Song",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XV}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-1007",
    pages = "111--127",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-juang-2003-wen,
    title = "文件自我擴展於自動分類之應用 (Application of Document Self-Expansion to Text Categorization) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Juang, Da-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XV}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-1008",
    pages = "129--141",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-etal-2003-auto,
    title = "Auto-Discovery of {NVEF} Word-Pairs in {C}hinese",
    author = "Tsai, Jia-Lin  and
      Hsieh, Gladys  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XV}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-1009",
    pages = "143--160",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-chen-2003-reliable,
    title = "Reliable and Cost-Effective {P}o{S}-Tagging",
    author = "Tsai, Yu-Fang  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XV}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-1010",
    pages = "161--173",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-etal-2003-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Auto-Confirmation Agent",
    author = "Tsai, Jia-Lin  and
      Sung, Cheng-Lung  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XV}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-1011",
    pages = "175--191",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-etal-2003-mencius,
    title = "{M}encius: A {C}hinese Named Entity Recognizer Using Hybrid Model",
    author = "Tsai, Tzong-Han  and
      Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XV}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-1012",
    pages = "193--209",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2003-yi,
    title = "以網際網路內容為基礎之問答系統 {``}Why{''} 問句研究 (The Study of Why Questions in Web-based Question-Answering Systems) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Shen, Tean-Zuo  and
      Lin, Chuan-Jie  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XV}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-1013",
    pages = "211--229",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2003-ji,
    title = "基於自然語言處理技術的研究主題抽取與分析 (Extraction and Analysis of Research Topics Based on {NLP} Technologies) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Sung-Chen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XV}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-1014",
    pages = "231--255",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2003-yi,
    title = "以知識概念模型為基礎之多主題對話管理系統 (Ontology-Based Dialog Management for Multiple Service Integration) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Ming-Jun  and
      Yeh, Jui-Feng  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XV}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-1015",
    pages = "257--277",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2003-rocling,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ROCLING} 2003 Student Workshop",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{wu-2003-bidirectional,
    title = "A Bidirectional Study of {M}andarin Conversation Verbs",
    author = "Wu, Yiching",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ROCLING} 2003 Student Workshop",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-2001",
    pages = "279--286",
}
@inproceedings{gong-2003-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-Based Study on Mapping Principles of Metaphors in Politics",
    author = "Gong, Shu-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ROCLING} 2003 Student Workshop",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-2002",
    pages = "287--294",
}
@inproceedings{jian-2003-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Verb-Noun Collocations from Text",
    author = "Jian, Jia Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ROCLING} 2003 Student Workshop",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-2003",
    pages = "295--302",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-2003-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Sentence Alignment Based on Punctuation Marks",
    author = "Yeh, Kevin C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ROCLING} 2003 Student Workshop",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-2004",
    pages = "303--312",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2003-rocling-2003,
    title = "{ROCLING} 2003 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{wang-liang-2003-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-based {C}hinese Syllable-to-Character System",
    author = "Wang, Chien-Pang  and
      Liang, Tyne",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2003 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-3001",
    pages = "313--326",
}
@inproceedings{hsie-etal-2003-interleaving,
    title = "Interleaving Text and Punctuations for Bilingual Sub-sentential Alignment",
    author = "Hsie, Wen-Chi  and
      Yeh, Kevin  and
      Chang, Jason S.  and
      Chuang, Thomas C.",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2003 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-3002",
    pages = "327--333",
}
@inproceedings{liang-wu-2003-restoration,
    title = "Restoration of Case Information in All-Cap {E}nglish Broadcast Transcription",
    author = "Liang, Yu-Ting  and
      Wu, Jian-Chen",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2003 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-3003",
    pages = "335--337",
}
@inproceedings{hsien-etal-2003-using,
    title = "Using Punctuations and Lengths for Bilingual Sub-sentential Alignment",
    author = "Hsien, Wen-Chi  and
      Yeh, Kevin  and
      Chang, Jason S.  and
      Chuang, Thomas C.",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2003 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-3004",
    pages = "339--345",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2003-totalrecall,
    title = "{T}otal{R}ecall: A Bilingual Concordance in National Digital Learning Project - {CANDLE}",
    author = "Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Shei, Wen-Chi  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2003 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-3005",
    pages = "347--353",
}
@inproceedings{chang-lin-2003-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Word Segmentation Without Dictionary",
    author = "Chang, Jason S.  and
      Lin, Tracy",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2003 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-3006",
    pages = "355--359",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2003-mang,
    title = "盲胞有聲書語音查詢系統 (A Speech-enabled Talking Book Retrieval System for the Blind) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Cheng-Yuan  and
      Hsieh, Ming-Feng  and
      Jang, Jyh-Shing",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2003 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-3007",
    pages = "361--367",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2003-xian,
    title = "線上新聞語音檢索系統 (Online New Retrieval Based on Speech Input) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Jiang-Chun  and
      Lo, Jui-Lin  and
      Jang, Jyh-Shing",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2003 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-3008",
    pages = "369--376",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2003-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 8, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2003: Special Issue on Word Formation and {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "2003",
}
@inproceedings{wu-2003-customizable,
    title = "Customizable Segmentation of Morphologically Derived Words in {C}hinese",
    author = "Wu, Andi",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 8, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2003: Special Issue on Word Formation and {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-4001",
    pages = "1--28",
}
@inproceedings{xue-2003-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation as Character Tagging",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 8, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2003: Special Issue on Word Formation and {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-4002",
    pages = "29--48",
}
@inproceedings{nishimoto-2003-measuring,
    title = "Measuring and Comparing the Productivity of {M}andarin {C}hinese Suffixes",
    author = "Nishimoto, Eiji",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 8, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2003: Special Issue on Word Formation and {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-4003",
    pages = "49--76",
}
@inproceedings{ha-etal-2003-extension,
    title = "Extension of {Z}ipf{'}s Law to Word and Character N-grams for {E}nglish and {C}hinese",
    author = "Ha, Le Quan  and
      Sicilia-Garcia, E. I.  and
      Ming, Ji  and
      Smith, F. J.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 8, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2003: Special Issue on Word Formation and {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-4004",
    pages = "77--102",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2003-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 8, Number 2, August 2003",
    month = aug,
    year = "2003",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2003-class,
    title = "A Class-based Language Model Approach to {C}hinese Named Entity Identification",
    author = "Sun, Jian  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 8, Number 2, August 2003",
    month = aug,
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-5001",
    pages = "1--28",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2003-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Named Entity Recognition Using Role Model",
    author = "Zhang, Hua-Ping  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Yu, Hong-Kui  and
      Cheng, Xue-Qi  and
      Bai, Shuo",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 8, Number 2, August 2003",
    month = aug,
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-5002",
    pages = "29--60",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2003-building,
    title = "Building A {C}hinese {W}ord{N}et Via Class-Based Translation Model",
    author = "Chang, Jason S.  and
      Lin, Tracy  and
      You, Geeng-Neng  and
      Chuang, Thomas C.  and
      Hsieh, Ching-Ting",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 8, Number 2, August 2003",
    month = aug,
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-5003",
    pages = "61--76",
}
@inproceedings{chen-du-2003-preparatory,
    title = "Preparatory Work on Automatic Extraction of Bilingual Multi-Word Units from Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Chen, Boxing  and
      Du, Limin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 8, Number 2, August 2003",
    month = aug,
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-5004",
    pages = "77--92",
}
@inproceedings{ker-2003-cong,
    title = "從詞網出發的中文複合名詞的語意表達 (Learning the Semantic Meaning of a {C}hinese Compound from the {W}ord{N}et) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Ker, Sue-Jin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 8, Number 2, August 2003",
    month = aug,
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O03-5005",
    pages = "93--108",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2015-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    author = "Chen, Sin-Horng  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min  and
      Chien, Jen-Tzung",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1000",
}
@inproceedings{shih-etal-2015-biao,
    title = "表示法學習技術於節錄式語音文件摘要之研究(A Study on Representation Learning Techniques for Extractive Spoken Document Summarization) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Shih, Kai-Wun  and
      Chen, Berlin  and
      Chen, Kuan-Yu  and
      Liu, Shih-Hung  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1001",
    pages = "1--3",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-shi,
    title = "使用詞向量表示與概念資訊於中文大詞彙連續語音辨識之語言模型調適(Exploring Word Embedding and Concept Information for Language Model Adaptation in {M}andarin Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Ssu-Cheng  and
      Chen, Kuan-Yu  and
      Hung, Hsiao-Tsung  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1002",
    pages = "4--17",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2015-jie,
    title = "結合β距離與圖形正規限制式之非負矩陣分解應用於單通道訊號源分離(Monaural Source Separation Using Nonnegative Matrix Factorization with Graph Regularization Constraint) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Yan-Bo  and
      Tuan, Pham  and
      Lee, Yuan-Shan  and
      Wang, Jia-Ching",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1003",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2015-yi,
    title = "以自然語言處理方法研發智慧型客語無聲調拼音輸入法 (Smart Toneless Pinyin Input Method for {H}akka Based on Natural Language Processing) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Hsin-Wei  and
      Yu, Ming-Shing  and
      Huang, Feng-Long  and
      Wei, Jiun-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1004",
    pages = "27--42",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2015-quan,
    title = "《全唐詩》的分析、探勘與應用－風格、對仗、社會網路與對聯(Textual Analysis of Complete Tang Poems for Discoveries and Applications - Style, Antitheses, Social Networks, and Couplets)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Chang, Chun-Ning  and
      Hsu, Chu-Ting  and
      Cheng, Wen-Hui  and
      Wang, Hongsu  and
      Chiu, Wei-Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1005",
    pages = "43--57",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2015-designing,
    title = "Designing a Tag-Based Statistical Math Word Problem Solver with Reasoning and Explanation",
    author = "Huang, Chien-Tsung  and
      Lin, Yi-Chung  and
      Liang, Chao-Chun  and
      Hsu, Kuang-Yi  and
      Miao, Shen-Yun  and
      Ma, Wei-Yun  and
      Ku, Lun-Wen  and
      Liau, Churn-Jung  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1006",
    pages = "58--63",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2015-explanation,
    title = "Explanation Generation for a Math Word Problem Solver",
    author = "Huang, Chien-Tsung  and
      Lin, Yi-Chung  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1007",
    pages = "64--70",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2015-ke,
    title = "可讀性預測於中小學國語文教科書及優良課外讀物之研究(A Study of Readability Prediction on Elementary and Secondary {C}hinese Textbooks and Excellent Extracurricular Reading Materials) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Liu, Yi-Nian  and
      Chen, Kuan-Yu  and
      Tseng, Hou-Chiang  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1008",
    pages = "71--86",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-etal-2015-ji,
    title = "基於貝氏定理自動分析語料庫與標定文步 (A {B}ayesian approach to determine move tags in corpus) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hsu, Jia-Lien  and
      Chang, Chiung-Wen  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1009",
    pages = "87--99",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2015-diao,
    title = "調變頻譜分解之改良於強健性語音辨識(Several Refinements of Modulation Spectrum Factorization for Robust Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Ting-Hao  and
      Hung, Hsiao-Tsung  and
      Chen, Kuan-Yu  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1010",
    pages = "100--102",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-etal-2015-rong,
    title = "融合多種深層類神經網路聲學模型與分類技術於華語錯誤發音檢測之研究(Exploring Combinations of Various Deep Neural Network based Acoustic Models and Classification Techniques for {M}andarin Mispro-nunciation Detection)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hsu, Yao-Chi  and
      Yang, Ming-Han  and
      Hung, Hsiao-Tsung  and
      Hsiung, Yuwen  and
      Hung, Yao-Ting  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1011",
    pages = "103--120",
}
@inproceedings{chen-lee-2015-tou,
    title = "透過語音特徵建構基於堆疊稀疏自編碼器演算法之婚姻治療中夫妻互動行為量表自動化評分系統(Automating Behavior Coding for Distressed Couples Interactions Based on Stacked Sparse Autoencoder Framework using Speech-acoustic Features)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Po-Hsuan  and
      Lee, Chi-Chun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1012",
    pages = "121--122",
}
@inproceedings{chu-etal-2015-yu,
    title = "語音增強基於小腦模型控制器(A Speech Enhancement System Based on Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chu, Hao-Chun  and
      Lee, Jung-Hsi  and
      Fang, Shih-Hau  and
      Lin, Chih-Min  and
      Chang, Yun-Fan  and
      Tsao, Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1013",
    pages = "123--135",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-etal-2015-lei,
    title = "類神經網路訓練結合環境群集及專家混合系統於強健性語音辨識(Automatic Speech Recognition using Neural Network based Acoustic Model with the Environment Clustering and Mixture of Experts Algorithms) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hsu, Chia-Yung  and
      Wang, Jia-Ching  and
      Tsao, Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1014",
    pages = "136--147",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2015-ji,
    title = "基於已知名稱搜尋結果的網路實體辨識模型建立工具(A Tool for Web {NER} Model Generation Using Search Snippets of Known Entities) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Ya-Yun  and
      Chang, Chia-Hui  and
      Chou, Chien-Lung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1015",
    pages = "148--163",
}
@inproceedings{chen-kao-2015-word,
    title = "Word Co-occurrence Augmented Topic Model in Short Text",
    author = "Chen, Guan-Bin  and
      Kao, Hung-Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1016",
    pages = "164--166",
}
@inproceedings{wen-etal-2015-ji,
    title = "基於 {W}ord2{V}ec 詞向量的網路情緒文和流行音樂媒合方法之研究(Matching {I}nternet Mood Essays with Pop-Music Based on {W}ord2{V}ec)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wen, Pin-Chu  and
      Tsai, Yi-Lin  and
      Tsai, Tzong-Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1017",
    pages = "167--179",
}
@inproceedings{kao-etal-2015-ji,
    title = "基於{W}eb之商家景點擷取與資料庫建置(Points of Interest Extraction from Unstructured Web)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Kao, Ting-Yao  and
      Chuang, Hsiu-Min  and
      Chang, Chia-Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1018",
    pages = "180--195",
}
@inproceedings{wang-shen-2015-yun,
    title = "運用關聯分析探勘民眾關注議題與發展方向:以環保議題為例(Mining Issues of Public Concern by Association Analysis: Using Environmental Issue as an Example)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Chieh-Jen  and
      Shen, Min-Hsin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1019",
    pages = "196--205",
}
@inproceedings{long-etal-2015-xian,
    title = "现代汉语语义词典多义词词库的校正和再修订(New Editing and Checking Work of the Semantic Knowledge Base of Contemporary {C}hinese ({SKCC}))[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Long, Yunfei  and
      Bian, Yuefeng  and
      Qu, Weiguang  and
      Dai, Rubing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1020",
    pages = "206--217",
}
@inproceedings{chen-wu-2015-yi,
    title = "以語言模型判斷學習者文句流暢度(Analyzing Learners {`}Writing Fluency Based on Language Model)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Po-Lin  and
      Wu, Shih-Hung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1021",
    pages = "218--232",
}
@inproceedings{chen-liu-2015-word,
    title = "The word complexity measure ({WCM}) in early phonological development: A longitudinal study from birth to three years old",
    author = "Chen, Li-mei  and
      Liu, Yi-Hsiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1022",
    pages = "233--247",
}
@inproceedings{lee-chuang-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Knowledge from User Search",
    author = "Lee, Yen-Kuan  and
      Chuang, Kun-Ta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1023",
    pages = "248--262",
}
@inproceedings{tung-lu-2015-bu,
    title = "部落客憂鬱傾向分析與預測(Analysis and Prediction of Blogger{'}s Depression Tendency)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Tung, Chia-Ming  and
      Lu, Wen-Hsiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1024",
    pages = "263--276",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2015-jie,
    title = "結合{ANN}、全域變異數與真實軌跡挑選之基週軌跡產生方法(A Pitch-contour Generation Method Combining {ANN} Prediction,Global Variance Matching, and Real-contour Selection)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Gu, Hung-Yan  and
      Jiang, Kai-Wei  and
      Wang, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1025",
    pages = "277--288",
}
@inproceedings{lai-etal-2015-yun,
    title = "運用{P}ython結合語音辨識及合成技術於自動化音文同步之實作(A Python Implementation of Automatic Speech-text Synchronization Using Speech Recognition and Text-to-Speech Technology)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lai, ChunHan  and
      Chang, Chao-Kai  and
      Lyu, Ren-Yuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1026",
    pages = "289--305",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chen-2015-jie,
    title = "結合非線性動態特徵之語音情緒辨識(Speech Emotion Recognition via Nonlinear Dynamical Features)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Chu-Hsuan  and
      Chen, Yen-Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-1027",
    pages = "306--315",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2015-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 20, Number 1, June 2015-Special Issue on {C}hinese as a Foreign Language",
    author = "Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Chang, Li-Ping",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-2000",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2015-guest,
    title = "Guest Editoral: Special Issue on {C}hinese as a Foreign Language",
    author = "Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Chang, Li-Ping",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 20, Number 1, June 2015-Special Issue on {C}hinese as a Foreign Language",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-2001",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-etal-2015-hanspeller,
    title = "{HANS}peller: A Unified Framework for {C}hinese Spelling Correction",
    author = "Xiong, Jinhua  and
      Zhang, Qiao  and
      Zhang, Shuiyuan  and
      Hou, Jianpeng  and
      Cheng, Xueqi",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 20, Number 1, June 2015-Special Issue on {C}hinese as a Foreign Language",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-2002",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chu-2015-study,
    title = "A Study on {C}hinese Spelling Check Using Confusion Sets and?N-gram Statistics",
    author = "Lin, Chuan-Jie  and
      Chu, Wei-Cheng",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 20, Number 1, June 2015-Special Issue on {C}hinese as a Foreign Language",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-2003",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2015-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Detecting Syntactic Errors in Sentences Writing by Learners of {C}hinese as a Foreign Language",
    author = "Chang, Tao-Hsing  and
      Sung, Yao-Ting  and
      Hong, Jia-Fei",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 20, Number 1, June 2015-Special Issue on {C}hinese as a Foreign Language",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-2004",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-yeh-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Classification of the {``}De{''} Word Usage for {C}hinese as a Foreign Language",
    author = "Yeh, Jui-Feng  and
      Yeh, Chan-Kun",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 20, Number 1, June 2015-Special Issue on {C}hinese as a Foreign Language",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-2005",
}
@inproceedings{tung-etal-2015-yi,
    title = "以「華語學習者語料庫」為本的「了」字句偏誤分析 (The Error Analysis of {``}Le{''} based on {``}{C}hinese Learner Written Corpus{''}) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Tung, Tzu-Yun  and
      Chen, Howard Hao-Jan  and
      Yang, Hui-Mei",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 20, Number 1, June 2015-Special Issue on {C}hinese as a Foreign Language",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-2006",
}
@inproceedings{mochizuki-etal-2015-cross,
    title = "Cross-Linguistic Error Types of Misused {C}hinese Based on Learners{'} Corpora",
    author = "Mochizuki, Keiko  and
      Sano, Hiroshi  and
      Shen, Ya-Ming  and
      Wu, Chia-Hou",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 20, Number 1, June 2015-Special Issue on {C}hinese as a Foreign Language",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-2007",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2015-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 20, Number 2, {D}ecember 2015 - Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXVII}",
    author = "Kao, Hung-Yu  and
      Wang, Yih-Ru  and
      Chien, Jen-Tzong",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-3000",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2015-designing,
    title = "Designing a Tag-Based Statistical Math Word Problem Solver with Reasoning and Explanation",
    author = "Lin, Yi-Chung  and
      Liang, Chao-Chun  and
      Hsu, Kuang-Yi  and
      Huang, Chien-Tsung  and
      Miao, Shen-Yun  and
      Ma, Wei-Yun  and
      Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Liau, Churn-Jung  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 20, Number 2, {D}ecember 2015 - Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXVII}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-3001",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2015-explanation-generation,
    title = "Explanation Generation for a Math Word Problem Solver",
    author = "Huang, Chien-Tsung  and
      Lin, Yi-Chung  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 20, Number 2, {D}ecember 2015 - Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXVII}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-3002",
}
@inproceedings{chen-kao-2015-word-co,
    title = "Word Co-occurrence Augmented Topic Model in Short Text",
    author = "Chen, Guan-Bin  and
      Kao, Hung-Yu",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 20, Number 2, {D}ecember 2015 - Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXVII}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-3003",
}
@inproceedings{shih-etal-2015-jie,
    title = "節錄式語音文件摘要使用表示法學習技術 (Extractive Spoken Document Summarization with Representation Learning Techniques) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Shih, Kai-Wun  and
      Chen, Kuan-Yu  and
      Liu, Shih-Hung  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 20, Number 2, {D}ecember 2015 - Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXVII}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-3004",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2015-diao-bian,
    title = "調變頻譜分解技術於強健語音辨識之研究 (Investigating Modulation Spectrum Factorization Techniques for Robust Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Ting-Hao  and
      Hung, Hsiao-Tsung  and
      Chen, Kuan-Yu  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 20, Number 2, {D}ecember 2015 - Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXVII}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-3005",
}
@inproceedings{chen-lee-2015-tou-guo,
    title = "透過語音特徵建構基於堆疊稀疏自編碼器演算法之婚姻治療中夫妻互動行為量表自動化評分系統 (Automating Behavior Coding for Distressed Couples Interactions Based on Stacked Sparse Autoencoder Framework using Speech-acoustic Features) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Po-Hsuan  and
      Lee, Chi-Chun",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 20, Number 2, {D}ecember 2015 - Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXVII}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O15-3006",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2001-research,
    title = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIV}",
    author = "Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Chien, Jen-Tzung",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{lee-ker-2001-xin,
    title = "新聞文件摘要之研究 (Text Summarization on News) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lee, Hsiang-Pin  and
      Ker, Su-Jin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-1001",
    pages = "23--42",
}
@inproceedings{chien-chen-2001-shi,
    title = "使用關聯法則為主之語言模型於擷取長距離中文文字關聯性 (Association Rule Based Language Models for Discovering Long Distance Dependency in {C}hinese) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chien, Jen-Tzung  and
      Chen, Hung-Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-1002",
    pages = "43--63",
}
@inproceedings{shen-chang-2001-duo,
    title = "多篇文件自動摘要系統 (Multi-Document Summarization System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Shen, Jian-Cheng  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-1003",
    pages = "65--87",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chiang-2001-ji,
    title = "基於階層式類神經網路之自動新聞文件分類方法 (Hierarchical Neural Networks for Automatic News Document Categorization) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Yan-Cheng  and
      Chiang, Jung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-1004",
    pages = "89--97",
}
@inproceedings{chen-wu-2001-using,
    title = "Using Chi-Square Testing in Modeling Confusion Characteristics for Robust Phonetic Set Generation",
    author = "Chen, Yeou-Jiunn  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-1005",
    pages = "123--135",
}
@inproceedings{chen-kao-2001-pitch,
    title = "Pitch Marking Based on an Adaptable Filter and a Peak-Valley Estimation Method",
    author = "Chen, Jau-Hung  and
      Kao, Yung-An",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-1006",
    pages = "137--145",
}
@inproceedings{mei-etal-2001-optimiztion,
    title = "Optimiztion of {HMM} by the Tabu Search Algorithm",
    author = "Mei, Xiao-dan  and
      Sun, Sheng-he  and
      Pan, Jeng-shuang  and
      Chen, Tsong-yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-1007",
    pages = "147--153",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2001-jian,
    title = "簡易影片字幕文字辨識法及其詢答應用 (A Simple Method for Video {OCR} and Its Application on Question Answering) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Chuan-Jie  and
      Liu, Che-Chia  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-1008",
    pages = "155--174",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2001-zhong,
    title = "中文語料庫構建及管理系統設計 (Design of Management System for {C}hinese Corpus Construction) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Ma, Wei-Yun  and
      Hsieh, Yu-Ming  and
      Yang, Chang-Hua  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-1009",
    pages = "175--191",
}
@inproceedings{lo-etal-2001-design,
    title = "Design, Compilation and Processing of {CUC}all: A Set of {C}antonese Spoken Language Corpora Collected Over Telephone Networks",
    author = "Lo, W.K.  and
      Ching, P.C.  and
      Lee, Tan  and
      Meng, Helen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-1010",
    pages = "193--212",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-chen-2001-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of Zero Anaphora Resolution in {C}hinese Based on Centering Model",
    author = "Yeh, Ching-Long  and
      Chen, Yi-Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-1011",
    pages = "237--251",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-etal-2001-zhong,
    title = "中文動詞自動分類研究 (Automatic Classification of {C}hinese Unknown Verbs) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Tseng, Hui-hsin  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Gao, Zhao Ming  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-1012",
    pages = "253--272",
}
@inproceedings{chang-yu-2001-tong,
    title = "統計式片語翻譯模型(A Statistical Model of Terminology Translation) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Jason S.  and
      Yu, Ta-wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-1013",
    pages = "273--297",
}
@inproceedings{lu-2001-metaphor,
    title = "Metaphor, Inference, and Conceptualisation : On the Development of V-diao Construction in {M}andarin",
    author = "Lu, Wei-lun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-1014",
    pages = "299--316",
}
@inproceedings{wu-liu-2001-xin,
    title = "心理動詞「想」、「認為」、「以為」與「覺得」的語義區分及訊息表達{--}以語料為本的分析方法 (Lexical Semantic Distinction and Information Encoding: A Corpus-Based Analysis of Four Related Mental Verbs - {X}iang, Renwei, Yiwei and Juede) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wu, Yi-Ching  and
      Liu, Mei-Juen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-1015",
    pages = "317--336",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2001-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 6, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2001: Special Issue on Natural Language Processing Researches in {MSRA}",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2001-improving,
    title = "Improving Translation Selection with a New Translation Model Trained by Independent Monolingual Corpora",
    author = "Zhou, Ming  and
      Ding, Yuan  and
      Huang, Changning",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 6, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2001: Special Issue on Natural Language Processing Researches in {MSRA}",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-2001",
    pages = "1--26",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2001-use,
    title = "The Use of Clustering Techniques for Language Modeling V Application to {A}sian Language",
    author = "Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Goodman, Joshua T.  and
      Miao, Jiangbo",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 6, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2001: Special Issue on Natural Language Processing Researches in {MSRA}",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-2002",
    pages = "27--60",
}
@inproceedings{chu-qian-2001-locating,
    title = "Locating Boundaries for Prosodic Constituents in Unrestricted {M}andarin Texts",
    author = "Chu, Min  and
      Qian, Yao",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 6, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2001: Special Issue on Natural Language Processing Researches in {MSRA}",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-2003",
    pages = "61--82",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2001-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Translation Template Acquisition Based on Bilingual Structure Alignment",
    author = "Lu, Yajuan  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Li, Sheng  and
      Huang, Changning  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 6, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2001: Special Issue on Natural Language Processing Researches in {MSRA}",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-2004",
    pages = "83--108",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2001-improving,
    title = "Improving the Effectiveness of Information Retrieval with Clustering and Fusion",
    author = "Zhang, Jian  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Wang, Jiaxing",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 6, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2001: Special Issue on Natural Language Processing Researches in {MSRA}",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-2005",
    pages = "109--125",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2001-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 6, Number 2, August 2001",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
}
@inproceedings{lu-2001-metaphorical,
    title = "Metaphorical Transfer and Pragmatic Strengthening: On the Development of V-diao in {M}andarin",
    author = "Lu, Louis Wei-lun",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 6, Number 2, August 2001",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-3001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2001-simple,
    title = "A Simple Method for {C}hinese Video {OCR} and Its Application to Question Answering",
    author = "Lin, Chuan-Jie  and
      Liu, Che-Chia  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 6, Number 2, August 2001",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-3002",
    pages = "11--30",
}
@inproceedings{chen-kao-2001-pitch-marking,
    title = "Pitch Marking Based on an Adaptable Filter and a Peak-Valley Estimation Method",
    author = "Chen, Jau-Hung  and
      Kao, Yung-An",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 6, Number 2, August 2001",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-3003",
    pages = "31--42",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2001-tong,
    title = "統計式片語翻譯模型 (Statistical Translation Model for Phrases) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Jason S.  and
      Yu, David  and
      Lee, Chun-Jun",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 6, Number 2, August 2001",
    month = aug,
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O01-3004",
    pages = "43--64",
}
@proceedings{semeval-1998-pilot,
    title = "Proceedings of the Pilot {SENSEVAL}",
    author = "Kilgarriff, Adam  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    month = sep,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Hermonceux Castle, Sussex, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}
@proceedings{coling-2018-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Bender, Emily M.  and
      Derczynski, Leon  and
      Isabelle, Pierre",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1000",
}
@inproceedings{jahan-etal-2018-new,
    title = "A New Approach to {A}nimacy Detection",
    author = "Jahan, Labiba  and
      Chauhan, Geeticka  and
      Finlayson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1001",
    pages = "1--12",
    abstract = "Animacy is a necessary property for a referent to be an agent, and thus animacy detection is useful for a variety of natural language processing tasks, including word sense disambiguation, co-reference resolution, semantic role labeling, and others. Prior work treated animacy as a word-level property, and has developed statistical classifiers to classify words as either animate or inanimate. We discuss why this approach to the problem is ill-posed, and present a new approach based on classifying the animacy of co-reference chains. We show that simple voting approaches to inferring the animacy of a chain from its constituent words perform relatively poorly, and then present a hybrid system merging supervised machine learning (ML) and a small number of hand-built rules to compute the animacy of referring expressions and co-reference chains. This method achieves state of the art performance. The supervised ML component leverages features such as word embeddings over referring expressions, parts of speech, and grammatical and semantic roles. The rules take into consideration parts of speech and the hypernymy structure encoded in WordNet. The system achieves an F1 of 0.88 for classifying the animacy of referring expressions, which is comparable to state of the art results for classifying the animacy of words, and achieves an F1 of 0.75 for classifying the animacy of coreference chains themselves. We release our training and test dataset, which includes 142 texts (all narratives) comprising 156,154 words, 34,698 referring expressions, and 10,941 co-reference chains. We test the method on a subset of the OntoNotes dataset, showing using manual sampling that animacy classification is 90{\%} +/- 2{\%} accurate for coreference chains, and 92{\%} +/- 1{\%} for referring expressions. The data also contains 46 folktales, which present an interesting challenge because they often involve characters who are members of traditionally inanimate classes (e.g., stoves that walk, trees that talk). We show that our system is able to detect the animacy of these unusual referents with an F1 of 0.95.",
}
@inproceedings{yin-etal-2018-zero,
    title = "Zero Pronoun Resolution with Attention-based Neural Network",
    author = "Yin, Qingyu  and
      Zhang, Yu  and
      Zhang, Weinan  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1002",
    pages = "13--23",
    abstract = "Recent neural network methods for zero pronoun resolution explore multiple models for generating representation vectors for zero pronouns and their candidate antecedents. Typically, contextual information is utilized to encode the zero pronouns since they are simply gaps that contain no actual content. To better utilize contexts of the zero pronouns, we here introduce the self-attention mechanism for encoding zero pronouns. With the help of the multiple hops of attention, our model is able to focus on some informative parts of the associated texts and therefore produces an efficient way of encoding the zero pronouns. In addition, an attention-based recurrent neural network is proposed for encoding candidate antecedents by their contents. Experiment results are encouraging: our proposed attention-based model gains the best performance on the Chinese portion of the OntoNotes corpus, substantially surpasses existing Chinese zero pronoun resolution baseline systems.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-choi-2018-exist,
    title = "They Exist! Introducing Plural Mentions to Coreference Resolution and Entity Linking",
    author = "Zhou, Ethan  and
      Choi, Jinho D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1003",
    pages = "24--34",
    abstract = "This paper analyzes arguably the most challenging yet under-explored aspect of resolution tasks such as coreference resolution and entity linking, that is the resolution of plural mentions. Unlike singular mentions each of which represents one entity, plural mentions stand for multiple entities. To tackle this aspect, we take the character identification corpus from the SemEval 2018 shared task that consists of entity annotation for singular mentions, and expand it by adding annotation for plural mentions. We then introduce a novel coreference resolution algorithm that selectively creates clusters to handle both singular and plural mentions, and also a deep learning-based entity linking model that jointly handles both types of mentions through multi-task learning. Adjusted evaluation metrics are proposed for these tasks as well to handle the uniqueness of plural mentions. Our experiments show that the new coreference resolution and entity linking models significantly outperform traditional models designed only for singular mentions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that plural mentions are thoroughly analyzed for these two resolution tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{meng-rumshisky-2018-triad,
    title = "Triad-based Neural Network for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Meng, Yuanliang  and
      Rumshisky, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1004",
    pages = "35--43",
    abstract = "We propose a triad-based neural network system that generates affinity scores between entity mentions for coreference resolution. The system simultaneously accepts three mentions as input, taking mutual dependency and logical constraints of all three mentions into account, and thus makes more accurate predictions than the traditional pairwise approach. Depending on system choices, the affinity scores can be further used in clustering or mention ranking. Our experiments show that a standard hierarchical clustering using the scores produces state-of-art results with MUC and B 3 metrics on the English portion of CoNLL 2012 Shared Task. The model does not rely on many handcrafted features and is easy to train and use. The triads can also be easily extended to polyads of higher orders. To our knowledge, this is the first neural network system to model mutual dependency of more than two members at mention level.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Morphology Learning with Statistical Paradigms",
    author = "Xu, Hongzhi  and
      Marcus, Mitchell  and
      Yang, Charles  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1005",
    pages = "44--54",
    abstract = "This paper describes an unsupervised model for morphological segmentation that exploits the notion of paradigms, which are sets of morphological categories (e.g., suffixes) that can be applied to a homogeneous set of words (e.g., nouns or verbs). Our algorithm identifies statistically reliable paradigms from the morphological segmentation result of a probabilistic model, and chooses reliable suffixes from them. The new suffixes can be fed back iteratively to improve the accuracy of the probabilistic model. Finally, the unreliable paradigms are subjected to pruning to eliminate unreliable morphological relations between words. The paradigm-based algorithm significantly improves segmentation accuracy. Our method achieves start-of-the-art results on experiments using the Morpho-Challenge data, including English, Turkish, and Finnish.",
}
@inproceedings{mager-etal-2018-challenges,
    title = "Challenges of language technologies for the indigenous languages of the {A}mericas",
    author = "Mager, Manuel  and
      Gutierrez-Vasques, Ximena  and
      Sierra, Gerardo  and
      Meza-Ruiz, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1006",
    pages = "55--69",
    abstract = "Indigenous languages of the American continent are highly diverse. However, they have received little attention from the technological perspective. In this paper, we review the research, the digital resources and the available NLP systems that focus on these languages. We present the main challenges and research questions that arise when distant languages and low-resource scenarios are faced. We would like to encourage NLP research in linguistically rich and diverse areas like the Americas.",
}
@inproceedings{muis-etal-2018-low,
    title = "Low-resource Cross-lingual Event Type Detection via Distant Supervision with Minimal Effort",
    author = "Muis, Aldrian Obaja  and
      Otani, Naoki  and
      Vyas, Nidhi  and
      Xu, Ruochen  and
      Yang, Yiming  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1007",
    pages = "70--82",
    abstract = "The use of machine learning for NLP generally requires resources for training. Tasks performed in a low-resource language usually rely on labeled data in another, typically resource-rich, language. However, there might not be enough labeled data even in a resource-rich language such as English. In such cases, one approach is to use a hand-crafted approach that utilizes only a small bilingual dictionary with minimal manual verification to create distantly supervised data. Another is to explore typical machine learning techniques, for example adversarial training of bilingual word representations. We find that in event-type detection task{---}the task to classify [parts of] documents into a fixed set of labels{---}they give about the same performance. We explore ways in which the two methods can be complementary and also see how to best utilize a limited budget for manual annotation to maximize performance gain.",
}
@inproceedings{makarov-clematide-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Transition-based String Transduction for Limited-Resource Setting in Morphology",
    author = "Makarov, Peter  and
      Clematide, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1008",
    pages = "83--93",
    abstract = "We present a neural transition-based model that uses a simple set of edit actions (copy, delete, insert) for morphological transduction tasks such as inflection generation, lemmatization, and reinflection. In a large-scale evaluation on four datasets and dozens of languages, our approach consistently outperforms state-of-the-art systems on low and medium training-set sizes and is competitive in the high-resource setting. Learning to apply a generic copy action enables our approach to generalize quickly from a few data points. We successfully leverage minimum risk training to compensate for the weaknesses of MLE parameter learning and neutralize the negative effects of training a pipeline with a separate character aligner.",
}
@inproceedings{matsubayashi-inui-2018-distance,
    title = "Distance-Free Modeling of Multi-Predicate Interactions in End-to-End {J}apanese Predicate-Argument Structure Analysis",
    author = "Matsubayashi, Yuichiroh  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1009",
    pages = "94--106",
    abstract = "Capturing interactions among multiple predicate-argument structures (PASs) is a crucial issue in the task of analyzing PAS in Japanese. In this paper, we propose new Japanese PAS analysis models that integrate the label prediction information of arguments in multiple PASs by extending the input and last layers of a standard deep bidirectional recurrent neural network (bi-RNN) model. In these models, using the mechanisms of pooling and attention, we aim to directly capture the potential interactions among multiple PASs, without being disturbed by the word order and distance. Our experiments show that the proposed models improve the prediction accuracy specifically for cases where the predicate and argument are in an indirect dependency relation and achieve a new state of the art in the overall $F_1$ on a standard benchmark corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{rehbein-ruppenhofer-2018-sprucing,
    title = "Sprucing up the trees {--} Error detection in treebanks",
    author = "Rehbein, Ines  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1010",
    pages = "107--118",
    abstract = "We present a method for detecting annotation errors in manually and automatically annotated dependency parse trees, based on ensemble parsing in combination with Bayesian inference, guided by active learning. We evaluate our method in different scenarios: (i) for error detection in dependency treebanks and (ii) for improving parsing accuracy on in- and out-of-domain data.",
}
@inproceedings{teng-zhang-2018-two,
    title = "Two Local Models for Neural Constituent Parsing",
    author = "Teng, Zhiyang  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1011",
    pages = "119--132",
    abstract = "Non-local features have been exploited by syntactic parsers for capturing dependencies between sub output structures. Such features have been a key to the success of state-of-the-art statistical parsers. With the rise of deep learning, however, it has been shown that local output decisions can give highly competitive accuracies, thanks to the power of dense neural input representations that embody global syntactic information. We investigate two conceptually simple local neural models for constituent parsing, which make local decisions to constituent spans and CFG rules, respectively. Consistent with previous findings along the line, our best model gives highly competitive results, achieving the labeled bracketing F1 scores of 92.4{\%} on PTB and 87.3{\%} on CTB 5.1.",
}
@inproceedings{chowdhury-zamparelli-2018-rnn,
    title = "{RNN} Simulations of Grammaticality Judgments on Long-distance Dependencies",
    author = "Chowdhury, Shammur Absar  and
      Zamparelli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1012",
    pages = "133--144",
    abstract = "The paper explores the ability of LSTM networks trained on a language modeling task to detect linguistic structures which are ungrammatical due to extraction violations (extra arguments and subject-relative clause island violations), and considers its implications for the debate on language innatism. The results show that the current RNN model can correctly classify (un)grammatical sentences, in certain conditions, but it is sensitive to linguistic processing factors and probably ultimately unable to induce a more abstract notion of grammaticality, at least in the domain we tested.",
}
@inproceedings{eidelman-etal-2018-predictable,
    title = "How Predictable is Your State? Leveraging Lexical and Contextual Information for Predicting Legislative Floor Action at the State Level",
    author = "Eidelman, Vladimir  and
      Kornilova, Anastassia  and
      Argyle, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1013",
    pages = "145--160",
    abstract = "Modeling U.S. Congressional legislation and roll-call votes has received significant attention in previous literature, and while legislators across 50 state governments and D.C. propose over 100,000 bills each year, enacting over 30{\%} of them on average, state level analysis has received relatively less attention due in part to the difficulty in obtaining the necessary data. Since each state legislature is guided by their own procedures, politics and issues, however, it is difficult to qualitatively asses the factors that affect the likelihood of a legislative initiative succeeding. We present several methods for modeling the likelihood of a bill receiving floor action across all 50 states and D.C. We utilize the lexical content of over 1 million bills, along with contextual legislature and legislator derived features to build our predictive models, allowing a comparison of what factors are important to the lawmaking process. Furthermore, we show that these signals hold complementary predictive power, together achieving an average improvement in accuracy of 18{\%} over state specific baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{geva-berant-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning to Search in Long Documents Using Document Structure",
    author = "Geva, Mor  and
      Berant, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1014",
    pages = "161--176",
    abstract = "Reading comprehension models are based on recurrent neural networks that sequentially process the document tokens. As interest turns to answering more complex questions over longer documents, sequential reading of large portions of text becomes a substantial bottleneck. Inspired by how humans use document structure, we propose a novel framework for reading comprehension. We represent documents as trees, and model an agent that learns to interleave quick navigation through the document tree with more expensive answer extraction. To encourage exploration of the document tree, we propose a new algorithm, based on Deep Q-Network (DQN), which strategically samples tree nodes at training time. Empirically we find our algorithm improves question answering performance compared to DQN and a strong information-retrieval (IR) baseline, and that ensembling our model with the IR baseline results in further gains in performance.",
}
@inproceedings{hong-etal-2018-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Image Matching Into Knowledge Acquisition for Event-Oriented Relation Recognition",
    author = "Hong, Yu  and
      Xu, Yang  and
      Ruan, Huibin  and
      Zou, Bowei  and
      Yao, Jianmin  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1015",
    pages = "177--189",
    abstract = "Event relation recognition is a challenging language processing task. It is required to determine the relation class of a pair of query events, such as causality, under the condition that there isn{'}t any reliable clue for use. We follow the traditional statistical approach in this paper, speculating the relation class of the target events based on the relation-class distributions on the similar events. There is minimal supervision used during the speculation process. In particular, we incorporate image processing into the acquisition of similar event instances, including the utilization of images for visually representing event scenes, and the use of the neural network based image matching for approximate calculation between events. We test our method on the ACE-R2 corpus and compared our model with the fully-supervised neural network models. Experimental results show that we achieve a comparable performance to CNN while slightly better than LSTM.",
}
@inproceedings{yamada-etal-2018-representation,
    title = "Representation Learning of Entities and Documents from Knowledge Base Descriptions",
    author = "Yamada, Ikuya  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Takefuji, Yoshiyasu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1016",
    pages = "190--201",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe TextEnt, a neural network model that learns distributed representations of entities and documents directly from a knowledge base (KB). Given a document in a KB consisting of words and entity annotations, we train our model to predict the entity that the document describes and map the document and its target entity close to each other in a continuous vector space. Our model is trained using a large number of documents extracted from Wikipedia. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated using two tasks, namely fine-grained entity typing and multiclass text classification. The results demonstrate that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on both tasks. The code and the trained representations are made available online for further academic research.",
}
@inproceedings{kulkarni-etal-2018-simple,
    title = "Simple Neologism Based Domain Independent Models to Predict Year of Authorship",
    author = "Kulkarni, Vivek  and
      Tian, Yingtao  and
      Dandiwala, Parth  and
      Skiena, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1017",
    pages = "202--212",
    abstract = "We present domain independent models to date documents based only on neologism usage patterns. Our models capture patterns of neologism usage over time to date texts, provide insights into temporal locality of word usage over a span of 150 years, and generalize to various domains like News, Fiction, and Non-Fiction with competitive performance. Quite intriguingly, we show that by modeling only the distribution of usage counts over neologisms (the model being agnostic of the particular words themselves), we achieve competitive performance using several orders of magnitude fewer features (only 200 input features) compared to state of the art models some of which use 200K features.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Math Word Problem Solver with Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Huang, Danqing  and
      Liu, Jing  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Yin, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1018",
    pages = "213--223",
    abstract = "Sequence-to-sequence model has been applied to solve math word problems. The model takes math problem descriptions as input and generates equations as output. The advantage of sequence-to-sequence model requires no feature engineering and can generate equations that do not exist in training data. However, our experimental analysis reveals that this model suffers from two shortcomings: (1) generate spurious numbers; (2) generate numbers at wrong positions. In this paper, we propose incorporating copy and alignment mechanism to the sequence-to-sequence model (namely CASS) to address these shortcomings. To train our model, we apply reinforcement learning to directly optimize the solution accuracy. It overcomes the {``}train-test discrepancy{''} issue of maximum likelihood estimation, which uses the surrogate objective of maximizing equation likelihood during training while the evaluation metric is solution accuracy (non-differentiable) at test time. Furthermore, to explore the effectiveness of our neural model, we use our model output as a feature and incorporate it into the feature-based model. Experimental results show that (1) The copy and alignment mechanism is effective to address the two issues; (2) Reinforcement learning leads to better performance than maximum likelihood on this task; (3) Our neural model is complementary to the feature-based model and their combination significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art results.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-yeung-2018-personalizing,
    title = "Personalizing Lexical Simplification",
    author = "Lee, John  and
      Yeung, Chak Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1019",
    pages = "224--232",
    abstract = "A lexical simplification (LS) system aims to substitute complex words with simple words in a text, while preserving its meaning and grammaticality. Despite individual users{'} differences in vocabulary knowledge, current systems do not consider these variations; rather, they are trained to find one optimal substitution or ranked list of substitutions for all users. We evaluate the performance of a state-of-the-art LS system on individual learners of English at different proficiency levels, and measure the benefits of using complex word identification (CWI) models to personalize the system. Experimental results show that even a simple personalized CWI model, based on graded vocabulary lists, can help the system avoid some unnecessary simplifications and produce more readable output.",
}
@inproceedings{kuznetsov-gurevych-2018-text,
    title = "From Text to Lexicon: Bridging the Gap between Word Embeddings and Lexical Resources",
    author = "Kuznetsov, Ilia  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1020",
    pages = "233--244",
    abstract = "Distributional word representations (often referred to as word embeddings) are omnipresent in modern NLP. Early work has focused on building representations for word types, and recent studies show that lemmatization and part of speech (POS) disambiguation of targets in isolation improve the performance of word embeddings on a range of downstream tasks. However, the reasons behind these improvements, the qualitative effects of these operations and the combined performance of lemmatized and POS disambiguated targets are less studied. This work aims to close this gap and puts previous findings into a general perspective. We examine the effect of lemmatization and POS typing on word embedding performance in a novel resource-based evaluation scenario, as well as on standard similarity benchmarks. We show that these two operations have complimentary qualitative and vocabulary-level effects and are best used in combination. We find that the improvement is more pronounced for verbs and show how lemmatization and POS typing implicitly target some of the verb-specific issues. We claim that the observed improvement is a result of better conceptual alignment between word embeddings and lexical resources, stressing the need for conceptually plausible modeling of word embedding targets.",
}
@inproceedings{bingel-etal-2018-lexi,
    title = "{L}exi: A tool for adaptive, personalized text simplification",
    author = "Bingel, Joachim  and
      Paetzold, Gustavo  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1021",
    pages = "245--258",
    abstract = "Most previous research in text simplification has aimed to develop generic solutions, assuming very homogeneous target audiences with consistent intra-group simplification needs. We argue that this assumption does not hold, and that instead we need to develop simplification systems that adapt to the individual needs of specific users. As a first step towards personalized simplification, we propose a framework for adaptive lexical simplification and introduce Lexi, a free open-source and easily extensible tool for adaptive, personalized text simplification. Lexi is easily installed as a browser extension, enabling easy access to the service for its users.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2018-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Emergent Research Trends by Key Authors and Phrases",
    author = "Jiang, Shenhao  and
      Prasad, Animesh  and
      Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Sugiyama, Kazunari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1022",
    pages = "259--269",
    abstract = "Identifying emergent research trends is a key issue for both primary researchers as well as secondary research managers. Such processes can uncover the historical development of an area, and yield insight on developing topics. We propose an embedded trend detection framework for this task which incorporates our bijunctive hypothesis that important phrases are written by important authors within a field and vice versa. By ranking both author and phrase information in a multigraph, our method jointly determines key phrases and authoritative authors. We represent this intermediate output as phrasal embeddings, and feed this to a recurrent neural network (RNN) to compute trend scores that identify research trends. Over two large datasets of scientific articles, we demonstrate that our approach successfully detects past trends from the field, outperforming baselines based solely on text centrality or citation.",
}
@inproceedings{lan-jiang-2018-embedding,
    title = "Embedding {W}ord{N}et Knowledge for Textual Entailment",
    author = "Lan, Yunshi  and
      Jiang, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1023",
    pages = "270--281",
    abstract = "In this paper, we study how we can improve a deep learning approach to textual entailment by incorporating lexical entailment relations from WordNet. Our idea is to embed the lexical entailment knowledge contained in WordNet in specially-learned word vectors, which we call {``}entailment vectors.{''} We present a standard neural network model and a novel set-theoretic model to learn these entailment vectors from word pairs with known lexical entailment relations derived from WordNet. We further incorporate these entailment vectors into a decomposable attention model for textual entailment and evaluate the model on the SICK and the SNLI dataset. We find that using these special entailment word vectors, we can significantly improve the performance of textual entailment compared with a baseline that uses only standard word2vec vectors. The final performance of our model is close to or above the state of the art, but our method does not rely on any manually-crafted rules or extensive syntactic features.",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2018-attributed,
    title = "Attributed and Predictive Entity Embedding for Fine-Grained Entity Typing in Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Jin, Hailong  and
      Hou, Lei  and
      Li, Juanzi  and
      Dong, Tiansi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1024",
    pages = "282--292",
    abstract = "Fine-grained entity typing aims at identifying the semantic type of an entity in KB. Type information is very important in knowledge bases, but are unfortunately incomplete even in some large knowledge bases. Limitations of existing methods are either ignoring the structure and type information in KB or requiring large scale annotated corpus. To address these issues, we propose an attributed and predictive entity embedding method, which can fully utilize various kinds of information comprehensively. Extensive experiments on two real DBpedia datasets show that our proposed method significantly outperforms 8 state-of-the-art methods, with 4.0{\%} and 5.2{\%} improvement in Mi-F1 and Ma-F1, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-joint,
    title = "Joint Learning from Labeled and Unlabeled Data for Information Retrieval",
    author = "Li, Bo  and
      Cheng, Ping  and
      Jia, Le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1025",
    pages = "293--302",
    abstract = "Recently, a significant number of studies have focused on neural information retrieval (IR) models. One category of works use unlabeled data to train general word embeddings based on term proximity, which can be integrated into traditional IR models. The other category employs labeled data (e.g. click-through data) to train end-to-end neural IR models consisting of layers for target-specific representation learning. The latter idea accounts better for the IR task and is favored by recent research works, which is the one we will follow in this paper. We hypothesize that general semantics learned from unlabeled data can complement task-specific representation learned from labeled data of limited quality, and that a combination of the two is favorable. To this end, we propose a learning framework which can benefit from both labeled and more abundant unlabeled data for representation learning in the context of IR. Through a joint learning fashion in a single neural framework, the learned representation is optimized to minimize both the supervised loss on query-document matching and the unsupervised loss on text reconstruction. Standard retrieval experiments on TREC collections indicate that the joint learning methodology leads to significant better performance of retrieval over several strong baselines for IR.",
}
@inproceedings{weiss-meurers-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the Readability of {G}erman Targeting Adults and Children: An empirically broad analysis and its cross-corpus validation",
    author = "Wei{\ss}, Zarah  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1026",
    pages = "303--317",
    abstract = "We analyze two novel data sets of German educational media texts targeting adults and children. The analysis is based on 400 automatically extracted measures of linguistic complexity from a wide range of linguistic domains. We show that both data sets exhibit broad linguistic adaptation to the target audience, which generalizes across both data sets. Our most successful binary classification model for German readability robustly shows high accuracy between 89.4{\%}{--}98.9{\%} for both data sets. To our knowledge, this comprehensive German readability model is the first for which robust cross-corpus performance has been shown. The research also contributes resources for German readability assessment that are externally validated as successful for different target audiences: we compiled a new corpus of German news broadcast subtitles, the Tagesschau/Logo corpus, and crawled a GEO/GEOlino corpus substantially enlarging the data compiled by Hancke et al. 2012.",
}
@inproceedings{stajner-hulpus-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Assessment of Conceptual Text Complexity Using Knowledge Graphs",
    author = "{\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Hulpu{\c{s}}, Ioana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1027",
    pages = "318--330",
    abstract = "Complexity of texts is usually assessed only at the lexical and syntactic levels. Although it is known that conceptual complexity plays a significant role in text understanding, no attempts have been made at assessing it automatically. We propose to automatically estimate the conceptual complexity of texts by exploiting a number of graph-based measures on a large knowledge base. By using a high-quality language learners corpus for English, we show that graph-based measures of individual text concepts, as well as the way they relate to each other in the knowledge graph, have a high discriminative power when distinguishing between two versions of the same text. Furthermore, when used as features in a binary classification task aiming to choose the simpler of two versions of the same text, our measures achieve high performance even in a default setup.",
}
@inproceedings{yimam-biemann-2018-par4sim,
    title = "{P}ar4{S}im {--} Adaptive Paraphrasing for Text Simplification",
    author = "Yimam, Seid Muhie  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1028",
    pages = "331--342",
    abstract = "Learning from a real-world data stream and continuously updating the model without explicit supervision is a new challenge for NLP applications with machine learning components. In this work, we have developed an adaptive learning system for text simplification, which improves the underlying learning-to-rank model from usage data, i.e. how users have employed the system for the task of simplification. Our experimental result shows that, over a period of time, the performance of the embedded paraphrase ranking model increases steadily improving from a score of 62.88{\%} up to 75.70{\%} based on the NDCG@10 evaluation metrics. To our knowledge, this is the first study where an NLP component is adaptively improved through usage.",
}
@inproceedings{sari-etal-2018-topic,
    title = "Topic or Style? Exploring the Most Useful Features for Authorship Attribution",
    author = "Sari, Yunita  and
      Stevenson, Mark  and
      Vlachos, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1029",
    pages = "343--353",
    abstract = "Approaches to authorship attribution, the task of identifying the author of a document, are based on analysis of individuals{'} writing style and/or preferred topics. Although the problem has been widely explored, no previous studies have analysed the relationship between dataset characteristics and effectiveness of different types of features. This study carries out an analysis of four widely used datasets to explore how different types of features affect authorship attribution accuracy under varying conditions. The results of the analysis are applied to authorship attribution models based on both discrete and continuous representations. We apply the conclusions from our analysis to an extension of an existing approach to authorship attribution and outperform the prior state-of-the-art on two out of the four datasets used.",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "A Deep Dive into Word Sense Disambiguation with {LSTM}",
    author = "Le, Minh  and
      Postma, Marten  and
      Urbani, Jacopo  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1030",
    pages = "354--365",
    abstract = "LSTM-based language models have been shown effective in Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD). In particular, the technique proposed by Yuan et al. (2016) returned state-of-the-art performance in several benchmarks, but neither the training data nor the source code was released. This paper presents the results of a reproduction study and analysis of this technique using only openly available datasets (GigaWord, SemCor, OMSTI) and software (TensorFlow). Our study showed that similar results can be obtained with much less data than hinted at by Yuan et al. (2016). Detailed analyses shed light on the strengths and weaknesses of this method. First, adding more unannotated training data is useful, but is subject to diminishing returns. Second, the model can correctly identify both popular and unpopular meanings. Finally, the limited sense coverage in the annotated datasets is a major limitation. All code and trained models are made freely available.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2018-enriching,
    title = "Enriching Word Embeddings with Domain Knowledge for Readability Assessment",
    author = "Jiang, Zhiwei  and
      Gu, Qing  and
      Yin, Yafeng  and
      Chen, Daoxu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1031",
    pages = "366--378",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a method which learns the word embedding for readability assessment. For the existing word embedding models, they typically focus on the syntactic or semantic relations of words, while ignoring the reading difficulty, thus they may not be suitable for readability assessment. Hence, we provide the knowledge-enriched word embedding (KEWE), which encodes the knowledge on reading difficulty into the representation of words. Specifically, we extract the knowledge on word-level difficulty from three perspectives to construct a knowledge graph, and develop two word embedding models to incorporate the difficulty context derived from the knowledge graph to define the loss functions. Experiments are designed to apply KEWE for readability assessment on both English and Chinese datasets, and the results demonstrate both effectiveness and potential of KEWE.",
}
@inproceedings{jana-etal-2018-wikiref,
    title = "{W}iki{R}ef: Wikilinks as a route to recommending appropriate references for scientific {W}ikipedia pages",
    author = "Jana, Abhik  and
      Kanojiya, Pranjal  and
      Goyal, Pawan  and
      Mukherjee, Animesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1032",
    pages = "379--389",
    abstract = "The exponential increase in the usage of Wikipedia as a key source of scientific knowledge among the researchers is making it absolutely necessary to metamorphose this knowledge repository into an integral and self-contained source of information for direct utilization. Unfortunately, the references which support the content of each Wikipedia entity page, are far from complete. Why are the reference section ill-formed for most Wikipedia pages? Is this section edited as frequently as the other sections of a page? Can there be appropriate surrogates that can automatically enhance the reference section? In this paper, we propose a novel two step approach {--} WikiRef {--} that (i) leverages the wikilinks present in a scientific Wikipedia target page and, thereby, (ii) recommends highly relevant references to be included in that target page appropriately and automatically borrowed from the reference section of the wikilinks. In the first step, we build a classifier to ascertain whether a wikilink is a potential source of reference or not. In the following step, we recommend references to the target page from the reference section of the wikilinks that are classified as potential sources of references in the first step. We perform an extensive evaluation of our approach on datasets from two different domains {--} Computer Science and Physics. For Computer Science we achieve a notably good performance with a precision@1 of 0.44 for reference recommendation as opposed to 0.38 obtained from the most competitive baseline. For the Physics dataset, we obtain a similar performance boost of 10{\%} with respect to the most competitive baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{alharthi-etal-2018-authorship,
    title = "Authorship Identification for Literary Book Recommendations",
    author = "Alharthi, Haifa  and
      Inkpen, Diana  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1033",
    pages = "390--400",
    abstract = "Book recommender systems can help promote the practice of reading for pleasure, which has been declining in recent years. One factor that influences reading preferences is writing style. We propose a system that recommends books after learning their authors{'} style. To our knowledge, this is the first work that applies the information learned by an author-identification model to book recommendations. We evaluated the system according to a top-k recommendation scenario. Our system gives better accuracy when compared with many state-of-the-art methods. We also conducted a qualitative analysis by checking if similar books/authors were annotated similarly by experts.",
}
@inproceedings{leal-etal-2018-nontrivial,
    title = "A Nontrivial Sentence Corpus for the Task of Sentence Readability Assessment in {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Leal, Sidney Evaldo  and
      Duran, Magali Sanches  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1034",
    pages = "401--413",
    abstract = "Effective textual communication depends on readers being proficient enough to comprehend texts, and texts being clear enough to be understood by the intended audience, in a reading task. When the meaning of textual information and instructions is not well conveyed, many losses and damages may occur. Among the solutions to alleviate this problem is the automatic evaluation of sentence readability, task which has been receiving a lot of attention due to its large applicability. However, a shortage of resources, such as corpora for training and evaluation, hinders the full development of this task. In this paper, we generate a nontrivial sentence corpus in Portuguese. We evaluate three scenarios for building it, taking advantage of a parallel corpus of simplification, in which each sentence triplet is aligned and has simplification operations annotated, being ideal for justifying possible mistakes of future methods. The best scenario of our corpus PorSimplesSent is composed of 4,888 pairs, which is bigger than a similar corpus for English; all the three versions of it are publicly available. We created four baselines for PorSimplesSent and made available a pairwise ranking method, using 17 linguistic and psycholinguistic features, which correctly identifies the ranking of sentence pairs with an accuracy of 74.2{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2018-adopting,
    title = "Adopting the Word-Pair-Dependency-Triplets with Individual Comparison for Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Du, Qianlong  and
      Zong, Chengqing  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1035",
    pages = "414--425",
    abstract = "This paper proposes to perform natural language inference with Word-Pair-Dependency-Triplets. Most previous DNN-based approaches either ignore syntactic dependency among words, or directly use tree-LSTM to generate sentence representation with irrelevant information. To overcome the problems mentioned above, we adopt Word-Pair-Dependency-Triplets to improve alignment and inference judgment. To be specific, instead of comparing each triplet from one passage with the merged information of another passage, we first propose to perform comparison directly between the triplets of the given passage-pair to make the judgement more interpretable. Experimental results show that the performance of our approach is better than most of the approaches that use tree structures, and is comparable to other state-of-the-art approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{lei-etal-2018-cooperative,
    title = "Cooperative Denoising for Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction",
    author = "Lei, Kai  and
      Chen, Daoyuan  and
      Li, Yaliang  and
      Du, Nan  and
      Yang, Min  and
      Fan, Wei  and
      Shen, Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1036",
    pages = "426--436",
    abstract = "Distantly supervised relation extraction greatly reduces human efforts in extracting relational facts from unstructured texts. However, it suffers from noisy labeling problem, which can degrade its performance. Meanwhile, the useful information expressed in knowledge graph is still underutilized in the state-of-the-art methods for distantly supervised relation extraction. In the light of these challenges, we propose CORD, a novelCOopeRativeDenoising framework, which consists two base networks leveraging text corpus and knowledge graph respectively, and a cooperative module involving their mutual learning by the adaptive bi-directional knowledge distillation and dynamic ensemble with noisy-varying instances. Experimental results on a real-world dataset demonstrate that the proposed method reduces the noisy labels and achieves substantial improvement over the state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{zou-etal-2018-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Feature Adaptation for Cross-lingual Relation Classification",
    author = "Zou, Bowei  and
      Xu, Zengzhuang  and
      Hong, Yu  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1037",
    pages = "437--448",
    abstract = "Relation Classification aims to classify the semantic relationship between two marked entities in a given sentence. It plays a vital role in a variety of natural language processing applications. Most existing methods focus on exploiting mono-lingual data, e.g., in English, due to the lack of annotated data in other languages. In this paper, we come up with a feature adaptation approach for cross-lingual relation classification, which employs a generative adversarial network (GAN) to transfer feature representations from one language with rich annotated data to another language with scarce annotated data. Such a feature adaptation approach enables feature imitation via the competition between a relation classification network and a rival discriminator. Experimental results on the ACE 2005 multilingual training corpus, treating English as the source language and Chinese the target, demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach, yielding an improvement of 5.7{\%} over the state-of-the-art.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-zhao-2018-one,
    title = "One-shot Learning for Question-Answering in {G}aokao History Challenge",
    author = "Zhang, Zhuosheng  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1038",
    pages = "449--461",
    abstract = "Answering questions from university admission exams (Gaokao in Chinese) is a challenging AI task since it requires effective representation to capture complicated semantic relations between questions and answers. In this work, we propose a hybrid neural model for deep question-answering task from history examinations. Our model employs a cooperative gated neural network to retrieve answers with the assistance of extra labels given by a neural turing machine labeler. Empirical study shows that the labeler works well with only a small training dataset and the gated mechanism is good at fetching the semantic representation of lengthy answers. Experiments on question answering demonstrate the proposed model obtains substantial performance gains over various neural model baselines in terms of multiple evaluation metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2018-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Multi-Level Multi-Task Learning for Sentence Simplification",
    author = "Guo, Han  and
      Pasunuru, Ramakanth  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1039",
    pages = "462--476",
    abstract = "Sentence simplification aims to improve readability and understandability, based on several operations such as splitting, deletion, and paraphrasing. However, a valid simplified sentence should also be logically entailed by its input sentence. In this work, we first present a strong pointer-copy mechanism based sequence-to-sequence sentence simplification model, and then improve its entailment and paraphrasing capabilities via multi-task learning with related auxiliary tasks of entailment and paraphrase generation. Moreover, we propose a novel {`}multi-level{'} layered soft sharing approach where each auxiliary task shares different (higher versus lower) level layers of the sentence simplification model, depending on the task{'}s semantic versus lexico-syntactic nature. We also introduce a novel multi-armed bandit based training approach that dynamically learns how to effectively switch across tasks during multi-task learning. Experiments on multiple popular datasets demonstrate that our model outperforms competitive simplification systems in SARI and FKGL automatic metrics, and human evaluation. Further, we present several ablation analyses on alternative layer sharing methods, soft versus hard sharing, dynamic multi-armed bandit sampling approaches, and our model{'}s learned entailment and paraphrasing skills.",
}
@inproceedings{fukunaga-etal-2018-interpretation,
    title = "Interpretation of Implicit Conditions in Database Search Dialogues",
    author = "Fukunaga, Shunya  and
      Nishikawa, Hitoshi  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Yokono, Hikaru  and
      Takahashi, Tetsuro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1040",
    pages = "477--486",
    abstract = "Targeting the database search dialogue, we propose to utilise information in the user utterances that do not directly mention the database (DB) field of the backend database system but are useful for constructing database queries. We call this kind of information implicit conditions. Interpreting the implicit conditions enables the dialogue system more natural and efficient in communicating with humans. We formalised the interpretation of the implicit conditions as classifying user utterances into the related DB field while identifying the evidence for that classification at the same time. Introducing this new task is one of the contributions of this paper. We implemented two models for this task: an SVM-based model and an RCNN-based model. Through the evaluation using a corpus of simulated dialogues between a real estate agent and a customer, we found that the SVM-based model showed better performance than the RCNN-based model.",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2018-shot,
    title = "Few-Shot Charge Prediction with Discriminative Legal Attributes",
    author = "Hu, Zikun  and
      Li, Xiang  and
      Tu, Cunchao  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1041",
    pages = "487--498",
    abstract = "Automatic charge prediction aims to predict the final charges according to the fact descriptions in criminal cases and plays a crucial role in legal assistant systems. Existing works on charge prediction perform adequately on those high-frequency charges but are not yet capable of predicting few-shot charges with limited cases. Moreover, these exist many confusing charge pairs, whose fact descriptions are fairly similar to each other. To address these issues, we introduce several discriminative attributes of charges as the internal mapping between fact descriptions and charges. These attributes provide additional information for few-shot charges, as well as effective signals for distinguishing confusing charges. More specifically, we propose an attribute-attentive charge prediction model to infer the attributes and charges simultaneously. Experimental results on real-work datasets demonstrate that our proposed model achieves significant and consistent improvements than other state-of-the-art baselines. Specifically, our model outperforms other baselines by more than 50{\%} in the few-shot scenario. Our codes and datasets can be obtained from https://github.com/thunlp/attribute{\_}charge.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2018-taxonomy,
    title = "Can Taxonomy Help? Improving Semantic Question Matching using Question Taxonomy",
    author = "Gupta, Deepak  and
      Pujari, Rajkumar  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Maitra, Anutosh  and
      Jain, Tom  and
      Sengupta, Shubhashis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1042",
    pages = "499--513",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a hybrid technique for semantic question matching. It uses a proposed two-layered taxonomy for English questions by augmenting state-of-the-art deep learning models with question classes obtained from a deep learning based question classifier. Experiments performed on three open-domain datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach. We achieve state-of-the-art results on partial ordering question ranking (POQR) benchmark dataset. Our empirical analysis shows that coupling standard distributional features (provided by the question encoder) with knowledge from taxonomy is more effective than either deep learning or taxonomy-based knowledge alone.",
}
@inproceedings{hosu-etal-2018-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Interface for Databases Using a Dual-Encoder Model",
    author = "Hosu, Ionel Alexandru  and
      Iacob, Radu Cristian Alexandru  and
      Brad, Florin  and
      Ruseti, Stefan  and
      Rebedea, Traian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1043",
    pages = "514--524",
    abstract = "We propose a sketch-based two-step neural model for generating structured queries (SQL) based on a user{'}s request in natural language. The sketch is obtained by using placeholders for specific entities in the SQL query, such as column names, table names, aliases and variables, in a process similar to semantic parsing. The first step is to apply a sequence-to-sequence (SEQ2SEQ) model to determine the most probable SQL sketch based on the request in natural language. Then, a second network designed as a dual-encoder SEQ2SEQ model using both the text query and the previously obtained sketch is employed to generate the final SQL query. Our approach shows improvements over previous approaches on two recent large datasets (WikiSQL and SENLIDB) suitable for data-driven solutions for natural language interfaces for databases.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2018-employing,
    title = "Employing Text Matching Network to Recognise Nuclearity in {C}hinese Discourse",
    author = "Xu, Sheng  and
      Li, Peifeng  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1044",
    pages = "525--535",
    abstract = "The task of nuclearity recognition in Chinese discourse remains challenging due to the demand for more deep semantic information. In this paper, we propose a novel text matching network (TMN) that encodes the discourse units and the paragraphs by combining Bi-LSTM and CNN to capture both global dependency information and local n-gram information. Moreover, it introduces three components of text matching, the Cosine, Bilinear and Single Layer Network, to incorporate various similarities and interactions among the discourse units. Experimental results on the Chinese Discourse TreeBank show that our proposed TMN model significantly outperforms various strong baselines in both micro-F1 and macro-F1.",
}
@inproceedings{chu-etal-2018-joint,
    title = "Joint Modeling of Structure Identification and Nuclearity Recognition in Macro {C}hinese Discourse Treebank",
    author = "Chu, Xiaomin  and
      Jiang, Feng  and
      Zhou, Yi  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1045",
    pages = "536--546",
    abstract = "Discourse parsing is a challenging task and plays a critical role in discourse analysis. This paper focus on the macro level discourse structure analysis, which has been less studied in the previous researches. We explore a macro discourse structure presentation schema to present the macro level discourse structure, and propose a corresponding corpus, named Macro Chinese Discourse Treebank. On these bases, we concentrate on two tasks of macro discourse structure analysis, including structure identification and nuclearity recognition. In order to reduce the error transmission between the associated tasks, we adopt a joint model of the two tasks, and an Integer Linear Programming approach is proposed to achieve global optimization with various kinds of constraints.",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2018-implicit,
    title = "Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition using Neural Tensor Network with Interactive Attention and Sparse Learning",
    author = "Guo, Fengyu  and
      He, Ruifang  and
      Jin, Di  and
      Dang, Jianwu  and
      Wang, Longbiao  and
      Li, Xiangang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1046",
    pages = "547--558",
    abstract = "Implicit discourse relation recognition aims to understand and annotate the latent relations between two discourse arguments, such as temporal, comparison, etc. Most previous methods encode two discourse arguments separately, the ones considering pair specific clues ignore the bidirectional interactions between two arguments and the sparsity of pair patterns. In this paper, we propose a novel neural Tensor network framework with Interactive Attention and Sparse Learning (TIASL) for implicit discourse relation recognition. (1) We mine the most correlated word pairs from two discourse arguments to model pair specific clues, and integrate them as interactive attention into argument representations produced by the bidirectional long short-term memory network. Meanwhile, (2) the neural tensor network with sparse constraint is proposed to explore the deeper and the more important pair patterns so as to fully recognize discourse relations. The experimental results on PDTB show that our proposed TIASL framework is effective.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2018-transition,
    title = "Transition-based Neural {RST} Parsing with Implicit Syntax Features",
    author = "Yu, Nan  and
      Zhang, Meishan  and
      Fu, Guohong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1047",
    pages = "559--570",
    abstract = "Syntax has been a useful source of information for statistical RST discourse parsing. Under the neural setting, a common approach integrates syntax by a recursive neural network (RNN), requiring discrete output trees produced by a supervised syntax parser. In this paper, we propose an implicit syntax feature extraction approach, using hidden-layer vectors extracted from a neural syntax parser. In addition, we propose a simple transition-based model as the baseline, further enhancing it with dynamic oracle. Experiments on the standard dataset show that our baseline model with dynamic oracle is highly competitive. When implicit syntax features are integrated, we are able to obtain further improvements, better than using explicit Tree-RNN.",
}
@inproceedings{bai-zhao-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Enhanced Representation for Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition",
    author = "Bai, Hongxiao  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1048",
    pages = "571--583",
    abstract = "Implicit discourse relation recognition is a challenging task as the relation prediction without explicit connectives in discourse parsing needs understanding of text spans and cannot be easily derived from surface features from the input sentence pairs. Thus, properly representing the text is very crucial to this task. In this paper, we propose a model augmented with different grained text representations, including character, subword, word, sentence, and sentence pair levels. The proposed deeper model is evaluated on the benchmark treebank and achieves state-of-the-art accuracy with greater than 48{\%} in 11-way and F1 score greater than 50{\%} in 4-way classifications for the first time according to our best knowledge.",
}
@inproceedings{kishimoto-etal-2018-knowledge,
    title = "A Knowledge-Augmented Neural Network Model for Implicit Discourse Relation Classification",
    author = "Kishimoto, Yudai  and
      Murawaki, Yugo  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1049",
    pages = "584--595",
    abstract = "Identifying discourse relations that are not overtly marked with discourse connectives remains a challenging problem. The absence of explicit clues indicates a need for the combination of world knowledge and weak contextual clues, which can hardly be learned from a small amount of manually annotated data. In this paper, we address this problem by augmenting the input text with external knowledge and context and by adopting a neural network model that can effectively handle the augmented text. Experiments show that external knowledge did improve the classification accuracy. Contextual information provided no significant gain for implicit discourse relations, but it did for explicit ones.",
}
@inproceedings{kuang-etal-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Coherence for Neural Machine Translation with Dynamic and Topic Caches",
    author = "Kuang, Shaohui  and
      Xiong, Deyi  and
      Luo, Weihua  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1050",
    pages = "596--606",
    abstract = "Sentences in a well-formed text are connected to each other via various links to form the cohesive structure of the text. Current neural machine translation (NMT) systems translate a text in a conventional sentence-by-sentence fashion, ignoring such cross-sentence links and dependencies. This may lead to generate an incoherent target text for a coherent source text. In order to handle this issue, we propose a cache-based approach to modeling coherence for neural machine translation by capturing contextual information either from recently translated sentences or the entire document. Particularly, we explore two types of caches: a dynamic cache, which stores words from the best translation hypotheses of preceding sentences, and a topic cache, which maintains a set of target-side topical words that are semantically related to the document to be translated. On this basis, we build a new layer to score target words in these two caches with a cache-based neural model. Here the estimated probabilities from the cache-based neural model are combined with NMT probabilities into the final word prediction probabilities via a gating mechanism. Finally, the proposed cache-based neural model is trained jointly with NMT system in an end-to-end manner. Experiments and analysis presented in this paper demonstrate that the proposed cache-based model achieves substantial improvements over several state-of-the-art SMT and NMT baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{kuang-xiong-2018-fusing,
    title = "Fusing Recency into Neural Machine Translation with an Inter-Sentence Gate Model",
    author = "Kuang, Shaohui  and
      Xiong, Deyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1051",
    pages = "607--617",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation (NMT) systems are usually trained on a large amount of bilingual sentence pairs and translate one sentence at a time, ignoring inter-sentence information. This may make the translation of a sentence ambiguous or even inconsistent with the translations of neighboring sentences. In order to handle this issue, we propose an inter-sentence gate model that uses the same encoder to encode two adjacent sentences and controls the amount of information flowing from the preceding sentence to the translation of the current sentence with an inter-sentence gate. In this way, our proposed model can capture the connection between sentences and fuse recency from neighboring sentences into neural machine translation. On several NIST Chinese-English translation tasks, our experiments demonstrate that the proposed inter-sentence gate model achieves substantial improvements over the baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{morishita-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Neural Machine Translation by Incorporating Hierarchical Subword Features",
    author = "Morishita, Makoto  and
      Suzuki, Jun  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1052",
    pages = "618--629",
    abstract = "This paper focuses on subword-based Neural Machine Translation (NMT). We hypothesize that in the NMT model, the appropriate subword units for the following three modules (layers) can differ: (1) the encoder embedding layer, (2) the decoder embedding layer, and (3) the decoder output layer. We find the subword based on Sennrich et al. (2016) has a feature that a large vocabulary is a superset of a small vocabulary and modify the NMT model enables the incorporation of several different subword units in a single embedding layer. We refer these small subword features as hierarchical subword features. To empirically investigate our assumption, we compare the performance of several different subword units and hierarchical subword features for both the encoder and decoder embedding layers. We confirmed that incorporating hierarchical subword features in the encoder consistently improves BLEU scores on the IWSLT evaluation datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{merhav-ash-2018-design,
    title = "Design Challenges in Named Entity Transliteration",
    author = "Merhav, Yuval  and
      Ash, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1053",
    pages = "630--640",
    abstract = "We analyze some of the fundamental design challenges that impact the development of a multilingual state-of-the-art named entity transliteration system, including curating bilingual named entity datasets and evaluation of multiple transliteration methods. We empirically evaluate the transliteration task using the traditional weighted finite state transducer (WFST) approach against two neural approaches: the encoder-decoder recurrent neural network method and the recent, non-sequential Transformer method. In order to improve availability of bilingual named entity transliteration datasets, we release personal name bilingual dictionaries mined from Wikidata for English to Russian, Hebrew, Arabic, and Japanese Katakana. Our code and dictionaries are publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{lakew-etal-2018-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Transformer and Recurrent Neural Networks on Multilingual Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Lakew, Surafel Melaku  and
      Cettolo, Mauro  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1054",
    pages = "641--652",
    abstract = "Recently, neural machine translation (NMT) has been extended to multilinguality, that is to handle more than one translation direction with a single system. Multilingual NMT showed competitive performance against pure bilingual systems. Notably, in low-resource settings, it proved to work effectively and efficiently, thanks to shared representation space that is forced across languages and induces a sort of transfer-learning. Furthermore, multilingual NMT enables so-called zero-shot inference across language pairs never seen at training time. Despite the increasing interest in this framework, an in-depth analysis of what a multilingual NMT model is capable of and what it is not is still missing. Motivated by this, our work (i) provides a quantitative and comparative analysis of the translations produced by bilingual, multilingual and zero-shot systems; (ii) investigates the translation quality of two of the currently dominant neural architectures in MT, which are the Recurrent and the Transformer ones; and (iii) quantitatively explores how the closeness between languages influences the zero-shot translation. Our analysis leverages multiple professional post-edits of automatic translations by several different systems and focuses both on automatic standard metrics (BLEU and TER) and on widely used error categories, which are lexical, morphology, and word order errors.",
}
@inproceedings{ebrahimi-etal-2018-adversarial,
    title = "On Adversarial Examples for Character-Level Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Ebrahimi, Javid  and
      Lowd, Daniel  and
      Dou, Dejing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1055",
    pages = "653--663",
    abstract = "Evaluating on adversarial examples has become a standard procedure to measure robustness of deep learning models. Due to the difficulty of creating white-box adversarial examples for discrete text input, most analyses of the robustness of NLP models have been done through black-box adversarial examples. We investigate adversarial examples for character-level neural machine translation (NMT), and contrast black-box adversaries with a novel white-box adversary, which employs differentiable string-edit operations to rank adversarial changes. We propose two novel types of attacks which aim to remove or change a word in a translation, rather than simply break the NMT. We demonstrate that white-box adversarial examples are significantly stronger than their black-box counterparts in different attack scenarios, which show more serious vulnerabilities than previously known. In addition, after performing adversarial training, which takes only 3 times longer than regular training, we can improve the model{'}s robustness significantly.",
}
@inproceedings{ilievski-etal-2018-systematic,
    title = "Systematic Study of Long Tail Phenomena in Entity Linking",
    author = "Ilievski, Filip  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Schlobach, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1056",
    pages = "664--674",
    abstract = "State-of-the-art entity linkers achieve high accuracy scores with probabilistic methods. However, these scores should be considered in relation to the properties of the datasets they are evaluated on. Until now, there has not been a systematic investigation of the properties of entity linking datasets and their impact on system performance. In this paper we report on a series of hypotheses regarding the long tail phenomena in entity linking datasets, their interaction, and their impact on system performance. Our systematic study of these hypotheses shows that evaluation datasets mainly capture head entities and only incidentally cover data from the tail, thus encouraging systems to overfit to popular/frequent and non-ambiguous cases. We find the most difficult cases of entity linking among the infrequent candidates of ambiguous forms. With our findings, we hope to inspire future designs of both entity linking systems and evaluation datasets. To support this goal, we provide a list of recommended actions for better inclusion of tail cases.",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Collective Entity Linking",
    author = "Cao, Yixin  and
      Hou, Lei  and
      Li, Juanzi  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1057",
    pages = "675--686",
    abstract = "Entity Linking aims to link entity mentions in texts to knowledge bases, and neural models have achieved recent success in this task. However, most existing methods rely on local contexts to resolve entities independently, which may usually fail due to the data sparsity of local information. To address this issue, we propose a novel neural model for collective entity linking, named as NCEL. NCEL apply Graph Convolutional Network to integrate both local contextual features and global coherence information for entity linking. To improve the computation efficiency, we approximately perform graph convolution on a subgraph of adjacent entity mentions instead of those in the entire text. We further introduce an attention scheme to improve the robustness of NCEL to data noise and train the model on Wikipedia hyperlinks to avoid overfitting and domain bias. In experiments, we evaluate NCEL on five publicly available datasets to verify the linking performance as well as generalization ability. We also conduct an extensive analysis of time complexity, the impact of key modules, and qualitative results, which demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed method.",
}
@inproceedings{bhutani-etal-2018-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Structure in Representation of Named Entities using Active Learning",
    author = "Bhutani, Nikita  and
      Qian, Kun  and
      Li, Yunyao  and
      Jagadish, H. V.  and
      Hernandez, Mauricio  and
      Vasa, Mitesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1058",
    pages = "687--699",
    abstract = "Fundamental to several knowledge-centric applications is the need to identify named entities from their textual mentions. However, entities lack a unique representation and their mentions can differ greatly. These variations arise in complex ways that cannot be captured using textual similarity metrics. However, entities have underlying structures, typically shared by entities of the same entity type, that can help reason over their name variations. Discovering, learning and manipulating these structures typically requires high manual effort in the form of large amounts of labeled training data and handwritten transformation programs. In this work, we propose an active-learning based framework that drastically reduces the labeled data required to learn the structures of entities. We show that programs for mapping entity mentions to their structures can be automatically generated using human-comprehensible labels. Our experiments show that our framework consistently outperforms both handwritten programs and supervised learning models. We also demonstrate the utility of our framework in relation extraction and entity resolution tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{al-olimat-etal-2018-practical,
    title = "A Practical Incremental Learning Framework For Sparse Entity Extraction",
    author = "Al-Olimat, Hussein  and
      Gustafson, Steven  and
      Mackay, Jason  and
      Thirunarayan, Krishnaprasad  and
      Sheth, Amit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1059",
    pages = "700--710",
    abstract = "This work addresses challenges arising from extracting entities from textual data, including the high cost of data annotation, model accuracy, selecting appropriate evaluation criteria, and the overall quality of annotation. We present a framework that integrates Entity Set Expansion (ESE) and Active Learning (AL) to reduce the annotation cost of sparse data and provide an online evaluation method as feedback. This incremental and interactive learning framework allows for rapid annotation and subsequent extraction of sparse data while maintaining high accuracy. We evaluate our framework on three publicly available datasets and show that it drastically reduces the cost of sparse entity annotation by an average of 85{\%} and 45{\%} to reach 0.9 and 1.0 F-Scores respectively. Moreover, the method exhibited robust performance across all datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{mai-etal-2018-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study on Fine-Grained Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Mai, Khai  and
      Pham, Thai-Hoang  and
      Nguyen, Minh Trung  and
      Nguyen, Tuan Duc  and
      Bollegala, Danushka  and
      Sasano, Ryohei  and
      Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1060",
    pages = "711--722",
    abstract = "Named entity recognition (NER) has attracted a substantial amount of research. Recently, several neural network-based models have been proposed and achieved high performance. However, there is little research on fine-grained NER (FG-NER), in which hundreds of named entity categories must be recognized, especially for non-English languages. It is still an open question whether there is a model that is robust across various settings or the proper model varies depending on the language, the number of named entity categories, and the size of training datasets. This paper first presents an empirical comparison of FG-NER models for English and Japanese and demonstrates that LSTM+CNN+CRF (Ma and Hovy, 2016), one of the state-of-the-art methods for English NER, also works well for English FG-NER but does not work well for Japanese, a language that has a large number of character types. To tackle this problem, we propose a method to improve the neural network-based Japanese FG-NER performance by removing the CNN layer and utilizing dictionary and category embeddings. Experiment results show that the proposed method improves Japanese FG-NER F-score from 66.76{\%} to 75.18{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-higher,
    title = "Does Higher Order {LSTM} Have Better Accuracy for Segmenting and Labeling Sequence Data?",
    author = "Zhang, Yi  and
      Sun, Xu  and
      Ma, Shuming  and
      Yang, Yang  and
      Ren, Xuancheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1061",
    pages = "723--733",
    abstract = "Existing neural models usually predict the tag of the current token independent of the neighboring tags. The popular LSTM-CRF model considers the tag dependencies between every two consecutive tags. However, it is hard for existing neural models to take longer distance dependencies between tags into consideration. The scalability is mainly limited by the complex model structures and the cost of dynamic programming during training. In our work, we first design a new model called {``}high order LSTM{''} to predict multiple tags for the current token which contains not only the current tag but also the previous several tags. We call the number of tags in one prediction as {``}order{''}. Then we propose a new method called Multi-Order BiLSTM (MO-BiLSTM) which combines low order and high order LSTMs together. MO-BiLSTM keeps the scalability to high order models with a pruning technique. We evaluate MO-BiLSTM on all-phrase chunking and NER datasets. Experiment results show that MO-BiLSTM achieves the state-of-the-art result in chunking and highly competitive results in two NER datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{al-saleh-menai-2018-ant,
    title = "Ant Colony System for Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Al-Saleh, Asma  and
      Menai, Mohamed El Bachir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1062",
    pages = "734--744",
    abstract = "This paper proposes an extractive multi-document summarization approach based on an ant colony system to optimize the information coverage of summary sentences. The implemented system was evaluated on both English and Arabic versions of the corpus of the Text Analysis Conference 2011 MultiLing Pilot by using ROUGE metrics. The evaluation results are promising in comparison to those of the participating systems. Indeed, our system achieved the best scores based on several ROUGE metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{cerisara-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-task dialog act and sentiment recognition on Mastodon",
    author = "Cerisara, Christophe  and
      Jafaritazehjani, Somayeh  and
      Oluokun, Adedayo  and
      Le, Hoa T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1063",
    pages = "745--754",
    abstract = "Because of license restrictions, it often becomes impossible to strictly reproduce most research results on Twitter data already a few months after the creation of the corpus. This situation worsened gradually as time passes and tweets become inaccessible. This is a critical issue for reproducible and accountable research on social media. We partly solve this challenge by annotating a new Twitter-like corpus from an alternative large social medium with licenses that are compatible with reproducible experiments: Mastodon. We manually annotate both dialogues and sentiments on this corpus, and train a multi-task hierarchical recurrent network on joint sentiment and dialog act recognition. We experimentally demonstrate that transfer learning may be efficiently achieved between both tasks, and further analyze some specific correlations between sentiments and dialogues on social media. Both the annotated corpus and deep network are released with an open-source license.",
}
@inproceedings{rogers-etal-2018-rusentiment,
    title = "{R}u{S}entiment: An Enriched Sentiment Analysis Dataset for Social Media in {R}ussian",
    author = "Rogers, Anna  and
      Romanov, Alexey  and
      Rumshisky, Anna  and
      Volkova, Svitlana  and
      Gronas, Mikhail  and
      Gribov, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1064",
    pages = "755--763",
    abstract = "This paper presents RuSentiment, a new dataset for sentiment analysis of social media posts in Russian, and a new set of comprehensive annotation guidelines that are extensible to other languages. RuSentiment is currently the largest in its class for Russian, with 31,185 posts annotated with Fleiss{'} kappa of 0.58 (3 annotations per post). To diversify the dataset, 6,950 posts were pre-selected with an active learning-style strategy. We report baseline classification results, and we also release the best-performing embeddings trained on 3.2B tokens of Russian VKontakte posts.",
}
@inproceedings{goldberger-melamud-2018-self,
    title = "Self-Normalization Properties of Language Modeling",
    author = "Goldberger, Jacob  and
      Melamud, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1065",
    pages = "764--773",
    abstract = "Self-normalizing discriminative models approximate the normalized probability of a class without having to compute the partition function. In the context of language modeling, this property is particularly appealing as it may significantly reduce run-times due to large word vocabularies. In this study, we provide a comprehensive investigation of language modeling self-normalization. First, we theoretically analyze the inherent self-normalization properties of Noise Contrastive Estimation (NCE) language models. Then, we compare them empirically to softmax-based approaches, which are self-normalized using explicit regularization, and suggest a hybrid model with compelling properties. Finally, we uncover a surprising negative correlation between self-normalization and perplexity across the board, as well as some regularity in the observed errors, which may potentially be used for improving self-normalization algorithms in the future.",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2018-position,
    title = "A Position-aware Bidirectional Attention Network for Aspect-level Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Gu, Shuqin  and
      Zhang, Lipeng  and
      Hou, Yuexian  and
      Song, Yin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1066",
    pages = "774--784",
    abstract = "Aspect-level sentiment analysis aims to distinguish the sentiment polarity of each specific aspect term in a given sentence. Both industry and academia have realized the importance of the relationship between aspect term and sentence, and made attempts to model the relationship by designing a series of attention models. However, most existing methods usually neglect the fact that the position information is also crucial for identifying the sentiment polarity of the aspect term. When an aspect term occurs in a sentence, its neighboring words should be given more attention than other words with long distance. Therefore, we propose a position-aware bidirectional attention network (PBAN) based on bidirectional GRU. PBAN not only concentrates on the position information of aspect terms, but also mutually models the relation between aspect term and sentence by employing bidirectional attention mechanism. The experimental results on SemEval 2014 Datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed PBAN model.",
}
@inproceedings{kohita-etal-2018-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Feature Selection with Attention in Incremental Parsing",
    author = "Kohita, Ryosuke  and
      Noji, Hiroshi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1067",
    pages = "785--794",
    abstract = "One main challenge for incremental transition-based parsers, when future inputs are invisible, is to extract good features from a limited local context. In this work, we present a simple technique to maximally utilize the local features with an attention mechanism, which works as context- dependent dynamic feature selection. Our model learns, for example, which tokens should a parser focus on, to decide the next action. Our multilingual experiment shows its effectiveness across many languages. We also present an experiment with augmented test dataset and demon- strate it helps to understand the model{'}s behavior on locally ambiguous points.",
}
@inproceedings{krishna-etal-2018-vocabulary,
    title = "Vocabulary Tailored Summary Generation",
    author = "Krishna, Kundan  and
      Murhekar, Aniket  and
      Sharma, Saumitra  and
      Srinivasan, Balaji Vasan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1068",
    pages = "795--805",
    abstract = "Neural sequence-to-sequence models have been successfully extended for summary generation.However, existing frameworks generate a single summary for a given input and do not tune the summaries towards any additional constraints/preferences. Such a tunable framework is desirable to account for linguistic preferences of the specific audience who will consume the summary. In this paper, we propose a neural framework to generate summaries constrained to a vocabulary-defined linguistic preferences of a target audience. The proposed method accounts for the generation context by tuning the summary words at the time of generation. Our evaluations indicate that the proposed approach tunes summaries to the target vocabulary while still maintaining a superior summary quality against a state-of-the-art word embedding based lexical substitution algorithm, suggesting the feasibility of the proposed approach. We demonstrate two applications of the proposed approach - to generate understandable summaries with simpler words, and readable summaries with shorter words.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2018-reading,
    title = "Reading Comprehension with Graph-based Temporal-Casual Reasoning",
    author = "Sun, Yawei  and
      Cheng, Gong  and
      Qu, Yuzhong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1069",
    pages = "806--817",
    abstract = "Complex questions in reading comprehension tasks require integrating information from multiple sentences. In this work, to answer such questions involving temporal and causal relations, we generate event graphs from text based on dependencies, and rank answers by aligning event graphs. In particular, the alignments are constrained by graph-based reasoning to ensure temporal and causal agreement. Our focused approach self-adaptively complements existing solutions; it is automatically triggered only when applicable. Experiments on RACE and MCTest show that state-of-the-art methods are notably improved by using our approach as an add-on.",
}
@inproceedings{barnes-etal-2018-projecting,
    title = "Projecting Embeddings for Domain Adaption: Joint Modeling of Sentiment Analysis in Diverse Domains",
    author = "Barnes, Jeremy  and
      Klinger, Roman  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1070",
    pages = "818--830",
    abstract = "Domain adaptation for sentiment analysis is challenging due to the fact that supervised classifiers are very sensitive to changes in domain. The two most prominent approaches to this problem are structural correspondence learning and autoencoders. However, they either require long training times or suffer greatly on highly divergent domains. Inspired by recent advances in cross-lingual sentiment analysis, we provide a novel perspective and cast the domain adaptation problem as an embedding projection task. Our model takes as input two mono-domain embedding spaces and learns to project them to a bi-domain space, which is jointly optimized to (1) project across domains and to (2) predict sentiment. We perform domain adaptation experiments on 20 source-target domain pairs for sentiment classification and report novel state-of-the-art results on 11 domain pairs, including the Amazon domain adaptation datasets and SemEval 2013 and 2016 datasets. Our analysis shows that our model performs comparably to state-of-the-art approaches on domains that are similar, while performing significantly better on highly divergent domains. Our code is available at https://github.com/jbarnesspain/domain{\_}blse",
}
@inproceedings{eger-etal-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Argumentation Mining: Machine Translation (and a bit of Projection) is All You Need!",
    author = "Eger, Steffen  and
      Daxenberger, Johannes  and
      Stab, Christian  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1071",
    pages = "831--844",
    abstract = "Argumentation mining (AM) requires the identification of complex discourse structures and has lately been applied with success monolingually. In this work, we show that the existing resources are, however, not adequate for assessing cross-lingual AM, due to their heterogeneity or lack of complexity. We therefore create suitable parallel corpora by (human and machine) translating a popular AM dataset consisting of persuasive student essays into German, French, Spanish, and Chinese. We then compare (i) annotation projection and (ii) bilingual word embeddings based direct transfer strategies for cross-lingual AM, finding that the former performs considerably better and almost eliminates the loss from cross-lingual transfer. Moreover, we find that annotation projection works equally well when using either costly human or cheap machine translations. Our code and data are available at http://github.com/UKPLab/coling2018-xling{\_}argument{\_}mining.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-hl,
    title = "{HL}-{E}nc{D}ec: A Hybrid-Level Encoder-Decoder for Neural Response Generation",
    author = "Wu, Sixing  and
      Zhang, Dawei  and
      Li, Ying  and
      Xie, Xing  and
      Wu, Zhonghai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1072",
    pages = "845--856",
    abstract = "Recent years have witnessed a surge of interest on response generation for neural conversation systems. Most existing models are implemented by following the Encoder-Decoder framework and operate sentences of conversations at word-level. The word-level model is suffering from the Unknown Words Issue and the Preference Issue, which seriously impact the quality of generated responses, for example, generated responses may become irrelevant or too general (i.e. safe responses). To address these issues, this paper proposes a hybrid-level Encoder-Decoder model (HL-EncDec), which not only utilizes the word-level features but also character-level features. We conduct several experiments to evaluate HL-EncDec on a Chinese corpus, experimental results show our model significantly outperforms other non-word-level models in automatic metrics and human annotations and is able to generate more informative responses. We also conduct experiments with a small-scale English dataset to show the generalization ability.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Perspective Context Aggregation for Semi-supervised Cloze-style Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Wang, Liang  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Zhao, Wei  and
      Shen, Kewei  and
      Sun, Meng  and
      Jia, Ruoyu  and
      Liu, Jingming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1073",
    pages = "857--867",
    abstract = "Cloze-style reading comprehension has been a popular task for measuring the progress of natural language understanding in recent years. In this paper, we design a novel multi-perspective framework, which can be seen as the joint training of heterogeneous experts and aggregate context information from different perspectives. Each perspective is modeled by a simple aggregation module. The outputs of multiple aggregation modules are fed into a one-timestep pointer network to get the final answer. At the same time, to tackle the problem of insufficient labeled data, we propose an efficient sampling mechanism to automatically generate more training examples by matching the distribution of candidates between labeled and unlabeled data. We conduct our experiments on a recently released cloze-test dataset CLOTH (Xie et al., 2017), which consists of nearly 100k questions designed by professional teachers. Results show that our method achieves new state-of-the-art performance over previous strong baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{zou-etal-2018-lexicon,
    title = "A Lexicon-Based Supervised Attention Model for Neural Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Zou, Yicheng  and
      Gui, Tao  and
      Zhang, Qi  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1074",
    pages = "868--877",
    abstract = "Attention mechanisms have been leveraged for sentiment classification tasks because not all words have the same importance. However, most existing attention models did not take full advantage of sentiment lexicons, which provide rich sentiment information and play a critical role in sentiment analysis. To achieve the above target, in this work, we propose a novel lexicon-based supervised attention model (LBSA), which allows a recurrent neural network to focus on the sentiment content, thus generating sentiment-informative representations. Compared with general attention models, our model has better interpretability and less noise. Experimental results on three large-scale sentiment classification datasets showed that the proposed method outperforms previous methods.",
}
@inproceedings{araki-mitamura-2018-open,
    title = "Open-Domain Event Detection using Distant Supervision",
    author = "Araki, Jun  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1075",
    pages = "878--891",
    abstract = "This paper introduces open-domain event detection, a new event detection paradigm to address issues of prior work on restricted domains and event annotation. The goal is to detect all kinds of events regardless of domains. Given the absence of training data, we propose a distant supervision method that is able to generate high-quality training data. Using a manually annotated event corpus as gold standard, our experiments show that despite no direct supervision, the model outperforms supervised models. This result indicates that the distant supervision enables robust event detection in various domains, while obviating the need for human annotation of events.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Lexicon Learning for Wide-Coverage Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Chen, Bo  and
      An, Bo  and
      Sun, Le  and
      Han, Xianpei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1076",
    pages = "892--904",
    abstract = "Semantic parsers critically rely on accurate and high-coverage lexicons. However, traditional semantic parsers usually utilize annotated logical forms to learn the lexicon, which often suffer from the lexicon coverage problem. In this paper, we propose a graph-based semi-supervised learning framework that makes use of large text corpora and lexical resources. This framework first constructs a graph with a phrase similarity model learned by utilizing many text corpora and lexical resources. Next, graph propagation algorithm identifies the label distribution of unlabeled phrases from labeled ones. We evaluate our approach on two benchmarks: Webquestions and Free917. The results show that, in both datasets, our method achieves substantial improvement when comparing to the base system that does not utilize the learned lexicon, and gains competitive results when comparing to state-of-the-art systems.",
}
@inproceedings{shafieibavani-etal-2018-summarization,
    title = "Summarization Evaluation in the Absence of Human Model Summaries Using the Compositionality of Word Embeddings",
    author = "ShafieiBavani, Elaheh  and
      Ebrahimi, Mohammad  and
      Wong, Raymond  and
      Chen, Fang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1077",
    pages = "905--914",
    abstract = "We present a new summary evaluation approach that does not require human model summaries. Our approach exploits the compositional capabilities of corpus-based and lexical resource-based word embeddings to develop the features reflecting coverage, diversity, informativeness, and coherence of summaries. The features are then used to train a learning model for predicting the summary content quality in the absence of gold models. We evaluate the proposed metric in replicating the human assigned scores for summarization systems and summaries on data from query-focused and update summarization tasks in TAC 2008 and 2009. The results show that our feature combination provides reliable estimates of summary content quality when model summaries are not available.",
}
@inproceedings{jimenez-zafra-etal-2018-review,
    title = "A review of {S}panish corpora annotated with negation",
    author = "Jim{\'e}nez-Zafra, Salud Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Morante, Roser  and
      Martin, Maite  and
      Ure{\~n}a-L{\'o}pez, L. Alfonso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1078",
    pages = "915--924",
    abstract = "The availability of corpora annotated with negation information is essential to develop negation processing systems in any language. However, there is a lack of these corpora even for languages like English, and when there are corpora available they are small and the annotations are not always compatible across corpora. In this paper we review the existing corpora annotated with negation in Spanish with the purpose of first, gathering the information to make it available for other researchers and, second, analyzing how compatible are the corpora and how has the linguistic phenomenon been addressed. Our final aim is to develop a supervised negation processing system for Spanish, for which we need training and test data. Our analysis shows that it will not be possible to merge the small corpora existing for Spanish due to lack of compatibility in the annotations.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-document,
    title = "Document-level Multi-aspect Sentiment Classification by Jointly Modeling Users, Aspects, and Overall Ratings",
    author = "Li, Junjie  and
      Yang, Haitong  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1079",
    pages = "925--936",
    abstract = "Document-level multi-aspect sentiment classification aims to predict user{'}s sentiment polarities for different aspects of a product in a review. Existing approaches mainly focus on text information. However, the authors (i.e. users) and overall ratings of reviews are ignored, both of which are proved to be significant on interpreting the sentiments of different aspects in this paper. Therefore, we propose a model called Hierarchical User Aspect Rating Network (HUARN) to consider user preference and overall ratings jointly. Specifically, HUARN adopts a hierarchical architecture to encode word, sentence, and document level information. Then, user attention and aspect attention are introduced into building sentence and document level representation. The document representation is combined with user and overall rating information to predict aspect ratings of a review. Diverse aspects are treated differently and a multi-task framework is adopted. Empirical results on two real-world datasets show that HUARN achieves state-of-the-art performances.",
}
@inproceedings{hazem-morin-2018-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Meta-Embeddings for Bilingual Lexicon Extraction from Specialized Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Hazem, Amir  and
      Morin, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1080",
    pages = "937--949",
    abstract = "Recent evaluations on bilingual lexicon extraction from specialized comparable corpora have shown contrasted performance while using word embedding models. This can be partially explained by the lack of large specialized comparable corpora to build efficient representations. Within this context, we try to answer the following questions: First, (i) among the state-of-the-art embedding models, whether trained on specialized corpora or pre-trained on large general data sets, which one is the most appropriate model for bilingual terminology extraction? Second (ii) is it worth it to combine multiple embeddings trained on different data sets? For that purpose, we propose the first systematic evaluation of different word embedding models for bilingual terminology extraction from specialized comparable corpora. We emphasize how the character-based embedding model outperforms other models on the quality of the extracted bilingual lexicons. Further more, we propose a new efficient way to combine different embedding models learned from specialized and general-domain data sets. Our approach leads to higher performance than the best individual embedding model.",
}
@inproceedings{agrawal-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Emotion-enriched Word Representations",
    author = "Agrawal, Ameeta  and
      An, Aijun  and
      Papagelis, Manos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1081",
    pages = "950--961",
    abstract = "Most word representation learning methods are based on the distributional hypothesis in linguistics, according to which words that are used and occur in the same contexts tend to possess similar meanings. As a consequence, emotionally dissimilar words, such as {``}happy{''} and {``}sad{''} occurring in similar contexts would purport more similar meaning than emotionally similar words, such as {``}happy{''} and {``}joy{''}. This complication leads to rather undesirable outcome in predictive tasks that relate to affect (emotional state), such as emotion classification and emotion similarity. In order to address this limitation, we propose a novel method of obtaining emotion-enriched word representations, which projects emotionally similar words into neighboring spaces and emotionally dissimilar ones far apart. The proposed approach leverages distant supervision to automatically obtain a large training dataset of text documents and two recurrent neural network architectures for learning the emotion-enriched representations. Through extensive evaluation on two tasks, including emotion classification and emotion similarity, we demonstrate that the proposed representations outperform several competitive general-purpose and affective word representations.",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-lee-etal-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the text quality, human likeness and tailoring component of {PASS}: A {D}utch data-to-text system for soccer",
    author = "van der Lee, Chris  and
      Verduijn, Bart  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Wubben, Sander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1082",
    pages = "962--972",
    abstract = "We present an evaluation of PASS, a data-to-text system that generates Dutch soccer reports from match statistics which are automatically tailored towards fans of one club or the other. The evaluation in this paper consists of two studies. An intrinsic human-based evaluation of the system{'}s output is described in the first study. In this study it was found that compared to human-written texts, computer-generated texts were rated slightly lower on style-related text components (fluency and clarity) and slightly higher in terms of the correctness of given information. Furthermore, results from the first study showed that tailoring was accurately recognized in most cases, and that participants struggled with correctly identifying whether a text was written by a human or computer. The second study investigated if tailoring affects perceived text quality, for which no results were garnered. This lack of results might be due to negative preconceptions about computer-generated texts which were found in the first study.",
}
@inproceedings{nakanishi-etal-2018-answerable,
    title = "Answerable or Not: Devising a Dataset for Extending Machine Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Nakanishi, Mao  and
      Kobayashi, Tetsunori  and
      Hayashi, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1083",
    pages = "973--983",
    abstract = "Machine-reading comprehension (MRC) has recently attracted attention in the fields of natural language processing and machine learning. One of the problematic presumptions with current MRC technologies is that each question is assumed to be answerable by looking at a given text passage. However, to realize human-like language comprehension ability, a machine should also be able to distinguish not-answerable questions (NAQs) from answerable questions. To develop this functionality, a dataset incorporating hard-to-detect NAQs is vital; however, its manual construction would be expensive. This paper proposes a dataset creation method that alters an existing MRC dataset, the Stanford Question Answering Dataset, and describes the resulting dataset. The value of this dataset is likely to increase if each NAQ in the dataset is properly classified with the difficulty of identifying it as an NAQ. This difficulty level would allow researchers to evaluate a machine{'}s NAQ detection performance more precisely. Therefore, we propose a method for automatically assigning difficulty level labels, which measures the similarity between a question and the target text passage. Our NAQ detection experiments demonstrate that the resulting dataset, having difficulty level annotations, is valid and potentially useful in the development of advanced MRC models.",
}
@inproceedings{emmery-etal-2018-style,
    title = "Style Obfuscation by Invariance",
    author = "Emmery, Chris  and
      Manjavacas Arevalo, Enrique  and
      Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1084",
    pages = "984--996",
    abstract = "The task of obfuscating writing style using sequence models has previously been investigated under the framework of obfuscation-by-transfer, where the input text is explicitly rewritten in another style. A side effect of this framework are the frequent major alterations to the semantic content of the input. In this work, we propose obfuscation-by-invariance, and investigate to what extent models trained to be explicitly style-invariant preserve semantics. We evaluate our architectures in parallel and non-parallel settings, and compare automatic and human evaluations on the obfuscated sentences. Our experiments show that the performance of a style classifier can be reduced to chance level, while the output is evaluated to be of equal quality to models applying style-transfer. Additionally, human evaluation indicates a trade-off between the level of obfuscation and the observed quality of the output in terms of meaning preservation and grammaticality.",
}
@inproceedings{ye-etal-2018-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Sentiment Information into Word Vectors for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Ye, Zhe  and
      Li, Fang  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1085",
    pages = "997--1007",
    abstract = "General-purpose pre-trained word embeddings have become a mainstay of natural language processing, and more recently, methods have been proposed to encode external knowledge into word embeddings to benefit specific downstream tasks. The goal of this paper is to encode sentiment knowledge into pre-trained word vectors to improve the performance of sentiment analysis. Our proposed method is based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) and an external sentiment lexicon. Experiments on four popular sentiment analysis datasets show that this method improves the accuracy of sentiment analysis compared to a number of benchmark methods.",
}
@inproceedings{niu-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Task Neural Models for Translating Between Styles Within and Across Languages",
    author = "Niu, Xing  and
      Rao, Sudha  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1086",
    pages = "1008--1021",
    abstract = "Generating natural language requires conveying content in an appropriate style. We explore two related tasks on generating text of varying formality: monolingual formality transfer and formality-sensitive machine translation. We propose to solve these tasks jointly using multi-task learning, and show that our models achieve state-of-the-art performance for formality transfer and are able to perform formality-sensitive translation without being explicitly trained on style-annotated translation examples.",
}
@inproceedings{prolo-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards a Language for Natural Language Treebank Transductions",
    author = "Prolo, Carlos A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1087",
    pages = "1022--1032",
    abstract = "This paper describes a transduction language suitable for natural language treebank transformations and motivates its application to tasks that have been used and described in the literature. The language, which is the basis for a tree transduction tool allows for clean, precise and concise description of what has been very confusingly, ambiguously, and incompletely textually described in the literature also allowing easy non-hard-coded implementation. We also aim at getting feedback from the NLP community to eventually converge to a de facto standard for such transduction language.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-generating,
    title = "Generating Reasonable and Diversified Story Ending Using Sequence to Sequence Model with Adversarial Training",
    author = "Li, Zhongyang  and
      Ding, Xiao  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1088",
    pages = "1033--1043",
    abstract = "Story generation is a challenging problem in artificial intelligence (AI) and has received a lot of interests in the natural language processing (NLP) community. Most previous work tried to solve this problem using Sequence to Sequence (Seq2Seq) model trained with Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE). However, the pure MLE training objective much limits the power of Seq2Seq model in generating high-quality storys. In this paper, we propose using adversarial training augmented Seq2Seq model to generate reasonable and diversified story endings given a story context. Our model includes a generator that defines the policy of generating a story ending, and a discriminator that labels story endings as human-generated or machine-generated. Carefully designed human and automatic evaluation metrics demonstrate that our adversarial training augmented Seq2Seq model can generate more reasonable and diversified story endings compared to purely MLE-trained Seq2Seq model. Moreover, our model achieves better performance on the task of Story Cloze Test with an accuracy of 62.6{\%} compared with state-of-the-art baseline methods.",
}
@inproceedings{li-wan-2018-point,
    title = "Point Precisely: Towards Ensuring the Precision of Data in Generated Texts Using Delayed Copy Mechanism",
    author = "Li, Liunian  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1089",
    pages = "1044--1055",
    abstract = "The task of data-to-text generation aims to generate descriptive texts conditioned on a number of database records, and recent neural models have shown significant progress on this task. The attention based encoder-decoder models with copy mechanism have achieved state-of-the-art results on a few data-to-text datasets. However, such models still face the problem of putting incorrect data records in the generated texts, especially on some more challenging datasets like RotoWire. In this paper, we propose a two-stage approach with a delayed copy mechanism to improve the precision of data records in the generated texts. Our approach first adopts an encoder-decoder model to generate a template text with data slots to be filled and then leverages a proposed delayed copy mechanism to fill in the slots with proper data records. Our delayed copy mechanism can take into account all the information of the input data records and the full generated template text by using double attention, position-aware attention and a pairwise ranking loss. The two models in the two stages are trained separately. Evaluation results on the RotoWire dataset verify the efficacy of our proposed approach to generate better templates and copy data records more precisely.",
}
@inproceedings{kreutz-daelemans-2018-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing General Sentiment Lexicons for Domain-Specific Use",
    author = "Kreutz, Tim  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1090",
    pages = "1056--1064",
    abstract = "Lexicon based methods for sentiment analysis rely on high quality polarity lexicons. In recent years, automatic methods for inducing lexicons have increased the viability of lexicon based methods for polarity classification. SentProp is a framework for inducing domain-specific polarities from word embeddings. We elaborate on SentProp by evaluating its use for enhancing DuOMan, a general-purpose lexicon, for use in the political domain. By adding only top sentiment bearing words from the vocabulary and applying small polarity shifts in the general-purpose lexicon, we increase accuracy in an in-domain classification task. The enhanced lexicon performs worse than the original lexicon in an out-domain task, showing that the words we added and the polarity shifts we applied are domain-specific and do not translate well to an out-domain setting.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2018-operation,
    title = "An Operation Network for Abstractive Sentence Compression",
    author = "Yu, Naitong  and
      Zhang, Jie  and
      Huang, Minlie  and
      Zhu, Xiaoyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1091",
    pages = "1065--1076",
    abstract = "Sentence compression condenses a sentence while preserving its most important contents. Delete-based models have the strong ability to delete undesired words, while generate-based models are able to reorder or rephrase the words, which are more coherent to human sentence compression. In this paper, we propose Operation Network, a neural network approach for abstractive sentence compression, which combines the advantages of both delete-based and generate-based sentence compression models. The central idea of Operation Network is to model the sentence compression process as an editing procedure. First, unnecessary words are deleted from the source sentence, then new words are either generated from a large vocabulary or copied directly from the source sentence. A compressed sentence can be obtained by a series of such edit operations (delete, copy and generate). Experiments show that Operation Network outperforms state-of-the-art baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-qian-2018-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced Aspect Level Sentiment Classification with Auxiliary Memory",
    author = "Zhu, Peisong  and
      Qian, Tieyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1092",
    pages = "1077--1087",
    abstract = "In aspect level sentiment classification, there are two common tasks: to identify the sentiment of an aspect (category) or a term. As specific instances of aspects, terms explicitly occur in sentences. It is beneficial for models to focus on nearby context words. In contrast, as high level semantic concepts of terms, aspects usually have more generalizable representations. However, conventional methods cannot utilize the information of aspects and terms at the same time, because few datasets are annotated with both aspects and terms. In this paper, we propose a novel deep memory network with auxiliary memory to address this problem. In our model, a main memory is used to capture the important context words for sentiment classification. In addition, we build an auxiliary memory to implicitly convert aspects and terms to each other, and feed both of them to the main memory. With the interaction between two memories, the features of aspects and terms can be learnt simultaneously. We compare our model with the state-of-the-art methods on four datasets from different domains. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our model.",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-etal-2018-author,
    title = "Author Profiling for Abuse Detection",
    author = "Mishra, Pushkar  and
      Del Tredici, Marco  and
      Yannakoudakis, Helen  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1093",
    pages = "1088--1098",
    abstract = "The rapid growth of social media in recent years has fed into some highly undesirable phenomena such as proliferation of hateful and offensive language on the Internet. Previous research suggests that such abusive content tends to come from users who share a set of common stereotypes and form communities around them. The current state-of-the-art approaches to abuse detection are oblivious to user and community information and rely entirely on textual (i.e., lexical and semantic) cues. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to this problem that incorporates community-based profiling features of Twitter users. Experimenting with a dataset of 16k tweets, we show that our methods significantly outperform the current state of the art in abuse detection. Further, we conduct a qualitative analysis of model characteristics. We release our code, pre-trained models and all the resources used in the public domain.",
}
@inproceedings{madnani-cahill-2018-automated,
    title = "Automated Scoring: Beyond Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Madnani, Nitin  and
      Cahill, Aoife",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1094",
    pages = "1099--1109",
    abstract = "In this position paper, we argue that building operational automated scoring systems is a task that has disciplinary complexity above and beyond standard competitive shared tasks which usually involve applying the latest machine learning techniques to publicly available data in order to obtain the best accuracy. Automated scoring systems warrant significant cross-discipline collaboration of which natural language processing and machine learning are just two of many important components. Such systems have multiple stakeholders with different but valid perspectives that can often times be at odds with each other. Our position is that it is essential for us as NLP researchers to understand and incorporate these perspectives in our research and work towards a mutually satisfactory solution in order to build automated scoring systems that are accurate, fair, unbiased, and useful.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2018-aspect,
    title = "Aspect and Sentiment Aware Abstractive Review Summarization",
    author = "Yang, Min  and
      Qu, Qiang  and
      Shen, Ying  and
      Liu, Qiao  and
      Zhao, Wei  and
      Zhu, Jia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1095",
    pages = "1110--1120",
    abstract = "Review text has been widely studied in traditional tasks such as sentiment analysis and aspect extraction. However, to date, no work is towards the abstractive review summarization that is essential for business organizations and individual consumers to make informed decisions. This work takes the lead to study the aspect/sentiment-aware abstractive review summarization by exploring multi-factor attentions. Specifically, we propose an interactive attention mechanism to interactively learns the representations of context words, sentiment words and aspect words within the reviews, acted as an encoder. The learned sentiment and aspect representations are incorporated into the decoder to generate aspect/sentiment-aware review summaries via an attention fusion network. In addition, the abstractive summarizer is jointly trained with the text categorization task, which helps learn a category-specific text encoder, locating salient aspect information and exploring the variations of style and wording of content with respect to different text categories. The experimental results on a real-life dataset demonstrate that our model achieves impressive results compared to other strong competitors.",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2018-effective,
    title = "Effective Attention Modeling for Aspect-Level Sentiment Classification",
    author = "He, Ruidan  and
      Lee, Wee Sun  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Dahlmeier, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1096",
    pages = "1121--1131",
    abstract = "Aspect-level sentiment classification aims to determine the sentiment polarity of a review sentence towards an opinion target. A sentence could contain multiple sentiment-target pairs; thus the main challenge of this task is to separate different opinion contexts for different targets. To this end, attention mechanism has played an important role in previous state-of-the-art neural models. The mechanism is able to capture the importance of each context word towards a target by modeling their semantic associations. We build upon this line of research and propose two novel approaches for improving the effectiveness of attention. First, we propose a method for target representation that better captures the semantic meaning of the opinion target. Second, we introduce an attention model that incorporates syntactic information into the attention mechanism. We experiment on attention-based LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) models using the datasets from SemEval 2014, 2015, and 2016. The experimental results show that the conventional attention-based LSTM can be substantially improved by incorporating the two approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{moore-rayson-2018-bringing,
    title = "Bringing replication and reproduction together with generalisability in {NLP}: Three reproduction studies for Target Dependent Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Moore, Andrew  and
      Rayson, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1097",
    pages = "1132--1144",
    abstract = "Lack of repeatability and generalisability are two significant threats to continuing scientific development in Natural Language Processing. Language models and learning methods are so complex that scientific conference papers no longer contain enough space for the technical depth required for replication or reproduction. Taking Target Dependent Sentiment Analysis as a case study, we show how recent work in the field has not consistently released code, or described settings for learning methods in enough detail, and lacks comparability and generalisability in train, test or validation data. To investigate generalisability and to enable state of the art comparative evaluations, we carry out the first reproduction studies of three groups of complementary methods and perform the first large-scale mass evaluation on six different English datasets. Reflecting on our experiences, we recommend that future replication or reproduction experiments should always consider a variety of datasets alongside documenting and releasing their methods and published code in order to minimise the barriers to both repeatability and generalisability. We have released our code with a model zoo on GitHub with Jupyter Notebooks to aid understanding and full documentation, and we recommend that others do the same with their papers at submission time through an anonymised GitHub account.",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-etal-2018-multilevel,
    title = "Multilevel Heuristics for Rationale-Based Entity Relation Classification in Sentences",
    author = "Hsu, Shiou Tian  and
      Chaudhary, Mandar  and
      Samatova, Nagiza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1098",
    pages = "1145--1155",
    abstract = "Rationale-based models provide a unique way to provide justifiable results for relation classification models by identifying rationales (key words and phrases that a person can use to justify the relation in the sentence) during the process. However, existing generative networks used to extract rationales come with a trade-off between extracting diversified rationales and achieving good classification results. In this paper, we propose a multilevel heuristic approach to regulate rationale extraction to avoid extracting monotonous rationales without compromising classification performance. In our model, rationale selection is regularized by a semi-supervised process and features from different levels: word, syntax, sentence, and corpus. We evaluate our approach on the SemEval 2010 dataset that includes 19 relation classes and the quality of extracted rationales with our manually-labeled rationales. Experiments show a significant improvement in classification performance and a 20{\%} gain in rationale interpretability compared to state-of-the-art approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Multi-lingual Neural Relation Extraction",
    author = "Wang, Xiaozhi  and
      Han, Xu  and
      Lin, Yankai  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1099",
    pages = "1156--1166",
    abstract = "Multi-lingual relation extraction aims to find unknown relational facts from text in various languages. Existing models cannot well capture the consistency and diversity of relation patterns in different languages. To address these issues, we propose an adversarial multi-lingual neural relation extraction (AMNRE) model, which builds both consistent and individual representations for each sentence to consider the consistency and diversity among languages. Further, we adopt an adversarial training strategy to ensure those consistent sentence representations could effectively extract the language-consistent relation patterns. The experimental results on real-world datasets demonstrate that our AMNRE model significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art models. The source code of this paper can be obtained from https://github.com/thunlp/AMNRE.",
}
@inproceedings{ren-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Relation Classification with Text Descriptions",
    author = "Ren, Feiliang  and
      Zhou, Di  and
      Liu, Zhihui  and
      Li, Yongcheng  and
      Zhao, Rongsheng  and
      Liu, Yongkang  and
      Liang, Xiaobo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1100",
    pages = "1167--1177",
    abstract = "Relation classification is an important task in natural language processing fields. State-of-the-art methods usually concentrate on building deep neural networks based classification models on the training data in which the relations of the labeled entity pairs are given. However, these methods usually suffer from the data sparsity issue greatly. On the other hand, we notice that it is very easily to obtain some concise text descriptions for almost all of the entities in a relation classification task. The text descriptions can provide helpful supplementary information for relation classification. But they are ignored by most of existing methods. In this paper, we propose DesRC, a new neural relation classification method which integrates entities{'} text descriptions into deep neural networks models. We design a two-level attention mechanism to select the most useful information from the {``}intra-sentence{''} aspect and the {``}cross-sentence{''} aspect. Besides, the adversarial training method is also used to further improve the classification per-formance. Finally, we evaluate the proposed method on the SemEval 2010 dataset. Extensive experiments show that our method achieves much better experimental results than other state-of-the-art relation classification methods.",
}
@inproceedings{liao-etal-2018-abstract,
    title = "Abstract Meaning Representation for Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Liao, Kexin  and
      Lebanoff, Logan  and
      Liu, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1101",
    pages = "1178--1190",
    abstract = "Generating an abstract from a collection of documents is a desirable capability for many real-world applications. However, abstractive approaches to multi-document summarization have not been thoroughly investigated. This paper studies the feasibility of using Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR), a semantic representation of natural language grounded in linguistic theory, as a form of content representation. Our approach condenses source documents to a set of summary graphs following the AMR formalism. The summary graphs are then transformed to a set of summary sentences in a surface realization step. The framework is fully data-driven and flexible. Each component can be optimized independently using small-scale, in-domain training data. We perform experiments on benchmark summarization datasets and report promising results. We also describe opportunities and challenges for advancing this line of research.",
}
@inproceedings{nayeem-etal-2018-abstractive,
    title = "Abstractive Unsupervised Multi-Document Summarization using Paraphrastic Sentence Fusion",
    author = "Nayeem, Mir Tafseer  and
      Fuad, Tanvir Ahmed  and
      Chali, Yllias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1102",
    pages = "1191--1204",
    abstract = "In this work, we aim at developing an unsupervised abstractive summarization system in the multi-document setting. We design a paraphrastic sentence fusion model which jointly performs sentence fusion and paraphrasing using skip-gram word embedding model at the sentence level. Our model improves the information coverage and at the same time abstractiveness of the generated sentences. We conduct our experiments on the human-generated multi-sentence compression datasets and evaluate our system on several newly proposed Machine Translation (MT) evaluation metrics. Furthermore, we apply our sentence level model to implement an abstractive multi-document summarization system where documents usually contain a related set of sentences. We also propose an optimal solution for the classical summary length limit problem which was not addressed in the past research. For the document level summary, we conduct experiments on the datasets of two different domains (e.g., news article and user reviews) which are well suited for multi-document abstractive summarization. Our experiments demonstrate that the methods bring significant improvements over the state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{tran-nguyen-2018-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Domain Adaptation for Variational Neural Language Generation in Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Tran, Van-Khanh  and
      Nguyen, Le-Minh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1103",
    pages = "1205--1217",
    abstract = "Domain Adaptation arises when we aim at learning from source domain a model that can perform acceptably well on a different target domain. It is especially crucial for Natural Language Generation (NLG) in Spoken Dialogue Systems when there are sufficient annotated data in the source domain, but there is a limited labeled data in the target domain. How to effectively utilize as much of existing abilities from source domains is a crucial issue in domain adaptation. In this paper, we propose an adversarial training procedure to train a Variational encoder-decoder based language generator via multiple adaptation steps. In this procedure, a model is first trained on a source domain data and then fine-tuned on a small set of target domain utterances under the guidance of two proposed critics. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively leverage the existing knowledge in the source domain to adapt to another related domain by using only a small amount of in-domain data.",
}
@inproceedings{shekhar-etal-2018-ask,
    title = "Ask No More: Deciding when to guess in referential visual dialogue",
    author = {Shekhar, Ravi  and
      Baumg{\"a}rtner, Tim  and
      Venkatesh, Aashish  and
      Bruni, Elia  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella  and
      Fernandez, Raquel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1104",
    pages = "1218--1233",
    abstract = "Our goal is to explore how the abilities brought in by a dialogue manager can be included in end-to-end visually grounded conversational agents. We make initial steps towards this general goal by augmenting a task-oriented visual dialogue model with a decision-making component that decides whether to ask a follow-up question to identify a target referent in an image, or to stop the conversation to make a guess. Our analyses show that adding a decision making component produces dialogues that are less repetitive and that include fewer unnecessary questions, thus potentially leading to more efficient and less unnatural interactions.",
}
@inproceedings{hou-etal-2018-sequence,
    title = "Sequence-to-Sequence Data Augmentation for Dialogue Language Understanding",
    author = "Hou, Yutai  and
      Liu, Yijia  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1105",
    pages = "1234--1245",
    abstract = "In this paper, we study the problem of data augmentation for language understanding in task-oriented dialogue system. In contrast to previous work which augments an utterance without considering its relation with other utterances, we propose a sequence-to-sequence generation based data augmentation framework that leverages one utterance{'}s same semantic alternatives in the training data. A novel diversity rank is incorporated into the utterance representation to make the model produce diverse utterances and these diversely augmented utterances help to improve the language understanding module. Experimental results on the Airline Travel Information System dataset and a newly created semantic frame annotation on Stanford Multi-turn, Multi-domain Dialogue Dataset show that our framework achieves significant improvements of 6.38 and 10.04 F-scores respectively when only a training set of hundreds utterances is represented. Case studies also confirm that our method generates diverse utterances.",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2018-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue-act-driven Conversation Model : An Experimental Study",
    author = "Kumar, Harshit  and
      Agarwal, Arvind  and
      Joshi, Sachindra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1106",
    pages = "1246--1256",
    abstract = "The utility of additional semantic information for the task of next utterance selection in an automated dialogue system is the focus of study in this paper. In particular, we show that additional information available in the form of dialogue acts {--}when used along with context given in the form of dialogue history{--} improves the performance irrespective of the underlying model being generative or discriminative. In order to show the model agnostic behavior of dialogue acts, we experiment with several well-known models such as sequence-to-sequence encoder-decoder model, hierarchical encoder-decoder model, and Siamese-based models with and without hierarchy; and show that in all models, incorporating dialogue acts improves the performance by a significant margin. We, furthermore, propose a novel way of encoding dialogue act information, and use it along with hierarchical encoder to build a model that can use the sequential dialogue act information in a natural way. Our proposed model achieves an MRR of about 84.8{\%} for the task of next utterance selection on a newly introduced Daily Dialogue dataset, and outperform the baseline models. We also provide a detailed analysis of results including key insights that explain the improvement in MRR because of dialog act information.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-structured,
    title = "Structured Dialogue Policy with Graph Neural Networks",
    author = "Chen, Lu  and
      Tan, Bowen  and
      Long, Sishan  and
      Yu, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1107",
    pages = "1257--1268",
    abstract = "Recently, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been used for dialogue policy optimization. However, many DRL-based policies are not sample-efficient. Most recent advances focus on improving DRL optimization algorithms to address this issue. Here, we take an alternative route of designing neural network structure that is better suited for DRL-based dialogue management. The proposed structured deep reinforcement learning is based on graph neural networks (GNN), which consists of some sub-networks, each one for a node on a directed graph. The graph is defined according to the domain ontology and each node can be considered as a sub-agent. During decision making, these sub-agents have internal message exchange between neighbors on the graph. We also propose an approach to jointly optimize the graph structure as well as the parameters of GNN. Experiments show that structured DRL significantly outperforms previous state-of-the-art approaches in almost all of the 18 tasks of the PyDial benchmark.",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2018-jtav,
    title = "{JTAV}: Jointly Learning Social Media Content Representation by Fusing Textual, Acoustic, and Visual Features",
    author = "Liang, Hongru  and
      Wang, Haozheng  and
      Wang, Jun  and
      You, Shaodi  and
      Sun, Zhe  and
      Wei, Jin-Mao  and
      Yang, Zhenglu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1108",
    pages = "1269--1280",
    abstract = "Learning social media content is the basis of many real-world applications, including information retrieval and recommendation systems, among others. In contrast with previous works that focus mainly on single modal or bi-modal learning, we propose to learn social media content by fusing jointly textual, acoustic, and visual information (JTAV). Effective strategies are proposed to extract fine-grained features of each modality, that is, attBiGRU and DCRNN. We also introduce cross-modal fusion and attentive pooling techniques to integrate multi-modal information comprehensively. Extensive experimental evaluation conducted on real-world datasets demonstrate our proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches by a large margin.",
}
@inproceedings{zou-etal-2018-memd,
    title = "{MEMD}: A Diversity-Promoting Learning Framework for Short-Text Conversation",
    author = "Zou, Meng  and
      Li, Xihan  and
      Liu, Haokun  and
      Deng, Zhihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1109",
    pages = "1281--1291",
    abstract = "Neural encoder-decoder models have been widely applied to conversational response generation, which is a research hot spot in recent years. However, conventional neural encoder-decoder models tend to generate commonplace responses like {``}I don{'}t know{''} regardless of what the input is. In this paper, we analyze this problem from a new perspective: latent vectors. Based on it, we propose an easy-to-extend learning framework named MEMD (Multi-Encoder to Multi-Decoder), in which an auxiliary encoder and an auxiliary decoder are introduced to provide necessary training guidance without resorting to extra data or complicating network{'}s inner structure. Experimental results demonstrate that our method effectively improve the quality of generated responses according to automatic metrics and human evaluations, yielding more diverse and smooth replies.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-refining,
    title = "Refining Source Representations with Relation Networks for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Wen  and
      Hu, Jiawei  and
      Feng, Yang  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1110",
    pages = "1292--1303",
    abstract = "Although neural machine translation with the encoder-decoder framework has achieved great success recently, it still suffers drawbacks of forgetting distant information, which is an inherent disadvantage of recurrent neural network structure, and disregarding relationship between source words during encoding step. Whereas in practice, the former information and relationship are often useful in current step. We target on solving these problems and thus introduce relation networks to learn better representations of the source. The relation networks are able to facilitate memorization capability of recurrent neural network via associating source words with each other, this would also help retain their relationships. Then the source representations and all the relations are fed into the attention component together while decoding, with the main encoder-decoder framework unchanged. Experiments on several datasets show that our method can improve the translation performance significantly over the conventional encoder-decoder model and even outperform the approach involving supervised syntactic knowledge.",
}
@inproceedings{chu-wang-2018-survey,
    title = "A Survey of Domain Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Chu, Chenhui  and
      Wang, Rui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1111",
    pages = "1304--1319",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation (NMT) is a deep learning based approach for machine translation, which yields the state-of-the-art translation performance in scenarios where large-scale parallel corpora are available. Although the high-quality and domain-specific translation is crucial in the real world, domain-specific corpora are usually scarce or nonexistent, and thus vanilla NMT performs poorly in such scenarios. Domain adaptation that leverages both out-of-domain parallel corpora as well as monolingual corpora for in-domain translation, is very important for domain-specific translation. In this paper, we give a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art domain adaptation techniques for NMT.",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2018-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of Neural Machine Translation Models on Historical Spelling Normalization",
    author = "Tang, Gongbo  and
      Cap, Fabienne  and
      Pettersson, Eva  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1112",
    pages = "1320--1331",
    abstract = "In this paper, we apply different NMT models to the problem of historical spelling normalization for five languages: English, German, Hungarian, Icelandic, and Swedish. The NMT models are at different levels, have different attention mechanisms, and different neural network architectures. Our results show that NMT models are much better than SMT models in terms of character error rate. The vanilla RNNs are competitive to GRUs/LSTMs in historical spelling normalization. Transformer models perform better only when provided with more training data. We also find that subword-level models with a small subword vocabulary are better than character-level models. In addition, we propose a hybrid method which further improves the performance of historical spelling normalization.",
}
@inproceedings{salameh-etal-2018-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained {A}rabic Dialect Identification",
    author = "Salameh, Mohammad  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1113",
    pages = "1332--1344",
    abstract = "Previous work on the problem of Arabic Dialect Identification typically targeted coarse-grained five dialect classes plus Standard Arabic (6-way classification). This paper presents the first results on a fine-grained dialect classification task covering 25 specific cities from across the Arab World, in addition to Standard Arabic {--} a very challenging task. We build several classification systems and explore a large space of features. Our results show that we can identify the exact city of a speaker at an accuracy of 67.9{\%} for sentences with an average length of 7 words (a 9{\%} relative error reduction over the state-of-the-art technique for Arabic dialect identification) and reach more than 90{\%} when we consider 16 words. We also report on additional insights from a data analysis of similarity and difference across Arabic dialects.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-klinger-2018-feels,
    title = "Who Feels What and Why? Annotation of a Literature Corpus with Semantic Roles of Emotions",
    author = "Kim, Evgeny  and
      Klinger, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1114",
    pages = "1345--1359",
    abstract = "Most approaches to emotion analysis in fictional texts focus on detecting the emotion expressed in text. We argue that this is a simplification which leads to an overgeneralized interpretation of the results, as it does not take into account who experiences an emotion and why. Emotions play a crucial role in the interaction between characters and the events they are involved in. Until today, no specific corpora that capture such an interaction were available for literature. We aim at filling this gap and present a publicly available corpus based on Project Gutenberg, REMAN (Relational EMotion ANnotation), manually annotated for spans which correspond to emotion trigger phrases and entities/events in the roles of experiencers, targets, and causes of the emotion. We provide baseline results for the automatic prediction of these relational structures and show that emotion lexicons are not able to encompass the high variability of emotion expressions and demonstrate that statistical models benefit from joint modeling of emotions with its roles in all subtasks. The corpus that we provide enables future research on the recognition of emotions and associated entities in text. It supports qualitative literary studies and digital humanities. The corpus is available at http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/data/reman .",
}
@inproceedings{ribeiro-etal-2018-local,
    title = "Local String Transduction as Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Ribeiro, Joana  and
      Narayan, Shashi  and
      Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Carreras, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1115",
    pages = "1360--1371",
    abstract = "We show that the general problem of string transduction can be reduced to the problem of sequence labeling. While character deletion and insertions are allowed in string transduction, they do not exist in sequence labeling. We show how to overcome this difference. Our approach can be used with any sequence labeling algorithm and it works best for problems in which string transduction imposes a strong notion of locality (no long range dependencies). We experiment with spelling correction for social media, OCR correction, and morphological inflection, and we see that it behaves better than seq2seq models and yields state-of-the-art results in several cases.",
}
@inproceedings{aghaebrahimian-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Neural Networks at the Service of Multilingual Parallel Sentence Extraction",
    author = "Aghaebrahimian, Ahmad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1116",
    pages = "1372--1383",
    abstract = "Wikipedia provides an invaluable source of parallel multilingual data, which are in high demand for various sorts of linguistic inquiry, including both theoretical and practical studies. We introduce a novel end-to-end neural model for large-scale parallel data harvesting from Wikipedia. Our model is language-independent, robust, and highly scalable. We use our system for collecting parallel German-English, French-English and Persian-English sentences. Human evaluations at the end show the strong performance of this model in collecting high-quality parallel data. We also propose a statistical framework which extends the results of our human evaluation to other language pairs. Our model also obtained a state-of-the-art result on the German-English dataset of BUCC 2017 shared task on parallel sentence extraction from comparable corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{kutuzov-etal-2018-diachronic,
    title = "Diachronic word embeddings and semantic shifts: a survey",
    author = "Kutuzov, Andrey  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      Szymanski, Terrence  and
      Velldal, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1117",
    pages = "1384--1397",
    abstract = "Recent years have witnessed a surge of publications aimed at tracing temporal changes in lexical semantics using distributional methods, particularly prediction-based word embedding models. However, this vein of research lacks the cohesion, common terminology and shared practices of more established areas of natural language processing. In this paper, we survey the current state of academic research related to diachronic word embeddings and semantic shifts detection. We start with discussing the notion of semantic shifts, and then continue with an overview of the existing methods for tracing such time-related shifts with word embedding models. We propose several axes along which these methods can be compared, and outline the main challenges before this emerging subfield of NLP, as well as prospects and possible applications.",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2018-interaction,
    title = "Interaction-Aware Topic Model for Microblog Conversations through Network Embedding and User Attention",
    author = "He, Ruifang  and
      Zhang, Xuefei  and
      Jin, Di  and
      Wang, Longbiao  and
      Dang, Jianwu  and
      Li, Xiangang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1118",
    pages = "1398--1409",
    abstract = "Traditional topic models are insufficient for topic extraction in social media. The existing methods only consider text information or simultaneously model the posts and the static characteristics of social media. They ignore that one discusses diverse topics when dynamically interacting with different people. Moreover, people who talk about the same topic have different effects on the topic. In this paper, we propose an Interaction-Aware Topic Model (IATM) for microblog conversations by integrating network embedding and user attention. A conversation network linking users based on reposting and replying relationship is constructed to mine the dynamic user behaviours. We model dynamic interactions and user attention so as to learn interaction-aware edge embeddings with social context. Then they are incorporated into neural variational inference for generating the more consistent topics. The experiments on three real-world datasets show that our proposed model is effective.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-media User Profiling with Joint Textual and Social User Embedding",
    author = "Wang, Jingjing  and
      Li, Shoushan  and
      Jiang, Mingqi  and
      Wu, Hanqian  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1119",
    pages = "1410--1420",
    abstract = "In realistic scenarios, a user profiling model (e.g., gender classification or age regression) learned from one social media might perform rather poorly when tested on another social media due to the different data distributions in the two media. In this paper, we address cross-media user profiling by bridging the knowledge between the source and target media with a uniform user embedding learning approach. In our approach, we first construct a cross-media user-word network to capture the relationship among users through the textual information and a modified cross-media user-user network to capture the relationship among users through the social information. Then, we learn user embedding by jointly learning the heterogeneous network composed of above two networks. Finally, we train a classification (or regression) model with the obtained user embeddings as input to perform user profiling. Empirical studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach to two cross-media user profiling tasks, i.e., cross-media gender classification and cross-media age regression.",
}
@inproceedings{zaremoodi-haffari-2018-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Syntactic Uncertainty in Neural Machine Translation with a Forest-to-Sequence Model",
    author = "Zaremoodi, Poorya  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1120",
    pages = "1421--1429",
    abstract = "Incorporating syntactic information in Neural Machine Translation (NMT) can lead to better reorderings, particularly useful when the language pairs are syntactically highly divergent or when the training bitext is not large. Previous work on using syntactic information, provided by top-1 parse trees generated by (inevitably error-prone) parsers, has been promising. In this paper, we propose a forest-to-sequence NMT model to make use of exponentially many parse trees of the source sentence to compensate for the parser errors. Our method represents the collection of parse trees as a packed forest, and learns a neural transducer to translate from the input forest to the target sentence. Experiments on English to German, Chinese and Farsi translation tasks show the superiority of our approach over the sequence-to-sequence and tree-to-sequence neural translation models.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-ensure,
    title = "Ensure the Correctness of the Summary: Incorporate Entailment Knowledge into Abstractive Sentence Summarization",
    author = "Li, Haoran  and
      Zhu, Junnan  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1121",
    pages = "1430--1441",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate the sentence summarization task that produces a summary from a source sentence. Neural sequence-to-sequence models have gained considerable success for this task, while most existing approaches only focus on improving the informativeness of the summary, which ignore the correctness, i.e., the summary should not contain unrelated information with respect to the source sentence. We argue that correctness is an essential requirement for summarization systems. Considering a correct summary is semantically entailed by the source sentence, we incorporate entailment knowledge into abstractive summarization models. We propose an entailment-aware encoder under multi-task framework (i.e., summarization generation and entailment recognition) and an entailment-aware decoder by entailment Reward Augmented Maximum Likelihood (RAML) training. Experiment results demonstrate that our models significantly outperform baselines from the aspects of informativeness and correctness.",
}
@inproceedings{gregoire-langlais-2018-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Parallel Sentences with Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks to Improve Machine Translation",
    author = "Gr{\'e}goire, Francis  and
      Langlais, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1122",
    pages = "1442--1453",
    abstract = "Parallel sentence extraction is a task addressing the data sparsity problem found in multilingual natural language processing applications. We propose a bidirectional recurrent neural network based approach to extract parallel sentences from collections of multilingual texts. Our experiments with noisy parallel corpora show that we can achieve promising results against a competitive baseline by removing the need of specific feature engineering or additional external resources. To justify the utility of our approach, we extract sentence pairs from Wikipedia articles to train machine translation systems and show significant improvements in translation performance.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-fast,
    title = "Fast and Accurate Reordering with {ITG} Transition {RNN}",
    author = "Zhang, Hao  and
      Ng, Axel  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1123",
    pages = "1454--1463",
    abstract = "Attention-based sequence-to-sequence neural network models learn to jointly align and translate. The quadratic-time attention mechanism is powerful as it is capable of handling arbitrary long-distance reordering, but computationally expensive. In this paper, towards making neural translation both accurate and efficient, we follow the traditional pre-reordering approach to decouple reordering from translation. We add a reordering RNN that shares the input encoder with the decoder. The RNNs are trained jointly with a multi-task loss function and applied sequentially at inference time. The task of the reordering model is to predict the permutation of the input words following the target language word order. After reordering, the attention in the decoder becomes more peaked and monotonic. For reordering, we adopt the Inversion Transduction Grammars (ITG) and propose a transition system to parse input to trees for reordering. We harness the ITG transition system with RNN. With the modeling power of RNN, we achieve superior reordering accuracy without any feature engineering. In experiments, we apply the model to the task of text normalization. Compared to a strong baseline of attention-based RNN, our ITG RNN re-ordering model can reach the same reordering accuracy with only 1/10 of the training data and is 2.5x faster in decoding.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation with Decoding History Enhanced Attention",
    author = "Wang, Mingxuan  and
      Xie, Jun  and
      Tan, Zhixing  and
      Su, Jinsong  and
      Xiong, Deyi  and
      Bian, Chao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1124",
    pages = "1464--1473",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation with source-side attention have achieved remarkable performance. however, there has been little work exploring to attend to the target-side which can potentially enhance the memory capbility of NMT. We reformulate a Decoding History Enhanced Attention mechanism (DHEA) to render NMT model better at selecting both source-side and target-side information. DHA enables dynamic control of the ratios at which source and target contexts contribute to the generation of target words, offering a way to weakly induce structure relations among both source and target tokens. It also allows training errors to be directly back-propagated through short-cut connections and effectively alleviates the gradient vanishing problem. The empirical study on Chinese-English translation shows that our model with proper configuration can improve by 0:9 BLEU upon Transformer and the best reported results in the dataset. On WMT14 English-German task and a larger WMT14 English-French task, our model achieves comparable results with the state-of-the-art.",
}
@inproceedings{granet-etal-2018-transfer,
    title = "Transfer Learning for a Letter-Ngrams to Word Decoder in the Context of Historical Handwriting Recognition with Scarce Resources",
    author = "Granet, Adeline  and
      Morin, Emmanuel  and
      Mouch{\`e}re, Harold  and
      Quiniou, Solen  and
      Viard-Gaudin, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1125",
    pages = "1474--1484",
    abstract = "Lack of data can be an issue when beginning a new study on historical handwritten documents. In order to deal with this, we present the character-based decoder part of a multilingual approach based on transductive transfer learning for a historical handwriting recognition task on Italian Comedy Registers. The decoder must build a sequence of characters that corresponds to a word from a vector of letter-ngrams. As learning data, we created a new dataset from untapped resources that covers the same domain and period of our Italian Comedy data, as well as resources from common domains, periods, or languages. We obtain a 97.42{\%} Character Recognition Rate and a 86.57{\%} Word Recognition Rate on our Italian Comedy data, despite a lexical coverage of 67{\%} between the Italian Comedy data and the training data. These results show that an efficient system can be obtained by a carefully selecting the datasets used for the transfer learning.",
}
@inproceedings{cohan-etal-2018-smhd,
    title = "{SMHD}: a Large-Scale Resource for Exploring Online Language Usage for Multiple Mental Health Conditions",
    author = "Cohan, Arman  and
      Desmet, Bart  and
      Yates, Andrew  and
      Soldaini, Luca  and
      MacAvaney, Sean  and
      Goharian, Nazli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1126",
    pages = "1485--1497",
    abstract = "Mental health is a significant and growing public health concern. As language usage can be leveraged to obtain crucial insights into mental health conditions, there is a need for large-scale, labeled, mental health-related datasets of users who have been diagnosed with one or more of such conditions. In this paper, we investigate the creation of high-precision patterns to identify self-reported diagnoses of nine different mental health conditions, and obtain high-quality labeled data without the need for manual labelling. We introduce the SMHD (Self-reported Mental Health Diagnoses) dataset and make it available. SMHD is a novel large dataset of social media posts from users with one or multiple mental health conditions along with matched control users. We examine distinctions in users{'} language, as measured by linguistic and psychological variables. We further explore text classification methods to identify individuals with mental conditions through their language.",
}
@inproceedings{potthast-etal-2018-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing a Large Corpus of Clickbait on Twitter",
    author = "Potthast, Martin  and
      Gollub, Tim  and
      Komlossy, Kristof  and
      Schuster, Sebastian  and
      Wiegmann, Matti  and
      Garces Fernandez, Erika Patricia  and
      Hagen, Matthias  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1127",
    pages = "1498--1507",
    abstract = "Clickbait has become a nuisance on social media. To address the urging task of clickbait detection, we constructed a new corpus of 38,517 annotated Twitter tweets, the Webis Clickbait Corpus 2017. To avoid biases in terms of publisher and topic, tweets were sampled from the top 27 most retweeted news publishers, covering a period of 150 days. Each tweet has been annotated on 4-point scale by five annotators recruited at Amazon{'}s Mechanical Turk. The corpus has been employed to evaluate 12 clickbait detectors submitted to the Clickbait Challenge 2017. Download: https://webis.de/data/webis-clickbait-17.html Challenge: https://clickbait-challenge.org",
}
@inproceedings{otani-etal-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Knowledge Projection Using Machine Translation and Target-side Knowledge Base Completion",
    author = "Otani, Naoki  and
      Kiyomaru, Hirokazu  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1128",
    pages = "1508--1520",
    abstract = "Considerable effort has been devoted to building commonsense knowledge bases. However, they are not available in many languages because the construction of KBs is expensive. To bridge the gap between languages, this paper addresses the problem of projecting the knowledge in English, a resource-rich language, into other languages, where the main challenge lies in projection ambiguity. This ambiguity is partially solved by machine translation and target-side knowledge base completion, but neither of them is adequately reliable by itself. We show their combination can project English commonsense knowledge into Japanese and Chinese with high precision. Our method also achieves a top-10 accuracy of 90{\%} on the crowdsourced English{--}Japanese benchmark. Furthermore, we use our method to obtain 18,747 facts of accurate Japanese commonsense within a very short period.",
}
@inproceedings{cuong-xu-2018-assessing,
    title = "Assessing Quality Estimation Models for Sentence-Level Prediction",
    author = "Cuong, Hoang  and
      Xu, Jia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1129",
    pages = "1521--1533",
    abstract = "This paper provides an evaluation of a wide range of advanced sentence-level Quality Estimation models, including Support Vector Regression, Ride Regression, Neural Networks, Gaussian Processes, Bayesian Neural Networks, Deep Kernel Learning and Deep Gaussian Processes. Beside the accurateness, our main concerns are also the robustness of Quality Estimation models. Our work raises the difficulty in building strong models. Specifically, we show that Quality Estimation models often behave differently in Quality Estimation feature space, depending on whether the scale of feature space is small, medium or large. We also show that Quality Estimation models often behave differently in evaluation settings, depending on whether test data come from the same domain as the training data or not. Our work suggests several strong candidates to use in different circumstances.",
}
@inproceedings{preotiuc-pietro-ungar-2018-user,
    title = "User-Level Race and Ethnicity Predictors from Twitter Text",
    author = "Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1130",
    pages = "1534--1545",
    abstract = "User demographic inference from social media text has the potential to improve a range of downstream applications, including real-time passive polling or quantifying demographic bias. This study focuses on developing models for user-level race and ethnicity prediction. We introduce a data set of users who self-report their race/ethnicity through a survey, in contrast to previous approaches that use distantly supervised data or perceived labels. We develop predictive models from text which accurately predict the membership of a user to the four largest racial and ethnic groups with up to .884 AUC and make these available to the research community.",
}
@inproceedings{karimi-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Source Multi-Class Fake News Detection",
    author = "Karimi, Hamid  and
      Roy, Proteek  and
      Saba-Sadiya, Sari  and
      Tang, Jiliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1131",
    pages = "1546--1557",
    abstract = "Fake news spreading through media outlets poses a real threat to the trustworthiness of information and detecting fake news has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Fake news is typically written intentionally to mislead readers, which determines that fake news detection merely based on news content is tremendously challenging. Meanwhile, fake news could contain true evidence to mock true news and presents different degrees of fakeness, which further exacerbates the detection difficulty. On the other hand, the spread of fake news produces various types of data from different perspectives. These multiple sources provide rich contextual information about fake news and offer unprecedented opportunities for advanced fake news detection. In this paper, we study fake news detection with different degrees of fakeness by integrating multiple sources. In particular, we introduce approaches to combine information from multiple sources and to discriminate between different degrees of fakeness, and propose a Multi-source Multi-class Fake news Detection framework MMFD, which combines automated feature extraction, multi-source fusion and automated degrees of fakeness detection into a coherent and interpretable model. Experimental results on the real-world data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework and extensive experiments are further conducted to understand the working of the proposed framework.",
}
@inproceedings{do-dinh-etal-2018-killing,
    title = "Killing Four Birds with Two Stones: Multi-Task Learning for Non-Literal Language Detection",
    author = "Do Dinh, Erik-L{\^a}n  and
      Eger, Steffen  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1132",
    pages = "1558--1569",
    abstract = "Non-literal language phenomena such as idioms or metaphors are commonly studied in isolation from each other in NLP. However, often similar definitions and features are being used for different phenomena, challenging the distinction. Instead, we propose to view the detection problem as a generalized non-literal language classification problem. In this paper we investigate multi-task learning for related non-literal language phenomena. We show that in contrast to simply joining the data of multiple tasks, multi-task learning consistently improves upon four metaphor and idiom detection tasks in two languages, English and German. Comparing two state-of-the-art multi-task learning architectures, we also investigate when soft parameter sharing and learned information flow can be beneficial for our related tasks. We make our adapted code publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{choudhary-etal-2018-twitter,
    title = "Twitter corpus of Resource-Scarce Languages for Sentiment Analysis and Multilingual Emoji Prediction",
    author = "Choudhary, Nurendra  and
      Singh, Rajat  and
      Anvesh Rao, Vijjini  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1133",
    pages = "1570--1577",
    abstract = "In this paper, we leverage social media platforms such as twitter for developing corpus across multiple languages. The corpus creation methodology is applicable for resource-scarce languages provided the speakers of that particular language are active users on social media platforms. We present an approach to extract social media microblogs such as tweets (Twitter). In this paper, we create corpus for multilingual sentiment analysis and emoji prediction in Hindi, Bengali and Telugu. Further, we perform and analyze multiple NLP tasks utilizing the corpus to get interesting observations.",
}
@inproceedings{rama-wichmann-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards identifying the optimal datasize for lexically-based {B}ayesian inference of linguistic phylogenies",
    author = "Rama, Taraka  and
      Wichmann, S{\o}ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1134",
    pages = "1578--1590",
    abstract = "Bayesian linguistic phylogenies are standardly based on cognate matrices for words referring to a fix set of meanings{---}typically around 100-200. To this day there has not been any empirical investigation into which datasize is optimal. Here we determine, across a set of language families, the optimal number of meanings required for the best performance in Bayesian phylogenetic inference. We rank meanings by stability, infer phylogenetic trees using first the most stable meaning, then the two most stable meanings, and so on, computing the quartet distance of the resulting tree to the tree proposed by language family experts at each step of datasize increase. When a gold standard tree is not available we propose to instead compute the quartet distance between the tree based on the n-most stable meaning and the one based on the n + 1-most stable meanings, increasing n from 1 to N − 1, where N is the total number of meanings. The assumption here is that the value of n for which the quartet distance begins to stabilize is also the value at which the quality of the tree ceases to improve. We show that this assumption is borne out. The results of the two methods vary across families, and the optimal number of meanings appears to correlate with the number of languages under consideration.",
}
@inproceedings{del-tredici-fernandez-2018-road,
    title = "The Road to Success: Assessing the Fate of Linguistic Innovations in Online Communities",
    author = "Del Tredici, Marco  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1135",
    pages = "1591--1603",
    abstract = "We investigate the birth and diffusion of lexical innovations in a large dataset of online social communities. We build on sociolinguistic theories and focus on the relation between the spread of a novel term and the social role of the individuals who use it, uncovering characteristics of innovators and adopters. Finally, we perform a prediction task that allows us to anticipate whether an innovation will successfully spread within a community.",
}
@inproceedings{ciobanu-dinu-2018-ab,
    title = "Ab Initio: Automatic {L}atin Proto-word Reconstruction",
    author = "Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1136",
    pages = "1604--1614",
    abstract = "Proto-word reconstruction is central to the study of language evolution. It consists of recreating the words in an ancient language from its modern daughter languages. In this paper we investigate automatic word form reconstruction for Latin proto-words. Having modern word forms in multiple Romance languages (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian), we infer the form of their common Latin ancestors. Our approach relies on the regularities that occurred when the Latin words entered the modern languages. We leverage information from all modern languages, building an ensemble system for proto-word reconstruction. We use conditional random fields for sequence labeling, but we conduct preliminary experiments with recurrent neural networks as well. We apply our method on multiple datasets, showing that our method improves on previous results, having also the advantage of requiring less input data, which is essential in historical linguistics, where resources are generally scarce.",
}
@inproceedings{silfverberg-etal-2018-computational,
    title = "A Computational Model for the Linguistic Notion of Morphological Paradigm",
    author = "Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Liu, Ling  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1137",
    pages = "1615--1626",
    abstract = "In supervised learning of morphological patterns, the strategy of generalizing inflectional tables into more abstract paradigms through alignment of the longest common subsequence found in an inflection table has been proposed as an efficient method to deduce the inflectional behavior of unseen word forms. In this paper, we extend this notion of morphological {`}paradigm{'} from earlier work and provide a formalization that more accurately matches linguist intuitions about what an inflectional paradigm is. Additionally, we propose and evaluate a mechanism for learning full human-readable paradigm specifications from incomplete data{---}a scenario when we only have access to a few inflected forms for each lexeme, and want to reconstruct the missing inflections as well as generalize and group the witnessed patterns into a model of more abstract paradigmatic behavior of lexemes.",
}
@inproceedings{bouraoui-etal-2018-relation,
    title = "Relation Induction in Word Embeddings Revisited",
    author = "Bouraoui, Zied  and
      Jameel, Shoaib  and
      Schockaert, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1138",
    pages = "1627--1637",
    abstract = "Given a set of instances of some relation, the relation induction task is to predict which other word pairs are likely to be related in the same way. While it is natural to use word embeddings for this task, standard approaches based on vector translations turn out to perform poorly. To address this issue, we propose two probabilistic relation induction models. The first model is based on translations, but uses Gaussians to explicitly model the variability of these translations and to encode soft constraints on the source and target words that may be chosen. In the second model, we use Bayesian linear regression to encode the assumption that there is a linear relationship between the vector representations of related words, which is considerably weaker than the assumption underlying translation based models.",
}
@inproceedings{akbik-etal-2018-contextual,
    title = "Contextual String Embeddings for Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Akbik, Alan  and
      Blythe, Duncan  and
      Vollgraf, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1139",
    pages = "1638--1649",
    abstract = "Recent advances in language modeling using recurrent neural networks have made it viable to model language as distributions over characters. By learning to predict the next character on the basis of previous characters, such models have been shown to automatically internalize linguistic concepts such as words, sentences, subclauses and even sentiment. In this paper, we propose to leverage the internal states of a trained character language model to produce a novel type of word embedding which we refer to as contextual string embeddings. Our proposed embeddings have the distinct properties that they (a) are trained without any explicit notion of words and thus fundamentally model words as sequences of characters, and (b) are contextualized by their surrounding text, meaning that the same word will have different embeddings depending on its contextual use. We conduct a comparative evaluation against previous embeddings and find that our embeddings are highly useful for downstream tasks: across four classic sequence labeling tasks we consistently outperform the previous state-of-the-art. In particular, we significantly outperform previous work on English and German named entity recognition (NER), allowing us to report new state-of-the-art F1-scores on the CoNLL03 shared task. We release all code and pre-trained language models in a simple-to-use framework to the research community, to enable reproduction of these experiments and application of our proposed embeddings to other tasks: https://github.com/zalandoresearch/flair",
}
@inproceedings{bollegala-bao-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Word Meta-Embeddings by Autoencoding",
    author = "Bollegala, Danushka  and
      Bao, Cong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1140",
    pages = "1650--1661",
    abstract = "Distributed word embeddings have shown superior performances in numerous Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, their performances vary significantly across different tasks, implying that the word embeddings learnt by those methods capture complementary aspects of lexical semantics. Therefore, we believe that it is important to combine the existing word embeddings to produce more accurate and complete meta-embeddings of words. We model the meta-embedding learning problem as an autoencoding problem, where we would like to learn a meta-embedding space that can accurately reconstruct all source embeddings simultaneously. Thereby, the meta-embedding space is enforced to capture complementary information in different source embeddings via a coherent common embedding space. We propose three flavours of autoencoded meta-embeddings motivated by different requirements that must be satisfied by a meta-embedding. Our experimental results on a series of benchmark evaluations show that the proposed autoencoded meta-embeddings outperform the existing state-of-the-art meta-embeddings in multiple tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2018-gensense,
    title = "{G}en{S}ense: A Generalized Sense Retrofitting Model",
    author = "Lee, Yang-Yin  and
      Yen, Ting-Yu  and
      Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Shiue, Yow-Ting  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1141",
    pages = "1662--1671",
    abstract = "With the aid of recently proposed word embedding algorithms, the study of semantic similarity has progressed and advanced rapidly. However, many natural language processing tasks need sense level representation. To address this issue, some researches propose sense embedding learning algorithms. In this paper, we present a generalized model from existing sense retrofitting model. The generalization takes three major components: semantic relations between the senses, the relation strength and the semantic strength. In the experiment, we show that the generalized model can outperform previous approaches in three types of experiment: semantic relatedness, contextual word similarity and semantic difference.",
}
@inproceedings{bahuleyan-etal-2018-variational,
    title = "Variational Attention for Sequence-to-Sequence Models",
    author = "Bahuleyan, Hareesh  and
      Mou, Lili  and
      Vechtomova, Olga  and
      Poupart, Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1142",
    pages = "1672--1682",
    abstract = "The variational encoder-decoder (VED) encodes source information as a set of random variables using a neural network, which in turn is decoded into target data using another neural network. In natural language processing, sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) models typically serve as encoder-decoder networks. When combined with a traditional (deterministic) attention mechanism, the variational latent space may be bypassed by the attention model, and thus becomes ineffective. In this paper, we propose a variational attention mechanism for VED, where the attention vector is also modeled as Gaussian distributed random variables. Results on two experiments show that, without loss of quality, our proposed method alleviates the bypassing phenomenon as it increases the diversity of generated sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-new,
    title = "A New Concept of Deep Reinforcement Learning based Augmented General Tagging System",
    author = "Wang, Yu  and
      Patel, Abhishek  and
      Jin, Hongxia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1143",
    pages = "1683--1693",
    abstract = "In this paper, a new deep reinforcement learning based augmented general tagging system is proposed. The new system contains two parts: a deep neural network (DNN) based sequence labeling model and a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based augmented tagger. The augmented tagger helps improve system performance by modeling the data with minority tags. The new system is evaluated on SLU and NLU sequence labeling tasks using ATIS and CoNLL-2003 benchmark datasets, to demonstrate the new system{'}s outstanding performance on general tagging tasks. Evaluated by F1 scores, it shows that the new system outperforms the current state-of-the-art model on ATIS dataset by 1.9{\%} and that on CoNLL-2003 dataset by 1.4{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{felt-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning from Measurements in Crowdsourcing Models: Inferring Ground Truth from Diverse Annotation Types",
    author = "Felt, Paul  and
      Ringger, Eric  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Seppi, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1144",
    pages = "1694--1704",
    abstract = "Annotated corpora enable supervised machine learning and data analysis. To reduce the cost of manual annotation, tasks are often assigned to internet workers whose judgments are reconciled by crowdsourcing models. We approach the problem of crowdsourcing using a framework for learning from rich prior knowledge, and we identify a family of crowdsourcing models with the novel ability to combine annotations with differing structures: e.g., document labels and word labels. Annotator judgments are given in the form of the predicted expected value of measurement functions computed over annotations and the data, unifying annotation models. Our model, a specific instance of this framework, compares favorably with previous work. Furthermore, it enables active sample selection, jointly selecting annotator, data item, and annotation structure to reduce annotation effort.",
}
@inproceedings{kabdolov-etal-2018-reproducing,
    title = "Reproducing and Regularizing the {SCRN} Model",
    author = "Kabdolov, Olzhas  and
      Assylbekov, Zhenisbek  and
      Takhanov, Rustem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1145",
    pages = "1705--1716",
    abstract = "We reproduce the Structurally Constrained Recurrent Network (SCRN) model, and then regularize it using the existing widespread techniques, such as naive dropout, variational dropout, and weight tying. We show that when regularized and optimized appropriately the SCRN model can achieve performance comparable with the ubiquitous LSTM model in language modeling task on English data, while outperforming it on non-English data.",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2018-structure,
    title = "Structure-Infused Copy Mechanisms for Abstractive Summarization",
    author = "Song, Kaiqiang  and
      Zhao, Lin  and
      Liu, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1146",
    pages = "1717--1729",
    abstract = "Seq2seq learning has produced promising results on summarization. However, in many cases, system summaries still struggle to keep the meaning of the original intact. They may miss out important words or relations that play critical roles in the syntactic structure of source sentences. In this paper, we present structure-infused copy mechanisms to facilitate copying important words and relations from the source sentence to summary sentence. The approach naturally combines source dependency structure with the copy mechanism of an abstractive sentence summarizer. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of incorporating source-side syntactic information in the system, and our proposed approach compares favorably to state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{van-miltenburg-etal-2018-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Diversity of Automatic Image Descriptions",
    author = "van Miltenburg, Emiel  and
      Elliott, Desmond  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1147",
    pages = "1730--1741",
    abstract = "Automatic image description systems typically produce generic sentences that only make use of a small subset of the vocabulary available to them. In this paper, we consider the production of generic descriptions as a lack of diversity in the output, which we quantify using established metrics and two new metrics that frame image description as a word recall task. This framing allows us to evaluate system performance on the head of the vocabulary, as well as on the long tail, where system performance degrades. We use these metrics to examine the diversity of the sentences generated by nine state-of-the-art systems on the MS COCO data set. We find that the systems trained with maximum likelihood objectives produce less diverse output than those trained with additional adversarial objectives. However, the adversarially-trained models only produce more types from the head of the vocabulary and not the tail. Besides vocabulary-based methods, we also look at the compositional capacity of the systems, specifically their ability to create compound nouns and prepositional phrases of different lengths. We conclude that there is still much room for improvement, and offer a toolkit to measure progress towards the goal of generating more diverse image descriptions.",
}
@inproceedings{higurashi-etal-2018-extractive,
    title = "Extractive Headline Generation Based on Learning to Rank for Community Question Answering",
    author = "Higurashi, Tatsuru  and
      Kobayashi, Hayato  and
      Masuyama, Takeshi  and
      Murao, Kazuma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1148",
    pages = "1742--1753",
    abstract = "User-generated content such as the questions on community question answering (CQA) forums does not always come with appropriate headlines, in contrast to the news articles used in various headline generation tasks. In such cases, we cannot use paired supervised data, e.g., pairs of articles and headlines, to learn a headline generation model. To overcome this problem, we propose an extractive headline generation method based on learning to rank for CQA that extracts the most informative substring from each question as its headline. Experimental results show that our method outperforms several baselines, including a prefix-based method, which is widely used in real services.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Attention based Neural Network with External Knowledge for Story Ending Predicting Task",
    author = "Li, Qian  and
      Li, Ziwei  and
      Wei, Jin-Mao  and
      Gu, Yanhui  and
      Jatowt, Adam  and
      Yang, Zhenglu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1149",
    pages = "1754--1762",
    abstract = "Enabling a mechanism to understand a temporal story and predict its ending is an interesting issue that has attracted considerable attention, as in case of the ROC Story Cloze Task (SCT). In this paper, we develop a multi-attention-based neural network (MANN) with well-designed optimizations, like Highway Network, and concatenated features with embedding representations into the hierarchical neural network model. Considering the particulars of the specific task, we thoughtfully extend MANN with external knowledge resources, exceeding state-of-the-art results obviously. Furthermore, we develop a thorough understanding of our model through a careful hand analysis on a subset of the stories. We identify what traits of MANN contribute to its outperformance and how external knowledge is obtained in such an ending prediction task.",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2018-reinforcement,
    title = "A Reinforcement Learning Framework for Natural Question Generation using Bi-discriminators",
    author = "Fan, Zhihao  and
      Wei, Zhongyu  and
      Wang, Siyuan  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1150",
    pages = "1763--1774",
    abstract = "Visual Question Generation (VQG) aims to ask natural questions about an image automatically. Existing research focus on training model to fit the annotated data set that makes it indifferent from other language generation tasks. We argue that natural questions need to have two specific attributes from the perspectives of content and linguistic respectively, namely, natural and human-written. Inspired by the setting of discriminator in adversarial learning, we propose two discriminators, one for each attribute, to enhance the training. We then use the reinforcement learning framework to incorporate scores from the two discriminators as the reward to guide the training of the question generator. Experimental results on a benchmark VQG dataset show the effectiveness and robustness of our model compared to some state-of-the-art models in terms of both automatic and human evaluation metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{brazinskas-etal-2018-embedding,
    title = "Embedding Words as Distributions with a {B}ayesian Skip-gram Model",
    author = "Bra{\v{z}}inskas, Arthur  and
      Havrylov, Serhii  and
      Titov, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1151",
    pages = "1775--1789",
    abstract = "We introduce a method for embedding words as probability densities in a low-dimensional space. Rather than assuming that a word embedding is fixed across the entire text collection, as in standard word embedding methods, in our Bayesian model we generate it from a word-specific prior density for each occurrence of a given word. Intuitively, for each word, the prior density encodes the distribution of its potential {`}meanings{'}. These prior densities are conceptually similar to Gaussian embeddings of {\.e}wcitevilnis2014word. Interestingly, unlike the Gaussian embeddings, we can also obtain context-specific densities: they encode uncertainty about the sense of a word given its context and correspond to the approximate posterior distributions within our model. The context-dependent densities have many potential applications: for example, we show that they can be directly used in the lexical substitution task. We describe an effective estimation method based on the variational autoencoding framework. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our embedding technique on a range of standard benchmarks.",
}
@inproceedings{ettinger-etal-2018-assessing,
    title = "Assessing Composition in Sentence Vector Representations",
    author = "Ettinger, Allyson  and
      Elgohary, Ahmed  and
      Phillips, Colin  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1152",
    pages = "1790--1801",
    abstract = "An important component of achieving language understanding is mastering the composition of sentence meaning, but an immediate challenge to solving this problem is the opacity of sentence vector representations produced by current neural sentence composition models. We present a method to address this challenge, developing tasks that directly target compositional meaning information in sentence vector representations with a high degree of precision and control. To enable the creation of these controlled tasks, we introduce a specialized sentence generation system that produces large, annotated sentence sets meeting specified syntactic, semantic and lexical constraints. We describe the details of the method and generation system, and then present results of experiments applying our method to probe for compositional information in embeddings from a number of existing sentence composition models. We find that the method is able to extract useful information about the differing capacities of these models, and we discuss the implications of our results with respect to these systems{'} capturing of sentence information. We make available for public use the datasets used for these experiments, as well as the generation system.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-subword,
    title = "Subword-augmented Embedding for Cloze Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Zhang, Zhuosheng  and
      Huang, Yafang  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1153",
    pages = "1802--1814",
    abstract = "Representation learning is the foundation of machine reading comprehension. In state-of-the-art models, deep learning methods broadly use word and character level representations. However, character is not naturally the minimal linguistic unit. In addition, with a simple concatenation of character and word embedding, previous models actually give suboptimal solution. In this paper, we propose to use subword rather than character for word embedding enhancement. We also empirically explore different augmentation strategies on subword-augmented embedding to enhance the cloze-style reading comprehension model (reader). In detail, we present a reader that uses subword-level representation to augment word embedding with a short list to handle rare words effectively. A thorough examination is conducted to evaluate the comprehensive performance and generalization ability of the proposed reader. Experimental results show that the proposed approach helps the reader significantly outperform the state-of-the-art baselines on various public datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Sentence Embedding with Generalized Pooling",
    author = "Chen, Qian  and
      Ling, Zhen-Hua  and
      Zhu, Xiaodan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1154",
    pages = "1815--1826",
    abstract = "Pooling is an essential component of a wide variety of sentence representation and embedding models. This paper explores generalized pooling methods to enhance sentence embedding. We propose vector-based multi-head attention that includes the widely used max pooling, mean pooling, and scalar self-attention as special cases. The model benefits from properly designed penalization terms to reduce redundancy in multi-head attention. We evaluate the proposed model on three different tasks: natural language inference (NLI), author profiling, and sentiment classification. The experiments show that the proposed model achieves significant improvement over strong sentence-encoding-based methods, resulting in state-of-the-art performances on four datasets. The proposed approach can be easily implemented for more problems than we discuss in this paper.",
}
@inproceedings{ponkiya-etal-2018-treat,
    title = "Treat us like the sequences we are: Prepositional Paraphrasing of Noun Compounds using {LSTM}",
    author = "Ponkiya, Girishkumar  and
      Patel, Kevin  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Palshikar, Girish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1155",
    pages = "1827--1836",
    abstract = "Interpreting noun compounds is a challenging task. It involves uncovering the underlying predicate which is dropped in the formation of the compound. In most cases, this predicate is of the form VERB+PREP. It has been observed that uncovering the preposition is a significant step towards uncovering the predicate. In this paper, we attempt to paraphrase noun compounds using prepositions. We consider noun compounds and their corresponding prepositional paraphrases as parallelly aligned sequences of words. This enables us to adapt different architectures from cross-lingual embedding literature. We choose the architecture where we create representations of both noun compound (source sequence) and its corresponding prepositional paraphrase (target sequence), such that their sim- ilarity is high. We use LSTMs to learn these representations. We use these representations to decide the correct preposition. Our experiments show that this approach performs considerably well on different datasets of noun compounds that are manually annotated with prepositions.",
}
@inproceedings{hazarika-etal-2018-cascade,
    title = "{CASCADE}: Contextual Sarcasm Detection in Online Discussion Forums",
    author = "Hazarika, Devamanyu  and
      Poria, Soujanya  and
      Gorantla, Sruthi  and
      Cambria, Erik  and
      Zimmermann, Roger  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1156",
    pages = "1837--1848",
    abstract = "The literature in automated sarcasm detection has mainly focused on lexical-, syntactic- and semantic-level analysis of text. However, a sarcastic sentence can be expressed with contextual presumptions, background and commonsense knowledge. In this paper, we propose a ContextuAl SarCasm DEtector (CASCADE), which adopts a hybrid approach of both content- and context-driven modeling for sarcasm detection in online social media discussions. For the latter, CASCADE aims at extracting contextual information from the discourse of a discussion thread. Also, since the sarcastic nature and form of expression can vary from person to person, CASCADE utilizes user embeddings that encode stylometric and personality features of users. When used along with content-based feature extractors such as convolutional neural networks, we see a significant boost in the classification performance on a large Reddit corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{cattle-ma-2018-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Humour using Word Associations and Humour Anchor Extraction",
    author = "Cattle, Andrew  and
      Ma, Xiaojuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1157",
    pages = "1849--1858",
    abstract = "This paper attempts to marry the interpretability of statistical machine learning approaches with the more robust models of joke structure and joke semantics capable of being learned by neural models. Specifically, we explore the use of semantic relatedness features based on word associations, rather than the more common Word2Vec similarity, on a binary humour identification task and identify several factors that make word associations a better fit for humour. We also explore the effects of using joke structure, in the form of humour anchors (Yang et al., 2015), for improving the performance of semantic features and show that, while an intriguing idea, humour anchors contain several pitfalls that can hurt performance.",
}
@inproceedings{hanselowski-etal-2018-retrospective,
    title = "A Retrospective Analysis of the Fake News Challenge Stance-Detection Task",
    author = "Hanselowski, Andreas  and
      PVS, Avinesh  and
      Schiller, Benjamin  and
      Caspelherr, Felix  and
      Chaudhuri, Debanjan  and
      Meyer, Christian M.  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1158",
    pages = "1859--1874",
    abstract = "The 2017 Fake News Challenge Stage 1 (FNC-1) shared task addressed a stance classification task as a crucial first step towards detecting fake news. To date, there is no in-depth analysis paper to critically discuss FNC-1{'}s experimental setup, reproduce the results, and draw conclusions for next-generation stance classification methods. In this paper, we provide such an in-depth analysis for the three top-performing systems. We first find that FNC-1{'}s proposed evaluation metric favors the majority class, which can be easily classified, and thus overestimates the true discriminative power of the methods. Therefore, we propose a new F1-based metric yielding a changed system ranking. Next, we compare the features and architectures used, which leads to a novel feature-rich stacked LSTM model that performs on par with the best systems, but is superior in predicting minority classes. To understand the methods{'} ability to generalize, we derive a new dataset and perform both in-domain and cross-domain experiments. Our qualitative and quantitative study helps interpreting the original FNC-1 scores and understand which features help improving performance and why. Our new dataset and all source code used during the reproduction study are publicly available for future research.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Syntactic Structures for Humor Recognition",
    author = "Liu, Lizhen  and
      Zhang, Donghai  and
      Song, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1159",
    pages = "1875--1883",
    abstract = "Humor recognition is an interesting and challenging task in natural language processing. This paper proposes to exploit syntactic structure features to enhance humor recognition. Our method achieves significant improvements compared with humor theory driven baselines. We found that some syntactic structure features consistently correlate with humor, which indicate interesting linguistic phenomena. Both the experimental results and the analysis demonstrate that humor can be viewed as a kind of style and content independent syntactic structures can help identify humor and have good interpretability.",
}
@inproceedings{you-etal-2018-attribute,
    title = "An Attribute Enhanced Domain Adaptive Model for Cold-Start Spam Review Detection",
    author = "You, Zhenni  and
      Qian, Tieyun  and
      Liu, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1160",
    pages = "1884--1895",
    abstract = "Spam detection has long been a research topic in both academic and industry due to its wide applications. Previous studies are mainly focused on extracting linguistic or behavior features to distinguish the spam and legitimate reviews. Such features are either ineffective or take long time to collect and thus are hard to be applied to cold-start spam review detection tasks. Recent advance leveraged the neural network to encode the textual and behavior features for the cold-start problem. However, the abundant attribute information are largely neglected by the existing framework. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning architecture for incorporating entities and their inherent attributes from various domains into a unified framework. Specifically, our model not only encodes the entities of reviewer, item, and review, but also their attributes such as location, date, price ranges. Furthermore, we present a domain classifier to adapt the knowledge from one domain to the other. With the abundant attributes in existing entities and knowledge in other domains, we successfully solve the problem of data scarcity in the cold-start settings. Experimental results on two Yelp datasets prove that our proposed framework significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{ghaddar-langlais-2018-robust,
    title = "Robust Lexical Features for Improved Neural Network Named-Entity Recognition",
    author = "Ghaddar, Abbas  and
      Langlais, Phillippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1161",
    pages = "1896--1907",
    abstract = "Neural network approaches to Named-Entity Recognition reduce the need for carefully hand-crafted features. While some features do remain in state-of-the-art systems, lexical features have been mostly discarded, with the exception of gazetteers. In this work, we show that this is unfair: lexical features are actually quite useful. We propose to embed words and entity types into a low-dimensional vector space we train from annotated data produced by distant supervision thanks to Wikipedia. From this, we compute {---} offline {---} a feature vector representing each word. When used with a vanilla recurrent neural network model, this representation yields substantial improvements. We establish a new state-of-the-art F1 score of 87.95 on ONTONOTES 5.0, while matching state-of-the-art performance with a F1 score of 91.73 on the over-studied CONLL-2003 dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{li-yang-2018-pseudo,
    title = "A Pseudo Label based Dataless Naive {B}ayes Algorithm for Text Classification with Seed Words",
    author = "Li, Ximing  and
      Yang, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1162",
    pages = "1908--1917",
    abstract = "Traditional supervised text classifiers require a large number of manually labeled documents, which are often expensive to obtain. Recently, dataless text classification has attracted more attention, since it only requires very few seed words of categories that are much cheaper. In this paper, we develop a pseudo-label based dataless Naive Bayes (PL-DNB) classifier with seed words. We initialize pseudo-labels for each document using seed word occurrences, and employ the expectation maximization algorithm to train PL-DNB in a semi-supervised manner. The pseudo-labels are iteratively updated using a mixture of seed word occurrences and estimations of label posteriors. To avoid noisy pseudo-labels, we also consider the information of nearest neighboring documents in the pseudo-label update step, i.e., preserving local neighborhood structure of documents. We empirically show that PL-DNB outperforms traditional dataless text classification algorithms with seed words. Especially, PL-DNB performs well on the imbalanced dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{shimizu-etal-2018-visual,
    title = "Visual Question Answering Dataset for Bilingual Image Understanding: A Study of Cross-Lingual Transfer Using Attention Maps",
    author = "Shimizu, Nobuyuki  and
      Rong, Na  and
      Miyazaki, Takashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1163",
    pages = "1918--1928",
    abstract = "Visual question answering (VQA) is a challenging task that requires a computer system to understand both a question and an image. While there is much research on VQA in English, there is a lack of datasets for other languages, and English annotation is not directly applicable in those languages. To deal with this, we have created a Japanese VQA dataset by using crowdsourced annotation with images from the Visual Genome dataset. This is the first such dataset in Japanese. As another contribution, we propose a cross-lingual method for making use of English annotation to improve a Japanese VQA system. The proposed method is based on a popular VQA method that uses an attention mechanism. We use attention maps generated from English questions to help improve the Japanese VQA task. The proposed method experimentally performed better than simply using a monolingual corpus, which demonstrates the effectiveness of using attention maps to transfer cross-lingual information.",
}
@inproceedings{baumann-etal-2018-style,
    title = "Style Detection for Free Verse Poetry from Text and Speech",
    author = "Baumann, Timo  and
      Hussein, Hussein  and
      Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1164",
    pages = "1929--1940",
    abstract = "Modern and post-modern free verse poems feature a large and complex variety in their poetic prosodies that falls along a continuum from a more fluent to a more disfluent and choppy style. As the poets of modernism overcame rhyme and meter, they oriented themselves in these two opposing directions, creating a free verse spectrum that calls for new analyses of prosodic forms. We present a method, grounded in philological analysis and current research on cognitive (dis)fluency, for automatically analyzing this spectrum. We define and relate six classes of poetic styles (ranging from parlando to lettristic decomposition) by their gradual differentiation. Based on this discussion, we present a model for automatic prosodic classification of spoken free verse poetry that uses deep hierarchical attention networks to integrate the source text and audio and predict the assigned class. We evaluate our model on a large corpus of German author-read post-modern poetry and find that classes can reliably be differentiated, reaching a weighted f-measure of 0.73, when combining textual and phonetic evidence. In our further analyses, we validate the model{'}s decision-making process, the philologically hypothesized continuum of fluency and investigate the relative importance of various features.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-neural-question,
    title = "A Neural Question Answering Model Based on Semi-Structured Tables",
    author = "Wang, Hao  and
      Zhang, Xiaodong  and
      Ma, Shuming  and
      Sun, Xu  and
      Wang, Houfeng  and
      Wang, Mengxiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1165",
    pages = "1941--1951",
    abstract = "Most question answering (QA) systems are based on raw text and structured knowledge graph. However, raw text corpora are hard for QA system to understand, and structured knowledge graph needs intensive manual work, while it is relatively easy to obtain semi-structured tables from many sources directly, or build them automatically. In this paper, we build an end-to-end system to answer multiple choice questions with semi-structured tables as its knowledge. Our system answers queries by two steps. First, it finds the most similar tables. Then the system measures the relevance between each question and candidate table cells, and choose the most related cell as the source of answer. The system is evaluated with TabMCQ dataset, and gets a huge improvement compared to the state of the art.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-lcqmc,
    title = "{LCQMC}:A Large-scale {C}hinese Question Matching Corpus",
    author = "Liu, Xin  and
      Chen, Qingcai  and
      Deng, Chong  and
      Zeng, Huajun  and
      Chen, Jing  and
      Li, Dongfang  and
      Tang, Buzhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1166",
    pages = "1952--1962",
    abstract = "The lack of large-scale question matching corpora greatly limits the development of matching methods in question answering (QA) system, especially for non-English languages. To ameliorate this situation, in this paper, we introduce a large-scale Chinese question matching corpus (named LCQMC), which is released to the public1. LCQMC is more general than paraphrase corpus as it focuses on intent matching rather than paraphrase. How to collect a large number of question pairs in variant linguistic forms, which may present the same intent, is the key point for such corpus construction. In this paper, we first use a search engine to collect large-scale question pairs related to high-frequency words from various domains, then filter irrelevant pairs by the Wasserstein distance, and finally recruit three annotators to manually check the left pairs. After this process, a question matching corpus that contains 260,068 question pairs is constructed. In order to verify the LCQMC corpus, we split it into three parts, i.e., a training set containing 238,766 question pairs, a development set with 8,802 question pairs, and a test set with 12,500 question pairs, and test several well-known sentence matching methods on it. The experimental results not only demonstrate the good quality of LCQMC but also provide solid baseline performance for further researches on this corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{worsham-kalita-2018-genre,
    title = "Genre Identification and the Compositional Effect of Genre in Literature",
    author = "Worsham, Joseph  and
      Kalita, Jugal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1167",
    pages = "1963--1973",
    abstract = "Recent advances in Natural Language Processing are finding ways to place an emphasis on the hierarchical nature of text instead of representing language as a flat sequence or unordered collection of words or letters. A human reader must capture multiple levels of abstraction and meaning in order to formulate an understanding of a document. In this paper, we address the problem of developing approaches which are capable of working with extremely large and complex literary documents to perform Genre Identification. The task is to assign the literary classification to a full-length book belonging to a corpus of literature, where the works on average are well over 200,000 words long and genre is an abstract thematic concept. We introduce the Gutenberg Dataset for Genre Identification. Additionally, we present a study on how current deep learning models compare to traditional methods for this task. The results are presented as a baseline along with findings on how using an ensemble of chapters can significantly improve results in deep learning methods. The motivation behind the ensemble of chapters method is discussed as the compositionality of subtexts which make up a larger work and contribute to the overall genre.",
}
@inproceedings{rodriguez-etal-2018-transfer,
    title = "Transfer Learning for Entity Recognition of Novel Classes",
    author = "Rodriguez, Juan Diego  and
      Caldwell, Adam  and
      Liu, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1168",
    pages = "1974--1985",
    abstract = "In this reproduction paper, we replicate and extend several past studies on transfer learning for entity recognition. In particular, we are interested in entity recognition problems where the class labels in the source and target domains are different. Our work is the first direct comparison of these previously published approaches in this problem setting. In addition, we perform experiments on seven new source/target corpus pairs, nearly doubling the total number of corpus pairs that have been studied in all past work combined. Our results empirically demonstrate when each of the published approaches tends to do well. In particular, simpler approaches often work best when there is very little labeled target data, while neural transfer approaches tend to do better when there is more labeled target data.",
}
@inproceedings{al-olimat-etal-2018-location,
    title = "Location Name Extraction from Targeted Text Streams using Gazetteer-based Statistical Language Models",
    author = "Al-Olimat, Hussein  and
      Thirunarayan, Krishnaprasad  and
      Shalin, Valerie  and
      Sheth, Amit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1169",
    pages = "1986--1997",
    abstract = "Extracting location names from informal and unstructured social media data requires the identification of referent boundaries and partitioning compound names. Variability, particularly systematic variability in location names (Carroll, 1983), challenges the identification task. Some of this variability can be anticipated as operations within a statistical language model, in this case drawn from gazetteers such as OpenStreetMap (OSM), Geonames, and DBpedia. This permits evaluation of an observed n-gram in Twitter targeted text as a legitimate location name variant from the same location-context. Using n-gram statistics and location-related dictionaries, our Location Name Extraction tool (LNEx) handles abbreviations and automatically filters and augments the location names in gazetteers (handling name contractions and auxiliary contents) to help detect the boundaries of multi-word location names and thereby delimit them in texts. We evaluated our approach on 4,500 event-specific tweets from three targeted streams to compare the performance of LNEx against that of ten state-of-the-art taggers that rely on standard semantic, syntactic and/or orthographic features. LNEx improved the average F-Score by 33-179{\%}, outperforming all taggers. Further, LNEx is capable of stream processing.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-apva,
    title = "The {APVA}-{TURBO} Approach To Question Answering in Knowledge Base",
    author = "Wang, Yue  and
      Zhang, Richong  and
      Xu, Cheng  and
      Mao, Yongyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1170",
    pages = "1998--2009",
    abstract = "In this paper, we study the problem of question answering over knowledge base. We identify that the primary bottleneck in this problem is the difficulty in accurately predicting the relations connecting the subject entity to the object entities. We advocate a new model architecture, APVA, which includes a verification mechanism responsible for checking the correctness of predicted relations. The APVA framework naturally supports a well-principled iterative training procedure, which we call turbo training. We demonstrate via experiments that the APVA-TUBRO approach drastically improves the question answering performance.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2018-interpretable,
    title = "An Interpretable Reasoning Network for Multi-Relation Question Answering",
    author = "Zhou, Mantong  and
      Huang, Minlie  and
      Zhu, Xiaoyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1171",
    pages = "2010--2022",
    abstract = "Multi-relation Question Answering is a challenging task, due to the requirement of elaborated analysis on questions and reasoning over multiple fact triples in knowledge base. In this paper, we present a novel model called Interpretable Reasoning Network that employs an interpretable, hop-by-hop reasoning process for question answering. The model dynamically decides which part of an input question should be analyzed at each hop; predicts a relation that corresponds to the current parsed results; utilizes the predicted relation to update the question representation and the state of the reasoning process; and then drives the next-hop reasoning. Experiments show that our model yields state-of-the-art results on two datasets. More interestingly, the model can offer traceable and observable intermediate predictions for reasoning analysis and failure diagnosis, thereby allowing manual manipulation in predicting the final answer.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-task,
    title = "Task-oriented Word Embedding for Text Classification",
    author = "Liu, Qian  and
      Huang, Heyan  and
      Gao, Yang  and
      Wei, Xiaochi  and
      Tian, Yuxin  and
      Liu, Luyang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1172",
    pages = "2023--2032",
    abstract = "Distributed word representation plays a pivotal role in various natural language processing tasks. In spite of its success, most existing methods only consider contextual information, which is suboptimal when used in various tasks due to a lack of task-specific features. The rational word embeddings should have the ability to capture both the semantic features and task-specific features of words. In this paper, we propose a task-oriented word embedding method and apply it to the text classification task. With the function-aware component, our method regularizes the distribution of words to enable the embedding space to have a clear classification boundary. We evaluate our method using five text classification datasets. The experiment results show that our method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2018-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Learning of Local Semantic and Global Structure Representations for Text Classification",
    author = "Zhao, Jianyu  and
      Zhan, Zhiqiang  and
      Yang, Qichuan  and
      Zhang, Yang  and
      Hu, Changjian  and
      Li, Zhensheng  and
      Zhang, Liuxin  and
      He, Zhiqiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1173",
    pages = "2033--2043",
    abstract = "Representation learning is a key issue for most Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Most existing representation models either learn little structure information or just rely on pre-defined structures, leading to degradation of performance and generalization capability. This paper focuses on learning both local semantic and global structure representations for text classification. In detail, we propose a novel Sandwich Neural Network (SNN) to learn semantic and structure representations automatically without relying on parsers. More importantly, semantic and structure information contribute unequally to the text representation at corpus and instance level. To solve the fusion problem, we propose two strategies: Adaptive Learning Sandwich Neural Network (AL-SNN) and Self-Attention Sandwich Neural Network (SA-SNN). The former learns the weights at corpus level, and the latter further combines attention mechanism to assign the weights at instance level. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach achieves competitive performance on several text classification tasks, including sentiment analysis, question type classification and subjectivity classification. Specifically, the accuracies are MR (82.1{\%}), SST-5 (50.4{\%}), TREC (96{\%}) and SUBJ (93.9{\%}).",
}
@inproceedings{fell-etal-2018-lyrics,
    title = "Lyrics Segmentation: Textual Macrostructure Detection using Convolutions",
    author = "Fell, Michael  and
      Nechaev, Yaroslav  and
      Cabrio, Elena  and
      Gandon, Fabien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1174",
    pages = "2044--2054",
    abstract = "Lyrics contain repeated patterns that are correlated with the repetitions found in the music they accompany. Repetitions in song texts have been shown to enable lyrics segmentation {--} a fundamental prerequisite of automatically detecting the building blocks (e.g. chorus, verse) of a song text. In this article we improve on the state-of-the-art in lyrics segmentation by applying a convolutional neural network to the task, and experiment with novel features as a step towards deeper macrostructure detection of lyrics.",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning What to Share: Leaky Multi-Task Network for Text Classification",
    author = "Xiao, Liqiang  and
      Zhang, Honglun  and
      Chen, Wenqing  and
      Wang, Yongkun  and
      Jin, Yaohui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1175",
    pages = "2055--2065",
    abstract = "Neural network based multi-task learning has achieved great success on many NLP problems, which focuses on sharing knowledge among tasks by linking some layers to enhance the performance. However, most existing approaches suffer from the interference between tasks because they lack of selection mechanism for feature sharing. In this way, the feature spaces of tasks may be easily contaminated by helpless features borrowed from others, which will confuse the models for making correct prediction. In this paper, we propose a multi-task convolutional neural network with the Leaky Unit, which has memory and forgetting mechanism to filter the feature flows between tasks. Experiments on five different datasets for text classification validate the benefits of our approach.",
}
@inproceedings{levy-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards an argumentative content search engine using weak supervision",
    author = "Levy, Ran  and
      Bogin, Ben  and
      Gretz, Shai  and
      Aharonov, Ranit  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1176",
    pages = "2066--2081",
    abstract = "Searching for sentences containing claims in a large text corpus is a key component in developing an argumentative content search engine. Previous works focused on detecting claims in a small set of documents or within documents enriched with argumentative content. However, pinpointing relevant claims in massive unstructured corpora, received little attention. A step in this direction was taken in (Levy et al. 2017), where the authors suggested using a weak signal to develop a relatively strict query for claim{--}sentence detection. Here, we leverage this work to define weak signals for training DNNs to obtain significantly greater performance. This approach allows to relax the query and increase the potential coverage. Our results clearly indicate that the system is able to successfully generalize from the weak signal, outperforming previously reported results in terms of both precision and coverage. Finally, we adapt our system to solve a recent argument mining task of identifying argumentative sentences in Web texts retrieved from heterogeneous sources, and obtain F1 scores comparable to the supervised baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{gungor-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Named Entity Recognition by Jointly Learning to Disambiguate Morphological Tags",
    author = {G{\"u}ng{\"o}r, Onur  and
      Uskudarli, Suzan  and
      G{\"u}ng{\"o}r, Tunga},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1177",
    pages = "2082--2092",
    abstract = "Previous studies have shown that linguistic features of a word such as possession, genitive or other grammatical cases can be employed in word representations of a named entity recognition (NER) tagger to improve the performance for morphologically rich languages. However, these taggers require external morphological disambiguation (MD) tools to function which are hard to obtain or non-existent for many languages. In this work, we propose a model which alleviates the need for such disambiguators by jointly learning NER and MD taggers in languages for which one can provide a list of candidate morphological analyses. We show that this can be done independent of the morphological annotation schemes, which differ among languages. Our experiments employing three different model architectures that join these two tasks show that joint learning improves NER performance. Furthermore, the morphological disambiguator{'}s performance is shown to be competitive.",
}
@inproceedings{azmy-etal-2018-farewell,
    title = "Farewell {F}reebase: Migrating the {S}imple{Q}uestions Dataset to {DB}pedia",
    author = "Azmy, Michael  and
      Shi, Peng  and
      Lin, Jimmy  and
      Ilyas, Ihab",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1178",
    pages = "2093--2103",
    abstract = "Question answering over knowledge graphs is an important problem of interest both commercially and academically. There is substantial interest in the class of natural language questions that can be answered via the lookup of a single fact, driven by the availability of the popular SimpleQuestions dataset. The problem with this dataset, however, is that answer triples are provided from Freebase, which has been defunct for several years. As a result, it is difficult to build {``}real-world{''} question answering systems that are operationally deployable. Furthermore, a defunct knowledge graph means that much of the infrastructure for querying, browsing, and manipulating triples no longer exists. To address this problem, we present SimpleDBpediaQA, a new benchmark dataset for simple question answering over knowledge graphs that was created by mapping SimpleQuestions entities and predicates from Freebase to DBpedia. Although this mapping is conceptually straightforward, there are a number of nuances that make the task non-trivial, owing to the different conceptual organizations of the two knowledge graphs. To lay the foundation for future research using this dataset, we leverage recent work to provide simple yet strong baselines with and without neural networks.",
}
@inproceedings{bostan-klinger-2018-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Annotated Corpora for Emotion Classification in Text",
    author = "Bostan, Laura-Ana-Maria  and
      Klinger, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1179",
    pages = "2104--2119",
    abstract = "Several datasets have been annotated and published for classification of emotions. They differ in several ways: (1) the use of different annotation schemata (e. g., discrete label sets, including joy, anger, fear, or sadness or continuous values including valence, or arousal), (2) the domain, and, (3) the file formats. This leads to several research gaps: supervised models often only use a limited set of available resources. Additionally, no previous work has compared emotion corpora in a systematic manner. We aim at contributing to this situation with a survey of the datasets, and aggregate them in a common file format with a common annotation schema. Based on this aggregation, we perform the first cross-corpus classification experiments in the spirit of future research enabled by this paper, in order to gain insight and a better understanding of differences of models inferred from the data. This work also simplifies the choice of the most appropriate resources for developing a model for a novel domain. One result from our analysis is that a subset of corpora is better classified with models trained on a different corpus. For none of the corpora, training on all data altogether is better than using a subselection of the resources. Our unified corpus is available at http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/data/unifyemotion.",
}
@inproceedings{sachan-etal-2018-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the Working of Text Classifiers",
    author = "Sachan, Devendra  and
      Zaheer, Manzil  and
      Salakhutdinov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1180",
    pages = "2120--2131",
    abstract = "Text classification is one of the most widely studied tasks in natural language processing. Motivated by the principle of compositionality, large multilayer neural network models have been employed for this task in an attempt to effectively utilize the constituent expressions. Almost all of the reported work train large networks using discriminative approaches, which come with a caveat of no proper capacity control, as they tend to latch on to any signal that may not generalize. Using various recent state-of-the-art approaches for text classification, we explore whether these models actually learn to compose the meaning of the sentences or still just focus on some keywords or lexicons for classifying the document. To test our hypothesis, we carefully construct datasets where the training and test splits have no direct overlap of such lexicons, but overall language structure would be similar. We study various text classifiers and observe that there is a big performance drop on these datasets. Finally, we show that even simple models with our proposed regularization techniques, which disincentivize focusing on key lexicons, can substantially improve classification accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{lai-etal-2018-review,
    title = "A Review on Deep Learning Techniques Applied to Answer Selection",
    author = "Lai, Tuan Manh  and
      Bui, Trung  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1181",
    pages = "2132--2144",
    abstract = "Given a question and a set of candidate answers, answer selection is the task of identifying which of the candidates answers the question correctly. It is an important problem in natural language processing, with applications in many areas. Recently, many deep learning based methods have been proposed for the task. They produce impressive performance without relying on any feature engineering or expensive external resources. In this paper, we aim to provide a comprehensive review on deep learning methods applied to answer selection.",
}
@inproceedings{yadav-bethard-2018-survey,
    title = "A Survey on Recent Advances in Named Entity Recognition from Deep Learning models",
    author = "Yadav, Vikas  and
      Bethard, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1182",
    pages = "2145--2158",
    abstract = "Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a key component in NLP systems for question answering, information retrieval, relation extraction, etc. NER systems have been studied and developed widely for decades, but accurate systems using deep neural networks (NN) have only been introduced in the last few years. We present a comprehensive survey of deep neural network architectures for NER, and contrast them with previous approaches to NER based on feature engineering and other supervised or semi-supervised learning algorithms. Our results highlight the improvements achieved by neural networks, and show how incorporating some of the lessons learned from past work on feature-based NER systems can yield further improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2018-distantly,
    title = "Distantly Supervised {NER} with Partial Annotation Learning and Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Yang, Yaosheng  and
      Chen, Wenliang  and
      Li, Zhenghua  and
      He, Zhengqiu  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1183",
    pages = "2159--2169",
    abstract = "A bottleneck problem with Chinese named entity recognition (NER) in new domains is the lack of annotated data. One solution is to utilize the method of distant supervision, which has been widely used in relation extraction, to automatically populate annotated training data without humancost. The distant supervision assumption here is that if a string in text is included in a predefined dictionary of entities, the string might be an entity. However, this kind of auto-generated data suffers from two main problems: incomplete and noisy annotations, which affect the performance of NER models. In this paper, we propose a novel approach which can partially solve the above problems of distant supervision for NER. In our approach, to handle the incomplete problem, we apply partial annotation learning to reduce the effect of unknown labels of characters. As for noisy annotation, we design an instance selector based on reinforcement learning to distinguish positive sentences from auto-generated annotations. In experiments, we create two datasets for Chinese named entity recognition in two domains with the help of distant supervision. The experimental results show that the proposed approach obtains better performance than the comparison systems on both two datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{shahbazi-etal-2018-joint,
    title = "Joint Neural Entity Disambiguation with Output Space Search",
    author = "Shahbazi, Hamed  and
      Fern, Xiaoli  and
      Ghaeini, Reza  and
      Ma, Chao  and
      Obeidat, Rasha Mohammad  and
      Tadepalli, Prasad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1184",
    pages = "2170--2180",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a novel model for entity disambiguation that combines both local contextual information and global evidences through Limited Discrepancy Search (LDS). Given an input document, we start from a complete solution constructed by a local model and conduct a search in the space of possible corrections to improve the local solution from a global view point. Our search utilizes a heuristic function to focus more on the least confident local decisions and a pruning function to score the global solutions based on their local fitness and the global coherences among the predicted entities. Experimental results on CoNLL 2003 and TAC 2010 benchmarks verify the effectiveness of our model.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-moschitti-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning to Progressively Recognize New Named Entities with Sequence to Sequence Models",
    author = "Chen, Lingzhen  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1185",
    pages = "2181--2191",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose to use a sequence to sequence model for Named Entity Recognition (NER) and we explore the effectiveness of such model in a progressive NER setting {--} a Transfer Learning (TL) setting. We train an initial model on source data and transfer it to a model that can recognize new NE categories in the target data during a subsequent step, when the source data is no longer available. Our solution consists in: (i) to reshape and re-parametrize the output layer of the first learned model to enable the recognition of new NEs; (ii) to leave the rest of the architecture unchanged, such that it is initialized with parameters transferred from the initial model; and (iii) to fine tune the network on the target data. Most importantly, we design a new NER approach based on sequence to sequence (Seq2Seq) models, which can intuitively work better in our progressive setting. We compare our approach with a Bidirectional LSTM, which is a strong neural NER model. Our experiments show that the Seq2Seq model performs very well on the standard NER setting and it is more robust in the progressive setting. Our approach can recognize previously unseen NE categories while preserving the knowledge of the seen data.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2018-responding,
    title = "Responding E-commerce Product Questions via Exploiting {QA} Collections and Reviews",
    author = "Yu, Qian  and
      Lam, Wai  and
      Wang, Zihao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1186",
    pages = "2192--2203",
    abstract = "Providing instant responses for product questions in E-commerce sites can significantly improve satisfaction of potential consumers. We propose a new framework for automatically responding product questions newly posed by users via exploiting existing QA collections and review collections in a coordinated manner. Our framework can return a ranked list of snippets serving as the automated response for a given question, where each snippet can be a sentence from reviews or an existing question-answer pair. One major subtask in our framework is question-based response review ranking. Learning for response review ranking is challenging since there is no labeled response review available. The collection of existing QA pairs are exploited as distant supervision for learning to rank responses. With proposed distant supervision paradigm, the learned response ranking model makes use of the knowledge in the QA pairs and the corresponding retrieved review lists. Extensive experiments on datasets collected from a real-world commercial E-commerce site demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed framework.",
}
@inproceedings{khosla-etal-2018-aff2vec,
    title = "{A}ff2{V}ec: Affect{--}Enriched Distributional Word Representations",
    author = "Khosla, Sopan  and
      Chhaya, Niyati  and
      Chawla, Kushal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1187",
    pages = "2204--2218",
    abstract = "Human communication includes information, opinions and reactions. Reactions are often captured by the affective-messages in written as well as verbal communications. While there has been work in affect modeling and to some extent affective content generation, the area of affective word distributions is not well studied. Synsets and lexica capture semantic relationships across words. These models, however, lack in encoding affective or emotional word interpretations. Our proposed model, Aff2Vec, provides a method for enriched word embeddings that are representative of affective interpretations of words. Aff2Vec outperforms the state-of-the-art in intrinsic word-similarity tasks. Further, the use of Aff2Vec representations outperforms baseline embeddings in downstream natural language understanding tasks including sentiment analysis, personality detection, and frustration prediction.",
}
@inproceedings{kunneman-etal-2018-aspect,
    title = "Aspect-based summarization of pros and cons in unstructured product reviews",
    author = "Kunneman, Florian  and
      Wubben, Sander  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1188",
    pages = "2219--2229",
    abstract = "We developed three systems for generating pros and cons summaries of product reviews. Automating this task eases the writing of product reviews, and offers readers quick access to the most important information. We compared SynPat, a system based on syntactic phrases selected on the basis of valence scores, against a neural-network-based system trained to map bag-of-words representations of reviews directly to pros and cons, and the same neural system trained on clusters of word-embedding encodings of similar pros and cons. We evaluated the systems in two ways: first on held-out reviews with gold-standard pros and cons, and second by asking human annotators to rate the systems{'} output on relevance and completeness. In the second evaluation, the gold-standard pros and cons were assessed along with the system output. We find that the human-generated summaries are not deemed as significantly more relevant or complete than the SynPat systems; the latter are scored higher than the human-generated summaries on a precision metric. The neural approaches yield a lower performance in the human assessment, and are outperformed by the baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{toledo-ronen-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Sentiment Composition from Sentiment Lexicons",
    author = "Toledo-Ronen, Orith  and
      Bar-Haim, Roy  and
      Halfon, Alon  and
      Jochim, Charles  and
      Menczel, Amir  and
      Aharonov, Ranit  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1189",
    pages = "2230--2241",
    abstract = "Sentiment composition is a fundamental sentiment analysis problem. Previous work relied on manual rules and manually-created lexical resources such as negator lists, or learned a composition function from sentiment-annotated phrases or sentences. We propose a new approach for learning sentiment composition from a large, unlabeled corpus, which only requires a word-level sentiment lexicon for supervision. We automatically generate large sentiment lexicons of bigrams and unigrams, from which we induce a set of lexicons for a variety of sentiment composition processes. The effectiveness of our approach is confirmed through manual annotation, as well as sentiment classification experiments with both phrase-level and sentence-level benchmarks.",
}
@inproceedings{amram-etal-2018-representations,
    title = "Representations and Architectures in Neural Sentiment Analysis for Morphologically Rich Languages: A Case Study from Modern {H}ebrew",
    author = "Amram, Adam  and
      Ben David, Anat  and
      Tsarfaty, Reut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1190",
    pages = "2242--2252",
    abstract = "This paper empirically studies the effects of representation choices on neural sentiment analysis for Modern Hebrew, a morphologically rich language (MRL) for which no sentiment analyzer currently exists. We study two dimensions of representational choices: (i) the granularity of the input signal (token-based vs. morpheme-based), and (ii) the level of encoding of vocabulary items (string-based vs. character-based). We hypothesise that for MRLs, languages where multiple meaning-bearing elements may be carried by a single space-delimited token, these choices will have measurable effects on task perfromance, and that these effects may vary for different architectural designs {---} fully-connected, convolutional or recurrent. Specifically, we hypothesize that morpheme-based representations will have advantages in terms of their generalization capacity and task accuracy, due to their better OOV coverage. To empirically study these effects, we develop a new sentiment analysis benchmark for Hebrew, based on 12K social media comments, and provide two instances of these data: in token-based and morpheme-based settings. Our experiments show that representation choices empirical effects vary with architecture type. While fully-connected and convolutional networks slightly prefer token-based settings, RNNs benefit from a morpheme-based representation, in accord with the hypothesis that explicit morphological information may help generalize. Our endeavour also delivers the first state-of-the-art broad-coverage sentiment analyzer for Hebrew, with over 89{\%} accuracy, alongside an established benchmark to further study the effects of linguistic representation choices on neural networks{'} task performance.",
}
@inproceedings{van-son-etal-2018-scoring,
    title = "Scoring and Classifying Implicit Positive Interpretations: A Challenge of Class Imbalance",
    author = "van Son, Chantal  and
      Morante, Roser  and
      Aroyo, Lora  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1191",
    pages = "2253--2264",
    abstract = "This paper reports on a reimplementation of a system on detecting implicit positive meaning from negated statements. In the original regression experiment, different positive interpretations per negation are scored according to their likelihood. We convert the scores to classes and report our results on both the regression and classification tasks. We show that a baseline taking the mean score or most frequent class is hard to beat because of class imbalance in the dataset. Our error analysis indicates that an approach that takes the information structure into account (i.e. which information is new or contrastive) may be promising, which requires looking beyond the syntactic and semantic characteristics of negated statements.",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2018-exploratory,
    title = "Exploratory Neural Relation Classification for Domain Knowledge Acquisition",
    author = "Fan, Yan  and
      Wang, Chengyu  and
      He, Xiaofeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1192",
    pages = "2265--2276",
    abstract = "The state-of-the-art methods for relation classification are primarily based on deep neural net- works. This kind of supervised learning method suffers from not only limited training data, but also the large number of low-frequency relations in specific domains. In this paper, we propose the task of exploratory relation classification for domain knowledge harvesting. The goal is to learn a classifier on pre-defined relations and discover new relations expressed in texts. A dynamically structured neural network is introduced to classify entity pairs to a continuously expanded relation set. We further propose the similarity sensitive Chinese restaurant process to discover new relations. Experiments conducted on a large corpus show the effectiveness of our neural network, while new relations are discovered with high precision and recall.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-nguyen-2018-killed,
    title = "Who is Killed by Police: Introducing Supervised Attention for Hierarchical {LSTM}s",
    author = "Nguyen, Minh  and
      Nguyen, Thien Huu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1193",
    pages = "2277--2287",
    abstract = "Finding names of people killed by police has become increasingly important as police shootings get more and more public attention (police killing detection). Unfortunately, there has been not much work in the literature addressing this problem. The early work in this field (Keith etal., 2017) proposed a distant supervision framework based on Expectation Maximization (EM) to deal with the multiple appearances of the names in documents. However, such EM-based framework cannot take full advantages of deep learning models, necessitating the use of handdesigned features to improve the detection performance. In this work, we present a novel deep learning method to solve the problem of police killing recognition. The proposed method relies on hierarchical LSTMs to model the multiple sentences that contain the person names of interests, and introduce supervised attention mechanisms based on semantical word lists and dependency trees to upweight the important contextual words. Our experiments demonstrate the benefits of the proposed model and yield the state-of-the-art performance for police killing detection.",
}
@inproceedings{saha-mausam-2018-open,
    title = "Open Information Extraction from Conjunctive Sentences",
    author = "Saha, Swarnadeep  and
      {Mausam}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1194",
    pages = "2288--2299",
    abstract = "We develop CALM, a coordination analyzer that improves upon the conjuncts identified from dependency parses. It uses a language model based scoring and several linguistic constraints to search over hierarchical conjunct boundaries (for nested coordination). By splitting a conjunctive sentence around these conjuncts, CALM outputs several simple sentences. We demonstrate the value of our coordination analyzer in the end task of Open Information Extraction (Open IE). State-of-the-art Open IE systems lose substantial yield due to ineffective processing of conjunctive sentences. Our Open IE system, CALMIE, performs extraction over the simple sentences identified by CALM to obtain up to 1.8x yield with a moderate increase in precision compared to extractions from original sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{cetto-etal-2018-graphene,
    title = "{G}raphene: Semantically-Linked Propositions in Open Information Extraction",
    author = "Cetto, Matthias  and
      Niklaus, Christina  and
      Freitas, Andr{\'e}  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1195",
    pages = "2300--2311",
    abstract = "We present an Open Information Extraction (IE) approach that uses a two-layered transformation stage consisting of a clausal disembedding layer and a phrasal disembedding layer, together with rhetorical relation identification. In that way, we convert sentences that present a complex linguistic structure into simplified, syntactically sound sentences, from which we can extract propositions that are represented in a two-layered hierarchy in the form of core relational tuples and accompanying contextual information which are semantically linked via rhetorical relations. In a comparative evaluation, we demonstrate that our reference implementation Graphene outperforms state-of-the-art Open IE systems in the construction of correct n-ary predicate-argument structures. Moreover, we show that existing Open IE approaches can benefit from the transformation process of our framework.",
}
@inproceedings{nagesh-surdeanu-2018-exploration,
    title = "An Exploration of Three Lightly-supervised Representation Learning Approaches for Named Entity Classification",
    author = "Nagesh, Ajay  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1196",
    pages = "2312--2324",
    abstract = "Several semi-supervised representation learning methods have been proposed recently that mitigate the drawbacks of traditional bootstrapping: they reduce the amount of semantic drift introduced by iterative approaches through one-shot learning; others address the sparsity of data through the learning of custom, dense representation for the information modeled. In this work, we are the first to adapt three of these methods, most of which have been originally proposed for image processing, to an information extraction task, specifically, named entity classification. Further, we perform a rigorous comparative analysis on two distinct datasets. Our analysis yields several important observations. First, all representation learning methods outperform state-of-the-art semi-supervised methods that do not rely on representation learning. To the best of our knowledge, we report the latest state-of-the-art results on the semi-supervised named entity classification task. Second, one-shot learning methods clearly outperform iterative representation learning approaches. Lastly, one of the best performers relies on the mean teacher framework (Tarvainen and Valpola, 2017), a simple teacher/student approach that is independent of the underlying task-specific model.",
}
@inproceedings{beinborn-etal-2018-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Grounding for Language Processing",
    author = "Beinborn, Lisa  and
      Botschen, Teresa  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1197",
    pages = "2325--2339",
    abstract = "This survey discusses how recent developments in multimodal processing facilitate conceptual grounding of language. We categorize the information flow in multimodal processing with respect to cognitive models of human information processing and analyze different methods for combining multimodal representations. Based on this methodological inventory, we discuss the benefit of multimodal grounding for a variety of language processing tasks and the challenges that arise. We particularly focus on multimodal grounding of verbs which play a crucial role for the compositional power of language.",
}
@inproceedings{naik-etal-2018-stress,
    title = "Stress Test Evaluation for Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Naik, Aakanksha  and
      Ravichander, Abhilasha  and
      Sadeh, Norman  and
      Rose, Carolyn  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1198",
    pages = "2340--2353",
    abstract = "Natural language inference (NLI) is the task of determining if a natural language hypothesis can be inferred from a given premise in a justifiable manner. NLI was proposed as a benchmark task for natural language understanding. Existing models perform well at standard datasets for NLI, achieving impressive results across different genres of text. However, the extent to which these models understand the semantic content of sentences is unclear. In this work, we propose an evaluation methodology consisting of automatically constructed {``}stress tests{''} that allow us to examine whether systems have the ability to make real inferential decisions. Our evaluation of six sentence-encoder models on these stress tests reveals strengths and weaknesses of these models with respect to challenging linguistic phenomena, and suggests important directions for future work in this area.",
}
@inproceedings{vu-etal-2018-grounded,
    title = "Grounded Textual Entailment",
    author = "Vu, Hoa Trong  and
      Greco, Claudio  and
      Erofeeva, Aliia  and
      Jafaritazehjan, Somayeh  and
      Linders, Guido  and
      Tanti, Marc  and
      Testoni, Alberto  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella  and
      Gatt, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1199",
    pages = "2354--2368",
    abstract = "Capturing semantic relations between sentences, such as entailment, is a long-standing challenge for computational semantics. Logic-based models analyse entailment in terms of possible worlds (interpretations, or situations) where a premise P entails a hypothesis H iff in all worlds where P is true, H is also true. Statistical models view this relationship probabilistically, addressing it in terms of whether a human would likely infer H from P. In this paper, we wish to bridge these two perspectives, by arguing for a visually-grounded version of the Textual Entailment task. Specifically, we ask whether models can perform better if, in addition to P and H, there is also an image (corresponding to the relevant {``}world{''} or {``}situation{''}). We use a multimodal version of the SNLI dataset (Bowman et al., 2015) and we compare {``}blind{''} and visually-augmented models of textual entailment. We show that visual information is beneficial, but we also conduct an in-depth error analysis that reveals that current multimodal models are not performing {``}grounding{''} in an optimal fashion.",
}
@inproceedings{yin-etal-2018-recurrent,
    title = "Recurrent One-Hop Predictions for Reasoning over Knowledge Graphs",
    author = {Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Yaghoobzadeh, Yadollah  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1200",
    pages = "2369--2378",
    abstract = "Large scale knowledge graphs (KGs) such as Freebase are generally incomplete. Reasoning over multi-hop (mh) KG paths is thus an important capability that is needed for question answering or other NLP tasks that require knowledge about the world. mh-KG reasoning includes diverse scenarios, e.g., given a head entity and a relation path, predict the tail entity; or given two entities connected by some relation paths, predict the unknown relation between them. We present ROPs, recurrent one-hop predictors, that predict entities at each step of mh-KB paths by using recurrent neural networks and vector representations of entities and relations, with two benefits: (i) modeling mh-paths of arbitrary lengths while updating the entity and relation representations by the training signal at each step; (ii) handling different types of mh-KG reasoning in a unified framework. Our models show state-of-the-art for two important multi-hop KG reasoning tasks: Knowledge Base Completion and Path Query Answering.",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2018-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Attention based Multimodal Network for Spoken Language Classification",
    author = "Gu, Yue  and
      Yang, Kangning  and
      Fu, Shiyu  and
      Chen, Shuhong  and
      Li, Xinyu  and
      Marsic, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1201",
    pages = "2379--2390",
    abstract = "We examine the utility of linguistic content and vocal characteristics for multimodal deep learning in human spoken language understanding. We present a deep multimodal network with both feature attention and modality attention to classify utterance-level speech data. The proposed hybrid attention architecture helps the system focus on learning informative representations for both modality-specific feature extraction and model fusion. The experimental results show that our system achieves state-of-the-art or competitive results on three published multimodal datasets. We also demonstrated the effectiveness and generalization of our system on a medical speech dataset from an actual trauma scenario. Furthermore, we provided a detailed comparison and analysis of traditional approaches and deep learning methods on both feature extraction and fusion.",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-etal-2018-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Influence of Spelling Errors on Lexical Variation Measures",
    author = "Nagata, Ryo  and
      Sato, Taisei  and
      Takamura, Hiroya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1202",
    pages = "2391--2398",
    abstract = "This paper explores the influence of spelling errors on lexical variation measures. Lexical richness measures such as Type-Token Ration (TTR) and Yule{'}s K are often used for learner English analysis and assessment. When applied to learner English, however, they can be unreliable because of the spelling errors appearing in it. Namely, they are, directly or indirectly, based on the counts of distinct word types, and spelling errors undesirably increase the number of distinct words. This paper introduces and examines the hypothesis that lexical richness measures become unstable in learner English because of spelling errors. Specifically, it tests the hypothesis on English learner corpora of three groups (middle school, high school, and college students). To be precise, it estimates the difference in TTR and Yule{'}s K caused by spelling errors, by calculating their values before and after spelling errors are manually corrected. Furthermore, it examines the results theoretically and empirically to deepen the understanding of the influence of spelling errors on them.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2018-stance,
    title = "Stance Detection with Hierarchical Attention Network",
    author = "Sun, Qingying  and
      Wang, Zhongqing  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1203",
    pages = "2399--2409",
    abstract = "Stance detection aims to assign a stance label (for or against) to a post toward a specific target. Recently, there is a growing interest in using neural models to detect stance of documents. Most of these works model the sequence of words to learn document representation. However, much linguistic information, such as polarity and arguments of the document, is correlated with the stance of the document, and can inspire us to explore the stance. Hence, we present a neural model to fully employ various linguistic information to construct the document representation. In addition, since the influences of different linguistic information are different, we propose a hierarchical attention network to weigh the importance of various linguistic information, and learn the mutual attention between the document and the linguistic information. The experimental results on two datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed hierarchical attention neural model.",
}
@inproceedings{shiue-etal-2018-correcting,
    title = "Correcting {C}hinese Word Usage Errors for Learning {C}hinese as a Second Language",
    author = "Shiue, Yow-Ting  and
      Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1204",
    pages = "2410--2422",
    abstract = "With more and more people around the world learning Chinese as a second language, the need of Chinese error correction tools is increasing. In the HSK dynamic composition corpus, word usage error (WUE) is the most common error type. In this paper, we build a neural network model that considers both target erroneous token and context to generate a correction vector and compare it against a candidate vocabulary to propose suitable corrections. To deal with potential alternative corrections, the top five proposed candidates are judged by native Chinese speakers. For more than 91{\%} of the cases, our system can propose at least one acceptable correction within a list of five candidates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research addressing general-type Chinese WUE correction. Our system can help non-native Chinese learners revise their sentences by themselves.",
}
@inproceedings{lengerich-etal-2018-retrofitting,
    title = "Retrofitting Distributional Embeddings to Knowledge Graphs with Functional Relations",
    author = "Lengerich, Ben  and
      Maas, Andrew  and
      Potts, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1205",
    pages = "2423--2436",
    abstract = "Knowledge graphs are a versatile framework to encode richly structured data relationships, but it can be challenging to combine these graphs with unstructured data. Methods for retrofitting pre-trained entity representations to the structure of a knowledge graph typically assume that entities are embedded in a connected space and that relations imply similarity. However, useful knowledge graphs often contain diverse entities and relations (with potentially disjoint underlying corpora) which do not accord with these assumptions. To overcome these limitations, we present Functional Retrofitting, a framework that generalizes current retrofitting methods by explicitly modeling pairwise relations. Our framework can directly incorporate a variety of pairwise penalty functions previously developed for knowledge graph completion. Further, it allows users to encode, learn, and extract information about relation semantics. We present both linear and neural instantiations of the framework. Functional Retrofitting significantly outperforms existing retrofitting methods on complex knowledge graphs and loses no accuracy on simpler graphs (in which relations do imply similarity). Finally, we demonstrate the utility of the framework by predicting new drug{--}disease treatment pairs in a large, complex health knowledge graph.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-context,
    title = "Context-Sensitive Generation of Open-Domain Conversational Responses",
    author = "Zhang, Weinan  and
      Cui, Yiming  and
      Wang, Yifa  and
      Zhu, Qingfu  and
      Li, Lingzhi  and
      Zhou, Lianqiang  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1206",
    pages = "2437--2447",
    abstract = "Despite the success of existing works on single-turn conversation generation, taking the coherence in consideration, human conversing is actually a context-sensitive process. Inspired by the existing studies, this paper proposed the static and dynamic attention based approaches for context-sensitive generation of open-domain conversational responses. Experimental results on two public datasets show that the proposed static attention based approach outperforms all the baselines on automatic and human evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-lstm,
    title = "A {LSTM} Approach with Sub-Word Embeddings for {M}ongolian Phrase Break Prediction",
    author = "Liu, Rui  and
      Bao, Feilong  and
      Gao, Guanglai  and
      Zhang, Hui  and
      Wang, Yonghe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1207",
    pages = "2448--2455",
    abstract = "In this paper, we first utilize the word embedding that focuses on sub-word units to the Mongolian Phrase Break (PB) prediction task by using Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM) model. Mongolian is an agglutinative language. Each root can be followed by several suffixes to form probably millions of words, but the existing Mongolian corpus is not enough to build a robust entire word embedding, thus it suffers a serious data sparse problem and brings a great difficulty for Mongolian PB prediction. To solve this problem, we look at sub-word units in Mongolian word, and encode their information to a meaningful representation, then fed it to LSTM to decode the best corresponding PB label. Experimental results show that the proposed model significantly outperforms traditional CRF model using manually features and obtains 7.49{\%} F-Measure gain.",
}
@inproceedings{uresova-etal-2018-synonymy,
    title = "Synonymy in Bilingual Context: The {C}z{E}ng{C}lass Lexicon",
    author = "Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka  and
      Fu{\v{c}}{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1208",
    pages = "2456--2469",
    abstract = "This paper describes CzEngClass, a bilingual lexical resource being built to investigate verbal synonymy in bilingual context and to relate semantic roles common to one synonym class to verb arguments (verb valency). In addition, the resource is linked to existing resources with the same of a similar aim: English and Czech WordNet, FrameNet, PropBank, VerbNet (SemLink), and valency lexicons for Czech and English (PDT-Vallex, Vallex, and EngVallex). There are several goals of this work and resource: (a) to provide gold standard data for automatic experiments in the future (such as automatic discovery of synonym classes, word sense disambiguation, assignment of classes to occurrences of verbs in text, coreferential linking of verb and event arguments in text, etc.), (b) to build a core (bilingual) lexicon linked to existing resources, for comparative studies and possibly for training automatic tools, and (c) to enrich the annotation of a parallel treebank, the Prague Czech English Dependency Treebank, which so far contained valency annotation but has not linked synonymous senses of verbs together. The method used for extracting the synonym classes is a semi-automatic process with a substantial amount of manual work during filtering, role assignment to classes and individual Class members{'} arguments, and linking to the external lexical resources. We present the first version with 200 classes (about 1800 verbs) and evaluate interannotator agreement using several metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{jiao-etal-2018-convolutional,
    title = "Convolutional Neural Network for Universal Sentence Embeddings",
    author = "Jiao, Xiaoqi  and
      Wang, Fang  and
      Feng, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1209",
    pages = "2470--2481",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a simple CNN model for creating general-purpose sentence embeddings that can transfer easily across domains and can also act as effective initialization for downstream tasks. Recently, averaging the embeddings of words in a sentence has proven to be a surprisingly successful and efficient way of obtaining sentence embeddings. However, these models represent a sentence, only in terms of features of words or uni-grams in it. In contrast, our model (CSE) utilizes both features of words and n-grams to encode sentences, which is actually a generalization of these bag-of-words models. The extensive experiments demonstrate that CSE performs better than average models in transfer learning setting and exceeds the state of the art in supervised learning setting by initializing the parameters with the pre-trained sentence embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{matteson-etal-2018-rich,
    title = "Rich Character-Level Information for {K}orean Morphological Analysis and Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Matteson, Andrew  and
      Lee, Chanhee  and
      Kim, Youngbum  and
      Lim, Heuiseok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1210",
    pages = "2482--2492",
    abstract = "Due to the fact that Korean is a highly agglutinative, character-rich language, previous work on Korean morphological analysis typically employs the use of sub-character features known as graphemes or otherwise utilizes comprehensive prior linguistic knowledge (i.e., a dictionary of known morphological transformation forms, or actions). These models have been created with the assumption that character-level, dictionary-less morphological analysis was intractable due to the number of actions required. We present, in this study, a multi-stage action-based model that can perform morphological transformation and part-of-speech tagging using arbitrary units of input and apply it to the case of character-level Korean morphological analysis. Among models that do not employ prior linguistic knowledge, we achieve state-of-the-art word and sentence-level tagging accuracy with the Sejong Korean corpus using our proposed data-driven Bi-LSTM model.",
}
@inproceedings{hakami-etal-2018-pairdiff,
    title = "Why does {P}air{D}iff work? - A Mathematical Analysis of Bilinear Relational Compositional Operators for Analogy Detection",
    author = "Hakami, Huda  and
      Hayashi, Kohei  and
      Bollegala, Danushka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1211",
    pages = "2493--2504",
    abstract = "Representing the semantic relations that exist between two given words (or entities) is an important first step in a wide-range of NLP applications such as analogical reasoning, knowledge base completion and relational information retrieval. A simple, yet surprisingly accurate method for representing a relation between two words is to compute the vector offset (PairDiff) between their corresponding word embeddings. Despite the empirical success, it remains unclear as to whether PairDiff is the best operator for obtaining a relational representation from word embeddings. We conduct a theoretical analysis of generalised bilinear operators that can be used to measure the l2 relational distance between two word-pairs. We show that, if the word embed- dings are standardised and uncorrelated, such an operator will be independent of bilinear terms, and can be simplified to a linear form, where PairDiff is a special case. For numerous word embedding types, we empirically verify the uncorrelation assumption, demonstrating the general applicability of our theoretical result. Moreover, we experimentally discover PairDiff from the bilinear relational compositional operator on several benchmark analogy datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-goutte-2018-real,
    title = "Real-time Change Point Detection using On-line Topic Models",
    author = "Wang, Yunli  and
      Goutte, Cyril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1212",
    pages = "2505--2515",
    abstract = "Detecting changes within an unfolding event in real time from news articles or social media enables to react promptly to serious issues in public safety, public health or natural disasters. In this study, we use on-line Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to model shifts in topics, and apply on-line change point detection (CPD) algorithms to detect when significant changes happen. We describe an on-line Bayesian change point detection algorithm that we use to detect topic changes from on-line LDA output. Extensive experiments on social media data and news articles show the benefits of on-line LDA versus standard LDA, and of on-line change point detection compared to off-line algorithms. This yields F-scores up to 52{\%} on the detection of significant real-life changes from these document streams.",
}
@inproceedings{schulder-etal-2018-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Creating a Lexicon of Verbal Polarity Shifters: Mono- and Cross-lingual Methods for {G}erman",
    author = "Schulder, Marc  and
      Wiegand, Michael  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1213",
    pages = "2516--2528",
    abstract = "In this paper we use methods for creating a large lexicon of verbal polarity shifters and apply them to German. Polarity shifters are content words that can move the polarity of a phrase towards its opposite, such as the verb {``}abandon{''} in {``}abandon all hope{''}. This is similar to how negation words like {``}not{''} can influence polarity. Both shifters and negation are required for high precision sentiment analysis. Lists of negation words are available for many languages, but the only language for which a sizable lexicon of verbal polarity shifters exists is English. This lexicon was created by bootstrapping a sample of annotated verbs with a supervised classifier that uses a set of data- and resource-driven features. We reproduce and adapt this approach to create a German lexicon of verbal polarity shifters. Thereby, we confirm that the approach works for multiple languages. We further improve classification by leveraging cross-lingual information from the English shifter lexicon. Using this improved approach, we bootstrap a large number of German verbal polarity shifters, reducing the annotation effort drastically. The resulting German lexicon of verbal polarity shifters is made publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{anastasopoulos-etal-2018-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Tagging on an Endangered Language: a Parallel {G}riko-{I}talian Resource",
    author = "Anastasopoulos, Antonios  and
      Lekakou, Marika  and
      Quer, Josep  and
      Zimianiti, Eleni  and
      DeBenedetto, Justin  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1214",
    pages = "2529--2539",
    abstract = "Most work on part-of-speech (POS) tagging is focused on high resource languages, or examines low-resource and active learning settings through simulated studies. We evaluate POS tagging techniques on an actual endangered language, Griko. We present a resource that contains 114 narratives in Griko, along with sentence-level translations in Italian, and provides gold annotations for the test set. Based on a previously collected small corpus, we investigate several traditional methods, as well as methods that take advantage of monolingual data or project cross-lingual POS tags. We show that the combination of a semi-supervised method with cross-lingual transfer is more appropriate for this extremely challenging setting, with the best tagger achieving an accuracy of 72.9{\%}. With an applied active learning scheme, which we use to collect sentence-level annotations over the test set, we achieve improvements of more than 21 percentage points.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-one,
    title = "One vs. Many {QA} Matching with both Word-level and Sentence-level Attention Network",
    author = "Wang, Lu  and
      Li, Shoushan  and
      Sun, Changlong  and
      Si, Luo  and
      Liu, Xiaozhong  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1215",
    pages = "2540--2550",
    abstract = "Question-Answer (QA) matching is a fundamental task in the Natural Language Processing community. In this paper, we first build a novel QA matching corpus with informal text which is collected from a product reviewing website. Then, we propose a novel QA matching approach, namely One vs. Many Matching, which aims to address the novel scenario where one question sentence often has an answer with multiple sentences. Furthermore, we improve our matching approach by employing both word-level and sentence-level attentions for solving the noisy problem in the informal text. Empirical studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach to question-answer matching.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning to Generate Word Representations using Subword Information",
    author = "Kim, Yeachan  and
      Kim, Kang-Min  and
      Lee, Ji-Min  and
      Lee, SangKeun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1216",
    pages = "2551--2561",
    abstract = "Distributed representations of words play a major role in the field of natural language processing by encoding semantic and syntactic information of words. However, most existing works on learning word representations typically regard words as individual atomic units and thus are blind to subword information in words. This further gives rise to a difficulty in representing out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words. In this paper, we present a character-based word representation approach to deal with this limitation. The proposed model learns to generate word representations from characters. In our model, we employ a convolutional neural network and a highway network over characters to extract salient features effectively. Unlike previous models that learn word representations from a large corpus, we take a set of pre-trained word embeddings and generalize it to word entries, including OOV words. To demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed model, we perform both an intrinsic and an extrinsic task which are word similarity and language modeling, respectively. Experimental results show clearly that the proposed model significantly outperforms strong baseline models that regard words or their subwords as atomic units. For example, we achieve as much as 18.5{\%} improvement on average in perplexity for morphologically rich languages compared to strong baselines in the language modeling task.",
}
@inproceedings{bin-zia-etal-2018-urdu,
    title = "{U}rdu Word Segmentation using Conditional Random Fields ({CRF}s)",
    author = "Bin Zia, Haris  and
      Raza, Agha Ali  and
      Athar, Awais",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1217",
    pages = "2562--2569",
    abstract = "State-of-the-art Natural Language Processing algorithms rely heavily on efficient word segmentation. Urdu is amongst languages for which word segmentation is a complex task as it exhibits space omission as well as space insertion issues. This is partly due to the Arabic script which although cursive in nature, consists of characters that have inherent joining and non-joining attributes regardless of word boundary. This paper presents a word segmentation system for Urdu which uses a Conditional Random Field sequence modeler with orthographic, linguistic and morphological features. Our proposed model automatically learns to predict white space as word boundary as well as Zero Width Non-Joiner (ZWNJ) as sub-word boundary. Using a manually annotated corpus, our model achieves F1 score of 0.97 for word boundary identification and 0.85 for sub-word boundary identification tasks. We have made our code and corpus publicly available to make our results reproducible.",
}
@inproceedings{billami-etal-2018-resyf,
    title = "{R}e{S}yf: a {F}rench lexicon with ranked synonyms",
    author = "Billami, Mokhtar B.  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas  and
      Gala, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1218",
    pages = "2570--2581",
    abstract = "In this article, we present ReSyf, a lexical resource of monolingual synonyms ranked according to their difficulty to be read and understood by native learners of French. The synonyms come from an existing lexical network and they have been semantically disambiguated and refined. A ranking algorithm, based on a wide range of linguistic features and validated through an evaluation campaign with human annotators, automatically sorts the synonyms corresponding to a given word sense by reading difficulty. ReSyf is freely available and will be integrated into a web platform for reading assistance. It can also be applied to perform lexical simplification of French texts.",
}
@inproceedings{pasquer-etal-2018-youve,
    title = "If you{'}ve seen some, you{'}ve seen them all: Identifying variants of multiword expressions",
    author = "Pasquer, Caroline  and
      Savary, Agata  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Antoine, Jean-Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1219",
    pages = "2582--2594",
    abstract = "Multiword expressions, especially verbal ones (VMWEs), show idiosyncratic variability, which is challenging for NLP applications, hence the need for VMWE identification. We focus on the task of variant identification, i.e. identifying variants of previously seen VMWEs, whatever their surface form. We model the problem as a classification task. Syntactic subtrees with previously seen combinations of lemmas are first extracted, and then classified on the basis of features relevant to morpho-syntactic variation of VMWEs. Feature values are both absolute, i.e. hold for a particular VMWE candidate, and relative, i.e. based on comparing a candidate with previously seen VMWEs. This approach outperforms a baseline by 4 percent points of F-measure on a French corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{hao-paul-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Multilingual Topics from Incomparable Corpora",
    author = "Hao, Shudong  and
      Paul, Michael J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1220",
    pages = "2595--2609",
    abstract = "Multilingual topic models enable crosslingual tasks by extracting consistent topics from multilingual corpora. Most models require parallel or comparable training corpora, which limits their ability to generalize. In this paper, we first demystify the knowledge transfer mechanism behind multilingual topic models by defining an alternative but equivalent formulation. Based on this analysis, we then relax the assumption of training data required by most existing models, creating a model that only requires a dictionary for training. Experiments show that our new method effectively learns coherent multilingual topics from partially and fully incomparable corpora with limited amounts of dictionary resources.",
}
@inproceedings{charbonnier-wartena-2018-using,
    title = "Using Word Embeddings for Unsupervised Acronym Disambiguation",
    author = "Charbonnier, Jean  and
      Wartena, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1221",
    pages = "2610--2619",
    abstract = "Scientific papers from all disciplines contain many abbreviations and acronyms. In many cases these acronyms are ambiguous. We present a method to choose the contextual correct definition of an acronym that does not require training for each acronym and thus can be applied to a large number of different acronyms with only few instances. We constructed a set of 19,954 examples of 4,365 ambiguous acronyms from image captions in scientific papers along with their contextually correct definition from different domains. We learn word embeddings for all words in the corpus and compare the averaged context vector of the words in the expansion of an acronym with the weighted average vector of the words in the context of the acronym. We show that this method clearly outperforms (classical) cosine similarity. Furthermore, we show that word embeddings learned from a 1 billion word corpus of scientific texts outperform word embeddings learned on much large general corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{littell-etal-2018-indigenous,
    title = "Indigenous language technologies in Canada: Assessment, challenges, and successes",
    author = "Littell, Patrick  and
      Kazantseva, Anna  and
      Kuhn, Roland  and
      Pine, Aidan  and
      Arppe, Antti  and
      Cox, Christopher  and
      Junker, Marie-Odile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1222",
    pages = "2620--2632",
    abstract = "In this article, we discuss which text, speech, and image technologies have been developed, and would be feasible to develop, for the approximately 60 Indigenous languages spoken in Canada. In particular, we concentrate on technologies that may be feasible to develop for most or all of these languages, not just those that may be feasible for the few most-resourced of these. We assess past achievements and consider future horizons for Indigenous language transliteration, text prediction, spell-checking, approximate search, machine translation, speech recognition, speaker diarization, speech synthesis, optical character recognition, and computer-aided language learning.",
}
@inproceedings{byamugisha-etal-2018-pluralizing,
    title = "Pluralizing Nouns across Agglutinating {B}antu Languages",
    author = "Byamugisha, Joan  and
      Keet, C. Maria  and
      DeRenzi, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1223",
    pages = "2633--2643",
    abstract = "Text generation may require the pluralization of nouns, such as in context-sensitive user interfaces and in natural language generation more broadly. While this has been solved for the widely-used languages, this is still a challenge for the languages in the Bantu language family. Pluralization results obtained for isiZulu and Runyankore showed there were similarities in approach, including the need to combine syntax with semantics, despite belonging to different language zones. This suggests that bootstrapping and generalizability might be feasible. We investigated this systematically for seven languages across three different Guthrie language zones. The first outcome is that Meinhof{'}s 1948 specification of the noun classes are indeed inadequate for computational purposes for all examined languages, due to non-determinism in prefixes, and we thus redefined the characteristic noun class tables of 29 noun classes into 53. The second main result is that the generic pluralizer achieved over 93{\%} accuracy in coverage testing and over 94{\%} on a random sample. This is comparable to the language-specific isiZulu and Runyankore pluralizers.",
}
@inproceedings{kazeminejad-etal-2018-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Extracting Qualia Relations for the Rich Event Ontology",
    author = "Kazeminejad, Ghazaleh  and
      Bonial, Claire  and
      Brown, Susan Windisch  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1224",
    pages = "2644--2652",
    abstract = "Commonsense, real-world knowledge about the events that entities or {``}things in the world{''} are typically involved in, as well as part-whole relationships, is valuable for allowing computational systems to draw everyday inferences about the world. Here, we focus on automatically extracting information about (1) the events that typically bring about certain entities (origins), (2) the events that are the typical functions of entities, and (3) part-whole relationships in entities. These correspond to the agentive, telic and constitutive qualia central to the Generative Lexicon. We describe our motivations and methods for extracting these qualia relations from the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) and show that human annotators overwhelmingly find the information extracted to be reasonable. Because ontologies provide a way of structuring this information and making it accessible to agents and computational systems generally, efforts are underway to incorporate the extracted information to an ontology hub of Natural Language Processing semantic role labeling resources, the Rich Event Ontology.",
}
@inproceedings{espinosa-anke-schockaert-2018-seven,
    title = "{S}e{V}e{N}: Augmenting Word Embeddings with Unsupervised Relation Vectors",
    author = "Espinosa-Anke, Luis  and
      Schockaert, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1225",
    pages = "2653--2665",
    abstract = "We present SeVeN (Semantic Vector Networks), a hybrid resource that encodes relationships between words in the form of a graph. Different from traditional semantic networks, these relations are represented as vectors in a continuous vector space. We propose a simple pipeline for learning such relation vectors, which is based on word vector averaging in combination with an ad hoc autoencoder. We show that by explicitly encoding relational information in a dedicated vector space we can capture aspects of word meaning that are complementary to what is captured by word embeddings. For example, by examining clusters of relation vectors, we observe that relational similarities can be identified at a more abstract level than with traditional word vector differences. Finally, we test the effectiveness of semantic vector networks in two tasks: measuring word similarity and neural text categorization. SeVeN is available at bitbucket.org/luisespinosa/seven.",
}
@inproceedings{aldarmaki-diab-2018-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Unsupervised Compositional Representations",
    author = "Aldarmaki, Hanan  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1226",
    pages = "2666--2677",
    abstract = "We evaluated various compositional models, from bag-of-words representations to compositional RNN-based models, on several extrinsic supervised and unsupervised evaluation benchmarks. Our results confirm that weighted vector averaging can outperform context-sensitive models in most benchmarks, but structural features encoded in RNN models can also be useful in certain classification tasks. We analyzed some of the evaluation datasets to identify the aspects of meaning they measure and the characteristics of the various models that explain their performance variance.",
}
@inproceedings{iwatsuki-aizawa-2018-using,
    title = "Using Formulaic Expressions in Writing Assistance Systems",
    author = "Iwatsuki, Kenichi  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1227",
    pages = "2678--2689",
    abstract = "Formulaic expressions (FEs) used in scholarly papers, such as {`}there has been little discussion about{'}, are helpful for non-native English speakers. However, it is time-consuming for users to manually search for an appropriate expression every time they want to consult FE dictionaries. For this reason, we tackle the task of semantic searches of FE dictionaries. At the start of our research, we identified two salient difficulties in this task. First, the paucity of example sentences in existing FE dictionaries results in a shortage of context information, which is necessary for acquiring semantic representation of FEs. Second, while a semantic category label is assigned to each FE in many FE dictionaries, it is difficult to predict the labels from user input, forcing users to manually designate the semantic category when searching. To address these difficulties, we propose a new framework for semantic searches of FEs and propose a new method to leverage both existing dictionaries and domain sentence corpora. Further, we expand an existing FE dictionary to consider building a more comprehensive and domain-specific FE dictionary and to verify the effectiveness of our method.",
}
@inproceedings{rogers-etal-2018-whats,
    title = "What{'}s in Your Embedding, And How It Predicts Task Performance",
    author = "Rogers, Anna  and
      Hosur Ananthakrishna, Shashwath  and
      Rumshisky, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1228",
    pages = "2690--2703",
    abstract = "Attempts to find a single technique for general-purpose intrinsic evaluation of word embeddings have so far not been successful. We present a new approach based on scaled-up qualitative analysis of word vector neighborhoods that quantifies interpretable characteristics of a given model (e.g. its preference for synonyms or shared morphological forms as nearest neighbors). We analyze 21 such factors and show how they correlate with performance on 14 extrinsic and intrinsic task datasets (and also explain the lack of correlation between some of them). Our approach enables multi-faceted evaluation, parameter search, and generally {--} a more principled, hypothesis-driven approach to development of distributional semantic representations.",
}
@inproceedings{o-etal-2018-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation Based on Word Similarity Calculation Using Word Vector Representation from a Knowledge-based Graph",
    author = "O, Dongsuk  and
      Kwon, Sunjae  and
      Kim, Kyungsun  and
      Ko, Youngjoong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1229",
    pages = "2704--2714",
    abstract = "Word sense disambiguation (WSD) is the task to determine the word sense according to its context. Many existing WSD studies have been using an external knowledge-based unsupervised approach because it has fewer word set constraints than supervised approaches requiring training data. In this paper, we propose a new WSD method to generate the context of an ambiguous word by using similarities between an ambiguous word and words in the input document. In addition, to leverage our WSD method, we further propose a new word similarity calculation method based on the semantic network structure of BabelNet. We evaluate the proposed methods on the SemEval-13 and SemEval-15 for English WSD dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed WSD method significantly improves the baseline WSD method. Furthermore, our WSD system outperforms the state-of-the-art WSD systems in the Semeval-13 dataset. Finally, it has higher performance than the state-of-the-art unsupervised knowledge-based WSD system in the average performance of both datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{patro-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Semantic Sentence Embeddings using Sequential Pair-wise Discriminator",
    author = "Patro, Badri Narayana  and
      Kurmi, Vinod Kumar  and
      Kumar, Sandeep  and
      Namboodiri, Vinay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1230",
    pages = "2715--2729",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a method for obtaining sentence-level embeddings. While the problem of securing word-level embeddings is very well studied, we propose a novel method for obtaining sentence-level embeddings. This is obtained by a simple method in the context of solving the paraphrase generation task. If we use a sequential encoder-decoder model for generating paraphrase, we would like the generated paraphrase to be semantically close to the original sentence. One way to ensure this is by adding constraints for true paraphrase embeddings to be close and unrelated paraphrase candidate sentence embeddings to be far. This is ensured by using a sequential pair-wise discriminator that shares weights with the encoder that is trained with a suitable loss function. Our loss function penalizes paraphrase sentence embedding distances from being too large. This loss is used in combination with a sequential encoder-decoder network. We also validated our method by evaluating the obtained embeddings for a sentiment analysis task. The proposed method results in semantic embeddings and outperforms the state-of-the-art on the paraphrase generation and sentiment analysis task on standard datasets. These results are also shown to be statistically significant.",
}
@inproceedings{chollampatt-ng-2018-reassessment,
    title = "A Reassessment of Reference-Based Grammatical Error Correction Metrics",
    author = "Chollampatt, Shamil  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1231",
    pages = "2730--2741",
    abstract = "Several metrics have been proposed for evaluating grammatical error correction (GEC) systems based on grammaticality, fluency, and adequacy of the output sentences. Previous studies of the correlation of these metrics with human quality judgments were inconclusive, due to the lack of appropriate significance tests, discrepancies in the methods, and choice of datasets used. In this paper, we re-evaluate reference-based GEC metrics by measuring the system-level correlations with humans on a large dataset of human judgments of GEC outputs, and by properly conducting statistical significance tests. Our results show no significant advantage of GLEU over MaxMatch (M2), contradicting previous studies that claim GLEU to be superior. For a finer-grained analysis, we additionally evaluate these metrics for their agreement with human judgments at the sentence level. Our sentence-level analysis indicates that comparing GLEU and M2, one metric may be more useful than the other depending on the scenario. We further qualitatively analyze these metrics and our findings show that apart from being less interpretable and non-deterministic, GLEU also produces counter-intuitive scores in commonly occurring test examples.",
}
@inproceedings{gong-etal-2018-information,
    title = "Information Aggregation via Dynamic Routing for Sequence Encoding",
    author = "Gong, Jingjing  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Wang, Shaojing  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1232",
    pages = "2742--2752",
    abstract = "While much progress has been made in how to encode a text sequence into a sequence of vectors, less attention has been paid to how to aggregate these preceding vectors (outputs of RNN/CNN) into fixed-size encoding vector. Usually, a simple max or average pooling is used, which is a bottom-up and passive way of aggregation and lack of guidance by task information. In this paper, we propose an aggregation mechanism to obtain a fixed-size encoding with a dynamic routing policy. The dynamic routing policy is dynamically deciding that what and how much information need be transferred from each word to the final encoding of the text sequence. Following the work of Capsule Network, we design two dynamic routing policies to aggregate the outputs of RNN/CNN encoding layer into a final encoding vector. Compared to the other aggregation methods, dynamic routing can refine the messages according to the state of final encoding vector. Experimental results on five text classification tasks show that our method outperforms other aggregating models by a significant margin. Related source code is released on our github page.Related source code is released on our github page.",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2018-full,
    title = "A Full End-to-End Semantic Role Labeler, Syntactic-agnostic Over Syntactic-aware?",
    author = "Cai, Jiaxun  and
      He, Shexia  and
      Li, Zuchao  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1233",
    pages = "2753--2765",
    abstract = "Semantic role labeling (SRL) is to recognize the predicate-argument structure of a sentence, including subtasks of predicate disambiguation and argument labeling. Previous studies usually formulate the entire SRL problem into two or more subtasks. For the first time, this paper introduces an end-to-end neural model which unifiedly tackles the predicate disambiguation and the argument labeling in one shot. Using a biaffine scorer, our model directly predicts all semantic role labels for all given word pairs in the sentence without relying on any syntactic parse information. Specifically, we augment the BiLSTM encoder with a non-linear transformation to further distinguish the predicate and the argument in a given sentence, and model the semantic role labeling process as a word pair classification task by employing the biaffine attentional mechanism. Though the proposed model is syntax-agnostic with local decoder, it outperforms the state-of-the-art syntax-aware SRL systems on the CoNLL-2008, 2009 benchmarks for both English and Chinese. To our best knowledge, we report the first syntax-agnostic SRL model that surpasses all known syntax-aware models.",
}
@inproceedings{patchala-bhatnagar-2018-authorship,
    title = "Authorship Attribution By Consensus Among Multiple Features",
    author = "Patchala, Jagadeesh  and
      Bhatnagar, Raj",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1234",
    pages = "2766--2777",
    abstract = "Most existing research on authorship attribution uses various lexical, syntactic and semantic features. In this paper we demonstrate an effective template-based approach for combining various syntactic features of a document for authorship analysis. The parse-tree based features that we propose are independent of the topic of a document and reflect the innate writing styles of authors. We show that the use of templates including sub-trees of parse trees in conjunction with other syntactic features result in improved author attribution rates. Another contribution is the demonstration that Dempster{'}s rule based combination of evidence from syntactic features performs better than other evidence-combination methods. We also demonstrate that our methodology works well for the case where actual author is not included in the candidate author set.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling with Recurrent Neural Networks for Open Vocabulary Slots",
    author = "Kim, Jun-Seong  and
      Kim, Junghoe  and
      Park, SeungUn  and
      Lee, Kwangyong  and
      Lee, Yoonju",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1235",
    pages = "2778--2790",
    abstract = "Dealing with {`}open-vocabulary{'} slots has been among the challenges in the natural language area. While recent studies on attention-based recurrent neural network (RNN) models have performed well in completing several language related tasks such as spoken language understanding and dialogue systems, there has been a lack of attempts to address filling slots that take on values from a virtually unlimited set. In this paper, we propose a new RNN model that can capture the vital concept: Understanding the role of a word may vary according to how long a reader focuses on a particular part of a sentence. The proposed model utilizes a long-term aware attention structure, positional encoding primarily considering the relative distance between words, and multi-task learning of a character-based language model and an intent detection model. We show that the model outperforms the existing RNN models with respect to discovering {`}open-vocabulary{'} slots without any external information, such as a named entity database or knowledge base. In particular, we confirm that it performs better with a greater number of slots in a dataset, including unknown words, by evaluating the models on a dataset of several domains. In addition, the proposed model also demonstrates superior performance with regard to intent detection.",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-aa-etal-2018-challenges,
    title = "Challenges and Opportunities of Applying Natural Language Processing in Business Process Management",
    author = "van der Aa, Han  and
      Carmona, Josep  and
      Leopold, Henrik  and
      Mendling, Jan  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1236",
    pages = "2791--2801",
    abstract = "The Business Process Management (BPM) field focuses in the coordination of labor so that organizational processes are smoothly executed in a way that products and services are properly delivered. At the same time, NLP has reached a maturity level that enables its widespread application in many contexts, thanks to publicly available frameworks. In this position paper, we show how NLP has potential in raising the benefits of BPM practices at different levels. Instead of being exhaustive, we show selected key challenges were a successful application of NLP techniques would facilitate the automation of particular tasks that nowadays require a significant effort to accomplish. Finally, we report on applications that consider both the process perspective and its enhancement through NLP.",
}
@inproceedings{ghosal-etal-2018-novelty,
    title = "Novelty Goes Deep. A Deep Neural Solution To Document Level Novelty Detection",
    author = "Ghosal, Tirthankar  and
      Edithal, Vignesh  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Tsatsaronis, George  and
      Chivukula, Srinivasa Satya Sameer Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1237",
    pages = "2802--2813",
    abstract = "The rapid growth of documents across the web has necessitated finding means of discarding redundant documents and retaining novel ones. Capturing redundancy is challenging as it may involve investigating at a deep semantic level. Techniques for detecting such semantic redundancy at the document level are scarce. In this work we propose a deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) based model to classify a document as novel or redundant with respect to a set of relevant documents already seen by the system. The system is simple and do not require any manual feature engineering. Our novel scheme encodes relevant and relative information from both source and target texts to generate an intermediate representation which we coin as the Relative Document Vector (RDV). The proposed method outperforms the existing state-of-the-art on a document-level novelty detection dataset by a margin of ∼5{\%} in terms of accuracy. We further demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on a standard paraphrase detection dataset where paraphrased passages closely resemble to semantically redundant documents.",
}
@inproceedings{sundararajan-woodard-2018-represents,
    title = "What represents {``}style{''} in authorship attribution?",
    author = "Sundararajan, Kalaivani  and
      Woodard, Damon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1238",
    pages = "2814--2822",
    abstract = "Authorship attribution typically uses all information representing both content and style whereas attribution based only on stylistic aspects may be robust in cross-domain settings. This paper analyzes different linguistic aspects that may help represent style. Specifically, we study the role of syntax and lexical words (nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs) in representing style. We use a purely syntactic language model to study the significance of sentence structures in both single-domain and cross-domain attribution, i.e. cross-topic and cross-genre attribution. We show that syntax may be helpful for cross-genre attribution while cross-topic attribution and single-domain may benefit from additional lexical information. Further, pure syntactic models may not be effective by themselves and need to be used in combination with other robust models. To study the role of word choice, we perform attribution by masking all words or specific topic words corresponding to nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Using a single-domain dataset, IMDB1M reviews, we demonstrate the heavy influence of common nouns and proper nouns in attribution, thereby highlighting topic interference. Using cross-domain Guardian10 dataset, we show that some common nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs may help with stylometric attribution as demonstrated by masking topic words corresponding to these parts-of-speech. As expected, it was observed that proper nouns are heavily influenced by content and cross-domain attribution will benefit from completely masking them.",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Target-Specific Representations of Financial News Documents For Cumulative Abnormal Return Prediction",
    author = "Duan, Junwen  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Ding, Xiao  and
      Chang, Ching-Yun  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1239",
    pages = "2823--2833",
    abstract = "Texts from the Internet serve as important data sources for financial market modeling. Early statistical approaches rely on manually defined features to capture lexical, sentiment and event information, which suffers from feature sparsity. Recent work has considered learning dense representations for news titles and abstracts. Compared to news titles, full documents can contain more potentially helpful information, but also noise compared to events and sentences, which has been less investigated in previous work. To fill this gap, we propose a novel target-specific abstract-guided news document representation model. The model uses a target-sensitive representation of the news abstract to weigh sentences in the news content, so as to select and combine the most informative sentences for market modeling. Results show that document representations can give better performance for estimating cumulative abnormal returns of companies when compared to titles and abstracts. Our model is especially effective when it used to combine information from multiple document sources compared to the sentence-level baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{an-etal-2018-model,
    title = "Model-Free Context-Aware Word Composition",
    author = "An, Bo  and
      Han, Xianpei  and
      Sun, Le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1240",
    pages = "2834--2845",
    abstract = "Word composition is a promising technique for representation learning of large linguistic units (e.g., phrases, sentences and documents). However, most of the current composition models do not take the ambiguity of words and the context outside of a linguistic unit into consideration for learning representations, and consequently suffer from the inaccurate representation of semantics. To address this issue, we propose a model-free context-aware word composition model, which employs the latent semantic information as global context for learning representations. The proposed model attempts to resolve the word sense disambiguation and word composition in a unified framework. Extensive evaluation shows consistent improvements over various strong word representation/composition models at different granularities (including word, phrase and sentence), demonstrating the effectiveness of our proposed method.",
}
@inproceedings{li-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Features from Co-occurrences: A Theoretical Analysis",
    author = "Li, Yanpeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1241",
    pages = "2846--2854",
    abstract = "Representing a word by its co-occurrences with other words in context is an effective way to capture the meaning of the word. However, the theory behind remains a challenge. In this work, taking the example of a word classification task, we give a theoretical analysis of the approaches that represent a word X by a function f(P(C|X)), where C is a context feature, P(C|X) is the conditional probability estimated from a text corpus, and the function f maps the co-occurrence measure to a prediction score. We investigate the impact of context feature C and the function f . We also explain the reasons why using the co-occurrences with multiple context features may be better than just using a single one. In addition, based on the analysis, we propose a hypothesis about the conditional probability on zero probability events.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards a unified framework for bilingual terminology extraction of single-word and multi-word terms",
    author = "Liu, Jingshu  and
      Morin, Emmanuel  and
      Saldarriaga, Pe{\~n}a",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1242",
    pages = "2855--2866",
    abstract = "Extracting a bilingual terminology for multi-word terms from comparable corpora has not been widely researched. In this work we propose a unified framework for aligning bilingual terms independently of the term lengths. We also introduce some enhancements to the context-based and the neural network based approaches. Our experiments show the effectiveness of our enhancements of previous works and the system can be adapted in specialized domains.",
}
@inproceedings{athanasiou-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Activation Semantic Models: Computational lexical semantic models of localized neural activations",
    author = "Athanasiou, Nikos  and
      Iosif, Elias  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1243",
    pages = "2867--2878",
    abstract = "Neural activation models have been proposed in the literature that use a set of example words for which fMRI measurements are available in order to find a mapping between word semantics and localized neural activations. Successful mappings let us expand to the full lexicon of concrete nouns using the assumption that similarity of meaning implies similar neural activation patterns. In this paper, we propose a computational model that estimates semantic similarity in the neural activation space and investigates the relative performance of this model for various natural language processing tasks. Despite the simplicity of the proposed model and the very small number of example words used to bootstrap it, the neural activation semantic model performs surprisingly well compared to state-of-the-art word embeddings. Specifically, the neural activation semantic model performs better than the state-of-the-art for the task of semantic similarity estimation between very similar or very dissimilar words, while performing well on other tasks such as entailment and word categorization. These are strong indications that neural activation semantic models can not only shed some light into human cognition but also contribute to computation models for certain tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{kar-etal-2018-folksonomication,
    title = "{F}olksonomication: Predicting Tags for Movies from Plot Synopses using Emotion Flow Encoded Neural Network",
    author = "Kar, Sudipta  and
      Maharjan, Suraj  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1244",
    pages = "2879--2891",
    abstract = "Folksonomy of movies covers a wide range of heterogeneous information about movies, like the genre, plot structure, visual experiences, soundtracks, metadata, and emotional experiences from watching a movie. Being able to automatically generate or predict tags for movies can help recommendation engines improve retrieval of similar movies, and help viewers know what to expect from a movie in advance. In this work, we explore the problem of creating tags for movies from plot synopses. We propose a novel neural network model that merges information from synopses and emotion flows throughout the plots to predict a set of tags for movies. We compare our system with multiple baselines and found that the addition of emotion flows boosts the performance of the network by learning {\mbox{$\approx$}}18{\%} more tags than a traditional machine learning system.",
}
@inproceedings{buechel-hahn-2018-emotion,
    title = "Emotion Representation Mapping for Automatic Lexicon Construction (Mostly) Performs on Human Level",
    author = "Buechel, Sven  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1245",
    pages = "2892--2904",
    abstract = "Emotion Representation Mapping (ERM) has the goal to convert existing emotion ratings from one representation format into another one, e.g., mapping Valence-Arousal-Dominance annotations for words or sentences into Ekman{'}s Basic Emotions and vice versa. ERM can thus not only be considered as an alternative to Word Emotion Induction (WEI) techniques for automatic emotion lexicon construction but may also help mitigate problems that come from the proliferation of emotion representation formats in recent years. We propose a new neural network approach to ERM that not only outperforms the previous state-of-the-art. Equally important, we present a refined evaluation methodology and gather strong evidence that our model yields results which are (almost) as reliable as human annotations, even in cross-lingual settings. Based on these results we generate new emotion ratings for 13 typologically diverse languages and claim that they have near-gold quality, at least.",
}
@inproceedings{tafreshi-diab-2018-emotion,
    title = "Emotion Detection and Classification in a Multigenre Corpus with Joint Multi-Task Deep Learning",
    author = "Tafreshi, Shabnam  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1246",
    pages = "2905--2913",
    abstract = "Detection and classification of emotion categories expressed by a sentence is a challenging task due to subjectivity of emotion. To date, most of the models are trained and evaluated on single genre and when used to predict emotion in different genre their performance drops by a large margin. To address the issue of robustness, we model the problem within a joint multi-task learning framework. We train this model with a multigenre emotion corpus to predict emotions across various genre. Each genre is represented as a separate task, we use soft parameter shared layers across the various tasks. our experimental results show that this model improves the results across the various genres, compared to a single genre training in the same neural net architecture.",
}
@inproceedings{kulshreshtha-etal-2018-emotional,
    title = "How emotional are you? Neural Architectures for Emotion Intensity Prediction in Microblogs",
    author = "Kulshreshtha, Devang  and
      Goel, Pranav  and
      Kumar Singh, Anil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1247",
    pages = "2914--2926",
    abstract = "Social media based micro-blogging sites like Twitter have become a common source of real-time information (impacting organizations and their strategies, and are used for expressing emotions and opinions. Automated analysis of such content therefore rises in importance. To this end, we explore the viability of using deep neural networks on the specific task of emotion intensity prediction in tweets. We propose a neural architecture combining convolutional and fully connected layers in a non-sequential manner - done for the first time in context of natural language based tasks. Combined with lexicon-based features along with transfer learning, our model achieves state-of-the-art performance, outperforming the previous system by 0.044 or 4.4{\%} Pearson correlation on the WASSA{'}17 EmoInt shared task dataset. We investigate the performance of deep multi-task learning models trained for all emotions at once in a unified architecture and get encouraging results. Experiments performed on evaluating correlation between emotion pairs offer interesting insights into the relationship between them.",
}
@inproceedings{cachola-etal-2018-expressively,
    title = "Expressively vulgar: The socio-dynamics of vulgarity and its effects on sentiment analysis in social media",
    author = "Cachola, Isabel  and
      Holgate, Eric  and
      Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Li, Junyi Jessy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1248",
    pages = "2927--2938",
    abstract = "Vulgarity is a common linguistic expression and is used to perform several linguistic functions. Understanding their usage can aid both linguistic and psychological phenomena as well as benefit downstream natural language processing applications such as sentiment analysis. This study performs a large-scale, data-driven empirical analysis of vulgar words using social media data. We analyze the socio-cultural and pragmatic aspects of vulgarity using tweets from users with known demographics. Further, we collect sentiment ratings for vulgar tweets to study the relationship between the use of vulgar words and perceived sentiment and show that explicitly modeling vulgar words can boost sentiment analysis performance.",
}
@inproceedings{howell-zamaraeva-2018-clausal,
    title = "Clausal Modifiers in the Grammar Matrix",
    author = "Howell, Kristen  and
      Zamaraeva, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1249",
    pages = "2939--2952",
    abstract = "We extend the coverage of an existing grammar customization system to clausal modifiers, also referred to as adverbial clauses. We present an analysis, taking a typologically-driven approach to account for this phenomenon across the world{'}s languages, which we implement in the Grammar Matrix customization system (Bender et al., 2002, 2010). Testing our analysis on testsuites from five genetically and geographically diverse languages that were not considered in development, we achieve 88.4{\%} coverage and 1.5{\%} overgeneration.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-liu-2018-sliced,
    title = "Sliced Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Yu, Zeping  and
      Liu, Gongshen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1250",
    pages = "2953--2964",
    abstract = "Recurrent neural networks have achieved great success in many NLP tasks. However, they have difficulty in parallelization because of the recurrent structure, so it takes much time to train RNNs. In this paper, we introduce sliced recurrent neural networks (SRNNs), which could be parallelized by slicing the sequences into many subsequences. SRNNs have the ability to obtain high-level information through multiple layers with few extra parameters. We prove that the standard RNN is a special case of the SRNN when we use linear activation functions. Without changing the recurrent units, SRNNs are 136 times as fast as standard RNNs and could be even faster when we train longer sequences. Experiments on six large-scale sentiment analysis datasets show that SRNNs achieve better performance than standard RNNs.",
}
@inproceedings{changpinyo-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Task Learning for Sequence Tagging: An Empirical Study",
    author = "Changpinyo, Soravit  and
      Hu, Hexiang  and
      Sha, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1251",
    pages = "2965--2977",
    abstract = "We study three general multi-task learning (MTL) approaches on 11 sequence tagging tasks. Our extensive empirical results show that in about 50{\%} of the cases, jointly learning all 11 tasks improves upon either independent or pairwise learning of the tasks. We also show that pairwise MTL can inform us what tasks can benefit others or what tasks can be benefited if they are learned jointly. In particular, we identify tasks that can always benefit others as well as tasks that can always be harmed by others. Interestingly, one of our MTL approaches yields embeddings of the tasks that reveal the natural clustering of semantic and syntactic tasks. Our inquiries have opened the doors to further utilization of MTL in NLP.",
}
@inproceedings{moss-etal-2018-using,
    title = "Using J-K-fold Cross Validation To Reduce Variance When Tuning {NLP} Models",
    author = "Moss, Henry  and
      Leslie, David  and
      Rayson, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1252",
    pages = "2978--2989",
    abstract = "K-fold cross validation (CV) is a popular method for estimating the true performance of machine learning models, allowing model selection and parameter tuning. However, the very process of CV requires random partitioning of the data and so our performance estimates are in fact stochastic, with variability that can be substantial for natural language processing tasks. We demonstrate that these unstable estimates cannot be relied upon for effective parameter tuning. The resulting tuned parameters are highly sensitive to how our data is partitioned, meaning that we often select sub-optimal parameter choices and have serious reproducibility issues. Instead, we propose to use the less variable J-K-fold CV, in which J independent K-fold cross validations are used to assess performance. Our main contributions are extending J-K-fold CV from performance estimation to parameter tuning and investigating how to choose J and K. We argue that variability is more important than bias for effective tuning and so advocate lower choices of K than are typically seen in the NLP literature and instead use the saved computation to increase J. To demonstrate the generality of our recommendations we investigate a wide range of case-studies: sentiment classification (both general and target-specific), part-of-speech tagging and document classification.",
}
@inproceedings{kohn-2018-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Natural Language Processing: Challenges, Strategies, and Evaluation",
    author = {K{\"o}hn, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1253",
    pages = "2990--3003",
    abstract = "Incrementality is ubiquitous in human-human interaction and beneficial for human-computer interaction. It has been a topic of research in different parts of the NLP community, mostly with focus on the specific topic at hand even though incremental systems have to deal with similar challenges regardless of domain. In this survey, I consolidate and categorize the approaches, identifying similarities and differences in the computation and data, and show trade-offs that have to be considered. A focus lies on evaluating incremental systems because the standard metrics often fail to capture the incremental properties of a system and coming up with a suitable evaluation scheme is non-trivial.",
}
@inproceedings{moon-etal-2018-gold,
    title = "Gold Standard Annotations for Preposition and Verb Sense with Semantic Role Labels in Adult-Child Interactions",
    author = "Moon, Lori  and
      Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Fisher, Cynthia  and
      Franco, Sandra  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1254",
    pages = "3004--3014",
    abstract = "This paper describes the augmentation of an existing corpus of child-directed speech. The resulting corpus is a gold-standard labeled corpus for supervised learning of semantic role labels in adult-child dialogues. Semantic role labeling (SRL) models assign semantic roles to sentence constituents, thus indicating who has done what to whom (and in what way). The current corpus is derived from the Adam files in the Brown corpus (Brown 1973) of the CHILDES corpora, and augments the partial annotation described in Connor et al. (2010). It provides labels for both semantic arguments of verbs and semantic arguments of prepositions. The semantic role labels and senses of verbs follow Propbank guidelines Kingsbury and Palmer, 2002; Gildea and Palmer 2002; Palmer et al., 2005) and those for prepositions follow Srikumar and Roth (2011). The corpus was annotated by two annotators. Inter-annotator agreement is given separately for prepositions and verbs, and for adult speech and child speech. Overall, across child and adult samples, including verbs and prepositions, the kappa score for sense is 72.6, for the number of semantic-role-bearing arguments, the kappa score is 77.4, for identical semantic role labels on a given argument, the kappa score is 91.1, for the span of semantic role labels, and the kappa for agreement is 93.9. The sense and number of arguments was often open to multiple interpretations in child speech, due to the rapidly changing discourse and omission of constituents in production. Annotators used a discourse context window of ten sentences before and ten sentences after the target utterance to determine the annotation labels. The derived corpus is available for use in CHAT (MacWhinney, 2000) and XML format.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-multi-layer,
    title = "Multi-layer Representation Fusion for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Qiang  and
      Li, Fuxue  and
      Xiao, Tong  and
      Li, Yanyang  and
      Li, Yinqiao  and
      Zhu, Jingbo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1255",
    pages = "3015--3026",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation systems require a number of stacked layers for deep models. But the prediction depends on the sentence representation of the top-most layer with no access to low-level representations. This makes it more difficult to train the model and poses a risk of information loss to prediction. In this paper, we propose a multi-layer representation fusion (MLRF) approach to fusing stacked layers. In particular, we design three fusion functions to learn a better representation from the stack. Experimental results show that our approach yields improvements of 0.92 and 0.56 BLEU points over the strong Transformer baseline on IWSLT German-English and NIST Chinese-English MT tasks respectively. The result is new state-of-the-art in German-English translation.",
}
@inproceedings{mi-etal-2018-toward,
    title = "Toward Better Loanword Identification in {U}yghur Using Cross-lingual Word Embeddings",
    author = "Mi, Chenggang  and
      Yang, Yating  and
      Wang, Lei  and
      Zhou, Xi  and
      Jiang, Tonghai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1256",
    pages = "3027--3037",
    abstract = "To enrich vocabulary of low resource settings, we proposed a novel method which identify loanwords in monolingual corpora. More specifically, we first use cross-lingual word embeddings as the core feature to generate semantically related candidates based on comparable corpora and a small bilingual lexicon; then, a log-linear model which combines several shallow features such as pronunciation similarity and hybrid language model features to predict the final results. In this paper, we use Uyghur as the receipt language and try to detect loanwords in four donor languages: Arabic, Chinese, Persian and Russian. We conduct two groups of experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed approach: loanword identification and OOV translation in four language pairs and eight translation directions (Uyghur-Arabic, Arabic-Uyghur, Uyghur-Chinese, Chinese-Uyghur, Uyghur-Persian, Persian-Uyghur, Uyghur-Russian, and Russian-Uyghur). Experimental results on loanword identification show that our method outperforms other baseline models significantly. Neural machine translation models integrating results of loanword identification experiments achieve the best results on OOV translation(with 0.5-0.9 BLEU improvements)",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Weighting for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Li, Yachao  and
      Li, Junhui  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1257",
    pages = "3038--3048",
    abstract = "In the popular sequence to sequence (seq2seq) neural machine translation (NMT), there exist many weighted sum models (WSMs), each of which takes a set of input and generates one output. However, the weights in a WSM are independent of each other and fixed for all inputs, suggesting that by ignoring different needs of inputs, the WSM lacks effective control on the influence of each input. In this paper, we propose adaptive weighting for WSMs to control the contribution of each input. Specifically, we apply adaptive weighting for both GRU and the output state in NMT. Experimentation on Chinese-to-English translation and English-to-German translation demonstrates that the proposed adaptive weighting is able to much improve translation accuracy by achieving significant improvement of 1.49 and 0.92 BLEU points for the two translation tasks. Moreover, we discuss in-depth on what type of information is encoded in the encoder and how information influences the generation of target words in the decoder.",
}
@inproceedings{gebhardt-2018-generic,
    title = "Generic refinement of expressive grammar formalisms with an application to discontinuous constituent parsing",
    author = "Gebhardt, Kilian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1258",
    pages = "3049--3063",
    abstract = "We formulate a generalization of Petrov et al. (2006){'}s split/merge algorithm for interpreted regular tree grammars (Koller and Kuhlmann, 2011), which capture a large class of grammar formalisms. We evaluate its effectiveness empirically on the task of discontinuous constituent parsing with two mildly context-sensitive grammar formalisms: linear context-free rewriting systems (Vijay-Shanker et al., 1987) as well as hybrid grammars (Nederhof and Vogler, 2014).",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2018-double,
    title = "Double Path Networks for Sequence to Sequence Learning",
    author = "Song, Kaitao  and
      Tan, Xu  and
      He, Di  and
      Lu, Jianfeng  and
      Qin, Tao  and
      Liu, Tie-Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1259",
    pages = "3064--3074",
    abstract = "Encoder-decoder based Sequence to Sequence learning (S2S) has made remarkable progress in recent years. Different network architectures have been used in the encoder/decoder. Among them, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Self Attention Networks (SAN) are the prominent ones. The two architectures achieve similar performances but use very different ways to encode and decode context: CNN use convolutional layers to focus on the local connectivity of the sequence, while SAN uses self-attention layers to focus on global semantics. In this work we propose Double Path Networks for Sequence to Sequence learning (DPN-S2S), which leverage the advantages of both models by using double path information fusion. During the encoding step, we develop a double path architecture to maintain the information coming from different paths with convolutional layers and self-attention layers separately. To effectively use the encoded context, we develop a gated attention fusion module and use it to automatically pick up the information needed during the decoding step, which is also a double path network. By deeply integrating the two paths, both types of information are combined and well exploited. Experiments show that our proposed method can significantly improve the performance of sequence to sequence learning over state-of-the-art systems.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2018-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Investigation of Error Types in {V}ietnamese Parsing",
    author = "Nguyen, Quy  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Noji, Hiroshi  and
      Nguyen, Nhung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1260",
    pages = "3075--3089",
    abstract = "Syntactic parsing plays a crucial role in improving the quality of natural language processing tasks. Although there have been several research projects on syntactic parsing in Vietnamese, the parsing quality has been far inferior than those reported in major languages, such as English and Chinese. In this work, we evaluated representative constituency parsing models on a Vietnamese Treebank to look for the most suitable parsing method for Vietnamese. We then combined the advantages of automatic and manual analysis to investigate errors produced by the experimented parsers and find the reasons for them. Our analysis focused on three possible sources of parsing errors, namely limited training data, part-of-speech (POS) tagging errors, and ambiguous constructions. As a result, we found that the last two sources, which frequently appear in Vietnamese text, significantly attributed to the poor performance of Vietnamese parsing.",
}
@inproceedings{labeau-allauzen-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning with Noise-Contrastive Estimation: Easing training by learning to scale",
    author = "Labeau, Matthieu  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1261",
    pages = "3090--3101",
    abstract = "Noise-Contrastive Estimation (NCE) is a learning criterion that is regularly used to train neural language models in place of Maximum Likelihood Estimation, since it avoids the computational bottleneck caused by the output softmax. In this paper, we analyse and explain some of the weaknesses of this objective function, linked to the mechanism of self-normalization, by closely monitoring comparative experiments. We then explore several remedies and modifications to propose tractable and efficient NCE training strategies. In particular, we propose to make the scaling factor a trainable parameter of the model, and to use the noise distribution to initialize the output bias. These solutions, yet simple, yield stable and competitive performances in either small and large scale language modelling tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{abate-etal-2018-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Corpora for bi-lingual {E}nglish-{E}thiopian Languages Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Abate, Solomon Teferra  and
      Melese, Michael  and
      Tachbelie, Martha Yifiru  and
      Meshesha, Million  and
      Atinafu, Solomon  and
      Mulugeta, Wondwossen  and
      Assabie, Yaregal  and
      Abera, Hafte  and
      Ephrem, Binyam  and
      Abebe, Tewodros  and
      Tsegaye, Wondimagegnhue  and
      Lemma, Amanuel  and
      Andargie, Tsegaye  and
      Shifaw, Seifedin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1262",
    pages = "3102--3111",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe an attempt towards the development of parallel corpora for English and Ethiopian Languages, such as Amharic, Tigrigna, Afan-Oromo, Wolaytta and Ge{'}ez. The corpora are used for conducting a bi-directional statistical machine translation experiments. The BLEU scores of the bi-directional Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) systems show a promising result. The morphological richness of the Ethiopian languages has a great impact on the performance of SMT specially when the targets are Ethiopian languages. Now we are working towards an optimal alignment for a bi-directional English-Ethiopian languages SMT.",
}
@inproceedings{blackwood-etal-2018-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Neural Machine Translation with Task-Specific Attention",
    author = "Blackwood, Graeme  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Ward, Todd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1263",
    pages = "3112--3122",
    abstract = "Multilingual machine translation addresses the task of translating between multiple source and target languages. We propose task-specific attention models, a simple but effective technique for improving the quality of sequence-to-sequence neural multilingual translation. Our approach seeks to retain as much of the parameter sharing generalization of NMT models as possible, while still allowing for language-specific specialization of the attention model to a particular language-pair or task. Our experiments on four languages of the Europarl corpus show that using a target-specific model of attention provides consistent gains in translation quality for all possible translation directions, compared to a model in which all parameters are shared. We observe improved translation quality even in the (extreme) low-resource zero-shot translation directions for which the model never saw explicitly paired parallel data.",
}
@inproceedings{dellert-2018-combining,
    title = "Combining Information-Weighted Sequence Alignment and Sound Correspondence Models for Improved Cognate Detection",
    author = "Dellert, Johannes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1264",
    pages = "3123--3133",
    abstract = "Methods for automated cognate detection in historical linguistics invariably build on some measure of form similarity which is designed to capture the remaining systematic similarities between cognate word forms after thousands of years of divergence. A wide range of clustering and classification algorithms has been explored for the purpose, whereas possible improvements on the level of pairwise form similarity measures have not been the main focus of research. The approach presented in this paper improves on this core component of cognate detection systems by a novel combination of information weighting, a technique for putting less weight on reoccurring morphological material, with sound correspondence modeling by means of pointwise mutual information. In evaluations on expert cognacy judgments over a subset of the IPA-encoded NorthEuraLex database, the combination of both techniques is shown to lead to considerable improvements in average precision for binary cognate detection, and modest improvements for distance-based cognate clustering.",
}
@inproceedings{passban-etal-2018-tailoring,
    title = "Tailoring Neural Architectures for Translating from Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = "Passban, Peyman  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1265",
    pages = "3134--3145",
    abstract = "A morphologically complex word (MCW) is a hierarchical constituent with meaning-preserving subunits, so word-based models which rely on surface forms might not be powerful enough to translate such structures. When translating from morphologically rich languages (MRLs), a source word could be mapped to several words or even a full sentence on the target side, which means an MCW should not be treated as an atomic unit. In order to provide better translations for MRLs, we boost the existing neural machine translation (NMT) architecture with a double- channel encoder and a double-attentive decoder. The main goal targeted in this research is to provide richer information on the encoder side and redesign the decoder accordingly to benefit from such information. Our experimental results demonstrate that we could achieve our goal as the proposed model outperforms existing subword- and character-based architectures and showed significant improvements on translating from German, Russian, and Turkish into English.",
}
@inproceedings{ive-etal-2018-deepquest,
    title = "deep{Q}uest: A Framework for Neural-based Quality Estimation",
    author = "Ive, Julia  and
      Blain, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1266",
    pages = "3146--3157",
    abstract = "Predicting Machine Translation (MT) quality can help in many practical tasks such as MT post-editing. The performance of Quality Estimation (QE) methods has drastically improved recently with the introduction of neural approaches to the problem. However, thus far neural approaches have only been designed for word and sentence-level prediction. We present a neural framework that is able to accommodate neural QE approaches at these fine-grained levels and generalize them to the level of documents. We test the framework with two sentence-level neural QE approaches: a state of the art approach that requires extensive pre-training, and a new light-weight approach that we propose, which employs basic encoders. Our approach is significantly faster and yields performance improvements for a range of document-level quality estimation tasks. To our knowledge, this is the first neural architecture for document-level QE. In addition, for the first time we apply QE models to the output of both statistical and neural MT systems for a series of European languages and highlight the new challenges resulting from the use of neural MT.",
}
@inproceedings{kabbach-etal-2018-butterfly,
    title = "Butterfly Effects in Frame Semantic Parsing: impact of data processing on model ranking",
    author = "Kabbach, Alexandre  and
      Ribeyre, Corentin  and
      Herbelot, Aur{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1267",
    pages = "3158--3169",
    abstract = "Knowing the state-of-the-art for a particular task is an essential component of any computational linguistics investigation. But can we be truly confident that the current state-of-the-art is indeed the best performing model? In this paper, we study the case of frame semantic parsing, a well-established task with multiple shared datasets. We show that in spite of all the care taken to provide a standard evaluation resource, small variations in data processing can have dramatic consequences for ranking parser performance. This leads us to propose an open-source standardized processing pipeline, which can be shared and reused for robust model comparison.",
}
@inproceedings{sadeghi-scheutz-2018-sensitivity,
    title = "Sensitivity to Input Order: Evaluation of an Incremental and Memory-Limited {B}ayesian Cross-Situational Word Learning Model",
    author = "Sadeghi, Sepideh  and
      Scheutz, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1268",
    pages = "3170--3180",
    abstract = "We present a variation of the incremental and memory-limited algorithm in (Sadeghi et al., 2017) for Bayesian cross-situational word learning and evaluate the model in terms of its functional performance and its sensitivity to input order. We show that the functional performance of our sub-optimal model on corpus data is close to that of its optimal counterpart (Frank et al., 2009), while only the sub-optimal model is capable of predicting the input order effects reported in experimental studies.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-xiong-2018-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Weighting for Neural Machine Translation Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Zhang, Shiqi  and
      Xiong, Deyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1269",
    pages = "3181--3190",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a new sentence weighting method for the domain adaptation of neural machine translation. We introduce a domain similarity metric to evaluate the relevance between a sentence and an available entire domain dataset. The similarity of each sentence to the target domain is calculated with various methods. The computed similarity is then integrated into the training objective to weight sentences. The adaptation results on both IWSLT Chinese-English TED task and a task with only synthetic training parallel data show that our sentence weighting method is able to achieve an significant improvement over strong baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{aufrant-etal-2018-quantifying,
    title = "Quantifying training challenges of dependency parsers",
    author = "Aufrant, Lauriane  and
      Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1270",
    pages = "3191--3202",
    abstract = "Not all dependencies are equal when training a dependency parser: some are straightforward enough to be learned with only a sample of data, others embed more complexity. This work introduces a series of metrics to quantify those differences, and thereby to expose the shortcomings of various parsing algorithms and strategies. Apart from a more thorough comparison of parsing systems, these new tools also prove useful for characterizing the information conveyed by cross-lingual parsers, in a quantitative but still interpretable way.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-seq2seq,
    title = "Seq2seq Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Li, Zuchao  and
      Cai, Jiaxun  and
      He, Shexia  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1271",
    pages = "3203--3214",
    abstract = "This paper presents a sequence to sequence (seq2seq) dependency parser by directly predicting the relative position of head for each given word, which therefore results in a truly end-to-end seq2seq dependency parser for the first time. Enjoying the advantage of seq2seq modeling, we enrich a series of embedding enhancement, including firstly introduced subword and node2vec augmentation. Meanwhile, we propose a beam search decoder with tree constraint and subroot decomposition over the sequence to furthermore enhance our seq2seq parser. Our parser is evaluated on benchmark treebanks, being on par with the state-of-the-art parsers by achieving 94.11{\%} UAS on PTB and 88.78{\%} UAS on CTB, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{kadar-etal-2018-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting the Hierarchical Multiscale {LSTM}",
    author = "K{\'a}d{\'a}r, {\'A}kos  and
      C{\^o}t{\'e}, Marc-Alexandre  and
      Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz  and
      Alishahi, Afra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1272",
    pages = "3215--3227",
    abstract = "Hierarchical Multiscale LSTM (Chung et. al., 2016) is a state-of-the-art language model that learns interpretable structure from character-level input. Such models can provide fertile ground for (cognitive) computational linguistics studies. However, the high complexity of the architecture, training and implementations might hinder its applicability. We provide a detailed reproduction and ablation study of the architecture, shedding light on some of the potential caveats of re-purposing complex deep-learning architectures. We further show that simplifying certain aspects of the architecture can in fact improve its performance. We also investigate the linguistic units (segments) learned by various levels of the model, and argue that their quality does not correlate with the overall performance of the model on language modeling.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2018-character,
    title = "Character-Level Feature Extraction with Densely Connected Networks",
    author = "Lee, Chanhee  and
      Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Lee, Dongyub  and
      Lim, Heuiseok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1273",
    pages = "3228--3239",
    abstract = "Generating character-level features is an important step for achieving good results in various natural language processing tasks. To alleviate the need for human labor in generating hand-crafted features, methods that utilize neural architectures such as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) or Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) to automatically extract such features have been proposed and have shown great results. However, CNN generates position-independent features, and RNN is slow since it needs to process the characters sequentially. In this paper, we propose a novel method of using a densely connected network to automatically extract character-level features. The proposed method does not require any language or task specific assumptions, and shows robustness and effectiveness while being faster than CNN- or RNN-based methods. Evaluating this method on three sequence labeling tasks - slot tagging, Part-of-Speech (POS) tagging, and Named-Entity Recognition (NER) - we obtain state-of-the-art performance with a 96.62 F1-score and 97.73{\%} accuracy on slot tagging and POS tagging, respectively, and comparable performance to the state-of-the-art 91.13 F1-score on NER.",
}
@inproceedings{ugawa-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation Incorporating Named Entity",
    author = "Ugawa, Arata  and
      Tamura, Akihiro  and
      Ninomiya, Takashi  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1274",
    pages = "3240--3250",
    abstract = "This study proposes a new neural machine translation (NMT) model based on the encoder-decoder model that incorporates named entity (NE) tags of source-language sentences. Conventional NMT models have two problems enumerated as follows: (i) they tend to have difficulty in translating words with multiple meanings because of the high ambiguity, and (ii) these models{'}abilitytotranslatecompoundwordsseemschallengingbecausetheencoderreceivesaword, a part of the compound word, at each time step. To alleviate these problems, the encoder of the proposed model encodes the input word on the basis of its NE tag at each time step, which could reduce the ambiguity of the input word. Furthermore,the encoder introduces a chunk-level LSTM layer over a word-level LSTM layer and hierarchically encodes a source-language sentence to capture a compound NE as a chunk on the basis of the NE tags. We evaluate the proposed model on an English-to-Japanese translation task with the ASPEC, and English-to-Bulgarian and English-to-Romanian translation tasks with the Europarl corpus. The evaluation results show that the proposed model achieves up to 3.11 point improvement in BLEU.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2018-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing for Technical Support Questions",
    author = "Gupta, Abhirut  and
      Ray, Anupama  and
      Dasgupta, Gargi  and
      Singh, Gautam  and
      Aggarwal, Pooja  and
      Mohapatra, Prateeti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1275",
    pages = "3251--3259",
    abstract = "Technical support problems are very complex. In contrast to regular web queries (that contain few keywords) or factoid questions (which are a few sentences), these problems usually include attributes like a detailed description of what is failing (symptom), steps taken in an effort to remediate the failure (activity), and sometimes a specific request or ask (intent). Automating support is the task of automatically providing answers to these problems given a corpus of solution documents. Traditional approaches to this task rely on information retrieval and are keyword based; looking for keyword overlap between the question and solution documents and ignoring these attributes. We present an approach for semantic parsing of technical questions that uses grammatical structure to extract these attributes as a baseline, and a CRF based model that can improve performance considerably in the presence of annotated data for training. We also demonstrate that combined with reasoning, these attributes help outperform retrieval baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2018-deconvolution,
    title = "Deconvolution-Based Global Decoding for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Lin, Junyang  and
      Sun, Xu  and
      Ren, Xuancheng  and
      Ma, Shuming  and
      Su, Jinsong  and
      Su, Qi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1276",
    pages = "3260--3271",
    abstract = "A great proportion of sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) models for Neural Machine Translation (NMT) adopt Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) to generate translation word by word following a sequential order. As the studies of linguistics have proved that language is not linear word sequence but sequence of complex structure, translation at each step should be conditioned on the whole target-side context. To tackle the problem, we propose a new NMT model that decodes the sequence with the guidance of its structural prediction of the context of the target sequence. Our model generates translation based on the structural prediction of the target-side context so that the translation can be freed from the bind of sequential order. Experimental results demonstrate that our model is more competitive compared with the state-of-the-art methods, and the analysis reflects that our model is also robust to translating sentences of different lengths and it also reduces repetition with the instruction from the target-side context for decoding.",
}
@inproceedings{hao-etal-2018-pattern,
    title = "Pattern-revising Enhanced Simple Question Answering over Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Hao, Yanchao  and
      Liu, Hao  and
      He, Shizhu  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1277",
    pages = "3272--3282",
    abstract = "Question Answering over Knowledge Bases (KB-QA), which automatically answer natural language questions based on the facts contained by a knowledge base, is one of the most important natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Simple questions constitute a large part of questions queried on the web, still being a challenge to QA systems. In this work, we propose to conduct pattern extraction and entity linking first, and put forward pattern revising procedure to mitigate the error propagation problem. In order to learn to rank candidate subject-predicate pairs to enable the relevant facts retrieval given a question, we propose to do joint fact selection enhanced by relation detection. Multi-level encodings and multi-dimension information are leveraged to strengthen the whole procedure. The experimental results demonstrate that our approach sets a new record in this task, outperforming the current state-of-the-art by an absolute large margin.",
}
@inproceedings{tayyar-madabushi-etal-2018-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Question Classification and Deep Learning for improved Answer Selection",
    author = "Tayyar Madabushi, Harish  and
      Lee, Mark  and
      Barnden, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1278",
    pages = "3283--3294",
    abstract = "We present a system for Answer Selection that integrates fine-grained Question Classification with a Deep Learning model designed for Answer Selection. We detail the necessary changes to the Question Classification taxonomy and system, the creation of a new Entity Identification system and methods of highlighting entities to achieve this objective. Our experiments show that Question Classes are a strong signal to Deep Learning models for Answer Selection, and enable us to outperform the current state of the art in all variations of our experiments except one. In the best configuration, our MRR and MAP scores outperform the current state of the art by between 3 and 5 points on both versions of the TREC Answer Selection test set, a standard dataset for this task.",
}
@inproceedings{deng-etal-2018-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge as A Bridge: Improving Cross-domain Answer Selection with External Knowledge",
    author = "Deng, Yang  and
      Shen, Ying  and
      Yang, Min  and
      Li, Yaliang  and
      Du, Nan  and
      Fan, Wei  and
      Lei, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1279",
    pages = "3295--3305",
    abstract = "Answer selection is an important but challenging task. Significant progresses have been made in domains where a large amount of labeled training data is available. However, obtaining rich annotated data is a time-consuming and expensive process, creating a substantial barrier for applying answer selection models to a new domain which has limited labeled data. In this paper, we propose Knowledge-aware Attentive Network (KAN), a transfer learning framework for cross-domain answer selection, which uses the knowledge base as a bridge to enable knowledge transfer from the source domain to the target domains. Specifically, we design a knowledge module to integrate the knowledge-based representational learning into answer selection models. The learned knowledge-based representations are shared by source and target domains, which not only leverages large amounts of cross-domain data, but also benefits from a regularization effect that leads to more general representations to help tasks in new domains. To verify the effectiveness of our model, we use SQuAD-T dataset as the source domain and three other datasets (i.e., Yahoo QA, TREC QA and InsuranceQA) as the target domains. The experimental results demonstrate that KAN has remarkable applicability and generality, and consistently outperforms the strong competitors by a noticeable margin for cross-domain answer selection.",
}
@inproceedings{sorokin-gurevych-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Semantics with Gated Graph Neural Networks for Knowledge Base Question Answering",
    author = "Sorokin, Daniil  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1280",
    pages = "3306--3317",
    abstract = "The most approaches to Knowledge Base Question Answering are based on semantic parsing. In this paper, we address the problem of learning vector representations for complex semantic parses that consist of multiple entities and relations. Previous work largely focused on selecting the correct semantic relations for a question and disregarded the structure of the semantic parse: the connections between entities and the directions of the relations. We propose to use Gated Graph Neural Networks to encode the graph structure of the semantic parse. We show on two data sets that the graph networks outperform all baseline models that do not explicitly model the structure. The error analysis confirms that our approach can successfully process complex semantic parses.",
}
@inproceedings{amidei-etal-2018-rethinking,
    title = "Rethinking the Agreement in Human Evaluation Tasks",
    author = "Amidei, Jacopo  and
      Piwek, Paul  and
      Willis, Alistair",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1281",
    pages = "3318--3329",
    abstract = "Human evaluations are broadly thought to be more valuable the higher the inter-annotator agreement. In this paper we examine this idea. We will describe our experiments and analysis within the area of Automatic Question Generation. Our experiments show how annotators diverge in language annotation tasks due to a range of ineliminable factors. For this reason, we believe that annotation schemes for natural language generation tasks that are aimed at evaluating language quality need to be treated with great care. In particular, an unchecked focus on reduction of disagreement among annotators runs the danger of creating generation goals that reward output that is more distant from, rather than closer to, natural human-like language. We conclude the paper by suggesting a new approach to the use of the agreement metrics in natural language generation evaluation tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{ghaeini-etal-2018-dependent,
    title = "Dependent Gated Reading for Cloze-Style Question Answering",
    author = "Ghaeini, Reza  and
      Fern, Xiaoli  and
      Shahbazi, Hamed  and
      Tadepalli, Prasad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1282",
    pages = "3330--3345",
    abstract = "We present a novel deep learning architecture to address the cloze-style question answering task. Existing approaches employ reading mechanisms that do not fully exploit the interdependency between the document and the query. In this paper, we propose a novel dependent gated reading bidirectional GRU network (DGR) to efficiently model the relationship between the document and the query during encoding and decision making. Our evaluation shows that DGR obtains highly competitive performance on well-known machine comprehension benchmarks such as the Children{'}s Book Test (CBT-NE and CBT-CN) and Who DiD What (WDW, Strict and Relaxed). Finally, we extensively analyze and validate our model by ablation and attention studies.",
}
@inproceedings{thorne-vlachos-2018-automated,
    title = "Automated Fact Checking: Task Formulations, Methods and Future Directions",
    author = "Thorne, James  and
      Vlachos, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1283",
    pages = "3346--3359",
    abstract = "The recently increased focus on misinformation has stimulated research in fact checking, the task of assessing the truthfulness of a claim. Research in automating this task has been conducted in a variety of disciplines including natural language processing, machine learning, knowledge representation, databases, and journalism. While there has been substantial progress, relevant papers and articles have been published in research communities that are often unaware of each other and use inconsistent terminology, thus impeding understanding and further progress. In this paper we survey automated fact checking research stemming from natural language processing and related disciplines, unifying the task formulations and methodologies across papers and authors. Furthermore, we highlight the use of evidence as an important distinguishing factor among them cutting across task formulations and methods. We conclude with proposing avenues for future NLP research on automated fact checking.",
}
@inproceedings{dungs-etal-2018-rumour,
    title = "Can Rumour Stance Alone Predict Veracity?",
    author = "Dungs, Sebastian  and
      Aker, Ahmet  and
      Fuhr, Norbert  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1284",
    pages = "3360--3370",
    abstract = "Prior manual studies of rumours suggested that crowd stance can give insights into the actual rumour veracity. Even though numerous studies of automatic veracity classification of social media rumours have been carried out, none explored the effectiveness of leveraging crowd stance to determine veracity. We use stance as an additional feature to those commonly used in earlier studies. We also model the veracity of a rumour using variants of Hidden Markov Models (HMM) and the collective stance information. This paper demonstrates that HMMs that use stance and tweets{'} times as the only features for modelling true and false rumours achieve F1 scores in the range of 80{\%}, outperforming those approaches where stance is used jointly with content and user based features.",
}
@inproceedings{de-sarkar-etal-2018-attending,
    title = "Attending Sentences to detect Satirical Fake News",
    author = "De Sarkar, Sohan  and
      Yang, Fan  and
      Mukherjee, Arjun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1285",
    pages = "3371--3380",
    abstract = "Satirical news detection is important in order to prevent the spread of misinformation over the Internet. Existing approaches to capture news satire use machine learning models such as SVM and hierarchical neural networks along with hand-engineered features, but do not explore sentence and document difference. This paper proposes a robust, hierarchical deep neural network approach for satire detection, which is capable of capturing satire both at the sentence level and at the document level. The architecture incorporates pluggable generic neural networks like CNN, GRU, and LSTM. Experimental results on real world news satire dataset show substantial performance gains demonstrating the effectiveness of our proposed approach. An inspection of the learned models reveals the existence of key sentences that control the presence of satire in news.",
}
@inproceedings{sasaki-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Stances from Social Media Posts using Factorization Machines",
    author = "Sasaki, Akira  and
      Hanawa, Kazuaki  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1286",
    pages = "3381--3390",
    abstract = "Social media provide platforms to express, discuss, and shape opinions about events and issues in the real world. An important step to analyze the discussions on social media and to assist in healthy decision-making is stance detection. This paper presents an approach to detect the stance of a user toward a topic based on their stances toward other topics and the social media posts of the user. We apply factorization machines, a widely used method in item recommendation, to model user preferences toward topics from the social media data. The experimental results demonstrate that users{'} posts are useful to model topic preferences and therefore predict stances of silent users.",
}
@inproceedings{perez-rosas-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Fake News",
    author = "P{\'e}rez-Rosas, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      Kleinberg, Bennett  and
      Lefevre, Alexandra  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1287",
    pages = "3391--3401",
    abstract = "The proliferation of misleading information in everyday access media outlets such as social media feeds, news blogs, and online newspapers have made it challenging to identify trustworthy news sources, thus increasing the need for computational tools able to provide insights into the reliability of online content. In this paper, we focus on the automatic identification of fake content in online news. Our contribution is twofold. First, we introduce two novel datasets for the task of fake news detection, covering seven different news domains. We describe the collection, annotation, and validation process in detail and present several exploratory analyses on the identification of linguistic differences in fake and legitimate news content. Second, we conduct a set of learning experiments to build accurate fake news detectors, and show that we can achieve accuracies of up to 76{\%}. In addition, we provide comparative analyses of the automatic and manual identification of fake news.",
}
@inproceedings{kochkina-etal-2018-one,
    title = "All-in-one: Multi-task Learning for Rumour Verification",
    author = "Kochkina, Elena  and
      Liakata, Maria  and
      Zubiaga, Arkaitz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1288",
    pages = "3402--3413",
    abstract = "Automatic resolution of rumours is a challenging task that can be broken down into smaller components that make up a pipeline, including rumour detection, rumour tracking and stance classification, leading to the final outcome of determining the veracity of a rumour. In previous work, these steps in the process of rumour verification have been developed as separate components where the output of one feeds into the next. We propose a multi-task learning approach that allows joint training of the main and auxiliary tasks, improving the performance of rumour verification. We examine the connection between the dataset properties and the outcomes of the multi-task learning models used.",
}
@inproceedings{groth-etal-2018-open,
    title = "Open Information Extraction on Scientific Text: An Evaluation",
    author = "Groth, Paul  and
      Lauruhn, Mike  and
      Scerri, Antony  and
      Daniel Jr., Ron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1289",
    pages = "3414--3423",
    abstract = "Open Information Extraction (OIE) is the task of the unsupervised creation of structured information from text. OIE is often used as a starting point for a number of downstream tasks including knowledge base construction, relation extraction, and question answering. While OIE methods are targeted at being domain independent, they have been evaluated primarily on newspaper, encyclopedic or general web text. In this article, we evaluate the performance of OIE on scientific texts originating from 10 different disciplines. To do so, we use two state-of-the-art OIE systems using a crowd-sourcing approach. We find that OIE systems perform significantly worse on scientific text than encyclopedic text. We also provide an error analysis and suggest areas of work to reduce errors. Our corpus of sentences and judgments are made available.",
}
@inproceedings{k-sarma-sethares-2018-simple,
    title = "Simple Algorithms For Sentiment Analysis On Sentiment Rich, Data Poor Domains.",
    author = "K Sarma, Prathusha  and
      Sethares, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1290",
    pages = "3424--3435",
    abstract = "Standard word embedding algorithms learn vector representations from large corpora of text documents in an unsupervised fashion. However, the quality of word embeddings learned from these algorithms is affected by the size of training data sets. Thus, applications of these algorithms in domains with only moderate amounts of available data is limited. In this paper we introduce an algorithm that learns word embeddings jointly with a classifier. Our algorithm is called SWESA (Supervised Word Embeddings for Sentiment Analysis). SWESA leverages document label information to learn vector representations of words from a modest corpus of text documents by solving an optimization problem that minimizes a cost function with respect to both word embeddings and the weight vector used for classification. Experiments on several real world data sets show that SWESA has superior performance on domains with limited data, when compared to previously suggested approaches to word embeddings and sentiment analysis tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{leeuwenberg-moens-2018-word,
    title = "Word-Level Loss Extensions for Neural Temporal Relation Classification",
    author = "Leeuwenberg, Artuur  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1291",
    pages = "3436--3447",
    abstract = "Unsupervised pre-trained word embeddings are used effectively for many tasks in natural language processing to leverage unlabeled textual data. Often these embeddings are either used as initializations or as fixed word representations for task-specific classification models. In this work, we extend our classification model{'}s task loss with an unsupervised auxiliary loss on the word-embedding level of the model. This is to ensure that the learned word representations contain both task-specific features, learned from the supervised loss component, and more general features learned from the unsupervised loss component. We evaluate our approach on the task of temporal relation extraction, in particular, narrative containment relation extraction from clinical records, and show that continued training of the embeddings on the unsupervised objective together with the task objective gives better task-specific embeddings, and results in an improvement over the state of the art on the THYME dataset, using only a general-domain part-of-speech tagger as linguistic resource.",
}
@inproceedings{yeung-lee-2018-personalized,
    title = "Personalized Text Retrieval for Learners of {C}hinese as a Foreign Language",
    author = "Yeung, Chak Yan  and
      Lee, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1292",
    pages = "3448--3455",
    abstract = "This paper describes a personalized text retrieval algorithm that helps language learners select the most suitable reading material in terms of vocabulary complexity. The user first rates their knowledge of a small set of words, chosen by a graph-based active learning model. The system trains a complex word identification model on this set, and then applies the model to find texts that contain the desired proportion of new, challenging, and familiar vocabulary. In an evaluation on learners of Chinese as a foreign language, we show that this algorithm is effective in identifying simpler texts for low-proficiency learners, and more challenging ones for high-proficiency learners.",
}
@inproceedings{markov-etal-2018-punctuation,
    title = "Punctuation as Native Language Interference",
    author = "Markov, Ilia  and
      Nastase, Vivi  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1293",
    pages = "3456--3466",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe experiments designed to explore and evaluate the impact of punctuation marks on the task of native language identification. Punctuation is specific to each language, and is part of the indicators that overtly represent the manner in which each language organizes and conveys information. Our experiments are organized in various set-ups: the usual multi-class classification for individual languages, also considering classification by language groups, across different proficiency levels, topics and even cross-corpus. The results support our hypothesis that punctuation marks are persistent and robust indicators of the native language of the author, which do not diminish in influence even when a high proficiency level in a non-native language is achieved.",
}
@inproceedings{zilio-etal-2018-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Productive and Receptive Knowledge: A Profile for Second Language Learning",
    author = "Zilio, Leonardo  and
      Wilkens, Rodrigo  and
      Fairon, C{\'e}drick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1294",
    pages = "3467--3478",
    abstract = "The literature frequently addresses the differences in receptive and productive vocabulary, but grammar is often left unacknowledged in second language acquisition studies. In this paper, we used two corpora to investigate the divergences in the behavior of pedagogically relevant grammatical structures in reception and production texts. We further improved the divergence scores observed in this investigation by setting a polarity to them that indicates whether there is overuse or underuse of a grammatical structure by language learners. This led to the compilation of a language profile that was later combined with vocabulary and readability features for classifying reception and production texts in three classes: beginner, intermediate, and advanced. The results of the automatic classification task in both production (0.872 of F-measure) and reception (0.942 of F-measure) were comparable to the current state of the art. We also attempted to automatically attribute a score to texts produced by learners, and the correlation results were encouraging, but there is still a good amount of room for improvement in this task. The developed language profile will serve as input for a system that helps language learners to activate more of their passive knowledge in writing texts.",
}
@inproceedings{chu-etal-2018-iparaphrasing,
    title = "i{P}araphrasing: Extracting Visually Grounded Paraphrases via an Image",
    author = "Chu, Chenhui  and
      Otani, Mayu  and
      Nakashima, Yuta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1295",
    pages = "3479--3492",
    abstract = "A paraphrase is a restatement of the meaning of a text in other words. Paraphrases have been studied to enhance the performance of many natural language processing tasks. In this paper, we propose a novel task iParaphrasing to extract visually grounded paraphrases (VGPs), which are different phrasal expressions describing the same visual concept in an image. These extracted VGPs have the potential to improve language and image multimodal tasks such as visual question answering and image captioning. How to model the similarity between VGPs is the key of iParaphrasing. We apply various existing methods as well as propose a novel neural network-based method with image attention, and report the results of the first attempt toward iParaphrasing.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2018-mcdtb,
    title = "{MCDTB}: A Macro-level {C}hinese Discourse {T}ree{B}ank",
    author = "Jiang, Feng  and
      Xu, Sheng  and
      Chu, Xiaomin  and
      Li, Peifeng  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1296",
    pages = "3493--3504",
    abstract = "In view of the differences between the annotations of micro and macro discourse rela-tionships, this paper describes the relevant experiments on the construction of the Macro Chinese Discourse Treebank (MCDTB), a higher-level Chinese discourse corpus. Fol-lowing RST (Rhetorical Structure Theory), we annotate the macro discourse information, including discourse structure, nuclearity and relationship, and the additional discourse information, including topic sentences, lead and abstract, to make the macro discourse annotation more objective and accurate. Finally, we annotated 720 articles with a Kappa value greater than 0.6. Preliminary experiments on this corpus verify the computability of MCDTB.",
}
@inproceedings{srinivasan-etal-2018-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based Content Construction",
    author = "Srinivasan, Balaji Vasan  and
      Maneriker, Pranav  and
      Krishna, Kundan  and
      Modani, Natwar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1297",
    pages = "3505--3515",
    abstract = "Enterprise content writers are engaged in writing textual content for various purposes. Often, the text being written may already be present in the enterprise corpus in the form of past articles and can be re-purposed for the current needs. In the absence of suitable tools, authors manually curate/create such content (sometimes from scratch) which reduces their productivity. To address this, we propose an automatic approach to generate an initial version of the author{'}s intended text based on an input content snippet. Starting with a set of extracted textual fragments related to the snippet based on the query words in it, the proposed approach builds the desired text from these fragment by simultaneously optimizing the information coverage, relevance, diversity and coherence in the generated content. Evaluations on standard datasets shows improved performance against existing baselines on several metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{roesiger-etal-2018-bridging,
    title = "Bridging resolution: Task definition, corpus resources and rule-based experiments",
    author = "Roesiger, Ina  and
      Riester, Arndt  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1298",
    pages = "3516--3528",
    abstract = "Recent work on bridging resolution has so far been based on the corpus ISNotes (Markert et al. 2012), as this was the only corpus available with unrestricted bridging annotation. Hou et al. 2014{'}s rule-based system currently achieves state-of-the-art performance on this corpus, as learning-based approaches suffer from the lack of available training data. Recently, a number of new corpora with bridging annotations have become available. To test the generalisability of the approach by Hou et al. 2014, we apply a slightly extended rule-based system to these corpora. Besides the expected out-of-domain effects, we also observe low performance on some of the in-domain corpora. Our analysis shows that this is the result of two very different phenomena being defined as bridging, namely referential and lexical bridging. We also report that filtering out gold or predicted coreferent anaphors before applying the bridging resolution system helps improve bridging resolution.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Disfluency Detection",
    author = "Wang, Feng  and
      Chen, Wei  and
      Yang, Zhen  and
      Dong, Qianqian  and
      Xu, Shuang  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1299",
    pages = "3529--3538",
    abstract = "While the disfluency detection has achieved notable success in the past years, it still severely suffers from the data scarcity. To tackle this problem, we propose a novel semi-supervised approach which can utilize large amounts of unlabelled data. In this work, a light-weight neural net is proposed to extract the hidden features based solely on self-attention without any Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) or Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). In addition, we use the unlabelled corpus to enhance the performance. Besides, the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) training is applied to enforce the similar distribution between the labelled and unlabelled data. The experimental results show that our approach achieves significant improvements over strong baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{mezza-etal-2018-iso,
    title = "{ISO}-Standard Domain-Independent Dialogue Act Tagging for Conversational Agents",
    author = "Mezza, Stefano  and
      Cervone, Alessandra  and
      Stepanov, Evgeny  and
      Tortoreto, Giuliano  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1300",
    pages = "3539--3551",
    abstract = "Dialogue Act (DA) tagging is crucial for spoken language understanding systems, as it provides a general representation of speakers{'} intents, not bound to a particular dialogue system. Unfortunately, publicly available data sets with DA annotation are all based on different annotation schemes and thus incompatible with each other. Moreover, their schemes often do not cover all aspects necessary for open-domain human-machine interaction. In this paper, we propose a methodology to map several publicly available corpora to a subset of the ISO standard, in order to create a large task-independent training corpus for DA classification. We show the feasibility of using this corpus to train a domain-independent DA tagger testing it on out-of-domain conversational data, and argue the importance of training on multiple corpora to achieve robustness across different DA categories.",
}
@inproceedings{alikhani-stone-2018-arrows,
    title = "Arrows are the Verbs of Diagrams",
    author = "Alikhani, Malihe  and
      Stone, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1301",
    pages = "3552--3563",
    abstract = "Arrows are a key ingredient of schematic pictorial communication. This paper investigates the interpretation of arrows through linguistic, crowdsourcing and machine-learning methodology. Our work establishes a novel analogy between arrows and verbs: we advocate representing arrows in terms of qualitatively different structural and semantic frames, and resolving frames to specific interpretations using shallow world knowledge.",
}
@inproceedings{zamaraeva-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Feature Extraction for Pathology Reports with Precise Negation Scope Detection",
    author = "Zamaraeva, Olga  and
      Howell, Kristen  and
      Rhine, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1302",
    pages = "3564--3575",
    abstract = "We use a broad coverage, linguistically precise English Resource Grammar (ERG) to detect negation scope in sentences taken from pathology reports. We show that incorporating this information in feature extraction has a positive effect on classification of the reports with respect to cancer laterality compared with NegEx, a commonly used tool for negation detection. We analyze the differences between NegEx and ERG results on our dataset and how these differences indicate some directions for future work.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-bridge,
    title = "Bridge Video and Text with Cascade Syntactic Structure",
    author = "Wang, Guolong  and
      Qin, Zheng  and
      Xu, Kaiping  and
      Huang, Kai  and
      Ye, Shuxiong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1303",
    pages = "3576--3585",
    abstract = "We present a video captioning approach that encodes features by progressively completing syntactic structure (LSTM-CSS). To construct basic syntactic structure (i.e., subject, predicate, and object), we use a Conditional Random Field to label semantic representations (i.e., motions, objects). We argue that in order to improve the comprehensiveness of the description, the local features within object regions can be used to generate complementary syntactic elements (e.g., attribute, adverbial). Inspired by redundancy of human receptors, we utilize a Region Proposal Network to focus on the object regions. To model the final temporal dynamics, Recurrent Neural Network with Path Embeddings is adopted. We demonstrate the effectiveness of LSTM-CSS on generating natural sentences: 42.3{\%} and 28.5{\%} in terms of BLEU@4 and METEOR. Superior performance when compared to state-of-the-art methods are reported on a large video description dataset (i.e., MSR-VTT-2016).",
}
@inproceedings{masumura-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-task and Multi-lingual Joint Learning of Neural Lexical Utterance Classification based on Partially-shared Modeling",
    author = "Masumura, Ryo  and
      Tanaka, Tomohiro  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Masataki, Hirokazu  and
      Aono, Yushi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1304",
    pages = "3586--3596",
    abstract = "This paper is an initial study on multi-task and multi-lingual joint learning for lexical utterance classification. A major problem in constructing lexical utterance classification modules for spoken dialogue systems is that individual data resources are often limited or unbalanced among tasks and/or languages. Various studies have examined joint learning using neural-network based shared modeling; however, previous joint learning studies focused on either cross-task or cross-lingual knowledge transfer. In order to simultaneously support both multi-task and multi-lingual joint learning, our idea is to explicitly divide state-of-the-art neural lexical utterance classification into language-specific components that can be shared between different tasks and task-specific components that can be shared between different languages. In addition, in order to effectively transfer knowledge between different task data sets and different language data sets, this paper proposes a partially-shared modeling method that possesses both shared components and components specific to individual data sets. We demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed method using Japanese and English data sets with three different lexical utterance classification tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{bai-etal-2018-source,
    title = "Source Critical Reinforcement Learning for Transferring Spoken Language Understanding to a New Language",
    author = "Bai, He  and
      Zhou, Yu  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zhao, Liang  and
      Hwang, Mei-Yuh  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1305",
    pages = "3597--3607",
    abstract = "To deploy a spoken language understanding (SLU) model to a new language, language transferring is desired to avoid the trouble of acquiring and labeling a new big SLU corpus. An SLU corpus is a monolingual corpus with domain/intent/slot labels. Translating the original SLU corpus into the target language is an attractive strategy. However, SLU corpora consist of plenty of semantic labels (slots), which general-purpose translators cannot handle well, not to mention additional culture differences. This paper focuses on the language transferring task given a small in-domain parallel SLU corpus. The in-domain parallel corpus can be used as the first adaptation on the general translator. But more importantly, we show how to use reinforcement learning (RL) to further adapt the adapted translator, where translated sentences with more proper slot tags receive higher rewards. Our reward is derived from the source input sentence exclusively, unlike reward via actor-critical methods or computing reward with a ground truth target sentence. Hence we can adapt the translator the second time, using the big monolingual SLU corpus from the source language. We evaluate our approach on Chinese to English language transferring for SLU systems. The experimental results show that the generated English SLU corpus via adaptation and reinforcement learning gives us over 97{\%} in the slot F1 score and over 84{\%} accuracy in domain classification. It demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed language transferring method. Compared with naive translation, our proposed method improves domain classification accuracy by relatively 22{\%}, and the slot filling F1 score by relatively more than 71{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-prospective,
    title = "A Prospective-Performance Network to Alleviate Myopia in Beam Search for Response Generation",
    author = "Wang, Zongsheng  and
      Bai, Yunzhi  and
      Wu, Bowen  and
      Xu, Zhen  and
      Wang, Zhuoran  and
      Wang, Baoxun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1306",
    pages = "3608--3618",
    abstract = "Generative dialog models usually adopt beam search as the inference method to generate responses. However, small-width beam search only focuses on the limited current optima. This deficiency named as myopic bias ultimately suppresses the diversity and probability of generated responses. Although increasing the beam width mitigates the myopic bias, it also proportionally slows down the inference efficiency. To alleviate the myopic bias in small-width beam search, this paper proposes a Prospective-Performance Network (PPN) to predict the future reward of the given partially-generated response, and the future reward is defined by the expectation of the partial response appearing in the top-ranked responses given by a larger-width beam search. Enhanced by PPN, the decoder can promote the results with great potential during the beam search phase. The experimental results on both Chinese and English corpora show that our method is promising to increase the quality and diversity of generated responses, with inference efficiency well maintained.",
}
@inproceedings{xing-etal-2018-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Multi-Task Transfer Learning for {C}hinese Word Segmentation in Medical Text",
    author = "Xing, Junjie  and
      Zhu, Kenny  and
      Zhang, Shaodian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1307",
    pages = "3619--3630",
    abstract = "Chinese word segmentation (CWS) trained from open source corpus faces dramatic performance drop when dealing with domain text, especially for a domain with lots of special terms and diverse writing styles, such as the biomedical domain. However, building domain-specific CWS requires extremely high annotation cost. In this paper, we propose an approach by exploiting domain-invariant knowledge from high resource to low resource domains. Extensive experiments show that our model achieves consistently higher accuracy than the single-task CWS and other transfer learning baselines, especially when there is a large disparity between source and target domains.",
}
@inproceedings{sato-etal-2018-addressee,
    title = "Addressee and Response Selection for Multilingual Conversation",
    author = "Sato, Motoki  and
      Ouchi, Hiroki  and
      Tsuboi, Yuta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1308",
    pages = "3631--3644",
    abstract = "Developing conversational systems that can converse in many languages is an interesting challenge for natural language processing. In this paper, we introduce multilingual addressee and response selection. In this task, a conversational system predicts an appropriate addressee and response for an input message in multiple languages. A key to developing such multilingual responding systems is how to utilize high-resource language data to compensate for low-resource language data. We present several knowledge transfer methods for conversational systems. To evaluate our methods, we create a new multilingual conversation dataset. Experiments on the dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-graph,
    title = "Graph Based Decoding for Event Sequencing and Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Liu, Zhengzhong  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1309",
    pages = "3645--3657",
    abstract = "Events in text documents are interrelated in complex ways. In this paper, we study two types of relation: Event Coreference and Event Sequencing. We show that the popular tree-like decoding structure for automated Event Coreference is not suitable for Event Sequencing. To this end, we propose a graph-based decoding algorithm that is applicable to both tasks. The new decoding algorithm supports flexible feature sets for both tasks. Empirically, our event coreference system has achieved state-of-the-art performance on the TAC-KBP 2015 event coreference task and our event sequencing system beats a strong temporal-based, oracle-informed baseline. We discuss the challenges of studying these event relations.",
}
@inproceedings{van-miltenburg-etal-2018-didec,
    title = "{DIDEC}: The {D}utch Image Description and Eye-tracking Corpus",
    author = "van Miltenburg, Emiel  and
      K{\'a}d{\'a}r, {\'A}kos  and
      Koolen, Ruud  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1310",
    pages = "3658--3669",
    abstract = "We present a corpus of spoken Dutch image descriptions, paired with two sets of eye-tracking data: Free viewing, where participants look at images without any particular purpose, and Description viewing, where we track eye movements while participants produce spoken descriptions of the images they are viewing. This paper describes the data collection procedure and the corpus itself, and provides an initial analysis of self-corrections in image descriptions. We also present two studies showing the potential of this data. Though these studies mainly serve as an example, we do find two interesting results: (1) the eye-tracking data for the description viewing task is more coherent than for the free-viewing task; (2) variation in image descriptions (also called {`}image specificity{'}; Jas and Parikh, 2015) is only moderately correlated across different languages. Our corpus can be used to gain a deeper understanding of the image description task, particularly how visual attention is correlated with the image description process.",
}
@inproceedings{simonson-davis-2018-narrative,
    title = "Narrative Schema Stability in News Text",
    author = "Simonson, Dan  and
      Davis, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1311",
    pages = "3670--3680",
    abstract = "We investigate the stability of narrative schemas (Chambers and Jurafsky, 2009) automatically induced from a news corpus, representing recurring narratives in a corpus. If such techniques produce meaningful results, we should expect that small changes to the corpus will result in only small changes to the induced schemas. We describe experiments involving successive ablation of a corpus and cross-validation at each stage of ablation, on schemas generated by three different techniques over a general news corpus and topically-specific subcorpora. We also develop a method for evaluating the similarity between sets of narrative schemas, and thus the stability of the schema induction algorithms. This stability analysis affirms the heterogeneous/homogeneous document category hypothesis first presented in Simonson and Davis (2016), whose technique is problematically limited. Additionally, increased ablation leads to increasing stability, so the smaller the remaining corpus, the more stable schema generation appears to be. We surmise that as a corpus grows larger, novel and more varied narratives continue to appear and stability declines, though at some point this decline levels off as new additions to the corpus consist essentially of {``}more of the same.{''}",
}
@inproceedings{yusupov-kuratov-2018-nips,
    title = "{NIPS} Conversational Intelligence Challenge 2017 Winner System: Skill-based Conversational Agent with Supervised Dialog Manager",
    author = "Yusupov, Idris  and
      Kuratov, Yurii",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1312",
    pages = "3681--3692",
    abstract = "We present bot{\#}1337: a dialog system developed for the 1st NIPS Conversational Intelligence Challenge 2017 (ConvAI). The aim of the competition was to implement a bot capable of conversing with humans based on a given passage of text. To enable conversation, we implemented a set of skills for our bot, including chit-chat, topic detection, text summarization, question answering and question generation. The system has been trained in a supervised setting using a dialogue manager to select an appropriate skill for generating a response. The latter allows a developer to focus on the skill implementation rather than the finite state machine based dialog manager. The proposed system bot{\#}1337 won the competition with an average dialogue quality score of 2.78 out of 5 given by human evaluators. Source code and trained models for the bot{\#}1337 are available on GitHub.",
}
@inproceedings{ogorman-etal-2018-amr,
    title = "{AMR} Beyond the Sentence: the Multi-sentence {AMR} corpus",
    author = "O{'}Gorman, Tim  and
      Regan, Michael  and
      Griffitt, Kira  and
      Hermjakob, Ulf  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1313",
    pages = "3693--3702",
    abstract = "There are few corpora that endeavor to represent the semantic content of entire documents. We present a corpus that accomplishes one way of capturing document level semantics, by annotating coreference and similar phenomena (bridging and implicit roles) on top of gold Abstract Meaning Representations of sentence-level semantics. We present a new corpus of this annotation, with analysis of its quality, alongside a plausible baseline for comparison. It is hoped that this Multi-Sentence AMR corpus (MS-AMR) may become a feasible method for developing rich representations of document meaning, useful for tasks such as information extraction and question answering.",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-2018-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Argument-Level Interactions for Persuasion Comments Evaluation using Co-attention Model",
    author = "Ji, Lu  and
      Wei, Zhongyu  and
      Hu, Xiangkun  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Zhang, Qi  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1314",
    pages = "3703--3714",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate the issue of persuasiveness evaluation for argumentative comments. Most of the existing research explores different text features of reply comments on word level and ignores interactions between participants. In general, viewpoints are usually expressed by multiple arguments and exchanged on argument level. To better model the process of dialogical argumentation, we propose a novel co-attention mechanism based neural network to capture the interactions between participants on argument level. Experimental results on a publicly available dataset show that the proposed model significantly outperforms some state-of-the-art methods for persuasiveness evaluation. Further analysis reveals that attention weights computed in our model are able to extract interactive argument pairs from the original post and the reply.",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Visually-Grounded Semantics from Contrastive Adversarial Samples",
    author = "Shi, Haoyue  and
      Mao, Jiayuan  and
      Xiao, Tete  and
      Jiang, Yuning  and
      Sun, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1315",
    pages = "3715--3727",
    abstract = "We study the problem of grounding distributional representations of texts on the visual domain, namely visual-semantic embeddings (VSE for short). Begin with an insightful adversarial attack on VSE embeddings, we show the limitation of current frameworks and image-text datasets (e.g., MS-COCO) both quantitatively and qualitatively. The large gap between the number of possible constitutions of real-world semantics and the size of parallel data, to a large extent, restricts the model to establish a strong link between textual semantics and visual concepts. We alleviate this problem by augmenting the MS-COCO image captioning datasets with textual contrastive adversarial samples. These samples are synthesized using language priors of human and the WordNet knowledge base, and enforce the model to ground learned embeddings to concrete concepts within the image. This simple but powerful technique brings a noticeable improvement over the baselines on a diverse set of downstream tasks, in addition to defending known-type adversarial attacks. Codes are available at https://github.com/ExplorerFreda/VSE-C.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-structured,
    title = "Structured Representation Learning for Online Debate Stance Prediction",
    author = "Li, Chang  and
      Porco, Aldo  and
      Goldwasser, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1316",
    pages = "3728--3739",
    abstract = "Online debates can help provide valuable information about various perspectives on a wide range of issues. However, understanding the stances expressed in these debates is a highly challenging task, which requires modeling both textual content and users{'} conversational interactions. Current approaches take a collective classification approach, which ignores the relationships between different debate topics. In this work, we suggest to view this task as a representation learning problem, and embed the text and authors jointly based on their interactions. We evaluate our model over the Internet Argumentation Corpus, and compare different approaches for structural information embedding. Experimental results show that our model can achieve significantly better results compared to previous competitive models.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Multi-turn Conversation with Deep Utterance Aggregation",
    author = "Zhang, Zhuosheng  and
      Li, Jiangtong  and
      Zhu, Pengfei  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Liu, Gongshen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1317",
    pages = "3740--3752",
    abstract = "Multi-turn conversation understanding is a major challenge for building intelligent dialogue systems. This work focuses on retrieval-based response matching for multi-turn conversation whose related work simply concatenates the conversation utterances, ignoring the interactions among previous utterances for context modeling. In this paper, we formulate previous utterances into context using a proposed deep utterance aggregation model to form a fine-grained context representation. In detail, a self-matching attention is first introduced to route the vital information in each utterance. Then the model matches a response with each refined utterance and the final matching score is obtained after attentive turns aggregation. Experimental results show our model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on three multi-turn conversation benchmarks, including a newly introduced e-commerce dialogue corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{wachsmuth-etal-2018-argumentation,
    title = "Argumentation Synthesis following Rhetorical Strategies",
    author = "Wachsmuth, Henning  and
      Stede, Manfred  and
      El Baff, Roxanne  and
      Al-Khatib, Khalid  and
      Skeppstedt, Maria  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1318",
    pages = "3753--3765",
    abstract = "Persuasion is rarely achieved through a loose set of arguments alone. Rather, an effective delivery of arguments follows a rhetorical strategy, combining logical reasoning with appeals to ethics and emotion. We argue that such a strategy means to select, arrange, and phrase a set of argumentative discourse units. In this paper, we model rhetorical strategies for the computational synthesis of effective argumentation. In a study, we let 26 experts synthesize argumentative texts with different strategies for 10 topics. We find that the experts agree in the selection significantly more when following the same strategy. While the texts notably vary for different strategies, especially their arrangement remains stable. The results suggest that our model enables a strategical synthesis.",
}
@inproceedings{banerjee-etal-2018-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset for Building Code-Mixed Goal Oriented Conversation Systems",
    author = "Banerjee, Suman  and
      Moghe, Nikita  and
      Arora, Siddhartha  and
      Khapra, Mitesh M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1319",
    pages = "3766--3780",
    abstract = "There is an increasing demand for goal-oriented conversation systems which can assist users in various day-to-day activities such as booking tickets, restaurant reservations, shopping, etc. Most of the existing datasets for building such conversation systems focus on monolingual conversations and there is hardly any work on multilingual and/or code-mixed conversations. Such datasets and systems thus do not cater to the multilingual regions of the world, such as India, where it is very common for people to speak more than one language and seamlessly switch between them resulting in code-mixed conversations. For example, a Hindi speaking user looking to book a restaurant would typically ask, {``}Kya tum is restaurant mein ek table book karne mein meri help karoge?{''} ({``}Can you help me in booking a table at this restaurant?{''}). To facilitate the development of such code-mixed conversation models, we build a goal-oriented dialog dataset containing code-mixed conversations. Specifically, we take the text from the DSTC2 restaurant reservation dataset and create code-mixed versions of it in Hindi-English, Bengali-English, Gujarati-English and Tamil-English. We also establish initial baselines on this dataset using existing state of the art models. This dataset along with our baseline implementations will be made publicly available for research purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{wen-etal-2018-sequence,
    title = "Sequence-to-Sequence Learning for Task-oriented Dialogue with Dialogue State Representation",
    author = "Wen, Haoyang  and
      Liu, Yijia  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Qin, Libo  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1320",
    pages = "3781--3792",
    abstract = "Classic pipeline models for task-oriented dialogue system require explicit modeling the dialogue states and hand-crafted action spaces to query a domain-specific knowledge base. Conversely, sequence-to-sequence models learn to map dialogue history to the response in current turn without explicit knowledge base querying. In this work, we propose a novel framework that leverages the advantages of classic pipeline and sequence-to-sequence models. Our framework models a dialogue state as a fixed-size distributed representation and use this representation to query a knowledge base via an attention mechanism. Experiment on Stanford Multi-turn Multi-domain Task-oriented Dialogue Dataset shows that our framework significantly outperforms other sequence-to-sequence based baseline models on both automatic and human evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{mitra-etal-2018-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Deep Visual Features into Multiobjective based Multi-view Search Results Clustering",
    author = "Mitra, Sayantan  and
      Hasanuzzaman, Mohammed  and
      Saha, Sriparna  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1321",
    pages = "3793--3805",
    abstract = "Current paper explores the use of multi-view learning for search result clustering. A web-snippet can be represented using multiple views. Apart from textual view cued by both the semantic and syntactic information, a complimentary view extracted from images contained in the web-snippets is also utilized in the current framework. A single consensus partitioning is finally obtained after consulting these two individual views by the deployment of a multiobjective based clustering technique. Several objective functions including the values of a cluster quality measure measuring the goodness of partitionings obtained using different views and an agreement-disagreement index, quantifying the amount of oneness among multiple views in generating partitionings are optimized simultaneously using AMOSA. In order to detect the number of clusters automatically, concepts of variable length solutions and a vast range of permutation operators are introduced in the clustering process. Finally, a set of alternative partitioning are obtained on the final Pareto front by the proposed multi-view based multiobjective technique. Experimental results by the proposed approach on several benchmark test datasets of SRC with respect to different performance metrics evidently establish the power of visual and text-based views in achieving better search result clustering.",
}
@inproceedings{miura-etal-2018-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Tree Structures and Graph Structures with Neural Networks to Classify Discussion Discourse Acts",
    author = "Miura, Yasuhide  and
      Kano, Ryuji  and
      Taniguchi, Motoki  and
      Taniguchi, Tomoki  and
      Misawa, Shotaro  and
      Ohkuma, Tomoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1322",
    pages = "3806--3818",
    abstract = "We proposed a model that integrates discussion structures with neural networks to classify discourse acts. Several attempts have been made in earlier works to analyze texts that are used in various discussions. The importance of discussion structures has been explored in those works but their methods required a sophisticated design to combine structural features with a classifier. Our model introduces tree learning approaches and a graph learning approach to directly capture discussion structures without structural features. In an evaluation to classify discussion discourse acts in Reddit, the model achieved improvements of 1.5{\%} in accuracy and 2.2 in FB1 score compared to the previous best model. We further analyzed the model using an attention mechanism to inspect interactions among different learning approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{ercan-yildiz-2018-anlamver,
    title = "{A}nlam{V}er: Semantic Model Evaluation Dataset for {T}urkish - Word Similarity and Relatedness",
    author = {Ercan, G{\"o}khan  and
      Y{\i}ld{\i}z, Olcay Taner},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1323",
    pages = "3819--3836",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present AnlamVer, which is a semantic model evaluation dataset for Turkish designed to evaluate word similarity and word relatedness tasks while discriminating those two relations from each other. Our dataset consists of 500 word-pairs annotated by 12 human subjects, and each pair has two distinct scores for similarity and relatedness. Word-pairs are selected to enable the evaluation of distributional semantic models by multiple attributes of words and word-pair relations such as frequency, morphology, concreteness and relation types (e.g., synonymy, antonymy). Our aim is to provide insights to semantic model researchers by evaluating models in multiple attributes. We balance dataset word-pairs by their frequencies to evaluate the robustness of semantic models concerning out-of-vocabulary and rare words problems, which are caused by the rich derivational and inflectional morphology of the Turkish language.",
}
@inproceedings{przepiorkowski-patejuk-2018-arguments,
    title = "Arguments and Adjuncts in Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam  and
      Patejuk, Agnieszka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1324",
    pages = "3837--3852",
    abstract = "The aim of this paper is to argue for a coherent Universal Dependencies approach to the core vs. non-core distinction. We demonstrate inconsistencies in the current version 2 of UD in this respect {--} mostly resulting from the preservation of the argument{--}adjunct dichotomy despite the declared avoidance of this distinction {--} and propose a relatively conservative modification of UD that is free from these problems.",
}
@inproceedings{ruppenhofer-etal-2018-distinguishing,
    title = "Distinguishing affixoid formations from compounds",
    author = "Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Wiegand, Michael  and
      Wilm, Rebecca  and
      Markert, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1325",
    pages = "3853--3865",
    abstract = "We study German affixoids, a type of morpheme in between affixes and free stems. Several properties have been associated with them {--} increased productivity; a bleached semantics, which is often evaluative and/or intensifying and thus of relevance to sentiment analysis; and the existence of a free morpheme counterpart {--} but not been validated empirically. In experiments on a new data set that we make available, we put these key assumptions from the morphological literature to the test and show that despite the fact that affixoids generate many low-frequency formations, we can classify these as affixoid or non-affixoid instances with a best F1-score of 74{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{niklaus-etal-2018-survey,
    title = "A Survey on Open Information Extraction",
    author = "Niklaus, Christina  and
      Cetto, Matthias  and
      Freitas, Andr{\'e}  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1326",
    pages = "3866--3878",
    abstract = "We provide a detailed overview of the various approaches that were proposed to date to solve the task of Open Information Extraction. We present the major challenges that such systems face, show the evolution of the suggested approaches over time and depict the specific issues they address. In addition, we provide a critique of the commonly applied evaluation procedures for assessing the performance of Open IE systems and highlight some directions for future work.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2018-design,
    title = "Design Challenges and Misconceptions in Neural Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Yang, Jie  and
      Liang, Shuailong  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1327",
    pages = "3879--3889",
    abstract = "We investigate the design challenges of constructing effective and efficient neural sequence labeling systems, by reproducing twelve neural sequence labeling models, which include most of the state-of-the-art structures, and conduct a systematic model comparison on three benchmarks (i.e. NER, Chunking, and POS tagging). Misconceptions and inconsistent conclusions in existing literature are examined and clarified under statistical experiments. In the comparison and analysis process, we reach several practical conclusions which can be useful to practitioners.",
}
@inproceedings{lan-xu-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Network Models for Paraphrase Identification, Semantic Textual Similarity, Natural Language Inference, and Question Answering",
    author = "Lan, Wuwei  and
      Xu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1328",
    pages = "3890--3902",
    abstract = "In this paper, we analyze several neural network designs (and their variations) for sentence pair modeling and compare their performance extensively across eight datasets, including paraphrase identification, semantic textual similarity, natural language inference, and question answering tasks. Although most of these models have claimed state-of-the-art performance, the original papers often reported on only one or two selected datasets. We provide a systematic study and show that (i) encoding contextual information by LSTM and inter-sentence interactions are critical, (ii) Tree-LSTM does not help as much as previously claimed but surprisingly improves performance on Twitter datasets, (iii) the Enhanced Sequential Inference Model is the best so far for larger datasets, while the Pairwise Word Interaction Model achieves the best performance when less data is available. We release our implementations as an open-source toolkit.",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-mimno-2018-authorless,
    title = "Authorless Topic Models: Biasing Models Away from Known Structure",
    author = "Thompson, Laure  and
      Mimno, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1329",
    pages = "3903--3914",
    abstract = "Most previous work in unsupervised semantic modeling in the presence of metadata has assumed that our goal is to make latent dimensions more correlated with metadata, but in practice the exact opposite is often true. Some users want topic models that highlight differences between, for example, authors, but others seek more subtle connections across authors. We introduce three metrics for identifying topics that are highly correlated with metadata, and demonstrate that this problem affects between 30 and 50{\%} of the topics in models trained on two real-world collections, regardless of the size of the model. We find that we can predict which words cause this phenomenon and that by selectively subsampling these words we dramatically reduce topic-metadata correlation, improve topic stability, and maintain or even improve model quality.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2018-sgm,
    title = "{SGM}: Sequence Generation Model for Multi-label Classification",
    author = "Yang, Pengcheng  and
      Sun, Xu  and
      Li, Wei  and
      Ma, Shuming  and
      Wu, Wei  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1330",
    pages = "3915--3926",
    abstract = "Multi-label classification is an important yet challenging task in natural language processing. It is more complex than single-label classification in that the labels tend to be correlated. Existing methods tend to ignore the correlations between labels. Besides, different parts of the text can contribute differently for predicting different labels, which is not considered by existing models. In this paper, we propose to view the multi-label classification task as a sequence generation problem, and apply a sequence generation model with a novel decoder structure to solve it. Extensive experimental results show that our proposed methods outperform previous work by a substantial margin. Further analysis of experimental results demonstrates that the proposed methods not only capture the correlations between labels, but also select the most informative words automatically when predicting different labels.",
}
@proceedings{coling-2018-international-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    author = "Zhao, Dongyan",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2000",
}
@inproceedings{ciosici-assent-2018-abbreviation,
    title = "Abbreviation Expander - a Web-based System for Easy Reading of Technical Documents",
    author = "Ciosici, Manuel  and
      Assent, Ira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2001",
    pages = "1--4",
    abstract = "Abbreviations and acronyms are a part of textual communication in most domains. However, abbreviations are not necessarily defined in documents that employ them. Understanding all abbreviations used in a given document often requires extensive knowledge of the target domain and the ability to disambiguate based on context. This creates considerable entry barriers to newcomers and difficulties in automated document processing. Existing abbreviation expansion systems or tools require substantial technical knowledge for set up or make strong assumptions which limit their use in practice. Here, we present Abbreviation Expander, a system that builds on state of the art methods for identification of abbreviations, acronyms and their definitions and a novel disambiguator for abbreviation expansion in an easily accessible web-based solution.",
}
@inproceedings{klie-etal-2018-inception,
    title = "The {INCE}p{TION} Platform: Machine-Assisted and Knowledge-Oriented Interactive Annotation",
    author = "Klie, Jan-Christoph  and
      Bugert, Michael  and
      Boullosa, Beto  and
      Eckart de Castilho, Richard  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2002",
    pages = "5--9",
    abstract = "We introduce INCEpTION, a new annotation platform for tasks including interactive and semantic annotation (e.g., concept linking, fact linking, knowledge base population, semantic frame annotation). These tasks are very time consuming and demanding for annotators, especially when knowledge bases are used. We address these issues by developing an annotation platform that incorporates machine learning capabilities which actively assist and guide annotators. The platform is both generic and modular. It targets a range of research domains in need of semantic annotation, such as digital humanities, bioinformatics, or linguistics. INCEpTION is publicly available as open-source software.",
}
@inproceedings{hellrich-etal-2018-jeseme,
    title = "{J}e{S}em{E}: Interleaving Semantics and Emotions in a Web Service for the Exploration of Language Change Phenomena",
    author = "Hellrich, Johannes  and
      Buechel, Sven  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2003",
    pages = "10--14",
    abstract = "We here introduce a substantially extended version of JeSemE, an interactive website for visually exploring computationally derived time-variant information on word meanings and lexical emotions assembled from five large diachronic text corpora. JeSemE is designed for scholars in the (digital) humanities as an alternative to consulting manually compiled, printed dictionaries for such information (if available at all). This tool uniquely combines state-of-the-art distributional semantics with a nuanced model of human emotions, two information streams we deem beneficial for a data-driven interpretation of texts in the humanities.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-know,
    title = "T-Know: a Knowledge Graph-based Question Answering and Infor-mation Retrieval System for Traditional {C}hinese Medicine",
    author = "Liu, Ziqing  and
      Peng, Enwei  and
      Yan, Shixing  and
      Li, Guozheng  and
      Hao, Tianyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2004",
    pages = "15--19",
    abstract = "T-Know is a knowledge service system based on the constructed knowledge graph of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Using authorized and anonymized clinical records, medicine clinical guidelines, teaching materials, classic medical books, academic publications, etc., as data resources, the system extracts triples from free texts to build a TCM knowledge graph by our developed natural language processing methods. On the basis of the knowledge graph, a deep learning algorithm is implemented for single-round question understanding and multiple-round dialogue. In addition, the TCM knowledge graph also is used to support human-computer interactive knowledge retrieval by normalizing search keywords to medical terminology.",
}
@inproceedings{nam-etal-2018-korean,
    title = "A {K}orean Knowledge Extraction System for Enriching a {KB}ox",
    author = "Nam, Sangha  and
      Kim, Eun-kyung  and
      Kim, Jiho  and
      Jung, Yoosung  and
      Han, Kijong  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2005",
    pages = "20--24",
    abstract = "The increased demand for structured knowledge has created considerable interest in knowledge extraction from natural language sentences. This study presents a new Korean knowledge extraction system and web interface for enriching a KBox knowledge base that expands based on the Korean DBpedia. The aim is to create an endpoint where knowledge can be extracted and added to KBox anytime and anywhere.",
}
@inproceedings{luo-liu-2018-real,
    title = "Real-time Scholarly Retweeting Prediction System",
    author = "Luo, Zhunchen  and
      Liu, Xiao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2006",
    pages = "25--29",
    abstract = "Twitter has become one of the most import channels to spread latest scholarly information because of its fast information spread speed. How to predict whether a scholarly tweet will be retweeted is a key task in understanding the message propagation within large user communities. Hence, we present the real-time scholarly retweeting prediction system that retrieves scholarly tweets which will be retweeted. First, we filter scholarly tweets from tracking a tweet stream. Then, we extract Tweet Scholar Blocks indicating metadata of papers. At last, we combine scholarly features with the Tweet Scholar Blocks to predict whether a scholarly tweet will be retweeted. Our system outperforms chosen baseline systems. Additionally, our system has the potential to predict scientific impact in real-time.",
}
@inproceedings{yerebakan-etal-2018-document,
    title = "Document Representation Learning for Patient History Visualization",
    author = "Yerebakan, Halid Ziya  and
      Shinagawa, Yoshihisa  and
      Bhatia, Parmeet  and
      Zhan, Yiqiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2007",
    pages = "30--33",
    abstract = "We tackle the problem of generating a diagrammatic summary of a set of documents each of which pertains to loosely related topics. In particular, we aim at visualizing the medical histories of patients. In medicine, choosing relevant reports from a patient{'}s past exams for comparison provide valuable information for precise treatment planning. Manually finding the relevant reports for comparison studies from a large database is time-consuming, which could result overlooking of some critical information. This task can be automated by defining similarity among documents which is a nontrivial task since these documents are often stored in an unstructured text format. To facilitate this, we have used a representation learning algorithm that creates a semantic representation space for documents where the clinically related documents lie close to each other. We have utilized referral information to weakly supervise a LSTM network to learn this semantic space. The abstract representations within this semantic space are not only useful to visualize disease progressions corresponding to the relevant report groups of a patient, but are also beneficial to analyze diseases at the population level. The proposed key tool here is clustering of documents based on the document similarity whose metric is learned from corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{preiss-stevenson-2018-hide,
    title = "{H}i{DE}: a Tool for Unrestricted Literature Based Discovery",
    author = "Preiss, Judita  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2008",
    pages = "34--37",
    abstract = "As the quantity of publications increases daily, researchers are forced to narrow their attention to their own specialism and are therefore less likely to make new connections with other areas. Literature based discovery (LBD) supports the identification of such connections. A number of LBD tools are available, however, they often suffer from limitations such as constraining possible searches or not producing results in real-time. We introduce HiDE (Hidden Discovery Explorer), an online knowledge browsing tool which allows fast access to hidden knowledge generated from all abstracts in Medline. HiDE is fast enough to allow users to explore the full range of hidden connections generated by an LBD system. The tool employs a novel combination of two approaches to LBD: a graph-based approach which allows hidden knowledge to be generated on a large scale and an inference algorithm to identify the most promising (most likely to be non trivial) information. Available at https://skye.shef.ac.uk/kdisc",
}
@inproceedings{van-cranenburgh-2018-active,
    title = "Active {DOP}: an Active Learning Constituency Treebank Annotation Tool",
    author = "van Cranenburgh, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2009",
    pages = "38--42",
    abstract = "We present a language-independent treebank annotation tool supporting rich annotations with discontinuous constituents and function tags. Candidate analyses are generated by an exemplar-based parsing model that immediately learns from each new annotated sentence during annotation. This makes it suitable for situations in which only a limited seed treebank is available, or a radically different domain is being annotated. The tool offers the possibility to experiment with and evaluate active learning methods to speed up annotation in a naturalistic setting, i.e., measuring actual annotation costs and tracking specific user interactions. The code is made available under the GNU GPL license at https://github.com/andreasvc/activedop.",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2018-crst,
    title = "{CRST}: a Claim Retrieval System in Twitter",
    author = "Ma, Wenjia  and
      Chao, WenHan  and
      Luo, Zhunchen  and
      Jiang, Xin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2010",
    pages = "43--47",
    abstract = "For controversial topics, collecting argumentation-containing tweets which tend to be more convincing will help researchers analyze public opinions. Meanwhile, claim is the heart of argumentation. Hence, we present the first real-time claim retrieval system CRST that retrieves tweets containing claims for a given topic from Twitter. We propose a claim-oriented ranking module which can be divided into the offline topic-independent learning to rank model and the online topic-dependent lexicon model. Our system outperforms previous claim retrieval system and argument mining system. Moreover, the claim-oriented ranking module can be easily adapted to new topics without any manual process or external information, guaranteeing the practicability of our system.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2018-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing Graph Measure to Deduce Omitted Entities in Paragraphs",
    author = "Kim, Eun-kyung  and
      Han, Kijong  and
      Kim, Jiho  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2011",
    pages = "48--52",
    abstract = "This demo deals with the problem of capturing omitted arguments in relation extraction given a proper knowledge base for entities of interest. This paper introduces the concept of a salient entity and use this information to deduce omitted entities in the paragraph which allows improving the relation extraction quality. The main idea to compute salient entities is to construct a graph on the given information (by identifying the entities but without parsing it), rank it with standard graph measures and embed it in the context of the sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{muller-strube-2018-transparent,
    title = "Transparent, Efficient, and Robust Word Embedding Access with {WOMBAT}",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Mark-Christoph  and
      Strube, Michael},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2012",
    pages = "53--57",
    abstract = "We present WOMBAT, a Python tool which supports NLP practitioners in accessing word embeddings from code. WOMBAT addresses common research problems, including unified access, scaling, and robust and reproducible preprocessing. Code that uses WOMBAT for accessing word embeddings is not only cleaner, more readable, and easier to reuse, but also much more efficient than code using standard in-memory methods: a Python script using WOMBAT for evaluating seven large word embedding collections (8.7M embedding vectors in total) on a simple SemEval sentence similarity task involving 250 raw sentence pairs completes in under ten seconds end-to-end on a standard notebook computer.",
}
@inproceedings{mamou-etal-2018-setexpander,
    title = "{S}et{E}xpander: End-to-end Term Set Expansion Based on Multi-Context Term Embeddings",
    author = "Mamou, Jonathan  and
      Pereg, Oren  and
      Wasserblat, Moshe  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Eirew, Alon  and
      Green, Yael  and
      Guskin, Shira  and
      Izsak, Peter  and
      Korat, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2013",
    pages = "58--62",
    abstract = "We present SetExpander, a corpus-based system for expanding a seed set of terms into a more complete set of terms that belong to the same semantic class. SetExpander implements an iterative end-to end workflow for term set expansion. It enables users to easily select a seed set of terms, expand it, view the expanded set, validate it, re-expand the validated set and store it, thus simplifying the extraction of domain-specific fine-grained semantic classes. SetExpander has been used for solving real-life use cases including integration in an automated recruitment system and an issues and defects resolution system. A video demo of SetExpander is available at https://drive.google.com/open?id=1e545bB87Autsch36DjnJHmq3HWfSd1Rv .",
}
@inproceedings{iwakura-etal-2018-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Heavy Rain Disaster from Social and Physical Sensor",
    author = "Iwakura, Tomoya  and
      Okajima, Seiji  and
      Igata, Nobuyuki  and
      Takeda, Kunihiro  and
      Yamakage, Yuzuru  and
      Morita, Naoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2014",
    pages = "63--67",
    abstract = "We present our system that assists to detect heavy rain disaster, which is being used in real world in Japan. Our system selects tweets about heavy rain disaster with a document classifier. Then, the locations mentioned in the selected tweets are estimated by a location estimator. Finally, combined the selected tweets with amount of rainfall given by physical sensors and a statistical analysis, our system provides users with visualized results for detecting heavy rain disaster.",
}
@inproceedings{ciobanu-dinu-2018-simulating,
    title = "Simulating Language Evolution: a Tool for Historical Linguistics",
    author = "Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2015",
    pages = "68--72",
    abstract = "Language change across space and time is one of the main concerns in historical linguistics. In this paper, we develop a language evolution simulator: a web-based tool for word form production to assist in historical linguistics, in studying the evolution of the languages. Given a word in a source language, the system automatically predicts how the word evolves in a target language. The method that we propose is language-agnostic and does not use any external knowledge, except for the training word pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{chuan-an-etal-2018-unified,
    title = "A Unified {R}v{NN} Framework for End-to-End {C}hinese Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Chuan-An, Lin  and
      Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Chen, Zi-Yuan  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2016",
    pages = "73--77",
    abstract = "This paper demonstrates an end-to-end Chinese discourse parser. We propose a unified framework based on recursive neural network (RvNN) to jointly model the subtasks including elementary discourse unit (EDU) segmentation, tree structure construction, center labeling, and sense labeling. Experimental results show our parser achieves the state-of-the-art performance in the Chinese Discourse Treebank (CDTB) dataset. We release the source code with a pre-trained model for the NLP community. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first open source toolkit for Chinese discourse parsing. The standalone toolkit can be integrated into subsequent applications without the need of external resources such as syntactic parser.",
}
@inproceedings{spala-etal-2018-web,
    title = "A Web-based Framework for Collecting and Assessing Highlighted Sentences in a Document",
    author = "Spala, Sasha  and
      Dernoncourt, Franck  and
      Chang, Walter  and
      Dockhorn, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2017",
    pages = "78--81",
    abstract = "Automatically highlighting a text aims at identifying key portions that are the most important to a reader. In this paper, we present a web-based framework designed to efficiently and scalably crowdsource two independent but related tasks: collecting highlight annotations, and comparing the performance of automated highlighting systems. The first task is necessary to understand human preferences and train supervised automated highlighting systems. The second task yields a more accurate and fine-grained evaluation than existing automated performance metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{lo-etal-2018-cool,
    title = "Cool {E}nglish: a Grammatical Error Correction System Based on Large Learner Corpora",
    author = "Lo, Yu-Chun  and
      Chen, Jhih-Jie  and
      Yang, Chingyu  and
      Chang, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2018",
    pages = "82--85",
    abstract = "This paper presents a grammatical error correction (GEC) system that provides corrective feedback for essays. We apply the sequence-to-sequence model, which is frequently used in machine translation and text summarization, to this GEC task. The model is trained by EF-Cambridge Open Language Database (EFCAMDAT), a large learner corpus annotated with grammatical errors and corrections. Evaluation shows that our system achieves competitive performance on a number of publicly available testsets.",
}
@inproceedings{federmann-2018-appraise,
    title = "Appraise Evaluation Framework for Machine Translation",
    author = "Federmann, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2019",
    pages = "86--88",
    abstract = "We present Appraise, an open-source framework for crowd-based annotation tasks, notably for evaluation of machine translation output. This is the software used to run the yearly evaluation campaigns for shared tasks at the WMT Conference on Machine Translation. It has also been used at IWSLT 2017 and, recently, to measure human parity for machine translation for Chinese to English news text. The demo will present the full end-to-end lifecycle of an Appraise evaluation campaign, from task creation to annotation and interpretation of results.",
}
@inproceedings{dessloch-etal-2018-kit,
    title = "{KIT} Lecture Translator: Multilingual Speech Translation with One-Shot Learning",
    author = {Dessloch, Florian  and
      Ha, Thanh-Le  and
      M{\"u}ller, Markus  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Nguyen, Thai-Son  and
      Pham, Ngoc-Quan  and
      Salesky, Elizabeth  and
      Sperber, Matthias  and
      St{\"u}ker, Sebastian  and
      Zenkel, Thomas  and
      Waibel, Alexander},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2020",
    pages = "89--93",
    abstract = "In today{'}s globalized world we have the ability to communicate with people across the world. However, in many situations the language barrier still presents a major issue. For example, many foreign students coming to KIT to study are initially unable to follow a lecture in German. Therefore, we offer an automatic simultaneous interpretation service for students. To fulfill this task, we have developed a low-latency translation system that is adapted to lectures and covers several language pairs. While the switch from traditional Statistical Machine Translation to Neural Machine Translation (NMT) significantly improved performance, to integrate NMT into the speech translation framework required several adjustments. We have addressed the run-time constraints and different types of input. Furthermore, we utilized one-shot learning to easily add new topic-specific terms to the system. Besides better performance, NMT also enabled us increase our covered languages through multilingual NMT. {\%} Combining these techniques, we are able to provide an adapted speech translation system for several European languages.",
}
@inproceedings{cetto-etal-2018-graphene-context,
    title = "{G}raphene: a Context-Preserving Open Information Extraction System",
    author = "Cetto, Matthias  and
      Niklaus, Christina  and
      Freitas, Andr{\'e}  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2021",
    pages = "94--98",
    abstract = "We introduce Graphene, an Open IE system whose goal is to generate accurate, meaningful and complete propositions that may facilitate a variety of downstream semantic applications. For this purpose, we transform syntactically complex input sentences into clean, compact structures in the form of core facts and accompanying contexts, while identifying the rhetorical relations that hold between them in order to maintain their semantic relationship. In that way, we preserve the context of the relational tuples extracted from a source sentence, generating a novel lightweight semantic representation for Open IE that enhances the expressiveness of the extracted propositions.",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2018-languagenet,
    title = "{L}anguage{N}et: Learning to Find Sense Relevant Example Sentences",
    author = "Cheng, Shang-Chien  and
      Chen, Jhih-Jie  and
      Yang, Chingyu  and
      Chang, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2022",
    pages = "99--102",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a system, LanguageNet, which can help second language learners to search for different meanings and usages of a word. We disambiguate word senses based on the pairs of an English word and its corresponding Chinese translations in a parallel corpus, UM-Corpus. The process involved performing word alignment, learning vector space representations of words and training a classifier to distinguish words into groups of senses. LanguageNet directly shows the definition of a sense, bilingual synonyms and sense relevant examples.",
}
@inproceedings{dasgupta-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Curation and Visualization of Crime Related Information from Incrementally Crawled Multi-source News Reports",
    author = "Dasgupta, Tirthankar  and
      Dey, Lipika  and
      Saha, Rupsa  and
      Naskar, Abir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2023",
    pages = "103--107",
    abstract = "In this paper, we demonstrate a system for the automatic extraction and curation of crime-related information from multi-source digitally published News articles collected over a period of five years. We have leveraged the use of deep convolution recurrent neural network model to analyze crime articles to extract different crime related entities and events. The proposed methods are not restricted to detecting known crimes only but contribute actively towards maintaining an updated crime ontology. We have done experiments with a collection of 5000 crime-reporting News articles span over time, and multiple sources. The end-product of our experiments is a crime-register that contains details of crime committed across geographies and time. This register can be further utilized for analytical and reporting purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2018-lingke,
    title = "{L}ingke: a Fine-grained Multi-turn Chatbot for Customer Service",
    author = "Zhu, Pengfei  and
      Zhang, Zhuosheng  and
      Li, Jiangtong  and
      Huang, Yafang  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2024",
    pages = "108--112",
    abstract = "Traditional chatbots usually need a mass of human dialogue data, especially when using supervised machine learning method. Though they can easily deal with single-turn question answering, for multi-turn the performance is usually unsatisfactory. In this paper, we present Lingke, an information retrieval augmented chatbot which is able to answer questions based on given product introduction document and deal with multi-turn conversations. We will introduce a fine-grained pipeline processing to distill responses based on unstructured documents, and attentive sequential context-response matching for multi-turn conversations.",
}
@inproceedings{madnani-etal-2018-writing,
    title = "Writing Mentor: Self-Regulated Writing Feedback for Struggling Writers",
    author = "Madnani, Nitin  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Elliot, Norbert  and
      Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Napolitano, Diane  and
      Andreyev, Slava  and
      Schwartz, Maxwell",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2025",
    pages = "113--117",
    abstract = "Writing Mentor is a free Google Docs add-on designed to provide feedback to struggling writers and help them improve their writing in a self-paced and self-regulated fashion. Writing Mentor uses natural language processing (NLP) methods and resources to generate feedback in terms of features that research into post-secondary struggling writers has classified as developmental (Burstein et al., 2016b). These features span many writing sub-constructs (use of sources, claims, and evidence; topic development; coherence; and knowledge of English conventions). Prelimi- nary analysis indicates that users have a largely positive impression of Writing Mentor in terms of usability and potential impact on their writing.",
}
@inproceedings{gartner-etal-2018-nlatool,
    title = "{NLAT}ool: an Application for Enhanced Deep Text Understanding",
    author = {G{\"a}rtner, Markus  and
      Mayer, Sven  and
      Schwind, Valentin  and
      H{\"a}mmerle, Eric  and
      Turcan, Emine  and
      Rheinwald, Florin  and
      Murawski, Gustav  and
      Lischke, Lars  and
      Kuhn, Jonas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2026",
    pages = "118--122",
    abstract = "Today, we see an ever growing number of tools supporting text annotation. Each of these tools is optimized for specific use-cases such as named entity recognition. However, we see large growing knowledge bases such as Wikipedia or the Google Knowledge Graph. In this paper, we introduce NLATool, a web application developed using a human-centered design process. The application combines supporting text annotation and enriching the text with additional information from a number of sources directly within the application. The tool assists users to efficiently recognize named entities, annotate text, and automatically provide users additional information while solving deep text understanding tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{itegulov-etal-2018-sensala,
    title = "{S}ensala: a Dynamic Semantics System for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Itegulov, Daniyar  and
      Lebedeva, Ekaterina  and
      Woltzenlogel Paleo, Bruno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2027",
    pages = "123--127",
    abstract = "Here we describe Sensala , an open source framework for the semantic interpretation of natural language that provides the logical meaning of a given text. The framework{'}s theory is based on a lambda calculus with exception handling and uses contexts, continuations, events and dependent types to handle a wide range of complex linguistic phenomena, such as donkey anaphora, verb phrase anaphora, propositional anaphora, presuppositions and implicatures.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2018-device,
    title = "On-Device Neural Language Model Based Word Prediction",
    author = "Yu, Seunghak  and
      Kulkarni, Nilesh  and
      Lee, Haejun  and
      Kim, Jihie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2028",
    pages = "128--131",
    abstract = "Recent developments in deep learning with application to language modeling have led to success in tasks of text processing, summarizing and machine translation. However, deploying huge language models for the mobile device such as on-device keyboards poses computation as a bottle-neck due to their puny computation capacities. In this work, we propose an on-device neural language model based word prediction method that optimizes run-time memory and also provides a real-time prediction environment. Our model size is 7.40MB and has average prediction time of 6.47 ms. Our proposed model outperforms the existing methods for word prediction in terms of keystroke savings and word prediction rate and has been successfully commercialized.",
}
@inproceedings{kovatchev-etal-2018-warp,
    title = "{WARP}-Text: a Web-Based Tool for Annotating Relationships between Pairs of Texts",
    author = "Kovatchev, Venelin  and
      Mart{\'\i}, M. Ant{\`o}nia  and
      Salam{\'o}, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2029",
    pages = "132--136",
    abstract = "We present WARP-Text, an open-source web-based tool for annotating relationships between pairs of texts. WARP-Text supports multi-layer annotation and custom definitions of inter-textual and intra-textual relationships. Annotation can be performed at different granularity levels (such as sentences, phrases, or tokens). WARP-Text has an intuitive user-friendly interface both for project managers and annotators. WARP-Text fills a gap in the currently available NLP toolbox, as open-source alternatives for annotation of pairs of text are not readily available. WARP-Text has already been used in several annotation tasks and can be of interest to the researchers working in the areas of Paraphrasing, Entailment, Simplification, and Summarization, among others.",
}
@inproceedings{shiue-etal-2018-chinese,
    title = "A {C}hinese Writing Correction System for Learning {C}hinese as a Foreign Language",
    author = "Shiue, Yow-Ting  and
      Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2030",
    pages = "137--141",
    abstract = "We present a Chinese writing correction system for learning Chinese as a foreign language. The system takes a wrong input sentence and generates several correction suggestions. It also retrieves example Chinese sentences with English translations, helping users understand the correct usages of certain grammar patterns. This is the first available Chinese writing error correction system based on the neural machine translation framework. We discuss several design choices and show empirical results to support our decisions.",
}
@inproceedings{baumartz-etal-2018-ltv,
    title = "{LTV}: Labeled Topic Vector",
    author = "Baumartz, Daniel  and
      Uslu, Tolga  and
      Mehler, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2031",
    pages = "142--145",
    abstract = "In this paper we present LTV, a website and API that generates labeled topic classifications based on the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), an international standard for topic classification in libraries. We introduce nnDDC, a largely language-independent natural network-based classifier for DDC, which we optimized using a wide range of linguistic features to achieve an F-score of 87.4{\%}. To show that our approach is language-independent, we evaluate nnDDC using up to 40 different languages. We derive a topic model based on nnDDC, which generates probability distributions over semantic units for any input on sense-, word- and text-level. Unlike related approaches, however, these probabilities are estimated by means of nnDDC so that each dimension of the resulting vector representation is uniquely labeled by a DDC class. In this way, we introduce a neural network-based Classifier-Induced Semantic Space (nnCISS).",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2018-interpretable,
    title = "Interpretable Rationale Augmented Charge Prediction System",
    author = "Jiang, Xin  and
      Ye, Hai  and
      Luo, Zhunchen  and
      Chao, WenHan  and
      Ma, Wenjia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2032",
    pages = "146--151",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a neural based system to solve the essential interpretability problem existing in text classification, especially in charge prediction task. First, we use a deep reinforcement learning method to extract rationales which mean short, readable and decisive snippets from input text. Then a rationale augmented classification model is proposed to elevate the prediction accuracy. Naturally, the extracted rationales serve as the introspection explanation for the prediction result of the model, enhancing the transparency of the model. Experimental results demonstrate that our system is able to extract readable rationales in a high consistency with manual annotation and is comparable with the attention model in prediction accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{khan-etal-2018-cross,
    title = "A Cross-lingual Messenger with Keyword Searchable Phrases for the Travel Domain",
    author = "Khan, Shehroze  and
      Kim, Jihyun  and
      Zulfikarpasic, Tarik  and
      Chen, Peter  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2033",
    pages = "152--156",
    abstract = "We present Qutr (Query Translator), a smart cross-lingual communication application for the travel domain. Qutr is a real-time messaging app that automatically translates conversations while supporting keyword-to-sentence matching. Qutr relies on querying a database that holds commonly used pre-translated travel-domain phrases and phrase templates in different languages with the use of keywords. The query matching supports paraphrases, incomplete keywords and some input spelling errors. The application addresses common cross-lingual communication issues such as translation accuracy, speed, privacy, and personalization.",
}
@inproceedings{nair-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Automated Extraction of Business Constraints from Unstructured Regulatory Text",
    author = "Nair, Rahul  and
      Levacher, Killian  and
      Stephenson, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2034",
    pages = "157--160",
    abstract = "Large organizations spend considerable resources in reviewing regulations and ensuring that their business processes are compliant with the law. To make compliance workflows more efficient and responsive, we present a system for machine-driven annotations of legal documents. A set of natural language processing pipelines are designed and aimed at addressing some key questions in this domain: (a) is this (new) regulation relevant for me? (b) what set of requirements does this law impose?, and (c) what is the regulatory intent of a law? The system is currently undergoing user trials within our organization.",
}
@inproceedings{do-etal-2018-flexible,
    title = "A Flexible and Easy-to-use Semantic Role Labeling Framework for Different Languages",
    author = "Do, Quynh Ngoc Thi  and
      Leeuwenberg, Artuur  and
      Heyman, Geert  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-2035",
    pages = "161--165",
    abstract = "This paper presents a flexible and open source framework for deep semantic role labeling. We aim at facilitating easy exploration of model structures for multiple languages with different characteristics. It provides flexibility in its model construction in terms of word representation, sequence representation, output modeling, and inference styles and comes with clear output visualization. The framework is available under the Apache 2.0 license.",
}
@proceedings{coling-2018-international-linguistics-tutorial,
    title = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    author = "Scott, Donia  and
      Walker, Marilyn  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-3000",
}
@inproceedings{murray-etal-2018-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} for Conversations: Sentiment, Summarization, and Group Dynamics",
    author = "Murray, Gabriel  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Joty, Shafiq",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-3001",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{dakota-kubler-2018-practical,
    title = "Practical Parsing for Downstream Applications",
    author = {Dakota, Daniel  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-3002",
    pages = "5--7",
}
@inproceedings{baker-etal-2018-frame,
    title = "Frame Semantics across Languages: Towards a Multilingual {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Baker, Collin  and
      Ellsworth, Michael  and
      Petruck, Miriam R. L.  and
      Swayamdipta, Swabha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-3003",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{chien-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep {B}ayesian Learning and Understanding",
    author = "Chien, Jen-Tzung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-3004",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{stajner-saggion-2018-data,
    title = "Data-Driven Text Simplification",
    author = "{\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-3005",
    pages = "19--23",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning for Dialogue Systems",
    author = {Chen, Yun-Nung  and
      Celikyilmaz, Asli  and
      Hakkani-T{\"u}r, Dilek},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-3006",
    pages = "25--31",
}
@proceedings{ranlp-2013-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    author = "Mitkov, Ruslan  and
      Angelova, Galia  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1000",
}
@inproceedings{abdul-mageed-etal-2013-asma,
    title = "{ASMA}: A System for Automatic Segmentation and Morpho-Syntactic Disambiguation of Modern Standard {A}rabic",
    author = {Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{alabbas-ramsay-2013-optimising,
    title = "Optimising Tree Edit Distance with Subtrees for Textual Entailment",
    author = "Alabbas, Maytham  and
      Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1002",
    pages = "9--17",
}
@inproceedings{ali-etal-2013-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Learning from Medical Forums",
    author = "Ali, Tanveer  and
      Sokolova, Marina  and
      Schramm, David  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1003",
    pages = "18--24",
}
@inproceedings{aliane-etal-2013-annotating,
    title = "Annotating events, Time and Place Expressions in {A}rabic Texts",
    author = "Aliane, Hassina  and
      Guendouzi, Wassila  and
      Mokrani, Amina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1004",
    pages = "25--31",
}
@inproceedings{althobaiti-etal-2013-semi,
    title = "A Semi-supervised Learning Approach to {A}rabic Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Althobaiti, Maha  and
      Kruschwitz, Udo  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1005",
    pages = "32--40",
}
@inproceedings{azab-etal-2013-nlp,
    title = "An {NLP}-based Reading Tool for Aiding Non-native {E}nglish Readers",
    author = "Azab, Mahmoud  and
      Salama, Ahmed  and
      Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Shima, Hideki  and
      Araki, Jun  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1006",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{balahur-turchi-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Sentiment Analysis in Twitter Using Multilingual Machine Translated Data",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Turchi, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1007",
    pages = "49--55",
}
@inproceedings{baucom-etal-2013-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation for Parsing",
    author = {Baucom, Eric  and
      King, Levi  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1008",
    pages = "56--64",
}
@inproceedings{bhattarai-rus-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards a Structured Representation of Generic Concepts and Relations in Large Text Corpora",
    author = "Bhattarai, Archana  and
      Rus, Vasile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1009",
    pages = "65--73",
}
@inproceedings{bobicev-etal-2013-authorship,
    title = "Authorship Attribution in Health Forums",
    author = "Bobicev, Victoria  and
      Sokolova, Marina  and
      El Emam, Khaled  and
      Matwin, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1010",
    pages = "74--82",
}
@inproceedings{bontcheva-etal-2013-twitie,
    title = "{T}wit{IE}: An Open-Source Information Extraction Pipeline for Microblog Text",
    author = "Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Derczynski, Leon  and
      Funk, Adam  and
      Greenwood, Mark  and
      Maynard, Diana  and
      Aswani, Niraj",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1011",
    pages = "83--90",
}
@inproceedings{boros-2013-unified,
    title = "A unified lexical processing framework based on the Margin Infused Relaxed Algorithm. A case study on the {R}omanian Language",
    author = "Boro{\textcommabelow{s}}, Tiberiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1012",
    pages = "91--97",
}
@inproceedings{boubel-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic extraction of contextual valence shifters.",
    author = "Boubel, No{\'e}mi  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas  and
      Naets, Hubert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1013",
    pages = "98--104",
}
@inproceedings{bretschneider-etal-2013-grammar,
    title = "Grammar-Based Lexicon Extension for Aligning {G}erman Radiology Text and Images",
    author = "Bretschneider, Claudia  and
      Zillner, Sonja  and
      Hammon, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1014",
    pages = "105--112",
}
@inproceedings{brucato-etal-2013-recognising,
    title = "Recognising and Interpreting Named Temporal Expressions",
    author = "Brucato, Matteo  and
      Derczynski, Leon  and
      Llorens, Hector  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Jensen, Christian S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1015",
    pages = "113--121",
}
@inproceedings{brychcin-habernal-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Improving of Sentiment Analysis Using Global Target Context",
    author = "Brychc{\'\i}n, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Habernal, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1016",
    pages = "122--128",
}
@inproceedings{can-manandhar-2013-agglomerative,
    title = "An Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm for Labelling Morphs",
    author = "Can, Burcu  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1017",
    pages = "129--135",
}
@inproceedings{ciobanu-etal-2013-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Text Classification for {R}omanian Novels set in the Past",
    author = "Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.  and
      {\c{S}}ulea, Octavia-Maria  and
      Dinu, Anca  and
      Niculae, Vlad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1018",
    pages = "136--140",
}
@inproceedings{ciobanu-dinu-2013-dictionary,
    title = "A Dictionary-Based Approach for Evaluating Orthographic Methods in Cognates Identification",
    author = "Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Dinu, Liviu Petrisor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1019",
    pages = "141--147",
}
@inproceedings{clematide-klenner-2013-pilot,
    title = "A Pilot Study on the Semantic Classification of Two {G}erman Prepositions: Combining Monolingual and Multilingual Evidence",
    author = "Clematide, Simon  and
      Klenner, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1020",
    pages = "148--155",
}
@inproceedings{cybulska-vossen-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Relations between Events and their Time, Locations and Participants for Event Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Cybulska, Agata  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1021",
    pages = "156--163",
}
@inproceedings{dandala-etal-2013-sense,
    title = "Sense Clustering Using {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Dandala, Bharath  and
      Hokamp, Chris  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Bunescu, Razvan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1022",
    pages = "164--171",
}
@inproceedings{de-amorim-zampieri-2013-effective,
    title = "Effective Spell Checking Methods Using Clustering Algorithms",
    author = "de Amorim, Renato Cordeiro  and
      Zampieri, Marcos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1023",
    pages = "172--178",
}
@inproceedings{de-clercq-etal-2013-normalization,
    title = "Normalization of {D}utch User-Generated Content",
    author = "De Clercq, Orph{\'e}e  and
      Schulz, Sarah  and
      Desmet, Bart  and
      Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1024",
    pages = "179--188",
}
@inproceedings{dellorletta-etal-2013-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Profiling of Texts Across Textual Genres and Readability Levels. An Exploratory Study on {I}talian Fictional Prose",
    author = "Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Venturi, Giulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1025",
    pages = "189--197",
}
@inproceedings{derczynski-etal-2013-twitter,
    title = "Twitter Part-of-Speech Tagging for All: Overcoming Sparse and Noisy Data",
    author = "Derczynski, Leon  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Clark, Sam  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1026",
    pages = "198--206",
}
@inproceedings{dimitroff-etal-2013-weighted,
    title = "Weighted maximum likelihood loss as a convenient shortcut to optimizing the F-measure of maximum entropy classifiers",
    author = "Dimitroff, Georgi  and
      Tolo{\c{s}}i, Laura  and
      Popov, Borislav  and
      Georgiev, Georgi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1027",
    pages = "207--214",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-etal-2013-sequence,
    title = "Sequence Tagging for Verb Conjugation in {R}omanian",
    author = "Dinu, Liviu  and
      {\c{S}}ulea, Octavia-Maria  and
      Niculae, Vlad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1028",
    pages = "215--220",
}
@inproceedings{dornescu-etal-2013-tagging,
    title = "A Tagging Approach to Identify Complex Constituents for Text Simplification",
    author = "Dornescu, Iustin  and
      Evans, Richard  and
      Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1029",
    pages = "221--229",
}
@inproceedings{echizenya-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation Metric for Machine Translation that is Independent of Sentence Length",
    author = "Echizen{'}ya, Hiroshi  and
      Araki, Kenji  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1030",
    pages = "230--236",
}
@inproceedings{ehrmann-etal-2013-acronym,
    title = "Acronym recognition and processing in 22 languages",
    author = "Ehrmann, Maud  and
      Della Rocca, Leonida  and
      Steinberger, Ralf  and
      Tannev, Hristo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1031",
    pages = "237--244",
}
@inproceedings{ellouze-etal-2013-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation Summary Method Based on a Combination of Content and Linguistic Metrics",
    author = "Ellouze, Samira  and
      Jaoua, Maher  and
      Hadrich Belguith, Lamia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1032",
    pages = "245--251",
}
@inproceedings{erbs-etal-2013-hierarchy,
    title = "Hierarchy Identification for Automatically Generating Table-of-Contents",
    author = "Erbs, Nicolai  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1033",
    pages = "252--260",
}
@inproceedings{eshaghzadeh-torbati-etal-2013-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Relation Classification in {P}ersian and {E}nglish contexts",
    author = "Eshaghzadeh Torbati, Mahbaneh  and
      Ghassem-sani, Gholamreza  and
      Mirroshandel, Seyed Abolghasem  and
      Yaghoobzadeh, Yadollah  and
      Karimi Hosseini, Negin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1034",
    pages = "261--269",
}
@inproceedings{evans-2013-extended,
    title = "The Extended Lexicon: Language Processing as Lexical Description",
    author = "Evans, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1035",
    pages = "270--276",
}
@inproceedings{field-etal-2013-really,
    title = "Did {I} really mean that? Applying automatic summarisation techniques to formative feedback",
    author = "Field, Debora  and
      Pulman, Stephen  and
      Van Labeke, Nicolas  and
      Whitelock, Denise  and
      Richardson, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1036",
    pages = "277--284",
}
@inproceedings{galitsky-etal-2013-matching,
    title = "Matching sets of parse trees for answering multi-sentence questions",
    author = "Galitsky, Boris  and
      Ilvovsky, Dmitry  and
      Kuznetsov, Sergei O.  and
      Strok, Fedor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1037",
    pages = "285--293",
}
@inproceedings{gerdjikov-etal-2013-realization,
    title = "Realization of common statistical methods in computational linguistics with functional automata",
    author = "Gerdjikov, Stefan  and
      Mitankin, Petar  and
      Nenchev, Vladislav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1038",
    pages = "294--301",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-etal-2013-mining,
    title = "Mining Fine-grained Opinion Expressions with Shallow Parsing",
    author = "Ghosh, Sucheta  and
      Tonelli, Sara  and
      Johansson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1039",
    pages = "302--310",
}
@inproceedings{horacek-2013-justifying,
    title = "Justifying Corpus-Based Choices in Referring Expression Generation",
    author = "Horacek, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1040",
    pages = "311--318",
}
@inproceedings{iwakura-2013-boosting,
    title = "A Boosting-based Algorithm for Classification of Semi-Structured Text using the Frequency of Substructures",
    author = "Iwakura, Tomoya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1041",
    pages = "319--326",
}
@inproceedings{jamison-gurevych-2013-headerless,
    title = "Headerless, Quoteless, but not Hopeless? Using Pairwise Email Classification to Disentangle Email Threads",
    author = "Jamison, Emily  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1042",
    pages = "327--335",
}
@inproceedings{kazakov-shahid-2013-using,
    title = "Using Parallel Corpora for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Kazakov, Dimitar  and
      Shahid, Ahmad R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1043",
    pages = "336--341",
}
@inproceedings{kedzia-maziarz-2013-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing semantic relations within Polish noun phrase: A rule-based approach",
    author = "K{\k{e}}dzia, Pawe{\l}  and
      Maziarz, Marek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1044",
    pages = "342--349",
}
@inproceedings{khaliq-carroll-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Induction of {A}rabic Root and Pattern Lexicons using Machine Learning",
    author = "Khaliq, Bilal  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1045",
    pages = "350--356",
}
@inproceedings{khan-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Domain Adaptation for Parsing Web Data",
    author = {Khan, Mohammad  and
      Dickinson, Markus  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1046",
    pages = "357--364",
}
@inproceedings{kochmar-briscoe-2013-capturing,
    title = "Capturing Anomalies in the Choice of Content Words in Compositional Distributional Semantic Space",
    author = "Kochmar, Ekaterina  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1047",
    pages = "365--372",
}
@inproceedings{kohn-menzel-2013-incremental,
    title = "Incremental and Predictive Dependency Parsing under Real-Time Conditions",
    author = {K{\"o}hn, Arne  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1048",
    pages = "373--381",
}
@inproceedings{lefrancois-gandon-2013-rationale,
    title = "Rationale, Concepts, and Current Outcome of the Unit Graphs Framework",
    author = "Lefran{\c{c}}ois, Maxime  and
      Gandon, Fabien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1049",
    pages = "382--388",
}
@inproceedings{lefrancois-gandon-2013-unit,
    title = "The Unit Graphs Framework: Foundational Concepts and Semantic Consequence",
    author = "Lefran{\c{c}}ois, Maxime  and
      Gandon, Fabien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1050",
    pages = "389--395",
}
@inproceedings{li-grishman-2013-confidence,
    title = "Confidence Estimation for Knowledge Base Population",
    author = "Li, Xiang  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1051",
    pages = "396--401",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Fine-grained Citation Function Classification",
    author = "Li, Xiang  and
      He, Yifan  and
      Meyers, Adam  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1052",
    pages = "402--407",
}
@inproceedings{mahmoudi-etal-2013-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Morphology Generation Using Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Mahmoudi, Alireza  and
      Arabsorkhi, Mohsen  and
      Faili, Heshaam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1053",
    pages = "408--414",
}
@inproceedings{maks-vossen-2013-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis of Reviews: Should we analyze writer intentions or reader perceptions?",
    author = "Maks, Isa  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1054",
    pages = "415--419",
}
@inproceedings{mansour-etal-2013-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting the Old Kitchen Sink: Do we Need Sentiment Domain Adaptation?",
    author = "Mansour, Riham  and
      Refaei, Nesma  and
      Gamon, Michael  and
      Abdul-Hamid, Ahmed  and
      Sami, Khaled",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1055",
    pages = "420--427",
}
@inproceedings{marcinczuk-etal-2013-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of baseline information retrieval for Polish open-domain Question Answering system",
    author = "Marci{\'n}czuk, Micha{\l}  and
      Radziszewski, Adam  and
      Piasecki, Maciej  and
      Piasecki, Dominik  and
      Ptak, Marcin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1056",
    pages = "428--435",
}
@inproceedings{marcinczuk-2013-wccl,
    title = "{WCCL} Relation {---} a Toolset for Rule-based Recognition of Semantic Relations Between Named Entities",
    author = "Marci{\'n}czuk, Micha{\l}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1057",
    pages = "436--442",
}
@inproceedings{maziarz-etal-2013-beyond,
    title = "Beyond the Transfer-and-Merge {W}ordnet Construction: pl{W}ord{N}et and a Comparison with {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Maziarz, Marek  and
      Piasecki, Maciej  and
      Rudnicka, Ewa  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1058",
    pages = "443--452",
}
@inproceedings{mesgar-ghasem-sani-2013-history,
    title = "History Based Unsupervised Data Oriented Parsing",
    author = "Mesgar, Mohsen  and
      Ghasem-Sani, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1059",
    pages = "453--459",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-2013-contrasting,
    title = "Contrasting and Corroborating Citations in Journal Articles",
    author = "Meyers, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1060",
    pages = "460--466",
}
@inproceedings{mirza-bernardi-2013-ccg,
    title = "{CCG} Categories for Distributional Semantic Models",
    author = "Mirza, Paramita  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1061",
    pages = "467--474",
}
@inproceedings{mirzababaei-etal-2013-discourse,
    title = "Discourse-aware Statistical Machine Translation as a Context-sensitive Spell Checker",
    author = "Mirzababaei, Behzad  and
      Faili, Heshaam  and
      Ehsan, Nava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1062",
    pages = "475--482",
}
@inproceedings{monti-etal-2013-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval and Semantic Interoperability for Cultural Heritage Repositories",
    author = "Monti, Johanna  and
      Monteleone, Mario  and
      di Buono, Maria Pia  and
      Marano, Federica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1063",
    pages = "483--490",
}
@inproceedings{mosquera-moreda-pozo-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Web 2.0 Opinion Mining Systems Using Text Normalisation Techniques",
    author = "Mosquera, Alejandro  and
      Moreda Pozo, Paloma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1064",
    pages = "491--495",
}
@inproceedings{munkova-etal-2013-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Social and Expressive Factors in Request Texts Using Transaction/Sequence Model",
    author = "Munkov{\'a}, Da{\v{s}}a  and
      Munk, Michal  and
      Fr{\'a}terov{\'a}, Zuzana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1065",
    pages = "496--503",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-etal-2013-parameter,
    title = "Parameter Optimization for Statistical Machine Translation: It Pays to Learn from Hard Examples",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Al Obaidli, Fahad  and
      Guzm{\'a}n, Francisco  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1066",
    pages = "504--510",
}
@inproceedings{narendra-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Cloze-Questions Generation",
    author = "Narendra, Annamaneni  and
      Agarwal, Manish  and
      Shah, Rakshit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1067",
    pages = "511--515",
}
@inproceedings{nicolas-etal-2013-high,
    title = "High-Accuracy Phrase Translation Acquisition Through Battle-Royale Selection",
    author = "Nicolas, Lionel  and
      Stemle, Egon W.  and
      Kranebitter, Klara  and
      Lyding, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1068",
    pages = "516--524",
}
@inproceedings{nikolova-etal-2013-enriching,
    title = "Enriching Patent Search with External Keywords: a Feasibility Study",
    author = "Nikolova, Ivelina  and
      Temnikova, Irina  and
      Angelova, Galia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1069",
    pages = "525--531",
}
@inproceedings{nisioi-dinu-2013-clustering,
    title = "A clustering approach for translationese identification",
    author = "Nisioi, Sergiu  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1070",
    pages = "532--538",
}
@inproceedings{orosz-novak-2013-purepos,
    title = "{P}ure{P}os 2.0: a hybrid tool for morphological disambiguation",
    author = {Orosz, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Nov{\'a}k, Attila},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1071",
    pages = "539--545",
}
@inproceedings{paltoglou-thelwall-2013-bag,
    title = "More than Bag-of-Words: Sentence-based Document Representation for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Paltoglou, Georgios  and
      Thelwall, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1072",
    pages = "546--552",
}
@inproceedings{piasecki-etal-2013-information,
    title = "Information Spreading in Expanding {W}ordnet Hypernymy Structure",
    author = "Piasecki, Maciej  and
      Ramocki, Rados{\l}aw  and
      Kali{\'n}ski, Micha{\l}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1073",
    pages = "553--561",
}
@inproceedings{pinnis-2013-context,
    title = "Context Independent Term Mapper for {E}uropean Languages",
    author = "Pinnis, M{\=a}rcis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1074",
    pages = "562--570",
}
@inproceedings{ponomareva-thelwall-2013-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised vs. Cross-domain Graphs for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Ponomareva, Natalia  and
      Thelwall, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1075",
    pages = "571--578",
}
@inproceedings{sadat-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards a Hybrid Rule-based and Statistical {A}rabic-{F}rench Machine Translation System",
    author = "Sadat, Fatiha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1076",
    pages = "579--583",
}
@inproceedings{saers-etal-2013-segmenting,
    title = "Segmenting vs. Chunking Rules: Unsupervised {ITG} Induction via Minimum Conditional Description Length",
    author = "Saers, Markus  and
      Addanki, Karteek  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1077",
    pages = "584--592",
}
@inproceedings{schropp-etal-2013-combined,
    title = "A Combined Pattern-based and Distributional Approach for Automatic Hypernym Detection in {D}utch.",
    author = "Schropp, Gwendolijn  and
      Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1078",
    pages = "593--600",
}
@inproceedings{sennrich-etal-2013-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Synergies Between Open Resources for {G}erman Dependency Parsing, {POS}-tagging, and Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Sennrich, Rico  and
      Volk, Martin  and
      Schneider, Gerold",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1079",
    pages = "601--609",
}
@inproceedings{siblini-kosseim-2013-using,
    title = "Using a Weighted Semantic Network for Lexical Semantic Relatedness",
    author = "Siblini, Reda  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1080",
    pages = "610--618",
}
@inproceedings{silva-etal-2013-new,
    title = "A New Approach to the {POS} Tagging Problem Using Evolutionary Computation",
    author = "Silva, Ana Paula  and
      Silva, Arlindo  and
      Rodrigues, Irene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1081",
    pages = "619--625",
}
@inproceedings{sokolova-etal-2013-joe,
    title = "How Joe and Jane Tweet about Their Health: Mining for Personal Health Information on Twitter",
    author = "Sokolova, Marina  and
      Matwin, Stan  and
      Jafer, Yasser  and
      Schramm, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1082",
    pages = "626--632",
}
@inproceedings{sokolova-bobicev-2013-sentiments,
    title = "What Sentiments Can Be Found in Medical Forums?",
    author = "Sokolova, Marina  and
      Bobicev, Victoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1083",
    pages = "633--639",
}
@inproceedings{stilo-etal-2013-automated,
    title = "Automated learning of everyday patients{'} language for medical blogs analytics",
    author = "Stilo, Giovanni  and
      De Vincenzi, Moreno  and
      Tozzi, Alberto E.  and
      Velardi, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1084",
    pages = "640--648",
}
@inproceedings{tellier-dupont-2013-symbolic,
    title = "How Symbolic Learning Can Help Statistical Learning (and vice versa)",
    author = "Tellier, Isabelle  and
      Dupont, Yoann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1085",
    pages = "649--658",
}
@inproceedings{temnikova-etal-2013-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Closure Properties of Patent Sublanguages",
    author = "Temnikova, Irina  and
      Hailu, Negacy  and
      Angelova, Galia  and
      Cohen, K. Bretonnel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1086",
    pages = "659--666",
}
@inproceedings{temnikova-etal-2013-closure,
    title = "Closure Properties of {B}ulgarian Clinical Text",
    author = "Temnikova, Irina  and
      Nikolova, Ivelina  and
      Baumgartner, William A.  and
      Angelova, Galia  and
      Cohen, K. Bretonnel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1087",
    pages = "667--675",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-nakov-2013-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Use of Character-Level Translation with Sparse and Noisy Datasets",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Nakov, Preslav},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1088",
    pages = "676--684",
}
@inproceedings{tolosi-etal-2013-feature,
    title = "A Feature Induction Algorithm with Application to Named Entity Disambiguation",
    author = "Tolo{\c{s}}i, Laura  and
      Zhikov, Valentin  and
      Georgiev, Georgi  and
      Popov, Borislav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1089",
    pages = "685--691",
}
@inproceedings{trevisan-roman-etal-2013-introducing,
    title = "Introducing a Corpus of Human-Authored Dialogue Summaries in {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Trevisan Roman, Norton  and
      Piwek, Paul  and
      M. B. Rizzoni Carvalho, Ariadne  and
      Rossi Alvares, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1090",
    pages = "692--701",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-etal-2013-wikipedia,
    title = "{W}ikipedia as an {SMT} Training Corpus",
    author = "Tufi{\textcommabelow{s}}, Dan  and
      Ion, Radu  and
      Dumitrescu, {\textcommabelow{S}}tefan  and
      {\textcommabelow{S}}tef{\u{a}}nescu, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1091",
    pages = "702--709",
}
@inproceedings{vossen-etal-2013-dutchsemcor,
    title = "{D}utch{S}em{C}or: in quest of the ideal sense-tagged corpus",
    author = {Vossen, Piek  and
      Izquierdo, Rub{\'e}n  and
      G{\"o}r{\"o}g, Attila},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1092",
    pages = "710--718",
}
@inproceedings{wali-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards detecting anomalies in the content of standardized {LMF} dictionaries",
    author = "WALI, Wafa  and
      Gargouri, Bilel  and
      BEN HAMADOU, Abdelmajid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1093",
    pages = "719--726",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-edit,
    title = "Edit Distance: A New Data Selection Criterion for Domain Adaptation in {SMT}",
    author = "Wang, Longyue  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.  and
      Xing, Junwen  and
      Lu, Yi  and
      Trancoso, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1094",
    pages = "727--732",
}
@inproceedings{zarei-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Enhancement of {LTAG} Treebank",
    author = "Zarei, Farzaneh  and
      Basirat, Ali  and
      Faili, Heshaam  and
      Mirian, Maryam Sadat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1095",
    pages = "733--739",
}
@inproceedings{zarrouk-etal-2013-inductive,
    title = "Inductive and deductive inferences in a Crowdsourced Lexical-Semantic Network",
    author = "Zarrouk, Manel  and
      Lafourcade, Mathieu  and
      Joubert, Alain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1096",
    pages = "740--746",
}
@inproceedings{zhekova-kubler-2013-machine,
    title = "Machine Learning for Mention Head Detection in Multilingual Coreference Resolution",
    author = {Zhekova, Desislava  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1097",
    pages = "747--754",
}
@inproceedings{zhikov-etal-2013-combining,
    title = "Combining {POS} Tagging, Dependency Parsing and Coreferential Resolution for {B}ulgarian",
    author = "Zhikov, Valentin  and
      Georgiev, Georgi  and
      Simov, Kiril  and
      Osenova, Petya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1098",
    pages = "755--762",
}
@inproceedings{zsibrita-etal-2013-magyarlanc,
    title = "magyarlanc: A Tool for Morphological and Dependency Parsing of {H}ungarian",
    author = "Zsibrita, J{\'a}nos  and
      Vincze, Veronika  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-1099",
    pages = "763--771",
}
@proceedings{ranlp-2013-student,
    title = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    author = "Temnikova, Irina  and
      Nikolova, Ivelina  and
      Konstantinova, Natalia",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2000",
}
@inproceedings{ai-2013-perceptual,
    title = "Perceptual Feedback in Computer Assisted Pronunciation Training: A Survey",
    author = "Ai, Renlong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{alabbas-2013-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset for {A}rabic Textual Entailment",
    author = "Alabbas, Maytham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2002",
    pages = "7--13",
}
@inproceedings{bhaskar-2013-answering,
    title = "Answering Questions from Multiple Documents {--} the Role of Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Bhaskar, Pinaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2003",
    pages = "14--21",
}
@inproceedings{bhaskar-2013-multi,
    title = "Multi-Document Summarization using Automatic Key-Phrase Extraction",
    author = "Bhaskar, Pinaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2004",
    pages = "22--29",
}
@inproceedings{bhaskar-pakray-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation of Summary Using Textual Entailment",
    author = "Bhaskar, Pinaki  and
      Pakray, Partha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2005",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{costetchi-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards a Discourse Model for Knowledge Elicitation",
    author = "Costetchi, Eugeniu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2006",
    pages = "38--44",
}
@inproceedings{cruz-diaz-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Negated and Uncertain Information in Biomedical and Review Texts",
    author = "Cruz D{\'\i}az, Noa P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2007",
    pages = "45--50",
}
@inproceedings{danilova-2013-cross,
    title = "Cross-Language Plagiarism Detection Methods",
    author = "Danilova, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2008",
    pages = "51--57",
}
@inproceedings{de-amaral-2013-rule,
    title = "Rule-based Named Entity Extraction For Ontology Population",
    author = "de Amaral, Aurore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2009",
    pages = "58--62",
}
@inproceedings{espinosa-anke-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Definition Extraction Using Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Espinosa Anke, Luis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2010",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{glavas-stajner-2013-event,
    title = "Event-Centered Simplification of News Stories",
    author = "Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      {\v{S}}tajner, Sanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2011",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@inproceedings{hromada-2013-random,
    title = "Random Projection and Geometrization of String Distance Metrics",
    author = "Hromada, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2012",
    pages = "79--85",
}
@inproceedings{jalalvand-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Language Model Adaptation using Automatic Data Selection and Neural Network",
    author = "Jalalvand, Shahab",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2013",
    pages = "86--92",
}
@inproceedings{janicki-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of A-Morphous Inflection with Graph Clustering",
    author = "Janicki, Maciej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2014",
    pages = "93--99",
}
@inproceedings{khoufi-boudokhane-2013-statistical,
    title = "Statistical-based System for Morphological Annotation of {A}rabic Texts",
    author = "Khoufi, Nabil  and
      Boudokhane, Manel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2015",
    pages = "100--106",
}
@inproceedings{kurtasov-2013-system,
    title = "A System for Generating Cloze Test Items from {R}ussian-Language Text",
    author = "Kurtasov, Andrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2016",
    pages = "107--112",
}
@inproceedings{li-2013-korean,
    title = "{K}orean Word-Sense Disambiguation Using Parallel Corpus as Additional Resource",
    author = "Li, ChunGen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2017",
    pages = "113--118",
}
@inproceedings{osinalde-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Basque Oral Poetry Analysis: A Machine Learning Approach",
    author = "Osinalde, Mikel  and
      Astigarraga, Aitzol  and
      Rodriguez, Igor  and
      Agirrezabal, Manex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2018",
    pages = "119--125",
}
@inproceedings{papadopoulou-2013-gf,
    title = "{GF} Modern {G}reek Resource Grammar",
    author = "Papadopoulou, Ioanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2019",
    pages = "126--133",
}
@inproceedings{schumann-2013-collection,
    title = "Collection, Annotation and Analysis of Gold Standard Corpora for Knowledge-Rich Context Extraction in {R}ussian and {G}erman",
    author = "Schumann, Anne-Kathrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2020",
    pages = "134--141",
}
@inproceedings{shrestha-vulic-2013-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition in Broadcast News Using Similar Written Texts",
    author = "Shrestha, Niraj  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2021",
    pages = "142--148",
}
@inproceedings{stambolieva-2013-reporting,
    title = "Reporting Preliminary Automatic Comparable Corpora Compilation Results",
    author = "Stambolieva, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R13-2022",
    pages = "149--156",
}
@proceedings{ijcnlp-2013-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Mitkov, Ruslan  and
      Park, Jong C.",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1000",
}
@inproceedings{catherine-etal-2013-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Answer Extraction from Discussion Forums",
    author = "Catherine, Rose  and
      Gangadharaiah, Rashmi  and
      Visweswariah, Karthik  and
      Raghu, Dinesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2013-wordtopic,
    title = "{W}ord{T}opic-{M}ulti{R}ank: A New Method for Automatic Keyphrase Extraction",
    author = "Zhang, Fan  and
      Huang, Lian{'}en  and
      Peng, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1002",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-klakow-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Contextual Healthiness Classification of Food Items - A Linguistic Approach",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1003",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning a Replacement Model for Query Segmentation with Consistency in Search Logs",
    author = "Zhang, Wei  and
      Cao, Yunbo  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Tan, Chew-Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1004",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{kawahara-etal-2013-precise,
    title = "Precise Information Retrieval Exploiting Predicate-Argument Structures",
    author = "Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Shinzato, Keiji  and
      Shibata, Tomohide  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1005",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{murawaki-2013-global,
    title = "Global Model for Hierarchical Multi-Label Text Classification",
    author = "Murawaki, Yugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1006",
    pages = "46--54",
}
@inproceedings{mirovsky-etal-2013-pre,
    title = "(Pre-)Annotation of Topic-Focus Articulation in {P}rague {C}zech-{E}nglish Dependency Treebank",
    author = "M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      Rysov{\'a}, Kate{\v{r}}ina  and
      Rysov{\'a}, Magdal{\'e}na  and
      Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1007",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{bhat-sharma-2013-animacy,
    title = "{A}nimacy Acquisition Using Morphological Case",
    author = "Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1008",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{matsuzaki-etal-2013-complexity,
    title = "The Complexity of Math Problems {--} Linguistic, or Computational?",
    author = "Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Iwane, Hidenao  and
      Anai, Hirokazu  and
      Arai, Noriko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1009",
    pages = "73--81",
}
@inproceedings{brooke-hirst-2013-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Models for Lexical Acquisition of Correlated Styles",
    author = "Brooke, Julian  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1010",
    pages = "82--90",
}
@inproceedings{polakova-etal-2013-introducing,
    title = "Introducing the {P}rague Discourse Treebank 1.0",
    author = "Pol{\'a}kov{\'a}, Lucie  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      Nedoluzhko, Anna  and
      J{\'\i}nov{\'a}, Pavl{\'\i}na  and
      Zik{\'a}nov{\'a}, {\v{S}}{\'a}rka  and
      Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1011",
    pages = "91--99",
}
@inproceedings{uryupina-moschitti-2013-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Mention Detection for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Uryupina, Olga  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1012",
    pages = "100--108",
}
@inproceedings{cano-basave-etal-2013-weakly,
    title = "A Weakly Supervised {B}ayesian Model for Violence Detection in Social Media",
    author = "Cano Basave, Amparo Elizabeth  and
      He, Yulan  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1013",
    pages = "109--117",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Spammers in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Ding, Zhuoye  and
      Gong, Yeyun  and
      Zhou, Yaqian  and
      Zhang, Qi  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1014",
    pages = "118--126",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Informal Word Normalization: an Experimental Study",
    author = "Wang, Aobo  and
      Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Andrade, Daniel  and
      Onishi, Takashi  and
      Ishikawa, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1015",
    pages = "127--135",
}
@inproceedings{jeong-myaeng-2013-feature,
    title = "Feature Selection Using a Semantic Hierarchy for Event Recognition and Type Classification",
    author = "Jeong, Yoonjae  and
      Myaeng, Sung-Hyon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1016",
    pages = "136--144",
}
@inproceedings{kim-shin-2013-romanization,
    title = "{R}omanization-based Approach to Morphological Analysis in {K}orean {SMS} Text Processing",
    author = "Kim, Youngsam  and
      Shin, Hyopil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1017",
    pages = "145--152",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-kitsuregawa-2013-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Word Lattice Generation for Joint Word Segmentation and {POS} Tagging in {J}apanese",
    author = "Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Kitsuregawa, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1018",
    pages = "153--161",
}
@inproceedings{sasano-etal-2013-simple,
    title = "A Simple Approach to Unknown Word Processing in {J}apanese Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Sasano, Ryohei  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1019",
    pages = "162--170",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2013-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation by Mining Maximized Substrings",
    author = "Shen, Mo  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1020",
    pages = "171--179",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2013-capturing,
    title = "Capturing Long-distance Dependencies in Sequence Models: A Case Study of {C}hinese Part-of-speech Tagging",
    author = "Sun, Weiwei  and
      Peng, Xiaochang  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1021",
    pages = "180--188",
}
@inproceedings{jain-etal-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Semantic Information in {H}indi {W}ord{N}et for {H}indi Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Jain, Sambhav  and
      Jain, Naman  and
      Tammewar, Aniruddha  and
      Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad  and
      Sharma, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1022",
    pages = "189--197",
}
@inproceedings{schnabel-schutze-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Robust Cross-Domain Domain Adaptation for Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = {Schnabel, Tobias  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1023",
    pages = "198--206",
}
@inproceedings{vincze-etal-2013-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing for Identifying {H}ungarian Light Verb Constructions",
    author = "Vincze, Veronika  and
      Zsibrita, J{\'a}nos  and
      Nagy T., Istv{\'a}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1024",
    pages = "207--215",
}
@inproceedings{prabhakaran-rambow-2013-written,
    title = "Written Dialog and Social Power: Manifestations of Different Types of Power in Dialog Behavior",
    author = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1025",
    pages = "216--224",
}
@inproceedings{kleinbauer-etal-2013-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of the Scusi? Spoken Language Interpretation System {--} A Case Study",
    author = "Kleinbauer, Thomas  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      Kim, Su Nam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1026",
    pages = "225--233",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2013-noisy,
    title = "A Noisy Channel Approach to Error Correction in Spoken Referring Expressions",
    author = "Kim, Su Nam  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      Kleinbauer, Thomas  and
      Zavareh, Farshid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1027",
    pages = "234--242",
}
@inproceedings{gangadharaiah-narayanaswamy-2013-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Query Refinement for Problem Resolution from Crowd-Sourced Semi-Structured Data",
    author = "Gangadharaiah, Rashmi  and
      Narayanaswamy, Balakrishnan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1028",
    pages = "243--251",
}
@inproceedings{razmara-sarkar-2013-ensemble,
    title = "Ensemble Triangulation for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Razmara, Majid  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1029",
    pages = "252--260",
}
@inproceedings{richardson-etal-2013-robust,
    title = "Robust Transliteration Mining from Comparable Corpora with Bilingual Topic Models",
    author = "Richardson, John  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1030",
    pages = "261--269",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2013-sumt,
    title = "{S}u{MT}: A Framework of Summarization and {MT}",
    author = "Bouamor, Houda  and
      Mohit, Behrang  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1031",
    pages = "270--278",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-tuning,
    title = "Tuning {SMT} with a Large Number of Features via Online Feature Grouping",
    author = "Liu, Lemao  and
      Zhao, Tiejun  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1032",
    pages = "279--285",
}
@inproceedings{afli-etal-2013-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Comparable Corpora as Resources for Extracting Parallel Data: Parallel Phrases Extraction",
    author = {Afli, Haithem  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Schwenk, Holger},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1033",
    pages = "286--292",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2013-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Large-scale Named Entities using {URL}-Text Hybrid Patterns",
    author = "Zhang, Chao  and
      Zhao, Shiqi  and
      Wang, Haifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1034",
    pages = "293--301",
}
@inproceedings{qin-etal-2013-feature,
    title = "Feature-Rich Segment-Based News Event Detection on Twitter",
    author = "Qin, Yanxia  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Zheng, Dequan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1035",
    pages = "302--310",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2013-building,
    title = "Building {C}hinese Event Type Paradigm Based on Trigger Clustering",
    author = "Ding, Xiao  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1036",
    pages = "311--319",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2013-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Named Entity Abbreviation Generation Using First-Order Logic",
    author = "Chen, Huan  and
      Zhang, Qi  and
      Qian, Jin  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1037",
    pages = "320--328",
}
@inproceedings{nagy-t-etal-2013-full,
    title = "Full-coverage Identification of {E}nglish Light Verb Constructions",
    author = "Nagy T., Istv{\'a}n  and
      Vincze, Veronika  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1038",
    pages = "329--337",
}
@inproceedings{feng-hirst-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Deceptive Opinions with Profile Compatibility",
    author = "Feng, Vanessa Wei  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1039",
    pages = "338--346",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-strapparava-2013-behind,
    title = "Behind the Times: Detecting Epoch Changes using Large Corpora",
    author = "Popescu, Octavian  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1040",
    pages = "347--355",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-etal-2013-noisy,
    title = "How Noisy Social Media Text, How Diffrnt Social Media Sources?",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Cook, Paul  and
      Lui, Marco  and
      MacKinlay, Andrew  and
      Wang, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1041",
    pages = "356--364",
}
@inproceedings{prabhakaran-etal-2013-upper,
    title = "Who Had the Upper Hand? Ranking Participants of Interactions Based on Their Relative Power",
    author = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      John, Ajita  and
      Seligmann, Dor{\'e}e D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1042",
    pages = "365--373",
}
@inproceedings{stajner-saggion-2013-readability,
    title = "Readability Indices for Automatic Evaluation of Text Simplification Systems: A Feasibility Study for {S}panish",
    author = "{\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1043",
    pages = "374--382",
}
@inproceedings{vincze-2013-weasels,
    title = "Weasels, Hedges and Peacocks: Discourse-level Uncertainty in {W}ikipedia Articles",
    author = "Vincze, Veronika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1044",
    pages = "383--391",
}
@inproceedings{alotaibi-lee-2013-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Developing a Fine-grained {A}rabic Named Entity Corpus and Gazetteer by utilizing {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Alotaibi, Fahd  and
      Lee, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1045",
    pages = "392--400",
}
@inproceedings{harastani-etal-2013-ranking,
    title = "Ranking Translation Candidates Acquired from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Harastani, Rima  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice  and
      Morin, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1046",
    pages = "401--409",
}
@inproceedings{al-sabbagh-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using the Semantic-Syntactic Interface for Reliable {A}rabic Modality Annotation",
    author = "Al-Sabbagh, Rania  and
      Diesner, Jana  and
      Girju, Roxana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1047",
    pages = "410--418",
}
@inproceedings{boujelbane-etal-2013-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Rules for Building a {T}unisian Dialect Lexicon and Generating Corpora",
    author = "Boujelbane, Rahma  and
      Ellouze Khemekhem, Mariem  and
      Belguith, Lamia Hadrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1048",
    pages = "419--428",
}
@inproceedings{gandhe-gangadharaiah-2013-hypothesis,
    title = "Hypothesis Refinement Using Agreement Constraints in Machine Translation",
    author = "Gandhe, Ankur  and
      Gangadharaiah, Rashmi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1049",
    pages = "429--437",
}
@inproceedings{sankaran-etal-2013-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Variational Inference for Extracting Hierarchical Phrase-based Translation Rules",
    author = "Sankaran, Baskaran  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1050",
    pages = "438--446",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2013-topic,
    title = "A Topic-Triggered Language Model for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Yu, Heng  and
      Su, Jinsong  and
      Lv, Yajuan  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1051",
    pages = "447--454",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-reserved,
    title = "Reserved Self-training: A Semi-supervised Sentiment Classification Method for {C}hinese Microblogs",
    author = "Liu, Zhiguang  and
      Dong, Xishuang  and
      Guan, Yi  and
      Yang, Jinfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1052",
    pages = "455--462",
}
@inproceedings{cho-etal-2013-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Lexicon-Based Review Classification by Merging and Revising Sentiment Dictionaries",
    author = "Cho, Heeryon  and
      Lee, Jong-Seok  and
      Kim, Songkuk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1053",
    pages = "463--470",
}
@inproceedings{oraby-etal-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Effects of Word Roots for {A}rabic Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Oraby, Shereen  and
      El-Sonbaty, Yasser  and
      Abou El-Nasr, Mohamad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1054",
    pages = "471--479",
}
@inproceedings{xue-etal-2013-topical,
    title = "Topical Key Concept Extraction from {F}olksonomy",
    author = "Xue, Han  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Xiang, Chao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1055",
    pages = "480--488",
}
@inproceedings{scheible-etal-2013-uncovering,
    title = "Uncovering Distributional Differences between Synonyms and Antonyms in a Word Space Model",
    author = "Scheible, Silke  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Springorum, Sylvia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1056",
    pages = "489--497",
}
@inproceedings{dandala-etal-2013-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Word Sense Disambiguation Using {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Dandala, Bharath  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Bunescu, Razvan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1057",
    pages = "498--506",
}
@inproceedings{yan-etal-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic v.s. Positions: Utilizing Balanced Proximity in Language Model Smoothing for Information Retrieval",
    author = "Yan, Rui  and
      Jiang, Han  and
      Lapata, Mirella  and
      Lin, Shou-De  and
      Lv, Xueqiang  and
      Li, Xiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1058",
    pages = "507--515",
}
@inproceedings{ding-yamamoto-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Parameter Estimation Algorithm for a Generative Dependency N-gram Language Model",
    author = "Ding, Chenchen  and
      Yamamoto, Mikio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1059",
    pages = "516--524",
}
@inproceedings{wang-manning-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning a Product of Experts with Elitist Lasso",
    author = "Wang, Mengqiu  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1060",
    pages = "525--533",
}
@inproceedings{wachsmuth-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning Efficient Information Extraction on Heterogeneous Texts",
    author = "Wachsmuth, Henning  and
      Stein, Benno  and
      Engels, Gregor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1061",
    pages = "534--542",
}
@inproceedings{bougouin-etal-2013-topicrank,
    title = "{T}opic{R}ank: Graph-Based Topic Ranking for Keyphrase Extraction",
    author = "Bougouin, Adrien  and
      Boudin, Florian  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1062",
    pages = "543--551",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2013-understanding,
    title = "Understanding the Semantic Intent of Natural Language Query",
    author = "Xu, Juan  and
      Zhang, Qi  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1063",
    pages = "552--560",
}
@inproceedings{hou-chang-2013-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Classification for Movie Reviews in {C}hinese Using Parsing-based Methods",
    author = "Hou, Wen-Juan  and
      Chang, Chuang-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1064",
    pages = "561--569",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-joshi-2013-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Aggregation using {C}oncept{N}et Ontology",
    author = "Mukherjee, Subhabrata  and
      Joshi, Sachindra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1065",
    pages = "570--578",
}
@inproceedings{nitta-etal-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Cyberbullying Entries on Informal School Websites Based on Category Relevance Maximization",
    author = "Nitta, Taisei  and
      Masui, Fumito  and
      Ptaszynski, Michal  and
      Kimura, Yasutomo  and
      Rzepka, Rafal  and
      Araki, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1066",
    pages = "579--586",
}
@inproceedings{narita-etal-2013-lexicon,
    title = "A Lexicon-based Investigation of Research Issues in {J}apanese Factuality Analysis",
    author = "Narita, Kazuya  and
      Mizuno, Junta  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1067",
    pages = "587--595",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2013-hierarchical,
    title = "A Hierarchical Semantics-Aware Distributional Similarity Scheme",
    author = "Sun, Shuqi  and
      Sun, Ke  and
      Zhao, Shiqi  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Yang, Muyun  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1068",
    pages = "596--604",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-labeled,
    title = "Labeled Alignment for Recognizing Textual Entailment",
    author = "Wang, Xiaolin  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Lu, Bao-Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1069",
    pages = "605--613",
}
@inproceedings{lee-huang-2013-context,
    title = "Context-Based {C}hinese Word Segmentation using {SVM} Machine-Learning Algorithm without Dictionary Support",
    author = "Lee, Chia-ming  and
      Huang, Chien-Kang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1070",
    pages = "614--622",
}
@inproceedings{song-xia-2013-common,
    title = "A Common Case of Jekyll and Hyde: The Synergistic Effect of Using Divided Source Training Data for Feature Augmentation",
    author = "Song, Yan  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1071",
    pages = "623--631",
}
@inproceedings{springorum-etal-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Polysemy in Hard and Soft Cluster Analyses of {G}erman Preposition Vector Spaces",
    author = "Springorum, Sylvia  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Utt, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1072",
    pages = "632--640",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2013-generalized,
    title = "Generalized Abbreviation Prediction with Negative Full Forms and Its Application on Improving {C}hinese Web Search",
    author = "Sun, Xu  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Meng, Fanqi  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1073",
    pages = "641--647",
}
@inproceedings{jauhar-etal-2013-prosody,
    title = "Prosody-Based Unsupervised Speech Summarization with Two-Layer Mutually Reinforced Random Walk",
    author = "Jauhar, Sujay Kumar  and
      Chen, Yun-Nung  and
      Metze, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1074",
    pages = "648--654",
}
@inproceedings{litvak-vanetik-2013-mining,
    title = "Mining the Gaps: Towards Polynomial Summarization",
    author = "Litvak, Marina  and
      Vanetik, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1075",
    pages = "655--660",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-bhattacharyya-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Domain Dedicated Polar Words",
    author = "Sharma, Raksha  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1076",
    pages = "661--666",
}
@inproceedings{ali-etal-2013-hear,
    title = "Can {I} Hear You? Sentiment Analysis on Medical Forums",
    author = "Ali, Tanveer  and
      Schramm, David  and
      Sokolova, Marina  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1077",
    pages = "667--673",
}
@inproceedings{patra-etal-2013-construction,
    title = "Construction of Emotional Lexicon Using Potts Model",
    author = "Patra, Braja Gopal  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Okumura, Manabu  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1078",
    pages = "674--679",
}
@inproceedings{mulholland-quinn-2013-suicidal,
    title = "Suicidal Tendencies: The Automatic Classification of Suicidal and Non-Suicidal Lyricists Using {NLP}",
    author = "Mulholland, Matthew  and
      Quinn, Joanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1079",
    pages = "680--684",
}
@inproceedings{mistica-etal-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Word Class Induction for Under-resourced Languages: A Case Study on {I}ndonesian",
    author = "Mistica, Meladel  and
      Lau, Jey Han  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1080",
    pages = "685--691",
}
@inproceedings{fu-grishman-2013-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Active Learning Framework for New Relation Types",
    author = "Fu, Lisheng  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1081",
    pages = "692--698",
}
@inproceedings{baek-park-2013-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Dependency Paths to Identify Event-Argument Relations",
    author = "Baek, Seung-Cheol  and
      Park, Jong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1082",
    pages = "699--705",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2013-augmentable,
    title = "Augmentable Paraphrase Extraction Framework",
    author = "Chen, Mei-Hua  and
      Chen, Yi-Chun  and
      Huang, Shih-Ting  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1083",
    pages = "706--711",
}
@inproceedings{sarker-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Prediction of Evidence-based Recommendations via Sentence-level Polarity Classification",
    author = "Sarker, Abeed  and
      Moll{\'a}-Aliod, Diego  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1084",
    pages = "712--718",
}
@inproceedings{yin-2013-clustering,
    title = "Clustering Microtext Streams for Event Identification",
    author = "Yin, Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1085",
    pages = "719--725",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Corpora Construction for Text Classification",
    author = "Wang, Dandan  and
      Chen, Qingcai  and
      Wang, Xiaolong  and
      Yu, Bingyang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1086",
    pages = "726--732",
}
@inproceedings{bairi-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning to Generate Diversified Query Interpretations using Biconvex Optimization",
    author = "Bairi, Ramakrishna  and
      A, Ambha  and
      Ramakrishnan, Ganesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1087",
    pages = "733--739",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning Based Approaches for {V}ietnamese Question Classification Using Keywords Extraction from the Web",
    author = "Tran, Dang Hai  and
      Chu, Cuong Xuan  and
      Pham, Son Bao  and
      Nguyen, Minh Le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1088",
    pages = "740--746",
}
@inproceedings{uthus-aha-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Bot-Answerable Questions in {U}buntu Chat",
    author = "Uthus, David  and
      Aha, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1089",
    pages = "747--752",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-miyao-2013-alignment,
    title = "Alignment-based Annotation of Proofreading Texts toward Professional Writing Assistance",
    author = "Nguyen, Ngan  and
      Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1090",
    pages = "753--759",
}
@inproceedings{wilson-2013-toward,
    title = "Toward Automatic Processing of {E}nglish Metalanguage",
    author = "Wilson, Shomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1091",
    pages = "760--766",
}
@inproceedings{chali-hasan-2013-effectiveness,
    title = "On the Effectiveness of Using Syntactic and Shallow Semantic Tree Kernels for Automatic Assessment of Essays",
    author = "Chali, Yllias  and
      Hasan, Sadid A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1092",
    pages = "767--773",
}
@inproceedings{n-bhattacharyya-2013-little,
    title = "Little by Little: Semi Supervised Stemming through Stem Set Minimization",
    author = "N, Vasudevan  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1093",
    pages = "774--780",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2013-information,
    title = "What Information is Helpful for Dependency Based Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Luo, Yanyan  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1094",
    pages = "781--787",
}
@inproceedings{biran-mckeown-2013-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Taxonomic Relations between Pairs of {W}ikipedia Articles",
    author = "Biran, Or  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1095",
    pages = "788--794",
}
@inproceedings{xu-huang-2013-rule,
    title = "A Rule System for {C}hinese Time Entity Recognition by Comprehensive Linguistic Study",
    author = "Xu, Hongzhi  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1096",
    pages = "795--801",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-financial,
    title = "Financial Sentiment Analysis for Risk Prediction",
    author = "Wang, Chuan-Ju  and
      Tsai, Ming-Feng  and
      Liu, Tse  and
      Chang, Chin-Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1097",
    pages = "802--808",
}
@inproceedings{nghiem-etal-2013-sense,
    title = "Sense Disambiguation: From Natural Language Words to Mathematical Terms",
    author = "Nghiem, Minh-Quoc  and
      Kristianto, Giovanni Yoko  and
      Topi{\'c}, Goran  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1098",
    pages = "809--814",
}
@inproceedings{sikdar-etal-2013-adapting,
    title = "Adapting a State-of-the-art Anaphora Resolution System for Resource-poor Language",
    author = "Sikdar, Utpal  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Saha, Sriparna  and
      Uryupina, Olga  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1099",
    pages = "815--821",
}
@inproceedings{chen-ng-2013-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Event Coreference Resolution: Understanding the State of the Art",
    author = "Chen, Chen  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1100",
    pages = "822--828",
}
@inproceedings{eiselt-figueroa-2013-two,
    title = "A Two-Step Named Entity Recognizer for Open-Domain Search Queries",
    author = "Eiselt, Andreas  and
      Figueroa, Alejandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1101",
    pages = "829--833",
}
@inproceedings{boudin-2013-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Centrality Measures for Graph-Based Keyphrase Extraction",
    author = "Boudin, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1102",
    pages = "834--838",
}
@inproceedings{bai-etal-2013-translating,
    title = "Translating {C}hinese Unknown Words by Automatically Acquired Templates",
    author = "Bai, Ming-Hong  and
      Hsieh, Yu-Ming  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1103",
    pages = "839--843",
}
@inproceedings{ziering-etal-2013-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Lexicon Bootstrapping - Improving a Lexicon Induction System Using a Parallel Corpus",
    author = {Ziering, Patrick  and
      van der Plas, Lonneke  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1104",
    pages = "844--848",
}
@inproceedings{wu-2013-mining,
    title = "Mining {J}apanese Compound Words and Their Pronunciations from Web Pages and Tweets",
    author = "Wu, Xianchao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1105",
    pages = "849--853",
}
@inproceedings{pala-er-cicekli-2013-factoid,
    title = "A Factoid Question Answering System Using Answer Pattern Matching",
    author = "Pala Er, Nagehan  and
      Cicekli, Ilyas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1106",
    pages = "854--858",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2013-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Short Text Classification Based on Domain Knowledge",
    author = "Feng, Xiao  and
      Shen, Yang  and
      Liu, Chengyong  and
      Liang, Wei  and
      Zhang, Shuwu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1107",
    pages = "859--863",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2013-applying,
    title = "Applying Graph-based Keyword Extraction to Document Retrieval",
    author = "Kim, Youngsam  and
      Kim, Munhyong  and
      Cattle, Andrew  and
      Otmakhova, Julia  and
      Park, Suzi  and
      Shin, Hyopil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1108",
    pages = "864--868",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2013-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Classification of Twitter Messages for Organization Name Disambiguation",
    author = "Zhang, Shu  and
      Wu, Jianwei  and
      Zheng, Dequan  and
      Meng, Yao  and
      Yu, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1109",
    pages = "869--873",
}
@inproceedings{aramaki-etal-2013-word,
    title = "Word in a Dictionary is used by Numerous Users",
    author = "Aramaki, Eiji  and
      Maskawa, Sachiko  and
      Miyabe, Mai  and
      Morita, Mizuki  and
      Yasuda, Sachi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1110",
    pages = "874--877",
}
@inproceedings{nakayama-fujii-2013-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Evaluative Conditions from Online Reviews: Toward Enhancing Opinion Mining",
    author = "Nakayama, Yuki  and
      Fujii, Atsushi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1111",
    pages = "878--882",
}
@inproceedings{beinborn-etal-2013-cognate,
    title = "Cognate Production using Character-based Machine Translation",
    author = "Beinborn, Lisa  and
      Zesch, Torsten  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1112",
    pages = "883--891",
}
@inproceedings{banerjee-bandyopadhyay-2013-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of Combing Multiple Models in {B}engali Question Classification",
    author = "Banerjee, Somnath  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1113",
    pages = "892--896",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2013-two,
    title = "A Two-Stage Classifier for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Nguyen, Dai Quoc  and
      Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Pham, Son Bao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1114",
    pages = "897--901",
}
@inproceedings{figueroa-neumann-2013-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting User Search Sessions for the Semantic Categorization of Question-like Informational Search Queries",
    author = "Figueroa, Alejandro  and
      Neumann, Guenter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1115",
    pages = "902--906",
}
@inproceedings{oliveira-etal-2013-influence,
    title = "Influence of Part-of-Speech and Phrasal Category Universal Tag-set in Tree-to-Tree Translation Models",
    author = "Oliveira, Francisco  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.  and
      Tian, Liang  and
      He, Liangye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1116",
    pages = "907--911",
}
@inproceedings{huang-ku-2013-interest,
    title = "Interest Analysis using {P}age{R}ank and Social Interaction Content",
    author = "Huang, Chung-chi  and
      Ku, Lun-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1117",
    pages = "912--916",
}
@inproceedings{koike-etal-2013-time,
    title = "Time Series Topic Modeling and Bursty Topic Detection of Correlated News and Twitter",
    author = "Koike, Daichi  and
      Takahashi, Yusuke  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Yoshioka, Masaharu  and
      Kando, Noriko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1118",
    pages = "917--921",
}
@inproceedings{thamrongrattanarit-etal-2013-distant,
    title = "A Distant Supervision Approach for Identifying Perspectives in Unstructured User-Generated Text",
    author = "Thamrongrattanarit, Attapol  and
      Pollock, Colin  and
      Goldenberg, Benjamin  and
      Fennell, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1119",
    pages = "922--926",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-approach,
    title = "An Approach of Hybrid Hierarchical Structure for Word Similarity Computing by {H}ow{N}et",
    author = "Liu, Jiangming  and
      Xu, Jinan  and
      Zhang, Yujie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1120",
    pages = "927--931",
}
@inproceedings{neviarouskaya-aono-2013-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Causes of Emotions from Text",
    author = "Neviarouskaya, Alena  and
      Aono, Masaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1121",
    pages = "932--936",
}
@inproceedings{behera-bhattacharyya-2013-automated,
    title = "Automated Grammar Correction Using Hierarchical Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Behera, Bibek  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1122",
    pages = "937--941",
}
@inproceedings{padro-etal-2013-finding,
    title = "Finding Dependency Parsing Limits over a Large {S}panish Corpus",
    author = "Padr{\'o}, Muntsa  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Bohnet, Bernd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1123",
    pages = "942--946",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2013-high,
    title = "High Quality Dependency Selection from Automatic Parses",
    author = "Jin, Gongye  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1124",
    pages = "947--951",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2013-building,
    title = "Building Specialized Bilingual Lexicons Using Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Bouamor, Dhouha  and
      Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1125",
    pages = "952--956",
}
@inproceedings{yoshino-etal-2013-predicate,
    title = "Predicate Argument Structure Analysis using Partially Annotated Corpora",
    author = "Yoshino, Koichiro  and
      Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1126",
    pages = "957--961",
}
@inproceedings{yoshino-etal-2013-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Dialogue Management using Intention Dependency Graph",
    author = "Yoshino, Koichiro  and
      Watanabe, Shinji  and
      Le Roux, Jonathan  and
      Hershey, John R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1127",
    pages = "962--966",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2013-repairing,
    title = "Repairing Incorrect Translation with Examples",
    author = "Zhu, Junguo  and
      Yang, Muyun  and
      Li, Sheng  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1128",
    pages = "967--971",
}
@inproceedings{fu-etal-2013-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-based Parallel Fragments Extraction from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Fu, Xiaoyin  and
      Wei, Wei  and
      Lu, Shixiang  and
      Chen, Zhenbiao  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1129",
    pages = "972--976",
}
@inproceedings{dakwale-etal-2013-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach for Anaphora Resolution in {H}indi",
    author = "Dakwale, Praveen  and
      Mujadia, Vandan  and
      Sharma, Dipti M",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1130",
    pages = "977--981",
}
@inproceedings{atreya-v-etal-2013-structure,
    title = "Structure Cognizant Pseudo Relevance Feedback",
    author = "Atreya V, Arjun  and
      Kakde, Yogesh  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Ramakrishnan, Ganesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1131",
    pages = "982--986",
}
@inproceedings{johannsen-sogaard-2013-cross,
    title = "Cross-Domain Answer Ranking using Importance Sampling",
    author = "Johannsen, Anders  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1132",
    pages = "987--991",
}
@inproceedings{zribi-etal-2013-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Analysis of {T}unisian Dialect",
    author = "Zribi, In{\`e}s  and
      Ellouze Khemakhem, Mariem  and
      Hadrich Belguith, Lamia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1133",
    pages = "992--996",
}
@inproceedings{johannsen-sogaard-2013-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating Explicit Discourse Connectives without Oracles",
    author = "Johannsen, Anders  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1134",
    pages = "997--1001",
}
@inproceedings{berka-vajtersic-2013-updating,
    title = "Updating Rare Term Vector Replacement",
    author = "Berka, Tobias  and
      Vajter{\v{s}}ic, Marian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1135",
    pages = "1002--1006",
}
@inproceedings{malladi-mannem-2013-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Morphological Analyzer for {H}indi",
    author = "Malladi, Deepak Kumar  and
      Mannem, Prashanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1136",
    pages = "1007--1011",
}
@inproceedings{khaliq-carroll-2013-induction,
    title = "Induction of Root and Pattern Lexicon for Unsupervised Morphological Analysis of {A}rabic",
    author = "Khaliq, Bilal  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1137",
    pages = "1012--1016",
}
@inproceedings{pham-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using Shallow Semantic Parsing and Relation Extraction for Finding Contradiction in Text",
    author = "Pham, Minh Quang Nhat  and
      Nguyen, Minh Le  and
      Shimazu, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1138",
    pages = "1017--1021",
}
@inproceedings{semmar-saadane-2013-using,
    title = "Using Transliteration of Proper Names from {A}rabic to {L}atin Script to Improve {E}nglish-{A}rabic Word Alignment",
    author = "Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Saadane, Houda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1139",
    pages = "1022--1026",
}
@inproceedings{merhbene-etal-2013-semi,
    title = "A Semi-Supervised Method for {A}rabic Word Sense Disambiguation Using a Weighted Directed Graph",
    author = "Merhbene, Laroussi  and
      Zouaghi, Anis  and
      Zrigui, Mounir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1140",
    pages = "1027--1031",
}
@inproceedings{yarmohammadi-etal-2013-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Segmentation and Decoding Strategies for Simultaneous Translation",
    author = "Yarmohammadi, Mahsa  and
      Rangarajan Sridhar, Vivek Kumar  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Sankaran, Baskaran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1141",
    pages = "1032--1036",
}
@inproceedings{novak-etal-2013-two,
    title = "Two Case Studies on Translating Pronouns in a Deep Syntax Framework",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, Michal  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k  and
      Nedoluzhko, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1142",
    pages = "1037--1041",
}
@inproceedings{vu-huy-etal-2013-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation via {WSD} Integration",
    author = "Vu Huy, Hien  and
      Nguyen, Phuong-Thai  and
      Nguyen, Tung-Lam  and
      Nguyen, M.L",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1143",
    pages = "1042--1046",
}
@inproceedings{rasooli-etal-2013-orthographic,
    title = "Orthographic and Morphological Processing for {P}ersian-to-{E}nglish Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Rasooli, Mohammad Sadegh  and
      El Kholy, Ahmed  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1144",
    pages = "1047--1051",
}
@inproceedings{mai-xuan-etal-2013-interoperability,
    title = "Interoperability between Service Composition and Processing Pipeline: Case Study on the Language Grid and {UIMA}",
    author = "Mai Xuan, Trang  and
      Murakami, Yohei  and
      Lin, Donghui  and
      Ishida, Toru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1145",
    pages = "1052--1056",
}
@inproceedings{tsunakawa-etal-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Calculation of Contextual Similarity for Constructing a Bilingual Dictionary via a Third Language",
    author = "Tsunakawa, Takashi  and
      Yamamoto, Yosuke  and
      Kaji, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1146",
    pages = "1057--1061",
}
@inproceedings{hoshino-etal-2013-two,
    title = "Two-Stage Pre-ordering for {J}apanese-to-{E}nglish Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Hoshino, Sho  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1147",
    pages = "1062--1066",
}
@inproceedings{xiang-etal-2013-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Error Correction Using Feature Selection and Confidence Tuning",
    author = "Xiang, Yang  and
      Zhang, Yaoyun  and
      Wang, Xiaolong  and
      Wei, Chongqiang  and
      Zheng, Wen  and
      Zhou, Xiaoqiang  and
      Hu, Yuxiu  and
      Qin, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1148",
    pages = "1067--1071",
}
@inproceedings{clifton-etal-2013-online,
    title = "An Online Algorithm for Learning over Constrained Latent Representations using Multiple Views",
    author = "Clifton, Ann  and
      Whitney, Max  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1149",
    pages = "1072--1076",
}
@inproceedings{andrade-etal-2013-synonym,
    title = "Synonym Acquisition Using Bilingual Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Andrade, Daniel  and
      Tsuchida, Masaaki  and
      Onishi, Takashi  and
      Ishikawa, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1150",
    pages = "1077--1081",
}
@inproceedings{soni-etal-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Verb Frames for Sentence Simplification in {H}indi",
    author = "Soni, Ankush  and
      Jain, Sambhav  and
      Misra Sharma, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1151",
    pages = "1082--1086",
}
@inproceedings{can-manandhar-2013-dirichlet,
    title = "{D}irichlet Processes for Joint Learning of Morphology and {P}o{S} Tags",
    author = "Can, Burcu  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1152",
    pages = "1087--1091",
}
@inproceedings{samad-zadeh-kaljahi-etal-2013-parser,
    title = "Parser Accuracy in Quality Estimation of Machine Translation: A Tree Kernel Approach",
    author = "Samad Zadeh Kaljahi, Rasoul  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Rubino, Raphael  and
      Roturier, Johann  and
      Hollowood, Fred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1153",
    pages = "1092--1096",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-attribute,
    title = "Attribute Relation Extraction from Template-inconsistent Semi-structured Text by Leveraging Site-level Knowledge",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Liu, Fang  and
      Lai, Siwei  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Zhou, Guangyou  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1154",
    pages = "1097--1101",
}
@inproceedings{mehta-majumder-2013-optimum,
    title = "Optimum Parameter Selection for {K}.{L}.{D}. Based Authorship Attribution in {G}ujarati",
    author = "Mehta, Parth  and
      Majumder, Prasenjit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1155",
    pages = "1102--1106",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2013-modeling,
    title = "Modeling User Leniency and Product Popularity for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Gao, Wenliang  and
      Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Kitsuregawa, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1156",
    pages = "1107--1111",
}
@inproceedings{kim-2013-generalized,
    title = "A Generalized {LCS} Algorithm and Its Application to Corpus Alignment",
    author = "Kim, Jin-Dong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1157",
    pages = "1112--1116",
}
@inproceedings{jing-etal-2013-semantic,
    title = {Semantic Na{\"\i}ve {B}ayes Classifier for Document Classification},
    author = "Jing, How  and
      Tsao, Yu  and
      Chen, Kuan-Yu  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1158",
    pages = "1117--1123",
}
@inproceedings{petinot-etal-2013-cluster,
    title = "Cluster-based Web Summarization",
    author = "Petinot, Yves  and
      McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Thadani, Kapil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1159",
    pages = "1124--1128",
}
@inproceedings{thorne-etal-2013-automated,
    title = "Automated Activity Recognition in Clinical Documents",
    author = "Thorne, Camilo  and
      Montali, Marco  and
      Calvanese, Diego  and
      Cardillo, Elena  and
      Eccher, Claudio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1160",
    pages = "1129--1133",
}
@inproceedings{hanke-bird-2013-large,
    title = "Large-Scale Text Collection for Unwritten Languages",
    author = "Hanke, Florian R.  and
      Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1161",
    pages = "1134--1138",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-self,
    title = "A Self-learning Template Approach for Recognizing Named Entities from Web Text",
    author = "Liu, Qian  and
      Liu, Bingyang  and
      Wu, Dayong  and
      Liu, Yue  and
      Cheng, Xueqi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1162",
    pages = "1139--1143",
}
@inproceedings{chu-etal-2013-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Parallel Fragment Extraction from Quasi{--}Comparable Corpora using Alignment Model and Translation Lexicon",
    author = "Chu, Chenhui  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1163",
    pages = "1144--1150",
}
@inproceedings{ebrahimi-etal-2013-meta,
    title = "Meta-level Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Ebrahimi, Sajad  and
      Meshgi, Kourosh  and
      Khadivi, Shahram  and
      Shiri Ahmad Abady, Mohammad Ebrahim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1164",
    pages = "1151--1157",
}
@inproceedings{saers-wu-2013-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Induction of Bracketing Inversion Transduction Grammars",
    author = "Saers, Markus  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1165",
    pages = "1158--1166",
}
@inproceedings{rubino-etal-2013-estimating,
    title = "Estimating the Quality of Translated User-Generated Content",
    author = "Rubino, Raphael  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Samad Zadeh Kaljahi, Rasoul  and
      Roturier, Johann  and
      Hollowood, Fred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1166",
    pages = "1167--1173",
}
@inproceedings{el-kholy-etal-2013-selective,
    title = "Selective Combination of Pivot and Direct Statistical Machine Translation Models",
    author = "El Kholy, Ahmed  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Leusch, Gregor  and
      Matusov, Evgeny  and
      Sawaf, Hassan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1167",
    pages = "1174--1180",
}
@inproceedings{ghoneim-diab-2013-multiword,
    title = "Multiword Expressions in the Context of Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Ghoneim, Mahmoud  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1168",
    pages = "1181--1187",
}
@inproceedings{szarvas-gurevych-2013-uncertainty,
    title = "Uncertainty Detection for Natural Language Watermarking",
    author = {Szarvas, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Gurevych, Iryna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1169",
    pages = "1188--1194",
}
@inproceedings{jia-zhao-2013-kyss,
    title = "{K}y{SS} 1.0: a Framework for Automatic Evaluation of {C}hinese Input Method Engines",
    author = "Jia, Zhongye  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1170",
    pages = "1195--1201",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Social Networks from Literary Text: A Case Study on Alice in Wonderland",
    author = "Agarwal, Apoorv  and
      Kotalwar, Anup  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1171",
    pages = "1202--1208",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using the Web to Train a Mobile Device Oriented {J}apanese Input Method Editor",
    author = "Wu, Xianchao  and
      Xiao, Rixin  and
      Chen, Xiaoxin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1172",
    pages = "1209--1215",
}
@inproceedings{akula-etal-2013-novel,
    title = "A Novel Approach Towards Incorporating Context Processing Capabilities in {NLIDB} System",
    author = "Akula, Arjun  and
      Sangal, Rajeev  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1173",
    pages = "1216--1222",
}
@inproceedings{silvervarg-jonsson-2013-iterative,
    title = "Iterative Development and Evaluation of a Social Conversational Agent",
    author = {Silvervarg, Annika  and
      J{\"o}nsson, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1174",
    pages = "1223--1229",
}
@inproceedings{kutlu-cicekli-2013-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Morphological Disambiguation System for {T}urkish",
    author = "Kutlu, Mucahid  and
      Cicekli, Ilyas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1175",
    pages = "1230--1236",
}
@inproceedings{jain-agrawal-2013-dynamic,
    title = "A Dynamic Confusion Score for Dependency Arc Labels",
    author = "Jain, Sambhav  and
      Agrawal, Bhasha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1176",
    pages = "1237--1242",
}
@inproceedings{duong-etal-2013-increasing,
    title = "Increasing the Quality and Quantity of Source Language Data for Unsupervised Cross-Lingual {POS} Tagging",
    author = "Duong, Long  and
      Cook, Paul  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Pecina, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1177",
    pages = "1243--1249",
}
@inproceedings{bohnet-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards the Annotation of {P}enn {T}ree{B}ank with Information Structure",
    author = "Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Burga, Alicia  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1178",
    pages = "1250--1256",
}
@inproceedings{maskharashvili-pogodalla-2013-constituency,
    title = "Constituency and Dependency Relationship from a Tree Adjoining Grammar and Abstract Categorial Grammars Perspective",
    author = "Maskharashvili, Aleksandre  and
      Pogodalla, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1179",
    pages = "1257--1263",
}
@inproceedings{patil-etal-2013-named,
    title = "Named Entity Extraction using Information Distance",
    author = "Patil, Sangameshwar  and
      Pawar, Sachin  and
      Palshikar, Girish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1180",
    pages = "1264--1270",
}
@inproceedings{mansur-etal-2013-feature,
    title = "Feature-based Neural Language Model and {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Mansur, Mairgup  and
      Pei, Wenzhe  and
      Chang, Baobao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1181",
    pages = "1271--1277",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2013-human,
    title = "Human-Computer Interactive {C}hinese Word Segmentation: An Adaptive {D}irichlet Process Mixture Model Approach",
    author = "Chen, Tongfei  and
      Zou, Xiaojun  and
      Zhu, Weimeng  and
      Hu, Junfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1182",
    pages = "1278--1284",
}
@inproceedings{wang-manning-2013-effect,
    title = "Effect of Non-linear Deep Architecture in Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Wang, Mengqiu  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1183",
    pages = "1285--1291",
}
@inproceedings{imamura-2013-case,
    title = "Case Study of Model Adaptation: Transfer Learning and Online Learning",
    author = "Imamura, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1184",
    pages = "1292--1298",
}
@inproceedings{islam-hoenen-2013-source,
    title = "Source and Translation Classification using Most Frequent Words",
    author = "Islam, Zahurul  and
      Hoenen, Armin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1185",
    pages = "1299--1305",
}
@inproceedings{mersch-lang-2013-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of Algorithmic and Human Assessments of Sentence Similarity",
    author = "Mersch, John  and
      Lang, R. Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1186",
    pages = "1306--1311",
}
@inproceedings{akbik-etal-2013-effective,
    title = "Effective Selectional Restrictions for Unsupervised Relation Extraction",
    author = {Akbik, Alan  and
      Visengeriyeva, Larysa  and
      Kirschnick, Johannes  and
      L{\"o}ser, Alexander},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1187",
    pages = "1312--1320",
}
@inproceedings{ziering-etal-2013-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Semantic Lexicons for Technical Domains",
    author = {Ziering, Patrick  and
      van der Plas, Lonneke  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1188",
    pages = "1321--1329",
}
@inproceedings{moschitti-etal-2013-long,
    title = "Long-Distance Time-Event Relation Extraction",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Patwardhan, Siddharth  and
      Welty, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1189",
    pages = "1330--1338",
}
@inproceedings{shinzato-sekine-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Extraction of Attributes and Their Values from Product Description",
    author = "Shinzato, Keiji  and
      Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1190",
    pages = "1339--1347",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-ng-2013-stance,
    title = "Stance Classification of Ideological Debates: Data, Models, Features, and Constraints",
    author = "Hasan, Kazi Saidul  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1191",
    pages = "1348--1356",
}
@inproceedings{miyao-kawazoe-2013-university,
    title = "University Entrance Examinations as a Benchmark Resource for {NLP}-based Problem Solving",
    author = "Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Kawazoe, Ai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1192",
    pages = "1357--1365",
}
@inproceedings{chen-ng-2013-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically Aware Coreference Evaluation Metrics",
    author = "Chen, Chen  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1193",
    pages = "1366--1374",
}
@inproceedings{narang-etal-2013-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Assessment of Contemporary Online Media in Ad-Hoc Corpus Creation for Social Events",
    author = "Narang, Kanika  and
      Nagar, Seema  and
      Mehta, Sameep  and
      Subramaniam, L V  and
      Dey, Kuntal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1194",
    pages = "1375--1382",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-gomez-aizawa-2013-diagnosing,
    title = "Diagnosing Causes of Reading Difficulty using {B}ayesian Networks",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez-G{\'o}mez, Pascual  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1195",
    pages = "1383--1391",
}
@inproceedings{hazem-morin-2013-word,
    title = "Word Co-occurrence Counts Prediction for Bilingual Terminology Extraction from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Hazem, Amir  and
      Morin, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1196",
    pages = "1392--1400",
}
@inproceedings{mithun-kosseim-2013-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Effect of Discourse Relations on Blog Summarization",
    author = "Mithun, Shamima  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1197",
    pages = "1401--1409",
}
@inproceedings{thadani-mckeown-2013-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Sentence Fusion with Single-Stage Inference",
    author = "Thadani, Kapil  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1198",
    pages = "1410--1418",
}
@inproceedings{israel-etal-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting and Correcting Learner {K}orean Particle Omission Errors",
    author = "Israel, Ross  and
      Dickinson, Markus  and
      Lee, Sun-Hee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1199",
    pages = "1419--1427",
}
@inproceedings{aharodnik-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Learners{'} Language Background Based on Their Writing in {C}zech",
    author = "Aharodnik, Katsiaryna  and
      Chang, Marco  and
      Feldman, Anna  and
      Hana, Jirka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1200",
    pages = "1428--1436",
}
@proceedings{ijcnlp-2013-companion,
    title = "The Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {IJCNLP} 2013: System Demonstrations",
    author = "Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Li, Hang",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-2000",
}
@inproceedings{obeid-etal-2013-web,
    title = "A Web-based Annotation Framework For Large-Scale Text Correction",
    author = "Obeid, Ossama  and
      Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Mohit, Behrang  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Tomeh, Nadi",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {IJCNLP} 2013: System Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-2001",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{azab-etal-2013-english,
    title = "An {E}nglish Reading Tool as a {NLP} Showcase",
    author = "Azab, Mahmoud  and
      Salama, Ahmed  and
      Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Shima, Hideki  and
      Araki, Jun  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {IJCNLP} 2013: System Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-2002",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2013-dashboard,
    title = "{D}ashboard: A Tool for Integration, Validation, and Visualization of Distributed {NLP} Systems on Heterogeneous Platforms",
    author = "Kumar, Pawan  and
      Ahmad, Rashid  and
      Chaudhary, Banshi  and
      Sinha, Mukul",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {IJCNLP} 2013: System Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-2003",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{pasha-etal-2013-dira,
    title = "{DIRA}: Dialectal {A}rabic Information Retrieval Assistant",
    author = "Pasha, Arfath  and
      Al-Badrashiny, Mohammad  and
      Altantawy, Mohamed  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Pooleery, Manoj  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      M. Roth, Ryan  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {IJCNLP} 2013: System Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-2004",
    pages = "13--16",
}
@inproceedings{berend-farkas-2013-keyphrase,
    title = "Keyphrase-Driven Document Visualization Tool",
    author = "Berend, G{\'a}bor  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {IJCNLP} 2013: System Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-2005",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2013-making,
    title = "Making Headlines in {H}indi: Automatic {E}nglish to {H}indi News Headline Translation",
    author = "Joshi, Aditya  and
      Popat, Kashyap  and
      Gautam, Shubham  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {IJCNLP} 2013: System Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-2006",
    pages = "21--24",
}
@inproceedings{ballesteros-carlini-2013-maltdiver,
    title = "{M}alt{D}iver: A Transition-Based Parser Visualizer",
    author = "Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Carlini, Roberto",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {IJCNLP} 2013: System Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-2007",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{ohtake-etal-2013-nict,
    title = "{NICT} Disaster Information Analysis System",
    author = "Ohtake, Kiyonori  and
      Goto, Jun  and
      De Saeger, Stijn  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Mizuno, Junta  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {IJCNLP} 2013: System Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-2008",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2013-sinnet,
    title = "{SINNET}: Social Interaction Network Extractor from Text",
    author = "Agarwal, Apoorv  and
      Kotalwar, Anup  and
      Zheng, Jiehan  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {IJCNLP} 2013: System Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-2009",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@inproceedings{litvak-matz-2013-smartnews,
    title = "{S}mart{N}ews: Towards content-sensitive ranking of comments",
    author = "Litvak, Marina  and
      Matz, Leon",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {IJCNLP} 2013: System Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-2010",
    pages = "37--40",
}
@inproceedings{chudy-etal-2013-tmuse,
    title = "{T}muse: Lexical Network Exploration",
    author = "Chudy, Yannick  and
      Desalle, Yann  and
      Gaillard, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Gaume, Bruno  and
      Magistry, Pierre  and
      Navarro, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {IJCNLP} 2013: System Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-2011",
    pages = "41--44",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-etal-2013-wisdom2013,
    title = "{WISDOM}2013: A Large-scale Web Information Analysis System",
    author = "Tanaka, Masahiro  and
      De Saeger, Stijn  and
      Ohtake, Kiyonori  and
      Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Hijiya, Makoto  and
      Fujii, Hideaki  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {IJCNLP} 2013: System Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-2012",
    pages = "45--48",
}
@proceedings{acl-2011-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    author = "Lin, Dekang  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1000",
}
@inproceedings{zollmann-vogel-2011-word,
    title = "A Word-Class Approach to Labeling {PSCFG} Rules for Machine Translation",
    author = "Zollmann, Andreas  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1001",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{ravi-knight-2011-deciphering,
    title = "Deciphering Foreign Language",
    author = "Ravi, Sujith  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1002",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2011-effective,
    title = "Effective Use of Function Words for Rule Generalization in Forest-Based Translation",
    author = "Wu, Xianchao  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1003",
    pages = "22--31",
}
@inproceedings{clifton-sarkar-2011-combining,
    title = "Combining Morpheme-based Machine Translation with Post-processing Morpheme Prediction",
    author = "Clifton, Ann  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1004",
    pages = "32--42",
}
@inproceedings{rehbein-ruppenhofer-2011-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Impact of Coder Errors on Active Learning",
    author = "Rehbein, Ines  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1005",
    pages = "43--51",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2011-fast,
    title = "A Fast and Accurate Method for Approximate String Search",
    author = "Wang, Ziqi  and
      Xu, Gu  and
      Li, Hang  and
      Zhang, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1006",
    pages = "52--61",
}
@inproceedings{titov-2011-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation by Constraining Inter-Domain Variability of Latent Feature Representation",
    author = "Titov, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1007",
    pages = "62--71",
}
@inproceedings{rush-collins-2011-exact,
    title = "Exact Decoding of Syntactic Translation Models through {L}agrangian Relaxation",
    author = "Rush, Alexander M.  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1008",
    pages = "72--82",
}
@inproceedings{pantel-fuxman-2011-jigs,
    title = "Jigs and Lures: Associating Web Queries with Structured Entities",
    author = "Pantel, Patrick  and
      Fuxman, Ariel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1009",
    pages = "83--92",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-sun-2011-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised {S}im{H}ash for Efficient Document Similarity Search",
    author = "Jiang, Qixia  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1010",
    pages = "93--101",
}
@inproceedings{bendersky-etal-2011-joint,
    title = "Joint Annotation of Search Queries",
    author = "Bendersky, Michael  and
      Croft, W. Bruce  and
      Smith, David A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1011",
    pages = "102--111",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2011-query,
    title = "Query Weighting for Ranking Model Adaptation",
    author = "Cai, Peng  and
      Gao, Wei  and
      Zhou, Aoying  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1012",
    pages = "112--122",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2011-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Extracting Polarity-Bearing Topics for Cross-Domain Sentiment Classification",
    author = "He, Yulan  and
      Lin, Chenghua  and
      Alani, Harith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1013",
    pages = "123--131",
}
@inproceedings{bollegala-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using Multiple Sources to Construct a Sentiment Sensitive Thesaurus for Cross-Domain Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Bollegala, Danushka  and
      Weir, David  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1014",
    pages = "132--141",
}
@inproceedings{maas-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning Word Vectors for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Maas, Andrew L.  and
      Daly, Raymond E.  and
      Pham, Peter T.  and
      Huang, Dan  and
      Ng, Andrew Y.  and
      Potts, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1015",
    pages = "142--150",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2011-target,
    title = "Target-dependent Twitter Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Jiang, Long  and
      Yu, Mo  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Liu, Xiaohua  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1016",
    pages = "151--160",
}
@inproceedings{shudo-etal-2011-comprehensive,
    title = "A Comprehensive Dictionary of Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Shudo, Kosho  and
      Kurahone, Akira  and
      Tanabe, Toshifumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1017",
    pages = "161--170",
}
@inproceedings{gower-small-etal-2011-multi,
    title = "Multi-Modal Annotation of Quest Games in Second Life",
    author = "Gower Small, Sharon  and
      Strommer-Galley, Jennifer  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1018",
    pages = "171--179",
}
@inproceedings{yannakoudakis-etal-2011-new,
    title = "A New Dataset and Method for Automatically Grading {ESOL} Texts",
    author = "Yannakoudakis, Helen  and
      Briscoe, Ted  and
      Medlock, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1019",
    pages = "180--189",
}
@inproceedings{chen-dolan-2011-collecting,
    title = "Collecting Highly Parallel Data for Paraphrase Evaluation",
    author = "Chen, David  and
      Dolan, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1020",
    pages = "190--200",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2011-large,
    title = "A Large Scale Distributed Syntactic, Semantic and Lexical Language Model for Machine Translation",
    author = "Tan, Ming  and
      Zhou, Wenli  and
      Zheng, Lei  and
      Wang, Shaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1021",
    pages = "201--210",
}
@inproceedings{bach-etal-2011-goodness,
    title = "{G}oodness: A Method for Measuring Machine Translation Confidence",
    author = "Bach, Nguyen  and
      Huang, Fei  and
      Al-Onaizan, Yaser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1022",
    pages = "211--219",
}
@inproceedings{lo-wu-2011-meant,
    title = "{MEANT}: An inexpensive, high-accuracy, semi-automatic metric for evaluating translation utility based on semantic roles",
    author = "Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1023",
    pages = "220--229",
}
@inproceedings{subotin-2011-exponential,
    title = "An exponential translation model for target language morphology",
    author = "Subotin, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1024",
    pages = "230--238",
}
@inproceedings{ravi-knight-2011-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Inference for Zodiac and Other Homophonic Ciphers",
    author = "Ravi, Sujith  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1025",
    pages = "239--247",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2011-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Topic Modeling",
    author = "Hu, Yuening  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Satinoff, Brianna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1026",
    pages = "248--257",
}
@inproceedings{pauls-klein-2011-faster,
    title = "Faster and Smaller N-Gram Language Models",
    author = "Pauls, Adam  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1027",
    pages = "258--267",
}
@inproceedings{branavan-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning to Win by Reading Manuals in a Monte-{C}arlo Framework",
    author = "Branavan, S.R.K.  and
      Silver, David  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1028",
    pages = "268--277",
}
@inproceedings{veale-2011-creative,
    title = "Creative Language Retrieval: A Robust Hybrid of Information Retrieval and Linguistic Creativity",
    author = "Veale, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1029",
    pages = "278--287",
}
@inproceedings{escalante-etal-2011-local,
    title = "Local Histograms of Character N-grams for Authorship Attribution",
    author = "Escalante, Hugo Jair  and
      Solorio, Thamar  and
      Montes-y-G{\'o}mez, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1030",
    pages = "288--298",
}
@inproceedings{kireyev-landauer-2011-word,
    title = "Word Maturity: Computational Modeling of Word Knowledge",
    author = "Kireyev, Kirill  and
      Landauer, Thomas K",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1031",
    pages = "299--308",
}
@inproceedings{ott-etal-2011-finding,
    title = "Finding Deceptive Opinion Spam by Any Stretch of the Imagination",
    author = "Ott, Myle  and
      Choi, Yejin  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Hancock, Jeffrey T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1032",
    pages = "309--319",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2011-joint,
    title = "Joint Bilingual Sentiment Classification with Unlabeled Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Lu, Bin  and
      Tan, Chenhao  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Tsou, Benjamin K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1033",
    pages = "320--330",
}
@inproceedings{wang-liu-2011-pilot,
    title = "A Pilot Study of Opinion Summarization in Conversations",
    author = "Wang, Dong  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1034",
    pages = "331--339",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2011-contrasting,
    title = "Contrasting Opposing Views of News Articles on Contentious Issues",
    author = "Park, Souneil  and
      Lee, KyungSoon  and
      Song, Junehwa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1035",
    pages = "340--349",
}
@inproceedings{sauper-etal-2011-content,
    title = "Content Models with Attitude",
    author = "Sauper, Christina  and
      Haghighi, Aria  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1036",
    pages = "350--358",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2011-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Named Entities in Tweets",
    author = "Liu, Xiaohua  and
      Zhang, Shaodian  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1037",
    pages = "359--367",
}
@inproceedings{han-baldwin-2011-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Normalisation of Short Text Messages: Makn Sens a {\#}twitter",
    author = "Han, Bo  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1038",
    pages = "368--378",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2011-topical,
    title = "Topical Keyphrase Extraction from Twitter",
    author = "Zhao, Xin  and
      Jiang, Jing  and
      He, Jing  and
      Song, Yang  and
      Achanauparp, Palakorn  and
      Lim, Ee-Peng  and
      Li, Xiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1039",
    pages = "379--388",
}
@inproceedings{benson-etal-2011-event,
    title = "Event Discovery in Social Media Feeds",
    author = "Benson, Edward  and
      Haghighi, Aria  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1040",
    pages = "389--398",
}
@inproceedings{bhargava-kondrak-2011-pronounce,
    title = "How do you pronounce your name? Improving {G}2{P} with transliterations",
    author = "Bhargava, Aditya  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1041",
    pages = "399--408",
}
@inproceedings{dyer-etal-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Word Alignment with Arbitrary Features",
    author = "Dyer, Chris  and
      Clark, Jonathan H.  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1042",
    pages = "409--419",
}
@inproceedings{denero-macherey-2011-model,
    title = "Model-Based Aligner Combination Using Dual Decomposition",
    author = "DeNero, John  and
      Macherey, Klaus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1043",
    pages = "420--429",
}
@inproceedings{sajjad-etal-2011-algorithm,
    title = "An Algorithm for Unsupervised Transliteration Mining with an Application to Word Alignment",
    author = "Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Schmid, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1044",
    pages = "430--439",
}
@inproceedings{bodenstab-etal-2011-beam,
    title = "Beam-Width Prediction for Efficient Context-Free Parsing",
    author = "Bodenstab, Nathan  and
      Dunlop, Aaron  and
      Hall, Keith  and
      Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1045",
    pages = "440--449",
}
@inproceedings{crescenzi-etal-2011-optimal,
    title = "Optimal Head-Driven Parsing Complexity for Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems",
    author = "Crescenzi, Pierluigi  and
      Gildea, Daniel  and
      Marino, Andrea  and
      Rossi, Gianluca  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1046",
    pages = "450--459",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-satta-2011-prefix,
    title = "Prefix Probability for Probabilistic Synchronous Context-Free Grammars",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1047",
    pages = "460--469",
}
@inproceedings{auli-lopez-2011-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Loopy Belief Propagation and Dual Decomposition for Integrated {CCG} Supertagging and Parsing",
    author = "Auli, Michael  and
      Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1048",
    pages = "470--480",
}
@inproceedings{berg-kirkpatrick-etal-2011-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Learning to Extract and Compress",
    author = "Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor  and
      Gillick, Dan  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1049",
    pages = "481--490",
}
@inproceedings{celikyilmaz-hakkani-tur-2011-discovery,
    title = "Discovery of Topically Coherent Sentences for Extractive Summarization",
    author = {Celikyilmaz, Asli  and
      Hakkani-T{\"u}r, Dilek},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1050",
    pages = "491--499",
}
@inproceedings{abu-jbara-radev-2011-coherent,
    title = "Coherent Citation-Based Summarization of Scientific Papers",
    author = "Abu-Jbara, Amjad  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1051",
    pages = "500--509",
}
@inproceedings{lin-bilmes-2011-class,
    title = "A Class of Submodular Functions for Document Summarization",
    author = "Lin, Hui  and
      Bilmes, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1052",
    pages = "510--520",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2011-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Relation Extraction with Large-scale Word Clustering",
    author = "Sun, Ang  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1053",
    pages = "521--529",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2011-domain,
    title = "In-domain Relation Discovery with Meta-constraints via Posterior Regularization",
    author = "Chen, Harr  and
      Benson, Edward  and
      Naseem, Tahira  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1054",
    pages = "530--540",
}
@inproceedings{hoffmann-etal-2011-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-Based Weak Supervision for Information Extraction of Overlapping Relations",
    author = "Hoffmann, Raphael  and
      Zhang, Congle  and
      Ling, Xiao  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke  and
      Weld, Daniel S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1055",
    pages = "541--550",
}
@inproceedings{chan-roth-2011-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Syntactico-Semantic Structures for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Chan, Yee Seng  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1056",
    pages = "551--560",
}
@inproceedings{khapra-etal-2011-together,
    title = "Together We Can: Bilingual Bootstrapping for {WSD}",
    author = "Khapra, Mitesh M.  and
      Joshi, Salil  and
      Chatterjee, Arindam  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1057",
    pages = "561--569",
}
@inproceedings{krishnamurthy-mitchell-2011-noun,
    title = "Which Noun Phrases Denote Which Concepts?",
    author = "Krishnamurthy, Jayant  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1058",
    pages = "570--580",
}
@inproceedings{blanco-moldovan-2011-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Representation of Negation Using Focus Detection",
    author = "Blanco, Eduardo  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1059",
    pages = "581--589",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning Dependency-Based Compositional Semantics",
    author = "Liang, Percy  and
      Jordan, Michael  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1060",
    pages = "590--599",
}
@inproceedings{das-petrov-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Part-of-Speech Tagging with Bilingual Graph-Based Projections",
    author = "Das, Dipanjan  and
      Petrov, Slav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1061",
    pages = "600--609",
}
@inproceedings{berant-etal-2011-global,
    title = "Global Learning of Typed Entailment Rules",
    author = "Berant, Jonathan  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Goldberger, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1062",
    pages = "610--619",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-2011-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Syntactic Language Models for Phrase-based Translation",
    author = "Schwartz, Lane  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Schuler, William  and
      Wu, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1063",
    pages = "620--631",
}
@inproceedings{neubig-etal-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Model for Joint Phrase Alignment and Extraction",
    author = "Neubig, Graham  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1064",
    pages = "632--641",
}
@inproceedings{mylonakis-simaan-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning Hierarchical Translation Structure with Linguistic Annotations",
    author = "Mylonakis, Markos  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1065",
    pages = "642--652",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2011-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-Based Translation Model for Question Retrieval in Community Question Answer Archives",
    author = "Zhou, Guangyou  and
      Cai, Li  and
      Zhao, Jun  and
      Liu, Kang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1066",
    pages = "653--662",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-2011-neutralizing,
    title = "Neutralizing Linguistically Problematic Annotations in Unsupervised Dependency Parsing Evaluation",
    author = "Schwartz, Roy  and
      Abend, Omri  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1067",
    pages = "663--672",
}
@inproceedings{kuhlmann-etal-2011-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Programming Algorithms for Transition-Based Dependency Parsers",
    author = "Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1068",
    pages = "673--682",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-clark-2011-shift,
    title = "Shift-Reduce {CCG} Parsing",
    author = "Zhang, Yue  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1069",
    pages = "683--692",
}
@inproceedings{bansal-klein-2011-web,
    title = "Web-Scale Features for Full-Scale Parsing",
    author = "Bansal, Mohit  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1070",
    pages = "693--702",
}
@inproceedings{zwarts-johnson-2011-impact,
    title = "The impact of language models and loss functions on repair disfluency detection",
    author = "Zwarts, Simon  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1071",
    pages = "703--711",
}
@inproceedings{parada-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning Sub-Word Units for Open Vocabulary Speech Recognition",
    author = "Parada, Carolina  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Sethy, Abhinav  and
      Rastrow, Ariya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1072",
    pages = "712--721",
}
@inproceedings{chen-zechner-2011-computing,
    title = "Computing and Evaluating Syntactic Complexity Features for Automated Scoring of Spontaneous Non-Native Speech",
    author = "Chen, Miao  and
      Zechner, Klaus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1073",
    pages = "722--731",
}
@inproceedings{jeon-etal-2011-n,
    title = "N-Best Rescoring Based on Pitch-accent Patterns",
    author = "Jeon, Je Hun  and
      Wang, Wen  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1074",
    pages = "732--741",
}
@inproceedings{kiritchenko-cherry-2011-lexically,
    title = "Lexically-Triggered Hidden {M}arkov Models for Clinical Document Coding",
    author = "Kiritchenko, Svetlana  and
      Cherry, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1075",
    pages = "742--751",
}
@inproceedings{mohler-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning to Grade Short Answer Questions using Semantic Similarity Measures and Dependency Graph Alignments",
    author = "Mohler, Michael  and
      Bunescu, Razvan  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1076",
    pages = "752--762",
}
@inproceedings{rosenthal-mckeown-2011-age,
    title = "Age Prediction in Blogs: A Study of Style, Content, and Online Behavior in Pre- and Post-Social Media Generations",
    author = "Rosenthal, Sara  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1077",
    pages = "763--772",
}
@inproceedings{bramsen-etal-2011-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Social Power Relationships from Natural Language",
    author = "Bramsen, Philip  and
      Escobar-Molano, Martha  and
      Patel, Ami  and
      Alonso, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1078",
    pages = "773--782",
}
@inproceedings{kobdani-etal-2011-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping coreference resolution using word associations",
    author = "Kobdani, Hamidreza  and
      Schuetze, Hinrich  and
      Schiehlen, Michael  and
      Kamp, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1079",
    pages = "783--792",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2011-large,
    title = "Large-Scale Cross-Document Coreference Using Distributed Inference and Hierarchical Models",
    author = "Singh, Sameer  and
      Subramanya, Amarnag  and
      Pereira, Fernando  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1080",
    pages = "793--803",
}
@inproceedings{iida-poesio-2011-cross,
    title = "A Cross-Lingual {ILP} Solution to Zero Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Iida, Ryu  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1081",
    pages = "804--813",
}
@inproceedings{rahman-ng-2011-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution with World Knowledge",
    author = "Rahman, Altaf  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1082",
    pages = "814--824",
}
@inproceedings{maletti-2011-train,
    title = "How to train your multi bottom-up tree transducer",
    author = "Maletti, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1083",
    pages = "825--834",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2011-binarized,
    title = "Binarized Forest to String Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Hao  and
      Fang, Licheng  and
      Xu, Peng  and
      Wu, Xiaoyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1084",
    pages = "835--845",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning to Transform and Select Elementary Trees for Improved Syntax-based Machine Translations",
    author = "Zhao, Bing  and
      Lee, Young-Suk  and
      Luo, Xiaoqiang  and
      Li, Liu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1085",
    pages = "846--855",
}
@inproceedings{vaswani-etal-2011-rule,
    title = "Rule {M}arkov Models for Fast Tree-to-String Translation",
    author = "Vaswani, Ashish  and
      Mi, Haitao  and
      Huang, Liang  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1086",
    pages = "856--864",
}
@inproceedings{blunsom-cohn-2011-hierarchical,
    title = "A Hierarchical Pitman-Yor Process {HMM} for Unsupervised Part of Speech Induction",
    author = "Blunsom, Phil  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1087",
    pages = "865--874",
}
@inproceedings{habash-roth-2011-using,
    title = "Using Deep Morphology to Improve Automatic Error Detection in {A}rabic Handwriting Recognition",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Roth, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1088",
    pages = "875--884",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2011-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Model for Joint Morphological Disambiguation and Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Lee, John  and
      Naradowsky, Jason  and
      Smith, David A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1089",
    pages = "885--894",
}
@inproceedings{naradowsky-toutanova-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Bilingual Morpheme Segmentation and Alignment with Context-rich Hidden Semi-{M}arkov Models",
    author = "Naradowsky, Jason  and
      Toutanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1090",
    pages = "895--904",
}
@inproceedings{bao-etal-2011-graph,
    title = "A Graph Approach to Spelling Correction in Domain-Centric Search",
    author = "Bao, Zhuowei  and
      Kimelfeld, Benny  and
      Li, Yunyao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1091",
    pages = "905--914",
}
@inproceedings{dahlmeier-ng-2011-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Error Correction with Alternating Structure Optimization",
    author = "Dahlmeier, Daniel  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1092",
    pages = "915--923",
}
@inproceedings{rozovskaya-roth-2011-algorithm,
    title = "Algorithm Selection and Model Adaptation for {ESL} Correction Tasks",
    author = "Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1093",
    pages = "924--933",
}
@inproceedings{park-levy-2011-automated,
    title = "Automated Whole Sentence Grammar Correction Using a Noisy Channel Model",
    author = "Park, Y. Albert  and
      Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1094",
    pages = "934--944",
}
@inproceedings{han-sun-2011-generative,
    title = "A Generative Entity-Mention Model for Linking Entities with Knowledge Base",
    author = "Han, Xianpei  and
      Sun, Le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1095",
    pages = "945--954",
}
@inproceedings{wing-baldridge-2011-simple,
    title = "Simple supervised document geolocation with geodesic grids",
    author = "Wing, Benjamin  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1096",
    pages = "955--964",
}
@inproceedings{rud-etal-2011-piggyback,
    title = "{P}iggyback: Using Search Engines for Robust Cross-Domain Named Entity Recognition",
    author = {R{\"u}d, Stefan  and
      Ciaramita, Massimiliano  and
      M{\"u}ller, Jens  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1097",
    pages = "965--975",
}
@inproceedings{chambers-jurafsky-2011-template,
    title = "Template-Based Information Extraction without the Templates",
    author = "Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1098",
    pages = "976--986",
}
@inproceedings{feng-hirst-2011-classifying,
    title = "Classifying arguments by scheme",
    author = "Feng, Vanessa Wei  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1099",
    pages = "987--996",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2011-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Evaluating Text Coherence Using Discourse Relations",
    author = "Lin, Ziheng  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1100",
    pages = "997--1006",
}
@inproceedings{zarriess-etal-2011-underspecifying,
    title = "Underspecifying and Predicting Voice for Surface Realisation Ranking",
    author = "Zarrie{\ss}, Sina  and
      Cahill, Aoife  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1101",
    pages = "1007--1017",
}
@inproceedings{mayfield-penstein-rose-2011-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Authority in Dialogue with an Integer Linear Programming Constrained Model",
    author = "Mayfield, Elijah  and
      Penstein Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1102",
    pages = "1018--1026",
}
@inproceedings{birch-osborne-2011-reordering,
    title = "Reordering Metrics for {MT}",
    author = "Birch, Alexandra  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1103",
    pages = "1027--1035",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2011-reordering,
    title = "Reordering with Source Language Collocations",
    author = "Liu, Zhanyi  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1104",
    pages = "1036--1044",
}
@inproceedings{durrani-etal-2011-joint,
    title = "A Joint Sequence Translation Model with Integrated Reordering",
    author = "Durrani, Nadir  and
      Schmid, Helmut  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1105",
    pages = "1045--1054",
}
@inproceedings{levy-2011-integrating,
    title = "Integrating surprisal and uncertain-input models in online sentence comprehension: formal techniques and empirical results",
    author = "Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1106",
    pages = "1055--1065",
}
@inproceedings{fokkens-2011-metagrammar,
    title = "Metagrammar engineering: Towards systematic exploration of implemented grammars",
    author = "Fokkens, Antske",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1107",
    pages = "1066--1076",
}
@inproceedings{ponvert-etal-2011-simple,
    title = "Simple Unsupervised Grammar Induction from Raw Text with Cascaded Finite State Models",
    author = "Ponvert, Elias  and
      Baldridge, Jason  and
      Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1108",
    pages = "1077--1086",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-etal-2011-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Paraphrases from Definition Sentences on the Web",
    author = "Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      De Saeger, Stijn  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1109",
    pages = "1087--1097",
}
@inproceedings{qazvinian-radev-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning From Collective Human Behavior to Introduce Diversity in Lexical Choice",
    author = "Qazvinian, Vahed  and
      Radev, Dragomir R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1110",
    pages = "1098--1108",
}
@inproceedings{liu-haghighi-2011-ordering,
    title = "Ordering Prenominal Modifiers with a Reranking Approach",
    author = "Liu, Jenny  and
      Haghighi, Aria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1111",
    pages = "1109--1116",
}
@inproceedings{lang-lapata-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Semantic Role Induction via Split-Merge Clustering",
    author = "Lang, Joel  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1112",
    pages = "1117--1126",
}
@inproceedings{hong-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using Cross-Entity Inference to Improve Event Extraction",
    author = "Hong, Yu  and
      Zhang, Jianfeng  and
      Ma, Bin  and
      Yao, Jianmin  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1113",
    pages = "1127--1136",
}
@inproceedings{huang-riloff-2011-peeling,
    title = "Peeling Back the Layers: Detecting Event Role Fillers in Secondary Contexts",
    author = "Huang, Ruihong  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1114",
    pages = "1137--1147",
}
@inproceedings{ji-grishman-2011-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Base Population: Successful Approaches and Challenges",
    author = "Ji, Heng  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1115",
    pages = "1148--1158",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2011-nonlinear,
    title = "Nonlinear Evidence Fusion and Propagation for Hyponymy Relation Mining",
    author = "Zhang, Fan  and
      Shi, Shuming  and
      Liu, Jing  and
      Sun, Shuqi  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1116",
    pages = "1159--1168",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2011-pronoun,
    title = "A Pronoun Anaphora Resolution System based on Factorial Hidden {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Li, Dingcheng  and
      Miller, Tim  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1117",
    pages = "1169--1178",
}
@inproceedings{elsner-charniak-2011-disentangling,
    title = "Disentangling Chat with Local Coherence Models",
    author = "Elsner, Micha  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1118",
    pages = "1179--1189",
}
@inproceedings{boyer-etal-2011-affect,
    title = "An Affect-Enriched Dialogue Act Classification Model for Task-Oriented Dialogue",
    author = "Boyer, Kristy  and
      Grafsgaard, Joseph  and
      Ha, Eun Young  and
      Phillips, Robert  and
      Lester, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1119",
    pages = "1190--1199",
}
@inproceedings{reisinger-pasca-2011-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Class Label Markup of Search Queries",
    author = "Reisinger, Joseph  and
      Pa{\c{s}}ca, Marius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1120",
    pages = "1200--1209",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-etal-2011-creating,
    title = "Creating a manually error-tagged and shallow-parsed learner corpus",
    author = "Nagata, Ryo  and
      Whittaker, Edward  and
      Sheinman, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1121",
    pages = "1210--1219",
}
@inproceedings{zaidan-callison-burch-2011-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing Translation: Professional Quality from Non-Professionals",
    author = "Zaidan, Omar F.  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1122",
    pages = "1220--1229",
}
@inproceedings{luo-zhao-2011-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Tree Annotator and Its Applications",
    author = "Luo, Xiaoqiang  and
      Zhao, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1123",
    pages = "1230--1238",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2011-consistent,
    title = "Consistent Translation using Discriminative Learning - A Translation Memory-inspired Approach",
    author = "Ma, Yanjun  and
      He, Yifan  and
      Way, Andy  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1124",
    pages = "1239--1248",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-sumita-2011-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation System Combination by Confusion Forest",
    author = "Watanabe, Taro  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1125",
    pages = "1249--1257",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2011-hypothesis,
    title = "Hypothesis Mixture Decoding for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Duan, Nan  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1126",
    pages = "1258--1267",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-rubio-etal-2011-minimum,
    title = "Minimum {B}ayes-risk System Combination",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez-Rubio, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Juan, Alfons  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1127",
    pages = "1268--1277",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2011-adjoining,
    title = "Adjoining Tree-to-String Translation",
    author = {Liu, Yang  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      L{\"u}, Yajuan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1128",
    pages = "1278--1287",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-etal-2011-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Language Models in Statistical Machine Translation with Backward N-grams and Mutual Information Triggers",
    author = "Xiong, Deyi  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1129",
    pages = "1288--1297",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-ng-2011-translating,
    title = "Translating from Morphologically Complex Languages: A Paraphrase-Based Approach",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1130",
    pages = "1298--1307",
}
@inproceedings{bansal-etal-2011-gappy,
    title = "Gappy Phrasal Alignment By Agreement",
    author = "Bansal, Mohit  and
      Quirk, Chris  and
      Moore, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1131",
    pages = "1308--1317",
}
@inproceedings{koppel-ordan-2011-translationese,
    title = "Translationese and Its Dialects",
    author = "Koppel, Moshe  and
      Ordan, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1132",
    pages = "1318--1326",
}
@inproceedings{prochasson-fung-2011-rare,
    title = "Rare Word Translation Extraction from Aligned Comparable Documents",
    author = "Prochasson, Emmanuel  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1133",
    pages = "1327--1335",
}
@inproceedings{mehdad-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using Bilingual Parallel Corpora for Cross-Lingual Textual Entailment",
    author = "Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1134",
    pages = "1336--1345",
}
@inproceedings{bergsma-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using Large Monolingual and Bilingual Corpora to Improve Coordination Disambiguation",
    author = "Bergsma, Shane  and
      Yarowsky, David  and
      Church, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1135",
    pages = "1346--1355",
}
@inproceedings{koppel-etal-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Decomposition of a Document into Authorial Components",
    author = "Koppel, Moshe  and
      Akiva, Navot  and
      Dershowitz, Idan  and
      Dershowitz, Nachum",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1136",
    pages = "1356--1364",
}
@inproceedings{eisenstein-etal-2011-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Sociolinguistic Associations with Structured Sparsity",
    author = "Eisenstein, Jacob  and
      Smith, Noah A.  and
      Xing, Eric P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1137",
    pages = "1365--1374",
}
@inproceedings{ratinov-etal-2011-local,
    title = "Local and Global Algorithms for Disambiguation to {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Ratinov, Lev  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Downey, Doug  and
      Anderson, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1138",
    pages = "1375--1384",
}
@inproceedings{sun-2011-stacked,
    title = "A Stacked Sub-Word Model for Joint {C}hinese Word Segmentation and Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Sun, Weiwei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1139",
    pages = "1385--1394",
}
@inproceedings{macherey-etal-2011-language,
    title = "Language-independent compound splitting with morphological operations",
    author = "Macherey, Klaus  and
      Dai, Andrew  and
      Talbot, David  and
      Popat, Ashok  and
      Och, Franz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1140",
    pages = "1395--1404",
}
@inproceedings{li-2011-parsing,
    title = "Parsing the Internal Structure of Words: A New Paradigm for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Li, Zhongguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1141",
    pages = "1405--1414",
}
@inproceedings{penas-rodrigo-2011-simple,
    title = "A Simple Measure to Assess Non-response",
    author = "Pe{\~n}as, Anselmo  and
      Rodrigo, Alvaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1142",
    pages = "1415--1424",
}
@inproceedings{li-manandhar-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving Question Recommendation by Exploiting Information Need",
    author = "Li, Shuguang  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1143",
    pages = "1425--1434",
}
@inproceedings{das-smith-2011-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Frame-Semantic Parsing for Unknown Predicates",
    author = "Das, Dipanjan  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1144",
    pages = "1435--1444",
}
@inproceedings{titov-klementiev-2011-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Model for Unsupervised Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Titov, Ivan  and
      Klementiev, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1145",
    pages = "1445--1455",
}
@inproceedings{blanco-moldovan-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Semantic Relation Composition",
    author = "Blanco, Eduardo  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1146",
    pages = "1456--1465",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-etal-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Discovery of Domain-Specific Knowledge from Text",
    author = "Hovy, Dirk  and
      Zhang, Chunliang  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Pe{\~n}as, Anselmo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1147",
    pages = "1466--1475",
}
@inproceedings{van-de-cruys-apidianaki-2011-latent,
    title = "Latent Semantic Word Sense Induction and Disambiguation",
    author = "Van de Cruys, Tim  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1148",
    pages = "1476--1485",
}
@inproceedings{goldwasser-etal-2011-confidence,
    title = "Confidence Driven Unsupervised Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Goldwasser, Dan  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Clarke, James  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1149",
    pages = "1486--1495",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2011-aspect,
    title = "Aspect Ranking: Identifying Important Product Aspects from Online Consumer Reviews",
    author = "Yu, Jianxing  and
      Zha, Zheng-Jun  and
      Wang, Meng  and
      Chua, Tat-Seng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1150",
    pages = "1496--1505",
}
@inproceedings{burfoot-etal-2011-collective,
    title = "Collective Classification of Congressional Floor-Debate Transcripts",
    author = "Burfoot, Clinton  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1151",
    pages = "1506--1515",
}
@inproceedings{schutze-2011-integrating,
    title = "Integrating history-length interpolation and classes in language modeling",
    author = {Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1152",
    pages = "1516--1525",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2011-structural,
    title = "Structural Topic Model for Latent Topical Structure Analysis",
    author = "Wang, Hongning  and
      Zhang, Duo  and
      Zhai, ChengXiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1153",
    pages = "1526--1535",
}
@inproceedings{lau-etal-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Labelling of Topic Models",
    author = "Lau, Jey Han  and
      Grieser, Karl  and
      Newman, David  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1154",
    pages = "1536--1545",
}
@inproceedings{wan-2011-using,
    title = "Using Bilingual Information for Cross-Language Document Summarization",
    author = "Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1155",
    pages = "1546--1555",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2011-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Web-Derived Selectional Preference to Improve Statistical Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Zhou, Guangyou  and
      Zhao, Jun  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Cai, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1156",
    pages = "1556--1565",
}
@inproceedings{plank-van-noord-2011-effective,
    title = "Effective Measures of Domain Similarity for Parsing",
    author = "Plank, Barbara  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1157",
    pages = "1566--1576",
}
@inproceedings{auli-lopez-2011-efficient,
    title = "Efficient {CCG} Parsing: {A}* versus Adaptive Supertagging",
    author = "Auli, Michael  and
      Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1158",
    pages = "1577--1585",
}
@inproceedings{marton-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving {A}rabic Dependency Parsing with Form-based and Functional Morphological Features",
    author = "Marton, Yuval  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1159",
    pages = "1586--1596",
}
@inproceedings{mannem-dara-2011-partial,
    title = "Partial Parsing from Bitext Projections",
    author = "Mannem, Prashanth  and
      Dara, Aswarth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1160",
    pages = "1597--1606",
}
@inproceedings{pasca-2011-ranking,
    title = "Ranking Class Labels Using Query Sessions",
    author = "Pa{\c{s}}ca, Marius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1161",
    pages = "1607--1615",
}
@inproceedings{kozareva-hovy-2011-insights,
    title = "Insights from Network Structure for Text Mining",
    author = "Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1162",
    pages = "1616--1625",
}
@inproceedings{mcclosky-etal-2011-event,
    title = "Event Extraction as Dependency Parsing",
    author = "McClosky, David  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1163",
    pages = "1626--1635",
}
@inproceedings{yang-ko-2011-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Comparative Entities and Predicates from Texts Using Comparative Type Classification",
    author = "Yang, Seon  and
      Ko, Youngjoong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1164",
    pages = "1636--1644",
}
@proceedings{acl-2011-association-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    author = "Lin, Dekang  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2000",
}
@inproceedings{roark-etal-2011-lexicographic,
    title = "Lexicographic Semirings for Exact Automata Encoding of Sequence Models",
    author = "Roark, Brian  and
      Sproat, Richard  and
      Shafran, Izhak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2001",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{dligach-palmer-2011-good,
    title = "Good Seed Makes a Good Crop: Accelerating Active Learning Using Language Modeling",
    author = "Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2002",
    pages = "6--10",
}
@inproceedings{garg-henderson-2011-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Restricted Boltzmann Machines for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Garg, Nikhil  and
      Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2003",
    pages = "11--17",
}
@inproceedings{van-durme-lall-2011-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Online Locality Sensitive Hashing via Reservoir Counting",
    author = "Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Lall, Ashwin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2004",
    pages = "18--23",
}
@inproceedings{durrett-klein-2011-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Investigation of Discounting in Cross-Domain Language Models",
    author = "Durrett, Greg  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2005",
    pages = "24--29",
}
@inproceedings{kiso-etal-2011-hits,
    title = "{HITS}-based Seed Selection and Stop List Construction for Bootstrapping",
    author = "Kiso, Tetsuo  and
      Shimbo, Masashi  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2006",
    pages = "30--36",
}
@inproceedings{zaidan-callison-burch-2011-arabic,
    title = "The {A}rabic Online Commentary Dataset: an Annotated Dataset of Informal {A}rabic with High Dialectal Content",
    author = "Zaidan, Omar F.  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2007",
    pages = "37--41",
}
@inproceedings{gimpel-etal-2011-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Tagging for Twitter: Annotation, Features, and Experiments",
    author = "Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan  and
      Das, Dipanjan  and
      Mills, Daniel  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob  and
      Heilman, Michael  and
      Yogatama, Dani  and
      Flanigan, Jeffrey  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2008",
    pages = "42--47",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2011-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised condensed nearest neighbor for part-of-speech tagging",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2009",
    pages = "48--52",
}
@inproceedings{hagiwara-sekine-2011-latent,
    title = "Latent Class Transliteration based on Source Language Origin",
    author = "Hagiwara, Masato  and
      Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2010",
    pages = "53--57",
}
@inproceedings{heinz-etal-2011-tier,
    title = "Tier-based Strictly Local Constraints for Phonology",
    author = "Heinz, Jeffrey  and
      Rawal, Chetan  and
      Tanner, Herbert G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2011",
    pages = "58--64",
}
@inproceedings{hedegaard-simonsen-2011-lost,
    title = "Lost in Translation: Authorship Attribution using Frame Semantics",
    author = "Hedegaard, Steffen  and
      Simonsen, Jakob Grue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2012",
    pages = "65--70",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2011-insertion,
    title = "Insertion, Deletion, or Substitution? Normalizing Text Messages without Pre-categorization nor Supervision",
    author = "Liu, Fei  and
      Weng, Fuliang  and
      Wang, Bingqing  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2013",
    pages = "71--76",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-knight-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Discovery of Rhyme Schemes",
    author = "Reddy, Sravana  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2014",
    pages = "77--82",
}
@inproceedings{harpalani-etal-2011-language,
    title = "Language of Vandalism: Improving {W}ikipedia Vandalism Detection via Stylometric Analysis",
    author = "Harpalani, Manoj  and
      Hart, Michael  and
      Singh, Sandesh  and
      Johnson, Rob  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2015",
    pages = "83--88",
}
@inproceedings{kiddon-brun-2011-thats,
    title = "That{'}s What She Said: Double Entendre Identification",
    author = "Kiddon, Chlo{\'e}  and
      Brun, Yuriy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2016",
    pages = "89--94",
}
@inproceedings{morbini-sagae-2011-joint,
    title = "Joint Identification and Segmentation of Domain-Specific Dialogue Acts for Conversational Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Morbini, Fabrizio  and
      Sagae, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2017",
    pages = "95--100",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-moschitti-2011-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Opinion Expressions and Their Polarities {--} Exploration of Pipelines and Joint Models",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2018",
    pages = "101--106",
}
@inproceedings{ovesdotter-alm-2011-subjective,
    title = "Subjective Natural Language Problems: Motivations, Applications, Characterizations, and Implications",
    author = "Ovesdotter Alm, Cecilia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2019",
    pages = "107--112",
}
@inproceedings{levitan-etal-2011-entrainment,
    title = "Entrainment in Speech Preceding Backchannels.",
    author = "Levitan, Rivka  and
      Gravano, Agust{\'\i}n  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2020",
    pages = "113--117",
}
@inproceedings{margolis-ostendorf-2011-question,
    title = "Question Detection in Spoken Conversations Using Textual Conversations",
    author = "Margolis, Anna  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2021",
    pages = "118--124",
}
@inproceedings{elsner-charniak-2011-extending,
    title = "Extending the Entity Grid with Entity-Specific Features",
    author = "Elsner, Micha  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2022",
    pages = "125--129",
}
@inproceedings{bittar-etal-2011-french,
    title = "{F}rench {T}ime{B}ank: An {ISO}-{T}ime{ML} Annotated Reference Corpus",
    author = "Bittar, Andr{\'e}  and
      Amsili, Pascal  and
      Denis, Pascal  and
      Danlos, Laurence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2023",
    pages = "130--134",
}
@inproceedings{pang-kumar-2011-search,
    title = "Search in the Lost Sense of {``}Query{''}: Question Formulation in Web Search Queries and its Temporal Changes",
    author = "Pang, Bo  and
      Kumar, Ravi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2024",
    pages = "135--140",
}
@inproceedings{manshadi-etal-2011-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Scope-disambiguated {E}nglish Text",
    author = "Manshadi, Mehdi  and
      Allen, James  and
      Swift, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2025",
    pages = "141--146",
}
@inproceedings{jagarlamudi-etal-2011-bilingual,
    title = "From Bilingual Dictionaries to Interlingual Document Representations",
    author = "Jagarlamudi, Jagadeesh  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Udupa, Raghavendra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2026",
    pages = "147--152",
}
@inproceedings{banchs-li-2011-fm,
    title = "{AM}-{FM}: A Semantic Framework for Translation Quality Assessment",
    author = "Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2027",
    pages = "153--158",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation of {C}hinese Translation Output: Word-Level or Character-Level?",
    author = "Li, Maoxi  and
      Zong, Chengqing  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2028",
    pages = "159--164",
}
@inproceedings{xu-chen-2011-much,
    title = "How Much Can We Gain from Supervised Word Alignment?",
    author = "Xu, Jinxi  and
      Chen, Jinying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2029",
    pages = "165--169",
}
@inproceedings{lin-bilmes-2011-word,
    title = "Word Alignment via Submodular Maximization over Matroids",
    author = "Lin, Hui  and
      Bilmes, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2030",
    pages = "170--175",
}
@inproceedings{clark-etal-2011-better,
    title = "Better Hypothesis Testing for Statistical Machine Translation: Controlling for Optimizer Instability",
    author = "Clark, Jonathan H.  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2031",
    pages = "176--181",
}
@inproceedings{mermer-saraclar-2011-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Word Alignment for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Mermer, Co{\c{s}}kun  and
      Sara{\c{c}}lar, Murat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2032",
    pages = "182--187",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-nivre-2011-transition,
    title = "Transition-based Dependency Parsing with Rich Non-local Features",
    author = "Zhang, Yue  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2033",
    pages = "188--193",
}
@inproceedings{de-kok-etal-2011-reversible,
    title = "Reversible Stochastic Attribute-Value Grammars",
    author = {de Kok, Dani{\"e}l  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      van Noord, Gertjan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2034",
    pages = "194--199",
}
@inproceedings{cherry-bergsma-2011-joint,
    title = "Joint Training of Dependency Parsing Filters through Latent Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Cherry, Colin  and
      Bergsma, Shane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2035",
    pages = "200--205",
}
@inproceedings{shindo-etal-2011-insertion,
    title = "Insertion Operator for {B}ayesian Tree Substitution Grammars",
    author = "Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Fujino, Akinori  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2036",
    pages = "206--211",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2011-language,
    title = "Language-Independent Parsing with Empty Elements",
    author = "Cai, Shu  and
      Chiang, David  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2037",
    pages = "212--216",
}
@inproceedings{post-2011-judging,
    title = "Judging Grammaticality with Tree Substitution Grammar Derivations",
    author = "Post, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2038",
    pages = "217--222",
}
@inproceedings{morita-etal-2011-query,
    title = "Query Snowball: A Co-occurrence-based Approach to Multi-document Summarization for Question Answering",
    author = "Morita, Hajime  and
      Sakai, Tetsuya  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2039",
    pages = "223--229",
}
@inproceedings{belz-kow-2011-discrete,
    title = "Discrete vs. Continuous Rating Scales for Language Evaluation in {NLP}",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Kow, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2040",
    pages = "230--235",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-etal-2011-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Modeling for Prenominal Modifier Ordering",
    author = "Mitchell, Margaret  and
      Dunlop, Aaron  and
      Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2041",
    pages = "236--241",
}
@inproceedings{piwek-stoyanchev-2011-data,
    title = "Data-oriented Monologue-to-Dialogue Generation",
    author = "Piwek, Paul  and
      Stoyanchev, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2042",
    pages = "242--247",
}
@inproceedings{abu-jbara-etal-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards Style Transformation from Written-Style to Audio-Style",
    author = "Abu-Jbara, Amjad  and
      Rosario, Barbara  and
      Lyons, Kent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2043",
    pages = "248--253",
}
@inproceedings{thadani-mckeown-2011-optimal,
    title = "Optimal and Syntactically-Informed Decoding for Monolingual Phrase-Based Alignment",
    author = "Thadani, Kapil  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2044",
    pages = "254--259",
}
@inproceedings{liao-grishman-2011-document,
    title = "Can Document Selection Help Semi-supervised Learning? A Case Study On Event Extraction",
    author = "Liao, Shasha  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2045",
    pages = "260--265",
}
@inproceedings{mcintosh-etal-2011-relation,
    title = "Relation Guided Bootstrapping of Semantic Lexicons",
    author = "McIntosh, Tara  and
      Yencken, Lars  and
      Curran, James R.  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2046",
    pages = "266--270",
}
@inproceedings{kolomiyets-etal-2011-model,
    title = "Model-Portability Experiments for Textual Temporal Analysis",
    author = "Kolomiyets, Oleksandr  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2047",
    pages = "271--276",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-moschitti-2011-end,
    title = "End-to-End Relation Extraction Using Distant Supervision from External Semantic Repositories",
    author = "Nguyen, Truc-Vien T.  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2048",
    pages = "277--282",
}
@inproceedings{apostolova-etal-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Lexico-Syntactic Patterns for Detection of Negation and Speculation Scopes",
    author = "Apostolova, Emilia  and
      Tomuro, Noriko  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2049",
    pages = "283--287",
}
@inproceedings{gabbard-etal-2011-coreference,
    title = "Coreference for Learning to Extract Relations: Yes Virginia, Coreference Matters",
    author = "Gabbard, Ryan  and
      Freedman, Marjorie  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2050",
    pages = "288--293",
}
@inproceedings{gao-vogel-2011-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Expansion for Statistical Machine Translation with Semantic Role Label Substitution Rules",
    author = "Gao, Qin  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2051",
    pages = "294--298",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-plas-etal-2011-scaling,
    title = "Scaling up Automatic Cross-Lingual Semantic Role Annotation",
    author = "van der Plas, Lonneke  and
      Merlo, Paola  and
      Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2052",
    pages = "299--304",
}
@inproceedings{rohrdantz-etal-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards Tracking Semantic Change by Visual Analytics",
    author = "Rohrdantz, Christian  and
      Hautli, Annette  and
      Mayer, Thomas  and
      Butt, Miriam  and
      Keim, Daniel A.  and
      Plank, Frans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2053",
    pages = "305--310",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving Classification of Medical Assertions in Clinical Notes",
    author = "Kim, Youngjun  and
      Riloff, Ellen  and
      Meystre, St{\'e}phane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2054",
    pages = "311--316",
}
@inproceedings{lefever-etal-2011-parasense,
    title = "{P}ara{S}ense or How to Use Parallel Corpora for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique  and
      De Cock, Martine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2055",
    pages = "317--322",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-etal-2011-models,
    title = "Models and Training for Unsupervised Preposition Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Hovy, Dirk  and
      Vaswani, Ashish  and
      Tratz, Stephen  and
      Chiang, David  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2056",
    pages = "323--328",
}
@inproceedings{lobue-yates-2011-types,
    title = "Types of Common-Sense Knowledge Needed for Recognizing Textual Entailment",
    author = "LoBue, Peter  and
      Yates, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2057",
    pages = "329--334",
}
@inproceedings{ozkan-morency-2011-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Wisdom of Crowds Using Latent Mixture of Discriminative Experts",
    author = "Ozkan, Derya  and
      Morency, Louis-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2058",
    pages = "335--340",
}
@inproceedings{freedman-etal-2011-language,
    title = "Language Use: What can it tell us?",
    author = "Freedman, Marjorie  and
      Baron, Alex  and
      Punyakanok, Vasin  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2059",
    pages = "341--345",
}
@inproceedings{volokh-neumann-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection and Correction of Errors in Dependency Treebanks",
    author = {Volokh, Alexander  and
      Neumann, G{\"u}nter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2060",
    pages = "346--350",
}
@inproceedings{uzzaman-allen-2011-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Evaluation",
    author = "UzZaman, Naushad  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2061",
    pages = "351--356",
}
@inproceedings{alkuhlani-habash-2011-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus for Modeling Morpho-Syntactic Agreement in {A}rabic: Gender, Number and Rationality",
    author = "Alkuhlani, Sarah  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2062",
    pages = "357--362",
}
@inproceedings{mcfate-forbus-2011-nulex,
    title = "{NULEX}: An Open-License Broad Coverage Lexicon",
    author = "McFate, Clifton  and
      Forbus, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2063",
    pages = "363--367",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-2011-even,
    title = "Even the Abstract have Color: Consensus in Word-Colour Associations",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2064",
    pages = "368--373",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2011-detection,
    title = "Detection of Agreement and Disagreement in Broadcast Conversations",
    author = "Wang, Wen  and
      Yaman, Sibel  and
      Precoda, Kristin  and
      Richey, Colleen  and
      Raymond, Geoffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2065",
    pages = "374--378",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2011-dealing,
    title = "Dealing with Spurious Ambiguity in Learning {ITG}-based Word Alignment",
    author = "Huang, Shujian  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2066",
    pages = "379--383",
}
@inproceedings{howlett-dras-2011-clause,
    title = "Clause Restructuring For {SMT} Not Absolutely Helpful",
    author = "Howlett, Susan  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2067",
    pages = "384--388",
}
@inproceedings{alabau-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving On-line Handwritten Recognition using Translation Models in Multimodal Interactive Machine Translation",
    author = "Alabau, Vicent  and
      Sanchis, Alberto  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2068",
    pages = "389--394",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2011-monolingual,
    title = "Monolingual Alignment by Edit Rate Computation on Sentential Paraphrase Pairs",
    author = "Bouamor, Houda  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2069",
    pages = "395--400",
}
@inproceedings{fang-etal-2011-terminal,
    title = "Terminal-Aware Synchronous Binarization",
    author = "Fang, Licheng  and
      Chung, Tagyoung  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2070",
    pages = "401--406",
}
@inproceedings{daume-iii-jagarlamudi-2011-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation for Machine Translation by Mining Unseen Words",
    author = "Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Jagarlamudi, Jagadeesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2071",
    pages = "407--412",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2011-issues,
    title = "Issues Concerning Decoding with Synchronous Context-free Grammar",
    author = "Chung, Tagyoung  and
      Fang, Licheng  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2072",
    pages = "413--417",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-xiao-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving Decoding Generalization for Tree-to-String Translation",
    author = "Zhu, Jingbo  and
      Xiao, Tong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2073",
    pages = "418--423",
}
@inproceedings{xiang-ittycheriah-2011-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Feature-Tied Mixture Modeling for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Xiang, Bing  and
      Ittycheriah, Abraham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2074",
    pages = "424--428",
}
@inproceedings{duh-etal-2011-machine,
    title = "Is Machine Translation Ripe for Cross-Lingual Sentiment Classification?",
    author = "Duh, Kevin  and
      Fujino, Akinori  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2075",
    pages = "429--433",
}
@inproceedings{onishi-etal-2011-reordering,
    title = "Reordering Constraint Based on Document-Level Context",
    author = "Onishi, Takashi  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2076",
    pages = "434--438",
}
@inproceedings{ha-thuc-cancedda-2011-confidence,
    title = "Confidence-Weighted Learning of Factored Discriminative Language Models",
    author = "Ha-Thuc, Viet  and
      Cancedda, Nicola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2077",
    pages = "439--444",
}
@inproceedings{ananthakrishnan-etal-2011-line,
    title = "On-line Language Model Biasing for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Ananthakrishnan, Sankaranarayanan  and
      Prasad, Rohit  and
      Natarajan, Prem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2078",
    pages = "445--449",
}
@inproceedings{ling-etal-2011-reordering,
    title = "Reordering Modeling using Weighted Alignment Matrices",
    author = "Ling, Wang  and
      Lu{\'\i}s, Tiago  and
      Gra{\c{c}}a, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Trancoso, Isabel  and
      Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2079",
    pages = "450--454",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-etal-2011-two,
    title = "Two Easy Improvements to Lexical Weighting",
    author = "Chiang, David  and
      DeNeefe, Steve  and
      Pust, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2080",
    pages = "455--460",
}
@inproceedings{toutanova-galley-2011-initialization,
    title = "Why Initialization Matters for {IBM} Model 1: Multiple Optima and Non-Strict Convexity",
    author = "Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Galley, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2081",
    pages = "461--466",
}
@inproceedings{faruqui-pado-2011-thou,
    title = "{``}{I} Thou Thee, Thou Traitor{''}: Predicting Formal vs. Informal Address in {E}nglish Literature",
    author = "Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2082",
    pages = "467--472",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2011-clustering,
    title = "Clustering Comparable Corpora For Bilingual Lexicon Extraction",
    author = "Li, Bo  and
      Gaussier, Eric  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2083",
    pages = "473--478",
}
@inproceedings{vulic-etal-2011-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Word Translations from Comparable Corpora Using Latent Topic Models",
    author = "Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      De Smet, Wim  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2084",
    pages = "479--484",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-etal-2011-press,
    title = "Why Press Backspace? Understanding User Input Behaviors in {C}hinese Pinyin Input Method",
    author = "Zheng, Yabin  and
      Xie, Lixing  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Zhang, Yang  and
      Ru, Liyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2085",
    pages = "485--490",
}
@inproceedings{brody-kantor-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Assessment of Coverage Quality in Intelligence Reports",
    author = "Brody, Samuel  and
      Kantor, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2086",
    pages = "491--495",
}
@inproceedings{biran-etal-2011-putting,
    title = "Putting it Simply: a Context-Aware Approach to Lexical Simplification",
    author = "Biran, Or  and
      Brody, Samuel  and
      Elhadad, No{\'e}mie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2087",
    pages = "496--501",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-litman-2011-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Predicting Peer-Review Helpfulness",
    author = "Xiong, Wenting  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2088",
    pages = "502--507",
}
@inproceedings{madnani-etal-2011-help,
    title = "They Can Help: Using Crowdsourcing to Improve the Evaluation of Grammatical Error Detection Systems",
    author = "Madnani, Nitin  and
      Chodorow, Martin  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Rozovskaya, Alla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2089",
    pages = "508--513",
}
@inproceedings{rao-yarowsky-2011-typed,
    title = "Typed Graph Models for Learning Latent Attributes from Names",
    author = "Rao, Delip  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2090",
    pages = "514--518",
}
@inproceedings{qu-liu-2011-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Group Suggesting for Twitter",
    author = "Qu, Zhonghua  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2091",
    pages = "519--523",
}
@inproceedings{mueller-schuetze-2011-improved,
    title = "Improved Modeling of Out-Of-Vocabulary Words Using Morphological Classes",
    author = "Mueller, Thomas  and
      Schuetze, Hinrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2092",
    pages = "524--528",
}
@inproceedings{neubig-etal-2011-pointwise,
    title = "Pointwise Prediction for Robust, Adaptable {J}apanese Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Neubig, Graham  and
      Nakata, Yosuke  and
      Mori, Shinsuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2093",
    pages = "529--533",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2011-nonparametric,
    title = "Nonparametric {B}ayesian Machine Transliteration with Synchronous Adaptor Grammars",
    author = "Huang, Yun  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2094",
    pages = "534--539",
}
@inproceedings{hewlett-cohen-2011-fully,
    title = "Fully Unsupervised Word Segmentation with {BVE} and {MDL}",
    author = "Hewlett, Daniel  and
      Cohen, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2095",
    pages = "540--545",
}
@inproceedings{metzler-etal-2011-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Evaluation of Data-Driven Paraphrase Generation Techniques",
    author = "Metzler, Donald  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Zhang, Chunliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2096",
    pages = "546--551",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-suzuki-2011-identification,
    title = "Identification of Domain-Specific Senses in a Machine-Readable Dictionary",
    author = "Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Suzuki, Yoshimi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2097",
    pages = "552--557",
}
@inproceedings{shnarch-etal-2011-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Modeling Framework for Lexical Entailment",
    author = "Shnarch, Eyal  and
      Goldberger, Jacob  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2098",
    pages = "558--563",
}
@inproceedings{carvalho-etal-2011-liars,
    title = "Liars and Saviors in a Sentiment Annotated Corpus of Comments to Political Debates",
    author = "Carvalho, Paula  and
      Sarmento, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Teixeira, Jorge  and
      Silva, M{\'a}rio J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2099",
    pages = "564--568",
}
@inproceedings{tackstrom-mcdonald-2011-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised latent variable models for sentence-level sentiment analysis",
    author = {T{\"a}ckstr{\"o}m, Oscar  and
      McDonald, Ryan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2100",
    pages = "569--574",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-liu-2011-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Noun Product Features that Imply Opinions",
    author = "Zhang, Lei  and
      Liu, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2101",
    pages = "575--580",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-ibanez-etal-2011-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Sarcasm in Twitter: A Closer Look",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez-Ib{\'a}{\~n}ez, Roberto  and
      Muresan, Smaranda  and
      Wacholder, Nina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2102",
    pages = "581--586",
}
@inproceedings{abdul-mageed-etal-2011-subjectivity,
    title = "Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis of Modern Standard {A}rabic",
    author = "Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Korayem, Mohammed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2103",
    pages = "587--591",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-etal-2011-identifying,
    title = "Identifying the Semantic Orientation of Foreign Words",
    author = "Hassan, Ahmed  and
      Abu-Jbara, Amjad  and
      Jha, Rahul  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2104",
    pages = "592--597",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-etal-2011-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Text Classification with Latent Concepts",
    author = "Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Huang, Xuanjing  and
      Liu, Zhao  and
      Zhou, Jinlong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2105",
    pages = "598--602",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2011-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Information and Derivation Rules for Robust Dialogue Act Detection in a Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Liang, Wei-Bin  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Chen, Chia-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2106",
    pages = "603--608",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-bangalore-2011-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Relative Prominence in Noun-Noun Compounds",
    author = "Mishra, Taniya  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2107",
    pages = "609--613",
}
@inproceedings{wang-levow-2011-contrasting,
    title = "Contrasting Multi-Lingual Prosodic Cues to Predict Verbal Feedback for Rapport",
    author = "Wang, Siwei  and
      Levow, Gina-Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2108",
    pages = "614--619",
}
@inproceedings{filimonov-harper-2011-generalized,
    title = "Generalized Interpolation in Decision Tree {LM}",
    author = "Filimonov, Denis  and
      Harper, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2109",
    pages = "620--624",
}
@inproceedings{lang-2011-scalable,
    title = "A Scalable Probabilistic Classifier for Language Modeling",
    author = "Lang, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2110",
    pages = "625--630",
}
@inproceedings{xue-yang-2011-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese sentence segmentation as comma classification",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen  and
      Yang, Yaqin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2111",
    pages = "631--635",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning Condensed Feature Representations from Large Unsupervised Data Sets for Supervised Learning",
    author = "Suzuki, Jun  and
      Isozaki, Hideki  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2112",
    pages = "636--641",
}
@inproceedings{darling-song-2011-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Document Modeling for Syntax Removal in Text Summarization",
    author = "Darling, William M.  and
      Song, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2113",
    pages = "642--647",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2011-comparative,
    title = "Comparative News Summarization Using Linear Programming",
    author = "Huang, Xiaojiang  and
      Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Xiao, Jianguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2114",
    pages = "648--653",
}
@inproceedings{dethlefs-cuayahuitl-2011-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning and Hidden {M}arkov Models for Task-Oriented Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Dethlefs, Nina  and
      Cuay{\'a}huitl, Heriberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2115",
    pages = "654--659",
}
@inproceedings{theune-etal-2011-size,
    title = "Does Size Matter {--} How Much Data is Required to Train a {REG} Algorithm?",
    author = {Theune, Mari{\"e}t  and
      Koolen, Ruud  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Wubben, Sander},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2116",
    pages = "660--664",
}
@inproceedings{coster-kauchak-2011-simple,
    title = "Simple {E}nglish {W}ikipedia: A New Text Simplification Task",
    author = "Coster, William  and
      Kauchak, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2117",
    pages = "665--669",
}
@inproceedings{petinot-etal-2011-hierarchical,
    title = "A Hierarchical Model of Web Summaries",
    author = "Petinot, Yves  and
      McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Thadani, Kapil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2118",
    pages = "670--675",
}
@inproceedings{bodenstab-etal-2011-unary,
    title = "Unary Constraints for Efficient Context-Free Parsing",
    author = "Bodenstab, Nathan  and
      Hollingshead, Kristy  and
      Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2119",
    pages = "676--681",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2011-data,
    title = "Data point selection for cross-language adaptation of dependency parsers",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2120",
    pages = "682--686",
}
@inproceedings{choi-palmer-2011-getting,
    title = "Getting the Most out of Transition-based Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Choi, Jinho D.  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2121",
    pages = "687--692",
}
@inproceedings{kulick-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using Derivation Trees for Treebank Error Detection",
    author = "Kulick, Seth  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Mott, Justin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2122",
    pages = "693--698",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving Dependency Parsing with Semantic Classes",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Bengoetxea, Kepa  and
      Gojenola, Koldo  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2123",
    pages = "699--703",
}
@inproceedings{goldberg-elhadad-2011-joint,
    title = "Joint {H}ebrew Segmentation and Parsing using a {PCFGLA} Lattice Parser",
    author = "Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2124",
    pages = "704--709",
}
@inproceedings{haffari-etal-2011-ensemble,
    title = "An Ensemble Model that Combines Syntactic and Semantic Clustering for Discriminative Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Razavi, Marzieh  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2125",
    pages = "710--714",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2011-better,
    title = "Better Automatic Treebank Conversion Using A Feature-Based Approach",
    author = "Zhu, Muhua  and
      Zhu, Jingbo  and
      Hu, Minghan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2126",
    pages = "715--719",
}
@inproceedings{bansal-klein-2011-surprising,
    title = "The Surprising Variance in Shortest-Derivation Parsing",
    author = "Bansal, Mohit  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2127",
    pages = "720--725",
}
@inproceedings{sadamitsu-etal-2011-entity,
    title = "Entity Set Expansion using Topic information",
    author = "Sadamitsu, Kugatsu  and
      Saito, Kuniko  and
      Imamura, Kenji  and
      Kikui, Genichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2128",
    pages = "726--731",
}
@proceedings{acl-2011-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    author = "Petrovic, Sasa  and
      Selfridge, Ethan  and
      Pitler, Emily  and
      Osborne, Miles  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3000",
}
@inproceedings{xi-etal-2011-word,
    title = "Word Alignment Combination over Multiple Word Segmentation",
    author = "Xi, Ning  and
      Tang, Guangchao  and
      Li, Boyuan  and
      Zhao, Yinggong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3001",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-2011-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Ordering Driven by Local and Global Coherence for Summary Generation",
    author = "Zhang, Renxian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3002",
    pages = "6--11",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-2011-pre,
    title = "Pre- and Postprocessing for Statistical Machine Translation into Germanic Languages",
    author = "Stymne, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3003",
    pages = "12--17",
}
@inproceedings{ploch-2011-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Entity Relations for Named Entity Disambiguation",
    author = "Ploch, Danuta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3004",
    pages = "18--23",
}
@inproceedings{hautli-sulger-2011-extracting,
    title = "Extracting and Classifying {U}rdu Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Hautli, Annette  and
      Sulger, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3005",
    pages = "24--29",
}
@inproceedings{kitajima-kobayashi-2011-latent,
    title = "A Latent Topic Extracting Method based on Events in a Document and its Application",
    author = "Kitajima, Risa  and
      Kobayashi, Ichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3006",
    pages = "30--35",
}
@inproceedings{beck-2011-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-based Statistical Machine Translation using Tree Automata and Tree Transducers",
    author = "Beck, Daniel Emilio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3007",
    pages = "36--40",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-garnett-2011-consentcanvas,
    title = "{C}onsent{C}anvas: Automatic Texturing for Improved Readability in End-User License Agreements",
    author = "Schneider, Oliver  and
      Garnett, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3008",
    pages = "41--45",
}
@inproceedings{meyer-2011-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating temporal-contrastive connectives for machine translation",
    author = "Meyer, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3009",
    pages = "46--51",
}
@inproceedings{das-2011-psychosentiwordnet,
    title = "{P}sycho{S}enti{W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Das, Amitava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3010",
    pages = "52--57",
}
@inproceedings{ytrestol-2011-optimistic,
    title = "Optimistic Backtracking - A Backtracking Overlay for Deterministic Incremental Parsing",
    author = "Ytrest{\o}l, Gisle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3011",
    pages = "58--63",
}
@inproceedings{brown-2011-error,
    title = "An Error Analysis of Relation Extraction in Social Media Documents",
    author = "Brown, Gregory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3012",
    pages = "64--68",
}
@inproceedings{green-2011-effects,
    title = "Effects of Noun Phrase Bracketing in Dependency Parsing and Machine Translation",
    author = "Green, Nathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3013",
    pages = "69--74",
}
@inproceedings{greenbacker-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards a Framework for Abstractive Summarization of Multimodal Documents",
    author = "Greenbacker, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3014",
    pages = "75--80",
}
@inproceedings{athar-2011-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis of Citations using Sentence Structure-Based Features",
    author = "Athar, Awais",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3015",
    pages = "81--87",
}
@inproceedings{boruta-2011-combining,
    title = "Combining Indicators of Allophony",
    author = "Boruta, Luc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3016",
    pages = "88--93",
}
@inproceedings{friedberg-2011-turn,
    title = "Turn-Taking Cues in a Human Tutoring Corpus",
    author = "Friedberg, Heather",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3017",
    pages = "94--98",
}
@inproceedings{michelony-2011-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Clicks in a Vocabulary Learning System",
    author = "Michelony, Aaron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3018",
    pages = "99--104",
}
@inproceedings{yeniterzi-2011-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Morphology in {T}urkish Named Entity Recognition System",
    author = "Yeniterzi, Reyyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3019",
    pages = "105--110",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-2011-social,
    title = "Social Network Extraction from Texts: A Thesis Proposal",
    author = "Agarwal, Apoorv",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3020",
    pages = "111--116",
}
@inproceedings{alotaiby-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Headline Generation using Character Cross-Correlation",
    author = "Alotaiby, Fahad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3021",
    pages = "117--121",
}
@inproceedings{senuma-2011-k,
    title = "K-means Clustering with Feature Hashing",
    author = "Senuma, Hajime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Student Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-3022",
    pages = "122--126",
}
@proceedings{acl-2011-acl-hlt,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    author = "Kurohashi, Sadao",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4000",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-singh-lehal-2011-hindi,
    title = "{H}indi to {P}unjabi Machine Translation System",
    author = "Goyal, Vishal  and
      Singh Lehal, Gurpreet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{schafer-etal-2011-acl,
    title = "The {ACL} Anthology Searchbench",
    author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Ulrich  and
      Kiefer, Bernd  and
      Spurk, Christian  and
      Steffen, J{\"o}rg  and
      Wang, Rui},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4002",
    pages = "7--13",
}
@inproceedings{veale-hao-2011-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Readymades in Linguistic Creativity: A System Demonstration of the Jigsaw Bard",
    author = "Veale, Tony  and
      Hao, Yanfen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4003",
    pages = "14--19",
}
@inproceedings{neumann-schmeier-2011-mobile,
    title = "A Mobile Touchable Application for Online Topic Graph Extraction and Exploration of Web Content",
    author = {Neumann, G{\"u}nter  and
      Schmeier, Sven},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4004",
    pages = "20--25",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2011-edit,
    title = "{E}d{I}t: A Broad-Coverage Grammar Checker Using Pattern Grammar",
    author = "Huang, Chung-Chi  and
      Chen, Mei-Hua  and
      Huang, Shih-Ting  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4005",
    pages = "26--31",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2011-memetube,
    title = "{M}eme{T}ube: A Sentiment-based Audiovisual System for Analyzing and Displaying Microblog Messages",
    author = "Li, Cheng-Te  and
      Wang, Chien-Yuan  and
      Tseng, Chien-Lin  and
      Lin, Shou-De",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4006",
    pages = "32--37",
}
@inproceedings{hild-etal-2011-erp,
    title = "An {ERP}-based Brain-Computer Interface for text entry using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation and Language Modeling",
    author = "Hild, Kenneth  and
      Orhan, Umut  and
      Erdogmus, Deniz  and
      Roark, Brian  and
      Oken, Barry  and
      Purwar, Shalini  and
      Nezamfar, Hooman  and
      Fried-Oken, Melanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4007",
    pages = "38--43",
}
@inproceedings{scott-etal-2011-engkoo,
    title = "{E}ngkoo: Mining the Web for Language Learning",
    author = "Scott, Matthew R.  and
      Liu, Xiaohua  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Engkoo Team, Microsoft",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4008",
    pages = "44--49",
}
@inproceedings{das-bandyopadhyay-2011-dr,
    title = "Dr Sentiment Knows Everything!",
    author = "Das, Amitava  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4009",
    pages = "50--55",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-2011-blast,
    title = "{B}last: A Tool for Error Analysis of Machine Translation Output",
    author = "Stymne, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4010",
    pages = "56--61",
}
@inproceedings{benotti-denis-2011-prototyping,
    title = "Prototyping virtual instructors from human-human corpora",
    author = "Benotti, Luciana  and
      Denis, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4011",
    pages = "62--67",
}
@inproceedings{ortiz-martinez-etal-2011-interactive,
    title = "An Interactive Machine Translation System with Online Learning",
    author = "Ortiz-Mart{\'\i}nez, Daniel  and
      Leiva, Luis A.  and
      Alabau, Vicent  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Varea, Ismael  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4012",
    pages = "68--73",
}
@inproceedings{bar-etal-2011-wikulu,
    title = "{W}ikulu: An Extensible Architecture for Integrating Natural Language Processing Techniques with Wikis",
    author = {B{\"a}r, Daniel  and
      Erbs, Nicolai  and
      Zesch, Torsten  and
      Gurevych, Iryna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4013",
    pages = "74--79",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-belis-etal-2011-speech,
    title = "A Speech-based Just-in-Time Retrieval System using Semantic Search",
    author = "Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Yazdani, Majid  and
      Nanchen, Alexandre  and
      Garner, Philip N.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4014",
    pages = "80--85",
}
@inproceedings{nasr-etal-2011-macaon,
    title = "{MACAON} An {NLP} Tool Suite for Processing Word Lattices",
    author = "Nasr, Alexis  and
      B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Rey, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Favre, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Le Roux, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4015",
    pages = "86--91",
}
@inproceedings{larsson-etal-2011-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Menu-based Dialogue with Speech Cursor in {DICO} {II}+",
    author = "Larsson, Staffan  and
      Berman, Alexander  and
      Villing, Jessica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4016",
    pages = "92--96",
}
@inproceedings{ferschke-etal-2011-wikipedia,
    title = "{W}ikipedia Revision Toolkit: Efficiently Accessing {W}ikipedia{'}s Edit History",
    author = "Ferschke, Oliver  and
      Zesch, Torsten  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4017",
    pages = "97--102",
}
@inproceedings{ceylan-mihalcea-2011-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Indexer for Large N-Gram Corpora",
    author = "Ceylan, Hakan  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4018",
    pages = "103--108",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2011-systemt,
    title = "{S}ystem{T}: A Declarative Information Extraction System",
    author = "Li, Yunyao  and
      Reiss, Frederick  and
      Chiticariu, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4019",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2011-scisumm,
    title = "{S}ci{S}umm: A Multi-Document Summarization System for Scientific Articles",
    author = "Agarwal, Nitin  and
      Reddy, Ravi Shankar  and
      Gvr, Kiran  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn Penstein",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4020",
    pages = "115--120",
}
@inproceedings{abu-jbara-radev-2011-clairlib,
    title = "{C}lairlib: A Toolkit for Natural Language Processing, Information Retrieval, and Network Analysis",
    author = "Abu-Jbara, Amjad  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4021",
    pages = "121--126",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2011-c,
    title = "C-Feel-It: A Sentiment Analyzer for Micro-blogs",
    author = "Joshi, Aditya  and
      AR, Balamurali  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Mohanty, Rajat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4022",
    pages = "127--132",
}
@inproceedings{weng-etal-2011-imass,
    title = "{IMASS}: An Intelligent Microblog Analysis and Summarization System",
    author = "Weng, Jui-Yu  and
      Yang, Cheng-Lun  and
      Chen, Bo-Nian  and
      Wang, Yen-Kai  and
      Lin, Shou-De",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4023",
    pages = "133--138",
}
@inproceedings{soundrarajan-etal-2011-interface,
    title = "An Interface for Rapid Natural Language Processing Development in {UIMA}",
    author = "Soundrarajan, Balaji  and
      Ginter, Thomas  and
      DuVall, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{HLT} 2011 System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-4024",
    pages = "139--144",
}
@proceedings{acl-2011-association-linguistics-tutorial,
    title = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    author = "Way, Andy  and
      Pantel, Patrick",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-5000",
}
@inproceedings{daume-iii-2011-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Structured Prediction: Inverse Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-5001",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{heinz-etal-2011-formal,
    title = "Formal and Empirical Grammatical Inference",
    author = "Heinz, Jeffrey  and
      de la Higuera, Colin  and
      van Zannen, Menno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-5002",
    pages = "2",
}
@inproceedings{nenkova-etal-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Summarization",
    author = "Nenkova, Ani  and
      Maskey, Sameer  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-5003",
    pages = "3",
}
@inproceedings{pasca-2011-web,
    title = "Web Search Queries as a Corpus",
    author = "Pa{\c{s}}ca, Marius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-5004",
    pages = "4",
}
@inproceedings{druck-etal-2011-rich,
    title = "Rich Prior Knowledge in Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Druck, Gregory  and
      Ganchev, Kuzman  and
      Gra{\c{c}}a, Jo{\~a}o",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-5005",
    pages = "5",
}
@inproceedings{collins-rush-2011-dual,
    title = "Dual Decomposition for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Collins, Michael  and
      Rush, Alexander M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-5006",
    pages = "6",
}
@proceedings{ws-1977-nordic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 1st Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1977)",
    author = "All{\'e}n, Sture  and
      Gavare, Rolf  and
      Gellerstam, Martin",
    month = oct,
    year = "1977",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Spr{\aa}kdata, University of Gothenburg, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W77-0100",
}
@inproceedings{alhaug-1977-noen,
    title = "Noen problemer ved opbygging av et datamaskinelt morfem-lexikon (Some problems in the construction of a computerized morpheme lexicon) [In {N}orwegian]",
    author = "Alhaug, Gulbrand",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1977)",
    month = oct,
    year = "1977",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Spr{\aa}kdata, University of Gothenburg, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W77-0101",
    pages = "5--12",
}
@inproceedings{basboll-kristensen-1977-computergenerering,
    title = "Computergenerering af lydskrevet dansk ud fra en quasiortografisk notation ved hj{\ae}lp af generative fonologiske regler (Computer generation of {D}anish phonetic script from a quasi orthographic notation using generative phonological rules) [In {D}anish]",
    author = "Basb{\o}ll, Hans  and
      Kristensen, Kjeld",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1977)",
    month = oct,
    year = "1977",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Spr{\aa}kdata, University of Gothenburg, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W77-0102",
    pages = "13--19",
}
@inproceedings{brodda-1977-beta,
    title = "BETA-systemet: En sammanfattning (The BETA system: A summary) [In {S}wedish]",
    author = "Brodda, Benny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1977)",
    month = oct,
    year = "1977",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Spr{\aa}kdata, University of Gothenburg, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W77-0103",
    pages = "20--26",
}
@inproceedings{eeg-olofsson-1977-algoritmisk,
    title = "Algoritmisk textanalys {--} en presentation (Algorithmic text analysis {--} A presentation) [In {S}wedish]",
    author = "Eeg-Olofsson, Mats",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1977)",
    month = oct,
    year = "1977",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Spr{\aa}kdata, University of Gothenburg, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W77-0104",
    pages = "27--30",
}
@inproceedings{fonnes-1977-edb,
    title = "{EDB} i ordboksproduksjon: Tillrettelegging av Norsk Landbruksordbok for trykking ({EDB} in dictionary production: Adaptation of the {N}orwegian Agricultural Dictionary for printing) [In {N}orwegian]",
    author = "Fonnes, Ivar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1977)",
    month = oct,
    year = "1977",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Spr{\aa}kdata, University of Gothenburg, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W77-0105",
    pages = "31--38",
}
@inproceedings{grinstead-1977-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with odd languages",
    author = "Grinstead, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1977)",
    month = oct,
    year = "1977",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Spr{\aa}kdata, University of Gothenburg, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W77-0106",
    pages = "39--39",
}
@inproceedings{heggstad-solevag-1977-nyord,
    title = "Nyord-registrering i database (Registration of new words in databases) [In {N}orwegian]",
    author = "Heggstad, Kolbj{\o}rn  and
      Solev{\aa}g, Harald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1977)",
    month = oct,
    year = "1977",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Spr{\aa}kdata, University of Gothenburg, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W77-0107",
    pages = "40--49",
}
@inproceedings{hofland-1977-implementering,
    title = "Implementering av en metode for syntaktisk analyse av norsk (Implementation of a method for syntactic analysis of {N}orwegian) [In {N}orwegian]",
    author = "Hofland, Knut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1977)",
    month = oct,
    year = "1977",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Spr{\aa}kdata, University of Gothenburg, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W77-0108",
    pages = "50--64",
}
@inproceedings{maegaard-ruus-1977-danword,
    title = "{DAN}w{ORD} {--} Hyppighedsunders{\o}gelser i moderne dansk ({DAN}w{ORD} {--} Frequency surveys in modern {D}anish) [In {D}anish]",
    author = "Maegaard, Bente  and
      Ruus, Hanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1977)",
    month = oct,
    year = "1977",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Spr{\aa}kdata, University of Gothenburg, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W77-0109",
    pages = "65--74",
}
@inproceedings{mundt-1977-function,
    title = "Function words in H{\'a}konar saga [In {N}orwegian]",
    author = "Mundt, Marina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1977)",
    month = oct,
    year = "1977",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Spr{\aa}kdata, University of Gothenburg, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W77-0110",
    pages = "75--78",
}
@inproceedings{ralph-1977-projektet,
    title = "Projektet Lexikalisk databas (The Lexical Database project) [In {S}wedish]",
    author = "Ralph, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1977)",
    month = oct,
    year = "1977",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Spr{\aa}kdata, University of Gothenburg, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W77-0111",
    pages = "79--81",
}
@inproceedings{salmela-kohonen-1977-chitab,
    title = "{CHITAB} {--} a {``}poor man{'}s{''} shortcut to computer processing of linguistic data",
    author = "Salmela, Jussi  and
      Kohonen, Viljo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1977)",
    month = oct,
    year = "1977",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Spr{\aa}kdata, University of Gothenburg, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W77-0112",
    pages = "82--86",
}
@inproceedings{sagvall-hein-1977-chartanalys,
    title = "Chartanalys och morfologi (Chart analysis and morphology) [In {S}wedish]",
    author = "S{\aa}gvall Hein, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1977)",
    month = oct,
    year = "1977",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Spr{\aa}kdata, University of Gothenburg, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W77-0113",
    pages = "87--93",
}
@proceedings{acl-2005-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    author = "Knight, Kevin  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1000",
}
@inproceedings{ando-zhang-2005-high,
    title = "A High-Performance Semi-Supervised Learning Method for Text Chunking",
    author = "Ando, Rie  and
      Zhang, Tong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219841",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{cohn-etal-2005-scaling,
    title = "Scaling Conditional Random Fields Using Error-Correcting Codes",
    author = "Cohn, Trevor  and
      Smith, Andrew  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219842",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2005-logarithmic,
    title = "Logarithmic Opinion Pools for Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Smith, Andrew  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219843",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{curran-2005-supersense,
    title = "Supersense Tagging of Unknown Nouns Using Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Curran, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219844",
    pages = "26--33",
}
@inproceedings{kohomban-lee-2005-learning,
    title = "Learning Semantic Classes for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Kohomban, Upali Sathyajith  and
      Lee, Wee Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219845",
    pages = "34--41",
}
@inproceedings{dang-palmer-2005-role,
    title = "The Role of Semantic Roles in Disambiguating Verb Senses",
    author = "Dang, Hoa Trang  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219846",
    pages = "42--49",
}
@inproceedings{di-eugenio-etal-2005-aggregation,
    title = "Aggregation Improves Learning: Experiments in Natural Language Generation for Intelligent Tutoring Systems",
    author = "Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Fossati, Davide  and
      Yu, Dan  and
      Haller, Susan  and
      Glass, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219847",
    pages = "50--57",
}
@inproceedings{paiva-evans-2005-empirically,
    title = "Empirically-based Control of Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Paiva, Daniel S.  and
      Evans, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219848",
    pages = "58--65",
}
@inproceedings{soricut-marcu-2005-towards,
    title = "Towards Developing Generation Algorithms for Text-to-Text Applications",
    author = "Soricut, Radu  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219849",
    pages = "66--74",
}
@inproceedings{matsuzaki-etal-2005-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic {CFG} with Latent Annotations",
    author = "Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219850",
    pages = "75--82",
}
@inproceedings{miyao-tsujii-2005-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Disambiguation Models for Wide-Coverage {HPSG} Parsing",
    author = "Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219851",
    pages = "83--90",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-etal-2005-online,
    title = "Online Large-Margin Training of Dependency Parsers",
    author = "McDonald, Ryan  and
      Crammer, Koby  and
      Pereira, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219852",
    pages = "91--98",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-nilsson-2005-pseudo,
    title = "Pseudo-Projective Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim  and
      Nilsson, Jens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219853",
    pages = "99--106",
}
@inproceedings{geffet-dagan-2005-distributional,
    title = "The Distributional Inclusion Hypotheses and Lexical Entailment",
    author = "Geffet, Maayan  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219854",
    pages = "107--114",
}
@inproceedings{pang-lee-2005-seeing,
    title = "Seeing Stars: Exploiting Class Relationships for Sentiment Categorization with Respect to Rating Scales",
    author = "Pang, Bo  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219855",
    pages = "115--124",
}
@inproceedings{pantel-2005-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Ontological Co-occurrence Vectors",
    author = "Pantel, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219856",
    pages = "125--132",
}
@inproceedings{takamura-etal-2005-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Semantic Orientations of Words using Spin Model",
    author = "Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Inui, Takashi  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219857",
    pages = "133--140",
}
@inproceedings{barzilay-lapata-2005-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Local Coherence: An Entity-Based Approach",
    author = "Barzilay, Regina  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219858",
    pages = "141--148",
}
@inproceedings{hutchinson-2005-modelling,
    title = "Modelling the Substitutability of Discourse Connectives",
    author = "Hutchinson, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219859",
    pages = "149--156",
}
@inproceedings{ng-2005-machine,
    title = "Machine Learning for Coreference Resolution: From Local Classification to Global Ranking",
    author = "Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219860",
    pages = "157--164",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2005-improving,
    title = "Improving Pronoun Resolution Using Statistics-Based Semantic Compatibility Information",
    author = "Yang, Xiaofeng  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219861",
    pages = "165--172",
}
@inproceedings{charniak-johnson-2005-coarse,
    title = "Coarse-to-Fine n-Best Parsing and {M}ax{E}nt Discriminative Reranking",
    author = "Charniak, Eugene  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219862",
    pages = "173--180",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-titov-2005-data,
    title = "Data-Defined Kernels for Parse Reranking Derived from Probabilistic Models",
    author = "Henderson, James  and
      Titov, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219863",
    pages = "181--188",
}
@inproceedings{kudo-etal-2005-boosting,
    title = "Boosting-based Parse Reranking with Subtree Features",
    author = "Kudo, Taku  and
      Suzuki, Jun  and
      Isozaki, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219864",
    pages = "189--196",
}
@inproceedings{sagae-etal-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Measurement of Syntactic Development in Child Language",
    author = "Sagae, Kenji  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      MacWhinney, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219865",
    pages = "197--204",
}
@inproceedings{harabagiu-etal-2005-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with Interactive Question-Answering",
    author = "Harabagiu, Sanda  and
      Hickl, Andrew  and
      Lehmann, John  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219866",
    pages = "205--214",
}
@inproceedings{sasaki-2005-question,
    title = "Question Answering as Question-Biased Term Extraction: A New Approach toward Multilingual {QA}",
    author = "Sasaki, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219867",
    pages = "215--222",
}
@inproceedings{elzer-etal-2005-exploring,
    title = "Exploring and Exploiting the Limited Utility of Captions in Recognizing Intention in Information Graphics",
    author = "Elzer, Stephanie  and
      Carberry, Sandra  and
      Chester, Daniel  and
      Demir, Seniz  and
      Green, Nancy  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      Trnka, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219868",
    pages = "223--230",
}
@inproceedings{ginzburg-fernandez-2005-scaling,
    title = "Scaling up from Dialogue to Multilogue: Some Principles and Benchmarks",
    author = "Ginzburg, Jonathan  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219869",
    pages = "231--238",
}
@inproceedings{rieser-moore-2005-implications,
    title = "Implications for Generating Clarification Requests in Task-Oriented Dialogues",
    author = "Rieser, Verena  and
      Moore, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219870",
    pages = "239--246",
}
@inproceedings{schlangen-2005-towards,
    title = "Towards Finding and Fixing {F}ragments{---}{U}sing {ML} to Identify Non-Sentential Utterances and their Antecedents in Multi-Party Dialogue",
    author = "Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219871",
    pages = "247--254",
}
@inproceedings{callison-burch-etal-2005-scaling,
    title = "Scaling Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation to Larger Corpora and Longer Phrases",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Bannard, Colin  and
      Schroeder, Josh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219872",
    pages = "255--262",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-2005-hierarchical,
    title = "A Hierarchical Phrase-Based Model for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219873",
    pages = "263--270",
}
@inproceedings{quirk-etal-2005-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Treelet Translation: Syntactically Informed Phrasal {SMT}",
    author = "Quirk, Chris  and
      Menezes, Arul  and
      Cherry, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219874",
    pages = "271--279",
}
@inproceedings{amigo-etal-2005-qarla,
    title = "{QARLA}: A Framework for the Evaluation of Text Summarization Systems",
    author = "Amig{\'o}, Enrique  and
      Gonzalo, Julio  and
      Pe{\~n}as, Anselmo  and
      Verdejo, Felisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219875",
    pages = "280--289",
}
@inproceedings{turner-charniak-2005-supervised,
    title = "Supervised and Unsupervised Learning for Sentence Compression",
    author = "Turner, Jenine  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219876",
    pages = "290--297",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-hovy-2005-digesting,
    title = "Digesting Virtual {``}Geek{''} Culture: The Summarization of Technical {I}nternet Relay Chats",
    author = "Zhou, Liang  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219877",
    pages = "298--305",
}
@inproceedings{arun-keller-2005-lexicalization,
    title = "Lexicalization in Crosslinguistic Probabilistic Parsing: The Case of {F}rench",
    author = "Arun, Abhishek  and
      Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219878",
    pages = "306--313",
}
@inproceedings{dubey-2005-lexicalization,
    title = "What to Do When Lexicalization Fails: Parsing {G}erman with Suffix Analysis and Smoothing",
    author = "Dubey, Amit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219879",
    pages = "314--321",
}
@inproceedings{dickinson-meurers-2005-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Errors in Discontinuous Structural Annotation",
    author = "Dickinson, Markus  and
      Meurers, W. Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219880",
    pages = "322--329",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-etal-2005-high,
    title = "High Precision {T}reebanking{---}{B}lazing Useful Trees Using {POS} Information",
    author = "Tanaka, Takaaki  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Fujita, Sanae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219881",
    pages = "330--337",
}
@inproceedings{filali-bilmes-2005-dynamic,
    title = "A Dynamic {B}ayesian Framework to Model Context and Memory in Edit Distance Learning: An Application to Pronunciation Classification",
    author = "Filali, Karim  and
      Bilmes, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219882",
    pages = "338--345",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2005-learning,
    title = "Learning Stochastic {OT} Grammars: A {B}ayesian Approach using Data Augmentation and {G}ibbs Sampling",
    author = "Lin, Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219883",
    pages = "346--353",
}
@inproceedings{smith-eisner-2005-contrastive,
    title = "Contrastive Estimation: Training Log-Linear Models on Unlabeled Data",
    author = "Smith, Noah A.  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219884",
    pages = "354--362",
}
@inproceedings{finkel-etal-2005-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Non-local Information into Information Extraction Systems by {G}ibbs Sampling",
    author = "Finkel, Jenny Rose  and
      Grenager, Trond  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219885",
    pages = "363--370",
}
@inproceedings{grenager-etal-2005-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Field Segmentation Models for Information Extraction",
    author = "Grenager, Trond  and
      Klein, Dan  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219886",
    pages = "371--378",
}
@inproceedings{stevenson-greenwood-2005-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic Approach to {IE} Pattern Induction",
    author = "Stevenson, Mark  and
      Greenwood, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219887",
    pages = "379--386",
}
@inproceedings{carpuat-wu-2005-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation vs. Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219888",
    pages = "387--394",
}
@inproceedings{niu-etal-2005-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation Using Label Propagation Based Semi-Supervised Learning",
    author = "Niu, Zheng-Yu  and
      Ji, Dong-Hong  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219889",
    pages = "395--402",
}
@inproceedings{gliozzo-etal-2005-domain,
    title = "Domain Kernels for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Gliozzo, Alfio  and
      Giuliano, Claudio  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219890",
    pages = "403--410",
}
@inproceedings{ji-grishman-2005-improving,
    title = "Improving Name Tagging by Reference Resolution and Relation Detection",
    author = "Ji, Heng  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219891",
    pages = "411--418",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-grishman-2005-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Relations with Integrated Information Using Kernel Methods",
    author = "Zhao, Shubin  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219892",
    pages = "419--426",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2005-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Various Knowledge in Relation Extraction",
    author = "Zhou, GuoDong  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Zhang, Jie  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219893",
    pages = "427--434",
}
@inproceedings{boulis-ostendorf-2005-quantitative,
    title = "A Quantitative Analysis of Lexical Differences Between Genders in Telephone Conversations",
    author = "Boulis, Constantinos  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219894",
    pages = "435--442",
}
@inproceedings{chelba-acero-2005-position,
    title = "Position Specific Posterior Lattices for Indexing Speech",
    author = "Chelba, Ciprian  and
      Acero, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219895",
    pages = "443--450",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2005-using,
    title = "Using Conditional Random Fields for Sentence Boundary Detection in Speech",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Stolcke, Andreas  and
      Shriberg, Elizabeth  and
      Harper, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219896",
    pages = "451--458",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2005-log,
    title = "Log-Linear Models for Word Alignment",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Lin, Shouxun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1057",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219897",
    pages = "459--466",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2005-alignment,
    title = "Alignment Model Adaptation for Domain-Specific Word Alignment",
    author = "Wu, Hua  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Liu, Zhanyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1058",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219898",
    pages = "467--474",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-gildea-2005-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Lexicalized Inversion Transduction Grammar for Alignment",
    author = "Zhang, Hao  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1059",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219899",
    pages = "475--482",
}
@inproceedings{mann-yarowsky-2005-multi,
    title = "Multi-Field Information Extraction and Cross-Document Fusion",
    author = "Mann, Gideon  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1060",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219900",
    pages = "483--490",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-etal-2005-simple,
    title = "Simple Algorithms for Complex Relation Extraction with Applications to Biomedical {IE}",
    author = "McDonald, Ryan  and
      Pereira, Fernando  and
      Kulick, Seth  and
      Winters, Scott  and
      Jin, Yang  and
      White, Pete",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1061",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219901",
    pages = "491--498",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2005-resume,
    title = "Resume Information Extraction with Cascaded Hybrid Model",
    author = "Yu, Kun  and
      Guan, Gang  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1062",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219902",
    pages = "499--506",
}
@inproceedings{collins-etal-2005-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Syntactic Language Modeling for Speech Recognition",
    author = "Collins, Michael  and
      Roark, Brian  and
      Saraclar, Murat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1063",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219903",
    pages = "507--514",
}
@inproceedings{li-ma-2005-phonotactic,
    title = "A Phonotactic Language Model for Spoken Language Identification",
    author = "Li, Haizhou  and
      Ma, Bin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1064",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219904",
    pages = "515--522",
}
@inproceedings{schwarm-ostendorf-2005-reading,
    title = "Reading Level Assessment Using Support Vector Machines and Statistical Language Models",
    author = "Schwarm, Sarah  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1065",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219905",
    pages = "523--530",
}
@inproceedings{collins-etal-2005-clause,
    title = "Clause Restructuring for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Collins, Michael  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Ku{\v{c}}erov{\'a}, Ivona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1066",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219906",
    pages = "531--540",
}
@inproceedings{ding-palmer-2005-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation Using Probabilistic Synchronous Dependency Insertion Grammars",
    author = "Ding, Yuan  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1067",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219907",
    pages = "541--548",
}
@inproceedings{hwang-sasaki-2005-context,
    title = "Context-Dependent {SMT} Model using Bilingual Verb-Noun Collocation",
    author = "Hwang, Young-Sook  and
      Sasaki, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1068",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219908",
    pages = "549--556",
}
@inproceedings{tillmann-zhang-2005-localized,
    title = "A Localized Prediction Model for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Tillmann, Christoph  and
      Zhang, Tong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1069",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219909",
    pages = "557--564",
}
@inproceedings{pan-shaw-2005-instance,
    title = "Instance-based Sentence Boundary Determination by Optimization for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Pan, Shimei  and
      Shaw, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1070",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219910",
    pages = "565--572",
}
@inproceedings{habash-rambow-2005-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Tokenization, Part-of-Speech Tagging and Morphological Disambiguation in One Fell Swoop",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1071",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219911",
    pages = "573--580",
}
@inproceedings{pradhan-etal-2005-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling Using Different Syntactic Views",
    author = "Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Ward, Wayne  and
      Hacioglu, Kadri  and
      Martin, James  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1072",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219912",
    pages = "581--588",
}
@inproceedings{toutanova-etal-2005-joint,
    title = "Joint Learning Improves Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Haghighi, Aria  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1073",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219913",
    pages = "589--596",
}
@inproceedings{bannard-callison-burch-2005-paraphrasing,
    title = "Paraphrasing with Bilingual Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Bannard, Colin  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1074",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219914",
    pages = "597--604",
}
@inproceedings{deane-2005-nonparametric,
    title = "A Nonparametric Method for Extraction of Candidate Phrasal Terms",
    author = "Deane, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1075",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219915",
    pages = "605--613",
}
@inproceedings{yallop-etal-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Adjectival Subcategorization from Corpora",
    author = "Yallop, Jeremy  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1076",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219916",
    pages = "614--621",
}
@inproceedings{ravichandran-etal-2005-randomized,
    title = "Randomized Algorithms and {NLP}: Using Locality Sensitive Hash Functions for High Speed Noun Clustering",
    author = "Ravichandran, Deepak  and
      Pantel, Patrick  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}{'}05)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1077",
    doi = "10.3115/1219840.1219917",
    pages = "622--629",
}
@proceedings{acl-2005-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Wan, Stephen",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2000",
}
@inproceedings{lu-2005-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Methods for {POS} Guessing of {C}hinese Unknown Words",
    author = "Lu, Xiaofei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{thabet-2005-understanding,
    title = "Understanding the Thematic Structure of the {Q}ur{'}an: An Exploratory Multivariate Approach",
    author = "Thabet, Naglaa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{pecina-2005-extensive,
    title = "An Extensive Empirical Study of Collocation Extraction Methods",
    author = "Pecina, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2003",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{duh-2005-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Labeling Multiple Sequences: A Factorial {HMM} Approach",
    author = "Duh, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2004",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{solorio-2005-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Named Entity Taggers in a Second Language",
    author = "Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2005",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{tatu-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Discovery of Intentions in Text and its Application to Question Answering",
    author = "Tatu, Marta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2006",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{huenerfauth-2005-american,
    title = "{A}merican Sign Language Generation: Multimodal {NLG} with Multiple Linguistic Channels",
    author = "Huenerfauth, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2007",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{read-2005-using,
    title = "Using Emoticons to Reduce Dependency in Machine Learning Techniques for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Read, Jonathon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2008",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-2005-learning,
    title = "Learning Meronyms from Biomedical Text",
    author = "Roberts, Angus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2009",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-2005-using,
    title = "Using Readers to Identify Lexical Cohesive Structures in Texts",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2010",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@inproceedings{de-bleecker-2005-towards,
    title = "Towards an Optimal Lexicalization in a Natural-Sounding Portable Natural Language Generator for Dialog Systems",
    author = "De Bleecker, Inge M. R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2011",
    pages = "61--66",
}
@inproceedings{de-gispert-2005-phrase,
    title = "Phrase Linguistic Classification and Generalization for Improving Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "de Gispert, Adri{\`a}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2012",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@inproceedings{cakici-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Induction of a {CCG} Grammar for {T}urkish",
    author = "{\c{C}}ak{\i}c{\i}, Ruken",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2013",
    pages = "73--78",
}
@inproceedings{ivanovic-2005-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Act Tagging for Instant Messaging Chat Sessions",
    author = "Ivanovic, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2014",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{grois-2005-learning,
    title = "Learning Strategies for Open-Domain Natural Language Question Answering",
    author = "Grois, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2015",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@inproceedings{fox-2005-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Fox, Heidi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2016",
    pages = "91--96",
}
@inproceedings{sayeed-2005-minimalist,
    title = "Minimalist Parsing of Subjects Displaced from Embedded Clauses in Free Word Order Languages",
    author = "Sayeed, Asad B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2017",
    pages = "97--102",
}
@inproceedings{xie-2005-centrality,
    title = "Centrality Measures in Text Mining: Prediction of Noun Phrases that Appear in Abstracts",
    author = "Xie, Zhuli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2018",
    pages = "103--108",
}
@inproceedings{diderichsen-elming-2005-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-Based Approach to Topic in {D}anish dialog",
    author = "Diderichsen, Philip  and
      Elming, Jakob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2019",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{postolache-2005-learning,
    title = "Learning Information Structure in the {P}rague {T}reebank",
    author = "Postolache, Oana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2020",
    pages = "115--120",
}
@inproceedings{podvesky-machek-2005-speech,
    title = "Speech Recognition of {C}zech{---}Inclusion of Rare Words Helps",
    author = "Podvesk{\'y}, Petr  and
      Machek, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2021",
    pages = "121--126",
}
@inproceedings{ozdowska-2005-using,
    title = "Using Bilingual Dependencies to Align Words in {E}nglish/{F}rench Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Ozdowska, Sylwia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2022",
    pages = "127--132",
}
@inproceedings{alex-2005-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised System for Identifying {E}nglish Inclusions in {G}erman Text",
    author = "Alex, Beatrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2023",
    pages = "133--138",
}
@inproceedings{yoshida-2005-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Oriented Development of {J}apanese {HPSG} Parsers",
    author = "Yoshida, Kazuhiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2024",
    pages = "139--144",
}
@inproceedings{kulkarni-2005-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Discrimination and Labeling of Ambiguous Names",
    author = "Kulkarni, Anagha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2025",
    pages = "145--150",
}
@inproceedings{russell-2005-domain,
    title = "A Domain-Specific Statistical Surface Realizer",
    author = "Russell, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-2026",
    pages = "151--156",
}
@proceedings{acl-2005-acl-interactive,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    author = "Nagata, Masaaki  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3000",
}
@inproceedings{devault-etal-2005-information,
    title = "An Information-State Approach to Collaborative Reference",
    author = "DeVault, David  and
      Kariaeva, Natalia  and
      Kothari, Anubha  and
      Oved, Iris  and
      Stone, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3001",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225754",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{gurevych-niederlich-2005-accessing,
    title = "Accessing {G}erma{N}et Data and Computing Semantic Relatedness",
    author = "Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Niederlich, Hendrik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3002",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225755",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{koller-thater-2005-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Solving and Exploration of Scope Ambiguities",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Thater, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3003",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225756",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{litkowski-2005-cl,
    title = "{CL} Research{'}s Knowledge Management System",
    author = "Litkowski, Kenneth C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3004",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225757",
    pages = "13--16",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2005-dynamically,
    title = "Dynamically Generating a Protein Entity Dictionary Using Online Resources",
    author = "Liu, Hongfang  and
      Hu, Zhangzhi  and
      Wu, Cathy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3005",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225758",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2005-descriptive,
    title = "Descriptive Question Answering in Encyclopedia",
    author = "Lee, Hyo-Jung O.  and
      Kim, Hyeon-Jin  and
      Jang, Myung-Gil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3006",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225759",
    pages = "21--24",
}
@inproceedings{pakhomov-etal-2005-high,
    title = "High Throughput Modularized {NLP} System for Clinical Text",
    author = "Pakhomov, Serguei  and
      Buntrock, James  and
      Duffy, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3007",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225760",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-2005-voice,
    title = "A Voice Enabled Procedure Browser for the International Space Station",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Hockey, Beth A.  and
      Chatzichrisafis, Nikos  and
      Farrell, Kim  and
      Renders, Jean-Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3008",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225761",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{resnik-elkiss-2005-linguists,
    title = "The {L}inguist{'}s {S}earch {E}ngine: An Overview",
    author = "Resnik, Philip  and
      Elkiss, Aaron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3009",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225762",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2005-learning,
    title = "Learning Source-Target Surface Patterns for Web-based Terminology Translation",
    author = "Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Lin, Tracy  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3010",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225763",
    pages = "37--40",
}
@inproceedings{chelba-acero-2005-speech,
    title = "{SPEECH} {OGLE}: Indexing Uncertainty for Spoken Document Search",
    author = "Chelba, Ciprian  and
      Acero, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3011",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225764",
    pages = "41--44",
}
@inproceedings{foster-etal-2005-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Generation in the {COMIC} Dialogue System",
    author = "Foster, Mary E.  and
      White, Michael  and
      Setzer, Andrea  and
      Catizone, Roberta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3012",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225765",
    pages = "45--48",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-2005-language,
    title = "Language Independent Extractive Summarization",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3013",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225766",
    pages = "49--52",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-csomai-2005-senselearner,
    title = "{S}ense{L}earner: Word Sense Disambiguation for All Words in Unrestricted Text",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Csomai, Andras",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3014",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225767",
    pages = "53--56",
}
@inproceedings{mohit-hwa-2005-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-based Semi-Supervised Named Entity Tagging",
    author = "Mohit, Behrang  and
      Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3015",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225768",
    pages = "57--60",
}
@inproceedings{nakajima-etal-2005-portable,
    title = "Portable Translator Capable of Recognizing Characters on Signboard and Menu Captured by its Built-in Camera",
    author = "Nakajima, Hideharu  and
      Matsuo, Yoshihiro  and
      Nagata, Masaaki  and
      Saito, Kuniko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3016",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225769",
    pages = "61--64",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-etal-2005-supporting,
    title = "Supporting Annotation Layers for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Schwartz, Ariel  and
      Wolf, Brian  and
      Hearst, Marti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3017",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225770",
    pages = "65--68",
}
@inproceedings{nichols-hwa-2005-word,
    title = "Word Alignment and Cross-Lingual Resource Acquisition",
    author = "Nichols, Carol  and
      Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3018",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225771",
    pages = "69--72",
}
@inproceedings{patwardhan-etal-2005-senserelate,
    title = "{S}ense{R}elate::{T}arget{W}ord{---}A Generalized Framework for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Patwardhan, Siddharth  and
      Banerjee, Satanjeev  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3019",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225772",
    pages = "73--76",
}
@inproceedings{rapp-2005-practical,
    title = "A Practical Solution to the Problem of Automatic Part-of-Speech Induction from Text",
    author = "Rapp, Reinhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3020",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225773",
    pages = "77--80",
}
@inproceedings{verhagen-etal-2005-automating,
    title = "Automating Temporal Annotation with {TARSQI}",
    author = "Verhagen, Marc  and
      Mani, Inderjeet  and
      Sauri, Roser  and
      Littman, Jessica  and
      Knippen, Robert  and
      Jang, Seok B.  and
      Rumshisky, Anna  and
      Phillips, John  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3021",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225774",
    pages = "81--84",
}
@inproceedings{allen-etal-2005-two,
    title = "Two Diverse Systems Built using Generic Components for Spoken Dialogue (Recent Progress on {TRIPS})",
    author = "Allen, James  and
      Ferguson, George  and
      Stent, Amanda  and
      Stoness, Scott  and
      Swift, Mary  and
      Galescu, Lucian  and
      Chambers, Nathan  and
      Campana, Ellen  and
      Aist, Gregory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3022",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225775",
    pages = "85--88",
}
@inproceedings{belvin-etal-2005-transonics,
    title = "{T}ransonics: A Practical Speech-to-Speech Translator for {E}nglish-{F}arsi Medical Dialogs",
    author = "Belvin, Robert  and
      Ettelaie, Emil  and
      Gandhe, Sudeep  and
      Georgiou, Panayiotis  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Marcu, Daniel  and
      Millward, Scott  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth  and
      Neely, Howard  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3023",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225776",
    pages = "89--92",
}
@inproceedings{church-thiesson-2005-wild,
    title = "The Wild Thing",
    author = "Church, Ken  and
      Thiesson, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3024",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225777",
    pages = "93--96",
}
@inproceedings{deneefe-etal-2005-interactively,
    title = "Interactively Exploring a Machine Translation Model",
    author = "DeNeefe, Steve  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Chan, Hayward H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3025",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225778",
    pages = "97--100",
}
@inproceedings{jayaraman-lavie-2005-multi,
    title = "Multi-Engine Machine Translation Guided by Explicit Word Matching",
    author = "Jayaraman, Shyamsundar  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3026",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225779",
    pages = "101--104",
}
@inproceedings{kulkarni-pedersen-2005-senseclusters,
    title = "{S}ense{C}lusters: Unsupervised Clustering and Labeling of Similar Contexts",
    author = "Kulkarni, Anagha  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3027",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225780",
    pages = "105--108",
}
@inproceedings{mueller-2005-flexible,
    title = "A Flexible Stand-Off Data Model with Query Language for Multi-Level Annotation",
    author = "Mueller, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3028",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225781",
    pages = "109--112",
}
@inproceedings{stock-strapparava-2005-hahacronym,
    title = "{HAHA}cronym: A Computational Humor System",
    author = "Stock, Oliviero  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3029",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225782",
    pages = "113--116",
}
@inproceedings{utiyama-etal-2005-organizing,
    title = "Organizing {E}nglish Reading Materials for Vocabulary Learning",
    author = "Utiyama, Masao  and
      Tanimura, Midori  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3030",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225783",
    pages = "117--120",
}
@inproceedings{yoshida-nakagawa-2005-reformatting,
    title = "Reformatting Web Documents via Header Trees",
    author = "Yoshida, Minoru  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-3031",
    doi = "10.3115/1225753.1225784",
    pages = "121--124",
}
@proceedings{acl-2004-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1000",
}
@inproceedings{chai-etal-2004-optimization,
    title = "Optimization in Multimodal Interpretation",
    author = "Chai, Joyce Y.  and
      Hong, Pengyu  and
      Zhou, Michelle X.  and
      Prasov, Zahar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218956",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{steels-2004-constructivist,
    title = "Constructivist Development of Grounded Construction Grammar",
    author = "Steels, Luc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218957",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-brew-2004-distributional,
    title = "A Distributional Model of Semantic Context Effects in Lexical Processing",
    author = "McDonald, Scott  and
      Brew, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218958",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{wolska-kruijff-korbayova-2004-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Mixed Natural and Symbolic Input in Mathematical Dialogs",
    author = "Wolska, Magdalena  and
      Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218959",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-charniak-2004-tag,
    title = "A {TAG}-based noisy-channel model of speech repairs",
    author = "Johnson, Mark  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218960",
    pages = "33--39",
}
@inproceedings{hall-johnson-2004-attention,
    title = "Attention Shifting for Parsing Speech",
    author = "Hall, Keith B.  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218961",
    pages = "40--46",
}
@inproceedings{roark-etal-2004-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Language Modeling with Conditional Random Fields and the Perceptron Algorithm",
    author = "Roark, Brian  and
      Saraclar, Murat  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218962",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{mohri-etal-2004-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Modeling for Unit Selection in Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Mohri, Mehryar  and
      Allauzen, Cyril  and
      Riley, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218963",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{chung-2004-developing,
    title = "Developing a Flexible Spoken Dialog System Using Simulation",
    author = "Chung, Grace",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218964",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{hardy-etal-2004-data,
    title = "Data-Driven Strategies for an Automated Dialogue System",
    author = "Hardy, Hilda  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Wu, Min  and
      Ursu, Cristian  and
      Webb, Nick  and
      Biermann, Alan  and
      Inouye, R. Bryce  and
      McKenzie, Ashley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218965",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@inproceedings{stent-etal-2004-trainable,
    title = "Trainable Sentence Planning for Complex Information Presentations in Spoken Dialog Systems",
    author = "Stent, Amanda  and
      Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218966",
    pages = "79--86",
}
@inproceedings{jokinen-kanto-2004-user,
    title = "User Expertise Modeling and Adaptivity in a Speech-Based E-Mail System",
    author = "Jokinen, Kristiina  and
      Kanto, Kari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218967",
    pages = "87--94",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-2004-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Training of a Neural Network Statistical Parser",
    author = "Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218968",
    pages = "95--102",
}
@inproceedings{clark-curran-2004-parsing,
    title = "Parsing the {WSJ} Using {CCG} and Log-Linear Models",
    author = "Clark, Stephen  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218969",
    pages = "103--110",
}
@inproceedings{collins-roark-2004-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Parsing with the Perceptron Algorithm",
    author = "Collins, Michael  and
      Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218970",
    pages = "111--118",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2004-convolution,
    title = "Convolution Kernels with Feature Selection for Natural Language Processing Tasks",
    author = "Suzuki, Jun  and
      Isozaki, Hideki  and
      Maeda, Eisaku",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218971",
    pages = "119--126",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2004-improving,
    title = "Improving Pronoun Resolution by Incorporating Coreferential Information of Candidates",
    author = "Yang, Xiaofeng  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Tan, Chew-Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218972",
    pages = "127--134",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2004-mention,
    title = "A Mention-Synchronous Coreference Resolution Algorithm Based On the Bell Tree",
    author = "Luo, Xiaoqiang  and
      Ittycheriah, Abe  and
      Jing, Hongyan  and
      Kambhatla, Nanda  and
      Roukos, Salim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218973",
    pages = "135--142",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-etal-2004-learning,
    title = "Learning to Resolve Bridging References",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo  and
      Mehta, Rahul  and
      Maroudas, Axel  and
      Hitzeman, Janet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218974",
    pages = "143--150",
}
@inproceedings{ng-2004-learning,
    title = "Learning Noun Phrase Anaphoricity to Improve Conference Resolution: Issues in Representation and Optimization",
    author = "Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218975",
    pages = "151--158",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2004-joint,
    title = "A Joint Source-Channel Model for Machine Transliteration",
    author = "Li, Haizhou  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Su, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218976",
    pages = "159--166",
}
@inproceedings{lu-zhou-2004-collocation,
    title = "Collocation Translation Acquisition Using Monolingual Corpora",
    author = {L{\"u}, Yajuan  and
      Zhou, Ming},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218977",
    pages = "167--174",
}
@inproceedings{callison-burch-etal-2004-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation with Word- and Sentence-Aligned Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Talbot, David  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218978",
    pages = "175--182",
}
@inproceedings{qu-grefenstette-2004-finding,
    title = "Finding Ideographic Representations of {J}apanese Names Written in {L}atin Script via Language Identification and Corpus Validation",
    author = "Qu, Yan  and
      Grefenstette, Gregory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218979",
    pages = "183--190",
}
@inproceedings{saric-etal-2004-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Regulatory Gene Expression Networks From Pubmed",
    author = "Saric, Jasmin  and
      Jensen, Lars J.  and
      Bork, Peer  and
      Ouzounova, Rossitza  and
      Rojas, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218980",
    pages = "191--198",
}
@inproceedings{van-halteren-2004-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Profiling for Authorship Recognition and Verification",
    author = "van Halteren, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218981",
    pages = "199--206",
}
@inproceedings{amigo-etal-2004-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of Information Synthesis Task",
    author = "Amigo, Enrique  and
      Gonzalo, Julio  and
      Peinado, Victor  and
      Pe{\~n}as, Anselmo  and
      Verdejo, Felisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218982",
    pages = "207--214",
}
@inproceedings{penagos-2004-mining,
    title = "Mining Metalinguistic Activity in Corpora to Create Lexical Resources Using Information Extraction Techniques: the {MOP} System",
    author = "Penagos, Carlos Rodriguez",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218983",
    pages = "215--222",
}
@inproceedings{munteanu-penn-2004-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Typed Feature Structure Grammar Parsing through Non-Statistical Indexing",
    author = "Munteanu, Cosmin  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218984",
    pages = "223--230",
}
@inproceedings{collins-etal-2004-head,
    title = "Head-Driven Parsing for Word Lattices",
    author = "Collins, Christopher  and
      Carpenter, Bob  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218985",
    pages = "231--238",
}
@inproceedings{penn-2004-balancing,
    title = "Balancing Clarity and Efficiency in Typed Feature Logic Through Delaying",
    author = "Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218986",
    pages = "239--246",
}
@inproceedings{fuchss-etal-2004-minimal,
    title = "Minimal Recursion Semantics as Dominance Constraints: Translation, Evaluation, and Analysis",
    author = "Fuchss, Ruth  and
      Koller, Alexander  and
      Niehren, Joachim  and
      Thater, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218987",
    pages = "247--254",
}
@inproceedings{ko-seo-2004-learning,
    title = "Learning with Unlabeled Data for Text Categorization Using a Bootstrapping and a Feature Projection Technique",
    author = "Ko, Youngjoong  and
      Seo, Jungyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218988",
    pages = "255--262",
}
@inproceedings{beineke-etal-2004-sentimental,
    title = "The Sentimental Factor: Improving Review Classification Via Human-Provided Information",
    author = "Beineke, Philip  and
      Hastie, Trevor  and
      Vaithyanathan, Shivakumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218989",
    pages = "263--270",
}
@inproceedings{pang-lee-2004-sentimental,
    title = "A Sentimental Education: Sentiment Analysis Using Subjectivity Summarization Based on Minimum Cuts",
    author = "Pang, Bo  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218990",
    pages = "271--278",
}
@inproceedings{mccarthy-etal-2004-finding,
    title = "Finding Predominant Word Senses in Untagged Text",
    author = "McCarthy, Diana  and
      Koeling, Rob  and
      Weeds, Julie  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218991",
    pages = "279--286",
}
@inproceedings{bhattacharya-etal-2004-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Sense Disambiguation Using Bilingual Probabilistic Models",
    author = "Bhattacharya, Indrajit  and
      Getoor, Lise  and
      Bengio, Yoshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218992",
    pages = "287--294",
}
@inproceedings{chen-palmer-2004-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Verb Sense Discrimination Using an {EM} Clustering Model with Rich Linguistic Features",
    author = "Chen, Jinying  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218993",
    pages = "295--302",
}
@inproceedings{diab-2004-relieving,
    title = "Relieving the data Acquisition Bottleneck in Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218994",
    pages = "303--310",
}
@inproceedings{jijkoun-de-rijke-2004-enriching,
    title = "Enriching the Output of a Parser Using Memory-based Learning",
    author = "Jijkoun, Valentin  and
      de Rijke, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218995",
    pages = "311--318",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-etal-2004-long,
    title = "Long-Distance Dependency Resolution in Automatically Acquired Wide-Coverage {PCFG}-Based {LFG} Approximations",
    author = "Cahill, Aoife  and
      Burke, Michael  and
      O{'}Donovan, Ruth  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218996",
    pages = "319--326",
}
@inproceedings{levy-manning-2004-deep,
    title = "Deep Dependencies from Context-Free Statistical Parsers: Correcting the Surface Dependency Approximation",
    author = "Levy, Roger  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218997",
    pages = "327--334",
}
@inproceedings{moschitti-2004-study,
    title = "A Study on Convolution Kernels for Shallow Statistic Parsing",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218998",
    pages = "335--342",
}
@inproceedings{gabsdil-lemon-2004-combining,
    title = "Combining Acoustic and Pragmatic Features to Predict Recognition Performance in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Gabsdil, Malte  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1218999",
    pages = "343--350",
}
@inproceedings{litman-forbes-riley-2004-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Student Emotions in Computer-Human Tutoring Dialogues",
    author = "Litman, Diane J.  and
      Forbes-Riley, Kate",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219000",
    pages = "351--358",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-2004-building,
    title = "Building Verb Predicates: A Computational View",
    author = "Gomez, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219001",
    pages = "359--366",
}
@inproceedings{odonovan-etal-2004-large,
    title = "Large-Scale Induction and Evaluation of Lexical Resources from the {P}enn-{II} Treebank",
    author = "O{'}Donovan, Ruth  and
      Burke, Michael  and
      Cahill, Aoife  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219002",
    pages = "367--374",
}
@inproceedings{green-etal-2004-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Frame Semantic Verb Classes from {W}ord{N}et and {LDOCE}",
    author = "Green, Rebecca  and
      Dorr, Bonnie J.  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219003",
    pages = "375--382",
}
@inproceedings{wolf-gibson-2004-paragraph,
    title = "Paragraph-, Word-, and Coherence-based Approaches to Sentence Ranking: A Comparison of Algorithm and Human Performance",
    author = "Wolf, Florian  and
      Gibson, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219004",
    pages = "383--390",
}
@inproceedings{karamanis-etal-2004-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Centering-Based Metrics of Coherence",
    author = "Karamanis, Nikiforos  and
      Poesio, Massimo  and
      Mellish, Chris  and
      Oberlander, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219005",
    pages = "391--398",
}
@inproceedings{althaus-etal-2004-computing,
    title = "Computing Locally Coherent Discourses",
    author = "Althaus, Ernst  and
      Karamanis, Nikiforos  and
      Koller, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219006",
    pages = "399--406",
}
@inproceedings{siddharthan-copestake-2004-generating,
    title = "Generating Referring Expressions in Open Domains",
    author = "Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219007",
    pages = "407--414",
}
@inproceedings{hasegawa-etal-2004-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Relations among Named Entities from Large Corpora",
    author = "Hasegawa, Takaaki  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219008",
    pages = "415--422",
}
@inproceedings{culotta-sorensen-2004-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Tree Kernels for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Culotta, Aron  and
      Sorensen, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219009",
    pages = "423--429",
}
@inproceedings{rosario-hearst-2004-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Semantic Relations in Bioscience Texts",
    author = "Rosario, Barbara  and
      Hearst, Marti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219010",
    pages = "430--437",
}
@inproceedings{bunescu-mooney-2004-collective,
    title = "Collective Information Extraction with Relational {M}arkov Networks",
    author = "Bunescu, Razvan  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219011",
    pages = "438--445",
}
@inproceedings{van-noord-2004-error,
    title = "Error Mining for Wide-Coverage Grammar Engineering",
    author = "van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1057",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219012",
    pages = "446--453",
}
@inproceedings{infante-lopez-de-rijke-2004-alternative,
    title = "Alternative approaches for Generating Bodies of Grammar Rules",
    author = "Infante-Lopez, Gabriel  and
      de Rijke, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1058",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219013",
    pages = "454--461",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2004-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Wu, Andi  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Huang, Chang-Ning  and
      Li, Hongqiao  and
      Xia, Xinsong  and
      Qin, Haowei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1059",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219014",
    pages = "462--469",
}
@inproceedings{kuhn-2004-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in parallel-text based grammar induction",
    author = "Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1060",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219015",
    pages = "470--477",
}
@inproceedings{klein-manning-2004-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Induction of Syntactic Structure: Models of Dependency and Constituency",
    author = "Klein, Dan  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1061",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219016",
    pages = "478--485",
}
@inproceedings{smith-eisner-2004-annealing,
    title = "Annealing Techniques For Unsupervised Statistical Language Learning",
    author = "Smith, Noah A.  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1062",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219017",
    pages = "486--493",
}
@inproceedings{nomoto-2004-multi,
    title = "Multi-Engine Machine Translation with Voted Language Model",
    author = "Nomoto, Tadashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1063",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219018",
    pages = "494--501",
}
@inproceedings{goutte-etal-2004-aligning,
    title = "Aligning words using matrix factorisation",
    author = "Goutte, Cyril  and
      Yamada, Kenji  and
      Gaussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1064",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219019",
    pages = "502--509",
}
@inproceedings{kanthak-ney-2004-fsa,
    title = "{FSA}: An Efficient and Flexible {C}++ Toolkit for Finite State Automata Using On-Demand Computation",
    author = "Kanthak, Stephan  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1065",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219020",
    pages = "510--517",
}
@inproceedings{moore-2004-improving,
    title = "Improving {IBM} Word Alignment Model 1",
    author = "Moore, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1066",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219021",
    pages = "518--525",
}
@inproceedings{gaussier-etal-2004-geometric,
    title = "A Geometric View on Bilingual Lexicon Extraction from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Gaussier, Eric  and
      Renders, J.M.  and
      Matveeva, I.  and
      Goutte, C.  and
      Dejean, H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1067",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219022",
    pages = "526--533",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2004-creating,
    title = "Creating Multilingual Translation Lexicons with Regional Variations Using Web Corpora",
    author = "Cheng, Pu-Jen  and
      Lu, Wen-Hsiang  and
      Teng, Jei-Wen  and
      Chien, Lee-Feng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1068",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219023",
    pages = "534--541",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-satta-2004-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Parsing Strategies",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1069",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219024",
    pages = "542--549",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-satta-2004-alternative,
    title = "An Alternative Method of Training Probabilistic {LR} Parsers",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1070",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219025",
    pages = "550--557",
}
@inproceedings{rogers-2004-wrapping,
    title = "Wrapping of Trees",
    author = "Rogers, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1071",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219026",
    pages = "558--565",
}
@inproceedings{saquete-etal-2004-splitting,
    title = "Splitting Complex Temporal Questions for Question Answering Systems",
    author = "Saquete, E.  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Barco, P.  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, R.  and
      Vicedo, J.L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1072",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219027",
    pages = "566--573",
}
@inproceedings{prager-etal-2004-question,
    title = "Question Answering Using Constraint Satisfaction: {QA}-By-Dossier-With-Contraints",
    author = "Prager, John  and
      Chu-Carroll, Jennifer  and
      Czuba, Krzysztof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1073",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219028",
    pages = "574--581",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2004-applying,
    title = "Applying Machine Learning to {C}hinese Temporal Relation Resolution",
    author = "Li, Wenjie  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai  and
      Cao, Guihong  and
      Yuan, Chunfa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1074",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219029",
    pages = "582--588",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2004-multi,
    title = "Multi-Criteria-based Active Learning for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Shen, Dan  and
      Zhang, Jie  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Tan, Chew-Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1075",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219030",
    pages = "589--596",
}
@inproceedings{niu-etal-2004-weakly,
    title = "Weakly Supervised Learning for Cross-document Person Name Disambiguation Supported by Information Extraction",
    author = "Niu, Cheng  and
      Li, Wei  and
      Srihari, Rohini K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1076",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219031",
    pages = "597--604",
}
@inproceedings{lin-och-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation Quality Using Longest Common Subsequence and Skip-Bigram Statistics",
    author = "Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Och, Franz Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1077",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219032",
    pages = "605--612",
}
@inproceedings{soricut-brill-2004-unified,
    title = "A Unified Framework For Automatic Evaluation Using 4-Gram Co-occurrence Statistics",
    author = "Soricut, Radu  and
      Brill, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1078",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219033",
    pages = "613--620",
}
@inproceedings{babych-hartley-2004-extending,
    title = "Extending the {BLEU} {MT} Evaluation Method with Frequency Weightings",
    author = "Babych, Bogdan  and
      Hartley, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1079",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219034",
    pages = "621--628",
}
@inproceedings{niu-etal-2004-learning,
    title = "Learning Word Sense With Feature Selection and Order Identification Capabilities",
    author = "Niu, Zheng-Yu  and
      Ji, Dong-Hong  and
      Tan, Chew-Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1080",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219035",
    pages = "629--636",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2004-kernel,
    title = "A Kernel {PCA} Method for Superior Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Su, Weifeng  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1081",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219036",
    pages = "637--644",
}
@inproceedings{campbell-2004-using,
    title = "Using Linguistic Principles to Recover Empty Categories",
    author = "Campbell, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1082",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219037",
    pages = "645--652",
}
@inproceedings{melamed-2004-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation by Parsing",
    author = "Melamed, I. Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1083",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219038",
    pages = "653--660",
}
@inproceedings{melamed-etal-2004-generalized,
    title = "Generalized Multitext Grammars",
    author = "Melamed, I. Dan  and
      Satta, Giorgio  and
      Wellington, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1084",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219039",
    pages = "661--668",
}
@inproceedings{galley-etal-2004-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Agreement and Disagreement in Conversational Speech: Use of {B}ayesian Networks to Model Pragmatic Dependencies",
    author = "Galley, Michel  and
      McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Shriberg, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1085",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219040",
    pages = "669--676",
}
@inproceedings{gregory-altun-2004-using,
    title = "Using Conditional Random Fields to Predict Pitch Accents in Conversational Speech",
    author = "Gregory, Michelle  and
      Altun, Yasemin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1086",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219041",
    pages = "677--683",
}
@inproceedings{hutchinson-2004-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring the Meaning of Discourse Markers",
    author = "Hutchinson, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1087",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219042",
    pages = "684--691",
}
@inproceedings{serafin-di-eugenio-2004-flsa,
    title = "{FLSA}: Extending Latent Semantic Analysis with Features for Dialogue Act Classification",
    author = "Serafin, Riccardo  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({ACL}-04)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-1088",
    doi = "10.3115/1218955.1219043",
    pages = "692--699",
}
@proceedings{acl-2004-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-2000",
}
@inproceedings{ryu-2004-determining,
    title = "Determining the Specificity of Terms using Compositional and Contextual Information",
    author = "Ryu, Pum-Mo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-2001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{inouye-2004-minimizing,
    title = "Minimizing the Length of Non-Mixed Initiative Dialogs",
    author = "Inouye, R. Bryce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-2002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{holub-etal-2004-searching,
    title = "Searching for Topics in a Large Collection of Texts",
    author = "Holub, Martin  and
      Semeck{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      Divi{\v{s}}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-2003",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{leibscher-2004-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Context: Applications and Implications for Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Leibscher, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-2004",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of {E}nglish Topic Signatures Based on a Second Language",
    author = "Wang, Xinglong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-2005",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{boonthum-2004-istart,
    title = "i{START}: Paraphrase Recognition",
    author = "Boonthum, Chutima",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-2006",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{ferrer-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards a Semantic Classification of {S}panish Verbs Based on Subcategorisation Information",
    author = "Ferrer, Eva Esteve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-2007",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{yoshinaga-2004-improving,
    title = "Improving the Accuracy of Subcategorizations Acquired from Corpora",
    author = "Yoshinaga, Naoki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-2008",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{nielsen-2004-robust,
    title = "Robust {VPE} Detection using Automatically Parsed Text",
    author = "Nielsen, Leif Arda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-2009",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{kouchnir-2004-machine,
    title = "A Machine Learning Approach to {G}erman Pronoun Resolution",
    author = "Kouchnir, Beata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-2010",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@inproceedings{prins-2004-beyond,
    title = "Beyond N in N-gram Tagging",
    author = "Prins, Robbert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-2011",
    pages = "61--66",
}
@inproceedings{monson-2004-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Unsupervised Natural Language Morphology Induction",
    author = "Monson, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-2012",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@proceedings{acl-2004-acl-interactive,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3000",
}
@inproceedings{esteban-etal-2004-transtype2,
    title = "{T}rans{T}ype2 - An Innovative Computer-Assisted Translation System",
    author = "Esteban, Jos{\'e}  and
      Lorenzo, Jos{\'e}  and
      Valderr{\'a}banos, Antonio S.  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3001",
    pages = "94--97",
}
@inproceedings{wu-wang-2004-improving,
    title = "Improving Domain-Specific Word Alignment for Computer Assisted Translation",
    author = "Wu, Hua  and
      Wang, Haifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3002",
    pages = "98--101",
}
@inproceedings{kuo-yang-2004-constructing,
    title = "Constructing Transliteration Lexicons from Web Corpora",
    author = "Kuo, Jin-Shea  and
      Yang, Ying-Kuei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3003",
    pages = "102--105",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2004-subsentential,
    title = "Subsentential Translation Memory for Computer Assisted Writing and Translation",
    author = "Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Chuang, Thomas C.  and
      Shei, Wen-Chi  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3004",
    pages = "106--109",
}
@inproceedings{rogati-yang-2004-customizing,
    title = "Customizing Parallel Corpora at the Document Level",
    author = "Rogati, Monica  and
      Yang, Yiming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3005",
    pages = "110--113",
}
@inproceedings{pike-melamed-2004-automatic,
    title = "An Automatic Filter for Non-Parallel Texts",
    author = "Pike, Chris  and
      Melamed, I. Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3006",
    pages = "114--117",
}
@inproceedings{schafer-yarowsky-2004-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Aggregate Properties of Bilingual Dictionaries For Distinguishing Senses of {E}nglish Words and Inducing {E}nglish Sense Clusters",
    author = "Schafer, Charles  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3007",
    pages = "118--121",
}
@inproceedings{foth-etal-2004-interactive,
    title = "Interactive grammar development with {WCDG}",
    author = "Foth, Kilian A.  and
      Daum, Michael  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3008",
    pages = "122--125",
}
@inproceedings{callaway-2004-wide,
    title = "Wide Coverage Symbolic Surface Realization",
    author = "Callaway, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3009",
    pages = "126--129",
}
@inproceedings{lee-rim-2004-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Tagging Considering Surface Form for an Agglutinative Language",
    author = "Lee, Do-Gil  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3010",
    pages = "130--133",
}
@inproceedings{maguire-cater-2004-conceptual,
    title = "Is Conceptual Combination Influenced by Word Order?",
    author = "Maguire, Phil  and
      Cater, Arthur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3011",
    pages = "134--137",
}
@inproceedings{bel-2004-corpus,
    title = "Corpus representativeness for syntactic information acquisition",
    author = "Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3012",
    pages = "138--141",
}
@inproceedings{ando-2004-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Unannotated Corpora for Tagging and Chunking",
    author = "Ando, Rie Kubota",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3013",
    pages = "142--145",
}
@inproceedings{drabek-yarowsky-2004-improving,
    title = "Improving Bitext Word Alignments via Syntax-based Reordering of {E}nglish",
    author = "Drabek, Elliott Franco  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3014",
    pages = "146--149",
}
@inproceedings{yamamoto-etal-2004-hierarchy,
    title = "Hierarchy Extraction based on Inclusion of Appearance",
    author = "Yamamoto, Eiko  and
      Kanzaki, Kyoko  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3015",
    pages = "150--153",
}
@inproceedings{alonso-etal-2004-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge intensive e-mail summarization in {CARPANTA}",
    author = "Alonso, Laura  and
      Castell{\'o}n, Irene  and
      Casas, Bernardino  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3016",
    pages = "154--157",
}
@inproceedings{yakushiji-etal-2004-finding,
    title = "Finding Anchor Verbs for Biomedical {IE} Using Predicate-Argument Structures",
    author = "Yakushiji, Akane  and
      Tateisi, Yuka  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3017",
    pages = "158--161",
}
@inproceedings{lita-etal-2004-resource,
    title = "Resource Analysis for Question Answering",
    author = "Lita, Lucian Vlad  and
      Hunt, Warren A.  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3018",
    pages = "162--165",
}
@inproceedings{jian-etal-2004-tango,
    title = "{TANGO}: Bilingual Collocational Concordancer",
    author = "Jian, Jia-Yan  and
      Chang, Yu-Chia  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3019",
    pages = "166--169",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-2004-graph,
    title = "Graph-based Ranking Algorithms for Sentence Extraction, Applied to Text Summarization",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3020",
    pages = "170--173",
}
@inproceedings{bangalore-2004-compiling,
    title = "Compiling Boostexter Rules into a Finite-state Transducer",
    author = "Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3021",
    pages = "174--177",
}
@inproceedings{kambhatla-2004-combining,
    title = "Combining Lexical, Syntactic, and Semantic Features with Maximum Entropy Models for Information Extraction",
    author = "Kambhatla, Nanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3022",
    pages = "178--181",
}
@inproceedings{quint-2004-equivalence,
    title = "On the Equivalence of Weighted Finite-state Transducers",
    author = "Quint, Julien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3023",
    pages = "182--185",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-2004-new,
    title = "A New Feature Selection Score for Multinomial Naive {B}ayes Text Classification Based on {KL}-Divergence",
    author = "Schneider, Karl-Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3024",
    pages = "186--189",
}
@inproceedings{mullen-collier-2004-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating topic information into semantic analysis models",
    author = "Mullen, Tony  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3025",
    pages = "190--193",
}
@inproceedings{rapp-2004-practical,
    title = "A Practical Solution to the Problem of Automatic Word Sense Induction",
    author = "Rapp, Reinhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3026",
    pages = "194--197",
}
@inproceedings{shin-choi-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic clustering of collocation for detecting practical sense boundary",
    author = "Shin, Saim  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3027",
    pages = "198--201",
}
@inproceedings{maeireizo-etal-2004-co,
    title = "Co-training for Predicting Emotions with Spoken Dialogue Data",
    author = "Maeireizo, Beatriz  and
      Litman, Diane  and
      Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3028",
    pages = "202--205",
}
@inproceedings{pecourt-reithinger-2004-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Database Access on Handheld Devices",
    author = "Pecourt, Elsa  and
      Reithinger, Norbert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3029",
    pages = "206--209",
}
@inproceedings{power-evans-2004-wysiwym,
    title = "Wysiwym with wider coverage",
    author = "Power, Richard  and
      Evans, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3030",
    pages = "210--213",
}
@inproceedings{bird-loper-2004-nltk,
    title = "{NLTK}: The Natural Language Toolkit",
    author = "Bird, Steven  and
      Loper, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3031",
    pages = "214--217",
}
@inproceedings{eisner-etal-2004-dyna,
    title = "{D}yna: A Language for Weighted Dynamic Programming",
    author = "Eisner, Jason  and
      Goldlust, Eric  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3032",
    pages = "218--221",
}
@inproceedings{johnston-bangalore-2004-matchkiosk,
    title = "{MATCH}kiosk: A Multimodal Interactive City Guide",
    author = "Johnston, Michael  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3033",
    pages = "222--225",
}
@inproceedings{blatak-etal-2004-fragments,
    title = "Fragments and Text Categorization",
    author = "Blat{\'a}k, Jan  and
      Mr{\'a}kov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Popel{\'\i}nsky, Lubos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3034",
    pages = "226--229",
}
@proceedings{acl-2010-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Carberry, Sandra  and
      Clark, Stephen  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1000",
}
@inproceedings{koo-collins-2010-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Third-Order Dependency Parsers",
    author = "Koo, Terry  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1001",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-liu-2010-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing and Projection Based on Word-Pair Classification",
    author = "Jiang, Wenbin  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1002",
    pages = "12--20",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2010-bitext,
    title = "Bitext Dependency Parsing with Bilingual Subtree Constraints",
    author = "Chen, Wenliang  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1003",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{koller-thater-2010-computing,
    title = "Computing Weakest Readings",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Thater, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1004",
    pages = "30--39",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-frank-2010-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Generic Noun Phrases",
    author = "Reiter, Nils  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1005",
    pages = "40--49",
}
@inproceedings{han-zhao-2010-structural,
    title = "Structural Semantic Relatedness: A Knowledge-Based Method to Named Entity Disambiguation",
    author = "Han, Xianpei  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1006",
    pages = "50--59",
}
@inproceedings{rudzicz-2010-correcting,
    title = "Correcting Errors in Speech Recognition with Articulatory Dynamics",
    author = "Rudzicz, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1007",
    pages = "60--68",
}
@inproceedings{janarthanam-lemon-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning to Adapt to Unknown Users: Referring Expression Generation in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Janarthanam, Srinivasan  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1008",
    pages = "69--78",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chen-2010-risk,
    title = "A Risk Minimization Framework for Extractive Speech Summarization",
    author = "Lin, Shih-Hsiang  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1009",
    pages = "79--87",
}
@inproceedings{abney-bird-2010-human,
    title = "The Human Language Project: Building a Universal Corpus of the World{'}s Languages",
    author = "Abney, Steven  and
      Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1010",
    pages = "88--97",
}
@inproceedings{shezaf-rappoport-2010-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Lexicon Generation Using Non-Aligned Signatures",
    author = "Shezaf, Daphna  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1011",
    pages = "98--107",
}
@inproceedings{echizen-ya-araki-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation Method for Machine Translation Using Noun-Phrase Chunking",
    author = "Echizen-ya, Hiroshi  and
      Araki, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1012",
    pages = "108--117",
}
@inproceedings{wu-weld-2010-open,
    title = "Open Information Extraction Using {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Wu, Fei  and
      Weld, Daniel S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1013",
    pages = "118--127",
}
@inproceedings{chiticariu-etal-2010-systemt,
    title = "{S}ystem{T}: An Algebraic Approach to Declarative Information Extraction",
    author = "Chiticariu, Laura  and
      Krishnamurthy, Rajasekar  and
      Li, Yunyao  and
      Raghavan, Sriram  and
      Reiss, Frederick  and
      Vaithyanathan, Shivakumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1014",
    pages = "128--137",
}
@inproceedings{elson-etal-2010-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Social Networks from Literary Fiction",
    author = "Elson, David  and
      Dames, Nicholas  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1015",
    pages = "138--147",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2010-pseudo,
    title = "Pseudo-Word for Phrase-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Duan, Xiangyu  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1016",
    pages = "148--156",
}
@inproceedings{riesa-marcu-2010-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Search for Word Alignment",
    author = "Riesa, Jason  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1017",
    pages = "157--166",
}
@inproceedings{de-marneffe-etal-2010-good,
    title = "{``}Was It Good? It Was Provocative.{''} Learning the Meaning of Scalar Adjectives",
    author = "de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Manning, Christopher D.  and
      Potts, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1018",
    pages = "167--176",
}
@inproceedings{selfridge-heeman-2010-importance,
    title = "Importance-Driven Turn-Bidding for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Selfridge, Ethan  and
      Heeman, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1019",
    pages = "177--185",
}
@inproceedings{cheung-penn-2010-entity,
    title = "Entity-Based Local Coherence Modelling Using Topological Fields",
    author = "Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1020",
    pages = "186--195",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-etal-2010-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic and Semantic Factors in Processing Difficulty: An Integrated Measure",
    author = "Mitchell, Jeff  and
      Lapata, Mirella  and
      Demberg, Vera  and
      Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1021",
    pages = "196--206",
}
@inproceedings{honnibal-etal-2010-rebanking,
    title = "Rebanking {CCG}bank for Improved {NP} Interpretation",
    author = "Honnibal, Matthew  and
      Curran, James R.  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1022",
    pages = "207--215",
}
@inproceedings{navigli-ponzetto-2010-babelnet,
    title = "{B}abel{N}et: Building a Very Large Multilingual Semantic Network",
    author = "Navigli, Roberto  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1023",
    pages = "216--225",
}
@inproceedings{abend-rappoport-2010-fully,
    title = "Fully Unsupervised Core-Adjunct Argument Classification",
    author = "Abend, Omri  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1024",
    pages = "226--236",
}
@inproceedings{croce-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards Open-Domain Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Croce, Danilo  and
      Giannone, Cristina  and
      Annesi, Paolo  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1025",
    pages = "237--246",
}
@inproceedings{kazama-etal-2010-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Method for Robust Estimation of Distributional Similarities",
    author = "Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      De Saeger, Stijn  and
      Kuroda, Kow  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1026",
    pages = "247--256",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2010-recommendation,
    title = "Recommendation in {I}nternet Forums and Blogs",
    author = "Wang, Jia  and
      Li, Qing  and
      Chen, Yuanzhu Peter  and
      Lin, Zhangxi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1027",
    pages = "257--265",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Phrase-Based Spelling Error Models from Clickthrough Data",
    author = "Sun, Xu  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Micol, Daniel  and
      Quirk, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1028",
    pages = "266--274",
}
@inproceedings{huang-riloff-2010-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Domain-Specific Semantic Class Taggers from (Almost) Nothing",
    author = "Huang, Ruihong  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1029",
    pages = "275--285",
}
@inproceedings{hoffmann-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning 5000 Relational Extractors",
    author = "Hoffmann, Raphael  and
      Zhang, Congle  and
      Weld, Daniel S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1030",
    pages = "286--295",
}
@inproceedings{poon-domingos-2010-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Ontology Induction from Text",
    author = "Poon, Hoifung  and
      Domingos, Pedro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1031",
    pages = "296--305",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2010-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Syntactic Structural Features for Sub-Tree Alignment Using Bilingual Tree Kernels",
    author = "Sun, Jun  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1032",
    pages = "306--315",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2010-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Pruning for Discriminative {ITG} Alignment",
    author = "Liu, Shujie  and
      Li, Chi-Ho  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1033",
    pages = "316--324",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2010-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Tree-to-String Translation Rule Extraction",
    author = "Wu, Xianchao  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1034",
    pages = "325--334",
}
@inproceedings{fowler-penn-2010-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Context-Free Parsing with Combinatory Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Fowler, Timothy A. D.  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1035",
    pages = "335--344",
}
@inproceedings{kummerfeld-etal-2010-faster,
    title = "Faster Parsing by Supertagger Adaptation",
    author = "Kummerfeld, Jonathan K.  and
      Roesner, Jessika  and
      Dawborn, Tim  and
      Haggerty, James  and
      Curran, James R.  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1036",
    pages = "345--355",
}
@inproceedings{sassano-kurohashi-2010-using,
    title = "Using Smaller Constituents Rather Than Sentences in Active Learning for {J}apanese Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Sassano, Manabu  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1037",
    pages = "356--365",
}
@inproceedings{trogkanis-elkan-2010-conditional,
    title = "Conditional Random Fields for Word Hyphenation",
    author = "Trogkanis, Nikolaos  and
      Elkan, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1038",
    pages = "366--374",
}
@inproceedings{spiegler-flach-2010-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced Word Decomposition by Calibrating the Decision Threshold of Probabilistic Models and Using a Model Ensemble",
    author = "Spiegler, Sebastian  and
      Flach, Peter A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1039",
    pages = "375--383",
}
@inproceedings{turian-etal-2010-word,
    title = "Word Representations: A Simple and General Method for Semi-Supervised Learning",
    author = "Turian, Joseph  and
      Ratinov, Lev-Arie  and
      Bengio, Yoshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1040",
    pages = "384--394",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-radev-2010-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Text Polarity Using Random Walks",
    author = "Hassan, Ahmed  and
      Radev, Dragomir R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1041",
    pages = "395--403",
}
@inproceedings{wei-gulla-2010-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Learning on Product Reviews via Sentiment Ontology Tree",
    author = "Wei, Wei  and
      Gulla, Jon Atle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1042",
    pages = "404--413",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-employing,
    title = "Employing Personal/Impersonal Views in Supervised and Semi-Supervised Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Li, Shoushan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Lee, Sophia Yat Mei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1043",
    pages = "414--423",
}
@inproceedings{ritter-etal-2010-latent,
    title = "A Latent {D}irichlet Allocation Method for Selectional Preferences",
    author = "Ritter, Alan  and
      {Mausam}  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1044",
    pages = "424--434",
}
@inproceedings{o-seaghdha-2010-latent,
    title = "Latent Variable Models of Selectional Preference",
    author = "{\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1045",
    pages = "435--444",
}
@inproceedings{chambers-jurafsky-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving the Use of Pseudo-Words for Evaluating Selectional Preferences",
    author = "Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1046",
    pages = "445--453",
}
@inproceedings{yeniterzi-oflazer-2010-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-to-Morphology Mapping in Factored Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation from {E}nglish to {T}urkish",
    author = "Yeniterzi, Reyyan  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1047",
    pages = "454--464",
}
@inproceedings{durrani-etal-2010-hindi,
    title = "{H}indi-to-{U}rdu Machine Translation through Transliteration",
    author = "Durrani, Nadir  and
      Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Schmid, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1048",
    pages = "465--474",
}
@inproceedings{wuebker-etal-2010-training,
    title = "Training Phrase Translation Models with Leaving-One-Out",
    author = "Wuebker, Joern  and
      Mauser, Arne  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1049",
    pages = "475--484",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-etal-2010-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Staggered Decoding for Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Fujiwara, Yasuhiro  and
      Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Kitsuregawa, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1050",
    pages = "485--494",
}
@inproceedings{ravi-etal-2010-minimized,
    title = "Minimized Models and Grammar-Informed Initialization for Supertagging with Highly Ambiguous Lexicons",
    author = "Ravi, Sujith  and
      Baldridge, Jason  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1051",
    pages = "495--503",
}
@inproceedings{lavergne-etal-2010-practical,
    title = "Practical Very Large Scale {CRF}s",
    author = "Lavergne, Thomas  and
      Capp{\'e}, Olivier  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1052",
    pages = "504--513",
}
@inproceedings{schmitz-2010-computational,
    title = "On the Computational Complexity of Dominance Links in Grammatical Formalisms",
    author = "Schmitz, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1053",
    pages = "514--524",
}
@inproceedings{sagot-satta-2010-optimal,
    title = "Optimal Rank Reduction for Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems with Fan-Out Two",
    author = "Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1054",
    pages = "525--533",
}
@inproceedings{kuhlmann-etal-2010-importance,
    title = "The Importance of Rule Restrictions in {CCG}",
    author = "Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      Koller, Alexander  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1055",
    pages = "534--543",
}
@inproceedings{pitler-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation of Linguistic Quality in Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Pitler, Emily  and
      Louis, Annie  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1056",
    pages = "544--554",
}
@inproceedings{qazvinian-radev-2010-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Non-Explicit Citing Sentences for Citation-Based Summarization.",
    author = "Qazvinian, Vahed  and
      Radev, Dragomir R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1057",
    pages = "555--564",
}
@inproceedings{woodsend-lapata-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of Story Highlights",
    author = "Woodsend, Kristian  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1058",
    pages = "565--574",
}
@inproceedings{toprak-etal-2010-sentence,
    title = "Sentence and Expression Level Annotation of Opinions in User-Generated Discourse",
    author = "Toprak, Cigdem  and
      Jakob, Niklas  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1059",
    pages = "575--584",
}
@inproceedings{jijkoun-etal-2010-generating,
    title = "Generating Focused Topic-Specific Sentiment Lexicons",
    author = "Jijkoun, Valentin  and
      de Rijke, Maarten  and
      Weerkamp, Wouter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1060",
    pages = "585--594",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2010-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Multilanguage-Comparability of Subjectivity Analysis Systems",
    author = "Kim, Jungi  and
      Li, Jin-Ji  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1061",
    pages = "595--603",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-etal-2010-error,
    title = "Error Detection for Statistical Machine Translation Using Linguistic Features",
    author = "Xiong, Deyi  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1062",
    pages = "604--611",
}
@inproceedings{soricut-echihabi-2010-trustrank,
    title = "{T}rust{R}ank: Inducing Trust in Automatic Translations via Ranking",
    author = "Soricut, Radu  and
      Echihabi, Abdessamad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1063",
    pages = "612--621",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2010-bridging,
    title = "Bridging {SMT} and {TM} with Translation Recommendation",
    author = "He, Yifan  and
      Ma, Yanjun  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1064",
    pages = "622--630",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2010-jointly,
    title = "On Jointly Recognizing and Aligning Bilingual Named Entities",
    author = "Chen, Yufeng  and
      Zong, Chengqing  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1065",
    pages = "631--639",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-generating,
    title = "Generating Templates of Entity Summaries with an Entity-Aspect Model and Pattern Mining",
    author = "Li, Peng  and
      Jiang, Jing  and
      Wang, Yinglin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1066",
    pages = "640--649",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-comparable,
    title = "Comparable Entity Mining from Comparative Questions",
    author = "Li, Shasha  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Song, Young-In  and
      Li, Zhoujun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1067",
    pages = "650--658",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards Robust Multi-Tool Tagging. An {OWL}/{DL}-Based Approach",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1068",
    pages = "659--670",
}
@inproceedings{costa-branco-2010-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Information Processing of a New Language: Fast Porting with Minimal Resources",
    author = "Costa, Francisco  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1069",
    pages = "671--677",
}
@inproceedings{tratz-hovy-2010-taxonomy,
    title = "A Taxonomy, Dataset, and Classifier for Automatic Noun Compound Interpretation",
    author = "Tratz, Stephen  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1070",
    pages = "678--687",
}
@inproceedings{shutova-2010-models,
    title = "Models of Metaphor in {NLP}",
    author = "Shutova, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1071",
    pages = "688--697",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-beigman-2010-game,
    title = "A Game-Theoretic Model of Metaphorical Bargaining",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Beigman, Eyal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1072",
    pages = "698--709",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2010-kernel,
    title = "Kernel Based Discourse Relation Recognition with Temporal Ordering Information",
    author = "Wang, WenTing  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1073",
    pages = "710--719",
}
@inproceedings{finkel-manning-2010-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Joint Learning: Improving Joint Parsing and Named Entity Recognition with Non-Jointly Labeled Data",
    author = "Finkel, Jenny Rose  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1074",
    pages = "720--728",
}
@inproceedings{dickinson-2010-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Errors in Automatically-Parsed Dependency Relations",
    author = "Dickinson, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1075",
    pages = "729--738",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2010-boosting,
    title = "Boosting-Based System Combination for Machine Translation",
    author = "Xiao, Tong  and
      Zhu, Jingbo  and
      Zhu, Muhua  and
      Wang, Huizhen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1076",
    pages = "739--748",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2010-fine-grained,
    title = "Fine-Grained Genre Classification Using Structural Learning Algorithms",
    author = "Wu, Zhili  and
      Markert, Katja  and
      Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1077",
    pages = "749--759",
}
@inproceedings{tomasoni-huang-2010-metadata,
    title = "Metadata-Aware Measures for Answer Summarization in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Tomasoni, Mattia  and
      Huang, Minlie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1078",
    pages = "760--769",
}
@inproceedings{beaufort-etal-2010-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Rule/Model-Based Finite-State Framework for Normalizing {SMS} Messages",
    author = "Beaufort, Richard  and
      Roekhaut, Sophie  and
      Cougnon, Louise-Am{\'e}lie  and
      Fairon, C{\'e}drick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1079",
    pages = "770--779",
}
@inproceedings{jiampojamarn-kondrak-2010-letter,
    title = "Letter-Phoneme Alignment: An Exploration",
    author = "Jiampojamarn, Sittichai  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1080",
    pages = "780--788",
}
@inproceedings{liao-grishman-2010-using,
    title = "Using Document Level Cross-Event Inference to Improve Event Extraction",
    author = "Liao, Shasha  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1081",
    pages = "789--797",
}
@inproceedings{villing-2010-now,
    title = "Now, Where Was {I}? Resumption Strategies for an In-Vehicle Dialogue System",
    author = "Villing, Jessica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1082",
    pages = "798--805",
}
@inproceedings{vogel-jurafsky-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning to Follow Navigational Directions",
    author = "Vogel, Adam  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1083",
    pages = "806--814",
}
@inproceedings{celikyilmaz-hakkani-tur-2010-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Hierarchical Model for Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Celikyilmaz, Asli  and
      Hakkani-Tur, Dilek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1084",
    pages = "815--824",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving Statistical Machine Translation with Monolingual Collocation",
    author = "Liu, Zhanyi  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1085",
    pages = "825--833",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2010-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Sense Similarity for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Chen, Boxing  and
      Foster, George  and
      Kuhn, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1086",
    pages = "834--843",
}
@inproceedings{de-melo-weikum-2010-untangling,
    title = "Untangling the Cross-Lingual Link Structure of {W}ikipedia",
    author = "de Melo, Gerard  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1087",
    pages = "844--853",
}
@inproceedings{bloodgood-callison-burch-2010-bucking,
    title = "Bucking the Trend: Large-Scale Cost-Focused Active Learning for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Bloodgood, Michael  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1088",
    pages = "854--864",
}
@inproceedings{bergsma-etal-2010-creating,
    title = "Creating Robust Supervised Classifiers via Web-Scale N-Gram Data",
    author = "Bergsma, Shane  and
      Pitler, Emily  and
      Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1089",
    pages = "865--874",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-convolution,
    title = "Convolution Kernel over Packed Parse Forest",
    author = "Zhang, Min  and
      Zhang, Hui  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1090",
    pages = "875--885",
}
@inproceedings{heinz-rogers-2010-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Strictly Piecewise Distributions",
    author = "Heinz, Jeffrey  and
      Rogers, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1091",
    pages = "886--896",
}
@inproceedings{heinz-2010-string,
    title = "String Extension Learning",
    author = "Heinz, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1092",
    pages = "897--906",
}
@inproceedings{rudolph-giesbrecht-2010-compositional,
    title = "Compositional Matrix-Space Models of Language",
    author = "Rudolph, Sebastian  and
      Giesbrecht, Eugenie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1093",
    pages = "907--916",
}
@inproceedings{wan-etal-2010-cross,
    title = "Cross-Language Document Summarization Based on Machine Translation Quality Prediction",
    author = "Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Li, Huiying  and
      Xiao, Jianguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1094",
    pages = "917--926",
}
@inproceedings{litvak-etal-2010-new,
    title = "A New Approach to Improving Multilingual Summarization Using a Genetic Algorithm",
    author = "Litvak, Marina  and
      Last, Mark  and
      Friedman, Menahem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1095",
    pages = "927--936",
}
@inproceedings{yamangil-shieber-2010-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Synchronous Tree-Substitution Grammar Induction and Its Application to Sentence Compression",
    author = "Yamangil, Elif  and
      Shieber, Stuart M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1096",
    pages = "937--947",
}
@inproceedings{thater-etal-2010-contextualizing,
    title = "Contextualizing Semantic Representations Using Syntactically Enriched Vector Models",
    author = {Thater, Stefan  and
      F{\"u}rstenau, Hagen  and
      Pinkal, Manfred},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1097",
    pages = "948--957",
}
@inproceedings{titov-kozhevnikov-2010-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Semantic Analyzers from Non-Contradictory Texts",
    author = "Titov, Ivan  and
      Kozhevnikov, Mikhail",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1098",
    pages = "958--967",
}
@inproceedings{huang-yates-2010-open,
    title = "Open-Domain Semantic Role Labeling by Modeling Word Spans",
    author = "Huang, Fei  and
      Yates, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1099",
    pages = "968--978",
}
@inproceedings{regneri-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Script Knowledge with Web Experiments",
    author = "Regneri, Michaela  and
      Koller, Alexander  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1100",
    pages = "979--988",
}
@inproceedings{connor-etal-2010-starting,
    title = "Starting from Scratch in Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Connor, Michael  and
      Gertner, Yael  and
      Fisher, Cynthia  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1101",
    pages = "989--998",
}
@inproceedings{laskowski-2010-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Norms of Turn-Taking in Multi-Party Conversation",
    author = "Laskowski, Kornel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1102",
    pages = "999--1008",
}
@inproceedings{rieser-etal-2010-optimising,
    title = "Optimising Information Presentation for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Rieser, Verena  and
      Lemon, Oliver  and
      Liu, Xingkun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1103",
    pages = "1009--1018",
}
@inproceedings{sonderegger-niyogi-2010-combining,
    title = "Combining Data and Mathematical Models of Language Change",
    author = "Sonderegger, Morgan  and
      Niyogi, Partha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1104",
    pages = "1019--1029",
}
@inproceedings{hall-klein-2010-finding,
    title = "Finding Cognate Groups Using Phylogenies",
    author = "Hall, David  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1105",
    pages = "1030--1039",
}
@inproceedings{corlett-penn-2010-exact,
    title = "An Exact {A}* Method for Deciphering Letter-Substitution Ciphers",
    author = "Corlett, Eric  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1106",
    pages = "1040--1047",
}
@inproceedings{snyder-etal-2010-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Model for Lost Language Decipherment",
    author = "Snyder, Benjamin  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1107",
    pages = "1048--1057",
}
@inproceedings{may-etal-2010-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Inference through Cascades of Weighted Tree Transducers",
    author = "May, Jonathan  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Vogler, Heiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1108",
    pages = "1058--1066",
}
@inproceedings{maletti-2010-tree,
    title = "A Tree Transducer Model for Synchronous Tree-Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Maletti, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1109",
    pages = "1067--1076",
}
@inproceedings{huang-sagae-2010-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Programming for Linear-Time Incremental Parsing",
    author = "Huang, Liang  and
      Sagae, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1110",
    pages = "1077--1086",
}
@inproceedings{seeker-etal-2010-hard,
    title = "Hard Constraints for Grammatical Function Labelling",
    author = "Seeker, Wolfgang  and
      Rehbein, Ines  and
      Kuhn, Jonas  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1111",
    pages = "1087--1097",
}
@inproceedings{bansal-klein-2010-simple,
    title = "Simple, Accurate Parsing with an All-Fragments Grammar",
    author = "Bansal, Mohit  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1112",
    pages = "1098--1107",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-joint,
    title = "Joint Syntactic and Semantic Parsing of {C}hinese",
    author = "Li, Junhui  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1113",
    pages = "1108--1117",
}
@inproceedings{prettenhofer-stein-2010-cross,
    title = "Cross-Language Text Classification Using Structural Correspondence Learning",
    author = "Prettenhofer, Peter  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1114",
    pages = "1118--1127",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Latent Topic Extraction",
    author = "Zhang, Duo  and
      Mei, Qiaozhu  and
      Zhai, ChengXiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1115",
    pages = "1128--1137",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-topic,
    title = "Topic Models for Word Sense Disambiguation and Token-Based Idiom Detection",
    author = "Li, Linlin  and
      Roth, Benjamin  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1116",
    pages = "1138--1147",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-2010-pcfgs,
    title = "{PCFG}s, Topic Models, Adaptor Grammars and Learning Topical Collocations and the Structure of Proper Names",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1117",
    pages = "1148--1157",
}
@inproceedings{tomanek-etal-2010-cognitive,
    title = "A Cognitive Cost Model of Annotations Based on Eye-Tracking Data",
    author = {Tomanek, Katrin  and
      Hahn, Udo  and
      Lohmann, Steffen  and
      Ziegler, J{\"u}rgen},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1118",
    pages = "1158--1167",
}
@inproceedings{bicknell-levy-2010-rational,
    title = "A Rational Model of Eye Movement Control in Reading",
    author = "Bicknell, Klinton  and
      Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1119",
    pages = "1168--1178",
}
@inproceedings{dubey-2010-influence,
    title = "The Influence of Discourse on Syntax: A Psycholinguistic Model of Sentence Processing",
    author = "Dubey, Amit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1120",
    pages = "1179--1188",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2010-complexity,
    title = "Complexity Metrics in an Incremental Right-Corner Parser",
    author = "Wu, Stephen  and
      Bachrach, Asaf  and
      Cardenas, Carlos  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1121",
    pages = "1189--1198",
}
@inproceedings{sammons-etal-2010-ask,
    title = "{``}Ask Not What Textual Entailment Can Do for You...{''}",
    author = "Sammons, Mark  and
      Vydiswaran, V.G.Vinod  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1122",
    pages = "1199--1208",
}
@inproceedings{mirkin-etal-2010-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Role of Discourse References in Entailment Inference",
    author = "Mirkin, Shachar  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1123",
    pages = "1209--1219",
}
@inproceedings{berant-etal-2010-global,
    title = "Global Learning of Focused Entailment Graphs",
    author = "Berant, Jonathan  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Goldberger, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1124",
    pages = "1220--1229",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2010-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Semantic Relevance for Question-Answer Pairs in Web Social Communities",
    author = "Wang, Baoxun  and
      Wang, Xiaolong  and
      Sun, Chengjie  and
      Liu, Bingquan  and
      Sun, Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1125",
    pages = "1230--1238",
}
@inproceedings{feng-lapata-2010-many,
    title = "How Many Words Is a Picture Worth? Automatic Caption Generation for News Images",
    author = "Feng, Yansong  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1126",
    pages = "1239--1249",
}
@inproceedings{aker-gaizauskas-2010-generating,
    title = "Generating Image Descriptions Using Dependency Relational Patterns",
    author = "Aker, Ahmet  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1127",
    pages = "1250--1258",
}
@inproceedings{iida-etal-2010-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Extra-Linguistic Information into Reference Resolution in Collaborative Task Dialogue",
    author = "Iida, Ryu  and
      Kobayashi, Syumpei  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1128",
    pages = "1259--1267",
}
@inproceedings{branavan-etal-2010-reading,
    title = "Reading between the Lines: Learning to Map High-Level Instructions to Commands",
    author = "Branavan, S.R.K.  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1129",
    pages = "1268--1277",
}
@inproceedings{spitkovsky-etal-2010-profiting,
    title = "Profiting from Mark-Up: Hyper-Text Annotations for Guided Parsing",
    author = "Spitkovsky, Valentin I.  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel  and
      Alshawi, Hiyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1130",
    pages = "1278--1287",
}
@inproceedings{berg-kirkpatrick-klein-2010-phylogenetic,
    title = "Phylogenetic Grammar Induction",
    author = "Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1131",
    pages = "1288--1297",
}
@inproceedings{abend-etal-2010-improved,
    title = "Improved Unsupervised {POS} Induction through Prototype Discovery",
    author = "Abend, Omri  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1132",
    pages = "1298--1307",
}
@inproceedings{davidov-rappoport-2010-extraction,
    title = "Extraction and Approximation of Numerical Attributes from the Web",
    author = "Davidov, Dmitry  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1133",
    pages = "1308--1317",
}
@inproceedings{navigli-velardi-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Word-Class Lattices for Definition and Hypernym Extraction",
    author = "Navigli, Roberto  and
      Velardi, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1134",
    pages = "1318--1327",
}
@inproceedings{ittoo-bouma-2010-learning,
    title = "On Learning Subtypes of the Part-Whole Relation: Do Not Mix Your Seeds",
    author = "Ittoo, Ashwin  and
      Bouma, Gosse",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1135",
    pages = "1328--1336",
}
@inproceedings{li-2010-understanding,
    title = "Understanding the Semantic Structure of Noun Phrase Queries",
    author = "Li, Xiao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1136",
    pages = "1337--1345",
}
@inproceedings{chinnakotla-etal-2010-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Pseudo-Relevance Feedback: Performance Study of Assisting Languages",
    author = "Chinnakotla, Manoj Kumar  and
      Raman, Karthik  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1137",
    pages = "1346--1356",
}
@inproceedings{santamaria-etal-2010-wikipedia,
    title = "{W}ikipedia as Sense Inventory to Improve Diversity in Web Search Results",
    author = "Santamar{\'\i}a, Celina  and
      Gonzalo, Julio  and
      Artiles, Javier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1138",
    pages = "1357--1366",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-unified,
    title = "A Unified Graph Model for Sentence-Based Opinion Retrieval",
    author = "Li, Binyang  and
      Zhou, Lanjun  and
      Feng, Shi  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1139",
    pages = "1367--1375",
}
@inproceedings{tata-di-eugenio-2010-generating,
    title = "Generating Fine-Grained Reviews of Songs from Album Reviews",
    author = "Tata, Swati  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1140",
    pages = "1376--1385",
}
@inproceedings{paltoglou-thelwall-2010-study,
    title = "A Study of Information Retrieval Weighting Schemes for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Paltoglou, Georgios  and
      Thelwall, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1141",
    pages = "1386--1395",
}
@inproceedings{ng-2010-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Noun Phrase Coreference Research: The First Fifteen Years",
    author = "Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1142",
    pages = "1396--1411",
}
@inproceedings{bejan-harabagiu-2010-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Event Coreference Resolution with Rich Linguistic Features",
    author = "Bejan, Cosmin  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1143",
    pages = "1412--1422",
}
@inproceedings{recasens-hovy-2010-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution across Corpora: Languages, Coding Schemes, and Preprocessing Information",
    author = "Recasens, Marta  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1144",
    pages = "1423--1432",
}
@inproceedings{mi-liu-2010-constituency,
    title = "Constituency to Dependency Translation with Forests",
    author = "Mi, Haitao  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1145",
    pages = "1433--1442",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning to Translate with Source and Target Syntax",
    author = "Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1146",
    pages = "1443--1452",
}
@inproceedings{denero-klein-2010-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Modeling of Extraction Sets for Machine Translation",
    author = "DeNero, John  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1147",
    pages = "1453--1463",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2010-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Experiences from Weblogs",
    author = "Park, Keun Chan  and
      Jeong, Yoonjae  and
      Myaeng, Sung Hyon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1148",
    pages = "1464--1472",
}
@inproceedings{talukdar-pereira-2010-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning Methods for Class-Instance Acquisition",
    author = "Talukdar, Partha Pratim  and
      Pereira, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1149",
    pages = "1473--1481",
}
@inproceedings{kozareva-hovy-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Arguments and Supertypes of Semantic Relations Using Recursive Patterns",
    author = "Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1150",
    pages = "1482--1491",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-rodriguez-nivre-2010-transition,
    title = "A Transition-Based Parser for 2-Planar Dependency Structures",
    author = "G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1151",
    pages = "1492--1501",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-smith-2010-viterbi,
    title = "{V}iterbi Training for {PCFG}s: Hardness Results and Competitiveness of Uniform Initialization",
    author = "Cohen, Shay  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1152",
    pages = "1502--1511",
}
@inproceedings{skala-etal-2010-generalized,
    title = "A Generalized-Zero-Preserving Method for Compact Encoding of Concept Lattices",
    author = "Skala, Matthew  and
      Krakovna, Victoria  and
      Kram{\'a}r, J{\'a}nos  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1153",
    pages = "1512--1521",
}
@inproceedings{ponzetto-navigli-2010-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-Rich Word Sense Disambiguation Rivaling Supervised Systems",
    author = "Ponzetto, Simone Paolo  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1154",
    pages = "1522--1531",
}
@inproceedings{khapra-etal-2010-words,
    title = "All Words Domain Adapted {WSD}: Finding a Middle Ground between Supervision and Unsupervision",
    author = "Khapra, Mitesh  and
      Kulkarni, Anup  and
      Sohoney, Saurabh  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1155",
    pages = "1532--1541",
}
@inproceedings{guo-diab-2010-combining,
    title = "Combining Orthogonal Monolingual and Multilingual Sources of Evidence for All Words {WSD}",
    author = "Guo, Weiwei  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1156",
    pages = "1542--1551",
}
@inproceedings{mairesse-etal-2010-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-Based Statistical Language Generation Using Graphical Models and Active Learning",
    author = "Mairesse, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Jur{\v{c}}{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Filip  and
      Keizer, Simon  and
      Thomson, Blaise  and
      Yu, Kai  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1157",
    pages = "1552--1561",
}
@inproceedings{mcintyre-lapata-2010-plot,
    title = "Plot Induction and Evolutionary Search for Story Generation",
    author = "McIntyre, Neil  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1158",
    pages = "1562--1572",
}
@inproceedings{garoufi-koller-2010-automated,
    title = "Automated Planning for Situated Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Garoufi, Konstantina  and
      Koller, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1159",
    pages = "1573--1582",
}
@inproceedings{gerber-chai-2010-beyond,
    title = "Beyond {N}om{B}ank: A Study of Implicit Arguments for Nominal Predicates",
    author = "Gerber, Matthew  and
      Chai, Joyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1160",
    pages = "1583--1592",
}
@proceedings{acl-2010-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Carberry, Sandra  and
      Clark, Stephen  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2000",
}
@inproceedings{onishi-etal-2010-paraphrase,
    title = "Paraphrase Lattice for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Onishi, Takashi  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2001",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{cui-etal-2010-joint,
    title = "A Joint Rule Selection Model for Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation",
    author = "Cui, Lei  and
      Zhang, Dongdong  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2002",
    pages = "6--11",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Lexicalized Reordering Models from Reordering Graphs",
    author = "Su, Jinsong  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Lv, Yajuan  and
      Mi, Haitao  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2003",
    pages = "12--16",
}
@inproceedings{cao-sumita-2010-filtering,
    title = "Filtering Syntactic Constraints for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Cao, Hailong  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2004",
    pages = "17--21",
}
@inproceedings{xiang-etal-2010-diversify,
    title = "Diversify and Combine: Improving Word Alignment for Machine Translation on Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "Xiang, Bing  and
      Deng, Yonggang  and
      Zhou, Bowen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2005",
    pages = "22--26",
}
@inproceedings{blackwood-etal-2010-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Path Counting Transducers for Minimum {B}ayes-Risk Decoding of Statistical Machine Translation Lattices",
    author = "Blackwood, Graeme  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Byrne, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2006",
    pages = "27--32",
}
@inproceedings{elsner-charniak-2010-head,
    title = "The Same-Head Heuristic for Coreference",
    author = "Elsner, Micha  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2007",
    pages = "33--37",
}
@inproceedings{raghavan-etal-2010-authorship,
    title = "Authorship Attribution Using Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars",
    author = "Raghavan, Sindhu  and
      Kovashka, Adriana  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2008",
    pages = "38--42",
}
@inproceedings{dzikovska-etal-2010-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Interpretation Problems on Tutorial Dialogue",
    author = "Dzikovska, Myroslava O.  and
      Moore, Johanna D.  and
      Steinhauser, Natalie  and
      Campbell, Gwendolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2009",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{hervas-finlayson-2010-prevalence,
    title = "The Prevalence of Descriptive Referring Expressions in News and Narrative",
    author = "Herv{\'a}s, Raquel  and
      Finlayson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2010",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{goudbeek-krahmer-2010-preferences,
    title = "Preferences versus Adaptation during Referring Expression Generation",
    author = "Goudbeek, Martijn  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2011",
    pages = "55--59",
}
@inproceedings{keller-2010-cognitively,
    title = "Cognitively Plausible Models of Human Language Processing",
    author = "Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2012",
    pages = "60--67",
}
@inproceedings{ide-etal-2010-manually,
    title = "The Manually Annotated Sub-Corpus: A Community Resource for and by the People",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Baker, Collin  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2013",
    pages = "68--73",
}
@inproceedings{kato-matsubara-2010-correcting,
    title = "Correcting Errors in a Treebank Based on Synchronous Tree Substitution Grammar",
    author = "Kato, Yoshihide  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2014",
    pages = "74--79",
}
@inproceedings{dobrinkat-etal-2010-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Machine Translations Using m{NCD}",
    author = {Dobrinkat, Marcus  and
      Tapiovaara, Tero  and
      V{\"a}yrynen, Jaakko  and
      Kettunen, Kimmo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2015",
    pages = "80--85",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2010-tackling,
    title = "Tackling Sparse Data Issue in Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Kos, Kamil  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2016",
    pages = "86--91",
}
@inproceedings{erk-pado-2010-exemplar,
    title = "Exemplar-Based Models for Word Meaning in Context",
    author = "Erk, Katrin  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2017",
    pages = "92--97",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-2010-structured,
    title = "A Structured Model for Joint Learning of Argument Roles and Predicate Senses",
    author = "Watanabe, Yotaro  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2018",
    pages = "98--102",
}
@inproceedings{sun-2010-semantics,
    title = "Semantics-Driven Shallow Parsing for {C}hinese Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Sun, Weiwei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2019",
    pages = "103--108",
}
@inproceedings{bouma-2010-collocation,
    title = "Collocation Extraction beyond the Independence Assumption",
    author = "Bouma, Gerlof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2020",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Collocation Suggestion in Academic Writing",
    author = "Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Chang, Yu-Chia  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2021",
    pages = "115--119",
}
@inproceedings{yan-etal-2010-event,
    title = "Event-Based Hyperspace Analogue to Language for Query Expansion",
    author = "Yan, Tingxu  and
      Maxwell, Tamsin  and
      Song, Dawei  and
      Hou, Yuexian  and
      Zhang, Peng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2022",
    pages = "120--125",
}
@inproceedings{murthy-etal-2010-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Generating Term Frequency Induced Taxonomies",
    author = "Murthy, Karin  and
      Faruquie, Tanveer A  and
      Subramaniam, L Venkata  and
      K, Hima Prasad  and
      Mohania, Mukesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2023",
    pages = "126--131",
}
@inproceedings{power-2010-complexity,
    title = "Complexity Assumptions in Ontology Verbalisation",
    author = "Power, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2024",
    pages = "132--136",
}
@inproceedings{shindo-etal-2010-word,
    title = "Word Alignment with Synonym Regularization",
    author = "Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Fujino, Akinori  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2025",
    pages = "137--141",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2010-better,
    title = "Better Filtration and Augmentation for Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation Rules",
    author = "Wang, Zhiyang  and
      Lv, Yajuan  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Hwang, Young-Sook",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2026",
    pages = "142--146",
}
@inproceedings{sharif-razavian-vogel-2010-fixed,
    title = "Fixed Length Word Suffix for Factored Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Sharif Razavian, Narges  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2027",
    pages = "147--150",
}
@inproceedings{jeong-titov-2010-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Discourse Segmentation of Documents with Inherently Parallel Structure",
    author = "Jeong, Minwoo  and
      Titov, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2028",
    pages = "151--155",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanov-etal-2010-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution with Reconcile",
    author = "Stoyanov, Veselin  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Gilbert, Nathan  and
      Riloff, Ellen  and
      Buttler, David  and
      Hysom, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2029",
    pages = "156--161",
}
@inproceedings{taira-etal-2010-predicate,
    title = "Predicate Argument Structure Analysis Using Transformation Based Learning",
    author = "Taira, Hirotoshi  and
      Fujita, Sanae  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2030",
    pages = "162--167",
}
@inproceedings{sun-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving {C}hinese Semantic Role Labeling with Rich Syntactic Features",
    author = "Sun, Weiwei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2031",
    pages = "168--172",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-rubio-etal-2010-balancing,
    title = "Balancing User Effort and Translation Error in Interactive Machine Translation via Confidence Measures",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez-Rubio, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Ortiz-Mart{\'\i}nez, Daniel  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2032",
    pages = "173--177",
}
@inproceedings{carpuat-etal-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving {A}rabic-to-{E}nglish Statistical Machine Translation by Reordering Post-Verbal Subjects for Alignment",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine  and
      Marton, Yuval  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2033",
    pages = "178--183",
}
@inproceedings{iwata-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Common Grammar from Multilingual Corpus",
    author = "Iwata, Tomoharu  and
      Mochihashi, Daichi  and
      Sawada, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2034",
    pages = "184--188",
}
@inproceedings{kitagawa-tanaka-ishii-2010-tree,
    title = "Tree-Based Deterministic Dependency Parsing {---} An Application to {N}ivre{'}s Method {---}",
    author = "Kitagawa, Kotaro  and
      Tanaka-Ishii, Kumiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2035",
    pages = "189--193",
}
@inproceedings{gillenwater-etal-2010-sparsity,
    title = "Sparsity in Dependency Grammar Induction",
    author = "Gillenwater, Jennifer  and
      Ganchev, Kuzman  and
      Gra{\c{c}}a, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Pereira, Fernando  and
      Taskar, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2036",
    pages = "194--199",
}
@inproceedings{pauls-etal-2010-top,
    title = "Top-Down K-Best {A}* Parsing",
    author = "Pauls, Adam  and
      Klein, Dan  and
      Quirk, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2037",
    pages = "200--204",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2010-simple,
    title = "Simple Semi-Supervised Training of Part-Of-Speech Taggers",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2038",
    pages = "205--208",
}
@inproceedings{vaswani-etal-2010-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Optimization of an {MDL}-Inspired Objective Function for Unsupervised Part-Of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Vaswani, Ashish  and
      Pauls, Adam  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2039",
    pages = "209--214",
}
@inproceedings{lamar-etal-2010-svd,
    title = "{SVD} and Clustering for Unsupervised {POS} Tagging",
    author = "Lamar, Michael  and
      Maron, Yariv  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Bienenstock, Elie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2040",
    pages = "215--219",
}
@inproceedings{moore-lewis-2010-intelligent,
    title = "Intelligent Selection of Language Model Training Data",
    author = "Moore, Robert C.  and
      Lewis, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2041",
    pages = "220--224",
}
@inproceedings{cohn-blunsom-2010-blocked,
    title = "Blocked Inference in {B}ayesian Tree Substitution Grammars",
    author = "Cohn, Trevor  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2042",
    pages = "225--230",
}
@inproceedings{van-durme-lall-2010-online,
    title = "Online Generation of Locality Sensitive Hash Signatures",
    author = "Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Lall, Ashwin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2043",
    pages = "231--235",
}
@inproceedings{heie-etal-2010-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Question Answering Accuracy by Maximizing Log-Likelihood",
    author = "Heie, Matthias H.  and
      Whittaker, Edward W. D.  and
      Furui, Sadaoki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2044",
    pages = "236--240",
}
@inproceedings{ben-aharon-etal-2010-generating,
    title = "Generating Entailment Rules from {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Ben Aharon, Roni  and
      Szpektor, Idan  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2045",
    pages = "241--246",
}
@inproceedings{danescu-niculescu-mizil-lee-2010-dont,
    title = "Don{'}t {`}Have a Clue{'}? Unsupervised Co-Learning of Downward-Entailing Operators.",
    author = "Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2046",
    pages = "247--252",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-etal-2010-vocabulary,
    title = "Vocabulary Choice as an Indicator of Perspective",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Beigman, Eyal  and
      Diermeier, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2047",
    pages = "253--257",
}
@inproceedings{wei-pal-2010-cross,
    title = "Cross Lingual Adaptation: An Experiment on Sentiment Classifications",
    author = "Wei, Bin  and
      Pal, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2048",
    pages = "258--262",
}
@inproceedings{jakob-gurevych-2010-using,
    title = "Using Anaphora Resolution to Improve Opinion Target Identification in Movie Reviews",
    author = "Jakob, Niklas  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2049",
    pages = "263--268",
}
@inproceedings{choi-cardie-2010-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Sequential Learning for Extracting Opinions and Their Attributes",
    author = "Choi, Yejin  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2050",
    pages = "269--274",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2010-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Optimizing a Two-Step Conditional Random Field Model for Machine Transliteration and Its Fast Decoding Algorithm",
    author = "Yang, Dong  and
      Dixon, Paul  and
      Furui, Sadaoki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2051",
    pages = "275--280",
}
@inproceedings{benajiba-etal-2010-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Named Entity Recognition: Using Features Extracted from Noisy Data",
    author = "Benajiba, Yassine  and
      Zitouni, Imed  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2052",
    pages = "281--285",
}
@inproceedings{fader-etal-2010-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Sequences from the Web",
    author = "Fader, Anthony  and
      Soderland, Stephen  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2053",
    pages = "286--290",
}
@inproceedings{haghighi-klein-2010-entity,
    title = "An Entity-Level Approach to Information Extraction",
    author = "Haghighi, Aria  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2054",
    pages = "291--295",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-semi,
    title = "A Semi-Supervised Key Phrase Extraction Approach: Learning from Title Phrases through a Document Semantic Network",
    author = "Li, Decong  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Wang, Wei  and
      Qu, Weiguang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2055",
    pages = "296--300",
}
@inproceedings{alumae-kurimo-2010-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation of Maximum Entropy Language Models",
    author = {Alum{\"a}e, Tanel  and
      Kurimo, Mikko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2056",
    pages = "301--306",
}
@inproceedings{bui-peters-2010-decision,
    title = "Decision Detection Using Hierarchical Graphical Models",
    author = "Bui, Trung H.  and
      Peters, Stanley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2057",
    pages = "307--312",
}
@inproceedings{ju-paek-2010-using,
    title = "Using Speech to Reply to {SMS} Messages While Driving: An In-Car Simulator User Study",
    author = "Ju, Yun-Cheng  and
      Paek, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2058",
    pages = "313--317",
}
@inproceedings{navarretta-paggio-2010-classification,
    title = "Classification of Feedback Expressions in Multimodal Data",
    author = "Navarretta, Costanza  and
      Paggio, Patrizia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2059",
    pages = "318--324",
}
@inproceedings{nishikawa-etal-2010-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Informativeness and Readability for Sentiment Summarization",
    author = "Nishikawa, Hitoshi  and
      Hasegawa, Takaaki  and
      Matsuo, Yoshihiro  and
      Kikui, Genichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2060",
    pages = "325--330",
}
@inproceedings{becker-aharonson-2010-last,
    title = "Last but Definitely Not Least: On the Role of the Last Sentence in Automatic Polarity-Classification",
    author = "Becker, Israela  and
      Aharonson, Vered",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2061",
    pages = "331--335",
}
@inproceedings{yessenalina-etal-2010-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Generating Annotator Rationales to Improve Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Yessenalina, Ainur  and
      Choi, Yejin  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2062",
    pages = "336--341",
}
@inproceedings{kulick-2010-simultaneous,
    title = "Simultaneous Tokenization and Part-Of-Speech Tagging for {A}rabic without a Morphological Analyzer",
    author = "Kulick, Seth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2063",
    pages = "342--347",
}
@inproceedings{pauls-klein-2010-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical {A}* Parsing with Bridge Outside Scores",
    author = "Pauls, Adam  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2064",
    pages = "348--352",
}
@inproceedings{tetreault-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using Parse Features for Preposition Selection and Error Detection",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Chodorow, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2065",
    pages = "353--358",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Similarity vs. {PU} Learning for Entity Set Expansion",
    author = "Li, Xiao-Li  and
      Zhang, Lei  and
      Liu, Bing  and
      Ng, See-Kiong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2066",
    pages = "359--364",
}
@inproceedings{ambati-etal-2010-active,
    title = "Active Learning-Based Elicitation for Semi-Supervised Word Alignment",
    author = "Ambati, Vamshi  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2067",
    pages = "365--370",
}
@inproceedings{vickrey-etal-2010-active,
    title = "An Active Learning Approach to Finding Related Terms",
    author = "Vickrey, David  and
      Kipersztok, Oscar  and
      Koller, Daphne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2068",
    pages = "371--376",
}
@inproceedings{dhillon-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Better Data Representation Using Inference-Driven Metric Learning",
    author = "Dhillon, Paramveer S.  and
      Talukdar, Partha Pratim  and
      Crammer, Koby",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2069",
    pages = "377--381",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-etal-2010-wrapping,
    title = "Wrapping up a Summary: From Representation to Generation",
    author = "Steinberger, Josef  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Kabadjov, Mijail  and
      Steinberger, Ralf  and
      Cristianini, Nello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Conference Short Papers",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2070",
    pages = "382--386",
}
@proceedings{acl-2010-acl-2010,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    author = "Demir, Seniz  and
      Raab, Jan  and
      Reiter, Nils  and
      Lopatkova, Marketa  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3000",
}
@inproceedings{pluss-2010-non,
    title = "Non-Cooperation in Dialogue",
    author = {Pl{\"u}ss, Brian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{lison-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards Relational {POMDP}s for Adaptive Dialogue Management",
    author = "Lison, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-inumella-2010-wsd,
    title = "{WSD} as a Distributed Constraint Optimization Problem",
    author = "Reddy, Siva  and
      Inumella, Abhilash",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3003",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{sangati-2010-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Generative Model for an Intermediate Constituency-Dependency Representation",
    author = "Sangati, Federico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3004",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{scheible-2010-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Translation through Lexicon Induction",
    author = "Scheible, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3005",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{mermer-2010-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Search for the Optimal Segmentation for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Mermer, Co{\c{s}}kun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3006",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{umanski-sangati-2010-spoken,
    title = "How Spoken Language Corpora Can Refine Current Speech Motor Training Methodologies",
    author = "Umanski, Daniil  and
      Sangati, Federico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3007",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-2010-mood,
    title = "Mood Patterns and Affective Lexicon Access in Weblogs",
    author = "Nguyen, Thin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3008",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-etal-2010-growing,
    title = "Growing Related Words from Seed via User Behaviors: A Re-Ranking Based Approach",
    author = "Zheng, Yabin  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Xie, Lixing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3009",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{haulrich-2010-transition,
    title = "Transition-Based Parsing with Confidence-Weighted Classification",
    author = "Haulrich, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3010",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@inproceedings{mcfate-2010-expanding,
    title = "Expanding Verb Coverage in Cyc with {V}erb{N}et",
    author = "McFate, Clifton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3011",
    pages = "61--66",
}
@inproceedings{bogdanova-2010-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Figurative Language Detection Based on Sense Differentiation",
    author = "Bogdanova, Daria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3012",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@inproceedings{mcgillivray-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Selectional Preference Acquisition for {L}atin Verbs",
    author = "McGillivray, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3013",
    pages = "73--78",
}
@inproceedings{franco-penya-2010-edit,
    title = "Edit Tree Distance Alignments for Semantic Role Labelling",
    author = "Franco-Penya, Hector-Hugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3014",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{mittal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic {S}anskrit Segmentizer Using Finite State Transducers",
    author = "Mittal, Vipul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3015",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@inproceedings{samad-zadeh-kaljahi-2010-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Self-Training for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Samad Zadeh Kaljahi, Rasoul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3016",
    pages = "91--96",
}
@inproceedings{tremper-2010-weakly,
    title = "Weakly Supervised Learning of Presupposition Relations between Verbs",
    author = "Tremper, Galina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3017",
    pages = "97--102",
}
@inproceedings{ambati-2010-importance,
    title = "Importance of Linguistic Constraints in Statistical Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Ambati, Bharat Ram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3018",
    pages = "103--108",
}
@inproceedings{porta-2010-use,
    title = "The Use of Formal Language Models in the Typology of the Morphology of Amerindian Languages",
    author = "Porta, Andr{\'e}s Osvaldo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-3019",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@proceedings{acl-2010-acl-2010-system,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 System Demonstrations",
    author = {K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-4000",
}
@inproceedings{bender-etal-2010-grammar,
    title = "Grammar Prototyping and Testing with the {L}in{GO} Grammar Matrix Customization System",
    author = "Bender, Emily M.  and
      Drellishak, Scott  and
      Fokkens, Antske  and
      Goodman, Michael Wayne  and
      Mills, Daniel P.  and
      Poulson, Laurie  and
      Saleem, Safiyyah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-4001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{dyer-etal-2010-cdec,
    title = "cdec: A Decoder, Alignment, and Learning Framework for Finite-State and Context-Free Translation Models",
    author = "Dyer, Chris  and
      Lopez, Adam  and
      Ganitkevitch, Juri  and
      Weese, Jonathan  and
      Ture, Ferhan  and
      Blunsom, Phil  and
      Setiawan, Hendra  and
      Eidelman, Vladimir  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-4002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{dzikovska-etal-2010-beetle,
    title = "Beetle {II}: A System for Tutoring and Computational Linguistics Experimentation",
    author = "Dzikovska, Myroslava O.  and
      Moore, Johanna D.  and
      Steinhauser, Natalie  and
      Campbell, Gwendolyn  and
      Farrow, Elaine  and
      Callaway, Charles B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-4003",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{henrich-hinrichs-2010-gernedit,
    title = "{G}ern{E}di{T} - The {G}erma{N}et Editing Tool",
    author = "Henrich, Verena  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-4004",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{hinrichs-etal-2010-weblicht,
    title = "{W}eb{L}icht: Web-Based {LRT} Services for {G}erman",
    author = "Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      Hinrichs, Marie  and
      Zastrow, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-4005",
    pages = "25--29",
}
@inproceedings{jurgens-stevens-2010-space,
    title = "The S-Space Package: An Open Source Package for Word Space Models",
    author = "Jurgens, David  and
      Stevens, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-4006",
    pages = "30--35",
}
@inproceedings{kluwer-etal-2010-talking,
    title = "Talking {NPC}s in a Virtual Game World",
    author = {Kl{\"u}wer, Tina  and
      Adolphs, Peter  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Cheng, Xiwen},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-4007",
    pages = "36--41",
}
@inproceedings{kouylekov-negri-2010-open,
    title = "An Open-Source Package for Recognizing Textual Entailment",
    author = "Kouylekov, Milen  and
      Negri, Matteo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-4008",
    pages = "42--47",
}
@inproceedings{kurimo-etal-2010-personalising,
    title = "Personalising Speech-To-Speech Translation in the {EMIME} Project",
    author = {Kurimo, Mikko  and
      Byrne, William  and
      Dines, John  and
      Garner, Philip N.  and
      Gibson, Matthew  and
      Guan, Yong  and
      Hirsim{\"a}ki, Teemu  and
      Karhila, Reima  and
      King, Simon  and
      Liang, Hui  and
      Oura, Keiichiro  and
      Saheer, Lakshmi  and
      Shannon, Matt  and
      Shiota, Sayaki  and
      Tian, Jilei},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-4009",
    pages = "48--53",
}
@inproceedings{leidner-schilder-2010-hunting,
    title = "Hunting for the Black Swan: Risk Mining from Text",
    author = "Leidner, Jochen  and
      Schilder, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-4010",
    pages = "54--59",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-bangalore-2010-speech,
    title = "Speech-Driven Access to the Deep Web on Mobile Devices",
    author = "Mishra, Taniya  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-4011",
    pages = "60--65",
}
@inproceedings{ranta-etal-2010-tools,
    title = "Tools for Multilingual Grammar-Based Translation on the Web",
    author = "Ranta, Aarne  and
      Angelov, Krasimir  and
      Hallgren, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-4012",
    pages = "66--71",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-etal-2010-demonstration,
    title = "Demonstration of a Prototype for a Conversational Companion for Reminiscing about Images",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick  and
      Catizone, Roberta  and
      Dingli, Alexiei  and
      Cheng, Weiwei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-4013",
    pages = "72--77",
}
@inproceedings{zhong-ng-2010-makes,
    title = "It Makes Sense: A Wide-Coverage Word Sense Disambiguation System for Free Text",
    author = "Zhong, Zhi  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2010 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-4014",
    pages = "78--83",
}
@proceedings{acl-2010-association-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    author = "M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Wang, Haifeng",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-5000",
}
@inproceedings{hockenmaier-etal-2010-wide,
    title = "Wide-Coverage {NLP} with Linguistically Expressive Grammars",
    author = "Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Genabith, Josef van",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-5001",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{liu-huang-2010-tree,
    title = "Tree-Based and Forest-Based Translation",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-5002",
    pages = "2",
}
@inproceedings{webber-etal-2010-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Structure: Theory, Practice and Use",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie  and
      Egg, Markus  and
      Kordoni, Valia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-5003",
    pages = "3",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-2010-annotation,
    title = "Annotation",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-5004",
    pages = "4",
}
@inproceedings{daume-iii-2010-structured,
    title = "From Structured Prediction to Inverse Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-5005",
    pages = "5",
}
@inproceedings{kate-wong-2010-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing: The Task, the State of the Art and the Future",
    author = "Kate, Rohit J.  and
      Wong, Yuk Wah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-5006",
    pages = "6",
}
@proceedings{ws-1990-nordic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    author = {Pind, J{\"o}rgen  and
      R{\"o}gnvaldsson, Eir{\'\i}kur},
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0100",
}
@inproceedings{briem-1990-automatisk,
    title = "Automatisk morfologisk analyse af islandsk tekst (Automatic morphological analysis of {I}celandic text) [In {D}anish]",
    author = "Briem, Stef{\'a}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0101",
    pages = "3--13",
}
@inproceedings{ejerhed-1990-swedish,
    title = "A {S}wedish Clause Grammar And Its Implementation",
    author = "Ejerhed, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0102",
    pages = "14--29",
}
@inproceedings{gustafsson-1990-handelsestyrd,
    title = {H{\"a}ndelsestyrd textgenerering (Event-driven text generation) [In {S}wedish]},
    author = "Gustafsson, Lars M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0103",
    pages = "30--40",
}
@inproceedings{hansen-1990-pa,
    title = "P{\aa} vej mod en fagsproglig tekstfortolker? (Towards a specialized text interpreter?) [In {D}anish]",
    author = "Hansen, Steffen Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0104",
    pages = "41--50",
}
@inproceedings{johannessen-1990-two,
    title = "Is Two-level Morphology a Morphological Model?",
    author = "Johannessen, Janne Bondi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0105",
    pages = "51--59",
}
@inproceedings{kallgren-1990-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Indexing and Generating of Content Graphs from Unrestricted Text",
    author = {K{\"a}llgren, Gunnel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0106",
    pages = "60--76",
}
@inproceedings{koch-1990-computational,
    title = "Computational Man-Machine Interaction in Simple Natural Language",
    author = "Koch, Gregers",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0107",
    pages = "77--85",
}
@inproceedings{zlatev-1990-criteria,
    title = "Criteria for Computational Models of Morphology: The Two-Level Model as an {NLP} Framework",
    author = "Zlatev, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0108",
    pages = "86--100",
}
@inproceedings{andersen-1990-close,
    title = "How Close Can We Get to the Ideal of Simple Transfer in Multi-lingual Machine Translation ({MT})?",
    author = "Andersen, Poul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0109",
    pages = "103--113",
}
@inproceedings{bech-1990-design,
    title = "The Design and Application of a Domain Specific Knowledgebase in the {TACITUS} Text Understanding System",
    author = "Bech, Annelise",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0110",
    pages = "114--126",
}
@inproceedings{braasch-1990-udnyttelse,
    title = "Udnyttelse af maskinl{\ae}sbare ordbogsdata til maskinovers{\ae}ttelse (Utilization of machine-readable dictionary data for machine translation) [In {D}anish]",
    author = "Braasch, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0111",
    pages = "127--137",
}
@inproceedings{briem-1990-maskinoversaettelse,
    title = "Maskinovers{\ae}ttelse fra esperanto til islandsk (Machine translation from {E}speranto to {I}celandic) [In {D}anish]",
    author = "Briem, Stef{\'a}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0112",
    pages = "138--145",
}
@inproceedings{boggild-andersen-1990-valence,
    title = "Valence Frames Used for Syntactic Disambiguation in the {EUROTRA}-{DK} Model",
    author = "B{\o}ggild-Andersen, Boel Victoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0113",
    pages = "146--156",
}
@inproceedings{fersoe-1990-representational,
    title = "Representational Issues within Eurotra",
    author = "Fers{\o}e, Hanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0114",
    pages = "157--169",
}
@inproceedings{gawronska-werngren-1990-identifiering,
    title = {Identifiering av diskursrefenter vid maskin{\"o}vers{\"a}ttning fr{\aa}n ryska till svenska (Identification of dicourse references in machine translation from {R}ussian to {S}wedish) [In {S}wedish]},
    author = "Gawro{\'n}ska-Werngren, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0115",
    pages = "170--182",
}
@inproceedings{jaeger-1990-text,
    title = "Text Treatment and Morphology in the Analysis of {D}anish within {EUROTRA}",
    author = "J{\ae}ger, Niels",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0116",
    pages = "183--190",
}
@inproceedings{kirchmeier-andersen-1990-coordination,
    title = "Coordination in Eurotra",
    author = "Kirchmeier-Andersen, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0117",
    pages = "191--203",
}
@inproceedings{magnusdottir-1990-collocations,
    title = "Collocations in Knowledge Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Magn{\'u}sd{\'o}ttir, Gu{\dh}r{\'u}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0118",
    pages = "204--207",
}
@inproceedings{nohr-pedersen-1990-treatment,
    title = "The Treatment of Support Verbs and Predicative Nouns in {D}anish",
    author = "N{\o}hr Pedersen, Susanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0119",
    pages = "208--217",
}
@inproceedings{schubert-1990-kunskap,
    title = {Kunskap om v{\"a}rlden eller kunskap om texten? (Knowledge about the world or knowledge about the text?) [In {S}wedish]},
    author = "Schubert, Klaus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0120",
    pages = "218--228",
}
@inproceedings{sigurd-1990-erfarenheter,
    title = "Erfarenheter av Swetra{--}ett svenskt {MT}-experiment (Experiences from Swetra{--}A {S}wedish {MT} experiment) [In {S}wedish]",
    author = "Sigurd, Bengt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0121",
    pages = "229--236",
}
@inproceedings{togeby-1990-translation,
    title = "Translation of Prepositions by Neural Networks",
    author = "Togeby, Ole",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0122",
    pages = "237--249",
}
@inproceedings{utne-1990-machine,
    title = "Machine Aided Translation between the Two {N}orwegian Languages {N}orwegian-{B}okm{\aa}l and {N}orwegian-Nynorsk",
    author = "Utne, Ivar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0123",
    pages = "250--259",
}
@inproceedings{holmboe-1990-dansk,
    title = "Dansk radi{\ae}rordbog (The {D}anish Radial Dictionary) [In {D}anish]",
    author = "Holmboe, Henrik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0124",
    pages = "263--267",
}
@inproceedings{jonsson-1990-standardized,
    title = "A Standardized Dictionary of {I}celandic Verbs",
    author = "J{\'o}nsson, J{\'o}n Hilmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0125",
    pages = "268--296",
}
@inproceedings{jonsson-1990-application,
    title = "Application-Dependent Discourse Management for Natural Language Interfaces: An Empirical Investigation",
    author = {J{\"o}nsson, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0126",
    pages = "297--307",
}
@inproceedings{pind-1990-computers,
    title = "Computers, Typesetting, and Lexicography",
    author = {Pind, J{\"o}rgen},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0127",
    pages = "308--325",
}
@inproceedings{svavarsson-pind-1990-database,
    title = "Database Systems for Lexicographic Work",
    author = {Svavarsson, Bj{\"o}rn {\TH}.  and
      Pind, J{\"o}rgen},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0128",
    pages = "326--341",
}
@inproceedings{sagvall-hein-1990-lemmatising,
    title = "Lemmatising the Definitions of Svensk Ordbok by Morphological and Syntactic Analysis. A Pilot Study",
    author = "S{\aa}gvall Hein, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0129",
    pages = "342--357",
}
@inproceedings{utne-1990-included,
    title = "What Should be Included in a Commercial Word Data Base, and Why?",
    author = "Utne, Ivar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1989)",
    year = "1990",
    address = "Reykjav{\'\i}k, Iceland",
    publisher = "Institute of Lexicography, Institute of Linguistics, University of Iceland, Iceland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0130",
    pages = "358--371",
}
@proceedings{ws-1989-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    author = "Tomita, Masaru",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0200",
    pages = "i--vii",
}
@inproceedings{kasper-1989-unification,
    title = "Unification and Classification: An Experiment in Information-Based Parsing",
    author = "Kasper, Robert T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0201",
    pages = "1--7",
    abstract = "When dealing with a phenomenon as vast and com plex as natural language, an experimental approach is often the best way to discover new computational methods and determine their usefulness. The experimental process includes designing and selecting new experiments, carrying out the experiments, and evaluating the experiments. Most conference presentations are about finished experiments, completed theoretical results, or the evaluation of systems already in use. In this workshop setting, I would like to depart from this tendency to discuss some experiments that we are beginning to perform, and the reasons for investigating a particular approach to parsing. This approach builds on recent work in unification-based parsing and classification-based knowledge representation, developing an architecture that brings together the capabilities of these related frameworks.",
}
@inproceedings{gerdemann-1989-using,
    title = "Using Restriction to Optimize Unification Parsing",
    author = "Gerdemann, Dale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0202",
    pages = "8--17",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{maxwell-iii-kaplan-1989-overview,
    title = "An Overview of Disjunctive Constraint Satisfaction",
    author = "Maxwell III, John T.  and
      Kaplan, Ronald M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0203",
    pages = "18--27",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{lang-1989-uniform,
    title = "A Uniform Formal Framework for Parsing",
    author = "Lang, Bernard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0204",
    pages = "28--42",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{satta-stock-1989-head,
    title = "Head-Driven Bidirectional Parsing: A Tabular Method",
    author = "Satta, Giorgio  and
      Stock, Oliviero",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0205",
    pages = "43--51",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{kay-1989-head,
    title = "Head-Driven Parsing",
    author = "Kay, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0206",
    pages = "52--62",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{gibson-1989-parsing,
    title = "Parsing with Principles: Predicting a Phrasal Node Before Its Head Appears",
    author = "Gibson, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0207",
    pages = "63--74",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{fong-berwick-1989-computational,
    title = "The Computational Implementation of Principle-Based Parsers",
    author = "Fong, Sandiway  and
      Berwick, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0208",
    pages = "75--84",
    abstract = "This paper addresses the issue of how to organize linguistic principles for efficient processing. Based on the general characterization of principles in terms of purely computational properties, the effects of principle-ordering on parser performance are investigated. A novel parser that exploits the possible variation in principle-ordering to dynamically re-order principles is described. Heuristics for minimizing the amount of unnecessary work performed during the parsing process are also discussed.",
}
@inproceedings{fujisaki-etal-1989-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Parsing Method for Sentence Disambiguation",
    author = "Fujisaki, T.  and
      Jelinek, F.  and
      Cocke, J.  and
      Black, E.  and
      Nishino, T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0209",
    pages = "85--94",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-1989-sequential,
    title = "A Sequential Truncation Parsing Algorithm Based on the Score Function",
    author = "Su, Keh-Yih  and
      Wang, Jong-Nae  and
      Su, Mei-Hui  and
      Chang, Jing-Shin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0210",
    pages = "95--104",
    abstract = "In a natural language processing system, a large amount of ambiguity and a large branching factor are hindering factors in obtaining the desired analysis for a given sentence in a short time. In this paper, we are proposing a sequential truncation parsing algorithm to reduce the searching space and thus lowering the parsing time. The algorithm is based on a score function which takes the advantages of probabilistic characteristics of syntactic information in the sentences. A preliminary test on this algorithm was conducted with a special version of our machine translation system, the ARCHTRAN, and an encouraging result was observed.",
}
@inproceedings{wright-wrigley-1989-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic {LR} Parsing for Speech Recognition",
    author = "Wright, J. H.  and
      Wrigley, E. N.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0211",
    pages = "105--114",
    abstract = "An LR parser for probabilistic context-free grammars is described. Each of the standard versions of parser generator (SLR, canonical and LALR) may be applied. A graph-structured stack permits action conflicts and allows the parser to be used with uncertain input, typical of speech recognition applications. The sentence uncertainty is measured using entropy and is significantly lower for the grammar than for a first-order Markov model.",
}
@inproceedings{huber-1989-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Speech for Structure and Prominence",
    author = "Huber, Dieter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0212",
    pages = "115--125",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{kita-etal-1989-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Continuous Speech by {HMM}-{LR} Method",
    author = "Kita, Kenji  and
      Kawabata, Takeshi  and
      Saito, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0213",
    pages = "126--131",
    abstract = "This paper describes a speech parsing method called HMM-LR. In HMM-LR, an LR parsing table is used to predict phones in speech input, and the system drives an HMM-based speech recognizer directly without any intervening structures such as a phone lattice. Very accurate, efficient speech parsing is achieved through the integrated processes of speech recognition and language analysis. The HMM-LR m ethod is applied to large-vocabulary speaker-dependent Japanese phrase recognition. The recognition rate is 87.1{\%} for the top candidates and 97.7{\%} for the five best candidates.",
}
@inproceedings{kogure-1989-parsing,
    title = "Parsing {J}apanese Spoken Sentences Based on {HPSG}",
    author = "Kogure, Kiyoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0214",
    pages = "132--141",
    abstract = "An analysis method for Japanese spoken sentences based on HPSG has been developed. Any analysis module for the interpreting telephony task requires the following capabilities: (i) the module must be able to treat spoken-style sentences; and, (ii) the module must be able to take, as its input, lattice-like structures which include both correct and incorrect constituent candidates of a speech recognition module. To satisfy these requirements, an analysis method has been developed, which consists of a grammar designed for treating spoken-style Japanese sentences and a parser designed for taking as its input speech recognition output lattices. The analysis module based on this method is used as part of the NADINE (Natural Dialogue Interpretation Expert) system and the SL-TRANS (Spoken Language Translation) system.",
}
@inproceedings{van-zuijlen-1989-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Methods in Dependency Grammar Parsing",
    author = "van Zuijlen, Job M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0215",
    pages = "142--151",
    abstract = "Authentic text as found in corpora cannot be described completely by a formal system, such as a set of grammar rules. As robust parsing is a prerequisite for any practical natural language processing system, there is certainly a need for techniques that go beyond merely formal approaches. Various possibilities, such as the use of simulated annealing, have been proposed recently and we have looked at their suitability for the parse process of the DLT machine translation system, which will use a large structured bilingual corpus as its main linguistic knowledge source. Our findings are that parsing is not the type of task that should be tackled solely through simulated annealing or similar stochastic optimization techniques but that a controlled application of probabilistic methods is essential for the performance of a corpus-based parser. On the basis of our explorative research we have planned a number of small-scale implementations in the near future.",
}
@inproceedings{wall-wittenburg-1989-predictive,
    title = "Predictive Normal Forms for Composition in Categorical Grammars",
    author = "Wall, Robert E.  and
      Wittenburg, Kent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0216",
    pages = "152--161",
    abstract = "Extensions to Categorial Grammars proposed to account for nonconstitutent conjunction and long-distance dependencies introduce the problem of equivalent derivations, an issue we have characterized as spurious ambiguity from the parsing perspective. In Wittenburg (1987) a proposal was made for compiling Categorial Grammars into predictive forms in order to solve the spurious ambiguity problem. This paper investigates formal properties o f grammars that use predictive versions of function composition. Among our results are (1) that grammars with predictive composition are in general equivalent to the originals if and only if a restriction on predictive rules is applied, (2) that modulo this restriction, the predictive grammars have indeed eliminated the problem of spurious ambiguity, and (3) that the issue o f equivalence is decidable, i.e., for any particular grammar, whether one needs to apply the restriction or not to ensure equivalence is a decidable question.",
}
@inproceedings{steedman-1989-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Spoken Language Using Combinatory Grammars",
    author = "Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0217",
    pages = "162--171",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{vijay-shanker-weir-1989-recognition,
    title = "Recognition of Combinatory Categorial Grammars and Linear Indexed Grammars",
    author = "Vijay-Shanker, K.  and
      Weir, David J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0218",
    pages = "172--181",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{nozohoor-farshi-1989-handling,
    title = "Handling of Ill-Designed Grammars in Tomita{'}s Parsing Algorithm",
    author = "Nozohoor-Farshi, Rohman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0219",
    pages = "182--192",
    abstract = "In this paper, we show that some non-cyclic context-free grammars with $\varepsilon$-rules cannot be handled by Tomita{'}s algorithm properly. We describe a modified version of the algorithm which remedies the problem.",
}
@inproceedings{kipps-1989-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Tomita{'}s Algorithm for General Context-Free Parsing",
    author = "Kipps, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0220",
    pages = "193--202",
    abstract = "A variation on Tomita{'}s algorithm is analyzed in regards to its time and space complexity. It is shown to have a general time bound of $0(n^{\tilde{\rho}+1})$, where $n$ is the length of the input string and $\rho$ is the length of the longest production. A modified algorithm is presented in which the time bound is reduced to $0(n^3)$. The space complexity of Tomita{'}s algorithm is shown to be proportional to $n^2$ in the worst case and is changed by at most a constant factor with the modification. Empirical results are used to illustrate the trade off between time and space on a simple example. A discussion of two subclasses of context-free grammars that can be recognized in $0(n^2)$ and $O(n)$ is also included.",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-1989-computational,
    title = "The Computational Complexity of Tomita{'}s Algorithm",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0221",
    pages = "203--208",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{seneff-1989-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Parsing for Spoken Language Applications",
    author = "Seneff, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0222",
    pages = "209--218",
    abstract = "A new natural language system, TINA, has been developed for applications involving spoken language tasks, which integrate key ideas from context free grammars, Augmented Transition Networks (ATN{'}s) [6], and Lexical Functional Grammars (LFG{'}s) [1]. The parser uses a best-first strategy, with probability assignments on all arcs obtained automatically from a set of example sentences. An initial context-free grammar, derived from the example sentences, is first converted to a probabilistic network structure. Control includes both top-down and bottom-up cycles, and key parameters are passed among nodes to deal with long-distance movement, agreement, and semantic constraints. The probabilities provide a natural mechanism for exploring more common grammatical constructions first. One novel feature of TINA is that it provides an atuomatic sentence generation capability, which has been very effective for identifying overgeneration problems. A fully integrated spoken language system using this parser is under development.",
}
@inproceedings{mcclelland-1989-connectionist,
    title = "Connectionist Models of Language",
    author = "McClelland, James L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0223",
    pages = "219--220",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{jain-waibel-1989-connectionist,
    title = "A Connectionist Parser Aimed at Spoken Language",
    author = "Jain, Ajay  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0224",
    pages = "221--229",
    abstract = "We describe a connectionist model which learns to parse single sentences from sequential word input. A parse in the connectionist network contains information about role assignment, prepositional attachment, relative clause structure, and subordinate clause structure. The trained network displays several interesting types of behavior. These include predictive ability, tolerance to certain corruptions of input word sequences, and some generalization capability. We report on experiments in which a small number of sentence types have been successfully learned by a network. Work is in progress on a larger database. Application of this type of connectionist model to the area of spoken language processing is discussed.",
}
@inproceedings{kitano-etal-1989-massively,
    title = "Massively Parallel Parsing in $\Phi$DmDialog: Integrated Architecture for Parsing Speech Inputs",
    author = "Kitano, Hiroaki  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Tomita, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0225",
    pages = "230--239",
    abstract = "This paper describes the parsing scheme in the $\Phi$DmDialog speech-to-speech dialog translation system, with special emphasis on the integration of speech and natural language processing. We propose an integrated architecture for parsing speech inputs based on a parallel marker-passing scheme and attaining dynamic participation of knowledge from the phonological-level to the discourse-level. At the phonological level, we employ a stochastic model using a transition matrix and a confusion matrix and markers which carry a probability measure. At a higher level, syntactic/semantic and discourse processing, we integrate a case-based and constraint-based scheme in a consistent manner so that a priori probability and constraints, which reflect linguistic and discourse factors, are provided to the phonological level of processing. A probability/cost-based scheme in our model enables ambiguity resolution at various levels using one uniform principle.",
}
@inproceedings{nijholt-1989-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Parsing Strategies in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Nijholt, Anton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0226",
    pages = "240--253",
    abstract = "We present a concise survey of approaches to the context-free parsing problem of natural languages in parallel environments. The discussion includes parsing schemes which use more than one traditional parser, schemes where separate processes are assigned to the {`}non-deterministic{'} choices during parsing, schemes where the number of processes depends on the length of the sentence being parsed, and schemes where the number of processes depends on the grammar size rather than on the input length. In addition we discuss a connectionist approach to the parsing problem.",
}
@inproceedings{hausser-1989-complexity,
    title = "Complexity and Decidability in Left-Associative Grammar",
    author = "Hausser, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0227",
    pages = "254--263",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{shann-1989-selection,
    title = "The selection of a parsing strategy for an on-line machine translation system in a sublanguage domain. A new practical comparison",
    author = "Shann, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0228",
    pages = "264--276",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{black-1989-finite,
    title = "Finite State Machines from Feature Grammars",
    author = "Black, Alan W",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0229",
    pages = "277--285",
    abstract = "This paper describes the conversion of a set of feature grammar rules into a deterministic finite state machine that accepts the same language (or at least a well-defined related language). First the reasoning behind why this is an interesting thing to do within the Edinburgh speech recogniser project, is discussed. Then details about the compilation algorithm are given. Finally, there is some discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of this method of implementing feature based grammar formalisms.",
}
@inproceedings{yamai-etal-1989-effective,
    title = "An Effective Enumeration Algorithm of Parses for Ambiguous {CFL}",
    author = "Yamai, Nariyoshi  and
      Seko, Tadashi  and
      Kubo, Noboru  and
      Kawata, Toru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0230",
    pages = "286--296",
    abstract = "An efficient algorithm that enumerates parses of ambiguous context-free languages is described, and its time and space complexities are discussed. When context-free parsers are used for natural language parsing, pattern recognition, and so forth, there may be a great number of parses for a sentence. One common strategy for efficient enumeration of parses is to assign an appropriate weight to each production, and to enumerate parses in the order of the total weight of all applied production. However, the existing algorithms taking this strategy can be applied only to the problems of limited areas such as regular languages; in the other areas only inefficient exhaustive searches are known. In this paper, we first introduce a hierarchical graph suitable for enumeration. Using this graph, enumeration of parses in the order of acceptablity is equivalent to finding paths of this graph in the order of length. Then, we present an efficient enumeration algorithm with this graph, which can be applied to arbitrary context-free grammars. For enumeration of $k$ parses in the order of the total weight of all applied productions, the time and space complexities of our algorithm are $0(n^3 + kn^2)$ and $0(n^3 + kn)$, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{weber-1989-morphological,
    title = "A Morphological Parser for Linguistic Exploration",
    author = "Weber, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0231",
    pages = "297--308",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{adriaens-1989-parallel,
    title = "The Parallel Expert Parser: A Meaning-Oriented, Lexically-Guided, Parallel-Interactive Model of Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Adriaens, G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0232",
    pages = "309--319",
    abstract = "The Parallel Expert Parser (PEP) is a natural language analysis model belonging to the interactive model paradigm that stresses the parallel interaction of relatively small distributed knowledge components to arrive at the meaning of a fragment of text. It borrows the idea of words as basic dynamic entities triggering a set of interactive processes from the Word Expert Parser (Small 1980), but tries to improve on the clarity of interactive processes and on the organization of lexically-distributed knowledge. As of now, especially the procedural aspects have received attention: instead of having wild-running uncontrollable interactions, PEP restricts the interactions to explicit communications on a structured blackboard; the communication protocols are a compromise betwenn maximum parallelism and controllability. At the same time, it is no longer just words that trigger processes; words create larger units (constituents), that are in turn interacting entities on a higher level. Lexical experts contribute their associated knowledge, create higher-level experts, and die away. The linguists define the levels to be considered, and write expert processes in a language that tries to hide the procedural aspects of the parallel-interactive model from them. Problems include the possiblity of deadlock situations when processes wait infinitely for each other, the way to efficiently pursue different alternatives (as of now, the system just uses don{'}t-care determinism), and testing whether the protocols allow linguists to fully express their needs. PEP has been implemented in Flat Concurrent Prolog, using the Logix programming environment. Current research is oriented more towards the problem of distributed knowledge representation. Abstractions and generalizations across lexical experts could be made using principles from object-oriented programming (introducing generic, prototypical experts; cp. Hahn 1987). Thoughts also go in the direction of an integration of the coarse-grained parallelism with knowledge representation in a fine-grained parallel (connectionist) way.",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-1989-chart,
    title = "Chart Parsing for Loosely Coupled Parallel Systems",
    author = "Thompson, Henry S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0233",
    pages = "320--328",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-numazaki-1989-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Generalized {LR} Parsing based on Logic Programming",
    author = "Tanaka, Hozumi  and
      Numazaki, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0234",
    pages = "329--338",
    abstract = "A generalized LR parsing algorithm, which has been developed by Tomita [Tomita 86], can treat a context free grammar. His algorithm makes use of breadth first strategy when a conflict occcurs in a LR parsing table. It is well known that the breadth first strategy is suitable for parallel processing. This paper presents an algorithm of a parallel parsing system (PLR) based on a generalized LR parsing. PLR is implemented in GHC [Ueda 85] that is a concurrent logic programming language developed by Japanese 5th generation computer project. The feature of PLR is as follows: Each entry of a LR parsing table is regarded as a process which handles shift and reduce operations. If a process discovers a conflict in a LR parsing table, it activates subprocesses which conduct shift and reduce operations. These subprocesses run in parallel and simulate breadth first strategy. There is no need to make some subprocesses synchronize during parsing. Stack information is sent to each subprocesses from their parent process. A simple experiment for parsing a sentence revealed the fact that PLR runs faster than PAX [Matsumoto 87][Matsumoto 89] that has been known as the best parallel parser.",
}
@inproceedings{schabes-joshi-1989-relevance,
    title = "The Relevance of Lexicalization to Parsing",
    author = "Schabes, Yves  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0235",
    pages = "339--349",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate the processing of the so-called {`}lexicalized{'} grammar. In {`}lexicalized{'} grammars (Schabes, Abeille and Joshi, 1988), each elementary structure is systema tically associated with a lexical {`}head{'}. These structures specify extended domains of locality (as compared to CFGs) over which constraints can be stated. The {`}grammar{'} consists of a lexicon where each lexical item is associated with a finite number of structures for which that item is the {`}head{'} . There are no separate grammar rules. There are, of course, {`}rules{'} which tell us how these structures are combined. A general two-pass parsing strategy for {`}lexicalized{'} grammars follows naturally. In the first stage, the parser selects a set of elementary structures associated with the lexical items in the input sentence, and in the second stage the sentence is parsed with respect to this set. We evaluate this strategy with respect to two characteristics. First, the amount of filtering on the entire grammar is evaluated: once the first pass is performed, the parser uses only a subset of the grammar. Second, we evaluate the use of non-local information: the structures selected during the first pass encode the morphological value (and therefore the position in the string) of their {`}head{'}; this enables the parser to use non-local in form ation to guide its search. We take Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars as an in stance of lexicalized grammar. We illustrate the organization of the grammar. Then we show how a general Earley-type TAG parser (Schabes and Joshi, 1988) can take advantage of lexicalization. Empirical data show that the filtering of the grammar and the non-local in formation provided by the two-pass strategy improve the performance of the parser. We explain how constraints over the elementary structures expressed by unification equations can be parsed by a simple extension of the Earley-type TAG parser. Lexicalization guarantees termination of the algorithm without special devices such as restrictors.",
}
@inproceedings{marino-1989-framework,
    title = "A Framework for the Development of Natural Language Grammars",
    author = "Marino, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0236",
    pages = "350--360",
    abstract = "This paper describes a parsing system used in a framework for the development of Natural Language grammars. It is an interactive environment suitable for writing robust NL applications generally. Its heart is the SAIL parsing algorithm that uses a Phrase-Structure Grammar with extensive augmentations. Furthermore, some particular parsing tools are embedded in the system, and provide a powerful environment for developing grammars, even of large coverage.",
}
@inproceedings{malone-felshin-1989-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Method for Parsing Erroneous Input",
    author = "Malone, Stuart  and
      Felshin, Sue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0237",
    pages = "361--368",
    abstract = "In a natural language processing system designed for language learners, it is necessary to accept both well-formed and ill-formed input. This paper describes a method of maintaining parsing efficiency for well-formed sentences while still accepting a wide range of ill-formed input.",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-kim-1989-analysis,
    title = "Analysis Techniques for {K}orean Sentences Based on Lexical Functional Grammar",
    author = "Yoon, Deok Ho  and
      Kim, Yung Taek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0238",
    pages = "369--378",
    abstract = "The Unification-based Grammars seem to be adequate for the analysis of agglutinative languages such as Korean, etc. In this paper, the merits of Lexical Functional Grammar is analyzed and the structure of Korean Syntactic Analyzer is described. Verbal complex category is used for the analysis of several linguistic phenomena and a new attribute of UNKNOWN is defined for the analysis of grammatical relations.",
}
@inproceedings{matsumoto-etal-1989-learning,
    title = "Learning Cooccurrences by using a Parser",
    author = "Matsumoto, Kazunori  and
      Sakaki, Hiroshi  and
      Kuroiwa, Shingo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0239",
    pages = "379--388",
    abstract = "This paper describes two methods for the acquisition and utilization of lexical cooccurrence relationships. Under these method, cooccurrence relationships are obtained from two kinds of inputs: example sentences and the corresponding correct syntactic structure. The first of the two methods treats a set of governors each element of which is bound to a element of sister nodes set in a syntactic structure under consideration, as a cooccurrence relationship. In the second method, a cooccurrence relationship name and affiliated attribute names are manually given in the description of augmented rewriting rules. Both methods discriminate correctness of cooccurrence by the use of the correct syntactic structure mentioned above. Experiment is made for both methods to find if thus obtained cooccurrence relationship is useful for the correct analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{church-etal-1989-parsing,
    title = "Parsing, Word Associations and Typical Predicate-Argument Relations",
    author = "Church, Kenneth  and
      Gale, William  and
      Hanks, Patrick  and
      Hindle, Donald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0240",
    pages = "389--398",
    abstract = "There are a number of collocational constraints in natural languages that ought to play a more important role in natural language parsers. Thus, for example, it is hard for most parsers to take advantage of the fact that wine is typically drunk, produced, and sold, but (probably) not pruned. So too, it is hard for a parser to know which verbs go with which prepositions (e.g., set up) and which nouns fit together to form compound noun phrases (e.g., computer programmer). This paper will attempt to show that many of these types of concerns can be addressed with syntactic methods (symbol pushing), and need not require explicit semantic interpretation. We have found that it is possible to identify many of these interesting co-occurrence relations by computing simple summary statistics over millions of words of text. This paper will summarize a number of experiments carried out by various subsets of the authors over the last few years. The term collocation will be used quite broadly to include constraints on SVO (subject verb object) triples, phrasal verbs, compound noun phrases, and psychoiinguistic notions of word association (e.g., doctor/nurse).",
}
@inproceedings{simpkins-hancox-1989-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient, Primarily Bottom-Up Parser for Unification Grammars",
    author = "Simpkins, Neil K.  and
      Hancox, Peter J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0241",
    pages = "399--400",
    abstract = "The search for efficient parsing strategies has a long history, dating back to at least the Cocke/Younger/Kusami parser of the early sixties. The publication of the Earley parser in 1970 has had a significant influence on context-free (CF) parsing for natural language processing, evidenced by the interest in the variety of chart parsers implemented since then. The development of unification grammars (with their complex feature structures) has put new life into the discussion of efficient parsing strategies, and there has been some debate on the use of essentially bottom-up or top-down strategies, the efficacy of top-down filtering and so on. The approacn to parsing described here is suitable for complex category, unification-based grammars. The concentration here is on a unification grammar which has a context-free backbone, Lexical-Functional Grammer (LFG). The parser is designed primarily for simplicity, efficiency and practical application. The parser outlined here results in a high-level, but still efficient, language system without making a requirement on the grammar/lexicon writer to understand its implementation details. The parsing algorithm operates in a systematic bottom-up (BU) fashion, thus taking earliest advantage of LFQ{'}s concentration of information in the lexicon and also making use of unrestricted feature structures to realize LFG{'}s Top-Down (TD) predictive potential. While LFG can make special use of its CF backbone, the algorithm employed is not restricted to grammars having a CF backbone and is equally suited to complex-feature-based formalisms. Additionally, the algorithm described (which is a systematic left-to-right (left comer) parsing algorithm) allows us to take full advantage of both BU and TD aspects of a unificatin-based grammar without incurring prohibitive overheads such as feature-structure comparison or subsumption checking. The use of TD prediction, which in the Earley algorithm is allowed to hypothesize new parse paths, is here restricted to confirming initial parses produced BU, and specializing these according to future (feature) expectations.",
}
@inproceedings{slator-wilks-1989-premo,
    title = "{PREMO}: Parsing by Conspicuous Lexical Consumption",
    author = "Slator, Brian M.  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0242",
    pages = "401--413",
    abstract = "PREMO is a knowledge-based Preference Semantics parser with access to a large, lexical semantic knowledge base and organized along the lines of an operating system. The state of every partial parse is captured in a structure called a language object, and the control structure of the preference machine is a priority queue of these language objects. The language object at the front of the queue has the highest score as computed by a preference metric that weighs grammatical predictions, semantic type matching, and pragmatic coherence. The highest priority language object is the intermediate reading that is currently most preferred (the others are still {``}alive,{''} but not actively pursued); in this way the preference machine avoids combinatorial explosion by following a {``}best-first{''} strategy for parsing. The system has clear extensions into parallel processing.",
}
@inproceedings{tomita-1989-parsing,
    title = "Parsing 2-Dimensional Language",
    author = "Tomita, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0243",
    pages = "414--424",
    abstract = "2-Dimensional Context-Free Grammar (2D-CFG) for 2-dimensional input text is introduced and efficient parsing algorithms for 2D-CFG are presented. In 2D-CFG, a grammar rule{'}s right hand side symbols can be placed not only horizontally but also vertically. Terminal symbols in a 2-dimensional input text are combined to form a rectangular region, and regions are combined to form a larger region using a 2-dimensional phrase structure rule. The parsing algorithms presented in this paper are the 2D-Ear1ey algorithm and 2D-LR algorithm, which are 2-dimensionally extended versions of Earley{'}s algorithm and the LR(O) algorithm, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{jensen-1989-broad,
    title = "A Broad-Coverage Natural Language Analysis System",
    author = "Jensen, Karen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0244",
    pages = "425--441",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{asija-1989-pseudo,
    title = "Pseudo Parsing Swift-Answer Algorithm",
    author = "Asija, S Pal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0245",
    pages = "442--447",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-1989-dependency,
    title = "A Dependency-Based Parser for Topic and Focus",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0246",
    pages = "448--457",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{budhiraja-etal-1989-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar with Dynamic Expansion",
    author = "Budhiraja, Navin  and
      Mitra, Subrata  and
      Karnick, Harish  and
      Sangal, Rajeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Carnegy Mellon University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W89-0247",
    pages = "458--467",
    abstract = "A parser is described here based on the Cocke-Young-Kassami algorithm which uses immediate dominance and linear precedence rules together with various feature inheritance conventions. The meta rules in the grammar are not applied beforehand but only when needed. This ensures that the rule set is kept to a minimum. At the same time, determining what rule to expand by applying which meta-rule is done in an efficient manner using the meta-rule reference table. Since this table is generated during {``}compilation{''} stage, its generation does not add to parsing time.",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2000-research,
    title = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIII}",
    author = "Chien, Lee-Feng  and
      Chen, Kuang-Hua",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{liang-yeh-2000-ying,
    title = "應用構詞法則與類神經網路於中文新詞萃取 (Applying Morphological Rules and Artificial Neural Network to {C}hinese Unknown Word Extraction) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Liang, Tyne  and
      Yeh, Tat-Lon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-1001",
    pages = "21--40",
}
@inproceedings{streiter-2000-parsing,
    title = "Parsing {C}hinese by Examples",
    author = "Streiter, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-1002",
    pages = "41--65",
}
@inproceedings{hwang-etal-2000-improving,
    title = "The Improving Techniques for Disambiguating Non-alphabet Sense Categories",
    author = "Hwang, Feng-Long  and
      Yu, Ming-Shing  and
      Wu, Min-Jer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-1003",
    pages = "67--86",
}
@inproceedings{liu-zhou-2000-building,
    title = "Building A {C}hinese Text Summarizer with Phrasal Chunks and Domain Knowledge",
    author = "Liu, Weiquan  and
      Zhou, Joe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-1004",
    pages = "87--96",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chen-2000-fan,
    title = "反向異文字音譯相似度評量方法與跨語言資訊檢索 (Similarity Measure in Backward Transliteration between Different Character Sets and Its Application to {CLIR}) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Wei-Hao  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-1005",
    pages = "97--113",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2000-clustering,
    title = "Clustering Similar Query Sessions Toward Interactive Web Search",
    author = "Huang, Chien-Kang  and
      Chien, Lee-Feng  and
      Oyang, Yen-Jen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-1006",
    pages = "115--134",
}
@inproceedings{lai-etal-2000-wang,
    title = "網際網路{FAQ} 檢索中意圖萃取與語意比對之研究 (Intention Extraction and Semantic Matching for {I}nternet {FAQ} Retrieval Using Spoken Language Query) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lai, Yu-Sheng  and
      Lee, Kuen-Lin  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-1007",
    pages = "135--155",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-2000-cong,
    title = "從語料庫看漢語助動詞的語法特點 (The Syntactic Characteristics of {C}hinese Auxiliaries based on the Sinica Corpus) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Cheng, Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-1008",
    pages = "157--170",
}
@inproceedings{shih-etal-2000-part,
    title = "Part-of-speech Sequences and Distribution in a Learner Corpus of {E}nglish",
    author = "Shih, Rebecca H.  and
      Chiang, John Y.  and
      Tien, F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-1009",
    pages = "171--177",
}
@inproceedings{chien-liao-2000-ju,
    title = "具有累進學習能力之貝氏預測法則在汽車語音辨識之應用 ({B}ayesian Predictive Classification with Incremental Learning Capability for Car Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chien, Jen-Tzung  and
      Liao, Guo-Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-1010",
    pages = "179--197",
}
@inproceedings{lai-chien-2000-jie,
    title = "結合麥克風陣列及模型調整技術之遠距離語音辨識系統 (Far-Distant Speech Recognition System Using Combined Techniques of Microphone Array and Model Adaptation)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lai, Jain-Ray  and
      Chien, Jen-Tzung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-1011",
    pages = "199--213",
}
@inproceedings{chiu-etal-2000-pc,
    title = "{PC}-Based 台灣手語轉語音溝通輔助系統 ({PC}-based {T}aiwanese Sign Language to Speech Communication Aided System)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chiu, Yu-Hsien  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Guo, Chi-Shiang  and
      Chung, Kao-Chi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-1012",
    pages = "223--242",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2000-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 5, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2000: Special Issue on {C}hinese Verbal Semantics",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2000-han,
    title = "漢語動詞辭彙語意分析：表達模式與研究方法 (A Lexical-Semantic Analysis of {M}andarin {C}hinese Verbs: Representation and Methodology) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Li-Li  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 5, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2000: Special Issue on {C}hinese Verbal Semantics",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-2001",
    pages = "1--18",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2000-module,
    title = "The Module-Attribute Representation of Verbal Semantics: From Semantic to Argument Structure",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Ahrens, Kathleen  and
      Chang, Li-Li  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Liu, Mei-Chun  and
      Tsai, Mei-Chih",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 5, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2000: Special Issue on {C}hinese Verbal Semantics",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-2002",
    pages = "19--46",
}
@inproceedings{chief-etal-2000-near,
    title = "What Can Near Synonyms Tell Us",
    author = "Chief, Lian-Cheng  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Tsai, Mei-Chih  and
      Chang, Li-Li",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 5, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2000: Special Issue on {C}hinese Verbal Semantics",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-2003",
    pages = "47--60",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2000-alternation,
    title = "Alternation Across Semantic Fields: A Study on {M}andarin Verbs of Emotion",
    author = "Chang, Li-Li  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 5, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2000: Special Issue on {C}hinese Verbal Semantics",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-2004",
    pages = "61--80",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2000-endpoint,
    title = "When Endpoint Meets Endpoint: A Corpus-based Lexical Semantic Study of {M}andarin Verbs of Throwing",
    author = "Liu, Mei-Chun  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Lee, Charles  and
      Lee, Ching-Yi",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 5, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2000: Special Issue on {C}hinese Verbal Semantics",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-2005",
    pages = "81--96",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2000-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 5, Number 2, August 2000",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2000-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Word Sense Disambiguation Using Lexical Knowledge in a Machine-readable Dictionary",
    author = "Chen, Jen Nan",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 5, Number 2, August 2000",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-3001",
    pages = "1--42",
}
@inproceedings{tsay-wang-2000-design,
    title = "Design and Evaluation of Approaches to Automatic {C}hinese Text Categorization",
    author = "Tsay, Jyh-Jong  and
      Wang, Jing-Doo",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 5, Number 2, August 2000",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-3002",
    pages = "43--58",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-matsumoto-2000-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese-{C}hinese Cross-Language Information Retrieval: An Interlingua Approach",
    author = "Hasan, Md. Maruf  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 5, Number 2, August 2000",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-3003",
    pages = "59--86",
}
@inproceedings{shih-2000-compiling,
    title = "Compiling {T}aiwanese Learner Corpus of {E}nglish",
    author = "Shih, Rebecca Hsue-Hueh",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 5, Number 2, August 2000",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O00-3004",
    pages = "87--100",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2014-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    author = "Jou, Jing-Yang  and
      Chang, Chia-Hui  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1000",
}
@inproceedings{hao-etal-2014-yun,
    title = "運用概念模型化技術於中文大詞彙連續語音辨識之語言模型調適 (Leveraging Concept Modeling Techniques for Language Model Adaptation in {M}andarin Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hao, Po-Han  and
      Chen, Su-Cheng  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1001",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2014-tan,
    title = "探究新穎語句模型化技術於節錄式語音摘要 (Investigating Novel Sentence Modeling Techniques for Extractive Speech Summarization) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Liu, Shih-Hung  and
      Chen, Kuan-Yu  and
      Hsieh, Yu-Lun  and
      Chen, Berlin  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1002",
    pages = "3--20",
}
@inproceedings{chiou-chen-2014-tai,
    title = "台灣情緒語料庫建置與辨識 (An Emotional Speech Database in Taiwan: Collection and Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chiou, Bo-Chang  and
      Chen, Chia-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1003",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{wang-wang-2014-ji,
    title = "基於稀疏表示之語者識別 (Sparse Representation Based Speaker Identification) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Kuang-Yao  and
      Wang, Jia-Ching",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1004",
    pages = "31--41",
}
@inproceedings{wu-chang-2014-li,
    title = "利用核依賴估計來進行多軌自動混音 (Automatic Multi-track Mixing by Kernel Dependency Estimation)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wu, Tsung Ting  and
      Chang, Chia-Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1005",
    pages = "42--57",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2014-zhong,
    title = "中文轉客文文轉音系統中的客語斷詞處理之研究 (Research on {H}akka Word Segmentation Processes in {C}hinese-to-{H}akka {T}ext-to-{S}peech System )[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Hsin-Wei  and
      Huang, Feng-Long  and
      Yu, Ming-Shing  and
      Lin, Yih-Jeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1006",
    pages = "58--77",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2014-ji,
    title = "基於發音知識以建構頻譜{HMM} 之國語語音合成方法 (A {M}andarin Speech Synthesis Method Using Articulation-knowledge Based Spectral {HMM} Structure)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Gu, Hung-Yan  and
      Lai, Ming-Yen  and
      Hong, Wei-Siang  and
      Chen, Yan-Hua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1007",
    pages = "78--88",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2014-prosodic,
    title = "Some Prosodic Characteristics of Taiwan {E}nglish Accent",
    author = "Su, Chao-yu  and
      Tseng, Chiu-yu  and
      Roger Jang, Jyh-Shing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1008",
    pages = "89--90",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chang-2014-wang,
    title = "網頁商家名稱擷取與地址配對之研究 (Store Name Extraction and Name-Address Matching on the Web) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Yu-Yang  and
      Chang, Chia-Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1009",
    pages = "91--93",
}
@inproceedings{wu-hsieh-2014-public,
    title = "Public Opinion Toward {CSSTA}: A Text Mining Approach",
    author = "Wu, Yi-An  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1010",
    pages = "94--95",
}
@inproceedings{gargouri-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards automatic enrichment of standardized electronic dictionaries by semantic classes",
    author = "Gargouri, Bilel  and
      Elleuch, Imen  and
      Ben Hamadou, Abdelmajid-Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1011",
    pages = "96--109",
}
@inproceedings{figueroa-chen-2014-collaborative,
    title = "Collaborative Ranking between Supervised and Unsupervised Approaches for Keyphrase Extraction",
    author = "Figueroa, Gerardo  and
      Chen, Yi-Shin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1012",
    pages = "110--124",
}
@inproceedings{mikulova-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Representation of Ellipsis in the {P}rague Dependency Treebanks",
    author = "Mikulov{\'a}, Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1013",
    pages = "125--138",
}
@inproceedings{shih-hsieh-2014-sketching,
    title = "Sketching the Dependency Relations of Words in {C}hinese",
    author = "Shih, Meng-Hsien  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1014",
    pages = "139--152",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2014-shi,
    title = "使用中文字筆畫構形資料庫校正字形相似之別字 (Using {C}hinese Orthography Database to Correct {C}hinese Misspelling Words With Graphemic Similarity) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Tao-Hsing  and
      Chen, Hsueh-Chih  and
      Zheng, Jian-Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1015",
    pages = "153--162",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2014-xue,
    title = "學術論文簡介的自動文步分析與寫作提示 (Automatic Move Analysis of Research Articles for Assisting Writing)[In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Guan-Cheng  and
      Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Hsu, Hsiang-Ling  and
      Yen, Tzu-Hsi  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1016",
    pages = "163--164",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2014-yi,
    title = "以二維共振峰分布建立語者音色模型及其在語者驗證上之應用 (Using 2{D} Formant Distribution to Build Speaker Models and Its Application in Speaker Verification) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Jia-Guu  and
      Shiau, Jyh-Bin  and
      En Pu, Chang  and
      Wu, Chia-Long",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1017",
    pages = "165--174",
}
@inproceedings{atwi-awajan-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Approach for Automatic Keyword Extraction from {A}rabic Documents",
    author = "Atwi Awajan, Arafat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1018",
    pages = "175--184",
}
@inproceedings{lin-lepage-2014-testing,
    title = "Testing Distributional Hypothesis in Patent Translation",
    author = "Lin, Hsin-Hung  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1019",
    pages = "185--192",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2014-spectrum,
    title = "Spectrum Analysis of Cry Sounds in Preterm and Full-Term Infants",
    author = "Chen, Li-mei  and
      Yang, Yu-Hsuan  and
      Lin, Chyi-Her  and
      Lin, Yuh-Jyh  and
      Lin, Yung-Chieh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1020",
    pages = "193--203",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2014-web,
    title = "Web-Based Recording and Visualization Framework for Moving Trajectories [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yang, Po-An  and
      Chi, LiJung  and
      Chuang, Kun-Ta  and
      Chen, Seth  and
      Tsai, Jonathan  and
      Ku, Yung-Chung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Jhongli, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-1021",
    pages = "204--213",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2014-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 1, March 2014",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Chen, Kuang-hua",
    month = mar,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-2000",
}
@inproceedings{tran-dinh-2014-novel,
    title = "A Novel Approach for Handling Unknown Word Problem in {C}hinese-{V}ietnamese Machine Translation",
    author = "Tran, Phuoc  and
      Dinh, Dien",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 1, March 2014",
    month = mar,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-2001",
}
@inproceedings{dai-etal-2014-joint,
    title = "Joint Learning of Entity Linking Constraints Using a {M}arkov-Logic Network",
    author = "Dai, Hong-Jie  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 1, March 2014",
    month = mar,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-2002",
}
@inproceedings{el-shishtawy-2014-linking,
    title = "Linking Databases using Matched {A}rabic Names",
    author = "El-Shishtawy, Tarek",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 1, March 2014",
    month = mar,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-2003",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-xue-2014-use,
    title = "On the Use of Speech Recognition Techniques to Identify Bird Species",
    author = "Tsai, Wei-Ho  and
      Xue, Yu-Zhi",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 1, March 2014",
    month = mar,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-2004",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2014-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 2, June 2014",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Chen, Kuang-hua",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-3000",
}
@inproceedings{huang-2014-social,
    title = "Social Metaphor Detection via Topical Analysis",
    author = "Huang, Ting-Hao Kenneth",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 2, June 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-3001",
}
@inproceedings{zeng-etal-2014-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the Helpful Opinion Mining of Online Consumer Reviews as a Classification Problem",
    author = "Zeng, Yi-Ching  and
      Ku, Tsun  and
      Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Chen, Liang-Pu  and
      Chen, Gwo-Dong",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 2, June 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-3002",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2014-resolving,
    title = "Resolving the Representational Problems of Polarity and Interaction between Process and State Verbs",
    author = "Huang, Shu-Ling  and
      Hsieh, Yu-Ming  and
      Lin, Su-Chu  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 2, June 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-3003",
}
@inproceedings{chang-2014-bu,
    title = "不同母語背景華語學習者的用詞特徵：以語料庫為本的研究 (Salient Linguistic Features of {C}hinese Learners with Different L1s: A Corpus-based Study) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Li-ping",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 2, June 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-3004",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2014-international-journal-linguistics,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 3, September 2014",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Chen, Kuang-hua",
    month = sep,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-4000",
}
@inproceedings{asahara-etal-2014-bccwj,
    title = "{BCCWJ}-{T}ime{B}ank: Temporal and Event Information Annotation on {J}apanese Text",
    author = "Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Kato, Sachi  and
      Konishi, Hikari  and
      Imada, Mizuho  and
      Maekawa, Kikuo",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 3, September 2014",
    month = sep,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-4001",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-transliteration,
    title = "Transliteration Extraction from Classical {C}hinese Buddhist Literature Using Conditional Random Fields with Language Models",
    author = "Wang, Yu-Chun  and
      Chang, Karol Chia-Tien  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han  and
      Hsiang, Jieh",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 3, September 2014",
    month = sep,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-4002",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2014-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Human Inference Process for Textual Entailment Recognition",
    author = "Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Chang, Kai-Chun  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 3, September 2014",
    month = sep,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-4003",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2014-international-journal-linguistics-chinese,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 4, {D}ecember 2014 - Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXVI}",
    author = "Chien, Jen-Tzung  and
      Kao, Hung-Yu  and
      Chang, Chia-Hui",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-5000",
}
@inproceedings{yu-yang-chang-2014-poi,
    title = "{POI} 擷取:商家名稱辨識與地址配對之研究 ({POI} Extraction from the Web: Store Name Recognition and Address Matching) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yu-Yang, Lin  and
      Chang, Chia-Hui",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 4, {D}ecember 2014 - Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXVI}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-5001",
}
@inproceedings{wu-hsieh-2014-public-opinion,
    title = "Public Opinion Toward {CSSTA}: A Text Mining Approach",
    author = "Wu, Yi-An  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 4, {D}ecember 2014 - Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXVI}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-5002",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2014-xue-shu,
    title = "學術論文簡介的自動文步分析與寫作提示 (Automatic Move Analysis of Research Articles for Assisting Writing) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Guan-Cheng  and
      Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Hsu, Hsiang-Ling  and
      Yen, Tzu-Hsi  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 4, {D}ecember 2014 - Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXVI}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-5003",
}
@inproceedings{hao-etal-2014-shi,
    title = "使用概念資訊於中文大詞彙連續語音辨識之研究 (Exploring Concept Information for {M}andarin Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hao, Po-Han  and
      Chen, Ssu-Cheng  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 4, {D}ecember 2014 - Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXVI}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-5004",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2014-prosodic-characteristics,
    title = "Some Prosodic Characteristics of Taiwan {E}nglish Accent",
    author = "Su, Chao-yu  and
      Tseng, Chiu-yu  and
      Jang, Jyh-Shing Roger",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 4, {D}ecember 2014 - Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXVI}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-5005",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2014-quantitative,
    title = "Quantitative Assessment of Cry in Term and Preterm Infants: Long-Time Average Spectrum Analysis",
    author = "Chen, Li-mei",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 4, {D}ecember 2014 - Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXVI}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O14-5006",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2010-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2010)",
    author = "Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Hung, Jeih-weih",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chao-2010-tourism,
    title = "Tourism-Related Opinion Mining",
    author = "Lin, Chuan-Jie  and
      Chao, Pin-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2010)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-1001",
    pages = "3--16",
}
@inproceedings{chang-shih-2010-automatic,
    title = "An Automatic Query Augmentation Model for Answering Well-Defined Questions in Top-1 Search Result",
    author = "Chang, Jing-Shin  and
      Shih, Shu-Fan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2010)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-1002",
    pages = "17--29",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2010-jian,
    title = "鑑別式語言模型於語音辨識結果重新排序之研究 (Exploiting Discriminative Language Models for Reranking Speech Recognition Hypotheses) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Liu, Chia-Wen  and
      Lin, Shih-Hsiang  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2010)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-1003",
    pages = "30--49",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-etal-2010-fa,
    title = "發音事件驗證於多語辨識發音變異模型之產生 (Pronunciation Variation Model Generation based on Pronunciation Event Verification for Multi-Lingual Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Tsai, Pei-Shan  and
      Shen, Han-Pin  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2010)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-1004",
    pages = "50--64",
}
@inproceedings{lo-chen-2010-zheng,
    title = "整合邊際資訊於鑑別式聲學模型訓練方法之比較研究 (A Comparative Study on Margin-Based Discriminative Training of Acoustic Models) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lo, Yueng-Tien  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2010)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-1005",
    pages = "65--85",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2010-zui,
    title = "最小變異數調變頻譜濾波器於強健性語音辨識之研究 (A Study of Minimum Variance Modulation Filter for Robust Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hsieh, Ren-hau  and
      Fan, Hao-teng  and
      Hung, Jeih-weih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2010)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-1006",
    pages = "86--97",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2010-yi,
    title = "以語文特徵為基之中學閱讀測驗短文分級 (Using Linguistic Features to Classify Texts for Reading Comprehension Tests at the High School Levels) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Chao-Shainn  and
      Kuo, Wei-Ti  and
      Li, Chia-Ling  and
      Tsai, Chia-Chi  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2010)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-1007",
    pages = "98--112",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-ji,
    title = "基於對照表以及語言模型之簡繁字體轉換 ({C}hinese Characters Conversion System based on Lookup Table and Language Model) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Li, Min-Hsiang  and
      Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Yang, Ping-che  and
      Ku, Tsun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2010)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-1008",
    pages = "113--127",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2010-yi-gong,
    title = "以共現資訊為基礎增進中學英漢翻譯試題與解答之詞彙對列 (Using Co-Occurrence Information to Improve {C}hinese-{E}nglish Word Alignment in Translation Test Items for High School Students) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Chao-Shainn  and
      Chang, Yu-Chi  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Tseng, Yuan-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2010)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-1009",
    pages = "128--142",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2010-term,
    title = "Term Contributed Boundary Feature using Conditional Random Fields for {C}hinese Word Segmentation Task",
    author = "Jiang, Tian-Jian  and
      Liu, Shih-Hung  and
      Sung, Cheng-Lung  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2010)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-1010",
    pages = "143--156",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2010-ji,
    title = "基於非監督式詞義消歧之日語旅遊意見詞翻譯 ({J}apanese Opinion Word Translation Based on Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation in the Travel Domain) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Jyun-Wei  and
      Kao, Chia Pei  and
      Chen, Chun-Yu  and
      Tsai, Tzong-Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2010)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-1011",
    pages = "157--171",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2010-classifying,
    title = "Classifying mood in plurks",
    author = "Chen, Mei-Yu  and
      Lin, Hsin-Ni  and
      Shih, Chang-An  and
      Hsu, Yen-Ching  and
      Hsu, Pei-Yu  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2010)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-1012",
    pages = "172--183",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2010-zhong,
    title = "中文短句之情緒分類 (Sentiment Classification of Short {C}hinese Sentences) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Sun, Ying-Tse  and
      Chen, Chien-Liang  and
      Liu, Chun-Chieh  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Soo, Von-Wun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2010)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-1013",
    pages = "184--198",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2010-yi,
    title = "以最佳化及機率分佈判斷漢字聲符之研究 (Automatic Identification of Phonetic Complements for {C}hinese Characters Based on Optimization and Probability Distribution) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Chia-Hui  and
      Li, Shu-Ying  and
      Lin, Sean  and
      Huang, Chia-Yi  and
      Chen, Jhih-ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2010)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-1014",
    pages = "199--209",
}
@inproceedings{lu-wang-2010-wen,
    title = "文本不特定之自動音素分段演算法 (Text-Independent Automatic Phone Segmentation Algorithm) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lu, Ching-Feng  and
      Wang, Hsiao-Chuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2010)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-1015",
    pages = "210--221",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2010-ke,
    title = "可變速中文文字轉語音系統 (Variable Speech Rate {M}andarin {C}hinese Text-to-Speech System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Qi-Quan  and
      Chiang, Chen-Yu  and
      Wang, Yih-Ru  and
      Yu, Hsiu-Min  and
      Chen, Sin-Horng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2010)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-1016",
    pages = "222--235",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-etal-2010-jin,
    title = "進階式調變頻譜補償法於強健性語音辨識之研究 (Advanced Modulation Spectrum Compensation Techniques for Robust Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yeh, Wei-Jeih  and
      Tu, Wen-hsiang  and
      Hung, Jeih-weih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2010)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-1017",
    pages = "236--250",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2010-rocling,
    title = "{ROCLING} 2010 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2010-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Correction Rules for Auto Editing",
    author = "Huang, Anta  and
      Kuo, Tsung-Ting  and
      Lai, Ying-Chun  and
      Lin, Shou-de",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2010 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-2001",
    pages = "251--265",
}
@inproceedings{barrett-chen-2010-tai,
    title = "台灣學生英文寫作冠詞錯誤分析 ({E}nglish article errors in {T}aiwanese college students{'} {EFL} writing)",
    author = "Barrett, Neil Edward  and
      Chen, Li-mei",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2010 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-2002",
    pages = "266--280",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2010-jie,
    title = "結合{HMM} 頻譜模型與{ANN} 韻律模型之國語語音合成系統 (A {M}andarin Speech Synthesis System Combining {HMM} Spectrum Model and {ANN} Prosody Model) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Gu, Hung-Yan  and
      Lai, Ming-Yen  and
      Tsai, Sung-Fung",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2010 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-2003",
    pages = "281--295",
}
@inproceedings{lin-hsieh-2010-mei,
    title = "美國專利書「獨立項數」之搭配詞初探: 以{L}exis{N}exis 法律資料庫為例 (Collocation Features of Independent Claim in {U}.{S}. Patent Documents: Information Retrieval from {L}exis{N}exis)",
    author = "Lin, Hsin-Hung  and
      Hsieh, Ching-yu",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2010 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-2004",
    pages = "296--310",
}
@inproceedings{wu-kuo-2010-dual,
    title = "Dual-{ALU} Processor for Speech Signal Processing",
    author = "Wu, Gin-Der  and
      Kuo, Kuei-Ting",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2010 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-2005",
    pages = "311--319",
}
@inproceedings{ning-lai-2010-ji,
    title = "基於網路社群之旅遊經驗及對應情境之情感意見分析研究 (Sentiment Analysis in Scenic Spot Experiences from Web Community Using Semantically Relevant Contextual Information) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Ning, Ke-chih  and
      Lai, Kun-chi",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2010 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-2006",
    pages = "320--334",
}
@inproceedings{yen-etal-2010-jie,
    title = "結合音長與發音特徵於{GTB} 之腔調化語音辨識 (Accented Speech Recognition based on Gradient Tree Boosting with Duration and Articulation Features) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yen, Ming-chin  and
      Lai, Po-San  and
      Yeh, Jui-Feng",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2010 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-2007",
    pages = "335--349",
}
@inproceedings{das-bandyopadhyay-2010-discerning,
    title = "Discerning Emotions of Bloggers based on Topics {--} a Supervised Coreference Approach in {B}engali",
    author = "Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2010 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-2008",
    pages = "350--363",
}
@inproceedings{chen-lin-2010-ying,
    title = "應用直方圖均化於統計式未知詞萃取之研究 (Histogram Equalization for Statistical Unknown Word Extraction) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Yi-Cong  and
      Lin, Bor-Shen",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2010 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-2009",
    pages = "364--378",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2010-qualia,
    title = "Qualia Modification in Noun-Noun Compounds: A Cross-Language Survey",
    author = "Lee, Chih-yao  and
      Chang, Chia-hao  and
      Hsu, Wei-chieh  and
      Hsieh, Shu-kai",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2010 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-2010",
    pages = "379--390",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2010-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 15, Number 1, March 2010",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Chen, Kuang-hua",
    month = mar,
    year = "2010",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2010-harmony,
    title = "Harmony Graph, a Social-Network-Like Structure, and Its Applications to Music Corpus Visualization, Distinguishing and Music Generation",
    author = "Chen, Wei-An  and
      Lin, Jihg-Hong  and
      Jeng, Shyh-Kang",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 15, Number 1, March 2010",
    month = mar,
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-3001",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-ji-yu,
    title = "基於對照表以及語言模型之簡繁字體轉換 ({C}hinese Characters Conversion System based on Lookup Table and Language Model) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Li, Min-Hsiang  and
      Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Zeng, Yi-Ching  and
      Yang, Ping-che  and
      Ku, Tsun",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 15, Number 1, March 2010",
    month = mar,
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-3002",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chao-2010-tourism-related,
    title = "Tourism-Related Opinion Detection and Tourist-Attraction Target Identification",
    author = "Lin, Chuan-Jie  and
      Chao, Pin-Hsien",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 15, Number 1, March 2010",
    month = mar,
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-3003",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2010-cross,
    title = "Cross-Validation and Minimum Generation Error based Decision Tree Pruning for {HMM}-based Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Lu, Heng  and
      Ling, Zhen-Hua  and
      Dai, Li-Rong  and
      Wang, Ren-Hua",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 15, Number 1, March 2010",
    month = mar,
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-3004",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2010-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 15, Number 2, June 2010",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Chen, Kuang-hua",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
}
@inproceedings{josan-lehal-2010-punjabi,
    title = "A {P}unjabi to {H}indi Machine Transliteration System",
    author = "Josan, Gurpreet Singh  and
      Lehal, Gurpreet Singh",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 15, Number 2, June 2010",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-4001",
}
@inproceedings{ha-etal-2010-posteriori,
    title = "A Posteriori Individual Word Language Models for {V}ietnamese Language",
    author = "Ha, Le Quan  and
      Van, Tran Thi Thu  and
      Long, Hoang Tien  and
      Tinh, Nguyen Huu  and
      Tham, Nguyen Ngoc  and
      Ngoc, Le Trong",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 15, Number 2, June 2010",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-4002",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving the Template Generation for {C}hinese Character Error Detection with Confusion Sets",
    author = "Chen, Yong-Zhi  and
      Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Yang, Ping-che  and
      Ku, Tsun",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 15, Number 2, June 2010",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-4003",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2010-yi-zui,
    title = "以最佳化及機率分佈標記形聲字聲符之研究 (Annotating Phonetic Component of {C}hinese Characters Using Constrained Optimization and Pronunciation Distribution) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Chia-Hui  and
      Lin, Shu-Yen  and
      Li, Shu-Ying  and
      Tsai, Meng-Feng  and
      Li, Shu-Ping  and
      Liao, Hsiang-Mei  and
      Sun, Chih-Wen  and
      Huang, Norden E.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 15, Number 2, June 2010",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-4004",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2010-international-journal-linguistics,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 15, Number 3-4, September/{D}ecember 2010",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Chen, Kuang-hua",
    month = sep # "/" # dec,
    year = "2010",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2010-jie,
    title = "結合長詞優先與序列標記之中文斷詞研究 (A Simple and Effective Closed Test for {C}hinese Word Segmentation Based on Sequence Labeling) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Qian-Xiang  and
      Chang, Chia-Hui  and
      Chen, Chen-Ling",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 15, Number 3-4, September/{D}ecember 2010",
    month = sep # "/" # dec,
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-5001",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2010-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation Using Multiple Contextual Features",
    author = "Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Yeh, Jui-Feng",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 15, Number 3-4, September/{D}ecember 2010",
    month = sep # "/" # dec,
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-5002",
}
@inproceedings{kuo-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using Linguistic Features to Predict Readability of Short Essays for Senior High School Students in Taiwan",
    author = "Kuo, Wei-Ti  and
      Huang, Chao-Shainn  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 15, Number 3-4, September/{D}ecember 2010",
    month = sep # "/" # dec,
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-5003",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2010-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Correction Rules for Auto Editing",
    author = "Huang, An-Ta  and
      Kuo, Tsung-Ting  and
      Lai, Ying-Chun  and
      Lin, Shou-De",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 15, Number 3-4, September/{D}ecember 2010",
    month = sep # "/" # dec,
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-5004",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2010-xue,
    title = "學術會議資訊之擷取及其應用 (Information Extraction for Academic Conference and It{'}s Application) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Kuang-hua",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 15, Number 3-4, September/{D}ecember 2010",
    month = sep # "/" # dec,
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O10-5005",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2004-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    author = "Chien, Lee-Feng  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2004-li,
    title = "利用小波聽覺分頻處理與訊號子空間分解於車內噪音消除 (In-Car Speech Enhancement Using Wavelet Based Perceptual Filterbank and Signal Subspace Tracking) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Jhing-Fa  and
      Yang, Chung-Hsien  and
      Chang, Kai-Hsing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2004-ju,
    title = "聚集事後機率線性迴歸調適演算法應用於語音辨識 (Aggregate a Posteriori Linear Regression for Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Chih-Hsien  and
      Wang, Yii-Kai  and
      Chien, Jen-Tzung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1002",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{kuo-etal-2004-fei,
    title = "非監督式學習於中文電視新聞自動轉寫之初步應用 (Unsupervised Learning for {C}hinese Broadcast News Transcription) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Kuo, Jen-Wei  and
      Tsai, Wen-Hung  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1003",
    pages = "21--31",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2004-noise,
    title = "A Noise Estimator with Rapid Adaptation in Variable-Level Noisy Environments",
    author = "Wu, Bing-Fei  and
      Wang, Kun-Ching  and
      Kuo, Lung-Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1004",
    pages = "33--38",
}
@inproceedings{chen-lee-2004-three,
    title = "A Three-Phase System for {C}hinese Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Chen, Conrad  and
      Lee, Hsi-Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1005",
    pages = "39--48",
}
@inproceedings{liu-weng-2004-zhu,
    title = "主題導向之非結構化文本資訊擷取技術 (Subject-oriented Information Extraction on {C}hinese Free Texts) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Liu, Jyi-Shane  and
      Weng, Chia-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1006",
    pages = "49--58",
}
@inproceedings{hung-chien-2004-finding,
    title = "Finding Relevant Concepts for Unknown Terms Using a Web-based Approach",
    author = "Hung, Chen-Ming  and
      Chien, Lee-Feng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1007",
    pages = "59--67",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2004-yi,
    title = "以自組織映射圖進行計算語言學領域術語視覺化之研究 (Visualizing the Terms of Computational Linguistics with Self-Organizing Maps) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Sung-Chen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1008",
    pages = "69--77",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-etal-2004-applying,
    title = "Applying Meaningful Word-Pair Identifier to the {C}hinese Syllable-to-Word Conversion Problem",
    author = "Tsai, Jia-Lin  and
      Chiang, Tien-Jien  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1009",
    pages = "79--88",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chen-2004-yu,
    title = "語料庫統計值與全球資訊網統計值之比較：以中文斷詞應用為例 (Comparison of Corpus Statistics and Web Statistics: An Application to {C}hinese Word Segmentation) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Hsiao-Ching  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1010",
    pages = "89--100",
}
@inproceedings{lin-liang-2004-pronominal,
    title = "Pronominal and Sortal Anaphora Resolution for Biomedical Literature",
    author = "Lin, Yu-Hsiang  and
      Liang, Tyne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1011",
    pages = "101--109",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2004-li-yong,
    title = "利用自然語言處理技術自動產生英文克漏詞試題之研究 (A Study on Natural Language Processing Aided Grneration of Multiple-Choice Cloze Items) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Chun-Hung  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Gao, Zhao Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1012",
    pages = "111--120",
}
@inproceedings{yen-etal-2004-infrastructure,
    title = "An Infrastructure for Creating Web Automation Applications",
    author = "Yen, Wen Heng  and
      Ke, Hao-Ren  and
      Yang, Wei-Pang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1013",
    pages = "121--130",
}
@inproceedings{chiu-etal-2004-xian,
    title = "現代漢語複合動詞之詞首詞尾研究 (Compositional Semantics of {M}andarin Affix Verbs) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chiu, Chih-ming  and
      Lo, Ji-Chin  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1014",
    pages = "131--139",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2004-yu,
    title = "語法規律的抽取及普遍化與精確化的研究 (Grammar Extraction, Generalization and Specialization) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hsieh, Yu-Ming  and
      Yang, Duen-Chi  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1015",
    pages = "141--150",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-liu-2004-resolution,
    title = "A Resolution for Polysemy: the case of {M}andarin verb {ZOU}",
    author = "Hsu, Yaling  and
      Liu, Meichun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1016",
    pages = "151--157",
}
@inproceedings{chou-2004-good,
    title = "Too Good to Be True: A Case Study of {``}Zui Hao Shi{''}",
    author = "Chou, Hsiang-nan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1017",
    pages = "159--168",
}
@inproceedings{lin-liu-2004-functional,
    title = "Functional Distinction between Zai and Zhengzai in {M}andarin: Evidence from Collocations",
    author = "Lin, Tsi-chun  and
      Liu, Mei-chun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1018",
    pages = "169--175",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-2004-zhong,
    title = "中文手機新聞簡訊自動摘要 (Automated Summarization for {C}hinese News Brief Service in Cellular Phones) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1019",
    pages = "177--189",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2004-using,
    title = "Using the Web as Corpus for Un-supervised Learning in Question Answering",
    author = "Wang, Yi-Chia  and
      Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Liang, Tyne  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1020",
    pages = "191--198",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2004-ying,
    title = "應用語料庫和語意相依法則於中文語音文件之摘要 (Spoken Document Summarization Using Topic-Related Corpus and Semantic Dependency Grammar) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Chien-Lin  and
      Xie, Jia-Xien  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1021",
    pages = "199--208",
}
@inproceedings{chien-yang-2004-ju,
    title = "具相關資訊回饋能力之貝氏混合式機率檢索模型 (Using Relevance Feedback in {B}ayesian Probabilistic Mixture Retrieval Model) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chien, Jen-Tzung  and
      Yang, Duen-Chi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1022",
    pages = "209--218",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2004-lan,
    title = "藍芽無線環境下中文語音辨識效能之評估與分析 (Performance Evaluation and Analysis of {M}andarin Speech Recognition over Bluetooth Communication Environments) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Yin-Cheng  and
      Tan, Tan-Hsu  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min  and
      Tsai, Wei-Ho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1023",
    pages = "219--228",
}
@inproceedings{lyu-etal-2004-hua,
    title = "華台雙語發音變異性之語音辨識研究及{PDA}之應用 (The study of pronunciation variations in {M}andarin and {T}aiwanese and its application in {PDA}) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lyu, Dau-cheng  and
      Hsien, Hong-Wen  and
      Lee, Yung-Xian  and
      Liou, Zhong-Ing  and
      Hsu, Chun-Nan  and
      Chiang, Yung-Jien  and
      Lyu, Ren-yuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1024",
    pages = "229--238",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2004-yi,
    title = "以語音辨識與評分輔助口說英文學習 (Spoken {E}nglish Learning Based on Speech Recognition and Assessment) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Jiang-Chun  and
      Lo, Jui-Lin  and
      Jang, Jyh-Shing  and
      Lee, Chun-Jen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1025",
    pages = "239--248",
}
@inproceedings{ting-tai-2004-design,
    title = "The Design of Computer Multimedia Material for {E}nglish Language Learning",
    author = "Ting, Yu-liang  and
      Tai, Yaming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1026",
    pages = "249--256",
}
@inproceedings{jian-etal-2004-collocational,
    title = "Collocational Translation Memory Extraction Based on Statistical and Linguistic Information",
    author = "Jian, Jia-Yan  and
      Chang, Yu-Chia  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1027",
    pages = "257--264",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2004-new,
    title = "A New Two-Layer Approach for Spoken Language Translation",
    author = "Wang, Jhing-Fa  and
      Lin, Shun-Chieh  and
      Yang, Hsueh-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1028",
    pages = "265--272",
}
@inproceedings{lin-gao-2004-jie,
    title = "結合統計與語言訊息的混合式中英雙語句對應演算法 (Combining Linguistic and Statistical Information in {C}hinese-{E}nglish Bilingual Sentence Alignment) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Yu-Chun  and
      Gao, Zhao Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1029",
    pages = "273--283",
}
@inproceedings{chang-huang-2004-zhong,
    title = "中央研究院中英雙語知識本體詞網(Sinica {BOW})：結合詞網，知識本體，與領域標記的詞彙知識庫 (The Academia Sinica Bilingual Ontological {W}ordnet) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Ru-Yng  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1030",
    pages = "285--294",
}
@inproceedings{yang-chen-2004-yi,
    title = "以語法分析為輔建立新聞名詞知識庫 (Construction of Knowledge Base for News Names by Applying Syntactic Rules) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yang, Chang-Hua  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1031",
    pages = "295--304",
}
@inproceedings{shih-etal-2004-construction,
    title = "The Construction of a {C}hinese Named Entity Tagged Corpus: {CNEC}1.0",
    author = "Shih, Cheng-Wei  and
      Tsai, Tzong-Han  and
      Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Hsieh, Chiu-Chen  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1032",
    pages = "305--313",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2004-ying,
    title = "應用機率式句法結構與隱含式語意索引於情緒語音合成之單元選取 (Unit Selection for Corpus-Based Emotional Speech Synthesis Using {PCFG} and {LSI}) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Jiun-Fu  and
      Hsia, Chi-Chun  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1033",
    pages = "315--324",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2004-fang,
    title = "仿趙氏音高尺度之基週軌跡正規化方法及其應用 (A Pitch-Contour Normalization Method Following Zhao{'}s Pitch Scale and Its Application) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Gu, Hung-yan  and
      Chang, Hsiao-Fen  and
      Wu, Chun Hsin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1034",
    pages = "325--334",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2004-ji,
    title = "基於反轉檔查找與最佳片段選取演算法的中文語音合成系統 (A {M}andarin Text-to-speech System based on Inverted File Indexing and Unit Selection) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Cheng Yuan  and
      Hsieh, Ming-Feng  and
      Chen, Kuan-Ting  and
      Jang, Jyh-Shing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1035",
    pages = "335--344",
}
@inproceedings{liao-shen-2004-improved,
    title = "Improved Prosody Module in a Text-to-Speech System",
    author = "Liao, Wen-Wei  and
      Shen, Jia-Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1036",
    pages = "345--354",
}
@inproceedings{pao-etal-2004-construction,
    title = "The Construction and Testing of a {M}andarin Emotional Speech Database",
    author = "Pao, Tsang-Long  and
      Chen, Yu-Te  and
      Lu, Jhih-Jheng  and
      Yeh, Jun-Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1037",
    pages = "355--363",
}
@inproceedings{pao-etal-2004-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Emotions in {M}andarin Speech",
    author = "Pao, Tsang-Long  and
      Chen, Yu-Te  and
      Yeh, Jun-Heng  and
      Lu, Jhih-Jheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-1038",
    pages = "365--373",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2004-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 9, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2004: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XV}",
    month = feb,
    year = "2004",
}
@inproceedings{wu-chang-2004-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Collocation Extraction Based on Syntactic and Statistical Analyses",
    author = "Wu, Chien-Cheng  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 9, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2004: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XV}",
    month = feb,
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-2001",
    pages = "1--20",
}
@inproceedings{liang-wu-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Pronominal Anaphora Resolution in {E}nglish Texts",
    author = "Liang, Tyne  and
      Wu, Dian-Song",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 9, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2004: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XV}",
    month = feb,
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-2002",
    pages = "21--40",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-etal-2004-auto,
    title = "Auto-Generation of {NVEF} Knowledge in {C}hinese",
    author = "Tsai, Jia-Lin  and
      Hsieh, Gladys  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 9, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2004: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XV}",
    month = feb,
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-2003",
    pages = "41--64",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-etal-2004-mencius,
    title = "{M}encius: A {C}hinese Named Entity Recognizer Using the Maximum Entropy-based Hybrid Model",
    author = "Tsai, Tzong-Han  and
      Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Lee, Cheng-Wei  and
      Shih, Cheng-Wei  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 9, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2004: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XV}",
    month = feb,
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-2004",
    pages = "65--82",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-chen-2004-reliable,
    title = "Reliable and Cost-Effective Pos-Tagging",
    author = "Tsai, Yu-Fang  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 9, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2004: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XV}",
    month = feb,
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-2005",
    pages = "83--96",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2004-ji,
    title = "基於術語抽取與術語叢集技術的主題抽取(Topic Extraction Based on Techniques of Term Extraction and Term Clustering) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Sung-Chen",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 9, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2004: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XV}",
    month = feb,
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-2006",
    pages = "97--112",
}
@inproceedings{lin-yu-2004-properties,
    title = "The Properties and Further Applications of {C}hinese Frequent Strings",
    author = "Lin, Yih-Jeng  and
      Yu, Ming-Shing",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 9, Number 1, {F}ebruary 2004: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XV}",
    month = feb,
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-2007",
    pages = "113--128",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2004-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 9, Number 2, August 2004: Special Issue on New Trends of Speech and Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2004",
}
@inproceedings{lyu-etal-2004-toward,
    title = "Toward Constructing A Multilingual Speech Corpus for {T}aiwanese (Min-nan), {H}akka, and {M}andarin",
    author = "Lyu, Ren-Yuan  and
      Liang, Min-Siong  and
      Chiang, Yuang-Chin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 9, Number 2, August 2004: Special Issue on New Trends of Speech and Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-3001",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2004-multiple,
    title = "Multiple-Translation Spotting for {M}andarin-{T}aiwanese Speech-to-Speech Translation",
    author = "Wang, Jhing-Fa  and
      Lin, Shun-Chieh  and
      Yang, Hsueh-Wei  and
      Li, Fan-Min",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 9, Number 2, August 2004: Special Issue on New Trends of Speech and Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-3002",
    pages = "13--28",
}
@inproceedings{chien-etal-2004-latent,
    title = "Latent Semantic Language Modeling and Smoothing",
    author = "Chien, Jen-Tzung  and
      Wu, Meng-Sung  and
      Peng, Hua-Jui",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 9, Number 2, August 2004: Special Issue on New Trends of Speech and Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-3003",
    pages = "29--44",
}
@inproceedings{chuang-wu-2004-multi,
    title = "Multi-Modal Emotion Recognition from Speech and Text",
    author = "Chuang, Ze-Jing  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 9, Number 2, August 2004: Special Issue on New Trends of Speech and Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-3004",
    pages = "45--62",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2004-multiband,
    title = "Multiband Approach to Robust Text-Independent Speaker Identification",
    author = "Chen, Wan-Chen  and
      Hsieh, Ching-Tang  and
      Lai, Eugene",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 9, Number 2, August 2004: Special Issue on New Trends of Speech and Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-3005",
    pages = "63--76",
}
@inproceedings{yang-2004-innovative,
    title = "An Innovative Distributed Speech Recognition Platform for Portable, Personalized and Humanized Wireless Devices",
    author = "Yang, Yin-Pin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 9, Number 2, August 2004: Special Issue on New Trends of Speech and Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O04-3006",
    pages = "77--94",
}
@proceedings{hlt-1989-speech,
    title = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1000",
}
@inproceedings{hirshman-1989-overview,
    title = "Overview of the {DARPA} Speech and Natural Language Workshop",
    author = "Hirshman, Lynette",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1001",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1989-workshop,
    title = "Workshop Agenda",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1002",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1989-reports,
    title = "Reports From Session Chairs",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1003",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1989-tutorials,
    title = "Tutorials",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1004",
}
@inproceedings{levinson-etal-1989-speaker,
    title = "SPEAKER INDEPENDENT PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION OF FLUENT SPEECH FOR LARGE VOCABULARY SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Levinson, S. E.  and
      Liberman, M. Y.  and
      Ljolje, A.  and
      Miller, L. G.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1005",
}
@inproceedings{makhoul-schwartz-1989-research,
    title = "Research in Continuous Speech Recognition",
    author = "Makhoul, John  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1006",
}
@inproceedings{roukos-1989-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Speech and Natural Language",
    author = "Roukos, Salim",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1007",
}
@inproceedings{bates-1989-rapid,
    title = "RAPID PORTING OF THE PARLANCE tm NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACE",
    author = "Bates, Madeleine",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1008",
}
@inproceedings{crowther-1989-common,
    title = "A COMMON FACTS DATA BASE",
    author = "Crowther, William",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1009",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-1989-bbn,
    title = "The {BBN} {BYBLOS} Continuous Speech Recognition System",
    author = "Schwartz, Richard  and
      Barry, Chris  and
      Chow, Yen-Lu  and
      Deft, Alan  and
      Feng, Ming-Whei  and
      Kimball, Owen  and
      Kubala, Francis  and
      Makhoul, John  and
      Vandegrift, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1010",
}
@inproceedings{kubala-etal-1989-speaker,
    title = "Speaker Adaptation from Limited Training in the {BBN} {BYBLOS} Speech Recognition System",
    author = "Kubala, Francis  and
      Feng, Ming-Whei  and
      Makhoul, John  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1011",
}
@inproceedings{boisen-etal-1989-bbn,
    title = "THE BBN SPOKEN LANGUAGE SYSTEM",
    author = "Boisen, Sean  and
      Chow, Yen-Lu  and
      Haas, Andrew  and
      Ingria, Robert  and
      Roukos, Salim  and
      Stallard, David",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1012",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-etal-1989-portability,
    title = "PORTABILITY IN THE JANUS NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACE",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph M.  and
      Bobrow, Robert J.  and
      Ayuso, Damaris  and
      Ramshaw, Lance",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1013",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-1989-speech,
    title = "Speech Research at {C}arnegie Mellon",
    author = "Reddy, Raj",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1014",
}
@inproceedings{rudnicky-1989-design,
    title = "The design of voice-driven interfaces",
    author = "Rudnicky, Alexander I.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1015",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-1989-recent,
    title = "RECENT PROGRESS IN THE SPHINX SPEECH RECOGNITION SYSTEM",
    author = "Lee, Kai-Fu  and
      Hon, Hsiao-Wuen  and
      Hwang, Mei-Yuh",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1016",
}
@inproceedings{young-1989-minds,
    title = "THE MINDS SYSTEM: USING CONTEXT AND DIALOG TO ENHANCE SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Young, Sheryl R.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1017",
}
@inproceedings{ward-1989-understanding,
    title = "UNDERSTANDING SPONTANEOUS SPEECH",
    author = "Ward, Wayne",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1018",
}
@inproceedings{baker-baker-1989-dragon,
    title = "Dragon",
    author = "Baker, Janet M.  and
      Baker, James K.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1019",
}
@inproceedings{danis-1989-goats,
    title = "GOATS TO SHEEP: CAN RECOGNITION RATE BE IMPROVED FOR POOR TANGORA SPEAKERS?",
    author = "Danis, Catalina M.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1020",
}
@inproceedings{mann-hovy-1989-penman,
    title = "THE PENMAN LANGUAGE GENERATION PROJECT",
    author = "Mann, William C.  and
      Hovy, Eduard H.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1021",
}
@inproceedings{kasper-1989-flexible,
    title = "A Flexible Interface for Linking Applications to Penman{'}s Sentence Generator",
    author = "Kasper, Robert T.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1022",
}
@inproceedings{weinstein-1989-robust,
    title = "Robust Speech Recognition",
    author = "Weinstein, Clifford J.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1023",
}
@inproceedings{paul-1989-lincoln,
    title = "THE LINCOLN CONTINUOUS SPEECH RECOGNITION SYSTEM: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND RESULTS",
    author = "Paul, Douglas B.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1024",
}
@inproceedings{zue-1989-acoustic,
    title = "Acoustic-Phonetics Based Speech Recognition",
    author = "Zue, Victor W.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1025",
}
@inproceedings{seneff-1989-tina,
    title = "{TINA}: A PROBABILISTIC SYNTACTIC PARSER FOR SPEECH UNDERSTANDING SYSTEMS",
    author = "Seneff, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1026",
}
@inproceedings{zue-etal-1989-mit,
    title = "THE MIT SUMMIT SPEECH RECOGNITION SYSTEM: A PROGRESS REPORT",
    author = "Zue, Victor  and
      Glass, James  and
      Phillips, Michael  and
      Seneff, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1027",
}
@inproceedings{pallett-1989-national,
    title = "NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY (NIST) (Formerly National Bureau of Standards)",
    author = "Pallett, David S.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1028",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-etal-1989-new,
    title = "New {M}exico State University Computing Research Laboratory",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick  and
      Farwell, David  and
      Ballim, Afzal  and
      Hartley, Roger",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1029",
}
@inproceedings{sundheim-1989-naval,
    title = "Naval Ocean Systems Center",
    author = "Sundheim, Beth",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1030",
}
@inproceedings{nunn-hupp-1989-naval,
    title = "Naval Ocean Systems Center ({NOSC}) User Interface Technology, Code 441",
    author = "Nunn, Steve  and
      Hupp, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1031",
}
@inproceedings{sundheim-1989-plans,
    title = "PLANS FOR A TASK-ORIENTED EVALUATION OF NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING SYSTEMS",
    author = "Sundheim, Beth M.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1032",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-1989-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1033",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-sterling-1989-analyzing,
    title = "ANALYZING TELEGRAPHIC MESSAGES",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Sterling, John",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1034",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-1989-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Research",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind  and
      Marcus, Mitch  and
      Steedman, Mark  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1035",
}
@inproceedings{abeille-etal-1989-lexicalized,
    title = "Lexicalized {TAG}s, Parsing and Lexicons",
    author = "Abeille, Anne  and
      Bishop, Kathleen  and
      Cote, Sharon  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.  and
      Schabes, Yves",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1036",
}
@inproceedings{cheikes-webber-1989-elements,
    title = "Elements of a Computational Model of Cooperative Response Generation",
    author = "Cheikes, Brant A.  and
      Webber, Bonnie L.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1037",
}
@inproceedings{steedman-1989-intonation,
    title = "Intonation and Syntax in Spoken Language Systems",
    author = "Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1038",
}
@inproceedings{zweig-1989-preprocessor,
    title = "A Preprocessor for Speech Recognition Systems Operating in Noisy Environments",
    author = "Zweig, George",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1039",
}
@inproceedings{zweig-1989-auditory,
    title = "AUDITORY SPEECH PREPROCESSORS",
    author = "Zweig, George",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1040",
}
@inproceedings{bemstein-murveit-1989-sri,
    title = "{SRI} International, Speech Recognition Program, Menlo Park, {CA}",
    author = "Bemstein, Jared  and
      Murveit, Hy",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1041",
}
@inproceedings{murveit-etal-1989-sris,
    title = "SRI{'}s DECIPHER System",
    author = "Murveit, Hy  and
      Cohen, Michael  and
      Price, Patti  and
      Baldwin, Gay  and
      Weintraub, Mitch  and
      Bernstein, Jared",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1042",
}
@inproceedings{moore-etal-1989-integrating,
    title = "INTEGRATING SPEECH AND NATURAL-LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Moore, Robert  and
      Pereira, Fernando  and
      Murveit, Hy",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1043",
}
@inproceedings{godfrey-rajasekaran-1989-speech,
    title = "SPEECH DATA BASE",
    author = "Godfrey, John J.  and
      Rajasekaran, Raja",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1044",
}
@inproceedings{hemphill-picone-1989-chart,
    title = "Chart Parsing of Stochastic Spoken Language Models",
    author = "Hemphill, Charles  and
      Picone, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1045",
}
@inproceedings{doddington-1989-initial,
    title = "INITIAL DRAFT GUIDELINES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEXT-GENERATION SPOKEN LANGUAGE SYSTEMS SPEECH RESEARCH DATABASE",
    author = "Doddington, George R.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1046",
}
@inproceedings{wilensky-1989-ucb,
    title = "UCB",
    author = "Wilensky, Robert",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1047",
}
@inproceedings{hirschman-palmer-1989-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Understanding: Integrating Syntaz, Semantics, and Discourse.",
    author = "Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1048",
}
@inproceedings{ball-1989-analyzing,
    title = "ANALYZING EXPLICITLY-STRUCTURED DISCOURSE IN A LIMITED DOMAIN: TROUBLE AND FAILURE REPORTS",
    author = "Ball, Catherine N.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1049",
}
@inproceedings{dowding-1989-reducing,
    title = "REDUCING SEARCH BY PARTITIONING THE WORD NETWORK",
    author = "Dowding, John",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1050",
}
@inproceedings{hirschman-etal-1989-porting,
    title = "PORTING PUNDIT TO THE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT DOMAIN",
    author = "Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Lang, Francois-Michel  and
      Dowding, John  and
      Weir, Carl",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1051",
}
@inproceedings{withgott-kaplan-1989-analysis,
    title = "Analysis and Symbolic Processing of Unrestricted Speech",
    author = "Withgott, M. Margaret  and
      Kaplan, Ronald M.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1052",
}
@inproceedings{chen-shrager-1989-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Discovery of Contextual Factors Describing Phonological Variation",
    author = "Chen, Francine R.  and
      Shrager, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1053",
}
@inproceedings{kupiec-1989-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Models of Short and Long Distance Word Dependencies in Running Text",
    author = "Kupiec, Julian",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Philadelphia, {P}ennsylvania, {F}ebruary 21-23, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-1054",
}
@proceedings{hlt-1989-speech-natural,
    title = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2000",
}
@inproceedings{hirschman-1989-report,
    title = "REPORT ON SESSION {I}: PROSODIC AIDS TO SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Hirschman, Lynette",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2001",
}
@inproceedings{price-etal-1989-prosody,
    title = "PROSODY AND PARSING",
    author = "Price, P. J.  and
      Ostendorf, M.  and
      Wightman, C.W.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2002",
}
@inproceedings{beckman-1989-timing,
    title = "TIMING MODELS FOR PROSODY AND CROSS-WORD COARTICULATION IN CONNECTED SPEECH",
    author = "Beckman, Mary E.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2003",
}
@inproceedings{hirschberg-1989-distinguishing,
    title = "Distinguishing Questions by Contour Speech Recognition Tasks",
    author = "Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2004",
}
@inproceedings{price-1989-summary,
    title = "SUMMARY OF SESSION 2: Spoken Language Systems {I}",
    author = "Price, P.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2005",
}
@inproceedings{stallard-1989-unification,
    title = "UNIFICATION-BASED SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION IN THE BBN SPOKEN LANGUAGE SYSTEM",
    author = "Stallard, David",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2006",
}
@inproceedings{ward-1989-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Non-verbal Sounds for Speech Recognition",
    author = "Ward, Wayne",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2007",
}
@inproceedings{zue-etal-1989-voyager,
    title = "THE VOYAGER SPEECH UNDERSTANDING SYSTEM: A PROGRESS REPORT",
    author = "Zue, Victor  and
      Glass, James  and
      Goodine, David  and
      Leung, Hong  and
      Phillips, Michael  and
      Polifroni, Joseph  and
      Seneff, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2008",
}
@inproceedings{ball-etal-1989-answers,
    title = "ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS: PROCESSING MESSAGES AND QUERIES",
    author = "Ball, Catherine N.  and
      Dahl, Deborah  and
      Norton, Lewis M.  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Weir, Carl  and
      Linebarger, Marcia",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2009",
}
@inproceedings{webber-1989-natural,
    title = "Natural Language {I}",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie Lynn",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2010",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-sterling-1989-preference,
    title = "Preference Semantics for Message Understanding",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Sterling, John",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2011",
}
@inproceedings{church-etal-1989-parsing-word,
    title = "Parsing, Word Associations and Typical Predicate-Argument Relations",
    author = "Church, Kenneth  and
      Gale, William  and
      Hanks, Patrick  and
      Hindle, Donald",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2012",
}
@inproceedings{church-gale-1989-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced Good-{T}uring and {C}at.{C}al: Two New Methods for Estimating Probabilities of {E}nglish Bigrams (abbreviated version)",
    author = "Church, Kenneth W.  and
      Gale, William A.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2013",
}
@inproceedings{kupiec-1989-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting a Hidden {M}arkov Model for Phrase-Dependent Word Tagging",
    author = "Kupiec, Julian",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2014",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-1989-new,
    title = "NEW POSSIBILITIES IN MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard H.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2015",
}
@inproceedings{pallett-1989-data,
    title = "Data Collection And Evaluation",
    author = "Pallett, David S.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2016",
}
@inproceedings{kowtko-price-1989-data,
    title = "DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS IN THE AIR TRAVEL PLANNING DOMAIN",
    author = "Kowtko, Jacqueline C.  and
      Price, Patti J.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2017",
}
@inproceedings{zue-etal-1989-collection,
    title = "THE COLLECTION AND PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF A SPONTANEOUS SPEECH DATABASE",
    author = "Zue, Victor  and
      Daly, Nancy  and
      Glass, James  and
      Goodine, David  and
      Leung, Hong  and
      Phillips, Michael  and
      Polifroni, Joseph  and
      Seneff, Stephanie  and
      Soclof, Michal",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2018",
}
@inproceedings{boisen-etal-1989-proposal,
    title = "A PROPOSAL FOR SLS EVALUATION",
    author = "Boisen, Sean  and
      Ramshaw, Lance  and
      Ayuso, Damaris  and
      Bates, Madeleine",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2019",
}
@inproceedings{derr-schwartz-1989-simple,
    title = "A Simple Statistical Class Grammar for Measuring Speech Recognition Performance",
    author = "Derr, Alan  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2020",
}
@inproceedings{rudnicky-etal-1989-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating spoken language interaction",
    author = "Rudnicky, Alexander I.  and
      Sakamoto, Michelle  and
      Polifroni, Joseph H.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2021",
}
@inproceedings{zue-etal-1989-preliminary,
    title = "PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE VOYAGER SPOKEN LANGUAGE SYSTEM",
    author = "Zue, Victor  and
      Glass, James  and
      Goodine, David  and
      Leung, Hong  and
      Phillips, Michael  and
      Polifroni, Joseph  and
      Seneff, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2022",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-1989-data,
    title = "Data Collection and Evaluation {II}",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2023",
}
@inproceedings{liberman-1989-text,
    title = "Text on Tap: the {ACL}/{DCI}",
    author = "Liberman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2024",
}
@inproceedings{stern-1989-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Language Systems {II}",
    author = "Stern, Richard",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2025",
}
@inproceedings{sturtevant-1989-stack,
    title = "A STACK DECODER FOR CONTINOUS SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Sturtevant, Dean G.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2026",
}
@inproceedings{chow-schwartz-1989-n,
    title = "The N-Best Algorithm: Efficient Procedure for Finding Top N Sentence Hypotheses",
    author = "Chow, Yen-Lu  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2027",
}
@inproceedings{paul-1989-csr,
    title = "A CSR-NL INTERFACE SPECIFICATION Version 1.51",
    author = "Paul, Douglas B.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2028",
}
@inproceedings{bates-1989-summary,
    title = "Summary of Session 7 {--} Natural Language (Part 2)",
    author = "Bates, Madeleine",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2029",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-hartley-1989-belief,
    title = "Belief Ascription and Model Generative Reasoning: joining two paradigms to a robust parser of messages.",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick  and
      Hartley, Roger",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2030",
}
@inproceedings{ingna-ramshaw-1989-porting,
    title = "PORTING TO NEW DOMAINS USING THE LEARNER",
    author = "Ingna, Robert J. P.  and
      Ramshaw, Lance",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2031",
}
@inproceedings{baker-1989-overview,
    title = "{OVERVIEW}: CONTINUOUS SPEECH RECOGNITION {I}",
    author = "Baker, Janet M.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2032",
}
@inproceedings{austin-etal-1989-improved,
    title = "Improved {HMM} Models for High Performance Speech Recognition",
    author = "Austin, Steve  and
      Barry, Chris  and
      Chow, Yen-Lu  and
      Derr, Man  and
      Kimball, Owen  and
      Kubala, Francis  and
      Makhoul, John  and
      Placeway, Paul  and
      Russell, William  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Yu, George",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2033",
}
@inproceedings{kubala-etal-1989-speaker-adaptation,
    title = "Speaker Adaptation Using Multiple Reference Speakers",
    author = "Kubala, Francis  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Barry, Chris",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2034",
}
@inproceedings{asadi-etal-1989-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection Of New Words In A Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition System",
    author = "Asadi, Ayman  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Makhoul, John",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2035",
}
@inproceedings{alleva-lee-1989-automatic,
    title = "Automatic New Word Acquisition: Spelling from Acoustics",
    author = "Alleva, Fil  and
      Lee, Kai-Fu",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2036",
}
@inproceedings{hon-etal-1989-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS SPEECH RECOGNITION WITHOUT VOCABULARY-SPECIFIC TRAINING",
    author = "Hon, Hsiao-Wuen  and
      Lee, Kai-Fu  and
      Weide, Robert",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2037",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-1989-large,
    title = "Large-Vocabulary Speaker-Independent Continuous Speech Recognition with {S}emi.{C}ontinuous Hidden {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Huang, X.D.  and
      Hon, H.W.  and
      Lee, K.F.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2038",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-1989-acoustic,
    title = "ACOUSTIC MODELING OF SUBWORD UNITS FOR LARGE VOCABULARY SPEAKER INDEPENDENT SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Lee, Chin-Hui  and
      Rabiner, Lawrence R.  and
      Pieraccini, Roberto  and
      Wilpon, Jay G.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2039",
}
@inproceedings{levinson-ljolje-1989-continuous,
    title = "Continuous Speech Recognition from Phonetic Transcription",
    author = "Levinson, S. E.  and
      Ljolje, A",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2040",
}
@inproceedings{paul-1989-tied,
    title = "TIED MIXTURES IN THE LINCOLN ROBUST CSR",
    author = "Paul, Douglas B.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2041",
}
@inproceedings{weinstein-1989-summary,
    title = "SUMMARY OF SESSION 9 - FUTURE PLANS",
    author = "Weinstein, Clifford",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2042",
}
@inproceedings{doddington-1989-summary,
    title = "SUMMARY OF SESSION 10 - Continous Speech Recognition II",
    author = "Doddington, George",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2043",
}
@inproceedings{stern-acero-1989-acoustical,
    title = "ACOUSTICAL PRE-PROCESSING FOR ROBUST SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Stern, Richard M.  and
      Acero, Alejandro",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2044",
}
@inproceedings{erell-weintraub-1989-spectral,
    title = "SPECTRAL ESTIMATION FOR NOISE ROBUST SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Erell, Adoram  and
      Weintraub, Mitch",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2045",
}
@inproceedings{byrne-etal-1989-auditory,
    title = "THE AUDITORY PROCESSING AND RECOGNITION OF SPEECH",
    author = "Byrne, William  and
      Robinson, John  and
      Shamma, Shihab",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2046",
}
@inproceedings{digalakis-etal-1989-improvements,
    title = "Improvements in the Stochastic Segment Model for Phoneme Recognition",
    author = "Digalakis, V.  and
      Ostendorf, M.  and
      Rohlicek, J.R.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2047",
}
@inproceedings{riley-1989-applications,
    title = "Some Applications of Tree-based Modelling to Speech and Language",
    author = "Riley, Michael D.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2048",
}
@inproceedings{stolfo-etal-1989-speech,
    title = "SPEECH RECOGNITION IN PARALLEL",
    author = "Stolfo, Salvatore J.  and
      Galil, Zvi  and
      McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Mills, Russell",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2049",
}
@inproceedings{chen-1989-contextually,
    title = "Contextually-Based Data-Derived Pronunciation Networks for Automatic Speech Recognition",
    author = "Chen, Francine R.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2050",
}
@inproceedings{church-1989-session,
    title = "Session 11 Natural Language {III}",
    author = "Church, Kenneth Ward",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2051",
}
@inproceedings{allen-hinkelman-1989-using,
    title = "Using Structural Constraints for Speech Act Interpretation",
    author = "Allen, James F.  and
      Hinkelman, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2052",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-schabes-1989-evaluation,
    title = "AN EVALUATION OF LEXICALIZATION IN PARSING",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.  and
      Schabes, Yves",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2053",
}
@inproceedings{neal-etal-1989-natural,
    title = "Natural Language with Integrated Deictic and Graphic Gestures",
    author = "Neal, J.G.  and
      Thielman, C.Y.  and
      Dobes, Z.  and
      Haller, S.M.  and
      Shapiro, S.C.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2054",
}
@inproceedings{feiner-mckeown-1989-coordinating,
    title = "COORDINATING TEXT AND GRAPHICS IN EXPLANATION GENERATION",
    author = "Feiner, Steven K.  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2055",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-1989-summary,
    title = "Summary of Session on Hardware for Spoken Language Demonstrations",
    author = "Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2056",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-1989-research,
    title = "Research and Development in Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2057",
}
@inproceedings{makhoul-schwartz-1989-research-continuous,
    title = "RESEARCH IN CONTINUOUS SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Makhoul, John  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2058",
}
@inproceedings{makhoul-1989-spoken,
    title = "SPOKEN LANGUAGE SYSTEMS",
    author = "Makhoul, John",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2059",
}
@inproceedings{wilensky-1989-generalized,
    title = "Generalized Consultation Systems and Knowledge Acquisition",
    author = "Wilensky, Robert",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2060",
}
@inproceedings{ostendorf-price-1989-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Use of Prosodic Information in Speech Recognition and Understanding",
    author = "Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Price, Patti",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2061",
}
@inproceedings{ostendorf-rohlicek-1989-segment,
    title = "Segment-Based Acoustic Models with Multi-level Search Algorithms for Continuous Speech Recognition",
    author = "Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Rohlicek, J. Robin",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2062",
}
@inproceedings{silverman-1989-microphone,
    title = "A Microphone Array System for Speech Recognition",
    author = "Silverman, Harvey F.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2063",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-1989-speech-research,
    title = "Speech Research at {C}arnegie Mellon",
    author = "Reddy, Raj",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2064",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-1989-current,
    title = "THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE PENMAN LANGUAGE GENERATION SYSTEM",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard H.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2065",
}
@inproceedings{zue-1989-research,
    title = "Research and Development for Spoken Language Systems",
    author = "Zue, Victor W.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2066",
}
@inproceedings{weinstein-paul-1989-robust,
    title = "Robust Speech Recognition Technology Program Summary",
    author = "Weinstein, Clifford J.  and
      Paul, Douglas B.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2067",
}
@inproceedings{sundheim-1989-establishing,
    title = "Establishing Performance Baselines for Text Understanding Systems",
    author = "Sundheim, Beth",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2068",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-1989-robust,
    title = "ROBUST NATURAL LANGUAGE ANALYSIS",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2069",
}
@inproceedings{josephson-etal-1989-pilot,
    title = "PILOT PROJECT ON SPEECH RECOGNITION USING LAYERED ABDUCTION AND MULTIPLE KNOWLEDGE TYPES",
    author = "Josephson, J.  and
      Beckman, M.  and
      Fox, R.  and
      Krishnamurthy, A.  and
      Patten, T.  and
      Feth, L.  and
      Chandrasekaran, B.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2070",
}
@inproceedings{allen-schubert-1989-natural,
    title = "Natural Language, Knowledge Representation and Discourse",
    author = "Allen, James F.  and
      Schubert, Lenhart K.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2071",
}
@inproceedings{zweig-1989-preprocessors,
    title = "Preprocessors for Noisy Speech",
    author = "Zweig, George",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2072",
}
@inproceedings{price-1989-integration,
    title = "Integration of Speech and Natural Language Understanding for Spoken Language Systems ({SLS})",
    author = "Price, Patti",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2073",
}
@inproceedings{murveit-1989-real,
    title = "REAL-TIME SPEECH RECOGNITION SYSTEMS",
    author = "Murveit, Hy",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2074",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-etal-1989-tacitus,
    title = "{TACITUS}: A Message Understanding System",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Appelt, Douglas  and
      Bear, John  and
      Stickel, Mark  and
      Tyson, Mabry",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2075",
}
@inproceedings{withgott-kaplan-1989-analysis-symbolic,
    title = "Analysis and Symbolic Processing of Unrestricted Speech",
    author = "Withgott, M. Margaret  and
      Kaplan, Ronald M.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2076",
}
@inproceedings{makhoul-etal-1989-white,
    title = "WHITE PAPER ON SPOKEN LANGUAGE SYSTEMS",
    author = "Makhoul, John  and
      Jelinek, Fred  and
      Rabiner, Larry  and
      Weinstein, Clifford  and
      Zue, Victor",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2077",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-etal-1989-white,
    title = "White Paper on Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph  and
      Carbonell, Jaime  and
      Grosz, Barbara  and
      Lehnert, Wendy  and
      Marcus, Mitchell  and
      Perrault, Raymond  and
      Wilensky, Robert",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2078",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1989-author,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 15-18, 1989",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H89-2079",
}
@article{cl-1974-american,
    title = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics (September 1974)",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1974",
}
@article{nn-1974-finite,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 11, Number 1",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1974",
    note = "Microfiche 1",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J74-1001",
    abstract = "{NSF} Sponsorship for {AJCL} (A. Hood Roberts); Microfiche Viewing Equipment Guide (Ronald F. Borden); {ACL} Officers 1975 (Aravind K. Joshi); {ACL} Program, July 26-27, 1974; Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing (R. A. Wisbey); Computer at {MIT} Can Read (Jonathan Allen); Computer-Assisted Lexicography - Bibliography (Richard W. Bailey); Current Bibliography (Brian Harris; R. Laskowski)",
}
@article{fitzpatrick-sager-1974-lexical,
    title = "The Lexical Subclasses of the Linguistic String Parser",
    author = "Fitzpatrick, Eileen  and
      Sager, Naomi",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1974",
    note = "Microfiche 2",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J74-1002",
}
@article{carbonell-collins-1974-natural,
    title = "Natural Semantics in Artificial Intelligence",
    author = "Carbonell, Jaime R.  and
      Collins, Allan M.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1974",
    note = "Microfiche 3",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J74-1003",
}
@article{findler-viil-1974-steps,
    title = "A Few Steps Towards Computer Lexicometry",
    author = "Findler, Nicholas V.  and
      Viil, Heino",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1974",
    note = "Microfiche 4",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J74-1004",
}
@article{colby-etal-1974-pattern,
    title = "Pattern-Matching Rules for the Recognition of Natural Language Dialogue Expressions",
    author = "Colby, Kenneth Mark  and
      Parkison, Roger C.  and
      Faught, Bill",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1974",
    note = "Microfiche 5",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J74-1005",
}
@article{cl-1974-american-journal,
    title = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics (December 1974)",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1974",
}
@article{nn-1974-finite-string,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 11, Number 2",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1974",
    note = "Microfiche 6",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J74-2001",
    abstract = "Personal Notes; Computational Semantics Tutorial at {L}ugano in {M}arch; Artificial Intelligence: Directory Being Compiled (Donald E. Walker); Letters: {L}ogos Development Corporation on {MT} System (Yorick Wilks); {S}olar Project Distributes Materials (Tim Diller; John Olney; Nathan Ucuzoglu); {NAS/NRC} Studies International Information Programs; {NFAIS} Meeting, Overlap Study, Indexer Training Kit (Ben H. Weil); On-line Terminal Searching Course at {P}ratt in January (Patricia Breivik); Educational Data Systems Association Convention; Publication Problems: Journal Prices Rising (Philip H. Abelson); 3rd {P}isa Summer School: Report of Courses, Lectures (Antonio Zampoli); Summer School at {S}tuttgart: Report of Lectures (Hans-Jochen Schneider); Information and Philology Conference: Report (Marichal); {A}riosto Concordance in Progress (Cesare Segre); Text Data: Roundtable on Analytic Procedures Held; {SIGLASH} (Michael Lesk; Robert Wachal; Dolores Burton; Karen Mullen); Political Science Concepts to be Collected and Analyzed (George J. Graham); Reliable Software Conference, {L}os {A}ngeles, {A}pril (M. L. Shooman); Psycholinguistics Conference, {N}ew {Y}ork, {J}anuary; {NSF}: Excerpts from the Organizational Directory (H. Guyford Stever); Microfiche Equipment: Background Information for Buyers (Dake Gaddy); Artificial Intelligence in {P}oland: Bibliography; {AAAS} Meeting: {J}anuary (W. M. Carlson); Current Bibliography (Brian Harris; R. Laskowski)",
}
@article{buttelmann-1974-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Directed Translation of Context Free Languages",
    author = "Buttelmann, H. William",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1974",
    note = "Microfiche 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J74-2002",
}
@article{plath-1974-string,
    title = "String Transformations in the {R}equest System",
    author = "Plath, Warren J.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1974",
    note = "Microfiche 8",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J74-2003",
}
@article{cl-1974-american-journal-linguistics,
    title = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics (December 1974)",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1974",
}
@article{nn-1974-finite-string-volume,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 11, Number 3",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1974",
    note = "Microfiche 9",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J74-3001",
    pages = "1--27",
    abstract = "International Conference - {COLING} 76 (Dr. Guy Rondeau); Workshop - Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing ({TINLAP}) (Bonnie Nash Webber; Roger Schank); Summer School - Computational Linguistics at {R}ocquencourt (M. Andreewsky); Summer School - Literary Statistics at {C}ambridge, {E}ngland (M. H. T. Alford); International Conference - Computers and the Humanities (Robert Dilligan; Rudolf Hirschmann; Joseph Raben; Donald Ross; Todd K. Bender; Grace C. Hertlein); {NFAIS} Conference - Information Interfaces (Ben H. Weil; Joseph Coyne; Ann Farren; A. Hood Roberts); {IEEE} Conference - Computers to Reach the People (Martin L. Rubin; Susan Wittig; Kerry Mark Joels; O. Firschein And R. K. Summat); {IFIP} Conference - Computers in Education; International Conference - Developing Countries (Dr. H. A. Al-Bayati; A. A. M. Veenhuis; Richard C. Atkinson); {NSF} Deputy Director - Richard C. Atkinson nominated; {NEH} Calendar - grant applications; National Program Draft: Library and Information services; Research Progress: {I}ndex {T}homisticus in press (Roberto Busa S.J.); Computer Security: {AFIPS} and {ACM} publish guides (Robert L. Patrick)",
}
@article{raskin-1974-opinion,
    title = "Opinion: A Restricted Sublanguage Approach to High Quality Translation",
    author = "Raskin, Victor",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1974",
    note = "Microfiche 9",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J74-3002",
    pages = "28--37",
}
@article{bocsa-1974-technique,
    title = "Technique: Letters with Variable Values and the Mechanical Inflection of {R}umanian Words",
    author = "Bocsa, Minerva",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1974",
    note = "Microfiche 9",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J74-3003",
    pages = "38--52",
}
@article{nn-1974-finite-string-volume-11,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 11, Number 3 (continued)",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1974",
    note = "Microfiche 9",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J74-3004",
    pages = "53--54",
    abstract = "{ACL}: Secretary-Treasurer{'}s report; {ACL}: Editor{'}s report",
}
@article{chafe-1974-verbalization,
    title = "Verbalization and Translation by Machine",
    author = "Chafe, Wallace L.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1974",
    note = "Microfiche 10",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J74-3005",
}
@article{marckworth-baker-1974-discriminant,
    title = "A Discriminant Function Analysis of Co-Variation of a Number of Syntactic Devices in Five Prose Genres",
    author = "Marckworth, Mary Lois  and
      Baker, Wm. J.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1974",
    note = "Microfiche 11",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J74-3006",
}
@article{von-glasersfeld-1974-yerkish,
    title = "The {Y}erkish Language for Non-Human Primates",
    author = "von Glasersfeld, Ernst",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1974",
    note = "Microfiche 12",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J74-3007",
}
@article{rieger-1974-understanding,
    title = "Understanding by Conceptual Inference",
    author = "Rieger, Chuck",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1974",
    note = "Microfiche 13",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J74-3008",
}
@article{nn-1974-finite-string-volume-11-number,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 11, Number 4",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1974",
    note = "Microfiche 14",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J74-3009",
    abstract = "Bibliography; Name Index",
}
@proceedings{ws-1999-relation,
    title = "The Relation of Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0100",
}
@inproceedings{kasper-etal-1999-integrated,
    title = "An Integrated Approach to Reference and Presupposition Resolution",
    author = "Kasper, Robert T.  and
      Davis, Paul C.  and
      Roberts, Craige",
    booktitle = "The Relation of Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0101",
}
@inproceedings{matsui-1999-approaches,
    title = "Approaches,to {J}apanese zero pronouns: Centering and relevance",
    author = "Matsui, Tomoko",
    booktitle = "The Relation of Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0102",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-1999-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora Resolution using Extended Centen{'}ng Algorithm in a Multi-modal Dialogue System",
    author = "Kim, Harksoo  and
      Cho, Jeong-Mi  and
      Seo, Jungyun",
    booktitle = "The Relation of Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0103",
}
@inproceedings{harabagiu-maiorano-1999-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-Lean Coreference Resolution and its Relation to Textual Cohesion and Coherence",
    author = "Harabagiu, Sanda M.  and
      Maiorano, Steven J.",
    booktitle = "The Relation of Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0104",
}
@inproceedings{not-etal-1999-positing,
    title = "Positing and resolving bridging anaphora in deverba! {NP}s",
    author = "Not, Elena  and
      Tovena, Lucia M.  and
      Zancanaro, Massimo",
    booktitle = "The Relation of Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0105",
}
@inproceedings{cristea-etal-1999-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Structure and Co-Reference: An Empirical Study",
    author = "Cristea, Dan  and
      Ide, Nancy  and
      Marcu, Daniel  and
      Tablan, Valentin",
    booktitle = "The Relation of Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0106",
}
@inproceedings{decristofaro-etal-1999-building,
    title = "Building a Tool for Annotating Reference in Discourse",
    author = "DeCristofaro, Jonathan  and
      Strube, Michael  and
      McCoy, Kathleen E.",
    booktitle = "The Relation of Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0107",
}
@inproceedings{mccoy-strube-1999-generating,
    title = "Generating Anaphoric Expressions: Pronoun or Definite Description?",
    author = "McCoy, Kathleen E.  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "The Relation of Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0108",
}
@inproceedings{kibble-1999-cb,
    title = "Cb or not Cb? Centering theory applied to {NLG}",
    author = "Kibble, Rodger",
    booktitle = "The Relation of Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0109",
}
@inproceedings{gordon-hendrick-1999-comprehension,
    title = "Comprehension of Coreferentiai Expressions",
    author = "Gordon, Peter C.  and
      Hendrick, Randall",
    booktitle = "The Relation of Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0110",
}
@inproceedings{seville-ramsay-1999-reference,
    title = "Reference-based Discourse Structure for Reference Resolution",
    author = "Seville, Helen  and
      Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "The Relation of Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0111",
}
@inproceedings{schilder-1999-reference,
    title = "Reference Hashed",
    author = "Schilder, Frank",
    booktitle = "The Relation of Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0112",
}
@inproceedings{polanyi-van-den-berg-1999-logical,
    title = "Logical Structure and Discourse Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Polanyi, Livia  and
      van den Berg, Martin",
    booktitle = "The Relation of Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0113",
}
@proceedings{ws-1999-coreference,
    title = "Coreference and Its Applications",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0200",
}
@inproceedings{bagga-baldwin-1999-cross,
    title = "Cross-Document Event Coreference: Annotations, Experiments, and Observations",
    author = "Bagga, Amit  and
      Baldwin, Breck",
    booktitle = "Coreference and Its Applications",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0201",
}
@inproceedings{ravin-kazi-1999-hillary,
    title = "Is Hillary Rodham {C}linton the President? Disambiguating Names across Documents",
    author = "Ravin, Yael  and
      Kazi, Zunaid",
    booktitle = "Coreference and Its Applications",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0202",
}
@inproceedings{yamada-etal-1999-identification,
    title = "Identification of Coreference Between Names and Faces",
    author = "Yamada, Koichi  and
      Sugiyama, Kazunari  and
      Yonamine, Yasunori  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Coreference and Its Applications",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0203",
}
@inproceedings{utiyama-hasida-1999-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Slide Presentation from Semantically Annotated Documents",
    author = "Utiyama, Masao  and
      Hasida, Koiti",
    booktitle = "Coreference and Its Applications",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0204",
}
@inproceedings{murata-etal-1999-resolution,
    title = "Resolution of Indirect Anaphora in {J}apanese Sentences Using Examples: {``}X no Y (Y of X){''}",
    author = "Murata, Masaki  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "Coreference and Its Applications",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0205",
}
@inproceedings{murata-etal-1999-pronoun,
    title = "Pronoun Resolution in {J}apanese Sentences Using Surface Expressions and Examples",
    author = "Murata, Masaki  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "Coreference and Its Applications",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0206",
}
@inproceedings{paul-etal-1999-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Anaphora Resolution Towards Antecedent Preference",
    author = "Paul, Michael  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Coreference and Its Applications",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0207",
}
@inproceedings{rocha-1999-coreference,
    title = "Coreference resolution in dialogues in {E}nglish and {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Rocha, Marco",
    booktitle = "Coreference and Its Applications",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0208",
}
@inproceedings{amo-etal-1999-orthographic,
    title = "Orthographic Co-Reference Resolution Between Proper Nouns Through the Calculation of the Relation of {``}Replicancia{''}",
    author = "Amo, Pedro  and
      Ferreras, Francisco L.  and
      Cruz, Fernando  and
      Maldonado, Satumino",
    booktitle = "Coreference and Its Applications",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0209",
}
@inproceedings{peral-etal-1999-coreference,
    title = "Coreference-oriented Interlingual Slot Structure {\&} Machine Translation",
    author = "Peral, Jesus  and
      Palomar, Manuel  and
      Ferrandez, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Coreference and Its Applications",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0210",
}
@inproceedings{azzam-etal-1999-using,
    title = "Using Coreference Chains for Text Summarization",
    author = "Azzam, Saliha  and
      Humphreys, Kevin  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Coreference and Its Applications",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0211",
}
@inproceedings{morton-1999-using,
    title = "Using Coreference for Question Answering",
    author = "Morton, Thomas S.",
    booktitle = "Coreference and Its Applications",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0212",
}
@inproceedings{van-deemter-kibble-1999-coreference,
    title = "What is coreference, and what should coreference annotation be?",
    author = "van Deemter, Kees  and
      Kibble, Rodger",
    booktitle = "Coreference and Its Applications",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0213",
}
@proceedings{ws-1999-towards,
    title = "Towards Standards and Tools for Discourse Tagging",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0300",
}
@inproceedings{bird-liberman-1999-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Graphs as a Framework for Multidimensional Linguistic Data Analysis",
    author = "Bird, Steven  and
      Liberman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Towards Standards and Tools for Discourse Tagging",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0301",
}
@inproceedings{carletta-isard-1999-mate,
    title = "The {MATE} Annotation Workbench: User Requirements",
    author = "Carletta, Jean  and
      Isard, Amy",
    booktitle = "Towards Standards and Tools for Discourse Tagging",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0302",
}
@inproceedings{delannoy-1999-argumentation,
    title = "Argumentation Mark-Up: A Proposal",
    author = "Delannoy, Jean-Francois",
    booktitle = "Towards Standards and Tools for Discourse Tagging",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0303",
}
@inproceedings{ichikawa-etal-1999-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Annotation Schemes for {J}apanese Discourse {J}apanese Discourse Tagging Working Group",
    author = "Ichikawa, A.  and
      Araki, M.  and
      Horiuchi, Y.  and
      Ishizaki, M.  and
      Itabashi, S.  and
      Itoh, W.  and
      Kashioka, H  and
      Kato, K.  and
      Kikuchi, H.  and
      Koiso, H.  and
      Kumagai, T.  and
      Kurematsu, A.  and
      Maekawa, K.  and
      Nakazato, S.  and
      Tamoto, M.  and
      Tutiya, S.  and
      Yamashita, Y.  and
      Yoshimura, W.",
    booktitle = "Towards Standards and Tools for Discourse Tagging",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0304",
}
@inproceedings{klein-1999-standardisation,
    title = "STANDARDISATION EFFORTS ON THE LEVEL OF DIALOGUE ACT IN THE MATE PROJECT",
    author = "Klein, Marion",
    booktitle = "Towards Standards and Tools for Discourse Tagging",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0305",
}
@inproceedings{levin-etal-1999-tagging,
    title = "Tagging of Speech Acts and Dialogue Games in {S}panish Call Home",
    author = "Levin, Lori  and
      Ries, Klaus  and
      Thyme-Gobbel, Ann  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Towards Standards and Tools for Discourse Tagging",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0306",
}
@inproceedings{marcu-etal-1999-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Constructing a Corpus of Discourse Trees",
    author = "Marcu, Daniel  and
      Amorrortu, Estibaliz  and
      Romera, Magdalena",
    booktitle = "Towards Standards and Tools for Discourse Tagging",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0307",
}
@inproceedings{patrick-1999-tagging,
    title = "Tagging Psychotherapeutic Interviews for Linguistic Analysis",
    author = "Patrick, Jon David",
    booktitle = "Towards Standards and Tools for Discourse Tagging",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0308",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-etal-1999-mate,
    title = "The {MATE} meta-scheme for coreference in dialogues in multiple languages",
    author = "Poesio, M.  and
      Bruneseaux, F.  and
      Romary, L.",
    booktitle = "Towards Standards and Tools for Discourse Tagging",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0309",
}
@inproceedings{soria-pirrelli-1999-recognition,
    title = "A recognition-based meta-scheme for dialogue acts annotation",
    author = "Soria, Claudia  and
      Pirrelli, Vito",
    booktitle = "Towards Standards and Tools for Discourse Tagging",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0310",
}
@inproceedings{teufel-moens-1999-discourse,
    title = "Discourse-level argumentation in scientific articles: human and automatic annotation",
    author = "Teufel, Simone  and
      Moens, Marc",
    booktitle = "Towards Standards and Tools for Discourse Tagging",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0311",
}
@inproceedings{tonfoni-1999-mark,
    title = "A mark up language for tagging discourse and annotating documents in context sensitive interpretation environments",
    author = "Tonfoni, Graziella",
    booktitle = "Towards Standards and Tools for Discourse Tagging",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0312",
}
@inproceedings{traum-nakatani-1999-two,
    title = "A Two-level Approach to Coding Dialogue for Discourse Structure: Activities of the 1998 {DRI} Working Group on Higher-level Structures",
    author = "Traum, David R.  and
      Nakatani, Christine H.",
    booktitle = "Towards Standards and Tools for Discourse Tagging",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0313",
}
@inproceedings{zollo-core-1999-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Extracting Grounding Tags from {BF} Tags",
    author = "Zollo, Teresa  and
      Core, Mark",
    booktitle = "Towards Standards and Tools for Discourse Tagging",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0314",
}
@proceedings{ws-1999-computer,
    title = "Computer Mediated Language Assessment and Evaluation in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0400",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1999-preface,
    title = "Preface",
    booktitle = "Computer Mediated Language Assessment and Evaluation in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0401",
}
@inproceedings{tomokiyo-burger-1999-eliciting,
    title = "ELICITING NATURAL SPEECH FROM NON-NATIVE USERS: COLLECTING SPEECH DATA FOR LVCSR",
    author = "Tomokiyo, Laura Mayfield  and
      Burger, Susanne",
    booktitle = "Computer Mediated Language Assessment and Evaluation in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0402",
}
@inproceedings{fairfield-1999-speech,
    title = "SPEECH COMPARISON IN The Rosetta Stone TM",
    author = "FAIRFIELD, John",
    booktitle = "Computer Mediated Language Assessment and Evaluation in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0403",
}
@inproceedings{malabonga-kenyon-1999-multimedia,
    title = "Multimedia Computer Technology and Performance-Based Language Testing: A Demonstration of the Computerized Oral Proficiency Instrument ({COPI})",
    author = "Malabonga, Valerie A.  and
      Kenyon, Dorry M.",
    booktitle = "Computer Mediated Language Assessment and Evaluation in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0404",
}
@inproceedings{levow-olsen-1999-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the language assessment process and result: Proposed architecture for automatic oral proficiency assessment",
    author = "Levow, Gina-Anne  and
      Olsen, Mari Broman",
    booktitle = "Computer Mediated Language Assessment and Evaluation in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0405",
}
@inproceedings{decrozant-voss-1999-dual,
    title = "Dual Use of Linguistic Resources: Evaluation of {MT} Systems and Language Learners",
    author = "Decrozant, Lisa  and
      Voss, Clare R.",
    booktitle = "Computer Mediated Language Assessment and Evaluation in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0406",
}
@inproceedings{lenci-etal-1999-fame,
    title = "{FAME}: a Functional Annotation Meta-scheme for multi-modal and multi-lingual Parsing Evaluation",
    author = "Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Pirrelli, Vito  and
      Soria, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Computer Mediated Language Assessment and Evaluation in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0407",
}
@inproceedings{michaud-mccoy-1999-modeling,
    title = "Modeling User Language Proficiency in a Writing Tutor for Deaf Learners of {E}nglish",
    author = "Michaud, Lisa N.  and
      McCoy, Kathleen F.",
    booktitle = "Computer Mediated Language Assessment and Evaluation in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0408",
}
@inproceedings{heift-mcfetridge-1999-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting the Student Model to Emphasize Language Pedagogy in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Heift, Trude  and
      McFetridge, Paul",
    booktitle = "Computer Mediated Language Assessment and Evaluation in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0409",
}
@inproceedings{fairon-1999-web,
    title = "A Web-Based System for Automatic Language Skill Assessment: {EVALING}",
    author = "Fairon, Cedrick",
    booktitle = "Computer Mediated Language Assessment and Evaluation in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0410",
}
@inproceedings{burstein-chodorow-1999-automated,
    title = "Automated Essay Scoring for Nonnative {E}nglish Speakers",
    author = "Burstein, Jill  and
      Chodorow, Martin",
    booktitle = "Computer Mediated Language Assessment and Evaluation in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0411",
}
@proceedings{ws-1999-siglex99,
    title = "{SIGLEX}99: Standardizing Lexical Resources",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0500",
}
@inproceedings{harabagiu-etal-1999-wordnet,
    title = "{W}ord{N}et 2 - A Morphologically and Semantically Enhanced Resource",
    author = "Harabagiu, Sanda M.  and
      Miller, George A.  and
      Moldovan, Dan I.",
    booktitle = "{SIGLEX}99: Standardizing Lexical Resources",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0501",
}
@inproceedings{ng-etal-1999-case,
    title = "A Case Study on Inter-Annotator Agreement for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Lim, Chung Yong  and
      Foo, Shou King",
    booktitle = "{SIGLEX}99: Standardizing Lexical Resources",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0502",
}
@inproceedings{stevenson-etal-1999-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Learning of Lexical Semantic Verb Classes Using Frequency Distributions",
    author = "Stevenson, Suzanne  and
      Merlo, Paola  and
      Rutgers, Natalia Kariaeva",
    booktitle = "{SIGLEX}99: Standardizing Lexical Resources",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0503",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-etal-1999-concept,
    title = "On the concept of diathesis alternations as semantic oppositions",
    author = "Fernandez, Ana  and
      Marti, M. Antonia  and
      Vazquez, Gloria  and
      Castellon, Irene",
    booktitle = "{SIGLEX}99: Standardizing Lexical Resources",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0504",
}
@inproceedings{litkowski-1999-towards,
    title = "Towards a Meaning-Full Comparison of Lexical Resources",
    author = "Litkowski, Kenneth C.",
    booktitle = "{SIGLEX}99: Standardizing Lexical Resources",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0505",
}
@inproceedings{zajac-1999-aspects,
    title = "On Some Aspects of Lexical Standardization",
    author = "Zajac, Remi",
    booktitle = "{SIGLEX}99: Standardizing Lexical Resources",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0506",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-keson-1999-simple,
    title = "{SIMPLE}- Semantic Information for Multifunctional Plurilingual Lexica: Some Examples of {D}anish{''} Concrete Nouns",
    author = "Pedersen, Bolette Sandford  and
      Keson, Britt",
    booktitle = "{SIGLEX}99: Standardizing Lexical Resources",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0507",
}
@inproceedings{ide-1999-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Translations as Sense Discriminators",
    author = "IDE, Nancy",
    booktitle = "{SIGLEX}99: Standardizing Lexical Resources",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0508",
}
@inproceedings{viegas-1999-overt,
    title = "An Overt Semantics with a Machine-guided Approach for Robust {LKB}s",
    author = "Viegas, Evelyne",
    booktitle = "{SIGLEX}99: Standardizing Lexical Resources",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0509",
}
@inproceedings{sekine-etal-1999-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Matching of Two Ontologies",
    author = "Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Sudo, Kiyoshi  and
      Ogino, Takano",
    booktitle = "{SIGLEX}99: Standardizing Lexical Resources",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0510",
}
@inproceedings{ranchhod-etal-1999-computational,
    title = "A Computational Lexicon of {P}ortuguese for Automatic Text Parsing",
    author = "Ranchhod, Ehsabete  and
      Mota, Cristina  and
      Baptista, Jorge",
    booktitle = "{SIGLEX}99: Standardizing Lexical Resources",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0511",
}
@inproceedings{vossen-etal-1999-towards,
    title = "Towards a Universal Index of Meaning",
    author = "Vossen, Piek  and
      Peters, Wim  and
      Gonzalo, Julio",
    booktitle = "{SIGLEX}99: Standardizing Lexical Resources",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0512",
}
@inproceedings{vietri-elia-1999-electronic,
    title = "Electronic Dictionaries and Linguistic Analysis of {I}talian Large Corpora",
    author = "Vietri, Simonetta  and
      Elia, Annibale",
    booktitle = "{SIGLEX}99: Standardizing Lexical Resources",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0513",
}
@proceedings{ws-1999-1999,
    title = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0600",
}
@inproceedings{church-1999-whats,
    title = "What{'}s Happened Since the First {SIGDAT} Meeting?",
    author = "Church, Kenneth Ward",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0601",
}
@inproceedings{simard-1999-text,
    title = "Text-Translation Alignment: Three Languages Are Better Than Two",
    author = "Simard, Michel",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0602",
}
@inproceedings{daude-etal-1999-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Multilingual Hierarchies Using Relaxation Labeling",
    author = "Daud{\'e}, J.  and
      Padr{\'o}, L.  and
      Rigau, G.",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0603",
}
@inproceedings{och-etal-1999-improved,
    title = "Improved Alignment Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Och, Franz Josef  and
      Tillmann, Christoph  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0604",
}
@inproceedings{fujii-ishikawa-1999-cross,
    title = "Cross-Language Information Retrieval for Technical Documents",
    author = "Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Ishikawa, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0605",
}
@inproceedings{abney-etal-1999-boosting,
    title = "Boosting Applied to Tagging and {PP} Attachment",
    author = "Abney, Steven  and
      Schapire, Robert E.  and
      Singer, Yoram",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0606",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-1999-applying,
    title = "Applying Extrasentential Context To Maximum Entropy Based Tagging With A Large Semantic And Syntactic Tagset",
    author = "Black, Ezra  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Zhang, Ruiqiang",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0607",
}
@inproceedings{marquez-etal-1999-improving,
    title = "Improving {POS} Tagging Using Machine-Learning Techniques",
    author = "Marquez, Lluis  and
      Rodriguez, Horacio  and
      Carmona, Josep  and
      Montolio, Josep",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0608",
}
@inproceedings{caraballo-charniak-1999-determining,
    title = "Determining the specificity of nouns from text",
    author = "Caraballo, Sharon A.  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0609",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-1999-retrieving,
    title = "Retrieving Collocations From {K}orean Text",
    author = "Kim, Seonho  and
      Yang, Zooil  and
      Song, Mansuk  and
      Ahn, Jung-Ho",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0610",
}
@inproceedings{cardie-wagstaff-1999-noun,
    title = "Noun Phrase Coreference as Clustering",
    author = "Cardie, Claire  and
      Wagstaff, Kiri",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0611",
}
@inproceedings{cucerzan-yarowsky-1999-language,
    title = "Language Independent Named Entity Recognition Combining Morphological and Contextual Evidence",
    author = "Cucerzan, Silviu  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0612",
}
@inproceedings{collins-singer-1999-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Models for Named Entity Classification",
    author = "Collins, Michael  and
      Singer, Yoram",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0613",
}
@inproceedings{hartrumpf-1999-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Disambiguation of Prepositional Phrase Attachment and Interpretation",
    author = "Hartrumpf, Sven",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0614",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-1999-hmm,
    title = "{HMM} Specialization with Selective Lexicalization",
    author = "Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Lee, Sang-Zoo  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0615",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-1999-doesnt,
    title = "Why Doesn{'}t Natural Language Come Naturally?",
    author = "Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0616",
}
@inproceedings{heeman-1999-pos,
    title = "{POS} Tags and Decision Trees for Language Modeling",
    author = "Heeman, Peter A.",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0617",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-1999-information,
    title = "An Information-Theoretic Empirical Analysis of Dependency-Based Feature Types for Word Prediction Models",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Zhao, Jun  and
      Sui, Zhifang",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0618",
}
@inproceedings{pan-mckeown-1999-word,
    title = "Word Informativeness and Automatic Pitch Accent Modeling",
    author = "Pan, Shimei  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0619",
}
@inproceedings{nomoto-matsumoto-1999-learning,
    title = "Learning Discourse Relations with Active Data Selection",
    author = "Nomoto, Tadashi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0620",
}
@inproceedings{munoz-etal-1999-learning,
    title = "A Learning Approach to Shallow Parsing",
    author = "Mu{\~n}oz, Marcia  and
      Punyakanok, Vasin  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Zimak, Dav",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0621",
}
@inproceedings{seagull-schubert-1999-guiding,
    title = "Guiding a Well-Founded Parser with Corpus Statistics",
    author = "Seagull, Amon  and
      Schubert, Lenhart",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0622",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-brill-1999-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Diversity in Natural Language Processing: Combining Parsers",
    author = "Henderson, John C.  and
      Brill, Eric",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0623",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalo-etal-1999-lexical,
    title = "Lexical ambiguity and Information Retrieval revisited",
    author = "Gonzalo, Julio  and
      Penas, Anselmo  and
      Verdejo, Felisa",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0624",
}
@inproceedings{hatzivassiloglou-etal-1999-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Text Similarity over Short Passages: Exploring Linguistic Feature Combinations via Machine Learning",
    author = "Hatzivassiloglou, Vasileios  and
      Klavans, Judith L.  and
      Eskin, Eleazar",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0625",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-1999-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Construction of Weighted String Similarity Measures",
    author = "Tiedemann, Jorg",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0626",
}
@inproceedings{yarowsky-florian-1999-taking,
    title = "Taking the load off the conference chairs-towards a digital paper-routing assistant",
    author = "Yarowsky, David  and
      Florian, Radu",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0627",
}
@inproceedings{alegre-etal-1999-pp,
    title = "{PP}-Attachment: A Committee Machine Approach",
    author = "Alegre, Martha A.  and
      Sopena, Josep M.  and
      Lloberas, Agusti",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0628",
}
@inproceedings{buchholz-etal-1999-cascaded,
    title = "Cascaded Grammatical Relation Assignment",
    author = "Buchholz, Sabine  and
      Veenstra, Jorn  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0629",
}
@inproceedings{chan-wu-1999-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Merging Lexicons that have Incompatible Part-of-Speech Categories",
    author = "Chan, Daniel Ka-Leung  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0630",
}
@inproceedings{clark-weir-1999-iterative,
    title = "An Iterative Approach to Estimating Frequencies over a Semantic Hierarchy",
    author = "Clark, Stephen  and
      Weir, David",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0631",
}
@inproceedings{lapata-brew-1999-using,
    title = "Using Subcategorization to Resolve Verb Class Ambiguity",
    author = "Lapata, Maria  and
      Brew, Chris",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0632",
}
@inproceedings{megyesi-1999-improving,
    title = "IMPROVING BRILL{'}S POS TAGGER FOR AN AGGLUTINATIVE LANGUAGE",
    author = "Megyesi, Beata",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0633",
}
@inproceedings{soon-etal-1999-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Learning for Noun Phrase Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Soon, Wee Meng  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Lim, Chung Yong",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0634",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-etal-1999-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Approach for Nominal Compound Analysis for {K}orean Based on Linguistic and Statistical Information",
    author = "Yoon, Juntae  and
      Choi, Key-Sun  and
      Song, Mansuk",
    booktitle = "1999 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0635",
}
@proceedings{ws-1999-eacl,
    title = "{EACL} 1999: {C}o{NLL}-99 Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0700",
}
@inproceedings{kit-wilks-1999-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Word Boundary with Description Length Gain",
    author = "Kit, Chunyu  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "{EACL} 1999: {C}o{NLL}-99 Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0701",
}
@inproceedings{kempe-1999-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Unsupervised Entropy-Based Corpus Segmentation",
    author = "Kempe, Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "{EACL} 1999: {C}o{NLL}-99 Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0702",
}
@inproceedings{oflazer-nirenburg-1999-practical,
    title = "Practical Bootstrapping of Morphological Analyzers",
    author = "Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "{EACL} 1999: {C}o{NLL}-99 Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0703",
}
@inproceedings{raaijmakers-1999-finding,
    title = "Finding Representations for Memory-Based Language Learning",
    author = "Raaijmakers, Stephan",
    booktitle = "{EACL} 1999: {C}o{NLL}-99 Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0704",
}
@inproceedings{lager-1999-u,
    title = "The u-{TBL} System: Logic Programming Tools for Transformation-Based Learning",
    author = "Lager, Torbjorn",
    booktitle = "{EACL} 1999: {C}o{NLL}-99 Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0705",
}
@inproceedings{ferro-etal-1999-learning,
    title = "Learning Transformation Rules to Find Grammatical Relations",
    author = "Ferro, Lisa  and
      Vilain, Marc  and
      Yeh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "{EACL} 1999: {C}o{NLL}-99 Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0706",
}
@inproceedings{daelemans-etal-1999-memory,
    title = "Memory-Based Shallow Parsing",
    author = "Daelemans, Walter  and
      Buchholz, Sabine  and
      Veenstra, Jorn",
    booktitle = "{EACL} 1999: {C}o{NLL}-99 Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0707",
}
@inproceedings{osborne-1999-mdl,
    title = "{MDL}-based {DCG} Induction for {NP} Identification",
    author = "Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "{EACL} 1999: {C}o{NLL}-99 Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0708",
}
@proceedings{ws-1999-eacl-1999,
    title = "{EACL} 1999: Computer and {I}nternet Supported Education in Language and Speech Technology",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0800",
}
@inproceedings{calder-1999-keynote,
    title = "Keynote Talk: Diamonds on my Windshield: the Use of Computer-based Instruction in Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Calder, Jo",
    booktitle = "{EACL} 1999: Computer and {I}nternet Supported Education in Language and Speech Technology",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0801",
}
@inproceedings{bouma-1999-modern,
    title = "A Modern Computational Linguistics Course Using {D}utch",
    author = "Bouma, Gosse",
    booktitle = "{EACL} 1999: Computer and {I}nternet Supported Education in Language and Speech Technology",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0802",
}
@inproceedings{gibbon-carson-berndsen-1999-web,
    title = "Web tools for introductory computational linguistics",
    author = "Gibbon, Dafydd  and
      Carson-Berndsen, Julie",
    booktitle = "{EACL} 1999: Computer and {I}nternet Supported Education in Language and Speech Technology",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0803",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-1999-intranet,
    title = "Intranet learning tools for {NLP}",
    author = "Black, William J.  and
      Hill, Simon  and
      Kassaei, Mahmoud",
    booktitle = "{EACL} 1999: Computer and {I}nternet Supported Education in Language and Speech Technology",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0804",
}
@inproceedings{cooke-1999-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Auditory Demonstrations",
    author = "Cooke, Martin",
    booktitle = "{EACL} 1999: Computer and {I}nternet Supported Education in Language and Speech Technology",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0805",
}
@inproceedings{arnold-1999-web,
    title = "Web Access to Corpora: the {W}3{C}orpora Project",
    author = "Arnold, Doug",
    booktitle = "{EACL} 1999: Computer and {I}nternet Supported Education in Language and Speech Technology",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0806",
}
@inproceedings{borin-dahlls-1999-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-Based Grammar Tutor for Education in Language and Speech Technology",
    author = "Borin, Lars  and
      DahllS, Mats",
    booktitle = "{EACL} 1999: Computer and {I}nternet Supported Education in Language and Speech Technology",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0807",
}
@inproceedings{verdejo-etal-1999-open,
    title = "An Open Distance Learning Web-Course for {NLP} in {IR}",
    author = "Verdejo, Felisa  and
      Gonzalo, Julio  and
      Penas, Anselmo",
    booktitle = "{EACL} 1999: Computer and {I}nternet Supported Education in Language and Speech Technology",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0808",
}
@proceedings{ws-1999-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0900",
}
@inproceedings{abney-light-1999-hiding,
    title = "Hiding a Semantic Hierarchy in a {M}arkov Model",
    author = "Abney, Steven  and
      Light, Marc",
    booktitle = "Unsupervised Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0901",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-tanaka-1999-applications,
    title = "The applications of unsupervised learning to {J}apanese grapheme-phoneme alignment",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "Unsupervised Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0902",
}
@inproceedings{cho-etal-1999-dual,
    title = "Dual Distributional Verb Sense Disambiguation with Small Corpora and Machine Readable Dictionaries",
    author = "Cho, Jeong-Mi  and
      Seo, Jungyun  and
      Kim, Gil Chang",
    booktitle = "Unsupervised Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0903",
}
@inproceedings{gaussier-1999-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised learning of derivational morphology from inflectional lexicons",
    author = "Gaussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "Unsupervised Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0904",
}
@inproceedings{kikui-1999-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Translation Ambiguity using Non-parallel Bilingual Corpora",
    author = "KIKUI, Genichiro",
    booktitle = "Unsupervised Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0905",
}
@inproceedings{knight-yamada-1999-computational,
    title = "A Computational Approach to Deciphering Unknown Scripts",
    author = "Knight, Kevin  and
      Yamada, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Unsupervised Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0906",
}
@inproceedings{marx-etal-1999-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Sub-Topic Correspondence through Bipartite Term Clustering",
    author = "MARX, Zvika  and
      DAGAN, Ido  and
      SHAMIR, Eli",
    booktitle = "Unsupervised Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0907",
}
@inproceedings{mccallum-nigam-1999-text,
    title = "Text Classification by Bootstrapping with Keywords, {EM} and Shrinkage",
    author = "McCallum, Andrew  and
      Nigam, Kamal",
    booktitle = "Unsupervised Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0908",
}
@inproceedings{watkinson-manandhar-1999-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Lexical Learning with Categorial Grammars",
    author = "Watkinson, Stephen  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Unsupervised Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0909",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-nordic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    author = "Nordg{\aa}rd, Torbj{\o}rn",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1000",
}
@inproceedings{amble-2000-bustuc,
    title = "{B}us{TUC}{--}A natural language bus route adviser in Prolog",
    author = "Amble, Tore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1001",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{arppe-2000-developing,
    title = "Developing a grammar checker for {S}wedish",
    author = "Arppe, Antti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1002",
    pages = "13--27",
}
@inproceedings{birn-2000-detecting,
    title = "Detecting grammar errors with Lingsoft{'}s {S}wedish grammar checker",
    author = "Birn, Juhani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1003",
    pages = "28--40",
}
@inproceedings{borin-2000-pivot,
    title = "Pivot Alignment",
    author = "Borin, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1004",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{domeij-etal-2000-granska,
    title = "Granska{--}an efficient hybrid system for {S}wedish grammar checking",
    author = "Domeij, Rickard  and
      Knutsson, Ola  and
      Carlberger, Johan  and
      Kann, Viggo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1005",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{franzen-2000-adapting,
    title = "Adapting an {E}nglish Information Extraction System to {S}wedish",
    author = "Franz{\'e}n, Kristofer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1006",
    pages = "57--65",
}
@inproceedings{hagen-etal-2000-shortcomings,
    title = "The shortcomings of a tagger",
    author = "Hagen, Kristin  and
      Johannessen, Janne Bondi  and
      N{\o}klestad, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1007",
    pages = "66--75",
}
@inproceedings{hulth-asker-2000-merging,
    title = "Merging Classifiers for Improved Information Retrieval",
    author = "Hulth, Anette  and
      Asker, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1008",
    pages = "76--82",
}
@inproceedings{jonsson-2000-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Keywords from Digital Document Collections",
    author = "Jonsson, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1009",
    pages = "83--90",
}
@inproceedings{kiryakov-simov-2000-ontologically,
    title = "Ontologically Supported Semantic Matching",
    author = "Kiryakov, Atanas K.  and
      Simov, Kiril Iv.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1010",
    pages = "91--102",
}
@inproceedings{lindberg-2000-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Lexicalised Phrases in {S}wedish",
    author = "Lindberg, Janne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1011",
    pages = "103--114",
}
@inproceedings{megyesi-rydin-2000-towards,
    title = "Towards a Finite-State Parser for {S}wedish",
    author = "Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta  and
      Rydin, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1012",
    pages = "115--123",
}
@inproceedings{navarretta-2000-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Clustering of Adjectives and Verbs Based on Syntactic Patterns",
    author = "Navarretta, Costanza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1013",
    pages = "124--132",
}
@inproceedings{neville-2000-hpsg,
    title = "An {HPSG} Account of {D}anish Pre-nominals",
    author = "Neville, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1014",
    pages = "133--142",
}
@inproceedings{noven-etal-2000-tonem,
    title = "Tonem 1 eller 2 eller 1,5? (Toneme 1 or 2 or 1,5?) [In {N}orwegian]",
    author = "Noven, Arild  and
      Larsen, Per Arne  and
      Moxness, Bente  and
      Slethei, Kolbj{\o}rn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1015",
    pages = "143--151",
}
@inproceedings{paggio-2000-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Analysis and Error Correction for {D}anish in the {SCARRIE} Project",
    author = "Paggio, Patrizia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1016",
    pages = "152--161",
}
@inproceedings{pakucs-gamback-2000-designing,
    title = "Designing a System for {S}wedish Spoken Document Retrieval",
    author = {Pakucs, Botond  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1017",
    pages = "162--173",
}
@inproceedings{nylander-2000-statistics,
    title = "Statistics and Phonotactical Rules in Finding {OCR} Errors",
    author = "Nylander, Stina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1018",
    pages = "174--181",
}
@inproceedings{quaresma-pimenta-rodrigues-2000-information,
    title = "An Information Retrieval System with Cooperative Behaviour",
    author = "Quaresma, Paulo  and
      Pimenta Rodrigues, Irene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1019",
    pages = "182--190",
}
@inproceedings{santos-oksefjell-2000-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of the Translation Corpus Aligner, with special reference to the language pair {E}nglish-{P}ortuguese",
    author = "Santos, Diana  and
      Oksefjell, Signe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1020",
    pages = "191--205",
}
@inproceedings{de-smedt-rosen-2000-automatic,
    title = "Automatic proofreading for {N}orwegian: The challenges of lexical and grammatical variation",
    author = "de Smedt, Koenraad  and
      Ros{\'e}n, Victoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1021",
    pages = "206--215",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-2000-word,
    title = "Word Alignment Step by Step",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1022",
    pages = "216--227",
}
@inproceedings{uibo-2000-using,
    title = "On Using the Two-level Model as the Basis of Morphological Analysis and Synthesis of {E}stonian",
    author = "Uibo, Heli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1023",
    pages = "228--242",
}
@inproceedings{way-2000-lfg,
    title = "{LFG}-{DOT}: Combining Constraint-Based and Empirical Methodologies for Robust {MT}",
    author = "Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1999)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Trondheim, Norway",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-1024",
    pages = "243--254",
}
@proceedings{acl-2014-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    author = "Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Wu, Hua",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1",
}
@inproceedings{cortes-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Ensembles of Structured Prediction Rules",
    author = "Cortes, Corinna  and
      Kuznetsov, Vitaly  and
      Mohri, Mehryar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1001",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{ji-eisenstein-2014-representation,
    title = "Representation Learning for Text-level Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Ji, Yangfeng  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1002",
    pages = "13--24",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-text,
    title = "Text-level Discourse Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Li, Sujian  and
      Wang, Liang  and
      Cao, Ziqiang  and
      Li, Wenjie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1003",
    pages = "25--35",
}
@inproceedings{zhai-williams-2014-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Latent Structure in Task-Oriented Dialogues",
    author = "Zhai, Ke  and
      Williams, Jason D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1004",
    pages = "36--46",
}
@inproceedings{bjorkelund-kuhn-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Structured Perceptrons for Coreference Resolution with Latent Antecedents and Non-local Features",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rkelund, Anders  and
      Kuhn, Jonas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1005",
    pages = "47--57",
}
@inproceedings{hermann-blunsom-2014-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Models for Compositional Distributed Semantics",
    author = "Hermann, Karl Moritz  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1006",
    pages = "58--68",
}
@inproceedings{packard-etal-2014-simple,
    title = "Simple Negation Scope Resolution through Deep Parsing: A Semantic Solution to a Semantic Problem",
    author = "Packard, Woodley  and
      Bender, Emily M.  and
      Read, Jonathon  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Dridan, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1007",
    pages = "69--78",
}
@inproceedings{tian-etal-2014-logical,
    title = "Logical Inference on Dependency-based Compositional Semantics",
    author = "Tian, Ran  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1008",
    pages = "79--89",
}
@inproceedings{paperno-etal-2014-practical,
    title = "A practical and linguistically-motivated approach to compositional distributional semantics",
    author = "Paperno, Denis  and
      Pham, Nghia The  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1009",
    pages = "90--99",
}
@inproceedings{salameh-etal-2014-lattice,
    title = "Lattice Desegmentation for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Salameh, Mohammad  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1010",
    pages = "100--110",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-bilingually,
    title = "Bilingually-constrained Phrase Embeddings for Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Liu, Shujie  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1011",
    pages = "111--121",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning New Semi-Supervised Deep Auto-encoder Features for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Lu, Shixiang  and
      Chen, Zhenbiao  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1012",
    pages = "122--132",
}
@inproceedings{cui-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Topic Representation for {SMT} with Neural Networks",
    author = "Cui, Lei  and
      Zhang, Dongdong  and
      Liu, Shujie  and
      Chen, Qiming  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Yang, Muyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1013",
    pages = "133--143",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2014-tagging,
    title = "Tagging The Web: Building A Robust Web Tagger with Neural Network",
    author = "Ma, Ji  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Zhu, Jingbo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1014",
    pages = "144--154",
}
@inproceedings{p-visweswariah-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Solution Post Identification from Discussion Forums",
    author = "P, Deepak  and
      Visweswariah, Karthik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1015",
    pages = "155--164",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-weakly,
    title = "Weakly Supervised User Profile Extraction from Twitter",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1016",
    pages = "165--174",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2014-effect,
    title = "The effect of wording on message propagation: Topic- and author-controlled natural experiments on Twitter",
    author = "Tan, Chenhao  and
      Lee, Lillian  and
      Pang, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1017",
    pages = "175--185",
}
@inproceedings{volkova-etal-2014-inferring,
    title = "Inferring User Political Preferences from Streaming Communications",
    author = "Volkova, Svitlana  and
      Coppersmith, Glen  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1018",
    pages = "186--196",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-steps,
    title = "Steps to Excellence: Simple Inference with Refined Scoring of Dependency Trees",
    author = "Zhang, Yuan  and
      Lei, Tao  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Jaakkola, Tommi  and
      Globerson, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1019",
    pages = "197--207",
}
@inproceedings{hall-etal-2014-sparser,
    title = "Sparser, Better, Faster {GPU} Parsing",
    author = "Hall, David  and
      Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1020",
    pages = "208--217",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2014-shift,
    title = "Shift-Reduce {CCG} Parsing with a Dependency Model",
    author = "Xu, Wenduan  and
      Clark, Stephen  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1021",
    pages = "218--227",
}
@inproceedings{hall-etal-2014-less,
    title = "Less Grammar, More Features",
    author = "Hall, David  and
      Durrett, Greg  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1022",
    pages = "228--237",
}
@inproceedings{baroni-etal-2014-dont,
    title = "Don{'}t count, predict! A systematic comparison of context-counting vs. context-predicting semantic vectors",
    author = "Baroni, Marco  and
      Dinu, Georgiana  and
      Kruszewski, Germ{\'a}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1023",
    pages = "238--247",
}
@inproceedings{tsvetkov-etal-2014-metaphor,
    title = "Metaphor Detection with Cross-Lingual Model Transfer",
    author = "Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Boytsov, Leonid  and
      Gershman, Anatole  and
      Nyberg, Eric  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1024",
    pages = "248--258",
}
@inproceedings{lau-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Word Sense Distributions, Detecting Unattested Senses and Identifying Novel Senses Using Topic Models",
    author = "Lau, Jey Han  and
      Cook, Paul  and
      McCarthy, Diana  and
      Gella, Spandana  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1025",
    pages = "259--270",
}
@inproceedings{kushman-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning to Automatically Solve Algebra Word Problems",
    author = "Kushman, Nate  and
      Artzi, Yoav  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1026",
    pages = "271--281",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-etal-2014-modelling,
    title = "Modelling function words improves unsupervised word segmentation",
    author = "Johnson, Mark  and
      Christophe, Anne  and
      Dupoux, Emmanuel  and
      Demuth, Katherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1027",
    pages = "282--292",
}
@inproceedings{pei-etal-2014-max,
    title = "Max-Margin Tensor Neural Network for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Pei, Wenzhe  and
      Ge, Tao  and
      Chang, Baobao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1028",
    pages = "293--303",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2014-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study on the Effect of Negation Words on Sentiment",
    author = "Zhu, Xiaodan  and
      Guo, Hongyu  and
      Mohammad, Saif  and
      Kiritchenko, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1029",
    pages = "304--313",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Opinion Targets and Opinion Words from Online Reviews with Graph Co-ranking",
    author = "Liu, Kang  and
      Xu, Liheng  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1030",
    pages = "314--324",
}
@inproceedings{yang-cardie-2014-context,
    title = "Context-aware Learning for Sentence-level Sentiment Analysis with Posterior Regularization",
    author = "Yang, Bishan  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1031",
    pages = "325--335",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2014-product,
    title = "Product Feature Mining: Semantic Clues versus Syntactic Constituents",
    author = "Xu, Liheng  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Lai, Siwei  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1032",
    pages = "336--346",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2014-aspect,
    title = "Aspect Extraction with Automated Prior Knowledge Learning",
    author = "Chen, Zhiyuan  and
      Mukherjee, Arjun  and
      Liu, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1033",
    pages = "347--358",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2014-anchors,
    title = "Anchors Regularized: Adding Robustness and Extensibility to Scalable Topic-Modeling Algorithms",
    author = "Nguyen, Thang  and
      Hu, Yuening  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1034",
    pages = "359--369",
}
@inproceedings{bamman-etal-2014-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Mixed Effects Model of Literary Character",
    author = "Bamman, David  and
      Underwood, Ted  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1035",
    pages = "370--379",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2014-collective,
    title = "Collective Tweet Wikification based on Semi-supervised Graph Regularization",
    author = "Huang, Hongzhao  and
      Cao, Yunbo  and
      Huang, Xiaojiang  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1036",
    pages = "380--390",
}
@inproceedings{pasupat-liang-2014-zero,
    title = "Zero-shot Entity Extraction from Web Pages",
    author = "Pasupat, Panupong  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1037",
    pages = "391--401",
}
@inproceedings{li-ji-2014-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Joint Extraction of Entity Mentions and Relations",
    author = "Li, Qi  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1038",
    pages = "402--412",
}
@inproceedings{duan-white-2014-thats,
    title = "That{'}s Not What {I} Meant! Using Parsers to Avoid Structural Ambiguities in Generated Text",
    author = "Duan, Manjuan  and
      White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1039",
    pages = "413--423",
}
@inproceedings{gyawali-gardent-2014-surface,
    title = "Surface Realisation from Knowledge-Bases",
    author = "Gyawali, Bikash  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1040",
    pages = "424--434",
}
@inproceedings{narayan-gardent-2014-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Simplification using Deep Semantics and Machine Translation",
    author = "Narayan, Shashi  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1041",
    pages = "435--445",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2014-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Relations in {C}hinese: {GB}-Ground Extraction and Data-Driven Parsing",
    author = "Sun, Weiwei  and
      Du, Yantao  and
      Kou, Xin  and
      Ding, Shuoyang  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1042",
    pages = "446--456",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-ambiguity,
    title = "Ambiguity-aware Ensemble Training for Semi-supervised Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Li, Zhenghua  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Chen, Wenliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1043",
    pages = "457--467",
}
@inproceedings{pilehvar-navigli-2014-robust,
    title = "A Robust Approach to Aligning Heterogeneous Lexical Resources",
    author = "Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1044",
    pages = "468--478",
}
@inproceedings{muller-etal-2014-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the relevance of distributional semantic similarity with contextual information",
    author = "Muller, Philippe  and
      Fabre, C{\'e}cile  and
      Adam, Cl{\'e}mentine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1045",
    pages = "479--488",
}
@inproceedings{fyshe-etal-2014-interpretable,
    title = "Interpretable Semantic Vectors from a Joint Model of Brain- and Text- Based Meaning",
    author = "Fyshe, Alona  and
      Talukdar, Partha P.  and
      Murphy, Brian  and
      Mitchell, Tom M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1046",
    pages = "489--499",
}
@inproceedings{georgila-etal-2014-single,
    title = "Single-Agent vs. Multi-Agent Techniques for Concurrent Reinforcement Learning of Negotiation Dialogue Policies",
    author = "Georgila, Kallirroi  and
      Nelson, Claire  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1047",
    pages = "500--510",
}
@inproceedings{feng-hirst-2014-linear,
    title = "A Linear-Time Bottom-Up Discourse Parser with Constraints and Post-Editing",
    author = "Feng, Vanessa Wei  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1048",
    pages = "511--521",
}
@inproceedings{zou-etal-2014-negation,
    title = "Negation Focus Identification with Contextual Discourse Information",
    author = "Zou, Bowei  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1049",
    pages = "522--530",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2014-new,
    title = "New Word Detection for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Huang, Minlie  and
      Ye, Borui  and
      Wang, Yichen  and
      Chen, Haiqiang  and
      Cheng, Junjun  and
      Zhu, Xiaoyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1050",
    pages = "531--541",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-singh-2014-renew,
    title = "{R}e{N}ew: A Semi-Supervised Framework for Generating Domain-Specific Lexicons and Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Zhang, Zhe  and
      Singh, Munindar P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1051",
    pages = "542--551",
}
@inproceedings{mckinley-ray-2014-decision,
    title = "A Decision-Theoretic Approach to Natural Language Generation",
    author = "McKinley, Nathan  and
      Ray, Soumya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1052",
    pages = "552--561",
}
@inproceedings{labutov-lipson-2014-generating,
    title = "Generating Code-switched Text for Lexical Learning",
    author = "Labutov, Igor  and
      Lipson, Hod",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1053",
    pages = "562--571",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2014-omni,
    title = "Omni-word Feature and Soft Constraint for {C}hinese Relation Extraction",
    author = "Chen, Yanping  and
      Zheng, Qinghua  and
      Zhang, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1054",
    pages = "572--581",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2014-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Active Learning for Relation Classification via Pseudo Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Qian, Longhua  and
      Hui, Haotian  and
      Hu, Ya{'}nan  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1055",
    pages = "582--592",
}
@inproceedings{anzaroot-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Soft Linear Constraints with Application to Citation Field Extraction",
    author = "Anzaroot, Sam  and
      Passos, Alexandre  and
      Belanger, David  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1056",
    pages = "593--602",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-study,
    title = "A Study of Concept-based Weighting Regularization for Medical Records Search",
    author = "Wang, Yue  and
      Liu, Xitong  and
      Fang, Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1057",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1057",
    pages = "603--612",
}
@inproceedings{bollegala-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning to Predict Distributions of Words Across Domains",
    author = "Bollegala, Danushka  and
      Weir, David  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1058",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1058",
    pages = "613--623",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-baroni-2014-make,
    title = "How to make words with vectors: Phrase generation in distributional semantics",
    author = "Dinu, Georgiana  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1059",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1059",
    pages = "624--633",
}
@inproceedings{srivastava-hovy-2014-vector,
    title = "Vector space semantics with frequency-driven motifs",
    author = "Srivastava, Shashank  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1060",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1060",
    pages = "634--643",
}
@inproceedings{abend-etal-2014-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Inference over Multi-Word Predicates: A Distributional Approach",
    author = "Abend, Omri  and
      Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1061",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1061",
    pages = "644--654",
}
@inproceedings{kalchbrenner-etal-2014-convolutional,
    title = "A Convolutional Neural Network for Modelling Sentences",
    author = "Kalchbrenner, Nal  and
      Grefenstette, Edward  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1062",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1062",
    pages = "655--665",
}
@inproceedings{cao-khudanpur-2014-online,
    title = "Online Learning in Tensor Space",
    author = "Cao, Yuan  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1063",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1063",
    pages = "666--675",
}
@inproceedings{saluja-etal-2014-graph,
    title = "Graph-based Semi-Supervised Learning of Translation Models from Monolingual Data",
    author = "Saluja, Avneesh  and
      Hassan, Hany  and
      Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Quirk, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1064",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1064",
    pages = "676--686",
}
@inproceedings{guzman-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using Discourse Structure Improves Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Guzm{\'a}n, Francisco  and
      Joty, Shafiq  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1065",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1065",
    pages = "687--698",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Continuous Phrase Representations for Translation Modeling",
    author = "Gao, Jianfeng  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Deng, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1066",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1066",
    pages = "699--709",
}
@inproceedings{turchi-etal-2014-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Quality Estimation for Machine Translation",
    author = "Turchi, Marco  and
      Anastasopoulos, Antonios  and
      C. de Souza, Jos{\'e} G.  and
      Negri, Matteo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1067",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1067",
    pages = "710--720",
}
@inproceedings{silberer-lapata-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Grounded Meaning Representations with Autoencoders",
    author = "Silberer, Carina  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1068",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1068",
    pages = "721--732",
}
@inproceedings{wang-xue-2014-joint,
    title = "Joint {POS} Tagging and Transition-based Constituent Parsing in {C}hinese with Non-local Features",
    author = "Wang, Zhiguo  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1069",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1069",
    pages = "733--742",
}
@inproceedings{candito-constant-2014-strategies,
    title = "Strategies for Contiguous Multiword Expression Analysis and Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Candito, Marie  and
      Constant, Matthieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1070",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1070",
    pages = "743--753",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-etal-2014-correcting,
    title = "Correcting Preposition Errors in Learner {E}nglish Using Error Case Frames and Feedback Messages",
    author = "Nagata, Ryo  and
      Vilenius, Mikko  and
      Whittaker, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1071",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1071",
    pages = "754--764",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-chiang-2014-kneser,
    title = "{K}neser-{N}ey Smoothing on Expected Counts",
    author = "Zhang, Hui  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1072",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1072",
    pages = "765--774",
}
@inproceedings{andrews-etal-2014-robust,
    title = "Robust Entity Clustering via Phylogenetic Inference",
    author = "Andrews, Nicholas  and
      Eisner, Jason  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1073",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1073",
    pages = "775--785",
}
@inproceedings{yogatama-smith-2014-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Structured Sparsity in Text Categorization",
    author = "Yogatama, Dani  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1074",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1074",
    pages = "786--796",
}
@inproceedings{kobayashi-2014-perplexity,
    title = "Perplexity on Reduced Corpora",
    author = "Kobayashi, Hayato",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1075",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1075",
    pages = "797--806",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2014-robust,
    title = "Robust Domain Adaptation for Relation Extraction via Clustering Consistency",
    author = "Nguyen, Minh Luan  and
      Tsang, Ivor W.  and
      Chai, Kian Ming A.  and
      Chieu, Hai Leong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1076",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1076",
    pages = "807--817",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2014-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Relation Requirements for Relation Extraction via Joint Inference",
    author = "Chen, Liwei  and
      Feng, Yansong  and
      Huang, Songfang  and
      Qin, Yong  and
      Zhao, Dongyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1077",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1077",
    pages = "818--827",
}
@inproceedings{wang-fan-2014-medical,
    title = "Medical Relation Extraction with Manifold Models",
    author = "Wang, Chang  and
      Fan, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1078",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1078",
    pages = "828--838",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2014-distant,
    title = "Distant Supervision for Relation Extraction with Matrix Completion",
    author = "Fan, Miao  and
      Zhao, Deli  and
      Zhou, Qiang  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Zheng, Thomas Fang  and
      Chang, Edward Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1079",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1079",
    pages = "839--849",
}
@inproceedings{tu-etal-2014-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Grammatical Cohesion: Generating Transitional Expressions for {SMT}",
    author = "Tu, Mei  and
      Zhou, Yu  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1080",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1080",
    pages = "850--860",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2014-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive {HTER} Estimation for Document-Specific {MT} Post-Editing",
    author = "Huang, Fei  and
      Xu, Jian-Ming  and
      Ittycheriah, Abraham  and
      Roukos, Salim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1081",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1081",
    pages = "861--870",
}
@inproceedings{van-gompel-van-den-bosch-2014-translation,
    title = "Translation Assistance by Translation of {L}1 Fragments in an {L}2 Context",
    author = "van Gompel, Maarten  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1082",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1082",
    pages = "871--880",
}
@inproceedings{riezler-etal-2014-response,
    title = "Response-based Learning for Grounded Machine Translation",
    author = "Riezler, Stefan  and
      Simianer, Patrick  and
      Haas, Carolin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1083",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1083",
    pages = "881--891",
}
@inproceedings{pighin-etal-2014-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Events through Memory-based, Open-{IE} Patterns for Abstractive Summarization",
    author = "Pighin, Daniele  and
      Cornolti, Marco  and
      Alfonseca, Enrique  and
      Filippova, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1084",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1084",
    pages = "892--901",
}
@inproceedings{christensen-etal-2014-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Summarization: Scaling Up Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Christensen, Janara  and
      Soderland, Stephen  and
      Bansal, Gagan  and
      {Mausam}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1085",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1085",
    pages = "902--912",
}
@inproceedings{baumel-etal-2014-query,
    title = "Query-Chain Focused Summarization",
    author = "Baumel, Tal  and
      Cohen, Raphael  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1086",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1086",
    pages = "913--922",
}
@inproceedings{ng-etal-2014-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Timelines to Enhance Multi-document Summarization",
    author = "Ng, Jun-Ping  and
      Chen, Yan  and
      Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Li, Zhoujun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1087",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1087",
    pages = "923--933",
}
@inproceedings{skjaerholt-2014-chance,
    title = "A chance-corrected measure of inter-annotator agreement for syntax",
    author = "Skj{\ae}rholt, Arne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1088",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1088",
    pages = "934--944",
}
@inproceedings{flati-etal-2014-two,
    title = "Two Is Bigger (and Better) Than One: the {W}ikipedia Bitaxonomy Project",
    author = "Flati, Tiziano  and
      Vannella, Daniele  and
      Pasini, Tommaso  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1089",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1089",
    pages = "945--955",
}
@inproceedings{yao-van-durme-2014-information,
    title = "Information Extraction over Structured Data: Question Answering with {F}reebase",
    author = "Yao, Xuchen  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1090",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1090",
    pages = "956--966",
}
@inproceedings{bao-etal-2014-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-Based Question Answering as Machine Translation",
    author = "Bao, Junwei  and
      Duan, Nan  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1091",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1091",
    pages = "967--976",
}
@inproceedings{jansen-etal-2014-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Complements Lexical Semantics for Non-factoid Answer Reranking",
    author = "Jansen, Peter  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Clark, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1092",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1092",
    pages = "977--986",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-etal-2014-toward,
    title = "Toward Future Scenario Generation: Extracting Event Causality Exploiting Semantic Relation, Context, and Association Features",
    author = "Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Kloetzer, Julien  and
      Sano, Motoki  and
      Varga, Istv{\'a}n  and
      Oh, Jong-Hoon  and
      Kidawara, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1093",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1093",
    pages = "987--997",
}
@inproceedings{raghavan-etal-2014-cross,
    title = "Cross-narrative Temporal Ordering of Medical Events",
    author = "Raghavan, Preethi  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric  and
      Elhadad, No{\'e}mie  and
      Lai, Albert M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1094",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1094",
    pages = "998--1008",
}
@inproceedings{nakashole-mitchell-2014-language,
    title = "Language-Aware Truth Assessment of Fact Candidates",
    author = "Nakashole, Ndapandula  and
      Mitchell, Tom M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1095",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1095",
    pages = "1009--1019",
}
@inproceedings{mitra-etal-2014-thats,
    title = "That{'}s sick dude!: Automatic identification of word sense change across different timescales",
    author = "Mitra, Sunny  and
      Mitra, Ritwik  and
      Riedl, Martin  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Mukherjee, Animesh  and
      Goyal, Pawan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1096",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1096",
    pages = "1020--1029",
}
@inproceedings{kawahara-etal-2014-step,
    title = "A Step-wise Usage-based Method for Inducing Polysemy-aware Verb Classes",
    author = "Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Peterson, Daniel W.  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1097",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1097",
    pages = "1030--1040",
}
@inproceedings{bansal-etal-2014-structured,
    title = "Structured Learning for Taxonomy Induction with Belief Propagation",
    author = "Bansal, Mohit  and
      Burkett, David  and
      de Melo, Gerard  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1098",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1098",
    pages = "1041--1051",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-collins-2014-provably,
    title = "A Provably Correct Learning Algorithm for Latent-Variable {PCFG}s",
    author = "Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1099",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1099",
    pages = "1052--1061",
}
@inproceedings{parikh-etal-2014-spectral,
    title = "Spectral Unsupervised Parsing with Additive Tree Metrics",
    author = "Parikh, Ankur P.  and
      Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Xing, Eric P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1100",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1100",
    pages = "1062--1072",
}
@inproceedings{frank-etal-2014-weak,
    title = "Weak semantic context helps phonetic learning in a model of infant language acquisition",
    author = "Frank, Stella  and
      Feldman, Naomi H.  and
      Goldwater, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1101",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1101",
    pages = "1073--1083",
}
@inproceedings{van-schijndel-elsner-2014-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping into Filler-Gap: An Acquisition Story",
    author = "van Schijndel, Marten  and
      Elsner, Micha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1102",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1102",
    pages = "1084--1093",
}
@inproceedings{doyle-etal-2014-nonparametric,
    title = "Nonparametric Learning of Phonological Constraints in Optimality Theory",
    author = "Doyle, Gabriel  and
      Bicknell, Klinton  and
      Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1103",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1103",
    pages = "1094--1103",
}
@inproceedings{martineau-etal-2014-active,
    title = "Active Learning with Efficient Feature Weighting Methods for Improving Data Quality and Classification Accuracy",
    author = "Martineau, Justin  and
      Chen, Lu  and
      Cheng, Doreen  and
      Sheth, Amit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1104",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1104",
    pages = "1104--1112",
}
@inproceedings{iyyer-etal-2014-political,
    title = "Political Ideology Detection Using Recursive Neural Networks",
    author = "Iyyer, Mohit  and
      Enns, Peter  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1105",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1105",
    pages = "1113--1122",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-unified,
    title = "A Unified Model for Soft Linguistic Reordering Constraints in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Li, Junhui  and
      Marton, Yuval  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1106",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1106",
    pages = "1123--1133",
}
@inproceedings{yan-etal-2014-two,
    title = "Are Two Heads Better than One? Crowdsourced Translation via a Two-Step Collaboration of Non-Professional Translators and Editors",
    author = "Yan, Rui  and
      Gao, Mingkun  and
      Pavlick, Ellie  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1107",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1107",
    pages = "1134--1144",
}
@inproceedings{pickhardt-etal-2014-generalized,
    title = "A Generalized Language Model as the Combination of Skipped n-grams and Modified {K}neser {N}ey Smoothing",
    author = {Pickhardt, Rene  and
      Gottron, Thomas  and
      K{\"o}rner, Martin  and
      Wagner, Paul Georg  and
      Speicher, Till  and
      Staab, Steffen},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1108",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1108",
    pages = "1145--1154",
}
@inproceedings{wang-hua-2014-semiparametric,
    title = "A Semiparametric {G}aussian Copula Regression Model for Predicting Financial Risks from Earnings Calls",
    author = "Wang, William Yang  and
      Hua, Zhenhao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1109",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1109",
    pages = "1155--1165",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2014-polylingual,
    title = "Polylingual Tree-Based Topic Models for Translation Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Hu, Yuening  and
      Zhai, Ke  and
      Eidelman, Vladimir  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1110",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1110",
    pages = "1166--1176",
}
@inproceedings{gormley-etal-2014-low,
    title = "Low-Resource Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Gormley, Matthew R.  and
      Mitchell, Margaret  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1111",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1111",
    pages = "1177--1187",
}
@inproceedings{krishnamurthy-mitchell-2014-joint,
    title = "Joint Syntactic and Semantic Parsing with Combinatory Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Krishnamurthy, Jayant  and
      Mitchell, Tom M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1112",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1112",
    pages = "1188--1198",
}
@inproceedings{fu-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Semantic Hierarchies via Word Embeddings",
    author = "Fu, Ruiji  and
      Guo, Jiang  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1113",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1113",
    pages = "1199--1209",
}
@inproceedings{beltagy-etal-2014-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Soft Logic for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Beltagy, Islam  and
      Erk, Katrin  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1114",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1114",
    pages = "1210--1219",
}
@inproceedings{mehdad-etal-2014-abstractive,
    title = "Abstractive Summarization of Spoken and Written Conversations Based on Phrasal Queries",
    author = "Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Ng, Raymond T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1115",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1115",
    pages = "1220--1230",
}
@inproceedings{gkatzia-etal-2014-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Multi-label Classification with Reinforcement Learning for Summarisation of Time-series Data",
    author = "Gkatzia, Dimitra  and
      Hastie, Helen  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1116",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1116",
    pages = "1231--1240",
}
@inproceedings{thadani-2014-approximation,
    title = "Approximation Strategies for Multi-Structure Sentence Compression",
    author = "Thadani, Kapil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1117",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1117",
    pages = "1241--1251",
}
@inproceedings{severyn-etal-2014-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Mining on {Y}ou{T}ube",
    author = "Severyn, Aliaksei  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Uryupina, Olga  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      Filippova, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1118",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1118",
    pages = "1252--1261",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-ng-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Keyphrase Extraction: A Survey of the State of the Art",
    author = "Hasan, Kazi Saidul  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1119",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1119",
    pages = "1262--1273",
}
@inproceedings{litkowski-2014-pattern,
    title = "Pattern Dictionary of {E}nglish Prepositions",
    author = "Litkowski, Ken",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1120",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1120",
    pages = "1274--1283",
}
@inproceedings{morin-hazem-2014-looking,
    title = "Looking at Unbalanced Specialized Comparable Corpora for Bilingual Lexicon Extraction",
    author = "Morin, Emmanuel  and
      Hazem, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1121",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1121",
    pages = "1284--1293",
}
@inproceedings{vannella-etal-2014-validating,
    title = "Validating and Extending Semantic Knowledge Bases using Video Games with a Purpose",
    author = "Vannella, Daniele  and
      Jurgens, David  and
      Scarfini, Daniele  and
      Toscani, Domenico  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1122",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1122",
    pages = "1294--1304",
}
@inproceedings{bhat-etal-2014-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Analysis Based Assessment of Syntactic Complexity for Automated Speech Scoring",
    author = "Bhat, Suma  and
      Xue, Huichao  and
      Yoon, Su-Youn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1123",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1123",
    pages = "1305--1315",
}
@inproceedings{wintrode-khudanpur-2014-repeat,
    title = "Can You Repeat That? Using Word Repetition to Improve Spoken Term Detection",
    author = "Wintrode, Jonathan  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1124",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1124",
    pages = "1316--1325",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-character,
    title = "Character-Level {C}hinese Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Zhang, Meishan  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1125",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1125",
    pages = "1326--1336",
}
@inproceedings{ma-xia-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Dependency Parsing with Transferring Distribution via Parallel Guidance and Entropy Regularization",
    author = "Ma, Xuezhe  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1126",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1126",
    pages = "1337--1348",
}
@inproceedings{rasooli-etal-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Morphology-Based Vocabulary Expansion",
    author = "Rasooli, Mohammad Sadegh  and
      Lippincott, Thomas  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1127",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1127",
    pages = "1349--1359",
}
@inproceedings{zeng-etal-2014-toward,
    title = "Toward Better {C}hinese Word Segmentation for {SMT} via Bilingual Constraints",
    author = "Zeng, Xiaodong  and
      Chao, Lidia S.  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Trancoso, Isabel  and
      Tian, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1128",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1128",
    pages = "1360--1369",
}
@inproceedings{devlin-etal-2014-fast,
    title = "Fast and Robust Neural Network Joint Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Devlin, Jacob  and
      Zbib, Rabih  and
      Huang, Zhongqiang  and
      Lamar, Thomas  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Makhoul, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1129",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1129",
    pages = "1370--1380",
}
@inproceedings{lei-etal-2014-low,
    title = "Low-Rank Tensors for Scoring Dependency Structures",
    author = "Lei, Tao  and
      Xin, Yu  and
      Zhang, Yuan  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Jaakkola, Tommi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1130",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1130",
    pages = "1381--1391",
}
@inproceedings{rothe-schutze-2014-cosimrank,
    title = "{C}o{S}im{R}ank: A Flexible {\&} Efficient Graph-Theoretic Similarity Measure",
    author = {Rothe, Sascha  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1131",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1131",
    pages = "1392--1402",
}
@inproceedings{lazaridou-etal-2014-wampimuk,
    title = "Is this a wampimuk? Cross-modal mapping between distributional semantics and the visual world",
    author = "Lazaridou, Angeliki  and
      Bruni, Elia  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1132",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1132",
    pages = "1403--1414",
}
@inproceedings{berant-liang-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing via Paraphrasing",
    author = "Berant, Jonathan  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1133",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1133",
    pages = "1415--1425",
}
@inproceedings{flanigan-etal-2014-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Graph-Based Parser for the Abstract Meaning Representation",
    author = "Flanigan, Jeffrey  and
      Thomson, Sam  and
      Carbonell, Jaime  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1134",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1134",
    pages = "1426--1436",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2014-context,
    title = "Context-dependent Semantic Parsing for Time Expressions",
    author = "Lee, Kenton  and
      Artzi, Yoav  and
      Dodge, Jesse  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1135",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1135",
    pages = "1437--1447",
}
@inproceedings{hermann-etal-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Frame Identification with Distributed Word Representations",
    author = "Hermann, Karl Moritz  and
      Das, Dipanjan  and
      Weston, Jason  and
      Ganchev, Kuzman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1136",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1136",
    pages = "1448--1458",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-zhang-2014-sense,
    title = "A Sense-Based Translation Model for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Xiong, Deyi  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1137",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1137",
    pages = "1459--1469",
}
@inproceedings{tamura-etal-2014-recurrent,
    title = "Recurrent Neural Networks for Word Alignment Model",
    author = "Tamura, Akihiro  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1138",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1138",
    pages = "1470--1480",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2014-constrained,
    title = "A Constrained {V}iterbi Relaxation for Bidirectional Word Alignment",
    author = "Chang, Yin-Wen  and
      Rush, Alexander M.  and
      DeNero, John  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1139",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1139",
    pages = "1481--1490",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2014-recursive,
    title = "A Recursive Recurrent Neural Network for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Liu, Shujie  and
      Yang, Nan  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1140",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1140",
    pages = "1491--1500",
}
@inproceedings{chaturvedi-etal-2014-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Instructor{'}s Intervention in {MOOC} forums",
    author = "Chaturvedi, Snigdha  and
      Goldwasser, Dan  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1141",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1141",
    pages = "1501--1511",
}
@inproceedings{jia-zhao-2014-joint,
    title = "A Joint Graph Model for Pinyin-to-{C}hinese Conversion with Typo Correction",
    author = "Jia, Zhongye  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1142",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1142",
    pages = "1512--1523",
}
@inproceedings{pantel-etal-2014-smart,
    title = "Smart Selection",
    author = "Pantel, Patrick  and
      Gamon, Michael  and
      Fuxman, Ariel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1143",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1143",
    pages = "1524--1533",
}
@inproceedings{persing-ng-2014-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Prompt Adherence in Student Essays",
    author = "Persing, Isaac  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1144",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1144",
    pages = "1534--1543",
}
@inproceedings{kang-etal-2014-connotationwordnet,
    title = "{C}onnotation{W}ord{N}et: Learning Connotation over the {W}ord+{S}ense Network",
    author = "Kang, Jun Seok  and
      Feng, Song  and
      Akoglu, Leman  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1145",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1145",
    pages = "1544--1554",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Sentiment-Specific Word Embedding for Twitter Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Tang, Duyu  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Yang, Nan  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Qin, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1146",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1146",
    pages = "1555--1565",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards a General Rule for Identifying Deceptive Opinion Spam",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Ott, Myle  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1147",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-1147",
    pages = "1566--1576",
}
@proceedings{acl-2014-association-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    author = "Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Wu, Hua",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2",
}
@inproceedings{fourtassi-etal-2014-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Relative Role of Bottom-up and Top-down Information in Phoneme Learning",
    author = "Fourtassi, Abdellah  and
      Schatz, Thomas  and
      Varadarajan, Balakrishnan  and
      Dupoux, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{fine-etal-2014-biases,
    title = "Biases in Predicting the Human Language Model",
    author = "Fine, Alex B.  and
      Frank, Austin F.  and
      Jaeger, T. Florian  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2014-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Labeling for Efficient Referential Grounding based on Collaborative Discourse",
    author = "Liu, Changsong  and
      She, Lanbo  and
      Fang, Rui  and
      Chai, Joyce Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2003",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2014-composite,
    title = "A Composite Kernel Approach for Dialog Topic Tracking with Structured Domain Knowledge from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Kim, Seokhwan  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2004",
    pages = "19--23",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2014-extension,
    title = "An Extension of {BLANC} to System Mentions",
    author = "Luo, Xiaoqiang  and
      Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Recasens, Marta  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2005",
    pages = "24--29",
}
@inproceedings{pradhan-etal-2014-scoring,
    title = "Scoring Coreference Partitions of Predicted Mentions: A Reference Implementation",
    author = "Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Luo, Xiaoqiang  and
      Recasens, Marta  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Ng, Vincent  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2006",
    pages = "30--35",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2014-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Sentiment Annotation Complexity of Text",
    author = "Joshi, Aditya  and
      Mishra, Abhijit  and
      Senthamilselvan, Nivvedan  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2007",
    pages = "36--41",
}
@inproceedings{jochim-schutze-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Citation Polarity Classification with Product Reviews",
    author = {Jochim, Charles  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2008",
    pages = "42--48",
}
@inproceedings{dong-etal-2014-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Recursive Neural Network for Target-dependent Twitter Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Dong, Li  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Tan, Chuanqi  and
      Tang, Duyu  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Xu, Ke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2009",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{hingmire-chakraborti-2014-sprinkling,
    title = "Sprinkling Topics for Weakly Supervised Text Classification",
    author = "Hingmire, Swapnil  and
      Chakraborti, Sutanu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2010",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@inproceedings{sun-han-2014-feature,
    title = "A Feature-Enriched Tree Kernel for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Sun, Le  and
      Han, Xianpei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2011",
    pages = "61--67",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-grishman-2014-employing,
    title = "Employing Word Representations and Regularization for Domain Adaptation of Relation Extraction",
    author = "Nguyen, Thien Huu  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2012",
    pages = "68--74",
}
@inproceedings{alhelbawy-gaizauskas-2014-graph,
    title = "Graph Ranking for Collective Named Entity Disambiguation",
    author = "Alhelbawy, Ayman  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2013",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2013",
    pages = "75--80",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2014-descending,
    title = "Descending-Path Convolution Kernel for Syntactic Structures",
    author = "Lin, Chen  and
      Miller, Timothy  and
      Kho, Alvin  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Savova, Guergana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2014",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2014",
    pages = "81--86",
}
@inproceedings{ben-ami-etal-2014-entities,
    title = "Entities{'} Sentiment Relevance",
    author = "Ben-Ami, Zvi  and
      Feldman, Ronen  and
      Rosenfeld, Binyamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2015",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2015",
    pages = "87--92",
}
@inproceedings{grigonyte-baldwin-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Multilingual Dictionaries on the Web",
    author = "Grigonyt{\.e}, Gintar{\.e}  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2016",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2016",
    pages = "93--98",
}
@inproceedings{ciobanu-dinu-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Cognates Using Orthographic Alignment",
    author = "Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2017",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2017",
    pages = "99--105",
}
@inproceedings{lam-etal-2014-automatically,
    title = "Automatically constructing {W}ordnet Synsets",
    author = "Lam, Khang Nhut  and
      Al Tarouti, Feras  and
      Kalita, Jugal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2018",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2018",
    pages = "106--111",
}
@inproceedings{yildiz-etal-2014-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a {T}urkish-{E}nglish Parallel {T}ree{B}ank",
    author = {Y{\i}ld{\i}z, Olcay Taner  and
      Solak, Ercan  and
      G{\"o}rg{\"u}n, Onur  and
      Ehsani, Razieh},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2019",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2019",
    pages = "112--117",
}
@inproceedings{berg-kirkpatrick-klein-2014-improved,
    title = "Improved Typesetting Models for Historical {OCR}",
    author = "Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2020",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2020",
    pages = "118--123",
}
@inproceedings{tibshirani-manning-2014-robust,
    title = "Robust Logistic Regression using Shift Parameters",
    author = "Tibshirani, Julie  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2021",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2021",
    pages = "124--129",
}
@inproceedings{heafield-etal-2014-faster,
    title = "Faster Phrase-Based Decoding by Refining Feature State",
    author = "Heafield, Kenneth  and
      Kayser, Michael  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2022",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2022",
    pages = "130--135",
}
@inproceedings{auli-gao-2014-decoder,
    title = "Decoder Integration and Expected {BLEU} Training for Recurrent Neural Network Language Models",
    author = "Auli, Michael  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2023",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2023",
    pages = "136--142",
}
@inproceedings{neubig-duh-2014-elements,
    title = "On the Elements of an Accurate Tree-to-String Machine Translation System",
    author = "Neubig, Graham  and
      Duh, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2024",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2024",
    pages = "143--149",
}
@inproceedings{gelling-cohn-2014-simple,
    title = "Simple extensions and {POS} Tags for a reparameterised {IBM} Model 2",
    author = "Gelling, Douwe  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2025",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2025",
    pages = "150--154",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2014-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-based Pre-ordering for {C}hinese-{E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Cai, Jingsheng  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Zhang, Yujie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2026",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2026",
    pages = "155--160",
}
@inproceedings{farra-etal-2014-generalized,
    title = "Generalized Character-Level Spelling Error Correction",
    author = "Farra, Noura  and
      Tomeh, Nadi  and
      Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2027",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2027",
    pages = "161--167",
}
@inproceedings{gubanov-etal-2014-improved,
    title = "Improved Iterative Correction for Distant Spelling Errors",
    author = "Gubanov, Sergey  and
      Galinskaya, Irina  and
      Baytin, Alexey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2028",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2028",
    pages = "168--173",
}
@inproceedings{heilman-etal-2014-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Grammaticality on an Ordinal Scale",
    author = "Heilman, Michael  and
      Cahill, Aoife  and
      Madnani, Nitin  and
      Lopez, Melissa  and
      Mulholland, Matthew  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2029",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2029",
    pages = "174--180",
}
@inproceedings{beller-etal-2014-im,
    title = "{I}{'}m a Belieber: Social Roles via Self-identification and Conceptual Attributes",
    author = "Beller, Charley  and
      Knowles, Rebecca  and
      Harman, Craig  and
      Bergsma, Shane  and
      Mitchell, Margaret  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2030",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2030",
    pages = "181--186",
}
@inproceedings{daxenberger-gurevych-2014-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Detecting Corresponding Edit-Turn-Pairs in {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Daxenberger, Johannes  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2031",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2031",
    pages = "187--192",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-two,
    title = "Two Knives Cut Better Than One: {C}hinese Word Segmentation with Dual Decomposition",
    author = "Wang, Mengqiu  and
      Voigt, Rob  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2032",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2032",
    pages = "193--198",
}
@inproceedings{li-xue-2014-effective,
    title = "Effective Document-Level Features for {C}hinese Patent Word Segmentation",
    author = "Li, Si  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2033",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2033",
    pages = "199--205",
}
@inproceedings{monroe-etal-2014-word,
    title = "Word Segmentation of Informal {A}rabic with Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Monroe, Will  and
      Green, Spence  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2034",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2034",
    pages = "206--211",
}
@inproceedings{kartsaklis-etal-2014-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Lexical Ambiguity in Tensor Regression Models of Meaning",
    author = "Kartsaklis, Dimitri  and
      Kalchbrenner, Nal  and
      Sadrzadeh, Mehrnoosh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2035",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2035",
    pages = "212--217",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2014-novel,
    title = "A Novel Content Enriching Model for Microblog Using News Corpus",
    author = "Yang, Yunlun  and
      Deng, Zhihong  and
      Yu, Hongliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2036",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2036",
    pages = "218--223",
}
@inproceedings{kocisky-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Bilingual Word Representations by Marginalizing Alignments",
    author = "Ko{\v{c}}isk{\'y}, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Hermann, Karl Moritz  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2037",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2037",
    pages = "224--229",
}
@inproceedings{levitan-elson-2014-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Retries of Voice Search Queries",
    author = "Levitan, Rivka  and
      Elson, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2038",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2038",
    pages = "230--235",
}
@inproceedings{kazemi-etal-2014-sliding,
    title = "Sliding Alignment Windows for Real-Time Crowd Captioning",
    author = "Kazemi, Mohammad  and
      Lavaee, Rahman  and
      Naim, Iftekhar  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2039",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2039",
    pages = "236--240",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-fukumoto-2014-detection,
    title = "Detection of Topic and its Extrinsic Evaluation Through Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Suzuki, Yoshimi  and
      Fukumoto, Fumiyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2040",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2040",
    pages = "241--246",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-etal-2014-content,
    title = "Content Importance Models for Scoring Writing From Sources",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Madnani, Nitin  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Somasundaran, Swapna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2041",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2041",
    pages = "247--252",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2014-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Morphological Analysis with Character-level {POS} Tagging",
    author = "Shen, Mo  and
      Liu, Hongxiao  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2042",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2042",
    pages = "253--258",
}
@inproceedings{silfverberg-etal-2014-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Tagging using Conditional Random Fields: Exploiting Sub-Label Dependencies for Improved Accuracy",
    author = "Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Ruokolainen, Teemu  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister  and
      Kurimo, Mikko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2043",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2043",
    pages = "259--264",
}
@inproceedings{sirts-etal-2014-pos,
    title = "{POS} induction with distributional and morphological information using a distance-dependent {C}hinese restaurant process",
    author = "Sirts, Kairit  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob  and
      Elsner, Micha  and
      Goldwater, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2044",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2044",
    pages = "265--271",
}
@inproceedings{muralidharan-hearst-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving the Recognizability of Syntactic Relations Using Contextualized Examples",
    author = "Muralidharan, Aditi  and
      Hearst, Marti A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2045",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2045",
    pages = "272--277",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2014-speak,
    title = "How to Speak a Language without Knowing It",
    author = "Shi, Xing  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2046",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2046",
    pages = "278--282",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Discourse Factors that Influence the Quality of Machine Translation",
    author = "Li, Junyi Jessy  and
      Carpuat, Marine  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2047",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2047",
    pages = "283--288",
}
@inproceedings{aharoni-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Machine Translated Text and Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Aharoni, Roee  and
      Koppel, Moshe  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2048",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2048",
    pages = "289--295",
}
@inproceedings{gawron-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving sparse word similarity models with asymmetric measures",
    author = "Gawron, Jean Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2049",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2049",
    pages = "296--301",
}
@inproceedings{levy-goldberg-2014-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-Based Word Embeddings",
    author = "Levy, Omer  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2050",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2050",
    pages = "302--308",
}
@inproceedings{perek-2014-vector,
    title = "Vector spaces for historical linguistics: Using distributional semantics to study syntactic productivity in diachrony",
    author = "Perek, Florent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2051",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2051",
    pages = "309--314",
}
@inproceedings{kikuchi-etal-2014-single,
    title = "Single Document Summarization based on Nested Tree Structure",
    author = "Kikuchi, Yuta  and
      Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2052",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2052",
    pages = "315--320",
}
@inproceedings{mazidi-nielsen-2014-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Considerations in Automatic Question Generation",
    author = "Mazidi, Karen  and
      Nielsen, Rodney D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2053",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2053",
    pages = "321--326",
}
@inproceedings{qian-liu-2014-polynomial,
    title = "Polynomial Time Joint Structural Inference for Sentence Compression",
    author = "Qian, Xian  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2054",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2054",
    pages = "327--332",
}
@inproceedings{louis-2014-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Method to Incorporate Background Knowledge during Automatic Text Summarization",
    author = "Louis, Annie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2055",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2055",
    pages = "333--338",
}
@inproceedings{prabhakaran-rambow-2014-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Power Relations between Participants in Written Dialog from a Single Thread",
    author = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2056",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2056",
    pages = "339--344",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2014-tri,
    title = "Tri-Training for Authorship Attribution with Limited Training Data",
    author = "Qian, Tieyun  and
      Liu, Bing  and
      Chen, Li  and
      Peng, Zhiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2057",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2057",
    pages = "345--351",
}
@inproceedings{ozbal-etal-2014-automation,
    title = "Automation and Evaluation of the Keyword Method for Second Language Learning",
    author = {{\"O}zbal, G{\"o}zde  and
      Pighin, Daniele  and
      Strapparava, Carlo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2058",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2058",
    pages = "352--357",
}
@inproceedings{duma-klein-2014-citation,
    title = "Citation Resolution: A method for evaluating context-based citation recommendation systems",
    author = "Duma, Daniel  and
      Klein, Ewan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2059",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2059",
    pages = "358--363",
}
@inproceedings{roark-sproat-2014-hippocratic,
    title = "Hippocratic Abbreviation Expansion",
    author = "Roark, Brian  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2060",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2060",
    pages = "364--369",
}
@inproceedings{gebre-etal-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Feature Learning for Visual Sign Language Identification",
    author = "Gebre, Binyam Gebrekidan  and
      Crasborn, Onno  and
      Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Drude, Sebastian  and
      Heskes, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2061",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2061",
    pages = "370--376",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-etal-2014-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with crowdsourced re-annotation of a {POS} tagging data set",
    author = "Hovy, Dirk  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2062",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2062",
    pages = "377--382",
}
@inproceedings{chen-skiena-2014-building,
    title = "Building Sentiment Lexicons for All Major Languages",
    author = "Chen, Yanqing  and
      Skiena, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2063",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2063",
    pages = "383--389",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-beigman-2014-difficult,
    title = "Difficult Cases: From Data to Learning, and Back",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Beigman, Eyal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2064",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2064",
    pages = "390--396",
}
@inproceedings{hartshorne-etal-2014-verbcorner,
    title = "The {V}erb{C}orner Project: Findings from Phase 1 of crowd-sourcing a semantic decomposition of verbs",
    author = "Hartshorne, Joshua K.  and
      Bonial, Claire  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2065",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2065",
    pages = "397--402",
}
@inproceedings{tan-lee-2014-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Sentence-level Revisions in Academic Writing: A Step towards Understanding Statement Strength in Communication",
    author = "Tan, Chenhao  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2066",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2066",
    pages = "403--408",
}
@inproceedings{wilson-oberlander-2014-determiner,
    title = "Determiner-Established Deixis to Communicative Artifacts in Pedagogical Text",
    author = "Wilson, Shomir  and
      Oberlander, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2067",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2067",
    pages = "409--414",
}
@inproceedings{soni-etal-2014-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Factuality Judgments in Social Media Text",
    author = "Soni, Sandeep  and
      Mitra, Tanushree  and
      Gilbert, Eric  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2068",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2068",
    pages = "415--420",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2014-topic,
    title = "A Topic Model for Building Fine-grained Domain-specific Emotion Lexicon",
    author = "Yang, Min  and
      Zhu, Dingju  and
      Chow, Kam-Pui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2069",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2069",
    pages = "421--426",
}
@inproceedings{staiano-guerini-2014-depeche,
    title = "Depeche Mood: a Lexicon for Emotion Analysis from Crowd Annotated News",
    author = "Staiano, Jacopo  and
      Guerini, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2070",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2070",
    pages = "427--433",
}
@inproceedings{xiang-zhou-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Twitter Sentiment Analysis with Topic-Based Mixture Modeling and Semi-Supervised Training",
    author = "Xiang, Bing  and
      Zhou, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2071",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2071",
    pages = "434--439",
}
@inproceedings{perez-rosas-mihalcea-2014-cross,
    title = "Cross-cultural Deception Detection",
    author = "P{\'e}rez-Rosas, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2072",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2072",
    pages = "440--445",
}
@inproceedings{may-etal-2014-particle,
    title = "Particle Filter Rejuvenation and Latent {D}irichlet Allocation",
    author = "May, Chandler  and
      Clemmer, Alex  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2073",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2073",
    pages = "446--451",
}
@inproceedings{elliott-keller-2014-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Automatic Evaluation Measures for Image Description",
    author = "Elliott, Desmond  and
      Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2074",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2074",
    pages = "452--457",
}
@inproceedings{horn-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning a Lexical Simplifier Using {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Horn, Colby  and
      Manduca, Cathryn  and
      Kauchak, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2075",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2075",
    pages = "458--463",
}
@inproceedings{hachey-etal-2014-cheap,
    title = "Cheap and easy entity evaluation",
    author = "Hachey, Ben  and
      Nothman, Joel  and
      Radford, Will",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2076",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2076",
    pages = "464--469",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Real-Life Complex Task Names with Task-Intrinsic Entities from Microblogs",
    author = "Wang, Ting-Xuan  and
      Tsai, Kun-Yu  and
      Lu, Wen-Hsiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2077",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2077",
    pages = "470--475",
}
@inproceedings{charton-etal-2014-mutual,
    title = "Mutual Disambiguation for Entity Linking",
    author = "Charton, Eric  and
      Meurs, Marie-Jean  and
      Jean-Louis, Ludovic  and
      Gagnon, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2078",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2078",
    pages = "476--481",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-2014-well,
    title = "How Well can We Learn Interpretable Entity Types from Text?",
    author = "Hovy, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2079",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2079",
    pages = "482--487",
}
@inproceedings{schamoni-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Translational and Knowledge-based Similarities from Relevance Rankings for Cross-Language Retrieval",
    author = "Schamoni, Shigehiko  and
      Hieber, Felix  and
      Sokolov, Artem  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2080",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2080",
    pages = "488--494",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-two,
    title = "Two-Stage Hashing for Fast Document Retrieval",
    author = "Li, Hao  and
      Liu, Wei  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2081",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2081",
    pages = "495--500",
}
@inproceedings{cassidy-etal-2014-annotation,
    title = "An Annotation Framework for Dense Event Ordering",
    author = "Cassidy, Taylor  and
      McDowell, Bill  and
      Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Bethard, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2082",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2082",
    pages = "501--506",
}
@inproceedings{plank-etal-2014-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically debatable or just plain wrong?",
    author = "Plank, Barbara  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2083",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2083",
    pages = "507--511",
}
@inproceedings{wallace-etal-2014-humans,
    title = "Humans Require Context to Infer Ironic Intent (so Computers Probably do, too)",
    author = "Wallace, Byron C.  and
      Choe, Do Kook  and
      Kertz, Laura  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2084",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2084",
    pages = "512--516",
}
@inproceedings{friedrich-palmer-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic prediction of aspectual class of verbs in context",
    author = "Friedrich, Annemarie  and
      Palmer, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2085",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2085",
    pages = "517--523",
}
@inproceedings{roth-schulte-im-walde-2014-combining,
    title = "Combining Word Patterns and Discourse Markers for Paradigmatic Relation Classification",
    author = "Roth, Michael  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2086",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2086",
    pages = "524--530",
}
@inproceedings{wang-hirst-2014-applying,
    title = "Applying a Naive {B}ayes Similarity Measure to Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Wang, Tong  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2087",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2087",
    pages = "531--537",
}
@inproceedings{yang-eisenstein-2014-fast,
    title = "Fast Easy Unsupervised Domain Adaptation with Marginalized Structured Dropout",
    author = "Yang, Yi  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2088",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2088",
    pages = "538--544",
}
@inproceedings{yu-dredze-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Lexical Embeddings with Semantic Knowledge",
    author = "Yu, Mo  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2089",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2089",
    pages = "545--550",
}
@inproceedings{oda-etal-2014-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Segmentation Strategies for Simultaneous Speech Translation",
    author = "Oda, Yusuke  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Sakti, Sakriani  and
      Toda, Tomoki  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2090",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2090",
    pages = "551--556",
}
@inproceedings{kudo-etal-2014-joint,
    title = "A joint inference of deep case analysis and zero subject generation for {J}apanese-to-{E}nglish statistical machine translation",
    author = "Kudo, Taku  and
      Ichikawa, Hiroshi  and
      Kazawa, Hideto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2091",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2091",
    pages = "557--562",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2014-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach to Skeleton-based Translation",
    author = "Xiao, Tong  and
      Zhu, Jingbo  and
      Zhang, Chunliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2092",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2092",
    pages = "563--568",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2014-effective,
    title = "Effective Selection of Translation Model Training Data",
    author = "Liu, Le  and
      Hong, Yu  and
      Liu, Hao  and
      Wang, Xing  and
      Yao, Jianmin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2093",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2093",
    pages = "569--573",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-etal-2014-refinements,
    title = "Refinements to Interactive Translation Prediction Based on Search Graphs",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Tsoukala, Chara  and
      Saint-Amand, Herve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2094",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2094",
    pages = "574--578",
}
@inproceedings{kozhevnikov-titov-2014-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Model Transfer Using Feature Representation Projection",
    author = "Kozhevnikov, Mikhail  and
      Titov, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2095",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2095",
    pages = "579--585",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-cross,
    title = "Cross-language and Cross-encyclopedia Article Linking Using Mixed-language Topic Model and Hypernym Translation",
    author = "Wang, Yu-Chun  and
      Wu, Chun-Kai  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2096",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2096",
    pages = "586--591",
}
@inproceedings{mason-charniak-2014-nonparametric,
    title = "Nonparametric Method for Data-driven Image Captioning",
    author = "Mason, Rebecca  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2097",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2097",
    pages = "592--598",
}
@inproceedings{xue-hwa-2014-improved,
    title = "Improved Correction Detection in Revised {ESL} Sentences",
    author = "Xue, Huichao  and
      Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2098",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2098",
    pages = "599--604",
}
@inproceedings{ramanath-etal-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Alignment of Privacy Policies using Hidden {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Ramanath, Rohan  and
      Liu, Fei  and
      Sadeh, Norman  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2099",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2099",
    pages = "605--610",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2014-enriching,
    title = "Enriching Cold Start Personalized Language Model Using Social Network Information",
    author = "Huang, Yu-Yang  and
      Yan, Rui  and
      Kuo, Tsung-Ting  and
      Lin, Shou-De",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2100",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2100",
    pages = "611--617",
}
@inproceedings{cano-basave-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Labelling of Topic Models Learned from Twitter by Summarisation",
    author = "Cano Basave, Amparo Elizabeth  and
      He, Yulan  and
      Xu, Ruifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2101",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2101",
    pages = "618--624",
}
@inproceedings{cotterell-etal-2014-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Contextual Edit Distance and Probabilistic {FST}s",
    author = "Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Peng, Nanyun  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2102",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2102",
    pages = "625--630",
}
@inproceedings{aletras-stevenson-2014-labelling,
    title = "Labelling Topics using Unsupervised Graph-based Methods",
    author = "Aletras, Nikolaos  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2103",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2103",
    pages = "631--636",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2014-training,
    title = "Training a {K}orean {SRL} System with Rich Morphological Features",
    author = "Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Chae, Heemoon  and
      Snyder, Benjamin  and
      Kim, Yu-Seop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2104",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2104",
    pages = "637--642",
}
@inproceedings{yih-etal-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing for Single-Relation Question Answering",
    author = "Yih, Wen-tau  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Meek, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2105",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2105",
    pages = "643--648",
}
@inproceedings{bengoetxea-etal-2014-wordnet,
    title = "On {W}ord{N}et Semantic Classes and Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Bengoetxea, Kepa  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Gojenola, Koldo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2106",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2106",
    pages = "649--655",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-mcdonald-2014-enforcing,
    title = "Enforcing Structural Diversity in Cube-pruned Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Zhang, Hao  and
      McDonald, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2107",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2107",
    pages = "656--661",
}
@inproceedings{kulick-etal-2014-penn,
    title = "The {P}enn Parsed Corpus of Modern {B}ritish {E}nglish: First Parsing Results and Analysis",
    author = "Kulick, Seth  and
      Kroch, Anthony  and
      Santorini, Beatrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2108",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2108",
    pages = "662--667",
}
@inproceedings{kulick-etal-2014-parser,
    title = "Parser Evaluation Using Derivation Trees: A Complement to evalb",
    author = "Kulick, Seth  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Mott, Justin  and
      Kroch, Anthony  and
      Santorini, Beatrice  and
      Liberman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2109",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2109",
    pages = "668--673",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Polylingual Topic Models from Code-Switched Social Media Documents",
    author = "Peng, Nanyun  and
      Wang, Yiming  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2110",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2110",
    pages = "674--679",
}
@inproceedings{chrupala-2014-normalizing,
    title = "Normalizing tweets with edit scripts and recurrent neural embeddings",
    author = "Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2111",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2111",
    pages = "680--686",
}
@inproceedings{osborne-etal-2014-exponential,
    title = "Exponential Reservoir Sampling for Streaming Language Models",
    author = "Osborne, Miles  and
      Lall, Ashwin  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2112",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2112",
    pages = "687--692",
}
@inproceedings{wang-cardie-2014-piece,
    title = "A Piece of My Mind: A Sentiment Analysis Approach for Online Dispute Detection",
    author = "Wang, Lu  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2113",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2113",
    pages = "693--699",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2014-simple,
    title = "A Simple {B}ayesian Modelling Approach to Event Extraction from Twitter",
    author = "Zhou, Deyu  and
      Chen, Liangyu  and
      He, Yulan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2114",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2114",
    pages = "700--705",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-appropriate,
    title = "Be Appropriate and Funny: Automatic Entity Morph Encoding",
    author = "Zhang, Boliang  and
      Huang, Hongzhao  and
      Pan, Xiaoman  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Wen, Zhen  and
      Sun, Yizhou  and
      Han, Jiawei  and
      Yener, Bulent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2115",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2115",
    pages = "706--711",
}
@inproceedings{salway-touileb-2014-applying,
    title = "Applying Grammar Induction to Text Mining",
    author = "Salway, Andrew  and
      Touileb, Samia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2116",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2116",
    pages = "712--717",
}
@inproceedings{han-sun-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Consistency: A Local Subspace Based Method for Distant Supervised Relation Extraction",
    author = "Han, Xianpei  and
      Sun, Le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2117",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2117",
    pages = "718--724",
}
@inproceedings{hill-korhonen-2014-concreteness,
    title = "Concreteness and Subjectivity as Dimensions of Lexical Meaning",
    author = "Hill, Felix  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2118",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2118",
    pages = "725--731",
}
@inproceedings{pershina-etal-2014-infusion,
    title = "Infusion of Labeled Data into Distant Supervision for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Pershina, Maria  and
      Min, Bonan  and
      Xu, Wei  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2119",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2119",
    pages = "732--738",
}
@inproceedings{stern-dagan-2014-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Implied Predicate-Argument Relationships in Textual Inference",
    author = "Stern, Asher  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2120",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2120",
    pages = "739--744",
}
@inproceedings{dunn-2014-measuring,
    title = "Measuring metaphoricity",
    author = "Dunn, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2121",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2121",
    pages = "745--751",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Study of Unsupervised {C}hinese Word Segmentation Methods for {SMT} on Large-scale Corpora",
    author = "Wang, Xiaolin  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2122",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2122",
    pages = "752--758",
}
@inproceedings{nuhn-ney-2014-em,
    title = "{EM} Decipherment for Large Vocabularies",
    author = "Nuhn, Malte  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2123",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2123",
    pages = "759--764",
}
@inproceedings{lo-etal-2014-xmeant,
    title = "{XMEANT}: Better semantic {MT} evaluation without reference translations",
    author = "Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Beloucif, Meriem  and
      Saers, Markus  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2124",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2124",
    pages = "765--771",
}
@inproceedings{salloum-etal-2014-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Level Dialect Identification for Machine Translation System Selection",
    author = "Salloum, Wael  and
      Elfardy, Heba  and
      Alamir-Salloum, Linda  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2125",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2125",
    pages = "772--778",
}
@inproceedings{zhai-etal-2014-rnn,
    title = "{RNN}-based Derivation Structure Prediction for {SMT}",
    author = "Zhai, Feifei  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zhou, Yu  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2126",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2126",
    pages = "779--784",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2014-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical {MT} Training using Max-Violation Perceptron",
    author = "Zhao, Kai  and
      Huang, Liang  and
      Mi, Haitao  and
      Ittycheriah, Abe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2127",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2127",
    pages = "785--790",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2014-punctuation,
    title = "Punctuation Processing for Projective Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Ma, Ji  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Zhu, Jingbo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2128",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2128",
    pages = "791--796",
}
@inproceedings{yarmohammadi-etal-2014-transforming,
    title = "Transforming trees into hedges and parsing with {``}hedgebank{''} grammars",
    author = "Yarmohammadi, Mahsa  and
      Dunlop, Aaron  and
      Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2129",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2129",
    pages = "797--802",
}
@inproceedings{kohn-menzel-2014-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Predictive Parsing with {T}urbo{P}arser",
    author = {K{\"o}hn, Arne  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2130",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2130",
    pages = "803--808",
}
@inproceedings{bansal-etal-2014-tailoring,
    title = "Tailoring Continuous Word Representations for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Bansal, Mohit  and
      Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Livescu, Karen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2131",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2131",
    pages = "809--815",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-denero-2014-observational,
    title = "Observational Initialization of Type-Supervised Taggers",
    author = "Zhang, Hui  and
      DeNero, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2132",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2132",
    pages = "816--821",
}
@inproceedings{andreas-klein-2014-much,
    title = "How much do word embeddings encode about syntax?",
    author = "Andreas, Jacob  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2133",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2133",
    pages = "822--827",
}
@inproceedings{bamman-etal-2014-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Representations of Geographically Situated Language",
    author = "Bamman, David  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2134",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2134",
    pages = "828--834",
}
@inproceedings{kiela-etal-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Multi-Modal Representations Using Image Dispersion: Why Less is Sometimes More",
    author = "Kiela, Douwe  and
      Hill, Felix  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2135",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2135",
    pages = "835--841",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2014-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Event Extraction: a Case Study on Trigger Type Determination",
    author = "Zhu, Zhu  and
      Li, Shoushan  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Xia, Rui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2136",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2136",
    pages = "842--847",
}
@inproceedings{lee-hwang-2014-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Relation Temporality of Entities",
    author = "Lee, Taesung  and
      Hwang, Seung-won",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2137",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2137",
    pages = "848--853",
}
@inproceedings{nicolai-kondrak-2014-phonology,
    title = "Does the Phonology of {L}1 Show Up in {L}2 Texts?",
    author = "Nicolai, Garrett  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2138",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2138",
    pages = "854--859",
}
@inproceedings{gui-etal-2014-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Opinion Analysis via Negative Transfer Detection",
    author = "Gui, Lin  and
      Xu, Ruifeng  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Xu, Jun  and
      Xu, Jian  and
      Liu, Bin  and
      Wang, Xiaolong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2139",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-2139",
    pages = "860--865",
}
@proceedings{acl-2014-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Student Research Workshop",
    author = "Kochmar, Ekaterina  and
      Louis, Annie  and
      Volkova, Svitlana  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-3000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-3",
}
@inproceedings{beck-2014-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Kernel Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Beck, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-3001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-3001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{mirza-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Temporal and Causal Relations between Events",
    author = "Mirza, Paramita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-3002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-3002",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{yung-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards a discourse relation-aware approach for {C}hinese-{E}nglish machine translation",
    author = "Yung, Frances",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-3003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-3003",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{zirn-2014-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Positions and Topics in Political Discussions of the {G}erman Bundestag",
    author = {Zirn, C{\"a}cilia},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-3004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-3004",
    pages = "26--33",
}
@inproceedings{letard-etal-2014-mapping,
    title = "A Mapping-Based Approach for General Formal Human Computer Interaction Using Natural Language",
    author = "Letard, Vincent  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Illouz, Gabriel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-3005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-3005",
    pages = "34--40",
}
@inproceedings{yin-schutze-2014-exploration,
    title = "An Exploration of Embeddings for Generalized Phrases",
    author = {Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-3006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-3006",
    pages = "41--47",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Grammar with Explicit Annotations for Subordinating Conjunctions",
    author = "Li, Dongchen  and
      Zhang, Xiantao  and
      Wu, Xihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-3007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-3007",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{ilvovsky-2014-going,
    title = "Going beyond sentences when applying tree kernels",
    author = "Ilvovsky, Dmitry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-3008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-3008",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{attokurov-bayazit-2014-multi,
    title = "Multi-document summarization using distortion-rate ratio",
    author = "Attokurov, Ulukbek  and
      Bayazit, Ulug",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-3009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-3009",
    pages = "64--70",
}
@inproceedings{greenberg-2014-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating prepositional phrase attachment sites with sense information captured in contextualized distributional data",
    author = "Greenberg, Clayton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-3010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-3010",
    pages = "71--77",
}
@inproceedings{zhila-gelbukh-2014-open,
    title = "Open Information Extraction for {S}panish Language based on Syntactic Constraints",
    author = "Zhila, Alisa  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-3011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-3011",
    pages = "78--85",
}
@inproceedings{li-liu-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Text Normalization via Unsupervised Model and Discriminative Reranking",
    author = "Li, Chen  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-3012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-3012",
    pages = "86--93",
}
@inproceedings{aliabadi-2014-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automatic Development of {K}urd{N}et, The {K}urdish {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Aliabadi, Purya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-3013",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-3013",
    pages = "94--99",
}
@proceedings{acl-2014-association-linguistics-system,
    title = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    author = "Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Zhu, Jingbo",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2014-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Information to the Rescue in Keyword Extraction",
    author = "Huang, Chung-Chi  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine  and
      Carbonell, Jaime  and
      Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Yang, Ping-Che",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{gartner-etal-2014-visualization,
    title = "Visualization, Search, and Error Analysis for Coreference Annotations",
    author = {G{\"a}rtner, Markus  and
      Bj{\"o}rkelund, Anders  and
      Thiele, Gregor  and
      Seeker, Wolfgang  and
      Kuhn, Jonas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{strakova-etal-2014-open,
    title = "Open-Source Tools for Morphology, Lemmatization, {POS} Tagging and Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Strakov{\'a}, Jana  and
      Straka, Milan  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5003",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{faruqui-dyer-2014-community,
    title = "Community Evaluation and Exchange of Word Vectors at wordvectors.org",
    author = "Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5004",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{dai-etal-2014-wings,
    title = "{WINGS}:Writing with Intelligent Guidance and Suggestions",
    author = "Dai, Xianjun  and
      Liu, Yuanchao  and
      Wang, Xiaolong  and
      Liu, Bingquan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5005",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{erbs-etal-2014-dkpro,
    title = "{DKP}ro Keyphrases: Flexible and Reusable Keyphrase Extraction Experiments",
    author = "Erbs, Nicolai  and
      Santos, Pedro Bispo  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5006",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{osborne-etal-2014-real,
    title = "Real-Time Detection, Tracking, and Monitoring of Automatically Discovered Events in Social Media",
    author = "Osborne, Miles  and
      Moran, Sean  and
      McCreadie, Richard  and
      Von Lunen, Alexander  and
      Sykora, Martin  and
      Cano, Elizabeth  and
      Ireson, Neil  and
      Macdonald, Craig  and
      Ounis, Iadh  and
      He, Yulan  and
      Jackson, Tom  and
      Ciravegna, Fabio  and
      O{'}Brien, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5007",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{magnini-etal-2014-excitement,
    title = "The Excitement Open Platform for Textual Inferences",
    author = "Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Zanoli, Roberto  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Eichler, Kathrin  and
      Neumann, Guenter  and
      Noh, Tae-Gil  and
      Pado, Sebastian  and
      Stern, Asher  and
      Levy, Omer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5008",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{ulinski-etal-2014-welt,
    title = "{WELT}: Using Graphics Generation in Linguistic Fieldwork",
    author = "Ulinski, Morgan  and
      Balakrishnan, Anusha  and
      Coyne, Bob  and
      Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5009",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{manning-etal-2014-stanford,
    title = "The {S}tanford {C}ore{NLP} Natural Language Processing Toolkit",
    author = "Manning, Christopher  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Bauer, John  and
      Finkel, Jenny  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      McClosky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5010",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@inproceedings{daxenberger-etal-2014-dkpro,
    title = "{DKP}ro {TC}: A {J}ava-based Framework for Supervised Learning Experiments on Textual Data",
    author = "Daxenberger, Johannes  and
      Ferschke, Oliver  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5011",
    pages = "61--66",
}
@inproceedings{vannella-etal-2014-wosit,
    title = "{W}o{SIT}: A Word Sense Induction Toolkit for Search Result Clustering and Diversification",
    author = "Vannella, Daniele  and
      Flati, Tiziano  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5012",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@inproceedings{hoang-etal-2014-rule,
    title = "A Rule-Augmented Statistical Phrase-based Translation System",
    author = "Hoang, Cong Duy Vu  and
      Aw, AiTi  and
      Nguyen, Nhung T. H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5013",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5013",
    pages = "73--78",
}
@inproceedings{richardson-etal-2014-kyotoebmt,
    title = "{K}yoto{EBMT}: An Example-Based Dependency-to-Dependency Translation Framework",
    author = "Richardson, John  and
      Cromi{\`e}res, Fabien  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5014",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5014",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{verbeke-etal-2014-klognlp,
    title = "k{L}og{NLP}: Graph Kernel{--}based Relational Learning of Natural Language",
    author = "Verbeke, Mathias  and
      Frasconi, Paolo  and
      De Grave, Kurt  and
      Costa, Fabrizio  and
      De Raedt, Luc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5015",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5015",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@inproceedings{yimam-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Annotation Suggestions and Custom Annotation Layers in {W}eb{A}nno",
    author = "Yimam, Seid Muhie  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Eckart de Castilho, Richard  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5016",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5016",
    pages = "91--96",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-web,
    title = "Web Information Mining and Decision Support Platform for the Modern Service Industry",
    author = "Li, Binyang  and
      Zhou, Lanjun  and
      Wei, Zhongyu  and
      Wong, Kam-fai  and
      Xu, Ruifeng  and
      Xia, Yunqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5017",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5017",
    pages = "97--102",
}
@inproceedings{tang-chen-2014-fadr,
    title = "{FA}d{R}: A System for Recognizing False Online Advertisements",
    author = "Tang, Yi-jie  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5018",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5018",
    pages = "103--108",
}
@inproceedings{vakil-etal-2014-lex4all,
    title = "lex4all: A language-independent tool for building and evaluating pronunciation lexicons for small-vocabulary speech recognition",
    author = "Vakil, Anjana  and
      Paulus, Max  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      Regneri, Michaela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5019",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5019",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{mann-etal-2014-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced Search with Wildcards and Morphological Inflections in the {G}oogle Books Ngram Viewer",
    author = "Mann, Jason  and
      Zhang, David  and
      Yang, Lu  and
      Das, Dipanjan  and
      Petrov, Slav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5020",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5020",
    pages = "115--120",
}
@inproceedings{mordowanec-etal-2014-simplified,
    title = "Simplified Dependency Annotations with {GFL}-Web",
    author = "Mordowanec, Michael T.  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-5021",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-5021",
    pages = "121--126",
}
@proceedings{acl-2014-association-linguistics-tutorials,
    title = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorials",
    author = "Fraser, Alex  and
      Liu, Yang",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-6000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-6",
}
@inproceedings{cohn-etal-2014-gaussian,
    title = "{G}aussian Processes for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Cohn, Trevor  and
      Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Lawrence, Neil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorials",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-6001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-6001",
    pages = "1--3",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2014-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Large-Margin Structured Learning: Theory and Algorithms",
    author = "Huang, Liang  and
      Zhao, Kai  and
      Liu, Lemao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorials",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-6002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-6002",
    pages = "4--5",
}
@inproceedings{metze-shinoda-2014-semantics,
    title = "Semantics for Large-Scale Multimedia: New Challenges for {NLP}",
    author = "Metze, Florian  and
      Shinoda, Koichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorials",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-6003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-6003",
    pages = "6",
}
@inproceedings{roth-etal-2014-wikification,
    title = "Wikification and Beyond: The Challenges of Entity and Concept Grounding",
    author = "Roth, Dan  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Cassidy, Taylor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorials",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-6004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-6004",
    pages = "7",
}
@inproceedings{grefenstette-etal-2014-new,
    title = "New Directions in Vector Space Models of Meaning",
    author = "Grefenstette, Edward  and
      Hermann, Karl Moritz  and
      Dinu, Georgiana  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorials",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-6005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-6005",
    pages = "8",
}
@inproceedings{gormley-eisner-2014-structured,
    title = "Structured Belief Propagation for {NLP}",
    author = "Gormley, Matthew  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorials",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-6006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-6006",
    pages = "9--10",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-zhang-2014-semantics,
    title = "Semantics, Discourse and Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Xiong, Deyi  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorials",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-6007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-6007",
    pages = "11--12",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Processing Using Global Discriminative Learning and Beam-Search Decoding",
    author = "Zhang, Yue  and
      Zhang, Meishan  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorials",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-6008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P14-6008",
    pages = "13--15",
}
@proceedings{acl-2000-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
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@inproceedings{brennan-2000-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: Processes that Shape Conversation and their Implications for Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Brennan, Susan E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075219",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{tsujii-2000-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: Generic {NLP} Technologies: Language, Knowledge and Information Extraction",
    author = "Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075220",
    pages = "12--22",
}
@inproceedings{moore-2000-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: Spoken Language Technology: Where Do We Go From Here?",
    author = "Moore, Roger K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075221",
    pages = "22--22",
}
@inproceedings{vogel-ney-2000-translation,
    title = "Translation with Cascaded Finite State Transducers",
    author = "Vogel, Stephan  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075222",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2000-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-Pattern-based {K}orean to {E}nglish Machine Translation using Two Level Translation Pattern Selection",
    author = "Kim, Jung-jae  and
      Choi, Key-Sun  and
      Chae, Young-Soog",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075223",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{foster-2000-maximum,
    title = "A Maximum Entropy/Minimum Divergence Translation Model",
    author = "Foster, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075224",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{krymolowski-dagan-2000-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Compositional Evidence in Memory-Based Partial Parsing",
    author = "Krymolowski, Yuval  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075225",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{simaan-2000-tree,
    title = "Tree-gram Parsing: Lexical Dependencies and Structural Relations",
    author = "Sima{'}an, K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075226",
    pages = "37--44",
}
@inproceedings{bod-2000-improved,
    title = "An Improved Parser for Data-Oriented Lexical-Functional Analysis",
    author = "Bod, Rens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075227",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{mani-wilson-2000-robust,
    title = "Robust Temporal Processing of News",
    author = "Mani, Inderjeet  and
      Wilson, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075228",
    pages = "69--76",
}
@inproceedings{bechet-etal-2000-tagging,
    title = "Tagging Unknown Proper Names Using Decision Trees",
    author = "B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Nasr, Alexis  and
      Genet, Franck",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075229",
    pages = "77--84",
}
@inproceedings{malouf-2000-order,
    title = "The Order of Prenominal Adjectives in Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Malouf, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075230",
    pages = "85--92",
}
@inproceedings{roy-etal-2000-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Dialogue Management Using Probabilistic Reasoning",
    author = "Roy, Nicholas  and
      Pineau, Joelle  and
      Thrun, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075231",
    pages = "93--100",
}
@inproceedings{pantel-lin-2000-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Approach to Prepositional Phrase Attachment using Contextually Similar Words",
    author = "Pantel, Patrick  and
      Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075232",
    pages = "101--108",
}
@inproceedings{xun-etal-2000-unified,
    title = "A Unified Statistical Model for the Identification of {E}nglish {B}ase{NP}",
    author = "Xun, Endong  and
      Huang, Changning  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075233",
    pages = "109--116",
}
@inproceedings{ngai-yarowsky-2000-rule,
    title = "Rule Writing or Annotation: Cost-efficient Resource Usage for Base Noun Phrase Chunking",
    author = "Ngai, Grace  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075234",
    pages = "117--125",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-2000-using,
    title = "Using Existing Systems to Supplement Small Amounts of Annotated Grammatical Relations Training Data",
    author = "Yeh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075235",
    pages = "126--132",
}
@inproceedings{milward-2000-distributing,
    title = "Distributing Representation for Robust Interpretation of Dialogue Utterances",
    author = "Milward, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075236",
    pages = "133--141",
}
@inproceedings{jordan-2000-nominal,
    title = "Can Nominal Expressions Achieve Multiple Goals?: An Empirical Study",
    author = "Jordan, Pamela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075237",
    pages = "142--149",
}
@inproceedings{carenini-moore-2000-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of the Influence of Argument Conciseness on Argument Effectiveness",
    author = "Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Moore, Johanna D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075238",
    pages = "150--157",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-ishii-frank-2000-multi,
    title = "Multi-Agent Explanation Strategies in Real-Time Domains",
    author = "Tanaka-Ishii, Kumiko  and
      Frank, Ian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075239",
    pages = "158--165",
}
@inproceedings{ferrandez-peral-2000-computational,
    title = "A Computational Approach to Zero-pronouns in {S}panish",
    author = "Ferr{\'a}ndez, Antonio  and
      Peral, Jes{\'u}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075240",
    pages = "166--172",
}
@inproceedings{morton-2000-coreference,
    title = "Coreference for {NLP} Applications",
    author = "Morton, Thomas S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075241",
    pages = "173--180",
}
@inproceedings{jordan-walker-2000-learning,
    title = "Learning Attribute Selections for Non-Pronominal Expressions",
    author = "Jordan, Pamela  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075242",
    pages = "181--190",
}
@inproceedings{beesley-karttunen-2000-finite,
    title = "Finite-State Non-Concatenative Morphotactics",
    author = "Beesley, Kenneth R.  and
      Karttunen, Lauri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075243",
    pages = "191--198",
}
@inproceedings{roeck-al-fares-2000-morphologically,
    title = "A Morphologically Sensitive Clustering Algorithm for Identifying {A}rabic Roots",
    author = "Roeck, Anne N. De  and
      Al-Fares, Waleed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075244",
    pages = "199--206",
}
@inproceedings{yarowsky-wicentowski-2000-minimally,
    title = "Minimally Supervised Morphological Analysis by Multimodal Alignment",
    author = "Yarowsky, David  and
      Wicentowski, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075245",
    pages = "207--216",
}
@inproceedings{klein-2000-constraint,
    title = "A Constraint-based Approach to {E}nglish Prosodic Constituents",
    author = "Klein, Ewan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075246",
    pages = "217--224",
}
@inproceedings{muller-etal-2000-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Probabilistic Syllable Classes Using Multivariate Clustering",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Karin  and
      M{\"o}bius, Bernd  and
      Prescher, Detlef},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075247",
    pages = "225--232",
}
@inproceedings{pan-hirschberg-2000-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Local Context for Pitch Accent Prediction",
    author = "Pan, Shimei  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075248",
    pages = "233--240",
}
@inproceedings{chen-lee-2000-new,
    title = "A New Statistical Approach To {C}hinese Pinyin Input",
    author = "Chen, Zheng  and
      Lee, Kai-Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075249",
    pages = "241--247",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2000-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detecting/Correcting Errors in {C}hinese Text by an Approximate Word-Matching Algorithm",
    author = "Zhang, Lei  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Huang, Changning  and
      Pan, Haihua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075250",
    pages = "248--254",
}
@inproceedings{lai-huang-2000-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-based Syntactic Analysis of {C}hinese and Annotation of Parsed Corpus",
    author = "Lai, Tom B.Y.  and
      Huang, Changning",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075251",
    pages = "255--262",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2000-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Tagging Based on Hidden {M}arkov Model Assuming Joint Independence",
    author = "Lee, Sang-Zoo  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075252",
    pages = "263--269",
}
@inproceedings{cucerzan-yarowsky-2000-language,
    title = "Language Independent, Minimally Supervised Induction of Lexical Probabilities",
    author = "Cucerzan, Silviu  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075253",
    pages = "270--277",
}
@inproceedings{hepple-2000-independence,
    title = "Independence and Commitment: Assumptions for Rapid Training and Execution of Rule-based {POS} Taggers",
    author = "Hepple, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075254",
    pages = "278--277",
}
@inproceedings{brill-moore-2000-improved,
    title = "An Improved Error Model for Noisy Channel Spelling Correction",
    author = "Brill, Eric  and
      Moore, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075255",
    pages = "286--293",
}
@inproceedings{berger-mittal-2000-query,
    title = "Query-Relevant Summarization using {FAQ}s",
    author = "Berger, Adam  and
      Mittal, Vibhu O.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075256",
    pages = "294--301",
}
@inproceedings{nakao-2000-algorithm,
    title = "An Algorithm for One-page Summarization of a Long Text Based on Thematic Hierarchy Detection",
    author = "Nakao, Yoshio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075257",
    pages = "302--309",
}
@inproceedings{reithinger-etal-2000-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Multilingual Spoken Negotiation Dialogues",
    author = "Reithinger, Norbert  and
      Kipp, Michael  and
      Engel, Ralf  and
      Alexandersson, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075258",
    pages = "310--317",
}
@inproceedings{banko-etal-2000-headline,
    title = "Headline Generation Based on Statistical Translation",
    author = "Banko, Michele  and
      Mittal, Vibhu O.  and
      Witbrock, Michael J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075259",
    pages = "318--325",
}
@inproceedings{uchimoto-etal-2000-named,
    title = "Named Entity Extraction Based on A Maximum Entropy Model and Transformation Rules",
    author = "Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Ma, Qing  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Ozaku, Hiromi  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075260",
    pages = "326--335",
}
@inproceedings{khoo-etal-2000-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Causal Knowledge from a Medical Database Using Graphical Patterns",
    author = "Khoo, Christopher S. G.  and
      Chan, Syin  and
      Niu, Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075261",
    pages = "336--343",
}
@inproceedings{nobata-etal-2000-difficulty,
    title = "Difficulty Indices for the Named Entity Task in {J}apanese",
    author = "Nobata, Chikashi  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075262",
    pages = "344--351",
}
@inproceedings{van-lohuizen-2000-memory,
    title = "Memory-Efficient and Thread-Safe Quasi-Destructive Graph Unification",
    author = "van Lohuizen, Marcel P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075263",
    pages = "352--359",
}
@inproceedings{kuhn-2000-processing,
    title = "Processing Optimality-theoretic Syntax by Interleaved Chart Parsing and Generation",
    author = "Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075264",
    pages = "368--375",
}
@inproceedings{koller-etal-2000-polynomial,
    title = "A Polynomial-Time Fragment of Dominance Constraints",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Mehlhorn, Kurt  and
      Niehren, Joachim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075265",
    pages = "376--383",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2000-hidden,
    title = "Hidden {M}arkov Model-Based {K}orean Part-of-Speech Tagging Considering High Agglutinativity, Word-Spacing, and Lexical Correlativity",
    author = "Lee, Sang-Zoo  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075266",
    pages = "384--391",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-2000-synchronous,
    title = "Synchronous Morphological Analysis of Grapheme and Phoneme for {J}apanese {OCR}",
    author = "Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075267",
    pages = "384--391",
}
@inproceedings{huang-choi-2000-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese-{K}orean Word Alignment Based on Linguistic Comparison",
    author = "Huang, Jin-Xia  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075268",
    pages = "392--399",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-etal-2000-specifying,
    title = "Specifying the Parameters of Centering Theory: a Corpus-Based Evaluation using Text from Application-Oriented Domains",
    author = "Poesio, M.  and
      Cheng, H.  and
      Henschel, R.  and
      Hitzeman, J.  and
      Kibble, R.  and
      Stevenson, R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075269",
    pages = "400--407",
}
@inproceedings{miltsakaki-kukich-2000-role,
    title = "The Role of Centering Theory{'}s Rough-Shift in the Teaching and Evaluation of Writing Skills",
    author = "Miltsakaki, Eleni  and
      Kukich, Karen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075270",
    pages = "408--415",
}
@inproceedings{ide-cristea-2000-hierarchical,
    title = "A Hierarchical Account of Referential Accessibility",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Cristea, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075271",
    pages = "416--424",
}
@inproceedings{sumita-2000-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Transfer Using a Vector-Space Model",
    author = "Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075272",
    pages = "425--431",
}
@inproceedings{ribeiro-etal-2000-using,
    title = "Using Confidence Bands for Parallel Texts Alignment",
    author = "Ribeiro, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Lopes, Gabriel  and
      Mexia, Jo{\~a}o",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075273",
    pages = "432--439",
}
@inproceedings{och-ney-2000-improved,
    title = "Improved Statistical Alignment Models",
    author = "Och, Franz Josef  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075274",
    pages = "440--447",
}
@inproceedings{schuler-etal-2000-multi,
    title = "Multi-Component {TAG} and Notions of Formal Power",
    author = "Schuler, William  and
      Chiang, David  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1057",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075275",
    pages = "448--455",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-2000-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Parsing with an Automatically-Extracted Tree Adjoining Grammar",
    author = "Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1058",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075276",
    pages = "456--463",
}
@inproceedings{bangalore-rambow-2000-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Lexical Choice in Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1059",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075277",
    pages = "464--471",
}
@inproceedings{sui-etal-2000-information,
    title = "An Information-Theory-Based Feature Type Analysis for the Modeling of Statistical Parsing",
    author = "Sui, Zhifang  and
      Zhao, Jun  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1060",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075278",
    pages = "472--479",
}
@inproceedings{riezler-etal-2000-lexicalized,
    title = "Lexicalized Stochastic Modeling of Constraint-Based Grammars using Log-Linear Measures and {EM} Training",
    author = "Riezler, Stefan  and
      Prescher, Detlef  and
      Kuhn, Jonas  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1061",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075279",
    pages = "480--487",
}
@inproceedings{fujii-ishikawa-2000-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing the World Wide Web as an Encyclopedia: Extracting Term Descriptions from Semi-Structured Texts",
    author = "Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Ishikawa, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1062",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075280",
    pages = "488--495",
}
@inproceedings{oh-etal-2000-term,
    title = "Term Recognition Using Technical Dictionary Hierarchy",
    author = "Oh, Jong-Hoon  and
      Lee, KyungSoon  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1063",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075281",
    pages = "496--503",
}
@inproceedings{daude-etal-2000-mapping,
    title = "Mapping {W}ord{N}ets Using Structural Information",
    author = "Daud{\'e}, J.  and
      Padr{\'o}, L.  and
      Rigau, G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1064",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075282",
    pages = "504--511",
}
@inproceedings{gildea-jurafsky-2000-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Labeling of Semantic Roles",
    author = "Gildea, Daniel  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1065",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075283",
    pages = "512--520",
}
@inproceedings{pinkal-kohlhase-2000-feature,
    title = "Feature Logic for Dotted Types: A Formalism for Complex Word Meanings",
    author = "Pinkal, Manfred  and
      Kohlhase, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1066",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075284",
    pages = "521--528",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2000-pens,
    title = "{PENS}: A Machine-aided {E}nglish Writing System for {C}hinese Users",
    author = "Liu, Ting  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Xun, Endong  and
      Huang, Changning",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1067",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075285",
    pages = "529--536",
}
@inproceedings{kakegawa-etal-2000-diagnostic,
    title = "Diagnostic Processing of {J}apanese for Computer-Assisted Second Language Learning",
    author = "Kakegawa, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Kanda, Hisayuki  and
      Fujioka, Eitaro  and
      Itami, Makoto  and
      Itoh, Kohji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1068",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075286",
    pages = "537--546",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2000-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation by Learning from Unlabeled Data",
    author = "Park, Seong-Bae  and
      Zhang, Byoung-Tak  and
      Kim, Yung Taek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1069",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075287",
    pages = "547--554",
}
@inproceedings{vicedo-ferrandez-2000-importance,
    title = "Importance of Pronominal Anaphora Resolution in Question Answering Systems",
    author = "Vicedo, Jos{\'e} L.  and
      Ferr{\'a}ndez, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1070",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075288",
    pages = "555--562",
}
@inproceedings{moldovan-etal-2000-structure,
    title = "The Structure and Performance of an Open-Domain Question Answering System",
    author = "Moldovan, Dan  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda  and
      Pasca, Marius  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Girju, Roxana  and
      Goodrum, Richard  and
      Rus, Vasile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1071",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075289",
    pages = "563--570",
}
@inproceedings{kim-choi-2000-dimension,
    title = "Dimension-Reduced Estimation of Word Co-occurrence Probability",
    author = "Kim, Kilyoun  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1072",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075290",
    pages = "571--578",
}
@inproceedings{gao-lee-2000-distribution,
    title = "Distribution-Based Pruning of Backoff Language Models",
    author = "Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Lee, Kai-Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1073",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075291",
    pages = "579--588",
}
@inproceedings{roxas-borra-2000-panel,
    title = "{P}anel: Computational Linguistics Research on {P}hilippine Languages",
    author = "Roxas, Rachel Edita O.  and
      Borra, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1074",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075292",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{nazief-2000-panel,
    title = "{P}anel: Development of Computational Linguistics Research: A Challenge for {I}ndonesia",
    author = "Nazief, Bobby",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1075",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075293",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{phan-2000-panel,
    title = "{P}anel: Good Spelling of {V}ietnamese Texts,One Aspect of Computational Linguistics in Vietnam",
    author = "Phan, Huy Khanh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1076",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075294",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{bharati-etal-2000-panel,
    title = "{P}anel: Computational Linguistics in {I}ndia: An Overview",
    author = "Bharati, Akshar  and
      Chaitanya, Vineet  and
      Sangal, Rajeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1077",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075295",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{sornlertlamvanich-etal-2000-panel,
    title = "{P}anel: The State of the Art in {T}hai Language Processing",
    author = "Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Potipiti, Tanapong  and
      Wutiwiwatchai, Chai  and
      Mittrapiyanuruk, Pradit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1078",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075296",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{yusoff-2000-panel,
    title = "{P}anel: Computational Linguistics in Malaysia",
    author = "Yusoff, Zaharin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P00-1079",
    doi = "10.3115/1075218.1075297",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@proceedings{paclic-1996-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    author = "Park, Byung-Soo  and
      Kim, Jong-Bok",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1000",
}
@inproceedings{ahrens-huang-1996-classifiers,
    title = "Classifiers and Semantic Type Coercion : Motivating a New Classification of Classifiers",
    author = "Ahrens, Kathleen  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1001",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12017",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{morin-1996-configuration,
    title = "Configuration vs. Information : An Informational Explanation of Command Relations",
    author = "Morin, Jean-Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1002",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12019",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{branco-marrafa-1996-subject,
    title = "Subject-oriented and non Subject-oriented Long-distance Anaphora : an Integrated Approach",
    author = "Branco, Antonio  and
      Marrafa, Palmira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1003",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12030",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{kim-park-1996-english,
    title = "{E}nglish Free Relative Clause Constructions : From a Constraint-Based Perspective",
    author = "Kim, Jong-Bok  and
      Park, Byung-Soo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1004",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12041",
    pages = "31--41",
}
@inproceedings{siegel-1996-preferences,
    title = "Preferences and Defaults for Definiteness and Number in {J}apanese to {G}erman Machine Translation",
    author = "Siegel, Melanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1005",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12054",
    pages = "43--52",
}
@inproceedings{gamback-etal-1996-underspecified,
    title = "Underspecified {J}apanese Semantics in a Machine Translation System",
    author = {Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Lieske, Christian  and
      Mori, Yoshiki},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1006",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12062",
    pages = "53--62",
}
@inproceedings{campbell-etal-1996-improving,
    title = "Improving Automated Alignment in Multilingual Corpora",
    author = "Campbell, J.A.  and
      Chatterjee, N.  and
      Manela, M.  and
      Fang, Alex Chengyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1007",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12063",
    pages = "63--72",
}
@inproceedings{chan-1996-truth,
    title = "The Truth-Conditional Treatment of Ambiguity and {C}hinese Serial Verb Constructions",
    author = "Chan, Alice Yin Wa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1008",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12064",
    pages = "73--82",
}
@inproceedings{lee-1996-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Causatives in {K}orean : Clause Union or Not?",
    author = "Lee, Keon Soo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1009",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12065",
    pages = "83--92",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-1996-discourse,
    title = "A Discourse Approach to Causal Sentences in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Tsai, Mei-chih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1010",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12066",
    pages = "93--98",
}
@inproceedings{chae-1996-light,
    title = "Light Verb Constructions and Structural Ambiguity",
    author = "Chae, Hee-Rahk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1011",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12067",
    pages = "99--107",
}
@inproceedings{cooper-1996-ambiguous,
    title = "Ambiguous (((Par(t)(it))((ion))(s))(in)) {T}hai Text",
    author = "Cooper, Doug",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1012",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12018",
    pages = "109--118",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-lua-1996-neural,
    title = "Neural Networks in {C}hinese Lexical Classification",
    author = "Hasan, Md Maruf  and
      Lua, Kim-Teng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1013",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12020",
    pages = "119--128",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-1996-logical,
    title = "A Logical Structure for the Construction of Machine Readable Dictionaries",
    author = "Choi, Byung-Jin  and
      Lee, Jae-Sung  and
      Lee, Woon-Jae  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1014",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12021",
    pages = "129--136",
}
@inproceedings{mc-hale-myaeng-1996-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Thematic Roles from Dictionary Definitions",
    author = "Mc Hale, Michael L.  and
      Myaeng, Sung H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1015",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12022",
    pages = "137--146",
}
@inproceedings{uda-1996-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Telicity and Affected-Theme : Semantic Factors Contributing to the Resultative Interpretation of Predicates in {J}apanese",
    author = "Uda, Chiharu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1016",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12023",
    pages = "147--156",
}
@inproceedings{ikeya-1996-semantic,
    title = "The Semantic Structure of {J}apanese Adjectives with -tai Derivational Suffix",
    author = "Ikeya, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1017",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12024",
    pages = "157--166",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-1996-sinica,
    title = "{SINICA} {CORPUS} : Design Methodology for Balanced Corpora",
    author = "Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chang, Li-Ping  and
      Hsu, Hui-Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1018",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12025",
    pages = "167--176",
}
@inproceedings{shinnou-1996-finding,
    title = "Finding a Deficiency of a Meaning in a Bunrui-goi-hyou Entry by Using Corpora",
    author = "Shinnou, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1019",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12026",
    pages = "177--186",
}
@inproceedings{uehara-bradley-1996-effect,
    title = "The Effect of -ga Sequences on Processing {J}apanese Multiply Center-Embedded Sentences",
    author = "Uehara, Keiko  and
      Bradley, Dianne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1020",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12027",
    pages = "187--196",
}
@inproceedings{kwak-1996-event,
    title = "The Event-Dependent Individuals and the Ambiguity of Donkey Sentences",
    author = "Kwak, Eun-Joo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1021",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12028",
    pages = "197--207",
}
@inproceedings{uehara-1996-pronouns,
    title = "Are Pronouns Always Zero in Zero Pronominal Languages? : The Case in {J}apanese",
    author = "Uehara, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1022",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12029",
    pages = "209--218",
}
@inproceedings{kang-1996-markup,
    title = "Markup of {K}orean Dictionary Entries",
    author = "Kang, Beom-mo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1023",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12031",
    pages = "219--228",
}
@inproceedings{hirano-matsumoto-1996-proposal,
    title = "A Proposal of {K}orean Conjugation System and its Application to Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Hirano, Yoshitaka  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1024",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12032",
    pages = "229--236",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-1996-rule,
    title = "Rule-based Approach to {K}orean Morphological Disambiguation Supported by Statistical Method",
    author = "Kim, Min-Jung  and
      Kwon, Hyuk-Chul  and
      Yoon, Ae-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1025",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12033",
    pages = "237--246",
}
@inproceedings{wu-1996-argument,
    title = "Argument Control and Mapping Theory : Evidence from the {HO} Construction in {T}aiwanese",
    author = "Wu, Jiun-Shiung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1026",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12034",
    pages = "247--256",
}
@inproceedings{yoshida-yoshida-1996-interrogative,
    title = "Interrogative Feature Checking in {J}apanese and {K}orean",
    author = "Yoshida, Keiko  and
      Yoshida, Tomoyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1027",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12035",
    pages = "257--266",
}
@inproceedings{hsin-1996-temporal,
    title = "Temporal/Locative {WH}s and Null-P Incorporation",
    author = "Hsin, Tien-Hsin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1028",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12036",
    pages = "267--276",
}
@inproceedings{inaba-1996-computational,
    title = "A Computational Expression of Initial Binary Feet and Surface Ternary Feet in Metrical Theory",
    author = "Inaba, Seiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1029",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12037",
    pages = "277--287",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-1996-mandarin,
    title = "A {M}andarin Voice Organizer Based on a Template-Matching Speech Recognizer",
    author = "Wang, Jhing-Fa  and
      Shyuu, Jyh-Shing  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1030",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12038",
    pages = "289--296",
}
@inproceedings{kawamori-etal-1996-phonological,
    title = "A Phonological Study on {J}apanese Discourse Markers",
    author = "Kawamori, Masahito  and
      Shimazu, Akira  and
      Kawabata, Takeshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1031",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12039",
    pages = "297--306",
}
@inproceedings{chung-1996-contrastive,
    title = "Contrastive Focus and Exempted Anaphor Caki in {K}orean",
    author = "Chung, Chan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1032",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12040",
    pages = "307--316",
}
@inproceedings{evans-1996-legitimate,
    title = "Legitimate Termination of Nonlocal Features in {HPSG}",
    author = "Evans, Hywel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1033",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12042",
    pages = "317--326",
}
@inproceedings{ryu-1996-argument,
    title = "Argument Structure and Unaccusativity in the Constraint-based Lexicon",
    author = "Ryu, Byong-Rae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1034",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12043",
    pages = "327--336",
}
@inproceedings{wu-sun-1996-fuzzy,
    title = "Fuzzy Statistics and Computation on the Lexical Semantics : How Much Do You Think? and How Many?",
    author = "Wu, Berlin  and
      Sun, Ching-min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1035",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12044",
    pages = "337--346",
}
@inproceedings{komatsu-1996-epistemic,
    title = "Epistemic Model and Three-valued Interpretation",
    author = "Komatsu, Hisashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1036",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12045",
    pages = "347--356",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-1996-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Topics from Texts Based on Situations",
    author = "Ma, Zhiyi  and
      Zhan, Xuegong  and
      Yao, Tianshun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1037",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12046",
    pages = "357--362",
}
@inproceedings{yang-berwick-1996-principle,
    title = "Principle-based Parsing for {C}hinese",
    author = "Yang, Charles D.  and
      Berwick, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1038",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12047",
    pages = "363--371",
}
@inproceedings{nagamatsu-tanaka-1996-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Point-of-View-based Similarity Using {POV} Reinforcement and Similarity Propagation",
    author = "Nagamatsu, Kenji  and
      Tanaka, Hidehiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1039",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12048",
    pages = "373--382",
}
@inproceedings{hogenhout-matsumoto-1996-fast,
    title = "Fast Statistical Grammar Induction",
    author = "Hogenhout, Wide R.  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1040",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12049",
    pages = "383--392",
}
@inproceedings{chung-1996-structure,
    title = "On the Structure of the So-called Head Internal Relative Construction",
    author = "Chung, Daeho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1041",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12050",
    pages = "393--402",
}
@inproceedings{kim-1996-internally,
    title = "Internally Headed Relative Clause Constructions in {K}orean",
    author = "Kim, Yong-Beom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1042",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12051",
    pages = "403--413",
}
@inproceedings{lee-cho-1996-coronal,
    title = "Coronal Unmarkedness and Clusters in Correspondence Theory",
    author = "Lee, Shinsook  and
      Cho, Mi-Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1043",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12052",
    pages = "415--424",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-1996-spanish,
    title = "{S}panish Lexical Acquisition via Morpho-Semantic Constructive Derivational Morphology",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez, Margarita C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1044",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12053",
    pages = "425--437",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-1996-danger,
    title = "Danger of Partial Universality : In Two Uses of In-adverbials",
    author = "Yoon, Jae-Hak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1045",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12055",
    pages = "439--448",
}
@inproceedings{mcewen-1996-learning,
    title = "Learning to Speak Like Girls and Boys : A Developmental Study in Gender and Narrative Style",
    author = "McEwen, Shannon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1046",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12056",
    pages = "449--458",
}
@inproceedings{wee-1996-felicity,
    title = "Felicity Condition of {K}orean and {E}nglish Contrastive Topic",
    author = "Wee, Hae-Kyung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1047",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12057",
    pages = "459--468",
}
@inproceedings{lee-1996-irregular,
    title = "On the Irregular Verbs in {K}orean",
    author = "Lee, Sechang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1048",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12058",
    pages = "469--478",
}
@inproceedings{kang-1996-optimality,
    title = "An Optimality Theoretic Account of Nasal Assimilation in {E}nglish",
    author = "Kang, Seok-keun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1049",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12059",
    pages = "479--488",
}
@inproceedings{shin-1996-coronal,
    title = "Coronal Specification and Licensing in Place Assimilation",
    author = "Shin, Seung-Hoon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1050",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12060",
    pages = "489--500",
}
@inproceedings{de-wind-1996-attract,
    title = "Attract F, Accusative Case-checking and the Position of the Subject in {F}rench Stylistic Inversion with Causative and Perception Verbs",
    author = "de Wind, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1051",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12061",
    pages = "501--510",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1996-programme,
    title = "Programme Committee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "Kyung Hee University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y96-1052",
}
@proceedings{acl-2001-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
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@inproceedings{durbin-2001-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: Interpreting the Human Genome Sequence, Using Stochastic Grammars",
    author = "Durbin, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073013",
    pages = "1--1",
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@inproceedings{gauvain-etal-2001-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: Processing Broadcast Audio for Information Access",
    author = "Gauvain, Jean-Luc  and
      Lamel, Lori  and
      Adda, Gilles  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine  and
      Barras, Claude  and
      Chen, Langzhou  and
      de Kercadio, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073014",
    pages = "2--9",
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@inproceedings{amaya-benedi-2001-improvement,
    title = "Improvement of a Whole Sentence Maximum Entropy Language Model Using Grammatical Features",
    author = "Amaya, Fredy A.  and
      Bened{\'\i}, Jos{\'e} Miguel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073015",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-2001-low,
    title = "Low-cost, High-performance Translation Retrieval: Dumber is Better",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073016",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{banko-brill-2001-scaling,
    title = "Scaling to Very Very Large Corpora for Natural Language Disambiguation",
    author = "Banko, Michele  and
      Brill, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073017",
    pages = "26--33",
}
@inproceedings{barbu-mitkov-2001-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Tool for Rule-based Anaphora Resolution Methods",
    author = "Barbu, Catalina  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073018",
    pages = "34--41",
}
@inproceedings{barthelemy-etal-2001-guided,
    title = "Guided Parsing of Range Concatenation Languages",
    author = "Barth{\'e}lemy, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Boullier, Pierre  and
      Deschamp, Philippe  and
      Villemonte de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073019",
    pages = "42--49",
}
@inproceedings{barzilay-mckeown-2001-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Paraphrases from a Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Barzilay, Regina  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073020",
    pages = "50--57",
}
@inproceedings{bierner-2001-alternative,
    title = "Alternative Phrases and Natural Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Bierner, Gann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073021",
    pages = "58--65",
}
@inproceedings{bod-2001-minimal,
    title = "What is the Minimal Set of Fragments that Achieves Maximal Parse Accuracy?",
    author = "Bod, Rens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073022",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@inproceedings{bodirsky-etal-2001-underspecified,
    title = "Underspecified Beta Reduction",
    author = "Bodirsky, Manuel  and
      Erk, Katrin  and
      Koller, Alexander  and
      Niehren, Joachim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073023",
    pages = "74--81",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-bosch-etal-2001-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Problematic Turns in Human-Machine Interactions: Rule-induction Versus Memory-based Learning Approaches",
    author = "van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Swerts, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073024",
    pages = "82--89",
}
@inproceedings{brent-tao-2001-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Text Segmentation With {MBDP}-1: Making the Most of Training Corpora",
    author = "Brent, Michael R.  and
      Tao, Xiaopeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073025",
    pages = "90--97",
}
@inproceedings{burstein-etal-2001-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Classification of Discourse Elements in Essays",
    author = "Burstein, Jill  and
      Marcu, Daniel  and
      Andreyev, Slava  and
      Chodorow, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073026",
    pages = "98--105",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-etal-2001-rags,
    title = "From {RAGS} to {RICHES}: Exploiting the Potential of a Flexible Generation Architecture",
    author = "Cahill, Lynne  and
      Carroll, John  and
      Evans, Roger  and
      Paiva, Daniel  and
      Power, Richard  and
      Scott, Donia  and
      van Deemter, Kees",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073027",
    pages = "106--113",
}
@inproceedings{cassell-etal-2001-non,
    title = "Non-Verbal Cues for Discourse Structure",
    author = "Cassell, Justine  and
      Nakano, Yukiko  and
      Bickmore, Timothy W.  and
      Sidner, Candace L.  and
      Rich, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073028",
    pages = "114--123",
}
@inproceedings{charniak-2001-immediate,
    title = "Immediate-Head Parsing for Language Models",
    author = "Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073029",
    pages = "124--131",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-2001-constraints,
    title = "Constraints on Strong Generative Power",
    author = "Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073030",
    pages = "132--139",
}
@inproceedings{copestake-etal-2001-algebra,
    title = "An Algebra for Semantic Construction in Constraint-based Grammars",
    author = "Copestake, Ann  and
      Lascarides, Alex  and
      Flickinger, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073031",
    pages = "140--147",
}
@inproceedings{corston-oliver-etal-2001-machine,
    title = "A Machine Learning Approach to the Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation",
    author = "Corston-Oliver, Simon  and
      Gamon, Michael  and
      Brockett, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073032",
    pages = "148--155",
}
@inproceedings{dikovsky-2001-grammars,
    title = "Grammars for Local and Long Dependencies",
    author = "Dikovsky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073033",
    pages = "156--163",
}
@inproceedings{dowding-etal-2001-practical,
    title = "Practical Issues in Compiling Typed Unification Grammars for Speech Recognition",
    author = "Dowding, John  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann  and
      Gawron, Jean Mark  and
      Culy, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073034",
    pages = "164--171",
}
@inproceedings{duboue-mckeown-2001-empirically,
    title = "Empirically Estimating Order Constraints for Content Planning in Generation",
    author = "Duboue, Pablo A.  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073035",
    pages = "172--179",
}
@inproceedings{duchier-debusmann-2001-topological,
    title = "Topological Dependency Trees: A Constraint-Based Account of Linear Precedence",
    author = "Duchier, Denys  and
      Debusmann, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073036",
    pages = "180--187",
}
@inproceedings{evert-krenn-2001-methods,
    title = "Methods for the Qualitative Evaluation of Lexical Association Measures",
    author = "Evert, Stefan  and
      Krenn, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073037",
    pages = "188--195",
}
@inproceedings{fujii-ishikawa-2001-organizing,
    title = "Organizing Encyclopedic Knowledge based on the Web and its Application to Question Answering",
    author = "Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Ishikawa, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073038",
    pages = "196--203",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-varea-etal-2001-refined,
    title = "Refined Lexicon Models for Statistical Machine Translation using a Maximum Entropy Approach",
    author = "Garc{\'\i}a-Varea, Ismael  and
      Och, Franz J.  and
      Ney, Hermann  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073039",
    pages = "204--211",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-thater-2001-generating,
    title = "Generating with a Grammar Based on Tree Descriptions: a Constraint-Based Approach",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Thater, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073040",
    pages = "212--219",
}
@inproceedings{gerdes-kahane-2001-word,
    title = "Word Order in {G}erman: A Formal Dependency Grammar Using a Topological Hierarchy",
    author = "Gerdes, Kim  and
      Kahane, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073041",
    pages = "220--227",
}
@inproceedings{germann-etal-2001-fast,
    title = "Fast Decoding and Optimal Decoding for Machine Translation",
    author = "Germann, Ulrich  and
      Jahr, Michael  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Marcu, Daniel  and
      Yamada, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073042",
    pages = "228--235",
}
@inproceedings{ginzburg-cooper-2001-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Ellipsis in Clarification",
    author = "Ginzburg, Jonathan  and
      Cooper, Robin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073043",
    pages = "236--243",
}
@inproceedings{green-etal-2001-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Lexical Entries in a Verbs Database to {W}ord{N}et Senses",
    author = "Green, Rebecca  and
      Pearl, Lisa  and
      Dorr, Bonnie J.  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073044",
    pages = "244--251",
}
@inproceedings{de-groote-2001-towards,
    title = "Towards Abstract Categorial Grammars",
    author = "de Groote, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073045",
    pages = "252--259",
}
@inproceedings{grover-lascarides-2001-xml,
    title = "{XML}-Based Data Preparation for Robust Deep Parsing",
    author = "Grover, Claire  and
      Lascarides, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073046",
    pages = "260--267",
}
@inproceedings{hajic-etal-2001-serial,
    title = "Serial Combination of Rules and Statistics: A Case Study in {C}zech Tagging",
    author = "Hajic, Jan  and
      Krbec, Pavel  and
      Kveton, Pavel  and
      Oliva, Karel  and
      Petkevic, Vladimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073047",
    pages = "268--275",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-sgall-2001-topic,
    title = "Topic-focus and Salience",
    author = "Hajicov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Sgall, Petr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073048",
    pages = "276--281",
}
@inproceedings{harabagiu-etal-2001-role,
    title = "The Role of Lexico-Semantic Feedback in Open-Domain Textual Question-Answering",
    author = "Harabagiu, Sanda  and
      Moldovan, Dan  and
      Pasca, Marius  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Bunsecu, Razvan  and
      Girju, Roxana  and
      Rus, Vasile  and
      Morarescu, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073049",
    pages = "282--289",
}
@inproceedings{hardt-rambow-2001-generation,
    title = "Generation of {VP} Ellipsis: A Corpus-Based Approach",
    author = "Hardt, Daniel  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073050",
    pages = "290--297",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2001-information,
    title = "Information Extraction from Voicemail",
    author = "Huang, Jing  and
      Zweig, Geoffrey  and
      Padmanabhan, Mukund",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073051",
    pages = "298--305",
}
@inproceedings{ide-romary-2001-common,
    title = "A Common Framework for Syntactic Annotation",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073052",
    pages = "306--313",
}
@inproceedings{isozaki-2001-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Named Entity Recognition based on a Simple Rule Generator and Decision Tree Learning",
    author = "Isozaki, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073053",
    pages = "314--321",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-2001-joint,
    title = "Joint and Conditional Estimation of Tagging and Parsing Models",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073054",
    pages = "322--329",
}
@inproceedings{kinyon-2001-language,
    title = "A Language Independent Shallow-Parser Compiler",
    author = "Kinyon, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073055",
    pages = "330--337",
}
@inproceedings{klein-manning-2001-parsing,
    title = "Parsing with Treebank Grammars: Empirical Bounds, Theoretical Models, and the Structure of the {P}enn Treebank",
    author = "Klein, Dan  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073056",
    pages = "338--345",
}
@inproceedings{kubler-hinrichs-2001-chunks,
    title = "From Chunks to Function-Argument Structure: A Similarity-Based Approach",
    author = {K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard W.},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073057",
    pages = "346--353",
}
@inproceedings{lapata-etal-2001-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Smoothing Algorithms against Plausibility Judgements",
    author = "Lapata, Maria  and
      Keller, Frank  and
      McDonald, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073058",
    pages = "354--361",
}
@inproceedings{lecomte-retore-2001-extending,
    title = "Extending Lambek Grammars: a Logical Account of Minimalist Grammars",
    author = "Lecomte, Alain  and
      Retor{\'e}, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073059",
    pages = "362--369",
}
@inproceedings{litman-etal-2001-predicting,
    title = "Predicting User Reactions to System Error",
    author = "Litman, Diane  and
      Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Swerts, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073060",
    pages = "370--377",
}
@inproceedings{liu-chua-2001-building,
    title = "Building Semantic Perceptron Net for Topic Spotting",
    author = "Liu, Jimin  and
      Chua, Tat-Seng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073061",
    pages = "378--385",
}
@inproceedings{marcu-2001-towards,
    title = "Towards a Unified Approach to Memory- and Statistical-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073062",
    pages = "386--393",
}
@inproceedings{michaud-mccoy-2001-error,
    title = "Error Profiling: Toward a Model of {E}nglish Acquisition for Deaf Learners",
    author = "Michaud, Lisa N.  and
      McCoy, Kathleen F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073063",
    pages = "394--401",
}
@inproceedings{moldovan-rus-2001-logic,
    title = "Logic Form Transformation of {W}ord{N}et and its Applicability to Question Answering",
    author = "Moldovan, Dan  and
      Rus, Vasile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073064",
    pages = "402--409",
}
@inproceedings{muller-2001-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Syllable Boundaries Combining the Advantages of Treebank and Bracketed Corpora Training",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Karin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073065",
    pages = "410--417",
}
@inproceedings{penn-2001-tractability,
    title = "Tractability and Structural Closures in Attribute Logic Type Signatures",
    author = "Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073066",
    pages = "418--425",
}
@inproceedings{petasis-etal-2001-using,
    title = "Using Machine Learning to Maintain Rule-based Named-Entity Recognition and Classification Systems",
    author = "Petasis, Georgios  and
      Vichot, Frantz  and
      Wolinski, Francis  and
      Paliouras, Georgios  and
      Karkaletsis, Vangelis  and
      Spyropoulos, Constantine D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073067",
    pages = "426--433",
}
@inproceedings{rambow-etal-2001-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating a Trainable Sentence Planner for a Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Rambow, Owen  and
      Rogati, Monica  and
      Walker, Marilyn A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073068",
    pages = "434--441",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-etal-2001-using,
    title = "Using a Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate an {NLG} System",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud  and
      Robertson, Roma  and
      Lennox, A. Scott  and
      Osman, Liesl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1057",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073069",
    pages = "442--449",
}
@inproceedings{santos-rocha-2001-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating {CETEMP}{\'u}blico, a Free Resource for {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Santos, Diana  and
      Rocha, Paulo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1058",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073070",
    pages = "450--457",
}
@inproceedings{schiffman-etal-2001-producing,
    title = "Producing Biographical Summaries: Combining Linguistic Knowledge with Corpus Statistics",
    author = "Schiffman, Barry  and
      Mani, Inderjeet  and
      Concepcion, Kristian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1059",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073071",
    pages = "458--465",
}
@inproceedings{schmid-rooth-2001-parse,
    title = "Parse Forest Computation of Expected Governors",
    author = "Schmid, Helmut  and
      Rooth, Mats",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1060",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073072",
    pages = "466--473",
}
@inproceedings{schuler-2001-computational,
    title = "Computational Properties of Environment-based Disambiguation",
    author = "Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1061",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073073",
    pages = "474--481",
}
@inproceedings{sgarbas-etal-2001-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Construction of Compact Acyclic {NFA}s",
    author = "Sgarbas, Kyriakos N.  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos D.  and
      Kokkinakis, George K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1062",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073074",
    pages = "482--489",
}
@inproceedings{snover-brent-2001-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Model For Morpheme and Paradigm Identification",
    author = "Snover, Matthew G.  and
      Brent, Michael R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1063",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073075",
    pages = "490--498",
}
@inproceedings{utiyama-isahara-2001-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Model for Domain-Independent Text Segmentation",
    author = "Utiyama, Masao  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1064",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073076",
    pages = "499--506",
}
@inproceedings{lohuizen-2001-generic,
    title = "A Generic Approach to Parallel Chart Parsing with an Application to {L}in{GO}",
    author = "Lohuizen, Marcel P. Van",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1065",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073077",
    pages = "507--514",
}
@inproceedings{walker-etal-2001-quantitative,
    title = "Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Darpa Communicator Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn A.  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca  and
      Boland, Julie E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1066",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073078",
    pages = "515--522",
}
@inproceedings{yamada-knight-2001-syntax,
    title = "A Syntax-based Statistical Translation Model",
    author = "Yamada, Kenji  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1067",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073079",
    pages = "523--530",
}
@inproceedings{yamamoto-etal-2001-multi,
    title = "Multi-Class Composite N-gram Language Model for Spoken Language Processing Using Multiple Word Clusters",
    author = "Yamamoto, Hirofumi  and
      Isogai, Shuntaro  and
      Sagisaka, Yoshinori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1068",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073080",
    pages = "531--538",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2001-text,
    title = "Text Chunking using Regularized Winnow",
    author = "Zhang, Tong  and
      Damerau, Fred  and
      Johnson, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1069",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073081",
    pages = "539--546",
}
@inproceedings{zukerman-horvitz-2001-using,
    title = "Using Machine Learning Techniques to Interpret {WH}-questions",
    author = "Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      Horvitz, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1070",
    doi = "10.3115/1073012.1073082",
    pages = "547--554",
}
@proceedings{acl-2015-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    author = "Zong, Chengqing  and
      Strube, Michael",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1",
}
@inproceedings{jean-etal-2015-using,
    title = "On Using Very Large Target Vocabulary for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Jean, S{\'e}bastien  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Memisevic, Roland  and
      Bengio, Yoshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{luong-etal-2015-addressing,
    title = "Addressing the Rare Word Problem in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Luong, Thang  and
      Sutskever, Ilya  and
      Le, Quoc  and
      Vinyals, Oriol  and
      Zaremba, Wojciech",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1002",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{meng-etal-2015-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Source Language with Convolutional Neural Network for Machine Translation",
    author = "Meng, Fandong  and
      Lu, Zhengdong  and
      Wang, Mingxuan  and
      Li, Hang  and
      Jiang, Wenbin  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1003",
    pages = "20--30",
}
@inproceedings{setiawan-etal-2015-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation Features with Multitask Tensor Networks",
    author = "Setiawan, Hendra  and
      Huang, Zhongqiang  and
      Devlin, Jacob  and
      Lamar, Thomas  and
      Zbib, Rabih  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Makhoul, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1004",
    pages = "31--41",
}
@inproceedings{elliott-de-vries-2015-describing,
    title = "Describing Images using Inferred Visual Dependency Representations",
    author = "Elliott, Desmond  and
      de Vries, Arjen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1005",
    pages = "42--52",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2015-text,
    title = "Text to 3{D} Scene Generation with Rich Lexical Grounding",
    author = "Chang, Angel  and
      Monroe, Will  and
      Savva, Manolis  and
      Potts, Christopher  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1006",
    pages = "53--62",
}
@inproceedings{yin-schutze-2015-multigrancnn,
    title = "{M}ulti{G}ran{CNN}: An Architecture for General Matching of Text Chunks on Multiple Levels of Granularity",
    author = {Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1007",
    pages = "63--73",
}
@inproceedings{ramesh-etal-2015-weakly,
    title = "Weakly Supervised Models of Aspect-Sentiment for Online Course Discussion Forums",
    author = "Ramesh, Arti  and
      H. Kumar, Shachi  and
      Foulds, James  and
      Getoor, Lise",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1008",
    pages = "74--83",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2015-semantically,
    title = "Semantically Smooth Knowledge Graph Embedding",
    author = "Guo, Shu  and
      Wang, Quan  and
      Wang, Bin  and
      Wang, Lihong  and
      Guo, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1009",
    pages = "84--94",
}
@inproceedings{iacobacci-etal-2015-sensembed,
    title = "{S}ens{E}mbed: Learning Sense Embeddings for Word and Relational Similarity",
    author = "Iacobacci, Ignacio  and
      Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1010",
    pages = "95--105",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting Word Embedding for Contrasting Meaning",
    author = "Chen, Zhigang  and
      Lin, Wei  and
      Chen, Qian  and
      Chen, Xiaoping  and
      Wei, Si  and
      Jiang, Hui  and
      Zhu, Xiaodan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1011",
    pages = "106--115",
}
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    title = "Joint Models of Disagreement and Stance in Online Debate",
    author = "Sridhar, Dhanya  and
      Foulds, James  and
      Huang, Bert  and
      Getoor, Lise  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1012",
    pages = "116--125",
}
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    title = "Low-Rank Regularization for Sparse Conjunctive Feature Spaces: An Application to Named Entity Classification",
    author = "Primadhanty, Audi  and
      Carreras, Xavier  and
      Quattoni, Ariadna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1013",
    pages = "126--135",
}
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    title = "Learning Word Representations by Jointly Modeling Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Relations",
    author = "Sun, Fei  and
      Guo, Jiafeng  and
      Lan, Yanyan  and
      Xu, Jun  and
      Cheng, Xueqi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1014",
    pages = "136--145",
}
@inproceedings{strubell-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Dynamic Feature Selection for Fast Sequential Prediction",
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      Silverstein, Kate  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1015",
    pages = "146--155",
}
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    title = "Compositional Vector Space Models for Knowledge Base Completion",
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      Roth, Benjamin  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1016",
    pages = "156--166",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-event,
    title = "Event Extraction via Dynamic Multi-Pooling Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Chen, Yubo  and
      Xu, Liheng  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Zeng, Daojian  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1017",
    pages = "167--176",
}
@inproceedings{viswanathan-etal-2015-stacked,
    title = "Stacked Ensembles of Information Extractors for Knowledge-Base Population",
    author = "Viswanathan, Vidhoon  and
      Rajani, Nazneen Fatema  and
      Bentor, Yinon  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1018",
    pages = "177--187",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2015-generative,
    title = "Generative Event Schema Induction with Entity Disambiguation",
    author = "Nguyen, Kiem-Hieu  and
      Tannier, Xavier  and
      Ferret, Olivier  and
      Besan{\c{c}}on, Romaric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1019",
    pages = "188--197",
}
@inproceedings{oda-etal-2015-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-based Simultaneous Translation through Prediction of Unseen Syntactic Constituents",
    author = "Oda, Yusuke  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Sakti, Sakriani  and
      Toda, Tomoki  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1020",
    pages = "198--207",
}
@inproceedings{nakagawa-2015-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Top-Down {BTG} Parsing for Machine Translation Preordering",
    author = "Nakagawa, Tetsuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1021",
    pages = "208--218",
}
@inproceedings{c-de-souza-etal-2015-online,
    title = "Online Multitask Learning for Machine Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "C. de Souza, Jos{\'e} G.  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Ricci, Elisa  and
      Turchi, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1022",
    pages = "219--228",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2015-context,
    title = "A Context-Aware Topic Model for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Su, Jinsong  and
      Xiong, Deyi  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Han, Xianpei  and
      Lin, Hongyu  and
      Yao, Junfeng  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1023",
    pages = "229--238",
}
@inproceedings{sachan-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Answer-Entailing Structures for Machine Comprehension",
    author = "Sachan, Mrinmaya  and
      Dubey, Kumar  and
      Xing, Eric  and
      Richardson, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1024",
    pages = "239--249",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Continuous Word Embedding with Metadata for Question Retrieval in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Zhou, Guangyou  and
      He, Tingting  and
      Zhao, Jun  and
      Hu, Po",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1025",
    pages = "250--259",
}
@inproceedings{dong-etal-2015-question,
    title = "Question Answering over {F}reebase with Multi-Column Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Dong, Li  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Xu, Ke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1026",
    pages = "260--269",
}
@inproceedings{lazaridou-etal-2015-hubness,
    title = "Hubness and Pollution: Delving into Cross-Space Mapping for Zero-Shot Learning",
    author = "Lazaridou, Angeliki  and
      Dinu, Georgiana  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1027",
    pages = "270--280",
}
@inproceedings{bride-etal-2015-generalisation,
    title = "A Generalisation of Lexical Functions for Composition in Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Bride, Antoine  and
      Van de Cruys, Tim  and
      Asher, Nicholas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1028",
    pages = "281--291",
}
@inproceedings{kennington-schlangen-2015-simple,
    title = "Simple Learning and Compositional Application of Perceptually Grounded Word Meanings for Incremental Reference Resolution",
    author = "Kennington, Casey  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1029",
    pages = "292--301",
}
@inproceedings{durrett-klein-2015-neural,
    title = "Neural {CRF} Parsing",
    author = "Durrett, Greg  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1030",
    pages = "302--312",
}
@inproceedings{pei-etal-2015-effective,
    title = "An Effective Neural Network Model for Graph-based Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Pei, Wenzhe  and
      Ge, Tao  and
      Chang, Baobao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1031",
    pages = "313--322",
}
@inproceedings{weiss-etal-2015-structured,
    title = "Structured Training for Neural Network Transition-Based Parsing",
    author = "Weiss, David  and
      Alberti, Chris  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Petrov, Slav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1032",
    pages = "323--333",
}
@inproceedings{dyer-etal-2015-transition,
    title = "Transition-Based Dependency Parsing with Stack Long Short-Term Memory",
    author = "Dyer, Chris  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Ling, Wang  and
      Matthews, Austin  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1033",
    pages = "334--343",
}
@inproceedings{angeli-etal-2015-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Linguistic Structure For Open Domain Information Extraction",
    author = "Angeli, Gabor  and
      Johnson Premkumar, Melvin Jose  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1034",
    pages = "344--354",
}
@inproceedings{wang-cohen-2015-joint,
    title = "Joint Information Extraction and Reasoning: A Scalable Statistical Relational Learning Approach",
    author = "Wang, William Yang  and
      Cohen, William W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1035",
    pages = "355--364",
}
@inproceedings{nakashole-mitchell-2015-knowledge,
    title = "A Knowledge-Intensive Model for Prepositional Phrase Attachment",
    author = "Nakashole, Ndapandula  and
      Mitchell, Tom M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1036",
    pages = "365--375",
}
@inproceedings{tkachenko-lauw-2015-convolution,
    title = "A Convolution Kernel Approach to Identifying Comparisons in Text",
    author = "Tkachenko, Maksim  and
      Lauw, Hady",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1037",
    pages = "376--386",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2015-depends,
    title = "It Depends: Dependency Parser Comparison Using A Web-based Evaluation Tool",
    author = "Choi, Jinho D.  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1038",
    pages = "387--396",
}
@inproceedings{akbik-etal-2015-generating,
    title = "Generating High Quality Proposition {B}anks for Multilingual Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Akbik, Alan  and
      Chiticariu, Laura  and
      Danilevsky, Marina  and
      Li, Yunyao  and
      Vaithyanathan, Shivakumar  and
      Zhu, Huaiyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1039",
    pages = "397--407",
}
@inproceedings{almeida-etal-2015-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Opinions: Cross-Lingual Opinion Mining with Dependencies",
    author = "Almeida, Mariana S. C.  and
      Pinto, Cl{\'a}udia  and
      Figueira, Helena  and
      Mendes, Pedro  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1040",
    pages = "408--418",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning to Adapt Credible Knowledge in Cross-lingual Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Chen, Qiang  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Lei, Yu  and
      Liu, Xule  and
      He, Yanxiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1041",
    pages = "419--429",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2015-learning-bilingual,
    title = "Learning Bilingual Sentiment Word Embeddings for Cross-language Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Zhou, HuiWei  and
      Chen, Long  and
      Shi, Fulin  and
      Huang, Degen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1042",
    pages = "430--440",
}
@inproceedings{jha-etal-2015-content,
    title = "Content Models for Survey Generation: A Factoid-Based Evaluation",
    author = "Jha, Rahul  and
      Finegan-Dollak, Catherine  and
      King, Ben  and
      Coke, Reed  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1043",
    pages = "441--450",
}
@inproceedings{dusek-jurcicek-2015-training,
    title = "Training a Natural Language Generator From Unaligned Data",
    author = "Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Jur{\v{c}}{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1044",
    pages = "451--461",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2015-event,
    title = "Event-Driven Headline Generation",
    author = "Sun, Rui  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Zhang, Meishan  and
      Ji, Donghong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1045",
    pages = "462--472",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2015-new,
    title = "New Transfer Learning Techniques for Disparate Label Sets",
    author = "Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Stratos, Karl  and
      Sarikaya, Ruhi  and
      Jeong, Minwoo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1046",
    pages = "473--482",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-matrix,
    title = "Matrix Factorization with Knowledge Graph Propagation for Unsupervised Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Chen, Yun-Nung  and
      Wang, William Yang  and
      Gershman, Anatole  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1047",
    pages = "483--494",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2015-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Disfluency Detection with Transition-based Parsing",
    author = "Wu, Shuangzhi  and
      Zhang, Dongdong  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1048",
    pages = "495--503",
}
@inproceedings{yang-chang-2015-mart,
    title = "S-{MART}: Novel Tree-based Structured Learning Algorithms Applied to Tweet Entity Linking",
    author = "Yang, Yi  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1049",
    pages = "504--513",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2015-entity,
    title = "Entity Retrieval via Entity Factoid Hierarchy",
    author = "Lu, Chunliang  and
      Lam, Wai  and
      Liao, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1050",
    pages = "514--523",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Distributional Semantics into Triple-Based Knowledge Ranking for Document Enrichment",
    author = "Zhang, Muyu  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Zheng, Mao  and
      Hirst, Graeme  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1051",
    pages = "524--533",
}
@inproceedings{stevens-etal-2015-strategic,
    title = "A Strategic Reasoning Model for Generating Alternative Answers",
    author = "Stevens, Jon  and
      Benz, Anton  and
      Reu{\ss}e, Sebastian  and
      Klabunde, Ralf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1052",
    pages = "534--542",
}
@inproceedings{persing-ng-2015-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Argument Strength in Student Essays",
    author = "Persing, Isaac  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1053",
    pages = "543--552",
}
@inproceedings{bairi-etal-2015-summarization,
    title = "Summarization of Multi-Document Topic Hierarchies using Submodular Mixtures",
    author = "Bairi, Ramakrishna  and
      Iyer, Rishabh  and
      Ramakrishnan, Ganesh  and
      Bilmes, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1054",
    pages = "553--563",
}
@inproceedings{voskarides-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning to Explain Entity Relationships in Knowledge Graphs",
    author = "Voskarides, Nikos  and
      Meij, Edgar  and
      Tsagkias, Manos  and
      de Rijke, Maarten  and
      Weerkamp, Wouter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1055",
    pages = "564--574",
}
@inproceedings{ge-etal-2015-bring,
    title = "Bring you to the past: Automatic Generation of Topically Relevant Event Chronicles",
    author = "Ge, Tao  and
      Pei, Wenzhe  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Sui, Zhifang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1056",
    pages = "575--585",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-context,
    title = "Context-aware Entity Morph Decoding",
    author = "Zhang, Boliang  and
      Huang, Hongzhao  and
      Pan, Xiaoman  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Wen, Zhen  and
      Sun, Yizhou  and
      Han, Jiawei  and
      Yener, Bulent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1057",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1057",
    pages = "586--595",
}
@inproceedings{weissenborn-etal-2015-multi,
    title = "Multi-Objective Optimization for the Joint Disambiguation of Nouns and Named Entities",
    author = "Weissenborn, Dirk  and
      Hennig, Leonhard  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1058",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1058",
    pages = "596--605",
}
@inproceedings{adar-datta-2015-building,
    title = "Building a Scientific Concept Hierarchy Database ({SCHB}ase)",
    author = "Adar, Eytan  and
      Datta, Srayan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1059",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1059",
    pages = "606--615",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment-Aspect Extraction based on Restricted Boltzmann Machines",
    author = "Wang, Linlin  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Cao, Zhu  and
      Zhao, Jun  and
      de Melo, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1060",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1060",
    pages = "616--625",
}
@inproceedings{dos-santos-etal-2015-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Relations by Ranking with Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "dos Santos, C{\'\i}cero  and
      Xiang, Bing  and
      Zhou, Bowen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1061",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1061",
    pages = "626--634",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Representations for Domain Adaptation: A Case Study on the Tree Kernel-based Method for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Nguyen, Thien Huu  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1062",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1062",
    pages = "635--644",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-omnia,
    title = "Omnia Mutantur, Nihil Interit: Connecting Past with Present by Finding Corresponding Terms across Time",
    author = "Zhang, Yating  and
      Jatowt, Adam  and
      Bhowmick, Sourav  and
      Tanaka, Katsumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1063",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1063",
    pages = "645--655",
}
@inproceedings{zou-etal-2015-negation,
    title = "Negation and Speculation Identification in {C}hinese Language",
    author = "Zou, Bowei  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1064",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1064",
    pages = "656--665",
}
@inproceedings{lao-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Relational Features with Backward Random Walks",
    author = "Lao, Ni  and
      Minkov, Einat  and
      Cohen, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1065",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1065",
    pages = "666--675",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning the Semantics of Manipulation Action",
    author = {Yang, Yezhou  and
      Aloimonos, Yiannis  and
      Ferm{\"u}ller, Cornelia  and
      Aksoy, Eren Erdal},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1066",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1066",
    pages = "676--686",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-2015-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Graph Embedding via Dynamic Mapping Matrix",
    author = "Ji, Guoliang  and
      He, Shizhu  and
      Xu, Liheng  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1067",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1067",
    pages = "687--696",
}
@inproceedings{bryant-ng-2015-far,
    title = "How Far are We from Fully Automatic High Quality Grammatical Error Correction?",
    author = "Bryant, Christopher  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1068",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1068",
    pages = "697--707",
}
@inproceedings{arcan-etal-2015-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Portability with Semantic Expansion of Ontology Labels",
    author = "Arcan, Mihael  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1069",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1069",
    pages = "708--718",
}
@inproceedings{miller-gurevych-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic disambiguation of {E}nglish puns",
    author = "Miller, Tristan  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1070",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1070",
    pages = "719--729",
}
@inproceedings{bollegala-etal-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Cross-Domain Word Representation Learning",
    author = "Bollegala, Danushka  and
      Maehara, Takanori  and
      Kawarabayashi, Ken-ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1071",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1071",
    pages = "730--740",
}
@inproceedings{camacho-collados-etal-2015-unified,
    title = "A Unified Multilingual Semantic Representation of Concepts",
    author = "Camacho-Collados, Jos{\'e}  and
      Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1072",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1072",
    pages = "741--751",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-2015-demographic,
    title = "Demographic Factors Improve Classification Performance",
    author = "Hovy, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1073",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1073",
    pages = "752--762",
}
@inproceedings{sayeed-etal-2015-vector,
    title = "Vector-space calculation of semantic surprisal for predicting word pronunciation duration",
    author = "Sayeed, Asad  and
      Fischer, Stefan  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1074",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1074",
    pages = "763--773",
}
@inproceedings{downey-etal-2015-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Methods for Inferring Large Sparse Topic Hierarchies",
    author = "Downey, Doug  and
      Bhagavatula, Chandra  and
      Yang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1075",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1075",
    pages = "774--784",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-trans,
    title = "Trans-dimensional Random Fields for Language Modeling",
    author = "Wang, Bin  and
      Ou, Zhijian  and
      Tan, Zhiqiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1076",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1076",
    pages = "785--794",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2015-gaussian,
    title = "{G}aussian {LDA} for Topic Models with Word Embeddings",
    author = "Das, Rajarshi  and
      Zaheer, Manzil  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1077",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1077",
    pages = "795--804",
}
@inproceedings{guzman-etal-2015-pairwise,
    title = "Pairwise Neural Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Guzm{\'a}n, Francisco  and
      Joty, Shafiq  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1078",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1078",
    pages = "805--814",
}
@inproceedings{seemann-etal-2015-string,
    title = "String-to-Tree Multi Bottom-up Tree Transducers",
    author = "Seemann, Nina  and
      Braune, Fabienne  and
      Maletti, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1079",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1079",
    pages = "815--824",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2015-non,
    title = "Non-linear Learning for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Huang, Shujian  and
      Chen, Huadong  and
      Dai, Xin-Yu  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1080",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1080",
    pages = "825--835",
}
@inproceedings{dou-etal-2015-unifying,
    title = "Unifying {B}ayesian Inference and Vector Space Models for Improved Decipherment",
    author = "Dou, Qing  and
      Vaswani, Ashish  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1081",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1081",
    pages = "836--845",
}
@inproceedings{miceli-barone-attardi-2015-non,
    title = "Non-projective Dependency-based Pre-Reordering with Recurrent Neural Network for Machine Translation",
    author = "Miceli-Barone, Antonio Valerio  and
      Attardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1082",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1082",
    pages = "846--856",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2015-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Deceptive Groups Using Conversations and Network Analysis",
    author = "Yu, Dian  and
      Tyshchuk, Yulia  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Wallace, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1083",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1083",
    pages = "857--866",
}
@inproceedings{banerjee-mitra-2015-wikikreator,
    title = "{W}iki{K}reator: Improving {W}ikipedia Stubs Automatically",
    author = "Banerjee, Siddhartha  and
      Mitra, Prasenjit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1084",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1084",
    pages = "867--877",
}
@inproceedings{quirk-etal-2015-language,
    title = "Language to Code: Learning Semantic Parsers for If-This-Then-That Recipes",
    author = "Quirk, Chris  and
      Mooney, Raymond  and
      Galley, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1085",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1085",
    pages = "878--888",
}
@inproceedings{labutov-etal-2015-deep,
    title = "Deep Questions without Deep Understanding",
    author = "Labutov, Igor  and
      Basu, Sumit  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1086",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1086",
    pages = "889--898",
}
@inproceedings{vo-etal-2015-nl2kr,
    title = "The {NL}2{KR} Platform for building Natural Language Translation Systems",
    author = "Vo, Nguyen  and
      Mitra, Arindam  and
      Baral, Chitta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1087",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1087",
    pages = "899--908",
}
@inproceedings{eger-2015-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Many-to-Many Sequence Alignment for Combining String-Valued Variables: A {G}2{P} Experiment",
    author = "Eger, Steffen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1088",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1088",
    pages = "909--919",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2015-tweet,
    title = "Tweet Normalization with Syllables",
    author = "Xu, Ke  and
      Xia, Yunqing  and
      Lee, Chin-Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1089",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1089",
    pages = "920--928",
}
@inproceedings{li-liu-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving Named Entity Recognition in Tweets via Detecting Non-Standard Words",
    author = "Li, Chen  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1090",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1090",
    pages = "929--938",
}
@inproceedings{gleize-grau-2015-unified,
    title = "A Unified Kernel Approach for Learning Typed Sentence Rewritings",
    author = "Gleize, Martin  and
      Grau, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1091",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1091",
    pages = "939--949",
}
@inproceedings{shutova-etal-2015-perceptually,
    title = "Perceptually Grounded Selectional Preferences",
    author = "Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Tandon, Niket  and
      de Melo, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1092",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1092",
    pages = "950--960",
}
@inproceedings{ouchi-etal-2015-joint,
    title = "Joint Case Argument Identification for {J}apanese Predicate Argument Structure Analysis",
    author = "Ouchi, Hiroki  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1093",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1093",
    pages = "961--970",
}
@inproceedings{pham-etal-2015-jointly,
    title = "Jointly optimizing word representations for lexical and sentential tasks with the C-{PHRASE} model",
    author = "Pham, Nghia The  and
      Kruszewski, Germ{\'a}n  and
      Lazaridou, Angeliki  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1094",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1094",
    pages = "971--981",
}
@inproceedings{werling-etal-2015-robust,
    title = "Robust Subgraph Generation Improves Abstract Meaning Representation Parsing",
    author = "Werling, Keenon  and
      Angeli, Gabor  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1095",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1095",
    pages = "982--991",
}
@inproceedings{misra-etal-2015-environment,
    title = "Environment-Driven Lexicon Induction for High-Level Instructions",
    author = "Misra, Dipendra Kumar  and
      Tao, Kejia  and
      Liang, Percy  and
      Saxena, Ashutosh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1096",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1096",
    pages = "992--1002",
}
@inproceedings{filice-etal-2015-structural,
    title = "Structural Representations for Learning Relations between Pairs of Texts",
    author = "Filice, Simone  and
      Da San Martino, Giovanni  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1097",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1097",
    pages = "1003--1013",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Semantic Representations of Users and Products for Document Level Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Tang, Duyu  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1098",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1098",
    pages = "1014--1023",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-dragut-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards Debugging Sentiment Lexicons",
    author = "Schneider, Andrew  and
      Dragut, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1099",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1099",
    pages = "1024--1034",
}
@inproceedings{wallace-etal-2015-sparse,
    title = "Sparse, Contextually Informed Models for Irony Detection: Exploiting User Communities, Entities and Sentiment",
    author = "Wallace, Byron C.  and
      Choe, Do Kook  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1100",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1100",
    pages = "1035--1044",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-sentence,
    title = "Sentence-level Emotion Classification with Label and Context Dependence",
    author = "Li, Shoushan  and
      Huang, Lei  and
      Wang, Rong  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1101",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1101",
    pages = "1045--1053",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2015-co,
    title = "Co-training for Semi-supervised Sentiment Classification Based on Dual-view Bags-of-words Representation",
    author = "Xia, Rui  and
      Wang, Cheng  and
      Dai, Xin-Yu  and
      Li, Tao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1102",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1102",
    pages = "1054--1063",
}
@inproceedings{langlet-clavel-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving social relationships in face-to-face human-agent interactions: when the agent wants to know user{'}s likes and dislikes",
    author = "Langlet, Caroline  and
      Clavel, Chlo{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1103",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1103",
    pages = "1064--1073",
}
@inproceedings{astudillo-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Word Representations from Scarce and Noisy Data with Embedding Subspaces",
    author = "Astudillo, Ramon  and
      Amir, Silvio  and
      Ling, Wang  and
      Silva, M{\'a}rio  and
      Trancoso, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1104",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1104",
    pages = "1074--1084",
}
@inproceedings{shashidhar-etal-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Spontaneous Speech Grading: A Novel Feature Derivation Technique using the Crowd",
    author = "Shashidhar, Vinay  and
      Pandey, Nishant  and
      Aggarwal, Varun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1105",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1105",
    pages = "1085--1094",
}
@inproceedings{jalalvand-etal-2015-driving,
    title = "Driving {ROVER} with Segment-based {ASR} Quality Estimation",
    author = "Jalalvand, Shahab  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Falavigna, Daniele  and
      Turchi, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1106",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1106",
    pages = "1095--1105",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-hierarchical,
    title = "A Hierarchical Neural Autoencoder for Paragraphs and Documents",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Luong, Thang  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1107",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1107",
    pages = "1106--1115",
}
@inproceedings{nasr-etal-2015-joint,
    title = "Joint Dependency Parsing and Multiword Expression Tokenization",
    author = "Nasr, Alexis  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Deulofeu, Jos{\'e}  and
      Valli, Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1108",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1108",
    pages = "1116--1126",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-xu-2015-end,
    title = "End-to-end learning of semantic role labeling using recurrent neural networks",
    author = "Zhou, Jie  and
      Xu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1109",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1109",
    pages = "1127--1137",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-feature,
    title = "Feature Optimization for Constituent Parsing via Neural Networks",
    author = "Wang, Zhiguo  and
      Mi, Haitao  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1110",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1110",
    pages = "1138--1147",
}
@inproceedings{ng-curran-2015-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Cascading Errors using Constraints in Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Ng, Dominick  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1111",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1111",
    pages = "1148--1158",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2015-ranking,
    title = "A Re-ranking Model for Dependency Parser with Recursive Convolutional Neural Network",
    author = "Zhu, Chenxi  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Chen, Xinchi  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1112",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1112",
    pages = "1159--1168",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-sumita-2015-transition,
    title = "Transition-based Neural Constituent Parsing",
    author = "Watanabe, Taro  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1113",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1113",
    pages = "1169--1179",
}
@inproceedings{qian-liu-2015-feature,
    title = "Feature Selection in Kernel Space: A Case Study on Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Qian, Xian  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1114",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1114",
    pages = "1180--1190",
}
@inproceedings{konstas-keller-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling Improves Incremental Parsing",
    author = "Konstas, Ioannis  and
      Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1115",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1115",
    pages = "1191--1201",
}
@inproceedings{maier-2015-discontinuous,
    title = "Discontinuous Incremental Shift-reduce Parsing",
    author = "Maier, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1116",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1116",
    pages = "1202--1212",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2015-neural,
    title = "A Neural Probabilistic Structured-Prediction Model for Transition-Based Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Zhou, Hao  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Huang, Shujian  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1117",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1117",
    pages = "1213--1222",
}
@inproceedings{choe-mcclosky-2015-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Paraphrases with Joint Inference",
    author = "Choe, Do Kook  and
      McClosky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1118",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1118",
    pages = "1223--1233",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2015-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Dependency Parsing Based on Distributed Representations",
    author = "Guo, Jiang  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Yarowsky, David  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1119",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1119",
    pages = "1234--1244",
}
@inproceedings{hearst-2015-natural,
    title = "Can Natural Language Processing Become Natural Language Coaching?",
    author = "Hearst, Marti A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1120",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1120",
    pages = "1245--1252",
}
@inproceedings{narasimhan-barzilay-2015-machine,
    title = "Machine Comprehension with Discourse Relations",
    author = "Narasimhan, Karthik  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1121",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1121",
    pages = "1253--1262",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-implicit,
    title = "Implicit Role Linking on {C}hinese Discourse: Exploiting Explicit Roles and Frame-to-Frame Relations",
    author = "Li, Ru  and
      Wu, Juan  and
      Wang, Zhiqiang  and
      Chai, Qinghua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1122",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1122",
    pages = "1263--1271",
}
@inproceedings{friedrich-pinkal-2015-discourse,
    title = "Discourse-sensitive Automatic Identification of Generic Expressions",
    author = "Friedrich, Annemarie  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1123",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1123",
    pages = "1272--1281",
}
@inproceedings{stratos-etal-2015-model,
    title = "Model-based Word Embeddings from Decompositions of Count Matrices",
    author = "Stratos, Karl  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Hsu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1124",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1124",
    pages = "1282--1291",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2015-entity,
    title = "Entity Hierarchy Embedding",
    author = "Hu, Zhiting  and
      Huang, Poyao  and
      Deng, Yuntian  and
      Gao, Yingkai  and
      Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1125",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1125",
    pages = "1292--1300",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-steedman-2015-orthogonality,
    title = "Orthogonality of Syntax and Semantics within Distributional Spaces",
    author = "Mitchell, Jeff  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1126",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1126",
    pages = "1301--1310",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2015-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Semantic Parsing with Partial Ontologies",
    author = "Choi, Eunsol  and
      Kwiatkowski, Tom  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1127",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1127",
    pages = "1311--1320",
}
@inproceedings{yih-etal-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing via Staged Query Graph Generation: Question Answering with Knowledge Base",
    author = "Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1128",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1128",
    pages = "1321--1331",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-building,
    title = "Building a Semantic Parser Overnight",
    author = "Wang, Yushi  and
      Berant, Jonathan  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1129",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1129",
    pages = "1332--1342",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Polarities of Tweets by Composing Word Embeddings with Long Short-Term Memory",
    author = "Wang, Xin  and
      Liu, Yuanchao  and
      Sun, Chengjie  and
      Wang, Baoxun  and
      Wang, Xiaolong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1130",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1130",
    pages = "1343--1353",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-shirai-2015-topic,
    title = "Topic Modeling based Sentiment Analysis on Social Media for Stock Market Prediction",
    author = "Nguyen, Thien Hai  and
      Shirai, Kiyoaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1131",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1131",
    pages = "1354--1364",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Tag Embeddings and Tag-specific Composition Functions in Recursive Neural Network",
    author = "Qian, Qiao  and
      Tian, Bo  and
      Huang, Minlie  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Zhu, Xuan  and
      Zhu, Xiaoyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1132",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1132",
    pages = "1365--1374",
}
@inproceedings{grave-elhadad-2015-convex,
    title = "A convex and feature-rich discriminative approach to dependency grammar induction",
    author = "Grave, {\'E}douard  and
      Elhadad, No{\'e}mie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1133",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1133",
    pages = "1375--1384",
}
@inproceedings{mielens-etal-2015-parse,
    title = "Parse Imputation for Dependency Annotations",
    author = "Mielens, Jason  and
      Sun, Liang  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1134",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1134",
    pages = "1385--1394",
}
@inproceedings{bisk-hockenmaier-2015-probing,
    title = "Probing the Linguistic Strengths and Limitations of Unsupervised Grammar Induction",
    author = "Bisk, Yonatan  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1135",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1135",
    pages = "1395--1404",
}
@inproceedings{clark-manning-2015-entity,
    title = "Entity-Centric Coreference Resolution with Model Stacking",
    author = "Clark, Kevin  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1136",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1136",
    pages = "1405--1415",
}
@inproceedings{wiseman-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Anaphoricity and Antecedent Ranking Features for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Wiseman, Sam  and
      Rush, Alexander M.  and
      Shieber, Stuart  and
      Weston, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1137",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1137",
    pages = "1416--1426",
}
@inproceedings{martins-2015-transferring,
    title = "Transferring Coreference Resolvers with Posterior Regularization",
    author = "Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1138",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1138",
    pages = "1427--1437",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2015-tea,
    title = "Tea Party in the House: A Hierarchical Ideal Point Topic Model and Its Application to Republican Legislators in the 112th Congress",
    author = "Nguyen, Viet-An  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Miler, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1139",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1139",
    pages = "1438--1448",
}
@inproceedings{movshovitz-attias-cohen-2015-kb,
    title = "{KB}-{LDA}: Jointly Learning a Knowledge Base of Hierarchy, Relations, and Facts",
    author = "Movshovitz-Attias, Dana  and
      Cohen, William W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1140",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1140",
    pages = "1449--1459",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2015-computationally,
    title = "A Computationally Efficient Algorithm for Learning Topical Collocation Models",
    author = {Zhao, Zhendong  and
      Du, Lan  and
      B{\"o}rschinger, Benjamin  and
      Pate, John K  and
      Ciaramita, Massimiliano  and
      Steedman, Mark  and
      Johnson, Mark},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1141",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1141",
    pages = "1460--1469",
}
@inproceedings{pasupat-liang-2015-compositional,
    title = "Compositional Semantic Parsing on Semi-Structured Tables",
    author = "Pasupat, Panupong  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1142",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1142",
    pages = "1470--1480",
}
@inproceedings{groschwitz-etal-2015-graph,
    title = "Graph parsing with s-graph grammars",
    author = "Groschwitz, Jonas  and
      Koller, Alexander  and
      Teichmann, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1143",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1143",
    pages = "1481--1490",
}
@inproceedings{faruqui-etal-2015-sparse,
    title = "Sparse Overcomplete Word Vector Representations",
    author = "Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Yogatama, Dani  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1144",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1144",
    pages = "1491--1500",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Semantic Word Embeddings based on Ordinal Knowledge Constraints",
    author = "Liu, Quan  and
      Jiang, Hui  and
      Wei, Si  and
      Ling, Zhen-Hua  and
      Hu, Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1145",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1145",
    pages = "1501--1511",
}
@inproceedings{pavlick-etal-2015-adding,
    title = "Adding Semantics to Data-Driven Paraphrasing",
    author = "Pavlick, Ellie  and
      Bos, Johan  and
      Nissim, Malvina  and
      Beller, Charley  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1146",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1146",
    pages = "1512--1522",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-gonzalez-martins-2015-parsing,
    title = "Parsing as Reduction",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez-Gonz{\'a}lez, Daniel  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1147",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1147",
    pages = "1523--1533",
}
@inproceedings{thang-etal-2015-optimal,
    title = "Optimal Shift-Reduce Constituent Parsing with Structured Perceptron",
    author = "Thang, Le Quang  and
      Noji, Hiroshi  and
      Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1148",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1148",
    pages = "1534--1544",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2015-data,
    title = "A Data-Driven, Factorization Parser for {CCG} Dependency Structures",
    author = "Du, Yantao  and
      Sun, Weiwei  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1149",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1149",
    pages = "1545--1555",
}
@inproceedings{tai-etal-2015-improved,
    title = "Improved Semantic Representations From Tree-Structured Long Short-Term Memory Networks",
    author = "Tai, Kai Sheng  and
      Socher, Richard  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1150",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1150",
    pages = "1556--1566",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-gencnn,
    title = "gen{CNN}: A Convolutional Architecture for Word Sequence Prediction",
    author = "Wang, Mingxuan  and
      Lu, Zhengdong  and
      Li, Hang  and
      Jiang, Wenbin  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1151",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1151",
    pages = "1567--1576",
}
@inproceedings{shang-etal-2015-neural,
    title = "Neural Responding Machine for Short-Text Conversation",
    author = "Shang, Lifeng  and
      Lu, Zhengdong  and
      Li, Hang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1152",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1152",
    pages = "1577--1586",
}
@inproceedings{bing-etal-2015-abstractive,
    title = "Abstractive Multi-Document Summarization via Phrase Selection and Merging",
    author = "Bing, Lidong  and
      Li, Piji  and
      Liao, Yi  and
      Lam, Wai  and
      Guo, Weiwei  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1153",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1153",
    pages = "1587--1597",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2015-joint,
    title = "Joint Graphical Models for Date Selection in Timeline Summarization",
    author = "Tran, Giang  and
      Herder, Eelco  and
      Markert, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1154",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1154",
    pages = "1598--1607",
}
@inproceedings{kedzie-etal-2015-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Salient Updates for Disaster Summarization",
    author = "Kedzie, Chris  and
      McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Diaz, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1155",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1155",
    pages = "1608--1617",
}
@inproceedings{lau-etal-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Prediction of Acceptability Judgements",
    author = "Lau, Jey Han  and
      Clark, Alexander  and
      Lappin, Shalom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1156",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1156",
    pages = "1618--1628",
}
@inproceedings{tsur-etal-2015-frame,
    title = "A Frame of Mind: Using Statistical Models for Detection of Framing and Agenda Setting Campaigns",
    author = "Tsur, Oren  and
      Calacci, Dan  and
      Lazer, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1157",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1157",
    pages = "1629--1638",
}
@inproceedings{orita-etal-2015-discourse,
    title = "Why discourse affects speakers{'} choice of referring expressions",
    author = "Orita, Naho  and
      Vornov, Eliana  and
      Feldman, Naomi  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1158",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1158",
    pages = "1639--1649",
}
@inproceedings{niculae-etal-2015-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Harbingers of Betrayal: A Case Study on an Online Strategy Game",
    author = "Niculae, Vlad  and
      Kumar, Srijan  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1159",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1159",
    pages = "1650--1659",
}
@inproceedings{kanouchi-etal-2015-caught,
    title = "Who caught a cold ? - Identifying the subject of a symptom",
    author = "Kanouchi, Shin  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Aramaki, Eiji  and
      Ishikawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1160",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1160",
    pages = "1660--1670",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2015-weakly,
    title = "Weakly Supervised Role Identification in Teamwork Interactions",
    author = "Yang, Diyi  and
      Wen, Miaomiao  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1161",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1161",
    pages = "1671--1680",
}
@inproceedings{iyyer-etal-2015-deep,
    title = "Deep Unordered Composition Rivals Syntactic Methods for Text Classification",
    author = "Iyyer, Mohit  and
      Manjunatha, Varun  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1162",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1162",
    pages = "1681--1691",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-solar,
    title = "{SOLAR}: Scalable Online Learning Algorithms for Ranking",
    author = "Wang, Jialei  and
      Wan, Ji  and
      Zhang, Yongdong  and
      Hoi, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1163",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1163",
    pages = "1692--1701",
}
@inproceedings{rousseau-etal-2015-text,
    title = "Text Categorization as a Graph Classification Problem",
    author = "Rousseau, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Kiagias, Emmanouil  and
      Vazirgiannis, Michalis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1164",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1164",
    pages = "1702--1712",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-etal-2015-inverted,
    title = "Inverted indexing for cross-lingual {NLP}",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Johannsen, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1165",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1165",
    pages = "1713--1722",
}
@inproceedings{dong-etal-2015-multi,
    title = "Multi-Task Learning for Multiple Language Translation",
    author = "Dong, Daxiang  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      He, Wei  and
      Yu, Dianhai  and
      Wang, Haifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1166",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1166",
    pages = "1723--1732",
}
@inproceedings{ma-hinrichs-2015-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Linear-Time {C}hinese Word Segmentation via Embedding Matching",
    author = "Ma, Jianqiang  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1167",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1167",
    pages = "1733--1743",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-gated,
    title = "Gated Recursive Neural Network for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Chen, Xinchi  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Zhu, Chenxi  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1168",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1168",
    pages = "1744--1753",
}
@inproceedings{preotiuc-pietro-etal-2015-analysis,
    title = "An analysis of the user occupational class through Twitter content",
    author = "Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Lampos, Vasileios  and
      Aletras, Nikolaos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1169",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1169",
    pages = "1754--1764",
}
@inproceedings{wurzer-etal-2015-tracking,
    title = "Tracking unbounded Topic Streams",
    author = "Wurzer, Dominik  and
      Lavrenko, Victor  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1170",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1170",
    pages = "1765--1773",
}
@inproceedings{uchiumi-etal-2015-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Word and Part-of-Speech with Pitman-Yor Hidden Semi-{M}arkov Models",
    author = "Uchiumi, Kei  and
      Tsukahara, Hiroshi  and
      Mochihashi, Daichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1171",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1171",
    pages = "1774--1782",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-coupled,
    title = "Coupled Sequence Labeling on Heterogeneous Annotations: {POS} Tagging as a Case Study",
    author = "Li, Zhenghua  and
      Chao, Jiayuan  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Chen, Wenliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1172",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1172",
    pages = "1783--1792",
}
@inproceedings{rothe-schutze-2015-autoextend,
    title = "{A}uto{E}xtend: Extending Word Embeddings to Embeddings for Synsets and Lexemes",
    author = {Rothe, Sascha  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1173",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1173",
    pages = "1793--1803",
}
@inproceedings{graham-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving Evaluation of Machine Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Graham, Yvette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1174",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1174",
    pages = "1804--1813",
}
@proceedings{acl-2015-association-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    author = "Zong, Chengqing  and
      Strube, Michael",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2",
}
@inproceedings{camacho-collados-etal-2015-framework,
    title = "A Framework for the Construction of Monolingual and Cross-lingual Word Similarity Datasets",
    author = "Camacho-Collados, Jos{\'e}  and
      Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2001",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{subercaze-etal-2015-metric,
    title = "On metric embedding for boosting semantic similarity computations",
    author = "Subercaze, Julien  and
      Gravier, Christophe  and
      Laforest, Frederique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2002",
    pages = "8--14",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving Distributed Representation of Word Sense via {W}ord{N}et Gloss Composition and Context Clustering",
    author = "Chen, Tao  and
      Xu, Ruifeng  and
      He, Yulan  and
      Wang, Xuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2003",
    pages = "15--20",
}
@inproceedings{pham-etal-2015-multitask,
    title = "A Multitask Objective to Inject Lexical Contrast into Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Pham, Nghia The  and
      Lazaridou, Angeliki  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2004",
    pages = "21--26",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-semi,
    title = "Semi-Stacking for Semi-supervised Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Li, Shoushan  and
      Huang, Lei  and
      Wang, Jingjing  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2005",
    pages = "27--31",
}
@inproceedings{yang-2015-deep,
    title = "Deep {M}arkov Neural Network for Sequential Data Classification",
    author = "Yang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2006",
    pages = "32--37",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Analysis and Helpfulness Prediction of Text for Online Product Reviews",
    author = "Yang, Yinfei  and
      Yan, Yaowei  and
      Qiu, Minghui  and
      Bao, Forrest",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2007",
    pages = "38--44",
}
@inproceedings{taddy-2015-document,
    title = "Document Classification by Inversion of Distributed Language Representations",
    author = "Taddy, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2008",
    pages = "45--49",
}
@inproceedings{wei-etal-2015-using,
    title = "Using Tweets to Help Sentence Compression for News Highlights Generation",
    author = "Wei, Zhongyu  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Li, Chen  and
      Gao, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2009",
    pages = "50--56",
}
@inproceedings{pavlick-etal-2015-domain,
    title = "Domain-Specific Paraphrase Extraction",
    author = "Pavlick, Ellie  and
      Ganitkevitch, Juri  and
      Chan, Tsz Ping  and
      Yao, Xuchen  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2010",
    pages = "57--62",
}
@inproceedings{glavas-stajner-2015-simplifying,
    title = "Simplifying Lexical Simplification: Do We Need Simplified Corpora?",
    author = "Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      {\v{S}}tajner, Sanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2011",
    pages = "63--68",
}
@inproceedings{altamirano-etal-2015-zoom,
    title = "{Z}oom: a corpus of natural language descriptions of map locations",
    author = "Altamirano, Romina  and
      Ferreira, Thiago  and
      Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}  and
      Benotti, Luciana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2012",
    pages = "69--75",
}
@inproceedings{paraboni-etal-2015-generating,
    title = "Generating overspecified referring expressions: the role of discrimination",
    author = "Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}  and
      Galindo, Michelle  and
      Iacovelli, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2013",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2013",
    pages = "76--82",
}
@inproceedings{roesiger-riester-2015-using,
    title = "Using prosodic annotations to improve coreference resolution of spoken text",
    author = "Roesiger, Ina  and
      Riester, Arndt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2014",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2014",
    pages = "83--88",
}
@inproceedings{fisher-simmons-2015-spectral,
    title = "Spectral Semi-Supervised Discourse Relation Classification",
    author = "Fisher, Robert  and
      Simmons, Reid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2015",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2015",
    pages = "89--93",
}
@inproceedings{gokcen-de-marneffe-2015-disagree,
    title = "{I} do not disagree: leveraging monolingual alignment to detect disagreement in dialogue",
    author = "Gokcen, Ajda  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2016",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2016",
    pages = "94--99",
}
@inproceedings{devlin-etal-2015-language,
    title = "Language Models for Image Captioning: The Quirks and What Works",
    author = "Devlin, Jacob  and
      Cheng, Hao  and
      Fang, Hao  and
      Gupta, Saurabh  and
      Deng, Li  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Zweig, Geoffrey  and
      Mitchell, Margaret",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2017",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2017",
    pages = "100--105",
}
@inproceedings{yagcioglu-etal-2015-distributed,
    title = "A Distributed Representation Based Query Expansion Approach for Image Captioning",
    author = "Yagcioglu, Semih  and
      Erdem, Erkut  and
      Erdem, Aykut  and
      Cakici, Ruket",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2018",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2018",
    pages = "106--111",
}
@inproceedings{chrupala-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning language through pictures",
    author = "Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz  and
      K{\'a}d{\'a}r, {\'A}kos  and
      Alishahi, Afra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2019",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2019",
    pages = "112--118",
}
@inproceedings{kiela-etal-2015-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Image Generality for Lexical Entailment Detection",
    author = "Kiela, Douwe  and
      Rimell, Laura  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2020",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2020",
    pages = "119--124",
}
@inproceedings{tsvetkov-dyer-2015-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon Stratification for Translating Out-of-Vocabulary Words",
    author = "Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2021",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2021",
    pages = "125--131",
}
@inproceedings{yu-zhu-2015-recurrent,
    title = "Recurrent Neural Network based Rule Sequence Model for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Yu, Heng  and
      Zhu, Xuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2022",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2022",
    pages = "132--138",
}
@inproceedings{hoshino-etal-2015-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Preordering Meets Kendall{'}s $\tau$ Maximization",
    author = "Hoshino, Sho  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Hayashi, Katsuhiko  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2023",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2023",
    pages = "139--144",
}
@inproceedings{matsuzaki-etal-2015-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Machine Translation Systems with Second Language Proficiency Tests",
    author = "Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Fujita, Akira  and
      Todo, Naoya  and
      H. Arai, Noriko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2024",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2024",
    pages = "145--149",
}
@inproceedings{chen-guo-2015-representation,
    title = "Representation Based Translation Evaluation Metrics",
    author = "Chen, Boxing  and
      Guo, Hongyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2025",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2025",
    pages = "150--155",
}
@inproceedings{chatterjee-etal-2015-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Planet of the {APE}s: a Comparative Study of State-of-the-art Methods for {MT} Automatic Post-Editing",
    author = "Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Weller, Marion  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Turchi, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2026",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2026",
    pages = "156--161",
}
@inproceedings{gu-li-2015-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Learning for Undirected Topic Models",
    author = "Gu, Jiatao  and
      Li, Victor O.K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2027",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2027",
    pages = "162--167",
}
@inproceedings{yu-jiang-2015-hassle,
    title = "A Hassle-Free Unsupervised Domain Adaptation Method Using Instance Similarity Features",
    author = "Yu, Jianfei  and
      Jiang, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2028",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2028",
    pages = "168--173",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2015-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-based Convolutional Neural Networks for Sentence Embedding",
    author = "Ma, Mingbo  and
      Huang, Liang  and
      Zhou, Bowen  and
      Xiang, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2029",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2029",
    pages = "174--179",
}
@inproceedings{bitvai-cohn-2015-non,
    title = "Non-Linear Text Regression with a Deep Convolutional Neural Network",
    author = "Bitvai, Zsolt  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2030",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2030",
    pages = "180--185",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-nagata-2015-unified,
    title = "A Unified Learning Framework of Skip-Grams and Global Vectors",
    author = "Suzuki, Jun  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2031",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2031",
    pages = "186--191",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2015-pre,
    title = "Pre-training of Hidden-Unit {CRF}s",
    author = "Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Stratos, Karl  and
      Sarikaya, Ruhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2032",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2032",
    pages = "192--198",
}
@inproceedings{severyn-etal-2015-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Neural Networks for Automatic Resolution of Crossword Puzzles",
    author = "Severyn, Aliaksei  and
      Nicosia, Massimo  and
      Barlacchi, Gianni  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2033",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2033",
    pages = "199--204",
}
@inproceedings{ostling-2015-word,
    title = "Word Order Typology through Multilingual Word Alignment",
    author = {{\"O}stling, Robert},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2034",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2034",
    pages = "205--211",
}
@inproceedings{rouhizadeh-etal-2015-measuring,
    title = "Measuring idiosyncratic interests in children with autism",
    author = "Rouhizadeh, Masoud  and
      Prud{'}hommeaux, Emily  and
      van Santen, Jan  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2035",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2035",
    pages = "212--217",
}
@inproceedings{kshirsagar-etal-2015-frame,
    title = "Frame-Semantic Role Labeling with Heterogeneous Annotations",
    author = "Kshirsagar, Meghana  and
      Thomson, Sam  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Carbonell, Jaime  and
      Smith, Noah A.  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2036",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2036",
    pages = "218--224",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Interpretation of Superlative Expressions via Structured Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Zhang, Sheng  and
      Feng, Yansong  and
      Huang, Songfang  and
      Xu, Kun  and
      Han, Zhe  and
      Zhao, Dongyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2037",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2037",
    pages = "225--230",
}
@inproceedings{kiela-etal-2015-grounding,
    title = "Grounding Semantics in Olfactory Perception",
    author = "Kiela, Douwe  and
      Bulat, Luana  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2038",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2038",
    pages = "231--236",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-nagata-2015-word,
    title = "Word-based {J}apanese typed dependency parsing with grammatical function analysis",
    author = "Tanaka, Takaaki  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2039",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2039",
    pages = "237--242",
}
@inproceedings{rosa-zabokrtsky-2015-klcpos3,
    title = "{KL}cpos3 - a Language Similarity Measure for Delexicalized Parser Transfer",
    author = "Rosa, Rudolf  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2040",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2040",
    pages = "243--249",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2015-ccg,
    title = "{CCG} Supertagging with a Recurrent Neural Network",
    author = "Xu, Wenduan  and
      Auli, Michael  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2041",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2041",
    pages = "250--255",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-rodriguez-fernandez-gonzalez-2015-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Dynamic Oracle for Unrestricted Non-Projective Parsing",
    author = "G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez-Gonz{\'a}lez, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2042",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2042",
    pages = "256--261",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2015-synthetic,
    title = "Synthetic Word Parsing Improves {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Cheng, Fei  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2043",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2043",
    pages = "262--267",
}
@inproceedings{agic-etal-2015-bit,
    title = "If all you have is a bit of the {B}ible: Learning {POS} taggers for truly low-resource languages",
    author = "Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2044",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2044",
    pages = "268--272",
}
@inproceedings{roller-etal-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving distant supervision using inference learning",
    author = "Roller, Roland  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Soroa, Aitor  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2045",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2045",
    pages = "273--278",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2015-lexicalized,
    title = "A Lexicalized Tree Kernel for Open Information Extraction",
    author = "Xu, Ying  and
      Ringlstetter, Christoph  and
      Kim, Mi-Young  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz  and
      Goebel, Randy  and
      Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2046",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2046",
    pages = "279--284",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2015-dependency,
    title = "A Dependency-Based Neural Network for Relation Classification",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2047",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2047",
    pages = "285--290",
}
@inproceedings{yogatama-etal-2015-embedding,
    title = "Embedding Methods for Fine Grained Entity Type Classification",
    author = "Yogatama, Dani  and
      Gillick, Daniel  and
      Lazic, Nevena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2048",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2048",
    pages = "291--296",
}
@inproceedings{dsouza-ng-2015-sieve,
    title = "Sieve-Based Entity Linking for the Biomedical Domain",
    author = "D{'}Souza, Jennifer  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2049",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2049",
    pages = "297--302",
}
@inproceedings{stanovsky-etal-2015-open,
    title = "Open {IE} as an Intermediate Structure for Semantic Tasks",
    author = "Stanovsky, Gabriel  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      {Mausam}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2050",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2050",
    pages = "303--308",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2015-recovering,
    title = "Recovering dropped pronouns from {C}hinese text messages",
    author = "Yang, Yaqin  and
      Liu, Yalin  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2051",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2051",
    pages = "309--313",
}
@inproceedings{voigt-jurafsky-2015-users,
    title = "The Users Who Say {`}Ni{'}: Audience Identification in {C}hinese-language Restaurant Reviews",
    author = "Voigt, Rob  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2052",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2052",
    pages = "314--319",
}
@inproceedings{chen-ng-2015-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Zero Pronoun Resolution: A Joint Unsupervised Discourse-Aware Model Rivaling State-of-the-Art Resolvers",
    author = "Chen, Chen  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2053",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2053",
    pages = "320--326",
}
@inproceedings{yu-mccann-2015-co,
    title = "Co-Simmate: Quick Retrieving All Pairwise Co-Simrank Scores",
    author = "Yu, Weiren  and
      McCann, Julie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2054",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2054",
    pages = "327--333",
}
@inproceedings{stathopoulos-teufel-2015-retrieval,
    title = "Retrieval of Research-level Mathematical Information Needs: A Test Collection and Technical Terminology Experiment",
    author = "Stathopoulos, Yiannos  and
      Teufel, Simone",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2055",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2055",
    pages = "334--340",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning to Mine Query Subtopics from Query Log",
    author = "Zhang, Zhenzhong  and
      Sun, Le  and
      Han, Xianpei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2056",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2056",
    pages = "341--345",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Topic Hierarchies for {W}ikipedia Categories",
    author = "Hu, Linmei  and
      Wang, Xuzhong  and
      Zhang, Mengdi  and
      Li, Juanzi  and
      Li, Xiaoli  and
      Shao, Chao  and
      Tang, Jie  and
      Liu, Yongbin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2057",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2057",
    pages = "346--351",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Clustering and Convolutional Neural Network for Short Text Categorization",
    author = "Wang, Peng  and
      Xu, Jiaming  and
      Xu, Bo  and
      Liu, Chenglin  and
      Zhang, Heng  and
      Wang, Fangyuan  and
      Hao, Hongwei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2058",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2058",
    pages = "352--357",
}
@inproceedings{laparra-etal-2015-document,
    title = "Document Level Time-anchoring for {T}ime{L}ine Extraction",
    author = "Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Aldabe, Itziar  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2059",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2059",
    pages = "358--364",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-grishman-2015-event,
    title = "Event Detection and Domain Adaptation with Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Nguyen, Thien Huu  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2060",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2060",
    pages = "365--371",
}
@inproceedings{bronstein-etal-2015-seed,
    title = "Seed-Based Event Trigger Labeling: How far can event descriptions get us?",
    author = "Bronstein, Ofer  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Li, Qi  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2061",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2061",
    pages = "372--376",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2015-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of {C}hinese Name Matching and Applications",
    author = "Peng, Nanyun  and
      Yu, Mo  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2062",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2062",
    pages = "377--383",
}
@inproceedings{heafield-etal-2015-language,
    title = "Language Identification and Modeling in Specialized Hardware",
    author = "Heafield, Kenneth  and
      Kshirsagar, Rohan  and
      Barona, Santiago",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2063",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2063",
    pages = "384--389",
}
@inproceedings{zirikly-hagiwara-2015-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Transfer of Named Entity Recognizers without Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Zirikly, Ayah  and
      Hagiwara, Masato",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2064",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2064",
    pages = "390--396",
}
@inproceedings{liu-wang-2015-robust,
    title = "Robust Multi-Relational Clustering via $\ell_1$-Norm Symmetric Nonnegative Matrix Factorization",
    author = "Liu, Kai  and
      Wang, Hua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2065",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2065",
    pages = "397--401",
}
@inproceedings{dasgupta-2015-painless,
    title = "Painless Labeling with Application to Text Mining",
    author = "Dasgupta, Sajib",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2066",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2066",
    pages = "402--407",
}
@inproceedings{pavlick-etal-2015-framenet,
    title = "{F}rame{N}et+: Fast Paraphrastic Tripling of {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Pavlick, Ellie  and
      Wolfe, Travis  and
      Rastogi, Pushpendre  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2067",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2067",
    pages = "408--413",
}
@inproceedings{liebeck-conrad-2015-iwnlp,
    title = "{IWNLP}: Inverse {W}iktionary for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Liebeck, Matthias  and
      Conrad, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2068",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2068",
    pages = "414--418",
}
@inproceedings{levy-etal-2015-tr9856,
    title = "{TR}9856: A Multi-word Term Relatedness Benchmark",
    author = "Levy, Ran  and
      Ein-Dor, Liat  and
      Hummel, Shay  and
      Rinott, Ruty  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2069",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2069",
    pages = "419--424",
}
@inproceedings{pavlick-etal-2015-ppdb,
    title = "{PPDB} 2.0: Better paraphrase ranking, fine-grained entailment relations, word embeddings, and style classification",
    author = "Pavlick, Ellie  and
      Rastogi, Pushpendre  and
      Ganitkevitch, Juri  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2070",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2070",
    pages = "425--430",
}
@inproceedings{ciobanu-dinu-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Discrimination between Cognates and Borrowings",
    author = "Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2071",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2071",
    pages = "431--437",
}
@inproceedings{card-etal-2015-media,
    title = "The Media Frames Corpus: Annotations of Frames Across Issues",
    author = "Card, Dallas  and
      Boydstun, Amber E.  and
      Gross, Justin H.  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2072",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2072",
    pages = "438--444",
}
@inproceedings{galley-etal-2015-deltableu,
    title = "delta{BLEU}: A Discriminative Metric for Generation Tasks with Intrinsically Diverse Targets",
    author = "Galley, Michel  and
      Brockett, Chris  and
      Sordoni, Alessandro  and
      Ji, Yangfeng  and
      Auli, Michael  and
      Quirk, Chris  and
      Mitchell, Margaret  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Dolan, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2073",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2073",
    pages = "445--450",
}
@inproceedings{nuo-etal-2015-tibetan,
    title = "{T}ibetan Unknown Word Identification from News Corpora for Supporting Lexicon-based {T}ibetan Word Segmentation",
    author = "Nuo, Minghua  and
      Liu, Huidan  and
      Long, Congjun  and
      Wu, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2074",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2074",
    pages = "451--457",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Lexical Embeddings with Syntactic and Lexicographic Knowledge",
    author = "Wang, Tong  and
      Mohamed, Abdelrahman  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2075",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2075",
    pages = "458--463",
}
@inproceedings{faruqui-dyer-2015-non,
    title = "Non-distributional Word Vector Representations",
    author = "Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2076",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2076",
    pages = "464--469",
}
@inproceedings{ferret-2015-early,
    title = "Early and Late Combinations of Criteria for Reranking Distributional Thesauri",
    author = "Ferret, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2077",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2077",
    pages = "470--476",
}
@inproceedings{gulordava-etal-2015-dependency,
    title = "Dependency length minimisation effects in short spans: a large-scale analysis of adjective placement in complex noun phrases",
    author = "Gulordava, Kristina  and
      Merlo, Paola  and
      Crabb{\'e}, Benoit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2078",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2078",
    pages = "477--482",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-sogaard-2015-tagging,
    title = "Tagging Performance Correlates with Author Age",
    author = "Hovy, Dirk  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2079",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2079",
    pages = "483--488",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-user,
    title = "User Based Aggregation for Biterm Topic Model",
    author = "Chen, Weizheng  and
      Wang, Jinpeng  and
      Zhang, Yan  and
      Yan, Hongfei  and
      Li, Xiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2080",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2080",
    pages = "489--494",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-fixed,
    title = "The Fixed-Size Ordinally-Forgetting Encoding Method for Neural Network Language Models",
    author = "Zhang, ShiLiang  and
      Jiang, Hui  and
      Xu, MingBin  and
      Hou, JunFeng  and
      Dai, LiRong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2081",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2081",
    pages = "495--500",
}
@inproceedings{aldebei-etal-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Decomposition of a Multi-Author Document Based on Naive-{B}ayesian Model",
    author = "Aldebei, Khaled  and
      He, Xiangjian  and
      Yang, Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2082",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2082",
    pages = "501--505",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-extended,
    title = "Extended Topic Model for Word Dependency",
    author = "Wang, Tong  and
      Viswanath, Vish  and
      Chen, Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2083",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2083",
    pages = "506--510",
}
@inproceedings{mirowski-vlachos-2015-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Recurrent Neural Language Models for Sentence Completion",
    author = "Mirowski, Piotr  and
      Vlachos, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2084",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2084",
    pages = "511--517",
}
@inproceedings{lukasik-etal-2015-point,
    title = "Point Process Modelling of Rumour Dynamics in Social Media",
    author = "Lukasik, Michal  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2085",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2085",
    pages = "518--523",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-guo-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Hidden {M}arkov Models with Distributed State Representations for Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Xiao, Min  and
      Guo, Yuhong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2086",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2086",
    pages = "524--529",
}
@inproceedings{turchi-etal-2015-mt,
    title = "{MT} Quality Estimation for Computer-assisted Translation: Does it Really Help?",
    author = "Turchi, Marco  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2087",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2087",
    pages = "530--535",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2015-context,
    title = "Context-Dependent Translation Selection Using Convolutional Neural Network",
    author = "Hu, Baotian  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Lu, Zhengdong  and
      Li, Hang  and
      Chen, Qingcai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2088",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2088",
    pages = "536--541",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-learning-word,
    title = "Learning Word Reorderings for Hierarchical Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Jingyi  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichro  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2089",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2089",
    pages = "542--548",
}
@inproceedings{nuhn-etal-2015-unravel,
    title = "{UNRAVEL}{---}{A} Decipherment Toolkit",
    author = "Nuhn, Malte  and
      Schamper, Julian  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2090",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2090",
    pages = "549--553",
}
@inproceedings{marie-max-2015-multi,
    title = "Multi-Pass Decoding With Complex Feature Guidance for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Marie, Benjamin  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2091",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2091",
    pages = "554--559",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-wees-etal-2015-whats,
    title = "What{'}s in a Domain? Analyzing Genre and Topic Differences in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "van der Wees, Marlies  and
      Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Weerkamp, Wouter  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2092",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2092",
    pages = "560--566",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Cross-lingual Word Embeddings via Matrix Co-factorization",
    author = "Shi, Tianze  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2093",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2093",
    pages = "567--572",
}
@inproceedings{miura-etal-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving Pivot Translation by Remembering the Pivot",
    author = "Miura, Akiva  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Sakti, Sakriani  and
      Toda, Tomoki  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2094",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2094",
    pages = "573--577",
}
@inproceedings{wan-hu-2015-braillesum,
    title = "{B}raille{SUM}: A News Summarization System for the Blind and Visually Impaired People",
    author = "Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Hu, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2095",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2095",
    pages = "578--582",
}
@inproceedings{maulidyani-manurung-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Age-Appropriate Ratings of Song Lyrics",
    author = "Maulidyani, Anggi  and
      Manurung, Ruli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2096",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2096",
    pages = "583--587",
}
@inproceedings{napoles-etal-2015-ground,
    title = "Ground Truth for Grammatical Error Correction Metrics",
    author = "Napoles, Courtney  and
      Sakaguchi, Keisuke  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2097",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2097",
    pages = "588--593",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2015-radical,
    title = "Radical Embedding: Delving Deeper to {C}hinese Radicals",
    author = "Shi, Xinlei  and
      Zhai, Junjie  and
      Yang, Xudong  and
      Xie, Zehua  and
      Liu, Chao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2098",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2098",
    pages = "594--598",
}
@inproceedings{yeung-lee-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Sentence Fragments",
    author = "Yeung, Chak Yan  and
      Lee, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2099",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2099",
    pages = "599--603",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2015-computational,
    title = "A Computational Approach to Automatic Prediction of Drunk-Texting",
    author = "Joshi, Aditya  and
      Mishra, Abhijit  and
      AR, Balamurali  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Carman, Mark J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2100",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2100",
    pages = "604--608",
}
@inproceedings{xie-etal-2015-reducing,
    title = "Reducing infrequent-token perplexity via variational corpora",
    author = "Xie, Yusheng  and
      Daga, Pranjal  and
      Cheng, Yu  and
      Zhang, Kunpeng  and
      Agrawal, Ankit  and
      Choudhary, Alok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2101",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2101",
    pages = "609--615",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-hierarchical-knowledge,
    title = "A Hierarchical Knowledge Representation for Expert Finding on Social Media",
    author = "Li, Yanran  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Li, Sujian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2102",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2102",
    pages = "616--622",
}
@inproceedings{yan-etal-2015-tackling,
    title = "Tackling Sparsity, the Achilles Heel of Social Networks: Language Model Smoothing via Social Regularization",
    author = "Yan, Rui  and
      Li, Xiang  and
      Liu, Mengwen  and
      Hu, Xiaohua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2103",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2103",
    pages = "623--629",
}
@inproceedings{rahimi-etal-2015-twitter,
    title = "Twitter User Geolocation Using a Unified Text and Network Prediction Model",
    author = "Rahimi, Afshin  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2104",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2104",
    pages = "630--636",
}
@inproceedings{marujo-etal-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Keyword Extraction on Twitter",
    author = "Marujo, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Ling, Wang  and
      Trancoso, Isabel  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Black, Alan W.  and
      Gershman, Anatole  and
      Martins de Matos, David  and
      Neto, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2105",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2105",
    pages = "637--643",
}
@inproceedings{karoui-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards a Contextual Pragmatic Model to Detect Irony in Tweets",
    author = "Karoui, Jihen  and
      Benamara Zitoune, Farah  and
      Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Aussenac-Gilles, Nathalie  and
      Hadrich Belguith, Lamia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2106",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2106",
    pages = "644--650",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-xu-2015-annotation,
    title = "Annotation and Classification of an Email Importance Corpus",
    author = "Zhang, Fan  and
      Xu, Kui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2107",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2107",
    pages = "651--656",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2015-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Comparison Between {W}ikipedia and Twitter Corpora by Using Word Embeddings",
    author = "Tan, Luchen  and
      Zhang, Haotian  and
      Clarke, Charles  and
      Smucker, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2108",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2108",
    pages = "657--661",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-discovery,
    title = "The Discovery of Natural Typing Annotations: User-produced Potential {C}hinese Word Delimiters",
    author = "Zhang, Dakui  and
      Mao, Yu  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Wang, Hanshi  and
      Wei, Chuyuan  and
      Tang, Shiping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2109",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2109",
    pages = "662--667",
}
@inproceedings{ge-etal-2015-one,
    title = "One Tense per Scene: Predicting Tense in {C}hinese Conversations",
    author = "Ge, Tao  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Sui, Zhifang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2110",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2110",
    pages = "668--673",
}
@inproceedings{sylak-glassman-etal-2015-language,
    title = "A Language-Independent Feature Schema for Inflectional Morphology",
    author = "Sylak-Glassman, John  and
      Kirov, Christo  and
      Yarowsky, David  and
      Que, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2111",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2111",
    pages = "674--680",
}
@inproceedings{galitsky-etal-2015-rhetoric,
    title = "Rhetoric Map of an Answer to Compound Queries",
    author = "Galitsky, Boris  and
      Ilvovsky, Dmitry  and
      Kuznetsov, Sergey O.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2112",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2112",
    pages = "681--686",
}
@inproceedings{barron-cedeno-etal-2015-thread,
    title = "Thread-Level Information for Comment Classification in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto  and
      Filice, Simone  and
      Da San Martino, Giovanni  and
      Joty, Shafiq  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2113",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2113",
    pages = "687--693",
}
@inproceedings{dos-santos-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Hybrid Representations to Retrieve Semantically Equivalent Questions",
    author = "dos Santos, C{\'\i}cero  and
      Barbosa, Luciano  and
      Bogdanova, Dasha  and
      Zadrozny, Bianca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2114",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2114",
    pages = "694--699",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-machine,
    title = "Machine Comprehension with Syntax, Frames, and Semantics",
    author = "Wang, Hai  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Gimpel, Kevin  and
      McAllester, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2115",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2115",
    pages = "700--706",
}
@inproceedings{wang-nyberg-2015-long,
    title = "A Long Short-Term Memory Model for Answer Sentence Selection in Question Answering",
    author = "Wang, Di  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2116",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2116",
    pages = "707--712",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2015-answer,
    title = "Answer Sequence Learning with Neural Networks for Answer Selection in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Zhou, Xiaoqiang  and
      Hu, Baotian  and
      Chen, Qingcai  and
      Tang, Buzhou  and
      Wang, Xiaolong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2117",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2117",
    pages = "713--718",
}
@inproceedings{vulic-moens-2015-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Word Embeddings from Non-Parallel Document-Aligned Data Applied to Bilingual Lexicon Induction",
    author = "Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2118",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2118",
    pages = "719--725",
}
@inproceedings{rubinstein-etal-2015-well,
    title = "How Well Do Distributional Models Capture Different Types of Semantic Knowledge?",
    author = "Rubinstein, Dana  and
      Levi, Effi  and
      Schwartz, Roy  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2119",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2119",
    pages = "726--730",
}
@inproceedings{fried-etal-2015-low,
    title = "Low-Rank Tensors for Verbs in Compositional Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Fried, Daniel  and
      Polajnar, Tamara  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2120",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2120",
    pages = "731--736",
}
@inproceedings{lu-2015-constrained,
    title = "Constrained Semantic Forests for Improved Discriminative Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Lu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2121",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2121",
    pages = "737--742",
}
@inproceedings{bhattasali-etal-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Rhetorical Questions",
    author = "Bhattasali, Shohini  and
      Cytryn, Jeremy  and
      Feldman, Elana  and
      Park, Joonsuk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2122",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2122",
    pages = "743--749",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-lifelong,
    title = "Lifelong Learning for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Chen, Zhiyuan  and
      Ma, Nianzu  and
      Liu, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2123",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2123",
    pages = "750--756",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2015-harnessing,
    title = "Harnessing Context Incongruity for Sarcasm Detection",
    author = "Joshi, Aditya  and
      Sharma, Vinita  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2124",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2124",
    pages = "757--762",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-emotion,
    title = "Emotion Detection in Code-switching Texts via Bilingual and Sentimental Information",
    author = "Wang, Zhongqing  and
      Lee, Sophia  and
      Li, Shoushan  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2125",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2125",
    pages = "763--768",
}
@inproceedings{al-boni-etal-2015-model,
    title = "Model Adaptation for Personalized Opinion Analysis",
    author = "Al Boni, Mohammad  and
      Zhou, Keira  and
      Wang, Hongning  and
      Gerber, Matthew S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2126",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2126",
    pages = "769--774",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2015-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Template Extraction for Recognizing Reader-Emotion and Emotional Resonance Writing Assistance",
    author = "Chang, Yung-Chun  and
      Chen, Cen-Chieh  and
      Hsieh, Yu-Lun  and
      Chen, Chien Chin  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2127",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2127",
    pages = "775--780",
}
@inproceedings{lambert-2015-aspect,
    title = "Aspect-Level Cross-lingual Sentiment Classification with Constrained {SMT}",
    author = "Lambert, Patrik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2128",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2128",
    pages = "781--787",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2015-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Valence-Arousal Ratings of Words Using a Weighted Graph Method",
    author = "Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Lai, K. Robert  and
      Zhang, Xue-jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2129",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2129",
    pages = "788--793",
}
@inproceedings{mrksic-etal-2015-multi,
    title = "Multi-domain Dialog State Tracking using Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      {\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid  and
      Thomson, Blaise  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Su, Pei-Hao  and
      Vandyke, David  and
      Wen, Tsung-Hsien  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2130",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2130",
    pages = "794--799",
}
@inproceedings{ge-xu-2015-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Management based on Sentence Clustering",
    author = "Ge, Wendong  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2131",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2131",
    pages = "800--805",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2015-compact,
    title = "Compact Lexicon Selection with Spectral Methods",
    author = "Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Stratos, Karl  and
      Liu, Xiaohu  and
      Sarikaya, Ruhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2132",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2132",
    pages = "806--811",
}
@inproceedings{koleva-etal-2015-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Listener Gaze on Predicting Reference Resolution",
    author = "Koleva, Nikolina  and
      Villalba, Mart{\'\i}n  and
      Staudte, Maria  and
      Koller, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2133",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2133",
    pages = "812--817",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2015-simultaneous,
    title = "A Simultaneous Recognition Framework for the Spoken Language Understanding Module of Intelligent Personal Assistant Software on Smart Phones",
    author = "Lee, Changsu  and
      Ko, Youngjoong  and
      Seo, Jungyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2134",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2134",
    pages = "818--822",
}
@inproceedings{stajner-etal-2015-deeper,
    title = "A Deeper Exploration of the Standard {PB}-{SMT} Approach to Text Simplification and its Evaluation",
    author = "{\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      B{\'e}chara, Hannah  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2135",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2135",
    pages = "823--828",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Summary Prior Representation for Extractive Summarization",
    author = "Cao, Ziqiang  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2136",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2136",
    pages = "829--833",
}
@inproceedings{bauer-teufel-2015-methodology,
    title = "A Methodology for Evaluating Timeline Generation Algorithms based on Deep Semantic Units",
    author = "Bauer, Sandro  and
      Teufel, Simone",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2137",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2137",
    pages = "834--839",
}
@inproceedings{schluter-sogaard-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised extractive summarization via coverage maximization with syntactic and semantic concepts",
    author = "Schluter, Natalie  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2138",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2138",
    pages = "840--844",
}
@inproceedings{duong-etal-2015-low,
    title = "Low Resource Dependency Parsing: Cross-lingual Parameter Sharing in a Neural Network Parser",
    author = "Duong, Long  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Cook, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2139",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2139",
    pages = "845--850",
}
@inproceedings{sawai-etal-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Structure Analysis of Noun Phrases using Abstract Meaning Representation",
    author = "Sawai, Yuichiro  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2140",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2140",
    pages = "851--856",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-boosting,
    title = "Boosting Transition-based {AMR} Parsing with Refined Actions and Auxiliary Analyzers",
    author = "Wang, Chuan  and
      Xue, Nianwen  and
      Pradhan, Sameer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2141",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2141",
    pages = "857--862",
}
@inproceedings{buys-blunsom-2015-generative,
    title = "Generative Incremental Dependency Parsing with Neural Networks",
    author = "Buys, Jan  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2142",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2142",
    pages = "863--869",
}
@inproceedings{bisk-etal-2015-labeled,
    title = "Labeled Grammar Induction with Minimal Supervision",
    author = "Bisk, Yonatan  and
      Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2143",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2143",
    pages = "870--876",
}
@inproceedings{nourian-etal-2015-importance,
    title = "On the Importance of Ezafe Construction in {P}ersian Parsing",
    author = "Nourian, Alireza  and
      Rasooli, Mohammad Sadegh  and
      Imany, Mohsen  and
      Faili, Heshaam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2144",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-2144",
    pages = "877--882",
}
@proceedings{acl-2015-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 Student Research Workshop",
    author = "Chen, Kuan-Yu  and
      Ivanova, Angelina  and
      Pavlick, Ellie  and
      Bender, Emily  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-3000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-3",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning and Modeling of Knowledge and Intent for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Chen, Yun-Nung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-3001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-3001",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{pu-etal-2015-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Compounds to Improve Noun Phrase Translation from {C}hinese and {G}erman",
    author = "Pu, Xiao  and
      Mascarell, Laura  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Fishel, Mark  and
      Luong, Ngoc-Quang  and
      Volk, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-3002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-3002",
    pages = "8--15",
}
@inproceedings{weiss-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Representations for Text-level Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Weiss, Gregor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-3003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-3003",
    pages = "16--21",
}
@inproceedings{tokgoz-eryigit-2015-transition,
    title = "Transition-based Dependency {DAG} Parsing Using Dynamic Oracles",
    author = {Tokg{\"o}z, Alper  and
      Eryi{\v{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-3004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-3004",
    pages = "22--27",
}
@inproceedings{kitagawa-etal-2015-disease,
    title = "Disease Event Detection based on Deep Modality Analysis",
    author = "Kitagawa, Yoshiaki  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Aramaki, Eiji  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Ishikawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-3005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-3005",
    pages = "28--34",
}
@inproceedings{kajiwara-yamamoto-2015-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Dataset and System for {J}apanese Lexical Simplification",
    author = "Kajiwara, Tomoyuki  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-3006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-3006",
    pages = "35--40",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning to Map Dependency Parses to Abstract Meaning Representations",
    author = "Chen, Wei-Te",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-3007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-3007",
    pages = "41--46",
}
@proceedings{acl-2015-acl-ijcnlp,
    title = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Markert, Katja",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4",
}
@inproceedings{ai-xu-2015-system,
    title = "A System Demonstration of a Framework for Computer Assisted Pronunciation Training",
    author = "Ai, Renlong  and
      Xu, Feiyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{bond-etal-2015-imi,
    title = "{IMI} {---} A Multilingual Semantic Annotation Environment",
    author = "Bond, Francis  and
      Morgado da Costa, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      L{\^e}, Tuấn Anh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{do-dinh-etal-2015-tool,
    title = "In-tool Learning for Selective Manual Annotation in Large Corpora",
    author = "Do Dinh, Erik-L{\^a}n  and
      Eckart de Castilho, Richard  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4003",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{filice-etal-2015-kelp,
    title = "{K}e{LP}: a Kernel-based Learning Platform for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Filice, Simone  and
      Castellucci, Giuseppe  and
      Croce, Danilo  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4004",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{gartner-etal-2015-multi,
    title = "Multi-modal Visualization and Search for Text and Prosody Annotations",
    author = {G{\"a}rtner, Markus  and
      Schweitzer, Katrin  and
      Eckart, Kerstin  and
      Kuhn, Jonas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4005",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{habib-van-keulen-2015-need4tweet,
    title = "{NEED}4{T}weet: A Twitterbot for Tweets Named Entity Extraction and Disambiguation",
    author = "Habib, Mena  and
      van Keulen, Maurice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4006",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{heinzerling-strube-2015-visual,
    title = "Visual Error Analysis for Entity Linking",
    author = "Heinzerling, Benjamin  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4007",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{hennig-etal-2015-web,
    title = "A Web-based Collaborative Evaluation Tool for Automatically Learned Relation Extraction Patterns",
    author = "Hennig, Leonhard  and
      Li, Hong  and
      Krause, Sebastian  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4008",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{ku-etal-2015-dual,
    title = "A Dual-Layer Semantic Role Labeling System",
    author = "Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Virk, Shafqat Mumtaz  and
      Lee, Yann-Huei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4009",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{lipenkova-2015-system,
    title = "A system for fine-grained aspect-based sentiment analysis of {C}hinese",
    author = "Lipenkova, Janna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4010",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@inproceedings{martschat-etal-2015-plug,
    title = "Plug Latent Structures and Play Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Martschat, Sebastian  and
      Claus, Patrick  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4011",
    pages = "61--66",
}
@inproceedings{michael-akbik-2015-schnapper,
    title = {{SCHN{\"A}PPER}: A Web Toolkit for Exploratory Relation Extraction},
    author = "Michael, Thilo  and
      Akbik, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4012",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@inproceedings{morgado-da-costa-bond-2015-omwedit,
    title = "{OMWE}dit - The Integrated Open Multilingual {W}ordnet Editing System",
    author = "Morgado da Costa, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4013",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4013",
    pages = "73--78",
}
@inproceedings{moschitti-etal-2015-sacry,
    title = "{SACRY}: Syntax-based Automatic Crossword puzzle Resolution s{Y}stem",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Nicosia, Massimo  and
      Barlacchi, Gianni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4014",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4014",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{paetzold-specia-2015-lexenstein,
    title = "{LEX}enstein: A Framework for Lexical Simplification",
    author = "Paetzold, Gustavo  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4015",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4015",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@inproceedings{pyysalo-etal-2015-sharing,
    title = "Sharing annotations better: {REST}ful Open Annotation",
    author = "Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Campos, Jorge  and
      Cejuela, Juan Miguel  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Hakala, Kai  and
      Li, Chen  and
      Stenetorp, Pontus  and
      Jensen, Lars Juhl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4016",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4016",
    pages = "91--96",
}
@inproceedings{piperidis-etal-2015-data,
    title = "A Data Sharing and Annotation Service Infrastructure",
    author = "Piperidis, Stelios  and
      Galanis, Dimitrios  and
      Bakagianni, Juli  and
      Sofianopoulos, Sokratis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4017",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4017",
    pages = "97--102",
}
@inproceedings{ruppert-etal-2015-jobimviz,
    title = "{J}o{B}im{V}iz: A Web-based Visualization for Graph-based Distributional Semantic Models",
    author = "Ruppert, Eugen  and
      Kaufmann, Manuel  and
      Riedl, Martin  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4018",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4018",
    pages = "103--108",
}
@inproceedings{sato-etal-2015-end,
    title = "End-to-end Argument Generation System in Debating",
    author = "Sato, Misa  and
      Yanai, Kohsuke  and
      Miyoshi, Toshinori  and
      Yanase, Toshihiko  and
      Iwayama, Makoto  and
      Sun, Qinghua  and
      Niwa, Yoshiki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4019",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4019",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{specia-etal-2015-multi,
    title = "Multi-level Translation Quality Prediction with {Q}u{E}st++",
    author = "Specia, Lucia  and
      Paetzold, Gustavo  and
      Scarton, Carolina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4020",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4020",
    pages = "115--120",
}
@inproceedings{steele-specia-2015-wa,
    title = "{WA}-Continuum: Visualising Word Alignments across Multiple Parallel Sentences Simultaneously",
    author = "Steele, David  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4021",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4021",
    pages = "121--126",
}
@inproceedings{valenzuela-escarcega-etal-2015-domain,
    title = "A Domain-independent Rule-based Framework for Event Extraction",
    author = "Valenzuela-Esc{\'a}rcega, Marco A.  and
      Hahn-Powell, Gus  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Hicks, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4022",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4022",
    pages = "127--132",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2015-storybase,
    title = "{S}torybase: Towards Building a Knowledge Base for News Events",
    author = "Wu, Zhaohui  and
      Liang, Chen  and
      Giles, C. Lee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4023",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4023",
    pages = "133--138",
}
@inproceedings{yen-etal-2015-writeahead,
    title = "{W}rite{A}head: Mining Grammar Patterns in Corpora for Assisted Writing",
    author = "Yen, Tzu-Hsi  and
      Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Chang, Jim  and
      Boisson, Joanne  and
      Chang, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4024",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4024",
    pages = "139--144",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2015-niuparser,
    title = "{N}iu{P}arser: A {C}hinese Syntactic and Semantic Parsing Toolkit",
    author = "Zhu, Jingbo  and
      Zhu, Muhua  and
      Wang, Qiang  and
      Xiao, Tong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-{IJCNLP} 2015 System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-4025",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-4025",
    pages = "145--150",
}
@proceedings{acl-2015-association-linguistics-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Duh, Kevin",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-5000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-5",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2015-successful,
    title = "Successful Data Mining Methods for {NLP}",
    author = "Han, Jiawei  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Sun, Yizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-5001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-5001",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{gormley-eisner-2015-structured,
    title = "Structured Belief Propagation for {NLP}",
    author = "Gormley, Matthew R.  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-5002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-5002",
    pages = "5--6",
}
@inproceedings{rambow-wiebe-2015-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment and Belief: How to Think about, Represent, and Annotate Private States",
    author = "Rambow, Owen  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-5003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-5003",
    pages = "7--11",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-etal-2015-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Patterns for Semantic Processing",
    author = "Popescu, Octavian  and
      Hanks, Patrick  and
      Jezek, Elisabetta  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-5004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-5004",
    pages = "12--15",
}
@inproceedings{bouchard-etal-2015-matrix,
    title = "Matrix and Tensor Factorization Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    author = {Bouchard, Guillaume  and
      Naradowsky, Jason  and
      Riedel, Sebastian  and
      Rockt{\"a}schel, Tim  and
      Vlachos, Andreas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-5005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-5005",
    pages = "16--18",
}
@inproceedings{huang-zhao-2015-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Large-Margin Structured Learning: Theory and Algorithms",
    author = "Huang, Liang  and
      Zhao, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-5006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-5006",
    pages = "19--20",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-2015-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Deceptive Opinion Spam using Linguistics, Behavioral and Statistical Modeling",
    author = "Mukherjee, Arjun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-5007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-5007",
    pages = "21--22",
}
@inproceedings{huang-2015-need,
    title = "What You Need to Know about {C}hinese for {C}hinese Language Processing",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-5008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-5008",
    pages = "23--24",
}
@proceedings{ijcnlp-2017-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    author = "Kondrak, Greg  and
      Watanabe, Taro",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1000",
}
@inproceedings{belinkov-etal-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Layers of Representation in Neural Machine Translation on Part-of-Speech and Semantic Tagging Tasks",
    author = "Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Durrani, Nadir  and
      Dalvi, Fahim  and
      Glass, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "While neural machine translation (NMT) models provide improved translation quality in an elegant framework, it is less clear what they learn about language. Recent work has started evaluating the quality of vector representations learned by NMT models on morphological and syntactic tasks. In this paper, we investigate the representations learned at different layers of NMT encoders. We train NMT systems on parallel data and use the models to extract features for training a classifier on two tasks: part-of-speech and semantic tagging. We then measure the performance of the classifier as a proxy to the quality of the original NMT model for the given task. Our quantitative analysis yields interesting insights regarding representation learning in NMT models. For instance, we find that higher layers are better at learning semantics while lower layers tend to be better for part-of-speech tagging. We also observe little effect of the target language on source-side representations, especially in higher quality models.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-context,
    title = "Context-Aware Smoothing for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Chen, Kehai  and
      Wang, Rui  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1002",
    pages = "11--20",
    abstract = "In Neural Machine Translation (NMT), each word is represented as a low-dimension, real-value vector for encoding its syntax and semantic information. This means that even if the word is in a different sentence context, it is represented as the fixed vector to learn source representation. Moreover, a large number of Out-Of-Vocabulary (OOV) words, which have different syntax and semantic information, are represented as the same vector representation of {``}unk{''}. To alleviate this problem, we propose a novel context-aware smoothing method to dynamically learn a sentence-specific vector for each word (including OOV words) depending on its local context words in a sentence. The learned context-aware representation is integrated into the NMT to improve the translation performance. Empirical results on NIST Chinese-to-English translation task show that the proposed approach achieves 1.78 BLEU improvements on average over a strong attentional NMT, and outperforms some existing systems.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-le-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Sequence to Sequence Neural Machine Translation by Utilizing Syntactic Dependency Information",
    author = "Nguyen Le, An  and
      Martinez, Ander  and
      Yoshimoto, Akifumi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1003",
    pages = "21--29",
    abstract = "Sequence to Sequence Neural Machine Translation has achieved significant performance in recent years. Yet, there are some existing issues that Neural Machine Translation still does not solve completely. Two of them are translation for long sentences and the {``}over-translation{''}. To address these two problems, we propose an approach that utilize more grammatical information such as syntactic dependencies, so that the output can be generated based on more abundant information. In our approach, syntactic dependencies is employed in decoding. In addition, the output of the model is presented not as a simple sequence of tokens but as a linearized tree construction. In order to assess the performance, we construct model based on an attention mechanism encoder-decoder model in which the source language is input to the encoder as a sequence and the decoder generates the target language as a linearized dependency tree structure. Experiments on the Europarl-v7 dataset of French-to-English translation demonstrate that our proposed method improves BLEU scores by 1.57 and 2.40 on datasets consisting of sentences with up to 50 and 80 tokens, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed method also solved the two existing problems, ineffective translation for long sentences and over-translation in Neural Machine Translation.",
}
@inproceedings{ghader-monz-2017-attention,
    title = "What does Attention in Neural Machine Translation Pay Attention to?",
    author = "Ghader, Hamidreza  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1004",
    pages = "30--39",
    abstract = "Attention in neural machine translation provides the possibility to encode relevant parts of the source sentence at each translation step. As a result, attention is considered to be an alignment model as well. However, there is no work that specifically studies attention and provides analysis of what is being learned by attention models. Thus, the question still remains that how attention is similar or different from the traditional alignment. In this paper, we provide detailed analysis of attention and compare it to traditional alignment. We answer the question of whether attention is only capable of modelling translational equivalent or it captures more information. We show that attention is different from alignment in some cases and is capturing useful information other than alignments.",
}
@inproceedings{kaneko-etal-2017-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Error Detection Using Error- and Grammaticality-Specific Word Embeddings",
    author = "Kaneko, Masahiro  and
      Sakaizawa, Yuya  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1005",
    pages = "40--48",
    abstract = "In this study, we improve grammatical error detection by learning word embeddings that consider grammaticality and error patterns. Most existing algorithms for learning word embeddings usually model only the syntactic context of words so that classifiers treat erroneous and correct words as similar inputs. We address the problem of contextual information by considering learner errors. Specifically, we propose two models: one model that employs grammatical error patterns and another model that considers grammaticality of the target word. We determine grammaticality of n-gram sequence from the annotated error tags and extract grammatical error patterns for word embeddings from large-scale learner corpora. Experimental results show that a bidirectional long-short term memory model initialized by our word embeddings achieved the state-of-the-art accuracy by a large margin in an English grammatical error detection task on the First Certificate in English dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing with Partial Annotations: An Empirical Comparison",
    author = "Zhang, Yue  and
      Li, Zhenghua  and
      Lang, Jun  and
      Xia, Qingrong  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1006",
    pages = "49--58",
    abstract = "This paper describes and compares two straightforward approaches for dependency parsing with partial annotations (PA). The first approach is based on a forest-based training objective for two CRF parsers, i.e., a biaffine neural network graph-based parser (Biaffine) and a traditional log-linear graph-based parser (LLGPar). The second approach is based on the idea of constrained decoding for three parsers, i.e., a traditional linear graph-based parser (LGPar), a globally normalized neural network transition-based parser (GN3Par) and a traditional linear transition-based parser (LTPar). For the test phase, constrained decoding is also used for completing partial trees. We conduct experiments on Penn Treebank under three different settings for simulating PA, i.e., random, most uncertain, and divergent outputs from the five parsers. The results show that LLGPar is most effective in directly learning from PA, and other parsers can achieve best performance when PAs are completed into full trees by LLGPar.",
}
@inproceedings{ma-hovy-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Probabilistic Model for Non-projective {MST} Parsing",
    author = "Ma, Xuezhe  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1007",
    pages = "59--69",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a probabilistic parsing model that defines a proper conditional probability distribution over non-projective dependency trees for a given sentence, using neural representations as inputs. The neural network architecture is based on bi-directional LSTMCNNs, which automatically benefits from both word- and character-level representations, by using a combination of bidirectional LSTMs and CNNs. On top of the neural network, we introduce a probabilistic structured layer, defining a conditional log-linear model over non-projective trees. By exploiting Kirchhoff{'}s Matrix-Tree Theorem (Tutte, 1984), the partition functions and marginals can be computed efficiently, leading to a straightforward end-to-end model training procedure via back-propagation. We evaluate our model on 17 different datasets, across 14 different languages. Our parser achieves state-of-the-art parsing performance on nine datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{nishida-nakayama-2017-word,
    title = "Word Ordering as Unsupervised Learning Towards Syntactically Plausible Word Representations",
    author = "Nishida, Noriki  and
      Nakayama, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1008",
    pages = "70--79",
    abstract = "The research question we explore in this study is how to obtain syntactically plausible word representations without using human annotations. Our underlying hypothesis is that word ordering tests, or linearizations, is suitable for learning syntactic knowledge about words. To verify this hypothesis, we develop a differentiable model called Word Ordering Network (WON) that explicitly learns to recover correct word order while implicitly acquiring word embeddings representing syntactic knowledge. We evaluate the word embeddings produced by the proposed method on downstream syntax-related tasks such as part-of-speech tagging and dependency parsing. The experimental results demonstrate that the WON consistently outperforms both order-insensitive and order-sensitive baselines on these tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{kajiwara-etal-2017-mipa,
    title = "{MIPA}: Mutual Information Based Paraphrase Acquisition via Bilingual Pivoting",
    author = "Kajiwara, Tomoyuki  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Mochihashi, Daichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1009",
    pages = "80--89",
    abstract = "We present a pointwise mutual information (PMI)-based approach to formalize paraphrasability and propose a variant of PMI, called MIPA, for the paraphrase acquisition. Our paraphrase acquisition method first acquires lexical paraphrase pairs by bilingual pivoting and then reranks them by PMI and distributional similarity. The complementary nature of information from bilingual corpora and from monolingual corpora makes the proposed method robust. Experimental results show that the proposed method substantially outperforms bilingual pivoting and distributional similarity themselves in terms of metrics such as MRR, MAP, coverage, and Spearman{'}s correlation.",
}
@inproceedings{do-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Implicit Semantic Role Labeling by Predicting Semantic Frame Arguments",
    author = "Do, Quynh Ngoc Thi  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1010",
    pages = "90--99",
    abstract = "Implicit semantic role labeling (iSRL) is the task of predicting the semantic roles of a predicate that do not appear as explicit arguments, but rather regard common sense knowledge or are mentioned earlier in the discourse. We introduce an approach to iSRL based on a predictive recurrent neural semantic frame model (PRNSFM) that uses a large unannotated corpus to learn the probability of a sequence of semantic arguments given a predicate. We leverage the sequence probabilities predicted by the PRNSFM to estimate selectional preferences for predicates and their arguments. On the NomBank iSRL test set, our approach improves state-of-the-art performance on implicit semantic role labeling with less reliance than prior work on manually constructed language resources.",
}
@inproceedings{lai-etal-2017-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Inference from Multiple Premises",
    author = "Lai, Alice  and
      Bisk, Yonatan  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1011",
    pages = "100--109",
    abstract = "We define a novel textual entailment task that requires inference over multiple premise sentences. We present a new dataset for this task that minimizes trivial lexical inferences, emphasizes knowledge of everyday events, and presents a more challenging setting for textual entailment. We evaluate several strong neural baselines and analyze how the multiple premise task differs from standard textual entailment.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-ku-2017-enabling,
    title = "Enabling Transitivity for Lexical Inference on {C}hinese Verbs Using Probabilistic Soft Logic",
    author = "Wang, Wei-Chung  and
      Ku, Lun-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1012",
    pages = "110--119",
    abstract = "To learn more knowledge, enabling transitivity is a vital step for lexical inference. However, most of the lexical inference models with good performance are for nouns or noun phrases, which cannot be directly applied to the inference on events or states. In this paper, we construct the largest Chinese verb lexical inference dataset containing 18,029 verb pairs, where for each pair one of four inference relations are annotated. We further build a probabilistic soft logic (PSL) model to infer verb lexicons using the logic language. With PSL, we easily enable transitivity in two layers, the observed layer and the feature layer, which are included in the knowledge base. We further discuss the effect of transitives within and between these layers. Results show the performance of the proposed PSL model can be improved at least 3.5{\%} (relative) when the transitivity is enabled. Furthermore, experiments show that enabling transitivity in the observed layer benefits the most.",
}
@inproceedings{junczys-dowmunt-grundkiewicz-2017-exploration,
    title = "An Exploration of Neural Sequence-to-Sequence Architectures for Automatic Post-Editing",
    author = "Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin  and
      Grundkiewicz, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1013",
    pages = "120--129",
    abstract = "In this work, we explore multiple neural architectures adapted for the task of automatic post-editing of machine translation output. We focus on neural end-to-end models that combine both inputs $mt$ (raw MT output) and $src$ (source language input) in a single neural architecture, modeling $\{mt, src\} \rightarrow pe$ directly. Apart from that, we investigate the influence of hard-attention models which seem to be well-suited for monolingual tasks, as well as combinations of both ideas. We report results on data sets provided during the WMT-2016 shared task on automatic post-editing and can demonstrate that dual-attention models that incorporate all available data in the APE scenario in a single model improve on the best shared task system and on all other published results after the shared task. Dual-attention models that are combined with hard attention remain competitive despite applying fewer changes to the input.",
}
@inproceedings{elliott-kadar-2017-imagination,
    title = "Imagination Improves Multimodal Translation",
    author = "Elliott, Desmond  and
      K{\'a}d{\'a}r, {\'A}kos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1014",
    pages = "130--141",
    abstract = "We decompose multimodal translation into two sub-tasks: learning to translate and learning visually grounded representations. In a multitask learning framework, translations are learned in an attention-based encoder-decoder, and grounded representations are learned through image representation prediction. Our approach improves translation performance compared to the state of the art on the Multi30K dataset. Furthermore, it is equally effective if we train the image prediction task on the external MS COCO dataset, and we find improvements if we train the translation model on the external News Commentary parallel text.",
}
@inproceedings{dalvi-etal-2017-understanding,
    title = "Understanding and Improving Morphological Learning in the Neural Machine Translation Decoder",
    author = "Dalvi, Fahim  and
      Durrani, Nadir  and
      Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1015",
    pages = "142--151",
    abstract = "End-to-end training makes the neural machine translation (NMT) architecture simpler, yet elegant compared to traditional statistical machine translation (SMT). However, little is known about linguistic patterns of morphology, syntax and semantics learned during the training of NMT systems, and more importantly, which parts of the architecture are responsible for learning each of these phenomenon. In this paper we i) analyze how much morphology an NMT decoder learns, and ii) investigate whether injecting target morphology in the decoder helps it to produce better translations. To this end we present three methods: i) simultaneous translation, ii) joint-data learning, and iii) multi-task learning. Our results show that explicit morphological information helps the decoder learn target language morphology and improves the translation quality by 0.2{--}0.6 BLEU points.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Neural Machine Translation through Phrase-based Forced Decoding",
    author = "Zhang, Jingyi  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichro  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1016",
    pages = "152--162",
    abstract = "Compared to traditional statistical machine translation (SMT), neural machine translation (NMT) often sacrifices adequacy for the sake of fluency. We propose a method to combine the advantages of traditional SMT and NMT by exploiting an existing phrase-based SMT model to compute the phrase-based decoding cost for an NMT output and then using the phrase-based decoding cost to rerank the n-best NMT outputs. The main challenge in implementing this approach is that NMT outputs may not be in the search space of the standard phrase-based decoding algorithm, because the search space of phrase-based SMT is limited by the phrase-based translation rule table. We propose a soft forced decoding algorithm, which can always successfully find a decoding path for any NMT output. We show that using the forced decoding cost to rerank the NMT outputs can successfully improve translation quality on four different language pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-xu-2017-convolutional,
    title = "Convolutional Neural Network with Word Embeddings for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Wang, Chunqi  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1017",
    pages = "163--172",
    abstract = "Character-based sequence labeling framework is flexible and efficient for Chinese word segmentation (CWS). Recently, many character-based neural models have been applied to CWS. While they obtain good performance, they have two obvious weaknesses. The first is that they heavily rely on manually designed bigram feature, i.e. they are not good at capturing $n$-gram features automatically. The second is that they make no use of full word information. For the first weakness, we propose a convolutional neural model, which is able to capture rich $n$-gram features without any feature engineering. For the second one, we propose an effective approach to integrate the proposed model with word embeddings. We evaluate the model on two benchmark datasets: PKU and MSR. Without any feature engineering, the model obtains competitive performance {---} 95.7{\%} on PKU and 97.3{\%} on MSR. Armed with word embeddings, the model achieves state-of-the-art performance on both datasets {---} 96.5{\%} on PKU and 98.0{\%} on MSR, without using any external labeled resource.",
}
@inproceedings{shao-etal-2017-character,
    title = "Character-based Joint Segmentation and {POS} Tagging for {C}hinese using Bidirectional {RNN}-{CRF}",
    author = {Shao, Yan  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Nivre, Joakim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1018",
    pages = "173--183",
    abstract = "We present a character-based model for joint segmentation and POS tagging for Chinese. The bidirectional RNN-CRF architecture for general sequence tagging is adapted and applied with novel vector representations of Chinese characters that capture rich contextual information and lower-than-character level features. The proposed model is extensively evaluated and compared with a state-of-the-art tagger respectively on CTB5, CTB9 and UD Chinese. The experimental results indicate that our model is accurate and robust across datasets in different sizes, genres and annotation schemes. We obtain state-of-the-art performance on CTB5, achieving 94.38 F1-score for joint segmentation and POS tagging.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2017-addressing,
    title = "Addressing Domain Adaptation for {C}hinese Word Segmentation with Global Recurrent Structure",
    author = "Huang, Shen  and
      Sun, Xu  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1019",
    pages = "184--193",
    abstract = "Boundary features are widely used in traditional Chinese Word Segmentation (CWS) methods as they can utilize unlabeled data to help improve the Out-of-Vocabulary (OOV) word recognition performance. Although various neural network methods for CWS have achieved performance competitive with state-of-the-art systems, these methods, constrained by the domain and size of the training corpus, do not work well in domain adaptation. In this paper, we propose a novel BLSTM-based neural network model which incorporates a global recurrent structure designed for modeling boundary features dynamically. Experiments show that the proposed structure can effectively boost the performance of Chinese Word Segmentation, especially OOV-Recall, which brings benefits to domain adaptation. We achieved state-of-the-art results on 6 domains of CNKI articles, and competitive results to the best reported on the 4 domains of SIGHAN Bakeoff 2010 data.",
}
@inproceedings{vishal-etal-2017-information,
    title = "Information Bottleneck Inspired Method For Chat Text Segmentation",
    author = "Vishal, S  and
      Yadav, Mohit  and
      Vig, Lovekesh  and
      Shroff, Gautam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1020",
    pages = "194--203",
    abstract = "We present a novel technique for segmenting chat conversations using the information bottleneck method (Tishby et al., 2000), augmented with sequential continuity constraints. Furthermore, we utilize critical non-textual clues such as time between two consecutive posts and people mentions within the posts. To ascertain the effectiveness of the proposed method, we have collected data from public Slack conversations and Fresco, a proprietary platform deployed inside our organization. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method yields an absolute (relative) improvement of as high as 3.23{\%} (11.25{\%}). To facilitate future research, we are releasing manual annotations for segmentation on public Slack conversations.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Modeling on a Diet: One-shot Word Learning from Text Only",
    author = "Wang, Su  and
      Roller, Stephen  and
      Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1021",
    pages = "204--213",
    abstract = "We test whether distributional models can do one-shot learning of definitional properties from text only. Using Bayesian models, we find that first learning overarching structure in the known data, regularities in textual contexts and in properties, helps one-shot learning, and that individual context items can be highly informative.",
}
@inproceedings{park-myaeng-2017-computational,
    title = "A Computational Study on Word Meanings and Their Distributed Representations via Polymodal Embedding",
    author = "Park, Joohee  and
      Myaeng, Sung-hyon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1022",
    pages = "214--223",
    abstract = "A distributed representation has become a popular approach to capturing a word meaning. Besides its success and practical value, however, questions arise about the relationships between a true word meaning and its distributed representation. In this paper, we examine such a relationship via polymodal embedding approach inspired by the theory that humans tend to use diverse sources in developing a word meaning. The result suggests that the existing embeddings lack in capturing certain aspects of word meanings which can be significantly improved by the polymodal approach. Also, we show distinct characteristics of different types of words (e.g. concreteness) via computational studies. Finally, we show our proposed embedding method outperforms the baselines in the word similarity measure tasks and the hypernym prediction tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{konkol-etal-2017-geographical,
    title = "Geographical Evaluation of Word Embeddings",
    author = "Konkol, Michal  and
      Brychc{\'\i}n, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Nykl, Michal  and
      Hercig, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1023",
    pages = "224--232",
    abstract = "Word embeddings are commonly compared either with human-annotated word similarities or through improvements in natural language processing tasks. We propose a novel principle which compares the information from word embeddings with reality. We implement this principle by comparing the information in the word embeddings with geographical positions of cities. Our evaluation linearly transforms the semantic space to optimally fit the real positions of cities and measures the deviation between the position given by word embeddings and the real position. A set of well-known word embeddings with state-of-the-art results were evaluated. We also introduce a visualization that helps with error analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2017-modeling,
    title = "On Modeling Sense Relatedness in Multi-prototype Word Embedding",
    author = "Cao, Yixin  and
      Shi, Jiaxin  and
      Li, Juanzi  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Li, Chengjiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1024",
    pages = "233--242",
    abstract = "To enhance the expression ability of distributional word representation learning model, many researchers tend to induce word senses through clustering, and learn multiple embedding vectors for each word, namely multi-prototype word embedding model. However, most related work ignores the relatedness among word senses which actually plays an important role. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to capture word sense relatedness in multi-prototype word embedding model. Particularly, we differentiate the original sense and extended senses of a word by introducing their global occurrence information and model their relatedness through the local textual context information. Based on the idea of fuzzy clustering, we introduce a random process to integrate these two types of senses and design two non-parametric methods for word sense induction. To make our model more scalable and efficient, we use an online joint learning framework extended from the Skip-gram model. The experimental results demonstrate that our model outperforms both conventional single-prototype embedding models and other multi-prototype embedding models, and achieves more stable performance when trained on smaller data.",
}
@inproceedings{takeda-komatani-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Segmentation of Phoneme Sequences based on Pitman-Yor Semi-{M}arkov Model using Phoneme Length Context",
    author = "Takeda, Ryu  and
      Komatani, Kazunori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1025",
    pages = "243--252",
    abstract = "Unsupervised segmentation of phoneme sequences is an essential process to obtain unknown words during spoken dialogues. In this segmentation, an input phoneme sequence without delimiters is converted into segmented sub-sequences corresponding to words. The Pitman-Yor semi-Markov model (PYSMM) is promising for this problem, but its performance degrades when it is applied to phoneme-level word segmentation. This is because of insufficient cues for the segmentation, e.g., homophones are improperly treated as single entries and their different contexts are also confused. We propose a phoneme-length context model for PYSMM to give a helpful cue at the phoneme-level and to predict succeeding segments more accurately. Our experiments showed that the peak performance with our context model outperformed those without such a context model by 0.045 at most in terms of F-measures of estimated segmentation.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-wallace-2017-sensitivity,
    title = "A Sensitivity Analysis of (and Practitioners{'} Guide to) Convolutional Neural Networks for Sentence Classification",
    author = "Zhang, Ye  and
      Wallace, Byron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1026",
    pages = "253--263",
    abstract = "Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have recently achieved remarkably strong performance on the practically important task of sentence classification (Kim, 2014; Kalchbrenner et al., 2014; Johnson and Zhang, 2014; Zhang et al., 2016). However, these models require practitioners to specify an exact model architecture and set accompanying hyperparameters, including the filter region size, regularization parameters, and so on. It is currently unknown how sensitive model performance is to changes in these configurations for the task of sentence classification. We thus conduct a sensitivity analysis of one-layer CNNs to explore the effect of architecture components on model performance; our aim is to distinguish between important and comparatively inconsequential design decisions for sentence classification. We focus on one-layer CNNs (to the exclusion of more complex models) due to their comparative simplicity and strong empirical performance, which makes it a modern standard baseline method akin to Support Vector Machine (SVMs) and logistic regression. We derive practical advice from our extensive empirical results for those interested in getting the most out of CNNs for sentence classification in real world settings.",
}
@inproceedings{teranishi-etal-2017-coordination,
    title = "Coordination Boundary Identification with Similarity and Replaceability",
    author = "Teranishi, Hiroki  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1027",
    pages = "264--272",
    abstract = "We propose a neural network model for coordination boundary detection. Our method relies on the two common properties - similarity and replaceability in conjuncts - in order to detect both similar pairs of conjuncts and dissimilar pairs of conjuncts. The model improves identification of clause-level coordination using bidirectional RNNs incorporating two properties as features. We show that our model outperforms the existing state-of-the-art methods on the coordination annotated Penn Treebank and Genia corpus without any syntactic information from parsers.",
}
@inproceedings{ferret-2017-turning,
    title = "Turning Distributional Thesauri into Word Vectors for Synonym Extraction and Expansion",
    author = "Ferret, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1028",
    pages = "273--283",
    abstract = "In this article, we propose to investigate a new problem consisting in turning a distributional thesaurus into dense word vectors. We propose more precisely a method for performing such task by associating graph embedding and distributed representation adaptation. We have applied and evaluated it for English nouns at a large scale about its ability to retrieve synonyms. In this context, we have also illustrated the interest of the developed method for three different tasks: the improvement of already existing word embeddings, the fusion of heterogeneous representations and the expansion of synsets.",
}
@inproceedings{nieto-pina-johansson-2017-training,
    title = "Training Word Sense Embeddings With Lexicon-based Regularization",
    author = "Nieto-Pi{\~n}a, Luis  and
      Johansson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1029",
    pages = "284--294",
    abstract = "We propose to improve word sense embeddings by enriching an automatic corpus-based method with lexicographic data. Information from a lexicon is introduced into the learning algorithm{'}s objective function through a regularizer. The incorporation of lexicographic data yields embeddings that are able to reflect expert-defined word senses, while retaining the robustness, high quality, and coverage of automatic corpus-based methods. These properties are observed in a manual inspection of the semantic clusters that different degrees of regularizer strength create in the vector space. Moreover, we evaluate the sense embeddings in two downstream applications: word sense disambiguation and semantic frame prediction, where they outperform simpler approaches. Our results show that a corpus-based model balanced with lexicographic data learns better representations and improve their performance in downstream tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{alva-manchego-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning How to Simplify From Explicit Labeling of Complex-Simplified Text Pairs",
    author = "Alva-Manchego, Fernando  and
      Bingel, Joachim  and
      Paetzold, Gustavo  and
      Scarton, Carolina  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1030",
    pages = "295--305",
    abstract = "Current research in text simplification has been hampered by two central problems: (i) the small amount of high-quality parallel simplification data available, and (ii) the lack of explicit annotations of simplification operations, such as deletions or substitutions, on existing data. While the recently introduced Newsela corpus has alleviated the first problem, simplifications still need to be learned directly from parallel text using black-box, end-to-end approaches rather than from explicit annotations. These complex-simple parallel sentence pairs often differ to such a high degree that generalization becomes difficult. End-to-end models also make it hard to interpret what is actually learned from data. We propose a method that decomposes the task of TS into its sub-problems. We devise a way to automatically identify operations in a parallel corpus and introduce a sequence-labeling approach based on these annotations. Finally, we provide insights on the types of transformations that different approaches can model.",
}
@inproceedings{biran-mckeown-2017-domain,
    title = "Domain-Adaptable Hybrid Generation of {RDF} Entity Descriptions",
    author = "Biran, Or  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1031",
    pages = "306--315",
    abstract = "RDF ontologies provide structured data on entities in many domains and continue to grow in size and diversity. While they can be useful as a starting point for generating descriptions of entities, they often miss important information about an entity that cannot be captured as simple relations. In addition, generic approaches to generation from RDF cannot capture the unique style and content of specific domains. We describe a framework for hybrid generation of entity descriptions, which combines generation from RDF data with text extracted from a corpus, and extracts unique aspects of the domain from the corpus to create domain-specific generation systems. We show that each component of our approach significantly increases the satisfaction of readers with the text across multiple applications and domains.",
}
@inproceedings{pouriyeh-etal-2017-es,
    title = "{ES}-{LDA}: Entity Summarization using Knowledge-based Topic Modeling",
    author = "Pouriyeh, Seyedamin  and
      Allahyari, Mehdi  and
      Kochut, Krzysztof  and
      Cheng, Gong  and
      Arabnia, Hamid Reza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1032",
    pages = "316--325",
    abstract = "With the advent of the Internet, the amount of Semantic Web documents that describe real-world entities and their inter-links as a set of statements have grown considerably. These descriptions are usually lengthy, which makes the utilization of the underlying entities a difficult task. Entity summarization, which aims to create summaries for real-world entities, has gained increasing attention in recent years. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic topic model, ES-LDA, that combines prior knowledge with statistical learning techniques within a single framework to create more reliable and representative summaries for entities. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by conducting extensive experiments and show that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques and enhances the quality of the entity summaries.",
}
@inproceedings{ushiku-etal-2017-procedural,
    title = "Procedural Text Generation from an Execution Video",
    author = "Ushiku, Atsushi  and
      Hashimoto, Hayato  and
      Hashimoto, Atsushi  and
      Mori, Shinsuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1033",
    pages = "326--335",
    abstract = "In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in automatically describing images or videos in a natural language. These descriptions are useful for image/video search, etc. In this paper, we focus on procedure execution videos, in which a human makes or repairs something and propose a method for generating procedural texts from them. Since video/text pairs available are limited in size, the direct application of end-to-end deep learning is not feasible. Thus we propose to train Faster R-CNN network for object recognition and LSTM for text generation and combine them at run time. We took pairs of recipe and cooking video, generated a recipe from a video, and compared it with the original recipe. The experimental results showed that our method can produce a recipe as accurate as the state-of-the-art scene descriptions.",
}
@inproceedings{gan-gong-2017-text,
    title = "Text Sentiment Analysis based on Fusion of Structural Information and Serialization Information",
    author = "Gan, Ling  and
      Gong, Houyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1034",
    pages = "336--341",
    abstract = "Tree-structured Long Short-Term Memory (Tree-LSTM) has been proved to be an effective method in the sentiment analysis task. It extracts structural information on text, and uses Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) cell to prevent gradient vanish. However, though combining the LSTM cell, it is still a kind of model that extracts the structural information and almost not extracts serialization information. In this paper, we propose three new models in order to combine those two kinds of information: the structural information generated by the Constituency Tree-LSTM and the serialization information generated by Long-Short Term Memory neural network. Our experiments show that combining those two kinds of information can give contributes to the performance of the sentiment analysis task compared with the single Constituency Tree-LSTM model and the LSTM model.",
}
@inproceedings{potash-etal-2017-length,
    title = "Length, Interchangeability, and External Knowledge: Observations from Predicting Argument Convincingness",
    author = "Potash, Peter  and
      Bhattacharya, Robin  and
      Rumshisky, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1035",
    pages = "342--351",
    abstract = "In this work, we provide insight into three key aspects related to predicting argument convincingness. First, we explicitly display the power that text length possesses for predicting convincingness in an unsupervised setting. Second, we show that a bag-of-words embedding model posts state-of-the-art on a dataset of arguments annotated for convincingness, outperforming an SVM with numerous hand-crafted features as well as recurrent neural network models that attempt to capture semantic composition. Finally, we assess the feasibility of integrating external knowledge when predicting convincingness, as arguments are often more convincing when they contain abundant information and facts. We finish by analyzing the correlations between the various models we propose.",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2017-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Document Level Information to Improve Event Detection via Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Duan, Shaoyang  and
      He, Ruifang  and
      Zhao, Wenli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1036",
    pages = "352--361",
    abstract = "This paper tackles the task of event detection, which involves identifying and categorizing events. The previous work mainly exist two problems: (1) the traditional feature-based methods apply cross-sentence information, yet need taking a large amount of human effort to design complicated feature sets and inference rules; (2) the representation-based methods though overcome the problem of manually extracting features, while just depend on local sentence representation. Considering local sentence context is insufficient to resolve ambiguities in identifying particular event types, therefore, we propose a novel document level Recurrent Neural Networks (DLRNN) model, which can automatically extract cross-sentence clues to improve sentence level event detection without designing complex reasoning rules. Experiment results show that our approach outperforms other state-of-the-art methods on ACE 2005 dataset without external knowledge base.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-embracing,
    title = "Embracing Non-Traditional Linguistic Resources for Low-resource Language Name Tagging",
    author = "Zhang, Boliang  and
      Lu, Di  and
      Pan, Xiaoman  and
      Lin, Ying  and
      Abudukelimu, Halidanmu  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1037",
    pages = "362--372",
    abstract = "Current supervised name tagging approaches are inadequate for most low-resource languages due to the lack of annotated data and actionable linguistic knowledge. All supervised learning methods (including deep neural networks (DNN)) are sensitive to noise and thus they are not quite portable without massive clean annotations. We found that the F-scores of DNN-based name taggers drop rapidly (20{\%}-30{\%}) when we replace clean manual annotations with noisy annotations in the training data. We propose a new solution to incorporate many non-traditional language universal resources that are readily available but rarely explored in the Natural Language Processing (NLP) community, such as the World Atlas of Linguistic Structure, CIA names, PanLex and survival guides. We acquire and encode various types of non-traditional linguistic resources into a DNN name tagger. Experiments on three low-resource languages show that feeding linguistic knowledge can make DNN significantly more robust to noise, achieving 8{\%}-22{\%} absolute F-score gains on name tagging without using any human annotation",
}
@inproceedings{skadina-pinnis-2017-nmt,
    title = "{NMT} or {SMT}: Case Study of a Narrow-domain {E}nglish-{L}atvian Post-editing Project",
    author = "Skadi{\c{n}}a, Inguna  and
      Pinnis, M{\=a}rcis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1038",
    pages = "373--383",
    abstract = "The recent technological shift in machine translation from statistical machine translation (SMT) to neural machine translation (NMT) raises the question of the strengths and weaknesses of NMT. In this paper, we present an analysis of NMT and SMT systems{'} outputs from narrow domain English-Latvian MT systems that were trained on a rather small amount of data. We analyze post-edits produced by professional translators and manually annotated errors in these outputs. Analysis of post-edits allowed us to conclude that both approaches are comparably successful, allowing for an increase in translators{'} productivity, with the NMT system showing slightly worse results. Through the analysis of annotated errors, we found that NMT translations are more fluent than SMT translations. However, errors related to accuracy, especially, mistranslation and omission errors, occur more often in NMT outputs. The word form errors, that characterize the morphological richness of Latvian, are frequent for both systems, but slightly fewer in NMT outputs.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Neural Machine Translation with Partially Aligned Corpora",
    author = "Wang, Yining  and
      Zhao, Yang  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zong, Chengqing  and
      Xue, Zhengshan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1039",
    pages = "384--393",
    abstract = "While neural machine translation (NMT) has become the new paradigm, the parameter optimization requires large-scale parallel data which is scarce in many domains and language pairs. In this paper, we address a new translation scenario in which there only exists monolingual corpora and phrase pairs. We propose a new method towards translation with partially aligned sentence pairs which are derived from the phrase pairs and monolingual corpora. To make full use of the partially aligned corpora, we adapt the conventional NMT training method in two aspects. On one hand, different generation strategies are designed for aligned and unaligned target words. On the other hand, a different objective function is designed to model the partially aligned parts. The experiments demonstrate that our method can achieve a relatively good result in such a translation scenario, and tiny bitexts can boost translation quality to a large extent.",
}
@inproceedings{lahiri-etal-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Usage Expression Sentences in Consumer Product Reviews",
    author = "Lahiri, Shibamouli  and
      Vydiswaran, V.G.Vinod  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1040",
    pages = "394--403",
    abstract = "In this paper we introduce the problem of identifying usage expression sentences in a consumer product review. We create a human-annotated gold standard dataset of 565 reviews spanning five distinct product categories. Our dataset consists of more than 3,000 annotated sentences. We further introduce a classification system to label sentences according to whether or not they describe some {``}usage{''}. The system combines lexical, syntactic, and semantic features in a product-agnostic fashion to yield good classification performance. We show the effectiveness of our approach using importance ranking of features, error analysis, and cross-product classification experiments.",
}
@inproceedings{asahara-kato-2017-reading,
    title = "Between Reading Time and Syntactic/Semantic Categories",
    author = "Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Kato, Sachi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1041",
    pages = "404--412",
    abstract = "This article presents a contrastive analysis between reading time and syntactic/semantic categories in Japanese. We overlaid the reading time annotation of BCCWJ-EyeTrack and a syntactic/semantic category information annotation on the {`}Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese{'}. Statistical analysis based on a mixed linear model showed that verbal phrases tend to have shorter reading times than adjectives, adverbial phrases, or nominal phrases. The results suggest that the preceding phrases associated with the presenting phrases promote the reading process to shorten the gazing time.",
}
@inproceedings{ghaddar-langlais-2017-winer,
    title = "{W}i{NER}: A {W}ikipedia Annotated Corpus for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Ghaddar, Abbas  and
      Langlais, Phillippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1042",
    pages = "413--422",
    abstract = "We revisit the idea of mining Wikipedia in order to generate named-entity annotations. We propose a new methodology that we applied to English Wikipedia to build WiNER, a large, high quality, annotated corpus. We evaluate its usefulness on 6 NER tasks, comparing 4 popular state-of-the art approaches. We show that LSTM-CRF is the approach that benefits the most from our corpus. We report impressive gains with this model when using a small portion of WiNER on top of the CONLL training material. Last, we propose a simple but efficient method for exploiting the full range of WiNER, leading to further improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{lakomkin-etal-2017-reusing,
    title = "Reusing Neural Speech Representations for Auditory Emotion Recognition",
    author = "Lakomkin, Egor  and
      Weber, Cornelius  and
      Magg, Sven  and
      Wermter, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1043",
    pages = "423--430",
    abstract = "Acoustic emotion recognition aims to categorize the affective state of the speaker and is still a difficult task for machine learning models. The difficulties come from the scarcity of training data, general subjectivity in emotion perception resulting in low annotator agreement, and the uncertainty about which features are the most relevant and robust ones for classification. In this paper, we will tackle the latter problem. Inspired by the recent success of transfer learning methods we propose a set of architectures which utilize neural representations inferred by training on large speech databases for the acoustic emotion recognition task. Our experiments on the IEMOCAP dataset show {\textasciitilde}10{\%} relative improvements in the accuracy and F1-score over the baseline recurrent neural network which is trained end-to-end for emotion recognition.",
}
@inproceedings{tjandra-etal-2017-local,
    title = "Local Monotonic Attention Mechanism for End-to-End Speech And Language Processing",
    author = "Tjandra, Andros  and
      Sakti, Sakriani  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1044",
    pages = "431--440",
    abstract = "Recently, encoder-decoder neural networks have shown impressive performance on many sequence-related tasks. The architecture commonly uses an attentional mechanism which allows the model to learn alignments between the source and the target sequence. Most attentional mechanisms used today is based on a global attention property which requires a computation of a weighted summarization of the whole input sequence generated by encoder states. However, it is computationally expensive and often produces misalignment on the longer input sequence. Furthermore, it does not fit with monotonous or left-to-right nature in several tasks, such as automatic speech recognition (ASR), grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P), etc. In this paper, we propose a novel attention mechanism that has local and monotonic properties. Various ways to control those properties are also explored. Experimental results on ASR, G2P and machine translation between two languages with similar sentence structures, demonstrate that the proposed encoder-decoder model with local monotonic attention could achieve significant performance improvements and reduce the computational complexity in comparison with the one that used the standard global attention architecture.",
}
@inproceedings{salton-etal-2017-attentive,
    title = "Attentive Language Models",
    author = "Salton, Giancarlo  and
      Ross, Robert  and
      Kelleher, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1045",
    pages = "441--450",
    abstract = "In this paper, we extend Recurrent Neural Network Language Models (RNN-LMs) with an attention mechanism. We show that an {``}attentive{''} RNN-LM (with 11M parameters) achieves a better perplexity than larger RNN-LMs (with 66M parameters) and achieves performance comparable to an ensemble of 10 similar sized RNN-LMs. We also show that an {``}attentive{''} RNN-LM needs less contextual information to achieve similar results to the state-of-the-art on the wikitext2 dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{murawaki-2017-diachrony,
    title = "Diachrony-aware Induction of Binary Latent Representations from Typological Features",
    author = "Murawaki, Yugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1046",
    pages = "451--461",
    abstract = "Although features of linguistic typology are a promising alternative to lexical evidence for tracing evolutionary history of languages, a large number of missing values in the dataset pose serious difficulties for statistical modeling. In this paper, we combine two existing approaches to the problem: (1) the synchronic approach that focuses on interdependencies between features and (2) the diachronic approach that exploits phylogenetically- and/or spatially-related languages. Specifically, we propose a Bayesian model that (1) represents each language as a sequence of binary latent parameters encoding inter-feature dependencies and (2) relates a language{'}s parameters to those of its phylogenetic and spatial neighbors. Experiments show that the proposed model recovers missing values more accurately than others and that induced representations retain phylogenetic and spatial signals observed for surface features.",
}
@inproceedings{mostafazadeh-etal-2017-image,
    title = "Image-Grounded Conversations: Multimodal Context for Natural Question and Response Generation",
    author = "Mostafazadeh, Nasrin  and
      Brockett, Chris  and
      Dolan, Bill  and
      Galley, Michel  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Spithourakis, Georgios  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1047",
    pages = "462--472",
    abstract = "The popularity of image sharing on social media and the engagement it creates between users reflect the important role that visual context plays in everyday conversations. We present a novel task, Image Grounded Conversations (IGC), in which natural-sounding conversations are generated about a shared image. To benchmark progress, we introduce a new multiple reference dataset of crowd-sourced, event-centric conversations on images. IGC falls on the continuum between chit-chat and goal-directed conversation models, where visual grounding constrains the topic of conversation to event-driven utterances. Experiments with models trained on social media data show that the combination of visual and textual context enhances the quality of generated conversational turns. In human evaluation, the gap between human performance and that of both neural and retrieval architectures suggests that multi-modal IGC presents an interesting challenge for dialog research.",
}
@inproceedings{kobayashi-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "A Neural Language Model for Dynamically Representing the Meanings of Unknown Words and Entities in a Discourse",
    author = "Kobayashi, Sosuke  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1048",
    pages = "473--483",
    abstract = "This study addresses the problem of identifying the meaning of unknown words or entities in a discourse with respect to the word embedding approaches used in neural language models. We proposed a method for on-the-fly construction and exploitation of word embeddings in both the input and output layers of a neural model by tracking contexts. This extends the dynamic entity representation used in Kobayashi et al. (2016) and incorporates a copy mechanism proposed independently by Gu et al. (2016) and Gulcehre et al. (2016). In addition, we construct a new task and dataset called Anonymized Language Modeling for evaluating the ability to capture word meanings while reading. Experiments conducted using our novel dataset show that the proposed variant of RNN language model outperformed the baseline model. Furthermore, the experiments also demonstrate that dynamic updates of an output layer help a model predict reappearing entities, whereas those of an input layer are effective to predict words following reappearing entities.",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2017-using,
    title = "Using Explicit Discourse Connectives in Translation for Implicit Discourse Relation Classification",
    author = "Shi, Wei  and
      Yung, Frances  and
      Rubino, Raphael  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1049",
    pages = "484--495",
    abstract = "Implicit discourse relation recognition is an extremely challenging task due to the lack of indicative connectives. Various neural network architectures have been proposed for this task recently, but most of them suffer from the shortage of labeled data. In this paper, we address this problem by procuring additional training data from parallel corpora: When humans translate a text, they sometimes add connectives (a process known as \textit{explicitation}). Weautomatically back-translate it into an English connective and use it to infera label with high confidence. We show that a training set several times largerthan the original training set can be generated this way. With the extralabeled instances, we show that even a simple bidirectional Long Short-TermMemory Network can outperform the current state-of-the-art.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-tag,
    title = "Tag-Enhanced Tree-Structured Neural Networks for Implicit Discourse Relation Classification",
    author = "Wang, Yizhong  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Yang, Jingfeng  and
      Sun, Xu  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1050",
    pages = "496--505",
    abstract = "Identifying implicit discourse relations between text spans is a challenging task because it requires understanding the meaning of the text. To tackle this task, recent studies have tried several deep learning methods but few of them exploited the syntactic information. In this work, we explore the idea of incorporating syntactic parse tree into neural networks. Specifically, we employ the Tree-LSTM model and Tree-GRU model, which is based on the tree structure, to encode the arguments in a relation. And we further leverage the constituent tags to control the semantic composition process in these tree-structured neural networks. Experimental results show that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on PDTB corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{abdalla-hirst-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Sentiment Analysis Without (Good) Translation",
    author = "Abdalla, Mohamed  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1051",
    pages = "506--515",
    abstract = "Current approaches to cross-lingual sentiment analysis try to leverage the wealth of labeled English data using bilingual lexicons, bilingual vector space embeddings, or machine translation systems. Here we show that it is possible to use a single linear transformation, with as few as 2000 word pairs, to capture fine-grained sentiment relationships between words in a cross-lingual setting. We apply these cross-lingual sentiment models to a diverse set of tasks to demonstrate their functionality in a non-English context. By effectively leveraging English sentiment knowledge without the need for accurate translation, we can analyze and extract features from other languages with scarce data at a very low cost, thus making sentiment and related analyses for many languages inexpensive.",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2017-implicit,
    title = "Implicit Syntactic Features for Target-dependent Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Gao, Yuze  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Xiao, Tong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1052",
    pages = "516--524",
    abstract = "Targeted sentiment analysis investigates the sentiment polarities on given target mentions from input texts. Different from sentence level sentiment, it offers more fine-grained knowledge on each entity mention. While early work leveraged syntactic information, recent research has used neural representation learning to induce features automatically, thereby avoiding error propagation of syntactic parsers, which are particularly severe on social media texts. We study a method to leverage syntactic information without explicitly building the parser outputs, by training an encoder-decoder structure parser model on standard syntactic treebanks, and then leveraging its hidden encoder layers when analysing tweets. Such hidden vectors do not contain explicit syntactic outputs, yet encode rich syntactic features. We use them to augment the inputs to a baseline state-of-the-art targeted sentiment classifier, observing significant improvements on various benchmark datasets. We obtain the best accuracies on all test sets.",
}
@inproceedings{tamilselvam-etal-2017-graph,
    title = "Graph Based Sentiment Aggregation using {C}oncept{N}et Ontology",
    author = "Tamilselvam, Srikanth  and
      Nagar, Seema  and
      Mishra, Abhijit  and
      Dey, Kuntal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1053",
    pages = "525--535",
    abstract = "The sentiment aggregation problem accounts for analyzing the sentiment of a user towards various aspects/features of a product, and meaningfully assimilating the pragmatic significance of these features/aspects from an opinionated text. The current paper addresses the sentiment aggregation problem, by assigning weights to each aspect appearing in the user-generated content, that are proportionate to the strategic importance of the aspect in the pragmatic domain. The novelty of this paper is in computing the pragmatic significance (weight) of each aspect, using graph centrality measures (applied on domain specific ontology-graphs extracted from ConceptNet), and deeply ingraining these weights while aggregating the sentiments from opinionated text. We experiment over multiple real-life product review data. Our system consistently outperforms the state of the art - by as much as a F-score of 20.39{\%} in one case.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-nguyen-2017-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Modeling with Deep Neural Architecture using Lexicon and Character Attention Mechanism for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Nguyen, Huy Thanh  and
      Nguyen, Minh Le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1054",
    pages = "536--544",
    abstract = "Tweet-level sentiment classification in Twitter social networking has many challenges: exploiting syntax, semantic, sentiment, and context in tweets. To address these problems, we propose a novel approach to sentiment analysis that uses lexicon features for building lexicon embeddings (LexW2Vs) and generates character attention vectors (CharAVs) by using a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DeepCNN). Our approach integrates LexW2Vs and CharAVs with continuous word embeddings (ContinuousW2Vs) and dependency-based word embeddings (DependencyW2Vs) simultaneously in order to increase information for each word into a Bidirectional Contextual Gated Recurrent Neural Network (Bi-CGRNN). We evaluate our model on two Twitter sentiment classification datasets. Experimental results show that our model can improve the classification accuracy of sentence-level sentiment analysis in Twitter social networking.",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2017-combining,
    title = "Combining Lightly-Supervised Text Classification Models for Accurate Contextual Advertising",
    author = "Jin, Yiping  and
      Wanvarie, Dittaya  and
      Le, Phu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1055",
    pages = "545--554",
    abstract = "In this paper we propose a lightly-supervised framework to rapidly build text classifiers for contextual advertising. Traditionally text classification techniques require labeled training documents for each predefined class. In the scenario of contextual advertising, advertisers often want to target to a specific class of webpages most relevant to their product or service, which may not be covered by a pre-trained classifier. Moreover, the advertisers are interested in whether a webpage is {``}relevant{''} or {``}irrelevant{''}. It is time-consuming to solicit the advertisers for reliable training signals for the negative class. Therefore, it is more suitable to model the problem as a one-class classification problem, in contrast to traditional classification problems where disjoint classes are defined a priori. We first apply two state-of-the-art lightly-supervised classification models, generalized expectation (GE) criteria (Druck et al., 2008) and multinomial naive Bayes (MNB) with priors (Settles, 2011) to one-class classification where the user only needs to provide a small list of labeled words for the target class. To combine the strengths of the two models, we fuse them together by using MNB to automatically enrich the constraints for GE training. We also explore ensemble method to combine classifiers. On a corpus of webpages from real-time bidding requests, the proposed model achieves the highest average F1 of 0.69 and closes more than half of the gap between previous state-of-the-art lightly-supervised models to a fully-supervised MaxEnt model.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2017-capturing,
    title = "Capturing Long-range Contextual Dependencies with Memory-enhanced Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Liu, Fei  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1056",
    pages = "555--565",
    abstract = "Despite successful applications across a broad range of NLP tasks, conditional random fields ({``}CRFs{''}), in particular the linear-chain variant, are only able to model local features. While this has important benefits in terms of inference tractability, it limits the ability of the model to capture long-range dependencies between items. Attempts to extend CRFs to capture long-range dependencies have largely come at the cost of computational complexity and approximate inference. In this work, we propose an extension to CRFs by integrating external memory, taking inspiration from memory networks, thereby allowing CRFs to incorporate information far beyond neighbouring steps. Experiments across two tasks show substantial improvements over strong CRF and LSTM baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2017-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition with Stack Residual {LSTM} and Trainable Bias Decoding",
    author = "Tran, Quan  and
      MacKinlay, Andrew  and
      Jimeno Yepes, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1057",
    pages = "566--575",
    abstract = "Recurrent Neural Network models are the state-of-the-art for Named Entity Recognition (NER). We present two innovations to improve the performance of these models. The first innovation is the introduction of residual connections between the Stacked Recurrent Neural Network model to address the degradation problem of deep neural networks. The second innovation is a bias decoding mechanism that allows the trained system to adapt to non-differentiable and externally computed objectives, such as the entity-based F-measure. Our work improves the state-of-the-art results for both Spanish and English languages on the standard train/development/test split of the CoNLL 2003 Shared Task NER dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{das-ghosh-2017-neuramanteau,
    title = "{N}euramanteau: A Neural Network Ensemble Model for Lexical Blends",
    author = "Das, Kollol  and
      Ghosh, Shaona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1058",
    pages = "576--583",
    abstract = "The problem of blend formation in generative linguistics is interesting in the context of neologism, their quick adoption in modern life and the creative generative process guiding their formation. Blend quality depends on multitude of factors with high degrees of uncertainty. In this work, we investigate if the modern neural network models can sufficiently capture and recognize the creative blend composition process. We propose recurrent neural network sequence-to-sequence models, that are evaluated on multiple blend datasets available in the literature. We propose an ensemble neural and hybrid model that outperforms most of the baselines and heuristic models upon evaluation on test data.",
}
@inproceedings{ferracane-etal-2017-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Discourse Information Effectively for Authorship Attribution",
    author = "Ferracane, Elisa  and
      Wang, Su  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1059",
    pages = "584--593",
    abstract = "We explore techniques to maximize the effectiveness of discourse information in the task of authorship attribution. We present a novel method to embed discourse features in a Convolutional Neural Network text classifier, which achieves a state-of-the-art result by a significant margin. We empirically investigate several featurization methods to understand the conditions under which discourse features contribute non-trivial performance gains, and analyze discourse embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{persing-ng-2017-lightly,
    title = "Lightly-Supervised Modeling of Argument Persuasiveness",
    author = "Persing, Isaac  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1060",
    pages = "594--604",
    abstract = "We propose the first lightly-supervised approach to scoring an argument{'}s persuasiveness. Key to our approach is the novel hypothesis that lightly-supervised persuasiveness scoring is possible by explicitly modeling the major errors that negatively impact persuasiveness. In an evaluation on a new annotated corpus of online debate arguments, our approach rivals its fully-supervised counterparts in performance by four scoring metrics when using only 10{\%} of the available training instances.",
}
@inproceedings{luan-etal-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-Task Learning for Speaker-Role Adaptation in Neural Conversation Models",
    author = "Luan, Yi  and
      Brockett, Chris  and
      Dolan, Bill  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Galley, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1061",
    pages = "605--614",
    abstract = "Building a persona-based conversation agent is challenging owing to the lack of large amounts of speaker-specific conversation data for model training. This paper addresses the problem by proposing a multi-task learning approach to training neural conversation models that leverages both conversation data across speakers and other types of data pertaining to the speaker and speaker roles to be modeled. Experiments show that our approach leads to significant improvements over baseline model quality, generating responses that capture more precisely speakers{'} traits and speaking styles. The model offers the benefits of being algorithmically simple and easy to implement, and not relying on large quantities of data representing specific individual speakers.",
}
@inproceedings{mehri-carenini-2017-chat,
    title = "Chat Disentanglement: Identifying Semantic Reply Relationships with Random Forests and Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Mehri, Shikib  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1062",
    pages = "615--623",
    abstract = "Thread disentanglement is a precursor to any high-level analysis of multiparticipant chats. Existing research approaches the problem by calculating the likelihood of two messages belonging in the same thread. Our approach leverages a newly annotated dataset to identify reply relationships. Furthermore, we explore the usage of an RNN, along with large quantities of unlabeled data, to learn semantic relationships between messages. Our proposed pipeline, which utilizes a reply classifier and an RNN to generate a set of disentangled threads, is novel and performs well against previous work.",
}
@inproceedings{schulder-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Bootstrapping a Polarity Shifter Lexicon using Linguistic Features",
    author = "Schulder, Marc  and
      Wiegand, Michael  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Roth, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1063",
    pages = "624--633",
    abstract = "We present a major step towards the creation of the first high-coverage lexicon of polarity shifters. In this work, we bootstrap a lexicon of verbs by exploiting various linguistic features. Polarity shifters, such as {``}abandon{''}, are similar to negations (e.g. {``}not{''}) in that they move the polarity of a phrase towards its inverse, as in {``}abandon all hope{''}. While there exist lists of negation words, creating comprehensive lists of polarity shifters is far more challenging due to their sheer number. On a sample of manually annotated verbs we examine a variety of linguistic features for this task. Then we build a supervised classifier to increase coverage. We show that this approach drastically reduces the annotation effort while ensuring a high-precision lexicon. We also show that our acquired knowledge of verbal polarity shifters improves phrase-level sentiment analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2017-cascading,
    title = "Cascading Multiway Attentions for Document-level Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Ma, Dehong  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Zhang, Xiaodong  and
      Wang, Houfeng  and
      Sun, Xu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1064",
    pages = "634--643",
    abstract = "Document-level sentiment classification aims to assign the user reviews a sentiment polarity. Previous methods either just utilized the document content without consideration of user and product information, or did not comprehensively consider what roles the three kinds of information play in text modeling. In this paper, to reasonably use all the information, we present the idea that user, product and their combination can all influence the generation of attentions to words and sentences, when judging the sentiment of a document. With this idea, we propose a cascading multiway attention (CMA) model, where multiple ways of using user and product information are cascaded to influence the generation of attentions on the word and sentence layers. Then, sentences and documents are well modeled by multiple representation vectors, which provide rich information for sentiment classification. Experiments on IMDB and Yelp datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our model.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-nguyen-2017-ensemble,
    title = "An Ensemble Method with Sentiment Features and Clustering Support",
    author = "Nguyen, Huy Tien  and
      Nguyen, Minh Le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1065",
    pages = "644--653",
    abstract = "Deep learning models have recently been applied successfully in natural language processing, especially sentiment analysis. Each deep learning model has a particular advantage, but it is difficult to combine these advantages into one model, especially in the area of sentiment analysis. In our approach, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) were utilized to learn sentiment-specific features in a freezing scheme. This scenario provides a novel and efficient way for integrating advantages of deep learning models. In addition, we also grouped documents into clusters by their similarity and applied the prediction score of Naive Bayes SVM (NBSVM) method to boost the classification accuracy of each group. The experiments show that our method achieves the state-of-the-art performance on two well-known datasets: IMDB large movie reviews for document level and Pang {\&} Lee movie reviews for sentence level.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-jiang-2017-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Auxiliary Tasks for Document-Level Cross-Domain Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Yu, Jianfei  and
      Jiang, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1066",
    pages = "654--663",
    abstract = "In this paper, we study domain adaptation with a state-of-the-art hierarchical neural network for document-level sentiment classification. We first design a new auxiliary task based on sentiment scores of domain-independent words. We then propose two neural network architectures to respectively induce document embeddings and sentence embeddings that work well for different domains. When these document and sentence embeddings are used for sentiment classification, we find that with both pseudo and external sentiment lexicons, our proposed methods can perform similarly to or better than several highly competitive domain adaptation methods on a benchmark dataset of product reviews.",
}
@inproceedings{wilson-mihalcea-2017-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Semantic Relations between Human Activities",
    author = "Wilson, Steven  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1067",
    pages = "664--673",
    abstract = "The things people do in their daily lives can provide valuable insights into their personality, values, and interests. Unstructured text data on social media platforms are rich in behavioral content, and automated systems can be deployed to learn about human activity on a broad scale if these systems are able to reason about the content of interest. In order to aid in the evaluation of such systems, we introduce a new phrase-level semantic textual similarity dataset comprised of human activity phrases, providing a testbed for automated systems that analyze relationships between phrasal descriptions of people{'}s actions. Our set of 1,000 pairs of activities is annotated by human judges across four relational dimensions including similarity, relatedness, motivational alignment, and perceived actor congruence. We evaluate a set of strong baselines for the task of generating scores that correlate highly with human ratings, and we introduce several new approaches to the phrase-level similarity task in the domain of human activities.",
}
@inproceedings{min-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Transferable Representation for Bilingual Relation Extraction via Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Min, Bonan  and
      Jiang, Zhuolin  and
      Freedman, Marjorie  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1068",
    pages = "674--684",
    abstract = "Typically, relation extraction models are trained to extract instances of a relation ontology using only training data from a single language. However, the concepts represented by the relation ontology (e.g. ResidesIn, EmployeeOf) are language independent. The numbers of annotated examples available for a given ontology vary between languages. For example, there are far fewer annotated examples in Spanish and Japanese than English and Chinese. Furthermore, using only language-specific training data results in the need to manually annotate equivalently large amounts of training for each new language a system encounters. We propose a deep neural network to learn transferable, discriminative bilingual representation. Experiments on the ACE 2005 multilingual training corpus demonstrate that the joint training process results in significant improvement in relation classification performance over the monolingual counterparts. The learnt representation is discriminative and transferable between languages. When using 10{\%} (25K English words, or 30K Chinese characters) of the training data, our approach results in doubling F1 compared to a monolingual baseline. We achieve comparable performance to the monolingual system trained with 250K English words (or 300K Chinese characters) With 50{\%} of training data.",
}
@inproceedings{hazem-morin-2017-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Word Embeddings for Bilingual Terminology Extraction from Specialized Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Hazem, Amir  and
      Morin, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1069",
    pages = "685--693",
    abstract = "Bilingual lexicon extraction from comparable corpora is constrained by the small amount of available data when dealing with specialized domains. This aspect penalizes the performance of distributional-based approaches, which is closely related to the reliability of word{'}s cooccurrence counts extracted from comparable corpora. A solution to avoid this limitation is to associate external resources with the comparable corpus. Since bilingual word embeddings have recently shown efficient models for learning bilingual distributed representation of words, we explore different word embedding models and show how a general-domain comparable corpus can enrich a specialized comparable corpus via neural networks",
}
@inproceedings{liu-nouvel-2017-bambara,
    title = "A {B}ambara Tonalization System for Word Sense Disambiguation Using Differential Coding, Segmentation and Edit Operation Filtering",
    author = "Liu, Luigi Yu-Cheng  and
      Nouvel, Damien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1070",
    pages = "694--703",
    abstract = "In many languages such as Bambara or Arabic, tone markers (diacritics) may be written but are actually often omitted. NLP applications are confronted to ambiguities and subsequent difficulties when processing texts. To circumvent this problem, tonalization may be used, as a word sense disambiguation task, relying on context to add diacritics that partially disambiguate words as well as senses. In this paper, we describe our implementation of a Bambara tonalizer that adds tone markers using machine learning (CRFs). To make our tool efficient, we used differential coding, word segmentation and edit operation filtering. We describe our approach that allows tractable machine learning and improves accuracy: our model may be learned within minutes on a 358K-word corpus and reaches 92.3{\%} accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-kawahara-2017-joint,
    title = "Joint Learning of Dialog Act Segmentation and Recognition in Spoken Dialog Using Neural Networks",
    author = "Zhao, Tianyu  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1071",
    pages = "704--712",
    abstract = "Dialog act segmentation and recognition are basic natural language understanding tasks in spoken dialog systems. This paper investigates a unified architecture for these two tasks, which aims to improve the model{'}s performance on both of the tasks. Compared with past joint models, the proposed architecture can (1) incorporate contextual information in dialog act recognition, and (2) integrate models for tasks of different levels as a whole, i.e. dialog act segmentation on the word level and dialog act recognition on the segment level. Experimental results show that the joint training system outperforms the simple cascading system and the joint coding system on both dialog act segmentation and recognition tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Users{'} Negative Feedbacks in Multi-Turn Human-Computer Dialogues",
    author = "Wang, Xin  and
      Wang, Jianan  and
      Liu, Yuanchao  and
      Wang, Xiaolong  and
      Wang, Zhuoran  and
      Wang, Baoxun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1072",
    pages = "713--722",
    abstract = "User experience is essential for human-computer dialogue systems. However, it is impractical to ask users to provide explicit feedbacks when the agents{'} responses displease them. Therefore, in this paper, we explore to predict users{'} imminent dissatisfactions caused by intelligent agents by analysing the existing utterances in the dialogue sessions. To our knowledge, this is the first work focusing on this task. Several possible factors that trigger negative emotions are modelled. A relation sequence model (RSM) is proposed to encode the sequence of appropriateness of current response with respect to the earlier utterances. The experimental results show that the proposed structure is effective in modelling emotional risk (possibility of negative feedback) than existing conversation modelling approaches. Besides, strategies of obtaining distance supervision data for pre-training are also discussed in this work. Balanced sampling with respect to the last response in the distance supervision data are shown to be reliable for data augmentation.",
}
@inproceedings{madan-joshi-2017-finding,
    title = "Finding Dominant User Utterances And System Responses in Conversations",
    author = "Madan, Dhiraj  and
      Joshi, Sachindra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1073",
    pages = "723--732",
    abstract = "There are several dialog frameworks which allow manual specification of intents and rule based dialog flow. The rule based framework provides good control to dialog designers at the expense of being more time consuming and laborious. The job of a dialog designer can be reduced if we could identify pairs of user intents and corresponding responses automatically from prior conversations between users and agents. In this paper we propose an approach to find these frequent user utterances (which serve as examples for intents) and corresponding agent responses. We propose a novel SimCluster algorithm that extends standard K-means algorithm to simultaneously cluster user utterances and agent utterances by taking their adjacency information into account. The method also aligns these clusters to provide pairs of intents and response groups. We compare our results with those produced by using simple Kmeans clustering on a real dataset and observe upto 10{\%} absolute improvement in F1-scores. Through our experiments on synthetic dataset, we show that our algorithm gains more advantage over K-means algorithm when the data has large variance.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-end,
    title = "End-to-End Task-Completion Neural Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Li, Xiujun  and
      Chen, Yun-Nung  and
      Li, Lihong  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Celikyilmaz, Asli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1074",
    pages = "733--743",
    abstract = "One of the major drawbacks of modularized task-completion dialogue systems is that each module is trained individually, which presents several challenges. For example, downstream modules are affected by earlier modules, and the performance of the entire system is not robust to the accumulated errors. This paper presents a novel end-to-end learning framework for task-completion dialogue systems to tackle such issues.Our neural dialogue system can directly interact with a structured database to assist users in accessing information and accomplishing certain tasks. The reinforcement learning based dialogue manager offers robust capabilities to handle noises caused by other components of the dialogue system. Our experiments in a movie-ticket booking domain show that our end-to-end system not only outperforms modularized dialogue system baselines for both objective and subjective evaluation, but also is robust to noises as demonstrated by several systematic experiments with different error granularity and rates specific to the language understanding module.",
}
@inproceedings{lau-etal-2017-end,
    title = "End-to-end Network for Twitter Geolocation Prediction and Hashing",
    author = "Lau, Jey Han  and
      Chi, Lianhua  and
      Tran, Khoi-Nguyen  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1075",
    pages = "744--753",
    abstract = "We propose an end-to-end neural network to predict the geolocation of a tweet. The network takes as input a number of raw Twitter metadata such as the tweet message and associated user account information. Our model is language independent, and despite minimal feature engineering, it is interpretable and capable of learning location indicative words and timing patterns. Compared to state-of-the-art systems, our model outperforms them by 2{\%}-6{\%}. Additionally, we propose extensions to the model to compress representation learnt by the network into binary codes. Experiments show that it produces compact codes compared to benchmark hashing algorithms. An implementation of the model is released publicly.",
}
@inproceedings{newell-etal-2017-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Verifiability of Attributions in News Text",
    author = "Newell, Edward  and
      Schang, Ariane  and
      Margolin, Drew  and
      Ruths, Derek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1076",
    pages = "754--763",
    abstract = "When reporting the news, journalists rely on the statements of stakeholders, experts, and officials. The attribution of such a statement is verifiable if its fidelity to the source can be confirmed or denied. In this paper, we develop a new NLP task: determining the verifiability of an attribution based on linguistic cues. We operationalize the notion of verifiability as a score between 0 and 1 using human judgments in a comparison-based approach. Using crowdsourcing, we create a dataset of verifiability-scored attributions, and demonstrate a model that achieves an RMSE of 0.057 and Spearman{'}s rank correlation of 0.95 to human-generated scores. We discuss the application of this technique to the analysis of mass media.",
}
@inproceedings{rieman-etal-2017-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation from User-level {F}acebook Models to County-level Twitter Predictions",
    author = "Rieman, Daniel  and
      Jaidka, Kokil  and
      Schwartz, H. Andrew  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1077",
    pages = "764--773",
    abstract = "Several studies have demonstrated how language models of user attributes, such as personality, can be built by using the Facebook language of social media users in conjunction with their responses to psychology questionnaires. It is challenging to apply these models to make general predictions about attributes of communities, such as personality distributions across US counties, because it requires 1. the potentially inavailability of the original training data because of privacy and ethical regulations, 2. adapting Facebook language models to Twitter language without retraining the model, and 3. adapting from users to county-level collections of tweets. We propose a two-step algorithm, Target Side Domain Adaptation (TSDA) for such domain adaptation when no labeled Twitter/county data is available. TSDA corrects for the different word distributions between Facebook and Twitter and for the varying word distributions across counties by adjusting target side word frequencies; no changes to the trained model are made. In the case of predicting the Big Five county-level personality traits, TSDA outperforms a state-of-the-art domain adaptation method, gives county-level predictions that have fewer extreme outliers, higher year-to-year stability, and higher correlation with county-level outcomes.",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2017-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Explicit and Implicit Hate Speech Using a Weakly Supervised Two-path Bootstrapping Approach",
    author = "Gao, Lei  and
      Kuppersmith, Alexis  and
      Huang, Ruihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1078",
    pages = "774--782",
    abstract = "In the wake of a polarizing election, social media is laden with hateful content. To address various limitations of supervised hate speech classification methods including corpus bias and huge cost of annotation, we propose a weakly supervised two-path bootstrapping approach for an online hate speech detection model leveraging large-scale unlabeled data. This system significantly outperforms hate speech detection systems that are trained in a supervised manner using manually annotated data. Applying this model on a large quantity of tweets collected before, after, and on election day reveals motivations and patterns of inflammatory language.",
}
@inproceedings{ni-etal-2017-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Reactions and Recommending Products with Generative Models of Reviews",
    author = "Ni, Jianmo  and
      Lipton, Zachary C.  and
      Vikram, Sharad  and
      McAuley, Julian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1079",
    pages = "783--791",
    abstract = "Traditional approaches to recommendation focus on learning from large volumes of historical feedback to estimate simple numerical quantities (Will a user click on a product? Make a purchase? etc.). Natural language approaches that model information like product reviews have proved to be incredibly useful in improving the performance of such methods, as reviews provide valuable auxiliary information that can be used to better estimate latent user preferences and item properties. In this paper, rather than using reviews as an inputs to a recommender system, we focus on generating reviews as the model{'}s output. This requires us to efficiently model text (at the character level) to capture the preferences of the user, the properties of the item being consumed, and the interaction between them (i.e., the user{'}s preference). We show that this can model can be used to (a) generate plausible reviews and estimate nuanced reactions; (b) provide personalized rankings of existing reviews; and (c) recommend existing products more effectively.",
}
@inproceedings{ishigaki-etal-2017-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Lengthy Questions",
    author = "Ishigaki, Tatsuya  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1080",
    pages = "792--800",
    abstract = "In this research, we propose the task of question summarization. We first analyzed question-summary pairs extracted from a Community Question Answering (CQA) site, and found that a proportion of questions cannot be summarized by extractive approaches but requires abstractive approaches. We created a dataset by regarding the question-title pairs posted on the CQA site as question-summary pairs. By using the data, we trained extractive and abstractive summarization models, and compared them based on ROUGE scores and manual evaluations. Our experimental results show an abstractive method using an encoder-decoder model with a copying mechanism achieves better scores for both ROUGE-2 F-measure and the evaluations by human judges.",
}
@inproceedings{falke-etal-2017-concept,
    title = "Concept-Map-Based Multi-Document Summarization using Concept Coreference Resolution and Global Importance Optimization",
    author = "Falke, Tobias  and
      Meyer, Christian M.  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1081",
    pages = "801--811",
    abstract = "Concept-map-based multi-document summarization is a variant of traditional summarization that produces structured summaries in the form of concept maps. In this work, we propose a new model for the task that addresses several issues in previous methods. It learns to identify and merge coreferent concepts to reduce redundancy, determines their importance with a strong supervised model and finds an optimal summary concept map via integer linear programming. It is also computationally more efficient than previous methods, allowing us to summarize larger document sets. We evaluate the model on two datasets, finding that it outperforms several approaches from previous work.",
}
@inproceedings{j-kurisinkel-etal-2017-abstractive,
    title = "Abstractive Multi-document Summarization by Partial Tree Extraction, Recombination and Linearization",
    author = "J Kurisinkel, Litton  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1082",
    pages = "812--821",
    abstract = "Existing work for abstractive multidocument summarization utilise existing phrase structures directly extracted from input documents to generate summary sentences. These methods can suffer from lack of consistence and coherence in merging phrases. We introduce a novel approach for abstractive multidocument summarization through partial dependency tree extraction, recombination and linearization. The method entrusts the summarizer to generate its own topically coherent sequential structures from scratch for effective communication. Results on TAC 2011, DUC-2004 and 2005 show that our system gives competitive results compared with state of the art abstractive summarization approaches in the literature. We also achieve competitive results in linguistic quality assessed by human evaluators.",
}
@inproceedings{judea-strube-2017-event,
    title = "Event Argument Identification on Dependency Graphs with Bidirectional {LSTM}s",
    author = "Judea, Alex  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1083",
    pages = "822--831",
    abstract = "In this paper we investigate the performance of event argument identification. We show that the performance is tied to syntactic complexity. Based on this finding, we propose a novel and effective system for event argument identification. Recurrent Neural Networks learn to produce meaningful representations of long and short dependency paths. Convolutional Neural Networks learn to decompose the lexical context of argument candidates. They are combined into a simple system which outperforms a feature-based, state-of-the-art event argument identifier without any manual feature engineering.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-selective,
    title = "Selective Decoding for Cross-lingual Open Information Extraction",
    author = "Zhang, Sheng  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1084",
    pages = "832--842",
    abstract = "Cross-lingual open information extraction is the task of distilling facts from the source language into representations in the target language. We propose a novel encoder-decoder model for this problem. It employs a novel selective decoding mechanism, which explicitly models the sequence labeling process as well as the sequence generation process on the decoder side. Compared to a standard encoder-decoder model, selective decoding significantly increases the performance on a Chinese-English cross-lingual open IE dataset by 3.87-4.49 BLEU and 1.91-5.92 F1. We also extend our approach to low-resource scenarios, and gain promising improvement.",
}
@inproceedings{mcdowell-etal-2017-event,
    title = "Event Ordering with a Generalized Model for Sieve Prediction Ranking",
    author = "McDowell, Bill  and
      Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Ororbia II, Alexander  and
      Reitter, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1085",
    pages = "843--853",
    abstract = "This paper improves on several aspects of a sieve-based event ordering architecture, CAEVO (Chambers et al., 2014), which creates globally consistent temporal relations between events and time expressions. First, we examine the usage of word embeddings and semantic role features. With the incorporation of these new features, we demonstrate a 5{\%} relative F1 gain over our replicated version of CAEVO. Second, we reformulate the architecture{'}s sieve-based inference algorithm as a prediction reranking method that approximately optimizes a scoring function computed using classifier precisions. Within this prediction reranking framework, we propose an alternative scoring function, showing an 8.8{\%} relative gain over the original CAEVO. We further include an in-depth analysis of one of the main datasets that is used to evaluate temporal classifiers, and we show how despite using the densest corpus, there is still a danger of overfitting. While this paper focuses on temporal ordering, its results are applicable to other areas that use sieve-based architectures.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2017-open,
    title = "Open Relation Extraction and Grounding",
    author = "Yu, Dian  and
      Huang, Lifu  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1086",
    pages = "854--864",
    abstract = "Previous open Relation Extraction (open RE) approaches mainly rely on linguistic patterns and constraints to extract important relational triples from large-scale corpora. However, they lack of abilities to cover diverse relation expressions or measure the relative importance of candidate triples within a sentence. It is also challenging to name the relation type of a relational triple merely based on context words, which could limit the usefulness of open RE in downstream applications. We propose a novel importance-based open RE approach by exploiting the global structure of a dependency tree to extract salient triples. We design an unsupervised relation type naming method by grounding relational triples to a large-scale Knowledge Base (KB) schema, leveraging KB triples and weighted context words associated with relational triples. Experiments on the English Slot Filling 2013 dataset demonstrate that our approach achieves 8.1{\%} higher F-score over state-of-the-art open RE methods.",
}
@inproceedings{you-etal-2017-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Gene-Environment Interaction from the Biomedical Literature",
    author = "You, Jinseon  and
      Chung, Jin-Woo  and
      Yang, Wonsuk  and
      Park, Jong C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1087",
    pages = "865--874",
    abstract = "Genetic information in the literature has been extensively looked into for the purpose of discovering the etiology of a disease. As the gene-disease relation is sensitive to external factors, their identification is important to study a disease. Environmental influences, which are usually called Gene-Environment interaction (GxE), have been considered as important factors and have extensively been researched in biology. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of systems for automatic GxE extraction from the biomedical literature due to new challenges: (1) there are no preprocessing tools and corpora for GxE, (2) expressions of GxE are often quite implicit, and (3) document-level comprehension is usually required. We propose to overcome these challenges with neural network models and show that a modified sequence-to-sequence model with a static RNN decoder produces a good performance in GxE recognition.",
}
@inproceedings{pan-etal-2017-course,
    title = "Course Concept Extraction in {MOOC}s via Embedding-Based Graph Propagation",
    author = "Pan, Liangming  and
      Wang, Xiaochen  and
      Li, Chengjiang  and
      Li, Juanzi  and
      Tang, Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1088",
    pages = "875--884",
    abstract = "Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), offering a new way to study online, are revolutionizing education. One challenging issue in MOOCs is how to design effective and fine-grained course concepts such that students with different backgrounds can grasp the essence of the course. In this paper, we conduct a systematic investigation of the problem of course concept extraction for MOOCs. We propose to learn latent representations for candidate concepts via an embedding-based method. Moreover, we develop a graph-based propagation algorithm to rank the candidate concepts based on the learned representations. We evaluate the proposed method using different courses from XuetangX and Coursera. Experimental results show that our method significantly outperforms all the alternative methods (+0.013-0.318 in terms of R-precision; p{\textless}{\textless}0.01, t-test).",
}
@inproceedings{perez-rosas-etal-2017-identity,
    title = "Identity Deception Detection",
    author = "P{\'e}rez-Rosas, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      Davenport, Quincy  and
      Dai, Anna Mengdan  and
      Abouelenien, Mohamed  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1089",
    pages = "885--894",
    abstract = "This paper addresses the task of detecting identity deception in language. Using a novel identity deception dataset, consisting of real and portrayed identities from 600 individuals, we show that we can build accurate identity detectors targeting both age and gender, with accuracies of up to 88. We also perform an analysis of the linguistic patterns used in identity deception, which lead to interesting insights into identity portrayers.",
}
@inproceedings{ling-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to Diagnose: Assimilating Clinical Narratives using Deep Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Ling, Yuan  and
      Hasan, Sadid A.  and
      Datla, Vivek  and
      Qadir, Ashequl  and
      Lee, Kathy  and
      Liu, Joey  and
      Farri, Oladimeji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1090",
    pages = "895--905",
    abstract = "Clinical diagnosis is a critical and non-trivial aspect of patient care which often requires significant medical research and investigation based on an underlying clinical scenario. This paper proposes a novel approach by formulating clinical diagnosis as a reinforcement learning problem. During training, the reinforcement learning agent mimics the clinician{'}s cognitive process and learns the optimal policy to obtain the most appropriate diagnoses for a clinical narrative. This is achieved through an iterative search for candidate diagnoses from external knowledge sources via a sentence-by-sentence analysis of the inherent clinical context. A deep Q-network architecture is trained to optimize a reward function that measures the accuracy of the candidate diagnoses. Experiments on the TREC CDS datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our system over various non-reinforcement learning-based systems.",
}
@inproceedings{brad-etal-2017-dataset,
    title = "Dataset for a Neural Natural Language Interface for Databases ({NNLIDB})",
    author = "Brad, Florin  and
      Iacob, Radu Cristian Alexandru  and
      Hosu, Ionel Alexandru  and
      Rebedea, Traian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1091",
    pages = "906--914",
    abstract = "Progress in natural language interfaces to databases (NLIDB) has been slow mainly due to linguistic issues (such as language ambiguity) and domain portability. Moreover, the lack of a large corpus to be used as a standard benchmark has made data-driven approaches difficult to develop and compare. In this paper, we revisit the problem of NLIDBs and recast it as a sequence translation problem. To this end, we introduce a large dataset extracted from the Stack Exchange Data Explorer website, which can be used for training neural natural language interfaces for databases. We also report encouraging baseline results on a smaller manually annotated test corpus, obtained using an attention-based sequence-to-sequence neural network.",
}
@inproceedings{pragst-etal-2017-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition and Assessment of Semantic Content for the Generation of Elaborateness and Indirectness in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Pragst, Louisa  and
      Yoshino, Koichiro  and
      Minker, Wolfgang  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi  and
      Ultes, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1092",
    pages = "915--925",
    abstract = "In a dialogue system, the dialogue manager selects one of several system actions and thereby determines the system{'}s behaviour. Defining all possible system actions in a dialogue system by hand is a tedious work. While efforts have been made to automatically generate such system actions, those approaches are mostly focused on providing functional system behaviour. Adapting the system behaviour to the user becomes a difficult task due to the limited amount of system actions available. We aim to increase the adaptability of a dialogue system by automatically generating variants of system actions. In this work, we introduce an approach to automatically generate action variants for elaborateness and indirectness. Our proposed algorithm extracts RDF triplets from a knowledge base and rates their relevance to the original system action to find suitable content. We show that the results of our algorithm are mostly perceived similarly to human generated elaborateness and indirectness and can be used to adapt a conversation to the current user and situation. We also discuss where the results of our algorithm are still lacking and how this could be improved: Taking into account the conversation topic as well as the culture of the user is likely to have beneficial effect on the user{'}s perception.",
}
@inproceedings{hasanuzzaman-etal-2017-demographic,
    title = "Demographic Word Embeddings for Racism Detection on Twitter",
    author = {Hasanuzzaman, Mohammed  and
      Dias, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Way, Andy},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1093",
    pages = "926--936",
    abstract = "Most social media platforms grant users freedom of speech by allowing them to freely express their thoughts, beliefs, and opinions. Although this represents incredible and unique communication opportunities, it also presents important challenges. Online racism is such an example. In this study, we present a supervised learning strategy to detect racist language on Twitter based on word embedding that incorporate demographic (Age, Gender, and Location) information. Our methodology achieves reasonable classification accuracy over a gold standard dataset (F1=76.3{\%}) and significantly improves over the classification performance of demographic-agnostic models.",
}
@inproceedings{saito-etal-2017-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Extracting Variant-Normalization Pairs for {J}apanese Text Normalization",
    author = "Saito, Itsumi  and
      Nishida, Kyosuke  and
      Sadamitsu, Kugatsu  and
      Saito, Kuniko  and
      Tomita, Junji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1094",
    pages = "937--946",
    abstract = "Social media texts, such as tweets from Twitter, contain many types of non-standard tokens, and the number of normalization approaches for handling such noisy text has been increasing. We present a method for automatically extracting pairs of a variant word and its normal form from unsegmented text on the basis of a pair-wise similarity approach. We incorporated the acquired variant-normalization pairs into Japanese morphological analysis. The experimental results show that our method can extract widely covered variants from large Twitter data and improve the recall of normalization without degrading the overall accuracy of Japanese morphological analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2017-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Document Distance Measures and Unsupervised Document Revision Detection",
    author = "Zhu, Xiaofeng  and
      Klabjan, Diego  and
      Bless, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1095",
    pages = "947--956",
    abstract = "In this paper, we model the document revision detection problem as a minimum cost branching problem that relies on computing document distances. Furthermore, we propose two new document distance measures, word vector-based Dynamic Time Warping (wDTW) and word vector-based Tree Edit Distance (wTED). Our revision detection system is designed for a large scale corpus and implemented in Apache Spark. We demonstrate that our system can more precisely detect revisions than state-of-the-art methods by utilizing the Wikipedia revision dumps and simulated data sets.",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2017-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Analysis of Multiple-Turn Reasoning Strategies in Reading Comprehension Tasks",
    author = "Shen, Yelong  and
      Liu, Xiaodong  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1096",
    pages = "957--966",
    abstract = "Reading comprehension (RC) is a challenging task that requires synthesis of information across sentences and multiple turns of reasoning. Using a state-of-the-art RC model, we empirically investigate the performance of single-turn and multiple-turn reasoning on the SQuAD and MS MARCO datasets. The RC model is an end-to-end neural network with iterative attention, and uses reinforcement learning to dynamically control the number of turns. We find that multiple-turn reasoning outperforms single-turn reasoning for all question and answer types; further, we observe that enabling a flexible number of turns generally improves upon a fixed multiple-turn strategy. {\%}across all question types, and is particularly beneficial to questions with lengthy, descriptive answers. We achieve results competitive to the state-of-the-art on these two datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{kobayashi-etal-2017-automated,
    title = "Automated Historical Fact-Checking by Passage Retrieval, Word Statistics, and Virtual Question-Answering",
    author = "Kobayashi, Mio  and
      Ishii, Ai  and
      Hoshino, Chikara  and
      Miyashita, Hiroshi  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1097",
    pages = "967--975",
    abstract = "This paper presents a hybrid approach to the verification of statements about historical facts. The test data was collected from the world history examinations in a standardized achievement test for high school students. The data includes various kinds of false statements that were carefully written so as to deceive the students while they can be disproven on the basis of the teaching materials. Our system predicts the truth or falsehood of a statement based on text search, word cooccurrence statistics, factoid-style question answering, and temporal relation recognition. These features contribute to the judgement complementarily and achieved the state-of-the-art accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{hsiao-etal-2017-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Subject, Type, and Property Identification for Simple Question Answering over Knowledge Base",
    author = "Hsiao, Wei-Chuan  and
      Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1098",
    pages = "976--985",
    abstract = "This paper presents an approach to identify subject, type and property from knowledge base (KB) for answering simple questions. We propose new features to rank entity candidates in KB. Besides, we split a relation in KB into type and property. Each of them is modeled by a bi-directional LSTM. Experimental results show that our model achieves the state-of-the-art performance on the SimpleQuestions dataset. The hard questions in the experiments are also analyzed in detail.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-dailydialog,
    title = "{D}aily{D}ialog: A Manually Labelled Multi-turn Dialogue Dataset",
    author = "Li, Yanran  and
      Su, Hui  and
      Shen, Xiaoyu  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Cao, Ziqiang  and
      Niu, Shuzi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1099",
    pages = "986--995",
    abstract = "We develop a high-quality multi-turn dialog dataset, \textbf{DailyDialog},which is intriguing in several aspects. The language is human-written and lessnoisy. The dialogues in the dataset reflect our daily communication way andcover various topics about our daily life. We also manually label the developeddataset with communication intention and emotion information. Then, we evaluateexisting approaches on DailyDialog dataset and hope it benefit the researchfield of dialog systems. The dataset is available on\url{http://yanran.li/dailydialog}",
}
@inproceedings{white-etal-2017-inference,
    title = "Inference is Everything: Recasting Semantic Resources into a Unified Evaluation Framework",
    author = "White, Aaron Steven  and
      Rastogi, Pushpendre  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1100",
    pages = "996--1005",
    abstract = "We propose to unify a variety of existing semantic classification tasks, such as semantic role labeling, anaphora resolution, and paraphrase detection, under the heading of Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE). We present a general strategy to automatically generate one or more sentential hypotheses based on an input sentence and pre-existing manual semantic annotations. The resulting suite of datasets enables us to probe a statistical RTE model{'}s performance on different aspects of semantics. We demonstrate the value of this approach by investigating the behavior of a popular neural network RTE model.",
}
@inproceedings{dhondt-etal-2017-generating,
    title = "Generating a Training Corpus for {OCR} Post-Correction Using Encoder-Decoder Model",
    author = "D{'}hondt, Eva  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Grau, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1101",
    pages = "1006--1014",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a novel approach to the automatic correction of OCR-induced orthographic errors in a given text. While current systems depend heavily on large training corpora or external information, such as domain-specific lexicons or confidence scores from the OCR process, our system only requires a small amount of (relatively) clean training data from a representative corpus to learn a character-based statistical language model using Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Networks (biLSTMs). We demonstrate the versatility and adaptability of our system on different text corpora with varying degrees of textual noise, including a real-life OCR corpus in the medical domain.",
}
@inproceedings{pappas-popescu-belis-2017-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Hierarchical Attention Networks for Document Classification",
    author = "Pappas, Nikolaos  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1102",
    pages = "1015--1025",
    abstract = "Hierarchical attention networks have recently achieved remarkable performance for document classification in a given language. However, when multilingual document collections are considered, training such models separately for each language entails linear parameter growth and lack of cross-language transfer. Learning a single multilingual model with fewer parameters is therefore a challenging but potentially beneficial objective. To this end, we propose multilingual hierarchical attention networks for learning document structures, with shared encoders and/or shared attention mechanisms across languages, using multi-task learning and an aligned semantic space as input. We evaluate the proposed models on multilingual document classification with disjoint label sets, on a large dataset which we provide, with 600k news documents in 8 languages, and 5k labels. The multilingual models outperform monolingual ones in low-resource as well as full-resource settings, and use fewer parameters, thus confirming their computational efficiency and the utility of cross-language transfer.",
}
@inproceedings{maki-etal-2017-roles,
    title = "Roles and Success in {W}ikipedia Talk Pages: Identifying Latent Patterns of Behavior",
    author = "Maki, Keith  and
      Yoder, Michael  and
      Jo, Yohan  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1103",
    pages = "1026--1035",
    abstract = "In this work we investigate how role-based behavior profiles of a Wikipedia editor, considered against the backdrop of roles taken up by other editors in discussions, predict the success of the editor at achieving an impact on the associated article. We first contribute a new public dataset including a task predicting the success of Wikipedia editors involved in discussion, measured by an operationalization of the lasting impact of their edits in the article. We then propose a probabilistic graphical model that advances earlier work inducing latent discussion roles using the light supervision of success in the negotiation task. We evaluate the performance of the model and interpret findings of roles and group configurations that lead to certain outcomes on Wikipedia.",
}
@proceedings{ijcnlp-2017-international-joint,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    author = "Kondrak, Greg  and
      Watanabe, Taro",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2000",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-2017-cky,
    title = "{CKY}-based Convolutional Attention for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Watanabe, Taiki  and
      Tamura, Akihiro  and
      Ninomiya, Takashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2001",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a new attention mechanism for neural machine translation (NMT) based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which is inspired by the CKY algorithm. The proposed attention represents every possible combination of source words (e.g., phrases and structures) through CNNs, which imitates the CKY table in the algorithm. NMT, incorporating the proposed attention, decodes a target sentence on the basis of the attention scores of the hidden states of CNNs. The proposed attention enables NMT to capture alignments from underlying structures of a source sentence without sentence parsing. The evaluations on the Asian Scientific Paper Excerpt Corpus (ASPEC) English-Japanese translation task show that the proposed attention gains 0.66 points in BLEU.",
}
@inproceedings{kamigaito-etal-2017-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Attention for Sequence-to-Sequence Constituency Parsing",
    author = "Kamigaito, Hidetaka  and
      Hayashi, Katsuhiko  and
      Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2002",
    pages = "7--12",
    abstract = "The sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) model has been successfully applied to machine translation (MT). Recently, MT performances were improved by incorporating supervised attention into the model. In this paper, we introduce supervised attention to constituency parsing that can be regarded as another translation task. Evaluation results on the PTB corpus showed that the bracketing F-measure was improved by supervised attention.",
}
@inproceedings{aminian-etal-2017-transferring,
    title = "Transferring Semantic Roles Using Translation and Syntactic Information",
    author = "Aminian, Maryam  and
      Rasooli, Mohammad Sadegh  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2003",
    pages = "13--19",
    abstract = "Our paper addresses the problem of annotation projection for semantic role labeling for resource-poor languages using supervised annotations from a resource-rich language through parallel data. We propose a transfer method that employs information from source and target syntactic dependencies as well as word alignment density to improve the quality of an iterative bootstrapping method. Our experiments yield a 3.5 absolute labeled F-score improvement over a standard annotation projection method.",
}
@inproceedings{khayrallah-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Lattice Search for Domain Adaptation in Machine Translation",
    author = "Khayrallah, Huda  and
      Kumar, Gaurav  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2004",
    pages = "20--25",
    abstract = "Domain adaptation is a major challenge for neural machine translation (NMT). Given unknown words or new domains, NMT systems tend to generate fluent translations at the expense of adequacy. We present a stack-based lattice search algorithm for NMT and show that constraining its search space with lattices generated by phrase-based machine translation (PBMT) improves robustness. We report consistent BLEU score gains across four diverse domain adaptation tasks involving medical, IT, Koran, or subtitles texts.",
}
@inproceedings{yawata-etal-2017-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Well-Formedness of Syllables in {J}apanese Sign Language",
    author = "Yawata, Satoshi  and
      Miwa, Makoto  and
      Sasaki, Yutaka  and
      Hara, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2005",
    pages = "26--30",
    abstract = "This paper tackles a problem of analyzing the well-formedness of syllables in Japanese Sign Language (JSL). We formulate the problem as a classification problem that classifies syllables into well-formed or ill-formed. We build a data set that contains hand-coded syllables and their well-formedness. We define a fine-grained feature set based on the hand-coded syllables and train a logistic regression classifier on labeled syllables, expecting to find the discriminative features from the trained classifier. We also perform pseudo active learning to investigate the applicability of active learning in analyzing syllables. In the experiments, the best classifier with our combinatorial features achieved the accuracy of 87.0{\%}. The pseudo active learning is also shown to be effective showing that it could reduce about 84{\%} of training instances to achieve the accuracy of 82.0{\%} when compared to the model without active learning.",
}
@inproceedings{patel-bhattacharyya-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Lower Bounds on Number of Dimensions for Word Embeddings",
    author = "Patel, Kevin  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2006",
    pages = "31--36",
    abstract = "Word embeddings are a relatively new addition to the modern NLP researcher{'}s toolkit. However, unlike other tools, word embeddings are used in a black box manner. There are very few studies regarding various hyperparameters. One such hyperparameter is the dimension of word embeddings. They are rather decided based on a rule of thumb: in the range 50 to 300. In this paper, we show that the dimension should instead be chosen based on corpus statistics. More specifically, we show that the number of pairwise equidistant words of the corpus vocabulary (as defined by some distance/similarity metric) gives a lower bound on the the number of dimensions , and going below this bound results in degradation of quality of learned word embeddings. Through our evaluations on standard word embedding evaluation tasks, we show that for dimensions higher than or equal to the bound, we get better results as compared to the ones below it.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2017-sequence,
    title = "Sequence to Sequence Learning for Event Prediction",
    author = "Nguyen, Dai Quoc  and
      Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Chu, Cuong Xuan  and
      Thater, Stefan  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2007",
    pages = "37--42",
    abstract = "This paper presents an approach to the task of predicting an event description from a preceding sentence in a text. Our approach explores sequence-to-sequence learning using a bidirectional multi-layer recurrent neural network. Our approach substantially outperforms previous work in terms of the BLEU score on two datasets derived from WikiHow and DeScript respectively. Since the BLEU score is not easy to interpret as a measure of event prediction, we complement our study with a second evaluation that exploits the rich linguistic annotation of gold paraphrase sets of events.",
}
@inproceedings{takase-etal-2017-input,
    title = "Input-to-Output Gate to Improve {RNN} Language Models",
    author = "Takase, Sho  and
      Suzuki, Jun  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2008",
    pages = "43--48",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a reinforcing method that refines the output layers of existing Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) language models. We refer to our proposed method as Input-to-Output Gate (IOG). IOG has an extremely simple structure, and thus, can be easily combined with any RNN language models. Our experiments on the Penn Treebank and WikiText-2 datasets demonstrate that IOG consistently boosts the performance of several different types of current topline RNN language models.",
}
@inproceedings{arnold-etal-2017-counterfactual,
    title = "Counterfactual Language Model Adaptation for Suggesting Phrases",
    author = "Arnold, Kenneth  and
      Chang, Kai-Wei  and
      Kalai, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2009",
    pages = "49--54",
    abstract = "Mobile devices use language models to suggest words and phrases for use in text entry. Traditional language models are based on contextual word frequency in a static corpus of text. However, certain types of phrases, when offered to writers as suggestions, may be systematically chosen more often than their frequency would predict. In this paper, we propose the task of generating suggestions that writers accept, a related but distinct task to making accurate predictions. Although this task is fundamentally interactive, we propose a counterfactual setting that permits offline training and evaluation. We find that even a simple language model can capture text characteristics that improve acceptability.",
}
@inproceedings{liang-shu-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Automated Multi-task Learning",
    author = "Liang, Davis  and
      Shu, Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2010",
    pages = "55--60",
    abstract = "Multi-task learning (MTL) has recently contributed to learning better representations in service of various NLP tasks. MTL aims at improving the performance of a primary task by jointly training on a secondary task. This paper introduces automated tasks, which exploit the sequential nature of the input data, as secondary tasks in an MTL model. We explore next word prediction, next character prediction, and missing word completion as potential automated tasks. Our results show that training on a primary task in parallel with a secondary automated task improves both the convergence speed and accuracy for the primary task. We suggest two methods for augmenting an existing network with automated tasks and establish better performance in topic prediction, sentiment analysis, and hashtag recommendation. Finally, we show that the MTL models can perform well on datasets that are small and colloquial by nature.",
}
@inproceedings{soni-etal-2017-post,
    title = "Post-Processing Techniques for Improving Predictions of Multilabel Learning Approaches",
    author = "Soni, Akshay  and
      Pappu, Aasish  and
      Ni, Jerry Chia-mau  and
      Chevalier, Troy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2011",
    pages = "61--66",
    abstract = "In Multilabel Learning (MLL) each training instance is associated with a set of labels and the task is to learn a function that maps an unseen instance to its corresponding label set. In this paper, we present a suite of {--} MLL algorithm independent {--} post-processing techniques that utilize the conditional and directional label-dependences in order to make the predictions from any MLL approach more coherent and precise. We solve constraint optimization problem over the output produced by any MLL approach and the result is a refined version of the input predicted label set. Using proposed techniques, we show absolute improvement of 3{\%} on English News and 10{\%} on Chinese E-commerce datasets for P@K metric.",
}
@inproceedings{beck-cohn-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Kernels over Strings using {G}aussian Processes",
    author = "Beck, Daniel  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2012",
    pages = "67--73",
    abstract = "Non-contiguous word sequences are widely known to be important in modelling natural language. However they not explicitly encoded in common text representations. In this work we propose a model for text processing using string kernels, capable of flexibly representing non-contiguous sequences. Specifically, we derive a vectorised version of the string kernel algorithm and their gradients, allowing efficient hyperparameter optimisation as part of a Gaussian Process framework. Experiments on synthetic data and text regression for emotion analysis show the promise of this technique.",
}
@inproceedings{fujinuma-grissom-ii-2017-substring,
    title = "Substring Frequency Features for Segmentation of {J}apanese Katakana Words with Unlabeled Corpora",
    author = "Fujinuma, Yoshinari  and
      Grissom II, Alvin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2013",
    pages = "74--79",
    abstract = "Word segmentation is crucial in natural language processing tasks for unsegmented languages. In Japanese, many out-of-vocabulary words appear in the phonetic syllabary katakana, making segmentation more difficult due to the lack of clues found in mixed script settings. In this paper, we propose a straightforward approach based on a variant of tf-idf and apply it to the problem of word segmentation in Japanese. Even though our method uses only an unlabeled corpus, experimental results show that it achieves performance comparable to existing methods that use manually labeled corpora. Furthermore, it improves performance of simple word segmentation models trained on a manually labeled corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2017-monpa,
    title = "{MONPA}: Multi-objective Named-entity and Part-of-speech Annotator for {C}hinese using Recurrent Neural Network",
    author = "Hsieh, Yu-Lun  and
      Chang, Yung-Chun  and
      Huang, Yi-Jie  and
      Yeh, Shu-Hao  and
      Chen, Chun-Hung  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2014",
    pages = "80--85",
    abstract = "Part-of-speech (POS) tagging and named entity recognition (NER) are crucial steps in natural language processing. In addition, the difficulty of word segmentation places additional burden on those who intend to deal with languages such as Chinese, and pipelined systems often suffer from error propagation. This work proposes an end-to-end model using character-based recurrent neural network (RNN) to jointly accomplish segmentation, POS tagging and NER of a Chinese sentence. Experiments on previous word segmentation and NER datasets show that a single model with the proposed architecture is comparable to those trained specifically for each task, and outperforms freely-available softwares. Moreover, we provide a web-based interface for the public to easily access this resource.",
}
@inproceedings{shao-etal-2017-recall,
    title = "Recall is the Proper Evaluation Metric for Word Segmentation",
    author = "Shao, Yan  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2015",
    pages = "86--90",
    abstract = "We extensively analyse the correlations and drawbacks of conventionally employed evaluation metrics for word segmentation. Unlike in standard information retrieval, precision favours under-splitting systems and therefore can be misleading in word segmentation. Overall, based on both theoretical and experimental analysis, we propose that precision should be excluded from the standard evaluation metrics and that the evaluation score obtained by using only recall is sufficient and better correlated with the performance of word segmentation systems.",
}
@inproceedings{cotterell-duh-2017-low,
    title = "Low-Resource Named Entity Recognition with Cross-lingual, Character-Level Neural Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Duh, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2016",
    pages = "91--96",
    abstract = "Low-resource named entity recognition is still an open problem in NLP. Most state-of-the-art systems require tens of thousands of annotated sentences in order to obtain high performance. However, for most of the world{'}s languages it is unfeasible to obtain such annotation. In this paper, we present a transfer learning scheme, whereby we train character-level neural CRFs to predict named entities for both high-resource languages and low-resource languages jointly. Learning character representations for multiple related languages allows knowledge transfer from the high-resource languages to the low-resource ones, improving F1 by up to 9.8 points.",
}
@inproceedings{sato-etal-2017-segment,
    title = "Segment-Level Neural Conditional Random Fields for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Sato, Motoki  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Yamada, Ikuya  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2017",
    pages = "97--102",
    abstract = "We present Segment-level Neural CRF, which combines neural networks with a linear chain CRF for segment-level sequence modeling tasks such as named entity recognition (NER) and syntactic chunking. Our segment-level CRF can consider higher-order label dependencies compared with conventional word-level CRF. Since it is difficult to consider all possible variable length segments, our method uses segment lattice constructed from the word-level tagging model to reduce the search space. Performing experiments on NER and chunking, we demonstrate that our method outperforms conventional word-level CRF with neural networks.",
}
@inproceedings{kehat-pustejovsky-2017-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Vision and Language Datasets to Measure Word Concreteness",
    author = "Kehat, Gitit  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2018",
    pages = "103--108",
    abstract = "We present and take advantage of the inherent visualizability properties of words in visual corpora (the textual components of vision-language datasets) to compute concreteness scores for words. Our simple method does not require hand-annotated concreteness score lists for training, and yields state-of-the-art results when evaluated against concreteness scores lists and previously derived scores, as well as when used for metaphor detection.",
}
@inproceedings{kajiwara-fujita-2017-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Features Based on Word Alignments for Estimating Quality of Text Simplification",
    author = "Kajiwara, Tomoyuki  and
      Fujita, Atsushi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2019",
    pages = "109--115",
    abstract = "This paper examines the usefulness of semantic features based on word alignments for estimating the quality of text simplification. Specifically, we introduce seven types of alignment-based features computed on the basis of word embeddings and paraphrase lexicons. Through an empirical experiment using the QATS dataset, we confirm that we can achieve the state-of-the-art performance only with these features.",
}
@inproceedings{pandey-etal-2017-injecting,
    title = "Injecting Word Embeddings with Another Language{'}s Resource : An Application of Bilingual Embeddings",
    author = "Pandey, Prakhar  and
      Pudi, Vikram  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2020",
    pages = "116--121",
    abstract = "Word embeddings learned from text corpus can be improved by injecting knowledge from external resources, while at the same time also specializing them for similarity or relatedness. These knowledge resources (like WordNet, Paraphrase Database) may not exist for all languages. In this work we introduce a method to inject word embeddings of a language with knowledge resource of another language by leveraging bilingual embeddings. First we improve word embeddings of German, Italian, French and Spanish using resources of English and test them on variety of word similarity tasks. Then we demonstrate the utility of our method by creating improved embeddings for Urdu and Telugu languages using Hindi WordNet, beating the previously established baseline for Urdu.",
}
@inproceedings{corona-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Black-box Speech Recognition using Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Corona, Rodolfo  and
      Thomason, Jesse  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2021",
    pages = "122--127",
    abstract = "Speech is a natural channel for human-computer interaction in robotics and consumer applications. Natural language understanding pipelines that start with speech can have trouble recovering from speech recognition errors. Black-box automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems, built for general purpose use, are unable to take advantage of in-domain language models that could otherwise ameliorate these errors. In this work, we present a method for re-ranking black-box ASR hypotheses using an in-domain language model and semantic parser trained for a particular task. Our re-ranking method significantly improves both transcription accuracy and semantic understanding over a state-of-the-art ASR{'}s vanilla output.",
}
@inproceedings{matsubayashi-inui-2017-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting the Design Issues of Local Models for {J}apanese Predicate-Argument Structure Analysis",
    author = "Matsubayashi, Yuichiroh  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2022",
    pages = "128--133",
    abstract = "The research trend in Japanese predicate-argument structure (PAS) analysis is shifting from pointwise prediction models with local features to global models designed to search for globally optimal solutions. However, the existing global models tend to employ only relatively simple local features; therefore, the overall performance gains are rather limited. The importance of designing a local model is demonstrated in this study by showing that the performance of a sophisticated local model can be considerably improved with recent feature embedding methods and a feature combination learning based on a neural network, outperforming the state-of-the-art global models in F1 on a common benchmark dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2017-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Informs the Interpretation of Iconic Gestures: A Computational Approach",
    author = "Han, Ting  and
      Hough, Julian  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2023",
    pages = "134--139",
    abstract = "When giving descriptions, speakers often signify object shape or size with hand gestures. Such so-called {`}iconic{'} gestures represent their meaning through their relevance to referents in the verbal content, rather than having a conventional form. The gesture form on its own is often ambiguous, and the aspect of the referent that it highlights is constrained by what the language makes salient. We show how the verbal content guides gesture interpretation through a computational model that frames the task as a multi-label classification task that maps multimodal utterances to semantic categories, using annotated human-human data.",
}
@inproceedings{beck-2017-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Representation Noise in Emotion Analysis using {G}aussian Processes",
    author = "Beck, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2024",
    pages = "140--145",
    abstract = "Emotion Analysis is the task of modelling latent emotions present in natural language. Labelled datasets for this task are scarce so learning good input text representations is not trivial. Using averaged word embeddings is a simple way to leverage unlabelled corpora to build text representations but this approach can be prone to noise either coming from the embedding themselves or the averaging procedure. In this paper we propose a model for Emotion Analysis using Gaussian Processes and kernels that are better suitable for functions that exhibit noisy behaviour. Empirical evaluations in a emotion prediction task show that our model outperforms commonly used baselines for regression.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-manually,
    title = "Are Manually Prepared Affective Lexicons Really Useful for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Li, Minglei  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Long, Yunfei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2025",
    pages = "146--150",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of different affective lexicons through sentiment analysis of phrases. We examine how phrases can be represented through manually prepared lexicons, extended lexicons using computational methods, or word embedding. Comparative studies clearly show that word embedding using unsupervised distributional method outperforms manually prepared lexicons no matter what affective models are used in the lexicons. Our conclusion is that although different affective lexicons are cognitively backed by theories, they do not show any advantage over the automatically obtained word embedding.",
}
@inproceedings{xue-etal-2017-mtna,
    title = "{MTNA}: A Neural Multi-task Model for Aspect Category Classification and Aspect Term Extraction On Restaurant Reviews",
    author = "Xue, Wei  and
      Zhou, Wubai  and
      Li, Tao  and
      Wang, Qing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2026",
    pages = "151--156",
    abstract = "Online reviews are valuable resources not only for consumers to make decisions before purchase, but also for providers to get feedbacks for their services or commodities. In Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA), it is critical to identify aspect categories and extract aspect terms from the sentences of user-generated reviews. However, the two tasks are often treated independently, even though they are closely related. Intuitively, the learned knowledge of one task should inform the other learning task. In this paper, we propose a multi-task learning model based on neural networks to solve them together. We demonstrate the improved performance of our multi-task learning model over the models trained separately on three public dataset released by SemEval workshops.",
}
@inproceedings{yung-etal-2017-discourse,
    title = "Can Discourse Relations be Identified Incrementally?",
    author = "Yung, Frances  and
      Noji, Hiroshi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2027",
    pages = "157--162",
    abstract = "Humans process language word by word and construct partial linguistic structures on the fly before the end of the sentence is perceived. Inspired by this cognitive ability, incremental algorithms for natural language processing tasks have been proposed and demonstrated promising performance. For discourse relation (DR) parsing, however, it is not yet clear to what extent humans can recognize DRs incrementally, because the latent {`}nodes{'} of discourse structure can span clauses and sentences. To answer this question, this work investigates incrementality in discourse processing based on a corpus annotated with DR signals. We find that DRs are dominantly signaled at the boundary between the two constituent discourse units. The findings complement existing psycholinguistic theories on expectation in discourse processing and provide direction for incremental discourse parsing.",
}
@inproceedings{chi-etal-2017-speaker,
    title = "Speaker Role Contextual Modeling for Language Understanding and Dialogue Policy Learning",
    author = "Chi, Ta-Chung  and
      Chen, Po-Chun  and
      Su, Shang-Yu  and
      Chen, Yun-Nung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2028",
    pages = "163--168",
    abstract = "Language understanding (LU) and dialogue policy learning are two essential components in conversational systems. Human-human dialogues are not well-controlled and often random and unpredictable due to their own goals and speaking habits. This paper proposes a role-based contextual model to consider different speaker roles independently based on the various speaking patterns in the multi-turn dialogues. The experiments on the benchmark dataset show that the proposed role-based model successfully learns role-specific behavioral patterns for contextual encoding and then significantly improves language understanding and dialogue policy learning tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2017-diversifying,
    title = "Diversifying Neural Conversation Model with Maximal Marginal Relevance",
    author = "Song, Yiping  and
      Tian, Zhiliang  and
      Zhao, Dongyan  and
      Zhang, Ming  and
      Yan, Rui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2029",
    pages = "169--174",
    abstract = "Neural conversation systems, typically using sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models, are showing promising progress recently. However, traditional seq2seq suffer from a severe weakness: during beam search decoding, they tend to rank universal replies at the top of the candidate list, resulting in the lack of diversity among candidate replies. Maximum Marginal Relevance (MMR) is a ranking algorithm that has been widely used for subset selection. In this paper, we propose the MMR-BS decoding method, which incorporates MMR into the beam search (BS) process of seq2seq. The MMR-BS method improves the diversity of generated replies without sacrificing their high relevance with the user-issued query. Experiments show that our proposed model achieves the best performance among other comparison methods.",
}
@inproceedings{chaurasia-mooney-2017-dialog,
    title = "Dialog for Language to Code",
    author = "Chaurasia, Shobhit  and
      Mooney, Raymond J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2030",
    pages = "175--180",
    abstract = "Generating computer code from natural language descriptions has been a long-standing problem. Prior work in this domain has restricted itself to generating code in one shot from a single description. To overcome this limitation, we propose a system that can engage users in a dialog to clarify their intent until it has all the information to produce correct code. To evaluate the efficacy of dialog in code generation, we focus on synthesizing conditional statements in the form of IFTTT recipes.",
}
@inproceedings{sladoljev-agejev-snajder-2017-using,
    title = "Using Analytic Scoring Rubrics in the Automatic Assessment of College-Level Summary Writing Tasks in {L}2",
    author = "Sladoljev-Agejev, Tamara  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2031",
    pages = "181--186",
    abstract = "Assessing summaries is a demanding, yet useful task which provides valuable information on language competence, especially for second language learners. We consider automated scoring of college-level summary writing task in English as a second language (EL2). We adopt the Reading-for-Understanding (RU) cognitive framework, extended with the Reading-to-Write (RW) element, and use analytic scoring with six rubrics covering content and writing quality. We show that regression models with reference-based and linguistic features considerably outperform the baselines across all the rubrics. Moreover, we find interesting correlations between summary features and analytic rubrics, revealing the links between the RU and RW constructs.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Framework for Product Description Generation",
    author = "Wang, Jinpeng  and
      Hou, Yutai  and
      Liu, Jing  and
      Cao, Yunbo  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2032",
    pages = "187--192",
    abstract = "We present in this paper a statistical framework that generates accurate and fluent product description from product attributes. Specifically, after extracting templates and learning writing knowledge from attribute-description parallel data, we use the learned knowledge to decide what to say and how to say for product description generation. To evaluate accuracy and fluency for the generated descriptions, in addition to BLEU and Recall, we propose to measure what to say (in terms of attribute coverage) and to measure how to say (by attribute-specified generation) separately. Experimental results show that our framework is effective.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-lee-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Text Summarization Using Reinforcement Learning with Embedding Features",
    author = "Lee, Gyoung Ho  and
      Lee, Kong Joo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2033",
    pages = "193--197",
    abstract = "An automatic text summarization system can automatically generate a short and brief summary that contains a main concept of an original document. In this work, we explore the advantages of simple embedding features in Reinforcement leaning approach to automatic text summarization tasks. In addition, we propose a novel deep learning network for estimating Q-values used in Reinforcement learning. We evaluate our model by using ROUGE scores with DUC 2001, 2002, Wikipedia, ACL-ARC data. Evaluation results show that our model is competitive with the previous models.",
}
@inproceedings{vadapalli-etal-2017-ssas,
    title = "{SSAS}: Semantic Similarity for Abstractive Summarization",
    author = "Vadapalli, Raghuram  and
      J Kurisinkel, Litton  and
      Gupta, Manish  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2034",
    pages = "198--203",
    abstract = "Ideally a metric evaluating an abstract system summary should represent the extent to which the system-generated summary approximates the semantic inference conceived by the reader using a human-written reference summary. Most of the previous approaches relied upon word or syntactic sub-sequence overlap to evaluate system-generated summaries. Such metrics cannot evaluate the summary at semantic inference level. Through this work we introduce the metric of Semantic Similarity for Abstractive Summarization (SSAS), which leverages natural language inference and paraphrasing techniques to frame a novel approach to evaluate system summaries at semantic inference level. SSAS is based upon a weighted composition of quantities representing the level of agreement, contradiction, independence, paraphrasing, and optionally ROUGE score between a system-generated and a human-written summary.",
}
@inproceedings{mnasri-etal-2017-taking,
    title = "Taking into account Inter-sentence Similarity for Update Summarization",
    author = {Mnasri, Ma{\^a}li  and
      de Chalendar, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Ferret, Olivier},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2035",
    pages = "204--209",
    abstract = "Following Gillick and Favre (2009), a lot of work about extractive summarization has modeled this task by associating two contrary constraints: one aims at maximizing the coverage of the summary with respect to its information content while the other represents its size limit. In this context, the notion of redundancy is only implicitly taken into account. In this article, we extend the framework defined by Gillick and Favre (2009) by examining how and to what extent integrating semantic sentence similarity into an update summarization system can improve its results. We show more precisely the impact of this strategy through evaluations performed on DUC 2007 and TAC 2008 and 2009 datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{masumura-etal-2017-hyperspherical,
    title = "Hyperspherical Query Likelihood Models with Word Embeddings",
    author = "Masumura, Ryo  and
      Asami, Taichi  and
      Masataki, Hirokazu  and
      Sadamitsu, Kugatsu  and
      Nishida, Kyosuke  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2036",
    pages = "210--216",
    abstract = "This paper presents an initial study on hyperspherical query likelihood models (QLMs) for information retrieval (IR). Our motivation is to naturally utilize pre-trained word embeddings for probabilistic IR. To this end, key idea is to directly leverage the word embeddings as random variables for directional probabilistic models based on von Mises-Fisher distributions which are familiar to cosine distances. The proposed method enables us to theoretically take semantic similarities between document and target queries into consideration without introducing heuristic expansion techniques. In addition, this paper reveals relationships between hyperspherical QLMs and conventional QLMs. Experiments show document retrieval evaluation results in which a hyperspherical QLM is compared to conventional QLMs and document distance metrics using word or document embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{kulkarni-etal-2017-dual,
    title = "Dual Constrained Question Embeddings with Relational Knowledge Bases for Simple Question Answering",
    author = "Kulkarni, Kaustubh  and
      Togashi, Riku  and
      Maeda, Hideyuki  and
      Fujita, Sumio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2037",
    pages = "217--221",
    abstract = "Embedding based approaches are shown to be effective for solving simple Question Answering (QA) problems in recent works. The major drawback of current approaches is that they look only at the similarity (constraint) between a question and a head, relation pair. Due to the absence of tail (answer) in the questions, these models often require paraphrase datasets to obtain adequate embeddings. In this paper, we propose a dual constraint model which exploits the embeddings obtained by Trans* family of algorithms to solve the simple QA problem without using any additional resources such as paraphrase datasets. The results obtained prove that the embeddings learned using dual constraints are better than those with single constraint models having similar architecture.",
}
@inproceedings{ziegler-etal-2017-efficiency,
    title = "Efficiency-aware Answering of Compositional Questions using Answer Type Prediction",
    author = "Ziegler, David  and
      Abujabal, Abdalghani  and
      Saha Roy, Rishiraj  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2038",
    pages = "222--227",
    abstract = "This paper investigates the problem of answering compositional factoid questions over knowledge bases (KB) under efficiency constraints. The method, called TIPI, (i) decomposes compositional questions, (ii) predicts answer types for individual sub-questions, (iii) reasons over the compatibility of joint types, and finally, (iv) formulates compositional SPARQL queries respecting type constraints. TIPI{'}s answer type predictor is trained using distant supervision, and exploits lexical, syntactic and embedding-based features to compute context- and hierarchy-aware candidate answer types for an input question. Experiments on a recent benchmark show that TIPI results in state-of-the-art performance under the real-world assumption that only a single SPARQL query can be executed over the KB, and substantial reduction in the number of queries in the more general case.",
}
@inproceedings{elsahar-etal-2017-high,
    title = "High Recall Open {IE} for Relation Discovery",
    author = "Elsahar, Hady  and
      Gravier, Christophe  and
      Laforest, Frederique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2039",
    pages = "228--233",
    abstract = "Relation Discovery discovers predicates (relation types) from a text corpus relying on the co-occurrence of two named entities in the same sentence. This is a very narrowing constraint: it represents only a small fraction of all relation mentions in practice. In this paper we propose a high recall approach for Open IE, which enables covering up to 16 times more sentences in a large corpus. Comparison against OpenIE systems shows that our proposed approach achieves 28{\%} improvement over the highest recall OpenIE system and 6{\%} improvement in precision than the same system.",
}
@inproceedings{dai-etal-2017-using,
    title = "Using Context Events in Neural Network Models for Event Temporal Status Identification",
    author = "Dai, Zeyu  and
      Yao, Wenlin  and
      Huang, Ruihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2040",
    pages = "234--239",
    abstract = "Focusing on the task of identifying event temporal status, we find that events directly or indirectly governing the target event in a dependency tree are most important contexts. Therefore, we extract dependency chains containing context events and use them as input in neural network models, which consistently outperform previous models using local context words as input. Visualization verifies that the dependency chain representation can effectively capture the context events which are closely related to the target event and play key roles in predicting event temporal status.",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Protein-protein Interactions in Biomedical Literature using Recurrent Neural Networks with Long Short-Term Memory",
    author = "Hsieh, Yu-Lun  and
      Chang, Yung-Chun  and
      Chang, Nai-Wen  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2041",
    pages = "240--245",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a recurrent neural network model for identifying protein-protein interactions in biomedical literature. Experiments on two largest public benchmark datasets, AIMed and BioInfer, demonstrate that our approach significantly surpasses state-of-the-art methods with relative improvements of 10{\%} and 18{\%}, respectively. Cross-corpus evaluation also demonstrate that the proposed model remains robust despite using different training data. These results suggest that RNN can effectively capture semantic relationships among proteins as well as generalizes over different corpora, without any feature engineering.",
}
@inproceedings{khanpour-etal-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Empathetic Messages in Online Health Communities",
    author = "Khanpour, Hamed  and
      Caragea, Cornelia  and
      Biyani, Prakhar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2042",
    pages = "246--251",
    abstract = "Empathy captures one{'}s ability to correlate with and understand others{'} emotional states and experiences. Messages with empathetic content are considered as one of the main advantages for joining online health communities due to their potential to improve people{'}s moods. Unfortunately, to this date, no computational studies exist that automatically identify empathetic messages in online health communities. We propose a combination of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and show that the proposed model outperforms each individual model (CNN and LSTM) as well as several baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{long-etal-2017-fake,
    title = "Fake News Detection Through Multi-Perspective Speaker Profiles",
    author = "Long, Yunfei  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Xiang, Rong  and
      Li, Minglei  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2043",
    pages = "252--256",
    abstract = "Automatic fake news detection is an important, yet very challenging topic. Traditional methods using lexical features have only very limited success. This paper proposes a novel method to incorporate speaker profiles into an attention based LSTM model for fake news detection. Speaker profiles contribute to the model in two ways. One is to include them in the attention model. The other includes them as additional input data. By adding speaker profiles such as party affiliation, speaker title, location and credit history, our model outperforms the state-of-the-art method by 14.5{\%} in accuracy using a benchmark fake news detection dataset. This proves that speaker profiles provide valuable information to validate the credibility of news articles.",
}
@inproceedings{saito-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Neural Text Normalization with Data Augmentation at Character- and Morphological Levels",
    author = "Saito, Itsumi  and
      Suzuki, Jun  and
      Nishida, Kyosuke  and
      Sadamitsu, Kugatsu  and
      Kobashikawa, Satoshi  and
      Masumura, Ryo  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji  and
      Tomita, Junji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2044",
    pages = "257--262",
    abstract = "In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of augmented data for encoder-decoder-based neural normalization models. Attention based encoder-decoder models are greatly effective in generating many natural languages. {\%} such as machine translation or machine summarization. In general, we have to prepare for a large amount of training data to train an encoder-decoder model. Unlike machine translation, there are few training data for text-normalization tasks. In this paper, we propose two methods for generating augmented data. The experimental results with Japanese dialect normalization indicate that our methods are effective for an encoder-decoder model and achieve higher BLEU score than that of baselines. We also investigated the oracle performance and revealed that there is sufficient room for improving an encoder-decoder model.",
}
@inproceedings{miura-etal-2017-using,
    title = "Using Social Networks to Improve Language Variety Identification with Neural Networks",
    author = "Miura, Yasuhide  and
      Taniguchi, Tomoki  and
      Taniguchi, Motoki  and
      Misawa, Shotaro  and
      Ohkuma, Tomoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2045",
    pages = "263--270",
    abstract = "We propose a hierarchical neural network model for language variety identification that integrates information from a social network. Recently, language variety identification has enjoyed heightened popularity as an advanced task of language identification. The proposed model uses additional texts from a social network to improve language variety identification from two perspectives. First, they are used to introduce the effects of homophily. Secondly, they are used as expanded training data for shared layers of the proposed model. By introducing information from social networks, the model improved its accuracy by 1.67-5.56. Compared to state-of-the-art baselines, these improved performances are better in English and comparable in Spanish. Furthermore, we analyzed the cases of Portuguese and Arabic when the model showed weak performances, and found that the effect of homophily is likely to be weak due to sparsity and noises compared to languages with the strong performances.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-boosting,
    title = "Boosting Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Dakun  and
      Kim, Jungi  and
      Crego, Josep  and
      Senellart, Jean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2046",
    pages = "271--276",
    abstract = "Training efficiency is one of the main problems for Neural Machine Translation (NMT). Deep networks need for very large data as well as many training iterations to achieve state-of-the-art performance. This results in very high computation cost, slowing down research and industrialisation. In this paper, we propose to alleviate this problem with several training methods based on data boosting and bootstrap with no modifications to the neural network. It imitates the learning process of humans, which typically spend more time when learning {``}difficult{''} concepts than easier ones. We experiment on an English-French translation task showing accuracy improvements of up to 1.63 BLEU while saving 20{\%} of training time.",
}
@inproceedings{yamagishi-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving {J}apanese-to-{E}nglish Neural Machine Translation by Voice Prediction",
    author = "Yamagishi, Hayahide  and
      Kanouchi, Shin  and
      Sato, Takayuki  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2047",
    pages = "277--282",
    abstract = "This study reports an attempt to predict the voice of reference using the information from the input sentences or previous input/output sentences. Our previous study presented a voice controlling method to generate sentences for neural machine translation, wherein it was demonstrated that the BLEU score improved when the voice of generated sentence was controlled relative to that of the reference. However, it is impractical to use the reference information because we cannot discern the voice of the correct translation in advance. Thus, this study presents a voice prediction method for generated sentences for neural machine translation. While evaluating on Japanese-to-English translation, we obtain a 0.70-improvement in the BLEU using the predicted voice.",
}
@inproceedings{kunchukuttan-etal-2017-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing Lexical Similarity between Related, Low-resource Languages for Pivot-based {SMT}",
    author = "Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Shah, Maulik  and
      Prakash, Pradyot  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2048",
    pages = "283--289",
    abstract = "We investigate pivot-based translation between related languages in a low resource, phrase-based SMT setting. We show that a subword-level pivot-based SMT model using a related pivot language is substantially better than word and morpheme-level pivot models. It is also highly competitive with the best direct translation model, which is encouraging as no direct source-target training corpus is used. We also show that combining multiple related language pivot models can rival a direct translation model. Thus, the use of subwords as translation units coupled with multiple related pivot languages can compensate for the lack of a direct parallel corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{mino-etal-2017-key,
    title = "Key-value Attention Mechanism for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Mino, Hideya  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2049",
    pages = "290--295",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a neural machine translation (NMT) with a key-value attention mechanism on the source-side encoder. The key-value attention mechanism separates the source-side content vector into two types of memory known as the key and the value. The key is used for calculating the attention distribution, and the value is used for encoding the context representation. Experiments on three different tasks indicate that our model outperforms an NMT model with a conventional attention mechanism. Furthermore, we perform experiments with a conventional NMT framework, in which a part of the initial value of a weight matrix is set to zero so that the matrix is as the same initial-state as the key-value attention mechanism. As a result, we obtain comparable results with the key-value attention mechanism without changing the network structure.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-chiang-2017-transfer,
    title = "Transfer Learning across Low-Resource, Related Languages for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Nguyen, Toan Q.  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2050",
    pages = "296--301",
    abstract = "We present a simple method to improve neural translation of a low-resource language pair using parallel data from a related, also low-resource, language pair. The method is based on the transfer method of Zoph et al., but whereas their method ignores any source vocabulary overlap, ours exploits it. First, we split words using Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) to increase vocabulary overlap. Then, we train a model on the first language pair and transfer its parameters, including its source word embeddings, to another model and continue training on the second language pair. Our experiments show that transfer learning helps word-based translation only slightly, but when used on top of a much stronger BPE baseline, it yields larger improvements of up to 4.3 BLEU.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2017-concept,
    title = "Concept Equalization to Guide Correct Training of Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Kim, Kangil  and
      Shin, Jong-Hun  and
      Na, Seung-Hoon  and
      Jung, SangKeun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2051",
    pages = "302--307",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation decoders are usually conditional language models to sequentially generate words for target sentences. This approach is limited to find the best word composition and requires help of explicit methods as beam search. To help learning correct compositional mechanisms in NMTs, we propose concept equalization using direct mapping distributed representations of source and target sentences. In a translation experiment from English to French, the concept equalization significantly improved translation quality by 3.00 BLEU points compared to a state-of-the-art NMT model.",
}
@inproceedings{dernoncourt-lee-2017-pubmed,
    title = "{P}ub{M}ed 200k {RCT}: a Dataset for Sequential Sentence Classification in Medical Abstracts",
    author = "Dernoncourt, Franck  and
      Lee, Ji Young",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2052",
    pages = "308--313",
    abstract = "We present PubMed 200k RCT, a new dataset based on PubMed for sequential sentence classification. The dataset consists of approximately 200,000 abstracts of randomized controlled trials, totaling 2.3 million sentences. Each sentence of each abstract is labeled with their role in the abstract using one of the following classes: background, objective, method, result, or conclusion. The purpose of releasing this dataset is twofold. First, the majority of datasets for sequential short-text classification (i.e., classification of short texts that appear in sequences) are small: we hope that releasing a new large dataset will help develop more accurate algorithms for this task. Second, from an application perspective, researchers need better tools to efficiently skim through the literature. Automatically classifying each sentence in an abstract would help researchers read abstracts more efficiently, especially in fields where abstracts may be long, such as the medical field.",
}
@inproceedings{miceli-barone-sennrich-2017-parallel,
    title = "A Parallel Corpus of Python Functions and Documentation Strings for Automated Code Documentation and Code Generation",
    author = "Miceli Barone, Antonio Valerio  and
      Sennrich, Rico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2053",
    pages = "314--319",
    abstract = "Automated documentation of programming source code and automated code generation from natural language are challenging tasks of both practical and scientific interest. Progress in these areas has been limited by the low availability of parallel corpora of code and natural language descriptions, which tend to be small and constrained to specific domains. In this work we introduce a large and diverse parallel corpus of a hundred thousands Python functions with their documentation strings ({``}docstrings{''}) generated by scraping open source repositories on GitHub. We describe baseline results for the code documentation and code generation tasks obtained by neural machine translation. We also experiment with data augmentation techniques to further increase the amount of training data. We release our datasets and processing scripts in order to stimulate research in these areas.",
}
@inproceedings{li-wang-2017-building,
    title = "Building Large {C}hinese Corpus for Spoken Dialogue Research in Specific Domains",
    author = "Li, Changliang  and
      Wang, Xiuying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2054",
    pages = "320--324",
    abstract = "Corpus is a valuable resource for information retrieval and data-driven natural language processing systems,especially for spoken dialogue research in specific domains. However,there is little non-English corpora, particular for ones in Chinese. Spoken by the nation with the largest population in the world, Chinese become increasingly prevalent and popular among millions of people worldwide. In this paper, we build a large-scale and high-quality Chinese corpus, called CSDC (Chinese Spoken Dialogue Corpus). It contains five domains and more than 140 thousand dialogues in all. Each sentence in this corpus is annotated with slot information additionally compared to other corpora. To our best knowledge, this is the largest Chinese spoken dialogue corpus, as well as the first one with slot information. With this corpus, we proposed a method and did a well-designed experiment. The indicative result is reported at last.",
}
@inproceedings{yeung-lee-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Speakers and Listeners of Quoted Speech in Literary Works",
    author = "Yeung, Chak Yan  and
      Lee, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2055",
    pages = "325--329",
    abstract = "We present the first study that evaluates both speaker and listener identification for direct speech in literary texts. Our approach consists of two steps: identification of speakers and listeners near the quotes, and dialogue chain segmentation. Evaluation results show that this approach outperforms a rule-based approach that is state-of-the-art on a corpus of literary texts.",
}
@inproceedings{ehara-2017-language,
    title = "Language-Independent Prediction of Psycholinguistic Properties of Words",
    author = "Ehara, Yo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2056",
    pages = "330--336",
    abstract = "The psycholinguistic properties of words, namely, word familiarity, age of acquisition, concreteness, and imagery, have been reported to be effective for educational natural language-processing tasks. Previous studies on predicting the values of these properties rely on language-dependent features. This paper is the first to propose a practical language-independent method for predicting such values by using only a large raw corpus in a language. Through experiments, our method successfully predicted the values of these properties in two languages. The results for English were competitive with the reported accuracy achieved using features specific to English.",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-kim-2017-correlation,
    title = "Correlation Analysis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ({COPD}) and its Biomarkers Using the Word Embeddings",
    author = "Yoon, Byeong-Hun  and
      Kim, Yu-Seop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2057",
    pages = "337--342",
    abstract = "It is very costly and time consuming to find new biomarkers for specific diseases in clinical laboratories. In this study, to find new biomarkers most closely related to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), which is widely known as respiratory disease, biomarkers known to be associated with respiratory diseases and COPD itself were converted into word embedding. And their similarities were measured. We used Word2Vec, Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), and Global Vector (GloVe) for word embedding. In order to replace the clinical evaluation, the titles and abstracts of papers retrieved from Google Scholars were analyzed and quantified to estimate the performance of the word em-bedding models.",
}
@inproceedings{asano-etal-2017-reference,
    title = "Reference-based Metrics can be Replaced with Reference-less Metrics in Evaluating Grammatical Error Correction Systems",
    author = "Asano, Hiroki  and
      Mizumoto, Tomoya  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2058",
    pages = "343--348",
    abstract = "In grammatical error correction (GEC), automatically evaluating system outputs requires gold-standard references, which must be created manually and thus tend to be both expensive and limited in coverage. To address this problem, a reference-less approach has recently emerged; however, previous reference-less metrics that only consider the criterion of grammaticality, have not worked as well as reference-based metrics. This study explores the potential of extending a prior grammaticality-based method to establish a reference-less evaluation method for GEC systems. Further, we empirically show that a reference-less metric that combines fluency and meaning preservation with grammaticality provides a better estimate of manual scores than that of commonly used reference-based metrics. To our knowledge, this is the first study that provides empirical evidence that a reference-less metric can replace reference-based metrics in evaluating GEC systems.",
}
@inproceedings{garg-etal-2017-cvbed,
    title = "{CVB}ed: Structuring {CV}s using{W}ord Embeddings",
    author = "Garg, Shweta  and
      Singh, Sudhanshu S  and
      Mishra, Abhijit  and
      Dey, Kuntal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2059",
    pages = "349--354",
    abstract = "Automatic analysis of curriculum vitae (CVs) of applicants is of tremendous importance in recruitment scenarios. The semi-structuredness of CVs, however, makes CV processing a challenging task. We propose a solution towards transforming CVs to follow a unified structure, thereby, paving ways for smoother CV analysis. The problem of restructuring is posed as a section relabeling problem, where each section of a given CV gets reassigned to a predefined label. Our relabeling method relies on semantic relatedness computed between section header, content and labels, based on phrase-embeddings learned from a large pool of CVs. We follow different heuristics to measure semantic relatedness. Our best heuristic achieves an F-score of 93.17{\%} on a test dataset with gold-standard labels obtained using manual annotation.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Diverse Lexical Chains to Construct Essays for {C}hinese College Entrance Examination",
    author = "Li, Liunian  and
      Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Yao, Jin-ge  and
      Yan, Siming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2060",
    pages = "355--360",
    abstract = "In this work we study the challenging task of automatically constructing essays for Chinese college entrance examination where the topic is specified in advance. We explore a sentence extraction framework based on diversified lexical chains to capture coherence and richness. Experimental analysis shows the effectiveness of our approach and reveals the importance of information richness in essay writing.",
}
@inproceedings{han-schlangen-2017-draw,
    title = "Draw and Tell: Multimodal Descriptions Outperform Verbal- or Sketch-Only Descriptions in an Image Retrieval Task",
    author = "Han, Ting  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2061",
    pages = "361--365",
    abstract = "While language conveys meaning largely symbolically, actual communication acts typically contain iconic elements as well: People gesture while they speak, or may even draw sketches while explaining something. Image retrieval prima facie seems like a task that could profit from combined symbolic and iconic reference, but it is typically set up to work either from language only, or via (iconic) sketches with no verbal contribution. Using a model of grounded language semantics and a model of sketch-to-image mapping, we show that adding even very reduced iconic information to a verbal image description improves recall. Verbal descriptions paired with fully detailed sketches still perform better than these sketches alone. We see these results as supporting the assumption that natural user interfaces should respond to multimodal input, where possible, rather than just language alone.",
}
@inproceedings{sakaguchi-etal-2017-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Error Correction with Neural Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Sakaguchi, Keisuke  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2062",
    pages = "366--372",
    abstract = "We propose a neural encoder-decoder model with reinforcement learning (NRL) for grammatical error correction (GEC). Unlike conventional maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), the model directly optimizes towards an objective that considers a sentence-level, task-specific evaluation metric, avoiding the exposure bias issue in MLE. We demonstrate that NRL outperforms MLE both in human and automated evaluation metrics, achieving the state-of-the-art on a fluency-oriented GEC corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{ito-etal-2017-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution on Math Problem Text in {J}apanese",
    author = "Ito, Takumi  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Sato, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2063",
    pages = "373--377",
    abstract = "This paper describes a coreference resolution system for math problem text. Case frame dictionaries and a math taxonomy are utilized for supplying domain knowledge. The system deals with various anaphoric phenomena beyond well-studied entity coreferences.",
}
@inproceedings{toyama-etal-2017-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing Visual Forms of {J}apanese Characters for Neural Review Classification",
    author = "Toyama, Yota  and
      Miwa, Makoto  and
      Sasaki, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2064",
    pages = "378--382",
    abstract = "We propose a novel method that exploits visual information of ideograms and logograms in analyzing Japanese review documents. Our method first converts font images of Japanese characters into character embeddings using convolutional neural networks. It then constructs document embeddings from the character embeddings based on Hierarchical Attention Networks, which represent the documents based on attention mechanisms from a character level to a sentence level. The document embeddings are finally used to predict the labels of documents. Our method provides a way to exploit visual features of characters in languages with ideograms and logograms. In the experiments, our method achieved an accuracy comparable to a character embedding-based model while our method has much fewer parameters since it does not need to keep embeddings of thousands of characters.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-multi,
    title = "A Multi-task Learning Approach to Adapting Bilingual Word Embeddings for Cross-lingual Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Wang, Dingquan  and
      Peng, Nanyun  and
      Duh, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2065",
    pages = "383--388",
    abstract = "We show how to adapt bilingual word embeddings (BWE{'}s) to bootstrap a cross-lingual name-entity recognition (NER) system in a language with no labeled data. We assume a setting where we are given a comparable corpus with NER labels for the source language only; our goal is to build a NER model for the target language. The proposed multi-task model jointly trains bilingual word embeddings while optimizing a NER objective. This creates word embeddings that are both shared between languages and fine-tuned for the NER task.",
}
@inproceedings{mitsuda-etal-2017-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the Effect of Conveying Understanding Results in Chat-Oriented Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Mitsuda, Koh  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Tomita, Junji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2066",
    pages = "389--394",
    abstract = "In dialogue systems, conveying understanding results of user utterances is important because it enables users to feel understood by the system. However, it is not clear what types of understanding results should be conveyed to users; some utterances may be offensive and some may be too commonsensical. In this paper, we explored the effect of conveying understanding results of user utterances in a chat-oriented dialogue system by an experiment using human subjects. As a result, we found that only certain types of understanding results, such as those related to a user{'}s permanent state, are effective to improve user satisfaction. This paper clarifies the types of understanding results that can be safely uttered by a system.",
}
@inproceedings{ibeke-etal-2017-extracting,
    title = "Extracting and Understanding Contrastive Opinion through Topic Relevant Sentences",
    author = "Ibeke, Ebuka  and
      Lin, Chenghua  and
      Wyner, Adam  and
      Barawi, Mohamad Hardyman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2067",
    pages = "395--400",
    abstract = "Contrastive opinion mining is essential in identifying, extracting and organising opinions from user generated texts. Most existing studies separate input data into respective collections. In addition, the relationships between the topics extracted and the sentences in the corpus which express the topics are opaque, hindering our understanding of the opinions expressed in the corpus. We propose a novel unified latent variable model (contraLDA) which addresses the above matters. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our model in mining contrasted opinions, outperforming our baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{yimam-etal-2017-cwig3g2,
    title = "{CWIG}3{G}2 - Complex Word Identification Task across Three Text Genres and Two User Groups",
    author = "Yimam, Seid Muhie  and
      {\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Riedl, Martin  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2068",
    pages = "401--407",
    abstract = "Complex word identification (CWI) is an important task in text accessibility. However, due to the scarcity of CWI datasets, previous studies have only addressed this problem on Wikipedia sentences and have solely taken into account the needs of non-native English speakers. We collect a new CWI dataset (CWIG3G2) covering three text genres News, WikiNews, and Wikipedia) annotated by both native and non-native English speakers. Unlike previous datasets, we cover single words, as well as complex phrases, and present them for judgment in a paragraph context. We present the first study on cross-genre and cross-group CWI, showing measurable influences in native language and genre types.",
}
@inproceedings{akama-etal-2017-generating,
    title = "Generating Stylistically Consistent Dialog Responses with Transfer Learning",
    author = "Akama, Reina  and
      Inada, Kazuaki  and
      Inoue, Naoya  and
      Kobayashi, Sosuke  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2069",
    pages = "408--412",
    abstract = "We propose a novel, data-driven, and stylistically consistent dialog response generation system. To create a user-friendly system, it is crucial to make generated responses not only appropriate but also stylistically consistent. For leaning both the properties effectively, our proposed framework has two training stages inspired by transfer learning. First, we train the model to generate appropriate responses, and then we ensure that the responses have a specific style. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method produces stylistically consistent responses while maintaining the appropriateness of the responses learned in a general domain.",
}
@inproceedings{ni-wang-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to Explain Non-Standard {E}nglish Words and Phrases",
    author = "Ni, Ke  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2070",
    pages = "413--417",
    abstract = "We describe a data-driven approach for automatically explaining new, non-standard English expressions in a given sentence, building on a large dataset that includes 15 years of crowdsourced examples from UrbanDictionary.com. Unlike prior studies that focus on matching keywords from a slang dictionary, we investigate the possibility of learning a neural sequence-to-sequence model that generates explanations of unseen non-standard English expressions given context. We propose a dual encoder approach{---}a word-level encoder learns the representation of context, and a second character-level encoder to learn the hidden representation of the target non-standard expression. Our model can produce reasonable definitions of new non-standard English expressions given their context with certain confidence.",
}
@inproceedings{chali-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Abstractive Multi-Document Summarization Using Submodular Function-Based Framework, Sentence Compression and Merging",
    author = "Chali, Yllias  and
      Tanvee, Moin  and
      Nayeem, Mir Tafseer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2071",
    pages = "418--424",
    abstract = "We propose a submodular function-based summarization system which integrates three important measures namely importance, coverage, and non-redundancy to detect the important sentences for the summary. We design monotone and submodular functions which allow us to apply an efficient and scalable greedy algorithm to obtain informative and well-covered summaries. In addition, we integrate two abstraction-based methods namely sentence compression and merging for generating an abstractive sentence set. We design our summarization models for both generic and query-focused summarization. Experimental results on DUC-2004 and DUC-2007 datasets show that our generic and query-focused summarizers have outperformed the state-of-the-art summarization systems in terms of ROUGE-1 and ROUGE-2 recall and F-measure.",
}
@inproceedings{fu-etal-2017-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation for Relation Extraction with Domain Adversarial Neural Network",
    author = "Fu, Lisheng  and
      Nguyen, Thien Huu  and
      Min, Bonan  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2072",
    pages = "425--429",
    abstract = "Relations are expressed in many domains such as newswire, weblogs and phone conversations. Trained on a source domain, a relation extractor{'}s performance degrades when applied to target domains other than the source. A common yet labor-intensive method for domain adaptation is to construct a target-domain-specific labeled dataset for adapting the extractor. In response, we present an unsupervised domain adaptation method which only requires labels from the source domain. Our method is a joint model consisting of a CNN-based relation classifier and a domain-adversarial classifier. The two components are optimized jointly to learn a domain-independent representation for prediction on the target domain. Our model outperforms the state-of-the-art on all three test domains of ACE 2005.",
}
@inproceedings{pereira-etal-2017-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Simplification with the Deep Structured Similarity Model",
    author = "Pereira, Lis  and
      Liu, Xiaodong  and
      Lee, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2073",
    pages = "430--435",
    abstract = "We explore the application of a Deep Structured Similarity Model (DSSM) to ranking in lexical simplification. Our results show that the DSSM can effectively capture fine-grained features to perform semantic matching when ranking substitution candidates, outperforming the state-of-the-art on two standard datasets used for the task.",
}
@inproceedings{hitomi-etal-2017-proofread,
    title = "Proofread Sentence Generation as Multi-Task Learning with Editing Operation Prediction",
    author = "Hitomi, Yuta  and
      Tamori, Hideaki  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2074",
    pages = "436--441",
    abstract = "This paper explores the idea of robot editors, automated proofreaders that enable journalists to improve the quality of their articles. We propose a novel neural model of multi-task learning that both generates proofread sentences and predicts the editing operations required to rewrite the source sentences and create the proofread ones. The model is trained using logs of the revisions made professional editors revising draft newspaper articles written by journalists. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our multi-task learning approach and the potential value of using revision logs for this task.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-bunescu-2017-exploration,
    title = "An Exploration of Data Augmentation and {RNN} Architectures for Question Ranking in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Chen, Charles  and
      Bunescu, Razvan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2075",
    pages = "442--447",
    abstract = "The automation of tasks in community question answering (cQA) is dominated by machine learning approaches, whose performance is often limited by the number of training examples. Starting from a neural sequence learning approach with attention, we explore the impact of two data augmentation techniques on question ranking performance: a method that swaps reference questions with their paraphrases, and training on examples automatically selected from external datasets. Both methods are shown to lead to substantial gains in accuracy over a strong baseline. Further improvements are obtained by changing the model architecture to mirror the structure seen in the data.",
}
@inproceedings{xia-yarowsky-2017-deriving,
    title = "Deriving Consensus for Multi-Parallel Corpora: an {E}nglish {B}ible Study",
    author = "Xia, Patrick  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-2076",
    pages = "448--453",
    abstract = "What can you do with multiple noisy versions of the same text? We present a method which generates a single consensus between multi-parallel corpora. By maximizing a function of linguistic features between word pairs, we jointly learn a single corpus-wide multiway alignment: a consensus between 27 versions of the English Bible. We additionally produce English paraphrases, word-level distributions of tags, and consensus dependency parses. Our method is language independent and applicable to any multi-parallel corpora. Given the Bible{'}s unique role as alignable bitext for over 800 of the world{'}s languages, this consensus alignment and resulting resources offer value for multilingual annotation projection, and also shed potential insights into the Bible itself.",
}
@proceedings{ijcnlp-2017-ijcnlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    author = "Park, Seong-Bae  and
      Supnithi, Thepchai",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Tapei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-3000",
}
@inproceedings{paetzold-etal-2017-massalign,
    title = "{MASSA}lign: Alignment and Annotation of Comparable Documents",
    author = "Paetzold, Gustavo  and
      Alva-Manchego, Fernando  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Tapei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-3001",
    pages = "1--4",
    abstract = "We introduce MASSAlign: a Python library for the alignment and annotation of monolingual comparable documents. MASSAlign offers easy-to-use access to state of the art algorithms for paragraph and sentence-level alignment, as well as novel algorithms for word-level annotation of transformation operations between aligned sentences. In addition, MASSAlign provides a visualization module to display and analyze the alignments and annotations performed.",
}
@inproceedings{van-durme-etal-2017-cadet,
    title = "{CADET}: Computer Assisted Discovery Extraction and Translation",
    author = "Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Lippincott, Tom  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Burchfield, Deana  and
      Poliak, Adam  and
      Costello, Cash  and
      Finin, Tim  and
      Miller, Scott  and
      Mayfield, James  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Harman, Craig  and
      Lawrie, Dawn  and
      May, Chandler  and
      Thomas, Max  and
      Carrell, Annabelle  and
      Chaloux, Julianne  and
      Chen, Tongfei  and
      Comerford, Alex  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Glass, Benjamin  and
      Hao, Shudong  and
      Martin, Patrick  and
      Rastogi, Pushpendre  and
      Sankepally, Rashmi  and
      Wolfe, Travis  and
      Tran, Ying-Ying  and
      Zhang, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Tapei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-3002",
    pages = "5--8",
    abstract = "Computer Assisted Discovery Extraction and Translation (CADET) is a workbench for helping knowledge workers find, label, and translate documents of interest. It combines a multitude of analytics together with a flexible environment for customizing the workflow for different users. This open-source framework allows for easy development of new research prototypes using a micro-service architecture based atop Docker and Apache Thrift.",
}
@inproceedings{noh-etal-2017-wisereporter,
    title = "{W}ise{R}eporter: A {K}orean Report Generation System",
    author = "Noh, Yunseok  and
      Choi, Su Jeong  and
      Park, Seong-Bae  and
      Park, Se-Young",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Tapei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-3003",
    pages = "9--12",
    abstract = "We demonstrate a report generation system called WiseReporter. The WiseReporter generates a text report of a specific topic which is usually given as a keyword by verbalizing knowledge base facts involving the topic. This demonstration does not demonstate only the report itself, but also the processes how the sentences for the report are generated. We are planning to enhance WiseReporter in the future by adding data analysis based on deep learning architecture and text summarization.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-encyclolink,
    title = "{E}ncyclolink: A Cross-Encyclopedia,Cross-language Article-Linking System and Web-based Search Interface",
    author = "Wang, Yu-Chun  and
      Wong, Ka Ming  and
      Wu, Chun-Kai  and
      Pan, Chao-Lin  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Tapei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-3004",
    pages = "13--16",
    abstract = "Cross-language article linking (CLAL) is the task of finding corresponding article pairs across encyclopedias of different languages. In this paper, we present Encyclolink, a web-based CLAL search interface designed to help users find equivalent encyclopedia articles in Baidu Baike for a given English Wikipedia article title query. Encyclolink is powered by our cross-encyclopedia entity embedding CLAL system (0.8 MRR). The browser-based Interface provides users with a clear and easily readable preview of the contents of retrieved articles for comparison.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-telecom,
    title = "A Telecom-Domain Online Customer Service Assistant Based on Question Answering with Word Embedding and Intent Classification",
    author = "Wang, Jui-Yang  and
      Kuo, Min-Feng  and
      Han, Jen-Chieh  and
      Shih, Chao-Chuang  and
      Chen, Chun-Hsun  and
      Lee, Po-Ching  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Tapei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-3005",
    pages = "17--20",
    abstract = "In the paper, we propose an information retrieval based (IR-based) Question Answering (QA) system to assist online customer service staffs respond users in the telecom domain. When user asks a question, the system retrieves a set of relevant answers and ranks them. Moreover, our system uses a novel reranker to enhance the ranking result of information retrieval.It employs the word2vec model to represent the sentences as vectors. It also uses a sub-category feature, predicted by the k-nearest neighbor algorithm. Finally, the system returns the top five candidate answers, making online staffs find answers much more efficiently.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-totemss,
    title = "{TOTEMSS}: Topic-based, Temporal Sentiment Summarisation for Twitter",
    author = "Wang, Bo  and
      Liakata, Maria  and
      Tsakalidis, Adam  and
      Georgakopoulos Kolaitis, Spiros  and
      Papadopoulos, Symeon  and
      Apostolidis, Lazaros  and
      Zubiaga, Arkaitz  and
      Procter, Rob  and
      Kompatsiaris, Yiannis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Tapei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-3006",
    pages = "21--24",
    abstract = "We present a system for time sensitive, topic based summarisation of the sentiment around target entities and topics in collections of tweets. We describe the main elements of the system and illustrate its functionality with two examples of sentiment analysis of topics related to the 2017 UK general election.",
}
@inproceedings{scarton-etal-2017-musst,
    title = "{MUSST}: A Multilingual Syntactic Simplification Tool",
    author = "Scarton, Carolina  and
      Palmero Aprosio, Alessio  and
      Tonelli, Sara  and
      Mart{\'\i}n Wanton, Tamara  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Tapei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-3007",
    pages = "25--28",
    abstract = "We describe MUSST, a multilingual syntactic simplification tool. The tool supports sentence simplifications for English, Italian and Spanish, and can be easily extended to other languages. Our implementation includes a set of general-purpose simplification rules, as well as a sentence selection module (to select sentences to be simplified) and a confidence model (to select only promising simplifications). The tool was implemented in the context of the European project SIMPATICO on text simplification for Public Administration (PA) texts. Our evaluation on sentences in the PA domain shows that we obtain correct simplifications for 76{\%} of the simplified cases in English, 71{\%} of the cases in Spanish. For Italian, the results are lower (38{\%}) but the tool is still under development.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-xmu,
    title = "{XMU} Neural Machine Translation Online Service",
    author = "Wang, Boli  and
      Tan, Zhixing  and
      Hu, Jinming  and
      Chen, Yidong  and
      Shi, Xiaodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Tapei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-3008",
    pages = "29--32",
    abstract = "We demonstrate a neural machine translation web service. Our NMT service provides web-based translation interfaces for a variety of language pairs. We describe the architecture of NMT runtime pipeline and the training details of NMT models. We also show several applications of our online translation interfaces.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-semantics,
    title = "Semantics-Enhanced Task-Oriented Dialogue Translation: A Case Study on Hotel Booking",
    author = "Wang, Longyue  and
      Du, Jinhua  and
      Li, Liangyou  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Tapei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-3009",
    pages = "33--36",
    abstract = "We showcase TODAY, a semantics-enhanced task-oriented dialogue translation system, whose novelties are: (i) task-oriented named entity (NE) definition and a hybrid strategy for NE recognition and translation; and (ii) a novel grounded semantic method for dialogue understanding and task-order management. TODAY is a case-study demo which can efficiently and accurately assist customers and agents in different languages to reach an agreement in a dialogue for the hotel booking.",
}
@inproceedings{pham-etal-2017-nnvlp,
    title = "{NNVLP}: A Neural Network-Based {V}ietnamese Language Processing Toolkit",
    author = "Pham, Thai-Hoang  and
      Pham, Xuan-Khoai  and
      Nguyen, Tuan-Anh  and
      Le-Hong, Phuong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Tapei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-3010",
    pages = "37--40",
    abstract = "This paper demonstrates neural network-based toolkit namely NNVLP for essential Vietnamese language processing tasks including part-of-speech (POS) tagging, chunking, Named Entity Recognition (NER). Our toolkit is a combination of bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Conditional Random Field (CRF), using pre-trained word embeddings as input, which outperforms previously published toolkits on these three tasks. We provide both of API and web demo for this toolkit.",
}
@inproceedings{peinelt-etal-2017-classifierguesser,
    title = "{C}lassifier{G}uesser: A Context-based Classifier Prediction System for {C}hinese Language Learners",
    author = "Peinelt, Nicole  and
      Liakata, Maria  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Tapei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-3011",
    pages = "41--44",
    abstract = "Classifiers are function words that are used to express quantities in Chinese and are especially difficult for language learners. In contrast to previous studies, we argue that the choice of classifiers is highly contextual and train context-aware machine learning models based on a novel publicly available dataset, outperforming previous baselines. We further present use cases for our database and models in an interactive demo system.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Difficulty Assessment for {C}hinese Texts",
    author = "Lee, John  and
      Liu, Meichun  and
      Lam, Chun Yin  and
      Lau, Tak On  and
      Li, Bing  and
      Li, Keying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Tapei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-3012",
    pages = "45--48",
    abstract = "We present a web-based interface that automatically assesses reading difficulty of Chinese texts. The system performs word segmentation, part-of-speech tagging and dependency parsing on the input text, and then determines the difficulty levels of the vocabulary items and grammatical constructions in the text. Furthermore, the system highlights the words and phrases that must be simplified or re-written in order to conform to the user-specified target difficulty level. Evaluation results show that the system accurately identifies the vocabulary level of 89.9{\%} of the words, and detects grammar points at 0.79 precision and 0.83 recall.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2017-verb,
    title = "Verb Replacer: An {E}nglish Verb Error Correction System",
    author = "Wu, Yu-Hsuan  and
      Chen, Jhih-Jie  and
      Chang, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Tapei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-3013",
    pages = "49--52",
    abstract = "According to the analysis of Cambridge Learner Corpus, using a wrong verb is the most common type of grammatical errors. This paper describes Verb Replacer, a system for detecting and correcting potential verb errors in a given sentence. In our approach, alternative verbs are considered to replace the verb based on an error-annotated corpus and verb-object collocations. The method involves applying regression on channel models, parsing the sentence, identifying the verbs, retrieving a small set of alternative verbs, and evaluating each alternative. Our method combines and improves channel and language models, resulting in high recall of detecting and correcting verb misuse.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Synchronous Grammar Patterns for Assisted Writing for Second Language Learners",
    author = "Wu, Chi-En  and
      Chen, Jhih-Jie  and
      Chang, Jim  and
      Chang, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Tapei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-3014",
    pages = "53--56",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a method for extracting Synchronous Grammar Patterns (SGPs) from a given parallel corpus in order to assisted second language learners in writing. A grammar pattern consists of a head word (verb, noun, or adjective) and its syntactic environment. A synchronous grammar pattern describes a grammar pattern in the target language (e.g., English) and its counterpart in an other language (e.g., Mandarin), serving the purpose of native language support. Our method involves identifying the grammar patterns in the target language, aligning these patterns with the target language patterns, and finally filtering valid SGPs. The extracted SGPs with examples are then used to develop a prototype writing assistant system, called WriteAhead/bilingual. Evaluation on a set of randomly selected SGPs shows that our system provides satisfactory writing suggestions for English as a Second Language (ESL) learners.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-guess,
    title = "Guess What: A Question Answering Game via On-demand Knowledge Validation",
    author = "Li, Yu-Sheng  and
      Tseng, Chien-Hui  and
      Huang, Chian-Yun  and
      Ma, Wei-Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Tapei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-3015",
    pages = "57--60",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose an idea of ondemand knowledge validation and fulfill the idea through an interactive Question-Answering (QA) game system, which is named Guess What. An object (e.g. dog) is first randomly chosen by the system, and then a user can repeatedly ask the system questions in natural language to guess what the object is. The system would respond with yes/no along with a confidence score. Some useful hints can also be given if needed. The proposed framework provides a pioneering example of on-demand knowledge validation in dialog environment to address such needs in AI agents/chatbots. Moreover, the released log data that the system gathered can be used to identify the most critical concepts/attributes of an existing knowledge base, which reflects human{'}s cognition about the world.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2017-stcp,
    title = "{STCP}: Simplified-Traditional {C}hinese Conversion and Proofreading",
    author = "Xu, Jiarui  and
      Ma, Xuezhe  and
      Tsai, Chen-Tse  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Tapei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-3016",
    pages = "61--64",
    abstract = "This paper aims to provide an effective tool for conversion between Simplified Chinese and Traditional Chinese. We present STCP, a customizable system comprising statistical conversion model, and proofreading web interface. Experiments show that our system achieves comparable character-level conversion performance with the state-of-art systems. In addition, our proofreading interface can effectively support diagnostics and data annotation. STCP is available at \url{http://lagos.lti.cs.cmu.edu:8002/}",
}
@inproceedings{mehta-etal-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Neural Network based system for solving Arithmetic Word problems",
    author = "Mehta, Purvanshi  and
      Mishra, Pruthwik  and
      Athavale, Vinayak  and
      Shrivastava, Manish  and
      Sharma, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Tapei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-3017",
    pages = "65--68",
    abstract = "This paper presents DILTON a system which solves simple arithmetic word problems. DILTON uses a Deep Neural based model to solve math word problems. DILTON divides the question into two parts - worldstate and query. The worldstate and the query are processed separately in two different networks and finally, the networks are merged to predict the final operation. We report the first deep learning approach for the prediction of operation between two numbers. DILTON learns to predict operations with 88.81{\%} accuracy in a corpus of primary school questions.",
}
@proceedings{ijcnlp-2017-ijcnlp-2017,
    title = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    author = "Liu, Chao-Hong  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4000",
}
@inproceedings{rao-etal-2017-ijcnlp,
    title = "{IJCNLP}-2017 Task 1: {C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis",
    author = "Rao, Gaoqi  and
      Zhang, Baolin  and
      Xun, Endong  and
      Lee, Lung-Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4001",
    pages = "1--8",
    abstract = "This paper presents the IJCNLP 2017 shared task for Chinese grammatical error diagnosis (CGED) which seeks to identify grammatical error types and their range of occurrence within sentences written by learners of Chinese as foreign language. We describe the task definition, data preparation, performance metrics, and evaluation results. Of the 13 teams registered for this shared task, 5 teams developed the system and submitted a total of 13 runs. We expected this evaluation campaign could lead to the development of more advanced NLP techniques for educational applications, especially for Chinese error detection. All data sets with gold standards and scoring scripts are made publicly available to researchers.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2017-ijcnlp,
    title = "{IJCNLP}-2017 Task 2: Dimensional Sentiment Analysis for {C}hinese Phrases",
    author = "Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4002",
    pages = "9--16",
    abstract = "This paper presents the IJCNLP 2017 shared task on Dimensional Sentiment Analysis for Chinese Phrases (DSAP) which seeks to identify a real-value sentiment score of Chinese single words and multi-word phrases in the both valence and arousal dimensions. Valence represents the degree of pleasant and unpleasant (or positive and negative) feelings, and arousal represents the degree of excitement and calm. Of the 19 teams registered for this shared task for two-dimensional sentiment analysis, 13 submitted results. We expected that this evaluation campaign could produce more advanced dimensional sentiment analysis techniques, especially for Chinese affective computing. All data sets with gold standards and scoring script are made publicly available to researchers.",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-singh-etal-2017-ijcnlp,
    title = "IJCNLP-2017 Task 3: Review Opinion Diversification (RevOpiD-2017)",
    author = "Kumar Singh, Anil  and
      Thawani, Avijit  and
      Panchal, Mayank  and
      Gupta, Anubhav  and
      McAuley, Julian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4003",
    pages = "17--25",
    abstract = "Unlike Entity Disambiguation in web search results, Opinion Disambiguation is a relatively unexplored topic. RevOpiD shared task at IJCNLP-2107 aimed to attract attention towards this research problem. In this paper, we summarize the first run of this task and introduce a new dataset that we have annotated for the purpose of evaluating Opinion Mining, Summarization and Disambiguation methods.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2017-ijcnlp,
    title = "{IJCNLP}-2017 Task 4: Customer Feedback Analysis",
    author = "Liu, Chao-Hong  and
      Moriya, Yasufumi  and
      Poncelas, Alberto  and
      Groves, Declan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4004",
    pages = "26--33",
    abstract = "This document introduces the IJCNLP 2017 Shared Task on Customer Feedback Analysis. In this shared task we have prepared corpora of customer feedback in four languages, i.e. English, French, Spanish and Japanese. They were annotated in a common meanings categorization, which was improved from an ADAPT-Microsoft pivot study on customer feedback. Twenty teams participated in the shared task and twelve of them have submitted prediction results. The results show that performance of prediction meanings of customer feedback is reasonable well in four languages. Nine system description papers are archived in the shared tasks proceeding.",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2017-ijcnlp,
    title = "{IJCNLP}-2017 Task 5: Multi-choice Question Answering in Examinations",
    author = "Guo, Shangmin  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      He, Shizhu  and
      Liu, Cao  and
      Zhao, Jun  and
      Wei, Zhuoyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4005",
    pages = "34--40",
    abstract = "The IJCNLP-2017 Multi-choice Question Answering(MCQA) task aims at exploring the performance of current Question Answering(QA) techniques via the realworld complex questions collected from Chinese Senior High School Entrance Examination papers and CK12 website1. The questions are all 4-way multi-choice questions writing in Chinese and English respectively that cover a wide range of subjects, e.g. Biology, History, Life Science and etc. And, all questions are restrained within the elementary and middle school level. During the whole procedure of this task, 7 teams submitted 323 runs in total. This paper describes the collected data, the format and size of these questions, formal run statistics and results, overview and performance statistics of different methods",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2017-alibaba,
    title = "{A}libaba at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 1: Embedding Grammatical Features into {LSTM}s for {C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis Task",
    author = "Yang, Yi  and
      Xie, Pengjun  and
      Tao, Jun  and
      Xu, Guangwei  and
      Li, Linlin  and
      Si, Luo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4006",
    pages = "41--46",
    abstract = "This paper introduces Alibaba NLP team system on IJCNLP 2017 shared task No. 1 Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis (CGED). The task is to diagnose four types of grammatical errors which are redundant words (R), missing words (M), bad word selection (S) and disordered words (W). We treat the task as a sequence tagging problem and design some handcraft features to solve it. Our system is mainly based on the LSTM-CRF model and 3 ensemble strategies are applied to improve the performance. At the identification level and the position level our system gets the highest F1 scores. At the position level, which is the most difficult level, we perform best on all metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2017-thu,
    title = "{THU}{\_}{NGN} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 2: Dimensional Sentiment Analysis for {C}hinese Phrases with Deep {LSTM}",
    author = "Wu, Chuhan  and
      Wu, Fangzhao  and
      Huang, Yongfeng  and
      Wu, Sixing  and
      Yuan, Zhigang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4007",
    pages = "47--52",
    abstract = "Predicting valence-arousal ratings for words and phrases is very useful for constructing affective resources for dimensional sentiment analysis. Since the existing valence-arousal resources of Chinese are mainly in word-level and there is a lack of phrase-level ones, the Dimensional Sentiment Analysis for Chinese Phrases (DSAP) task aims to predict the valence-arousal ratings for Chinese affective words and phrases automatically. In this task, we propose an approach using a densely connected LSTM network and word features to identify dimensional sentiment on valence and arousal for words and phrases jointly. We use word embedding as major feature and choose part of speech (POS) and word clusters as additional features to train the dense LSTM network. The evaluation results of our submissions (1st and 2nd in average performance) validate the effectiveness of our system to predict valence and arousal dimensions for Chinese words and phrases.",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-etal-2017-iiit,
    title = "{IIIT}-H at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 3: A Bidirectional-{LSTM} Approach for Review Opinion Diversification",
    author = "Mishra, Pruthwik  and
      Danda, Prathyusha  and
      Kanneganti, Silpa  and
      Lanka, Soujanya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4008",
    pages = "53--58",
    abstract = "The Review Opinion Diversification (Revopid-2017) shared task focuses on selecting top-k reviews from a set of reviews for a particular product based on a specific criteria. In this paper, we describe our approaches and results for modeling the ranking of reviews based on their usefulness score, this being the first of the three subtasks under this shared task. Instead of posing this as a regression problem, we modeled this as a classification task where we want to identify whether a review is useful or not. We employed a bi-directional LSTM to represent each review and is used with a softmax layer to predict the usefulness score. We chose the review with highest usefulness score, then find its cosine similarity score with rest of the reviews. This is done in order to ensure diversity in the selection of top-k reviews. On the top-5 list prediction, we finished 3rd while in top-10 list one, we are placed 2nd in the shared task. We have discussed the model and the results in detail in the paper.",
}
@inproceedings{elfardy-etal-2017-bingo,
    title = "Bingo at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 4: Augmenting Data using Machine Translation for Cross-linguistic Customer Feedback Classification",
    author = "Elfardy, Heba  and
      Srivastava, Manisha  and
      Xiao, Wei  and
      Kramer, Jared  and
      Agarwal, Tarun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4009",
    pages = "59--66",
    abstract = "The ability to automatically and accurately process customer feedback is a necessity in the private sector. Unfortunately, customer feedback can be one of the most difficult types of data to work with due to the sheer volume and variety of services, products, languages, and cultures that comprise the customer experience. In order to address this issue, our team built a suite of classifiers trained on a four-language, multi-label corpus released as part of the shared task on {``}Customer Feedback Analysis{''} at IJCNLP 2017. In addition to standard text preprocessing, we translated each dataset into each other language to increase the size of the training datasets. Additionally, we also used word embeddings in our feature engineering step. Ultimately, we trained classifiers using Logistic Regression, Random Forest, and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Recurrent Neural Networks. Overall, we achieved a Macro-Average F-score between 48.7{\%} and 56.0{\%} for the four languages and ranked 3/12 for English, 3/7 for Spanish, 1/8 for French, and 2/7 for Japanese.",
}
@inproceedings{dzendzik-etal-2017-adapt,
    title = "{ADAPT} Centre Cone Team at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 5: A Similarity-Based Logistic Regression Approach to Multi-choice Question Answering in an Examinations Shared Task",
    author = "Dzendzik, Daria  and
      Poncelas, Alberto  and
      Vogel, Carl  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4010",
    pages = "67--72",
    abstract = "We describe the work of a team from the ADAPT Centre in Ireland in addressing automatic answer selection for the Multi-choice Question Answering in Examinations shared task. The system is based on a logistic regression over the string similarities between question, answer, and additional text. We obtain the highest grade out of six systems: 48.7{\%} accuracy on a validation set (vs. a baseline of 29.45{\%}) and 45.6{\%} on a test set.",
}
@inproceedings{liao-etal-2017-ynu,
    title = "{YNU}-{HPCC} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 1: {C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis Using a Bi-directional {LSTM}-{CRF} Model",
    author = "Liao, Quanlei  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Yang, Jinnan  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4011",
    pages = "73--77",
    abstract = "Building a system to detect Chinese grammatical errors is a challenge for natural-language processing researchers. As Chinese learners are increasing, developing such a system can help them study Chinese more easily. This paper introduces a bi-directional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) - conditional random field (CRF) model to produce the sequences that indicate an error type for every position of a sentence, since we regard Chinese grammatical error diagnosis (CGED) as a sequence-labeling problem.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-cvte,
    title = "{CVTE} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 1: Character Checking System for {C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis Task",
    author = "Li, Xian  and
      Wang, Peng  and
      Wang, Suixue  and
      Jiang, Guanyu  and
      You, Tianyuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4012",
    pages = "78--83",
    abstract = "Grammatical error diagnosis is an important task in natural language processing. This paper introduces CVTE Character Checking System in the NLP-TEA-4 shared task for CGED 2017, we use Bi-LSTM to generate the probability of every character, then take two kinds of strategies to decide whether a character is correct or not. This system is probably more suitable to deal with the error type of bad word selection, which is one of four types of errors, and the rest are words re-dundancy, words missing and words disorder. Finally the second strategy achieves better F1 score than the first one at all of detection level, identification level, position level.",
}
@inproceedings{zhong-wang-2017-ldccnlp,
    title = "{LDCCNLP} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 2: Dimensional Sentiment Analysis for {C}hinese Phrases Using Machine Learning",
    author = "Zhong, Peng  and
      Wang, Jingbin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4013",
    pages = "84--88",
    abstract = "Sentiment analysis on Chinese text has intensively studied. The basic task for related research is to construct an affective lexicon and thereby predict emotional scores of different levels. However, finite lexicon resources make it difficult to effectively and automatically distinguish between various types of sentiment information in Chinese texts. This IJCNLP2017-Task2 competition seeks to automatically calculate Valence and Arousal ratings within the hierarchies of vocabulary and phrases in Chinese. We introduce a regression methodology to automatically recognize continuous emotional values, and incorporate a word embedding technique. In our system, the MAE predictive values of Valence and Arousal were 0.811 and 0.996, respectively, for the sentiment dimension prediction of words in Chinese. In phrase prediction, the corresponding results were 0.822 and 0.489, ranking sixth among all teams.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-ckip,
    title = "{CKIP} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 2: Neural Valence-Arousal Prediction for Phrases",
    author = "Li, Peng-Hsuan  and
      Ma, Wei-Yun  and
      Wang, Hsin-Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4014",
    pages = "89--94",
    abstract = "CKIP takes part in solving the Dimensional Sentiment Analysis for Chinese Phrases (DSAP) share task of IJCNLP 2017. This task calls for systems that can predict the valence and the arousal of Chinese phrases, which are real values between 1 and 9. To achieve this, functions mapping Chinese character sequences to real numbers are built by regression techniques. In addition, the CKIP phrase Valence-Arousal (VA) predictor depends on knowledge of modifier words and head words. This includes the types of known modifier words, VA of head words, and distributional semantics of both these words. The predictor took the second place out of 13 teams on phrase VA prediction, with 0.444 MAE and 0.935 PCC on valence, and 0.395 MAE and 0.904 PCC on arousal.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2017-cial,
    title = "{CIAL} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 2: An Ensemble Valence-Arousal Analysis System for {C}hinese Words and Phrases",
    author = "Lin, Zheng-Wen  and
      Chang, Yung-Chun  and
      Wang, Chen-Ann  and
      Hsieh, Yu-Lun  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4015",
    pages = "95--99",
    abstract = "Sentiment lexicon is very helpful in dimensional sentiment applications. Because of countless Chinese words, developing a method to predict unseen Chinese words is required. The proposed method can handle both words and phrases by using an ADVWeight List for word prediction, which in turn improves our performance at phrase level. The evaluation results demonstrate that our system is effective in dimensional sentiment analysis for Chinese phrases. The Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Pearson{'}s Correlation Coefficient (PCC) for Valence are 0.723 and 0.835, respectively, and those for Arousal are 0.914 and 0.756, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2017-alibaba,
    title = "{A}libaba at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 2: A Boosted Deep System for Dimensional Sentiment Analysis of {C}hinese Phrases",
    author = "Zhou, Xin  and
      Wang, Jian  and
      Xie, Xu  and
      Sun, Changlong  and
      Si, Luo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4016",
    pages = "100--104",
    abstract = "This paper introduces Team Alibaba{'}s systems participating IJCNLP 2017 shared task No. 2 Dimensional Sentiment Analysis for Chinese Phrases (DSAP). The systems mainly utilize a multi-layer neural networks, with multiple features input such as word embedding, part-of-speech-tagging (POST), word clustering, prefix type, character embedding, cross sentiment input, and AdaBoost method for model training. For word level task our best run achieved MAE 0.545 (ranked 2nd), PCC 0.892 (ranked 2nd) in valence prediction and MAE 0.857 (ranked 1st), PCC 0.678 (ranked 2nd) in arousal prediction. For average performance of word and phrase task we achieved MAE 0.5355 (ranked 3rd), PCC 0.8965 (ranked 3rd) in valence prediction and MAE 0.661 (ranked 3rd), PCC 0.766 (ranked 2nd) in arousal prediction. In the final our submitted system achieved 2nd in mean rank.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-nlpsa,
    title = "{NLPSA} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 2: Imagine Scenario: Leveraging Supportive Images for Dimensional Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Chen, Szu-Min  and
      Chen, Zi-Yuan  and
      Ku, Lun-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4017",
    pages = "105--111",
    abstract = "Categorical sentiment classification has drawn much attention in the field of NLP, while less work has been conducted for dimensional sentiment analysis (DSA). Recent works for DSA utilize either word embedding, knowledge base features, or bilingual language resources. In this paper, we propose our model for IJCNLP 2017 Dimensional Sentiment Analysis for Chinese Phrases shared task. Our model incorporates word embedding as well as image features, attempting to simulate human{'}s imaging behavior toward sentiment analysis. Though the performance is not comparable to others in the end, we conduct several experiments with possible reasons discussed, and analyze the drawbacks of our model.",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-etal-2017-ncyu,
    title = "{NCYU} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 2: Dimensional Sentiment Analysis for {C}hinese Phrases using Vector Representations",
    author = "Yeh, Jui-Feng  and
      Tsai, Jian-Cheng  and
      Wu, Bo-Wei  and
      Kuang, Tai-You",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4018",
    pages = "112--117",
    abstract = "This paper presents two vector representations proposed by National Chiayi University (NCYU) about phrased-based sentiment detection which was used to compete in dimensional sentiment analysis for Chinese phrases (DSACP) at IJCNLP 2017. The vector-based sentiment phraselike unit analysis models are proposed in this article. E-HowNet-based clustering is used to obtain the values of valence and arousal for sentiment words first. An out-of-vocabulary function is also defined in this article to measure the dimensional emotion values for unknown words. For predicting the corresponding values of sentiment phrase-like unit, a vectorbased approach is proposed here. According to the experimental results, we can find the proposed approach is efficacious.",
}
@inproceedings{benajiba-etal-2017-mainiwayai,
    title = "{M}ainiway{AI} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 2: Ensembles of Deep Architectures for Valence-Arousal Prediction",
    author = "Benajiba, Yassine  and
      Sun, Jin  and
      Zhang, Yong  and
      Weng, Zhiliang  and
      Biran, Or",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4019",
    pages = "118--123",
    abstract = "This paper introduces Mainiway AI Labs submitted system for the IJCNLP 2017 shared task on Dimensional Sentiment Analysis of Chinese Phrases (DSAP), and related experiments. Our approach consists of deep neural networks with various architectures, and our best system is a voted ensemble of networks. We achieve a Mean Absolute Error of 0.64 in valence prediction and 0.68 in arousal prediction on the test set, both placing us as the 5th ranked team in the competition.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2017-nctu,
    title = "{NCTU}-{NTUT} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 2: Deep Phrase Embedding using bi-{LSTM}s for Valence-Arousal Ratings Prediction of {C}hinese Phrases",
    author = "Lee, Yen-Hsuan  and
      Yeh, Han-Yun  and
      Wang, Yih-Ru  and
      Liao, Yuan-Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4020",
    pages = "124--129",
    abstract = "In this paper, a deep phrase embedding approach using bi-directional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) is proposed to predict the valence-arousal ratings of Chinese words and phrases. It adopts a Chinese word segmentation frontend, a local order-aware word, a global phrase embedding representations and a deep regression neural network (DRNN) model. The performance of the proposed method was benchmarked by the IJCNLP 2017 shared task 2. According the official evaluation results, our best system achieved mean rank 6.5 among all 24 submissions.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chang-2017-ntoua,
    title = "{NTOUA} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 2: Predicting Sentiment Scores of {C}hinese Words and Phrases",
    author = "Lin, Chuan-Jie  and
      Chang, Hao-Tsung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4021",
    pages = "130--133",
    abstract = "This paper describes the approaches of sentimental score prediction in the NTOU DSA system participating in DSAP this year. The modules to predict scores for words are adapted from our system last year. The approach to predict scores for phrases is keyword-based machine learning method. The performance of our system is good in predicting scores of phrases.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2017-cyut,
    title = "{CYUT} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 3: System Report for Review Opinion Diversification",
    author = "Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Chang, Su-Yu  and
      Chen, Liang-Pu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4022",
    pages = "134--137",
    abstract = "Review Opinion Diversification (RevOpiD) 2017 is a shared task which is held in International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (IJCNLP). The shared task aims at selecting top-k reviews, as a summary, from a set of re-views. There are three subtasks in RevOpiD: helpfulness ranking, rep-resentativeness ranking, and ex-haustive coverage ranking. This year, our team submitted runs by three models. We focus on ranking reviews based on the helpfulness of the reviews. In the first two models, we use linear regression with two different loss functions. First one is least squares, and second one is cross entropy. The third run is a random baseline. For both k=5 and k=10, our second model gets the best scores in the official evaluation metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{dey-etal-2017-junlp,
    title = "{JUNLP} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 3: A Rank Prediction Model for Review Opinion Diversification",
    author = "Dey, Monalisa  and
      Mondal, Anupam  and
      Das, Dipankar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4023",
    pages = "138--142",
    abstract = {IJCNLP-17 Review Opinion Diversification (RevOpiD-2017) task has been designed for ranking the top-k reviews of a product from a set of reviews, which assists in identifying a summarized output to express the opinion of the entire review set. The task is divided into three independent subtasks as subtask-A,subtask-B, and subtask-C. Each of these three subtasks selects the top-k reviews based on helpfulness, representativeness, and exhaustiveness of the opinions expressed in the review set individually. In order to develop the modules and predict the rank of reviews for all three subtasks, we have employed two well-known supervised classifiers namely, Na{\"\i}ve Bayes and Logistic Regression on the top of several extracted features such as the number of nouns, number of verbs, and number of sentiment words etc from the provided datasets. Finally, the organizers have helped to validate the predicted outputs for all three subtasks by using their evaluation metrics. The metrics provide the scores of list size 5 as (0.80 (mth)) for subtask-A, (0.86 (cos), 0.87 (cos d), 0.71 (cpr), 4.98 (a-dcg), and 556.94 (wt)) for subtask B, and (10.94 (unwt) and 0.67 (recall)) for subtask C individually.},
}
@inproceedings{plank-2017-1,
    title = "All-In-1 at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 4: Short Text Classification with One Model for All Languages",
    author = "Plank, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4024",
    pages = "143--148",
    abstract = "We present All-In-1, a simple model for multilingual text classification that does not require any parallel data. It is based on a traditional Support Vector Machine classifier exploiting multilingual word embeddings and character n-grams. Our model is simple, easily extendable yet very effective, overall ranking 1st (out of 12 teams) in the IJCNLP 2017 shared task on customer feedback analysis in four languages: English, French, Japanese and Spanish.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2017-sentinlp,
    title = "{S}enti{NLP} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 4: Customer Feedback Analysis Using a Bi-{LSTM}-{CNN} Model",
    author = "Lin, Shuying  and
      Xie, Huosheng  and
      Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Lai, K. Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4025",
    pages = "149--154",
    abstract = "The analysis of customer feedback is useful to provide good customer service. There are a lot of online customer feedback are produced. Manual classification is impractical because the high volume of data. Therefore, the automatic classification of the customer feedback is of importance for the analysis system to identify meanings or intentions that the customer express. The aim of shared Task 4 of IJCNLP 2017 is to classify the customer feedback into six tags categorization. In this paper, we present a system that uses word embeddings to express the feature of the sentence in the corpus and the neural network as the classifier to complete the shared task. And then the ensemble method is used to get final predictive result. The proposed method get ranked first among twelve teams in terms of micro-averaged F1 and second for accura-cy metric.",
}
@inproceedings{danda-etal-2017-iiit,
    title = "{IIIT}-H at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 4: Customer Feedback Analysis using Machine Learning and Neural Network Approaches",
    author = "Danda, Prathyusha  and
      Mishra, Pruthwik  and
      Kanneganti, Silpa  and
      Lanka, Soujanya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4026",
    pages = "155--160",
    abstract = "The IJCNLP 2017 shared task on Customer Feedback Analysis focuses on classifying customer feedback into one of a predefined set of categories or classes. In this paper, we describe our approach to this problem and the results on four languages, i.e. English, French, Japanese and Spanish. Our system implemented a bidirectional LSTM (Graves and Schmidhuber, 2005) using pre-trained glove (Pennington et al., 2014) and fastText (Joulin et al., 2016) embeddings, and SVM (Cortes and Vapnik, 1995) with TF-IDF vectors for classifying the feedback data which is described in the later sections. We also tried different machine learning techniques and compared the results in this paper. Out of the 12 participating teams, our systems obtained 0.65, 0.86, 0.70 and 0.56 exact accuracy score in English, Spanish, French and Japanese respectively. We observed that our systems perform better than the baseline systems in three languages while we match the baseline accuracy for Japanese on our submitted systems. We noticed significant improvements in Japanese in later experiments, matching the highest performing system that was submitted in the shared task, which we will discuss in this paper.",
}
@inproceedings{lohar-etal-2017-adapt,
    title = "{ADAPT} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 4: A Multinomial Naive {B}ayes Classification Approach for Customer Feedback Analysis task",
    author = "Lohar, Pintu  and
      Dutta Chowdhury, Koel  and
      Afli, Haithem  and
      Hasanuzzaman, Mohammed  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4027",
    pages = "161--169",
    abstract = "In this age of the digital economy, promoting organisations attempt their best to engage the customers in the feedback provisioning process. With the assistance of customer insights, an organisation can develop a better product and provide a better service to its customer. In this paper, we analyse the real world samples of customer feedback from Microsoft Office customers in four languages, i.e., English, French, Spanish and Japanese and conclude a five-plus-one-classes categorisation (comment, request, bug, complaint, meaningless and undetermined) for meaning classification. The task is to {\%}access multilingual corpora annotated by the proposed meaning categorization scheme and develop a system to determine what class(es) the customer feedback sentences should be annotated as in four languages. We propose following approaches to accomplish this task: (i) a multinomial naive bayes (MNB) approach for multi-label classification, (ii) MNB with one-vs-rest classifier approach, and (iii) the combination of the multilabel classification-based and the sentiment classification-based approach. Our best system produces F-scores of 0.67, 0.83, 0.72 and 0.7 for English, Spanish, French and Japanese, respectively. The results are competitive to the best ones for all languages and secure 3rd and 5th position for Japanese and French, respectively, among all submitted systems.",
}
@inproceedings{dhyani-2017-ohiostate,
    title = "{O}hio{S}tate at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 4: Exploring Neural Architectures for Multilingual Customer Feedback Analysis",
    author = "Dhyani, Dushyanta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4028",
    pages = "170--173",
    abstract = "This paper describes our systems for IJCNLP 2017 Shared Task on Customer Feedback Analysis. We experimented with simple neural architectures that gave competitive performance on certain tasks. This includes shallow CNN and Bi-Directional LSTM architectures with Facebook{'}s Fasttext as a baseline model. Our best performing model was in the Top 5 systems using the Exact-Accuracy and Micro-Average-F1 metrics for the Spanish (85.28{\%} for both) and French (70{\%} and 73.17{\%} respectively) task, and outperformed all the other models on comment (87.28{\%}) and meaningless (51.85{\%}) tags using Micro Average F1 by Tags metric for the French task.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-ynu,
    title = "{YNU}-{HPCC} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 4: Attention-based Bi-directional {GRU} Model for Customer Feedback Analysis Task of {E}nglish",
    author = "Wang, Nan  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4029",
    pages = "174--179",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission to IJCNLP 2017 shared task 4, for predicting the tags of unseen customer feedback sentences, such as comments, complaints, bugs, requests, and meaningless and undetermined statements. With the use of a neural network, a large number of deep learning methods have been developed, which perform very well on text classification. Our ensemble classification model is based on a bi-directional gated recurrent unit and an attention mechanism which shows a 3.8{\%} improvement in classification accuracy. To enhance the model performance, we also compared it with several word-embedding models. The comparative results show that a combination of both word2vec and GloVe achieves the best performance.",
}
@inproceedings{banerjee-etal-2017-nitmz,
    title = "NITMZ-JU at IJCNLP-2017 Task 4: Customer Feedback Analysis",
    author = "Banerjee, Somnath  and
      Pakray, Partha  and
      Manna, Riyanka  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4030",
    pages = "180--183",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe a deep learning framework for analyzing the customer feedback as part of our participation in the shared task on Customer Feedback Analysis at the 8th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (IJCNLP 2017). A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based deep neural network model was employed for the customer feedback task. The proposed system was evaluated on two languages, namely, English and French.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2017-iitp,
    title = "{IITP} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 4: Auto Analysis of Customer Feedback using {CNN} and {GRU} Network",
    author = "Gupta, Deepak  and
      Lenka, Pabitra  and
      Bedi, Harsimran  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4031",
    pages = "184--193",
    abstract = "Analyzing customer feedback is the best way to channelize the data into new marketing strategies that benefit entrepreneurs as well as customers. Therefore an automated system which can analyze the customer behavior is in great demand. Users may write feedbacks in any language, and hence mining appropriate information often becomes intractable. Especially in a traditional feature-based supervised model, it is difficult to build a generic system as one has to understand the concerned language for finding the relevant features. In order to overcome this, we propose deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) based approaches that do not require handcrafting of features. We evaluate these techniques for analyzing customer feedback sentences on four languages, namely English, French, Japanese and Spanish. Our empirical analysis shows that our models perform well in all the four languages on the setups of IJCNLP Shared Task on Customer Feedback Analysis. Our model achieved the second rank in French, with an accuracy of 71.75{\%} and third ranks for all the other languages.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-ynudlg,
    title = "{YNUDLG} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 5: A {CNN}-{LSTM} Model with Attention for Multi-choice Question Answering in Examinations",
    author = "Wang, Min  and
      Liu, Qingxun  and
      Ding, Peng  and
      Li, Yongbin  and
      Zhou, Xiaobing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4032",
    pages = "194--198",
    abstract = "In this paper, we perform convolutional neural networks (CNN) to learn the joint representations of question-answer pairs first, then use the joint representations as the inputs of the long short-term memory (LSTM) with attention to learn the answer sequence of a question for labeling the matching quality of each answer. We also incorporating external knowledge by training Word2Vec on Flashcards data, thus we get more compact embedding. Experimental results show that our method achieves better or comparable performance compared with the baseline system. The proposed approach achieves the accuracy of 0.39, 0.42 in English valid set, test set, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{li-kong-2017-als,
    title = "{ALS} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 5: Answer Localization System for Multi-Choice Question Answering in Exams",
    author = "Li, Changliang  and
      Kong, Cunliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4033",
    pages = "199--202",
    abstract = "Multi-choice question answering in exams is a typical QA task. To accomplish this task, we present an answer localization method to locate answers shown in web pages, considering structural information and semantic information both. Using this method as basis, we analyze sentences and paragraphs appeared on web pages to get predictions. With this answer localization system, we get effective results on both validation dataset and test dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{hazem-2017-mappsent,
    title = "{M}app{S}ent at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 5: A Textual Similarity Approach Applied to Multi-choice Question Answering in Examinations",
    author = "Hazem, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4034",
    pages = "203--207",
    abstract = "In this paper we present MappSent, a textual similarity approach that we applied to the multi-choice question answering in exams shared task. MappSent has initially been proposed for question-to-question similarity hazem2017. In this work, we present the results of two adaptations of MappSent for the question answering task on the English dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-etal-2017-ynu,
    title = "{YNU}-{HPCC} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 5: Multi-choice Question Answering in Exams Using an Attention-based {LSTM} Model",
    author = "Yuan, Hang  and
      Zhang, You  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4035",
    pages = "208--212",
    abstract = "A shared task is a typical question answering task that aims to test how accurately the participants can answer the questions in exams. Typically, for each question, there are four candidate answers, and only one of the answers is correct. The existing methods for such a task usually implement a recurrent neural network (RNN) or long short-term memory (LSTM). However, both RNN and LSTM are biased models in which the words in the tail of a sentence are more dominant than the words in the header. In this paper, we propose the use of an attention-based LSTM (AT-LSTM) model for these tasks. By adding an attention mechanism to the standard LSTM, this model can more easily capture long contextual information.",
}
@inproceedings{sarkar-etal-2017-ju,
    title = "{JU} {NITM} at {IJCNLP}-2017 Task 5: A Classification Approach for Answer Selection in Multi-choice Question Answering System",
    author = "Sarkar, Sandip  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Pakray, Partha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Shared Tasks",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-4036",
    pages = "213--216",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of the JU NITM team in IJCNLP-2017 Task 5: {``}Multi-choice Question Answering in Examinations{''}. The main aim of this shared task is to choose the correct option for each multi-choice question. Our proposed model includes vector representations as feature and machine learning for classification. At first we represent question and answer in vector space and after that find the cosine similarity between those two vectors. Finally we apply classification approach to find the correct answer. Our system was only developed for the English language, and it obtained an accuracy of 40.07{\%} for test dataset and 40.06{\%} for valid dataset.",
}
@proceedings{ijcnlp-2017-ijcnlp-2017-tutorial,
    title = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Tutorial Abstracts",
    author = "Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Strube, Michael",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-5000",
}
@inproceedings{che-zhang-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning in Lexical Analysis and Parsing",
    author = "Che, Wanxiang  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-5001",
    pages = "1--2",
    abstract = "Neural networks, also with a fancy name deep learning, just right can overcome the above {``}feature engineering{''} problem. In theory, they can use non-linear activation functions and multiple layers to automatically find useful features. The novel network structures, such as convolutional or recurrent, help to reduce the difficulty further. These deep learning models have been successfully used for lexical analysis and parsing. In this tutorial, we will give a review of each line of work, by contrasting them with traditional statistical methods, and organizing them in consistent orders.",
}
@inproceedings{de-melo-2017-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Vector Representations of Words, Sentences, and Documents",
    author = "de Melo, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-5002",
    pages = "3--5",
    abstract = "Neural vector representations are now ubiquitous in all subfields of natural language processing and text mining. While methods such as word2vec and GloVe are well-known, this tutorial focuses on multilingual and cross-lingual vector representations, of words, but also of sentences and documents as well.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-gao-2017-open,
    title = "Open-Domain Neural Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Chen, Yun-Nung  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-5003",
    pages = "6--10",
    abstract = "In the past decade, spoken dialogue systems have been the most prominent component in today{'}s personal assistants. A lot of devices have incorporated dialogue system modules, which allow users to speak naturally in order to finish tasks more efficiently. The traditional conversational systems have rather complex and/or modular pipelines. The advance of deep learning technologies has recently risen the applications of neural models to dialogue modeling. Nevertheless, applying deep learning technologies for building robust and scalable dialogue systems is still a challenging task and an open research area as it requires deeper understanding of the classic pipelines as well as detailed knowledge on the benchmark of the models of the prior work and the recent state-of-the-art work. Therefore, this tutorial is designed to focus on an overview of the dialogue system development while describing most recent research for building task-oriented and chit-chat dialogue systems, and summarizing the challenges. We target the audience of students and practitioners who have some deep learning background, who want to get more familiar with conversational dialogue systems.",
}
@inproceedings{cromieres-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation: Basics, Practical Aspects and Recent Trends",
    author = "Cromieres, Fabien  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Dabre, Raj",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-5004",
    pages = "11--13",
    abstract = "Machine Translation (MT) is a sub-field of NLP which has experienced a number of paradigm shifts since its inception. Up until 2014, Phrase Based Statistical Machine Translation (PBSMT) approaches used to be the state of the art. In late 2014, Neural Machine Translation (NMT) was introduced and was proven to outperform all PBSMT approaches by a significant margin. Since then, the NMT approaches have undergone several transformations which have pushed the state of the art even further. This tutorial is primarily aimed at researchers who are either interested in or are fairly new to the world of NMT and want to obtain a deep understanding of NMT fundamentals. Because it will also cover the latest developments in NMT, it should also be useful to attendees with some experience in NMT.",
}
@inproceedings{paetzold-specia-2017-ultimate,
    title = "The Ultimate Presentation Makeup Tutorial: How to Polish your Posters, Slides and Presentations Skills",
    author = "Paetzold, Gustavo  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-5005",
    pages = "14--15",
    abstract = "There is no question that our research community have, and still has been producing an insurmountable amount of interesting strategies, models and tools to a wide array of problems and challenges in diverse areas of knowledge. But for as long as interesting work has existed, we{'}ve been plagued by a great unsolved mystery: how come there is so much interesting work being published in conferences, but not as many interesting and engaging posters and presentations being featured in them? In this tutorial, we present practical step-by-step makeup solutions for poster, slides and oral presentations in order to help researchers who feel like they are not able to convey the importance of their research to the community in conferences.",
}
@inproceedings{tian-etal-2017-challenge,
    title = "The Challenge of Composition in Distributional and Formal Semantics",
    author = "Tian, Ran  and
      Mineshima, Koji  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-G{\'o}mez, Pascual",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2017, Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-5006",
    pages = "16--17",
    abstract = "This is tutorial proposal. Abstract is as follows: The principle of compositionality states that the meaning of a complete sentence must be explained in terms of the meanings of its subsentential parts; in other words, each syntactic operation should have a corresponding semantic operation. In recent years, it has been increasingly evident that distributional and formal semantics are complementary in addressing composition; while the distributional/vector-based approach can naturally measure semantic similarity (Mitchell and Lapata, 2010), the formal/symbolic approach has a long tradition within logic-based semantic frameworks (Montague, 1974) and can readily be connected to theorem provers or databases to perform complicated tasks. In this tutorial, we will cover recent efforts in extending word vectors to account for composition and reasoning, the various challenging phenomena observed in composition and addressed by formal semantics, and a hybrid approach that combines merits of the two. Outline and introduction to instructors are found in the submission. Ran Tian has taught a tutorial at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Natural Language Processing in Japan, 2015. The estimated audience size was about one hundred. Only a limited part of the contents in this tutorial is drawn from the previous one. Koji Mineshima has taught a one-week course at the 28th European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information (ESSLLI2016), together with Prof. Daisuke Bekki. Only a few contents are the same with this tutorial. Tutorials on {``}CCG Semantic Parsing{''} have been given in ACL2013, EMNLP2014, and AAAI2015. A coming tutorial on {``}Deep Learning for Semantic Composition{''} will be given in ACL2017. Contents in these tutorials are somehow related to but not overlapping with our proposal.",
}
@proceedings{ws-1998-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    author = "Abeill{\'e}, Anne  and
      Becker, Tilman  and
      Satta, Giorgio  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0100",
}
@inproceedings{agustini-de-lima-1998-experiment,
    title = "An experiment on synchronous {TAG}s for the construction of a transfer module",
    author = "Agustini, Alexandre  and
      de Lima, Vera L{\'u}cia Strube",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0101",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{bangalore-1998-transplanting,
    title = "Transplanting supertags from {E}nglish to {S}panish",
    author = "Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0102",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{becker-heckmann-1998-recursive,
    title = "Recursive Matrix Systems ({RMS}) and {TAG}",
    author = "Becker, Tilman  and
      Heckmann, Dominik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0103",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{bleam-etal-1998-motion,
    title = "Motion verbs and semantic features in {TAG}",
    author = "Bleam, Tonia  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0104",
    pages = "13--16",
}
@inproceedings{boullier-1998-generalization,
    title = "A generalization of mildly context-sensitive formalisms",
    author = "Boullier, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0105",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@inproceedings{candito-kahane-1998-tag,
    title = "Can the {TAG} derivation tree represent a semantic graph? An answer in the light of Meaning-Text Theory",
    author = "Candito, Marie-H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Kahane, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0106",
    pages = "21--24",
}
@inproceedings{candito-kahane-1998-defining,
    title = "Defining {DTG} derivations to get semantic graphs",
    author = "Candito, Marie-H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Kahane, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0107",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{carroll-etal-1998-lexsys,
    title = "The {L}ex{S}ys project",
    author = "Carroll, John  and
      Nicolov, Nicolas  and
      Shaumyan, Olga  and
      Smets, Martine  and
      Weir, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0108",
    pages = "29--33",
}
@inproceedings{cavazza-1998-integrated,
    title = "An integrated parser for {TFG} with explicit tree typing",
    author = "Cavazza, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0109",
    pages = "34--37",
}
@inproceedings{cavazza-1998-synchronous,
    title = "Synchronous {TFG} for speech translation",
    author = "Cavazza, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0110",
    pages = "38--41",
}
@inproceedings{de-la-clergerie-etal-1998-tabular,
    title = "A tabular interpretation of bottom-up automata for {TAG}",
    author = "de la Clergerie, Eric  and
      Alonso Pardo, Miguel A.  and
      Souto, David Cabrero",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0111",
    pages = "42--45",
}
@inproceedings{frank-vijay-shanker-1998-tag,
    title = "{TAG} derivation as monotonic C-command",
    author = "Frank, Robert  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0112",
    pages = "46--49",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-webber-1998-describing,
    title = "Describing discourse semantics",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0113",
    pages = "50--53",
}
@inproceedings{halber-1998-tree,
    title = "Tree-grammar linear typing for unified super-tagging/probabilistic parsing models",
    author = "Halber, Ariane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0114",
    pages = "54--57",
}
@inproceedings{harbusch-etal-1998-towards,
    title = "Towards a workbench for schema-{TAG}s",
    author = "Harbusch, Karin  and
      Widmann, Friedbert  and
      Woch, Jens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0115",
    pages = "58--61",
}
@inproceedings{harley-kulick-1998-tag,
    title = "{TAG} and raising in {VSO} languages",
    author = "Harley, Heidi  and
      Kulick, Seth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0116",
    pages = "62--65",
}
@inproceedings{hepple-1998-similarities,
    title = "On some similarities between D-tree grammars and type-logical grammars",
    author = "Hepple, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0117",
    pages = "66--69",
}
@inproceedings{issac-1998-standard,
    title = "A standard representation framework for {TAG}",
    author = "Issac, Fabrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0118",
    pages = "70--73",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-1998-partial,
    title = "Partial proof trees and structural modalities",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.  and
      Kulick, Seth  and
      Kurtonina, Natasha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0119",
    pages = "74--75",
}
@inproceedings{kallmeyer-1998-hierarchy,
    title = "A hierarchy of local {TDG}s",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0120",
    pages = "76--79",
}
@inproceedings{kempen-harbusch-1998-tree,
    title = "A {`}Tree Adjoining{'} Grammar without adjoining: The case of scrambling in {G}erman",
    author = "Kempen, Gerard  and
      Harbusch, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0121",
    pages = "80--83",
}
@inproceedings{de-kercadio-1998-improved,
    title = "An improved Earley parser with {LTAG}",
    author = "de Kercadio, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0122",
    pages = "84--87",
}
@inproceedings{kulick-1998-clitic,
    title = "Clitic climbing in Romance: {``}Restructuring{''}, causatives, and object-control verbs",
    author = "Kulick, Seth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0123",
    pages = "88--91",
}
@inproceedings{leahu-1998-wh,
    title = "Wh-dependencies in {R}omanian and {TAG}",
    author = "Leahu, Manuela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0124",
    pages = "92--95",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-roussel-1998-rules,
    title = "Which rules for the robust parsing of spoken utterances with Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars?",
    author = "Lopez, Patrice  and
      Roussel, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0125",
    pages = "96--99",
}
@inproceedings{mcgee-wood-1998-category,
    title = "{`}Category families{'} for Categorial Grammars",
    author = "McGee Wood, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0126",
    pages = "100--103",
}
@inproceedings{miyao-etal-1998-packing,
    title = "Packing of feature structures for optimizing the {HPSG}-style grammar translated from {TAG}",
    author = "Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Tateisi, Yuka  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0127",
    pages = "104--107",
}
@inproceedings{monnich-1998-tags,
    title = "{TAG}s M-constructed",
    author = {M{\"o}nnich, Uwe},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0128",
    pages = "108--111",
}
@inproceedings{muskens-krahmer-1998-description,
    title = "Description theory, {LTAG}s and underspecified semantics",
    author = "Muskens, Reinhard  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0129",
    pages = "112--115",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-etal-1998-prefix,
    title = "Prefix probabilities for linear indexed grammars",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Sarkar, Anoop  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0130",
    pages = "116--119",
}
@inproceedings{neumann-1998-automatic,
    title = "Automatic extraction of stochastic lexicalized tree grammars from treebanks",
    author = {Neumann, G{\"u}nter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0131",
    pages = "120--123",
}
@inproceedings{nicolov-1998-memoisation,
    title = "Memoisation in sentence generation with lexicalised grammars",
    author = "Nicolov, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0132",
    pages = "124--127",
}
@inproceedings{oehrle-1998-constructive,
    title = "Constructive models of extraction parameters",
    author = "Oehrle, Dick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0133",
    pages = "128--142",
}
@inproceedings{poller-becker-1998-two,
    title = "Two-step {TAG} parsing revisited",
    author = "Poller, Peter  and
      Becker, Tilman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0134",
    pages = "143--146",
}
@inproceedings{rambow-vijay-shanker-1998-wh,
    title = "Wh-islands in {TAG} and related formalisms",
    author = "Rambow, Owen  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0135",
    pages = "147--150",
}
@inproceedings{rogers-1998-defining,
    title = "On defining {TAL}s with logical constraints",
    author = "Rogers, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0136",
    pages = "151--154",
}
@inproceedings{schuler-1998-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting semantic dependencies in parsing",
    author = "Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0137",
    pages = "155--158",
}
@inproceedings{smets-1998-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of {XTAG} and {LEXSYS} grammars",
    author = "Smets, Martine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0138",
    pages = "159--163",
}
@inproceedings{smets-evans-1998-compact,
    title = "A compact encoding of a {DTG} grammar",
    author = "Smets, Martine  and
      Evans, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0139",
    pages = "164--167",
}
@inproceedings{szalai-stabler-1998-formal,
    title = "Formal analyses of the {H}ungarian verbal complex",
    author = "Szalai, Temese  and
      Stabler, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0140",
    pages = "168--171",
}
@inproceedings{tateisi-etal-1998-translating,
    title = "Translating the {XTAG} {E}nglish grammar to {HPSG}",
    author = "Tateisi, Yuka  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0141",
    pages = "172--175",
}
@inproceedings{wallington-1998-consistent,
    title = "Consistent dendrification: Trees from categories",
    author = "Wallington, A.M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0142",
    pages = "176--179",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-1998-consistent,
    title = "Consistent grammar development using partial-tree descriptions for Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Xia, Fei  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.  and
      Rosenzweig, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "University of Pennsylvania",
    publisher = "Institute for Research in Cognitive Science",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0143",
    pages = "180--183",
}
@proceedings{ws-1998-content,
    title = "Content Visualization and Intermedia Representations ({CVIR}{'}98)",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0200",
}
@inproceedings{gouraros-hall-1998-pausanian,
    title = "The Pausanian Notation: a method for representing the structure and the content of a hyperdocument",
    author = "Gouraros, Nickolas  and
      Hall, Wendy",
    booktitle = "Content Visualization and Intermedia Representations ({CVIR}{'}98)",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0201",
}
@inproceedings{isahara-etal-1998-intelligent,
    title = "Intelligent Network News Reader with Visual User Interface",
    author = "ISAHARA, Hitoshi  and
      UCHIMOTO, Kiyotaka  and
      OZAKU, Hiromi",
    booktitle = "Content Visualization and Intermedia Representations ({CVIR}{'}98)",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0202",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-1998-coreference,
    title = "Coreference as the Foundations for Link Analysis over Free Text Databases",
    author = "Baldwin, Breck",
    booktitle = "Content Visualization and Intermedia Representations ({CVIR}{'}98)",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0203",
}
@inproceedings{yaari-1998-texplore,
    title = "Texplore- exploring expository texts via hierarchical representation",
    author = "Yaari, Yaakov",
    booktitle = "Content Visualization and Intermedia Representations ({CVIR}{'}98)",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0204",
}
@inproceedings{himmel-1998-visualization,
    title = "Visualization for Large Collections of Multimedia Information",
    author = "Himmel, Dave",
    booktitle = "Content Visualization and Intermedia Representations ({CVIR}{'}98)",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0205",
}
@inproceedings{hirschberg-etal-1998-just,
    title = "{``}{I} just played that a minute ago!:{''} Designing User Interfaces for Audio Navigation",
    author = "Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Choi, John  and
      Nakatani, Christine  and
      Whittaker, Steve",
    booktitle = "Content Visualization and Intermedia Representations ({CVIR}{'}98)",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0206",
}
@inproceedings{nadin-lango-1998-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Multimedia Navigation",
    author = "NADIN, Mihai  and
      LANGO, Clemens",
    booktitle = "Content Visualization and Intermedia Representations ({CVIR}{'}98)",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0207",
}
@inproceedings{chase-etal-1998-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Visualization",
    author = "Chase, Penny  and
      D{'}Amore, Ray  and
      Gershon, Nahum  and
      Holland, Rod  and
      Hyland, Rob  and
      Mani, Inderjeet  and
      Maybury, Mark  and
      Merlino, Andy  and
      Rayson, Jim",
    booktitle = "Content Visualization and Intermedia Representations ({CVIR}{'}98)",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0208",
}
@inproceedings{corio-lapalme-1998-integrated,
    title = "Integrated generation of graphics and text- a corpus study",
    author = "Corio, Marc  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "Content Visualization and Intermedia Representations ({CVIR}{'}98)",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0209",
}
@inproceedings{green-etal-1998-media,
    title = "A Media-Independent Content Language for Integrated Text and Graphics Generation",
    author = "Green, Nancy  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Kerpedjiev, Stephan  and
      Roth, Steven  and
      Moore, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Content Visualization and Intermedia Representations ({CVIR}{'}98)",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0210",
}
@inproceedings{calder-1998-build,
    title = "How to build a (quite general) linguistic diagram editor",
    author = "Calder, Jo",
    booktitle = "Content Visualization and Intermedia Representations ({CVIR}{'}98)",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0211",
}
@inproceedings{germann-1998-visualization,
    title = "Visualization of Protocols of the Parsing and Semantic Interpretation Steps in a Machine Translation System",
    author = "Germann, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Content Visualization and Intermedia Representations ({CVIR}{'}98)",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0212",
}
@inproceedings{bellynck-1998-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Visualization of Geometrical Constructions",
    author = "Bellynck, Valerie",
    booktitle = "Content Visualization and Intermedia Representations ({CVIR}{'}98)",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0213",
}
@inproceedings{jacobson-1998-navigating,
    title = "Navigating maps with little or no sight: An audio-tactile approach",
    author = "Jacobson, R. Dan",
    booktitle = "Content Visualization and Intermedia Representations ({CVIR}{'}98)",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0214",
}
@inproceedings{bulatov-gardner-1998-visualization,
    title = "Visualization by People without Vision",
    author = "BULATOV, Vladimir  and
      GARDNER, John",
    booktitle = "Content Visualization and Intermedia Representations ({CVIR}{'}98)",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0215",
}
@inproceedings{estival-1998-integration,
    title = "Integration of Speech and Vision in a small mobile robot",
    author = "ESTIVAL, Dominique",
    booktitle = "Content Visualization and Intermedia Representations ({CVIR}{'}98)",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0216",
}
@proceedings{ws-1998-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0300",
}
@inproceedings{marcu-1998-surface,
    title = "A surface-based approach to identifying discourse markers and elementary textual units in unrestricted texts",
    author = "Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0301",
}
@inproceedings{corston-oliver-1998-identifying,
    title = "Identifying the Linguistic Correlates of Rhetorical Relations",
    author = "Corston-Oliver, Simon H.",
    booktitle = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0302",
}
@inproceedings{burstein-etal-1998-enriching,
    title = "Enriching Automated Essay Scoring Using Discourse Marking",
    author = "Burstein, Jill  and
      Kukich, Karen  and
      Wolff, Susanne  and
      Lu, Chi  and
      Chodorow, Martin",
    booktitle = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0303",
}
@inproceedings{grote-1998-representing,
    title = "Representing temporal discourse markers for generation purposes",
    author = "Grote, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0304",
}
@inproceedings{degand-1998-classifying,
    title = "On classifying connectives and coherence relations",
    author = "DEGAND, Liesbeth",
    booktitle = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0305",
}
@inproceedings{soria-ferrari-1998-lexical,
    title = "Lexical marking of discourse relations - some experimental findings",
    author = "Soria, Claudia  and
      Ferrari, Giacomo",
    booktitle = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0306",
}
@inproceedings{teufel-1998-meta,
    title = "Meta-discourse markers and problem-structuring in scientific articles",
    author = "Teufel, Simone",
    booktitle = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0307",
}
@inproceedings{danlos-1998-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic ways for expressing a discourse relation in a lexicalized text generation system",
    author = "DANLOS, Laurence",
    booktitle = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0308",
}
@inproceedings{knott-1998-similarity,
    title = "Similarity and contrast relations and inductive rules",
    author = "Knott, Alistair",
    booktitle = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0309",
}
@inproceedings{schilder-1998-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Discourse Markers and the Flow of Events",
    author = "Schilder, Frank",
    booktitle = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0310",
}
@inproceedings{ward-1998-exotic,
    title = "Some Exotic Discourse Markers of Spoken Dialog",
    author = "Ward, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0311",
}
@inproceedings{dahlgren-1998-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Marking and the Recovery of Discourse Structure",
    author = "Dahlgren, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0312",
}
@inproceedings{jayez-rossari-1998-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Relations versus Discourse Marker Relations",
    author = "Jayez, Jacques  and
      Rossari, Corinne",
    booktitle = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0313",
}
@inproceedings{pery-woodley-1998-signalling,
    title = "Signalling in written text: a corpus-based approach",
    author = "PERY-WOODLEY, Marie-Paule",
    booktitle = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0314",
}
@inproceedings{webber-joshi-1998-anchoring,
    title = "Anchoring a Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining Grammar for Discourse",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie Lynn  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0315",
}
@inproceedings{kawamori-etal-1998-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Markers in Spontaneous Dialogue: A Corpus based study of {J}apanese and {E}nglish",
    author = "KAWAMORI, Masahito  and
      KAWABATA, Takeshi  and
      SHIMAZU, Akira",
    booktitle = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0316",
}
@inproceedings{nakano-kato-1998-cue,
    title = "Cue Phrase Selection in Instruction Dialogue Using Machine Learning",
    author = "Nakano, Yukiko I.  and
      Kato, Tsuneaki",
    booktitle = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0317",
}
@inproceedings{fischer-brandt-pook-1998-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Disambiguation of Discourse Particles",
    author = "Fischer, Kerstin  and
      Brandt-Pook, Hans",
    booktitle = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0318",
}
@inproceedings{jurafsky-etal-1998-lexical,
    title = "Lexical, Prosodic, and Syntactic Cues for Dialog Acts",
    author = "Jurafsky, Daniel  and
      Shriberg, Elizabeth  and
      Fox, Barbara  and
      Curl, Traci",
    booktitle = "Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0319",
}
@proceedings{ws-1998-processing,
    title = "Processing of Dependency-Based Grammars",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0500",
}
@inproceedings{jarvinen-tapanainen-1998-towards,
    title = "Towards an implementable dependency grammar",
    author = {J{\"a}rvinen, Timo  and
      Tapanainen, Pasi},
    booktitle = "Processing of Dependency-Based Grammars",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0501",
}
@inproceedings{leonardo-lesmo-1998-unit,
    title = "Unit Coordination and Gapping in Dependency Theory",
    author = "Leonardo Lesmo, Vincenzo Lombardo",
    booktitle = "Processing of Dependency-Based Grammars",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0502",
}
@inproceedings{holan-etal-1998-two,
    title = "Two Useful Measures of Word Order Complexity",
    author = "Holan, Tomas  and
      Kubon, Vladislav  and
      Oliva, Karel  and
      Platek, Martin",
    booktitle = "Processing of Dependency-Based Grammars",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0503",
}
@inproceedings{broker-1998-define,
    title = "How to define a context-free backbone for {DG}s: Implementing a {DG} in the {LFG} formalism",
    author = "Broker, Norbert",
    booktitle = "Processing of Dependency-Based Grammars",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0504",
}
@inproceedings{teich-1998-types,
    title = "Types of syntagmatic grammatical relations and their representation",
    author = "Teich, Elke",
    booktitle = "Processing of Dependency-Based Grammars",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0505",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-1998-movement,
    title = "Movement rules revisited",
    author = "Hajicova, Eva",
    booktitle = "Processing of Dependency-Based Grammars",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0506",
}
@inproceedings{barbero-etal-1998-integration,
    title = "Integration of syntactic and lexical information in a hierarchical dependency grammar",
    author = "Barbero, Cristina  and
      Lesmo, Leonardo  and
      Lombardo, Vincenzo",
    booktitle = "Processing of Dependency-Based Grammars",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0507",
}
@inproceedings{arnola-1998-parsing,
    title = "On Parsing Binary Dependency Structures Deterministically in Linear Time",
    author = "ARNOLA, Harri",
    booktitle = "Processing of Dependency-Based Grammars",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0508",
}
@inproceedings{menzel-schroder-1998-decision,
    title = "Decision Procedures for Dependency Parsing Using Graded Constraints",
    author = "Menzel, Wolfgang  and
      Schroder, Ingo",
    booktitle = "Processing of Dependency-Based Grammars",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0509",
}
@inproceedings{bourdon-etal-1998-case,
    title = "A Case Study in Implementing Dependency-Based Grammars",
    author = "BOURDON, Marie  and
      DA SYLVA, Lyne  and
      GAGNON, Michel  and
      KHARRAT, Alma  and
      KNOLL, Sonja  and
      MACLACHLAN, Anna",
    booktitle = "Processing of Dependency-Based Grammars",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0510",
}
@inproceedings{courtin-genthial-1998-parsing,
    title = "Parsing with Dependency Relations and Robust Parsing",
    author = "Courtin, Jacques  and
      Genthial, Damien",
    booktitle = "Processing of Dependency-Based Grammars",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0511",
}
@inproceedings{lai-huang-1998-complements,
    title = "Complements and Adjuncts in Dependency Grammar Parsing Emulated by a Constrained Context-Free Grammar",
    author = "Lai, Tom B.Y.  and
      Huang, Changning",
    booktitle = "Processing of Dependency-Based Grammars",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0512",
}
@inproceedings{lepage-etal-1998-annotated,
    title = "AN ANNOTATED CORPUS IN JAPANESE USING TESNIERE{'}S STRUCTURAL SYNTAX",
    author = "LEPAGE, Yves  and
      ANDO, Shin-Ichi  and
      AKAMINE, Susumu  and
      IIDA, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Processing of Dependency-Based Grammars",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0513",
}
@proceedings{ws-1998-treatment,
    title = "The Computational Treatment of Nominals",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0600",
}
@inproceedings{naumann-1998-representation,
    title = "The representation of syntactically unexpressed complements to Nouns",
    author = "Naumann, Ralf",
    booktitle = "The Computational Treatment of Nominals",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0601",
}
@inproceedings{naumann-1998-dynamic,
    title = "A Dynamic Temporal Logic of Events, Intervals and States for Nominalization in Natural Language",
    author = "Naumann, Raft",
    booktitle = "The Computational Treatment of Nominals",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0602",
}
@inproceedings{viegas-etal-1998-representation,
    title = "Representation and Processing of {C}hinese Nominals and Compounds",
    author = "Viegas, Evelyne  and
      Jin, Wanying  and
      Dolan, Ron  and
      Beale, Stephen",
    booktitle = "The Computational Treatment of Nominals",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0603",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-etal-1998-using,
    title = "Using {NOMLEX} to Produce Nominalization Patterns for Information Extraction",
    author = "Meyers, Adam  and
      Macleod, Catherine  and
      Yangarber, Roman  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      Barrett, Leslie  and
      Reeves, Ruth",
    booktitle = "The Computational Treatment of Nominals",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0604",
}
@inproceedings{kurohashi-etal-1998-construction,
    title = "Construction of {J}apanese Nominal Semantic Dictionary using {``}A {NO} B{''} Phrases in Corpora",
    author = "Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Yata, Yasunori  and
      Shimada, Mitsunobu  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "The Computational Treatment of Nominals",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0605",
}
@inproceedings{klein-etal-1998-treatment,
    title = "The treatment of noun phrase queries in a natural language database access system",
    author = "Klein, Alexandra  and
      Matiasek, Johannes  and
      Trost, Harald",
    booktitle = "The Computational Treatment of Nominals",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0606",
}
@inproceedings{odonnell-etal-1998-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Referring and Informing in {NP} Planning",
    author = "O{'}Donnell, Michael  and
      Cheng, Hua  and
      Hitzeman, Janet",
    booktitle = "The Computational Treatment of Nominals",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0607",
}
@inproceedings{van-deemter-power-1998-coreference,
    title = "Coreference in Knowledge Editing",
    author = "van Deemter, Kees  and
      Power, Richard",
    booktitle = "The Computational Treatment of Nominals",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0608",
}
@inproceedings{goldsmith-reutter-1998-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Collection and Analysis of {G}erman{C}ompounds",
    author = "Goldsmith, John  and
      Reutter, Tom",
    booktitle = "The Computational Treatment of Nominals",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0609",
}
@inproceedings{wacholder-1998-simplex,
    title = "SIMPLEX NPS CLUSTERED BY HEAD: A METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING SIGNIFICANT TOPICS WITHIN A DOCUMENT",
    author = "Wacholder, Nina",
    booktitle = "The Computational Treatment of Nominals",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0610",
}
@inproceedings{senellart-1998-tools,
    title = "Tools for locating noun phrases with finite state transducers",
    author = "Senellart, Jean",
    booktitle = "The Computational Treatment of Nominals",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0611",
}
@inproceedings{rais-ghasem-corriveau-1998-exemplar,
    title = "Exemplar-Based Sense Modulation",
    author = "Rais-Ghasem, Mohsen  and
      Corriveau, Jean-Pierre",
    booktitle = "The Computational Treatment of Nominals",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0612",
}
@inproceedings{onyshkevych-1998-nominal,
    title = "Nominal Metonymy Processing",
    author = "Onyshkevych, Boyan",
    booktitle = "The Computational Treatment of Nominals",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0613",
}
@inproceedings{horacek-1998-role,
    title = "The Role of Cardinality in Metonymic Extensions to Nouns",
    author = "Horacek, Helmut",
    booktitle = "The Computational Treatment of Nominals",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0614",
}
@proceedings{ws-1998-usage,
    title = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0700",
}
@inproceedings{stetina-etal-1998-general,
    title = "General Word Sense Disambiguation Method Based on a Full Sentential Context",
    author = "Stetina, Jiri  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0701",
}
@inproceedings{siegel-1998-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating Verbs with the {W}ord{N}et Category of the Direct Object",
    author = "Siegel, Eric V.",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0702",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-moldovan-1998-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation based on Semantic Density",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Moldovan, Dan I.",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0703",
}
@inproceedings{rila-etal-1998-use,
    title = "The Use of {W}ord{N}et in Information Retrieval",
    author = "Rila, Mandala  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0704",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalo-etal-1998-indexing,
    title = "Indexing with {W}ord{N}et synsets can improve text retrieval",
    author = "Gonzalo, Julio  and
      Verdejo, Felisa  and
      Chugur, Irina  and
      Cigarran, Juan",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0705",
}
@inproceedings{scott-matwin-1998-text,
    title = "Text Classification Using {W}ord{N}et Hypernyms",
    author = "Scott, Sam  and
      Matwin, Stan",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0706",
}
@inproceedings{fellbaum-1998-towards,
    title = "Towards a Representation of Idioms in {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Fellbaum, Christiane",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0707",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-1998-linking,
    title = "Linking {W}ord{N}et Verb Classes to Semantic Interpretation",
    author = "Gomez, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0708",
}
@inproceedings{farreres-etal-1998-using,
    title = "Using {W}ord{N}et for Building {W}ord{N}ets",
    author = "Farreres, Xavier  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Rodffguez, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0709",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-1998-aligning,
    title = "Aligning {W}ord{N}et with Additional Lexical Resources",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0710",
}
@inproceedings{basili-etal-1998-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Adaptation of {W}ord{N}et to Sublanguages and to Computational Tasks",
    author = "Basili, Roberto  and
      Cucchiarelli, Alessandro  and
      Consoli, Carlo  and
      Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Velardi, Paola",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0711",
}
@inproceedings{montemagni-pirrelli-1998-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting {W}ord{N}et-like lexical resources with distributional evidence. An application-oriented perspective",
    author = "Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Pirrelli, Vito",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0712",
}
@inproceedings{ohara-etal-1998-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Acquisition with {W}ord{N}et and the Mikrokosmos Ontology",
    author = "O{'}Hara, Tom  and
      Mahesh, Kavi  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0713",
}
@inproceedings{campbell-shapiro-1998-algorithms,
    title = "Algorithms for Ontological Mediation",
    author = "Campbell, Alistair E.  and
      Shapiro, Stuart C.",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0714",
}
@inproceedings{tomuro-1998-semi,
    title = "Semi-automatic Induction of Systematic Polysemy from {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Tomuro, Noriko",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0715",
}
@inproceedings{mchale-1998-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of {W}ord{N}et and {R}oget{'}s Taxonomy for Measuring Semantic Similarity",
    author = "McHale, Michael L.",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0716",
}
@inproceedings{krymolowski-roth-1998-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Knowledge in Natural Language Learning: A Case Study",
    author = "Krymolowski, Yuval  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0717",
}
@inproceedings{jing-1998-usage,
    title = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Jing, Hongyan",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0718",
}
@inproceedings{beeferman-1998-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Discovery with an Enriched Semantic Network",
    author = "Beeferman, Doug",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0719",
}
@inproceedings{harabagiu-1998-deriving,
    title = "Deriving Metonymic Coercions from {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Harabagiu, Sanda M.",
    booktitle = "Usage of {W}ord{N}et in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0720",
}
@proceedings{ws-1998-partially,
    title = "Partially Automated Techniques for Transcribing Naturally Occurring Continuous Speech",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0800",
}
@inproceedings{stubley-1998-recognition,
    title = "Recognition of spontaneous speech",
    author = "Stubley, Peter",
    booktitle = "Partially Automated Techniques for Transcribing Naturally Occurring Continuous Speech",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0801",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-etal-1998-towards,
    title = "Towards Multimodal Spoken Language Corpora: {T}rans{T}ool and {S}ync{T}ool",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim  and
      Allwood, Jens  and
      Holm, Jenny  and
      Lopez-Kasten, Dario",
    booktitle = "Partially Automated Techniques for Transcribing Naturally Occurring Continuous Speech",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0802",
}
@inproceedings{luk-1998-speech,
    title = "Speech Annotation by Multi-sensory Recording",
    author = "Luk, Robert",
    booktitle = "Partially Automated Techniques for Transcribing Naturally Occurring Continuous Speech",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0803",
}
@inproceedings{bonaventura-etal-1998-grapheme,
    title = "Grapheme-to-phoneme transcription rules for {S}panish, with application to automatic speech recognition and synthesis",
    author = "Bonaventura, Patrizia  and
      Giuliani, Fabio  and
      Garrido, Juan Maria  and
      Ortin, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Partially Automated Techniques for Transcribing Naturally Occurring Continuous Speech",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0804",
}
@inproceedings{lyon-hewitt-1998-value,
    title = "The value of minimal prosodic information in spoken language corpora",
    author = "Lyon, Caroline  and
      Hewitt, Jill",
    booktitle = "Partially Automated Techniques for Transcribing Naturally Occurring Continuous Speech",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0805",
}
@proceedings{ws-1998-sigphon98,
    title = "{SIGPHON}{'}98 The Computation of Phonological Constraints",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0900",
}
@inproceedings{kim-1998-generating,
    title = "Generating Interlanguage Syllabification in Optimality Theory",
    author = "Kim, Hyouk-Keun",
    booktitle = "{SIGPHON}{'}98 The Computation of Phonological Constraints",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0901",
}
@inproceedings{walther-1998-computing,
    title = "Computing Declarative Prosodic Morphology",
    author = "Walther, Markus",
    booktitle = "{SIGPHON}{'}98 The Computation of Phonological Constraints",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0902",
}
@inproceedings{albro-1998-three,
    title = "Three Formal Extensions to Primitive Optimality Theory",
    author = "Albro, Daniel M.",
    booktitle = "{SIGPHON}{'}98 The Computation of Phonological Constraints",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0903",
}
@inproceedings{trommer-1998-optimal,
    title = "Optimal Morphology",
    author = "Trommer, Jochen",
    booktitle = "{SIGPHON}{'}98 The Computation of Phonological Constraints",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0904",
}
@inproceedings{belz-1998-approach,
    title = "An Approach to the Automatic Acquisition of Phonotactic Constraints",
    author = "Belz, Anja",
    booktitle = "{SIGPHON}{'}98 The Computation of Phonological Constraints",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0905",
}
@inproceedings{blair-ingram-1998-loanword,
    title = "Loanword formation: a neural network approach",
    author = "Blair, Alan D.  and
      Ingram, John",
    booktitle = "{SIGPHON}{'}98 The Computation of Phonological Constraints",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-0906",
}
@proceedings{ws-1998-approaches,
    title = "Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1000",
}
@inproceedings{abuleil-evens-1998-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Lexical Information by Tagging {A}rabic Newspaper Text",
    author = "Abuleil, Saleem  and
      Evens, Martha",
    booktitle = "Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1001",
}
@inproceedings{maloney-niv-1998-tagarab,
    title = "{TAGARAB}: A Fast, Accurate {A}rabic Name Recognizer Using High-Precision Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Maloney, John  and
      Niv, Michael",
    booktitle = "Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1002",
}
@inproceedings{debili-soussi-1998-etiquetage,
    title = "Etiquetage grammatical de l{'}arabe voyelle ou non",
    author = "Debili, Fathi  and
      Soussi, Emna",
    booktitle = "Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1003",
}
@inproceedings{fanton-1998-finite,
    title = "Finite State Automata and {A}rabic Writing",
    author = "Fanton, Michel",
    booktitle = "Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1004",
}
@inproceedings{glover-knight-1998-translating,
    title = "Translating Names and Technical Terms in {A}rabic Text",
    author = "Glover, Bonnie  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1005",
}
@inproceedings{debili-achour-1998-voyellation,
    title = "Voyellation automatique de l{'}arabe",
    author = "Debili, Fathi  and
      Achour, Hadhemi",
    booktitle = "Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1006",
}
@inproceedings{beesley-1998-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Morphology Using Only Finite-State Operations",
    author = "Beesley, Kenneth R.",
    booktitle = "Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1007",
}
@inproceedings{smets-1998-paradigmatic,
    title = "Paradigmatic Treatment of {A}rabic Morphology",
    author = "Smets, Martine",
    booktitle = "Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1008",
}
@inproceedings{al-shalabi-evens-1998-computational,
    title = "A Computational Morphology System for {A}rabic",
    author = "Al-Shalabi, Riyad  and
      Evens, Martha",
    booktitle = "Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1009",
}
@inproceedings{barthelemy-1998-morphological,
    title = "A Morphological Analyzer for Akkadian Verbal Forms with a Model of Phonetic Transformations",
    author = "Barthelemy, Francois",
    booktitle = "Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1010",
}
@inproceedings{wintner-1998-towards,
    title = "Towards a linguistically motivated computational grammar for {H}ebrew",
    author = "Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1011",
}
@inproceedings{netzer-elhadad-1998-generating,
    title = "Generating Determiners and Quantifiers in {H}ebrew",
    author = "Netzer, Yael Dahan  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1012",
}
@inproceedings{rosner-etal-1998-maltilex,
    title = "{M}altilex: A Computational Lexicon for {M}altese",
    author = "Rosner, M.  and
      Caruana, J.  and
      Fabri, R.",
    booktitle = "Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1013",
}
@inproceedings{micallef-1998-rule,
    title = "RULE BASED LEXICAL ANALYSIS OF MALTESE",
    author = "Micallef, Paul",
    booktitle = "Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1014",
}
@inproceedings{obaid-1998-new,
    title = "A New Pattern Matching Approach to the Recognition of Printed {A}rabic",
    author = "Obaid, Ali M.",
    booktitle = "Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1015",
}
@proceedings{ws-1998-large,
    title = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1100",
}
@inproceedings{hochberg-etal-1998-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Stratified Sampling to Assess Corpus Utility",
    author = "Hochberg, Judith  and
      Scovel, Clint  and
      Thomas, Timothy  and
      Hall, Sam",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1101",
}
@inproceedings{ide-1998-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Linguistic Corpora",
    author = "IDE, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1102",
}
@inproceedings{nie-etal-1998-using,
    title = "Using a Probabilistic Translation Model for Cross-Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Nie, Jian-Yun  and
      Isabelle, Pierre  and
      Foster, George",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1103",
}
@inproceedings{yamamoto-church-1998-using,
    title = "Using Suffix Arrays to Compute Term Frequency and Document Frequency for All Substrings in a Corpus",
    author = "Yamamoto, Mikio  and
      Church, Kenneth W.",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1104",
}
@inproceedings{collins-miller-1998-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Tagging using a Probabilistic Context Free Grammar",
    author = "Collins, Michael  and
      Miller, Scott",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1105",
}
@inproceedings{riloff-schmelzenbach-1998-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Approach to Conceptual Case Frame Acquisition",
    author = "Riloff, Ellen  and
      Schmelzenbach, Mark",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1106",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-mooney-1998-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Lexicon Acquisition for Learning Natural Language Interfaces",
    author = "Thompson, Cynthia A.  and
      Mooney, Raymond J.",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1107",
}
@inproceedings{dalessio-etal-1998-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Topological Structure on Hierarchical Text Categorization",
    author = "D{'}Alessio, Stephen  and
      Murray, Keitha  and
      Schiaffino, Robert  and
      Kershenbaum, Aaron",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1108",
}
@inproceedings{collier-etal-1998-refining,
    title = "Refining the Automatic Identification of Conceptual Relations in Large-scale Corpora",
    author = "Collier, Alex  and
      Pacey, Mike  and
      Renouf, Antoinette",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1109",
}
@inproceedings{cha-etal-1998-generalized,
    title = "Generalized unknown morpheme guessing for hybrid {POS} tagging of {K}orean",
    author = "Cha, Jeongwon  and
      Lee, Geunbae  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1110",
}
@inproceedings{elworthy-1998-language,
    title = "Language Identification With Confidence Limits",
    author = "Elworthy, David",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1111",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-etal-1998-aligning,
    title = "Aligning tagged bitexts",
    author = "Martinez, Raquel  and
      Abaitua, Joseba  and
      Casillas, Arantza",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1112",
}
@inproceedings{parkes-etal-1998-towards,
    title = "Towards Unsupervised Extraction of Verb Paradigms from Large Corpora",
    author = "Parkes, Cornelia H.  and
      Malek, Alexander M.  and
      Marcus, Mitchell P.",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1113",
}
@inproceedings{carroll-etal-1998-subcategorisation,
    title = "Can Subcategorisation Probabilities Help a Statistical Parser",
    author = "Carroll, John  and
      Minnen, Guido  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1114",
}
@inproceedings{charniak-etal-1998-edge,
    title = "Edge-Based Best-First Chart Parsing",
    author = "Charniak, Eugene  and
      Goldwater, Sharon  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1115",
}
@inproceedings{merlo-stevenson-1998-grammars,
    title = "What grammars tell us about corpora: the case of reduced relative clauses",
    author = "Merlo, Paola  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1116",
}
@inproceedings{skut-brants-1998-maximum,
    title = "A Maximum-Entropy Partial Parser for Unrestricted Text",
    author = "Skut, Wojciech  and
      Brants, Thorsten",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1117",
}
@inproceedings{borthwick-etal-1998-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Diverse Knowledge Sources via Maximum Entropy in Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Borthwick, Andrew  and
      Sterling, John  and
      Agichtein, Eugene  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1118",
}
@inproceedings{ge-etal-1998-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Approach to Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Ge, Niyu  and
      Hale, John  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1119",
}
@inproceedings{sekine-etal-1998-decision,
    title = "A Decision Tree Method for Finding and Classifying Names in {J}apanese Texts",
    author = "Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      Shinnou, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1120",
}
@inproceedings{heeman-1998-pos,
    title = "{POS} Tagging versus Classes in Language Modeling",
    author = "Heeman, Peter A.",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1121",
}
@inproceedings{riccardi-bangalore-1998-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Phrase Grammars for Stochastic Language Modeling",
    author = "Riccardi, Giuseppe  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1122",
}
@inproceedings{kan-etal-1998-linear,
    title = "Linear Segmentation and Segment Significance",
    author = "Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Klavans, Judith L.  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1123",
}
@inproceedings{marcu-1998-improving,
    title = "Improving summarization through rhetorical parsing tuning",
    author = "Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1124",
}
@inproceedings{nomoto-matsumoto-1998-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Parsing: A Decision Tree Approach",
    author = "Nomoto, Tadashi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1125",
}
@inproceedings{wiebe-etal-1998-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Collocational Properties into Machine Learning Features",
    author = "Wiebe, Janyce M.  and
      McKeever, Kenneth J.  and
      Bruce, Rebecca F.",
    booktitle = "Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1126",
}
@proceedings{ws-1998-new,
    title = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1200",
}
@inproceedings{daelemans-1998-abstraction,
    title = "ABSTRACTION IS HARMFUL IN LANGUAGE LEARNING",
    author = "Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1201",
}
@inproceedings{towsey-etal-1998-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Learning by Recurrent Neural Networks: A Comparison w{R}h probabilistic approaches",
    author = "Towsey, Michael  and
      Diederich, Joachim  and
      Schellhammer, Ingo  and
      Chalup, Stephan  and
      Brugman, Claudia",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1202",
}
@inproceedings{kubler-1998-learning,
    title = "Learning a Lexicalized Grammar for {G}erman",
    author = "Kubler, Sandra",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1203",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-1998-lexically,
    title = "A Lexically-Intensive Algorithm for Domain-Specific Knowlegde Acquisition",
    author = "Schneider, Rene",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1204",
}
@inproceedings{kempe-1998-look,
    title = "Look-Back and Look-Ahead in the Conversion of Hidden {M}arkov Models into Finite State Transducers",
    author = "Kempe, Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1205",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-1998-effect,
    title = "The effect of alternative tree representations on tree bank grammars",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1206",
}
@inproceedings{brants-skut-1998-automation,
    title = "Automation of Treebank Annotation",
    author = "Brants, Thorsten  and
      Skut, Wojciech",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1207",
}
@inproceedings{cunningham-etal-1998-implementing,
    title = "Implementing a Sense Tagger in a General Architecture for Text Engineering",
    author = "Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Stevenson, Mark  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1208",
}
@inproceedings{schellhammer-etal-1998-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Extraction and Recurrent Neural Networks: An Analysis of an {E}lman Network trained on a Natural Language Learning Task",
    author = "Schellhammer, Ingo  and
      Diederich, Joachim  and
      Towsey, Michael  and
      Brugman, Claudia",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1209",
}
@inproceedings{hutchens-alder-1998-finding,
    title = "Finding Structure via Compression",
    author = "Hutchens, Jason L.  and
      Alder, Michael D.",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1210",
}
@inproceedings{samuelsson-1998-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Theory in Statistical Language Learning",
    author = "Samuelsson, Christer",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1211",
}
@inproceedings{mcconachy-etal-1998-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Approach to Automating Argumentation",
    author = "McConachy, Richard  and
      Korb, Kevin B.  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1212",
}
@inproceedings{green-1998-automatically,
    title = "Automatically generating hypertext in newspaper articles by computing semantic relatedness",
    author = "Green, Stephen J",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1213",
}
@inproceedings{korkmaz-ucoluk-1998-choosing,
    title = "CHOOSING A DISTANCE METRIC FOR AUTOMATIC WORD CATEGORIZATION",
    author = "Korkmaz, Emin Erkan  and
      Ucoluk, Gokturk",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1214",
}
@inproceedings{saint-dizier-1998-sense,
    title = "Sense Variation and Lexical Semantics Generative Operations",
    author = "Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1215",
}
@inproceedings{somers-1998-attempt,
    title = "An Attempt to Use Weighted Cusums to Identify Sublanguages",
    author = "Somers, Harold",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1216",
}
@inproceedings{juola-1998-cross,
    title = "Cross-Entropy and Linguistic Typology",
    author = "Juola, Patrick",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1217",
}
@inproceedings{powers-1998-applications,
    title = "Applications and Explanations of {Z}ipf{'}s Law",
    author = "Powers, David M. W.",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1218",
}
@inproceedings{yuen-chase-1998-proper,
    title = "Proper Name Classification in an Information Extraction Toolset",
    author = "Yuen, Edmund  and
      Chase, Greg",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1219",
}
@inproceedings{steele-powers-1998-evolution,
    title = "Evolution and Evaluation of Document Retrieval Queries",
    author = "Steele, Robert  and
      Powers, David",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1220",
}
@inproceedings{cicekli-korkrmaz-1998-generatlon,
    title = "Generatlon of Simple {T}urkish Sentences with Systemic-Functional Grammar",
    author = "Cicekli, Ilyas  and
      Korkrmaz, Turgay",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1221",
}
@inproceedings{thomas-etal-1998-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Phoneme Pronunciation Information from Corpora",
    author = "Thomas, Ian  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      Raskutti, Bhavani",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1222",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-bosch-etal-1998-modularity,
    title = "Modularity in Inductively-Learned Word Pronunciation Systems",
    author = "van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Weijters, Ton  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1223",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-bosch-daelemans-1998-forget,
    title = "Do Not Forget: Full Memory in Memory-Based Learning of Word Pronunciation",
    author = "van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1224",
}
@inproceedings{kamphuis-sarbo-1998-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Concept Analysis",
    author = "Kamphuis, Vera  and
      Sarbo, Janos",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1225",
}
@inproceedings{entwisle-powers-1998-present,
    title = "The Present Use of Statistics in the Evaluation of {NLP} Parsers",
    author = "Entwisle, J.  and
      Powers, D. M. W.",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1226",
}
@inproceedings{imai-tanaka-1998-method,
    title = "A Method of Incorporating Bigram Constraints into an {LR} Table and Its Effectiveness in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Imai, Hiroki  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1227",
}
@inproceedings{hogan-etal-1998-selective,
    title = "Selective Attention and the Acquisition of Spatial Semantics",
    author = "Hogan, James M.  and
      Diederich, Joachim  and
      Finn, Gerard D.",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1228",
}
@inproceedings{kozima-ito-1998-towards,
    title = "Towards Language Acquisition by an Attention-Sharing Robot",
    author = "Kozima, Hideki  and
      Ito, Akira",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1229",
}
@inproceedings{carl-1998-constructivist,
    title = "A Constructivist Approach to Machine Translation",
    author = "Carl, Michael",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1230",
}
@inproceedings{carl-schmidt-wigger-1998-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Post Morphological Processing with {KURD}",
    author = "Carl, Michael  and
      Schmidt-Wigger, Antje",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1231",
}
@inproceedings{de-lima-1998-induction,
    title = "Induction of a Stem Lexicon for Two-level Morphological Analysis",
    author = "de Lima, Erika F.",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1232",
}
@inproceedings{hutchens-alder-1998-introducing,
    title = "Introducing {M}ega{HAL}",
    author = "Hutchens, Jason L.  and
      Alder, Michael D.",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1233",
}
@inproceedings{bastin-cordier-1998-methods,
    title = "Methods and tricks used in an attempt to pass the {T}uring Test",
    author = "Bastin, V.  and
      Cordier, D.",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1234",
}
@inproceedings{powers-1998-total,
    title = "The Total {T}uring Test and the Loebner Prize",
    author = "Powers, David M. W.",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1235",
}
@inproceedings{kawasaki-etal-1998-language,
    title = "Language Model and Sentence Structure Manipulations for Natural Language Application Systems",
    author = "Kawasaki, Zenshiro  and
      Takida, Keiji  and
      Tajima, Masato",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1236",
}
@inproceedings{custer-1998-position,
    title = "Position Paper on Appropriate Audio/Visual {T}uring Test",
    author = "Custer, Bradley B.",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1237",
}
@inproceedings{smith-1998-learning,
    title = "Learning Feature-Value Grammars from Plain Text",
    author = "Smith, Tony C.",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1238",
}
@inproceedings{dejean-1998-morphemes,
    title = "Morphemes as Necessary Concept for Structures Discovery from Untagged Corpora",
    author = "Dejean, Herve",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1239",
}
@inproceedings{manning-1998-segmentation,
    title = "The segmentation problem in morphology learning",
    author = "Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1240",
}
@inproceedings{powers-1998-reconciliation,
    title = "Reconciliation of Unsupervised Clustering, Segmentation and Cohesion",
    author = "Powers, David M. W.",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1241",
}
@inproceedings{tellier-1998-syntactico,
    title = "Syntactico-Semantic Learning of Categorial Grammars",
    author = "Tellier, Isabeile",
    booktitle = "New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1242",
}
@proceedings{ws-1998-finite,
    title = "Finite State Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1300",
}
@inproceedings{karttunen-1998-proper,
    title = "The Proper Treatment of Optimality in Computational Phonology",
    author = "Karttunen, Lauri",
    booktitle = "Finite State Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1301",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-1998-context,
    title = "Context-Free Parsing through Regular Approximation",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan",
    booktitle = "Finite State Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1302",
}
@inproceedings{voutilainen-1998-tagging,
    title = "Does tagging help parsing? A case study on finite state parsing",
    author = "Voutilainen, Atro",
    booktitle = "Finite State Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1303",
}
@inproceedings{hogenhout-matsumoto-1998-robust,
    title = "Robust Parsing Using a Hidden {M}arkov Model",
    author = "Hogenhout, Wide R.  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Finite State Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1304",
}
@inproceedings{daciuk-etal-1998-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Construction of Minimal Acyclic Finite State Automata and Transducers",
    author = "Daciuk, Jan  and
      Watson, Bruce W.  and
      Watson, Richard E.",
    booktitle = "Finite State Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1305",
}
@inproceedings{van-noord-1998-treatment,
    title = "Treatment of e-Moves in Subset Construction",
    author = "van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Finite State Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1306",
}
@inproceedings{pico-vidal-1998-learning,
    title = "Learning Finite-State Models for Language Understanding",
    author = "Pico, David  and
      Vidal, Enrique",
    booktitle = "Finite State Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1307",
}
@inproceedings{ranta-1998-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual Natural-Language Interface to Regular Expressions",
    author = "Ranta, Aarne",
    booktitle = "Finite State Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1308",
}
@inproceedings{oflazer-tur-1998-implementing,
    title = "Implementing Voting Constraints with Finite State Transducers",
    author = "Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Tur, Gokhan",
    booktitle = "Finite State Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1309",
}
@inproceedings{zajac-1998-feature,
    title = "Feature Structures, Unification and Finite-State Transducers",
    author = "Zajac, Remi",
    booktitle = "Finite State Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1310",
}
@inproceedings{pedrazzini-hoffmann-1998-using,
    title = "Using Genericity to Create Cutomizable Finite-State Tools",
    author = "Pedrazzini, Sandro  and
      Hoffmann, Marcus",
    booktitle = "Finite State Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1311",
}
@inproceedings{beesley-1998-constraining,
    title = "Constraining Separated Morphotactic Dependencies in Finite-State Grammars",
    author = "Beesley, Kenneth R.",
    booktitle = "Finite State Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1312",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1998-author-index,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Finite State Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1313",
}
@proceedings{ws-1998-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1400",
}
@inproceedings{lester-etal-1998-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Generation Journeys to Interactive 3{D} Worlds Invited Talk Extended Abstract",
    author = "Lester, James C.  and
      Bares, William H.  and
      Callaway, Charles B.  and
      Towns, Stuart G.",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1401",
}
@inproceedings{bateman-etal-1998-communicative,
    title = "COMMUNICATIVE GOAL-DRIVEN NL GENERATION AND DATA-DRIVEN GRAPHICS GENERATION: AN ARCHITECTURAL SYNTHESIS FOR MULTIMEDIA PAGE GENERATION",
    author = "Bateman, John  and
      Kamps, Thomas  and
      Kleinz, Jorg  and
      Reichenberger, Klaus",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1402",
}
@inproceedings{green-etal-1998-principled,
    title = "A PRINCIPLED REPRESENTATION OF ATTRIBUTIVE DESCRIPTIONS FOR GENERATING INTEGRATED TEXT AND INFORMATION GRAPHICS PRESENTATIONS",
    author = "Green, Nancy  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Moore, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1403",
}
@inproceedings{mellish-etal-1998-architecture,
    title = "AN ARCHITECTURE FOR OPPORTUNISTIC TEXT GENERATION",
    author = "Mellish, Chris  and
      O{'}Donnell, Mick  and
      Oberlander, Jon  and
      Knott, Alistair",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1404",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-1998-controlled,
    title = "Controlled Realization of Complex Objects",
    author = "McDonald, David D.",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1405",
}
@inproceedings{beale-etal-1998-de,
    title = "De-Constraining Text Generation",
    author = "Beale, Stephen  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Viegas, Evelyne  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1406",
}
@inproceedings{fraczak-etal-1998-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF SUBWAY DIRECTIONS: SALIENCE GRADATION AS A FACTOR FORDETERMINING MESSAGE AND FORM",
    author = "Fraczak, Lidia  and
      Lapalme, Guy  and
      Zock, Michael",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1407",
}
@inproceedings{marsi-1998-introducing,
    title = "INTRODUCING MAXIMAL VARIATION IN TEXT PLANNING FOR SMALL DOMAINS",
    author = "Marsi, Erwin",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1408",
}
@inproceedings{barzilay-etal-1998-new,
    title = "A NEW APPROACH TO EXPERT SYSTEM EXPLANATIONS",
    author = "Barzilay, Regina  and
      McCullough, Daryl  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      DeCristofaro, Jonathan  and
      Korelsky, Tanya  and
      Lavoie, Benoit",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1409",
}
@inproceedings{fiedler-1998-macroplanning,
    title = "Macroplanning with a Cognitive Architecture for the Adaptive Explanation of Proofs",
    author = "Fiedler, Armin",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1410",
}
@inproceedings{mellish-etal-1998-experiments,
    title = "EXPERIMENTS USING STOCHASTIC SEARCH FOR TEXT PLANNING",
    author = "Mellish, Chris  and
      Knott, Alistair  and
      Oberlander, Jon  and
      O{'}Donnell, Mick",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1411",
}
@inproceedings{klabunde-jansche-1998-abductive,
    title = "ABDUCTIVE REASONING FOR SYNTACTIC REALIZATION*",
    author = "Klabunde, Ralf  and
      Jansche, Martin",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1412",
}
@inproceedings{ansari-hirst-1998-generating,
    title = "GENERATING WARNING INSTRUCTIONS BY PLANNING ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES",
    author = "Ansari, Daniel  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1413",
}
@inproceedings{grote-stede-1998-discourse,
    title = "DISCOURSE MARKER CHOICE IN SENTENCE PLANNING",
    author = "Grote, Brigitte  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1414",
}
@inproceedings{shaw-1998-clause,
    title = "Clause Aggregation Using Linguistic Knowledge",
    author = "Shaw, James",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1415",
}
@inproceedings{zukerman-etal-1998-attention,
    title = "ATTENTION DURING ARGUMENT GENERATION AND PRESENTATION",
    author = "Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      McConachy, Richard  and
      Korb, Kevin B.",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1416",
}
@inproceedings{jokinen-etal-1998-planning,
    title = "PLANNING DIALOGUE CONTRIBUTIONS WITH NEW INFORMATION",
    author = "JOKINEN, KRISTIINA  and
      TANAKA, HIDEKI  and
      YOKOO, AKIO",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1417",
}
@inproceedings{netzer-elhadad-1998-generation,
    title = "GENERATION OF NOUN COMPOUNDS IN HEBREW: CAN SYNTACTIC KNOWLEDGE BE FULLY ENCAPSULATED?",
    author = "Netzer, Yael Dahan  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1418",
}
@inproceedings{stone-webber-1998-textual,
    title = "TEXTUAL ECONOMY THROUGH CLOSE COUPLING OF SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS",
    author = "Stone, Matthew  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1419",
}
@inproceedings{temizsoy-cicekli-1998-language,
    title = "A Language-Independent System for Generating Feature Structures from Interlingua Representations",
    author = "Temizsoy, Murat  and
      Cicekli, Ilyas",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1420",
}
@inproceedings{alexandersson-poller-1998-towards,
    title = "Towards Multilingual Protocol Generation For Spontaneous Speech Dialogues",
    author = "Alexandersson, Jan  and
      Poller, Peter",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1421",
}
@inproceedings{becker-1998-fully,
    title = "Fully Lexicalized Head-Driven Syntactic Generation",
    author = "Becker, Tilman",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1422",
}
@inproceedings{wilcock-1998-approaches,
    title = "APPROACHES TO SURFACE REALIZATION WITH HPSG",
    author = "Wilcock, Graham",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1423",
}
@inproceedings{matthiessen-etal-1998-multex,
    title = "The Multex generator and its environment: application and development",
    author = "Matthiessen, Christian  and
      Zeng, Licheng  and
      Cross, Marilyn  and
      Kobayashi, Ichiro  and
      Teruya, Kazuhiro  and
      Wu, Canzhong",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1424",
}
@inproceedings{busemann-horacek-1998-flexible,
    title = "A FLEXIBLE SHALLOW APPROACH TO TEXT GENERATION",
    author = "Busemann, Stephan  and
      Horacek, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1425",
}
@inproceedings{langkilde-knight-1998-practical,
    title = "THE PRACTICAL VALUE OF N-GRAMS IS IN GENERATION",
    author = "Langkilde, Irene  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1426",
}
@inproceedings{scott-etal-1998-generation,
    title = "GENERATION AS A SOLUTION TO ITS OWN PROBLEM",
    author = "Scott, Donia  and
      Power, Richard  and
      Evans, Roger",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1427",
}
@inproceedings{white-caldwell-1998-exemplars,
    title = "{EXEMPLARS}: A Practical, Extensible Framework For Dynamic Text Generation",
    author = "White, Michael  and
      Caldwell, Ted",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1428",
}
@inproceedings{gabrilovich-etal-1998-system,
    title = "SYSTEM DEMONSTRATION NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERATION WITH ABSTRACT MACHINE",
    author = "Gabrilovich, Evgeniy  and
      Francez, Nissirn  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1429",
}
@inproceedings{freedman-etal-1998-system,
    title = "SYSTEM DEMONSTRATION CONTENT PLANNING AS THE BASIS FOR AN INTELLIGENT TUTORING SYSTEM",
    author = "Freedman, Reva  and
      Brandle, Stefan  and
      Glass, Michael  and
      Kim, Jung Hee  and
      Zhou, Yujian  and
      Evens, Martha W.",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1430",
}
@inproceedings{meunier-danlos-1998-system,
    title = "SYSTEM DEMONSTRATION FLAUBERT: AN USER FRIENDLY SYSTEM FOR MULTILINGUAL TEXT GENERATION",
    author = "MEUNIER, FREDERIC  and
      DANLOS, LAURENCE",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1431",
}
@inproceedings{etchegoyhen-wehrle-1998-system,
    title = "SYSTEM DEMONSTRATION OVERVIEW OF GBGEN",
    author = "Etchegoyhen, Thierry  and
      Wehrle, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1432",
}
@inproceedings{theune-klabbers-1998-system,
    title = "SYSTEM DEMONSTRATION GOALGETTER: GENERATION OF SPOKEN SOCCER REPORTS",
    author = "Theune, Mariet  and
      Klabbers, Esther",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1433",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-1998-system,
    title = "System Demonstration Multilingual Weather Forecast Generation System",
    author = "Yao, Tianfang  and
      Zhang, Dongmo  and
      Wang, Qian",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1434",
}
@inproceedings{coch-1998-system,
    title = "SYSTEM DEMONSTRATION INTERACTIVE GENERATION AND KNOWLEDGE ADMINISTRATION IN MULTIMETEO",
    author = "Coch, Jose",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1435",
}
@inproceedings{ferencz-etal-1998-romvox,
    title = "ROMVOX EXPERIMENTS REGARDING UNRESTRICTED TEXT TO SPEECH SYNTHESIS FOR THE ROMANLAN LANGUAGE",
    author = "FERENCZ, ATTILA  and
      RATIU, TEODORA  and
      FERENCZ, MARIA  and
      KOVACS, TONDE-CSILLA  and
      NAGY, ISTVAN  and
      ZAIU, DIANA",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1436",
}
@inproceedings{power-scott-1998-wysiwym,
    title = "{WYSIWYM}: knowledge editing with natural language feedback",
    author = "Power, Richard  and
      Scott, Donia",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Generation",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1437",
}
@proceedings{ws-1998-empirical,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Empirical Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Voutilainen, Atro",
    month = jun,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos, Granada, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1500",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-morton-1998-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Coreference-Based Summarization",
    author = "Baldwin, Breck  and
      Morton, Thomas S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Empirical Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos, Granada, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1501",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{mitkov-etal-1998-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Robust Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Mitkov, Ruslan  and
      Belguith, Lamia  and
      Stys, Malgorzata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Empirical Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos, Granada, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1502",
    pages = "7--16",
}
@inproceedings{boutsis-piperidis-1998-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Clattses in Parallel Texts",
    author = "Boutsis, Sotiris  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Empirical Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos, Granada, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1503",
    pages = "17--26",
}
@inproceedings{simard-1998-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Insertion of Accents in {F}rench Text",
    author = "Simard, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Empirical Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos, Granada, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1504",
    pages = "27--35",
}
@inproceedings{carroll-rooth-1998-valence,
    title = "Valence Induction with a Head-Lexicalized {PCFG}",
    author = "Carroll, Glenn  and
      Rooth, Mats",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Empirical Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos, Granada, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1505",
    pages = "36--45",
}
@inproceedings{kilgarriff-rose-1998-measures,
    title = "Measures for Corpus Similarity and Homogeneity",
    author = "Kilgarriff, Adam  and
      Rose, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Empirical Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos, Granada, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1506",
    pages = "46--52",
}
@inproceedings{bruce-wiebe-1998-word,
    title = "Word-Sense Distinguishability and Inter-Coder Agreement",
    author = "Bruce, Rebecca  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Empirical Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos, Granada, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1507",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{dalessio-etal-1998-category,
    title = "Category Levels in Hierarchical Text Categorization",
    author = "D{'}Alessio, Stephen  and
      Murray, Keitha  and
      Schiaffino, Robert  and
      Kershenbaum, Aaron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Empirical Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos, Granada, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1508",
    pages = "61--70",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-suzuki-1998-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Approach to Text Categorization Based on Term Weight Learning",
    author = "Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Suzuki, Yoshimi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Empirical Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos, Granada, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1509",
    pages = "71--79",
}
@inproceedings{shirai-etal-1998-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Evaluation on Statistical Parsing of {J}apanese Sentences Using Lexical Association Statistics",
    author = "Shirai, Kiyoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Empirical Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos, Granada, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1510",
    pages = "80--86",
}
@inproceedings{fujio-matsumoto-1998-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Dependency Structure Analysis based on Lexicalized Statistics",
    author = "Fujio, Masakazu  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Empirical Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos, Granada, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1511",
    pages = "87--95",
}
@inproceedings{berger-printz-1998-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Criteria for Maximum Entropy/ Minimum Divergence Feature Selection",
    author = "Berger, Adam  and
      Printz, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Empirical Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos, Granada, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1512",
    pages = "96--106",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1998-author-index-2,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Empirical Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos, Granada, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1513",
}
@proceedings{ws-1998-nordic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    author = "Maegaard, Bente",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1600",
}
@inproceedings{bernth-mccord-1998-lmt,
    title = "{LMT} at Tivoli Gardens",
    author = "Bernth, Arendse  and
      McCord, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1601",
    pages = "4--12",
}
@inproceedings{sjogreen-1998-drug,
    title = "Drug Terminology. A multilingual term database. The {AVENTINUS} project",
    author = {Sj{\"o}green, Christian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1602",
    pages = "13--21",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-1998-aventinus,
    title = "{AVENTINUS}, {GATE} and {S}wedish Lingware",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1603",
    pages = "22--33",
}
@inproceedings{nordgard-1998-norwegian,
    title = "{N}orwegian Computational Lexicon ({N}or{K}omp{L}eks)",
    author = "Nordg{\aa}rd, Torbj{\o}rn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1604",
    pages = "34--43",
}
@inproceedings{bick-1998-structural,
    title = "Structural Lexical Heuristics in the Automatic Analysis of {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1605",
    pages = "44--56",
}
@inproceedings{navarretta-neville-1998-hpsg,
    title = "An {HPSG} Marking Analysis of {D}anish Determiners and Clausal Adverbials",
    author = "Navarretta, Costanza  and
      Neville, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1606",
    pages = "57--67",
}
@inproceedings{sagvall-hein-1998-chart,
    title = "A Chart-Based Framework for Grammar Checking. Initial Studies",
    author = "S{\aa}gvall Hein, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1607",
    pages = "68--80",
}
@inproceedings{ahlmann-hansen-kjaersgaard-1998-cp,
    title = "{CP}-{UDOG}: An Algorithm for the Disambiguation of Compound Participles in {D}anish",
    author = "Ahlmann Hansen, Jens  and
      Kj{\ae}rsgaard, Poul S{\o}ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1608",
    pages = "81--86",
}
@inproceedings{prytz-1998-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of the Syntactic Parsing Performed by the {ENGCG} Parser",
    author = "Prytz, Klas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1609",
    pages = "87--93",
}
@inproceedings{tjong-kim-sang-1998-catch,
    title = "{CATCH}: A Program for Developing World Wide Web {CALL} Material",
    author = "Tjong Kim Sang, Erik F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1610",
    pages = "94--99",
}
@inproceedings{dewe-etal-1998-assembling,
    title = "Assembling a Balanced Corpus from the {I}nternet",
    author = "Dewe, Johan  and
      Karlgren, Jussi  and
      Bretan, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1611",
    pages = "100--108",
}
@inproceedings{henrichsen-1998-peeking,
    title = "Peeking Into the {D}anish Living Room. {I}nternet access to a large speech corpus",
    author = "Henrichsen, Peter Juel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1612",
    pages = "109--119",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-1998-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Translation Equivalents from Parallel Corpora",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1613",
    pages = "120--128",
}
@inproceedings{bilgram-keson-1998-construction,
    title = "The Construction of a Tagged {D}anish Corpus",
    author = "Bilgram, Thomas  and
      Keson, Britt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1614",
    pages = "129--139",
}
@inproceedings{borin-1998-linguistics,
    title = "Linguistics isn{'}t always the answer: Word comparison in computational linguistics",
    author = "Borin, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1615",
    pages = "140--151",
}
@inproceedings{lager-1998-logic,
    title = "Logic for Part-of-Speech Tagging and Shallow Parsing",
    author = {Lager, Torbj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1616",
    pages = "152--159",
}
@inproceedings{blom-1998-statistical,
    title = "A statistical and structural approach to extracting collocations likely to be of relevance in relation to an {LSP} sub-domain text",
    author = "Blom, Bjarne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1617",
    pages = "160--167",
}
@inproceedings{brodda-1998-reasonably,
    title = "A Reasonably Language Independent, Heuristic Algorithm for the Marking of Names in Running Texts",
    author = "Brodda, Benny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1618",
    pages = "168--175",
}
@inproceedings{burheim-1998-results,
    title = "Some Results Regarding Tree Homomorphic Feature Structure Grammar and the Empty String",
    author = "Burheim, Tore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1619",
    pages = "176--185",
}
@inproceedings{de-smedt-1998-teaching,
    title = "Teaching and learning computational linguistics in an international setting",
    author = "de Smedt, Koenraad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1998)",
    month = mar,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Center for Sprogteknologi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W98-1620",
    pages = "186--189",
}
@proceedings{ranlp-2017-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    author = "Mitkov, Ruslan  and
      Angelova, Galia",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
}
@inproceedings{abualhaija-etal-2017-parameter,
    title = "Parameter Transfer across Domains for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Abualhaija, Sallam  and
      Tahmasebi, Nina  and
      Forin, Diane  and
      Zimmermann, Karl-Heinz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_001",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_001",
    pages = "1--8",
    abstract = "Word sense disambiguation is defined as finding the corresponding sense for a target word in a given context, which comprises a major step in text applications. Recently, it has been addressed as an optimization problem. The idea behind is to find a sequence of senses that corresponds to the words in a given context with a maximum semantic similarity. Metaheuristics like simulated annealing and D-Bees provide approximate good-enough solutions, but are usually influenced by the starting parameters. In this paper, we study the parameter tuning for both algorithms within the word sense disambiguation problem. The experiments are conducted on different datasets to cover different disambiguation scenarios. We show that D-Bees is robust and less sensitive towards the initial parameters compared to simulated annealing, hence, it is sufficient to tune the parameters once and reuse them for different datasets, domains or languages.",
}
@inproceedings{aburaed-etal-2017-sentence,
    title = "What Sentence are you Referring to and Why? Identifying Cited Sentences in Scientific Literature",
    author = "AbuRa{'}ed, Ahmed  and
      Chiruzzo, Luis  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_002",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_002",
    pages = "9--17",
    abstract = "In the current context of scientific information overload, text mining tools are of paramount importance for researchers who have to read scientific papers and assess their value. Current citation networks, which link papers by citation relationships (reference and citing paper), are useful to quantitatively understand the value of a piece of scientific work, however they are limited in that they do not provide information about what specific part of the reference paper the citing paper is referring to. This qualitative information is very important, for example, in the context of current community-based scientific summarization activities. In this paper, and relying on an annotated dataset of co-citation sentences, we carry out a number of experiments aimed at, given a citation sentence, automatically identify a part of a reference paper being cited. Additionally our algorithm predicts the specific reason why such reference sentence has been cited out of five possible reasons.",
}
@inproceedings{agirrezabal-etal-2017-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Feature-Based and Neural Scansion of Poetry",
    author = "Agirrezabal, Manex  and
      Alegria, I{\~n}aki  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_003",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_003",
    pages = "18--23",
    abstract = "Automatic analysis of poetic rhythm is a challenging task that involves linguistics, literature, and computer science. When the language to be analyzed is known, rule-based systems or data-driven methods can be used. In this paper, we analyze poetic rhythm in English and Spanish. We show that the representations of data learned from character-based neural models are more informative than the ones from hand-crafted features, and that a Bi-LSTM+CRF-model produces state-of-the art accuracy on scansion of poetry in two languages. Results also show that the information about whole word structure, and not just independent syllables, is highly informative for performing scansion.",
}
@inproceedings{ahmadnia-etal-2017-persian,
    title = "{P}ersian-{S}panish Low-Resource Statistical Machine Translation Through {E}nglish as Pivot Language",
    author = "Ahmadnia, Benyamin  and
      Serrano, Javier  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_004",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_004",
    pages = "24--30",
    abstract = "This paper is an attempt to exclusively focus on investigating the pivot language technique in which a bridging language is utilized to increase the quality of the Persian-Spanish low-resource Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). In this case, English is used as the bridging language, and the Persian-English SMT is combined with the English-Spanish one, where the relatively large corpora of each may be used in support of the Persian-Spanish pairing. Our results indicate that the pivot language technique outperforms the direct SMT processes currently in use between Persian and Spanish. Furthermore, we investigate the sentence translation pivot strategy and the phrase translation in turn, and demonstrate that, in the context of the Persian-Spanish SMT system, the phrase-level pivoting outperforms the sentence-level pivoting. Finally we suggest a method called combination model in which the standard direct model and the best triangulation pivoting model are blended in order to reach a high-quality translation.",
}
@inproceedings{aker-etal-2017-simple,
    title = "Simple Open Stance Classification for Rumour Analysis",
    author = "Aker, Ahmet  and
      Derczynski, Leon  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_005",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_005",
    pages = "31--39",
    abstract = "Stance classification determines the attitude, or stance, in a (typically short) text. The task has powerful applications, such as the detection of fake news or the automatic extraction of attitudes toward entities or events in the media. This paper describes a surprisingly simple and efficient classification approach to open stance classification in Twitter, for rumour and veracity classification. The approach profits from a novel set of automatically identifiable problem-specific features, which significantly boost classifier accuracy and achieve above state-of-the-art results on recent benchmark datasets. This calls into question the value of using complex sophisticated models for stance classification without first doing informed feature extraction.",
}
@inproceedings{aker-etal-2017-extensible,
    title = "An Extensible Multilingual Open Source Lemmatizer",
    author = "Aker, Ahmet  and
      Petrak, Johann  and
      Sabbah, Firas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_006",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_006",
    pages = "40--45",
    abstract = "We present GATE DictLemmatizer, a multilingual open source lemmatizer for the GATE NLP framework that currently supports English, German, Italian, French, Dutch, and Spanish, and is easily extensible to other languages. The software is freely available under the LGPL license. The lemmatization is based on the Helsinki Finite-State Transducer Technology (HFST) and lemma dictionaries automatically created from Wiktionary. We evaluate the performance of the lemmatizers against TreeTagger, which is only freely available for research purposes. Our evaluation shows that DictLemmatizer achieves similar or even better results than TreeTagger for languages where there is support from HFST. The performance drops when there is no support from HFST and the entire lemmatization process is based on lemma dictionaries. However, the results are still satisfactory given the fact that DictLemmatizer isopen-source and can be easily extended to other languages. The software for extending the lemmatizer by creating word lists from Wiktionary dictionaries is also freely available as open-source software.",
}
@inproceedings{albogamy-ramsay-2017-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies for {A}rabic Tweets",
    author = "Albogamy, Fahad  and
      Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_007",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_007",
    pages = "46--51",
    abstract = "To facilitate cross-lingual studies, there is an increasing interest in identifying linguistic universals. Recently, a new universal scheme was designed as a part of universal dependency project. In this paper, we map the Arabic tweets dependency treebank (ATDT) to the Universal Dependency (UD) scheme to compare it to other language resources and for the purpose of cross-lingual studies.",
}
@inproceedings{almansor-al-ani-2017-translating,
    title = "Translating Dialectal {A}rabic as Low Resource Language using Word Embedding",
    author = "Almansor, Ebtesam H  and
      Al-Ani, Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_008",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_008",
    pages = "52--57",
    abstract = "A number of machine translation methods have been proposed in recent years to deal with the increasingly important problem of automatic translation between texts of different languages or languages and their dialects. These methods have produced promising results when applied to some of the widely studied languages. Existing translation methods are mainly implemented using rule-based and static machine translation approaches. Rule based approaches utilize language translation rules that can either be constructed by an expert, which is quite difficult when dealing with dialects, or rely on rule construction algorithms, which require very large parallel datasets. Statistical approaches also require large parallel datasets to build the translation models. However, large parallel datasets do not exist for languages with low resources, such as the Arabic language and its dialects. In this paper we propose an algorithm that attempts to overcome this limitation, and apply it to translate the Egyptian dialect (EGY) to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Monolingual corpus was collected for both MSA and EGY and a relatively small parallel language pair set was built to train the models. The proposed method utilizes Word embedding as it requires monolingual data rather than parallel corpus. Both Continuous Bag of Words and Skip-gram were used to build word vectors. The proposed method was validated on four different datasets using a four-fold cross validation approach.",
}
@inproceedings{almiman-ramsay-2017-using,
    title = "Using {E}nglish Dictionaries to generate Commonsense Knowledge in Natural Language",
    author = "Almiman, Ali  and
      Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_009",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_009",
    pages = "58--63",
    abstract = "This paper presents an approach to generating common sense knowledge written in raw English sentences. Instead of using public contributors to feed this source, this system chose to employ expert linguistics decisions by using definitions from English dictionaries. Because the definitions in English dictionaries are not prepared to be transformed into inference rules, some preprocessing steps were taken to turn each relation of word:definition in dictionaries into an inference rule in the form left-hand side ⇒ right-hand side. In this paper, we applied this mechanism using two dictionaries: The MacMillan Dictionary and WordNet definitions. A random set of 200 inference rules were extracted equally from the two dictionaries, and then we used human judgment as to whether these rules are {`}True{'} or not. For the MacMillan Dictionary the precision reaches 0.74 with 0.508 recall, and the WordNet definitions resulted in 0.73 precision with 0.09 recall.",
}
@inproceedings{almiman-ramsay-2017-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid System to apply Natural Language Inference over Dependency Trees",
    author = "Almiman, Ali  and
      Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_010",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_010",
    pages = "64--70",
    abstract = "This paper presents the development of a natural language inference engine that benefits from two current standard approaches; i.e., shallow and deep approaches. This system combines two non-deterministic algorithms: the approximate matching from the shallow approach and a theorem prover from the deep approach for handling multi-step inference tasks. The theorem prover is customized to accept dependency trees and apply inference rules to these trees. The inference rules are automatically generated as syllogistic rules from our test data (FraCaS test suite). The theorem prover exploits a non-deterministic matching algorithm within a standard backward chaining inference engine. We employ continuation programming as a way of seamlessly handling the combination of these two non-deterministic algorithms. Testing the matching algorithm on {``}Generalized quantifiers{''} and {``}adjectives{''} topics in FraCaS (MacCartney and Manning 2007), we achieved an accuracy of 92.8{\%} of the single-premise cases. For the multi-steps of inference, we checked the validity of our syllogistic rules and then extracted four generic instances that can be applied to more than one problem.",
}
@inproceedings{barbu-2017-ensembles,
    title = "Ensembles of Classifiers for Cleaning Web Parallel Corpora and Translation Memories",
    author = "Barbu, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_011",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_011",
    pages = "71--77",
    abstract = "The last years witnessed an increasing interest in the automatic methods for spotting false translation units in translation memories. This problem presents a great interest to industry as there are many translation memories that contain errors. A closely related line of research deals with identifying sentences that do not align in the parallel corpora mined from the web. The task of spotting false translations is modeled as a binary classification problem. It is known that in certain conditions the ensembles of classifiers improve over the performance of the individual members. In this paper we benchmark the most popular ensemble of classifiers: Majority Voting, Bagging, Stacking and Ada Boost at the task of spotting false translation units for translation memories and parallel web corpora. We want to know if for this specific problem any ensemble technique improves the performance of the individual classifiers and if there is a difference between the data in translation memories and parallel web corpora with respect to this task.",
}
@inproceedings{basaldella-etal-2017-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting and Evaluating a Supervised, Multilanguage Keyphrase Extraction pipeline for under-resourced languages",
    author = "Basaldella, Marco  and
      Helmy, Muhammad  and
      Antolli, Elisa  and
      Popescu, Mihai Horia  and
      Serra, Giuseppe  and
      Tasso, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_012",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_012",
    pages = "78--85",
    abstract = "This paper evaluates different techniques for building a supervised, multilanguage keyphrase extraction pipeline for languages which lack a gold standard. Starting from an unsupervised English keyphrase extraction pipeline, we implement pipelines for Arabic, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian, and we build test collections for languages which lack one. Then, we add a Machine Learning module trained on a well-known English language corpus and we evaluate the performance not only over English but on the other languages as well. Finally, we repeat the same evaluation after training the pipeline over an Arabic language corpus to check whether using a language-specific corpus brings a further improvement in performance. On the five languages we analyzed, results show an improvement in performance when using a machine learning algorithm, even if such algorithm is not trained and tested on the same language.",
}
@inproceedings{bastawisy-elmahdy-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-Lingual Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation for {A}rabic-{E}nglish",
    author = "Bastawisy, Ahmed  and
      Elmahdy, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_013",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_013",
    pages = "86--89",
    abstract = "In this paper, we implement a multilingual Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) system for Arabic-English Translation. Arabic Text can be categorized into standard and dialectal Arabic. These two forms of Arabic differ significantly. Different mono-lingual and multi-lingual hybrid SMT approaches are compared. Mono-lingual systems do always results in better translation accuracy in one Arabic form and poor accuracy in the other. Multi-lingual SMT models that are trained with pooled parallel MSA/dialectal data result in better accuracy. However, since the available parallel MSA data are much larger compared to dialectal data, multilingual models are biased to MSA. We propose in the work, a multi-lingual combination of different mono-lingual systems using an Arabic form classifier. The outcome of the classier directs the system to use the appropriate mono-lingual models (standard, dialectal, or mixture). Testing the different SMT systems shows that the proposed classifier-based SMT system outperforms mono-lingual and data pooled multi-lingual systems.",
}
@inproceedings{benikova-zesch-2017-different,
    title = "Same same, but different: Compositionality of paraphrase granularity levels",
    author = "Benikova, Darina  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_014",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_014",
    pages = "90--96",
    abstract = "Paraphrases exist on different granularity levels, the most frequently used one being the sentential level. However, we argue that working on the sentential level is not optimal for both machines and humans, and that it would be easier and more efficient to work on sub-sentential levels. To prove this, we quantify and analyze the difference between paraphrases on both sentence and sub-sentence level in order to show the significance of the problem. First results on a preliminary dataset seem to confirm our hypotheses.",
}
@inproceedings{bobicev-sokolova-2017-inter,
    title = "Inter-Annotator Agreement in Sentiment Analysis: Machine Learning Perspective",
    author = "Bobicev, Victoria  and
      Sokolova, Marina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_015",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_015",
    pages = "97--102",
    abstract = "Manual text annotation is an essential part of Big Text analytics. Although annotators work with limited parts of data sets, their results are extrapolated by automated text classification and affect the final classification results. Reliability of annotations and adequacy of assigned labels are especially important in the case of sentiment annotations. In the current study we examine inter-annotator agreement in multi-class, multi-label sentiment annotation of messages. We used several annotation agreement measures, as well as statistical analysis and Machine Learning to assess the resulting annotations.",
}
@inproceedings{boros-etal-2017-fast,
    title = "Fast and Accurate Decision Trees for Natural Language Processing Tasks",
    author = "Boros, Tiberiu  and
      Dumitrescu, Stefan Daniel  and
      Pipa, Sonia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_016",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_016",
    pages = "103--110",
    abstract = "Decision trees have been previously employed in many machine-learning tasks such as part-of-speech tagging, lemmatization, morphological-attribute resolution, letter-to-sound conversion and statistical-parametric speech synthesis. In this paper we introduce an optimized tree-computation algorithm, which is based on the original ID3 algorithm. We also introduce a tree-pruning method that uses a development set to delete nodes from over-fitted models. The later mentioned algorithm also uses a results caching method for speed-up. Our algorithm is almost 200 times faster than a naive implementation and yields accurate results on our test datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{bossard-rodrigues-2017-evolutionary,
    title = "An Evolutionary Algorithm for Automatic Summarization",
    author = "Bossard, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Rodrigues, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_017",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_017",
    pages = "111--120",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a novel method to select sentences for automatic summarization based on an evolutionary algorithm. The algorithm explores candidate summaries space following an objective function computed over ngrams probability distributions of the candidate summary and the source documents. This method does not consider a summary as a stack of independent sentences but as a whole text, and makes use of advances in unsupervised summarization evaluation. We compare this sentence extraction method to one of the best existing methods which is based on integer linear programming, and show its efficiency on three different acknowledged corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{boyanov-etal-2017-building,
    title = "Building Chatbots from Forum Data: Model Selection Using Question Answering Metrics",
    author = "Boyanov, Martin  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Da San Martino, Giovanni  and
      Koychev, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_018",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_018",
    pages = "121--129",
    abstract = "We propose to use question answering (QA) data from Web forums to train chat-bots from scratch, i.e., without dialog data. First, we extract pairs of question and answer sentences from the typically much longer texts of questions and answers in a forum. We then use these shorter texts to train seq2seq models in a more efficient way. We further improve the parameter optimization using a new model selection strategy based on QA measures. Finally, we propose to use extrinsic evaluation with respect to a QA task as an automatic evaluation method for chatbot systems. The evaluation shows that the model achieves a MAP of 63.5{\%} on the extrinsic task. Moreover, our manual evaluation demonstrates that the model can answer correctly 49.5{\%} of the questions when they are similar in style to how questions are asked in the forum, and 47.3{\%} of the questions, when they are more conversational in style.",
}
@inproceedings{boytcheva-etal-2017-mining,
    title = "Mining Association Rules from Clinical Narratives",
    author = "Boytcheva, Svetla  and
      Nikolova, Ivelina  and
      Angelova, Galia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_019",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_019",
    pages = "130--138",
    abstract = "Shallow text analysis (Text Mining) uses mainly Information Extraction techniques. The low resource languages do not allow application of such traditional techniques with sufficient accuracy and recall on big data. In contrast, Data Mining approaches provide an opportunity to make deep analysis and to discover new knowledge. Frequent pattern mining approaches are used mainly for structured information in databases and are a quite challenging task in text mining. Unfortunately, most frequent pattern mining approaches do not use contextual information for extracted patterns: general patterns are extracted regardless of the context. We propose a method that processes raw informal texts (from health discussion forums) and formal texts (outpatient records) in Bulgarian language. In addition we use some context information and small terminological lexicons to generalize extracted frequent patterns. This allows to map informal expression of medical terminology to the formal one and to generate automatically resources.",
}
@inproceedings{calixto-liu-2017-sentence,
    title = "Sentence-Level Multilingual Multi-modal Embedding for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Calixto, Iacer  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_020",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_020",
    pages = "139--148",
    abstract = "We propose a novel discriminative ranking model that learns embeddings from multilingual and multi-modal data, meaning that our model can take advantage of images and descriptions in multiple languages to improve embedding quality. To that end, we introduce an objective function that uses pairwise ranking adapted to the case of three or more input sources. We compare our model against different baselines, and evaluate the robustness of our embeddings on image{--}sentence ranking (ISR), semantic textual similarity (STS), and neural machine translation (NMT). We find that the additional multilingual signals lead to improvements on all three tasks, and we highlight that our model can be used to consistently improve the adequacy of translations generated with NMT models when re-ranking n-best lists.",
}
@inproceedings{calleja-etal-2017-role,
    title = "Role-based model for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Calleja, Pablo  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Castro, Ra{\'u}l  and
      Aguado-de-Cea, Guadalupe  and
      G{\'o}mez-P{\'e}rez, Asunci{\'o}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_021",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_021",
    pages = "149--156",
    abstract = "Named Entity Recognition (NER) poses new challenges in real-world documents in which there are entities with different roles according to their purpose or meaning. Retrieving all the possible entities in scenarios in which only a subset of them based on their role is needed, produces noise on the overall precision. This work proposes a NER model that relies on role classification models that support recognizing entities with a specific role. The proposed model has been implemented in two use cases using Spanish drug Summary of Product Characteristics: identification of therapeutic indications and identification of adverse reactions. The results show how precision is increased using a NER model that is oriented towards a specific role and discards entities out of scope.",
}
@inproceedings{canales-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards the Improvement of Automatic Emotion Pre-annotation with Polarity and Subjective Information",
    author = "Canales, Lea  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Boldrini, Ester  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Barco, Patricio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_022",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_022",
    pages = "157--163",
    abstract = "Emotion detection has a high potential positive impact on the benefit of business, society, politics or education. Given this, the main objective of our research is to contribute to the resolution of one of the most important challenges in textual emotion detection: emotional corpora annotation. This will be tackled by proposing a semi-automatic methodology. It consists in two main phases: (1) an automatic process to pre-annotate the unlabelled sentences with a reduced number of emotional categories; and (2) a manual process of refinement where human annotators will determine which is the dominant emotion between the pre-defined set. Our objective in this paper is to show the pre-annotation process, as well as to evaluate the usability of subjective and polarity information in this process. The evaluation performed confirms clearly the benefits of employing the polarity and subjective information on emotion detection and thus endorses the relevance of our approach.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-bangalore-2017-underspecification,
    title = "Underspecification in Natural Language Understanding for Dialog Automation",
    author = "Chen, John  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_023",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_023",
    pages = "164--170",
    abstract = "With the increasing number of communication platforms that offer variety of ways of connecting two interlocutors, there is a resurgence of chat-based dialog systems. These systems, typically known as \textit{chatbots} have beensuccessfully applied in a range of consumer and enterprise applications. A keytechnology in such chat-bots is robust natural language understanding (NLU)which can significantly influence and impact the efficacy of the conversationand ultimately the user-experience. While NLU is far from perfect, this paperillustrates the role of \textit{underspecification} and its impact on successfuldialog completion.",
}
@inproceedings{chiru-decea-2017-identification,
    title = "Identification and Classification of the Most Important Moments in Students{'} Collaborative Chats",
    author = "Chiru, Costin  and
      Decea, Remus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_024",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_024",
    pages = "171--176",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present an application for the automatic identification of the important moments that might occur during students{'} collaborative chats. The moments are detected based on the input received from the user, who may choose to perform an analysis on the topics that interest him/her. Moreover, the application offers various types of suggestive and intuitive graphics that aid the user in identification of such moments. There are two main aspects that are considered when identifying important moments: the concepts{'} frequency and distribution throughout the conversation and the chat tempo, which is analyzed for identifying intensively debated concepts. By the tempo of the chat we understand the rate at which the ideas are input by the chat participants, expressed by the utterances{'} timestamps.",
}
@inproceedings{cotik-etal-2017-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Entities and Relations in {S}panish Radiology Reports",
    author = "Cotik, Viviana  and
      Filippo, Dar{\'\i}o  and
      Roller, Roland  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Xu, Feiyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_025",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_025",
    pages = "177--184",
    abstract = "Radiology reports express the results of a radiology study and contain information about anatomical entities, findings, measures and impressions of the medical doctor. The use of information extraction techniques can help physicians to access this information in order to understand data and to infer further knowledge. Supervised machine learning methods are very popular to address information extraction, but are usually domain and language dependent. To train new classification models, annotated data is required. Moreover, annotated data is also required as an evaluation resource of information extraction algorithms. However, one major drawback of processing clinical data is the low availability of annotated datasets. For this reason we performed a manual annotation of radiology reports written in Spanish. This paper presents the corpus, the annotation schema, the annotation guidelines and further insight of the data.",
}
@inproceedings{dakota-kubler-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Replicability in Parsing",
    author = {Dakota, Daniel  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_026",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_026",
    pages = "185--194",
    abstract = "We investigate parsing replicability across 7 languages (and 8 treebanks), showing that choices concerning the use of grammatical functions in parsing or evaluation, the influence of the rare word threshold, as well as choices in test sentences and evaluation script options have considerable and often unexpected effects on parsing accuracies. All of those choices need to be carefully documented if we want to ensure replicability.",
}
@inproceedings{davoodi-kosseim-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of {A}lt{L}exes using Monolingual Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Davoodi, Elnaz  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_027",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_027",
    pages = "195--200",
    abstract = "The automatic identification of discourse relations is still a challenging task in natural language processing. Discourse connectives, such as since or but, are the most informative cues to identify explicit relations; however discourse parsers typically use a closed inventory of such connectives. As a result, discourse relations signalled by markers outside these inventories (i.e. AltLexes) are not detected as effectively. In this paper, we propose a novel method to leverage parallel corpora in text simplification and lexical resources to automatically identify alternative lexicalizations that signal discourse relation. When applied to the Simple Wikipedia and Newsela corpora along with WordNet and the PPDB, the method allowed the automatic discovery of 91 AltLexes.",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-etal-2017-stylistic,
    title = "On the stylistic evolution from communism to democracy: {S}olomon {M}arcus study case",
    author = "Dinu, Anca  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.  and
      Dumitru, Bogdan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_028",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_028",
    pages = "201--207",
    abstract = "In this article we propose a stylistic analysis of Solomon Marcus{'} non-scientific published texts, gathered in six volumes, aiming to uncover some of his quantitative and qualitative fingerprints. Moreover, we compare and cluster two distinct periods of time in his writing style: 22 years of communist regime (1967-1989) and 27 years of democracy (1990-2016). The distributional analysis of Marcus{'} text reveals that the passing from the communist regime period to democracy is sharply marked by two complementary changes in Marcus{'} writing: in the pre-democracy period, the communist norms of writing style demanded on the one hand long phrases, long words and clich{\'e}s, and on the other hand, a short list of preferred {``}official{''} topics; in democracy tendency was towards shorten phrases and words while approaching a broader area of topics.",
}
@inproceedings{edouard-etal-2017-building,
    title = "Building timelines of soccer matches from Twitter",
    author = "Edouard, Amosse  and
      Cabrio, Elena  and
      Tonelli, Sara  and
      Le-Thanh, Nhan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_029",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_029",
    pages = "208--213",
    abstract = "This demo paper presents a system that builds a timeline with salient actions of a soccer game, based on the tweets posted by users. It combines information provided by external knowledge bases to enrich the content of tweets and applies graph theory to model relations between actions (e.g. goals, penalties) and participants of a game (e.g. players, teams). In the demo, a web application displays in nearly real-time the actions detected from tweets posted by users for a given match of Euro 2016. Our tools are freely available at \url{https://bitbucket.org/eamosse/event_tracking}.",
}
@inproceedings{edouard-etal-2017-youll,
    title = "You{'}ll Never Tweet Alone: Building Sports Match Timelines from Microblog Posts",
    author = "Edouard, Amosse  and
      Cabrio, Elena  and
      Tonelli, Sara  and
      Le-Thanh, Nhan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_030",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_030",
    pages = "214--221",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose an approach to build a timeline with actions in a sports game based on tweets. We combine information provided by external knowledge bases to enrich the content of the tweets, and apply graph theory to model relations between actions and participants in a game. We demonstrate the validity of our approach using tweets collected during the EURO 2016 Championship and evaluate the output against live summaries produced by sports channels.",
}
@inproceedings{edouard-etal-2017-graph,
    title = "Graph-based Event Extraction from Twitter",
    author = "Edouard, Amosse  and
      Cabrio, Elena  and
      Tonelli, Sara  and
      Le-Thanh, Nhan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_031",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_031",
    pages = "222--230",
    abstract = "Detecting which tweets describe a specific event and clustering them is one of the main challenging tasks related to Social Media currently addressed in the NLP community. Existing approaches have mainly focused on detecting spikes in clusters around specific keywords or Named Entities (NE). However, one of the main drawbacks of such approaches is the difficulty in understanding when the same keywords describe different events. In this paper, we propose a novel approach that exploits NE mentions in tweets and their entity context to create a temporal event graph. Then, using simple graph theory techniques and a PageRank-like algorithm, we process the event graphs to detect clusters of tweets describing the same events. Experiments on two gold standard datasets show that our approach achieves state-of-the-art results both in terms of evaluation performances and the quality of the detected events.",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-etal-2017-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Mining in Social Networks versus Electoral Polls",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez, Javi  and
      Llopis, Fernando  and
      Guti{\'e}rrez, Yoan  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Barco, Patricio  and
      D{\'\i}ez, {\'A}lvaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_032",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_032",
    pages = "231--237",
    abstract = "The recent failures of traditional poll models, like the predictions in United Kingdom with the Brexit, or in United States presidential elections with the victory of Donald Trump, have been noteworthy. With the decline of traditional poll models and the growth of the social networks, automatic tools are gaining popularity to make predictions in this context. In this paper we present our approximation and compare it with a real case: the 2017 French presidential election.",
}
@inproceedings{galarreta-etal-2017-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Creation and Initial {SMT} Experiments between {S}panish and {S}hipibo-konibo",
    author = "Galarreta, Ana-Paula  and
      Melgar, Andr{\'e}s  and
      Oncevay, Arturo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_033",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_033",
    pages = "238--244",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present the first attempts to develop a machine translation (MT) system between Spanish and Shipibo-konibo (es-shp). There are very few digital texts written in Shipibo-konibo and even less bilingual texts that can be aligned, hence we had to create a parallel corpus using both bilingual and monolingual texts. We will describe how this corpus was made, as well as the process we followed to improve the quality of the sentences used to build a statistical MT model or SMT. The results obtained surpassed the baseline proposed (dictionary based) and made a promising result for further development considering the size of corpus used. Finally, it is expected that this MT system can be reinforced with the use of additional linguistic rules and automatic language processing functions that are being implemented.",
}
@inproceedings{galieva-etal-2017-russian,
    title = "{R}ussian-{T}atar Socio-Political Thesaurus: Methodology, Challenges, the Status of the Project",
    author = "Galieva, Alfiya  and
      Nevzorova, Olga  and
      Yakubova, Dilyara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_034",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_034",
    pages = "245--252",
    abstract = "This paper discusses the general methodology and important practical aspects of implementing a new bilingual lexical resource {--} the Russian-Tatar Socio-Political Thesaurus that is being developed on the basis of the Russian RuThes thesaurus format as a hierarchy of concepts viewed as units of thought. Each concept is linked with a set of language expressions (words and collocations) referring to it in texts (text entries). Currently the Russian-Tatar Socio-Political Thesaurus includes 6,000 concepts, while new concepts and text entries are being constantly added to it. The paper outlines main challenges of translating concept names and their text entries into Tatar, and describes ways of reflecting the specificity of the Tatar lexical-semantic system.",
}
@inproceedings{galitsky-ilvovsky-2017-chat,
    title = "On a Chat Bot Finding Answers with Optimal Rhetoric Representation",
    author = "Galitsky, Boris  and
      Ilvovsky, Dmitry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_035",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_035",
    pages = "253--259",
    abstract = "We demo a chat bot with the focus on complex, multi-sentence questions that enforce what we call rhetoric agreement of answers with questions. Chat bot finds answers which are not only relevant by topic but also match the question by style, argumentation patterns, communication means, experience level and other attributes. The system achieves rhetoric agreement by learning pairs of discourse trees (DTs) for question (Q) and answer (A). We build a library of best answer DTs for most types of complex questions. To better recognize a valid rhetoric agreement between Q and A, DTs are extended with the labels for communicative actions. An algorithm for finding the best DT for an A, given a Q, is evaluated.",
}
@inproceedings{gao-huang-2017-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Online Hate Speech Using Context Aware Models",
    author = "Gao, Lei  and
      Huang, Ruihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_036",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_036",
    pages = "260--266",
    abstract = "In the wake of a polarizing election, the cyber world is laden with hate speech. Context accompanying a hate speech text is useful for identifying hate speech, which however has been largely overlooked in existing datasets and hate speech detection models. In this paper, we provide an annotated corpus of hate speech with context information well kept. Then we propose two types of hate speech detection models that incorporate context information, a logistic regression model with context features and a neural network model with learning components for context. Our evaluation shows that both models outperform a strong baseline by around 3{\%} to 4{\%} in F1 score and combining these two models further improve the performance by another 7{\%} in F1 score.",
}
@inproceedings{gencheva-etal-2017-context,
    title = "A Context-Aware Approach for Detecting Worth-Checking Claims in Political Debates",
    author = "Gencheva, Pepa  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto  and
      Koychev, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_037",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_037",
    pages = "267--276",
    abstract = "In the context of investigative journalism, we address the problem of automatically identifying which claims in a given document are most worthy and should be prioritized for fact-checking. Despite its importance, this is a relatively understudied problem. Thus, we create a new corpus of political debates, containing statements that have been fact-checked by nine reputable sources, and we train machine learning models to predict which claims should be prioritized for fact-checking, i.e., we model the problem as a ranking task. Unlike previous work, which has looked primarily at sentences in isolation, in this paper we focus on a rich input representation modeling the context: relationship between the target statement and the larger context of the debate, interaction between the opponents, and reaction by the moderator and by the public. Our experiments show state-of-the-art results, outperforming a strong rivaling system by a margin, while also confirming the importance of the contextual information.",
}
@inproceedings{gromann-declerck-2017-hashtag,
    title = "Hashtag Processing for Enhanced Clustering of Tweets",
    author = "Gromann, Dagmar  and
      Declerck, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_038",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_038",
    pages = "277--283",
    abstract = "Rich data provided by tweets have beenanalyzed, clustered, and explored in a variety of studies. Typically those studies focus on named entity recognition, entity linking, and entity disambiguation or clustering. Tweets and hashtags are generally analyzed on sentential or word level but not on a compositional level of concatenated words. We propose an approach for a closer analysis of compounds in hashtags, and in the long run also of other types of text sequences in tweets, in order to enhance the clustering of such text documents. Hashtags have been used before as primary topic indicators to cluster tweets, however, their segmentation and its effect on clustering results have not been investigated to the best of our knowledge. Our results with a standard dataset from the Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) show that segmented and harmonized hashtags positively impact effective clustering.",
}
@inproceedings{guillen-etal-2017-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Processing Technologies for Document Profiling",
    author = "Guill{\'e}n, Antonio  and
      Guti{\'e}rrez, Yoan  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_039",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_039",
    pages = "284--290",
    abstract = "Nowadays, search for documents on the Internet is becoming increasingly difficult. The reason is the amount of content published by users (articles, comments, blogs, reviews). How to facilitate that the users can find their required documents? What would be necessary to provide useful document meta-data for supporting search engines? In this article, we present a study of some Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies that can be useful for facilitating the proper identification of documents according to the user needs. For this purpose, it is designed a document profile that will be able to represent semantic meta-data extracted from documents by using NLP technologies. The research is basically focused on the study of different NLP technologies in order to support the creation our novel document profile proposal from semantic perspectives.",
}
@inproceedings{hazem-etal-2017-mappsent,
    title = "{M}app{S}ent: a Textual Mapping Approach for Question-to-Question Similarity",
    author = "Hazem, Amir  and
      El Amel Boussaha, Basma  and
      Hernandez, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_040",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_040",
    pages = "291--300",
    abstract = "Since the advent of word embedding methods, the representation of longer pieces of texts such as sentences and paragraphs is gaining more and more interest, especially for textual similarity tasks. Mikolov et al. (2013) have demonstrated that words and phrases exhibit linear structures that allow to meaningfully combine words by an element-wise addition of their vector representations. Recently, Arora et al. (2017) have shown that removing the projections of the weighted average sum of word embedding vectors on their first principal components, outperforms sophisticated supervised methods including RNN{'}s and LSTM{'}s. Inspired by Mikolov et al. (2013) and Arora et al. (2017) findings and by a bilingual word mapping technique presented in Artetxe et al. (2016), we introduce MappSent, a novel approach for textual similarity. Based on a linear sentence embedding representation, its principle is to build a matrix that maps sentences in a joint-subspace where similar sets of sentences are pushed closer. We evaluate our approach on the SemEval 2016/2017 question-to-question similarity task and show that overall MappSent achieves competitive results and outperforms in most cases state-of-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{hercig-lenc-2017-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Figurative Language on Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Hercig, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Lenc, Ladislav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_041",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_041",
    pages = "301--308",
    abstract = "Figurative language such as irony, sarcasm, and metaphor is considered a significant challenge in sentiment analysis. These figurative devices can sculpt the affect of an utterance and test the limits of sentiment analysis of supposedly literal texts. We explore the effect of figurative language on sentiment analysis. We incorporate the figurative language indicators into the sentiment analysis process and compare the results with and without the additional information about them. We evaluate on the SemEval-2015 Task 11 data and outperform the first team with our convolutional neural network model and additional training data in terms of mean squared error and we follow closely behind the first place in terms of cosine similarity.",
}
@inproceedings{hooda-kosseim-2017-argument,
    title = "Argument Labeling of Explicit Discourse Relations using {LSTM} Neural Networks",
    author = "Hooda, Sohail  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_042",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_042",
    pages = "309--315",
    abstract = "Argument labeling of explicit discourse relations is a challenging task. The state of the art systems achieve slightly above 55{\%} F-measure but require hand-crafted features. In this paper, we propose a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) based model for argument labeling. We experimented with multiple configurations of our model. Using the PDTB dataset, our best model achieved an F1 measure of 23.05{\%} without any feature engineering. This is significantly higher than the 20.52{\%} achieved by the state of the art RNN approach, but significantly lower than the feature based state of the art systems. On the other hand, because our approach learns only from the raw dataset, it is more widely applicable to multiple textual genres and languages.",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2017-non,
    title = "Non-Deterministic Segmentation for {C}hinese Lattice Parsing",
    author = {Hu, Hai  and
      Dakota, Daniel  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_043",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_043",
    pages = "316--324",
    abstract = "Parsing Chinese critically depends on correct word segmentation for the parser since incorrect segmentation inevitably causes incorrect parses. We investigate a pipeline approach to segmentation and parsing using word lattices as parser input. We compare CRF-based and lexicon-based approaches to word segmentation. Our results show that the lattice parser is capable of selecting the correction segmentation from thousands of options, thus drastically reducing the number of unparsed sentence. Lexicon-based parsing models have a better coverage than the CRF-based approach, but the many options are more difficult to handle. We reach our best result by using a lexicon from the n-best CRF analyses, combined with highly probable words.",
}
@inproceedings{kanishcheva-bobicev-2017-good,
    title = "Good News vs. Bad News: What are they talking about?",
    author = "Kanishcheva, Olga  and
      Bobicev, Victoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_044",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_044",
    pages = "325--333",
    abstract = "Today{'}s massive news streams demand the automate analysis which is provided by various online news explorers. However, most of them do not provide sentiment analysis. The main problem of sentiment analysis of news is the differences between the writers and readers attitudes to the news text. News can be good or bad but have to be delivered in neutral words as pure facts. Although there are applications for sentiment analysis of news, the task of news analysis is still a very actual problem because the latest news impacts people{'}s lives daily. In this paper, we explored the problem of sentiment analysis for Ukrainian and Russian news, developed a corpus of Ukrainian and Russian news and annotated each text using one of three categories: positive, negative and neutral. Each text was marked by at least three independent annotators via the web interface, the inter-annotator agreement was analyzed and the final label for each text was computed. These texts were used in the machine learning experiments. Further, we investigated what kinds of named entities such as Locations, Organizations, Persons are perceived as good or bad by the readers and which of them were the cause for text annotation ambiguity.",
}
@inproceedings{karadzhov-etal-2017-built,
    title = "We Built a Fake News / Click Bait Filter: What Happened Next Will Blow Your Mind!",
    author = "Karadzhov, Georgi  and
      Gencheva, Pepa  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Koychev, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_045",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_045",
    pages = "334--343",
    abstract = "It is completely amazing! Fake news and {``}click baits{''} have totally invaded the cyberspace. Let us face it: everybody hates them for three simple reasons. Reason {\#}2 will absolutely amaze you. What these can achieve at the time of election will completely blow your mind! Now, we all agree, this cannot go on, you know, somebody has to stop it. So, we did this research, and trust us, it is totally great research, it really is! Make no mistake. This is the best research ever! Seriously, come have a look, we have it all: neural networks, attention mechanism, sentiment lexicons, author profiling, you name it. Lexical features, semantic features, we absolutely have it all. And we have totally tested it, trust us! We have results, and numbers, really big numbers. The best numbers ever! Oh, and analysis, absolutely top notch analysis. Interested? Come read the shocking truth about fake news and clickbait in the Bulgarian cyberspace. You won{'}t believe what we have found!",
}
@inproceedings{karadzhov-etal-2017-fully,
    title = "Fully Automated Fact Checking Using External Sources",
    author = "Karadzhov, Georgi  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto  and
      Koychev, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_046",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_046",
    pages = "344--353",
    abstract = "Given the constantly growing proliferation of false claims online in recent years, there has been also a growing research interest in automatically distinguishing false rumors from factually true claims. Here, we propose a general-purpose framework for fully-automatic fact checking using external sources, tapping the potential of the entire Web as a knowledge source to confirm or reject a claim. Our framework uses a deep neural network with LSTM text encoding to combine semantic kernels with task-specific embeddings that encode a claim together with pieces of potentially relevant text fragments from the Web, taking the source reliability into account. The evaluation results show good performance on two different tasks and datasets: (i) rumor detection and (ii) fact checking of the answers to a question in community question answering forums.",
}
@inproceedings{kaushik-etal-2017-making,
    title = "Making Travel Smarter: Extracting Travel Information From Email Itineraries Using Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Kaushik, Divyansh  and
      Gupta, Shashank  and
      Raju, Chakradhar  and
      Dias, Reuben  and
      Ghosh, Sanjib",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_047",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_047",
    pages = "354--362",
    abstract = "The purpose of this research is to address the problem of extracting information from travel itineraries and discuss the challenges faced in the process. Business-to-customer emails like booking confirmations and e-tickets are usually machine generated by filling slots in pre-defined templates which improve the presentation of such emails but also make the emails more complex in structure. Extracting the relevant information from these emails would let users track their journeys and important updates on applications installed on their devices to give them a consolidated over view of their itineraries and also save valuable time. We investigate the use of an HMM-based named entity recognizer on such emails which we will use to label and extract relevant entities. NER in such emails is challenging as these itineraries offer less useful contextual information. We also propose a rich set of features which are integrated into the model and are specific to our domain. The result from our model is a list of lists containing the relevant information extracted from ones itinerary.",
}
@inproceedings{kedzia-etal-2017-graph,
    title = "Graph-Based Approach to Recognizing {CST} Relations in Polish Texts",
    author = "K{\k{e}}dzia, Pawe{\l}  and
      Piasecki, Maciej  and
      Janz, Arkadiusz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_048",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_048",
    pages = "363--371",
    abstract = "This paper presents an supervised approach to the recognition of Cross-document Structure Theory (CST) relations in Polish texts. In the proposed, graph-based representation is constructed for sentences. Graphs are built on the basis of lexicalised syntactic-semantic relation extracted from text. Similarity between sentences is calculated from graph, and the similarity values are input to classifiers trained by Logistic Model Tree. Several different configurations of graph, as well as graph similarity methods were analysed for this tasks. The approach was evaluated on a large open corpus annotated manually with 17 types of selected CST relations. The configuration of experiments was similar to those known from SEMEVAL and we obtained very promising results.",
}
@inproceedings{kobus-etal-2017-domain,
    title = "Domain Control for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Kobus, Catherine  and
      Crego, Josep  and
      Senellart, Jean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_049",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_049",
    pages = "372--378",
    abstract = "Machine translation systems are very sensitive to the domains they were trained on. Several domain adaptation techniques have already been deeply studied. We propose a new technique for neural machine translation (NMT) that we call domain control which is performed at runtime using a unique neural network covering multiple domains. The presented approach shows quality improvements when compared to dedicated domains translating on any of the covered domains and even on out-of-domain data. In addition, model parameters do not need to be re-estimated for each domain, making this effective to real use cases. Evaluation is carried out on English-to-French translation for two different testing scenarios. We first consider the case where an end-user performs translations on a known domain. Secondly, we consider the scenario where the domain is not known and predicted at the sentence level before translating. Results show consistent accuracy improvements for both conditions.",
}
@inproceedings{kocmi-bojar-2017-curriculum,
    title = "Curriculum Learning and Minibatch Bucketing in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Kocmi, Tom  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_050",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_050",
    pages = "379--386",
    abstract = "We examine the effects of particular orderings of sentence pairs on the on-line training of neural machine translation (NMT). We focus on two types of such orderings: (1) ensuring that each minibatch contains sentences similar in some aspect and (2) gradual inclusion of some sentence types as the training progresses (so called {``}curriculum learning{''}). In our English-to-Czech experiments, the internal homogeneity of minibatches has no effect on the training but some of our {``}curricula{''} achieve a small improvement over the baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{kocon-marcinczuk-2017-improved,
    title = "Improved Recognition and Normalisation of Polish Temporal Expressions",
    author = "Koco{\'n}, Jan  and
      Marci{\'n}czuk, Micha{\l}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_051",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_051",
    pages = "387--393",
    abstract = "In this article we present the result of the recent research in the recognition and normalisation of Polish temporal expressions. The temporal information extracted from the text plays major role in many information extraction systems, like question answering, event recognition or discourse analysis. We proposed a new method for the temporal expressions normalisation, called Cascade of Partial Rules. Here we describe results achieved by updated version of Liner2 machine learning system.",
}
@inproceedings{konkol-2017-joint,
    title = "Joint Unsupervised Learning of Semantic Representation of Words and Roles in Dependency Trees",
    author = "Konkol, Michal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_052",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_052",
    pages = "394--400",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce WoRel, a model that jointly learns word embeddings and a semantic representation of word relations. The model learns from plain text sentences and their dependency parse trees. The word embeddings produced by WoRel outperform Skip-Gram and GloVe in word similarity and syntactical word analogy tasks and have comparable results on word relatedness and semantic word analogy tasks. We show that the semantic representation of relations enables us to express the meaning of phrases and is a promising research direction for semantics at the sentence level.",
}
@inproceedings{konopik-etal-2017-czech,
    title = "{C}zech Dataset for Semantic Similarity and Relatedness",
    author = "Konop{\'\i}k, Miloslav  and
      Pra{\v{z}}{\'a}k, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Steinberger, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_053",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_053",
    pages = "401--406",
    abstract = "This paper introduces a Czech dataset for semantic similarity and semantic relatedness. The dataset contains word pairs with hand annotated scores that indicate the semantic similarity and semantic relatedness of the words. The dataset contains 953 word pairs compiled from 9 different sources. It contains words and their contexts taken from real text corpora including extra examples when the words are ambiguous. The dataset is annotated by 5 independent annotators. The average Spearman correlation coefficient of the annotation agreement is $r = 0.81$. We provide reference evaluation experiments with several methods for computing semantic similarity and relatedness.",
}
@inproceedings{laali-kosseim-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Discourse Relation Projection to Build Discourse Annotated Corpora",
    author = "Laali, Majid  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_054",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_054",
    pages = "407--416",
    abstract = "The naive approach to annotation projection is not effective to project discourse annotations from one language to another because implicit relations are often changed to explicit ones and vice-versa in the translation. In this paper, we propose a novel approach based on the intersection between statistical word-alignment models to identify unsupported discourse annotations. This approach identified 65{\%} of the unsupported annotations in the English-French parallel sentences from Europarl. By filtering out these unsupported annotations, we induced the first PDTB-style discourse annotated corpus for French from Europarl. We then used this corpus to train a classifier to identify the discourse-usage of French discourse connectives and show a 15{\%} improvement of F1-score compared to the classifier trained on the non-filtered annotations.",
}
@inproceedings{lafourcade-le-brun-2017-extracting,
    title = "Extracting semantic relations via the combination of inferences, schemas and cooccurrences",
    author = "Lafourcade, Mathieu  and
      Le Brun, Nathalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_055",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_055",
    pages = "417--423",
    abstract = "Extracting semantic relations from texts is a good way to build and supply a knowledge base, an indispensable resource for text analysis. We propose and evaluate the combination of three ways of producing lexical-semantic relations.",
}
@inproceedings{lafourcade-etal-2017-mice,
    title = "If mice were reptiles, then reptiles could be mammals or How to detect errors in the {J}eux{D}e{M}ots lexical network?",
    author = "Lafourcade, Mathieu  and
      Joubert, Alain  and
      Le Brun, Nathalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_056",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_056",
    pages = "424--430",
    abstract = "Correcting errors in a data set is a critical issue. This task can be either hand-made by experts, or by crowdsourcing methods, or automatically done using algorithms. Although the rate of errors present in the JeuxDeMots network is rather low, it is important to reduce it. We present here automatic methods for detecting potential secondary errors that would result from automatic inference mechanisms when they rely on an initial error manually detected. Encouraging results also invite us to consider strategies that would automatically detect {``}erroneous{''} initial relations, which could lead to the automatic detection of the majority of errors in the network.",
}
@inproceedings{lenc-kral-2017-word,
    title = "Word Embeddings for Multi-label Document Classification",
    author = "Lenc, Ladislav  and
      Kr{\'a}l, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_057",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_057",
    pages = "431--437",
    abstract = "In this paper, we analyze and evaluate word embeddings for representation of longer texts in the multi-label classification scenario. The embeddings are used in three convolutional neural network topologies. The experiments are realized on the Czech {\v{C}}TK and English Reuters-21578 standard corpora. We compare the results of word2vec static and trainable embeddings with randomly initialized word vectors. We conclude that initialization does not play an important role for classification. However, learning of word vectors is crucial to obtain good results.",
}
@inproceedings{li-dickinson-2017-gender,
    title = "Gender Prediction for {C}hinese Social Media Data",
    author = "Li, Wen  and
      Dickinson, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_058",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_058",
    pages = "438--445",
    abstract = "Social media provides users a platform to publish messages and socialize with others, and microblogs have gained more users than ever in recent years. With such usage, user profiling is a popular task in computational linguistics and text mining. Different approaches have been used to predict users{'} gender, age, and other information, but most of this work has been done on English and other Western languages. The goal of this project is to predict the gender of users based on their posts on Weibo, a Chinese micro-blogging platform. Given issues in Chinese word segmentation, we explore character and word n-grams as features for this task, as well as using character and word embeddings for classification. Given how the data is extracted, we approach the task on a per-post basis, and we show the difficulties of the task for both humans and computers. Nonetheless, we present encouraging results and point to future improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{liao-xie-2017-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Machine Translation Model with Forest-to-Tree Algorithm for Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Liao, Zhihua  and
      Xie, Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_059",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_059",
    pages = "446--451",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a novel supervised model for parsing natural language sentences into their formal semantic representations. This model treats sentence-to-lambda-logical expression conversion within the framework of the statistical machine translation with forest-to-tree algorithm. To make this work, we transform the lambda-logical expression structure into a form suitable for the mechanics of statistical machine translation and useful for modeling. We show that our model is able to yield new state-of-the-art results on both standard datasets with simple features.",
}
@inproceedings{londhe-srihari-2017-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing World Speak : A Preliminary Graph Based Approach",
    author = "Londhe, Nikhil  and
      Srihari, Rohini",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_060",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_060",
    pages = "452--458",
    abstract = "Social media platforms play a crucial role in piecing together global news stories via their corresponding online discussions. Thus, in this work, we introduce the problem of automatically summarizing massively multilingual microblog text streams. We discuss the challenges involved in both generating summaries as well as evaluating them. We introduce a simple word graph based approach that utilizes node neighborhoods to identify keyphrases and thus in turn, pick summary candidates. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in generating precise summaries as compared to other popular techniques.",
}
@inproceedings{loukachevitch-gerasimova-2017-human,
    title = "Human Associations Help to Detect Conventionalized Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Loukachevitch, Natalia  and
      Gerasimova, Anastasia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_061",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_061",
    pages = "459--466",
    abstract = "In this paper we show that if we want to obtain human evidence about conventionalization of some phrases, we should ask native speakers about associations they have to a given phrase and its component words. We have shown that if component words of a phrase have each other as frequent associations, then this phrase can be considered as conventionalized. Another type of conventionalized phrases can be revealed using two factors: low entropy of phrase associations and low intersection of component word and phrase associations. The association experiments were performed for the Russian language.",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-zampieri-2017-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Hate Speech in Social Media",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Zampieri, Marcos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_062",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_062",
    pages = "467--472",
    abstract = "In this paper we examine methods to detect hate speech in social media, while distinguishing this from general profanity. We aim to establish lexical baselines for this task by applying supervised classification methods using a recently released dataset annotated for this purpose. As features, our system uses character n-grams, word n-grams and word skip-grams. We obtain results of 78{\%} accuracy in identifying posts across three classes. Results demonstrate that the main challenge lies in discriminating profanity and hate speech from each other. A number of directions for future work are discussed.",
}
@inproceedings{marcinczuk-etal-2017-inforex,
    title = "{I}nforex {---} a collaborative system for text corpora annotation and analysis",
    author = "Marci{\'n}czuk, Micha{\l}  and
      Oleksy, Marcin  and
      Koco{\'n}, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_063",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_063",
    pages = "473--482",
    abstract = "We report a first major upgrade of Inforex {---} a web-based system for qualitative and collaborative text corpora annotation and analysis. Inforex is a part of Polish CLARIN infrastructure. It is integrated with a digital repository for storing and publishing language resources and allows to visualize, browse and annotate text corpora stored in the repository. As a result of a series of workshops for researches from humanities and social sciences fields we improved the graphical interface to make the system more friendly and readable for non-experienced users. We also implemented a new functionality for gold standard annotation which includes private annotations and annotation agreement by a super-annotator.",
}
@inproceedings{marcinczuk-2017-lemmatization,
    title = "Lemmatization of Multi-word Common Noun Phrases and Named Entities in Polish",
    author = "Marci{\'n}czuk, Micha{\l}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_064",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_064",
    pages = "483--491",
    abstract = "In the paper we present a tool for lemmatization of multi-word common noun phrases and named entities for Polish called LemmaPL. The tool is based on a set of manually crafted rules and heuristics utilizing a set of dictionaries (including morphological, named entities and inflection patterns). The accuracy of lemmatization obtained by the tool reached 97.99{\%} on a dataset with multi-word common noun phrases and 86.17{\%} for case-sensitive evaluation on a dataset with named entities.",
}
@inproceedings{mi-etal-2017-log,
    title = "Log-linear Models for {U}yghur Segmentation in Spoken Language Translation",
    author = "Mi, Chenggang  and
      Yang, Yating  and
      Dong, Rui  and
      Zhou, Xi  and
      Wang, Lei  and
      Li, Xiao  and
      Jiang, Tonghai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_065",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_065",
    pages = "492--500",
    abstract = "To alleviate data sparsity in spoken Uyghur machine translation, we proposed a log-linear based morphological segmentation approach. Instead of learning model only from monolingual annotated corpus, this approach optimizes Uyghur segmentation for spoken translation based on both bilingual and monolingual corpus. Our approach relies on several features such as traditional conditional random field (CRF) feature, bilingual word alignment feature and monolingual suffixword co-occurrence feature. Experimental results shown that our proposed segmentation model for Uyghur spoken translation achieved 1.6 BLEU score improvements compared with the state-of-the-art baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{mitrofan-2017-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping a {R}omanian Corpus for Medical Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Mitrofan, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_066",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_066",
    pages = "501--509",
    abstract = "Named Entity Recognition (NER) is an important component of natural language processing (NLP), with applicability in biomedical domain, enabling knowledge-discovery from medical texts. Due to the fact that for the Romanian language there are only a few linguistic resources specific to the biomedical domain, it was created a sub-corpus specific to this domain. In this paper we present a newly developed Romanian sub-corpus for medical-domain NER, which is a valuable asset for the field of biomedical text processing. We provide a description of the sub-corpus, informative statistics about data-composition and we evaluate an automatic NER tool on the newly created resource.",
}
@inproceedings{moreno-etal-2017-domain,
    title = "A Domain and Language Independent Named Entity Classification Approach Based on Profiles and Local Information",
    author = "Moreno, Isabel  and
      Rom{\'a}-Ferri, Mar{\'\i}a Teresa  and
      Moreda Pozo, Paloma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_067",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_067",
    pages = "510--518",
    abstract = "This paper presents a Named Entity Classification system, which employs machine learning. Our methodology employs local entity information and profiles as feature set. All features are generated in an unsupervised manner. It is tested on two different data sets: (i) DrugSemantics Spanish corpus (Overall F1 = 74.92), whose results are in-line with the state of the art without employing external domain-specific resources. And, (ii) English CONLL2003 dataset (Overall F1 = 81.40), although our results are lower than previous work, these are reached without external knowledge or complex linguistic analysis. Last, using the same configuration for the two corpora, the difference of overall F1 is only 6.48 points (DrugSemantics = 74.92 versus CoNLL2003 = 81.40). Thus, this result supports our hypothesis that our approach is language and domain independent and does not require any external knowledge or complex linguistic analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-kubler-2017-similarity,
    title = "Similarity Based Genre Identification for {POS} Tagging Experts {\&} Dependency Parsing",
    author = {Mukherjee, Atreyee  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_068",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_068",
    pages = "519--526",
    abstract = "POS tagging and dependency parsing achieve good results for homogeneous datasets. However, these tasks are much more difficult on heterogeneous datasets. In (Mukherjee et al. 2016, 2017), we address this issue by creating genre experts for both POS tagging and parsing. We use topic modeling to automatically separate training and test data into genres and to create annotation experts per genre by training separate models for each topic. However, this approach assumes that topic modeling is performed jointly on training and test sentences each time a new test sentence is encountered. We extend this work by assigning new test sentences to their genre expert by using similarity metrics. We investigate three different types of methods: 1) based on words highly associated with a genre by the topic modeler, 2) using a k-nearest neighbor classification approach, and 3) using perplexity to determine the closest topic. The results show that the choice of similarity metric has an effect on results and that we can reach comparable accuracies to the joint topic modeling in POS tagging and dependency parsing, thus providing a viable and efficient approach to POS tagging and parsing a sentence by its genre expert.",
}
@inproceedings{naderi-hirst-2017-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Reputation Defence Strategies in Critical Political Exchanges",
    author = "Naderi, Nona  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_069",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_069",
    pages = "527--535",
    abstract = "We propose a new task of automatically detecting reputation defence strategies in the field of computational argumentation. We cast the problem as relation classification, where given a pair of reputation threat and reputation defence, we determine the reputation defence strategy. We annotate a dataset of parliamentary questions and answers with reputation defence strategies. We then propose a model based on supervised learning to address the detection of these strategies, and report promising experimental results.",
}
@inproceedings{naderi-hirst-2017-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Frames at the Sentence Level in News Articles",
    author = "Naderi, Nona  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_070",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_070",
    pages = "536--542",
    abstract = "Previous approaches to generic frame classification analyze frames at the document level. Here, we propose a supervised based approach based on deep neural networks and distributional representations for classifying frames at the sentence level in news articles. We conduct our experiments on the publicly available Media Frames Corpus compiled from the U.S. Newspapers. Using (B)LSTMs and GRU networks to represent the meaning of frames, we demonstrate that our approach yields at least 14-point improvement over several baseline methods.",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-vogel-2017-robust,
    title = "Robust Tuning Datasets for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_071",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_071",
    pages = "543--550",
    abstract = "We explore the idea of automatically crafting a tuning dataset for Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) that makes the hyper-parameters of the SMT system more robust with respect to some specific deficiencies of the parameter tuning algorithms. This is an under-explored research direction, which can allow better parameter tuning. In this paper, we achieve this goal by selecting a subset of the available sentence pairs, which are more suitable for specific combinations of optimizers, objective functions, and evaluation measures. We demonstrate the potential of the idea with the pairwise ranking optimization (PRO) optimizer, which is known to yield too short translations. We show that the learning problem can be alleviated by tuning on a subset of the development set, selected based on sentence length. In particular, using the longest 50{\%} of the tuning sentences, we achieve two-fold tuning speedup, and improvements in BLEU score that rival those of alternatives, which fix BLEU+1{'}s smoothing instead.",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-etal-2017-trust,
    title = "Do Not Trust the Trolls: Predicting Credibility in Community Question Answering Forums",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Mihaylova, Tsvetomila  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Shiroya, Yashkumar  and
      Koychev, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_072",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_072",
    pages = "551--560",
    abstract = "We address information credibility in community forums, in a setting in which the credibility of an answer posted in a question thread by a particular user has to be predicted. First, we motivate the problem and we create a publicly available annotated English corpus by crowdsourcing. Second, we propose a large set of features to predict the credibility of the answers. The features model the user, the answer, the question, the thread as a whole, and the interaction between them. Our experiments with ranking SVMs show that the credibility labels can be predicted with high performance according to several standard IR ranking metrics, thus supporting the potential usage of this layer of credibility information in practical applications. The features modeling the profile of the user (in particular trollness) turn out to be most important, but embedding features modeling the answer and the similarity between the question and the answer are also very relevant. Overall, half of the gap between the baseline performance and the perfect classifier can be covered using the proposed features.",
}
@inproceedings{osenova-simov-2017-bulgarian,
    title = "{B}ulgarian-{E}nglish and {E}nglish-{B}ulgarian Machine Translation: System Design and Evaluation",
    author = "Osenova, Petya  and
      Simov, Kiril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_073",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_073",
    pages = "561--568",
    abstract = "The paper presents a deep factored machine translation (MT) system between English and Bulgarian languages in both directions. The MT system is hybrid. It consists of three main steps: (1) the source-language text is linguistically annotated, (2) it is translated to the target language with the Moses system, and (3) translation is post-processed with the help of the transferred linguistic annotation from the source text. Besides automatic evaluation we performed manual evaluation over a domain test suite of sentences demonstrating certain phenomena like imperatives, questions, etc.",
}
@inproceedings{paul-das-2017-identification,
    title = "Identification of Character Adjectives from {M}ahabharata",
    author = "Paul, Apurba  and
      Das, Dipankar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_074",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_074",
    pages = "569--576",
    abstract = "The present paper describes the identification of prominent characters and their adjectives from Indian mythological epic, Mahabharata, written in English texts. However, in contrast to the tra-ditional approaches of named entity identifica-tion, the present system extracts hidden attributes associated with each of the characters (e.g., character adjectives). We observed distinct phrase level linguistic patterns that hint the pres-ence of characters in different text spans. Such six patterns were used in order to extract the cha-racters. On the other hand, a distinguishing set of novel features (e.g., multi-word expression, nodes and paths of parse tree, immediate ancestors etc.) was employed. Further, the correlation of the features is also measured in order to identify the important features. Finally, we applied various machine learning algorithms (e.g., Naive Bayes, KNN, Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest etc.) along with deep learning to classify the patterns as characters or non-characters in order to achieve decent accuracy. Evaluation shows that phrase level linguistic patterns as well as the adopted features are highly active in capturing characters and their adjectives.",
}
@inproceedings{perez-estruch-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Multimodal Gender Profile using Neural Networks",
    author = "P{\'e}rez Estruch, Carlos  and
      Paredes Palacios, Roberto  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_075",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_075",
    pages = "577--582",
    abstract = "Gender identification in social networks is one of the most popular aspects of user profile learning. Traditionally it has been linked to author profiling, a difficult problem to solve because of the little difference in the use of language between genders. This situation has led to the need of taking into account other information apart from textual data, favoring the emergence of multimodal data. The aim of this paper is to apply neural networks to perform data fusion, using an existing multimodal corpus, the NUS-MSS data set, that (not only) contains text data, but also image and location information. We improved previous results in terms of macro accuracy (87.8{\%}) obtaining the state-of-the-art performance of 91.3{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{piasecki-etal-2017-recognition,
    title = "Recognition of Genuine Polish Suicide Notes",
    author = "Piasecki, Maciej  and
      M{\l}ynarczyk, Ksenia  and
      Koco{\'n}, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_076",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_076",
    pages = "583--591",
    abstract = "In this article we present the result of the recent research in the recognition of genuine Polish suicide notes (SNs). We provide useful method to distinguish between SNs and other types of discourse, including counterfeited SNs. The method uses a wide range of word-based and semantic features and it was evaluated using Polish Corpus of Suicide Notes, which contains 1244 genuine SNs, expanded with manually prepared set of 334 counterfeited SNs and 2200 letter-like texts from the Internet. We utilized the algorithm to create the class-related sense dictionaries to improve the result of SNs classification. The obtained results show that there are fundamental differences between genuine SNs and counterfeited SNs. The applied method of the sense dictionary construction appeared to be the best way of improving the model.",
}
@inproceedings{prazak-konopik-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual {SRL} Based upon Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Pra{\v{z}}{\'a}k, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Konop{\'\i}k, Miloslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_077",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_077",
    pages = "592--600",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce a cross-lingual Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) system with language independent features based upon Universal Dependencies. We propose two methods to convert SRL annotations from monolingual dependency trees into universal dependency trees. Our SRL system is based upon cross-lingual features derived from universal dependency trees and a supervised learning that utilizes a maximum entropy classifier. We design experiments to verify whether the Universal Dependencies are suitable for the cross-lingual SRL. The results are very promising and they open new interesting research paths for the future.",
}
@inproceedings{rohanian-etal-2017-using,
    title = "Using Gaze Data to Predict Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Rohanian, Omid  and
      Taslimipoor, Shiva  and
      Yaneva, Victoria  and
      Ha, Le An",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_078",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_078",
    pages = "601--609",
    abstract = "In recent years gaze data has been increasingly used to improve and evaluate NLP models due to the fact that it carries information about the cognitive processing of linguistic phenomena. In this paper we conduct a preliminary study towards the automatic identification of multiword expressions based on gaze features from native and non-native speakers of English. We report comparisons between a part-of-speech (POS) and frequency baseline to: i) a prediction model based solely on gaze data and ii) a combined model of gaze data, POS and frequency. In spite of the challenging nature of the task, best performance was achieved by the latter. Furthermore, we explore how the type of gaze data (from native versus non-native speakers) affects the prediction, showing that data from the two groups is discriminative to an equal degree for the task. Finally, we show that late processing measures are more predictive than early ones, which is in line with previous research on idioms and other formulaic structures.",
}
@inproceedings{ruckle-gurevych-2017-real,
    title = "Real-Time News Summarization with Adaptation to Media Attention",
    author = {R{\"u}ckl{\'e}, Andreas  and
      Gurevych, Iryna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_079",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_079",
    pages = "610--617",
    abstract = "Real-time summarization of news events (RTS) allows persons to stay up-to-date on important topics that develop over time. With the occurrence of major sub-events, media attention increases and a large number of news articles are published. We propose a summarization approach that detects such changes and selects a suitable summarization configuration at run-time. In particular, at times with high media attention, our approach exploits the redundancy in content to produce a more precise summary and avoid emitting redundant information. We find that our approach significantly outperforms a strong non-adaptive RTS baseline in terms of the emitted summary updates and achieves the best results on a recent web-scale dataset. It can successfully be applied to a different real-world dataset without requiring additional modifications.",
}
@inproceedings{rudrapal-das-2017-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Limit of Semantic Divergence for {E}nglish Tweets.",
    author = "Rudrapal, Dwijen  and
      Das, Amitava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_080",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_080",
    pages = "618--624",
    abstract = "In human language, an expression could be conveyed in many ways by different people. Even that the same person may express same sentence quite differently when addressing different audiences, using different modalities, or using different syntactic variations or may use different set of vocabulary. The possibility of such endless surface form of text while the meaning of the text remains almost same, poses many challenges for Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems like question-answering system, machine translation system and text summarization. This research paper is an endeavor to understand the characteristic of such endless semantic divergence. In this research work we develop a corpus of 1525 semantic divergent sentences for 200 English tweets.",
}
@inproceedings{ruppenhofer-etal-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the morphological compositionality of polarity",
    author = "Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Steiner, Petra  and
      Wiegand, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_081",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_081",
    pages = "625--633",
    abstract = "Unknown words are a challenge for any NLP task, including sentiment analysis. Here, we evaluate the extent to which sentiment polarity of complex words can be predicted based on their morphological make-up. We do this on German as it has very productive processes of derivation and compounding and many German hapax words, which are likely to bear sentiment, are morphologically complex. We present results of supervised classification experiments on new datasets with morphological parses and polarity annotations.",
}
@inproceedings{rysova-etal-2017-introducing,
    title = "Introducing {EVALD} {--} Software Applications for Automatic Evaluation of Discourse in {C}zech",
    author = "Rysov{\'a}, Kate{\v{r}}ina  and
      Rysov{\'a}, Magdal{\'e}na  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      Nov{\'a}k, Michal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_082",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_082",
    pages = "634--641",
    abstract = "In the paper, we introduce two software applications for automatic evaluation of coherence in Czech texts called EVALD {--} Evaluator of Discourse. The first one {--} EVALD 1.0 {--} evaluates texts written by native speakers of Czech on a five-step scale commonly used at Czech schools (grade 1 is the best, grade 5 is the worst). The second application is EVALD 1.0 for Foreigners assessing texts by non-native speakers of Czech using six-step scale (A1{--}C2) according to CEFR. Both appli-cations are available online at \url{https://lindat.mff.cuni.cz/services/evald-foreign/}.",
}
@inproceedings{salton-etal-2017-idiom,
    title = "Idiom Type Identification with Smoothed Lexical Features and a Maximum Margin Classifier",
    author = "Salton, Giancarlo  and
      Ross, Robert  and
      Kelleher, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_083",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_083",
    pages = "642--651",
    abstract = "In our work we address limitations in the state-of-the-art in idiom type identification. We investigate different approaches for a lexical fixedness metric, a component of the state-of the-art model. We also show that our Machine Learning based approach to the idiom type identification task achieves an F1-score of 0.85, an improvement of 11 points over the state-of the-art.",
}
@inproceedings{satthar-etal-2017-calibration,
    title = "A Calibration Method for Evaluation of Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Satthar, F.Sharmila  and
      Evans, Roger  and
      Uchyigit, Gulden",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_084",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_084",
    pages = "652--660",
    abstract = "Sentiment analysis is the computational task of extracting sentiment from a text document {--} for example whether it expresses a positive, negative or neutral opinion. Various approaches have been introduced in recent years, using a range of different techniques to extract sentiment information from a document. Measuring these methods against a gold standard dataset is a useful way to evaluate such systems. However, different sentiment analysis techniques represent sentiment values in different ways, such as discrete categorical classes or continuous numerical sentiment scores. This creates a challenge for evaluating and comparing such systems; in particular assessing numerical scores against datasets that use fixed classes is difficult, because the numerical outputs have to be mapped onto the ordered classes. This paper proposes a novel calibration technique that uses precision vs. recall curves to set class thresholds to optimize a continuous sentiment analyser{'}s performance against a discrete gold standard dataset. In experiments mapping a continuous score onto a three-class classification of movie reviews, we show that calibration results in a substantial increase in f-score when compared to a non-calibrated mapping.",
}
@inproceedings{semmar-laib-2017-building,
    title = "Building Multiword Expressions Bilingual Lexicons for Domain Adaptation of an Example-Based Machine Translation System",
    author = "Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Laib, Mariama",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_085",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_085",
    pages = "661--670",
    abstract = "We describe in this paper a hybrid ap-proach to build automatically bilingual lexicons of Multiword Expressions (MWEs) from parallel corpora. We more specifically investigate the impact of using a domain-specific bilingual lexicon of MWEs on domain adaptation of an Example-Based Machine Translation (EBMT) system. We conducted experiments on the English-French language pair and two kinds of texts: in-domain texts from Europarl (European Parliament proceedings) and out-of-domain texts from Emea (European Medicines Agency documents) and Ecb (European Central Bank corpus). The obtained results indicate that integrating domain-specific bilingual lexicons of MWEs improves translation quality of the EBMT system when texts to translate are related to the specific domain and induces a relatively slight deterioration of translation quality when translating general-purpose texts.",
}
@inproceedings{simaki-etal-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying the Authors{'} National Variety of {E}nglish in Social Media Texts",
    author = "Simaki, Vasiliki  and
      Simakis, Panagiotis  and
      Paradis, Carita  and
      Kerren, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_086",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_086",
    pages = "671--678",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a study for the identification of authors{'} national variety of English in texts from social media. In data from Facebook and Twitter, information about the author{'}s social profile is annotated, and the national English variety (US, UK, AUS, CAN, NNS) that each author uses is attributed. We tested four feature types: formal linguistic features, POS features, lexicon-based features related to the different varieties, and data-based features from each English variety. We used various machine learning algorithms for the classification experiments, and we implemented a feature selection process. The classification accuracy achieved, when the 31 highest ranked features were used, was up to 77.32{\%}. The experimental results are evaluated, and the efficacy of the ranked features discussed.",
}
@inproceedings{simov-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Lexical Chains for Knowledge-Graph-based Word Embeddings",
    author = "Simov, Kiril  and
      Boytcheva, Svetla  and
      Osenova, Petya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_087",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_087",
    pages = "679--685",
    abstract = "Word vectors with varying dimensionalities and produced by different algorithms have been extensively used in NLP. The corpora that the algorithms are trained on can contain either natural language text (e.g. Wikipedia or newswire articles) or artificially-generated pseudo corpora due to natural data sparseness. We exploit Lexical Chain based templates over Knowledge Graph for generating pseudo-corpora with controlled linguistic value. These corpora are then used for learning word embeddings. A number of experiments have been conducted over the following test sets: WordSim353 Similarity, WordSim353 Relatedness and SimLex-999. The results show that, on the one hand, the incorporation of many-relation lexical chains improves results, but on the other hand, unrestricted-length chains remain difficult to handle with respect to their huge quantity.",
}
@inproceedings{simova-uszkoreit-2017-word,
    title = "Word Embeddings as Features for Supervised Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Simova, Iliana  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_088",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_088",
    pages = "686--693",
    abstract = "A common reason for errors in coreference resolution is the lack of semantic information to help determine the compatibility between mentions referring to the same entity. Distributed representations, which have been shown successful in encoding relatedness between words, could potentially be a good source of such knowledge. Moreover, being obtained in an unsupervised manner, they could help address data sparsity issues in labeled training data at a small cost. In this work we investigate whether and to what extend features derived from word embeddings can be successfully used for supervised coreference resolution. We experiment with several word embedding models, and several different types of embeddingbased features, including embedding cluster and cosine similarity-based features. Our evaluations show improvements in the performance of a supervised state-of-theart coreference system.",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-etal-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Flames Detection in News Discussions",
    author = "Steinberger, Josef  and
      Brychc{\'\i}n, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Hercig, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Krejzl, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_089",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_089",
    pages = "694--700",
    abstract = "We introduce Flames Detector, an online system for measuring flames, i.e. strong negative feelings or emotions, insults or other verbal offences, in news commentaries across five languages. It is designed to assist journalists, public institutions or discussion moderators to detect news topics which evoke wrangles. We propose a machine learning approach to flames detection and calculate an aggregated score for a set of comment threads. The demo application shows the most flaming topics of the current period in several language variants. The search functionality gives a possibility to measure flames in any topic specified by a query. The evaluation shows that the flame detection in discussions is a difficult task, however, the application can already reveal interesting information about the actual news discussions.",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-etal-2017-pyramid,
    title = "Pyramid-based Summary Evaluation Using Abstract Meaning Representation",
    author = "Steinberger, Josef  and
      Krejzl, Peter  and
      Brychc{\'\i}n, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_090",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_090",
    pages = "701--706",
    abstract = "We propose a novel metric for evaluating summary content coverage. The evaluation framework follows the Pyramid approach to measure how many summarization content units, considered important by human annotators, are contained in an automatic summary. Our approach automatizes the evaluation process, which does not need any manual intervention on the evaluated summary side. Our approach compares abstract meaning representations of each content unit mention and each summary sentence. We found that the proposed metric complements well the widely-used ROUGE metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-etal-2017-large,
    title = "Large-scale news entity sentiment analysis",
    author = "Steinberger, Ralf  and
      Hegele, Stefanie  and
      Tanev, Hristo  and
      Della Rocca, Leonida",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_091",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_091",
    pages = "707--715",
    abstract = "We work on detecting positive or negative sentiment towards named entities in very large volumes of news articles. The aim is to monitor changes over time, as well as to work towards media bias detection by com-paring differences across news sources and countries. With view to applying the same method to dozens of languages, we use lin-guistically light-weight methods: searching for positive and negative terms in bags of words around entity mentions (also consid-ering negation). Evaluation results are good and better than a third-party baseline sys-tem, but precision is not sufficiently high to display the results publicly in our multilin-gual news analysis system Europe Media Monitor (EMM). In this paper, we focus on describing our effort to improve the English language results by avoiding the biggest sources of errors. We also present new work on using a syntactic parser to identify safe opinion recognition rules, such as predica-tive structures in which sentiment words di-rectly refer to an entity. The precision of this method is good, but recall is very low.",
}
@inproceedings{sulea-etal-2017-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Law Area and Decisions of {F}rench Supreme Court Cases",
    author = "{\c{S}}ulea, Octavia-Maria  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Vela, Mihaela  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_092",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_092",
    pages = "716--722",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate the application of text classification methods to predict the law area and the decision of cases judged by the French Supreme Court. We also investigate the influence of the time period in which a ruling was made over the textual form of the case description and the extent to which it is necessary to mask the judge{'}s motivation for a ruling to emulate a real-world test scenario. We report results of 96{\%} f1 score in predicting a case ruling, 90{\%} f1 score in predicting the law area of a case, and 75.9{\%} f1 score in estimating the time span when a ruling has been issued using a linear Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier trained on lexical features.",
}
@inproceedings{sumalvico-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Morphology with Graph Sampling",
    author = "Sumalvico, Maciej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_093",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_093",
    pages = "723--732",
    abstract = "We introduce a language-independent, graph-based probabilistic model of morphology, which uses transformation rules operating on whole words instead of the traditional morphological segmentation. The morphological analysis of a set of words is expressed through a graph having words as vertices and structural relationships between words as edges. We define a probability distribution over such graphs and develop a sampler based on the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. The sampling is applied in order to determine the strength of morphological relationships between words, filter out accidental similarities and reduce the set of rules necessary to explain the data. The model is evaluated on the task of finding pairs of morphologically similar words, as well as generating new words. The results are compared to a state-of-the-art segmentation-based approach.",
}
@inproceedings{sweeney-padmanabhan-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-entity sentiment analysis using entity-level feature extraction and word embeddings approach",
    author = "Sweeney, Colm  and
      Padmanabhan, Deepak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_094",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_094",
    pages = "733--740",
    abstract = "The sentiment analysis task has been traditionally divided into lexicon or machine learning approaches, but recently the use of word embeddings methods have emerged, that provide powerful algorithms to allow semantic understanding without the task of creating large amounts of annotated test data. One problem with this type of binary classification, is that the sentiment output will be in the form of {`}1{'} (positive) or {`}0{'} (negative) for the string of text in the tweet, regardless if there are one or more entities referred to in the text. This paper plans to enhance the word embeddings approach with the deployment of a sentiment lexicon-based technique to appoint a total score that indicates the polarity of opinion in relation to a particular entity or entities. This type of sentiment classification is a way of associating a given entity with the adjectives, adverbs, and verbs describing it, and extracting the associated sentiment to try and infer if the text is positive or negative in relation to the entity or entities.",
}
@inproceedings{tahmasebi-risse-2017-finding,
    title = "Finding Individual Word Sense Changes and their Delay in Appearance",
    author = "Tahmasebi, Nina  and
      Risse, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_095",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_095",
    pages = "741--749",
    abstract = "We present a method for detecting word sense changes by utilizing automatically induced word senses. Our method works on the level of individual senses and allows a word to have e.g. one stable sense and then add a novel sense that later experiences change. Senses are grouped based on polysemy to find linguistic concepts and we can find broadening and narrowing as well as novel (polysemous and homonymic) senses. We evaluate on a testset, present recall and estimates of the time between expected and found change.",
}
@inproceedings{thomas-etal-2017-streaming,
    title = "Streaming Text Analytics for Real-Time Event Recognition",
    author = "Thomas, Philippe  and
      Kirschnick, Johannes  and
      Hennig, Leonhard  and
      Ai, Renlong  and
      Schmeier, Sven  and
      Hemsen, Holmer  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_096",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_096",
    pages = "750--757",
    abstract = "A huge body of continuously growing written knowledge is available on the web in the form of social media posts, RSS feeds, and news articles. Real-time information extraction from such high velocity, high volume text streams requires scalable, distributed natural language processing pipelines. We introduce such a system for fine-grained event recognition within the big data framework Flink, and demonstrate its capabilities for extracting and geo-locating mobility- and industry-related events from heterogeneous text sources. Performance analyses conducted on several large datasets show that our system achieves high throughput and maintains low latency, which is crucial when events need to be detected and acted upon in real-time. We also present promising experimental results for the event extraction component of our system, which recognizes a novel set of event types. The demo system is available at \url{http://dfki.de/sd4m-sta-demo/}.",
}
@inproceedings{tokunaga-etal-2017-eye,
    title = "An Eye-tracking Study of Named Entity Annotation",
    author = "Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Nishikawa, Hitoshi  and
      Iwakura, Tomoya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_097",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_097",
    pages = "758--764",
    abstract = "Utilising effective features in machine learning-based natural language processing (NLP) is crucial in achieving good performance for a given NLP task. The paper describes a pilot study on the analysis of eye-tracking data during named entity (NE) annotation, aiming at obtaining insights into effective features for the NE recognition task. The eye gaze data were collected from 10 annotators and analysed regarding working time and fixation distribution. The results of the preliminary qualitative analysis showed that human annotators tend to look at broader contexts around the target NE than recent state-of-the-art automatic NE recognition systems and to use predicate argument relations to identify the NE categories.",
}
@inproceedings{tsekouras-etal-2017-graph,
    title = "A Graph-based Text Similarity Measure That Employs Named Entity Information",
    author = "Tsekouras, Leonidas  and
      Varlamis, Iraklis  and
      Giannakopoulos, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_098",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_098",
    pages = "765--771",
    abstract = "Text comparison is an interesting though hard task, with many applications in Natural Language Processing. This work introduces a new text-similarity measure, which employs named-entities{'} information extracted from the texts and the n-gram graphs{'} model for representing documents. Using OpenCalais as a named-entity recognition service and the JINSECT toolkit for constructing and managing n-gram graphs, the text similarity measure is embedded in a text clustering algorithm (k-Means). The evaluation of the produced clusters with various clustering validity metrics shows that the extraction of named entities at a first step can be profitable for the time-performance of similarity measures that are based on the n-gram graph representation without affecting the overall performance of the NLP task.",
}
@inproceedings{wawer-mykowiecka-2017-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Metaphorical Phrases in the Polish Language",
    author = "Wawer, Aleksander  and
      Mykowiecka, Agnieszka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_099",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_099",
    pages = "772--777",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe experiments with automated detection of metaphors in the Polish language. We focus our analysis on noun phrases composed of an adjective and a noun, and distinguish three types of expressions: with literal sense, with metaphorical sense, and expressions both literal and methaphorical (context-dependent). We propose a method of automatically recognizing expression type using word embeddings and neural networks. We evaluate multiple neural network architectures and demonstrate that the method significantly outperforms strong baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{weegar-etal-2017-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Encoding of Pathology Reports Using Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Weegar, Rebecka  and
      Nyg{\aa}rd, Jan F  and
      Dalianis, Hercules",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_100",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_100",
    pages = "778--783",
    abstract = "In this article we present a system that extracts information from pathology reports. The reports are written in Norwegian and contain free text describing prostate biopsies. Currently, these reports are manually coded for research and statistical purposes by trained experts at the Cancer Registry of Norway where the coders extract values for a set of predefined fields that are specific for prostate cancer. The presented system is rule based and achieves an average F-score of 0.91 for the fields Gleason grade, Gleason score, the number of biopsies that contain tumor tissue, and the orientation of the biopsies. The system also identifies reports that contain ambiguity or other content that should be reviewed by an expert. The system shows potential to encode the reports considerably faster, with less resources, and similar high quality to the manual encoding.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Reranking for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Yang, Jie  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Dong, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_101",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_101",
    pages = "784--792",
    abstract = "We propose a neural reranking system for named entity recognition (NER), leverages recurrent neural network models to learn sentence-level patterns that involve named entity mentions. In particular, given an output sentence produced by a baseline NER model, we replace all entity mentions, such as \textit{Barack Obama}, into their entity types, such as \textit{PER}. The resulting sentencepatterns contain direct output information, yet is less sparse without specificnamed entities. For example, {``}PER was born in LOC{''} can be such a pattern.LSTM and CNN structures are utilised for learning deep representations of suchsentences for reranking. Results show that our system can significantly improvethe NER accuracies over two different baselines, giving the best reportedresults on a standard benchmark.",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2017-online,
    title = "Online Deception Detection Refueled by Real World Data Collection",
    author = "Yao, Wenlin  and
      Dai, Zeyu  and
      Huang, Ruihong  and
      Caverlee, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_102",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_102",
    pages = "793--802",
    abstract = "The lack of large realistic datasets presents a bottleneck in online deception detection studies. In this paper, we apply a data collection method based on social network analysis to quickly identify high quality deceptive and truthful online reviews1 from Amazon. The dataset contains more than 10,000 deceptive reviews and is diverse in product domains and reviewers. Using this dataset, we explore effective general features for online deception detection that perform well across domains. We demonstrate that with generalized features {--} advertising speak and writing complexity scores {--} deception detection performance can be further improved by adding additional deceptive reviews from assorted domains in training. Finally, reviewer level evaluation gives an interesting insight into different deceptive reviewers{'} writing styles.",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2017-weakly,
    title = "A Weakly Supervised Approach to Train Temporal Relation Classifiers and Acquire Regular Event Pairs Simultaneously",
    author = "Yao, Wenlin  and
      Nettyam, Saipravallika  and
      Huang, Ruihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_103",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_103",
    pages = "803--812",
    abstract = "Capabilities of detecting temporal and causal relations between two events can benefit many applications. Most of existing temporal relation classifiers were trained in a supervised manner. Instead, we explore the observation that regular event pairs show a consistent temporal relation despite of their various contexts and these rich contexts can be used to train a contextual temporal relation classifier, which can further recognize new temporal relation contexts and identify new regular event pairs. We focus on detecting after and before temporal relations and design a weakly supervised learning approach that extracts thousands of regular event pairs and learns a contextual temporal relation classifier simultaneously. Evaluation shows that the acquired regular event pairs are of high quality and contain rich commonsense knowledge and domain specific knowledge. In addition, the weakly supervised trained temporal relation classifier achieves comparable performance with the state-of-the-art supervised systems.",
}
@inproceedings{yimam-etal-2017-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual and Cross-Lingual Complex Word Identification",
    author = "Yimam, Seid Muhie  and
      {\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Riedl, Martin  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_104",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_104",
    pages = "813--822",
    abstract = "Complex Word Identification (CWI) is an important task in lexical simplification and text accessibility. Due to the lack of CWI datasets, previous works largely depend on Simple English Wikipedia and edit histories for obtaining {`}gold standard{'} annotations, which are of doubtable quality, and limited only to English. We collect complex words/phrases (CP) for English, German and Spanish, annotated by both native and non-native speakers, and propose language independent features that can be used to train multilingual and cross-lingual CWI models. We show that the performance of cross-lingual CWI systems (using a model trained on one language and applying it on the other languages) is comparable to the performance of monolingual CWI systems.",
}
@inproceedings{yordanova-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of Situation Models for Plan Recognition Problems",
    author = "Yordanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_105",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_105",
    pages = "823--830",
    abstract = "Recent attempts at behaviour understanding through language grounding have shown that it is possible to automatically generate models for planning problems from textual instructions. One drawback of these approaches is that they either do not make use of the semantic structure behind the model elements identified in the text, or they manually incorporate a collection of concepts with semantic relationships between them. We call this collection of knowledge situation model. The situation model introduces additional context information to the model. It could also potentially reduce the complexity of the planning problem compared to models that do not use situation models. To address this problem, we propose an approach that automatically generates the situation model from textual instructions. The approach is able to identify various hierarchical, spatial, directional, and causal relations. We use the situation model to automatically generate planning problems in a PDDL notation and we show that the situation model reduces the complexity of the PDDL model in terms of number of operators and branching factor compared to planning models that do not make use of situation models.",
}
@inproceedings{yordanova-2017-simple,
    title = "A Simple Model for Improving the Performance of the {S}tanford Parser for Action Detection in Textual Instructions",
    author = "Yordanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_106",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_106",
    pages = "831--838",
    abstract = "Different approaches for behaviour understanding rely on textual instructions to generate models of human behaviour. These approaches usually use state of the art parsers to obtain the part of speech (POS) meaning and dependencies of the words in the instructions. For them it is essential that the parser is able to correctly annotate the instructions and especially the verbs as they describe the actions of the person. State of the art parsers usually make errors when annotating textual instructions, as they have short sentence structure often in imperative form. The inability of the parser to identify the verbs results in the inability of behaviour understanding systems to identify the relevant actions. To address this problem, we propose a simple rule-based model that attempts to correct any incorrectly annotated verbs. We argue that the model is able to significantly improve the parser{'}s performance without the need of additional training data. We evaluate our approach by extracting the actions from 61 textual instructions annotated only with the Stanford parser and once again after applying our model. The results show a significant improvement in the recognition rate when applying the rules (75{\%} accuracy compared to 68{\%} without the rules, p-value {\textless} 0.001).",
}
@inproceedings{zilio-etal-2017-using,
    title = "Using {NLP} for Enhancing Second Language Acquisition",
    author = "Zilio, Leonardo  and
      Wilkens, Rodrigo  and
      Fairon, C{\'e}drick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_107",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_107",
    pages = "839--846",
    abstract = "This study presents SMILLE, a system that draws on the Noticing Hypothesis and on input enhancements, addressing the lack of salience of grammatical infor mation in online documents chosen by a given user. By means of input enhancements, the system can draw the user{'}s attention to grammar, which could possibly lead to a higher intake per input ratio for metalinguistic information. The system receives as input an online document and submits it to a combined processing of parser and hand-written rules for detecting its grammatical structures. The input text can be freely chosen by the user, providing a more engaging experience and reflecting the user{'}s interests. The system can enhance a total of 107 fine-grained types of grammatical structures that are based on the CEFR. An evaluation of some of those structures resulted in an overall precision of 87{\%}.",
}
@proceedings{ranlp-2017-student,
    title = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop Associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    author = "Kovatchev, Venelin  and
      Temnikova, Irina  and
      Gencheva, Pepa  and
      Kiprov, Yasen  and
      Nikolova, Ivelina",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    doi = "10.26615/issn.1314-9156.2017_",
}
@inproceedings{clairet-2017-dish,
    title = "Dish Classification using Knowledge based Dietary Conflict Detection",
    author = "Clairet, Nadia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop Associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/issn.1314-9156.2017_001",
    doi = "10.26615/issn.1314-9156.2017_001",
    pages = "1--9",
    abstract = "The present paper considers the problem of dietary conflict detection from dish titles. The proposed method explores the semantics associated with the dish title in order to discover a certain or possible incompatibility of a particular dish with a particular diet. Dish titles are parts of the elusive and metaphoric gastronomy language, their processing can be viewed as a combination of short text and domain-specific texts analysis. We build our algorithm on the basis of a common knowledge lexical semantic network and show how such network can be used for domain specific short text processing.",
}
@inproceedings{daudert-2017-analysing,
    title = "Analysing Market Sentiments: Utilising Deep Learning to Exploit Relationships within the Economy",
    author = "Daudert, Tobias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop Associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/issn.1314-9156.2017_002",
    doi = "10.26615/issn.1314-9156.2017_002",
    pages = "10--16",
    abstract = "In today{'}s world, globalisation is not only affecting inter-culturalism but also linking markets across the globe. Given that all markets are affecting each other and are not only driven by fundamental data but also by sentiments, sentiment analysis regarding the markets becomes a tool to predict, anticipate, and milden future economic crises such as the one we faced in 2008. In this paper, an approach to improve sentiment analysis by exploiting relationships among different kinds of sentiment, together with supplementary information, from and across various data sources is proposed.",
}
@inproceedings{jwalapuram-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Dialogs based on Grice{'}s Maxims",
    author = "Jwalapuram, Prathyusha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop Associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/issn.1314-9156.2017_003",
    doi = "10.26615/issn.1314-9156.2017_003",
    pages = "17--24",
    abstract = "There is no agreed upon standard for the evaluation of conversational dialog systems, which are well-known to be hard to evaluate due to the difficulty in pinning down metrics that will correspond to human judgements and the subjective nature of human judgment itself. We explored the possibility of using Grice{'}s Maxims to evaluate effective communication in conversation. We collected some system generated dialogs from popular conversational chatbots across the spectrum and conducted a survey to see how the human judgements based on Gricean maxims correlate, and if such human judgments can be used as an effective evaluation metric for conversational dialog.",
}
@inproceedings{popov-2017-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation with Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Popov, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop Associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/issn.1314-9156.2017_004",
    doi = "10.26615/issn.1314-9156.2017_004",
    pages = "25--34",
    abstract = "This paper presents a neural network architecture for word sense disambiguation (WSD). The architecture employs recurrent neural layers and more specifically LSTM cells, in order to capture information about word order and to easily incorporate distributed word representations (embeddings) as features, without having to use a fixed window of text. The paper demonstrates that the architecture is able to compete with the most successful supervised systems for WSD and that there is an abundance of possible improvements to take it to the current state of the art. In addition, it explores briefly the potential of combining different types of embeddings as input features; it also discusses possible ways for generating {``}artificial corpora{''} from knowledge bases {--} for the purpose of producing training data and in relation to possible applications of embedding lemmas and word senses in the same space.",
}
@inproceedings{rohanian-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-Document Summarization of {P}ersian Text using Paragraph Vectors",
    author = "Rohanian, Morteza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop Associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/issn.1314-9156.2017_005",
    doi = "10.26615/issn.1314-9156.2017_005",
    pages = "35--40",
    abstract = "A multi-document summarizer finds the key topics from multiple textual sources and organizes information around them. In this paper we propose a summarization method for Persian text using paragraph vectors that can represent textual units of arbitrary lengths. We use these vectors to calculate the semantic relatedness between documents, cluster them to a number of predetermined groups, weight them based on their distance to the centroids and the intra-cluster homogeneity and take out the key paragraphs. We compare the final summaries with the gold-standard summaries of 21 digital topics using the ROUGE evaluation metric. Experimental results show the advantages of using paragraph vectors over earlier attempts at developing similar methods for a low resource language like Persian.",
}
@inproceedings{simeonova-2017-gradient,
    title = "Gradient Emotional Analysis",
    author = "Simeonova, Lilia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop Associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/issn.1314-9156.2017_006",
    doi = "10.26615/issn.1314-9156.2017_006",
    pages = "41--45",
    abstract = {Over the past few years a lot of research has been done on sentiment analysis, however, the emotional analysis, being so subjective, is not a well examined dis-cipline. The main focus of this proposal is to categorize a given sentence in two dimensions - sentiment and arousal. For this purpose two techniques will be com-bined {--} Machine Learning approach and Lexicon-based approach. The first di-mension will give the sentiment value {--} positive versus negative. This will be re-solved by using Na{\"\i}ve Bayes Classifier. The second and more interesting dimen-sion will determine the level of arousal. This will be achieved by evaluation of given a phrase or sentence based on lexi-con with affective ratings for 14 thousand English words.},
}
@inproceedings{tran-2017-applying,
    title = "Applying Deep Neural Network to Retrieve Relevant Civil Law Articles",
    author = "Tran, Anh Hang Nga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop Associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/issn.1314-9156.2017_007",
    doi = "10.26615/issn.1314-9156.2017_007",
    pages = "46--48",
    abstract = "The paper aims to achieve the legal question answering information retrieval (IR) task at Competition on Legal Information Extraction/Entailment (COLIEE) 2017. Our proposal methodology for the task is to utilize deep neural network, natural language processing and word2vec. The system was evaluated using training and testing data from the competition on legal information extraction/entailment (COLIEE). Our system mainly focuses on giving relevant civil law articles for given bar exams. The corpus of legal questions is drawn from Japanese Legal Bar exam queries. We implemented a combined deep neural network with additional features NLP and word2vec to gain the corresponding civil law articles based on a given bar exam {`}Yes/No{'} questions. This paper focuses on clustering words-with-relation in order to acquire relevant civil law articles. All evaluation processes were done on the COLIEE 2017 training and test data set. The experimental result shows a very promising result.",
}
@proceedings{conll-2015-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1",
}
@inproceedings{sokolov-etal-2015-coactive,
    title = "A Coactive Learning View of Online Structured Prediction in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Sokolov, Artem  and
      Riezler, Stefan  and
      Cohen, Shay B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1001",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2015-joint,
    title = "A Joint Framework for Coreference Resolution and Mention Head Detection",
    author = "Peng, Haoruo  and
      Chang, Kai-Wei  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1002",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{garrette-etal-2015-supertag,
    title = "A Supertag-Context Model for Weakly-Supervised {CCG} Parser Learning",
    author = "Garrette, Dan  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Baldridge, Jason  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1003",
    pages = "22--31",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2015-synchronous,
    title = "A Synchronous Hyperedge Replacement Grammar based approach for {AMR} parsing",
    author = "Peng, Xiaochang  and
      Song, Linfeng  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1004",
    pages = "32--41",
}
@inproceedings{al-badrashiny-etal-2015-aida2,
    title = "{AIDA}2: A Hybrid Approach for Token and Sentence Level Dialect Identification in {A}rabic",
    author = "Al-Badrashiny, Mohamed  and
      Elfardy, Heba  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1005",
    pages = "42--51",
}
@inproceedings{bhatt-etal-2015-iterative,
    title = "An Iterative Similarity based Adaptation Technique for Cross-domain Text Classification",
    author = "Bhatt, Himanshu Sharad  and
      Semwal, Deepali  and
      Roy, Shourya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1006",
    pages = "52--61",
}
@inproceedings{guzman-etal-2015-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Optimization for Statistical Machine Translation: {MERT} Learns Verbosity, {PRO} Learns Length",
    author = "Guzm{\'a}n, Francisco  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1007",
    pages = "62--72",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-guo-2015-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Projection-based Representation Learning for Cross-lingual Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Xiao, Min  and
      Guo, Yuhong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1008",
    pages = "73--82",
}
@inproceedings{qu-etal-2015-big,
    title = "Big Data Small Data, In Domain Out-of Domain, Known Word Unknown Word: The Impact of Word Representations on Sequence Labelling Tasks",
    author = "Qu, Lizhen  and
      Ferraro, Gabriela  and
      Zhou, Liyuan  and
      Hou, Weiwei  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1009",
    pages = "83--93",
}
@inproceedings{berzak-etal-2015-contrastive,
    title = "Contrastive Analysis with Predictive Power: Typology Driven Estimation of Grammatical Error Distributions in {ESL}",
    author = "Berzak, Yevgeni  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Katz, Boris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1010",
    pages = "94--102",
}
@inproceedings{johannsen-etal-2015-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual syntactic variation over age and gender",
    author = "Johannsen, Anders  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1011",
    pages = "103--112",
}
@inproceedings{duong-etal-2015-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Transfer for Unsupervised Dependency Parsing Without Parallel Data",
    author = "Duong, Long  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Cook, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1012",
    pages = "113--122",
}
@inproceedings{bogdanova-etal-2015-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Semantically Equivalent Questions in Online User Forums",
    author = "Bogdanova, Dasha  and
      dos Santos, C{\'\i}cero  and
      Barbosa, Luciano  and
      Zadrozny, Bianca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1013",
    pages = "123--131",
}
@inproceedings{kim-choi-2015-entity,
    title = "Entity Linking {K}orean Text: An Unsupervised Learning Approach using Semantic Relations",
    author = "Kim, Youngsik  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1014",
    pages = "132--141",
}
@inproceedings{yazdani-henderson-2015-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Recurrent Neural Network Dependency Parser with Search-based Discriminative Training",
    author = "Yazdani, Majid  and
      Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1015",
    pages = "142--152",
}
@inproceedings{klinger-cimiano-2015-instance,
    title = "Instance Selection Improves Cross-Lingual Model Training for Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Klinger, Roman  and
      Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1016",
    pages = "153--163",
}
@inproceedings{cotterell-etal-2015-labeled,
    title = "Labeled Morphological Segmentation with Semi-{M}arkov Models",
    author = {Cotterell, Ryan  and
      M{\"u}ller, Thomas  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1017",
    pages = "164--174",
}
@inproceedings{shwartz-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning to Exploit Structured Resources for Lexical Inference",
    author = "Shwartz, Vered  and
      Levy, Omer  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Goldberger, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1018",
    pages = "175--184",
}
@inproceedings{weegar-etal-2015-linking,
    title = "Linking Entities Across Images and Text",
    author = {Weegar, Rebecka  and
      {\AA}str{\"o}m, Kalle  and
      Nugues, Pierre},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1019",
    pages = "185--193",
}
@inproceedings{felt-etal-2015-making,
    title = "Making the Most of Crowdsourced Document Annotations: Confused Supervised {LDA}",
    author = "Felt, Paul  and
      Ringger, Eric  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Seppi, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1020",
    pages = "194--203",
}
@inproceedings{yin-schutze-2015-multichannel,
    title = "Multichannel Variable-Size Convolution for Sentence Classification",
    author = {Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1021",
    pages = "204--214",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-ruppenhofer-2015-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Holder and Target Extraction based on the Induction of Verbal Categories",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1022",
    pages = "215--225",
}
@inproceedings{perera-allen-2015-quantity,
    title = "Quantity, Contrast, and Convention in Cross-Situated Language Comprehension",
    author = "Perera, Ian  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1023",
    pages = "226--236",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-recovering,
    title = "Recovering Traceability Links in Requirements Documents",
    author = "Li, Zeheng  and
      Chen, Mingrui  and
      Huang, LiGuo  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1024",
    pages = "237--246",
}
@inproceedings{gulordava-merlo-2015-structural,
    title = "Structural and lexical factors in adjective placement in complex noun phrases across Romance languages",
    author = "Gulordava, Kristina  and
      Merlo, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1025",
    pages = "247--257",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-2015-symmetric,
    title = "Symmetric Pattern Based Word Embeddings for Improved Word Similarity Prediction",
    author = "Schwartz, Roy  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1026",
    pages = "258--267",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-etal-2015-task,
    title = "Task-Oriented Learning of Word Embeddings for Semantic Relation Classification",
    author = "Hashimoto, Kazuma  and
      Stenetorp, Pontus  and
      Miwa, Makoto  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1027",
    pages = "268--278",
}
@inproceedings{jeong-etal-2015-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Information Extraction from {K}orean Texts",
    author = "Jeong, Young-Seob  and
      Kim, Zae Myung  and
      Do, Hyun-Woo  and
      Lim, Chae-Gyun  and
      Choi, Ho-Jin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1028",
    pages = "279--288",
}
@inproceedings{ballesteros-carreras-2015-transition,
    title = "Transition-based Spinal Parsing",
    author = "Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Carreras, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1029",
    pages = "289--299",
}
@inproceedings{ishiwatari-etal-2015-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Cross-lingual Projection between Count-based Word Vectors by Exploiting Translatable Context Pairs",
    author = "Ishiwatari, Shonosuke  and
      Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Toyoda, Masashi  and
      Kitsuregawa, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1030",
    pages = "300--304",
}
@inproceedings{luong-etal-2015-deep,
    title = "Deep Neural Language Models for Machine Translation",
    author = "Luong, Thang  and
      Kayser, Michael  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1031",
    pages = "305--309",
}
@inproceedings{mihaylov-etal-2015-finding,
    title = "Finding Opinion Manipulation Trolls in News Community Forums",
    author = "Mihaylov, Todor  and
      Georgiev, Georgi  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1032",
    pages = "310--314",
}
@inproceedings{plank-etal-2015-dependency,
    title = "Do dependency parsing metrics correlate with human judgments?",
    author = "Plank, Barbara  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Merkler, Danijela  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1033",
    pages = "315--320",
}
@inproceedings{mahajan-etal-2015-feature,
    title = "Feature Selection for Short Text Classification using Wavelet Packet Transform",
    author = "Mahajan, Anuj  and
      Jat, Sharmistha  and
      Roy, Shourya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1034",
    pages = "321--326",
}
@inproceedings{maillard-clark-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Adjective Meanings with a Tensor-Based Skip-Gram Model",
    author = "Maillard, Jean  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1035",
    pages = "327--331",
}
@inproceedings{toutanova-etal-2015-model,
    title = "Model Selection for Type-Supervised Learning with Application to {POS} Tagging",
    author = "Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Ammar, Waleed  and
      Choudhury, Pallavi  and
      Poon, Hoifung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1036",
    pages = "332--337",
}
@inproceedings{taghipour-ng-2015-one,
    title = "One Million Sense-Tagged Instances for Word Sense Disambiguation and Induction",
    author = "Taghipour, Kaveh  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1037",
    pages = "338--344",
}
@inproceedings{barrett-sogaard-2015-reading,
    title = "Reading behavior predicts syntactic categories",
    author = "Barrett, Maria  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-1038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-1038",
    pages = "345--349",
}
@proceedings{conll-2015-natural-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-2000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-2",
}
@inproceedings{xue-etal-2015-conll,
    title = "The {C}o{NLL}-2015 Shared Task on Shallow Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Bryant, Christopher  and
      Rutherford, Attapol",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-2001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-2001",
    pages = "1--16",
}
@inproceedings{wang-lan-2015-refined,
    title = "A Refined End-to-End Discourse Parser",
    author = "Wang, Jianxiang  and
      Lan, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-2002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-2002",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{stepanov-etal-2015-unitn,
    title = "The {U}ni{TN} Discourse Parser in {C}o{NLL} 2015 Shared Task: Token-level Sequence Labeling with Argument-specific Models",
    author = "Stepanov, Evgeny  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe  and
      Bayer, Ali Orkan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-2003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-2003",
    pages = "25--31",
}
@inproceedings{kong-etal-2015-sonlp,
    title = "The {S}o{NLP}-{DP} System in the {C}o{NLL}-2015 shared Task",
    author = "Kong, Fang  and
      Li, Sheng  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-2004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-2004",
    pages = "32--36",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Discourse Parsing Using Constituent Parsing Tree",
    author = "Chen, Changge  and
      Wang, Peilu  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-2005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-2005",
    pages = "37--41",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-schenk-2015-minimalist,
    title = "A Minimalist Approach to Shallow Discourse Parsing and Implicit Relation Recognition",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Schenk, Niko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-2006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-2006",
    pages = "42--49",
}
@inproceedings{lalitha-devi-etal-2015-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Discourse Relation Parser in {C}o{NLL} 2015",
    author = "Lalitha Devi, Sobha  and
      Gopalan, Sindhuja  and
      S., Lakshmi  and
      RK Rao, Pattabhi  and
      Sundar Ram, Vijay  and
      C.S., Malarkodi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-2007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-2007",
    pages = "50--55",
}
@inproceedings{laali-etal-2015-clac,
    title = "The {CL}a{C} Discourse Parser at {C}o{NLL}-2015",
    author = "Laali, Majid  and
      Davoodi, Elnaz  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-2008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-2008",
    pages = "56--60",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-etal-2015-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Discourse Parsing with Syntactic and (a Few) Semantic Features",
    author = "Mukherjee, Shubham  and
      Tiwari, Abhishek  and
      Gupta, Mohit  and
      Kumar Singh, Anil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-2009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-2009",
    pages = "61--65",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2015-jaist,
    title = "{JAIST}: A two-phase machine learning approach for identifying discourse relations in newswire texts",
    author = "Nguyen, Truong Son  and
      Ho, Bao Quoc  and
      Nguyen, Le Minh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-2010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-2010",
    pages = "66--70",
}
@inproceedings{okita-etal-2015-dcu,
    title = "The {DCU} Discourse Parser: A Sense Classification Task",
    author = "Okita, Tsuyoshi  and
      Wang, Longyue  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-2011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-2011",
    pages = "71--77",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving a Pipeline Architecture for Shallow Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Song, Yangqiu  and
      Peng, Haoruo  and
      Kordjamshidi, Parisa  and
      Sammons, Mark  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-2012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-2012",
    pages = "78--83",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2015-shallow,
    title = "A Shallow Discourse Parsing System Based On Maximum Entropy Model",
    author = "Sun, Jia  and
      Li, Peijia  and
      Xu, Weiqun  and
      Yan, Yonghong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-2013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-2013",
    pages = "84--88",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-dcu,
    title = "The {DCU} Discourse Parser for Connective, Argument Identification and Explicit Sense Classification",
    author = "Wang, Longyue  and
      Hokamp, Chris  and
      Okita, Tsuyoshi  and
      Zhang, Xiaojun  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-2014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-2014",
    pages = "89--94",
}
@inproceedings{yoshida-etal-2015-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Approach to {PDTB}-styled Discourse Parsing for {C}o{NLL}-2015",
    author = "Yoshida, Yasuhisa  and
      Hayashi, Katsuhiko  and
      Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K15-2015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K15-2015",
    pages = "95--99",
}
@proceedings{coling-2008-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    author = "Scott, Donia  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1000",
}
@inproceedings{abe-etal-2008-two,
    title = "Two-Phased Event Relation Acquisition: Coupling the Relation-Oriented and Argument-Oriented Approaches",
    author = "Abe, Shuya  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{abend-etal-2008-supervised,
    title = "A Supervised Algorithm for Verb Disambiguation into {V}erb{N}et Classes",
    author = "Abend, Omri  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-lopez-de-lacalle-2008-robustness,
    title = "On Robustness and Domain Adaptation using {SVD} for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Lopez de Lacalle, Oier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1003",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{allison-2008-improved,
    title = "An Improved Hierarchical {B}ayesian Model of Language for Document Classification",
    author = "Allison, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1004",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{ayan-etal-2008-improving,
    title = "Improving Alignments for Better Confusion Networks for Combining Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "Ayan, Necip Fazil  and
      Zheng, Jing  and
      Wang, Wen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1005",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{bachenko-etal-2008-verification,
    title = "Verification and Implementation of Language-Based Deception Indicators in Civil and Criminal Narratives",
    author = "Bachenko, Joan  and
      Fitzpatrick, Eileen  and
      Schonwetter, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1006",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{bader-chew-2008-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Multilingual Latent Semantic Analysis with Term Alignment Information",
    author = "Bader, Brett W.  and
      Chew, Peter A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1007",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{baldridge-2008-weakly,
    title = "Weakly Supervised Supertagging with Grammar-Informed Initialization",
    author = "Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1008",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{brody-lapata-2008-good,
    title = "Good Neighbors Make Good Senses: Exploiting Distributional Similarity for Unsupervised {WSD}",
    author = "Brody, Samuel  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1009",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{buckley-wolska-2008-classification,
    title = "A Classification of Dialogue Actions in Tutorial Dialogue",
    author = "Buckley, Mark  and
      Wolska, Magdalena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1010",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{butnariu-veale-2008-concept,
    title = "A Concept-Centered Approach to Noun-Compound Interpretation",
    author = "Butnariu, Cristina  and
      Veale, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1011",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{buyko-hahn-2008-morpho,
    title = "Are Morpho-Syntactic Features More Predictive for the Resolution of Noun Phrase Coordination Ambiguity than Lexico-Semantic Similarity Scores?",
    author = "Buyko, Ekaterina  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1012",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{callison-burch-etal-2008-parametric,
    title = "{P}ara{M}etric: An Automatic Evaluation Metric for Paraphrasing",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1013",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2008-regenerating,
    title = "Regenerating Hypotheses for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Chen, Boxing  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Aw, Aiti  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1014",
    pages = "105--112",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2008-learning,
    title = "Learning Reliable Information for Dependency Parsing Adaptation",
    author = "Chen, Wenliang  and
      Wu, Youzheng  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1015",
    pages = "113--120",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2008-anaphora,
    title = "Other-Anaphora Resolution in Biomedical Texts with Automatically Mined Patterns",
    author = "Chen, Bin  and
      Yang, Xiaofeng  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1016",
    pages = "121--128",
}
@inproceedings{chew-etal-2008-latent,
    title = "Latent Morpho-Semantic Analysis: Multilingual Information Retrieval with Character N-Grams and Mutual Information",
    author = "Chew, Peter A.  and
      Bader, Brett W.  and
      Abdelali, Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1017",
    pages = "129--136",
}
@inproceedings{cohn-lapata-2008-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Compression Beyond Word Deletion",
    author = "Cohn, Trevor  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1018",
    pages = "137--144",
}
@inproceedings{conroy-dang-2008-mind,
    title = "Mind the Gap: Dangers of Divorcing Evaluations of Summary Content from Linguistic Quality",
    author = "Conroy, John M.  and
      Dang, Hoa Trang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1019",
    pages = "145--152",
}
@inproceedings{crysmann-etal-2008-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Processing for Grammar and Style Checking",
    author = {Crysmann, Berthold  and
      Bertomeu, Nuria  and
      Adolphs, Peter  and
      Flickinger, Daniel  and
      Kl{\"u}wer, Tina},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1020",
    pages = "153--160",
}
@inproceedings{cuadros-rigau-2008-knownet,
    title = "{K}now{N}et: Building a Large Net of Knowledge from the Web",
    author = "Cuadros, Montse  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1021",
    pages = "161--168",
}
@inproceedings{de-felice-pulman-2008-classifier,
    title = "A Classifier-Based Approach to Preposition and Determiner Error Correction in {L}2 {E}nglish",
    author = "De Felice, Rachele  and
      Pulman, Stephen G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1022",
    pages = "169--176",
}
@inproceedings{de-la-chica-etal-2008-pedagogically,
    title = "Pedagogically Useful Extractive Summaries for Science Education",
    author = "de la Chica, Sebastian  and
      Ahmad, Faisal  and
      Martin, James H.  and
      Sumner, Tamara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1023",
    pages = "177--184",
}
@inproceedings{de-saeger-etal-2008-looking,
    title = "Looking for Trouble",
    author = "De Saeger, Stijn  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1024",
    pages = "185--192",
}
@inproceedings{deoskar-2008-estimation,
    title = "Re-estimation of Lexical Parameters for Treebank {PCFG}s",
    author = "Deoskar, Tejaswini",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1025",
    pages = "193--200",
}
@inproceedings{dickinson-2008-representations,
    title = "Representations for category disambiguation",
    author = "Dickinson, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1026",
    pages = "201--208",
}
@inproceedings{elming-2008-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Reordering Integrated with Phrase-Based {SMT}",
    author = "Elming, Jakob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1027",
    pages = "209--216",
}
@inproceedings{fowler-2008-efficiently,
    title = "Efficiently Parsing with the Product-Free Lambek Calculus",
    author = "Fowler, Timothy A. D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1028",
    pages = "217--224",
}
@inproceedings{fujita-sato-2008-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Model for Measuring Grammaticality and Similarity of Automatically Generated Paraphrases of Predicate Phrases",
    author = "Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Sato, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1029",
    pages = "225--232",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-etal-2008-retrieving,
    title = "Retrieving Bilingual Verb-Noun Collocations by Integrating Cross-Language Category Hierarchies",
    author = "Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Suzuki, Yoshimi  and
      Yamashita, Kazuyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1030",
    pages = "233--240",
}
@inproceedings{ganapathibhotla-liu-2008-mining,
    title = "Mining Opinions in Comparative Sentences",
    author = "Ganapathibhotla, Murthy  and
      Liu, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1031",
    pages = "241--248",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-2008-integrating,
    title = "Integrating a Unification-Based Semantics in a Large Scale Lexicalised Tree Adjoining Grammar for {F}rench",
    author = "Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1032",
    pages = "249--256",
}
@inproceedings{gasperin-briscoe-2008-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Anaphora Resolution in Biomedical Texts",
    author = "Gasperin, Caroline  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1033",
    pages = "257--264",
}
@inproceedings{giuliano-gliozzo-2008-instance,
    title = "Instance-Based Ontology Population Exploiting Named-Entity Substitution",
    author = "Giuliano, Claudio  and
      Gliozzo, Alfio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1034",
    pages = "265--272",
}
@inproceedings{gledson-keane-2008-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Topic Homogeneity and its Application to Dictionary-Based Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Gledson, Ann  and
      Keane, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1035",
    pages = "273--280",
}
@inproceedings{gledson-keane-2008-using,
    title = "Using Web-Search Results to Measure Word-Group Similarity",
    author = "Gledson, Ann  and
      Keane, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1036",
    pages = "281--288",
}
@inproceedings{grunder-2008-algorithm,
    title = "An Algorithm for Adverbial Aspect Shift",
    author = {Gr{\"u}nder, Sabine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1037",
    pages = "289--296",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2008-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-Based N-Gram Models for General Purpose Sentence Realisation",
    author = "Guo, Yuqing  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Wang, Haifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1038",
    pages = "297--304",
}
@inproceedings{haffari-sarkar-2008-homotopy,
    title = "Homotopy-Based Semi-Supervised Hidden {M}arkov Models for Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1039",
    pages = "305--312",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-etal-2008-tracking,
    title = "Tracking the Dynamic Evolution of Participants Salience in a Discussion",
    author = "Hassan, Ahmed  and
      Fader, Anthony  and
      Crespin, Michael H.  and
      Quinn, Kevin M.  and
      Monroe, Burt L.  and
      Colaresi, Michael  and
      Radev, Dragomir R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1040",
    pages = "313--320",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2008-improving,
    title = "Improving Statistical Machine Translation using Lexicalized Rule Selection",
    author = "He, Zhongjun  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Lin, Shouxun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1041",
    pages = "321--328",
}
@inproceedings{headden-iii-etal-2008-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Unsupervised Part-of-Speech Tagging for Grammar Induction",
    author = "Headden III, William P.  and
      McClosky, David  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1042",
    pages = "329--336",
}
@inproceedings{hickl-2008-using,
    title = "Using Discourse Commitments to Recognize Textual Entailment",
    author = "Hickl, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1043",
    pages = "337--344",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2008-modeling,
    title = "Modeling {C}hinese Documents with Topical Word-Character Models",
    author = "Hu, Wei  and
      Shimizu, Nobuyuki  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi  and
      Sheng, Huanye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1044",
    pages = "345--352",
}
@inproceedings{ikehara-etal-2008-non,
    title = "Non-Compositional Language Model and Pattern Dictionary Development for {J}apanese Compound and Complex Sentences",
    author = "Ikehara, Satoru  and
      Tokuhisa, Masato  and
      Murakami, Jin{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1045",
    pages = "353--360",
}
@inproceedings{iwatate-etal-2008-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Dependency Parsing Using a Tournament Model",
    author = "Iwatate, Masakazu  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1046",
    pages = "361--368",
}
@inproceedings{jaworski-2008-contents,
    title = "Contents Modelling of {N}eo-{S}umerian {U}r {III} Economic Text Corpus",
    author = "Jaworski, Wojciech",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1047",
    pages = "369--376",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-zhou-2008-generating,
    title = "Generating {C}hinese Couplets using a Statistical {MT} Approach",
    author = "Jiang, Long  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1048",
    pages = "377--384",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2008-word,
    title = "Word Lattice Reranking for {C}hinese Word Segmentation and Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Jiang, Wenbin  and
      Mi, Haitao  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1049",
    pages = "385--392",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-nugues-2008-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Syntactic Representation on Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1050",
    pages = "393--400",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-kitsuregawa-2008-using,
    title = "Using Hidden {M}arkov Random Fields to Combine Distributional and Pattern-Based Word Clustering",
    author = "Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Kitsuregawa, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1051",
    pages = "401--408",
}
@inproceedings{kanayama-nasukawa-2008-textual,
    title = "Textual Demand Analysis: Detection of Users{'} Wants and Needs from Opinions",
    author = "Kanayama, Hiroshi  and
      Nasukawa, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1052",
    pages = "409--416",
}
@inproceedings{katrenko-adriaans-2008-local,
    title = "A Local Alignment Kernel in the Context of {NLP}",
    author = "Katrenko, Sophia  and
      Adriaans, Pieter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1053",
    pages = "417--424",
}
@inproceedings{kawahara-kurohashi-2008-coordination,
    title = "Coordination Disambiguation without Any Similarities",
    author = "Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1054",
    pages = "425--432",
}
@inproceedings{khan-etal-2008-generation,
    title = "Generation of Referring Expressions: Managing Structural Ambiguities",
    author = "Khan, Imtiaz Hussain  and
      van Deemter, Kees  and
      Ritchie, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1055",
    pages = "433--440",
}
@inproceedings{kobus-etal-2008-normalizing,
    title = "Normalizing {SMS}: are Two Metaphors Better than One ?",
    author = "Kobus, Catherine  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Damnati, G{\'e}raldine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1056",
    pages = "441--448",
}
@inproceedings{korhonen-etal-2008-choice,
    title = "The Choice of Features for Classification of Verbs in Biomedical Texts",
    author = "Korhonen, Anna  and
      Krymolowski, Yuval  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1057",
    pages = "449--456",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-tsou-2008-extending,
    title = "Extending a Thesaurus with Words from Pan-{C}hinese Sources",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee  and
      Tsou, Benjamin K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1058",
    pages = "457--464",
}
@inproceedings{laws-schutze-2008-stopping,
    title = "Stopping Criteria for Active Learning of Named Entity Recognition",
    author = {Laws, Florian  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1059",
    pages = "465--472",
}
@inproceedings{lerman-etal-2008-reading,
    title = "Reading the Markets: Forecasting Public Opinion of Political Candidates by News Analysis",
    author = "Lerman, Kevin  and
      Gilder, Ari  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Pereira, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1060",
    pages = "473--480",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2008-classifying,
    title = "Classifying What-Type Questions by Head Noun Tagging",
    author = "Li, Fangtao  and
      Zhang, Xian  and
      Yuan, Jinhui  and
      Zhu, Xiaoyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1061",
    pages = "481--488",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2008-pnr2,
    title = "{PNR}2: Ranking Sentences with Positive and Negative Reinforcement for Query-Oriented Update Summarization",
    author = "Li, Wenjie  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      He, Yanxiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1062",
    pages = "489--496",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2008-understanding,
    title = "Understanding and Summarizing Answers in Community-Based Question Answering Services",
    author = "Liu, Yuanjie  and
      Li, Shasha  and
      Cao, Yunbo  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Han, Dingyi  and
      Yu, Yong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1063",
    pages = "497--504",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-2008-tera,
    title = "Tera-Scale Translation Models via Pattern Matching",
    author = "Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1064",
    pages = "505--512",
}
@inproceedings{luyckx-daelemans-2008-authorship,
    title = "Authorship Attribution and Verification with Many Authors and Limited Data",
    author = "Luyckx, Kim  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1065",
    pages = "513--520",
}
@inproceedings{maccartney-manning-2008-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Semantic Containment and Exclusion in Natural Language Inference",
    author = "MacCartney, Bill  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1066",
    pages = "521--528",
}
@inproceedings{macken-etal-2008-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically-Based Sub-Sentential Alignment for Terminology Extraction from a Bilingual Automotive Corpus",
    author = "Macken, Lieve  and
      Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, Veronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1067",
    pages = "529--536",
}
@inproceedings{malik-etal-2008-hindi,
    title = "{H}indi {U}rdu Machine Transliteration using Finite-State Transducers",
    author = "Malik, M G Abbas  and
      Boitet, Christian  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1068",
    pages = "537--544",
}
@inproceedings{matsuzaki-tsujii-2008-comparative,
    title = "Comparative Parser Performance Analysis across Grammar Frameworks through Automatic Tree Conversion using Synchronous Grammars",
    author = "Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1069",
    pages = "545--552",
}
@inproceedings{mazur-dale-2008-whats,
    title = "What{'}s the Date? High Accuracy Interpretation of Weekday Names",
    author = "Mazur, Pawel  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1070",
    pages = "553--560",
}
@inproceedings{mcclosky-etal-2008-self,
    title = "When is Self-Training Effective for Parsing?",
    author = "McClosky, David  and
      Charniak, Eugene  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1071",
    pages = "561--568",
}
@inproceedings{miller-schuler-2008-syntactic,
    title = "A Syntactic Time-Series Model for Parsing Fluent and Disfluent Speech",
    author = "Miller, Tim  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1072",
    pages = "569--576",
}
@inproceedings{mistica-etal-2008-applying,
    title = "Applying Discourse Analysis and Data Mining Methods to Spoken {OSCE} Assessments",
    author = "Mistica, Meladel  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Cordella, Marisa  and
      Musgrave, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1073",
    pages = "577--584",
}
@inproceedings{moore-quirk-2008-random,
    title = "Random Restarts in Minimum Error Rate Training for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Moore, Robert C.  and
      Quirk, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1074",
    pages = "585--592",
}
@inproceedings{moreau-etal-2008-robust,
    title = "Robust Similarity Measures for Named Entities Matching",
    author = "Moreau, Erwan  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Capp{\'e}, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1075",
    pages = "593--600",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-etal-2008-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the Structure and Dynamics of the Consonant Inventories: A Complex Network Approach",
    author = "Mukherjee, Animesh  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Basu, Anupam  and
      Ganguly, Niloy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1076",
    pages = "601--608",
}
@inproceedings{muthukrishnan-etal-2008-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Multiple Facets of an Event using Graph-Based Unsupervised Methods",
    author = "Muthukrishnan, Pradeep  and
      Gerrish, Joshua  and
      Radev, Dragomir R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1077",
    pages = "609--616",
}
@inproceedings{naughton-etal-2008-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Statistical Techniques for Sentence-Level Event Classification",
    author = "Naughton, Martina  and
      Stokes, Nicola  and
      Carthy, Joe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1078",
    pages = "617--624",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-kim-2008-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Domain Differences for the Design of a Pronoun Resolution System for Biomedical Text",
    author = "Nguyen, Ngan L.T.  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1079",
    pages = "625--632",
}
@inproceedings{nicolas-etal-2008-computer,
    title = "Computer Aided Correction and Extension of a Syntactic Wide-Coverage Lexicon",
    author = "Nicolas, Lionel  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Molinero, Miguel A.  and
      Farr{\'e}, Jacques  and
      de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1080",
    pages = "633--640",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-etal-2008-parsing,
    title = "Parsing the {S}yn{T}ag{R}us Treebank of {R}ussian",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim  and
      Boguslavsky, Igor M.  and
      Iomdin, Leonid L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1081",
    pages = "641--648",
}
@inproceedings{o-seaghdha-copestake-2008-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Classification with Distributional Kernels",
    author = "{\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1082",
    pages = "649--656",
}
@inproceedings{okazaki-etal-2008-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Alignment Model for Abbreviation Recognition",
    author = "Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1083",
    pages = "657--664",
}
@inproceedings{pado-etal-2008-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Assignment for Event Nominalisations by Leveraging Verbal Data",
    author = "Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Pennacchiotti, Marco  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1084",
    pages = "665--672",
}
@inproceedings{pajas-stepanek-2008-recent,
    title = "Recent Advances in a Feature-Rich Framework for Treebank Annotation",
    author = "Pajas, Petr  and
      {\v{S}}t{\v{e}}p{\'a}nek, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1085",
    pages = "673--680",
}
@inproceedings{pantel-vyas-2008-joint,
    title = "A Joint Information Model for N-Best Ranking",
    author = "Pantel, Patrick  and
      Vyas, Vishnu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1086",
    pages = "681--688",
}
@inproceedings{qazvinian-radev-2008-scientific,
    title = "Scientific Paper Summarization Using Citation Summary Networks",
    author = "Qazvinian, Vahed  and
      Radev, Dragomir R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1087",
    pages = "689--696",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2008-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Constituent Dependencies for Tree Kernel-Based Semantic Relation Extraction",
    author = "Qian, Longhua  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Kong, Fang  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming  and
      Qian, Peide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1088",
    pages = "697--704",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-etal-2008-method,
    title = "A Method for Automatic {POS} Guessing of {C}hinese Unknown Words",
    author = "Qiu, Likun  and
      Hu, Changjian  and
      Zhao, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1089",
    pages = "705--712",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-2008-almost,
    title = "Almost Flat Functional Semantics for Speech Translation",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann  and
      Nakao, Yukie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1090",
    pages = "713--720",
}
@inproceedings{reichart-rappoport-2008-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Induction of Labeled Parse Trees by Clustering with Syntactic Features",
    author = "Reichart, Roi  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1091",
    pages = "721--728",
}
@inproceedings{richens-2008-anomalies,
    title = "Anomalies in the {W}ord{N}et Verb Hierarchy",
    author = "Richens, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1092",
    pages = "729--736",
}
@inproceedings{riezler-etal-2008-translating,
    title = "Translating Queries into Snippets for Improved Query Expansion",
    author = "Riezler, Stefan  and
      Liu, Yi  and
      Vasserman, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1093",
    pages = "737--744",
}
@inproceedings{roark-hollingshead-2008-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Chart Cells for Quadratic Complexity Context-Free Inference",
    author = "Roark, Brian  and
      Hollingshead, Kristy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1094",
    pages = "745--752",
}
@inproceedings{sagae-tsujii-2008-shift,
    title = "Shift-Reduce Dependency {DAG} Parsing",
    author = "Sagae, Kenji  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1095",
    pages = "753--760",
}
@inproceedings{sasaki-etal-2008-event,
    title = "Event Frame Extraction Based on a Gene Regulation Corpus",
    author = "Sasaki, Yutaka  and
      Thompson, Paul  and
      Cotter, Philip  and
      McNaught, John  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1096",
    pages = "761--768",
}
@inproceedings{sasano-etal-2008-fully,
    title = "A Fully-Lexicalized Probabilistic Model for {J}apanese Zero Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Sasano, Ryohei  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1097",
    pages = "769--776",
}
@inproceedings{schmid-laws-2008-estimation,
    title = "Estimation of Conditional Probabilities With Decision Trees and an Application to Fine-Grained {POS} Tagging",
    author = "Schmid, Helmut  and
      Laws, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1098",
    pages = "777--784",
}
@inproceedings{schuler-etal-2008-toward,
    title = "Toward a Psycholinguistically-Motivated Model of Language Processing",
    author = "Schuler, William  and
      AbdelRahman, Samir  and
      Miller, Tim  and
      Schwartz, Lane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1099",
    pages = "785--792",
}
@inproceedings{shimizu-etal-2008-metric,
    title = "Metric Learning for Synonym Acquisition",
    author = "Shimizu, Nobuyuki  and
      Hagiwara, Masato  and
      Ogawa, Yasuhiro  and
      Toyama, Katsuhiko  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1100",
    pages = "793--800",
}
@inproceedings{somasundaran-etal-2008-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Level Opinion Interpretation",
    author = "Somasundaran, Swapna  and
      Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1101",
    pages = "801--808",
}
@inproceedings{stevenson-etal-2008-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Sense Tagged Examples using Relevance Feedback",
    author = "Stevenson, Mark  and
      Guo, Yikun  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1102",
    pages = "809--816",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanov-cardie-2008-topic,
    title = "Topic Identification for Fine-Grained Opinion Analysis",
    author = "Stoyanov, Veselin  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1103",
    pages = "817--824",
}
@inproceedings{su-markert-2008-words,
    title = "From Words to Senses: A Case Study of Subjectivity Recognition",
    author = "Su, Fangzhong  and
      Markert, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1104",
    pages = "825--832",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2008-prediction,
    title = "Prediction of Maximal Projection for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Sun, Weiwei  and
      Sui, Zhifang  and
      Wang, Haifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1105",
    pages = "833--840",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2008-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Latent-Dynamic in Shallow Parsing: A Latent Conditional Model with Improved Inference",
    author = "Sun, Xu  and
      Morency, Louis-Philippe  and
      Okanohara, Daisuke  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1106",
    pages = "841--848",
}
@inproceedings{szpektor-dagan-2008-learning,
    title = "Learning Entailment Rules for Unary Templates",
    author = "Szpektor, Idan  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1107",
    pages = "849--856",
}
@inproceedings{tatu-srikanth-2008-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with Reasoning for Temporal Relations between Events",
    author = "Tatu, Marta  and
      Srikanth, Munirathnam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1108",
    pages = "857--864",
}
@inproceedings{tetreault-chodorow-2008-ups,
    title = "The Ups and Downs of Preposition Error Detection in {ESL} Writing",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel R.  and
      Chodorow, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1109",
    pages = "865--872",
}
@inproceedings{thadani-mckeown-2008-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Identifying Textual Redundancy",
    author = "Thadani, Kapil  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1110",
    pages = "873--880",
}
@inproceedings{tokuhisa-etal-2008-emotion,
    title = "Emotion Classification Using Massive Examples Extracted from the Web",
    author = "Tokuhisa, Ryoko  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1111",
    pages = "881--888",
}
@inproceedings{tsarfaty-simaan-2008-relational,
    title = "Relational-Realizational Parsing",
    author = "Tsarfaty, Reut  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1112",
    pages = "889--896",
}
@inproceedings{tsuboi-etal-2008-training,
    title = "Training Conditional Random Fields Using Incomplete Annotations",
    author = "Tsuboi, Yuta  and
      Kashima, Hisashi  and
      Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Oda, Hiroki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1113",
    pages = "897--904",
}
@inproceedings{turney-2008-uniform,
    title = "A Uniform Approach to Analogies, Synonyms, Antonyms, and Associations",
    author = "Turney, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1114",
    pages = "905--912",
}
@inproceedings{ueffing-etal-2008-tighter,
    title = "Tighter Integration of Rule-Based and Statistical {MT} in Serial System Combination",
    author = {Ueffing, Nicola  and
      Stephan, Jens  and
      Matusov, Evgeny  and
      Dugast, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Foster, George  and
      Kuhn, Roland  and
      Senellart, Jean  and
      Yang, Jin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1115",
    pages = "913--920",
}
@inproceedings{van-durme-etal-2008-class,
    title = "Class-Driven Attribute Extraction",
    author = "Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Qian, Ting  and
      Schubert, Lenhart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1116",
    pages = "921--928",
}
@inproceedings{van-de-cruys-2008-using,
    title = "Using Three Way Data for Word Sense Discrimination",
    author = "Van de Cruys, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1117",
    pages = "929--936",
}
@inproceedings{van-halteren-2008-source,
    title = "Source Language Markers in {EUROPARL} Translations",
    author = "van Halteren, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1118",
    pages = "937--944",
}
@inproceedings{veale-hao-2008-fluid,
    title = "A Fluid Knowledge Representation for Understanding and Generating Creative Metaphors",
    author = "Veale, Tony  and
      Hao, Yanfen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1119",
    pages = "945--952",
}
@inproceedings{verberne-etal-2008-using,
    title = "Using Syntactic Information for Improving Why-Question Answering",
    author = "Verberne, Suzan  and
      Boves, Lou  and
      Oostdijk, Nelleke  and
      Coppen, Peter-Arno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1120",
    pages = "953--960",
}
@inproceedings{versley-etal-2008-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Systems Based on Kernels Methods",
    author = "Versley, Yannick  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Poesio, Massimo  and
      Yang, Xiaofeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1121",
    pages = "961--968",
}
@inproceedings{wan-xiao-2008-collabrank,
    title = "{C}ollab{R}ank: Towards a Collaborative Approach to Single-Document Keyphrase Extraction",
    author = "Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Xiao, Jianguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1122",
    pages = "969--976",
}
@inproceedings{webb-liu-2008-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the Portability of Corpus-Derived Cue Phrases for Dialogue Act Classification",
    author = "Webb, Nick  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1123",
    pages = "977--984",
}
@inproceedings{wong-etal-2008-extractive,
    title = "Extractive Summarization Using Supervised and Semi-Supervised Learning",
    author = "Wong, Kam-Fai  and
      Wu, Mingli  and
      Li, Wenjie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1124",
    pages = "985--992",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2008-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation for Statistical Machine Translation with Domain Dictionary and Monolingual Corpora",
    author = "Wu, Hua  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1125",
    pages = "993--1000",
}
@inproceedings{wunsch-2008-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Graph Structure for Accelerating the Calculation of Shortest Paths in Wordnets",
    author = "Wunsch, Holger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1126",
    pages = "1001--1008",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-etal-2008-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically Annotated {BTG} for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Xiong, Deyi  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Aw, Aiti  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1127",
    pages = "1009--1016",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2008-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Semi-Supervised {C}hinese Word Segmentation for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Xu, Jia  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1128",
    pages = "1017--1024",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2008-switching,
    title = "Switching to Real-Time Tasks in Multi-Tasking Dialogue",
    author = "Yang, Fan  and
      Heeman, Peter A.  and
      Kun, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1129",
    pages = "1025--1032",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2008-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Term Extraction Using Minimal Resources",
    author = "Yang, Yuhang  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1130",
    pages = "1033--1040",
}
@inproceedings{yencken-baldwin-2008-measuring,
    title = "Measuring and Predicting Orthographic Associations: Modelling the Similarity of {J}apanese Kanji",
    author = "Yencken, Lars  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1131",
    pages = "1041--1048",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2008-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Dependency Parsing with Large Scale Automatically Constructed Case Structures",
    author = "Yu, Kun  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1132",
    pages = "1049--1056",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2008-ontonotes,
    title = "{O}nto{N}otes: Corpus Cleanup of Mistaken Agreement Using Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1133",
    pages = "1057--1064",
}
@inproceedings{yu-lam-2008-integrated,
    title = "An Integrated Probabilistic and Logic Approach to Encyclopedia Relation Extraction with Multiple Features",
    author = "Yu, Xiaofeng  and
      Lam, Wai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1134",
    pages = "1065--1072",
}
@inproceedings{zagibalov-carroll-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Seed Word Selection for Unsupervised Sentiment Classification of {C}hinese Text",
    author = "Zagibalov, Taras  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1135",
    pages = "1073--1080",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2008-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Synchronous Grammar Rules From Word-Level Alignments in Linear Time",
    author = "Zhang, Hao  and
      Gildea, Daniel  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1136",
    pages = "1081--1088",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2008-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Type Based Reordering Model for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zong, Chengqing  and
      Li, Shoushan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1137",
    pages = "1089--1096",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2008-grammar,
    title = "Grammar Comparison Study for Translational Equivalence Modeling and Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Min  and
      Jiang, Hongfei  and
      Li, Haizhou  and
      Aw, Aiti  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1138",
    pages = "1097--1104",
}
@inproceedings{zhechev-way-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of Parallel Treebanks",
    author = "Zhechev, Ventsislav  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1139",
    pages = "1105--1112",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-he-2008-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Generative/Discriminative Framework to Train a Semantic Parser from an Un-annotated Corpus",
    author = "Zhou, Deyu  and
      He, Yulan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1140",
    pages = "1113--1120",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2008-diagnostic,
    title = "Diagnostic Evaluation of Machine Translation Systems Using Automatically Constructed Linguistic Check-Points",
    author = "Zhou, Ming  and
      Wang, Bo  and
      Liu, Shujie  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhang, Dongdong  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1141",
    pages = "1121--1128",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2008-multi,
    title = "Multi-Criteria-Based Strategy to Stop Active Learning for Data Annotation",
    author = "Zhu, Jingbo  and
      Wang, Huizhen  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1142",
    pages = "1129--1136",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2008-active,
    title = "Active Learning with Sampling by Uncertainty and Density for Word Sense Disambiguation and Text Classification",
    author = "Zhu, Jingbo  and
      Wang, Huizhen  and
      Yao, Tianshun  and
      Tsou, Benjamin K",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1143",
    pages = "1137--1144",
}
@inproceedings{zollmann-etal-2008-systematic,
    title = "A Systematic Comparison of Phrase-Based, Hierarchical and Syntax-Augmented Statistical {MT}",
    author = "Zollmann, Andreas  and
      Venugopal, Ashish  and
      Och, Franz  and
      Ponte, Jay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1144",
    pages = "1145--1152",
}
@inproceedings{zwarts-dras-2008-choosing,
    title = "Choosing the Right Translation: A Syntactically Informed Classification Approach",
    author = "Zwarts, Simon  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1145",
    pages = "1153--1160",
}
@proceedings{coling-2008-coling,
    title = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    author = "Scott, Donia  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2000",
}
@inproceedings{agerri-2008-metaphor,
    title = "Metaphor in Textual Entailment",
    author = "Agerri, Rodrigo",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2001",
    pages = "3--6",
}
@inproceedings{asher-etal-2008-distilling,
    title = "Distilling Opinion in Discourse: A Preliminary Study",
    author = "Asher, Nicholas  and
      Benamara, Farah  and
      Mathieu, Yvette Yannick",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2002",
    pages = "7--10",
}
@inproceedings{atterer-etal-2008-towards,
    title = "Towards Incremental End-of-Utterance Detection in Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Atterer, Michaela  and
      Baumann, Timo  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2003",
    pages = "11--14",
}
@inproceedings{bansal-etal-2008-power,
    title = "The Power of Negative Thinking: Exploiting Label Disagreement in the Min-cut Classification Framework",
    author = "Bansal, Mohit  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2004",
    pages = "15--18",
}
@inproceedings{blackwood-etal-2008-phrasal,
    title = "Phrasal Segmentation Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Blackwood, Graeme  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Byrne, William",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2005",
    pages = "19--22",
}
@inproceedings{boudin-etal-2008-scalable,
    title = "A Scalable {MMR} Approach to Sentence Scoring for Multi-Document Update Summarization",
    author = "Boudin, Florian  and
      El-B{\`e}ze, Marc  and
      Torres-Moreno, Juan-Manuel",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2006",
    pages = "23--26",
}
@inproceedings{chakrabarti-etal-2008-hindi,
    title = "{H}indi Compound Verbs and their Automatic Extraction",
    author = "Chakrabarti, Debasri  and
      Mandalia, Hemang  and
      Priya, Ritwik  and
      Sarma, Vaijayanthi  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2007",
    pages = "27--30",
}
@inproceedings{diaz-de-ilarraza-etal-2008-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Erroneous Uses of Complex Postpositions in an Agglutinative Language",
    author = "D{\'\i}az de Ilarraza, Arantza  and
      Gojenola, Koldo  and
      Oronoz, Maite",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2008",
    pages = "31--34",
}
@inproceedings{egg-regneri-2008-underspecified,
    title = "Underspecified Modelling of Complex Discourse Constraints",
    author = "Egg, Markus  and
      Regneri, Michaela",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2009",
    pages = "35--38",
}
@inproceedings{hamon-mostefa-2008-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Reference Quality on Automatic {MT} Evaluation",
    author = "Hamon, Olivier  and
      Mostefa, Djamel",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2010",
    pages = "39--42",
}
@inproceedings{hatori-etal-2008-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation for All Words using Tree-Structured Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Hatori, Jun  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2011",
    pages = "43--46",
}
@inproceedings{ji-pulman-2008-ilp,
    title = "{ILP}-based Conceptual Analysis for {C}hinese {NP}s",
    author = "Ji, Paul D.  and
      Pulman, Stephen G.",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2012",
    pages = "47--50",
}
@inproceedings{langlais-yvon-2008-scaling,
    title = "Scaling up Analogical Learning",
    author = "Langlais, Philippe  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2013",
    pages = "51--54",
}
@inproceedings{lardilleux-lepage-2008-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Alignments by Monolingual String Differences",
    author = "Lardilleux, Adrien  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2014",
    pages = "55--58",
}
@inproceedings{misu-kawahara-2008-bayes,
    title = "{B}ayes Risk-based Dialogue Management for Document Retrieval System with Speech Interface",
    author = "Misu, Teruhisa  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2015",
    pages = "59--62",
}
@inproceedings{miyao-tsujii-2008-exact,
    title = "Exact Inference for Multi-label Classification using Sparse Graphical Models",
    author = "Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2016",
    pages = "63--66",
}
@inproceedings{montiel-ponsoda-etal-2008-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Multilinguality in Ontologies",
    author = "Montiel-Ponsoda, Elena  and
      Aguado de Cea, Guadalupe  and
      G{\'o}mez-P{\'e}rez, Asunci{\'o}n  and
      Peters, Wim",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2017",
    pages = "67--70",
}
@inproceedings{niemi-koskenniemi-2008-quantification,
    title = "Quantification and Implication in Semantic Calendar Expressions Represented with Finite-State Transducers",
    author = "Niemi, Jyrki  and
      Koskenniemi, Kimmo",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2018",
    pages = "71--74",
}
@inproceedings{pang-lee-2008-using,
    title = "Using Very Simple Statistics for Review Search: An Exploration",
    author = "Pang, Bo  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2019",
    pages = "75--78",
}
@inproceedings{paris-etal-2008-generation,
    title = "Generation under Space Constraints",
    author = "Paris, C{\'e}cile  and
      Colineau, Nathalie  and
      Lampert, Andrew  and
      Giralt Duran, Joan",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2020",
    pages = "79--82",
}
@inproceedings{paukkeri-etal-2008-language,
    title = "A Language-Independent Approach to Keyphrase Extraction and Evaluation",
    author = {Paukkeri, Mari-Sanna  and
      Nieminen, Ilari T.  and
      P{\"o}ll{\"a}, Matti  and
      Honkela, Timo},
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2021",
    pages = "83--86",
}
@inproceedings{pitler-etal-2008-easily,
    title = "Easily Identifiable Discourse Relations",
    author = "Pitler, Emily  and
      Raghupathy, Mridhula  and
      Mehta, Hena  and
      Nenkova, Ani  and
      Lee, Alan  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2022",
    pages = "87--90",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-dinu-2008-rank,
    title = "Rank Distance as a Stylistic Similarity",
    author = "Popescu, Marius  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2023",
    pages = "91--94",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-moszkowicz-2008-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Motion Predicate Classes with Spatial and Temporal Annotations",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Moszkowicz, Jessica L.",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2024",
    pages = "95--98",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2008-weak,
    title = "On the Weak Generative Capacity of Weighted Context-free Grammars",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2025",
    pages = "99--102",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2008-range,
    title = "Range Concatenation Grammars for Translation",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2026",
    pages = "103--106",
}
@inproceedings{sawalha-atwell-2008-comparative,
    title = "Comparative Evaluation of {A}rabic Language Morphological Analysers and Stemmers",
    author = "Sawalha, Majdi  and
      Atwell, Eric",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2027",
    pages = "107--110",
}
@inproceedings{sjobergh-araki-2008-complete,
    title = "A Complete and Modestly Funny System for Generating and Performing {J}apanese Stand-Up Comedy",
    author = {Sj{\"o}bergh, Jonas  and
      Araki, Kenji},
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2028",
    pages = "111--114",
}
@inproceedings{spanger-etal-2008-redundancy,
    title = "On {``}Redundancy{''} in Selecting Attributes for Generating Referring Expressions",
    author = "Spanger, Philipp  and
      Kurosawa, Takehiro  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2029",
    pages = "115--118",
}
@inproceedings{tohyama-etal-2008-construction,
    title = "Construction of an Infrastructure for Providing Users with Suitable Language Resources",
    author = "Tohyama, Hitomi  and
      Kozawa, Shunsuke  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2030",
    pages = "119--122",
}
@inproceedings{tongchim-etal-2008-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Base-{NP} Chunking and Its Role in Dependency Parsing for {T}hai",
    author = "Tongchim, Shisanu  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2031",
    pages = "123--126",
}
@inproceedings{tsunakawa-etal-2008-building,
    title = "Building a Bilingual Lexicon Using Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation via a Pivot Language",
    author = "Tsunakawa, Takashi  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2032",
    pages = "127--130",
}
@inproceedings{vyas-pantel-2008-explaining,
    title = "Explaining Similarity of Terms",
    author = "Vyas, Vishnu  and
      Pantel, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2033",
    pages = "131--134",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2008-robust,
    title = "Robust and Efficient {C}hinese Word Dependency Analysis with Linear Kernel Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Wu, Yu-Chieh  and
      Yang, Jie-Chi  and
      Lee, Yue-Shi",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2034",
    pages = "135--138",
}
@inproceedings{yousfi-monod-prince-2008-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Compression as a Step in Summarization or an Alternative Path in Text Shortening",
    author = "Yousfi-Monod, Mehdi  and
      Prince, Violaine",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Posters",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-2035",
    pages = "139--142",
}
@proceedings{coling-2008-coling-2008,
    title = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Demonstrations",
    author = "Ramsay, Allan  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3000",
}
@inproceedings{atkinson-etal-2008-online,
    title = "Online-Monitoring of Security-Related Events",
    author = "Atkinson, Martin  and
      Piskorski, Jakub  and
      Pouliquen, Bruno  and
      Steinberger, Ralf  and
      Tanev, Hristo  and
      Zavarella, Vanni",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3001",
    pages = "145--148",
}
@inproceedings{gill-lehal-2008-grammar,
    title = "A Grammar Checking System for {P}unjabi",
    author = "Gill, Mandeep Singh  and
      Lehal, Gurpreet Singh",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3002",
    pages = "149--152",
}
@inproceedings{guillaume-etal-2008-toolchain,
    title = "A Toolchain for Grammarians",
    author = {Guillaume, Bruno  and
      Le Roux, Joseph  and
      Marchand, Jonathan  and
      Perrier, Guy  and
      Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Planul, Jennifer},
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3003",
    pages = "153--156",
}
@inproceedings{josan-lehal-2008-punjabi,
    title = "A {P}unjabi To {H}indi Machine Translation System",
    author = "Josan, Gurpreet Singh  and
      Lehal, Gurpreet Singh",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3004",
    pages = "157--160",
}
@inproceedings{lemon-etal-2008-build,
    title = "{``}Build Your Own{''} Spoken Dialogue Systems: Automatically Generating {ISU} Dialogue Systems from Business User Resources",
    author = "Lemon, Oliver  and
      Liu, Xingkun  and
      Hastie, Helen",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3005",
    pages = "161--164",
}
@inproceedings{paul-etal-2008-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Mobile-Phone Translation Services for World Travelers",
    author = "Paul, Michael  and
      Okuma, Hideo  and
      Yamamoto, Hirofumi  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Matsuda, Shigeki  and
      Shimizu, Tohru  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3006",
    pages = "165--168",
}
@inproceedings{ruiz-rico-etal-2008-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Assistant for Medical Diagnosing and Drug Prescription Based on Category Ranking",
    author = "Ruiz-Rico, Fernando  and
      Vicedo, Jose-Luis  and
      Rubio-S{\'a}nchez, Mar{\'\i}a-Consuelo",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3007",
    pages = "169--172",
}
@inproceedings{sacaleanu-etal-2008-entailment,
    title = "Entailment-based Question Answering for Structured Data",
    author = "Sacaleanu, Bogdan  and
      Orasan, Constantin  and
      Spurk, Christian  and
      Ou, Shiyan  and
      Ferrandez, Oscar  and
      Kouylekov, Milen  and
      Negri, Matteo",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3008",
    pages = "173--176",
}
@inproceedings{saini-etal-2008-shahmukhi,
    title = "Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi Transliteration System",
    author = "Saini, Tejinder Singh  and
      Lehal, Gurpreet Singh  and
      Kalra, Virinder S",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3009",
    pages = "177--180",
}
@inproceedings{sekine-2008-linguistic,
    title = "A Linguistic Knowledge Discovery Tool: Very Large Ngram Database Search with Arbitrary Wildcards",
    author = "Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3010",
    pages = "181--184",
}
@inproceedings{venant-2008-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Visualization and Meaning Computation",
    author = "Venant, Fabienne",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3011",
    pages = "185--188",
}
@inproceedings{verhagen-pustejovsky-2008-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Processing with the {TARSQI} Toolkit",
    author = "Verhagen, Marc  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Companion volume: Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3012",
    pages = "189--192",
}
@proceedings{coling-2008-coling-2008-educational,
    title = "Coling 2008: Educational Natural Language Processing - Tutorial notes",
    author = "Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Bernhard, Delphine",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-4000",
}
@inproceedings{gurevych-bernhard-2008-enlp,
    title = "{ENLP} Tutorial Notes {--} Slides",
    author = "Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Bernhard, Delphine",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Educational Natural Language Processing - Tutorial notes",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-4001",
    pages = "1--52",
}
@inproceedings{gurevych-bernhard-2008-enlp-tutorial,
    title = "{ENLP} Tutorial Notes {--} References",
    author = "Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Bernhard, Delphine",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Educational Natural Language Processing - Tutorial notes",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-4002",
    pages = "53--59",
}
@proceedings{coling-2008-coling-2008-advanced,
    title = "Coling 2008: Advanced Dynamic Programming in Computational Linguistics: Theory, Algorithms and Applications - Tutorial notes",
    author = "Huang, Liang",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-5000",
}
@inproceedings{huang-2008-advanced,
    title = "Advanced Dynamic Programming in Semiring and Hypergraph Frameworks",
    author = "Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Advanced Dynamic Programming in Computational Linguistics: Theory, Algorithms and Applications - Tutorial notes",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-5001",
    pages = "1--18",
}
@article{cl-1975-american,
    title = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics (April 1975)",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1975",
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@article{nn-1975-finite,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 12, Number 1",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 15",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-1001",
    abstract = "Editorial Review: Experimental Procedure; Information Retrieval Course (Gerard Salton); Linguistics Summer School (Alex Auswaks); Indexing Seminar (E. H. Brenner); Document Access System Proposed; Current Bibliography; Membership Directory 1974; 2nd {US}-{J}apan Travel Package; {SOLAR} Bibliography on {ARPA} Network",
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@article{fisher-engebretson-1975-simple,
    title = "Simple Digital Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Fisher, William M.  and
      Engebretson, A. Maynard",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
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    year = "1975",
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    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-1002",
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@article{cl-1975-american-journal,
    title = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics (July 1975)",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
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    year = "1975",
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@article{nn-1975-finite-string,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 12, Number 2",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
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    abstract = "Personal Notes; {COLING} 76 - Sixth International Conference on {CL} (Guy Rondeau); Letters - {Y}orick {W}ilks on {LOGOS} {MT} (Fondazione Dalle Molle); Awards - {AFIPS} honors {I}verson, {A}strahan; {NSF} - {C}hapin New Program Officer For Linguistics; {ACM} - {F}orsythe Student Paper Competition; National Computer Conference 1976 - Hammer, Winkler; {AAAS} Section {T} - new name, fellowship program (Joseph Becker); {O}ttawa Linguistics Documentation Centre (Thomas R. Hofmann); {MT} and {MAT} - list of systems and centers (Herbert Bruderer); {NFAIS} officers for 1975 (Ben H. Weil); Abstracting and Indexing - World Inventory of Services (Gaye Hofsman; Toni Carbo Bearman)",
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@article{chauche-1975-atef,
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@article{graham-jr-1975-conceptual,
    title = "Conceptual Analysis: Inventory and Analysis of Terminology in Political Science",
    author = "Graham, Jr., George J.",
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@article{hanon-etal-1975-report,
    title = "A Report on the Tutorial on Computational Semantics, Institute for Semantics and Cognitive Studies, {V}illa {H}eleneum, {L}ugano-{C}astagnola",
    author = "HANON, Suzanne  and
      KOCH, Gregers  and
      S{\O}NDERGAARD, Georg",
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@article{dreizin-1975-formulae,
    title = "{``}Formulae{''} in Coherent Text: Linguistic Relevance of Symbolic Insertions",
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@article{nn-1975-finite-string-volume,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 12, Number 2 (continued)",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
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    year = "1975",
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@article{simmons-bennett-novak-1975-semantically,
    title = "Semantically Analyzing an {E}nglish Subset for the Clowns Microworld",
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@article{moran-1975-case,
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@article{nn-1975-finite-string-volume-12-number,
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}
@article{cl-1975-american-journal-linguistics,
    title = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics (September 1975)",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1975",
}
@article{nn-1975-finite-string-volume-12-number-4,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 12, Number 4",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 22",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-3001",
    pages = "1--52",
    abstract = "{ACL} Nominating Committee (William A. Woods Jr; Robert Simmons; Robert Barnes); 13th Annual Meeting: Abstracts of Papers (Tim Diller; Jon Allen; Joyce Friedman; Bonnie Nash-Webber; Chuck Rieger); {ASIS} Annual Meeting (Ruth Tighe); {ACM} Annual Conference; {SOLAR} Project Terminates--{APRA} Support Ends (Dr. Tim Diller); Energy Inofrmation Tools: {IIA}-{NFAIS} Workshop (Paul Zurkowski); {MT}: {C}hinese Journals Offered on Subscription from {H}ong {K}ong (Shiu Chang Loh); Librarian of Congress: {ASIS} telegram to President {F}ord (Joshua I. Smith); Bibliography on Semantics and Cognition at {C}astagnola (Fondazine Dalle Molle) Recent Publications",
}
@article{dunn-1975-review,
    title = "Review: \textit{ {W}ord {O}rder and {W}ord {O}rder {C}hange}, by {C}harles {N}. {L}i, Editor",
    author = "Dunn, James M.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 22",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-3002",
    pages = "53--77",
}
@article{carroll-1975-review,
    title = "Review: \textit{ {I}nformal {S}peech: {A}lphabetic and {P}honemic {T}exts with {S}tatistical {A}nalyses and {T}ables}, by {E}dward {C}. {C}arterette and {M}argaret {H}ubbard {J}ones",
    author = "Carroll, John B.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 22",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-3003",
    pages = "78--91",
}
@article{nn-1975-finite-string-volume-12-number-4-continued,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 12, Number 4 (continued)",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 22",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-3004",
    pages = "92",
    abstract = "Personal Notes",
}
@article{linn-jr-reitman-1975-autonote2,
    title = "{AUTONOTE}2: Network Mediated Natural Language Communication in a Personal Information Retrieval System",
    author = "Linn, Jr., William E.  and
      Reitman, Walter",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 23",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-3005",
}
@article{palme-1975-sqap,
    title = "The {SQAP} Data Base for Natural Language Information",
    author = "Palme, Jacob",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 24",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-3006",
}
@article{sampson-1975-natural,
    title = "Natural Language as a Special Case of Programming Languages",
    author = "Sampson, Geoffrey",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 25",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-3007",
}
@article{lytel-etal-1975-junction,
    title = "{J}unction {G}rammar as a Base for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Lytel, Eldon G.  and
      Packard, Dennis  and
      Gibb, Daryl  and
      Melby, Alan K.  and
      Billings, Jr., Floyd H.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 26",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-3008",
}
@article{reimold-1975-formal,
    title = "A Formal Psycholinguistic Model of Sentence Comprehension",
    author = "Reimold, Peter",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 27",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-3009",
}
@article{ljudskanov-1975-summaries-contributions,
    title = "Summaries of Contributions to the First National Conference on the Application of Mathematical Models and Computers in Linguistics (Part II: Russian Language Contributions)",
    author = "Ljudskanov, A.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 28",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-3010",
}
@article{cl-1975-american-journal-linguistics-november,
    title = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics (November 1975)",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
}
@article{nn-1975-finite-string-volume-12-number-5,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 12, Number 5",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 29",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4001",
    pages = "1--24",
    abstract = "{ACL} Officers 1976 (Stanley R. Petrick); {ACL} Executive Committee Meeting (Joshi); {ACL} Financial Report (A. Hood Roberts); Personal Notes; {NSF}: Reorganization (Dr. Edward Creutz); {MT}: Latsec Shows in {Z}urich (M.r Herbert Bruderer); {XII} th International Congress of Linguistics (Wolfgang U Dressler); {ACM} Conference - Employment Register (Orrin E. Taulbee); Compcom 76 (Edward E. David Jr; J. Presper Eckert); Cybernetics and Systems Research (Schottengasse); Literary and Linguistic Computing (J. M. Smith); {C}harles {S}. {P}eirce Society (Carolyn Eisele); Computer Applications to Learning; Historical Linguistics (William Christie); Short Announcements and Reminders; {ACLS}: {S}oviet Studies East {E}uropean Languages; Special Libraries Association Scholarships; Acknowledgement (Allen Klinger)",
}
@article{self-1975-computer,
    title = "Computer Generation of Sentences by Systemic Grammar",
    author = "Self, John",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 29",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4002",
    pages = "25--45",
}
@article{hofmann-1975-interpretation,
    title = "Interpretation and Integration of Sentences into a {C}-Net",
    author = "Hofmann, Th. R.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 29",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4003",
    pages = "46--66",
}
@article{nn-1975-finite-string-volume-12-number-6,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 12, Number 6",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 30",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4004",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@article{hols-burrows-1975-review,
    title = "Review: \textit{ {C}omputers in the {H}umanities}, by {J}. {L}. {M}itchell, Editor",
    author = "Hols, Edith J.  and
      Burrows, Dan",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 30",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4005",
    pages = "3--16",
}
@article{nn-1975-finite-string-volume-12-number-6-continued,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 12, Number 6 (continued)",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 30",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4006",
    pages = "17--82",
    abstract = "Speech Understanding Research Report, {SRI} (Donald E. Walker); {M}ichigan Early Modern {E}nglish Materials (Richard W. Bailey; James W. Downer; Jay L. Robinson; Patricia V. Lehman; Voice Response Papers at {C}ompcom 75 (Donald A. Biggar); {NFAIS} Reports and Chart; {NYU} Linguistic String Project: Bibliography; Multiple-Valued Logic: Proceedings, Tables of Contents; Artificial Intelligence In {P}oland: Bibliography 1972-1974; Current Bibliography (Januez Stanislaw Bien); {AFIPS} Press Catalog",
}
@article{taylor-rosenberg-1975-case,
    title = "A Case-Driven Parser for Natural Language",
    author = "Taylor, Brock H.  and
      Rosenberg, Richard S.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 31",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4007",
}
@article{diller-1975-proceedings,
    title = "Proceedings, 13th Annual Meeting, Association for Computational Linguistics (1: Language Understanding Systems)",
    editor = "Diller, Timothy C.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 32",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4008",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@article{fabens-1975-pedaglot,
    title = "{PEDAGLOT} and Understanding Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Fabens, William",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 32",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4009",
    pages = "9--20",
}
@article{hobbs-1975-general,
    title = "A General System for Semantic Analysis of {E}nglish and its Use in Drawing Maps from Directions",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 32",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4010",
    pages = "21--41",
}
@article{miller-1975-adaptive,
    title = "An Adaptive Natural Language Parser",
    author = "Miller, Perry L.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 32",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4011",
    pages = "42--56",
}
@article{martin-1975-conceptual,
    title = "Conceptual Grammar [abstract]",
    author = "Martin, William A.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 32",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4012",
    pages = "57",
}
@article{burger-etal-1975-semantic,
    title = "Semantic-Based Parsing and a Natural-Language Interface for Interactive Data Management",
    author = "Burger, John F.  and
      Leal, Antonio  and
      Shoshani, Arie",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 32",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4013",
    pages = "58--71",
}
@article{medema-etal-1975-phliqa,
    title = "{PHLIQA} 1: Multilevel Semantics in Question Answering",
    author = "Medema, P.  and
      Bronnenberg, W. J.  and
      Bunt, H. C.  and
      Landsbergen, S. P. J.  and
      Scha, R. J. H.  and
      Schoenmakers, W. J.  and
      van Utteren, E. P. C.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 32",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4014",
    pages = "72--86",
}
@article{diller-1975-proceedings-13th,
    title = "Proceedings, 13th Annual Meeting, Association for Computational Linguistics (2: Language Generation Systems)",
    editor = "Diller, Timothy C.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 33",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4015",
    pages = "1--3",
}
@article{mcdonald-1975-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Writing Generation Grammars for Interactive Computer Programs",
    author = "McDonald, David",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 33",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4016",
    pages = "4--17",
}
@article{knaus-1975-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Sentence Processing",
    author = "Knaus, Rodger",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 33",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4017",
    pages = "18--32",
}
@article{rhyne-1975-lexical,
    title = "A Lexical Process Model of Nominal Compounding in {E}nglish",
    author = "Rhyne, James R.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 33",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4018",
    pages = "33--44",
}
@article{shapiro-1975-generation,
    title = "Generation as Parsing from a Network into a Linear String",
    author = "Shapiro, Stuart C.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 33",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4019",
    pages = "45--62",
}
@article{slocum-1975-speech,
    title = "Speech Generation from Semantic Nets",
    author = "Slocum, Jonathan",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 33",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4020",
    pages = "63--77",
}
@article{meehan-1975-using,
    title = "Using Planning Structures to Generate Stories",
    author = "Meehan, James R.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 33",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4021",
    pages = "78--94",
}
@article{diller-1975-proceedings-13th-annual,
    title = "Proceedings, 13th Annual Meeting, Association for Computational Linguistics (3: Parsing, Syntax, and Semantics)",
    editor = "Diller, Timothy C.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 34",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4022",
    pages = "1--3",
}
@article{bates-1975-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Processing in the {BBN} Speech Understanding System [abstract]",
    author = "Bates, Madeline",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 34",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4023",
    pages = "4",
}
@article{paxton-robinson-1975-system,
    title = "System Integration and Control in a Speech Understanding System",
    author = "Paxton, William H.  and
      Robinson, Ann E.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 34",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4024",
    pages = "5--18",
}
@article{robinson-1975-tuneable,
    title = "A Tuneable Performance Grammar",
    author = "Robinson, Jane J.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 34",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4025",
    pages = "19--33",
}
@article{hendrix-1975-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Processing for Speech Understanding",
    author = "Hendrix, Gary G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 34",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4026",
    pages = "34--48",
}
@article{sondheimer-perry-1975-sps,
    title = "{SPS}: A Formalism for Semantic Interpretation and its Use in Processing Prepositions that Reference Space",
    author = "Sondheimer, Norman K.  and
      Perry, Doyt",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 34",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4027",
    pages = "49--63",
}
@article{cercone-1975-nature,
    title = "The Nature and Computational Use of a Meaning Representation for Word Concepts",
    author = "Cercone, Nick",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 34",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4028",
    pages = "64--81",
}
@article{diller-1975-proceedings-13th-annual-meeting,
    title = "Proceedings, 13th Annual Meeting, Association for Computational Linguistics (4: Modeling Discourse and World Knowledge I)",
    editor = "Diller, Timothy C.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 35",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4029",
    pages = "1--3",
}
@article{deutsch-1975-establishing,
    title = "Establishing Context in Task-Oriented Dialogs",
    author = "Deutsch, Barbara G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 35",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4030",
    pages = "4--18",
}
@article{bruce-1975-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Models and Language Comprehension",
    author = "Bruce, Bertram C.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 35",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4031",
    pages = "19--35",
}
@article{phillips-1975-judging,
    title = "Judging the Coherency of Discourse",
    author = "Phillips, Brian",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 35",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4032",
    pages = "36--49",
}
@article{cullingford-1975-approach,
    title = "An Approach to the Organization of Mundane World Knowledge: The Generation and Management of Scripts",
    author = "Cullingford, R. E.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 35",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4033",
    pages = "50--69",
}
@article{badler-1975-conceptual,
    title = "The Conceptual Description of Physical Activities",
    author = "Badler, Norman",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 35",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4034",
    pages = "70--83",
}
@article{kegl-chinchor-1975-frame,
    title = "A Frame Analysis of {A}merican {S}ign {L}anguage",
    author = "Kegl, Judy Anne  and
      Chinchor, Nancy",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 35",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4035",
    pages = "84--96",
}
@article{diller-1975-proceedings-13th-annual-meeting-association,
    title = "Proceedings, 13th Annual Meeting, Association for Computational Linguistics (5: Modeling Discourse and World Knowledge II, and Text Analysis)",
    editor = "Diller, Timothy C.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 36",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4036",
    pages = "1--3",
}
@article{klappholz-lockman-1975-contextual,
    title = "Contextual Reference Resolution",
    author = "Klappholz, David  and
      Lockman, Abe",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 36",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4037",
    pages = "4--25",
}
@article{rosenschein-1975-system,
    title = "How Does a System Know When to Stop Inferencing?",
    author = "Rosenschein, Stan",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 36",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4038",
    pages = "26--39",
}
@article{beckles-etal-1975-developing,
    title = "Developing a Computer System to Handle Inherently Variable Linguistic Data",
    author = "Beckles, D.  and
      Carrington, L.  and
      Warner, G.  and
      Borely, C.  and
      Knight, H.  and
      Aquing, P.  and
      Marquez, J.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 36",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4039",
    pages = "40--51",
}
@article{brill-oshika-1975-natural,
    title = "A Natural Language Processing Package",
    author = "Brill, David  and
      Oshika, Beatrice T.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 36",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4040",
    pages = "52--66",
}
@article{salton-1975-role,
    title = "On the Role of Words and Phrases in Automatic Text Analysis [abstract]",
    author = "Salton, G",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 36",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4041",
    pages = "67",
}
@article{anderson-sager-1975-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Compression in Notes and Records: Analysis and Computation",
    author = "Anderson, Barbara B.  and
      Sager, Naomi",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = nov,
    year = "1975",
    note = "Microfiche 36",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J75-4042",
    pages = "68--81",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2005-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    author = "Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Chien, Jen-Tzung  and
      Lu, Wen-Hsiang",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2005-yi,
    title = "以支援向量機為基礎之新穎語者切換偵測演算法 (A Novel Algorithm for Speaker Change Detection Based on Support Vector Machine) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Jhing-Fa  and
      Lin, Po-Chuan  and
      Wang, Jia-Ching  and
      Sung, Hao-Ching",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1001",
    pages = "1--20",
}
@inproceedings{su-wang-2005-lu,
    title = "錄音資料中的語者切割與分群 (Speaker Segmentation and Clustering for the Recorded Speech) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Su, Chun-Ching  and
      Wang, Hsiao-Chuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1002",
    pages = "21--35",
}
@inproceedings{liao-etal-2005-jie,
    title = "結合聲學與韻律訊息之強健性語者辨認方法 (Combination of Acoustic and Prosodic Information for Robust Speaker Identification) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Liao, Yuan-Fu  and
      Zhuang, Zhi-Xian  and
      Chen, Zi-He  and
      Juang, Yau-Tarng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1003",
    pages = "37--53",
}
@inproceedings{chang-wang-2005-yi,
    title = "以高斯混合模型表徵器與語言模型為基礎之語言辨認 (Language Identification based on {G}aussian Mixture Model Tokenizer and Language Model) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Zhi-Jie  and
      Wang, Hsiao-Chuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1004",
    pages = "55--68",
}
@inproceedings{chi-etal-2005-practical,
    title = "A Practical Passage-based Approach for {C}hinese Document Retrieval",
    author = "Chi, Szu-Yuan  and
      Hsiao, Chung-Li  and
      Chien, Lee-Feng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1005",
    pages = "69--78",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-su-2005-web,
    title = "Web Information Extraction for the Creation of Metadata in Semantic Web",
    author = "Yeh, Ching-Long  and
      Su, Yu-Chih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1006",
    pages = "79--97",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2005-yi,
    title = "以概念分群為基礎之新聞事件自動摘要 (Concept Cluster Based News Document Summarization) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Liu, Cheng-Chang  and
      Yhe, Jen-Yuan  and
      Ke, Hao-Ren  and
      Yang, Wei-Pang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1007",
    pages = "99--111",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-liang-2005-zhong,
    title = "中文句子相似度之計算與應用 ({C}hinese Sentence Similarity Computing and Appling) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Cheng, Shoou-Yi  and
      Liang, Tyne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1008",
    pages = "113--124",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-chen-2005-ri,
    title = "日本學生學習華語的聲調偏誤分析:以二字調為例 (Tonal errors of {J}apanese students learning {C}hinese: A study of disyllabic words) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Zhang, Ke-Jia  and
      Chen, Li-Mei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1009",
    pages = "125--139",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2005-fast,
    title = "{FAST}：電腦輔助英文文法出題系統 ({FAST}: Free Assistant of Structural Tests) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Chia-Yin  and
      Ko, Ming Hsien  and
      Wu, Tzu-Wei  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1010",
    pages = "155--163",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2005-ying,
    title = "應用錯誤型態分析於英語發音輔助學習 ({E}nglish pronunciation assisted learning using error type analysis) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Tang, She-Ming  and
      Chuang, Ze-Jing  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1011",
    pages = "165--182",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2005-shi,
    title = "使用韻律階層及大量詞彙的中文文轉音系統 (A {M}andarin Text-to-Speech System Using Prosodic Hierarchy and a Large Number of Words) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yu, Ming-Shing  and
      Zhang, Tang-Yu  and
      Shiu, Tsan-Huang  and
      Tsai, Yu-Her",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1012",
    pages = "183--202",
}
@inproceedings{pao-etal-2005-emotion,
    title = "Emotion Recognition and Evaluation of {M}andarin Speech Using Weighted D-{KNN} Classification",
    author = "Pao, Tsang-Long  and
      Chen, Yu-Te  and
      Yeh, Jun-Heng  and
      Chang, Yuan-Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1013",
    pages = "203--212",
}
@inproceedings{gu-huang-2005-min,
    title = "閩南語語句基週軌跡產生: 兩種模型之混合與比較 (Min-Nan Sentence Pitch-contour Generation: Mixing and Comparison of Two Kinds of Models) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Gu, Hung-Yan  and
      Huang, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1014",
    pages = "213--225",
}
@inproceedings{yan-etal-2005-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Analysis of Two Polarity Detection Schemes in Speech Watermarking",
    author = "Yan, Bin  and
      Lu, Zhe-Ming  and
      Pan, Jeng-Shyang  and
      Sun, Sheng-He",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1015",
    pages = "239--246",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2005-probe,
    title = "A Probe into Ambiguities of Determinative-Measure Compounds",
    author = "Li, Shih-Min  and
      Lin, Su-Chu  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1016",
    pages = "247--255",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2005-applying,
    title = "Applying Maximum Entropy to Robust {C}hinese Shallow Parsing",
    author = "Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Shih, Cheng-Wei  and
      Wu, Chia-Wei  and
      Tsai, Tzong-Han  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1017",
    pages = "257--271",
}
@inproceedings{chou-huang-2005-yi,
    title = "異體字語境關係的分析與建立 (A Framework for the Contextual Analysis of {C}hinese Characters Variants) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chou, Ya-Min  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1018",
    pages = "273--291",
}
@inproceedings{iu-etal-2005-tai,
    title = "台語變調系統實作研究 (A Study on Implementation of {T}aiwanese Tone Sandhi System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "I{\^u}, {\'U}n-gi{\^a}n  and
      Li, Sheng-an  and
      L{\^a}u, Ki{\~a}t-g{\~a}k  and
      Kao, Cheng-yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1019",
    pages = "293--304",
}
@inproceedings{bai-etal-2005-li,
    title = "利用雙語學術名詞庫抽取中英字詞互譯及詞義解歧 (Sense Extraction and Disambiguation for {C}hinese Words from Bilingual Terminology Bank) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Bai, Ming-Hong  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1020",
    pages = "305--316",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2005-li,
    title = "利用向量支撐機辨識中文基底名詞組的初步研究 (A Preliminary Study on {C}hinese Base {NP} Detection using {SVM}) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Hsi-Wei  and
      Gao, Zhao Ming  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1021",
    pages = "317--331",
}
@inproceedings{ting-chien-2005-perceptual,
    title = "Perceptual Factor Analysis for Speech Enhancement",
    author = "Ting, Chuan-Wei  and
      Chien, Jen-Tzung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1022",
    pages = "333--346",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2005-guo,
    title = "國語廣播新聞語料轉述系統之效能評估 (Evaluation of {M}andarin Broadcast News Transcription System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Lung-Hsun  and
      Wang, Yih-ru  and
      Chen, Sin-Horng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1023",
    pages = "347--360",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2005-approach,
    title = "An Approach of Using the Web as a Live Corpus for Spoken Transliteration Name Access",
    author = "Lin, Ming-Shun  and
      Chen, Chia-Ping  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1024",
    pages = "361--370",
}
@inproceedings{kuo-etal-2005-feng,
    title = "風險最小化準則在中文大詞彙連續語音辨識之研究 (Risk Minimization Criterion for {M}andarin Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Kuo, Jen-Wei  and
      Liu, Shih-Hung  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1025",
    pages = "371--384",
}
@inproceedings{huang-gao-2005-ji,
    title = "基於統計與佚代的中英雙語詞及小句對應演算法 (An Iterative Algorithm for Bilingual {C}hinese-{E}nglish Word and Clause Alignment based on Statistics) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Tzu-Huan  and
      Gao, Zhao Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1026",
    pages = "385--395",
}
@inproceedings{ziang-etal-2005-dian,
    title = "電視新聞語料場景的自動切割與分類 (Automatic Scene Segmentation and Classification in Television News Database) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Ziang, Bo-Syuan  and
      Lyu, Ren-Yuan  and
      Yaung, Bor-Ho  and
      Hsien, Hong-Wen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1027",
    pages = "397--409",
}
@inproceedings{shia-etal-2005-improving,
    title = "Improving Translation of Unknown Proper Names Using a Hybrid Web-based Translation Extraction Method",
    author = "Shia, Min-Shiang  and
      Lin, Jiun-Hung  and
      Yu, Scott  and
      Lu, Wen-Hsiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1028",
    pages = "411--423",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2005-translation,
    title = "Translation Divergence Analysis and Processing for {M}andarin-{E}nglish Parallel Text Exploitation",
    author = "Lin, Shun-Chieh  and
      Wang, Jia-Ching  and
      Wang, Jhing-Fa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-1029",
    pages = "425--433",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2005-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 1, March 2005",
    month = mar,
    year = "2005",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2005-lightly,
    title = "Lightly Supervised and Data-Driven Approaches to {M}andarin Broadcast News Transcription",
    author = "Chen, Berlin  and
      Kuo, Jen-Wei  and
      Tsai, Wen-Hung",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 1, March 2005",
    month = mar,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-2001",
    pages = "1--18",
}
@inproceedings{ha-etal-2005-reduced,
    title = "Reduced N-Grams for {C}hinese Evaluation",
    author = "Ha, Le Quan  and
      Seymour, R.  and
      Hanna, P.  and
      Smith, F. J.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 1, March 2005",
    month = mar,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-2002",
    pages = "19--34",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-etal-2005-automated,
    title = "Automated Alignment and Extraction of a Bilingual Ontology for Cross-Language Domain-Specific Applications",
    author = "Yeh, Jui-Feng  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Chen, Ming-Jun  and
      Yu, Liang-Chih",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 1, March 2005",
    month = mar,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-2003",
    pages = "35--52",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2005-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Main Verb Identification: From Specification to Realization",
    author = "Ding, Bing-Gong  and
      Huang, Chang-Ning  and
      Huang, De-Gen",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 1, March 2005",
    month = mar,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-2004",
    pages = "53--94",
}
@inproceedings{chuang-yeh-2005-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Parallel Bilingual Corpora Statistically with Punctuation Criteria",
    author = "Chuang, Thomas C.  and
      Yeh, Kevin C.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 1, March 2005",
    month = mar,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-2005",
    pages = "95--122",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2005-similarity,
    title = "Similarity Based {C}hinese Synonym Collocation Extraction",
    author = "Li, Wanyin  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Xu, Ruifeng",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 1, March 2005",
    month = mar,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-2006",
    pages = "123--144",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2005-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 2, June 2005: Special Issue on Annotated Speech Corpora",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Segmentation and Labeling for {M}andarin {C}hinese Speech Corpora for Concatenation-based {TTS}",
    author = "Lin, Cheng-Yuan  and
      Jang, Jyh-Shing Roger  and
      Chen, Kuan-Ting",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 2, June 2005: Special Issue on Annotated Speech Corpora",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-3001",
    pages = "145--166",
}
@inproceedings{zeitoun-yu-2005-formosan,
    title = "The Formosan Language Archive: Linguistic Analysis and Language Processing",
    author = "Zeitoun, Elizabeth  and
      Yu, Ching-Hua",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 2, June 2005: Special Issue on Annotated Speech Corpora",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-3002",
    pages = "167--200",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-2005-mandarin,
    title = "{M}andarin Topic-oriented Conversations",
    author = "Tseng, Shu-Chuan",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 2, June 2005: Special Issue on Annotated Speech Corpora",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-3003",
    pages = "201--218",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2005-matbn,
    title = "{MATBN}: A {M}andarin {C}hinese Broadcast News Corpus",
    author = "Wang, Hsin-Min  and
      Chen, Berlin  and
      Kuo, Jen-Wei  and
      Cheng, Shih-Sian",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 2, June 2005: Special Issue on Annotated Speech Corpora",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-3004",
    pages = "219--236",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2005-taicar,
    title = "{TAICAR} {--} The Collection and Annotation of an In-Car Speech Database Created in Taiwan",
    author = "Wang, Hsien-Chang  and
      Yang, Chung-Hsien  and
      Wang, Jhing-Fa  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Chien, Jen-Tzung",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 2, June 2005: Special Issue on Annotated Speech Corpora",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-3005",
    pages = "237--250",
}
@inproceedings{xu-meng-2005-design,
    title = "Design and Development of a Bilingual Reading Comprehension Corpus",
    author = "Xu, Kui  and
      Meng, Helen",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 2, June 2005: Special Issue on Annotated Speech Corpora",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-3006",
    pages = "251--276",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2005-chinese,
    title = "A {C}hinese Term Clustering Mechanism for Generating Semantic Concepts of a News Ontology",
    author = "Lee, Chang-Shing  and
      Kuo, Yau-Hwang  and
      Liao, Chia-Hsin  and
      Jian, Zhi-Wei",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 2, June 2005: Special Issue on Annotated Speech Corpora",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-3007",
    pages = "277--302",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2005-international-journal-linguistics,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 3, September 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XVI}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2005-using-lexical,
    title = "Using Lexical Constraints to Enhance the Quality of Computer-Generated Multiple-Choice Cloze Items",
    author = "Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Wang, Chun-Hung  and
      Gao, Zhao-Ming",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 3, September 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XVI}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-4001",
    pages = "303--328",
}
@inproceedings{chuang-etal-2005-collocational,
    title = "Collocational Translation Memory Extraction Based on Statistical and Linguistic Information",
    author = "Chuang, Thomas C.  and
      Jian, Jia-Yan  and
      Chang, Yu-Chia  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 3, September 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XVI}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-4002",
    pages = "329--346",
}
@inproceedings{pao-etal-2005-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Emotions in {M}andarin Speech",
    author = "Pao, Tsang-Long  and
      Chen, Yu-Te  and
      Yeh, Jun-Heng  and
      Liao, Wen-Yuan",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 3, September 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XVI}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-4003",
    pages = "347--362",
}
@inproceedings{lyu-etal-2005-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Pronunciation Variation for Bi-Lingual {M}andarin/{T}aiwanese Speech Recognition",
    author = "Lyu, Dau-Cheng  and
      Lyu, Ren-Yuan  and
      Chiang, Yuang-Chin  and
      Hsu, Chun-Nan",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 3, September 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XVI}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-4004",
    pages = "363--380",
}
@inproceedings{goh-etal-2005-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation by Classification of Characters",
    author = "Goh, Chooi-Ling  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 3, September 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XVI}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-4005",
    pages = "381--396",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2005-design,
    title = "The Design and Construction of the {P}oly{U} Shallow Treebank",
    author = "Xu, Ruifeng  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Li, Yin  and
      Li, Wanyin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 3, September 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XVI}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-4006",
    pages = "397--416",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2005-international-journal-linguistics-chinese,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 4, {D}ecember 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {CLSW}-5",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2005-sinica,
    title = "The Sinica Sense Management System: Design and Implementation",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chen, Chun-Ling  and
      Weng, Cui-Xia  and
      Lee, Hsiang-Ping  and
      Chen, Yong-Xiang  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 4, {D}ecember 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {CLSW}-5",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-5001",
    pages = "417--430",
}
@inproceedings{liu-chang-2005-frame,
    title = "From Frame to Subframe: Collocational Asymmetry in {M}andarin Verbs of Conversation",
    author = "Liu, Mei-Chun  and
      Chang, Chun Edison",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 4, {D}ecember 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {CLSW}-5",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-5002",
    pages = "431--444",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2005-feature,
    title = "Feature Representations and Logical Compatibility between Temporal Adverbs and Aspects",
    author = "Li, Shih-Min  and
      Lin, Su-Chu  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 4, {D}ecember 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {CLSW}-5",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-5003",
    pages = "445--458",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2005-xin,
    title = "信息處理用現代漢語虛詞義類詞典研究和工作單設計 (Study on the Machine Tractable Thesaurus Dictionary of Contemporary {C}hinese Functional Words for Information Processing and Design) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Qunxiu",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 4, {D}ecember 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {CLSW}-5",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-5004",
    pages = "459--472",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2005-unsupervised-approach,
    title = "An Unsupervised Approach to {C}hinese Word Sense Disambiguation Based on Hownet",
    author = "Chen, Hao  and
      He, Tingting  and
      Ji, Donghong  and
      Quan, Changqin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 4, {D}ecember 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {CLSW}-5",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-5005",
    pages = "473--482",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-2005-yi,
    title = "以句式為本的多義詞詞義辨識 (Word Sense Disambiguation Based on Syntactic Construction) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Tsai, Mei-Chih",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 4, {D}ecember 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {CLSW}-5",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-5006",
    pages = "483--494",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2005-cong,
    title = "從構式語法理論看漢語詞義研究 (A Construction-Bsed Approach to {C}hinese Lexical Semantics) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Hui",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 4, {D}ecember 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {CLSW}-5",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-5007",
    pages = "495--508",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2005-xian,
    title = "現代漢語中的形式動詞 (Dummy Verbs in Contemporary {C}hinese) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yu, Shiwen  and
      Zhu, Xuefeng  and
      Duan, Huiming",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 4, {D}ecember 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {CLSW}-5",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-5008",
    pages = "509--518",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-tsou-2005-synchronous,
    title = "A Synchronous Corpus-Based Study on the Usage and Perception of Judgement Terms in the Pan-{C}hinese Context",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee  and
      Tsou, Benjamin K.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 4, {D}ecember 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {CLSW}-5",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-5009",
    pages = "519--532",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2005-ren,
    title = "《人民日報》語料庫命名實体分類的研究 (The {C}hinese Named Entity Categorization Based on the People{'}s Daily Corpus) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Xia, YingJu  and
      Yu, Hao  and
      Nishino, Fumihito",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 4, {D}ecember 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {CLSW}-5",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-5010",
    pages = "533--542",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2005-shuang,
    title = "双向考察和驗證：并列成分中心語的語義關係和{CCD}的名詞語義分類体系 (Bidirectional Investigation: The Semantic Relations between the Conjuncts and the Noun Taxonomy in {CCD}) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wu, Yunfang  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Li, Yun  and
      Yu, Shiwen",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 4, {D}ecember 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {CLSW}-5",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-5011",
    pages = "543--552",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2005-source,
    title = "Source Domains as Concept Domains in Metaphorical Expressions",
    author = "Chung, Siaw-Fong  and
      Ahrens, Kathleen  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 4, {D}ecember 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {CLSW}-5",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-5012",
    pages = "553--570",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2005-yin,
    title = "隱喻性成語的語義映射 (Semantic Mapping in {C}hinese Metaphorical Idioms) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Li, Yun  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Wang, Zhimin  and
      Wu, Yunfang",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 4, {D}ecember 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {CLSW}-5",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-5013",
    pages = "571--580",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2005-ji,
    title = "基于現代漢語語法信息詞典的詞語情感評價研究 (Research on Lexical Emotional Evaluation Based on the Grammatical Knowledge-Base of Contemporary {C}hinese) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Zhimin  and
      Zhu, Xuefeng  and
      Yu, Shiwen",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 4, {D}ecember 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {CLSW}-5",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-5014",
    pages = "581--592",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2005-author-subject,
    title = "Author and Subject Index",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 10, Number 4, {D}ecember 2005: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {CLSW}-5",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O05-5015",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2011-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2011)",
    author = "Tsai, Wei-Ho  and
      Yu, Liang-Chih",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-1000",
}
@inproceedings{lai-etal-2011-shi,
    title = "實證探究多種鑑別式語言模型於語音辨識之研究 (Empirical Comparisons of Various Discriminative Language Models for Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lai, Min-Hsuan  and
      Huang, Bang-Xuan  and
      Chen, Kuan-Yu  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2011)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-1001",
    pages = "4--20",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2011-compensating,
    title = "Compensating the Speech Features via Discrete Cosine Transform for Robust Speech Recognition (基於離散餘弦轉換之語音特徵的強健性補償法)",
    author = "Hsieh, Hsin-Ju  and
      Tu, Wen-hsiang  and
      Hung, Jeih-weih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2011)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-1002",
    pages = "21--42",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2011-lian,
    title = "聯合語者、雜訊環境與說話內容因素分析之強健性語音辨認 (Joint Factor Analysis for Robust Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wu, Sheng-Tang  and
      Fang, Wei-Te  and
      Liao, Yuan-Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2011)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-1003",
    pages = "43--63",
}
@inproceedings{chang-2011-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of {TTS} Systems in Intelligibility and Comprehension Tasks",
    author = "Chang, Yu-Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2011)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-1004",
    pages = "64--78",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-etal-2011-pian,
    title = "片語式機器翻譯中未知詞與落單字的問題探討 (Learning to Deal with the {OOV} Problem in Phrase-based {MT} System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chiang, Ming-Chuan  and
      Huang, Chung-Chi  and
      Yen, {``}He,Ho-Ching{''}  and
      Huang, Shih-Ting  and
      Chang, Chun-Sheng  and
      Yang, Ping-Che  and
      Ku, Tsun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2011)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-1005",
    pages = "79--93",
}
@inproceedings{chuang-etal-2011-ying,
    title = "英文技術文獻中一般動詞與其受詞之中文翻譯的語境效用 (Collocational Influences on the {C}hinese Translations of Non-Technical {E}nglish Verbs and Their Objects in Technical Documents) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chuang, Yi-Hsuan  and
      Wang, Jui-Ping  and
      Tsai, Chia-Chi  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2011)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-1006",
    pages = "94--108",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Overlapping Feature Selection for Conditional Random Fields Learning in {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Yang, Ting-hao  and
      Jiang, Tian-Jian  and
      Kuo, Chan-hung  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-han  and
      Hsu, Wen-lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2011)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-1007",
    pages = "109--122",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2011-fan,
    title = "繁體中文文本中對於日文人名及異體字的處理策略 (Strategies of Processing {J}apanese Names and Variant Characters in Traditional {C}hinese Text) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Chuan-Chieh  and
      Chan, Chia-Cheng  and
      Chen, Yen-Heng  and
      Pao, Chien-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2011)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-1008",
    pages = "123--138",
}
@inproceedings{chung-chen-2011-dong,
    title = "動補結構的及物性及修飾對象 (Transitivity of a {C}hinese Verb-result Compound and Affected Argument of the Result Verb) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chung, You-shan  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2011)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-1009",
    pages = "139--150",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2011-guang,
    title = "廣義知網詞彙意見極性的預測 (Predicting the Semantic Orientation of Terms in E-{H}ow{N}et) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Li, Cheng-Ru  and
      Yu, Chi-Hsin  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2011)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-1010",
    pages = "151--165",
}
@inproceedings{chang-lin-2011-sheng,
    title = "聲符部件排序與形聲字發音規則探勘 (Pronunciation Rules Discovery for Picto-Phonetic {C}hinese Characters) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Chia-Hui  and
      Lin, Shu-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2011)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-1011",
    pages = "166--178",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2011-frequency,
    title = "Frequency, Collocation, and Statistical Modeling of Lexical Items: A Case Study of Temporal Expressions in an Elderly Speaker Corpus",
    author = "Wang, Sheng-Fu  and
      Yang, Jing-Chen  and
      Chang, Yu-Yun  and
      Liu, Yu-Wen  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2011)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-1012",
    pages = "179--193",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2011-rocling,
    title = "{ROCLING} 2011 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-2000",
}
@inproceedings{chu-etal-2011-ji,
    title = "機率式調變頻譜分解於強健性語音辨識 (Probabilistic Modulation Spectrum Factorization for Robust Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chu, Wen-Yi  and
      Kao, Yu-Chen  and
      Chen, Berlin  and
      Hung, Jeih-Weih",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2011 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-2001",
    pages = "194--206",
}
@inproceedings{liao-etal-2011-ying,
    title = "應用語音辨識技術於鳥鳴聲辨識 (Bird Species Recognition Based on Speech Processing Techniques) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Liao, Wei-En  and
      Lee, Hsin-Chieh  and
      Tsai, Wei-Ho",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2011 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-2002",
    pages = "207--215",
}
@inproceedings{gu-tsai-2011-shi,
    title = "使用分段式{GMM} 及自動{GMM} 挑選之語音轉換方法 (A Voice Conversion Method Using Segmental {GMM}s and Automatic {GMM} Selection) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Gu, Hung-Yan  and
      Tsai, Sung-Fung",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2011 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-2003",
    pages = "216--226",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2011-ying,
    title = "應用詞彙、語法與語料規則於中文手寫句辨識之校正模組 (Revision for Recognizing {C}hinese Handwritten Sentences Based on Lexical, Syntactical and Corpus Rules) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Tao-Hsing  and
      Chou, Chia-Bin  and
      Su, Shou-Yen  and
      Liu, Chien-Liang",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2011 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-2004",
    pages = "227--239",
}
@inproceedings{galmar-2011-using,
    title = "Using Kohonen Maps of {C}hinese Morphological Families to Visualize the Interplay of Morphology and Semantics in {C}hinese",
    author = "Galmar, Bruno",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2011 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-2005",
    pages = "240--251",
}
@inproceedings{gong-ahrens-2011-prior,
    title = "The Prior Knowledge Effect on the Processing of Vague Discourse in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Gong, Shu-Ping  and
      Ahrens, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2011 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-2006",
    pages = "252--264",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "On the Learning of {C}hinese Aspect Markers through Multimedia Program (多媒體課程對華語時貌標記學習成效之研究)",
    author = "Hsieh, Tzu-Hui  and
      Kuo, Yi-Chun  and
      Chung, Shu-Chun  and
      Wu, Jiun-Shiung",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2011 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-2007",
    pages = "265--280",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2011-zhong,
    title = "中文文字蘊涵系統之特徵分析 (Feature Analysis of {C}hinese Textual Entailment System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Wan-Chi  and
      Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Chen, Liang-Pu  and
      Ku, Tsun",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2011 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-2008",
    pages = "281--296",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2011-jie,
    title = "結合語言模型與網路知識源於列印前檢查 (Print Pickets Combined Language Models and Knowledge Resources in Web) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Yu-Jui  and
      Yen, Ming-Chin  and
      Wu, Guan-Huei  and
      Wang, Yao-Yi  and
      Yeh, Jui-Feng",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2011 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-2009",
    pages = "297--309",
}
@inproceedings{kao-chen-2011-diagnosing,
    title = "Diagnosing Discoursal Organization in Learner Writing via Conjunctive Adverbials (診斷學習者英語寫作篇章結構：以篇章連接副詞為例)",
    author = "Kao, Tung-yu  and
      Chen, Li-mei",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2011 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-2010",
    pages = "310--322",
}
@inproceedings{ku-2011-compositional,
    title = "Compositional Operations of {M}andarin {C}hinese Verb {``}da3{''}: A Generative Lexicon Approach",
    author = "Ku, Li-Chuan",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2011 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-2011",
    pages = "323--332",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-2011-typological,
    title = "Typological Universals and Intrinsic Universals on the {L}2 Acquisition of Consonant Clusters",
    author = "Tseng, Chin-Chin",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2011 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-2012",
    pages = "333--348",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2011-duo,
    title = "多語語碼轉換之未知詞擷取 (Unknown Word Extraction from Multilingual Code-Switching Sentences) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wu, Yi-Lun  and
      Hsieh, Chaio-Wen  and
      Lin, Wei-Hsuan  and
      Liu, Chun-Yi  and
      Yu, Liang-Chih",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2011 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-2013",
    pages = "349--360",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2011-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 16, Number 1-2, March/June 2011",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Chen, Kuang-hua",
    month = mar # "/" # jun,
    year = "2011",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-lee-2011-performance,
    title = "Performance Evaluation of Speaker-Identification Systems for Singing Voice Data",
    author = "Tsai, Wei-Ho  and
      Lee, Hsin-Chieh",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 16, Number 1-2, March/June 2011",
    month = mar # "/" # jun,
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-3001",
}
@inproceedings{liang-cheng-2011-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Abstract Definite Anaphora in {C}hinese Texts",
    author = "Liang, Tyne  and
      Cheng, Jyun-Hua",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 16, Number 1-2, March/June 2011",
    month = mar # "/" # jun,
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-3002",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2011-chances,
    title = "Some Chances and Challenges in Applying Language Technologies to Historical Studies in {C}hinese",
    author = "Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Jin, Guantao  and
      Liu, Qingfeng  and
      Chiu, Wei-Yun  and
      Yu, Yih-Soong",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 16, Number 1-2, March/June 2011",
    month = mar # "/" # jun,
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-3003",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-wu-2011-yi,
    title = "以籠統查詢評估查詢擴展方法與線上搜尋引擎之資訊檢索效能 (Evaluating the Information Retrieval Performance of Query Expansion Method and On-line Search Engine on General Query) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hsu, Chih-Chuan  and
      Wu, Shih-Hung",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 16, Number 1-2, March/June 2011",
    month = mar # "/" # jun,
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-3004",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2011-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 16, Number 3-4, September/{D}ecember 2011",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Chen, Kuang-hua",
    month = sep # "/" # dec,
    year = "2011",
}
@inproceedings{barrett-chen-2011-english,
    title = "{E}nglish Article Errors in {T}aiwanese College Students{'} {EFL} Writing",
    author = "Barrett, Neil Edward  and
      Chen, Li-mei",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 16, Number 3-4, September/{D}ecember 2011",
    month = sep # "/" # dec,
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-4001",
}
@inproceedings{chao-chung-2011-ji,
    title = "基於辭典辭彙釋義之多階層釋義關聯程度計量-以「目」字部為例 (A Measurement of Multi-Level Semantic Relations among {M}andarin Lexemes with Radical mu4: A Study based on Dictionary Explanations)",
    author = "Chao, F. Y. August  and
      Chung, Siaw-Fong",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 16, Number 3-4, September/{D}ecember 2011",
    month = sep # "/" # dec,
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-4002",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chen-2011-histogram,
    title = "Histogram Equalization on Statistical Approaches for {C}hinese Unknown Word Extraction",
    author = "Lin, Bor-Shen  and
      Chen, Yi-Cong",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 16, Number 3-4, September/{D}ecember 2011",
    month = sep # "/" # dec,
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-4003",
}
@inproceedings{wang-chen-2011-intent,
    title = "Intent Shift Detection Using Search Query Logs",
    author = "Wang, Chieh-Jen  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 16, Number 3-4, September/{D}ecember 2011",
    month = sep # "/" # dec,
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-4004",
}
@inproceedings{lin-hsieh-2011-characteristics,
    title = "Characteristics of Independent Claim: A Corpus-Linguistic Approach to Contemporary {E}nglish Patents",
    author = "Lin, Darren Hsin-Hung  and
      Hsieh, Shelley Ching-Yu",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 16, Number 3-4, September/{D}ecember 2011",
    month = sep # "/" # dec,
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O11-4005",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2007-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    author = "Chen, Kuang-Hua  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2007-yi,
    title = "以英語寫作輔助為目的之語料庫語句檢索方法 (Corporal Sentence Retrieval for {E}nglish Writing Assistance) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Liu, Jyi-Shane  and
      Horng, Pei-Chun  and
      Lee, Ching-Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-1001",
    pages = "5--19",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2007-bei,
    title = "貝氏主題混合資訊檢索模型 ({B}ayesian Topic Mixture Model for Information Retrieval) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wu, Meng-Sung  and
      Hsu, Hsuan-Jui  and
      Chien, Jen-Tzung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-1002",
    pages = "21--35",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2007-korean,
    title = "{K}orean-{C}hinese Cross-Language Information Retrieval Based on Extension of Dictionaries and Transliteration",
    author = "Wang, Yu-Chun  and
      Tsai, Tzong-Han Richard  and
      Yen, Hsu-Chun  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-1003",
    pages = "37--44",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-hung-2007-jia,
    title = "加成性雜訊環境下運用特徵參數統計補償法於強健性語音辨識 (Feature Statistics Compensation for Robust Speech Recognition in Additive Noise Environments) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hsieh, Tsung-hsueh  and
      Hung, Jeih-weih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-1004",
    pages = "45--59",
}
@inproceedings{he-liou-2007-cyberon,
    title = "Cyberon Voice Commander 多國語言語音命令系統 (Cyberon Voice Commander - a Multilingual Voice Command System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "He, Tai Xuan  and
      Liou, Jien-Jung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-1005",
    pages = "61--72",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2007-gai,
    title = "改善以最小化音素錯誤為基礎的鑑別式聲學模型訓練於中文連續語音辨識之研究 (Improved Minimum Phone Error based Discriminative Training of Acoustic Models for {C}hinese Continuous Speech Reconigtion) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Liu, Shih-Hung  and
      Chu, Fang-Hui  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-1006",
    pages = "73--87",
}
@inproceedings{tu-hung-2007-duan,
    title = "端點偵測技術在強健語音參數擷取之研究 (Study of the Voice Activity Detection Techniques for Robust Speech Feature Extraction) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Tu, Wen-Hsiang  and
      Hung, Jeih-weih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-1007",
    pages = "89--102",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-su-2007-cong,
    title = "從不同韻律格式驗證階層式韻律架構並兼論對語音科技的應用 (One Base Form of Discourse Prosody Goes a Long Way{--} Evidence of Sytle Dependent Contribution and Possible Applilcation to Technology Development) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Tseng, Chiu-Yu  and
      Su, Zhao-Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-1008",
    pages = "103--115",
}
@inproceedings{lyu-etal-2007-duo,
    title = "多語聲學單位分類之最佳化研究 (The Study of Acoustic Model Clustering in Multilingual Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lyu, Dau-cheng  and
      Lyu, Ren-yuan  and
      Chiang, Yung-Jien  and
      Hsu, Chun-nan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-1009",
    pages = "117--130",
}
@inproceedings{kao-gao-2007-ci,
    title = "詞義辨識:機器學習演算法特徵的選取與組合 (Feature Selections in Word Sense Disambiguation) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Kao, Shao Hang  and
      Gao, Zhao Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-1010",
    pages = "131--144",
}
@inproceedings{hsiao-etal-2007-word,
    title = "Word Translation Disambiguation via Dependency (利用依存關係之辭彙翻譯)",
    author = "Hsiao, Meng-Chin  and
      Yang, Kun-Ju  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-1011",
    pages = "145--159",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2007-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Representation for Interrogatives in E-{H}ow{N}et",
    author = "Huang, Shu-Ling  and
      Chung, You-Shan  and
      Shih, Yueh-Yin  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-1012",
    pages = "161--175",
}
@inproceedings{ku-etal-2007-question,
    title = "Question Analysis and Answer Passage Retrieval for Opinion Question Answering Systems",
    author = "Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Liang, Yu-Ting  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-1013",
    pages = "177--189",
}
@inproceedings{chang-ker-2007-ji,
    title = "基於統計方法之中文搭配詞自動擷取 ({C}hinese Collocation Extracting Automation Based on Statistical Methods) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Tsui-Yun  and
      Ker, Su-Jin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-1014",
    pages = "191--203",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2007-yi,
    title = "以部落格語料進行情緒趨勢分析 (Emotion Trend Analysis Using Blog Corpora) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yang, Chang-Hua  and
      Kuo, Hung-An  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-1015",
    pages = "205--218",
}
@inproceedings{chu-etal-2007-hun,
    title = "混合語言之語音的語言辨認 (Language Identification on Code-Switching Speech) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chu, Chyng-Leei  and
      Lyu, Dau-cheng  and
      Lyu, Ren-yuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-1016",
    pages = "219--231",
}
@inproceedings{gu-zhou-2007-ji,
    title = "基於{HNM} 之國語音節信號的合成方法 (An {HNM} Based Method for Synthesizing {M}andarin Syllable Signal) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Gu, Hung-yan  and
      Zhou, Yen-zuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-1017",
    pages = "233--243",
}
@inproceedings{yang-2007-role,
    title = "The Role of Sound Changes in the Speech Recognition System: A Phonetic Analysis of the Final Nasal Shift in {M}andarin",
    author = "Yang, James H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-1018",
    pages = "245--256",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2007-rocling,
    title = "{ROCLING} 2007 Poster Papers",
    author = "Chen, Kuang-Hua  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{gao-2007-zhong,
    title = "中文詞彙語意資料的整合與擷取：詞彙語意學的觀點 (Extraction and Integration of {C}hinese Lexical Semantic Information) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Gao, Zhao Ming",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2007 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-2001",
    pages = "257--271",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2007-zhong,
    title = "中文單詞之韻律模式研究 (A Study on Prosodic Modeling for Isolated {M}andarin Words) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Chi-Feng  and
      Chiang, Chen-Yu  and
      Wang, Yih-Ru  and
      Chen, Sin-Horng",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2007 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-2002",
    pages = "273--286",
}
@inproceedings{hung-etal-2007-yi,
    title = "以中文十億詞語料庫為基礎之兩岸詞彙對比研究 (A Study of Lexical Differences between China and Taiwan based on the {C}hinese {G}igaword Corpus) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hung, Jia-Fei  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Xu, Ming-Wei",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2007 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-2003",
    pages = "287--301",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2007-vot,
    title = "{VOT} productions of word-initial stops in {M}andarin and {E}nglish: A cross-language study",
    author = "Chen, Li-mei  and
      Chao, Kuan-Yi  and
      Peng, Jui-Feng",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2007 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-2004",
    pages = "303--317",
}
@inproceedings{yu-2007-tai,
    title = "台灣共通語言 (Taiwan Common Language) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yu, Ming-Shing",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2007 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-2005",
    pages = "319--333",
}
@inproceedings{ker-etal-2007-zhong,
    title = "中文詞義全文標記語料庫之設計與雛形製作 (Design and Prototype of a Fully Sense-tagged Corpus) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Ker, Su-Jin  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Hung, Jia-Fei  and
      Liu, Shih-yin  and
      Chien, Hui-Ling  and
      Su, I-Li",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2007 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-2006",
    pages = "335--345",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2007-yi,
    title = "以文件分類技術預測股價趨勢 (Predicting Trends of Stock Prices with Text Classification Techniques) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Jiun-Da  and
      Wang, Tai-Ping  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2007 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-2007",
    pages = "347--361",
}
@inproceedings{hung-etal-2007-ji,
    title = "基於階層架構資訊及關鍵詞語義擴展的階層式目錄整合研究 (A Study on Hierarchical Catalog Integration based on Hierarchical Information and Keyword Semantic Expansion) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hung, Cheng-Tse  and
      Chen, Ing-Xiang  and
      Wu, Ping-Jung  and
      Yang, Cheng-Zen",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2007 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-2008",
    pages = "363--377",
}
@inproceedings{li-chang-2007-speech,
    title = "Speech recognition of mandarin syllables using both linear predict coding cepstra and Mel frequency cepstra",
    author = "Li, Tze Fen  and
      Chang, Shui-Ching",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2007 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-2009",
    pages = "379--390",
}
@inproceedings{wang-lin-2007-ying,
    title = "應用文件重排序與局部查詢擴展於中文文件檢索之研究 (Improving Retrieval Effectiveness by Document Reranking and Local Expansion) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Wen-Chi  and
      Lin, Bor-Shen",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2007 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-2010",
    pages = "391--405",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2007-zhen,
    title = "針對數學與科學教育領域之電腦輔助英中試題翻譯系統 (An Exploration of Computer Assisted Translation of Test Items for Mathematics and Sciences) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lu, Ming-Shin  and
      Gao, Zhao Ming  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Chang, Chun-Yen",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2007 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-2011",
    pages = "407--421",
}
@inproceedings{simon-hong-2007-word,
    title = "Word sense induction using independent component analysis",
    author = "{\v{S}}imon, Petr  and
      Hong, Jia-Fei",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2007 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-2012",
    pages = "423--433",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2007-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 1, March 2007: Special Issue on Affective Speech Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2007",
}
@inproceedings{campbell-2007-differences,
    title = "Differences in the Speaking Styles of a {J}apanese Male According to Interlocutor; Showing the Effects of Affect in Conversational Speech",
    author = "Campbell, Nick",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 1, March 2007: Special Issue on Affective Speech Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-3001",
    pages = "1--16",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-li-2007-breath,
    title = "The Breath Segment in Expressive Speech",
    author = "Yuan, Chu  and
      Li, Aijun",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 1, March 2007: Special Issue on Affective Speech Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-3002",
    pages = "17--32",
}
@inproceedings{su-wang-2007-affective,
    title = "Affective Intonation-Modeling for {M}andarin Based on {PCA}",
    author = "Su, Zhuangluan  and
      Wang, Zengfu",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 1, March 2007: Special Issue on Affective Speech Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-3003",
    pages = "33--48",
}
@inproceedings{you-etal-2007-manifolds,
    title = "Manifolds Based Emotion Recognition in Speech",
    author = "You, Mingyu  and
      Chen, Chun  and
      Bu, Jiajun  and
      Liu, Jia  and
      Tao, Jianhua",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 1, March 2007: Special Issue on Affective Speech Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-3004",
    pages = "49--64",
}
@inproceedings{wu-chuang-2007-emotion,
    title = "Emotion Recognition from Speech Using {IG}-Based Feature Compensation",
    author = "Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Chuang, Ze-Jing",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 1, March 2007: Special Issue on Affective Speech Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-3005",
    pages = "65--78",
}
@inproceedings{zou-etal-2007-emotional,
    title = "Emotional Recognition Using a Compensation Transformation in Speech Signal",
    author = "Zou, Cairong  and
      Zhao, Yan  and
      Zhao, Li  and
      Zhen, Wenming  and
      Bao, Yongqiang",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 1, March 2007: Special Issue on Affective Speech Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-3006",
    pages = "79--90",
}
@inproceedings{bao-etal-2007-influence,
    title = "The Influence of Reading Styles on Accent Assignment in {M}andarin",
    author = "Bao, Mingzhen  and
      Chu, Min  and
      Wang, Yunjia",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 1, March 2007: Special Issue on Affective Speech Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-3007",
    pages = "91--106",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2007-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 2, June 2007",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2007-using,
    title = "Using a Generative Model for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Hu, Yi  and
      Lu, Ruzhan  and
      Chen, Yuquan  and
      Duan, Jianyong",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 2, June 2007",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-4001",
    pages = "107--126",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2007-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of Non-Stationary Ngram Model and its Smoothing Techniques",
    author = "Xiao, Jinghui  and
      Liu, Bingquan  and
      Wang, Xiaolong",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 2, June 2007",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-4002",
    pages = "127--154",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2007-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Web Catalog Integration with Conceptual Relationships in a Thesaurus",
    author = "Chen, Ing-Xiang  and
      Ho, Jui-Chi  and
      Yang, Cheng-Zen",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 2, June 2007",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-4003",
    pages = "155--174",
}
@inproceedings{myers-2007-minijudge,
    title = "{M}ini{J}udge: Software for Small-Scale Experimental Syntax",
    author = "Myers, James",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 2, June 2007",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-4004",
    pages = "175--194",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2007-improve,
    title = "Improve Parsing Performance by Self-Learning",
    author = "Hsieh, Yu-Ming  and
      Yang, Duen-Chi  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 2, June 2007",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-4005",
    pages = "195--216",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2007-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of Histogram Equalization ({HEQ}) for Robust Speech Recognition",
    author = "Lin, Shih-Hsiang  and
      Yeh, Yao-Ming  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 2, June 2007",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-4006",
    pages = "217--238",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2007-international-journal-linguistics,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 3, September 2007: Special Issue on Invited Papers from {ISCSLP} 2006",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
}
@inproceedings{kuroiwa-etal-2007-speaker,
    title = "Speaker Identification Method Using Earth Mover{'}s Distance for {CCC} Speaker Recognition Evaluation 2006",
    author = "Kuroiwa, Shingo  and
      Tsuge, Satoru  and
      Kita, Masahiko  and
      Ren, Fuji",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 3, September 2007: Special Issue on Invited Papers from {ISCSLP} 2006",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-5001",
    pages = "239--254",
}
@inproceedings{chao-etal-2007-novel,
    title = "A Novel Characterization of the Alternative Hypothesis Using Kernel Discriminant Analysis for {LLR}-Based Speaker Verification",
    author = "Chao, Yi-Hsiang  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min  and
      Chang, Ruei-Chuan",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 3, September 2007: Special Issue on Invited Papers from {ISCSLP} 2006",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-5002",
    pages = "255--272",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-etal-2007-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Complementary Features from Vocal Source and Vocal Tract for Speaker Identification",
    author = "Zheng, Nengheng  and
      Lee, Tan  and
      Wang, Ning  and
      Ching, P. C.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 3, September 2007: Special Issue on Invited Papers from {ISCSLP} 2006",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-5003",
    pages = "273--290",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2007-performance,
    title = "Performance of Discriminative {HMM} Training in Noise",
    author = "Du, Jun  and
      Liu, Peng  and
      Soong, Frank K.  and
      Zhou, Jian-Lai  and
      Wang, Ren-Hua",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 3, September 2007: Special Issue on Invited Papers from {ISCSLP} 2006",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-5004",
    pages = "291--302",
}
@inproceedings{takezawa-etal-2007-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Spoken Language Corpus Development for Communication Research",
    author = "Takezawa, Toshiyuki  and
      Kikui, Genichiro  and
      Mizushima, Masahide  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 3, September 2007: Special Issue on Invited Papers from {ISCSLP} 2006",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-5005",
    pages = "303--324",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2007-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Pinyin Constraints in Pinyin-to-Character Conversion Task: a Class-Based Maximum Entropy {M}arkov Model Approach",
    author = "Xiao, Jinghui  and
      Liu, Bingquan  and
      Wang, Xiaolong",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 3, September 2007: Special Issue on Invited Papers from {ISCSLP} 2006",
    month = sep,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-5006",
    pages = "325--348",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2007-international-journal-linguistics-chinese,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 4, {D}ecember 2007: Special Issue on Speech and Language Processing for {T}aiwanese Minnan, {H}akka, and {M}andarin",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
}
@inproceedings{iunn-etal-2007-modeling,
    title = "Modeling {T}aiwanese Southern-Min Tone Sandhi Using Rule-Based Methods",
    author = "Iunn, Un-Gian  and
      Lau, Kiat-Gak  and
      Tan-Tenn, Hong-Giau  and
      Lee, Sheng-An  and
      Kao, Cheng-Yan",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 4, {D}ecember 2007: Special Issue on Speech and Language Processing for {T}aiwanese Minnan, {H}akka, and {M}andarin",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-6001",
    pages = "349--370",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2007-system,
    title = "A System Framework for Integrated Synthesis of {M}andarin, Min-Nan, and {H}akka Speech",
    author = "Gu, Hung-Yan  and
      Zhou, Yan-Zuo  and
      Liau, Huang-Liang",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 4, {D}ecember 2007: Special Issue on Speech and Language Processing for {T}aiwanese Minnan, {H}akka, and {M}andarin",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-6002",
    pages = "371--390",
}
@inproceedings{kuo-etal-2007-studies,
    title = "Some Studies on Min-Nan Speech Processing",
    author = "Kuo, Wei-Chih  and
      Ho, Chen-Chung  and
      Zhong, Xiang-Rui  and
      Liang, Zhen-Feng  and
      Yu, Hsiu-Min  and
      Wang, Yih-Ru  and
      Chen, Sin-Horng",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 4, {D}ecember 2007: Special Issue on Speech and Language Processing for {T}aiwanese Minnan, {H}akka, and {M}andarin",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-6003",
    pages = "391--410",
}
@inproceedings{tsay-2007-construction,
    title = "Construction and Automatization of a Minnan Child Speech Corpus with some Research Findings",
    author = "Tsay, Jane S.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 4, {D}ecember 2007: Special Issue on Speech and Language Processing for {T}aiwanese Minnan, {H}akka, and {M}andarin",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-6004",
    pages = "411--442",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2007-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Pronunciation Assessment for {M}andarin {C}hinese: Approaches and System Overview",
    author = "Chen, Jiang-Chun  and
      Jang, Jyh-Shing Roger  and
      Tsai, Te-Lu",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 4, {D}ecember 2007: Special Issue on Speech and Language Processing for {T}aiwanese Minnan, {H}akka, and {M}andarin",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-6005",
    pages = "443--458",
}
@inproceedings{ngai-wang-2007-knowledge,
    title = "A Knowledge-Based Approach for Unsupervised {C}hinese Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Ngai, Grace  and
      Wang, Chi-Shing",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 4, {D}ecember 2007: Special Issue on Speech and Language Processing for {T}aiwanese Minnan, {H}akka, and {M}andarin",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-6006",
    pages = "459--484",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2007-author,
    title = "Author and Subject Index",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 12, Number 4, {D}ecember 2007: Special Issue on Speech and Language Processing for {T}aiwanese Minnan, {H}akka, and {M}andarin",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O07-6007",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2013-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    author = "Yang, Hung-Duen  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian  and
      Chen, Chia-Ping",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1000",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-gai,
    title = "改良語句模型技術於節錄式語音摘要之研究 (Improved Sentence Modeling Techniques for Extractive Speech Summarization) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Liu, Shih-Hung  and
      Chen, Kuan-Yu  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1001",
    pages = "5--21",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2013-fen,
    title = "分頻式調變頻譜分解於強健性語音辨識 (Sub-band modulation spectrum factorization in robust speech recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Fan, Hao-teng  and
      Cai, Yi-zhang  and
      Hung, Jeih-weih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1002",
    pages = "22--36",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-shi,
    title = "使用語音評分技術輔助台語語料的驗證 (Using Speech Assessment Technique for the Validation of {T}aiwanese Speech Corpus) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Li, Yu-Jhe  and
      Wang, Chung-Che  and
      Chen, Liang-Yu  and
      Jang, Jyh-Shing Roger  and
      Lyu, Ren-Yuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1003",
    pages = "37--38",
}
@inproceedings{yen-chen-2013-ji,
    title = "基於{S}phinx 可快速個人化行動數字語音辨識系統 (Quickly Personalizable Mobile Digit Speech Recognition System Based on Sphinx) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yen, Tsung-Peng  and
      Chen, Chia-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1004",
    pages = "39--52",
}
@inproceedings{chiu-etal-2013-ji,
    title = "機器翻譯為本的中文拼字改錯系統 ({C}hinese Spelling Checker Based on Statistical Machine Translation)",
    author = "Chiu, Hsun-wen  and
      Wu, Jian-cheng  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1005",
    pages = "53--55",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting {E}nglish Grammatical Errors based on Machine Translation",
    author = "Chang, Jim  and
      Wu, Jiancheng  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1006",
    pages = "56--58",
}
@inproceedings{kajiwara-etal-2013-selecting,
    title = "Selecting Proper Lexical Paraphrase for Children",
    author = "Kajiwara, Tomoyuki  and
      Matsumoto, Hiroshi  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1007",
    pages = "59--73",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2013-cheng,
    title = "合成單元與問題集之定義於隱藏式馬可夫模型中文歌聲合成系統之建立 (Synthesis Unit and Question Set Definition for {M}andarin {HMM}-based Singing Voice Synthesis)",
    author = "Cheng, Ju-Yun  and
      Huang, Yi-Chin  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1008",
    pages = "74--75",
}
@inproceedings{wu-chen-2013-ji,
    title = "基於時域上基週同步疊加法之歌聲合成系統 (Singing Voice Synthesis System Based on Time Domain-Pitch Synchronized Overlap and Add) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wu, Ming-Kuan  and
      Chen, Chia-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1009",
    pages = "76--89",
}
@inproceedings{gu-chang-2013-ji,
    title = "基於音段式{LMR} 對映之語音轉換方法的改進 (Improving of Segmental {LMR}-Mapping Based Voice Conversion Methods) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Gu, Hung-Yan  and
      Chang, Jia-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1010",
    pages = "90--104",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2013-zhong,
    title = "中英文的文字蘊涵與閱讀測驗的初步探索 (An Exploration of Textual Entailment and Reading Comprehension for {C}hinese and {E}nglish) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Wei-Jie  and
      Lin, Po-Cheng  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1011",
    pages = "105--119",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2013-yun,
    title = "蘊涵句型分析於改進中文文字蘊涵識別系統 (Entailment Analysis for Improving {C}hinese Recognizing Textual Entailment System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yang, Shan-Shun  and
      Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Chen, Liang-Pu  and
      Chiu, Hung-Sheng  and
      Yang, Ren-Dar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1012",
    pages = "120--121",
}
@inproceedings{chung-chen-2013-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic-Based Approach to Noun-Noun Compound Interpretation",
    author = "Chung, You-shan  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1013",
    pages = "122--123",
}
@inproceedings{kao-chen-2013-gai,
    title = "改良調變頻譜統計圖等化法於強健性語音辨識之研究 (Improved Modulation Spectrum Histogram Equalization for Robust Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Kao, Yu-Chen  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1014",
    pages = "124--138",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2013-za,
    title = "雜訊環境下應用線性估測編碼於特徵時序列之強健性語音辨識 (Employing linear prediction coding in feature time sequences for robust speech recognition in noisy environments) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Fan, Hao-teng  and
      Tseng, Wen-yu  and
      Hung, Jeih-weih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1015",
    pages = "139--140",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2013-jie,
    title = "結合{I}-Vector 及深層神經網路之語者驗證系統 (Text-independent Speaker Verification using a Hybrid {I}-Vector/{DNN} Approach) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Yun-Fan  and
      Tsao, Yu  and
      Cheng, Shao-Hua  and
      Chan, Kai-Hsuan  and
      Liao, Chia-Wei  and
      Chang, Wen-Tsung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1016",
    pages = "141--142",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2013-hun,
    title = "混合聲音事件驗證在家庭自動化之應用 (Home environmental sound recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Chang-Hong  and
      Siahaan, Ernestasia  and
      Chen, Bo-Wei  and
      Chuang, Hsiang-Lung  and
      Hsieh, Wen-Chi  and
      Wang, Jia-Ching",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1017",
    pages = "143--153",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-etal-2013-yi,
    title = "以狄式分佈為基礎之多語聲學模型拆分及合併 (Multilingual Acoustic Model Splitting and Merging by Latent {D}irichlet Allocation) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yeh, Jui-Feng  and
      Li, Sheng-Feng  and
      Shiu, Shi-Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1018",
    pages = "154--167",
}
@inproceedings{wang-ye-2013-ji,
    title = "基於意見詞修飾關係之微網誌情感分析技術 (Microblog Sentiment Analysis based on Opinion Target Modifying Relations) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Jenq-Haur  and
      Ye, Ting-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1019",
    pages = "168--182",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-etal-2013-zhu,
    title = "主要漢字形聲字發音規則探勘與視覺化 (Primary {C}hinese Semantic-Phonetic Compounds Pronunciation Rules Mining and Visualization) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hsu, Chien-Hui  and
      Tsai, Meng-Feng  and
      Chang, Chia-Hui  and
      Liao, Hsiang-Mei  and
      Li, Shu-Ping  and
      Wu, Denise H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1020",
    pages = "183--197",
}
@inproceedings{chao-chung-2013-yu,
    title = "語料庫導向之方位短句於固定框架的共現概念統計分析 (A Corpus-driven Pattern Analysis in Locative Phrases: A Statistical Comparison of Co-appearing Concepts in Fixed Frames) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chao, August F.Y.  and
      Chung, Siaw-Fong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1021",
    pages = "198--210",
}
@inproceedings{samanta-chaudhuri-2013-simple,
    title = "A simple real-word error detection and correction using local word bigram and trigram",
    author = "Samanta, Pratip  and
      Chaudhuri, Bidyut B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1022",
    pages = "211--220",
}
@inproceedings{chiu-etal-2013-jie,
    title = "結合關鍵詞驗證及語者驗證之雲端身份驗證系統 (A Cloud Speaker Authentication System Based on Keyword Verification and Speaker Verification) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chiu, Yi-Chin  and
      Fan, Chuan-Yen  and
      Lin, Bor-Shen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1023",
    pages = "221--235",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2013-causing,
    title = "Causing Emotion in Collocation:An Exploratory Data Analysis",
    author = "Lu, Pei-Yu  and
      Chang, Yu-Yun  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1024",
    pages = "236--249",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-observing,
    title = "Observing Features of {PTT} Neologisms: A Corpus-driven Study with N-gram Model",
    author = "Liu, Tsun-Jui  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai  and
      PREVOT, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1025",
    pages = "250--259",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2013-variability,
    title = "Variability in vowel formant frequencies of children with cerebral palsy",
    author = "Chen, Li-mei  and
      Lin, Yung-Chieh  and
      Hsu, Wei Chen  and
      Liao, Fang-hsin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1026",
    pages = "260--267",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2013-ji,
    title = "基於特徵為本及使用{SVM} 的文本對蘊涵關係的自動推論方法 (Textual Entailment Recognition Using Textual Features and {SVM}) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Tao-Hsing  and
      Hsu, Yao-Chi  and
      Chang, Chung-Wei  and
      Hsu, Yao-Chuan  and
      Chen, Hsueh-Chih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1027",
    pages = "268--277",
}
@inproceedings{chen-kao-2013-constructing,
    title = "Constructing Social Intentional Corpora to Predict Click-Through Rate for Search Advertising",
    author = "Chen, Yi-Ting  and
      Kao, Hung-Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1028",
    pages = "278--287",
}
@inproceedings{liu-lu-2013-location,
    title = "Location and Activity Recommendation by Using Consecutive Itinerary Matching Model",
    author = "Liu, Jiun-Shian  and
      Lu, Wen-Hsiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2013)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Kaohsiung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-1029",
    pages = "288--301",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2013-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 1, March 2013",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Chen, Kuang-hua",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-2000",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-2013-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Coverage in Taiwan {M}andarin Conversation",
    author = "Tseng, Shu-Chuan",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 1, March 2013",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-2001",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning to Find Translations and Transliterations on the Web based on Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Chang, Joseph Z.  and
      Chang, Jason S.  and
      Jang, Jyh-Shing Roger",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 1, March 2013",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-2002",
}
@inproceedings{j-2013-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation Approaches and Survey for {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "J., Antony P.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 1, March 2013",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-2003",
}
@inproceedings{das-bandyopadhyay-2013-emotion,
    title = "Emotion Co-referencing - Emotional Expression, Holder, and Topic",
    author = "Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 1, March 2013",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-2004",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2013-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 2, June 2013-Special Issue on {C}hinese Lexical Resources: Theories and Applications",
    author = "Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-3000",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2013-assessing,
    title = "Assessing {C}hinese Readability using Term Frequency and Lexical Chain",
    author = "Chen, Yu-Ta  and
      Chen, Yaw-Huei  and
      Cheng, Yu-Chih",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 2, June 2013-Special Issue on {C}hinese Lexical Resources: Theories and Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-3001",
}
@inproceedings{hong-huang-2013-yi,
    title = "以中文十億詞語料庫為基礎之兩岸詞彙對比研究 (Cross-Strait Lexical Differences: A Comparative Study based on {C}hinese {G}igaword Corpus) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hong, Jia-Fei  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 2, June 2013-Special Issue on {C}hinese Lexical Resources: Theories and Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-3002",
}
@inproceedings{chao-chung-2013-ji,
    title = "基於字典釋義關聯方法的同義詞概念擷取:以《同義詞詞林(擴展版)》為例 (A Definition-based Shared-concept Extraction within Groups of {C}hinese Synonyms: A Study Utilizing the Extended {C}hinese Synonym Forest) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chao, F. Y. August  and
      Chung, Siaw-Fong",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 2, June 2013-Special Issue on {C}hinese Lexical Resources: Theories and Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-3003",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-hsieh-2013-back,
    title = "Back to the Basic: Exploring Base Concepts from the {W}ordnet Glosses",
    author = "Hsu, Chan-Chia  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 2, June 2013-Special Issue on {C}hinese Lexical Resources: Theories and Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-3004",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2013-international-journal-linguistics,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 3, September 2013-Special Issue on Processing Lexical Tones in Natural Speech",
    author = "Tseng, Shu-Chuan",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-4000",
}
@inproceedings{liu-2013-implicit,
    title = "Implicit Priming Effects in {C}hinese Word Recall: The Role of Orthography and Tones in the Mental Lexicon",
    author = "Liu, Nian",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 3, September 2013-Special Issue on Processing Lexical Tones in Natural Speech",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-4001",
}
@inproceedings{yang-esposito-2013-understanding,
    title = "Understanding {M}andarin Prosody: Tonal and Contextual Variations in Spontaneous Conversation",
    author = "Yang, Li-chiung  and
      Esposito, Richard",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 3, September 2013-Special Issue on Processing Lexical Tones in Natural Speech",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-4002",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2013-acoustic,
    title = "Acoustic Correlates of Contrastive Stress in Compound Words versus Verbal Phrase in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Shen, Weilin  and
      Vaissi{\`e}re, Jacqueline  and
      Isel, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 3, September 2013-Special Issue on Processing Lexical Tones in Natural Speech",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-4003",
}
@inproceedings{ouyang-2013-non,
    title = "Non-segmental Cues for Syllable Perception: the Role of Local Tonal f0 and Global Speech Rate in Syllabification",
    author = "Ouyang, Iris Chuoying",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 3, September 2013-Special Issue on Processing Lexical Tones in Natural Speech",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-4004",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-etal-2013-tones,
    title = "Tones of Reduced T1-T4 {M}andarin Disyllables",
    author = "Tseng, Shu-Chuan  and
      Soemer, Alexander  and
      Lee, Tzu-Lun",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 3, September 2013-Special Issue on Processing Lexical Tones in Natural Speech",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-4005",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2013-international-journal-linguistics-chinese,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 4, {D}ecember 2013-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXV}",
    author = "Chang, Chia-Hui  and
      Chen, Chia-Ping  and
      Wang, Jia-Ching",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-5000",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2013-yun-han,
    title = "蘊涵句型分析於改進中文文字蘊涵識別系統 (Entailment Analysis for Improving {C}hinese Recognizing Textual Entailment System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yang, Shan-Shun  and
      Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Chen, Liang-Pu  and
      Chiu, Hung-Sheng  and
      Yang, Ren-Dar",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 4, {D}ecember 2013-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXV}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-5001",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2013-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Dictionary and Web N-grams for {C}hinese Spell Checking",
    author = "Wu, Jian-cheng  and
      Chiu, Hsun-wen  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 4, {D}ecember 2013-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXV}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-5002",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2013-correcting,
    title = "Correcting Serial Grammatical Errors based on N-grams and Syntax",
    author = "Wu, Jian-cheng  and
      Chang, Jim  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 4, {D}ecember 2013-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXV}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-5003",
}
@inproceedings{chung-chen-2013-semantic-based,
    title = "A Semantic-Based Approach to Noun-Noun Compound Interpretation",
    author = "Chung, You-shan  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 4, {D}ecember 2013-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXV}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-5004",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2013-hmm,
    title = "{HMM}-based {M}andarin Singing Voice Synthesis Using Tailored Synthesis Units and Question Sets",
    author = "Cheng, Ju-Yun  and
      Huang, Yi-Chin  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 4, {D}ecember 2013-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXV}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-5005",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-shi-yong,
    title = "使用語音評分技術輔助台語語料的驗證 (Using Speech Assessment Technique for the Validation of {T}aiwanese Speech Corpus) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Li, Yu-Jhe  and
      Wang, Chung-Che  and
      Chen, Liang-Yu  and
      Jang, Jyh-Shing Roger  and
      Lyu, Ren-Yuan",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 4, {D}ecember 2013-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXV}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-5006",
}
@inproceedings{gu-chang-2013-ji-yu,
    title = "基於音段式{LMR}對映之語音轉換方法的改進 (Improving of Segmental {LMR}-Mapping Based Voice Conversion Method) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Gu, Hung-Yan  and
      Chang, Jia-Wei",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 4, {D}ecember 2013-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXV}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-5007",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2013-za-xun,
    title = "雜訊環境下應用線性估測編碼於特徵時序列之強健性語音辨識 (Employing Linear Prediction Coding in Feature Time Sequences for Robust Speech Recognition in Noisy Environments) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Fan, Hao-teng  and
      Tseng, Wen-yu  and
      Hung, Jeih-weih",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 18, Number 4, {D}ecember 2013-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXV}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O13-5008",
}
@article{cl-1977-american,
    title = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics (February 1977)",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1977",
}
@article{nn-1977-finite,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 14, Number 1",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1977",
    note = "Microfiche 59",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J77-1001",
    pages = "1--47",
    abstract = "Editorial Board: Three Years Terms Inaugurated; Eulogy Of {A} {L}judskanov (G Rondeau); Letters Concerning {I}gor {M}el{'}chuk (Donald F. Walker); {IFIP} Congress 77: Invited Speakers, etc; Compcom Spring 1977: Program Excerpts (Stephan W. Miller); {COLING} 76: Invited Papers Published in {SMIL}; {SMIL} Journal Oo Linguistic Calculus (New Policy); Research in Progress: {SSIE} Search Service; Epigraphy: Informatic Methods - Papers Published; Linguistics And Philosophy (New Journal) (Robert Wall); {C}anadian Linguistics Institute; Patent Information and Documentation: Symposium, Munich; {LACUS} Forum (Michael Paradis); {IFIP} on Selection and Acquisition of Data Base Systems; National Computer Conference 1977: Major Speakers, etc (Mark Shepherd Jr.); Information Industry Association Conference; {ASIS} Officers for 1977 (Margeret T. Fischer); Taxonomy of Computer Science; Meetings; {AFIPS} Seminar for {FCC} on Data Communications; Notice to {AJCL} contributors: Short-Paper Format",
}
@article{wyllys-1977-review,
    title = "Review: \textit{ {D}ynamic {I}nformation and {L}ibrary {P}rocessing}, by {G}erard {S}alton",
    author = "Wyllys, Ronald E.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1977",
    note = "Microfiche 59",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J77-1002",
    pages = "48--56",
}
@article{nn-1977-finite-string,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 14, Number 1 (continued)",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1977",
    note = "Microfiche 59",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J77-1003",
    pages = "57--97",
    abstract = "Current Bibliography",
}
@article{melby-etal-1977-pitch,
    title = "Pitch Contour Generation in Speech Synthesis: A {J}unction {G}rammar Approach",
    author = "Melby, Alan K.  and
      Strong, William J.  and
      Lytle, Eldon G.  and
      Millett, Ronald",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1977",
    note = "Microfiche 60",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J77-1004",
}
@article{maxwell-tuggle-1977-towards,
    title = "Towards a {``}Natural{''} Language Question-Answering Facility",
    author = "Maxwell, Bill D.  and
      Tuggle, Francis D.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1977",
    note = "Microfiche 61",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J77-1005",
}
@article{scott-etal-1977-explanation,
    title = "Explanation Capabilities of Production-Based Consultation Systems",
    author = "Scott, A. Carlisle  and
      Clancey, William J.  and
      Davis, Randall  and
      Shortliffe, Edward H.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1977",
    note = "Microfiche 62",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J77-1006",
    pages = "1--50",
}
@article{nn-1977-finite-string-volume,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 14, Number 1 (continued)",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1977",
    note = "Microfiche 62",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J77-1007",
    pages = "57--77",
    abstract = "{AFIPS} {W}ashington Report",
}
@article{joshi-weischedel-1977-computation,
    title = "Computation of a Subclass of Inferences: Presupposition and Entailment",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1977",
    note = "Microfiche 63",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J77-1008",
    pages = "1--54",
}
@article{nn-1977-finite-string-volume-14,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 14, Number 1 (continued)",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1977",
    note = "Microfiche 63",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J77-1009",
    pages = "57--75",
    abstract = "{NFAIS} Annual Conference; {AAAS} Section on Information and Communication--T; New Journal: Journal of Pragmatics; Informatique Interactive et Sciences de l'Homme; {S}tanford Phonology Archive Invites Retrieval Requests",
}
@article{cl-1977-american-journal,
    title = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics (May 1977)",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "1977",
}
@article{nn-1977-finite-string-volume-14-number,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 14, Number 2",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "1977",
    note = "Microfiche 64",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J77-2001",
    abstract = "Report of the {ACL} 1977 Annual Meeting Panel on Speech Understanding and Computational Linguistics: A Critical Examination of the {ARPA} Project (Stanley R. Petrick); Essays on Lexical Semantics, Vol {II}, edited by {V}. {J}u. {R}ozencvejg (Ernst von Glasersfeld); Constituent and Pattern in Poetry, {A}rchibald {A}. {H}ill (James Joyce); Current Bibliography",
}
@article{nn-1977-finite-string-volume-14-number-3,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 14, Number 3",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "1977",
    note = "Microfiche 65",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J77-2002",
    abstract = "{ACL} Presidental Address 1977 (Paul G. Chapin); Editor{'}s Report 1976; Editorial Board Meeting, March 17, 1977; Minutes: 15th Annual {ACL} Business Meeting (Donald E. Walker); {ACL}: Secretary-Treasurer{'}s Report; Suggestions for Contributors; Researching Foundations (James Klevens); {NSF}: Linguistics Programs, Grant List; National Institute of Education, Grants and Proposals; National Endowment for the Humanities; {NFAIS}: H. W. Koch, President-Elect; {NFAIS}: Overlap Report; {IFIP}: Recent Publications; {UNESCO} {SPINES} Thesaurus; {BBN} Speech Understanding System, Final Report; Natural Language Understanding at {SRI}; {AFCET} Conference (E. Chouraqui; J. Virbel); Fifth International Joint {AI} (Edward Fredkin); 5th International Congress of Applied Linguistics (Jacques D. Gerard); {IFIP} Congress 1977; {MEDINFO} 1977; {C}anadian Linguistics Institute (Robert F. Bell); Fourth {LACUS} Forum (Michel Paradis); International Seminar on {QA} and Data Base Systems (Pr. J. C. Simon; Pr. L. Siklossy); Computer Music Conference; Conference: Very Large Data Bases; International Computer Symposium; Pattern Recognition and Image Processing Conference; {AFIPS} {W}ashington Report; {ACM} Student Paper Competition (J. A. N. Lee)",
}
@article{cl-1977-american-journal-linguistics,
    title = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics (September 1977)",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1977",
}
@article{nn-1977-finite-string-volume-14-number-4,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 14, Number 4",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1977",
    note = "Microfiche 66",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J77-3001",
    abstract = "{COLING}-78: Call for Papers (A. Zampolli); Metaphor And Thought: A Conference; Conference on Algorithms for Image and Scene Analysis (K. S. Fu; A. S. Rosefeld); Recent Conferences; {NFAIS} Notes; {N}orthwestern Merges {EE} and {CS} (Stephen S. Yau); {NHPRC} Grant Information; {ICCP} Announces Certificate in Computer Programming; {ACM} Employment Register 1978; {MARSHA}, the Daughter Of {ELIZA} (John K. Cipolaro; Nicholas V. Findler); {AFIPS} Presidential Address, 1976 {NCC}, Dr. Anthony Ralston; {AFIPS} Press Publicatons 1977-1978; {AFIPS} {W}ashington Report (Pender M. McCarter); Linguistic Institute 1978",
}
@article{moore-etal-1977-goal,
    title = "A Goal Oriented Model of Human Dialogue",
    author = "Moore, James A.  and
      Levin, James A.  and
      Mann, William C.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1977",
    note = "Microfiche 67",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J77-3002",
}
@article{nn-1977-finite-string-volume-14-number-5,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 14, Number 5",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1977",
    note = "Microfiche 68",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J77-3003",
    abstract = "Aspects of {E}nglish Sentence Stress, by Susan F. Schmerling (Dwight Bolinger)); Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, Vol. 11, edited by Martha E. Williams (Ralph Weischedel); Factors Influencing the Placement of {E}nglish Adverbs in Relation to Auxiliaries, by Sven Jacobson (Ivar Tonisson); Fondazione Dalle Molle: Bibliography 1977; New Journal: Linguistic{\ae} Investigationes (John Benjamins B V); New Journal: Studies in language (John Benjamins B V); Arts and Humanities Citation Index (Susan Deutch); Current Bibliography",
}
@article{cl-1977-american-journal-linguistics-december,
    title = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics (December 1977)",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1977",
}
@article{nn-1977-finite-string-volume-14-number-6,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 14, Number 6",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1977",
    note = "Microfiche 69",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J77-4001",
    abstract = "{ACL} Officers 1978; {AJCL} Editorial Board (John L. Bennett; Wallace Chafe); {ACL} Annual Meeting 1978 (David L. Waltz); {ACL} 78 Session Descriptions; {TINLAP}-2 Proceedings Supplement Canceled (Dr. Donald E. Walker); {ACL} Membership List: Individuals 1977; {ACL} {U}nited {S}tates Institutional Members 1977; {ACL} Foreign Institutional Members 1977; Vingt Cinq Annees de Recherches en Synthese de la Parole, Michel Chafcouloff (Andre Malecot); Information * Politics: Proceedings of the {ASIS} Annual Meeting, Vol. 13, compiled by Susan K. Martin (Gerard Salton); Taxonomy of Computer Science (Anthony Ralston); {COLING} 78 (A. Zampolli); {NCC} 78; Improving Data Base Utility and Response: Conference (A. Reiter); Upcoming Conferences; Natural Language and {AI} at {Y}ale; Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence (T. Pavlidis); 1978 Linguistics Institute; {AFIPS} {W}ashington Report",
}
@article{young-1977-text,
    title = "Text Understanding: A Survey",
    author = "Young, Robert",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1977",
    note = "Microfiche 70",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J77-4002",
}
@article{sondheimer-1977-spatial,
    title = "Spatial Reference and Semantic Nets",
    author = "Sondheimer, Norman K.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1977",
    note = "Microfiche 71",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J77-4003",
    pages = "1--67",
}
@article{nn-1977-finite-string-volume-14-number-6-continued,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 14, Number 6 (continued)",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1977",
    note = "Microfiche 71",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J77-4004",
    pages = "71--98",
    abstract = "{AFIPS} {W}ashington Report",
}
@article{nn-1977-finite-string-volume-14-number-7,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 14, Number 7",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1977",
    note = "Microfiche 72",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J77-4005",
    abstract = "Computational Semantics edited by {E}ugene {C}harniak and {Y}orick {W}ilks (Stuart Shapiro); Introduction to Contemporary Linguistics Semantics, by {G}eorge {L}. {D}illon (James D. McCawley); Current Bibliography; {BBN} Publications on Intelligent {CAI}",
}
@article{cl-1988-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics Association, Formerly the {A}merican Journal of Computational Linguistics, Volume 14, Number 1, Winter 1988",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "1",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-1000",
}
@article{gazdar-etal-1988-category,
    title = "CATEGORY STRUCTURES",
    author = "Gazdar, Gerald  and
      Pullum, Geoffrey K.  and
      Carpenter, Robert  and
      Hukari, Thomas E.  and
      Levine, Robert D.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "1",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-1001",
}
@article{sato-1988-common,
    title = "A COMMON PARSING SCHEME FOR LEFT-AND RIGHT-BRANCHING LANGUAGES",
    author = "Sato, Paul T.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "1",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-1002",
}
@article{derose-1988-grammatical,
    title = "GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY DISAMBIGUATION BY STATISTICAL OPTIMIZATION",
    author = "DeRose, Steven J.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "1",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-1003",
}
@article{mellish-1988-implementing,
    title = "IMPLEMENTING SYSTEMIC CLASSIFICATION BY UNIFICATION",
    author = "Mellish, C. S.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "1",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-1004",
}
@article{litkowski-1988-letter,
    title = "Letter to the Editor:",
    author = "Litkowski, Kenneth C.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "1",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-1005",
}
@article{klinger-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN PROBLEM SOLVING",
    author = "Klinger, Allen",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "1",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-1006",
}
@article{thomas-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Computer Speech Processing",
    author = "Thomas, John C.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "1",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-1007",
}
@article{schubert-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Parsing Natural Language",
    author = "Schubert, Klaus",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "1",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-1008",
}
@article{somers-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Machine Translation: Theoretical and Methodological Issues",
    author = "Somers, Harold",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "1",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-1009",
}
@article{nn-1988-books,
    title = "Books Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "1",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-1010",
}
@article{nn-1988-abstracts,
    title = "Abstracts of Current Literature",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "1",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-1011",
}
@article{nn-1988-author,
    title = "Author Index: Volumes 6-13",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "1",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-1012",
}
@article{nn-1988-title,
    title = "Title Index: Volumes 6-13",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "1",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-1013",
}
@article{nn-1988-advertisements,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "1",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-1014",
}
@article{cl-1988-linguistics-14,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 14, Number 2, June 1988",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "2",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-2000",
}
@article{webber-1988-foreword,
    title = "Foreword to Special Issue on Tense and Aspect",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie Lynn",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "2",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-2001",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@article{hinrichs-1988-tense,
    title = "Tense, Quantifiers, and Contexts",
    author = "Hinrichs, Erhard W.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "2",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-2002",
    pages = "3--14",
}
@article{moens-steedman-1988-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Ontology and Temporal Reference",
    author = "Moens, Marc  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "2",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-2003",
    pages = "15--28",
}
@article{nakhimovsky-1988-aspect,
    title = "Aspect, Aspectual class, and the Temporal Structure of Narrative",
    author = "Nakhimovsky, Alexander",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "2",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-2004",
    pages = "29--43",
}
@article{passonneau-1988-computational,
    title = "A Computational Model of the Semantics of Tense and Aspect",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca J.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "2",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-2005",
    pages = "44--60",
}
@article{webber-1988-tense,
    title = "Tense as Discourse Anaphor",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie Lynn",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "2",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-2006",
    pages = "61--73",
}
@article{bolc-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: FOUNDATIONS OF ILLOCUTIONARY",
    author = "Bolc, Leonard",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "2",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-2007",
}
@article{corriveau-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Memory and Context for Language Interpretation",
    author = "Corriveau, Jean-Pierre",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "2",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-2008",
}
@article{karjalainen-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: From Text to Speech: The {MIT}alk System",
    author = "Karjalainen, Matti",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "2",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-2009",
}
@article{whitelock-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: {J}apanese Phrase Structure Grammar: A Unification-Based Approach",
    author = "Whitelock, Pete",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "2",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-2010",
}
@article{saint-dizier-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Prolog and Natural-Language Analysis",
    author = "Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "2",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-2011",
}
@article{batiko-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Efficient Parsing for Natural Language, A FAST ALGORITHM FOR PRACTICAL SYSTEMS",
    author = "Batiko, Miroslaw",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "2",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-2012",
}
@article{nn-1988-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "2",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-2013",
}
@article{nn-1988-books-received,
    title = "Books Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "2",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-2014",
}
@article{nn-1988-abstracts-current,
    title = "Abstracts of Current Literature",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "2",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-2015",
}
@article{nn-1988-advertisements-2,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "2",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-2016",
}
@article{cl-1988-linguistics-14-number,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 14, Number 3, September 1988",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3000",
}
@article{nn-1988-preface,
    title = "PREFACE: THE HISTORY OF THIS VOLUME",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3001",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@article{kass-finin-1988-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the User in Natural Language Systems",
    author = "Kass, Robert  and
      Finin, Tim",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3002",
    pages = "5--22",
}
@article{carberry-flowers-1988-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the User{'}s Plans and Goals",
    author = "Carberry, Sandra  and
      Flowers, Margot",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3003",
    pages = "23--37",
}
@article{quilici-etal-1988-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing and Responding to Plan-Oriented Misconceptions",
    author = "Quilici, Alex  and
      Dyer, Michael G.  and
      Flowers, Margot",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3004",
    pages = "38--51",
}
@article{mccoy-1988-reasoning,
    title = "Reasoning on a Highlighted User Model to Respond to Misconceptions",
    author = "McCoy, Kathleen F.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3005",
    pages = "52--63",
}
@article{paris-1988-tailoring,
    title = "Tailoring Object Descriptions to a User{'}s Level of Expertise",
    author = "Paris, Cecile L.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3006",
    pages = "64--78",
}
@article{nn-1988-introduction,
    title = "INTRODUCTION TO THE DISCUSSION SECTION",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3007",
}
@article{schuster-1988-establishing,
    title = "ESTABLISHING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISCOURSE MODELS AND USER MODELS",
    author = "Schuster, Ethel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3008",
}
@article{chin-1988-user,
    title = "USER MODELS AND DISCOURSE MODELS",
    author = "Chin, David N.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3009",
}
@article{cohen-1988-relationship,
    title = "ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN USER MODELS AND DISCOURSE MODELS",
    author = "Cohen, Robin",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3010",
}
@article{kobsa-1988-user,
    title = "USER MODELS AND DISCOURSE MODELS: UNITED THEY STAND . . .",
    author = "Kobsa, Alfred",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3011",
}
@article{morik-1988-discourse,
    title = "DISCOURSE MODELS, DIALOG MEMORIES, AND USER MODELS",
    author = "Morik, Katharina",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3012",
}
@article{jones-1988-user,
    title = "USER MODELS, DISCOURSE MODELS, AND SOME OTHERS",
    author = "Jones, Karen Sparck",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3013",
}
@article{wahlster-1988-distinguishing,
    title = "DISTINGUISHING USER MODELS FROM DISCOURSE MODELS",
    author = "Wahlster, Wolfgang",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3014",
}
@article{burger-1988-letter,
    title = "Letter to the Editor",
    author = "Burger, Henry G.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3015",
}
@article{rapaport-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: LANGUAGE AND REALITY: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE",
    author = "Rapaport, William J.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3016",
}
@article{bienkowski-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Natural Language Generation, NEW RESULTS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, PSYCHOLOGY, AND lINGUISTICS",
    author = "Bienkowski, Marie",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3017",
}
@article{mccoy-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: The Linguistic Basis of Text Generation",
    author = "McCoy, Kathleen",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3018",
}
@article{gigley-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Cognitive Science: An Introduction",
    author = "Gigley, Helen M.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3019",
}
@article{kittredge-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Machine Translation: Past, Present, Future",
    author = "Kittredge, Richard",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3020",
}
@article{nn-1988-advertisements-3,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-3021",
}
@article{cl-1988-linguistics-14-number-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 14, Number 4, {D}ecember 1988, {LFP}: A Logic for Linguistic Descriptions and an Analysis of its Complexity",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "4",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-4000",
}
@article{rounds-1988-lfp,
    title = "{LFP}: A LOGIC FOR LINGUISTIC DESCRIPTIONS AND AN ANALYSIS OF ITS COMPLEXITY",
    author = "Rounds, William C.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "4",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-4001",
}
@article{clifford-1988-natural,
    title = "NATURAL LANGUAGE QUERYING OF HISTORICAL DATABASES",
    author = "Clifford, James",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "4",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-4002",
}
@article{wilensky-etal-1988-berkeley,
    title = "THE BERKELEY UNIX CONSULTANT PROJECT",
    author = "Wilensky, Robert  and
      Chin, David N.  and
      Luria, Marc  and
      Martin, James  and
      Mayfield, James  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "4",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-4003",
}
@article{machova-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: SYNONYMY AND SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION",
    author = "Machova, Svatava",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "4",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-4004",
}
@article{cohen-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Reasoning and Discourse Processes",
    author = "Cohen, Robin",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "4",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-4005",
}
@article{nevin-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Language and Information",
    author = "Nevin, Bruce",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "4",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-4006",
}
@article{lesk-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: The Computational Analysis of {E}nglish: A Corpus based Approach",
    author = "Lesk, Michael",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "4",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-4007",
}
@article{jones-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Semantic Interpretation and the Resolution of Ambiguity",
    author = "Jones, Karen Sparck",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "4",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-4008",
}
@article{somers-1988-book-reviews,
    title = "Book Reviews: The Fifth Generation Fallacy: Why Japan is Betting Its Future on Artificial Intelligence",
    author = "Somers, Harold",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "4",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-4009",
}
@article{kac-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Kac, Michael",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "4",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-4010",
}
@article{ballard-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: A Natural Language Interface for Computer-Aided Design",
    author = "Ballard, Bruce",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "4",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-4011",
}
@article{manaster-ramer-1988-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: The Formal Complexity of Natural Language",
    author = "Manaster-Ramer, Alexis",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "4",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-4012",
}
@article{nn-1988-briefly-noted,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "4",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-4013",
}
@article{nn-1988-books-recieved,
    title = "Books Recieved",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "4",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-4014",
}
@article{nn-1988-abstracts-current-literature,
    title = "Abstracts of Current Literature",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "4",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-4015",
}
@article{nn-1988-advertisements-4,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "14",
    number = "4",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J88-4016",
}
@proceedings{conll-2017-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    author = "Levy, Roger  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1",
}
@inproceedings{dyer-2017-neural,
    title = "Should Neural Network Architecture Reflect Linguistic Structure?",
    author = "Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1001",
    pages = "1",
    abstract = "I explore the hypothesis that conventional neural network models (e.g., recurrent neural networks) are incorrectly biased for making linguistically sensible generalizations when learning, and that a better class of models is based on architectures that reflect hierarchical structures for which considerable behavioral evidence exists. I focus on the problem of modeling and representing the meanings of sentences. On the generation front, I introduce recurrent neural network grammars (RNNGs), a joint, generative model of phrase-structure trees and sentences. RNNGs operate via a recursive syntactic process reminiscent of probabilistic context-free grammar generation, but decisions are parameterized using RNNs that condition on the entire (top-down, left-to-right) syntactic derivation history, thus relaxing context-free independence assumptions, while retaining a bias toward explaining decisions via {``}syntactically local{''} conditioning contexts. Experiments show that RNNGs obtain better results in generating language than models that don{'}t exploit linguistic structure. On the representation front, I explore unsupervised learning of syntactic structures based on distant semantic supervision using a reinforcement-learning algorithm. The learner seeks a syntactic structure that provides a compositional architecture that produces a good representation for a downstream semantic task. Although the inferred structures are quite different from traditional syntactic analyses, the performance on the downstream tasks surpasses that of systems that use sequential RNNs and tree-structured RNNs based on treebank dependencies. This is joint work with Adhi Kuncoro, Dani Yogatama, Miguel Ballesteros, Phil Blunsom, Ed Grefenstette, Wang Ling, and Noah A. Smith.",
}
@inproceedings{feldman-2017-rational,
    title = "Rational Distortions of Learners{'} Linguistic Input",
    author = "Feldman, Naomi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1002",
    pages = "2",
    abstract = "Language acquisition can be modeled as a statistical inference problem: children use sentences and sounds in their input to infer linguistic structure. However, in many cases, children learn from data whose statistical structure is distorted relative to the language they are learning. Such distortions can arise either in the input itself, or as a result of children{'}s immature strategies for encoding their input. This work examines several cases in which the statistical structure of children{'}s input differs from the language being learned. Analyses show that these distortions of the input can be accounted for with a statistical learning framework by carefully considering the inference problems that learners solve during language acquisition",
}
@inproceedings{enguehard-etal-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Syntactic Abilities of {RNN}s with Multi-task Learning",
    author = "Enguehard, {\'E}mile  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Linzen, Tal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1003",
    pages = "3--14",
    abstract = "Recent work has explored the syntactic abilities of RNNs using the subject-verb agreement task, which diagnoses sensitivity to sentence structure. RNNs performed this task well in common cases, but faltered in complex sentences (Linzen et al., 2016). We test whether these errors are due to inherent limitations of the architecture or to the relatively indirect supervision provided by most agreement dependencies in a corpus. We trained a single RNN to perform both the agreement task and an additional task, either CCG supertagging or language modeling. Multi-task training led to significantly lower error rates, in particular on complex sentences, suggesting that RNNs have the ability to evolve more sophisticated syntactic representations than shown before. We also show that easily available agreement training data can improve performance on other syntactic tasks, in particular when only a limited amount of training data is available for those tasks. The multi-task paradigm can also be leveraged to inject grammatical knowledge into language models.",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-2017-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Different Writing Tasks on Linguistic Style: A Case Study of the {ROC} Story Cloze Task",
    author = "Schwartz, Roy  and
      Sap, Maarten  and
      Konstas, Ioannis  and
      Zilles, Leila  and
      Choi, Yejin  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1004",
    pages = "15--25",
    abstract = "A writer{'}s style depends not just on personal traits but also on her intent and mental state. In this paper, we show how variants of the same writing task can lead to measurable differences in writing style. We present a case study based on the story cloze task (Mostafazadeh et al., 2016a), where annotators were assigned similar writing tasks with different constraints: (1) writing an entire story, (2) adding a story ending for a given story context, and (3) adding an incoherent ending to a story. We show that a simple linear classifier informed by stylistic features is able to successfully distinguish among the three cases, without even looking at the story context. In addition, combining our stylistic features with language model predictions reaches state of the art performance on the story cloze challenge. Our results demonstrate that different task framings can dramatically affect the way people write.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2017-parsing,
    title = "Parsing for Grammatical Relations via Graph Merging",
    author = "Sun, Weiwei  and
      Du, Yantao  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1005",
    pages = "26--35",
    abstract = "This paper is concerned with building deep grammatical relation (GR) analysis using data-driven approach. To deal with this problem, we propose graph merging, a new perspective, for building flexible dependency graphs: Constructing complex graphs via constructing simple subgraphs. We discuss two key problems in this perspective: (1) how to decompose a complex graph into simple subgraphs, and (2) how to combine subgraphs into a coherent complex graph. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of graph merging. Our parser reaches state-of-the-art performance and is significantly better than two transition-based parsers.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Eventive Information for Better Metaphor Detection and Classification",
    author = "Chen, I-Hsuan  and
      Long, Yunfei  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1006",
    pages = "36--46",
    abstract = "Metaphor detection has been both challenging and rewarding in natural language processing applications. This study offers a new approach based on eventive information in detecting metaphors by leveraging the Chinese writing system, which is a culturally bound ontological system organized according to the basic concepts represented by radicals. As such, the information represented is available in all Chinese text without pre-processing. Since metaphor detection is another culturally based conceptual representation, we hypothesize that sub-textual information can facilitate the identification and classification of the types of metaphoric events denoted in Chinese text. We propose a set of syntactic conditions crucial to event structures to improve the model based on the classification of radical groups. With the proposed syntactic conditions, the model achieves a performance of 0.8859 in terms of F-scores, making 1.7{\%} of improvement than the same classifier with only Bag-of-word features. Results show that eventive information can improve the effectiveness of metaphor detection. Event information is rooted in every language, and thus this approach has a high potential to be applied to metaphor detection in other languages.",
}
@inproceedings{uryupina-moschitti-2017-collaborative,
    title = "Collaborative Partitioning for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Uryupina, Olga  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1007",
    pages = "47--57",
    abstract = "This paper presents a collaborative partitioning algorithm{---}a novel ensemble-based approach to coreference resolution. Starting from the all-singleton partition, we search for a solution close to the ensemble{'}s outputs in terms of a task-specific similarity measure. Our approach assumes a loose integration of individual components of the ensemble and can therefore combine arbitrary coreference resolvers, regardless of their models. Our experiments on the CoNLL dataset show that collaborative partitioning yields results superior to those attained by the individual components, for ensembles of both strong and weak systems. Moreover, by applying the collaborative partitioning algorithm on top of three state-of-the-art resolvers, we obtain the best coreference performance reported so far in the literature (MELA v08 score of 64.47).",
}
@inproceedings{eshel-etal-2017-named,
    title = "Named Entity Disambiguation for Noisy Text",
    author = "Eshel, Yotam  and
      Cohen, Noam  and
      Radinsky, Kira  and
      Markovitch, Shaul  and
      Yamada, Ikuya  and
      Levy, Omer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1008",
    pages = "58--68",
    abstract = "We address the task of Named Entity Disambiguation (NED) for noisy text. We present WikilinksNED, a large-scale NED dataset of text fragments from the web, which is significantly noisier and more challenging than existing news-based datasets. To capture the limited and noisy local context surrounding each mention, we design a neural model and train it with a novel method for sampling informative negative examples. We also describe a new way of initializing word and entity embeddings that significantly improves performance. Our model significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods on WikilinksNED while achieving comparable performance on a smaller newswire dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{sharp-etal-2017-tell,
    title = "Tell Me Why: Using Question Answering as Distant Supervision for Answer Justification",
    author = "Sharp, Rebecca  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Jansen, Peter  and
      Valenzuela-Esc{\'a}rcega, Marco A.  and
      Clark, Peter  and
      Hammond, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1009",
    pages = "69--79",
    abstract = "For many applications of question answering (QA), being able to explain why a given model chose an answer is critical. However, the lack of labeled data for answer justifications makes learning this difficult and expensive. Here we propose an approach that uses answer ranking as distant supervision for learning how to select informative justifications, where justifications serve as inferential connections between the question and the correct answer while often containing little lexical overlap with either. We propose a neural network architecture for QA that reranks answer justifications as an intermediate (and human-interpretable) step in answer selection. Our approach is informed by a set of features designed to combine both learned representations and explicit features to capture the connection between questions, answers, and answer justifications. We show that with this end-to-end approach we are able to significantly improve upon a strong IR baseline in both justification ranking (+9{\%} rated highly relevant) and answer selection (+6{\%} P@1).",
}
@inproceedings{khashabi-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning What is Essential in Questions",
    author = "Khashabi, Daniel  and
      Khot, Tushar  and
      Sabharwal, Ashish  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1010",
    pages = "80--89",
    abstract = "Question answering (QA) systems are easily distracted by irrelevant or redundant words in questions, especially when faced with long or multi-sentence questions in difficult domains. This paper introduces and studies the notion of essential question terms with the goal of improving such QA solvers. We illustrate the importance of essential question terms by showing that humans{'} ability to answer questions drops significantly when essential terms are eliminated from questions.We then develop a classifier that reliably (90{\%} mean average precision) identifies and ranks essential terms in questions. Finally, we use the classifier to demonstrate that the notion of question term essentiality allows state-of-the-art QA solver for elementary-level science questions to make better and more informed decisions,improving performance by up to 5{\%}.We also introduce a new dataset of over 2,200 crowd-sourced essential terms annotated science questions.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-top,
    title = "Top-Rank Enhanced Listwise Optimization for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Chen, Huadong  and
      Huang, Shujian  and
      Chiang, David  and
      Dai, Xinyu  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1011",
    pages = "90--99",
    abstract = "Pairwise ranking methods are the most widely used discriminative training approaches for structure prediction problems in natural language processing (NLP). Decomposing the problem of ranking hypotheses into pairwise comparisons enables simple and efficient solutions. However, neglecting the global ordering of the hypothesis list may hinder learning. We propose a listwise learning framework for structure prediction problems such as machine translation. Our framework directly models the entire translation list{'}s ordering to learn parameters which may better fit the given listwise samples. Furthermore, we propose top-rank enhanced loss functions, which are more sensitive to ranking errors at higher positions. Experiments on a large-scale Chinese-English translation task show that both our listwise learning framework and top-rank enhanced listwise losses lead to significant improvements in translation quality.",
}
@inproceedings{mancini-etal-2017-embedding,
    title = "Embedding Words and Senses Together via Joint Knowledge-Enhanced Training",
    author = "Mancini, Massimiliano  and
      Camacho-Collados, Jose  and
      Iacobacci, Ignacio  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1012",
    pages = "100--111",
    abstract = "Word embeddings are widely used in Natural Language Processing, mainly due to their success in capturing semantic information from massive corpora. However, their creation process does not allow the different meanings of a word to be automatically separated, as it conflates them into a single vector. We address this issue by proposing a new model which learns word and sense embeddings jointly. Our model exploits large corpora and knowledge from semantic networks in order to produce a unified vector space of word and sense embeddings. We evaluate the main features of our approach both qualitatively and quantitatively in a variety of tasks, highlighting the advantages of the proposed method in comparison to state-of-the-art word- and sense-based models.",
}
@inproceedings{vulic-etal-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Selection of Context Configurations for Improved Class-Specific Word Representations",
    author = "Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Schwartz, Roy  and
      Rappoport, Ari  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1013",
    pages = "112--122",
    abstract = "This paper is concerned with identifying contexts useful for training word representation models for different word classes such as adjectives (A), verbs (V), and nouns (N). We introduce a simple yet effective framework for an automatic selection of class-specific context configurations. We construct a context configuration space based on universal dependency relations between words, and efficiently search this space with an adapted beam search algorithm. In word similarity tasks for each word class, we show that our framework is both effective and efficient. Particularly, it improves the Spearman{'}s rho correlation with human scores on SimLex-999 over the best previously proposed class-specific contexts by 6 (A), 6 (V) and 5 (N) rho points. With our selected context configurations, we train on only 14{\%} (A), 26.2{\%} (V), and 33.6{\%} (N) of all dependency-based contexts, resulting in a reduced training time. Our results generalise: we show that the configurations our algorithm learns for one English training setup outperform previously proposed context types in another training setup for English. Moreover, basing the configuration space on universal dependencies, it is possible to transfer the learned configurations to German and Italian. We also demonstrate improved per-class results over other context types in these two languages..",
}
@inproceedings{jameel-schockaert-2017-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Context Words as Regions: An Ordinal Regression Approach to Word Embedding",
    author = "Jameel, Shoaib  and
      Schockaert, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1014",
    pages = "123--133",
    abstract = "Vector representations of word meaning have found many applications in the field of natural language processing. Word vectors intuitively represent the average context in which a given word tends to occur, but they cannot explicitly model the diversity of these contexts. Although region representations of word meaning offer a natural alternative to word vectors, only few methods have been proposed that can effectively learn word regions. In this paper, we propose a new word embedding model which is based on SVM regression. We show that the underlying ranking interpretation of word contexts is sufficient to match, and sometimes outperform, the performance of popular methods such as Skip-gram. Furthermore, we show that by using a quadratic kernel, we can effectively learn word regions, which outperform existing unsupervised models for the task of hypernym detection.",
}
@inproceedings{torabi-asr-jones-2017-artificial,
    title = "An Artificial Language Evaluation of Distributional Semantic Models",
    author = "Torabi Asr, Fatemeh  and
      Jones, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1015",
    pages = "134--142",
    abstract = "Recent studies of distributional semantic models have set up a competition between word embeddings obtained from predictive neural networks and word vectors obtained from abstractive count-based models. This paper is an attempt to reveal the underlying contribution of additional training data and post-processing steps on each type of model in word similarity and relatedness inference tasks. We do so by designing an artificial language framework, training a predictive and a count-based model on data sampled from this grammar, and evaluating the resulting word vectors in paradigmatic and syntagmatic tasks defined with respect to the grammar.",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Word Representations with Regularization from Prior Knowledge",
    author = "Song, Yan  and
      Lee, Chia-Jung  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1016",
    pages = "143--152",
    abstract = "Conventional word embeddings are trained with specific criteria (e.g., based on language modeling or co-occurrence) inside a single information source, disregarding the opportunity for further calibration using external knowledge. This paper presents a unified framework that leverages pre-learned or external priors, in the form of a regularizer, for enhancing conventional language model-based embedding learning. We consider two types of regularizers. The first type is derived from topic distribution by running LDA on unlabeled data. The second type is based on dictionaries that are created with human annotation efforts. To effectively learn with the regularizers, we propose a novel data structure, trajectory softmax, in this paper. The resulting embeddings are evaluated by word similarity and sentiment classification. Experimental results show that our learning framework with regularization from prior knowledge improves embedding quality across multiple datasets, compared to a diverse collection of baseline methods.",
}
@inproceedings{dong-etal-2017-attention,
    title = "Attention-based Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network for Automatic Essay Scoring",
    author = "Dong, Fei  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Yang, Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1017",
    pages = "153--162",
    abstract = "Neural network models have recently been applied to the task of automatic essay scoring, giving promising results. Existing work used recurrent neural networks and convolutional neural networks to model input essays, giving grades based on a single vector representation of the essay. On the other hand, the relative advantages of RNNs and CNNs have not been compared. In addition, different parts of the essay can contribute differently for scoring, which is not captured by existing models. We address these issues by building a hierarchical sentence-document model to represent essays, using the attention mechanism to automatically decide the relative weights of words and sentences. Results show that our model outperforms the previous state-of-the-art methods, demonstrating the effectiveness of the attention mechanism.",
}
@inproceedings{paul-2017-feature,
    title = "Feature Selection as Causal Inference: Experiments with Text Classification",
    author = "Paul, Michael J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1018",
    pages = "163--172",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a matching technique for learning causal associations between word features and class labels in document classification. The goal is to identify more meaningful and generalizable features than with only correlational approaches. Experiments with sentiment classification show that the proposed method identifies interpretable word associations with sentiment and improves classification performance in a majority of cases. The proposed feature selection method is particularly effective when applied to out-of-domain data.",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2017-joint,
    title = "A Joint Model for Semantic Sequences: Frames, Entities, Sentiments",
    author = "Peng, Haoruo  and
      Chaturvedi, Snigdha  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1019",
    pages = "173--183",
    abstract = "Understanding stories {--} sequences of events {--} is a crucial yet challenging natural language understanding task. These events typically carry multiple aspects of semantics including actions, entities and emotions. Not only does each individual aspect contribute to the meaning of the story, so does the interaction among these aspects. Building on this intuition, we propose to jointly model important aspects of semantic knowledge {--} frames, entities and sentiments {--} via a semantic language model. We achieve this by first representing these aspects{'} semantic units at an appropriate level of abstraction and then using the resulting vector representations for each semantic aspect to learn a joint representation via a neural language model. We show that the joint semantic language model is of high quality and can generate better semantic sequences than models that operate on the word level. We further demonstrate that our joint model can be applied to story cloze test and shallow discourse parsing tasks with improved performance and that each semantic aspect contributes to the model.",
}
@inproceedings{ruzsics-samardzic-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Sequence-to-sequence Learning of Internal Word Structure",
    author = "Ruzsics, Tatyana  and
      Samard{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Tanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1020",
    pages = "184--194",
    abstract = "Learning internal word structure has recently been recognized as an important step in various multilingual processing tasks and in theoretical language comparison. In this paper, we present a neural encoder-decoder model for learning canonical morphological segmentation. Our model combines character-level sequence-to-sequence transformation with a language model over canonical segments. We obtain up to 4{\%} improvement over a strong character-level encoder-decoder baseline for three languages. Our model outperforms the previous state-of-the-art for two languages, while eliminating the need for external resources such as large dictionaries. Finally, by comparing the performance of encoder-decoder and classical statistical machine translation systems trained with and without corpus counts, we show that including corpus counts is beneficial to both approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{collins-etal-2017-supervised,
    title = "A Supervised Approach to Extractive Summarisation of Scientific Papers",
    author = "Collins, Ed  and
      Augenstein, Isabelle  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1021",
    pages = "195--205",
    abstract = "Automatic summarisation is a popular approach to reduce a document to its main arguments. Recent research in the area has focused on neural approaches to summarisation, which can be very data-hungry. However, few large datasets exist and none for the traditionally popular domain of scientific publications, which opens up challenging research avenues centered on encoding large, complex documents. In this paper, we introduce a new dataset for summarisation of computer science publications by exploiting a large resource of author provided summaries and show straightforward ways of extending it further. We develop models on the dataset making use of both neural sentence encoding and traditionally used summarisation features and show that models which encode sentences as well as their local and global context perform best, significantly outperforming well-established baseline methods.",
}
@inproceedings{bhatia-etal-2017-automatic,
    title = "An Automatic Approach for Document-level Topic Model Evaluation",
    author = "Bhatia, Shraey  and
      Lau, Jey Han  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1022",
    pages = "206--215",
    abstract = "Topic models jointly learn topics and document-level topic distribution. Extrinsic evaluation of topic models tends to focus exclusively on topic-level evaluation, e.g. by assessing the coherence of topics. We demonstrate that there can be large discrepancies between topic- and document-level model quality, and that basing model evaluation on topic-level analysis can be highly misleading. We propose a method for automatically predicting topic model quality based on analysis of document-level topic allocations, and provide empirical evidence for its robustness.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-robust,
    title = "Robust Coreference Resolution and Entity Linking on Dialogues: Character Identification on {TV} Show Transcripts",
    author = "Chen, Henry Y.  and
      Zhou, Ethan  and
      Choi, Jinho D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1023",
    pages = "216--225",
    abstract = "This paper presents a novel approach to character identification, that is an entity linking task that maps mentions to characters in dialogues from TV show transcripts. We first augment and correct several cases of annotation errors in an existing corpus so the corpus is clearer and cleaner for statistical learning. We also introduce the agglomerative convolutional neural network that takes groups of features and learns mention and mention-pair embeddings for coreference resolution. We then propose another neural model that employs the embeddings learned and creates cluster embeddings for entity linking. Our coreference resolution model shows comparable results to other state-of-the-art systems. Our entity linking model significantly outperforms the previous work, showing the F1 score of 86.76{\%} and the accuracy of 95.30{\%} for character identification.",
}
@inproceedings{joty-etal-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-language Learning with Adversarial Neural Networks",
    author = "Joty, Shafiq  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Jaradat, Israa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1024",
    pages = "226--237",
    abstract = "We address the problem of cross-language adaptation for question-question similarity reranking in community question answering, with the objective to port a system trained on one input language to another input language given labeled training data for the first language and only unlabeled data for the second language. In particular, we propose to use adversarial training of neural networks to learn high-level features that are discriminative for the main learning task, and at the same time are invariant across the input languages. The evaluation results show sizable improvements for our cross-language adversarial neural network (CLANN) model over a strong non-adversarial system.",
}
@inproceedings{renduchintala-etal-2017-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Tracing in Sequential Learning of Inflected Vocabulary",
    author = "Renduchintala, Adithya  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1025",
    pages = "238--247",
    abstract = "We present a feature-rich knowledge tracing method that captures a student{'}s acquisition and retention of knowledge during a foreign language phrase learning task. We model the student{'}s behavior as making predictions under a log-linear model, and adopt a neural gating mechanism to model how the student updates their log-linear parameters in response to feedback. The gating mechanism allows the model to learn complex patterns of retention and acquisition for each feature, while the log-linear parameterization results in an interpretable knowledge state. We collect human data and evaluate several versions of the model.",
}
@inproceedings{saparov-etal-2017-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Generative Grammar for Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Saparov, Abulhair  and
      Saraswat, Vijay  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1026",
    pages = "248--259",
    abstract = "We present a generative model of natural language sentences and demonstrate its application to semantic parsing. In the generative process, a logical form sampled from a prior, and conditioned on this logical form, a grammar probabilistically generates the output sentence. Grammar induction using MCMC is applied to learn the grammar given a set of labeled sentences with corresponding logical forms. We develop a semantic parser that finds the logical form with the highest posterior probability exactly. We obtain strong results on the GeoQuery dataset and achieve state-of-the-art F1 on Jobs.",
}
@inproceedings{nicosia-moschitti-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Contextual Embeddings for Structural Semantic Similarity using Categorical Information",
    author = "Nicosia, Massimo  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1027",
    pages = "260--270",
    abstract = "Tree kernels (TKs) and neural networks are two effective approaches for automatic feature engineering. In this paper, we combine them by modeling context word similarity in semantic TKs. This way, the latter can operate subtree matching by applying neural-based similarity on tree lexical nodes. We study how to learn representations for the words in context such that TKs can exploit more focused information. We found that neural embeddings produced by current methods do not provide a suitable contextual similarity. Thus, we define a new approach based on a Siamese Network, which produces word representations while learning a binary text similarity. We set the latter considering examples in the same category as similar. The experiments on question and sentiment classification show that our semantic TK highly improves previous results.",
}
@inproceedings{weissenborn-etal-2017-making,
    title = "Making Neural {QA} as Simple as Possible but not Simpler",
    author = "Weissenborn, Dirk  and
      Wiese, Georg  and
      Seiffe, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1028",
    pages = "271--280",
    abstract = "Recent development of large-scale question answering (QA) datasets triggered a substantial amount of research into end-to-end neural architectures for QA. Increasingly complex systems have been conceived without comparison to simpler neural baseline systems that would justify their complexity. In this work, we propose a simple heuristic that guides the development of neural baseline systems for the extractive QA task. We find that there are two ingredients necessary for building a high-performing neural QA system: first, the awareness of question words while processing the context and second, a composition function that goes beyond simple bag-of-words modeling, such as recurrent neural networks. Our results show that FastQA, a system that meets these two requirements, can achieve very competitive performance compared with existing models. We argue that this surprising finding puts results of previous systems and the complexity of recent QA datasets into perspective.",
}
@inproceedings{wiese-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Domain Adaptation for Biomedical Question Answering",
    author = "Wiese, Georg  and
      Weissenborn, Dirk  and
      Neves, Mariana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1029",
    pages = "281--289",
    abstract = "Factoid question answering (QA) has recently benefited from the development of deep learning (DL) systems. Neural network models outperform traditional approaches in domains where large datasets exist, such as SQuAD (ca. 100,000 questions) for Wikipedia articles. However, these systems have not yet been applied to QA in more specific domains, such as biomedicine, because datasets are generally too small to train a DL system from scratch. For example, the BioASQ dataset for biomedical QA comprises less then 900 factoid (single answer) and list (multiple answers) QA instances. In this work, we adapt a neural QA system trained on a large open-domain dataset (SQuAD, source) to a biomedical dataset (BioASQ, target) by employing various transfer learning techniques. Our network architecture is based on a state-of-the-art QA system, extended with biomedical word embeddings and a novel mechanism to answer list questions. In contrast to existing biomedical QA systems, our system does not rely on domain-specific ontologies, parsers or entity taggers, which are expensive to create. Despite this fact, our systems achieve state-of-the-art results on factoid questions and competitive results on list questions.",
}
@inproceedings{hulden-2017-phoneme,
    title = "A phoneme clustering algorithm based on the obligatory contour principle",
    author = "Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1030",
    pages = "290--300",
    abstract = "This paper explores a divisive hierarchical clustering algorithm based on the well-known Obligatory Contour Principle in phonology. The purpose is twofold: to see if such an algorithm could be used for unsupervised classification of phonemes or graphemes in corpora, and to investigate whether this purported universal constraint really holds for several classes of phonological distinctive features. The algorithm achieves very high accuracies in an unsupervised setting of inferring a consonant-vowel distinction, and also has a strong tendency to detect coronal phonemes in an unsupervised fashion. Remaining classes, however, do not correspond as neatly to phonological distinctive feature splits. While the results offer only mixed support for a universal Obligatory Contour Principle, the algorithm can be very useful for many NLP tasks due to the high accuracy in revealing consonant/vowel/coronal distinctions.",
}
@inproceedings{li-shah-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Stock Market Sentiment Lexicon and Sentiment-Oriented Word Vector from {S}tock{T}wits",
    author = "Li, Quanzhi  and
      Shah, Sameena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1031",
    pages = "301--310",
    abstract = "Previous studies have shown that investor sentiment indicators can predict stock market change. A domain-specific sentiment lexicon and sentiment-oriented word embedding model would help the sentiment analysis in financial domain and stock market. In this paper, we present a new approach to learning stock market lexicon from StockTwits, a popular financial social network for investors to share ideas. It learns word polarity by predicting message sentiment, using a neural net-work. The sentiment-oriented word embeddings are learned from tens of millions of StockTwits posts, and this is the first study presenting sentiment-oriented word embeddings for stock market. The experiments of predicting investor sentiment show that our lexicon outperformed other lexicons built by the state-of-the-art methods, and the sentiment-oriented word vector was much better than the general word embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{raj-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning local and global contexts using a convolutional recurrent network model for relation classification in biomedical text",
    author = "Raj, Desh  and
      Sahu, Sunil  and
      Anand, Ashish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1032",
    pages = "311--321",
    abstract = "The task of relation classification in the biomedical domain is complex due to the presence of samples obtained from heterogeneous sources such as research articles, discharge summaries, or electronic health records. It is also a constraint for classifiers which employ manual feature engineering. In this paper, we propose a convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN) architecture that combines RNNs and CNNs in sequence to solve this problem. The rationale behind our approach is that CNNs can effectively identify coarse-grained local features in a sentence, while RNNs are more suited for long-term dependencies. We compare our CRNN model with several baselines on two biomedical datasets, namely the i2b2-2010 clinical relation extraction challenge dataset, and the SemEval-2013 DDI extraction dataset. We also evaluate an attentive pooling technique and report its performance in comparison with the conventional max pooling method. Our results indicate that the proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance on both datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{sirts-etal-2017-idea,
    title = "Idea density for predicting {A}lzheimer{'}s disease from transcribed speech",
    author = "Sirts, Kairit  and
      Piguet, Olivier  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1033",
    pages = "322--332",
    abstract = "Idea Density (ID) measures the rate at which ideas or elementary predications are expressed in an utterance or in a text. Lower ID is found to be associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer{'}s disease (AD) (Snowdon et al., 1996; Engelman et al., 2010). ID has been used in two different versions: propositional idea density (PID) counts the expressed ideas and can be applied to any text while semantic idea density (SID) counts pre-defined information content units and is naturally more applicable to normative domains, such as picture description tasks. In this paper, we develop DEPID, a novel dependency-based method for computing PID, and its version DEPID-R that enables to exclude repeating ideas{---}a feature characteristic to AD speech. We conduct the first comparison of automatically extracted PID and SID in the diagnostic classification task on two different AD datasets covering both closed-topic and free-recall domains. While SID performs better on the normative dataset, adding PID leads to a small but significant improvement (+1.7 F-score). On the free-topic dataset, PID performs better than SID as expected (77.6 vs 72.3 in F-score) but adding the features derived from the word embedding clustering underlying the automatic SID increases the results considerably, leading to an F-score of 84.8.",
}
@inproceedings{levy-etal-2017-zero,
    title = "Zero-Shot Relation Extraction via Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Levy, Omer  and
      Seo, Minjoon  and
      Choi, Eunsol  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1034",
    pages = "333--342",
    abstract = "We show that relation extraction can be reduced to answering simple reading comprehension questions, by associating one or more natural-language questions with each relation slot. This reduction has several advantages: we can (1) learn relation-extraction models by extending recent neural reading-comprehension techniques, (2) build very large training sets for those models by combining relation-specific crowd-sourced questions with distant supervision, and even (3) do zero-shot learning by extracting new relation types that are only specified at test-time, for which we have no labeled training examples. Experiments on a Wikipedia slot-filling task demonstrate that the approach can generalize to new questions for known relation types with high accuracy, and that zero-shot generalization to unseen relation types is possible, at lower accuracy levels, setting the bar for future work on this task.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-covert,
    title = "The Covert Helps Parse the Overt",
    author = "Zhang, Xun  and
      Sun, Weiwei  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1035",
    pages = "343--353",
    abstract = "This paper is concerned with whether deep syntactic information can help surface parsing, with a particular focus on empty categories. We design new algorithms to produce dependency trees in which empty elements are allowed, and evaluate the impact of information about empty category on parsing overt elements. Such information is helpful to reduce the approximation error in a structured parsing model, but increases the search space for inference and accordingly the estimation error. To deal with structure-based overfitting, we propose to integrate disambiguation models with and without empty elements, and perform structure regularization via joint decoding. Experiments on English and Chinese TreeBanks with different parsing models indicate that incorporating empty elements consistently improves surface parsing.",
}
@inproceedings{schlechtweg-etal-2017-german,
    title = "{G}erman in Flux: Detecting Metaphoric Change via Word Entropy",
    author = "Schlechtweg, Dominik  and
      Eckmann, Stefanie  and
      Santus, Enrico  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Hole, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1036",
    pages = "354--367",
    abstract = "This paper explores the information-theoretic measure entropy to detect metaphoric change, transferring ideas from hypernym detection to research on language change. We build the first diachronic test set for German as a standard for metaphoric change annotation. Our model is unsupervised, language-independent and generalizable to other processes of semantic change.",
}
@inproceedings{alishahi-etal-2017-encoding,
    title = "Encoding of phonology in a recurrent neural model of grounded speech",
    author = "Alishahi, Afra  and
      Barking, Marie  and
      Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1037",
    pages = "368--378",
    abstract = "We study the representation and encoding of phonemes in a recurrent neural network model of grounded speech. We use a model which processes images and their spoken descriptions, and projects the visual and auditory representations into the same semantic space. We perform a number of analyses on how information about individual phonemes is encoded in the MFCC features extracted from the speech signal, and the activations of the layers of the model. Via experiments with phoneme decoding and phoneme discrimination we show that phoneme representations are most salient in the lower layers of the model, where low-level signals are processed at a fine-grained level, although a large amount of phonological information is retain at the top recurrent layer. We further find out that the attention mechanism following the top recurrent layer significantly attenuates encoding of phonology and makes the utterance embeddings much more invariant to synonymy. Moreover, a hierarchical clustering of phoneme representations learned by the network shows an organizational structure of phonemes similar to those proposed in linguistics.",
}
@inproceedings{duong-etal-2017-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Semantic Parsing And Code-Switching",
    author = "Duong, Long  and
      Afshar, Hadi  and
      Estival, Dominique  and
      Pink, Glen  and
      Cohen, Philip  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1038",
    pages = "379--389",
    abstract = "Extending semantic parsing systems to new domains and languages is a highly expensive, time-consuming process, so making effective use of existing resources is critical. In this paper, we describe a transfer learning method using crosslingual word embeddings in a sequence-to-sequence model. On the NLmaps corpus, our approach achieves state-of-the-art accuracy of 85.7{\%} for English. Most importantly, we observed a consistent improvement for German compared with several baseline domain adaptation techniques. As a by-product of this approach, our models that are trained on a combination of English and German utterances perform reasonably well on code-switching utterances which contain a mixture of English and German, even though the training data does not contain any such. As far as we know, this is the first study of code-switching in semantic parsing. We manually constructed the set of code-switching test utterances for the NLmaps corpus and achieve 78.3{\%} accuracy on this dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{le-titov-2017-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Differentiable Relaxations of Coreference Evaluation Metrics",
    author = "Le, Phong  and
      Titov, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1039",
    pages = "390--399",
    abstract = "Coreference evaluation metrics are hard to optimize directly as they are non-differentiable functions, not easily decomposable into elementary decisions. Consequently, most approaches optimize objectives only indirectly related to the end goal, resulting in suboptimal performance. Instead, we propose a differentiable relaxation that lends itself to gradient-based optimisation, thus bypassing the need for reinforcement learning or heuristic modification of cross-entropy. We show that by modifying the training objective of a competitive neural coreference system, we obtain a substantial gain in performance. This suggests that our approach can be regarded as a viable alternative to using reinforcement learning or more computationally expensive imitation learning.",
}
@inproceedings{ziser-reichart-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Structural Correspondence Learning for Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Ziser, Yftah  and
      Reichart, Roi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1040",
    pages = "400--410",
    abstract = "We introduce a neural network model that marries together ideas from two prominent strands of research on domain adaptation through representation learning: structural correspondence learning (SCL, (Blitzer et al., 2006)) and autoencoder neural networks (NNs). Our model is a three-layer NN that learns to encode the non-pivot features of an input example into a low dimensional representation, so that the existence of pivot features (features that are prominent in both domains and convey useful information for the NLP task) in the example can be decoded from that representation. The low-dimensional representation is then employed in a learning algorithm for the task. Moreover, we show how to inject pre-trained word embeddings into our model in order to improve generalization across examples with similar pivot features. We experiment with the task of cross-domain sentiment classification on 16 domain pairs and show substantial improvements over strong baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{marcheggiani-etal-2017-simple,
    title = "A Simple and Accurate Syntax-Agnostic Neural Model for Dependency-based Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Marcheggiani, Diego  and
      Frolov, Anton  and
      Titov, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1041",
    pages = "411--420",
    abstract = "We introduce a simple and accurate neural model for dependency-based semantic role labeling. Our model predicts predicate-argument dependencies relying on states of a bidirectional LSTM encoder. The semantic role labeler achieves competitive performance on English, even without any kind of syntactic information and only using local inference. However, when automatically predicted part-of-speech tags are provided as input, it substantially outperforms all previous local models and approaches the best reported results on the English CoNLL-2009 dataset. We also consider Chinese, Czech and Spanish where our approach also achieves competitive results. Syntactic parsers are unreliable on out-of-domain data, so standard (i.e., syntactically-informed) SRL models are hindered when tested in this setting. Our syntax-agnostic model appears more robust, resulting in the best reported results on standard out-of-domain test sets.",
}
@inproceedings{inoue-etal-2017-joint,
    title = "Joint Prediction of Morphosyntactic Categories for Fine-Grained {A}rabic Part-of-Speech Tagging Exploiting Tag Dictionary Information",
    author = "Inoue, Go  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1042",
    pages = "421--431",
    abstract = "Part-of-speech (POS) tagging for morphologically rich languages such as Arabic is a challenging problem because of their enormous tag sets. One reason for this is that in the tagging scheme for such languages, a complete POS tag is formed by combining tags from multiple tag sets defined for each morphosyntactic category. Previous approaches in Arabic POS tagging applied one model for each morphosyntactic tagging task, without utilizing shared information between the tasks. In this paper, we propose an approach that utilizes this information by jointly modeling multiple morphosyntactic tagging tasks with a multi-task learning framework. We also propose a method of incorporating tag dictionary information into our neural models by combining word representations with representations of the sets of possible tags. Our experiments showed that the joint model with tag dictionary information results in an accuracy of 91.38{\%} on the Penn Arabic Treebank data set, with an absolute improvement of 2.11{\%} over the current state-of-the-art tagger.",
}
@inproceedings{samih-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning from Relatives: Unified Dialectal {A}rabic Segmentation",
    author = "Samih, Younes  and
      Eldesouki, Mohamed  and
      Attia, Mohammed  and
      Darwish, Kareem  and
      Abdelali, Ahmed  and
      Mubarak, Hamdy  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1043",
    pages = "432--441",
    abstract = "Arabic dialects do not just share a common koin{\'e}, but there are shared pan-dialectal linguistic phenomena that allow computational models for dialects to learn from each other. In this paper we build a unified segmentation model where the training data for different dialects are combined and a single model is trained. The model yields higher accuracies than dialect-specific models, eliminating the need for dialect identification before segmentation. We also measure the degree of relatedness between four major Arabic dialects by testing how a segmentation model trained on one dialect performs on the other dialects. We found that linguistic relatedness is contingent with geographical proximity. In our experiments we use SVM-based ranking and bi-LSTM-CRF sequence labeling.",
}
@inproceedings{tran-nguyen-2017-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Generation for Spoken Dialogue System using {RNN} Encoder-Decoder Networks",
    author = "Tran, Van-Khanh  and
      Nguyen, Le-Minh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1044",
    pages = "442--451",
    abstract = "Natural language generation (NLG) is a critical component in a spoken dialogue system. This paper presents a Recurrent Neural Network based Encoder-Decoder architecture, in which an LSTM-based decoder is introduced to select, aggregate semantic elements produced by an attention mechanism over the input elements, and to produce the required utterances. The proposed generator can be jointly trained both sentence planning and surface realization to produce natural language sentences. The proposed model was extensively evaluated on four different NLG datasets. The experimental results showed that the proposed generators not only consistently outperform the previous methods across all the NLG domains but also show an ability to generalize from a new, unseen domain and learn from multi-domain datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{yasunaga-etal-2017-graph,
    title = "Graph-based Neural Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Yasunaga, Michihiro  and
      Zhang, Rui  and
      Meelu, Kshitijh  and
      Pareek, Ayush  and
      Srinivasan, Krishnan  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-1045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-1045",
    pages = "452--462",
    abstract = "We propose a neural multi-document summarization system that incorporates sentence relation graphs. We employ a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) on the relation graphs, with sentence embeddings obtained from Recurrent Neural Networks as input node features. Through multiple layer-wise propagation, the GCN generates high-level hidden sentence features for salience estimation. We then use a greedy heuristic to extract salient sentences that avoid redundancy. In our experiments on DUC 2004, we consider three types of sentence relation graphs and demonstrate the advantage of combining sentence relations in graphs with the representation power of deep neural networks. Our model improves upon other traditional graph-based extractive approaches and the vanilla GRU sequence model with no graph, and it achieves competitive results against other state-of-the-art multi-document summarization systems.",
}
@proceedings{conll-2017-conll,
    title = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} {SIGMORPHON} 2017 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    author = "Hulden, Mans",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-2000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-2",
}
@inproceedings{cotterell-etal-2017-conll,
    title = "{C}o{NLL}-{SIGMORPHON} 2017 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection in 52 Languages",
    author = {Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Kirov, Christo  and
      Sylak-Glassman, John  and
      Walther, G{\'e}raldine  and
      Vylomova, Ekaterina  and
      Xia, Patrick  and
      Faruqui, Manaal  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Yarowsky, David  and
      Eisner, Jason  and
      Hulden, Mans},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} {SIGMORPHON} 2017 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-2001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-2001",
    pages = "1--30",
}
@inproceedings{bergmanis-etal-2017-training,
    title = "Training Data Augmentation for Low-Resource Morphological Inflection",
    author = {Bergmanis, Toms  and
      Kann, Katharina  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich  and
      Goldwater, Sharon},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} {SIGMORPHON} 2017 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-2002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-2002",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{kann-schutze-2017-lmu,
    title = "The {LMU} System for the {C}o{NLL}-{SIGMORPHON} 2017 Shared Task on Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    author = {Kann, Katharina  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} {SIGMORPHON} 2017 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-2003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-2003",
    pages = "40--48",
}
@inproceedings{makarov-etal-2017-align,
    title = "Align and Copy: {UZH} at {SIGMORPHON} 2017 Shared Task for Morphological Reinflection",
    author = "Makarov, Peter  and
      Ruzsics, Tatiana  and
      Clematide, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} {SIGMORPHON} 2017 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-2004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-2004",
    pages = "49--57",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-neubig-2017-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Inflection Generation with Multi-space Variational Encoder-Decoders",
    author = "Zhou, Chunting  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} {SIGMORPHON} 2017 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-2005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-2005",
    pages = "58--65",
}
@inproceedings{chakrabarty-garain-2017-isi,
    title = "{ISI} at the {SIGMORPHON} 2017 Shared Task on Morphological Reinflection",
    author = "Chakrabarty, Abhisek  and
      Garain, Utpal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} {SIGMORPHON} 2017 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-2006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-2006",
    pages = "66--70",
}
@inproceedings{sudhakar-singh-2017-experiments,
    title = "Experiments on Morphological Reinflection: {C}o{NLL}-2017 Shared Task",
    author = "Sudhakar, Akhilesh  and
      Singh, Anil Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} {SIGMORPHON} 2017 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-2007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-2007",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@inproceedings{nicolai-etal-2017-cant,
    title = "If you can{'}t beat them, join them: the University of Alberta system description",
    author = "Nicolai, Garrett  and
      Hauer, Bradley  and
      Motallebi, Mohammad  and
      Najafi, Saeed  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} {SIGMORPHON} 2017 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-2008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-2008",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2017-character,
    title = "Character Sequence-to-Sequence Model with Global Attention for Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    author = "Zhu, Qile  and
      Li, Yanjun  and
      Li, Xiaolin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} {SIGMORPHON} 2017 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-2009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-2009",
    pages = "85--89",
}
@inproceedings{silfverberg-etal-2017-data,
    title = "Data Augmentation for Morphological Reinflection",
    author = "Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Wiemerslage, Adam  and
      Liu, Ling  and
      Mao, Lingshuang Jack",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} {SIGMORPHON} 2017 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-2010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-2010",
    pages = "90--99",
}
@inproceedings{senuma-aizawa-2017-seq2seq,
    title = "Seq2seq for Morphological Reinflection: When Deep Learning Fails",
    author = "Senuma, Hajime  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} {SIGMORPHON} 2017 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-2011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-2011",
    pages = "100--109",
}
@inproceedings{ostling-bjerva-2017-su,
    title = "{SU}-{RUG} at the {C}o{NLL}-{SIGMORPHON} 2017 shared task: Morphological Inflection with Attentional Sequence-to-Sequence Models",
    author = {{\"O}stling, Robert  and
      Bjerva, Johannes},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} {SIGMORPHON} 2017 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-2012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-2012",
    pages = "110--113",
}
@proceedings{conll-2017-conll-2017,
    title = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Zeman, Dan",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3",
}
@inproceedings{zeman-etal-2017-conll,
    title = "{C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    author = {Zeman, Daniel  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Straka, Milan  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Luotolahti, Juhani  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Petrov, Slav  and
      Potthast, Martin  and
      Tyers, Francis  and
      Badmaeva, Elena  and
      Gokirmak, Memduh  and
      Nedoluzhko, Anna  and
      Cinkov{\'a}, Silvie  and
      Haji{\v{c}} jr., Jan  and
      Hlav{\'a}{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Jaroslava  and
      Kettnerov{\'a}, V{\'a}clava  and
      Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka  and
      Kanerva, Jenna  and
      Ojala, Stina  and
      Missil{\"a}, Anna  and
      Manning, Christopher D.  and
      Schuster, Sebastian  and
      Reddy, Siva  and
      Taji, Dima  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Leung, Herman  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Sanguinetti, Manuela  and
      Simi, Maria  and
      Kanayama, Hiroshi  and
      de Paiva, Valeria  and
      Droganova, Kira  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      {\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}  and
      Sulubacak, Umut  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Macketanz, Vivien  and
      Burchardt, Aljoscha  and
      Harris, Kim  and
      Marheinecke, Katrin  and
      Rehm, Georg  and
      Kayadelen, Tolga  and
      Attia, Mohammed  and
      Elkahky, Ali  and
      Yu, Zhuoran  and
      Pitler, Emily  and
      Lertpradit, Saran  and
      Mandl, Michael  and
      Kirchner, Jesse  and
      Alcalde, Hector Fernandez  and
      Strnadov{\'a}, Jana  and
      Banerjee, Esha  and
      Manurung, Ruli  and
      Stella, Antonio  and
      Shimada, Atsuko  and
      Kwak, Sookyoung  and
      Mendon{\c{c}}a, Gustavo  and
      Lando, Tatiana  and
      Nitisaroj, Rattima  and
      Li, Josie},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3001",
    pages = "1--19",
    abstract = "The Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL) features a shared task, in which participants train and test their learning systems on the same data sets. In 2017, the task was devoted to learning dependency parsers for a large number of languages, in a real-world setting without any gold-standard annotation on input. All test sets followed a unified annotation scheme, namely that of Universal Dependencies. In this paper, we define the task and evaluation methodology, describe how the data sets were prepared, report and analyze the main results, and provide a brief categorization of the different approaches of the participating systems.",
}
@inproceedings{dozat-etal-2017-stanfords,
    title = "{S}tanford{'}s Graph-based Neural Dependency Parser at the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task",
    author = "Dozat, Timothy  and
      Qi, Peng  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3002",
    pages = "20--30",
    abstract = "This paper describes the neural dependency parser submitted by Stanford to the CoNLL 2017 Shared Task on parsing Universal Dependencies. Our system uses relatively simple LSTM networks to produce part of speech tags and labeled dependency parses from segmented and tokenized sequences of words. In order to address the rare word problem that abounds in languages with complex morphology, we include a character-based word representation that uses an LSTM to produce embeddings from sequences of characters. Our system was ranked first according to all five relevant metrics for the system: UPOS tagging (93.09{\%}), XPOS tagging (82.27{\%}), unlabeled attachment score (81.30{\%}), labeled attachment score (76.30{\%}), and content word labeled attachment score (72.57{\%}).",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2017-combining,
    title = "Combining Global Models for Parsing Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Shi, Tianze  and
      Wu, Felix G.  and
      Chen, Xilun  and
      Cheng, Yao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3003",
    pages = "31--39",
    abstract = "We describe our entry, C2L2, to the CoNLL 2017 shared task on parsing Universal Dependencies from raw text. Our system features an ensemble of three global parsing paradigms, one graph-based and two transition-based. Each model leverages character-level bi-directional LSTMs as lexical feature extractors to encode morphological information. Though relying on baseline tokenizers and focusing only on parsing, our system ranked second in the official end-to-end evaluation with a macro-average of 75.00 LAS F1 score over 81 test treebanks. In addition, we had the top average performance on the four surprise languages and on the small treebank subset.",
}
@inproceedings{bjorkelund-etal-2017-ims,
    title = "{IMS} at the {C}o{NLL} 2017 {UD} Shared Task: {CRF}s and Perceptrons Meet Neural Networks",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rkelund, Anders  and
      Falenska, Agnieszka  and
      Yu, Xiang  and
      Kuhn, Jonas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3004",
    pages = "40--51",
    abstract = "This paper presents the IMS contribution to the CoNLL 2017 Shared Task. In the preprocessing step we employed a CRF POS/morphological tagger and a neural tagger predicting supertags. On some languages, we also applied word segmentation with the CRF tagger and sentence segmentation with a perceptron-based parser. For parsing we took an ensemble approach by blending multiple instances of three parsers with very different architectures. Our system achieved the third place overall and the second place for the surprise languages.",
}
@inproceedings{che-etal-2017-hit,
    title = "The {HIT}-{SCIR} System for End-to-End Parsing of Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Che, Wanxiang  and
      Guo, Jiang  and
      Wang, Yuxuan  and
      Zheng, Bo  and
      Zhao, Huaipeng  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Teng, Dechuan  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3005",
    pages = "52--62",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system (HIT-SCIR) for the CoNLL 2017 shared task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies. Our system includes three pipelined components: \textit{tokenization}, \textit{Part-of-Speech} (POS) \textit{tagging} and \textit{dependency parsing}. We use character-based bidirectional long short-term memory (LSTM) networks for both tokenization and POS tagging. Afterwards, we employ a list-based transition-based algorithm for general non-projective parsing and present an improved Stack-LSTM-based architecture for representing each transition state and making predictions. Furthermore, to parse low/zero-resource languages and cross-domain data, we use a model transfer approach to make effective use of existing resources. We demonstrate substantial gains against the UDPipe baseline, with an average improvement of 3.76{\%} in LAS of all languages. And finally, we rank the 4th place on the official test sets.",
}
@inproceedings{lim-poibeau-2017-system,
    title = "A System for Multilingual Dependency Parsing based on Bidirectional {LSTM} Feature Representations",
    author = "Lim, KyungTae  and
      Poibeau, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3006",
    pages = "63--70",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present our multilingual dependency parser developed for the CoNLL 2017 UD Shared Task dealing with {``}Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies{''}. Our parser extends the monolingual BIST-parser as a multi-source multilingual trainable parser. Thanks to multilingual word embeddings and one hot encodings for languages, our system can use both monolingual and multi-source training. We trained 69 monolingual language models and 13 multilingual models for the shared task. Our multilingual approach making use of different resources yield better results than the monolingual approach for 11 languages. Our system ranked 5 th and achieved 70.93 overall LAS score over the 81 test corpora (macro-averaged LAS F1 score).",
}
@inproceedings{sato-etal-2017-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Training for Cross-Domain Universal Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Sato, Motoki  and
      Manabe, Hitoshi  and
      Noji, Hiroshi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3007",
    pages = "71--79",
    abstract = "We describe our submission to the CoNLL 2017 shared task, which exploits the shared common knowledge of a language across different domains via a domain adaptation technique. Our approach is an extension to the recently proposed adversarial training technique for domain adaptation, which we apply on top of a graph-based neural dependency parsing model on bidirectional LSTMs. In our experiments, we find our baseline graph-based parser already outperforms the official baseline model (UDPipe) by a large margin. Further, by applying our technique to the treebanks of the same language with different domains, we observe an additional gain in the performance, in particular for the domains with less training data.",
}
@inproceedings{kirnap-etal-2017-parsing,
    title = "Parsing with Context Embeddings",
    author = {K{\i}rnap, {\"O}mer  and
      {\"O}nder, Berkay Furkan  and
      Yuret, Deniz},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3008",
    pages = "80--87",
    abstract = "We introduce context embeddings, dense vectors derived from a language model that represent the left/right context of a word instance, and demonstrate that context embeddings significantly improve the accuracy of our transition based parser. Our model consists of a bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) based language model that is pre-trained to predict words in plain text, and a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) decision model that uses features from the language model to predict the correct actions for an ArcHybrid transition based parser. We participated in the CoNLL 2017 UD Shared Task as the {``}Ko{\c{c}} University{''} team and our system was ranked 7th out of 33 systems that parsed 81 treebanks in 49 languages.",
}
@inproceedings{straka-strakova-2017-tokenizing,
    title = "Tokenizing, {POS} Tagging, Lemmatizing and Parsing {UD} 2.0 with {UDP}ipe",
    author = "Straka, Milan  and
      Strakov{\'a}, Jana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3009",
    pages = "88--99",
    abstract = "Many natural language processing tasks, including the most advanced ones, routinely start by several basic processing steps {--} tokenization and segmentation, most likely also POS tagging and lemmatization, and commonly parsing as well. A multilingual pipeline performing these steps can be trained using the Universal Dependencies project, which contains annotations of the described tasks for 50 languages in the latest release UD 2.0. We present an update to UDPipe, a simple-to-use pipeline processing CoNLL-U version 2.0 files, which performs these tasks for multiple languages without requiring additional external data. We provide models for all 50 languages of UD 2.0, and furthermore, the pipeline can be trained easily using data in CoNLL-U format. UDPipe is a standalone application in C++, with bindings available for Python, Java, C{\#} and Perl. In the CoNLL 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies, UDPipe was the eight best system, while achieving low running times and moderately sized models.",
}
@inproceedings{vania-etal-2017-uparse,
    title = "{UP}arse: the {E}dinburgh system for the {C}o{NLL} 2017 {UD} shared task",
    author = "Vania, Clara  and
      Zhang, Xingxing  and
      Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3010",
    pages = "100--110",
    abstract = "This paper presents our submissions for the CoNLL 2017 UD Shared Task. Our parser, called UParse, is based on a neural network graph-based dependency parser. The parser uses features from a bidirectional LSTM to to produce a distribution over possible heads for each word in the sentence. To allow transfer learning for low-resource treebanks and surprise languages, we train several multilingual models for related languages, grouped by their genus and language families. Out of 33 participants, our system achieves rank 9th in the main results, with 75.49 UAS and 68.87 LAS F-1 scores (average across 81 treebanks).",
}
@inproceedings{heinecke-asadullah-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-Model and Crosslingual Dependency Analysis",
    author = "Heinecke, Johannes  and
      Asadullah, Munshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3011",
    pages = "111--118",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system of the Team Orange-Deski{\~n}, used for the CoNLL 2017 UD Shared Task in Multilingual Dependency Parsing. We based our approach on an existing open source tool (BistParser), which we modified in order to produce the required output. Additionally we added a kind of pseudo-projectivisation. This was needed since some of the task{'}s languages have a high percentage of non-projective dependency trees. In most cases we also employed word embeddings. For the 4 surprise languages, the data provided seemed too little to train on. Thus we decided to use the training data of typologically close languages instead. Our system achieved a macro-averaged LAS of 68.61{\%} (10th in the overall ranking) which improved to 69.38{\%} after bug fixes.",
}
@inproceedings{kanerva-etal-2017-turkunlp,
    title = "{T}urku{NLP}: Delexicalized Pre-training of Word Embeddings for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Kanerva, Jenna  and
      Luotolahti, Juhani  and
      Ginter, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3012",
    pages = "119--125",
    abstract = "We present the TurkuNLP entry in the CoNLL 2017 Shared Task on Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies. The system is based on the UDPipe parser with our focus being in exploring various techniques to pre-train the word embeddings used by the parser in order to improve its performance especially on languages with small training sets. The system ranked 11th among the 33 participants overall, being 8th on the small treebanks, 10th on the large treebanks, 12th on the parallel test sets, and 26th on the surprise languages.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2017-parse,
    title = "The parse is darc and full of errors: Universal dependency parsing with transition-based and graph-based algorithms",
    author = "Yu, Kuan  and
      Sofroniev, Pavel  and
      Schill, Erik  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3013",
    pages = "126--133",
    abstract = "We developed two simple systems for dependency parsing: darc, a transition-based parser, and mstnn, a graph-based parser. We tested our systems in the CoNLL 2017 UD Shared Task, with darc being the official system. Darc ranked 12th among 33 systems, just above the baseline. Mstnn had no official ranking, but its main score was above the 27th. In this paper, we describe our two systems, examine their strengths and weaknesses, and discuss the lessons we learned.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2017-novel,
    title = "A Novel Neural Network Model for Joint {POS} Tagging and Graph-based Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3014",
    pages = "134--142",
    abstract = "We present a novel neural network model that learns POS tagging and graph-based dependency parsing jointly. Our model uses bidirectional LSTMs to learn feature representations shared for both POS tagging and dependency parsing tasks, thus handling the feature-engineering problem. Our extensive experiments, on 19 languages from the Universal Dependencies project, show that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art neural network-based Stack-propagation model for joint POS tagging and transition-based dependency parsing, resulting in a new state of the art. Our code is open-source and available together with pre-trained models at: \url{https://github.com/datquocnguyen/jPTDP}",
}
@inproceedings{qian-liu-2017-non,
    title = "A non-{DNN} Feature Engineering Approach to Dependency Parsing {--} {FBAML} at {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task",
    author = "Qian, Xian  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3015",
    pages = "143--151",
    abstract = "For this year{'}s multilingual dependency parsing shared task, we developed a pipeline system, which uses a variety of features for each of its components. Unlike the recent popular deep learning approaches that learn low dimensional dense features using non-linear classifier, our system uses structured linear classifiers to learn millions of sparse features. Specifically, we trained a linear classifier for sentence boundary prediction, linear chain conditional random fields (CRFs) for tokenization, part-of-speech tagging and morph analysis. A second order graph based parser learns the tree structure (without relations), and fa linear tree CRF then assigns relations to the dependencies in the tree. Our system achieves reasonable performance {--} 67.87{\%} official averaged macro F1 score",
}
@inproceedings{vilares-gomez-rodriguez-2017-non,
    title = "A non-projective greedy dependency parser with bidirectional {LSTM}s",
    author = "Vilares, David  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3016",
    pages = "152--162",
    abstract = "The LyS-FASTPARSE team present BIST-COVINGTON, a neural implementation of the Covington (2001) algorithm for non-projective dependency parsing. The bidirectional LSTM approach by Kiperwasser and Goldberg (2016) is used to train a greedy parser with a dynamic oracle to mitigate error propagation. The model participated in the CoNLL 2017 UD Shared Task. In spite of not using any ensemble methods and using the baseline segmentation and PoS tagging, the parser obtained good results on both macro-average LAS and UAS in the big treebanks category (55 languages), ranking 7th out of 33 teams. In the all treebanks category (LAS and UAS) we ranked 16th and 12th. The gap between the all and big categories is mainly due to the poor performance on four parallel PUD treebanks, suggesting that some {`}suffixed{'} treebanks (e.g. Spanish-AnCora) perform poorly on cross-treebank settings, which does not occur with the corresponding {`}unsuffixed{'} treebank (e.g. Spanish). By changing that, we obtain the 11th best LAS among all runs (official and unofficial). The code is made available at \url{https://github.com/CoNLL-UD-2017/LyS-FASTPARSE}",
}
@inproceedings{aufrant-etal-2017-limsi,
    title = "LIMSI@CoNLL{'}17: UD Shared Task",
    author = "Aufrant, Lauriane  and
      Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3017",
    pages = "163--173",
    abstract = "This paper describes LIMSI{'}s submission to the CoNLL 2017 UD Shared Task, which is focused on small treebanks, and how to improve low-resourced parsing only by ad hoc combination of multiple views and resources. We present our approach for low-resourced parsing, together with a detailed analysis of the results for each test treebank. We also report extensive analysis experiments on model selection for the PUD treebanks, and on annotation consistency among UD treebanks.",
}
@inproceedings{dumitrescu-etal-2017-racais,
    title = "{RACAI}{'}s Natural Language Processing pipeline for Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Dumitrescu, Stefan Daniel  and
      Boros, Tiberiu  and
      Tufis, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3018",
    pages = "174--181",
    abstract = "This paper presents RACAI{'}s approach, experiments and results at CONLL 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies. We handle raw text and we cover tokenization, sentence splitting, word segmentation, tagging, lemmatization and parsing. All results are reported under strict training, development and testing conditions, in which the corpora provided for the shared tasks is used {``}as is{''}, without any modifications to the composition of the train and development sets.",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2017-delexicalized,
    title = "Delexicalized transfer parsing for low-resource languages using transformed and combined treebanks",
    author = "Das, Ayan  and
      Zaffar, Affan  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3019",
    pages = "182--190",
    abstract = "This paper describes our dependency parsing system in CoNLL-2017 shared task on Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies. We primarily focus on the low-resource languages (surprise languages). We have developed a framework to combine multiple treebanks to train parsers for low resource languages by delexicalization method. We have applied transformation on source language treebanks based on syntactic features of the low-resource language to improve performance of the parser. In the official evaluation, our system achieves an macro-averaged LAS score of 67.61 and 37.16 on the entire blind test data and the surprise language test data respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-transition,
    title = "A Transition-based System for Universal Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Wang, Hao  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Zhang, Zhisong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3020",
    pages = "191--197",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system for our participation in the CoNLL 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies. In this work, we design a system based on UDPipe1 for universal dependency parsing, where multilingual transition-based models are trained for different treebanks. Our system directly takes raw texts as input, performing several intermediate steps like tokenizing and tagging, and finally generates the corresponding dependency trees. For the special surprise languages for this task, we adopt a delexicalized strategy and predict basing on transfer learning from other related languages. In the final evaluation of the shared task, our system achieves a result of 66.53{\%} in macro-averaged LAS F1-score.",
}
@inproceedings{hornby-etal-2017-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Selection Approaches for Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Hornby, Ryan  and
      Taylor, Clark  and
      Park, Jungyeul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3021",
    pages = "198--206",
    abstract = {This paper describes UALing{'}s approach to the \textit{CoNLL 2017 UD Shared Task} using corpus selection techniques to reduce training data size. The methodology is simple: we use similarity measures to select a corpus from available training data (even from multiple corpora for surprise languages) and use the resulting corpus to complete the parsing task. The training and parsing is done with the baseline UDPipe system (Straka et al., 2016). While our approach reduces the size of training data significantly, it retains performance within 0.5{\%} of the baseline system. Due to the reduction in training data size, our system performs faster than the na{\"\i}ve, complete corpus method. Specifically, our system runs in less than 10 minutes, ranking it among the fastest entries for this task. Our system is available at \url{https://github.com/CoNLL-UD-2017/UALING}.},
}
@inproceedings{de-lhoneux-etal-2017-raw,
    title = "From Raw Text to Universal Dependencies - Look, No Tags!",
    author = "de Lhoneux, Miryam  and
      Shao, Yan  and
      Basirat, Ali  and
      Kiperwasser, Eliyahu  and
      Stymne, Sara  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3022",
    pages = "207--217",
    abstract = "We present the Uppsala submission to the CoNLL 2017 shared task on parsing from raw text to universal dependencies. Our system is a simple pipeline consisting of two components. The first performs joint word and sentence segmentation on raw text; the second predicts dependency trees from raw words. The parser bypasses the need for part-of-speech tagging, but uses word embeddings based on universal tag distributions. We achieved a macro-averaged LAS F1 of 65.11 in the official test run, which improved to 70.49 after bug fixes. We obtained the 2nd best result for sentence segmentation with a score of 89.03.",
}
@inproceedings{akkus-etal-2017-initial,
    title = "Initial Explorations of {CCG} Supertagging for Universal Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Akkus, Burak Kerim  and
      Azizoglu, Heval  and
      Cakici, Ruket",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3023",
    pages = "218--227",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe the system by METU team for universal dependency parsing of multilingual text. We use a neural network-based dependency parser that has a greedy transition approach to dependency parsing. CCG supertags contain rich structural information that proves useful in certain NLP tasks. We experiment with CCG supertags as additional features in our experiments. The neural network parser is trained together with dependencies and simplified CCG tags as well as other features provided.",
}
@inproceedings{moor-etal-2017-clcl,
    title = "{CLCL} (Geneva) {DINN} Parser: a Neural Network Dependency Parser Ten Years Later",
    author = "Moor, Christophe  and
      Merlo, Paola  and
      Henderson, James  and
      Wang, Haozhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3024",
    pages = "228--236",
    abstract = "This paper describes the University of Geneva{'}s submission to the CoNLL 2017 shared task Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies (listed as the CLCL (Geneva) entry). Our submitted parsing system is the grandchild of the first transition-based neural network dependency parser, which was the University of Geneva{'}s entry in the CoNLL 2007 multilingual dependency parsing shared task, with some improvements to speed and portability. These results provide a baseline for investigating how far we have come in the past ten years of work on neural network dependency parsing.",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-2017-fast,
    title = "A Fast and Lightweight System for Multilingual Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Ji, Tao  and
      Wu, Yuanbin  and
      Lan, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3025",
    pages = "237--242",
    abstract = "We present a multilingual dependency parser with a bidirectional-LSTM (BiLSTM) feature extractor and a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier. We trained our transition-based projective parser in UD version 2.0 datasets without any additional data. The parser is fast, lightweight and effective on big treebanks. In the CoNLL 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies, the official results show that the macro-averaged LAS F1 score of our system Mengest is 61.33{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{de-la-clergerie-etal-2017-parisnlp,
    title = "The {P}aris{NLP} entry at the {C}on{LL} {UD} Shared Task 2017: A Tale of a {\#}{P}arsing{T}ragedy",
    author = "de La Clergerie, {\'E}ric  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3026",
    pages = "243--252",
    abstract = "We present the ParisNLP entry at the UD CoNLL 2017 parsing shared task. In addition to the UDpipe models provided, we built our own data-driven tokenization models, sentence segmenter and lexicon-based morphological analyzers. All of these were used with a range of different parsing models (neural or not, feature-rich or not, transition or graph-based, etc.) and the best combination for each language was selected. Unfortunately, a glitch in the shared task{'}s Matrix led our model selector to run generic, weakly lexicalized models, tailored for surprise languages, instead of our dataset-specific models. Because of this {\#}ParsingTragedy, we officially ranked 27th, whereas our real models finally unofficially ranked 6th.",
}
@inproceedings{more-tsarfaty-2017-universal,
    title = "Universal Joint Morph-Syntactic Processing: The Open University of {I}srael{'}s Submission to The {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task",
    author = "More, Amir  and
      Tsarfaty, Reut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3027",
    pages = "253--264",
    abstract = "We present the Open University{'}s submission to the CoNLL 2017 Shared Task on multilingual parsing from raw text to Universal Dependencies. The core of our system is a joint morphological disambiguator and syntactic parser which accepts morphologically analyzed surface tokens as input and returns morphologically disambiguated dependency trees as output. Our parser requires a lattice as input, so we generate morphological analyses of surface tokens using a data-driven morphological analyzer that derives its lexicon from the UD training corpora, and we rely on UDPipe for sentence segmentation and surface-level tokenization. We report our official macro-average LAS is 56.56. Although our model is not as performant as many others, it does not make use of neural networks, therefore we do not rely on word embeddings or any other data source other than the corpora themselves. In addition, we show the utility of a lexicon-backed morphological analyzer for the MRL Modern Hebrew. We use our results on Modern Hebrew to argue that the UD community should define a UD-compatible standard for access to lexical resources, which we argue is crucial for MRLs and low resource languages in particular.",
}
@inproceedings{kanayama-etal-2017-semi,
    title = "A Semi-universal Pipelined Approach to the {C}o{NLL} 2017 {UD} Shared Task",
    author = "Kanayama, Hiroshi  and
      Muraoka, Masayasu  and
      Yoshikawa, Katsumasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3028",
    pages = "265--273",
    abstract = "This paper presents our system submitted for the CoNLL 2017 Shared Task, {``}Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies.{''} We ran the system for all languages with our own fully pipelined components without relying on re-trained baseline systems. To train the dependency parser, we used only the universal part-of-speech tags and distance between words, and applied deterministic rules to assign dependency labels. The simple and delexicalized models are suitable for cross-lingual transfer approaches and a universal language model. Experimental results show that our model performed well in some metrics and leads discussion on topics such as contribution of each component and on syntactic similarities among languages.",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-gamallo-2017-rule,
    title = "A rule-based system for cross-lingual parsing of Romance languages with Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Garcia, Marcos  and
      Gamallo, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K17-3029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K17-3029",
    pages = "274--282",
    abstract = "This article describes MetaRomance, a rule-based cross-lingual parser for Romance languages submitted to CoNLL 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies. The system is an almost delexicalized parser which does not need training data to analyze Romance languages. It contains linguistically motivated rules based on PoS-tag patterns. The rules included in MetaRomance were developed in about 12 hours by one expert with no prior knowledge in Universal Dependencies, and can be easily extended using a transparent formalism. In this paper we compare the performance of MetaRomance with other supervised systems participating in the competition, paying special attention to the parsing of different treebanks of the same language. We also compare our system with a delexicalized parser for Romance languages, and take advantage of the harmonized annotation of Universal Dependencies to propose a language ranking based on the syntactic distance each variety has from Romance languages.",
}
@proceedings{ranlp-2015-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Mitkov, Ruslan  and
      Angelova, Galia  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1000",
}
@inproceedings{albogamy-ramsay-2015-pos,
    title = "{POS} Tagging for {A}rabic Tweets",
    author = "Albogamy, Fahad  and
      Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{amiri-etal-2015-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon-based Sentiment Analysis for {P}ersian Text",
    author = "Amiri, Fatemeh  and
      Scerri, Simon  and
      Khodashahi, Mohammadhassan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{ammar-etal-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Construction of a {TMF} Terminological Database using a Transducer Cascade",
    author = "Ammar, Chihebeddine  and
      Haddar, Kais  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1003",
    pages = "17--23",
}
@inproceedings{assylbekov-etal-2015-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Model for Measuring Structural Similarity between Webpages",
    author = "Assylbekov, Zhenisbek  and
      Nurkas, Assulan  and
      Russinho Mouga, In{\^e}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1004",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{baltadzhieva-chrupala-2015-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the quality of questions on {S}tackoverflow",
    author = "Baltadzhieva, Antoaneta  and
      Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1005",
    pages = "32--40",
}
@inproceedings{barbieri-etal-2015-topic,
    title = "How Topic Biases Your Results? A Case Study of Sentiment Analysis and Irony Detection in {I}talian",
    author = "Barbieri, Francesco  and
      Ronzano, Francesco  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1006",
    pages = "41--47",
}
@inproceedings{ben-mesmia-etal-2015-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Named Entity Recognition Process using Transducer Cascade and {A}rabic {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Ben Mesmia, Fatma  and
      Haddar, Kais  and
      Maurel, Denis  and
      Friburger, Nathalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1007",
    pages = "48--54",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2015-danproof,
    title = "{D}an{P}roof: Pedagogical Spell and Grammar Checking for {D}anish",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1008",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{brixtel-2015-maximal,
    title = "Maximal Repeats Enhance Substring-based Authorship Attribution",
    author = "Brixtel, Romain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1009",
    pages = "63--71",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving Event Detection with Active Learning",
    author = "Cao, Kai  and
      Li, Xiang  and
      Fan, Miao  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1010",
    pages = "72--77",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2015-improving-event,
    title = "Improving Event Detection with Dependency Regularization",
    author = "Cao, Kai  and
      Li, Xiang  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1011",
    pages = "78--83",
}
@inproceedings{castro-castro-etal-2015-authorship,
    title = "Authorship Verification, Average Similarity Analysis",
    author = "Castro Castro, Daniel  and
      Adame Arcia, Yaritza  and
      Pelaez Brioso, Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Mu{\~n}oz Guillena, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1012",
    pages = "84--90",
}
@inproceedings{cheri-bhattacharyya-2015-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution to Support {IE} from {I}ndian Classical Music Forums",
    author = "Cheri, Joe  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1013",
    pages = "91--96",
}
@inproceedings{ciobanu-etal-2015-readability,
    title = "Readability Assessment of Translated Texts",
    author = "Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.  and
      Pepelea, Flaviu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1014",
    pages = "97--103",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-lendvai-2015-processing,
    title = "Processing and Normalizing Hashtags",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry  and
      Lendvai, Piroska",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1015",
    pages = "104--109",
}
@inproceedings{derczynski-etal-2015-tune,
    title = "Tune Your Brown Clustering, Please",
    author = "Derczynski, Leon  and
      Chester, Sean  and
      B{\o}gh, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1016",
    pages = "110--117",
}
@inproceedings{derczynski-gaizauskas-2015-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Relation Classification using a Model of Tense and Aspect",
    author = "Derczynski, Leon  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1017",
    pages = "118--122",
}
@inproceedings{derczynski-bontcheva-2015-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Named Entity Annotation through Pre-empting",
    author = "Derczynski, Leon  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1018",
    pages = "123--130",
}
@inproceedings{ding-jiang-2015-joint,
    title = "A Joint Model of Product Properties, Aspects and Ratings for Online Reviews",
    author = "Ding, Ying  and
      Jiang, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1019",
    pages = "131--137",
}
@inproceedings{ding-jiang-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards Opinion Summarization from Online Forums",
    author = "Ding, Ying  and
      Jiang, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1020",
    pages = "138--146",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-etal-2015-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Synonymy Overlap",
    author = "Dinu, Anca  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.  and
      Uban, Ana Sabina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1021",
    pages = "147--152",
}
@inproceedings{el-maarouf-etal-2015-barbecued,
    title = "Barbecued Opakapaka: Using Semantic Preferences for Ontology Population",
    author = "El Maarouf, Ismail  and
      Marsic, Georgiana  and
      Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1022",
    pages = "153--159",
}
@inproceedings{elia-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards a Lexicon-grammar based Framework for {NLP}: an Opinion Mining Application",
    author = "Elia, Annibale  and
      Pelosi, Serena  and
      Maisto, Alessandro  and
      Guarasci, Raffaele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1023",
    pages = "160--167",
}
@inproceedings{elleuch-etal-2015-using,
    title = "Using the Textual Content of the {LMF}-Normalized Dictionaries for Identifying and Linking the Syntactic Behaviors to the Meanings",
    author = "Elleuch, Imen  and
      Gargouri, Bilel  and
      Ben Hamadou, Abdelmajid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1024",
    pages = "168--175",
}
@inproceedings{espinosa-anke-etal-2015-weakly,
    title = "Weakly Supervised Definition Extraction",
    author = "Espinosa-Anke, Luis  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Ronzano, Francesco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1025",
    pages = "176--185",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2015-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Embedding Relations and Mentions for Knowledge Population",
    author = "Fan, Miao  and
      Cao, Kai  and
      He, Yifan  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1026",
    pages = "186--191",
}
@inproceedings{feuerbach-etal-2015-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Semantics for Resolving Bridging Mentions",
    author = "Feuerbach, Tim  and
      Riedl, Martin  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1027",
    pages = "192--199",
}
@inproceedings{galitsky-etal-2015-text,
    title = "Text Classification into Abstract Classes Based on Discourse Structure",
    author = "Galitsky, Boris  and
      Ilvovsky, Dmitry  and
      Kuznetsov, Sergey O.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1028",
    pages = "200--207",
}
@inproceedings{ghanimifard-johansson-2015-enriching,
    title = "Enriching Word Sense Embeddings with Translational Context",
    author = "Ghanimifard, Mehdi  and
      Johansson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1029",
    pages = "208--215",
}
@inproceedings{hu-buvet-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Artifact Nouns in {F}rench",
    author = "Hu, Xiaoqin  and
      Buvet, Pierre-Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1030",
    pages = "216--223",
}
@inproceedings{jackov-2015-feature,
    title = "Feature-Rich Part-Of-Speech Tagging Using Deep Syntactic and Semantic Analysis",
    author = "Jackov, Luchezar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1031",
    pages = "224--231",
}
@inproceedings{jaf-ramsay-2015-application,
    title = "The Application of Constraint Rules to Data-driven Parsing",
    author = "Jaf, Sardar  and
      Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1032",
    pages = "232--238",
}
@inproceedings{jamatia-etal-2015-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Tagging for Code-Mixed {E}nglish-{H}indi Twitter and {F}acebook Chat Messages",
    author = {Jamatia, Anupam  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Das, Amitava},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1033",
    pages = "239--248",
}
@inproceedings{jovanoski-etal-2015-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis in Twitter for {M}acedonian",
    author = "Jovanoski, Dame  and
      Pachovski, Veno  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1034",
    pages = "249--257",
}
@inproceedings{kanishcheva-angelova-2015-emotion,
    title = "About Emotion Identification in Visual Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Kanishcheva, Olga  and
      Angelova, Galia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1035",
    pages = "258--265",
}
@inproceedings{kapukaranov-nakov-2015-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis for Movie Reviews in {B}ulgarian",
    author = "Kapukaranov, Borislav  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1036",
    pages = "266--274",
}
@inproceedings{kessler-kuhn-2015-structural,
    title = "Structural Alignment for Comparison Detection",
    author = "Kessler, Wiltrud  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1037",
    pages = "275--281",
}
@inproceedings{kocon-marcinczuk-2015-recognition,
    title = "Recognition of Polish Temporal Expressions",
    author = "Koco{\'n}, Jan  and
      Marci{\'n}czuk, Micha{\l}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1038",
    pages = "282--290",
}
@inproceedings{komiya-etal-2015-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation with Filtering for Named Entity Extraction of {J}apanese Anime-Related Words",
    author = "Komiya, Kanako  and
      EDAMURA, Daichi  and
      TAMURA, Ryuta  and
      SASAKI, Minoru  and
      SHINNOU, Hiroyuki  and
      KOTANI, Yoshiyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1039",
    pages = "291--297",
}
@inproceedings{kriz-etal-2015-feature,
    title = "Feature Extraction for Native Language Identification Using Language Modeling",
    author = "Kr{\'\i}{\v{z}}, Vincent  and
      Holub, Martin  and
      Pecina, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1040",
    pages = "298--306",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Agglutinative Morphology of {I}ndian Languages with Linguistically Motivated Adaptor Grammars",
    author = "Kumar, Arun  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Oliver, Antoni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1041",
    pages = "307--312",
}
@inproceedings{kuncham-etal-2015-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Sandhi Splitter and its Effect on {NLP} Applications",
    author = "Kuncham, Prathyusha  and
      Nelakuditi, Kovida  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1042",
    pages = "313--319",
}
@inproceedings{kunneman-van-den-bosch-2015-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Identifying Periodic Social Events from Twitter",
    author = "Kunneman, Florian  and
      Van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1043",
    pages = "320--328",
}
@inproceedings{lafourcade-etal-2015-collecting,
    title = "Collecting and Evaluating Lexical Polarity with A Game With a Purpose",
    author = "Lafourcade, Mathieu  and
      Joubert, Alain  and
      Le Brun, Nathalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1044",
    pages = "329--337",
}
@inproceedings{lafourcade-ramadier-2015-medical,
    title = "Medical imaging report indexing: enrichment of index through an algorithm of spreading over a lexico-semantic network",
    author = "Lafourcade, Mathieu  and
      Ramadier, Lionel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1045",
    pages = "338--345",
}
@inproceedings{le-fokkens-2015-taxonomy,
    title = "Taxonomy Beats Corpus in Similarity Identification, but Does It Matter?",
    author = "Le, Minh  and
      Fokkens, Antske",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1046",
    pages = "346--354",
}
@inproceedings{liao-etal-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing via $l_{0}$-norm-based Alignment",
    author = "Liao, Zhihua  and
      Zeng, Qixian  and
      Wang, Qiyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1047",
    pages = "355--361",
}
@inproceedings{liao-etal-2015-supervised,
    title = "A Supervised Semantic Parsing with Lexicon Extension and Syntactic Constraint",
    author = "Liao, Zhihua  and
      Zeng, Qixian  and
      Wang, Qiyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1048",
    pages = "362--370",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-etal-2015-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Level of Text Standardness in User-generated Content",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      {\v{C}}ibej, Jaka  and
      Marko, Dafne  and
      Pollak, Senja  and
      {\v{S}}krjanec, Iza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1049",
    pages = "371--378",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-etal-2015-predicting-inflectional,
    title = "Predicting Inflectional Paradigms and Lemmata of Unknown Words for Semi-automatic Expansion of Morphological Lexicons",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Espl{\`a}-Gomis, Miquel  and
      Klubi{\v{c}}ka, Filip  and
      Mikeli{\'c} Preradovi{\'c}, Nives",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1050",
    pages = "379--387",
}
@inproceedings{magnolini-magnini-2015-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Correlations Between Lexical Alignments and Semantic Inferences",
    author = "Magnolini, Simone  and
      Magnini, Bernardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1051",
    pages = "388--397",
}
@inproceedings{magnolini-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning the Impact of Machine Translation Evaluation Metrics for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Magnolini, Simone  and
      Vo, Ngoc Phuoc An  and
      Popescu, Octavian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1052",
    pages = "398--403",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-etal-2015-norwegian,
    title = "{N}orwegian Native Language Identification",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Temnikova, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1053",
    pages = "404--412",
}
@inproceedings{marcinczuk-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic construction of complex features in Conditional Random Fields for Named Entities Recognition",
    author = "Marci{\'n}czuk, Micha{\l}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1054",
    pages = "413--419",
}
@inproceedings{marrero-garcia-etal-2015-pattern,
    title = "Pattern Construction for Extracting Domain Terminology",
    author = "Marrero Garc{\'\i}a, Yusney  and
      Moreda Pozo, Paloma  and
      Mu{\~n}oz-Guillena, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1055",
    pages = "420--426",
}
@inproceedings{maziarz-etal-2015-procedural,
    title = "A Procedural Definition of Multi-word Lexical Units",
    author = "Maziarz, Marek  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan  and
      Piasecki, Maciej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1056",
    pages = "427--435",
}
@inproceedings{maziero-etal-2015-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Never-Ending Learning in Rhetorical Relation Identification",
    author = "Maziero, Erick Galani  and
      Hirst, Graeme  and
      Pardo, Thiago Alexandre Salgueiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1057",
    pages = "436--442",
}
@inproceedings{mihaylov-etal-2015-exposing,
    title = "Exposing Paid Opinion Manipulation Trolls",
    author = "Mihaylov, Todor  and
      Koychev, Ivan  and
      Georgiev, Georgi  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1058",
    pages = "443--450",
}
@inproceedings{mogren-etal-2015-extractive,
    title = "Extractive Summarization by Aggregating Multiple Similarities",
    author = {Mogren, Olof  and
      K{\aa}geb{\"a}ck, Mikael  and
      Dubhashi, Devdatt},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1059",
    pages = "451--457",
}
@inproceedings{nasri-etal-2015-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation Improvement based on Phrase Selection",
    author = "Nasri, Cyrine  and
      Latiri, Chiraz  and
      Smaili, Kamel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1060",
    pages = "458--464",
}
@inproceedings{nieto-pina-johansson-2015-simple,
    title = "A Simple and Efficient Method to Generate Word Sense Representations",
    author = "Nieto Pi{\~n}a, Luis  and
      Johansson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1061",
    pages = "465--472",
}
@inproceedings{oliver-vazquez-2015-tbxtools,
    title = "{TBXT}ools: A Free, Fast and Flexible Tool for Automatic Terminology Extraction",
    author = "Oliver, Antoni  and
      V{\`a}zquez, Merc{\`e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1062",
    pages = "473--479",
}
@inproceedings{oliver-etal-2015-enlarging,
    title = "Enlarging the {C}roatian {W}ord{N}et with {WN}-Toolkit and Cro-Deriv",
    author = "Oliver, Antoni  and
      {\v{S}}ojat, Kre{\v{s}}imir  and
      Sreba{\v{c}}i{\'c}, Matea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1063",
    pages = "480--487",
}
@inproceedings{ozdemir-bergler-2015-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of Different Sentiment Lexica for Sentiment Analysis of Tweets",
    author = "Ozdemir, Canberk  and
      Bergler, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1064",
    pages = "488--496",
}
@inproceedings{palakurthi-etal-2015-classification,
    title = "Classification of Attributes in a Natural Language Query into Different {SQL} Clauses",
    author = "Palakurthi, Ashish  and
      S M, Ruthu  and
      Akula, Arjun  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1065",
    pages = "497--506",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2015-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Idiomatic and Literal Expressions Using Vector Space Representations",
    author = "Peng, Jing  and
      Feldman, Anna  and
      Jazmati, Hamza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1066",
    pages = "507--511",
}
@inproceedings{piasecki-etal-2015-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of the Multi-word Lexical Units in the Perspective of the {W}ordnet Expansion",
    author = "Piasecki, Maciej  and
      Wendelberger, Micha{\l}  and
      Maziarz, Marek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1067",
    pages = "512--520",
}
@inproceedings{razon-barnden-2015-new,
    title = "A New Approach to Automated Text Readability Classification based on Concept Indexing with Integrated Part-of-Speech n-gram Features",
    author = "Razon, Abigail  and
      Barnden, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1068",
    pages = "521--528",
}
@inproceedings{rodriguez-fernandez-etal-2015-classification,
    title = "Classification of Lexical Collocation Errors in the Writings of Learners of {S}panish",
    author = "Rodr{\'\i}guez-Fern{\'a}ndez, Sara  and
      Carlini, Roberto  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1069",
    pages = "529--536",
}
@inproceedings{rudrapal-etal-2015-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Semantic Similarity for {B}engali Tweets Using {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Rudrapal, Dwijen  and
      Das, Amitava  and
      Bhattacharya, Baby",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1070",
    pages = "537--544",
}
@inproceedings{ruppenhofer-etal-2015-ordering,
    title = "Ordering adverbs by their scaling effect on adjective intensity",
    author = "Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Brandes, Jasper  and
      Steiner, Petra  and
      Wiegand, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1071",
    pages = "545--554",
}
@inproceedings{salaberri-etal-2015-brol,
    title = "b{R}ol: The Parser of Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies for Basque",
    author = "Salaberri, Haritz  and
      Arregi, Olatz  and
      Zapirain, Be{\~n}at",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1072",
    pages = "555--562",
}
@inproceedings{salimbajevs-strigins-2015-error,
    title = "Error Analysis and Improving Speech Recognition for {L}atvian Language",
    author = "Salimbajevs, Askars  and
      Strigins, Jevgenijs",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1073",
    pages = "563--569",
}
@inproceedings{schenk-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards the Unsupervised Acquisition of Implicit Semantic Roles",
    author = "Schenk, Niko  and
      Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Sukhareva, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1074",
    pages = "570--578",
}
@inproceedings{semmar-etal-2015-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Impact of Using a Domain-specific Bilingual Lexicon on the Performance of a Hybrid Machine Translation Approach",
    author = "Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Zennaki, Othman  and
      Laib, Meriama",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1075",
    pages = "579--587",
}
@inproceedings{simon-etal-2015-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Topic Structuring: From Dense Segmentation to Topically Focused Fragments via Burst Analysis",
    author = "Simon, Anca-Roxana  and
      S{\'e}billot, Pascale  and
      Gravier, Guillaume",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1076",
    pages = "588--595",
}
@inproceedings{simov-etal-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving Word Sense Disambiguation with Linguistic Knowledge from a Sense Annotated Treebank",
    author = "Simov, Kiril  and
      Popov, Alexander  and
      Osenova, Petya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1077",
    pages = "596--603",
}
@inproceedings{sokolova-bobicev-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Relationship between Authors{'} Activity and Sentiments: A case study of online medical forums",
    author = "Sokolova, Marina  and
      Bobicev, Victoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1078",
    pages = "604--610",
}
@inproceedings{stajner-saggion-2015-translating,
    title = "Translating from Original to Simplified Sentences using {M}oses: When does it Actually Work?",
    author = "{\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1079",
    pages = "611--617",
}
@inproceedings{stajner-etal-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Text Simplification for {S}panish: Comparative Evaluation of Various Simplification Strategies",
    author = "{\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Calixto, Iacer  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1080",
    pages = "618--626",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-tanev-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards Multilingual Event Extraction Evaluation: A Case Study for the {C}zech Language",
    author = "Steinberger, Josef  and
      Tanev, Hristo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1081",
    pages = "627--635",
}
@inproceedings{surtani-paul-2015-vsm,
    title = "A {VSM}-based Statistical Model for the Semantic Relation Interpretation of Noun-Modifier Pairs",
    author = "Surtani, Nitesh  and
      Paul, Soma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1082",
    pages = "636--645",
}
@inproceedings{tanha-etal-2015-lda,
    title = "An {LDA}-based Topic Selection Approach to Language Model Adaptation for Handwritten Text Recognition",
    author = "Tanha, Jafar  and
      de Does, Jesse  and
      Depuydt, Katrien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1083",
    pages = "646--653",
}
@inproceedings{todorova-simov-2015-training,
    title = "Training Automatic Transliteration Models on {DBP}edia Data",
    author = "Todorova, Velislava  and
      Simov, Kiril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1084",
    pages = "654--662",
}
@inproceedings{turki-khemakhem-etal-2015-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic-{E}nglish Semantic Word Class Alignment to Improve Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Turki Khemakhem, Ines  and
      Jamoussi, Salma  and
      Ben Hamadou, Abdelmajid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1085",
    pages = "663--671",
}
@inproceedings{van-hee-etal-2015-detection,
    title = "Detection and Fine-Grained Classification of Cyberbullying Events",
    author = "Van Hee, Cynthia  and
      Lefever, Els  and
      Verhoeven, Ben  and
      Mennes, Julie  and
      Desmet, Bart  and
      De Pauw, Guy  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Hoste, Veronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1086",
    pages = "672--680",
}
@inproceedings{verma-vuppuluri-2015-new,
    title = "A New Approach for Idiom Identification Using Meanings and the Web",
    author = "Verma, Rakesh  and
      Vuppuluri, Vasanthi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1087",
    pages = "681--687",
}
@inproceedings{vo-popescu-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning the Impact and Behavior of Syntactic Structure: A Case Study in Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Vo, Ngoc Phuoc An  and
      Popescu, Octavian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1088",
    pages = "688--696",
}
@inproceedings{yaneva-evans-2015-six,
    title = "Six Good Predictors of Autistic Text Comprehension",
    author = "Yaneva, Victoria  and
      Evans, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1089",
    pages = "697--706",
}
@inproceedings{yang-manandhar-2015-user,
    title = "User Name Disambiguation in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Yang, Baoguo  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1090",
    pages = "707--713",
}
@inproceedings{yordanova-2015-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Causal Relations in Textual Instructions",
    author = "Yordanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1091",
    pages = "714--720",
}
@inproceedings{zasko-zielinska-etal-2015-large,
    title = "A Large {W}ordnet-based Sentiment Lexicon for Polish",
    author = "Za{\'s}ko-Zieli{\'n}ska, Monika  and
      Piasecki, Maciej  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1092",
    pages = "721--730",
}
@inproceedings{zayed-el-beltagy-2015-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition of Persons{'} Names in {A}rabic Tweets",
    author = "Zayed, Omnia  and
      El-Beltagy, Samhaa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1093",
    pages = "731--738",
}
@inproceedings{ziering-van-der-plas-2015-one,
    title = "One Tree is not Enough: Cross-lingual Accumulative Structure Transfer for Semantic Indeterminacy",
    author = "Ziering, Patrick  and
      van der Plas, Lonneke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1094",
    pages = "739--746",
}
@inproceedings{zirn-etal-2015-lost,
    title = "Lost in Discussion? Tracking Opinion Groups in Complex Political Discussions by the Example of the {FOMC} Meeting Transcriptions",
    author = {Zirn, C{\"a}cilia  and
      Meusel, Robert  and
      Stuckenschmidt, Heiner},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-1095",
    pages = "747--753",
}
@proceedings{ranlp-2015-student,
    title = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    author = "Temnikova, Irina  and
      Nikolova, Ivelina  and
      Popov, Alexander",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-2000",
}
@inproceedings{diez-2015-complexity,
    title = "The Complexity of Scrambling in {J}apanese: A {TAG} Approach",
    author = "Diez, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-2001",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{franklin-2015-theoretical,
    title = "Some Theoretical Considerations in Off-the-Shelf Text Analysis Software",
    author = "Franklin, Emma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-2002",
    pages = "8--15",
}
@inproceedings{kohail-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Topic-Specific Domain Dependency Graphs for Aspect Identification in Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Kohail, Sarah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-2003",
    pages = "16--23",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised learning of agglutinated morphology using nested Pitman-Yor process based morpheme induction algorithm",
    author = "Kumar, Arun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-2004",
    pages = "24--29",
}
@inproceedings{yaneva-2015-easy,
    title = "Easy-read Documents as a Gold Standard for Evaluation of Text Simplification Output",
    author = "Yaneva, Victoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R15-2005",
    pages = "30--36",
}
@proceedings{acl-2003-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1000",
}
@inproceedings{fleischman-etal-2003-offline,
    title = "Offline Strategies for Online Question Answering: Answering Questions Before They Are Asked",
    author = "Fleischman, Michael  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Echihabi, Abdessamad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075097",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{surdeanu-etal-2003-using,
    title = "Using Predicate-Argument Structures for Information Extraction",
    author = "Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda  and
      Williams, John  and
      Aarseth, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075098",
    pages = "8--15",
}
@inproceedings{echihabi-marcu-2003-noisy,
    title = "A Noisy-Channel Approach to Question Answering",
    author = "Echihabi, Abdessamad  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075099",
    pages = "16--23",
}
@inproceedings{kudo-matsumoto-2003-fast,
    title = "Fast Methods for Kernel-Based Text Analysis",
    author = "Kudo, Taku  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075100",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2003-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Directed Acyclic Graph Kernel: Methods for Structured Natural Language Data",
    author = "Suzuki, Jun  and
      Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Sasaki, Yutaka  and
      Maeda, Eisaku",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075101",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{allauzen-etal-2003-generalized,
    title = "Generalized Algorithms for Constructing Statistical Language Models",
    author = "Allauzen, Cyril  and
      Mohri, Mehryar  and
      Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075102",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{korhonen-preiss-2003-improving,
    title = "Improving Subcategorization Acquisition Using Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Korhonen, Anna  and
      Preiss, Judita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075103",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{nissim-markert-2003-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Features and Word Similarity for Supervised Metonymy Resolution",
    author = "Nissim, Malvina  and
      Markert, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075104",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{korhonen-etal-2003-clustering,
    title = "Clustering Polysemic Subcategorization Frame Distributions Semantically",
    author = "Korhonen, Anna  and
      Krymolowski, Yuval  and
      Marx, Zvika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075105",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{utiyama-isahara-2003-reliable,
    title = "Reliable Measures for Aligning {J}apanese-{E}nglish News Articles and Sentences",
    author = "Utiyama, Masao  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075106",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{gildea-2003-loosely,
    title = "Loosely Tree-Based Alignment for Machine Translation",
    author = "Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075107",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{cherry-lin-2003-probability,
    title = "A Probability Model to Improve Word Alignment",
    author = "Cherry, Colin  and
      Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075108",
    pages = "88--95",
}
@inproceedings{dubey-keller-2003-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Parsing for {G}erman Using Sister-Head Dependencies",
    author = "Dubey, Amit  and
      Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075109",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@inproceedings{frank-etal-2003-integrated,
    title = "Integrated Shallow and Deep Parsing: {T}op{P} Meets {HPSG}",
    author = {Frank, Anette  and
      Becker, Markus  and
      Crysmann, Berthold  and
      Kiefer, Bernd  and
      Sch{\"a}fer, Ulrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075110",
    pages = "104--111",
}
@inproceedings{schiehlen-2003-combining,
    title = "Combining Deep and Shallow Approaches in Parsing {G}erman",
    author = "Schiehlen, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075111",
    pages = "112--119",
}
@inproceedings{wu-zhou-2003-synonymous,
    title = "Synonymous Collocation Extraction Using Translation Information",
    author = "Wu, Hua  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075112",
    pages = "120--127",
}
@inproceedings{pado-lapata-2003-constructing,
    title = "Constructing Semantic Space Models from Parsed Corpora",
    author = "Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075113",
    pages = "128--135",
}
@inproceedings{widdows-2003-orthogonal,
    title = "Orthogonal Negation in Vector Spaces for Modelling Word-Meanings and Document Retrieval",
    author = "Widdows, Dominic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075114",
    pages = "136--143",
}
@inproceedings{zens-ney-2003-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study on Reordering Constraints in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zens, Richard  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075115",
    pages = "144--151",
}
@inproceedings{lita-etal-2003-truecasing,
    title = "t{R}u{E}cas{I}ng",
    author = "Lita, Lucian Vlad  and
      Ittycheriah, Abe  and
      Roukos, Salim  and
      Kambhatla, Nanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075116",
    pages = "152--159",
}
@inproceedings{och-2003-minimum,
    title = "Minimum Error Rate Training in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Och, Franz Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075117",
    pages = "160--167",
}
@inproceedings{strube-muller-2003-machine,
    title = "A Machine Learning Approach to Pronoun Resolution in Spoken Dialogue",
    author = {Strube, Michael  and
      M{\"u}ller, Christoph},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075118",
    pages = "168--175",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2003-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution Using Competition Learning Approach",
    author = "Yang, Xiaofeng  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075119",
    pages = "176--183",
}
@inproceedings{clement-kinyon-2003-generating,
    title = "Generating Parallel Multilingual {LFG}-{TAG} Grammars from a {M}eta{G}rammar",
    author = "Cl{\'e}ment, Lionel  and
      Kinyon, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075120",
    pages = "184--191",
}
@inproceedings{kuhn-2003-compounding,
    title = "Compounding and Derivational Morphology in a Finite-State Setting",
    author = "Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075121",
    pages = "192--199",
}
@inproceedings{penn-munteanu-2003-tabulation,
    title = "A Tabulation-Based Parsing Method that Reduces Copying",
    author = "Penn, Gerald  and
      Munteanu, Cosmin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075122",
    pages = "200--207",
}
@inproceedings{gordon-etal-2003-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Expressions of Commonsense Psychology in {E}nglish Text",
    author = "Gordon, Andrew  and
      Kazemzadeh, Abe  and
      Nair, Anish  and
      Petrova, Milena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075123",
    pages = "208--215",
}
@inproceedings{chieu-etal-2003-closing,
    title = "Closing the Gap: Learning-Based Information Extraction Rivaling Knowledge-Engineering Methods",
    author = "Chieu, Hai Leong  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Lee, Yoong Keok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075124",
    pages = "216--223",
}
@inproceedings{sudo-etal-2003-improved,
    title = "An Improved Extraction Pattern Representation Model for Automatic {IE} Pattern Acquisition",
    author = "Sudo, Kiyoshi  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075125",
    pages = "224--231",
}
@inproceedings{farahat-etal-2003-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Story Link Detection is not Equivalent to Optimizing New Event Detection",
    author = "Farahat, Ayman  and
      Chen, Francine  and
      Brants, Thorsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075126",
    pages = "232--239",
}
@inproceedings{higashinaka-etal-2003-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Discourse Understanding in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Nakano, Mikio  and
      Aikawa, Kiyoaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075127",
    pages = "240--247",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2003-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Key Semantic Terms from {C}hinese Speech Query for Web Searches",
    author = "Wang, Gang  and
      Chua, Tat-Seng  and
      Wang, Yong-Cheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075128",
    pages = "248--255",
}
@inproceedings{komatani-etal-2003-flexible,
    title = "Flexible Guidance Generation Using User Model in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Komatani, Kazunori  and
      Ueno, Shinichi  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya  and
      Okuno, Hiroshi G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075129",
    pages = "256--263",
}
@inproceedings{callaway-2003-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Discourse Markers into a Pipelined Natural Language Generation Architecture",
    author = "Callaway, Charles B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075130",
    pages = "264--271",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2003-improved,
    title = "Improved Source-Channel Models for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Huang, Chang-Ning",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075131",
    pages = "272--279",
}
@inproceedings{creutz-2003-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Segmentation of Words Using Prior Distributions of Morph Length and Frequency",
    author = "Creutz, Mathias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075132",
    pages = "280--287",
}
@inproceedings{jansche-2003-parametric,
    title = "Parametric Models of Linguistic Count Data",
    author = "Jansche, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075133",
    pages = "288--295",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2003-self,
    title = "Self-Organizing {M}arkov Models and Their Application to Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075134",
    pages = "296--302",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-2003-chunk,
    title = "Chunk-Based Statistical Translation",
    author = "Watanabe, Taro  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Okuno, Hiroshi G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075135",
    pages = "303--310",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-knight-2003-feature,
    title = "Feature-Rich Statistical Translation of Noun Phrases",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075136",
    pages = "311--318",
}
@inproceedings{venugopal-etal-2003-effective,
    title = "Effective Phrase Translation Extraction from Alignment Models",
    author = "Venugopal, Ashish  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075137",
    pages = "319--326",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2003-uncertainty,
    title = "Uncertainty Reduction in Collaborative Bootstrapping: Measure and Algorithm",
    author = "Cao, Yunbo  and
      Li, Hang  and
      Lian, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075138",
    pages = "327--334",
}
@inproceedings{niu-etal-2003-bootstrapping,
    title = "A Bootstrapping Approach to Named Entity Classification Using Successive Learners",
    author = "Niu, Cheng  and
      Li, Wei  and
      Ding, Jihong  and
      Srihari, Rohini",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075139",
    pages = "335--342",
}
@inproceedings{yangarber-2003-counter,
    title = "Counter-Training in Discovery of Semantic Patterns",
    author = "Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075140",
    pages = "343--350",
}
@inproceedings{bechet-foret-2003-k,
    title = "k-Valued Non-Associative Lambek Categorial Grammars are not Learnable from Strings",
    author = "B{\'e}chet, Denis  and
      Foret, Annie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075141",
    pages = "351--358",
}
@inproceedings{hockenmaier-2003-parsing,
    title = "Parsing with Generative Models of Predicate-Argument Structure",
    author = "Hockenmaier, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075142",
    pages = "359--366",
}
@inproceedings{niehren-thater-2003-bridging,
    title = "Bridging the Gap Between Underspecification Formalisms: Minimal Recursion Semantics as Dominance Constraints",
    author = "Niehren, Joachim  and
      Thater, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075143",
    pages = "367--374",
}
@inproceedings{radev-etal-2003-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Challenges in Large-Scale Document Summarization",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir R.  and
      Teufel, Simone  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Lam, Wai  and
      Blitzer, John  and
      Qi, Hong  and
      {\c{C}}elebi, Arda  and
      Liu, Danyu  and
      Drabek, Elliott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075144",
    pages = "375--382",
}
@inproceedings{aizawa-2003-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Source Identified Text Corpora: Exploring the Statistics of the Reused Text and Authorship",
    author = "Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075145",
    pages = "383--390",
}
@inproceedings{rogati-etal-2003-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of {A}rabic Stemming Using a Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Rogati, Monica  and
      McCarley, Scott  and
      Yang, Yiming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075146",
    pages = "391--398",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2003-language,
    title = "Language Model Based {A}rabic Word Segmentation",
    author = "Lee, Young-Suk  and
      Papineni, Kishore  and
      Roukos, Salim  and
      Emam, Ossama  and
      Hassan, Hany",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075147",
    pages = "399--406",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-ishii-etal-2003-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Vocabulary for Predictive Text Entry through Dynamic Reuse of a Small User Corpus",
    author = "Tanaka-Ishii, Kumiko  and
      Hayakawa, Daichi  and
      Takeichi, Masato",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075148",
    pages = "407--414",
}
@inproceedings{sakas-2003-word,
    title = "A Word-Order Database for Testing Computational Models of Language Acquisition",
    author = "Sakas, William Gregory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075149",
    pages = "415--422",
}
@inproceedings{klein-manning-2003-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Unlexicalized Parsing",
    author = "Klein, Dan  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075150",
    pages = "423--430",
}
@inproceedings{dienes-dubey-2003-deep,
    title = "Deep Syntactic Processing by Combining Shallow Methods",
    author = "Dienes, P{\'e}ter  and
      Dubey, Amit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075151",
    pages = "431--438",
}
@inproceedings{levy-manning-2003-harder,
    title = "Is it Harder to Parse {C}hinese, or the {C}hinese Treebank?",
    author = "Levy, Roger  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075152",
    pages = "439--446",
}
@inproceedings{imamura-etal-2003-feedback,
    title = "Feedback Cleaning of Machine Translation Rules Using Automatic Evaluation",
    author = "Imamura, Kenji  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1057",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075153",
    pages = "447--454",
}
@inproceedings{ng-etal-2003-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Parallel Texts for Word Sense Disambiguation: An Empirical Study",
    author = "Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Wang, Bin  and
      Chan, Yee Seng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1058",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075154",
    pages = "455--462",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-bond-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning the Countability of {E}nglish Nouns from Corpus Data",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1059",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075155",
    pages = "463--470",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2003-syllable,
    title = "A Syllable Based Word Recognition Model for {K}orean Noun Extraction",
    author = "Lee, Do-Gil  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang  and
      Lim, Heui-Seok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1060",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075156",
    pages = "471--478",
}
@inproceedings{uchimoto-etal-2003-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Analysis of a Large Spontaneous Speech Corpus in {J}apanese",
    author = "Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Nobata, Chikashi  and
      Yamada, Atsushi  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1061",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075157",
    pages = "479--488",
}
@inproceedings{marsi-etal-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning to Predict Pitch Accents and Prosodic Boundaries in {D}utch",
    author = "Marsi, Erwin  and
      Reynaert, Martin  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1062",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075158",
    pages = "489--496",
}
@inproceedings{park-zhang-2003-text,
    title = "Text Chunking by Combining Hand-Crafted Rules and Memory-Based Learning",
    author = "Park, Seong-Bae  and
      Zhang, Byoung-Tak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1063",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075159",
    pages = "497--504",
}
@inproceedings{shen-joshi-2003-snow,
    title = "A {SN}o{W} Based Supertagger with Application to {NP} Chunking",
    author = "Shen, Libin  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1064",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075160",
    pages = "505--512",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2003-expert,
    title = "An Expert Lexicon Approach to Identifying {E}nglish Phrasal Verbs",
    author = "Li, Wei  and
      Zhang, Xiuhong  and
      Niu, Cheng  and
      Jiang, Yuankai  and
      Srihari, Rohini K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1065",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075161",
    pages = "513--520",
}
@inproceedings{gao-suzuki-2003-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Dependency Structure for Language Modeling",
    author = "Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Suzuki, Hisami",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1066",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075162",
    pages = "521--528",
}
@inproceedings{schuler-2003-using,
    title = "Using Model-Theoretic Semantic Interpretation to Guide Statistical Parsing and Word Recognition in a Spoken Language Interface",
    author = "Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1067",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075163",
    pages = "529--536",
}
@inproceedings{erk-etal-2003-towards,
    title = "Towards a Resource for Lexical Semantics: A Large {G}erman Corpus with Extensive Semantic Annotation",
    author = "Erk, Katrin  and
      Kowalski, Andrea  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1068",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075164",
    pages = "537--544",
}
@inproceedings{lapata-2003-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Text Structuring: Experiments with Sentence Ordering",
    author = "Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1069",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075165",
    pages = "545--552",
}
@inproceedings{nakano-etal-2003-towards,
    title = "Towards a Model of Face-to-Face Grounding",
    author = "Nakano, Yukiko  and
      Reinstein, Gabe  and
      Stocky, Tom  and
      Cassell, Justine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1070",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075166",
    pages = "553--561",
}
@inproceedings{galley-etal-2003-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Segmentation of Multi-Party Conversation",
    author = "Galley, Michel  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric  and
      Jing, Hongyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1071",
    doi = "10.3115/1075096.1075167",
    pages = "562--569",
}
@proceedings{acl-2003-companion,
    title = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2003-proceedings,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2003 Student Research Workshop",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2001",
}
@inproceedings{boufaden-2003-ontology,
    title = "An Ontology-based Semantic Tagger for {IE} system",
    author = "Boufaden, Narj{\`e}s",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2002",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075179",
    pages = "7--14",
}
@inproceedings{castano-2003-applicability,
    title = "On the Applicability of Global Index Grammars",
    author = "Casta{\~n}o, Jos{\'e} M.",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2003",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075180",
    pages = "15--22",
}
@inproceedings{gabsdil-2003-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Recognition Results for Spoken Dialog Systems",
    author = "Gabsdil, Malte",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2004",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075181",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-2003-adaptive,
    title = "An Adaptive Approach to Collecting Multimodal Input",
    author = "Gupta, Anurag",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2005",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075182",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{jijkoun-2003-finding,
    title = "Finding Non-local Dependencies: Beyond Pattern Matching",
    author = "Jijkoun, Valentin",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2006",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075183",
    pages = "37--43",
}
@inproceedings{kang-2003-novel,
    title = "A Novel Approach to Semantic Indexing Based on Concept",
    author = "Kang, Bo-Yeong",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2007",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075184",
    pages = "44--49",
}
@inproceedings{masuda-2003-ranking,
    title = "A Ranking Model of Proximal and Structural Text Retrieval Based on Region Algebra",
    author = "Masuda, Katsuya",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2008",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075185",
    pages = "50--57",
}
@inproceedings{midgley-2003-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Chunking: A Tool in Dialogue Act Tagging",
    author = "Midgley, T. Daniel",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2009",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075186",
    pages = "58--63",
}
@inproceedings{son-2003-computational,
    title = "A Computational Treatment of {K}orean Temporal Markers, {OE} and {DONGAN}",
    author = "Son, Hyunjung",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2010",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075187",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-2003-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Classification of {C}hinese Unknown Words",
    author = "Tseng, Huihsin",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2011",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075188",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{uryupina-2003-high,
    title = "High-precision Identification of Discourse New and Unique Noun Phrases",
    author = "Uryupina, Olga",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2012",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075189",
    pages = "80--86",
}
@inproceedings{yamura-takei-2003-approaches,
    title = "Approaches to Zero Adnominal Recognition",
    author = "Yamura-Takei, Mitsuko",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2013",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075190",
    pages = "87--94",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2003-acl,
    title = "{ACL}-03 Interactive Posters and Demonstrations",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2014",
}
@inproceedings{goto-etal-2003-spoken,
    title = "A Spoken Dialogue Interface for {TV} Operations based on Data Collected by using {WOZ} Method",
    author = "Goto, Jun  and
      Kim, Yeun-Bae  and
      Miyazaki, Masaru  and
      Komine, Kazuteru  and
      Uratani, Noriyoshi",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2015",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075191",
    pages = "101--104",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-ishii-etal-2003-kiwi,
    title = "{K}iwi: A Multilingual Usage Consultation Tool based on {I}nternet Searching",
    author = "Tanaka-Ishii, Kumiko  and
      Yamamoto, Masato  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2016",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075192",
    pages = "105--108",
}
@inproceedings{dymetman-etal-2003-towards,
    title = "Towards Interactive Text Understanding",
    author = "Dymetman, Marc  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Yamada, Kenji",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2017",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075193",
    pages = "109--112",
}
@inproceedings{marshall-safar-2003-prototype,
    title = "A Prototype Text to {B}ritish Sign Language ({BSL}) Translation System",
    author = "Marshall, Ian  and
      S{\'a}f{\'a}r, {\'E}va",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2018",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075194",
    pages = "113--116",
}
@inproceedings{busemann-etal-2003-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Information Extraction and Automatic Hyperlinking",
    author = "Busemann, Stephan  and
      Drozdzynski, Witold  and
      Krieger, Hans-Ulrich  and
      Piskorski, Jakub  and
      Schaefer, Ulrich  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Xu, Feiyu",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2019",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075195",
    pages = "117--120",
}
@inproceedings{sato-sasaki-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Collection of Related Terms from the Web",
    author = "Sato, Satoshi  and
      Sasaki, Yasuhiro",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2020",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075196",
    pages = "121--124",
}
@inproceedings{leuski-etal-2003-ineats,
    title = "i{N}e{ATS}: Interactive Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Leuski, Anton  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2021",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075197",
    pages = "125--128",
}
@inproceedings{atlam-etal-2003-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation Method of Words Tendency using Decision Tree",
    author = "Atlam, El-Sayed  and
      Oono, Masaki  and
      Aoe, Jun-ichi",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2022",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075198",
    pages = "129--132",
}
@inproceedings{yamabana-etal-2003-speech,
    title = "A Speech Translation System with Mobile Wireless Clients",
    author = "Yamabana, Kiyoshi  and
      Hanazawa, Ken  and
      Isotani, Ryosuke  and
      Osada, Seiya  and
      Okumura, Akitoshi  and
      Watanabe, Takao",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2023",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075199",
    pages = "133--136",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-2003-limited,
    title = "A Limited-Domain {E}nglish to {J}apanese Medical Speech Translator Built Using {REGULUS} 2",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Van Dalsem III, Vol  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Kanzaki, Kyoko  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2024",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075200",
    pages = "137--140",
}
@inproceedings{sadat-etal-2003-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Terminology Acquisition from Comparable Corpora and Phrasal Translation to Cross-Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Sadat, Fatiha  and
      Yoshikawa, Masatoshi  and
      Uemura, Shunsuke",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2025",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075201",
    pages = "141--144",
}
@inproceedings{izumi-etal-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Error Detection in the {J}apanese Learners{'} {E}nglish Spoken Data",
    author = "Izumi, Emi  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Saiga, Toyomi  and
      Supnithi, Thepchai  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2026",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075202",
    pages = "145--148",
}
@inproceedings{kiyota-etal-2003-dialog,
    title = "Dialog Navigator : A Spoken Dialog Q-A System based on Large Text Knowledge Base",
    author = "Kiyota, Yoji  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Misu, Teruhisa  and
      Komatani, Kazunori  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya  and
      Kido, Fuyuko",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2027",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075203",
    pages = "149--152",
}
@inproceedings{hori-etal-2003-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Interactive {ODQA} System: {SPIQA}",
    author = "Hori, Chiori  and
      Hori, Takaaki  and
      Tsukada, Hajime  and
      Isozaki, Hideki  and
      Sasaki, Yutaka  and
      Maeda, Eisaku",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2028",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075204",
    pages = "153--156",
}
@inproceedings{yamashita-etal-2003-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation Using Pairwise Alignment",
    author = "Yamashita, Koichi  and
      Yoshida, Keiichi  and
      Itoh, Yukihiro",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2029",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075205",
    pages = "157--160",
}
@inproceedings{baker-sato-2003-framenet,
    title = "The {F}rame{N}et Data and Software",
    author = "Baker, Collin F.  and
      Sato, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2030",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075206",
    pages = "161--164",
}
@inproceedings{an-etal-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Named Entity Tagged Corpus from World Wide Web",
    author = "An, Joohui  and
      Lee, Seungwoo  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2031",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075207",
    pages = "165--168",
}
@inproceedings{kida-etal-2003-extraction,
    title = "Extraction and Verification of {KO}-{OU} Expressions from Large Corpora",
    author = "Kida, Atsuko  and
      Yamamoto, Eiko  and
      Kanzaki, Kyoko  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2032",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075208",
    pages = "169--172",
}
@inproceedings{yakushiji-etal-2003-debug,
    title = "A Debug Tool for Practical Grammar Development",
    author = "Yakushiji, Akane  and
      Tateisi, Yuka  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2033",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075209",
    pages = "173--176",
}
@inproceedings{schofield-zheng-2003-speech,
    title = "A Speech Interface for Open-Domain Question-Answering",
    author = "Schofield, Edward  and
      Zheng, Zhiping",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2034",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075210",
    pages = "177--180",
}
@inproceedings{takeuchi-etal-2003-deverbal,
    title = "Deverbal Compound Noun Analysis Based on Lexical Conceptual Structure",
    author = "Takeuchi, Koichi  and
      Kageura, Kyo  and
      Koyama, Teruo",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2035",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075211",
    pages = "181--184",
}
@inproceedings{yoshinaga-etal-2003-comparison,
    title = "Comparison between {CFG} Filtering Techniques for {LTAG} and {HPSG}",
    author = "Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2036",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075212",
    pages = "185--188",
}
@inproceedings{tsuchiya-sato-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Grammar Elements that Decrease Readability",
    author = "Tsuchiya, Masatoshi  and
      Sato, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2037",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075213",
    pages = "189--192",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-2003-intelligent,
    title = "An Intelligent Procedure Assistant Built Using {REGULUS} 2 and {ALTERF}",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann  and
      Hieronymus, Jim  and
      Dowding, John  and
      Aist, Greg  and
      Early, Susana",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2038",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075214",
    pages = "193--196",
}
@inproceedings{goh-etal-2003-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Unknown Word Identification Using Character-based Tagging and Chunking",
    author = "Goh, Chooi Ling  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2039",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075215",
    pages = "197--200",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2003-totalrecall-bilingual,
    title = "{T}otal{R}ecall: A Bilingual Concordance for Computer Assisted Translation and Language Learning",
    author = "Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Yeh, Kevin C.  and
      Chuang, Thomas C.  and
      Shei, Wen-Chi  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2040",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075216",
    pages = "201--204",
}
@inproceedings{eisner-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning Non-Isomorphic Tree Mappings for Machine Translation",
    author = "Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "The Companion Volume to the Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2041",
    doi = "10.3115/1075178.1075217",
    pages = "205--208",
}
@proceedings{acl-2017-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    author = "Barzilay, Regina  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2017-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Multi-task Learning for Text Classification",
    author = "Liu, Pengfei  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "Neural network models have shown their promising opportunities for multi-task learning, which focus on learning the shared layers to extract the common and task-invariant features. However, in most existing approaches, the extracted shared features are prone to be contaminated by task-specific features or the noise brought by other tasks. In this paper, we propose an adversarial multi-task learning framework, alleviating the shared and private latent feature spaces from interfering with each other. We conduct extensive experiments on 16 different text classification tasks, which demonstrates the benefits of our approach. Besides, we show that the shared knowledge learned by our proposed model can be regarded as off-the-shelf knowledge and easily transferred to new tasks. The datasets of all 16 tasks are publicly available at \url{http://nlp.fudan.edu.cn/data/}.",
}
@inproceedings{eger-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural End-to-End Learning for Computational Argumentation Mining",
    author = "Eger, Steffen  and
      Daxenberger, Johannes  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1002",
    pages = "11--22",
    abstract = "We investigate neural techniques for end-to-end computational argumentation mining (AM). We frame AM both as a token-based dependency parsing and as a token-based sequence tagging problem, including a multi-task learning setup. Contrary to models that operate on the argument component level, we find that framing AM as dependency parsing leads to subpar performance results. In contrast, less complex (local) tagging models based on BiLSTMs perform robustly across classification scenarios, being able to catch long-range dependencies inherent to the AM problem. Moreover, we find that jointly learning {`}natural{'} subtasks, in a multi-task learning setup, improves performance.",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Symbolic Machines: Learning Semantic Parsers on {F}reebase with Weak Supervision",
    author = "Liang, Chen  and
      Berant, Jonathan  and
      Le, Quoc  and
      Forbus, Kenneth D.  and
      Lao, Ni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1003",
    pages = "23--33",
    abstract = "Harnessing the statistical power of neural networks to perform language understanding and symbolic reasoning is difficult, when it requires executing efficient discrete operations against a large knowledge-base. In this work, we introduce a Neural Symbolic Machine, which contains (a) a neural {``}programmer{''}, i.e., a sequence-to-sequence model that maps language utterances to programs and utilizes a key-variable memory to handle compositionality (b) a symbolic {``}computer{''}, i.e., a Lisp interpreter that performs program execution, and helps find good programs by pruning the search space. We apply REINFORCE to directly optimize the task reward of this structured prediction problem. To train with weak supervision and improve the stability of REINFORCE, we augment it with an iterative maximum-likelihood training process. NSM outperforms the state-of-the-art on the WebQuestionsSP dataset when trained from question-answer pairs only, without requiring any feature engineering or domain-specific knowledge.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Relation Extraction with Multi-lingual Attention",
    author = "Lin, Yankai  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1004",
    pages = "34--43",
    abstract = "Relation extraction has been widely used for finding unknown relational facts from plain text. Most existing methods focus on exploiting mono-lingual data for relation extraction, ignoring massive information from the texts in various languages. To address this issue, we introduce a multi-lingual neural relation extraction framework, which employs mono-lingual attention to utilize the information within mono-lingual texts and further proposes cross-lingual attention to consider the information consistency and complementarity among cross-lingual texts. Experimental results on real-world datasets show that, our model can take advantage of multi-lingual texts and consistently achieve significant improvements on relation extraction as compared with baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Structured Natural Language Representations for Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Cheng, Jianpeng  and
      Reddy, Siva  and
      Saraswat, Vijay  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1005",
    pages = "44--55",
    abstract = "We introduce a neural semantic parser which is interpretable and scalable. Our model converts natural language utterances to intermediate, domain-general natural language representations in the form of predicate-argument structures, which are induced with a transition system and subsequently mapped to target domains. The semantic parser is trained end-to-end using annotated logical forms or their denotations. We achieve the state of the art on SPADES and GRAPHQUESTIONS and obtain competitive results on GEOQUERY and WEBQUESTIONS. The induced predicate-argument structures shed light on the types of representations useful for semantic parsing and how these are different from linguistically motivated ones.",
}
@inproceedings{vulic-etal-2017-morph,
    title = "Morph-fitting: Fine-Tuning Word Vector Spaces with Simple Language-Specific Rules",
    author = "Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      {\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid  and
      Young, Steve  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1006",
    pages = "56--68",
    abstract = "Morphologically rich languages accentuate two properties of distributional vector space models: 1) the difficulty of inducing accurate representations for low-frequency word forms; and 2) insensitivity to distinct lexical relations that have similar distributional signatures. These effects are detrimental for language understanding systems, which may infer that {`}inexpensive{'} is a rephrasing for {`}expensive{'} or may not associate {`}acquire{'} with {`}acquires{'}. In this work, we propose a novel morph-fitting procedure which moves past the use of curated semantic lexicons for improving distributional vector spaces. Instead, our method injects morphological constraints generated using simple language-specific rules, pulling inflectional forms of the same word close together and pushing derivational antonyms far apart. In intrinsic evaluation over four languages, we show that our approach: 1) improves low-frequency word estimates; and 2) boosts the semantic quality of the entire word vector collection. Finally, we show that morph-fitted vectors yield large gains in the downstream task of dialogue state tracking, highlighting the importance of morphology for tackling long-tail phenomena in language understanding tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{gittens-etal-2017-skip,
    title = "Skip-Gram − {Z}ipf + Uniform = Vector Additivity",
    author = "Gittens, Alex  and
      Achlioptas, Dimitris  and
      Mahoney, Michael W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1007",
    pages = "69--76",
    abstract = "In recent years word-embedding models have gained great popularity due to their remarkable performance on several tasks, including word analogy questions and caption generation. An unexpected {``}side-effect{''} of such models is that their vectors often exhibit compositionality, i.e., \textit{adding} two word-vectors results in a vector that is only a small angle away from the vector of a word representing the semantic composite of the original words, e.g., {``}man{''} + {``}royal{''} = {``}king{''}. This work provides a theoretical justification for the presence of additive compositionality in word vectors learned using the Skip-Gram model. In particular, it shows that additive compositionality holds in an even stricter sense (small distance rather than small angle) under certain assumptions on the process generating the corpus. As a corollary, it explains the success of vector calculus in solving word analogies. When these assumptions do not hold, this work describes the correct non-linear composition operator. Finally, this work establishes a connection between the Skip-Gram model and the Sufficient Dimensionality Reduction (SDR) framework of Globerson and Tishby: the parameters of SDR models can be obtained from those of Skip-Gram models simply by adding information on symbol frequencies. This shows that Skip-Gram embeddings are optimal in the sense of Globerson and Tishby and, further, implies that the heuristics commonly used to approximately fit Skip-Gram models can be used to fit SDR models.",
}
@inproceedings{abend-rappoport-2017-state,
    title = "The State of the Art in Semantic Representation",
    author = "Abend, Omri  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1008",
    pages = "77--89",
    abstract = "Semantic representation is receiving growing attention in NLP in the past few years, and many proposals for semantic schemes (e.g., AMR, UCCA, GMB, UDS) have been put forth. Yet, little has been done to assess the achievements and the shortcomings of these new contenders, compare them with syntactic schemes, and clarify the general goals of research on semantic representation. We address these gaps by critically surveying the state of the art in the field.",
}
@inproceedings{lu-ng-2017-joint,
    title = "Joint Learning for Event Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Lu, Jing  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1009",
    pages = "90--101",
    abstract = "While joint models have been developed for many NLP tasks, the vast majority of event coreference resolvers, including the top-performing resolvers competing in the recent TAC KBP 2016 Event Nugget Detection and Coreference task, are pipeline-based, where the propagation of errors from the trigger detection component to the event coreference component is a major performance limiting factor. To address this problem, we propose a model for jointly learning event coreference, trigger detection, and event anaphoricity. Our joint model is novel in its choice of tasks and its features for capturing cross-task interactions. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to train a mention-ranking model and employ event anaphoricity for event coreference. Our model achieves the best results to date on the KBP 2016 English and Chinese datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2017-generating,
    title = "Generating and Exploiting Large-scale Pseudo Training Data for Zero Pronoun Resolution",
    author = "Liu, Ting  and
      Cui, Yiming  and
      Yin, Qingyu  and
      Zhang, Wei-Nan  and
      Wang, Shijin  and
      Hu, Guoping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1010",
    pages = "102--111",
    abstract = "Most existing approaches for zero pronoun resolution are heavily relying on annotated data, which is often released by shared task organizers. Therefore, the lack of annotated data becomes a major obstacle in the progress of zero pronoun resolution task. Also, it is expensive to spend manpower on labeling the data for better performance. To alleviate the problem above, in this paper, we propose a simple but novel approach to automatically generate large-scale pseudo training data for zero pronoun resolution. Furthermore, we successfully transfer the cloze-style reading comprehension neural network model into zero pronoun resolution task and propose a two-step training mechanism to overcome the gap between the pseudo training data and the real one. Experimental results show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art systems with an absolute improvements of 3.1{\%} F-score on OntoNotes 5.0 data.",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2017-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Mode Identification in Essays",
    author = "Song, Wei  and
      Wang, Dong  and
      Fu, Ruiji  and
      Liu, Lizhen  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Hu, Guoping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1011",
    pages = "112--122",
    abstract = "Discourse modes play an important role in writing composition and evaluation. This paper presents a study on the manual and automatic identification of narration,exposition, description, argument and emotion expressing sentences in narrative essays. We annotate a corpus to study the characteristics of discourse modes and describe a neural sequence labeling model for identification. Evaluation results show that discourse modes can be identified automatically with an average F1-score of 0.7. We further demonstrate that discourse modes can be used as features that improve automatic essay scoring (AES). The impacts of discourse modes for AES are also discussed.",
}
@inproceedings{gehring-etal-2017-convolutional,
    title = "A Convolutional Encoder Model for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Gehring, Jonas  and
      Auli, Michael  and
      Grangier, David  and
      Dauphin, Yann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1012",
    pages = "123--135",
    abstract = "The prevalent approach to neural machine translation relies on bi-directional LSTMs to encode the source sentence. We present a faster and simpler architecture based on a succession of convolutional layers. This allows to encode the source sentence simultaneously compared to recurrent networks for which computation is constrained by temporal dependencies. On WMT{'}16 English-Romanian translation we achieve competitive accuracy to the state-of-the-art and on WMT{'}15 English-German we outperform several recently published results. Our models obtain almost the same accuracy as a very deep LSTM setup on WMT{'}14 English-French translation. We speed up CPU decoding by more than two times at the same or higher accuracy as a strong bi-directional LSTM.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Neural Machine Translation with Linear Associative Unit",
    author = "Wang, Mingxuan  and
      Lu, Zhengdong  and
      Zhou, Jie  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1013",
    pages = "136--145",
    abstract = "Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have provably enhanced the state-of-the-art Neural Machine Translation (NMT) with its capability in modeling complex functions and capturing complex linguistic structures. However NMT with deep architecture in its encoder or decoder RNNs often suffer from severe gradient diffusion due to the non-linear recurrent activations, which often makes the optimization much more difficult. To address this problem we propose a novel linear associative units (LAU) to reduce the gradient propagation path inside the recurrent unit. Different from conventional approaches (LSTM unit and GRU), LAUs uses linear associative connections between input and output of the recurrent unit, which allows unimpeded information flow through both space and time The model is quite simple, but it is surprisingly effective. Our empirical study on Chinese-English translation shows that our model with proper configuration can improve by 11.7 BLEU upon Groundhog and the best reported on results in the same setting. On WMT14 English-German task and a larger WMT14 English-French task, our model achieves comparable results with the state-of-the-art.",
}
@inproceedings{konstas-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural {AMR}: Sequence-to-Sequence Models for Parsing and Generation",
    author = "Konstas, Ioannis  and
      Iyer, Srinivasan  and
      Yatskar, Mark  and
      Choi, Yejin  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1014",
    pages = "146--157",
    abstract = "Sequence-to-sequence models have shown strong performance across a broad range of applications. However, their application to parsing and generating text using Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) has been limited, due to the relatively limited amount of labeled data and the non-sequential nature of the AMR graphs. We present a novel training procedure that can lift this limitation using millions of unlabeled sentences and careful preprocessing of the AMR graphs. For AMR parsing, our model achieves competitive results of 62.1 SMATCH, the current best score reported without significant use of external semantic resources. For AMR generation, our model establishes a new state-of-the-art performance of BLEU 33.8. We present extensive ablative and qualitative analysis including strong evidence that sequence-based AMR models are robust against ordering variations of graph-to-sequence conversions.",
}
@inproceedings{ling-etal-2017-program,
    title = "Program Induction by Rationale Generation: Learning to Solve and Explain Algebraic Word Problems",
    author = "Ling, Wang  and
      Yogatama, Dani  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1015",
    pages = "158--167",
    abstract = "Solving algebraic word problems requires executing a series of arithmetic operations{---}a program{---}to obtain a final answer. However, since programs can be arbitrarily complicated, inducing them directly from question-answer pairs is a formidable challenge. To make this task more feasible, we solve these problems by generating answer rationales, sequences of natural language and human-readable mathematical expressions that derive the final answer through a series of small steps. Although rationales do not explicitly specify programs, they provide a scaffolding for their structure via intermediate milestones. To evaluate our approach, we have created a new 100,000-sample dataset of questions, answers and rationales. Experimental results show that indirect supervision of program learning via answer rationales is a promising strategy for inducing arithmetic programs.",
}
@inproceedings{hopkins-kiela-2017-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Generating Rhythmic Verse with Neural Networks",
    author = "Hopkins, Jack  and
      Kiela, Douwe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1016",
    pages = "168--178",
    abstract = "We propose two novel methodologies for the automatic generation of rhythmic poetry in a variety of forms. The first approach uses a neural language model trained on a phonetic encoding to learn an implicit representation of both the form and content of English poetry. This model can effectively learn common poetic devices such as rhyme, rhythm and alliteration. The second approach considers poetry generation as a constraint satisfaction problem where a generative neural language model is tasked with learning a representation of content, and a discriminative weighted finite state machine constrains it on the basis of form. By manipulating the constraints of the latter model, we can generate coherent poetry with arbitrary forms and themes. A large-scale extrinsic evaluation demonstrated that participants consider machine-generated poems to be written by humans 54{\%} of the time. In addition, participants rated a machine-generated poem to be the best amongst all evaluated.",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-etal-2017-creating,
    title = "Creating Training Corpora for {NLG} Micro-Planners",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Shimorina, Anastasia  and
      Narayan, Shashi  and
      Perez-Beltrachini, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1017",
    pages = "179--188",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a novel framework for semi-automatically creating linguistically challenging micro-planning data-to-text corpora from existing Knowledge Bases. Because our method pairs data of varying size and shape with texts ranging from simple clauses to short texts, a dataset created using this framework provides a challenging benchmark for microplanning. Another feature of this framework is that it can be applied to any large scale knowledge base and can therefore be used to train and learn KB verbalisers. We apply our framework to DBpedia data and compare the resulting dataset with Wen et al. 2016{'}s. We show that while Wen et al.{'}s dataset is more than twice larger than ours, it is less diverse both in terms of input and in terms of text. We thus propose our corpus generation framework as a novel method for creating challenging data sets from which NLG models can be learned which are capable of handling the complex interactions occurring during in micro-planning between lexicalisation, aggregation, surface realisation, referring expression generation and sentence segmentation. To encourage researchers to take up this challenge, we made available a dataset of 21,855 data/text pairs created using this framework in the context of the WebNLG shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-gated,
    title = "Gated Self-Matching Networks for Reading Comprehension and Question Answering",
    author = "Wang, Wenhui  and
      Yang, Nan  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1018",
    pages = "189--198",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present the gated self-matching networks for reading comprehension style question answering, which aims to answer questions from a given passage. We first match the question and passage with gated attention-based recurrent networks to obtain the question-aware passage representation. Then we propose a self-matching attention mechanism to refine the representation by matching the passage against itself, which effectively encodes information from the whole passage. We finally employ the pointer networks to locate the positions of answers from the passages. We conduct extensive experiments on the SQuAD dataset. The single model achieves 71.3{\%} on the evaluation metrics of exact match on the hidden test set, while the ensemble model further boosts the results to 75.9{\%}. At the time of submission of the paper, our model holds the first place on the SQuAD leaderboard for both single and ensemble model.",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2017-generating,
    title = "Generating Natural Answers by Incorporating Copying and Retrieving Mechanisms in Sequence-to-Sequence Learning",
    author = "He, Shizhu  and
      Liu, Cao  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1019",
    pages = "199--208",
    abstract = "Generating answer with natural language sentence is very important in real-world question answering systems, which needs to obtain a right answer as well as a coherent natural response. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end question answering system called COREQA in sequence-to-sequence learning, which incorporates copying and retrieving mechanisms to generate natural answers within an encoder-decoder framework. Specifically, in COREQA, the semantic units (words, phrases and entities) in a natural answer are dynamically predicted from the vocabulary, copied from the given question and/or retrieved from the corresponding knowledge base jointly. Our empirical study on both synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrates the efficiency of COREQA, which is able to generate correct, coherent and natural answers for knowledge inquired questions.",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2017-coarse,
    title = "Coarse-to-Fine Question Answering for Long Documents",
    author = "Choi, Eunsol  and
      Hewlett, Daniel  and
      Uszkoreit, Jakob  and
      Polosukhin, Illia  and
      Lacoste, Alexandre  and
      Berant, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1020",
    pages = "209--220",
    abstract = "We present a framework for question answering that can efficiently scale to longer documents while maintaining or even improving performance of state-of-the-art models. While most successful approaches for reading comprehension rely on recurrent neural networks (RNNs), running them over long documents is prohibitively slow because it is difficult to parallelize over sequences. Inspired by how people first skim the document, identify relevant parts, and carefully read these parts to produce an answer, we combine a coarse, fast model for selecting relevant sentences and a more expensive RNN for producing the answer from those sentences. We treat sentence selection as a latent variable trained jointly from the answer only using reinforcement learning. Experiments demonstrate state-of-the-art performance on a challenging subset of the WikiReading dataset and on a new dataset, while speeding up the model by 3.5x-6.7x.",
}
@inproceedings{hao-etal-2017-end,
    title = "An End-to-End Model for Question Answering over Knowledge Base with Cross-Attention Combining Global Knowledge",
    author = "Hao, Yanchao  and
      Zhang, Yuanzhe  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      He, Shizhu  and
      Liu, Zhanyi  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1021",
    pages = "221--231",
    abstract = "With the rapid growth of knowledge bases (KBs) on the web, how to take full advantage of them becomes increasingly important. Question answering over knowledge base (KB-QA) is one of the promising approaches to access the substantial knowledge. Meanwhile, as the neural network-based (NN-based) methods develop, NN-based KB-QA has already achieved impressive results. However, previous work did not put more emphasis on question representation, and the question is converted into a fixed vector regardless of its candidate answers. This simple representation strategy is not easy to express the proper information in the question. Hence, we present an end-to-end neural network model to represent the questions and their corresponding scores dynamically according to the various candidate answer aspects via cross-attention mechanism. In addition, we leverage the global knowledge inside the underlying KB, aiming at integrating the rich KB information into the representation of the answers. As a result, it could alleviates the out-of-vocabulary (OOV) problem, which helps the cross-attention model to represent the question more precisely. The experimental results on WebQuestions demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.",
}
@inproceedings{andreas-etal-2017-translating,
    title = "Translating Neuralese",
    author = "Andreas, Jacob  and
      Dragan, Anca  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1022",
    pages = "232--242",
    abstract = "Several approaches have recently been proposed for learning decentralized deep multiagent policies that coordinate via a differentiable communication channel. While these policies are effective for many tasks, interpretation of their induced communication strategies has remained a challenge. Here we propose to interpret agents{'} messages by translating them. Unlike in typical machine translation problems, we have no parallel data to learn from. Instead we develop a translation model based on the insight that agent messages and natural language strings mean the same thing if they induce the same belief about the world in a listener. We present theoretical guarantees and empirical evidence that our approach preserves both the semantics and pragmatics of messages by ensuring that players communicating through a translation layer do not suffer a substantial loss in reward relative to players with a common language.",
}
@inproceedings{zarriess-schlangen-2017-obtaining,
    title = "Obtaining referential word meanings from visual and distributional information: Experiments on object naming",
    author = "Zarrie{\ss}, Sina  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1023",
    pages = "243--254",
    abstract = "We investigate object naming, which is an important sub-task of referring expression generation on real-world images. As opposed to mutually exclusive labels used in object recognition, object names are more flexible, subject to communicative preferences and semantically related to each other. Therefore, we investigate models of referential word meaning that link visual to lexical information which we assume to be given through distributional word embeddings. We present a model that learns individual predictors for object names that link visual and distributional aspects of word meaning during training. We show that this is particularly beneficial for zero-shot learning, as compared to projecting visual objects directly into the distributional space. In a standard object naming task, we find that different ways of combining lexical and visual information achieve very similar performance, though experiments on model combination suggest that they capture complementary aspects of referential meaning.",
}
@inproceedings{shekhar-etal-2017-foil,
    title = "{FOIL} it! Find One mismatch between Image and Language caption",
    author = "Shekhar, Ravi  and
      Pezzelle, Sandro  and
      Klimovich, Yauhen  and
      Herbelot, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Nabi, Moin  and
      Sangineto, Enver  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1024",
    pages = "255--265",
    abstract = "In this paper, we aim to understand whether current language and vision (LaVi) models truly grasp the interaction between the two modalities. To this end, we propose an extension of the MS-COCO dataset, FOIL-COCO, which associates images with both correct and {`}foil{'} captions, that is, descriptions of the image that are highly similar to the original ones, but contain one single mistake ({`}foil word{'}). We show that current LaVi models fall into the traps of this data and perform badly on three tasks: a) caption classification (correct vs. foil); b) foil word detection; c) foil word correction. Humans, in contrast, have near-perfect performance on those tasks. We demonstrate that merely utilising language cues is not enough to model FOIL-COCO and that it challenges the state-of-the-art by requiring a fine-grained understanding of the relation between text and image.",
}
@inproceedings{forbes-choi-2017-verb,
    title = "Verb Physics: Relative Physical Knowledge of Actions and Objects",
    author = "Forbes, Maxwell  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1025",
    pages = "266--276",
    abstract = "Learning commonsense knowledge from natural language text is nontrivial due to reporting bias: people rarely state the obvious, e.g., {``}My house is bigger than me.{''} However, while rarely stated explicitly, this trivial everyday knowledge does influence the way people talk about the world, which provides indirect clues to reason about the world. For example, a statement like, {``}Tyler entered his house{''} implies that his house is bigger than Tyler. In this paper, we present an approach to infer relative physical knowledge of actions and objects along five dimensions (e.g., size, weight, and strength) from unstructured natural language text. We frame knowledge acquisition as joint inference over two closely related problems: learning (1) relative physical knowledge of object pairs and (2) physical implications of actions when applied to those object pairs. Empirical results demonstrate that it is possible to extract knowledge of actions and objects from language and that joint inference over different types of knowledge improves performance.",
}
@inproceedings{yoshikawa-etal-2017-ccg,
    title = "{A}* {CCG} Parsing with a Supertag and Dependency Factored Model",
    author = "Yoshikawa, Masashi  and
      Noji, Hiroshi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1026",
    pages = "277--287",
    abstract = "We propose a new A* CCG parsing model in which the probability of a tree is decomposed into factors of CCG categories and its syntactic dependencies both defined on bi-directional LSTMs. Our factored model allows the precomputation of all probabilities and runs very efficiently, while modeling sentence structures explicitly via dependencies. Our model achieves the state-of-the-art results on English and Japanese CCG parsing.",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-gonzalez-gomez-rodriguez-2017-full,
    title = "A Full Non-Monotonic Transition System for Unrestricted Non-Projective Parsing",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez-Gonz{\'a}lez, Daniel  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1027",
    pages = "288--298",
    abstract = "Restricted non-monotonicity has been shown beneficial for the projective arc-eager dependency parser in previous research, as posterior decisions can repair mistakes made in previous states due to the lack of information. In this paper, we propose a novel, fully non-monotonic transition system based on the non-projective Covington algorithm. As a non-monotonic system requires exploration of erroneous actions during the training process, we develop several non-monotonic variants of the recently defined dynamic oracle for the Covington parser, based on tight approximations of the loss. Experiments on datasets from the CoNLL-X and CoNLL-XI shared tasks show that a non-monotonic dynamic oracle outperforms the monotonic version in the majority of languages.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2017-aggregating,
    title = "Aggregating and Predicting Sequence Labels from Crowd Annotations",
    author = "Nguyen, An Thanh  and
      Wallace, Byron  and
      Li, Junyi Jessy  and
      Nenkova, Ani  and
      Lease, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1028",
    pages = "299--309",
    abstract = "Despite sequences being core to NLP, scant work has considered how to handle noisy sequence labels from multiple annotators for the same text. Given such annotations, we consider two complementary tasks: (1) aggregating sequential crowd labels to infer a best single set of consensus annotations; and (2) using crowd annotations as training data for a model that can predict sequences in unannotated text. For aggregation, we propose a novel Hidden Markov Model variant. To predict sequences in unannotated text, we propose a neural approach using Long Short Term Memory. We evaluate a suite of methods across two different applications and text genres: Named-Entity Recognition in news articles and Information Extraction from biomedical abstracts. Results show improvement over strong baselines. Our source code and data are available online.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-neubig-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-space Variational Encoder-Decoders for Semi-supervised Labeled Sequence Transduction",
    author = "Zhou, Chunting  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1029",
    pages = "310--320",
    abstract = "Labeled sequence transduction is a task of transforming one sequence into another sequence that satisfies desiderata specified by a set of labels. In this paper we propose multi-space variational encoder-decoders, a new model for labeled sequence transduction with semi-supervised learning. The generative model can use neural networks to handle both discrete and continuous latent variables to exploit various features of data. Experiments show that our model provides not only a powerful supervised framework but also can effectively take advantage of the unlabeled data. On the SIGMORPHON morphological inflection benchmark, our model outperforms single-model state-of-art results by a large margin for the majority of languages.",
}
@inproceedings{gan-etal-2017-scalable,
    title = "Scalable {B}ayesian Learning of Recurrent Neural Networks for Language Modeling",
    author = "Gan, Zhe  and
      Li, Chunyuan  and
      Chen, Changyou  and
      Pu, Yunchen  and
      Su, Qinliang  and
      Carin, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1030",
    pages = "321--331",
    abstract = "Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have shown promising performance for language modeling. However, traditional training of RNNs using back-propagation through time often suffers from overfitting. One reason for this is that stochastic optimization (used for large training sets) does not provide good estimates of model uncertainty. This paper leverages recent advances in stochastic gradient Markov Chain Monte Carlo (also appropriate for large training sets) to learn weight uncertainty in RNNs. It yields a principled Bayesian learning algorithm, adding gradient noise during training (enhancing exploration of the model-parameter space) and model averaging when testing. Extensive experiments on various RNN models and across a broad range of applications demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach relative to stochastic optimization.",
}
@inproceedings{bollmann-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning attention for historical text normalization by learning to pronounce",
    author = "Bollmann, Marcel  and
      Bingel, Joachim  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1031",
    pages = "332--344",
    abstract = "Automated processing of historical texts often relies on pre-normalization to modern word forms. Training encoder-decoder architectures to solve such problems typically requires a lot of training data, which is not available for the named task. We address this problem by using several novel encoder-decoder architectures, including a multi-task learning (MTL) architecture using a grapheme-to-phoneme dictionary as auxiliary data, pushing the state-of-the-art by an absolute 2{\%} increase in performance. We analyze the induced models across 44 different texts from Early New High German. Interestingly, we observe that, as previously conjectured, multi-task learning can learn to focus attention during decoding, in ways remarkably similar to recently proposed attention mechanisms. This, we believe, is an important step toward understanding how MTL works.",
}
@inproceedings{croce-etal-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning in Semantic Kernel Spaces",
    author = "Croce, Danilo  and
      Filice, Simone  and
      Castellucci, Giuseppe  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1032",
    pages = "345--354",
    abstract = "Kernel methods enable the direct usage of structured representations of textual data during language learning and inference tasks. Expressive kernels, such as Tree Kernels, achieve excellent performance in NLP. On the other side, deep neural networks have been demonstrated effective in automatically learning feature representations during training. However, their input is tensor data, i.e., they can not manage rich structured information. In this paper, we show that expressive kernels and deep neural networks can be combined in a common framework in order to (i) explicitly model structured information and (ii) learn non-linear decision functions. We show that the input layer of a deep architecture can be pre-trained through the application of the Nystrom low-rank approximation of kernel spaces. The resulting {``}kernelized{''} neural network achieves state-of-the-art accuracy in three different tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{lau-etal-2017-topically,
    title = "Topically Driven Neural Language Model",
    author = "Lau, Jey Han  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1033",
    pages = "355--365",
    abstract = "Language models are typically applied at the sentence level, without access to the broader document context. We present a neural language model that incorporates document context in the form of a topic model-like architecture, thus providing a succinct representation of the broader document context outside of the current sentence. Experiments over a range of datasets demonstrate that our model outperforms a pure sentence-based model in terms of language model perplexity, and leads to topics that are potentially more coherent than those produced by a standard LDA topic model. Our model also has the ability to generate related sentences for a topic, providing another way to interpret topics.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-handling,
    title = "Handling Cold-Start Problem in Review Spam Detection by Jointly Embedding Texts and Behaviors",
    author = "Wang, Xuepeng  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1034",
    pages = "366--376",
    abstract = "Solving cold-start problem in review spam detection is an urgent and significant task. It can help the on-line review websites to relieve the damage of spammers in time, but has never been investigated by previous work. This paper proposes a novel neural network model to detect review spam for cold-start problem, by learning to represent the new reviewers{'} review with jointly embedded textual and behavioral information. Experimental results prove the proposed model achieves an effective performance and possesses preferable domain-adaptability. It is also applicable to a large scale dataset in an unsupervised way.",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Cognitive Features from Gaze Data for Sentiment and Sarcasm Classification using Convolutional Neural Network",
    author = "Mishra, Abhijit  and
      Dey, Kuntal  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1035",
    pages = "377--387",
    abstract = "Cognitive NLP systems- i.e., NLP systems that make use of behavioral data - augment traditional text-based features with cognitive features extracted from eye-movement patterns, EEG signals, brain-imaging etc. Such extraction of features is typically manual. We contend that manual extraction of features may not be the best way to tackle text subtleties that characteristically prevail in complex classification tasks like Sentiment Analysis and Sarcasm Detection, and that even the extraction and choice of features should be delegated to the learning system. We introduce a framework to automatically extract cognitive features from the eye-movement/gaze data of human readers reading the text and use them as features along with textual features for the tasks of sentiment polarity and sarcasm detection. Our proposed framework is based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The CNN learns features from both gaze and text and uses them to classify the input text. We test our technique on published sentiment and sarcasm labeled datasets, enriched with gaze information, to show that using a combination of automatically learned text and gaze features often yields better classification performance over (i) CNN based systems that rely on text input alone and (ii) existing systems that rely on handcrafted gaze and textual features.",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Neural Attention Model for Aspect Extraction",
    author = "He, Ruidan  and
      Lee, Wee Sun  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Dahlmeier, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1036",
    pages = "388--397",
    abstract = "Aspect extraction is an important and challenging task in aspect-based sentiment analysis. Existing works tend to apply variants of topic models on this task. While fairly successful, these methods usually do not produce highly coherent aspects. In this paper, we present a novel neural approach with the aim of discovering coherent aspects. The model improves coherence by exploiting the distribution of word co-occurrences through the use of neural word embeddings. Unlike topic models which typically assume independently generated words, word embedding models encourage words that appear in similar contexts to be located close to each other in the embedding space. In addition, we use an attention mechanism to de-emphasize irrelevant words during training, further improving the coherence of aspects. Experimental results on real-life datasets demonstrate that our approach discovers more meaningful and coherent aspects, and substantially outperforms baseline methods on several evaluation tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{sasaki-etal-2017-topics,
    title = "Other Topics You May Also Agree or Disagree: Modeling Inter-Topic Preferences using Tweets and Matrix Factorization",
    author = "Sasaki, Akira  and
      Hanawa, Kazuaki  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1037",
    pages = "398--408",
    abstract = "We presents in this paper our approach for modeling inter-topic preferences of Twitter users: for example, {``}those who agree with the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) also agree with free trade{''}. This kind of knowledge is useful not only for stance detection across multiple topics but also for various real-world applications including public opinion survey, electoral prediction, electoral campaigns, and online debates. In order to extract users{'} preferences on Twitter, we design linguistic patterns in which people agree and disagree about specific topics (e.g., {``}A is completely wrong{''}). By applying these linguistic patterns to a collection of tweets, we extract statements agreeing and disagreeing with various topics. Inspired by previous work on item recommendation, we formalize the task of modeling inter-topic preferences as matrix factorization: representing users{'} preference as a user-topic matrix and mapping both users and topics onto a latent feature space that abstracts the preferences. Our experimental results demonstrate both that our presented approach is useful in predicting missing preferences of users and that the latent vector representations of topics successfully encode inter-topic preferences.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Labeled Data Generation for Large Scale Event Extraction",
    author = "Chen, Yubo  and
      Liu, Shulin  and
      Zhang, Xiang  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1038",
    pages = "409--419",
    abstract = "Modern models of event extraction for tasks like ACE are based on supervised learning of events from small hand-labeled data. However, hand-labeled training data is expensive to produce, in low coverage of event types, and limited in size, which makes supervised methods hard to extract large scale of events for knowledge base population. To solve the data labeling problem, we propose to automatically label training data for event extraction via world knowledge and linguistic knowledge, which can detect key arguments and trigger words for each event type and employ them to label events in texts automatically. The experimental results show that the quality of our large scale automatically labeled data is competitive with elaborately human-labeled data. And our automatically labeled data can incorporate with human-labeled data, then improve the performance of models learned from these data.",
}
@inproceedings{zhong-etal-2017-time,
    title = "Time Expression Analysis and Recognition Using Syntactic Token Types and General Heuristic Rules",
    author = "Zhong, Xiaoshi  and
      Sun, Aixin  and
      Cambria, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1039",
    pages = "420--429",
    abstract = "Extracting time expressions from free text is a fundamental task for many applications. We analyze the time expressions from four datasets and find that only a small group of words are used to express time information, and the words in time expressions demonstrate similar syntactic behaviour. Based on the findings, we propose a type-based approach, named SynTime, to recognize time expressions. Specifically, we define three main syntactic token types, namely time token, modifier, and numeral, to group time-related regular expressions over tokens. On the types we design general heuristic rules to recognize time expressions. In recognition, SynTime first identifies the time tokens from raw text, then searches their surroundings for modifiers and numerals to form time segments, and finally merges the time segments to time expressions. As a light-weight rule-based tagger, SynTime runs in real time, and can be easily expanded by simply adding keywords for the text of different types and of different domains. Experiment on benchmark datasets and tweets data shows that SynTime outperforms state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning with Noise: Enhance Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction with Dynamic Transition Matrix",
    author = "Luo, Bingfeng  and
      Feng, Yansong  and
      Wang, Zheng  and
      Zhu, Zhanxing  and
      Huang, Songfang  and
      Yan, Rui  and
      Zhao, Dongyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1040",
    pages = "430--439",
    abstract = "Distant supervision significantly reduces human efforts in building training data for many classification tasks. While promising, this technique often introduces noise to the generated training data, which can severely affect the model performance. In this paper, we take a deep look at the application of distant supervision in relation extraction. We show that the dynamic transition matrix can effectively characterize the noise in the training data built by distant supervision. The transition matrix can be effectively trained using a novel curriculum learning based method without any direct supervision about the noise. We thoroughly evaluate our approach under a wide range of extraction scenarios. Experimental results show that our approach consistently improves the extraction results and outperforms the state-of-the-art in various evaluation scenarios.",
}
@inproceedings{yin-neubig-2017-syntactic,
    title = "A Syntactic Neural Model for General-Purpose Code Generation",
    author = "Yin, Pengcheng  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1041",
    pages = "440--450",
    abstract = "We consider the problem of parsing natural language descriptions into source code written in a general-purpose programming language like Python. Existing data-driven methods treat this problem as a language generation task without considering the underlying syntax of the target programming language. Informed by previous work in semantic parsing, in this paper we propose a novel neural architecture powered by a grammar model to explicitly capture the target syntax as prior knowledge. Experiments find this an effective way to scale up to generation of complex programs from natural language descriptions, achieving state-of-the-art results that well outperform previous code generation and semantic parsing approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{artetxe-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning bilingual word embeddings with (almost) no bilingual data",
    author = "Artetxe, Mikel  and
      Labaka, Gorka  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1042",
    pages = "451--462",
    abstract = "Most methods to learn bilingual word embeddings rely on large parallel corpora, which is difficult to obtain for most language pairs. This has motivated an active research line to relax this requirement, with methods that use document-aligned corpora or bilingual dictionaries of a few thousand words instead. In this work, we further reduce the need of bilingual resources using a very simple self-learning approach that can be combined with any dictionary-based mapping technique. Our method exploits the structural similarity of embedding spaces, and works with as little bilingual evidence as a 25 word dictionary or even an automatically generated list of numerals, obtaining results comparable to those of systems that use richer resources.",
}
@inproceedings{foland-martin-2017-abstract,
    title = "Abstract Meaning Representation Parsing using {LSTM} Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Foland, William  and
      Martin, James H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1043",
    pages = "463--472",
    abstract = "We present a system which parses sentences into Abstract Meaning Representations, improving state-of-the-art results for this task by more than 5{\%}. AMR graphs represent semantic content using linguistic properties such as semantic roles, coreference, negation, and more. The AMR parser does not rely on a syntactic pre-parse, or heavily engineered features, and uses five recurrent neural networks as the key architectural components for inferring AMR graphs.",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Semantic Role Labeling: What Works and What{'}s Next",
    author = "He, Luheng  and
      Lee, Kenton  and
      Lewis, Mike  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1044",
    pages = "473--483",
    abstract = "We introduce a new deep learning model for semantic role labeling (SRL) that significantly improves the state of the art, along with detailed analyses to reveal its strengths and limitations. We use a deep highway BiLSTM architecture with constrained decoding, while observing a number of recent best practices for initialization and regularization. Our 8-layer ensemble model achieves 83.2 F1 on theCoNLL 2005 test set and 83.4 F1 on CoNLL 2012, roughly a 10{\%} relative error reduction over the previous state of the art. Extensive empirical analysis of these gains show that (1) deep models excel at recovering long-distance dependencies but can still make surprisingly obvious errors, and (2) that there is still room for syntactic parsers to improve these results.",
}
@inproceedings{dhingra-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards End-to-End Reinforcement Learning of Dialogue Agents for Information Access",
    author = "Dhingra, Bhuwan  and
      Li, Lihong  and
      Li, Xiujun  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Chen, Yun-Nung  and
      Ahmed, Faisal  and
      Deng, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1045",
    pages = "484--495",
    abstract = "This paper proposes KB-InfoBot - a multi-turn dialogue agent which helps users search Knowledge Bases (KBs) without composing complicated queries. Such goal-oriented dialogue agents typically need to interact with an external database to access real-world knowledge. Previous systems achieved this by issuing a symbolic query to the KB to retrieve entries based on their attributes. However, such symbolic operations break the differentiability of the system and prevent end-to-end training of neural dialogue agents. In this paper, we address this limitation by replacing symbolic queries with an induced {``}soft{''} posterior distribution over the KB that indicates which entities the user is interested in. Integrating the soft retrieval process with a reinforcement learner leads to higher task success rate and reward in both simulations and against real users. We also present a fully neural end-to-end agent, trained entirely from user feedback, and discuss its application towards personalized dialogue agents.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2017-sequential,
    title = "Sequential Matching Network: A New Architecture for Multi-turn Response Selection in Retrieval-Based Chatbots",
    author = "Wu, Yu  and
      Wu, Wei  and
      Xing, Chen  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Li, Zhoujun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1046",
    pages = "496--505",
    abstract = "We study response selection for multi-turn conversation in retrieval based chatbots. Existing work either concatenates utterances in context or matches a response with a highly abstract context vector finally, which may lose relationships among the utterances or important information in the context. We propose a sequential matching network (SMN) to address both problems. SMN first matches a response with each utterance in the context on multiple levels of granularity, and distills important matching information from each pair as a vector with convolution and pooling operations. The vectors are then accumulated in a chronological order through a recurrent neural network (RNN) which models relationships among the utterances. The final matching score is calculated with the hidden states of the RNN. Empirical study on two public data sets shows that SMN can significantly outperform state-of-the-art methods for response selection in multi-turn conversation.",
}
@inproceedings{harwath-glass-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Word-Like Units from Joint Audio-Visual Analysis",
    author = "Harwath, David  and
      Glass, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1047",
    pages = "506--517",
    abstract = "Given a collection of images and spoken audio captions, we present a method for discovering word-like acoustic units in the continuous speech signal and grounding them to semantically relevant image regions. For example, our model is able to detect spoken instances of the word {`}lighthouse{'} within an utterance and associate them with image regions containing lighthouses. We do not use any form of conventional automatic speech recognition, nor do we use any text transcriptions or conventional linguistic annotations. Our model effectively implements a form of spoken language acquisition, in which the computer learns not only to recognize word categories by sound, but also to enrich the words it learns with semantics by grounding them in images.",
}
@inproceedings{hori-etal-2017-joint,
    title = "Joint {CTC}/attention decoding for end-to-end speech recognition",
    author = "Hori, Takaaki  and
      Watanabe, Shinji  and
      Hershey, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1048",
    pages = "518--529",
    abstract = "End-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) has become a popular alternative to conventional DNN/HMM systems because it avoids the need for linguistic resources such as pronunciation dictionary, tokenization, and context-dependency trees, leading to a greatly simplified model-building process. There are two major types of end-to-end architectures for ASR: attention-based methods use an attention mechanism to perform alignment between acoustic frames and recognized symbols, and connectionist temporal classification (CTC), uses Markov assumptions to efficiently solve sequential problems by dynamic programming. This paper proposes joint decoding algorithm for end-to-end ASR with a hybrid CTC/attention architecture, which effectively utilizes both advantages in decoding. We have applied the proposed method to two ASR benchmarks (spontaneous Japanese and Mandarin Chinese), and showing the comparable performance to conventional state-of-the-art DNN/HMM ASR systems without linguistic resources.",
}
@inproceedings{rabinovich-etal-2017-found,
    title = "Found in Translation: Reconstructing Phylogenetic Language Trees from Translations",
    author = "Rabinovich, Ella  and
      Ordan, Noam  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1049",
    pages = "530--540",
    abstract = "Translation has played an important role in trade, law, commerce, politics, and literature for thousands of years. Translators have always tried to be invisible; ideal translations should look as if they were written originally in the target language. We show that traces of the source language remain in the translation product to the extent that it is possible to uncover the history of the source language by looking only at the translation. Specifically, we automatically reconstruct phylogenetic language trees from monolingual texts (translated from several source languages). The signal of the source language is so powerful that it is retained even after two phases of translation. This strongly indicates that source language interference is the most dominant characteristic of translated texts, overshadowing the more subtle signals of universal properties of translation.",
}
@inproceedings{berzak-etal-2017-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Native Language from Gaze",
    author = "Berzak, Yevgeni  and
      Nakamura, Chie  and
      Flynn, Suzanne  and
      Katz, Boris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1050",
    pages = "541--551",
    abstract = "A fundamental question in language learning concerns the role of a speaker{'}s first language in second language acquisition. We present a novel methodology for studying this question: analysis of eye-movement patterns in second language reading of free-form text. Using this methodology, we demonstrate for the first time that the native language of English learners can be predicted from their gaze fixations when reading English. We provide analysis of classifier uncertainty and learned features, which indicates that differences in English reading are likely to be rooted in linguistic divergences across native languages. The presented framework complements production studies and offers new ground for advancing research on multilingualism.",
}
@inproceedings{sakakini-etal-2017-morse,
    title = "{MORSE}: Semantic-ally Drive-n {MOR}pheme {SE}gment-er",
    author = "Sakakini, Tarek  and
      Bhat, Suma  and
      Viswanath, Pramod",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1051",
    pages = "552--561",
    abstract = "We present in this paper a novel framework for morpheme segmentation which uses the morpho-syntactic regularities preserved by word representations, in addition to orthographic features, to segment words into morphemes. This framework is the first to consider vocabulary-wide syntactico-semantic information for this task. We also analyze the deficiencies of available benchmarking datasets and introduce our own dataset that was created on the basis of compositionality. We validate our algorithm across datasets and present state-of-the-art results.",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-zhang-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Pyramid Convolutional Neural Networks for Text Categorization",
    author = "Johnson, Rie  and
      Zhang, Tong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1052",
    pages = "562--570",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a low-complexity word-level deep convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture for text categorization that can efficiently represent long-range associations in text. In the literature, several deep and complex neural networks have been proposed for this task, assuming availability of relatively large amounts of training data. However, the associated computational complexity increases as the networks go deeper, which poses serious challenges in practical applications. Moreover, it was shown recently that shallow word-level CNNs are more accurate and much faster than the state-of-the-art very deep nets such as character-level CNNs even in the setting of large training data. Motivated by these findings, we carefully studied deepening of word-level CNNs to capture global representations of text, and found a simple network architecture with which the best accuracy can be obtained by increasing the network depth without increasing computational cost by much. We call it deep pyramid CNN. The proposed model with 15 weight layers outperforms the previous best models on six benchmark datasets for sentiment classification and topic categorization.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2017-improved,
    title = "Improved Neural Relation Detection for Knowledge Base Question Answering",
    author = "Yu, Mo  and
      Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Hasan, Kazi Saidul  and
      dos Santos, Cicero  and
      Xiang, Bing  and
      Zhou, Bowen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1053",
    pages = "571--581",
    abstract = "Relation detection is a core component of many NLP applications including Knowledge Base Question Answering (KBQA). In this paper, we propose a hierarchical recurrent neural network enhanced by residual learning which detects KB relations given an input question. Our method uses deep residual bidirectional LSTMs to compare questions and relation names via different levels of abstraction. Additionally, we propose a simple KBQA system that integrates entity linking and our proposed relation detector to make the two components enhance each other. Our experimental results show that our approach not only achieves outstanding relation detection performance, but more importantly, it helps our KBQA system achieve state-of-the-art accuracy for both single-relation (SimpleQuestions) and multi-relation (WebQSP) QA benchmarks.",
}
@inproceedings{meng-etal-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Keyphrase Generation",
    author = "Meng, Rui  and
      Zhao, Sanqiang  and
      Han, Shuguang  and
      He, Daqing  and
      Brusilovsky, Peter  and
      Chi, Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1054",
    pages = "582--592",
    abstract = "Keyphrase provides highly-summative information that can be effectively used for understanding, organizing and retrieving text content. Though previous studies have provided many workable solutions for automated keyphrase extraction, they commonly divided the to-be-summarized content into multiple text chunks, then ranked and selected the most meaningful ones. These approaches could neither identify keyphrases that do not appear in the text, nor capture the real semantic meaning behind the text. We propose a generative model for keyphrase prediction with an encoder-decoder framework, which can effectively overcome the above drawbacks. We name it as \textit{deep keyphrase generation} since it attempts to capture the deep semantic meaning of the content with a deep learning method. Empirical analysis on six datasets demonstrates that our proposed model not only achieves a significant performance boost on extracting keyphrases that appear in the source text, but also can generate absent keyphrases based on the semantic meaning of the text. Code and dataset are available at \url{https://github.com/memray/seq2seq-keyphrase}.",
}
@inproceedings{cui-etal-2017-attention,
    title = "Attention-over-Attention Neural Networks for Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Cui, Yiming  and
      Chen, Zhipeng  and
      Wei, Si  and
      Wang, Shijin  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Hu, Guoping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1055",
    pages = "593--602",
    abstract = "Cloze-style reading comprehension is a representative problem in mining relationship between document and query. In this paper, we present a simple but novel model called attention-over-attention reader for better solving cloze-style reading comprehension task. The proposed model aims to place another attention mechanism over the document-level attention and induces {``}attended attention{''} for final answer predictions. One advantage of our model is that it is simpler than related works while giving excellent performance. In addition to the primary model, we also propose an N-best re-ranking strategy to double check the validity of the candidates and further improve the performance. Experimental results show that the proposed methods significantly outperform various state-of-the-art systems by a large margin in public datasets, such as CNN and Children{'}s Book Test.",
}
@inproceedings{doyle-etal-2017-alignment,
    title = "Alignment at Work: Using Language to Distinguish the Internalization and Self-Regulation Components of Cultural Fit in Organizations",
    author = "Doyle, Gabriel  and
      Goldberg, Amir  and
      Srivastava, Sameer  and
      Frank, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1056",
    pages = "603--612",
    abstract = "Cultural fit is widely believed to affect the success of individuals and the groups to which they belong. Yet it remains an elusive, poorly measured construct. Recent research draws on computational linguistics to measure cultural fit but overlooks asymmetries in cultural adaptation. By contrast, we develop a directed, dynamic measure of cultural fit based on linguistic alignment, which estimates the influence of one person{'}s word use on another{'}s and distinguishes between two enculturation mechanisms: internalization and self-regulation. We use this measure to trace employees{'} enculturation trajectories over a large, multi-year corpus of corporate emails and find that patterns of alignment in the first six months of employment are predictive of individuals{'} downstream outcomes, especially involuntary exit. Further predictive analyses suggest referential alignment plays an overlooked role in linguistic alignment.",
}
@inproceedings{chrupala-etal-2017-representations,
    title = "Representations of language in a model of visually grounded speech signal",
    author = "Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz  and
      Gelderloos, Lieke  and
      Alishahi, Afra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1057",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1057",
    pages = "613--622",
    abstract = "We present a visually grounded model of speech perception which projects spoken utterances and images to a joint semantic space. We use a multi-layer recurrent highway network to model the temporal nature of spoken speech, and show that it learns to extract both form and meaning-based linguistic knowledge from the input signal. We carry out an in-depth analysis of the representations used by different components of the trained model and show that encoding of semantic aspects tends to become richer as we go up the hierarchy of layers, whereas encoding of form-related aspects of the language input tends to initially increase and then plateau or decrease.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-reitter-2017-spectral,
    title = "Spectral Analysis of Information Density in Dialogue Predicts Collaborative Task Performance",
    author = "Xu, Yang  and
      Reitter, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1058",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1058",
    pages = "623--633",
    abstract = "We propose a perspective on dialogue that focuses on relative information contributions of conversation partners as a key to successful communication. We predict the success of collaborative task in English and Danish corpora of task-oriented dialogue. Two features are extracted from the frequency domain representations of the lexical entropy series of each interlocutor, power spectrum overlap (PSO) and relative phase (RP). We find that PSO is a negative predictor of task success, while RP is a positive one. An SVM with these features significantly improved on previous task success prediction models. Our findings suggest that the strategic distribution of information density between interlocutors is relevant to task success.",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-etal-2017-affect,
    title = "Affect-{LM}: A Neural Language Model for Customizable Affective Text Generation",
    author = "Ghosh, Sayan  and
      Chollet, Mathieu  and
      Laksana, Eugene  and
      Morency, Louis-Philippe  and
      Scherer, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1059",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1059",
    pages = "634--642",
    abstract = "Human verbal communication includes affective messages which are conveyed through use of emotionally colored words. There has been a lot of research effort in this direction but the problem of integrating state-of-the-art neural language models with affective information remains an area ripe for exploration. In this paper, we propose an extension to an LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) language model for generation of conversational text, conditioned on affect categories. Our proposed model, Affect-LM enables us to customize the degree of emotional content in generated sentences through an additional design parameter. Perception studies conducted using Amazon Mechanical Turk show that Affect-LM can generate naturally looking emotional sentences without sacrificing grammatical correctness. Affect-LM also learns affect-discriminative word representations, and perplexity experiments show that additional affective information in conversational text can improve language model prediction.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2017-domain,
    title = "Domain Attention with an Ensemble of Experts",
    author = "Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Stratos, Karl  and
      Kim, Dongchan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1060",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1060",
    pages = "643--653",
    abstract = "An important problem in domain adaptation is to quickly generalize to a new domain with limited supervision given K existing domains. One approach is to retrain a global model across all K + 1 domains using standard techniques, for instance Daum{\'e} III (2009). However, it is desirable to adapt without having to re-estimate a global model from scratch each time a new domain with potentially new intents and slots is added. We describe a solution based on attending an ensemble of domain experts. We assume K domain specific intent and slot models trained on respective domains. When given domain K + 1, our model uses a weighted combination of the K domain experts{'} feedback along with its own opinion to make predictions on the new domain. In experiments, the model significantly outperforms baselines that do not use domain adaptation and also performs better than the full retraining approach.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Discourse-level Diversity for Neural Dialog Models using Conditional Variational Autoencoders",
    author = "Zhao, Tiancheng  and
      Zhao, Ran  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1061",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1061",
    pages = "654--664",
    abstract = "While recent neural encoder-decoder models have shown great promise in modeling open-domain conversations, they often generate dull and generic responses. Unlike past work that has focused on diversifying the output of the decoder from word-level to alleviate this problem, we present a novel framework based on conditional variational autoencoders that capture the discourse-level diversity in the encoder. Our model uses latent variables to learn a distribution over potential conversational intents and generates diverse responses using only greedy decoders. We have further developed a novel variant that is integrated with linguistic prior knowledge for better performance. Finally, the training procedure is improved through introducing a bag-of-word loss. Our proposed models have been validated to generate significantly more diverse responses than baseline approaches and exhibit competence of discourse-level decision-making.",
}
@inproceedings{williams-etal-2017-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Code Networks: practical and efficient end-to-end dialog control with supervised and reinforcement learning",
    author = "Williams, Jason D.  and
      Asadi, Kavosh  and
      Zweig, Geoffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1062",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1062",
    pages = "665--677",
    abstract = "End-to-end learning of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) is an attractive solution for dialog systems; however, current techniques are data-intensive and require thousands of dialogs to learn simple behaviors. We introduce Hybrid Code Networks (HCNs), which combine an RNN with domain-specific knowledge encoded as software and system action templates. Compared to existing end-to-end approaches, HCNs considerably reduce the amount of training data required, while retaining the key benefit of inferring a latent representation of dialog state. In addition, HCNs can be optimized with supervised learning, reinforcement learning, or a mixture of both. HCNs attain state-of-the-art performance on the bAbI dialog dataset (Bordes and Weston, 2016), and outperform two commercially deployed customer-facing dialog systems at our company.",
}
@inproceedings{villalba-etal-2017-generating,
    title = "Generating Contrastive Referring Expressions",
    author = "Villalba, Mart{\'\i}n  and
      Teichmann, Christoph  and
      Koller, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1063",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1063",
    pages = "678--687",
    abstract = "The referring expressions (REs) produced by a natural language generation (NLG) system can be misunderstood by the hearer, even when they are semantically correct. In an interactive setting, the NLG system can try to recognize such misunderstandings and correct them. We present an algorithm for generating corrective REs that use contrastive focus ({``}no, the BLUE button{''}) to emphasize the information the hearer most likely misunderstood. We show empirically that these contrastive REs are preferred over REs without contrast marking.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Source Syntax for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Li, Junhui  and
      Xiong, Deyi  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Zhu, Muhua  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1064",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1064",
    pages = "688--697",
    abstract = "Even though a linguistics-free sequence to sequence model in neural machine translation (NMT) has certain capability of implicitly learning syntactic information of source sentences, this paper shows that source syntax can be explicitly incorporated into NMT effectively to provide further improvements. Specifically, we linearize parse trees of source sentences to obtain structural label sequences. On the basis, we propose three different sorts of encoders to incorporate source syntax into NMT: 1) Parallel RNN encoder that learns word and label annotation vectors parallelly; 2) Hierarchical RNN encoder that learns word and label annotation vectors in a two-level hierarchy; and 3) Mixed RNN encoder that stitchingly learns word and label annotation vectors over sequences where words and labels are mixed. Experimentation on Chinese-to-English translation demonstrates that all the three proposed syntactic encoders are able to improve translation accuracy. It is interesting to note that the simplest RNN encoder, i.e., Mixed RNN encoder yields the best performance with an significant improvement of 1.4 BLEU points. Moreover, an in-depth analysis from several perspectives is provided to reveal how source syntax benefits NMT.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2017-sequence,
    title = "Sequence-to-Dependency Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Wu, Shuangzhi  and
      Zhang, Dongdong  and
      Yang, Nan  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1065",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1065",
    pages = "698--707",
    abstract = "Nowadays a typical Neural Machine Translation (NMT) model generates translations from left to right as a linear sequence, during which latent syntactic structures of the target sentences are not explicitly concerned. Inspired by the success of using syntactic knowledge of target language for improving statistical machine translation, in this paper we propose a novel Sequence-to-Dependency Neural Machine Translation (SD-NMT) method, in which the target word sequence and its corresponding dependency structure are jointly constructed and modeled, and this structure is used as context to facilitate word generations. Experimental results show that the proposed method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines on Chinese-English and Japanese-English translation tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2017-detect,
    title = "Detect Rumors in Microblog Posts Using Propagation Structure via Kernel Learning",
    author = "Ma, Jing  and
      Gao, Wei  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1066",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1066",
    pages = "708--717",
    abstract = "How fake news goes viral via social media? How does its propagation pattern differ from real stories? In this paper, we attempt to address the problem of identifying rumors, i.e., fake information, out of microblog posts based on their propagation structure. We firstly model microblog posts diffusion with propagation trees, which provide valuable clues on how an original message is transmitted and developed over time. We then propose a kernel-based method called Propagation Tree Kernel, which captures high-order patterns differentiating different types of rumors by evaluating the similarities between their propagation tree structures. Experimental results on two real-world datasets demonstrate that the proposed kernel-based approach can detect rumors more quickly and accurately than state-of-the-art rumor detection models.",
}
@inproceedings{abdul-mageed-ungar-2017-emonet,
    title = "{E}mo{N}et: Fine-Grained Emotion Detection with Gated Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1067",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1067",
    pages = "718--728",
    abstract = "Accurate detection of emotion from natural language has applications ranging from building emotional chatbots to better understanding individuals and their lives. However, progress on emotion detection has been hampered by the absence of large labeled datasets. In this work, we build a very large dataset for fine-grained emotions and develop deep learning models on it. We achieve a new state-of-the-art on 24 fine-grained types of emotions (with an average accuracy of 87.58{\%}). We also extend the task beyond emotion types to model Robert Plutick{'}s 8 primary emotion dimensions, acquiring a superior accuracy of 95.68{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{preotiuc-pietro-etal-2017-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Binary Labels: Political Ideology Prediction of Twitter Users",
    author = "Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Liu, Ye  and
      Hopkins, Daniel  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1068",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1068",
    pages = "729--740",
    abstract = "Automatic political orientation prediction from social media posts has to date proven successful only in distinguishing between publicly declared liberals and conservatives in the US. This study examines users{'} political ideology using a seven-point scale which enables us to identify politically moderate and neutral users {--} groups which are of particular interest to political scientists and pollsters. Using a novel data set with political ideology labels self-reported through surveys, our goal is two-fold: a) to characterize the groups of politically engaged users through language use on Twitter; b) to build a fine-grained model that predicts political ideology of unseen users. Our results identify differences in both political leaning and engagement and the extent to which each group tweets using political keywords. Finally, we demonstrate how to improve ideology prediction accuracy by exploiting the relationships between the user groups.",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-etal-2017-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Behavioral and Social Information for Weakly Supervised Collective Classification of Political Discourse on Twitter",
    author = "Johnson, Kristen  and
      Jin, Di  and
      Goldwasser, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1069",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1069",
    pages = "741--752",
    abstract = "Framing is a political strategy in which politicians carefully word their statements in order to control public perception of issues. Previous works exploring political framing typically analyze frame usage in longer texts, such as congressional speeches. We present a collection of weakly supervised models which harness collective classification to predict the frames used in political discourse on the microblogging platform, Twitter. Our global probabilistic models show that by combining both lexical features of tweets and network-based behavioral features of Twitter, we are able to increase the average, unsupervised F1 score by 21.52 points over a lexical baseline alone.",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-2017-nested,
    title = "A Nested Attention Neural Hybrid Model for Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Ji, Jianshu  and
      Wang, Qinlong  and
      Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Gong, Yongen  and
      Truong, Steven  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1070",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1070",
    pages = "753--762",
    abstract = "Grammatical error correction (GEC) systems strive to correct both global errors inword order and usage, and local errors inspelling and inflection. Further developing upon recent work on neural machine translation, we propose a new hybrid neural model with nested attention layers for GEC.Experiments show that the new model can effectively correct errors of both types by incorporating word and character-level information, and that the model significantly outperforms previous neural models for GEC as measured on the standard CoNLL-14 benchmark dataset.Further analysis also shows that the superiority of the proposed model can be largely attributed to the use of the nested attention mechanism, which has proven particularly effective incorrecting local errors that involve small edits in orthography.",
}
@inproceedings{mrabet-etal-2017-textflow,
    title = "{T}ext{F}low: A Text Similarity Measure based on Continuous Sequences",
    author = "Mrabet, Yassine  and
      Kilicoglu, Halil  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1071",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1071",
    pages = "763--772",
    abstract = "Text similarity measures are used in multiple tasks such as plagiarism detection, information ranking and recognition of paraphrases and textual entailment. While recent advances in deep learning highlighted the relevance of sequential models in natural language generation, existing similarity measures do not fully exploit the sequential nature of language. Examples of such similarity measures include n-grams and skip-grams overlap which rely on distinct slices of the input texts. In this paper we present a novel text similarity measure inspired from a common representation in DNA sequence alignment algorithms. The new measure, called TextFlow, represents input text pairs as continuous curves and uses both the actual position of the words and sequence matching to compute the similarity value. Our experiments on 8 different datasets show very encouraging results in paraphrase detection, textual entailment recognition and ranking relevance.",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2017-friendships,
    title = "Friendships, Rivalries, and Trysts: Characterizing Relations between Ideas in Texts",
    author = "Tan, Chenhao  and
      Card, Dallas  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1072",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1072",
    pages = "773--783",
    abstract = "Understanding how ideas relate to each other is a fundamental question in many domains, ranging from intellectual history to public communication. Because ideas are naturally embedded in texts, we propose the first framework to systematically characterize the relations between ideas based on their occurrence in a corpus of documents, independent of how these ideas are represented. Combining two statistics{---}cooccurrence within documents and prevalence correlation over time{---}our approach reveals a number of different ways in which ideas can cooperate and compete. For instance, two ideas can closely track each other{'}s prevalence over time, and yet rarely cooccur, almost like a {``}cold war{''} scenario. We observe that pairwise cooccurrence and prevalence correlation exhibit different distributions. We further demonstrate that our approach is able to uncover intriguing relations between ideas through in-depth case studies on news articles and research papers.",
}
@inproceedings{wroblewska-krasnowska-kieras-2017-polish,
    title = "Polish evaluation dataset for compositional distributional semantics models",
    author = "Wr{\'o}blewska, Alina  and
      Krasnowska-Kiera{\'s}, Katarzyna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1073",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1073",
    pages = "784--792",
    abstract = "The paper presents a procedure of building an evaluation dataset. for the validation of compositional distributional semantics models estimated for languages other than English. The procedure generally builds on steps designed to assemble the SICK corpus, which contains pairs of English sentences annotated for semantic relatedness and entailment, because we aim at building a comparable dataset. However, the implementation of particular building steps significantly differs from the original SICK design assumptions, which is caused by both lack of necessary extraneous resources for an investigated language and the need for language-specific transformation rules. The designed procedure is verified on Polish, a fusional language with a relatively free word order, and contributes to building a Polish evaluation dataset. The resource consists of 10K sentence pairs which are human-annotated for semantic relatedness and entailment. The dataset may be used for the evaluation of compositional distributional semantics models of Polish.",
}
@inproceedings{bryant-etal-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Annotation and Evaluation of Error Types for Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Bryant, Christopher  and
      Felice, Mariano  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1074",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1074",
    pages = "793--805",
    abstract = "Until now, error type performance for Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) systems could only be measured in terms of recall because system output is not annotated. To overcome this problem, we introduce ERRANT, a grammatical ERRor ANnotation Toolkit designed to automatically extract edits from parallel original and corrected sentences and classify them according to a new, dataset-agnostic, rule-based framework. This not only facilitates error type evaluation at different levels of granularity, but can also be used to reduce annotator workload and standardise existing GEC datasets. Human experts rated the automatic edits as {``}Good{''} or {``}Acceptable{''} in at least 95{\%} of cases, so we applied ERRANT to the system output of the CoNLL-2014 shared task to carry out a detailed error type analysis for the first time.",
}
@inproceedings{sugawara-etal-2017-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Metrics for Machine Reading Comprehension: Prerequisite Skills and Readability",
    author = "Sugawara, Saku  and
      Kido, Yusuke  and
      Yokono, Hikaru  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1075",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1075",
    pages = "806--817",
    abstract = "Knowing the quality of reading comprehension (RC) datasets is important for the development of natural-language understanding systems. In this study, two classes of metrics were adopted for evaluating RC datasets: prerequisite skills and readability. We applied these classes to six existing datasets, including MCTest and SQuAD, and highlighted the characteristics of the datasets according to each metric and the correlation between the two classes. Our dataset analysis suggests that the readability of RC datasets does not directly affect the question difficulty and that it is possible to create an RC dataset that is easy to read but difficult to answer.",
}
@inproceedings{stern-etal-2017-minimal,
    title = "A Minimal Span-Based Neural Constituency Parser",
    author = "Stern, Mitchell  and
      Andreas, Jacob  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1076",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1076",
    pages = "818--827",
    abstract = "In this work, we present a minimal neural model for constituency parsing based on independent scoring of labels and spans. We show that this model is not only compatible with classical dynamic programming techniques, but also admits a novel greedy top-down inference algorithm based on recursive partitioning of the input. We demonstrate empirically that both prediction schemes are competitive with recent work, and when combined with basic extensions to the scoring model are capable of achieving state-of-the-art single-model performance on the Penn Treebank (91.79 F1) and strong performance on the French Treebank (82.23 F1).",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2017-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Dependency Parsing via Book Embedding",
    author = "Sun, Weiwei  and
      Cao, Junjie  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1077",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1077",
    pages = "828--838",
    abstract = "We model a dependency graph as a book, a particular kind of topological space, for semantic dependency parsing. The spine of the book is made up of a sequence of words, and each page contains a subset of noncrossing arcs. To build a semantic graph for a given sentence, we design new Maximum Subgraph algorithms to generate noncrossing graphs on each page, and a Lagrangian Relaxation-based algorithm tocombine pages into a book. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the bookembedding framework across a wide range of conditions. Our parser obtains comparable results with a state-of-the-art transition-based parser.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2017-neural-word,
    title = "Neural Word Segmentation with Rich Pretraining",
    author = "Yang, Jie  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Dong, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1078",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1078",
    pages = "839--849",
    abstract = "Neural word segmentation research has benefited from large-scale raw texts by leveraging them for pretraining character and word embeddings. On the other hand, statistical segmentation research has exploited richer sources of external information, such as punctuation, automatic segmentation and POS. We investigate the effectiveness of a range of external training sources for neural word segmentation by building a modular segmentation model, pretraining the most important submodule using rich external sources. Results show that such pretraining significantly improves the model, leading to accuracies competitive to the best methods on six benchmarks.",
}
@inproceedings{oda-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation via Binary Code Prediction",
    author = "Oda, Yusuke  and
      Arthur, Philip  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Yoshino, Koichiro  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1079",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1079",
    pages = "850--860",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a new method for calculating the output layer in neural machine translation systems. The method is based on predicting a binary code for each word and can reduce computation time/memory requirements of the output layer to be logarithmic in vocabulary size in the best case. In addition, we also introduce two advanced approaches to improve the robustness of the proposed model: using error-correcting codes and combining softmax and binary codes. Experiments on two English-Japanese bidirectional translation tasks show proposed models achieve BLEU scores that approach the softmax, while reducing memory usage to the order of less than 1/10 and improving decoding speed on CPUs by x5 to x10.",
}
@inproceedings{belinkov-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "What do Neural Machine Translation Models Learn about Morphology?",
    author = "Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      Durrani, Nadir  and
      Dalvi, Fahim  and
      Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Glass, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1080",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1080",
    pages = "861--872",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation (MT) models obtain state-of-the-art performance while maintaining a simple, end-to-end architecture. However, little is known about what these models learn about source and target languages during the training process. In this work, we analyze the representations learned by neural MT models at various levels of granularity and empirically evaluate the quality of the representations for learning morphology through extrinsic part-of-speech and morphological tagging tasks. We conduct a thorough investigation along several parameters: word-based vs. character-based representations, depth of the encoding layer, the identity of the target language, and encoder vs. decoder representations. Our data-driven, quantitative evaluation sheds light on important aspects in the neural MT system and its ability to capture word structure.",
}
@inproceedings{poria-etal-2017-context,
    title = "Context-Dependent Sentiment Analysis in User-Generated Videos",
    author = "Poria, Soujanya  and
      Cambria, Erik  and
      Hazarika, Devamanyu  and
      Majumder, Navonil  and
      Zadeh, Amir  and
      Morency, Louis-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1081",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1081",
    pages = "873--883",
    abstract = "Multimodal sentiment analysis is a developing area of research, which involves the identification of sentiments in videos. Current research considers utterances as independent entities, i.e., ignores the interdependencies and relations among the utterances of a video. In this paper, we propose a LSTM-based model that enables utterances to capture contextual information from their surroundings in the same video, thus aiding the classification process. Our method shows 5-10{\%} performance improvement over the state of the art and high robustness to generalizability.",
}
@inproceedings{pavalanathan-etal-2017-multidimensional,
    title = "A Multidimensional Lexicon for Interpersonal Stancetaking",
    author = "Pavalanathan, Umashanthi  and
      Fitzpatrick, Jim  and
      Kiesling, Scott  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1082",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1082",
    pages = "884--895",
    abstract = "The sociolinguistic construct of stancetaking describes the activities through which discourse participants create and signal relationships to their interlocutors, to the topic of discussion, and to the talk itself. Stancetaking underlies a wide range of interactional phenomena, relating to formality, politeness, affect, and subjectivity. We present a computational approach to stancetaking, in which we build a theoretically-motivated lexicon of stance markers, and then use multidimensional analysis to identify a set of underlying stance dimensions. We validate these dimensions intrinscially and extrinsically, showing that they are internally coherent, match pre-registered hypotheses, and correlate with social phenomena.",
}
@inproceedings{lund-etal-2017-tandem,
    title = "Tandem Anchoring: a Multiword Anchor Approach for Interactive Topic Modeling",
    author = "Lund, Jeffrey  and
      Cook, Connor  and
      Seppi, Kevin  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1083",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1083",
    pages = "896--905",
    abstract = "Interactive topic models are powerful tools for those seeking to understand large collections of text. However, existing sampling-based interactive topic modeling approaches scale poorly to large data sets. Anchor methods, which use a single word to uniquely identify a topic, offer the speed needed for interactive work but lack both a mechanism to inject prior knowledge and lack the intuitive semantics needed for user-facing applications. We propose combinations of words as anchors, going beyond existing single word anchor algorithms{---}an approach we call {``}Tandem Anchors{''}. We begin with a synthetic investigation of this approach then apply the approach to interactive topic modeling in a user study and compare it to interactive and non-interactive approaches. Tandem anchors are faster and more intuitive than existing interactive approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{bakhshandeh-allen-2017-apples,
    title = "Apples to Apples: Learning Semantics of Common Entities Through a Novel Comprehension Task",
    author = "Bakhshandeh, Omid  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1084",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1084",
    pages = "906--916",
    abstract = "Understanding common entities and their attributes is a primary requirement for any system that comprehends natural language. In order to enable learning about common entities, we introduce a novel machine comprehension task, GuessTwo: given a short paragraph comparing different aspects of two real-world semantically-similar entities, a system should guess what those entities are. Accomplishing this task requires deep language understanding which enables inference, connecting each comparison paragraph to different levels of knowledge about world entities and their attributes. So far we have crowdsourced a dataset of more than 14K comparison paragraphs comparing entities from a variety of categories such as fruits and animals. We have designed two schemes for evaluation: open-ended, and binary-choice prediction. For benchmarking further progress in the task, we have collected a set of paragraphs as the test set on which human can accomplish the task with an accuracy of 94.2{\%} on open-ended prediction. We have implemented various models for tackling the task, ranging from semantic-driven to neural models. The semantic-driven approach outperforms the neural models, however, the results indicate that the task is very challenging across the models.",
}
@inproceedings{katiyar-cardie-2017-going,
    title = "Going out on a limb: Joint Extraction of Entity Mentions and Relations without Dependency Trees",
    author = "Katiyar, Arzoo  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1085",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1085",
    pages = "917--928",
    abstract = "We present a novel attention-based recurrent neural network for joint extraction of entity mentions and relations. We show that attention along with long short term memory (LSTM) network can extract semantic relations between entity mentions without having access to dependency trees. Experiments on Automatic Content Extraction (ACE) corpora show that our model significantly outperforms feature-based joint model by Li and Ji (2014). We also compare our model with an end-to-end tree-based LSTM model (SPTree) by Miwa and Bansal (2016) and show that our model performs within 1{\%} on entity mentions and 2{\%} on relations. Our fine-grained analysis also shows that our model performs significantly better on Agent-Artifact relations, while SPTree performs better on Physical and Part-Whole relations.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-naturalizing,
    title = "Naturalizing a Programming Language via Interactive Learning",
    author = "Wang, Sida I.  and
      Ginn, Samuel  and
      Liang, Percy  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1086",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1086",
    pages = "929--938",
    abstract = "Our goal is to create a convenient natural language interface for performing well-specified but complex actions such as analyzing data, manipulating text, and querying databases. However, existing natural language interfaces for such tasks are quite primitive compared to the power one wields with a programming language. To bridge this gap, we start with a core programming language and allow users to {``}naturalize{''} the core language incrementally by defining alternative, more natural syntax and increasingly complex concepts in terms of compositions of simpler ones. In a voxel world, we show that a community of users can simultaneously teach a common system a diverse language and use it to build hundreds of complex voxel structures. Over the course of three days, these users went from using only the core language to using the naturalized language in 85.9{\%} of the last 10K utterances.",
}
@inproceedings{sedoc-etal-2017-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Word Clusters Using Signed Spectral Clustering",
    author = "Sedoc, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Gallier, Jean  and
      Foster, Dean  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1087",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1087",
    pages = "939--949",
    abstract = "Vector space representations of words capture many aspects of word similarity, but such methods tend to produce vector spaces in which antonyms (as well as synonyms) are close to each other. For spectral clustering using such word embeddings, words are points in a vector space where synonyms are linked with positive weights, while antonyms are linked with negative weights. We present a new signed spectral normalized graph cut algorithm, \textit{signed clustering}, that overlays existing thesauri upon distributionally derived vector representations of words, so that antonym relationships between word pairs are represented by negative weights. Our signed clustering algorithm produces clusters of words that simultaneously capture distributional and synonym relations. By using randomized spectral decomposition (Halko et al., 2011) and sparse matrices, our method is both fast and scalable. We validate our clusters using datasets containing human judgments of word pair similarities and show the benefit of using our word clusters for sentiment prediction.",
}
@inproceedings{xie-etal-2017-interpretable,
    title = "An Interpretable Knowledge Transfer Model for Knowledge Base Completion",
    author = "Xie, Qizhe  and
      Ma, Xuezhe  and
      Dai, Zihang  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1088",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1088",
    pages = "950--962",
    abstract = "Knowledge bases are important resources for a variety of natural language processing tasks but suffer from incompleteness. We propose a novel embedding model, ITransF, to perform knowledge base completion. Equipped with a sparse attention mechanism, ITransF discovers hidden concepts of relations and transfer statistical strength through the sharing of concepts. Moreover, the learned associations between relations and concepts, which are represented by sparse attention vectors, can be interpreted easily. We evaluate ITransF on two benchmark datasets{---}WN18 and FB15k for knowledge base completion and obtains improvements on both the mean rank and Hits@10 metrics, over all baselines that do not use additional information.",
}
@inproceedings{iyer-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning a Neural Semantic Parser from User Feedback",
    author = "Iyer, Srinivasan  and
      Konstas, Ioannis  and
      Cheung, Alvin  and
      Krishnamurthy, Jayant  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1089",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1089",
    pages = "963--973",
    abstract = "We present an approach to rapidly and easily build natural language interfaces to databases for new domains, whose performance improves over time based on user feedback, and requires minimal intervention. To achieve this, we adapt neural sequence models to map utterances directly to SQL with its full expressivity, bypassing any intermediate meaning representations. These models are immediately deployed online to solicit feedback from real users to flag incorrect queries. Finally, the popularity of SQL facilitates gathering annotations for incorrect predictions using the crowd, which is directly used to improve our models. This complete feedback loop, without intermediate representations or database specific engineering, opens up new ways of building high quality semantic parsers. Experiments suggest that this approach can be deployed quickly for any new target domain, as we show by learning a semantic parser for an online academic database from scratch.",
}
@inproceedings{qin-etal-2017-joint,
    title = "Joint Modeling of Content and Discourse Relations in Dialogues",
    author = "Qin, Kechen  and
      Wang, Lu  and
      Kim, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1090",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1090",
    pages = "974--984",
    abstract = "We present a joint modeling approach to identify salient discussion points in spoken meetings as well as to label the discourse relations between speaker turns. A variation of our model is also discussed when discourse relations are treated as latent variables. Experimental results on two popular meeting corpora show that our joint model can outperform state-of-the-art approaches for both phrase-based content selection and discourse relation prediction tasks. We also evaluate our model on predicting the consistency among team members{'} understanding of their group decisions. Classifiers trained with features constructed from our model achieve significant better predictive performance than the state-of-the-art.",
}
@inproceedings{niculae-etal-2017-argument,
    title = "Argument Mining with Structured {SVM}s and {RNN}s",
    author = "Niculae, Vlad  and
      Park, Joonsuk  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1091",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1091",
    pages = "985--995",
    abstract = "We propose a novel factor graph model for argument mining, designed for settings in which the argumentative relations in a document do not necessarily form a tree structure. (This is the case in over 20{\%} of the web comments dataset we release.) Our model jointly learns elementary unit type classification and argumentative relation prediction. Moreover, our model supports SVM and RNN parametrizations, can enforce structure constraints (e.g., transitivity), and can express dependencies between adjacent relations and propositions. Our approaches outperform unstructured baselines in both web comments and argumentative essay datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{ji-smith-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Discourse Structure for Text Categorization",
    author = "Ji, Yangfeng  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1092",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1092",
    pages = "996--1005",
    abstract = "We show that discourse structure, as defined by Rhetorical Structure Theory and provided by an existing discourse parser, benefits text categorization. Our approach uses a recursive neural network and a newly proposed attention mechanism to compute a representation of the text that focuses on salient content, from the perspective of both RST and the task. Experiments consider variants of the approach and illustrate its strengths and weaknesses.",
}
@inproceedings{qin-etal-2017-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Connective-exploiting Networks for Implicit Discourse Relation Classification",
    author = "Qin, Lianhui  and
      Zhang, Zhisong  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Hu, Zhiting  and
      Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1093",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1093",
    pages = "1006--1017",
    abstract = "Implicit discourse relation classification is of great challenge due to the lack of connectives as strong linguistic cues, which motivates the use of annotated implicit connectives to improve the recognition. We propose a feature imitation framework in which an implicit relation network is driven to learn from another neural network with access to connectives, and thus encouraged to extract similarly salient features for accurate classification. We develop an adversarial model to enable an adaptive imitation scheme through competition between the implicit network and a rival feature discriminator. Our method effectively transfers discriminability of connectives to the implicit features, and achieves state-of-the-art performance on the PDTB benchmark.",
}
@inproceedings{haponchyk-moschitti-2017-dont,
    title = "Don{'}t understand a measure? Learn it: Structured Prediction for Coreference Resolution optimizing its measures",
    author = "Haponchyk, Iryna  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1094",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1094",
    pages = "1018--1028",
    abstract = "An interesting aspect of structured prediction is the evaluation of an output structure against the gold standard. Especially in the loss-augmented setting, the need of finding the max-violating constraint has severely limited the expressivity of effective loss functions. In this paper, we trade off exact computation for enabling the use and study of more complex loss functions for coreference resolution. Most interestingly, we show that such functions can be (i) automatically learned also from controversial but commonly accepted coreference measures, e.g., MELA, and (ii) successfully used in learning algorithms. The accurate model comparison on the standard CoNLL-2012 setting shows the benefit of more expressive loss functions.",
}
@inproceedings{andrews-etal-2017-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Modeling of Lexical Resources for Low-Resource Settings",
    author = "Andrews, Nicholas  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1095",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1095",
    pages = "1029--1039",
    abstract = "Lexical resources such as dictionaries and gazetteers are often used as auxiliary data for tasks such as part-of-speech induction and named-entity recognition. However, discriminative training with lexical features requires annotated data to reliably estimate the lexical feature weights and may result in overfitting the lexical features at the expense of features which generalize better. In this paper, we investigate a more robust approach: we stipulate that the lexicon is the result of an assumed generative process. Practically, this means that we may treat the lexical resources as observations under the proposed generative model. The lexical resources provide training data for the generative model without requiring separate data to estimate lexical feature weights. We evaluate the proposed approach in two settings: part-of-speech induction and low-resource named-entity recognition.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2017-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised {QA} with Generative Domain-Adaptive Nets",
    author = "Yang, Zhilin  and
      Hu, Junjie  and
      Salakhutdinov, Ruslan  and
      Cohen, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1096",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1096",
    pages = "1040--1050",
    abstract = "We study the problem of semi-supervised question answering{---}utilizing unlabeled text to boost the performance of question answering models. We propose a novel training framework, the \textit{Generative Domain-Adaptive Nets}. In this framework, we train a generative model to generate questions based on the unlabeled text, and combine model-generated questions with human-generated questions for training question answering models. We develop novel domain adaptation algorithms, based on reinforcement learning, to alleviate the discrepancy between the model-generated data distribution and the human-generated data distribution. Experiments show that our proposed framework obtains substantial improvement from unlabeled text.",
}
@inproceedings{guu-etal-2017-language,
    title = "From Language to Programs: Bridging Reinforcement Learning and Maximum Marginal Likelihood",
    author = "Guu, Kelvin  and
      Pasupat, Panupong  and
      Liu, Evan  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1097",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1097",
    pages = "1051--1062",
    abstract = "Our goal is to learn a semantic parser that maps natural language utterances into executable programs when only indirect supervision is available: examples are labeled with the correct execution result, but not the program itself. Consequently, we must search the space of programs for those that output the correct result, while not being misled by \textit{spurious programs}: incorrect programs that coincidentally output the correct result. We connect two common learning paradigms, reinforcement learning (RL) and maximum marginal likelihood (MML), and then present a new learning algorithm that combines the strengths of both. The new algorithm guards against spurious programs by combining the systematic search traditionally employed in MML with the randomized exploration of RL, and by updating parameters such that probability is spread more evenly across consistent programs. We apply our learning algorithm to a new neural semantic parser and show significant gains over existing state-of-the-art results on a recent context-dependent semantic parsing task.",
}
@inproceedings{nema-etal-2017-diversity,
    title = "Diversity driven attention model for query-based abstractive summarization",
    author = "Nema, Preksha  and
      Khapra, Mitesh M.  and
      Laha, Anirban  and
      Ravindran, Balaraman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1098",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1098",
    pages = "1063--1072",
    abstract = "Abstractive summarization aims to generate a shorter version of the document covering all the salient points in a compact and coherent fashion. On the other hand, query-based summarization highlights those points that are relevant in the context of a given query. The encode-attend-decode paradigm has achieved notable success in machine translation, extractive summarization, dialog systems, etc. But it suffers from the drawback of generation of repeated phrases. In this work we propose a model for the query-based summarization task based on the encode-attend-decode paradigm with two key additions (i) a query attention model (in addition to document attention model) which learns to focus on different portions of the query at different time steps (instead of using a static representation for the query) and (ii) a new diversity based attention model which aims to alleviate the problem of repeating phrases in the summary. In order to enable the testing of this model we introduce a new query-based summarization dataset building on debatepedia. Our experiments show that with these two additions the proposed model clearly outperforms vanilla encode-attend-decode models with a gain of 28{\%} (absolute) in ROUGE-L scores.",
}
@inproceedings{see-etal-2017-get,
    title = "Get To The Point: Summarization with Pointer-Generator Networks",
    author = "See, Abigail  and
      Liu, Peter J.  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1099",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1099",
    pages = "1073--1083",
    abstract = "Neural sequence-to-sequence models have provided a viable new approach for abstractive text summarization (meaning they are not restricted to simply selecting and rearranging passages from the original text). However, these models have two shortcomings: they are liable to reproduce factual details inaccurately, and they tend to repeat themselves. In this work we propose a novel architecture that augments the standard sequence-to-sequence attentional model in two orthogonal ways. First, we use a hybrid pointer-generator network that can copy words from the source text via pointing, which aids accurate reproduction of information, while retaining the ability to produce novel words through the generator. Second, we use coverage to keep track of what has been summarized, which discourages repetition. We apply our model to the CNN / Daily Mail summarization task, outperforming the current abstractive state-of-the-art by at least 2 ROUGE points.",
}
@inproceedings{peyrard-eckle-kohler-2017-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Learning of Automatic Pyramid for Optimization-Based Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Peyrard, Maxime  and
      Eckle-Kohler, Judith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1100",
    pages = "1084--1094",
    abstract = "We present a new supervised framework that learns to estimate automatic Pyramid scores and uses them for optimization-based extractive multi-document summarization. For learning automatic Pyramid scores, we developed a method for automatic training data generation which is based on a genetic algorithm using automatic Pyramid as the fitness function. Our experimental evaluation shows that our new framework significantly outperforms strong baselines regarding automatic Pyramid, and that there is much room for improvement in comparison with the upper-bound for automatic Pyramid.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2017-selective,
    title = "Selective Encoding for Abstractive Sentence Summarization",
    author = "Zhou, Qingyu  and
      Yang, Nan  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1101",
    pages = "1095--1104",
    abstract = "We propose a selective encoding model to extend the sequence-to-sequence framework for abstractive sentence summarization. It consists of a sentence encoder, a selective gate network, and an attention equipped decoder. The sentence encoder and decoder are built with recurrent neural networks. The selective gate network constructs a second level sentence representation by controlling the information flow from encoder to decoder. The second level representation is tailored for sentence summarization task, which leads to better performance. We evaluate our model on the English Gigaword, DUC 2004 and MSR abstractive sentence summarization datasets. The experimental results show that the proposed selective encoding model outperforms the state-of-the-art baseline models.",
}
@inproceedings{florescu-caragea-2017-positionrank,
    title = "{P}osition{R}ank: An Unsupervised Approach to Keyphrase Extraction from Scholarly Documents",
    author = "Florescu, Corina  and
      Caragea, Cornelia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1102",
    pages = "1105--1115",
    abstract = "The large and growing amounts of online scholarly data present both challenges and opportunities to enhance knowledge discovery. One such challenge is to automatically extract a small set of keyphrases from a document that can accurately describe the document{'}s content and can facilitate fast information processing. In this paper, we propose PositionRank, an unsupervised model for keyphrase extraction from scholarly documents that incorporates information from all positions of a word{'}s occurrences into a biased PageRank. Our model obtains remarkable improvements in performance over PageRank models that do not take into account word positions as well as over strong baselines for this task. Specifically, on several datasets of research papers, PositionRank achieves improvements as high as 29.09{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{lowe-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards an Automatic {T}uring Test: Learning to Evaluate Dialogue Responses",
    author = "Lowe, Ryan  and
      Noseworthy, Michael  and
      Serban, Iulian Vlad  and
      Angelard-Gontier, Nicolas  and
      Bengio, Yoshua  and
      Pineau, Joelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1103",
    pages = "1116--1126",
    abstract = "Automatically evaluating the quality of dialogue responses for unstructured domains is a challenging problem. Unfortunately, existing automatic evaluation metrics are biased and correlate very poorly with human judgements of response quality (Liu et al., 2016). Yet having an accurate automatic evaluation procedure is crucial for dialogue research, as it allows rapid prototyping and testing of new models with fewer expensive human evaluations. In response to this challenge, we formulate automatic dialogue evaluation as a learning problem.We present an evaluation model (ADEM)that learns to predict human-like scores to input responses, using a new dataset of human response scores. We show that the ADEM model{'}s predictions correlate significantly, and at a level much higher than word-overlap metrics such as BLEU, with human judgements at both the utterance and system-level. We also show that ADEM can generalize to evaluating dialogue mod-els unseen during training, an important step for automatic dialogue evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{hershcovich-etal-2017-transition,
    title = "A Transition-Based Directed Acyclic Graph Parser for {UCCA}",
    author = "Hershcovich, Daniel  and
      Abend, Omri  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1104",
    pages = "1127--1138",
    abstract = "We present the first parser for UCCA, a cross-linguistically applicable framework for semantic representation, which builds on extensive typological work and supports rapid annotation. UCCA poses a challenge for existing parsing techniques, as it exhibits reentrancy (resulting in DAG structures), discontinuous structures and non-terminal nodes corresponding to complex semantic units. To our knowledge, the conjunction of these formal properties is not supported by any existing parser. Our transition-based parser, which uses a novel transition set and features based on bidirectional LSTMs, has value not just for UCCA parsing: its ability to handle more general graph structures can inform the development of parsers for other semantic DAG structures, and in languages that frequently use discontinuous structures.",
}
@inproceedings{rabinovich-etal-2017-abstract,
    title = "Abstract Syntax Networks for Code Generation and Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Rabinovich, Maxim  and
      Stern, Mitchell  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1105",
    pages = "1139--1149",
    abstract = "Tasks like code generation and semantic parsing require mapping unstructured (or partially structured) inputs to well-formed, executable outputs. We introduce abstract syntax networks, a modeling framework for these problems. The outputs are represented as abstract syntax trees (ASTs) and constructed by a decoder with a dynamically-determined modular structure paralleling the structure of the output tree. On the benchmark Hearthstone dataset for code generation, our model obtains 79.2 BLEU and 22.7{\%} exact match accuracy, compared to previous state-of-the-art values of 67.1 and 6.1{\%}. Furthermore, we perform competitively on the Atis, Jobs, and Geo semantic parsing datasets with no task-specific engineering.",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2017-visualizing,
    title = "Visualizing and Understanding Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Ding, Yanzhuo  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Luan, Huanbo  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1106",
    pages = "1150--1159",
    abstract = "While neural machine translation (NMT) has made remarkable progress in recent years, it is hard to interpret its internal workings due to the continuous representations and non-linearity of neural networks. In this work, we propose to use layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP) to compute the contribution of each contextual word to arbitrary hidden states in the attention-based encoder-decoder framework. We show that visualization with LRP helps to interpret the internal workings of NMT and analyze translation errors.",
}
@inproceedings{rehbein-ruppenhofer-2017-detecting,
    title = "Detecting annotation noise in automatically labelled data",
    author = "Rehbein, Ines  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1107",
    pages = "1160--1170",
    abstract = "We introduce a method for error detection in automatically annotated text, aimed at supporting the creation of high-quality language resources at affordable cost. Our method combines an unsupervised generative model with human supervision from active learning. We test our approach on in-domain and out-of-domain data in two languages, in AL simulations and in a real world setting. For all settings, the results show that our method is able to detect annotation errors with high precision and high recall.",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2017-abstractive,
    title = "Abstractive Document Summarization with a Graph-Based Attentional Neural Model",
    author = "Tan, Jiwei  and
      Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Xiao, Jianguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1108",
    pages = "1171--1181",
    abstract = "Abstractive summarization is the ultimate goal of document summarization research, but previously it is less investigated due to the immaturity of text generation techniques. Recently impressive progress has been made to abstractive sentence summarization using neural models. Unfortunately, attempts on abstractive document summarization are still in a primitive stage, and the evaluation results are worse than extractive methods on benchmark datasets. In this paper, we review the difficulties of neural abstractive document summarization, and propose a novel graph-based attention mechanism in the sequence-to-sequence framework. The intuition is to address the saliency factor of summarization, which has been overlooked by prior works. Experimental results demonstrate our model is able to achieve considerable improvement over previous neural abstractive models. The data-driven neural abstractive method is also competitive with state-of-the-art extractive methods.",
}
@inproceedings{cotterell-eisner-2017-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Typology: Deep Generative Models of Vowel Inventories",
    author = "Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1109",
    pages = "1182--1192",
    abstract = "Linguistic typology studies the range of structures present in human language. The main goal of the field is to discover which sets of possible phenomena are universal, and which are merely frequent. For example, all languages have vowels, while most{---}but not all{---}languages have an /u/ sound. In this paper we present the first probabilistic treatment of a basic question in phonological typology: What makes a natural vowel inventory? We introduce a series of deep stochastic point processes, and contrast them with previous computational, simulation-based approaches. We provide a comprehensive suite of experiments on over 200 distinct languages.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Multi-Criteria Learning for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Chen, Xinchi  and
      Shi, Zhan  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1110",
    pages = "1193--1203",
    abstract = "Different linguistic perspectives causes many diverse segmentation criteria for Chinese word segmentation (CWS). Most existing methods focus on improve the performance for each single criterion. However, it is interesting to exploit these different criteria and mining their common underlying knowledge. In this paper, we propose adversarial multi-criteria learning for CWS by integrating shared knowledge from multiple heterogeneous segmentation criteria. Experiments on eight corpora with heterogeneous segmentation criteria show that the performance of each corpus obtains a significant improvement, compared to single-criterion learning. Source codes of this paper are available on Github.",
}
@inproceedings{kurita-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Joint Model for Transition-based {C}hinese Syntactic Analysis",
    author = "Kurita, Shuhei  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1111",
    pages = "1204--1214",
    abstract = "We present neural network-based joint models for Chinese word segmentation, POS tagging and dependency parsing. Our models are the first neural approaches for fully joint Chinese analysis that is known to prevent the error propagation problem of pipeline models. Although word embeddings play a key role in dependency parsing, they cannot be applied directly to the joint task in the previous work. To address this problem, we propose embeddings of character strings, in addition to words. Experiments show that our models outperform existing systems in Chinese word segmentation and POS tagging, and perform preferable accuracies in dependency parsing. We also explore bi-LSTM models with fewer features.",
}
@inproceedings{buys-blunsom-2017-robust,
    title = "Robust Incremental Neural Semantic Graph Parsing",
    author = "Buys, Jan  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1112",
    pages = "1215--1226",
    abstract = "Parsing sentences to linguistically-expressive semantic representations is a key goal of Natural Language Processing. Yet statistical parsing has focussed almost exclusively on bilexical dependencies or domain-specific logical forms. We propose a neural encoder-decoder transition-based parser which is the first full-coverage semantic graph parser for Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS). The model architecture uses stack-based embedding features, predicting graphs jointly with unlexicalized predicates and their token alignments. Our parser is more accurate than attention-based baselines on MRS, and on an additional Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) benchmark, and GPU batch processing makes it an order of magnitude faster than a high-precision grammar-based parser. Further, the 86.69{\%} Smatch score of our MRS parser is higher than the upper-bound on AMR parsing, making MRS an attractive choice as a semantic representation.",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-etal-2017-joint,
    title = "Joint Extraction of Entities and Relations Based on a Novel Tagging Scheme",
    author = "Zheng, Suncong  and
      Wang, Feng  and
      Bao, Hongyun  and
      Hao, Yuexing  and
      Zhou, Peng  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1113",
    pages = "1227--1236",
    abstract = "Joint extraction of entities and relations is an important task in information extraction. To tackle this problem, we firstly propose a novel tagging scheme that can convert the joint extraction task to a tagging problem.. Then, based on our tagging scheme, we study different end-to-end models to extract entities and their relations directly, without identifying entities and relations separately. We conduct experiments on a public dataset produced by distant supervision method and the experimental results show that the tagging based methods are better than most of the existing pipelined and joint learning methods. What{'}s more, the end-to-end model proposed in this paper, achieves the best results on the public dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2017-local,
    title = "A Local Detection Approach for Named Entity Recognition and Mention Detection",
    author = "Xu, Mingbin  and
      Jiang, Hui  and
      Watcharawittayakul, Sedtawut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1114",
    pages = "1237--1247",
    abstract = "In this paper, we study a novel approach for named entity recognition (NER) and mention detection (MD) in natural language processing. Instead of treating NER as a sequence labeling problem, we propose a new local detection approach, which relies on the recent fixed-size ordinally forgetting encoding (FOFE) method to fully encode each sentence fragment and its left/right contexts into a fixed-size representation. Subsequently, a simple feedforward neural network (FFNN) is learned to either reject or predict entity label for each individual text fragment. The proposed method has been evaluated in several popular NER and MD tasks, including CoNLL 2003 NER task and TAC-KBP2015 and TAC-KBP2016 Tri-lingual Entity Discovery and Linking (EDL) tasks. Our method has yielded pretty strong performance in all of these examined tasks. This local detection approach has shown many advantages over the traditional sequence labeling methods.",
}
@inproceedings{gritta-etal-2017-vancouver,
    title = "Vancouver Welcomes You! Minimalist Location Metonymy Resolution",
    author = "Gritta, Milan  and
      Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Limsopatham, Nut  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1115",
    pages = "1248--1259",
    abstract = "Named entities are frequently used in a metonymic manner. They serve as references to related entities such as people and organisations. Accurate identification and interpretation of metonymy can be directly beneficial to various NLP applications, such as Named Entity Recognition and Geographical Parsing. Until now, metonymy resolution (MR) methods mainly relied on parsers, taggers, dictionaries, external word lists and other handcrafted lexical resources. We show how a minimalist neural approach combined with a novel predicate window method can achieve competitive results on the SemEval 2007 task on Metonymy Resolution. Additionally, we contribute with a new Wikipedia-based MR dataset called RelocaR, which is tailored towards locations as well as improving previous deficiencies in annotation guidelines.",
}
@inproceedings{miura-etal-2017-unifying,
    title = "Unifying Text, Metadata, and User Network Representations with a Neural Network for Geolocation Prediction",
    author = "Miura, Yasuhide  and
      Taniguchi, Motoki  and
      Taniguchi, Tomoki  and
      Ohkuma, Tomoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1116",
    pages = "1260--1272",
    abstract = "We propose a novel geolocation prediction model using a complex neural network. Geolocation prediction in social media has attracted many researchers to use information of various types. Our model unifies text, metadata, and user network representations with an attention mechanism to overcome previous ensemble approaches. In an evaluation using two open datasets, the proposed model exhibited a maximum 3.8{\%} increase in accuracy and a maximum of 6.6{\%} increase in accuracy@161 against previous models. We further analyzed several intermediate layers of our model, which revealed that their states capture some statistical characteristics of the datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{pasunuru-bansal-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-Task Video Captioning with Video and Entailment Generation",
    author = "Pasunuru, Ramakanth  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1117",
    pages = "1273--1283",
    abstract = "Video captioning, the task of describing the content of a video, has seen some promising improvements in recent years with sequence-to-sequence models, but accurately learning the temporal and logical dynamics involved in the task still remains a challenge, especially given the lack of sufficient annotated data. We improve video captioning by sharing knowledge with two related directed-generation tasks: a temporally-directed unsupervised video prediction task to learn richer context-aware video encoder representations, and a logically-directed language entailment generation task to learn better video-entailing caption decoder representations. For this, we present a many-to-many multi-task learning model that shares parameters across the encoders and decoders of the three tasks. We achieve significant improvements and the new state-of-the-art on several standard video captioning datasets using diverse automatic and human evaluations. We also show mutual multi-task improvements on the entailment generation task.",
}
@inproceedings{santos-etal-2017-enriching,
    title = "Enriching Complex Networks with Word Embeddings for Detecting Mild Cognitive Impairment from Speech Transcripts",
    author = "Santos, Leandro  and
      Corr{\^e}a J{\'u}nior, Edilson Anselmo  and
      Oliveira Jr, Osvaldo  and
      Amancio, Diego  and
      Mansur, Let{\'\i}cia  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1118",
    pages = "1284--1296",
    abstract = "Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a mental disorder difficult to diagnose. Linguistic features, mainly from parsers, have been used to detect MCI, but this is not suitable for large-scale assessments. MCI disfluencies produce non-grammatical speech that requires manual or high precision automatic correction of transcripts. In this paper, we modeled transcripts into complex networks and enriched them with word embedding (CNE) to better represent short texts produced in neuropsychological assessments. The network measurements were applied with well-known classifiers to automatically identify MCI in transcripts, in a binary classification task. A comparison was made with the performance of traditional approaches using Bag of Words (BoW) and linguistic features for three datasets: DementiaBank in English, and Cinderella and Arizona-Battery in Portuguese. Overall, CNE provided higher accuracy than using only complex networks, while Support Vector Machine was superior to other classifiers. CNE provided the highest accuracies for DementiaBank and Cinderella, but BoW was more efficient for the Arizona-Battery dataset probably owing to its short narratives. The approach using linguistic features yielded higher accuracy if the transcriptions of the Cinderella dataset were manually revised. Taken together, the results indicate that complex networks enriched with embedding is promising for detecting MCI in large-scale assessments.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2017-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Adaptation of Synthetic or Stale Data",
    author = "Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Stratos, Karl  and
      Kim, Dongchan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1119",
    pages = "1297--1307",
    abstract = "Two types of data shift common in practice are 1. transferring from synthetic data to live user data (a deployment shift), and 2. transferring from stale data to current data (a temporal shift). Both cause a distribution mismatch between training and evaluation, leading to a model that overfits the flawed training data and performs poorly on the test data. We propose a solution to this mismatch problem by framing it as domain adaptation, treating the flawed training dataset as a source domain and the evaluation dataset as a target domain. To this end, we use and build on several recent advances in neural domain adaptation such as adversarial training (Ganinet al., 2016) and domain separation network (Bousmalis et al., 2016), proposing a new effective adversarial training scheme. In both supervised and unsupervised adaptation scenarios, our approach yields clear improvement over strong baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{akasaki-kaji-2017-chat,
    title = "Chat Detection in an Intelligent Assistant: Combining Task-oriented and Non-task-oriented Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Akasaki, Satoshi  and
      Kaji, Nobuhiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1120",
    pages = "1308--1319",
    abstract = "Recently emerged intelligent assistants on smartphones and home electronics (e.g., Siri and Alexa) can be seen as novel hybrids of domain-specific task-oriented spoken dialogue systems and open-domain non-task-oriented ones. To realize such hybrid dialogue systems, this paper investigates determining whether or not a user is going to have a chat with the system. To address the lack of benchmark datasets for this task, we construct a new dataset consisting of 15,160 utterances collected from the real log data of a commercial intelligent assistant (and will release the dataset to facilitate future research activity). In addition, we investigate using tweets and Web search queries for handling open-domain user utterances, which characterize the task of chat detection. Experimental experiments demonstrated that, while simple supervised methods are effective, the use of the tweets and search queries further improves the F$_1$-score from 86.21 to 87.53.",
}
@inproceedings{tien-nguyen-joty-2017-neural,
    title = "A Neural Local Coherence Model",
    author = "Tien Nguyen, Dat  and
      Joty, Shafiq",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1121",
    pages = "1320--1330",
    abstract = "We propose a local coherence model based on a convolutional neural network that operates over the entity grid representation of a text. The model captures long range entity transitions along with entity-specific features without loosing generalization, thanks to the power of distributed representation. We present a pairwise ranking method to train the model in an end-to-end fashion on a task and learn task-specific high level features. Our evaluation on three different coherence assessment tasks demonstrates that our model achieves state of the art results outperforming existing models by a good margin.",
}
@inproceedings{cagan-etal-2017-data,
    title = "Data-Driven Broad-Coverage Grammars for Opinionated Natural Language Generation ({ONLG})",
    author = "Cagan, Tomer  and
      Frank, Stefan L.  and
      Tsarfaty, Reut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1122",
    pages = "1331--1341",
    abstract = "Opinionated Natural Language Generation (ONLG) is a new, challenging, task that aims to automatically generate human-like, subjective, responses to opinionated articles online. We present a data-driven architecture for ONLG that generates subjective responses triggered by users{'} agendas, consisting of topics and sentiments, and based on wide-coverage automatically-acquired generative grammars. We compare three types of grammatical representations that we design for ONLG, which interleave different layers of linguistic information and are induced from a new, enriched dataset we developed. Our evaluation shows that generation with Relational-Realizational (Tsarfaty and Sima{'}an, 2008) inspired grammar gets better language model scores than lexicalized grammars {`}a la Collins (2003), and that the latter gets better human-evaluation scores. We also show that conditioning the generation on topic models makes generated responses more relevant to the document content.",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to Ask: Neural Question Generation for Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Du, Xinya  and
      Shao, Junru  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1123",
    pages = "1342--1352",
    abstract = "We study automatic question generation for sentences from text passages in reading comprehension. We introduce an attention-based sequence learning model for the task and investigate the effect of encoding sentence- vs. paragraph-level information. In contrast to all previous work, our model does not rely on hand-crafted rules or a sophisticated NLP pipeline; it is instead trainable end-to-end via sequence-to-sequence learning. Automatic evaluation results show that our system significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art rule-based system. In human evaluations, questions generated by our system are also rated as being more natural (\textit{i.e.,}, grammaticality, fluency) and as more difficult to answer (in terms of syntactic and lexical divergence from the original text and reasoning needed to answer).",
}
@inproceedings{p-v-s-meyer-2017-joint,
    title = "Joint Optimization of User-desired Content in Multi-document Summaries by Learning from User Feedback",
    author = "P.V.S, Avinesh  and
      Meyer, Christian M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1124",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1124",
    pages = "1353--1363",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose an extractive multi-document summarization (MDS) system using joint optimization and active learning for content selection grounded in user feedback. Our method interactively obtains user feedback to gradually improve the results of a state-of-the-art integer linear programming (ILP) framework for MDS. Our methods complement fully automatic methods in producing high-quality summaries with a minimum number of iterations and feedbacks. We conduct multiple simulation-based experiments and analyze the effect of feedback-based concept selection in the ILP setup in order to maximize the user-desired content in the summary.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-flexible,
    title = "Flexible and Creative {C}hinese Poetry Generation Using Neural Memory",
    author = "Zhang, Jiyuan  and
      Feng, Yang  and
      Wang, Dong  and
      Wang, Yang  and
      Abel, Andrew  and
      Zhang, Shiyue  and
      Zhang, Andi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1125",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1125",
    pages = "1364--1373",
    abstract = "It has been shown that Chinese poems can be successfully generated by sequence-to-sequence neural models, particularly with the attention mechanism. A potential problem of this approach, however, is that neural models can only learn abstract rules, while poem generation is a highly creative process that involves not only rules but also innovations for which pure statistical models are not appropriate in principle. This work proposes a memory augmented neural model for Chinese poem generation, where the neural model and the augmented memory work together to balance the requirements of linguistic accordance and aesthetic innovation, leading to innovative generations that are still rule-compliant. In addition, it is found that the memory mechanism provides interesting flexibility that can be used to generate poems with different styles.",
}
@inproceedings{murakami-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to Generate Market Comments from Stock Prices",
    author = "Murakami, Soichiro  and
      Watanabe, Akihiko  and
      Miyazawa, Akira  and
      Goshima, Keiichi  and
      Yanase, Toshihiko  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1126",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1126",
    pages = "1374--1384",
    abstract = "This paper presents a novel encoder-decoder model for automatically generating market comments from stock prices. The model first encodes both short- and long-term series of stock prices so that it can mention short- and long-term changes in stock prices. In the decoding phase, our model can also generate a numerical value by selecting an appropriate arithmetic operation such as subtraction or rounding, and applying it to the input stock prices. Empirical experiments show that our best model generates market comments at the fluency and the informativeness approaching human-generated reference texts.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-syntax,
    title = "Can Syntax Help? Improving an {LSTM}-based Sentence Compression Model for New Domains",
    author = "Wang, Liangguo  and
      Jiang, Jing  and
      Chieu, Hai Leong  and
      Ong, Chen Hui  and
      Song, Dandan  and
      Liao, Lejian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1127",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1127",
    pages = "1385--1393",
    abstract = "In this paper, we study how to improve the domain adaptability of a deletion-based Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network model for sentence compression. We hypothesize that syntactic information helps in making such models more robust across domains. We propose two major changes to the model: using explicit syntactic features and introducing syntactic constraints through Integer Linear Programming (ILP). Our evaluation shows that the proposed model works better than the original model as well as a traditional non-neural-network-based model in a cross-domain setting.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-transductive,
    title = "Transductive Non-linear Learning for {C}hinese Hypernym Prediction",
    author = "Wang, Chengyu  and
      Yan, Junchi  and
      Zhou, Aoying  and
      He, Xiaofeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1128",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1128",
    pages = "1394--1404",
    abstract = "Finding the correct hypernyms for entities is essential for taxonomy learning, fine-grained entity categorization, query understanding, etc. Due to the flexibility of the Chinese language, it is challenging to identify hypernyms in Chinese accurately. Rather than extracting hypernyms from texts, in this paper, we present a transductive learning approach to establish mappings from entities to hypernyms in the embedding space directly. It combines linear and non-linear embedding projection models, with the capacity of encoding arbitrary language-specific rules. Experiments on real-world datasets illustrate that our approach outperforms previous methods for Chinese hypernym prediction.",
}
@inproceedings{xie-xing-2017-constituent,
    title = "A Constituent-Centric Neural Architecture for Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Xie, Pengtao  and
      Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1129",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1129",
    pages = "1405--1414",
    abstract = "Reading comprehension (RC), aiming to understand natural texts and answer questions therein, is a challenging task. In this paper, we study the RC problem on the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD). Observing from the training set that most correct answers are centered around constituents in the parse tree, we design a constituent-centric neural architecture where the generation of candidate answers and their representation learning are both based on constituents and guided by the parse tree. Under this architecture, the search space of candidate answers can be greatly reduced without sacrificing the coverage of correct answers and the syntactic, hierarchical and compositional structure among constituents can be well captured, which contributes to better representation learning of the candidate answers. On SQuAD, our method achieves the state of the art performance and the ablation study corroborates the effectiveness of individual modules.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-yang-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Distillation for Text Classification",
    author = "Xu, Ruochen  and
      Yang, Yiming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1130",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1130",
    pages = "1415--1425",
    abstract = "Cross-lingual text classification(CLTC) is the task of classifying documents written in different languages into the same taxonomy of categories. This paper presents a novel approach to CLTC that builds on model distillation, which adapts and extends a framework originally proposed for model compression. Using soft probabilistic predictions for the documents in a label-rich language as the (induced) supervisory labels in a parallel corpus of documents, we train classifiers successfully for new languages in which labeled training data are not available. An adversarial feature adaptation technique is also applied during the model training to reduce distribution mismatch. We conducted experiments on two benchmark CLTC datasets, treating English as the source language and German, French, Japan and Chinese as the unlabeled target languages. The proposed approach had the advantageous or comparable performance of the other state-of-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{perez-rosas-etal-2017-understanding,
    title = "Understanding and Predicting Empathic Behavior in Counseling Therapy",
    author = "P{\'e}rez-Rosas, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Resnicow, Kenneth  and
      Singh, Satinder  and
      An, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1131",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1131",
    pages = "1426--1435",
    abstract = "Counselor empathy is associated with better outcomes in psychology and behavioral counseling. In this paper, we explore several aspects pertaining to counseling interaction dynamics and their relation to counselor empathy during motivational interviewing encounters. Particularly, we analyze aspects such as participants{'} engagement, participants{'} verbal and nonverbal accommodation, as well as topics being discussed during the conversation, with the final goal of identifying linguistic and acoustic markers of counselor empathy. We also show how we can use these findings alongside other raw linguistic and acoustic features to build accurate counselor empathy classifiers with accuracies of up to 80{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-mitchell-2017-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Knowledge Bases in {LSTM}s for Improving Machine Reading",
    author = "Yang, Bishan  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1132",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1132",
    pages = "1436--1446",
    abstract = "This paper focuses on how to take advantage of external knowledge bases (KBs) to improve recurrent neural networks for machine reading. Traditional methods that exploit knowledge from KBs encode knowledge as discrete indicator features. Not only do these features generalize poorly, but they require task-specific feature engineering to achieve good performance. We propose KBLSTM, a novel neural model that leverages continuous representations of KBs to enhance the learning of recurrent neural networks for machine reading. To effectively integrate background knowledge with information from the currently processed text, our model employs an attention mechanism with a sentinel to adaptively decide whether to attend to background knowledge and which information from KBs is useful. Experimental results show that our model achieves accuracies that surpass the previous state-of-the-art results for both entity extraction and event extraction on the widely used ACE2005 dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{pan-etal-2017-prerequisite,
    title = "Prerequisite Relation Learning for Concepts in {MOOC}s",
    author = "Pan, Liangming  and
      Li, Chengjiang  and
      Li, Juanzi  and
      Tang, Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1133",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1133",
    pages = "1447--1456",
    abstract = "What prerequisite knowledge should students achieve a level of mastery before moving forward to learn subsequent coursewares? We study the extent to which the prerequisite relation between knowledge concepts in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) can be inferred automatically. In particular, what kinds of information can be leverage to uncover the potential prerequisite relation between knowledge concepts. We first propose a representation learning-based method for learning latent representations of course concepts, and then investigate how different features capture the prerequisite relations between concepts. Our experiments on three datasets form Coursera show that the proposed method achieves significant improvements (+5.9-48.0{\%} by F1-score) comparing with existing methods.",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-etal-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Text Segmentation Based on Native Language Characteristics",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Du, Lan  and
      Wolska, Magdalena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1134",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1134",
    pages = "1457--1469",
    abstract = "Most work on segmenting text does so on the basis of topic changes, but it can be of interest to segment by other, stylistically expressed characteristics such as change of authorship or native language. We propose a Bayesian unsupervised text segmentation approach to the latter. While baseline models achieve essentially random segmentation on our task, indicating its difficulty, a Bayesian model that incorporates appropriately compact language models and alternating asymmetric priors can achieve scores on the standard metrics around halfway to perfect segmentation.",
}
@inproceedings{ni-etal-2017-weakly,
    title = "Weakly Supervised Cross-Lingual Named Entity Recognition via Effective Annotation and Representation Projection",
    author = "Ni, Jian  and
      Dinu, Georgiana  and
      Florian, Radu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1135",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1135",
    pages = "1470--1480",
    abstract = "The state-of-the-art named entity recognition (NER) systems are supervised machine learning models that require large amounts of manually annotated data to achieve high accuracy. However, annotating NER data by human is expensive and time-consuming, and can be quite difficult for a new language. In this paper, we present two weakly supervised approaches for cross-lingual NER with no human annotation in a target language. The first approach is to create automatically labeled NER data for a target language via annotation projection on comparable corpora, where we develop a heuristic scheme that effectively selects good-quality projection-labeled data from noisy data. The second approach is to project distributed representations of words (word embeddings) from a target language to a source language, so that the source-language NER system can be applied to the target language without re-training. We also design two co-decoding schemes that effectively combine the outputs of the two projection-based approaches. We evaluate the performance of the proposed approaches on both in-house and open NER data for several target languages. The results show that the combined systems outperform three other weakly supervised approaches on the CoNLL data.",
}
@inproceedings{chakrabarty-etal-2017-context,
    title = "Context Sensitive Lemmatization Using Two Successive Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Networks",
    author = "Chakrabarty, Abhisek  and
      Pandit, Onkar Arun  and
      Garain, Utpal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1136",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1136",
    pages = "1481--1491",
    abstract = "We introduce a composite deep neural network architecture for supervised and language independent context sensitive lemmatization. The proposed method considers the task as to identify the correct edit tree representing the transformation between a word-lemma pair. To find the lemma of a surface word, we exploit two successive bidirectional gated recurrent structures - the first one is used to extract the character level dependencies and the next one captures the contextual information of the given word. The key advantages of our model compared to the state-of-the-art lemmatizers such as Lemming and Morfette are - (i) it is independent of human decided features (ii) except the gold lemma, no other expensive morphological attribute is required for joint learning. We evaluate the lemmatizer on nine languages - Bengali, Catalan, Dutch, Hindi, Hungarian, Italian, Latin, Romanian and Spanish. It is found that except Bengali, the proposed method outperforms Lemming and Morfette on the other languages. To train the model on Bengali, we develop a gold lemma annotated dataset (having 1,702 sentences with a total of 20,257 word tokens), which is an additional contribution of this work.",
}
@inproceedings{kawakami-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to Create and Reuse Words in Open-Vocabulary Neural Language Modeling",
    author = "Kawakami, Kazuya  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1137",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1137",
    pages = "1492--1502",
    abstract = "Fixed-vocabulary language models fail to account for one of the most characteristic statistical facts of natural language: the frequent creation and reuse of new word types. Although character-level language models offer a partial solution in that they can create word types not attested in the training corpus, they do not capture the {``}bursty{''} distribution of such words. In this paper, we augment a hierarchical LSTM language model that generates sequences of word tokens character by character with a caching mechanism that learns to reuse previously generated words. To validate our model we construct a new open-vocabulary language modeling corpus (the Multilingual Wikipedia Corpus; MWC) from comparable Wikipedia articles in 7 typologically diverse languages and demonstrate the effectiveness of our model across this range of languages.",
}
@inproceedings{kreutzer-etal-2017-bandit,
    title = "Bandit Structured Prediction for Neural Sequence-to-Sequence Learning",
    author = "Kreutzer, Julia  and
      Sokolov, Artem  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1138",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1138",
    pages = "1503--1513",
    abstract = "Bandit structured prediction describes a stochastic optimization framework where learning is performed from partial feedback. This feedback is received in the form of a task loss evaluation to a predicted output structure, without having access to gold standard structures. We advance this framework by lifting linear bandit learning to neural sequence-to-sequence learning problems using attention-based recurrent neural networks. Furthermore, we show how to incorporate control variates into our learning algorithms for variance reduction and improved generalization. We present an evaluation on a neural machine translation task that shows improvements of up to 5.89 BLEU points for domain adaptation from simulated bandit feedback.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-prior,
    title = "Prior Knowledge Integration for Neural Machine Translation using Posterior Regularization",
    author = "Zhang, Jiacheng  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Luan, Huanbo  and
      Xu, Jingfang  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1139",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1139",
    pages = "1514--1523",
    abstract = "Although neural machine translation has made significant progress recently, how to integrate multiple overlapping, arbitrary prior knowledge sources remains a challenge. In this work, we propose to use posterior regularization to provide a general framework for integrating prior knowledge into neural machine translation. We represent prior knowledge sources as features in a log-linear model, which guides the learning processing of the neural translation model. Experiments on Chinese-English dataset show that our approach leads to significant improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Word Reordering Knowledge into Attention-based Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Jinchao  and
      Wang, Mingxuan  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Zhou, Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1140",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1140",
    pages = "1524--1534",
    abstract = "This paper proposes three distortion models to explicitly incorporate the word reordering knowledge into attention-based Neural Machine Translation (NMT) for further improving translation performance. Our proposed models enable attention mechanism to attend to source words regarding both the semantic requirement and the word reordering penalty. Experiments on Chinese-English translation show that the approaches can improve word alignment quality and achieve significant translation improvements over a basic attention-based NMT by large margins. Compared with previous works on identical corpora, our system achieves the state-of-the-art performance on translation quality.",
}
@inproceedings{hokamp-liu-2017-lexically,
    title = "Lexically Constrained Decoding for Sequence Generation Using Grid Beam Search",
    author = "Hokamp, Chris  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1141",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1141",
    pages = "1535--1546",
    abstract = "We present Grid Beam Search (GBS), an algorithm which extends beam search to allow the inclusion of pre-specified lexical constraints. The algorithm can be used with any model which generates sequences token by token. Lexical constraints take the form of phrases or words that must be present in the output sequence. This is a very general way to incorporate auxillary knowledge into a model{'}s output without requiring any modification of the parameters or training data. We demonstrate the feasibility and flexibility of Lexically Constrained Decoding by conducting experiments on Neural Interactive-Predictive Translation, as well as Domain Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation. Experiments show that GBS can provide large improvements in translation quality in interactive scenarios, and that, even without any user input, GBS can be used to achieve significant gains in performance in domain adaptation scenarios.",
}
@inproceedings{tong-etal-2017-combating,
    title = "Combating Human Trafficking with Multimodal Deep Models",
    author = "Tong, Edmund  and
      Zadeh, Amir  and
      Jones, Cara  and
      Morency, Louis-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1142",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1142",
    pages = "1547--1556",
    abstract = "Human trafficking is a global epidemic affecting millions of people across the planet. Sex trafficking, the dominant form of human trafficking, has seen a significant rise mostly due to the abundance of escort websites, where human traffickers can openly advertise among at-will escort advertisements. In this paper, we take a major step in the automatic detection of advertisements suspected to pertain to human trafficking. We present a novel dataset called Trafficking-10k, with more than 10,000 advertisements annotated for this task. The dataset contains two sources of information per advertisement: text and images. For the accurate detection of trafficking advertisements, we designed and trained a deep multimodal model called the Human Trafficking Deep Network (HTDN).",
}
@inproceedings{lim-etal-2017-malwaretextdb,
    title = "{M}alware{T}ext{DB}: A Database for Annotated Malware Articles",
    author = "Lim, Swee Kiat  and
      Muis, Aldrian Obaja  and
      Lu, Wei  and
      Ong, Chen Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1143",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1143",
    pages = "1557--1567",
    abstract = "Cybersecurity risks and malware threats are becoming increasingly dangerous and common. Despite the severity of the problem, there has been few NLP efforts focused on tackling cybersecurity. In this paper, we discuss the construction of a new database for annotated malware texts. An annotation framework is introduced based on the MAEC vocabulary for defining malware characteristics, along with a database consisting of 39 annotated APT reports with a total of 6,819 sentences. We also use the database to construct models that can potentially help cybersecurity researchers in their data collection and analytics efforts.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Annotated Revisions for Studying Argumentative Writing",
    author = "Zhang, Fan  and
      Hashemi, Homa B.  and
      Hwa, Rebecca  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1144",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1144",
    pages = "1568--1578",
    abstract = "This paper presents ArgRewrite, a corpus of between-draft revisions of argumentative essays. Drafts are manually aligned at the sentence level, and the writer{'}s purpose for each revision is annotated with categories analogous to those used in argument mining and discourse analysis. The corpus should enable advanced research in writing comparison and revision analysis, as demonstrated via our own studies of student revision behavior and of automatic revision purpose prediction.",
}
@inproceedings{ustalov-etal-2017-watset,
    title = "{W}atset: Automatic Induction of Synsets from a Graph of Synonyms",
    author = "Ustalov, Dmitry  and
      Panchenko, Alexander  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1145",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1145",
    pages = "1579--1590",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new graph-based approach that induces synsets using synonymy dictionaries and word embeddings. First, we build a weighted graph of synonyms extracted from commonly available resources, such as Wiktionary. Second, we apply word sense induction to deal with ambiguous words. Finally, we cluster the disambiguated version of the ambiguous input graph into synsets. Our meta-clustering approach lets us use an efficient hard clustering algorithm to perform a fuzzy clustering of the graph. Despite its simplicity, our approach shows excellent results, outperforming five competitive state-of-the-art methods in terms of F-score on three gold standard datasets for English and Russian derived from large-scale manually constructed lexical resources.",
}
@inproceedings{ouchi-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Modeling of Multi-Predicate Interactions for {J}apanese Predicate Argument Structure Analysis",
    author = "Ouchi, Hiroki  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1146",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1146",
    pages = "1591--1600",
    abstract = "The performance of Japanese predicate argument structure (PAS) analysis has improved in recent years thanks to the joint modeling of interactions between multiple predicates. However, this approach relies heavily on syntactic information predicted by parsers, and suffers from errorpropagation. To remedy this problem, we introduce a model that uses grid-type recurrent neural networks. The proposed model automatically induces features sensitive to multi-predicate interactions from the word sequence information of a sentence. Experiments on the NAIST Text Corpus demonstrate that without syntactic information, our model outperforms previous syntax-dependent models.",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2017-triviaqa,
    title = "{T}rivia{QA}: A Large Scale Distantly Supervised Challenge Dataset for Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Joshi, Mandar  and
      Choi, Eunsol  and
      Weld, Daniel  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1147",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1147",
    pages = "1601--1611",
    abstract = "We present TriviaQA, a challenging reading comprehension dataset containing over 650K question-answer-evidence triples. TriviaQA includes 95K question-answer pairs authored by trivia enthusiasts and independently gathered evidence documents, six per question on average, that provide high quality distant supervision for answering the questions. We show that, in comparison to other recently introduced large-scale datasets, TriviaQA (1) has relatively complex, compositional questions, (2) has considerable syntactic and lexical variability between questions and corresponding answer-evidence sentences, and (3) requires more cross sentence reasoning to find answers. We also present two baseline algorithms: a feature-based classifier and a state-of-the-art neural network, that performs well on SQuAD reading comprehension. Neither approach comes close to human performance (23{\%} and 40{\%} vs. 80{\%}), suggesting that TriviaQA is a challenging testbed that is worth significant future study.",
}
@inproceedings{richardson-kuhn-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Semantic Correspondences in Technical Documentation",
    author = "Richardson, Kyle  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1148",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1148",
    pages = "1612--1622",
    abstract = "We consider the problem of translating high-level textual descriptions to formal representations in technical documentation as part of an effort to model the meaning of such documentation. We focus specifically on the problem of learning translational correspondences between text descriptions and grounded representations in the target documentation, such as formal representation of functions or code templates. Our approach exploits the parallel nature of such documentation, or the tight coupling between high-level text and the low-level representations we aim to learn. Data is collected by mining technical documents for such parallel text-representation pairs, which we use to train a simple semantic parsing model. We report new baseline results on sixteen novel datasets, including the standard library documentation for nine popular programming languages across seven natural languages, and a small collection of Unix utility manuals.",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2017-bridge,
    title = "Bridge Text and Knowledge by Learning Multi-Prototype Entity Mention Embedding",
    author = "Cao, Yixin  and
      Huang, Lifu  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Chen, Xu  and
      Li, Juanzi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1149",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1149",
    pages = "1623--1633",
    abstract = "Integrating text and knowledge into a unified semantic space has attracted significant research interests recently. However, the ambiguity in the common space remains a challenge, namely that the same mention phrase usually refers to various entities. In this paper, to deal with the ambiguity of entity mentions, we propose a novel Multi-Prototype Mention Embedding model, which learns multiple sense embeddings for each mention by jointly modeling words from textual contexts and entities derived from a knowledge base. In addition, we further design an efficient language model based approach to disambiguate each mention to a specific sense. In experiments, both qualitative and quantitative analysis demonstrate the high quality of the word, entity and multi-prototype mention embeddings. Using entity linking as a study case, we apply our disambiguation method as well as the multi-prototype mention embeddings on the benchmark dataset, and achieve state-of-the-art performance.",
}
@inproceedings{she-chai-2017-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Learning of Grounded Verb Semantics towards Human-Robot Communication",
    author = "She, Lanbo  and
      Chai, Joyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1150",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1150",
    pages = "1634--1644",
    abstract = "To enable human-robot communication and collaboration, previous works represent grounded verb semantics as the potential change of state to the physical world caused by these verbs. Grounded verb semantics are acquired mainly based on the parallel data of the use of a verb phrase and its corresponding sequences of primitive actions demonstrated by humans. The rich interaction between teachers and students that is considered important in learning new skills has not yet been explored. To address this limitation, this paper presents a new interactive learning approach that allows robots to proactively engage in interaction with human partners by asking good questions to learn models for grounded verb semantics. The proposed approach uses reinforcement learning to allow the robot to acquire an optimal policy for its question-asking behaviors by maximizing the long-term reward. Our empirical results have shown that the interactive learning approach leads to more reliable models for grounded verb semantics, especially in the noisy environment which is full of uncertainties. Compared to previous work, the models acquired from interactive learning result in a 48{\%} to 145{\%} performance gain when applied in new situations.",
}
@inproceedings{athiwaratkun-wilson-2017-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Word Distributions",
    author = "Athiwaratkun, Ben  and
      Wilson, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1151",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1151",
    pages = "1645--1656",
    abstract = "Word embeddings provide point representations of words containing useful semantic information. We introduce multimodal word distributions formed from Gaussian mixtures, for multiple word meanings, entailment, and rich uncertainty information. To learn these distributions, we propose an energy-based max-margin objective. We show that the resulting approach captures uniquely expressive semantic information, and outperforms alternatives, such as word2vec skip-grams, and Gaussian embeddings, on benchmark datasets such as word similarity and entailment.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced {LSTM} for Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Chen, Qian  and
      Zhu, Xiaodan  and
      Ling, Zhen-Hua  and
      Wei, Si  and
      Jiang, Hui  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1152",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1152",
    pages = "1657--1668",
    abstract = "Reasoning and inference are central to human and artificial intelligence. Modeling inference in human language is very challenging. With the availability of large annotated data (Bowman et al., 2015), it has recently become feasible to train neural network based inference models, which have shown to be very effective. In this paper, we present a new state-of-the-art result, achieving the accuracy of 88.6{\%} on the Stanford Natural Language Inference Dataset. Unlike the previous top models that use very complicated network architectures, we first demonstrate that carefully designing sequential inference models based on chain LSTMs can outperform all previous models. Based on this, we further show that by explicitly considering recursive architectures in both local inference modeling and inference composition, we achieve additional improvement. Particularly, incorporating syntactic parsing information contributes to our best result{---}it further improves the performance even when added to the already very strong model.",
}
@inproceedings{ramakrishna-etal-2017-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic analysis of differences in portrayal of movie characters",
    author = "Ramakrishna, Anil  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Victor R.  and
      Malandrakis, Nikolaos  and
      Singla, Karan  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1153",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1153",
    pages = "1669--1678",
    abstract = "We examine differences in portrayal of characters in movies using psycholinguistic and graph theoretic measures computed directly from screenplays. Differences are examined with respect to characters{'} gender, race, age and other metadata. Psycholinguistic metrics are extrapolated to dialogues in movies using a linear regression model built on a set of manually annotated seed words. Interesting patterns are revealed about relationships between genders of production team and the gender ratio of characters. Several correlations are noted between gender, race, age of characters and the linguistic metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2017-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically Regularized {LSTM} for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Qian, Qiao  and
      Huang, Minlie  and
      Lei, Jinhao  and
      Zhu, Xiaoyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1154",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1154",
    pages = "1679--1689",
    abstract = "This paper deals with sentence-level sentiment classification. Though a variety of neural network models have been proposed recently, however, previous models either depend on expensive phrase-level annotation, most of which has remarkably degraded performance when trained with only sentence-level annotation; or do not fully employ linguistic resources (e.g., sentiment lexicons, negation words, intensity words). In this paper, we propose simple models trained with sentence-level annotation, but also attempt to model the linguistic role of sentiment lexicons, negation words, and intensity words. Results show that our models are able to capture the linguistic role of sentiment words, negation words, and intensity words in sentiment expression.",
}
@inproceedings{peled-reichart-2017-sarcasm,
    title = "Sarcasm {SIGN}: Interpreting Sarcasm with Sentiment Based Monolingual Machine Translation",
    author = "Peled, Lotem  and
      Reichart, Roi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1155",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1155",
    pages = "1690--1700",
    abstract = "Sarcasm is a form of speech in which speakers say the opposite of what they truly mean in order to convey a strong sentiment. In other words, {``}Sarcasm is the giant chasm between what I say, and the person who doesn{'}t get it.{''}. In this paper we present the novel task of sarcasm interpretation, defined as the generation of a non-sarcastic utterance conveying the same message as the original sarcastic one. We introduce a novel dataset of 3000 sarcastic tweets, each interpreted by five human judges. Addressing the task as monolingual machine translation (MT), we experiment with MT algorithms and evaluation measures. We then present SIGN: an MT based sarcasm interpretation algorithm that targets sentiment words, a defining element of textual sarcasm. We show that while the scores of n-gram based automatic measures are similar for all interpretation models, SIGN{'}s interpretations are scored higher by humans for adequacy and sentiment polarity. We conclude with a discussion on future research directions for our new task.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2017-active,
    title = "Active Sentiment Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Wu, Fangzhao  and
      Huang, Yongfeng  and
      Yan, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1156",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1156",
    pages = "1701--1711",
    abstract = "Domain adaptation is an important technology to handle domain dependence problem in sentiment analysis field. Existing methods usually rely on sentiment classifiers trained in source domains. However, their performance may heavily decline if the distributions of sentiment features in source and target domains have significant difference. In this paper, we propose an active sentiment domain adaptation approach to handle this problem. Instead of the source domain sentiment classifiers, our approach adapts the general-purpose sentiment lexicons to target domain with the help of a small number of labeled samples which are selected and annotated in an active learning mode, as well as the domain-specific sentiment similarities among words mined from unlabeled samples of target domain. A unified model is proposed to fuse different types of sentiment information and train sentiment classifier for target domain. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets show that our approach can train accurate sentiment classifier with less labeled samples.",
}
@inproceedings{rekabsaz-etal-2017-volatility,
    title = "Volatility Prediction using Financial Disclosures Sentiments with Word Embedding-based {IR} Models",
    author = {Rekabsaz, Navid  and
      Lupu, Mihai  and
      Baklanov, Artem  and
      D{\"u}r, Alexander  and
      Andersson, Linda  and
      Hanbury, Allan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1157",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1157",
    pages = "1712--1721",
    abstract = "Volatility prediction{---}an essential concept in financial markets{---}has recently been addressed using sentiment analysis methods. We investigate the sentiment of annual disclosures of companies in stock markets to forecast volatility. We specifically explore the use of recent Information Retrieval (IR) term weighting models that are effectively extended by related terms using word embeddings. In parallel to textual information, factual market data have been widely used as the mainstream approach to forecast market risk. We therefore study different fusion methods to combine text and market data resources. Our word embedding-based approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods. In addition, we investigate the characteristics of the reports of the companies in different financial sectors.",
}
@inproceedings{tu-etal-2017-cane,
    title = "{CANE}: Context-Aware Network Embedding for Relation Modeling",
    author = "Tu, Cunchao  and
      Liu, Han  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1158",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1158",
    pages = "1722--1731",
    abstract = "Network embedding (NE) is playing a critical role in network analysis, due to its ability to represent vertices with efficient low-dimensional embedding vectors. However, existing NE models aim to learn a fixed context-free embedding for each vertex and neglect the diverse roles when interacting with other vertices. In this paper, we assume that one vertex usually shows different aspects when interacting with different neighbor vertices, and should own different embeddings respectively. Therefore, we present Context-Aware Network Embedding (CANE), a novel NE model to address this issue. CANE learns context-aware embeddings for vertices with mutual attention mechanism and is expected to model the semantic relationships between vertices more precisely. In experiments, we compare our model with existing NE models on three real-world datasets. Experimental results show that CANE achieves significant improvement than state-of-the-art methods on link prediction and comparable performance on vertex classification. The source code and datasets can be obtained from \url{https://github.com/thunlp/CANE}.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies Parsing for Colloquial Singaporean {E}nglish",
    author = "Wang, Hongmin  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Chan, GuangYong Leonard  and
      Yang, Jie  and
      Chieu, Hai Leong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1159",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1159",
    pages = "1732--1744",
    abstract = "Singlish can be interesting to the ACL community both linguistically as a major creole based on English, and computationally for information extraction and sentiment analysis of regional social media. We investigate dependency parsing of Singlish by constructing a dependency treebank under the Universal Dependencies scheme, and then training a neural network model by integrating English syntactic knowledge into a state-of-the-art parser trained on the Singlish treebank. Results show that English knowledge can lead to 25{\%} relative error reduction, resulting in a parser of 84.47{\%} accuracies. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to use neural stacking to improve cross-lingual dependency parsing on low-resource languages. We make both our annotation and parser available for further research.",
}
@inproceedings{yli-jyra-gomez-rodriguez-2017-generic,
    title = "Generic Axiomatization of Families of Noncrossing Graphs in Dependency Parsing",
    author = {Yli-Jyr{\"a}, Anssi  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1160",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1160",
    pages = "1745--1755",
    abstract = "We present a simple encoding for unlabeled noncrossing graphs and show how its latent counterpart helps us to represent several families of directed and undirected graphs used in syntactic and semantic parsing of natural language as context-free languages. The families are separated purely on the basis of forbidden patterns in latent encoding, eliminating the need to differentiate the families of non-crossing graphs in inference algorithms: one algorithm works for all when the search space can be controlled in parser input.",
}
@inproceedings{peters-etal-2017-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised sequence tagging with bidirectional language models",
    author = "Peters, Matthew  and
      Ammar, Waleed  and
      Bhagavatula, Chandra  and
      Power, Russell",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1161",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1161",
    pages = "1756--1765",
    abstract = "Pre-trained word embeddings learned from unlabeled text have become a standard component of neural network architectures for NLP tasks. However, in most cases, the recurrent network that operates on word-level representations to produce context sensitive representations is trained on relatively little labeled data. In this paper, we demonstrate a general semi-supervised approach for adding pretrained context embeddings from bidirectional language models to NLP systems and apply it to sequence labeling tasks. We evaluate our model on two standard datasets for named entity recognition (NER) and chunking, and in both cases achieve state of the art results, surpassing previous systems that use other forms of transfer or joint learning with additional labeled data and task specific gazetteers.",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Symmetric Collaborative Dialogue Agents with Dynamic Knowledge Graph Embeddings",
    author = "He, He  and
      Balakrishnan, Anusha  and
      Eric, Mihail  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1162",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1162",
    pages = "1766--1776",
    abstract = "We study a \textit{symmetric collaborative dialogue} setting in which two agents, each with private knowledge, must strategically communicate to achieve a common goal. The open-ended dialogue state in this setting poses new challenges for existing dialogue systems. We collected a dataset of 11K human-human dialogues, which exhibits interesting lexical, semantic, and strategic elements. To model both structured knowledge and unstructured language, we propose a neural model with dynamic knowledge graph embeddings that evolve as the dialogue progresses. Automatic and human evaluations show that our model is both more effective at achieving the goal and more human-like than baseline neural and rule-based models.",
}
@inproceedings{mrksic-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Belief Tracker: Data-Driven Dialogue State Tracking",
    author = "Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      {\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid  and
      Wen, Tsung-Hsien  and
      Thomson, Blaise  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1163",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1163",
    pages = "1777--1788",
    abstract = "One of the core components of modern spoken dialogue systems is the belief tracker, which estimates the user{'}s goal at every step of the dialogue. However, most current approaches have difficulty scaling to larger, more complex dialogue domains. This is due to their dependency on either: a) Spoken Language Understanding models that require large amounts of annotated training data; or b) hand-crafted lexicons for capturing some of the linguistic variation in users{'} language. We propose a novel Neural Belief Tracking (NBT) framework which overcomes these problems by building on recent advances in representation learning. NBT models reason over pre-trained word vectors, learning to compose them into distributed representations of user utterances and dialogue context. Our evaluation on two datasets shows that this approach surpasses past limitations, matching the performance of state-of-the-art models which rely on hand-crafted semantic lexicons and outperforming them when such lexicons are not provided.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2017-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Argument Information to Improve Event Detection via Supervised Attention Mechanisms",
    author = "Liu, Shulin  and
      Chen, Yubo  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1164",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1164",
    pages = "1789--1798",
    abstract = "This paper tackles the task of event detection (ED), which involves identifying and categorizing events. We argue that arguments provide significant clues to this task, but they are either completely ignored or exploited in an indirect manner in existing detection approaches. In this work, we propose to exploit argument information explicitly for ED via supervised attention mechanisms. In specific, we systematically investigate the proposed model under the supervision of different attention strategies. Experimental results show that our approach advances state-of-the-arts and achieves the best F1 score on ACE 2005 dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{amoualian-etal-2017-topical,
    title = "Topical Coherence in {LDA}-based Models through Induced Segmentation",
    author = "Amoualian, Hesam  and
      Lu, Wei  and
      Gaussier, Eric  and
      Balikas, Georgios  and
      Amini, Massih R.  and
      Clausel, Marianne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1165",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1165",
    pages = "1799--1809",
    abstract = "This paper presents an LDA-based model that generates topically coherent segments within documents by jointly segmenting documents and assigning topics to their words. The coherence between topics is ensured through a copula, binding the topics associated to the words of a segment. In addition, this model relies on both document and segment specific topic distributions so as to capture fine grained differences in topic assignments. We show that the proposed model naturally encompasses other state-of-the-art LDA-based models designed for similar tasks. Furthermore, our experiments, conducted on six different publicly available datasets, show the effectiveness of our model in terms of perplexity, Normalized Pointwise Mutual Information, which captures the coherence between the generated topics, and the Micro F1 measure for text classification.",
}
@inproceedings{ye-etal-2017-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Extracting Relations with Class Ties via Effective Deep Ranking",
    author = "Ye, Hai  and
      Chao, Wenhan  and
      Luo, Zhunchen  and
      Li, Zhoujun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1166",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1166",
    pages = "1810--1820",
    abstract = "Connections between relations in relation extraction, which we call class ties, are common. In distantly supervised scenario, one entity tuple may have multiple relation facts. Exploiting class ties between relations of one entity tuple will be promising for distantly supervised relation extraction. However, previous models are not effective or ignore to model this property. In this work, to effectively leverage class ties, we propose to make joint relation extraction with a unified model that integrates convolutional neural network (CNN) with a general pairwise ranking framework, in which three novel ranking loss functions are introduced. Additionally, an effective method is presented to relieve the severe class imbalance problem from NR (not relation) for model training. Experiments on a widely used dataset show that leveraging class ties will enhance extraction and demonstrate the effectiveness of our model to learn class ties. Our model outperforms the baselines significantly, achieving state-of-the-art performance.",
}
@inproceedings{iyyer-etal-2017-search,
    title = "Search-based Neural Structured Learning for Sequential Question Answering",
    author = "Iyyer, Mohit  and
      Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1167",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1167",
    pages = "1821--1831",
    abstract = "Recent work in semantic parsing for question answering has focused on long and complicated questions, many of which would seem unnatural if asked in a normal conversation between two humans. In an effort to explore a conversational QA setting, we present a more realistic task: answering sequences of simple but inter-related questions. We collect a dataset of 6,066 question sequences that inquire about semi-structured tables from Wikipedia, with 17,553 question-answer pairs in total. To solve this sequential question answering task, we propose a novel dynamic neural semantic parsing framework trained using a weakly supervised reward-guided search. Our model effectively leverages the sequential context to outperform state-of-the-art QA systems that are designed to answer highly complex questions.",
}
@inproceedings{dhingra-etal-2017-gated,
    title = "Gated-Attention Readers for Text Comprehension",
    author = "Dhingra, Bhuwan  and
      Liu, Hanxiao  and
      Yang, Zhilin  and
      Cohen, William  and
      Salakhutdinov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1168",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1168",
    pages = "1832--1846",
    abstract = "In this paper we study the problem of answering cloze-style questions over documents. Our model, the Gated-Attention (GA) Reader, integrates a multi-hop architecture with a novel attention mechanism, which is based on multiplicative interactions between the query embedding and the intermediate states of a recurrent neural network document reader. This enables the reader to build query-specific representations of tokens in the document for accurate answer selection. The GA Reader obtains state-of-the-art results on three benchmarks for this task{--}the CNN {\&} Daily Mail news stories and the Who Did What dataset. The effectiveness of multiplicative interaction is demonstrated by an ablation study, and by comparing to alternative compositional operators for implementing the gated-attention.",
}
@inproceedings{ye-etal-2017-determining,
    title = "Determining Gains Acquired from Word Embedding Quantitatively Using Discrete Distribution Clustering",
    author = "Ye, Jianbo  and
      Li, Yanran  and
      Wu, Zhaohui  and
      Wang, James Z.  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Li, Jia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1169",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1169",
    pages = "1847--1856",
    abstract = "Word embeddings have become widely-used in document analysis. While a large number of models for mapping words to vector spaces have been developed, it remains undetermined how much net gain can be achieved over traditional approaches based on bag-of-words. In this paper, we propose a new document clustering approach by combining any word embedding with a state-of-the-art algorithm for clustering empirical distributions. By using the Wasserstein distance between distributions, the word-to-word semantic relationship is taken into account in a principled way. The new clustering method is easy to use and consistently outperforms other methods on a variety of data sets. More importantly, the method provides an effective framework for determining when and how much word embeddings contribute to document analysis. Experimental results with multiple embedding models are reported.",
}
@inproceedings{pilehvar-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards a Seamless Integration of Word Senses into Downstream {NLP} Applications",
    author = "Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Camacho-Collados, Jose  and
      Navigli, Roberto  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1170",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1170",
    pages = "1857--1869",
    abstract = "Lexical ambiguity can impede NLP systems from accurate understanding of semantics. Despite its potential benefits, the integration of sense-level information into NLP systems has remained understudied. By incorporating a novel disambiguation algorithm into a state-of-the-art classification model, we create a pipeline to integrate sense-level information into downstream NLP applications. We show that a simple disambiguation of the input text can lead to consistent performance improvement on multiple topic categorization and polarity detection datasets, particularly when the fine granularity of the underlying sense inventory is reduced and the document is sufficiently large. Our results also point to the need for sense representation research to focus more on in vivo evaluations which target the performance in downstream NLP applications rather than artificial benchmarks.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-reading,
    title = "Reading {W}ikipedia to Answer Open-Domain Questions",
    author = "Chen, Danqi  and
      Fisch, Adam  and
      Weston, Jason  and
      Bordes, Antoine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1171",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1171",
    pages = "1870--1879",
    abstract = "This paper proposes to tackle open-domain question answering using Wikipedia as the unique knowledge source: the answer to any factoid question is a text span in a Wikipedia article. This task of machine reading at scale combines the challenges of document retrieval (finding the relevant articles) with that of machine comprehension of text (identifying the answer spans from those articles). Our approach combines a search component based on bigram hashing and TF-IDF matching with a multi-layer recurrent neural network model trained to detect answers in Wikipedia paragraphs. Our experiments on multiple existing QA datasets indicate that (1) both modules are highly competitive with respect to existing counterparts and (2) multitask learning using distant supervision on their combination is an effective complete system on this challenging task.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to Skim Text",
    author = "Yu, Adams Wei  and
      Lee, Hongrae  and
      Le, Quoc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1172",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1172",
    pages = "1880--1890",
    abstract = "Recurrent Neural Networks are showing much promise in many sub-areas of natural language processing, ranging from document classification to machine translation to automatic question answering. Despite their promise, many recurrent models have to read the whole text word by word, making it slow to handle long documents. For example, it is difficult to use a recurrent network to read a book and answer questions about it. In this paper, we present an approach of reading text while skipping irrelevant information if needed. The underlying model is a recurrent network that learns how far to jump after reading a few words of the input text. We employ a standard policy gradient method to train the model to make discrete jumping decisions. In our benchmarks on four different tasks, including number prediction, sentiment analysis, news article classification and automatic Q{\&}A, our proposed model, a modified LSTM with jumping, is up to 6 times faster than the standard sequential LSTM, while maintaining the same or even better accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{srikumar-2017-algebra,
    title = "An Algebra for Feature Extraction",
    author = "Srikumar, Vivek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1173",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1173",
    pages = "1891--1900",
    abstract = "Though feature extraction is a necessary first step in statistical NLP, it is often seen as a mere preprocessing step. Yet, it can dominate computation time, both during training, and especially at deployment. In this paper, we formalize feature extraction from an algebraic perspective. Our formalization allows us to define a message passing algorithm that can restructure feature templates to be more computationally efficient. We show via experiments on text chunking and relation extraction that this restructuring does indeed speed up feature extraction in practice by reducing redundant computation.",
}
@inproceedings{ishiwatari-etal-2017-chunk,
    title = "Chunk-based Decoder for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Ishiwatari, Shonosuke  and
      Yao, Jingtao  and
      Liu, Shujie  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Kitsuregawa, Masaru  and
      Jia, Weijia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1174",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1174",
    pages = "1901--1912",
    abstract = "Chunks (or phrases) once played a pivotal role in machine translation. By using a chunk rather than a word as the basic translation unit, local (intra-chunk) and global (inter-chunk) word orders and dependencies can be easily modeled. The chunk structure, despite its importance, has not been considered in the decoders used for neural machine translation (NMT). In this paper, we propose chunk-based decoders for (NMT), each of which consists of a chunk-level decoder and a word-level decoder. The chunk-level decoder models global dependencies while the word-level decoder decides the local word order in a chunk. To output a target sentence, the chunk-level decoder generates a chunk representation containing global information, which the word-level decoder then uses as a basis to predict the words inside the chunk. Experimental results show that our proposed decoders can significantly improve translation performance in a WAT {`}16 English-to-Japanese translation task.",
}
@inproceedings{calixto-etal-2017-doubly,
    title = "Doubly-Attentive Decoder for Multi-modal Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Calixto, Iacer  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Campbell, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1175",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1175",
    pages = "1913--1924",
    abstract = "We introduce a Multi-modal Neural Machine Translation model in which a doubly-attentive decoder naturally incorporates spatial visual features obtained using pre-trained convolutional neural networks, bridging the gap between image description and translation. Our decoder learns to attend to source-language words and parts of an image independently by means of two separate attention mechanisms as it generates words in the target language. We find that our model can efficiently exploit not just back-translated in-domain multi-modal data but also large general-domain text-only MT corpora. We also report state-of-the-art results on the Multi30k data set.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-teacher,
    title = "A Teacher-Student Framework for Zero-Resource Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Chen, Yun  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Cheng, Yong  and
      Li, Victor O.K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1176",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1176",
    pages = "1925--1935",
    abstract = "While end-to-end neural machine translation (NMT) has made remarkable progress recently, it still suffers from the data scarcity problem for low-resource language pairs and domains. In this paper, we propose a method for zero-resource NMT by assuming that parallel sentences have close probabilities of generating a sentence in a third language. Based on the assumption, our method is able to train a source-to-target NMT model ({``}student{''}) without parallel corpora available guided by an existing pivot-to-target NMT model ({``}teacher{''}) on a source-pivot parallel corpus. Experimental results show that the proposed method significantly improves over a baseline pivot-based model by +3.0 BLEU points across various language pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-improved,
    title = "Improved Neural Machine Translation with a Syntax-Aware Encoder and Decoder",
    author = "Chen, Huadong  and
      Huang, Shujian  and
      Chiang, David  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1177",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1177",
    pages = "1936--1945",
    abstract = "Most neural machine translation (NMT) models are based on the sequential encoder-decoder framework, which makes no use of syntactic information. In this paper, we improve this model by explicitly incorporating source-side syntactic trees. More specifically, we propose (1) a bidirectional tree encoder which learns both sequential and tree structured representations; (2) a tree-coverage model that lets the attention depend on the source-side syntax. Experiments on Chinese-English translation demonstrate that our proposed models outperform the sequential attentional model as well as a stronger baseline with a bottom-up tree encoder and word coverage.",
}
@inproceedings{pan-etal-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Name Tagging and Linking for 282 Languages",
    author = "Pan, Xiaoman  and
      Zhang, Boliang  and
      May, Jonathan  and
      Nothman, Joel  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1178",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1178",
    pages = "1946--1958",
    abstract = "The ambitious goal of this work is to develop a cross-lingual name tagging and linking framework for 282 languages that exist in Wikipedia. Given a document in any of these languages, our framework is able to identify name mentions, assign a coarse-grained or fine-grained type to each mention, and link it to an English Knowledge Base (KB) if it is linkable. We achieve this goal by performing a series of new KB mining methods: generating {``}silver-standard{''} annotations by transferring annotations from English to other languages through cross-lingual links and KB properties, refining annotations through self-training and topic selection, deriving language-specific morphology features from anchor links, and mining word translation pairs from cross-lingual links. Both name tagging and linking results for 282 languages are promising on Wikipedia data and on-Wikipedia data.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Training for Unsupervised Bilingual Lexicon Induction",
    author = "Zhang, Meng  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Luan, Huanbo  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1179",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1179",
    pages = "1959--1970",
    abstract = "Word embeddings are well known to capture linguistic regularities of the language on which they are trained. Researchers also observe that these regularities can transfer across languages. However, previous endeavors to connect separate monolingual word embeddings typically require cross-lingual signals as supervision, either in the form of parallel corpus or seed lexicon. In this work, we show that such cross-lingual connection can actually be established without any form of supervision. We achieve this end by formulating the problem as a natural adversarial game, and investigating techniques that are crucial to successful training. We carry out evaluation on the unsupervised bilingual lexicon induction task. Even though this task appears intrinsically cross-lingual, we are able to demonstrate encouraging performance without any cross-lingual clues.",
}
@inproceedings{rijhwani-etal-2017-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Code-Switching on Twitter with a Novel Generalized Word-Level Language Detection Technique",
    author = "Rijhwani, Shruti  and
      Sequiera, Royal  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Bali, Kalika  and
      Maddila, Chandra Shekhar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1180",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1180",
    pages = "1971--1982",
    abstract = "Word-level language detection is necessary for analyzing code-switched text, where multiple languages could be mixed within a sentence. Existing models are restricted to code-switching between two specific languages and fail in real-world scenarios as text input rarely has a priori information on the languages used. We present a novel unsupervised word-level language detection technique for code-switched text for an arbitrarily large number of languages, which does not require any manually annotated training data. Our experiments with tweets in seven languages show a 74{\%} relative error reduction in word-level labeling with respect to competitive baselines. We then use this system to conduct a large-scale quantitative analysis of code-switching patterns on Twitter, both global as well as region-specific, with 58M tweets.",
}
@inproceedings{bloodgood-strauss-2017-using,
    title = "Using Global Constraints and Reranking to Improve Cognates Detection",
    author = "Bloodgood, Michael  and
      Strauss, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1181",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1181",
    pages = "1983--1992",
    abstract = "Global constraints and reranking have not been used in cognates detection research to date. We propose methods for using global constraints by performing rescoring of the score matrices produced by state of the art cognates detection systems. Using global constraints to perform rescoring is complementary to state of the art methods for performing cognates detection and results in significant performance improvements beyond current state of the art performance on publicly available datasets with different language pairs and various conditions such as different levels of baseline state of the art performance and different data size conditions, including with more realistic large data size conditions than have been evaluated with in the past.",
}
@inproceedings{kann-etal-2017-one,
    title = "One-Shot Neural Cross-Lingual Transfer for Paradigm Completion",
    author = {Kann, Katharina  and
      Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1182",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1182",
    pages = "1993--2003",
    abstract = "We present a novel cross-lingual transfer method for paradigm completion, the task of mapping a lemma to its inflected forms, using a neural encoder-decoder model, the state of the art for the monolingual task. We use labeled data from a high-resource language to increase performance on a low-resource language. In experiments on 21 language pairs from four different language families, we obtain up to 58{\%} higher accuracy than without transfer and show that even zero-shot and one-shot learning are possible. We further find that the degree of language relatedness strongly influences the ability to transfer morphological knowledge.",
}
@inproceedings{aharoni-goldberg-2017-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Inflection Generation with Hard Monotonic Attention",
    author = "Aharoni, Roee  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1183",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1183",
    pages = "2004--2015",
    abstract = "We present a neural model for morphological inflection generation which employs a hard attention mechanism, inspired by the nearly-monotonic alignment commonly found between the characters in a word and the characters in its inflection. We evaluate the model on three previously studied morphological inflection generation datasets and show that it provides state of the art results in various setups compared to previous neural and non-neural approaches. Finally we present an analysis of the continuous representations learned by both the hard and soft (Bahdanau, 2014) attention models for the task, shedding some light on the features such models extract.",
}
@inproceedings{vania-lopez-2017-characters,
    title = "From Characters to Words to in Between: Do We Capture Morphology?",
    author = "Vania, Clara  and
      Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1184",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1184",
    pages = "2016--2027",
    abstract = "Words can be represented by composing the representations of subword units such as word segments, characters, and/or character n-grams. While such representations are effective and may capture the morphological regularities of words, they have not been systematically compared, and it is not understood how they interact with different morphological typologies. On a language modeling task, we present experiments that systematically vary (1) the basic unit of representation, (2) the composition of these representations, and (3) the morphological typology of the language modeled. Our results extend previous findings that character representations are effective across typologies, and we find that a previously unstudied combination of character trigram representations composed with bi-LSTMs outperforms most others. But we also find room for improvement: none of the character-level models match the predictive accuracy of a model with access to true morphological analyses, even when learned from an order of magnitude more data.",
}
@inproceedings{fonarev-etal-2017-riemannian,
    title = "{R}iemannian Optimization for Skip-Gram Negative Sampling",
    author = "Fonarev, Alexander  and
      Grinchuk, Oleksii  and
      Gusev, Gleb  and
      Serdyukov, Pavel  and
      Oseledets, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1185",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1185",
    pages = "2028--2036",
    abstract = "Skip-Gram Negative Sampling (SGNS) word embedding model, well known by its implementation in {``}word2vec{''} software, is usually optimized by stochastic gradient descent. However, the optimization of SGNS objective can be viewed as a problem of searching for a good matrix with the low-rank constraint. The most standard way to solve this type of problems is to apply Riemannian optimization framework to optimize the SGNS objective over the manifold of required low-rank matrices. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that optimizes SGNS objective using Riemannian optimization and demonstrates its superiority over popular competitors, such as the original method to train SGNS and SVD over SPPMI matrix.",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Multitask Learning for Semantic Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Peng, Hao  and
      Thomson, Sam  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1186",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1186",
    pages = "2037--2048",
    abstract = "We present a deep neural architecture that parses sentences into three semantic dependency graph formalisms. By using efficient, nearly arc-factored inference and a bidirectional-LSTM composed with a multi-layer perceptron, our base system is able to significantly improve the state of the art for semantic dependency parsing, without using hand-engineered features or syntax. We then explore two multitask learning approaches{---}one that shares parameters across formalisms, and one that uses higher-order structures to predict the graphs jointly. We find that both approaches improve performance across formalisms on average, achieving a new state of the art. Our code is open-source and available at \url{https://github.com/Noahs-ARK/NeurboParser}.",
}
@inproceedings{niu-etal-2017-improved,
    title = "Improved Word Representation Learning with Sememes",
    author = "Niu, Yilin  and
      Xie, Ruobing  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1187",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1187",
    pages = "2049--2058",
    abstract = "Sememes are minimum semantic units of word meanings, and the meaning of each word sense is typically composed by several sememes. Since sememes are not explicit for each word, people manually annotate word sememes and form linguistic common-sense knowledge bases. In this paper, we present that, word sememe information can improve word representation learning (WRL), which maps words into a low-dimensional semantic space and serves as a fundamental step for many NLP tasks. The key idea is to utilize word sememes to capture exact meanings of a word within specific contexts accurately. More specifically, we follow the framework of Skip-gram and present three sememe-encoded models to learn representations of sememes, senses and words, where we apply the attention scheme to detect word senses in various contexts. We conduct experiments on two tasks including word similarity and word analogy, and our models significantly outperform baselines. The results indicate that WRL can benefit from sememes via the attention scheme, and also confirm our models being capable of correctly modeling sememe information.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Character-level Compositionality with Visual Features",
    author = "Liu, Frederick  and
      Lu, Han  and
      Lo, Chieh  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1188",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1188",
    pages = "2059--2068",
    abstract = "Previous work has modeled the compositionality of words by creating character-level models of meaning, reducing problems of sparsity for rare words. However, in many writing systems compositionality has an effect even on the character-level: the meaning of a character is derived by the sum of its parts. In this paper, we model this effect by creating embeddings for characters based on their visual characteristics, creating an image for the character and running it through a convolutional neural network to produce a visual character embedding. Experiments on a text classification task demonstrate that such model allows for better processing of instances with rare characters in languages such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. Additionally, qualitative analyses demonstrate that our proposed model learns to focus on the parts of characters that carry topical content which resulting in embeddings that are coherent in visual space.",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2017-progressive,
    title = "A Progressive Learning Approach to {C}hinese {SRL} Using Heterogeneous Data",
    author = "Xia, Qiaolin  and
      Sha, Lei  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Sui, Zhifang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1189",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1189",
    pages = "2069--2077",
    abstract = "Previous studies on Chinese semantic role labeling (SRL) have concentrated on a single semantically annotated corpus. But the training data of single corpus is often limited. Whereas the other existing semantically annotated corpora for Chinese SRL are scattered across different annotation frameworks. But still, Data sparsity remains a bottleneck. This situation calls for larger training datasets, or effective approaches which can take advantage of highly heterogeneous data. In this paper, we focus mainly on the latter, that is, to improve Chinese SRL by using heterogeneous corpora together. We propose a novel progressive learning model which augments the Progressive Neural Network with Gated Recurrent Adapters. The model can accommodate heterogeneous inputs and effectively transfer knowledge between them. We also release a new corpus, Chinese SemBank, for Chinese SRL. Experiments on CPB 1.0 show that our model outperforms state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{wieting-gimpel-2017-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting Recurrent Networks for Paraphrastic Sentence Embeddings",
    author = "Wieting, John  and
      Gimpel, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1190",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1190",
    pages = "2078--2088",
    abstract = "We consider the problem of learning general-purpose, paraphrastic sentence embeddings, revisiting the setting of Wieting et al. (2016b). While they found LSTM recurrent networks to underperform word averaging, we present several developments that together produce the opposite conclusion. These include training on sentence pairs rather than phrase pairs, averaging states to represent sequences, and regularizing aggressively. These improve LSTMs in both transfer learning and supervised settings. We also introduce a new recurrent architecture, the Gated Recurrent Averaging Network, that is inspired by averaging and LSTMs while outperforming them both. We analyze our learned models, finding evidence of preferences for particular parts of speech and dependency relations.",
}
@inproceedings{dasigi-etal-2017-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-Aware Token Embeddings for Prepositional Phrase Attachment",
    author = "Dasigi, Pradeep  and
      Ammar, Waleed  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1191",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1191",
    pages = "2089--2098",
    abstract = "Type-level word embeddings use the same set of parameters to represent all instances of a word regardless of its context, ignoring the inherent lexical ambiguity in language. Instead, we embed semantic concepts (or synsets) as defined in WordNet and represent a word token in a particular context by estimating a distribution over relevant semantic concepts. We use the new, context-sensitive embeddings in a model for predicting prepositional phrase (PP) attachments and jointly learn the concept embeddings and model parameters. We show that using context-sensitive embeddings improves the accuracy of the PP attachment model by 5.4{\%} absolute points, which amounts to a 34.4{\%} relative reduction in errors.",
}
@inproceedings{pavlick-pasca-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying 1950s {A}merican Jazz Musicians: Fine-Grained {I}s{A} Extraction via Modifier Composition",
    author = "Pavlick, Ellie  and
      Pa{\c{s}}ca, Marius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1192",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1192",
    pages = "2099--2109",
    abstract = "We present a method for populating fine-grained classes (e.g., {``}1950s American jazz musicians{''}) with instances (e.g., Charles Mingus ). While state-of-the-art methods tend to treat class labels as single lexical units, the proposed method considers each of the individual modifiers in the class label relative to the head. An evaluation on the task of reconstructing Wikipedia category pages demonstrates a {\textgreater}10 point increase in AUC, over a strong baseline relying on widely-used Hearst patterns.",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2017-parsing,
    title = "Parsing to 1-Endpoint-Crossing, Pagenumber-2 Graphs",
    author = "Cao, Junjie  and
      Huang, Sheng  and
      Sun, Weiwei  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1193",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1193",
    pages = "2110--2120",
    abstract = "We study the Maximum Subgraph problem in deep dependency parsing. We consider two restrictions to deep dependency graphs: (a) 1-endpoint-crossing and (b) pagenumber-2. Our main contribution is an exact algorithm that obtains maximum subgraphs satisfying both restrictions simultaneously in time O(n5). Moreover, ignoring one linguistically-rare structure descreases the complexity to O(n4). We also extend our quartic-time algorithm into a practical parser with a discriminative disambiguation model and evaluate its performance on four linguistic data sets used in semantic dependency parsing.",
}
@inproceedings{rei-2017-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Multitask Learning for Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Rei, Marek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1194",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1194",
    pages = "2121--2130",
    abstract = "We propose a sequence labeling framework with a secondary training objective, learning to predict surrounding words for every word in the dataset. This language modeling objective incentivises the system to learn general-purpose patterns of semantic and syntactic composition, which are also useful for improving accuracy on different sequence labeling tasks. The architecture was evaluated on a range of datasets, covering the tasks of error detection in learner texts, named entity recognition, chunking and POS-tagging. The novel language modeling objective provided consistent performance improvements on every benchmark, without requiring any additional annotated or unannotated data.",
}
@inproceedings{matsuzaki-etal-2017-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing of Pre-university Math Problems",
    author = "Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Ito, Takumi  and
      Iwane, Hidenao  and
      Anai, Hirokazu  and
      H. Arai, Noriko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1195",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1195",
    pages = "2131--2141",
    abstract = "We have been developing an end-to-end math problem solving system that accepts natural language input. The current paper focuses on how we analyze the problem sentences to produce logical forms. We chose a hybrid approach combining a shallow syntactic analyzer and a manually-developed lexicalized grammar. A feature of the grammar is that it is extensively typed on the basis of a formal ontology for pre-university math. These types are helpful in semantic disambiguation inside and across sentences. Experimental results show that the hybrid system produces a well-formed logical form with 88{\%} precision and 56{\%} recall.",
}
@proceedings{acl-2017-association-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    author = "Barzilay, Regina  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-miyao-2017-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Temporal Relations by Bidirectional {LSTM} over Dependency Paths",
    author = "Cheng, Fei  and
      Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2001",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "Temporal relation classification is becoming an active research field. Lots of methods have been proposed, while most of them focus on extracting features from external resources. Less attention has been paid to a significant advance in a closely related task: relation extraction. In this work, we borrow a state-of-the-art method in relation extraction by adopting bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) along dependency paths (DP). We make a {``}common root{''} assumption to extend DP representations of cross-sentence links. In the final comparison to two state-of-the-art systems on TimeBank-Dense, our model achieves comparable performance, without using external knowledge, as well as manually annotated attributes of entities (class, tense, polarity, etc.).",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2017-amr,
    title = "{AMR}-to-text Generation with Synchronous Node Replacement Grammar",
    author = "Song, Linfeng  and
      Peng, Xiaochang  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Wang, Zhiguo  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2002",
    pages = "7--13",
    abstract = "This paper addresses the task of AMR-to-text generation by leveraging synchronous node replacement grammar. During training, graph-to-string rules are learned using a heuristic extraction algorithm. At test time, a graph transducer is applied to collapse input AMRs and generate output sentences. Evaluated on a standard benchmark, our method gives the state-of-the-art result.",
}
@inproceedings{moosavi-strube-2017-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Features in Coreference Resolution: To be Used With Caution",
    author = "Moosavi, Nafise Sadat  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2003",
    pages = "14--19",
    abstract = "Lexical features are a major source of information in state-of-the-art coreference resolvers. Lexical features implicitly model some of the linguistic phenomena at a fine granularity level. They are especially useful for representing the context of mentions. In this paper we investigate a drawback of using many lexical features in state-of-the-art coreference resolvers. We show that if coreference resolvers mainly rely on lexical features, they can hardly generalize to unseen domains. Furthermore, we show that the current coreference resolution evaluation is clearly flawed by only evaluating on a specific split of a specific dataset in which there is a notable overlap between the training, development and test sets.",
}
@inproceedings{stanojevic-simaan-2017-alternative,
    title = "Alternative Objective Functions for Training {MT} Evaluation Metrics",
    author = "Stanojevi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2004",
    pages = "20--25",
    abstract = "MT evaluation metrics are tested for correlation with human judgments either at the sentence- or the corpus-level. Trained metrics ignore corpus-level judgments and are trained for high sentence-level correlation only. We show that training only for one objective (sentence or corpus level), can not only harm the performance on the other objective, but it can also be suboptimal for the objective being optimized. To this end we present a metric trained for corpus-level and show empirical comparison against a metric trained for sentence-level exemplifying how their performance may vary per language pair, type and level of judgment. Subsequently we propose a model trained to optimize both objectives simultaneously and show that it is far more stable than{--}and on average outperforms{--}both models on both objectives.",
}
@inproceedings{peyrard-eckle-kohler-2017-principled,
    title = "A Principled Framework for Evaluating Summarizers: Comparing Models of Summary Quality against Human Judgments",
    author = "Peyrard, Maxime  and
      Eckle-Kohler, Judith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2005",
    pages = "26--31",
    abstract = "We present a new framework for evaluating extractive summarizers, which is based on a principled representation as optimization problem. We prove that every extractive summarizer can be decomposed into an objective function and an optimization technique. We perform a comparative analysis and evaluation of several objective functions embedded in well-known summarizers regarding their correlation with human judgments. Our comparison of these correlations across two datasets yields surprising insights into the role and performance of objective functions in the different summarizers.",
}
@inproceedings{prudhommeaux-etal-2017-vector,
    title = "Vector space models for evaluating semantic fluency in autism",
    author = "Prud{'}hommeaux, Emily  and
      van Santen, Jan  and
      Gliner, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2006",
    pages = "32--37",
    abstract = "A common test administered during neurological examination is the semantic fluency test, in which the patient must list as many examples of a given semantic category as possible under timed conditions. Poor performance is associated with neurological conditions characterized by impairments in executive function, such as dementia, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods for analyzing semantic fluency responses at the level of detail necessary to uncover these differences have typically relied on subjective manual annotation. In this paper, we explore automated approaches for scoring semantic fluency responses that leverage ontological resources and distributional semantic models to characterize the semantic fluency responses produced by young children with and without ASD. Using these methods, we find significant differences in the semantic fluency responses of children with ASD, demonstrating the utility of using objective methods for clinical language analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{susanto-lu-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Architectures for Multilingual Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Susanto, Raymond Hendy  and
      Lu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2007",
    pages = "38--44",
    abstract = "In this paper, we address semantic parsing in a multilingual context. We train one multilingual model that is capable of parsing natural language sentences from multiple different languages into their corresponding formal semantic representations. We extend an existing sequence-to-tree model to a multi-task learning framework which shares the decoder for generating semantic representations. We report evaluation results on the multilingual GeoQuery corpus and introduce a new multilingual version of the ATIS corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{malinin-etal-2017-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Uncertainty into Deep Learning for Spoken Language Assessment",
    author = "Malinin, Andrey  and
      Ragni, Anton  and
      Knill, Kate  and
      Gales, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2008",
    pages = "45--50",
    abstract = "There is a growing demand for automatic assessment of spoken English proficiency. These systems need to handle large variations in input data owing to the wide range of candidate skill levels and L1s, and errors from ASR. Some candidates will be a poor match to the training data set, undermining the validity of the predicted grade. For high stakes tests it is essential for such systems not only to grade well, but also to provide a measure of their uncertainty in their predictions, enabling rejection to human graders. Previous work examined Gaussian Process (GP) graders which, though successful, do not scale well with large data sets. Deep Neural Network (DNN) may also be used to provide uncertainty using Monte-Carlo Dropout (MCD). This paper proposes a novel method to yield uncertainty and compares it to GPs and DNNs with MCD. The proposed approach explicitly teaches a DNN to have low uncertainty on training data and high uncertainty on generated artificial data. On experiments conducted on data from the Business Language Testing Service (BULATS), the proposed approach is found to outperform GPs and DNNs with MCD in uncertainty-based rejection whilst achieving comparable grading performance.",
}
@inproceedings{jurgens-etal-2017-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Dialectal Variability for Socially Equitable Language Identification",
    author = "Jurgens, David  and
      Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2009",
    pages = "51--57",
    abstract = "Language identification (LID) is a critical first step for processing multilingual text. Yet most LID systems are not designed to handle the linguistic diversity of global platforms like Twitter, where local dialects and rampant code-switching lead language classifiers to systematically miss minority dialect speakers and multilingual speakers. We propose a new dataset and a character-based sequence-to-sequence model for LID designed to support dialectal and multilingual language varieties. Our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on multiple LID benchmarks. Furthermore, in a case study using Twitter for health tracking, our method substantially increases the availability of texts written by underrepresented populations, enabling the development of {``}socially inclusive{''} NLP tools.",
}
@inproceedings{jagfeld-etal-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Compound Splitters Extrinsically with Textual Entailment",
    author = "Jagfeld, Glorianna  and
      Ziering, Patrick  and
      van der Plas, Lonneke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2010",
    pages = "58--63",
    abstract = "Traditionally, compound splitters are evaluated intrinsically on gold-standard data or extrinsically on the task of statistical machine translation. We explore a novel way for the extrinsic evaluation of compound splitters, namely recognizing textual entailment. Compound splitting has great potential for this novel task that is both transparent and well-defined. Moreover, we show that it addresses certain aspects that are either ignored in intrinsic evaluations or compensated for by taskinternal mechanisms in statistical machine translation. We show significant improvements using different compound splitting methods on a German textual entailment dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{gella-keller-2017-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Action Recognition Datasets for Language and Vision Tasks",
    author = "Gella, Spandana  and
      Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2011",
    pages = "64--71",
    abstract = "A large amount of recent research has focused on tasks that combine language and vision, resulting in a proliferation of datasets and methods. One such task is action recognition, whose applications include image annotation, scene understanding and image retrieval. In this survey, we categorize the existing approaches based on how they conceptualize this problem and provide a detailed review of existing datasets, highlighting their diversity as well as advantages and disadvantages. We focus on recently developed datasets which link visual information with linguistic resources and provide a fine-grained syntactic and semantic analysis of actions in images.",
}
@inproceedings{eriguchi-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to Parse and Translate Improves Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Eriguchi, Akiko  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2012",
    pages = "72--78",
    abstract = "There has been relatively little attention to incorporating linguistic prior to neural machine translation. Much of the previous work was further constrained to considering linguistic prior on the source side. In this paper, we propose a hybrid model, called NMT+RNNG, that learns to parse and translate by combining the recurrent neural network grammar into the attention-based neural machine translation. Our approach encourages the neural machine translation model to incorporate linguistic prior during training, and lets it translate on its own afterward. Extensive experiments with four language pairs show the effectiveness of the proposed NMT+RNNG.",
}
@inproceedings{almodaresi-etal-2017-distribution,
    title = "On the Distribution of Lexical Features at Multiple Levels of Analysis",
    author = "Almodaresi, Fatemeh  and
      Ungar, Lyle  and
      Kulkarni, Vivek  and
      Zakeri, Mohsen  and
      Giorgi, Salvatore  and
      Schwartz, H. Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2013",
    pages = "79--84",
    abstract = "Natural language processing has increasingly moved from modeling documents and words toward studying the people behind the language. This move to working with data at the user or community level has presented the field with different characteristics of linguistic data. In this paper, we empirically characterize various lexical distributions at different levels of analysis, showing that, while most features are decidedly sparse and non-normal at the message-level (as with traditional NLP), they follow the central limit theorem to become much more Log-normal or even Normal at the user- and county-levels. Finally, we demonstrate that modeling lexical features for the correct level of analysis leads to marked improvements in common social scientific prediction tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{nisioi-etal-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Neural Text Simplification Models",
    author = "Nisioi, Sergiu  and
      {\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2014",
    pages = "85--91",
    abstract = "We present the first attempt at using sequence to sequence neural networks to model text simplification (TS). Unlike the previously proposed automated TS systems, our neural text simplification (NTS) systems are able to simultaneously perform lexical simplification and content reduction. An extensive human evaluation of the output has shown that NTS systems achieve almost perfect grammaticality and meaning preservation of output sentences and higher level of simplification than the state-of-the-art automated TS systems",
}
@inproceedings{dahlmeier-2017-challenges,
    title = "On the Challenges of Translating {NLP} Research into Commercial Products",
    author = "Dahlmeier, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2015",
    pages = "92--96",
    abstract = "This paper highlights challenges in industrial research related to translating research in natural language processing into commercial products. While the interest in natural language processing from industry is significant, the transfer of research to commercial products is non-trivial and its challenges are often unknown to or underestimated by many researchers. I discuss current obstacles and provide suggestions for increasing the chances for translating research to commercial success based on my experience in industrial research.",
}
@inproceedings{stajner-etal-2017-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Alignment Methods for Improving Text Simplification Systems",
    author = "{\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Franco-Salvador, Marc  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Stuckenschmidt, Heiner",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2016",
    pages = "97--102",
    abstract = "We provide several methods for sentence-alignment of texts with different complexity levels. Using the best of them, we sentence-align the Newsela corpora, thus providing large training materials for automatic text simplification (ATS) systems. We show that using this dataset, even the standard phrase-based statistical machine translation models for ATS can outperform the state-of-the-art ATS systems.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2017-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Task Design Trade-offs in Crowdsourced Paraphrase Collection",
    author = "Jiang, Youxuan  and
      Kummerfeld, Jonathan K.  and
      Lasecki, Walter S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2017",
    pages = "103--109",
    abstract = "Linguistically diverse datasets are critical for training and evaluating robust machine learning systems, but data collection is a costly process that often requires experts. Crowdsourcing the process of paraphrase generation is an effective means of expanding natural language datasets, but there has been limited analysis of the trade-offs that arise when designing tasks. In this paper, we present the first systematic study of the key factors in crowdsourcing paraphrase collection. We consider variations in instructions, incentives, data domains, and workflows. We manually analyzed paraphrases for correctness, grammaticality, and linguistic diversity. Our observations provide new insight into the trade-offs between accuracy and diversity in crowd responses that arise as a result of task design, providing guidance for future paraphrase generation procedures.",
}
@inproceedings{qi-manning-2017-arc,
    title = "Arc-swift: A Novel Transition System for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Qi, Peng  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2018",
    pages = "110--117",
    abstract = "Transition-based dependency parsers often need sequences of local shift and reduce operations to produce certain attachments. Correct individual decisions hence require global information about the sentence context and mistakes cause error propagation. This paper proposes a novel transition system, arc-swift, that enables direct attachments between tokens farther apart with a single transition. This allows the parser to leverage lexical information more directly in transition decisions. Hence, arc-swift can achieve significantly better performance with a very small beam size. Our parsers reduce error by 3.7{--}7.6{\%} relative to those using existing transition systems on the Penn Treebank dependency parsing task and English Universal Dependencies.",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2017-generative,
    title = "A Generative Parser with a Discriminative Recognition Algorithm",
    author = "Cheng, Jianpeng  and
      Lopez, Adam  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2019",
    pages = "118--124",
    abstract = "Generative models defining joint distributions over parse trees and sentences are useful for parsing and language modeling, but impose restrictions on the scope of features and are often outperformed by discriminative models. We propose a framework for parsing and language modeling which marries a generative model with a discriminative recognition model in an encoder-decoder setting. We provide interpretations of the framework based on expectation maximization and variational inference, and show that it enables parsing and language modeling within a single implementation. On the English Penn Treen-bank, our framework obtains competitive performance on constituency parsing while matching the state-of-the-art single-model language modeling score.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Neural Network Alignment and Lexicon Model in Direct {HMM} for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Weiyue  and
      Alkhouli, Tamer  and
      Zhu, Derui  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2020",
    pages = "125--131",
    abstract = "Recently, the neural machine translation systems showed their promising performance and surpassed the phrase-based systems for most translation tasks. Retreating into conventional concepts machine translation while utilizing effective neural models is vital for comprehending the leap accomplished by neural machine translation over phrase-based methods. This work proposes a direct HMM with neural network-based lexicon and alignment models, which are trained jointly using the Baum-Welch algorithm. The direct HMM is applied to rerank the n-best list created by a state-of-the-art phrase-based translation system and it provides improvements by up to 1.0{\%} Bleu scores on two different translation tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{aharoni-goldberg-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards String-To-Tree Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Aharoni, Roee  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2021",
    pages = "132--140",
    abstract = "We present a simple method to incorporate syntactic information about the target language in a neural machine translation system by translating into linearized, lexicalized constituency trees. An experiment on the WMT16 German-English news translation task resulted in an improved BLEU score when compared to a syntax-agnostic NMT baseline trained on the same dataset. An analysis of the translations from the syntax-aware system shows that it performs more reordering during translation in comparison to the baseline. A small-scale human evaluation also showed an advantage to the syntax-aware system.",
}
@inproceedings{reed-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Lexico-Functional Patterns for First-Person Affect",
    author = "Reed, Lena  and
      Wu, Jiaqi  and
      Oraby, Shereen  and
      Anand, Pranav  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2022",
    pages = "141--147",
    abstract = "Informal first-person narratives are a unique resource for computational models of everyday events and people{'}s affective reactions to them. People blogging about their day tend not to explicitly say I am happy. Instead they describe situations from which other humans can readily infer their affective reactions. However current sentiment dictionaries are missing much of the information needed to make similar inferences. We build on recent work that models affect in terms of lexical predicate functions and affect on the predicate{'}s arguments. We present a method to learn proxies for these functions from first-person narratives. We construct a novel fine-grained test set, and show that the patterns we learn improve our ability to predict first-person affective reactions to everyday events, from a Stanford sentiment baseline of .67F to .75F.",
}
@inproceedings{shu-etal-2017-lifelong,
    title = "Lifelong Learning {CRF} for Supervised Aspect Extraction",
    author = "Shu, Lei  and
      Xu, Hu  and
      Liu, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2023",
    pages = "148--154",
    abstract = "This paper makes a focused contribution to supervised aspect extraction. It shows that if the system has performed aspect extraction from many past domains and retained their results as knowledge, Conditional Random Fields (CRF) can leverage this knowledge in a lifelong learning manner to extract in a new domain markedly better than the traditional CRF without using this prior knowledge. The key innovation is that even after CRF training, the model can still improve its extraction with experiences in its applications.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Domain Knowledge via Grouped Weight Sharing with Application to Text Categorization",
    author = "Zhang, Ye  and
      Lease, Matthew  and
      Wallace, Byron C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2024",
    pages = "155--160",
    abstract = "A fundamental advantage of neural models for NLP is their ability to learn representations from scratch. However, in practice this often means ignoring existing external linguistic resources, e.g., WordNet or domain specific ontologies such as the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). We propose a general, novel method for exploiting such resources via weight sharing. Prior work on weight sharing in neural networks has considered it largely as a means of model compression. In contrast, we treat weight sharing as a flexible mechanism for incorporating prior knowledge into neural models. We show that this approach consistently yields improved performance on classification tasks compared to baseline strategies that do not exploit weight sharing.",
}
@inproceedings{fried-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Neural Parsing by Disentangling Model Combination and Reranking Effects",
    author = "Fried, Daniel  and
      Stern, Mitchell  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2025",
    pages = "161--166",
    abstract = "Recent work has proposed several generative neural models for constituency parsing that achieve state-of-the-art results. Since direct search in these generative models is difficult, they have primarily been used to rescore candidate outputs from base parsers in which decoding is more straightforward. We first present an algorithm for direct search in these generative models. We then demonstrate that the rescoring results are at least partly due to implicit model combination rather than reranking effects. Finally, we show that explicit model combination can improve performance even further, resulting in new state-of-the-art numbers on the PTB of 94.25 F1 when training only on gold data and 94.66 F1 when using external data.",
}
@inproceedings{melamud-goldberger-2017-information,
    title = "Information-Theory Interpretation of the Skip-Gram Negative-Sampling Objective Function",
    author = "Melamud, Oren  and
      Goldberger, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2026",
    pages = "167--171",
    abstract = "In this paper we define a measure of dependency between two random variables, based on the Jensen-Shannon (JS) divergence between their joint distribution and the product of their marginal distributions. Then, we show that word2vec{'}s skip-gram with negative sampling embedding algorithm finds the optimal low-dimensional approximation of this JS dependency measure between the words and their contexts. The gap between the optimal score and the low-dimensional approximation is demonstrated on a standard text corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{kazi-thompson-2017-implicitly,
    title = "Implicitly-Defined Neural Networks for Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Kazi, Michaeel  and
      Thompson, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2027",
    pages = "172--177",
    abstract = "In this work, we propose a novel, implicitly-defined neural network architecture and describe a method to compute its components. The proposed architecture forgoes the causality assumption used to formulate recurrent neural networks and instead couples the hidden states of the network, allowing improvement on problems with complex, long-distance dependencies. Initial experiments demonstrate the new architecture outperforms both the Stanford Parser and baseline bidirectional networks on the Penn Treebank Part-of-Speech tagging task and a baseline bidirectional network on an additional artificial random biased walk task.",
}
@inproceedings{ludusan-etal-2017-role,
    title = "The Role of Prosody and Speech Register in Word Segmentation: A Computational Modelling Perspective",
    author = "Ludusan, Bogdan  and
      Mazuka, Reiko  and
      Bernard, Mathieu  and
      Cristia, Alejandrina  and
      Dupoux, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2028",
    pages = "178--183",
    abstract = "This study explores the role of speech register and prosody for the task of word segmentation. Since these two factors are thought to play an important role in early language acquisition, we aim to quantify their contribution for this task. We study a Japanese corpus containing both infant- and adult-directed speech and we apply four different word segmentation models, with and without knowledge of prosodic boundaries. The results showed that the difference between registers is smaller than previously reported and that prosodic boundary information helps more adult- than infant-directed speech.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-two,
    title = "A Two-Stage Parsing Method for Text-Level Discourse Analysis",
    author = "Wang, Yizhong  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2029",
    pages = "184--188",
    abstract = "Previous work introduced transition-based algorithms to form a unified architecture of parsing rhetorical structures (including span, nuclearity and relation), but did not achieve satisfactory performance. In this paper, we propose that transition-based model is more appropriate for parsing the naked discourse tree (i.e., identifying span and nuclearity) due to data sparsity. At the same time, we argue that relation labeling can benefit from naked tree structure and should be treated elaborately with consideration of three kinds of relations including within-sentence, across-sentence and across-paragraph relations. Thus, we design a pipelined two-stage parsing method for generating an RST tree from text. Experimental results show that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance, especially on span and nuclearity identification.",
}
@inproceedings{sakaguchi-etal-2017-error,
    title = "Error-repair Dependency Parsing for Ungrammatical Texts",
    author = "Sakaguchi, Keisuke  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2030",
    pages = "189--195",
    abstract = "We propose a new dependency parsing scheme which jointly parses a sentence and repairs grammatical errors by extending the non-directional transition-based formalism of Goldberg and Elhadad (2010) with three additional actions: SUBSTITUTE, DELETE, INSERT. Because these actions may cause an infinite loop in derivation, we also introduce simple constraints that ensure the parser termination. We evaluate our model with respect to dependency accuracy and grammaticality improvements for ungrammatical sentences, demonstrating the robustness and applicability of our scheme.",
}
@inproceedings{libovicky-helcl-2017-attention,
    title = "Attention Strategies for Multi-Source Sequence-to-Sequence Learning",
    author = "Libovick{\'y}, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Helcl, Jind{\v{r}}ich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2031",
    pages = "196--202",
    abstract = "Modeling attention in neural multi-source sequence-to-sequence learning remains a relatively unexplored area, despite its usefulness in tasks that incorporate multiple source languages or modalities. We propose two novel approaches to combine the outputs of attention mechanisms over each source sequence, flat and hierarchical. We compare the proposed methods with existing techniques and present results of systematic evaluation of those methods on the WMT16 Multimodal Translation and Automatic Post-editing tasks. We show that the proposed methods achieve competitive results on both tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{hua-wang-2017-understanding,
    title = "Understanding and Detecting Supporting Arguments of Diverse Types",
    author = "Hua, Xinyu  and
      Wang, Lu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2032",
    pages = "203--208",
    abstract = "We investigate the problem of sentence-level supporting argument detection from relevant documents for user-specified claims. A dataset containing claims and associated citation articles is collected from online debate website idebate.org. We then manually label sentence-level supporting arguments from the documents along with their types as study, factual, opinion, or reasoning. We further characterize arguments of different types, and explore whether leveraging type information can facilitate the supporting arguments detection task. Experimental results show that LambdaMART (Burges, 2010) ranker that uses features informed by argument types yields better performance than the same ranker trained without type information.",
}
@inproceedings{rahimi-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "A Neural Model for User Geolocation and Lexical Dialectology",
    author = "Rahimi, Afshin  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2033",
    pages = "209--216",
    abstract = "We propose a simple yet effective text-based user geolocation model based on a neural network with one hidden layer, which achieves state of the art performance over three Twitter benchmark geolocation datasets, in addition to producing word and phrase embeddings in the hidden layer that we show to be useful for detecting dialectal terms. As part of our analysis of dialectal terms, we release DAREDS, a dataset for evaluating dialect term detection methods.",
}
@inproceedings{suhr-etal-2017-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Natural Language for Visual Reasoning",
    author = "Suhr, Alane  and
      Lewis, Mike  and
      Yeh, James  and
      Artzi, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2034",
    pages = "217--223",
    abstract = "We present a new visual reasoning language dataset, containing 92,244 pairs of examples of natural statements grounded in synthetic images with 3,962 unique sentences. We describe a method of crowdsourcing linguistically-diverse data, and present an analysis of our data. The data demonstrates a broad set of linguistic phenomena, requiring visual and set-theoretic reasoning. We experiment with various models, and show the data presents a strong challenge for future research.",
}
@inproceedings{tourille-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Architecture for Temporal Relation Extraction: A Bi-{LSTM} Approach for Detecting Narrative Containers",
    author = "Tourille, Julien  and
      Ferret, Olivier  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Tannier, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2035",
    pages = "224--230",
    abstract = "We present a neural architecture for containment relation identification between medical events and/or temporal expressions. We experiment on a corpus of de-identified clinical notes in English from the Mayo Clinic, namely the THYME corpus. Our model achieves an F-measure of 0.613 and outperforms the best result reported on this corpus to date.",
}
@inproceedings{tian-etal-2017-make,
    title = "How to Make Context More Useful? An Empirical Study on Context-Aware Neural Conversational Models",
    author = "Tian, Zhiliang  and
      Yan, Rui  and
      Mou, Lili  and
      Song, Yiping  and
      Feng, Yansong  and
      Zhao, Dongyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2036",
    pages = "231--236",
    abstract = "Generative conversational systems are attracting increasing attention in natural language processing (NLP). Recently, researchers have noticed the importance of context information in dialog processing, and built various models to utilize context. However, there is no systematic comparison to analyze how to use context effectively. In this paper, we conduct an empirical study to compare various models and investigate the effect of context information in dialog systems. We also propose a variant that explicitly weights context vectors by context-query relevance, outperforming the other baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{braud-etal-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual and cross-domain discourse segmentation of entire documents",
    author = "Braud, Chlo{\'e}  and
      Lacroix, Oph{\'e}lie  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2037",
    pages = "237--243",
    abstract = "Discourse segmentation is a crucial step in building end-to-end discourse parsers. However, discourse segmenters only exist for a few languages and domains. Typically they only detect intra-sentential segment boundaries, assuming gold standard sentence and token segmentation, and relying on high-quality syntactic parses and rich heuristics that are not generally available across languages and domains. In this paper, we propose statistical discourse segmenters for five languages and three domains that do not rely on gold pre-annotations. We also consider the problem of learning discourse segmenters when no labeled data is available for a language. Our fully supervised system obtains 89.5{\%} F1 for English newswire, with slight drops in performance on other domains, and we report supervised and unsupervised (cross-lingual) results for five languages in total.",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-etal-2017-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Good Arguments in a Non-Topic-Specific Way: An Oxymoron?",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Gyawali, Binod  and
      Song, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2038",
    pages = "244--249",
    abstract = "Automatic identification of good arguments on a controversial topic has applications in civics and education, to name a few. While in the civics context it might be acceptable to create separate models for each topic, in the context of scoring of students{'} writing there is a preference for a single model that applies to all responses. Given that good arguments for one topic are likely to be irrelevant for another, is a single model for detecting good arguments a contradiction in terms? We investigate the extent to which it is possible to close the performance gap between topic-specific and across-topics models for identification of good arguments.",
}
@inproceedings{wachsmuth-etal-2017-argumentation,
    title = "Argumentation Quality Assessment: Theory vs. Practice",
    author = "Wachsmuth, Henning  and
      Naderi, Nona  and
      Habernal, Ivan  and
      Hou, Yufang  and
      Hirst, Graeme  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2039",
    pages = "250--255",
    abstract = "Argumentation quality is viewed differently in argumentation theory and in practical assessment approaches. This paper studies to what extent the views match empirically. We find that most observations on quality phrased spontaneously are in fact adequately represented by theory. Even more, relative comparisons of arguments in practice correlate with absolute quality ratings based on theory. Our results clarify how the two views can learn from each other.",
}
@inproceedings{ronnqvist-etal-2017-recurrent,
    title = "A Recurrent Neural Model with Attention for the Recognition of {C}hinese Implicit Discourse Relations",
    author = {R{\"o}nnqvist, Samuel  and
      Schenk, Niko  and
      Chiarcos, Christian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2040",
    pages = "256--262",
    abstract = "We introduce an attention-based Bi-LSTM for Chinese implicit discourse relations and demonstrate that modeling argument pairs as a joint sequence can outperform word order-agnostic approaches. Our model benefits from a partial sampling scheme and is conceptually simple, yet achieves state-of-the-art performance on the Chinese Discourse Treebank. We also visualize its attention activity to illustrate the model{'}s ability to selectively focus on the relevant parts of an input sequence.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Annotation of Non-native Spontaneous Spoken Responses Using the Rhetorical Structure Theory Framework",
    author = "Wang, Xinhao  and
      Bruno, James  and
      Molloy, Hillary  and
      Evanini, Keelan  and
      Zechner, Klaus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2041",
    pages = "263--268",
    abstract = "The availability of the Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) Discourse Treebank has spurred substantial research into discourse analysis of written texts; however, limited research has been conducted to date on RST annotation and parsing of spoken language, in particular, non-native spontaneous speech. Considering that the measurement of discourse coherence is typically a key metric in human scoring rubrics for assessments of spoken language, we initiated a research effort to obtain RST annotations of a large number of non-native spoken responses from a standardized assessment of academic English proficiency. The resulting inter-annotator kappa agreements on the three different levels of Span, Nuclearity, and Relation are 0.848, 0.766, and 0.653, respectively. Furthermore, a set of features was explored to evaluate the discourse structure of non-native spontaneous speech based on these annotations; the highest performing feature resulted in a correlation of 0.612 with scores of discourse coherence provided by expert human raters.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition with Discourse-specific Word Embeddings",
    author = "Wu, Changxing  and
      Shi, Xiaodong  and
      Chen, Yidong  and
      Su, Jinsong  and
      Wang, Boli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2042",
    pages = "269--274",
    abstract = "We introduce a simple and effective method to learn discourse-specific word embeddings (DSWE) for implicit discourse relation recognition. Specifically, DSWE is learned by performing connective classification on massive explicit discourse data, and capable of capturing discourse relationships between words. On the PDTB data set, using DSWE as features achieves significant improvements over baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{hirao-etal-2017-oracle,
    title = "Oracle Summaries of Compressive Summarization",
    author = "Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Nishino, Masaaki  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2043",
    pages = "275--280",
    abstract = "This paper derives an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation to obtain an oracle summary of the compressive summarization paradigm in terms of ROUGE. The oracle summary is essential to reveal the upper bound performance of the paradigm. Experimental results on the DUC dataset showed that ROUGE scores of compressive oracles are significantly higher than those of extractive oracles and state-of-the-art summarization systems. These results reveal that compressive summarization is a promising paradigm and encourage us to continue with the research to produce informative summaries.",
}
@inproceedings{hasegawa-etal-2017-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Sentence Compression with a Large Training Dataset",
    author = "Hasegawa, Shun  and
      Kikuchi, Yuta  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2044",
    pages = "281--286",
    abstract = "In English, high-quality sentence compression models by deleting words have been trained on automatically created large training datasets. We work on Japanese sentence compression by a similar approach. To create a large Japanese training dataset, a method of creating English training dataset is modified based on the characteristics of the Japanese language. The created dataset is used to train Japanese sentence compression models based on the recurrent neural network.",
}
@inproceedings{loyola-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "A Neural Architecture for Generating Natural Language Descriptions from Source Code Changes",
    author = "Loyola, Pablo  and
      Marrese-Taylor, Edison  and
      Matsuo, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2045",
    pages = "287--292",
    abstract = "We propose a model to automatically describe changes introduced in the source code of a program using natural language. Our method receives as input a set of code commits, which contains both the modifications and message introduced by an user. These two modalities are used to train an encoder-decoder architecture. We evaluated our approach on twelve real world open source projects from four different programming languages. Quantitative and qualitative results showed that the proposed approach can generate feasible and semantically sound descriptions not only in standard in-project settings, but also in a cross-project setting.",
}
@inproceedings{wei-etal-2017-english,
    title = "{E}nglish Event Detection With Translated Language Features",
    author = "Wei, Sam  and
      Korostil, Igor  and
      Nothman, Joel  and
      Hachey, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2046",
    pages = "293--298",
    abstract = "We propose novel radical features from automatic translation for event extraction. Event detection is a complex language processing task for which it is expensive to collect training data, making generalisation challenging. We derive meaningful subword features from automatic translations into target language. Results suggest this method is particularly useful when using languages with writing systems that facilitate easy decomposition into subword features, e.g., logograms and Cangjie. The best result combines logogram features from Chinese and Japanese with syllable features from Korean, providing an additional 3.0 points f-score when added to state-of-the-art generalisation features on the TAC KBP 2015 Event Nugget task.",
}
@inproceedings{savenkov-agichtein-2017-evinets,
    title = "{E}vi{N}ets: Neural Networks for Combining Evidence Signals for Factoid Question Answering",
    author = "Savenkov, Denis  and
      Agichtein, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2047",
    pages = "299--304",
    abstract = "A critical task for question answering is the final answer selection stage, which has to combine multiple signals available about each answer candidate. This paper proposes EviNets: a novel neural network architecture for factoid question answering. EviNets scores candidate answer entities by combining the available supporting evidence, e.g., structured knowledge bases and unstructured text documents. EviNets represents each piece of evidence with a dense embeddings vector, scores their relevance to the question, and aggregates the support for each candidate to predict their final scores. Each of the components is generic and allows plugging in a variety of models for semantic similarity scoring and information aggregation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of EviNets in experiments on the existing TREC QA and WikiMovies benchmarks, and on the new Yahoo! Answers dataset introduced in this paper. EviNets can be extended to other information types and could facilitate future work on combining evidence signals for joint reasoning in question answering.",
}
@inproceedings{wolfe-etal-2017-pocket,
    title = "Pocket Knowledge Base Population",
    author = "Wolfe, Travis  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2048",
    pages = "305--310",
    abstract = "Existing Knowledge Base Population methods extract relations from a closed relational schema with limited coverage leading to sparse KBs. We propose Pocket Knowledge Base Population (PKBP), the task of dynamically constructing a KB of entities related to a query and finding the best characterization of relationships between entities. We describe novel Open Information Extraction methods which leverage the PKB to find informative trigger words. We evaluate using existing KBP shared-task data as well anew annotations collected for this work. Our methods produce high quality KB from just text with many more entities and relationships than existing KBP systems.",
}
@inproceedings{khot-etal-2017-answering,
    title = "Answering Complex Questions Using Open Information Extraction",
    author = "Khot, Tushar  and
      Sabharwal, Ashish  and
      Clark, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2049",
    pages = "311--316",
    abstract = "While there has been substantial progress in factoid question-answering (QA), answering complex questions remains challenging, typically requiring both a large body of knowledge and inference techniques. Open Information Extraction (Open IE) provides a way to generate semi-structured knowledge for QA, but to date such knowledge has only been used to answer simple questions with retrieval-based methods. We overcome this limitation by presenting a method for reasoning with Open IE knowledge, allowing more complex questions to be handled. Using a recently proposed support graph optimization framework for QA, we develop a new inference model for Open IE, in particular one that can work effectively with multiple short facts, noise, and the relational structure of tuples. Our model significantly outperforms a state-of-the-art structured solver on complex questions of varying difficulty, while also removing the reliance on manually curated knowledge.",
}
@inproceedings{saha-etal-2017-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping for Numerical Open {IE}",
    author = "Saha, Swarnadeep  and
      Pal, Harinder  and
      {Mausam}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2050",
    pages = "317--323",
    abstract = "We design and release BONIE, the first open numerical relation extractor, for extracting Open IE tuples where one of the arguments is a number or a quantity-unit phrase. BONIE uses bootstrapping to learn the specific dependency patterns that express numerical relations in a sentence. BONIE{'}s novelty lies in task-specific customizations, such as inferring implicit relations, which are clear due to context such as units (for e.g., {`}square kilometers{'} suggests area, even if the word {`}area{'} is missing in the sentence). BONIE obtains 1.5x yield and 15 point precision gain on numerical facts over a state-of-the-art Open IE system.",
}
@inproceedings{komninos-manandhar-2017-feature,
    title = "Feature-Rich Networks for Knowledge Base Completion",
    author = "Komninos, Alexandros  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2051",
    pages = "324--329",
    abstract = "We propose jointly modelling Knowledge Bases and aligned text with Feature-Rich Networks. Our models perform Knowledge Base Completion by learning to represent and compose diverse feature types from partially aligned and noisy resources. We perform experiments on Freebase utilizing additional entity type information and syntactic textual relations. Our evaluation suggests that the proposed models can better incorporate side information than previously proposed combinations of bilinear models with convolutional neural networks, showing large improvements when scoring the plausibility of unobserved facts with associated textual mentions.",
}
@inproceedings{rabinovich-klein-2017-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Entity Typing with High-Multiplicity Assignments",
    author = "Rabinovich, Maxim  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2052",
    pages = "330--334",
    abstract = "As entity type systems become richer and more fine-grained, we expect the number of types assigned to a given entity to increase. However, most fine-grained typing work has focused on datasets that exhibit a low degree of type multiplicity. In this paper, we consider the high-multiplicity regime inherent in data sources such as Wikipedia that have semi-open type systems. We introduce a set-prediction approach to this problem and show that our model outperforms unstructured baselines on a new Wikipedia-based fine-grained typing corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2017-group,
    title = "Group Sparse {CNN}s for Question Classification with Answer Sets",
    author = "Ma, Mingbo  and
      Huang, Liang  and
      Xiang, Bing  and
      Zhou, Bowen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2053",
    pages = "335--340",
    abstract = "Question classification is an important task with wide applications. However, traditional techniques treat questions as general sentences, ignoring the corresponding answer data. In order to consider answer information into question modeling, we first introduce novel group sparse autoencoders which refine question representation by utilizing group information in the answer set. We then propose novel group sparse CNNs which naturally learn question representation with respect to their answers by implanting group sparse autoencoders into traditional CNNs. The proposed model significantly outperform strong baselines on four datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{augenstein-sogaard-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-Task Learning of Keyphrase Boundary Classification",
    author = "Augenstein, Isabelle  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2054",
    pages = "341--346",
    abstract = "Keyphrase boundary classification (KBC) is the task of detecting keyphrases in scientific articles and labelling them with respect to predefined types. Although important in practice, this task is so far underexplored, partly due to the lack of labelled data. To overcome this, we explore several auxiliary tasks, including semantic super-sense tagging and identification of multi-word expressions, and cast the task as a multi-task learning problem with deep recurrent neural networks. Our multi-task models perform significantly better than previous state of the art approaches on two scientific KBC datasets, particularly for long keyphrases.",
}
@inproceedings{mirza-etal-2017-cardinal,
    title = "Cardinal Virtues: Extracting Relation Cardinalities from Text",
    author = "Mirza, Paramita  and
      Razniewski, Simon  and
      Darari, Fariz  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2055",
    pages = "347--351",
    abstract = "Information extraction (IE) from text has largely focused on relations between individual entities, such as who has won which award. However, some facts are never fully mentioned, and no IE method has perfect recall. Thus, it is beneficial to also tap contents about the cardinalities of these relations, for example, how many awards someone has won. We introduce this novel problem of extracting cardinalities and discusses the specific challenges that set it apart from standard IE. We present a distant supervision method using conditional random fields. A preliminary evaluation results in precision between 3{\%} and 55{\%}, depending on the difficulty of relations.",
}
@inproceedings{stanovsky-etal-2017-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Deep Linguistic Features in Factuality Prediction over Unified Datasets",
    author = "Stanovsky, Gabriel  and
      Eckle-Kohler, Judith  and
      Puzikov, Yevgeniy  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2056",
    pages = "352--357",
    abstract = "Previous models for the assessment of commitment towards a predicate in a sentence (also known as factuality prediction) were trained and tested against a specific annotated dataset, subsequently limiting the generality of their results. In this work we propose an intuitive method for mapping three previously annotated corpora onto a single factuality scale, thereby enabling models to be tested across these corpora. In addition, we design a novel model for factuality prediction by first extending a previous rule-based factuality prediction system and applying it over an abstraction of dependency trees, and then using the output of this system in a supervised classifier. We show that this model outperforms previous methods on all three datasets. We make both the unified factuality corpus and our new model publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2017-question,
    title = "Question Answering on Knowledge Bases and Text using Universal Schema and Memory Networks",
    author = "Das, Rajarshi  and
      Zaheer, Manzil  and
      Reddy, Siva  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2057",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2057",
    pages = "358--365",
    abstract = "Existing question answering methods infer answers either from a knowledge base or from raw text. While knowledge base (KB) methods are good at answering compositional questions, their performance is often affected by the incompleteness of the KB. Au contraire, web text contains millions of facts that are absent in the KB, however in an unstructured form. Universal schema can support reasoning on the union of both structured KBs and unstructured text by aligning them in a common embedded space. In this paper we extend universal schema to natural language question answering, employing Memory networks to attend to the large body of facts in the combination of text and KB. Our models can be trained in an end-to-end fashion on question-answer pairs. Evaluation results on Spades fill-in-the-blank question answering dataset show that exploiting universal schema for question answering is better than using either a KB or text alone. This model also outperforms the current state-of-the-art by 8.5 F1 points.",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-etal-2017-differentiable,
    title = "Differentiable Scheduled Sampling for Credit Assignment",
    author = "Goyal, Kartik  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2058",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2058",
    pages = "366--371",
    abstract = "We demonstrate that a continuous relaxation of the argmax operation can be used to create a differentiable approximation to greedy decoding in sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models. By incorporating this approximation into the scheduled sampling training procedure{--}a well-known technique for correcting exposure bias{--}we introduce a new training objective that is continuous and differentiable everywhere and can provide informative gradients near points where previous decoding decisions change their value. By using a related approximation, we also demonstrate a similar approach to sampled-based training. We show that our approach outperforms both standard cross-entropy training and scheduled sampling procedures in two sequence prediction tasks: named entity recognition and machine translation.",
}
@inproceedings{guo-2017-deep,
    title = "A Deep Network with Visual Text Composition Behavior",
    author = "Guo, Hongyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2059",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2059",
    pages = "372--377",
    abstract = "While natural languages are compositional, how state-of-the-art neural models achieve compositionality is still unclear. We propose a deep network, which not only achieves competitive accuracy for text classification, but also exhibits compositional behavior. That is, while creating hierarchical representations of a piece of text, such as a sentence, the lower layers of the network distribute their layer-specific attention weights to individual words. In contrast, the higher layers compose meaningful phrases and clauses, whose lengths increase as the networks get deeper until fully composing the sentence.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural System Combination for Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhou, Long  and
      Hu, Wenpeng  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2060",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2060",
    pages = "378--384",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation (NMT) becomes a new approach to machine translation and generates much more fluent results compared to statistical machine translation (SMT). However, SMT is usually better than NMT in translation adequacy. It is therefore a promising direction to combine the advantages of both NMT and SMT. In this paper, we propose a neural system combination framework leveraging multi-source NMT, which takes as input the outputs of NMT and SMT systems and produces the final translation. Extensive experiments on the Chinese-to-English translation task show that our model archives significant improvement by 5.3 BLEU points over the best single system output and 3.4 BLEU points over the state-of-the-art traditional system combination methods.",
}
@inproceedings{chu-etal-2017-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Comparison of Domain Adaptation Methods for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Chu, Chenhui  and
      Dabre, Raj  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2061",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2061",
    pages = "385--391",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a novel domain adaptation method named {``}mixed fine tuning{''} for neural machine translation (NMT). We combine two existing approaches namely fine tuning and multi domain NMT. We first train an NMT model on an out-of-domain parallel corpus, and then fine tune it on a parallel corpus which is a mix of the in-domain and out-of-domain corpora. All corpora are augmented with artificial tags to indicate specific domains. We empirically compare our proposed method against fine tuning and multi domain methods and discuss its benefits and shortcomings.",
}
@inproceedings{marie-fujita-2017-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Extraction of Pseudo-Parallel Sentences from Raw Monolingual Data Using Word Embeddings",
    author = "Marie, Benjamin  and
      Fujita, Atsushi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2062",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2062",
    pages = "392--398",
    abstract = "We propose a new method for extracting pseudo-parallel sentences from a pair of large monolingual corpora, without relying on any document-level information. Our method first exploits word embeddings in order to efficiently evaluate trillions of candidate sentence pairs and then a classifier to find the most reliable ones. We report significant improvements in domain adaptation for statistical machine translation when using a translation model trained on the sentence pairs extracted from in-domain monolingual corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-dras-2017-feature,
    title = "Feature Hashing for Language and Dialect Identification",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2063",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2063",
    pages = "399--403",
    abstract = "We evaluate feature hashing for language identification (LID), a method not previously used for this task. Using a standard dataset, we first show that while feature performance is high, LID data is highly dimensional and mostly sparse ({\textgreater}99.5{\%}) as it includes large vocabularies for many languages; memory requirements grow as languages are added. Next we apply hashing using various hash sizes, demonstrating that there is no performance loss with dimensionality reductions of up to 86{\%}. We also show that using an ensemble of low-dimension hash-based classifiers further boosts performance. Feature hashing is highly useful for LID and holds great promise for future work in this area.",
}
@inproceedings{shiue-etal-2017-detection,
    title = "Detection of {C}hinese Word Usage Errors for Non-Native {C}hinese Learners with Bidirectional {LSTM}",
    author = "Shiue, Yow-Ting  and
      Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2064",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2064",
    pages = "404--410",
    abstract = "Selecting appropriate words to compose a sentence is one common problem faced by non-native Chinese learners. In this paper, we propose (bidirectional) LSTM sequence labeling models and explore various features to detect word usage errors in Chinese sentences. By combining CWINDOW word embedding features and POS information, the best bidirectional LSTM model achieves accuracy 0.5138 and MRR 0.6789 on the HSK dataset. For 80.79{\%} of the test data, the model ranks the ground-truth within the top two at position level.",
}
@inproceedings{ryskina-etal-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Compositor Attribution in the First Folio of Shakespeare",
    author = "Ryskina, Maria  and
      Alpert-Abrams, Hannah  and
      Garrette, Dan  and
      Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2065",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2065",
    pages = "411--416",
    abstract = "Compositor attribution, the clustering of pages in a historical printed document by the individual who set the type, is a bibliographic task that relies on analysis of orthographic variation and inspection of visual details of the printed page. In this paper, we introduce a novel unsupervised model that jointly describes the textual and visual features needed to distinguish compositors. Applied to images of Shakespeare{'}s First Folio, our model predicts attributions that agree with the manual judgements of bibliographers with an accuracy of 87{\%}, even on text that is the output of OCR.",
}
@inproceedings{yoshikawa-etal-2017-stair,
    title = "{STAIR} Captions: Constructing a Large-Scale {J}apanese Image Caption Dataset",
    author = "Yoshikawa, Yuya  and
      Shigeto, Yutaro  and
      Takeuchi, Akikazu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2066",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2066",
    pages = "417--421",
    abstract = "In recent years, automatic generation of image descriptions (captions), that is, image captioning, has attracted a great deal of attention. In this paper, we particularly consider generating Japanese captions for images. Since most available caption datasets have been constructed for English language, there are few datasets for Japanese. To tackle this problem, we construct a large-scale Japanese image caption dataset based on images from MS-COCO, which is called STAIR Captions. STAIR Captions consists of 820,310 Japanese captions for 164,062 images. In the experiment, we show that a neural network trained using STAIR Captions can generate more natural and better Japanese captions, compared to those generated using English-Japanese machine translation after generating English captions.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2017-liar,
    title = "{``}Liar, Liar Pants on Fire{''}: A New Benchmark Dataset for Fake News Detection",
    author = "Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2067",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2067",
    pages = "422--426",
    abstract = "Automatic fake news detection is a challenging problem in deception detection, and it has tremendous real-world political and social impacts. However, statistical approaches to combating fake news has been dramatically limited by the lack of labeled benchmark datasets. In this paper, we present LIAR: a new, publicly available dataset for fake news detection. We collected a decade-long, 12.8K manually labeled short statements in various contexts from PolitiFact.com, which provides detailed analysis report and links to source documents for each case. This dataset can be used for fact-checking research as well. Notably, this new dataset is an order of magnitude larger than previously largest public fake news datasets of similar type. Empirically, we investigate automatic fake news detection based on surface-level linguistic patterns. We have designed a novel, hybrid convolutional neural network to integrate meta-data with text. We show that this hybrid approach can improve a text-only deep learning model.",
}
@inproceedings{kato-etal-2017-english,
    title = "{E}nglish Multiword Expression-aware Dependency Parsing Including Named Entities",
    author = "Kato, Akihiko  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2068",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2068",
    pages = "427--432",
    abstract = "Because syntactic structures and spans of multiword expressions (MWEs) are independently annotated in many English syntactic corpora, they are generally inconsistent with respect to one another, which is harmful to the implementation of an aggregate system. In this work, we construct a corpus that ensures consistency between dependency structures and MWEs, including named entities. Further, we explore models that predict both MWE-spans and an MWE-aware dependency structure. Experimental results show that our joint model using additional MWE-span features achieves an MWE recognition improvement of 1.35 points over a pipeline model.",
}
@inproceedings{kober-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Semantic Composition with Offset Inference",
    author = "Kober, Thomas  and
      Weeds, Julie  and
      Reffin, Jeremy  and
      Weir, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2069",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2069",
    pages = "433--440",
    abstract = "Count-based distributional semantic models suffer from sparsity due to unobserved but plausible co-occurrences in any text collection. This problem is amplified for models like Anchored Packed Trees (APTs), that take the grammatical type of a co-occurrence into account. We therefore introduce a novel form of distributional inference that exploits the rich type structure in APTs and infers missing data by the same mechanism that is used for semantic composition.",
}
@inproceedings{fadaee-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Topic-Sensitive Word Representations",
    author = "Fadaee, Marzieh  and
      Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2070",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2070",
    pages = "441--447",
    abstract = "Distributed word representations are widely used for modeling words in NLP tasks. Most of the existing models generate one representation per word and do not consider different meanings of a word. We present two approaches to learn multiple topic-sensitive representations per word by using Hierarchical Dirichlet Process. We observe that by modeling topics and integrating topic distributions for each document we obtain representations that are able to distinguish between different meanings of a given word. Our models yield statistically significant improvements for the lexical substitution task indicating that commonly used single word representations, even when combined with contextual information, are insufficient for this task.",
}
@inproceedings{szymanski-2017-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Word Analogies: Identifying Lexical Replacement with Diachronic Word Embeddings",
    author = "Szymanski, Terrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2071",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2071",
    pages = "448--453",
    abstract = "This paper introduces the concept of temporal word analogies: pairs of words which occupy the same semantic space at different points in time. One well-known property of word embeddings is that they are able to effectively model traditional word analogies ({``}word $w_1$ is to word $w_2$ as word $w_3$ is to word $w_4${''}) through vector addition. Here, I show that temporal word analogies ({``}word $w_1$ at time $t_\alpha$ is like word $w_2$ at time $t_\beta${''}) can effectively be modeled with diachronic word embeddings, provided that the independent embedding spaces from each time period are appropriately transformed into a common vector space. When applied to a diachronic corpus of news articles, this method is able to identify temporal word analogies such as {``}Ronald Reagan in 1987 is like Bill Clinton in 1997{''}, or {``}Walkman in 1987 is like iPod in 2007{''}.",
}
@inproceedings{elrazzaz-etal-2017-methodical,
    title = "Methodical Evaluation of {A}rabic Word Embeddings",
    author = "Elrazzaz, Mohammed  and
      Elbassuoni, Shady  and
      Shaban, Khaled  and
      Helwe, Chadi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2072",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2072",
    pages = "454--458",
    abstract = "Many unsupervised learning techniques have been proposed to obtain meaningful representations of words from text. In this study, we evaluate these various techniques when used to generate Arabic word embeddings. We first build a benchmark for the Arabic language that can be utilized to perform intrinsic evaluation of different word embeddings. We then perform additional extrinsic evaluations of the embeddings based on two NLP tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{rashkin-etal-2017-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Connotation Frames: A Case Study on Social Media for Targeted Sentiment Analysis and Forecast",
    author = "Rashkin, Hannah  and
      Bell, Eric  and
      Choi, Yejin  and
      Volkova, Svitlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2073",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2073",
    pages = "459--464",
    abstract = "People around the globe respond to major real world events through social media. To study targeted public sentiments across many languages and geographic locations, we introduce multilingual connotation frames: an extension from English connotation frames of Rashkin et al. (2016) with 10 additional European languages, focusing on the implied sentiments among event participants engaged in a frame. As a case study, we present large scale analysis on targeted public sentiments toward salient events and entities using 1.2 million multilingual connotation frames extracted from Twitter.",
}
@inproceedings{kiritchenko-mohammad-2017-best,
    title = "Best-Worst Scaling More Reliable than Rating Scales: A Case Study on Sentiment Intensity Annotation",
    author = "Kiritchenko, Svetlana  and
      Mohammad, Saif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2074",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2074",
    pages = "465--470",
    abstract = "Rating scales are a widely used method for data annotation; however, they present several challenges, such as difficulty in maintaining inter- and intra-annotator consistency. Best{--}worst scaling (BWS) is an alternative method of annotation that is claimed to produce high-quality annotations while keeping the required number of annotations similar to that of rating scales. However, the veracity of this claim has never been systematically established. Here for the first time, we set up an experiment that directly compares the rating scale method with BWS. We show that with the same total number of annotations, BWS produces significantly more reliable results than the rating scale.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2017-demographic,
    title = "Demographic Inference on Twitter using Recursive Neural Networks",
    author = "Kim, Sunghwan Mac  and
      Xu, Qiongkai  and
      Qu, Lizhen  and
      Wan, Stephen  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2075",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2075",
    pages = "471--477",
    abstract = "In social media, demographic inference is a critical task in order to gain a better understanding of a cohort and to facilitate interacting with one{'}s audience. Most previous work has made independence assumptions over topological, textual and label information on social networks. In this work, we employ recursive neural networks to break down these independence assumptions to obtain inference about demographic characteristics on Twitter. We show that our model performs better than existing models including the state-of-the-art.",
}
@inproceedings{vijayaraghavan-etal-2017-twitter,
    title = "Twitter Demographic Classification Using Deep Multi-modal Multi-task Learning",
    author = "Vijayaraghavan, Prashanth  and
      Vosoughi, Soroush  and
      Roy, Deb",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2076",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2076",
    pages = "478--483",
    abstract = "Twitter should be an ideal place to get a fresh read on how different issues are playing with the public, one that{'}s potentially more reflective of democracy in this new media age than traditional polls. Pollsters typically ask people a fixed set of questions, while in social media people use their own voices to speak about whatever is on their minds. However, the demographic distribution of users on Twitter is not representative of the general population. In this paper, we present a demographic classifier for gender, age, political orientation and location on Twitter. We collected and curated a robust Twitter demographic dataset for this task. Our classifier uses a deep multi-modal multi-task learning architecture to reach a state-of-the-art performance, achieving an F1-score of 0.89, 0.82, 0.86, and 0.68 for gender, age, political orientation, and location respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{zhan-etal-2017-network,
    title = "A Network Framework for Noisy Label Aggregation in Social Media",
    author = "Zhan, Xueying  and
      Wang, Yaowei  and
      Rao, Yanghui  and
      Xie, Haoran  and
      Li, Qing  and
      Wang, Fu Lee  and
      Wong, Tak-Lam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2077",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2077",
    pages = "484--490",
    abstract = "This paper focuses on the task of noisy label aggregation in social media, where users with different social or culture backgrounds may annotate invalid or malicious tags for documents. To aggregate noisy labels at a small cost, a network framework is proposed by calculating the matching degree of a document{'}s topics and the annotators{'} meta-data. Unlike using the back-propagation algorithm, a probabilistic inference approach is adopted to estimate network parameters. Finally, a new simulation method is designed for validating the effectiveness of the proposed framework in aggregating noisy labels.",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-goot-van-noord-2017-parser,
    title = "Parser Adaptation for Social Media by Integrating Normalization",
    author = "van der Goot, Rob  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2078",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2078",
    pages = "491--497",
    abstract = "This work explores different approaches of using normalization for parser adaptation. Traditionally, normalization is used as separate pre-processing step. We show that integrating the normalization model into the parsing algorithm is more beneficial. This way, multiple normalization candidates can be leveraged, which improves parsing performance on social media. We test this hypothesis by modifying the Berkeley parser; out-of-the-box it achieves an F1 score of 66.52. Our integrated approach reaches a significant improvement with an F1 score of 67.36, while using the best normalization sequence results in an F1 score of only 66.94.",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-etal-2017-alime,
    title = "{A}li{M}e Chat: A Sequence to Sequence and Rerank based Chatbot Engine",
    author = "Qiu, Minghui  and
      Li, Feng-Lin  and
      Wang, Siyu  and
      Gao, Xing  and
      Chen, Yan  and
      Zhao, Weipeng  and
      Chen, Haiqing  and
      Huang, Jun  and
      Chu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2079",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2079",
    pages = "498--503",
    abstract = "We propose AliMe Chat, an open-domain chatbot engine that integrates the joint results of Information Retrieval (IR) and Sequence to Sequence (Seq2Seq) based generation models. AliMe Chat uses an attentive Seq2Seq based rerank model to optimize the joint results. Extensive experiments show our engine outperforms both IR and generation based models. We launch AliMe Chat for a real-world industrial application and observe better results than another public chatbot.",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2017-conditional,
    title = "A Conditional Variational Framework for Dialog Generation",
    author = "Shen, Xiaoyu  and
      Su, Hui  and
      Li, Yanran  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Niu, Shuzi  and
      Zhao, Yang  and
      Aizawa, Akiko  and
      Long, Guoping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2080",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2080",
    pages = "504--509",
    abstract = "Deep latent variable models have been shown to facilitate the response generation for open-domain dialog systems. However, these latent variables are highly randomized, leading to uncontrollable generated responses. In this paper, we propose a framework allowing conditional response generation based on specific attributes. These attributes can be either manually assigned or automatically detected. Moreover, the dialog states for both speakers are modeled separately in order to reflect personal features. We validate this framework on two different scenarios, where the attribute refers to genericness and sentiment states respectively. The experiment result testified the potential of our model, where meaningful responses can be generated in accordance with the specified attributes.",
}
@inproceedings{min-etal-2017-question,
    title = "Question Answering through Transfer Learning from Large Fine-grained Supervision Data",
    author = "Min, Sewon  and
      Seo, Minjoon  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2081",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2081",
    pages = "510--517",
    abstract = "We show that the task of question answering (QA) can significantly benefit from the transfer learning of models trained on a different large, fine-grained QA dataset. We achieve the state of the art in two well-studied QA datasets, WikiQA and SemEval-2016 (Task 3A), through a basic transfer learning technique from SQuAD. For WikiQA, our model outperforms the previous best model by more than 8{\%}. We demonstrate that finer supervision provides better guidance for learning lexical and syntactic information than coarser supervision, through quantitative results and visual analysis. We also show that a similar transfer learning procedure achieves the state of the art on an entailment task.",
}
@inproceedings{abad-etal-2017-self,
    title = "Self-Crowdsourcing Training for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Abad, Azad  and
      Nabi, Moin  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2082",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2082",
    pages = "518--523",
    abstract = "In this paper we introduce a self-training strategy for crowdsourcing. The training examples are automatically selected to train the crowd workers. Our experimental results show an impact of 5{\%} Improvement in terms of F1 for relation extraction task, compared to the method based on distant supervision.",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2017-generative,
    title = "A Generative Attentional Neural Network Model for Dialogue Act Classification",
    author = "Tran, Quan Hung  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2083",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2083",
    pages = "524--529",
    abstract = "We propose a novel generative neural network architecture for Dialogue Act classification. Building upon the Recurrent Neural Network framework, our model incorporates a novel attentional technique and a label to label connection for sequence learning, akin to Hidden Markov Models. The experiments show that both of these innovations lead our model to outperform strong baselines for dialogue act classification on MapTask and Switchboard corpora. We further empirically analyse the effectiveness of each of the new innovations.",
}
@inproceedings{teneva-cheng-2017-salience,
    title = "Salience Rank: Efficient Keyphrase Extraction with Topic Modeling",
    author = "Teneva, Nedelina  and
      Cheng, Weiwei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2084",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2084",
    pages = "530--535",
    abstract = "Topical PageRank (TPR) uses latent topic distribution inferred by Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to perform ranking of noun phrases extracted from documents. The ranking procedure consists of running PageRank K times, where K is the number of topics used in the LDA model. In this paper, we propose a modification of TPR, called Salience Rank. Salience Rank only needs to run PageRank once and extracts comparable or better keyphrases on benchmark datasets. In addition to quality and efficiency benefit, our method has the flexibility to extract keyphrases with varying tradeoffs between topic specificity and corpus specificity.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2017-list,
    title = "List-only Entity Linking",
    author = "Lin, Ying  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2085",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2085",
    pages = "536--541",
    abstract = "Traditional Entity Linking (EL) technologies rely on rich structures and properties in the target knowledge base (KB). However, in many applications, the KB may be as simple and sparse as lists of names of the same type (e.g., lists of products). We call it as List-only Entity Linking problem. Fortunately, some mentions may have more cues for linking, which can be used as seed mentions to bridge other mentions and the uninformative entities. In this work, we select most linkable mentions as seed mentions and disambiguate other mentions by comparing them with the seed mentions rather than directly with the entities. Our experiments on linking mentions to seven automatically mined lists show promising results and demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Native Language Identification by Using Spelling Errors",
    author = "Chen, Lingzhen  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Nastase, Vivi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2086",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2086",
    pages = "542--546",
    abstract = "In this paper, we explore spelling errors as a source of information for detecting the native language of a writer, a previously under-explored area. We note that character n-grams from misspelled words are very indicative of the native language of the author. In combination with other lexical features, spelling error features lead to 1.2{\%} improvement in accuracy on classifying texts in the TOEFL11 corpus by the author{'}s native language, compared to systems participating in the NLI shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{jamshid-lou-johnson-2017-disfluency,
    title = "Disfluency Detection using a Noisy Channel Model and a Deep Neural Language Model",
    author = "Jamshid Lou, Paria  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2087",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2087",
    pages = "547--553",
    abstract = "This paper presents a model for disfluency detection in spontaneous speech transcripts called LSTM Noisy Channel Model. The model uses a Noisy Channel Model (NCM) to generate n-best candidate disfluency analyses and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) language model to score the underlying fluent sentences of each analysis. The LSTM language model scores, along with other features, are used in a MaxEnt reranker to identify the most plausible analysis. We show that using an LSTM language model in the reranking process of noisy channel disfluency model improves the state-of-the-art in disfluency detection.",
}
@inproceedings{hayashi-shimbo-2017-equivalence,
    title = "On the Equivalence of Holographic and Complex Embeddings for Link Prediction",
    author = "Hayashi, Katsuhiko  and
      Shimbo, Masashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2088",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2088",
    pages = "554--559",
    abstract = "We show the equivalence of two state-of-the-art models for link prediction/knowledge graph completion: Nickel et al{'}s holographic embeddings and Trouillon et al.{'}s complex embeddings. We first consider a spectral version of the holographic embeddings, exploiting the frequency domain in the Fourier transform for efficient computation. The analysis of the resulting model reveals that it can be viewed as an instance of the complex embeddings with a certain constraint imposed on the initial vectors upon training. Conversely, any set of complex embeddings can be converted to a set of equivalent holographic embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Embedding for Neural Machine Translation Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2089",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2089",
    pages = "560--566",
    abstract = "Although new corpora are becoming increasingly available for machine translation, only those that belong to the same or similar domains are typically able to improve translation performance. Recently Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has become prominent in the field. However, most of the existing domain adaptation methods only focus on phrase-based machine translation. In this paper, we exploit the NMT{'}s internal embedding of the source sentence and use the sentence embedding similarity to select the sentences which are close to in-domain data. The empirical adaptation results on the IWSLT English-French and NIST Chinese-English tasks show that the proposed methods can substantially improve NMT performance by 2.4-9.0 BLEU points, outperforming the existing state-of-the-art baseline by 2.3-4.5 BLEU points.",
}
@inproceedings{fadaee-etal-2017-data,
    title = "Data Augmentation for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Fadaee, Marzieh  and
      Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2090",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2090",
    pages = "567--573",
    abstract = "The quality of a Neural Machine Translation system depends substantially on the availability of sizable parallel corpora. For low-resource language pairs this is not the case, resulting in poor translation quality. Inspired by work in computer vision, we propose a novel data augmentation approach that targets low-frequency words by generating new sentence pairs containing rare words in new, synthetically created contexts. Experimental results on simulated low-resource settings show that our method improves translation quality by up to 2.9 BLEU points over the baseline and up to 3.2 BLEU over back-translation.",
}
@inproceedings{shi-knight-2017-speeding,
    title = "Speeding Up Neural Machine Translation Decoding by Shrinking Run-time Vocabulary",
    author = "Shi, Xing  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2091",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2091",
    pages = "574--579",
    abstract = "We speed up Neural Machine Translation (NMT) decoding by shrinking run-time target vocabulary. We experiment with two shrinking approaches: Locality Sensitive Hashing (LSH) and word alignments. Using the latter method, we get a 2x overall speed-up over a highly-optimized GPU implementation, without hurting BLEU. On certain low-resource language pairs, the same methods improve BLEU by 0.5 points. We also report a negative result for LSH on GPUs, due to relatively large overhead, though it was successful on CPUs. Compared with Locality Sensitive Hashing (LSH), decoding with word alignments is GPU-friendly, orthogonal to existing speedup methods and more robust across language pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2017-chunk,
    title = "Chunk-Based Bi-Scale Decoder for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhou, Hao  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Huang, Shujian  and
      Liu, Xiaohua  and
      Li, Hang  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2092",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2092",
    pages = "580--586",
    abstract = "In typical neural machine translation (NMT), the decoder generates a sentence word by word, packing all linguistic granularities in the same time-scale of RNN. In this paper, we propose a new type of decoder for NMT, which splits the decode state into two parts and updates them in two different time-scales. Specifically, we first predict a chunk time-scale state for phrasal modeling, on top of which multiple word time-scale states are generated. In this way, the target sentence is translated hierarchically from chunks to words, with information in different granularities being leveraged. Experiments show that our proposed model significantly improves the translation performance over the state-of-the-art NMT model.",
}
@inproceedings{fang-cohn-2017-model,
    title = "Model Transfer for Tagging Low-resource Languages using a Bilingual Dictionary",
    author = "Fang, Meng  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2093",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2093",
    pages = "587--593",
    abstract = "Cross-lingual model transfer is a compelling and popular method for predicting annotations in a low-resource language, whereby parallel corpora provide a bridge to a high-resource language, and its associated annotated corpora. However, parallel data is not readily available for many languages, limiting the applicability of these approaches. We address these drawbacks in our framework which takes advantage of cross-lingual word embeddings trained solely on a high coverage dictionary. We propose a novel neural network model for joint training from both sources of data based on cross-lingual word embeddings, and show substantial empirical improvements over baseline techniques. We also propose several active learning heuristics, which result in improvements over competitive benchmark methods.",
}
@inproceedings{delli-bovi-etal-2017-eurosense,
    title = "{E}uro{S}ense: Automatic Harvesting of Multilingual Sense Annotations from Parallel Text",
    author = "Delli Bovi, Claudio  and
      Camacho-Collados, Jose  and
      Raganato, Alessandro  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2094",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2094",
    pages = "594--600",
    abstract = "Parallel corpora are widely used in a variety of Natural Language Processing tasks, from Machine Translation to cross-lingual Word Sense Disambiguation, where parallel sentences can be exploited to automatically generate high-quality sense annotations on a large scale. In this paper we present EuroSense, a multilingual sense-annotated resource based on the joint disambiguation of the Europarl parallel corpus, with almost 123 million sense annotations for over 155 thousand distinct concepts and entities from a language-independent unified sense inventory. We evaluate the quality of our sense annotations intrinsically and extrinsically, showing their effectiveness as training data for Word Sense Disambiguation.",
}
@inproceedings{sajjad-etal-2017-challenging,
    title = "Challenging Language-Dependent Segmentation for {A}rabic: An Application to Machine Translation and Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Dalvi, Fahim  and
      Durrani, Nadir  and
      Abdelali, Ahmed  and
      Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2095",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2095",
    pages = "601--607",
    abstract = "Word segmentation plays a pivotal role in improving any Arabic NLP application. Therefore, a lot of research has been spent in improving its accuracy. Off-the-shelf tools, however, are: i) complicated to use and ii) domain/dialect dependent. We explore three language-independent alternatives to morphological segmentation using: i) data-driven sub-word units, ii) characters as a unit of learning, and iii) word embeddings learned using a character CNN (Convolution Neural Network). On the tasks of Machine Translation and POS tagging, we found these methods to achieve close to, and occasionally surpass state-of-the-art performance. In our analysis, we show that a neural machine translation system is sensitive to the ratio of source and target tokens, and a ratio close to 1 or greater, gives optimal performance.",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2017-fast,
    title = "Fast and Accurate Neural Word Segmentation for {C}hinese",
    author = "Cai, Deng  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Zhang, Zhisong  and
      Xin, Yuan  and
      Wu, Yongjian  and
      Huang, Feiyue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2096",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2096",
    pages = "608--615",
    abstract = "Neural models with minimal feature engineering have achieved competitive performance against traditional methods for the task of Chinese word segmentation. However, both training and working procedures of the current neural models are computationally inefficient. In this paper, we propose a greedy neural word segmenter with balanced word and character embedding inputs to alleviate the existing drawbacks. Our segmenter is truly end-to-end, capable of performing segmentation much faster and even more accurate than state-of-the-art neural models on Chinese benchmark datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2017-pay,
    title = "Pay Attention to the Ending:Strong Neural Baselines for the {ROC} Story Cloze Task",
    author = "Cai, Zheng  and
      Tu, Lifu  and
      Gimpel, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2097",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2097",
    pages = "616--622",
    abstract = "We consider the ROC story cloze task (Mostafazadeh et al., 2016) and present several findings. We develop a model that uses hierarchical recurrent networks with attention to encode the sentences in the story and score candidate endings. By discarding the large training set and only training on the validation set, we achieve an accuracy of 74.7{\%}. Even when we discard the story plots (sentences before the ending) and only train to choose the better of two endings, we can still reach 72.5{\%}. We then analyze this {``}ending-only{''} task setting. We estimate human accuracy to be 78{\%} and find several types of clues that lead to this high accuracy, including those related to sentiment, negation, and general ending likelihood regardless of the story context.",
}
@inproceedings{herzig-berant-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Semantic Parsing over Multiple Knowledge-bases",
    author = "Herzig, Jonathan  and
      Berant, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2098",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2098",
    pages = "623--628",
    abstract = "A fundamental challenge in developing semantic parsers is the paucity of strong supervision in the form of language utterances annotated with logical form. In this paper, we propose to exploit structural regularities in language in different domains, and train semantic parsers over multiple knowledge-bases (KBs), while sharing information across datasets. We find that we can substantially improve parsing accuracy by training a single sequence-to-sequence model over multiple KBs, when providing an encoding of the domain at decoding time. Our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on the Overnight dataset (containing eight domains), improves performance over a single KB baseline from 75.6{\%} to 79.6{\%}, while obtaining a 7x reduction in the number of model parameters.",
}
@inproceedings{mu-etal-2017-representing,
    title = "Representing Sentences as Low-Rank Subspaces",
    author = "Mu, Jiaqi  and
      Bhat, Suma  and
      Viswanath, Pramod",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2099",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2099",
    pages = "629--634",
    abstract = "Sentences are important semantic units of natural language. A generic, distributional representation of sentences that can capture the latent semantics is beneficial to multiple downstream applications. We observe a simple geometry of sentences {--} the word representations of a given sentence (on average 10.23 words in all SemEval datasets with a standard deviation 4.84) roughly lie in a low-rank subspace (roughly, rank 4). Motivated by this observation, we represent a sentence by the low-rank subspace spanned by its word vectors. Such an unsupervised representation is empirically validated via semantic textual similarity tasks on 19 different datasets, where it outperforms the sophisticated neural network models, including skip-thought vectors, by 15{\%} on average.",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Semantic Relevance for Sequence-to-Sequence Learning of {C}hinese Social Media Text Summarization",
    author = "Ma, Shuming  and
      Sun, Xu  and
      Xu, Jingjing  and
      Wang, Houfeng  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Su, Qi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2100",
    pages = "635--640",
    abstract = "Current Chinese social media text summarization models are based on an encoder-decoder framework. Although its generated summaries are similar to source texts literally, they have low semantic relevance. In this work, our goal is to improve semantic relevance between source texts and summaries for Chinese social media summarization. We introduce a Semantic Relevance Based neural model to encourage high semantic similarity between texts and summaries. In our model, the source text is represented by a gated attention encoder, while the summary representation is produced by a decoder. Besides, the similarity score between the representations is maximized during training. Our experiments show that the proposed model outperforms baseline systems on a social media corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{sanagavarapu-etal-2017-determining,
    title = "Determining Whether and When People Participate in the Events They Tweet About",
    author = "Sanagavarapu, Krishna Chaitanya  and
      Vempala, Alakananda  and
      Blanco, Eduardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2101",
    pages = "641--646",
    abstract = "This paper describes an approach to determine whether people participate in the events they tweet about. Specifically, we determine whether people are participants in events with respect to the tweet timestamp. We target all events expressed by verbs in tweets, including past, present and events that may occur in the future. We present new annotations using 1,096 event mentions, and experimental results showing that the task is challenging.",
}
@inproceedings{volkova-etal-2017-separating,
    title = "Separating Facts from Fiction: Linguistic Models to Classify Suspicious and Trusted News Posts on Twitter",
    author = "Volkova, Svitlana  and
      Shaffer, Kyle  and
      Jang, Jin Yea  and
      Hodas, Nathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2102",
    pages = "647--653",
    abstract = "Pew research polls report 62 percent of U.S. adults get news on social media (Gottfried and Shearer, 2016). In a December poll, 64 percent of U.S. adults said that {``}made-up news{''} has caused a {``}great deal of confusion{''} about the facts of current events (Barthel et al., 2016). Fabricated stories in social media, ranging from deliberate propaganda to hoaxes and satire, contributes to this confusion in addition to having serious effects on global stability. In this work we build predictive models to classify 130 thousand news posts as suspicious or verified, and predict four sub-types of suspicious news {--} satire, hoaxes, clickbait and propaganda. We show that neural network models trained on tweet content and social network interactions outperform lexical models. Unlike previous work on deception detection, we find that adding syntax and grammar features to our models does not improve performance. Incorporating linguistic features improves classification results, however, social interaction features are most informative for finer-grained separation between four types of suspicious news posts.",
}
@inproceedings{son-etal-2017-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Counterfactual Thinking in Social Media Texts",
    author = "Son, Youngseo  and
      Buffone, Anneke  and
      Raso, Joe  and
      Larche, Allegra  and
      Janocko, Anthony  and
      Zembroski, Kevin  and
      Schwartz, H Andrew  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2103",
    pages = "654--658",
    abstract = "Counterfactual statements, describing events that did not occur and their consequents, have been studied in areas including problem-solving, affect management, and behavior regulation. People with more counterfactual thinking tend to perceive life events as more personally meaningful. Nevertheless, counterfactuals have not been studied in computational linguistics. We create a counterfactual tweet dataset and explore approaches for detecting counterfactuals using rule-based and supervised statistical approaches. A combined rule-based and statistical approach yielded the best results (F1 = 0.77) outperforming either approach used alone.",
}
@inproceedings{hasanuzzaman-etal-2017-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Orientation of Tweets for Predicting Income of Users",
    author = "Hasanuzzaman, Mohammed  and
      Kamila, Sabyasachi  and
      Kaur, Mandeep  and
      Saha, Sriparna  and
      Ekbal, Asif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2104",
    pages = "659--665",
    abstract = "Automatically estimating a user{'}s socio-economic profile from their language use in social media can significantly help social science research and various downstream applications ranging from business to politics. The current paper presents the first study where user cognitive structure is used to build a predictive model of income. In particular, we first develop a classifier using a weakly supervised learning framework to automatically time-tag tweets as past, present, or future. We quantify a user{'}s overall temporal orientation based on their distribution of tweets, and use it to build a predictive model of income. Our analysis uncovers a correlation between future temporal orientation and income. Finally, we measure the predictive power of future temporal orientation on income by performing regression.",
}
@inproceedings{toleu-etal-2017-character,
    title = "Character-Aware Neural Morphological Disambiguation",
    author = "Toleu, Alymzhan  and
      Tolegen, Gulmira  and
      Makazhanov, Aibek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2105",
    pages = "666--671",
    abstract = "We develop a language-independent, deep learning-based approach to the task of morphological disambiguation. Guided by the intuition that the correct analysis should be {``}most similar{''} to the context, we propose dense representations for morphological analyses and surface context and a simple yet effective way of combining the two to perform disambiguation. Our approach improves on the language-dependent state of the art for two agglutinative languages (Turkish and Kazakh) and can be potentially applied to other morphologically complex languages.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-vu-2017-character,
    title = "Character Composition Model with Convolutional Neural Networks for Dependency Parsing on Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = "Yu, Xiang  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2106",
    pages = "672--678",
    abstract = "We present a transition-based dependency parser that uses a convolutional neural network to compose word representations from characters. The character composition model shows great improvement over the word-lookup model, especially for parsing agglutinative languages. These improvements are even better than using pre-trained word embeddings from extra data. On the SPMRL data sets, our system outperforms the previous best greedy parser (Ballesteros et. al, 2015) by a margin of 3{\%} on average.",
}
@inproceedings{agic-schluter-2017-train,
    title = "How (not) to train a dependency parser: The curious case of jackknifing part-of-speech taggers",
    author = "Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Schluter, Natalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-2107",
    pages = "679--684",
    abstract = "In dependency parsing, jackknifing taggers is indiscriminately used as a simple adaptation strategy. Here, we empirically evaluate when and how (not) to use jackknifing in parsing. On 26 languages, we reveal a preference that conflicts with, and surpasses the ubiquitous ten-folding. We show no clear benefits of tagging the training data in cross-lingual parsing.",
}
@proceedings{acl-2017-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    author = "Ettinger, Allyson  and
      Gella, Spandana  and
      Labeau, Matthieu  and
      Alm, Cecilia Ovesdotter  and
      Carpuat, Marine  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3000",
}
@inproceedings{carrillo-2017-computational,
    title = "Computational Characterization of Mental States: A Natural Language Processing Approach",
    author = "Carrillo, Facundo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3001",
    pages = "1--3",
}
@inproceedings{jawahar-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Distributed Representations of Tweets - Present and Future",
    author = "Jawahar, Ganesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3002",
    pages = "4--10",
}
@inproceedings{grover-mitra-2017-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Word Embeddings with Bucketed {CNN} for Parallel Sentence Extraction",
    author = "Grover, Jeenu  and
      Mitra, Pabitra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3003",
    pages = "11--16",
}
@inproceedings{sukthankar-etal-2017-nquery,
    title = "n{Q}uery - A Natural Language Statement to {SQL} Query Generator",
    author = "Sukthankar, Nandan  and
      Maharnawar, Sanket  and
      Deshmukh, Pranay  and
      Haribhakta, Yashodhara  and
      Kamble, Vibhavari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3004",
    pages = "17--23",
}
@inproceedings{nayak-etal-2017-v,
    title = "V for Vocab: An Intelligent {F}lashcard Application",
    author = "Nayak, Nihal V.  and
      Chinchore, Tanmay  and
      Hanumanth Rao, Aishwarya  and
      Martin, Shane Michael  and
      Simha, Sagar Nagaraj  and
      Lingaraju, G. M.  and
      Jamadagni, H. S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3005",
    pages = "24--29",
}
@inproceedings{rao-2017-asking,
    title = "Are You Asking the Right Questions? Teaching Machines to Ask Clarification Questions",
    author = "Rao, Sudha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3006",
    pages = "30--35",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2017-building,
    title = "Building a Non-Trivial Paraphrase Corpus Using Multiple Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "Suzuki, Yui  and
      Kajiwara, Tomoyuki  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3007",
    pages = "36--42",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-etal-2017-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation Guided Attention Networks for Visual Question Answering",
    author = "Sharma, Vasu  and
      Bishnu, Ankita  and
      Patel, Labhesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3008",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2017-text,
    title = "Text-based Speaker Identification on Multiparty Dialogues Using Multi-document Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Ma, Kaixin  and
      Xiao, Catherine  and
      Choi, Jinho D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3009",
    pages = "49--55",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-variation,
    title = "Variation Autoencoder Based Network Representation Learning for Classification",
    author = "Li, Hang  and
      Wang, Haozheng  and
      Yang, Zhenglu  and
      Odagaki, Masato",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3010",
    pages = "56--61",
}
@inproceedings{michel-etal-2017-blind,
    title = "Blind Phoneme Segmentation With Temporal Prediction Errors",
    author = "Michel, Paul  and
      Rasanen, Okko  and
      Thiolli{\`e}re, Roland  and
      Dupoux, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3011",
    pages = "62--68",
}
@inproceedings{aggarwal-mamidi-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of Jokes in {H}indi",
    author = "Aggarwal, Srishti  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3012",
    pages = "69--74",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-litman-2017-word,
    title = "Word Embedding for Response-To-Text Assessment of Evidence",
    author = "Zhang, Haoran  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3013",
    pages = "75--81",
}
@inproceedings{soleymanzadeh-2017-domain,
    title = "Domain Specific Automatic Question Generation from Text",
    author = "Soleymanzadeh, Katira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3014",
    pages = "82--88",
}
@inproceedings{ramirez-etal-2017-socceval,
    title = "{S}occ{E}val: An Annotation Schema for Rating Soccer Players",
    author = "Ramirez, Jose  and
      Garber, Matthew  and
      Wang, Xinhao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3015",
    pages = "89--94",
}
@inproceedings{garber-etal-2017-accent,
    title = "Accent Adaptation for the Air Traffic Control Domain",
    author = "Garber, Matthew  and
      Singer, Meital  and
      Ward, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3016",
    pages = "95--99",
}
@inproceedings{fang-etal-2017-generating,
    title = "Generating Steganographic Text with {LSTM}s",
    author = "Fang, Tina  and
      Jaggi, Martin  and
      Argyraki, Katerina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3017",
    pages = "100--106",
}
@inproceedings{hiraga-2017-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Depression for {J}apanese Blog Text",
    author = "Hiraga, Misato",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3018",
    pages = "107--113",
}
@inproceedings{babkin-nirenburg-2017-fast,
    title = "Fast Forward Through Opportunistic Incremental Meaning Representation Construction",
    author = "Babkin, Petr  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3019",
    pages = "114--119",
}
@inproceedings{sato-etal-2017-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Situations in Neural Chat Bots",
    author = "Sato, Shoetsu  and
      Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Toyoda, Masashi  and
      Kitsuregawa, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3020",
    pages = "120--127",
}
@inproceedings{espinosa-2017-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study on End-to-End Sentence Modelling",
    author = "Espinosa, Kurt Junshean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3021",
    pages = "128--135",
}
@inproceedings{naaman-etal-2017-varying,
    title = "Varying Linguistic Purposes of Emoji in (Twitter) Context",
    author = "Na{'}aman, Noa  and
      Provenza, Hannah  and
      Montoya, Orion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3022",
    pages = "136--141",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2017-negotiation,
    title = "Negotiation of Antibiotic Treatment in Medical Consultations: A Corpus Based Study",
    author = "Wang, Nan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-3023",
    pages = "142--149",
}
@proceedings{acl-2017-acl-2017,
    title = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    author = "Bansal, Mohit  and
      Ji, Heng",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4000",
}
@inproceedings{ramm-etal-2017-annotating,
    title = "Annotating tense, mood and voice for {E}nglish, {F}rench and {G}erman",
    author = "Ramm, Anita  and
      Lo{\'a}iciga, Sharid  and
      Friedrich, Annemarie  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{marshall-etal-2017-automating,
    title = "Automating Biomedical Evidence Synthesis: {R}obot{R}eviewer",
    author = {Marshall, Iain  and
      Kuiper, Jo{\"e}l  and
      Banner, Edward  and
      Wallace, Byron C.},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-benben,
    title = "{B}enben: A {C}hinese Intelligent Conversational Robot",
    author = "Zhang, Wei-Nan  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Zhang, Yu  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Zhao, Yanyan  and
      Ding, Xiao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4003",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{ruckle-gurevych-2017-end,
    title = "End-to-End Non-Factoid Question Answering with an Interactive Visualization of Neural Attention Weights",
    author = {R{\"u}ckl{\'e}, Andreas  and
      Gurevych, Iryna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4004",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{arendt-volkova-2017-esteem,
    title = "{ESTEEM}: A Novel Framework for Qualitatively Evaluating and Visualizing Spatiotemporal Embeddings in Social Media",
    author = "Arendt, Dustin  and
      Volkova, Svitlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4005",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{hellrich-hahn-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Diachronic Lexical Semantics with {J}e{S}em{E}",
    author = "Hellrich, Johannes  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4006",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2017-extended,
    title = "Extended Named Entity Recognition {API} and Its Applications in Language Education",
    author = "Nguyen, Tuan Duc  and
      Mai, Khai  and
      Pham, Thai-Hoang  and
      Nguyen, Minh Trung  and
      Nguyen, Truc-Vien T.  and
      Eguchi, Takashi  and
      Sasano, Ryohei  and
      Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4007",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{ghazvininejad-etal-2017-hafez,
    title = "{H}afez: an Interactive Poetry Generation System",
    author = "Ghazvininejad, Marjan  and
      Shi, Xing  and
      Priyadarshi, Jay  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4008",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{el-assady-etal-2017-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Visual Analysis of Transcribed Multi-Party Discourse",
    author = "El-Assady, Mennatallah  and
      Hautli-Janisz, Annette  and
      Gold, Valentin  and
      Butt, Miriam  and
      Holzinger, Katharina  and
      Keim, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4009",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{ren-etal-2017-life,
    title = "Life-i{N}et: A Structured Network-Based Knowledge Exploration and Analytics System for Life Sciences",
    author = "Ren, Xiang  and
      Shen, Jiaming  and
      Qu, Meng  and
      Wang, Xuan  and
      Wu, Zeqiu  and
      Zhu, Qi  and
      Jiang, Meng  and
      Tao, Fangbo  and
      Sinha, Saurabh  and
      Liem, David  and
      Ping, Peipei  and
      Weinshilboum, Richard  and
      Han, Jiawei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4010",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@inproceedings{neves-etal-2017-olelo,
    title = "{O}lelo: A Question Answering Application for Biomedicine",
    author = {Neves, Mariana  and
      Folkerts, Hendrik  and
      Jankrift, Marcel  and
      Niedermeier, Julian  and
      Stachewicz, Toni  and
      Tietb{\"o}hl, S{\"o}ren  and
      Kraus, Milena  and
      Uflacker, Matthias},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4011",
    pages = "61--66",
}
@inproceedings{klein-etal-2017-opennmt,
    title = "{O}pen{NMT}: Open-Source Toolkit for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Klein, Guillaume  and
      Kim, Yoon  and
      Deng, Yuntian  and
      Senellart, Jean  and
      Rush, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4012",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@inproceedings{ultes-etal-2017-pydial,
    title = "{P}y{D}ial: A Multi-domain Statistical Dialogue System Toolkit",
    author = "Ultes, Stefan  and
      Rojas-Barahona, Lina M.  and
      Su, Pei-Hao  and
      Vandyke, David  and
      Kim, Dongho  and
      Casanueva, I{\~n}igo  and
      Budzianowski, Pawe{\l}  and
      Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Wen, Tsung-Hsien  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4013",
    pages = "73--78",
}
@inproceedings{tymoshenko-etal-2017-reltextrank,
    title = "{R}el{T}ext{R}ank: An Open Source Framework for Building Relational Syntactic-Semantic Text Pair Representations",
    author = "Tymoshenko, Kateryna  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Nicosia, Massimo  and
      Severyn, Aliaksei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4014",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{kessler-2017-scattertext,
    title = "{S}cattertext: a Browser-Based Tool for Visualizing how Corpora Differ",
    author = "Kessler, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4015",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@inproceedings{faessler-hahn-2017-semedico,
    title = "{S}emedico: A Comprehensive Semantic Search Engine for the Life Sciences",
    author = "Faessler, Erik  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4016",
    pages = "91--96",
}
@inproceedings{cui-etal-2017-superagent,
    title = "{S}uper{A}gent: A Customer Service Chatbot for E-commerce Websites",
    author = "Cui, Lei  and
      Huang, Shaohan  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Tan, Chuanqi  and
      Duan, Chaoqun  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4017",
    pages = "97--102",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-powell-etal-2017-swanson,
    title = "Swanson linking revisited: Accelerating literature-based discovery across domains using a conceptual influence graph",
    author = "Hahn-Powell, Gus  and
      Valenzuela-Esc{\'a}rcega, Marco A.  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4018",
    pages = "103--108",
}
@inproceedings{abend-etal-2017-uccaapp,
    title = "{UCCAA}pp: Web-application for Syntactic and Semantic Phrase-based Annotation",
    author = "Abend, Omri  and
      Yerushalmi, Shai  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4019",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{tandon-etal-2017-webchild,
    title = "{W}eb{C}hild 2.0 : Fine-Grained Commonsense Knowledge Distillation",
    author = "Tandon, Niket  and
      de Melo, Gerard  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4020",
    pages = "115--120",
}
@inproceedings{siddique-etal-2017-zara,
    title = "{Z}ara Returns: Improved Personality Induction and Adaptation by an Empathetic Virtual Agent",
    author = "Siddique, Farhad Bin  and
      Kampman, Onno  and
      Yang, Yang  and
      Dey, Anik  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2017, System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-4021",
    pages = "121--126",
}
@proceedings{acl-2017-association-linguistics-tutorial,
    title = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-5000",
}
@inproceedings{poon-etal-2017-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} for Precision Medicine",
    author = "Poon, Hoifung  and
      Quirk, Chris  and
      Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Yih, Wen-tau",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-5001",
    pages = "1--2",
    abstract = "We will introduce precision medicine and showcase the vast opportunities for NLP in this burgeoning field with great societal impact. We will review pressing NLP problems, state-of-the art methods, and important applications, as well as datasets, medical resources, and practical issues. The tutorial will provide an accessible overview of biomedicine, and does not presume knowledge in biology or healthcare. The ultimate goal is to reduce the entry barrier for NLP researchers to contribute to this exciting domain.",
}
@inproceedings{morency-baltrusaitis-2017-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Machine Learning: Integrating Language, Vision and Speech",
    author = "Morency, Louis-Philippe  and
      Baltru{\v{s}}aitis, Tadas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-5002",
    pages = "3--5",
    abstract = "Multimodal machine learning is a vibrant multi-disciplinary research field which addresses some of the original goals of artificial intelligence by integrating and modeling multiple communicative modalities, including linguistic, acoustic and visual messages. With the initial research on audio-visual speech recognition and more recently with image and video captioning projects, this research field brings some unique challenges for multimodal researchers given the heterogeneity of the data and the contingency often found between modalities.This tutorial builds upon a recent course taught at Carnegie Mellon University during the Spring 2016 semester (CMU course 11-777) and two tutorials presented at CVPR 2016 and ICMI 2016. The present tutorial will review fundamental concepts of machine learning and deep neural networks before describing the five main challenges in multimodal machine learning: (1) multimodal representation learning, (2) translation {\&} mapping, (3) modality alignment, (4) multimodal fusion and (5) co-learning. The tutorial will also present state-of-the-art algorithms that were recently proposed to solve multimodal applications such as image captioning, video descriptions and visual question-answer. We will also discuss the current and upcoming challenges.",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-grefenstette-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning for Semantic Composition",
    author = "Zhu, Xiaodan  and
      Grefenstette, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-5003",
    pages = "6--7",
    abstract = "Learning representation to model the meaning of text has been a core problem in NLP. The last several years have seen extensive interests on distributional approaches, in which text spans of different granularities are encoded as vectors of numerical values. If properly learned, such representation has showed to achieve the state-of-the-art performance on a wide range of NLP problems.In this tutorial, we will cover the fundamentals and the state-of-the-art research on neural network-based modeling for semantic composition, which aims to learn distributed representation for different granularities of text, e.g., phrases, sentences, or even documents, from their sub-component meaning representation, e.g., word embedding.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning for Dialogue Systems",
    author = {Chen, Yun-Nung  and
      Celikyilmaz, Asli  and
      Hakkani-T{\"u}r, Dilek},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-5004",
    pages = "8--14",
    abstract = "In the past decade, goal-oriented spoken dialogue systems have been the most prominent component in today's virtual personal assistants. The classic dialogue systems have rather complex and/or modular pipelines. The advance of deep learning technologies has recently risen the applications of neural models to dialogue modeling. However, how to successfully apply deep learning based approaches to a dialogue system is still challenging. Hence, this tutorial is designed to focus on an overview of the dialogue system development while describing most recent research for building dialogue systems and summarizing the challenges, in order to allow researchers to study the potential improvements of the state-of-the-art dialogue systems. The tutorial material is available at http://deepdialogue.miulab.tw.",
}
@inproceedings{kordoni-2017-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Words: Deep Learning for Multiword Expressions and Collocations",
    author = "Kordoni, Valia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-5005",
    pages = "15--16",
    abstract = "Deep learning has recently shown much promise for NLP applications. Traditionally, in most NLP approaches, documents or sentences are represented by a sparse bag-of-words representation. There is now a lot of work which goes beyond this by adopting a distributed representation of words, by constructing a so-called ``neural embedding'' or vector space representation of each word or document. The aim of this tutorial is to go beyond the learning of word vectors and present methods for learning vector representations for Multiword Expressions and bilingual phrase pairs, all of which are useful for various NLP applications.This tutorial aims to provide attendees with a clear notion of the linguistic and distributional characteristics of Multiword Expressions (MWEs), their relevance for the intersection of deep learning and natural language processing, what methods and resources are available to support their use, and what more could be done in the future. Our target audience are researchers and practitioners in machine learning, parsing (syntactic and semantic) and language technology, not necessarily experts in MWEs, who are interested in tasks that involve or could benefit from considering MWEs as a pervasive phenomenon in human language and communication.",
}
@inproceedings{vaughan-2017-tutorial,
    title = "{T}utorial: Making Better Use of the Crowd",
    author = "Vaughan, Jennifer Wortman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-5006",
    pages = "17--18",
    abstract = "Over the last decade, crowdsourcing has been used to harness the power of human computation to solve tasks that are notoriously difficult to solve with computers alone, such as determining whether or not an image contains a tree, rating the relevance of a website, or verifying the phone number of a business. The natural language processing community was early to embrace crowdsourcing as a tool for quickly and inexpensively obtaining annotated data to train NLP systems. Once this data is collected, it can be handed off to algorithms that learn to perform basic NLP tasks such as translation or parsing. Usually this handoff is where interaction with the crowd ends. The crowd provides the data, but the ultimate goal is to eventually take humans out of the loop. Are there better ways to make use of the crowd?In this tutorial, I will begin with a showcase of innovative uses of crowdsourcing that go beyond data collection and annotation. I will discuss applications to natural language processing and machine learning, hybrid intelligence or {``}human in the loop{''} AI systems that leverage the complementary strengths of humans and machines in order to achieve more than either could achieve alone, and large scale studies of human behavior online. I will then spend the majority of the tutorial diving into recent research aimed at understanding who crowdworkers are, how they behave, and what this should teach us about best practices for interacting with the crowd.",
}
@proceedings{paclic-1995-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    author = "T{'}sou, Benjamin K.  and
      Lai, Tom B. Y.",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1000",
}
@inproceedings{wang-1995-distances,
    title = "Distances and Trees in Linguistics",
    author = "Wang, William S-Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1001",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11866",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{komatsu-1995-individuals,
    title = "Individuals and Modality",
    author = "Komatsu, Hisashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1002",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11898",
    pages = "7--18",
}
@inproceedings{lee-1995-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Generic Expressions in Situation Semantics",
    author = "Lee, Ik-Hwan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1003",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11879",
    pages = "19--28",
}
@inproceedings{ishikawa-1995-agreement,
    title = "Agreement Target Situations",
    author = "Ishikawa, Kiyoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1004",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11893",
    pages = "29--38",
}
@inproceedings{chan-1995-comprehending,
    title = "Comprehending Text : Achieving Coherence through a Connectionist Architecture",
    author = "Chan, Samuel W. K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1005",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11894",
    pages = "39--48",
}
@inproceedings{lua-1995-predication,
    title = "Predication of Meaning of Bisyllabic {C}hinese Compound Words Using Back Propagation Neural Network",
    author = "Lua, Kim Teng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1006",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11895",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{her-huang-1995-dative,
    title = "Dative Shift in {C}hinese and {E}nglish : A Lexical Mapping Account",
    author = "Her, One-Soon  and
      Huang, Hui-Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1007",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11896",
    pages = "57--66",
}
@inproceedings{park-1995-constraint,
    title = "A Constraint-Based Lexical Approach to Floating Quantifiers",
    author = "Park, Byung-Soo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1008",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11897",
    pages = "67--78",
}
@inproceedings{muller-1995-scrambling,
    title = "Scrambling in {G}erman : Extraction into the Mittelfeld",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Stefan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1009",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11899",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{ishikawa-1995-crosslinguistic,
    title = "Crosslinguistic Notions of (In)definiteness",
    author = "Ishikawa, Kiyoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1010",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11900",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-1995-construction,
    title = "Construction as a Theoretical Entity : An Argument Based on {M}andarin Existential Sentences",
    author = "Chen, Chao-ran  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Ahrens, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1011",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11901",
    pages = "91--96",
}
@inproceedings{chae-1995-clitic,
    title = "Clitic Analyses of {K}orean Little Words",
    author = "Chae, Hee-Rahk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1012",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11902",
    pages = "97--102",
}
@inproceedings{wang-1995-cognitive,
    title = "A Cognitive Account of the Lexical Polysemy of {C}hinese Kai",
    author = "Wang, Flora Yu-Fang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1013",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11867",
    pages = "103--108",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-1995-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Sense Disambiguation for Target Word Selection",
    author = "Kim, Kwon Yang  and
      Park, Se Young  and
      Lee, Sang Jo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1014",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11868",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chang-1995-structural,
    title = "Structural Ambiguity and Conceptual Information Retrieval",
    author = "Chen, Mathis Huey-chyun  and
      Chang, Jason J.S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1015",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11869",
    pages = "115--120",
}
@inproceedings{sun-tsou-1995-ambiguity,
    title = "Ambiguity Resolution in {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Sun, Maosong  and
      T{'}sou, Benjamin K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1016",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11870",
    pages = "121--126",
}
@inproceedings{chang-chen-1995-postprocessing,
    title = "The Postprocessing of Optical Character Recognition Based on Statistical Noisy Channel and Language Model",
    author = "Chang, Jason J. S.  and
      Chen, Shun-Der",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1017",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11871",
    pages = "127--132",
}
@inproceedings{luk-chan-1995-quantitative,
    title = "A Quantitative Analysis of Word-Definition in a Machine-Readable Dictionary",
    author = "Luk, Robert W.P.  and
      Chan, Venus M.K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1018",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11872",
    pages = "133--138",
}
@inproceedings{ahrens-1995-metaphorical,
    title = "Metaphorical Paradoxes : A Window on the Conceptual System",
    author = "Ahrens, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1019",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11873",
    pages = "139--148",
}
@inproceedings{ikeya-1995-predicate,
    title = "Predicate-Argument Structure of {E}nglish Adjectives",
    author = "Ikeya, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1020",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11874",
    pages = "149--156",
}
@inproceedings{kinjo-1995-prototype,
    title = "Prototype Theory and Case Assignment",
    author = "Kinjo, Yumiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1021",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11875",
    pages = "157--162",
}
@inproceedings{takeuchi-matsumoto-1995-hmm,
    title = "{HMM} Parameter Learning for {J}apanese Morphological Analyzer",
    author = "Takeuchi, Koichi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1022",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11876",
    pages = "163--172",
}
@inproceedings{ker-chang-1995-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Class-based Rules for Word Alignment",
    author = "Ker, Sur-Jin  and
      Chang, Jason J.S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1023",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11877",
    pages = "173--184",
}
@inproceedings{campbell-fang-1995-automated,
    title = "Automated Alignment in Multilingual Corpora",
    author = "Campbell, J.A.  and
      Fang, Alex Chengyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1024",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11878",
    pages = "185--194",
}
@inproceedings{wu-ng-1995-using,
    title = "Using Brackets to Improve Search for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Ng, Cindy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1025",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11880",
    pages = "195--204",
}
@inproceedings{ogata-etal-1995-reference,
    title = "Reference in Dialogues and Shared Belief Revision",
    author = "Ogata, Norihiro  and
      Matsuzawa, Tadayudi  and
      Ishikawa, Akira  and
      Komatsu, Hisashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1026",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11881",
    pages = "205--214",
}
@inproceedings{lee-1995-recursion,
    title = "Recursion Problems in Concatenation : A Case of {K}orean Morphology",
    author = "Lee, Kiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1027",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11882",
    pages = "215--224",
}
@inproceedings{kanellos-zaldivar-carrillo-1995-interpretational,
    title = "Interpretational Strategies and Semantic Identities",
    author = "Kanellos, Ioannis  and
      Zaldivar-Carrillo, Victor Hugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1028",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11883",
    pages = "225--230",
}
@inproceedings{liu-1995-preferred,
    title = "Preferred Clause Structure in {M}andarin Spoken and Written Discourse",
    author = "Liu, Shu-Mei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1029",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11884",
    pages = "231--236",
}
@inproceedings{wang-1995-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-Based Study of Adverbial Clauses in {M}andarin {C}hinese Conversations : A Preliminary Analysis",
    author = "Wang, Yu-Fang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1030",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11885",
    pages = "237--242",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-kwon-1995-network,
    title = "A Network-Based Writing System for {F}rench",
    author = "Yoon, Aesun  and
      Kwon, Hyuk-Chul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1031",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11886",
    pages = "243--248",
}
@inproceedings{webster-1995-web,
    title = "Web Access to a Lexical Database Using {VB}/Access {CGI} Programming",
    author = "Webster, Jonathan J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1032",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11887",
    pages = "249--254",
}
@inproceedings{jeon-park-1995-document,
    title = "Document Ranking Method for High Precision Rate",
    author = "Jeon, Mee-Sun  and
      Park, Se-Young",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1033",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11888",
    pages = "255--260",
}
@inproceedings{tang-yusoff-1995-natural,
    title = "Natural Languages Analysis in Machine Translation ({MT}) Based on the {STCG} (String-Tree Correspondence Grammar)",
    author = "Tang, Enya Kong  and
      Yusoff, Zaharin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1034",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11889",
    pages = "261--266",
}
@inproceedings{wu-cheong-1995-implementation,
    title = "An Implementation of a Multilingual Regular Expression Segmentor for Ordinary and Morphologically Rich Lexical Tokens",
    author = "Wu, Paul Horng Jyh  and
      Cheong, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1035",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11890",
    pages = "267--272",
}
@inproceedings{cooper-1995-sorting,
    title = "Sorting by Sound : Arbitrary Lexical Ordering for Transcribed {T}hai Text",
    author = "Cooper, Doug",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1036",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11891",
    pages = "273--280",
}
@inproceedings{lee-1995-unified,
    title = "A Unified Account of Polarity Phenomena",
    author = "Lee, Chungmin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "1995",
    address = "City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y95-1037",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/11892",
    pages = "281--291",
}
@proceedings{acl-2016-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    author = "Erk, Katrin  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1",
}
@inproceedings{goodman-etal-2016-noise,
    title = "Noise reduction and targeted exploration in imitation learning for Abstract Meaning Representation parsing",
    author = "Goodman, James  and
      Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Naradowsky, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1001",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{jia-liang-2016-data,
    title = "Data Recombination for Neural Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Jia, Robin  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1002",
    pages = "12--22",
}
@inproceedings{pasupat-liang-2016-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Logical Forms From Denotations",
    author = "Pasupat, Panupong  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1003",
    pages = "23--32",
}
@inproceedings{dong-lapata-2016-language,
    title = "Language to Logical Form with Neural Attention",
    author = "Dong, Li  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1004",
    pages = "33--43",
}
@inproceedings{yu-ji-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Person Slot Filling based on Graph Mining",
    author = "Yu, Dian  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1005",
    pages = "44--53",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2016-multi,
    title = "A Multi-media Approach to Cross-lingual Entity Knowledge Transfer",
    author = "Lu, Di  and
      Pan, Xiaoman  and
      Pourdamghani, Nima  and
      Chang, Shih-Fu  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1006",
    pages = "54--65",
}
@inproceedings{wuebker-etal-2016-models,
    title = "Models and Inference for Prefix-Constrained Machine Translation",
    author = "Wuebker, Joern  and
      Green, Spence  and
      DeNero, John  and
      Hasan, Sa{\v{s}}a  and
      Luong, Minh-Thang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1007",
    pages = "66--75",
}
@inproceedings{tu-etal-2016-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Coverage for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Lu, Zhengdong  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Liu, Xiaohua  and
      Li, Hang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1008",
    pages = "76--85",
}
@inproceedings{sennrich-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Neural Machine Translation Models with Monolingual Data",
    author = "Sennrich, Rico  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Birch, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1009",
    pages = "86--96",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-graph,
    title = "Graph-Based Translation Via Graph Segmentation",
    author = "Li, Liangyou  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1010",
    pages = "97--107",
}
@inproceedings{she-chai-2016-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Acquisition of Verb Hypothesis Space towards Physical World Interaction",
    author = "She, Lanbo  and
      Chai, Joyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1011",
    pages = "108--117",
}
@inproceedings{hintz-biemann-2016-language,
    title = "Language Transfer Learning for Supervised Lexical Substitution",
    author = "Hintz, Gerold  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1012",
    pages = "118--129",
}
@inproceedings{tsvetkov-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning the Curriculum with {B}ayesian Optimization for Task-Specific Word Representation Learning",
    author = "Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Ling, Wang  and
      MacWhinney, Brian  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1013",
    pages = "130--139",
}
@inproceedings{gulcehre-etal-2016-pointing,
    title = "Pointing the Unknown Words",
    author = "Gulcehre, Caglar  and
      Ahn, Sungjin  and
      Nallapati, Ramesh  and
      Zhou, Bowen  and
      Bengio, Yoshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1014",
    pages = "140--149",
}
@inproceedings{bohnet-etal-2016-generalized,
    title = "Generalized Transition-based Dependency Parsing via Control Parameters",
    author = "Bohnet, Bernd  and
      McDonald, Ryan  and
      Pitler, Emily  and
      Ma, Ji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1015",
    pages = "150--160",
}
@inproceedings{constant-nivre-2016-transition,
    title = "A Transition-Based System for Joint Lexical and Syntactic Analysis",
    author = "Constant, Matthieu  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1016",
    pages = "161--171",
}
@inproceedings{coavoux-crabbe-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Greedy Constituent Parsing with Dynamic Oracles",
    author = "Coavoux, Maximin  and
      Crabb{\'e}, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1017",
    pages = "172--182",
}
@inproceedings{gutierrez-etal-2016-literal,
    title = "Literal and Metaphorical Senses in Compositional Distributional Semantic Models",
    author = "Guti{\'e}rrez, E.Dario  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Marghetis, Tyler  and
      Bergen, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1018",
    pages = "183--193",
}
@inproceedings{salton-etal-2016-idiom,
    title = "Idiom Token Classification using Sentential Distributed Semantics",
    author = "Salton, Giancarlo  and
      Ross, Robert  and
      Kelleher, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1019",
    pages = "194--204",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-tsuruoka-2016-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Joint Learning of Compositional and Non-Compositional Phrase Embeddings",
    author = "Hashimoto, Kazuma  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1020",
    pages = "205--215",
}
@inproceedings{jang-etal-2016-metaphor,
    title = "Metaphor Detection with Topic Transition, Emotion and Cognition in Context",
    author = "Jang, Hyeju  and
      Jo, Yohan  and
      Shen, Qinlan  and
      Miller, Michael  and
      Moon, Seungwhan  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1021",
    pages = "216--225",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2016-compressing,
    title = "Compressing Neural Language Models by Sparse Word Representations",
    author = "Chen, Yunchuan  and
      Mou, Lili  and
      Xu, Yan  and
      Li, Ge  and
      Jin, Zhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1022",
    pages = "226--235",
}
@inproceedings{yaghoobzadeh-schutze-2016-intrinsic,
    title = "Intrinsic Subspace Evaluation of Word Embedding Representations",
    author = {Yaghoobzadeh, Yadollah  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1023",
    pages = "236--246",
}
@inproceedings{vulic-korhonen-2016-role,
    title = "On the Role of Seed Lexicons in Learning Bilingual Word Embeddings",
    author = "Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1024",
    pages = "247--257",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2016-liberal,
    title = "Liberal Event Extraction and Event Schema Induction",
    author = "Huang, Lifu  and
      Cassidy, Taylor  and
      Feng, Xiaocheng  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Voss, Clare R.  and
      Han, Jiawei  and
      Sil, Avirup",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1025",
    pages = "258--268",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2016-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Event Extraction and Visualization on Twitter via Probabilistic Modelling",
    author = "Zhou, Deyu  and
      Gao, Tianmeng  and
      He, Yulan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1026",
    pages = "269--278",
}
@inproceedings{pichotta-mooney-2016-using,
    title = "Using Sentence-Level {LSTM} Language Models for Script Inference",
    author = "Pichotta, Karl  and
      Mooney, Raymond J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1027",
    pages = "279--289",
}
@inproceedings{peng-roth-2016-two,
    title = "Two Discourse Driven Language Models for Semantics",
    author = "Peng, Haoruo  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1028",
    pages = "290--300",
}
@inproceedings{wu-huang-2016-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Domain Adaptation with Multiple Sources",
    author = "Wu, Fangzhao  and
      Huang, Yongfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1029",
    pages = "301--310",
}
@inproceedings{rashkin-etal-2016-connotation,
    title = "Connotation Frames: A Data-Driven Investigation",
    author = "Rashkin, Hannah  and
      Singh, Sameer  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1030",
    pages = "311--321",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2016-bi,
    title = "Bi-Transferring Deep Neural Networks for Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Zhou, Guangyou  and
      Xie, Zhiwen  and
      Huang, Jimmy Xiangji  and
      He, Tingting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1031",
    pages = "322--332",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2016-document,
    title = "Document-level Sentiment Inference with Social, Faction, and Discourse Context",
    author = "Choi, Eunsol  and
      Rashkin, Hannah  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1032",
    pages = "333--343",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-active,
    title = "Active Learning for Dependency Parsing with Partial Annotation",
    author = "Li, Zhenghua  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Liu, Zhanyi  and
      Chen, Wenliang  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      Wang, Haifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1033",
    pages = "344--354",
}
@inproceedings{corro-etal-2016-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing with Bounded Block Degree and Well-nestedness via {L}agrangian Relaxation and Branch-and-Bound",
    author = "Corro, Caio  and
      Le Roux, Joseph  and
      Lacroix, Mathieu  and
      Rozenknop, Antoine  and
      Wolfler Calvo, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1034",
    pages = "355--366",
}
@inproceedings{diaz-etal-2016-query,
    title = "Query Expansion with Locally-Trained Word Embeddings",
    author = "Diaz, Fernando  and
      Mitra, Bhaskar  and
      Craswell, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1035",
    pages = "367--377",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2016-together,
    title = "Together we stand: {S}iamese Networks for Similar Question Retrieval",
    author = "Das, Arpita  and
      Yenala, Harish  and
      Chinnakotla, Manoj  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1036",
    pages = "378--387",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2016-news,
    title = "News Citation Recommendation with Implicit and Explicit Semantics",
    author = "Peng, Hao  and
      Liu, Jing  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1037",
    pages = "388--398",
}
@inproceedings{deri-knight-2016-grapheme,
    title = "Grapheme-to-Phoneme Models for (Almost) Any Language",
    author = "Deri, Aliya  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1038",
    pages = "399--408",
}
@inproceedings{cai-zhao-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Word Segmentation Learning for {C}hinese",
    author = "Cai, Deng  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1039",
    pages = "409--420",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-transition,
    title = "Transition-Based Neural Word Segmentation",
    author = "Zhang, Meishan  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Fu, Guohong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1040",
    pages = "421--431",
}
@inproceedings{trischler-etal-2016-parallel,
    title = "A Parallel-Hierarchical Model for Machine Comprehension on Sparse Data",
    author = "Trischler, Adam  and
      Ye, Zheng  and
      Yuan, Xingdi  and
      He, Jing  and
      Bachman, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1041",
    pages = "432--441",
}
@inproceedings{angeli-etal-2016-combining,
    title = "Combining Natural Logic and Shallow Reasoning for Question Answering",
    author = "Angeli, Gabor  and
      Nayak, Neha  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1042",
    pages = "442--452",
}
@inproceedings{sachan-xing-2016-easy,
    title = "Easy Questions First? A Case Study on Curriculum Learning for Question Answering",
    author = "Sachan, Mrinmaya  and
      Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1043",
    pages = "453--463",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2016-improved,
    title = "Improved Representation Learning for Question Answer Matching",
    author = "Tan, Ming  and
      dos Santos, Cicero  and
      Xiang, Bing  and
      Zhou, Bowen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1044",
    pages = "464--473",
}
@inproceedings{jauhar-etal-2016-tables,
    title = "Tables as Semi-structured Knowledge for Question Answering",
    author = "Jauhar, Sujay Kumar  and
      Turney, Peter  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1045",
    pages = "474--483",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-lapata-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Summarization by Extracting Sentences and Words",
    author = "Cheng, Jianpeng  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1046",
    pages = "484--494",
}
@inproceedings{fancellu-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Networks For Negation Scope Detection",
    author = "Fancellu, Federico  and
      Lopez, Adam  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1047",
    pages = "495--504",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-cse,
    title = "{CSE}: Conceptual Sentence Embeddings based on Attention Model",
    author = "Wang, Yashen  and
      Huang, Heyan  and
      Feng, Chong  and
      Zhou, Qiang  and
      Gu, Jiahui  and
      Gao, Xiong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1048",
    pages = "505--515",
}
@inproceedings{yan-etal-2016-docchat,
    title = "{D}oc{C}hat: An Information Retrieval Approach for Chatbot Engines Using Unstructured Documents",
    author = "Yan, Zhao  and
      Duan, Nan  and
      Bao, Junwei  and
      Chen, Peng  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Li, Zhoujun  and
      Zhou, Jianshe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1049",
    pages = "516--525",
}
@inproceedings{doyle-frank-2016-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the Sources of Linguistic Alignment in Conversation",
    author = "Doyle, Gabriel  and
      Frank, Michael C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1050",
    pages = "526--536",
}
@inproceedings{xu-reitter-2016-entropy,
    title = "Entropy Converges Between Dialogue Participants: Explanations from an Information-Theoretic Perspective",
    author = "Xu, Yang  and
      Reitter, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1051",
    pages = "537--546",
}
@inproceedings{janzen-etal-2016-finding,
    title = "Finding the Middle Ground - A Model for Planning Satisficing Answers",
    author = "Janzen, Sabine  and
      Maa{\ss}, Wolfgang  and
      Kowatsch, Tobias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1052",
    pages = "547--557",
}
@inproceedings{liu-huang-2016-sentence,
    title = "A Sentence Interaction Network for Modeling Dependence between Sentences",
    author = "Liu, Biao  and
      Huang, Minlie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1053",
    pages = "558--567",
}
@inproceedings{castro-ferreira-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards more variation in text generation: Developing and evaluating variation models for choice of referential form",
    author = "Castro Ferreira, Thiago  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Wubben, Sander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1054",
    pages = "568--577",
}
@inproceedings{chaganty-liang-2016-much,
    title = "How Much is 131 Million Dollars? Putting Numbers in Perspective with Compositional Descriptions",
    author = "Chaganty, Arun  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1055",
    pages = "578--587",
}
@inproceedings{serban-etal-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating Factoid Questions With Recurrent Neural Networks: The 30{M} Factoid Question-Answer Corpus",
    author = "Serban, Iulian Vlad  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Dur{\'a}n, Alberto  and
      Gulcehre, Caglar  and
      Ahn, Sungjin  and
      Chandar, Sarath  and
      Courville, Aaron  and
      Bengio, Yoshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1056",
    pages = "588--598",
}
@inproceedings{ling-etal-2016-latent,
    title = "Latent Predictor Networks for Code Generation",
    author = "Ling, Wang  and
      Blunsom, Phil  and
      Grefenstette, Edward  and
      Hermann, Karl Moritz  and
      Ko{\v{c}}isk{\'y}, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Wang, Fumin  and
      Senior, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1057",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1057",
    pages = "599--609",
}
@inproceedings{zarriess-schlangen-2016-easy,
    title = "Easy Things First: Installments Improve Referring Expression Generation for Objects in Photographs",
    author = "Zarrie{\ss}, Sina  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1058",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1058",
    pages = "610--620",
}
@inproceedings{globerson-etal-2016-collective,
    title = "Collective Entity Resolution with Multi-Focal Attention",
    author = "Globerson, Amir  and
      Lazic, Nevena  and
      Chakrabarti, Soumen  and
      Subramanya, Amarnag  and
      Ringgaard, Michael  and
      Pereira, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1059",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1059",
    pages = "621--631",
}
@inproceedings{moosavi-strube-2016-coreference,
    title = "Which Coreference Evaluation Metric Do You Trust? A Proposal for a Link-based Entity Aware Metric",
    author = "Moosavi, Nafise Sadat  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1060",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1060",
    pages = "632--642",
}
@inproceedings{clark-manning-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Coreference Resolution by Learning Entity-Level Distributed Representations",
    author = "Clark, Kevin  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1061",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1061",
    pages = "643--653",
}
@inproceedings{finegan-dollak-etal-2016-effects,
    title = "Effects of Creativity and Cluster Tightness on Short Text Clustering Performance",
    author = "Finegan-Dollak, Catherine  and
      Coke, Reed  and
      Zhang, Rui  and
      Ye, Xiangyi  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1062",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1062",
    pages = "654--665",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-generative,
    title = "Generative Topic Embedding: a Continuous Representation of Documents",
    author = "Li, Shaohua  and
      Chua, Tat-Seng  and
      Zhu, Jun  and
      Miao, Chunyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1063",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1063",
    pages = "666--675",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Common Discussion Topics Across Culture From News Reader Comments",
    author = "Shi, Bei  and
      Lam, Wai  and
      Bing, Lidong  and
      Xu, Yinqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1064",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1064",
    pages = "676--685",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2016-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Topic Model using Document Network Structure",
    author = "Yang, Weiwei  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1065",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1065",
    pages = "686--696",
}
@inproceedings{al-twairesh-etal-2016-arasenti,
    title = "{A}ra{S}en{T}i: Large-Scale Twitter-Specific {A}rabic Sentiment Lexicons",
    author = "Al-Twairesh, Nora  and
      Al-Khalifa, Hend  and
      Al-Salman, Abdulmalik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1066",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1066",
    pages = "697--705",
}
@inproceedings{aldebei-etal-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Multi-Author Document Decomposition Based on Hidden {M}arkov Model",
    author = "Aldebei, Khaled  and
      He, Xiangjian  and
      Jia, Wenjing  and
      Yang, Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1067",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1067",
    pages = "706--714",
}
@inproceedings{alikaniotis-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Text Scoring Using Neural Networks",
    author = "Alikaniotis, Dimitrios  and
      Yannakoudakis, Helen  and
      Rei, Marek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1068",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1068",
    pages = "715--725",
}
@inproceedings{beltagy-quirk-2016-improved,
    title = "Improved Semantic Parsers For If-Then Statements",
    author = "Beltagy, I.  and
      Quirk, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1069",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1069",
    pages = "726--736",
}
@inproceedings{berzak-etal-2016-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies for Learner {E}nglish",
    author = "Berzak, Yevgeni  and
      Kenney, Jessica  and
      Spadine, Carolyn  and
      Wang, Jing Xian  and
      Lam, Lucia  and
      Mori, Keiko Sophie  and
      Garza, Sebastian  and
      Katz, Boris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1070",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1070",
    pages = "737--746",
}
@inproceedings{bingel-etal-2016-extracting,
    title = "Extracting token-level signals of syntactic processing from f{MRI} - with an application to {P}o{S} induction",
    author = "Bingel, Joachim  and
      Barrett, Maria  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1071",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1071",
    pages = "747--755",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2016-bidirectional,
    title = "Bidirectional Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network for Relation Classification",
    author = "Cai, Rui  and
      Zhang, Xiaodong  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1072",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1072",
    pages = "756--765",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2016-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Rewriting for Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Chen, Bo  and
      Sun, Le  and
      Han, Xianpei  and
      An, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1073",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1073",
    pages = "766--777",
}
@inproceedings{chen-ng-2016-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Zero Pronoun Resolution with Deep Neural Networks",
    author = "Chen, Chen  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1074",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1074",
    pages = "778--788",
}
@inproceedings{cummins-etal-2016-constrained,
    title = "Constrained Multi-Task Learning for Automated Essay Scoring",
    author = "Cummins, Ronan  and
      Zhang, Meng  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1075",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1075",
    pages = "789--799",
}
@inproceedings{dai-etal-2016-cfo,
    title = "{CFO}: Conditional Focused Neural Question Answering with Large-scale Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Dai, Zihang  and
      Li, Lei  and
      Xu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1076",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1076",
    pages = "800--810",
}
@inproceedings{eckle-kohler-2016-verbs,
    title = "Verbs Taking Clausal and Non-Finite Arguments as Signals of Modality {--} Revisiting the Issue of Meaning Grounded in Syntax",
    author = "Eckle-Kohler, Judith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1077",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1077",
    pages = "811--822",
}
@inproceedings{eriguchi-etal-2016-tree,
    title = "Tree-to-Sequence Attentional Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Eriguchi, Akiko  and
      Hashimoto, Kazuma  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1078",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1078",
    pages = "823--833",
}
@inproceedings{ficler-goldberg-2016-coordination,
    title = "Coordination Annotation Extension in the {P}enn Tree Bank",
    author = "Ficler, Jessica  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1079",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1079",
    pages = "834--842",
}
@inproceedings{flekova-etal-2016-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Biases in Human Perception of User Age and Gender from Text",
    author = "Flekova, Lucie  and
      Carpenter, Jordan  and
      Giorgi, Salvatore  and
      Ungar, Lyle  and
      Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1080",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1080",
    pages = "843--854",
}
@inproceedings{gong-etal-2016-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Social Norms Evolution for Personalized Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Gong, Lin  and
      Al Boni, Mohammad  and
      Wang, Hongning",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1081",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1081",
    pages = "855--865",
}
@inproceedings{gordon-etal-2016-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Concept Dependencies in a Scientific Corpus",
    author = "Gordon, Jonathan  and
      Zhu, Linhong  and
      Galstyan, Aram  and
      Natarajan, Prem  and
      Burns, Gully",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1082",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1082",
    pages = "866--875",
}
@inproceedings{heafield-etal-2016-normalized,
    title = "Normalized Log-Linear Interpolation of Backoff Language Models is Efficient",
    author = "Heafield, Kenneth  and
      Geigle, Chase  and
      Massung, Sean  and
      Schwartz, Lane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1083",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1083",
    pages = "876--886",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2016-well,
    title = "How well do Computers Solve Math Word Problems? Large-Scale Dataset Construction and Evaluation",
    author = "Huang, Danqing  and
      Shi, Shuming  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Yin, Jian  and
      Ma, Wei-Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1084",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1084",
    pages = "887--896",
}
@inproceedings{iacobacci-etal-2016-embeddings,
    title = "Embeddings for Word Sense Disambiguation: An Evaluation Study",
    author = "Iacobacci, Ignacio  and
      Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1085",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1085",
    pages = "897--907",
}
@inproceedings{kadlec-etal-2016-text,
    title = "Text Understanding with the Attention Sum Reader Network",
    author = "Kadlec, Rudolf  and
      Schmid, Martin  and
      Bajgar, Ondrej  and
      Kleindienst, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1086",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1086",
    pages = "908--918",
}
@inproceedings{katiyar-cardie-2016-investigating,
    title = "Investigating {LSTM}s for Joint Extraction of Opinion Entities and Relations",
    author = "Katiyar, Arzoo  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1087",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1087",
    pages = "919--929",
}
@inproceedings{kato-matsubara-2016-transition,
    title = "Transition-Based Left-Corner Parsing for Identifying {PTB}-Style Nonlocal Dependencies",
    author = "Kato, Yoshihide  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1088",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1088",
    pages = "930--940",
}
@inproceedings{kenter-etal-2016-siamese,
    title = "{S}iamese {CBOW}: Optimizing Word Embeddings for Sentence Representations",
    author = "Kenter, Tom  and
      Borisov, Alexey  and
      de Rijke, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1089",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1089",
    pages = "941--951",
}
@inproceedings{khani-etal-2016-unanimous,
    title = "Unanimous Prediction for 100{\%} Precision with Application to Learning Semantic Mappings",
    author = "Khani, Fereshte  and
      Rinard, Martin  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1090",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1090",
    pages = "952--962",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2016-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Convolutional and Recurrent Neural Networks in Sequential Labelling for Dialogue Topic Tracking",
    author = "Kim, Seokhwan  and
      Banchs, Rafael  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1091",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1091",
    pages = "963--973",
}
@inproceedings{kochmar-shutova-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Lexico-Semantic Transfer in Language Learning",
    author = "Kochmar, Ekaterina  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1092",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1092",
    pages = "974--983",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2016-call,
    title = "A {CALL} System for Learning Preposition Usage",
    author = "Lee, John  and
      Sturgeon, Donald  and
      Luo, Mengqi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1093",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1093",
    pages = "984--993",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-persona,
    title = "A Persona-Based Neural Conversation Model",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Galley, Michel  and
      Brockett, Chris  and
      Spithourakis, Georgios  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Dolan, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1094",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1094",
    pages = "994--1003",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Deep Random Walk for Network Classification",
    author = "Li, Juzheng  and
      Zhu, Jun  and
      Zhang, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1095",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1095",
    pages = "1004--1013",
}
@inproceedings{limsopatham-collier-2016-normalising,
    title = "Normalising Medical Concepts in Social Media Texts by Learning Semantic Representation",
    author = "Limsopatham, Nut  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1096",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1096",
    pages = "1014--1023",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-agreement,
    title = "Agreement-based Learning of Parallel Lexicons and Phrases from Non-Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Liu, Chunyang  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Luan, Huanbo  and
      Yu, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1097",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1097",
    pages = "1024--1033",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-deep,
    title = "Deep Fusion {LSTM}s for Text Semantic Matching",
    author = "Liu, Pengfei  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Chen, Jifan  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1098",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1098",
    pages = "1034--1043",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Discourse on Work and Job-Related Well-Being in Public Social Media",
    author = "Liu, Tong  and
      Homan, Christopher  and
      Ovesdotter Alm, Cecilia  and
      Lytle, Megan  and
      Marie White, Ann  and
      Kautz, Henry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1099",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1099",
    pages = "1044--1053",
}
@inproceedings{luong-manning-2016-achieving,
    title = "Achieving Open Vocabulary Neural Machine Translation with Hybrid Word-Character Models",
    author = "Luong, Minh-Thang  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1100",
    pages = "1054--1063",
}
@inproceedings{ma-hovy-2016-end,
    title = "End-to-end Sequence Labeling via Bi-directional {LSTM}-{CNN}s-{CRF}",
    author = "Ma, Xuezhe  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1101",
    pages = "1064--1074",
}
@inproceedings{malinin-etal-2016-topic,
    title = "Off-topic Response Detection for Spontaneous Spoken {E}nglish Assessment",
    author = "Malinin, Andrey  and
      Van Dalen, Rogier  and
      Knill, Kate  and
      Wang, Yu  and
      Gales, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1102",
    pages = "1075--1084",
}
@inproceedings{matthews-etal-2016-synthesizing,
    title = "Synthesizing Compound Words for Machine Translation",
    author = "Matthews, Austin  and
      Schlinger, Eva  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1103",
    pages = "1085--1094",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-etal-2016-harnessing,
    title = "Harnessing Cognitive Features for Sarcasm Detection",
    author = "Mishra, Abhijit  and
      Kanojia, Diptesh  and
      Nagar, Seema  and
      Dey, Kuntal  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1104",
    pages = "1095--1104",
}
@inproceedings{miwa-bansal-2016-end,
    title = "End-to-End Relation Extraction using {LSTM}s on Sequences and Tree Structures",
    author = "Miwa, Makoto  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1105",
    pages = "1105--1116",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-2016-short,
    title = "A short proof that O{\_}2 is an {MCFL}",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1106",
    pages = "1117--1126",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-litman-2016-context,
    title = "Context-aware Argumentative Relation Mining",
    author = "Nguyen, Huy  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1107",
    pages = "1127--1137",
}
@inproceedings{nicolai-kondrak-2016-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Inflection Tables for Stemming and Lemmatization.",
    author = "Nicolai, Garrett  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1108",
    pages = "1138--1147",
}
@inproceedings{pfeil-ray-2016-scaling,
    title = "Scaling a Natural Language Generation System",
    author = "Pfeil, Jonathan  and
      Ray, Soumya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1109",
    pages = "1148--1157",
}
@inproceedings{poursabzi-sangdeh-etal-2016-alto,
    title = "{ALTO}: Active Learning with Topic Overviews for Speeding Label Induction and Document Labeling",
    author = "Poursabzi-Sangdeh, Forough  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Findlater, Leah  and
      Seppi, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1110",
    pages = "1158--1169",
}
@inproceedings{prabhakaran-etal-2016-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Rise and Fall of Scientific Topics from Trends in their Rhetorical Framing",
    author = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Hamilton, William L.  and
      McFarland, Dan  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1111",
    pages = "1170--1180",
}
@inproceedings{rei-yannakoudakis-2016-compositional,
    title = "Compositional Sequence Labeling Models for Error Detection in Learner Writing",
    author = "Rei, Marek  and
      Yannakoudakis, Helen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1112",
    pages = "1181--1191",
}
@inproceedings{roth-lapata-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Semantic Role Labeling with Dependency Path Embeddings",
    author = "Roth, Michael  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1113",
    pages = "1192--1202",
}
@inproceedings{sano-etal-2016-prediction,
    title = "Prediction of Prospective User Engagement with Intelligent Assistants",
    author = "Sano, Shumpei  and
      Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Sassano, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1114",
    pages = "1203--1212",
}
@inproceedings{schlangen-etal-2016-resolving,
    title = "Resolving References to Objects in Photographs using the Words-As-Classifiers Model",
    author = "Schlangen, David  and
      Zarrie{\ss}, Sina  and
      Kennington, Casey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1115",
    pages = "1213--1223",
}
@inproceedings{sha-etal-2016-rbpb,
    title = "{RBPB}: Regularization-Based Pattern Balancing Method for Event Extraction",
    author = "Sha, Lei  and
      Liu, Jing  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Sui, Zhifang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1116",
    pages = "1224--1234",
}
@inproceedings{shibata-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Network-Based Model for {J}apanese Predicate Argument Structure Analysis",
    author = "Shibata, Tomohide  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1117",
    pages = "1235--1244",
}
@inproceedings{shivade-etal-2016-addressing,
    title = "Addressing Limited Data for Textual Entailment Across Domains",
    author = "Shivade, Chaitanya  and
      Raghavan, Preethi  and
      Patwardhan, Siddharth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1118",
    pages = "1245--1255",
}
@inproceedings{stanovsky-dagan-2016-annotating,
    title = "Annotating and Predicting Non-Restrictive Noun Phrase Modifications",
    author = "Stanovsky, Gabriel  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1119",
    pages = "1256--1265",
}
@inproceedings{tamura-sumita-2016-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Segmented Topic Model",
    author = "Tamura, Akihiro  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1120",
    pages = "1266--1276",
}
@inproceedings{tian-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Semantically and Additively Compositional Distributional Representations",
    author = "Tian, Ran  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1121",
    pages = "1277--1287",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-inner,
    title = "Inner Attention based Recurrent Neural Networks for Answer Selection",
    author = "Wang, Bingning  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1122",
    pages = "1288--1297",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-relation,
    title = "Relation Classification via Multi-Level Attention {CNN}s",
    author = "Wang, Linlin  and
      Cao, Zhu  and
      de Melo, Gerard  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1123",
    pages = "1298--1307",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Base Completion via Coupled Path Ranking",
    author = "Wang, Quan  and
      Liu, Jing  and
      Luo, Yuanfei  and
      Wang, Bin  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1124",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1124",
    pages = "1308--1318",
}
@inproceedings{wang-cho-2016-larger,
    title = "Larger-Context Language Modelling with Recurrent Neural Network",
    author = "Wang, Tian  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1125",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1125",
    pages = "1319--1329",
}
@inproceedings{wilson-etal-2016-creation,
    title = "The Creation and Analysis of a Website Privacy Policy Corpus",
    author = "Wilson, Shomir  and
      Schaub, Florian  and
      Dara, Aswarth Abhilash  and
      Liu, Frederick  and
      Cherivirala, Sushain  and
      Giovanni Leon, Pedro  and
      Schaarup Andersen, Mads  and
      Zimmeck, Sebastian  and
      Sathyendra, Kanthashree Mysore  and
      Russell, N. Cameron  and
      Norton, Thomas B.  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Reidenberg, Joel  and
      Sadeh, Norman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1126",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1126",
    pages = "1330--1340",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2016-sequence,
    title = "Sequence-based Structured Prediction for Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Xiao, Chunyang  and
      Dymetman, Marc  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1127",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1127",
    pages = "1341--1350",
}
@inproceedings{yin-schutze-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Word Meta-Embeddings",
    author = {Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1128",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1128",
    pages = "1351--1360",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Constructing Sports News from Live Text Commentary",
    author = "Zhang, Jianmin  and
      Yao, Jin-ge  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1129",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1129",
    pages = "1361--1371",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-continuous,
    title = "A Continuous Space Rule Selection Model for Syntax-based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Jingyi  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichro  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1130",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1130",
    pages = "1372--1381",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Graph-based Dependency Parsing with Convolutional Neural Network",
    author = "Zhang, Zhisong  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Qin, Lianhui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1131",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1131",
    pages = "1382--1392",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2016-search,
    title = "A Search-Based Dynamic Reranking Model for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Zhou, Hao  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Huang, Shujian  and
      Zhou, Junsheng  and
      Dai, Xin-Yu  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1132",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1132",
    pages = "1393--1402",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Sentiment Classification with Bilingual Document Representation Learning",
    author = "Zhou, Xinjie  and
      Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Xiao, Jianguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1133",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1133",
    pages = "1403--1412",
}
@inproceedings{zhuo-etal-2016-segment,
    title = "Segment-Level Sequence Modeling using Gated Recursive Semi-{M}arkov Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Zhuo, Jingwei  and
      Cao, Yong  and
      Zhu, Jun  and
      Zhang, Bo  and
      Nie, Zaiqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1134",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1134",
    pages = "1413--1423",
}
@inproceedings{hidey-mckeown-2016-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Causal Relations Using Parallel {W}ikipedia Articles",
    author = "Hidey, Christopher  and
      McKeown, Kathy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1135",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1135",
    pages = "1424--1433",
}
@inproceedings{toutanova-etal-2016-compositional,
    title = "Compositional Learning of Embeddings for Relation Paths in Knowledge Base and Text",
    author = "Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Lin, Victoria  and
      Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Poon, Hoifung  and
      Quirk, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1136",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1136",
    pages = "1434--1444",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-commonsense,
    title = "Commonsense Knowledge Base Completion",
    author = "Li, Xiang  and
      Taheri, Aynaz  and
      Tu, Lifu  and
      Gimpel, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1137",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1137",
    pages = "1445--1455",
}
@inproceedings{long-etal-2016-simpler,
    title = "Simpler Context-Dependent Logical Forms via Model Projections",
    author = "Long, Reginald  and
      Pasupat, Panupong  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1138",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1138",
    pages = "1456--1465",
}
@inproceedings{bowman-etal-2016-fast,
    title = "A Fast Unified Model for Parsing and Sentence Understanding",
    author = "Bowman, Samuel R.  and
      Gauthier, Jon  and
      Rastogi, Abhinav  and
      Gupta, Raghav  and
      Manning, Christopher D.  and
      Potts, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1139",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1139",
    pages = "1466--1477",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2016-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Language Universal and Specific Properties in Word Embeddings",
    author = "Qian, Peng  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1140",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1140",
    pages = "1478--1488",
}
@inproceedings{hamilton-etal-2016-diachronic,
    title = "Diachronic Word Embeddings Reveal Statistical Laws of Semantic Change",
    author = "Hamilton, William L.  and
      Leskovec, Jure  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1141",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1141",
    pages = "1489--1501",
}
@inproceedings{vempala-blanco-2016-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Plain Spatial Knowledge: Determining Where Entities Are and Are Not Located, and For How Long",
    author = "Vempala, Alakananda  and
      Blanco, Eduardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1142",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1142",
    pages = "1502--1512",
}
@inproceedings{bennett-etal-2016-lexsemtm,
    title = "{L}ex{S}em{T}m: A Semantic Dataset Based on All-words Unsupervised Sense Distribution Learning",
    author = "Bennett, Andrew  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Lau, Jey Han  and
      McCarthy, Diana  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1143",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1143",
    pages = "1513--1524",
}
@inproceedings{paperno-etal-2016-lambada,
    title = "The {LAMBADA} dataset: Word prediction requiring a broad discourse context",
    author = "Paperno, Denis  and
      Kruszewski, Germ{\'a}n  and
      Lazaridou, Angeliki  and
      Pham, Ngoc Quan  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella  and
      Pezzelle, Sandro  and
      Baroni, Marco  and
      Boleda, Gemma  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1144",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1144",
    pages = "1525--1534",
}
@inproceedings{hewlett-etal-2016-wikireading,
    title = "{W}iki{R}eading: A Novel Large-scale Language Understanding Task over {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Hewlett, Daniel  and
      Lacoste, Alexandre  and
      Jones, Llion  and
      Polosukhin, Illia  and
      Fandrianto, Andrew  and
      Han, Jay  and
      Kelcey, Matthew  and
      Berthelot, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1145",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1145",
    pages = "1535--1545",
}
@inproceedings{narayan-cohen-2016-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Spectral Learning for Parsing",
    author = "Narayan, Shashi  and
      Cohen, Shay B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1146",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1146",
    pages = "1546--1556",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-weiss-2016-stack,
    title = "Stack-propagation: Improved Representation Learning for Syntax",
    author = "Zhang, Yuan  and
      Weiss, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1147",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1147",
    pages = "1557--1566",
}
@inproceedings{volkova-bachrach-2016-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Perceived Demographics from User Emotional Tone and User-Environment Emotional Contrast",
    author = "Volkova, Svitlana  and
      Bachrach, Yoram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1148",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1148",
    pages = "1567--1578",
}
@inproceedings{burgess-etal-2016-prototype,
    title = "Prototype Synthesis for Model Laws",
    author = "Burgess, Matthew  and
      Giraudy, Eugenia  and
      Adar, Eytan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1149",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1149",
    pages = "1579--1588",
}
@inproceedings{habernal-gurevych-2016-argument,
    title = "Which argument is more convincing? Analyzing and predicting convincingness of Web arguments using bidirectional {LSTM}",
    author = "Habernal, Ivan  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1150",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1150",
    pages = "1589--1599",
}
@inproceedings{fong-grimmer-2016-discovery,
    title = "Discovery of Treatments from Text Corpora",
    author = "Fong, Christian  and
      Grimmer, Justin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1151",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1151",
    pages = "1600--1609",
}
@inproceedings{sokolov-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Structured Predictors from Bandit Feedback for Interactive {NLP}",
    author = "Sokolov, Artem  and
      Kreutzer, Julia  and
      Lo, Christopher  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1152",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1152",
    pages = "1610--1620",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2016-deep,
    title = "Deep Reinforcement Learning with a Natural Language Action Space",
    author = "He, Ji  and
      Chen, Jianshu  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Li, Lihong  and
      Deng, Li  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1153",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1153",
    pages = "1621--1630",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2016-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Copying Mechanism in Sequence-to-Sequence Learning",
    author = "Gu, Jiatao  and
      Lu, Zhengdong  and
      Li, Hang  and
      Li, Victor O.K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1154",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1154",
    pages = "1631--1640",
}
@inproceedings{bhatt-etal-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-domain Text Classification with Multiple Domains and Disparate Label Sets",
    author = "Bhatt, Himanshu Sharad  and
      Sinha, Manjira  and
      Roy, Shourya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1155",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1155",
    pages = "1641--1650",
}
@inproceedings{cotterell-etal-2016-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Smoothing and Extrapolation of Word Embeddings",
    author = {Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich  and
      Eisner, Jason},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1156",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1156",
    pages = "1651--1660",
}
@inproceedings{upadhyay-etal-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Models of Word Embeddings: An Empirical Comparison",
    author = "Upadhyay, Shyam  and
      Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1157",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1157",
    pages = "1661--1670",
}
@inproceedings{vylomova-etal-2016-take,
    title = "Take and Took, Gaggle and Goose, Book and Read: Evaluating the Utility of Vector Differences for Lexical Relation Learning",
    author = "Vylomova, Ekaterina  and
      Rimell, Laura  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1158",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1158",
    pages = "1671--1682",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2016-minimum,
    title = "Minimum Risk Training for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Shen, Shiqi  and
      Cheng, Yong  and
      He, Zhongjun  and
      He, Wei  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1159",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1159",
    pages = "1683--1692",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2016-character,
    title = "A Character-level Decoder without Explicit Segmentation for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Chung, Junyoung  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Bengio, Yoshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1160",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1160",
    pages = "1693--1703",
}
@inproceedings{tamchyna-etal-2016-target,
    title = "Target-Side Context for Discriminative Models in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1161",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1161",
    pages = "1704--1714",
}
@inproceedings{sennrich-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Units",
    author = "Sennrich, Rico  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Birch, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1162",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1162",
    pages = "1715--1725",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2016-implicit,
    title = "Implicit Discourse Relation Detection via a Deep Architecture with Gated Relevance Network",
    author = "Chen, Jifan  and
      Zhang, Qi  and
      Liu, Pengfei  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1163",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1163",
    pages = "1726--1735",
}
@inproceedings{scheible-etal-2016-model,
    title = "Model Architectures for Quotation Detection",
    author = "Scheible, Christian  and
      Klinger, Roman  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1164",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1164",
    pages = "1736--1745",
}
@inproceedings{joty-hoque-2016-speech,
    title = "Speech Act Modeling of Written Asynchronous Conversations with Task-Specific Embeddings and Conditional Structured Models",
    author = "Joty, Shafiq  and
      Hoque, Enamul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1165",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1165",
    pages = "1746--1756",
}
@inproceedings{friedrich-etal-2016-situation,
    title = "Situation entity types: automatic classification of clause-level aspect",
    author = "Friedrich, Annemarie  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1166",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1166",
    pages = "1757--1768",
}
@inproceedings{bosselut-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Prototypical Event Structure from Photo Albums",
    author = "Bosselut, Antoine  and
      Chen, Jianfu  and
      Warren, David  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1167",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1167",
    pages = "1769--1779",
}
@inproceedings{miyazaki-shimizu-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Image Caption Generation",
    author = "Miyazaki, Takashi  and
      Shimizu, Nobuyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1168",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1168",
    pages = "1780--1790",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Concept Taxonomies from Multi-modal Data",
    author = "Zhang, Hao  and
      Hu, Zhiting  and
      Deng, Yuntian  and
      Sachan, Mrinmaya  and
      Yan, Zhicheng  and
      Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1169",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1169",
    pages = "1791--1801",
}
@inproceedings{mostafazadeh-etal-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating Natural Questions About an Image",
    author = "Mostafazadeh, Nasrin  and
      Misra, Ishan  and
      Devlin, Jacob  and
      Mitchell, Margaret  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1170",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1170",
    pages = "1802--1813",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2016-physical,
    title = "Physical Causality of Action Verbs in Grounded Language Understanding",
    author = "Gao, Qiaozi  and
      Doering, Malcolm  and
      Yang, Shaohua  and
      Chai, Joyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1171",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1171",
    pages = "1814--1824",
}
@inproceedings{peyrard-eckle-kohler-2016-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing an Approximation of {ROUGE} - a Problem-Reduction Approach to Extractive Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Peyrard, Maxime  and
      Eckle-Kohler, Judith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1172",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1172",
    pages = "1825--1836",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-sakaguchi-2016-phrase,
    title = "Phrase Structure Annotation and Parsing for Learner {E}nglish",
    author = "Nagata, Ryo  and
      Sakaguchi, Keisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1173",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1173",
    pages = "1837--1847",
}
@inproceedings{settles-meeder-2016-trainable,
    title = "A Trainable Spaced Repetition Model for Language Learning",
    author = "Settles, Burr  and
      Meeder, Brendan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1174",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1174",
    pages = "1848--1858",
}
@inproceedings{renduchintala-etal-2016-user,
    title = "User Modeling in Language Learning with Macaronic Texts",
    author = "Renduchintala, Adithya  and
      Knowles, Rebecca  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1175",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1175",
    pages = "1859--1869",
}
@inproceedings{rabinovich-etal-2016-similarities,
    title = "On the Similarities Between Native, Non-native and Translated Texts",
    author = "Rabinovich, Ella  and
      Nisioi, Sergiu  and
      Ordan, Noam  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1176",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1176",
    pages = "1870--1881",
}
@inproceedings{amiri-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Text Pair Similarity with Context-sensitive Autoencoders",
    author = "Amiri, Hadi  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1177",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1177",
    pages = "1882--1892",
}
@inproceedings{arapakis-etal-2016-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Benchmarks of Online News Article Quality",
    author = "Arapakis, Ioannis  and
      Peleja, Filipa  and
      Berkant, Barla  and
      Magalhaes, Joao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1178",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1178",
    pages = "1893--1902",
}
@inproceedings{barrena-etal-2016-alleviating,
    title = "Alleviating Poor Context with Background Knowledge for Named Entity Disambiguation",
    author = "Barrena, Ander  and
      Soroa, Aitor  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1179",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1179",
    pages = "1903--1912",
}
@inproceedings{biran-etal-2016-mining,
    title = "Mining Paraphrasal Typed Templates from a Plain Text Corpus",
    author = "Biran, Or  and
      Blevins, Terra  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1180",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1180",
    pages = "1913--1923",
}
@inproceedings{bjorkelund-etal-2016-train,
    title = "How to Train Dependency Parsers with Inexact Search for Joint Sentence Boundary Detection and Parsing of Entire Documents",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rkelund, Anders  and
      Fale{\'n}ska, Agnieszka  and
      Seeker, Wolfgang  and
      Kuhn, Jonas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1181",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1181",
    pages = "1924--1934",
}
@inproceedings{boag-etal-2016-mutt,
    title = "{MUTT}: Metric Unit {T}es{T}ing for Language Generation Tasks",
    author = "Boag, William  and
      Campos, Renan  and
      Saenko, Kate  and
      Rumshisky, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1182",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1182",
    pages = "1935--1943",
}
@inproceedings{bogoychev-lopez-2016-n,
    title = "N-gram language models for massively parallel devices",
    author = "Bogoychev, Nikolay  and
      Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1183",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1183",
    pages = "1944--1953",
}
@inproceedings{buys-botha-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Morphological Tagging for Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "Buys, Jan  and
      Botha, Jan A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1184",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1184",
    pages = "1954--1964",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2016-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Learning for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Cheng, Yong  and
      Xu, Wei  and
      He, Zhongjun  and
      He, Wei  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1185",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1185",
    pages = "1965--1974",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2016-strategies,
    title = "Strategies for Training Large Vocabulary Neural Language Models",
    author = "Chen, Wenlin  and
      Grangier, David  and
      Auli, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1186",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1186",
    pages = "1975--1985",
}
@inproceedings{cordeiro-etal-2016-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Compositionality of Nominal Compounds: Giving Word Embeddings a Hard Time",
    author = "Cordeiro, Silvio  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Idiart, Marco  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1187",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1187",
    pages = "1986--1997",
}
@inproceedings{durrett-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning-Based Single-Document Summarization with Compression and Anaphoricity Constraints",
    author = "Durrett, Greg  and
      Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1188",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1188",
    pages = "1998--2008",
}
@inproceedings{etchegoyhen-azpeitia-2016-set,
    title = "Set-Theoretic Alignment for Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Etchegoyhen, Thierry  and
      Azpeitia, Andoni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1189",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1189",
    pages = "2009--2018",
}
@inproceedings{ferreira-etal-2016-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Learning to Embed and Predict with Multiple Languages",
    author = "Ferreira, Daniel C.  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.  and
      Almeida, Mariana S. C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1190",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1190",
    pages = "2019--2028",
}
@inproceedings{flekova-gurevych-2016-supersense,
    title = "Supersense Embeddings: A Unified Model for Supersense Interpretation, Prediction, and Utilization",
    author = "Flekova, Lucie  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1191",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1191",
    pages = "2029--2041",
}
@inproceedings{groschwitz-etal-2016-efficient,
    title = "Efficient techniques for parsing with tree automata",
    author = "Groschwitz, Jonas  and
      Koller, Alexander  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1192",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1192",
    pages = "2042--2051",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-popa-2016-vector,
    title = "A Vector Space for Distributional Semantics for Entailment",
    author = "Henderson, James  and
      Popa, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1193",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1193",
    pages = "2052--2062",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2016-hidden,
    title = "Hidden Softmax Sequence Model for Dialogue Structure Analysis",
    author = "He, Zhiyang  and
      Liu, Xien  and
      Lv, Ping  and
      Wu, Ji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1194",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1194",
    pages = "2063--2072",
}
@inproceedings{iyer-etal-2016-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Source Code using a Neural Attention Model",
    author = "Iyer, Srinivasan  and
      Konstas, Ioannis  and
      Cheung, Alvin  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1195",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1195",
    pages = "2073--2083",
}
@inproceedings{kacorri-huenerfauth-2016-continuous,
    title = "Continuous Profile Models in {ASL} Syntactic Facial Expression Synthesis",
    author = "Kacorri, Hernisa  and
      Huenerfauth, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1196",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1196",
    pages = "2084--2093",
}
@inproceedings{kazemian-etal-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Sentiment Analysis in the Context of Securities Trading",
    author = "Kazemian, Siavash  and
      Zhao, Shunan  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1197",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1197",
    pages = "2094--2103",
}
@inproceedings{levi-etal-2016-edge,
    title = "Edge-Linear First-Order Dependency Parsing with Undirected Minimum Spanning Tree Inference",
    author = "Levi, Effi  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1198",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1198",
    pages = "2104--2113",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-topic,
    title = "Topic Extraction from Microblog Posts Using Conversation Structures",
    author = "Li, Jing  and
      Liao, Ming  and
      Gao, Wei  and
      He, Yulan  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1199",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1199",
    pages = "2114--2123",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Relation Extraction with Selective Attention over Instances",
    author = "Lin, Yankai  and
      Shen, Shiqi  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Luan, Huanbo  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1200",
    pages = "2124--2133",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging {F}rame{N}et to Improve Automatic Event Detection",
    author = "Liu, Shulin  and
      Chen, Yubo  and
      He, Shizhu  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1201",
    pages = "2134--2143",
}
@inproceedings{mitra-baral-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning To Use Formulas To Solve Simple Arithmetic Problems",
    author = "Mitra, Arindam  and
      Baral, Chitta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1202",
    pages = "2144--2153",
}
@inproceedings{papantoniou-konstantopoulos-2016-unravelling,
    title = "Unravelling Names of Fictional Characters",
    author = "Papantoniou, Katerina  and
      Konstantopoulos, Stasinos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1203",
    pages = "2154--2163",
}
@inproceedings{pavlick-callison-burch-2016-babies,
    title = "Most {``}babies{''} are {``}little{''} and most {``}problems{''} are {``}huge{''}: Compositional Entailment in Adjective-Nouns",
    author = "Pavlick, Ellie  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1204",
    pages = "2164--2173",
}
@inproceedings{persing-ng-2016-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Stance in Student Essays",
    author = "Persing, Isaac  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1205",
    pages = "2174--2184",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2016-new,
    title = "A New Psychometric-inspired Evaluation Metric for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Qian, Peng  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1206",
    pages = "2185--2194",
}
@inproceedings{reimers-etal-2016-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Anchoring of Events for the {T}ime{B}ank Corpus",
    author = "Reimers, Nils  and
      Dehghani, Nazanin  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1207",
    pages = "2195--2204",
}
@inproceedings{rozovskaya-roth-2016-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Error Correction: Machine Translation and Classifiers",
    author = "Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1208",
    pages = "2205--2215",
}
@inproceedings{sahu-anand-2016-recurrent,
    title = "Recurrent neural network models for disease name recognition using domain invariant features",
    author = "Sahu, Sunil  and
      Anand, Ashish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1209",
    pages = "2216--2225",
}
@inproceedings{sapkota-etal-2016-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation for Authorship Attribution: Improved Structural Correspondence Learning",
    author = "Sapkota, Upendra  and
      Solorio, Thamar  and
      Montes, Manuel  and
      Bethard, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1210",
    pages = "2226--2235",
}
@inproceedings{sasano-okumura-2016-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-Based Analysis of Canonical Word Order of {J}apanese Double Object Constructions",
    author = "Sasano, Ryohei  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1211",
    pages = "2236--2244",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2016-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-Based Semantic Embedding for Machine Translation",
    author = "Shi, Chen  and
      Liu, Shujie  and
      Ren, Shuo  and
      Feng, Shi  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Sun, Xu  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1212",
    pages = "2245--2254",
}
@inproceedings{sil-florian-2016-one,
    title = "One for All: Towards Language Independent Named Entity Linking",
    author = "Sil, Avirup  and
      Florian, Radu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1213",
    pages = "2255--2264",
}
@inproceedings{sugawara-etal-2016-approximately,
    title = "On Approximately Searching for Similar Word Embeddings",
    author = "Sugawara, Kohei  and
      Kobayashi, Hayato  and
      Iwasaki, Masajiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1214",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1214",
    pages = "2265--2275",
}
@inproceedings{takase-etal-2016-composing,
    title = "Composing Distributed Representations of Relational Patterns",
    author = "Takase, Sho  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1215",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1215",
    pages = "2276--2286",
}
@inproceedings{vala-etal-2016-antecedents,
    title = "The More Antecedents, the Merrier: Resolving Multi-Antecedent Anaphors",
    author = "Vala, Hardik  and
      Piper, Andrew  and
      Ruths, Derek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1216",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1216",
    pages = "2287--2296",
}
@inproceedings{wan-wang-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Labeling of Topic Models Using Text Summaries",
    author = "Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Wang, Tianming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1217",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1217",
    pages = "2297--2305",
}
@inproceedings{wang-chang-2016-graph,
    title = "Graph-based Dependency Parsing with Bidirectional {LSTM}",
    author = "Wang, Wenhui  and
      Chang, Baobao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1218",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1218",
    pages = "2306--2315",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2016-transg,
    title = "{T}rans{G} : A Generative Model for Knowledge Graph Embedding",
    author = "Xiao, Han  and
      Huang, Minlie  and
      Zhu, Xiaoyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1219",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1219",
    pages = "2316--2325",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2016-question,
    title = "Question Answering on {F}reebase via Relation Extraction and Textual Evidence",
    author = "Xu, Kun  and
      Reddy, Siva  and
      Feng, Yansong  and
      Huang, Songfang  and
      Zhao, Dongyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1220",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1220",
    pages = "2326--2336",
}
@inproceedings{yancheva-rudzicz-2016-vector,
    title = "Vector-space topic models for detecting {A}lzheimer{'}s disease",
    author = "Yancheva, Maria  and
      Rudzicz, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1221",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1221",
    pages = "2337--2346",
}
@inproceedings{yan-etal-2016-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Couplet Generation with Neural Network Structures",
    author = "Yan, Rui  and
      Li, Cheng-Te  and
      Hu, Xiaohua  and
      Zhang, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1222",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1222",
    pages = "2347--2357",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2016-thorough,
    title = "A Thorough Examination of the {CNN}/Daily Mail Reading Comprehension Task",
    author = "Chen, Danqi  and
      Bolton, Jason  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1223",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1223",
    pages = "2358--2367",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Language Games through Interaction",
    author = "Wang, Sida I.  and
      Liang, Percy  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1224",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1224",
    pages = "2368--2378",
}
@inproceedings{gutierrez-etal-2016-finding,
    title = "Finding Non-Arbitrary Form-Meaning Systematicity Using String-Metric Learning for Kernel Regression",
    author = "Guti{\'e}rrez, E.Dario  and
      Levy, Roger  and
      Bergen, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1225",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1225",
    pages = "2379--2388",
}
@inproceedings{shwartz-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Hypernymy Detection with an Integrated Path-based and Distributional Method",
    author = "Shwartz, Vered  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1226",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1226",
    pages = "2389--2398",
}
@inproceedings{hitschler-etal-2016-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Pivots for Image Caption Translation",
    author = "Hitschler, Julian  and
      Schamoni, Shigehiko  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1227",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1227",
    pages = "2399--2409",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2016-harnessing,
    title = "Harnessing Deep Neural Networks with Logic Rules",
    author = "Hu, Zhiting  and
      Ma, Xuezhe  and
      Liu, Zhengzhong  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1228",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1228",
    pages = "2410--2420",
}
@inproceedings{moscoso-del-prado-martin-brendel-2016-case,
    title = "Case and Cause in {I}celandic: Reconstructing Causal Networks of Cascaded Language Changes",
    author = "Moscoso del Prado Mart{\'\i}n, Ferm{\'\i}n  and
      Brendel, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1229",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1229",
    pages = "2421--2430",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2016-line,
    title = "On-line Active Reward Learning for Policy Optimisation in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Su, Pei-Hao  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Rojas-Barahona, Lina M.  and
      Ultes, Stefan  and
      Vandyke, David  and
      Wen, Tsung-Hsien  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1230",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1230",
    pages = "2431--2441",
}
@inproceedings{andor-etal-2016-globally,
    title = "Globally Normalized Transition-Based Neural Networks",
    author = "Andor, Daniel  and
      Alberti, Chris  and
      Weiss, David  and
      Severyn, Aliaksei  and
      Presta, Alessandro  and
      Ganchev, Kuzman  and
      Petrov, Slav  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1231",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-1231",
    pages = "2442--2452",
}
@proceedings{acl-2016-association-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    author = "Erk, Katrin  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2",
}
@inproceedings{de-kok-hinrichs-2016-transition,
    title = "Transition-based dependency parsing with topological fields",
    author = {de Kok, Dani{\"e}l  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2001",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2016-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Semi-Supervised Query Classification Using Matrix Sketching",
    author = "Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Stratos, Karl  and
      Sarikaya, Ruhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2002",
    pages = "8--13",
}
@inproceedings{benton-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Multiview Embeddings of Twitter Users",
    author = "Benton, Adrian  and
      Arora, Raman  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2003",
    pages = "14--19",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chen-2016-implicit,
    title = "Implicit Polarity and Implicit Aspect Recognition in Opinion Mining",
    author = "Chen, Huan-Yuan  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2004",
    pages = "20--25",
}
@inproceedings{clinchant-etal-2016-domain,
    title = "A Domain Adaptation Regularization for Denoising Autoencoders",
    author = "Clinchant, St{\'e}phane  and
      Csurka, Gabriela  and
      Chidlovskii, Boris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2005",
    pages = "26--31",
}
@inproceedings{cross-huang-2016-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Parsing with Minimal Features Using Bi-Directional {LSTM}",
    author = "Cross, James  and
      Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2006",
    pages = "32--37",
}
@inproceedings{dakwale-monz-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Statistical Machine Translation Performance by Oracle-{BLEU} Model Re-estimation",
    author = "Dakwale, Praveen  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2007",
    pages = "38--44",
}
@inproceedings{dusek-jurcicek-2016-sequence,
    title = "Sequence-to-Sequence Generation for Spoken Dialogue via Deep Syntax Trees and Strings",
    author = "Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Jur{\v{c}}{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2008",
    pages = "45--51",
}
@inproceedings{eger-mehler-2016-linearity,
    title = "On the Linearity of Semantic Change: Investigating Meaning Variation via Dynamic Graph Models",
    author = "Eger, Steffen  and
      Mehler, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2009",
    pages = "52--58",
}
@inproceedings{elsner-etal-2016-joint,
    title = "Joint Word Segmentation and Phonetic Category Induction",
    author = "Elsner, Micha  and
      Antetomaso, Stephanie  and
      Feldman, Naomi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2010",
    pages = "59--65",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2016-language,
    title = "A Language-Independent Neural Network for Event Detection",
    author = "Feng, Xiaocheng  and
      Huang, Lifu  and
      Tang, Duyu  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2011",
    pages = "66--71",
}
@inproceedings{ficler-goldberg-2016-improved,
    title = "Improved Parsing for Argument-Clusters Coordination",
    author = "Ficler, Jessica  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2012",
    pages = "72--76",
}
@inproceedings{fomicheva-specia-2016-reference,
    title = "Reference Bias in Monolingual Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Fomicheva, Marina  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2013",
    pages = "77--82",
}
@inproceedings{gfeller-etal-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual projection for class-based language models",
    author = "Gfeller, Beat  and
      Schogol, Vlad  and
      Hall, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2014",
    pages = "83--88",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2016-fast,
    title = "A Fast Approach for Semantic Similar Short Texts Retrieval",
    author = "Gu, Yanhui  and
      Yang, Zhenglu  and
      Zhou, Junsheng  and
      Qu, Weiguang  and
      Wei, Jinmao  and
      Shi, Xingtian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2015",
    pages = "89--94",
}
@inproceedings{hayashi-nagata-2016-empty,
    title = "Empty element recovery by spinal parser operations",
    author = "Hayashi, Katsuhiko  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2016",
    pages = "95--100",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-etal-2016-semantic,
    title = "Semantic classifications for detection of verb metaphors",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Leong, Chee Wee  and
      Gutierrez, E. Dario  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Flor, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2017",
    pages = "101--106",
}
@inproceedings{kozareva-etal-2016-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Salient Entities in Shopping Queries",
    author = "Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Li, Qi  and
      Zhai, Ke  and
      Guo, Weiwei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2018",
    pages = "107--111",
}
@inproceedings{long-etal-2016-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Lexical Resources for Learning Entity Embeddings in Multi-Relational Data",
    author = "Long, Teng  and
      Lowe, Ryan  and
      Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit  and
      Precup, Doina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2019",
    pages = "112--117",
}
@inproceedings{luan-etal-2016-multiplicative,
    title = "Multiplicative Representations for Unsupervised Semantic Role Induction",
    author = "Luan, Yi  and
      Ji, Yangfeng  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh  and
      Li, Boyang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2020",
    pages = "118--123",
}
@inproceedings{mi-etal-2016-vocabulary,
    title = "Vocabulary Manipulation for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Mi, Haitao  and
      Wang, Zhiguo  and
      Ittycheriah, Abe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2021",
    pages = "124--129",
}
@inproceedings{mou-etal-2016-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Inference by Tree-Based Convolution and Heuristic Matching",
    author = "Mou, Lili  and
      Men, Rui  and
      Li, Ge  and
      Xu, Yan  and
      Zhang, Lu  and
      Yan, Rui  and
      Jin, Zhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2022",
    pages = "130--136",
}
@inproceedings{onrust-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving cross-domain n-gram language modelling with skipgrams",
    author = "Onrust, Louis  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Van hamme, Hugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2023",
    pages = "137--142",
}
@inproceedings{pavlick-callison-burch-2016-simple,
    title = "Simple {PPDB}: A Paraphrase Database for Simplification",
    author = "Pavlick, Ellie  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2024",
    pages = "143--148",
}
@inproceedings{peng-dredze-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Named Entity Recognition for {C}hinese Social Media with Word Segmentation Representation Learning",
    author = "Peng, Nanyun  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2025",
    pages = "149--155",
}
@inproceedings{ramisch-etal-2016-naked,
    title = "How Naked is the Naked Truth? A Multilingual Lexicon of Nominal Compound Compositionality",
    author = "Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Cordeiro, Silvio  and
      Zilio, Leonardo  and
      Idiart, Marco  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2026",
    pages = "156--161",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-2016-open,
    title = "An Open Web Platform for Rule-Based Speech-to-Sign Translation",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Ebling, Sarah  and
      Gerlach, Johanna  and
      Strasly, Irene  and
      Tsourakis, Nikos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2027",
    pages = "162--168",
}
@inproceedings{schulz-etal-2016-word,
    title = "Word Alignment without {NULL} Words",
    author = "Schulz, Philip  and
      Aziz, Wilker  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2028",
    pages = "169--174",
}
@inproceedings{varjokallio-klakow-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised morph segmentation and statistical language models for vocabulary expansion",
    author = "Varjokallio, Matti  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2029",
    pages = "175--180",
}
@inproceedings{vincze-etal-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Mild Cognitive Impairment by Exploiting Linguistic Information from Transcripts",
    author = "Vincze, Veronika  and
      Gosztolya, G{\'a}bor  and
      T{\'o}th, L{\'a}szl{\'o}  and
      Hoffmann, Ildik{\'o}  and
      Szatl{\'o}czki, Gr{\'e}ta  and
      B{\'a}nr{\'e}ti, Zolt{\'a}n  and
      P{\'a}k{\'a}ski, Magdolna  and
      K{\'a}lm{\'a}n, J{\'a}nos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2030",
    pages = "181--187",
}
@inproceedings{vulic-etal-2016-multi,
    title = "Multi-Modal Representations for Improved Bilingual Lexicon Learning",
    author = "Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Kiela, Douwe  and
      Clark, Stephen  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2031",
    pages = "188--194",
}
@inproceedings{wei-etal-2016-post,
    title = "Is This Post Persuasive? Ranking Argumentative Comments in Online Forum",
    author = "Wei, Zhongyu  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Li, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2032",
    pages = "195--200",
}
@inproceedings{yih-etal-2016-value,
    title = "The Value of Semantic Parse Labeling for Knowledge Base Question Answering",
    author = "Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Richardson, Matthew  and
      Meek, Chris  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Suh, Jina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2033",
    pages = "201--206",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2016-attention,
    title = "Attention-Based Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Networks for Relation Classification",
    author = "Zhou, Peng  and
      Shi, Wei  and
      Tian, Jun  and
      Qi, Zhenyu  and
      Li, Bingchen  and
      Hao, Hongwei  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2034",
    pages = "207--212",
}
@inproceedings{lazaridou-etal-2016-red,
    title = "The red one!: On learning to refer to things based on discriminative properties",
    author = "Lazaridou, Angeliki  and
      Pham, Nghia The  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2035",
    pages = "213--218",
}
@inproceedings{vo-zhang-2016-dont,
    title = "Don{'}t Count, Predict! An Automatic Approach to Learning Sentiment Lexicons for Short Text",
    author = "Vo, Duy Tin  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2036",
    pages = "219--224",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-dimensional,
    title = "Dimensional Sentiment Analysis Using a Regional {CNN}-{LSTM} Model",
    author = "Wang, Jin  and
      Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Lai, K. Robert  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2037",
    pages = "225--230",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-goldberg-2016-deep,
    title = "Deep multi-task learning with low level tasks supervised at lower layers",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2038",
    pages = "231--235",
}
@inproceedings{tomori-etal-2016-domain,
    title = "Domain Specific Named Entity Recognition Referring to the Real World by Deep Neural Networks",
    author = "Tomori, Suzushi  and
      Ninomiya, Takashi  and
      Mori, Shinsuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2039",
    pages = "236--242",
}
@inproceedings{saldanha-etal-2016-entity,
    title = "An Entity-Focused Approach to Generating Company Descriptions",
    author = "Saldanha, Gavin  and
      Biran, Or  and
      McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Gliozzo, Alfio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2040",
    pages = "243--248",
}
@inproceedings{levy-dagan-2016-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Relation Inference in Context via Question Answering",
    author = "Levy, Omer  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2041",
    pages = "249--255",
}
@inproceedings{koper-schulte-im-walde-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Semantic Classification of {G}erman Preposition Types: Comparing Hard and Soft Clustering Approaches across Features",
    author = {K{\"o}per, Maximilian  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2042",
    pages = "256--263",
}
@inproceedings{gkatzia-etal-2016-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Generation enhances human decision-making with uncertain information",
    author = "Gkatzia, Dimitra  and
      Lemon, Oliver  and
      Rieser, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2043",
    pages = "264--268",
}
@inproceedings{dhingra-etal-2016-tweet2vec,
    title = "{T}weet2{V}ec: Character-Based Distributed Representations for Social Media",
    author = "Dhingra, Bhuwan  and
      Zhou, Zhong  and
      Fitzpatrick, Dylan  and
      Muehl, Michael  and
      Cohen, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2044",
    pages = "269--274",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-Level Combination of {SMT} and {TM} Using Constrained Word Lattice",
    author = "Li, Liangyou  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2045",
    pages = "275--280",
}
@inproceedings{pal-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "A Neural Network based Approach to Automatic Post-Editing",
    author = "Pal, Santanu  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      Vela, Mihaela  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2046",
    pages = "281--286",
}
@inproceedings{jalili-sabet-etal-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Method for Automatic Translation Memory Cleaning",
    author = "Jalili Sabet, Masoud  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Barbu, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2047",
    pages = "287--292",
}
@inproceedings{peter-etal-2016-exponentially,
    title = "Exponentially Decaying Bag-of-Words Input Features for Feed-Forward Neural Network in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Peter, Jan-Thorsten  and
      Wang, Weiyue  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2048",
    pages = "293--298",
}
@inproceedings{stahlberg-etal-2016-syntactically,
    title = "Syntactically Guided Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Stahlberg, Felix  and
      Hasler, Eva  and
      Waite, Aurelien  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2049",
    pages = "299--305",
}
@inproceedings{hendrickx-etal-2016-quaffable,
    title = "Very quaffable and great fun: Applying {NLP} to wine reviews",
    author = "Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Lefever, Els  and
      Croijmans, Ilja  and
      Majid, Asifa  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2050",
    pages = "306--312",
}
@inproceedings{flekova-etal-2016-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Stylistic Variation with Age and Income on Twitter",
    author = "Flekova, Lucie  and
      Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2051",
    pages = "313--319",
}
@inproceedings{ruan-etal-2016-finding,
    title = "Finding Optimists and Pessimists on Twitter",
    author = "Ruan, Xianzhi  and
      Wilson, Steven  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2052",
    pages = "320--325",
}
@inproceedings{clinchant-etal-2016-transductive,
    title = "Transductive Adaptation of Black Box Predictions",
    author = "Clinchant, St{\'e}phane  and
      Chidlovskii, Boris  and
      Csurka, Gabriela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2053",
    pages = "326--331",
}
@inproceedings{kozareva-yamada-2016-tumblr,
    title = "Which Tumblr Post Should {I} Read Next?",
    author = "Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Yamada, Makoto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2054",
    pages = "332--336",
}
@inproceedings{bingel-sogaard-2016-text,
    title = "Text Simplification as Tree Labeling",
    author = "Bingel, Joachim  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2055",
    pages = "337--343",
}
@inproceedings{brooke-etal-2016-bootstrapped,
    title = "Bootstrapped Text-level Named Entity Recognition for Literature",
    author = "Brooke, Julian  and
      Hammond, Adam  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2056",
    pages = "344--350",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-2016-enemy,
    title = "The Enemy in Your Own Camp: How Well Can We Detect Statistically-Generated Fake Reviews {--} An Adversarial Study",
    author = "Hovy, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2057",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2057",
    pages = "351--356",
}
@inproceedings{costa-jussa-fonollosa-2016-character,
    title = "Character-based Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2058",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2058",
    pages = "357--361",
}
@inproceedings{elgohary-carpuat-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Monolingual Compositional Representations via Bilingual Supervision",
    author = "Elgohary, Ahmed  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2059",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2059",
    pages = "362--368",
}
@inproceedings{ghaeini-etal-2016-event,
    title = "Event Nugget Detection with Forward-Backward Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Ghaeini, Reza  and
      Fern, Xiaoli  and
      Huang, Liang  and
      Tadepalli, Prasad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2060",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2060",
    pages = "369--373",
}
@inproceedings{zukov-gregoric-etal-2016-ibc,
    title = "{IBC}-C: A Dataset for Armed Conflict Analysis",
    author = "{\v{Z}}ukov-Gregori{\v{c}}, Andrej  and
      Luo, Zhiyuan  and
      Veyhe, Bartal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2061",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2061",
    pages = "374--379",
}
@inproceedings{hu-tsujii-2016-latent,
    title = "A Latent Concept Topic Model for Robust Topic Inference Using Word Embeddings",
    author = "Hu, Weihua  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2062",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2062",
    pages = "380--386",
}
@inproceedings{ling-etal-2016-word,
    title = "Word Embeddings with Limited Memory",
    author = "Ling, Shaoshi  and
      Song, Yangqiu  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2063",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2063",
    pages = "387--392",
}
@inproceedings{lukasik-etal-2016-hawkes,
    title = "{H}awkes Processes for Continuous Time Sequence Classification: an Application to Rumour Stance Classification in Twitter",
    author = "Lukasik, Michal  and
      Srijith, P. K.  and
      Vu, Duy  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Zubiaga, Arkaitz  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2064",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2064",
    pages = "393--398",
}
@inproceedings{mihaylov-nakov-2016-hunting,
    title = "Hunting for Troll Comments in News Community Forums",
    author = "Mihaylov, Todor  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2065",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2065",
    pages = "399--405",
}
@inproceedings{nishino-etal-2016-phrase,
    title = "Phrase Table Pruning via Submodular Function Maximization",
    author = "Nishino, Masaaki  and
      Suzuki, Jun  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2066",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2066",
    pages = "406--411",
}
@inproceedings{plank-etal-2016-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Part-of-Speech Tagging with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Models and Auxiliary Loss",
    author = "Plank, Barbara  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2067",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2067",
    pages = "412--418",
}
@inproceedings{salle-etal-2016-matrix,
    title = "Matrix Factorization using Window Sampling and Negative Sampling for Improved Word Representations",
    author = "Salle, Alexandre  and
      Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Idiart, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2068",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2068",
    pages = "419--424",
}
@inproceedings{vilares-etal-2016-one,
    title = "One model, two languages: training bilingual parsers with harmonized treebanks",
    author = "Vilares, David  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos  and
      Alonso, Miguel A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2069",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2069",
    pages = "425--431",
}
@inproceedings{webster-nothman-2016-using,
    title = "Using mention accessibility to improve coreference resolution",
    author = "Webster, Kellie  and
      Nothman, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2070",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2070",
    pages = "432--437",
}
@inproceedings{woods-2016-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Linguistic Features for Sentence Completion",
    author = "Woods, Aubrie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2071",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2071",
    pages = "438--442",
}
@inproceedings{xu-reitter-2016-convergence,
    title = "Convergence of Syntactic Complexity in Conversation",
    author = "Xu, Yang  and
      Reitter, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2072",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2072",
    pages = "443--448",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2016-user,
    title = "User Embedding for Scholarly Microblog Recommendation",
    author = "Yu, Yang  and
      Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Zhou, Xinjie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2073",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2073",
    pages = "449--453",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2016-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Distributional Lexical Contrast into Word Embeddings for Antonym-Synonym Distinction",
    author = "Nguyen, Kim Anh  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2074",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2074",
    pages = "454--459",
}
@inproceedings{guzman-etal-2016-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation Evaluation Meets Community Question Answering",
    author = "Guzm{\'a}n, Francisco  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2075",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2075",
    pages = "460--466",
}
@inproceedings{sachan-etal-2016-science,
    title = "Science Question Answering using Instructional Materials",
    author = "Sachan, Mrinmaya  and
      Dubey, Kumar  and
      Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2076",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2076",
    pages = "467--473",
}
@inproceedings{stanovsky-etal-2016-specifying,
    title = "Specifying and Annotating Reduced Argument Span Via {QA}-{SRL}",
    author = "Stanovsky, Gabriel  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Adler, Meni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2077",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2077",
    pages = "474--478",
}
@inproceedings{fang-teufel-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Argument Overlap for Proposition-Based Summarisation",
    author = "Fang, Yimai  and
      Teufel, Simone",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2078",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2078",
    pages = "479--485",
}
@inproceedings{sachan-xing-2016-machine,
    title = "Machine Comprehension using Rich Semantic Representations",
    author = "Sachan, Mrinmaya  and
      Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2079",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2079",
    pages = "486--492",
}
@inproceedings{oshikiri-etal-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Word Representations via Spectral Graph Embeddings",
    author = "Oshikiri, Takamasa  and
      Fukui, Kazuki  and
      Shimodaira, Hidetoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2080",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2080",
    pages = "493--498",
}
@inproceedings{rodriguez-fernandez-etal-2016-semantics,
    title = "Semantics-Driven Recognition of Collocations Using Word Embeddings",
    author = "Rodr{\'\i}guez-Fern{\'a}ndez, Sara  and
      Espinosa-Anke, Luis  and
      Carlini, Roberto  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2081",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2081",
    pages = "499--505",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-araki-2016-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Relational Knowledge into Word Representations using Subspace Regularization",
    author = "Kumar, Abhishek  and
      Araki, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2082",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2082",
    pages = "506--511",
}
@inproceedings{rothe-schutze-2016-word,
    title = "Word Embedding Calculus in Meaningful Ultradense Subspaces",
    author = {Rothe, Sascha  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2083",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2083",
    pages = "512--517",
}
@inproceedings{vulic-korhonen-2016-universal,
    title = "Is {``}Universal Syntax{''} Universally Useful for Learning Distributed Word Representations?",
    author = "Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2084",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2084",
    pages = "518--524",
}
@inproceedings{bilu-slonim-2016-claim,
    title = "Claim Synthesis via Predicate Recycling",
    author = "Bilu, Yonatan  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2085",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2085",
    pages = "525--530",
}
@inproceedings{yung-etal-2016-modelling,
    title = "Modelling the Interpretation of Discourse Connectives by {B}ayesian Pragmatics",
    author = "Yung, Frances  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Komura, Taku  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2086",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2086",
    pages = "531--536",
}
@inproceedings{batmanghelich-etal-2016-nonparametric,
    title = "Nonparametric Spherical Topic Modeling with Word Embeddings",
    author = "Batmanghelich, Kayhan  and
      Saeedi, Ardavan  and
      Narasimhan, Karthik  and
      Gershman, Sam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2087",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2087",
    pages = "537--542",
}
@inproceedings{morstatter-liu-2016-novel,
    title = "A Novel Measure for Coherence in Statistical Topic Models",
    author = "Morstatter, Fred  and
      Liu, Huan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2088",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2088",
    pages = "543--548",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-etal-2016-coarse,
    title = "Coarse-grained Argumentation Features for Scoring Persuasive Essays",
    author = "Ghosh, Debanjan  and
      Khanam, Aquila  and
      Han, Yubo  and
      Muresan, Smaranda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2089",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2089",
    pages = "549--554",
}
@inproceedings{kann-schutze-2016-single,
    title = "Single-Model Encoder-Decoder with Explicit Morphological Representation for Reinflection",
    author = {Kann, Katharina  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2090",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2090",
    pages = "555--560",
}
@inproceedings{johannsen-etal-2016-joint,
    title = "Joint part-of-speech and dependency projection from multiple sources",
    author = "Johannsen, Anders  and
      Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2091",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2091",
    pages = "561--566",
}
@inproceedings{xu-sun-2016-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-based Gated Recursive Neural Network for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Xu, Jingjing  and
      Sun, Xu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2092",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2092",
    pages = "567--572",
}
@inproceedings{legrand-collobert-2016-deep,
    title = "Deep Neural Networks for Syntactic Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = {Legrand, Jo{\"e}l  and
      Collobert, Ronan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2093",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2093",
    pages = "573--578",
}
@inproceedings{barrett-etal-2016-weakly,
    title = "Weakly Supervised Part-of-speech Tagging Using Eye-tracking Data",
    author = "Barrett, Maria  and
      Bingel, Joachim  and
      Keller, Frank  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2094",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2094",
    pages = "579--584",
}
@inproceedings{logacheva-etal-2016-metrics,
    title = "Metrics for Evaluation of Word-level Machine Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Logacheva, Varvara  and
      Lukasik, Michal  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2095",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2095",
    pages = "585--590",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-spruit-2016-social,
    title = "The Social Impact of Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Hovy, Dirk  and
      Spruit, Shannon L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2096",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2096",
    pages = "591--598",
}
@inproceedings{list-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using Sequence Similarity Networks to Identify Partial Cognates in Multilingual Wordlists",
    author = "List, Johann-Mattis  and
      Lopez, Philippe  and
      Bapteste, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-2097",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-2097",
    pages = "599--605",
}
@proceedings{acl-2016-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    author = "He, He  and
      Lei, Tao  and
      Roberts, Will",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3",
}
@inproceedings{kodaira-etal-2016-controlled,
    title = "Controlled and Balanced Dataset for {J}apanese Lexical Simplification",
    author = "Kodaira, Tomonori  and
      Kajiwara, Tomoyuki  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3001",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{otsuki-etal-2016-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Forest based Word Alignment",
    author = "Otsuki, Hitoshi  and
      Chu, Chenhui  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3002",
    pages = "8--14",
}
@inproceedings{benzschawel-2016-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Potential Adverse Drug Events in Tweets Using Bootstrapped Lexicons",
    author = "Benzschawel, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3003",
    pages = "15--21",
}
@inproceedings{matsuo-etal-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating Natural Language Descriptions for Semantic Representations of Human Brain Activity",
    author = "Matsuo, Eri  and
      Kobayashi, Ichiro  and
      Nishimoto, Shinji  and
      Nishida, Satoshi  and
      Asoh, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3004",
    pages = "22--29",
}
@inproceedings{lam-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Twitter Community Detection through Contextual Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Lam, Alron Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3005",
    pages = "30--36",
}
@inproceedings{v-v-sharma-2016-significance,
    title = "Significance of an Accurate Sandhi-Splitter in Shallow Parsing of {D}ravidian Languages",
    author = "V V, Devadath  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3006",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{llewellyn-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Topic Model Clustering of Newspaper Comments for Summarisation",
    author = "Llewellyn, Clare  and
      Grover, Claire  and
      Oberlander, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3007",
    pages = "43--50",
}
@inproceedings{tobaili-2016-arabizi,
    title = "{A}rabizi Identification in Twitter Data",
    author = "Tobaili, Taha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3008",
    pages = "51--57",
}
@inproceedings{milajevs-etal-2016-robust,
    title = "Robust Co-occurrence Quantification for Lexical Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Milajevs, Dmitrijs  and
      Sadrzadeh, Mehrnoosh  and
      Purver, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3009",
    pages = "58--64",
}
@inproceedings{haagsma-2016-singleton,
    title = "Singleton Detection using Word Embeddings and Neural Networks",
    author = "Haagsma, Hessel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3010",
    pages = "65--71",
}
@inproceedings{fares-2016-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset for Joint Noun-Noun Compound Bracketing and Interpretation",
    author = "Fares, Murhaf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3011",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{moradiannasab-2016-investigation,
    title = "An Investigation on The Effectiveness of Employing Topic Modeling Techniques to Provide Topic Awareness For Conversational Agents",
    author = "Moradiannasab, Omid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3012",
    pages = "80--85",
}
@inproceedings{kriz-hladka-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Dependency Parsing Using Sentence Clause Charts",
    author = "Kr{\'\i}{\v{z}}, Vincent  and
      Hladk{\'a}, Barbora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3013",
    pages = "86--92",
}
@inproceedings{muszynska-2016-graph,
    title = "Graph- and surface-level sentence chunking",
    author = "Muszy{\'n}ska, Ewa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3014",
    pages = "93--99",
}
@inproceedings{mehta-2016-extractive,
    title = "From Extractive to Abstractive Summarization: A Journey",
    author = "Mehta, Parth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3015",
    pages = "100--106",
}
@inproceedings{abercrombie-hovy-2016-putting,
    title = "Putting Sarcasm Detection into Context: The Effects of Class Imbalance and Manual Labelling on Supervised Machine Classification of Twitter Conversations",
    author = "Abercrombie, Gavin  and
      Hovy, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3016",
    pages = "107--113",
}
@inproceedings{daks-clark-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Authorial Clustering Based on Syntactic Structure",
    author = "Daks, Alon  and
      Clark, Aidan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3017",
    pages = "114--118",
}
@inproceedings{negi-2016-suggestion,
    title = "Suggestion Mining from Opinionated Text",
    author = "Negi, Sapna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3018",
    pages = "119--125",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2016-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Cross-lingual Model for Sentence Classification Using Convolutional Neural Network",
    author = "Xia, Yandi  and
      Wei, Zhongyu  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3019",
    pages = "126--131",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2016-qa,
    title = "{QA}-It: Classifying Non-Referential It for Question Answer Pairs",
    author = "Lee, Timothy  and
      Lutz, Alex  and
      Choi, Jinho D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3020",
    pages = "132--137",
}
@inproceedings{jargalsaikhan-etal-2016-building,
    title = "Building a Corpus for {J}apanese Wikification with Fine-Grained Entity Classes",
    author = "Jargalsaikhan, Davaajav  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Matsuda, Koji  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3021",
    pages = "138--144",
}
@inproceedings{jindal-2016-personalized,
    title = "A Personalized {M}arkov Clustering and Deep Learning Approach for {A}rabic Text Categorization",
    author = "Jindal, Vasu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2016 Student Research Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-3022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-3022",
    pages = "145--151",
}
@proceedings{acl-2016-acl-2016,
    title = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    author = "Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4",
}
@inproceedings{akbik-li-2016-polyglot,
    title = "{POLYGLOT}: Multilingual Semantic Role Labeling with Unified Labels",
    author = "Akbik, Alan  and
      Li, Yunyao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{chinkina-etal-2016-online,
    title = "Online Information Retrieval for Language Learning",
    author = "Chinkina, Maria  and
      Kannan, Madeeswaran  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{cram-daille-2016-terminology,
    title = "Terminology Extraction with Term Variant Detection",
    author = "Cram, Damien  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4003",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{ernst-etal-2016-deeplife,
    title = "{D}eep{L}ife: An Entity-aware Search, Analytics and Exploration Platform for Health and Life Sciences",
    author = "Ernst, Patrick  and
      Siu, Amy  and
      Milchevski, Dragan  and
      Hoffart, Johannes  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4004",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{ge-etal-2016-visualizing,
    title = "Visualizing and Curating Knowledge Graphs over Time and Space",
    author = "Ge, Tong  and
      Wang, Yafang  and
      de Melo, Gerard  and
      Li, Haofeng  and
      Chen, Baoquan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4005",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{georgi-etal-2016-web,
    title = "A Web-framework for {ODIN} Annotation",
    author = "Georgi, Ryan  and
      Goodman, Michael Wayne  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4006",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{hennig-etal-2016-real,
    title = "Real-Time Discovery and Geospatial Visualization of Mobility and Industry Events from Large-Scale, Heterogeneous Data Streams",
    author = "Hennig, Leonhard  and
      Thomas, Philippe  and
      Ai, Renlong  and
      Kirschnick, Johannes  and
      Wang, He  and
      Pannier, Jakob  and
      Zimmermann, Nora  and
      Schmeier, Sven  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Ostwald, Jan  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4007",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{jalalvand-etal-2016-transcrater,
    title = "{T}ransc{R}ater: a Tool for Automatic Speech Recognition Quality Estimation",
    author = "Jalalvand, Shahab  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      C. de Souza, Jos{\'e} G.  and
      Falavigna, Daniele  and
      Qwaider, Mohammed R. H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4008",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{jalili-sabet-etal-2016-tmop,
    title = "{TM}op: a Tool for Unsupervised Translation Memory Cleaning",
    author = "Jalili Sabet, Masoud  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      C. de Souza, Jos{\'e} G.  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4009",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{kiela-2016-mmfeat,
    title = "{MMF}eat: A Toolkit for Extracting Multi-Modal Features",
    author = "Kiela, Douwe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4010",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@inproceedings{kirschnick-etal-2016-jedi,
    title = "{JEDI}: Joint Entity and Relation Detection using Type Inference",
    author = "Kirschnick, Johannes  and
      Hemsen, Holmer  and
      Markl, Volker",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4011",
    pages = "61--66",
}
@inproceedings{lison-kennington-2016-opendial,
    title = "{O}pen{D}ial: A Toolkit for Developing Spoken Dialogue Systems with Probabilistic Rules",
    author = "Lison, Pierre  and
      Kennington, Casey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4012",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@inproceedings{litvak-etal-2016-museec,
    title = "{MUSEEC}: A Multilingual Text Summarization Tool",
    author = "Litvak, Marina  and
      Vanetik, Natalia  and
      Last, Mark  and
      Churkin, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4013",
    pages = "73--78",
}
@inproceedings{madnani-etal-2016-language,
    title = "Language Muse: Automated Linguistic Activity Generation for {E}nglish Language Learners",
    author = "Madnani, Nitin  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Sabatini, John  and
      Biggers, Kietha  and
      Andreyev, Slava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4014",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-gomez-etal-2016-ccg2lambda,
    title = "ccg2lambda: A Compositional Semantics System",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez-G{\'o}mez, Pascual  and
      Mineshima, Koji  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Bekki, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4015",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@inproceedings{massung-etal-2016-meta,
    title = "{M}e{TA}: A Unified Toolkit for Text Retrieval and Analysis",
    author = "Massung, Sean  and
      Geigle, Chase  and
      Zhai, ChengXiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4016",
    pages = "91--96",
}
@inproceedings{meyer-etal-2016-mdswriter,
    title = "{MDSW}riter: Annotation Tool for Creating High-Quality Multi-Document Summarization Corpora",
    author = "Meyer, Christian M.  and
      Benikova, Darina  and
      Mieskes, Margot  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4017",
    pages = "97--102",
}
@inproceedings{noji-miyao-2016-jigg,
    title = "{J}igg: A Framework for an Easy Natural Language Processing Pipeline",
    author = "Noji, Hiroshi  and
      Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4018",
    pages = "103--108",
}
@inproceedings{ploch-etal-2016-advanced,
    title = "An Advanced Press Review System Combining Deep News Analysis and Machine Learning Algorithms",
    author = "Ploch, Danuta  and
      Lommatzsch, Andreas  and
      Schultze, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4019",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{lee-luo-2016-personalized,
    title = "Personalized Exercises for Preposition Learning",
    author = "Lee, John  and
      Luo, Mengqi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4020",
    pages = "115--120",
}
@inproceedings{pradhan-etal-2016-science,
    title = "My Science {T}utor{---}{L}earning Science with a Conversational Virtual Tutor",
    author = "Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Cole, Ron  and
      Ward, Wayne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4021",
    pages = "121--126",
}
@inproceedings{rahimi-etal-2016-pigeo,
    title = "pigeo: A Python Geotagging Tool",
    author = "Rahimi, Afshin  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4022",
    pages = "127--132",
}
@inproceedings{renduchintala-etal-2016-creating,
    title = "Creating Interactive Macaronic Interfaces for Language Learning",
    author = "Renduchintala, Adithya  and
      Knowles, Rebecca  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4023",
    pages = "133--138",
}
@inproceedings{sayeed-etal-2016-roleo,
    title = "{R}oleo: Visualising Thematic Fit Spaces on the Web",
    author = "Sayeed, Asad  and
      Hong, Xudong  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4024",
    pages = "139--144",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-2016-mediagist,
    title = "{M}edia{G}ist: A Cross-lingual Analyser of Aggregated News and Commentaries",
    author = "Steinberger, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4025",
    pages = "145--150",
}
@inproceedings{tixier-etal-2016-gowvis,
    title = "{G}o{W}vis: A Web Application for Graph-of-Words-based Text Visualization and Summarization",
    author = "Tixier, Antoine  and
      Skianis, Konstantinos  and
      Vazirgiannis, Michalis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4026",
    pages = "151--156",
}
@inproceedings{uryupina-etal-2016-limosine,
    title = "{L}i{M}o{SIN}e Pipeline: Multilingual {UIMA}-based {NLP} Platform",
    author = "Uryupina, Olga  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      Barlacchi, Gianni  and
      Valverde Albacete, Francisco J.  and
      Tsagkias, Manos  and
      Uva, Antonio  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4027",
    pages = "157--162",
}
@inproceedings{yimam-etal-2016-new,
    title = "new/s/leak {--} Information Extraction and Visualization for Investigative Data Journalists",
    author = "Yimam, Seid Muhie  and
      Ulrich, Heiner  and
      von Landesberger, Tatiana  and
      Rosenbach, Marcel  and
      Regneri, Michaela  and
      Panchenko, Alexander  and
      Lehmann, Franziska  and
      Fahrer, Uli  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Ballweg, Kathrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL}-2016 System Demonstrations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-4028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P16-4028",
    pages = "163--168",
}
@inproceedings{elliott-etal-2016-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Learning and Reasoning",
    author = "Elliott, Desmond  and
      Kiela, Douwe  and
      Lazaridou, Angeliki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Natural Language Processing has broadened in scope to tackle more and more challenging language understanding and reasoning tasks. The core NLP tasks remain predominantly unimodal, focusing on linguistic input, despite the fact that we, humans, acquire and use language while communicating in perceptually rich environments. Moving towards human-level AI will require the integration and modeling of multiple modalities beyond language. With this tutorial, our aim is to introduce researchers to the areas of NLP that have dealt with multimodal signals. The key advantage of using multimodal signals in NLP tasks is the complementarity of the data in different modalities. For example, we are less likely to nd descriptions of yellow bananas or wooden chairs in text corpora, but these visual attributes can be readily extracted directly from images. Multimodal signals, such as visual, auditory or olfactory data, have proven useful for models of word similarity and relatedness, automatic image and video description, and even predicting the associated smells of words. Finally, multimodality offers a practical opportunity to study and apply multitask learning, a general machine learning paradigm that improves generalization performance of a task by using training signals of other related tasks.All material associated to the tutorial will be available at http://multimodalnlp.github.io/",
}
@inproceedings{slonim-etal-2016-nlp,
    title = "NLP Approaches to Computational Argumentation",
    author = "Slonim, Noam  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Reed, Chris  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Argumentation and debating represent primary intellectual activities of the human mind. People in all societies argue and debate, not only to convince others of their own opinions but also in order to explore the differences between multiple perspectives and conceptualizations, and to learn from this exploration. The process of reaching a resolution on controversial topics typically does not follow a simple sequence of purely logical steps. Rather it involves a wide variety of complex and interwoven actions. Presumably, pros and cons are identified, considered, and weighed, via cognitive processes that often involve persuasion and emotions, which are inherently harder to formalize from a computational perspective.This wide range of conceptual capabilities and activities, have only in part been studied in fields like CL and NLP, and typically within relatively small sub-communities that overlap the ACL audience. The new field of Computational Argumentation has very recently seen significant expansion within the CL and NLP community as new techniques and datasets start to become available, allowing for the first time investigation of the computational aspects of human argumentation in a holistic manner. The main goal of this tutorial would be to introduce this rapidly evolving field to the CL community. Specifically, we will aim to review recent advances in the field and to outline the challenging research questions - that are most relevant to the ACL audience - that naturally arise when trying to model human argumentation.We will further emphasize the practical value of this line of study, by considering real-world CL and NLP applications that are expected to emerge from this research, and to impact various industries, including legal, finance, healthcare, media, and education, to name just a few examples.The first part of the tutorial will provide introduction to the basics of argumentation and rhetoric. Next, we will cover fundamental analysis tasks in Computational Argumentation, including argumentation mining, revealing argument relations, assessing arguments quality, stance classification, polarity analysis, and more. After the coffee break, we will first review existing resources and recently introduced benchmark data. In the following part we will cover basic synthesis tasks in Computational Argumentation, including the relation to NLG and dialogue systems, and the evolving area of Debate Technologies, defined as technologies developed directly to enhance, support, and engage with human debating. Finally, we will present relevant demos, review potential applications, and discuss the future of this emerging field.",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-2016-computer,
    title = "Computer Aided Translation",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Moving beyond post-editing machine translation, a number of recent research efforts have advanced computer aided translation methods that allow for more interactivity, richer information such as confidence scores, and the completed feedback loop of instant adaptation of machine translation models to user translations. This tutorial will explain the main techniques for several aspects of computer aided translation: confidence measures;interactive machine translation (interactive translation prediction);bilingual concordancers;translation option display;paraphrasing (alternative translation suggestions);visualization of word alignment;online adaptation;automatic reviewing;integration of translation memory;eye tracking, logging, and cognitive user models;For each of these, the state of the art and open challenges are presented. The tutorial will also look under the hood of the open source CASMACAT toolkit that is based on MATECAT, and available as a ``Home Edition'' to be installed on a desktop machine. The target audience of this tutorials are researchers interested in computer aided machine translation and practitioners who want to use or deploy advanced CAT technology.",
}
@inproceedings{camacho-collados-etal-2016-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Representations of Word Senses and Concepts",
    author = "Camacho-Collados, Jos{\'e}  and
      Iacobacci, Ignacio  and
      Navigli, Chris  and
      Taher Pilehvar, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Representing the semantics of linguistic items in a machine {\-}interpretable form has been a major goal of Natural Language Processing since its earliest days. Among the range of different linguistic items, words have attracted the most research attention. However, word representations have an important limitation: they conflate different meanings of a word into a single vector. Representations of word senses have the potential to overcome this inherent limitation. Indeed, the representation of individual word senses and concepts has recently gained in popularity with several experimental results showing that a considerable performance improvement can be achieved across different NLP applications upon moving from word level to the deeper sense and concept levels. Another interesting point regarding the representation of concepts and word senses is that these models can be seamlessly applied to other linguistic items, such as words, phrases, sentences, etc.This tutorial will first provide a brief overview of the recent literature concerning word representation (both count based and neural network based). It will then describe the advantages of moving from the word level to the deeper level of word senses and concepts, providing an extensive review of state {\-}of {\-}the {\-}art systems. Approaches covered will not only include those which draw upon knowledge resources such as WordNet, Wikipedia, BabelNet or FreeBase as reference, but also the so {\-}called multi {\-}prototype approaches which learn sense distinctions by using different clustering techniques. Our tutorial will discuss the advantages and potential limitations of all approaches, showing their most successful applications to date. We will conclude by presenting current open problems and lines of future work.",
}
@inproceedings{luong-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Luong, Thang  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is a simple new architecture for getting machines to learn to translate. Despite being relatively new (Kalchbrenner and Blunsom, 2013; Cho et al., 2014; Sutskever et al., 2014), NMT has already shown promising results, achieving state-of-the-art performances for various language pairs (Luong et al, 2015a; Jean et al, 2015; Luong et al, 2015b; Sennrich et al., 2016; Luong and Manning, 2016). While many of these NMT papers were presented to the ACL community, research and practice of NMT are only at their beginning stage. This tutorial would be a great opportunity for the whole community of machine translation and natural language processing to learn more about a very promising new approach to MT. This tutorial has four parts.In the first part, we start with an overview of MT approaches, including: (a) traditional methods that have been dominant over the past twenty years and (b) recent hybrid models with the use of neural network components. From these, we motivate why an end-to-end approach like neural machine translation is needed. The second part introduces a basic instance of NMT. We start out with a discussion of recurrent neural networks, including the back-propagation-through-time algorithm and stochastic gradient descent optimizers, as these are the foundation on which NMT builds. We then describe in detail the basic sequence-to-sequence architecture of NMT (Cho et al., 2014; Sutskever et al., 2014), the maximum likelihood training approach, and a simple beam-search decoder to produce translations.The third part of our tutorial describes techniques to build state-of-the-art NMT. We start with approaches to extend the vocabulary coverage of NMT (Luong et al., 2015a; Jean et al., 2015; Chitnis and DeNero, 2015). We then introduce the idea of jointly learning both translations and alignments through an attention mechanism (Bahdanau et al., 2015); other variants of attention (Luong et al., 2015b; Tu et al., 2016) are discussed too. We describe a recent trend in NMT, that is to translate at the sub-word level (Chung et al., 2016; Luong and Manning, 2016; Sennrich et al., 2016), so that language variations can be effectively handled. We then give tips on training and testing NMT systems such as batching and ensembling. In the final part of the tutorial, we briefly describe promising approaches, such as (a) how to combine multiple tasks to help translation (Dong et al., 2015; Luong et al., 2016; Firat et al., 2016; Zoph and Knight, 2016) and (b) how to utilize monolingual corpora (Sennrich et al., 2016). Lastly, we conclude with challenges remained to be solved for future NMT.PS: we would also like to acknowledge the very first paper by Forcada and {\~N}eco (1997) on sequence-to-sequence models for translation!",
}
@inproceedings{tripodi-pelillo-2016-game,
    title = "Game Theory and Natural Language: Origin, Evolution and Processing",
    author = "Tripodi, Rocco  and
      Pelillo, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "The development of game theory in the early 1940's by John von Neumann was a reaction against the then dominant view that problems in economic theory can be formulated using standard methods from optimization theory. Indeed, most real-world economic problems involve conflicting interactions among decision-making agents that cannot be adequately captured by a single (global) objective function. The main idea behind game theory is to shift the emphasis from optimality criteria to equilibrium conditions. Game theory provides a framework to model complex scenarios, with applications in economics and social science but also in different fields of information technology. With the recent development of algorithmic game theory, it has been used to solve problems in computer vision, pattern recognition, machine learning and natural language processing.Game-theoretic frameworks have been used in different ways to study language origin and evolution. Furthermore, the so-called game metaphor has been used by philosophers and linguists to explain how language evolved and how it works. Ludwig Wittgenstein, for example, famously introduced the concept of a language game to explain the conventional nature of language, and put forward the idea of the spontaneous formation of a common language that gradually emerges from the interactions among the speakers within a population.This concept opens the way to the interpretation of language as a complex adaptive system composed of linguistic units and their interactions, which gives rise to the emergence of structural properties. It is the core part of many computational models of language that are based on classical game theory and evolutionary game theory. With the former it is possible to model how speakers form a signaling system in which the ambiguity of the symbols is minimized; with the latter it is possible to model how speakers coordinate their linguistic choices according to the satisfaction that they have about the outcome of a communication act, converging to a common language. In the same vein, many other attempts have been proposed to explain how other characteristics of language follow similar dynamics.Game theory, and in particular evolutionary game theory, thanks to their ability to model interactive situations and to integrate information from multiple sources, have also been used to solve specific problems in natural language processing and information retrieval, such as language generation, word sense disambiguation and document and text clustering.The goal of this tutorial is to offer an introduction to the basic concepts of game theory and to show its main applications in the study of language, from different perspectives. We shall assume no pre-existing knowledge of game theory by the audience, thereby making the tutorial self-contained and understandable by a non-expert.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-wang-2016-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Short Texts",
    author = "Wang, Zhongyuan  and
      Wang, Haixun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Billions of short texts are produced every day, in the form of search queries, ad keywords, tags, tweets, messenger conversations, social network posts, etc. Unlike documents, short texts have some unique characteristics which make them difficult to handle. First, short texts, especially search queries, do not always observe the syntax of a written language. This means traditional NLP techniques, such as syntactic parsing, do not always apply to short texts. Second, short texts contain limited context. The majority of search queries contain less than 5 words, and tweets can have no more than 140 characters. Because of the above reasons, short texts give rise to a significant amount of ambiguity, which makes them extremely difficult to handle. On the other hand, many applications, including search engines, ads, automatic question answering, online advertising, recommendation systems, etc., rely on short text understanding. In all these applications, the necessary first step is to transform an input text into a machine-interpretable representation, namely to ``understand'' the short text. A growing number of approaches leverage external knowledge to address the issue of inadequate contextual information that accompanies the short texts. These approaches can be classified into two categories: Explicit Representation Model (ERM) and Implicit Representation Model (IRM). In this tutorial, we will present a comprehensive overview of short text understanding based on explicit semantics (knowledge graph representation, acquisition, and reasoning) and implicit semantics (embedding and deep learning). Specifically, we will go over various techniques in knowledge acquisition, representation, and inferencing has been proposed for text understanding, and we will describe massive structured and semi-structured data that have been made available in the recent decade that directly or indirectly encode human knowledge, turning the knowledge representation problems into a computational grand challenge with feasible solutions insight.",
}
@inproceedings{petruck-dodge-2016-metanet,
    title = "MetaNet: Repository, Identification System, and Applications",
    author = "Petruck, Miriam R L  and
      Dodge, Ellen K",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "The ubiquity of metaphor in language (Lakoff and Johnson 1980) has served as impetus for cognitive linguistic approaches to the study of language, mind, and the study of mind (e.g. Thibodeau {\&} Boroditsky 2011). While native speakers use metaphor naturally and easily, the treatment and interpretation of metaphor in computational systems remains challenging because such systems have not succeeded in developing ways to recognize the semantic elements that define metaphor. This tutorial demonstrates MetaNet's frame-based semantic analyses, and their informing of MetaNet's automatic metaphor identification system. Participants will gain a complete understanding of the theoretical basis and the practical workings of MetaNet, and acquire relevant information about the Frame Semantics basis of that knowledge base and the way that FrameNet handles the widespread phenomenon of metaphor in language. The tutorial is geared to researchers and practitioners of language technology, not necessarily experts in metaphor analysis or knowledgeable about either FrameNet or MetaNet, but who are interested in natural language processing tasks that involve automatic metaphor processing, or could benefit from exposure to tools and resources that support frame-based deep semantic, analyses of language, including metaphor as a widespread phenomenon in human language.",
}
@proceedings{acl-2002-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}
@inproceedings{eisner-2002-parameter,
    title = "Parameter Estimation for Probabilistic Finite-State Transducers",
    author = "Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073085",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{goodman-2002-sequential,
    title = "Sequential Conditional Generalized Iterative Scaling",
    author = "Goodman, Joshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073086",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{koller-striegnitz-2002-generation,
    title = "Generation as Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Striegnitz, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073088",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{gamon-etal-2002-machine,
    title = "Machine-learned contexts for linguistic operations in {G}erman sentence realization",
    author = "Gamon, Michael  and
      Ringger, Eric  and
      Corston-Oliver, Simon  and
      Moore, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073089",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{moldovan-etal-2002-performance,
    title = "Performance Issues and Error Analysis in an Open-Domain Question Answering System",
    author = "Moldovan, Dan  and
      Pasca, Marius  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073091",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{ravichandran-hovy-2002-learning,
    title = "Learning surface text patterns for a Question Answering System",
    author = "Ravichandran, Deepak  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073092",
    pages = "41--47",
}
@inproceedings{kuhn-2002-ot,
    title = "{OT} Syntax {--} Decidability of Generation-based Optimization",
    author = "Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073094",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{eisner-2002-phonological,
    title = "Phonological Comprehension and the Compilation of Optimality Theory",
    author = "Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073095",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{penn-2002-generalized,
    title = "Generalized Encoding of Description Spaces and its Application to Typed Feature Structures",
    author = "Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073096",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{schiehlen-2002-ellipsis,
    title = "Ellipsis Resolution with Underspecified Scope",
    author = "Schiehlen, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073097",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{byron-2002-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Pronominal Reference to Abstract Entities",
    author = "Byron, Donna K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073099",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{callaway-lester-2002-pronominalization,
    title = "Pronominalization in Generated Discourse and Dialogue",
    author = "Callaway, Charles B.  and
      Lester, James C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073100",
    pages = "88--95",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-2002-generating,
    title = "Generating Minimal Definite Descriptions",
    author = "Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073101",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@inproceedings{ng-cardie-2002-improving,
    title = "Improving Machine Learning Approaches to Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Ng, Vincent  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073102",
    pages = "104--111",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-satta-2002-parsing,
    title = "Parsing non-recursive {CFG}s",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073104",
    pages = "112--119",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2002-active,
    title = "Active Learning for Statistical Natural Language Parsing",
    author = "Tang, Min  and
      Luo, Xiaoqiang  and
      Roukos, Salim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073105",
    pages = "120--127",
}
@inproceedings{klein-manning-2002-generative,
    title = "A Generative Constituent-Context Model for Improved Grammar Induction",
    author = "Klein, Dan  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073106",
    pages = "128--135",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-2002-simple,
    title = "A Simple Pattern-matching Algorithm for Recovering Empty Nodes and their Antecedents",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073107",
    pages = "136--143",
}
@inproceedings{toutanova-moore-2002-pronunciation,
    title = "Pronunciation Modeling for Improved Spelling Correction",
    author = "Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Moore, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073109",
    pages = "144--151",
}
@inproceedings{clough-etal-2002-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Text Reuse",
    author = "Clough, Paul  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Piao, Scott S.L.  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073110",
    pages = "152--159",
}
@inproceedings{pakhomov-2002-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Maximum Entropy Based Approach to Acronym and Abbreviation Normalization in Medical Texts",
    author = "Pakhomov, Serguei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073111",
    pages = "160--167",
}
@inproceedings{cunningham-etal-2002-gate,
    title = "{GATE}: an Architecture for Development of Robust {HLT} applications",
    author = "Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Maynard, Diana  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Tablan, Valentin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073112",
    pages = "168--175",
}
@inproceedings{gao-zhang-2002-improving,
    title = "Improving Language Model Size Reduction using Better Pruning Criteria",
    author = "Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073114",
    pages = "176--182",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2002-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Asymmetric Clustering for Statistical Language Modeling",
    author = "Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Goodman, Joshua  and
      Cao, Guihong  and
      Li, Hang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073115",
    pages = "183--190",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2002-study,
    title = "A Study on Richer Syntactic Dependencies for Structured Language Modeling",
    author = "Xu, Peng  and
      Chelba, Ciprian  and
      Jelinek, Frederick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073116",
    pages = "191--198",
}
@inproceedings{genzel-charniak-2002-entropy,
    title = "Entropy Rate Constancy in Text",
    author = "Genzel, Dmitriy  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073117",
    pages = "199--206",
}
@inproceedings{merlo-etal-2002-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual Paradigm for Automatic Verb Classification",
    author = "Merlo, Paola  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne  and
      Tsang, Vivian  and
      Allaria, Gianluca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073119",
    pages = "207--214",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-etal-2002-verb,
    title = "Verb Paraphrase based on Case Frame Alignment",
    author = "Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Sato, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073120",
    pages = "215--222",
}
@inproceedings{schulte-im-walde-brew-2002-inducing,
    title = "Inducing {G}erman Semantic Verb Classes from Purely Syntactic Subcategorisation Information",
    author = "Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Brew, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073121",
    pages = "223--230",
}
@inproceedings{curran-moens-2002-scaling,
    title = "Scaling Context Space",
    author = "Curran, James  and
      Moens, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073123",
    pages = "231--238",
}
@inproceedings{gildea-palmer-2002-necessity,
    title = "The Necessity of Parsing for Predicate Argument Recognition",
    author = "Gildea, Daniel  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073124",
    pages = "239--246",
}
@inproceedings{rosario-etal-2002-descent,
    title = "The Descent of Hierarchy, and Selection in Relational Semantics",
    author = "Rosario, Barbara  and
      Hearst, Marti  and
      Fillmore, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073125",
    pages = "247--254",
}
@inproceedings{diab-resnik-2002-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Method for Word Sense Tagging using Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Diab, Mona  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073126",
    pages = "255--262",
}
@inproceedings{collins-duffy-2002-new,
    title = "New Ranking Algorithms for Parsing and Tagging: Kernels over Discrete Structures, and the Voted Perceptron",
    author = "Collins, Michael  and
      Duffy, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073128",
    pages = "263--270",
}
@inproceedings{riezler-etal-2002-parsing,
    title = "Parsing the Wall Street Journal using a Lexical-Functional Grammar and Discriminative Estimation Techniques",
    author = "Riezler, Stefan  and
      King, Tracy H.  and
      Kaplan, Ronald M.  and
      Crouch, Richard  and
      Maxwell III, John T.  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073129",
    pages = "271--278",
}
@inproceedings{geman-johnson-2002-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic programming for parsing and estimation of stochastic unification-based grammars",
    author = "Geman, Stuart  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073130",
    pages = "279--286",
}
@inproceedings{roark-2002-markov,
    title = "{M}arkov Parsing: Lattice Rescoring with a Statistical Parser",
    author = "Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073131",
    pages = "287--294",
}
@inproceedings{och-ney-2002-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Training and Maximum Entropy Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Och, Franz Josef  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073133",
    pages = "295--302",
}
@inproceedings{yamada-knight-2002-decoder,
    title = "A Decoder for Syntax-based Statistical {MT}",
    author = "Yamada, Kenji  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073134",
    pages = "303--310",
}
@inproceedings{papineni-etal-2002-bleu,
    title = "{B}leu: a Method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation",
    author = "Papineni, Kishore  and
      Roukos, Salim  and
      Ward, Todd  and
      Zhu, Wei-Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073135",
    pages = "311--318",
}
@inproceedings{baldridge-kruijff-2002-coupling,
    title = "Coupling {CCG} and Hybrid Logic Dependency Semantics",
    author = "Baldridge, Jason  and
      Kruijff, Geert-Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073137",
    pages = "319--326",
}
@inproceedings{clark-etal-2002-building,
    title = "Building Deep Dependency Structures using a Wide-Coverage {CCG} Parser",
    author = "Clark, Stephen  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073138",
    pages = "327--334",
}
@inproceedings{hockenmaier-steedman-2002-generative,
    title = "Generative Models for Statistical Parsing with Combinatory Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073139",
    pages = "335--342",
}
@inproceedings{li-li-2002-word,
    title = "Word Translation Disambiguation Using Bilingual Bootstrapping",
    author = "Li, Cong  and
      Li, Hang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073141",
    pages = "343--351",
}
@inproceedings{mueller-etal-2002-applying,
    title = "Applying Co-Training to Reference Resolution",
    author = "Mueller, Christoph  and
      Rapp, Stefan  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073142",
    pages = "352--359",
}
@inproceedings{abney-2002-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping",
    author = "Abney, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073143",
    pages = "360--367",
}
@inproceedings{marcu-echihabi-2002-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Approach to Recognizing Discourse Relations",
    author = "Marcu, Daniel  and
      Echihabi, Abdessamad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073145",
    pages = "368--375",
}
@inproceedings{johnston-etal-2002-match,
    title = "{MATCH}: An Architecture for Multimodal Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Johnston, Michael  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Vasireddy, Gunaranjan  and
      Stent, Amanda  and
      Ehlen, Patrick  and
      Walker, Marilyn  and
      Whittaker, Steve  and
      Maloor, Preetam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073146",
    pages = "376--383",
}
@inproceedings{hastie-etal-2002-whats,
    title = "What{'}s the Trouble: Automatically Identifying Problematic Dialogues in {DARPA} Communicator Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Hastie, Helen Wright  and
      Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073147",
    pages = "384--391",
}
@inproceedings{hwa-etal-2002-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Translational Correspondence using Annotation Projection",
    author = "Hwa, Rebecca  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Weinberg, Amy  and
      Kolak, Okan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073149",
    pages = "392--399",
}
@inproceedings{al-onaizan-knight-2002-translating,
    title = "Translating Named Entities Using Monolingual and Bilingual Resources",
    author = "Al-Onaizan, Yaser  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073150",
    pages = "400--408",
}
@inproceedings{probst-brown-2002-using,
    title = "Using Similarity Scoring to Improve the Bilingual Dictionary for Sub-sentential Alignment",
    author = "Probst, Katharina  and
      Brown, Ralf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073151",
    pages = "409--416",
}
@inproceedings{turney-2002-thumbs,
    title = "Thumbs Up or Thumbs Down? Semantic Orientation Applied to Unsupervised Classification of Reviews",
    author = "Turney, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073153",
    pages = "417--424",
}
@inproceedings{magnini-etal-2002-right,
    title = "Is It the Right Answer? Exploiting Web Redundancy for Answer Validation",
    author = "Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Prevete, Roberto  and
      Tanev, Hristo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073154",
    pages = "425--432",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-bosch-buchholz-2002-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Parsing on the Basis of Words Only: A Case Study",
    author = "van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Buchholz, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073156",
    pages = "433--440",
}
@inproceedings{crysmann-etal-2002-integrated,
    title = "An Integrated Archictecture for Shallow and Deep Processing",
    author = "Crysmann, Berthold  and
      Frank, Anette  and
      Kiefer, Bernd  and
      Mueller, Stefan  and
      Neumann, Guenter  and
      Piskorski, Jakub  and
      Schaefer, Ulrich  and
      Siegel, Melanie  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Becker, Markus  and
      Krieger, Hans-Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073157",
    pages = "441--448",
}
@inproceedings{daume-iii-marcu-2002-noisy,
    title = "A Noisy-Channel Model for Document Compression",
    author = "Daume III, Hal  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1057",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073159",
    pages = "449--456",
}
@inproceedings{lin-hovy-2002-single,
    title = "From Single to Multi-document Summarization",
    author = "Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1058",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073160",
    pages = "457--464",
}
@inproceedings{nomoto-matsumoto-2002-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Ranking in Open-Domain Text Summarization",
    author = "Nomoto, Tadashi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1059",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073161",
    pages = "465--472",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-su-2002-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition using an {HMM}-based Chunk Tagger",
    author = "Zhou, GuoDong  and
      Su, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1060",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073163",
    pages = "473--480",
}
@inproceedings{chieu-ng-2002-teaching,
    title = "Teaching a Weaker Classifier: Named Entity Recognition on Upper Case Text",
    author = "Chieu, Hai Leong  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1061",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073164",
    pages = "481--488",
}
@inproceedings{collins-2002-ranking,
    title = "Ranking Algorithms for Named Entity Extraction: Boosting and the {V}oted{P}erceptron",
    author = "Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1062",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073165",
    pages = "489--496",
}
@inproceedings{nakagawa-etal-2002-revision,
    title = "Revision Learning and its Application to Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Nakagawa, Tetsuji  and
      Kudo, Taku  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1063",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073167",
    pages = "497--504",
}
@inproceedings{sassano-2002-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of Active Learning with Support Vector Machines for{J}apanese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Sassano, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1064",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073168",
    pages = "505--512",
}
@inproceedings{clark-2002-memory,
    title = "Memory-Based Learning of Morphology with Stochastic Transducers",
    author = "Clark, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1065",
    doi = "10.3115/1073083.1073169",
    pages = "513--520",
}
@proceedings{conll-2016-signll,
    title = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    author = "Riezler, Stefan  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1",
}
@inproceedings{powers-2016-computational,
    title = "Computational Natural Language Learning: +-20years +-Data +-Features +-Multimodal +-Bioplausible",
    author = "Powers, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{bowman-etal-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating Sentences from a Continuous Space",
    author = "Bowman, Samuel R.  and
      Vilnis, Luke  and
      Vinyals, Oriol  and
      Dai, Andrew  and
      Jozefowicz, Rafal  and
      Bengio, Samy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1002",
    pages = "10--21",
}
@inproceedings{hasanuzzaman-etal-2016-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Temporal Orientation of Word Senses",
    author = {Hasanuzzaman, Mohammed  and
      Dias, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Ferrari, St{\'e}phane  and
      Mathet, Yann  and
      Way, Andy},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1003",
    pages = "22--30",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Clustering for Short Text via Deep Representation Learning",
    author = "Wang, Zhiguo  and
      Mi, Haitao  and
      Ittycheriah, Abraham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1004",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2016-neighborhood,
    title = "Neighborhood Mixture Model for Knowledge Base Completion",
    author = "Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Sirts, Kairit  and
      Qu, Lizhen  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1005",
    pages = "40--50",
}
@inproceedings{melamud-etal-2016-context2vec,
    title = "context2vec: Learning Generic Context Embedding with Bidirectional {LSTM}",
    author = "Melamud, Oren  and
      Goldberger, Jacob  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1006",
    pages = "51--61",
}
@inproceedings{bakhshandeh-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning to Jointly Predict Ellipsis and Comparison Structures",
    author = "Bakhshandeh, Omid  and
      Cornelia Wellwood, Alexis  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1007",
    pages = "62--74",
}
@inproceedings{modi-2016-event,
    title = "Event Embeddings for Semantic Script Modeling",
    author = "Modi, Ashutosh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1008",
    pages = "75--83",
}
@inproceedings{zopf-etal-2016-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Centrality and Structural Features: Learning Information Importance for Text Summarization",
    author = {Zopf, Markus  and
      Loza Menc{\'\i}a, Eneldo  and
      F{\"u}rnkranz, Johannes},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1009",
    pages = "84--94",
}
@inproceedings{grissom-ii-etal-2016-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Prediction of Sentence-final Verbs: Humans versus Machines",
    author = "Grissom II, Alvin  and
      Orita, Naho  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1010",
    pages = "95--104",
}
@inproceedings{hiller-fernandez-2016-data,
    title = "A Data-driven Investigation of Corrective Feedback on Subject Omission Errors in First Language Acquisition",
    author = "Hiller, Sarah  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1011",
    pages = "105--114",
}
@inproceedings{kutuzov-etal-2016-redefining,
    title = "Redefining part-of-speech classes with distributional semantic models",
    author = "Kutuzov, Andrey  and
      Velldal, Erik  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1012",
    pages = "115--125",
}
@inproceedings{knowles-etal-2016-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Learner Understanding of Novel {L}2 Vocabulary",
    author = "Knowles, Rebecca  and
      Renduchintala, Adithya  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1013",
    pages = "126--135",
}
@inproceedings{nouri-yangarber-2016-modeling,
    title = "Modeling language evolution with codes that utilize context and phonetic features",
    author = "Nouri, Javad  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1014",
    pages = "136--145",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2016-harnessing,
    title = "Harnessing Sequence Labeling for Sarcasm Detection in Dialogue from {TV} Series {`}{F}riends{'}",
    author = "Joshi, Aditya  and
      Tripathi, Vaibhav  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Carman, Mark J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1015",
    pages = "146--155",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-etal-2016-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Cognitive Features for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Mishra, Abhijit  and
      Kanojia, Diptesh  and
      Nagar, Seema  and
      Dey, Kuntal  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1016",
    pages = "156--166",
}
@inproceedings{amir-etal-2016-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Context with User Embeddings for Sarcasm Detection in Social Media",
    author = "Amir, Silvio  and
      Wallace, Byron C.  and
      Lyu, Hao  and
      Carvalho, Paula  and
      Silva, M{\'a}rio J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1017",
    pages = "167--177",
}
@inproceedings{fang-cohn-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning when to trust distant supervision: An application to low-resource {POS} tagging using cross-lingual projection",
    author = "Fang, Meng  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1018",
    pages = "178--186",
}
@inproceedings{swayamdipta-etal-2016-greedy,
    title = "Greedy, Joint Syntactic-Semantic Parsing with Stack {LSTM}s",
    author = "Swayamdipta, Swabha  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1019",
    pages = "187--197",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-rubio-etal-2016-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Prefix-Based Interactive Translation Prediction",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez-Rubio, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Ortiz-Mart{\'\i}nez, Daniel  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco  and
      Benedi Ruiz, Jos{\'e} Miguel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1020",
    pages = "198--207",
}
@inproceedings{beck-etal-2016-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Prediction Uncertainty in Machine Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Beck, Daniel  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1021",
    pages = "208--218",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-etal-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Named Entity Recognition via Wikification",
    author = "Tsai, Chen-Tse  and
      Mayhew, Stephen  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1022",
    pages = "219--228",
}
@inproceedings{ghaddar-langlais-2016-coreference,
    title = "Coreference in {W}ikipedia: Main Concept Resolution",
    author = "Ghaddar, Abbas  and
      Langlais, Phillippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1023",
    pages = "229--238",
}
@inproceedings{krause-etal-2016-event,
    title = "Event Linking with Sentential Features from Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Krause, Sebastian  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Weissenborn, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1024",
    pages = "239--249",
}
@inproceedings{yamada-etal-2016-joint,
    title = "Joint Learning of the Embedding of Words and Entities for Named Entity Disambiguation",
    author = "Yamada, Ikuya  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Takeda, Hideaki  and
      Takefuji, Yoshiyasu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1025",
    pages = "250--259",
}
@inproceedings{fang-etal-2016-entity,
    title = "Entity Disambiguation by Knowledge and Text Jointly Embedding",
    author = "Fang, Wei  and
      Zhang, Jianwen  and
      Wang, Dilin  and
      Chen, Zheng  and
      Li, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1026",
    pages = "260--269",
}
@inproceedings{kunchukuttan-etal-2016-substring,
    title = "Substring-based unsupervised transliteration with phonetic and contextual knowledge",
    author = "Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Khapra, Mitesh M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1027",
    pages = "270--279",
}
@inproceedings{nallapati-etal-2016-abstractive,
    title = "Abstractive Text Summarization using Sequence-to-sequence {RNN}s and Beyond",
    author = "Nallapati, Ramesh  and
      Zhou, Bowen  and
      dos Santos, Cicero  and
      Gu̇l{\c{c}}ehre, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}lar  and
      Xiang, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1028",
    pages = "280--290",
}
@inproceedings{see-etal-2016-compression,
    title = "Compression of Neural Machine Translation Models via Pruning",
    author = "See, Abigail  and
      Luong, Minh-Thang  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1029",
    pages = "291--301",
}
@inproceedings{yung-etal-2016-modelling-usage,
    title = "Modelling the Usage of Discourse Connectives as Rational Speech Acts",
    author = "Yung, Frances  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Komura, Taku  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1030",
    pages = "302--313",
}
@inproceedings{chen-huang-2016-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Convolutional Networks for Translation Adaptation with Tiny Amount of In-domain Data",
    author = "Chen, Boxing  and
      Huang, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-1031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-1031",
    pages = "314--323",
}
@proceedings{conll-2016-conll,
    title = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2",
}
@inproceedings{xue-etal-2016-conll,
    title = "{C}o{NLL} 2016 Shared Task on Multilingual Shallow Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Rutherford, Attapol  and
      Webber, Bonnie  and
      Wang, Chuan  and
      Wang, Hongmin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2001",
    pages = "1--19",
}
@inproceedings{oepen-etal-2016-opt,
    title = "{OPT}: Oslo{--}{P}otsdam{--}Teesside. Pipelining Rules, Rankers, and Classifier Ensembles for Shallow Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Oepen, Stephan  and
      Read, Jonathon  and
      Scheffler, Tatjana  and
      Sidarenka, Uladzimir  and
      Stede, Manfred  and
      Velldal, Erik  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2002",
    pages = "20--26",
}
@inproceedings{kang-etal-2016-end,
    title = "An End-to-End {C}hinese Discourse Parser with Adaptation to Explicit and Non-explicit Relation Recognition",
    author = "Kang, Xiaomian  and
      Li, Haoran  and
      Zhou, Long  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2003",
    pages = "27--32",
}
@inproceedings{wang-lan-2016-two,
    title = "Two End-to-end Shallow Discourse Parsers for {E}nglish and {C}hinese in {C}o{NLL}-2016 Shared Task",
    author = "Wang, Jianxiang  and
      Lan, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2004",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{schenk-etal-2016-really,
    title = "Do We Really Need All Those Rich Linguistic Features? A Neural Network-Based Approach to Implicit Sense Labeling",
    author = {Schenk, Niko  and
      Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Donandt, Kathrin  and
      R{\"o}nnqvist, Samuel  and
      Stepanov, Evgeny  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2005",
    pages = "41--49",
}
@inproceedings{weiss-bajec-2016-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Sense Classification from Scratch using Focused {RNN}s",
    author = "Weiss, Gregor  and
      Bajec, Marko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2006",
    pages = "50--54",
}
@inproceedings{rutherford-xue-2016-robust,
    title = "Robust Non-Explicit Neural Discourse Parser in {E}nglish and {C}hinese",
    author = "Rutherford, Attapol  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2007",
    pages = "55--59",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-constituent,
    title = "A Constituent Syntactic Parse Tree Based Discourse Parser",
    author = "Li, Zhongyi  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Pang, Chenxi  and
      Wang, Lili  and
      Wang, Huan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2008",
    pages = "60--64",
}
@inproceedings{kong-etal-2016-sonlp,
    title = "{S}o{NLP}-{DP} System for {C}on{LL}-2016 {E}nglish Shallow Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Kong, Fang  and
      Li, Sheng  and
      Li, Junhui  and
      Zhu, Muhua  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2009",
    pages = "65--69",
}
@inproceedings{qin-etal-2016-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Discourse Parsing Using Convolutional Neural Network",
    author = "Qin, Lianhui  and
      Zhang, Zhisong  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2010",
    pages = "70--77",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-sonlp,
    title = "{S}o{NLP}-{DP} System for {C}on{LL}-2016 {C}hinese Shallow Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Li, Junhui  and
      Kong, Fang  and
      Li, Sheng  and
      Zhu, Muhua  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2011",
    pages = "78--84",
}
@inproceedings{stepanov-riccardi-2016-unitn,
    title = "{U}ni{TN} End-to-End Discourse Parser for {C}o{NLL} 2016 Shared Task",
    author = "Stepanov, Evgeny  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2012",
    pages = "85--91",
}
@inproceedings{laali-etal-2016-clac,
    title = "The {CL}a{C} Discourse Parser at {C}o{NLL}-2016",
    author = "Laali, Majid  and
      Cianflone, Andre  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2013",
    pages = "92--99",
}
@inproceedings{mihaylov-frank-2016-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Relation Sense Classification Using Cross-argument Semantic Similarity Based on Word Embeddings",
    author = "Mihaylov, Todor  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2014",
    pages = "100--107",
}
@inproceedings{kaur-etal-2016-iit,
    title = "{IIT} ({BHU}) Submission on the {C}o{NLL}-2016 Shared Task: Shallow Discourse Parsing using Semantic Lexicons",
    author = "Kaur, Manpreet  and
      Kumari, Nishu  and
      Singh, Anil Kumar  and
      Sangal, Rajeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2015",
    pages = "108--114",
}
@inproceedings{chandrasekar-etal-2016-virginia,
    title = "The Virginia Tech System at {C}o{NLL}-2016 Shared Task on Shallow Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Chandrasekar, Prashant  and
      Zhang, Xuan  and
      Chakravarty, Saurabh  and
      Ray, Arijit  and
      Krulick, John  and
      Rozovskaya, Alla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2016",
    pages = "115--121",
}
@inproceedings{jain-majumder-2016-da,
    title = "{DA}-{IICT} Submission for {PDTB}-styled Discourse Parser",
    author = "Jain, Devanshu  and
      Majumder, Prasenjit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2017",
    pages = "122--128",
}
@inproceedings{kido-aizawa-2016-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Relation Sense Classification with Two-Step Classifiers",
    author = "Kido, Yusuke  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2018",
    pages = "129--135",
}
@inproceedings{pacheco-etal-2016-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Event Embedding for Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition",
    author = "Pacheco, Maria Leonor  and
      Lee, I-Ta  and
      Zhang, Xiao  and
      Zehady, Abdullah Khan  and
      Daga, Pranjal  and
      Jin, Di  and
      Parolia, Ayush  and
      Goldwasser, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2019",
    pages = "136--142",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-2016-sdp,
    title = "{SDP}-{JAIST}: A Shallow Discourse Parsing system @ {C}o{NLL} 2016 Shared Task",
    author = "Nguyen, Minh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2020",
    pages = "143--149",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2016-finding,
    title = "Finding Arguments as Sequence Labeling in Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Fan, Ziwei  and
      Li, Zhenghua  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2021",
    pages = "150--157",
}
@inproceedings{jian-etal-2016-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Relation Sense Classification Systems for {C}o{NLL}-2016 Shared Task",
    author = "Jian, Ping  and
      She, Xiaohan  and
      Zhang, Chenwei  and
      Zhang, Pengcheng  and
      Feng, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}-16 shared task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K16-2022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K16-2022",
    pages = "158--163",
}
@article{cl-1989-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 15, Number 1, March 1989",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "1",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-1000",
}
@article{stock-1989-parsing,
    title = "Parsing with Flexibility, Dynamic Strategies, and Idioms in Mind",
    author = "Stock, Oliviero",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "1",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-1001",
    pages = "1--18",
}
@article{seo-simmons-1989-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Graphs: A Representation for the Union of All Ambiguous Parse Trees",
    author = "Seo, Jungyun  and
      Simmons, Robert F.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "1",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-1002",
    pages = "19--32",
}
@article{mccord-1989-design,
    title = "Design of {LMT}: A Prolog-Based Machine Translation System",
    author = "McCord, Michael C.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "1",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-1003",
    pages = "33--52",
}
@article{evens-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: AN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPROACH TO LEGAL REASONING",
    author = "Evens, Martha",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "1",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-1004",
}
@article{brainerd-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: MATHEMATICS OF LANGUAGE",
    author = "Brainerd, Barron",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "1",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-1005",
}
@article{rauff-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: The Vastness of Natural Languages",
    author = "Rauff, James V.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "1",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-1006",
}
@article{banko-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Natural Language Parsing and Linguistic Theories",
    author = "Banko, Miroslaw",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "1",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-1007",
}
@article{dahl-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: COMPUTER INTERPRETATION OF NATURAL LANGUAGE DESCRIPTIONS",
    author = "Dahl, Deborah A.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "1",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-1008",
}
@article{nn-1989-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "1",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-1009",
}
@article{nn-1989-books,
    title = "Books Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "1",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-1010",
}
@article{nn-1989-abstracts,
    title = "Abstracts of Current Literature",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "1",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-1011",
}
@article{nn-1989-author-index,
    title = "Author Index: Volumes 6-14",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "1",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-1012",
}
@article{nn-1989-title,
    title = "Title Index: VOLUMES 6-14",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "1",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-1013",
}
@article{nn-1989-advertisements,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "1",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-1014",
}
@article{cl-1989-linguistics-15,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 15, Number 2, June 1989",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "2",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-2000",
}
@article{carberry-1989-pragmatic,
    title = "A Pragmatic-Based Approach to Ellipsis Resolution",
    author = "Carberry, Sandra",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "2",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-2001",
    pages = "75--96",
}
@article{oshaughnessy-1989-parsing,
    title = "Parsing with a Small Dictionary for Applications such as Text to Speech",
    author = "O{'}Shaughnessy, Douglas D.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "2",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-2002",
    pages = "97--108",
}
@article{davis-1989-cross,
    title = "Cross-Vowel Phonotactic Constraints",
    author = "Davis, Stuart",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "2",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-2003",
    pages = "109--110",
}
@article{kracht-1989-logic,
    title = "On the Logic of Category Definitions",
    author = "Kracht, Marcus",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "2",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-2004",
    pages = "111--113",
}
@article{fraser-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: THE CASE FOR LEXlCASE: AN OUTLINE OF LEXICASE GRAMMATICAL THEORY",
    author = "Fraser, Norman",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "2",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-2005",
}
@article{rosenberg-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Computers and Languages: Theory and Practice",
    author = "Rosenberg, Richard S.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "2",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-2006",
}
@article{danieli-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Remnants of Meaning",
    author = "Danieli, Morena",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "2",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-2007",
}
@article{hutchins-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Machine Translation Today: The State of the Ar",
    author = "Hutchins, John",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "2",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-2008",
}
@article{meteer-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Advances in Natural Language Generation: An Interdisciplinary Perspective",
    author = "Meteer, Marie",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "2",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-2009",
}
@article{sgall-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Natural Language Parsing Systems",
    author = "Sgall, Petr",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "2",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-2010",
}
@article{ludlow-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Philosophy, Language, and Artificial Intelligence: Resources for Processing Natural Language",
    author = "Ludlow, Peter",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "2",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-2011",
}
@article{hovy-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Systemic Text Generation as Problem Solving",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "2",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-2012",
}
@article{nn-1989-briefly-noted,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "2",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-2013",
}
@article{nn-1989-books-received,
    title = "Books Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "2",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-2014",
}
@article{nn-1989-abstracts-current,
    title = "Abstracts of Current Literature",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "2",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-2015",
}
@article{nn-1989-advertisements-2,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "2",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-2016",
}
@article{cl-1989-linguistics-15-number,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 15, Number 3, September 1989",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3000",
}
@article{fisher-1989-practical,
    title = "Practical Parsing of Generalized Phrase Structure Grammars",
    author = "Fisher, Anthony J.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3001",
    pages = "139--148",
}
@article{dahlgren-mcdowell-1989-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Representation for Commonsense Reasoning with Text",
    author = "Dahlgren, Kathleen  and
      McDowell, Joyce",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3002",
    pages = "149--170",
}
@article{strzalkowski-cercone-1989-non,
    title = "Non-singular Concepts in Natural Language Discourse",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Cercone, Nick",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3003",
    pages = "171--186",
}
@article{bien-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING AND LOGIC PROGRAMMING, II: PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP",
    author = "Bien, Janusz S.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3004",
}
@article{pustejovsky-1989-language,
    title = "LANGUAGE AND SPATIAL COGNITION",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3005",
}
@article{johnson-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: The Form of Information in Science: Analysis of an Immunology Sublanguage",
    author = "Johnson, Stephen",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3006",
}
@article{ray-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Generalized Quantifiers: Linguistic and Logical Approaches",
    author = "Ray, Kenneth",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3007",
}
@article{mccardell-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: MACHINE TRANSLATION: LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MT SYSTEMS AND GENERAL METHODOLOGY OF EVALUATION",
    author = "McCardell, Rita",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3008",
}
@article{calzolari-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Medical Language Processing: Computer Management of Narrative Data",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3009",
}
@article{stabler-jr-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Information-based Syntax and Semantics. Vol 1: Fundamentals",
    author = "Stabler, Jr., Edward P.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3010",
}
@article{white-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "White, John S.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3011",
}
@article{pascaleva-fass-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Pascaleva, Elena  and
      Fass, Dan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3012",
}
@article{dimarco-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Text Coherence in Translation",
    author = "DiMarco, Chrysanne",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3013",
}
@article{slocum-1989-word,
    title = "WORD EXPERT SEMANTICS: AN INTERLINGUAL KNOWLEDGE-BASED APPROACH",
    author = "Slocum, Jonathan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3014",
}
@article{kwasny-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Knowledge Systems and Prolog: A Logical Approach to Expert Systems and Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Kwasny, Stan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3015",
}
@article{nn-1989-briefly-noted-2,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3016",
}
@article{nn-1989-books-received-2,
    title = "Books Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3017",
}
@article{nn-1989-abstracts-current-literature,
    title = "Abstracts of Current Literature",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3018",
}
@article{nn-1989-advertisements-3,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-3019",
}
@article{cl-1989-linguistics-15-number-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 15, Number 4, {D}ecember 1989",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "4",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-4000",
}
@article{haas-1989-parsing,
    title = "A Parsing Algorithm for Unification Grammar",
    author = "Haas, Andrew",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "4",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-4001",
    pages = "219--232",
}
@article{mellish-evans-1989-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Generation from Plans",
    author = "Mellish, Chris  and
      Evans, Roger",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "4",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-4002",
    pages = "233--249",
}
@article{savitch-1989-formal,
    title = "A Formal Model for Context-Free Languages Augmented with Reduplication",
    author = "Savitch, Walter",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "4",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-4003",
    pages = "250--261",
}
@article{pullum-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: AN INTRODUCTION TO FORMAL LANGUAGE THEORY",
    author = "Pullum, Geoffrey K.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "4",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-4004",
}
@article{kuhns-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Attribute-Value Logic and the Theory of Grammar",
    author = "Kuhns, Robert",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "4",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-4005",
}
@article{manandise-1989-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: New Directions in Machine Translation (Proceedings of the Conference, Budapest, August 1988)",
    author = "Manandise, Esmeralda",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "4",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-4006",
}
@article{nn-1989-books-received-3,
    title = "Books Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "4",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-4007",
}
@article{nn-1989-abstracts-current-literature-2,
    title = "Abstracts of Current Literature",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "4",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-4008",
}
@article{nn-1989-advertisements-4,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "15",
    number = "4",
    year = "1989",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J89-4009",
}
@article{cl-1976-american,
    title = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics (February 1976)",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1976",
}
@article{nn-1976-finite,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 13, Number 1",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 37",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-1001",
    pages = "1--22",
    abstract = "{ACL} President 1976: Stanley R. Petrick; Personal Notes; Semantics: {G}eorgetown Round Table; {AAAS} Program Excerpts: Science And Expectations; {NEH}: Application Deadlines; {Science and Government} Ralston Speaks at {NCC} 76 (Dr. Ralston); Architecture for Nonnumeric Processing (Y. W. Su; G. Jack Lipovski); {ASIS} President 1976: Melvin S. Day, Literary and Linguistic Computing: Meeting Notes; Abstracting and Indexing Societies: Conference; Instituto per Gli Studi Semantici e Cognitivi; {P}etrarch Translated by Computer (SUNY Binghamton); Stenotype: Computer-Aided Transcription (Michael E. LaBorde); Serials Librarianship: {D}rexel Library Quarterly (Benita M. Weber)",
}
@article{hoemann-etal-1976-computer,
    title = "A Computer Simulation of {A}merican {S}ign {L}anguage",
    author = "Hoemann, Harry W.  and
      Florian, Vicki A.  and
      Hoemann, Shirley A.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 37",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-1002",
    pages = "23--27",
}
@article{nagao-tsujii-1976-platon,
    title = "{PLATON}--A New Programming Language for Natural Language Analysis",
    author = "Nagao, Makoto  and
      Tsujii, Jun-Ichi",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 37",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-1003",
    pages = "28--53",
}
@article{nn-1976-finite-string,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 13, Number 1 (continued)",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 37",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-1004",
    pages = "54--81",
    abstract = "{ACL} Membership Data; Editor{'}s Report; Survey of Members: Preliminary Report; {IEEE} Tutorials",
}
@article{celce-murcia-1976-verb,
    title = "Verb Paradigms for Sentence Recognition",
    author = "Celce-Murcia, Marianne",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 38",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-1005",
}
@article{walker-1976-artificial,
    title = "Artificial Intelligence and Language Processing: A Directory of Research Personnel",
    author = "Walker, Donald E.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 39",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-1006",
}
@article{wilks-1976-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Understanding Systems within the {A}. {I}. Paradigm: A Survey and Some Comparisons",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 40",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-1007",
}
@article{nagao-tsujii-1976-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of {J}apanese Sentences",
    author = "Nagao, Makoto  and
      Tsujii, Jun-Ichi",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 41",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-1008",
}
@article{nn-1976-finite-string-volume,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 13, Number 2",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 42",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-1009",
    abstract = "Abstracts from the 1975 {LSA} Meeting (Aravind K. Joshi); Current Bibliography; Proceedings, 2nd {US}-{J}apan Computer Conference",
}
@article{cl-1976-american-journal,
    title = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics (May 1976)",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "1976",
}
@article{nn-1976-finite-string-volume-13,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 13, Number 3",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 43",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-2001",
    abstract = "Personal Notes (Jaime Carbonell; Collins); 1976 National Computer Conference (J. Paul Lyet); {NIMH}: Technical Help for Proposers, Minority Programs (Richard Lopez); {NSF}: Foreign Currency Program--{E}gypt, {I}ndia, {P}akistan; Catastrophe Theory: {T}hom at {SIAM} Meeting (Rene Thom); {NATO}: Advanced Study Institutes (Joseph M. Scandura), Structural-Process Theories of Behavior, Man-Computer Interaction, Computer-Based Science Instruction; {C}. {S}. {P}ierce International Congress (Max H. Fisch); New Journal: Cognitive Science (Eugene Charniak; Allan Collins; Roger C. Schank); {NSF}: Rejected Proposals and Reconsideration; Conference Chronicle; 1976 Linguistics Institute, {O}swego, {N}ew {Y}ork; {BAAL}: Seminar On Translation At {E}ssex, {E}ngland (R. R. K. Hartmann; W. S. Dodo); Indexing in Perspective Seminar at {W}arsaw; {NFAIS} Officers 1976-77 (John E. Crepa Jr.); Experiments with a Powerful Parser (Martin Kay); {AFIPS} {W}ashington Report (Anthony Ralston)",
}
@article{nn-1976-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with a Powerful Parser [reprint]",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 43",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-2002",
}
@article{russell-1976-computer,
    title = "Computer Understanding of Metaphorically Used Verbs",
    author = "Russell, Sylvia Weber",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 44",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-2003",
}
@article{bates-1976-syntax,
    title = "Syntax in Automatic Speech Understanding",
    author = "Bates, Madeleine",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 45",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-2004",
}
@article{hays-mathias-1976-fbis,
    title = "{FBIS} Seminar on Machine Translation",
    editor = "Hays, David G.  and
      Mathias, J.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 46",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-2005",
}
@article{grishman-1976-survey,
    title = "A Survey of Syntactic Analysis Procedures for Natural Language",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 47",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-2006",
}
@article{kay-1976-abstracts,
    title = "Abstracts of the 1976 {I}nternational {C}onference on {C}omputational {L}inguistics - {COLING} -",
    editor = "Kay, Martin",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 48",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-2007",
}
@article{nn-1976-finite-string-volume-13-number,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 13, Number 4",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 49",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-2008",
    pages = "1",
}
@article{dobree-1976-clam,
    title = "{CLAM}: A computer language model",
    author = "Dobree, Nicholas J. S.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 49",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-2009",
    pages = "2--52",
}
@article{nn-1976-finite-string-volume-13-number-4,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 13, Number 4 (continued)",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 49",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-2010",
    pages = "53--97",
    abstract = "{RFP}: Federal Research And Development by Contract; {AFIPS}: Social Implications Committee (Herbert B. Safford); {NFAIS}: Structure and Purpose (Toni Carbo Bearman); {K}urzweil Reading Machine; Translating Machine Developed (James Cary)",
}
@article{nn-1976-finite-string-volume-13-number-5,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 13, Number 5",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 50",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-2011",
    pages = "1",
}
@article{nn-1976-organization,
    title = "An organization for a dictionary of word senses",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 50",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-2012",
    pages = "2--23",
}
@article{nn-1976-finite-string-volume-13-number-6,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 13, Number 5",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 50",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-2013",
    pages = "24--96",
    abstract = "Current Bibliography (Dermot Ronan F. Collis); Casiers du Groupe de travail Analyse et experimntation dans les sciences de l{'}homme par les methodes informathiques (E. Chouraqui and J. Virbel); Bibliography and Subject Index, Current Computing; Directory Of University Computing Science (John W. Hamblem); Privacy, Security, and the Information Processing Industry (Dehl A. Gerberick)",
}
@article{cl-1976-american-journal-linguistics,
    title = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics (September 1976)",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1976",
}
@article{nn-1976-finite-string-volume-13-number-7,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 13, Number 6",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 51",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-3001",
    pages = "1--67",
    abstract = "{ACL}: 14th Annual Meeting - Program and Abstracts; {ACM}: Employment Register at Computer Science Conference (Orrin E. Taulbee); {NSF} Adivisory Panel for Linguistics (William D. Dingwall; Victoria Fromkin; Ives Goddard; Roger Shuy; Carlota Smith; Arnold Zwicky); {E}uropeon Congress on Information Systems and Networks; New Journal: Transactions On Data Base Systems (David K. Hsaid); Applied Linguistics: 5th International Congress (Jacques D. Garard); {AFIPS}: Officers And Honors (Theodore J. Williams); {ACM}: Officers, 1976-1978 (Herbert R. J. Grosch); {LATSEC}: Congressman Questions Payment; The Future Of {MT} (Rudolph C. Troike); {MT}: {M}oscow International Seminar (I. I. Qubine)",
}
@article{gumb-1976-book,
    title = "Book Review: \textit{ {E}ssays on {L}exical {S}emantics}, Vol. {I}, Edited by {V}. {J}u. {R}ozencvejg",
    author = "Gumb, Raymond D.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 51",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-3002",
    pages = "68--76",
}
@article{nn-1976-finite-string-volume-13-number-6-continued,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 13, Number 6 (continued)",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 51",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-3003",
    pages = "77--96",
    abstract = "{AFIPS} {W}ashington Report; Zwei Bilde fur das Arbeitszimmer eines Geologen (C. Edgen Wegmann)",
}
@article{raze-1976-computational,
    title = "A Computational Treatment of Coordinate Conjunctions",
    author = "Raze, Carol",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 52",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-3004",
}
@article{novak-jr-1976-computer,
    title = "Computer Understanding of Physics Problems Stated in Natural Language",
    author = "Novak Jr., Gordon S.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 53",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-3005",
}
@article{bien-1976-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Environments Approach to Natural Language",
    author = "Bien, Janusz Stanis{\l}aw",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 54",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-3006",
}
@article{cl-1976-american-journal-linguistics-december,
    title = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics (December 1976)",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1976",
}
@article{nn-1976-finite-string-volume-13-number-8,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 13, Number 7",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 55",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-4001",
    abstract = "{ACL}: New Officers for 1977, Call for Papers, Minutes of 1976 Business Meeting, Secretary-Treasurer{'}s Report, Financial Report; Humanities - 3rd International Conference (J. S. North); Linguistics and Literary Analysis - 5th International (D. E. Ager); Graphics and Interactive Techiniques - 4th Annual (James E. George); Undergraduate Curricula and Computing Conference (Gerald L. Engel);",
}
@article{mylopoulos-1976-review,
    title = "Review: \textit{ {R}epresentation and {U}nderstanding: {S}tudies in {C}omputer {S}cience}, Edited by {D}aniel {G}. {B}obrow and {A}llan {C}ollins",
    author = "Mylopoulos, John",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 55",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-4002",
    pages = "14--25",
}
@article{nooteboom-1976-review,
    title = "Review: \textit{ {T}he {R}ole of {S}peech in {L}anguage}, Edited by {J}ames {F}. {K}avanagh and {J}ames {E}. {C}utting",
    author = "Nooteboom, Sieb",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 55",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-4003",
    pages = "26--37",
}
@article{weiss-stanat-1976-algebraic,
    title = "Algebraic Parsing of Context-Free Languages",
    author = "Weiss, Stephen F.  and
      Stanat, Donald F.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 55",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-4004",
    pages = "38--60",
}
@article{nn-1976-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Term Value Measurements for Automatic Indexing",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 55",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-4005",
    pages = "61--83",
}
@article{kehler-1976-snopar,
    title = "{SNOPAR}: A Grammar Testing System",
    author = "Kehler, T. P.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 55",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-4006",
    pages = "84--97",
}
@article{wilks-1976-processing,
    title = "Processing Case",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 56",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-4007",
}
@article{hunnicutt-1976-phonological,
    title = "Phonological Rules for a Text-to-Speech System",
    author = "Hunnicutt, Sharon",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 57",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-4008",
}
@article{nn-1976-finite-string-volume-13-number-9,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 13, Number 8",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 58",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-4009",
    pages = "1--77",
    abstract = "Current Bibliography",
}
@article{benson-1976-review,
    title = "Review: \textit{ {M}athematical {M}odels of {L}anguage}, edited by Ferenc Kiefer",
    author = "Benson, David B.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 58",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-4010",
    pages = "78--93",
}
@article{dinneen-1976-review,
    title = "Review: \textit{ {D}escription {G}rammaticale du {P}arler de l'{I}le-aux-{C}oudres, {Q}uebec}, by {E}mile {S}eutin",
    author = "Dinneen, David A.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1976",
    note = "Microfiche 58",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J76-4011",
    pages = "94--96",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2012-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    author = "Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han  and
      Yu, Liang-Chih",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1000",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2012-gai,
    title = "改良式統計圖等化法強鍵性語音辨識之研究 (Improved Histogram Equalization Methods for Robust Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hsieh, Hsin-Ju  and
      Hung, Jeih-weih  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1001",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2012-yi,
    title = "以線性多變量迴歸來對映分段後音框之語音轉換方法 (A Voice Conversion Method Mapping Segmented Frames with Linear Multivariate Regression) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Gu, Hung-Yan  and
      Chang, Jia-Wei  and
      Wang, Zan-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1002",
    pages = "3--14",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2012-acoustic,
    title = "Acoustic Variability in the Speech of Children with Cerebral Palsy",
    author = "Chen, Li-mei  and
      Ni, Han-chih  and
      Kuo, Tzu-Wen  and
      Hsu, Kuei-Ling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1003",
    pages = "15--29",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2012-ling,
    title = "領域相關詞彙極性分析及文件情緒分類之研究 (Domain Dependent Word Polarity Analysis for Sentiment Classification) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yu, Ho-Cheng  and
      Huang, Ting-Hao  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1004",
    pages = "30--31",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-liu-2012-ying,
    title = "英文介系詞片語定位與英文介系詞推薦 (Attachment of {E}nglish Prepositional Phrasesand Suggestions of {E}nglish Prepositions) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Tsai, Chia-Chi  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1005",
    pages = "32--46",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2012-associating,
    title = "Associating Collocations with {W}ord{N}et Senses Using Hybrid Models",
    author = "Chen, Yi-Chun  and
      Yen, Tzu-Xi  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1006",
    pages = "47--60",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2012-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Individual Differences in Word Recognition: The Role of Individual Lexical Behaviors",
    author = "Lin, Hsin-Ni  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai  and
      Chan, Shiao-Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1007",
    pages = "61--74",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2012-di,
    title = "遞迴式類神經網路語言模型應用額外資訊於語音辨識之研究 (Recurrent Neural Network-based Language Modeling with Extra Information Cues for Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Bang-Xuan  and
      Hao, Hank  and
      Chen, Menphis  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1008",
    pages = "75--91",
}
@inproceedings{pan-etal-2012-ji,
    title = "基於決策樹演算法之台語連音變調預估模組 (A Prediction Module for {T}aiwanese Tone Sandhi Based on the Decision Tree Algorithm) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Pan, Neng-Huang  and
      Yu, Ming-Shing  and
      Tsai, Pei-Chun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1009",
    pages = "92--101",
}
@inproceedings{liao-etal-2012-tai,
    title = "台語文字與語音語料庫之建置 (Development of a {T}aiwanese Speech and Text Corpus) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Liao, Tzu-Yu  and
      Lyu, Ren-yuan  and
      Ko, Ming-Tat  and
      Chiang, Yuang-chin  and
      Jang, Jyh-Shing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1010",
    pages = "102--111",
}
@inproceedings{chang-wu-2012-yi,
    title = "以聲符部件為主之漢字學習系統設計研究 (The Design of {C}hinese Character Learning System Based on Phonetic Components) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Chia-Hui  and
      Wu, Wen-Pen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1011",
    pages = "112--124",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2012-zi,
    title = "字形相似別字之自動校正方法 (Automatic Correction for Graphemic {C}hinese Misspelled Words) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Tao-Hsing  and
      Su, Shou-Yen  and
      Chen, Hsueh-Chih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1012",
    pages = "125--139",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2012-li,
    title = "利用機器學習於中文法律文件之標記、案件分類及量刑預測 (Exploiting Machine Learning Models for {C}hinese Legal Documents Labeling, Case Classification, and Sentencing Prediction) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Wan-Chen  and
      Kuo, Tsung-Ting  and
      Chang, Tung-Jia  and
      Yen, Chueh-An  and
      Chen, Chao-Ju  and
      Lin, Shou-de",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1013",
    pages = "140--141",
}
@inproceedings{ma-mckeown-2012-detecting,
    title = "Detecting and Correcting Syntactic Errors in Machine Translation Using Feature-Based Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Ma, Wei-Yun  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1014",
    pages = "142--143",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-improvement,
    title = "An Improvement in Cross-Language Document Retrieval Based on Statistical Models",
    author = "Wang, Longyue  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1015",
    pages = "144--155",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2012-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-to-Traditional {C}hinese Cross-lingual Link Discovery in Articles with {W}ikipedia Corpus",
    author = "Chen, Liang-Pu  and
      Shih, Yu-Lun  and
      Chen, Chien-Ting  and
      Ku, Tsun  and
      Hsieh, Wen-Tai  and
      Chiu, Hung-Sheng  and
      Yang, Ren-Dar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1016",
    pages = "156--162",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2012-ying,
    title = "應用跳脫語言模型於同義詞取代之研究 (Skip N-gram Modeling for Near-Synonym Choice) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Shih-Ting  and
      He, Wei-Cheng  and
      Prasetyo, Philips Kokoh  and
      Yu, Liang-Chih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1017",
    pages = "163--175",
}
@inproceedings{chuang-2012-metaphor,
    title = "Metaphor and Metonymy in Apple Daily{'}s Headlines",
    author = "Chuang, Chih-lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1018",
    pages = "176--184",
}
@inproceedings{chuang-2012-phonetics,
    title = "Phonetics of Speech Acts: A Pilot Study",
    author = "Chuang, Chih-lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1019",
    pages = "185--191",
}
@inproceedings{chuang-etal-2012-ji,
    title = "基於稀疏成份分析之旋積盲訊號源分離方法 (Convolutive Blind Source Separation Based on Sparse Component Analysis) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chuang, Hsiang-Lung  and
      Shie, Yu-Shiun  and
      Lin, Chang-Hong  and
      Wang, Jia-Ching",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1020",
    pages = "192--201",
}
@inproceedings{ehsani-etal-2012-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating Main {POS} tags for {T}urkish",
    author = {Ehsani, Razieh  and
      Alper, Muzaffer Ege  and
      Eryi{\u{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en  and
      Adali, E{\c{s}}ref},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1021",
    pages = "202--213",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2012-tai,
    title = "台語朗讀資料庫之自動切音技術應用於音文同步有聲書之建立 (Automatic Time Alignment for a {T}aiwanese Read Speech Corpus and its Application to Constructing Audiobooks with Text-Speech Synchronization) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Wei-jay  and
      Lin, Jhih-rou  and
      Lyu, Ren-yuan  and
      Chiang, Yuang-chin  and
      Jang, Jyh-Shing Roger  and
      Ko, Ming-Tat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1022",
    pages = "214--230",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2012-yi,
    title = "以音韻屬性偵測擷取對話語音關鍵詞之研究 (Study on Keyword Spotting using Prosodic Attribute Detection for Conversational Speech) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Yu-Jui  and
      Chung, Yin-Wei  and
      Yeh, Jui-Feng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1023",
    pages = "231--245",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2012-translating,
    title = "Translating Collocation using Monolingual and Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Jiang, Ming-Zhuan  and
      Yen, Tzu-Xi  and
      Huang, Chung-Chi  and
      Chen, Mei-Hua  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1024",
    pages = "246--260",
}
@inproceedings{khiroun-etal-2012-possibilistic,
    title = "A Possibilistic Approach for Automatic Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Khiroun, Oussama Ben  and
      Elayeb, Bilel  and
      Bounhas, Ibrahim  and
      Evrard, Fabrice  and
      Saoud, Narj{\`e}s Bellamine Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1025",
    pages = "261--275",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2012-li-yong,
    title = "利用關聯式規則解決台語文轉音系統中一詞多音之歧異 (Applying Association Rules in Solving the Polysemy Problem in a {C}hinese to {T}aiwanese {TTS} System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Yih-Jeng  and
      Yu, Ming-Shing  and
      Li, Wei-Lun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1026",
    pages = "276--291",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2012-context,
    title = "Context-Aware In-Page Search",
    author = "Lin, Yu-Hao  and
      Liu, Yu-Lan  and
      Yen, Tzu-Xi  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1027",
    pages = "292--306",
}
@inproceedings{m-etal-2012-implementation,
    title = "Implementation of {M}alayalam Morphological Analyzer Based on Hybrid Approach",
    author = "M, Vinod P.  and
      V, Jayan  and
      K, Bhadran V.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1028",
    pages = "307--317",
}
@inproceedings{patra-etal-2012-light,
    title = "A Light Weight Stemmer in Kokborok",
    author = "Patra, Braja Gopal  and
      Debbarma, Khumbar  and
      Debbarma, Swapan  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Das, Amitava  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1029",
    pages = "318--325",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-tai,
    title = "台語關鍵詞辨識之實作與比較 (Implementation and Comparison of Keyword Spotting for {T}aiwanese) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Chung-Che  and
      Chou, Che-Hsuan  and
      Chen, Liang-Yu  and
      Li, Yu-Jhe  and
      Jang, Jyh-Shing  and
      Hu, Hsun-Cheng  and
      Lin, Shih-Peng  and
      Huang, You-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1030",
    pages = "326--340",
}
@inproceedings{wang-liu-2012-ying,
    title = "應用平行語料建構中文斷詞組件 (Applications of Parallel Corpora for {C}hinese Segmentation) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Jui-Ping  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1031",
    pages = "341--355",
}
@inproceedings{wu-chen-2012-ying,
    title = "應用串接方法於連續變化轉速之四行程引擎聲音合成 (Concatenation-based Method for the Synthesis of Engine Noise with Continuously Varying Speed) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wu, Ming-Kuan  and
      Chen, Chia-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1032",
    pages = "356--365",
}
@inproceedings{yan-webster-2012-collaborative,
    title = "Collaborative Annotation and Visualization of Functional and Discourse Structures",
    author = "Yan, Hengbin  and
      Webster, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1033",
    pages = "366--374",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2012-ji,
    title = "基於單語言機器翻譯技術改進中文文字蘊涵 (Improving {C}hinese Textural Entailment by Monolingual Machine Translation Technology) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yang, Shan-Shun  and
      Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Chen, Liang-Pu  and
      Hsieh, Wen-Tai  and
      Chou, Seng-Cho T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ({ROCLING} 2012)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Chung-Li, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-1034",
    pages = "375--384",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2012-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 1, March 2012",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Chen, Kuang-hua",
    month = mar,
    year = "2012",
}
@inproceedings{ruan-etal-2012-development,
    title = "Development and Testing of Transcription Software for a Southern Min Spoken Corpus",
    author = "Ruan, Jia-Cing  and
      Hsu, Chiung-Wen  and
      Myers, James  and
      Tsay, Jane S.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 1, March 2012",
    month = mar,
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-2001",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-etal-2012-ke,
    title = "可變速中文文字轉語音系統 (Variable Speech Rate {M}andarin {C}hinese Text-to-Speech System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chiang, Chen-Yu  and
      Huang, Qi-Quan  and
      Wang, Yih-Ru  and
      Yu, Hsiu-Min  and
      Chen, Sin-Horng",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 1, March 2012",
    month = mar,
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-2002",
}
@inproceedings{yu-lin-2012-polysemy,
    title = "The Polysemy Problem, an Important Issue in a {C}hinese to {T}aiwanese {TTS} System",
    author = "Yu, Ming-Shing  and
      Lin, Yih-Jeng",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 1, March 2012",
    month = mar,
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-2003",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chen-2012-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of Methods for Topic Modeling in Spoken Document Retrieval",
    author = "Lin, Shih-Hsiang  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 1, March 2012",
    month = mar,
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-2004",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2012-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 2, June 2012-Specia Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIII}",
    author = "Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Tsai, Wei-Ho",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
}
@inproceedings{chung-chen-2012-transitivity,
    title = "Transitivity of a {C}hinese Verb-Result Compound and Affected Argument of the Result Verb",
    author = "Chung, You-shan  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 2, June 2012-Specia Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIII}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-3001",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-guang,
    title = "廣義知網詞彙意見極性的預測 (Predicting the Semantic Orientation of Terms in E-{H}ow{N}et) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Li, Cheng-Ru  and
      Yu, Chi-Hsin  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 2, June 2012-Specia Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIII}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-3002",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-frequency,
    title = "Frequency, Collocation, and Statistical Modeling of Lexical Items: A Case Study of Temporal Expressions in Two Conversational Corpora",
    author = "Wang, Sheng-Fu  and
      Yang, Jing-Chen  and
      Chang, Yu-Yun  and
      Liu, Yu-Wen  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 2, June 2012-Specia Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIII}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-3003",
}
@inproceedings{galmar-2012-using,
    title = "Using Kohonen Maps of {C}hinese Morphological Families to Visualize the Interplay of Morphology and Semantics in {C}hinese",
    author = "GALMAR, Bruno",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 2, June 2012-Specia Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIII}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-3004",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2012-international-journal-linguistics,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 3, September 2012",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Chen, Kuang-hua",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
}
@inproceedings{chuang-etal-2012-effects,
    title = "Effects of Combining Bilingual and Collocational Information on Translation of {E}nglish and {C}hinese Verb-Noun Pairs",
    author = "Chuang, Yi-Hsuan  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Chang, Jing-Shin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 3, September 2012",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-4001",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2012-sheng,
    title = "聲符部件排序與形聲字發音規則探勘 (Phonetic Component Ranking and Pronunciation Rules Discovery for Picto-Phonetic {C}hinese Characters) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Chia-Hui  and
      Lin, Shu-Yen  and
      Tsai, Meng-Feng  and
      Li, Shu-Ping  and
      Liao, Hsiang-Mei  and
      Huang, Norden E.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 3, September 2012",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-4002",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2012-enhancement,
    title = "Enhancement of Feature Engineering for Conditional Random Field Learning in {C}hinese Word Segmentation Using Unlabeled Data",
    author = "Jiang, Mike Tian-Jian  and
      Shih, Cheng-Wei  and
      Yang, Ting-Hao  and
      Kuo, Chan-Hung  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 3, September 2012",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-4003",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2012-strategies,
    title = "Strategies of Processing {J}apanese Names and Character Variants in Traditional {C}hinese Text",
    author = "Lin, Chuan-Jie  and
      Zhan, Jia-Cheng  and
      Chen, Yen-Heng  and
      Pao, Chien-Wei",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 3, September 2012",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-4004",
}
@inproceedings{chang-2012-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of {TTS} Systems in Intelligibility and Comprehension Tasks: a Case Study of {HTS}-2008 and Multisyn Synthesizers",
    author = "Chang, Yu-Yun",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 3, September 2012",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-4005",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2012-international-journal-linguistics-chinese,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 4, {D}ecember 2012-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIV}",
    author = "Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han  and
      Chen, Chia-Ping  and
      Yang, Cheng-Zen  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
}
@inproceedings{ma-mckeown-2012-detecting-correcting,
    title = "Detecting and Correcting Syntactic Errors in Machine Translation Using Feature-Based Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Ma, Wei-Yun  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 4, {D}ecember 2012-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIV}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-5001",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-tqdl,
    title = "{TQDL}: Integrated Models for Cross-Language Document Retrieval",
    author = "WANG, Long-Yue  and
      WONG, Derek F.  and
      CHAO, Lidia S.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 4, {D}ecember 2012-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIV}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-5002",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2012-ling-yu,
    title = "領域相關詞彙極性分析及文件情緒分類之研究 (Domain Dependent Word Polarity Analysis for Sentiment Classification) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yu, Ho-Cheng  and
      Huang, Ting-Hao Kenneth  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 4, {D}ecember 2012-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIV}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-5003",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2012-li-yong-ji,
    title = "利用機器學習於中文法律文件之標記、案件分類及量刑預測 (Exploiting Machine Learning Models for {C}hinese Legal Documents Labeling, Case Classification, and Sentencing Prediction) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Wan-Chen  and
      Kuo, Tsung-Ting  and
      Chang, Tung-Jia  and
      Yen, Chueh-An  and
      Chen, Chao-Ju  and
      Lin, Shou-de",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 4, {D}ecember 2012-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIV}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-5004",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2012-yu,
    title = "語音辨識使用統計圖等化方法 (Speech Recognition Leveraging Histogram Equalization Methods) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hsieh, Hsin-Ju  and
      Hung, Jeih-weih  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 17, Number 4, {D}ecember 2012-Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XXIV}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O12-5005",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2006-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    author = "Wang, Yih-Ru  and
      Gao, Zaho-Ming",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2006-yi,
    title = "以語料為基礎的中文語篇連貫關係自動標記 (Corpus-Based Coherence Relation Tagging in {C}hinese Discourse) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Cheng, Shoou-Yi  and
      Wu, Dian-Song  and
      Liang, Tyne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1001",
    pages = "15--27",
}
@inproceedings{ma-huang-2006-zhong,
    title = "中文動詞名物化判斷的統計式模型設計 (A Stochastic Model for Prediction of Deverbal Nouns in {M}andarin {C}hinese) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Ma, Wei-Yun  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1002",
    pages = "29--40",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2006-da,
    title = "大規模詞彙語意關係自動標示之初步研究: 以中文詞網({C}hinese {W}ordnet)為例 (A Preliminary Study on Large-scale Automatic Labeling of Lexical Semantic Relations: A Case study of {C}hinese {W}ordnet) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hsieh, Shu-Kai  and
      {\v{S}}imon, Petr  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1003",
    pages = "41--51",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Learning of Context-Free Grammar",
    author = "Chen, Tai-Hung  and
      Tseng, Chun-Han  and
      Chen, Chia-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1004",
    pages = "53--62",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2006-improve,
    title = "Improve Parsing Performance by Self-Learning",
    author = "Hsieh, Yu-Ming  and
      Yang, Duen-Chi  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1005",
    pages = "63--76",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2006-guo,
    title = "國語雙字語詞聲調評分系統 (A Scoring System for {M}andarin Tones Uttered in Disyllabic Words) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Gu, Hung-Yan  and
      Sun, Shih-Yan  and
      Chang, Hsiao-Fen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1006",
    pages = "77--89",
}
@inproceedings{gu-chen-2006-yi,
    title = "一種用於網路電話之遺失封包補償方法 (A Packet Loss Concealment Method for Voice over {IP} ) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Gu, Hung-Yan  and
      Chen, Zia-Sin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1007",
    pages = "91--110",
}
@inproceedings{chu-chang-2006-ji,
    title = "基於字詞內容之適應性對話系統 ({MAGEN}: An Adaptive Conversational System based on Terms) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chu, Yu-De  and
      Chang, Chia-Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1008",
    pages = "111--133",
}
@inproceedings{chien-chang-2006-yi,
    title = "一種適用於大量連續語料的語音文句校準方法 (A Speech-Text Alignment Method for Large Continuous Speech Corpus) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chien, Shih-Chieh  and
      Chang, Hsin-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1009",
    pages = "135--144",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2006-li,
    title = "利用聲學與文脈分析於多語語音辨識單元之產生 (Generation of Phonetic Units for Multilingual Speech Recognition Based on Acoustic and Contextual Analysis) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Shih-Hao  and
      Huang, Chien-Lin  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1010",
    pages = "145--155",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2006-tong,
    title = "統計圖等化法於雜訊語音辨識之進一步研究 (An Improved Histogram Equalization Approach for Robust Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Shih-Hsiang  and
      Yeh, Yao-Ming  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1011",
    pages = "157--172",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-etal-2006-ying,
    title = "應用不定長度特徵之條件隨機域於口語不流暢語流修正 (Disfluency Correction of Spontaneous Speech using Conditional Random Fields with Variable Length Features) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yeh, Jui-Feng  and
      Wu, Wei-Yen  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1012",
    pages = "173--187",
}
@inproceedings{ting-etal-2006-jian,
    title = "鑑別性事前資訊應用於強健性語音辨識 (Robust Speech Recognition Using Discriminative Prior Statistics) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Ting, Chuan-Wei  and
      Wu, Bo-Shu  and
      Chien, Jen-Tzung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1013",
    pages = "189--204",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2006-jie,
    title = "結合韻律與聲學訊息之強健性漢語語者驗證系統 (Incorporating Prosodic with Acoustic information for Robust Speaker Verification) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Wen-Chieh  and
      Chen, Ding-Yun  and
      Chen, Zi-He  and
      Zeng, Zhi-Ren  and
      Liao, Yuan-Fu  and
      Juang, Yau-Tang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1014",
    pages = "205--219",
}
@inproceedings{lin-huang-2006-personalized,
    title = "Personalized Optimal Search in Local Query Expansion",
    author = "Lin, Shan-Mu  and
      Huang, Chuen-Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1015",
    pages = "221--236",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-huang-2006-yi,
    title = "以本體論為基礎之新聞事件檢索與瀏覽 (Event-based News Retrieval and View on Ontology Theory) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hsu, Meng-yuan  and
      Huang, Chuen-Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1016",
    pages = "237--252",
}
@inproceedings{yang-chen-2006-yi,
    title = "以部落格文本進行情緒分類之研究 (A Study of Emotion Classification Using Blog Articles) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yang, Chang-Hua  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1017",
    pages = "253--269",
}
@inproceedings{myers-2006-minijudge,
    title = "{M}ini{J}udge: Software for minimalist experimental syntax",
    author = "Myers, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1018",
    pages = "271--285",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chang-2006-ji,
    title = "基於特製隱藏式馬可夫模型之中文斷詞研究 ({C}hinese Word Segmentation using Specialized {HMM}) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Qian-Xiang  and
      Chang, Chia-Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1019",
    pages = "287--307",
}
@inproceedings{liu-cheng-2006-yi,
    title = "以字串特徵做為文本資料之錯誤偵測 (Textual Data Error Detection based on String Features) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Liu, Jyi-Shane  and
      Cheng, Yung-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1020",
    pages = "309--328",
}
@inproceedings{huang-chang-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning to Parse Bilingual Sentences Using Bilingual Corpus and Monolingual {CFG}",
    author = "Huang, Chung-Chi  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1021",
    pages = "329--351",
}
@inproceedings{shia-etal-2006-shi,
    title = "使用流暢性改善詞組翻譯的統計式機器翻譯 (Using Phrase and Fluency to Improve Statistical Machine Translation) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Shia, Min-Shiang  and
      Chang, Yao-Sheng  and
      Lu, Wen-Xiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1022",
    pages = "353--367",
}
@inproceedings{wu-su-2006-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of Adopting Language Model as the Checker of Preposition Usage",
    author = "Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Su, Chen-Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-1023",
    pages = "369--386",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2006-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 1, March 2006: Special Issue on Human Computer Speech Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2006",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-lee-2006-using,
    title = "Using Duration Information in {C}antonese Connected-Digit Recognition",
    author = "Zhu, Yu  and
      Lee, Tan",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 1, March 2006: Special Issue on Human Computer Speech Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-2001",
    pages = "1--16",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2006-modeling,
    title = "Modeling {C}antonese Pronunciation Variations for Large-Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition",
    author = "Lee, Tan  and
      Kam, Patgi  and
      Soong, Frank K.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 1, March 2006: Special Issue on Human Computer Speech Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-2002",
    pages = "17--36",
}
@inproceedings{chueh-etal-2006-maximum,
    title = "A Maximum Entropy Approach for Semantic Language Modeling",
    author = "Chueh, Chuang-Hua  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min  and
      Chien, Jen-Tzung",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 1, March 2006: Special Issue on Human Computer Speech Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-2003",
    pages = "37--56",
}
@inproceedings{bai-etal-2006-robust,
    title = "Robust Target Speaker Tracking in Broadcast {TV} Streams",
    author = "Bai, Junmei  and
      Jiang, Hongchen  and
      Zhang, Shilei  and
      Zhang, Shuwu  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 1, March 2006: Special Issue on Human Computer Speech Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-2004",
    pages = "57--72",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2006-fast,
    title = "A Fast Framework for the Constrained Mean Trajectory Segment Model by Avoidance of Redundant Computation on Segment",
    author = "Tang, Yun  and
      Liu, Wenju  and
      Zhang, Yiyan  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 1, March 2006: Special Issue on Human Computer Speech Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-2005",
    pages = "73--86",
}
@inproceedings{wu-wang-2006-voice,
    title = "Voice Activity Detection Based on Auto-Correlation Function Using Wavelet Transform and Teager Energy Operator",
    author = "Wu, Bing-Fei  and
      Wang, Kun-Ching",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 1, March 2006: Special Issue on Human Computer Speech Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-2006",
    pages = "87--100",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2006-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 2, June 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
}
@inproceedings{han-zhao-2006-two,
    title = "Two-Fold Filtering for {C}hinese Subcategorization Acquisition with Diathesis Alternations Used as Heuristic Information",
    author = "Han, Xiwu  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 2, June 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-3001",
    pages = "101--114",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2006-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Chunking Based on Maximum Entropy {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Sun, Guang-Lu  and
      Huang, Chang-Ning  and
      Wang, Xiao-Long  and
      Xu, Zhi-Ming",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 2, June 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-3002",
    pages = "115--136",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2006-structural,
    title = "A Structural-Based Approach to {C}antonese-{E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Wu, Yan  and
      Li, Xiukun  and
      Lun, Caesar",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 2, June 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-3003",
    pages = "137--158",
}
@inproceedings{ma-li-2006-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of Four Language Identification Systems",
    author = "Ma, Bin  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 2, June 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-3004",
    pages = "159--182",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2006-international-journal-linguistics,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 3, September 2006: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XVII}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2006-approach,
    title = "An Approach to Using the Web as a Live Corpus for Spoken Transliteration Name Access",
    author = "Lin, Ming-Shun  and
      Chen, Chia-Ping  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 3, September 2006: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XVII}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-4001",
    pages = "183--200",
}
@inproceedings{kuo-etal-2006-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of Word Error Minimization Approaches for {M}andarin Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition",
    author = "Kuo, Jen-Wei  and
      Liu, Shih-Hung  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 3, September 2006: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XVII}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-4002",
    pages = "201--222",
}
@inproceedings{bai-etal-2006-sense,
    title = "Sense Extraction and Disambiguation for {C}hinese Words from Bilingual Terminology Bank",
    author = "Bai, Ming-Hong  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 3, September 2006: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XVII}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-4003",
    pages = "223--244",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2006-probe,
    title = "A Probe into Ambiguities of Determinative-Measure Compounds",
    author = "Li, Shih-Min  and
      Lin, Su-Chu  and
      Tai, Chia-Hung  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 3, September 2006: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XVII}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-4004",
    pages = "245--280",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2006-tonal,
    title = "Tonal Errors of {J}apanese Students Learning {C}hinese: A Study of Disyllabic Words",
    author = "Chang, Ke-Jia  and
      Chen, Li-Mei  and
      Lee, Nien-Chen",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 3, September 2006: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XVII}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-4005",
    pages = "281--296",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2006-performance,
    title = "Performance Analysis and Visualization of Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Yao, Jianmin  and
      Qu, Yunqian  and
      Lv, Qiang  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming  and
      Zhang, Jing",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 3, September 2006: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XVII}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-4006",
    pages = "297--314",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2006-international-journal-linguistics-chinese,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 4, {D}ecember 2006",
    month = dec,
    year = "2006",
}
@inproceedings{dalrymple-etal-2006-tokenization,
    title = "Tokenization and Morphological Analysis for {M}alagasy",
    author = "Dalrymple, Mary  and
      Liakata, Maria  and
      Mackie, Lisa",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 4, {D}ecember 2006",
    month = dec,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-5001",
    pages = "315--332",
}
@inproceedings{otake-yoshimoto-2006-multiply,
    title = "Multiply Quantified Internally Headed Relative Clause in {J}apanese: A Skolem Term Based Approach",
    author = "Otake, Rui  and
      Yoshimoto, Kei",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 4, {D}ecember 2006",
    month = dec,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-5002",
    pages = "333--348",
}
@inproceedings{bey-etal-2006-data,
    title = "Data Management in {QRL}ex, an Online Aid System for Volunteer Translators{'}",
    author = "Bey, Youcef  and
      Kageura, Kyo  and
      Boitet, Christian",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 4, {D}ecember 2006",
    month = dec,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-5003",
    pages = "349--376",
}
@inproceedings{ahrens-2006-using,
    title = "Using a Small Corpus to Test Linguistic Hypotheses: Evaluating {`}People{'} in the State of the Union Addresses",
    author = "Ahrens, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 4, {D}ecember 2006",
    month = dec,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-5004",
    pages = "377--392",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2006-pragmatic,
    title = "A Pragmatic {C}hinese Word Segmentation Approach Based on Mixing Models",
    author = "Jiang, Wei  and
      Guan, Yi  and
      Wang, Xiao-Long",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 4, {D}ecember 2006",
    month = dec,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-5005",
    pages = "393--416",
}
@inproceedings{-2006-author,
    title = "Author and Subject Index",
    author = "{}",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 11, Number 4, {D}ecember 2006",
    month = dec,
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O06-5006",
}
@proceedings{tipster-1993-tipster,
    title = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1000",
}
@inproceedings{merchant-1993-tipster,
    title = "TIPSTER PROGRAM OVERVIEW",
    author = "Merchant, Roberta H.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119151",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{crystal-1993-tipster,
    title = "TIPSTER PROGRAM HISTORY",
    author = "Crystal, Thomas H.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119152",
    pages = "3--4",
}
@inproceedings{sundheim-1993-message,
    title = "THE MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCES",
    author = "Sundheim, Beth M.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119153",
    pages = "5--5",
}
@inproceedings{harman-1993-text,
    title = "THE TEXT RETRIEVAL CONFERENCES",
    author = "Harman, Donna",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119154",
    pages = "7--7",
}
@inproceedings{harman-1993-document,
    title = "DOCUMENT DETECTION OVERVIEW",
    author = "Harman, Donna",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119156",
    pages = "9--15",
}
@inproceedings{harman-1993-document-detection,
    title = "DOCUMENT DETECTION DATA PREPARATION",
    author = "Harman, Donna",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119157",
    pages = "17--31",
}
@inproceedings{harman-1993-document-detection-summary,
    title = "DOCUMENT DETECTION SUMMARY OF RESULTS",
    author = "Harman, Donna",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119158",
    pages = "33--46",
}
@inproceedings{broglio-etal-1993-inquery,
    title = "{INQUERY} System Overview",
    author = "Broglio, John  and
      Callan, James P.  and
      Croft, W. Bruce",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119159",
    pages = "47--67",
}
@inproceedings{caid-etal-1993-tipster,
    title = "TIPSTER PHASE {I} FINAL REPORT",
    author = "Caid, Bill  and
      Gallant, Stephen  and
      Carleton, Joel  and
      Sudbeck, David",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119160",
    pages = "69--92",
}
@inproceedings{liddy-myaeng-1993-dr,
    title = "DR-LINK System: Phase {I} Summary",
    author = "Liddy, Elizabeth D.  and
      Myaeng, Sung H.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119161",
    pages = "93--112",
}
@inproceedings{mettler-1993-trw,
    title = "TRW JAPANESE FAST DATA FINDER",
    author = "Mettler, Matt",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119162",
    pages = "113--116",
}
@inproceedings{okurowski-1993-information,
    title = "INFORMATION EXTRACTION OVERVIEW",
    author = "Okurowski, Mary Ellen",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119164",
    pages = "117--121",
}
@inproceedings{onyshkevych-etal-1993-tasks,
    title = "TASKS, DOMAINS, AND LANGUAGES FOR INFORMATION EXTRACTION",
    author = "Onyshkevych, Boyan  and
      Okurowski, Mary Ellen  and
      Carlson, Lynn",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119165",
    pages = "123--133",
}
@inproceedings{carlson-etal-1993-corpora,
    title = "CORPORA AND DATA PREPARATION FOR INFORMATION EXTRACTION",
    author = "Carlson, Lynn  and
      Onyshkevych, Boyan  and
      Okurowski, Mary Ellen",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119166",
    pages = "135--139",
}
@inproceedings{onyshkevych-1993-template,
    title = "TEMPLATE DESIGN FOR INFORMATION EXTRACTION",
    author = "Onyshkevych, Boyan",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119167",
    pages = "141--145",
}
@inproceedings{sundheim-1993-tipster,
    title = "TIPSTER/MUC-5 INFORMATION EXTRACTION SYSTEM EVALUATION",
    author = "Sundheim, Beth M.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119168",
    pages = "147--163",
}
@inproceedings{moiorano-1993-analysis,
    title = "AN ANALYSIS OF THE JOINT VENTURE JAPANESE TEXT PROTOTYPE AND ITS EFFECT ON SYSTEM PERFORMANCE",
    author = "Moiorano, Steve",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119169",
    pages = "165--178",
}
@inproceedings{will-1993-comparing,
    title = "COMPARING HUMAN AND MACHINE PERFORMANCE FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE INFORMATION EXTRACTION: Results from the Tipster Text Evaluation",
    author = "Will, Craig A.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119170",
    pages = "179--193",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-etal-1993-bbns,
    title = "{BBN}{'}s {PLUM} Probabilistic Language Understanding System",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph  and
      Ayuso, Damaris  and
      Fox, Heidi  and
      Matsukawa, Tomoyoshi  and
      Papageorgiou, Constantine  and
      MacLaughlin, Dawn  and
      Kitagawa, Masaichiro  and
      Sakai, Tsutomu  and
      Abe, June  and
      Hosiho, Hiroto  and
      Miyamoto, Yoichi  and
      Miller, Scott",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119171",
    pages = "195--207",
}
@inproceedings{jacobs-etal-1993-tipster,
    title = "THE TIPSTER/SHOGUN PROJECT",
    author = "Jacobs, Paul S.  and
      Krupka, George  and
      Rau, Lisa  and
      Mauldin, Michael L.  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Kitani, Tsuyoshi  and
      Sider, Ira  and
      Childs, Lois",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119172",
    pages = "209--221",
}
@inproceedings{cowie-etal-1993-crl,
    title = "CRL/BRANDEIS: THE DIDEROT SYSTEM",
    author = "Cowie, Jim  and
      Guthrie, Louise  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Ogden, William  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Wang, Rong  and
      Wakao, Takahiro  and
      Waterman, Scott  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119173",
    pages = "223--239",
}
@inproceedings{lehnert-etal-1993-umass,
    title = "UMASS/HUGHES: DESCRIPTION OF THE CIRCUS SYSTEM USED FOR TIPSTER TEXT",
    author = "Lehnert, W.  and
      McCarthy, J.  and
      Soderland, S.  and
      Riloff, E.  and
      Cardie, C.  and
      Peterson, J.  and
      Feng, F.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119174",
    pages = "241--256",
}
@inproceedings{riloff-lehnert-1993-dictionary,
    title = "DICTIONARY CONSTRUCTION BY DOMAIN EXPERTS",
    author = "Riloff, Ellen  and
      Lehnert, Wendy G.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/1119149.1119175",
    pages = "257--259",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1993-appendix,
    title = "Appendix {I}",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM: PHASE {I}: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Fredricksburg, Virginia, September 19-23, 1993",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X93-1024",
}
@article{cl-2005-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 31, Number 1, March 2005",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "1",
    year = "2005",
}
@article{jones-2005-acl,
    title = "{ACL} Lifetime Achievement Award: Some Points in a Time",
    author = {Jones, Karen Sp{\"a}rck},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "1",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/0891201053630237",
    pages = "1--14",
}
@article{van-deemter-etal-2005-squibs,
    title = "Squibs and Discussions: Real versus Template-Based Natural Language Generation: A False Opposition?",
    author = {van Deemter, Kees  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Theune, Mari{\"e}t},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "1",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/0891201053630291",
    pages = "15--24",
}
@article{collins-koo-2005-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Reranking for Natural Language Parsing",
    author = "Collins, Michael  and
      Koo, Terry",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "1",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/0891201053630273",
    pages = "25--70",
}
@article{palmer-etal-2005-proposition,
    title = "The Proposition Bank: An Annotated Corpus of Semantic Roles",
    author = "Palmer, Martha  and
      Gildea, Daniel  and
      Kingsbury, Paul",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "1",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/0891201053630264",
    pages = "71--106",
}
@article{gamallo-etal-2005-clustering,
    title = "Clustering Syntactic Positions with Similar Semantic Requirements",
    author = "Gamallo, Pablo  and
      Agustini, Alexandre  and
      Lopes, Gabriel P.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "1",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/0891201053630318",
    pages = "107--146",
}
@article{sowa-2005-book,
    title = "Book Review: Ontological Semantics, by Sergei Nirenburg and Victor Raskin",
    author = "Sowa, John F.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "1",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-1006",
}
@article{zukerman-2005-book,
    title = "Book Review: Argumentation Machines: New Frontiers in Argumentation and Computation, edited by Chris Reed and Timothy J. Norman",
    author = "Zukerman, Ingrid",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "1",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-1007",
}
@article{nn-2005-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "1",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-1008",
}
@article{nn-2005-publications,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "1",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-1009",
}
@article{cl-2005-linguistics-31,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 31, Number 2, June 2005",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "2",
    year = "2005",
}
@article{matthiessen-2005-obituary,
    title = "{O}bituary: Remembering Bill {M}ann",
    author = "Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "2",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-2001",
    doi = "10.1162/0891201054224002",
    pages = "161--171",
}
@article{nederhof-2005-general,
    title = "A General Technique to Train Language Models on Language Models",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "2",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-2002",
    doi = "10.1162/0891201054223986",
    pages = "173--185",
}
@article{kallmeyer-2005-tree,
    title = "Tree-Local Multicomponent Tree-Adjoining Grammars with Shared Nodes",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "2",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-2003",
    doi = "10.1162/0891201054223968",
    pages = "187--225",
}
@article{cooper-2005-mathematical,
    title = "A Mathematical Model of Historical Semantics and the Grouping of Word Meanings into Concepts",
    author = "Cooper, Martin C.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "2",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-2004",
    doi = "10.1162/0891201054223995",
    pages = "227--248",
}
@article{wolf-gibson-2005-representing,
    title = "Representing Discourse Coherence: A Corpus-Based Study",
    author = "Wolf, Florian  and
      Gibson, Edward",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "2",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-2005",
    doi = "10.1162/0891201054223977",
    pages = "249--287",
}
@article{cl-2005-linguistics-31-number,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 31, Number 3, September 2005",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "3",
    year = "2005",
}
@article{craggs-wood-2005-squibs,
    title = "Squibs and Discussions: Evaluating Discourse and Dialogue Coding Schemes",
    author = "Craggs, Richard  and
      Wood, Mary McGee",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "3",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-3001",
    doi = "10.1162/089120105774321109",
    pages = "289--296",
}
@article{barzilay-mckeown-2005-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Fusion for Multidocument News Summarization",
    author = "Barzilay, Regina  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "3",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-3002",
    doi = "10.1162/089120105774321091",
    pages = "297--328",
}
@article{odonovan-etal-2005-large,
    title = "Large-Scale Induction and Evaluation of Lexical Resources from the {P}enn-{II} and {P}enn-{III} Treebanks",
    author = "O{'}Donovan, Ruth  and
      Burke, Michael  and
      Cahill, Aoife  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Way, Andy",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "3",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-3003",
    doi = "10.1162/089120105774321073",
    pages = "329--366",
}
@article{markert-nissim-2005-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Knowledge Sources for Nominal Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Markert, Katja  and
      Nissim, Malvina",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "3",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-3004",
    doi = "10.1162/089120105774321064",
    pages = "367--402",
}
@article{pittermann-2005-book,
    title = "Book Review: Spoken Dialogue Technology: Toward the Conversational User Interface, by {M}ichael F. {M}c{T}ear",
    author = "Pittermann, Johannes",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "3",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-3005",
}
@article{rapaport-2005-book,
    title = "Book Review: The {T}uring Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence, edited by Stuart Shieber",
    author = "Rapaport, William J.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "3",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-3006",
}
@article{pasca-2005-book,
    title = "Book Review: New Directions in Question Answering, edited by Mark T. Maybury",
    author = "Pa{\c{s}}ca, Marius",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "3",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-3007",
}
@article{nn-2005-briefly-noted,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "3",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-3008",
}
@article{nn-2005-publications-received,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "3",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-3009",
}
@article{cl-2005-linguistics-31-number-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 31, Number 4, {D}ecember 2005",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "4",
    year = "2005",
}
@article{kay-2005-acl,
    title = "{ACL} Lifetime Achievement Award: A Life of Language",
    author = "Kay, Martin",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "4",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-4001",
    doi = "10.1162/089120105775299159",
    pages = "425--438",
}
@article{weeds-weir-2005-co,
    title = "Co-occurrence Retrieval: A Flexible Framework for Lexical Distributional Similarity",
    author = "Weeds, Julie  and
      Weir, David",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "4",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-4002",
    doi = "10.1162/089120105775299122",
    pages = "439--475",
}
@article{munteanu-marcu-2005-improving,
    title = "Improving Machine Translation Performance by Exploiting Non-Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Munteanu, Dragos Stefan  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "4",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-4003",
    doi = "10.1162/089120105775299168",
    pages = "477--504",
}
@article{daume-iii-marcu-2005-induction,
    title = "Induction of Word and Phrase Alignments for Automatic Document Summarization",
    author = "Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "4",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-4004",
    doi = "10.1162/089120105775299140",
    pages = "505--530",
}
@article{gao-etal-2005-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation and Named Entity Recognition: A Pragmatic Approach",
    author = "Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Wu, Andi  and
      Huang, Chang-Ning",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "4",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-4005",
    doi = "10.1162/089120105775299177",
    pages = "531--574",
}
@article{church-2005-last,
    title = "Last Words: Reviewing the Reviewers",
    author = "Church, Kenneth",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "31",
    number = "4",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J05-4006",
    doi = "10.1162/089120105775299131",
    pages = "575--578",
}
@article{cl-2011-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 37, Issue 1 - March 2011",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "1",
    year = "2011",
}
@article{conroy-etal-2011-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: Nouveau-{ROUGE}: A Novelty Metric for Update Summarization",
    author = "Conroy, John M.  and
      Schlesinger, Judith D.  and
      O{'}Leary, Dianne P.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "1",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00033",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@article{qiu-etal-2011-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Word Expansion and Target Extraction through Double Propagation",
    author = "Qiu, Guang  and
      Liu, Bing  and
      Bu, Jiajun  and
      Chen, Chun",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "1",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00034",
    pages = "9--27",
}
@article{sygal-wintner-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards Modular Development of Typed Unification Grammars",
    author = "Sygal, Yael  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "1",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00035",
    pages = "29--74",
}
@article{yang-etal-2011-investigation,
    title = "An Investigation of Interruptions and Resumptions in Multi-Tasking Dialogues",
    author = "Yang, Fan  and
      Heeman, Peter A.  and
      Kun, Andrew L.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "1",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00036",
    pages = "75--104",
}
@article{zhang-clark-2011-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Processing Using the Generalized Perceptron and Beam Search",
    author = "Zhang, Yue  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "1",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00037",
    pages = "105--151",
}
@article{rieser-lemon-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning and Evaluation of Dialogue Strategies for New Applications: Empirical Methods for Optimization from Small Data Sets",
    author = "Rieser, Verena  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "1",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-1006",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00038",
    pages = "153--196",
}
@article{mcdonald-nivre-2011-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing and Integrating Dependency Parsers",
    author = "McDonald, Ryan  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "1",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-1007",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00039",
    pages = "197--230",
}
@article{gildea-2011-grammar,
    title = "Grammar Factorization by Tree Decomposition",
    author = "Gildea, Daniel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "1",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-1008",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00040",
    pages = "231--248",
}
@article{klein-2011-book,
    title = "Book Review: Not Exactly: In Praise of Vagueness by Kees van Deemter",
    author = "Klein, Ewan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "1",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-1009",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_r_00041",
}
@article{monson-2011-book,
    title = "Book Review: A Resource-Light Approach to Morpho-Syntactic Tagging by Anna Feldman and Jirka Hana",
    author = "Monson, Christian",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "1",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-1010",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_r_00042",
}
@article{bond-2011-book,
    title = "Book Review: Language, Technology, and Society by Richard Sproat",
    author = "Bond, Francis",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "1",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-1011",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_r_00043",
}
@article{nn-2011-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted: Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "1",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-1012",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_r_00044",
}
@article{nn-2011-briefly-noted,
    title = "Briefly Noted: Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "1",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-1013",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_r_00045",
}
@article{mani-2011-last,
    title = "Last Words: Improving Our Reviewing Processes",
    author = "Mani, Inderjeet",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "1",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-1014",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00046",
    pages = "261--265",
}
@article{cl-2011-linguistics-37,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 37, Issue 2 - June 2011",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "2",
    year = "2011",
}
@article{taboada-etal-2011-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon-Based Methods for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Taboada, Maite  and
      Brooke, Julian  and
      Tofiloski, Milan  and
      Voll, Kimberly  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "2",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-2001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00049",
    pages = "267--307",
}
@article{hammarstrom-borin-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Morphology",
    author = {Hammarstr{\"o}m, Harald  and
      Borin, Lars},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "2",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-2002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00050",
    pages = "309--350",
}
@article{surdeanu-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning to Rank Answers to Non-Factoid Questions from Web Collections",
    author = "Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Ciaramita, Massimiliano  and
      Zaragoza, Hugo",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "2",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-2003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00051",
    pages = "351--383",
}
@article{petrenz-webber-2011-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: Stable Classification of Text Genres",
    author = "Petrenz, Philipp  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "2",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-2004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00052",
    pages = "385--393",
}
@article{leidner-2011-book,
    title = "Book Review: Handbook of Natural Language Processing (second edition) edited by Nitin Indurkhya and Fred J. Damerau",
    author = "Leidner, Jochen L.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "2",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-2005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00048",
}
@article{masthoff-2011-book,
    title = "Book Review: Close Engagements with Artificial Companions: Key Social, Psychological, Ethical, and Design Issues edited by Yorick Wilks",
    author = "Masthoff, Judith",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "2",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-2006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00053",
}
@article{cook-2011-book,
    title = "Book Review: A Way with Words: Recent Advances in Lexical Theory and Analysis: A Festschrift for Patrick Hanks edited by Gilles-Maurice de Schryver",
    author = "Cook, Paul",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "2",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-2007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00054",
}
@article{fowler-2011-book,
    title = "Book Review: Categorial Grammar: Logical Syntax, Semantics, and Processing by Glyn V. Morrill",
    author = "Fowler, Timothy A. D.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "2",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-2008",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00055",
}
@article{federico-2011-book,
    title = "Book Review: Cross-Language Information Retrieval by Jian-Yun Nie",
    author = "Federico, Marcello",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "2",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-2009",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00056",
}
@article{fort-etal-2011-last,
    title = "Last Words: {A}mazon Mechanical Turk: Gold Mine or Coal Mine?",
    author = {Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Adda, Gilles  and
      Cohen, K. Bretonnel},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "2",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-2010",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00057",
    pages = "413--420",
}
@article{cl-2011-linguistics-37-issue,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 37, Issue 3 - September 2011",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "3",
    year = "2011",
}
@article{wang-etal-2011-new,
    title = "A New Unsupervised Approach to Word Segmentation",
    author = "Wang, Hanshi  and
      Zhu, Jian  and
      Tang, Shiping  and
      Fan, Xiaozhong",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "3",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-3001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00058",
    pages = "421--454",
}
@article{mairesse-walker-2011-controlling,
    title = "Controlling User Perceptions of Linguistic Style: Trainable Generation of Personality Traits",
    author = "Mairesse, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Walker, Marilyn A.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "3",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-3002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00063",
    pages = "455--488",
}
@article{demberg-etal-2011-strategy,
    title = "A Strategy for Information Presentation in Spoken Dialog Systems",
    author = "Demberg, Vera  and
      Winterboer, Andi  and
      Moore, Johanna D.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "3",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-3003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00064",
    pages = "489--539",
}
@article{gomez-rodriguez-etal-2011-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing Schemata and Mildly Non-Projective Dependency Parsing",
    author = "G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos  and
      Carroll, John  and
      Weir, David",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "3",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-3004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00060",
    pages = "541--586",
}
@article{wan-2011-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Co-Training for Sentiment Classification of {C}hinese Product Reviews",
    author = "Wan, Xiaojun",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "3",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-3005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00061",
    pages = "587--616",
}
@article{pulman-2011-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Automated Grammatical Error Detection for Language Learners by Claudia Leacock, Martin Chodorow, {M}ichael Gamon, and Joel Tetreault",
    author = "Pulman, Stephen",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "3",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-3006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00062",
}
@article{moschitti-2011-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Semantic Role Labeling by Martha Palmer, Daniel {G}ildea and Nianwen {X}ue",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "3",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-3007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00065",
}
@article{zitouni-2011-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Introduction to {A}rabic Natural Language Processing by Nizar Y. Habash",
    author = "Zitouni, Imed",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "3",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-3008",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00066",
}
@article{goldwater-2011-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Computational Modeling of Human Language Acquisition by Afra Alishahi",
    author = "Goldwater, Sharon",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "3",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-3009",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00067",
}
@article{pecina-2011-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Syntax-Based Collocation Extraction by Violeta Seretan",
    author = "Pecina, Pavel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "3",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-3010",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00068",
}
@article{xu-2011-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Data-Intensive Text Processing with {M}ap{R}educe by Jimmy Lin and Chris Dyer",
    author = "Xu, Peng",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "3",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-3011",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00069",
}
@article{nn-2011-briefly-noted-2,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "3",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-3012",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00070",
}
@article{nn-2011-publications,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "3",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-3013",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00071",
}
@article{cl-2011-linguistics-37-issue-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 37, Issue 4 - {D}ecember 2011",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "4",
    year = "2011",
}
@article{charniak-2011-acl,
    title = "{ACL} Lifetime Achievement Award: The Brain as a Statistical Inference Engine{---}and You Can Too",
    author = "Charniak, Eugene",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "4",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-4001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00080",
}
@article{popovic-ney-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Error Analysis of Machine Translation Output",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "4",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-4002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00072",
    pages = "657--688",
}
@article{greenhill-2011-levenshtein,
    title = "{L}evenshtein Distances Fail to Identify Language Relationships Accurately",
    author = "Greenhill, Simon J.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "4",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-4003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00073",
    pages = "689--698",
}
@article{bayerl-paul-2011-determines,
    title = "What Determines Inter-Coder Agreement in Manual Annotations? A Meta-Analytic Investigation",
    author = "Bayerl, Petra Saskia  and
      Paul, Karsten Ingmar",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "4",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-4004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00074",
    pages = "699--725",
}
@article{pan-etal-2011-annotating,
    title = "Annotating and Learning Event Durations in Text",
    author = "Pan, Feng  and
      Mulkar-Mehta, Rutu  and
      Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "4",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-4005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00075",
    pages = "727--752",
}
@article{vadas-curran-2011-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Noun Phrases in the {P}enn Treebank",
    author = "Vadas, David  and
      Curran, James R.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "4",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-4006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00076",
    pages = "753--809",
}
@article{siddharthan-etal-2011-information,
    title = "Information Status Distinctions and Referring Expressions: An Empirical Study of References to People in News Summaries",
    author = "Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Nenkova, Ani  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "4",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-4007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00077",
    pages = "811--842",
}
@article{schutze-walsh-2011-half,
    title = "Half-Context Language Models",
    author = {Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich  and
      Walsh, Michael},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "4",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-4008",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00078",
    pages = "843--865",
}
@article{nederhof-satta-2011-splittability,
    title = "Splittability of Bilexical Context-Free Grammars is Undecidable",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "4",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-4009",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00079",
    pages = "867--879",
}
@article{sarkar-2011-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Parsing Schemata for Practical Text Analysis by Carlos {G}{\'o}mez {R}odr{\'\i}guez",
    author = "Sarkar, Anoop",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "37",
    number = "4",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J11-4010",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00081",
}
@proceedings{semeval-2013-joint,
    title = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Diab, Mona  and
      Baldwin, Tim  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1000",
}
@inproceedings{grefenstette-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards a Formal Distributional Semantics: Simulating Logical Calculi with Tensors",
    author = "Grefenstette, Edward",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{beltagy-etal-2013-montague,
    title = "{M}ontague Meets {M}arkov: Deep Semantics with Probabilistic Logical Form",
    author = "Beltagy, Islam  and
      Chau, Cuong  and
      Boleda, Gemma  and
      Garrette, Dan  and
      Erk, Katrin  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1002",
    pages = "11--21",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2013-coarse,
    title = "Coarse to Fine Grained Sense Disambiguation in {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Shen, Hui  and
      Bunescu, Razvan  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1003",
    pages = "22--31",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2013-sem,
    title = "*{SEM} 2013 shared task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Cer, Daniel  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Gonzalez-Agirre, Aitor  and
      Guo, Weiwei",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1004",
    pages = "32--43",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2013-umbc,
    title = "{UMBC}{\_}{EBIQUITY}-{CORE}: Semantic Textual Similarity Systems",
    author = "Han, Lushan  and
      L. Kashyap, Abhay  and
      Finin, Tim  and
      Mayfield, James  and
      Weese, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1005",
    pages = "44--52",
}
@inproceedings{severyn-etal-2013-ikernels,
    title = "i{K}ernels-Core: Tree Kernel Learning for Textual Similarity",
    author = "Severyn, Aliaksei  and
      Nicosia, Massimo  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1006",
    pages = "53--58",
}
@inproceedings{croce-etal-2013-unitor,
    title = "{UNITOR}-{CORE}{\_}{TYPED}: Combining Text Similarity and Semantic Filters through {SV} Regression",
    author = "Croce, Danilo  and
      Storch, Valerio  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1007",
    pages = "59--65",
}
@inproceedings{marsi-etal-2013-ntnu,
    title = "{NTNU}-{CORE}: Combining strong features for semantic similarity",
    author = {Marsi, Erwin  and
      Moen, Hans  and
      Bungum, Lars  and
      Sizov, Gleb  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Lynum, Andr{\'e}},
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1008",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-sxucfn,
    title = "{SXUCFN}-Core: {STS} Models Integrating {F}rame{N}et Parsing Information",
    author = "Wang, Sai  and
      Li, Ru  and
      Wang, Ruibo  and
      Wang, Zhiqiang  and
      Zhang, Xia",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1009",
    pages = "74--79",
}
@inproceedings{preiss-stevenson-2013-distinguishing,
    title = "Distinguishing Common and Proper Nouns",
    author = "Preiss, Judita  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1010",
    pages = "80--84",
}
@inproceedings{polajnar-etal-2013-ucam,
    title = "{UCAM}-{CORE}: Incorporating structured distributional similarity into {STS}",
    author = "Polajnar, Tamara  and
      Rimell, Laura  and
      Kiela, Douwe",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1011",
    pages = "85--89",
}
@inproceedings{xu-lu-2013-polyucomp,
    title = "{P}oly{UCOMP}-{CORE}{\_}{TYPED}: Computing Semantic Textual Similarity using Overlapped Senses",
    author = "Xu, Jian  and
      Lu, Qin",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1012",
    pages = "90--95",
}
@inproceedings{heilman-madnani-2013-henry,
    title = "{HENRY}-{CORE}: Domain Adaptation and Stacking for Text Similarity",
    author = "Heilman, Michael  and
      Madnani, Nitin",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1013",
    pages = "96--102",
}
@inproceedings{malandrakis-etal-2013-deeppurple,
    title = "{D}eep{P}urple: Lexical, String and Affective Feature Fusion for Sentence-Level Semantic Similarity Estimation",
    author = "Malandrakis, Nikolaos  and
      Iosif, Elias  and
      Prokopi, Vassiliki  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1014",
    pages = "103--108",
}
@inproceedings{chavez-etal-2013-umcc,
    title = "{UMCC}{\_}{DLSI}: Textual Similarity based on Lexical-Semantic features",
    author = "Ch{\'a}vez, Alexander  and
      D{\'a}vila, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Guti{\'e}rrez, Yoan  and
      Collazo, Armando  and
      Abreu, Jos{\'e} I.  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez Orqu{\'\i}n, Antonio  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1015",
    pages = "109--118",
}
@inproceedings{otrusina-smrz-2013-typed,
    title = "{BUT}-{TYPED}: Using domain knowledge for computing typed similarity",
    author = "Otrusina, Lubomir  and
      Smrz, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1016",
    pages = "119--123",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-man-2013-ecnucs,
    title = "{ECNUCS}: Measuring Short Text Semantic Equivalence Using Multiple Similarity Measurements",
    author = "Zhu, Tiantian  and
      Man, Lan",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1017",
    pages = "124--131",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2013-ubc,
    title = "{UBC}{\_}{UOS}-{TYPED}: Regression for typed-similarity",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Aletras, Nikolaos  and
      Gonzalez-Agirre, Aitor  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1018",
    pages = "132--137",
}
@inproceedings{ziak-kern-2013-knce2013,
    title = "{K}n{C}e2013-{CORE}:Semantic Text Similarity by use of Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Ziak, Hermann  and
      Kern, Roman",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1019",
    pages = "138--142",
}
@inproceedings{barron-cedeno-etal-2013-upc,
    title = "{UPC}-{CORE}: What Can Machine Translation Evaluation Metrics and {W}ikipedia Do for Estimating Semantic Textual Similarity?",
    author = "Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Fuentes, Maria  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Horacio  and
      Turmo, Jordi",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1020",
    pages = "143--147",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2013-mayoclinicnlp,
    title = "{M}ayo{C}linic{NLP}{--}{CORE}: Semantic representations for textual similarity",
    author = "Wu, Stephen  and
      Zhu, Dongqing  and
      Carterette, Ben  and
      Liu, Hongfang",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1021",
    pages = "148--154",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-2013-sriubc,
    title = "{SRIUBC}-Core: Multiword Soft Similarity Models for Textual Similarity",
    author = "Yeh, Eric",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1022",
    pages = "155--161",
}
@inproceedings{buscaldi-etal-2013-lipn,
    title = "{LIPN}-{CORE}: Semantic Text Similarity using n-grams, {W}ord{N}et, Syntactic Analysis, {ESA} and Information Retrieval based Features",
    author = "Buscaldi, Davide  and
      Le Roux, Joseph  and
      Garc{\'\i}a Flores, Jorge J.  and
      Popescu, Adrian",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1023",
    pages = "162--168",
}
@inproceedings{caputo-etal-2013-uniba,
    title = "{UNIBA}-{CORE}: Combining Strategies for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Caputo, Annalina  and
      Basile, Pierpaolo  and
      Semeraro, Giovanni",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1024",
    pages = "169--175",
}
@inproceedings{sultan-etal-2013-dls,
    title = "{DLS}@{CU}-{CORE}: A Simple Machine Learning Model of Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Sultan, Md.  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Sumner, Tamara",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1025",
    pages = "176--180",
}
@inproceedings{greiner-etal-2013-klue,
    title = "{KLUE}-{CORE}: A regression model of semantic textual similarity",
    author = "Greiner, Paul  and
      Proisl, Thomas  and
      Evert, Stefan  and
      Kabashi, Besim",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1026",
    pages = "181--186",
}
@inproceedings{noeman-2013-ibm,
    title = "{IBM}{\_}{EG}-{CORE}: Comparing multiple Lexical and {NE} matching features in measuring Semantic Textual similarity",
    author = "Noeman, Sara",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1027",
    pages = "187--193",
}
@inproceedings{jimenez-etal-2013-softcardinality,
    title = "{SOFTCARDINALITY}-{CORE}: Improving Text Overlap with Distributional Measures for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Jimenez, Sergio  and
      Becerra, Claudia  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1028",
    pages = "194--201",
}
@inproceedings{shareghi-bergler-2013-clac,
    title = "{CL}a{C}-{CORE}: Exhaustive Feature Combination for Measuring Textual Similarity",
    author = "Shareghi, Ehsan  and
      Bergler, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1029",
    pages = "202--206",
}
@inproceedings{gella-etal-2013-unimelb,
    title = "{U}ni{M}elb{\_}{NLP}-{CORE}: Integrating predictions from multiple domains and feature sets for estimating semantic textual similarity",
    author = "Gella, Spandana  and
      Salehi, Bahar  and
      Lui, Marco  and
      Grieser, Karl  and
      Cook, Paul  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1030",
    pages = "207--215",
}
@inproceedings{dan-bhattacharyya-2013-cfilt,
    title = "{CFILT}-{CORE}: Semantic Textual Similarity using Universal Networking Language",
    author = "Dan, Avishek  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1031",
    pages = "216--220",
}
@inproceedings{banea-etal-2013-cpn,
    title = "{CPN}-{CORE}: A Text Semantic Similarity System Infused with Opinion Knowledge",
    author = "Banea, Carmen  and
      Choi, Yoonjung  and
      Deng, Lingjia  and
      Hassan, Samer  and
      Mohler, Michael  and
      Yang, Bishan  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Wiebe, Jan",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1032",
    pages = "221--228",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-vega-etal-2013-inaoe,
    title = "{INAOE}{\_}{UPV}-{CORE}: Extracting Word Associations from Document Corpora to estimate Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "S{\'a}nchez-Vega, Fernando  and
      Montes-y-G{\'o}mez, Manuel  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Villase{\~n}or-Pineda, Luis",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1033",
    pages = "229--233",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-van-genabith-2013-cngl,
    title = "{CNGL}-{CORE}: Referential Translation Machines for Measuring Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1034",
    pages = "234--240",
}
@inproceedings{goldberg-orwant-2013-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset of Syntactic-Ngrams over Time from a Very Large Corpus of {E}nglish Books",
    author = "Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Orwant, Jon",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1035",
    pages = "241--247",
}
@inproceedings{gella-etal-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Word Usage Similarity in Social Media Texts",
    author = "Gella, Spandana  and
      Cook, Paul  and
      Han, Bo",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1036",
    pages = "248--253",
}
@inproceedings{forsyth-2013-words,
    title = "More Words and Bigger Pictures",
    author = "Forsyth, David",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1037",
    pages = "254",
}
@inproceedings{schulte-im-walde-etal-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Vector Space Models to Predict the Compositionality of {G}erman Noun-Noun Compounds",
    author = {Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      M{\"u}ller, Stefan  and
      Roller, Stefan},
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1038",
    pages = "255--265",
}
@inproceedings{salehi-cook-2013-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Compositionality of Multiword Expressions Using Translations in Multiple Languages",
    author = "Salehi, Bahar  and
      Cook, Paul",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1039",
    pages = "266--275",
}
@inproceedings{shutova-2013-metaphor,
    title = "Metaphor Identification as Interpretation",
    author = "Shutova, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1040",
    pages = "276--285",
}
@inproceedings{horbach-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using the text to evaluate short answers for reading comprehension exercises",
    author = "Horbach, Andrea  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1041",
    pages = "286--295",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-2013-choosing,
    title = "Choosing the Right Words: Characterizing and Reducing Error of the Word Count Approach",
    author = "Schwartz, Hansen Andrew  and
      Eichstaedt, Johannes  and
      Blanco, Eduardo  and
      Dziurzynski, Lukasz  and
      Kern, Margaret L.  and
      Ramones, Stephanie  and
      Seligman, Martin  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1042",
    pages = "296--305",
}
@inproceedings{roth-frank-2013-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Identifying Implicit Arguments to Improve Argument Linking and Coherence Modeling",
    author = "Roth, Michael  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1043",
    pages = "306--316",
}
@inproceedings{kozhevnikov-titov-2013-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Semantic Role Labelers from Parallel Data",
    author = "Kozhevnikov, Mikhail  and
      Titov, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1044",
    pages = "317--327",
}
@inproceedings{cai-yates-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing {F}reebase: Towards Open-domain Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Cai, Qingqing  and
      Yates, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task: Semantic Textual Similarity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-1045",
    pages = "328--338",
}
@proceedings{semeval-2013-joint-lexical,
    title = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    author = "Manandhar, Suresh  and
      Yuret, Deniz",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2000",
}
@inproceedings{uzzaman-etal-2013-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2013 Task 1: {T}emp{E}val-3: Evaluating Time Expressions, Events, and Temporal Relations",
    author = "UzZaman, Naushad  and
      Llorens, Hector  and
      Derczynski, Leon  and
      Allen, James  and
      Verhagen, Marc  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{bethard-2013-cleartk,
    title = "{C}lear{TK}-{T}ime{ML}: A minimalist approach to {T}emp{E}val 2013",
    author = "Bethard, Steven",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2002",
    pages = "10--14",
}
@inproceedings{strotgen-etal-2013-heideltime,
    title = "{H}eidel{T}ime: Tuning {E}nglish and Developing {S}panish Resources for {T}emp{E}val-3",
    author = {Str{\"o}tgen, Jannik  and
      Zell, Julian  and
      Gertz, Michael},
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2003",
    pages = "15--19",
}
@inproceedings{jung-stent-2013-att1,
    title = "{ATT}1: Temporal Annotation Using Big Windows and Rich Syntactic and Semantic Features",
    author = "Jung, Hyuckchul  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2004",
    pages = "20--24",
}
@inproceedings{negri-etal-2013-semeval,
    title = "{S}emeval-2013 Task 8: Cross-lingual Textual Entailment for Content Synchronization",
    author = "Negri, Matteo  and
      Marchetti, Alessandro  and
      Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Giampiccolo, Danilo",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2005",
    pages = "25--33",
}
@inproceedings{jimenez-etal-2013-softcardinality-learning,
    title = "{SOFTCARDINALITY}: Learning to Identify Directional Cross-Lingual Entailment from Cardinalities and {SMT}",
    author = "Jimenez, Sergio  and
      Becerra, Claudia  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2006",
    pages = "34--38",
}
@inproceedings{korkontzelos-etal-2013-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2013 Task 5: Evaluating Phrasal Semantics",
    author = "Korkontzelos, Ioannis  and
      Zesch, Torsten  and
      Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2007",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{wartena-2013-hsh,
    title = "{H}s{H}: Estimating Semantic Similarity of Words and Short Phrases with Frequency Normalized Distance Measures",
    author = "Wartena, Christian",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2008",
    pages = "48--52",
}
@inproceedings{filannino-etal-2013-mantime,
    title = "{M}an{TIME}: Temporal expression identification and normalization in the {T}emp{E}val-3 challenge",
    author = "Filannino, Michele  and
      Brown, Gavin  and
      Nenadic, Goran",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2009",
    pages = "53--57",
}
@inproceedings{zavarella-tanev-2013-fss,
    title = "{FSS}-{T}im{E}x for {T}emp{E}val-3: Extracting Temporal Information from Text",
    author = "Zavarella, Vanni  and
      Tanev, Hristo",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2010",
    pages = "58--63",
}
@inproceedings{kolya-etal-2013-ju,
    title = "{JU}{\_}{CSE}: A {CRF} Based Approach to Annotation of Temporal Expression, Event and Temporal Relations",
    author = "Kolya, Anup Kumar  and
      Kundu, Amitava  and
      Gupta, Rajdeep  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2011",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{chambers-2013-navytime,
    title = "{N}avy{T}ime: Event and Time Ordering from Raw Text",
    author = "Chambers, Nathanael",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2012",
    pages = "73--77",
}
@inproceedings{chang-manning-2013-sutime,
    title = "{SUT}ime: Evaluation in {T}emp{E}val-3",
    author = "Chang, Angel  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2013",
    pages = "78--82",
}
@inproceedings{kolomiyets-moens-2013-kul,
    title = "{KUL}: Data-driven Approach to Temporal Parsing of Newswire Articles",
    author = "Kolomiyets, Oleksandr  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2014",
    pages = "83--87",
}
@inproceedings{laokulrat-etal-2013-uttime,
    title = "{UTT}ime: Temporal Relation Classification using Deep Syntactic Features",
    author = "Laokulrat, Natsuda  and
      Miwa, Makoto  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Chikayama, Takashi",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2015",
    pages = "88--92",
}
@inproceedings{davila-etal-2013-umcc,
    title = "{UMCC}{\_}{DLSI}-({EPS}): Paraphrases Detection Based on Semantic Distance",
    author = "D{\'a}vila, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez Orqu{\'\i}n, Antonio  and
      Ch{\'a}vez, Alexander  and
      Guti{\'e}rrez, Yoan  and
      Collazo, Armando  and
      Abreu, Jos{\'e} I.  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2016",
    pages = "93--97",
}
@inproceedings{van-de-cruys-etal-2013-melodi,
    title = "{MELODI}: Semantic Similarity of Words and Compositional Phrases using Latent Vector Weighting",
    author = "Van de Cruys, Tim  and
      Afantenos, Stergos  and
      Muller, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2017",
    pages = "98--102",
}
@inproceedings{byrne-etal-2013-iirg,
    title = "{IIRG}: A Naive Approach to Evaluating Phrasal Semantics",
    author = "Byrne, Lorna  and
      Fenlon, Caroline  and
      Dunnion, John",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2018",
    pages = "103--107",
}
@inproceedings{siblini-kosseim-2013-clac,
    title = "{C}la{C}: Semantic Relatedness of Words and Phrases",
    author = "Siblini, Reda  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2019",
    pages = "108--113",
}
@inproceedings{jimenez-etal-2013-unal,
    title = "{UNAL}: Discriminating between Literal and Figurative Phrasal Usage Using Distributional Statistics and {POS} tags",
    author = "Jimenez, Sergio  and
      Becerra, Claudia  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2020",
    pages = "114--117",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2013-ecnucs,
    title = "{ECNUCS}: Recognizing Cross-lingual Textual Entailment Using Multiple Text Similarity and Text Difference Measures",
    author = "Zhao, Jiang  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Niu, Zheng-Yu",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2021",
    pages = "118--123",
}
@inproceedings{vilarino-etal-2013-buap,
    title = "{BUAP}: N-gram based Feature Evaluation for the Cross-Lingual Textual Entailment Task",
    author = "Vilari{\~n}o, Darnes  and
      Pinto, David  and
      Le{\'o}n, Sa{\'u}l  and
      Alem{\'a}n, Yuridiana  and
      G{\'o}mez, Helena",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2022",
    pages = "124--127",
}
@inproceedings{turchi-negri-2013-altn,
    title = "{ALTN}: Word Alignment Features for Cross-lingual Textual Entailment",
    author = "Turchi, Marco  and
      Negri, Matteo",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2023",
    pages = "128--132",
}
@inproceedings{graham-etal-2013-umelb,
    title = "{U}melb: Cross-lingual Textual Entailment with Word Alignment and String Similarity Features",
    author = "Graham, Yvette  and
      Salehi, Bahar  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2024",
    pages = "133--137",
}
@inproceedings{hendrickx-etal-2013-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2013 Task 4: Free Paraphrases of Noun Compounds",
    author = "Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      {\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan  and
      Veale, Tony",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2025",
    pages = "138--143",
}
@inproceedings{van-de-cruys-etal-2013-melodi-supervised,
    title = "{MELODI}: A Supervised Distributional Approach for Free Paraphrasing of Noun Compounds",
    author = "Van de Cruys, Tim  and
      Afantenos, Stergos  and
      Muller, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2026",
    pages = "144--147",
}
@inproceedings{versley-2013-sfs,
    title = "{SFS}-{TUE}: Compound Paraphrasing with a Language Model and Discriminative Reranking",
    author = "Versley, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2027",
    pages = "148--152",
}
@inproceedings{surtani-etal-2013-iiit,
    title = "{IIIT}-H: A Corpus-Driven Co-occurrence Based Probabilistic Model for Noun Compound Paraphrasing",
    author = "Surtani, Nitesh  and
      Batra, Arpita  and
      Ghosh, Urmi  and
      Paul, Soma",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2028",
    pages = "153--157",
}
@inproceedings{lefever-hoste-2013-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2013 Task 10: Cross-lingual Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2029",
    pages = "158--166",
}
@inproceedings{tan-bond-2013-xling,
    title = "{XLING}: Matching Query Sentences to a Parallel Corpus using Topic Models for {WSD}",
    author = "Tan, Liling  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2030",
    pages = "167--170",
}
@inproceedings{rudnick-etal-2013-hltdi,
    title = "{HLTDI}: {CL}-{WSD} Using {M}arkov Random Fields for {S}em{E}val-2013 Task 10",
    author = "Rudnick, Alex  and
      Liu, Can  and
      Gasser, Michael",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2031",
    pages = "171--177",
}
@inproceedings{apidianaki-2013-limsi,
    title = "{LIMSI} : Cross-lingual Word Sense Disambiguation using Translation Sense Clustering",
    author = "Apidianaki, Marianna",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2032",
    pages = "178--182",
}
@inproceedings{van-gompel-van-den-bosch-2013-wsd2,
    title = "{WSD}2: Parameter optimisation for Memory-based Cross-Lingual Word-Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "van Gompel, Maarten  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2033",
    pages = "183--187",
}
@inproceedings{carpuat-2013-nrc,
    title = "{NRC}: A Machine Translation Approach to Cross-Lingual Word Sense Disambiguation ({S}em{E}val-2013 Task 10)",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2034",
    pages = "188--192",
}
@inproceedings{navigli-vannella-2013-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2013 Task 11: Word Sense Induction and Disambiguation within an End-User Application",
    author = "Navigli, Roberto  and
      Vannella, Daniele",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2035",
    pages = "193--201",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-2013-duluth,
    title = "{D}uluth : Word Sense Induction Applied to Web Page Clustering",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2036",
    pages = "202--206",
}
@inproceedings{behera-etal-2013-satty,
    title = "{SATTY} : Word Sense Induction Application in Web Search Clustering",
    author = "Behera, Satyabrata  and
      Gaikwad, Upasana  and
      Bairi, Ramakrishna  and
      Ramakrishnan, Ganesh",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2037",
    pages = "207--211",
}
@inproceedings{zorn-gurevych-2013-ukp,
    title = "UKP-WSI: UKP Lab {S}emeval-2013 Task 11 System Description",
    author = "Zorn, Hans-Peter  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2038",
    pages = "212--216",
}
@inproceedings{lau-etal-2013-unimelb,
    title = "unimelb: Topic Modelling-based Word Sense Induction for Web Snippet Clustering",
    author = "Lau, Jey Han  and
      Cook, Paul  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2039",
    pages = "217--221",
}
@inproceedings{navigli-etal-2013-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2013 Task 12: Multilingual Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Navigli, Roberto  and
      Jurgens, David  and
      Vannella, Daniele",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2040",
    pages = "222--231",
}
@inproceedings{schwab-etal-2013-getalp,
    title = "{GETALP} System : Propagation of a {L}esk Measure through an Ant Colony Algorithm",
    author = "Schwab, Didier  and
      Tchechmedjiev, Andon  and
      Goulian, J{\'e}r{\^o}me  and
      Nasiruddin, Mohammad  and
      S{\'e}rasset, Gilles  and
      Blanchon, Herv{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2041",
    pages = "232--240",
}
@inproceedings{gutierrez-etal-2013-umcc,
    title = "{UMCC}{\_}{DLSI}: Reinforcing a Ranking Algorithm with Sense Frequencies and Multidimensional Semantic Resources to solve Multilingual Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Guti{\'e}rrez, Yoan  and
      Casta{\~n}eda, Yenier  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez, Andy  and
      Estrada, Rainel  and
      Piug, Dennys D.  and
      Abreu, Jose I.  and
      P{\'e}rez, Roger  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez Orqu{\'\i}n, Antonio  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael  and
      Camara, Franc",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2042",
    pages = "241--249",
}
@inproceedings{manion-sainudiin-2013-daebak,
    title = "{DAEBAK}!: Peripheral Diversity for Multilingual Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Manion, Steve L.  and
      Sainudiin, Raazesh",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2043",
    pages = "250--254",
}
@inproceedings{kolomiyets-etal-2013-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2013 Task 3: Spatial Role Labeling",
    author = "Kolomiyets, Oleksandr  and
      Kordjamshidi, Parisa  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine  and
      Bethard, Steven",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2044",
    pages = "255--262",
}
@inproceedings{dzikovska-etal-2013-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2013 Task 7: The Joint Student Response Analysis and 8th Recognizing Textual Entailment Challenge",
    author = "Dzikovska, Myroslava  and
      Nielsen, Rodney  and
      Brew, Chris  and
      Leacock, Claudia  and
      Giampiccolo, Danilo  and
      Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Clark, Peter  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Dang, Hoa Trang",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2045",
    pages = "263--274",
}
@inproceedings{heilman-madnani-2013-ets,
    title = "{ETS}: Domain Adaptation and Stacking for Short Answer Scoring",
    author = "Heilman, Michael  and
      Madnani, Nitin",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2046",
    pages = "275--279",
}
@inproceedings{jimenez-etal-2013-softcardinality-hierarchical,
    title = "{SOFTCARDINALITY}: Hierarchical Text Overlap for Student Response Analysis",
    author = "Jimenez, Sergio  and
      Becerra, Claudia  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2047",
    pages = "280--284",
}
@inproceedings{levy-etal-2013-ukp,
    title = "{UKP}-{BIU}: Similarity and Entailment Metrics for Student Response Analysis",
    author = "Levy, Omer  and
      Zesch, Torsten  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2048",
    pages = "285--289",
}
@inproceedings{jurgens-klapaftis-2013-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2013 Task 13: Word Sense Induction for Graded and Non-Graded Senses",
    author = "Jurgens, David  and
      Klapaftis, Ioannis",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2049",
    pages = "290--299",
}
@inproceedings{baskaya-etal-2013-ai,
    title = "{AI}-{KU}: Using Substitute Vectors and Co-Occurrence Modeling For Word Sense Induction and Disambiguation",
    author = "Ba{\c{s}}kaya, Osman  and
      Sert, Enis  and
      Cirik, Volkan  and
      Yuret, Deniz",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2050",
    pages = "300--306",
}
@inproceedings{lau-etal-2013-unimelb-topic,
    title = "unimelb: Topic Modelling-based Word Sense Induction",
    author = "Lau, Jey Han  and
      Cook, Paul  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2051",
    pages = "307--311",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-etal-2013-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2013 Task 2: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Rosenthal, Sara  and
      Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Stoyanov, Veselin  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Wilson, Theresa",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2052",
    pages = "312--320",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-etal-2013-nrc,
    title = "{NRC}-Canada: Building the State-of-the-Art in Sentiment Analysis of Tweets",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Kiritchenko, Svetlana  and
      Zhu, Xiaodan",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2053",
    pages = "321--327",
}
@inproceedings{gunther-furrer-2013-gu,
    title = "{GU}-{MLT}-{LT}: Sentiment Analysis of Short Messages using Linguistic Features and Stochastic Gradient Descent",
    author = {G{\"u}nther, Tobias  and
      Furrer, Lenz},
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2054",
    pages = "328--332",
}
@inproceedings{becker-etal-2013-avaya,
    title = "{AVAYA}: Sentiment Analysis on Twitter with Self-Training and Polarity Lexicon Expansion",
    author = "Becker, Lee  and
      Erhart, George  and
      Skiba, David  and
      Matula, Valentine",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2055",
    pages = "333--340",
}
@inproceedings{segura-bedmar-etal-2013-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2013 Task 9 : Extraction of Drug-Drug Interactions from Biomedical Texts ({DDIE}xtraction 2013)",
    author = "Segura-Bedmar, Isabel  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Paloma  and
      Herrero-Zazo, Mar{\'\i}a",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2056",
    pages = "341--350",
}
@inproceedings{chowdhury-lavelli-2013-fbk,
    title = "{FBK}-irst : A Multi-Phase Kernel Based Approach for Drug-Drug Interaction Detection and Classification that Exploits Linguistic Information",
    author = "Chowdhury, Md. Faisal Mahbub  and
      Lavelli, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2057",
    pages = "351--355",
}
@inproceedings{rocktaschel-etal-2013-wbi,
    title = "{WBI}-{NER}: The impact of domain-specific features on the performance of identifying and classifying mentions of drugs",
    author = {Rockt{\"a}schel, Tim  and
      Huber, Torsten  and
      Weidlich, Michael  and
      Leser, Ulf},
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2058",
    pages = "356--363",
}
@inproceedings{dermouche-etal-2013-ami,
    title = "{AMI}{\&}{ERIC}: How to Learn with Naive {B}ayes and Prior Knowledge: an Application to Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Dermouche, Mohamed  and
      Khouas, Leila  and
      Velcin, Julien  and
      Loudcher, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2059",
    pages = "364--368",
}
@inproceedings{castellucci-etal-2013-unitor,
    title = "{UNITOR}: Combining Syntactic and Semantic Kernels for Twitter Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Castellucci, Giuseppe  and
      Filice, Simone  and
      Croce, Danilo  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2060",
    pages = "369--374",
}
@inproceedings{chalothorn-ellman-2013-tjp,
    title = "{TJP}: Using Twitter to Analyze the Polarity of Contexts",
    author = "Chalothorn, Tawunrat  and
      Ellman, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2061",
    pages = "375--379",
}
@inproceedings{poursepanj-etal-2013-uottawa,
    title = "u{O}ttawa: System description for {S}em{E}val 2013 Task 2 Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Poursepanj, Hamid  and
      Weissbock, Josh  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2062",
    pages = "380--383",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2013-ut,
    title = "{UT}-{DB}: An Experimental Study on Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Zhu, Zhemin  and
      Hiemstra, Djoerd  and
      Apers, Peter  and
      Wombacher, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2063",
    pages = "384--389",
}
@inproceedings{harihara-etal-2013-usna,
    title = "{USNA}: A Dual-Classifier Approach to Contextual Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Harihara, Ganesh  and
      Yang, Eugene  and
      Chambers, Nathanael",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2064",
    pages = "390--394",
}
@inproceedings{proisl-etal-2013-klue,
    title = "{KLUE}: Simple and robust methods for polarity classification",
    author = "Proisl, Thomas  and
      Greiner, Paul  and
      Evert, Stefan  and
      Kabashi, Besim",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2065",
    pages = "395--401",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-camara-etal-2013-sinai,
    title = "{SINAI}: Machine Learning and Emotion of the Crowd for Sentiment Analysis in Microblogs",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez-C{\'a}mara, Eugenio  and
      Montejo-R{\'a}ez, Arturo  and
      Mart{\'\i}n-Valdivia, M. Teresa  and
      Ure{\~n}a-L{\'o}pez, L. Alfonso",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2066",
    pages = "402--407",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2013-ecnucs,
    title = "{ECNUCS}: A Surface Information Based System Description of Sentiment Analysis in Twitter in the {S}em{E}val-2013 (Task 2)",
    author = "Zhu, Tiantian  and
      Zhang, Fangxi  and
      Man, Lan",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2067",
    pages = "408--413",
}
@inproceedings{levallois-2013-umigon,
    title = "{U}migon: sentiment analysis for tweets based on terms lists and heuristics",
    author = "Levallois, Clement",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2068",
    pages = "414--417",
}
@inproceedings{marchand-etal-2013-lvic,
    title = "[{LVIC}-{LIMSI}]: Using Syntactic Features and Multi-polarity Words for Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Marchand, Morgane  and
      Ginsca, Alexandru  and
      Besan{\c{c}}on, Romaric  and
      Mesnard, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2069",
    pages = "418--424",
}
@inproceedings{clark-wicentwoski-2013-swatcs,
    title = "{S}wat{CS}: Combining simple classifiers with estimated accuracy",
    author = "Clark, Sam  and
      Wicentwoski, Rich",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2070",
    pages = "425--429",
}
@inproceedings{selmer-etal-2013-ntnu,
    title = "{NTNU}: Domain Semi-Independent Short Message Sentiment Classification",
    author = {Selmer, {\O}yvind  and
      Brevik, Mikael  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Bungum, Lars},
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2071",
    pages = "430--437",
}
@inproceedings{malandrakis-etal-2013-sail,
    title = "{SAIL}: A hybrid approach to sentiment analysis",
    author = "Malandrakis, Nikolaos  and
      Kazemzadeh, Abe  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2072",
    pages = "438--442",
}
@inproceedings{gutierrez-etal-2013-umcc-dlsi,
    title = "{UMCC}{\_}{DLSI}-({SA}): Using a ranking algorithm and informal features to solve Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Guti{\'e}rrez, Yoan  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez, Andy  and
      P{\'e}rez, Roger  and
      Abreu, Jos{\'e} I.  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez Orqu{\'\i}n, Antonio  and
      Mosquera, Alejandro  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael  and
      Camara, Franc",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2073",
    pages = "443--449",
}
@inproceedings{remus-2013-asvuniofleipzig,
    title = "{ASVU}ni{O}f{L}eipzig: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter using Data-driven Machine Learning Techniques",
    author = "Remus, Robert",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2074",
    pages = "450--454",
}
@inproceedings{hamdan-etal-2013-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with {DB}pedia, {W}ord{N}et and {S}enti{W}ord{N}et as resources for sentiment analysis in micro-blogging",
    author = "Hamdan, Hussam  and
      B{\'e}chet, Frederic  and
      Bellot, Patrice",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2075",
    pages = "455--459",
}
@inproceedings{balahur-2013-optwima,
    title = "{OPTWIMA}: Comparing Knowledge-rich and Knowledge-poor Approaches for Sentiment Analysis in Short Informal Texts",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2076",
    pages = "460--465",
}
@inproceedings{chowdhury-etal-2013-fbk,
    title = "{FBK}: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter with Tweetsted",
    author = "Chowdhury, Md. Faisal Mahbub  and
      Guerini, Marco  and
      Tonelli, Sara  and
      Lavelli, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2077",
    pages = "466--470",
}
@inproceedings{gezici-etal-2013-su,
    title = "{SU}-Sentilab : A Classification System for Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Gezici, Gizem  and
      Dehkharghani, Rahim  and
      Yanikoglu, Berrin  and
      Tapucu, Dilek  and
      Saygin, Yucel",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2078",
    pages = "471--477",
}
@inproceedings{rosenthal-mckeown-2013-columbia,
    title = "{C}olumbia {NLP}: Sentiment Detection of Subjective Phrases in Social Media",
    author = "Rosenthal, Sara  and
      McKeown, Kathy",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2079",
    pages = "478--482",
}
@inproceedings{rodriguez-penagos-etal-2013-fbm,
    title = "{FBM}: Combining lexicon-based {ML} and heuristics for Social Media Polarities",
    author = "Rodr{\'\i}guez-Penagos, Carlos  and
      Atserias Batalla, Jordi  and
      Codina-Filb{\`a}, Joan  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Narbona, David  and
      Grivolla, Jens  and
      Lambert, Patrik  and
      Saur{\'\i}, Roser",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2080",
    pages = "483--489",
}
@inproceedings{moreira-etal-2013-reaction,
    title = "{REACTION}: A naive machine learning approach for sentiment classification",
    author = "Moreira, Silvio  and
      Filgueiras, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Martins, Bruno  and
      Couto, Francisco  and
      Silva, M{\'a}rio J.",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2081",
    pages = "490--494",
}
@inproceedings{chawla-etal-2013-iitb,
    title = "{IITB}-Sentiment-Analysts: Participation in Sentiment Analysis in Twitter {S}em{E}val 2013 Task",
    author = "Chawla, Karan  and
      Ramteke, Ankit  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2082",
    pages = "495--500",
}
@inproceedings{ortega-bueno-etal-2013-ssa,
    title = "{SSA}-{UO}: Unsupervised Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Ortega Bueno, Reynier  and
      Fonseca Bruz{\'o}n, Adrian  and
      Guti{\'e}rrez, Yoan  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2083",
    pages = "501--507",
}
@inproceedings{saias-fernandes-2013-senti,
    title = "senti.ue-en: an approach for informally written short texts in {S}em{E}val-2013 Sentiment Analysis task",
    author = "Saias, Jos{\'e}  and
      Fernandes, Hil{\'a}rio",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2084",
    pages = "508--512",
}
@inproceedings{reckman-etal-2013-teragram,
    title = "teragram: Rule-based detection of sentiment phrases using {SAS} Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Reckman, Hilke  and
      Baird, Cheyanne  and
      Crawford, Jean  and
      Crowell, Richard  and
      Micciulla, Linnea  and
      Sethi, Saratendu  and
      Veress, Fruzsina",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2085",
    pages = "513--519",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2013-codex,
    title = "{C}ode{X}: Combining an {SVM} Classifier and Character N-gram Language Models for Sentiment Analysis on Twitter Text",
    author = "Han, Qi  and
      Guo, Junfei  and
      Schuetze, Hinrich",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2086",
    pages = "520--524",
}
@inproceedings{jain-etal-2013-sielers,
    title = "sielers : Feature Analysis and Polarity Classification of Expressions from Twitter and {SMS} Data",
    author = "Jain, Harshit  and
      Mogadala, Aditya  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2087",
    pages = "525--529",
}
@inproceedings{agrawal-an-2013-kea,
    title = "{K}ea: Expression-level Sentiment Analysis from Twitter Data",
    author = "Agrawal, Ameeta  and
      An, Aijun",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2088",
    pages = "530--534",
}
@inproceedings{negi-rosner-2013-uom,
    title = "{U}o{M}: Using Explicit Semantic Analysis for Classifying Sentiments",
    author = "Negi, Sapna  and
      Rosner, Michael",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2089",
    pages = "535--538",
}
@inproceedings{baugh-2013-bwbaugh,
    title = "bwbaugh : Hierarchical sentiment analysis with partial self-training",
    author = "Baugh, Wesley",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2090",
    pages = "539--542",
}
@inproceedings{palanisamy-etal-2013-serendio,
    title = "{S}erendio: Simple and Practical lexicon based approach to Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Palanisamy, Prabu  and
      Yadav, Vineet  and
      Elchuri, Harsha",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2091",
    pages = "543--548",
}
@inproceedings{hangya-etal-2013-szte,
    title = "{SZTE}-{NLP}: Sentiment Detection on Twitter Messages",
    author = "Hangya, Viktor  and
      Berend, G{\'a}bor  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2092",
    pages = "549--553",
}
@inproceedings{kokciyan-etal-2013-bounce,
    title = "{BOUNCE}: Sentiment Classification in Twitter using Rich Feature Sets",
    author = {K{\"o}kciyan, Nadin  and
      {\c{C}}elebi, Arda  and
      {\"O}zg{\"u}r, Arzucan  and
      {\"U}sk{\"u}darl{\i}, Suzan},
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2093",
    pages = "554--561",
}
@inproceedings{malakasiotis-etal-2013-nlp,
    title = "nlp.cs.aueb.gr: Two Stage Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Malakasiotis, Prodromos  and
      Karampatsis, Rafael Michael  and
      Makrynioti, Konstantina  and
      Pavlopoulos, John",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2094",
    pages = "562--567",
}
@inproceedings{balage-filho-pardo-2013-nilc,
    title = "{NILC}{\_}{USP}: A Hybrid System for Sentiment Analysis in Twitter Messages",
    author = "Balage Filho, Pedro  and
      Pardo, Thiago",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2095",
    pages = "568--572",
}
@inproceedings{bastianelli-etal-2013-unitor,
    title = "{UNITOR}-{HMM}-{TK}: Structured Kernel-based learning for Spatial Role Labeling",
    author = "Bastianelli, Emanuele  and
      Croce, Danilo  and
      Basili, Roberto  and
      Nardi, Daniele",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2096",
    pages = "573--579",
}
@inproceedings{aldabe-etal-2013-ehu,
    title = "{EHU}-{ALM}: Similarity-Feature Based Approach for Student Response Analysis",
    author = "Aldabe, Itziar  and
      Maritxalar, Montse  and
      Lopez de Lacalle, Oier",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2097",
    pages = "580--584",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-van-genabith-2013-cngl-grading,
    title = "{CNGL}: Grading Student Answers by Acts of Translation",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2098",
    pages = "585--591",
}
@inproceedings{kouylekov-etal-2013-celi,
    title = "{C}eli: {EDITS} and Generic Text Pair Classification",
    author = "Kouylekov, Milen  and
      Dini, Luca  and
      Bosca, Alessio  and
      Trevisan, Marco",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2099",
    pages = "592--597",
}
@inproceedings{gleize-grau-2013-limsiiles,
    title = "{LIMSIILES}: Basic {E}nglish Substitution for Student Answer Assessment at {S}em{E}val 2013",
    author = "Gleize, Martin  and
      Grau, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2100",
    pages = "598--602",
}
@inproceedings{okoye-etal-2013-cu,
    title = "{CU} : Computational Assessment of Short Free Text Answers - A Tool for Evaluating Students{'} Understanding",
    author = "Okoye, Ifeyinwa  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Sumner, Tamara",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2101",
    pages = "603--607",
}
@inproceedings{ott-etal-2013-comet,
    title = "{C}o{M}e{T}: Integrating different levels of linguistic modeling for meaning assessment",
    author = "Ott, Niels  and
      Ziai, Ramon  and
      Hahn, Michael  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2102",
    pages = "608--616",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-cisneros-2013-uc3m,
    title = "{UC}3{M}: A kernel-based approach to identify and classify {DDI}s in bio-medical texts.",
    author = "Sanchez-Cisneros, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2103",
    pages = "617--621",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-cisneros-aparicio-gali-2013-uem,
    title = "{UEM}-{UC}3{M}: An Ontology-based named entity recognition system for biomedical texts.",
    author = "Sanchez-Cisneros, Daniel  and
      Aparicio Gali, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2104",
    pages = "622--627",
}
@inproceedings{thomas-etal-2013-wbi,
    title = "{WBI}-{DDI}: Drug-Drug Interaction Extraction using Majority Voting",
    author = {Thomas, Philippe  and
      Neves, Mariana  and
      Rockt{\"a}schel, Tim  and
      Leser, Ulf},
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2105",
    pages = "628--635",
}
@inproceedings{collazo-etal-2013-umcc,
    title = "{UMCC}{\_}{DLSI}: Semantic and Lexical features for detection and classification Drugs in biomedical texts",
    author = "Collazo, Armando  and
      Ceballo, Alberto  and
      Puig, Dennys D.  and
      Guti{\'e}rrez, Yoan  and
      Abreu, Jos{\'e} I.  and
      P{\'e}rez, Roger  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez Orqu{\'\i}n, Antonio  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael  and
      Camara, Franc",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2106",
    pages = "636--643",
}
@inproceedings{bokharaeian-diaz-2013-nil,
    title = "{NIL}{\_}{UCM}: Extracting Drug-Drug interactions from text through combination of sequence and tree kernels",
    author = "Bokharaeian, Behrouz  and
      D{\'\i}az, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2107",
    pages = "644--650",
}
@inproceedings{bjorne-etal-2013-uturku,
    title = "{UT}urku: Drug Named Entity Recognition and Drug-Drug Interaction Extraction Using {SVM} Classification and Domain Knowledge",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rne, Jari  and
      Kaewphan, Suwisa  and
      Salakoski, Tapio},
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2108",
    pages = "651--659",
}
@inproceedings{grego-etal-2013-lasige,
    title = "{LASIGE}: using Conditional Random Fields and {C}h{EBI} ontology",
    author = "Grego, Tiago  and
      Pinto, Francisco  and
      Couto, Francisco M.",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2109",
    pages = "660--666",
}
@inproceedings{rastegar-mojarad-etal-2013-uwm,
    title = "{UWM}-{TRIADS}: Classifying Drug-Drug Interactions with Two-Stage {SVM} and Post-Processing",
    author = "Rastegar-Mojarad, Majid  and
      Boyce, Richard D.  and
      Prasad, Rashmi",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2110",
    pages = "667--674",
}
@inproceedings{bobic-etal-2013-scai,
    title = "{SCAI}: Extracting drug-drug interactions using a rich feature vector",
    author = "Bobi{\'c}, Tamara  and
      Fluck, Juliane  and
      Hofmann-Apitius, Martin",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2111",
    pages = "675--683",
}
@inproceedings{hailu-etal-2013-ucolorado,
    title = "{UC}olorado{\_}{SOM}: Extraction of Drug-Drug Interactions from Biomedical Text using Knowledge-rich and Knowledge-poor Features",
    author = "Hailu, Negacy  and
      Hunter, Lawrence E.  and
      Cohen, K. Bretonnel",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2112",
    pages = "684--688",
}
@inproceedings{hope-keller-2013-uos,
    title = "{U}o{S}: A Graph-Based System for Graded Word Sense Induction",
    author = "Hope, David  and
      Keller, Bill",
    booktitle = "Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM}), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2013)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2113",
    pages = "689--694",
}
@proceedings{tinlap-1975-theoretical,
    title = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing: Supplement",
    author = "Nash-Webber, B.L.  and
      Schank, Roger",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-1000",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1975-schedule,
    title = "SCHEDULE",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing: Supplement",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-1001",
}
@inproceedings{abelson-1975-reasoner,
    title = "THE REASONER AND THE INFERENCER DON{'}T TALK MUCH TO EACH OTHER",
    author = "Abelson, Robert P.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing: Supplement",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-1002",
}
@inproceedings{fikes-1975-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC PLANNING FROM A FRAMES POINT OF VIEW",
    author = "Fikes, Richard E.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing: Supplement",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-1003",
}
@inproceedings{kay-1975-syntactic,
    title = "SYNTACTIC PROCESSING AND FUNCTIONAL SENTENCE PERSPECTIVE",
    author = "Kay, Martin",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing: Supplement",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-1004",
}
@inproceedings{lehnert-1975-makes,
    title = "WHAT MAKES SAM RUN? SCRIPT BASED TECHNIQUES FOR QUESTION ANSWERING",
    author = "Lehnert, Wendy",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing: Supplement",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-1005",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1975-errata,
    title = "ERRATA",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing: Supplement",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-1006",
}
@proceedings{tinlap-1975-theoretical-issues,
    title = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Nash-Webber, B.L.  and
      Schank, Roger",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2000",
}
@inproceedings{heidorn-1975-augmented,
    title = "AUGMENTED PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMARS",
    author = "Heidorn, George E.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2001",
}
@inproceedings{marcus-1975-diagnosis,
    title = "DIAGNOSIS AS A NOTION OF GRAMMAR",
    author = "Marcus, Mitchell",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2002",
}
@inproceedings{riesbeck-1975-computational,
    title = "COMPUTATIONAL UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "Riesbeck, Christopher K.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2003",
}
@inproceedings{simmons-1975-clowns,
    title = "THE CLOWNS MICROWORLD",
    author = "Simmons, Robert F.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2004",
}
@inproceedings{waltz-1975-understanding,
    title = "ON UNDERSTANDING POETRY",
    author = "Waltz, D. L.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2005",
}
@inproceedings{jackendoff-1975-system,
    title = "A SYSTEM OF SEMANTIC PRIMITIVES",
    author = "Jackendoff, Ray",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2006",
}
@inproceedings{miller-1975-comments,
    title = "COMMENTS ON LEXICAL ANALYSIS",
    author = "Miller, George A.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2007",
}
@inproceedings{schank-1975-primitive,
    title = "The Primitive {ACT}s of Conceptual Dependency",
    author = "Schank, Roger C.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2008",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-1975-primitives,
    title = "PRIMITIVES AND WORDS",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2009",
}
@inproceedings{charniak-1975-organization,
    title = "ORGANIZATION AND INFERENCE IN A FRAME-LIKE SYSTEM OF COMMON SENSE KNOWLEDGE",
    author = "Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2010",
}
@inproceedings{collins-1975-trouble,
    title = "THE TROUBLE WITH MEMORY DISTINCTIONS",
    author = "Collins, Allan",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2011",
}
@inproceedings{ortony-1975-episodic,
    title = "HOW EPISODIC IS SEMANTIC MEMORY?",
    author = "Ortony, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2012",
}
@inproceedings{becker-1975-phrasal,
    title = "THE PHRASAL LEXICON",
    author = "Becker, Joseph D.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2013",
}
@inproceedings{bruce-1975-generation,
    title = "GENERATION AS A SOCIAL ACTION",
    author = "Bruce, Bertram C.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2014",
}
@inproceedings{clippinger-jr-1975-speaking,
    title = "SPEAKING WITH MANYTONGUES: SOME PROBLEMS IN MODELING SPEAKERS OF ACTUAL DISCOURSE",
    author = "Clippinger, Jr., John H.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2015",
}
@inproceedings{goldman-1975-boundaries,
    title = "THE BOUNDARIES OF LANGUAGE GENERATION",
    author = "Goldman, Neil M.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2016",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-rosenschein-1975-formalism,
    title = "A FORMALISM FOR RELATING LEXICAL AND PRAGMATIC INFORMATION: ITS RELEVANCE TO RECOGNITION AND GENERATION",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.  and
      Rosenschein, Stanley J.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2017",
}
@inproceedings{klein-1975-meta,
    title = "META-COMPILING TEXT GRAMMARS AS A MODEL FOR HUMAN BEHAVIOR",
    author = "Klein, Sheldon",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2018",
}
@inproceedings{chafe-1975-thoughts,
    title = "SOME THOUGHTS ON SCHEMATA",
    author = "Chafe, Wallace L.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2019",
}
@inproceedings{feldman-1975-bad,
    title = "BAD-MOUTHING FRAMES",
    author = "Feldman, Jerry",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2020",
}
@inproceedings{hewitt-1975-stereotypes,
    title = "{STEREOTYPES} as an {ACTOR} Approach Towards Solving the Problem of Procedural Attachment in {FRAME} Theories",
    author = "Hewitt, Carl",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2021",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1975-minskys,
    title = "MINSKY{'}S FRAME SYSTEM THEORY",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2022",
}
@inproceedings{schank-1975-using,
    title = "USING KNOWLEDGE TO UNDERSTAND",
    author = "Schank, Roger C.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2023",
}
@inproceedings{clippinger-jr-1975-considerations,
    title = "CONSIDERATIONS FOR COMPUTATIONAL THEORIES OF SPEAKING: SEVEN THINGS SPEAKERS DO",
    author = "Clippinger, Jr., John H.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2024",
}
@inproceedings{mann-1975-improving,
    title = "IMPROVING METHODOLOGY in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Mann, William C.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2025",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-1975-methodology,
    title = "METHODOLOGY IN AI AND NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2026",
}
@inproceedings{woods-1975-methodological,
    title = "Some Methodological Issues in Natural Language Understanding Research",
    author = "Woods, W. A.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2027",
}
@inproceedings{abelson-1975-story,
    title = "DOES A STORY UNDERSTANDER NEED A POINT OF VIEW?",
    author = "Abelson, Robert P.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2028",
}
@inproceedings{chafe-1975-creativity,
    title = "CREATIVITY IN VERBALIZATION AS EVIDENCE FOR ANALOGIC KNOWLEDGE",
    author = "Chafe, Wallace L.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2029",
}
@inproceedings{kosslyn-1975-retrieving,
    title = "ON RETRIEVING INFORMATION FROM VISUAL IMAGES",
    author = "Kosslyn, Stephen Michael",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2030",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-1975-nature,
    title = "THE NATURE OF PERCEPTUAL REPRESENTATION: AN EXAMINATION OF THE ANALOG/PROPOSITIONAL CONTROVERSY",
    author = "Palmer, Stephen E.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2031",
}
@inproceedings{pylyshyn-1975-representation,
    title = "REPRESENTATION OF KNOWLEDGE: NON-LINGUISTIC FORMS DO WE NEED IMAGES AND ANALOGUES?",
    author = "Pylyshyn, Zenon W.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2032",
}
@inproceedings{sloman-1975-afterthoughts,
    title = "AFTERTHOUGHTS ON ANALOGICAL REPRESENTATIONS",
    author = "Sloman, Aaron",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2033",
}
@inproceedings{clark-1975-bridging,
    title = "BRIDGING",
    author = "Clark, Herbert H.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2034",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-1975-formal,
    title = "Formal Reasoning and Language Understanding System",
    author = "Reiter, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2035",
}
@inproceedings{rieger-1975-commonsense,
    title = "THE COMMONSENSE ALGORITHM AS A BASIS FOR COMFUTER MODELS OF HUMAN MEMORY, INFERENCE, BELIEF AND CONTEXTUAL LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION",
    author = "Rieger, Chuck",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2036",
}
@inproceedings{schmidt-1975-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Human Action",
    author = "Schmidt, Charles F.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1975",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T75-2037",
}
@proceedings{semeval-2007-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Wicentowski, Richard",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1000",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2007-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2007 Task 01: Evaluating {WSD} on Cross-Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Lopez de Lacalle, Oier  and
      Otegi, Arantxa  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-soroa-2007-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2007 Task 02: Evaluating Word Sense Induction and Discrimination Systems",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Soroa, Aitor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{girju-etal-2007-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2007 Task 04: Classification of Semantic Relations between Nominals",
    author = "Girju, Roxana  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Nastase, Vivi  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan  and
      Turney, Peter  and
      Yuret, Deniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1003",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2007-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2007 Task 05: Multilingual {C}hinese-{E}nglish Lexical Sample",
    author = "Jin, Peng  and
      Wu, Yunfang  and
      Yu, Shiwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1004",
    pages = "19--23",
}
@inproceedings{litkowski-hargraves-2007-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2007 Task 06: Word-Sense Disambiguation of Prepositions",
    author = "Litkowski, Kenneth C.  and
      Hargraves, Orin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1005",
    pages = "24--29",
}
@inproceedings{navigli-etal-2007-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2007 Task 07: Coarse-Grained {E}nglish All-Words Task",
    author = "Navigli, Roberto  and
      Litkowski, Kenneth C.  and
      Hargraves, Orin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1006",
    pages = "30--35",
}
@inproceedings{markert-nissim-2007-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2007 Task 08: Metonymy Resolution at {S}em{E}val-2007",
    author = "Markert, Katja  and
      Nissim, Malvina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1007",
    pages = "36--41",
}
@inproceedings{marquez-etal-2007-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2007 Task 09: Multilevel Semantic Annotation of {C}atalan and {S}panish",
    author = "M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Villarejo, Luis  and
      Mart{\'\i}, M. A.  and
      Taul{\'e}, Mariona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1008",
    pages = "42--47",
}
@inproceedings{mccarthy-navigli-2007-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2007 Task 10: {E}nglish Lexical Substitution Task",
    author = "McCarthy, Diana  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1009",
    pages = "48--53",
}
@inproceedings{ng-chan-2007-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2007 Task 11: {E}nglish Lexical Sample Task via {E}nglish-{C}hinese Parallel Text",
    author = "Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Chan, Yee Seng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1010",
    pages = "54--58",
}
@inproceedings{orhan-etal-2007-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2007 Task 12: {T}urkish Lexical Sample Task",
    author = {Orhan, Zeynep  and
      {\c{C}}elik, Emine  and
      Neslihan, Demirg{\"u}{\c{c}}},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1011",
    pages = "59--63",
}
@inproceedings{artiles-etal-2007-semeval,
    title = "The {S}em{E}val-2007 {W}e{PS} Evaluation: Establishing a benchmark for the Web People Search Task",
    author = "Artiles, Javier  and
      Gonzalo, Julio  and
      Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1012",
    pages = "64--69",
}
@inproceedings{strapparava-mihalcea-2007-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2007 Task 14: Affective Text",
    author = "Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1013",
    pages = "70--74",
}
@inproceedings{verhagen-etal-2007-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2007 Task 15: {T}emp{E}val Temporal Relation Identification",
    author = "Verhagen, Marc  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Schilder, Frank  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Katz, Graham  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1014",
    pages = "75--80",
}
@inproceedings{cuadros-rigau-2007-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2007 Task 16: Evaluation of Wide Coverage Knowledge Resources",
    author = "Cuadros, Montse  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1015",
    pages = "81--86",
}
@inproceedings{pradhan-etal-2007-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2007 Task-17: {E}nglish Lexical Sample, {SRL} and All Words",
    author = "Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Loper, Edward  and
      Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1016",
    pages = "87--92",
}
@inproceedings{diab-etal-2007-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2007 Task 18: {A}rabic Semantic Labeling",
    author = "Diab, Mona  and
      Alkhalifa, Musa  and
      ElKateb, Sabry  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane  and
      Mansouri, Aous  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1017",
    pages = "93--98",
}
@inproceedings{baker-etal-2007-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2007 Task 19: Frame Semantic Structure Extraction",
    author = "Baker, Collin  and
      Ellsworth, Michael  and
      Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1018",
    pages = "99--104",
}
@inproceedings{lefever-etal-2007-aug,
    title = "{AUG}: A combined classification and clustering approach for web people disambiguation",
    author = "Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Fayruzov, Timur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1019",
    pages = "105--108",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-2007-cityu,
    title = "{CITYU}-{HIF}: {WSD} with Human-Informed Feature Preference",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1020",
    pages = "109--112",
}
@inproceedings{litkowski-2007-clr,
    title = "{CLR}: Integration of {F}rame{N}et in a Text Representation System",
    author = "Litkowski, Kenneth C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1021",
    pages = "113--116",
}
@inproceedings{andreevskaia-bergler-2007-clac,
    title = "{CL}a{C} and {CL}a{C}-{NB}: Knowledge-based and corpus-based approaches to sentiment tagging",
    author = "Andreevskaia, Alina  and
      Bergler, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1022",
    pages = "117--120",
}
@inproceedings{tribble-fahlman-2007-cmu,
    title = "{CMU}-{AT}: Semantic Distance and Background Knowledge for Identifying Semantic Relations",
    author = "Tribble, Alicia  and
      Fahlman, Scott E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1023",
    pages = "121--124",
}
@inproceedings{chen-martin-2007-cu,
    title = "{CU}-{COMSEM}: Exploring Rich Features for Unsupervised Web Personal Name Disambiguation",
    author = "Chen, Ying  and
      Martin, James H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1024",
    pages = "125--128",
}
@inproceedings{bethard-martin-2007-cu,
    title = "{CU}-{TMP}: Temporal Relation Classification Using Syntactic and Semantic Features",
    author = "Bethard, Steven  and
      Martin, James H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1025",
    pages = "129--132",
}
@inproceedings{diab-etal-2007-cunit,
    title = "{CUNIT}: A Semantic Role Labeling System for Modern Standard {A}rabic",
    author = "Diab, Mona  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Pighin, Daniele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1026",
    pages = "133--136",
}
@inproceedings{heyl-neumann-2007-dfki2,
    title = "{DFKI}2: An Information Extraction Based Approach to People Disambiguation",
    author = {Heyl, Andrea  and
      Neumann, G{\"u}nter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1027",
    pages = "137--140",
}
@inproceedings{giuliano-etal-2007-fbk,
    title = "{FBK}-{IRST}: Kernel Methods for Semantic Relation Extraction",
    author = "Giuliano, Claudio  and
      Lavelli, Alberto  and
      Pighin, Daniele  and
      Romano, Lorenza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1028",
    pages = "141--144",
}
@inproceedings{giuliano-etal-2007-fbk-irst,
    title = "{FBK}-irst: Lexical Substitution Task Exploiting Domain and Syntagmatic Coherence",
    author = "Giuliano, Claudio  and
      Gliozzo, Alfio  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1029",
    pages = "145--148",
}
@inproceedings{kalmar-blume-2007-fico,
    title = "{FICO}: Web Person Disambiguation Via Weighted Similarity of Entity Contexts",
    author = "Kalmar, Paul  and
      Blume, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1030",
    pages = "149--152",
}
@inproceedings{leveling-2007-fuh,
    title = {{FUH} ({F}ern{U}niversit{\"a}t in Hagen): Metonymy Recognition Using Different Kinds of Context for a Memory-Based Learner},
    author = "Leveling, Johannes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1031",
    pages = "153--156",
}
@inproceedings{izquierdo-etal-2007-gplsi,
    title = "{GPLSI}: Word Coarse-grained Disambiguation aided by Basic Level Concepts",
    author = "Izquierdo, Rub{\'e}n  and
      Su{\'a}rez, Armando  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1032",
    pages = "157--160",
}
@inproceedings{farkas-etal-2007-gyder,
    title = "{GYDER}: Maxent Metonymy Resolution",
    author = {Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      Simon, Eszter  and
      Szarvas, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Varga, D{\'a}niel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1033",
    pages = "161--164",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2007-hit,
    title = "{HIT}-{IR}-{WSD}: A {WSD} System for {E}nglish Lexical Sample Task",
    author = "Guo, Yuhang  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Hu, Yuxuan  and
      Zhang, Wei  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1034",
    pages = "165--168",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2007-hit,
    title = "{HIT}-{WSD}: Using Search Engine for Multilingual {C}hinese-{E}nglish Lexical Sample Task",
    author = "Liu, PengYuan  and
      Zhao, TieJun  and
      Yang, MuYun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1035",
    pages = "169--172",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2007-hit,
    title = "{HIT}: Web based Scoring Method for {E}nglish Lexical Substitution",
    author = "Zhao, Shiqi  and
      Zhao, Lin  and
      Zhang, Yu  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1036",
    pages = "173--176",
}
@inproceedings{niu-etal-2007-i2r,
    title = "{I}2{R}: Three Systems for Word Sense Discrimination, {C}hinese Word Sense Disambiguation, and {E}nglish Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Niu, Zheng-Yu  and
      Ji, Dong-Hong  and
      Tan, Chew-Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1037",
    pages = "177--182",
}
@inproceedings{morante-busser-2007-ilk2,
    title = "{ILK}2: Semantic Role Labeling of {C}atalan and {S}panish using {T}i{MBL}",
    author = "Morante, Roser  and
      Busser, Bertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1038",
    pages = "183--186",
}
@inproceedings{hendrickx-etal-2007-ilk,
    title = "{ILK}: Machine learning of semantic relations with shallow features and almost no data",
    author = "Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Morante, Roser  and
      Sporleder, Caroline  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1039",
    pages = "187--190",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-etal-2007-irst,
    title = "{IRST}-{BP}: Preposition Disambiguation based on Chain Clarifying Relationships Contexts",
    author = "Popescu, Octavian  and
      Tonelli, Sara  and
      Pianta, Emanuele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1040",
    pages = "191--194",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-magnini-2007-irst,
    title = "{IRST}-{BP}: Web People Search Using Name Entities",
    author = "Popescu, Octavian  and
      Magnini, Bernardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1041",
    pages = "195--198",
}
@inproceedings{rao-etal-2007-jhu1,
    title = "{JHU}1 : An Unsupervised Approach to Person Name Disambiguation using Web Snippets",
    author = "Rao, Delip  and
      Garera, Nikesh  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1042",
    pages = "199--202",
}
@inproceedings{naskar-bandyopadhyay-2007-ju,
    title = "{JU}-{SKNSB}: Extended {W}ord{N}et Based {WSD} on the {E}nglish All-Words Task at {S}em{E}val-1",
    author = "Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1043",
    pages = "203--206",
}
@inproceedings{yuret-2007-ku,
    title = "{KU}: Word Sense Disambiguation by Substitution",
    author = "Yuret, Deniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1044",
    pages = "207--214",
}
@inproceedings{badulescu-srikanth-2007-lcc,
    title = "LCC-SRN: LCC{'}s SRN System for SemEval 2007 Task 4",
    author = "Badulescu, Adriana  and
      Srikanth, Munirathnam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1045",
    pages = "215--218",
}
@inproceedings{min-etal-2007-lcc,
    title = "{LCC}-{TE}: A Hybrid Approach to Temporal Relation Identification in News Text",
    author = "Min, Congmin  and
      Srikanth, Munirathnam  and
      Fowler, Abraham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1046",
    pages = "219--222",
}
@inproceedings{novischi-etal-2007-lcc,
    title = "{LCC}-{WSD}: System Description for {E}nglish Coarse Grained All Words Task at {S}em{E}val 2007",
    author = "Novischi, Adrian  and
      Srikanth, Muirathnam  and
      Bennett, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1047",
    pages = "223--226",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-nugues-2007-lth,
    title = "{LTH}: Semantic Structure Extraction using Nonprojective Dependency Trees",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1048",
    pages = "227--230",
}
@inproceedings{kim-baldwin-2007-melb,
    title = "{MELB}-{KB}: Nominal Classification as Noun Compound Interpretation",
    author = "Kim, Su Nam  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1049",
    pages = "231--236",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-etal-2007-melb,
    title = "{MELB}-{MKB}: Lexical Substitution system based on Relatives in Context",
    author = "Martinez, David  and
      Kim, Su Nam  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1050",
    pages = "237--240",
}
@inproceedings{ye-baldwin-2007-melb,
    title = "{MELB}-{YB}: Preposition Sense Disambiguation Using Rich Semantic Features",
    author = "Ye, Patrick  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1051",
    pages = "241--244",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2007-naist,
    title = "{NAIST}.{J}apan: Temporal Relation Identification Using Dependency Parsed Tree",
    author = "Cheng, Yuchang  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1052",
    pages = "245--248",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2007-nus,
    title = "{NUS}-{ML}:Improving Word Sense Disambiguation Using Topic Features",
    author = "Cai, Jun Fu  and
      Lee, Wee Sun  and
      Teh, Yee Whye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1053",
    pages = "249--252",
}
@inproceedings{chan-etal-2007-nus,
    title = "{NUS}-{PT}: Exploiting Parallel Texts for Word Sense Disambiguation in the {E}nglish All-Words Tasks",
    author = "Chan, Yee Seng  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Zhong, Zhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1054",
    pages = "253--256",
}
@inproceedings{saarikoski-2007-oe,
    title = "{OE}: WSD Using Optimal Ensembling ({OE}) Method",
    author = "Saarikoski, Harri M. T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1055",
    pages = "257--260",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2007-pku,
    title = "{PKU}: Combining Supervised Classifiers with Features Selection",
    author = "Jin, Peng  and
      Zhu, Danqing  and
      Li, Fuxin  and
      Wu, Yunfang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1056",
    pages = "261--263",
}
@inproceedings{tratz-etal-2007-pnnl,
    title = "{PNNL}: A Supervised Maximum Entropy Approach to Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Tratz, Stephen  and
      Sanfilippo, Antonio  and
      Gregory, Michelle  and
      Chappell, Alan  and
      Posse, Christian  and
      Whitney, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1057",
    pages = "264--267",
}
@inproceedings{elmacioglu-etal-2007-psnus,
    title = "{PSNUS}: Web People Name Disambiguation by Simple Clustering with Rich Features",
    author = "Elmacioglu, Ergin  and
      Tan, Yee Fan  and
      Yan, Su  and
      Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Lee, Dongwon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1058",
    pages = "268--271",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2007-pu,
    title = "{PU}-{BCD}: Exponential Family Models for the Coarse- and Fine-Grained All-Words Tasks",
    author = "Chang, Jonathan  and
      Dud{\'\i}k, Miroslav  and
      Blei, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1059",
    pages = "272--276",
}
@inproceedings{boyd-graber-blei-2007-putop,
    title = "{PUTOP}: Turning Predominant Senses into a Topic Model for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Blei, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1060",
    pages = "277--281",
}
@inproceedings{ion-tufis-2007-racai,
    title = "{RACAI}: Meaning Affinity Models",
    author = "Ion, Radu  and
      Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1061",
    pages = "282--287",
}
@inproceedings{pighin-etal-2007-rtv,
    title = "{RTV}: Tree Kernels for Thematic Role Classification",
    author = "Pighin, Daniele  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1062",
    pages = "288--291",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-2007-shef,
    title = "{SHEF}: Semantic Tagging and Summarization Techniques Applied to Cross-document Coreference",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1063",
    pages = "292--295",
}
@inproceedings{sahlgren-etal-2007-sics,
    title = "{SICS}: Valence annotation based on seeds in word space",
    author = "Sahlgren, Magnus  and
      Karlgren, Jussi  and
      Eriksson, Gunnar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1064",
    pages = "296--299",
}
@inproceedings{xing-2007-srcb,
    title = "{SRCB}-{WSD}: Supervised {C}hinese Word Sense Disambiguation with Key Features",
    author = "Xing, Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1065",
    pages = "300--303",
}
@inproceedings{dahl-etal-2007-sw,
    title = "{SW}-{AG}: Local Context Matching for {E}nglish Lexical Substitution",
    author = "Dahl, George  and
      Frassica, Anne-Marie  and
      Wicentowski, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1066",
    pages = "304--307",
}
@inproceedings{katz-etal-2007-swat,
    title = "{SWAT}-{MP}:The {S}em{E}val-2007 Systems for Task 5 and Task 14",
    author = "Katz, Phil  and
      Singleton, Matt  and
      Wicentowski, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1067",
    pages = "308--313",
}
@inproceedings{koeling-mccarthy-2007-sussx,
    title = "{S}ussx: {WSD} using Automatically Acquired Predominant Senses",
    author = "Koeling, Rob  and
      McCarthy, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1068",
    pages = "314--317",
}
@inproceedings{sugiyama-okumura-2007-titpi,
    title = "{TITPI}: Web People Search Task Using Semi-Supervised Clustering Approach",
    author = "Sugiyama, Kazunari  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1069",
    pages = "318--321",
}
@inproceedings{anaya-sanchez-etal-2007-tkb,
    title = "{TKB}-{UO}: Using Sense Clustering for {WSD}",
    author = "Anaya-S{\'a}nchez, Henry  and
      Pons-Porrata, Aurora  and
      Berlanga-Llavori, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1070",
    pages = "322--325",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-etal-2007-tor,
    title = "Tor, {T}or{M}d: Distributional Profiles of Concepts for Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Hirst, Graeme  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1071",
    pages = "326--333",
}
@inproceedings{kozareva-etal-2007-ua,
    title = "{UA}-{ZBSA}: A Headline Emotion Classification through Web Information",
    author = "Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Navarro, Borja  and
      V{\'a}zquez, Sonia  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1072",
    pages = "334--337",
}
@inproceedings{kozareva-etal-2007-ua-zsa,
    title = "{UA}-{ZSA}: Web Page Clustering on the basis of Name Disambiguation",
    author = "Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Vazquez, Sonia  and
      Montoyo, Andres",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1073",
    pages = "338--341",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-lopez-de-lacalle-2007-ubc,
    title = "UBC-ALM: Combining k-NN with SVD for WSD",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Lopez de Lacalle, Oier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1074",
    pages = "342--345",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-soroa-2007-ubc,
    title = "{UBC}-{AS}: A Graph Based Unsupervised System for Induction and Classification",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Soroa, Aitor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1075",
    pages = "346--349",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-etal-2007-ubc,
    title = "{UBC}-{UMB}: Combining unsupervised and supervised systems for all-words {WSD}",
    author = "Martinez, David  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Lopez de Lacalle, Oier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1076",
    pages = "350--353",
}
@inproceedings{zapirain-etal-2007-ubc,
    title = "{UBC}-{UPC}: Sequential {SRL} Using Selectional Preferences. An approach with Maximum Entropy {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Zapirain, Be{\~n}at  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1077",
    pages = "354--357",
}
@inproceedings{zelaia-etal-2007-ubc,
    title = "{UBC}-{ZAS}: A k-{NN} based Multiclassifier System to perform {WSD} in a Reduced Dimensional Vector Space",
    author = "Zelaia, Ana  and
      Arregi, Olatz  and
      Sierra, Basilio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1078",
    pages = "358--361",
}
@inproceedings{del-valle-agudo-etal-2007-uc3m,
    title = "{UC}3{M}{\_}13: Disambiguation of Person Names Based on the Composition of Simple Bags of Typed Terms",
    author = "del Valle-Agudo, David  and
      de Pablo-S{\'a}nchez, C{\'e}sar  and
      Vicente-D{\'\i}ez, Mar{\'\i}a Teresa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1079",
    pages = "362--365",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-hearst-2007-ucb,
    title = "{UCB}: System Description for {S}em{E}val Task {\#}4",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Hearst, Marti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1080",
    pages = "366--369",
}
@inproceedings{costello-2007-ucd,
    title = "{UCD}-{FC}: Deducing semantic relations using {W}ord{N}et senses that occur frequently in a database of noun-noun compounds",
    author = "Costello, Fintan J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1081",
    pages = "370--373",
}
@inproceedings{nulty-2007-ucd,
    title = "{UCD}-{PN}: Classification of Semantic Relations Between Nominals using {W}ord{N}et and Web Counts",
    author = "Nulty, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1082",
    pages = "374--377",
}
@inproceedings{butnariu-veale-2007-ucd,
    title = "{UCD}-S1: A hybrid model for detecting semantic relations between noun pairs in text",
    author = "Butnariu, Cristina  and
      Veale, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1083",
    pages = "378--381",
}
@inproceedings{segura-bedmar-etal-2007-ucm3,
    title = "{UCM}3: Classification of Semantic Relations between Nominals using Sequential Minimal Optimization",
    author = "Segura Bedmar, Isabel  and
      Samy, Doaa  and
      Martinez, Jose L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1084",
    pages = "382--385",
}
@inproceedings{beamer-etal-2007-uiuc,
    title = "{UIUC}: A Knowledge-rich Approach to Identifying Semantic Relations between Nominals",
    author = "Beamer, Brandon  and
      Bhat, Suma  and
      Chee, Brant  and
      Fister, Andrew  and
      Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Girju, Roxana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1085",
    pages = "386--389",
}
@inproceedings{patwardhan-etal-2007-umnd1,
    title = "{UMND}1: Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation Using Contextual Semantic Relatedness",
    author = "Patwardhan, Siddharth  and
      Banerjee, Satanjeev  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1086",
    pages = "390--393",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-2007-umnd2,
    title = "{UMND}2 : {S}ense{C}lusters Applied to the Sense Induction Task of Senseval-4",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1087",
    pages = "394--397",
}
@inproceedings{basile-etal-2007-uniba,
    title = "{UNIBA}: {JIGSAW} algorithm for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Basile, Pierpaolo  and
      de Gemmis, Marco  and
      Gentile, Anna Lisa  and
      Lops, Pasquale  and
      Semeraro, Giovanni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1088",
    pages = "398--401",
}
@inproceedings{ellman-emery-2007-unn,
    title = "{UNN}-{W}e{PS}: Web Person Search using co-Present Names and Lexical Chains",
    author = "Ellman, Jeremy  and
      Emery, Gary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1089",
    pages = "402--405",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-etal-2007-unt,
    title = "{UNT}-Yahoo: {S}uper{S}ense{L}earner: Combining {S}ense{L}earner with {S}uper{S}ense and other Coarse Semantic Features",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Csomai, Andras  and
      Ciaramita, Massimiliano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1090",
    pages = "406--409",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-etal-2007-unt,
    title = "{UNT}: {S}ub{F}inder: Combining Knowledge Sources for Automatic Lexical Substitution",
    author = "Hassan, Samer  and
      Csomai, Andras  and
      Banea, Carmen  and
      Sinha, Ravi  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1091",
    pages = "410--413",
}
@inproceedings{klapaftis-manandhar-2007-uoy,
    title = "{UOY}: A Hypergraph Model For Word Sense Induction {\&} Disambiguation",
    author = "Klapaftis, Ioannis  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1092",
    pages = "414--417",
}
@inproceedings{poibeau-2007-up13,
    title = "{UP}13: Knowledge-poor Methods (Sometimes) Perform Poorly",
    author = "Poibeau, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1093",
    pages = "418--421",
}
@inproceedings{chaumartin-2007-upar7,
    title = "{UPAR}7: A knowledge-based system for headline sentiment tagging",
    author = "Chaumartin, Fran{\c{c}}ois-R{\'e}gis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1094",
    pages = "422--425",
}
@inproceedings{marquez-etal-2007-upc,
    title = "{UPC}: Experiments with Joint Learning within {S}em{E}val Task 9",
    author = "M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Villarejo, Luis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1095",
    pages = "426--429",
}
@inproceedings{pinto-etal-2007-upv,
    title = "{UPV}-{SI}: Word Sense Induction using Self Term Expansion",
    author = "Pinto, David  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Jim{\'e}nez-Salazar, H{\'e}ctor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1096",
    pages = "430--433",
}
@inproceedings{buscaldi-rosso-2007-upv,
    title = "{UPV}-{WSD} : Combining different {WSD} Methods by means of Fuzzy Borda Voting",
    author = "Buscaldi, Davide  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1097",
    pages = "434--437",
}
@inproceedings{hepple-etal-2007-usfd,
    title = "{USFD}: Preliminary Exploration of Features and Classifiers for the {T}emp{E}val-2007 Task",
    author = "Hepple, Mark  and
      Setzer, Andrea  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1098",
    pages = "438--441",
}
@inproceedings{specia-etal-2007-usp,
    title = "USP-IBM-1 and USP-IBM-2: The ILP-based Systems for Lexical Sample WSD in SemEval-2007",
    author = "Specia, Lucia  and
      das Gra{\c{c}}as, Maria  and
      Nunes, Volpe  and
      Srinivasan, Ashwin  and
      Ramakrishnan, Ganesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1099",
    pages = "442--445",
}
@inproceedings{hawker-2007-usyd,
    title = "{USYD}: {WSD} and Lexical Substitution using the {W}eb1{T} corpus",
    author = "Hawker, Tobias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1100",
    pages = "446--453",
}
@inproceedings{nicolae-etal-2007-utd,
    title = "{UTD}-{HLT}-{CG}: Semantic Architecture for Metonymy Resolution and Classification of Nominal Relations",
    author = "Nicolae, Cristina  and
      Nicolae, Gabriel  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1101",
    pages = "454--459",
}
@inproceedings{bejan-hathaway-2007-utd,
    title = "{UTD}-{SRL}: A Pipeline Architecture for Extracting Frame Semantic Structures",
    author = "Bejan, Cosmin Adrian  and
      Hathaway, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1102",
    pages = "460--463",
}
@inproceedings{aramaki-etal-2007-uth,
    title = "{UTH}: {SVM}-based Semantic Relation Classification using Physical Sizes",
    author = "Aramaki, Eiji  and
      Imai, Takeshi  and
      Miyo, Kengo  and
      Ohe, Kazuhiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1103",
    pages = "464--467",
}
@inproceedings{balog-etal-2007-uva,
    title = "{UVA}: Language Modeling Techniques for Web People Search",
    author = "Balog, Krisztian  and
      Azzopardi, Leif  and
      de Rijke, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1104",
    pages = "468--471",
}
@inproceedings{van-hage-katrenko-2007-uvavu,
    title = "{UVAVU}: {W}ord{N}et Similarity and Lexical Patterns for Semantic Relation Classification",
    author = "van Hage, Willem Robert  and
      Katrenko, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1105",
    pages = "472--475",
}
@inproceedings{chali-joty-2007-uofl,
    title = "{U}of{L}: Word Sense Disambiguation Using Lexical Cohesion",
    author = "Chali, Yllias  and
      Joty, Shafiq R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1106",
    pages = "476--479",
}
@inproceedings{iria-etal-2007-wit,
    title = "{WIT}: Web People Search Disambiguation using Random Walks",
    author = "Iria, Jos{\'e}  and
      Xia, Lei  and
      Zhang, Ziqi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1107",
    pages = "480--483",
}
@inproceedings{puscasu-2007-wvali,
    title = "{WVALI}: Temporal Relation Identification by Syntactico-Semantic Analysis",
    author = "Pu{\c{s}}ca{\c{s}}u, Georgiana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1108",
    pages = "484--487",
}
@inproceedings{brun-etal-2007-xrce,
    title = "{XRCE}-M: A Hybrid System for Named Entity Metonymy Resolution",
    author = "Brun, Caroline  and
      Ehrmann, Maud  and
      Jacquet, Guillaume",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1109",
    pages = "488--491",
}
@inproceedings{hagege-tannier-2007-xrce,
    title = "{XRCE}-T: {XIP} Temporal Module for {T}emp{E}val campaign.",
    author = "Hag{\`e}ge, Caroline  and
      Tannier, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations ({S}em{E}val-2007)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1110",
    pages = "492--495",
}
@proceedings{eacl-1995-european,
    title = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Abney, Steven P.  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard W.",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1000",
}
@inproceedings{reyle-1995-reasoning,
    title = "On Reasoning with Ambiguities",
    author = "Reyle, Uwe",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1001",
}
@inproceedings{frank-reyle-1995-principle,
    title = "Principle Based Semantics for {HPSG}",
    author = "Frank, Anette  and
      Reyle, Uwe",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1002",
}
@inproceedings{lauriston-1995-criteria,
    title = "Criteria for Measuring Term Recognition",
    author = "Lauriston, Andy",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1003",
}
@inproceedings{wolinski-etal-1995-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Processing of Proper Names in Texts",
    author = "Wolinski, Francis  and
      Vichot, Frantz  and
      Dillet, Bruno",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1004",
}
@inproceedings{kehler-etal-1995-semantics,
    title = "The Semantics of Resource Sharing in Lexical-Functional Grammar",
    author = "Kehler, Andrew  and
      Dalrymple, Mary  and
      Lamping, John  and
      Saraswat, Vijay",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1005",
}
@inproceedings{blackburn-gardent-1995-specification,
    title = "A Specification Language for Lexical Functional Grammars",
    author = "Blackburn, Patrick  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1006",
}
@inproceedings{wedekind-1995-remarks,
    title = "Some Remarks on the Decidability of the Generation Problem in {LFG}- and {PATR}-Style Unification Grammars",
    author = "Wedekind, Jurgen",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1007",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-1995-collocation,
    title = "Collocation Map for Overcoming Data Sparseness",
    author = "Kim, Moonjoo  and
      Han, Young S.  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1008",
}
@inproceedings{kessler-1995-computational,
    title = "Computational dialectology in Irish Gaelic",
    author = "Kessler, Brett",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1009",
}
@inproceedings{davis-etal-1995-text,
    title = "Text Alignment in the Real World: Improving Alignments of Noisy Translations Using Common Lexical Features, String Matching Strategies and N-Gram Comparisons",
    author = "Davis, Mark W.  and
      Dunning, Ted E.  and
      Ogden, William C.",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1010",
}
@inproceedings{keller-weir-1995-tractable,
    title = "A Tractable Extension of Linear Indexed Grammars",
    author = "Keller, Bill  and
      Weir, David",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1011",
}
@inproceedings{brew-1995-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic {HPSG}",
    author = "Brew, Chris",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1012",
}
@inproceedings{groenink-1995-literal,
    title = "Literal Movement Grammars",
    author = "Groenink, Annius V.",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1013",
}
@inproceedings{teufel-grefenstette-1995-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based Method for Automatic Identification of Support Verbs for Nominalizations",
    author = "Teufel, Simone  and
      Grefenstette, Gregory",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1014",
}
@inproceedings{bod-1995-problem,
    title = "The Problem of Computing the Most Probable Tree in Data-Oriented Parsing and Stochastic Tree Grammars",
    author = "Bod, Rens",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1015",
}
@inproceedings{ribas-1995-learning,
    title = "On Learning more Appropriate Selectional Restrictions",
    author = "Ribas, Francesc",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1016",
}
@inproceedings{milward-1995-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Interpretation of Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Milward, David",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1017",
}
@inproceedings{hepple-1995-mixing,
    title = "Mixing Modes of Linguistic Description in Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Hepple, Mark",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1018",
}
@inproceedings{morrill-1995-higher,
    title = "Higher-order Linear Logic Programming of Categorial Deduction",
    author = "Morrill, Glyn",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1019",
}
@inproceedings{schitze-1995-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Schitze, Hinrich",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1020",
}
@inproceedings{chanod-tapanainen-1995-tagging,
    title = "Tagging {F}rench - comparing a statistical and a constraint-based method",
    author = "Chanod, Jean-Pierre  and
      Tapanainen, Pasi",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1021",
}
@inproceedings{voutilainen-1995-syntax,
    title = "A syntax-based part-of-speech analyser",
    author = "Voutilainen, Atro",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1022",
}
@inproceedings{manandhar-1995-deterministic,
    title = "Deterministic Consistency Checking of {LP} Constraints",
    author = "Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1023",
}
@inproceedings{minnen-etal-1995-line,
    title = "Off-line Optimization for Earley-style {HPSG} Processing",
    author = "Minnen, Guido  and
      Gerdemann, Dale  and
      Gotz, Thilo",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1024",
}
@inproceedings{erbach-1995-profit,
    title = "{P}ro{FIT}: Prolog with Features, Inheritance and Templates",
    author = "Erbach, Gregor",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1025",
}
@inproceedings{alexandersson-etal-1995-robust,
    title = "A Robust and Efficient Three-Layered Dialogue Component for a Speech-to-Speech Translation System",
    author = "Alexandersson, Jan  and
      Maier, Elisabeth  and
      Reithinger, Norbert",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1026",
}
@inproceedings{mikheev-finch-1995-towards,
    title = "Towards a Workbench for Acquisition of Domain Knowledge from Natural Language",
    author = "Mikheev, Andrei  and
      Finch, Steven",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1027",
}
@inproceedings{carter-1995-rapid,
    title = "Rapid Development of Morphological Descriptions for Full Language Processing Systems",
    author = "Carter, David",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1028",
}
@inproceedings{voutilainen-jarvinen-1995-specifying,
    title = "Specifying a shallow grammatical representation for parsing purposes",
    author = "Voutilainen, Atro  and
      Jarvinen, Timo",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1029",
}
@inproceedings{lyon-dickerson-1995-fast,
    title = "A fast partial parse of natural language sentences using a connectionist method",
    author = "Lyon, Caroline  and
      Dickerson, Bob",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1030",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-1995-robust,
    title = "A Robust Parser Based on Syntactic Information",
    author = "Lee, Kong Joo  and
      Kweon, Cheol Jung  and
      Seo, Jungyun  and
      Kim, Gil Chang",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1031",
}
@inproceedings{crouch-1995-ellipsis,
    title = "Ellipsis and Quantification: A Substitutional Approach",
    author = "Crouch, Richard",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1032",
}
@inproceedings{strube-hahn-1995-parsetalk,
    title = "{P}arse{T}alk about Sentence- and Text-Level Anaphora",
    author = "Strube, Michael  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1033",
}
@inproceedings{hoffman-1995-integrating,
    title = "Integrating {``}Free{''} Word Order Syntax and Information Structure",
    author = "Hoffman, Beryl",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1034",
}
@inproceedings{hitzeman-etal-1995-algorithms,
    title = "Algorithms for Analysing the Temporal Structure of Discourse",
    author = "Hitzeman, Janet  and
      Moens, Marc  and
      Grover, Claire",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1035",
}
@inproceedings{nelken-francez-1995-splitting,
    title = "Splitting the Reference Time: Temporal Anaphora and Quantification in {DRT}",
    author = "Nelken, Rani  and
      Francez, Nissim",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1036",
}
@inproceedings{chen-1995-topic,
    title = "Topic Identification in Discourse",
    author = "Chen, Kuang-hua",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1037",
}
@inproceedings{tugwell-1995-state,
    title = "A State-Transition Grammar for Data-Oriented Parsing",
    author = "Tugwell, David",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1038",
}
@inproceedings{huckle-1995-grouping,
    title = "Grouping Words Using Statistical Context",
    author = "Huckle, Christopher C.",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1039",
}
@inproceedings{sablayrolles-1995-semantics,
    title = "The Semantics of Motion",
    author = "Sablayrolles, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1040",
}
@inproceedings{azzam-1995-algorithm,
    title = "An Algorithm to Co-Ordinate Anaphora Resolution and {PPS} Disambiguation Process",
    author = "Azzam, Saliha",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1041",
}
@inproceedings{dalianis-1995-aggregation,
    title = "Aggregation in the {NL}-generator of the Visual and Natural language Specification Tool",
    author = "Dalianis, Hercules",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1042",
}
@inproceedings{sturt-1995-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating {``}Unconscious Reanalyses{''} into an Incremental, Monotonic Parser",
    author = "Sturt, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1043",
}
@inproceedings{bowden-1995-cooperative,
    title = "Cooperative Error Handling and Shallow Processing",
    author = "Bowden, Tanya",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1044",
}
@inproceedings{keller-1995-towards,
    title = "Towards an Account of Extraposition in {HPSG}",
    author = "Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Seventh Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E95-1045",
}
@proceedings{alta-2015-australasian,
    title = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    author = "Hachey, Ben  and
      Webster, Kellie",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1000",
}
@inproceedings{azar-etal-2015-query,
    title = "Query-Based Single Document Summarization Using an Ensemble Noisy Auto-Encoder",
    author = "Azar, Mahmood Yousefi  and
      Sirts, Kairit  and
      Moll{\'a} Aliod, Diego  and
      Hamey, Len",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1001",
    pages = "2--10",
}
@inproceedings{biggs-2015-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of Visual and Logical Character Segmentation in Tesseract {OCR} Language Data for Indic Writing Scripts",
    author = "Biggs, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1002",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{de-vine-etal-2015-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Word Embeddings and Sequence Features for Clinical Information Extraction",
    author = "De Vine, Lance  and
      Kholghi, Mahnoosh  and
      Zuccon, Guido  and
      Sitbon, Laurianne  and
      Nguyen, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1003",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2015-using,
    title = "Using Entity Information from a Knowledge Base to Improve Relation Extraction",
    author = "Du, Lan  and
      Kumar, Anish  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Ciaramita, Massimiliano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1004",
    pages = "31--38",
}
@inproceedings{frost-ishihara-2015-likelihood,
    title = "Likelihood Ratio-based Forensic Voice Comparison on {L}2 speakers: A Case of Hong {K}ong native male production of {E}nglish vowels",
    author = "Frost, Daniel  and
      Ishihara, Shunichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1005",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{hassanzadeh-etal-2015-similarity,
    title = "Similarity Metrics for Clustering {P}ub{M}ed Abstracts for Evidence Based Medicine",
    author = "Hassanzadeh, Hamed  and
      Moll{\'a}, Diego  and
      Groza, Tudor  and
      Nguyen, Anthony  and
      Hunter, Jane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1006",
    pages = "48--56",
}
@inproceedings{kim-cassidy-2015-finding,
    title = "Finding Names in Trove: Named Entity Recognition for {A}ustralian Historical Newspapers",
    author = "Kim, Sunghwan Mac  and
      Cassidy, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1007",
    pages = "57--65",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-etal-2015-clinical,
    title = "Clinical Information Extraction Using Word Representations",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Hassanzadeh, Hamed  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1008",
    pages = "66--74",
}
@inproceedings{mckinnon-etal-2015-determining,
    title = "How few is too few? Determining the minimum acceptable number of {LSA} dimensions to visualise text cohesion with Lex",
    author = "McKinnon, Caroline  and
      Baazeem, Ibtehal  and
      Angus, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1009",
    pages = "75--83",
}
@inproceedings{salinas-alvarado-etal-2015-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaption of Named Entity Recognition to Support Credit Risk Assessment",
    author = "Salinas Alvarado, Julio Cesar  and
      Verspoor, Karin  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1010",
    pages = "84--90",
}
@inproceedings{sirts-johnson-2015-pos,
    title = "Do {POS} Tags Help to Learn Better Morphological Segmentations?",
    author = "Sirts, Kairit  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1011",
    pages = "91--100",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2015-structural,
    title = "Structural Alignment as the Basis to Improve Significant Change Detection in Versioned Sentences",
    author = "Tan, Ping Ping  and
      Verspoor, Karin  and
      Miller, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1012",
    pages = "101--109",
}
@inproceedings{martin-johnson-2015-efficient,
    title = "More Efficient Topic Modelling Through a Noun Only Approach",
    author = "Martin, Fiona  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1013",
    pages = "111--115",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving Topic Coherence with Latent Feature Word Representations in {MAP} Estimation for Topic Modeling",
    author = "Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Sirts, Kairit  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1014",
    pages = "116--121",
}
@inproceedings{nothman-etal-2015-understanding,
    title = "Understanding engagement with insurgents through retweet rhetoric",
    author = "Nothman, Joel  and
      Ahmad, Atif  and
      Breidbach, Christoph  and
      Malet, David  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1015",
    pages = "122--127",
}
@inproceedings{wei-hachey-2015-comparison,
    title = "A comparison and analysis of models for event trigger detection",
    author = "Wei, Sam Shang Chun  and
      Hachey, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1016",
    pages = "128--132",
}
@inproceedings{sitbon-etal-2015-overview,
    title = "Overview of the 2015 {ALTA} Shared Task: Identifying {F}rench Cognates in {E}nglish Text",
    author = "Sitbon, Laurianne  and
      Molla, Diego  and
      Wang, Haoxing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1017",
    pages = "134--137",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-dras-2015-cognate,
    title = "Cognate Identification using Machine Translation",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1018",
    pages = "138--141",
}
@inproceedings{uitdenbogerd-2015-word,
    title = "Word Transformation Heuristics Agains Lexicons for Cognate Detection",
    author = "Uitdenbogerd, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1019",
    pages = "142--144",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2015-detecting,
    title = "Detecting {E}nglish-{F}rench Cognates Using Orthographic Edit Distance",
    author = "Xu, Qiongkai  and
      Chen, Albert  and
      Li, Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Parramatta, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U15-1020",
    pages = "145--149",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2015-2015,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Chai, Joyce  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1",
}
@inproceedings{titov-khoddam-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Induction of Semantic Roles within a Reconstruction-Error Minimization Framework",
    author = "Titov, Ivan  and
      Khoddam, Ehsan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{wolfe-etal-2015-predicate,
    title = "Predicate Argument Alignment using a Global Coherence Model",
    author = "Wolfe, Travis  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1002",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{greenberg-etal-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving unsupervised vector-space thematic fit evaluation via role-filler prototype clustering",
    author = "Greenberg, Clayton  and
      Sayeed, Asad  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1003",
    pages = "21--31",
}
@inproceedings{fyshe-etal-2015-compositional,
    title = "A Compositional and Interpretable Semantic Space",
    author = "Fyshe, Alona  and
      Wehbe, Leila  and
      Talukdar, Partha P.  and
      Murphy, Brian  and
      Mitchell, Tom M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1004",
    pages = "32--41",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-randomized,
    title = "Randomized Greedy Inference for Joint Segmentation, {POS} Tagging and Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Zhang, Yuan  and
      Li, Chengtao  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Darwish, Kareem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1005",
    pages = "42--52",
}
@inproceedings{ambati-etal-2015-incremental,
    title = "An Incremental Algorithm for Transition-based {CCG} Parsing",
    author = "Ambati, Bharat Ram  and
      Deoskar, Tejaswini  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1006",
    pages = "53--63",
}
@inproceedings{ribeyre-etal-2015-syntax,
    title = "Because Syntax Does Matter: Improving Predicate-Argument Structures Parsing with Syntactic Features",
    author = "Ribeyre, Corentin  and
      Villemonte de la Clergerie, Eric  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1007",
    pages = "64--74",
}
@inproceedings{tanner-charniak-2015-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Generative/Discriminative Approach To Citation Prediction",
    author = "Tanner, Chris  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1008",
    pages = "75--83",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2015-weakly,
    title = "Weakly Supervised Slot Tagging with Partially Labeled Sequences from Web Search Click Logs",
    author = "Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Jeong, Minwoo  and
      Stratos, Karl  and
      Sarikaya, Ruhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1009",
    pages = "84--92",
}
@inproceedings{sapkota-etal-2015-character,
    title = "Not All Character N-grams Are Created Equal: A Study in Authorship Attribution",
    author = "Sapkota, Upendra  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Montes, Manuel  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1010",
    pages = "93--102",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-zhang-2015-effective,
    title = "Effective Use of Word Order for Text Categorization with Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Johnson, Rie  and
      Zhang, Tong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1011",
    pages = "103--112",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2015-transition,
    title = "Transition-Based Syntactic Linearization",
    author = "Liu, Yijia  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Qin, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1012",
    pages = "113--122",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2015-extractive,
    title = "Extractive Summarisation Based on Keyword Profile and Language Model",
    author = "Xu, Han  and
      Martin, Eric  and
      Mahidadia, Ashesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1013",
    pages = "123--132",
}
@inproceedings{colmenares-etal-2015-heads,
    title = "{HEADS}: Headline Generation as Sequence Prediction Using an Abstract Feature-Rich Space",
    author = "Colmenares, Carlos A.  and
      Litvak, Marina  and
      Mantrach, Amin  and
      Silvestri, Fabrizio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1014",
    pages = "133--142",
}
@inproceedings{malmaud-etal-2015-whats,
    title = "What{'}s Cookin{'}? Interpreting Cooking Videos using Text, Speech and Vision",
    author = "Malmaud, Jonathan  and
      Huang, Jonathan  and
      Rathod, Vivek  and
      Johnston, Nicholas  and
      Rabinovich, Andrew  and
      Murphy, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1015",
    pages = "143--152",
}
@inproceedings{lazaridou-etal-2015-combining,
    title = "Combining Language and Vision with a Multimodal Skip-gram Model",
    author = "Lazaridou, Angeliki  and
      Pham, Nghia The  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1016",
    pages = "153--163",
}
@inproceedings{naim-etal-2015-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Unsupervised Alignment of Natural Language Instructions with Corresponding Video Segments",
    author = "Naim, Iftekhar  and
      Song, Young C.  and
      Liu, Qiguang  and
      Huang, Liang  and
      Kautz, Henry  and
      Luo, Jiebo  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1017",
    pages = "164--174",
}
@inproceedings{chuang-etal-2015-topiccheck,
    title = "{T}opic{C}heck: Interactive Alignment for Assessing Topic Model Stability",
    author = "Chuang, Jason  and
      Roberts, Margaret E.  and
      Stewart, Brandon M.  and
      Weiss, Rebecca  and
      Tingley, Dustin  and
      Grimmer, Justin  and
      Heer, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1018",
    pages = "175--184",
}
@inproceedings{mohammady-ardehaly-culotta-2015-inferring,
    title = "Inferring latent attributes of Twitter users with label regularization",
    author = "Mohammady Ardehaly, Ehsan  and
      Culotta, Aron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1019",
    pages = "185--195",
}
@inproceedings{sordoni-etal-2015-neural,
    title = "A Neural Network Approach to Context-Sensitive Generation of Conversational Responses",
    author = "Sordoni, Alessandro  and
      Galley, Michel  and
      Auli, Michael  and
      Brockett, Chris  and
      Ji, Yangfeng  and
      Mitchell, Margaret  and
      Nie, Jian-Yun  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Dolan, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1020",
    pages = "196--205",
}
@inproceedings{deri-knight-2015-make,
    title = "How to Make a Frenemy: Multitape {FST}s for Portmanteau Generation",
    author = "Deri, Aliya  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1021",
    pages = "206--210",
}
@inproceedings{hwang-etal-2015-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Sentences from Standard {W}ikipedia to Simple {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Hwang, William  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh  and
      Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Wu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1022",
    pages = "211--217",
}
@inproceedings{pavlick-nenkova-2015-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Lexical Style Properties for Paraphrase and Genre Differentiation",
    author = "Pavlick, Ellie  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1023",
    pages = "218--224",
}
@inproceedings{benton-dredze-2015-entity,
    title = "Entity Linking for Spoken Language",
    author = "Benton, Adrian  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1024",
    pages = "225--230",
}
@inproceedings{sharp-etal-2015-spinning,
    title = "Spinning Straw into Gold: Using Free Text to Train Monolingual Alignment Models for Non-factoid Question Answering",
    author = "Sharp, Rebecca  and
      Jansen, Peter  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Clark, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1025",
    pages = "231--237",
}
@inproceedings{pershina-etal-2015-personalized,
    title = "Personalized Page Rank for Named Entity Disambiguation",
    author = "Pershina, Maria  and
      He, Yifan  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1026",
    pages = "238--243",
}
@inproceedings{andreas-klein-2015-log,
    title = "When and why are log-linear models self-normalizing?",
    author = "Andreas, Jacob  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1027",
    pages = "244--249",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2015-deep,
    title = "Deep Multilingual Correlation for Improved Word Embeddings",
    author = "Lu, Ang  and
      Wang, Weiran  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Livescu, Karen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1028",
    pages = "250--256",
}
@inproceedings{ferguson-etal-2015-disfluency,
    title = "Disfluency Detection with a Semi-{M}arkov Model and Prosodic Features",
    author = "Ferguson, James  and
      Durrett, Greg  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1029",
    pages = "257--262",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-empty,
    title = "Empty Category Detection With Joint Context-Label Embeddings",
    author = "Wang, Xun  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1030",
    pages = "263--271",
}
@inproceedings{kennington-etal-2015-incrementally,
    title = "Incrementally Tracking Reference in Human/Human Dialogue Using Linguistic and Extra-Linguistic Information",
    author = "Kennington, Casey  and
      Iida, Ryu  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1031",
    pages = "272--282",
}
@inproceedings{apostolova-etal-2015-digital,
    title = "Digital Leafleting: Extracting Structured Data from Multimedia Online Flyers",
    author = "Apostolova, Emilia  and
      Pourashraf, Payam  and
      Sack, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1032",
    pages = "283--292",
}
@inproceedings{neubig-etal-2015-multi,
    title = "Multi-Target Machine Translation with Multi-Synchronous Context-free Grammars",
    author = "Neubig, Graham  and
      Arthur, Philip  and
      Duh, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1033",
    pages = "293--302",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-etal-2015-sign,
    title = "Sign constraints on feature weights improve a joint model of word segmentation and phonology",
    author = "Johnson, Mark  and
      Pater, Joe  and
      Staubs, Robert  and
      Dupoux, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1034",
    pages = "303--313",
}
@inproceedings{taghipour-ng-2015-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Word Sense Disambiguation Using Word Embeddings in General and Specific Domains",
    author = "Taghipour, Kaveh  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1035",
    pages = "314--323",
}
@inproceedings{murawaki-2015-continuous,
    title = "Continuous Space Representations of Linguistic Typology and their Application to Phylogenetic Inference",
    author = "Murawaki, Yugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1036",
    pages = "324--334",
}
@inproceedings{pasca-2015-interpreting,
    title = "Interpreting Compound Noun Phrases Using Web Search Queries",
    author = "Pa{\c{s}}ca, Marius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1037",
    pages = "335--344",
}
@inproceedings{maas-etal-2015-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon-Free Conversational Speech Recognition with Neural Networks",
    author = "Maas, Andrew  and
      Xie, Ziang  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Ng, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1038",
    pages = "345--354",
}
@inproceedings{wang-wen-2015-cheezburger,
    title = "{I} Can Has Cheezburger? A Nonparanormal Approach to Combining Textual and Visual Information for Predicting and Generating Popular Meme Descriptions",
    author = "Wang, William Yang  and
      Wen, Miaomiao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1039",
    pages = "355--365",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-transition,
    title = "A Transition-based Algorithm for {AMR} Parsing",
    author = "Wang, Chuan  and
      Xue, Nianwen  and
      Pradhan, Sameer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1040",
    pages = "366--375",
}
@inproceedings{waite-byrne-2015-geometry,
    title = "The Geometry of Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Waite, Aurelien  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1041",
    pages = "376--386",
}
@inproceedings{ballesteros-etal-2015-data,
    title = "Data-driven sentence generation with non-isomorphic trees",
    author = "Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Mille, Simon  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1042",
    pages = "387--397",
}
@inproceedings{cuong-simaan-2015-latent,
    title = "Latent Domain Word Alignment for Heterogeneous Corpora",
    author = "Cuong, Hoang  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1043",
    pages = "398--408",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-2015-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Human Temporal Orientation from {F}acebook Language",
    author = "Schwartz, H. Andrew  and
      Park, Gregory  and
      Sap, Maarten  and
      Weingarten, Evan  and
      Eichstaedt, Johannes  and
      Kern, Margaret  and
      Stillwell, David  and
      Kosinski, Michal  and
      Berger, Jonah  and
      Seligman, Martin  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1044",
    pages = "409--419",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-li-2015-depth,
    title = "An In-depth Analysis of the Effect of Text Normalization in Social Media",
    author = "Baldwin, Tyler  and
      Li, Yunyao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1045",
    pages = "420--429",
}
@inproceedings{misra-etal-2015-using,
    title = "Using Summarization to Discover Argument Facets in Online Idealogical Dialog",
    author = "Misra, Amita  and
      Anand, Pranav  and
      Fox Tree, Jean E.  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1046",
    pages = "430--440",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-etal-2015-active,
    title = "Active Learning with Rationales for Text Classification",
    author = "Sharma, Manali  and
      Zhuang, Di  and
      Bilgic, Mustafa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1047",
    pages = "441--451",
}
@inproceedings{blanco-vempala-2015-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Temporally-Anchored Spatial Knowledge from Semantic Roles",
    author = "Blanco, Eduardo  and
      Vempala, Alakananda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1048",
    pages = "452--461",
}
@inproceedings{nishino-etal-2015-dynamic,
    title = "A Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Tree Trimming-based Text Summarization",
    author = "Nishino, Masaaki  and
      Yasuda, Norihito  and
      Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Minato, Shin-ichi  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1049",
    pages = "462--471",
}
@inproceedings{melamud-etal-2015-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Word Meaning in Context with Substitute Vectors",
    author = "Melamud, Oren  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Goldberger, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1050",
    pages = "472--482",
}
@inproceedings{shivade-etal-2015-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based discovery of semantic intensity scales",
    author = "Shivade, Chaitanya  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric  and
      Lai, Albert M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1051",
    pages = "483--493",
}
@inproceedings{rao-etal-2015-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue focus tracking for zero pronoun resolution",
    author = "Rao, Sudha  and
      Ettinger, Allyson  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1052",
    pages = "494--503",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-deja,
    title = "D{\'e}j{\`a} Image-Captions: A Corpus of Expressive Descriptions in Repetition",
    author = "Chen, Jianfu  and
      Kuznetsova, Polina  and
      Warren, David  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1053",
    pages = "504--514",
}
@inproceedings{neelakantan-chang-2015-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Missing Entity Type Instances for Knowledge Base Completion: New Dataset and Methods",
    author = "Neelakantan, Arvind  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1054",
    pages = "515--525",
}
@inproceedings{muller-schuetze-2015-robust,
    title = "Robust Morphological Tagging with Word Representations",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Thomas  and
      Schuetze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1055",
    pages = "526--536",
}
@inproceedings{nicolai-kondrak-2015-english,
    title = "{E}nglish orthography is not {``}close to optimal{''}",
    author = "Nicolai, Garrett  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1056",
    pages = "537--545",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2015-lcct,
    title = "{LCCT}: A Semi-supervised Model for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Yang, Min  and
      Tu, Wenting  and
      Lu, Ziyu  and
      Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Chow, Kam-Pui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1057",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1057",
    pages = "546--555",
}
@inproceedings{rastogi-etal-2015-multiview,
    title = "Multiview {LSA}: Representation Learning via Generalized {CCA}",
    author = "Rastogi, Pushpendre  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Arora, Raman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1058",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1058",
    pages = "556--566",
}
@inproceedings{camacho-collados-etal-2015-nasari,
    title = "{NASARI}: a Novel Approach to a Semantically-Aware Representation of Items",
    author = "Camacho-Collados, Jos{\'e}  and
      Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1059",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1059",
    pages = "567--577",
}
@inproceedings{felice-briscoe-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards a standard evaluation method for grammatical error detection and correction",
    author = "Felice, Mariano  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1060",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1060",
    pages = "578--587",
}
@inproceedings{white-etal-2015-using,
    title = "Using Zero-Resource Spoken Term Discovery for Ranked Retrieval",
    author = "White, Jerome  and
      Oard, Douglas  and
      Jansen, Aren  and
      Paik, Jiaul  and
      Sankepally, Rashmi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1061",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1061",
    pages = "588--597",
}
@inproceedings{tsvetkov-etal-2015-constraint,
    title = "Constraint-Based Models of Lexical Borrowing",
    author = "Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Ammar, Waleed  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1062",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1062",
    pages = "598--608",
}
@inproceedings{levinboim-etal-2015-model,
    title = "Model Invertibility Regularization: Sequence Alignment With or Without Parallel Data",
    author = "Levinboim, Tomer  and
      Vaswani, Ashish  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1063",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1063",
    pages = "609--618",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Modeling Inter-Slot Relations by Random Walk on Knowledge Graphs for Unsupervised Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Chen, Yun-Nung  and
      Wang, William Yang  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1064",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1064",
    pages = "619--629",
}
@inproceedings{fujita-isabelle-2015-expanding,
    title = "Expanding Paraphrase Lexicons by Exploiting Lexical Variants",
    author = "Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Isabelle, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1065",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1065",
    pages = "630--640",
}
@inproceedings{intxaurrondo-etal-2015-diamonds,
    title = "Diamonds in the Rough: Event Extraction from Imperfect Microblog Data",
    author = "Intxaurrondo, Ander  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Lopez de Lacalle, Oier  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1066",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1066",
    pages = "641--650",
}
@inproceedings{le-zuidema-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Dependency Parsing: Let{'}s Use Supervised Parsers",
    author = "Le, Phong  and
      Zuidema, Willem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1067",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1067",
    pages = "651--661",
}
@inproceedings{pitler-mcdonald-2015-linear,
    title = "A Linear-Time Transition System for Crossing Interval Trees",
    author = "Pitler, Emily  and
      McDonald, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1068",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1068",
    pages = "662--671",
}
@inproceedings{yang-eisenstein-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Multi-Domain Adaptation with Feature Embeddings",
    author = "Yang, Yi  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1069",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1069",
    pages = "672--682",
}
@inproceedings{jauhar-etal-2015-ontologically,
    title = "Ontologically Grounded Multi-sense Representation Learning for Semantic Vector Space Models",
    author = "Jauhar, Sujay Kumar  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1070",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1070",
    pages = "683--693",
}
@inproceedings{haas-versley-2015-subsentential,
    title = "Subsentential Sentiment on a Shoestring: A Crosslingual Analysis of Compositional Classification",
    author = "Haas, Michael  and
      Versley, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1071",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1071",
    pages = "694--704",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2015-cost,
    title = "Cost Optimization in Crowdsourcing Translation: Low cost translations made even cheaper",
    author = "Gao, Mingkun  and
      Xu, Wei  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1072",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1072",
    pages = "705--713",
}
@inproceedings{c-de-souza-etal-2015-multitask,
    title = "Multitask Learning for Adaptive Quality Estimation of Automatically Transcribed Utterances",
    author = "C. de Souza, Jos{\'e} G.  and
      Zamani, Hamed  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Falavigna, Daniele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1073",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1073",
    pages = "714--724",
}
@inproceedings{xie-etal-2015-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Word Correlation Knowledge into Topic Modeling",
    author = "Xie, Pengtao  and
      Yang, Diyi  and
      Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1074",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1074",
    pages = "725--734",
}
@inproceedings{cherry-guo-2015-unreasonable,
    title = "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Word Representations for Twitter Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Cherry, Colin  and
      Guo, Hongyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1075",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1075",
    pages = "735--745",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2015-anchor,
    title = "Is Your Anchor Going Up or Down? Fast and Accurate Supervised Topic Models",
    author = "Nguyen, Thang  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Lund, Jeffrey  and
      Seppi, Kevin  and
      Ringger, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1076",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1076",
    pages = "746--755",
}
@inproceedings{parikh-etal-2015-grounded,
    title = "Grounded Semantic Parsing for Complex Knowledge Extraction",
    author = "Parikh, Ankur P.  and
      Poon, Hoifung  and
      Toutanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1077",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1077",
    pages = "756--766",
}
@inproceedings{salameh-etal-2015-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment after Translation: A Case-Study on {A}rabic Social Media Posts",
    author = "Salameh, Mohammad  and
      Mohammad, Saif  and
      Kiritchenko, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1078",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1078",
    pages = "767--777",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-using,
    title = "Using External Resources and Joint Learning for Bigram Weighting in {ILP}-Based Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Li, Chen  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Zhao, Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1079",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1079",
    pages = "778--787",
}
@inproceedings{kong-etal-2015-transforming,
    title = "Transforming Dependencies into Phrase Structures",
    author = "Kong, Lingpeng  and
      Rush, Alexander M.  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1080",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1080",
    pages = "788--798",
}
@inproceedings{rutherford-xue-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving the Inference of Implicit Discourse Relations via Classifying Explicit Discourse Connectives",
    author = "Rutherford, Attapol  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1081",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1081",
    pages = "799--808",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2015-solving,
    title = "Solving Hard Coreference Problems",
    author = "Peng, Haoruo  and
      Khashabi, Daniel  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1082",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1082",
    pages = "809--819",
}
@inproceedings{baltescu-blunsom-2015-pragmatic,
    title = "Pragmatic Neural Language Modelling in Machine Translation",
    author = "Baltescu, Paul  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1083",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1083",
    pages = "820--829",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2015-key,
    title = "Key Female Characters in Film Have More to Talk About Besides Men: Automating the {B}echdel Test",
    author = "Agarwal, Apoorv  and
      Zheng, Jiehan  and
      Kamath, Shruti  and
      Balasubramanian, Sriramkumar  and
      Ann Dey, Shirin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1084",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1084",
    pages = "830--840",
}
@inproceedings{li-boyer-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Grounding in Dialogue for Complex Problem Solving",
    author = "Li, Xiaolong  and
      Boyer, Kristy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1085",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1085",
    pages = "841--850",
}
@inproceedings{hixon-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Knowledge Graphs for Question Answering through Conversational Dialog",
    author = "Hixon, Ben  and
      Clark, Peter  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1086",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1086",
    pages = "851--861",
}
@inproceedings{fraser-etal-2015-sentence,
    title = "Sentence segmentation of aphasic speech",
    author = "Fraser, Kathleen C.  and
      Ben-David, Naama  and
      Hirst, Graeme  and
      Graham, Naida  and
      Rochon, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1087",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1087",
    pages = "862--871",
}
@inproceedings{gaspers-etal-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic parsing of speech using grammars learned with weak supervision",
    author = "Gaspers, Judith  and
      Cimiano, Philipp  and
      Wrede, Britta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1088",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1088",
    pages = "872--881",
}
@inproceedings{felt-etal-2015-early,
    title = "Early Gains Matter: A Case for Preferring Generative over Discriminative Crowdsourcing Models",
    author = "Felt, Paul  and
      Black, Kevin  and
      Ringger, Eric  and
      Seppi, Kevin  and
      Haertel, Robbie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1089",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1089",
    pages = "882--891",
}
@inproceedings{haffari-etal-2015-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Multivariate Performance Measures for Learning Relation Extraction Models",
    author = "Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Nagesh, Ajay  and
      Ramakrishnan, Ganesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1090",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1090",
    pages = "892--900",
}
@inproceedings{yin-schutze-2015-convolutional,
    title = "Convolutional Neural Network for Paraphrase Identification",
    author = {Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1091",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1091",
    pages = "901--911",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2015-representation,
    title = "Representation Learning Using Multi-Task Deep Neural Networks for Semantic Classification and Information Retrieval",
    author = "Liu, Xiaodong  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Deng, Li  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Wang, Ye-yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1092",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1092",
    pages = "912--921",
}
@inproceedings{nicolai-etal-2015-inflection,
    title = "Inflection Generation as Discriminative String Transduction",
    author = "Nicolai, Garrett  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1093",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1093",
    pages = "922--931",
}
@inproceedings{cotterell-eisner-2015-penalized,
    title = "Penalized Expectation Propagation for Graphical Models over Strings",
    author = "Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1094",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1094",
    pages = "932--942",
}
@inproceedings{yao-kondrak-2015-joint,
    title = "Joint Generation of Transliterations from Multiple Representations",
    author = "Yao, Lei  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1095",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1095",
    pages = "943--952",
}
@inproceedings{ludusan-etal-2015-prosodic,
    title = "Prosodic boundary information helps unsupervised word segmentation",
    author = "Ludusan, Bogdan  and
      Synnaeve, Gabriel  and
      Dupoux, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1096",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1096",
    pages = "953--963",
}
@inproceedings{kruszewski-baroni-2015-similar,
    title = "So similar and yet incompatible: Toward the automated identification of semantically compatible words",
    author = "Kruszewski, Germ{\'a}n  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1097",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1097",
    pages = "964--969",
}
@inproceedings{levy-etal-2015-supervised,
    title = "Do Supervised Distributional Methods Really Learn Lexical Inference Relations?",
    author = "Levy, Omer  and
      Remus, Steffen  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1098",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1098",
    pages = "970--976",
}
@inproceedings{salehi-etal-2015-word,
    title = "A Word Embedding Approach to Predicting the Compositionality of Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Salehi, Bahar  and
      Cook, Paul  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1099",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1099",
    pages = "977--983",
}
@inproceedings{ono-etal-2015-word,
    title = "Word Embedding-based Antonym Detection using Thesauri and Distributional Information",
    author = "Ono, Masataka  and
      Miwa, Makoto  and
      Sasaki, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1100",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1100",
    pages = "984--989",
}
@inproceedings{jin-schuler-2015-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Word Similarity Performance Using Explanatory and Non-explanatory Texts",
    author = "Jin, Lifeng  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1101",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1101",
    pages = "990--994",
}
@inproceedings{kirchhoff-etal-2015-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Modeling for Machine Translation of {E}nglish-Iraqi {A}rabic Spoken Dialogs",
    author = "Kirchhoff, Katrin  and
      Tam, Yik-Cheung  and
      Richey, Colleen  and
      Wang, Wen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1102",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1102",
    pages = "995--1000",
}
@inproceedings{blain-etal-2015-continuous,
    title = "Continuous Adaptation to User Feedback for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = {Blain, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Bougares, Fethi  and
      Hazem, Amir  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Schwenk, Holger},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1103",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1103",
    pages = "1001--1005",
}
@inproceedings{xing-etal-2015-normalized,
    title = "Normalized Word Embedding and Orthogonal Transform for Bilingual Word Translation",
    author = "Xing, Chao  and
      Wang, Dong  and
      Liu, Chao  and
      Lin, Yiye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1104",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1104",
    pages = "1006--1011",
}
@inproceedings{de-gispert-etal-2015-fast,
    title = "Fast and Accurate Preordering for {SMT} using Neural Networks",
    author = "de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Iglesias, Gonzalo  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1105",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1105",
    pages = "1012--1017",
}
@inproceedings{dreyer-dong-2015-apro,
    title = "{APRO}: All-Pairs Ranking Optimization for {MT} Tuning",
    author = "Dreyer, Markus  and
      Dong, Yuanzhe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1106",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1106",
    pages = "1018--1023",
}
@inproceedings{ahlberg-etal-2015-paradigm,
    title = "Paradigm classification in supervised learning of morphology",
    author = "Ahlberg, Malin  and
      Forsberg, Markus  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1107",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1107",
    pages = "1024--1029",
}
@inproceedings{mi-huang-2015-shift,
    title = "Shift-Reduce Constituency Parsing with Dynamic Programming and {POS} Tag Lattice",
    author = "Mi, Haitao  and
      Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1108",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1108",
    pages = "1030--1035",
}
@inproceedings{garrette-etal-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Code-Switching for Multilingual Historical Document Transcription",
    author = "Garrette, Dan  and
      Alpert-Abrams, Hannah  and
      Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1109",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1109",
    pages = "1036--1041",
}
@inproceedings{cohan-etal-2015-matching,
    title = "Matching Citation Text and Cited Spans in Biomedical Literature: a Search-Oriented Approach",
    author = "Cohan, Arman  and
      Soldaini, Luca  and
      Goharian, Nazli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1110",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1110",
    pages = "1042--1048",
}
@inproceedings{sakaguchi-etal-2015-effective,
    title = "Effective Feature Integration for Automated Short Answer Scoring",
    author = "Sakaguchi, Keisuke  and
      Heilman, Michael  and
      Madnani, Nitin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1111",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1111",
    pages = "1049--1054",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-socially,
    title = "Socially-Informed Timeline Generation for Complex Events",
    author = "Wang, Lu  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Marchetti, Galen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1112",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1112",
    pages = "1055--1065",
}
@inproceedings{gorinski-lapata-2015-movie,
    title = "Movie Script Summarization as Graph-based Scene Extraction",
    author = "Gorinski, Philip John  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1113",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1113",
    pages = "1066--1076",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2015-toward,
    title = "Toward Abstractive Summarization Using Semantic Representations",
    author = "Liu, Fei  and
      Flanigan, Jeffrey  and
      Thomson, Sam  and
      Sadeh, Norman  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1114",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1114",
    pages = "1077--1086",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-encoding-world,
    title = "Encoding World Knowledge in the Evaluation of Local Coherence",
    author = "Zhang, Muyu  and
      Feng, Vanessa Wei  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Hirst, Graeme  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Huang, Jingwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1115",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1115",
    pages = "1087--1096",
}
@inproceedings{chen-ng-2015-chinese-event,
    title = "{C}hinese Event Coreference Resolution: An Unsupervised Probabilistic Model Rivaling Supervised Resolvers",
    author = "Chen, Chen  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1116",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1116",
    pages = "1097--1107",
}
@inproceedings{guha-etal-2015-removing,
    title = "Removing the Training Wheels: A Coreference Dataset that Entertains Humans and Challenges Computers",
    author = "Guha, Anupam  and
      Iyyer, Mohit  and
      Bouman, Danny  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1117",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1117",
    pages = "1108--1118",
}
@inproceedings{rocktaschel-etal-2015-injecting,
    title = "Injecting Logical Background Knowledge into Embeddings for Relation Extraction",
    author = {Rockt{\"a}schel, Tim  and
      Singh, Sameer  and
      Riedel, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1118",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1118",
    pages = "1119--1129",
}
@inproceedings{pan-etal-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Entity Linking with Abstract Meaning Representation",
    author = "Pan, Xiaoman  and
      Cassidy, Taylor  and
      Hermjakob, Ulf  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1119",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1119",
    pages = "1130--1139",
}
@inproceedings{krause-etal-2015-idest,
    title = "{I}dest: Learning a Distributed Representation for Event Patterns",
    author = "Krause, Sebastian  and
      Alfonseca, Enrique  and
      Filippova, Katja  and
      Pighin, Daniele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1120",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1120",
    pages = "1140--1149",
}
@inproceedings{lei-etal-2015-high,
    title = "High-Order Low-Rank Tensors for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Lei, Tao  and
      Zhang, Yuan  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1121",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1121",
    pages = "1150--1160",
}
@inproceedings{abend-etal-2015-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Event Ordering with an Edge-Factored Model",
    author = "Abend, Omri  and
      Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1122",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1122",
    pages = "1161--1171",
}
@inproceedings{hieber-riezler-2015-bag,
    title = "Bag-of-Words Forced Decoding for Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval",
    author = "Hieber, Felix  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1123",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1123",
    pages = "1172--1182",
}
@inproceedings{graham-etal-2015-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Evaluation of Segment-level Machine Translation Metrics",
    author = "Graham, Yvette  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Mathur, Nitika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1124",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1124",
    pages = "1183--1191",
}
@inproceedings{dabre-etal-2015-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Small Multilingual Corpora for {SMT} Using Many Pivot Languages",
    author = "Dabre, Raj  and
      Cromieres, Fabien  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1125",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1125",
    pages = "1192--1202",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2015-read,
    title = "Why Read if You Can Scan? Trigger Scoping Strategy for Biographical Fact Extraction",
    author = "Yu, Dian  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1126",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1126",
    pages = "1203--1208",
}
@inproceedings{hoenen-2015-lachmannian,
    title = "Lachmannian Archetype Reconstruction for Ancient Manuscript Corpora",
    author = "Hoenen, Armin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1127",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1127",
    pages = "1209--1214",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-manning-2015-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Representations of Words to Guide Bootstrapped Entity Classifiers",
    author = "Gupta, Sonal  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1128",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1128",
    pages = "1215--1220",
}
@inproceedings{levinboim-chiang-2015-multi,
    title = "Multi-Task Word Alignment Triangulation for Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "Levinboim, Tomer  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1129",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1129",
    pages = "1221--1226",
}
@inproceedings{rama-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic cognate identification with gap-weighted string subsequences.",
    author = "Rama, Taraka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1130",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1130",
    pages = "1227--1231",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2015-short,
    title = "Short Text Understanding by Leveraging Knowledge into Topic Model",
    author = "Yang, Shansong  and
      Lu, Weiming  and
      Yang, Dezhi  and
      Yao, Liang  and
      Wei, Baogang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1131",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1131",
    pages = "1232--1237",
}
@inproceedings{bhingardive-etal-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Most Frequent Sense Detection using Word Embeddings",
    author = "Bhingardive, Sudha  and
      Singh, Dhirendra  and
      V, Rudramurthy  and
      Redkar, Hanumant  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1132",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1132",
    pages = "1238--1243",
}
@inproceedings{ebrahimi-dou-2015-chain,
    title = "Chain Based {RNN} for Relation Classification",
    author = "Ebrahimi, Javid  and
      Dou, Dejing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1133",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1133",
    pages = "1244--1249",
}
@inproceedings{kallmeyer-maier-2015-lr,
    title = "{LR} Parsing for {LCFRS}",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Maier, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1134",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1134",
    pages = "1250--1255",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-etal-2015-mining,
    title = "Mining for unambiguous instances to adapt part-of-speech taggers to new domains",
    author = "Hovy, Dirk  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1135",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1135",
    pages = "1256--1261",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-clustering,
    title = "Clustering Sentences with Density Peaks for Multi-document Summarization",
    author = "Zhang, Yang  and
      Xia, Yunqing  and
      Liu, Yi  and
      Wang, Wenmin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1136",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1136",
    pages = "1262--1267",
}
@inproceedings{piao-etal-2015-development,
    title = "Development of the Multilingual Semantic Annotation System",
    author = "Piao, Scott  and
      Bianchi, Francesca  and
      Dayrell, Carmen  and
      D{'}Egidio, Angela  and
      Rayson, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1137",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1137",
    pages = "1268--1274",
}
@inproceedings{song-roth-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Sparse Vector Densification for Short Text Similarity",
    author = "Song, Yangqiu  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1138",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1138",
    pages = "1275--1280",
}
@inproceedings{schrading-etal-2015-whyistayed,
    title = "{\#}{W}hy{IS}tayed, {\#}{W}hy{IL}eft: Microblogging to Make Sense of Domestic Abuse",
    author = "Schrading, Nicolas  and
      Ovesdotter Alm, Cecilia  and
      Ptucha, Raymond  and
      Homan, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1139",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1139",
    pages = "1281--1286",
}
@inproceedings{cotterell-schutze-2015-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Word-Embeddings",
    author = {Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1140",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1140",
    pages = "1287--1292",
}
@inproceedings{aditya-etal-2015-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Social Constructs from Textual Conversation",
    author = "Aditya, Somak  and
      Baral, Chitta  and
      Ha Vo, Nguyen  and
      Lee, Joohyung  and
      Ye, Jieping  and
      Naung, Zaw  and
      Lumpkin, Barry  and
      Hastings, Jenny  and
      Scherl, Richard  and
      Sweet, Dawn M.  and
      Inclezan, Daniela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1141",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1141",
    pages = "1293--1298",
}
@inproceedings{ling-etal-2015-two,
    title = "Two/Too Simple Adaptations of {W}ord2{V}ec for Syntax Problems",
    author = "Ling, Wang  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Black, Alan W.  and
      Trancoso, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1142",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1142",
    pages = "1299--1304",
}
@inproceedings{takamura-tsujii-2015-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Numerical Attributes by Bringing Together Fragmentary Clues",
    author = "Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1143",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1143",
    pages = "1305--1310",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised {POS} Induction with Word Embeddings",
    author = "Lin, Chu-Cheng  and
      Ammar, Waleed  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Levin, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1144",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1144",
    pages = "1311--1316",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving Update Summarization via Supervised {ILP} and Sentence Reranking",
    author = "Li, Chen  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Zhao, Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1145",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1145",
    pages = "1317--1322",
}
@inproceedings{deng-wiebe-2015-mpqa,
    title = "{MPQA} 3.0: An Entity/Event-Level Sentiment Corpus",
    author = "Deng, Lingjia  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1146",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1146",
    pages = "1323--1328",
}
@inproceedings{kozareva-2015-everyone,
    title = "Everyone Likes Shopping! Multi-class Product Categorization for e-Commerce",
    author = "Kozareva, Zornitsa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1147",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1147",
    pages = "1329--1333",
}
@inproceedings{berg-kirkpatrick-klein-2015-gpu,
    title = "{GPU}-Friendly Local Regression for Voice Conversion",
    author = "Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1148",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1148",
    pages = "1334--1338",
}
@inproceedings{haas-riezler-2015-response,
    title = "Response-based Learning for Machine Translation of Open-domain Database Queries",
    author = "Haas, Carolin  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1149",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1149",
    pages = "1339--1344",
}
@inproceedings{shin-etal-2015-context,
    title = "Context-Dependent Automatic Response Generation Using Statistical Machine Translation Techniques",
    author = "Shin, Andrew  and
      Sasano, Ryohei  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1150",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1150",
    pages = "1345--1350",
}
@inproceedings{faruqui-kumar-2015-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Open Relation Extraction Using Cross-lingual Projection",
    author = "Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Kumar, Shankar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1151",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1151",
    pages = "1351--1356",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-alonso-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning to parse with {IAA}-weighted loss",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      Skj{\ae}rholt, Arne  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1152",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1152",
    pages = "1357--1361",
}
@inproceedings{rahimi-etal-2015-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Text and Network Context for Geolocation of Social Media Users",
    author = "Rahimi, Afshin  and
      Vu, Duy  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1153",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1153",
    pages = "1362--1367",
}
@inproceedings{yin-schutze-2015-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Phrase Embedding for Paraphrase Identification",
    author = {Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1154",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1154",
    pages = "1368--1373",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2015-combining,
    title = "Combining Word Embeddings and Feature Embeddings for Fine-grained Relation Extraction",
    author = "Yu, Mo  and
      Gormley, Matthew R.  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1155",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1155",
    pages = "1374--1379",
}
@inproceedings{baeza-yates-etal-2015-cassa,
    title = "{CASSA}: A Context-Aware Synonym Simplification Algorithm",
    author = "Baeza-Yates, Ricardo  and
      Rello, Luz  and
      Dembowski, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1156",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1156",
    pages = "1380--1385",
}
@inproceedings{gouws-sogaard-2015-simple,
    title = "Simple task-specific bilingual word embeddings",
    author = "Gouws, Stephan  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1157",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1157",
    pages = "1386--1390",
}
@inproceedings{shrimpton-etal-2015-sampling,
    title = "Sampling Techniques for Streaming Cross Document Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Shrimpton, Luke  and
      Lavrenko, Victor  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1158",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1158",
    pages = "1391--1396",
}
@inproceedings{severyn-moschitti-2015-automatic,
    title = "On the Automatic Learning of Sentiment Lexicons",
    author = "Severyn, Aliaksei  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1159",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1159",
    pages = "1397--1402",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-dras-2015-large,
    title = "Large-Scale Native Language Identification with Cross-Corpus Evaluation",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1160",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1160",
    pages = "1403--1409",
}
@inproceedings{zayats-etal-2015-unediting,
    title = "{U}nediting: Detecting Disfluencies Without Careful Transcripts",
    author = "Zayats, Victoria  and
      Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1161",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1161",
    pages = "1410--1415",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-huang-2015-type,
    title = "Type-Driven Incremental Semantic Parsing with Polymorphism",
    author = "Zhao, Kai  and
      Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1162",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1162",
    pages = "1416--1421",
}
@inproceedings{taub-tabib-etal-2015-template,
    title = "Template Kernels for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Taub-Tabib, Hillel  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Globerson, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1163",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1163",
    pages = "1422--1427",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-nieto-pina-2015-embedding,
    title = "Embedding a Semantic Network in a Word Space",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Nieto Pi{\~n}a, Luis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1164",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1164",
    pages = "1428--1433",
}
@inproceedings{goikoetxea-etal-2015-random,
    title = "Random Walks and Neural Network Language Models on Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Goikoetxea, Josu  and
      Soroa, Aitor  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1165",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1165",
    pages = "1434--1439",
}
@inproceedings{nye-nenkova-2015-identification,
    title = "Identification and Characterization of Newsworthy Verbs in World News",
    author = "Nye, Benjamin  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1166",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1166",
    pages = "1440--1445",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2015-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing {S}umerian Lemmatization by Unsupervised Named-Entity Recognition",
    author = "Liu, Yudong  and
      Burkhart, Clinton  and
      Hearne, James  and
      Luo, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1167",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1167",
    pages = "1446--1451",
}
@inproceedings{ding-riloff-2015-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Information about Medication Use from Veterinary Discussions",
    author = "Ding, Haibo  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1168",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1168",
    pages = "1452--1458",
}
@inproceedings{jurgens-pilehvar-2015-reserating,
    title = "Reserating the awesometastic: An automatic extension of the {W}ord{N}et taxonomy for novel terms",
    author = "Jurgens, David  and
      Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1169",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1169",
    pages = "1459--1465",
}
@inproceedings{andrade-etal-2015-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Text Classification Using Topic-Dependent Word Probabilities",
    author = "Andrade, Daniel  and
      Sadamasa, Kunihiko  and
      Tamura, Akihiro  and
      Tsuchida, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1170",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1170",
    pages = "1466--1471",
}
@inproceedings{baumer-etal-2015-testing,
    title = "Testing and Comparing Computational Approaches for Identifying the Language of Framing in Political News",
    author = "Baumer, Eric  and
      Elovic, Elisha  and
      Qin, Ying  and
      Polletta, Francesca  and
      Gay, Geri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1171",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1171",
    pages = "1472--1482",
}
@inproceedings{guerini-etal-2015-echoes,
    title = "Echoes of Persuasion: The Effect of Euphony in Persuasive Communication",
    author = {Guerini, Marco  and
      {\"O}zbal, G{\"o}zde  and
      Strapparava, Carlo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1172",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1172",
    pages = "1483--1493",
}
@inproceedings{venugopalan-etal-2015-translating,
    title = "Translating Videos to Natural Language Using Deep Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Venugopalan, Subhashini  and
      Xu, Huijuan  and
      Donahue, Jeff  and
      Rohrbach, Marcus  and
      Mooney, Raymond  and
      Saenko, Kate",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1173",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1173",
    pages = "1494--1504",
}
@inproceedings{gilberto-mateos-ortiz-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning to Interpret and Describe Abstract Scenes",
    author = "Gilberto Mateos Ortiz, Luis  and
      Wolff, Clemens  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1174",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1174",
    pages = "1505--1515",
}
@inproceedings{wuebker-etal-2015-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Update Strategies for Large-Scale Maximum Expected {BLEU} Training",
    author = "Wuebker, Joern  and
      Muehr, Sebastian  and
      Lehnen, Patrick  and
      Peitz, Stephan  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1175",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1175",
    pages = "1516--1526",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Translation Models from Monolingual Continuous Representations",
    author = "Zhao, Kai  and
      Hassan, Hany  and
      Auli, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1176",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1176",
    pages = "1527--1536",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-smith-2015-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus and Model Integrating Multiword Expressions and Supersenses",
    author = "Schneider, Nathan  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1177",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1177",
    pages = "1537--1547",
}
@inproceedings{alhothali-hoey-2015-good,
    title = "Good News or Bad News: Using Affect Control Theory to Analyze Readers{'} Reaction Towards News Articles",
    author = "Alhothali, Areej  and
      Hoey, Jesse",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1178",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1178",
    pages = "1548--1558",
}
@inproceedings{otmakhova-shin-2015-really,
    title = "Do We Really Need Lexical Information? Towards a Top-down Approach to Sentiment Analysis of Product Reviews",
    author = "Otmakhova, Yulia  and
      Shin, Hyopil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1179",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1179",
    pages = "1559--1568",
}
@inproceedings{ghazvininejad-knight-2015-memorize,
    title = "How to Memorize a Random 60-Bit String",
    author = "Ghazvininejad, Marjan  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1180",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1180",
    pages = "1569--1575",
}
@inproceedings{frermann-lapata-2015-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Model for Joint Learning of Categories and their Features",
    author = "Frermann, Lea  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1181",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1181",
    pages = "1576--1586",
}
@inproceedings{doyle-frank-2015-shared,
    title = "Shared common ground influences information density in microblog texts",
    author = "Doyle, Gabriel  and
      Frank, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1182",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1182",
    pages = "1587--1596",
}
@inproceedings{van-schijndel-schuler-2015-hierarchic,
    title = "Hierarchic syntax improves reading time prediction",
    author = "van Schijndel, Marten  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1183",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1183",
    pages = "1597--1605",
}
@inproceedings{faruqui-etal-2015-retrofitting,
    title = "Retrofitting Word Vectors to Semantic Lexicons",
    author = "Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Dodge, Jesse  and
      Jauhar, Sujay Kumar  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1184",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1184",
    pages = "1606--1615",
}
@inproceedings{krishnan-eisenstein-2015-youre,
    title = "{``}You{'}re Mr. Lebowski, {I}{'}m the Dude{''}: Inducing Address Term Formality in Signed Social Networks",
    author = "Krishnan, Vinodh  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1185",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1185",
    pages = "1616--1626",
}
@inproceedings{soricut-och-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Morphology Induction Using Word Embeddings",
    author = "Soricut, Radu  and
      Och, Franz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1186",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-1186",
    pages = "1627--1637",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2015-2015-north,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    author = "Inkpen, Diana  and
      Muresan, Smaranda  and
      Lahiri, Shibamouli  and
      Mazidi, Karen  and
      Zhila, Alisa",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2",
}
@inproceedings{wintrode-2015-cache,
    title = "Cache-Augmented Latent Topic Language Models for Speech Retrieval",
    author = "Wintrode, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{paetzold-2015-reliable,
    title = "Reliable Lexical Simplification for Non-Native Speakers",
    author = "Paetzold, Gustavo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-etal-2015-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Newspaper Crime Reports for Identification of Safe Transit Paths",
    author = "Sharma, Vasu  and
      Kulshreshtha, Rajat  and
      Singh, Puneet  and
      Agrawal, Nishant  and
      Kumar, Akshay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2003",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{lambrou-latreille-2015-relation,
    title = "Relation extraction pattern ranking using word similarity",
    author = "Lambrou-Latreille, Konstantinos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2004",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{jagfeld-van-der-plas-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards a Better Semantic Role Labeling of Complex Predicates",
    author = "Jagfeld, Glorianna  and
      van der Plas, Lonneke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2005",
    pages = "33--39",
}
@inproceedings{nagesh-2015-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Relational Features and Learning under Distant Supervision for Information Extraction Tasks",
    author = "Nagesh, Ajay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2006",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{deng-2015-entity,
    title = "Entity/Event-Level Sentiment Detection and Inference",
    author = "Deng, Lingjia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2007",
    pages = "48--56",
}
@inproceedings{wilkinson-2015-initial,
    title = "Initial Steps for Building a Lexicon of Adjectives with Scalemates",
    author = "Wilkinson, Bryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2008",
    pages = "57--63",
}
@inproceedings{vo-popescu-2015-preliminary,
    title = "A Preliminary Evaluation of the Impact of Syntactic Structure in Semantic Textual Similarity and Semantic Relatedness Tasks",
    author = "Vo, Ngoc Phuoc An  and
      Popescu, Octavian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2009",
    pages = "64--70",
}
@inproceedings{refaee-rieser-2015-benchmarking,
    title = "Benchmarking Machine Translated Sentiment Analysis for {A}rabic Tweets",
    author = "Refaee, Eshrag  and
      Rieser, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2010",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@inproceedings{arroyo-fernandez-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Kernels for Semantic Clustering: A Deep Approach",
    author = "Arroyo-Fern{\'a}ndez, Ignacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2011",
    pages = "79--87",
}
@inproceedings{yimam-2015-narrowing,
    title = "Narrowing the Loop: Integration of Resources and Linguistic Dataset Development with Interactive Machine Learning",
    author = "Yimam, Seid Muhie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2012",
    pages = "88--95",
}
@inproceedings{savenkov-etal-2015-relation,
    title = "Relation Extraction from Community Generated Question-Answer Pairs",
    author = "Savenkov, Denis  and
      Lu, Wei-Lwun  and
      Dalton, Jeff  and
      Agichtein, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2013",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2013",
    pages = "96--102",
}
@inproceedings{eetemadi-toutanova-2015-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Translation Direction: A Cross-Domain Study",
    author = "Eetemadi, Sauleh  and
      Toutanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2014",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2014",
    pages = "103--109",
}
@inproceedings{steele-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving the Translation of Discourse Markers for {C}hinese into {E}nglish",
    author = "Steele, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2015",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2015",
    pages = "110--117",
}
@inproceedings{scarton-2015-discourse,
    title = "Discourse and Document-level Information for Evaluating Language Output Tasks",
    author = "Scarton, Carolina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2016",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2016",
    pages = "118--125",
}
@inproceedings{poursabzi-sangdeh-boyd-graber-2015-speeding,
    title = "Speeding Document Annotation with Topic Models",
    author = "Poursabzi-Sangdeh, Forough  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2017",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2017",
    pages = "126--132",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2015-lifelong,
    title = "Lifelong Machine Learning for Topic Modeling and Beyond",
    author = "Chen, Zhiyuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2018",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2018",
    pages = "133--139",
}
@inproceedings{jurczyk-choi-2015-semantics,
    title = "Semantics-based Graph Approach to Complex Question-Answering",
    author = "Jurczyk, Tomasz  and
      Choi, Jinho D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2019",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2019",
    pages = "140--146",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-etal-2015-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Textual Entailment using Dependency Analysis and Machine Learning",
    author = "Sharma, Nidhi  and
      Sharma, Richa  and
      Biswas, Kanad K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2020",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2020",
    pages = "147--153",
}
@inproceedings{gutierrez-vasques-2015-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual lexicon extraction for a distant language pair using a small parallel corpus",
    author = "Gutierrez-Vasques, Ximena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2021",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2021",
    pages = "154--160",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2015-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Paradigms: Computational Structure and Unsupervised Learning",
    author = "Lee, Jackson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2022",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2022",
    pages = "161--167",
}
@inproceedings{ni-etal-2015-computational,
    title = "Computational Exploration to Linguistic Structures of Future: Classification and Categorization",
    author = "Ni, Aiming  and
      Choi, Jinho D.  and
      Shepard, Jason  and
      Wolff, Phillip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-2023",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-2023",
    pages = "168--173",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2015-2015-north-american,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    author = "Gerber, Matt  and
      Havasi, Catherine  and
      Lacatusu, Finley",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3",
}
@inproceedings{surdeanu-etal-2015-two,
    title = "Two Practical Rhetorical Structure Theory Parsers",
    author = "Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Hicks, Tom  and
      Valenzuela-Esc{\'a}rcega, Marco Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3001",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{martschat-etal-2015-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing and Visualizing Coreference Resolution Errors",
    author = {Martschat, Sebastian  and
      G{\"o}ckel, Thierry  and
      Strube, Michael},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3002",
    pages = "6--10",
}
@inproceedings{dreyer-graehl-2015-hyp,
    title = "hyp: A Toolkit for Representing, Manipulating, and Optimizing Hypergraphs",
    author = "Dreyer, Markus  and
      Graehl, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3003",
    pages = "11--15",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2015-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Instructor-Student and Student-Student Interactions with Mobile Interfaces and Summarization",
    author = "Luo, Wencan  and
      Fan, Xiangmin  and
      Menekse, Muhsin  and
      Wang, Jingtao  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3004",
    pages = "16--20",
}
@inproceedings{kriz-hladka-2015-rextractor,
    title = "{RE}xtractor: a Robust Information Extractor",
    author = "Kr{\'\i}{\v{z}}, Vincent  and
      Hladk{\'a}, Barbora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3005",
    pages = "21--25",
}
@inproceedings{vanderwende-etal-2015-amr,
    title = "An {AMR} parser for {E}nglish, {F}rench, {G}erman, {S}panish and {J}apanese and a new {AMR}-annotated corpus",
    author = "Vanderwende, Lucy  and
      Menezes, Arul  and
      Quirk, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3006",
    pages = "26--30",
}
@inproceedings{he-grishman-2015-ice,
    title = "{ICE}: Rapid Information Extraction Customization for {NLP} Novices",
    author = "He, Yifan  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3007",
    pages = "31--35",
}
@inproceedings{saphra-lopez-2015-amrica,
    title = "{AMRICA}: an {AMR} Inspector for Cross-language Alignments",
    author = "Saphra, Naomi  and
      Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3008",
    pages = "36--40",
}
@inproceedings{oda-etal-2015-ckylark,
    title = "{C}kylark: A More Robust {PCFG}-{LA} Parser",
    author = "Oda, Yusuke  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Sakti, Sakriani  and
      Toda, Tomoki  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3009",
    pages = "41--45",
}
@inproceedings{ruiz-etal-2015-elco3,
    title = "{ELCO}3: Entity Linking with Corpus Coherence Combining Open Source Annotators",
    author = "Ruiz, Pablo  and
      Poibeau, Thierry  and
      M{\'e}lanie, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}rique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3010",
    pages = "46--50",
}
@inproceedings{luotolahti-etal-2015-sets,
    title = "{SETS}: Scalable and Efficient Tree Search in Dependency Graphs",
    author = "Luotolahti, Juhani  and
      Kanerva, Jenna  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Ginter, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3011",
    pages = "51--55",
}
@inproceedings{soler-company-etal-2015-visualizing,
    title = "Visualizing Deep-Syntactic Parser Output",
    author = "Soler-Company, Juan  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Mille, Simon  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3012",
    pages = "56--60",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2015-wolfe,
    title = "{WOLFE}: An {NLP}-friendly Declarative Machine Learning Stack",
    author = {Singh, Sameer  and
      Rockt{\"a}schel, Tim  and
      Hewitt, Luke  and
      Naradowsky, Jason  and
      Riedel, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3013",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3013",
    pages = "61--65",
}
@inproceedings{yao-2015-lean,
    title = "Lean Question Answering over {F}reebase from Scratch",
    author = "Yao, Xuchen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3014",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3014",
    pages = "66--70",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-stanford-2015-web,
    title = "A Web Application for Automated Dialect Analysis",
    author = "Reddy, Sravana  and
      Stanford, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3015",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3015",
    pages = "71--75",
}
@inproceedings{pilehvar-navigli-2015-open,
    title = "An Open-source Framework for Multi-level Semantic Similarity Measurement",
    author = "Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3016",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3016",
    pages = "76--80",
}
@inproceedings{kunchukuttan-etal-2015-brahmi,
    title = "Brahmi-Net: A transliteration and script conversion system for languages of the {I}ndian subcontinent",
    author = "Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Puduppully, Ratish  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3017",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3017",
    pages = "81--85",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2015-concrete,
    title = "A Concrete {C}hinese {NLP} Pipeline",
    author = "Peng, Nanyun  and
      Ferraro, Francis  and
      Yu, Mo  and
      Andrews, Nicholas  and
      DeYoung, Jay  and
      Thomas, Max  and
      Gormley, Matthew R.  and
      Wolfe, Travis  and
      Harman, Craig  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3018",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3018",
    pages = "86--90",
}
@inproceedings{soyer-etal-2015-crovewa,
    title = "{C}ro{V}e{WA}: Crosslingual Vector-Based Writing Assistance",
    author = "Soyer, Hubert  and
      Topi{\'c}, Goran  and
      Stenetorp, Pontus  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3019",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3019",
    pages = "91--95",
}
@inproceedings{napolitano-etal-2015-online,
    title = "Online Readability and Text Complexity Analysis with {T}ext{E}valuator",
    author = "Napolitano, Diane  and
      Sheehan, Kathleen  and
      Mundkowsky, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3020",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3020",
    pages = "96--100",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2015-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Question Answering and Analytics for Diverse and Interlinked Datasets",
    author = "Song, Dezhao  and
      Schilder, Frank  and
      Smiley, Charese  and
      Brew, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3021",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3021",
    pages = "101--105",
}
@inproceedings{chang-chang-2015-writeahead2,
    title = "{W}rite{A}head2: Mining Lexical Grammar Patterns for Assisted Writing",
    author = "Chang, Jim  and
      Chang, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3022",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3022",
    pages = "106--110",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2015-question,
    title = "Question Answering System using Multiple Information Source and Open Type Answer Merge",
    author = "Park, Seonyeong  and
      Kwon, Soonchoul  and
      Kim, Byungsoo  and
      Han, Sangdo  and
      Shim, Hyosup  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3023",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3023",
    pages = "111--115",
}
@inproceedings{azab-etal-2015-using,
    title = "Using Word Semantics To Assist {E}nglish as a Second Language Learners",
    author = "Azab, Mahmoud  and
      Hokamp, Chris  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-3024",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-3024",
    pages = "116--120",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2015-2015-north-american-chapter,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-4000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-4",
}
@inproceedings{daume-iii-etal-2015-hands,
    title = "Hands-on Learning to Search for Structured Prediction",
    author = "Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Langford, John  and
      Chang, Kai-Wei  and
      He, He  and
      Rao, Sudha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-4001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-4001",
    pages = "1--1",
}
@inproceedings{callison-burch-etal-2015-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing for {NLP}",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Ungar, Lyle  and
      Pavlick, Ellie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-4002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-4002",
    pages = "2--3",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-etal-2015-logic,
    title = "The Logic of {AMR}: Practical, Unified, Graph-Based Sentence Semantics for {NLP}",
    author = "Schneider, Nathan  and
      Flanigan, Jeffrey  and
      O{'}Gorman, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-4003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-4003",
    pages = "4--5",
}
@inproceedings{yih-etal-2015-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning and Continuous Representations for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Yih, Wen-tau  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-4004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-4004",
    pages = "6--8",
}
@inproceedings{volkova-etal-2015-social,
    title = "Social Media Predictive Analytics",
    author = "Volkova, Svitlana  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Yarowsky, David  and
      Bachrach, Yoram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-4005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-4005",
    pages = "9",
}
@inproceedings{baker-etal-2015-getting,
    title = "Getting the Roles Right: Using {F}rame{N}et in {NLP}",
    author = "Baker, Collin  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Petruck, Miriam R. L.  and
      Ellsworth, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = may # "{--}" # jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-4006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/N15-4006",
    pages = "10--12",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2001-north,
    title = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
}
@inproceedings{varges-mellish-2001-instance,
    title = "Instance-Based Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Varges, Sebastian  and
      Mellish, Chris",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1001",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2001-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based {NP} Modifier Generation",
    author = "Cheng, Hua  and
      Poesio, Massimo  and
      Henschel, Renate  and
      Mellish, Chris",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1002",
}
@inproceedings{walker-etal-2001-spot,
    title = "{SP}o{T}: A Trainable Sentence Planner",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn A.  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Rogati, Monica",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1003",
}
@inproceedings{papineni-2001-inverse,
    title = "Why Inverse Document Frequency?",
    author = "Papineni, Kishore",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1004",
}
@inproceedings{ittycheriah-etal-2001-question,
    title = "Question Answering Using Maximum-Entropy Components",
    author = "Ittycheriah, Abraham  and
      Franz, Martin  and
      Zhu, Wei-Jing  and
      Ratnaparkhi, Adwait",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1005",
}
@inproceedings{ngai-florian-2001-transformation,
    title = "Transformation Based Learning in the Fast Lane",
    author = "Ngai, Grace  and
      Florian, Radu",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1006",
}
@inproceedings{charniak-2001-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Name Structure From Coreference Data",
    author = "Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1007",
}
@inproceedings{harabagiu-etal-2001-text,
    title = "Text and Knowledge Mining for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Harabagiu, Sanda M.  and
      Bunescu, Razvan C.  and
      Maiorano, Steven J.",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1008",
}
@inproceedings{lapata-2001-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-based Account of Regular Polysemy: The Case of Context-sensitive Adjectives",
    author = "Lapata, Maria",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1009",
}
@inproceedings{tomuro-2001-tree,
    title = "Tree-Cut and a Lexicon Based on Systematic Polysemy",
    author = "Tomuro, Noriko",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1010",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-2001-decision,
    title = "A Decision Tree of Bigrams is an Accurate Predictor of Word Sense",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1011",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-2001-algorithm,
    title = "An Algorithm for Aspects of Semantic Interpretation Using an Enhanced {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Gomez, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1012",
}
@inproceedings{clark-weir-2001-class,
    title = "Class-Based Probability Estimation Using a Semantic Hierarchy",
    author = "Clark, Stephen  and
      Weir, David",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1013",
}
@inproceedings{kondrak-2001-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Cognates by Phonetic and Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1014",
}
@inproceedings{jansche-2001-engineering,
    title = "Re-Engineering Letter-to-Sound Rules",
    author = "Jansche, Martin",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1015",
}
@inproceedings{charniak-johnson-2001-edit,
    title = "Edit Detection and Parsing for Transcribed Speech",
    author = "Charniak, Eugene  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1016",
}
@inproceedings{pakhomov-etal-2001-generating,
    title = "Generating Training Data for Medical Dictations",
    author = "Pakhomov, Sergey  and
      Schonwetter, Michael  and
      Bachenko, Joan",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1017",
}
@inproceedings{bangalore-riccardi-2001-finite,
    title = "A Finite-State Approach to Machine Translation",
    author = "Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1018",
}
@inproceedings{horiguchi-2001-information,
    title = "Information-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Horiguchi, Keiko",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1019",
}
@inproceedings{mann-yarowsky-2001-multipath,
    title = "Multipath Translation Lexicon Induction via Bridge Languages",
    author = "Mann, Gideon S.  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1020",
}
@inproceedings{hale-2001-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Earley Parser as a Psycholinguistic Model",
    author = "Hale, John",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1021",
}
@inproceedings{villemonte-de-la-clergerie-2001-refining,
    title = "Refining Tabular Parsers for {TAG}s",
    author = "Villemonte de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1022",
}
@inproceedings{sarkar-2001-applying,
    title = "Applying Co-Training Methods to Statistical Parsing",
    author = "Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1023",
}
@inproceedings{schone-jurafsky-2001-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-Free Induction of Inflectional Morphologies",
    author = "Schone, Patrick  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1024",
}
@inproceedings{kudo-matsumoto-2001-chunking,
    title = "Chunking with Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Kudo, Taku  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1025",
}
@inproceedings{yarowsky-ngai-2001-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Multilingual {POS} Taggers and {NP} Bracketers via Robust Projection Across Aligned Corpora",
    author = "Yarowsky, David  and
      Ngai, Grace",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1026",
}
@inproceedings{hirschberg-etal-2001-identifying,
    title = "Identifying User Corrections Automatically in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Litman, Diane  and
      Swerts, Marc",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1027",
}
@inproceedings{lecoeuche-2001-learning,
    title = "Learning Optimal Dialogue Management Rules by Using Reinforcement Learning and Inductive Logic Programming",
    author = "Lecoeuche, Renaud",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1028",
}
@inproceedings{uytsel-etal-2001-structured,
    title = "A Structured Language Model Based on Context-Sensitive Probabilistic Left-Corner Parsing",
    author = "Uytsel, Dong Hoon Van  and
      Aelten, Filip Van  and
      Compernolle, Dirk Van",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1029",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-2001-cfg,
    title = "Do {CFG}-Based Language Models Need Agreement Constraints?",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Gorrell, Genevieve  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann  and
      Dowding, John  and
      Boye, Johan",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1030",
}
@inproceedings{tomokiyo-jones-2001-youre,
    title = "You{'}re Not From {'}Round Here, Are You? Naive {B}ayes Detection of Non-Native Utterances",
    author = "Tomokiyo, Laura Mayfield  and
      Jones, Rosie",
    booktitle = "Second Meeting of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N01-1031",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2018-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    author = "Politzer-Ahles, Stephen  and
      Hsu, Yu-Yin  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Yao, Yao",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1000",
}
@inproceedings{abe-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-dialect Neural Machine Translation and Dialectometry",
    author = "Abe, Kaori  and
      Matsubayashi, Yuichiroh  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1001",
}
@inproceedings{angle-etal-2018-automated,
    title = "Automated Error Correction and Validation for {POS} Tagging of {H}indi",
    author = "Angle, Sachi  and
      Mishra, Pruthwik  and
      Sharma, Dipti Mishra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1002",
}
@inproceedings{asahara-2018-reading,
    title = "Between Reading Time and Clause Boundaries in {J}apanese - Wrap-up Effect in a Head-Final Language",
    author = "Asahara, Masayuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1003",
}
@inproceedings{ashihara-etal-2018-contextualized,
    title = "Contextualized Word Representations for Multi-Sense Embedding",
    author = "Ashihara, Kazuki  and
      Kajiwara, Tomoyuki  and
      Arase, Yuki  and
      Uchida, Satoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1004",
}
@inproceedings{bai-etal-2018-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation for Sentiment Analysis using Keywords in the Target Domain as the Learning Weight",
    author = "Bai, Jing  and
      Shinnou, Hiroyuki  and
      Komiya, Kanako",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1005",
}
@inproceedings{bakari-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards an Automatic Text Comprehension for the {A}rabic Question-Answering: Semantic and Logical Representation of Texts",
    author = "Bakari, Wided  and
      Bellot, Patrice  and
      Neji, Mahmoud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1006",
}
@inproceedings{battu-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Genre and Rating of a Movie Based on its Synopsis",
    author = "Battu, Varshit  and
      Batchu, Vishal  and
      Gangula, Rama Rohit Reddy  and
      Dakannagari, Mohana Murali Krishna Reddy  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1007",
}
@inproceedings{brosas-etal-2018-classifying,
    title = "Classifying and Extracting Data from {F}acebook Posts for Online Persona Identification",
    author = "Brosas, Hazel  and
      Lim, Eugene  and
      Sevilla, Danica  and
      Silva, Denise  and
      Ong, Ethel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1008",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chung-2018-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the {E}nglish {ADJECTIVE} {OF} Construction in Academic Writing",
    author = "Chen, Liyin  and
      Chung, Siaw-Fong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1009",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Free Translation in Parallel Corpora from Attention Scores",
    author = "Chen, Qi  and
      Kwong, Oi Yee  and
      Zhu, Jingbo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1010",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-effects,
    title = "Effects of Stimulus Duration and Vowel Quality in Tone Perception by {E}nglish Musicians and Non-musicians",
    author = "Chen, Si  and
      Zhu, Yiqing  and
      Wayland, Ratree  and
      Yang, Yike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1011",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-changing,
    title = "Changing against tone merging trends in community? The case of C. Y. Leung",
    author = "Chen, Ziqi  and
      Yao, Yao  and
      Yu, Alan C. L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1012",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation of {E}nglish-to-{K}orean and {K}orean-to-{E}nglish Neural Machine Translation Systems by Linguistic Test Points",
    author = "Choi, Sung-Kwon  and
      Choi, Gyu-Hyeun  and
      Kim, Youngkil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1013",
}
@inproceedings{chui-etal-2018-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus Study of Linguistic-Cultural Conceptualization of {FEAR} in {C}hinese and {R}ussian",
    author = "Chui, Kawai  and
      Yeh, Hsiang-Lin  and
      Tsai, Jie-Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1014",
}
@inproceedings{dai-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Scientific Relation Classification with Task Specific Supersense",
    author = "Dai, Qin  and
      Inoue, Naoya  and
      Reisert, Paul  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1015",
}
@inproceedings{danda-etal-2018-many,
    title = "Too Many Questions? What Can We Do? : Multiple Question Span Detection",
    author = "Danda, Prathyusha  and
      Srivastava, Brij Mohan Lal  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1016",
}
@inproceedings{dhakras-shrivastava-2018-bowler,
    title = "{B}o{WL}er: A neural approach to extractive text summarization",
    author = "Dhakras, Pranav  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1017",
}
@inproceedings{doan-etal-2018-effectiveness,
    title = "Effectiveness of Character Language Model for {V}ietnamese Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Doan, Xuan-Dung  and
      Dang, Trung-Thanh  and
      Nguyen, Le-Minh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1018",
}
@inproceedings{fkih-omri-2018-fca,
    title = "{FCA}{\_}{R}etrieval: A Multi-operator Algorithm for Information Retrieval from Binary Concept Lattice",
    author = "Fkih, Fethi  and
      Omri, Mohamed Nazih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1019",
}
@inproceedings{gao-lee-2018-exclamative,
    title = "Exclamative Sentences in Emotion Expressions in {M}andarin {C}hinese: A Corpus-based Approach",
    author = "Gao, Xuefeng  and
      Lee, Sophia Yat Mei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1020",
}
@inproceedings{gundapu-mamidi-2018-word,
    title = "Word Level Language Identification in {E}nglish {T}elugu Code Mixed Data",
    author = "Gundapu, Sunil  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1021",
}
@inproceedings{hien-spring-2018-effect,
    title = "The Effect of {L}2 Onset on {L}2 and {L}3 learning: The Case of Native Speakers of Burkinabe languages",
    author = "Hien, Alain  and
      Spring, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1022",
}
@inproceedings{hsiao-chung-2018-arguing,
    title = "Are They Arguing or not: A Corpus-based Study",
    author = "Hsiao, Min-Chun  and
      Chung, Siaw-Fong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1023",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-german-2018-prosodic,
    title = "Prosodic Organization and Focus Realization in Taiwan {M}andarin",
    author = "Hsu, Yu-Yin  and
      German, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1024",
}
@inproceedings{igamberdiev-shin-2018-metaphor,
    title = "Metaphor Identification with Paragraph and Word Vectorization: An Attention-Based Neural Approach",
    author = "Igamberdiev, Timour  and
      Shin, Hyopil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1025",
}
@inproceedings{iwai-etal-2018-annotating,
    title = "Annotating a Driving Experience Corpus with Behavior and Subjectivity",
    author = "Iwai, Ritsuko  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kumada, Takatsune  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1026",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2018-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic Study of Coordinate Compounds in {C}hinese",
    author = "Jiang, Yingdi  and
      Yu, Yonglian  and
      Liu, Zhiying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1027",
}
@inproceedings{kameswari-mamidi-2018-political,
    title = "Political Discourse Analysis : A Case Study of 2014 Andhra Pradesh State Assembly Election of Interpersonal Speech Choices",
    author = "Kameswari, Lalitha  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1028",
}
@inproceedings{kato-etal-2018-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of {`}Word List by Semantic Principles{'} Labels for the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written {J}apanese",
    author = "Kato, Sachi  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Yamazaki, Makoto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1029",
}
@inproceedings{kato-matsubara-2018-model,
    title = "Model-Theoretic Incremental Interpretation Based on Discourse Representation Theory",
    author = "Kato, Yoshihide  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1030",
}
@inproceedings{niina-shimada-2018-trivia,
    title = "Trivia Score and Ranking Estimation Using Support Vector Regression and {R}ank{N}et",
    author = "Niina, Kazuya  and
      Shimada, Kazutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1031",
}
@inproceedings{khoo-lin-2018-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Variations between Singapore, Mainland China, and Taiwan {M}andarin: A Pilot Study of Aspect Marking",
    author = "Khoo, Yong Kang  and
      Lin, Jingxia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1032",
}
@inproceedings{kitagawa-komachi-2018-long,
    title = "Long Short-Term Memory for {J}apanese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Kitagawa, Yoshiaki  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1033",
}
@inproceedings{kiyono-etal-2018-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Odd Generation from Neural Headline Generation",
    author = "Kiyono, Shun  and
      Takase, Sho  and
      Suzuki, Jun  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1034",
}
@inproceedings{kodaira-komachi-2018-rule,
    title = "The Rule of Three: Abstractive Text Summarization in Three Bullet Points",
    author = "Kodaira, Tomonori  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1035",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-2018-non,
    title = "The Non-deictic Use of Demonstratives in Conversations and Interpreted Speeches in Contemporary Hong {K}ong {C}antonese",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1036",
}
@inproceedings{lau-etal-2018-questions,
    title = "Questions as a Pre-event, Pivot Event and Post-event of Emotions",
    author = "Lau, Helena Yan Ping  and
      Lee, Sophia Yat Mei  and
      Wang, Zhongqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1037",
}
@inproceedings{le-sadat-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving the neural network-based machine transliteration for low-resourced language pair",
    author = "Le, Ngoc Tan  and
      Sadat, Fatiha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1038",
}
@inproceedings{lee-wong-2018-epistemic,
    title = "Epistemic Indefinites and Reportative Indefinites in {C}antonese",
    author = "Lee, Tommy Tsz-Ming  and
      Wong, Hok-Yuen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1039",
}
@inproceedings{lee-lee-2018-new,
    title = "A New Angle on {L}2 Texts: A Statistical Approach to Translation Universals",
    author = "Lee, Younghee Cheri  and
      Lee, Yong-Hun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1040",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-perceptual,
    title = "Perceptual evaluation of {M}andarin tone sandhi production by {C}antonese speakers before and after perceptual training",
    author = "Li, Bei  and
      Yang, Yike  and
      Chen, Si",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1041",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Spelling Check based on Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Li, Chiao-Wen  and
      Chen, Jhih-Jie  and
      Chang, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1042",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2018-research,
    title = "Research on Entity Relation Extraction for Military Field",
    author = "Liang, Chen  and
      Zan, Hongying  and
      Liu, Yajun  and
      Wu, Yunfang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1043",
}
@inproceedings{lin-hsu-2018-whether,
    title = "Whether and How {M}andarin Sandhied Tone 3 and Underlying Tone 2 differ in Terms of Vowel Quality?",
    author = "Lin, Yu-Jung  and
      Hsu, Yu-Yin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1044",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-demn,
    title = "{DEMN}: Distilled-Exposition Enhanced Matching Network for Story Comprehension",
    author = "Liu, Chunhua  and
      Zhang, Haiou  and
      Jiang, Shan  and
      Yu, Dong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1045",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Error Correction on {J}apanese Functional Expressions Using Character-based Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Liu, Jun  and
      Cheng, Fei  and
      Wang, Yiran  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1046",
}
@inproceedings{liu-2018-minimalist,
    title = "Minimalist Parsing of Heavy {NP} Shift",
    author = "Liu, Lei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1047",
}
@inproceedings{liu-ning-2018-factors,
    title = "Factors Affecting Accent of New and Similar Vowels in Hong {K}ong {C}antonese Pronounced by {U}rdu Speakers from Secondary School",
    author = "Liu, Yi  and
      Ning, Jinghong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1048",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning Paradigm with Transformed Monolingual Word Embeddings for Multilingual Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Lu, Yujie  and
      Ni, Boyi  and
      Ji, Qijin  and
      Sakamoto, Kotaro  and
      Shibuki, Hideyuki  and
      Mori, Tatsunori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1049",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2018-study,
    title = "A Study on the {K}orean and {C}hinese Pronunciation of {C}hinese Characters and Learning {K}orean as a Second Language",
    author = "Luo, Xiao  and
      Yang, Yike  and
      Sun, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1050",
}
@inproceedings{maruyama-yamamoto-2018-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Substitution is Practical for Rare Word Simplification",
    author = "Maruyama, Takumi  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1051",
}
@inproceedings{matsuno-etal-2018-reduction,
    title = "Reduction of Parameter Redundancy in Biaffine Classifiers with Symmetric and Circulant Weight Matrices",
    author = "Matsuno, Tomoki  and
      Hayashi, Katsuhiko  and
      Ishihara, Takahiro  and
      Manabe, Hitoshi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1052",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-etal-2018-equgener,
    title = "{E}qu{G}ener: A Reasoning Network for Word Problem Solving by Generating Arithmetic Equations",
    author = "Mishra, Pruthwik  and
      Kurisinkel, Litton J  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1053",
}
@inproceedings{miyazaki-komachi-2018-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Sentiment Classification using a Tree-Structured Long Short-Term Memory with Attention",
    author = "Miyazaki, Ryosuke  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1054",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-hoang-etal-2018-genre,
    title = "Genre-Oriented Web Content Extraction with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks and Statistical Methods",
    author = "Nguyen-Hoang, Bao-Dai  and
      Pham-Hong, Bao-Tran  and
      Jin, Yiping  and
      Le, Phu T. V.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1055",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-son-etal-2018-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Computer-Translated Paragraphs using Coherence Features",
    author = "Nguyen-Son, Hoang-Quoc  and
      Nguyen, Huy H.  and
      Tieu, Ngoc-Dung T.  and
      Yamagishi, Junichi  and
      Echizen, Isao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1056",
}
@inproceedings{nishiyama-etal-2018-dataset,
    title = "Dataset Construction Method for Word Reading Disambiguation",
    author = "Nishiyama, Koki  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide  and
      Nakajima, Hideharu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1057",
}
@inproceedings{okamura-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving {J}apanese semantic-role-labeling performance with transfer learning as case for limited resources of tagged corpora on aggregated language",
    author = "Okamura, Takuya  and
      Takeuchi, Koichi  and
      Ishihara, Yasuhiro  and
      Taguchi, Masahiro  and
      Inada, Yoshihiko  and
      Iizuka, Masaya  and
      Abo, Tatsuhiko  and
      Ueda, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1058",
}
@inproceedings{oota-etal-2018-affect,
    title = "Affect in Tweets using Experts Model",
    author = "Oota, Subba Reddy  and
      Avvaru, Adithya  and
      Marreddy, Mounika Reddy  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1059",
}
@inproceedings{oya-2018-utilization,
    title = "Utilization of Dependency Type per Sentence to Identify Differences among Genres of {E}nglish Texts",
    author = "Oya, Masanori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1060",
}
@inproceedings{panchendrarajan-amaresan-2018-bidirectional,
    title = "Bidirectional {LSTM}-{CRF} for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Panchendrarajan, Rrubaa  and
      Amaresan, Aravindh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1061",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2018-smartwrite,
    title = "{S}mart{W}rite: Extracting {C}hinese Lexical Grammar Patterns Using Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Peng, Cheng-Cyuan  and
      Yang, Ching-Yu  and
      Chen, Jhih-Jie  and
      Chang, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1062",
}
@inproceedings{pham-pham-2018-building,
    title = "Building a Spoonerism Detection System for {V}ietnamese",
    author = "Pham, Thai-Hoang  and
      Pham, Xuan-Khoai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1063",
}
@inproceedings{rachman-etal-2018-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling in Conversational Chat using Deep Bi-Directional Long Short-Term Memory Networks with Attention Mechanism",
    author = "Rachman, Valdi  and
      Mahendra, Rahmad  and
      Wicaksono, Alfan Farizki  and
      Meydiarso, Ahmad Rizqi  and
      Ikhwantri, Fariz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1064",
}
@inproceedings{rong-etal-2018-topic,
    title = "Topic-comment constructions in {L}1-{C}hinese learners{'} {E}nglish",
    author = "Rong, Yicheng  and
      Chang, Hui  and
      Cheung, Candice Chi-Hang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1065",
}
@inproceedings{sango-etal-2018-effectiveness,
    title = "Effectiveness of Domain Adaptation in {J}apanese Predicate-Argument Structure Analysis",
    author = "Sango, Mizuki  and
      Nishikawa, Hitoshi  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1066",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2018-customized,
    title = "Customized Attention Mechanism for Relation Classification",
    author = "Shen, Shirong  and
      Wen, Yang  and
      Zhou, Lijuan  and
      Zan, Hongyin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1067",
}
@inproceedings{shinnou-etal-2018-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation Using a Combination of Multiple Embeddings for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Shinnou, Hiroyuki  and
      Zhao, Xinyu  and
      Komiya, Kanako",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1068",
}
@inproceedings{siriwittayakorn-2018-expect,
    title = "Expect the Unexpected? The Processing of Possibility Hedges in Medical Diagnoses and Medical Advice",
    author = "Siriwittayakorn, Teeranoot",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1069",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2018-feature,
    title = "Feature Attention Network: Interpretable Depression Detection from Social Media",
    author = "Song, Hoyun  and
      You, Jinseon  and
      Chung, Jin-Woo  and
      Park, Jong C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1070",
}
@inproceedings{spala-etal-2018-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison Study of Human Evaluated Automated Highlighting Systems",
    author = "Spala, Sasha  and
      Dernoncourt, Franck  and
      Chang, Walter  and
      Dockhorn, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1071",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2018-fine,
    title = "Fine-tuning for Named Entity Recognition Using Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Suzuki, Masaya  and
      Komiya, Kanako  and
      Sasaki, Minoru  and
      Shinnou, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1072",
}
@inproceedings{tabajunda-2018-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Schoolscape as Public Communication: A Study of Announcements and Signages in De La Salle University {--} Dasmari{\~n}as",
    author = "Tabajunda, Dastin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1073",
}
@inproceedings{tagami-etal-2018-suspicious,
    title = "Suspicious News Detection Using Micro Blog Text",
    author = "Tagami, Tsubasa  and
      Ouchi, Hiroki  and
      Asano, Hiroki  and
      Hanawa, Kazuaki  and
      Uchiyama, Kaori  and
      Suzuki, Kaito  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Komiya, Atsushi  and
      Fujimura, Atsuo  and
      Yamashita, Ryo  and
      Yanai, Hitofumi  and
      Machino, Akinori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1074",
}
@inproceedings{takehisa-2018-case,
    title = "The Case for Thematically Underspecified External Arguments",
    author = "Takehisa, Tomokazu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1075",
}
@inproceedings{tang-2018-syntax,
    title = "The syntax of the final particle k",
    author = "Tang, Qing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1076",
}
@inproceedings{te-etal-2018-using,
    title = "Using Social Media Posts as Knowledge Resource for Generating Life Stories",
    author = "Te, Robee Khyra Mae J.  and
      Lam, Janica Mae M.  and
      Ong, Ethel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1077",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-lai-2018-functions,
    title = "The Functions of Must-constructions in Spoken Corpus: A Constructionist Perspective",
    author = "Tsai, Tsi-Chuen  and
      Lai, Huei-Ling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1078",
}
@inproceedings{tsay-myers-2018-communicative,
    title = "Communicative Efficiency in Child {M}andarin",
    author = "Tsay, Jane  and
      Myers, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1079",
}
@inproceedings{tummalapalli-mamidi-2018-syllables,
    title = "Syllables for Sentence Classification in Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = "Tummalapalli, Madhuri  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1080",
}
@inproceedings{vo-yamamoto-2018-vietsentilex,
    title = "{V}iet{S}enti{L}ex: a sentiment dictionary that considers the polarity of ambiguous sentiment words",
    author = "Vo, Huynh Quoc Viet  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1081",
}
@inproceedings{wan-fang-2018-examination,
    title = "A Re-examination of Syntactic Complexity by Investigating the Internal Structure Variations of Adverbial Clauses across Speech and Writing",
    author = "Wan, Mingyu  and
      Fang, Alex Chengyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1082",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2018-sketching,
    title = "Sketching a {C}hinese writer{'}s vocabulary profile in {E}nglish: the case of Ha {J}in",
    author = "Wang, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1083",
}
@inproceedings{wong-etal-2018-facilitating,
    title = "Facilitating and Blocking Conditions of Haplology: A comparative study of Hong {K}ong {C}antonese and Taiwan {M}andarin",
    author = "Wong, Sam Yin  and
      Chen, I-Hsuan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1084",
}
@inproceedings{wu-2018-evidentiality,
    title = "Evidentiality, Alethic Modality and Temporal Modifiers: The Case of Benl{\'a}i vs. Yu{\'a}nl{\'a}i in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Wu, Jiun-Shiung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1085",
}
@inproceedings{wu-2018-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Constraints on the Acquisition of {E}nglish Split Intransitivity-An Experimental Investigation of {C}hinese-speaking {L}2 Learners",
    author = "Wu, Lili",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1086",
}
@inproceedings{xia-xun-2018-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Representation of {C}hinese Collocation",
    author = "Xia, Bo  and
      Xun, Endong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1087",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-nuo-2018-attention,
    title = "Attention-based {BLSTM}-{CRF} Architecture for {M}ongolian Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Xiong, Yuzhu  and
      Nuo, Minghua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1088",
}
@inproceedings{yamashiro-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural {J}apanese Zero Anaphora Resolution using Smoothed Large-scale Case Frames with Word Embedding",
    author = "Yamashiro, Souta  and
      Nishikawa, Hitoshi  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1089",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2018-development,
    title = "Development of Perceptual Training Software for Realizing High Variability Training Paradigm and Self Adaptive Training Paradigm",
    author = "Yang, Ruining  and
      Nanjo, Hiroaki  and
      Dantsuji, Masatake",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1090",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2018-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Transparency of Radicals in {C}hinese Characters: An Ontological Perspective",
    author = "Yang, Yike  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Dong, Sicong  and
      Chen, Si",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1091",
}
@inproceedings{yang-2018-orthographic,
    title = "Orthographic Awareness and Phonological Awareness of Late {C}hinese-{E}nglish Bilinguals: Evidence from Word-Picture Interference Tasks",
    author = "Yang, Yumeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1092",
}
@inproceedings{yip-2018-communicating,
    title = "Communicating Social Support in Online Self-help Groups for Anxiety and Depression: A Qualitative Discourse Analysis",
    author = "Yip, Jesse Wai Chi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1093",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-kim-2018-scrambling,
    title = "A-Scrambling and Subjecthood in {K}orean: An Experimental Approach",
    author = "Yoon, James Hye-Suk  and
      Kim, Ji-Hye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1094",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-2018-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Tone Normalization Methods for Language Variation Research",
    author = "Zhang, Jingwei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1095",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-lepage-2018-context,
    title = "Context Encoder for Analogies on Strings",
    author = "Zhao, Tianjing  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1096",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-2018-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-based Multidimensional Analysis of Linguistic Features of Truth and Deception",
    author = "Zheng, Fanghua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1097",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Indicators of Compromise using Neural-Based Sequence Labelling",
    author = "Zhou, Shengping  and
      Long, Zi  and
      Tan, Lianzhi  and
      Guo, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-1098",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2018-pacific-asia,
    title = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 25th Joint Workshop on Linguistics and Language Processing",
    author = "Politzer-Ahles, Stephen  and
      Hsu, Yu-Yin  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Yao, Yao",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-2000",
}
@inproceedings{dong-etal-2018-non,
    title = "How do non-tastes taste? A corpus-based study on {C}hinese people{'}s perception of spicy and numbing food",
    author = "Dong, Sicong  and
      Zhong, Yin  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 25th Joint Workshop on Linguistics and Language Processing",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-2001",
}
@inproceedings{fukutome-harada-2018-flavor,
    title = "Flavor Wheel Terminology and Challenges in Translation {--} Focusing on {E}nglish and {J}apanese Vocabulary for Wine, Sake and Soy sauce {--}",
    author = "Fukutome, Nami  and
      Harada, Yasunari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 25th Joint Workshop on Linguistics and Language Processing",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-2002",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2018-conceptual,
    title = "Conceptual Metaphorical Extensions of {`}Eat{'} and {`}Drink{'} in {E}nglish and {K}orean: A Usage-based Approach",
    author = "Kim, Jong-Bok  and
      Kim, Jungsoo  and
      Sim, Rok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 25th Joint Workshop on Linguistics and Language Processing",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-2003",
}
@inproceedings{klyueva-etal-2018-food,
    title = "Food-Related Sentiment Analysis for {C}antonese",
    author = "Klyueva, Natalia  and
      Long, Yunfei  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Lu, Qin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 25th Joint Workshop on Linguistics and Language Processing",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-2004",
}
@inproceedings{lim-2018-corpus,
    title = "A corpus-based study of braised dishes in {C}hinese-{E}nglish menus",
    author = "Lim, Lily",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 25th Joint Workshop on Linguistics and Language Processing",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-2005",
}
@inproceedings{zhong-huang-2018-pleasing,
    title = "Pleasing to the Mouth of Pleasant Personality: A corpus-based study of conceptualization of desserts in online {C}hinese food reviews",
    author = "Zhong, Yin  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 25th Joint Workshop on Linguistics and Language Processing",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-2006",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2018-pacific-asia-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation",
    author = "Politzer-Ahles, Stephen  and
      Hsu, Yu-Yin  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Yao, Yao",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-3000",
}
@inproceedings{nakazawa-etal-2018-overview,
    title = "Overview of the 5th Workshop on {A}sian Translation",
    author = "Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Higashiyama, Shohei  and
      Ding, Chenchen  and
      Dabre, Raj  and
      Mino, Hideya  and
      Goto, Isao  and
      Pa, Win Pa  and
      Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-3001",
}
@inproceedings{kocmi-etal-2018-cuni,
    title = "{CUNI} {NMT} System for {WAT} 2018 Translation Tasks",
    author = "Kocmi, Tom  and
      Parida, Shantipriya  and
      Bojar, Ond?ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-3002",
}
@inproceedings{dabre-etal-2018-nicts,
    title = "{NICT}{'}s Participation in {WAT} 2018: Approaches Using Multilingualism and Recurrently Stacked Layers",
    author = "Dabre, Raj  and
      Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-3003",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-srcb,
    title = "{SRCB} Neural Machine Translation Systems in {WAT} 2018",
    author = "Li, Yihan  and
      Liu, Boyan  and
      Tong, Yixuan  and
      Jiang, Shanshan  and
      Dong, Bin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-3004",
}
@inproceedings{ehara-2018-smt,
    title = "SMT reranked NMT (2)",
    author = "Ehara, Terumasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-3005",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-{M}yanmar {NMT} and {SMT} with Pre-ordering: {NICT}{'}s Machine Translation Systems at {WAT}-2018",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Ding, Chenchen  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-3006",
}
@inproceedings{marie-etal-2018-combination,
    title = "Combination of Statistical and Neural Machine Translation for {M}yanmar-{E}nglish",
    author = "Marie, Benjamin  and
      Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-3007",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-tmu,
    title = "{TMU} {J}apanese-{C}hinese Unsupervised {NMT} System for {WAT} 2018 Translation Task",
    author = "Zhang, Longtu  and
      Zhao, Yuting  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-3008",
}
@inproceedings{thida-etal-2018-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation Using 5-grams Word Segmentation in Decoding",
    author = "Thida, Aye  and
      Nway Han, Nway  and
      Oo, Sheinn Thawtar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-3009",
}
@inproceedings{philip-etal-2018-cvit,
    title = "CVIT-MT Systems for WAT-2018",
    author = "Philip, Jerin  and
      Namboodiri, Vinay P.  and
      Jawahar, C.V.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-3010",
}
@inproceedings{ojha-etal-2018-rgnlp,
    title = "The {RGNLP} Machine Translation Systems for {WAT} 2018",
    author = "Ojha, Atul Kr.  and
      Chowdhury, Koel Dutta  and
      Liu, Chao-Hong  and
      Saxena, Karan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-3011",
}
@inproceedings{sen-etal-2018-iitp,
    title = "{IITP}-{MT} at {WAT}2018: Transformer-based Multilingual Indic-{E}nglish Neural Machine Translation System",
    author = "Sen, Sukanta  and
      Gupta, Kamal Kumar  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-3012",
}
@inproceedings{banerjee-etal-2018-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual {I}ndian Language Translation System at {WAT} 2018: Many-to-one Phrase-based {SMT}",
    author = "Banerjee, Tamali  and
      Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Bhattacharya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-3013",
}
@inproceedings{matsumura-etal-2018-tmu,
    title = "{TMU} {J}apanese-{E}nglish Neural Machine Translation System using Generative Adversarial Network for {WAT} 2018",
    author = "Matsumura, Yukio  and
      Katsumata, Satoru  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-3014",
}
@inproceedings{kawara-etal-2018-osaka,
    title = "Osaka University {MT} Systems for {WAT} 2018: Rewarding, Preordering, and Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Kawara, Yuki  and
      Takebayashi, Yuto  and
      Chu, Chenhui  and
      Arase, Yuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-3015",
}
@inproceedings{sin-etal-2018-ucsynlp,
    title = "{UCSYNLP}-Lab Machine Translation Systems for {WAT} 2018",
    author = "Sin, Yi Mon Shwe  and
      Oo, Thazin Myint  and
      Mo, Hsu Myat  and
      Pa, Win Pa  and
      Soe, Khim Mar  and
      Thu, Ye Kyaw",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-3016",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-xmu,
    title = "{XMU} Neural Machine Translation Systems for {WAT}2018 {M}yanmar-{E}nglish Translation Task",
    author = "Wang, Boli  and
      Hu, Jinming  and
      Chen, Yidong  and
      Shi, Xiaodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation: 5th Workshop on Asian Translation",
    month = "1{--}3 " # dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y18-3017",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-hlt,
    title = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Analysis of Geographic References",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0100",
}
@inproceedings{manov-etal-2003-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with geographic knowledge for information extraction",
    author = "Manov, Dimitar  and
      Kiryakov, Atanas  and
      Popov, Borislav  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Maynard, Diana  and
      Cunningham, Hamish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Analysis of Geographic References",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0101",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{waldinger-etal-2003-pointing,
    title = "Pointing to places in a deductive geospatial theory",
    author = "Waldinger, Richard  and
      Jarvis, Peter  and
      Dungan, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Analysis of Geographic References",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0102",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{uryupina-2003-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised learning of geographical gazetteer from the internet",
    author = "Uryupina, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Analysis of Geographic References",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0103",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{kwok-deng-2003-geoname,
    title = "{G}eo{N}ame: a system for back-transliterating pinyin place names",
    author = "Kwok, Kui Lam  and
      Deng, Qiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Analysis of Geographic References",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0104",
    pages = "26--30",
}
@inproceedings{leidner-etal-2003-grounding,
    title = "Grounding spatial named entities for information extraction and question answering",
    author = "Leidner, Jochen L.  and
      Sinclair, Gail  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Analysis of Geographic References",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0105",
    pages = "31--38",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2003-infoxtract,
    title = "{I}nfo{X}tract location normalization: a hybrid approach to geographic references in information extraction",
    author = "Li, Huifeng  and
      Srihari, K. Rohini  and
      Niu, Cheng  and
      Li, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Analysis of Geographic References",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0106",
    pages = "39--44",
}
@inproceedings{smith-mann-2003-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping toponym classifiers",
    author = "Smith, David A.  and
      Mann, Gideon S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Analysis of Geographic References",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0107",
    pages = "45--49",
}
@inproceedings{rauch-etal-2003-confidence,
    title = "A confidence-based framework for disambiguating geographic terms",
    author = "Rauch, Erik  and
      Bukatin, Michael  and
      Baker, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Analysis of Geographic References",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0108",
    pages = "50--54",
}
@inproceedings{bilhaut-etal-2003-geographic,
    title = "Geographic reference analysis for geographic document querying",
    author = "Bilhaut, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}rik  and
      Charnois, Thierry  and
      Enjalbert, Patrice  and
      Mathet, Yann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Analysis of Geographic References",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0109",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{axelrod-2003-building,
    title = "On building a high performance gazetteer database",
    author = "Axelrod, Amittai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Analysis of Geographic References",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0110",
    pages = "63--68",
}
@inproceedings{southall-2003-defining,
    title = "Defining and identifying the roles of geographic references within text",
    author = "Southall, Humphrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Analysis of Geographic References",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0111",
    pages = "69--78",
}
@inproceedings{densham-reid-2003-system,
    title = "System Demo: A geo-coding service encompassing a geo-parsing tool and integrated digital gazetteer service",
    author = "Densham, Ian  and
      Reid, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Analysis of Geographic References",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0112",
    pages = "79--80",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-hlt-naacl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0200",
}
@inproceedings{olney-etal-2003-utterance,
    title = "Utterance Classification in {A}uto{T}utor",
    author = "Olney, Andrew  and
      Louwerse, Max  and
      Matthews, Eric  and
      Marineau, Johanna  and
      Hite-Mitchell, Heather  and
      Graesser, Arthur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0201",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{carlson-tanimoto-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning to Identify Student Preconceptions from Text",
    author = "Carlson, Adam  and
      Tanimoto, Steven L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0202",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{mitkov-ha-2003-computer,
    title = "Computer-Aided Generation of Multiple-Choice Tests",
    author = "Mitkov, Ruslan  and
      Ha, Le An",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0203",
    pages = "17--22",
}
@inproceedings{mak-etal-2003-plaser,
    title = "{PLASER}: Pronunciation Learning via Automatic Speech Recognition",
    author = "Mak, Brian  and
      Siu, Manhung  and
      Ng, Mimi  and
      Tam, Yik-Cheung  and
      Chan, Yu-Chung  and
      Chan, Kin-Wah  and
      Leung, Ka-Yee  and
      Ho, Simon  and
      Wong, Jimmy  and
      Lo, Jacqueline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0204",
    pages = "23--29",
}
@inproceedings{rose-etal-2003-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Tutor and Student Behavior in Speech Versus Text Based Tutoring",
    author = "Ros{\'e}, Carolyn P.  and
      Litman, Diane  and
      Bhembe, Dumisizwe  and
      Forbes, Kate  and
      Silliman, Scott  and
      Srivastava, Ramesh  and
      VanLehn, Kurt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0205",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{knutsson-etal-2003-transforming,
    title = "Transforming Grammar Checking Technology into a Learning Environment for Second Language Writing",
    author = "Knutsson, Ola  and
      Cerrato Pargman, Teresa  and
      Severinson Eklundh, Kerstin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0206",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{landauer-2003-pasteurs,
    title = "Pasteur{'}s Quadrant: Computational Linguistics, {LSA}, and Education",
    author = "Landauer, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0207",
    pages = "46--52",
}
@inproceedings{kanejiya-etal-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation of Students{'} Answers using Syntactically Enhanced {LSA}",
    author = "Kanejiya, Dharmendra  and
      Kumar, Arun  and
      Prasad, Surendra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0208",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{lonsdale-strong-krause-2003-automated,
    title = "Automated Rating of {ESL} Essays",
    author = "Lonsdale, Deryle  and
      Strong-Krause, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0209",
    pages = "61--67",
}
@inproceedings{rose-etal-2003-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Text Classification Approach for Analysis of Student Essays",
    author = "Ros{\'e}, Carolyn P.  and
      Roque, Antonio  and
      Bhembe, Dumisizwe  and
      VanLehn, Kurt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0210",
    pages = "68--75",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-hlt-naacl-2003,
    title = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0300",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-pedersen-2003-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation Exercise for Word Alignment",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0301",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{lin-cherry-2003-proalign,
    title = "{P}ro{A}lign: Shared Task System Description",
    author = "Lin, Dekang  and
      Cherry, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0302",
    pages = "11--14",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-vogel-2003-word,
    title = "Word Alignment Based on Bilingual Bracketing",
    author = "Zhao, Bing  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0303",
    pages = "15--18",
}
@inproceedings{simard-langlais-2003-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Translation Alignment with Compositionality Constraints",
    author = "Simard, Michel  and
      Langlais, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0304",
    pages = "19--22",
}
@inproceedings{dejean-etal-2003-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Parameter Space for Word Alignment",
    author = "Dejean, Herve  and
      Gaussier, Eric  and
      Goutte, Cyril  and
      Yamada, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0305",
    pages = "23--26",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-2003-word,
    title = "Word Alignment Baselines",
    author = "Henderson, John C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0306",
    pages = "27--30",
}
@inproceedings{carl-fissaha-2003-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-based Evaluation of Word-to-Word Alignments",
    author = "Carl, Michael  and
      Fissaha, Sisay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0307",
    pages = "31--35",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-etal-2003-treq,
    title = "{TREQ}-{AL}: A word alignment system with limited language resources",
    author = "Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan  and
      Barbu, Ana-Maria  and
      Ion, Radu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0308",
    pages = "36--39",
}
@inproceedings{mcinnes-pedersen-2003-duluth,
    title = "The {D}uluth Word Alignment System",
    author = "McInnes, Bridget Thomson  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0309",
    pages = "40--43",
}
@inproceedings{callison-burch-osborne-2003-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0310",
    pages = "44--49",
}
@inproceedings{shimohata-etal-2003-retrieving,
    title = "Retrieving Meaning-equivalent Sentences for Example-based Rough Translation",
    author = "Shimohata, Mitsuo  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0311",
    pages = "50--56",
}
@inproceedings{aramaki-etal-2003-word,
    title = "Word Selection for {EBMT} based on Monolingual Similarity and Translation Confidence",
    author = "Aramaki, Eiji  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Kashioka, Hideki  and
      Tanaka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0312",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{simard-2003-translation,
    title = "Translation Spotting for Translation Memories",
    author = "Simard, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0313",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{yamamoto-etal-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning Sequence-to-Sequence Correspondences from Parallel Corpora via Sequential Pattern Mining",
    author = "Yamamoto, Kaoru  and
      Kudo, Taku  and
      Tsuboi, Yuta  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0314",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2003-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Optimization for Bilingual Sentence Alignment Based on Linear Regression",
    author = "Zhao, Bing  and
      Zechner, Klaus  and
      Vogel, Stephen  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0315",
    pages = "81--87",
}
@inproceedings{dien-kiem-2003-pos,
    title = "{POS}-Tagger for {E}nglish-{V}ietnamese Bilingual Corpus",
    author = "Dien, Dinh  and
      Kiem, Hoang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0316",
    pages = "88--95",
}
@inproceedings{lee-chang-2003-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of {E}nglish-{C}hinese Transliterated Word Pairs from Parallel-Aligned Texts using a Statistical Machine Transliteration Model",
    author = "Lee, Chun-Jen  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0317",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@inproceedings{doi-sumita-2003-input,
    title = "Input Sentence Splitting and Translating",
    author = "Doi, Takao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0318",
    pages = "104--110",
}
@inproceedings{clodfelder-2003-lsa,
    title = "An {LSA} Implementation Against Parallel Texts in {F}rench and {E}nglish",
    author = "Clodfelder, Katri A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0319",
    pages = "111--114",
}
@inproceedings{martin-etal-2003-aligning,
    title = "Aligning and Using an {E}nglish-{I}nuktitut Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Martin, Joel  and
      Johnson, Howard  and
      Farley, Benoit  and
      Maclachlan, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0320",
    pages = "115--118",
}
@inproceedings{nightingale-tanaka-2003-comparing,
    title = "Comparing the Sentence Alignment Yield from Two News Corpora Using a Dictionary-Based Alignment System",
    author = "Nightingale, Stephen  and
      Tanaka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Machine Translation and Beyond",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0321",
    pages = "119--122",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0400",
}
@inproceedings{miyao-tsujii-2003-model,
    title = "A model of syntactic disambiguation based on lexicalized grammars",
    author = "Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0401",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{shen-joshi-2003-svm,
    title = "An {SVM}-based voting algorithm with application to parse reranking",
    author = "Shen, Libin  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0402",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{baldridge-osborne-2003-active,
    title = "Active learning for {HPSG} parse selection",
    author = "Baldridge, Jason  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0403",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{riloff-etal-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning subjective nouns using extraction pattern bootstrapping",
    author = "Riloff, Ellen  and
      Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Wilson, Theresa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0404",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{mann-yarowsky-2003-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Personal Name Disambiguation",
    author = "Mann, Gideon  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0405",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{shinnou-sasaki-2003-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised learning of word sense disambiguation rules by estimating an optimum iteration number in the {EM} algorithm",
    author = "Shinnou, Hiroyuki  and
      Sasaki, Minoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0406",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{clark-etal-2003-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping {POS}-taggers using unlabelled data",
    author = "Clark, Stephen  and
      Curran, James  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0407",
    pages = "49--55",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2003-updating,
    title = "Updating an {NLP} system to fit new domains: an empirical study on the sentence segmentation problem",
    author = "Zhang, Tong  and
      Damerau, Fred  and
      Johnson, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0408",
    pages = "56--62",
}
@inproceedings{rotaru-litman-2003-exceptionality,
    title = "Exceptionality and Natural Language Learning",
    author = "Rotaru, Mihai  and
      Litman, Diane J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0409",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{stevenson-joanis-2003-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Verb Class Discovery Using Noisy Features",
    author = "Stevenson, Suzanne  and
      Joanis, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0410",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@inproceedings{ohara-wiebe-2003-preposition,
    title = "Preposition Semantic Classification via Treebank and {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "O{'}Hara, Tom  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0411",
    pages = "79--86",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2003-phrasenet,
    title = "{P}hrasenet: towards context sensitive lexical semantics",
    author = "Li, Xin  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Tu, Yuancheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0412",
    pages = "87--94",
}
@inproceedings{gandrabur-foster-2003-confidence,
    title = "Confidence estimation for translation prediction",
    author = "Gandrabur, Simona  and
      Foster, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0413",
    pages = "95--102",
}
@inproceedings{probst-2003-using,
    title = "Using {`}smart{'} bilingual projection to feature-tag a monolingual dictionary",
    author = "Probst, Katharina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0414",
    pages = "103--110",
}
@inproceedings{cederberg-widdows-2003-using,
    title = "Using {LSA} and Noun Coordination Information to Improve the Recall and Precision of Automatic Hyponymy Extraction",
    author = "Cederberg, Scott  and
      Widdows, Dominic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0415",
    pages = "111--118",
}
@inproceedings{matsuzaki-etal-2003-efficient,
    title = "An efficient clustering algorithm for class-based language models",
    author = "Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0416",
    pages = "119--126",
}
@inproceedings{tsuruoka-tsujii-2003-training,
    title = "Training a Naive {B}ayes Classifier via the {EM} Algorithm with a Class Distribution Constraint",
    author = "Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0417",
    pages = "127--134",
}
@inproceedings{jones-thompson-2003-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Events using Similarity and Context",
    author = "Jones, Dominic R.  and
      Thompson, Cynthia A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0418",
    pages = "135--141",
}
@inproceedings{tjong-kim-sang-de-meulder-2003-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to the {C}o{NLL}-2003 Shared Task: Language-Independent Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Tjong Kim Sang, Erik F.  and
      De Meulder, Fien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0419",
    pages = "142--147",
}
@inproceedings{bender-etal-2003-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Entropy Models for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Bender, Oliver  and
      Och, Franz Josef  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0420",
    pages = "148--151",
}
@inproceedings{carreras-etal-2003-simple,
    title = "A Simple Named Entity Extractor using {A}da{B}oost",
    author = "Carreras, Xavier  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0421",
    pages = "152--155",
}
@inproceedings{carreras-etal-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning a Perceptron-Based Named Entity Chunker via Online Recognition Feedback",
    author = "Carreras, Xavier  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0422",
    pages = "156--159",
}
@inproceedings{chieu-ng-2003-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition with a Maximum Entropy Approach",
    author = "Chieu, Hai Leong  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0423",
    pages = "160--163",
}
@inproceedings{curran-clark-2003-language,
    title = "Language Independent {NER} using a Maximum Entropy Tagger",
    author = "Curran, James  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0424",
    pages = "164--167",
}
@inproceedings{florian-etal-2003-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition through Classifier Combination",
    author = "Florian, Radu  and
      Ittycheriah, Abe  and
      Jing, Hongyan  and
      Zhang, Tong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0425",
    pages = "168--171",
}
@inproceedings{hammerton-2003-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition with Long Short-Term Memory",
    author = "Hammerton, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0426",
    pages = "172--175",
}
@inproceedings{hendrickx-van-den-bosch-2003-memory,
    title = "Memory-based one-step named-entity recognition: Effects of seed list features, classifier stacking, and unannotated data",
    author = "Hendrickx, Iris  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0427",
    pages = "176--179",
}
@inproceedings{klein-etal-2003-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition with Character-Level Models",
    author = "Klein, Dan  and
      Smarr, Joseph  and
      Nguyen, Huy  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0428",
    pages = "180--183",
}
@inproceedings{mayfield-etal-2003-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition using Hundreds of Thousands of Features",
    author = "Mayfield, James  and
      McNamee, Paul  and
      Piatko, Christine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0429",
    pages = "184--187",
}
@inproceedings{mccallum-li-2003-early,
    title = "Early results for Named Entity Recognition with Conditional Random Fields, Feature Induction and Web-Enhanced Lexicons",
    author = "McCallum, Andrew  and
      Li, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0430",
    pages = "188--191",
}
@inproceedings{munro-etal-2003-meta,
    title = "Meta-Learning Orthographic and Contextual Models for Language Independent Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Munro, Robert  and
      Ler, Daren  and
      Patrick, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0431",
    pages = "192--195",
}
@inproceedings{whitelaw-patrick-2003-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition Using a Character-based Probabilistic Approach",
    author = "Whitelaw, Casey  and
      Patrick, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0432",
    pages = "196--199",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2003-stacked,
    title = "A Stacked, Voted, Stacked Model for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Ngai, Grace  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0433",
    pages = "200--203",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-johnson-2003-robust,
    title = "A Robust Risk Minimization based Named Entity Recognition System",
    author = "Zhang, Tong  and
      Johnson, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0434",
    pages = "204--207",
}
@inproceedings{de-meulder-daelemans-2003-memory,
    title = "Memory-Based Named Entity Recognition using Unannotated Data",
    author = "De Meulder, Fien  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0435",
    pages = "208--211",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-hlt-naacl-03,
    title = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Text Summarization Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0500",
}
@inproceedings{dorr-etal-2003-hedge,
    title = "Hedge Trimmer: A Parse-and-Trim Approach to Headline Generation",
    author = "Dorr, Bonnie  and
      Zajic, David  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Text Summarization Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0501",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{daniel-etal-2003-sub,
    title = "Sub-event based multi-document summarization",
    author = "Daniel, Naomi  and
      Radev, Dragomir  and
      Allison, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Text Summarization Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0502",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{grewal-etal-2003-multi,
    title = "Multi-document summarization using off the shelf compression software",
    author = "Grewal, Amardeep  and
      Allison, Timothy  and
      Dimitrov, Stanko  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Text Summarization Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0503",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{jing-etal-2003-summarization,
    title = "Summarization of Noisy Documents: A Pilot Study",
    author = "Jing, Hongyan  and
      Lopresti, Daniel  and
      Shih, Chilin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Text Summarization Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0504",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{grover-etal-2003-summarising,
    title = "Summarising Legal Texts: Sentential Tense and Argumentative Roles",
    author = "Grover, Claire  and
      Hachey, Ben  and
      Korycinski, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Text Summarization Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0505",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2003-study,
    title = "A Study for Document Summarization Based on Personal Annotation",
    author = "Zhang, Haiqin  and
      Chen, Zheng  and
      Ma, Wei-ying  and
      Cai, Qingsheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Text Summarization Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0506",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{okumura-etal-2003-text,
    title = "Text Summarization Challenge 2 - Text summarization evaluation at {NTCIR} Workshop 3",
    author = "Okumura, Manabu  and
      Fukusima, Takahiro  and
      Nanba, Hidetsugu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Text Summarization Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0507",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{van-halteren-teufel-2003-examining,
    title = "Examining the consensus between human summaries: initial experiments with factoid analysis",
    author = "van Halteren, Hans  and
      Teufel, Simone",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Text Summarization Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0508",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{sekine-nobata-2003-survey,
    title = "A survey for Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Nobata, Chikashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Text Summarization Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0509",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{lin-hovy-2003-potential,
    title = "The Potential and Limitations of Automatic Sentence Extraction for Summarization",
    author = "Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 03 Text Summarization Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0510",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-hlt-naacl-2003-learning,
    title = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Learning Word Meaning from Non-Linguistic Data",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0600",
}
@inproceedings{barnard-etal-2003-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation with Pictures",
    author = "Barnard, Kobus  and
      Johnson, Matthew  and
      Forsyth, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Learning Word Meaning from Non-Linguistic Data",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0601",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{edwards-etal-2003-words,
    title = "Words and Pictures in the News",
    author = "Edwards, Jaety  and
      White, Ryan  and
      Forsyth, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Learning Word Meaning from Non-Linguistic Data",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0602",
    pages = "6--13",
}
@inproceedings{gorniak-roy-2003-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Complex Visually Referring Utterances",
    author = "Gorniak, Peter  and
      Roy, Deb",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Learning Word Meaning from Non-Linguistic Data",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0603",
    pages = "14--21",
}
@inproceedings{wachsmuth-etal-2003-towards,
    title = "Towards a Framework for Learning Structured Shape Models from Text-Annotated Images",
    author = "Wachsmuth, Sven  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne  and
      Dickinson, Sven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Learning Word Meaning from Non-Linguistic Data",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0604",
    pages = "22--29",
}
@inproceedings{bonawitz-etal-2003-architecture,
    title = "An Architecture for Word Learning using Bidirectional Multimodal Structural Alignment",
    author = "Bonawitz, Keith  and
      Kim, Anthony  and
      Tardiff, Seth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Learning Word Meaning from Non-Linguistic Data",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0605",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{dominey-voegtlin-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning Word Meaning and Grammatical Constructions from Narrated Video Events",
    author = "Dominey, Peter Ford  and
      Voegtlin, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Learning Word Meaning from Non-Linguistic Data",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0606",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{pangburn-etal-2003-ebla,
    title = "{EBLA}: A Perceptually Grounded Model of Language Acquisition",
    author = "Pangburn, Brian E.  and
      Iyengar, S. Sitharama  and
      Mathews, Robert C.  and
      Ayo, Jonathan P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Learning Word Meaning from Non-Linguistic Data",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0607",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{carbonetto-de-freitas-2003-cant,
    title = "Why can{'}t Jos{\'e} read? The problem of learning semantic associations in a robot environment",
    author = "Carbonetto, Peter  and
      de Freitas, Nando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Learning Word Meaning from Non-Linguistic Data",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0608",
    pages = "54--61",
}
@inproceedings{oates-2003-grounding,
    title = "Grounding Word Meanings in Sensor Data: Dealing with Referential Uncertainty",
    author = "Oates, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Learning Word Meaning from Non-Linguistic Data",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0609",
    pages = "62--69",
}
@inproceedings{roy-etal-2003-conversational,
    title = "Conversational Robots: Building Blocks for Grounding Word Meaning",
    author = "Roy, Deb  and
      Hsiao, Kai-Yuh  and
      Mavridis, Nikolaos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Learning Word Meaning from Non-Linguistic Data",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0610",
    pages = "70--77",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-sripada-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning the Meaning and Usage of Time Phrases from a Parallel Text-Data Corpus",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud  and
      Sripada, Somayajulu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Learning Word Meaning from Non-Linguistic Data",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0611",
    pages = "78--85",
}
@inproceedings{vanhatalo-chan-2003-population,
    title = "Population Testing: Extracting Semantic Information On Near-Synonymy From Native Speakers",
    author = "Vanhatalo, Ulla  and
      Chan, Hilary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Learning Word Meaning from Non-Linguistic Data",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0612",
    pages = "86--91",
}
@inproceedings{whitman-etal-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning Word Meanings and Descriptive Parameter Spaces from Music",
    author = "Whitman, Brian  and
      Roy, Deb  and
      Vercoe, Barry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Learning Word Meaning from Non-Linguistic Data",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0613",
    pages = "92--99",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-hlt-naacl-2003-research,
    title = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Research Directions in Dialogue Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0700",
}
@inproceedings{chai-etal-2003-combining,
    title = "Combining Semantic and Temporal Constraints for Multimodal Integration in Conversation Systems",
    author = "Chai, Joyce Y.  and
      Hong, Pengyu  and
      Zhou, Michelle X.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Research Directions in Dialogue Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0701",
    pages = "1--3",
}
@inproceedings{de-mori-bechet-2003-conceptual,
    title = "Conceptual Language Models for Dialog Systems",
    author = "De Mori, Renato  and
      B{\'e}chet, Frederic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Research Directions in Dialogue Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0702",
    pages = "4--6",
}
@inproceedings{kirchhoff-ostendorf-2003-directions,
    title = "Directions For Multi-Party Human-Computer Interaction Research",
    author = "Kirchhoff, Katrin  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Research Directions in Dialogue Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0703",
    pages = "7--9",
}
@inproceedings{hardy-etal-2003-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Management for an Automated Multilingual Call Center",
    author = "Hardy, Hilda  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Wu, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Research Directions in Dialogue Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0704",
    pages = "10--12",
}
@inproceedings{burke-etal-2003-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue complexity with portability? Research directions for the Information State approach",
    author = "Burke, Carl  and
      Doran, Christy  and
      Gertner, Abigail  and
      Gregorowicz, Andy  and
      Harper, Lisa  and
      Korb, Joel  and
      Loehr, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Research Directions in Dialogue Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0705",
    pages = "13--15",
}
@inproceedings{daniels-hastie-2003-pragmatics,
    title = "The Pragmatics of Taking a Spoken Language System Out of the Laboratory",
    author = "Daniels, Jody J.  and
      Hastie, Helen Wright",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Research Directions in Dialogue Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0706",
    pages = "16--18",
}
@inproceedings{glass-seneff-2003-flexible,
    title = "Flexible and Personalizable Mixed-Initiative Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Glass, James  and
      Seneff, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Research Directions in Dialogue Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0707",
    pages = "19--21",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-hlt-naacl-2003-software,
    title = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Software Engineering and Architecture of Language Technology Systems ({SEALTS})",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0800",
}
@inproceedings{neff-etal-2003-talent,
    title = "The Talent System: {TEXTRACT} Architecture and Data Model",
    author = "Neff, Mary S.  and
      Byrd, Roy J.  and
      Boguraev, Branimir K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Software Engineering and Architecture of Language Technology Systems ({SEALTS})",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0801",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{schafer-2003-xslt,
    title = "{WHAT}: An {XSLT}-based Infrastructure for the Integration of Natural Language Processing Components",
    author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Ulrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Software Engineering and Architecture of Language Technology Systems ({SEALTS})",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0802",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{tablan-etal-2003-ollie,
    title = "{OLLIE}: On-Line Learning for Information Extraction",
    author = "Tablan, Valentin  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Maynard, Diana  and
      Cunningham, Hamish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Software Engineering and Architecture of Language Technology Systems ({SEALTS})",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0803",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{ide-etal-2003-international,
    title = "International Standard for a Linguistic Annotation Framework",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Romary, Laurent  and
      de la Clergerie, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Software Engineering and Architecture of Language Technology Systems ({SEALTS})",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0804",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{hughes-bird-2003-grid,
    title = "Grid-Enabling Natural Language Engineering By Stealth",
    author = "Hughes, Baden  and
      Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Software Engineering and Architecture of Language Technology Systems ({SEALTS})",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0805",
    pages = "31--38",
}
@inproceedings{curran-2003-blueprint,
    title = "Blueprint for a High Performance {NLP} Infrastructure",
    author = "Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Software Engineering and Architecture of Language Technology Systems ({SEALTS})",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0806",
    pages = "39--44",
}
@inproceedings{leidner-2003-current,
    title = "Current Issues in Software Engineering for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Leidner, Jochen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Software Engineering and Architecture of Language Technology Systems ({SEALTS})",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0807",
    pages = "45--50",
}
@inproceedings{srihari-etal-2003-infoxtract,
    title = "{I}nfo{X}tract: A Customizable Intermediate Level Information Extraction Engine",
    author = "Srihari, Rohini K.  and
      Li, Wei  and
      Niu, Cheng  and
      Cornell, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Software Engineering and Architecture of Language Technology Systems ({SEALTS})",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0808",
    pages = "51--58",
}
@inproceedings{gurevych-etal-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Creation of Interface Specifications from Ontologies",
    author = "Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Merten, Stefan  and
      Porzel, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Software Engineering and Architecture of Language Technology Systems ({SEALTS})",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0809",
    pages = "59--66",
}
@inproceedings{ferrucci-lally-2003-accelerating,
    title = "Accelerating Corporate Research in the Development, Application, and Deployment of Human Language Technologies",
    author = "Ferrucci, David  and
      Lally, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Software Engineering and Architecture of Language Technology Systems ({SEALTS})",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0810",
    pages = "67--74",
}
@inproceedings{herzog-etal-2003-multiplatform,
    title = "{MULTIPLATFORM} Testbed: An Integration Platform for Multimodal Dialog Systems",
    author = "Herzog, Gerd  and
      Kirchmann, Heinz  and
      Merten, Stefan  and
      Ndiaye, Alassane  and
      Poller, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Software Engineering and Architecture of Language Technology Systems ({SEALTS})",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0811",
    pages = "75--82",
}
@inproceedings{krieger-2003-sdl,
    title = "{SDL}{---}{A} Description Language for Building {NLP} Systems",
    author = "Krieger, Hans-Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Software Engineering and Architecture of Language Technology Systems ({SEALTS})",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0812",
    pages = "83--90",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-hlt-naacl-2003-text,
    title = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Text Meaning",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0900",
}
@inproceedings{clark-etal-2003-knowledge,
    title = "A knowledge-driven approach to text meaning processing",
    author = "Clark, Peter  and
      Harrison, Phil  and
      Thompson, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Text Meaning",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0901",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{schubert-tong-2003-extracting,
    title = "Extracting and evaluating general world knowledge from the Brown Corpus",
    author = "Schubert, Lenhart  and
      Tong, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Text Meaning",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0902",
    pages = "7--13",
}
@inproceedings{gurevych-etal-2003-less,
    title = "Less is More: Using a single knowledge representation in dialogue systems",
    author = "Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Porzel, Robert  and
      Slinko, Elena  and
      Pfleger, Norbert  and
      Alexandersson, Jan  and
      Merten, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Text Meaning",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0903",
    pages = "14--21",
}
@inproceedings{nirenburg-etal-2003-operative,
    title = "Operative strategies in ontological semantics",
    author = "Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      McShane, Marjorie  and
      Beale, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Text Meaning",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0904",
    pages = "22--29",
}
@inproceedings{raskin-etal-2003-genesis,
    title = "The genesis of a script for bankruptcy in ontological semantics",
    author = "Raskin, Victor  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Hempelmann, Christian F.  and
      Nirenburg, Inna  and
      Triezenberg, Katrina E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Text Meaning",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0905",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{condoravdi-etal-2003-entailment,
    title = "Entailment, intensionality and text understanding",
    author = "Condoravdi, Cleo  and
      Crouch, Dick  and
      de Paiva, Valeria  and
      Stolle, Reinhard  and
      Bobrow, Daniel G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Text Meaning",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0906",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{mueller-2003-story,
    title = "Story understanding through multi-representation model construction",
    author = "Mueller, Erik T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Text Meaning",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0907",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{van-durme-etal-2003-towards,
    title = "Towards light semantic processing for question answering",
    author = "Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Huang, Yifen  and
      Kup{\'s}{\'c}, Anna  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Text Meaning",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0908",
    pages = "54--61",
}
@inproceedings{stede-2003-surfaces,
    title = "Surfaces and depths in text understanding: The case of newspaper commentary",
    author = "Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Text Meaning",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0909",
    pages = "62--69",
}
@inproceedings{kingsbury-kipper-2003-deriving,
    title = "Deriving verb-meaning clusters from syntactic structure",
    author = "Kingsbury, Paul  and
      Kipper, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Workshop on Text Meaning",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0910",
    pages = "70--77",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-2003,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1000",
}
@inproceedings{tillmann-2003-projection,
    title = "A Projection Extension Algorithm for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Tillmann, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{schafer-yarowsky-2003-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation Using Coercive Two-Level Syntactic Transduction",
    author = "Schafer, Charles  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{kim-khudanpur-2003-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Lexical Triggers in Statistical Language Modeling",
    author = "Kim, Woosung  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1003",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{barzilay-elhadad-2003-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Alignment for Monolingual Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Barzilay, Regina  and
      Elhadad, Noemie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1004",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{dienes-dubey-2003-antecedent,
    title = "Antecedent Recovery: Experiments with a Trace Tagger",
    author = "Dienes, P{\'e}ter  and
      Dubey, Amit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1005",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{chen-rambow-2003-use,
    title = "Use of Deep Linguistic Features for the Recognition and Labeling of Semantic Arguments",
    author = "Chen, John  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1006",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{fleischman-etal-2003-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Entropy Models for {F}rame{N}et Classification",
    author = "Fleischman, Michael  and
      Kwon, Namhee  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1007",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{gildea-hockenmaier-2003-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Semantic Roles Using Combinatory Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Gildea, Daniel  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1008",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{genzel-charniak-2003-variation,
    title = "Variation of Entropy and Parse Trees of Sentences as a Function of the Sentence Number",
    author = "Genzel, Dmitriy  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1009",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-bond-2003-plethora,
    title = "A Plethora of Methods for Learning {E}nglish Countability",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1010",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{weeds-weir-2003-general,
    title = "A General Framework for Distributional Similarity",
    author = "Weeds, Julie  and
      Weir, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1011",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2003-using,
    title = "Using {LTAG} Based Features in Parse Reranking",
    author = "Shen, Libin  and
      Sarkar, Anoop  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1012",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{clark-curran-2003-log,
    title = "Log-Linear Models for Wide-Coverage {CCG} Parsing",
    author = "Clark, Stephen  and
      Curran, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1013",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{riloff-wiebe-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning Extraction Patterns for Subjective Expressions",
    author = "Riloff, Ellen  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1014",
    pages = "105--112",
}
@inproceedings{ng-cardie-2003-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Coreference Classifiers with Multiple Machine Learning Algorithms",
    author = "Ng, Vincent  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1015",
    pages = "113--120",
}
@inproceedings{duboue-mckeown-2003-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Acquisition of Content Selection Rules for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Duboue, Pablo Ariel  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1016",
    pages = "121--128",
}
@inproceedings{yu-hatzivassiloglou-2003-towards,
    title = "Towards Answering Opinion Questions: Separating Facts from Opinions and Identifying the Polarity of Opinion Sentences",
    author = "Yu, Hong  and
      Hatzivassiloglou, Vasileios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1017",
    pages = "129--136",
}
@inproceedings{kazama-tsujii-2003-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation and Extension of Maximum Entropy Models with Inequality Constraints",
    author = "Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1018",
    pages = "137--144",
}
@inproceedings{altun-etal-2003-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Loss Functions and Optimization Methods for Discriminative Learning of Label Sequences",
    author = "Altun, Yasemin  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Hofmann, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1019",
    pages = "145--152",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2003-fast,
    title = "A Fast Algorithm for Feature Selection in Conditional Maximum Entropy Modeling",
    author = "Zhou, Yaqian  and
      Weng, Fuliang  and
      Wu, Lide  and
      Schmidt, Hauke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1020",
    pages = "153--159",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2003-training,
    title = "Training Connectionist Models for the {S}tructured {L}anguage {M}odel",
    author = "Xu, Peng  and
      Emami, Ahmad  and
      Jelinek, Frederick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1021",
    pages = "160--167",
}
@inproceedings{ciaramita-johnson-2003-supersense,
    title = "Supersense Tagging of Unknown Nouns in {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Ciaramita, Massimiliano  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1022",
    pages = "168--175",
}
@inproceedings{modjeska-etal-2003-using,
    title = "Using the Web in Machine Learning for Other-Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Modjeska, Natalia N.  and
      Markert, Katja  and
      Nissim, Malvina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1023",
    pages = "176--183",
}
@inproceedings{isozaki-hirao-2003-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Zero Pronoun Resolution based on Ranking Rules and Machine Learning",
    author = "Isozaki, Hideki  and
      Hirao, Tsutomu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1024",
    pages = "184--191",
}
@inproceedings{luo-2003-maximum,
    title = "A Maximum Entropy {C}hinese Character-Based Parser",
    author = "Luo, Xiaoqiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1025",
    pages = "192--199",
}
@inproceedings{jing-etal-2003-howtogetachinesename,
    title = "{H}owtogeta{C}hinese{N}ame({E}ntity): Segmentation and Combination Issues",
    author = "Jing, Hongyan  and
      Florian, Radu  and
      Luo, Xiaoqiang  and
      Zhang, Tong  and
      Ittycheriah, Abraham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1026",
    pages = "200--207",
}
@inproceedings{sassano-2003-virtual,
    title = "Virtual Examples for Text Classification with Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Sassano, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1027",
    pages = "208--215",
}
@inproceedings{hulth-2003-improved,
    title = "Improved Automatic Keyword Extraction Given More Linguistic Knowledge",
    author = "Hulth, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1028",
    pages = "216--223",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1100",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2003-improving,
    title = "Improving Summarization Performance by Sentence Compression {---} A Pilot Study",
    author = "Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1101",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118936",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{jaruskulchai-kruengkrai-2003-practical,
    title = "A Practical Text Summarizer by Paragraph Extraction for {T}hai",
    author = "Jaruskulchai, Chuleerat  and
      Kruengkrai, Canasai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1102",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118937",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{li-kim-2003-approach,
    title = "An Approach for Combining Content-based and Collaborative Filters",
    author = "Li, Qing  and
      Kim, Byeong Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1103",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118938",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2003-differential,
    title = "A Differential {LSI} Method for Document Classification",
    author = "Chen, Liang  and
      Tokuda, Naoyuki  and
      Nagai, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1104",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118939",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2003-poisson,
    title = "{P}oisson Naive {B}ayes for Text Classification with Feature Weighting",
    author = "Kim, Sang-Bum  and
      Seo, Hee-Cheol  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1105",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118940",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2003-text,
    title = "Text Classification in {A}sian Languages without Word Segmentation",
    author = "Peng, Fuchun  and
      Huang, Xiangji  and
      Schuurmans, Dale  and
      Wang, Shaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1106",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118941",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{takechi-etal-2003-feature,
    title = "Feature Selection in Categorizing Procedural Expressions",
    author = "Takechi, Mineki  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1107",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118942",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{sadat-etal-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning Bilingual Translations from Comparable Corpora to Cross-Language Information Retrieval: Hybrid Statistics-based and Linguistics-based Approach",
    author = "Sadat, Fatiha  and
      Yoshikawa, Masatoshi  and
      Uemura, Shunsuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1108",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118943",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{sakai-etal-2003-bridje,
    title = "{BRIDJE} over a Language Barrier: Cross-Language Information Access by Integrating Translation and Retrieval",
    author = "Sakai, Tetsuya  and
      Koyama, Makoto  and
      Suzuki, Masaru  and
      Kumano, Akira  and
      Manabe, Toshihiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1109",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118944",
    pages = "65--76",
}
@inproceedings{levow-2003-issues,
    title = "Issues in Pre- and Post-translation Document Expansion: Untranslatable Cognates and Missegmented Words",
    author = "Levow, Gina-Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1110",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118945",
    pages = "77--83",
}
@inproceedings{xu-umemura-2003-low,
    title = "Very Low Dimensional Latent Semantic Indexing for Local Query Regions",
    author = "Xu, Yinghui  and
      Umemura, Kyoji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1111",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118946",
    pages = "84--91",
}
@inproceedings{oh-etal-2003-anyq,
    title = "{A}ny{Q}: Answer Set based Information Retrieval System",
    author = "Oh, Hyo-Jung  and
      Jang, Myung-Gil  and
      Chang, Moon-Soo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1112",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118947",
    pages = "92--99",
}
@inproceedings{yamamoto-etal-2003-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Programming Matching for Large Scale Information Retrieval",
    author = "Yamamoto, Eiko  and
      Kishida, Masahiro  and
      Takenami, Yoshinori  and
      Takeda, Yoshiyuki  and
      Umemura, Kyoji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1113",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118948",
    pages = "100--108",
}
@inproceedings{wong-etal-2003-improving,
    title = "Improving Document Clustering by Utilizing Meta-Data",
    author = "Wong, Kam-Fai  and
      Chan, Nam-Kiu  and
      Wong, Kam-Lai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1114",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118949",
    pages = "109--115",
}
@inproceedings{sato-etal-2003-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Ranking for Fresh Information Retrieval",
    author = "Sato, Nobuyoshi  and
      Uehara, Minoru  and
      Sakai, Yoshifumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1115",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118950",
    pages = "116--123",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2003-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of User Preferences from a Few Positive Documents",
    author = "Kim, Byeong Man  and
      Li, Qing  and
      Kim, Jong Wan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1116",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118951",
    pages = "124--131",
}
@inproceedings{kang-2003-keyword,
    title = "Keyword-based Document Clustering",
    author = "Kang, Seung-Shik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1117",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118952",
    pages = "132--137",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2003-text,
    title = "Text Categorization Using Automatically Acquired Domain Ontology",
    author = "Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Tsai, Tzong-Han  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1118",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118953",
    pages = "138--145",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-horiguchi-2003-sentence,
    title = "A Sentence Reduction using Syntax Control",
    author = "Nguyen, Minh Le  and
      Horiguchi, Susumu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1119",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118954",
    pages = "146--152",
}
@inproceedings{kimura-etal-2003-cross,
    title = "Cross-Language Information Retrieval Based on Category Matching Between Language Versions of a Web Directory",
    author = "Kimura, Fuminori  and
      Maeda, Akira  and
      Yoshikawa, Masatoshi  and
      Uemura, Shunsuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1120",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118955",
    pages = "153--160",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2003-korean,
    title = "{K}orean Named Entity Recognition using {HMM} and {C}o{T}raining Model",
    author = "Chung, Euisok  and
      Hwang, Yi-Gyu  and
      Jang, Myung-Gil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1121",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118956",
    pages = "161--167",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2003-question,
    title = "Question-Answering Based on Virtually Integrated Lexical Knowledge Base",
    author = "Choi, Key-Sun  and
      Kim, Jae-Ho  and
      Miyazaki, Masaru  and
      Goto, Jun  and
      Kim, Yeun-Bae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with {A}sian Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1122",
    doi = "10.3115/1118935.1118957",
    pages = "168--175",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1200",
}
@inproceedings{ramakrishnan-etal-2003-question,
    title = "Question Answering via {B}ayesian Inference on Lexical Relations",
    author = "Ramakrishnan, Ganesh  and
      Jadhav, Apurva  and
      Joshi, Ashutosh  and
      Chakrabarti, Soumen  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1201",
    doi = "10.3115/1119312.1119313",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{wan-etal-2003-using,
    title = "Using Thematic Information in Statistical Headline Generation",
    author = "Wan, Stephen  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1202",
    doi = "10.3115/1119312.1119314",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{fung-etal-2003-combining,
    title = "Combining Optimal Clustering and Hidden {M}arkov Models for Extractive Summarization",
    author = "Fung, Pascale  and
      Ngai, Grace  and
      Cheung, Chi-Shun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1203",
    doi = "10.3115/1119312.1119315",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{nobata-etal-2003-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Features for Sentence Extraction on Different Types of Corpora",
    author = "Nobata, Chikashi  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1204",
    doi = "10.3115/1119312.1119316",
    pages = "29--36",
}
@inproceedings{orasan-2003-evolutionary,
    title = "An Evolutionary Approach for Improving the Quality of Automatic Summaries",
    author = "Orasan, Constantin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1205",
    doi = "10.3115/1119312.1119317",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{small-etal-2003-hitiqa,
    title = "{HITIQA}: An Interactive Question Answering System: A Preliminary Report",
    author = "Small, Sharon  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Shimizu, Nobuyuki  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1206",
    doi = "10.3115/1119312.1119318",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{girju-etal-2003-discovery,
    title = "Discovery of Manner Relations and Their Applicability to Question Answering",
    author = "Girju, Roxana  and
      Putcha, Manju  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1207",
    doi = "10.3115/1119312.1119319",
    pages = "54--60",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2003-question,
    title = "Question Classification using {HDAG} Kernel",
    author = "Suzuki, Jun  and
      Taira, Hirotoshi  and
      Sasaki, Yutaka  and
      Maeda, Eisaku",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1208",
    doi = "10.3115/1119312.1119320",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{ravichandran-etal-2003-statistical,
    title = "Statistical {QA} - Classifier vs. Re-ranker: What{'}s the difference?",
    author = "Ravichandran, Deepak  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Och, Franz Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1209",
    doi = "10.3115/1119312.1119321",
    pages = "69--75",
}
@inproceedings{girju-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Causal Relations for Question Answering",
    author = "Girju, Roxana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1210",
    doi = "10.3115/1119312.1119322",
    pages = "76--83",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2003-question,
    title = "Question Answering on a Case Insensitive Corpus",
    author = "Li, Wei  and
      Srihari, Rohini  and
      Niu, Cheng  and
      Li, Xiaoge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1211",
    doi = "10.3115/1119312.1119323",
    pages = "84--93",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-acl-2003,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1300",
}
@inproceedings{morgan-etal-2003-gene,
    title = "Gene Name Extraction Using {F}ly{B}ase Resources",
    author = "Morgan, Alex  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Yeh, Alexander  and
      Colosimo, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1301",
    doi = "10.3115/1118958.1118959",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{widdows-etal-2003-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Monolingual and Bilingual Word-Sense Disambiguation of Medical Documents using {UMLS}",
    author = "Widdows, Dominic  and
      Peters, Stanley  and
      Cederberg, Scott  and
      Chan, Chiu-Ki  and
      Steffen, Diana  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1302",
    doi = "10.3115/1118958.1118960",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{spasic-etal-2003-using,
    title = "Using Domain-Specific Verbs for Term Classification",
    author = "Spasic, Irena  and
      Nenadic, Goran  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1303",
    doi = "10.3115/1118958.1118961",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{hou-chen-2003-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Performance of Protein Name Recognizers Using Collocation",
    author = "Hou, Wen-Juan  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1304",
    doi = "10.3115/1118958.1118962",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2003-two,
    title = "Two-Phase Biomedical {NE} Recognition based on {SVM}s",
    author = "Lee, Ki-Joong  and
      Hwang, Young-Sook  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1305",
    doi = "10.3115/1118958.1118963",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{tsuruoka-tsujii-2003-boosting,
    title = "Boosting Precision and Recall of Dictionary-Based Protein Name Recognition",
    author = "Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1306",
    doi = "10.3115/1118958.1118964",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2003-effective,
    title = "Effective Adaptation of Hidden {M}arkov Model-based Named Entity Recognizer for Biomedical Domain",
    author = "Shen, Dan  and
      Zhang, Jie  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Tan, Chew-Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1307",
    doi = "10.3115/1118958.1118965",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{takeuchi-collier-2003-bio,
    title = "Bio-Medical Entity Extraction using Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Takeuchi, Koichi  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1308",
    doi = "10.3115/1118958.1118966",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{yamamoto-etal-2003-protein,
    title = "Protein Name Tagging for Biomedical Annotation in Text",
    author = "Yamamoto, Kaoru  and
      Kudo, Taku  and
      Konagaya, Akihiko  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1309",
    doi = "10.3115/1118958.1118967",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{niu-etal-2003-answering,
    title = "Answering Clinical Questions with Role Identification",
    author = "Niu, Yun  and
      Hirst, Graeme  and
      McArthur, Gregory  and
      Rodriguez-Gianolli, Patricia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1310",
    doi = "10.3115/1118958.1118968",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{mendonca-etal-2003-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Information on Pneumonia in Infants Using Natural Language Processing of Radiology Reports",
    author = "Mendonca, Eneida A.  and
      Haas, Janet  and
      Shagina, Lyudmila  and
      Larson, Elaine  and
      Friedman, Carol",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1311",
    doi = "10.3115/1118958.1118969",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{pakhomov-etal-2003-identification,
    title = "Identification of Patients with Congestive Heart Failure using a Binary Classifier: A Case Study.",
    author = "Pakhomov, Serguei V.  and
      Buntrock, James  and
      Chute, Christopher G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1312",
    doi = "10.3115/1118958.1118970",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{erjavec-etal-2003-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Biomedical Resources in {TEI}: The Case of the {GENIA} Corpus",
    author = "Erjavec, Tomaz  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Tateisi, Yuka  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1313",
    doi = "10.3115/1118958.1118971",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{bodenreider-pakhomov-2003-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Adjectival Modification in Biomedical Discourse Across Two Genres",
    author = "Bodenreider, Olivier  and
      Pakhomov, Serguei V.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1314",
    doi = "10.3115/1118958.1118972",
    pages = "105--112",
}
@inproceedings{torii-etal-2003-investigation,
    title = "An Investigation of Various Information Sources for Classifying Biological names",
    author = "Torii, Manabu  and
      Kamboj, Sachin  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1315",
    doi = "10.3115/1118958.1118973",
    pages = "113--120",
}
@inproceedings{nenadic-etal-2003-selecting,
    title = "Selecting Text Features for Gene Name Classification: from Documents to Terms",
    author = "Nenadic, Goran  and
      Rice, Simon  and
      Spasic, Irena  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Stapley, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1316",
    doi = "10.3115/1118958.1118974",
    pages = "121--128",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-acl-2003-lexicon,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on the Lexicon and Figurative Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1400",
}
@inproceedings{peters-2003-metonymy,
    title = "Metonymy as a Cross-lingual Phenomenon",
    author = "Peters, Wim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on the Lexicon and Figurative Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1401",
    doi = "10.3115/1118975.1118976",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{alonge-castelli-2003-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Information on Metaphoric Expressions in {W}ord{N}et-like Resources",
    author = "Alonge, Antonietta  and
      Castelli, Margherita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on the Lexicon and Figurative Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1402",
    doi = "10.3115/1118975.1118977",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{lonneker-2003-way,
    title = "Is There a Way to Represent Metaphors in {W}ord{N}ets? Insights from the Hamburg Metaphor Database",
    author = {L{\"o}nneker, Birte},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on the Lexicon and Figurative Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1403",
    doi = "10.3115/1118975.1118978",
    pages = "18--27",
}
@inproceedings{veale-2003-systematicity,
    title = "Systematicity and the Lexicon in Creative Metaphor",
    author = "Veale, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on the Lexicon and Figurative Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1404",
    doi = "10.3115/1118975.1118979",
    pages = "28--35",
}
@inproceedings{ahrens-etal-2003-conceptual,
    title = "Conceptual Metaphors: Ontology-based Representation and Corpora Driven Mapping Principles",
    author = "Ahrens, Kathleen  and
      Chung, Siaw Fong  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on the Lexicon and Figurative Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1405",
    doi = "10.3115/1118975.1118980",
    pages = "36--42",
}
@inproceedings{glasbey-2003-lets,
    title = "Let{'}s Paint the Town Red for a Few Hours: Composition of Aspect in Idioms",
    author = "Glasbey, Sheila R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on the Lexicon and Figurative Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1406",
    doi = "10.3115/1118975.1118981",
    pages = "43--49",
}
@inproceedings{alam-2003-organization,
    title = "The Organization of the Lexicon: The Polysemy of Grow and Disambiguation",
    author = "Alam, Yukiko Sasaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on the Lexicon and Figurative Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1407",
    doi = "10.3115/1118975.1118982",
    pages = "50--55",
}
@inproceedings{ohkura-2003-semantics,
    title = "The Semantics of Metaphor in the Game Theoretic Semantics with at Least Two Coordination Equilibria",
    author = "Ohkura, Chiaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on the Lexicon and Figurative Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1408",
    doi = "10.3115/1118975.1118983",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-acl-2003-multilingual,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual and Mixed-language Named Entity Recognition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1500",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning Formulation and Transformation Rules for Multilingual Named Entities",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Yang, Changhua  and
      Lin, Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual and Mixed-language Named Entity Recognition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1501",
    doi = "10.3115/1119384.1119385",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Named Entity Translingual Equivalence Based on Multi-Feature Cost Minimization",
    author = "Huang, Fei  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual and Mixed-language Named Entity Recognition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1502",
    doi = "10.3115/1119384.1119386",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{kumano-etal-2003-construction,
    title = "Construction and Analysis of {J}apanese-{E}nglish Broadcast News Corpus with Named Entity Tags",
    author = "Kumano, Tadashi  and
      Kashioka, Hideki  and
      Tanaka, Hideki  and
      Fukusima, Takahiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual and Mixed-language Named Entity Recognition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1503",
    doi = "10.3115/1119384.1119387",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{marquez-etal-2003-low,
    title = "Low-cost Named Entity Classification for {C}atalan: Exploiting Multilingual Resources and Unlabeled Data",
    author = "M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Carreras, Xavier  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual and Mixed-language Named Entity Recognition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1504",
    doi = "10.3115/1119384.1119388",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{maynard-etal-2003-ne,
    title = "{NE} Recognition Without Training Data on a Language You Don{'}t Speak",
    author = "Maynard, Diana  and
      Tablan, Valentin  and
      Cunningham, Hamish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual and Mixed-language Named Entity Recognition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1505",
    doi = "10.3115/1119384.1119389",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{saito-nagata-2003-multi,
    title = "Multi-Language Named-Entity Recognition System based on {HMM}",
    author = "Saito, Kuniko  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual and Mixed-language Named Entity Recognition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1506",
    doi = "10.3115/1119384.1119390",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{strassel-mitchell-2003-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Resources for Entity Extraction",
    author = "Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Mitchell, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual and Mixed-language Named Entity Recognition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1507",
    doi = "10.3115/1119384.1119391",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{virga-khudanpur-2003-transliteration,
    title = "Transliteration of Proper Names in Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval",
    author = "Virga, Paola  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual and Mixed-language Named Entity Recognition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1508",
    doi = "10.3115/1119384.1119392",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2003-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Named Entity Recognition Combining Statistical Model wih Human Knowledge",
    author = "Wu, Youzheng  and
      Zhao, Jun  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multilingual and Mixed-language Named Entity Recognition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1509",
    doi = "10.3115/1119384.1119393",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-international-paraphrasing,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Paraphrasing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1600",
}
@inproceedings{kozlowski-etal-2003-generation,
    title = "Generation of Single-sentence Paraphrases from Predicate/Argument Structure using Lexico-grammatical Resources",
    author = "Kozlowski, Raymond  and
      McCoy, Kathleen F.  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Paraphrasing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1601",
    doi = "10.3115/1118984.1118985",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{inui-etal-2003-text,
    title = "Text Simplification for Reading Assistance: A Project Note",
    author = "Inui, Kentaro  and
      Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Takahashi, Tetsuro  and
      Iida, Ryu  and
      Iwakura, Tomoya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Paraphrasing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1602",
    doi = "10.3115/1118984.1118986",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{okamoto-etal-2003-preferential,
    title = "Preferential Presentation of {J}apanese Near-synonyms using Definition Statements",
    author = "Okamoto, Hiroyuki  and
      Sato, Kengo  and
      Saito, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Paraphrasing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1603",
    doi = "10.3115/1118984.1118987",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{rinaldi-etal-2003-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Paraphrases in a Question Answering System",
    author = "Rinaldi, Fabio  and
      Dowdall, James  and
      Kaljurand, Kaarel  and
      Hess, Michael  and
      Moll{\'a}, Diego",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Paraphrasing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1604",
    doi = "10.3115/1118984.1118988",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{tomuro-2003-interrogative,
    title = "Interrogative Reformulation Patterns and Acquisition of Question Paraphrases",
    author = "Tomuro, Noriko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Paraphrasing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1605",
    doi = "10.3115/1118984.1118989",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{brun-hagege-2003-normalization,
    title = "Normalization and Paraphrasing Using Symbolic Methods",
    author = "Brun, Caroline  and
      Hag{\`e}ge, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Paraphrasing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1606",
    doi = "10.3115/1118984.1118990",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{inui-etal-2003-criterion,
    title = "Criterion for Judging Request Intention in Response Texts of Open-Ended Questionnaires",
    author = "Inui, Hiroko  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Paraphrasing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1607",
    doi = "10.3115/1118984.1118991",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{ibrahim-etal-2003-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Structural Paraphrases from Aligned Monolingual Corpora",
    author = "Ibrahim, Ali  and
      Katz, Boris  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Paraphrasing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1608",
    doi = "10.3115/1118984.1118992",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{shinyama-sekine-2003-paraphrase,
    title = "Paraphrase Acquisition for Information Extraction",
    author = "Shinyama, Yusuke  and
      Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Paraphrasing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1609",
    doi = "10.3115/1118984.1118993",
    pages = "65--71",
}
@inproceedings{wu-zhou-2003-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Synonym Extraction Using Monolingual and Bilingual Resources",
    author = "Wu, Hua  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Paraphrasing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1610",
    doi = "10.3115/1118984.1118994",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{tokunaga-etal-2003-paraphrasing,
    title = "Paraphrasing {J}apanese Noun Phrases using Character-based Indexing",
    author = "Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi  and
      Kimura, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Paraphrasing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1611",
    doi = "10.3115/1118984.1118995",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{kanayama-2003-paraphrasing,
    title = "Paraphrasing Rules for Automatic Evaluation of Translation into {J}apanese",
    author = "Kanayama, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Paraphrasing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1612",
    doi = "10.3115/1118984.1118996",
    pages = "88--93",
}
@inproceedings{zukerman-etal-2003-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Paraphrasing for Document Retrieval and Node Identification",
    author = "Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      George, Sarah  and
      Wen, Yingying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Paraphrasing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1613",
    doi = "10.3115/1118984.1118997",
    pages = "94--101",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-sighan,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1700",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2003-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Training for Overlapping Ambiguity Resolution in {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Li, Mu  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Huang, Chang-Ning  and
      Li, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1701",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119251",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chang-2003-class,
    title = "Class Based Sense Definition Model for Word Sense Tagging and Disambiguation",
    author = "Lin, Tracy  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1702",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119252",
    pages = "8--15",
}
@inproceedings{liu-zong-2003-utterance,
    title = "Utterance Segmentation Using Combined Approach Based on Bi-directional N-gram and Maximum Entropy",
    author = "Liu, Ding  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1703",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119253",
    pages = "16--23",
}
@inproceedings{luo-sun-2003-two,
    title = "Two-Character {C}hinese Word Extraction Based on Hybrid of Internal and Contextual Measures",
    author = "Luo, Shengfen  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1704",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119254",
    pages = "24--30",
}
@inproceedings{ma-chen-2003-bottom,
    title = "A Bottom-up Merging Algorithm for {C}hinese Unknown Word Extraction",
    author = "Ma, Wei-Yun  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1705",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119255",
    pages = "31--38",
}
@inproceedings{sun-jurafsky-2003-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Rhythm on Structural Disambiguation in {C}hinese",
    author = "Sun, Honglin  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1706",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119256",
    pages = "39--46",
}
@inproceedings{xue-palmer-2003-annotating,
    title = "Annotating the Propositions in the {P}enn {C}hinese Treebank",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1707",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119257",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2003-chiners,
    title = "{CHINERS}: A {C}hinese Named Entity Recognition System for the Sports Domain",
    author = "Yao, Tianfang  and
      Ding, Wei  and
      Erbach, Gregor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1708",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119258",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2003-chinese-lexical,
    title = "{C}hinese Lexical Analysis Using Hierarchical Hidden {M}arkov Model",
    author = "Zhang, Hua-Ping  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Cheng, Xue-Qi  and
      Zhang, Hao  and
      Yu, Hong-Kui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1709",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119259",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-2003-modeling,
    title = "Modeling of Long Distance Context Dependency in {C}hinese",
    author = "Zhou, GuoDong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1710",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119260",
    pages = "71--77",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-su-2003-chinese,
    title = "A {C}hinese Efficient Analyser Integrating Word Segmentation, Part-Of-Speech Tagging, Partial Parsing and Full Parsing",
    author = "Zhou, GuoDong  and
      Su, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1711",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119261",
    pages = "78--83",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2003-building,
    title = "Building a Large {C}hinese Corpus Annotated with Semantic Dependency",
    author = "Li, Mingqin  and
      Li, Juanzi  and
      Dong, Zhendong  and
      Wang, Zuoying  and
      Lu, Dajin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1712",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119262",
    pages = "84--91",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2003-news,
    title = "News-Oriented Automatic {C}hinese Keyword Indexing",
    author = "Li, Sujian  and
      Wang, Houfeng  and
      Yu, Shiwen  and
      Xin, Chengsheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1713",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119263",
    pages = "92--97",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2003-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Maps for Word Alignment in Bilingual Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Ma, Qing  and
      Zhang, Yujie  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1714",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119264",
    pages = "98--103",
}
@inproceedings{streiter-2003-abductive,
    title = "Abductive Explanation-based Learning Improves Parsing Accuracy and Efficiency",
    author = "Streiter, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1715",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119265",
    pages = "104--111",
}
@inproceedings{wang-yu-2003-semantic,
    title = "The semantic Knowledge-base of Contemporary {C}hinese and Its Applications in {WSD}",
    author = "Wang, Hui  and
      Yu, Shiwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1716",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119266",
    pages = "112--118",
}
@inproceedings{wu-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning Verb-Noun Relations to Improve Parsing",
    author = "Wu, Andi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1717",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119267",
    pages = "119--124",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2003-single,
    title = "Single Character {C}hinese Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Zhu, Xiaodan  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Huang, Chang-Ning",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1718",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119268",
    pages = "125--132",
}
@inproceedings{sproat-emerson-2003-first,
    title = "The First International {C}hinese Word Segmentation Bakeoff",
    author = "Sproat, Richard  and
      Emerson, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1719",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119269",
    pages = "133--143",
}
@inproceedings{asahara-etal-2003-combining,
    title = "Combining Segmenter and Chunker for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Goh, Chooi Ling  and
      Wang, Xiaojie  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1720",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119270",
    pages = "144--147",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2003-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation Using Minimal Linguistic Knowledge",
    author = "Chen, Aitao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1721",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119271",
    pages = "148--151",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2003-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation at Peking University",
    author = "Duan, Huiming  and
      Bai, Xiaojing  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Yu, Shiwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1722",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119272",
    pages = "152--155",
}
@inproceedings{fu-luke-2003-two,
    title = "A Two-stage Statistical Word Segmentation System for {C}hinese",
    author = "Fu, Guohong  and
      Luke, Kang-Kwong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1723",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119273",
    pages = "156--159",
}
@inproceedings{kit-etal-2003-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Ngram Model and Case-based Learning for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Kit, Chunyu  and
      Xu, Zhiming  and
      Webster, Jonathan J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1724",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119274",
    pages = "160--163",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2003-unicode,
    title = "A {U}nicode Based Adaptive Segmentor",
    author = "Lu, Q.  and
      Chan, S. T.  and
      Xu, R. F.  and
      Chiu, T. S.  and
      Li, B. L.  and
      Yu, S. W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1725",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119275",
    pages = "164--167",
}
@inproceedings{ma-chen-2003-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to {CKIP} {C}hinese Word Segmentation System for the First International {C}hinese Word Segmentation Bakeoff",
    author = "Ma, Wei-Yun  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1726",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119276",
    pages = "168--171",
}
@inproceedings{wu-2003-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation in {MSR}-{NLP}",
    author = "Wu, Andi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1727",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119277",
    pages = "172--175",
}
@inproceedings{xue-shen-2003-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation as {LMR} Tagging",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen  and
      Shen, Libin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1728",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119278",
    pages = "176--179",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2003-systrans,
    title = "{SYSTRAN}{'}s {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Yang, Jin  and
      Senellart, Jean  and
      Zajac, Remi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1729",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119279",
    pages = "180--183",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2003-hhmm,
    title = "{HHMM}-based {C}hinese Lexical Analyzer {ICTCLAS}",
    author = "Zhang, Hua-Ping  and
      Yu, Hong-Kui  and
      Xiong, De-Yi  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1730",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119280",
    pages = "184--187",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-2003-chunking,
    title = "Chunking-based {C}hinese Word Tokenization",
    author = "Zhou, GuoDong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1731",
    doi = "10.3115/1119250.1119281",
    pages = "188--191",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-acl-2003-multiword,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Analysis, Acquisition and Treatment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1800",
}
@inproceedings{dowdall-etal-2003-complex,
    title = "Complex Structuring of Term Variants for Question Answering",
    author = "Dowdall, James  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio  and
      Ibekwe-SanJuan, Fidelia  and
      SanJuan, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Analysis, Acquisition and Treatment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1801",
    doi = "10.3115/1119282.1119283",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{daille-2003-conceptual,
    title = "Conceptual Structuring through Term Variations",
    author = "Daille, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Analysis, Acquisition and Treatment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1802",
    doi = "10.3115/1119282.1119284",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-baldwin-2003-noun,
    title = "Noun-Noun Compound Machine Translation A Feasibility Study on Shallow Processing",
    author = "Tanaka, Takaaki  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Analysis, Acquisition and Treatment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1803",
    doi = "10.3115/1119282.1119285",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{gil-dias-2003-using,
    title = "Using Masks, Suffix Array-based Data Structures and Multidimensional Arrays to Compute Positional Ngram Statistics from Corpora",
    author = {Gil, Alexandre  and
      Dias, Ga{\"e}l},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Analysis, Acquisition and Treatment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1804",
    doi = "10.3115/1119282.1119286",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{tomokiyo-hurst-2003-language,
    title = "A Language Model Approach to Keyphrase Extraction",
    author = "Tomokiyo, Takashi  and
      Hurst, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Analysis, Acquisition and Treatment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1805",
    doi = "10.3115/1119282.1119287",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{dias-2003-multiword,
    title = "Multiword Unit Hybrid Extraction",
    author = {Dias, Ga{\"e}l},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Analysis, Acquisition and Treatment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1806",
    doi = "10.3115/1119282.1119288",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{piao-etal-2003-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Multiword Expressions with A Semantic Tagger",
    author = "Piao, Scott S. L.  and
      Rayson, Paul  and
      Archer, Dawn  and
      Wilson, Andrew  and
      McEnery, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Analysis, Acquisition and Treatment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1807",
    doi = "10.3115/1119282.1119289",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{villavicencio-2003-verb,
    title = "Verb-Particle Constructions and Lexical Resources",
    author = "Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Analysis, Acquisition and Treatment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1808",
    doi = "10.3115/1119282.1119290",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{bannard-etal-2003-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Approach to the Semantics of Verb-Particles",
    author = "Bannard, Colin  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Lascarides, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Analysis, Acquisition and Treatment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1809",
    doi = "10.3115/1119282.1119291",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{mccarthy-etal-2003-detecting,
    title = "Detecting a Continuum of Compositionality in Phrasal Verbs",
    author = "McCarthy, Diana  and
      Keller, Bill  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Analysis, Acquisition and Treatment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1810",
    doi = "10.3115/1119282.1119292",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{uchiyama-ishizaki-2003-disambiguation,
    title = "A Disambiguation Method for {J}apanese Compound Verbs",
    author = "Uchiyama, Kiyoko  and
      Ishizaki, Shun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Analysis, Acquisition and Treatment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1811",
    doi = "10.3115/1119282.1119293",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-etal-2003-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Model of Multiword Expression Decomposability",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Bannard, Colin  and
      Tanaka, Takaaki  and
      Widdows, Dominic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Analysis, Acquisition and Treatment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1812",
    doi = "10.3115/1119282.1119294",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{trawinski-2003-licensing,
    title = "Licensing Complex Prepositions via Lexical Constraints",
    author = "Trawinski, Beata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Analysis, Acquisition and Treatment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1813",
    doi = "10.3115/1119282.1119295",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-acl-2003-linguistic,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Linguistic Annotation: Getting the Model Right",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1900",
}
@inproceedings{ide-romary-2003-outline,
    title = "Outline of the International Standard Linguistic Annotation Framework",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Linguistic Annotation: Getting the Model Right",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1901",
    doi = "10.3115/1119296.1119297",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{vieira-etal-2003-concrete,
    title = "From Concrete to Virtual Annotation Mark-up Language: The Case of {COMMO}n-{REF}s",
    author = "Vieira, Renata  and
      Gasperin, Caroline  and
      Goulart, Rodrigo  and
      Salmon-Alt, Susanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Linguistic Annotation: Getting the Model Right",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1902",
    doi = "10.3115/1119296.1119298",
    pages = "6--13",
}
@inproceedings{cimiano-handschuh-2003-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-based Linguistic Annotation",
    author = "Cimiano, Philipp  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Linguistic Annotation: Getting the Model Right",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1903",
    doi = "10.3115/1119296.1119299",
    pages = "14--21",
}
@inproceedings{narayanan-etal-2003-putting,
    title = "Putting {F}rame{N}et Data into the {ISO} Linguistic Annotation Framework",
    author = "Narayanan, Srinivas  and
      Petruck, Miriam R. L.  and
      Baker, Collin F.  and
      Fillmore, Charles J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Linguistic Annotation: Getting the Model Right",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1904",
    doi = "10.3115/1119296.1119300",
    pages = "22--29",
}
@inproceedings{ide-etal-2003-rdf,
    title = "{RDF} Instantiation of {ISLE}/{MILE} Lexical Entries",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Linguistic Annotation: Getting the Model Right",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1905",
    doi = "10.3115/1119296.1119301",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{rinaldi-etal-2003-parmenides,
    title = "{P}armenides: An Opportunity for ISO TC37 SC4?",
    author = "Rinaldi, Fabio  and
      Dowdall, James  and
      Hess, Michael  and
      Kaljurand, Kaarel  and
      Persidis, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2003 Workshop on Linguistic Annotation: Getting the Model Right",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sapporo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-1906",
    doi = "10.3115/1119296.1119302",
    pages = "38--46",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-acl-2003-patent,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2003 Workshop on Patent Corpus Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = ",",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2000",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2003-patent,
    title = "A Patent Document Retrieval System Addressing Both Semantic and Syntactic Properties",
    author = "Chen, Liang  and
      Tokuda, Naoyuki  and
      Adachi, Hisahiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2003 Workshop on Patent Corpus Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = ",",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2001",
    doi = "10.3115/1119303.1119304",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{lamirel-etal-2003-intelligent,
    title = "Intelligent Patent Analysis through the Use of a Neural Network: Experiment of Multi-Viewpoint Analysis with the {M}ulti{SOM} Model",
    author = "Lamirel, Jean-Charles  and
      Shehabi, Shadi Al  and
      Hoffmann, Martial  and
      Francois, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2003 Workshop on Patent Corpus Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = ",",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2002",
    doi = "10.3115/1119303.1119305",
    pages = "7--23",
}
@inproceedings{iwayama-etal-2003-overview,
    title = "Overview of Patent Retrieval Task at {NTCIR}-3",
    author = "Iwayama, Makoto  and
      Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Kando, Noriko  and
      Takano, Akihiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2003 Workshop on Patent Corpus Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = ",",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2003",
    doi = "10.3115/1119303.1119306",
    pages = "24--32",
}
@inproceedings{kishida-2003-pseudo,
    title = "Pseudo Relevance Feedback Method based on {T}aylor Expansion of Retrieval Function in {NTCIR}-3 Patent Retrieval Task",
    author = "Kishida, Kazuaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2003 Workshop on Patent Corpus Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = ",",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2004",
    doi = "10.3115/1119303.1119307",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{itoh-etal-2003-term,
    title = "Term Distillation in Patent Retrieval",
    author = "Itoh, Hideo  and
      Mano, Hiroko  and
      Ogawa, Yasushi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2003 Workshop on Patent Corpus Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = ",",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2005",
    doi = "10.3115/1119303.1119308",
    pages = "41--45",
}
@inproceedings{ahmad-al-thubaity-2003-text,
    title = "Can Text Analysis Tell us Something about Technology Progress?",
    author = "Ahmad, Khurshid  and
      Al-Thubaity, AbdulMohsen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2003 Workshop on Patent Corpus Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = ",",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2006",
    doi = "10.3115/1119303.1119309",
    pages = "46--55",
}
@inproceedings{shinmori-etal-2003-patent,
    title = "Patent Claim Processing for Readability - Structure Analysis and Term Explanation",
    author = "Shinmori, Akihiro  and
      Okumura, Manabu  and
      Marukawa, Yuzo  and
      Iwayama, Makoto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2003 Workshop on Patent Corpus Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = ",",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2007",
    doi = "10.3115/1119303.1119310",
    pages = "56--65",
}
@inproceedings{sheremetyeva-2003-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Analysis of Patent Claims",
    author = "Sheremetyeva, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2003 Workshop on Patent Corpus Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2003",
    address = ",",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2008",
    doi = "10.3115/1119303.1119311",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-sigdial,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2100",
}
@inproceedings{carberry-etal-2003-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Information Graphics: A Discourse-Level Problem",
    author = "Carberry, Sandra  and
      Elzer, Stephanie  and
      Green, Nancy  and
      McCoy, Kathleen  and
      Chester, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2101",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{wilson-wiebe-2003-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Opinions in the World Press",
    author = "Wilson, Theresa  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2102",
    pages = "13--22",
}
@inproceedings{purver-etal-2003-answering,
    title = "Answering Clarification Questions",
    author = "Purver, Matthew  and
      Healey, Patrick G.T.  and
      King, James  and
      Ginzburg, Jonathan  and
      Mills, Greg J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2103",
    pages = "23--33",
}
@inproceedings{george-zukerman-2003-information,
    title = "An Information-theoretic Approach for Argument Interpretation",
    author = "George, Sarah  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2104",
    pages = "44--52",
}
@inproceedings{kawaguchi-2003-conversational,
    title = "Conversational inferences: the hard way and the easy way",
    author = "Kawaguchi, Yukiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2105",
    pages = "53--61",
}
@inproceedings{schlangen-lascarides-2003-interpretation,
    title = "The interpretation of non-sentential utterances in dialogue",
    author = "Schlangen, David  and
      Lascarides, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2106",
    pages = "62--71",
}
@inproceedings{komatani-etal-2003-flexible-spoken,
    title = "Flexible Spoken Dialogue System based on User Models and Dynamic Generation of {V}oice{XML} Scripts",
    author = "Komatani, Kazunori  and
      Adachi, Fumihiro  and
      Ueno, Shinichi  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya  and
      Okuno, Hiroshi G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2107",
    pages = "87--96",
}
@inproceedings{ogura-etal-2003-building,
    title = "Building a New {I}nternet Chat System for Sharing Timing Information",
    author = "Ogura, Kanayo  and
      Masuda, Takeshi  and
      Ishizaki, Masato",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2108",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{umeda-etal-2003-interpreter,
    title = "Interpreter for Highly Portable Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Umeda, Masamitsu  and
      Kogure, Satoru  and
      Nakagawa, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2109",
    pages = "105--114",
}
@inproceedings{estival-etal-2003-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Dialogue for Virtual Advisers in a semi-immersive Command and Control environment",
    author = "Estival, Dominique  and
      Broughton, Michael  and
      Zschorn, Andrew  and
      Pronger, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2110",
    pages = "125--134",
}
@inproceedings{williams-young-2003-using,
    title = "Using Wizard-of-{O}z simulations to bootstrap Reinforcement - Learning based dialog management systems",
    author = "Williams, Jason D.  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2111",
    pages = "135--139",
}
@inproceedings{murao-etal-2003-example,
    title = "Example-based Spoken Dialogue System using {WOZ} System Log",
    author = "Murao, Hiroya  and
      Kawaguchi, Nobuo  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki  and
      Yamaguchi, Yukiko  and
      Inagaki, Yasuyoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2112",
    pages = "140--148",
}
@inproceedings{flycht-eriksson-jonsson-2003-empirical,
    title = "Some empirical findings on dialogue management and domain ontologies in dialogue systems - Implications from an evaluation of {B}ird{Q}uest",
    author = {Flycht-Eriksson, Annika  and
      J{\"o}nsson, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2113",
    pages = "158--167",
}
@inproceedings{lemon-etal-2003-managing,
    title = "Managing Dialogue Interaction: A Multi-Layered Approach",
    author = "Lemon, Oliver  and
      Cavedon, Lawrence  and
      Kelly, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2114",
    pages = "168--177",
}
@inproceedings{porzel-etal-2003-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-based Contextual Coherence Scoring",
    author = {Porzel, Robert  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      M{\"u}ller, Christof E.},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2115",
    pages = "178--186",
}
@inproceedings{ito-saito-2003-annotation,
    title = "An Annotation Tool for Multimodal Dialogue Corpora using Global Document Annotation",
    author = "Ito, Kazunari  and
      Saito, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2116",
    pages = "192--197",
}
@inproceedings{muller-strube-2003-multi,
    title = "Multi-Level Annotation in {MMAX}",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Christoph  and
      Strube, Michael},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2117",
    pages = "198--207",
}
@inproceedings{levin-etal-2003-domain,
    title = "Domain Specific Speech Acts for Spoken Language Translation",
    author = "Levin, Lori  and
      Langley, Chad  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Gates, Donna  and
      Wallace, Dorcas  and
      Peterson, Kay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2118",
    pages = "208--217",
}
@inproceedings{takeoka-etal-2003-turn,
    title = "Turn-taking in Graphical Communication: an exploratory study",
    author = "Takeoka, Atsue  and
      Shimojima, Atsushi  and
      Katagiri, Yasuhiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2119",
    pages = "34--38",
}
@inproceedings{orasan-2003-palinka,
    title = "{PAL}ink{A}: A highly customisable tool for discourse annotation",
    author = "Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2120",
    pages = "39--43",
}
@inproceedings{de-jager-etal-2003-speaker,
    title = "Speaker-independent context update rules for dialogue management",
    author = "de Jager, Samson  and
      Wright, Nick  and
      Knott, Alistair",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2121",
    pages = "72--78",
}
@inproceedings{iwahashi-2003-method,
    title = "A Method for Forming Mutual Beliefs for Communication through Human-robot Multi-modal Interaction",
    author = "Iwahashi, Naoto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2122",
    pages = "79--86",
}
@inproceedings{bos-etal-2003-dipper,
    title = "{DIPPER}: Description and Formalisation of an Information-State Update Dialogue System Architecture",
    author = "Bos, Johan  and
      Klein, Ewan  and
      Lemon, Oliver  and
      Oka, Tetsushi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2123",
    pages = "115--124",
}
@inproceedings{levow-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning to Speak to a Spoken Language System: Vocabulary Convergence in Novice Users",
    author = "Levow, Gina-Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2124",
    pages = "149--153",
}
@inproceedings{aist-etal-2003-procedure,
    title = "A procedure assistant for astronauts in a functional programming architecture, with step previewing and spoken correction of dialogue moves",
    author = "Aist, Gregory  and
      Rayner, Manny  and
      Dowding, John  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann  and
      Early, Susana  and
      Hieronymus, Jim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2125",
    pages = "154--157",
}
@inproceedings{ng-lua-2003-dialog,
    title = "Dialog Input Ranking in a Multi-Domain Environment Using Transferable Belief Model",
    author = "Ng, Hong-I  and
      Lua, Kim-Teng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2126",
    pages = "187--191",
}
@inproceedings{craggs-wood-2003-annotating,
    title = "Annotating emotion in dialogue",
    author = "Craggs, Richard  and
      Wood, Mary McGee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2127",
    pages = "218--225",
}
@inproceedings{hennoste-etal-2003-developing,
    title = "Developing a Typology of Dialogue Acts: Some Boundary Problems",
    author = {Hennoste, Tiit  and
      Koit, Mare  and
      R{\"a}{\"a}bis, Andriela  and
      Strandson, Krista  and
      Valdisoo, Maret  and
      Vutt, Evely},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {SIG}dial Workshop of Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2128",
    pages = "226--235",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-international-eamt,
    title = "Proceedings of the 7th International {EAMT} workshop on {MT} and other language technology tools, Improving {MT} through other language technology tools, Resource and tools for building {MT} at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2200",
}
@inproceedings{babych-hartley-2003-improving,
    title = "Improving Machine Translation Quality with Automatic Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Babych, Bogdan  and
      Hartley, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International {EAMT} workshop on {MT} and other language technology tools, Improving {MT} through other language technology tools, Resource and tools for building {MT} at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2201",
}
@inproceedings{koeling-etal-2003-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of a Lexicographers{'} Workbench: building lexicons for Machine Translation",
    author = "Koeling, Rob  and
      Kilgarriff, Adam  and
      Tugwell, David  and
      Evans, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International {EAMT} workshop on {MT} and other language technology tools, Improving {MT} through other language technology tools, Resource and tools for building {MT} at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2202",
}
@inproceedings{kupsc-2003-two,
    title = "Two Approaches to Aspect Assignment in an {E}nglish-Polish Machine Translation System",
    author = "Kupsc, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International {EAMT} workshop on {MT} and other language technology tools, Improving {MT} through other language technology tools, Resource and tools for building {MT} at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2203",
}
@inproceedings{max-2003-multi,
    title = "Multi-language Machine Translation through Interactive Document Normalization",
    author = "Max, Aur{\'e}lien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International {EAMT} workshop on {MT} and other language technology tools, Improving {MT} through other language technology tools, Resource and tools for building {MT} at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2204",
}
@inproceedings{nevado-etal-2003-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Corpora Segmentation Using Anchor Words",
    author = "Nevado, Francisco  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco  and
      Vidal, Enrique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International {EAMT} workshop on {MT} and other language technology tools, Improving {MT} through other language technology tools, Resource and tools for building {MT} at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2205",
}
@inproceedings{somers-lovel-2003-computer,
    title = "Computer-based Support for Patients with Limited {E}nglish",
    author = "Somers, Harold  and
      Lovel, Hermione",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International {EAMT} workshop on {MT} and other language technology tools, Improving {MT} through other language technology tools, Resource and tools for building {MT} at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2206",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2003-author,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International {EAMT} workshop on {MT} and other language technology tools, Improving {MT} through other language technology tools, Resource and tools for building {MT} at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2207",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-european,
    title = "Proceedings of the 9th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-2003) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2300",
}
@inproceedings{benamara-saint-dizier-2003-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Generation of Cooperative Natural Language Responses in {WEBCOOP}",
    author = "Benamara, Farah  and
      Saint Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-2003) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2301",
}
@inproceedings{bouayad-agha-2003-restricting,
    title = "Restricting the rhetorical input for the non-hierarchical planning of document structures",
    author = "Bouayad-Agha, Nadjet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-2003) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2302",
}
@inproceedings{callaway-2003-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Revision",
    author = "Callaway, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-2003) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2303",
}
@inproceedings{dimitromanolaki-androutsopoulos-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning to Order Facts for Discourse Planning in Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Dimitromanolaki, Aggeliki  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-2003) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2304",
}
@inproceedings{geldof-2003-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-analysis for {NLG}",
    author = "Geldof, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-2003) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2305",
}
@inproceedings{horacek-2003-handling,
    title = "Handling Dependencies in Reorganizing Content Specifications A Case Study of Case Analysis",
    author = "Horacek, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-2003) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2306",
}
@inproceedings{krahmer-van-der-sluis-2003-new,
    title = "A New Model for Generating Multimodal Referring Expressions",
    author = "Krahmer, Emiel  and
      van der Sluis, Ielka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-2003) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2307",
}
@inproceedings{miliaev-etal-2003-applied,
    title = "Applied {NLG} system evaluation: {F}lexy{CAT}",
    author = "Miliaev, Nestor  and
      Cawsey, Alison  and
      Michaelson, Greg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-2003) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2308",
}
@inproceedings{minock-2003-phrasal,
    title = "Phrasal Generator for Describing Relational Database Queries",
    author = "Minock, Michael J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-2003) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2309",
}
@inproceedings{novello-callaway-2003-porting,
    title = "Porting to an {I}talian Surface Realizer: A Case Study",
    author = "Novello, Alessandra  and
      Callaway, Charles B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-2003) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2310",
}
@inproceedings{purver-otsuka-2003-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Generation by Incremental Parsing: Tactical Generation in Dynamic Syntax",
    author = "Purver, Matthew  and
      Otsuka, Masayuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-2003) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2311",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-etal-2003-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring and Using Limited User Models in {NLG}",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud  and
      Sripada, Somayajulu  and
      Williams, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-2003) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2312",
}
@inproceedings{rocchi-zancanaro-2003-generation,
    title = "Generation of Video Documentaries from Discourse Structures",
    author = "Rocchi, Cesare  and
      Zancanaro, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-2003) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2313",
}
@inproceedings{siddharthan-2003-preserving,
    title = "Preserving Discourse Structure when Simplifying Text",
    author = "Siddharthan, Advaith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-2003) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2314",
}
@inproceedings{wanner-etal-2003-deriving,
    title = "Deriving the Communicative Structure in Applied {NLG}",
    author = "Wanner, Leo  and
      Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Giereth, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-2003) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2315",
}
@inproceedings{white-baldridge-2003-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Chart Realization to {CCG}",
    author = "White, Michael  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-2003) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2316",
}
@inproceedings{williams-etal-2003-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with discourse-level choices and readability",
    author = "Williams, Sandra  and
      Reiter, Ehud  and
      Osman, Liesl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-2003) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2317",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2003-author-index,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-2003) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2318",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-international-linguistically,
    title = "Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-03) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2400",
}
@inproceedings{king-etal-2003-parc,
    title = "The {PARC} 700 Dependency Bank",
    author = "King, Tracy Holloway  and
      Crouch, Richard  and
      Riezler, Stefan  and
      Dalrymple, Mary  and
      Kaplan, Ronald M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-03) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2401",
}
@inproceedings{civit-etal-2003-issues,
    title = "Issues in the Syntactic Annotation of {C}ast3{LB}",
    author = "Civit, Montserrat  and
      Mart{\'\i}, Ma. Ant{\`o}nia  and
      Navarro, Borja  and
      Buf{\'\i}, N{\'u}ria  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Bel{\'e}n  and
      Marcos, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-03) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2402",
}
@inproceedings{simov-osenova-2003-practical,
    title = "Practical Annotation Scheme for an {HPSG} Treebank of {B}ulgarian",
    author = "Simov, Kiril  and
      Osenova, Petya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-03) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2403",
}
@inproceedings{forst-2003-treebank,
    title = "Treebank Conversion - Establishing a testsuite for a broad-coverage {LFG} from the {TIGER} treebank",
    author = "Forst, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-03) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2404",
}
@inproceedings{atalay-etal-2003-annotation,
    title = "The Annotation Process in the {T}urkish Treebank",
    author = "Atalay, Nart B.  and
      Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Say, Bilge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-03) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2405",
}
@inproceedings{leidner-etal-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Multi-Layer Corpus Annotation for Evaluation Question Answering Methods: {CBC}4{K}ids",
    author = "Leidner, Jochen L.  and
      Dalmas, Tiphaine  and
      Webber, Bonnie  and
      Bos, Johan  and
      Grover, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-03) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2406",
}
@inproceedings{milin-ilic-2003-text,
    title = "Text as Binary Sequence: A Case of Characteristic Constant of Text",
    author = "Milin, Petar  and
      Ilic, Nada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-03) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2407",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-chklovski-2003-open,
    title = "Open Mind Word Expert: Creating Large Annotated Data Collections with Web Users{'} Help",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Chklovski, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-03) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2408",
}
@inproceedings{sampson-babarczy-2003-limits,
    title = "Limits to annotation precision",
    author = "Sampson, Geoffrey  and
      Babarczy, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-03) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2409",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-etal-2003-bridges,
    title = "Which bridges for bridging definite descriptions?",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Manu{\'e}lian, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Kow, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-03) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2410",
}
@inproceedings{reitter-stede-2003-step,
    title = "Step by step: underspecified markup in incremental rhetorical analysis",
    author = "Reitter, David  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-03) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2411",
}
@inproceedings{neumann-2003-exploitation,
    title = "Exploitation of an {SFL}-annotated multilingual register corpus",
    author = "Neumann, Stella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-03) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2412",
}
@inproceedings{oostdijk-broeder-2003-spoken,
    title = "The Spoken {D}utch Corpus and its Exploitation Environment",
    author = "Oostdijk, Nelleke  and
      Broeder, Daan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-03) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2413",
}
@inproceedings{schuurman-etal-2003-cgn,
    title = "{CGN}, an annotated corpus of spoken {D}utch",
    author = "Schuurman, Ineke  and
      Schouppe, Machteld  and
      Hoekstra, Heleen  and
      van der Wouden, Ton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-03) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2414",
}
@inproceedings{przepiorkowski-wolinski-2003-unberable,
    title = "The Unberable Lightness of Tagging* A Case Study in Morphosyntactic Tagging of Polish",
    author = "Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam  and
      Woli{\'n}ski, Marcin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-03) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2415",
}
@inproceedings{erjavec-etal-2003-stretching,
    title = "Stretching {TEI}: Converting the {G}enia Corpus",
    author = "Erjavec, Tomaz  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Tateisi, Yuka  and
      Tsujii, Jun-ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-03) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2416",
}
@inproceedings{kinyon-rambow-2003-metagrammar,
    title = "The {M}eta{G}rammar: a cross-framework and cross-language test-suite generation tool",
    author = "Kinyon, Alexandra  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-03) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2417",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2003-author-index-2,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora ({LINC}-03) at {EACL} 2003",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2418",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-2003-eacl,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Language Modeling for Text Entry Methods",
    year = "2003",
}
@inproceedings{matiasek-baroni-2003-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Long Distance Collocational Relations in Predictive Typing",
    author = "Matiasek, Johannes  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Language Modeling for Text Entry Methods",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2501",
}
@inproceedings{fazly-hirst-2003-testing,
    title = "Testing the Efficacy of Part-of-Speech Information in Word Completion",
    author = "Fazly, Afsaneh  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Language Modeling for Text Entry Methods",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2502",
}
@inproceedings{schofield-2003-language,
    title = "Language-Models for Questions",
    author = "Schofield, Ed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Language Modeling for Text Entry Methods",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2503",
}
@inproceedings{noncheva-etal-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Word Interaction Patterns from Corpora",
    author = "Noncheva, Veska  and
      da Silva, Joaqium Ferreira  and
      Lopes, Gabriel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Language Modeling for Text Entry Methods",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2504",
}
@inproceedings{gutowitz-2003-barriers,
    title = "Barriers to Adoption of Dictionary-Based Text-Entry Methods: A Field Study",
    author = "Gutowitz, Howard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Language Modeling for Text Entry Methods",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2505",
}
@inproceedings{hasselgren-etal-2003-hms,
    title = "{HMS}: A Predictive Text Entry Method Using Bigrams",
    author = "Hasselgren, Jon  and
      Montnemery, Erik  and
      Nugues, Pierre  and
      Svensson, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Language Modeling for Text Entry Methods",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2506",
}
@inproceedings{klarlund-riley-2003-word,
    title = "Word N-Grams for Cluster Keyboards",
    author = "Klarlund, Nils  and
      Riley, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Language Modeling for Text Entry Methods",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2507",
}
@inproceedings{johansen-etal-2003-language,
    title = "Language Technology in a Predictive, Restricted On-Screen Keyboard with Dynamic Layout for Severely Disabled People",
    author = "Johansen, Anders S.  and
      Hansen, John P.  and
      Hansen, Dan W.  and
      Itoh, Kenji  and
      Mashino, Satoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Language Modeling for Text Entry Methods",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2508",
}
@inproceedings{harbusch-etal-2003-domain,
    title = "Domain-Specific Disambiguation for Typing with Ambiguous Keyboards",
    author = {Harbusch, Karin  and
      Hasan, Sasa  and
      Hoffmann, Hajo  and
      K{\"u}hn, Michael  and
      Sch{\"u}ler, Bernhard},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Language Modeling for Text Entry Methods",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2509",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2003-author-index-3,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Language Modeling for Text Entry Methods",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2510",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-2003-eacl-treatment,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on The Computational Treatment of Anaphora",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2600",
}
@inproceedings{preiss-briscoe-2003-intermediate,
    title = "Intermediate Parsing for Anaphora Resolution? Implementing the Lappin and Leass non-coreference filters",
    author = "Preiss, Judita  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on The Computational Treatment of Anaphora",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2601",
}
@inproceedings{siddharthan-2003-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Pronouns Robustly: Plumbing the Depths of Shallowness",
    author = "Siddharthan, Advaith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on The Computational Treatment of Anaphora",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2602",
}
@inproceedings{bouma-2003-dutch,
    title = "Doing {D}utch Pronouns Automatically in Optimality Theory",
    author = "Bouma, Gerlof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on The Computational Treatment of Anaphora",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2603",
}
@inproceedings{iida-etal-2003-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Contextual Cues in Trainable Models for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Iida, Ryu  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on The Computational Treatment of Anaphora",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2604",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-2003-associative,
    title = "Associative Descriptions and Salience: A Preliminary Investigation",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on The Computational Treatment of Anaphora",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2605",
}
@inproceedings{markert-etal-2003-using,
    title = "Using the Web for Nominal Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Markert, Katja  and
      Nissim, Malvina  and
      Modjeska, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on The Computational Treatment of Anaphora",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2606",
}
@inproceedings{bunescu-2003-associative,
    title = "Associative Anaphora Resolution: A Web-Based Approach",
    author = "Bunescu, Razvan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on The Computational Treatment of Anaphora",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2607",
}
@inproceedings{miltsakaki-etal-2003-anaphoric,
    title = "Anaphoric arguments of discourse connectives: Semantic properties of antecedents versus non-antecedents",
    author = "Miltsakaki, Eleni  and
      Creswell, Cassandre  and
      Forbes, Katherine  and
      Joshi, Aravind  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on The Computational Treatment of Anaphora",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2608",
}
@inproceedings{bosch-etal-2003-demonstrative,
    title = "Demonstrative Pronouns and Personal Pronouns: {G}erman der vs er",
    author = "Bosch, Peter  and
      Rozario, Tom  and
      Zhao, Yufan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on The Computational Treatment of Anaphora",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2609",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2003-author-index-4,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on The Computational Treatment of Anaphora",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2610",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-2003-eacl-dialogue,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Dialogue Systems: interaction, adaptation and styes of management",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2700",
}
@inproceedings{jokinen-etal-2003-introduction,
    title = "{I}ntroduction: Dialogue Systems: Interaction, Adaptation and Styles of Management",
    author = {Jokinen, Kristiina  and
      G{\"a}mback, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Black, William  and
      Catizone, Roberta  and
      Wilks, Yorick},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Dialogue Systems: interaction, adaptation and styes of management",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2701",
}
@inproceedings{bateman-etal-2003-static,
    title = "Why a Static Interpretation Is Not Sufficient in Spatial Communication",
    author = "Bateman, John A.  and
      Fischer, Kerstin  and
      Tenbrink, Thora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Dialogue Systems: interaction, adaptation and styes of management",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2702",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning to Classify Utterances in a Task-Oriented Dialogue",
    author = "Black, William  and
      Thompson, Paul  and
      Funk, Adam  and
      Conroy, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Dialogue Systems: interaction, adaptation and styes of management",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2703",
}
@inproceedings{boda-etal-2003-flexibility,
    title = "Flexibility and Efficiency through Personalisation? Experiments with a conversational Program Guide Information System",
    author = "Boda, P{\'e}ter  and
      Chande, Suresh  and
      Hartikainen, Elviira  and
      Gupta, Nidhi  and
      Autere, Sirpa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Dialogue Systems: interaction, adaptation and styes of management",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2704",
}
@inproceedings{catizone-etal-2003-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Dialogue Management in the {COMIC} Project",
    author = "Catizone, Roberta  and
      Setzer, Andrea  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Dialogue Systems: interaction, adaptation and styes of management",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2705",
}
@inproceedings{denecke-2003-policies,
    title = "Policies and Procedure for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Denecke, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Dialogue Systems: interaction, adaptation and styes of management",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2706",
}
@inproceedings{fiedler-tsovaltzi-2003-automating,
    title = "Automating Hinting in Mathematical Tutorial Dialogue",
    author = "Fiedler, Armin  and
      Tsovaltzi, Dimitra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Dialogue Systems: interaction, adaptation and styes of management",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2707",
}
@inproceedings{kerminen-jokinen-2003-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Dialogue Management in a Blackboard Architecture",
    author = "Kerminen, Antti  and
      Jokinen, Kristiina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Dialogue Systems: interaction, adaptation and styes of management",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2708",
}
@inproceedings{lemon-cavedon-2003-multi,
    title = "Multi-Level Architecture for Natural Activity-Oriented Dialogue",
    author = "Lemon, Oliver  and
      Cavedon, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Dialogue Systems: interaction, adaptation and styes of management",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2709",
}
@inproceedings{lendvai-etal-2003-machine,
    title = "Machine Learning for Shallow Interpretation of User Utterances in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Lendvai, Piroska  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Dialogue Systems: interaction, adaptation and styes of management",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2710",
}
@inproceedings{matsui-tanaka-2003-interactive,
    title = "The Interactive Navigation to the Stored Q{\&}A data using Simple Questions",
    author = "Matsui, Kunio  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Dialogue Systems: interaction, adaptation and styes of management",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2711",
}
@inproceedings{mceleney-ohare-2003-agent,
    title = "An Agent Design for Effective Negotiation Dialogues",
    author = "McEleney, Bryan  and
      O{'}Hare, Gregory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Dialogue Systems: interaction, adaptation and styes of management",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2712",
}
@inproceedings{pakucs-2003-sesame,
    title = "{S}esa{ME}: A Framework for Personalised and Adaptive Speech Interfaces",
    author = "Pakucs, Botond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Dialogue Systems: interaction, adaptation and styes of management",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2713",
}
@inproceedings{ramsay-gaylard-2003-constructive,
    title = "A Constructive View of Discourse Operators",
    author = "Ramsay, Allan  and
      Gaylard, Helen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Dialogue Systems: interaction, adaptation and styes of management",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2714",
}
@inproceedings{dupriez-roland-2003-generic,
    title = "Generic Dialogue Structure for Vocal Access to Indexed Databases",
    author = "Dupriez, Christophe  and
      Roland, M{\'e}lanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Dialogue Systems: interaction, adaptation and styes of management",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2715",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2003-author-index-5,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Dialogue Systems: interaction, adaptation and styes of management",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2716",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-eacl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2003 Workshop on Evaluation Initiatives in Natural Language Processing: are evaluation methods, metrics and resources reusable?",
    author = "Pastra, Katerina",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2800",
}
@inproceedings{bontcheva-2003-reuse,
    title = "Reuse and Challenges in Evaluating Language Generation Systems: Position Paper",
    author = "Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2003 Workshop on Evaluation Initiatives in Natural Language Processing: are evaluation methods, metrics and resources reusable?",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2801",
    pages = "3--10",
}
@inproceedings{devillers-etal-2003-peace,
    title = "The {PEACE} {SLDS} understanding evaluation paradigm of the {F}rench {MEDIA} campaign",
    author = "Devillers, Laurence  and
      Maynard, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Rosset, Sophie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2003 Workshop on Evaluation Initiatives in Natural Language Processing: are evaluation methods, metrics and resources reusable?",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2802",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{lowe-king-2003-statistical,
    title = "Some statistical methods for evaluating information extraction systems",
    author = "Lowe, Will  and
      King, Gary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2003 Workshop on Evaluation Initiatives in Natural Language Processing: are evaluation methods, metrics and resources reusable?",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2803",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{tomas-etal-2003-quantitative,
    title = "A Quantitative Method for Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Tom{\'a}s, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Mas, Josep {\`A}ngel  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2003 Workshop on Evaluation Initiatives in Natural Language Processing: are evaluation methods, metrics and resources reusable?",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2804",
    pages = "27--34",
}
@inproceedings{pastra-saggion-2003-colouring,
    title = "Colouring Summaries {BLEU}",
    author = "Pastra, Katerina  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2003 Workshop on Evaluation Initiatives in Natural Language Processing: are evaluation methods, metrics and resources reusable?",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2805",
    pages = "35--42",
}
@inproceedings{molla-hutchinson-2003-intrinsic,
    title = "Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Evaluations of Parsing Systems",
    author = "Moll{\'a}, Diego  and
      Hutchinson, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2003 Workshop on Evaluation Initiatives in Natural Language Processing: are evaluation methods, metrics and resources reusable?",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2806",
    pages = "43--50",
}
@inproceedings{dalli-2003-adaptation,
    title = "Adaptation of the F-measure to Cluster Based Lexicon Quality Evaluation",
    author = "Dalli, Angelo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2003 Workshop on Evaluation Initiatives in Natural Language Processing: are evaluation methods, metrics and resources reusable?",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2807",
    pages = "51--56",
}
@inproceedings{kilgarriff-2003-bureaucracy,
    title = "No-bureaucracy evaluation",
    author = "Kilgarriff, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2003 Workshop on Evaluation Initiatives in Natural Language Processing: are evaluation methods, metrics and resources reusable?",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2808",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{king-2003-living,
    title = "Living up to standards",
    author = "King, Maghi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2003 Workshop on Evaluation Initiatives in Natural Language Processing: are evaluation methods, metrics and resources reusable?",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2809",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{mctait-choukri-2003-setting,
    title = "Setting up an Evaluation Infrastructure for Human Language Technologies in {E}urope",
    author = "McTait, Kevin  and
      Choukri, Khalid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2003 Workshop on Evaluation Initiatives in Natural Language Processing: are evaluation methods, metrics and resources reusable?",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2810",
    pages = "7377",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-2003-eacl-morphological,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Morphological Processing of {S}lavic Languages",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2900",
}
@inproceedings{pala-etal-2003-relations,
    title = "Relations between Inflectional and Derivation Patterns",
    author = "Pala, Karel  and
      Sedl{\'a}{\v{c}}ek, Radek  and
      Veber, Marek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Morphological Processing of {S}lavic Languages",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2901",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{evans-etal-2003-large,
    title = "A Large-scale Inheritance-based Morphological Lexicon for {R}ussian",
    author = "Evans, Roger  and
      Tiberius, Carole  and
      Brown, Dunstan  and
      Corbett, Greville C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Morphological Processing of {S}lavic Languages",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2902",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{oliver-etal-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Lexical Acquisition from Raw Corpora: An Application to {R}ussian",
    author = "Oliver, Antoni  and
      Castell{\'o}n, Irene  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Morphological Processing of {S}lavic Languages",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2903",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{erjavec-etal-2003-multext,
    title = "The {MULTEXT}-East Morphosyntactic Specification for {S}lavic Languages",
    author = "Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Krstev, Cvetana  and
      Petkevi{\v{c}}, Vladim{\'\i}r  and
      Simov, Kiril  and
      Tadi{\'c}, Marko  and
      Vitas, Du{\v{s}}ko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Morphological Processing of {S}lavic Languages",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2904",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{przepiorkowski-wolinski-2003-flexemic,
    title = "A Flexemic Tagset for Polish",
    author = "Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam  and
      Woli{\'n}ski, Marcin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Morphological Processing of {S}lavic Languages",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2905",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{tadic-fulgosi-2003-building,
    title = "Building the {C}roatian Morphological Lexicon",
    author = "Tadi{\'c}, Marko  and
      Fulgosi, Sanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Morphological Processing of {S}lavic Languages",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2906",
    pages = "41--45",
}
@inproceedings{higgins-2003-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of {B}ulgarian {POS} Tags",
    author = "Higgins, Derrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Morphological Processing of {S}lavic Languages",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2907",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{vitas-krstev-2003-composite,
    title = "Composite Tense Recognition and Tagging in {S}erbian",
    author = "Vitas, Du{\v{s}}ko  and
      Krstev, Cvetana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Morphological Processing of {S}lavic Languages",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2908",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{debowski-2003-reconfigurable,
    title = "A Reconfigurable Stochastic Tagger for Languages with Complex Tag Structure",
    author = "D{\k{e}}bowski, {\L}ukasz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Morphological Processing of {S}lavic Languages",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2909",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{slavcheva-2003-aspects,
    title = "Some Aspects of the Morphological Processing of {B}ulgarian",
    author = "Slavcheva, Milena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Morphological Processing of {S}lavic Languages",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2910",
    pages = "71--77",
}
@inproceedings{nenadic-etal-2003-morpho,
    title = "Morpho-syntactic Clues for Terminological Processing in {S}erbian",
    author = "Nenadi{\'c}, Goran  and
      Spasi{\'c}, Irena  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Morphological Processing of {S}lavic Languages",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2911",
    pages = "79--86",
}
@inproceedings{yablonsky-2003-russian,
    title = "{R}ussian Morphology: Ressources and {J}ava Software Application",
    author = "Yablonsky, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 {EACL} Workshop on Morphological Processing of {S}lavic Languages",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-2912",
    pages = "87--94",
}
@proceedings{ws-2003-international-parsing,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
}
@inproceedings{alonso-diaz-2003-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Tree Adjoining Grammars and Tree Insertion Grammars with Simultaneous Adjunctions",
    author = "Alonso, Miguel A.  and
      D{\'\i}az, V{\'\i}ctor J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3001",
    pages = "19--30",
    abstract = "A large part of wide coverage Tree Adjoining Grammars (TAG) is formed by trees that satisfy the restrictions imposed by Tree Insertion Grammars (TIG). This characteristic can be used to reduce the practical complexity of TAG parsing, applying the standard adjunction operation only in those cases in which the simpler cubic-time TIG adjunction cannot be applied. In this paper, we describe a parsing algorithm managing simultaneous adjunctions in TAG and TIG.",
}
@inproceedings{aloulou-etal-2003-implementation,
    title = "Impl{\'e}mentation du syst{\`e}me MASPAR selon une approche multi-agent",
    author = "Aloulou, Chafik  and
      Hadrich Belguith, Lamia  and
      Hadj Kacem, Ahmed  and
      Hammami Mezghani, Souha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3002",
    abstract = "Le traitement automatique du langage naturel est un axe de recherche qui conna{\^\i}t chaque jour de nouvelles th{\'e}ories et approches. Les syst{\`e}mes d{'}analyse automatique qui sont fond{\'e}s sur une approche s{\'e}quentielle pr{\'e}sentent plusieurs inconv{\'e}nients. Afin de pallier ces limites, nous nous sommes int{\'e}ress{\'e}s {\`a} la r{\'e}alisation d{'}un syst{\`e}me d{'}analyse syntaxique de textes arabes bas{\'e} sur l{'}approche multi-agent : MASPAR « Multi-Agent System for Parsing ARabic ».",
}
@inproceedings{bechet-2003-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Parsing Of Lambek Calculus Using Proof-Net Interfaces",
    author = "B{\'e}chet, Denis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3003",
    pages = "31--42",
    abstract = "The paper describes an incremental parsing algorithm for natural languages that uses normalized interfaces of modules of proof-nets. This algorithm produces at each step the different possible partial syntactical analyses of the first words of a sentence. Thus, it can analyze texts on the fly leaving partially analyzed sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{blache-2003-meta,
    title = "Meta-Level Contstraints for Linguistic Domain Interaction",
    author = "Blache, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3004",
    abstract = "This paper presents a technique for the representation and the implementation of interaction relations between different domains of linguistic analysis. This solution relies on the localization of the linguistic objects in the context. The relations are then implemented by means of interaction constraints, each domain information being expressed independently.",
}
@inproceedings{boullier-2003-guided,
    title = "Guided Earley Parsing",
    author = "Boullier, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3005",
    pages = "43--54",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a method which may speed up Earley parsers in practice. A first pass called a guiding parser builds an intermediate structure called a guide which is used by a second pass, an Earley parser, called a guided parser whose Predictor phase is slightly modified in such a way that it selects an initial item only if this item is in the guide. This approach is validated by practical experiments preformed on a large test set with an English context-free grammar.",
}
@inproceedings{boullier-2003-supertagging,
    title = "Supertagging: A Non-Statistical Parsing-Based Approach",
    author = "Boullier, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3006",
    pages = "55--65",
    abstract = "We present a novel approach to supertagging w.r.t. some lexicalized grammar G. It differs from previous approaches in several ways:- These supertaggers rely only on structural information: they do not need any training phase;- These supertaggers do not compute the {``}best{``} supertag for each word, but rather a set of supertags. These sets of supertags do not exclude any supertag that will eventually be used in a valid complete derivation (i.e., we have a recall score of 100{\%});- These supertaggers are in fact true parsers which accept supersets of L(G) that can be more efficiently parsed than the sentences of L(G).",
}
@inproceedings{corazza-2003-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Strategies for the Integration of Two Stochastic Context-Free Grammars",
    author = "Corazza, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3007",
    abstract = "Integration of two stochastic context-free grammars can be useful in two pass approaches used, for example, in speech recognition and understanding. Based on an algorithm proposed by [Nederhof and Satta, 2002] for the non-probabilistic case, left-to-right strategies for the search for the best solution based on CKY and Earley parsers are discussed. The restriction that one of the two grammars must be non recursive does not represent a problem in the considered applications.",
}
@inproceedings{costagliola-deufemia-2003-visual,
    title = "Visual Language Editors based on LR Parsing Techniques",
    author = "Costagliola, Gennaro  and
      Deufemia, Vincenzo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3008",
    pages = "78--90",
    abstract = "Visual language editors should provide a user-friendly environment where users are supported in an effective way in the construction of visual sentences. In this paper, we propose an approach for the construction of syntax-directed visual language editors by integrating incremental parsers into freehand editors. The approach combines the LR-based techniques for parsing visual languages with the more general incremental Generalized LR parsing techniques developed for string languages.",
}
@inproceedings{foth-menzel-2003-subtree,
    title = "Subtree Parsing to Speed up Deep Analysis",
    author = "Foth, Kilian  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3009",
    pages = "91--102",
    abstract = "Within a grammar formalism that treats syntax analysis as a global optimization problem, methods are investigated to improve parsing performance by recombining the solutions of smaller and easier subproblems. The robust nature of the formalism allows the application of this technique with little change to the original grammar.",
}
@inproceedings{fouvry-2003-constraint,
    title = "Constraint relaxation with weighted feature structures",
    author = "Fouvry, Frederik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3010",
    pages = "103--114",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a definition of unification of weighted feature structures designed to deal with constraint relaxation. The application of phrase structure rules in a unification-based Natural Language Processing system is adapted such that inconsistent values do not lead to failure, but are penalised. These penalties are based on the signature and the shape of the feature structures, and thus realise an elegant and general approach to relaxation.",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-2003-generative,
    title = "Generative versus Discriminative Models for Statistical Left-Corner Parsing",
    author = "Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3011",
    pages = "115--126",
    abstract = "We propose two statistical left-corner parsers and investigate their accuracy at varying speeds. The parser based on a generative probability model achieves state-of-the-art accuracy when sufficient time is available, but when high speed is required the parser based on a discriminative probability model performs better. Neural network probability estimation is used to handle conditioning on both the unbounded parse histories and the unbounded lookahead strings.",
}
@inproceedings{kadlec-smrz-2003-pace,
    title = "PACE {---} Parser Comparison and Evaluation",
    author = "Kadlec, Vladimir  and
      Smrz, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3012",
    pages = "211--212",
    abstract = "The paper introduces PACE {---} a parser comparison and evaluation system for the syntactic processing of natural languages. The analysis is based on context free grammar with contextual extensions (constraints). The system is able to manage very large and extremely ambiguous CF grammars. It is independent of the parsing algorithm used. The tool can solve the contextual constraints on the resulting CF structure, select the best parsing trees according to their probabilities, or combine them. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of our modular design as well as how efficiently it processes the standard evaluation grammars.",
}
@inproceedings{kwak-etal-2003-glr,
    title = "GLR Parser with Conditional Action Model using Surface Phrasal Types for Korean",
    author = "Kwak, Yong-Jae  and
      Park, So-Young  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3013",
    pages = "213--214",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a new probabilistic GLR parsing method that can solve the problems of conventional methods. Our proposed Conditional Action Model uses Surface Phrasal Types (SPTs) encoding the functional word sequences of the sub-trees for describing structural characteristics of the partial parse. And, the proposed GLR model outperforms the previous methods by about 6{\textasciitilde}8{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{langley-lavie-2003-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Domain Actions with Phrase-Level Grammars and Memory-Based Learners",
    author = "Langley, Chad  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3014",
    pages = "127--136",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe an approach to analysis for spoken language translation that combines phrase-level grammar-based parsing and automatic domain action classification. The job of the analyzer is to transform utterances into a shallow semantic task-oriented interlingua representation. The goal of our hybrid approach is to provide accurate real-time analyses and to improve robustness and portability to new domains and languages.",
}
@inproceedings{mohanty-balabantaray-2003-intelligent,
    title = "Intelligent Parsing in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Mohanty, Sanghamitra  and
      Balabantaray, Rakesh Chandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3015",
    abstract = "Parser does the part of speech (POS) identification in a sentence, which is required for Machine Translation (MT). An intelligent parser is a parser, which takes care of semantics along with the POS in a sentence. Use of such intelligent parser will reduce the complexity in semantics during MT apriori.",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-satta-2003-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Parsing as Intersection",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3016",
    pages = "137--148",
    abstract = "We show that a well-known algorithm to compute the intersection of a context-fre language and a regular language can be extended to apply to a probabilistic context-free grammar and a probabilistic finite automaton, provided the two probabilistic models are combined through multiplication. The result is a probabilistic context-free grammar that contains joint information about the original grammar and automaton.",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-2003-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Algorithm for Projective Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3017",
    pages = "149--160",
    abstract = "This paper presents a deterministic parsing algorithm for projective dependency grammar. The running time of the algorithm is linear in the length of the input string, and the dependency graph produced is guaranteed to be projective and acyclic. The algorithm has been experimentally evaluated in parsing unrestricted Swedish text, achieving an accuracy above 85{\%} with a very simple grammar.",
}
@inproceedings{obrebski-2003-dependency,
    title = "Dependency parsing using dependency graph for storing alternative structures",
    author = "Obrebski, Tomasz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3018",
    abstract = "In this paper an efficient algorithm for dependency parsing is described in which ambiguous dependency structure of a sentence is represented in the form of a graph. The idea of the algorithm is shortly outlined and some issues as to its time complexity are discussed.",
}
@inproceedings{sagae-lavie-2003-combining,
    title = "Combining Rule-based and Data-driven Techniques for Grammatical Relation Extraction in Spoken Language",
    author = "Sagae, Kenji  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3019",
    abstract = "We investigate an aspect of the relationship between parsing and corpus-based methods in NLP that has received relatively little attention: coverage augmentation in rule-based parsers. In the specific task of determining grammatical relations (such as subjects and objects) in transcribed spoken language, we show that a combination of rule-based and corpus-based approaches, where a rule-based system is used as the teacher (or an automatic data annotator) to a corpus-based system, outperforms either system in isolation.",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-etal-2003-partially,
    title = "Partially Ordered Multiset Context-free Grammars and Free-word-order Parsing",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Satta, Giorgio  and
      Shieber, Stuart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3020",
    pages = "171--182",
    abstract = "We present a new formalism, partially ordered multiset context-free grammars (poms-CFG), along with an Earley-style parsing algorithm. The formalism, which can be thought of as a generalization of context-free grammars with partially ordered right-hand sides, is of interest in its own right, and also as infrastructure for obtaining tighter complexity bounds for more expressive context-free formalisms intended to express free or multiple word-order, such as ID/LP grammars. We reduce ID/LP grammars to poms-grammars, thereby getting finer-grained bounds on the parsing complexity of ID/LP grammars. We argue that in practice, the width of attested ID/LP grammars is small, yielding effectively polynomial time complexity for ID/LP grammar parsing.",
}
@inproceedings{simaan-2003-maximizing,
    title = "On maximizing metrics for syntactic disambiguation",
    author = "Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3021",
    pages = "183--194",
    abstract = "Given a probabilistic parsing model and an evaluation metric for scoring the match between parse-trees, e.g., PARSEVAL [Black et al., 1991], this paper addresses the problem of how to select the on average best scoring parse-tree for an input sentence. Common wisdom dictates that it is optimal to select the parse with the highest probability, regardless of the evaluation metric. In contrast, the Maximizing Metrics (MM) method [Goodman, 1998, Stolcke et al., 1997] proposes that an algorithm that optimizes the evaluation metric itself constitutes the optimal choice. We study the MM method within parsing. We observe that the MM does not always hold for tree-bank models, and that optimizing weak metrics is not interesting for semantic processing. Subsequently, we state an alternative proposition: the optimal algorithm must maximize the metric that scores parse-trees according to linguistically relevant features. We present new algorithms that optimize metrics that take into account increasingly more linguistic features, and exhibit experiments in support of our claim.",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquistion of Constraints for Efficient Korean Parsing",
    author = "Park, So-Young  and
      Kwak, Yong-Jae  and
      Chung, Hoo-Jung  and
      Hwang, Young-Sook  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3022",
}
@inproceedings{yamada-matsumoto-2003-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Dependency Analysis with Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Yamada, Hiroyasu  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-3023",
    pages = "195--206",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a method for analyzing word-word dependencies using deterministic bottom-up manner using Support Vector machines. We experimented with dependency trees converted from Penn treebank data, and achieved over 90{\%} accuracy of word-word dependency. Though the result is little worse than the most up-to-date phrase structure based parsers, it looks satisfactorily accurate considering that our parser uses no information from phrase structures.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-use,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    author = "Arppe, Antti  and
      Good, Jeff  and
      Hulden, Mans  and
      Lachler, Jordan  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      Schwartz, Lane",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-01",
}
@inproceedings{bowers-etal-2017-morphological,
    title = "A Morphological Parser for Odawa",
    author = "Bowers, Dustin  and
      Arppe, Antti  and
      Lachler, Jordan  and
      Moshagen, Sjur  and
      Trosterud, Trond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0101",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{kazeminejad-etal-2017-creating,
    title = "Creating lexical resources for polysynthetic languages{---}the case of {A}rapaho",
    author = "Kazeminejad, Ghazaleh  and
      Cowell, Andrew  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0102",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{thieberger-tuohy-2017-small,
    title = "From Small to Big Data: paper manuscripts to {RDF} triples of {A}ustralian Indigenous Vocabularies",
    author = "Thieberger, Nick  and
      Tuohy, Conal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0103",
    pages = "19--23",
}
@inproceedings{um-2017-issues,
    title = "Issues in digital text representation, on-line dissemination, sharing and re-use for {A}frican minority languages",
    author = "Um, Emmanuel Ngu{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0104",
    pages = "24--32",
}
@inproceedings{holton-etal-2017-developing,
    title = "Developing collection management tools to create more robust and reliable linguistic data",
    author = "Holton, Gary  and
      Hooshiar, Kavon  and
      Thieberger, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0105",
    pages = "33--38",
}
@inproceedings{levow-etal-2017-streamlined,
    title = "{STREAMLI}n{ED} Challenges: Aligning Research Interests with Shared Tasks",
    author = "Levow, Gina-Anne  and
      Bender, Emily M.  and
      Littell, Patrick  and
      Howell, Kristen  and
      Chelliah, Shobhana  and
      Crowgey, Joshua  and
      Garrette, Dan  and
      Good, Jeff  and
      Hargus, Sharon  and
      Inman, David  and
      Maxwell, Michael  and
      Tjalve, Michael  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0106",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{bell-bell-2017-work,
    title = "Work With What You{'}ve Got",
    author = "Bell, Lucy  and
      Bell, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0107",
    pages = "48--51",
}
@inproceedings{arppe-etal-2017-converting,
    title = "Converting a comprehensive lexical database into a computational model: The case of East Cree verb inflection",
    author = "Arppe, Antti  and
      Junker, Marie-Odile  and
      Torkornoo, Delasie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0108",
    pages = "52--56",
}
@inproceedings{gerstenberger-etal-2017-instant,
    title = "Instant annotations in {ELAN} corpora of spoken and written {K}omi, an endangered language of the Barents Sea region",
    author = "Gerstenberger, Ciprian  and
      Partanen, Niko  and
      Rie{\ss}ler, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0109",
    pages = "57--66",
}
@inproceedings{howell-etal-2017-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Case Systems from {IGT}: Enriching the Enrichment",
    author = "Howell, Kristen  and
      Bender, Emily M.  and
      Lockwood, Michel  and
      Xia, Fei  and
      Zamaraeva, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0110",
    pages = "67--75",
}
@inproceedings{kodner-etal-2017-case,
    title = "Case Studies in the Automatic Characterization of Grammars from Small Wordlists",
    author = "Kodner, Jordan  and
      Kaplan, Spencer  and
      Xu, Hongzhi  and
      Marcus, Mitchell P.  and
      Yang, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0111",
    pages = "76--84",
}
@inproceedings{maxwell-bills-2017-endangered,
    title = "Endangered Data for Endangered Languages: Digitizing Print dictionaries",
    author = "Maxwell, Michael  and
      Bills, Aric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0112",
    pages = "85--91",
}
@inproceedings{meyer-2017-computationally,
    title = "A computationally-assisted procedure for discovering poetic organization within oral tradition",
    author = "Meyer, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0113",
    pages = "92--100",
}
@inproceedings{micher-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Coverage of an {I}nuktitut Morphological Analyzer Using a Segmental Recurrent Neural Network",
    author = "Micher, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0114",
    pages = "101--106",
}
@inproceedings{miller-elsner-2017-click,
    title = "Click reduction in fluent speech: a semi-automated analysis of {M}angetti Dune !{X}ung",
    author = "Miller, Amanda  and
      Elsner, Micha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0115",
    pages = "107--115",
}
@inproceedings{rytting-yelle-2017-decca,
    title = "{DECCA} Repurposed: Detecting transcription inconsistencies without an orthographic standard",
    author = "Rytting, C. Anton  and
      Yelle, Julie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0116",
    pages = "116--121",
}
@inproceedings{saltzman-2017-jejueo,
    title = "Jejueo talking dictionary: A collaborative online database for language revitalization",
    author = "Saltzman, Moira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0117",
    pages = "122--129",
}
@inproceedings{zamaraeva-etal-2017-computational,
    title = "Computational Support for Finding Word Classes: A Case Study of Abui",
    author = "Zamaraeva, Olga  and
      Kratochv{\'\i}l, Franti{\v{s}}ek  and
      Bender, Emily M.  and
      Xia, Fei  and
      Howell, Kristen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0118",
    pages = "130--140",
}
@inproceedings{littell-etal-2017-waldayu,
    title = "Waldayu and Waldayu Mobile: Modern digital dictionary interfaces for endangered languages",
    author = "Littell, Patrick  and
      Pine, Aidan  and
      Davis, Henry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0119",
    pages = "141--150",
}
@inproceedings{little-2017-connecting,
    title = "Connecting Documentation and Revitalization: A New Approach to Language Apps",
    author = "Little, Alexa N.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0120",
    pages = "151--155",
}
@inproceedings{bettinson-bird-2017-developing,
    title = "Developing a Suite of Mobile Applications for Collaborative Language Documentation",
    author = "Bettinson, Mat  and
      Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0121",
    pages = "156--164",
}
@inproceedings{kempton-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-language forced alignment to assist community-based linguistics for low resource languages",
    author = "Kempton, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0122",
    pages = "165--169",
}
@inproceedings{anastasopoulos-chiang-2017-case,
    title = "A case study on using speech-to-translation alignments for language documentation",
    author = "Anastasopoulos, Antonios  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0123",
    pages = "170--178",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-nordic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Tahmasebi, Nina},
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0200",
}
@inproceedings{velldal-etal-2017-joint,
    title = "Joint {UD} Parsing of {N}orwegian {B}okm{\aa}l and Nynorsk",
    author = "Velldal, Erik  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      Hohle, Petter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0201",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{kolachina-etal-2017-replacing,
    title = "Replacing {OOV} Words For Dependency Parsing With Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Kolachina, Prasanth  and
      Riedl, Martin  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0202",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{basirat-nivre-2017-real,
    title = "Real-valued Syntactic Word Vectors ({RSV}) for Greedy Neural Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Basirat, Ali  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0203",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{kettunen-lofberg-2017-tagging,
    title = "Tagging Named Entities in 19th Century and Modern {F}innish Newspaper Material with a {F}innish Semantic Tagger",
    author = {Kettunen, Kimmo  and
      L{\"o}fberg, Laura},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0204",
    pages = "29--36",
}
@inproceedings{dubremetz-nivre-2017-machine,
    title = "Machine Learning for Rhetorical Figure Detection: More Chiasmus with Less Annotation",
    author = "Dubremetz, Marie  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0205",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{wallin-nugues-2017-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution for {S}wedish and {G}erman using Distant Supervision",
    author = "Wallin, Alexander  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0206",
    pages = "46--55",
}
@inproceedings{koskenniemi-2017-aligning,
    title = "Aligning phonemes using finte-state methods",
    author = "Koskenniemi, Kimmo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0207",
    pages = "56--64",
}
@inproceedings{leino-kurimo-2017-acoustic,
    title = "Acoustic Model Compression with {MAP} adaptation",
    author = "Leino, Katri  and
      Kurimo, Mikko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0208",
    pages = "65--69",
}
@inproceedings{drobac-etal-2017-ocr,
    title = "{OCR} and post-correction of historical {F}innish texts",
    author = "Drobac, Senka  and
      Kauppinen, Pekka  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0209",
    pages = "70--76",
}
@inproceedings{steinskog-etal-2017-twitter,
    title = "Twitter Topic Modeling by Tweet Aggregation",
    author = {Steinskog, Asbj{\o}rn  and
      Therkelsen, Jonas  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0210",
    pages = "77--86",
}
@inproceedings{sodergren-nugues-2017-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual Entity Linker Using {P}age{R}ank and Semantic Graphs",
    author = {S{\"o}dergren, Anton  and
      Nugues, Pierre},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0211",
    pages = "87--95",
}
@inproceedings{muromagi-etal-2017-linear,
    title = "Linear Ensembles of Word Embedding Models",
    author = {Murom{\"a}gi, Avo  and
      Sirts, Kairit  and
      Laur, Sven},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0212",
    pages = "96--104",
}
@inproceedings{massimiliano-cecchini-etal-2017-using,
    title = "Using Pseudowords for Algorithm Comparison: An Evaluation Framework for Graph-based Word Sense Induction",
    author = "Massimiliano Cecchini, Flavio  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Riedl, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0213",
    pages = "105--114",
}
@inproceedings{pirinen-etal-2017-north,
    title = "North-S{\'a}mi to {F}innish rule-based machine translation system",
    author = "Pirinen, Tommi  and
      Tyers, Francis M.  and
      Trosterud, Trond  and
      Johnson, Ryan  and
      Unhammer, Kevin  and
      Puolakainen, Tiina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0214",
    pages = "115--122",
}
@inproceedings{antonsen-etal-2017-machine,
    title = "Machine translation with North Saami as a pivot language",
    author = "Antonsen, Lene  and
      Gerstenberger, Ciprian  and
      Kappfjell, Maja  and
      Nyst{\o} Rahka, Sandra  and
      Olthuis, Marja-Liisa  and
      Trosterud, Trond  and
      Tyers, Francis M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0215",
    pages = "123--131",
}
@inproceedings{nasman-etal-2017-swegram,
    title = "{SWEGRAM} {--} A Web-Based Tool for Automatic Annotation and Analysis of {S}wedish Texts",
    author = {N{\"a}sman, Jesper  and
      Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta  and
      Palm{\'e}r, Anne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0216",
    pages = "132--141",
}
@inproceedings{hohle-etal-2017-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing a {P}o{S} Tagset for {N}orwegian Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Hohle, Petter  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      Velldal, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0217",
    pages = "142--151",
}
@inproceedings{laippala-etal-2017-creating,
    title = "Creating register sub-corpora for the {F}innish {I}nternet Parsebank",
    author = {Laippala, Veronika  and
      Luotolahti, Juhani  and
      Kyr{\"o}l{\"a}inen, Aki-Juhani  and
      Salakoski, Tapio  and
      Ginter, Filip},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0218",
    pages = "152--161",
}
@inproceedings{dobnik-de-graaf-2017-kille,
    title = "{KILLE}: a Framework for Situated Agents for Learning Language Through Interaction",
    author = "Dobnik, Simon  and
      de Graaf, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0219",
    pages = "162--171",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-etal-2017-data,
    title = "Data Collection from Persons with Mild Forms of Cognitive Impairment and Healthy Controls - Infrastructure for Classification and Prediction of Dementia",
    author = {Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Lundholm Fors, Kristina  and
      Bj{\"o}rkner, Eva  and
      Nordlund, Arto},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0220",
    pages = "172--182",
}
@inproceedings{jauhiainen-etal-2017-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of language identification methods using 285 languages",
    author = "Jauhiainen, Tommi  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister  and
      Jauhiainen, Heidi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0221",
    pages = "183--191",
}
@inproceedings{orasmaa-kaalep-2017-create,
    title = "Can We Create a Tool for General Domain Event Analysis?",
    author = "Orasmaa, Siim  and
      Kaalep, Heiki-Jaan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0222",
    pages = "192--201",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2017-treebank,
    title = "From Treebank to {P}ropbank: A Semantic-Role and {V}erb{N}et Corpus for {D}anish",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0223",
    pages = "202--210",
}
@inproceedings{bjerva-ostling-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Learning of Semantic Textual Similarity with Multilingual Word Representations",
    author = {Bjerva, Johannes  and
      {\"O}stling, Robert},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0224",
    pages = "211--215",
}
@inproceedings{bjerva-2017-will,
    title = "Will my auxiliary tagging task help? Estimating Auxiliary Tasks Effectivity in Multi-Task Learning",
    author = "Bjerva, Johannes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0225",
    pages = "216--220",
}
@inproceedings{borstell-ostling-2017-iconic,
    title = "Iconic Locations in {S}wedish Sign Language: Mapping Form to Meaning with Lexical Databases",
    author = {B{\"o}rstell, Carl  and
      {\"O}stling, Robert},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0226",
    pages = "221--225",
}
@inproceedings{klang-nugues-2017-docforia,
    title = "{D}ocforia: A Multilayer Document Model",
    author = "Klang, Marcus  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0227",
    pages = "226--230",
}
@inproceedings{venekoski-vankka-2017-finnish,
    title = "{F}innish resources for evaluating language model semantics",
    author = "Venekoski, Viljami  and
      Vankka, Jouko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0228",
    pages = "231--236",
}
@inproceedings{steingrimsson-etal-2017-malromur,
    title = "{M}{\'a}lr{\'o}mur: A Manually Verified Corpus of Recorded {I}celandic Speech",
    author = {Steingr{\'\i}msson, Stein{\th}{\'o}r  and
      Gu{\dh}nason, J{\'o}n  and
      Helgad{\'o}ttir, Sigr{\'u}n  and
      R{\"o}gnvaldsson, Eir{\'\i}kur},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0229",
    pages = "237--240",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-2017-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Translationese on Tuning for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Stymne, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0230",
    pages = "241--246",
}
@inproceedings{graen-etal-2017-multilingwis2,
    title = "Multilingwis{\mbox{$^2$}} {--} Explore Your Parallel Corpus",
    author = {Gra{\"e}n, Johannes  and
      Sandoz, Dominique  and
      Volk, Martin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0231",
    pages = "247--250",
}
@inproceedings{noklestad-etal-2017-modernised,
    title = "A modernised version of the Glossa corpus search system",
    author = "N{\o}klestad, Anders  and
      Hagen, Kristin  and
      Bondi Johannessen, Janne  and
      Kosek, Micha{\l}  and
      Priestley, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0232",
    pages = "251--254",
}
@inproceedings{luotolahti-etal-2017-dep,
    title = "{D}ep{\_}search: Efficient Search Tool for Large Dependency Parsebanks",
    author = "Luotolahti, Juhani  and
      Kanerva, Jenna  and
      Ginter, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0233",
    pages = "255--258",
}
@inproceedings{pyysalo-2017-proto,
    title = "Proto-{I}ndo-{E}uropean Lexicon: The Generative Etymological Dictionary of {I}ndo-{E}uropean Languages",
    author = "Pyysalo, Jouna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0234",
    pages = "259--262",
}
@inproceedings{rozis-skadins-2017-tilde,
    title = "Tilde {MODEL} - Multilingual Open Data for {EU} Languages",
    author = "Rozis, Roberts  and
      Skadi{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Raivis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0235",
    pages = "263--265",
}
@inproceedings{ek-knuutinen-2017-mainstreaming,
    title = "Mainstreaming August Strindberg with Text Normalization",
    author = "Ek, Adam  and
      Knuutinen, Sofia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0236",
    pages = "266--270",
}
@inproceedings{fares-etal-2017-word,
    title = "Word vectors, reuse, and replicability: Towards a community repository of large-text resources",
    author = "Fares, Murhaf  and
      Kutuzov, Andrey  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Velldal, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0237",
    pages = "271--276",
}
@inproceedings{koistinen-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Optical Character Recognition of {F}innish Historical Newspapers with a Combination of Fraktur {\&} Antiqua Models and Image Preprocessing",
    author = {Koistinen, Mika  and
      Kettunen, Kimmo  and
      P{\"a}{\"a}kk{\"o}nen, Tuula},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0238",
    pages = "277--283",
}
@inproceedings{lison-kutuzov-2017-redefining,
    title = "Redefining Context Windows for Word Embedding Models: An Experimental Study",
    author = "Lison, Pierre  and
      Kutuzov, Andrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0239",
    pages = "284--288",
}
@inproceedings{persson-2017-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Excluding Out of Domain Training Data from Supervised Named-Entity Recognition",
    author = "Persson, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0240",
    pages = "289--292",
}
@inproceedings{salway-etal-2017-quote,
    title = "Quote Extraction and Attribution from {N}orwegian Newspapers",
    author = "Salway, Andrew  and
      Meurer, Paul  and
      Hofland, Knut  and
      Reigem, {\O}ystein",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0241",
    pages = "293--297",
}
@inproceedings{sand-etal-2017-wordnet,
    title = "{W}ordnet extension via word embeddings: Experiments on the {N}orwegian {W}ordnet",
    author = "Sand, Heidi  and
      Velldal, Erik  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0242",
    pages = "298--302",
}
@inproceedings{ostling-etal-2017-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies for {S}wedish Sign Language",
    author = {{\"O}stling, Robert  and
      B{\"o}rstell, Carl  and
      G{\"a}rdenfors, Moa  and
      Wir{\'e}n, Mats},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0243",
    pages = "303--308",
}
@inproceedings{falkenjack-etal-2017-services,
    title = "Services for text simplification and analysis",
    author = {Falkenjack, Johan  and
      Rennes, Evelina  and
      Fahlborg, Daniel  and
      Johansson, Vida  and
      J{\"o}nsson, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0244",
    pages = "309--313",
}
@inproceedings{graen-bless-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Properties of Intralingual and Interlingual Association Measures Visually",
    author = {Gra{\"e}n, Johannes  and
      Bless, Christof},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0245",
    pages = "314--317",
}
@inproceedings{juel-henrichsen-2017-talerum,
    title = "{TALERUM} - Learning {D}anish by Doing {D}anish",
    author = "Juel Henrichsen, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0246",
    pages = "318--321",
}
@inproceedings{ranta-etal-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Syntax: Relating Grammatical Framework with Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Ranta, Aarne  and
      Kolachina, Prasanth  and
      Hallgren, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0247",
    pages = "322--325",
}
@inproceedings{rosen-etal-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Treebanks with {INESS} Search",
    author = "Ros{\'e}n, Victoria  and
      Dyvik, Helge  and
      Meurer, Paul  and
      De Smedt, Koenraad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0248",
    pages = "326--329",
}
@inproceedings{vesanto-etal-2017-system,
    title = "A System for Identifying and Exploring Text Repetition in Large Historical Document Corpora",
    author = "Vesanto, Aleksi  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Salmi, Hannu  and
      Nivala, Asko  and
      Salakoski, Tapio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0249",
    pages = "330--333",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-joint,
    title = "Proceedings of the joint workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning and {NLP} for Language Acquisition",
    author = {Volodina, Elena  and
      Grigonyt{\.e}, Gintar{\.e}  and
      Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}  and
      Bj{\"o}rkenstam, Kristina Nilsson  and
      Borin, Lars},
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0300",
}
@inproceedings{adams-stymne-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning with learner corpora: Using the {TLE} for native language identification",
    author = "Adams, Allison  and
      Stymne, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the joint workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning and {NLP} for Language Acquisition",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0301",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{chen-meurers-2017-challenging,
    title = "Challenging learners in their individual zone of proximal development using pedagogic developmental benchmarks of syntactic complexity",
    author = "Chen, Xiaobin  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the joint workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning and {NLP} for Language Acquisition",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0302",
    pages = "8--17",
}
@inproceedings{graen-schneider-2017-crossing,
    title = "Crossing the border twice: Reimporting prepositions to alleviate {L}1-specific transfer errors",
    author = {Gra{\"e}n, Johannes  and
      Schneider, Gerold},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the joint workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning and {NLP} for Language Acquisition",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0303",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{katinskaia-etal-2017-revita,
    title = "{R}evita: a system for language learning and supporting endangered languages",
    author = "Katinskaia, Anisia  and
      Nouri, Javad  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the joint workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning and {NLP} for Language Acquisition",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0304",
    pages = "27--35",
}
@inproceedings{rudzewitz-etal-2017-developing,
    title = "Developing a web-based workbook for {E}nglish supporting the interaction of students and teachers",
    author = {Rudzewitz, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Ziai, Ramon  and
      De Kuthy, Kordula  and
      Meurers, Detmar},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the joint workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning and {NLP} for Language Acquisition",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0305",
    pages = "36--46",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-etal-2017-annotating,
    title = "Annotating errors in student texts: First experiences and experiments",
    author = "Stymne, Sara  and
      Pettersson, Eva  and
      Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta  and
      Palm{\'e}r, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the joint workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning and {NLP} for Language Acquisition",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0306",
    pages = "47--60",
}
@inproceedings{uibo-etal-2017-building,
    title = "Building and using language resources and infrastructure to develop e-learning programs for a minority language",
    author = "Uibo, Heli  and
      Rueter, Jack  and
      Iva, Sulev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the joint workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning and {NLP} for Language Acquisition",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0307",
    pages = "61--67",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-nodalida,
    title = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    author = "de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Schuster, Sebastian",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0400",
}
@inproceedings{agic-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Parser Selection for Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0401",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{ahrenberg-2017-swedish,
    title = "{S}wedish Prepositions are not Pure Function Words",
    author = "Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0402",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{bouma-van-noord-2017-increasing,
    title = "Increasing Return on Annotation Investment: The Automatic Construction of a Universal Dependency Treebank for {D}utch",
    author = "Bouma, Gosse  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0403",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{coltekin-etal-2017-converting,
    title = {Converting the {T}{\"u}{B}a-D/Z Treebank of {G}erman to Universal Dependencies},
    author = {{\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}  and
      Campbell, Ben  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      Telljohann, Heike},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0404",
    pages = "27--37",
}
@inproceedings{dirix-etal-2017-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies for {A}frikaans",
    author = "Dirix, Peter  and
      Augustinus, Liesbeth  and
      van Niekerk, Daniel  and
      Van Eynde, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0405",
    pages = "38--47",
}
@inproceedings{droganova-zeman-2017-elliptic,
    title = "Elliptic Constructions: Spotting Patterns in {UD} Treebanks",
    author = "Droganova, Kira  and
      Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0406",
    pages = "48--57",
}
@inproceedings{hennig-kohn-2017-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Tree Transformation with Tree Transducers",
    author = {Hennig, Felix  and
      K{\"o}hn, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0407",
    pages = "58--66",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Universal Dependencies for Learner {C}hinese",
    author = "Lee, John  and
      Leung, Herman  and
      Li, Keying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0408",
    pages = "67--71",
}
@inproceedings{levshina-2017-syntactic,
    title = "Does Syntactic Informativity Predict Word Length? A Cross-Linguistic Study Based on the Universal Dependencies Corpora",
    author = "Levshina, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0409",
    pages = "72--78",
}
@inproceedings{muischnek-muurisep-2017-estonian,
    title = "{E}stonian Copular and Existential Constructions as an {UD} Annotation Problem",
    author = {Muischnek, Kadri  and
      M{\"u}{\"u}risep, Kaili},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0410",
    pages = "79--85",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-fang-2017-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependency Evaluation",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim  and
      Fang, Chiao-Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0411",
    pages = "86--95",
}
@inproceedings{popel-etal-2017-udapi,
    title = "{U}dapi: Universal {API} for Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Popel, Martin  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k  and
      Vojtek, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0412",
    pages = "96--101",
}
@inproceedings{prokopidis-papageorgiou-2017-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies for {G}reek",
    author = "Prokopidis, Prokopis  and
      Papageorgiou, Haris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0413",
    pages = "102--106",
}
@inproceedings{ranta-kolachina-2017-universal,
    title = "From Universal Dependencies to Abstract Syntax",
    author = "Ranta, Aarne  and
      Kolachina, Prasanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0414",
    pages = "107--116",
}
@inproceedings{schluter-agic-2017-empirically,
    title = "Empirically Sampling Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Schluter, Natalie  and
      Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0415",
    pages = "117--122",
}
@inproceedings{schuster-etal-2017-gapping,
    title = "Gapping Constructions in Universal Dependencies v2",
    author = "Schuster, Sebastian  and
      Lamm, Matthew  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0416",
    pages = "123--132",
}
@inproceedings{senuma-aizawa-2017-toward,
    title = "Toward Universal Dependencies for {A}inu",
    author = "Senuma, Hajime  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0417",
    pages = "133--139",
}
@inproceedings{silfverberg-hulden-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Morpheme Segmentation and Labeling in Universal Dependencies Resources",
    author = "Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0418",
    pages = "140--145",
}
@inproceedings{wisniewski-lacroix-2017-systematic,
    title = "A Systematic Comparison of Syntactic Representations of Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Lacroix, Oph{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2017)",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0419",
    pages = "146--152",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-nodalida-2017,
    title = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Processing Historical Language",
    author = "Bouma, Gerlof  and
      Adesam, Yvonne",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0500",
}
@inproceedings{dipper-2017-variance,
    title = "Variance in Historical Data: How bad is it and how can we profit from it for historical linguistics?",
    author = "Dipper, Stefanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Processing Historical Language",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0501",
    pages = "1--1",
}
@inproceedings{janssen-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving {POS} Tagging in Old {S}panish Using {TEITOK}",
    author = "Janssen, Maarten  and
      Ausensi, Josep  and
      Fontana, Josep",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Processing Historical Language",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0502",
    pages = "2--6",
}
@inproceedings{knappen-etal-2017-making,
    title = "The Making of the Royal Society Corpus",
    author = {Knappen, J{\"o}rg  and
      Fischer, Stefan  and
      Kermes, Hannah  and
      Teich, Elke  and
      Fankhauser, Peter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Processing Historical Language",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0503",
    pages = "7--11",
}
@inproceedings{korchagina-2017-normalizing,
    title = "Normalizing Medieval {G}erman Texts: from rules to deep learning",
    author = "Korchagina, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Processing Historical Language",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0504",
    pages = "12--17",
}
@inproceedings{moritz-buchler-2017-ambiguity,
    title = "Ambiguity in Semantically Related Word Substitutions: an investigation in historical {B}ible translations",
    author = {Moritz, Maria  and
      B{\"u}chler, Marco},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Processing Historical Language",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0505",
    pages = "18--23",
}
@inproceedings{passarotti-etal-2017-lemlat,
    title = "The Lemlat 3.0 Package for Morphological Analysis of {L}atin",
    author = "Passarotti, Marco  and
      Budassi, Marco  and
      Litta, Eleonora  and
      Ruffolo, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Processing Historical Language",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0506",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{schatzle-etal-2017-histobankvis,
    title = "{H}isto{B}ank{V}is: Detecting Language Change via Data Visualization",
    author = {Sch{\"a}tzle, Christin  and
      Hund, Michael  and
      Dennig, Frederik  and
      Butt, Miriam  and
      Keim, Daniel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Processing Historical Language",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0507",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-etal-2017-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Rule-based and {SMT}-based Spelling Normalisation for {E}nglish Historical Texts",
    author = "Schneider, Gerold  and
      Pettersson, Eva  and
      Percillier, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Processing Historical Language",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0508",
    pages = "40--46",
}
@inproceedings{schraagen-etal-2017-data,
    title = "Data-driven Morphology and Sociolinguistics for Early Modern {D}utch",
    author = "Schraagen, Marijn  and
      van Koppen, Marjo  and
      Dietz, Feike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Processing Historical Language",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0509",
    pages = "47--53",
}
@inproceedings{vesanto-etal-2017-applying,
    title = "Applying {BLAST} to Text Reuse Detection in {F}innish Newspapers and Journals, 1771-1910",
    author = "Vesanto, Aleksi  and
      Nivala, Asko  and
      Rantala, Heli  and
      Salakoski, Tapio  and
      Salmi, Hannu  and
      Ginter, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {N}o{D}a{L}i{D}a 2017 Workshop on Processing Historical Language",
    month = may,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Gothenburg",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0510",
    pages = "54--58",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    author = "Tyers, Francis M.  and
      Rie{\ss}ler, Michael  and
      Pirinen, Tommi A.  and
      Trosterud, Trond",
    month = jan,
    year = "2017",
    address = "St. Petersburg, Russia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0600",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-06",
}
@inproceedings{rueter-hamalainen-2017-synchronized,
    title = "Synchronized Mediawiki based analyzer dictionary development",
    author = {Rueter, Jack  and
      H{\"a}m{\"a}l{\"a}inen, Mika},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2017",
    address = "St. Petersburg, Russia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0601",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{rueter-2017-demo,
    title = "{DEMO}: Giellatekno Open-source click-in-text dictionaries for bringing closely related languages into contact.",
    author = "Rueter, Jack",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2017",
    address = "St. Petersburg, Russia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0602",
    pages = "8--9",
}
@inproceedings{simon-mus-2017-languages,
    title = "Languages under the influence: Building a database of Uralic languages",
    author = "Simon, Eszter  and
      Mus, Nikolett",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2017",
    address = "St. Petersburg, Russia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0603",
    pages = "10--24",
}
@inproceedings{gerstenberger-etal-2017-instant-annotations,
    title = "Instant Annotations {--} Applying {NLP} Methods to the Annotation of Spoken Language Documentation Corpora",
    author = "Gerstenberger, Ciprian  and
      Partanen, Niko  and
      Rie{\ss}ler, Michael  and
      Wilbur, Joshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2017",
    address = "St. Petersburg, Russia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0604",
    pages = "25--36",
}
@inproceedings{chaminade-poibeau-2017-preliminary,
    title = "Preliminary Experiments concerning Verbal Predicative Structure Extraction from a Large {F}innish Corpus",
    author = "Chaminade, Guersande  and
      Poibeau, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2017",
    address = "St. Petersburg, Russia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0605",
    pages = "37--55",
}
@inproceedings{horvath-etal-2017-language,
    title = "Language technology resources and tools for Mansi: an overview",
    author = "Horv{\'a}th, Csilla  and
      Szil{\'a}gyi, Norbert  and
      Vincze, Veronika  and
      Nagy, {\'A}goston",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2017",
    address = "St. Petersburg, Russia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0606",
    pages = "56--65",
}
@inproceedings{tyers-sheyanova-2017-annotation,
    title = "Annotation schemes in North S{\'a}mi dependency parsing",
    author = "Tyers, Francis M.  and
      Sheyanova, Mariya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2017",
    address = "St. Petersburg, Russia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0607",
    pages = "66--75",
}
@inproceedings{reino-trosterud-etal-2017-morphological,
    title = "A morphological analyser for Kven",
    author = {Reino Trosterud, Sindre  and
      Trosterud, Trond  and
      R{\"a}is{\"a}nen, Anna-Kaisa  and
      Niiranen, Leena  and
      Haavisto, Mervi  and
      Maliniemi, Kaisa},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2017",
    address = "St. Petersburg, Russia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0608",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0608",
    pages = "76--88",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-cognitive,
    title = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2017)",
    author = "Gibson, Ted  and
      Linzen, Tal  and
      Sayeed, Asad  and
      van Schijndel, Martin  and
      Schuler, William",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0700",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-07",
}
@inproceedings{nelson-etal-2017-entropy,
    title = "Entropy Reduction correlates with temporal lobe activity",
    author = "Nelson, Matthew  and
      Dehaene, Stanislas  and
      Pallier, Christophe  and
      Hale, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0701",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "Using the Entropy Reduction incremental complexity metric, we relate high gamma power signals from the brains of epileptic patients to incremental stages of syntactic analysis in English and French. We find that signals recorded intracranially from the anterior Inferior Temporal Sulcus (aITS) and the posterior Inferior Temporal Gyrus (pITG) correlate with word-by-word Entropy Reduction values derived from phrase structure grammars for those languages. In the anterior region, this correlation persists even in combination with surprisal co-predictors from PCFG and ngram models. The result confirms the idea that the brain{'}s temporal lobe houses a parsing function, one whose incremental processing difficulty profile reflects changes in grammatical uncertainty.",
}
@inproceedings{perkins-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning an Input Filter for Argument Structure Acquisition",
    author = "Perkins, Laurel  and
      Feldman, Naomi  and
      Lidz, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0702",
    pages = "11--19",
    abstract = "How do children learn a verb{'}s argument structure when their input contains nonbasic clauses that obscure verb transitivity? Here we present a new model that infers verb transitivity by learning to filter out non-basic clauses that were likely parsed in error. In simulations with child-directed speech, we show that this model accurately categorizes the majority of 50 frequent transitive, intransitive and alternating verbs, and jointly learns appropriate parameters for filtering parsing errors. Our model is thus able to filter out problematic data for verb learning without knowing in advance which data need to be filtered.",
}
@inproceedings{burchill-jaeger-2017-grounding,
    title = "Grounding sound change in ideal observer models of perception",
    author = "Burchill, Zachary  and
      Jaeger, T. Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0703",
    pages = "20--28",
    abstract = "An important predictor of historical sound change, functional load, fails to capture insights from speech perception. Building on ideal observer models of word recognition, we devise a new definition of functional load that incorporates both a priori predictability and perceptual information. We explore this new measure with a simple model and find that it outperforms traditional measures.",
}
@inproceedings{tatman-2017-oh,
    title = "{``}Oh, {I}{'}ve Heard That Before{''}: Modelling Own-Dialect Bias After Perceptual Learning by Weighting Training Data",
    author = "Tatman, Rachael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0704",
    pages = "29--34",
    abstract = "Human listeners are able to quickly and robustly adapt to new accents and do so by using information about speaker{'}s identities. This paper will present experimental evidence that, even considering information about speaker{'}s identities, listeners retain a strong bias towards the acoustics of their own dialect after dialect learning. Participants{'} behaviour was accurately mimicked by a classifier which was trained on more cases from the base dialect and fewer from the target dialect. This suggests that imbalanced training data may result in automatic speech recognition errors consistent with those of speakers from populations over-represented in the training data.",
}
@inproceedings{doucette-2017-inherent,
    title = "Inherent Biases of Recurrent Neural Networks for Phonological Assimilation and Dissimilation",
    author = "Doucette, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0705",
    pages = "35--40",
    abstract = "A recurrent neural network model of phonological pattern learning is proposed. The model is a relatively simple neural network with one recurrent layer, and displays biases in learning that mimic observed biases in human learning. Single-feature patterns are learned faster than two-feature patterns, and vowel or consonant-only patterns are learned faster than patterns involving vowels and consonants, mimicking the results of laboratory learning experiments. In non-recurrent models, capturing these biases requires the use of alpha features or some other representation of repeated features, but with a recurrent neural network, these elaborations are not necessary.",
}
@inproceedings{orita-2017-predicting,
    title = "Predicting {J}apanese scrambling in the wild",
    author = "Orita, Naho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0706",
    pages = "41--45",
    abstract = "Japanese speakers have a choice between canonical SOV and scrambled OSV word order to express the same meaning. Although previous experiments examine the influence of one or two factors for scrambling in a controlled setting, it is not yet known what kinds of multiple effects contribute to scrambling. This study uses naturally distributed data to test the multiple effects on scrambling simultaneously. A regression analysis replicates the NP length effect and suggests the influence of noun types, but it provides no evidence for syntactic priming, given-new ordering, and the animacy effect. These findings only show evidence for sentence-internal factors, but we find no evidence that discourse level factors play a role.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-linguistic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 11th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    author = "Schneider, Nathan  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0800",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-08",
}
@inproceedings{buechel-hahn-2017-readers,
    title = "Readers vs. Writers vs. Texts: Coping with Different Perspectives of Text Understanding in Emotion Annotation",
    author = "Buechel, Sven  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0801",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0801",
    pages = "1--12",
    abstract = "We here examine how different perspectives of understanding written discourse, like the reader{'}s, the writer{'}s or the text{'}s point of view, affect the quality of emotion annotations. We conducted a series of annotation experiments on two corpora, a popular movie review corpus and a genre- and domain-balanced corpus of standard English. We found statistical evidence that the writer{'}s perspective yields superior annotation quality overall. However, the quality one perspective yields compared to the other(s) seems to depend on the domain the utterance originates from. Our data further suggest that the popular movie review data set suffers from an atypical bimodal distribution which may decrease model performance when used as a training resource.",
}
@inproceedings{napoles-etal-2017-finding,
    title = "Finding Good Conversations Online: The Yahoo News Annotated Comments Corpus",
    author = "Napoles, Courtney  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Pappu, Aasish  and
      Rosato, Enrica  and
      Provenzale, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0802",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0802",
    pages = "13--23",
    abstract = "This work presents a dataset and annotation scheme for the new task of identifying {``}good{''} conversations that occur online, which we call ERICs: Engaging, Respectful, and/or Informative Conversations. We develop a taxonomy to reflect features of entire threads and individual comments which we believe contribute to identifying ERICs; code a novel dataset of Yahoo News comment threads (2.4k threads and 10k comments) and 1k threads from the Internet Argument Corpus; and analyze the features characteristic of ERICs. This is one of the largest annotated corpora of online human dialogues, with the most detailed set of annotations. It will be valuable for identifying ERICs and other aspects of argumentation, dialogue, and discourse.",
}
@inproceedings{scholman-demberg-2017-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing discourse interpretations: On the influence of context and the reliability of a connective insertion task",
    author = "Scholman, Merel  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0803",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0803",
    pages = "24--33",
    abstract = "Traditional discourse annotation tasks are considered costly and time-consuming, and the reliability and validity of these tasks is in question. In this paper, we investigate whether crowdsourcing can be used to obtain reliable discourse relation annotations. We also examine the influence of context on the reliability of the data. The results of a crowdsourced connective insertion task showed that the method can be used to obtain reliable annotations: The majority of the inserted connectives converged with the original label. Further, the method is sensitive to the fact that multiple senses can often be inferred for a single relation. Regarding the presence of context, the results show no significant difference in distributions of insertions between conditions overall. However, a by-item comparison revealed several characteristics of segments that determine whether the presence of context makes a difference in annotations. The findings discussed in this paper can be taken as evidence that crowdsourcing can be used as a valuable method to obtain insights into the sense(s) of relations.",
}
@inproceedings{cetinoglu-2017-code,
    title = "A Code-Switching Corpus of {T}urkish-{G}erman Conversations",
    author = {{\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0804",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0804",
    pages = "34--40",
    abstract = "We present a code-switching corpus of Turkish-German that is collected by recording conversations of bilinguals. The recordings are then transcribed in two layers following speech and orthography conventions, and annotated with sentence boundaries and intersentential, intrasentential, and intra-word switch points. The total amount of data is 5 hours of speech which corresponds to 3614 sentences. The corpus aims at serving as a resource for speech or text analysis, as well as a collection for linguistic inquiries.",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-alonso-etal-2017-annotating,
    title = "Annotating omission in statement pairs",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Delamaire, Amaury  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0805",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0805",
    pages = "41--45",
    abstract = "We focus on the identification of omission in statement pairs. We compare three annotation schemes, namely two different crowdsourcing schemes and manual expert annotation. We show that the simplest of the two crowdsourcing approaches yields a better annotation quality than the more complex one. We use a dedicated classifier to assess whether the annotators{'} behavior can be explained by straightforward linguistic features. The classifier benefits from a modeling that uses lexical information beyond length and overlap measures. However, for our task, we argue that expert and not crowdsourcing-based annotation is the best compromise between annotation cost and quality.",
}
@inproceedings{bary-etal-2017-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Speech, Attitude and Perception Reports",
    author = "Bary, Corien  and
      Hess, Leopold  and
      Thijs, Kees  and
      Berck, Peter  and
      Hendrickx, Iris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0806",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0806",
    pages = "46--56",
    abstract = "We present REPORTS, an annotation scheme for the annotation of speech, attitude and perception reports. Such a scheme makes it possible to annotate the various text elements involved in such reports (e.g. embedding entity, complement, complement head) and their relations in a uniform way, which in turn facilitates the automatic extraction of information on, for example, complementation and vocabulary distribution. We also present the Ancient Greek corpus RAG (Thucydides{'} History of the Peloponnesian War), to which we have applied this scheme using the annotation tool BRAT. We discuss some of the issues, both theoretical and practical, that we encountered, show how the corpus helps in answering specific questions, and conclude that REPORTS fitted in well with our needs.",
}
@inproceedings{fujita-etal-2017-consistent,
    title = "Consistent Classification of Translation Revisions: A Case Study of {E}nglish-{J}apanese Student Translations",
    author = "Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Tanabe, Kikuko  and
      Toyoshima, Chiho  and
      Yamamoto, Mayuka  and
      Kageura, Kyo  and
      Hartley, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0807",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0807",
    pages = "57--66",
    abstract = "Consistency is a crucial requirement in text annotation. It is especially important in educational applications, as lack of consistency directly affects learners{'} motivation and learning performance. This paper presents a quality assessment scheme for English-to-Japanese translations produced by learner translators at university. We constructed a revision typology and a decision tree manually through an application of the OntoNotes method, i.e., an iteration of assessing learners{'} translations and hypothesizing the conditions for consistent decision making, as well as re-organizing the typology. Intrinsic evaluation of the created scheme confirmed its potential contribution to the consistent classification of identified erroneous text spans, achieving visibly higher Cohen{'}s kappa values, up to 0.831, than previous work. This paper also describes an application of our scheme to an English-to-Japanese translation exercise course for undergraduate students at a university in Japan.",
}
@inproceedings{eckart-de-castilho-etal-2017-representation,
    title = "Representation and Interchange of Linguistic Annotation. An In-Depth, Side-by-Side Comparison of Three Designs",
    author = "Eckart de Castilho, Richard  and
      Ide, Nancy  and
      Lapponi, Emanuele  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Suderman, Keith  and
      Velldal, Erik  and
      Verhagen, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0808",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0808",
    pages = "67--75",
    abstract = "For decades, most self-respecting linguistic engineering initiatives have designed and implemented custom representations for various layers of, for example, morphological, syntactic, and semantic analysis. Despite occasional efforts at harmonization or even standardization, our field today is blessed with a multitude of ways of encoding and exchanging linguistic annotations of these types, both at the levels of {`}abstract syntax{'}, naming choices, and of course file formats. To a large degree, it is possible to work within and across design plurality by conversion, and often there may be good reasons for divergent design reflecting differences in use. However, it is likely that some abstract commonalities across choices of representation are obscured by more superficial differences, and conversely there is no obvious procedure to tease apart what actually constitute contentful vs. mere technical divergences. In this study, we seek to conceptually align three representations for common types of morpho-syntactic analysis, pinpoint what in our view constitute contentful differences, and reflect on the underlying principles and specific requirements that led to individual choices. We expect that a more in-depth understanding of these choices across designs may led to increased harmonization, or at least to more informed design of future representations.",
}
@inproceedings{zeyrek-kurfali-2017-tdb,
    title = "{TDB} 1.1: Extensions on {T}urkish Discourse Bank",
    author = "Zeyrek, Deniz  and
      Kurfal{\i}, Murathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0809",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0809",
    pages = "76--81",
    abstract = "This paper presents the recent developments on Turkish Discourse Bank (TDB). First, the resource is summarized and an evaluation is presented. Then, TDB 1.1, i.e. enrichments on 10{\%} of the corpus are described (namely, senses for explicit discourse connectives, and new annotations for three discourse relation types - implicit relations, entity relations and alternative lexicalizations). The method of annotation is explained and the data are evaluated.",
}
@inproceedings{di-buono-etal-2017-two,
    title = "Two Layers of Annotation for Representing Event Mentions in News Stories",
    author = "di Buono, Maria Pia  and
      Tutek, Martin  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      Dalbelo Ba{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Bojana  and
      Mili{\'c}-Frayling, Nata{\v{s}}a",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0810",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0810",
    pages = "82--90",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our preliminary study on annotating event mention as a part of our research on high-precision news event extraction models. To this end, we propose a two-layer annotation scheme, designed to separately capture the functional and conceptual aspects of event mentions. We hypothesize that the precision of models can be improved by modeling and extracting separately the different aspects of news events, and then combining the extracted information by leveraging the complementarities of the models. In addition, we carry out a preliminary annotation using the proposed scheme and analyze the annotation quality in terms of inter-annotator agreement.",
}
@inproceedings{akhtar-etal-2017-word,
    title = "Word Similarity Datasets for {I}ndian Languages: Annotation and Baseline Systems",
    author = "Akhtar, Syed Sarfaraz  and
      Gupta, Arihant  and
      Vajpayee, Avijit  and
      Srivastava, Arjit  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0811",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0811",
    pages = "91--94",
    abstract = "With the advent of word representations, word similarity tasks are becoming increasing popular as an evaluation metric for the quality of the representations. In this paper, we present manually annotated monolingual word similarity datasets of six Indian languages - Urdu, Telugu, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil and Gujarati. These languages are most spoken Indian languages worldwide after Hindi and Bengali. For the construction of these datasets, our approach relies on translation and re-annotation of word similarity datasets of English. We also present baseline scores for word representation models using state-of-the-art techniques for Urdu, Telugu and Marathi by evaluating them on newly created word similarity datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{dunietz-etal-2017-corpus,
    title = "The {BEC}au{SE} Corpus 2.0: Annotating Causality and Overlapping Relations",
    author = "Dunietz, Jesse  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0812",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0812",
    pages = "95--104",
    abstract = "Language of cause and effect captures an essential component of the semantics of a text. However, causal language is also intertwined with other semantic relations, such as temporal precedence and correlation. This makes it difficult to determine when causation is the primary intended meaning. This paper presents BECauSE 2.0, a new version of the BECauSE corpus with exhaustively annotated expressions of causal language, but also seven semantic relations that are frequently co-present with causation. The new corpus shows high inter-annotator agreement, and yields insights both about the linguistic expressions of causation and about the process of annotating co-present semantic relations.",
}
@inproceedings{rehbein-ruppenhofer-2017-catching,
    title = "Catching the Common Cause: Extraction and Annotation of Causal Relations and their Participants",
    author = "Rehbein, Ines  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0813",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0813",
    pages = "105--114",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a simple, yet effective method for the automatic identification and extraction of causal relations from text, based on a large English-German parallel corpus. The goal of this effort is to create a lexical resource for German causal relations. The resource will consist of a lexicon that describes constructions that trigger causality as well as the participants of the causal event, and will be augmented by a corpus with annotated instances for each entry, that can be used as training data to develop a system for automatic classification of causal relations. Focusing on verbs, our method harvested a set of 100 different lexical triggers of causality, including support verb constructions. At the moment, our corpus includes over 1,000 annotated instances. The lexicon and the annotated data will be made available to the research community.",
}
@inproceedings{hartmann-etal-2017-assessing,
    title = "Assessing {SRL} Frameworks with Automatic Training Data Expansion",
    author = "Hartmann, Silvana  and
      M{\'u}jdricza-Maydt, {\'E}va  and
      Kuznetsov, Ilia  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0814",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0814",
    pages = "115--121",
    abstract = "We present the first experiment-based study that explicitly contrasts the three major semantic role labeling frameworks. As a prerequisite, we create a dataset labeled with parallel FrameNet-, PropBank-, and VerbNet-style labels for German. We train a state-of-the-art SRL tool for German for the different annotation styles and provide a comparative analysis across frameworks. We further explore the behavior of the frameworks with automatic training data generation. VerbNet provides larger semantic expressivity than PropBank, and we find that its generalization capacity approaches PropBank in SRL training, but it benefits less from training data expansion than the sparse-data affected FrameNet.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-linking,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linking Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    author = "Roth, Michael  and
      Mostafazadeh, Nasrin  and
      Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Louis, Annie",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0900",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-09",
}
@inproceedings{wanzare-etal-2017-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Script Structure from Crowdsourced Event Descriptions via Semi-Supervised Clustering",
    author = "Wanzare, Lilian  and
      Zarcone, Alessandra  and
      Thater, Stefan  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linking Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0901",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0901",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "We present a semi-supervised clustering approach to induce script structure from crowdsourced descriptions of event sequences by grouping event descriptions into paraphrase sets (representing event types) and inducing their temporal order. Our approach exploits semantic and positional similarity and allows for flexible event order, thus overcoming the rigidity of previous approaches. We incorporate crowdsourced alignments as prior knowledge and show that exploiting a small number of alignments results in a substantial improvement in cluster quality over state-of-the-art models and provides an appropriate basis for the induction of temporal order. We also show a coverage study to demonstrate the scalability of our approach.",
}
@inproceedings{wities-etal-2017-consolidated,
    title = "A Consolidated Open Knowledge Representation for Multiple Texts",
    author = "Wities, Rachel  and
      Shwartz, Vered  and
      Stanovsky, Gabriel  and
      Adler, Meni  and
      Shapira, Ori  and
      Upadhyay, Shyam  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Martinez Camara, Eugenio  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linking Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0902",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0902",
    pages = "12--24",
    abstract = "We propose to move from Open Information Extraction (OIE) ahead to Open Knowledge Representation (OKR), aiming to represent information conveyed jointly in a set of texts in an open text-based manner. We do so by consolidating OIE extractions using entity and predicate coreference, while modeling information containment between coreferring elements via lexical entailment. We suggest that generating OKR structures can be a useful step in the NLP pipeline, to give semantic applications an easy handle on consolidated information across multiple texts.",
}
@inproceedings{ponti-korhonen-2017-event,
    title = "Event-Related Features in Feedforward Neural Networks Contribute to Identifying Causal Relations in Discourse",
    author = "Ponti, Edoardo Maria  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linking Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0903",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0903",
    pages = "25--30",
    abstract = "Causal relations play a key role in information extraction and reasoning. Most of the times, their expression is ambiguous or implicit, i.e. without signals in the text. This makes their identification challenging. We aim to improve their identification by implementing a Feedforward Neural Network with a novel set of features for this task. In particular, these are based on the position of event mentions and the semantics of events and participants. The resulting classifier outperforms strong baselines on two datasets (the Penn Discourse Treebank and the CSTNews corpus) annotated with different schemes and containing examples in two languages, English and Portuguese. This result demonstrates the importance of events for identifying discourse relations.",
}
@inproceedings{klenner-etal-2017-stance,
    title = "Stance Detection in {F}acebook Posts of a {G}erman Right-wing Party",
    author = "Klenner, Manfred  and
      Tuggener, Don  and
      Clematide, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linking Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0904",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0904",
    pages = "31--40",
    abstract = "We argue that in order to detect stance, not only the explicit attitudes of the stance holder towards the targets are crucial. It is the whole narrative the writer drafts that counts, including the way he hypostasizes the discourse referents: as benefactors or villains, as victims or beneficiaries. We exemplify the ability of our system to identify targets and detect the writer{'}s stance towards them on the basis of about 100 000 Facebook posts of a German right-wing party. A reader and writer model on top of our verb-based attitude extraction directly reveal stance conflicts.",
}
@inproceedings{chambers-2017-behind,
    title = "Behind the Scenes of an Evolving Event Cloze Test",
    author = "Chambers, Nathanael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linking Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0905",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0905",
    pages = "41--45",
    abstract = "This paper analyzes the narrative event cloze test and its recent evolution. The test removes one event from a document{'}s chain of events, and systems predict the missing event. Originally proposed to evaluate learned knowledge of event scenarios (e.g., scripts and frames), most recent work now builds ngram-like language models (LM) to beat the test. This paper argues that the test has slowly/unknowingly been altered to accommodate LMs.5 Most notably, tests are auto-generated rather than by hand, and no effort is taken to include core script events. Recent work is not clear on evaluation goals and contains contradictory results. We implement several models, and show that the test{'}s bias to high-frequency events explains the inconsistencies. We conclude with recommendations on how to return to the test{'}s original intent, and offer brief suggestions on a path forward.",
}
@inproceedings{mostafazadeh-etal-2017-lsdsem,
    title = "{LSDS}em 2017 Shared Task: The Story Cloze Test",
    author = "Mostafazadeh, Nasrin  and
      Roth, Michael  and
      Louis, Annie  and
      Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linking Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0906",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0906",
    pages = "46--51",
    abstract = "The LSDSem{'}17 shared task is the Story Cloze Test, a new evaluation for story understanding and script learning. This test provides a system with a four-sentence story and two possible endings, and the system must choose the correct ending to the story. Successful narrative understanding (getting closer to human performance of 100{\%}) requires systems to link various levels of semantics to commonsense knowledge. A total of eight systems participated in the shared task, with a variety of approaches including.",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-2017-story,
    title = "Story Cloze Task: {UW} {NLP} System",
    author = "Schwartz, Roy  and
      Sap, Maarten  and
      Konstas, Ioannis  and
      Zilles, Leila  and
      Choi, Yejin  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linking Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0907",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0907",
    pages = "52--55",
    abstract = "This paper describes University of Washington NLP{'}s submission for the Linking Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics (LSDSem 2017) shared task{---}the Story Cloze Task. Our system is a linear classifier with a variety of features, including both the scores of a neural language model and style features. We report 75.2{\%} accuracy on the task. A further discussion of our results can be found in Schwartz et al. (2017).",
}
@inproceedings{bugert-etal-2017-lsdsem,
    title = "{LSDS}em 2017: Exploring Data Generation Methods for the Story Cloze Test",
    author = {Bugert, Michael  and
      Puzikov, Yevgeniy  and
      R{\"u}ckl{\'e}, Andreas  and
      Eckle-Kohler, Judith  and
      Martin, Teresa  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-C{\'a}mara, Eugenio  and
      Sorokin, Daniil  and
      Peyrard, Maxime  and
      Gurevych, Iryna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linking Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0908",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0908",
    pages = "56--61",
    abstract = "The Story Cloze test is a recent effort in providing a common test scenario for text understanding systems. As part of the LSDSem 2017 shared task, we present a system based on a deep learning architecture combined with a rich set of manually-crafted linguistic features. The system outperforms all known baselines for the task, suggesting that the chosen approach is promising. We additionally present two methods for generating further training data based on stories from the ROCStories corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{flor-somasundaran-2017-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis and Lexical Cohesion for the Story Cloze Task",
    author = "Flor, Michael  and
      Somasundaran, Swapna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linking Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0909",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0909",
    pages = "62--67",
    abstract = "We present two NLP components for the Story Cloze Task {--} dictionary-based sentiment analysis and lexical cohesion. While previous research found no contribution from sentiment analysis to the accuracy on this task, we demonstrate that sentiment is an important aspect. We describe a new approach, using a rule that estimates sentiment congruence in a story. Our sentiment-based system achieves strong results on this task. Our lexical cohesion system achieves accuracy comparable to previously published baseline results. A combination of the two systems achieves better accuracy than published baselines. We argue that sentiment analysis should be considered an integral part of narrative comprehension.",
}
@inproceedings{schenk-chiarcos-2017-resource,
    title = "Resource-Lean Modeling of Coherence in Commonsense Stories",
    author = "Schenk, Niko  and
      Chiarcos, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linking Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0910",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0910",
    pages = "68--73",
    abstract = "We present a resource-lean neural recognizer for modeling coherence in commonsense stories. Our lightweight system is inspired by successful attempts to modeling discourse relations and stands out due to its simplicity and easy optimization compared to prior approaches to narrative script learning. We evaluate our approach in the Story Cloze Test demonstrating an absolute improvement in accuracy of 4.7{\%} over state-of-the-art implementations.",
}
@inproceedings{roemmele-etal-2017-rnn,
    title = "An {RNN}-based Binary Classifier for the Story Cloze Test",
    author = "Roemmele, Melissa  and
      Kobayashi, Sosuke  and
      Inoue, Naoya  and
      Gordon, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linking Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0911",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0911",
    pages = "74--80",
    abstract = "The Story Cloze Test consists of choosing a sentence that best completes a story given two choices. In this paper we present a system that performs this task using a supervised binary classifier on top of a recurrent neural network to predict the probability that a given story ending is correct. The classifier is trained to distinguish correct story endings given in the training data from incorrect ones that we artificially generate. Our experiments evaluate different methods for generating these negative examples, as well as different embedding-based representations of the stories. Our best result obtains 67.2{\%} accuracy on the test set, outperforming the existing top baseline of 58.5{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{goel-singh-2017-iit,
    title = "IIT (BHU): System Description for LSDSem{'}17 Shared Task",
    author = "Goel, Pranav  and
      Singh, Anil Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linking Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0912",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0912",
    pages = "81--86",
    abstract = "This paper describes an ensemble system submitted as part of the LSDSem Shared Task 2017 - the Story Cloze Test. The main conclusion from our results is that an approach based on semantic similarity alone may not be enough for this task. We test various approaches and compare them with two ensemble systems. One is based on voting and the other on logistic regression based classifier. Our final system is able to outperform the previous state of the art for the Story Cloze test. Another very interesting observation is the performance of sentiment based approach which works almost as well on its own as our final ensemble system.",
}
@inproceedings{mihaylov-frank-2017-story,
    title = "Story Cloze Ending Selection Baselines and Data Examination",
    author = "Mihaylov, Todor  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linking Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0913",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0913",
    pages = "87--92",
    abstract = "This paper describes two supervised baseline systems for the Story Cloze Test Shared Task (Mostafazadeh et al., 2016a). We first build a classifier using features based on word embeddings and semantic similarity computation. We further implement a neural LSTM system with different encoding strategies that try to model the relation between the story and the provided endings. Our experiments show that a model using representation features based on average word embedding vectors over the given story words and the candidate ending sentences words, joint with similarity features between the story and candidate ending representations performed better than the neural models. Our best model based on achieves an accuracy of 72.42, ranking 3rd in the official evaluation.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-multiling,
    title = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2017 Workshop on Summarization and Summary Evaluation Across Source Types and Genres",
    author = "Giannakopoulos, George  and
      Lloret, Elena  and
      Conroy, John M.  and
      Steinberger, Josef  and
      Litvak, Marina  and
      Rankel, Peter  and
      Favre, Benoit",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-10",
}
@inproceedings{giannakopoulos-etal-2017-multiling,
    title = "{M}ulti{L}ing 2017 Overview",
    author = "Giannakopoulos, George  and
      Conroy, John  and
      Kubina, Jeff  and
      Rankel, Peter A.  and
      Lloret, Elena  and
      Steinberger, Josef  and
      Litvak, Marina  and
      Favre, Benoit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2017 Workshop on Summarization and Summary Evaluation Across Source Types and Genres",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1001",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "In this brief report we present an overview of the MultiLing 2017 effort and workshop, as implemented within EACL 2017. MultiLing is a community-driven initiative that pushes the state-of-the-art in Automatic Summarization by providing data sets and fostering further research and development of summarization systems. This year the scope of the workshop was widened, bringing together researchers that work on summarization across sources, languages and genres. We summarize the main tasks planned and implemented this year, the contributions received, and we also provide insights on next steps.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2017-decoupling,
    title = "Decoupling Encoder and Decoder Networks for Abstractive Document Summarization",
    author = "Xu, Ying  and
      Lau, Jey Han  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2017 Workshop on Summarization and Summary Evaluation Across Source Types and Genres",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1002",
    pages = "7--11",
    abstract = "Abstractive document summarization seeks to automatically generate a summary for a document, based on some abstract {``}understanding{''} of the original document. State-of-the-art techniques traditionally use attentive encoder{--}decoder architectures. However, due to the large number of parameters in these models, they require large training datasets and long training times. In this paper, we propose decoupling the encoder and decoder networks, and training them separately. We encode documents using an unsupervised document encoder, and then feed the document vector to a recurrent neural network decoder. With this decoupled architecture, we decrease the number of parameters in the decoder substantially, and shorten its training time. Experiments show that the decoupled model achieves comparable performance with state-of-the-art models for in-domain documents, but less well for out-of-domain documents.",
}
@inproceedings{rossiello-etal-2017-centroid,
    title = "Centroid-based Text Summarization through Compositionality of Word Embeddings",
    author = "Rossiello, Gaetano  and
      Basile, Pierpaolo  and
      Semeraro, Giovanni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2017 Workshop on Summarization and Summary Evaluation Across Source Types and Genres",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1003",
    pages = "12--21",
    abstract = "The textual similarity is a crucial aspect for many extractive text summarization methods. A bag-of-words representation does not allow to grasp the semantic relationships between concepts when comparing strongly related sentences with no words in common. To overcome this issue, in this paper we propose a centroid-based method for text summarization that exploits the compositional capabilities of word embeddings. The evaluations on multi-document and multilingual datasets prove the effectiveness of the continuous vector representation of words compared to the bag-of-words model. Despite its simplicity, our method achieves good performance even in comparison to more complex deep learning models. Our method is unsupervised and it can be adopted in other summarization tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{litvak-vanetik-2017-query,
    title = "Query-based summarization using {MDL} principle",
    author = "Litvak, Marina  and
      Vanetik, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2017 Workshop on Summarization and Summary Evaluation Across Source Types and Genres",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1004",
    pages = "22--31",
    abstract = "Query-based text summarization is aimed at extracting essential information that answers the query from original text. The answer is presented in a minimal, often predefined, number of words. In this paper we introduce a new unsupervised approach for query-based extractive summarization, based on the minimum description length (MDL) principle that employs Krimp compression algorithm (Vreeken et al., 2011). The key idea of our approach is to select frequent word sets related to a given query that compress document sentences better and therefore describe the document better. A summary is extracted by selecting sentences that best cover query-related frequent word sets. The approach is evaluated based on the DUC 2005 and DUC 2006 datasets which are specifically designed for query-based summarization (DUC, 2005 2006). It competes with the best results.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-word,
    title = "Word Embedding and Topic Modeling Enhanced Multiple Features for Content Linking and Argument / Sentiment Labeling in Online Forums",
    author = "Li, Lei  and
      Mao, Liyuan  and
      Chen, Moye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2017 Workshop on Summarization and Summary Evaluation Across Source Types and Genres",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1005",
    pages = "32--36",
    abstract = "Multiple grammatical and semantic features are adopted in content linking and argument/sentiment labeling for online forums in this paper. There are mainly two different methods for content linking. First, we utilize the deep feature obtained from Word Embedding Model in deep learning and compute sentence similarity. Second, we use multiple traditional features to locate candidate linking sentences, and then adopt a voting method to obtain the final result. LDA topic modeling is used to mine latent semantic feature and K-means clustering is implemented for argument labeling, while features from sentiment dictionaries and rule-based sentiment analysis are integrated for sentiment labeling. Experimental results have shown that our methods are valid.",
}
@inproceedings{lloret-etal-2017-ultra,
    title = "Ultra-Concise Multi-genre Summarisation of Web2.0: towards Intelligent Content Generation",
    author = "Lloret, Elena  and
      Boldrini, Ester  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Barco, Patricio  and
      Palomar, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2017 Workshop on Summarization and Summary Evaluation Across Source Types and Genres",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1006",
    pages = "37--46",
    abstract = "The electronic Word of Mouth has become the most powerful communication channel thanks to the wide usage of the Social Media. Our research proposes an approach towards the production of automatic ultra-concise summaries from multiple Web 2.0 sources. We exploit user-generated content from reviews and microblogs in different domains, and compile and analyse four types of ultra-concise summaries: a)positive information, b) negative information; c) both or d) objective information. The appropriateness and usefulness of our model is demonstrated by its successful results and great potential in real-life applications, thus meaning a relevant advancement of the state-of-the-art approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{ellouze-etal-2017-machine,
    title = "Machine Learning Approach to Evaluate {M}ulti{L}ingual Summaries",
    author = "Ellouze, Samira  and
      Jaoua, Maher  and
      Hadrich Belguith, Lamia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2017 Workshop on Summarization and Summary Evaluation Across Source Types and Genres",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1007",
    pages = "47--54",
    abstract = "The present paper introduces a new MultiLing text summary evaluation method. This method relies on machine learning approach which operates by combining multiple features to build models that predict the human score (overall responsiveness) of a new summary. We have tried several single and {``}ensemble learning{''} classifiers to build the best model. We have experimented our method in summary level evaluation where we evaluate each text summary separately. The correlation between built models and human score is better than the correlation between baselines and manual score.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    author = "Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Li, Cheng-Te",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-11",
}
@inproceedings{schmidt-wiegand-2017-survey,
    title = "A Survey on Hate Speech Detection using Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Schmidt, Anna  and
      Wiegand, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1101",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "This paper presents a survey on hate speech detection. Given the steadily growing body of social media content, the amount of online hate speech is also increasing. Due to the massive scale of the web, methods that automatically detect hate speech are required. Our survey describes key areas that have been explored to automatically recognize these types of utterances using natural language processing. We also discuss limits of those approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{tian-etal-2017-facebook,
    title = "{F}acebook sentiment: Reactions and Emojis",
    author = "Tian, Ye  and
      Galery, Thiago  and
      Dulcinati, Giulio  and
      Molimpakis, Emilia  and
      Sun, Chao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1102",
    pages = "11--16",
    abstract = "Emojis are used frequently in social media. A widely assumed view is that emojis express the emotional state of the user, which has led to research focusing on the expressiveness of emojis independent from the linguistic context. We argue that emojis and the linguistic texts can modify the meaning of each other. The overall communicated meaning is not a simple sum of the two channels. In order to study the meaning interplay, we need data indicating the overall sentiment of the entire message as well as the sentiment of the emojis stand-alone. We propose that Facebook Reactions are a good data source for such a purpose. FB reactions (e.g. {``}Love{''} and {``}Angry{''}) indicate the readers{'} overall sentiment, against which we can investigate the types of emojis used the comments under different reaction profiles. We present a data set of 21,000 FB posts (57 million reactions and 8 million comments) from public media pages across four countries.",
}
@inproceedings{deriu-etal-2017-potential,
    title = "Potential and Limitations of Cross-Domain Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Deriu, Jan Milan  and
      Weilenmann, Martin  and
      Von Gruenigen, Dirk  and
      Cieliebak, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1103",
    pages = "17--24",
    abstract = "In this paper we investigate the cross-domain performance of a current state-of-the-art sentiment analysis systems. For this purpose we train a convolutional neural network (CNN) on data from different domains and evaluate its performance on other domains. Furthermore, we evaluate the usefulness of combining a large amount of different smaller annotated corpora to a large corpus. Our results show that more sophisticated approaches are required to train a system that works equally well on various domains.",
}
@inproceedings{mckelvey-etal-2017-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Entity Names with Online Aliases on Twitter",
    author = "McKelvey, Kevin  and
      Goutzounis, Peter  and
      da Cruz, Stephen  and
      Chambers, Nathanael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1104",
    pages = "25--35",
    abstract = "This paper presents new models that automatically align online aliases with their real entity names. Many research applications rely on identifying entity names in text, but people often refer to entities with unexpected nicknames and aliases. For example, The King and King James are aliases for Lebron James, a professional basketball player. Recent work on entity linking attempts to resolve mentions to knowledge base entries, like a wikipedia page, but linking is unfortunately limited to well-known entities with pre-built pages. This paper asks a more basic question: can aliases be aligned without background knowledge of the entity? Further, can the semantics surrounding alias mentions be used to inform alignments? We describe statistical models that make decisions based on the lexicographic properties of the aliases with their semantic context in a large corpus of tweets. We experiment on a database of Twitter users and their usernames, and present the first human evaluation for this task. Alignment accuracy approaches human performance at 81{\%}, and we show that while lexicographic features are most important, the semantic context of an alias further improves classification accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{vakulenko-etal-2017-character,
    title = "Character-based Neural Embeddings for Tweet Clustering",
    author = "Vakulenko, Svitlana  and
      Nixon, Lyndon  and
      Lupu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1105",
    pages = "36--44",
    abstract = "In this paper we show how the performance of tweet clustering can be improved by leveraging character-based neural networks. The proposed approach overcomes the limitations related to the vocabulary explosion in the word-based models and allows for the seamless processing of the multilingual content. Our evaluation results and code are available on-line: \url{https://github.com/vendi12/tweet2vec_clustering}.",
}
@inproceedings{cieliebak-etal-2017-twitter,
    title = "A Twitter Corpus and Benchmark Resources for {G}erman Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Cieliebak, Mark  and
      Deriu, Jan Milan  and
      Egger, Dominic  and
      Uzdilli, Fatih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1106",
    pages = "45--51",
    abstract = "In this paper we present SB10k, a new corpus for sentiment analysis with approx. 10,000 German tweets. We use this new corpus and two existing corpora to provide state-of-the-art benchmarks for sentiment analysis in German: we implemented a CNN (based on the winning system of SemEval-2016) and a feature-based SVM and compare their performance on all three corpora. For the CNN, we also created German word embeddings trained on 300M tweets. These word embeddings were then optimized for sentiment analysis using distant-supervised learning. The new corpus, the German word embeddings (plain and optimized), and source code to re-run the benchmarks are publicly available.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-nlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    author = {Nakov, Preslav  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Malmasi, Shevin  and
      Ali, Ahmed},
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-12",
}
@inproceedings{zampieri-etal-2017-findings,
    title = "Findings of the {V}ar{D}ial Evaluation Campaign 2017",
    author = {Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Ali, Ahmed  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Scherrer, Yves  and
      Aepli, No{\"e}mi},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1201",
    pages = "1--15",
    abstract = "We present the results of the VarDial Evaluation Campaign on Natural Language Processing (NLP) for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, which we organized as part of the fourth edition of the VarDial workshop at EACL{'}2017. This year, we included four shared tasks: Discriminating between Similar Languages (DSL), Arabic Dialect Identification (ADI), German Dialect Identification (GDI), and Cross-lingual Dependency Parsing (CLP). A total of 19 teams submitted runs across the four tasks, and 15 of them wrote system description papers.",
}
@inproceedings{donoso-sanchez-2017-dialectometric,
    title = "Dialectometric analysis of language variation in Twitter",
    author = "Donoso, Gonzalo  and
      S{\'a}nchez, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1202",
    pages = "16--25",
    abstract = "In the last few years, microblogging platforms such as Twitter have given rise to a deluge of textual data that can be used for the analysis of informal communication between millions of individuals. In this work, we propose an information-theoretic approach to geographic language variation using a corpus based on Twitter. We test our models with tens of concepts and their associated keywords detected in Spanish tweets geolocated in Spain. We employ dialectometric measures (cosine similarity and Jensen-Shannon divergence) to quantify the linguistic distance on the lexical level between cells created in a uniform grid over the map. This can be done for a single concept or in the general case taking into account an average of the considered variants. The latter permits an analysis of the dialects that naturally emerge from the data. Interestingly, our results reveal the existence of two dialect macrovarieties. The first group includes a region-specific speech spoken in small towns and rural areas whereas the second cluster encompasses cities that tend to use a more uniform variety. Since the results obtained with the two different metrics qualitatively agree, our work suggests that social media corpora can be efficiently used for dialectometric analyses.",
}
@inproceedings{rama-etal-2017-computational,
    title = "Computational analysis of {G}ondi dialects",
    author = {Rama, Taraka  and
      {\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}  and
      Sofroniev, Pavel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1203",
    pages = "26--35",
    abstract = "This paper presents a computational analysis of Gondi dialects spoken in central India. We present a digitized data set of the dialect area, and analyze the data using different techniques from dialectometry, deep learning, and computational biology. We show that the methods largely agree with each other and with the earlier non-computational analyses of the language group.",
}
@inproceedings{dipper-waldenberger-2017-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Diatopic Variation in a Historical Corpus",
    author = "Dipper, Stefanie  and
      Waldenberger, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1204",
    pages = "36--45",
    abstract = "This paper investigates diatopic variation in a historical corpus of German. Based on equivalent word forms from different language areas, replacement rules and mappings are derived which describe the relations between these word forms. These rules and mappings are then interpreted as reflections of morphological, phonological or graphemic variation. Based on sample rules and mappings, we show that our approach can replicate results from historical linguistics. While previous studies were restricted to predefined word lists, or confined to single authors or texts, our approach uses a much wider range of data available in historical corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{rosso-2017-author,
    title = "Author Profiling at {PAN}: from Age and Gender Identification to Language Variety Identification (invited talk)",
    author = "Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1205",
    pages = "46",
    abstract = "Author profiling is the study of how language is shared by people, a problem of growing importance in applications dealing with security, in order to understand who could be behind an anonymous threat message, and marketing, where companies may be interested in knowing the demographics of people that in online reviews liked or disliked their products. In this talk we will give an overview of the PAN shared tasks that since 2013 have been organised at CLEF and FIRE evaluation forums, mainly on age and gender identification in social media, although also personality recognition in Twitter as well as in code sources was also addressed. In 2017 the PAN author profiling shared task addresses jointly gender and language variety identification in Twitter where tweets have been annotated with authors{'} gender and their specific variation of their native language: English (Australia, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, United States), Spanish (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Spain, Venezuela), Portuguese (Brazil, Portugal), and Arabic (Egypt, Gulf, Levantine, Maghrebi).",
}
@inproceedings{feleke-2017-similarity,
    title = "The similarity and Mutual Intelligibility between {A}mharic and {T}igrigna Varieties",
    author = "Feleke, Tekabe Legesse",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1206",
    pages = "47--54",
    abstract = "The present study has examined the similarity and the mutual intelligibility between Amharic and Tigrigna using three tools namely Levenshtein distance, intelligibility test and questionnaires. The study has shown that both Tigrigna varieties have almost equal phonetic and lexical distances from Amharic. The study also indicated that Amharic speakers understand less than 50{\%} of the two varieties. Furthermore, the study showed that Amharic speakers are more positive about the Ethiopian Tigrigna variety than the Eritrean Variety. However, their attitude towards the two varieties does not have an impact on their intelligibility. The Amharic speakers{'} familiarity to the Tigrigna varieties is largely dependent on the genealogical relation between Amharic and the two Tigrigna varieties.",
}
@inproceedings{costa-jussa-2017-catalan,
    title = "Why {C}atalan-{S}panish Neural Machine Translation? Analysis, comparison and combination with standard Rule and Phrase-based technologies",
    author = "Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1207",
    pages = "55--62",
    abstract = "Catalan and Spanish are two related languages given that both derive from Latin. They share similarities in several linguistic levels including morphology, syntax and semantics. This makes them particularly interesting for the MT task. Given the recent appearance and popularity of neural MT, this paper analyzes the performance of this new approach compared to the well-established rule-based and phrase-based MT systems. Experiments are reported on a large database of 180 million words. Results, in terms of standard automatic measures, show that neural MT clearly outperforms the rule-based and phrase-based MT system on in-domain test set, but it is worst in the out-of-domain test set. A naive system combination specially works for the latter. In-domain manual analysis shows that neural MT tends to improve both adequacy and fluency, for example, by being able to generate more natural translations instead of literal ones, choosing to the adequate target word when the source word has several translations and improving gender agreement. However, out-of-domain manual analysis shows how neural MT is more affected by unknown words or contexts.",
}
@inproceedings{hassani-2017-kurdish,
    title = "{K}urdish Interdialect Machine Translation",
    author = "Hassani, Hossein",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1208",
    pages = "63--72",
    abstract = "This research suggests a method for machine translation among two Kurdish dialects. We chose the two widely spoken dialects, Kurmanji and Sorani, which are considered to be mutually unintelligible. Also, despite being spoken by about 30 million people in different countries, Kurdish is among less-resourced languages. The research used bi-dialectal dictionaries and showed that the lack of parallel corpora is not a major obstacle in machine translation between the two dialects. The experiments showed that the machine translated texts are comprehensible to those who do not speak the dialect. The research is the first attempt for inter-dialect machine translation in Kurdish and particularly could help in making online texts in one dialect comprehensible to those who only speak the target dialect. The results showed that the translated texts are in 71{\%} and 79{\%} cases rated as understandable for Kurmanji and Sorani respectively. They are rated as slightly-understandable in 29{\%} cases for Kurmanji and 21{\%} for Sorani.",
}
@inproceedings{williams-dagli-2017-twitter,
    title = "Twitter Language Identification Of Similar Languages And Dialects Without Ground Truth",
    author = "Williams, Jennifer  and
      Dagli, Charlie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1209",
    pages = "73--83",
    abstract = "We present a new method to bootstrap filter Twitter language ID labels in our dataset for automatic language identification (LID). Our method combines geo-location, original Twitter LID labels, and Amazon Mechanical Turk to resolve missing and unreliable labels. We are the first to compare LID classification performance using the MIRA algorithm and langid.py. We show classifier performance on different versions of our dataset with high accuracy using only Twitter data, without ground truth, and very few training examples. We also show how Platt Scaling can be use to calibrate MIRA classifier output values into a probability distribution over candidate classes, making the output more intuitive. Our method allows for fine-grained distinctions between similar languages and dialects and allows us to rediscover the language composition of our Twitter dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{scherrer-rabus-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-source morphosyntactic tagging for spoken {R}usyn",
    author = "Scherrer, Yves  and
      Rabus, Achim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1210",
    pages = "84--92",
    abstract = "This paper deals with the development of morphosyntactic taggers for spoken varieties of the Slavic minority language Rusyn. As neither annotated corpora nor parallel corpora are electronically available for Rusyn, we propose to combine existing resources from the etymologically close Slavic languages Russian, Ukrainian, Slovak, and Polish and adapt them to Rusyn. Using MarMoT as tagging toolkit, we show that a tagger trained on a balanced set of the four source languages outperforms single language taggers by about 9{\%}, and that additional automatically induced morphosyntactic lexicons lead to further improvements. The best observed accuracies for Rusyn are 82.4{\%} for part-of-speech tagging and 75.5{\%} for full morphological tagging.",
}
@inproceedings{hanani-etal-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying dialects with textual and acoustic cues",
    author = "Hanani, Abualsoud  and
      Qaroush, Aziz  and
      Taylor, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1211",
    pages = "93--101",
    abstract = "We describe several systems for identifying short samples of Arabic or Swiss-German dialects, which were prepared for the shared task of the 2017 DSL Workshop (Zampieri et al., 2017). The Arabic data comprises both text and acoustic files, and our best run combined both. The Swiss-German data is text-only. Coincidently, our best runs achieved a accuracy of nearly 63{\%} on both the Swiss-German and Arabic dialects tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{jauhiainen-etal-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating {H}e{LI} with Non-Linear Mappings",
    author = "Jauhiainen, Tommi  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister  and
      Jauhiainen, Heidi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1212",
    pages = "102--108",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe the non-linear mappings we used with the Helsinki language identification method, HeLI, in the 4th edition of the Discriminating between Similar Languages (DSL) shared task, which was organized as part of the VarDial 2017 workshop. Our SUKI team participated on the closed track together with 10 other teams. Our system reached the 7th position in the track. We describe the HeLI method and the non-linear mappings in mathematical notation. The HeLI method uses a probabilistic model with character n-grams and word-based backoff. We also describe our trials using the non-linear mappings instead of relative frequencies and we present statistics about the back-off function of the HeLI method.",
}
@inproceedings{gamallo-etal-2017-perplexity,
    title = "A Perplexity-Based Method for Similar Languages Discrimination",
    author = "Gamallo, Pablo  and
      Pichel, Jose Ramom  and
      Alegria, I{\~n}aki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1213",
    pages = "109--114",
    abstract = "This article describes the system submitted by the Citius{\_}Ixa{\_}Imaxin team to the VarDial 2017 (DSL and GDI tasks). The strategy underlying our system is based on a language distance computed by means of model perplexity. The best model configuration we have tested is a voting system making use of several $n$-grams models of both words and characters, even if word unigrams turned out to be a very competitive model with reasonable results in the tasks we have participated. An error analysis has been performed in which we identified many test examples with no linguistic evidences to distinguish among the variants.",
}
@inproceedings{bestgen-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving the Character Ngram Model for the {DSL} Task with {BM}25 Weighting and Less Frequently Used Feature Sets",
    author = "Bestgen, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1214",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1214",
    pages = "115--123",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system developed by the Centre for English Corpus Linguistics (CECL) to discriminating similar languages, language varieties and dialects. Based on a SVM with character and POStag n-grams as features and the BM25 weighting scheme, it achieved 92.7{\%} accuracy in the Discriminating between Similar Languages (DSL) task, ranking first among eleven systems but with a lead over the next three teams of only 0.2{\%}. A simpler version of the system ranked second in the German Dialect Identification (GDI) task thanks to several ad hoc postprocessing steps. Complementary analyses carried out by a cross-validation procedure suggest that the BM25 weighting scheme could be competitive in this type of tasks, at least in comparison with the sublinear TF-IDF. POStag n-grams also improved the system performance.",
}
@inproceedings{criscuolo-aluisio-2017-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating between Similar Languages with Word-level Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Criscuolo, Marcelo  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1215",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1215",
    pages = "124--130",
    abstract = "Discriminating between Similar Languages (DSL) is a challenging task addressed at the VarDial Workshop series. We report on our participation in the DSL shared task with a two-stage system. In the first stage, character n-grams are used to separate language groups, then specialized classifiers distinguish similar language varieties. We have conducted experiments with three system configurations and submitted one run for each. Our main approach is a word-level convolutional neural network (CNN) that learns task-specific vectors with minimal text preprocessing. We also experiment with multi-layer perceptron (MLP) networks and another hybrid configuration. Our best run achieved an accuracy of 90.76{\%}, ranking 8th among 11 participants and getting very close to the system that ranked first (less than 2 points). Even though the CNN model could not achieve the best results, it still makes a viable approach to discriminating between similar languages.",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual dependency parsing for closely related languages - {H}elsinki{'}s submission to {V}ar{D}ial 2017",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1216",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1216",
    pages = "131--136",
    abstract = "This paper describes the submission from the University of Helsinki to the shared task on cross-lingual dependency parsing at VarDial 2017. We present work on annotation projection and treebank translation that gave good results for all three target languages in the test set. In particular, Slovak seems to work well with information coming from the Czech treebank, which is in line with related work. The attachment scores for cross-lingual models even surpass the fully supervised models trained on the target language treebank. Croatian is the most difficult language in the test set and the improvements over the baseline are rather modest. Norwegian works best with information coming from Swedish whereas Danish contributes surprisingly little.",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-etal-2017-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating between Similar Languages Using a Combination of Typed and Untyped Character N-grams and Words",
    author = "Gomez, Helena  and
      Markov, Ilia  and
      Baptista, Jorge  and
      Sidorov, Grigori  and
      Pinto, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1217",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1217",
    pages = "137--145",
    abstract = "This paper presents the cic{\_}ualg{'}s system that took part in the Discriminating between Similar Languages (DSL) shared task, held at the VarDial 2017 Workshop. This year{'}s task aims at identifying 14 languages across 6 language groups using a corpus of excerpts of journalistic texts. Two classification approaches were compared: a single-step (all languages) approach and a two-step (language group and then languages within the group) approach. Features exploited include lexical features (unigrams of words) and character n-grams. Besides traditional (untyped) character n-grams, we introduce typed character n-grams in the DSL task. Experiments were carried out with different feature representation methods (binary and raw term frequency), frequency threshold values, and machine-learning algorithms {--} Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Multinomial Naive Bayes (MNB). Our best run in the DSL task achieved 91.46{\%} accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{coltekin-rama-2017-tubingen,
    title = {T{\"u}bingen system in {V}ar{D}ial 2017 shared task: experiments with language identification and cross-lingual parsing},
    author = {{\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}  and
      Rama, Taraka},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1218",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1218",
    pages = "146--155",
    abstract = "This paper describes our systems and results on VarDial 2017 shared tasks. Besides three language/dialect discrimination tasks, we also participated in the cross-lingual dependency parsing (CLP) task using a simple methodology which we also briefly describe in this paper. For all the discrimination tasks, we used linear SVMs with character and word features. The system achieves competitive results among other systems in the shared task. We also report additional experiments with neural network models. The performance of neural network models was close but always below the corresponding SVM classifiers in the discrimination tasks. For the cross-lingual parsing task, we experimented with an approach based on automatically translating the source treebank to the target language, and training a parser on the translated treebank. We used off-the-shelf tools for both translation and parsing. Despite achieving better-than-baseline results, our scores in CLP tasks were substantially lower than the scores of the other participants.",
}
@inproceedings{medvedeva-etal-2017-sparse,
    title = "When Sparse Traditional Models Outperform Dense Neural Networks: the Curious Case of Discriminating between Similar Languages",
    author = "Medvedeva, Maria  and
      Kroon, Martin  and
      Plank, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1219",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1219",
    pages = "156--163",
    abstract = "We present the results of our participation in the VarDial 4 shared task on discriminating closely related languages. Our submission includes simple traditional models using linear support vector machines (SVMs) and a neural network (NN). The main idea was to leverage language group information. We did so with a two-layer approach in the traditional model and a multi-task objective in the neural network case. Our results confirm earlier findings: simple traditional models outperform neural networks consistently for this task, at least given the amount of systems we could examine in the available time. Our two-layer linear SVM ranked 2nd in the shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-zampieri-2017-german,
    title = "{G}erman Dialect Identification in Interview Transcriptions",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Zampieri, Marcos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1220",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1220",
    pages = "164--169",
    abstract = "This paper presents three systems submitted to the German Dialect Identification (GDI) task at the VarDial Evaluation Campaign 2017. The task consists of training models to identify the dialect of Swiss-German speech transcripts. The dialects included in the GDI dataset are Basel, Bern, Lucerne, and Zurich. The three systems we submitted are based on: a plurality ensemble, a mean probability ensemble, and a meta-classifier trained on character and word n-grams. The best results were obtained by the meta-classifier achieving 68.1{\%} accuracy and 66.2{\%} F1-score, ranking first among the 10 teams which participated in the GDI shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{clematide-makarov-2017-cluzh,
    title = "{CLUZH} at {V}ar{D}ial {GDI} 2017: Testing a Variety of Machine Learning Tools for the Classification of Swiss {G}erman Dialects",
    author = "Clematide, Simon  and
      Makarov, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1221",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1221",
    pages = "170--177",
    abstract = {Our submissions for the GDI 2017 Shared Task are the results from three different types of classifiers: Na{\"\i}ve Bayes, Conditional Random Fields (CRF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Our CRF-based run achieves a weighted F1 score of 65{\%} (third rank) being beaten by the best system by 0.9{\%}. Measured by classification accuracy, our ensemble run (Na{\"\i}ve Bayes, CRF, SVM) reaches 67{\%} (second rank) being 1{\%} lower than the best system. We also describe our experiments with Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) architectures. Since they performed worse than our non-neural approaches we did not include them in the submission.},
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-zampieri-2017-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Dialect Identification Using i{V}ectors and {ASR} Transcripts",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Zampieri, Marcos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1222",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1222",
    pages = "178--183",
    abstract = "This paper presents the systems submitted by the MAZA team to the Arabic Dialect Identification (ADI) shared task at the VarDial Evaluation Campaign 2017. The goal of the task is to evaluate computational models to identify the dialect of Arabic utterances using both audio and text transcriptions. The ADI shared task dataset included Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and four Arabic dialects: Egyptian, Gulf, Levantine, and North-African. The three systems submitted by MAZA are based on combinations of multiple machine learning classifiers arranged as (1) voting ensemble; (2) mean probability ensemble; (3) meta-classifier. The best results were obtained by the meta-classifier achieving 71.7{\%} accuracy, ranking second among the six teams which participated in the ADI shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{barbaresi-2017-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating between Similar Languages using Weighted Subword Features",
    author = "Barbaresi, Adrien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1223",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1223",
    pages = "184--189",
    abstract = "The present contribution revolves around a contrastive subword n-gram model which has been tested in the Discriminating between Similar Languages shared task. I present and discuss the method used in this 14-way language identification task comprising varieties of 6 main language groups. It features the following characteristics: (1) the preprocessing and conversion of a collection of documents to sparse features; (2) weighted character n-gram profiles; (3) a multinomial Bayesian classifier. Meaningful bag-of-n-grams features can be used as a system in a straightforward way, my approach outperforms most of the systems used in the DSL shared task (3rd rank).",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-lee-van-den-bosch-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Lexical and Syntactic Features for Language Variety Identification",
    author = "van der Lee, Chris  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1224",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1224",
    pages = "190--199",
    abstract = "We present a method to discriminate between texts written in either the Netherlandic or the Flemish variant of the Dutch language. The method draws on a feature bundle representing text statistics, syntactic features, and word $n$-grams. Text statistics include average word length and sentence length, while syntactic features include ratios of function words and part-of-speech $n$-grams. The effectiveness of the classifier was measured by classifying Dutch subtitles developed for either Dutch or Flemish television. Several machine learning algorithms were compared as well as feature combination methods in order to find the optimal generalization performance. A machine-learning meta classifier based on AdaBoost attained the best F-score of 0.92.",
}
@inproceedings{ionescu-butnaru-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to Identify {A}rabic and {G}erman Dialects using Multiple Kernels",
    author = "Ionescu, Radu Tudor  and
      Butnaru, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1225",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1225",
    pages = "200--209",
    abstract = "We present a machine learning approach for the Arabic Dialect Identification (ADI) and the German Dialect Identification (GDI) Closed Shared Tasks of the DSL 2017 Challenge. The proposed approach combines several kernels using multiple kernel learning. While most of our kernels are based on character p-grams (also known as n-grams) extracted from speech transcripts, we also use a kernel based on i-vectors, a low-dimensional representation of audio recordings, provided only for the Arabic data. In the learning stage, we independently employ Kernel Discriminant Analysis (KDA) and Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR). Our approach is shallow and simple, but the empirical results obtained in the shared tasks prove that it achieves very good results. Indeed, we ranked on the first place in the ADI Shared Task with a weighted F1 score of 76.32{\%} (4.62{\%} above the second place) and on the fifth place in the GDI Shared Task with a weighted F1 score of 63.67{\%} (2.57{\%} below the first place).",
}
@inproceedings{rosa-etal-2017-slavic,
    title = "{S}lavic Forest, {N}orwegian Wood",
    author = "Rosa, Rudolf  and
      Zeman, Daniel  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1226",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1226",
    pages = "210--219",
    abstract = "We once had a corp, or should we say, it once had us They showed us its tags, isn{'}t it great, unified tags They asked us to parse and they told us to use everything So we looked around and we noticed there was near nothing We took other langs, bitext aligned: words one-to-one We played for two weeks, and then they said, here is the test The parser kept training till morning, just until deadline So we had to wait and hope what we get would be just fine And, when we awoke, the results were done, we saw we{'}d won So, we wrote this paper, isn{'}t it good, Norwegian wood.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-arabic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Darwish, Kareem  and
      El-Hajj, Wassim  and
      Al-Khalifa, Hend  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Tomeh, Nadi  and
      El-Haj, Mahmoud",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1300",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-13",
}
@inproceedings{adouane-dobnik-2017-identification,
    title = "Identification of Languages in {A}lgerian {A}rabic Multilingual Documents",
    author = "Adouane, Wafia  and
      Dobnik, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1301",
    pages = "1--8",
    abstract = "This paper presents a language identification system designed to detect the language of each word, in its context, in a multilingual documents as generated in social media by bilingual/multilingual communities, in our case speakers of Algerian Arabic. We frame the task as a sequence tagging problem and use supervised machine learning with standard methods like HMM and Ngram classification tagging. We also experiment with a lexicon-based method. Combining all the methods in a fall-back mechanism and introducing some linguistic rules, to deal with unseen tokens and ambiguous words, gives an overall accuracy of 93.14{\%}. Finally, we introduced rules for language identification from sequences of recognised words.",
}
@inproceedings{darwish-etal-2017-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Diacritization: Stats, Rules, and Hacks",
    author = "Darwish, Kareem  and
      Mubarak, Hamdy  and
      Abdelali, Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1302",
    pages = "9--17",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a new and fast state-of-the-art Arabic diacritizer that guesses the diacritics of words and then their case endings. We employ a Viterbi decoder at word-level with back-off to stem, morphological patterns, and transliteration and sequence labeling based diacritization of named entities. For case endings, we use Support Vector Machine (SVM) based ranking coupled with morphological patterns and linguistic rules to properly guess case endings. We achieve a low word level diacritization error of 3.29{\%} and 12.77{\%} without and with case endings respectively on a new multi-genre free of copyright test set. We are making the diacritizer available for free for research purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{nagoudi-schwab-2017-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Similarity of {A}rabic Sentences with Word Embeddings",
    author = "Nagoudi, El Moatez Billah  and
      Schwab, Didier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1303",
    pages = "18--24",
    abstract = "Semantic textual similarity is the basis of countless applications and plays an important role in diverse areas, such as information retrieval, plagiarism detection, information extraction and machine translation. This article proposes an innovative word embedding-based system devoted to calculate the semantic similarity in Arabic sentences. The main idea is to exploit vectors as word representations in a multidimensional space in order to capture the semantic and syntactic properties of words. IDF weighting and Part-of-Speech tagging are applied on the examined sentences to support the identification of words that are highly descriptive in each sentence. The performance of our proposed system is confirmed through the Pearson correlation between our assigned semantic similarity scores and human judgments.",
}
@inproceedings{borg-gatt-2017-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Analysis for the {M}altese Language: The challenges of a hybrid system",
    author = "Borg, Claudia  and
      Gatt, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1304",
    pages = "25--34",
    abstract = "Maltese is a morphologically rich language with a hybrid morphological system which features both concatenative and non-concatenative processes. This paper analyses the impact of this hybridity on the performance of machine learning techniques for morphological labelling and clustering. In particular, we analyse a dataset of morphologically related word clusters to evaluate the difference in results for concatenative and non-concatenative clusters. We also describe research carried out in morphological labelling, with a particular focus on the verb category. Two evaluations were carried out, one using an unseen dataset, and another one using a gold standard dataset which was manually labelled. The gold standard dataset was split into concatenative and non-concatenative to analyse the difference in results between the two morphological systems.",
}
@inproceedings{khalifa-etal-2017-morphological,
    title = "A Morphological Analyzer for Gulf {A}rabic Verbs",
    author = "Khalifa, Salam  and
      Hassan, Sara  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1305",
    pages = "35--45",
    abstract = "We present CALIMAGLF, a Gulf Arabic morphological analyzer currently covering over 2,600 verbal lemmas. We describe in detail the process of building the analyzer starting from phonetic dictionary entries to fully inflected orthographic paradigms and associated lexicon and orthographic variants. We evaluate the coverage of CALIMA-GLF against Modern Standard Arabic and Egyptian Arabic analyzers on part of a Gulf Arabic novel. CALIMA-GLF verb analysis token recall for identifying correct POS tag outperforms both the Modern Standard Arabic and Egyptian Arabic analyzers by over 27.4{\%} and 16.9{\%} absolute, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{samih-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "A Neural Architecture for Dialectal {A}rabic Segmentation",
    author = "Samih, Younes  and
      Attia, Mohammed  and
      Eldesouki, Mohamed  and
      Abdelali, Ahmed  and
      Mubarak, Hamdy  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Darwish, Kareem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1306",
    pages = "46--54",
    abstract = "The automated processing of Arabic Dialects is challenging due to the lack of spelling standards and to the scarcity of annotated data and resources in general. Segmentation of words into its constituent parts is an important processing building block. In this paper, we show how a segmenter can be trained using only 350 annotated tweets using neural networks without any normalization or use of lexical features or lexical resources. We deal with segmentation as a sequence labeling problem at the character level. We show experimentally that our model can rival state-of-the-art methods that rely on additional resources.",
}
@inproceedings{medhaffar-etal-2017-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis of {T}unisian Dialects: Linguistic Ressources and Experiments",
    author = "Medhaffar, Salima  and
      Bougares, Fethi  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick  and
      Hadrich-Belguith, Lamia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1307",
    pages = "55--61",
    abstract = "Dialectal Arabic (DA) is significantly different from the Arabic language taught in schools and used in written communication and formal speech (broadcast news, religion, politics, etc.). There are many existing researches in the field of Arabic language Sentiment Analysis (SA); however, they are generally restricted to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or some dialects of economic or political interest. In this paper we are interested in the SA of the Tunisian Dialect. We utilize Machine Learning techniques to determine the polarity of comments written in Tunisian Dialect. First, we evaluate the SA systems performances with models trained using freely available MSA and Multi-dialectal data sets. We then collect and annotate a Tunisian Dialect corpus of 17.000 comments from Facebook. This corpus allows us a significant accuracy improvement compared to the best model trained on other Arabic dialects or MSA data. We believe that this first freely available corpus will be valuable to researchers working in the field of Tunisian Sentiment Analysis and similar areas.",
}
@inproceedings{el-ballouli-etal-2017-cat,
    title = "{CAT}: Credibility Analysis of {A}rabic Content on Twitter",
    author = "El Ballouli, Rim  and
      El-Hajj, Wassim  and
      Ghandour, Ahmad  and
      Elbassuoni, Shady  and
      Hajj, Hazem  and
      Shaban, Khaled",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1308",
    pages = "62--71",
    abstract = "Data generated on Twitter has become a rich source for various data mining tasks. Those data analysis tasks that are dependent on the tweet semantics, such as sentiment analysis, emotion mining, and rumor detection among others, suffer considerably if the tweet is not credible, not real, or spam. In this paper, we perform an extensive analysis on credibility of Arabic content on Twitter. We also build a classification model (CAT) to automatically predict the credibility of a given Arabic tweet. Of particular originality is the inclusion of features extracted directly or indirectly from the author{'}s profile and timeline. To train and test CAT, we annotated for credibility a data set of 9,000 Arabic tweets that are topic independent. CAT achieved consistent improvements in predicting the credibility of the tweets when compared to several baselines and when compared to the state-of-the-art approach with an improvement of 21{\%} in weighted average F-measure. We also conducted experiments to highlight the importance of the user-based features as opposed to the content-based features. We conclude our work with a feature reduction experiment that highlights the best indicative features of credibility.",
}
@inproceedings{alamri-teahan-2017-new,
    title = "A New Error Annotation for Dyslexic texts in {A}rabic",
    author = "Alamri, Maha  and
      Teahan, William J",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1309",
    pages = "72--78",
    abstract = "This paper aims to develop a new classification of errors made in Arabic by those suffering from dyslexia to be used in the annotation of the Arabic dyslexia corpus (BDAC). The dyslexic error classification for Arabic texts (DECA) comprises a list of spelling errors extracted from previous studies and a collection of texts written by people with dyslexia that can provide a framework to help analyse specific errors committed by dyslexic writers. The classification comprises 37 types of errors, grouped into nine categories. The paper also discusses building a corpus of dyslexic Arabic texts that uses the error annotation scheme and provides an analysis of the errors that were found in the texts.",
}
@inproceedings{ahmed-etal-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Speaker Clustering Technique based on {SOM} and {I}-vectors for Speech Recognition Systems",
    author = "Ahmed, Hany  and
      Elaraby, Mohamed  and
      M. Mousa, Abdullah  and
      Elhosiny, Mostafa  and
      Abdou, Sherif  and
      Rashwan, Mohsen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1310",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1310",
    pages = "79--83",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce an enhancement for speech recognition systems using an unsupervised speaker clustering technique. The proposed technique is mainly based on I-vectors and Self-Organizing Map Neural Network(SOM).The input to the proposed algorithm is a set of speech utterances. For each utterance, we extract 100-dimensional I-vector and then SOM is used to group the utterances to different speakers. In our experiments, we compared our technique with Normalized Cross Likelihood ratio Clustering (NCLR). Results show that the proposed technique reduces the speaker error rate in comparison with NCLR. Finally, we have experimented the effect of speaker clustering on Speaker Adaptive Training (SAT) in a speech recognition system implemented to test the performance of the proposed technique. It was noted that the proposed technique reduced the WER over clustering speakers with NCLR.",
}
@inproceedings{fashwan-alansary-2017-shakkil,
    title = "{SHAKKIL}: An Automatic Diacritization System for Modern Standard {A}rabic Texts",
    author = "Fashwan, Amany  and
      Alansary, Sameh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1311",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1311",
    pages = "84--93",
    abstract = "This paper sheds light on a system that would be able to diacritize Arabic texts automatically (SHAKKIL). In this system, the diacritization problem will be handled through two levels; morphological and syntactic processing levels. The adopted morphological disambiguation algorithm depends on four layers; Uni-morphological form layer, rule-based morphological disambiguation layer, statistical-based disambiguation layer and Out Of Vocabulary (OOV) layer. The adopted syntactic disambiguation algorithms is concerned with detecting the case ending diacritics depending on a rule based approach simulating the shallow parsing technique. This will be achieved using an annotated corpus for extracting the Arabic linguistic rules, building the language models and testing the system output. This system is considered as a good trial of the interaction between rule-based approach and statistical approach, where the rules can help the statistics in detecting the right diacritization and vice versa. At this point, the morphological Word Error Rate (WER) is 4.56{\%} while the morphological Diacritic Error Rate (DER) is 1.88{\%} and the syntactic WER is 9.36{\%}. The best WER is 14.78{\%} compared to the best-published results, of (Abandah, 2015); 11.68{\%}, (Rashwan, et al., 2015); 12.90{\%} and (Metwally, Rashwan, {\&} Atiya, 2016); 13.70{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{albogamy-etal-2017-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Tweets Treebanking and Parsing: A Bootstrapping Approach",
    author = "Albogamy, Fahad  and
      Ramsay, Allan  and
      Ahmed, Hanady",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1312",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1312",
    pages = "94--99",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose using a {``}bootstrapping{''} method for constructing a dependency treebank of Arabic tweets. This method uses a rule-based parser to create a small treebank of one thousand Arabic tweets and a data-driven parser to create a larger treebank by using the small treebank as a seed training set. We are able to create a dependency treebank from unlabelled tweets without any manual intervention. Experiments results show that this method can improve the speed of training the parser and the accuracy of the resulting parsers.",
}
@inproceedings{khwileh-etal-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Effective Translations for Cross-lingual {A}rabic-to-{E}nglish User-generated Speech Search",
    author = "Khwileh, Ahmad  and
      Afli, Haithem  and
      Jones, Gareth  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1313",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1313",
    pages = "100--109",
    abstract = "Cross Language Information Retrieval (CLIR) systems are a valuable tool to enable speakers of one language to search for content of interest expressed in a different language. A group for whom this is of particular interest is bilingual Arabic speakers who wish to search for English language content using information needs expressed in Arabic queries. A key challenge in CLIR is crossing the language barrier between the query and the documents. The most common approach to bridging this gap is automated query translation, which can be unreliable for vague or short queries. In this work, we examine the potential for improving CLIR effectiveness by predicting the translation effectiveness using Query Performance Prediction (QPP) techniques. We propose a novel QPP method to estimate the quality of translation for an Arabic-English Cross-lingual User-generated Speech Search (CLUGS) task. We present an empirical evaluation that demonstrates the quality of our method on alternative translation outputs extracted from an Arabic-to-English Machine Translation system developed for this task. Finally, we show how this framework can be integrated in CLUGS to find relevant translations for improved retrieval performance.",
}
@inproceedings{baly-etal-2017-characterization,
    title = "A Characterization Study of {A}rabic Twitter Data with a Benchmarking for State-of-the-Art Opinion Mining Models",
    author = "Baly, Ramy  and
      Badaro, Gilbert  and
      El-Khoury, Georges  and
      Moukalled, Rawan  and
      Aoun, Rita  and
      Hajj, Hazem  and
      El-Hajj, Wassim  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Shaban, Khaled",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1314",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1314",
    pages = "110--118",
    abstract = "Opinion mining in Arabic is a challenging task given the rich morphology of the language. The task becomes more challenging when it is applied to Twitter data, which contains additional sources of noise, such as the use of unstandardized dialectal variations, the nonconformation to grammatical rules, the use of Arabizi and code-switching, and the use of non-text objects such as images and URLs to express opinion. In this paper, we perform an analytical study to observe how such linguistic phenomena vary across different Arab regions. This study of Arabic Twitter characterization aims at providing better understanding of Arabic Tweets, and fostering advanced research on the topic. Furthermore, we explore the performance of the two schools of machine learning on Arabic Twitter, namely the feature engineering approach and the deep learning approach. We consider models that have achieved state-of-the-art performance for opinion mining in English. Results highlight the advantages of using deep learning-based models, and confirm the importance of using morphological abstractions to address Arabic{'}s complex morphology.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-robust,
    title = "Robust Dictionary Lookup in Multiple Noisy Orthographies",
    author = "Zhang, Lingliang  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Toussaint, Godfried",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1315",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1315",
    pages = "119--129",
    abstract = "We present the MultiScript Phonetic Search algorithm to address the problem of language learners looking up unfamiliar words that they heard. We apply it to Arabic dictionary lookup with noisy queries done using both the Arabic and Roman scripts. Our algorithm is based on a computational phonetic distance metric that can be optionally machine learned. To benchmark our performance, we created the ArabScribe dataset, containing 10,000 noisy transcriptions of random Arabic dictionary words. Our algorithm outperforms Google Translate{'}s {``}did you mean{''} feature, as well as the Yamli smart Arabic keyboard.",
}
@inproceedings{darwish-etal-2017-arabic-pos,
    title = "{A}rabic {POS} Tagging: Don{'}t Abandon Feature Engineering Just Yet",
    author = "Darwish, Kareem  and
      Mubarak, Hamdy  and
      Abdelali, Ahmed  and
      Eldesouki, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1316",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1316",
    pages = "130--137",
    abstract = "This paper focuses on comparing between using Support Vector Machine based ranking (SVM-Rank) and Bidirectional Long-Short-Term-Memory (bi-LSTM) neural-network based sequence labeling in building a state-of-the-art Arabic part-of-speech tagging system. Using SVM-Rank leads to state-of-the-art results, but with a fair amount of feature engineering. Using bi-LSTM, particularly when combined with word embeddings, may lead to competitive POS-tagging results by automatically deducing latent linguistic features. However, we show that augmenting bi-LSTM sequence labeling with some of the features that we used for the SVM-Rank based tagger yields to further improvements. We also show that gains that realized by using embeddings may not be additive with the gains achieved by the features. We are open-sourcing both the SVM-Rank and the bi-LSTM based systems for free.",
}
@inproceedings{bougrine-etal-2017-toward,
    title = "Toward a Web-based Speech Corpus for {A}lgerian Dialectal {A}rabic Varieties",
    author = "Bougrine, Soumia  and
      Chorana, Aicha  and
      Lakhdari, Abdallah  and
      Cherroun, Hadda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1317",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1317",
    pages = "138--146",
    abstract = "The success of machine learning for automatic speech processing has raised the need for large scale datasets. However, collecting such data is often a challenging task as it implies significant investment involving time and money cost. In this paper, we devise a recipe for building largescale Speech Corpora by harnessing Web resources namely YouTube, other Social Media, Online Radio and TV. We illustrate our methodology by building KALAM{'}DZ, An Arabic Spoken corpus dedicated to Algerian dialectal varieties. The preliminary version of our dataset covers all major Algerian dialects. In addition, we make sure that this material takes into account numerous aspects that foster its richness. In fact, we have targeted various speech topics. Some automatic and manual annotations are provided. They gather useful information related to the speakers and sub-dialect information at the utterance level. Our corpus encompasses the 8 major Algerian Arabic sub-dialects with 4881 speakers and more than 104.4 hours segmented in utterances of at least 6 s.",
}
@inproceedings{abdul-mageed-2017-segments,
    title = "Not All Segments are Created Equal: Syntactically Motivated Sentiment Analysis in Lexical Space",
    author = "Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1318",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1318",
    pages = "147--156",
    abstract = "Although there is by now a considerable amount of research on subjectivity and sentiment analysis on morphologically-rich languages, it is still unclear how lexical information can best be modeled in these languages. To bridge this gap, we build effective models exploiting exclusively gold- and machine-segmented lexical input and successfully employ syntactically motivated feature selection to improve classification. Our best models achieve significantly above the baselines, with 67.93{\%} and 69.37{\%} accuracies for subjectivity and sentiment classification respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{menacer-etal-2017-enhanced,
    title = "An enhanced automatic speech recognition system for {A}rabic",
    author = "Menacer, Mohamed Amine  and
      Mella, Odile  and
      Fohr, Dominique  and
      Jouvet, Denis  and
      Langlois, David  and
      Smaili, Kamel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1319",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1319",
    pages = "157--165",
    abstract = "Automatic speech recognition for Arabic is a very challenging task. Despite all the classical techniques for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), which can be efficiently applied to Arabic speech recognition, it is essential to take into consideration the language specificities to improve the system performance. In this article, we focus on Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) speech recognition. We introduce the challenges related to Arabic language, namely the complex morphology nature of the language and the absence of the short vowels in written text, which leads to several potential vowelization for each graphemes, which is often conflicting. We develop an ASR system for MSA by using Kaldi toolkit. Several acoustic and language models are trained. We obtain a Word Error Rate (WER) of 14.42 for the baseline system and 12.2 relative improvement by rescoring the lattice and by rewriting the output with the right Z hamoza above or below Alif.",
}
@inproceedings{taji-etal-2017-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies for {A}rabic",
    author = "Taji, Dima  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1320",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1320",
    pages = "166--176",
    abstract = "We describe the process of creating NUDAR, a Universal Dependency treebank for Arabic. We present the conversion from the Penn Arabic Treebank to the Universal Dependency syntactic representation through an intermediate dependency representation. We discuss the challenges faced in the conversion of the trees, the decisions we made to solve them, and the validation of our conversion. We also present initial parsing results on NUDAR.",
}
@inproceedings{al-badrashiny-etal-2017-layered,
    title = "A Layered Language Model based Hybrid Approach to Automatic Full Diacritization of {A}rabic",
    author = "Al-Badrashiny, Mohamed  and
      Hawwari, Abdelati  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1321",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1321",
    pages = "177--184",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a system for automatic Arabic text diacritization using three levels of analysis granularity in a layered back off manner. We build and exploit diacritized language models (LM) for each of three different levels of granularity: surface form, morphologically segmented into prefix/stem/suffix, and character level. For each of the passes, we use Viterbi search to pick the most probable diacritization per word in the input. We start with the surface form LM, followed by the morphological level, then finally we leverage the character level LM. Our system outperforms all of the published systems evaluated against the same training and test data. It achieves a 10.87{\%} WER for complete full diacritization including lexical and syntactic diacritization, and 3.0{\%} WER for lexical diacritization, ignoring syntactic diacritization.",
}
@inproceedings{almarwani-diab-2017-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Textual Entailment with Word Embeddings",
    author = "Almarwani, Nada  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {A}rabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1322",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1322",
    pages = "185--190",
    abstract = "Determining the textual entailment between texts is important in many NLP tasks, such as summarization, question answering, and information extraction and retrieval. Various methods have been suggested based on external knowledge sources; however, such resources are not always available in all languages and their acquisition is typically laborious and very costly. Distributional word representations such as word embeddings learned over large corpora have been shown to capture syntactic and semantic word relationships. Such models have contributed to improving the performance of several NLP tasks. In this paper, we address the problem of textual entailment in Arabic. We employ both traditional features and distributional representations. Crucially, we do not depend on any external resources in the process. Our suggested approach yields state of the art performance on a standard data set, ArbTE, achieving an accuracy of 76.2 {\%} compared to state of the art of 69.3 {\%}.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-balto,
    title = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Piskorski, Jakub  and
      Pivovarova, Lidia  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      Steinberger, Josef  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1400",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-14",
}
@inproceedings{sharoff-2017-toward,
    title = "Toward Pan-{S}lavic {NLP}: Some Experiments with Language Adaptation",
    author = "Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1401",
    pages = "1--2",
    abstract = "There is great variation in the amount of NLP resources available for Slavonic languages. For example, the Universal Dependency treebank (Nivre et al., 2016) has about 2 MW of training resources for Czech, more than 1 MW for Russian, while only 950 words for Ukrainian and nothing for Belorussian, Bosnian or Macedonian. Similarly, the Autodesk Machine Translation dataset only covers three Slavonic languages (Czech, Polish and Russian). In this talk I will discuss a general approach, which can be called Language Adaptation, similarly to Domain Adaptation. In this approach, a model for a particular language processing task is built by lexical transfer of cognate words and by learning a new feature representation for a lesser-resourced (recipient) language starting from a better-resourced (donor) language. More specifically, I will demonstrate how language adaptation works in such training scenarios as Translation Quality Estimation, Part-of-Speech tagging and Named Entity Recognition.",
}
@inproceedings{kutuzov-etal-2017-clustering,
    title = "Clustering of {R}ussian Adjective-Noun Constructions using Word Embeddings",
    author = "Kutuzov, Andrey  and
      Kuzmenko, Elizaveta  and
      Pivovarova, Lidia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1402",
    pages = "3--13",
    abstract = "This paper presents a method of automatic construction extraction from a large corpus of Russian. The term {`}construction{'} here means a multi-word expression in which a variable can be replaced with another word from the same semantic class, for example, {`}a glass of [water/juice/milk]{'}. We deal with constructions that consist of a noun and its adjective modifier. We propose a method of grouping such constructions into semantic classes via 2-step clustering of word vectors in distributional models. We compare it with other clustering techniques and evaluate it against A Russian-English Collocational Dictionary of the Human Body that contains manually annotated groups of constructions with nouns meaning human body parts. The best performing method is used to cluster all adjective-noun bigrams in the Russian National Corpus. Results of this procedure are publicly available and can be used for building Russian construction dictionary as well as to accelerate theoretical studies of constructions.",
}
@inproceedings{alagic-snajder-2017-preliminary,
    title = "A Preliminary Study of {C}roatian Lexical Substitution",
    author = "Alagi{\'c}, Domagoj  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1403",
    pages = "14--19",
    abstract = "Lexical substitution is a task of determining a meaning-preserving replacement for a word in context. We report on a preliminary study of this task for the Croatian language on a small-scale lexical sample dataset, manually annotated using three different annotation schemes. We compare the annotations, analyze the inter-annotator agreement, and observe a number of interesting language specific details in the obtained lexical substitutes. Furthermore, we apply a recently-proposed, dependency-based lexical substitution model to our dataset. The model achieves a P@3 score of 0.35, which indicates the difficulty of the task.",
}
@inproceedings{savary-waszczuk-2017-projecting,
    title = "Projecting Multiword Expression Resources on a Polish Treebank",
    author = "Savary, Agata  and
      Waszczuk, Jakub",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1404",
    pages = "20--26",
    abstract = "Multiword expressions (MWEs) are linguistic objects containing two or more words and showing idiosyncratic behavior at different levels. Treebanks with annotated MWEs enable studies of such properties, as well as training and evaluation of MWE-aware parsers. However, few treebanks contain full-fledged MWE annotations. We show how this gap can be bridged in Polish by projecting 3 MWE resources on a constituency treebank.",
}
@inproceedings{rabus-scherrer-2017-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon Induction for Spoken {R}usyn {--} Challenges and Results",
    author = "Rabus, Achim  and
      Scherrer, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1405",
    pages = "27--32",
    abstract = "This paper reports on challenges and results in developing NLP resources for spoken Rusyn. Being a Slavic minority language, Rusyn does not have any resources to make use of. We propose to build a morphosyntactic dictionary for Rusyn, combining existing resources from the etymologically close Slavic languages Russian, Ukrainian, Slovak, and Polish. We adapt these resources to Rusyn by using vowel-sensitive Levenshtein distance, hand-written language-specific transformation rules, and combinations of the two. Compared to an exact match baseline, we increase the coverage of the resulting morphological dictionary by up to 77.4{\%} relative (42.9{\%} absolute), which results in a tagging recall increased by 11.6{\%} relative (9.1{\%} absolute). Our research confirms and expands the results of previous studies showing the efficiency of using NLP resources from neighboring languages for low-resourced languages.",
}
@inproceedings{dobrovoljc-etal-2017-universal,
    title = "The Universal Dependencies Treebank for {S}lovenian",
    author = "Dobrovoljc, Kaja  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Krek, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1406",
    pages = "33--38",
    abstract = "This paper introduces the Universal Dependencies Treebank for Slovenian. We overview the existing dependency treebanks for Slovenian and then detail the conversion of the ssj200k treebank to the framework of Universal Dependencies version 2. We explain the mapping of part-of-speech categories, morphosyntactic features, and the dependency relations, focusing on the more problematic language-specific issues. We conclude with a quantitative overview of the treebank and directions for further work.",
}
@inproceedings{samardzic-etal-2017-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies for {S}erbian in Comparison with {C}roatian and Other {S}lavic Languages",
    author = "Samard{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Tanja  and
      Starovi{\'c}, Mirjana  and
      Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1407",
    pages = "39--44",
    abstract = "The paper documents the procedure of building a new Universal Dependencies (UDv2) treebank for Serbian starting from an existing Croatian UDv1 treebank and taking into account the other Slavic UD annotation guidelines. We describe the automatic and manual annotation procedures, discuss the annotation of Slavic-specific categories (case governing quantifiers, reflexive pronouns, question particles) and propose an approach to handling deverbal nouns in Slavic languages.",
}
@inproceedings{sorokin-2017-spelling,
    title = "Spelling Correction for Morphologically Rich Language: a Case Study of {R}ussian",
    author = "Sorokin, Alexey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1408",
    pages = "45--53",
    abstract = "We present an algorithm for automatic correction of spelling errors on the sentence level, which uses noisy channel model and feature-based reranking of hypotheses. Our system is designed for Russian and clearly outperforms the winner of SpellRuEval-2016 competition. We show that language model size has the greatest influence on spelling correction quality. We also experiment with different types of features and show that morphological and semantic information also improves the accuracy of spellchecking.",
}
@inproceedings{gombar-etal-2017-debunking,
    title = "Debunking Sentiment Lexicons: A Case of Domain-Specific Sentiment Classification for {C}roatian",
    author = "Gombar, Paula  and
      Medi{\'c}, Zoran  and
      Alagi{\'c}, Domagoj  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1409",
    pages = "54--59",
    abstract = "Sentiment lexicons are widely used as an intuitive and inexpensive way of tackling sentiment classification, often within a simple lexicon word-counting approach or as part of a supervised model. However, it is an open question whether these approaches can compete with supervised models that use only word-representation features. We address this question in the context of domain-specific sentiment classification for Croatian. We experiment with the graph-based acquisition of sentiment lexicons, analyze their quality, and investigate how effectively they can be used in sentiment classification. Our results indicate that, even with as few as 500 labeled instances, a supervised model substantially outperforms a word-counting model. We also observe that adding lexicon-based features does not significantly improve supervised sentiment classification.",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-etal-2017-adapting,
    title = "Adapting a State-of-the-Art Tagger for South {S}lavic Languages to Non-Standard Text",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1410",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1410",
    pages = "60--68",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the adaptations of a state-of-the-art tagger for South Slavic languages to non-standard texts on the example of the Slovene language. We investigate the impact of introducing in-domain training data as well as additional supervision through external resources or tools like word clusters and word normalization. We remove more than half of the error of the standard tagger when applied to non-standard texts by training it on a combination of standard and non-standard training data, while enriching the data representation with external resources removes additional 11 percent of the error. The final configuration achieves tagging accuracy of 87.41{\%} on the full morphosyntactic description, which is, nevertheless, still quite far from the accuracy of 94.27{\%} achieved on standard text.",
}
@inproceedings{rotim-snajder-2017-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of Short-Text Sentiment Analysis Methods for {C}roatian",
    author = "Rotim, Leon  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1411",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1411",
    pages = "69--75",
    abstract = "We focus on the task of supervised sentiment classification of short and informal texts in Croatian, using two simple yet effective methods: word embeddings and string kernels. We investigate whether word embeddings offer any advantage over corpus- and preprocessing-free string kernels, and how these compare to bag-of-words baselines. We conduct a comparison on three different datasets, using different preprocessing methods and kernel functions. Results show that, on two out of three datasets, word embeddings outperform string kernels, which in turn outperform word and n-gram bag-of-words baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{piskorski-etal-2017-first,
    title = "The First Cross-Lingual Challenge on Recognition, Normalization, and Matching of Named Entities in {S}lavic Languages",
    author = "Piskorski, Jakub  and
      Pivovarova, Lidia  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      Steinberger, Josef  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1412",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1412",
    pages = "76--85",
    abstract = "This paper describes the outcomes of the first challenge on multilingual named entity recognition that aimed at recognizing mentions of named entities in web documents in Slavic languages, their normalization/lemmatization, and cross-language matching. It was organised in the context of the 6th Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing Workshop, co-located with the EACL 2017 conference. Although eleven teams signed up for the evaluation, due to the complexity of the task(s) and short time available for elaborating a solution, only two teams submitted results on time. The reported evaluation figures reflect the relatively higher level of complexity of named entity-related tasks in the context of processing texts in Slavic languages. Since the duration of the challenge goes beyond the date of the publication of this paper and updated picture of the participating systems and their corresponding performance can be found on the web page of the challenge.",
}
@inproceedings{marcinczuk-etal-2017-liner2,
    title = "{L}iner2 {---} a Generic Framework for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Marci{\'n}czuk, Micha{\l}  and
      Koco{\'n}, Jan  and
      Oleksy, Marcin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1413",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1413",
    pages = "86--91",
    abstract = "In the paper we present an adaptation of Liner2 framework to solve the BSNLP 2017 shared task on multilingual named entity recognition. The tool is tuned to recognize and lemmatize named entities for Polish.",
}
@inproceedings{mayfield-etal-2017-language,
    title = "Language-Independent Named Entity Analysis Using Parallel Projection and Rule-Based Disambiguation",
    author = "Mayfield, James  and
      McNamee, Paul  and
      Costello, Cash",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1414",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1414",
    pages = "92--96",
    abstract = "The 2017 shared task at the Balto-Slavic NLP workshop requires identifying coarse-grained named entities in seven languages, identifying each entity{'}s base form, and clustering name mentions across the multilingual set of documents. The fact that no training data is provided to systems for building supervised classifiers further adds to the complexity. To complete the task we first use publicly available parallel texts to project named entity recognition capability from English to each evaluation language. We ignore entirely the subtask of identifying non-inflected forms of names. Finally, we create cross-document entity identifiers by clustering named mentions using a procedure-based approach.",
}
@inproceedings{chernyak-2017-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of String Similarity Measures for Obscenity Filtering",
    author = "Chernyak, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1415",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1415",
    pages = "97--101",
    abstract = "In this paper we address the problem of filtering obscene lexis in Russian texts. We use string similarity measures to find words similar or identical to words from a stop list and establish both a test collection and a baseline for the task. Our experiments show that a novel string similarity measure based on the notion of an annotated suffix tree outperforms some of the other well known measures.",
}
@inproceedings{mandravickaite-krilavicius-2017-stylometric,
    title = "Stylometric Analysis of Parliamentary Speeches: Gender Dimension",
    author = "Mandravickait{\.e}, Justina  and
      Krilavi{\v{c}}ius, Tomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1416",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1416",
    pages = "102--107",
    abstract = "Relation between gender and language has been studied by many authors, however, there is still some uncertainty left regarding gender influence on language usage in the professional environment. Often, the studied data sets are too small or texts of individual authors are too short in order to capture differences of language usage wrt gender successfully. This study draws from a larger corpus of speeches transcripts of the Lithuanian Parliament (1990-2013) to explore language differences of political debates by gender via stylometric analysis. Experimental set up consists of stylistic features that indicate lexical style and do not require external linguistic tools, namely the most frequent words, in combination with unsupervised machine learning algorithms. Results show that gender differences in the language use remain in professional environment not only in usage of function words, preferred linguistic constructions, but in the presented topics as well.",
}
@inproceedings{buraya-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Never Ending Language Learning for Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = "Buraya, Kseniya  and
      Pivovarova, Lidia  and
      Budkov, Sergey  and
      Filchenkov, Andrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1417",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1417",
    pages = "108--118",
    abstract = "This work deals with ontology learning from unstructured Russian text. We implement one of components Never Ending Language Learner and introduce the algorithm extensions aimed to gather specificity of morphologicaly rich free-word-order language. We demonstrate that this method may be successfully applied to Russian data. In addition we perform several additional experiments comparing different settings of the training process. We demonstrate that utilizing of morphological features significantly improves the system precision while using of seed patterns helps to improve the coverage.",
}
@inproceedings{verhoeven-etal-2017-gender,
    title = "Gender Profiling for {S}lovene Twitter communication: the Influence of Gender Marking, Content and Style",
    author = "Verhoeven, Ben  and
      {\v{S}}krjanec, Iza  and
      Pollak, Senja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1418",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1418",
    pages = "119--125",
    abstract = "We present results of the first gender classification experiments on Slovene text to our knowledge. Inspired by the TwiSty corpus and experiments (Verhoeven et al., 2016), we employed the Janes corpus (Erjavec et al., 2016) and its gender annotations to perform gender classification experiments on Twitter text comparing a token-based and a lemma-based approach. We find that the token-based approach (92.6{\%} accuracy), containing gender markings related to the author, outperforms the lemma-based approach by about 5{\%}. Especially in the lemmatized version, we also observe stylistic and content-based differences in writing between men (e.g. more profane language, numerals and beer mentions) and women (e.g. more pronouns, emoticons and character flooding). Many of our findings corroborate previous research on other languages.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-coreference,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2017)",
    author = "Ogrodniczuk, Maciej  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1500",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-15",
}
@inproceedings{moosavi-strube-2017-use,
    title = "Use Generalized Representations, But Do Not Forget Surface Features",
    author = "Moosavi, Nafise Sadat  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1501",
    pages = "1--7",
    abstract = "Only a year ago, all state-of-the-art coreference resolvers were using an extensive amount of surface features. Recently, there was a paradigm shift towards using word embeddings and deep neural networks, where the use of surface features is very limited. In this paper, we show that a simple SVM model with surface features outperforms more complex neural models for detecting anaphoric mentions. Our analysis suggests that using generalized representations and surface features have different strength that should be both taken into account for improving coreference resolution.",
}
@inproceedings{soraluze-etal-2017-enriching,
    title = "Enriching Basque Coreference Resolution System using Semantic Knowledge sources",
    author = "Soraluze, Ander  and
      Arregi, Olatz  and
      Arregi, Xabier  and
      D{\'\i}az de Ilarraza, Arantza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1502",
    pages = "8--16",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a Basque coreference resolution system enriched with semantic knowledge. An error analysis carried out revealed the deficiencies that the system had in resolving coreference cases in which semantic or world knowledge is needed. We attempt to improve the deficiencies using two semantic knowledge sources, specifically Wikipedia and WordNet.",
}
@inproceedings{ogrodniczuk-niton-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Polish Mention Detection with Valency Dictionary",
    author = "Ogrodniczuk, Maciej  and
      Nito{\'n}, Bart{\l}omiej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1503",
    pages = "17--23",
    abstract = "This paper presents results of an experiment integrating information from valency dictionary of Polish into a mention detection system. Two types of information is acquired: positions of syntactic schemata for nominal and verbal constructs and secondary prepositions present in schemata. The syntactic schemata are used to prevent (for verbal realizations) or encourage (for nominal groups) constructing mentions from phrases filling multiple schema positions, the secondary prepositions {--} to filter out artificial mentions created from their nominal components. Mention detection is evaluated against the manual annotation of the Polish Coreference Corpus in two settings: taking into account only mention heads or exact borders.",
}
@inproceedings{amsili-seminck-2017-google,
    title = "A {G}oogle-Proof Collection of {F}rench {W}inograd Schemas",
    author = "Amsili, Pascal  and
      Seminck, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1504",
    pages = "24--29",
    abstract = "This article presents the first collection of French Winograd Schemas. Winograd Schemas form anaphora resolution problems that can only be resolved with extensive world knowledge. For this reason the Winograd Schema Challenge has been proposed as an alternative to the Turing Test. A very important feature of Winograd Schemas is that it should be impossible to resolve them with statistical information about word co-occurrences: they should be Google-proof. We propose a measure of Google-proofness based on Mutual Information, and demonstrate the method on our collection of French Winograd Schemas.",
}
@inproceedings{miculicich-werlen-popescu-belis-2017-using,
    title = "Using Coreference Links to Improve {S}panish-to-{E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Miculicich Werlen, Lesly  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1505",
    pages = "30--40",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept implementation of a coreference-aware decoder for document-level machine translation. We consider that better translations should have coreference links that are closer to those in the source text, and implement this criterion in two ways. First, we define a similarity measure between source and target coreference structures, by projecting the target ones onto the source and reusing existing coreference metrics. Based on this similarity measure, we re-rank the translation hypotheses of a baseline system for each sentence. Alternatively, to address the lack of diversity of mentions in the MT hypotheses, we focus on mention pairs and integrate their coreference scores with MT ones, resulting in post-editing decisions for mentions. The experimental results for Spanish to English MT on the AnCora-ES corpus show that the second approach yields a substantial increase in the accuracy of pronoun translation, with BLEU scores remaining constant.",
}
@inproceedings{grishina-stede-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-source annotation projection of coreference chains: assessing strategies and testing opportunities",
    author = "Grishina, Yulia  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1506",
    pages = "41--50",
    abstract = "In this paper, we examine the possibility of using annotation projection from multiple sources for automatically obtaining coreference annotations in the target language. We implement a multi-source annotation projection algorithm and apply it on an English-German-Russian parallel corpus in order to transfer coreference chains from two sources to the target side. Operating in two settings {--} a low-resource and a more linguistically-informed one {--} we show that automatic coreference transfer could benefit from combining information from multiple languages, and assess the quality of both the extraction and the linking of target coreference mentions.",
}
@inproceedings{grishina-2017-corbon,
    title = "{CORBON} 2017 Shared Task: Projection-Based Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Grishina, Yulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1507",
    pages = "51--55",
    abstract = "The CORBON 2017 Shared Task, organised as part of the Coreference Resolution Beyond OntoNotes workshop at EACL 2017, presented a new challenge for multilingual coreference resolution: we offer a projection-based setting in which one is supposed to build a coreference resolver for a new language exploiting little or even no knowledge of it, with our languages of interest being German and Russian. We additionally offer a more traditional setting, targeting the development of a multilingual coreference resolver without any restrictions on the resources and methods used. In this paper, we describe the task setting and provide the results of one participant who successfully completed the task, comparing their results to the closely related previous research. Analysing the task setting and the results, we discuss the major challenges and make suggestions on the future directions of coreference evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{novak-etal-2017-projection,
    title = "Projection-based Coreference Resolution Using Deep Syntax",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, Michal  and
      Nedoluzhko, Anna  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1508",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1508",
    pages = "56--64",
    abstract = "The paper describes the system for coreference resolution in German and Russian, trained exclusively on coreference relations project ed through a parallel corpus from English. The resolver operates on the level of deep syntax and makes use of multiple specialized models. It achieves 32 and 22 points in terms of CoNLL score for Russian and German, respectively. Analysis of the evaluation results show that the resolver for Russian is able to preserve 66{\%} of the English resolver{'}s quality in terms of CoNLL score. The system was submitted to the Closed track of the CORBON 2017 Shared task.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the First {ACL} Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Hovy, Dirk  and
      Spruit, Shannon  and
      Mitchell, Margaret  and
      Bender, Emily M.  and
      Strube, Michael  and
      Wallach, Hanna",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1600",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-16",
}
@inproceedings{larson-2017-gender,
    title = "Gender as a Variable in Natural-Language Processing: Ethical Considerations",
    author = "Larson, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {ACL} Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1601",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "Researchers and practitioners in natural-language processing (NLP) and related fields should attend to ethical principles in study design, ascription of categories/variables to study participants, and reporting of findings or results. This paper discusses theoretical and ethical frameworks for using gender as a variable in NLP studies and proposes four guidelines for researchers and practitioners. The principles outlined here should guide practitioners, researchers, and peer reviewers, and they may be applicable to other social categories, such as race, applied to human beings connected to NLP research.",
}
@inproceedings{koolen-van-cranenburgh-2017-stereotypes,
    title = "These are not the Stereotypes You are Looking For: Bias and Fairness in Authorial Gender Attribution",
    author = "Koolen, Corina  and
      van Cranenburgh, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {ACL} Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1602",
    pages = "12--22",
    abstract = "Stylometric and text categorization results show that author gender can be discerned in texts with relatively high accuracy. However, it is difficult to explain what gives rise to these results and there are many possible confounding factors, such as the domain, genre, and target audience of a text. More fundamentally, such classification efforts risk invoking stereotyping and essentialism. We explore this issue in two datasets of Dutch literary novels, using commonly used descriptive (LIWC, topic modeling) and predictive (machine learning) methods. Our results show the importance of controlling for variables in the corpus and we argue for taking care not to overgeneralize from the results.",
}
@inproceedings{mieskes-2017-quantitative,
    title = "A Quantitative Study of Data in the {NLP} community",
    author = "Mieskes, Margot",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {ACL} Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1603",
    pages = "23--29",
    abstract = "We present results on a quantitative analysis of publications in the NLP domain on collecting, publishing and availability of research data. We find that a wide range of publications rely on data crawled from the web, but few give details on how potentially sensitive data was treated. Additionally, we find that while links to repositories of data are given, they often do not work even a short time after publication. We put together several suggestions on how to improve this situation based on publications from the NLP domain, but also other research areas.",
}
@inproceedings{leidner-plachouras-2017-ethical,
    title = "Ethical by Design: Ethics Best Practices for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Leidner, Jochen L.  and
      Plachouras, Vassilis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {ACL} Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1604",
    pages = "30--40",
    abstract = "Natural language processing (NLP) systems analyze and/or generate human language, typically on users{'} behalf. One natural and necessary question that needs to be addressed in this context, both in research projects and in production settings, is the question how ethical the work is, both regarding the process and its outcome. Towards this end, we articulate a set of issues, propose a set of best practices, notably a process featuring an ethics review board, and sketch and how they could be meaningfully applied. Our main argument is that ethical outcomes ought to be achieved by design, i.e. by following a process aligned by ethical values. We also offer some response options for those facing ethics issues. While a number of previous works exist that discuss ethical issues, in particular around big data and machine learning, to the authors{'} knowledge this is the first account of NLP and ethics from the perspective of a principled process.",
}
@inproceedings{madnani-etal-2017-building,
    title = "Building Better Open-Source Tools to Support Fairness in Automated Scoring",
    author = "Madnani, Nitin  and
      Loukina, Anastassia  and
      von Davier, Alina  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Cahill, Aoife",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {ACL} Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1605",
    pages = "41--52",
    abstract = "Automated scoring of written and spoken responses is an NLP application that can significantly impact lives especially when deployed as part of high-stakes tests such as the GRE® and the TOEFL®. Ethical considerations require that automated scoring algorithms treat all test-takers fairly. The educational measurement community has done significant research on fairness in assessments and automated scoring systems must incorporate their recommendations. The best way to do that is by making available automated, non-proprietary tools to NLP researchers that directly incorporate these recommendations and generate the analyses needed to help identify and resolve biases in their scoring systems. In this paper, we attempt to provide such a solution.",
}
@inproceedings{tatman-2017-gender,
    title = "Gender and Dialect Bias in {Y}ou{T}ube{'}s Automatic Captions",
    author = "Tatman, Rachael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {ACL} Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1606",
    pages = "53--59",
    abstract = "This project evaluates the accuracy of YouTube{'}s automatically-generated captions across two genders and five dialect groups. Speakers{'} dialect and gender was controlled for by using videos uploaded as part of the {``}accent tag challenge{''}, where speakers explicitly identify their language background. The results show robust differences in accuracy across both gender and dialect, with lower accuracy for 1) women and 2) speakers from Scotland. This finding builds on earlier research finding that speaker{'}s sociolinguistic identity may negatively impact their ability to use automatic speech recognition, and demonstrates the need for sociolinguistically-stratified validation of systems.",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-etal-2017-integrating,
    title = "Integrating the Management of Personal Data Protection and Open Science with Research Ethics",
    author = "Lewis, Dave  and
      Moorkens, Joss  and
      Fatema, Kaniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {ACL} Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1607",
    pages = "60--65",
    abstract = "We examine the impact of the EU General Data Protection Regulation and the push from research funders to provide open access research data on the current practices in Language Technology Research. We analyse the challenges that arise and the opportunities to address many of them through the use of existing open data practices. We discuss the impact of this also on current practice in research ethics.",
}
@inproceedings{parra-escartin-etal-2017-ethical,
    title = "Ethical Considerations in {NLP} Shared Tasks",
    author = "Parra Escart{\'\i}n, Carla  and
      Reijers, Wessel  and
      Lynn, Teresa  and
      Moorkens, Joss  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Liu, Chao-Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {ACL} Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1608",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1608",
    pages = "66--73",
    abstract = "Shared tasks are increasingly common in our field, and new challenges are suggested at almost every conference and workshop. However, as this has become an established way of pushing research forward, it is important to discuss how we researchers organise and participate in shared tasks, and make that information available to the community to allow further research improvements. In this paper, we present a number of ethical issues along with other areas of concern that are related to the competitive nature of shared tasks. As such issues could potentially impact on research ethics in the Natural Language Processing community, we also propose the development of a framework for the organisation of and participation in shared tasks that can help mitigate against these issues arising.",
}
@inproceedings{rudinger-etal-2017-social,
    title = "Social Bias in Elicited Natural Language Inferences",
    author = "Rudinger, Rachel  and
      May, Chandler  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {ACL} Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1609",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1609",
    pages = "74--79",
    abstract = "We analyze the Stanford Natural Language Inference (SNLI) corpus in an investigation of bias and stereotyping in NLP data. The SNLI human-elicitation protocol makes it prone to amplifying bias and stereotypical associations, which we demonstrate statistically (using pointwise mutual information) and with qualitative examples.",
}
@inproceedings{suster-etal-2017-short,
    title = "A Short Review of Ethical Challenges in Clinical Natural Language Processing",
    author = "{\v{S}}uster, Simon  and
      Tulkens, St{\'e}phan  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {ACL} Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1610",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1610",
    pages = "80--87",
    abstract = "Clinical NLP has an immense potential in contributing to how clinical practice will be revolutionized by the advent of large scale processing of clinical records. However, this potential has remained largely untapped due to slow progress primarily caused by strict data access policies for researchers. In this paper, we discuss the concern for privacy and the measures it entails. We also suggest sources of less sensitive data. Finally, we draw attention to biases that can compromise the validity of empirical research and lead to socially harmful applications.",
}
@inproceedings{schnoebelen-2017-goal,
    title = "Goal-Oriented Design for Ethical Machine Learning and {NLP}",
    author = "Schnoebelen, Tyler",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {ACL} Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1611",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1611",
    pages = "88--93",
    abstract = "The argument made in this paper is that to act ethically in machine learning and NLP requires focusing on goals. NLP projects are often classificatory systems that deal with human subjects, which means that goals from people affected by the systems should be included. The paper takes as its core example a model that detects criminality, showing the problems of training data, categories, and outcomes. The paper is oriented to the kinds of critiques on power and the reproduction of inequality that are found in social theory, but it also includes concrete suggestions on how to put goal-oriented design into practice.",
}
@inproceedings{benton-etal-2017-ethical,
    title = "Ethical Research Protocols for Social Media Health Research",
    author = "Benton, Adrian  and
      Coppersmith, Glen  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {ACL} Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1612",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1612",
    pages = "94--102",
    abstract = "Social media have transformed data-driven research in political science, the social sciences, health, and medicine. Since health research often touches on sensitive topics that relate to ethics of treatment and patient privacy, similar ethical considerations should be acknowledged when using social media data in health research. While much has been said regarding the ethical considerations of social media research, health research leads to an additional set of concerns. We provide practical suggestions in the form of guidelines for researchers working with social media data in health research. These guidelines can inform an IRB proposal for researchers new to social media health research.",
}
@inproceedings{smiley-etal-2017-say,
    title = "Say the Right Thing Right: Ethics Issues in Natural Language Generation Systems",
    author = "Smiley, Charese  and
      Schilder, Frank  and
      Plachouras, Vassilis  and
      Leidner, Jochen L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {ACL} Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1613",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1613",
    pages = "103--108",
    abstract = "We discuss the ethical implications of Natural Language Generation systems. We use one particular system as a case study to identify and classify issues, and we provide an ethics checklist, in the hope that future system designers may benefit from conducting their own ethics reviews based on our checklist.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-multiword,
    title = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    author = "Markantonatou, Stella  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Savary, Agata  and
      Vincze, Veronika",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1700",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-17",
}
@inproceedings{barancikova-kettnerova-2017-paradi,
    title = "{P}ara{D}i: Dictionary of Paraphrases of {C}zech Complex Predicates with Light Verbs",
    author = "Baran{\v{c}}{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Petra  and
      Kettnerov{\'a}, V{\'a}clava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1701",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "We present a new freely available dictionary of paraphrases of Czech complex predicates with light verbs, ParaDi. Candidates for single predicative paraphrases of selected complex predicates have been extracted automatically from large monolingual data using word2vec. They have been manually verified and further refined. We demonstrate one of many possible applications of ParaDi in an experiment with improving machine translation quality.",
}
@inproceedings{chesney-etal-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-word Entity Classification in a Highly Multilingual Environment",
    author = "Chesney, Sophie  and
      Jacquet, Guillaume  and
      Steinberger, Ralf  and
      Piskorski, Jakub",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1702",
    pages = "11--20",
    abstract = "This paper describes an approach for the classification of millions of existing multi-word entities (MWEntities), such as organisation or event names, into thirteen category types, based only on the tokens they contain. In order to classify our very large in-house collection of multilingual MWEntities into an application-oriented set of entity categories, we trained and tested distantly-supervised classifiers in 43 languages based on MWEntities extracted from BabelNet. The best-performing classifier was the multi-class SVM using a TF.IDF-weighted data representation. Interestingly, one unique classifier trained on a mix of all languages consistently performed better than classifiers trained for individual languages, reaching an averaged F1-value of 88.8{\%}. In this paper, we present the training and test data, including a human evaluation of its accuracy, describe the methods used to train the classifiers, and discuss the results.",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-etal-2017-using,
    title = "Using bilingual word-embeddings for multilingual collocation extraction",
    author = "Garcia, Marcos  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Salido, Marcos  and
      Alonso-Ramos, Margarita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1703",
    pages = "21--30",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new strategy for multilingual collocation extraction which takes advantage of parallel corpora to learn bilingual word-embeddings. Monolingual collocation candidates are retrieved using Universal Dependencies, while the distributional models are then applied to search for equivalents of the elements of each collocation in the target languages. The proposed method extracts not only collocation equivalents with direct translation between languages, but also other cases where the collocations in the two languages are not literal translations of each other. Several experiments -evaluating collocations with three syntactic patterns- in English, Spanish, and Portuguese show that our approach can effectively extract large pairs of bilingual equivalents with an average precision of about 90{\%}. Moreover, preliminary results on comparable corpora suggest that the distributional models can be applied for identifying new bilingual collocations in different domains.",
}
@inproceedings{savary-etal-2017-parseme,
    title = "The {PARSEME} Shared Task on Automatic Identification of Verbal Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Savary, Agata  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Cordeiro, Silvio  and
      Sangati, Federico  and
      Vincze, Veronika  and
      QasemiZadeh, Behrang  and
      Candito, Marie  and
      Cap, Fabienne  and
      Giouli, Voula  and
      Stoyanova, Ivelina  and
      Doucet, Antoine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1704",
    pages = "31--47",
    abstract = "Multiword expressions (MWEs) are known as a {``}pain in the neck{''} for NLP due to their idiosyncratic behaviour. While some categories of MWEs have been addressed by many studies, verbal MWEs (VMWEs), such as to take a decision, to break one{'}s heart or to turn off, have been rarely modelled. This is notably due to their syntactic variability, which hinders treating them as {``}words with spaces{''}. We describe an initiative meant to bring about substantial progress in understanding, modelling and processing VMWEs. It is a joint effort, carried out within a European research network, to elaborate universal terminologies and annotation guidelines for 18 languages. Its main outcome is a multilingual 5-million-word annotated corpus which underlies a shared task on automatic identification of VMWEs. This paper presents the corpus annotation methodology and outcome, the shared task organisation and the results of the participating systems.",
}
@inproceedings{simko-etal-2017-uszeged,
    title = "{US}zeged: Identifying Verbal Multiword Expressions with {POS} Tagging and Parsing Techniques",
    author = "Simk{\'o}, Katalin Ilona  and
      Kov{\'a}cs, Vikt{\'o}ria  and
      Vincze, Veronika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1705",
    pages = "48--53",
    abstract = "The paper describes our system submitted for the Workshop on Multiword Expressions{'} shared task on automatic identification of verbal multiword expressions. It uses POS tagging and dependency parsing to identify single- and multi-token verbal MWEs in text. Our system is language independent and competed on nine of the eighteen languages. Our paper describes how our system works and gives its error analysis for the languages it was submitted for.",
}
@inproceedings{nerima-etal-2017-parsing,
    title = "Parsing and {MWE} Detection: Fips at the {PARSEME} Shared Task",
    author = "Nerima, Luka  and
      Foufi, Vasiliki  and
      Wehrli, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1706",
    pages = "54--59",
    abstract = "Identifying multiword expressions (MWEs) in a sentence in order to ensure their proper processing in subsequent applications, like machine translation, and performing the syntactic analysis of the sentence are interrelated processes. In our approach, priority is given to parsing alternatives involving collocations, and hence collocational information helps the parser through the maze of alternatives, with the aim to lead to substantial improvements in the performance of both tasks (collocation identification and parsing), and in that of a subsequent task (machine translation). In this paper, we are going to present our system and the procedure that we have followed in order to participate to the open track of the PARSEME shared task on automatic identification of verbal multiword expressions (VMWEs) in running texts.",
}
@inproceedings{klyueva-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Networks for Multi-Word Expression Detection",
    author = "Klyueva, Natalia  and
      Doucet, Antoine  and
      Straka, Milan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1707",
    pages = "60--65",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe the MUMULS system that participated to the 2017 shared task on automatic identification of verbal multiword expressions (VMWEs). The MUMULS system was implemented using a supervised approach based on recurrent neural networks using the open source library TensorFlow. The model was trained on a data set containing annotated VMWEs as well as morphological and syntactic information. The MUMULS system performed the identification of VMWEs in 15 languages, it was one of few systems that could categorize VMWEs type in nearly all languages.",
}
@inproceedings{bott-schulte-im-walde-2017-factoring,
    title = "Factoring Ambiguity out of the Prediction of Compositionality for {G}erman Multi-Word Expressions",
    author = "Bott, Stefan  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1708",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1708",
    pages = "66--72",
    abstract = {Ambiguity represents an obstacle for distributional semantic models(DSMs), which typically subsume the contexts of all word senses within one vector. While individual vector space approaches have been concerned with sense discrimination (e.g., Sch{\"u}tze 1998, Erk 2009, Erk and Pado 2010), such discrimination has rarely been integrated into DSMs across semantic tasks. This paper presents a soft-clustering approach to sense discrimination that filters sense-irrelevant features when predicting the degrees of compositionality for German noun-noun compounds and German particle verbs.},
}
@inproceedings{findlay-2017-multiword,
    title = "Multiword expressions and lexicalism: the view from {LFG}",
    author = "Findlay, Jamie Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1709",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1709",
    pages = "73--79",
    abstract = "Multiword expressions (MWEs) pose a problem for lexicalist theories like Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), since they are prima facie counterexamples to a strong form of the lexical integrity principle, which entails that a lexical item can only be realised as a single, syntactically atomic word. In this paper, I demonstrate some of the problems facing any strongly lexicalist account of MWEs, and argue that the lexical integrity principle must be weakened. I conclude by sketching a formalism which integrates a Tree Adjoining Grammar into the LFG architecture, taking advantage of this relaxation.",
}
@inproceedings{geeraert-etal-2017-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Idiomatic Variation",
    author = "Geeraert, Kristina  and
      Baayen, R. Harald  and
      Newman, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1710",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1710",
    pages = "80--90",
    abstract = "This study investigates the processing of idiomatic variants through an eye-tracking experiment. Four types of idiom variants were included, in addition to the canonical form and the literal meaning. Results suggest that modifications to idioms, modulo obvious effects of length differences, are not more difficult to process than the canonical forms themselves. This fits with recent corpus findings.",
}
@inproceedings{vargas-etal-2017-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Light Verb Constructions and their Translations from Parallel Corpora without Word Alignment",
    author = "Vargas, Natalie  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Caseli, Helena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1711",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1711",
    pages = "91--96",
    abstract = "We propose a method for joint unsupervised discovery of multiword expressions (MWEs) and their translations from parallel corpora. First, we apply independent monolingual MWE extraction in source and target languages simultaneously. Then, we calculate translation probability, association score and distributional similarity of co-occurring pairs. Finally, we rank all translations of a given MWE using a linear combination of these features. Preliminary experiments on light verb constructions show promising results.",
}
@inproceedings{mandravickaite-krilavicius-2017-identification,
    title = "Identification of Multiword Expressions for {L}atvian and {L}ithuanian: Hybrid Approach",
    author = "Mandravickait{\.e}, Justina  and
      Krilavi{\v{c}}ius, Tomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1712",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1712",
    pages = "97--101",
    abstract = "We discuss an experiment on automatic identification of bi-gram multi-word expressions in parallel Latvian and Lithuanian corpora. Raw corpora, lexical association measures (LAMs) and supervised machine learning (ML) are used due to deficit and quality of lexical resources (e.g., POS-tagger, parser) and tools. While combining LAMs with ML is rather effective for other languages, it has shown some nice results for Lithuanian and Latvian as well. Combining LAMs with ML we have achieved 92,4{\%} precision and 52,2{\%} recall for Latvian and 95,1{\%} precision and 77,8{\%} recall for Lithuanian.",
}
@inproceedings{cap-2017-show,
    title = "Show Me Your Variance and {I} Tell You Who You Are - Deriving Compound Compositionality from Word Alignments",
    author = "Cap, Fabienne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1713",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1713",
    pages = "102--107",
    abstract = "We use word alignment variance as an indicator for the non-compositionality of German and English noun compounds. Our work-in-progress results are on their own not competitive with state-of-the art approaches, but they show that alignment variance is correlated with compositionality and thus worth a closer look in the future.",
}
@inproceedings{cabezas-garcia-san-martin-2017-semantic,
    title = "Semantic annotation to characterize contextual variation in terminological noun compounds: a pilot study",
    author = "Cabezas-Garc{\'\i}a, Melania  and
      San Mart{\'\i}n, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1714",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1714",
    pages = "108--113",
    abstract = "Noun compounds (NCs) are semantically complex and not fully compositional, as is often assumed. This paper presents a pilot study regarding the semantic annotation of environmental NCs with a view to accessing their semantics and exploring their domain-based contextual variation. Our results showed that the semantic annotation of NCs afforded important insights into how context impacts their conceptualization.",
}
@inproceedings{maldonado-etal-2017-detection,
    title = "Detection of Verbal Multi-Word Expressions via Conditional Random Fields with Syntactic Dependency Features and Semantic Re-Ranking",
    author = "Maldonado, Alfredo  and
      Han, Lifeng  and
      Moreau, Erwan  and
      Alsulaimani, Ashjan  and
      Chowdhury, Koel Dutta  and
      Vogel, Carl  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1715",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1715",
    pages = "114--120",
    abstract = "A description of a system for identifying Verbal Multi-Word Expressions (VMWEs) in running text is presented. The system mainly exploits universal syntactic dependency features through a Conditional Random Fields (CRF) sequence model. The system competed in the Closed Track at the PARSEME VMWE Shared Task 2017, ranking 2nd place in most languages on full VMWE-based evaluation and 1st in three languages on token-based evaluation. In addition, this paper presents an option to re-rank the 10 best CRF-predicted sequences via semantic vectors, boosting its scores above other systems in the competition. We also show that all systems in the competition would struggle to beat a simple lookup baseline system and argue for a more purpose-specific evaluation scheme.",
}
@inproceedings{boros-etal-2017-data,
    title = "A data-driven approach to verbal multiword expression detection. {PARSEME} Shared Task system description paper",
    author = "Boros, Tiberiu  and
      Pipa, Sonia  and
      Barbu Mititelu, Verginica  and
      Tufis, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1716",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1716",
    pages = "121--126",
    abstract = "{``}Multiword expressions{''} are groups of words acting as a morphologic, syntactic and semantic unit in linguistic analysis. Verbal multiword expressions represent the subgroup of multiword expressions, namely that in which a verb is the syntactic head of the group considered in its canonical (or dictionary) form. All multiword expressions are a great challenge for natural language processing, but the verbal ones are particularly interesting for tasks such as parsing, as the verb is the central element in the syntactic organization of a sentence. In this paper we introduce our data-driven approach to verbal multiword expressions which was objectively validated during the PARSEME shared task on verbal multiword expressions identification. We tested our approach on 12 languages, and we provide detailed information about corpora composition, feature selection process, validation procedure and performance on all languages.",
}
@inproceedings{al-saied-etal-2017-atilf,
    title = "The {ATILF}-{LLF} System for Parseme Shared Task: a Transition-based Verbal Multiword Expression Tagger",
    author = "Al Saied, Hazem  and
      Constant, Matthieu  and
      Candito, Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1717",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1717",
    pages = "127--132",
    abstract = "We describe the ATILF-LLF system built for the MWE 2017 Shared Task on automatic identification of verbal multiword expressions. We participated in the closed track only, for all the 18 available languages. Our system is a robust greedy transition-based system, in which MWE are identified through a MERGE transition. The system was meant to accommodate the variety of linguistic resources provided for each language, in terms of accompanying morphological and syntactic information. Using per-MWE Fscore, the system was ranked first for all but two languages (Hungarian and Romanian).",
}
@inproceedings{taslimipoor-etal-2017-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the Opacity of Verb-Noun Multiword Expression Usages in Context",
    author = "Taslimipoor, Shiva  and
      Rohanian, Omid  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan  and
      Fazly, Afsaneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1718",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1718",
    pages = "133--138",
    abstract = "This study investigates the supervised token-based identification of Multiword Expressions (MWEs). This is an ongoing research to exploit the information contained in the contexts in which different instances of an expression could occur. This information is used to investigate the question of whether an expression is literal or MWE. Lexical and syntactic context features derived from vector representations are shown to be more effective over traditional statistical measures to identify tokens of MWEs.",
}
@inproceedings{bhatia-etal-2017-compositionality,
    title = "Compositionality in Verb-Particle Constructions",
    author = "Bhatia, Archna  and
      Teng, Choh Man  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1719",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1719",
    pages = "139--148",
    abstract = "We are developing a broad-coverage deep semantic lexicon for a system that parses sentences into a logical form expressed in a rich ontology that supports reasoning. In this paper we look at verb-particle constructions (VPCs), and the extent to which they can be treated compositionally vs idiomatically. First we distinguish between the different types of VPCs based on their compositionality and then present a set of heuristics for classifying specific instances as compositional or not. We then identify a small set of general sense classes for particles when used compositionally and discuss the resulting lexical representations that are being added to the lexicon. By treating VPCs as compositional whenever possible, we attain broad coverage in a compact way, and also enable interpretations of novel VPC usages not explicitly present in the lexicon.",
}
@inproceedings{inurrieta-etal-2017-rule,
    title = "Rule-Based Translation of {S}panish Verb-Noun Combinations into Basque",
    author = "I{\~n}urrieta, Uxoa  and
      Aduriz, Itziar  and
      D{\'\i}az de Ilarraza, Arantza  and
      Labaka, Gorka  and
      Sarasola, Kepa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1720",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1720",
    pages = "149--154",
    abstract = "This paper presents a method to improve the translation of Verb-Noun Combinations (VNCs) in a rule-based Machine Translation (MT) system for Spanish-Basque. Linguistic information about a set of VNCs is gathered from the public database Konbitzul, and it is integrated into the MT system, leading to an improvement in BLEU, NIST and TER scores, as well as the results being evidently better according to human evaluators.",
}
@inproceedings{vincze-2017-verb,
    title = "Verb-Particle Constructions in Questions",
    author = "Vincze, Veronika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1721",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1721",
    pages = "155--160",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate the behavior of verb-particle constructions in English questions. We present a small dataset that contains questions and verb-particle construction candidates. We demonstrate that there are significant differences in the distribution of WH-words, verbs and prepositions/particles in sentences that contain VPCs and sentences that contain only verb + prepositional phrase combinations both by statistical means and in machine learning experiments. Hence, VPCs and non-VPCs can be effectively separated from each other by using a rich feature set, containing several novel features.",
}
@inproceedings{weller-di-marco-2017-simple,
    title = "Simple Compound Splitting for {G}erman",
    author = "Weller-Di Marco, Marion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1722",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1722",
    pages = "161--166",
    abstract = "This paper presents a simple method for German compound splitting that combines a basic frequency-based approach with a form-to-lemma mapping to approximate morphological operations. With the exception of a small set of hand-crafted rules for modeling transitional elements, this approach is resource-poor. In our evaluation, the simple splitter outperforms a splitter relying on rich morphological resources.",
}
@inproceedings{scholivet-ramisch-2017-identification,
    title = "Identification of Ambiguous Multiword Expressions Using Sequence Models and Lexical Resources",
    author = "Scholivet, Manon  and
      Ramisch, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1723",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1723",
    pages = "167--175",
    abstract = "We present a simple and efficient tagger capable of identifying highly ambiguous multiword expressions (MWEs) in French texts. It is based on conditional random fields (CRF), using local context information as features. We show that this approach can obtain results that, in some cases, approach more sophisticated parser-based MWE identification methods without requiring syntactic trees from a treebank. Moreover, we study how well the CRF can take into account external information coming from a lexicon.",
}
@inproceedings{tutin-kraif-2017-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Recurring Lexico-Syntactic Trees ({RLT}s) and Ngram Techniques for Extended Phraseology Extraction",
    author = "Tutin, Agn{\`e}s  and
      Kraif, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1724",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1724",
    pages = "176--180",
    abstract = "This paper aims at assessing to what extent a syntax-based method (Recurring Lexico-syntactic Trees (RLT) extraction) allows us to extract large phraseological units such as prefabricated routines, e.g. {``}as previously said{''} or {``}as far as we/I know{''} in scientific writing. In order to evaluate this method, we compare it to the classical ngram extraction technique, on a subset of recurring segments including speech verbs in a French corpus of scientific writing. Results show that the LRT extraction technique is far more efficient for extended MWEs such as routines or collocations but performs more poorly for surface phenomena such as syntactic constructions or fully frozen expressions.",
}
@inproceedings{constant-martinez-alonso-2017-benchmarking,
    title = "Benchmarking Joint Lexical and Syntactic Analysis on Multiword-Rich Data",
    author = "Constant, Matthieu  and
      Martinez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1725",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1725",
    pages = "181--186",
    abstract = "This article evaluates the extension of a dependency parser that performs joint syntactic analysis and multiword expression identification. We show that, given sufficient training data, the parser benefits from explicit multiword information and improves overall labeled accuracy score in eight of the ten evaluation cases.",
}
@inproceedings{chan-etal-2017-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automated Resolution of Inconsistency for a Harmonized Multiword Expression and Dependency Parse Annotation",
    author = "Chan, King  and
      Brooke, Julian  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1726",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1726",
    pages = "187--193",
    abstract = "This paper presents a methodology for identifying and resolving various kinds of inconsistency in the context of merging dependency and multiword expression (MWE) annotations, to generate a dependency treebank with comprehensive MWE annotations. Candidates for correction are identified using a variety of heuristics, including an entirely novel one which identifies violations of MWE constituency in the dependency tree, and resolved by arbitration with minimal human intervention. Using this technique, we identified and corrected several hundred errors across both parse and MWE annotations, representing changes to a significant percentage (well over 10{\%}) of the MWE instances in the joint corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{buljan-snajder-2017-combining,
    title = "Combining Linguistic Features for the Detection of {C}roatian Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Buljan, Maja  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1727",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1727",
    pages = "194--199",
    abstract = "As multiword expressions (MWEs) exhibit a range of idiosyncrasies, their automatic detection warrants the use of many different features. Tsvetkov and Wintner (2014) proposed a Bayesian network model that combines linguistically motivated features and also models their interactions. In this paper, we extend their model with new features and apply it to Croatian, a morphologically complex and a relatively free word order language, achieving a satisfactory performance of 0.823 F1-score. Furthermore, by comparing against (semi)naive Bayes models, we demonstrate that manually modeling feature interactions is indeed important. We make our annotated dataset of Croatian MWEs freely available.",
}
@inproceedings{koper-schulte-im-walde-2017-complex,
    title = "Complex Verbs are Different: Exploring the Visual Modality in Multi-Modal Models to Predict Compositionality",
    author = {K{\"o}per, Maximilian  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE} 2017)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1728",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1728",
    pages = "200--206",
    abstract = "This paper compares a neural network DSM relying on textual co-occurrences with a multi-modal model integrating visual information. We focus on nominal vs. verbal compounds, and zoom into lexical, empirical and perceptual target properties to explore the contribution of the visual modality. Our experiments show that (i) visual features contribute differently for verbs than for nouns, and (ii) images complement textual information, if (a) the textual modality by itself is poor and appropriate image subsets are used, or (b) the textual modality by itself is rich and large (potentially noisy) images are added.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-semantics,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop Computational Semantics Beyond Events and Roles",
    author = "Blanco, Eduardo  and
      Morante, Roser  and
      Saur{\'\i}, Roser",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1800",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-18",
}
@inproceedings{calderwood-etal-2017-understanding,
    title = "Understanding the Semantics of Narratives of Interpersonal Violence through Reader Annotations and Physiological Reactions",
    author = "Calderwood, Alexander  and
      Pruett, Elizabeth A.  and
      Ptucha, Raymond  and
      Homan, Christopher  and
      Ovesdotter Alm, Cecilia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Computational Semantics Beyond Events and Roles",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1801",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1801",
    pages = "1--9",
    abstract = "Interpersonal violence (IPV) is a prominent sociological problem that affects people of all demographic backgrounds. By analyzing how readers interpret, perceive, and react to experiences narrated in social media posts, we explore an understudied source for discourse about abuse. We asked readers to annotate Reddit posts about relationships with vs. without IPV for stakeholder roles and emotion, while measuring their galvanic skin response (GSR), pulse, and facial expression. We map annotations to coreference resolution output to obtain a labeled coreference chain for stakeholders in texts, and apply automated semantic role labeling for analyzing IPV discourse. Findings provide insights into how readers process roles and emotion in narratives. For example, abusers tend to be linked with violent actions and certain affect states. We train classifiers to predict stakeholder categories of coreference chains. We also find that subjects{'} GSR noticeably changed for IPV texts, suggesting that co-collected measurement-based data about annotators can be used to support text annotation.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-schubert-2017-intension,
    title = "Intension, Attitude, and Tense Annotation in a High-Fidelity Semantic Representation",
    author = "Kim, Gene  and
      Schubert, Lenhart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Computational Semantics Beyond Events and Roles",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1802",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1802",
    pages = "10--15",
    abstract = "This paper describes current efforts in developing an annotation schema and guidelines for sentences in Episodic Logic (EL). We focus on important distinctions for representing modality, attitudes, and tense and present an annotation schema that makes these distinctions. EL has proved competitive with other logical formulations in speed and inference-enablement, while expressing a wider array of natural language phenomena including intensional modification of predicates and sentences, propositional attitudes, and tense and aspect.",
}
@inproceedings{falk-martin-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards a lexicon of event-selecting predicates for a {F}rench {F}act{B}ank",
    author = "Falk, Ingrid  and
      Martin, Fabienne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Computational Semantics Beyond Events and Roles",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1803",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1803",
    pages = "16--21",
    abstract = "This paper presents ongoing work for the construction of a French FactBank and a lexicon of French event-selecting predicates (ESPs), by applying the factuality detection algorithm introduced in (Saur{\'\i} and Pustejovsky, 2012). This algorithm relies on a lexicon of ESPs, specifying how these predicates influence the polarity of their embedded events. For this pilot study, we focused on French factive and implicative verbs, and capitalised on a lexical resource for the English counterparts of these verbs provided by the CLSI Group (Nairn et al., 2006; Karttunen, 2012).",
}
@inproceedings{fancellu-etal-2017-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies to Logical Form with Negation Scope",
    author = "Fancellu, Federico  and
      Reddy, Siva  and
      Lopez, Adam  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Computational Semantics Beyond Events and Roles",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1804",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1804",
    pages = "22--32",
    abstract = "Many language technology applications would benefit from the ability to represent negation and its scope on top of widely-used linguistic resources. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of obtaining a first-order logic representation with negation scope marked using \textit{Universal Dependencies}. To do so, we enhance \textit{UDepLambda}, a framework that converts dependency graphs to logical forms. The resulting \textit{UDepLambda$\lnot$ } is able to handle phenomena related to scope by means of an higher-order type theory, relevant not only to negation but also to universal quantification and other complex semantic phenomena. The initial conversion we did for English is promising, in that one can represent the scope of negation also in the presence of more complex phenomena such as universal quantifiers.",
}
@inproceedings{bos-2017-meaning,
    title = "Meaning Banking beyond Events and Roles",
    author = "Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Computational Semantics Beyond Events and Roles",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1805",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1805",
    pages = "33",
    abstract = "In this talk I will discuss the analysis of several semantic phenomena that need meaning representations that can describe attributes of propositional contexts. I will do this in a version of Discourse Representation Theory, using a universal semantic tagset developed as part of a project that aims to produce a large meaning bank (a semantically-annotated corpus) for four languages (English, Dutch, German and Italian).",
}
@inproceedings{altuna-etal-2017-scope,
    title = "The Scope and Focus of Negation: A Complete Annotation Framework for {I}talian",
    author = "Altuna, Bego{\~n}a  and
      Minard, Anne-Lyse  and
      Speranza, Manuela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Computational Semantics Beyond Events and Roles",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1806",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1806",
    pages = "34--42",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a complete framework for the annotation of negation in Italian, which accounts for both negation scope and negation focus, and also for language-specific phenomena such as negative concord. In our view, the annotation of negation complements more comprehensive Natural Language Processing tasks, such as temporal information processing and sentiment analysis. We applied the proposed framework and the guidelines built on top of it to the annotation of written texts, namely news articles and tweets, thus producing annotated data for a total of over 36,000 tokens.",
}
@inproceedings{marimon-etal-2017-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of negation in the {IULA} {S}panish Clinical Record Corpus",
    author = "Marimon, Montserrat  and
      Vivaldi, Jorge  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Computational Semantics Beyond Events and Roles",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1807",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1807",
    pages = "43--52",
    abstract = "This paper presents the IULA Spanish Clinical Record Corpus, a corpus of 3,194 sentences extracted from anonymized clinical records and manually annotated with negation markers and their scope. The corpus was conceived as a resource to support clinical text-mining systems, but it is also a useful resource for other Natural Language Processing systems handling clinical texts: automatic encoding of clinical records, diagnosis support, term extraction, among others, as well as for the study of clinical texts. The corpus is publicly available with a CC-BY-SA 3.0 license.",
}
@inproceedings{cruz-etal-2017-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Negation in {S}panish Clinical Texts",
    author = "Cruz, Noa  and
      Morante, Roser  and
      Ma{\~n}a L{\'o}pez, Manuel J.  and
      Mata V{\'a}zquez, Jacinto  and
      Parra Calder{\'o}n, Carlos L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Computational Semantics Beyond Events and Roles",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1808",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1808",
    pages = "53--58",
    abstract = "In this paper we present on-going work on annotating negation in Spanish clinical documents. A corpus of anamnesis and radiology reports has been annotated by two domain expert annotators with negation markers and negated events. The Dice coefficient for inter-annotator agreement is higher than 0.94 for negation markers and higher than 0.72 for negated events. The corpus will be publicly released when the annotation process is finished, constituting the first corpus annotated with negation for Spanish clinical reports available for the NLP community.",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Networks for Negation Cue Detection in {C}hinese",
    author = "He, Hangfeng  and
      Fancellu, Federico  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Computational Semantics Beyond Events and Roles",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1809",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1809",
    pages = "59--63",
    abstract = "Negation cue detection involves identifying the span inherently expressing negation in a negative sentence. In Chinese, negative cue detection is complicated by morphological proprieties of the language. Previous work has shown that negative cue detection in Chinese can benefit from specific lexical and morphemic features, as well as cross-lingual information. We show here that they are not necessary: A bi-directional LSTM can perform equally well, with minimal feature engineering. In particular, the use of a character-based model allows us to capture characteristics of negation cues in Chinese using word-embedding information only. Not only does our model performs on par with previous work, further error analysis clarifies what problems remain to be addressed.",
}
@inproceedings{enger-etal-2017-open,
    title = "An open-source tool for negation detection: a maximum-margin approach",
    author = "Enger, Martine  and
      Velldal, Erik  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Computational Semantics Beyond Events and Roles",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1810",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1810",
    pages = "64--69",
    abstract = "This paper presents an open-source toolkit for negation detection. It identifies negation cues and their corresponding scope in either raw or parsed text using maximum-margin classification. The system design draws on best practice from the existing literature on negation detection, aiming for a simple and portable system that still achieves competitive performance. Pre-trained models and experimental results are provided for English.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-sense,
    title = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sense, Concept and Entity Representations and their Applications",
    author = "Camacho-Collados, Jose  and
      Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1900",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-19",
}
@inproceedings{gamallo-pereira-farina-2017-compositional,
    title = "Compositional Semantics using Feature-Based Models from {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Gamallo, Pablo  and
      Pereira-Fari{\~n}a, Mart{\'\i}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sense, Concept and Entity Representations and their Applications",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1901",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1901",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "This article describes a method to build semantic representations of composite expressions in a compositional way by using WordNet relations to represent the meaning of words. The meaning of a target word is modelled as a vector in which its semantically related words are assigned weights according to both the type of the relationship and the distance to the target word. Word vectors are compositionally combined by syntactic dependencies. Each syntactic dependency triggers two complementary compositional functions: the named head function and dependent function. The experiments show that the proposed compositional method outperforms the state-of-the-art for both intransitive subject-verb and transitive subject-verb-object constructions.",
}
@inproceedings{khodak-etal-2017-automated,
    title = "Automated {W}ord{N}et Construction Using Word Embeddings",
    author = "Khodak, Mikhail  and
      Risteski, Andrej  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane  and
      Arora, Sanjeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sense, Concept and Entity Representations and their Applications",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1902",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1902",
    pages = "12--23",
    abstract = "We present a fully unsupervised method for automated construction of WordNets based upon recent advances in distributional representations of sentences and word-senses combined with readily available machine translation tools. The approach requires very few linguistic resources and is thus extensible to multiple target languages. To evaluate our method we construct two 600-word testsets for word-to-synset matching in French and Russian using native speakers and evaluate the performance of our method along with several other recent approaches. Our method exceeds the best language-specific and multi-lingual automated WordNets in F-score for both languages. The databases we construct for French and Russian, both languages without large publicly available manually constructed WordNets, will be publicly released along with the testsets.",
}
@inproceedings{koper-schulte-im-walde-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Verb Metaphor Detection by Propagating Abstractness to Words, Phrases and Individual Senses",
    author = {K{\"o}per, Maximilian  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sense, Concept and Entity Representations and their Applications",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1903",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1903",
    pages = "24--30",
    abstract = "Abstract words refer to things that can not be seen, heard, felt, smelled, or tasted as opposed to concrete words. Among other applications, the degree of abstractness has been shown to be a useful information for metaphor detection. Our contribution to this topic are as follows: i) we compare supervised techniques to learn and extend abstractness ratings for huge vocabularies ii) we learn and investigate norms for larger units by propagating abstractness to verb-noun pairs which lead to better metaphor detection iii) we overcome the limitation of learning a single rating per word and show that multi-sense abstractness ratings are potentially useful for metaphor detection. Finally, with this paper we publish automatically created abstractness norms for 3million English words and multi-words as well as automatically created sense specific abstractness ratings",
}
@inproceedings{ling-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Clinical Diagnosis Inference through Integration of Structured and Unstructured Knowledge",
    author = "Ling, Yuan  and
      An, Yuan  and
      Hasan, Sadid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sense, Concept and Entity Representations and their Applications",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1904",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1904",
    pages = "31--36",
    abstract = "This paper presents a novel approach to the task of automatically inferring the most probable diagnosis from a given clinical narrative. Structured Knowledge Bases (KBs) can be useful for such complex tasks but not sufficient. Hence, we leverage a vast amount of unstructured free text to integrate with structured KBs. The key innovative ideas include building a concept graph from both structured and unstructured knowledge sources and ranking the diagnosis concepts using the enhanced word embedding vectors learned from integrated sources. Experiments on the TREC CDS and HumanDx datasets showed that our methods improved the results of clinical diagnosis inference.",
}
@inproceedings{kanada-etal-2017-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Lexical-semantic Relationships by Exploiting Sense/Concept Representations",
    author = "Kanada, Kentaro  and
      Kobayashi, Tetsunori  and
      Hayashi, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sense, Concept and Entity Representations and their Applications",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1905",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1905",
    pages = "37--46",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a method for classifying the type of lexical-semantic relation between a given pair of words. Given an inventory of target relationships, this task can be seen as a multi-class classification problem. We train a supervised classifier by assuming: (1) a specific type of lexical-semantic relation between a pair of words would be indicated by a carefully designed set of relation-specific similarities associated with the words; and (2) the similarities could be effectively computed by {``}sense representations{''} (sense/concept embeddings). The experimental results show that the proposed method clearly outperforms an existing state-of-the-art method that does not utilize sense/concept embeddings, thereby demonstrating the effectiveness of the sense representations.",
}
@inproceedings{king-cook-2017-supervised,
    title = "Supervised and unsupervised approaches to measuring usage similarity",
    author = "King, Milton  and
      Cook, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sense, Concept and Entity Representations and their Applications",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1906",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1906",
    pages = "47--52",
    abstract = "Usage similarity (USim) is an approach to determining word meaning in context that does not rely on a sense inventory. Instead, pairs of usages of a target lemma are rated on a scale. In this paper we propose unsupervised approaches to USim based on embeddings for words, contexts, and sentences, and achieve state-of-the-art results over two USim datasets. We further consider supervised approaches to USim, and find that although they outperform unsupervised approaches, they are unable to generalize to lemmas that are unseen in the training data.",
}
@inproceedings{ezeani-etal-2017-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Disambiguation of {I}gbo using Diacritic Restoration",
    author = "Ezeani, Ignatius  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Onyenwe, Ikechukwu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sense, Concept and Entity Representations and their Applications",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1907",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1907",
    pages = "53--60",
    abstract = "Properly written texts in Igbo, a low-resource African language, are rich in both orthographic and tonal diacritics. Diacritics are essential in capturing the distinctions in pronunciation and meaning of words, as well as in lexical disambiguation. Unfortunately, most electronic texts in diacritic languages are written without diacritics. This makes diacritic restoration a necessary step in corpus building and language processing tasks for languages with diacritics. In our previous work, we built some n-gram models with simple smoothing techniques based on a closed-world assumption. However, as a classification task, diacritic restoration is well suited for and will be more generalisable with machine learning. This paper, therefore, presents a more standard approach to dealing with the task which involves the application of machine learning algorithms.",
}
@inproceedings{el-haj-etal-2017-creating,
    title = "Creating and Validating Multilingual Semantic Representations for Six Languages: Expert versus Non-Expert Crowds",
    author = "El-Haj, Mahmoud  and
      Rayson, Paul  and
      Piao, Scott  and
      Wattam, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sense, Concept and Entity Representations and their Applications",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1908",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1908",
    pages = "61--71",
    abstract = "Creating high-quality wide-coverage multilingual semantic lexicons to support knowledge-based approaches is a challenging time-consuming manual task. This has traditionally been performed by linguistic experts: a slow and expensive process. We present an experiment in which we adapt and evaluate crowdsourcing methods employing native speakers to generate a list of coarse-grained senses under a common multilingual semantic taxonomy for sets of words in six languages. 451 non-experts (including 427 Mechanical Turk workers) and 15 expert participants semantically annotated 250 words manually for Arabic, Chinese, English, Italian, Portuguese and Urdu lexicons. In order to avoid erroneous (spam) crowdsourced results, we used a novel task-specific two-phase filtering process where users were asked to identify synonyms in the target language, and remove erroneous senses.",
}
@inproceedings{panchenko-etal-2017-using,
    title = "Using Linked Disambiguated Distributional Networks for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Panchenko, Alexander  and
      Faralli, Stefano  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sense, Concept and Entity Representations and their Applications",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1909",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1909",
    pages = "72--78",
    abstract = "We introduce a new method for unsupervised knowledge-based word sense disambiguation (WSD) based on a resource that links two types of sense-aware lexical networks: one is induced from a corpus using distributional semantics, the other is manually constructed. The combination of two networks reduces the sparsity of sense representations used for WSD. We evaluate these enriched representations within two lexical sample sense disambiguation benchmarks. Our results indicate that (1) features extracted from the corpus-based resource help to significantly outperform a model based solely on the lexical resource; (2) our method achieves results comparable or better to four state-of-the-art unsupervised knowledge-based WSD systems including three hybrid systems that also rely on text corpora. In contrast to these hybrid methods, our approach does not require access to web search engines, texts mapped to a sense inventory, or machine translation systems.",
}
@inproceedings{kober-etal-2017-one,
    title = "One Representation per Word - Does it make Sense for Composition?",
    author = "Kober, Thomas  and
      Weeds, Julie  and
      Wilkie, John  and
      Reffin, Jeremy  and
      Weir, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sense, Concept and Entity Representations and their Applications",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1910",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1910",
    pages = "79--90",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate whether an a priori disambiguation of word senses is strictly necessary or whether the meaning of a word in context can be disambiguated through composition alone. We evaluate the performance of off-the-shelf single-vector and multi-sense vector models on a benchmark phrase similarity task and a novel task for word-sense discrimination. We find that single-sense vector models perform as well or better than multi-sense vector models despite arguably less clean elementary representations. Our findings furthermore show that simple composition functions such as pointwise addition are able to recover sense specific information from a single-sense vector model remarkably well.",
}
@inproceedings{jang-myaeng-2017-elucidating,
    title = "Elucidating Conceptual Properties from Word Embeddings",
    author = "Jang, Kyoung-Rok  and
      Myaeng, Sung-Hyon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sense, Concept and Entity Representations and their Applications",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1911",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1911",
    pages = "91--95",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce a method of identifying the components (i.e. dimensions) of word embeddings that strongly signifies properties of a word. By elucidating such properties hidden in word embeddings, we could make word embeddings more interpretable, and also could perform property-based meaning comparison. With the capability, we can answer questions like {``}To what degree a given word has the property cuteness?{''} or {``}In what perspective two words are similar?{''}. We verify our method by examining how the strength of property-signifying components correlates with the degree of prototypicality of a target word.",
}
@inproceedings{mensa-etal-2017-ttcs,
    title = "TTCS$^{\mathcal{E}}$: a Vectorial Resource for Computing Conceptual Similarity",
    author = "Mensa, Enrico  and
      Radicioni, Daniele P.  and
      Lieto, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sense, Concept and Entity Representations and their Applications",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1912",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1912",
    pages = "96--101",
    abstract = "In this paper we introduce the TTCS$^{\mathcal{E}}$, a linguistic resource that relies on BabelNet, NASARI and ConceptNet, that has now been used to compute the conceptual similarity between concept pairs. The conceptual representation herein provides uniform access to concepts based on BabelNet synset IDs, and consists of a vector-based semantic representation which is compliant with the Conceptual Spaces, a geometric framework for common-sense knowledge representation and reasoning. The TTCS$^{\mathcal{E}}$ has been evaluated in a preliminary experimentation on a conceptual similarity task.",
}
@inproceedings{gregori-panunzi-2017-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the {I}talian-{E}nglish lexical gap for action verbs and its impact on translation",
    author = "Gregori, Lorenzo  and
      Panunzi, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sense, Concept and Entity Representations and their Applications",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1913",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1913",
    pages = "102--109",
    abstract = "This paper describes a method to measure the lexical gap of action verbs in Italian and English by using the IMAGACT ontology of action. The fine-grained categorization of action concepts of the data source allowed to have wide overview of the relation between concepts in the two languages. The calculated lexical gap for both English and Italian is about 30{\%} of the action concepts, much higher than previous results. Beyond this general numbers a deeper analysis has been performed in order to evaluate the impact that lexical gaps can have on translation. In particular a distinction has been made between the cases in which the presence of a lexical gap affects translation correctness and completeness at a semantic level. The results highlight a high percentage of concepts that can be considered hard to translate (about 18{\%} from English to Italian and 20{\%} from Italian to English) and confirms that action verbs are a critical lexical class for translation tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{cocos-etal-2017-word,
    title = "Word Sense Filtering Improves Embedding-Based Lexical Substitution",
    author = "Cocos, Anne  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sense, Concept and Entity Representations and their Applications",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1914",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1914",
    pages = "110--119",
    abstract = "The role of word sense disambiguation in lexical substitution has been questioned due to the high performance of vector space models which propose good substitutes without explicitly accounting for sense. We show that a filtering mechanism based on a sense inventory optimized for substitutability can improve the results of these models. Our sense inventory is constructed using a clustering method which generates paraphrase clusters that are congruent with lexical substitution annotations in a development set. The results show that lexical substitution can still benefit from senses which can improve the output of vector space paraphrase ranking models.",
}
@inproceedings{wawer-mykowiecka-2017-supervised,
    title = "Supervised and Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation on Word Embedding Vectors of Unambigous Synonyms",
    author = "Wawer, Aleksander  and
      Mykowiecka, Agnieszka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sense, Concept and Entity Representations and their Applications",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1915",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-1915",
    pages = "120--125",
    abstract = "This paper compares two approaches to word sense disambiguation using word embeddings trained on unambiguous synonyms. The first is unsupervised method based on computing log probability from sequences of word embedding vectors, taking into account ambiguous word senses and guessing correct sense from context. The second method is supervised. We use a multilayer neural network model to learn a context-sensitive transformation that maps an input vector of ambiguous word into an output vector representing its sense. We evaluate both methods on corpora with manual annotations of word senses from the Polish wordnet (plWordnet).",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-vision,
    title = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    author = "Belz, Anya  and
      Erdem, Erkut  and
      Pastra, Katerina  and
      Mikolajczyk, Krystian",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-20",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2017-burchak,
    title = "The {BURCHAK} corpus: a Challenge Data Set for Interactive Learning of Visually Grounded Word Meanings",
    author = "Yu, Yanchao  and
      Eshghi, Arash  and
      Mills, Gregory  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2001",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "We motivate and describe a new freely available human-human dialogue data set for interactive learning of visually grounded word meanings through ostensive definition by a tutor to a learner. The data has been collected using a novel, character-by-character variant of the DiET chat tool (Healey et al., 2003; anon.) with a novel task, where a Learner needs to learn invented visual attribute words (such as {``}burchak{''} for square) from a tutor. As such, the text-based interactions closely resemble face-to-face conversation and thus contain many of the linguistic phenomena encountered in natural, spontaneous dialogue. These include self- and other-correction, mid-sentence continuations, interruptions, turn overlaps, fillers, hedges and many kinds of ellipsis. We also present a generic n-gram framework for building user (i.e. tutor) simulations from this type of incremental dialogue data, which is freely available to researchers. We show that the simulations produce outputs that are similar to the original data (e.g. 78{\%} turn match similarity). Finally, we train and evaluate a Reinforcement Learning dialogue control agent for learning visually grounded word meanings, trained from the BURCHAK corpus. The learned policy shows comparable performance to a rule-based system built previously.",
}
@inproceedings{birmingham-muscat-2017-use,
    title = "The Use of Object Labels and Spatial Prepositions as Keywords in a Web-Retrieval-Based Image Caption Generation System",
    author = "Birmingham, Brandon  and
      Muscat, Adrian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2002",
    pages = "11--20",
    abstract = "In this paper, a retrieval-based caption generation system that searches the web for suitable image descriptions is studied. Google{'}s reverse image search is used to find potentially relevant web multimedia content for query images. Sentences are extracted from web pages and the likelihood of the descriptions is computed to select one sentence from the retrieved text documents. The search mechanism is modified to replace the caption generated by Google with a caption composed of labels and spatial prepositions as part of the query{'}s text alongside the image. The object labels are obtained using an off-the-shelf R-CNN and a machine learning model is developed to predict the prepositions. The effect on the caption generation system performance when using the generated text is investigated. Both human evaluations and automatic metrics are used to evaluate the retrieved descriptions. Results show that the web-retrieval-based approach performed better when describing single-object images with sentences extracted from stock photography websites. On the other hand, images with two image objects were better described with template-generated sentences composed of object labels and prepositions.",
}
@inproceedings{nurani-venkitasubramanian-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to Recognize Animals by Watching Documentaries: Using Subtitles as Weak Supervision",
    author = "Nurani Venkitasubramanian, Aparna  and
      Tuytelaars, Tinne  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2003",
    pages = "21--30",
    abstract = "We investigate animal recognition models learned from wildlife video documentaries by using the weak supervision of the textual subtitles. This is a particularly challenging setting, since i) the animals occur in their natural habitat and are often largely occluded and ii) subtitles are to a large degree complementary to the visual content, providing a very weak supervisory signal. This is in contrast to most work on integrated vision and language in the literature, where textual descriptions are tightly linked to the image content, and often generated in a curated fashion for the task at hand. In particular, we investigate different image representations and models, including a support vector machine on top of activations of a pretrained convolutional neural network, as well as a Naive Bayes framework on a {`}bag-of-activations{'} image representation, where each element of the bag is considered separately. This representation allows key components in the image to be isolated, in spite of largely varying backgrounds and image clutter, without an object detection or image segmentation step. The methods are evaluated based on how well they transfer to unseen camera-trap images captured across diverse topographical regions under different environmental conditions and illumination settings, involving a large domain shift.",
}
@inproceedings{calixto-etal-2017-human,
    title = "Human Evaluation of Multi-modal Neural Machine Translation: A Case-Study on E-Commerce Listing Titles",
    author = "Calixto, Iacer  and
      Stein, Daniel  and
      Matusov, Evgeny  and
      Castilho, Sheila  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2004",
    pages = "31--37",
    abstract = "In this paper, we study how humans perceive the use of images as an additional knowledge source to machine-translate user-generated product listings in an e-commerce company. We conduct a human evaluation where we assess how a multi-modal neural machine translation (NMT) model compares to two text-only approaches: a conventional state-of-the-art attention-based NMT and a phrase-based statistical machine translation (PBSMT) model. We evaluate translations obtained with different systems and also discuss the data set of user-generated product listings, which in our case comprises both product listings and associated images. We found that humans preferred translations obtained with a PBSMT system to both text-only and multi-modal NMT over 56{\%} of the time. Nonetheless, human evaluators ranked translations from a multi-modal NMT model as better than those of a text-only NMT over 88{\%} of the time, which suggests that images do help NMT in this use-case.",
}
@inproceedings{ramisa-etal-2017-breakingnews,
    title = "The {B}reaking{N}ews Dataset",
    author = "Ramisa, Arnau  and
      Yan, Fei  and
      Moreno-Noguer, Francesc  and
      Mikolajczyk, Krystian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2005",
    pages = "38--39",
    abstract = "We present BreakingNews, a novel dataset with approximately 100K news articles including images, text and captions, and enriched with heterogeneous meta-data (e.g. GPS coordinates and popularity metrics). The tenuous connection between the images and text in news data is appropriate to take work at the intersection of Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing to the next step, hence we hope this dataset will help spur progress in the field.",
}
@inproceedings{paggio-etal-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic identification of head movements in video-recorded conversations: can words help?",
    author = "Paggio, Patrizia  and
      Navarretta, Costanza  and
      Jongejan, Bart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2006",
    pages = "40--42",
    abstract = "We present an approach where an SVM classifier learns to classify head movements based on measurements of velocity, acceleration, and the third derivative of position with respect to time, jerk. Consequently, annotations of head movements are added to new video data. The results of the automatic annotation are evaluated against manual annotations in the same data and show an accuracy of 68{\%} with respect to these. The results also show that using jerk improves accuracy. We then conduct an investigation of the overlap between temporal sequences classified as either movement or non-movement and the speech stream of the person performing the gesture. The statistics derived from this analysis show that using word features may help increase the accuracy of the model.",
}
@inproceedings{rubio-romano-etal-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-Modal Fashion Product Retrieval",
    author = "Rubio Romano, Antonio  and
      Yu, LongLong  and
      Simo-Serra, Edgar  and
      Moreno-Noguer, Francesc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2007",
    pages = "43--45",
    abstract = "Finding a product in the fashion world can be a daunting task. Everyday, e-commerce sites are updating with thousands of images and their associated metadata (textual information), deepening the problem. In this paper, we leverage both the images and textual metadata and propose a joint multi-modal embedding that maps both the text and images into a common latent space. Distances in the latent space correspond to similarity between products, allowing us to effectively perform retrieval in this latent space. We compare against existing approaches and show significant improvements in retrieval tasks on a large-scale e-commerce dataset.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-joint-sighum,
    title = "Proceedings of the Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    author = "Alex, Beatrice  and
      Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania  and
      Feldman, Anna  and
      Kazantseva, Anna  and
      Reiter, Nils  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-22",
}
@inproceedings{kesarwani-etal-2017-metaphor,
    title = "Metaphor Detection in a Poetry Corpus",
    author = "Kesarwani, Vaibhav  and
      Inkpen, Diana  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan  and
      Tanasescu, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2201",
    pages = "1--9",
    abstract = "Metaphor is indispensable in poetry. It showcases the poet{'}s creativity, and contributes to the overall emotional pertinence of the poem while honing its specific rhetorical impact. Previous work on metaphor detection relies on either rule-based or statistical models, none of them applied to poetry. Our method focuses on metaphor detection in a poetry corpus. It combines rule-based and statistical models (word embeddings) to develop a new classification system. Our system has achieved a precision of 0.759 and a recall of 0.804 in identifying one type of metaphor in poetry.",
}
@inproceedings{page-perron-etal-2017-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation and Automated Analysis of the {S}umerian Language",
    author = "Pag{\'e}-Perron, {\'E}milie  and
      Sukhareva, Maria  and
      Khait, Ilya  and
      Chiarcos, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2202",
    pages = "10--16",
    abstract = "This paper presents a newly funded international project for machine translation and automated analysis of ancient cuneiform languages where NLP specialists and Assyriologists collaborate to create an information retrieval system for Sumerian. This research is conceived in response to the need to translate large numbers of administrative texts that are only available in transcription, in order to make them accessible to a wider audience. The methodology includes creation of a specialized NLP pipeline and also the use of linguistic linked open data to increase access to the results.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2017-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the Relationship between Literary Genres and Emotional Plot Development",
    author = "Kim, Evgeny  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Klinger, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2203",
    pages = "17--26",
    abstract = "Literary genres are commonly viewed as being defined in terms of content and stylistic features. In this paper, we focus on one particular class of lexical features, namely emotion information, and investigate the hypothesis that emotion-related information correlates with particular genres. Using genre classification as a testbed, we compare a model that computes lexicon-based emotion scores globally for complete stories with a model that tracks emotion arcs through stories on a subset of Project Gutenberg with five genres. Our main findings are: (a), the global emotion model is competitive with a large-vocabulary bag-of-words genre classifier (80{\%}F1); (b), the emotion arc model shows a lower performance (59 {\%} F1) but shows complementary behavior to the global model, as indicated by a very good performance of an oracle model (94 {\%} F1) and an improved performance of an ensemble model (84 {\%} F1); (c), genres differ in the extent to which stories follow the same emotional arcs, with particularly uniform behavior for anger (mystery) and fear (adventures, romance, humor, science fiction).",
}
@inproceedings{ruiz-etal-2017-enjambment,
    title = "Enjambment Detection in a Large Diachronic Corpus of {S}panish Sonnets",
    author = "Ruiz, Pablo  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Cant{\'o}n, Clara  and
      Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-Blanco, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2204",
    pages = "27--32",
    abstract = "Enjambment takes place when a syntactic unit is broken up across two lines of poetry, giving rise to different stylistic effects. In Spanish literary studies, there are unclear points about the types of stylistic effects that can arise, and under which linguistic conditions. To systematically gather evidence about this, we developed a system to automatically identify enjambment (and its type) in Spanish. For evaluation, we manually annotated a reference corpus covering different periods. As a scholarly corpus to apply the tool, from public HTML sources we created a diachronic corpus covering four centuries of sonnets (3750 poems), and we analyzed the occurrence of enjambment across stanzaic boundaries in different periods. Besides, we found examples that highlight limitations in current definitions of enjambment.",
}
@inproceedings{kelleher-keane-2017-plotting,
    title = "Plotting {M}arkson{'}s {``}Mistress{''}",
    author = "Kelleher, Conor  and
      Keane, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2205",
    pages = "33--39",
    abstract = "The post-modern novel {``}Wittgenstein{'}s Mistress{''} by David Markson (1988) presents the reader with a very challenging non-linear narrative, that itself appears to one of the novel{'}s themes. We present a distant reading of this work designed to complement a close reading of it by David Foster Wallace (1990). Using a combination of text analysis, entity recognition and networks, we plot repetitive structures in the novel{'}s narrative relating them to its critical analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{seemann-etal-2017-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Challenges for Reconstructing the Structural Elaboration of Middle Low {G}erman",
    author = {Seemann, Nina  and
      Merten, Marie-Luis  and
      Geierhos, Michaela  and
      Tophinke, Doris  and
      H{\"u}llermeier, Eyke},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2206",
    pages = "40--45",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present the annotation challenges we have encountered when working on a historical language that was undergoing elaboration processes. We especially focus on syntactic ambiguity and gradience in Middle Low German, which causes uncertainty to some extent. Since current annotation tools consider construction contexts and the dynamics of the grammaticalization only partially, we plan to extend CorA - a web-based annotation tool for historical and other non-standard language data - to capture elaboration phenomena and annotator unsureness. Moreover, we seek to interactively learn morphological as well as syntactic annotations.",
}
@inproceedings{hench-2017-phonological,
    title = "Phonological Soundscapes in Medieval Poetry",
    author = "Hench, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2207",
    pages = "46--56",
    abstract = "The oral component of medieval poetry was integral to its performance and reception. Yet many believe that the medieval voice has been forever lost, and any attempts at rediscovering it are doomed to failure due to scribal practices, manuscript mouvance, and linguistic normalization in editing practices. This paper offers a method to abstract from this noise and better understand relative differences in phonological soundscapes by considering syllable qualities. The presented syllabification method and soundscape analysis offer themselves as cross-disciplinary tools for low-resource languages. As a case study, we examine medieval German lyric and argue that the heavily debated lyrical {`}I{'} follows a unique trajectory through soundscapes, shedding light on the performance and practice of these poets.",
}
@inproceedings{blessing-etal-2017-end,
    title = "An End-to-end Environment for Research Question-Driven Entity Extraction and Network Analysis",
    author = "Blessing, Andre  and
      Echelmeyer, Nora  and
      John, Markus  and
      Reiter, Nils",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2208",
    pages = "57--67",
    abstract = "This paper presents an approach to extract co-occurrence networks from literary texts. It is a deliberate decision not to aim for a fully automatic pipeline, as the literary research questions need to guide both the definition of the nature of the things that co-occur as well as how to decide co-occurrence. We showcase the approach on a Middle High German romance, \textit{Parzival}. Manual inspection and discussion shows the huge impact various choices have.",
}
@inproceedings{degaetano-ortlieb-teich-2017-modeling,
    title = "Modeling intra-textual variation with entropy and surprisal: topical vs. stylistic patterns",
    author = "Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania  and
      Teich, Elke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2209",
    pages = "68--77",
    abstract = "We present a data-driven approach to investigate intra-textual variation by combining entropy and surprisal. With this approach we detect linguistic variation based on phrasal lexico-grammatical patterns across sections of research articles. Entropy is used to detect patterns typical of specific sections. Surprisal is used to differentiate between more and less informationally-loaded patterns as well as type of information (topical vs. stylistic). While we here focus on research articles in biology/genetics, the methodology is especially interesting for digital humanities scholars, as it can be applied to any text type or domain and combined with additional variables (e.g. time, author or social group).",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-uban-2017-finding,
    title = "Finding a Character{'}s Voice: Stylome Classification on Literary Characters",
    author = "Dinu, Liviu P.  and
      Uban, Ana Sabina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2210",
    pages = "78--82",
    abstract = "We investigate in this paper the problem of classifying the stylome of characters in a literary work. Previous research in the field of authorship attribution has shown that the writing style of an author can be characterized and distinguished from that of other authors automatically. In this paper we take a look at the less approached problem of how the styles of different characters can be distinguished, trying to verify if an author managed to create believable characters with individual styles. We present the results of some initial experiments developed on the novel {``}Liaisons Dangereuses{''}, showing that a simple bag of words model can be used to classify the characters.",
}
@inproceedings{di-buono-2017-ontology,
    title = "An Ontology-Based Method for Extracting and Classifying Domain-Specific Compositional Nominal Compounds",
    author = "di Buono, Maria Pia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2211",
    pages = "83--88",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present our preliminary study on an ontology-based method to extract and classify compositional nominal compounds in specific domains of knowledge. This method is based on the assumption that, applying a conceptual model to represent knowledge domain, it is possible to improve the extraction and classification of lexicon occurrences for that domain in a semi-automatic way. We explore the possibility of extracting and classifying a specific construction type (nominal compounds) spanning a specific domain (Cultural Heritage) and a specific language (Italian).",
}
@inproceedings{walther-sagot-2017-speeding,
    title = "Speeding up corpus development for linguistic research: language documentation and acquisition in {R}omansh Tuatschin",
    author = "Walther, G{\'e}raldine  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2212",
    pages = "89--94",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present ongoing work for developing language resources and basic NLP tools for an undocumented variety of Romansh, in the context of a language documentation and language acquisition project. Our tools are meant to improve the speed and reliability of corpus annotations for noisy data involving large amounts of code-switching, occurrences of child-speech and orthographic noise. Being able to increase the efficiency of language resource development for language documentation and acquisition research also constitutes a step towards solving the data sparsity issues with which researchers have been struggling.",
}
@inproceedings{sukhareva-etal-2017-distantly,
    title = "Distantly Supervised {POS} Tagging of Low-Resource Languages under Extreme Data Sparsity: The Case of {H}ittite",
    author = {Sukhareva, Maria  and
      Fuscagni, Francesco  and
      Daxenberger, Johannes  and
      G{\"o}rke, Susanne  and
      Prechel, Doris  and
      Gurevych, Iryna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2213",
    pages = "95--104",
    abstract = "This paper presents a statistical approach to automatic morphosyntactic annotation of Hittite transcripts. Hittite is an extinct Indo-European language using the cuneiform script. There are currently no morphosyntactic annotations available for Hittite, so we explored methods of distant supervision. The annotations were projected from parallel German translations of the Hittite texts. In order to reduce data sparsity, we applied stemming of German and Hittite texts. As there is no off-the-shelf Hittite stemmer, a stemmer for Hittite was developed for this purpose. The resulting annotation projections were used to train a POS tagger, achieving an accuracy of 69{\%} on a test sample. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt of statistical POS tagging of a cuneiform language.",
}
@inproceedings{krishna-etal-2017-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset for {S}anskrit Word Segmentation",
    author = "Krishna, Amrith  and
      Satuluri, Pavan Kumar  and
      Goyal, Pawan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2214",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2214",
    pages = "105--114",
    abstract = "The last decade saw a surge in digitisation efforts for ancient manuscripts in Sanskrit. Due to various linguistic peculiarities inherent to the language, even the preliminary tasks such as word segmentation are non-trivial in Sanskrit. Elegant models for Word Segmentation in Sanskrit are indispensable for further syntactic and semantic processing of the manuscripts. Current works in word segmentation for Sanskrit, though commendable in their novelty, often have variations in their objective and evaluation criteria. In this work, we set the record straight. We formally define the objectives and the requirements for the word segmentation task. In order to encourage research in the field and to alleviate the time and effort required in pre-processing, we release a dataset of 115,000 sentences for word segmentation. For each sentence in the dataset we include the input character sequence, ground truth segmentation, and additionally lexical and morphological information about all the phonetically possible segments for the given sentence. In this work, we also discuss the linguistic considerations made while generating the candidate space of the possible segments.",
}
@inproceedings{ogrodniczuk-kopec-2017-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Correction of Polish Twitter Political Data",
    author = "Ogrodniczuk, Maciej  and
      Kope{\'c}, Mateusz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2215",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2215",
    pages = "115--125",
    abstract = "Language processing architectures are often evaluated in near-to-perfect conditions with respect to processed content. The tools which perform sufficiently well on electronic press, books and other type of non-interactive content may poorly handle littered, colloquial and multilingual textual data which make the majority of communication today. This paper aims at investigating how Polish Twitter data (in a slightly controlled {`}political{'} flavour) differs from expectation of linguistic tools and how they could be corrected to be ready for processing by standard language processing chains available for Polish. The setting includes specialised components for spelling correction of tweets as well as hashtag and username decoding.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-bionlp,
    title = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    author = "Cohen, Kevin Bretonnel  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Tsujii, Junichi",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2300",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-23",
}
@inproceedings{adams-etal-2017-target,
    title = "Target word prediction and paraphasia classification in spoken discourse",
    author = "Adams, Joel  and
      Bedrick, Steven  and
      Fergadiotis, Gerasimos  and
      Gorman, Kyle  and
      van Santen, Jan",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2301",
    pages = "1--8",
    abstract = "We present a system for automatically detecting and classifying phonologically anomalous productions in the speech of individuals with aphasia. Working from transcribed discourse samples, our system identifies neologisms, and uses a combination of string alignment and language models to produce a lattice of plausible words that the speaker may have intended to produce. We then score this lattice according to various features, and attempt to determine whether the anomalous production represented a phonemic error or a genuine neologism. This approach has the potential to be expanded to consider other types of paraphasic errors, and could be applied to a wide variety of screening and therapeutic applications.",
}
@inproceedings{asada-etal-2017-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Drug-Drug Interactions with Attention {CNN}s",
    author = "Asada, Masaki  and
      Miwa, Makoto  and
      Sasaki, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2302",
    pages = "9--18",
    abstract = "We propose a novel attention mechanism for a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) extraction model. CNNs have been shown to have a great potential on DDI extraction tasks; however, attention mechanisms, which emphasize important words in the sentence of a target-entity pair, have not been investigated with the CNNs despite the fact that attention mechanisms are shown to be effective for a general domain relation classification task. We evaluated our model on the Task 9.2 of the DDIExtraction-2013 shared task. As a result, our attention mechanism improved the performance of our base CNN-based DDI model, and the model achieved an F-score of 69.12{\%}, which is competitive with the state-of-the-art models.",
}
@inproceedings{newman-griffis-etal-2017-insights,
    title = "Insights into Analogy Completion from the Biomedical Domain",
    author = "Newman-Griffis, Denis  and
      Lai, Albert  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2303",
    pages = "19--28",
    abstract = "Analogy completion has been a popular task in recent years for evaluating the semantic properties of word embeddings, but the standard methodology makes a number of assumptions about analogies that do not always hold, either in recent benchmark datasets or when expanding into other domains. Through an analysis of analogies in the biomedical domain, we identify three assumptions: that of a Single Answer for any given analogy, that the pairs involved describe the Same Relationship, and that each pair is Informative with respect to the other. We propose modifying the standard methodology to relax these assumptions by allowing for multiple correct answers, reporting MAP and MRR in addition to accuracy, and using multiple example pairs. We further present BMASS, a novel dataset for evaluating linguistic regularities in biomedical embeddings, and demonstrate that the relationships described in the dataset pose significant semantic challenges to current word embedding methods.",
}
@inproceedings{peng-lu-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep learning for extracting protein-protein interactions from biomedical literature",
    author = "Peng, Yifan  and
      Lu, Zhiyong",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2304",
    pages = "29--38",
    abstract = "State-of-the-art methods for protein-protein interaction (PPI) extraction are primarily feature-based or kernel-based by leveraging lexical and syntactic information. But how to incorporate such knowledge in the recent deep learning methods remains an open question. In this paper, we propose a multichannel dependency-based convolutional neural network model (McDepCNN). It applies one channel to the embedding vector of each word in the sentence, and another channel to the embedding vector of the head of the corresponding word. Therefore, the model can use richer information obtained from different channels. Experiments on two public benchmarking datasets, AIMed and BioInfer, demonstrate that McDepCNN provides up to 6{\%} F1-score improvement over rich feature-based methods and single-kernel methods. In addition, McDepCNN achieves 24.4{\%} relative improvement in F1-score over the state-of-the-art methods on cross-corpus evaluation and 12{\%} improvement in F1-score over kernel-based methods on {``}difficult{''} instances. These results suggest that McDepCNN generalizes more easily over different corpora, and is capable of capturing long distance features in the sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{rajani-etal-2017-stacking,
    title = "Stacking With Auxiliary Features for Entity Linking in the Medical Domain",
    author = "Rajani, Nazneen Fatema  and
      Bornea, Mihaela  and
      Barker, Ken",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2305",
    pages = "39--47",
    abstract = "Linking spans of natural language text to concepts in a structured source is an important task for many problems. It allows intelligent systems to leverage rich knowledge available in those sources (such as concept properties and relations) to enhance the semantics of the mentions of these concepts in text. In the medical domain, it is common to link text spans to medical concepts in large, curated knowledge repositories such as the Unified Medical Language System. Different approaches have different strengths: some are precision-oriented, some recall-oriented; some better at considering context but more prone to hallucination. The variety of techniques suggests that ensembling could outperform component technologies at this task. In this paper, we describe our process for building a Stacking ensemble using additional, auxiliary features for Entity Linking in the medical domain. We report experiments that show that naive ensembling does not always outperform component Entity Linking systems, that stacking usually outperforms naive ensembling, and that auxiliary features added to the stacker further improve its performance on three distinct datasets. Our best model produces state-of-the-art results on several medical datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{nentidis-etal-2017-results,
    title = "Results of the fifth edition of the {B}io{ASQ} Challenge",
    author = "Nentidis, Anastasios  and
      Bougiatiotis, Konstantinos  and
      Krithara, Anastasia  and
      Paliouras, Georgios  and
      Kakadiaris, Ioannis",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2306",
    pages = "48--57",
    abstract = "The goal of the BioASQ challenge is to engage researchers into creating cuttingedge biomedical information systems. Specifically, it aims at the promotion of systems and methodologies that are able to deal with a plethora of different tasks in the biomedical domain. This is achieved through the organization of challenges. The fifth challenge consisted of three tasks: semantic indexing, question answering and a new task on information extraction. In total, 29 teams with more than 95 systems participated in the challenge. Overall, as in previous years, the best systems were able to outperform the strong baselines. This suggests that state-of-the art systems are continuously improving, pushing the frontier of research.",
}
@inproceedings{chandu-etal-2017-tackling,
    title = "Tackling Biomedical Text Summarization: {OAQA} at {B}io{ASQ} 5{B}",
    author = "Chandu, Khyathi  and
      Naik, Aakanksha  and
      Chandrasekar, Aditya  and
      Yang, Zi  and
      Gupta, Niloy  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2307",
    pages = "58--66",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our participation in phase B of task 5b of the fifth edition of the annual BioASQ challenge, which includes answering factoid, list, yes-no and summary questions from biomedical data. We describe our techniques with an emphasis on ideal answer generation, where the goal is to produce a relevant, precise, non-redundant, query-oriented summary from multiple relevant documents. We make use of extractive summarization techniques to address this task and experiment with different biomedical ontologies and various algorithms including agglomerative clustering, Maximum Marginal Relevance (MMR) and sentence compression. We propose a novel word embedding based tf-idf similarity metric and a soft positional constraint which improve our system performance. We evaluate our techniques on test batch 4 from the fourth edition of the challenge. Our best system achieves a ROUGE-2 score of 0.6534 and ROUGE-SU4 score of 0.6536.",
}
@inproceedings{molla-2017-macquarie,
    title = "{M}acquarie University at {B}io{ASQ} 5b {--} Query-based Summarisation Techniques for Selecting the Ideal Answers",
    author = "Moll{\'a}, Diego",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2308",
    pages = "67--75",
    abstract = "Macquarie University{'}s contribution to the BioASQ challenge (Task 5b Phase B) focused on the use of query-based extractive summarisation techniques for the generation of the ideal answers. Four runs were submitted, with approaches ranging from a trivial system that selected the first $n$ snippets, to the use of deep learning approaches under a regression framework. Our experiments and the ROUGE results of the five test batches of BioASQ indicate surprisingly good results for the trivial approach. Overall, most of our runs on the first three test batches achieved the best ROUGE-SU4 results in the challenge.",
}
@inproceedings{wiese-etal-2017-neural-question,
    title = "Neural Question Answering at {B}io{ASQ} 5{B}",
    author = "Wiese, Georg  and
      Weissenborn, Dirk  and
      Neves, Mariana",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2309",
    pages = "76--79",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission to the 2017 BioASQ challenge. We participated in Task B, Phase B which is concerned with biomedical question answering (QA). We focus on factoid and list question, using an extractive QA model, that is, we restrict our system to output substrings of the provided text snippets. At the core of our system, we use FastQA, a state-of-the-art neural QA system. We extended it with biomedical word embeddings and changed its answer layer to be able to answer list questions in addition to factoid questions. We pre-trained the model on a large-scale open-domain QA dataset, SQuAD, and then fine-tuned the parameters on the BioASQ training set. With our approach, we achieve state-of-the-art results on factoid questions and competitive results on list questions.",
}
@inproceedings{mehryary-etal-2017-end,
    title = "End-to-End System for Bacteria Habitat Extraction",
    author = {Mehryary, Farrokh  and
      Hakala, Kai  and
      Kaewphan, Suwisa  and
      Bj{\"o}rne, Jari  and
      Salakoski, Tapio  and
      Ginter, Filip},
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2310",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2310",
    pages = "80--90",
    abstract = "We introduce an end-to-end system capable of named-entity detection, normalization and relation extraction for extracting information about bacteria and their habitats from biomedical literature. Our system is based on deep learning, CRF classifiers and vector space models. We train and evaluate the system on the BioNLP 2016 Shared Task Bacteria Biotope data. The official evaluation shows that the joint performance of our entity detection and relation extraction models outperforms the winning team of the Shared Task by 19pp on F1-score, establishing a new top score for the task. We also achieve state-of-the-art results in the normalization task. Our system is open source and freely available at \url{https://github.com/TurkuNLP/BHE}.",
}
@inproceedings{cook-etal-2017-creation,
    title = "Creation and evaluation of a dictionary-based tagger for virus species and proteins",
    author = "Cook, Helen  and
      B{\=e}rzi{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, R{\=u}dolfs  and
      Rodr{\i}guez, Cristina Leal  and
      Cejuela, Juan Miguel  and
      Jensen, Lars Juhl",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2311",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2311",
    pages = "91--98",
    abstract = "ext mining automatically extracts information from the literature with the goal of making it available for further analysis, for example by incorporating it into biomedical databases. A key first step towards this goal is to identify and normalize the named entities, such as proteins and species, which are mentioned in text. Despite the large detrimental impact that viruses have on human and agricultural health, very little previous text-mining work has focused on identifying virus species and proteins in the literature. Here, we present an improved dictionary-based system for viral species and the first dictionary for viral proteins, which we benchmark on a new corpus of 300 manually annotated abstracts. We achieve 81.0{\%} precision and 72.7{\%} recall at the task of recognizing and normalizing viral species and 76.2{\%} precision and 34.9{\%} recall on viral proteins. These results are achieved despite the many challenges involved with the names of viral species and, especially, proteins. This work provides a foundation that can be used to extract more complicated relations about viruses from the literature.",
}
@inproceedings{ferre-etal-2017-representation,
    title = "Representation of complex terms in a vector space structured by an ontology for a normalization task",
    author = "Ferr{\'e}, Arnaud  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      N{\'e}dellec, Claire",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2312",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2312",
    pages = "99--106",
    abstract = "We propose in this paper a semi-supervised method for labeling terms of texts with concepts of a domain ontology. The method generates continuous vector representations of complex terms in a semantic space structured by the ontology. The proposed method relies on a distributional semantics approach, which generates initial vectors for each of the extracted terms. Then these vectors are embedded in the vector space constructed from the structure of the ontology. This embedding is carried out by training a linear model. Finally, we apply a distance calculation to determine the proximity between vectors of terms and vectors of concepts and thus to assign ontology labels to terms. We have evaluated the quality of these representations for a normalization task by using the concepts of an ontology as semantic labels. Normalization of terms is an important step to extract a part of the information containing in texts, but the vector space generated might find other applications. The performance of this method is comparable to that of the state of the art for this task of standardization, opening up encouraging prospects.",
}
@inproceedings{mcinnes-pedersen-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Correlation with Human Judgments by Integrating Semantic Similarity with Second{--}Order Vectors",
    author = "McInnes, Bridget  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2313",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2313",
    pages = "107--116",
    abstract = "Vector space methods that measure semantic similarity and relatedness often rely on distributional information such as co{--}occurrence frequencies or statistical measures of association to weight the importance of particular co{--}occurrences. In this paper, we extend these methods by incorporating a measure of semantic similarity based on a human curated taxonomy into a second{--}order vector representation. This results in a measure of semantic relatedness that combines both the contextual information available in a corpus{--}based vector space representation with the semantic knowledge found in a biomedical ontology. Our results show that incorporating semantic similarity into a second order co-occurrence matrices improves correlation with human judgments for both similarity and relatedness, and that our method compares favorably to various different word embedding methods that have recently been evaluated on the same reference standards we have used.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-proactive,
    title = "Proactive Learning for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Li, Maolin  and
      Nguyen, Nhung  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2314",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2314",
    pages = "117--125",
    abstract = "The goal of active learning is to minimise the cost of producing an annotated dataset, in which annotators are assumed to be perfect, i.e., they always choose the correct labels. However, in practice, annotators are not infallible, and they are likely to assign incorrect labels to some instances. Proactive learning is a generalisation of active learning that can model different kinds of annotators. Although proactive learning has been applied to certain labelling tasks, such as text classification, there is little work on its application to named entity (NE) tagging. In this paper, we propose a proactive learning method for producing NE annotated corpora, using two annotators with different levels of expertise, and who charge different amounts based on their levels of experience. To optimise both cost and annotation quality, we also propose a mechanism to present multiple sentences to annotators at each iteration. Experimental results for several corpora show that our method facilitates the construction of high-quality NE labelled datasets at minimal cost.",
}
@inproceedings{rao-etal-2017-biomedical,
    title = "Biomedical Event Extraction using Abstract Meaning Representation",
    author = "Rao, Sudha  and
      Marcu, Daniel  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2315",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2315",
    pages = "126--135",
    abstract = "We propose a novel, Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) based approach to identifying molecular events/interactions in biomedical text. Our key contributions are: (1) an empirical validation of our hypothesis that an event is a subgraph of the AMR graph, (2) a neural network-based model that identifies such an event subgraph given an AMR, and (3) a distant supervision based approach to gather additional training data. We evaluate our approach on the 2013 Genia Event Extraction dataset and show promising results.",
}
@inproceedings{klein-etal-2017-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Personal Medication Intake in Twitter: An Annotated Corpus and Baseline Classification System",
    author = "Klein, Ari  and
      Sarker, Abeed  and
      Rouhizadeh, Masoud  and
      O{'}Connor, Karen  and
      Gonzalez, Graciela",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2316",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2316",
    pages = "136--142",
    abstract = "Social media sites (e.g., Twitter) have been used for surveillance of drug safety at the population level, but studies that focus on the effects of medications on specific sets of individuals have had to rely on other sources of data. Mining social media data for this in-formation would require the ability to distinguish indications of personal medication in-take in this media. Towards that end, this paper presents an annotated corpus that can be used to train machine learning systems to determine whether a tweet that mentions a medication indicates that the individual posting has taken that medication at a specific time. To demonstrate the utility of the corpus as a training set, we present baseline results of supervised classification.",
}
@inproceedings{fivez-etal-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Context-Sensitive Spelling Correction of Clinical Free-Text with Word and Character N-Gram Embeddings",
    author = "Fivez, Pieter  and
      {\v{S}}uster, Simon  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2317",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2317",
    pages = "143--148",
    abstract = "We present an unsupervised context-sensitive spelling correction method for clinical free-text that uses word and character n-gram embeddings. Our method generates misspelling replacement candidates and ranks them according to their semantic fit, by calculating a weighted cosine similarity between the vectorized representation of a candidate and the misspelling context. We greatly outperform two baseline off-the-shelf spelling correction tools on a manually annotated MIMIC-III test set, and counter the frequency bias of an optimized noisy channel model, showing that neural embeddings can be successfully exploited to include context-awareness in a spelling correction model.",
}
@inproceedings{bhatia-etal-2017-characterization,
    title = "Characterization of Divergence in Impaired Speech of {ALS} Patients",
    author = "Bhatia, Archna  and
      Dorr, Bonnie  and
      Hollingshead, Kristy  and
      Phillips, Samuel L.  and
      McKenzie, Barbara",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2318",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2318",
    pages = "149--158",
    abstract = "Approximately 80{\%} to 95{\%} of patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) eventually develop speech impairments, such as defective articulation, slow laborious speech and hypernasality. The relationship between impaired speech and asymptomatic speech may be seen as a divergence from a baseline. This relationship can be characterized in terms of measurable combinations of phonological characteristics that are indicative of the degree to which the two diverge. We demonstrate that divergence measurements based on phonological characteristics of speech correlate with physiological assessments of ALS. Speech-based assessments offer benefits over commonly-used physiological assessments in that they are inexpensive, non-intrusive, and do not require trained clinical personnel for administering and interpreting the results.",
}
@inproceedings{salloum-etal-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning for Punctuation Restoration in Medical Reports",
    author = "Salloum, Wael  and
      Finley, Greg  and
      Edwards, Erik  and
      Miller, Mark  and
      Suendermann-Oeft, David",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2319",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2319",
    pages = "159--164",
    abstract = "In clinical dictation, speakers try to be as concise as possible to save time, often resulting in utterances without explicit punctuation commands. Since the end product of a dictated report, e.g. an out-patient letter, does require correct orthography, including exact punctuation, the latter need to be restored, preferably by automated means. This paper describes a method for punctuation restoration based on a state-of-the-art stack of NLP and machine learning techniques including B-RNNs with an attention mechanism and late fusion, as well as a feature extraction technique tailored to the processing of medical terminology using a novel vocabulary reduction model. To the best of our knowledge, the resulting performance is superior to that reported in prior art on similar tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Clinical Negation Detection",
    author = "Miller, Timothy  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Amiri, Hadi  and
      Savova, Guergana",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2320",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2320",
    pages = "165--170",
    abstract = "Detecting negated concepts in clinical texts is an important part of NLP information extraction systems. However, generalizability of negation systems is lacking, as cross-domain experiments suffer dramatic performance losses. We examine the performance of multiple unsupervised domain adaptation algorithms on clinical negation detection, finding only modest gains that fall well short of in-domain performance.",
}
@inproceedings{islamaj-dogan-etal-2017-biocreative,
    title = "{B}io{C}reative {VI} Precision Medicine Track: creating a training corpus for mining protein-protein interactions affected by mutations",
    author = "Islamaj Do{\u{g}}an, Rezarta  and
      Chatr-aryamontri, Andrew  and
      Kim, Sun  and
      Wei, Chih-Hsuan  and
      Peng, Yifan  and
      Comeau, Donald  and
      Lu, Zhiyong",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2321",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2321",
    pages = "171--175",
    abstract = "The Precision Medicine Track in BioCre-ative VI aims to bring together the Bi-oNLP community for a novel challenge focused on mining the biomedical litera-ture in search of mutations and protein-protein interactions (PPI). In order to support this track with an effective train-ing dataset with limited curator time, the track organizers carefully reviewed Pub-Med articles from two different sources: curated public PPI databases, and the re-sults of state-of-the-art public text mining tools. We detail here the data collection, manual review and annotation process and describe this training corpus charac-teristics. We also describe a corpus per-formance baseline. This analysis will provide useful information to developers and researchers for comparing and devel-oping innovative text mining approaches for the BioCreative VI challenge and other Precision Medicine related applica-tions.",
}
@inproceedings{lever-jones-2017-painless,
    title = "Painless Relation Extraction with Kindred",
    author = "Lever, Jake  and
      Jones, Steven",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2322",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2322",
    pages = "176--183",
    abstract = "Relation extraction methods are essential for creating robust text mining tools to help researchers find useful knowledge in the vast published literature. Easy-to-use and generalizable methods are needed to encourage an ecosystem in which researchers can easily use shared resources and build upon each others{'} methods. We present the Kindred Python package for relation extraction. It builds upon methods from the most successful tools in the recent BioNLP Shared Task to predict high-quality predictions with low computational cost. It also integrates with PubAnnotation, PubTator, and BioNLP Shared Task data in order to allow easy development and application of relation extraction models.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-noise,
    title = "Noise Reduction Methods for Distantly Supervised Biomedical Relation Extraction",
    author = "Li, Gang  and
      Wu, Cathy  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2323",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2323",
    pages = "184--193",
    abstract = "Distant supervision has been applied to automatically generate labeled data for biomedical relation extraction. Noise exists in both positively and negatively-labeled data and affects the performance of supervised machine learning methods. In this paper, we propose three novel heuristics based on the notion of proximity, trigger word and confidence of patterns to leverage lexical and syntactic information to reduce the level of noise in the distantly labeled data. Experiments on three different tasks, extraction of protein-protein-interaction, miRNA-gene regulation relation and protein-localization event, show that the proposed methods can improve the F-score over the baseline by 6, 10 and 14 points for the three tasks, respectively. We also show that when the models are configured to output high-confidence results, high precisions can be obtained using the proposed methods, making them promising for facilitating manual curation for databases.",
}
@inproceedings{polsley-etal-2017-role,
    title = "Role-Preserving Redaction of Medical Records to Enable Ontology-Driven Processing",
    author = "Polsley, Seth  and
      Tahir, Atif  and
      Raju, Muppala  and
      Akinleye, Akintayo  and
      Steward, Duane",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2324",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2324",
    pages = "194--199",
    abstract = "Electronic medical records (EMR) have largely replaced hand-written patient files in healthcare. The growing pool of EMR data presents a significant resource in medical research, but the U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) mandates redacting medical records before performing any analysis on the same. This process complicates obtaining medical data and can remove much useful information from the record. As part of a larger project involving ontology-driven medical processing, we employ a method of recognizing protected health information (PHI) that maps to ontological terms. We then use the relationships defined in the ontology to redact medical texts so that roles and semantics of terms are retained without compromising anonymity. The method is evaluated by clinical experts on several hundred medical documents, achieving up to a 98.8{\%} f-score, and has already shown promise for retaining semantic information in later processing.",
}
@inproceedings{yim-etal-2017-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of pain and anesthesia events for surgery-related processes and outcomes extraction",
    author = "Yim, Wen-wai  and
      Tedesco, Dario  and
      Curtin, Catherine  and
      Hernandez-Boussard, Tina",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2325",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2325",
    pages = "200--205",
    abstract = "Pain and anesthesia information are crucial elements to identifying surgery-related processes and outcomes. However pain is not consistently recorded in the electronic medical record. Even when recorded, the rich complex granularity of the pain experience may be lost. Similarly, anesthesia information is recorded using local electronic collection systems; though the accuracy and completeness of the information is unknown. We propose an annotation schema to capture pain, pain management, and anesthesia event information.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Comparative Structures in Biomedical Text",
    author = "Gupta, Samir  and
      Mahmood, A.S.M. Ashique  and
      Ross, Karen  and
      Wu, Cathy  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2326",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2326",
    pages = "206--215",
    abstract = "Comparison sentences are very commonly used by authors in biomedical literature to report results of experiments. In such comparisons, authors typically make observations under two different scenarios. In this paper, we present a system to automatically identify such comparative sentences and their components i.e. the compared entities, the scale of the comparison and the aspect on which the entities are being compared. Our methodology is based on dependencies obtained by applying a parser to extract a wide range of comparison structures. We evaluated our system for its effectiveness in identifying comparisons and their components. The system achieved a F-score of 0.87 for comparison sentence identification and 0.77-0.81 for identifying its components.",
}
@inproceedings{kayal-etal-2017-tagging,
    title = "Tagging Funding Agencies and Grants in Scientific Articles using Sequential Learning Models",
    author = "Kayal, Subhradeep  and
      Afzal, Zubair  and
      Tsatsaronis, George  and
      Katrenko, Sophia  and
      Coupet, Pascal  and
      Doornenbal, Marius  and
      Gregory, Michelle",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2327",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2327",
    pages = "216--221",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a solution for tagging funding bodies and grants in scientific articles using a combination of trained sequential learning models, namely conditional random fields (CRF), hidden markov models (HMM) and maximum entropy models (MaxEnt), on a benchmark set created in-house. We apply the trained models to address the BioASQ challenge 5c, which is a newly introduced task that aims to solve the problem of funding information extraction from scientific articles. Results in the dry-run data set of BioASQ task 5c show that the suggested approach can achieve a micro-recall of more than 85{\%} in tagging both funding bodies and grants.",
}
@inproceedings{mohan-etal-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning for Biomedical Information Retrieval: Learning Textual Relevance from Click Logs",
    author = "Mohan, Sunil  and
      Fiorini, Nicolas  and
      Kim, Sun  and
      Lu, Zhiyong",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2328",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2328",
    pages = "222--231",
    abstract = "We describe a Deep Learning approach to modeling the relevance of a document{'}s text to a query, applied to biomedical literature. Instead of mapping each document and query to a common semantic space, we compute a variable-length difference vector between the query and document which is then passed through a deep convolution stage followed by a deep regression network to produce the estimated probability of the document{'}s relevance to the query. Despite the small amount of training data, this approach produces a more robust predictor than computing similarities between semantic vector representations of the query and document, and also results in significant improvements over traditional IR text factors. In the future, we plan to explore its application in improving PubMed search.",
}
@inproceedings{masrani-etal-2017-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Dementia through Retrospective Analysis of Routine Blog Posts by Bloggers with Dementia",
    author = "Masrani, Vaden  and
      Murray, Gabriel  and
      Field, Thalia  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2329",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2329",
    pages = "232--237",
    abstract = "We investigate if writers with dementia can be automatically distinguished from those without by analyzing linguistic markers in written text, in the form of blog posts. We have built a corpus of several thousand blog posts, some by people with dementia and others by people with loved ones with dementia. We use this dataset to train and test several machine learning methods, and achieve prediction performance at a level far above the baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{ganesan-etal-2017-protein,
    title = "Protein Word Detection using Text Segmentation Techniques",
    author = "Ganesan, Devi  and
      Tendulkar, Ashish V.  and
      Chakraborti, Sutanu",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2330",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2330",
    pages = "238--246",
    abstract = "Literature in Molecular Biology is abundant with linguistic metaphors. There have been works in the past that attempt to draw parallels between linguistics and biology, driven by the fundamental premise that proteins have a language of their own. Since word detection is crucial to the decipherment of any unknown language, we attempt to establish a problem mapping from natural language text to protein sequences at the level of words. Towards this end, we explore the use of an unsupervised text segmentation algorithm to the task of extracting {``}biological words{''} from protein sequences. In particular, we demonstrate the effectiveness of using domain knowledge to complement data driven approaches in the text segmentation task, as well as in its biological counterpart. We also propose a novel extrinsic evaluation measure for protein words through protein family classification.",
}
@inproceedings{kusa-spranger-2017-external,
    title = "External Evaluation of Event Extraction Classifiers for Automatic Pathway Curation: An extended study of the m{TOR} pathway",
    author = "Kusa, Wojciech  and
      Spranger, Michael",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2331",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2331",
    pages = "247--256",
    abstract = "This paper evaluates the impact of various event extraction systems on automatic pathway curation using the popular mTOR pathway. We quantify the impact of training data sets as well as different machine learning classifiers and show that some improve the quality of automatically extracted pathways.",
}
@inproceedings{apostolova-velez-2017-toward,
    title = "Toward Automated Early Sepsis Alerting: Identifying Infection Patients from Nursing Notes",
    author = "Apostolova, Emilia  and
      Velez, Tom",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2332",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2332",
    pages = "257--262",
    abstract = "Severe sepsis and septic shock are conditions that affect millions of patients and have close to 50{\%} mortality rate. Early identification of at-risk patients significantly improves outcomes. Electronic surveillance tools have been developed to monitor structured Electronic Medical Records and automatically recognize early signs of sepsis. However, many sepsis risk factors (e.g. symptoms and signs of infection) are often captured only in free text clinical notes. In this study, we developed a method for automatic monitoring of nursing notes for signs and symptoms of infection. We utilized a creative approach to automatically generate an annotated dataset. The dataset was used to create a Machine Learning model that achieved an F1-score ranging from 79 to 96{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Automatic {ICD}-9-{CM} Code Assignment for Medical Texts with {P}ub{M}ed",
    author = "Zhang, Danchen  and
      He, Daqing  and
      Zhao, Sanqiang  and
      Li, Lei",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2333",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2333",
    pages = "263--271",
    abstract = "Assigning a standard ICD-9-CM code to disease symptoms in medical texts is an important task in the medical domain. Automating this process could greatly reduce the costs. However, the effectiveness of an automatic ICD-9-CM code classifier faces a serious problem, which can be triggered by unbalanced training data. Frequent diseases often have more training data, which helps its classification to perform better than that of an infrequent disease. However, a disease{'}s frequency does not necessarily reflect its importance. To resolve this training data shortage problem, we propose to strategically draw data from PubMed to enrich the training data when there is such need. We validate our method on the CMC dataset, and the evaluation results indicate that our method can significantly improve the code assignment classifiers{'} performance at the macro-averaging level.",
}
@inproceedings{henry-etal-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Feature Extraction Methods for Knowledge-based Biomedical Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Henry, Sam  and
      Cuffy, Clint  and
      McInnes, Bridget",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2334",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2334",
    pages = "272--281",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present an analysis of feature extraction methods via dimensionality reduction for the task of biomedical Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD). We modify the vector representations in the 2-MRD WSD algorithm, and evaluate four dimensionality reduction methods: Word Embeddings using Continuous Bag of Words and Skip Gram, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). We also evaluate the effects of vector size on the performance of each of these methods. Results are evaluated on five standard evaluation datasets (Abbrev.100, Abbrev.200, Abbrev.300, NLM-WSD, and MSH-WSD). We find that vector sizes of 100 are sufficient for all techniques except SVD, for which a vector size of 1500 is referred. We also show that SVD performs on par with Word Embeddings for all but one dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{mowery-etal-2017-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the Documentation of Electronic Cigarette Use in the Veteran Affairs Electronic Health Record: A Pilot Study",
    author = "Mowery, Danielle  and
      South, Brett  and
      Patterson, Olga  and
      Zhu, Shu-Hong  and
      Conway, Mike",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2335",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2335",
    pages = "282--286",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present pilot work on characterising the documentation of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in the United States Veterans Administration Electronic Health Record. The Veterans Health Administration is the largest health care system in the United States with 1,233 health care facilities nationwide, serving 8.9 million veterans per year. We identified a random sample of 2000 Veterans Administration patients, coded as current tobacco users, from 2008 to 2014. Using simple keyword matching techniques combined with qualitative analysis, we investigated the prevalence and distribution of e-cigarette terms in these clinical notes, discovering that for current smokers, 11.9{\%} of patient records contain an e-cigarette related term.",
}
@inproceedings{salloum-etal-2017-automated,
    title = "Automated Preamble Detection in Dictated Medical Reports",
    author = "Salloum, Wael  and
      Finley, Greg  and
      Edwards, Erik  and
      Miller, Mark  and
      Suendermann-Oeft, David",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2336",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2336",
    pages = "287--295",
    abstract = "Dictated medical reports very often feature a preamble containing metainformation about the report such as patient and physician names, location and name of the clinic, date of procedure, and so on. In the medical transcription process, the preamble is usually omitted from the final report, as it contains information already available in the electronic medical record. We present a method which is able to automatically identify preambles in medical dictations. The method makes use of state-of-the-art NLP techniques including word embeddings and Bi-LSTMs and achieves preamble detection performance superior to humans.",
}
@inproceedings{sarrouti-ouatik-el-alaoui-2017-biomedical,
    title = "A Biomedical Question Answering System in {B}io{ASQ} 2017",
    author = "Sarrouti, Mourad  and
      Ouatik El Alaoui, Said",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2337",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2337",
    pages = "296--301",
    abstract = "Question answering, the identification of short accurate answers to users questions, is a longstanding challenge widely studied over the last decades in the open domain. However, it still requires further efforts in the biomedical domain. In this paper, we describe our participation in phase B of task 5b in the 2017 BioASQ challenge using our biomedical question answering system. Our system, dealing with four types of questions (i.e., yes/no, factoid, list, and summary), is based on (1) a dictionary-based approach for generating the exact answers of yes/no questions, (2) UMLS metathesaurus and term frequency metric for extracting the exact answers of factoid and list questions, and (3) the BM25 model and UMLS concepts for retrieving the ideal answers (i.e., paragraph-sized summaries). Preliminary results show that our system achieves good and competitive results in both exact and ideal answers extraction tasks as compared with the participating systems.",
}
@inproceedings{patel-etal-2017-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Pre-trained Word Embeddings For Use In Medical Coding",
    author = "Patel, Kevin  and
      Patel, Divya  and
      Golakiya, Mansi  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Birari, Nilesh",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2338",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2338",
    pages = "302--306",
    abstract = "Word embeddings are a crucial component in modern NLP. Pre-trained embeddings released by different groups have been a major reason for their popularity. However, they are trained on generic corpora, which limits their direct use for domain specific tasks. In this paper, we propose a method to add task specific information to pre-trained word embeddings. Such information can improve their utility. We add information from medical coding data, as well as the first level from the hierarchy of ICD-10 medical code set to different pre-trained word embeddings. We adapt CBOW algorithm from the word2vec package for our purpose. We evaluated our approach on five different pre-trained word embeddings. Both the original word embeddings, and their modified versions (the ones with added information) were used for automated review of medical coding. The modified word embeddings give an improvement in f-score by 1{\%} on the 5-fold evaluation on a private medical claims dataset. Our results show that adding extra information is possible and beneficial for the task at hand.",
}
@inproceedings{baker-korhonen-2017-initializing,
    title = "Initializing neural networks for hierarchical multi-label text classification",
    author = "Baker, Simon  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2339",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2339",
    pages = "307--315",
    abstract = "Many tasks in the biomedical domain require the assignment of one or more predefined labels to input text, where the labels are a part of a hierarchical structure (such as a taxonomy). The conventional approach is to use a one-vs.-rest (OVR) classification setup, where a binary classifier is trained for each label in the taxonomy or ontology where all instances not belonging to the class are considered negative examples. The main drawbacks to this approach are that dependencies between classes are not leveraged in the training and classification process, and the additional computational cost of training parallel classifiers. In this paper, we apply a new method for hierarchical multi-label text classification that initializes a neural network model final hidden layer such that it leverages label co-occurrence relations such as hypernymy. This approach elegantly lends itself to hierarchical classification. We evaluated this approach using two hierarchical multi-label text classification tasks in the biomedical domain using both sentence- and document-level classification. Our evaluation shows promising results for this approach.",
}
@inproceedings{v-s-s-patchigolla-etal-2017-biomedical,
    title = "Biomedical Event Trigger Identification Using Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network Based Models",
    author = "V S S Patchigolla, Rahul  and
      Sahu, Sunil  and
      Anand, Ashish",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2340",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2340",
    pages = "316--321",
    abstract = "Biomedical events describe complex interactions between various biomedical entities. Event trigger is a word or a phrase which typically signifies the occurrence of an event. Event trigger identification is an important first step in all event extraction methods. However many of the current approaches either rely on complex hand-crafted features or consider features only within a window. In this paper we propose a method that takes the advantage of recurrent neural network (RNN) to extract higher level features present across the sentence. Thus hidden state representation of RNN along with word and entity type embedding as features avoid relying on the complex hand-crafted features generated using various NLP toolkits. Our experiments have shown to achieve state-of-art F1-score on Multi Level Event Extraction (MLEE) corpus. We have also performed category-wise analysis of the result and discussed the importance of various features in trigger identification task.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2017-representations,
    title = "Representations of Time Expressions for Temporal Relation Extraction with Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Lin, Chen  and
      Miller, Timothy  and
      Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Savova, Guergana",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2341",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2341",
    pages = "322--327",
    abstract = "Token sequences are often used as the input for Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in natural language processing. However, they might not be an ideal representation for time expressions, which are long, highly varied, and semantically complex. We describe a method for representing time expressions with single pseudo-tokens for CNNs. With this method, we establish a new state-of-the-art result for a clinical temporal relation extraction task.",
}
@inproceedings{karimi-etal-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Diagnosis Coding of Radiology Reports: A Comparison of Deep Learning and Conventional Classification Methods",
    author = "Karimi, Sarvnaz  and
      Dai, Xiang  and
      Hassanzadeh, Hamed  and
      Nguyen, Anthony",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2342",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2342",
    pages = "328--332",
    abstract = "Diagnosis autocoding services and research intend to both improve the productivity of clinical coders and the accuracy of the coding. It is an important step in data analysis for funding and reimbursement, as well as health services planning and resource allocation. We investigate the applicability of deep learning at autocoding of radiology reports using International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Deep learning methods are known to require large training data. Our goal is to explore how to use these methods when the training data is sparse, skewed and relatively small, and how their effectiveness compares to conventional methods. We identify optimal parameters that could be used in setting up a convolutional neural network for autocoding with comparable results to that of conventional methods.",
}
@inproceedings{campillos-llanos-etal-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic classification of doctor-patient questions for a virtual patient record query task",
    author = "Campillos Llanos, Leonardo  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2343",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2343",
    pages = "333--341",
    abstract = "We present the work-in-progress of automating the classification of doctor-patient questions in the context of a simulated consultation with a virtual patient. We classify questions according to the computational strategy (rule-based or other) needed for looking up data in the clinical record. We compare {`}traditional{'} machine learning methods (Gaussian and Multinomial Naive Bayes, and Support Vector Machines) and a neural network classifier (FastText). We obtained the best results with the SVM using semantic annotations, whereas the neural classifier achieved promising results without it.",
}
@inproceedings{neves-etal-2017-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the performance of {O}lelo, a real-time biomedical question answering application",
    author = "Neves, Mariana  and
      Eckert, Fabian  and
      Folkerts, Hendrik  and
      Uflacker, Matthias",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2344",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2344",
    pages = "342--350",
    abstract = "Question answering (QA) can support physicians and biomedical researchers to find answers to their questions in the scientific literature. Such systems process large collections of documents in real time and include many natural language processing (NLP) procedures. We recently developed Olelo, a QA system for biomedicine which includes various NLP components, such as question processing, document and passage retrieval, answer processing and multi-document summarization. In this work, we present an evaluation of our system on the the fifth BioASQ challenge. We participated with the current state of the application and with an extension based on semantic role labeling that we are currently investigating. In addition to the BioASQ evaluation, we compared our system to other on-line biomedical QA systems in terms of the response time and the quality of the answers.",
}
@inproceedings{maharana-yetisgen-2017-clinical,
    title = "Clinical Event Detection with Hybrid Neural Architecture",
    author = "Maharana, Adyasha  and
      Yetisgen, Meliha",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2345",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2345",
    pages = "351--355",
    abstract = "Event detection from clinical notes has been traditionally solved with rule based and statistical natural language processing (NLP) approaches that require extensive domain knowledge and feature engineering. In this paper, we have explored the feasibility of approaching this task with recurrent neural networks, clinical word embeddings and introduced a hybrid architecture to improve detection for entities with smaller representation in the dataset. A comparative analysis is also done which reveals the complementary behavior of neural networks and conditional random fields in clinical entity detection.",
}
@inproceedings{naik-etal-2017-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Personal Medical Events for User Timeline Construction using Minimal Supervision",
    author = "Naik, Aakanksha  and
      Bogart, Chris  and
      Rose, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2346",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2346",
    pages = "356--364",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe a system for automatic construction of user disease progression timelines from their posts in online support groups using minimal supervision. In recent years, several online support groups have been established which has led to a huge increase in the amount of patient-authored text available. Creating systems which can automatically extract important medical events and create disease progression timelines for users from such text can help in patient health monitoring as well as studying links between medical events and users{'} participation in support groups. Prior work in this domain has used manually constructed keyword sets to detect medical events. In this work, our aim is to perform medical event detection using minimal supervision in order to develop a more general timeline construction system. Our system achieves an accuracy of 55.17{\%}, which is 92{\%} of the performance achieved by a supervised baseline system.",
}
@inproceedings{moen-etal-2017-detecting,
    title = "Detecting mentions of pain and acute confusion in {F}innish clinical text",
    author = {Moen, Hans  and
      Hakala, Kai  and
      Mehryary, Farrokh  and
      Peltonen, Laura-Maria  and
      Salakoski, Tapio  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Salanter{\"a}, Sanna},
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2347",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2347",
    pages = "365--372",
    abstract = "We study and compare two different approaches to the task of automatic assignment of predefined classes to clinical free-text narratives. In the first approach this is treated as a traditional mention-level named-entity recognition task, while the second approach treats it as a sentence-level multi-label classification task. Performance comparison across these two approaches is conducted in the form of sentence-level evaluation and state-of-the-art methods for both approaches are evaluated. The experiments are done on two data sets consisting of Finnish clinical text, manually annotated with respect to the topics pain and acute confusion. Our results suggest that the mention-level named-entity recognition approach outperforms sentence-level classification overall, but the latter approach still manages to achieve the best prediction scores on several annotation classes.",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2017-multi,
    title = "A Multi-strategy Query Processing Approach for Biomedical Question Answering: {USTB}{\_}{PRIR} at {B}io{ASQ} 2017 Task 5{B}",
    author = "Jin, Zan-Xia  and
      Zhang, Bo-Wen  and
      Fang, Fan  and
      Zhang, Le-Le  and
      Yin, Xu-Cheng",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP} 2017",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada,",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2348",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2348",
    pages = "373--380",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of USTB{\_}PRIR team in the 2017 BioASQ 5B on question answering, including document retrieval, snippet retrieval, and concept retrieval task. We introduce different multimodal query processing strategies to enrich query terms and assign different weights to them. Specifically, sequential dependence model (SDM), pseudo-relevance feedback (PRF), fielded sequential dependence model (FSDM) and Divergence from Randomness model (DFRM) are respectively performed on different fields of PubMed articles, sentences extracted from relevant articles, the five terminologies or ontologies (MeSH, GO, Jochem, Uniprot and DO) to achieve better search performances. Preliminary results show that our systems outperform others in the document and snippet retrieval task in the first two batches.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-textgraphs,
    title = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-11: the Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Riedl, Martin  and
      Somasundaran, Swapna  and
      Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2400",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-24",
}
@inproceedings{marinho-etal-2017-calligraphy,
    title = "On the {``}Calligraphy{''} of Books",
    author = "Marinho, Vanessa Queiroz  and
      de Arruda, Henrique Ferraz  and
      Sinelli, Thales  and
      Costa, Luciano da Fontoura  and
      Amancio, Diego Raphael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-11: the Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2401",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "Authorship attribution is a natural language processing task that has been widely studied, often by considering small order statistics. In this paper, we explore a complex network approach to assign the authorship of texts based on their mesoscopic representation, in an attempt to capture the flow of the narrative. Indeed, as reported in this work, such an approach allowed the identification of the dominant narrative structure of the studied authors. This has been achieved due to the ability of the mesoscopic approach to take into account relationships between different, not necessarily adjacent, parts of the text, which is able to capture the story flow. The potential of the proposed approach has been illustrated through principal component analysis, a comparison with the chance baseline method, and network visualization. Such visualizations reveal individual characteristics of the authors, which can be understood as a kind of calligraphy.",
}
@inproceedings{mathew-etal-2017-adapting,
    title = "Adapting predominant and novel sense discovery algorithms for identifying corpus-specific sense differences",
    author = "Mathew, Binny  and
      Maity, Suman Kalyan  and
      Sarkar, Pratip  and
      Mukherjee, Animesh  and
      Goyal, Pawan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-11: the Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2402",
    pages = "11--20",
    abstract = "Word senses are not static and may have temporal, spatial or corpus-specific scopes. Identifying such scopes might benefit the existing WSD systems largely. In this paper, while studying corpus specific word senses, we adapt three existing predominant and novel-sense discovery algorithms to identify these corpus-specific senses. We make use of text data available in the form of millions of digitized books and newspaper archives as two different sources of corpora and propose automated methods to identify corpus-specific word senses at various time points. We conduct an extensive and thorough human judgement experiment to rigorously evaluate and compare the performance of these approaches. Post adaptation, the output of the three algorithms are in the same format and the accuracy results are also comparable, with roughly 45-60{\%} of the reported corpus-specific senses being judged as genuine.",
}
@inproceedings{hernandez-gonzalez-etal-2017-merging,
    title = "Merging knowledge bases in different languages",
    author = "Hern{\'a}ndez-Gonz{\'a}lez, Jer{\'o}nimo  and
      Hruschka Jr., Estevam R.  and
      Mitchell, Tom M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-11: the Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2403",
    pages = "21--29",
    abstract = "Recently, different systems which learn to populate and extend a knowledge base (KB) from the web in different languages have been presented. Although a large set of concepts should be learnt independently from the language used to read, there are facts which are expected to be more easily gathered in local language (e.g., culture or geography). A system that merges KBs learnt in different languages will benefit from the complementary information as long as common beliefs are identified, as well as from redundancy present in web pages written in different languages. In this paper, we deal with the problem of identifying equivalent beliefs (or concepts) across language specific KBs, assuming that they share the same ontology of categories and relations. In a case study with two KBs independently learnt from different inputs, namely web pages written in English and web pages written in Portuguese respectively, we report on the results of two methodologies: an approach based on personalized PageRank and an inference technique to find out common relevant paths through the KBs. The proposed inference technique efficiently identifies relevant paths, outperforming the baseline (a dictionary-based classifier) in the vast majority of tested categories.",
}
@inproceedings{trost-klakow-2017-parameter,
    title = "Parameter Free Hierarchical Graph-Based Clustering for Analyzing Continuous Word Embeddings",
    author = "Trost, Thomas Alexander  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-11: the Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2404",
    pages = "30--38",
    abstract = "Word embeddings are high-dimensional vector representations of words and are thus difficult to interpret. In order to deal with this, we introduce an unsupervised parameter free method for creating a hierarchical graphical clustering of the full ensemble of word vectors and show that this structure is a geometrically meaningful representation of the original relations between the words. This newly obtained representation can be used for better understanding and thus improving the embedding algorithm and exhibits semantic meaning, so it can also be utilized in a variety of language processing tasks like categorization or measuring similarity.",
}
@inproceedings{fukui-etal-2017-spectral,
    title = "Spectral Graph-Based Method of Multimodal Word Embedding",
    author = "Fukui, Kazuki  and
      Oshikiri, Takamasa  and
      Shimodaira, Hidetoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-11: the Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2405",
    pages = "39--44",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a novel method for multimodal word embedding, which exploit a generalized framework of multi-view spectral graph embedding to take into account visual appearances or scenes denoted by words in a corpus. We evaluated our method through word similarity tasks and a concept-to-image search task, having found that it provides word representations that reflect visual information, while somewhat trading-off the performance on the word similarity tasks. Moreover, we demonstrate that our method captures multimodal linguistic regularities, which enable recovering relational similarities between words and images by vector arithmetics.",
}
@inproceedings{baker-ellsworth-2017-graph,
    title = "Graph Methods for Multilingual {F}rame{N}ets",
    author = "Baker, Collin  and
      Ellsworth, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-11: the Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2406",
    pages = "45--50",
    abstract = "This paper introduces a new, graph-based view of the data of the FrameNet project, which we hope will make it easier to understand the mixture of semantic and syntactic information contained in FrameNet annotation. We show how English FrameNet and other Frame Semantic resources can be represented as sets of interconnected graphs of frames, frame elements, semantic types, and annotated instances of them in text. We display examples of the new graphical representation based on the annotations, which combine Frame Semantics and Construction Grammar, thus capturing most of the syntax and semantics of each sentence. We consider how graph theory could help researchers to make better use of FrameNet data for tasks such as automatic Frame Semantic role labeling, paraphrasing, and translation. Finally, we describe the development of FrameNet-like lexical resources for other languages in the current Multilingual FrameNet project. which seeks to discover cross-lingual alignments, both in the lexicon (for frames and lexical units within frames) and across parallel or comparable texts. We conclude with an example showing graphically the semantic and syntactic similarities and differences between parallel sentences in English and Japanese. We will release software for displaying such graphs from the current data releases.",
}
@inproceedings{nayeem-chali-2017-extract,
    title = "Extract with Order for Coherent Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Nayeem, Mir Tafseer  and
      Chali, Yllias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-11: the Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2407",
    pages = "51--56",
    abstract = "In this work, we aim at developing an extractive summarizer in the multi-document setting. We implement a rank based sentence selection using continuous vector representations along with key-phrases. Furthermore, we propose a model to tackle summary coherence for increasing readability. We conduct experiments on the Document Understanding Conference (DUC) 2004 datasets using ROUGE toolkit. Our experiments demonstrate that the methods bring significant improvements over the state of the art methods in terms of informativity and coherence.",
}
@inproceedings{alkhereyf-rambow-2017-work,
    title = "Work Hard, Play Hard: Email Classification on the Avocado and {E}nron Corpora",
    author = "Alkhereyf, Sakhar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-11: the Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2408",
    pages = "57--65",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present an empirical study of email classification into two main categories {``}Business{''} and {``}Personal{''}. We train on the Enron email corpus, and test on the Enron and Avocado email corpora. We show that information from the email exchange networks improves the performance of classification. We represent the email exchange networks as social networks with graph structures. For this classification task, we extract social networks features from the graphs in addition to lexical features from email content and we compare the performance of SVM and Extra-Trees classifiers using these features. Combining graph features with lexical features improves the performance on both classifiers. We also provide manually annotated sets of the Avocado and Enron email corpora as a supplementary contribution.",
}
@inproceedings{krishna-etal-2017-graph,
    title = "A Graph Based Semi-Supervised Approach for Analysis of Derivational Nouns in {S}anskrit",
    author = "Krishna, Amrith  and
      Satuluri, Pavankumar  and
      Ponnada, Harshavardhan  and
      Ahmed, Muneeb  and
      Arora, Gulab  and
      Hiware, Kaustubh  and
      Goyal, Pawan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-11: the Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2409",
    pages = "66--75",
    abstract = "Derivational nouns are widely used in Sanskrit corpora and represent an important cornerstone of productivity in the language. Currently there exists no analyser that identifies the derivational nouns. We propose a semi supervised approach for identification of derivational nouns in Sanskrit. We not only identify the derivational words, but also link them to their corresponding source words. Our novelty comes in the design of the network structure for the task. The edge weights are featurised based on the phonetic, morphological, syntactic and the semantic similarity shared between the words to be identified. We find that our model is effective for the task, even when we employ a labelled dataset which is only 5 {\%} to that of the entire dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{putra-tokunaga-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating text coherence based on semantic similarity graph",
    author = "Putra, Jan Wira Gotama  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-11: the Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2410",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2410",
    pages = "76--85",
    abstract = "Coherence is a crucial feature of text because it is indispensable for conveying its communication purpose and meaning to its readers. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised text coherence scoring based on graph construction in which edges are established between semantically similar sentences represented by vertices. The sentence similarity is calculated based on the cosine similarity of semantic vectors representing sentences. We provide three graph construction methods establishing an edge from a given vertex to a preceding adjacent vertex, to a single similar vertex, or to multiple similar vertices. We evaluated our methods in the document discrimination task and the insertion task by comparing our proposed methods to the supervised (Entity Grid) and unsupervised (Entity Graph) baselines. In the document discrimination task, our method outperformed the unsupervised baseline but could not do the supervised baseline, while in the insertion task, our method outperformed both baselines.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-building,
    title = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Sharoff, Serge  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Rapp, Reinhard",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2500",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-25",
}
@inproceedings{langlais-2017-users,
    title = "Users and Data: The Two Neglected Children of Bilingual Natural Language Processing Research",
    author = "Langlais, Phillippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2501",
    pages = "1--5",
    abstract = "Despite numerous studies devoted to mining parallel material from bilingual data, we have yet to see the resulting technologies wholeheartedly adopted by professional translators and terminologists alike. I argue that this state of affairs is mainly due to two factors: the emphasis published authors put on models (even though data is as important), and the conspicuous lack of concern for actual end-users.",
}
@inproceedings{ferrero-etal-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Investigation of Cross-Language Plagiarism Detection Methods",
    author = "Ferrero, J{\'e}r{\'e}my  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Schwab, Didier  and
      Agn{\`e}s, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2502",
    pages = "6--15",
    abstract = "This paper is a deep investigation of cross-language plagiarism detection methods on a new recently introduced open dataset, which contains parallel and comparable collections of documents with multiple characteristics (different genres, languages and sizes of texts). We investigate cross-language plagiarism detection methods for 6 language pairs on 2 granularities of text units in order to draw robust conclusions on the best methods while deeply analyzing correlations across document styles and languages.",
}
@inproceedings{grover-mitra-2017-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Alignment using Unfolding Recursive Autoencoders",
    author = "Grover, Jeenu  and
      Mitra, Pabitra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2503",
    pages = "16--20",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a novel two step algorithm for sentence alignment in monolingual corpora using Unfolding Recursive Autoencoders. First, we use unfolding recursive auto-encoders (RAE) to learn feature vectors for phrases in syntactical tree of the sentence. To compare two sentences we use a similarity matrix which has dimensions proportional to the size of the two sentences. Since the similarity matrix generated to compare two sentences has varying dimension due to different sentence lengths, a dynamic pooling layer is used to map it to a matrix of fixed dimension. The resulting matrix is used to calculate the similarity scores between the two sentences. The second step of the algorithm captures the contexts in which the sentences occur in the document by using a dynamic programming algorithm for global alignment.",
}
@inproceedings{bloodgood-strauss-2017-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of Translation Lexicons for Historically Unwritten Languages via Bridging Loanwords",
    author = "Bloodgood, Michael  and
      Strauss, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2504",
    pages = "21--25",
    abstract = "With the advent of informal electronic communications such as social media, colloquial languages that were historically unwritten are being written for the first time in heavily code-switched environments. We present a method for inducing portions of translation lexicons through the use of expert knowledge in these settings where there are approximately zero resources available other than a language informant, potentially not even large amounts of monolingual data. We investigate inducing a Moroccan Darija-English translation lexicon via French loanwords bridging into English and find that a useful lexicon is induced for human-assisted translation and statistical machine translation.",
}
@inproceedings{milajevs-2017-toward,
    title = "Toward a Comparable Corpus of {L}atvian, {R}ussian and {E}nglish Tweets",
    author = "Milajevs, Dmitrijs",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2505",
    pages = "26--30",
    abstract = "Twitter has become a rich source for linguistic data. Here, a possibility of building a trilingual Latvian-Russian-English corpus of tweets from Riga, Latvia is investigated. Such a corpus, once constructed, might be of great use for multiple purposes including training machine translation models, examining cross-lingual phenomena and studying the population of Riga. This pilot study shows that it is feasible to build such a resource by collecting and analysing a pilot corpus, which is made publicly available and can be used to construct a large comparable corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{oktem-etal-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Parallel Speech Corpora from Dubbed Movies",
    author = {{\"O}ktem, Alp  and
      Farr{\'u}s, Mireia  and
      Wanner, Leo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2506",
    pages = "31--35",
    abstract = "This paper presents a methodology to extract parallel speech corpora based on any language pair from dubbed movies, together with an application framework in which some corresponding prosodic parameters are extracted. The obtained parallel corpora are especially suitable for speech-to-speech translation applications when a prosody transfer between source and target languages is desired.",
}
@inproceedings{neves-2017-parallel,
    title = "A parallel collection of clinical trials in {P}ortuguese and {E}nglish",
    author = "Neves, Mariana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2507",
    pages = "36--40",
    abstract = "Parallel collections of documents are crucial resources for training and evaluating machine translation (MT) systems. Even though large collections are available for certain domains and language pairs, these are still scarce in the biomedical domain. We developed a parallel corpus of clinical trials in Portuguese and English. The documents are derived from the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry and the corpus currently contains a total of 1188 documents. In this paper, we describe the corpus construction and discuss the quality of the translation and the sentence alignment that we obtained.",
}
@inproceedings{azpeitia-etal-2017-weighted,
    title = "Weighted Set-Theoretic Alignment of Comparable Sentences",
    author = "Azpeitia, Andoni  and
      Etchegoyhen, Thierry  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Garcia, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2508",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2508",
    pages = "41--45",
    abstract = "This article presents the STACCw system for the BUCC 2017 shared task on parallel sentence extraction from comparable corpora. The original STACC approach, based on set-theoretic operations over bags of words, had been previously shown to be efficient and portable across domains and alignment scenarios. Wedescribe an extension of this approach with a new weighting scheme and show that it provides significant improvements on the datasets provided for the shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{gregoire-langlais-2017-bucc,
    title = "{BUCC} 2017 Shared Task: a First Attempt Toward a Deep Learning Framework for Identifying Parallel Sentences in Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Gr{\'e}goire, Francis  and
      Langlais, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2509",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2509",
    pages = "46--50",
    abstract = "This paper describes our participation in BUCC 2017 shared task: identifying parallel sentences in comparable corpora. Our goal is to leverage continuous vector representations and distributional semantics with a minimal use of external preprocessing and postprocessing tools. We report experiments that were conducted after transmitting our results.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-zweigenbaum-2017-znlp,
    title = "z{NLP}: Identifying Parallel Sentences in {C}hinese-{E}nglish Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Zhang, Zheng  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2510",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2510",
    pages = "51--55",
    abstract = "This paper describes the zNLP system for the BUCC 2017 shared task. Our system identifies parallel sentence pairs in Chinese-English comparable corpora by translating word-by-word Chinese sentences into English, using the search engine Solr to select near-parallel sentences and then by using an SVM classifier to identify true parallel sentences from the previous results. It obtains an F1-score of 45{\%} (resp. 32{\%}) on the test (training) set.",
}
@inproceedings{mahata-etal-2017-bucc2017,
    title = "{BUCC}2017: A Hybrid Approach for Identifying Parallel Sentences in Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Mahata, Sainik  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2511",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2511",
    pages = "56--59",
    abstract = "A Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) system is always trained using large parallel corpus to produce effective translation. Not only is the corpus scarce, it also involves a lot of manual labor and cost. Parallel corpus can be prepared by employing comparable corpora where a pair of corpora is in two different languages pointing to the same domain. In the present work, we try to build a parallel corpus for French-English language pair from a given comparable corpus. The data and the problem set are provided as part of the shared task organized by BUCC 2017. We have proposed a system that first translates the sentences by heavily relying on Moses and then group the sentences based on sentence length similarity. Finally, the one to one sentence selection was done based on Cosine Similarity algorithm.",
}
@inproceedings{zweigenbaum-etal-2017-overview,
    title = "Overview of the Second {BUCC} Shared Task: Spotting Parallel Sentences in Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Sharoff, Serge  and
      Rapp, Reinhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2512",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2512",
    pages = "60--67",
    abstract = "This paper presents the BUCC 2017 shared task on parallel sentence extraction from comparable corpora. It recalls the design of the datasets, presents their final construction and statistics and the methods used to evaluate system results. 13 runs were submitted to the shared task by 4 teams, covering three of the four proposed language pairs: French-English (7 runs), German-English (3 runs), and Chinese-English (3 runs). The best F-scores as measured against the gold standard were 0.84 (German-English), 0.80 (French-English), and 0.43 (Chinese-English). Because of the design of the dataset, in which not all gold parallel sentence pairs are known, these are only minimum values. We examined manually a small sample of the false negative sentence pairs for the most precise French-English runs and estimated the number of parallel sentence pairs not yet in the provided gold standard. Adding them to the gold standard leads to revised estimates for the French-English F-scores of at most +1.5pt. This suggests that the BUCC 2017 datasets provide a reasonable approximate evaluation of the parallel sentence spotting task.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-representation,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    author = "Blunsom, Phil  and
      Bordes, Antoine  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Cohen, Shay  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Grefenstette, Edward  and
      Hermann, Karl Moritz  and
      Rimell, Laura  and
      Weston, Jason  and
      Yih, Scott",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2600",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-26",
}
@inproceedings{gamallo-2017-sense,
    title = "Sense Contextualization in a Dependency-Based Compositional Distributional Model",
    author = "Gamallo, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2601",
    pages = "1--9",
    abstract = "Little attention has been paid to distributional compositional methods which employ syntactically structured vector models. As word vectors belonging to different syntactic categories have incompatible syntactic distributions, no trivial compositional operation can be applied to combine them into a new compositional vector. In this article, we generalize the method described by Erk and Pad{\'o} (2009) by proposing a dependency-base framework that contextualize not only lemmas but also selectional preferences. The main contribution of the article is to expand their model to a fully compositional framework in which syntactic dependencies are put at the core of semantic composition. We claim that semantic composition is mainly driven by syntactic dependencies. Each syntactic dependency generates two new compositional vectors representing the contextualized sense of the two related lemmas. The sequential application of the compositional operations associated to the dependencies results in as many contextualized vectors as lemmas the composite expression contains. At the end of the semantic process, we do not obtain a single compositional vector representing the semantic denotation of the whole composite expression, but one contextualized vector for each lemma of the whole expression. Our method avoids the troublesome high-order tensor representations by defining lemmas and selectional restrictions as first-order tensors (i.e. standard vectors). A corpus-based experiment is performed to both evaluate the quality of the compositional vectors built with our strategy, and to compare them to other approaches on distributional compositional semantics. The experiments show that our dependency-based compositional method performs as (or even better than) the state-of-the-art.",
}
@inproceedings{horn-2017-context,
    title = "Context encoders as a simple but powerful extension of word2vec",
    author = "Horn, Franziska",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2602",
    pages = "10--14",
    abstract = "With a strikingly simple architecture and the ability to learn meaningful word embeddings efficiently from texts containing billions of words, word2vec remains one of the most popular neural language models used today. However, as only a single embedding is learned for every word in the vocabulary, the model fails to optimally represent words with multiple meanings and, additionally, it is not possible to create embeddings for new (out-of-vocabulary) words on the spot. Based on an intuitive interpretation of the continuous bag-of-words (CBOW) word2vec model{'}s negative sampling training objective in terms of predicting context based similarities, we motivate an extension of the model we call context encoders (ConEc). By multiplying the matrix of trained word2vec embeddings with a word{'}s average context vector, out-of-vocabulary (OOV) embeddings and representations for words with multiple meanings can be created based on the words{'} local contexts. The benefits of this approach are illustrated by using these word embeddings as features in the CoNLL 2003 named entity recognition (NER) task.",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-etal-2017-machine,
    title = "Machine Comprehension by Text-to-Text Neural Question Generation",
    author = "Yuan, Xingdi  and
      Wang, Tong  and
      Gulcehre, Caglar  and
      Sordoni, Alessandro  and
      Bachman, Philip  and
      Zhang, Saizheng  and
      Subramanian, Sandeep  and
      Trischler, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2603",
    pages = "15--25",
    abstract = "We propose a recurrent neural model that generates natural-language questions from documents, conditioned on answers. We show how to train the model using a combination of supervised and reinforcement learning. After teacher forcing for standard maximum likelihood training, we fine-tune the model using policy gradient techniques to maximize several rewards that measure question quality. Most notably, one of these rewards is the performance of a question-answering system. We motivate question generation as a means to improve the performance of question answering systems. Our model is trained and evaluated on the recent question-answering dataset SQuAD.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-emergent,
    title = "Emergent Predication Structure in Hidden State Vectors of Neural Readers",
    author = "Wang, Hai  and
      Onishi, Takeshi  and
      Gimpel, Kevin  and
      McAllester, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2604",
    pages = "26--36",
    abstract = "A significant number of neural architectures for reading comprehension have recently been developed and evaluated on large cloze-style datasets. We present experiments supporting the emergence of {``}predication structure{''} in the hidden state vectors of these readers. More specifically, we provide evidence that the hidden state vectors represent atomic formulas $\Phi[c]$ where $\Phi$ is a semantic property (predicate) and $c$ is a constant symbol entity identifier.",
}
@inproceedings{cheri-bhattacharyya-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Harnessing Memory Networks for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Cheri, Joe  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2605",
    pages = "37--42",
    abstract = "Coreference resolution task demands comprehending a discourse, especially for anaphoric mentions which require semantic information for resolving antecedents. We investigate into how memory networks can be helpful for coreference resolution when posed as question answering problem. The comprehension capability of memory networks assists coreference resolution, particularly for the mentions that require semantic and context information. We experiment memory networks for coreference resolution, with 4 synthetic datasets generated for coreference resolution with varying difficulty levels. Our system{'}s performance is compared with a traditional coreference resolution system to show why memory network can be promising for coreference resolution.",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2017-combining,
    title = "Combining Word-Level and Character-Level Representations for Relation Classification of Informal Text",
    author = "Liang, Dongyun  and
      Xu, Weiran  and
      Zhao, Yinge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2606",
    pages = "43--47",
    abstract = "Word representation models have achieved great success in natural language processing tasks, such as relation classification. However, it does not always work on informal text, and the morphemes of some misspelling words may carry important short-distance semantic information. We propose a hybrid model, combining the merits of word-level and character-level representations to learn better representations on informal text. Experiments on two dataset of relation classification, SemEval-2010 Task8 and a large-scale one we compile from informal text, show that our model achieves a competitive result in the former and state-of-the-art with the other.",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2017-transfer,
    title = "Transfer Learning for Neural Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Fan, Xing  and
      Monti, Emilio  and
      Mathias, Lambert  and
      Dreyer, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2607",
    pages = "48--56",
    abstract = "The goal of semantic parsing is to map natural language to a machine interpretable meaning representation language (MRL). One of the constraints that limits full exploration of deep learning technologies for semantic parsing is the lack of sufficient annotation training data. In this paper, we propose using sequence-to-sequence in a multi-task setup for semantic parsing with focus on transfer learning. We explore three multi-task architectures for sequence-to-sequence model and compare their performance with the independently trained model. Our experiments show that the multi-task setup aids transfer learning from an auxiliary task with large labeled data to the target task with smaller labeled data. We see an absolute accuracy gain ranging from 1.0{\%} to 4.4{\%} in in our in-house data set and we also see good gains ranging from 2.5{\%} to 7.0{\%} on the ATIS semantic parsing tasks with syntactic and semantic auxiliary tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2017-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Large-Scale Structured Relationships with Shared Memory for Knowledge Base Completion",
    author = "Shen, Yelong  and
      Huang, Po-Sen  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2608",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2608",
    pages = "57--68",
    abstract = "Recent studies on knowledge base completion, the task of recovering missing relationships based on recorded relations, demonstrate the importance of learning embeddings from multi-step relations. However, due to the size of knowledge bases, learning multi-step relations directly on top of observed triplets could be costly. Hence, a manually designed procedure is often used when training the models. In this paper, we propose Implicit ReasoNets (IRNs), which is designed to perform multi-step inference implicitly through a controller and shared memory. Without a human-designed inference procedure, IRNs use training data to learn to perform multi-step inference in an embedding neural space through the shared memory and controller. While the inference procedure does not explicitly operate on top of observed triplets, our proposed model outperforms all previous approaches on the popular FB15k benchmark by more than 5.7{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{kadlec-etal-2017-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Base Completion: Baselines Strike Back",
    author = "Kadlec, Rudolf  and
      Bajgar, Ondrej  and
      Kleindienst, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2609",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2609",
    pages = "69--74",
    abstract = "Many papers have been published on the knowledge base completion task in the past few years. Most of these introduce novel architectures for relation learning that are evaluated on standard datasets like FB15k and WN18. This paper shows that the accuracy of almost all models published on the FB15k can be outperformed by an appropriately tuned baseline {---} our reimplementation of the DistMult model. Our findings cast doubt on the claim that the performance improvements of recent models are due to architectural changes as opposed to hyper-parameter tuning or different training objectives. This should prompt future research to re-consider how the performance of models is evaluated and reported.",
}
@inproceedings{brarda-etal-2017-sequential,
    title = "Sequential Attention: A Context-Aware Alignment Function for Machine Reading",
    author = "Brarda, Sebastian  and
      Yeres, Philip  and
      Bowman, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2610",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2610",
    pages = "75--80",
    abstract = "In this paper we propose a neural network model with a novel Sequential Attention layer that extends soft attention by assigning weights to words in an input sequence in a way that takes into account not just how well that word matches a query, but how well surrounding words match. We evaluate this approach on the task of reading comprehension (on the Who did What and CNN datasets) and show that it dramatically improves a strong baseline{---}the Stanford Reader{---}and is competitive with the state of the art.",
}
@inproceedings{rygl-etal-2017-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Vector Encoding and Similarity Search Using Fulltext Search Engines",
    author = "Rygl, Jan  and
      Pomik{\'a}lek, Jan  and
      {\v{R}}eh{\r{u}}{\v{r}}ek, Radim  and
      R{\r{u}}{\v{z}}i{\v{c}}ka, Michal  and
      Novotn{\'y}, V{\'\i}t  and
      Sojka, Petr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2611",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2611",
    pages = "81--90",
    abstract = "Vector representations and vector space modeling (VSM) play a central role in modern machine learning. We propose a novel approach to {`}vector similarity searching{'} over dense semantic representations of words and documents that can be deployed on top of traditional inverted-index-based fulltext engines, taking advantage of their robustness, stability, scalability and ubiquity. We show that this approach allows the indexing and querying of dense vectors in text domains. This opens up exciting avenues for major efficiency gains, along with simpler deployment, scaling and monitoring. The end result is a fast and scalable vector database with a tunable trade-off between vector search performance and quality, backed by a standard fulltext engine such as Elasticsearch. We empirically demonstrate its querying performance and quality by applying this solution to the task of semantic searching over a dense vector representation of the entire English Wikipedia.",
}
@inproceedings{peng-dredze-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-task Domain Adaptation for Sequence Tagging",
    author = "Peng, Nanyun  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2612",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2612",
    pages = "91--100",
    abstract = "Many domain adaptation approaches rely on learning cross domain shared representations to transfer the knowledge learned in one domain to other domains. Traditional domain adaptation only considers adapting for one task. In this paper, we explore multi-task representation learning under the domain adaptation scenario. We propose a neural network framework that supports domain adaptation for multiple tasks simultaneously, and learns shared representations that better generalize for domain adaptation. We apply the proposed framework to domain adaptation for sequence tagging problems considering two tasks: Chinese word segmentation and named entity recognition. Experiments show that multi-task domain adaptation works better than disjoint domain adaptation for each task, and achieves the state-of-the-art results for both tasks in the social media domain.",
}
@inproceedings{upadhyay-etal-2017-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Bilingual: Multi-sense Word Embeddings using Multilingual Context",
    author = "Upadhyay, Shyam  and
      Chang, Kai-Wei  and
      Taddy, Matt  and
      Kalai, Adam  and
      Zou, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2613",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2613",
    pages = "101--110",
    abstract = "Word embeddings, which represent a word as a point in a vector space, have become ubiquitous to several NLP tasks. A recent line of work uses bilingual (two languages) corpora to learn a different vector for each sense of a word, by exploiting crosslingual signals to aid sense identification. We present a multi-view Bayesian non-parametric algorithm which improves multi-sense wor d embeddings by (a) using multilingual (i.e., more than two languages) corpora to significantly improve sense embeddings beyond what one achieves with bilingual information, and (b) uses a principled approach to learn a variable number of senses per word, in a data-driven manner. Ours is the first approach with the ability to leverage multilingual corpora efficiently for multi-sense representation learning. Experiments show that multilingual training significantly improves performance over monolingual and bilingual training, by allowing us to combine different parallel corpora to leverage multilingual context. Multilingual training yields comparable performance to a state of the art monolingual model trained on five times more training data.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-doctag2vec,
    title = "{D}oc{T}ag2{V}ec: An Embedding Based Multi-label Learning Approach for Document Tagging",
    author = "Chen, Sheng  and
      Soni, Akshay  and
      Pappu, Aasish  and
      Mehdad, Yashar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2614",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2614",
    pages = "111--120",
    abstract = "Tagging news articles or blog posts with relevant tags from a collection of predefined ones is coined as document tagging in this work. Accurate tagging of articles can benefit several downstream applications such as recommendation and search. In this work, we propose a novel yet simple approach called DocTag2Vec to accomplish this task. We substantially extend Word2Vec and Doc2Vec {--} two popular models for learning distributed representation of words and documents. In DocTag2Vec, we simultaneously learn the representation of words, documents, and tags in a joint vector space during training, and employ the simple k-nearest neighbor search to predict tags for unseen documents. In contrast to previous multi-label learning methods, DocTag2Vec directly deals with raw text instead of provided feature vector, and in addition, enjoys advantages like the learning of tag representation, and the ability of handling newly created tags. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we conduct experiments on several datasets and show promising results against state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{grzegorczyk-kurdziel-2017-binary,
    title = "Binary Paragraph Vectors",
    author = "Grzegorczyk, Karol  and
      Kurdziel, Marcin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2615",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2615",
    pages = "121--130",
    abstract = "Recently Le {\&} Mikolov described two log-linear models, called Paragraph Vector, that can be used to learn state-of-the-art distributed representations of documents. Inspired by this work, we present Binary Paragraph Vector models: simple neural networks that learn short binary codes for fast information retrieval. We show that binary paragraph vectors outperform autoencoder-based binary codes, despite using fewer bits. We also evaluate their precision in transfer learning settings, where binary codes are inferred for documents unrelated to the training corpus. Results from these experiments indicate that binary paragraph vectors can capture semantics relevant for various domain-specific documents. Finally, we present a model that simultaneously learns short binary codes and longer, real-valued representations. This model can be used to rapidly retrieve a short list of highly relevant documents from a large document collection.",
}
@inproceedings{moirangthem-etal-2017-representing,
    title = "Representing Compositionality based on Multiple Timescales Gated Recurrent Neural Networks with Adaptive Temporal Hierarchy for Character-Level Language Models",
    author = "Moirangthem, Dennis Singh  and
      Son, Jegyung  and
      Lee, Minho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2616",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2616",
    pages = "131--138",
    abstract = "A novel character-level neural language model is proposed in this paper. The proposed model incorporates a biologically inspired temporal hierarchy in the architecture for representing multiple compositions of language in order to handle longer sequences for the character-level language model. The temporal hierarchy is introduced in the language model by utilizing a Gated Recurrent Neural Network with multiple timescales. The proposed model incorporates a timescale adaptation mechanism for enhancing the performance of the language model. We evaluate our proposed model using the popular Penn Treebank and Text8 corpora. The experiments show that the use of multiple timescales in a Neural Language Model (NLM) enables improved performance despite having fewer parameters and with no additional computation requirements. Our experiments also demonstrate the ability of the adaptive temporal hierarchies to represent multiple compositonality without the help of complex hierarchical architectures and shows that better representation of the longer sequences lead to enhanced performance of the probabilistic language model.",
}
@inproceedings{madhyastha-espana-bonet-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Bilingual Projections of Embeddings for Vocabulary Expansion in Machine Translation",
    author = "Madhyastha, Pranava Swaroop  and
      Espa{\~n}a-Bonet, Cristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2617",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2617",
    pages = "139--145",
    abstract = "We propose a simple log-bilinear softmax-based model to deal with vocabulary expansion in machine translation. Our model uses word embeddings trained on significantly large unlabelled monolingual corpora and learns over a fairly small, word-to-word bilingual dictionary. Given an out-of-vocabulary source word, the model generates a probabilistic list of possible translations in the target language using the trained bilingual embeddings. We integrate these translation options into a standard phrase-based statistical machine translation system and obtain consistent improvements in translation quality on the English{--}Spanish language pair. When tested over an out-of-domain testset, we get a significant improvement of 3.9 BLEU points.",
}
@inproceedings{botschen-etal-2017-prediction,
    title = "Prediction of Frame-to-Frame Relations in the {F}rame{N}et Hierarchy with Frame Embeddings",
    author = "Botschen, Teresa  and
      Mousselly-Sergieh, Hatem  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2618",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2618",
    pages = "146--156",
    abstract = "Automatic completion of frame-to-frame (F2F) relations in the FrameNet (FN) hierarchy has received little attention, although they incorporate meta-level commonsense knowledge and are used in downstream approaches. We address the problem of sparsely annotated F2F relations. First, we examine whether the manually defined F2F relations emerge from text by learning text-based frame embeddings. Our analysis reveals insights about the difficulty of reconstructing F2F relations purely from text. Second, we present different systems for predicting F2F relations; our best-performing one uses the FN hierarchy to train on and to ground embeddings in. A comparison of systems and embeddings exposes the crucial influence of knowledge-based embeddings to a system{'}s performance in predicting F2F relations.",
}
@inproceedings{schwenk-douze-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Joint Multilingual Sentence Representations with Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Schwenk, Holger  and
      Douze, Matthijs",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2619",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2619",
    pages = "157--167",
    abstract = "In this paper, we use the framework of neural machine translation to learn joint sentence representations across six very different languages. Our aim is that a representation which is independent of the language, is likely to capture the underlying semantics. We define a new cross-lingual similarity measure, compare up to 1.4M sentence representations and study the characteristics of close sentences. We provide experimental evidence that sentences that are close in embedding space are indeed semantically highly related, but often have quite different structure and syntax. These relations also hold when comparing sentences in different languages.",
}
@inproceedings{kunze-etal-2017-transfer,
    title = "Transfer Learning for Speech Recognition on a Budget",
    author = "Kunze, Julius  and
      Kirsch, Louis  and
      Kurenkov, Ilia  and
      Krug, Andreas  and
      Johannsmeier, Jens  and
      Stober, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2620",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2620",
    pages = "168--177",
    abstract = "End-to-end training of automated speech recognition (ASR) systems requires massive data and compute resources. We explore transfer learning based on model adaptation as an approach for training ASR models under constrained GPU memory, throughput and training data. We conduct several systematic experiments adapting a Wav2Letter convolutional neural network originally trained for English ASR to the German language. We show that this technique allows faster training on consumer-grade resources while requiring less training data in order to achieve the same accuracy, thereby lowering the cost of training ASR models in other languages. Model introspection revealed that small adaptations to the network{'}s weights were sufficient for good performance, especially for inner layers.",
}
@inproceedings{asaadi-rudolph-2017-gradual,
    title = "Gradual Learning of Matrix-Space Models of Language for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Asaadi, Shima  and
      Rudolph, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2621",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2621",
    pages = "178--185",
    abstract = "Learning word representations to capture the semantics and compositionality of language has received much research interest in natural language processing. Beyond the popular vector space models, matrix representations for words have been proposed, since then, matrix multiplication can serve as natural composition operation. In this work, we investigate the problem of learning matrix representations of words. We present a learning approach for compositional matrix-space models for the task of sentiment analysis. We show that our approach, which learns the matrices gradually in two steps, outperforms other approaches and a gradient-descent baseline in terms of quality and computational cost.",
}
@inproceedings{godin-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Language Modeling using Densely Connected Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Godin, Fr{\'e}deric  and
      Dambre, Joni  and
      De Neve, Wesley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2622",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2622",
    pages = "186--190",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce the novel concept of densely connected layers into recurrent neural networks. We evaluate our proposed architecture on the Penn Treebank language modeling task. We show that we can obtain similar perplexity scores with six times fewer parameters compared to a standard stacked 2-layer LSTM model trained with dropout (Zaremba et al., 2014). In contrast with the current usage of skip connections, we show that densely connecting only a few stacked layers with skip connections already yields significant perplexity reductions.",
}
@inproceedings{trischler-etal-2017-newsqa,
    title = "{N}ews{QA}: A Machine Comprehension Dataset",
    author = "Trischler, Adam  and
      Wang, Tong  and
      Yuan, Xingdi  and
      Harris, Justin  and
      Sordoni, Alessandro  and
      Bachman, Philip  and
      Suleman, Kaheer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2623",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2623",
    pages = "191--200",
    abstract = "We present NewsQA, a challenging machine comprehension dataset of over 100,000 human-generated question-answer pairs. Crowdworkers supply questions and answers based on a set of over 10,000 news articles from CNN, with answers consisting of spans of text in the articles. We collect this dataset through a four-stage process designed to solicit exploratory questions that require reasoning. Analysis confirms that NewsQA demands abilities beyond simple word matching and recognizing textual entailment. We measure human performance on the dataset and compare it to several strong neural models. The performance gap between humans and machines (13.3{\%} F1) indicates that significant progress can be made on NewsQA through future research. The dataset is freely available online.",
}
@inproceedings{phillips-etal-2017-intrinsic,
    title = "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evaluation of Spatiotemporal Text Representations in Twitter Streams",
    author = "Phillips, Lawrence  and
      Shaffer, Kyle  and
      Arendt, Dustin  and
      Hodas, Nathan  and
      Volkova, Svitlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2624",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2624",
    pages = "201--210",
    abstract = "Language in social media is a dynamic system, constantly evolving and adapting, with words and concepts rapidly emerging, disappearing, and changing their meaning. These changes can be estimated using word representations in context, over time and across locations. A number of methods have been proposed to track these spatiotemporal changes but no general method exists to evaluate the quality of these representations. Previous work largely focused on qualitative evaluation, which we improve by proposing a set of visualizations that highlight changes in text representation over both space and time. We demonstrate usefulness of novel spatiotemporal representations to explore and characterize specific aspects of the corpus of tweets collected from European countries over a two-week period centered around the terrorist attacks in Brussels in March 2016. In addition, we quantitatively evaluate spatiotemporal representations by feeding them into a downstream classification task {--} event type prediction. Thus, our work is the first to provide both intrinsic (qualitative) and extrinsic (quantitative) evaluation of text representations for spatiotemporal trends.",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2017-rethinking,
    title = "Rethinking Skip-thought: A Neighborhood based Approach",
    author = "Tang, Shuai  and
      Jin, Hailin  and
      Fang, Chen  and
      Wang, Zhaowen  and
      de Sa, Virginia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2625",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2625",
    pages = "211--218",
    abstract = "We study the skip-thought model with neighborhood information as weak supervision. More specifically, we propose a skip-thought neighbor model to consider the adjacent sentences as a neighborhood. We train our skip-thought neighbor model on a large corpus with continuous sentences, and then evaluate the trained model on 7 tasks, which include semantic relatedness, paraphrase detection, and classification benchmarks. Both quantitative comparison and qualitative investigation are conducted. We empirically show that, our skip-thought neighbor model performs as well as the skip-thought model on evaluation tasks. In addition, we found that, incorporating an autoencoder path in our model didn{'}t aid our model to perform better, while it hurts the performance of the skip-thought model.",
}
@inproceedings{schulz-etal-2017-frame,
    title = "A Frame Tracking Model for Memory-Enhanced Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Schulz, Hannes  and
      Zumer, Jeremie  and
      El Asri, Layla  and
      Sharma, Shikhar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2626",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2626",
    pages = "219--227",
    abstract = "Recently, resources and tasks were proposed to go beyond state tracking in dialogue systems. An example is the frame tracking task, which requires recording multiple frames, one for each user goal set during the dialogue. This allows a user, for instance, to compare items corresponding to different goals. This paper proposes a model which takes as input the list of frames created so far during the dialogue, the current user utterance as well as the dialogue acts, slot types, and slot values associated with this utterance. The model then outputs the frame being referenced by each triple of dialogue act, slot type, and slot value. We show that on the recently published Frames dataset, this model significantly outperforms a previously proposed rule-based baseline. In addition, we propose an extensive analysis of the frame tracking task by dividing it into sub-tasks and assessing their difficulty with respect to our model.",
}
@inproceedings{gulcehre-etal-2017-plan,
    title = "Plan, Attend, Generate: Character-Level Neural Machine Translation with Planning",
    author = "Gulcehre, Caglar  and
      Dutil, Francis  and
      Trischler, Adam  and
      Bengio, Yoshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2627",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2627",
    pages = "228--234",
    abstract = "We investigate the integration of a planning mechanism into an encoder-decoder architecture with attention. We develop a model that can plan ahead when it computes alignments between the source and target sequences not only for a single time-step but for the next k time-steps as well by constructing a matrix of proposed future alignments and a commitment vector that governs whether to follow or recompute the plan. This mechanism is inspired by strategic attentive reader and writer (STRAW) model, a recent neural architecture for planning with hierarchical reinforcement learning that can also learn higher level temporal abstractions. Our proposed model is end-to-end trainable with differentiable operations. We show that our model outperforms strong baselines on character-level translation task from WMT{'}15 with fewer parameters and computes alignments that are qualitatively intuitive.",
}
@inproceedings{michel-etal-2017-geometry,
    title = "Does the Geometry of Word Embeddings Help Document Classification? A Case Study on Persistent Homology-Based Representations",
    author = "Michel, Paul  and
      Ravichander, Abhilasha  and
      Rijhwani, Shruti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2628",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2628",
    pages = "235--240",
    abstract = "We investigate the pertinence of methods from algebraic topology for text data analysis. These methods enable the development of mathematically-principled isometric-invariant mappings from a set of vectors to a document embedding, which is stable with respect to the geometry of the document in the selected metric space. In this work, we evaluate the utility of these topology-based document representations in traditional NLP tasks, specifically document clustering and sentiment classification. We find that the embeddings do not benefit text analysis. In fact, performance is worse than simple techniques like tf-idf, indicating that the geometry of the document does not provide enough variability for classification on the basis of topic or sentiment in the chosen datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{subramanian-etal-2017-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Generation of Natural Language",
    author = "Subramanian, Sandeep  and
      Rajeswar, Sai  and
      Dutil, Francis  and
      Pal, Chris  and
      Courville, Aaron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2629",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2629",
    pages = "241--251",
    abstract = "Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have gathered a lot of attention from the computer vision community, yielding impressive results for image generation. Advances in the adversarial generation of natural language from noise however are not commensurate with the progress made in generating images, and still lag far behind likelihood based methods. In this paper, we take a step towards generating natural language with a GAN objective alone. We introduce a simple baseline that addresses the discrete output space problem without relying on gradient estimators and show that it is able to achieve state-of-the-art results on a Chinese poem generation dataset. We present quantitative results on generating sentences from context-free and probabilistic context-free grammars, and qualitative language modeling results. A conditional version is also described that can generate sequences conditioned on sentence characteristics.",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Active Learning for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Shen, Yanyao  and
      Yun, Hyokun  and
      Lipton, Zachary  and
      Kronrod, Yakov  and
      Anandkumar, Animashree",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2630",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2630",
    pages = "252--256",
    abstract = "Deep neural networks have advanced the state of the art in named entity recognition. However, under typical training procedures, advantages over classical methods emerge only with large datasets. As a result, deep learning is employed only when large public datasets or a large budget for manually labeling data is available. In this work, we show otherwise: by combining deep learning with active learning, we can outperform classical methods even with a significantly smaller amount of training data.",
}
@inproceedings{johansen-socher-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning when to skim and when to read",
    author = "Johansen, Alexander  and
      Socher, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2631",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2631",
    pages = "257--264",
    abstract = "Many recent advances in deep learning for natural language processing have come at increasing computational cost, but the power of these state-of-the-art models is not needed for every example in a dataset. We demonstrate two approaches to reducing unnecessary computation in cases where a fast but weak baseline classier and a stronger, slower model are both available. Applying an AUC-based metric to the task of sentiment classification, we find significant efficiency gains with both a probability-threshold method for reducing computational cost and one that uses a secondary decision network.",
}
@inproceedings{tu-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to Embed Words in Context for Syntactic Tasks",
    author = "Tu, Lifu  and
      Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Livescu, Karen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2632",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2632",
    pages = "265--275",
    abstract = "We present models for embedding words in the context of surrounding words. Such models, which we refer to as token embeddings, represent the characteristics of a word that are specific to a given context, such as word sense, syntactic category, and semantic role. We explore simple, efficient token embedding models based on standard neural network architectures. We learn token embeddings on a large amount of unannotated text and evaluate them as features for part-of-speech taggers and dependency parsers trained on much smaller amounts of annotated data. We find that predictors endowed with token embeddings consistently outperform baseline predictors across a range of context window and training set sizes.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-events,
    title = "Proceedings of the Events and Stories in the News Workshop",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Miller, Ben  and
      van Erp, Marieke  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Caswell, David",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2700",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-27",
}
@inproceedings{laban-hearst-2017-newslens,
    title = "news{L}ens: building and visualizing long-ranging news stories",
    author = "Laban, Philippe  and
      Hearst, Marti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Events and Stories in the News Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2701",
    pages = "1--9",
    abstract = "We propose a method to aggregate and organize a large, multi-source dataset of news articles into a collection of major stories, and automatically name and visualize these stories in a working system. The approach is able to run online, as new articles are added, processing 4 million news articles from 20 news sources, and extracting 80000 major stories, some of which span several years. The visual interface consists of lanes of timelines, each annotated with information that is deemed important for the story, including extracted quotations. The working system allows a user to search and navigate 8 years of story information.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-goutte-2017-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Changes in Twitter Streams using Temporal Clusters of Hashtags",
    author = "Wang, Yunli  and
      Goutte, Cyril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Events and Stories in the News Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2702",
    pages = "10--14",
    abstract = "Detecting events from social media data has important applications in public security, political issues, and public health. Many studies have focused on detecting specific or unspecific events from Twitter streams. However, not much attention has been paid to detecting changes, and their impact, in online conversations related to an event. We propose methods for detecting such changes, using clustering of temporal profiles of hashtags, and three change point detection algorithms. The methods were tested on two Twitter datasets: one covering the 2014 Ottawa shooting event, and one covering the Sochi winter Olympics. We compare our approach to a baseline consisting of detecting change from raw counts in the conversation. We show that our method produces large gains in change detection accuracy on both datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{spiliopoulou-etal-2017-event,
    title = "Event Detection Using Frame-Semantic Parser",
    author = "Spiliopoulou, Evangelia  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Events and Stories in the News Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2703",
    pages = "15--20",
    abstract = "Recent methods for Event Detection focus on Deep Learning for automatic feature generation and feature ranking. However, most of those approaches fail to exploit rich semantic information, which results in relatively poor recall. This paper is a small {\&} focused contribution, where we introduce an Event Detection and classification system, based on deep semantic information retrieved from a frame-semantic parser. Our experiments show that our system achieves higher recall than state-of-the-art systems. Further, we claim that enhancing our system with deep learning techniques like feature ranking can achieve even better results, as it can benefit from both approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-kurohashi-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Shared Argument Identification in {J}apanese Event Knowledge Acquisition",
    author = "Huang, Yin Jou  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Events and Stories in the News Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2704",
    pages = "21--30",
    abstract = "Event knowledge represents the knowledge of causal and temporal relations between events. Shared arguments of event knowledge encode patterns of role shifting in successive events. A two-stage framework was proposed for the task of Japanese event knowledge acquisition, in which related event pairs are first extracted, and shared arguments are then identified to form the complete event knowledge. This paper focuses on the second stage of this framework, and proposes a method to improve the shared argument identification of related event pairs. We constructed a gold dataset for shared argument learning. By evaluating our system on this gold dataset, we found that our proposed model outperformed the baseline models by a large margin.",
}
@inproceedings{kutuzov-etal-2017-tracing,
    title = "Tracing armed conflicts with diachronic word embedding models",
    author = "Kutuzov, Andrey  and
      Velldal, Erik  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Events and Stories in the News Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2705",
    pages = "31--36",
    abstract = "Recent studies have shown that word embedding models can be used to trace time-related (diachronic) semantic shifts in particular words. In this paper, we evaluate some of these approaches on the new task of predicting the dynamics of global armed conflicts on a year-to-year basis, using a dataset from the conflict research field as the gold standard and the Gigaword news corpus as the training data. The results show that much work still remains in extracting {`}cultural{'} semantic shifts from diachronic word embedding models. At the same time, we present a new task complete with an evaluation set and introduce the {`}anchor words{'} method which outperforms previous approaches on this set.",
}
@inproceedings{segers-etal-2017-circumstantial,
    title = "The Circumstantial Event Ontology ({CEO})",
    author = "Segers, Roxane  and
      Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Events and Stories in the News Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2706",
    pages = "37--41",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe the ongoing work on the Circumstantial Event Ontology (CEO), a newly developed ontology for calamity events that models semantic circumstantial relations between event classes. The circumstantial relations are designed manually, based on the shared properties of each event class. We discuss and contrast two types of event circumstantial relations: semantic circumstantial relations and episodic circumstantial relations. Further, we show the metamodel and the current contents of the ontology and outline the evaluation of the CEO.",
}
@inproceedings{rehm-etal-2017-event,
    title = "Event Detection and Semantic Storytelling: Generating a Travelogue from a large Collection of Personal Letters",
    author = {Rehm, Georg  and
      Moreno Schneider, Julian  and
      Bourgonje, Peter  and
      Srivastava, Ankit  and
      Nehring, Jan  and
      Berger, Armin  and
      K{\"o}nig, Luca  and
      R{\"a}uchle, S{\"o}ren  and
      Gerth, Jens},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Events and Stories in the News Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2707",
    pages = "42--51",
    abstract = "We present an approach at identifying a specific class of events, movement action events (MAEs), in a data set that consists of ca. 2,800 personal letters exchanged by the German architect Erich Mendelsohn and his wife, Luise. A backend system uses these and other semantic analysis results as input for an authoring environment that digital curators can use to produce new pieces of digital content. In our example case, the human expert will receive recommendations from the system with the goal of putting together a travelogue, i.e., a description of the trips and journeys undertaken by the couple. We describe the components and architecture and also apply the system to news data.",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2017-inference,
    title = "Inference of Fine-Grained Event Causality from Blogs and Films",
    author = "Hu, Zhichao  and
      Rahimtoroghi, Elahe  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Events and Stories in the News Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2708",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2708",
    pages = "52--58",
    abstract = "Human understanding of narrative is mainly driven by reasoning about causal relations between events and thus recognizing them is a key capability for computational models of language understanding. Computational work in this area has approached this via two different routes: by focusing on acquiring a knowledge base of common causal relations between events, or by attempting to understand a particular story or macro-event, along with its storyline. In this position paper, we focus on knowledge acquisition approach and claim that newswire is a relatively poor source for learning fine-grained causal relations between everyday events. We describe experiments using an unsupervised method to learn causal relations between events in the narrative genres of first-person narratives and film scene descriptions. We show that our method learns fine-grained causal relations, judged by humans as likely to be causal over 80{\%} of the time. We also demonstrate that the learned event pairs do not exist in publicly available event-pair datasets extracted from newswire.",
}
@inproceedings{atkinson-etal-2017-creation,
    title = "On the Creation of a Security-Related Event Corpus",
    author = "Atkinson, Martin  and
      Piskorski, Jakub  and
      Tanev, Hristo  and
      Zavarella, Vanni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Events and Stories in the News Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2709",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2709",
    pages = "59--65",
    abstract = "This paper reports on an effort of creating a corpus of structured information on security-related events automatically extracted from on-line news, part of which has been manually curated. The main motivation behind this effort is to provide material to the NLP community working on event extraction that could be used both for training and evaluation purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{ahn-2017-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Event Types and Roles in Reverse: Using Function to Discover Theme",
    author = "Ahn, Natalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Events and Stories in the News Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2710",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2710",
    pages = "66--76",
    abstract = "With growing interest in automated event extraction, there is an increasing need to overcome the labor costs of hand-written event templates, entity lists, and annotated corpora. In the last few years, more inductive approaches have emerged, seeking to discover unknown event types and roles in raw text. The main recent efforts use probabilistic generative models, as in topic modeling, which are formally concise but do not always yield stable or easily interpretable results. We argue that event schema induction can benefit from greater structure in the process and in linguistic features that distinguish words{'} functions and themes. To maximize our use of limited data, we reverse the typical schema induction steps and introduce new similarity measures, building an intuitive process for inducing the structure of unknown events.",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-vossen-2017-event,
    title = "The Event {S}tory{L}ine Corpus: A New Benchmark for Causal and Temporal Relation Extraction",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Events and Stories in the News Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2711",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2711",
    pages = "77--86",
    abstract = "This paper reports on the Event StoryLine Corpus (ESC) v1.0, a new benchmark dataset for the temporal and causal relation detection. By developing this dataset, we also introduce a new task, the StoryLine Extraction from news data, which aims at extracting and classifying events relevant for stories, from across news documents spread in time and clustered around a single seminal event or topic. In addition to describing the dataset, we also report on three baselines systems whose results show the complexity of the task and suggest directions for the development of more robust systems.",
}
@inproceedings{brown-etal-2017-rich,
    title = "The Rich Event Ontology",
    author = "Brown, Susan  and
      Bonial, Claire  and
      Obrst, Leo  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Events and Stories in the News Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2712",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2712",
    pages = "87--97",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe a new lexical semantic resource, The Rich Event On-tology, which provides an independent conceptual backbone to unify existing semantic role labeling (SRL) schemas and augment them with event-to-event causal and temporal relations. By unifying the FrameNet, VerbNet, Automatic Content Extraction, and Rich Entities, Relations and Events resources, the ontology serves as a shared hub for the disparate annotation schemas and therefore enables the combination of SRL training data into a larger, more diverse corpus. By adding temporal and causal relational information not found in any of the independent resources, the ontology facilitates reasoning on and across documents, revealing relationships between events that come together in temporal and causal chains to build more complex scenarios. We envision the open resource serving as a valuable tool for both moving from the ontology to text to query for event types and scenarios of interest, and for moving from text to the ontology to access interpretations of events using the combined semantic information housed there.",
}
@inproceedings{croft-etal-2017-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Decompositional Event Structures into Storylines",
    author = "Croft, William  and
      Pe{\v{s}}kov{\'a}, Pavl{\'\i}na  and
      Regan, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Events and Stories in the News Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2713",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2713",
    pages = "98--109",
    abstract = "Storyline research links together events in stories and specifies shared participants in those stories. In these analyses, an atomic event is assumed to be a single clause headed by a single verb. However, many analyses of verbal semantics assume a decompositional analysis of events expressed in single clauses. We present a formalization of a decompositional analysis of events in which each participant in a clausal event has their own temporally extended subevent, and the subevents are related through causal and other interactions. This decomposition allows us to represent storylines as an evolving set of interactions between participants over time.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Grounding for Robotics",
    author = "Bansal, Mohit  and
      Matuszek, Cynthia  and
      Andreas, Jacob  and
      Artzi, Yoav  and
      Bisk, Yonatan",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2800",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-28",
}
@inproceedings{lindes-etal-2017-grounding,
    title = "Grounding Language for Interactive Task Learning",
    author = "Lindes, Peter  and
      Mininger, Aaron  and
      Kirk, James R.  and
      Laird, John E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Grounding for Robotics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2801",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2801",
    pages = "1--9",
    abstract = "This paper describes how language is grounded by a comprehension system called Lucia within a robotic agent called Rosie that can manipulate objects and navigate indoors. The whole system is built within the Soar cognitive architecture and uses Embodied Construction Grammar (ECG) as a formalism for describing linguistic knowledge. Grounding is performed using knowledge from the grammar itself, from the linguistic context, from the agents perception, and from an ontology of long-term knowledge about object categories and properties and actions the agent can perform. The paper also describes a benchmark corpus of 200 sentences in this domain along with test versions of the world model and ontology and gold-standard meanings for each of the sentences. The benchmark is contained in the supplemental materials.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2017-learning-learn,
    title = "Learning how to Learn: An Adaptive Dialogue Agent for Incrementally Learning Visually Grounded Word Meanings",
    author = "Yu, Yanchao  and
      Eshghi, Arash  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Grounding for Robotics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2802",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2802",
    pages = "10--19",
    abstract = "We present an optimised multi-modal dialogue agent for interactive learning of visually grounded word meanings from a human tutor, trained on real human-human tutoring data. Within a life-long interactive learning period, the agent, trained using Reinforcement Learning (RL), must be able to handle natural conversations with human users, and achieve good learning performance (i.e. accuracy) while minimising human effort in the learning process. We train and evaluate this system in interaction with a simulated human tutor, which is built on the BURCHAK corpus {--} a Human-Human Dialogue dataset for the visual learning task. The results show that: 1) The learned policy can coherently interact with the simulated user to achieve the goal of the task (i.e. learning visual attributes of objects, e.g. colour and shape); and 2) it finds a better trade-off between classifier accuracy and tutoring costs than hand-crafted rule-based policies, including ones with dynamic policies.",
}
@inproceedings{thomason-etal-2017-guiding,
    title = "Guiding Interaction Behaviors for Multi-modal Grounded Language Learning",
    author = "Thomason, Jesse  and
      Sinapov, Jivko  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Grounding for Robotics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2803",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2803",
    pages = "20--24",
    abstract = "Multi-modal grounded language learning connects language predicates to physical properties of objects in the world. Sensing with multiple modalities, such as audio, haptics, and visual colors and shapes while performing interaction behaviors like lifting, dropping, and looking on objects enables a robot to ground non-visual predicates like {``}empty{''} as well as visual predicates like {``}red{''}. Previous work has established that grounding in multi-modal space improves performance on object retrieval from human descriptions. In this work, we gather behavior annotations from humans and demonstrate that these improve language grounding performance by allowing a system to focus on relevant behaviors for words like {``}white{''} or {``}half-full{''} that can be understood by looking or lifting, respectively. We also explore adding modality annotations (whether to focus on audio or haptics when performing a behavior), which improves performance, and sharing information between linguistically related predicates (if {``}green{''} is a color, {``}white{''} is a color), which improves grounding recall but at the cost of precision.",
}
@inproceedings{vanzo-etal-2017-structured,
    title = "Structured Learning for Context-aware Spoken Language Understanding of Robotic Commands",
    author = "Vanzo, Andrea  and
      Croce, Danilo  and
      Basili, Roberto  and
      Nardi, Daniele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Grounding for Robotics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2804",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2804",
    pages = "25--34",
    abstract = "Service robots are expected to operate in specific environments, where the presence of humans plays a key role. A major feature of such robotics platforms is thus the ability to react to spoken commands. This requires the understanding of the user utterance with an accuracy able to trigger the robot reaction. Such correct interpretation of linguistic exchanges depends on physical, cognitive and language-dependent aspects related to the environment. In this work, we present the empirical evaluation of an adaptive Spoken Language Understanding chain for robotic commands, that explicitly depends on the operational environment during both the learning and recognition stages. The effectiveness of such a context-sensitive command interpretation is tested against an extension of an already existing corpus of commands, that introduced explicit perceptual knowledge: this enabled deeper measures proving that more accurate disambiguation capabilities can be actually obtained.",
}
@inproceedings{alomari-etal-2017-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Grounding and Grammar Induction for Robotic Manipulation Commands",
    author = "Alomari, Muhannad  and
      Duckworth, Paul  and
      Hawasly, Majd  and
      Hogg, David C.  and
      Cohn, Anthony G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Grounding for Robotics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2805",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2805",
    pages = "35--43",
    abstract = "We present a cognitively plausible system capable of acquiring knowledge in language and vision from pairs of short video clips and linguistic descriptions. The aim of this work is to teach a robot manipulator how to execute natural language commands by demonstration. This is achieved by first learning a set of visual {`}concepts{'} that abstract the visual feature spaces into concepts that have human-level meaning. Second, learning the mapping/grounding between words and the extracted visual concepts. Third, inducing grammar rules via a semantic representation known as Robot Control Language (RCL). We evaluate our approach against state-of-the-art supervised and unsupervised grounding and grammar induction systems, and show that a robot can learn to execute never seen-before commands from pairs of unlabelled linguistic and visual inputs.",
}
@inproceedings{pisl-marecek-2017-communication,
    title = "Communication with Robots using Multilayer Recurrent Networks",
    author = "Pi{\v{s}}l, Bed{\v{r}}ich  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Grounding for Robotics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2806",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2806",
    pages = "44--48",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe an improvement on the task of giving instructions to robots in a simulated block world using unrestricted natural language commands.",
}
@inproceedings{hristov-etal-2017-grounding,
    title = "Grounding Symbols in Multi-Modal Instructions",
    author = "Hristov, Yordan  and
      Penkov, Svetlin  and
      Lascarides, Alex  and
      Ramamoorthy, Subramanian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Grounding for Robotics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2807",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2807",
    pages = "49--57",
    abstract = "As robots begin to cohabit with humans in semi-structured environments, the need arises to understand instructions involving rich variability{---}for instance, learning to ground symbols in the physical world. Realistically, this task must cope with small datasets consisting of a particular users{'} contextual assignment of meaning to terms. We present a method for processing a raw stream of cross-modal input{---}i.e., linguistic instructions, visual perception of a scene and a concurrent trace of 3D eye tracking fixations{---}to produce the segmentation of objects with a correspondent association to high-level concepts. To test our framework we present experiments in a table-top object manipulation scenario. Our results show our model learns the user{'}s notion of colour and shape from a small number of physical demonstrations, generalising to identifying physical referents for novel combinations of the words.",
}
@inproceedings{marge-etal-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Variation of Natural Human Commands to a Robot in a Collaborative Navigation Task",
    author = "Marge, Matthew  and
      Bonial, Claire  and
      Foots, Ashley  and
      Hayes, Cory  and
      Henry, Cassidy  and
      Pollard, Kimberly  and
      Artstein, Ron  and
      Voss, Clare  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Grounding for Robotics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2808",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2808",
    pages = "58--66",
    abstract = "Robot-directed communication is variable, and may change based on human perception of robot capabilities. To collect training data for a dialogue system and to investigate possible communication changes over time, we developed a Wizard-of-Oz study that (a) simulates a robot{'}s limited understanding, and (b) collects dialogues where human participants build a progressively better mental model of the robot{'}s understanding. With ten participants, we collected ten hours of human-robot dialogue. We analyzed the structure of instructions that participants gave to a remote robot before it responded. Our findings show a general initial preference for including metric information (e.g., move forward 3 feet) over landmarks (e.g., move to the desk) in motion commands, but this decreased over time, suggesting changes in perception.",
}
@inproceedings{karamcheti-etal-2017-tale,
    title = "A Tale of Two {DRAGGN}s: A Hybrid Approach for Interpreting Action-Oriented and Goal-Oriented Instructions",
    author = "Karamcheti, Siddharth  and
      Williams, Edward Clem  and
      Arumugam, Dilip  and
      Rhee, Mina  and
      Gopalan, Nakul  and
      Wong, Lawson L.S.  and
      Tellex, Stefanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Grounding for Robotics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2809",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2809",
    pages = "67--75",
    abstract = "Robots operating alongside humans in diverse, stochastic environments must be able to accurately interpret natural language commands. These instructions often fall into one of two categories: those that specify a goal condition or target state, and those that specify explicit actions, or how to perform a given task. Recent approaches have used reward functions as a semantic representation of goal-based commands, which allows for the use of a state-of-the-art planner to find a policy for the given task. However, these reward functions cannot be directly used to represent action-oriented commands. We introduce a new hybrid approach, the Deep Recurrent Action-Goal Grounding Network (DRAGGN), for task grounding and execution that handles natural language from either category as input, and generalizes to unseen environments. Our robot-simulation results demonstrate that a system successfully interpreting both goal-oriented and action-oriented task specifications brings us closer to robust natural language understanding for human-robot interaction.",
}
@inproceedings{li-gauthier-2017-distributional,
    title = "Are Distributional Representations Ready for the Real World? Evaluating Word Vectors for Grounded Perceptual Meaning",
    author = "Li, Lucy  and
      Gauthier, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Grounding for Robotics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2810",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2810",
    pages = "76--85",
    abstract = "Distributional word representation methods exploit word co-occurrences to build compact vector encodings of words. While these representations enjoy widespread use in modern natural language processing, it is unclear whether they accurately encode all necessary facets of conceptual meaning. In this paper, we evaluate how well these representations can predict perceptual and conceptual features of concrete concepts, drawing on two semantic norm datasets sourced from human participants. We find that several standard word representations fail to encode many salient perceptual features of concepts, and show that these deficits correlate with word-word similarity prediction errors. Our analyses provide motivation for grounded and embodied language learning approaches, which may help to remedy these deficits.",
}
@inproceedings{novikova-etal-2017-sympathy,
    title = "Sympathy Begins with a Smile, Intelligence Begins with a Word: Use of Multimodal Features in Spoken Human-Robot Interaction",
    author = "Novikova, Jekaterina  and
      Dondrup, Christian  and
      Papaioannou, Ioannis  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Grounding for Robotics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2811",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2811",
    pages = "86--94",
    abstract = "Recognition of social signals, coming from human facial expressions or prosody of human speech, is a popular research topic in human-robot interaction studies. There is also a long line of research in the spoken dialogue community that investigates user satisfaction in relation to dialogue characteristics. However, very little research relates a combination of multimodal social signals and language features detected during spoken face-to-face human-robot interaction to the resulting user perception of a robot. In this paper we show how different emotional facial expressions of human users, in combination with prosodic characteristics of human speech and features of human-robot dialogue, correlate with users{'} impressions of the robot after a conversation. We find that happiness in the user{'}s recognised facial expression strongly correlates with likeability of a robot, while dialogue-related features (such as number of human turns or number of sentences per robot utterance) correlate with perceiving a robot as intelligent. In addition, we show that the facial expression emotional features and prosody are better predictors of human ratings related to perceived robot likeability and anthropomorphism, while linguistic and non-linguistic features more often predict perceived robot intelligence and interpretability. As such, these characteristics may in future be used as an online reward signal for in-situ Reinforcement Learning-based adaptive human-robot dialogue systems.",
}
@inproceedings{narayan-chen-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Problem Solving Agents that Communicate and Learn",
    author = "Narayan-Chen, Anjali  and
      Graber, Colin  and
      Das, Mayukh  and
      Islam, Md Rakibul  and
      Dan, Soham  and
      Natarajan, Sriraam  and
      Doppa, Janardhan Rao  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Grounding for Robotics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2812",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2812",
    pages = "95--103",
    abstract = "Agents that communicate back and forth with humans to help them execute non-linguistic tasks are a long sought goal of AI. These agents need to translate between utterances and actionable meaning representations that can be interpreted by task-specific problem solvers in a context-dependent manner. They should also be able to learn such actionable interpretations for new predicates on the fly. We define an agent architecture for this scenario and present a series of experiments in the Blocks World domain that illustrate how our architecture supports language learning and problem solving in this domain.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-nlp-social,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    author = {Hovy, Dirk  and
      Volkova, Svitlana  and
      Bamman, David  and
      Jurgens, David  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan  and
      Tsur, Oren  and
      Do{\u{g}}ru{\"o}z, A. Seza},
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2900",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-29",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-etal-2017-language,
    title = "Language-independent Gender Prediction on Twitter",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2901",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2901",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a set of experiments and analyses on predicting the gender of Twitter users based on language-independent features extracted either from the text or the metadata of users{'} tweets. We perform our experiments on the TwiSty dataset containing manual gender annotations for users speaking six different languages. Our classification results show that, while the prediction model based on language-independent features performs worse than the bag-of-words model when training and testing on the same language, it regularly outperforms the bag-of-words model when applied to different languages, showing very stable results across various languages. Finally we perform a comparative analysis of feature effect sizes across the six languages and show that differences in our features correspond to cultural distances.",
}
@inproceedings{jha-mamidi-2017-compliment,
    title = "When does a compliment become sexist? Analysis and classification of ambivalent sexism using twitter data",
    author = "Jha, Akshita  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2902",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2902",
    pages = "7--16",
    abstract = "Sexism is prevalent in today{'}s society, both offline and online, and poses a credible threat to social equality with respect to gender. According to ambivalent sexism theory (Glick and Fiske, 1996), it comes in two forms: Hostile and Benevolent. While hostile sexism is characterized by an explicitly negative attitude, benevolent sexism is more subtle. Previous works on computationally detecting sexism present online are restricted to identifying the hostile form. Our objective is to investigate the less pronounced form of sexism demonstrated online. We achieve this by creating and analyzing a dataset of tweets that exhibit benevolent sexism. By using Support Vector Machines (SVM), sequence-to-sequence models and FastText classifier, we classify tweets into {`}Hostile{'}, {`}Benevolent{'} or {`}Others{'} class depending on the kind of sexism they exhibit. We have been able to achieve an F1-score of 87.22{\%} using FastText classifier. Our work helps analyze and understand the much prevalent ambivalent sexism in social media.",
}
@inproceedings{preotiuc-pietro-etal-2017-personality,
    title = "Personality Driven Differences in Paraphrase Preference",
    author = "Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Carpenter, Jordan  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2903",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2903",
    pages = "17--26",
    abstract = "Personality plays a decisive role in how people behave in different scenarios, including online social media. Researchers have used such data to study how personality can be predicted from language use. In this paper, we study phrase choice as a particular stylistic linguistic difference, as opposed to the mostly topical differences identified previously. Building on previous work on demographic preferences, we quantify differences in paraphrase choice from a massive Facebook data set with posts from over 115,000 users. We quantify the predictive power of phrase choice in user profiling and use phrase choice to study psycholinguistic hypotheses. This work is relevant to future applications that aim to personalize text generation to specific personality types.",
}
@inproceedings{martin-2017-community2vec,
    title = "community2vec: Vector representations of online communities encode semantic relationships",
    author = "Martin, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2904",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2904",
    pages = "27--31",
    abstract = "Vector embeddings of words have been shown to encode meaningful semantic relationships that enable solving of complex analogies. This vector embedding concept has been extended successfully to many different domains and in this paper we both create and visualize vector representations of an unstructured collection of online communities based on user participation. Further, we quantitatively and qualitatively show that these representations allow solving of semantically meaningful community analogies and also other more general types of relationships. These results could help improve community recommendation engines and also serve as a tool for sociological studies of community relatedness.",
}
@inproceedings{addawood-etal-2017-telling,
    title = "Telling Apart Tweets Associated with Controversial versus Non-Controversial Topics",
    author = "Addawood, Aseel  and
      Rezapour, Rezvaneh  and
      Abdar, Omid  and
      Diesner, Jana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2905",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2905",
    pages = "32--41",
    abstract = "In this paper, we evaluate the predictability of tweets associated with controversial versus non-controversial topics. As a first step, we crowd-sourced the scoring of a predefined set of topics on a Likert scale from non-controversial to controversial. Our feature set entails and goes beyond sentiment features, e.g., by leveraging empathic language and other features that have been previously used but are new for this particular study. We find focusing on the structural characteristics of tweets to be beneficial for this task. Using a combination of emphatic, language-specific, and Twitter-specific features for supervised learning resulted in 87{\%} accuracy (F1) for cross-validation of the training set and 63.4{\%} accuracy when using the test set. Our analysis shows that features specific to Twitter or social media, in general, are more prevalent in tweets on controversial topics than in non-controversial ones. To test the premise of the paper, we conducted two additional sets of experiments, which led to mixed results. This finding will inform our future investigations into the relationship between language use on social media and the perceived controversiality of topics.",
}
@inproceedings{glavas-etal-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Classification of Topics in Political Texts",
    author = "Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      Nanni, Federico  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2906",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2906",
    pages = "42--46",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose an approach for cross-lingual topical coding of sentences from electoral manifestos of political parties in different languages. To this end, we exploit continuous semantic text representations and induce a joint multilingual semantic vector spaces to enable supervised learning using manually-coded sentences across different languages. Our experimental results show that classifiers trained on multilingual data yield performance boosts over monolingual topic classification.",
}
@inproceedings{zielinski-mutschke-2017-mining,
    title = "Mining Social Science Publications for Survey Variables",
    author = "Zielinski, Andrea  and
      Mutschke, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2907",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2907",
    pages = "47--52",
    abstract = "Research in Social Science is usually based on survey data where individual research questions relate to observable concepts (variables). However, due to a lack of standards for data citations a reliable identification of the variables used is often difficult. In this paper, we present a work-in-progress study that seeks to provide a solution to the variable detection task based on supervised machine learning algorithms, using a linguistic analysis pipeline to extract a rich feature set, including terminological concepts and similarity metric scores. Further, we present preliminary results on a small dataset that has been specifically designed for this task, yielding a significant increase in performance over the random baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{prabhumoye-etal-2017-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Markers of Influence in Informal Interactions",
    author = "Prabhumoye, Shrimai  and
      Choudhary, Samridhi  and
      Spiliopoulou, Evangelia  and
      Bogart, Christopher  and
      Rose, Carolyn  and
      Black, Alan W",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2908",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2908",
    pages = "53--62",
    abstract = "There has been a long standing interest in understanding {`}Social Influence{'} both in Social Sciences and in Computational Linguistics. In this paper, we present a novel approach to study and measure interpersonal influence in daily interactions. Motivated by the basic principles of influence, we attempt to identify indicative linguistic features of the posts in an online knitting community. We present the scheme used to operationalize and label the posts as influential or non-influential. Experiments with the identified features show an improvement in the classification accuracy of influence by 3.15{\%}. Our results illustrate the important correlation between the structure of the language and its potential to influence others.",
}
@inproceedings{tatman-etal-2017-non,
    title = "Non-lexical Features Encode Political Affiliation on Twitter",
    author = "Tatman, Rachael  and
      Stewart, Leo  and
      Paullada, Amandalynne  and
      Spiro, Emma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2909",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2909",
    pages = "63--67",
    abstract = "Previous work on classifying Twitter users{'} political alignment has mainly focused on lexical and social network features. This study provides evidence that political affiliation is also reflected in features which have been previously overlooked: users{'} discourse patterns (proportion of Tweets that are retweets or replies) and their rate of use of capitalization and punctuation. We find robust differences between politically left- and right-leaning communities with respect to these discourse and sub-lexical features, although they are not enough to train a high-accuracy classifier.",
}
@inproceedings{murray-2017-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Participation in Small Group Social Sequences with {M}arkov Rewards Analysis",
    author = "Murray, Gabriel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2910",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2910",
    pages = "68--72",
    abstract = "We explore a novel computational approach for analyzing member participation in small group social sequences. Using a complex state representation combining information about dialogue act types, sentiment expression, and participant roles, we explore which sequence states are associated with high levels of member participation. Using a Markov Rewards framework, we associate particular states with immediate positive and negative rewards, and employ a Value Iteration algorithm to calculate the expected value of all states. In our findings, we focus on discourse states belonging to team leaders and project managers which are either very likely or very unlikely to lead to participation from the rest of the group members.",
}
@inproceedings{yoder-etal-2017-code,
    title = "Code-Switching as a Social Act: The Case of {A}rabic {W}ikipedia Talk Pages",
    author = "Yoder, Michael  and
      Rijhwani, Shruti  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn  and
      Levin, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2911",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2911",
    pages = "73--82",
    abstract = "Code-switching has been found to have social motivations in addition to syntactic constraints. In this work, we explore the social effect of code-switching in an online community. We present a task from the Arabic Wikipedia to capture language choice, in this case code-switching between Arabic and other languages, as a predictor of social influence in collaborative editing. We find that code-switching is positively associated with Wikipedia editor success, particularly borrowing technical language on pages with topics less directly related to Arabic-speaking regions.",
}
@inproceedings{wood-doughty-etal-2017-twitter,
    title = "How Does Twitter User Behavior Vary Across Demographic Groups?",
    author = "Wood-Doughty, Zach  and
      Smith, Michael  and
      Broniatowski, David  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2912",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2912",
    pages = "83--89",
    abstract = "Demographically-tagged social media messages are a common source of data for computational social science. While these messages can indicate differences in beliefs and behaviors between demographic groups, we do not have a clear understanding of how different demographic groups use platforms such as Twitter. This paper presents a preliminary analysis of how groups{'} differing behaviors may confound analyses of the groups themselves. We analyzed one million Twitter users by first inferring demographic attributes, and then measuring several indicators of Twitter behavior. We find differences in these indicators across demographic groups, suggesting that there may be underlying differences in how different demographic groups use Twitter.",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-etal-2017-ideological,
    title = "Ideological Phrase Indicators for Classification of Political Discourse Framing on Twitter",
    author = "Johnson, Kristen  and
      Lee, I-Ta  and
      Goldwasser, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2913",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2913",
    pages = "90--99",
    abstract = "Politicians carefully word their statements in order to influence how others view an issue, a political strategy called framing. Simultaneously, these frames may also reveal the beliefs or positions on an issue of the politician. Simple language features such as unigrams, bigrams, and trigrams are important indicators for identifying the general frame of a text, for both longer congressional speeches and shorter tweets of politicians. However, tweets may contain multiple unigrams across different frames which limits the effectiveness of this approach. In this paper, we present a joint model which uses both linguistic features of tweets and ideological phrase indicators extracted from a state-of-the-art embedding-based model to predict the general frame of political tweets.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-abusive,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    author = "Waseem, Zeerak  and
      Chung, Wendy Hui Kyong  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-30",
}
@inproceedings{clarke-grieve-2017-dimensions,
    title = "Dimensions of Abusive Language on Twitter",
    author = "Clarke, Isobelle  and
      Grieve, Jack",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3001",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "In this paper, we use a new categorical form of multidimensional register analysis to identify the main dimensions of functional linguistic variation in a corpus of abusive language, consisting of racist and sexist Tweets. By analysing the use of a wide variety of parts-of-speech and grammatical constructions, as well as various features related to Twitter and computer-mediated communication, we discover three dimensions of linguistic variation in this corpus, which we interpret as being related to the degree of interactive, antagonistic and attitudinal language exhibited by individual Tweets. We then demonstrate that there is a significant functional difference between racist and sexist Tweets, with sexists Tweets tending to be more interactive and attitudinal than racist Tweets.",
}
@inproceedings{kolhatkar-taboada-2017-constructive,
    title = "Constructive Language in News Comments",
    author = "Kolhatkar, Varada  and
      Taboada, Maite",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3002",
    pages = "11--17",
    abstract = "We discuss the characteristics of constructive news comments, and present methods to identify them. First, we define the notion of constructiveness. Second, we annotate a corpus for constructiveness. Third, we explore whether available argumentation corpora can be useful to identify constructiveness in news comments. Our model trained on argumentation corpora achieves a top accuracy of 72.59{\%} (baseline=49.44{\%}) on our crowd-annotated test data. Finally, we examine the relation between constructiveness and toxicity. In our crowd-annotated data, 21.42{\%} of the non-constructive comments and 17.89{\%} of the constructive comments are toxic, suggesting that non-constructive comments are not much more toxic than constructive comments.",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2017-rephrasing,
    title = "Rephrasing Profanity in {C}hinese Text",
    author = "Su, Hui-Po  and
      Huang, Zhen-Jie  and
      Chang, Hao-Tsung  and
      Lin, Chuan-Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3003",
    pages = "18--24",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a system that can detect and rephrase profanity in Chinese text. Rather than just masking detected profanity, we want to revise the input sentence by using inoffensive words while keeping their original meanings. 29 of such rephrasing rules were invented after observing sentences on real-word social websites. The overall accuracy of the proposed system is 85.56{\%}",
}
@inproceedings{pavlopoulos-etal-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning for User Comment Moderation",
    author = "Pavlopoulos, John  and
      Malakasiotis, Prodromos  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3004",
    pages = "25--35",
    abstract = "Experimenting with a new dataset of 1.6M user comments from a Greek news portal and existing datasets of EnglishWikipedia comments, we show that an RNN outperforms the previous state of the art in moderation. A deep, classification-specific attention mechanism improves further the overall performance of the RNN. We also compare against a CNN and a word-list baseline, considering both fully automatic and semi-automatic moderation.",
}
@inproceedings{serra-etal-2017-class,
    title = "Class-based Prediction Errors to Detect Hate Speech with Out-of-vocabulary Words",
    author = "Serr{\`a}, Joan  and
      Leontiadis, Ilias  and
      Spathis, Dimitris  and
      Stringhini, Gianluca  and
      Blackburn, Jeremy  and
      Vakali, Athena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3005",
    pages = "36--40",
    abstract = "Common approaches to text categorization essentially rely either on n-gram counts or on word embeddings. This presents important difficulties in highly dynamic or quickly-interacting environments, where the appearance of new words and/or varied misspellings is the norm. A paradigmatic example of this situation is abusive online behavior, with social networks and media platforms struggling to effectively combat uncommon or non-blacklisted hate words. To better deal with these issues in those fast-paced environments, we propose using the error signal of class-based language models as input to text classification algorithms. In particular, we train a next-character prediction model for any given class and then exploit the error of such class-based models to inform a neural network classifier. This way, we shift from the {`}ability to describe{'} seen documents to the {`}ability to predict{'} unseen content. Preliminary studies using out-of-vocabulary splits from abusive tweet data show promising results, outperforming competitive text categorization strategies by 4-11{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{park-fung-2017-one,
    title = "One-step and Two-step Classification for Abusive Language Detection on Twitter",
    author = "Park, Ji Ho  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3006",
    pages = "41--45",
    abstract = "Automatic abusive language detection is a difficult but important task for online social media. Our research explores a two-step approach of performing classification on abusive language and then classifying into specific types and compares it with one-step approach of doing one multi-class classification for detecting sexist and racist languages. With a public English Twitter corpus of 20 thousand tweets in the type of sexism and racism, our approach shows a promising performance of 0.827 F-measure by using HybridCNN in one-step and 0.824 F-measure by using logistic regression in two-steps.",
}
@inproceedings{fiser-etal-2017-legal,
    title = "Legal Framework, Dataset and Annotation Schema for Socially Unacceptable Online Discourse Practices in {S}lovene",
    author = "Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3007",
    pages = "46--51",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the legal framework, dataset and annotation schema of socially unacceptable discourse practices on social networking platforms in Slovenia. On this basis we aim to train an automatic identification and classification system with which we wish contribute towards an improved methodology, understanding and treatment of such practices in the contemporary, increasingly multicultural information society.",
}
@inproceedings{mubarak-etal-2017-abusive,
    title = "Abusive Language Detection on {A}rabic Social Media",
    author = "Mubarak, Hamdy  and
      Darwish, Kareem  and
      Magdy, Walid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3008",
    pages = "52--56",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present our work on detecting abusive language on Arabic social media. We extract a list of obscene words and hashtags using common patterns used in offensive and rude communications. We also classify Twitter users according to whether they use any of these words or not in their tweets. We expand the list of obscene words using this classification, and we report results on a newly created dataset of classified Arabic tweets (obscene, offensive, and clean). We make this dataset freely available for research, in addition to the list of obscene words and hashtags. We are also publicly releasing a large corpus of classified user comments that were deleted from a popular Arabic news site due to violations the site{'}s rules and guidelines.",
}
@inproceedings{wright-etal-2017-vectors,
    title = "Vectors for Counterspeech on Twitter",
    author = "Wright, Lucas  and
      Ruths, Derek  and
      Dillon, Kelly P  and
      Saleem, Haji Mohammad  and
      Benesch, Susan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3009",
    pages = "57--62",
    abstract = "A study of conversations on Twitter found that some arguments between strangers led to favorable change in discourse and even in attitudes. The authors propose that such exchanges can be usefully distinguished according to whether individuals or groups take part on each side, since the opportunity for a constructive exchange of views seems to vary accordingly.",
}
@inproceedings{safi-samghabadi-etal-2017-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Nastiness in Social Media",
    author = "Safi Samghabadi, Niloofar  and
      Maharjan, Suraj  and
      Sprague, Alan  and
      Diaz-Sprague, Raquel  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3010",
    pages = "63--72",
    abstract = "Although social media has made it easy for people to connect on a virtually unlimited basis, it has also opened doors to people who misuse it to undermine, harass, humiliate, threaten and bully others. There is a lack of adequate resources to detect and hinder its occurrence. In this paper, we present our initial NLP approach to detect invective posts as a first step to eventually detect and deter cyberbullying. We crawl data containing profanities and then determine whether or not it contains invective. Annotations on this data are improved iteratively by in-lab annotations and crowdsourcing. We pursue different NLP approaches containing various typical and some newer techniques to distinguish the use of swear words in a neutral way from those instances in which they are used in an insulting way. We also show that this model not only works for our data set, but also can be successfully applied to different data sets.",
}
@inproceedings{kennedy-etal-2017-technology,
    title = "Technology Solutions to Combat Online Harassment",
    author = "Kennedy, George  and
      McCollough, Andrew  and
      Dixon, Edward  and
      Bastidas, Alexei  and
      Ryan, John  and
      Loo, Chris  and
      Sahay, Saurav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3011",
    pages = "73--77",
    abstract = "This work is part of a new initiative to use machine learning to identify online harassment in social media and comment streams. Online harassment goes under-reported due to the reliance on humans to identify and report harassment, reporting that is further slowed by requirements to fill out forms providing context. In addition, the time for moderators to respond and apply human judgment can take days, but response times in terms of minutes are needed in the online context. Though some of the major social media companies have been doing proprietary work in automating the detection of harassment, there are few tools available for use by the public. In addition, the amount of labeled online harassment data and availability of cross-platform online harassment datasets is limited. We present the methodology used to create a harassment dataset and classifier and the dataset used to help the system learn what harassment looks like.",
}
@inproceedings{waseem-etal-2017-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Abuse: A Typology of Abusive Language Detection Subtasks",
    author = "Waseem, Zeerak  and
      Davidson, Thomas  and
      Warmsley, Dana  and
      Weber, Ingmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3012",
    pages = "78--84",
    abstract = "As the body of research on abusive language detection and analysis grows, there is a need for critical consideration of the relationships between different subtasks that have been grouped under this label. Based on work on hate speech, cyberbullying, and online abuse we propose a typology that captures central similarities and differences between subtasks and discuss the implications of this for data annotation and feature construction. We emphasize the practical actions that can be taken by researchers to best approach their abusive language detection subtask of interest.",
}
@inproceedings{gamback-sikdar-2017-using,
    title = "Using Convolutional Neural Networks to Classify Hate-Speech",
    author = {Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Sikdar, Utpal Kumar},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3013",
    pages = "85--90",
    abstract = "The paper introduces a deep learning-based Twitter hate-speech text classification system. The classifier assigns each tweet to one of four predefined categories: racism, sexism, both (racism and sexism) and non-hate-speech. Four Convolutional Neural Network models were trained on resp. character 4-grams, word vectors based on semantic information built using word2vec, randomly generated word vectors, and word vectors combined with character n-grams. The feature set was down-sized in the networks by max-pooling, and a softmax function used to classify tweets. Tested by 10-fold cross-validation, the model based on word2vec embeddings performed best, with higher precision than recall, and a 78.3{\%} F-score.",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-etal-2017-illegal,
    title = "Illegal is not a Noun: Linguistic Form for Detection of Pejorative Nominalizations",
    author = "Palmer, Alexis  and
      Robinson, Melissa  and
      Phillips, Kristy K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3014",
    pages = "91--100",
    abstract = "This paper focuses on a particular type of abusive language, targeting expressions in which typically neutral adjectives take on pejorative meaning when used as nouns - compare {`}gay people{'} to {`}the gays{'}. We first collect and analyze a corpus of hand-curated, expert-annotated pejorative nominalizations for four target adjectives: female, gay, illegal, and poor. We then collect a second corpus of automatically-extracted and POS-tagged, crowd-annotated tweets. For both corpora, we find support for the hypothesis that some adjectives, when nominalized, take on negative meaning. The targeted constructions are non-standard yet widely-used, and part-of-speech taggers mistag some nominal forms as adjectives. We implement a tool called NomCatcher to correct these mistaggings, and find that the same tool is effective for identifying new adjectives subject to transformation via nominalization into abusive language.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-linguistics-clinical,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology {---} From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    author = "Hollingshead, Kristy  and
      Ireland, Molly E.  and
      Loveys, Kate",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-31",
}
@inproceedings{morales-etal-2017-cross,
    title = "A Cross-modal Review of Indicators for Depression Detection Systems",
    author = "Morales, Michelle  and
      Scherer, Stefan  and
      Levitan, Rivka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology {---} From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3101",
    pages = "1--12",
    abstract = "Automatic detection of depression has attracted increasing attention from researchers in psychology, computer science, linguistics, and related disciplines. As a result, promising depression detection systems have been reported. This paper surveys these efforts by presenting the first cross-modal review of depression detection systems and discusses best practices and most promising approaches to this task.",
}
@inproceedings{niederhoffer-etal-2017-wildest,
    title = "In your wildest dreams: the language and psychological features of dreams",
    author = "Niederhoffer, Kate  and
      Schler, Jonathan  and
      Crutchley, Patrick  and
      Loveys, Kate  and
      Coppersmith, Glen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology {---} From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3102",
    pages = "13--25",
    abstract = "In this paper, we provide the first quantified exploration of the structure of the language of dreams, their linguistic style and emotional content. We present a collection of digital dream logs as a viable corpus for the growing study of mental health through the lens of language, complementary to the work done examining more traditional social media. This paper is largely exploratory in nature to lay the groundwork for subsequent research in mental health, rather than optimizing a particular text classification task.",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2017-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus Analysis of Social Connections and Social Isolation in Adolescents Suffering from Depressive Disorders",
    author = "Guo, Jia-Wen  and
      Mowery, Danielle L  and
      Lai, Djin  and
      Sward, Katherine  and
      Conway, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology {---} From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3103",
    pages = "26--31",
    abstract = "Social connection and social isolation are associated with depressive symptoms, particularly in adolescents and young adults, but how these concepts are documented in clinical notes is unknown. This pilot study aimed to identify the topics relevant to social connection and isolation by analyzing 145 clinical notes from patients with depression diagnosis. We found that providers, including physicians, nurses, social workers, and psychologists, document descriptions of both social connection and social isolation.",
}
@inproceedings{jamil-etal-2017-monitoring,
    title = "Monitoring Tweets for Depression to Detect At-risk Users",
    author = "Jamil, Zunaira  and
      Inkpen, Diana  and
      Buddhitha, Prasadith  and
      White, Kenton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology {---} From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3104",
    pages = "32--40",
    abstract = "We propose an automated system that can identify at-risk users from their public social media activity, more specifically, from Twitter. The data that we collected is from the {\#}BellLetsTalk campaign, which is a wide-reaching, multi-year program designed to break the silence around mental illness and support mental health across Canada. To achieve our goal, we trained a user-level classifier that can detect at-risk users that achieves a reasonable precision and recall. We also trained a tweet-level classifier that predicts if a tweet indicates depression. This task was much more difficult due to the imbalanced data. In the dataset that we labeled, we came across 5{\%} depression tweets and 95{\%} non-depression tweets. To handle this class imbalance, we used undersampling methods. The resulting classifier had high recall, but low precision. Therefore, we only use this classifier to compute the estimated percentage of depressed tweets and to add this value as a feature for the user-level classifier.",
}
@inproceedings{mikal-etal-2017-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Patient Attitudes Towards the use of Social Media Data to Augment Depression Diagnosis and Treatment: a Qualitative Study",
    author = "Mikal, Jude  and
      Hurst, Samantha  and
      Conway, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology {---} From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3105",
    pages = "41--47",
    abstract = "In this paper, we use qualitative research methods to investigate the attitudes of social media users towards the (opt-in) integration of social media data with routine mental health care and diagnosis. Our investigation was based on secondary analysis of a series of five focus groups with Twitter users, including three groups consisting of participants with a self-reported history of depression, and two groups consisting of participants without a self reported history of depression. Our results indicate that, overall, research participants were enthusiastic about the possibility of using social media (in conjunction with automated Natural Language Processing algorithms) for mood tracking under the supervision of a mental health practitioner. However, for at least some participants, there was skepticism related to how well social media represents the mental health of users, and hence its usefulness in the clinical context.",
}
@inproceedings{roemmele-etal-2017-natural,
    title = "Natural-language Interactive Narratives in Imaginal Exposure Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder",
    author = "Roemmele, Melissa  and
      Mardo, Paola  and
      Gordon, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology {---} From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3106",
    pages = "48--57",
    abstract = "Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety-based disorder that affects around 2.5{\%} of the population. A common treatment for OCD is exposure therapy, where the patient repeatedly confronts a feared experience, which has the long-term effect of decreasing their anxiety. Some exposures consist of reading and writing stories about an imagined anxiety-provoking scenario. In this paper, we present a technology that enables patients to interactively contribute to exposure stories by supplying natural language input (typed or spoken) that advances a scenario. This interactivity could potentially increase the patient{'}s sense of immersion in an exposure and contribute to its success. We introduce the NLP task behind processing inputs to predict new events in the scenario, and describe our initial approach. We then illustrate the future possibility of this work with an example of an exposure scenario authored with our application.",
}
@inproceedings{shen-rudzicz-2017-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Anxiety through {R}eddit",
    author = "Shen, Judy Hanwen  and
      Rudzicz, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology {---} From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3107",
    pages = "58--65",
    abstract = "Previous investigations into detecting mental illnesses through social media have predominately focused on detecting depression through Twitter corpora. In this paper, we study anxiety disorders through personal narratives collected through the popular social media website, Reddit. We build a substantial data set of typical and anxiety-related posts, and we apply N-gram language modeling, vector embeddings, topic analysis, and emotional norms to generate features that accurately classify posts related to binary levels of anxiety. We achieve an accuracy of 91{\%} with vector-space word embeddings, and an accuracy of 98{\%} when combined with lexicon-based features.",
}
@inproceedings{kshirsagar-etal-2017-detecting,
    title = "Detecting and Explaining Crisis",
    author = "Kshirsagar, Rohan  and
      Morris, Robert  and
      Bowman, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology {---} From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3108",
    pages = "66--73",
    abstract = "Individuals on social media may reveal themselves to be in various states of crisis (e.g. suicide, self-harm, abuse, or eating disorders). Detecting crisis from social media text automatically and accurately can have profound consequences. However, detecting a general state of crisis without explaining why has limited applications. An explanation in this context is a coherent, concise subset of the text that rationalizes the crisis detection. We explore several methods to detect and explain crisis using a combination of neural and non-neural techniques. We evaluate these techniques on a unique data set obtained from Koko, an anonymous emotional support network available through various messaging applications. We annotate a small subset of the samples labeled with crisis with corresponding explanations. Our best technique significantly outperforms the baseline for detection and explanation.",
}
@inproceedings{iserman-ireland-2017-dictionary,
    title = "A Dictionary-Based Comparison of Autobiographies by People and Murderous Monsters",
    author = "Iserman, Micah  and
      Ireland, Molly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology {---} From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3109",
    pages = "74--84",
    abstract = "People typically assume that killers are mentally ill or fundamentally different from the rest of humanity. Similarly, people often associate mental health conditions (such as schizophrenia or autism) with violence and otherness - treatable perhaps, but not empathically understandable. We take a dictionary approach to explore word use in a set of autobiographies, comparing the narratives of 2 killers (Adolf Hitler and Elliot Rodger) and 39 non-killers. Although results suggest several dimensions that differentiate these autobiographies - such as sentiment, temporal orientation, and references to death - they appear to reflect subject matter rather than psychology per se. Additionally, the Rodger text shows roughly typical developmental arcs in its use of words relating to friends, family, sex, and affect. From these data, we discuss the challenges of understanding killers and people in general.",
}
@inproceedings{loveys-etal-2017-small,
    title = "Small but Mighty: Affective Micropatterns for Quantifying Mental Health from Social Media Language",
    author = "Loveys, Kate  and
      Crutchley, Patrick  and
      Wyatt, Emily  and
      Coppersmith, Glen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology {---} From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, BC",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3110",
    pages = "85--95",
    abstract = "Many psychological phenomena occur in small time windows, measured in minutes or hours. However, most computational linguistic techniques look at data on the order of weeks, months, or years. We explore micropatterns in sequences of messages occurring over a short time window for their prevalence and power for quantifying psychological phenomena, specifically, patterns in affect. We examine affective micropatterns in social media posts from users with anxiety, eating disorders, panic attacks, schizophrenia, suicidality, and matched controls.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-neural,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Luong, Thang  and
      Birch, Alexandra  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Finch, Andrew",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-32",
}
@inproceedings{shu-nakayama-2017-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of Adequate Vision Span for Attention-Based Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Shu, Raphael  and
      Nakayama, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Neural Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3201",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "Recently, the attention mechanism plays a key role to achieve high performance for Neural Machine Translation models. However, as it computes a score function for the encoder states in all positions at each decoding step, the attention model greatly increases the computational complexity. In this paper, we investigate the adequate vision span of attention models in the context of machine translation, by proposing a novel attention framework that is capable of reducing redundant score computation dynamically. The term {``}vision span{''}{'} means a window of the encoder states considered by the attention model in one step. In our experiments, we found that the average window size of vision span can be reduced by over 50{\%} with modest loss in accuracy on English-Japanese and German-English translation tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{niehues-etal-2017-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Neural {MT} Search and Model Performance",
    author = "Niehues, Jan  and
      Cho, Eunah  and
      Ha, Thanh-Le  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Neural Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3202",
    pages = "11--17",
    abstract = "In this paper, we offer an in-depth analysis about the modeling and search performance. We address the question if a more complex search algorithm is necessary. Furthermore, we investigate the question if more complex models which might only be applicable during rescoring are promising. By separating the search space and the modeling using n-best list reranking, we analyze the influence of both parts of an NMT system independently. By comparing differently performing NMT systems, we show that the better translation is already in the search space of the translation systems with less performance. This results indicate that the current search algorithms are sufficient for the NMT systems. Furthermore, we could show that even a relatively small $n$-best list of 50 hypotheses already contain notably better translations.",
}
@inproceedings{denkowski-neubig-2017-stronger,
    title = "Stronger Baselines for Trustable Results in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Denkowski, Michael  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Neural Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3203",
    pages = "18--27",
    abstract = "Interest in neural machine translation has grown rapidly as its effectiveness has been demonstrated across language and data scenarios. New research regularly introduces architectural and algorithmic improvements that lead to significant gains over {``}vanilla{''} NMT implementations. However, these new techniques are rarely evaluated in the context of previously published techniques, specifically those that are widely used in state-of-the-art production and shared-task systems. As a result, it is often difficult to determine whether improvements from research will carry over to systems deployed for real-world use. In this work, we recommend three specific methods that are relatively easy to implement and result in much stronger experimental systems. Beyond reporting significantly higher BLEU scores, we conduct an in-depth analysis of where improvements originate and what inherent weaknesses of basic NMT models are being addressed. We then compare the relative gains afforded by several other techniques proposed in the literature when starting with vanilla systems versus our stronger baselines, showing that experimental conclusions may change depending on the baseline chosen. This indicates that choosing a strong baseline is crucial for reporting reliable experimental results.",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-knowles-2017-six,
    title = "Six Challenges for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Knowles, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Neural Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3204",
    pages = "28--39",
    abstract = "We explore six challenges for neural machine translation: domain mismatch, amount of training data, rare words, long sentences, word alignment, and beam search. We show both deficiencies and improvements over the quality of phrase-based statistical machine translation.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-cost,
    title = "Cost Weighting for Neural Machine Translation Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Chen, Boxing  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Foster, George  and
      Larkin, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Neural Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3205",
    pages = "40--46",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a new domain adaptation technique for neural machine translation called cost weighting, which is appropriate for adaptation scenarios in which a small in-domain data set and a large general-domain data set are available. Cost weighting incorporates a domain classifier into the neural machine translation training algorithm, using features derived from the encoder representation in order to distinguish in-domain from out-of-domain data. Classifier probabilities are used to weight sentences according to their domain similarity when updating the parameters of the neural translation model. We compare cost weighting to two traditional domain adaptation techniques developed for statistical machine translation: data selection and sub-corpus weighting. Experiments on two large-data tasks show that both the traditional techniques and our novel proposal lead to significant gains, with cost weighting outperforming the traditional methods.",
}
@inproceedings{goto-tanaka-2017-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Untranslated Content for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Goto, Isao  and
      Tanaka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Neural Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3206",
    pages = "47--55",
    abstract = "Despite its promise, neural machine translation (NMT) has a serious problem in that source content may be mistakenly left untranslated. The ability to detect untranslated content is important for the practical use of NMT. We evaluate two types of probability with which to detect untranslated content: the cumulative attention (ATN) probability and back translation (BT) probability from the target sentence to the source sentence. Experiments on detecting untranslated content in Japanese-English patent translations show that ATN and BT are each more effective than random choice, BT is more effective than ATN, and the combination of the two provides further improvements. We also confirmed the effectiveness of using ATN and BT to rerank the n-best NMT outputs.",
}
@inproceedings{freitag-al-onaizan-2017-beam,
    title = "Beam Search Strategies for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Freitag, Markus  and
      Al-Onaizan, Yaser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Neural Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3207",
    pages = "56--60",
    abstract = "The basic concept in Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is to train a large Neural Network that maximizes the translation performance on a given parallel corpus. NMT is then using a simple left-to-right beam-search decoder to generate new translations that approximately maximize the trained conditional probability. The current beam search strategy generates the target sentence word by word from left-to-right while keeping a fixed amount of active candidates at each time step. First, this simple search is less adaptive as it also expands candidates whose scores are much worse than the current best. Secondly, it does not expand hypotheses if they are not within the best scoring candidates, even if their scores are close to the best one. The latter one can be avoided by increasing the beam size until no performance improvement can be observed. While you can reach better performance, this has the drawback of a slower decoding speed. In this paper, we concentrate on speeding up the decoder by applying a more flexible beam search strategy whose candidate size may vary at each time step depending on the candidate scores. We speed up the original decoder by up to 43{\%} for the two language pairs German to English and Chinese to English without losing any translation quality.",
}
@inproceedings{morishita-etal-2017-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of Mini-Batch Creation Strategies for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Morishita, Makoto  and
      Oda, Yusuke  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Yoshino, Koichiro  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Neural Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3208",
    pages = "61--68",
    abstract = "Training of neural machine translation (NMT) models usually uses mini-batches for efficiency purposes. During the mini-batched training process, it is necessary to pad shorter sentences in a mini-batch to be equal in length to the longest sentence therein for efficient computation. Previous work has noted that sorting the corpus based on the sentence length before making mini-batches reduces the amount of padding and increases the processing speed. However, despite the fact that mini-batch creation is an essential step in NMT training, widely used NMT toolkits implement disparate strategies for doing so, which have not been empirically validated or compared. This work investigates mini-batch creation strategies with experiments over two different datasets. Our results suggest that the choice of a mini-batch creation strategy has a large effect on NMT training and some length-based sorting strategies do not always work well compared with simple shuffling.",
}
@inproceedings{carpuat-etal-2017-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Cross-Lingual Semantic Divergence for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine  and
      Vyas, Yogarshi  and
      Niu, Xing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Neural Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3209",
    pages = "69--79",
    abstract = "Parallel corpora are often not as parallel as one might assume: non-literal translations and noisy translations abound, even in curated corpora routinely used for training and evaluation. We use a cross-lingual textual entailment system to distinguish sentence pairs that are parallel in meaning from those that are not, and show that filtering out divergent examples from training improves translation quality.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-mathematics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 15th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    author = "Kanazawa, Makoto  and
      de Groote, Philippe  and
      Sadrzadeh, Mehrnoosh",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3400",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-34",
}
@inproceedings{shimada-2017-unique,
    title = "{BE} Is Not the Unique Homomorphism That Makes the Partee Triangle Commute",
    author = "Shimada, Junri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3401",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{hoenen-etal-2017-many,
    title = "How Many Stemmata with Root Degree k?",
    author = "Hoenen, Armin  and
      Eger, Steffen  and
      Gehrke, Ralf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3402",
    pages = "11--21",
}
@inproceedings{jardine-2017-logical,
    title = "On the Logical Complexity of Autosegmental Representations",
    author = "Jardine, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3403",
    pages = "22--35",
}
@inproceedings{rogers-lambert-2017-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Forbidden Factors from Regular Stringsets",
    author = "Rogers, James  and
      Lambert, Dakotah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3404",
    pages = "36--46",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-2017-latent,
    title = "Latent-Variable {PCFG}s: Background and Applications",
    author = "Cohen, Shay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3405",
    pages = "47--58",
}
@inproceedings{francez-2017-proof,
    title = "A Proof-Theoretic Semantics for Transitive Verbs with an Implicit Object",
    author = "Francez, Nissim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3406",
    pages = "59--67",
}
@inproceedings{parikh-2017-speak,
    title = "Why We Speak",
    author = "Parikh, Rohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3407",
    pages = "68--74",
}
@inproceedings{icard-etal-2017-monotonicity,
    title = "A Monotonicity Calculus and Its Completeness",
    author = "Icard, Thomas  and
      Moss, Lawrence  and
      Tune, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3408",
    pages = "75--87",
}
@inproceedings{drewes-2017-dag,
    title = "{DAG} Automata for Meaning Representation",
    author = "Drewes, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3409",
    pages = "88--99",
}
@inproceedings{gilroy-etal-2017-introducing,
    title = "(Re)introducing Regular Graph Languages",
    author = "Gilroy, Sorcha  and
      Lopez, Adam  and
      Maneth, Sebastian  and
      Simonaitis, Pijus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3410",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3410",
    pages = "100--113",
}
@inproceedings{graf-2017-graph,
    title = "Graph Transductions and Typological Gaps in Morphological Paradigms",
    author = "Graf, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3411",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3411",
    pages = "114--126",
}
@inproceedings{clark-2017-introducing,
    title = "Introducing Structure into Neural Network-Based Semantic Models",
    author = "Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3412",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3412",
    pages = "127",
}
@inproceedings{kuznetsov-etal-2017-count,
    title = "Count-Invariance Including Exponentials",
    author = "Kuznetsov, Stepan  and
      Morrill, Glyn  and
      Valent{\'\i}n, Oriol",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3413",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3413",
    pages = "128--139",
}
@inproceedings{kuznetsov-okhotin-2017-conjunctive,
    title = "Conjunctive Categorial Grammars",
    author = "Kuznetsov, Stepan  and
      Okhotin, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = jul,
    year = "2017",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3414",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3414",
    pages = "140--151",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-international-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Alonso, Jose M.  and
      Bugar{\'\i}n, Alberto  and
      Reiter, Ehud",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3500",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-35",
}
@inproceedings{castro-ferreira-etal-2017-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic realisation as machine translation: Comparing different {MT} models for {AMR}-to-text generation",
    author = "Castro Ferreira, Thiago  and
      Calixto, Iacer  and
      Wubben, Sander  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3501",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "In this paper, we study AMR-to-text generation, framing it as a translation task and comparing two different MT approaches (Phrase-based and Neural MT). We systematically study the effects of 3 AMR preprocessing steps (Delexicalisation, Compression, and Linearisation) applied before the MT phase. Our results show that preprocessing indeed helps, although the benefits differ for the two MT models.",
}
@inproceedings{goncalo-oliveira-2017-survey,
    title = "A Survey on Intelligent Poetry Generation: Languages, Features, Techniques, Reutilisation and Evaluation",
    author = "Gon{\c{c}}alo Oliveira, Hugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3502",
    pages = "11--20",
    abstract = "Poetry generation is becoming popular among researchers of Natural Language Generation, Computational Creativity and, broadly, Artificial Intelligence. To produce text that may be regarded as poetry, poetry generation systems are typically knowledge-intensive and have to deal with several levels of language, from lexical to semantics. Interest on the topic resulted in the development of several poetry generators described in the literature, with different features covered or handled differently, by a broad range of alternative approaches, as well as different perspectives on evaluation, another challenging aspect due the underlying subjectivity. This paper surveys intelligent poetry generators around a set of relevant axis for poetry generation {--} targeted languages, form and content features, techniques, reutilisation of material, and evaluation {--} and aims to organise work developed on this topic so far.",
}
@inproceedings{van-miltenburg-etal-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-linguistic differences and similarities in image descriptions",
    author = "van Miltenburg, Emiel  and
      Elliott, Desmond  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3503",
    pages = "21--30",
    abstract = "Automatic image description systems are commonly trained and evaluated on large image description datasets. Recently, researchers have started to collect such datasets for languages other than English. An unexplored question is how different these datasets are from English and, if there are any differences, what causes them to differ. This paper provides a cross-linguistic comparison of Dutch, English, and German image descriptions. We find that these descriptions are similar in many respects, but the familiarity of crowd workers with the subjects of the images has a noticeable influence on the specificity of the descriptions.",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2017-content,
    title = "Content Selection for Real-time Sports News Construction from Commentary Texts",
    author = "Yao, Jin-ge  and
      Zhang, Jianmin  and
      Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Xiao, Jianguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3504",
    pages = "31--40",
    abstract = "We study the task of constructing sports news report automatically from live commentary and focus on content selection. Rather than receiving every piece of text of a sports match before news construction, as in previous related work, we novelly verify the feasibility of a more challenging but more useful setting to generate news report on the fly by treating live text input as a stream. Specifically, we design various scoring functions to address different requirements of the task. The near submodularity of scoring functions makes it possible to adapt efficient greedy algorithms even in stream data settings. Experiments suggest that our proposed framework can already produce comparable results compared with previous work that relies on a supervised learning-to-rank model with heavy feature engineering.",
}
@inproceedings{barros-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving the Naturalness and Expressivity of Language Generation for {S}panish",
    author = "Barros, Cristina  and
      Gkatzia, Dimitra  and
      Lloret, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3505",
    pages = "41--50",
    abstract = "We present a flexible Natural Language Generation approach for Spanish, focused on the surface realisation stage, which integrates an inflection module in order to improve the naturalness and expressivity of the generated language. This inflection module inflects the verbs using an ensemble of trainable algorithms whereas the other types of words (e.g. nouns, determiners, etc) are inflected using hand-crafted rules. We show that our approach achieves 2{\%} higher accuracy than two state-of-art inflection generation approaches. Furthermore, our proposed approach also predicts an extra feature: the inflection of the imperative mood, which was not taken into account by previous work. We also present a user evaluation, where we demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the perceived naturalness of the generated language.",
}
@inproceedings{tanti-etal-2017-role,
    title = "What is the Role of Recurrent Neural Networks ({RNN}s) in an Image Caption Generator?",
    author = "Tanti, Marc  and
      Gatt, Albert  and
      Camilleri, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3506",
    pages = "51--60",
    abstract = "Image captioning has evolved into a core task for Natural Language Generation and has also proved to be an important testbed for deep learning approaches to handling multimodal representations. Most contemporary approaches rely on a combination of a convolutional network to handle image features, and a recurrent network to encode linguistic information. The latter is typically viewed as the primary {``}generation{''} component. Beyond this high-level characterisation, a CNN+RNN model supports a variety of architectural designs. The dominant model in the literature is one in which visual features encoded by a CNN are {``}injected{''} as part of the linguistic encoding process, driving the RNN{'}s linguistic choices. By contrast, it is possible to envisage an architecture in which visual and linguistic features are encoded separately, and merged at a subsequent stage. In this paper, we address two related questions: (1) Is direct injection the best way of combining multimodal information, or is a late merging alternative better for the image captioning task? (2) To what extent should a recurrent network be viewed as actually generating, rather than simply encoding, linguistic information?",
}
@inproceedings{mendez-etal-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Behavior of Classic {REG} Algorithms in the Description of Characters in 3{D} Images",
    author = "M{\'e}ndez, Gonzalo  and
      Herv{\'a}s, Raquel  and
      Bautista, Susana  and
      Rabad{\'a}n, Adri{\'a}n  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Teresa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3507",
    pages = "61--69",
    abstract = "Describing people and characters can be very useful in different contexts, such as computational narrative or image description for the visually impaired. However, a review of the existing literature shows that the automatic generation of people descriptions has not received much attention. Our work focuses on the description of people in snapshots from a 3D environment. First, we have conducted a survey to identify the way in which people describe other people under different conditions. We have used the information extracted from this survey to design several Referring Expression Generation algorithms which produce similar results. We have evaluated these algorithms with users in order to identify which ones generate the best description for specific characters in different situations. The evaluation has shown that, in order to generate good descriptions, a combination of different algorithms has to be used depending on the features and situation of the person to be described.",
}
@inproceedings{goncalo-oliveira-etal-2017-co,
    title = "Co-{P}oe{T}ry{M}e: a Co-Creative Interface for the Composition of Poetry",
    author = "Gon{\c{c}}alo Oliveira, Hugo  and
      Mendes, Tiago  and
      Boavida, Ana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3508",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3508",
    pages = "70--71",
    abstract = "Co-PoeTryMe is a web application for poetry composition, guided by the user, though with the help of automatic features, such as the generation of full (editable) drafts, as well as the acquisition of additional well-formed lines, or semantically-related words, possibly constrained by the number of syllables, rhyme, or polarity. Towards the final poem, the latter can replace lines or words in the draft.",
}
@inproceedings{zarriess-etal-2017-refer,
    title = "Refer-i{TTS}: A System for Referring in Spoken Installments to Objects in Real-World Images",
    author = "Zarrie{\ss}, Sina  and
      L{\'o}pez Gambino, M. Soledad  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3509",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3509",
    pages = "72--73",
    abstract = "Current referring expression generation systems mostly deliver their output as one-shot, written expressions. We present on-going work on incremental generation of spoken expressions referring to objects in real-world images. This approach extends upon previous work using the words-as-classifier model for generation. We implement this generator in an incremental dialogue processing framework such that we can exploit an existing interface to incremental text-to-speech synthesis. Our system generates and synthesizes referring expressions while continuously observing non-verbal user reactions.",
}
@inproceedings{schilder-2017-finding,
    title = "Finding the {``}right{''} answers for customers",
    author = "Schilder, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3510",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3510",
    pages = "74",
    abstract = "This talk will present a few NLG systems developed within Thomson Reuters providing information to professionals such as lawyers, accountants or traders. Based on the experience developing these system, I will discuss the usefulness of automatic metrics, crowd-sourced evaluation, corpora studies and expert reviews. I will conclude with exploring the question of whether developers of NLG systems need to follow ethical guidelines and how those guidelines could be established.",
}
@inproceedings{williams-scheutz-2017-referring,
    title = "Referring Expression Generation under Uncertainty: Algorithm and Evaluation Framework",
    author = "Williams, Tom  and
      Scheutz, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3511",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3511",
    pages = "75--84",
    abstract = "For situated agents to effectively engage in natural-language interactions with humans, they must be able to refer to entities such as people, locations, and objects. While classic referring expression generation (REG) algorithms like the Incremental Algorithm (IA) assume perfect, complete, and accessible knowledge of all referents, this is not always possible. In this work, we show how a previously presented consultant framework (which facilitates reference resolution when knowledge is uncertain, heterogeneous and distributed) can be used to extend the IA to produce DIST-PIA, a domain-independent algorithm for REG under uncertain, heterogeneous, and distributed knowledge. We also present a novel framework that can be used to evaluate such REG algorithms without conflating the performance of the algorithm with the performance of classifiers it employs.",
}
@inproceedings{alharbi-gotoh-2017-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Descriptions for Human Activities in Video Streams",
    author = "Alharbi, Nouf  and
      Gotoh, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3512",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3512",
    pages = "85--94",
    abstract = "There has been continuous growth in the volume and ubiquity of video material. It has become essential to define video semantics in order to aid the searchability and retrieval of this data. We present a framework that produces textual descriptions of video, based on the visual semantic content. Detected action classes rendered as verbs, participant objects converted to noun phrases, visual properties of detected objects rendered as adjectives and spatial relations between objects rendered as prepositions. Further, in cases of zero-shot action recognition, a language model is used to infer a missing verb, aided by the detection of objects and scene settings. These extracted features are converted into textual descriptions using a template-based approach. The proposed video descriptions framework evaluated on the NLDHA dataset using ROUGE scores and human judgment evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-lee-etal-2017-pass,
    title = "{PASS}: A {D}utch data-to-text system for soccer, targeted towards specific audiences",
    author = "van der Lee, Chris  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Wubben, Sander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3513",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3513",
    pages = "95--104",
    abstract = "We present PASS, a data-to-text system that generates Dutch soccer reports from match statistics. One of the novel elements of PASS is the fact that the system produces corpus-based texts tailored towards fans of one club or the other, which can most prominently be observed in the tone of voice used in the reports. Furthermore, the system is open source and uses a modular design, which makes it relatively easy for people to add extensions. Human-based evaluation shows that people are generally positive towards PASS in regards to its clarity and fluency, and that the tailoring is accurately recognized in most cases.",
}
@inproceedings{byamugisha-etal-2017-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of a {R}unyankore grammar engine for healthcare messages",
    author = "Byamugisha, Joan  and
      Keet, C. Maria  and
      DeRenzi, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3514",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3514",
    pages = "105--113",
    abstract = "Natural Language Generation (NLG) can be used to generate personalized health information, which is especially useful when provided in one{'}s own language. However, the NLG technique widely used in different domains and languages{---}templates{---}was shown to be inapplicable to Bantu languages, due to their characteristic agglutinative structure. We present here our use of the grammar engine NLG technique to generate text in Runyankore, a Bantu language indigenous to Uganda. Our grammar engine adds to previous work in this field with new rules for cardinality constraints, prepositions in roles, the passive, and phonological conditioning. We evaluated the generated text with linguists and non-linguists, who regarded most text as grammatically correct and understandable; and over 60{\%} of them regarded all the text generated by our system to have been authored by a human being.",
}
@inproceedings{boleda-2017-talking,
    title = "Talking about the world with a distributed model",
    author = "Boleda, Gemma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3515",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3515",
    pages = "114",
    abstract = "We use language to talk about the world, and so reference is a crucial property of language. However, modeling reference is particularly difficult, as it involves both continuous and discrete as-pects of language. For instance, referring expressions like {``}the big mug{''} or {``}it{''} typically contain content words ({``}big{''}, {``}mug{''}), which are notoriously fuzzy or vague in their meaning, and also fun-ction words ({``}the{''}, {``}it{''}) that largely serve as discrete pointers. Data-driven, distributed models based on distributional semantics or deep learning excel at the former, but struggle with the latter, and the reverse is true for symbolic models. I present ongoing work on modeling reference with a distribu-ted model aimed at capturing both aspects, and learns to refer directly from reference acts.",
}
@inproceedings{richardson-etal-2017-code2text,
    title = "The {C}ode2{T}ext Challenge: Text Generation in Source Libraries",
    author = "Richardson, Kyle  and
      Zarrie{\ss}, Sina  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3516",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3516",
    pages = "115--119",
    abstract = "We propose a new shared task for tactical data-to-text generation in the domain of source code libraries. Specifically, we focus on text generation of function descriptions from example software projects. Data is drawn from existing resources used for studying the related problem of semantic parser induction, and spans a wide variety of both natural languages and programming languages. In this paper, we describe these existing resources, which will serve as training and development data for the task, and discuss plans for building new independent test sets.",
}
@inproceedings{mille-etal-2017-shared,
    title = "Shared Task Proposal: Multilingual Surface Realization Using Universal Dependency Trees",
    author = "Mille, Simon  and
      Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Wanner, Leo  and
      Belz, Anja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3517",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3517",
    pages = "120--123",
    abstract = "We propose a shared task on multilingual Surface Realization, i.e., on mapping unordered and uninflected universal dependency trees to correctly ordered and inflected sentences in a number of languages. A second deeper input will be available in which, in addition, functional words, fine-grained PoS and morphological information will be removed from the input trees. The first shared task on Surface Realization was carried out in 2011 with a similar setup, with a focus on English. We think that it is time for relaunching such a shared task effort in view of the arrival of Universal Dependencies annotated treebanks for a large number of languages on the one hand, and the increasing dominance of Deep Learning, which proved to be a game changer for NLP, on the other hand.",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-etal-2017-webnlg,
    title = "The {W}eb{NLG} Challenge: Generating Text from {RDF} Data",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Shimorina, Anastasia  and
      Narayan, Shashi  and
      Perez-Beltrachini, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3518",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3518",
    pages = "124--133",
    abstract = "The WebNLG challenge consists in mapping sets of RDF triples to text. It provides a common benchmark on which to train, evaluate and compare {``}microplanners{''}, i.e. generation systems that verbalise a given content by making a range of complex interacting choices including referring expression generation, aggregation, lexicalisation, surface realisation and sentence segmentation. In this paper, we introduce the microplanning task, describe data preparation, introduce our evaluation methodology, analyse participant results and provide a brief description of the participating systems.",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-2017-commercial,
    title = "A Commercial Perspective on Reference",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3519",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3519",
    pages = "134--138",
    abstract = "I briefly describe some of the commercial work which XXX is doing in referring expression algorithms, and highlight differences between what is commercially important (at least to XXX) and the NLG research literature. In particular, XXX is less interested in generic reference algorithms than in high-quality algorithms for specific types of references, such as components of machines, named entities, and dates.",
}
@inproceedings{koller-engonopoulos-2017-integrated,
    title = "Integrated sentence generation using charts",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Engonopoulos, Nikos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3520",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3520",
    pages = "139--143",
    abstract = "Integrating surface realization and the generation of referring expressions into a single algorithm can improve the quality of the generated sentences. Existing algorithms for doing this, such as SPUD and CRISP, are search-based and can be slow or incomplete. We offer a chart-based algorithm for integrated sentence generation and demonstrate its runtime efficiency.",
}
@inproceedings{ramos-soto-etal-2017-adapting,
    title = "Adapting {S}imple{NLG} to {S}panish",
    author = "Ramos-Soto, Alejandro  and
      Janeiro-Gallardo, Julio  and
      Bugar{\'\i}n Diz, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3521",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3521",
    pages = "144--148",
    abstract = "We describe SimpleNLG-ES, an adaptation of the SimpleNLG realization library for the Spanish language. Our implementation is based on the bilingual English-French SimpleNLG-EnFr adaptation. The library has been tested using a battery of examples that ensure that the most common syntax, morphology and orthography rules for Spanish are met. The library is currently being used in three different projects for the development of data-to-text systems in the meteorological, statistical data information, and business intelligence application domains.",
}
@inproceedings{howcroft-etal-2017-g,
    title = "G-{TUNA}: a corpus of referring expressions in {G}erman, including duration information",
    author = "Howcroft, David  and
      Vogels, Jorrig  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3522",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3522",
    pages = "149--153",
    abstract = "Corpora of referring expressions elicited from human participants in a controlled environment are an important resource for research on automatic referring expression generation. We here present G-TUNA, a new corpus of referring expressions for German. Using the furniture stimuli set developed for the TUNA and D-TUNA corpora, our corpus extends on these corpora by providing data collected in a simulated driving dual-task setting, and additionally provides exact duration annotations for the spoken referring expressions. This corpus will hence allow researchers to analyze the interaction between referring expression length and speech rate, under conditions where the listener is under high vs. low cognitive load.",
}
@inproceedings{byamugisha-etal-2017-toward,
    title = "Toward an {NLG} System for {B}antu languages: first steps with {R}unyankore (demo)",
    author = "Byamugisha, Joan  and
      Keet, C. Maria  and
      DeRenzi, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3523",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3523",
    pages = "154--155",
    abstract = "There are many domain-specific and language-specific NLG systems, of which it may be possible to adapt to related domains and languages. The languages in the Bantu language family have their own set of features distinct from other major groups, which therefore severely limits the options to bootstrap an NLG system from existing ones. We present here our first proof-of-concept application for knowledge-to-text NLG as a plugin to the Protege 5.x ontology development system, tailored to Runyankore, a Bantu language indigenous to Uganda. It comprises a basic annotation model for linguistic information such as noun class, an implementation of existing verbalisation rules and a CFG for verbs, and a basic interface for data entry.",
}
@inproceedings{weissgraeber-madsack-2017-working,
    title = "A working, non-trivial, topically indifferent {NLG} System for 17 languages",
    author = "Wei{\ss}graeber, Robert  and
      Madsack, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3524",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3524",
    pages = "156--157",
    abstract = "A fully fledged practical working application for a rule-based NLG system is presented that is able to create non-trivial, human sounding narrative from structured data, in any language and for any topic.",
}
@inproceedings{mathur-etal-2017-generating,
    title = "Generating titles for millions of browse pages on an e-Commerce site",
    author = "Mathur, Prashant  and
      Ueffing, Nicola  and
      Leusch, Gregor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3525",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3525",
    pages = "158--167",
    abstract = "We present two approaches to generate titles for browse pages in five different languages, namely English, German, French, Italian and Spanish. These browse pages are structured search pages in an e-commerce domain. We first present a rule-based approach to generate these browse page titles. In addition, we also present a hybrid approach which uses a phrase-based statistical machine translation engine on top of the rule-based system to assemble the best title. For the two languages English and German we have access to a large amount of already available rule-based generated and curated titles. For these languages we present an automatic post-editing approach which learns how to post-edit the rule-based titles into curated titles.",
}
@inproceedings{zang-wan-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Generation of Product Reviews from Aspect-Sentiment Scores",
    author = "Zang, Hongyu  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3526",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3526",
    pages = "168--177",
    abstract = "Data-to-text generation is very essential and important in machine writing applications. The recent deep learning models, like Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), have shown a bright future for relevant text generation tasks. However, rare work has been done for automatic generation of long reviews from user opinions. In this paper, we introduce a deep neural network model to generate long Chinese reviews from aspect-sentiment scores representing users{'} opinions. We conduct our study within the framework of encoder-decoder networks, and we propose a hierarchical structure with aligned attention in the Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) decoder. Experiments show that our model outperforms retrieval based baseline methods, and also beats the sequential generation models in qualitative evaluations.",
}
@inproceedings{doust-piwek-2017-model,
    title = "A model of suspense for narrative generation",
    author = "Doust, Richard  and
      Piwek, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3527",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3527",
    pages = "178--187",
    abstract = "Most work on automatic generation of narratives, and more specifically suspenseful narrative, has focused on detailed domain-specific modelling of character psychology and plot structure. Recent work in computational linguistics on the automatic learning of narrative schemas suggests an alternative approach that exploits such schemas as a starting point for modelling and measuring suspense. We propose a domain-independent model for tracking suspense in a story which can be used to predict the audience{'}s suspense response on a sentence-by-sentence basis at the content determination stage of narrative generation. The model lends itself as the theoretical foundation for a suspense module that is compatible with alternative narrative generation theories. The proposal is evaluated by human judges{'} normalised average scores correlate strongly with predicted values.",
}
@inproceedings{leppanen-etal-2017-data,
    title = "Data-Driven News Generation for Automated Journalism",
    author = {Lepp{\"a}nen, Leo  and
      Munezero, Myriam  and
      Granroth-Wilding, Mark  and
      Toivonen, Hannu},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3528",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3528",
    pages = "188--197",
    abstract = "Despite increasing amounts of data and ever improving natural language generation techniques, work on automated journalism is still relatively scarce. In this paper, we explore the field and challenges associated with building a journalistic natural language generation system. We present a set of requirements that should guide system design, including transparency, accuracy, modifiability and transferability. Guided by the requirements, we present a data-driven architecture for automated journalism that is largely domain and language independent. We illustrate its practical application in the production of news articles about the 2017 Finnish municipal elections in three languages, demonstrating the successfulness of the data-driven, modular approach of the design. We then draw some lessons for future automated journalism.",
}
@inproceedings{kafle-etal-2017-data,
    title = "Data Augmentation for Visual Question Answering",
    author = "Kafle, Kushal  and
      Yousefhussien, Mohammed  and
      Kanan, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3529",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3529",
    pages = "198--202",
    abstract = "Data augmentation is widely used to train deep neural networks for image classification tasks. Simply flipping images can help learning tremendously by increasing the number of training images by a factor of two. However, little work has been done studying data augmentation in natural language processing. Here, we describe two methods for data augmentation for Visual Question Answering (VQA). The first uses existing semantic annotations to generate new questions. The second method is a generative approach using recurrent neural networks. Experiments show that the proposed data augmentation improves performance of both baseline and state-of-the-art VQA algorithms.",
}
@inproceedings{gatius-2017-personalized,
    title = "Personalized Questions, Answers and Grammars: Aiding the Search for Relevant Web Information",
    author = "Gatius, Marta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3530",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3530",
    pages = "203--207",
    abstract = "This work proposes an organization of knowledge to facilitate the generation of personalized questions, answers and grammars from web documents. To reduce the human effort needed in the generation of the linguistic resources for a new domain, the general aspects that can be reuse across domains are separated from those more specific. The proposed approach is based on the representation of the main domain concepts as a set of attributes. These attributes are related to a syntactico-semantic taxonomy representing the general relationships between conceptual and linguistic knowledge. User models are incorporated by distinguishing different user groups and relating each group to the appropriate conceptual attributes. Then, the data is extracted from the web documents and represented as instances of the domain concepts. Questions, answers and grammars are generated from these instances.",
}
@inproceedings{hasler-etal-2017-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Neural Models for Word Ordering",
    author = "Hasler, Eva  and
      Stahlberg, Felix  and
      Tomalin, Marcus  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3531",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3531",
    pages = "208--212",
    abstract = "We compare several language models for the word-ordering task and propose a new bag-to-sequence neural model based on attention-based sequence-to-sequence models. We evaluate the model on a large German WMT data set where it significantly outperforms existing models. We also describe a novel search strategy for LM-based word ordering and report results on the English Penn Treebank. Our best model setup outperforms prior work both in terms of speed and quality.",
}
@inproceedings{van-deemter-etal-2017-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the content and form of referring expressions in {M}andarin: introducing the Mtuna corpus",
    author = "van Deemter, Kees  and
      Sun, Le  and
      Sybesma, Rint  and
      Li, Xiao  and
      Chen, Bo  and
      Yang, Muyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3532",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3532",
    pages = "213--217",
    abstract = "East Asian languages are thought to handle reference differently from languages such as English, particularly in terms of the marking of definiteness and number. We present the first Data-Text corpus for Referring Expressions in Mandarin, and we use this corpus to test some initial hypotheses inspired by the theoretical linguistics literature. Our findings suggest that function words deserve more attention in Referring Expressions Generation than they have so far received, and they have a bearing on the debate about whether different languages make different trade-offs between clarity and brevity.",
}
@inproceedings{muszynska-copestake-2017-realization,
    title = "Realization of long sentences using chunking",
    author = "Muszy{\'n}ska, Ewa  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3533",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3533",
    pages = "218--222",
    abstract = "We propose sentence chunking as a way to reduce the time and memory costs of realization of long sentences. During chunking we divide the semantic representation of a sentence into smaller components which can be processed and recombined without loss of information. Our meaning representation of choice is the Dependency Minimal Recursion Semantics (DMRS). We show that realizing chunks of a sentence and combining the results of such realizations increases the coverage for long sentences, significantly reduces the resources required and does not affect the quality of the realization.",
}
@inproceedings{braun-etal-2017-satos,
    title = "{S}a{T}o{S}: Assessing and Summarising Terms of Services from {G}erman Webshops",
    author = "Braun, Daniel  and
      Scepankova, Elena  and
      Holl, Patrick  and
      Matthes, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3534",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3534",
    pages = "223--227",
    abstract = "Every time we buy something online, we are confronted with Terms of Services. However, only a few people actually read these terms, before accepting them, often to their disadvantage. In this paper, we present the SaToS browser plugin which summarises and simplifies Terms of Services from German webshops.",
}
@inproceedings{inglis-etal-2017-textually,
    title = "Textually Summarising Incomplete Data",
    author = "Inglis, Stephanie  and
      Reiter, Ehud  and
      Sripada, Somayajulu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3535",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3535",
    pages = "228--232",
    abstract = "Many data-to-text NLG systems work with data sets which are incomplete, ie some of the data is missing. We have worked with data journalists to understand how they describe incomplete data, and are building NLG algorithms based on these insights. A pilot evaluation showed mixed results, and highlighted several areas where we need to improve our system.",
}
@inproceedings{castro-ferreira-paraboni-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving the generation of personalised descriptions",
    author = "Castro Ferreira, Thiago  and
      Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3536",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3536",
    pages = "233--237",
    abstract = "Referring expression generation (REG) models that use speaker-dependent information require a considerable amount of training data produced by every individual speaker, or may otherwise perform poorly. In this work we propose a simple personalised method for this task, in which speakers are grouped into profiles according to their referential behaviour. Intrinsic evaluation shows that the use of speaker{'}s profiles generally outperforms the personalised method found in previous work.",
}
@inproceedings{perez-beltrachini-gardent-2017-analysing,
    title = "Analysing Data-To-Text Generation Benchmarks",
    author = "Perez-Beltrachini, Laura  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3537",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3537",
    pages = "238--242",
    abstract = "A generation system can only be as good as the data it is trained on. In this short paper, we propose a methodology for analysing data-to-text corpora used for training Natural Language Generation (NLG) systems. We apply this methodology to three existing benchmarks. We conclude by eliciting a set of criteria for the creation of a data-to-text benchmark which could help better support the development, evaluation and comparison of linguistically sophisticated data-to-text generators.",
}
@inproceedings{alonso-etal-2017-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Description of Complex Phenomena with the r{LDCP} R Package",
    author = "Alonso, Jose  and
      Conde-Clemente, Patricia  and
      Trivino, Gracian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3538",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3538",
    pages = "243--244",
    abstract = "Monitoring and analysis of complex phenomena attract the attention of both academy and industry. Dealing with data produced by complex phenomena requires the use of advance computational intelligence techniques. Namely, linguistic description of complex phenomena constitutes a mature research line. It is supported by the Computational Theory of Perceptions grounded on the Fuzzy Sets Theory. Its aim is the development of computational systems with the ability to generate vague descriptions of the world in a similar way how humans do. This is a human-centric and multi-disciplinary research work. Moreover, its success is a matter of careful design; thus, developers play a key role. The rLDCP R package was designed to facilitate the development of new applications. This demo introduces the use of rLDCP, for both beginners and advance developers, in practical use cases.",
}
@inproceedings{mille-wanner-2017-demo,
    title = "A demo of {FORG}e: the {P}ompeu {F}abra Open Rule-based Generator",
    author = "Mille, Simon  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3539",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3539",
    pages = "245--246",
    abstract = "This demo paper presents the multilingual deep sentence generator developed by the TALN group at Universitat Pompeu Fabra, implemented as a series of rule-based graph-transducers for the syntacticization of the input graphs, the resolution of morphological agreements, and the linearization of the trees.",
}
@inproceedings{marin-etal-2017-referential,
    title = "Referential Success of Set Referring Expressions with Fuzzy Properties",
    author = "Mar{\'\i}n, Nicol{\'a}s  and
      Rivas-Gervilla, Gustavo  and
      S{\'a}nchez, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3540",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3540",
    pages = "247--251",
    abstract = "We introduce the properties to be satisfied by measures of referential success of set referring expressions with fuzzy properties. We define families of measures on the basis of n-cardinality measures and we illustrate some of them with a toy example.",
}
@inproceedings{herzig-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Response Generation for Customer Service based on Personality Traits",
    author = "Herzig, Jonathan  and
      Shmueli-Scheuer, Michal  and
      Sandbank, Tommy  and
      Konopnicki, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3541",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3541",
    pages = "252--256",
    abstract = "We present a neural response generation model that generates responses conditioned on a target personality. The model learns high level features based on the target personality, and uses them to update its hidden state. Our model achieves performance improvements in both perplexity and BLEU scores over a baseline sequence-to-sequence model, and is validated by human judges.",
}
@inproceedings{brad-rebedea-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Paraphrase Generation using Transfer Learning",
    author = "Brad, Florin  and
      Rebedea, Traian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3542",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3542",
    pages = "257--261",
    abstract = "Progress in statistical paraphrase generation has been hindered for a long time by the lack of large monolingual parallel corpora. In this paper, we adapt the neural machine translation approach to paraphrase generation and perform transfer learning from the closely related task of entailment generation. We evaluate the model on the Microsoft Research Paraphrase (MSRP) corpus and show that the model is able to generate sentences that capture part of the original meaning, but fails to pick up on important words or to show large lexical variation.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-recent,
    title = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Recent Advances in {RST} and Related Formalisms",
    author = "Taboada, M.  and
      da Cunha, I.  and
      Maziero, E.G.  and
      Cardoso, P.  and
      Antonio, J.D.  and
      Iruskieta, M.",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3600",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-36",
}
@inproceedings{imaz-iruskieta-2017-deliberation,
    title = "Deliberation as Genre: Mapping Argumentation through Relational Discourse Structure",
    author = "Imaz, Oier  and
      Iruskieta, Mikel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Recent Advances in {RST} and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3601",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2017-good,
    title = "The Good, the Bad, and the Disagreement: Complex ground truth in rhetorical structure analysis",
    author = "Das, Debopam  and
      Stede, Manfred  and
      Taboada, Maite",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Recent Advances in {RST} and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3602",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{zeldes-2017-distributional,
    title = "A Distributional View of Discourse Encapsulation: Multifactorial Prediction of Coreference Density in {RST}",
    author = "Zeldes, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Recent Advances in {RST} and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3603",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{toldova-etal-2017-rhetorical,
    title = "Rhetorical relations markers in {R}ussian {RST} Treebank",
    author = "Toldova, Svetlana  and
      Pisarevskaya, Dina  and
      Ananyeva, Margarita  and
      Kobozeva, Maria  and
      Nasedkin, Alexander  and
      Nikiforova, Sofia  and
      Pavlova, Irina  and
      Shelepov, Alexey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Recent Advances in {RST} and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3604",
    pages = "29--33",
}
@inproceedings{paulino-sierra-2017-applying,
    title = "Applying the Rhetorical Structure Theory in {A}lzheimer patients{'} speech",
    author = "Paulino, Anayeli  and
      Sierra, Gerardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Recent Advances in {RST} and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3605",
    pages = "34--38",
}
@inproceedings{alkorta-etal-2017-using,
    title = "Using lexical level information in discourse structures for Basque sentiment analysis",
    author = "Alkorta, Jon  and
      Gojenola, Koldo  and
      Iruskieta, Mikel  and
      Taboada, Maite",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Recent Advances in {RST} and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3606",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-dios-etal-2017-framework,
    title = "Framework for the Analysis of Simplified Texts Taking Discourse into Account: the Basque Causal Relations as Case Study",
    author = "Gonzalez-Dios, Itziar  and
      Diaz de Ilarraza, Arantza  and
      Iruskieta, Mikel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Recent Advances in {RST} and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3607",
    pages = "48--57",
}
@inproceedings{popoola-2017-using,
    title = "Using Rhetorical Structure Theory for Detection of Fake Online Reviews",
    author = "Popoola, Olu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Recent Advances in {RST} and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3608",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3608",
    pages = "58--63",
}
@inproceedings{antonio-santin-2017-haters,
    title = "{``}Haters gonna hate{''}: challenges for sentiment analysis of {F}acebook comments in {B}razilian {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Antonio, Juliano D.  and
      Santin, Ana Carolina L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Recent Advances in {RST} and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3609",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3609",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2017-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Segmentation for Building a {RST} {C}hinese Treebank",
    author = "Cao, Shuyuan  and
      Xue, Nianwen  and
      da Cunha, Iria  and
      Iruskieta, Mikel  and
      Wang, Chuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Recent Advances in {RST} and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3610",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3610",
    pages = "73--81",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-explainable,
    title = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Explainable Computational Intelligence ({XCI} 2017)",
    author = "Pereira-Fari{\~n}a, M.  and
      Reed, C.",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Dundee, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3700",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W37-1",
}
@inproceedings{baum-etal-2017-two,
    title = "Two Challenges for {CI} Trustworthiness and How to Address Them",
    author = {Baum, Kevin  and
      K{\"o}hl, Maximilian A.  and
      Schmidt, Eva},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Explainable Computational Intelligence ({XCI} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Dundee, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3701",
}
@inproceedings{white-etal-2017-simple,
    title = "A Simple Method for Clarifying Sentences with Coordination Ambiguities",
    author = "White, Michael  and
      Duan, Manjuan  and
      King, David L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Explainable Computational Intelligence ({XCI} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Dundee, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3702",
}
@inproceedings{horacek-2017-requirements,
    title = "Requirements for Conceptual Representations of Explanations and How Reasoning Systems Can Serve Them",
    author = "Horacek, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Explainable Computational Intelligence ({XCI} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Dundee, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3703",
}
@inproceedings{alonso-trivino-2017-essay,
    title = "An Essay on Self-explanatory Computational Intelligence: A Linguistic Model of Data Processing Systems",
    author = "Alonso, Jose M.  and
      Trivino, Gracian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Explainable Computational Intelligence ({XCI} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Dundee, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3704",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-linguistic-resources,
    title = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Resources for Automatic Natural Language Generation - {L}i{RA}@{NLG}",
    author = "Kocijan, Kristina  and
      Machonis, Peter  and
      Silberztein, Max",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3800",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-38",
}
@inproceedings{silberztein-2017-foaf,
    title = "From {FOAF} to {E}nglish: Linguistic Contribution to Web Semantics",
    author = "Silberztein, Max",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Resources for Automatic Natural Language Generation - {L}i{RA}@{NLG}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3801",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3801",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-mendez-etal-2017-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon for Natural Language Generation in {S}panish Adapted to Alternative and Augmentative Communication",
    author = "Garc{\'\i}a-M{\'e}ndez, Silvia  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez-Gavilanes, Milagros  and
      Costa-Montenegro, Enrique  and
      Juncal-Mart{\'\i}nez, Jonathan  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-Casta{\~n}o, Francisco J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Resources for Automatic Natural Language Generation - {L}i{RA}@{NLG}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3802",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3802",
    pages = "11--15",
}
@inproceedings{bessaies-etal-2017-generating,
    title = "Generating Answering Patterns from Factoid {A}rabic Questions",
    author = "Bessaies, Essia  and
      Mesfar, Slim  and
      Ben Ghezala, Henda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Resources for Automatic Natural Language Generation - {L}i{RA}@{NLG}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3803",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3803",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{kocijan-etal-2017-language,
    title = "Language Generation from {DB} Query",
    author = "Kocijan, Kristina  and
      Bekavac, Bo{\v{z}}o  and
      {\v{S}}ojat, Kre{\v{s}}imir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Resources for Automatic Natural Language Generation - {L}i{RA}@{NLG}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3804",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3804",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{machonis-2017-using,
    title = "Using Electronic Dictionaries and {N}oo{J} to Generate Sentences Containing {E}nglish Phrasal Verbs",
    author = "Machonis, Peter A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Resources for Automatic Natural Language Generation - {L}i{RA}@{NLG}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3805",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3805",
    pages = "33--37",
}
@inproceedings{fehri-dardour-2017-generating,
    title = "Generating Text with Correct Verb Conjugation: Proposal for a New Automatic Conjugator with {N}oo{J}",
    author = "Fehri, H{\'e}la  and
      Dardour, Sondes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Resources for Automatic Natural Language Generation - {L}i{RA}@{NLG}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3806",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3806",
    pages = "39--42",
}
@inproceedings{ghorbel-2017-formalization,
    title = "Formalization of Speech Verbs with {N}oo{J} for Machine Translation: the {F}rench Verb accuser",
    author = "Ghorbel, Jouda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Resources for Automatic Natural Language Generation - {L}i{RA}@{NLG}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3807",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3807",
    pages = "43--47",
}
@inproceedings{bououd-fafi-2017-using,
    title = "Using Serious Games to Correct {F}rench Dictations: Proposal for a New {U}nity3{D}/{N}oo{J} Connector",
    author = "Bououd, Ikram  and
      Fafi, Rania",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Resources for Automatic Natural Language Generation - {L}i{RA}@{NLG}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3808",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3808",
    pages = "49--52",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-creativity,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation ({CC}-{NLG} 2017)",
    author = "Gon{\c{c}}alo Oliveira, Hugo  and
      Burtenshaw, Ben  and
      Kestemont, Mike  and
      De Smedt, Tom",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3900",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3900",
}
@inproceedings{astigarraga-etal-2017-poets,
    title = "Poet{'}s Little Helper: A methodology for computer-based poetry generation. A case study for the Basque language",
    author = "Astigarraga, Aitzol  and
      Mar{\'\i}a Mart{\'\i}nez-Otzeta, Jos{\'e}  and
      Rodriguez, Igor  and
      Sierra, Basilio  and
      Lazkano, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation ({CC}-{NLG} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3901",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3901",
    pages = "2--10",
}
@inproceedings{goncalo-oliveira-2017-o,
    title = "O Poeta Artificial 2.0: Increasing Meaningfulness in a Poetry Generation Twitter bot",
    author = "Gon{\c{c}}alo Oliveira, Hugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation ({CC}-{NLG} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3902",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3902",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{gervas-2017-template,
    title = "Template-Free Construction of Rhyming Poems with Thematic Cohesion",
    author = "Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation ({CC}-{NLG} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3903",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3903",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{manjavacas-etal-2017-synthetic,
    title = "Synthetic Literature: Writing Science Fiction in a Co-Creative Process",
    author = "Manjavacas, Enrique  and
      Karsdorp, Folgert  and
      Burtenshaw, Ben  and
      Kestemont, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation ({CC}-{NLG} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3904",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3904",
    pages = "29--37",
}
@inproceedings{theofanis-chourdakis-reiss-2017-constructing,
    title = "Constructing narrative using a generative model and continuous action policies",
    author = "Theofanis Chourdakis, Emmanouil  and
      Reiss, Joshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation ({CC}-{NLG} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Santiago de Compostela, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3905",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-3905",
    pages = "38--43",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-international-finite,
    title = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing ({FSMNLP} 2017)",
    author = "Drewes, Frank",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4000",
}
@inproceedings{mihov-schulz-2017-failure,
    title = "Failure Transducers and Applications in Knowledge-Based Text Processing",
    author = "Mihov, Stoyan  and
      Schulz, Klaus U.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing ({FSMNLP} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{hellsten-etal-2017-transliterated,
    title = "Transliterated Mobile Keyboard Input via Weighted Finite-State Transducers",
    author = "Hellsten, Lars  and
      Roark, Brian  and
      Goyal, Prasoon  and
      Allauzen, Cyril  and
      Beaufays, Fran{\c{c}}oise  and
      Ouyang, Tom  and
      Riley, Michael  and
      Rybach, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing ({FSMNLP} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4002",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{hao-2017-harmonic,
    title = "Harmonic Serialism and Finite-State Optimality Theory",
    author = "Hao, Yiding",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing ({FSMNLP} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4003",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{yli-jyra-2017-bounded,
    title = "Bounded-Depth High-Coverage Search Space for Noncrossing Parses",
    author = {Yli-Jyr{\"a}, Anssi},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing ({FSMNLP} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4007",
    pages = "30--40",
}
@inproceedings{wurm-petitjean-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-tape Computing with Synchronous Relations",
    author = "Wurm, Christian  and
      Petitjean, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing ({FSMNLP} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4005",
    pages = "41--49",
}
@inproceedings{ravishankar-tyers-2017-finite,
    title = "Finite-State Morphological Analysis for {M}arathi",
    author = "Ravishankar, Vinit  and
      Tyers, Francis M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing ({FSMNLP} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4006",
    pages = "50--55",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-singh-2017-word,
    title = "Word Transduction for Addressing the {OOV} Problem in Machine Translation for Similar Resource-Scarce Languages",
    author = "Sharma, Shashikant  and
      Singh, Anil Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing ({FSMNLP} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4009",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{ehsani-etal-2017-fst,
    title = "A {FST} Description of Noun and Verb Morphology of Azarbaijani {T}urkish",
    author = {Ehsani, Razieh  and
      {\"O}zen{\c{c}}, Berke  and
      Solak, Ercan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing ({FSMNLP} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4008",
    pages = "62--68",
}
@inproceedings{liu-hulden-2017-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Finite State Morphological Analyzers Based on Paradigm Extraction from {W}iktionary",
    author = "Liu, Ling  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing ({FSMNLP} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4004",
    pages = "69--74",
}
@inproceedings{minock-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating an Automata Approach to Query Containment",
    author = "Minock, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing ({FSMNLP} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4010",
    pages = "75--79",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-subword,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    author = "Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Schuetze, Hinrich  and
      Trancoso, Isabel  and
      Yaghoobzadeh, Yadollah",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-41",
}
@inproceedings{labeau-allauzen-2017-character,
    title = "Character and Subword-Based Word Representation for Neural Language Modeling Prediction",
    author = "Labeau, Matthieu  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4101",
    pages = "1--13",
    abstract = "Most of neural language models use different kinds of embeddings for word prediction. While word embeddings can be associated to each word in the vocabulary or derived from characters as well as factored morphological decomposition, these word representations are mainly used to parametrize the input, i.e. the context of prediction. This work investigates the effect of using subword units (character and factored morphological decomposition) to build output representations for neural language modeling. We present a case study on Czech, a morphologically-rich language, experimenting with different input and output representations. When working with the full training vocabulary, despite unstable training, our experiments show that augmenting the output word representations with character-based embeddings can significantly improve the performance of the model. Moreover, reducing the size of the output look-up table, to let the character-based embeddings represent rare words, brings further improvement.",
}
@inproceedings{kunchukuttan-bhattacharyya-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning variable length units for {SMT} between related languages via Byte Pair Encoding",
    author = "Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4102",
    pages = "14--24",
    abstract = "We explore the use of segments learnt using Byte Pair Encoding (referred to as BPE units) as basic units for statistical machine translation between related languages and compare it with orthographic syllables, which are currently the best performing basic units for this translation task. BPE identifies the most frequent character sequences as basic units, while orthographic syllables are linguistically motivated pseudo-syllables. We show that BPE units modestly outperform orthographic syllables as units of translation, showing up to 11{\%} increase in BLEU score. While orthographic syllables can be used only for languages whose writing systems use vowel representations, BPE is writing system independent and we show that BPE outperforms other units for non-vowel writing systems too. Our results are supported by extensive experimentation spanning multiple language families and writing systems.",
}
@inproceedings{lejeune-cartier-2017-character,
    title = "Character Based Pattern Mining for Neology Detection",
    author = {Lejeune, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Cartier, Emmanuel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4103",
    pages = "25--30",
    abstract = "Detecting neologisms is essential in real-time natural language processing applications. Not only can it enable to follow the lexical evolution of languages, but it is also essential for updating linguistic resources and parsers. In this paper, neology detection is considered as a classification task where a system has to assess whether a given lexical item is an actual neologism or not. We propose a combination of an unsupervised data mining technique and a supervised machine learning approach. It is inspired by current researches in stylometry and on token-level and character-level patterns. We train and evaluate our system on a manually designed reference dataset in French and Russian. We show that this approach is able to largely outperform state-of-the-art neology detection systems. Furthermore, character-level patterns exhibit good properties for multilingual extensions of the system.",
}
@inproceedings{ponomareva-etal-2017-automated,
    title = "Automated Word Stress Detection in {R}ussian",
    author = "Ponomareva, Maria  and
      Milintsevich, Kirill  and
      Chernyak, Ekaterina  and
      Starostin, Anatoly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4104",
    pages = "31--35",
    abstract = "In this study we address the problem of automated word stress detection in Russian using character level models and no part-speech-taggers. We use a simple bidirectional RNN with LSTM nodes and achieve accuracy of 90{\%} or higher. We experiment with two training datasets and show that using the data from an annotated corpus is much more efficient than using only a dictionary, since it allows to retain the context of the word and its morphological features.",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2017-syllable,
    title = "A Syllable-based Technique for Word Embeddings of {K}orean Words",
    author = "Choi, Sanghyuk  and
      Kim, Taeuk  and
      Seol, Jinseok  and
      Lee, Sang-goo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4105",
    pages = "36--40",
    abstract = "Word embedding has become a fundamental component to many NLP tasks such as named entity recognition and machine translation. However, popular models that learn such embeddings are unaware of the morphology of words, so it is not directly applicable to highly agglutinative languages such as Korean. We propose a syllable-based learning model for Korean using a convolutional neural network, in which word representation is composed of trained syllable vectors. Our model successfully produces morphologically meaningful representation of Korean words compared to the original Skip-gram embeddings. The results also show that it is quite robust to the Out-of-Vocabulary problem.",
}
@inproceedings{shin-lee-2017-supersense,
    title = "Supersense Tagging with a Combination of Character, Subword, and Word-level Representations",
    author = "Shin, Youhyun  and
      Lee, Sang-goo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4106",
    pages = "41--45",
    abstract = "Recently, there has been increased interest in utilizing characters or subwords for natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, the effect of utilizing character, subword, and word-level information simultaneously has not been examined so far. In this paper, we propose a model to leverage various levels of input features to improve on the performance of an supersense tagging task. Detailed analysis of experimental results show that different levels of input representation offer distinct characteristics that explain performance discrepancy among different tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{silfverberg-hulden-2017-weakly,
    title = "Weakly supervised learning of allomorphy",
    author = "Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4107",
    pages = "46--56",
    abstract = "Most NLP resources that offer annotations at the word segment level provide morphological annotation that includes features indicating tense, aspect, modality, gender, case, and other inflectional information. Such information is rarely aligned to the relevant parts of the words{---}i.e. the allomorphs, as such annotation would be very costly. These unaligned weak labelings are commonly provided by annotated NLP corpora such as treebanks in various languages. Although they lack alignment information, the presence/absence of labels at the word level is also consistent with the amount of supervision assumed to be provided to L1 and L2 learners. In this paper, we explore several methods to learn this latent alignment between parts of word forms and the grammatical information provided. All the methods under investigation favor hypotheses regarding allomorphs of morphemes that re-use a small inventory, i.e. implicitly minimize the number of allomorphs that a morpheme can be realized as. We show that the provided information offers a significant advantage for both word segmentation and the learning of allomorphy.",
}
@inproceedings{mogren-johansson-2017-character,
    title = "Character-based recurrent neural networks for morphological relational reasoning",
    author = "Mogren, Olof  and
      Johansson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4108",
    pages = "57--63",
    abstract = "We present a model for predicting word forms based on \textit{morphological relational reasoning} with analogies. While previous work has explored tasks such as morphological inflection and reinflection, these models rely on an explicit enumeration of morphological features, which may not be available in all cases. To address the task of predicting a word form given a \textit{demo relation} (a pair of word forms) and a \textit{query word}, we devise a character-based recurrent neural network architecture using three separate encoders and a decoder. We also investigate a multiclass learning setup, where the prediction of the relation type label is used as an auxiliary task. Our results show that the exact form can be predicted for English with an accuracy of 94.7{\%}. For Swedish, which has a more complex morphology with more inflectional patterns for nouns and verbs, the accuracy is 89.3{\%}. We also show that using the auxiliary task of learning the relation type speeds up convergence and improves the prediction accuracy for the word generation task.",
}
@inproceedings{dai-cai-2017-glyph,
    title = "Glyph-aware Embedding of {C}hinese Characters",
    author = "Dai, Falcon  and
      Cai, Zheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4109",
    pages = "64--69",
    abstract = "Given the advantage and recent success of English character-level and subword-unit models in several NLP tasks, we consider the equivalent modeling problem for Chinese. Chinese script is logographic and many Chinese logograms are composed of common substructures that provide semantic, phonetic and syntactic hints. In this work, we propose to explicitly incorporate the visual appearance of a character{'}s glyph in its representation, resulting in a novel glyph-aware embedding of Chinese characters. Being inspired by the success of convolutional neural networks in computer vision, we use them to incorporate the spatio-structural patterns of Chinese glyphs as rendered in raw pixels. In the context of two basic Chinese NLP tasks of language modeling and word segmentation, the model learns to represent each character{'}s task-relevant semantic and syntactic information in the character-level embedding.",
}
@inproceedings{jin-kann-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Cross-Lingual Transfer of Morphological Knowledge In Sequence-to-Sequence Models",
    author = "Jin, Huiming  and
      Kann, Katharina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4110",
    pages = "70--75",
    abstract = "Multi-task training is an effective method to mitigate the data sparsity problem. It has recently been applied for cross-lingual transfer learning for paradigm completion{---}the task of producing inflected forms of lemmata{---}with sequence-to-sequence networks. However, it is still vague how the model transfers knowledge across languages, as well as if and which information is shared. To investigate this, we propose a set of data-dependent experiments using an existing encoder-decoder recurrent neural network for the task. Our results show that indeed the performance gains surpass a pure regularization effect and that knowledge about language and morphology can be transferred.",
}
@inproceedings{kann-schutze-2017-unlabeled,
    title = "Unlabeled Data for Morphological Generation With Character-Based Sequence-to-Sequence Models",
    author = {Kann, Katharina  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4111",
    pages = "76--81",
    abstract = "We present a semi-supervised way of training a character-based encoder-decoder recurrent neural network for morphological reinflection{---}the task of generating one inflected wordform from another. This is achieved by using unlabeled tokens or random strings as training data for an autoencoding task, adapting a network for morphological reinflection, and performing multi-task training. We thus use limited labeled data more effectively, obtaining up to 9.92{\%} improvement over state-of-the-art baselines for 8 different languages.",
}
@inproceedings{thaine-penn-2017-vowel,
    title = "Vowel and Consonant Classification through Spectral Decomposition",
    author = "Thaine, Patricia  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4112",
    pages = "82--91",
    abstract = "We consider two related problems in this paper. Given an undeciphered alphabetic writing system or mono-alphabetic cipher, determine: (1) which of its letters are vowels and which are consonants; and (2) whether the writing system is a vocalic alphabet or an abjad. We are able to show that a very simple spectral decomposition based on character co-occurrences provides nearly perfect performance with respect to answering both question types.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2017-syllable,
    title = "Syllable-level Neural Language Model for Agglutinative Language",
    author = "Yu, Seunghak  and
      Kulkarni, Nilesh  and
      Lee, Haejun  and
      Kim, Jihie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4113",
    pages = "92--96",
    abstract = "We introduce a novel method to diminish the problem of out of vocabulary words by introducing an embedding method which leverages the agglutinative property of language. We propose additional embedding derived from syllables and morphemes for the words to improve the performance of language model. We apply the above method to input prediction tasks and achieve state of the art performance in terms of Key Stroke Saving (KSS) w.r.t. to existing device input prediction methods.",
}
@inproceedings{misawa-etal-2017-character,
    title = "Character-based Bidirectional {LSTM}-{CRF} with words and characters for {J}apanese Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Misawa, Shotaro  and
      Taniguchi, Motoki  and
      Miura, Yasuhide  and
      Ohkuma, Tomoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4114",
    pages = "97--102",
    abstract = "Recently, neural models have shown superior performance over conventional models in NER tasks. These models use CNN to extract sub-word information along with RNN to predict a tag for each word. However, these models have been tested almost entirely on English texts. It remains unclear whether they perform similarly in other languages. We worked on Japanese NER using neural models and discovered two obstacles of the state-of-the-art model. First, CNN is unsuitable for extracting Japanese sub-word information. Secondly, a model predicting a tag for each word cannot extract an entity when a part of a word composes an entity. The contributions of this work are (1) verifying the effectiveness of the state-of-the-art NER model for Japanese, (2) proposing a neural model for predicting a tag for each character using word and character information. Experimentally obtained results demonstrate that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art neural English NER model in Japanese.",
}
@inproceedings{vylomova-etal-2017-word,
    title = "Word Representation Models for Morphologically Rich Languages in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Vylomova, Ekaterina  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      He, Xuanli  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4115",
    pages = "103--108",
    abstract = "Out-of-vocabulary words present a great challenge for Machine Translation. Recently various character-level compositional models were proposed to address this issue. In current research we incorporate two most popular neural architectures, namely LSTM and CNN, into hard- and soft-attentional models of translation for character-level representation of the source. We propose semantic and morphological intrinsic evaluation of encoder-level representations. Our analysis of the learned representations reveals that character-based LSTM seems to be better at capturing morphological aspects compared to character-based CNN. We also show that hard-attentional model provides better character-level representations compared to vanilla one.",
}
@inproceedings{alva-oncevay-2017-spell,
    title = "Spell-Checking based on Syllabification and Character-level Graphs for a {P}eruvian Agglutinative Language",
    author = "Alva, Carlo  and
      Oncevay, Arturo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4116",
    pages = "109--116",
    abstract = "There are several native languages in Peru which are mostly agglutinative. These languages are transmitted from generation to generation mainly in oral form, causing different forms of writing across different communities. For this reason, there are recent efforts to standardize the spelling in the written texts, and it would be beneficial to support these tasks with an automatic tool such as an spell-checker. In this way, this spelling corrector is being developed based on two steps: an automatic rule-based syllabification method and a character-level graph to detect the degree of error in a misspelled word. The experiments were realized on Shipibo-konibo, a highly agglutinative and amazonian language, and the results obtained have been promising in a dataset built for the purpose.",
}
@inproceedings{do-etal-2017-need,
    title = "What do we need to know about an unknown word when parsing {G}erman",
    author = "Do, Bich-Ngoc  and
      Rehbein, Ines  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4117",
    pages = "117--123",
    abstract = "We propose a new type of subword embedding designed to provide more information about unknown compounds, a major source for OOV words in German. We present an extrinsic evaluation where we use the compound embeddings as input to a neural dependency parser and compare the results to the ones obtained with other types of embeddings. Our evaluation shows that adding compound embeddings yields a significant improvement of 2{\%} LAS over using word embeddings when no POS information is available. When adding POS embeddings to the input, however, the effect levels out. This suggests that it is not the missing information about the semantics of the unknown words that causes problems for parsing German, but the lack of morphological information for unknown words. To augment our evaluation, we also test the new embeddings in a language modelling task that requires both syntactic and semantic information.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2017-general,
    title = "A General-Purpose Tagger with Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Yu, Xiang  and
      Falenska, Agnieszka  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4118",
    pages = "124--129",
    abstract = "We present a general-purpose tagger based on convolutional neural networks (CNN), used for both composing word vectors and encoding context information. The CNN tagger is robust across different tagging tasks: without task-specific tuning of hyper-parameters, it achieves state-of-the-art results in part-of-speech tagging, morphological tagging and supertagging. The CNN tagger is also robust against the out-of-vocabulary problem; it performs well on artificially unnormalized texts.",
}
@inproceedings{stratos-2017-reconstruction,
    title = "Reconstruction of Word Embeddings from Sub-Word Parameters",
    author = "Stratos, Karl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4119",
    pages = "130--135",
    abstract = "Pre-trained word embeddings improve the performance of a neural model at the cost of increasing the model size. We propose to benefit from this resource without paying the cost by operating strictly at the sub-lexical level. Our approach is quite simple: before task-specific training, we first optimize sub-word parameters to reconstruct pre-trained word embeddings using various distance measures. We report interesting results on a variety of tasks: word similarity, word analogy, and part-of-speech tagging.",
}
@inproceedings{barros-etal-2017-inflection,
    title = "Inflection Generation for {S}panish Verbs using Supervised Learning",
    author = "Barros, Cristina  and
      Gkatzia, Dimitra  and
      Lloret, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4120",
    pages = "136--141",
    abstract = "We present a novel supervised approach to inflection generation for verbs in Spanish. Our system takes as input the verb{'}s lemma form and the desired features such as person, number, tense, and is able to predict the appropriate grammatical conjugation. Even though our approach learns from fewer examples comparing to previous work, it is able to deal with all the Spanish moods (indicative, subjunctive and imperative) in contrast to previous work which only focuses on indicative and subjunctive moods. We show that in an intrinsic evaluation, our system achieves 99{\%} accuracy, outperforming (although not significantly) two competitive state-of-art systems. The successful results obtained clearly indicate that our approach could be integrated into wider approaches related to text generation in Spanish.",
}
@inproceedings{tomar-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Paraphrase Identification of Questions with Noisy Pretraining",
    author = {Tomar, Gaurav Singh  and
      Duque, Thyago  and
      T{\"a}ckstr{\"o}m, Oscar  and
      Uszkoreit, Jakob  and
      Das, Dipanjan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4121",
    pages = "142--147",
    abstract = "We present a solution to the problem of paraphrase identification of questions. We focus on a recent dataset of question pairs annotated with binary paraphrase labels and show that a variant of the decomposable attention model (replacing the word embeddings of the decomposable attention model of Parikh et al. 2016 with character n-gram representations) results in accurate performance on this task, while being far simpler than many competing neural architectures. Furthermore, when the model is pretrained on a noisy dataset of automatically collected question paraphrases, it obtains the best reported performance on the dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2017-sub,
    title = "Sub-character Neural Language Modelling in {J}apanese",
    author = "Nguyen, Viet  and
      Brooke, Julian  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4122",
    pages = "148--153",
    abstract = "In East Asian languages such as Japanese and Chinese, the semantics of a character are (somewhat) reflected in its sub-character elements. This paper examines the effect of using sub-characters for language modeling in Japanese. This is achieved by decomposing characters according to a range of character decomposition datasets, and training a neural language model over variously decomposed character representations. Our results indicate that language modelling can be improved through the inclusion of sub-characters, though this result depends on a good choice of decomposition dataset and the appropriate granularity of decomposition.",
}
@inproceedings{costa-jussa-etal-2017-byte,
    title = "Byte-based Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Escolano, Carlos  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4123",
    pages = "154--158",
    abstract = "This paper presents experiments comparing character-based and byte-based neural machine translation systems. The main motivation of the byte-based neural machine translation system is to build multi-lingual neural machine translation systems that can share the same vocabulary. We compare the performance of both systems in several language pairs and we see that the performance in test is similar for most language pairs while the training time is slightly reduced in the case of byte-based neural machine translation.",
}
@inproceedings{jebbara-cimiano-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Opinion-Target Extraction with Character-Level Word Embeddings",
    author = "Jebbara, Soufian  and
      Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Subword and Character Level Models in {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4124",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4124",
    pages = "159--167",
    abstract = "Fine-grained sentiment analysis is receiving increasing attention in recent years. Extracting opinion target expressions (OTE) in reviews is often an important step in fine-grained, aspect-based sentiment analysis. Retrieving this information from user-generated text, however, can be difficult. Customer reviews, for instance, are prone to contain misspelled words and are difficult to process due to their domain-specific language. In this work, we investigate whether character-level models can improve the performance for the identification of opinion target expressions. We integrate information about the character structure of a word into a sequence labeling system using character-level word embeddings and show their positive impact on the system{'}s performance. Specifically, we obtain an increase by 3.3 points F1-score with respect to our baseline model. In further experiments, we reveal encoded character patterns of the learned embeddings and give a nuanced view of the performance differences of both models.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-2017,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    author = "Popescu, Octavian  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-42",
}
@inproceedings{di-buono-etal-2017-predicting,
    title = "Predicting News Values from Headline Text and Emotions",
    author = "di Buono, Maria Pia  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      Dalbelo Ba{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Bojana  and
      Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      Tutek, Martin  and
      Milic-Frayling, Natasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4201",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "We present a preliminary study on predicting news values from headline text and emotions. We perform a multivariate analysis on a dataset manually annotated with news values and emotions, discovering interesting correlations among them. We then train two competitive machine learning models {--} an SVM and a CNN {--} to predict news values from headline text and emotions as features. We find that, while both models yield a satisfactory performance, some news values are more difficult to detect than others, while some profit more from including emotion information.",
}
@inproceedings{hardt-rambow-2017-predicting,
    title = "Predicting User Views in Online News",
    author = "Hardt, Daniel  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4202",
    pages = "7--12",
    abstract = "We analyze user viewing behavior on an online news site. We collect data from 64,000 news articles, and use text features to predict frequency of user views. We compare predictiveness of the headline and {``}teaser{''} (viewed before clicking) and the body (viewed after clicking). Both are predictive of clicking behavior, with the full article text being most predictive.",
}
@inproceedings{potash-etal-2017-tracking,
    title = "Tracking Bias in News Sources Using Social Media: the Russia-{U}kraine Maidan Crisis of 2013{--}2014",
    author = "Potash, Peter  and
      Romanov, Alexey  and
      Gronas, Mikhail  and
      Rumshisky, Anna  and
      Gronas, Mikhail",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4203",
    pages = "13--18",
    abstract = "This paper addresses the task of identifying the bias in news articles published during a political or social conflict. We create a silver-standard corpus based on the actions of users in social media. Specifically, we reconceptualize bias in terms of how likely a given article is to be shared or liked by each of the opposing sides. We apply our methodology to a dataset of links collected in relation to the Russia-Ukraine Maidan crisis from 2013-2014. We show that on the task of predicting which side is likely to prefer a given article, a Naive Bayes classifier can record 90.3{\%} accuracy looking only at domain names of the news sources. The best accuracy of 93.5{\%} is achieved by a feed forward neural network. We also apply our methodology to gold-labeled set of articles annotated for bias, where the aforementioned Naive Bayes classifier records 82.6{\%} accuracy and a feed-forward neural networks records 85.6{\%} accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{cucchiarelli-etal-2017-write,
    title = "What to Write? A topic recommender for journalists",
    author = "Cucchiarelli, Alessandro  and
      Morbidoni, Christian  and
      Stilo, Giovanni  and
      Velardi, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4204",
    pages = "19--24",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a recommender system, What To Write and Why, capable of suggesting to a journalist, for a given event, the aspects still uncovered in news articles on which the readers focus their interest. The basic idea is to characterize an event according to the echo it receives in online news sources and associate it with the corresponding readers{'} communicative and informative patterns, detected through the analysis of Twitter and Wikipedia, respectively. Our methodology temporally aligns the results of this analysis and recommends the concepts that emerge as topics of interest from Twitter andWikipedia, either not covered or poorly covered in the published news articles.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2017-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Attitudes to Climate Change in the Media using sentiment analysis based on Latent {D}irichlet Allocation",
    author = "Jiang, Ye  and
      Song, Xingyi  and
      Harrison, Jackie  and
      Quegan, Shaun  and
      Maynard, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4205",
    pages = "25--30",
    abstract = "News media typically present biased accounts of news stories, and different publications present different angles on the same event. In this research, we investigate how different publications differ in their approach to stories about climate change, by examining the sentiment and topics presented. To understand these attitudes, we find sentiment targets by combining Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) with SentiWordNet, a general sentiment lexicon. Using LDA, we generate topics containing keywords which represent the sentiment targets, and then annotate the data using SentiWordNet before regrouping the articles based on topic similarity. Preliminary analysis identifies clearly different attitudes on the same issue presented in different news sources. Ongoing work is investigating how systematic these attitudes are between different publications, and how these may change over time.",
}
@inproceedings{bois-etal-2017-language,
    title = "Language-based Construction of Explorable News Graphs for Journalists",
    author = "Bois, R{\'e}mi  and
      Gravier, Guillaume  and
      Jamet, Eric  and
      Morin, Emmanuel  and
      S{\'e}billot, Pascale  and
      Robert, Maxime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4206",
    pages = "31--36",
    abstract = "Faced with ever-growing news archives, media professionals are in need of advanced tools to explore the information surrounding specific events. This problem is most commonly answered by browsing news datasets, going from article to article and viewing unaltered original content. In this article, we introduce an efficient way to generate links between news items, allowing such browsing through an easily explorable graph, and enrich this graph by automatically typing links in order to inform the user on the nature of the relation between two news pieces. User evaluations are conducted on real world data with journalists in order to assess for the interest of both the graph representation and link typing in a press reviewing task, showing the system to be of significant help for their work.",
}
@inproceedings{van-meersbergen-etal-2017-storyteller,
    title = "{S}toryteller: Visual Analytics of Perspectives on Rich Text Interpretations",
    author = "van Meersbergen, Maarten  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      van der Zwaan, Janneke  and
      Fokkens, Antske  and
      van Hage, Willem  and
      Leemans, Inger  and
      Maks, Isa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4207",
    pages = "37--45",
    abstract = "Complexity of event data in texts makes it difficult to assess its content, especially when considering larger collections in which different sources report on the same or similar situations. We present a system that makes it possible to visually analyze complex event and emotion data extracted from texts. We show that we can abstract from different data models for events and emotions to a single data model that can show the complex relations in four dimensions. The visualization has been applied to analyze 1) dynamic developments in how people both conceive and express emotions in theater plays and 2) how stories are told from the perspectyive of their sources based on rich event data extracted from news or biographies.",
}
@inproceedings{tamori-etal-2017-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Revision Logs of a {J}apanese Newspaper for Article Quality Assessment",
    author = "Tamori, Hideaki  and
      Hitomi, Yuta  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4208",
    pages = "46--50",
    abstract = "We address the issue of the quality of journalism and analyze daily article revision logs from a Japanese newspaper company. The revision logs contain data that can help reveal the requirements of quality journalism such as the types and number of edit operations and aspects commonly focused in revision. This study also discusses potential applications such as quality assessment and automatic article revision as our future research directions.",
}
@inproceedings{pavlopoulos-etal-2017-improved,
    title = "Improved Abusive Comment Moderation with User Embeddings",
    author = "Pavlopoulos, John  and
      Malakasiotis, Prodromos  and
      Bakagianni, Juli  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4209",
    pages = "51--55",
    abstract = "Experimenting with a dataset of approximately 1.6M user comments from a Greek news sports portal, we explore how a state of the art RNN-based moderation method can be improved by adding user embeddings, user type embeddings, user biases, or user type biases. We observe improvements in all cases, with user embeddings leading to the biggest performance gains.",
}
@inproceedings{chesney-etal-2017-incongruent,
    title = "Incongruent Headlines: Yet Another Way to Mislead Your Readers",
    author = "Chesney, Sophie  and
      Liakata, Maria  and
      Poesio, Massimo  and
      Purver, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4210",
    pages = "56--61",
    abstract = "This paper discusses the problem of incongruent headlines: those which do not accurately represent the information contained in the article with which they occur. We emphasise that this phenomenon should be considered separately from recognised problematic headline types such as clickbait and sensationalism, arguing that existing natural language processing (NLP) methods applied to these related concepts are not appropriate for the automatic detection of headline incongruence, as an analysis beyond stylistic traits is necessary. We therefore suggest a number of alternative methodologies that may be appropriate to the task at hand as a foundation for future work in this area. In addition, we provide an analysis of existing data sets which are related to this work, and motivate the need for a novel data set in this domain.",
}
@inproceedings{ribeiro-etal-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Event Clustering and Aggregation from Newswire and Web Articles",
    author = "Ribeiro, Swen  and
      Ferret, Olivier  and
      Tannier, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4211",
    pages = "62--67",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present an unsupervised pipeline approach for clustering news articles based on identified event instances in their content. We leverage press agency newswire and monolingual word alignment techniques to build meaningful and linguistically varied clusters of articles from the web in the perspective of a broader event type detection task. We validate our approach on a manually annotated corpus of Web articles.",
}
@inproceedings{moreno-schneider-etal-2017-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Storytelling, Cross-lingual Event Detection and other Semantic Services for a Newsroom Content Curation Dashboard",
    author = "Moreno-Schneider, Julian  and
      Srivastava, Ankit  and
      Bourgonje, Peter  and
      Wabnitz, David  and
      Rehm, Georg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4212",
    pages = "68--73",
    abstract = "We present a prototypical content curation dashboard, to be used in the newsroom, and several of its underlying semantic content analysis components (such as named entity recognition, entity linking, summarisation and temporal expression analysis). The idea is to enable journalists (a) to process incoming content (agency reports, twitter feeds, reports, blog posts, social media etc.) and (b) to create new articles more easily and more efficiently. The prototype system also allows the automatic annotation of events in incoming content for the purpose of supporting journalists in identifying important, relevant or meaningful events and also to adapt the content currently in production accordingly in a semi-automatic way. One of our long-term goals is to support journalists building up entire storylines with automatic means. In the present prototype they are generated in a backend service using clustering methods that operate on the extracted events.",
}
@inproceedings{pisarevskaya-2017-deception,
    title = "Deception Detection in News Reports in the {R}ussian Language: Lexics and Discourse",
    author = "Pisarevskaya, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4213",
    pages = "74--79",
    abstract = "News verification and automated fact checking tend to be very important issues in our world. The research is initial. We collected a corpus for Russian (174 news reports, truthful and fake ones). We held two experiments, for both we applied SVMs algorithm (linear/rbf kernel) and Random Forest to classify the news reports into 2 classes: truthful/deceptive. In the first experiment, we used 18 markers on lexics level, mostly frequencies of POS tags in texts. In the second experiment, on discourse level we used frequencies of rhetorical relations types in texts. The classification task in the first experiment is solved better by SVMs (rbf kernel) (f-measure 0.65). The model based on RST features shows best results with Random Forest Classifier (f-measure 0.54) and should be modified. In the next research, the combination of different deception detection markers for the Russian language should be taken in order to make a better predictive model.",
}
@inproceedings{thorne-etal-2017-fake,
    title = "Fake news stance detection using stacked ensemble of classifiers",
    author = "Thorne, James  and
      Chen, Mingjie  and
      Myrianthous, Giorgos  and
      Pu, Jiashu  and
      Wang, Xiaoxuan  and
      Vlachos, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4214",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4214",
    pages = "80--83",
    abstract = "Fake news has become a hotly debated topic in journalism. In this paper, we present our entry to the 2017 Fake News Challenge which models the detection of fake news as a stance classification task that finished in 11th place on the leader board. Our entry is an ensemble system of classifiers developed by students in the context of their coursework. We show how we used the stacking ensemble method for this purpose and obtained improvements in classification accuracy exceeding each of the individual models{'} performance on the development data. Finally, we discuss aspects of the experimental setup of the challenge.",
}
@inproceedings{bourgonje-etal-2017-clickbait,
    title = "From Clickbait to Fake News Detection: An Approach based on Detecting the Stance of Headlines to Articles",
    author = "Bourgonje, Peter  and
      Moreno Schneider, Julian  and
      Rehm, Georg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4215",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4215",
    pages = "84--89",
    abstract = "We present a system for the detection of the stance of headlines with regard to their corresponding article bodies. The approach can be applied in fake news, especially clickbait detection scenarios. The component is part of a larger platform for the curation of digital content; we consider veracity and relevancy an increasingly important part of curating online information. We want to contribute to the debate on how to deal with fake news and related online phenomena with technological means, by providing means to separate related from unrelated headlines and further classifying the related headlines. On a publicly available data set annotated for the stance of headlines with regard to their corresponding article bodies, we achieve a (weighted) accuracy score of 89.59.",
}
@inproceedings{tang-kageura-2017-fighting,
    title = "{`}Fighting{'} or {`}Conflict{'}? An Approach to Revealing Concepts of Terms in Political Discourse",
    author = "Tang, Linyuan  and
      Kageura, Kyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4216",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4216",
    pages = "90--94",
    abstract = "Previous work on the epistemology of fact-checking indicated the dilemma between the needs of binary answers for the public and ambiguity of political discussion. Determining concepts represented by terms in political discourse can be considered as a Word-Sense Disambiguation (WSD) task. The analysis of political discourse, however, requires identifying precise concepts of terms from relatively small data. This work attempts to provide a basic framework for revealing concepts of terms in political discourse with explicit contextual information. The framework consists of three parts: 1) extracting important terms, 2) generating concordance for each term with stipulative definitions and explanations, and 3) agglomerating similar information of the term by hierarchical clustering. Utterances made by Prime Minister Abe Shinzo in the Diet of Japan are used to examine our framework. Importantly, we revealed the conceptual inconsistency of the term Sonritsu-kiki-jitai. The framework was proved to work, but only for a small number of terms due to lack of explicit contextual information.",
}
@inproceedings{toprak-etal-2017-news,
    title = "A News Chain Evaluation Methodology along with a Lattice-based Approach for News Chain Construction",
    author = {Toprak, Mustafa  and
      {\"O}zkahraman, {\"O}zer  and
      Tekir, Selma},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4217",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4217",
    pages = "95--99",
    abstract = "Chain construction is an important requirement for understanding news and establishing the context. A news chain can be defined as a coherent set of articles that explains an event or a story. There{'}s a lack of well-established methods in this area. In this work, we propose a methodology to evaluate the {``}goodness{''} of a given news chain and implement a concept lattice-based news chain construction method by Hossain et al.. The methodology part is vital as it directly affects the growth of research in this area. Our proposed methodology consists of collected news chains from different studies and two {``}goodness{''} metrics, minedge and dispersion coefficient respectively. We assess the utility of the lattice-based news chain construction method by our proposed methodology.",
}
@inproceedings{kolhatkar-taboada-2017-using,
    title = "Using New York Times Picks to Identify Constructive Comments",
    author = "Kolhatkar, Varada  and
      Taboada, Maite",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4218",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4218",
    pages = "100--105",
    abstract = "We examine the extent to which we are able to automatically identify constructive online comments. We build several classifiers using New York Times Picks as positive examples and non-constructive thread comments from the Yahoo News Annotated Comments Corpus as negative examples of constructive online comments. We evaluate these classifiers on a crowd-annotated corpus containing 1,121 comments. Our best classifier achieves a top F1 score of 0.84.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-nlp,
    title = "An {NLP} Analysis of Exaggerated Claims in Science News",
    author = "Li, Yingya  and
      Zhang, Jieke  and
      Yu, Bei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 {EMNLP} Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4219",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4219",
    pages = "106--111",
    abstract = "The discrepancy between science and media has been affecting the effectiveness of science communication. Original findings from science publications may be distorted with altered claim strength when reported to the public, causing misinformation spread. This study conducts an NLP analysis of exaggerated claims in science news, and then constructed prediction models for identifying claim strength levels in science reporting. The results demonstrate different writing styles journal articles and news/press releases use for reporting scientific findings. Preliminary prediction models reached promising result with room for further improvement.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-structured,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Structured Prediction for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Chang, Kai-Wei  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Srikumar, Vivek  and
      Rush, Alexander M.",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4300",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-43",
}
@inproceedings{strubell-mccallum-2017-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing with Dilated Iterated Graph {CNN}s",
    author = "Strubell, Emma  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Structured Prediction for Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4301",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "Dependency parses are an effective way to inject linguistic knowledge into many downstream tasks, and many practitioners wish to efficiently parse sentences at scale. Recent advances in GPU hardware have enabled neural networks to achieve significant gains over the previous best models, these models still fail to leverage GPUs{'} capability for massive parallelism due to their requirement of sequential processing of the sentence. In response, we propose Dilated Iterated Graph Convolutional Neural Networks (DIG-CNNs) for graph-based dependency parsing, a graph convolutional architecture that allows for efficient end-to-end GPU parsing. In experiments on the English Penn TreeBank benchmark, we show that DIG-CNNs perform on par with some of the best neural network parsers.",
}
@inproceedings{stratos-2017-entity,
    title = "Entity Identification as Multitasking",
    author = "Stratos, Karl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Structured Prediction for Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4302",
    pages = "7--11",
    abstract = "Standard approaches in entity identification hard-code boundary detection and type prediction into labels and perform Viterbi. This has two disadvantages: 1. the runtime complexity grows quadratically in the number of types, and 2. there is no natural segment-level representation. In this paper, we propose a neural architecture that addresses these disadvantages. We frame the problem as multitasking, separating boundary detection and type prediction but optimizing them jointly. Despite its simplicity, this architecture performs competitively with fully structured models such as BiLSTM-CRFs while scaling linearly in the number of types. Furthermore, by construction, the model induces type-disambiguating embeddings of predicted mentions.",
}
@inproceedings{bradbury-socher-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Neural Machine Translation with Latent Tree Attention",
    author = "Bradbury, James  and
      Socher, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Structured Prediction for Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4303",
    pages = "12--16",
    abstract = "Building models that take advantage of the hierarchical structure of language without a priori annotation is a longstanding goal in natural language processing. We introduce such a model for the task of machine translation, pairing a recurrent neural network grammar encoder with a novel attentional RNNG decoder and applying policy gradient reinforcement learning to induce unsupervised tree structures on both the source and target. When trained on character-level datasets with no explicit segmentation or parse annotation, the model learns a plausible segmentation and shallow parse, obtaining performance close to an attentional baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{sharaf-daume-iii-2017-structured,
    title = "Structured Prediction via Learning to Search under Bandit Feedback",
    author = "Sharaf, Amr  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Structured Prediction for Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4304",
    pages = "17--26",
    abstract = "We present an algorithm for structured prediction under online bandit feedback. The learner repeatedly predicts a sequence of actions, generating a structured output. It then observes feedback for that output and no others. We consider two cases: a pure bandit setting in which it only observes a loss, and more fine-grained feedback in which it observes a loss for every action. We find that the fine-grained feedback is necessary for strong empirical performance, because it allows for a robust variance-reduction strategy. We empirically compare a number of different algorithms and exploration methods and show the efficacy of BLS on sequence labeling and dependency parsing tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2017-syntax,
    title = "Syntax Aware {LSTM} model for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Qian, Feng  and
      Sha, Lei  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Liu, Lu-chen  and
      Zhang, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Structured Prediction for Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4305",
    pages = "27--32",
    abstract = "In Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) task, the tree structured dependency relation is rich in syntax information, but it is not well handled by existing models. In this paper, we propose Syntax Aware Long Short Time Memory (SA-LSTM). The structure of SA-LSTM changes according to dependency structure of each sentence, so that SA-LSTM can model the whole tree structure of dependency relation in an architecture engineering way. Experiments demonstrate that on Chinese Proposition Bank (CPB) 1.0, SA-LSTM improves F1 by 2.06{\%} than ordinary bi-LSTM with feature engineered dependency relation information, and gives state-of-the-art F1 of 79.92{\%}. On English CoNLL 2005 dataset, SA-LSTM brings improvement (2.1{\%}) to bi-LSTM model and also brings slight improvement (0.3{\%}) when added to the state-of-the-art model.",
}
@inproceedings{kordjamshidi-etal-2017-spatial,
    title = "Spatial Language Understanding with Multimodal Graphs using Declarative Learning based Programming",
    author = "Kordjamshidi, Parisa  and
      Rahgooy, Taher  and
      Manzoor, Umar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Structured Prediction for Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4306",
    pages = "33--43",
    abstract = "This work is on a previously formalized semantic evaluation task of spatial role labeling (SpRL) that aims at extraction of formal spatial meaning from text. Here, we report the results of initial efforts towards exploiting visual information in the form of images to help spatial language understanding. We discuss the way of designing new models in the framework of declarative learning-based programming (DeLBP). The DeLBP framework facilitates combining modalities and representing various data in a unified graph. The learning and inference models exploit the structure of the unified graph as well as the global first order domain constraints beyond the data to predict the semantics which forms a structured meaning representation of the spatial context. Continuous representations are used to relate the various elements of the graph originating from different modalities. We improved over the state-of-the-art results on SpRL.",
}
@inproceedings{meerkamp-zhou-2017-boosting,
    title = "Boosting Information Extraction Systems with Character-level Neural Networks and Free Noisy Supervision",
    author = "Meerkamp, Philipp  and
      Zhou, Zhengyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Structured Prediction for Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4307",
    pages = "44--51",
    abstract = "We present an architecture to boost the precision of existing information extraction systems. This is achieved by augmenting the existing parser, which may be constraint-based or hybrid statistical, with a character-level neural network. Our architecture combines the ability of constraint-based or hybrid extraction systems to easily incorporate domain knowledge with the ability of deep neural networks to leverage large amounts of data to learn complex features. The network is trained using a measure of consistency between extracted data and existing databases as a form of cheap, noisy supervision. Our architecture does not require large scale manual annotation or a system rewrite. It has led to large precision improvements over an existing, highly-tuned production information extraction system used at Bloomberg LP for financial language text.",
}
@inproceedings{serban-etal-2017-piecewise,
    title = "Piecewise Latent Variables for Neural Variational Text Processing",
    author = "Serban, Iulian Vlad  and
      Ororbia II, Alexander  and
      Pineau, Joelle  and
      Courville, Aaron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Structured Prediction for Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4308",
    pages = "52--62",
    abstract = "Advances in neural variational inference have facilitated the learning of powerful directed graphical models with continuous latent variables, such as variational autoencoders. The hope is that such models will learn to represent rich, multi-modal latent factors in real-world data, such as natural language text. However, current models often assume simplistic priors on the latent variables - such as the uni-modal Gaussian distribution - which are incapable of representing complex latent factors efficiently. To overcome this restriction, we propose the simple, but highly flexible, piecewise constant distribution. This distribution has the capacity to represent an exponential number of modes of a latent target distribution, while remaining mathematically tractable. Our results demonstrate that incorporating this new latent distribution into different models yields substantial improvements in natural language processing tasks such as document modeling and natural language generation for dialogue.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-noisy,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    author = "Derczynski, Leon  and
      Xu, Wei  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Baldwin, Tim",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4400",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-44",
}
@inproceedings{williams-2017-boundary,
    title = "Boundary-based {MWE} segmentation with text partitioning",
    author = "Williams, Jake",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4401",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "This submission describes the development of a fine-grained, text-chunking algorithm for the task of comprehensive MWE segmentation. This task notably focuses on the identification of colloquial and idiomatic language. The submission also includes a thorough model evaluation in the context of two recent shared tasks, spanning 19 different languages and many text domains, including noisy, user-generated text. Evaluations exhibit the presented model as the best overall for purposes of MWE segmentation, and open-source software is released with the submission (although links are withheld for purposes of anonymity). Additionally, the authors acknowledge the existence of a pre-print document on arxiv.org, which should be avoided to maintain anonymity in review.",
}
@inproceedings{barbieri-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards the Understanding of Gaming Audiences by Modeling Twitch Emotes",
    author = "Barbieri, Francesco  and
      Espinosa-Anke, Luis  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Soler-Company, Juan  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4402",
    pages = "11--20",
    abstract = "Videogame streaming platforms have become a paramount example of noisy user-generated text. These are websites where gaming is broadcasted, and allows interaction with viewers via integrated chatrooms. Probably the best known platform of this kind is Twitch, which has more than 100 million monthly viewers. Despite these numbers, and unlike other platforms featuring short messages (e.g. Twitter), Twitch has not received much attention from the Natural Language Processing community. In this paper we aim at bridging this gap by proposing two important tasks specific to the Twitch platform, namely (1) Emote prediction; and (2) Trolling detection. In our experiments, we evaluate three models: a BOW baseline, a logistic supervised classifiers based on word embeddings, and a bidirectional long short-term memory recurrent neural network (LSTM). Our results show that the LSTM model outperforms the other two models, where explicit features with proven effectiveness for similar tasks were encoded.",
}
@inproceedings{gridach-etal-2017-churn,
    title = "Churn Identification in Microblogs using Convolutional Neural Networks with Structured Logical Knowledge",
    author = "Gridach, Mourad  and
      Haddad, Hatem  and
      Mulki, Hala",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4403",
    pages = "21--30",
    abstract = "For brands, gaining new customer is more expensive than keeping an existing one. Therefore, the ability to keep customers in a brand is becoming more challenging these days. Churn happens when a customer leaves a brand to another competitor. Most of the previous work considers the problem of churn prediction using the Call Detail Records (CDRs). In this paper, we use micro-posts to classify customers into churny or non-churny. We explore the power of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) since they achieved state-of-the-art in various computer vision and NLP applications. However, the robustness of end-to-end models has some limitations such as the availability of a large amount of labeled data and uninterpretability of these models. We investigate the use of CNNs augmented with structured logic rules to overcome or reduce this issue. We developed our system called Churn{\_}teacher by using an iterative distillation method that transfers the knowledge, extracted using just the combination of three logic rules, directly into the weight of the DNNs. Furthermore, we used weight normalization to speed up training our convolutional neural networks. Experimental results showed that with just these three rules, we were able to get state-of-the-art on publicly available Twitter dataset about three Telecom brands.",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-goot-etal-2017-normalize,
    title = "To normalize, or not to normalize: The impact of normalization on Part-of-Speech tagging",
    author = "van der Goot, Rob  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      Nissim, Malvina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4404",
    pages = "31--39",
    abstract = "Does normalization help Part-of-Speech (POS) tagging accuracy on noisy, non-canonical data? To the best of our knowledge, little is known on the actual impact of normalization in a real-world scenario, where gold error detection is not available. We investigate the effect of automatic normalization on POS tagging of tweets. We also compare normalization to strategies that leverage large amounts of unlabeled data kept in its raw form. Our results show that normalization helps, but does not add consistently beyond just word embedding layer initialization. The latter approach yields a tagging model that is competitive with a Twitter state-of-the-art tagger.",
}
@inproceedings{andy-etal-2017-constructing,
    title = "Constructing an Alias List for Named Entities during an Event",
    author = "Andy, Anietie  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Rwebangira, Mugizi  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4405",
    pages = "40--44",
    abstract = "In certain fields, real-time knowledge from events can help in making informed decisions. In order to extract pertinent real-time knowledge related to an event, it is important to identify the named entities and their corresponding aliases related to the event. The problem of identifying aliases of named entities that spike has remained unexplored. In this paper, we introduce an algorithm, EntitySpike, that identifies entities that spike in popularity in tweets from a given time period, and constructs an alias list for these spiked entities. EntitySpike uses a temporal heuristic to identify named entities with similar context that occur in the same time period (within minutes) during an event. Each entity is encoded as a vector using this temporal heuristic. We show how these entity-vectors can be used to create a named entity alias list. We evaluated our algorithm on a dataset of temporally ordered tweets from a single event, the 2013 Grammy Awards show. We carried out various experiments on tweets that were published in the same time period and show that our algorithm identifies most entity name aliases and outperforms a competitive baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{xing-paul-2017-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Metadata into Content-Based User Embeddings",
    author = "Xing, Linzi  and
      Paul, Michael J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4406",
    pages = "45--49",
    abstract = "Low-dimensional vector representations of social media users can benefit applications like recommendation systems and user attribute inference. Recent work has shown that user embeddings can be improved by combining different types of information, such as text and network data. We propose a data augmentation method that allows novel feature types to be used within off-the-shelf embedding models. Experimenting with the task of friend recommendation on a dataset of 5,019 Twitter users, we show that our approach can lead to substantial performance gains with the simple addition of network and geographic features.",
}
@inproceedings{emmery-etal-2017-simple,
    title = "Simple Queries as Distant Labels for Predicting Gender on Twitter",
    author = "Emmery, Chris  and
      Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4407",
    pages = "50--55",
    abstract = "The majority of research on extracting missing user attributes from social media profiles use costly hand-annotated labels for supervised learning. Distantly supervised methods exist, although these generally rely on knowledge gathered using external sources. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of gathering distant labels for self-reported gender on Twitter using simple queries. We confirm the reliability of this query heuristic by comparing with manual annotation. Moreover, using these labels for distant supervision, we demonstrate competitive model performance on the same data as models trained on manual annotations. As such, we offer a cheap, extensible, and fast alternative that can be employed beyond the task of gender classification.",
}
@inproceedings{blodgett-etal-2017-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset and Classifier for Recognizing Social Media {E}nglish",
    author = "Blodgett, Su Lin  and
      Wei, Johnny  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4408",
    pages = "56--61",
    abstract = "While language identification works well on standard texts, it performs much worse on social media language, in particular dialectal language{---}even for English. First, to support work on English language identification, we contribute a new dataset of tweets annotated for English versus non-English, with attention to ambiguity, code-switching, and automatic generation issues. It is randomly sampled from all public messages, avoiding biases towards pre-existing language classifiers. Second, we find that a demographic language model{---}which identifies messages with language similar to that used by several U.S. ethnic populations on Twitter{---}can be used to improve English language identification performance when combined with a traditional supervised language identifier. It increases recall with almost no loss of precision, including, surprisingly, for English messages written by non-U.S. authors. Our dataset and identifier ensemble are available online.",
}
@inproceedings{salehi-sogaard-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating hypotheses in geolocation on a very large sample of Twitter",
    author = "Salehi, Bahar  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4409",
    pages = "62--67",
    abstract = "Recent work in geolocation has made several hypotheses about what linguistic markers are relevant to detect where people write from. In this paper, we examine six hypotheses against a corpus consisting of all geo-tagged tweets from the US, or whose geo-tags could be inferred, in a 19{\%} sample of Twitter history. Our experiments lend support to all six hypotheses, including that spelling variants and hashtags are strong predictors of location. We also study what kinds of common nouns are predictive of location after controlling for named entities such as dolphins or sharks",
}
@inproceedings{bowen-etal-2017-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Error Rate in Artificially Generated Data for Automatic Preposition and Determiner Correction",
    author = "Bowen, Fraser  and
      Dehdari, Jon  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4410",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4410",
    pages = "68--76",
    abstract = "In this research we investigate the impact of mismatches in the density and type of error between training and test data on a neural system correcting preposition and determiner errors. We use synthetically produced training data to control error density and type, and {``}real{''} error data for testing. Our results show it is possible to combine error types, although prepositions and determiners behave differently in terms of how much error should be artificially introduced into the training data in order to get the best results.",
}
@inproceedings{nagpal-etal-2017-entity,
    title = "An Entity Resolution Approach to Isolate Instances of Human Trafficking Online",
    author = "Nagpal, Chirag  and
      Miller, Kyle  and
      Boecking, Benedikt  and
      Dubrawski, Artur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4411",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4411",
    pages = "77--84",
    abstract = "Human trafficking is a challenging law enforcement problem, and traces of victims of such activity manifest as {`}escort advertisements{'} on various online forums. Given the large, heterogeneous and noisy structure of this data, building models to predict instances of trafficking is a convoluted task. In this paper we propose an entity resolution pipeline using a notion of proxy labels, in order to extract clusters from this data with prior history of human trafficking activity. We apply this pipeline to 5M records from backpage.com and report on the performance of this approach, challenges in terms of scalability, and some significant domain specific characteristics of our resolved entities.",
}
@inproceedings{tursun-cakici-2017-noisy,
    title = "Noisy {U}yghur Text Normalization",
    author = "Tursun, Osman  and
      Cakici, Ruket",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4412",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4412",
    pages = "85--93",
    abstract = "Uyghur is the second largest and most actively used social media language in China. However, a non-negligible part of Uyghur text appearing in social media is unsystematically written with the Latin alphabet, and it continues to increase in size. Uyghur text in this format is incomprehensible and ambiguous even to native Uyghur speakers. In addition, Uyghur texts in this form lack the potential for any kind of advancement for the NLP tasks related to the Uyghur language. Restoring and preventing noisy Uyghur text written with unsystematic Latin alphabets will be essential to the protection of Uyghur language and improving the accuracy of Uyghur NLP tasks. To this purpose, in this work we propose and compare the noisy channel model and the neural encoder-decoder model as normalizing methods.",
}
@inproceedings{welbl-etal-2017-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing Multiple Choice Science Questions",
    author = "Welbl, Johannes  and
      Liu, Nelson F.  and
      Gardner, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4413",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4413",
    pages = "94--106",
    abstract = "We present a novel method for obtaining high-quality, domain-targeted multiple choice questions from crowd workers. Generating these questions can be difficult without trading away originality, relevance or diversity in the answer options. Our method addresses these problems by leveraging a large corpus of domain-specific text and a small set of existing questions. It produces model suggestions for document selection and answer distractor choice which aid the human question generation process. With this method we have assembled SciQ, a dataset of 13.7K multiple choice science exam questions. We demonstrate that the method produces in-domain questions by providing an analysis of this new dataset and by showing that humans cannot distinguish the crowdsourced questions from original questions. When using SciQ as additional training data to existing questions, we observe accuracy improvements on real science exams.",
}
@inproceedings{flint-etal-2017-text,
    title = "A Text Normalisation System for Non-Standard {E}nglish Words",
    author = "Flint, Emma  and
      Ford, Elliot  and
      Thomas, Olivia  and
      Caines, Andrew  and
      Buttery, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4414",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4414",
    pages = "107--115",
    abstract = "This paper investigates the problem of text normalisation; specifically, the normalisation of non-standard words (NSWs) in English. Non-standard words can be defined as those word tokens which do not have a dictionary entry, and cannot be pronounced using the usual letter-to-phoneme conversion rules; e.g. lbs, 99.3{\%}, {\#}EMNLP2017. NSWs pose a challenge to the proper functioning of text-to-speech technology, and the solution is to spell them out in such a way that they can be pronounced appropriately. We describe our four-stage normalisation system made up of components for detection, classification, division and expansion of NSWs. Performance is favourabe compared to previous work in the field (Sproat et al. 2001, Normalization of non-standard words), as well as state-of-the-art text-to-speech software. Further, we update Sproat et al.{'}s NSW taxonomy, and create a more customisable system where users are able to input their own abbreviations and specify into which variety of English (currently available: British or American) they wish to normalise.",
}
@inproceedings{salehi-etal-2017-huntsville,
    title = "Huntsville, hospitals, and hockey teams: Names can reveal your location",
    author = "Salehi, Bahar  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4415",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4415",
    pages = "116--121",
    abstract = "Geolocation is the task of identifying a social media user{'}s primary location, and in natural language processing, there is a growing literature on to what extent automated analysis of social media posts can help. However, not all content features are equally revealing of a user{'}s location. In this paper, we evaluate nine name entity (NE) types. Using various metrics, we find that GEO-LOC, FACILITY and SPORT-TEAM are more informative for geolocation than other NE types. Using these types, we improve geolocation accuracy and reduce distance error over various famous text-based methods.",
}
@inproceedings{jang-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Document Clustering by Removing Unnatural Language",
    author = "Jang, Myungha  and
      Choi, Jinho D.  and
      Allan, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4416",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4416",
    pages = "122--130",
    abstract = "Technical documents contain a fair amount of unnatural language, such as tables, formulas, and pseudo-code. Unnatural language can bean important factor of confusing existing NLP tools. This paper presents an effective method of distinguishing unnatural language from natural language, and evaluates the impact of un-natural language detection on NLP tasks such as document clustering. We view this problem as an information extraction task and build a multiclass classification model identifying unnatural language components into four categories. First, we create a new annotated corpus by collecting slides and papers in various for-mats, PPT, PDF, and HTML, where unnatural language components are annotated into four categories. We then explore features available from plain text to build a statistical model that can handle any format as long as it is converted into plain text. Our experiments show that re-moving unnatural language components gives an absolute improvement in document cluster-ing by up to 15{\%}. Our corpus and tool are publicly available",
}
@inproceedings{bhargava-etal-2017-lithium,
    title = "Lithium {NLP}: A System for Rich Information Extraction from Noisy User Generated Text on Social Media",
    author = "Bhargava, Preeti  and
      Spasojevic, Nemanja  and
      Hu, Guoning",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4417",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4417",
    pages = "131--139",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the Lithium Natural Language Processing (NLP) system - a resource-constrained, high-throughput and language-agnostic system for information extraction from noisy user generated text on social media. Lithium NLP extracts a rich set of information including entities, topics, hashtags and sentiment from text. We discuss several real world applications of the system currently incorporated in Lithium products. We also compare our system with existing commercial and academic NLP systems in terms of performance, information extracted and languages supported. We show that Lithium NLP is at par with and in some cases, outperforms state-of-the-art commercial NLP systems.",
}
@inproceedings{derczynski-etal-2017-results,
    title = "Results of the {WNUT}2017 Shared Task on Novel and Emerging Entity Recognition",
    author = "Derczynski, Leon  and
      Nichols, Eric  and
      van Erp, Marieke  and
      Limsopatham, Nut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4418",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4418",
    pages = "140--147",
    abstract = "This shared task focuses on identifying unusual, previously-unseen entities in the context of emerging discussions. Named entities form the basis of many modern approaches to other tasks (like event clustering and summarization), but recall on them is a real problem in noisy text - even among annotators. This drop tends to be due to novel entities and surface forms. Take for example the tweet {``}so.. kktny in 30 mins?!{''} {--} even human experts find the entity {`}kktny{'} hard to detect and resolve. The goal of this task is to provide a definition of emerging and of rare entities, and based on that, also datasets for detecting these entities. The task as described in this paper evaluated the ability of participating entries to detect and classify novel and emerging named entities in noisy text.",
}
@inproceedings{aguilar-etal-2017-multi,
    title = "A Multi-task Approach for Named Entity Recognition in Social Media Data",
    author = "Aguilar, Gustavo  and
      Maharjan, Suraj  and
      L{\'o}pez-Monroy, Adrian Pastor  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4419",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4419",
    pages = "148--153",
    abstract = "Named Entity Recognition for social media data is challenging because of its inherent noisiness. In addition to improper grammatical structures, it contains spelling inconsistencies and numerous informal abbreviations. We propose a novel multi-task approach by employing a more general secondary task of Named Entity (NE) segmentation together with the primary task of fine-grained NE categorization. The multi-task neural network architecture learns higher order feature representations from word and character sequences along with basic Part-of-Speech tags and gazetteer information. This neural network acts as a feature extractor to feed a Conditional Random Fields classifier. We were able to obtain the first position in the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text (WNUT-2017) with a 41.86{\%} entity F1-score and a 40.24{\%} surface F1-score.",
}
@inproceedings{jansson-liu-2017-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Representation, {LDA} Topic Modelling and Deep Learning for Emerging Named Entity Recognition from Social Media",
    author = "Jansson, Patrick  and
      Liu, Shuhua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4420",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4420",
    pages = "154--159",
    abstract = "This paper reports our participation in the W-NUT 2017 shared task on emerging and rare entity recognition from user generated noisy text such as tweets, online reviews and forum discussions. To accomplish this challenging task, we explore an approach that combines LDA topic modelling with deep learning on word level and character level embeddings. The LDA topic modelling generates topic representation for each tweet which is used as a feature for each word in the tweet. The deep learning component consists of two-layer bidirectional LSTM and a CRF output layer. Our submitted result performed at 39.98 (F1) on entity and 37.77 on surface forms. Our new experiments after submission reached a best performance of 41.81 on entity and 40.57 on surface forms.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-channel {B}i{LSTM}-{CRF} Model for Emerging Named Entity Recognition in Social Media",
    author = "Lin, Bill Y.  and
      Xu, Frank  and
      Luo, Zhiyi  and
      Zhu, Kenny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4421",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4421",
    pages = "160--165",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present our multi-channel neural architecture for recognizing emerging named entity in social media messages, which we applied in the Novel and Emerging Named Entity Recognition shared task at the EMNLP 2017 Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text (W-NUT). We propose a novel approach, which incorporates comprehensive word representations with multi-channel information and Conditional Random Fields (CRF) into a traditional Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) neural network without using any additional hand-craft features such as gazetteers. In comparison with other systems participating in the shared task, our system won the 2nd place.",
}
@inproceedings{von-daniken-cieliebak-2017-transfer,
    title = "Transfer Learning and Sentence Level Features for Named Entity Recognition on Tweets",
    author = {von D{\"a}niken, Pius  and
      Cieliebak, Mark},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4422",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4422",
    pages = "166--171",
    abstract = "We present our system for the WNUT 2017 Named Entity Recognition challenge on Twitter data. We describe two modifications of a basic neural network architecture for sequence tagging. First, we show how we exploit additional labeled data, where the Named Entity tags differ from the target task. Then, we propose a way to incorporate sentence level features. Our system uses both methods and ranked second for entity level annotations, achieving an F1-score of 40.78, and second for surface form annotations, achieving an F1-score of 39.33.",
}
@inproceedings{williams-santia-2017-context,
    title = "Context-Sensitive Recognition for Emerging and Rare Entities",
    author = "Williams, Jake  and
      Santia, Giovanni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4423",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4423",
    pages = "172--176",
    abstract = "This paper is a shared task system description for the 2017 W-NUT shared task on Rare and Emerging Named Entities. Our paper describes the development and application of a novel algorithm for named entity recognition that relies only on the contexts of word forms. A comparison against the other submitted systems is provided.",
}
@inproceedings{sikdar-gamback-2017-feature,
    title = "A Feature-based Ensemble Approach to Recognition of Emerging and Rare Named Entities",
    author = {Sikdar, Utpal Kumar  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4424",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4424",
    pages = "177--181",
    abstract = "Detecting previously unseen named entities in text is a challenging task. The paper describes how three initial classifier models were built using Conditional Random Fields (CRFs), Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network. The outputs of these three classifiers were then used as features to train another CRF classifier working as an ensemble. 5-fold cross-validation based on training and development data for the emerging and rare named entity recognition shared task showed precision, recall and F1-score of 66.87{\%}, 46.75{\%} and 54.97{\%}, respectively. For surface form evaluation, the CRF ensemble-based system achieved precision, recall and F1 scores of 65.18{\%}, 45.20{\%} and 53.30{\%}. When applied to unseen test data, the model reached 47.92{\%} precision, 31.97{\%} recall and 38.55{\%} F1-score for entity level evaluation, with the corresponding surface form evaluation values of 44.91{\%}, 30.47{\%} and 36.31{\%}.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-new,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on New Frontiers in Summarization",
    author = "Wang, Lu  and
      Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Liu, Fei",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4500",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-45",
}
@inproceedings{ping-chen-2017-video,
    title = "Video Highlights Detection and Summarization with Lag-Calibration based on Concept-Emotion Mapping of Crowdsourced Time-Sync Comments",
    author = "Ping, Qing  and
      Chen, Chaomei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on New Frontiers in Summarization",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4501",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "With the prevalence of video sharing, there are increasing demands for automatic video digestion such as highlight detection. Recently, platforms with crowdsourced time-sync video comments have emerged worldwide, providing a good opportunity for highlight detection. However, this task is non-trivial: (1) time-sync comments often lag behind their corresponding shot; (2) time-sync comments are semantically sparse and noisy; (3) to determine which shots are highlights is highly subjective. The present paper aims to tackle these challenges by proposing a framework that (1) uses concept-mapped lexical-chains for lag-calibration; (2) models video highlights based on comment intensity and combination of emotion and concept concentration of each shot; (3) summarize each detected highlight using improved SumBasic with emotion and concept mapping. Experiments on large real-world datasets show that our highlight detection method and summarization method both outperform other benchmarks with considerable margins.",
}
@inproceedings{hoque-carenini-2017-multimedia,
    title = "Multimedia Summary Generation from Online Conversations: Current Approaches and Future Directions",
    author = "Hoque, Enamul  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on New Frontiers in Summarization",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4502",
    pages = "12--19",
    abstract = "With the proliferation of Web-based social media, asynchronous conversations have become very common for supporting online communication and collaboration. Yet the increasing volume and complexity of conversational data often make it very difficult to get insights about the discussions. We consider combining textual summary with visual representation of conversational data as a promising way of supporting the user in exploring conversations. In this paper, we report our current work on developing visual interfaces that present multimedia summary combining text and visualization for online conversations and how our solutions have been tailored for a variety of domain problems. We then discuss the key challenges and opportunities for future work in this research space.",
}
@inproceedings{tilk-alumae-2017-low,
    title = "Low-Resource Neural Headline Generation",
    author = {Tilk, Ottokar  and
      Alum{\"a}e, Tanel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on New Frontiers in Summarization",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4503",
    pages = "20--26",
    abstract = "Recent neural headline generation models have shown great results, but are generally trained on very large datasets. We focus our efforts on improving headline quality on smaller datasets by the means of pretraining. We propose new methods that enable pre-training all the parameters of the model and utilize all available text, resulting in improvements by up to 32.4{\%} relative in perplexity and 2.84 points in ROUGE.",
}
@inproceedings{pasunuru-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Improving Abstractive Summarization via Entailment Generation",
    author = "Pasunuru, Ramakanth  and
      Guo, Han  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on New Frontiers in Summarization",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4504",
    pages = "27--32",
    abstract = "Abstractive summarization, the task of rewriting and compressing a document into a short summary, has achieved considerable success with neural sequence-to-sequence models. However, these models can still benefit from stronger natural language inference skills, since a correct summary is logically entailed by the input document, i.e., it should not contain any contradictory or unrelated information. We incorporate such knowledge into an abstractive summarization model via multi-task learning, where we share its decoder parameters with those of an entailment generation model. We achieve promising initial improvements based on multiple metrics and datasets (including a test-only setting). The domain mismatch between the entailment (captions) and summarization (news) datasets suggests that the model is learning some domain-agnostic inference skills.",
}
@inproceedings{ling-rush-2017-coarse,
    title = "Coarse-to-Fine Attention Models for Document Summarization",
    author = "Ling, Jeffrey  and
      Rush, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on New Frontiers in Summarization",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4505",
    pages = "33--42",
    abstract = "Sequence-to-sequence models with attention have been successful for a variety of NLP problems, but their speed does not scale well for tasks with long source sequences such as document summarization. We propose a novel coarse-to-fine attention model that hierarchically reads a document, using coarse attention to select top-level chunks of text and fine attention to read the words of the chosen chunks. While the computation for training standard attention models scales linearly with source sequence length, our method scales with the number of top-level chunks and can handle much longer sequences. Empirically, we find that while coarse-to-fine attention models lag behind state-of-the-art baselines, our method achieves the desired behavior of sparsely attending to subsets of the document for generation.",
}
@inproceedings{singla-etal-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Community Creation for Abstractive Spoken Conversations Summarization",
    author = "Singla, Karan  and
      Stepanov, Evgeny  and
      Bayer, Ali Orkan  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on New Frontiers in Summarization",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4506",
    pages = "43--47",
    abstract = "Summarization of spoken conversations is a challenging task, since it requires deep understanding of dialogs. Abstractive summarization techniques rely on linking the summary sentences to sets of original conversation sentences, i.e. communities. Unfortunately, such linking information is rarely available or requires trained annotators. We propose and experiment automatic community creation using cosine similarity on different levels of representation: raw text, WordNet SynSet IDs, and word embeddings. We show that the abstractive summarization systems with automatic communities significantly outperform previously published results on both English and Italian corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{tixier-etal-2017-combining,
    title = "Combining Graph Degeneracy and Submodularity for Unsupervised Extractive Summarization",
    author = "Tixier, Antoine  and
      Meladianos, Polykarpos  and
      Vazirgiannis, Michalis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on New Frontiers in Summarization",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4507",
    pages = "48--58",
    abstract = "We present a fully unsupervised, extractive text summarization system that leverages a submodularity framework introduced by past research. The framework allows summaries to be generated in a greedy way while preserving near-optimal performance guarantees. Our main contribution is the novel coverage reward term of the objective function optimized by the greedy algorithm. This component builds on the graph-of-words representation of text and the k-core decomposition algorithm to assign meaningful scores to words. We evaluate our approach on the AMI and ICSI meeting speech corpora, and on the DUC2001 news corpus. We reach state-of-the-art performance on all datasets. Results indicate that our method is particularly well-suited to the meeting domain.",
}
@inproceedings{volske-etal-2017-tl,
    title = "{TL};{DR}: Mining {R}eddit to Learn Automatic Summarization",
    author = {V{\"o}lske, Michael  and
      Potthast, Martin  and
      Syed, Shahbaz  and
      Stein, Benno},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on New Frontiers in Summarization",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4508",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4508",
    pages = "59--63",
    abstract = "Recent advances in automatic text summarization have used deep neural networks to generate high-quality abstractive summaries, but the performance of these models strongly depends on large amounts of suitable training data. We propose a new method for mining social media for author-provided summaries, taking advantage of the common practice of appending a {``}TL;DR{''} to long posts. A case study using a large Reddit crawl yields the Webis-TLDR-17 dataset, complementing existing corpora primarily from the news genre. Our technique is likely applicable to other social media sites and general web crawls.",
}
@inproceedings{miller-mccoy-2017-topic,
    title = "Topic Model Stability for Hierarchical Summarization",
    author = "Miller, John  and
      McCoy, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on New Frontiers in Summarization",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4509",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4509",
    pages = "64--73",
    abstract = "We envisioned responsive generic hierarchical text summarization with summaries organized by section and paragraph based on hierarchical structure topic models. But we had to be sure that topic models were stable for the sampled corpora. To that end we developed a methodology for aligning multiple hierarchical structure topic models run over the same corpus under similar conditions, calculating a representative centroid model, and reporting stability of the centroid model. We ran stability experiments for standard corpora and a development corpus of Global Warming articles. We found flat and hierarchical structures of two levels plus the root offer stable centroid models, but hierarchical structures of three levels plus the root didn{'}t seem stable enough for use in hierarchical summarization.",
}
@inproceedings{peyrard-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to Score System Summaries for Better Content Selection Evaluation.",
    author = "Peyrard, Maxime  and
      Botschen, Teresa  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on New Frontiers in Summarization",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4510",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4510",
    pages = "74--84",
    abstract = "The evaluation of summaries is a challenging but crucial task of the summarization field. In this work, we propose to learn an automatic scoring metric based on the human judgements available as part of classical summarization datasets like TAC-2008 and TAC-2009. Any existing automatic scoring metrics can be included as features, the model learns the combination exhibiting the best correlation with human judgments. The reliability of the new metric is tested in a further manual evaluation where we ask humans to evaluate summaries covering the whole scoring spectrum of the metric. We release the trained metric as an open-source tool.",
}
@inproceedings{gholipour-ghalandari-2017-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting the Centroid-based Method: A Strong Baseline for Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Gholipour Ghalandari, Demian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on New Frontiers in Summarization",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4511",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4511",
    pages = "85--90",
    abstract = "The centroid-based model for extractive document summarization is a simple and fast baseline that ranks sentences based on their similarity to a centroid vector. In this paper, we apply this ranking to possible summaries instead of sentences and use a simple greedy algorithm to find the best summary. Furthermore, we show possibilities to scale up to larger input document collections by selecting a small number of sentences from each document prior to constructing the summary. Experiments were done on the DUC2004 dataset for multi-document summarization. We observe a higher performance over the original model, on par with more complex state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-reader,
    title = "Reader-Aware Multi-Document Summarization: An Enhanced Model and The First Dataset",
    author = "Li, Piji  and
      Bing, Lidong  and
      Lam, Wai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on New Frontiers in Summarization",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4512",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4512",
    pages = "91--99",
    abstract = "We investigate the problem of reader-aware multi-document summarization (RA-MDS) and introduce a new dataset for this problem. To tackle RA-MDS, we extend a variational auto-encodes (VAEs) based MDS framework by jointly considering news documents and reader comments. To conduct evaluation for summarization performance, we prepare a new dataset. We describe the methods for data collection, aspect annotation, and summary writing as well as scrutinizing by experts. Experimental results show that reader comments can improve the summarization performance, which also demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{hua-wang-2017-pilot,
    title = "A Pilot Study of Domain Adaptation Effect for Neural Abstractive Summarization",
    author = "Hua, Xinyu  and
      Wang, Lu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on New Frontiers in Summarization",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4513",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4513",
    pages = "100--106",
    abstract = "We study the problem of domain adaptation for neural abstractive summarization. We make initial efforts in investigating what information can be transferred to a new domain. Experimental results on news stories and opinion articles indicate that neural summarization model benefits from pre-training based on extractive summaries. We also find that the combination of in-domain and out-of-domain setup yields better summaries when in-domain data is insufficient. Further analysis shows that, the model is capable to select salient content even trained on out-of-domain data, but requires in-domain data to capture the style for a target domain.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-speech,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech-Centric Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Ruiz, Nicholas  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4600",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-46",
}
@inproceedings{chowdhury-etal-2017-functions,
    title = "Functions of Silences towards Information Flow in Spoken Conversation",
    author = "Chowdhury, Shammur Absar  and
      Stepanov, Evgeny  and
      Danieli, Morena  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech-Centric Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4601",
    pages = "1--9",
    abstract = "Silence is an integral part of the most frequent turn-taking phenomena in spoken conversations. Silence is sized and placed within the conversation flow and it is coordinated by the speakers along with the other speech acts. The objective of this analytical study is twofold: to explore the functions of silence with duration of one second and above, towards information flow in a dyadic conversation utilizing the sequences of dialog acts present in the turns surrounding the silence itself; and to design a feature space useful for clustering the silences using a hierarchical concept formation algorithm. The resulting clusters are manually grouped into functional categories based on their similarities. It is observed that the silence plays an important role in response preparation, also can indicate speakers{'} hesitation or indecisiveness. It is also observed that sometimes long silences can be used deliberately to get a forced response from another speaker thus making silence a multi-functional and an important catalyst towards information flow.",
}
@inproceedings{jagfeld-vu-2017-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Word Confusion Networks with Recurrent Neural Networks for Dialog State Tracking",
    author = "Jagfeld, Glorianna  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech-Centric Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4602",
    pages = "10--17",
    abstract = "This paper presents our novel method to encode word confusion networks, which can represent a rich hypothesis space of automatic speech recognition systems, via recurrent neural networks. We demonstrate the utility of our approach for the task of dialog state tracking in spoken dialog systems that relies on automatic speech recognition output. Encoding confusion networks outperforms encoding the best hypothesis of the automatic speech recognition in a neural system for dialog state tracking on the well-known second Dialog State Tracking Challenge dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{ghaly-mandel-2017-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Human and Machine Performance In Resolving Ambiguous Spoken Sentences",
    author = "Ghaly, Hussein  and
      Mandel, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech-Centric Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4603",
    pages = "18--26",
    abstract = "Written sentences can be more ambiguous than spoken sentences. We investigate this difference for two different types of ambiguity: prepositional phrase (PP) attachment and sentences where the addition of commas changes the meaning. We recorded a native English speaker saying several of each type of sentence both with and without disambiguating contextual information. These sentences were then presented either as text or audio and either with or without context to subjects who were asked to select the proper interpretation of the sentence. Results suggest that comma-ambiguous sentences are easier to disambiguate than PP-attachment-ambiguous sentences, possibly due to the presence of clear prosodic boundaries, namely silent pauses. Subject performance for sentences with PP-attachment ambiguity without context was 52{\%} for text only while it was 72.4{\%} for audio only, suggesting that audio has more disambiguating information than text. Using an analysis of acoustic features of two PP-attachment sentences, a simple classifier was implemented to resolve the PP-attachment ambiguity being early or late closure with a mean accuracy of 80{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{caines-etal-2017-parsing,
    title = "Parsing transcripts of speech",
    author = "Caines, Andrew  and
      McCarthy, Michael  and
      Buttery, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech-Centric Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4604",
    pages = "27--36",
    abstract = "We present an analysis of parser performance on speech data, comparing word type and token frequency distributions with written data, and evaluating parse accuracy by length of input string. We find that parser performance tends to deteriorate with increasing length of string, more so for spoken than for written texts. We train an alternative parsing model with added speech data and demonstrate improvements in accuracy on speech-units, with no deterioration in performance on written text.",
}
@inproceedings{stiefel-vu-2017-enriching,
    title = "Enriching {ASR} Lattices with {POS} Tags for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Stiefel, Moritz  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech-Centric Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4605",
    pages = "37--47",
    abstract = "Parsing speech requires a richer representation than 1-best or n-best hypotheses, e.g. lattices. Moreover, previous work shows that part-of-speech (POS) tags are a valuable resource for parsing. In this paper, we therefore explore a joint modeling approach of automatic speech recognition (ASR) and POS tagging to enrich ASR word lattices. To that end, we manipulate the ASR process from the pronouncing dictionary onward to use word-POS pairs instead of words. We evaluate ASR, POS tagging and dependency parsing (DP) performance demonstrating a successful lattice-based integration of ASR and POS tagging.",
}
@inproceedings{palm-etal-2017-end,
    title = "End-to-End Information Extraction without Token-Level Supervision",
    author = "Palm, Rasmus Berg  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      Laws, Florian  and
      Winther, Ole",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech-Centric Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4606",
    pages = "48--52",
    abstract = "Most state-of-the-art information extraction approaches rely on token-level labels to find the areas of interest in text. Unfortunately, these labels are time-consuming and costly to create, and consequently, not available for many real-life IE tasks. To make matters worse, token-level labels are usually not the desired output, but just an intermediary step. End-to-end (E2E) models, which take raw text as input and produce the desired output directly, need not depend on token-level labels. We propose an E2E model based on pointer networks, which can be trained directly on pairs of raw input and output text. We evaluate our model on the ATIS data set, MIT restaurant corpus and the MIT movie corpus and compare to neural baselines that do use token-level labels. We achieve competitive results, within a few percentage points of the baselines, showing the feasibility of E2E information extraction without the need for token-level labels. This opens up new possibilities, as for many tasks currently addressed by human extractors, raw input and output data are available, but not token-level labels.",
}
@inproceedings{anastasopoulos-etal-2017-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Term Discovery for Language Documentation using Translations",
    author = "Anastasopoulos, Antonios  and
      Bansal, Sameer  and
      Chiang, David  and
      Goldwater, Sharon  and
      Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech-Centric Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4607",
    pages = "53--58",
    abstract = "Vast amounts of speech data collected for language documentation and research remain untranscribed and unsearchable, but often a small amount of speech may have text translations available. We present a method for partially labeling additional speech with translations in this scenario. We modify an unsupervised speech-to-translation alignment model and obtain prototype speech segments that match the translation words, which are in turn used to discover terms in the unlabelled data. We evaluate our method on a Spanish-English speech translation corpus and on two corpora of endangered languages, Arapaho and Ainu, demonstrating its appropriateness and applicability in an actual very-low-resource scenario.",
}
@inproceedings{melese-etal-2017-amharic,
    title = "{A}mharic-{E}nglish Speech Translation in Tourism Domain",
    author = "Melese, Michael  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Meshesha, Million",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech-Centric Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4608",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4608",
    pages = "59--66",
    abstract = "This paper describes speech translation from Amharic-to-English, particularly Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) with post-editing feature and Amharic-English Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). ASR experiment is conducted using morpheme language model (LM) and phoneme acoustic model(AM). Likewise,SMT conducted using word and morpheme as unit. Morpheme based translation shows a 6.29 BLEU score at a 76.4{\%} of recognition accuracy while word based translation shows a 12.83 BLEU score using 77.4{\%} word recognition accuracy. Further, after post-edit on Amharic ASR using corpus based n-gram, the word recognition accuracy increased by 1.42{\%}. Since post-edit approach reduces error propagation, the word based translation accuracy improved by 0.25 (1.95{\%}) BLEU score. We are now working towards further improving propagated errors through different algorithms at each unit of speech translation cascading component.",
}
@inproceedings{loukina-etal-2017-speech,
    title = "Speech- and Text-driven Features for Automated Scoring of {E}nglish Speaking Tasks",
    author = "Loukina, Anastassia  and
      Madnani, Nitin  and
      Cahill, Aoife",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech-Centric Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4609",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4609",
    pages = "67--77",
    abstract = "We consider the automatic scoring of a task for which both the content of the response as well its spoken fluency are important. We combine features from a text-only content scoring system originally designed for written responses with several categories of acoustic features. Although adding any single category of acoustic features to the text-only system on its own does not significantly improve performance, adding all acoustic features together does yield a small but significant improvement. These results are consistent for responses to open-ended questions and to questions focused on some given source material.",
}
@inproceedings{roesiger-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving coreference resolution with automatically predicted prosodic information",
    author = "Roesiger, Ina  and
      Stehwien, Sabrina  and
      Riester, Arndt  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech-Centric Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4610",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4610",
    pages = "78--83",
    abstract = "Adding manually annotated prosodic information, specifically pitch accents and phrasing, to the typical text-based feature set for coreference resolution has previously been shown to have a positive effect on German data. Practical applications on spoken language, however, would rely on automatically predicted prosodic information. In this paper we predict pitch accents (and phrase boundaries) using a convolutional neural network (CNN) model from acoustic features extracted from the speech signal. After an assessment of the quality of these automatic prosodic annotations, we show that they also significantly improve coreference resolution.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-machine,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Buck, Christian  and
      Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Graham, Yvette  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Yepes, Antonio Jimeno  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Kreutzer, Julia",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4700",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-47",
}
@inproceedings{pu-etal-2017-sense,
    title = "Sense-Aware Statistical Machine Translation using Adaptive Context-Dependent Clustering",
    author = "Pu, Xiao  and
      Pappas, Nikolaos  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4701",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{rios-gonzales-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Word Sense Disambiguation in Neural Machine Translation with Sense Embeddings",
    author = "Rios Gonzales, Annette  and
      Mascarell, Laura  and
      Sennrich, Rico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4702",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{burlot-etal-2017-word,
    title = "Word Representations in Factored Neural Machine Translation",
    author = {Burlot, Franck  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Mart{\'\i}nez, Mercedes  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Bougares, Fethi  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4703",
    pages = "20--31",
}
@inproceedings{tamchyna-etal-2017-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Target-Side Inflection in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}  and
      Weller-Di Marco, Marion  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4704",
    pages = "32--42",
}
@inproceedings{burlot-yvon-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the morphological competence of Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "Burlot, Franck  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4705",
    pages = "43--55",
}
@inproceedings{huck-etal-2017-target,
    title = "Target-side Word Segmentation Strategies for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Huck, Matthias  and
      Riess, Simon  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4706",
    pages = "56--67",
}
@inproceedings{nadejde-etal-2017-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Target Language {CCG} Supertags Improves Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "N{\u{a}}dejde, Maria  and
      Reddy, Siva  and
      Sennrich, Rico  and
      Dwojak, Tomasz  and
      Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Birch, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4707",
    pages = "68--79",
}
@inproceedings{niehues-cho-2017-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Linguistic Resources for Neural Machine Translation Using Multi-task Learning",
    author = "Niehues, Jan  and
      Cho, Eunah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4708",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4708",
    pages = "80--89",
}
@inproceedings{miura-etal-2017-tree,
    title = "Tree as a Pivot: Syntactic Matching Methods in Pivot Translation",
    author = "Miura, Akiva  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4709",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4709",
    pages = "90--98",
}
@inproceedings{miceli-barone-etal-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep architectures for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Miceli Barone, Antonio Valerio  and
      Helcl, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Sennrich, Rico  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Birch, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4710",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4710",
    pages = "99--107",
}
@inproceedings{alkhouli-ney-2017-biasing,
    title = "Biasing Attention-Based Recurrent Neural Networks Using External Alignment Information",
    author = "Alkhouli, Tamer  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4711",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4711",
    pages = "108--117",
}
@inproceedings{britz-etal-2017-effective,
    title = "Effective Domain Mixing for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Britz, Denny  and
      Le, Quoc  and
      Pryzant, Reid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4712",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4712",
    pages = "118--126",
}
@inproceedings{farajian-etal-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-Domain Neural Machine Translation through Unsupervised Adaptation",
    author = "Farajian, M. Amin  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4713",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4713",
    pages = "127--137",
}
@inproceedings{chinea-rios-etal-2017-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Neural Machine Translation with Parallel Synthetic Data",
    author = "Chinea-R{\'\i}os, Mara  and
      Peris, {\'A}lvaro  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4714",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4714",
    pages = "138--147",
}
@inproceedings{currey-etal-2017-copied,
    title = "Copied Monolingual Data Improves Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Currey, Anna  and
      Miceli Barone, Antonio Valerio  and
      Heafield, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4715",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4715",
    pages = "148--156",
}
@inproceedings{chatterjee-etal-2017-guiding,
    title = "Guiding Neural Machine Translation Decoding with External Knowledge",
    author = "Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Federico, Marcello  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Blain, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4716",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4716",
    pages = "157--168",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2017-findings,
    title = "Findings of the 2017 Conference on Machine Translation ({WMT}17)",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Graham, Yvette  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Huang, Shujian  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Logacheva, Varvara  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Rubino, Raphael  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Turchi, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4717",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4717",
    pages = "169--214",
}
@inproceedings{elliott-etal-2017-findings,
    title = "Findings of the Second Shared Task on Multimodal Machine Translation and Multilingual Image Description",
    author = {Elliott, Desmond  and
      Frank, Stella  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Bougares, Fethi  and
      Specia, Lucia},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4718",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4718",
    pages = "215--233",
}
@inproceedings{jimeno-yepes-etal-2017-findings,
    title = "Findings of the {WMT} 2017 Biomedical Translation Shared Task",
    author = "Jimeno Yepes, Antonio  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Neves, Mariana  and
      Verspoor, Karin  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Boyer, Arthur  and
      Grozea, Cristian  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Kittner, Madeleine  and
      Lichtblau, Yvonne  and
      Pecina, Pavel  and
      Roller, Roland  and
      Rosa, Rudolf  and
      Siu, Amy  and
      Thomas, Philippe  and
      Trescher, Saskia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4719",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4719",
    pages = "234--247",
}
@inproceedings{sudarikov-etal-2017-cuni,
    title = "{CUNI} submission in {WMT}17: Chimera goes neural",
    author = "Sudarikov, Roman  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      Kocmi, Tom  and
      Vari{\v{s}}, Du{\v{s}}an  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4720",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4720",
    pages = "248--256",
}
@inproceedings{burlot-etal-2017-limsi,
    title = "LIMSI@WMT{'}17",
    author = "Burlot, Franck  and
      Safari, Pooyan  and
      Labeau, Matthieu  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4721",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4721",
    pages = "257--264",
}
@inproceedings{deng-etal-2017-systran,
    title = "{SYSTRAN} Purely Neural {MT} Engines for {WMT}2017",
    author = "Deng, Yongchao  and
      Kim, Jungi  and
      Klein, Guillaume  and
      Kobus, Catherine  and
      Segal, Natalia  and
      Servan, Christophe  and
      Wang, Bo  and
      Zhang, Dakun  and
      Crego, Josep  and
      Senellart, Jean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4722",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4722",
    pages = "265--270",
}
@inproceedings{di-gangi-etal-2017-fbks,
    title = "{FBK}{'}s Participation to the {E}nglish-to-{G}erman News Translation Task of {WMT} 2017",
    author = "Di Gangi, Mattia Antonino  and
      Bertoldi, Nicola  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4723",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4723",
    pages = "271--275",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2017-jhu,
    title = "The {JHU} Machine Translation Systems for {WMT} 2017",
    author = "Ding, Shuoyang  and
      Khayrallah, Huda  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Kumar, Gaurav  and
      Duh, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4724",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4724",
    pages = "276--282",
}
@inproceedings{escolano-etal-2017-talp,
    title = "The {TALP}-{UPC} Neural Machine Translation System for {G}erman/{F}innish-{E}nglish Using the Inverse Direction Model in Rescoring",
    author = "Escolano, Carlos  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4725",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4725",
    pages = "283--287",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-martinez-etal-2017-lium,
    title = "{LIUM} Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}17 News Translation Task",
    author = {Garc{\'\i}a-Mart{\'\i}nez, Mercedes  and
      Caglayan, Ozan  and
      Aransa, Walid  and
      Bardet, Adrien  and
      Bougares, Fethi  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4726",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4726",
    pages = "288--295",
}
@inproceedings{gronroos-etal-2017-extending,
    title = "Extending hybrid word-character neural machine translation with multi-task learning of morphological analysis",
    author = {Gr{\"o}nroos, Stig-Arne  and
      Virpioja, Sami  and
      Kurimo, Mikko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4727",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4727",
    pages = "296--302",
}
@inproceedings{gwinnup-etal-2017-afrl,
    title = "The AFRL-MITLL WMT17 Systems: Old, New, Borrowed, BLEU",
    author = "Gwinnup, Jeremy  and
      Anderson, Timothy  and
      Erdmann, Grant  and
      Young, Katherine  and
      Kazi, Michaeel  and
      Salesky, Elizabeth  and
      Thompson, Brian  and
      Taylor, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4728",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4728",
    pages = "303--309",
}
@inproceedings{holtz-etal-2017-university,
    title = "University of Rochester {WMT} 2017 {NMT} System Submission",
    author = "Holtz, Chester  and
      Ke, Chuyang  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4729",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4729",
    pages = "310--314",
}
@inproceedings{huck-etal-2017-lmu,
    title = "{LMU} Munich{'}s Neural Machine Translation Systems for News Articles and Health Information Texts",
    author = "Huck, Matthias  and
      Braune, Fabienne  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4730",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4730",
    pages = "315--322",
}
@inproceedings{hurskainen-tiedemann-2017-rule,
    title = "Rule-based Machine translation from {E}nglish to {F}innish",
    author = {Hurskainen, Arvi  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4731",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4731",
    pages = "323--329",
}
@inproceedings{lo-etal-2017-nrc,
    title = "{NRC} Machine Translation System for {WMT} 2017",
    author = "Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Chen, Boxing  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Foster, George  and
      Larkin, Samuel  and
      Stewart, Darlene  and
      Kuhn, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4732",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4732",
    pages = "330--337",
}
@inproceedings{ostling-etal-2017-helsinki,
    title = "The {H}elsinki Neural Machine Translation System",
    author = {{\"O}stling, Robert  and
      Scherrer, Yves  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Tang, Gongbo  and
      Nieminen, Tommi},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4733",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4733",
    pages = "338--347",
}
@inproceedings{peter-etal-2017-qt21,
    title = "The {QT}21 Combined Machine Translation System for {E}nglish to {L}atvian",
    author = "Peter, Jan-Thorsten  and
      Ney, Hermann  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Pham, Ngoc-Quan  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Waibel, Alex  and
      Burlot, Franck  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Pinnis, M{\=a}rcis  and
      {\v{S}}ics, Valters  and
      Bastings, Joost  and
      Rios, Miguel  and
      Aziz, Wilker  and
      Williams, Philip  and
      Blain, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4734",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4734",
    pages = "348--357",
}
@inproceedings{peter-etal-2017-rwth,
    title = "The {RWTH} Aachen University {E}nglish-{G}erman and {G}erman-{E}nglish Machine Translation System for {WMT} 2017",
    author = "Peter, Jan-Thorsten  and
      Guta, Andreas  and
      Alkhouli, Tamer  and
      Bahar, Parnia  and
      Rosendahl, Jan  and
      Rossenbach, Nick  and
      Gra{\c{c}}a, Miguel  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4735",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4735",
    pages = "358--365",
}
@inproceedings{pham-etal-2017-karlsruhe,
    title = "The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Systems for the News Translation Task in {WMT} 2017",
    author = "Pham, Ngoc-Quan  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Ha, Thanh-Le  and
      Cho, Eunah  and
      Sperber, Matthias  and
      Waibel, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4736",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4736",
    pages = "366--373",
}
@inproceedings{pinnis-etal-2017-tildes,
    title = "Tilde{'}s Machine Translation Systems for {WMT} 2017",
    author = "Pinnis, M{\=a}rcis  and
      Kri{\v{s}}lauks, Rihards  and
      Miks, Toms  and
      Deksne, Daiga  and
      {\v{S}}ics, Valters",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4737",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4737",
    pages = "374--381",
}
@inproceedings{rikters-etal-2017-c,
    title = "C-3{MA}: Tartu-{R}iga-{Z}urich Translation Systems for {WMT}17",
    author = "Rikters, Mat{\=\i}ss  and
      Amrhein, Chantal  and
      Del, Maksym  and
      Fishel, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4738",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4738",
    pages = "382--388",
}
@inproceedings{sennrich-etal-2017-university,
    title = "The University of {E}dinburgh{'}s Neural {MT} Systems for {WMT}17",
    author = "Sennrich, Rico  and
      Birch, Alexandra  and
      Currey, Anna  and
      Germann, Ulrich  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Heafield, Kenneth  and
      Miceli Barone, Antonio Valerio  and
      Williams, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4739",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4739",
    pages = "389--399",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2017-xmu,
    title = "{XMU} Neural Machine Translation Systems for {WMT} 17",
    author = "Tan, Zhixing  and
      Wang, Boli  and
      Hu, Jinming  and
      Chen, Yidong  and
      Shi, Xiaodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4740",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4740",
    pages = "400--404",
}
@inproceedings{trieu-etal-2017-jaist,
    title = "The {JAIST} Machine Translation Systems for {WMT} 17",
    author = "Trieu, Hai-Long  and
      Pham, Trung-Tin  and
      Nguyen, Le-Minh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4741",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4741",
    pages = "405--409",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-sogou,
    title = "Sogou Neural Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}17",
    author = "Wang, Yuguang  and
      Cheng, Shanbo  and
      Jiang, Liyang  and
      Yang, Jiajun  and
      Chen, Wei  and
      Li, Muze  and
      Shi, Lin  and
      Wang, Yanfeng  and
      Yang, Hongtao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4742",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4742",
    pages = "410--415",
}
@inproceedings{wolk-marasek-2017-pjiits,
    title = "{PJIIT}{'}s systems for {WMT} 2017 Conference",
    author = "Wolk, Krzysztof  and
      Marasek, Krzysztof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4743",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4743",
    pages = "416--421",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2017-hunter,
    title = "Hunter {MT}: A Course for Young Researchers in {WMT}17",
    author = "Xu, Jia  and
      Kuang, Yi Zong  and
      Baijoo, Shondell  and
      Lee, Jacob Hyun  and
      Shahzad, Uman  and
      Ahmed, Mir  and
      Lancaster, Meredith  and
      Carlan, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4744",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4744",
    pages = "422--427",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-casict,
    title = "{CASICT}-{DCU} Neural Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}17",
    author = "Zhang, Jinchao  and
      Porkaew, Peerachet  and
      Hu, Jiawei  and
      Zhao, Qiuye  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4745",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4745",
    pages = "428--431",
}
@inproceedings{caglayan-etal-2017-lium,
    title = "{LIUM}-{CVC} Submissions for {WMT}17 Multimodal Translation Task",
    author = {Caglayan, Ozan  and
      Aransa, Walid  and
      Bardet, Adrien  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Mart{\'\i}nez, Mercedes  and
      Bougares, Fethi  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Masana, Marc  and
      Herranz, Luis  and
      van de Weijer, Joost},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4746",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4746",
    pages = "432--439",
}
@inproceedings{calixto-etal-2017-dcu,
    title = "{DCU} System Report on the {WMT} 2017 Multi-modal Machine Translation Task",
    author = "Calixto, Iacer  and
      Dutta Chowdhury, Koel  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4747",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4747",
    pages = "440--444",
}
@inproceedings{duselis-etal-2017-afrl,
    title = "The {AFRL}-{OSU} {WMT}17 Multimodal Translation System: An Image Processing Approach",
    author = "Duselis, John  and
      Hutt, Michael  and
      Gwinnup, Jeremy  and
      Davis, James  and
      Sandvick, Joshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4748",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4748",
    pages = "445--449",
}
@inproceedings{helcl-libovicky-2017-cuni,
    title = "{CUNI} System for the {WMT}17 Multimodal Translation Task",
    author = "Helcl, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Libovick{\'y}, Jind{\v{r}}ich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4749",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4749",
    pages = "450--457",
}
@inproceedings{jaffe-2017-generating,
    title = "Generating Image Descriptions using Multilingual Data",
    author = "Jaffe, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4750",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4750",
    pages = "458--464",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2017-osu,
    title = "{OSU} Multimodal Machine Translation System Report",
    author = "Ma, Mingbo  and
      Li, Dapeng  and
      Zhao, Kai  and
      Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4751",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4751",
    pages = "465--469",
}
@inproceedings{madhyastha-etal-2017-sheffield,
    title = "{S}heffield {M}ulti{MT}: Using Object Posterior Predictions for Multimodal Machine Translation",
    author = "Madhyastha, Pranava Swaroop  and
      Wang, Josiah  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4752",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4752",
    pages = "470--476",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-nict,
    title = "{NICT}-{NAIST} System for {WMT}17 Multimodal Translation Task",
    author = "Zhang, Jingyi  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichro  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4753",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4753",
    pages = "477--482",
}
@inproceedings{duma-menzel-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Threshold Detection for Data Selection in Machine Translation",
    author = "Duma, Mirela-Stefania  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4754",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4754",
    pages = "483--488",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2017-results,
    title = "Results of the {WMT}17 Metrics Shared Task",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Graham, Yvette  and
      Kamran, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4755",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4755",
    pages = "489--513",
}
@inproceedings{sokolov-etal-2017-shared,
    title = "A Shared Task on Bandit Learning for Machine Translation",
    author = {Sokolov, Artem  and
      Kreutzer, Julia  and
      Sunderland, Kellen  and
      Danchenko, Pavel  and
      Szymaniak, Witold  and
      F{\"u}rstenau, Hagen  and
      Riezler, Stefan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4756",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4756",
    pages = "514--524",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2017-results-wmt17,
    title = "Results of the {WMT}17 Neural {MT} Training Task",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Helcl, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Kocmi, Tom  and
      Libovick{\'y}, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Musil, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4757",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4757",
    pages = "525--533",
}
@inproceedings{avramidis-2017-sentence,
    title = "Sentence-level quality estimation by predicting {HTER} as a multi-component metric",
    author = "Avramidis, Eleftherios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4758",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4758",
    pages = "534--539",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-2017-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Translation Performance with Referential Translation Machines",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4759",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4759",
    pages = "540--544",
}
@inproceedings{blain-etal-2017-bilexical,
    title = "Bilexical Embeddings for Quality Estimation",
    author = "Blain, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Scarton, Carolina  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4760",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4760",
    pages = "545--550",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-improving-machine,
    title = "Improving Machine Translation Quality Estimation with Neural Network Features",
    author = "Chen, Zhiming  and
      Tan, Yiming  and
      Zhang, Chenlin  and
      Xiang, Qingyu  and
      Zhang, Lilin  and
      Li, Maoxi  and
      Wang, Mingwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4761",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4761",
    pages = "551--555",
}
@inproceedings{duma-menzel-2017-uhh,
    title = "{UHH} Submission to the {WMT}17 Quality Estimation Shared Task",
    author = "Duma, Melania  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4762",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4762",
    pages = "556--561",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2017-predictor,
    title = "Predictor-Estimator using Multilevel Task Learning with Stack Propagation for Neural Quality Estimation",
    author = "Kim, Hyun  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok  and
      Na, Seung-Hoon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4763",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4763",
    pages = "562--568",
}
@inproceedings{martins-etal-2017-unbabels,
    title = "Unbabel{'}s Participation in the {WMT}17 Translation Quality Estimation Shared Task",
    author = "Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.  and
      Kepler, Fabio  and
      Monteiro, Jos{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4764",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4764",
    pages = "569--574",
}
@inproceedings{paetzold-specia-2017-feature,
    title = "Feature-Enriched Character-Level Convolutions for Text Regression",
    author = "Paetzold, Gustavo  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4765",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4765",
    pages = "575--581",
}
@inproceedings{duma-menzel-2017-uhh-submission,
    title = "{UHH} Submission to the {WMT}17 Metrics Shared Task",
    author = "Duma, Melania  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4766",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4766",
    pages = "582--588",
}
@inproceedings{lo-2017-meant,
    title = "{MEANT} 2.0: Accurate semantic {MT} evaluation for any output language",
    author = "Lo, Chi-kiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4767",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4767",
    pages = "589--597",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2017-blend,
    title = "{B}lend: a Novel Combined {MT} Metric Based on Direct Assessment {---} {CASICT}-{DCU} submission to {WMT}17 Metrics Task",
    author = "Ma, Qingsong  and
      Graham, Yvette  and
      Wang, Shugen  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4768",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4768",
    pages = "598--603",
}
@inproceedings{marecek-etal-2017-cuni,
    title = "{CUNI} Experiments for {WMT}17 Metrics Task",
    author = {Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      H{\"u}bsch, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Rosa, Rudolf  and
      Vari{\v{s}}, Du{\v{s}}an},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4769",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4769",
    pages = "604--611",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-2017-chrf,
    title = "chr{F}++: words helping character n-grams",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4770",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4770",
    pages = "612--618",
}
@inproceedings{tattar-fishel-2017-bleu2vec,
    title = "bleu2vec: the Painfully Familiar Metric on Continuous Vector Space Steroids",
    author = {T{\"a}ttar, Andre  and
      Fishel, Mark},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4771",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4771",
    pages = "619--622",
}
@inproceedings{berard-etal-2017-lig,
    title = "{LIG}-{CRIS}t{AL} Submission for the {WMT} 2017 Automatic Post-Editing Task",
    author = "B{\'e}rard, Alexandre  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Pietquin, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4772",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4772",
    pages = "623--629",
}
@inproceedings{chatterjee-etal-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-source Neural Automatic Post-Editing: {FBK}{'}s participation in the {WMT} 2017 {APE} shared task",
    author = "Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Farajian, M. Amin  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Srivastava, Ankit  and
      Pal, Santanu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4773",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4773",
    pages = "630--638",
}
@inproceedings{junczys-dowmunt-junczys-dowmunt-2017-amu,
    title = "The {AMU}-{UE}din Submission to the {WMT} 2017 Shared Task on Automatic Post-Editing",
    author = "Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin  and
      Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4774",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4774",
    pages = "639--646",
}
@inproceedings{hokamp-2017-ensembling,
    title = "Ensembling Factored Neural Machine Translation Models for Automatic Post-Editing and Quality Estimation",
    author = "Hokamp, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4775",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4775",
    pages = "647--654",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Post-Editing Based on Quality Estimation",
    author = "Tan, Yiming  and
      Chen, Zhiming  and
      Huang, Liu  and
      Zhang, Lilin  and
      Li, Maoxi  and
      Wang, Mingwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4776",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4776",
    pages = "655--660",
}
@inproceedings{varis-bojar-2017-cuni,
    title = "{CUNI} System for {WMT}17 Automatic Post-Editing Task",
    author = "Vari{\v{s}}, Du{\v{s}}an  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4777",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4777",
    pages = "661--666",
}
@inproceedings{sharaf-etal-2017-umd,
    title = "The {UMD} Neural Machine Translation Systems at {WMT}17 Bandit Learning Task",
    author = "Sharaf, Amr  and
      Feng, Shi  and
      Nguyen, Khanh  and
      Brantley, Kiant{\'e}  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4778",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4778",
    pages = "667--673",
}
@inproceedings{wisniewski-2017-limsi,
    title = "{LIMSI} Submission for {WMT}{'}17 Shared Task on Bandit Learning",
    author = "Wisniewski, Guillaume",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4779",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4779",
    pages = "674--679",
}
@inproceedings{abdou-etal-2017-variable,
    title = "Variable Mini-Batch Sizing and Pre-Trained Embeddings",
    author = "Abdou, Mostafa  and
      Glon{\v{c}}{\'a}k, Vladan  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4780",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4780",
    pages = "680--686",
}
@inproceedings{gwinnup-etal-2017-afrl-wmt17,
    title = "The {AFRL} {WMT}17 Neural Machine Translation Training Task Submission",
    author = "Gwinnup, Jeremy  and
      Erdmann, Grant  and
      Young, Katherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4781",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4781",
    pages = "687--691",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-discourse,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    author = {Webber, Bonnie  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4800",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-48",
}
@inproceedings{loaiciga-etal-2017-findings,
    title = "Findings of the 2017 {D}isco{MT} Shared Task on Cross-lingual Pronoun Prediction",
    author = {Lo{\'a}iciga, Sharid  and
      Stymne, Sara  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Cettolo, Mauro  and
      Versley, Yannick},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4801",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4801",
    pages = "1--16",
    abstract = "We describe the design, the setup, and the evaluation results of the DiscoMT 2017 shared task on cross-lingual pronoun prediction. The task asked participants to predict a target-language pronoun given a source-language pronoun in the context of a sentence. We further provided a lemmatized target-language human-authored translation of the source sentence, and automatic word alignments between the source sentence words and the target-language lemmata. The aim of the task was to predict, for each target-language pronoun placeholder, the word that should replace it from a small, closed set of classes, using any type of information that can be extracted from the entire document. We offered four subtasks, each for a different language pair and translation direction: English-to-French, English-to-German, German-to-English, and Spanish-to-English. Five teams participated in the shared task, making submissions for all language pairs. The evaluation results show that most participating teams outperformed two strong n-gram-based language model-based baseline systems by a sizable margin.",
}
@inproceedings{miculicich-werlen-popescu-belis-2017-validation,
    title = "Validation of an Automatic Metric for the Accuracy of Pronoun Translation ({APT})",
    author = "Miculicich Werlen, Lesly  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4802",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4802",
    pages = "17--25",
    abstract = "In this paper, we define and assess a reference-based metric to evaluate the accuracy of pronoun translation (APT). The metric automatically aligns a candidate and a reference translation using GIZA++ augmented with specific heuristics, and then counts the number of identical or different pronouns, with provision for legitimate variations and omitted pronouns. All counts are then combined into one score. The metric is applied to the results of seven systems (including the baseline) that participated in the DiscoMT 2015 shared task on pronoun translation from English to French. The APT metric reaches around 0.993-0.999 Pearson correlation with human judges (depending on the parameters of APT), while other automatic metrics such as BLEU, METEOR, or those specific to pronouns used at DiscoMT 2015 reach only 0.972-0.986 Pearson correlation.",
}
@inproceedings{born-etal-2017-using,
    title = "Using a Graph-based Coherence Model in Document-Level Machine Translation",
    author = "Born, Leo  and
      Mesgar, Mohsen  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4803",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4803",
    pages = "26--35",
    abstract = "Although coherence is an important aspect of any text generation system, it has received little attention in the context of machine translation (MT) so far. We hypothesize that the quality of document-level translation can be improved if MT models take into account the semantic relations among sentences during translation. We integrate the graph-based coherence model proposed by Mesgar and Strube, (2016) with Docent (Hardmeier et al., 2012, Hardmeier, 2014) a document-level machine translation system. The application of this graph-based coherence modeling approach is novel in the context of machine translation. We evaluate the coherence model and its effects on the quality of the machine translation. The result of our experiments shows that our coherence model slightly improves the quality of translation in terms of the average Meteor score.",
}
@inproceedings{muller-2017-treatment,
    title = "Treatment of Markup in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Mathias},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4804",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4804",
    pages = "36--46",
    abstract = "We present work on handling XML markup in Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). The methods we propose can be used to effectively preserve markup (for instance inline formatting or structure) and to place markup correctly in a machine-translated segment. We evaluate our approaches with parallel data that naturally contains markup or where markup was inserted to create synthetic examples. In our experiments, hybrid reinsertion has proven the most accurate method to handle markup, while alignment masking and alignment reinsertion should be regarded as viable alternatives. We provide implementations of all the methods described and they are freely available as an open-source framework.",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-etal-2017-bilstm,
    title = "A {B}i{LSTM}-based System for Cross-lingual Pronoun Prediction",
    author = "Stymne, Sara  and
      Lo{\'a}iciga, Sharid  and
      Cap, Fabienne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4805",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4805",
    pages = "47--53",
    abstract = "We describe the Uppsala system for the 2017 DiscoMT shared task on cross-lingual pronoun prediction. The system is based on a lower layer of BiLSTMs reading the source and target sentences respectively. Classification is based on the BiLSTM representation of the source and target positions for the pronouns. In addition we enrich our system with dependency representations from an external parser and character representations of the source sentence. We show that these additions perform well for German and Spanish as source languages. Our system is competitive and is in first or second place for all language pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{jean-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation for Cross-Lingual Pronoun Prediction",
    author = "Jean, Sebastien  and
      Lauly, Stanislas  and
      Firat, Orhan  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4806",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4806",
    pages = "54--57",
    abstract = "In this paper we present our systems for the DiscoMT 2017 cross-lingual pronoun prediction shared task. For all four language pairs, we trained a standard attention-based neural machine translation system as well as three variants that incorporate information from the preceding source sentence. We show that our systems, which are not specifically designed for pronoun prediction and may be used to generate complete sentence translations, generally achieve competitive results on this task.",
}
@inproceedings{hardmeier-2017-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Pronouns with a Convolutional Network and an N-gram Model",
    author = "Hardmeier, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4807",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4807",
    pages = "58--62",
    abstract = "This paper describes the UU-Hardmeier system submitted to the DiscoMT 2017 shared task on cross-lingual pronoun prediction. The system is an ensemble of convolutional neural networks combined with a source-aware n-gram language model.",
}
@inproceedings{luotolahti-etal-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Pronoun Prediction with Deep Recurrent Neural Networks v2.0",
    author = "Luotolahti, Juhani  and
      Kanerva, Jenna  and
      Ginter, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4808",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4808",
    pages = "63--66",
    abstract = "In this paper we present our system in the DiscoMT 2017 Shared Task on Crosslingual Pronoun Prediction. Our entry builds on our last year{'}s success, our system based on deep recurrent neural networks outperformed all the other systems with a clear margin. This year we investigate whether different pre-trained word embeddings can be used to improve the neural systems, and whether the recently published Gated Convolutions outperform the Gated Recurrent Units used last year.",
}
@inproceedings{grishina-2017-combining,
    title = "Combining the output of two coreference resolution systems for two source languages to improve annotation projection",
    author = "Grishina, Yulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4809",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4809",
    pages = "67--72",
    abstract = "Although parallel coreference corpora can to a high degree support the development of SMT systems, there are no large-scale parallel datasets available due to the complexity of the annotation task and the variability in annotation schemes. In this study, we exploit an annotation projection method to combine the output of two coreference resolution systems for two different source languages (English, German) in order to create an annotated corpus for a third language (Russian). We show that our technique is superior to projecting annotations from a single source language, and we provide an in-depth analysis of the projected annotations in order to assess the perspectives of our approach.",
}
@inproceedings{lapshinova-koltunski-hardmeier-2017-discovery,
    title = "Discovery of Discourse-Related Language Contrasts through Alignment Discrepancies in {E}nglish-{G}erman Translation",
    author = "Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina  and
      Hardmeier, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4810",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4810",
    pages = "73--81",
    abstract = "In this paper, we analyse alignment discrepancies for discourse structures in English-German parallel data {--} sentence pairs, in which discourse structures in target or source texts have no alignment in the corresponding parallel sentences. The discourse-related structures are designed in form of linguistic patterns based on the information delivered by automatic part-of-speech and dependency annotation. In addition to alignment errors (existing structures left unaligned), these alignment discrepancies can be caused by language contrasts or through the phenomena of explicitation and implicitation in the translation process. We propose a new approach including new type of resources for corpus-based language contrast analysis and apply it to study and classify the contrasts found in our English-German parallel corpus. As unaligned discourse structures may also result in the loss of discourse information in the MT training data, we hope to deliver information in support of discourse-aware machine translation (MT).",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-scherrer-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation with Extended Context",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Scherrer, Yves},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4811",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4811",
    pages = "82--92",
    abstract = "We investigate the use of extended context in attention-based neural machine translation. We base our experiments on translated movie subtitles and discuss the effect of increasing the segments beyond single translation units. We study the use of extended source language context as well as bilingual context extensions. The models learn to distinguish between information from different segments and are surprisingly robust with respect to translation quality. In this pilot study, we observe interesting cross-sentential attention patterns that improve textual coherence in translation at least in some selected cases.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-translating,
    title = "Translating Implicit Discourse Connectives Based on Cross-lingual Annotation and Alignment",
    author = "Li, Hongzheng  and
      Langlais, Philippe  and
      Jin, Yaohong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4812",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4812",
    pages = "93--98",
    abstract = "Implicit discourse connectives and relations are distributed more widely in Chinese texts, when translating into English, such connectives are usually translated explicitly. Towards Chinese-English MT, in this paper we describe cross-lingual annotation and alignment of dis-course connectives in a parallel corpus, describing related surveys and findings. We then conduct some evaluation experiments to testify the translation of implicit connectives and whether representing implicit connectives explicitly in source language can improve the final translation performance significantly. Preliminary results show it has little improvement by just inserting explicit connectives for implicit relations.",
}
@inproceedings{mascarell-2017-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Chains meet Word Embeddings in Document-level Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Mascarell, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4813",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4813",
    pages = "99--109",
    abstract = "Currently under review for EMNLP 2017 The phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) approach deals with sentences in isolation, making it difficult to consider discourse context in translation. This poses a challenge for ambiguous words that need discourse knowledge to be correctly translated. We propose a method that benefits from the semantic similarity in lexical chains to improve SMT output by integrating it in a document-level decoder. We focus on word embeddings to deal with the lexical chains, contrary to the traditional approach that uses lexical resources. Experimental results on German-to-English show that our method produces correct translations in up to 88{\%} of the changes, improving the translation in 36{\%}-48{\%} of them over the baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{sim-smith-2017-integrating,
    title = "On Integrating Discourse in Machine Translation",
    author = "Sim Smith, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4814",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4814",
    pages = "110--121",
    abstract = "As the quality of Machine Translation (MT) improves, research on improving discourse in automatic translations becomes more viable. This has resulted in an increase in the amount of work on discourse in MT. However many of the existing models and metrics have yet to integrate these insights. Part of this is due to the evaluation methodology, based as it is largely on matching to a single reference. At a time when MT is increasingly being used in a pipeline for other tasks, the semantic element of the translation process needs to be properly integrated into the task. Moreover, in order to take MT to another level, it will need to judge output not based on a single reference translation, but based on notions of fluency and of adequacy {--} ideally with reference to the source text.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-stylistic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    author = "Brooke, Julian  and
      Solorio, Thamar  and
      Koppel, Moshe",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4900",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-49",
}
@inproceedings{xu-2017-shakespeare,
    title = "From Shakespeare to Twitter: What are Language Styles all about?",
    author = "Xu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4901",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4901",
    pages = "1--9",
    abstract = "As natural language processing research is growing and largely driven by the availability of data, we expanded research from news and small-scale dialog corpora to web and social media. User-generated data and crowdsourcing opened the door for investigating human language of various styles with more statistical power and real-world applications. In this position/survey paper, I will review and discuss seven language styles that I believe to be important and interesting to study: influential work in the past, challenges at the present, and potential impact for the future.",
}
@inproceedings{jhamtani-etal-2017-shakespearizing,
    title = "Shakespearizing Modern Language Using Copy-Enriched Sequence to Sequence Models",
    author = "Jhamtani, Harsh  and
      Gangal, Varun  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4902",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4902",
    pages = "10--19",
    abstract = "Variations in writing styles are commonly used to adapt the content to a specific context, audience, or purpose. However, applying stylistic variations is still by and large a manual process, and there have been little efforts towards automating it. In this paper we explore automated methods to transform text from modern English to Shakespearean English using an end to end trainable neural model with pointers to enable copy action. To tackle limited amount of parallel data, we pre-train embeddings of words by leveraging external dictionaries mapping Shakespearean words to modern English words as well as additional text. Our methods are able to get a BLEU score of 31+, an improvement of {\mbox{$\approx$}} 6 points above the strongest baseline. We publicly release our code to foster further research in this area.",
}
@inproceedings{niu-carpuat-2017-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Stylistic Variations in Distributional Vector Space Models via Lexical Paraphrases",
    author = "Niu, Xing  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4903",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4903",
    pages = "20--27",
    abstract = "Detecting and analyzing stylistic variation in language is relevant to diverse Natural Language Processing applications. In this work, we investigate whether salient dimensions of style variations are embedded in standard distributional vector spaces of word meaning. We hypothesizes that distances between embeddings of lexical paraphrases can help isolate style from meaning variations and help identify latent style dimensions. We conduct a qualitative analysis of latent style dimensions, and show the effectiveness of identified style subspaces on a lexical formality prediction task.",
}
@inproceedings{oraby-etal-2017-harvesting,
    title = "Harvesting Creative Templates for Generating Stylistically Varied Restaurant Reviews",
    author = "Oraby, Shereen  and
      Homayon, Sheideh  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4904",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4904",
    pages = "28--36",
    abstract = "Many of the creative and figurative elements that make language exciting are lost in translation in current natural language generation engines. In this paper, we explore a method to harvest templates from positive and negative reviews in the restaurant domain, with the goal of vastly expanding the types of stylistic variation available to the natural language generator. We learn hyperbolic adjective patterns that are representative of the strongly-valenced expressive language commonly used in either positive or negative reviews. We then identify and delexicalize entities, and use heuristics to extract generation templates from review sentences. We evaluate the learned templates against more traditional review templates, using subjective measures of convincingness, interestingness, and naturalness. Our results show that the learned templates score highly on these measures. Finally, we analyze the linguistic categories that characterize the learned positive and negative templates. We plan to use the learned templates to improve the conversational style of dialogue systems in the restaurant domain.",
}
@inproceedings{braud-sogaard-2017-writing,
    title = "Is writing style predictive of scientific fraud?",
    author = "Braud, Chlo{\'e}  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4905",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4905",
    pages = "37--42",
    abstract = "The problem of detecting scientific fraud using machine learning was recently introduced, with initial, positive results from a model taking into account various general indicators. The results seem to suggest that writing style is predictive of scientific fraud. We revisit these initial experiments, and show that the leave-one-out testing procedure they used likely leads to a slight over-estimate of the predictability, but also that simple models can outperform their proposed model by some margin. We go on to explore more abstract linguistic features, such as linguistic complexity and discourse structure, only to obtain negative results. Upon analyzing our models, we do see some interesting patterns, though: Scientific fraud, for examples, contains less comparison, as well as different types of hedging and ways of presenting logical reasoning.",
}
@inproceedings{bizzoni-etal-2017-deep,
    title = "{``}Deep{''} Learning : Detecting Metaphoricity in Adjective-Noun Pairs",
    author = "Bizzoni, Yuri  and
      Chatzikyriakidis, Stergios  and
      Ghanimifard, Mehdi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4906",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4906",
    pages = "43--52",
    abstract = "Metaphor is one of the most studied and widespread figures of speech and an essential element of individual style. In this paper we look at metaphor identification in Adjective-Noun pairs. We show that using a single neural network combined with pre-trained vector embeddings can outperform the state of the art in terms of accuracy. In specific, the approach presented in this paper is based on two ideas: a) transfer learning via using pre-trained vectors representing adjective noun pairs, and b) a neural network as a model of composition that predicts a metaphoricity score as output. We present several different architectures for our system and evaluate their performances. Variations on dataset size and on the kinds of embeddings are also investigated. We show considerable improvement over the previous approaches both in terms of accuracy and w.r.t the size of annotated training data.",
}
@inproceedings{hitschler-etal-2017-authorship,
    title = "Authorship Attribution with Convolutional Neural Networks and {POS}-Eliding",
    author = "Hitschler, Julian  and
      van den Berg, Esther  and
      Rehbein, Ines",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4907",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4907",
    pages = "53--58",
    abstract = "We use a convolutional neural network to perform authorship identification on a very homogeneous dataset of scientific publications. In order to investigate the effect of domain biases, we obscure words below a certain frequency threshold, retaining only their POS-tags. This procedure improves test performance due to better generalization on unseen data. Using our method, we are able to predict the authors of scientific publications in the same discipline at levels well above chance.",
}
@inproceedings{shoemark-etal-2017-topic,
    title = "Topic and audience effects on distinctively {S}cottish vocabulary usage in Twitter data",
    author = "Shoemark, Philippa  and
      Kirby, James  and
      Goldwater, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4908",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4908",
    pages = "59--68",
    abstract = "Sociolinguistic research suggests that speakers modulate their language style in response to their audience. Similar effects have recently been claimed to occur in the informal written context of Twitter, with users choosing less region-specific and non-standard vocabulary when addressing larger audiences. However, these studies have not carefully controlled for the possible confound of topic: that is, tweets addressed to a broad audience might also tend towards topics that engender a more formal style. In addition, it is not clear to what extent previous results generalize to different samples of users. Using mixed-effects models, we show that audience and topic have independent effects on the rate of distinctively Scottish usage in two demographically distinct Twitter user samples. However, not all effects are consistent between the two groups, underscoring the importance of replicating studies on distinct user samples before drawing strong conclusions from social media data.",
}
@inproceedings{litvinova-etal-2017-differences,
    title = "Differences in type-token ratio and part-of-speech frequencies in male and female {R}ussian written texts",
    author = "Litvinova, Tatiana  and
      Seredin, Pavel  and
      Litvinova, Olga  and
      Zagorovskaya, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4909",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4909",
    pages = "69--73",
    abstract = "The differences in the frequencies of some parts of speech (POS), particularly function words, and lexical diversity in male and female speech have been pointed out in a number of papers. The classifiers using exclusively context-independent parameters have proved to be highly effective. However, there are still issues that have to be addressed as a lot of studies are performed for English and the genre and topic of texts is sometimes neglected. The aim of this paper is to investigate the association between context-independent parameters of Russian written texts and the gender of their authors and to design predictive re-gression models. A number of correlations were found. The obtained data is in good agreement with the results obtained for other languages. The model based on 5 parameters with the highest correlation coefficients was designed.",
}
@inproceedings{haider-palmer-2017-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Communicative Purpose with Functional Style: Corpus and Features for {G}erman Genre and Register Analysis",
    author = "Haider, Thomas  and
      Palmer, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4910",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4910",
    pages = "74--84",
    abstract = "While there is wide acknowledgement in NLP of the utility of document characterization by genre, it is quite difficult to determine a definitive set of features or even a comprehensive list of genres. This paper addresses both issues. First, with prototype semantics, we develop a hierarchical taxonomy of discourse functions. We implement the taxonomy by developing a new text genre corpus of contemporary German to perform a text based comparative register analysis. Second, we extract a host of style features, both deep and shallow, aiming beyond linguistically motivated features at situational correlates in texts. The feature sets are used for supervised text genre classification, on which our models achieve high accuracy. The combination of the corpus typology and feature sets allows us to characterize types of communicative purpose in a comparative setup, by qualitative interpretation of style feature loadings of a regularized discriminant analysis. Finally, to determine the dependence of genre on topics (which are arguably the distinguishing factor of sub-genre), we compare and combine our style models with Latent Dirichlet Allocation features across different corpus settings with unstable topics.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-walker-2017-stylistic,
    title = "Stylistic Variation in Television Dialogue for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Lin, Grace  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4911",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4911",
    pages = "85--93",
    abstract = "Conversation is a critical component of storytelling, where key information is often revealed by what/how a character says it. We focus on the issue of character voice and build stylistic models with linguistic features related to natural language generation decisions. Using a dialogue corpus of the television series, The Big Bang Theory, we apply content analysis to extract relevant linguistic features to build character-based stylistic models, and we test the model-fit through an user perceptual experiment with Amazon{'}s Mechanical Turk. The results are encouraging in that human subjects tend to perceive the generated utterances as being more similar to the character they are modeled on, than to another random character.",
}
@inproceedings{ficler-goldberg-2017-controlling,
    title = "Controlling Linguistic Style Aspects in Neural Language Generation",
    author = "Ficler, Jessica  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4912",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4912",
    pages = "94--104",
    abstract = "Most work on neural natural language generation (NNLG) focus on controlling the content of the generated text. We experiment with controling several stylistic aspects of the generated text, in addition to its content. The method is based on conditioned RNN language model, where the desired content as well as the stylistic parameters serve as conditioning contexts. We demonstrate the approach on the movie reviews domain and show that it is successful in generating coherent sentences corresponding to the required linguistic style and content.",
}
@inproceedings{andresen-zinsmeister-2017-approximating,
    title = "Approximating Style by N-gram-based Annotation",
    author = "Andresen, Melanie  and
      Zinsmeister, Heike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4913",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4913",
    pages = "105--115",
    abstract = "The concept of style is much debated in theoretical as well as empirical terms. From an empirical perspective, the key question is how to operationalize style and thus make it accessible for annotation and quantification. In authorship attribution, many different approaches have successfully resolved this issue at the cost of linguistic interpretability: The resulting algorithms may be able to distinguish one language variety from the other, but do not give us much information on their distinctive linguistic properties. We approach the issue of interpreting stylistic features by extracting linear and syntactic n-grams that are distinctive for a language variety. We present a study that exemplifies this process by a comparison of the German academic languages of linguistics and literary studies. Overall, our findings show that distinctive n-grams can be related to linguistic categories. The results suggest that the style of German literary studies is characterized by nominal structures and the style of linguistics by verbal ones.",
}
@inproceedings{manjavacas-etal-2017-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Stylistic Properties of Neurally Generated Text in Authorship Attribution",
    author = "Manjavacas, Enrique  and
      De Gussem, Jeroen  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Kestemont, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-4914",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-4914",
    pages = "116--125",
    abstract = "Recent applications of neural language models have led to an increased interest in the automatic generation of natural language. However impressive, the evaluation of neurally generated text has so far remained rather informal and anecdotal. Here, we present an attempt at the systematic assessment of one aspect of the quality of neurally generated text. We focus on a specific aspect of neural language generation: its ability to reproduce authorial writing styles. Using established models for authorship attribution, we empirically assess the stylistic qualities of neurally generated text. In comparison to conventional language models, neural models generate fuzzier text, that is relatively harder to attribute correctly. Nevertheless, our results also suggest that neurally generated text offers more valuable perspectives for the augmentation of training data.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-innovative,
    title = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Leacock, Claudia  and
      Yannakoudakis, Helen",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-50",
}
@inproceedings{pado-2017-question,
    title = "Question Difficulty {--} How to Estimate Without Norming, How to Use for Automated Grading",
    author = "Pad{\'o}, Ulrike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5001",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "Question difficulty estimates guide test creation, but are too costly for small-scale testing. We empirically verify that Bloom{'}s Taxonomy, a standard tool for difficulty estimation during question creation, reliably predicts question difficulty observed after testing in a short-answer corpus. We also find that difficulty is mirrored in the amount of variation in student answers, which can be computed before grading. We show that question difficulty and its approximations are useful for \textit{automated grading}, allowing us to identify the optimal feature set for grading each question even in an unseen-question setting.",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2017-combining-cnns,
    title = "Combining {CNN}s and Pattern Matching for Question Interpretation in a Virtual Patient Dialogue System",
    author = "Jin, Lifeng  and
      White, Michael  and
      Jaffe, Evan  and
      Zimmerman, Laura  and
      Danforth, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5002",
    pages = "11--21",
    abstract = "For medical students, virtual patient dialogue systems can provide useful training opportunities without the cost of employing actors to portray standardized patients. This work utilizes word- and character-based convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for question identification in a virtual patient dialogue system, outperforming a strong word- and character-based logistic regression baseline. While the CNNs perform well given sufficient training data, the best system performance is ultimately achieved by combining CNNs with a hand-crafted pattern matching system that is robust to label sparsity, providing a 10{\%} boost in system accuracy and an error reduction of 47{\%} as compared to the pattern-matching system alone.",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-etal-2017-continuous,
    title = "Continuous fluency tracking and the challenges of varying text complexity",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Loukina, Anastassia  and
      Sabatini, John  and
      O{'}Reilly, Tenaha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5003",
    pages = "22--32",
    abstract = "This paper is a preliminary report on using text complexity measurement in the service of a new educational application. We describe a reading intervention where a child takes turns reading a book aloud with a virtual reading partner. Our ultimate goal is to provide meaningful feedback to the parent or the teacher by continuously tracking the child{'}s improvement in reading fluency. We show that this would not be a simple endeavor, due to an intricate relationship between text complexity from the point of view of comprehension and reading rate.",
}
@inproceedings{rei-yannakoudakis-2017-auxiliary,
    title = "Auxiliary Objectives for Neural Error Detection Models",
    author = "Rei, Marek  and
      Yannakoudakis, Helen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5004",
    pages = "33--43",
    abstract = "We investigate the utility of different auxiliary objectives and training strategies within a neural sequence labeling approach to error detection in learner writing. Auxiliary costs provide the model with additional linguistic information, allowing it to learn general-purpose compositional features that can then be exploited for other objectives. Our experiments show that a joint learning approach trained with parallel labels on in-domain data improves performance over the previous best error detection system. While the resulting model has the same number of parameters, the additional objectives allow it to be optimised more efficiently and achieve better performance.",
}
@inproceedings{loughnane-etal-2017-linked,
    title = "Linked Data for Language-Learning Applications",
    author = "Loughnane, Robyn  and
      McCurdy, Kate  and
      Kolb, Peter  and
      Selent, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5005",
    pages = "44--51",
    abstract = "The use of linked data within language-learning applications is an open research question. A research prototype is presented that applies linked-data principles to store linguistic annotation generated from language-learning content using a variety of NLP tools. The result is a database that links learning content, linguistic annotation and open-source resources, on top of which a diverse range of tools for language-learning applications can be built.",
}
@inproceedings{lugini-litman-2017-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Specificity in Classroom Discussion",
    author = "Lugini, Luca  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5006",
    pages = "52--61",
    abstract = "High quality classroom discussion is important to student development, enhancing abilities to express claims, reason about other students{'} claims, and retain information for longer periods of time. Previous small-scale studies have shown that one indicator of classroom discussion quality is specificity. In this paper we tackle the problem of predicting specificity for classroom discussions. We propose several methods and feature sets capable of outperforming the state of the art in specificity prediction. Additionally, we provide a set of meaningful, interpretable features that can be used to analyze classroom discussions at a pedagogical level.",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-etal-2017-report,
    title = "A Report on the 2017 Native Language Identification Shared Task",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Evanini, Keelan  and
      Cahill, Aoife  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Pugh, Robert  and
      Hamill, Christopher  and
      Napolitano, Diane  and
      Qian, Yao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5007",
    pages = "62--75",
    abstract = "Native Language Identification (NLI) is the task of automatically identifying the native language (L1) of an individual based on their language production in a learned language. It is typically framed as a classification task where the set of L1s is known a priori. Two previous shared tasks on NLI have been organized where the aim was to identify the L1 of learners of English based on essays (2013) and spoken responses (2016) they provided during a standardized assessment of academic English proficiency. The 2017 shared task combines the inputs from the two prior tasks for the first time. There are three tracks: NLI on the essay only, NLI on the spoken response only (based on a transcription of the response and i-vector acoustic features), and NLI using both responses. We believe this makes for a more interesting shared task while building on the methods and results from the previous two shared tasks. In this paper, we report the results of the shared task. A total of 19 teams competed across the three different sub-tasks. The fusion track showed that combining the written and spoken responses provides a large boost in prediction accuracy. Multiple classifier systems (e.g. ensembles and meta-classifiers) were the most effective in all tasks, with most based on traditional classifiers (e.g. SVMs) with lexical/syntactic features.",
}
@inproceedings{satria-tokunaga-2017-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Automatically Generated Pronoun Reference Questions",
    author = "Satria, Arief Yudha  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5008",
    pages = "76--85",
    abstract = "This study provides a detailed analysis of evaluation of English pronoun reference questions which are created automatically by machine. Pronoun reference questions are multiple choice questions that ask test takers to choose an antecedent of a target pronoun in a reading passage from four options. The evaluation was performed from two perspectives: the perspective of English teachers and that of English learners. Item analysis suggests that machine-generated questions achieve comparable quality with human-made questions. Correlation analysis revealed a strong correlation between the scores of machine-generated questions and that of human-made questions.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-lee-2017-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Audience{'}s Laughter During Presentations Using Convolutional Neural Network",
    author = "Chen, Lei  and
      Lee, Chong Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5009",
    pages = "86--90",
    abstract = "Public speakings play important roles in schools and work places and properly using humor contributes to effective presentations. For the purpose of automatically evaluating speakers{'} humor usage, we build a presentation corpus containing humorous utterances based on TED talks. Compared to previous data resources supporting humor recognition research, ours has several advantages, including (a) both positive and negative instances coming from a homogeneous data set, (b) containing a large number of speakers, and (c) being open. Focusing on using lexical cues for humor recognition, we systematically compare a newly emerging text classification method based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with a well-established conventional method using linguistic knowledge. The advantages of the CNN method are both getting higher detection accuracies and being able to learn essential features automatically.",
}
@inproceedings{caines-etal-2017-collecting,
    title = "Collecting fluency corrections for spoken learner {E}nglish",
    author = "Caines, Andrew  and
      Flint, Emma  and
      Buttery, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5010",
    pages = "91--100",
    abstract = "We present crowdsourced collection of error annotations for transcriptions of spoken learner English. Our emphasis in data collection is on fluency corrections, a more complete correction than has traditionally been aimed for in grammatical error correction research (GEC). Fluency corrections require improvements to the text, taking discourse and utterance level semantics into account: the result is a more naturalistic, holistic version of the original. We propose that this shifted emphasis be reflected in a new name for the task: {`}holistic error correction{'} (HEC). We analyse crowdworker behaviour in HEC and conclude that the method is useful with certain amendments for future work.",
}
@inproceedings{burstein-etal-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Relationships Between Writing {\&} Broader Outcomes With Automated Writing Evaluation",
    author = "Burstein, Jill  and
      McCaffrey, Dan  and
      Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Ling, Guangming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5011",
    pages = "101--108",
    abstract = "Writing is a challenge, especially for at-risk students who may lack the prerequisite writing skills required to persist in U.S. 4-year postsecondary (college) institutions. Educators teaching postsecondary courses requiring writing could benefit from a better understanding of writing achievement and its role in postsecondary success. In this paper, novel exploratory work examined how automated writing evaluation (AWE) can inform our understanding of the relationship between postsecondary writing skill and broader success outcomes. An exploratory study was conducted using test-taker essays from a standardized writing assessment of postsecondary student learning outcomes. Findings showed that for the essays, AWE features were found to be predictors of broader outcomes measures: college success and learning outcomes measures. Study findings illustrate AWE{'}s potential to support educational analytics {--} i.e., relationships between writing skill and broader outcomes {--} taking a step toward moving AWE beyond writing assessment and instructional use cases.",
}
@inproceedings{sheng-etal-2017-investigation,
    title = "An Investigation into the Pedagogical Features of Documents",
    author = "Sheng, Emily  and
      Natarajan, Prem  and
      Gordon, Jonathan  and
      Burns, Gully",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5012",
    pages = "109--120",
    abstract = "Characterizing the content of a technical document in terms of its learning utility can be useful for applications related to education, such as generating reading lists from large collections of documents. We refer to this learning utility as the {``}pedagogical value{''} of the document to the learner. While pedagogical value is an important concept that has been studied extensively within the education domain, there has been little work exploring it from a computational, i.e., natural language processing (NLP), perspective. To allow a computational exploration of this concept, we introduce the notion of {``}pedagogical roles{''} of documents (e.g., Tutorial and Survey) as an intermediary component for the study of pedagogical value. Given the lack of available corpora for our exploration, we create the first annotated corpus of pedagogical roles and use it to test baseline techniques for automatic prediction of such roles.",
}
@inproceedings{yaneva-etal-2017-combining,
    title = "Combining Multiple Corpora for Readability Assessment for People with Cognitive Disabilities",
    author = "Yaneva, Victoria  and
      Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin  and
      Evans, Richard  and
      Rohanian, Omid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5013",
    pages = "121--132",
    abstract = "Given the lack of large user-evaluated corpora in disability-related NLP research (e.g. text simplification or readability assessment for people with cognitive disabilities), the question of choosing suitable training data for NLP models is not straightforward. The use of large generic corpora may be problematic because such data may not reflect the needs of the target population. The use of the available user-evaluated corpora may be problematic because these datasets are not large enough to be used as training data. In this paper we explore a third approach, in which a large generic corpus is combined with a smaller population-specific corpus to train a classifier which is evaluated using two sets of unseen user-evaluated data. One of these sets, the ASD Comprehension corpus, is developed for the purposes of this study and made freely available. We explore the effects of the size and type of the training data used on the performance of the classifiers, and the effects of the type of the unseen test datasets on the classification performance.",
}
@inproceedings{tolmachev-kurohashi-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of High-Quality Example Sentences for Word Learning Using a Determinantal Point Process",
    author = "Tolmachev, Arseny  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5014",
    pages = "133--142",
    abstract = "Flashcard systems are effective tools for learning words but have their limitations in teaching word usage. To overcome this problem, we propose a novel flashcard system that shows a new example sentence on each repetition. This extension requires high-quality example sentences, automatically extracted from a huge corpus. To do this, we use a Determinantal Point Process which scales well to large data and allows to naturally represent sentence similarity and quality as features. Our human evaluation experiment on Japanese language indicates that the proposed method successfully extracted high-quality example sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-lee-2017-distractor,
    title = "Distractor Generation for {C}hinese Fill-in-the-blank Items",
    author = "Jiang, Shu  and
      Lee, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5015",
    pages = "143--148",
    abstract = "This paper reports the first study on automatic generation of distractors for fill-in-the-blank items for learning Chinese vocabulary. We investigate the quality of distractors generated by a number of criteria, including part-of-speech, difficulty level, spelling, word co-occurrence and semantic similarity. Evaluations show that a semantic similarity measure, based on the word2vec model, yields distractors that are significantly more plausible than those generated by baseline methods.",
}
@inproceedings{farag-etal-2017-error,
    title = "An Error-Oriented Approach to Word Embedding Pre-Training",
    author = "Farag, Youmna  and
      Rei, Marek  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5016",
    pages = "149--158",
    abstract = "We propose a novel word embedding pre-training approach that exploits writing errors in learners{'} scripts. We compare our method to previous models that tune the embeddings based on script scores and the discrimination between correct and corrupt word contexts in addition to the generic commonly-used embeddings pre-trained on large corpora. The comparison is achieved by using the aforementioned models to bootstrap a neural network that learns to predict a holistic score for scripts. Furthermore, we investigate augmenting our model with error corrections and monitor the impact on performance. Our results show that our error-oriented approach outperforms other comparable ones which is further demonstrated when training on more data. Additionally, extending the model with corrections provides further performance gains when data sparsity is an issue.",
}
@inproceedings{riordan-etal-2017-investigating,
    title = "Investigating neural architectures for short answer scoring",
    author = "Riordan, Brian  and
      Horbach, Andrea  and
      Cahill, Aoife  and
      Zesch, Torsten  and
      Lee, Chong Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5017",
    pages = "159--168",
    abstract = "Neural approaches to automated essay scoring have recently shown state-of-the-art performance. The automated essay scoring task typically involves a broad notion of writing quality that encompasses content, grammar, organization, and conventions. This differs from the short answer content scoring task, which focuses on content accuracy. The inputs to neural essay scoring models {--} ngrams and embeddings {--} are arguably well-suited to evaluate content in short answer scoring tasks. We investigate how several basic neural approaches similar to those used for automated essay scoring perform on short answer scoring. We show that neural architectures can outperform a strong non-neural baseline, but performance and optimal parameter settings vary across the more diverse types of prompts typical of short answer scoring.",
}
@inproceedings{tack-etal-2017-human,
    title = "Human and Automated {CEFR}-based Grading of Short Answers",
    author = {Tack, Ana{\"\i}s  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas  and
      Roekhaut, Sophie  and
      Fairon, C{\'e}drick},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5018",
    pages = "169--179",
    abstract = "This paper is concerned with the task of automatically assessing the written proficiency level of non-native (L2) learners of English. Drawing on previous research on automated L2 writing assessment following the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), we investigate the possibilities and difficulties of deriving the CEFR level from short answers to open-ended questions, which has not yet been subjected to numerous studies up to date. The object of our study is twofold: to examine the intricacy involved with both human and automated CEFR-based grading of short answers. On the one hand, we describe the compilation of a learner corpus of short answers graded with CEFR levels by three certified Cambridge examiners. We mainly observe that, although the shortness of the answers is reported as undermining a clear-cut evaluation, the length of the answer does not necessarily correlate with inter-examiner disagreement. On the other hand, we explore the development of a soft-voting system for the automated CEFR-based grading of short answers and draw tentative conclusions about its use in a computer-assisted testing (CAT) setting.",
}
@inproceedings{sakaguchi-etal-2017-gec,
    title = "{GEC} into the future: Where are we going and how do we get there?",
    author = "Sakaguchi, Keisuke  and
      Napoles, Courtney  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5019",
    pages = "180--187",
    abstract = "The field of grammatical error correction (GEC) has made tremendous bounds in the last ten years, but new questions and obstacles are revealing themselves. In this position paper, we discuss the issues that need to be addressed and provide recommendations for the field to continue to make progress, and propose a new shared task. We invite suggestions and critiques from the audience to make the new shared task a community-driven venture.",
}
@inproceedings{rei-2017-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Off-topic Responses to Visual Prompts",
    author = "Rei, Marek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5020",
    pages = "188--197",
    abstract = "Automated methods for essay scoring have made great progress in recent years, achieving accuracies very close to human annotators. However, a known weakness of such automated scorers is not taking into account the semantic relevance of the submitted text. While there is existing work on detecting answer relevance given a textual prompt, very little previous research has been done to incorporate visual writing prompts. We propose a neural architecture and several extensions for detecting off-topic responses to visual prompts and evaluate it on a dataset of texts written by language learners.",
}
@inproceedings{ircing-etal-2017-combining,
    title = "Combining Textual and Speech Features in the {NLI} Task Using State-of-the-Art Machine Learning Techniques",
    author = "Ircing, Pavel  and
      {\v{S}}vec, Jan  and
      Zaj{\'\i}c, Zbyn{\v{e}}k  and
      Hladk{\'a}, Barbora  and
      Holub, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5021",
    pages = "198--209",
    abstract = "We summarize the involvement of our CEMI team in the {''}NLI Shared Task 2017{''}, which deals with both textual and speech input data. We submitted the results achieved by using three different system architectures; each of them combines multiple supervised learning models trained on various feature sets. As expected, better results are achieved with the systems that use both the textual data and the spoken responses. Combining the input data of two different modalities led to a rather dramatic improvement in classification performance. Our best performing method is based on a set of feed-forward neural networks whose hidden-layer outputs are combined together using a softmax layer. We achieved a macro-averaged F1 score of 0.9257 on the evaluation (unseen) test set and our team placed first in the main task together with other three teams.",
}
@inproceedings{mohammadi-etal-2017-native,
    title = "Native Language Identification Using a Mixture of Character and Word N-grams",
    author = "Mohammadi, Elham  and
      Veisi, Hadi  and
      Amini, Hessam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5022",
    pages = "210--216",
    abstract = "Native language identification (NLI) is the task of determining an author{'}s native language, based on a piece of his/her writing in a second language. In recent years, NLI has received much attention due to its challenging nature and its applications in language pedagogy and forensic linguistics. We participated in the NLI2017 shared task under the name UT-DSP. In our effort to implement a method for native language identification, we made use of a fusion of character and word N-grams, and achieved an optimal F1-Score of 77.64{\%}, using both essay and speech transcription datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{chan-etal-2017-ensemble,
    title = "Ensemble Methods for Native Language Identification",
    author = "Chan, Sophia  and
      Honari Jahromi, Maryam  and
      Benetti, Benjamin  and
      Lakhani, Aazim  and
      Fyshe, Alona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5023",
    pages = "217--223",
    abstract = "Our team{---}Uvic-NLP{---}explored and evaluated a variety of lexical features for Native Language Identification (NLI) within the framework of ensemble methods. Using a subset of the highest performing features, we train Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Fully Connected Neural Networks (FCNN) as base classifiers, and test different methods for combining their outputs. Restricting our scope to the closed essay track in the NLI Shared Task 2017, we find that our best SVM ensemble achieves an F1 score of 0.8730 on the test set.",
}
@inproceedings{ionescu-popescu-2017-string,
    title = "Can string kernels pass the test of time in Native Language Identification?",
    author = "Ionescu, Radu Tudor  and
      Popescu, Marius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5024",
    pages = "224--234",
    abstract = "We describe a machine learning approach for the 2017 shared task on Native Language Identification (NLI). The proposed approach combines several kernels using multiple kernel learning. While most of our kernels are based on character p-grams (also known as n-grams) extracted from essays or speech transcripts, we also use a kernel based on i-vectors, a low-dimensional representation of audio recordings, provided by the shared task organizers. For the learning stage, we choose Kernel Discriminant Analysis (KDA) over Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR), because the former classifier obtains better results than the latter one on the development set. In our previous work, we have used a similar machine learning approach to achieve state-of-the-art NLI results. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that our shallow and simple approach based on string kernels (with minor improvements) can pass the test of time and reach state-of-the-art performance in the 2017 NLI shared task, despite the recent advances in natural language processing. We participated in all three tracks, in which the competitors were allowed to use only the essays (essay track), only the speech transcripts (speech track), or both (fusion track). Using only the data provided by the organizers for training our models, we have reached a macro F1 score of 86.95{\%} in the closed essay track, a macro F1 score of 87.55{\%} in the closed speech track, and a macro F1 score of 93.19{\%} in the closed fusion track. With these scores, our team (UnibucKernel) ranked in the first group of teams in all three tracks, while attaining the best scores in the speech and the fusion tracks.",
}
@inproceedings{bjerva-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Networks and Spelling Features for Native Language Identification",
    author = {Bjerva, Johannes  and
      Grigonyt{\.e}, Gintar{\.e}  and
      {\"O}stling, Robert  and
      Plank, Barbara},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5025",
    pages = "235--239",
    abstract = "We present the RUG-SU team{'}s submission at the Native Language Identification Shared Task 2017. We combine several approaches into an ensemble, based on spelling error features, a simple neural network using word representations, a deep residual network using word and character features, and a system based on a recurrent neural network. Our best system is an ensemble of neural networks, reaching an F1 score of 0.8323. Although our system is not the highest ranking one, we do outperform the baseline by far.",
}
@inproceedings{vajjala-banerjee-2017-study,
    title = "A study of N-gram and Embedding Representations for Native Language Identification",
    author = "Vajjala, Sowmya  and
      Banerjee, Sagnik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5026",
    pages = "240--248",
    abstract = "We report on our experiments with N-gram and embedding based feature representations for Native Language Identification (NLI) as a part of the NLI Shared Task 2017 (team name: NLI-ISU). Our best performing system on the test set for written essays had a macro F1 of 0.8264 and was based on word uni, bi and trigram features. We explored n-grams covering word, character, POS and word-POS mixed representations for this task. For embedding based feature representations, we employed both word and document embeddings. We had a relatively poor performance with all embedding representations compared to n-grams, which could be because of the fact that embeddings capture semantic similarities whereas L1 differences are more stylistic in nature.",
}
@inproceedings{sari-etal-2017-shallow,
    title = "A Shallow Neural Network for Native Language Identification with Character N-grams",
    author = "Sari, Yunita  and
      Rifqi Fatchurrahman, Muhammad  and
      Dwiastuti, Meisyarah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5027",
    pages = "249--254",
    abstract = "This paper describes the systems submitted by GadjahMada team to the Native Language Identification (NLI) Shared Task 2017. Our models used a continuous representation of character n-grams which are learned jointly with feed-forward neural network classifier. Character n-grams have been proved to be effective for style-based identification tasks including NLI. Results on the test set demonstrate that the proposed model performs very well on essay and fusion tracks by obtaining more than 0.8 on both F-macro score and accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{rama-coltekin-2017-fewer,
    title = "Fewer features perform well at Native Language Identification task",
    author = {Rama, Taraka  and
      {\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5028",
    pages = "255--260",
    abstract = "This paper describes our results at the NLI shared task 2017. We participated in essays, speech, and fusion task that uses text, speech, and i-vectors for the task of identifying the native language of the given input. In the essay track, a linear SVM system using word bigrams and character 7-grams performed the best. In the speech track, an LDA classifier based only on i-vectors performed better than a combination system using text features from speech transcriptions and i-vectors. In the fusion task, we experimented with systems that used combination of i-vectors with higher order n-grams features, combination of i-vectors with word unigrams, a mean probability ensemble, and a stacked ensemble system. Our finding is that word unigrams in combination with i-vectors achieve higher score than systems trained with larger number of $n$-gram features. Our best-performing systems achieved F1-scores of 87.16{\%}, 83.33{\%} and 91.75{\%} on the essay track, the speech track and the fusion track respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{gordon-etal-2017-structured,
    title = "Structured Generation of Technical Reading Lists",
    author = "Gordon, Jonathan  and
      Aguilar, Stephen  and
      Sheng, Emily  and
      Burns, Gully",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5029",
    pages = "261--270",
    abstract = "Learners need to find suitable documents to read and prioritize them in an appropriate order. We present a method of automatically generating reading lists, selecting documents based on their pedagogical value to the learner and ordering them using the structure of concepts in the domain. Resulting reading lists related to computational linguistics were evaluated by advanced learners and judged to be near the quality of those generated by domain experts. We provide an open-source implementation of our method to enable future work on reading list generation.",
}
@inproceedings{stajner-etal-2017-effects,
    title = "Effects of Lexical Properties on Viewing Time per Word in Autistic and Neurotypical Readers",
    author = "{\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Yaneva, Victoria  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5030",
    pages = "271--281",
    abstract = "Eye tracking studies from the past few decades have shaped the way we think of word complexity and cognitive load: words that are long, rare and ambiguous are more difficult to read. However, online processing techniques have been scarcely applied to investigating the reading difficulties of people with autism and what vocabulary is challenging for them. We present parallel gaze data obtained from adult readers with autism and a control group of neurotypical readers and show that the former required higher cognitive effort to comprehend the texts as evidenced by three gaze-based measures. We divide all words into four classes based on their viewing times for both groups and investigate the relationship between longer viewing times and word length, word frequency, and four cognitively-based measures (word concreteness, familiarity, age of acquisition and imagability).",
}
@inproceedings{ostling-grigonyte-2017-transparent,
    title = "Transparent text quality assessment with convolutional neural networks",
    author = {{\"O}stling, Robert  and
      Grigonyte, Gintare},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5031",
    pages = "282--286",
    abstract = "We present a very simple model for text quality assessment based on a deep convolutional neural network, where the only supervision required is one corpus of user-generated text of varying quality, and one contrasting text corpus of consistently high quality. Our model is able to provide local quality assessments in different parts of a text, which allows visual feedback about where potentially problematic parts of the text are located, as well as a way to evaluate which textual features are captured by our model. We evaluate our method on two corpora: a large corpus of manually graded student essays and a longitudinal corpus of language learner written production, and find that the text quality metric learned by our model is a fairly strong predictor of both essay grade and learner proficiency level.",
}
@inproceedings{rei-etal-2017-artificial,
    title = "Artificial Error Generation with Machine Translation and Syntactic Patterns",
    author = "Rei, Marek  and
      Felice, Mariano  and
      Yuan, Zheng  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5032",
    pages = "287--292",
    abstract = "Shortage of available training data is holding back progress in the area of automated error detection. This paper investigates two alternative methods for artificially generating writing errors, in order to create additional resources. We propose treating error generation as a machine translation task, where grammatically correct text is translated to contain errors. In addition, we explore a system for extracting textual patterns from an annotated corpus, which can then be used to insert errors into grammatically correct sentences. Our experiments show that the inclusion of artificially generated errors significantly improves error detection accuracy on both FCE and CoNLL 2014 datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{kochmar-shutova-2017-modelling,
    title = "Modelling semantic acquisition in second language learning",
    author = "Kochmar, Ekaterina  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5033",
    pages = "293--302",
    abstract = "Using methods of statistical analysis, we investigate how semantic knowledge is acquired in English as a second language and evaluate the pace of development across a number of predicate types and content word combinations, as well as across the levels of language proficiency and native languages. Our exploratory study helps identify the most problematic areas for language learners with different backgrounds and at different stages of learning.",
}
@inproceedings{stasaski-hearst-2017-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Choice Question Generation Utilizing An Ontology",
    author = "Stasaski, Katherine  and
      Hearst, Marti A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5034",
    pages = "303--312",
    abstract = "Ontologies provide a structured representation of concepts and the relationships which connect them. This work investigates how a pre-existing educational Biology ontology can be used to generate useful practice questions for students by using the connectivity structure in a novel way. It also introduces a novel way to generate multiple-choice distractors from the ontology, and compares this to a baseline of using embedding representations of nodes. An assessment by an experienced science teacher shows a significant advantage over a baseline when using the ontology for distractor generation. A subsequent study with three science teachers on the results of a modified question generation algorithm finds significant improvements. An in-depth analysis of the teachers{'} comments yields useful insights for any researcher working on automated question generation for educational applications.",
}
@inproceedings{wolska-clausen-2017-simplifying,
    title = "Simplifying metaphorical language for young readers: A corpus study on news text",
    author = "Wolska, Magdalena  and
      Clausen, Yulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5035",
    pages = "313--318",
    abstract = "The paper presents first results of an ongoing project on text simplification focusing on linguistic metaphors. Based on an analysis of a parallel corpus of news text professionally simplified for different grade levels, we identify six types of simplification choices falling into two broad categories: preserving metaphors or dropping them. An annotation study on almost 300 source sentences with metaphors (grade level 12) and their simplified counterparts (grade 4) is conducted. The results show that most metaphors are preserved and when they are dropped, the semantic content tends to be preserved rather than dropped, however, it is reworded without metaphorical language. In general, some of the expected tendencies in complexity reduction, measured with psycholinguistic variables linked to metaphor comprehension, are observed, suggesting good prospect for machine learning-based metaphor simplification.",
}
@inproceedings{nadeem-ostendorf-2017-language,
    title = "Language Based Mapping of Science Assessment Items to Skills",
    author = "Nadeem, Farah  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5036",
    pages = "319--326",
    abstract = "Knowledge of the association between assessment questions and the skills required to solve them is necessary for analysis of student learning. This association, often represented as a Q-matrix, is either hand-labeled by domain experts or learned as latent variables given a large student response data set. As a means of automating the match to formal standards, this paper uses neural text classification methods, leveraging the language in the standards documents to identify online text for a proxy training task. Experiments involve identifying the topic and crosscutting concepts of middle school science questions leveraging multi-task training. Results show that it is possible to automatically build a Q-matrix without student response data and using a modest number of hand-labeled questions.",
}
@inproceedings{chollampatt-ng-2017-connecting,
    title = "Connecting the Dots: Towards Human-Level Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Chollampatt, Shamil  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5037",
    pages = "327--333",
    abstract = "We build a grammatical error correction (GEC) system primarily based on the state-of-the-art statistical machine translation (SMT) approach, using task-specific features and tuning, and further enhance it with the modeling power of neural network joint models. The SMT-based system is weak in generalizing beyond patterns seen during training and lacks granularity below the word level. To address this issue, we incorporate a character-level SMT component targeting the misspelled words that the original SMT-based system fails to correct. Our final system achieves 53.14{\%} F 0.5 score on the benchmark CoNLL-2014 test set, an improvement of 3.62{\%} F 0.5 over the best previous published score.",
}
@inproceedings{chinkina-meurers-2017-question,
    title = "Question Generation for Language Learning: From ensuring texts are read to supporting learning",
    author = "Chinkina, Maria  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5038",
    pages = "334--344",
    abstract = "In Foreign Language Teaching and Learning (FLTL), questions are systematically used to assess the learner{'}s understanding of a text. Computational linguistic approaches have been developed to generate such questions automatically given a text (e.g., Heilman, 2011). In this paper, we want to broaden the perspective on the different functions questions can play in FLTL and discuss how automatic question generation can support the different uses. Complementing the focus on meaning and comprehension, we want to highlight the fact that questions can also be used to make learners notice form aspects of the linguistic system and their interpretation. Automatically generating questions that target linguistic forms and grammatical categories in a text in essence supports incidental focus-on-form (Loewen, 2005) in a meaning-focused reading task. We discuss two types of questions serving this purpose, how they can be generated automatically; and we report on a crowd-sourcing evaluation comparing automatically generated to manually written questions targeting particle verbs, a challenging linguistic form for learners of English.",
}
@inproceedings{napoles-callison-burch-2017-systematically,
    title = "Systematically Adapting Machine Translation for Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Napoles, Courtney  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5039",
    pages = "345--356",
    abstract = "n this work we adapt machine translation (MT) to grammatical error correction, identifying how components of the statistical MT pipeline can be modified for this task and analyzing how each modification impacts system performance. We evaluate the contribution of each of these components with standard evaluation metrics and automatically characterize the morphological and lexical transformations made in system output. Our model rivals the current state of the art using a fraction of the training data.",
}
@inproceedings{horbach-etal-2017-fine,
    title = "Fine-grained essay scoring of a complex writing task for native speakers",
    author = "Horbach, Andrea  and
      Scholten-Akoun, Dirk  and
      Ding, Yuning  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5040",
    pages = "357--366",
    abstract = "Automatic essay scoring is nowadays successfully used even in high-stakes tests, but this is mainly limited to holistic scoring of learner essays. We present a new dataset of essays written by highly proficient German native speakers that is scored using a fine-grained rubric with the goal to provide detailed feedback. Our experiments with two state-of-the-art scoring systems (a neural and a SVM-based one) show a large drop in performance compared to existing datasets. This demonstrates the need for such datasets that allow to guide research on more elaborate essay scoring methods.",
}
@inproceedings{goutte-leger-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Optimal Voting in Native Language Identification",
    author = "Goutte, Cyril  and
      L{\'e}ger, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5041",
    pages = "367--373",
    abstract = "We describe the submissions entered by the National Research Council Canada in the NLI-2017 evaluation. We mainly explored the use of voting, and various ways to optimize the choice and number of voting systems. We also explored the use of features that rely on no linguistic preprocessing. Long ngrams of characters obtained from raw text turned out to yield the best performance on all textual input (written essays and speech transcripts). Voting ensembles turned out to produce small performance gains, with little difference between the various optimization strategies we tried. Our top systems achieved accuracies of 87{\%} on the essay track, 84{\%} on the speech track, and close to 92{\%} by combining essays, speech and i-vectors in the fusion track.",
}
@inproceedings{markov-etal-2017-cic,
    title = "{CIC}-{FBK} Approach to Native Language Identification",
    author = "Markov, Ilia  and
      Chen, Lingzhen  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Sidorov, Grigori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5042",
    pages = "374--381",
    abstract = "We present the CIC-FBK system, which took part in the Native Language Identification (NLI) Shared Task 2017. Our approach combines features commonly used in previous NLI research, i.e., word n-grams, lemma n-grams, part-of-speech n-grams, and function words, with recently introduced character n-grams from misspelled words, and features that are novel in this task, such as typed character n-grams, and syntactic n-grams of words and of syntactic relation tags. We use log-entropy weighting scheme and perform classification using the Support Vector Machines (SVM) algorithm. Our system achieved 0.8808 macro-averaged F1-score and shared the 1st rank in the NLI Shared Task 2017 scoring.",
}
@inproceedings{kulmizev-etal-2017-power,
    title = "The Power of Character N-grams in Native Language Identification",
    author = "Kulmizev, Artur  and
      Blankers, Bo  and
      Bjerva, Johannes  and
      Nissim, Malvina  and
      van Noord, Gertjan  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      Wieling, Martijn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5043",
    pages = "382--389",
    abstract = "In this paper, we explore the performance of a linear SVM trained on language independent character features for the NLI Shared Task 2017. Our basic system (GRONINGEN) achieves the best performance (87.56 F1-score) on the evaluation set using only 1-9 character n-grams as features. We compare this against several ensemble and meta-classifiers in order to examine how the linear system fares when combined with other, especially non-linear classifiers. Special emphasis is placed on the topic bias that exists by virtue of the assessment essay prompt distribution.",
}
@inproceedings{li-zou-2017-classifier,
    title = "Classifier Stacking for Native Language Identification",
    author = "Li, Wen  and
      Zou, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5044",
    pages = "390--397",
    abstract = "This paper reports our contribution (team WLZ) to the NLI Shared Task 2017 (essay track). We first extract lexical and syntactic features from the essays, perform feature weighting and selection, and train linear support vector machine (SVM) classifiers each on an individual feature type. The output of base classifiers, as probabilities for each class, are then fed into a multilayer perceptron to predict the native language of the author. We also report the performance of each feature type, as well as the best features of a type. Our system achieves an accuracy of 86.55{\%}, which is among the best performing systems of this shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{zampieri-etal-2017-native,
    title = "Native Language Identification on Text and Speech",
    author = "Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5045",
    pages = "398--404",
    abstract = "This paper presents an ensemble system combining the output of multiple SVM classifiers to native language identification (NLI). The system was submitted to the NLI Shared Task 2017 fusion track which featured students essays and spoken responses in form of audio transcriptions and iVectors by non-native English speakers of eleven native languages. Our system competed in the challenge under the team name ZCD and was based on an ensemble of SVM classifiers trained on character n-grams achieving 83.58{\%} accuracy and ranking 3rd in the shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{smiley-kubler-2017-native,
    title = "Native Language Identification using Phonetic Algorithms",
    author = {Smiley, Charese  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5046",
    pages = "405--412",
    abstract = "In this paper, we discuss the results of the IUCL system in the NLI Shared Task 2017. For our system, we explore a variety of phonetic algorithms to generate features for Native Language Identification. These features are contrasted with one of the most successful type of features in NLI, character n-grams. We find that although phonetic features do not perform as well as character n-grams alone, they do increase overall F1 score when used together with character n-grams.",
}
@inproceedings{oh-etal-2017-deep,
    title = "A deep-learning based native-language classification by using a latent semantic analysis for the {NLI} Shared Task 2017",
    author = "Oh, Yoo Rhee  and
      Jeon, Hyung-Bae  and
      Song, Hwa Jeon  and
      Lee, Yun-Kyung  and
      Park, Jeon-Gue  and
      Lee, Yun-Keun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5047",
    pages = "413--422",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a deep-learning based native-language identification (NLI) using a latent semantic analysis (LSA) as a participant (ETRI-SLP) of the NLI Shared Task 2017 where the NLI Shared Task 2017 aims to detect the native language of an essay or speech response of a standardized assessment of English proficiency for academic purposes. To this end, we use the six unit forms of a text data such as character 4/5/6-grams and word 1/2/3-grams. For each unit form of text data, we convert it into a count-based vector, extract a 2000-rank LSA feature, and perform a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) based dimension reduction. From the count-based vector or the LSA-LDA feature, we also obtain the output prediction values of a support vector machine (SVM) based classifier, the output prediction values of a deep neural network (DNN) based classifier, and the bottleneck values of a DNN based classifier. In order to incorporate the various kinds of text-based features and a speech-based i-vector feature, we design two DNN based ensemble classifiers for late fusion and early fusion, respectively. From the NLI experiments, the F1 (macro) scores are obtained as 0.8601, 0.8664, and 0.9220 for the essay track, the speech track, and the fusion track, respectively. The proposed method has comparable performance to the top-ranked teams for the speech and fusion tracks, although it has slightly lower performance for the essay track.",
}
@inproceedings{kepler-etal-2017-fusion,
    title = "Fusion of Simple Models for Native Language Identification",
    author = "Kepler, Fabio  and
      Astudillo, Ramon  and
      Abad, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5048",
    pages = "423--429",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe the approaches we explored for the 2017 Native Language Identification shared task. We focused on simple word and sub-word units avoiding heavy use of hand-crafted features. Following recent trends, we explored linear and neural networks models to attempt to compensate for the lack of rich feature use. Initial efforts yielded f1-scores of 82.39{\%} and 83.77{\%} in the development and test sets of the fusion track, and were officially submitted to the task as team L2F. After the task was closed, we carried on further experiments and relied on a late fusion strategy for combining our simple proposed approaches with modifications of the baselines provided by the task. As expected, the i-vectors based sub-system dominates the performance of the system combinations, and results in the major contributor to our achieved scores. Our best combined system achieves 90.1{\%} and 90.2{\%} f1-score in the development and test sets of the fusion track, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{cimino-dellorletta-2017-stacked,
    title = "Stacked Sentence-Document Classifier Approach for Improving Native Language Identification",
    author = "Cimino, Andrea  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5049",
    pages = "430--437",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the approach of the ItaliaNLP Lab team to native language identification and discuss the results we submitted as participants to the essay track of NLI Shared Task 2017. We introduce for the first time a 2-stacked sentence-document architecture for native language identification that is able to exploit both local sentence information and a wide set of general-purpose features qualifying the lexical and grammatical structure of the whole document. When evaluated on the official test set, our sentence-document stacked architecture obtained the best result among all the participants of the essay track with an F1 score of 0.8818.",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-garduno-sogaard-2017-using,
    title = "Using Gaze to Predict Text Readability",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez-Gardu{\~n}o, Ana Valeria  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5050",
    pages = "438--443",
    abstract = "We show that text readability prediction improves significantly from hard parameter sharing with models predicting first pass duration, total fixation duration and regression duration. Specifically, we induce multi-task Multilayer Perceptrons and Logistic Regression models over sentence representations that capture various aggregate statistics, from two different text readability corpora for English, as well as the Dundee eye-tracking corpus. Our approach leads to significant improvements over Single task learning and over previous systems. In addition, our improvements are consistent across train sample sizes, making our approach especially applicable to small datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{laarmann-quante-etal-2017-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Orthographic Target Hypotheses in a {G}erman {L}1 Learner Corpus",
    author = "Laarmann-Quante, Ronja  and
      Ortmann, Katrin  and
      Ehlert, Anna  and
      Vogel, Maurice  and
      Dipper, Stefanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5051",
    pages = "444--456",
    abstract = "NLP applications for learners often rely on annotated learner corpora. Thereby, it is important that the annotations are both meaningful for the task, and consistent and reliable. We present a new longitudinal L1 learner corpus for German (handwritten texts collected in grade 2{--}4), which is transcribed and annotated with a target hypothesis that strictly only corrects orthographic errors, and is thereby tailored to research and tool development for orthographic issues in primary school. While for most corpora, transcription and target hypothesis are not evaluated, we conducted a detailed inter-annotator agreement study for both tasks. Although we achieved high agreement, our discussion of cases of disagreement shows that even with detailed guidelines, annotators differ here and there for different reasons, which should also be considered when working with transcriptions and target hypotheses of other corpora, especially if no explicit guidelines for their construction are known.",
}
@inproceedings{madnani-etal-2017-large,
    title = "A Large Scale Quantitative Exploration of Modeling Strategies for Content Scoring",
    author = "Madnani, Nitin  and
      Loukina, Anastassia  and
      Cahill, Aoife",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5052",
    pages = "457--467",
    abstract = "We explore various supervised learning strategies for automated scoring of content knowledge for a large corpus of 130 different content-based questions spanning four subject areas (Science, Math, English Language Arts, and Social Studies) and containing over 230,000 responses scored by human raters. Based on our analyses, we provide specific recommendations for content scoring. These are based on patterns observed across multiple questions and assessments and are, therefore, likely to generalize to other scenarios and prove useful to the community as automated content scoring becomes more popular in schools and classrooms.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-argument,
    title = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    author = "Habernal, Ivan  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Ashley, Kevin  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Green, Nancy  and
      Litman, Diane  and
      Petasis, Georgios  and
      Reed, Chris  and
      Slonim, Noam  and
      Walker, Vern",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-51",
}
@inproceedings{fierro-etal-2017-200k,
    title = "200{K}+ Crowdsourced Political Arguments for a New {C}hilean Constitution",
    author = "Fierro, Constanza  and
      Fuentes, Claudio  and
      P{\'e}rez, Jorge  and
      Quezada, Mauricio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5101",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the dataset of 200,000+ political arguments produced in the local phase of the 2016 Chilean constitutional process. We describe the human processing of this data by the government officials, and the manual tagging of arguments performed by members of our research group. Afterwards we focus on classification tasks that mimic the human processes, comparing linear methods with neural network architectures. The experiments show that some of the manual tasks are suitable for automatization. In particular, the best methods achieve a 90{\%} top-5 accuracy in a multi-class classification of arguments, and 65{\%} macro-averaged F1-score for tagging arguments according to a three-part argumentation model.",
}
@inproceedings{hidey-etal-2017-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Semantic Types of Claims and Premises in an Online Persuasive Forum",
    author = "Hidey, Christopher  and
      Musi, Elena  and
      Hwang, Alyssa  and
      Muresan, Smaranda  and
      McKeown, Kathy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5102",
    pages = "11--21",
    abstract = "Argumentative text has been analyzed both theoretically and computationally in terms of argumentative structure that consists of argument components (e.g., claims, premises) and their argumentative relations (e.g., support, attack). Less emphasis has been placed on analyzing the semantic types of argument components. We propose a two-tiered annotation scheme to label claims and premises and their semantic types in an online persuasive forum, Change My View, with the long-term goal of understanding what makes a message persuasive. Premises are annotated with the three types of persuasive modes: ethos, logos, pathos, while claims are labeled as interpretation, evaluation, agreement, or disagreement, the latter two designed to account for the dialogical nature of our corpus. We aim to answer three questions: 1) can humans reliably annotate the semantic types of argument components? 2) are types of premises/claims positioned in recurrent orders? and 3) are certain types of claims and/or premises more likely to appear in persuasive messages than in non-persuasive messages?",
}
@inproceedings{yamada-etal-2017-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of argument structure in {J}apanese legal documents",
    author = "Yamada, Hiroaki  and
      Teufel, Simone  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5103",
    pages = "22--31",
    abstract = "We propose a method for the annotation of Japanese civil judgment documents, with the purpose of creating flexible summaries of these. The first step, described in the current paper, concerns content selection, i.e., the question of which material should be extracted initially for the summary. In particular, we utilize the hierarchical argument structure of the judgment documents. Our main contributions are a) the design of an annotation scheme that stresses the connection between legal points (called issue topics) and argument structure, b) an adaptation of rhetorical status to suit the Japanese legal system and c) the definition of a linked argument structure based on legal sub-arguments. In this paper, we report agreement between two annotators on several aspects of the overall task.",
}
@inproceedings{bar-haim-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Claim Stance Classification with Lexical Knowledge Expansion and Context Utilization",
    author = "Bar-Haim, Roy  and
      Edelstein, Lilach  and
      Jochim, Charles  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5104",
    pages = "32--38",
    abstract = "Stance classification is a core component in on-demand argument construction pipelines. Previous work on claim stance classification relied on background knowledge such as manually-composed sentiment lexicons. We show that both accuracy and coverage can be significantly improved through automatic expansion of the initial lexicon. We also developed a set of contextual features that further improves the state-of-the-art for this task.",
}
@inproceedings{lawrence-reed-2017-mining,
    title = "Mining Argumentative Structure from Natural Language text using Automatically Generated Premise-Conclusion Topic Models",
    author = "Lawrence, John  and
      Reed, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5105",
    pages = "39--48",
    abstract = "This paper presents a method of extracting argumentative structure from natural language text. The approach presented is based on the way in which we understand an argument being made, not just from the words said, but from existing contextual knowledge and understanding of the broader issues. We leverage high-precision, low-recall techniques in order to automatically build a large corpus of inferential statements related to the text{'}s topic. These statements are then used to produce a matrix representing the inferential relationship between different aspects of the topic. From this matrix, we are able to determine connectedness and directionality of inference between statements in the original text. By following this approach, we obtain results that compare favourably to those of other similar techniques to classify premise-conclusion pairs (with results 22 points above baseline), but without the requirement of large volumes of annotated, domain specific data.",
}
@inproceedings{wachsmuth-etal-2017-building,
    title = "Building an Argument Search Engine for the Web",
    author = "Wachsmuth, Henning  and
      Potthast, Martin  and
      Al-Khatib, Khalid  and
      Ajjour, Yamen  and
      Puschmann, Jana  and
      Qu, Jiani  and
      Dorsch, Jonas  and
      Morari, Viorel  and
      Bevendorff, Janek  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5106",
    pages = "49--59",
    abstract = "Computational argumentation is expected to play a critical role in the future of web search. To make this happen, many search-related questions must be revisited, such as how people query for arguments, how to mine arguments from the web, or how to rank them. In this paper, we develop an argument search framework for studying these and further questions. The framework allows for the composition of approaches to acquiring, mining, assessing, indexing, querying, retrieving, ranking, and presenting arguments while relying on standard infrastructure and interfaces. Based on the framework, we build a prototype search engine, called args, that relies on an initial, freely accessible index of nearly 300k arguments crawled from reliable web resources. The framework and the argument search engine are intended as an environment for collaborative research on computational argumentation and its practical evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{hou-jochim-2017-argument,
    title = "Argument Relation Classification Using a Joint Inference Model",
    author = "Hou, Yufang  and
      Jochim, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5107",
    pages = "60--66",
    abstract = "In this paper, we address the problem of argument relation classification where argument units are from different texts. We design a joint inference method for the task by modeling argument relation classification and stance classification jointly. We show that our joint model improves the results over several strong baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{aker-zhang-2017-projection,
    title = "Projection of Argumentative Corpora from Source to Target Languages",
    author = "Aker, Ahmet  and
      Zhang, Huangpan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5108",
    pages = "67--72",
    abstract = "Argumentative corpora are costly to create and are available in only few languages with English dominating the area. In this paper we release the first publicly available Mandarin argumentative corpus. The corpus is created by exploiting the idea of comparable corpora from Statistical Machine Translation. We use existing corpora in English and manually map the claims and premises to comparable corpora in Mandarin. We also implement a simple solution to automate this approach with the view of creating argumentative corpora in other less-resourced languages. In this way we introduce a new task of multi-lingual argument mapping that can be evaluated using our English-Mandarin argumentative corpus. The preliminary results of our automatic argument mapper mirror the simplicity of our approach, but provide a baseline for further improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{green-2017-manual,
    title = "Manual Identification of Arguments with Implicit Conclusions Using Semantic Rules for Argument Mining",
    author = "Green, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5109",
    pages = "73--78",
    abstract = "This paper describes a pilot study to evaluate human analysts{'} ability to identify the argumentation scheme and premises of an argument having an implicit conclusion. In preparation for the study, argumentation scheme definitions were crafted for genetics research articles. The schemes were defined in semantic terms, following a proposal to use semantic rules to mine arguments in that literature.",
}
@inproceedings{levy-etal-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised corpus{--}wide claim detection",
    author = "Levy, Ran  and
      Gretz, Shai  and
      Sznajder, Benjamin  and
      Hummel, Shay  and
      Aharonov, Ranit  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5110",
    pages = "79--84",
    abstract = "Automatic claim detection is a fundamental argument mining task that aims to automatically mine claims regarding a topic of consideration. Previous works on mining argumentative content have assumed that a set of relevant documents is given in advance. Here, we present a first corpus{--} wide claim detection framework, that can be directly applied to massive corpora. Using simple and intuitive empirical observations, we derive a claim sentence query by which we are able to directly retrieve sentences in which the prior probability to include topic-relevant claims is greatly enhanced. Next, we employ simple heuristics to rank the sentences, leading to an unsupervised corpus{--}wide claim detection system, with precision that outperforms previously reported results on the task of claim detection given relevant documents and labeled data.",
}
@inproceedings{saint-dizier-2017-using,
    title = "Using Question-Answering Techniques to Implement a Knowledge-Driven Argument Mining Approach",
    author = "Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5111",
    pages = "85--90",
    abstract = "This short paper presents a first implementation of a knowledge-driven argument mining approach. The major processing steps and language resources of the system are surveyed. An indicative evaluation outlines challenges and improvement directions.",
}
@inproceedings{aker-etal-2017-works,
    title = "What works and what does not: Classifier and feature analysis for argument mining",
    author = "Aker, Ahmet  and
      Sliwa, Alfred  and
      Ma, Yuan  and
      Lui, Ruishen  and
      Borad, Niravkumar  and
      Ziyaei, Seyedeh  and
      Ghobadi, Mina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5112",
    pages = "91--96",
    abstract = "This paper offers a comparative analysis of the performance of different supervised machine learning methods and feature sets on argument mining tasks. Specifically, we address the tasks of extracting argumentative segments from texts and predicting the structure between those segments. Eight classifiers and different combinations of six feature types reported in previous work are evaluated. The results indicate that overall best performing features are the structural ones. Although the performance of classifiers varies depending on the feature combinations and corpora used for training and testing, Random Forest seems to be among the best performing classifiers. These results build a basis for further development of argument mining techniques and can guide an implementation of argument mining into different applications such as argument based search.",
}
@inproceedings{ferrara-etal-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Detection of Argumentative Units though Topic Modeling Techniques",
    author = "Ferrara, Alfio  and
      Montanelli, Stefano  and
      Petasis, Georgios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5113",
    pages = "97--107",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a new unsupervised approach, {``}Attraction to Topics{''} {--} A2T , for the detection of argumentative units, a sub-task of argument mining. Motivated by the importance of topic identification in manual annotation, we examine whether topic modeling can be used for performing unsupervised detection of argumentative sentences, and to what extend topic modeling can be used to classify sentences as claims and premises. Preliminary evaluation results suggest that topic information can be successfully used for the detection of argumentative sentences, at least for corpora used for evaluation. Our approach has been evaluated on two English corpora, the first of which contains 90 persuasive essays, while the second is a collection of 340 documents from user generated content.",
}
@inproceedings{lawrence-reed-2017-using,
    title = "Using Complex Argumentative Interactions to Reconstruct the Argumentative Structure of Large-Scale Debates",
    author = "Lawrence, John  and
      Reed, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5114",
    pages = "108--117",
    abstract = "In this paper we consider the insights that can be gained by considering large scale argument networks and the complex interactions between their constituent propositions. We investigate metrics for analysing properties of these networks, illustrating these using a corpus of arguments taken from the 2016 US Presidential Debates. We present techniques for determining these features directly from natural language text and show that there is a strong correlation between these automatically identified features and the argumentative structure contained within the text. Finally, we combine these metrics with argument mining techniques and show how the identification of argumentative relations can be improved by considering the larger context in which they occur.",
}
@inproceedings{ajjour-etal-2017-unit,
    title = "Unit Segmentation of Argumentative Texts",
    author = "Ajjour, Yamen  and
      Chen, Wei-Fan  and
      Kiesel, Johannes  and
      Wachsmuth, Henning  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5115",
    pages = "118--128",
    abstract = "The segmentation of an argumentative text into argument units and their non-argumentative counterparts is the first step in identifying the argumentative structure of the text. Despite its importance for argument mining, unit segmentation has been approached only sporadically so far. This paper studies the major parameters of unit segmentation systematically. We explore the effectiveness of various features, when capturing words separately, along with their neighbors, or even along with the entire text. Each such context is reflected by one machine learning model that we evaluate within and across three domains of texts. Among the models, our new deep learning approach capturing the entire text turns out best within all domains, with an F-score of up to 88.54. While structural features generalize best across domains, the domain transfer remains hard, which points to major challenges of unit segmentation.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-approaches,
    title = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Mohammad, Saif M.  and
      van der Goot, Erik",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-52",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-2017-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Sarcasm Using Different Forms Of Incongruity",
    author = "Joshi, Aditya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5201",
    pages = "1",
    abstract = "Sarcasm is a form of verbal irony that is intended to express contempt or ridicule. Often quoted as a challenge to sentiment analysis, sarcasm involves use of words of positive or no polarity to convey negative sentiment. Incongruity has been observed to be at the heart of sarcasm understanding in humans. Our work in sarcasm detection identifies different forms of incongruity and employs different machine learning techniques to capture them. This talk will describe the approach, datasets and challenges in sarcasm detection using different forms of incongruity. We identify two forms of incongruity: incongruity which can be understood based on the target text and common background knowledge, and incongruity which can be understood based on the target text and additional, specific context. The former involves use of sentiment-based features, word embeddings, and topic models. The latter involves creation of author{'}s historical context based on their historical data, and creation of conversational context for sarcasm detection of dialogue.",
}
@inproceedings{barnes-etal-2017-assessing,
    title = "Assessing State-of-the-Art Sentiment Models on State-of-the-Art Sentiment Datasets",
    author = "Barnes, Jeremy  and
      Klinger, Roman  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5202",
    pages = "2--12",
    abstract = "There has been a good amount of progress in sentiment analysis over the past 10 years, including the proposal of new methods and the creation of benchmark datasets. In some papers, however, there is a tendency to compare models only on one or two datasets, either because of time restraints or because the model is tailored to a specific task. Accordingly, it is hard to understand how well a certain model generalizes across different tasks and datasets. In this paper, we contribute to this situation by comparing several models on six different benchmarks, which belong to different domains and additionally have different levels of granularity (binary, 3-class, 4-class and 5-class). We show that Bi-LSTMs perform well across datasets and that both LSTMs and Bi-LSTMs are particularly good at fine-grained sentiment tasks (\textit{i.e.}, with more than two classes). Incorporating sentiment information into word embeddings during training gives good results for datasets that are lexically similar to the training data. With our experiments, we contribute to a better understanding of the performance of different model architectures on different data sets. Consequently, we detect novel state-of-the-art results on the \textit{SenTube} datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{schuff-etal-2017-annotation,
    title = "Annotation, Modelling and Analysis of Fine-Grained Emotions on a Stance and Sentiment Detection Corpus",
    author = "Schuff, Hendrik  and
      Barnes, Jeremy  and
      Mohme, Julian  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Klinger, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5203",
    pages = "13--23",
    abstract = "There is a rich variety of data sets for sentiment analysis (viz., polarity and subjectivity classification). For the more challenging task of detecting discrete emotions following the definitions of Ekman and Plutchik, however, there are much fewer data sets, and notably no resources for the social media domain. This paper contributes to closing this gap by extending the \textit{SemEval 2016 stance and sentiment dataset} with emotion annotation. We (a) analyse annotation reliability and annotation merging; (b) investigate the relation between emotion annotation and the other annotation layers (stance, sentiment); (c) report modelling results as a baseline for future work.",
}
@inproceedings{hartung-etal-2017-ranking,
    title = "Ranking Right-Wing Extremist Social Media Profiles by Similarity to Democratic and Extremist Groups",
    author = "Hartung, Matthias  and
      Klinger, Roman  and
      Schmidtke, Franziska  and
      Vogel, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5204",
    pages = "24--33",
    abstract = "Social media are used by an increasing number of political actors. A small subset of these is interested in pursuing extremist motives such as mobilization, recruiting or radicalization activities. In order to counteract these trends, online providers and state institutions reinforce their monitoring efforts, mostly relying on manual workflows. We propose a machine learning approach to support manual attempts towards identifying right-wing extremist content in German Twitter profiles. Based on a fine-grained conceptualization of right-wing extremism, we frame the task as ranking each individual profile on a continuum spanning different degrees of right-wing extremism, based on a nearest neighbour approach. A quantitative evaluation reveals that our ranking model yields robust performance (up to 0.81 F$_1$ score) when being used for predicting discrete class labels. At the same time, the model provides plausible continuous ranking scores for a small sample of borderline cases at the division of right-wing extremism and New Right political movements.",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-bravo-marquez-2017-wassa,
    title = "{WASSA}-2017 Shared Task on Emotion Intensity",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Bravo-Marquez, Felipe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5205",
    pages = "34--49",
    abstract = "We present the first shared task on detecting the intensity of emotion felt by the speaker of a tweet. We create the first datasets of tweets annotated for anger, fear, joy, and sadness intensities using a technique called best{--}worst scaling (BWS). We show that the annotations lead to reliable fine-grained intensity scores (rankings of tweets by intensity). The data was partitioned into training, development, and test sets for the competition. Twenty-two teams participated in the shared task, with the best system obtaining a Pearson correlation of 0.747 with the gold intensity scores. We summarize the machine learning setups, resources, and tools used by the participating teams, with a focus on the techniques and resources that are particularly useful for the task. The emotion intensity dataset and the shared task are helping improve our understanding of how we convey more or less intense emotions through language.",
}
@inproceedings{koper-etal-2017-ims,
    title = "{IMS} at {E}mo{I}nt-2017: Emotion Intensity Prediction with Affective Norms, Automatically Extended Resources and Deep Learning",
    author = {K{\"o}per, Maximilian  and
      Kim, Evgeny  and
      Klinger, Roman},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5206",
    pages = "50--57",
    abstract = "Our submission to the WASSA-2017 shared task on the prediction of emotion intensity in tweets is a supervised learning method with extended lexicons of affective norms. We combine three main information sources in a random forrest regressor, namely (1), manually created resources, (2) automatically extended lexicons, and (3) the output of a neural network (CNN-LSTM) for sentence regression. All three feature sets perform similarly well in isolation ({\mbox{$\approx$}} .67 macro average Pearson correlation). The combination achieves .72 on the official test set (ranked 2nd out of 22 participants). Our analysis reveals that performance is increased by providing cross-emotional intensity predictions. The automatic extension of lexicon features benefit from domain specific embeddings. Complementary ratings for affective norms increase the impact of lexicon features. Our resources (ratings for 1.6 million twitter specific words) and our implementation is publicly available at \url{http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/data/ims_emoint}.",
}
@inproceedings{goel-etal-2017-prayas,
    title = "Prayas at {E}mo{I}nt 2017: An Ensemble of Deep Neural Architectures for Emotion Intensity Prediction in Tweets",
    author = "Goel, Pranav  and
      Kulshreshtha, Devang  and
      Jain, Prayas  and
      Shukla, Kaushal Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5207",
    pages = "58--65",
    abstract = "The paper describes the best performing system for EmoInt - a shared task to predict the intensity of emotions in tweets. Intensity is a real valued score, between 0 and 1. The emotions are classified as - anger, fear, joy and sadness. We apply three different deep neural network based models, which approach the problem from essentially different directions. Our final performance quantified by an average pearson correlation score of 74.7 and an average spearman correlation score of 73.5 is obtained using an ensemble of the three models. We outperform the baseline model of the shared task by 9.9{\%} and 9.4{\%} pearson and spearman correlation scores respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{gurevych-2017-latest,
    title = "Latest News in Computational Argumentation: Surfing on the Deep Learning Wave, Scuba Diving in the Abyss of Fundamental Questions",
    author = "Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5208",
    pages = "66",
    abstract = "Mining arguments from natural language texts, parsing argumentative structures, and assessing argument quality are among the recent challeng-es tackled in computational argumentation. While advanced deep learning models provide state-of-the-art performance in many of these tasks, much attention is also paid to the underly-ing fundamental questions. How are arguments expressed in natural language across genres and domains? What is the essence of an argument{'}s claim? Can we reliably annotate convincingness of an argument? How can we approach logic and common-sense reasoning in argumentation? This talk highlights some recent advances in computa-tional argumentation and shows why researchers must be both {``}surfers{''} and {``}scuba divers{''}.",
}
@inproceedings{vilares-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Syntactic {I}berian Polarity Classification",
    author = "Vilares, David  and
      Garcia, Marcos  and
      Alonso, Miguel A.  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5209",
    pages = "67--73",
    abstract = "Lexicon-based methods using syntactic rules for polarity classification rely on parsers that are dependent on the language and on treebank guidelines. Thus, rules are also dependent and require adaptation, especially in multilingual scenarios. We tackle this challenge in the context of the Iberian Peninsula, releasing the first symbolic syntax-based Iberian system with rules shared across five official languages: Basque, Catalan, Galician, Portuguese and Spanish. The model is made available.",
}
@inproceedings{boltuzic-snajder-2017-toward,
    title = "Toward Stance Classification Based on Claim Microstructures",
    author = "Boltu{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Filip  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5210",
    pages = "74--80",
    abstract = "Claims are the building blocks of arguments and the reasons underpinning opinions, thus analyzing claims is important for both argumentation mining and opinion mining. We propose a framework for representing claims as microstructures, which express the beliefs, judgments, and policies about the relations between domain-specific concepts. In a proof-of-concept study, we manually build microstructures for over 800 claims extracted from an online debate. We test the so-obtained microstructures on the task of claim stance classification, achieving considerable improvements over text-based baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2017-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Reflexes of Well-Being and Happiness in Echo",
    author = "Wu, Jiaqi  and
      Walker, Marilyn  and
      Anand, Pranav  and
      Whittaker, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5211",
    pages = "81--91",
    abstract = "Different theories posit different sources for feelings of well-being and happiness. Appraisal theory grounds our emotional responses in our goals and desires and their fulfillment, or lack of fulfillment. Self-Determination theory posits that the basis for well-being rests on our assessments of our competence, autonomy and social connection. And surveys that measure happiness empirically note that people require their basic needs to be met for food and shelter, but beyond that tend to be happiest when socializing, eating or having sex. We analyze a corpus of private micro-blogs from a well-being application called Echo, where users label each written post about daily events with a happiness score between 1 and 9. Our goal is to ground the linguistic descriptions of events that users experience in theories of well-being and happiness, and then examine the extent to which different theoretical accounts can explain the variance in the happiness scores. We show that recurrent event types, such as obligation and incompetence, which affect people{'}s feelings of well-being are not captured in current lexical or semantic resources.",
}
@inproceedings{pekar-binner-2017-forecasting,
    title = "Forecasting Consumer Spending from Purchase Intentions Expressed on Social Media",
    author = "Pekar, Viktor  and
      Binner, Jane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5212",
    pages = "92--101",
    abstract = "Consumer spending is an important macroeconomic indicator that is used by policy-makers to judge the health of an economy. In this paper we present a novel method for predicting future consumer spending from social media data. In contrast to previous work that largely relied on sentiment analysis, the proposed method models consumer spending from purchase intentions found on social media. Our experiments with time series analysis models and machine-learning regression models reveal utility of this data for making short-term forecasts of consumer spending: for three- and seven-day horizons, prediction variables derived from social media help to improve forecast accuracy by 11{\%} to 18{\%} for all the three models, in comparison to models that used only autoregressive predictors.",
}
@inproceedings{marrese-taylor-etal-2017-mining,
    title = "Mining fine-grained opinions on closed captions of {Y}ou{T}ube videos with an attention-{RNN}",
    author = "Marrese-Taylor, Edison  and
      Balazs, Jorge  and
      Matsuo, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5213",
    pages = "102--111",
    abstract = "Video reviews are the natural evolution of written product reviews. In this paper we target this phenomenon and introduce the first dataset created from closed captions of YouTube product review videos as well as a new attention-RNN model for aspect extraction and joint aspect extraction and sentiment classification. Our model provides state-of-the-art performance on aspect extraction without requiring the usage of hand-crafted features on the SemEval ABSA corpus, while it outperforms the baseline on the joint task. In our dataset, the attention-RNN model outperforms the baseline for both tasks, but we observe important performance drops for all models in comparison to SemEval. These results, as well as further experiments on domain adaptation for aspect extraction, suggest that differences between speech and written text, which have been discussed extensively in the literature, also extend to the domain of product reviews, where they are relevant for fine-grained opinion mining.",
}
@inproceedings{balahur-2017-understanding,
    title = "Understanding human values and their emotional effect",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5214",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5214",
    pages = "112",
    abstract = "Emotions can be triggered by various factors. According to the Appraisal Theories (De Rivera, 1977; Frijda, 1986; Ortony et al., 1988; Johnson-Laird and Oatley, 1989) emotions are elicited and differentiated on the basis of the cognitive evaluation of the personal significance of a situation, object or event based on {``}appraisal criteria{''} (intrinsic characteristics of objects and events, significance of events to individual needs and goals, individual{'}s ability to cope with the consequences of the event, compatibility of event with social or personal standards, norms and values). These differences in values can trigger reactions such as anger, disgust (contempt), sadness, etc., because these behaviors are evaluated by the public as being incompatible with their social/personal standards, norms or values. Such arguments are frequently present both in mainstream media, as well as social media, building a society-wide view, attitude and emotional reaction towards refugees/immigrants. In this demo, I will talk about experiments to annotate and detect factual arguments that are linked to human needs/motivations from text and in consequence trigger emotion in the media audience and propose a new task for next year{'}s WASSA.",
}
@inproceedings{padilla-lopez-cap-2017-ever,
    title = "Did you ever read about Frogs drinking Coffee? Investigating the Compositionality of Multi-Emoji Expressions",
    author = "Padilla L{\'o}pez, Rebeca  and
      Cap, Fabienne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5215",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5215",
    pages = "113--117",
    abstract = "In this work, we present a first attempt to investigate multi-emoji expressions and whether they behave similarly to multiword expressions in terms of non-compositionality. We focus on the combination of the frog and the hot beverage emoji, but also show some preliminary results for other non-compositional emoji combinations. We use off-the-shelf sentiment analysers as well as manual classifications to approach the compositionality of these emoji combinations.",
}
@inproceedings{donato-paggio-2017-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Redundancy in Emoji Use: Study on a Twitter Based Corpus",
    author = "Donato, Giulia  and
      Paggio, Patrizia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5216",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5216",
    pages = "118--126",
    abstract = "In this paper we present an annotated corpus created with the aim of analyzing the informative behaviour of emoji {--} an issue of importance for sentiment analysis and natural language processing. The corpus consists of 2475 tweets all containing at least one emoji, which has been annotated using one of the three possible classes: Redundant, Non Redundant, and Non Redundant + POS. We explain how the corpus was collected, describe the annotation procedure and the interface developed for the task. We provide an analysis of the corpus, considering also possible predictive features, discuss the problematic aspects of the annotation, and suggest future improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{halder-etal-2017-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Temporal Progression of Emotional Status in Mental Health Forum: A Recurrent Neural Net Approach",
    author = "Halder, Kishaloy  and
      Poddar, Lahari  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5217",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5217",
    pages = "127--135",
    abstract = "Patients turn to Online Health Communities not only for information on specific conditions but also for emotional support. Previous research has indicated that the progression of emotional status can be studied through the linguistic patterns of an individual{'}s posts. We analyze a real-world dataset from the Mental Health section of HealthBoards.com. Estimated from the word usages in their posts, we find that the emotional progress across patients vary widely. We study the problem of predicting a patient{'}s emotional status in the future from her past posts and we propose a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) based architecture to address it. We find that the future emotional status can be predicted with reasonable accuracy given her historical posts and participation features. Our evaluation results demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed architecture, by outperforming state-of-the-art approaches with over 0.13 reduction in Mean Absolute Error.",
}
@inproceedings{de-clercq-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards an integrated pipeline for aspect-based sentiment analysis in various domains",
    author = "De Clercq, Orph{\'e}e  and
      Lefever, Els  and
      Jacobs, Gilles  and
      Carpels, Tijl  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5218",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5218",
    pages = "136--142",
    abstract = "This paper presents an integrated ABSA pipeline for Dutch that has been developed and tested on qualitative user feedback coming from three domains: retail, banking and human resources. The two latter domains provide service-oriented data, which has not been investigated before in ABSA. By performing in-domain and cross-domain experiments the validity of our approach was investigated. We show promising results for the three ABSA subtasks, aspect term extraction, aspect category classification and aspect polarity classification.",
}
@inproceedings{mohanty-etal-2017-building,
    title = "Building a {S}enti{W}ord{N}et for {O}dia",
    author = "Mohanty, Gaurav  and
      Kannan, Abishek  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5219",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5219",
    pages = "143--148",
    abstract = "As a discipline of Natural Language Processing, Sentiment Analysis is used to extract and analyze subjective information present in natural language data. The task of Sentiment Analysis has acquired wide commercial uses including social media monitoring tasks, survey responses, review systems, etc. Languages like English have several resources which aid in the task of Sentiment Analysis. SentiWordNet and Subjectivity WordList are examples of such tools and resources. With more data being available in native vernacular, language-specific SentiWordNet(s) have become essential. For resource poor languages, creating such SentiWordNet(s) is a difficult task to achieve. One solution is to use available resources in English and translate the final source lexicon to target lexicon via machine translation. Machine translation systems for the English-Odia language pair have not yet been developed. In this paper, we discuss a method to create a SentiWordNet for Odia, which is resource-poor, by only using resources which are currently available for Indian languages. The lexicon created, would serve as a tool for Sentiment Analysis related task specific to Odia data.",
}
@inproceedings{shin-etal-2017-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon Integrated {CNN} Models with Attention for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Shin, Bonggun  and
      Lee, Timothy  and
      Choi, Jinho D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5220",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5220",
    pages = "149--158",
    abstract = "With the advent of word embeddings, lexicons are no longer fully utilized for sentiment analysis although they still provide important features in the traditional setting. This paper introduces a novel approach to sentiment analysis that integrates lexicon embeddings and an attention mechanism into Convolutional Neural Networks. Our approach performs separate convolutions for word and lexicon embeddings and provides a global view of the document using attention. Our models are experimented on both the SemEval{'}16 Task 4 dataset and the Stanford Sentiment Treebank and show comparative or better results against the existing state-of-the-art systems. Our analysis shows that lexicon embeddings allow building high-performing models with much smaller word embeddings, and the attention mechanism effectively dims out noisy words for sentiment analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{arras-etal-2017-explaining,
    title = "Explaining Recurrent Neural Network Predictions in Sentiment Analysis",
    author = {Arras, Leila  and
      Montavon, Gr{\'e}goire  and
      M{\"u}ller, Klaus-Robert  and
      Samek, Wojciech},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5221",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5221",
    pages = "159--168",
    abstract = "Recently, a technique called Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) was shown to deliver insightful explanations in the form of input space relevances for understanding feed-forward neural network classification decisions. In the present work, we extend the usage of LRP to recurrent neural networks. We propose a specific propagation rule applicable to multiplicative connections as they arise in recurrent network architectures such as LSTMs and GRUs. We apply our technique to a word-based bi-directional LSTM model on a five-class sentiment prediction task, and evaluate the resulting LRP relevances both qualitatively and quantitatively, obtaining better results than a gradient-based related method which was used in previous work.",
}
@inproceedings{lakomkin-etal-2017-gradascent,
    title = "{G}rad{A}scent at {E}mo{I}nt-2017: Character and Word Level Recurrent Neural Network Models for Tweet Emotion Intensity Detection",
    author = "Lakomkin, Egor  and
      Bothe, Chandrakant  and
      Wermter, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5222",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5222",
    pages = "169--174",
    abstract = "The WASSA 2017 EmoInt shared task has the goal to predict emotion intensity values of tweet messages. Given the text of a tweet and its emotion category (anger, joy, fear, and sadness), the participants were asked to build a system that assigns emotion intensity values. Emotion intensity estimation is a challenging problem given the short length of the tweets, the noisy structure of the text and the lack of annotated data. To solve this problem, we developed an ensemble of two neural models, processing input on the character. and word-level with a lexicon-driven system. The correlation scores across all four emotions are averaged to determine the bottom-line competition metric, and our system ranks place forth in full intensity range and third in 0.5-1 range of intensity among 23 systems at the time of writing (June 2017).",
}
@inproceedings{andryushechkin-etal-2017-nuig,
    title = "{NUIG} at {E}mo{I}nt-2017: {B}i{LSTM} and {SVR} Ensemble to Detect Emotion Intensity",
    author = "Andryushechkin, Vladimir  and
      Wood, Ian  and
      O{'} Neill, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5223",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5223",
    pages = "175--179",
    abstract = "This paper describes the entry NUIG in the WASSA 2017 (8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment {\&} Social Media Analysis) shared task on emotion recognition. The NUIG system used an SVR (SVM regression) and BLSTM ensemble, utilizing primarily n-grams (for SVR features) and tweet word embeddings (for BLSTM features). Experiments were carried out on several other candidate features, some of which were added to the SVR model. Parameter selection for the SVR model was run as a grid search whilst parameters for the BLSTM model were selected through a non-exhaustive ad-hoc search.",
}
@inproceedings{giannakopoulos-etal-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Aspect Term Extraction with B-{LSTM} {\&} {CRF} using Automatically Labelled Datasets",
    author = "Giannakopoulos, Athanasios  and
      Musat, Claudiu  and
      Hossmann, Andreea  and
      Baeriswyl, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5224",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5224",
    pages = "180--188",
    abstract = "Aspect Term Extraction (ATE) identifies opinionated aspect terms in texts and is one of the tasks in the SemEval Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) contest. The small amount of available datasets for supervised ATE and the costly human annotation for aspect term labelling give rise to the need for unsupervised ATE. In this paper, we introduce an architecture that achieves top-ranking performance for supervised ATE. Moreover, it can be used efficiently as feature extractor and classifier for unsupervised ATE. Our second contribution is a method to automatically construct datasets for ATE. We train a classifier on our automatically labelled datasets and evaluate it on the human annotated SemEval ABSA test sets. Compared to a strong rule-based baseline, we obtain a dramatically higher F-score and attain precision values above 80{\%}. Our unsupervised method beats the supervised ABSA baseline from SemEval, while preserving high precision scores.",
}
@inproceedings{santos-vieira-2017-pln,
    title = "{PLN}-{PUCRS} at {E}mo{I}nt-2017: Psycholinguistic features for emotion intensity prediction in tweets",
    author = "Santos, Henrique  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5225",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5225",
    pages = "189--192",
    abstract = "Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) is a rich dictionary that map words into several psychological categories such as Affective, Social, Cognitive, Perceptual and Biological processes. In this work, we have used LIWC psycholinguistic categories to train regression models and predict emotion intensity in tweets for the EmoInt-2017 task. Results show that LIWC features may boost emotion intensity prediction on the basis of a low dimension set.",
}
@inproceedings{meisheri-etal-2017-textmining,
    title = "Textmining at {E}mo{I}nt-2017: A Deep Learning Approach to Sentiment Intensity Scoring of {E}nglish Tweets",
    author = "Meisheri, Hardik  and
      Saha, Rupsa  and
      Sinha, Priyanka  and
      Dey, Lipika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5226",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5226",
    pages = "193--199",
    abstract = "This paper describes our approach to the Emotion Intensity shared task. A parallel architecture of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long short term memory networks (LSTM) alongwith two sets of features are extracted which aid the network in judging emotion intensity. Experiments on different models and various features sets are described and analysis on results has also been presented.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-ynu,
    title = "{YNU}-{HPCC} at {E}mo{I}nt-2017: Using a {CNN}-{LSTM} Model for Sentiment Intensity Prediction",
    author = "Zhang, You  and
      Yuan, Hang  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5227",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5227",
    pages = "200--204",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a system that uses a convolutional neural network with long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) model to complete the task. The CNN-LSTM model has two combined parts: CNN extracts local n-gram features within tweets and LSTM composes the features to capture long-distance dependency across tweets. Additionally, we used other three models (CNN, LSTM, BiLSTM) as baseline algorithms. Our introduced model showed good performance in the experimental results.",
}
@inproceedings{duppada-hiray-2017-seernet,
    title = "Seernet at {E}mo{I}nt-2017: Tweet Emotion Intensity Estimator",
    author = "Duppada, Venkatesh  and
      Hiray, Sushant",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5228",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5228",
    pages = "205--211",
    abstract = "The paper describes experiments on estimating emotion intensity in tweets using a generalized regressor system. The system combines various independent feature extractors, trains them on general regressors and finally combines the best performing models to create an ensemble. The proposed system stood 3rd out of 22 systems in leaderboard of WASSA-2017 Shared Task on Emotion Intensity.",
}
@inproceedings{akhtar-etal-2017-iitp,
    title = "{IITP} at {E}mo{I}nt-2017: Measuring Intensity of Emotions using Sentence Embeddings and Optimized Features",
    author = "Akhtar, Md Shad  and
      Sawant, Palaash  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Pawar, Jyoti  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5229",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5229",
    pages = "212--218",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system that we submitted as part of our participation in the shared task on Emotion Intensity (EmoInt-2017). We propose a Long short term memory (LSTM) based architecture cascaded with Support Vector Regressor (SVR) for intensity prediction. We also employ Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based feature selection algorithm for obtaining an optimized feature set for training and evaluation. System evaluation shows interesting results on the four emotion datasets i.e. anger, fear, joy and sadness. In comparison to the other participating teams our system was ranked 5th in the competition.",
}
@inproceedings{madisetty-desarkar-2017-nsemo,
    title = "{NSE}mo at {E}mo{I}nt-2017: An Ensemble to Predict Emotion Intensity in Tweets",
    author = "Madisetty, Sreekanth  and
      Desarkar, Maunendra Sankar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5230",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5230",
    pages = "219--224",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe a method to predict emotion intensity in tweets. Our approach is an ensemble of three regression methods. The first method uses content-based features (hashtags, emoticons, elongated words, etc.). The second method considers word n-grams and character n-grams for training. The final method uses lexicons, word embeddings, word n-grams, character n-grams for training the model. An ensemble of these three methods gives better performance than individual methods. We applied our method on WASSA emotion dataset. Achieved results are as follows: average Pearson correlation is 0.706, average Spearman correlation is 0.696, average Pearson correlation for gold scores in range 0.5 to 1 is 0.539, and average Spearman correlation for gold scores in range 0.5 to 1 is 0.514.",
}
@inproceedings{moreno-ortiz-2017-tecnolengua,
    title = "{T}ecnolengua {L}ingmotif at {E}mo{I}nt-2017: A lexicon-based approach",
    author = "Moreno-Ortiz, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5231",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5231",
    pages = "225--232",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe Tecnolengua Group{'}s participation in the shared task on emotion intensity at WASSA 2017. We used the Lingmotif tool and a new, complementary tool, Lingmotif Learn, which we developed for this occasion. We based our intensity predictions for the four test datasets entirely on Lingmotif{'}s TSS (text sentiment score) feature. We also developed mechanisms for dealing with the idiosyncrasies of Twitter text. Results were comparatively poor, but the experience meant a good opportunity for us to identify issues in our score calculation for short texts, a genre for which the Lingmotif tool was not originally designed.",
}
@inproceedings{marrese-taylor-matsuo-2017-emoatt,
    title = "{E}mo{A}tt at {E}mo{I}nt-2017: Inner attention sentence embedding for Emotion Intensity",
    author = "Marrese-Taylor, Edison  and
      Matsuo, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5232",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5232",
    pages = "233--237",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe a deep learning system that has been designed and built for the WASSA 2017 Emotion Intensity Shared Task. We introduce a representation learning approach based on inner attention on top of an RNN. Results show that our model offers good capabilities and is able to successfully identify emotion-bearing words to predict intensity without leveraging on lexicons, obtaining the 13t place among 22 shared task competitors.",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2017-yzu,
    title = "{YZU}-{NLP} at {E}mo{I}nt-2017: Determining Emotion Intensity Using a Bi-directional {LSTM}-{CNN} Model",
    author = "He, Yuanye  and
      Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Lai, K. Robert  and
      Liu, Weiyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5233",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5233",
    pages = "238--242",
    abstract = "The EmoInt-2017 task aims to determine a continuous numerical value representing the intensity to which an emotion is expressed in a tweet. Compared to classification tasks that identify 1 among n emotions for a tweet, the present task can provide more fine-grained (real-valued) sentiment analysis. This paper presents a system that uses a bi-directional LSTM-CNN model to complete the competition task. Combining bi-directional LSTM and CNN, the prediction process considers both global information in a tweet and local important information. The proposed method ranked sixth among twenty-one teams in terms of Pearson Correlation Coefficient.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-han-2017-dmgroup,
    title = "{DMG}roup at {E}mo{I}nt-2017: Emotion Intensity Using Ensemble Method",
    author = "Jiang, Song  and
      Han, Xiaotian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5234",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5234",
    pages = "243--248",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a novel ensemble learning architecture for emotion intensity analysis, particularly a novel framework of ensemble method. The ensemble method has two stages and each stage includes several single machine learning models. In stage1, we employ both linear and nonlinear regression models to obtain a more diverse emotion intensity representation. In stage2, we use two regression models including linear regression and XGBoost. The result of stage1 serves as the input of stage2, so the two different type models (linear and non-linear) in stage2 can describe the input in two opposite aspects. We also added a method for analyzing and splitting multi-words hashtags and appending them to the emotion intensity corpus before feeding it to our model. Our model achieves 0.571 Pearson-measure for the average of four emotions.",
}
@inproceedings{john-vechtomova-2017-uwat,
    title = "{UW}at-Emote at {E}mo{I}nt-2017: Emotion Intensity Detection using Affect Clues, Sentiment Polarity and Word Embeddings",
    author = "John, Vineet  and
      Vechtomova, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5235",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5235",
    pages = "249--254",
    abstract = "This paper describes the UWaterloo affect prediction system developed for EmoInt-2017. We delve into our feature selection approach for affect intensity, affect presence, sentiment intensity and sentiment presence lexica alongside pre-trained word embeddings, which are utilized to extract emotion intensity signals from tweets in an ensemble learning approach. The system employs emotion specific model training, and utilizes distinct models for each of the emotion corpora in isolation. Our system utilizes gradient boosted regression as the primary learning technique to predict the final emotion intensities.",
}
@inproceedings{buscaldi-priego-2017-lipn,
    title = "{LIPN}-{UAM} at {E}mo{I}nt-2017:Combination of Lexicon-based features and Sentence-level Vector Representations for Emotion Intensity Determination",
    author = "Buscaldi, Davide  and
      Priego, Belem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5236",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5236",
    pages = "255--258",
    abstract = "This paper presents the combined LIPN-UAM participation in the WASSA 2017 Shared Task on Emotion Intensity. In particular, the paper provides some highlights on the Tweetaneuse system that was presented to the shared task. We combined lexicon-based features with sentence-level vector representations to implement a random forest regressor.",
}
@inproceedings{r-etal-2017-deepcybernet,
    title = "deep{C}yb{E}r{N}et at {E}mo{I}nt-2017: Deep Emotion Intensities in Tweets",
    author = "R, Vinayakumar  and
      B, Premjith  and
      S, Sachin Kumar  and
      KP, Soman  and
      Poornachandran, Prabaharan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5237",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5237",
    pages = "259--263",
    abstract = "This working note presents the methodology used in deepCybErNet submission to the shared task on Emotion Intensities in Tweets (EmoInt) WASSA-2017. The goal of the task is to predict a real valued score in the range [0-1] for a particular tweet with an emotion type. To do this, we used Bag-of-Words and embedding based on recurrent network architecture. We have developed two systems and experiments are conducted on the Emotion Intensity shared Task 1 data base at WASSA-2017. A system which uses word embedding based on recurrent network architecture has achieved highest 5 fold cross-validation accuracy. This has used embedding with recurrent network to extract optimal features at tweet level and logistic regression for prediction. These methods are highly language independent and experimental results shows that the proposed methods are apt for predicting a real valued score in than range [0-1] for a given tweet with its emotion type.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    author = "Bowman, Samuel  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Hill, Felix  and
      Lazaridou, Angeliki  and
      Levy, Omer  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5300",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-53",
}
@inproceedings{nangia-etal-2017-repeval,
    title = "The {R}ep{E}val 2017 Shared Task: Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference with Sentence Representations",
    author = "Nangia, Nikita  and
      Williams, Adina  and
      Lazaridou, Angeliki  and
      Bowman, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5301",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "This paper presents the results of the RepEval 2017 Shared Task, which evaluated neural network sentence representation learning models on the Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference corpus (MultiNLI) recently introduced by Williams et al. (2017). All of the five participating teams beat the bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) and continuous bag of words baselines reported in Williams et al. The best single model used stacked BiLSTMs with residual connections to extract sentence features and reached 74.5{\%} accuracy on the genre-matched test set. Surprisingly, the results of the competition were fairly consistent across the genre-matched and genre-mismatched test sets, and across subsets of the test data representing a variety of linguistic phenomena, suggesting that all of the submitted systems learned reasonably domain-independent representations for sentence meaning.",
}
@inproceedings{che-etal-2017-traversal,
    title = "Traversal-Free Word Vector Evaluation in Analogy Space",
    author = "Che, Xiaoyin  and
      Ring, Nico  and
      Raschkowski, Willi  and
      Yang, Haojin  and
      Meinel, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5302",
    pages = "11--15",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose an alternative evaluating metric for word analogy questions (A to B is as C to D) in word vector evaluation. Different from the traditional method which predicts the fourth word by the given three, we measure the similarity directly on the {``}relations{''} of two pairs of given words, just as shifting the relation vectors into a new analogy space. Cosine and Euclidean distances are then calculated as measurements. Observation and experiments shows the proposed analogy space evaluation could offer a more comprehensive evaluating result on word vectors with word analogy questions. Meanwhile, computational complexity are remarkably reduced by avoiding traversing the vocabulary.",
}
@inproceedings{gurnani-2017-hypothesis,
    title = "Hypothesis Testing based Intrinsic Evaluation of Word Embeddings",
    author = "Gurnani, Nishant",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5303",
    pages = "16--20",
    abstract = "We introduce the cross-match test - an exact, distribution free, high-dimensional hypothesis test as an intrinsic evaluation metric for word embeddings. We show that cross-match is an effective means of measuring the distributional similarity between different vector representations and of evaluating the statistical significance of different vector embedding models. Additionally, we find that cross-match can be used to provide a quantitative measure of linguistic similarity for selecting bridge languages for machine translation. We demonstrate that the results of the hypothesis test align with our expectations and note that the framework of two sample hypothesis testing is not limited to word embeddings and can be extended to all vector representations.",
}
@inproceedings{auguste-etal-2017-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of word embeddings against cognitive processes: primed reaction times in lexical decision and naming tasks",
    author = "Auguste, Jeremy  and
      Rey, Arnaud  and
      Favre, Benoit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5304",
    pages = "21--26",
    abstract = "This work presents a framework for word similarity evaluation grounded on cognitive sciences experimental data. Word pair similarities are compared to reaction times of subjects in large scale lexical decision and naming tasks under semantic priming. Results show that GloVe embeddings lead to significantly higher correlation with experimental measurements than other controlled and off-the-shelf embeddings, and that the choice of a training corpus is less important than that of the algorithm. Comparison of rankings with other datasets shows that the cognitive phenomenon covers more aspects than simply word relatedness or similarity.",
}
@inproceedings{gulati-agrawal-2017-playing,
    title = "Playing with Embeddings : Evaluating embeddings for Robot Language Learning through {MUD} Games",
    author = "Gulati, Anmol  and
      Agrawal, Kumar Krishna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5305",
    pages = "27--30",
    abstract = "Acquiring language provides a ubiquitous mode of communication, across humans and robots. To this effect, distributional representations of words based on co-occurrence statistics, have provided significant advancements ranging across machine translation to comprehension. In this paper, we study the suitability of using general purpose word-embeddings for language learning in robots. We propose using text-based games as a proxy to evaluating word embedding on real robots. Based in a risk-reward setting, we review the effectiveness of the embeddings in navigating tasks in fantasy games, as an approximation to their performance on more complex scenarios, like language assisted robot navigation.",
}
@inproceedings{sulea-2017-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Textual Entailment in Twitter Using Word Embeddings",
    author = "{\c{S}}ulea, Octavia-Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5306",
    pages = "31--35",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate the application of machine learning techniques and word embeddings to the task of Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE) in Social Media. We look at a manually labeled dataset consisting of user generated short texts posted on Twitter (tweets) and related to four recent media events (the Charlie Hebdo shooting, the Ottawa shooting, the Sydney Siege, and the German Wings crash) and test to what extent neural techniques and embeddings are able to distinguish between tweets that entail or contradict each other or that claim unrelated things. We obtain comparable results to the state of the art in a train-test setting, but we show that, due to the noisy aspect of the data, results plummet in an evaluation strategy crafted to better simulate a real-life train-test scenario.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-recurrent,
    title = "Recurrent Neural Network-Based Sentence Encoder with Gated Attention for Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Chen, Qian  and
      Zhu, Xiaodan  and
      Ling, Zhen-Hua  and
      Wei, Si  and
      Jiang, Hui  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5307",
    pages = "36--40",
    abstract = "The RepEval 2017 Shared Task aims to evaluate natural language understanding models for sentence representation, in which a sentence is represented as a fixed-length vector with neural networks and the quality of the representation is tested with a natural language inference task. This paper describes our system (alpha) that is ranked among the top in the Shared Task, on both the in-domain test set (obtaining a 74.9{\%} accuracy) and on the cross-domain test set (also attaining a 74.9{\%} accuracy), demonstrating that the model generalizes well to the cross-domain data. Our model is equipped with intra-sentence gated-attention composition which helps achieve a better performance. In addition to submitting our model to the Shared Task, we have also tested it on the Stanford Natural Language Inference (SNLI) dataset. We obtain an accuracy of 85.5{\%}, which is the best reported result on SNLI when cross-sentence attention is not allowed, the same condition enforced in RepEval 2017.",
}
@inproceedings{nie-bansal-2017-shortcut,
    title = "Shortcut-Stacked Sentence Encoders for Multi-Domain Inference",
    author = "Nie, Yixin  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5308",
    pages = "41--45",
    abstract = "We present a simple sequential sentence encoder for multi-domain natural language inference. Our encoder is based on stacked bidirectional LSTM-RNNs with shortcut connections and fine-tuning of word embeddings. The overall supervised model uses the above encoder to encode two input sentences into two vectors, and then uses a classifier over the vector combination to label the relationship between these two sentences as that of entailment, contradiction, or neural. Our Shortcut-Stacked sentence encoders achieve strong improvements over existing encoders on matched and mismatched multi-domain natural language inference (top single-model result in the EMNLP RepEval 2017 Shared Task (Nangia et al., 2017)). Moreover, they achieve the new state-of-the-art encoding result on the original SNLI dataset (Bowman et al., 2015).",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2017-character,
    title = "Character-level Intra Attention Network for Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Yang, Han  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5309",
    pages = "46--50",
    abstract = "Natural language inference (NLI) is a central problem in language understanding. End-to-end artificial neural networks have reached state-of-the-art performance in NLI field recently. In this paper, we propose Character-level Intra Attention Network (CIAN) for the NLI task. In our model, we use the character-level convolutional network to replace the standard word embedding layer, and we use the intra attention to capture the intra-sentence semantics. The proposed CIAN model provides improved results based on a newly published MNLI corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{balazs-etal-2017-refining,
    title = "Refining Raw Sentence Representations for Textual Entailment Recognition via Attention",
    author = "Balazs, Jorge  and
      Marrese-Taylor, Edison  and
      Loyola, Pablo  and
      Matsuo, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5310",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5310",
    pages = "51--55",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the model used by the team Rivercorners for the 2017 RepEval shared task. First, our model separately encodes a pair of sentences into variable-length representations by using a bidirectional LSTM. Later, it creates fixed-length raw representations by means of simple aggregation functions, which are then refined using an attention mechanism. Finally it combines the refined representations of both sentences into a single vector to be used for classification. With this model we obtained test accuracies of 72.057{\%} and 72.055{\%} in the matched and mismatched evaluation tracks respectively, outperforming the LSTM baseline, and obtaining performances similar to a model that relies on shared information between sentences (ESIM). When using an ensemble both accuracies increased to 72.247{\%} and 72.827{\%} respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{vu-etal-2017-lct,
    title = "{LCT}-{MALTA}{'}s Submission to {R}ep{E}val 2017 Shared Task",
    author = "Vu, Hoa Trong  and
      Pham, Thuong-Hai  and
      Bai, Xiaoyu  and
      Tanti, Marc  and
      van der Plas, Lonneke  and
      Gatt, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5311",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5311",
    pages = "56--60",
    abstract = "System using BiLSTM and max pooling. Embedding is enhanced by POS, character and dependency info.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-building-linguistically,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Building Linguistically Generalizable {NLP} Systems",
    author = "Bender, Emily  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Ettinger, Allyson  and
      Rao, Sudha",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5400",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-54",
}
@inproceedings{ettinger-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Linguistically Generalizable {NLP} Systems: A Workshop and Shared Task",
    author = "Ettinger, Allyson  and
      Rao, Sudha  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Bender, Emily M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Building Linguistically Generalizable {NLP} Systems",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5401",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "This paper presents a summary of the first Workshop on Building Linguistically Generalizable Natural Language Processing Systems, and the associated Build It Break It, The Language Edition shared task. The goal of this workshop was to bring together researchers in NLP and linguistics with a carefully designed shared task aimed at testing the generalizability of NLP systems beyond the distributions of their training data. We describe the motivation, setup, and participation of the shared task, provide discussion of some highlighted results, and discuss lessons learned.",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-etal-2017-analysing,
    title = "Analysing Errors of Open Information Extraction Systems",
    author = {Schneider, Rudolf  and
      Oberhauser, Tom  and
      Klatt, Tobias  and
      Gers, Felix A.  and
      L{\"o}ser, Alexander},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Building Linguistically Generalizable {NLP} Systems",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5402",
    pages = "11--18",
    abstract = "We report results on benchmarking Open Information Extraction (OIE) systems using RelVis, a toolkit for benchmarking Open Information Extraction systems. Our comprehensive benchmark contains three data sets from the news domain and one data set from Wikipedia with overall 4522 labeled sentences and 11243 binary or n-ary OIE relations. In our analysis on these data sets we compared the performance of four popular OIE systems, ClausIE, OpenIE 4.2, Stanford OpenIE and PredPatt. In addition, we evaluated the impact of five common error classes on a subset of 749 n-ary tuples. From our deep analysis we unreveal important research directions for a next generation on OIE systems.",
}
@inproceedings{peters-etal-2017-massively,
    title = "Massively Multilingual Neural Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion",
    author = "Peters, Ben  and
      Dehdari, Jon  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Building Linguistically Generalizable {NLP} Systems",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5403",
    pages = "19--26",
    abstract = "Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion (g2p) is necessary for text-to-speech and automatic speech recognition systems. Most g2p systems are monolingual: they require language-specific data or handcrafting of rules. Such systems are difficult to extend to low resource languages, for which data and handcrafted rules are not available. As an alternative, we present a neural sequence-to-sequence approach to g2p which is trained on spelling{--}pronunciation pairs in hundreds of languages. The system shares a single encoder and decoder across all languages, allowing it to utilize the intrinsic similarities between different writing systems. We show an 11{\%} improvement in phoneme error rate over an approach based on adapting high-resource monolingual g2p models to low-resource languages. Our model is also much more compact relative to previous approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-bibi,
    title = "{BIBI} System Description: Building with {CNN}s and Breaking with Deep Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Li, Yitong  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Building Linguistically Generalizable {NLP} Systems",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5404",
    pages = "27--32",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission to the sentiment analysis sub-task of {``}Build It, Break It: The Language Edition (BIBI){''}, on both the builder and breaker sides. As a builder, we use convolutional neural nets, trained on both phrase and sentence data. As a breaker, we use Q-learning to learn minimal change pairs, and apply a token substitution method automatically. We analyse the results to gauge the robustness of NLP systems.",
}
@inproceedings{mahler-etal-2017-breaking,
    title = "Breaking {NLP}: Using Morphosyntax, Semantics, Pragmatics and World Knowledge to Fool Sentiment Analysis Systems",
    author = "Mahler, Taylor  and
      Cheung, Willy  and
      Elsner, Micha  and
      King, David  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Shain, Cory  and
      Stevens-Guille, Symon  and
      White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Building Linguistically Generalizable {NLP} Systems",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5405",
    pages = "33--39",
    abstract = "This paper describes our {``}breaker{''} submission to the 2017 EMNLP {``}Build It Break It{''} shared task on sentiment analysis. In order to cause the {``}builder{''} systems to make incorrect predictions, we edited items in the blind test data according to linguistically interpretable strategies that allow us to assess the ease with which the builder systems learn various components of linguistic structure. On the whole, our submitted pairs break all systems at a high rate (72.6{\%}), indicating that sentiment analysis as an NLP task may still have a lot of ground to cover. Of the breaker strategies that we consider, we find our semantic and pragmatic manipulations to pose the most substantial difficulties for the builder systems.",
}
@inproceedings{ferres-etal-2017-adaptable,
    title = "An Adaptable Lexical Simplification Architecture for Major {I}bero-Romance Languages",
    author = "Ferr{\'e}s, Daniel  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      G{\'o}mez Guinovart, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Building Linguistically Generalizable {NLP} Systems",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5406",
    pages = "40--47",
    abstract = "Lexical Simplification is the task of reducing the lexical complexity of textual documents by replacing difficult words with easier to read (or understand) expressions while preserving the original meaning. The development of robust pipelined multilingual architectures able to adapt to new languages is of paramount importance in lexical simplification. This paper describes and evaluates a modular hybrid linguistic-statistical Lexical Simplifier that deals with the four major Ibero-Romance Languages: Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, and Galician. The architecture of the system is the same for the four languages addressed, only the language resources used during simplification are language specific.",
}
@inproceedings{jurczyk-choi-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-genre Document Retrieval: Matching between Conversational and Formal Writings",
    author = "Jurczyk, Tomasz  and
      Choi, Jinho D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Building Linguistically Generalizable {NLP} Systems",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5407",
    pages = "48--53",
    abstract = "This paper challenges a cross-genre document retrieval task, where the queries are in formal writing and the target documents are in conversational writing. In this task, a query, is a sentence extracted from either a summary or a plot of an episode in a TV show, and the target document consists of transcripts from the corresponding episode. To establish a strong baseline, we employ the current state-of-the-art search engine to perform document retrieval on the dataset collected for this work. We then introduce a structure reranking approach to improve the initial ranking by utilizing syntactic and semantic structures generated by NLP tools. Our evaluation shows an improvement of more than 4{\%} when the structure reranking is applied, which is very promising.",
}
@inproceedings{mukku-mamidi-2017-actsa,
    title = "{ACTSA}: Annotated Corpus for {T}elugu Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Mukku, Sandeep Sricharan  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Building Linguistically Generalizable {NLP} Systems",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5408",
    pages = "54--58",
    abstract = "Sentiment analysis deals with the task of determining the polarity of a document or sentence and has received a lot of attention in recent years for the English language. With the rapid growth of social media these days, a lot of data is available in regional languages besides English. Telugu is one such regional language with abundant data available in social media, but it{'}s hard to find a labelled data of sentences for Telugu Sentiment Analysis. In this paper, we describe an effort to build a gold-standard annotated corpus of Telugu sentences to support Telugu Sentiment Analysis. The corpus, named ACTSA (Annotated Corpus for Telugu Sentiment Analysis) has a collection of Telugu sentences taken from different sources which were then pre-processed and manually annotated by native Telugu speakers using our annotation guidelines. In total, we have annotated 5457 sentences, which makes our corpus the largest resource currently available. The corpus and the annotation guidelines are made publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{cho-2017-strawman,
    title = "{S}trawman: An Ensemble of Deep Bag-of-Ngrams for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Cho, Kyunghyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Building Linguistically Generalizable {NLP} Systems",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5409",
    pages = "59--60",
    abstract = "This paper describes a builder entry, named {``}strawman{''}, to the sentence-level sentiment analysis task of the {``}Build It, Break It{''} shared task of the First Workshop on Building Linguistically Generalizable NLP Systems. The goal of a builder is to provide an automated sentiment analyzer that would serve as a target for breakers whose goal is to find pairs of minimally-differing sentences that break the analyzer.",
}
@inproceedings{staliunaite-bonfil-2017-breaking,
    title = "Breaking Sentiment Analysis of Movie Reviews",
    author = "Stali{\=u}nait{\.e}, Ieva  and
      Bonfil, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Building Linguistically Generalizable {NLP} Systems",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5410",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5410",
    pages = "61--64",
    abstract = "The current paper covers several strategies we used to {`}break{'} predictions of sentiment analysis systems participating in the BLGNLP2017 workshop. Specifically, we identify difficulties of participating systems in understanding modals, subjective judgments, world-knowledge based references and certain differences in syntax and perspective.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-sigdial,
    title = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    author = "Jokinen, Kristiina  and
      Stede, Manfred  and
      DeVault, David  and
      Louis, Annie",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5500",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-55",
}
@inproceedings{laali-kosseim-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Mapping of {F}rench Discourse Connectives to {PDTB} Discourse Relations",
    author = "Laali, Majid  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5501",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present an approach to exploit phrase tables generated by statistical machine translation in order to map French discourse connectives to discourse relations. Using this approach, we created DisCoRel, a lexicon of French discourse connectives and their PDTB relations. When evaluated against LEXCONN, DisCoRel achieves a recall of 0.81 and an Average Precision of 0.68 for the Concession and Condition relations.",
}
@inproceedings{prasad-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Full Text Shallow Discourse Relation Annotation: Experiments with Cross-Paragraph Implicit Relations in the {PDTB}",
    author = "Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Forbes Riley, Katherine  and
      Lee, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5502",
    pages = "7--16",
    abstract = "Full text discourse parsing relies on texts comprehensively annotated with discourse relations. To this end, we address a significant gap in the inter-sentential discourse relations annotated in the Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB), namely the class of cross-paragraph implicit relations, which account for 30{\%} of inter-sentential relations in the corpus. We present our annotation study to explore the incidence rate of adjacent vs. non-adjacent implicit relations in cross-paragraph contexts, and the relative degree of difficulty in annotating them. Our experiments show a high incidence of non-adjacent relations that are difficult to annotate reliably, suggesting the practicality of backing off from their annotation to reduce noise for corpus-based studies. Our resulting guidelines follow the PDTB adjacency constraint for implicits while employing an underspecified representation of non-adjacent implicits, and yield 62{\%} inter-annotator agreement on this task.",
}
@inproceedings{larsson-2017-user,
    title = "User-initiated Sub-dialogues in State-of-the-art Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Larsson, Staffan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5503",
    pages = "17--22",
    abstract = "We test state of the art dialogue systems for their behaviour in response to user-initiated sub-dialogues, i.e. interactions where a system question is responded to with a question or request from the user, who thus initiates a sub-dialogue. We look at sub-dialogues both within a single app (where the sub-dialogue concerns another topic in the original domain) and across apps (where the sub-dialogue concerns a different domain). The overall conclusion of the tests is that none of the systems can be said to deal appropriately with user-initiated sub-dialogues.",
}
@inproceedings{prange-etal-2017-multimodal,
    title = "A Multimodal Dialogue System for Medical Decision Support inside Virtual Reality",
    author = "Prange, Alexander  and
      Chikobava, Margarita  and
      Poller, Peter  and
      Barz, Michael  and
      Sonntag, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5504",
    pages = "23--26",
    abstract = "We present a multimodal dialogue system that allows doctors to interact with a medical decision support system in virtual reality (VR). We integrate an interactive visualization of patient records and radiology image data, as well as therapy predictions. Therapy predictions are computed in real-time using a deep learning model.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2017-generative,
    title = "Generative Encoder-Decoder Models for Task-Oriented Spoken Dialog Systems with Chatting Capability",
    author = "Zhao, Tiancheng  and
      Lu, Allen  and
      Lee, Kyusong  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5505",
    pages = "27--36",
    abstract = "Generative encoder-decoder models offer great promise in developing domain-general dialog systems. However, they have mainly been applied to open-domain conversations. This paper presents a practical and novel framework for building task-oriented dialog systems based on encoder-decoder models. This framework enables encoder-decoder models to accomplish slot-value independent decision-making and interact with external databases. Moreover, this paper shows the flexibility of the proposed method by interleaving chatting capability with a slot-filling system for better out-of-domain recovery. The models were trained on both real-user data from a bus information system and human-human chat data. Results show that the proposed framework achieves good performance in both offline evaluation metrics and in task success rate with human users.",
}
@inproceedings{eric-etal-2017-key,
    title = "Key-Value Retrieval Networks for Task-Oriented Dialogue",
    author = "Eric, Mihail  and
      Krishnan, Lakshmi  and
      Charette, Francois  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5506",
    pages = "37--49",
    abstract = "Neural task-oriented dialogue systems often struggle to smoothly interface with a knowledge base. In this work, we seek to address this problem by proposing a new neural dialogue agent that is able to effectively sustain grounded, multi-domain discourse through a novel key-value retrieval mechanism. The model is end-to-end differentiable and does not need to explicitly model dialogue state or belief trackers. We also release a new dataset of 3,031 dialogues that are grounded through underlying knowledge bases and span three distinct tasks in the in-car personal assistant space: calendar scheduling, weather information retrieval, and point-of-interest navigation. Our architecture is simultaneously trained on data from all domains and significantly outperforms a competitive rule-based system and other existing neural dialogue architectures on the provided domains according to both automatic and human evaluation metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{ono-etal-2017-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Acquisition through Implicit Confirmations over Multiple Dialogues",
    author = "Ono, Kohei  and
      Takeda, Ryu  and
      Nichols, Eric  and
      Nakano, Mikio  and
      Komatani, Kazunori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5507",
    pages = "50--59",
    abstract = "We address the problem of acquiring the ontological categories of unknown terms through implicit confirmation in dialogues. We develop an approach that makes implicit confirmation requests with an unknown term{'}s predicted category. Our approach does not degrade user experience with repetitive explicit confirmations, but the system has difficulty determining if information in the confirmation request can be correctly acquired. To overcome this challenge, we propose a method for determining whether or not the predicted category is correct, which is included in an implicit confirmation request. Our method exploits multiple user responses to implicit confirmation requests containing the same ontological category. Experimental results revealed that the proposed method exhibited a higher precision rate for determining the correctly predicted categories than when only single user responses were considered.",
}
@inproceedings{kato-etal-2017-utterance,
    title = "Utterance Intent Classification of a Spoken Dialogue System with Efficiently Untied Recursive Autoencoders",
    author = "Kato, Tsuneo  and
      Nagai, Atsushi  and
      Noda, Naoki  and
      Sumitomo, Ryosuke  and
      Wu, Jianming  and
      Yamamoto, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5508",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5508",
    pages = "60--64",
    abstract = "Recursive autoencoders (RAEs) for compositionality of a vector space model were applied to utterance intent classification of a smartphone-based Japanese-language spoken dialogue system. Though the RAEs express a nonlinear operation on the vectors of child nodes, the operation is considered to be different intrinsically depending on types of child nodes. To relax the difference, a data-driven untying of autoencoders (AEs) is proposed. The experimental result of the utterance intent classification showed an improved accuracy with the proposed method compared with the basic tied RAE and untied RAE based on a manual rule.",
}
@inproceedings{ultes-etal-2017-reward,
    title = "Reward-Balancing for Statistical Spoken Dialogue Systems using Multi-objective Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Ultes, Stefan  and
      Budzianowski, Pawe{\l}  and
      Casanueva, I{\~n}igo  and
      Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Rojas-Barahona, Lina M.  and
      Su, Pei-Hao  and
      Wen, Tsung-Hsien  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5509",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5509",
    pages = "65--70",
    abstract = "Reinforcement learning is widely used for dialogue policy optimization where the reward function often consists of more than one component, e.g., the dialogue success and the dialogue length. In this work, we propose a structured method for finding a good balance between these components by searching for the optimal reward component weighting. To render this search feasible, we use multi-objective reinforcement learning to significantly reduce the number of training dialogues required. We apply our proposed method to find optimized component weights for six domains and compare them to a default baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{dubuisson-duplessis-etal-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Measures to Characterise Verbal Alignment in Human-Agent Interaction",
    author = "Dubuisson Duplessis, Guillaume  and
      Clavel, Chlo{\'e}  and
      Landragin, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5510",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5510",
    pages = "71--81",
    abstract = "This work aims at characterising verbal alignment processes for improving virtual agent communicative capabilities. We propose computationally inexpensive measures of verbal alignment based on expression repetition in dyadic textual dialogues. Using these measures, we present a contrastive study between Human-Human and Human-Agent dialogues on a negotiation task. We exhibit quantitative differences in the strength and orientation of verbal alignment showing the ability of our approach to characterise important aspects of verbal alignment.",
}
@inproceedings{williams-liden-2017-demonstration,
    title = "Demonstration of interactive teaching for end-to-end dialog control with hybrid code networks",
    author = "Williams, Jason D.  and
      Liden, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5511",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5511",
    pages = "82--85",
    abstract = "This is a demonstration of interactive teaching for practical end-to-end dialog systems driven by a recurrent neural network. In this approach, a developer teaches the network by interacting with the system and providing on-the-spot corrections. Once a system is deployed, a developer can also correct mistakes in logged dialogs. This demonstration shows both of these teaching methods applied to dialog systems in three domains: pizza ordering, restaurant information, and weather forecasts.",
}
@inproceedings{budzianowski-etal-2017-sub,
    title = "Sub-domain Modelling for Dialogue Management with Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Budzianowski, Pawe{\l}  and
      Ultes, Stefan  and
      Su, Pei-Hao  and
      Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Wen, Tsung-Hsien  and
      Casanueva, I{\~n}igo  and
      Rojas-Barahona, Lina M.  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5512",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5512",
    pages = "86--92",
    abstract = "Human conversation is inherently complex, often spanning many different topics/domains. This makes policy learning for dialogue systems very challenging. Standard flat reinforcement learning methods do not provide an efficient framework for modelling such dialogues. In this paper, we focus on the under-explored problem of multi-domain dialogue management. First, we propose a new method for hierarchical reinforcement learning using the option framework. Next, we show that the proposed architecture learns faster and arrives at a better policy than the existing flat ones do. Moreover, we show how pretrained policies can be adapted to more complex systems with an additional set of new actions. In doing that, we show that our approach has the potential to facilitate policy optimisation for more sophisticated multi-domain dialogue systems.",
}
@inproceedings{truong-etal-2017-maca,
    title = "{MACA}: A Modular Architecture for Conversational Agents",
    author = "Truong, Hoai Phuoc  and
      Parthasarathi, Prasanna  and
      Pineau, Joelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5513",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5513",
    pages = "93--102",
    abstract = "We propose a software architecture designed to ease the implementation of dialogue systems. The Modular Architecture for Conversational Agents (MACA) uses a plug-n-play style that allows quick prototyping, thereby facilitating the development of new techniques and the reproduction of previous work. The architecture separates the domain of the conversation from the agent{'}s dialogue strategy, and as such can be easily extended to multiple domains. MACA provides tools to host dialogue agents on Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk) for data collection and allows processing of other sources of training data. The current version of the framework already incorporates several domains and existing dialogue strategies from the recent literature.",
}
@inproceedings{bapna-etal-2017-sequential,
    title = "Sequential Dialogue Context Modeling for Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = {Bapna, Ankur  and
      T{\"u}r, Gokhan  and
      Hakkani-T{\"u}r, Dilek  and
      Heck, Larry},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5514",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5514",
    pages = "103--114",
    abstract = "Spoken Language Understanding (SLU) is a key component of goal oriented dialogue systems that would parse user utterances into semantic frame representations. Traditionally SLU does not utilize the dialogue history beyond the previous system turn and contextual ambiguities are resolved by the downstream components. In this paper, we explore novel approaches for modeling dialogue context in a recurrent neural network (RNN) based language understanding system. We propose the Sequential Dialogue Encoder Network, that allows encoding context from the dialogue history in chronological order. We compare the performance of our proposed architecture with two context models, one that uses just the previous turn context and another that encodes dialogue context in a memory network, but loses the order of utterances in the dialogue history. Experiments with a multi-domain dialogue dataset demonstrate that the proposed architecture results in reduced semantic frame error rates.",
}
@inproceedings{krause-etal-2017-redundancy,
    title = "Redundancy Localization for the Conversationalization of Unstructured Responses",
    author = "Krause, Sebastian  and
      Kozhevnikov, Mikhail  and
      Malmi, Eric  and
      Pighin, Daniele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5515",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5515",
    pages = "115--126",
    abstract = "Conversational agents offer users a natural-language interface to accomplish tasks, entertain themselves, or access information. Informational dialogue is particularly challenging in that the agent has to hold a conversation on an open topic, and to achieve a reasonable coverage it generally needs to digest and present unstructured information from textual sources. Making responses based on such sources sound natural and fit appropriately into the conversation context is a topic of ongoing research, one of the key issues of which is preventing the agent{'}s responses from sounding repetitive. Targeting this issue, we propose a new task, known as redundancy localization, which aims to pinpoint semantic overlap between text passages. To help address it systematically, we formalize the task, prepare a public dataset with fine-grained redundancy labels, and propose a model utilizing a weak training signal defined over the results of a passage-retrieval system on web texts. The proposed model demonstrates superior performance compared to a state-of-the-art entailment model and yields encouraging results when applied to a real-world dialogue.",
}
@inproceedings{lala-etal-2017-attentive,
    title = "Attentive listening system with backchanneling, response generation and flexible turn-taking",
    author = "Lala, Divesh  and
      Milhorat, Pierrick  and
      Inoue, Koji  and
      Ishida, Masanari  and
      Takanashi, Katsuya  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5516",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5516",
    pages = "127--136",
    abstract = "Attentive listening systems are designed to let people, especially senior people, keep talking to maintain communication ability and mental health. This paper addresses key components of an attentive listening system which encourages users to talk smoothly. First, we introduce continuous prediction of end-of-utterances and generation of backchannels, rather than generating backchannels after end-point detection of utterances. This improves subjective evaluations of backchannels. Second, we propose an effective statement response mechanism which detects focus words and responds in the form of a question or partial repeat. This can be applied to any statement. Moreover, a flexible turn-taking mechanism is designed which uses backchannels or fillers when the turn-switch is ambiguous. These techniques are integrated into a humanoid robot to conduct attentive listening. We test the feasibility of the system in a pilot experiment and show that it can produce coherent dialogues during conversation.",
}
@inproceedings{braunger-maier-2017-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Input for In-Car Spoken Dialog Systems: How Natural is Natural?",
    author = "Braunger, Patricia  and
      Maier, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5517",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5517",
    pages = "137--146",
    abstract = "Recent spoken dialog systems are moving away from command and control towards a more intuitive and natural style of interaction. In order to choose an appropriate system design which allows the system to deal with naturally spoken user input, a definition of what exactly constitutes naturalness in user input is important. In this paper, we examine how different user groups naturally speak to an automotive spoken dialog system (SDS). We conduct a user study in which we collect freely spoken user utterances for a wide range of use cases in German. By means of a comparative study of the utterances from the study with interpersonal utterances, we provide criteria what constitutes naturalness in the user input of an state-of-the-art automotive SDS.",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2017-sample,
    title = "Sample-efficient Actor-Critic Reinforcement Learning with Supervised Data for Dialogue Management",
    author = "Su, Pei-Hao  and
      Budzianowski, Pawe{\l}  and
      Ultes, Stefan  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5518",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5518",
    pages = "147--157",
    abstract = "Deep reinforcement learning (RL) methods have significant potential for dialogue policy optimisation. However, they suffer from a poor performance in the early stages of learning. This is especially problematic for on-line learning with real users. Two approaches are introduced to tackle this problem. Firstly, to speed up the learning process, two sample-efficient neural networks algorithms: trust region actor-critic with experience replay (TRACER) and episodic natural actor-critic with experience replay (eNACER) are presented. For TRACER, the trust region helps to control the learning step size and avoid catastrophic model changes. For eNACER, the natural gradient identifies the steepest ascent direction in policy space to speed up the convergence. Both models employ off-policy learning with experience replay to improve sample-efficiency. Secondly, to mitigate the cold start issue, a corpus of demonstration data is utilised to pre-train the models prior to on-line reinforcement learning. Combining these two approaches, we demonstrate a practical approach to learn deep RL-based dialogue policies and demonstrate their effectiveness in a task-oriented information seeking domain.",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-dymetman-2017-surprisingly,
    title = "A surprisingly effective out-of-the-box char2char model on the {E}2{E} {NLG} Challenge dataset",
    author = "Agarwal, Shubham  and
      Dymetman, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5519",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5519",
    pages = "158--163",
    abstract = "We train a char2char model on the E2E NLG Challenge data, by exploiting {``}out-of-the-box{''} the recently released tfseq2seq framework, using some of the standard options offered by this tool. With minimal effort, and in particular without delexicalization, tokenization or lowercasing, the obtained raw predictions, according to a small scale human evaluation, are excellent on the linguistic side and quite reasonable on the adequacy side, the primary downside being the possible omissions of semantic material. However, in a significant number of cases (more than 70{\%}), a perfect solution can be found in the top-20 predictions, indicating promising directions for solving the remaining issues.",
}
@inproceedings{rach-etal-2017-interaction,
    title = "Interaction Quality Estimation Using Long Short-Term Memories",
    author = "Rach, Niklas  and
      Minker, Wolfgang  and
      Ultes, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5520",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5520",
    pages = "164--169",
    abstract = "For estimating the Interaction Quality (IQ) in Spoken Dialogue Systems (SDS), the dialogue history is of significant importance. Previous works included this information manually in the form of precomputed temporal features into the classification process. Here, we employ a deep learning architecture based on Long Short-Term Memories (LSTM) to extract this information automatically from the data, thus estimating IQ solely by using current exchange features. We show that it is thereby possible to achieve competitive results as in a scenario where manually optimized temporal features have been included.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2017-dialport,
    title = "{D}ial{P}ort, Gone Live: An Update After A Year of Development",
    author = "Lee, Kyusong  and
      Zhao, Tiancheng  and
      Du, Yulun  and
      Cai, Edward  and
      Lu, Allen  and
      Pincus, Eli  and
      Traum, David  and
      Ultes, Stefan  and
      Rojas-Barahona, Lina M.  and
      Gasic, Milica  and
      Young, Steve  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5521",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5521",
    pages = "170--173",
    abstract = "DialPort collects user data for connected spoken dialog systems. At present six systems are linked to a central portal that directs the user to the applicable system and suggests systems that the user may be interested in. User data has started to flow into the system.",
}
@inproceedings{braun-etal-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Natural Language Understanding Services for Conversational Question Answering Systems",
    author = "Braun, Daniel  and
      Hernandez Mendez, Adrian  and
      Matthes, Florian  and
      Langen, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5522",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5522",
    pages = "174--185",
    abstract = "Conversational interfaces recently gained a lot of attention. One of the reasons for the current hype is the fact that chatbots (one particularly popular form of conversational interfaces) nowadays can be created without any programming knowledge, thanks to different toolkits and so-called Natural Language Understanding (NLU) services. While these NLU services are already widely used in both, industry and science, so far, they have not been analysed systematically. In this paper, we present a method to evaluate the classification performance of NLU services. Moreover, we present two new corpora, one consisting of annotated questions and one consisting of annotated questions with the corresponding answers. Based on these corpora, we conduct an evaluation of some of the most popular NLU services. Thereby we want to enable both, researchers and companies to make more educated decisions about which service they should use.",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-etal-2017-role,
    title = "The Role of Conversation Context for Sarcasm Detection in Online Interactions",
    author = "Ghosh, Debanjan  and
      Richard Fabbri, Alexander  and
      Muresan, Smaranda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5523",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5523",
    pages = "186--196",
    abstract = {Computational models for sarcasm detection have often relied on the content of utterances in isolation. However, speaker{'}s sarcastic intent is not always obvious without additional context. Focusing on social media discussions, we investigate two issues: (1) does modeling of conversation context help in sarcasm detection and (2) can we understand what part of conversation context triggered the sarcastic reply. To address the first issue, we investigate several types of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks that can model both the conversation context and the sarcastic response. We show that the conditional LSTM network (Rockt{\"a}schel et al. 2015) and LSTM networks with sentence level attention on context and response outperform the LSTM model that reads only the response. To address the second issue, we present a qualitative analysis of attention weights produced by the LSTM models with attention and discuss the results compared with human performance on the task.},
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2017-voila,
    title = "{VOILA}: An Optimised Dialogue System for Interactively Learning Visually-Grounded Word Meanings (Demonstration System)",
    author = "Yu, Yanchao  and
      Eshghi, Arash  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5524",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5524",
    pages = "197--200",
    abstract = "We present VOILA: an optimised, multi-modal dialogue agent for interactive learning of visually grounded word meanings from a human user. VOILA is: (1) able to learn new visual categories interactively from users from scratch; (2) trained on real human-human dialogues in the same domain, and so is able to conduct natural spontaneous dialogue; (3) optimised to find the most effective trade-off between the accuracy of the visual categories it learns and the cost it incurs to users. VOILA is deployed on Furhat, a human-like, multi-modal robot head with back-projection of the face, and a graphical virtual character.",
}
@inproceedings{novikova-etal-2017-e2e,
    title = "The {E}2{E} Dataset: New Challenges For End-to-End Generation",
    author = "Novikova, Jekaterina  and
      Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Rieser, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5525",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5525",
    pages = "201--206",
    abstract = "This paper describes the E2E data, a new dataset for training end-to-end, data-driven natural language generation systems in the restaurant domain, which is ten times bigger than existing, frequently used datasets in this area. The E2E dataset poses new challenges: (1) its human reference texts show more lexical richness and syntactic variation, including discourse phenomena; (2) generating from this set requires content selection. As such, learning from this dataset promises more natural, varied and less template-like system utterances. We also establish a baseline on this dataset, which illustrates some of the difficulties associated with this data.",
}
@inproceedings{el-asri-etal-2017-frames,
    title = "{F}rames: a corpus for adding memory to goal-oriented dialogue systems",
    author = "El Asri, Layla  and
      Schulz, Hannes  and
      Sharma, Shikhar  and
      Zumer, Jeremie  and
      Harris, Justin  and
      Fine, Emery  and
      Mehrotra, Rahul  and
      Suleman, Kaheer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5526",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5526",
    pages = "207--219",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a new dataset, Frames, composed of 1369 human-human dialogues with an average of 15 turns per dialogue. This corpus contains goal-oriented dialogues between users who are given some constraints to book a trip and assistants who search a database to find appropriate trips. The users exhibit complex decision-making behaviour which involve comparing trips, exploring different options, and selecting among the trips that were discussed during the dialogue. To drive research on dialogue systems towards handling such behaviour, we have annotated and released the dataset and we propose in this paper a task called frame tracking. This task consists of keeping track of different semantic frames throughout each dialogue. We propose a rule-based baseline and analyse the frame tracking task through this baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{skantze-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards a General, Continuous Model of Turn-taking in Spoken Dialogue using {LSTM} Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Skantze, Gabriel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5527",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5527",
    pages = "220--230",
    abstract = "Previous models of turn-taking have mostly been trained for specific turn-taking decisions, such as discriminating between turn shifts and turn retention in pauses. In this paper, we present a predictive, continuous model of turn-taking using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN). The model is trained on human-human dialogue data to predict upcoming speech activity in a future time window. We show how this general model can be applied to two different tasks that it was not specifically trained for. First, to predict whether a turn-shift will occur or not in pauses, where the model achieves a better performance than human observers, and better than results achieved with more traditional models. Second, to make a prediction at speech onset whether the utterance will be a short backchannel or a longer utterance. Finally, we show how the hidden layer in the network can be used as a feature vector for turn-taking decisions in a human-robot interaction scenario.",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural-based Natural Language Generation in Dialogue using {RNN} Encoder-Decoder with Semantic Aggregation",
    author = "Tran, Van-Khanh  and
      Nguyen, Le-Minh  and
      Tojo, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5528",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5528",
    pages = "231--240",
    abstract = "Natural language generation (NLG) is an important component in spoken dialogue systems. This paper presents a model called Encoder-Aggregator-Decoder which is an extension of an Recurrent Neural Network based Encoder-Decoder architecture. The proposed Semantic Aggregator consists of two components: an Aligner and a Refiner. The Aligner is a conventional attention calculated over the encoded input information, while the Refiner is another attention or gating mechanism stacked over the attentive Aligner in order to further select and aggregate the semantic elements. The proposed model can be jointly trained both sentence planning and surface realization to produce natural language utterances. The model was extensively assessed on four different NLG domains, in which the experimental results showed that the proposed generator consistently outperforms the previous methods on all the NLG domains.",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-gambino-etal-2017-beyond,
    title = "Beyond On-hold Messages: Conversational Time-buying in Task-oriented Dialogue",
    author = "L{\'o}pez Gambino, Soledad  and
      Zarrie{\ss}, Sina  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5529",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5529",
    pages = "241--246",
    abstract = "A common convention in graphical user interfaces is to indicate a {``}wait state{''}, for example while a program is preparing a response, through a changed cursor state or a progress bar. What should the analogue be in a spoken conversational system? To address this question, we set up an experiment in which a human information provider (IP) was given their information only in a delayed and incremental manner, which systematically created situations where the IP had the turn but could not provide task-related information. Our data analysis shows that 1) IPs bridge the gap until they can provide information by re-purposing a whole variety of task- and grounding-related communicative actions (e.g. echoing the user{'}s request, signaling understanding, asserting partially relevant information), rather than being silent or explicitly asking for time (e.g. {``}please wait{''}), and that 2) IPs combined these actions productively to ensure an ongoing conversation. These results, we argue, indicate that natural conversational interfaces should also be able to manage their time flexibly using a variety of conversational resources.",
}
@inproceedings{ortega-vu-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural-based Context Representation Learning for Dialog Act Classification",
    author = "Ortega, Daniel  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5530",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5530",
    pages = "247--252",
    abstract = "We explore context representation learning methods in neural-based models for dialog act classification. We propose and compare extensively different methods which combine recurrent neural network architectures and attention mechanisms (AMs) at different context levels. Our experimental results on two benchmark datasets show consistent improvements compared to the models without contextual information and reveal that the most suitable AM in the architecture depends on the nature of the dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{noseworthy-etal-2017-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Success in Goal-Driven Human-Human Dialogues",
    author = "Noseworthy, Michael  and
      Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit  and
      Pineau, Joelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5531",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5531",
    pages = "253--262",
    abstract = "In goal-driven dialogue systems, success is often defined based on a structured definition of the goal. This requires that the dialogue system be constrained to handle a specific class of goals and that there be a mechanism to measure success with respect to that goal. However, in many human-human dialogues the diversity of goals makes it infeasible to define success in such a way. To address this scenario, we consider the task of automatically predicting success in goal-driven human-human dialogues using only the information communicated between participants in the form of text. We build a dataset from stackoverflow.com which consists of exchanges between two users in the technical domain where ground-truth success labels are available. We then propose a turn-based hierarchical neural network model that can be used to predict success without requiring a structured goal definition. We show this model outperforms rule-based heuristics and other baselines as it is able to detect patterns over the course of a dialogue and capture notions such as gratitude.",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-etal-2017-generating,
    title = "Generating and Evaluating Summaries for Partial Email Threads: Conversational {B}ayesian Surprise and Silver Standards",
    author = "Johnson, Jordon  and
      Masrani, Vaden  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Ng, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5532",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5532",
    pages = "263--272",
    abstract = "We define and motivate the problem of summarizing partial email threads. This problem introduces the challenge of generating reference summaries for partial threads when human annotation is only available for the threads as a whole, particularly when the human-selected sentences are not uniformly distributed within the threads. We propose an oracular algorithm for generating these reference summaries with arbitrary length, and we are making the resulting dataset publicly available. In addition, we apply a recent unsupervised method based on Bayesian Surprise that incorporates background knowledge into partial thread summarization, extend it with conversational features, and modify the mechanism by which it handles redundancy. Experiments with our method indicate improved performance over the baseline for shorter partial threads; and our results suggest that the potential benefits of background knowledge to partial thread summarization should be further investigated with larger datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{yaghoubzadeh-kopp-2017-enabling,
    title = "Enabling robust and fluid spoken dialogue with cognitively impaired users",
    author = "Yaghoubzadeh, Ramin  and
      Kopp, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5533",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5533",
    pages = "273--283",
    abstract = "We present the flexdiam dialogue management architecture, which was developed in a series of projects dedicated to tailoring spoken interaction to the needs of users with cognitive impairments in an everyday assistive domain, using a multimodal front-end. This hybrid DM architecture affords incremental processing of uncertain input, a flexible, mixed-initiative information grounding process that can be adapted to users{'} cognitive capacities and interactive idiosyncrasies, and generic mechanisms that foster transitions in the joint discourse state that are understandable and controllable by those users, in order to effect a robust interaction for users with varying capacities.",
}
@inproceedings{bruni-fernandez-2017-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial evaluation for open-domain dialogue generation",
    author = "Bruni, Elia  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5534",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5534",
    pages = "284--288",
    abstract = "We investigate the potential of adversarial evaluation methods for open-domain dialogue generation systems, comparing the performance of a discriminative agent to that of humans on the same task. Our results show that the task is hard, both for automated models and humans, but that a discriminative agent can learn patterns that lead to above-chance performance.",
}
@inproceedings{nejat-etal-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Joint Neural Model for Sentence Level Discourse Parsing and Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Nejat, Bita  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Ng, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5535",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5535",
    pages = "289--298",
    abstract = "Discourse Parsing and Sentiment Analysis are two fundamental tasks in Natural Language Processing that have been shown to be mutually beneficial. In this work, we design and compare two Neural Based models for jointly learning both tasks. In the proposed approach, we first create a vector representation for all the text segments in the input sentence. Next, we apply three different Recursive Neural Net models: one for discourse structure prediction, one for discourse relation prediction and one for sentiment analysis. Finally, we combine these Neural Nets in two different joint models: Multi-tasking and Pre-training. Our results on two standard corpora indicate that both methods result in improvements in each task but Multi-tasking has a bigger impact than Pre-training. Specifically for Discourse Parsing, we see improvements in the prediction of the set of contrastive relations.",
}
@inproceedings{sano-etal-2017-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Causes of Reformulation in Intelligent Assistants",
    author = "Sano, Shumpei  and
      Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Sassano, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5536",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5536",
    pages = "299--309",
    abstract = "Intelligent assistants (IAs) such as Siri and Cortana conversationally interact with users and execute a wide range of actions (e.g., searching the Web, setting alarms, and chatting). IAs can support these actions through the combination of various components such as automatic speech recognition, natural language understanding, and language generation. However, the complexity of these components hinders developers from determining which component causes an error. To remove this hindrance, we focus on reformulation, which is a useful signal of user dissatisfaction, and propose a method to predict the reformulation causes. We evaluate the method using the user logs of a commercial IA. The experimental results have demonstrated that features designed to detect the error of a specific component improve the performance of reformulation cause detection.",
}
@inproceedings{oraby-etal-2017-serious,
    title = "Are you serious?: Rhetorical Questions and Sarcasm in Social Media Dialog",
    author = "Oraby, Shereen  and
      Harrison, Vrindavan  and
      Misra, Amita  and
      Riloff, Ellen  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5537",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5537",
    pages = "310--319",
    abstract = "Effective models of social dialog must understand a broad range of rhetorical and figurative devices. Rhetorical questions (RQs) are a type of figurative language whose aim is to achieve a pragmatic goal, such as structuring an argument, being persuasive, emphasizing a point, or being ironic. While there are computational models for other forms of figurative language, rhetorical questions have received little attention to date. We expand a small dataset from previous work, presenting a corpus of 10,270 RQs from debate forums and Twitter that represent different discourse functions. We show that we can clearly distinguish between RQs and sincere questions (0.76 F1). We then show that RQs can be used both sarcastically and non-sarcastically, observing that non-sarcastic (other) uses of RQs are frequently argumentative in forums, and persuasive in tweets. We present experiments to distinguish between these uses of RQs using SVM and LSTM models that represent linguistic features and post-level context, achieving results as high as 0.76 F1 for {``}sarcastic{''} and 0.77 F1 for {``}other{''} in forums, and 0.83 F1 for both {``}sarcastic{''} and {``}other{''} in tweets. We supplement our quantitative experiments with an in-depth characterization of the linguistic variation in RQs.",
}
@inproceedings{jang-etal-2017-finding,
    title = "Finding Structure in Figurative Language: Metaphor Detection with Topic-based Frames",
    author = "Jang, Hyeju  and
      Maki, Keith  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5538",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5538",
    pages = "320--330",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a novel and highly effective method for induction and application of metaphor frame templates as a step toward detecting metaphor in extended discourse. We infer implicit facets of a given metaphor frame using a semi-supervised bootstrapping approach on an unlabeled corpus. Our model applies this frame facet information to metaphor detection, and achieves the state-of-the-art performance on a social media dataset when building upon other proven features in a nonlinear machine learning model. In addition, we illustrate the mechanism through which the frame and topic information enable the more accurate metaphor detection.",
}
@inproceedings{manuvinakurike-etal-2017-using,
    title = "Using Reinforcement Learning to Model Incrementality in a Fast-Paced Dialogue Game",
    author = "Manuvinakurike, Ramesh  and
      DeVault, David  and
      Georgila, Kallirroi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5539",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5539",
    pages = "331--341",
    abstract = "We apply Reinforcement Learning (RL) to the problem of incremental dialogue policy learning in the context of a fast-paced dialogue game. We compare the policy learned by RL with a high-performance baseline policy which has been shown to perform very efficiently (nearly as well as humans) in this dialogue game. The RL policy outperforms the baseline policy in offline simulations (based on real user data). We provide a detailed comparison of the RL policy and the baseline policy, including information about how much effort and time it took to develop each one of them. We also highlight the cases where the RL policy performs better, and show that understanding the RL policy can provide valuable insights which can inform the creation of an even better rule-based policy.",
}
@inproceedings{hu-walker-2017-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Narrative Causality between Event Pairs in Films",
    author = "Hu, Zhichao  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5540",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5540",
    pages = "342--351",
    abstract = "To understand narrative, humans draw inferences about the underlying relations between narrative events. Cognitive theories of narrative understanding define these inferences as four different types of causality, that include pairs of events A, B where A physically causes B (X drop, X break), to pairs of events where A causes emotional state B (Y saw X, Y felt fear). Previous work on learning narrative relations from text has either focused on {``}strict{''} physical causality, or has been vague about what relation is being learned. This paper learns pairs of causal events from a corpus of film scene descriptions which are action rich and tend to be told in chronological order. We show that event pairs induced using our methods are of high quality and are judged to have a stronger causal relation than event pairs from Rel-Grams.",
}
@inproceedings{leuski-artstein-2017-lessons,
    title = "Lessons in Dialogue System Deployment",
    author = "Leuski, Anton  and
      Artstein, Ron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5541",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5541",
    pages = "352--355",
    abstract = "We analyze deployment of an interactive dialogue system in an environment where deep technical expertise might not be readily available. The initial version was created using a collection of research tools. We summarize a number of challenges with its deployment at two museums and describe a new system that simplifies the installation and user interface; reduces reliance on 3rd-party software; and provides a robust data collection mechanism.",
}
@inproceedings{yoshino-etal-2017-information,
    title = "Information Navigation System with Discovering User Interests",
    author = "Yoshino, Koichiro  and
      Suzuki, Yu  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5542",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5542",
    pages = "356--359",
    abstract = "We demonstrate an information navigation system for sightseeing domains that has a dialogue interface for discovering user interests for tourist activities. The system discovers interests of a user with focus detection on user utterances, and proactively presents related information to the discovered user interest. A partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP)-based dialogue manager, which is extended with user focus states, controls the behavior of the system to provide information with several dialogue acts for providing information. We transferred the belief-update function and the policy of the manager from other system trained on a different domain to show the generality of defined dialogue acts for our information navigation system.",
}
@inproceedings{rahimtoroghi-etal-2017-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Protagonist Goals and Desires in First-Person Narrative",
    author = "Rahimtoroghi, Elahe  and
      Wu, Jiaqi  and
      Wang, Ruimin  and
      Anand, Pranav  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5543",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5543",
    pages = "360--369",
    abstract = "Many genres of natural language text are narratively structured, a testament to our predilection for organizing our experiences as narratives. There is broad consensus that understanding a narrative requires identifying and tracking the goals and desires of the characters and their narrative outcomes. However, to date, there has been limited work on computational models for this problem. We introduce a new dataset, DesireDB, which includes gold-standard labels for identifying statements of desire, textual evidence for desire fulfillment, and annotations for whether the stated desire is fulfilled given the evidence in the narrative context. We report experiments on tracking desire fulfillment using different methods, and show that LSTM Skip-Thought model achieves F-measure of 0.7 on our corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{brixey-etal-2017-shihbot,
    title = "{SHIH}bot: A {F}acebook chatbot for Sexual Health Information on {HIV}/{AIDS}",
    author = "Brixey, Jacqueline  and
      Hoegen, Rens  and
      Lan, Wei  and
      Rusow, Joshua  and
      Singla, Karan  and
      Yin, Xusen  and
      Artstein, Ron  and
      Leuski, Anton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5544",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5544",
    pages = "370--373",
    abstract = "We present the implementation of an autonomous chatbot, SHIHbot, deployed on Facebook, which answers a wide variety of sexual health questions on HIV/AIDS. The chatbot{'}s response database is com-piled from professional medical and public health resources in order to provide reliable information to users. The system{'}s backend is NPCEditor, a response selection platform trained on linked questions and answers; to our knowledge this is the first retrieval-based chatbot deployed on a large public social network.",
}
@inproceedings{ravichander-etal-2017-say,
    title = "How Would You Say It? Eliciting Lexically Diverse Dialogue for Supervised Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Ravichander, Abhilasha  and
      Manzini, Thomas  and
      Grabmair, Matthias  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Francis, Jonathan  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5545",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5545",
    pages = "374--383",
    abstract = "Building dialogue interfaces for real-world scenarios often entails training semantic parsers starting from zero examples. How can we build datasets that better capture the variety of ways users might phrase their queries, and what queries are actually realistic? Wang et al. (2015) proposed a method to build semantic parsing datasets by generating canonical utterances using a grammar and having crowdworkers paraphrase them into natural wording. A limitation of this approach is that it induces bias towards using similar language as the canonical utterances. In this work, we present a methodology that elicits meaningful and lexically diverse queries from users for semantic parsing tasks. Starting from a seed lexicon and a generative grammar, we pair logical forms with mixed text-image representations and ask crowdworkers to paraphrase and confirm the plausibility of the queries that they generated. We use this method to build a semantic parsing dataset from scratch for a dialog agent in a smart-home simulation. We find evidence that this dataset, which we have named SmartHome, is demonstrably more lexically diverse and difficult to parse than existing domain-specific semantic parsing datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{lison-bibauw-2017-dialogues,
    title = "Not All Dialogues are Created Equal: Instance Weighting for Neural Conversational Models",
    author = "Lison, Pierre  and
      Bibauw, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5546",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5546",
    pages = "384--394",
    abstract = "Neural conversational models require substantial amounts of dialogue data to estimate their parameters and are therefore usually learned on large corpora such as chat forums or movie subtitles. These corpora are, however, often challenging to work with, notably due to their frequent lack of turn segmentation and the presence of multiple references external to the dialogue itself. This paper shows that these challenges can be mitigated by adding a weighting model into the architecture. The weighting model, which is itself estimated from dialogue data, associates each training example to a numerical weight that reflects its intrinsic quality for dialogue modelling. At training time, these sample weights are included into the empirical loss to be minimised. Evaluation results on retrieval-based models trained on movie and TV subtitles demonstrate that the inclusion of such a weighting model improves the model performance on unsupervised metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{hohn-2017-data,
    title = "A data-driven model of explanations for a chatbot that helps to practice conversation in a foreign language",
    author = {H{\"o}hn, Sviatlana},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5547",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-5547",
    pages = "395--405",
    abstract = "This article describes a model of other-initiated self-repair for a chatbot that helps to practice conversation in a foreign language. The model was developed using a corpus of instant messaging conversations between German native and non-native speakers. Conversation Analysis helped to create computational models from a small number of examples. The model has been validated in an AIML-based chatbot. Unlike typical retrieval-based dialogue systems, the explanations are generated at run-time from a linguistic database.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-curation,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Curation and Applications of Parallel and Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Afli, Haithem  and
      Liu, Chao-Hong",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5600",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2017-building,
    title = "Building a Better Bitext for Structurally Different Languages through Self-training",
    author = {Park, Jungyeul  and
      Dugast, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Hong, Jeen-Pyo  and
      Shin, Chang-Uk  and
      Cha, Jeong-Won},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Curation and Applications of Parallel and Comparable Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5601",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "We propose a novel method to bootstrap the construction of parallel corpora for new pairs of structurally different languages. We do so by combining the use of a pivot language and self-training. A pivot language enables the use of existing translation models to bootstrap the alignment and a self-training procedure enables to achieve better alignment, both at the document and sentence level. We also propose several evaluation methods for the resulting alignment.",
}
@inproceedings{afli-etal-2017-multinews,
    title = "{M}ulti{N}ews: A Web collection of an Aligned Multimodal and Multilingual Corpus",
    author = "Afli, Haithem  and
      Lohar, Pintu  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Curation and Applications of Parallel and Comparable Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5602",
    pages = "11--15",
    abstract = "Integrating Natural Language Processing (NLP) and computer vision is a promising effort. However, the applicability of these methods directly depends on the availability of a specific multimodal data that includes images and texts. In this paper, we present a collection of a Multimodal corpus of comparable texts and their images in 9 languages from the web news articles of Euronews website. This corpus has found widespread use in the NLP community in Multilingual and multimodal tasks. Here, we focus on its acquisition of the images and text data and their multilingual alignment.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Phrase Embeddings from Paraphrases with {GRU}s",
    author = "Zhou, Zhihao  and
      Huang, Lifu  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Curation and Applications of Parallel and Comparable Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5603",
    pages = "16--23",
    abstract = "Learning phrase representations has been widely explored in many Natural Language Processing tasks (e.g., Sentiment Analysis, Machine Translation) and has shown promising improvements. Previous studies either learn non-compositional phrase representations with general word embedding learning techniques or learn compositional phrase representations based on syntactic structures, which either require huge amounts of human annotations or cannot be easily generalized to all phrases. In this work, we propose to take advantage of large-scaled paraphrase database and present a pairwise-GRU framework to generate compositional phrase representations. Our framework can be re-used to generate representations for any phrases. Experimental results show that our framework achieves state-of-the-art results on several phrase similarity tasks.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-asian,
    title = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2017)",
    author = "Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Goto, Isao",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5700",
}
@inproceedings{nakazawa-etal-2017-overview,
    title = "Overview of the 4th Workshop on {A}sian Translation",
    author = "Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Higashiyama, Shohei  and
      Ding, Chenchen  and
      Mino, Hideya  and
      Goto, Isao  and
      Kazawa, Hideto  and
      Oda, Yusuke  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5701",
    pages = "1--54",
    abstract = "This paper presents the results of the shared tasks from the 4th workshop on Asian translation (WAT2017) including J↔E, J↔C scientific paper translation subtasks, C↔J, K↔J, E↔J patent translation subtasks, H↔E mixed domain subtasks, J↔E newswire subtasks and J↔E recipe subtasks. For the WAT2017, 12 institutions participated in the shared tasks. About 300 translation results have been submitted to the automatic evaluation server, and selected submissions were manually evaluated.",
}
@inproceedings{takeno-etal-2017-controlling,
    title = "Controlling Target Features in Neural Machine Translation via Prefix Constraints",
    author = "Takeno, Shunsuke  and
      Nagata, Masaaki  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5702",
    pages = "55--63",
    abstract = "We propose \textit{prefix constraints}, a novel method to enforce constraints on target sentences in neural machine translation. It places a sequence of special tokens at the beginning of target sentence (target prefix), while side constraints places a special token at the end of source sentence (source suffix). Prefix constraints can be predicted from source sentence jointly with target sentence, while side constraints (Sennrich et al., 2016) must be provided by the user or predicted by some other methods. In both methods, special tokens are designed to encode arbitrary features on target-side or metatextual information. We show that prefix constraints are more flexible than side constraints and can be used to control the behavior of neural machine translation, in terms of output length, bidirectional decoding, domain adaptation, and unaligned target word generation.",
}
@inproceedings{sekizawa-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving {J}apanese-to-{E}nglish Neural Machine Translation by Paraphrasing the Target Language",
    author = "Sekizawa, Yuuki  and
      Kajiwara, Tomoyuki  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5703",
    pages = "64--69",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation (NMT) produces sentences that are more fluent than those produced by statistical machine translation (SMT). However, NMT has a very high computational cost because of the high dimensionality of the output layer. Generally, NMT restricts the size of vocabulary, which results in infrequent words being treated as out-of-vocabulary (OOV) and degrades the performance of the translation. In evaluation, we achieved a statistically significant BLEU score improvement of 0.55-0.77 over the baselines including the state-of-the-art method.",
}
@inproceedings{imankulova-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation with Filtered Pseudo-Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Imankulova, Aizhan  and
      Sato, Takayuki  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5704",
    pages = "70--78",
    abstract = "Large-scale parallel corpora are indispensable to train highly accurate machine translators. However, manually constructed large-scale parallel corpora are not freely available in many language pairs. In previous studies, training data have been expanded using a pseudo-parallel corpus obtained using machine translation of the monolingual corpus in the target language. However, in low-resource language pairs in which only low-accuracy machine translation systems can be used, translation quality is reduces when a pseudo-parallel corpus is used naively. To improve machine translation performance with low-resource language pairs, we propose a method to expand the training data effectively via filtering the pseudo-parallel corpus using a quality estimation based on back-translation. As a result of experiments with three language pairs using small, medium, and large parallel corpora, language pairs with fewer training data filtered out more sentence pairs and improved BLEU scores more significantly.",
}
@inproceedings{fujita-sumita-2017-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese to {E}nglish/{C}hinese/{K}orean Datasets for Translation Quality Estimation and Automatic Post-Editing",
    author = "Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5705",
    pages = "79--88",
    abstract = "Aiming at facilitating the research on quality estimation (QE) and automatic post-editing (APE) of machine translation (MT) outputs, especially for those among Asian languages, we have created new datasets for Japanese to English, Chinese, and Korean translations. As the source text, actual utterances in Japanese were extracted from the log data of our speech translation service. MT outputs were then given by phrase-based statistical MT systems. Finally, human evaluators were employed to grade the quality of MT outputs and to post-edit them. This paper describes the characteristics of the created datasets and reports on our benchmarking experiments on word-level QE, sentence-level QE, and APE conducted using the created datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{morishita-etal-2017-ntt,
    title = "{NTT} Neural Machine Translation Systems at {WAT} 2017",
    author = "Morishita, Makoto  and
      Suzuki, Jun  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5706",
    pages = "89--94",
    abstract = "In this year, we participated in four translation subtasks at WAT 2017. Our model structure is quite simple but we used it with well-tuned hyper-parameters, leading to a significant improvement compared to the previous state-of-the-art system. We also tried to make use of the unreliable part of the provided parallel corpus by back-translating and making a synthetic corpus. Our submitted system achieved the new state-of-the-art performance in terms of the BLEU score, as well as human evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-xmu-neural,
    title = "{XMU} Neural Machine Translation Systems for {WAT} 2017",
    author = "Wang, Boli  and
      Tan, Zhixing  and
      Hu, Jinming  and
      Chen, Yidong  and
      Shi, Xiaodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5707",
    pages = "95--98",
    abstract = "This paper describes the Neural Machine Translation systems of Xiamen University for the shared translation tasks of WAT 2017. Our systems are based on the Encoder-Decoder framework with attention. We participated in three subtasks. We experimented subword segmentation, synthetic training data and model ensembling. Experiments show that all these methods can give substantial improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{neishi-etal-2017-bag,
    title = "A Bag of Useful Tricks for Practical Neural Machine Translation: Embedding Layer Initialization and Large Batch Size",
    author = "Neishi, Masato  and
      Sakuma, Jin  and
      Tohda, Satoshi  and
      Ishiwatari, Shonosuke  and
      Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Toyoda, Masashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5708",
    pages = "99--109",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the team UT-IIS{'}s system and results for the WAT 2017 translation tasks. We further investigated several tricks including a novel technique for initializing embedding layers using only the parallel corpus, which increased the BLEU score by 1.28, found a practical large batch size of 256, and gained insights regarding hyperparameter settings. Ultimately, our system obtained a better result than the state-of-the-art system of WAT 2016. Our code is available on \url{https://github.com/nem6ishi/wat17}.",
}
@inproceedings{long-etal-2017-patent,
    title = "Patent {NMT} integrated with Large Vocabulary Phrase Translation by {SMT} at {WAT} 2017",
    author = "Long, Zi  and
      Kimura, Ryuichiro  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Mitsuhashi, Tomoharu  and
      Yamamoto, Mikio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5709",
    pages = "110--118",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation (NMT) cannot handle a larger vocabulary because the training complexity and decoding complexity proportionally increase with the number of target words. This problem becomes even more serious when translating patent documents, which contain many technical terms that are observed infrequently. Long et al.(2017) proposed to select phrases that contain out-of-vocabulary words using the statistical approach of branching entropy. The selected phrases are then replaced with tokens during training and post-translated by the phrase translation table of SMT. In this paper, we apply the method proposed by Long et al. (2017) to the WAT 2017 Japanese-Chinese and Japanese-English patent datasets. Evaluation on Japanese-to-Chinese, Chinese-to-Japanese, Japanese-to-English and English-to-Japanese patent sentence translation proved the effectiveness of phrases selected with branching entropy, where the NMT model of Long et al.(2017) achieves a substantial improvement over a baseline NMT model without the technique proposed by Long et al.(2017).",
}
@inproceedings{ehara-2017-smt,
    title = "SMT reranked NMT",
    author = "Ehara, Terumasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5710",
    pages = "119--126",
    abstract = "System architecture, experimental settings and experimental results of the EHR team for the WAT2017 tasks are described. We participate in three tasks: JPCen-ja, JPCzh-ja and JPCko-ja. Although the basic architecture of our system is NMT, reranking technique is conducted using SMT results. One of the major drawback of NMT is under-translation and over-translation. On the other hand, SMT infrequently makes such translations. So, using reranking of n-best NMT outputs by the SMT output, discarding such translations can be expected. We can improve BLEU score from 46.03 to 47.08 by this technique in JPCzh-ja task.",
}
@inproceedings{imamura-sumita-2017-ensemble,
    title = "Ensemble and Reranking: Using Multiple Models in the {NICT}-2 Neural Machine Translation System at {WAT}2017",
    author = "Imamura, Kenji  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5711",
    pages = "127--134",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the NICT-2 neural machine translation system evaluated at WAT2017. This system uses multiple models as an ensemble and combines models with opposite decoding directions by reranking (called bi-directional reranking). In our experimental results on small data sets, the translation quality improved when the number of models was increased to 32 in total and did not saturate. In the experiments on large data sets, improvements of 1.59-3.32 BLEU points were achieved when six-model ensembles were combined by the bi-directional reranking.",
}
@inproceedings{oda-etal-2017-simple,
    title = "A Simple and Strong Baseline: {NAIST}-{NICT} Neural Machine Translation System for {WAT}2017 {E}nglish-{J}apanese Translation Task",
    author = "Oda, Yusuke  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5712",
    pages = "135--139",
    abstract = "This paper describes the details about the NAIST-NICT machine translation system for WAT2017 English-Japanese Scientific Paper Translation Task. The system consists of a language-independent tokenizer and an attentional encoder-decoder style neural machine translation model. According to the official results, our system achieves higher translation accuracy than any systems submitted previous campaigns despite simple model architecture.",
}
@inproceedings{kinoshita-etal-2017-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of {SMT} and {NMT} trained with large Patent Corpora: {J}apio at {WAT}2017",
    author = "Kinoshita, Satoshi  and
      Oshio, Tadaaki  and
      Mitsuhashi, Tomoharu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5713",
    pages = "140--145",
    abstract = "Japio participates in patent subtasks (JPC-EJ/JE/CJ/KJ) with phrase-based statistical machine translation (SMT) and neural machine translation (NMT) systems which are trained with its own patent corpora in addition to the subtask corpora provided by organizers of WAT2017. In EJ and CJ subtasks, SMT and NMT systems whose sizes of training corpora are about 50 million and 10 million sentence pairs respectively achieved comparable scores for automatic evaluations, but NMT systems were superior to SMT systems for both official and in-house human evaluations.",
}
@inproceedings{cromieres-etal-2017-kyoto,
    title = "{K}yoto University Participation to {WAT} 2017",
    author = "Cromieres, Fabien  and
      Dabre, Raj  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5714",
    pages = "146--153",
    abstract = "We describe here our approaches and results on the WAT 2017 shared translation tasks. Following our good results with Neural Machine Translation in the previous shared task, we continue this approach this year, with incremental improvements in models and training methods. We focused on the ASPEC dataset and could improve the state-of-the-art results for Chinese-to-Japanese and Japanese-to-Chinese translations.",
}
@inproceedings{kocmi-etal-2017-cuni,
    title = "{CUNI} {NMT} System for {WAT} 2017 Translation Tasks",
    author = "Kocmi, Tom  and
      Vari{\v{s}}, Du{\v{s}}an  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5715",
    pages = "154--159",
    abstract = "The paper presents this year{'}s CUNI submissions to the WAT 2017 Translation Task focusing on the Japanese-English translation, namely Scientific papers subtask, Patents subtask and Newswire subtask. We compare two neural network architectures, the standard sequence-to-sequence with attention (Seq2Seq) and an architecture using convolutional sentence encoder (FBConv2Seq), both implemented in the NMT framework Neural Monkey that we currently participate in developing. We also compare various types of preprocessing of the source Japanese sentences and their impact on the overall results. Furthermore, we include the results of our experiments with out-of-domain data obtained by combining the corpora provided for each subtask.",
}
@inproceedings{matsumura-komachi-2017-tokyo,
    title = "{T}okyo Metropolitan University Neural Machine Translation System for {WAT} 2017",
    author = "Matsumura, Yukio  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5716",
    pages = "160--166",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our neural machine translation (NMT) system, which is based on the attention-based NMT and uses long short-term memories (LSTM) as RNN. We implemented beam search and ensemble decoding in the NMT system. The system was tested on the 4th Workshop on Asian Translation (WAT 2017) shared tasks. In our experiments, we participated in the scientific paper subtasks and attempted Japanese-English, English-Japanese, and Japanese-Chinese translation tasks. The experimental results showed that implementation of beam search and ensemble decoding can effectively improve the translation quality.",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2017-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Recurrent and Convolutional Architectures for {E}nglish-{H}indi Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Singh, Sandhya  and
      Panjwani, Ritesh  and
      Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5717",
    pages = "167--170",
    abstract = "In this paper, we empirically compare the two encoder-decoder neural machine translation architectures: convolutional sequence to sequence model (ConvS2S) and recurrent sequence to sequence model (RNNS2S) for English-Hindi language pair as part of IIT Bombay{'}s submission to WAT2017 shared task. We report the results for both English-Hindi and Hindi-English direction of language pair.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-international-digital,
    title = "Proceedings of the International Workshop on Digital Disease Detection using Social Media 2017 ({DDDSM}-2017)",
    author = "Jonnagaddala, Jitendra  and
      Dai, Hong-Jie  and
      Chang, Yung-Chun",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5800",
}
@inproceedings{skeppstedt-etal-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic detection of stance towards vaccination in online discussion forums",
    author = "Skeppstedt, Maria  and
      Kerren, Andreas  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Workshop on Digital Disease Detection using Social Media 2017 ({DDDSM}-2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5801",
    pages = "1--8",
    abstract = "A classifier for automatic detection of stance towards vaccination in online forums was trained and evaluated. Debate posts from six discussion threads on the British parental website Mumsnet were manually annotated for stance {`}against{'} or {`}for{'} vaccination, or as {`}undecided{'}. A support vector machine, trained to detect the three classes, achieved a macro F-score of 0.44, while a macro F-score of 0.62 was obtained by the same type of classifier on the binary classification task of distinguishing stance {`}against{'} vaccination from stance {`}for{'} vaccination. These results show that vaccine stance detection in online forums is a difficult task, at least for the type of model investigated and for the relatively small training corpus that was used. Future work will therefore include an expansion of the training data and an evaluation of other types of classifiers and features.",
}
@inproceedings{abd-yusof-etal-2017-analysing,
    title = "Analysing the Causes of Depressed Mood from Depression Vulnerable Individuals",
    author = "Abd Yusof, Noor Fazilla  and
      Lin, Chenghua  and
      Guerin, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Workshop on Digital Disease Detection using Social Media 2017 ({DDDSM}-2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5802",
    pages = "9--17",
    abstract = "We develop a computational model to discover the potential causes of depression by analysing the topics in a usergenerated text. We show the most prominent causes, and how these causes evolve over time. Also, we highlight the differences in causes between students with low and high neuroticism. Our studies demonstrate that the topics reveal valuable clues about the causes contributing to depressed mood. Identifying causes can have a significant impact on improving the quality of depression care; thereby providing greater insights into a patient{'}s state for pertinent treatment recommendations. Hence, this study significantly expands the ability to discover the potential factors that trigger depression, making it possible to increase the efficiency of depression treatment.",
}
@inproceedings{takeuchi-etal-2017-multivariate,
    title = "Multivariate Linear Regression of Symptoms-related Tweets for Infectious Gastroenteritis Scale Estimation",
    author = "Takeuchi, Ryo  and
      Iso, Hayate  and
      Ito, Kaoru  and
      Wakamiya, Shoko  and
      Aramaki, Eiji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Workshop on Digital Disease Detection using Social Media 2017 ({DDDSM}-2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5803",
    pages = "18--25",
    abstract = "To date, various Twitter-based event detection systems have been proposed. Most of their targets, however, share common characteristics. They are seasonal or global events such as earthquakes and flu pandemics. In contrast, this study targets unseasonal and local disease events. Our system investigates the frequencies of disease-related words such as {``}nausea{''},{``}chill{''},and {``}diarrhea{''} and estimates the number of patients using regression of these word frequencies. Experiments conducted using Japanese 47 areas from January 2017 to April 2017 revealed that the detection of small and unseasonal event is extremely difficult (overall performance: 0.13). However, we found that the event scale and the detection performance show high correlation in the specified cases (in the phase of patient increasing or decreasing). The results also suggest that when 150 and more patients appear in a high population area, we can expect that our social sensors detect this outbreak. Based on these results, we can infer that social sensors can reliably detect unseasonal and local disease events under certain conditions, just as they can for seasonal or global events.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2017-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Dependency Trees Improve Identification of Pregnant Women on Social Media Platforms",
    author = "Huang, Yi-Jie  and
      Su, Chu Hsien  and
      Chang, Yi-Chun  and
      Ting, Tseng-Hsin  and
      Fu, Tzu-Yuan  and
      Wang, Rou-Min  and
      Dai, Hong-Jie  and
      Chang, Yung-Chun  and
      Jonnagaddala, Jitendra  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Workshop on Digital Disease Detection using Social Media 2017 ({DDDSM}-2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5804",
    pages = "26--32",
    abstract = "The increasing popularity of social media lead users to share enormous information on the internet. This information has various application like, it can be used to develop models to understand or predict user behavior on social media platforms. For example, few online retailers have studied the shopping patterns to predict shopper{'}s pregnancy stage. Another interesting application is to use the social media platforms to analyze users{'} health-related information. In this study, we developed a tree kernel-based model to classify tweets conveying pregnancy related information using this corpus. The developed pregnancy classification model achieved an accuracy of 0.847 and an F-score of 0.565. A new corpus from popular social media platform Twitter was developed for the purpose of this study. In future, we would like to improve this corpus by reducing noise such as retweets.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-using,
    title = "Using a Recurrent Neural Network Model for Classification of Tweets Conveyed Influenza-related Information",
    author = "Wang, Chen-Kai  and
      Singh, Onkar  and
      Tang, Zhao-Li  and
      Dai, Hong-Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Workshop on Digital Disease Detection using Social Media 2017 ({DDDSM}-2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5805",
    pages = "33--38",
    abstract = "Traditional disease surveillance systems depend on outpatient reporting and virological test results released by hospitals. These data have valid and accurate information about emerging outbreaks but it{'}s often not timely. In recent years the exponential growth of users getting connected to social media provides immense knowledge about epidemics by sharing related information. Social media can now flag more immediate concerns related to out-breaks in real time. In this paper we apply the long short-term memory recurrent neural net-work (RNN) architecture to classify tweets conveyed influenza-related information and compare its performance with baseline algorithms including support vector machine (SVM), decision tree, naive Bayes, simple logistics, and naive Bayes multinomial. The developed RNN model achieved an F-score of 0.845 on the MedWeb task test set, which outperforms the F-score of SVM without applying the synthetic minority oversampling technique by 0.08. The F-score of the RNN model is within 1{\%} of the highest score achieved by SVM with oversampling technique.",
}
@inproceedings{adam-etal-2017-zikahack,
    title = "{Z}ika{H}ack 2016: A digital disease detection competition",
    author = "Adam, Dillon C  and
      Jonnagaddala, Jitendra  and
      Han-Chen, Daniel  and
      Batongbacal, Sean  and
      Almeida, Luan  and
      Zhu, Jing Z  and
      Yang, Jenny J  and
      Mundekkat, Jumail M  and
      Badman, Steven  and
      Chughtai, Abrar  and
      MacIntyre, C Raina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Workshop on Digital Disease Detection using Social Media 2017 ({DDDSM}-2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5806",
    pages = "39--46",
    abstract = "Effective response to infectious diseases outbreaks relies on the rapid and early detection of those outbreaks. Invalidated, yet timely and openly available digital information can be used for the early detection of outbreaks. Public health surveillance authorities can exploit these early warnings to plan and co-ordinate rapid surveillance and emergency response programs. In 2016, a digital disease detection competition named ZikaHack was launched. The objective of the competition was for multidisciplinary teams to design, develop and demonstrate innovative digital disease detection solutions to retrospectively detect the 2015-16 Brazilian Zika virus outbreak earlier than traditional surveillance methods. In this paper, an overview of the ZikaHack competition is provided. The challenges and lessons learned in organizing this competition are also discussed for use by other researchers interested in organizing similar competitions.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2017-method,
    title = "A Method to Generate a Machine-Labeled Data for Biomedical Named Entity Recognition with Various Sub-Domains",
    author = "Kim, Juae  and
      Kwon, Sunjae  and
      Ko, Youngjoong  and
      Seo, Jungyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Workshop on Digital Disease Detection using Social Media 2017 ({DDDSM}-2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5807",
    pages = "47--51",
    abstract = "Biomedical Named Entity (NE) recognition is a core technique for various works in the biomedical domain. In previous studies, using machine learning algorithm shows better performance than dictionary-based and rule-based approaches because there are too many terminological variations of biomedical NEs and new biomedical NEs are constantly generated. To achieve the high performance with a machine-learning algorithm, good-quality corpora are required. However, it is difficult to obtain the good-quality corpora because an-notating a biomedical corpus for ma-chine-learning is extremely time-consuming and costly. In addition, most previous corpora are insufficient for high-level tasks because they cannot cover various domains. Therefore, we propose a method for generating a large amount of machine-labeled data that covers various domains. To generate a large amount of machine-labeled data, firstly we generate an initial machine-labeled data by using a chunker and MetaMap. The chunker is developed to extract only biomedical NEs with manually annotated data. MetaMap is used to annotate the category of bio-medical NE. Then we apply the self-training approach to bootstrap the performance of initial machine-labeled data. In our experiments, the biomedical NE recognition system that is trained with our proposed machine-labeled data achieves much high performance. As a result, our system outperforms biomedical NE recognition system that using MetaMap only with 26.03{\%}p improvements on F1-score.",
}
@inproceedings{tu-etal-2017-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Drug-Drug Interaction Classification with Corpus-level Feature and Classifier Ensemble",
    author = "Tu, Jing Cyun  and
      Lai, Po-Ting  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Workshop on Digital Disease Detection using Social Media 2017 ({DDDSM}-2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5808",
    pages = "52--56",
    abstract = "The study of drug-drug interaction (DDI) is important in the drug discovering. Both PubMed and DrugBank are rich resources to retrieve DDI information which is usually represented in plain text. Automatically extracting DDI pairs from text improves the quality of drug discov-ering. In this paper, we presented a study that focuses on the DDI classification. We normalized the drug names, and developed both sentence-level and corpus-level features for DDI classification. A classifier ensemble approach is used for the unbalance DDI labels problem. Our approach achieved an F-score of 65.4{\%} on SemEval 2013 DDI test set. The experimental results also show the effects of proposed corpus-level features in the DDI task.",
}
@inproceedings{warikoo-etal-2017-chemical,
    title = "Chemical-Induced Disease Detection Using Invariance-based Pattern Learning Model",
    author = "Warikoo, Neha  and
      Chang, Yung-Chun  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Workshop on Digital Disease Detection using Social Media 2017 ({DDDSM}-2017)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5809",
    pages = "57--64",
    abstract = "In this work, we introduce a novel feature engineering approach named {``}algebraic invariance{''} to identify discriminative patterns for learning relation pair features for the chemical-disease relation (CDR) task of BioCreative V. Our method exploits the existing structural similarity of the key concepts of relation descriptions from the CDR corpus to generate robust linguistic patterns for SVM tree kernel-based learning. Preprocessing of the training data classifies the entity pairs as either related or unrelated to build instance types for both inter-sentential and intra-sentential scenarios. An invariant function is proposed to process and optimally cluster similar patterns for both positive and negative instances. The learning model for CDR pairs is based on the SVM tree kernel approach, which generates feature trees and vectors and is modeled on suitable invariance based patterns, bringing brevity, precision and context to the identifier features. Results demonstrate that our method outperformed other compared approaches, achieved a high recall rate of 85.08{\%}, and averaged an F1-score of 54.34{\%} without the use of any additional knowledge bases.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA} 2017)",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Yu, Liang-Chih",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5900",
}
@inproceedings{winder-etal-2017-ntucle,
    title = "{NTUCLE}: Developing a Corpus of Learner {E}nglish to Provide Writing Support for Engineering Students",
    author = "Winder, Roger Vivek Placidus  and
      MacKinnon, Joseph  and
      Li, Shu Yun  and
      Lin, Benedict Christopher Tzer Liang  and
      Heah, Carmel Lee Hah  and
      Morgado da Costa, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Kuribayashi, Takayuki  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA} 2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5901",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "This paper describes the creation of a new annotated learner corpus. The aim is to use this corpus to develop an automated system for corrective feedback on students{'} writing. With this system, students will be able to receive timely feedback on language errors before they submit their assignments for grading. A corpus of assignments submitted by first year engineering students was compiled, and a new error tag set for the NTU Corpus of Learner English (NTUCLE) was developed based on that of the NUS Corpus of Learner English (NUCLE), as well as marking rubrics used at NTU. After a description of the corpus, error tag set and annotation process, the paper presents the results of the annotation exercise as well as follow up actions. The final error tag set, which is significantly larger than that for the NUCLE error categories, is then presented before a brief conclusion summarising our experience and future plans.",
}
@inproceedings{hana-hladka-2017-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Non-Native Writings: Can a Parser Help?",
    author = "Hana, Jirka  and
      Hladk{\'a}, Barbora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA} 2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5902",
    pages = "12--16",
    abstract = "We present a pilot study on parsing non-native texts written by learners of Czech. We performed experiments that have shown that at least high-level syntactic functions, like subject, predicate, and object, can be assigned based on a parser trained on standard native language.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-lee-2017-carrier,
    title = "Carrier Sentence Selection for Fill-in-the-blank Items",
    author = "Jiang, Shu  and
      Lee, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA} 2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5903",
    pages = "17--22",
    abstract = "Fill-in-the-blank items are a common form of exercise in computer-assisted language learning systems. To automatically generate an effective item, the system must be able to select a high-quality carrier sentence that illustrates the usage of the target word. Previous approaches for carrier sentence selection have considered sentence length, vocabulary difficulty, the position of the target word and the presence of finite verbs. This paper investigates the utility of word co-occurrence statistics and lexical similarity as selection criteria. In an evaluation on generating fill-in-the-blank items for learning Chinese as a foreign language, we show that these two criteria can improve carrier sentence quality.",
}
@inproceedings{redkar-etal-2017-hindi,
    title = "{H}indi Shabdamitra: A {W}ordnet based E-Learning Tool for Language Learning and Teaching",
    author = "Redkar, Hanumant  and
      Singh, Sandhya  and
      Somasundaram, Meenakshi  and
      Gorasia, Dhara  and
      Kulkarni, Malhar  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA} 2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5904",
    pages = "23--28",
    abstract = "In today{'}s technology driven digital era, education domain is undergoing a transformation from traditional approaches to more learner controlled and flexible methods of learning. This transformation has opened the new avenues for interdisciplinary research in the field of educational technology and natural language processing in developing quality digital aids for learning and teaching. The tool presented here - Hindi Shabhadamitra, developed using Hindi Wordnet for Hindi language learning, is one such e-learning tool. It has been developed as a teaching and learning aid suitable for formal school based curriculum and informal setup for self learning users. Besides vocabulary, it also provides word based grammar along with images and pronunciation for better learning and retention. This aid demonstrates that how a rich lexical resource like wordnet can be systematically remodeled for practical usage in the educational domain.",
}
@inproceedings{fung-etal-2017-nlptea,
    title = "{NLPTEA} 2017 Shared Task {--} {C}hinese Spelling Check",
    author = "Fung, Gabriel  and
      Debosschere, Maxime  and
      Wang, Dingmin  and
      Li, Bo  and
      Zhu, Jia  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA} 2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5905",
    pages = "29--34",
    abstract = "This paper provides an overview along with our findings of the Chinese Spelling Check shared task at NLPTEA 2017. The goal of this task is to develop a computer-assisted system to automatically diagnose typing errors in traditional Chinese sentences written by students. We defined six types of errors which belong to two categories. Given a sentence, the system should detect where the errors are, and for each detected error determine its type and provide correction suggestions. We designed, constructed, and released a benchmark dataset for this task.",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-etal-2017-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Spelling Check based on N-gram and String Matching Algorithm",
    author = "Yeh, Jui-Feng  and
      Chang, Li-Ting  and
      Liu, Chan-Yi  and
      Hsu, Tsung-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA} 2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5906",
    pages = "35--38",
    abstract = "This paper presents a Chinese spelling check approach based on language models combined with string match algorithm to treat the problems resulted from the influence caused by Cantonese mother tone. N-grams first used to detecting the probability of sentence constructed by the writers, a string matching algorithm called Knuth-Morris-Pratt (KMP) Algorithm is used to detect and correct the error. According to the experimental results, the proposed approach can detect the error and provide the corresponding correction.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2017-n,
    title = "N-gram Model for {C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis",
    author = "Zhao, Jianbo  and
      Liu, Hao  and
      Bao, Zuyi  and
      Bai, Xiaopeng  and
      Li, Si  and
      Lin, Zhiqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA} 2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5907",
    pages = "39--44",
    abstract = "Detection and correction of Chinese grammatical errors have been two of major challenges for Chinese automatic grammatical error diagnosis.This paper presents an N-gram model for automatic detection and correction of Chinese grammatical errors in NLPTEA 2017 task. The experiment results show that the proposed method is good at correction of Chinese grammatical errors.",
}
@inproceedings{horbach-etal-2017-influence,
    title = "The Influence of Spelling Errors on Content Scoring Performance",
    author = "Horbach, Andrea  and
      Ding, Yuning  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA} 2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5908",
    pages = "45--53",
    abstract = "Spelling errors occur frequently in educational settings, but their influence on automatic scoring is largely unknown. We therefore investigate the influence of spelling errors on content scoring performance using the example of the ASAP corpus. We conduct an annotation study on the nature of spelling errors in the ASAP dataset and utilize these finding in machine learning experiments that measure the influence of spelling errors on automatic content scoring. Our main finding is that scoring methods using both token and character n-gram features are robust against spelling errors up to the error frequency in ASAP.",
}
@inproceedings{mizumoto-nagata-2017-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Impact of Spelling Errors on {POS}-Tagging and Chunking in Learner {E}nglish",
    author = "Mizumoto, Tomoya  and
      Nagata, Ryo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA} 2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5909",
    pages = "54--58",
    abstract = "Part-of-speech (POS) tagging and chunking have been used in tasks targeting learner English; however, to the best our knowledge, few studies have evaluated their performance and no studies have revealed the causes of POS-tagging/chunking errors in detail. Therefore, we investigate performance and analyze the causes of failure. We focus on spelling errors that occur frequently in learner English. We demonstrate that spelling errors reduced POS-tagging performance by 0.23{\%} owing to spelling errors, and that a spell checker is not necessary for POS-tagging/chunking of learner English.",
}
@inproceedings{zampieri-etal-2017-complex,
    title = "Complex Word Identification: Challenges in Data Annotation and System Performance",
    author = "Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Paetzold, Gustavo  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA} 2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5910",
    pages = "59--63",
    abstract = "This paper revisits the problem of complex word identification (CWI) following up the SemEval CWI shared task. We use ensemble classifiers to investigate how well computational methods can discriminate between complex and non-complex words. Furthermore, we analyze the classification performance to understand what makes lexical complexity challenging. Our findings show that most systems performed poorly on the SemEval CWI dataset, and one of the reasons for that is the way in which human annotation was performed.",
}
@inproceedings{shioda-etal-2017-suggesting,
    title = "Suggesting Sentences for {ESL} using Kernel Embeddings",
    author = "Shioda, Kent  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Ikeya, Rue  and
      Mochihashi, Daichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA} 2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5911",
    pages = "64--68",
    abstract = "Sentence retrieval is an important NLP application for English as a Second Language (ESL) learners. ESL learners are familiar with web search engines, but generic web search results may not be adequate for composing documents in a specific domain. However, if we build our own search system specialized to a domain, it may be subject to the data sparseness problem. Recently proposed word2vec partially addresses the data sparseness problem, but fails to extract sentences relevant to queries owing to the modeling of the latent intent of the query. Thus, we propose a method of retrieving example sentences using kernel embeddings and N-gram windows. This method implicitly models latent intent of query and sentences, and alleviates the problem of noisy alignment. Our results show that our method achieved higher precision in sentence retrieval for ESL in the domain of a university press release corpus, as compared to a previous unsupervised method used for a semantic textual similarity task.",
}
@inproceedings{bedi-etal-2017-event,
    title = "Event Timeline Generation from History Textbooks",
    author = "Bedi, Harsimran  and
      Patil, Sangameshwar  and
      Hingmire, Swapnil  and
      Palshikar, Girish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA} 2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5912",
    pages = "69--77",
    abstract = "Event timeline serves as the basic structure of history, and it is used as a disposition of key phenomena in studying history as a subject in secondary school. In order to enable a student to understand a historical phenomenon as a series of connected events, we present a system for automatic event timeline generation from history textbooks. Additionally, we propose Message Sequence Chart (MSC) and time-map based visualization techniques to visualize an event timeline. We also identify key computational challenges in developing natural language processing based applications for history textbooks.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-sighan,
    title = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    author = "Zhang, Yue  and
      Sui, Zhifang",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6000",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-group,
    title = "Group Linguistic Bias Aware Neural Response Generation",
    author = "Wang, Jianan  and
      Wang, Xin  and
      Li, Fang  and
      Xu, Zhen  and
      Wang, Zhuoran  and
      Wang, Baoxun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6001",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "For practical chatbots, one of the essential factor for improving user experience is the capability of customizing the talking style of the agents, that is, to make chatbots provide responses meeting users{'} preference on language styles, topics, etc. To address this issue, this paper proposes to incorporate linguistic biases, which implicitly involved in the conversation corpora generated by human groups in the Social Network Services (SNS), into the encoder-decoder based response generator. By attaching a specially designed neural component to dynamically control the impact of linguistic biases in response generation, a Group Linguistic Bias Aware Neural Response Generation (GLBA-NRG) model is eventually presented. The experimental results on the dataset from the Chinese SNS show that the proposed architecture outperforms the current response generating models by producing both meaningful and vivid responses with customized styles.",
}
@inproceedings{bao-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Regularized Domain Adaptation for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Bao, Zuyi  and
      Li, Si  and
      Xu, Weiran  and
      Gao, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6002",
    pages = "11--20",
    abstract = "For Chinese word segmentation, the large-scale annotated corpora mainly focus on newswire and only a handful of annotated data is available in other domains such as patents and literature. Considering the limited amount of annotated target domain data, it is a challenge for segmenters to learn domain-specific information while avoid getting over-fitted at the same time. In this paper, we propose a neural regularized domain adaptation method for Chinese word segmentation. The teacher networks trained in source domain are employed to regularize the training process of the student network by preserving the general knowledge. In the experiments, our neural regularized domain adaptation method achieves a better performance comparing to previous methods.",
}
@inproceedings{benajiba-etal-2017-sentimental,
    title = "The Sentimental Value of {C}hinese Sub-Character Components",
    author = "Benajiba, Yassine  and
      Biran, Or  and
      Weng, Zhiliang  and
      Zhang, Yong  and
      Sun, Jin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6003",
    pages = "21--29",
    abstract = "Sub-character components of Chinese characters carry important semantic information, and recent studies have shown that utilizing this information can improve performance on core semantic tasks. In this paper, we hypothesize that in addition to semantic information, sub-character components may also carry emotional information, and that utilizing it should improve performance on sentiment analysis tasks. We conduct a series of experiments on four Chinese sentiment data sets and show that we can significantly improve the performance in various tasks over that of a character-level embeddings baseline. We then focus on qualitatively assessing multiple examples and trying to explain how the sub-character components affect the results in each case.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Answer Extraction Based on {POS} Tree and Genetic Algorithm",
    author = "Li, Shuihua  and
      Zhang, Xiaoming  and
      Li, Zhoujun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6004",
    pages = "30--36",
    abstract = "Answer extraction is the most important part of a chinese web-based question answering system. In order to enhance the robustness and adaptability of answer extraction to new domains and eliminate the influence of the incomplete and noisy search snippets, we propose two new answer exraction methods. We utilize text patterns to generate Part-of-Speech (POS) patterns. In addition, a method is proposed to construct a POS tree by using these POS patterns. The POS tree is useful to candidate answer extraction of web-based question answering. To retrieve a efficient POS tree, the similarities between questions are used to select the question-answer pairs whose questions are similar to the unanswered question. Then, the POS tree is improved based on these question-answer pairs. In order to rank these candidate answers, the weights of the leaf nodes of the POS tree are calculated using a heuristic method. Moreover, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to train the weights. The experimental results of 10-fold crossvalidation show that the weighted POS tree trained by GA can improve the accuracy of answer extraction.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning from Parenthetical Sentences for Term Translation in Machine Translation",
    author = "Huang, Guoping  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zhou, Yu  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Taiwan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6005",
    pages = "37--45",
    abstract = "Terms extensively exist in specific domains, and term translation plays a critical role in domain-specific machine translation (MT) tasks. However, it{'}s a challenging task to translate them correctly for the huge number of pre-existing terms and the endless new terms. To achieve better term translation quality, it is necessary to inject external term knowledge into the underlying MT system. Fortunately, there are plenty of term translation knowledge in parenthetical sentences on the Internet. In this paper, we propose a simple, straightforward and effective framework to improve term translation by learning from parenthetical sentences. This framework includes: (1) a focused web crawler; (2) a parenthetical sentence filter, acquiring parenthetical sentences including bilingual term pairs; (3) a term translation knowledge extractor, extracting bilingual term translation candidates; (4) a probability learner, generating the term translation table for MT decoders. The extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed framework significantly improves the translation quality of terms and sentences.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-international-tree,
    title = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms",
    author = "Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      Scheffler, Tatjana",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6200",
}
@inproceedings{koller-2017-feature,
    title = "A Feature Structure Algebra for {FTAG}",
    author = "Koller, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6201",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{fowlie-koller-2017-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Minimalist Languages with Interpreted Regular Tree Grammars",
    author = "Fowlie, Meaghan  and
      Koller, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6202",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{burkhardt-etal-2017-depictives,
    title = "Depictives in {E}nglish: An {LTAG} Approach",
    author = "Burkhardt, Benjamin  and
      Lichte, Timm  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6203",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{aggazzotti-shieber-2017-reflexives,
    title = "Reflexives and Reciprocals in Synchronous Tree Adjoining Grammar",
    author = "Aggazzotti, Cristina  and
      Shieber, Stuart M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6204",
    pages = "31--42",
}
@inproceedings{han-sarkar-2017-coordination,
    title = "Coordination in {TAG} without the Conjoin Operation",
    author = "Han, Chung-hye  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6205",
    pages = "43--52",
}
@inproceedings{storoshenko-2017-scope,
    title = "Scope, Time, and Predicate Restriction in Blackfoot using {MC}-{STAG}",
    author = "Storoshenko, Dennis Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6206",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{kallmeyer-osswald-2017-combining,
    title = "Combining Predicate-Argument Structure and Operator Projection: Clause Structure in Role and Reference Grammar",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Osswald, Rainer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6207",
    pages = "61--70",
}
@inproceedings{white-etal-2017-parsing,
    title = "Parsing with Dynamic Continuized {CCG}",
    author = "White, Michael  and
      Charlow, Simon  and
      Needle, Jordan  and
      Bumford, Dylan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6208",
    pages = "71--83",
}
@inproceedings{waszczuk-etal-2017-multiword,
    title = "Multiword Expression-Aware {A}* {TAG} Parsing Revisited",
    author = "Waszczuk, Jakub  and
      Savary, Agata  and
      Parmentier, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6209",
    pages = "84--93",
}
@inproceedings{berglund-etal-2017-single,
    title = "Single-Rooted {DAG}s in Regular {DAG} Languages: {P}arikh Image and Path Languages",
    author = {Berglund, Martin  and
      Bj{\"o}rklund, Henrik  and
      Drewes, Frank},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6210",
    pages = "94--101",
}
@inproceedings{drewes-jonsson-2017-contextual,
    title = "Contextual Hyperedge Replacement Grammars for Abstract Meaning Representations",
    author = "Drewes, Frank  and
      Jonsson, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6211",
    pages = "102--111",
}
@inproceedings{corro-le-roux-2017-transforming,
    title = "Transforming Dependency Structures to {LTAG} Derivation Trees",
    author = "Corro, Caio  and
      Le Roux, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6212",
    pages = "112--121",
}
@inproceedings{friedman-etal-2017-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically Rich Vector Representations of Supertags for {TAG} Parsing",
    author = "Friedman, Dan  and
      Kasai, Jungo  and
      McCoy, R. Thomas  and
      Frank, Robert  and
      Davis, Forrest  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6213",
    pages = "122--131",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2017-tag,
    title = "{TAG} Parser Evaluation using Textual Entailments",
    author = "Xu, Pauli  and
      Frank, Robert  and
      Kasai, Jungo  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6214",
    pages = "132--141",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-international-parsing,
    title = "Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    author = "Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Sagae, Kenji",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6300",
}
@inproceedings{kawahara-etal-2017-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Acquired Lexical Knowledge Improves {J}apanese Joint Morphological and Dependency Analysis",
    author = "Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Hayashibe, Yuta  and
      Morita, Hajime  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6301",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "This paper presents a joint model for morphological and dependency analysis based on automatically acquired lexical knowledge. This model takes advantage of rich lexical knowledge to simultaneously resolve word segmentation, POS, and dependency ambiguities. In our experiments on Japanese, we show the effectiveness of our joint model over conventional pipeline models.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-bohnet-2017-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Language Models for Transition-based Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Yu, Juntao  and
      Bohnet, Bernd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6302",
    pages = "11--17",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present an approach to improve the accuracy of a strong transition-based dependency parser by exploiting dependency language models that are extracted from a large parsed corpus. We integrated a small number of features based on the dependency language models into the parser. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, we evaluate our parser on standard English and Chinese data where the base parser could achieve competitive accuracy scores. Our enhanced parser achieved state-of-the-art accuracy on Chinese data and competitive results on English data. We gained a large absolute improvement of one point (UAS) on Chinese and 0.5 points for English.",
}
@inproceedings{falenska-cetinoglu-2017-lexicalized,
    title = "Lexicalized vs. Delexicalized Parsing in Low-Resource Scenarios",
    author = {Falenska, Agnieszka  and
      {\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6303",
    pages = "18--24",
    abstract = "We present a systematic analysis of lexicalized vs. delexicalized parsing in low-resource scenarios, and propose a methodology to choose one method over another under certain conditions. We create a set of simulation experiments on 41 languages and apply our findings to 9 low-resource languages. Experimental results show that our methodology chooses the best approach in 8 out of 9 cases.",
}
@inproceedings{sagot-martinez-alonso-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving neural tagging with lexical information",
    author = "Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6304",
    pages = "25--31",
    abstract = "Neural part-of-speech tagging has achieved competitive results with the incorporation of character-based and pre-trained word embeddings. In this paper, we show that a state-of-the-art bi-LSTM tagger can benefit from using information from morphosyntactic lexicons as additional input. The tagger, trained on several dozen languages, shows a consistent, average improvement when using lexical information, even when also using character-based embeddings, thus showing the complementarity of the different sources of lexical information. The improvements are particularly important for the smaller datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{madhyastha-etal-2017-prepositional,
    title = "Prepositional Phrase Attachment over Word Embedding Products",
    author = "Madhyastha, Pranava Swaroop  and
      Carreras, Xavier  and
      Quattoni, Ariadna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6305",
    pages = "32--43",
    abstract = "We present a low-rank multi-linear model for the task of solving prepositional phrase attachment ambiguity (PP task). Our model exploits tensor products of word embeddings, capturing all possible conjunctions of latent embeddings. Our results on a wide range of datasets and task settings show that tensor products are the best compositional operation and that a relatively simple multi-linear model that uses only word embeddings of lexical features can outperform more complex non-linear architectures that exploit the same information. Our proposed model gives the current best reported performance on an out-of-domain evaluation and performs competively on out-of-domain dependency parsing datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2017-l1,
    title = "{L}1-{L}2 Parallel Dependency Treebank as Learner Corpus",
    author = "Lee, John  and
      Li, Keying  and
      Leung, Herman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6306",
    pages = "44--49",
    abstract = "This opinion paper proposes the use of parallel treebank as learner corpus. We show how an L1-L2 parallel treebank {---} i.e., parse trees of non-native sentences, aligned to the parse trees of their target hypotheses {---} can facilitate retrieval of sentences with specific learner errors. We argue for its benefits, in terms of corpus re-use and interoperability, over a conventional learner corpus annotated with error tags. As a proof of concept, we conduct a case study on word-order errors made by learners of Chinese as a foreign language. We report precision and recall in retrieving a range of word-order error categories from L1-L2 tree pairs annotated in the Universal Dependency framework.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-don-2017-splitting,
    title = "Splitting Complex {E}nglish Sentences",
    author = "Lee, John  and
      Don, J. Buddhika K. Pathirage",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6307",
    pages = "50--55",
    abstract = "This paper applies parsing technology to the task of syntactic simplification of English sentences, focusing on the identification of text spans that can be removed from a complex sentence. We report the most comprehensive evaluation to-date on this task, using a dataset of sentences that exhibit simplification based on coordination, subordination, punctuation/parataxis, adjectival clauses, participial phrases, and appositive phrases. We train a decision tree with features derived from text span length, POS tags and dependency relations, and show that it significantly outperforms a parser-only baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-etal-2017-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Word Structure-based Parsing: A Feasibility Study on {UD}-style Dependency Parsing in {J}apanese",
    author = "Tanaka, Takaaki  and
      Hayashi, Katsuhiko  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6308",
    pages = "56--60",
    abstract = "In applying word-based dependency parsing such as Universal Dependencies (UD) to Japanese, the uncertainty of word segmentation emerges for defining a word unit of the dependencies. We introduce the following hierarchical word structures to dependency parsing in Japanese: morphological units (a short unit word, SUW) and syntactic units (a long unit word, LUW). An SUW can be used to segment a sentence consistently, while it is too short to represent syntactic construction. An LUW is a unit including functional multiwords and LUW-based analysis facilitates the capturing of syntactic structure and makes parsing results more precise than SUW-based analysis. This paper describes the results of a feasibility study on the ability and the effectiveness of parsing methods based on hierarchical word structure (LUW chunking+parsing) in comparison to single layer word structure (SUW parsing). We also show joint analysis of LUW-chunking and dependency parsing improves the performance of identifying predicate-argument structures, while there is not much difference between overall results of them. not much difference between overall results of them.",
}
@inproceedings{bhat-etal-2017-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Newswire Treebanks for Parsing Conversational Data with Argument Scrambling",
    author = "Bhat, Riyaz A.  and
      Bhat, Irshad  and
      Sharma, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6309",
    pages = "61--66",
    abstract = "We investigate the problem of parsing conversational data of morphologically-rich languages such as Hindi where argument scrambling occurs frequently. We evaluate a state-of-the-art non-linear transition-based parsing system on a new dataset containing 506 dependency trees for sentences from Bollywood (Hindi) movie scripts and Twitter posts of Hindi monolingual speakers. We show that a dependency parser trained on a newswire treebank is strongly biased towards the canonical structures and degrades when applied to conversational data. Inspired by Transformational Generative Grammar (Chomsky, 1965), we mitigate the sampling bias by generating all theoretically possible alternative word orders of a clause from the existing (kernel) structures in the treebank. Training our parser on canonical and transformed structures improves performance on conversational data by around 9{\%} LAS over the baseline newswire parser.",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2017-using,
    title = "Using hyperlinks to improve multilingual partial parsers",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6310",
    pages = "67--71",
    abstract = "Syntactic annotation is costly and not available for the vast majority of the world{'}s languages. We show that sometimes we can do away with less labeled data by exploiting more readily available forms of mark-up. Specifically, we revisit an idea from Valentin Spitkovsky{'}s work (2010), namely that hyperlinks typically bracket syntactic constituents or chunks. We strengthen his results by showing that not only can hyperlinks help in low resource scenarios, exemplified here by Quechua, but learning from hyperlinks can also improve state-of-the-art NLP models for English newswire. We also present out-of-domain evaluation on English Ontonotes 4.0.",
}
@inproceedings{delecraz-etal-2017-correcting,
    title = "Correcting prepositional phrase attachments using multimodal corpora",
    author = "Delecraz, Sebastien  and
      Nasr, Alexis  and
      Bechet, Frederic  and
      Favre, Benoit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6311",
    pages = "72--77",
    abstract = "PP-attachments are an important source of errors in parsing natural language. We propose in this article to use data coming from a multimodal corpus, combining textual, visual and conceptual information, as well as a correction strategy, to propose alternative attachments in the output of a parser.",
}
@inproceedings{kurtz-kuhlmann-2017-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Structure in Parsing to 1-Endpoint-Crossing Graphs",
    author = "Kurtz, Robin  and
      Kuhlmann, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6312",
    pages = "78--87",
    abstract = "Deep dependency parsing can be cast as the search for maximum acyclic subgraphs in weighted digraphs. Because this search problem is intractable in the general case, we consider its restriction to the class of 1-endpoint-crossing (1ec) graphs, which has high coverage on standard data sets. Our main contribution is a characterization of 1ec graphs as a subclass of the graphs with pagenumber at most 3. Building on this we show how to extend an existing parsing algorithm for 1-endpoint-crossing trees to the full class. While the runtime complexity of the extended algorithm is polynomial in the length of the input sentence, it features a large constant, which poses a challenge for practical implementations.",
}
@inproceedings{kohita-etal-2017-effective,
    title = "Effective Online Reordering with Arc-Eager Transitions",
    author = "Kohita, Ryosuke  and
      Noji, Hiroshi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6313",
    pages = "88--98",
    abstract = "We present a new transition system with word reordering for unrestricted non-projective dependency parsing. Our system is based on decomposed arc-eager rather than arc-standard, which allows more flexible ambiguity resolution between a local projective and non-local crossing attachment. In our experiment on Universal Dependencies 2.0, we find our parser outperforms the ordinary swap-based parser particularly on languages with a large amount of non-projectivity.",
}
@inproceedings{de-lhoneux-etal-2017-arc,
    title = "Arc-Hybrid Non-Projective Dependency Parsing with a Static-Dynamic Oracle",
    author = "de Lhoneux, Miryam  and
      Stymne, Sara  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6314",
    pages = "99--104",
    abstract = "In this paper, we extend the arc-hybrid system for transition-based parsing with a swap transition that enables reordering of the words and construction of non-projective trees. Although this extension breaks the arc-decomposability of the transition system, we show how the existing dynamic oracle for this system can be modified and combined with a static oracle only for the swap transition. Experiments on 5 languages show that the new system gives competitive accuracy and is significantly better than a system trained with a purely static oracle.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-zhang-2017-encoder,
    title = "Encoder-Decoder Shift-Reduce Syntactic Parsing",
    author = "Liu, Jiangming  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6315",
    pages = "105--114",
    abstract = "Encoder-decoder neural networks have been used for many NLP tasks, such as neural machine translation. They have also been applied to constituent parsing by using bracketed tree structures as a target language, translating input sentences into syntactic trees. A more commonly used method to linearize syntactic trees is the shift-reduce system, which uses a sequence of transition-actions to build trees. We empirically investigate the effectiveness of applying the encoder-decoder network to transition-based parsing. On standard benchmarks, our system gives comparable results to the stack LSTM parser for dependency parsing, and significantly better results compared to the aforementioned parser for constituent parsing, which uses bracketed tree formats.",
}
@inproceedings{ballesteros-carreras-2017-arc,
    title = "Arc-Standard Spinal Parsing with Stack-{LSTM}s",
    author = "Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Carreras, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6316",
    pages = "115--121",
    abstract = "We present a neural transition-based parser for spinal trees, a dependency representation of constituent trees. The parser uses Stack-LSTMs that compose constituent nodes with dependency-based derivations. In experiments, we show that this model adapts to different styles of dependency relations, but this choice has little effect for predicting constituent structure, suggesting that LSTMs induce useful states by themselves.",
}
@inproceedings{teichmann-etal-2017-coarse,
    title = "Coarse-To-Fine Parsing for Expressive Grammar Formalisms",
    author = "Teichmann, Christoph  and
      Koller, Alexander  and
      Groschwitz, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6317",
    pages = "122--127",
    abstract = "We generalize coarse-to-fine parsing to grammar formalisms that are more expressive than PCFGs and/or describe languages of trees or graphs. We evaluate our algorithm on PCFG, PTAG, and graph parsing. While we achieve the expected performance gains on PCFGs, coarse-to-fine does not help for PTAG and can even slow down parsing for graphs. We discuss the implications of this finding.",
}
@inproceedings{do-rehbein-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating {LSTM} models for grammatical function labelling",
    author = "Do, Bich-Ngoc  and
      Rehbein, Ines",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6318",
    pages = "128--133",
    abstract = "To improve grammatical function labelling for German, we augment the labelling component of a neural dependency parser with a decision history. We present different ways to encode the history, using different LSTM architectures, and show that our models yield significant improvements, resulting in a LAS for German that is close to the best result from the SPMRL 2014 shared task (without the reranker).",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-international-dependency,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    author = "Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6500",
}
@inproceedings{goldberg-2017-capturing,
    title = "Capturing Dependency Syntax with {``}Deep{''} Sequential Models",
    author = "Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6501",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-2017-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-Semantics Interface: A Plea for a Deep Dependency Sentence Structure",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6502",
    pages = "2--3",
}
@inproceedings{andresen-zinsmeister-2017-benefit,
    title = "The Benefit of Syntactic vs. Linear N-grams for Linguistic Description",
    author = "Andresen, Melanie  and
      Zinsmeister, Heike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6503",
    pages = "4--14",
}
@inproceedings{boguslavsky-2017-predicate,
    title = "On the Predicate-Argument Structure: Internal and Absorbing Scope",
    author = "Boguslavsky, Igor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6504",
    pages = "15--24",
}
@inproceedings{brunato-dellorletta-2017-order,
    title = "On the order of Words in {I}talian: a Study on Genre vs Complexity",
    author = "Brunato, Dominique  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6505",
    pages = "25--31",
}
@inproceedings{burga-etal-2017-revising,
    title = "Revising the {METU}-Sabanc{\i} {T}urkish Treebank: An Exercise in Surface-Syntactic Annotation of Agglutinative Languages",
    author = {Burga, Alicia  and
      {\"O}ktem, Alp  and
      Wanner, Leo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6506",
    pages = "32--41",
}
@inproceedings{candito-etal-2017-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced {UD} Dependencies with Neutralized Diathesis Alternation",
    author = "Candito, Marie  and
      Guillaume, Bruno  and
      Perrier, Guy  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6507",
    pages = "42--53",
}
@inproceedings{chen-gerdes-2017-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Languages by Dependency Structure. Typologies of Delexicalized Universal Dependency Treebanks",
    author = "Chen, Xinying  and
      Gerdes, Kim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6508",
    pages = "54--63",
}
@inproceedings{gokirmak-tyers-2017-dependency,
    title = "A Dependency Treebank for {K}urmanji {K}urdish",
    author = {G{\"o}k{\i}rmak, Memduh  and
      Tyers, Francis M.},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6509",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{kahane-etal-2017-limitations,
    title = "What are the limitations on the flux of syntactic dependencies? Evidence from {UD} treebanks",
    author = "Kahane, Sylvain  and
      Yan, Chunxiao  and
      Botalla, Marie-Am{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6510",
    pages = "73--82",
}
@inproceedings{kanerva-etal-2017-fully,
    title = "Fully Delexicalized Contexts for Syntax-Based Word Embeddings",
    author = "Kanerva, Jenna  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Ginter, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6511",
    pages = "83--91",
}
@inproceedings{kozhukhar-2017-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies for Dargwa Mehweb",
    author = "Kozhukhar, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6512",
    pages = "92--99",
}
@inproceedings{macutek-etal-2017-menzerath,
    title = "Menzerath-Altmann Law in Syntactic Dependency Structure",
    author = "Ma{\v{c}}utek, J{\'a}n  and
      {\v{C}}ech, Radek  and
      Mili{\v{c}}ka, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6513",
    pages = "100--107",
}
@inproceedings{de-marneffe-etal-2017-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Annotation Consistency of the Universal Dependencies Corpora",
    author = "de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Grioni, Matias  and
      Kanerva, Jenna  and
      Ginter, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6514",
    pages = "108--115",
}
@inproceedings{mazziotta-kahane-2017-extent,
    title = "To What Extent is Immediate Constituency Analysis Dependency-Based? A Survey of Foundational Texts",
    author = "Mazziotta, Nicolas  and
      Kahane, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6515",
    pages = "116--126",
}
@inproceedings{melcuk-2017-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Structure of Binary Conjunctions(of the {IF}{\ldots}, {THEN}{\ldots} Type)",
    author = "Mel{'}{\v{c}}uk, Igor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6516",
    pages = "127--134",
}
@inproceedings{miletic-urieli-2017-non,
    title = "Non-Projectivity in {S}erbian: Analysis of Formal and Linguistic Properties",
    author = "Miletic, Aleksandra  and
      Urieli, Assaf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6517",
    pages = "135--144",
}
@inproceedings{milicevic-2017-prices,
    title = "Prices go Up, Surge, Jump, Spike, Skyrocket, Go through the Roof{\ldots} Intensifier Collocations with Parametric Nouns of Type {PRICE}",
    author = "Mili{\'c}evi{\'c}, Jasmina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6518",
    pages = "145--153",
}
@inproceedings{niu-2017-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Descriptive and Resultative V-de Constructions. A Dependency-based Analysis",
    author = "Niu, Ruochen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6519",
    pages = "154--164",
}
@inproceedings{osborne-niu-2017-component,
    title = "The Component Unit. Introducing a Novel Unit of Syntactic Analysis",
    author = "Osborne, Timothy  and
      Niu, Ruochen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6520",
    pages = "165--175",
}
@inproceedings{osborne-reeve-2017-control,
    title = "Control vs. Raising in {E}nglish. A Dependency Grammar Account",
    author = "Osborne, Timothy  and
      Reeve, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6521",
    pages = "176--186",
}
@inproceedings{park-2017-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation Granularity in Dependency Representations for {K}orean",
    author = "Park, Jungyeul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6522",
    pages = "187--196",
}
@inproceedings{rademaker-etal-2017-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies for {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Rademaker, Alexandre  and
      Chalub, Fabricio  and
      Real, Livy  and
      Freitas, Cl{\'a}udia  and
      Bick, Eckhard  and
      de Paiva, Valeria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6523",
    pages = "197--206",
}
@inproceedings{rambelli-etal-2017-udlex,
    title = "{UDL}ex: Towards Cross-language Subcategorization Lexicons",
    author = "Rambelli, Giulia  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Poibeau, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6524",
    pages = "207--2017",
}
@inproceedings{rehbein-etal-2017-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies are Hard to Parse {--} or are They?",
    author = "Rehbein, Ines  and
      Steen, Julius  and
      Do, Bich-Ngoc  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6525",
    pages = "218--228",
}
@inproceedings{sanguinetti-etal-2017-annotating,
    title = "Annotating {I}talian Social Media Texts in Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Sanguinetti, Manuela  and
      Bosco, Cristina  and
      Mazzei, Alessandro  and
      Lavelli, Alberto  and
      Tamburini, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6526",
    pages = "229--239",
}
@inproceedings{simko-vincze-2017-hungarian,
    title = "{H}ungarian Copula Constructions in Dependency Syntax and Parsing",
    author = "Simk{\'o}, Katalin Ilona  and
      Vincze, Veronika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6527",
    pages = "240--247",
}
@inproceedings{tamburini-2017-semgrex,
    title = "Semgrex-Plus: a Tool for Automatic Dependency-Graph Rewriting",
    author = "Tamburini, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6528",
    pages = "248--254",
}
@inproceedings{tandon-sharma-2017-unity,
    title = "Unity in Diversity: A Unified Parsing Strategy for Major {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Tandon, Juhi  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6529",
    pages = "255--265",
}
@inproceedings{wong-etal-2017-quantitative,
    title = "Quantitative Comparative Syntax on the {C}antonese-{M}andarin Parallel Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Wong, Tak-sum  and
      Gerdes, Kim  and
      Leung, Herman  and
      Lee, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6530",
    pages = "266--275",
}
@inproceedings{yadav-etal-2017-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Constraints on Non-Projectivity Using Novel Measures",
    author = "Yadav, Himanshu  and
      Vaidya, Ashwini  and
      Husain, Samar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6531",
    pages = "276--286",
}
@inproceedings{zeman-2017-core,
    title = "Core Arguments in Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Pisa,Italy",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6532",
    pages = "287--296",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-brazilian,
    title = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    author = "Paetzold, Gustavo Henrique  and
      Pinheiro, Vl{\'a}dia",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6600",
}
@inproceedings{nau-etal-2017-uma,
    title = "Uma Ferramenta para Identificar Desvios de Linguagem na L{\'\i}ngua Portuguesa (A tool to identify the linguistic deviations in the {P}ortuguese Language)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Nau, Jonathan  and
      Filho, Aluizio Haendchen  and
      Passero, Guilherme  and
      Cavaco, Vinicius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6601",
    pages = "12--16",
}
@inproceedings{rodrigues-etal-2017-estudo,
    title = "Estudo explorat{\'o}rio de categorias gramaticais com potencial de indicadores para a An{\'a}lise de Sentimentos (An Exploratory study of grammatical categories as potential indicators for Sentiment Analysis)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Rodrigues, J{\'u}lia  and
      Pagano, Adriana  and
      Paraiso, Emerson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6602",
    pages = "17--21",
}
@inproceedings{martins-martins-2017-geracao,
    title = "Gera{\c{c}}{\~a}o de perguntas e respostas para a base de conhecimento de um chatterbot educacional (Application to generate questions and answers for an educational chatterbot)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Martins, Joyce  and
      Martins, Camila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6603",
    pages = "22--26",
}
@inproceedings{moraes-etal-2017-study,
    title = "A study on irony within the context of 7x1-{PT} corpus",
    author = "Moraes, Silvia  and
      Machado, Rackel  and
      Redecker, Matheus  and
      Cadaval, Rafael  and
      Meneguzzi, Felipe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6604",
    pages = "27--31",
}
@inproceedings{anchieta-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Opinion Summarization by Assessing Sentence Importance in On-line Reviews",
    author = "Anchi{\^e}ta, Rafael  and
      Sousa, Rogerio Figueredo  and
      Moura, Raimundo  and
      Pardo, Thiago",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6605",
    pages = "32--36",
}
@inproceedings{santos-etal-2017-wheel,
    title = "Wheel of Life: an initial investigation. Topic-Related Polarity Visualization in Personal Stories",
    author = "Santos, Henrique  and
      Vieira, Renata  and
      Pinho, Greice  and
      Pinheiro, Jackson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6606",
    pages = "37--41",
}
@inproceedings{vitorio-etal-2017-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Opinion Mining through Language Varieties: a Case Study of {B}razilian and {E}uropean {P}ortuguese tweets",
    author = "Vit{\'o}rio, Douglas  and
      Souza, Ellen Polliana Ramos  and
      Pereira, Ingryd  and
      Oliveira, Adriano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6607",
    pages = "43--52",
}
@inproceedings{andrade-etal-2017-rule,
    title = "A Rule-based Semantic Annotator: Adding top-level ontology Tags",
    author = "Andrade, Guidson Coelho  and
      Oliveira, Alcione  and
      Moreira, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6608",
    pages = "53--62",
}
@inproceedings{amaral-etal-2017-processo,
    title = "Processo de constru{\c{c}}{\~a}o de um corpus anotado com Entidades Geol{\'o}gicas visando {REN} (Building an annotated corpus with geological entities for {NER})[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Amaral, Daniela  and
      Collovini, Sandra  and
      Figueira, Anny  and
      Vieira, Renata  and
      Vieira, Renata  and
      Gonzalez, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6609",
    pages = "63--72",
}
@inproceedings{antunes-etal-2017-formacao,
    title = "Forma{\c{c}}{\~a}o de gent{\'\i}licos a partir de top{\^o}nimos: descri{\c{c}}{\~a}o lingu{\'\i}stica e aprendizado autom{\'a}tico (Formation of Demonyms from Toponyms: Linguistic Description and Machine Learning)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Antunes, Roger Alfredo Marci Rodrigues  and
      Pardo, Thiago  and
      Almeida, Gladis Maria Barcelos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6610",
    pages = "73--82",
}
@inproceedings{vaz-etal-2017-visualizacao,
    title = "Visualiza{\c{c}}{\~a}o de gloss{\'a}rio em sistemas de recupera{\c{c}}{\~a}o de informa{\c{c}}{\~a}o (Glossary visualization in information retrieval systems)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Vaz, Glauber  and
      Oliveira, Leandro Mendon{\c{c}}a  and
      Pierozzi, Jr., Ivo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6611",
    pages = "83--92",
}
@inproceedings{silva-etal-2017-avaliando,
    title = "Avaliando a similaridade sem{\^a}ntica entre frases curtas atrav{\'e}s de uma abordagem h{\'\i}brida (A hybrid approach to measure Semantic Textual Similarity between short sentences in {B}razilian {P}ortuguese)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Silva, Allan  and
      Rigo, Sandro  and
      Alves, Isa Mara  and
      Barbosa, Jorge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6612",
    pages = "93--102",
}
@inproceedings{carvalho-etal-2017-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study for Sentiment Analysis on Election {B}razilian News",
    author = "Carvalho, Caio Magno Aguiar  and
      Nagano, Hitoshi  and
      Barros, Allan Kardec",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6613",
    pages = "103--111",
}
@inproceedings{lima-etal-2017-influencia,
    title = "Influ{\^e}ncia de T{\'e}cnicas N{\~a}o-supervisionadas de Redu{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Dimensionalidade para Organiza{\c{c}}{\~a}o Flex{\'\i}vel de Documentos (The Unsupervised Dimensionality Reduction Weight on Flexible Document Organization)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Lima, Beatriz  and
      Eust{\'a}quio, Fernanda  and
      Nogueira, Tatiane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6614",
    pages = "112--121",
}
@inproceedings{hartmann-etal-2017-portuguese,
    title = "{P}ortuguese Word Embeddings: Evaluating on Word Analogies and Natural Language Tasks",
    author = "Hartmann, Nathan  and
      Fonseca, Erick  and
      Shulby, Christopher  and
      Treviso, Marcos  and
      Silva, J{\'e}ssica  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6615",
    pages = "122--131",
}
@inproceedings{barbosa-claro-2017-utilizando,
    title = "Utilizando Features Lingu{\'\i}sticas Gen{\'e}ricas para Classifica{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Triplas Relacionais em Portugu{\^e}s (Generic Linguistic Features for Relational Triples Classification in {P}ortuguese)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Barbosa, George  and
      Claro, Daniela Barreiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6616",
    pages = "132--141",
}
@inproceedings{bard-etal-2017-normalizador,
    title = "Normalizador de Texto para Lingua Portuguesa baseado em Modelo de Linguagem (A Normalizer based on Language Model for Texts in {P}ortuguese)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Bard, Patrick  and
      Luis, Renan Lopes  and
      Moraes, Silvia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6617",
    pages = "142--150",
}
@inproceedings{treviso-etal-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Word Embeddings for Sentence Boundary Detection in Speech Transcripts",
    author = "Treviso, Marcos  and
      Shulby, Christopher  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6618",
    pages = "151--160",
}
@inproceedings{feitosa-pinheiro-2017-analise,
    title = "An{\'a}lise de Medidas de Similaridade Sem{\^a}ntica na Tarefa de Reconhecimento de Implica{\c{c}}{\~a}o Textual (Analysis of Semantic Similarity Measures in the Recognition of Textual Entailment Task)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Feitosa, David  and
      Pinheiro, Vl{\'a}dia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6619",
    pages = "161--170",
}
@inproceedings{barreira-etal-2017-framefor,
    title = "{F}rame{FOR} {--} Uma Base de Conhecimento de Frames Sem{\^a}nticos para Per{\'\i}cias de Inform{\'a}tica ({F}rame{FOR} - a Knowledge Base of Semantic Frames for Digital Forensics)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Barreira, Ravi  and
      Pinheiro, Vl{\'a}dia  and
      Furtado, Vasco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6620",
    pages = "171--180",
}
@inproceedings{soares-etal-2017-implementacao,
    title = "A Implementa{\c{c}}{\~a}o de uma Minigram{\'a}tica do Portugu{\^e}s Brasileiro sob a Perspectiva da {LFG} (Implementation of a grammar fragment of {B}razilian {P}ortuguese in the Lexical-Functional Grammar formalism)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Soares, Daniel  and
      Nogueira, Francisco  and
      Alencar, Leonel Figueiredo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6621",
    pages = "185--192",
}
@inproceedings{peron-correa-torrent-2017-constituicao,
    title = "Constitui{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Um Dicion{\'a}rio Eletr{\^o}nico Tril{\'\i}ngue Fundado em Frames a partir da Extra{\c{c}}{\~a}o Autom{\'a}tica de Candidatos a Termos do Dom{\'\i}nio do Turismo (The Constitution of a Trilingual Eletronic Dictionary Based on Frames from the Automatic Extraction of Candidate Terms of the Tourism Domain)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Peron-Corr{\^e}a, Simone Rodrigues  and
      Torrent, Tiago Timponi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6622",
    pages = "193--200",
}
@inproceedings{costa-torrent-2017-modelagem,
    title = "A Modelagem Computacional do Dom{\'\i}nio dos Esportes na {F}rame{N}et Brasil (The Computational Modeling of the Sports Domain in {F}rame{N}et Brasil)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Costa, Alexandre Diniz  and
      Torrent, Tiago Timponi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6623",
    pages = "201--208",
}
@inproceedings{marcao-etal-2017-descricao,
    title = "Descri{\c{c}}{\~a}o e modelagem de constru{\c{c}}{\~o}es interrogativas {QU}- em Portugu{\^e}s Brasileiro para o desenvolvimento de um chatbot (Description and modeling of interrogative constructs {QU}- in {B}razilian {P}ortuguese for the development of a chatbot)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Mar{\c{c}}{\~a}o, Nat{\'a}lia Duarte  and
      Torrent, Tiago Timponi  and
      Matos, Ely Edison Silva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6624",
    pages = "209--216",
}
@inproceedings{almeida-torrent-2017-construcoes,
    title = "Constru{\c{c}}{\~o}es de Estrutura Argumental no {\^a}mbito do Constructicon da {F}rame{N}et Brasil: proposta de uma modelagem lingu{\'\i}stico-computacional (Structural Constructs of Arguments in the Context of the Construction of {F}rame{N}et Brasil: a proposal for a computational-linguistic modeling)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Almeida, V{\^a}nia Gomes  and
      Torrent, Tiago Timponi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6625",
    pages = "217--223",
}
@inproceedings{ramos-2017-investigacao,
    title = "Investiga{\c{c}}{\~a}o Preliminar Sobre a Pros{\'o}dia Sem{\^a}ntica de Verbos de Elocu{\c{c}}{\~a}o: o Caso do Verbo {``}Confessar{''} (A Preliminar Investigation About the Semantic Prosody of Elocution Verbs: the Case for the Verb {``}Confess{''})[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Ramos, Barbara C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6626",
    pages = "224--231",
}
@inproceedings{paiva-torrent-2017-uma,
    title = "Uma Proposta Metodol{\'o}gica para a Categoriza{\c{c}}{\~a}o Automatizada de Atra{\c{c}}{\~o}es Tur{\'\i}sticas a partir de Coment{\'a}rios de Usu{\'a}rios em Plataformas Online (A Methodological Proposition for the Automatic Categorization of Touristic Attractions from User Comments in Online Platforms)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Paiva, Vanessa Maria Ramos Lopes  and
      Torrent, Tiago Timponi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6627",
    pages = "232--239",
}
@inproceedings{barros-etal-2017-sofrer,
    title = "Sofrer uma ofensa, Receber uma advert{\^e}ncia: Verbos-suporte Conversos de {`}Fazer{'} no Portugu{\^e}s do Brasil (Suffering an offense, Receiving a citation: Supporting Vectors Converted from {`}To do{'} in {B}razilian {P}ortuguese)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Barros, Cla{\'u}dia D.  and
      Calcia, Nathalia P.  and
      Vale, Oto A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6628",
    pages = "240--246",
}
@inproceedings{reis-baptista-2017-os,
    title = "Os Prov{\'e}rbios em manuais de ensino de Portugu{\^e}s L{\'\i}ngua N{\~a}o Materna (The Proverbs of teaching manuals in Non-Native {P}ortuguese)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Reis, S{\'o}nia  and
      Baptista, Jorge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6629",
    pages = "247--255",
}
@inproceedings{bossaglia-etal-2017-prosody,
    title = "Prosody, syntax, and pragmatics: insubordination in spoken {B}razilian {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Bossaglia, Giulia  and
      Mello, Heliana  and
      Raso, Tommaso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6630",
    pages = "256--265",
}
@inproceedings{rodrigues-etal-2017-bases,
    title = "As bases de dados verbais {ADESSE} e {V}i{PE}r: uma an{\'a}lise constrastiva das constru{\c{c}}{\~o}es locativas em espanhol e em portugu{\^e}s (The verbal databases {ADESSE} and {V}i{PE}r: a contrastive analysis of locative constructs in {S}panish and {P}ortuguese)[In {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Rodrigues, Roana  and
      Vale, Oto  and
      Alonso Alemany, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Uberl{\^a}ndia, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6631",
    pages = "266--273",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-iwcs,
    title = "{IWCS} 2017 - 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long papers",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Retor{\'e}, Christian",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6800",
}
@inproceedings{bernardy-chatzikyriakidis-2017-type,
    title = "A Type-Theoretical system for the {F}ra{C}a{S} test suite: Grammatical Framework meets Coq",
    author = "Bernardy, Jean-Philippe  and
      Chatzikyriakidis, Stergios",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 - 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6801",
}
@inproceedings{castello-stede-2017-extracting,
    title = "Extracting word lists for domain-specific implicit opinions from corpora",
    author = "Castell{\'o}, N{\'u}ria Bertomeu  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 - 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6802",
}
@inproceedings{chersoni-etal-2017-structure,
    title = "Is Structure Necessary for Modeling Argument Expectations in Distributional Semantics?",
    author = "Chersoni, Emmanuele  and
      Santus, Enrico  and
      Blache, Philippe  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 - 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6803",
}
@inproceedings{tredici-fernandez-2017-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Variation in Online Communities of Practice",
    author = "Tredici, Marco Del  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 - 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6804",
}
@inproceedings{diller-etal-2017-defeasible,
    title = "Defeasible {A}ce{R}ules: A Prototype",
    author = "Diller, Martin  and
      Wyner, Adam  and
      Strass, Hannes",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 - 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6805",
}
@inproceedings{emerson-copestake-2017-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Composition via Probabilistic Model Theory",
    author = "Emerson, Guy  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 - 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6806",
}
@inproceedings{falk-martin-2017-towards-inferential,
    title = "Towards an Inferential Lexicon of Event Selecting Predicates for {F}rench",
    author = "Falk, Ingrid  and
      Martin, Fabienne",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 - 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6807",
}
@inproceedings{ghanimifard-dobnik-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to Compose Spatial Relations with Grounded Neural Language Models",
    author = "Ghanimifard, Mehdi  and
      Dobnik, Simon",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 - 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6808",
}
@inproceedings{glavas-etal-2017-sentences,
    title = "If Sentences Could See: Investigating Visual Information for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 - 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6809",
}
@inproceedings{groschwitz-etal-2017-constrained,
    title = "A constrained graph algebra for semantic parsing with {AMR}s",
    author = "Groschwitz, Jonas  and
      Fowlie, Meaghan  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Koller, Alexander",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 - 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6810",
}
@inproceedings{hellwig-2017-coarse,
    title = "Coarse Semantic Classification of Rare Nouns Using Cross-Lingual Data and Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Hellwig, Oliver",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 - 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6811",
}
@inproceedings{kamel-etal-2017-extracting,
    title = "Extracting hypernym relations from {W}ikipedia disambiguation pages : comparing symbolic and machine learning approaches",
    author = "Kamel, Mouna  and
      Trojahn, Cassia  and
      Ghamnia, Adel  and
      Aussenac-Gilles, Nathalie  and
      Fabre, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 - 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6812",
}
@inproceedings{mcgregor-etal-2017-geometric,
    title = "A Geometric Method for Detecting Semantic Coercion",
    author = "McGregor, Stephen  and
      Jezek, Elisabetta  and
      Purver, Matthew  and
      Wiggins, Geraint",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 - 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6813",
}
@inproceedings{rohde-etal-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Substitutability through Discourse Adverbials and Multiple Judgments",
    author = "Rohde, Hannah  and
      Dickinson, Anna  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Louis, Annie  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 - 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6814",
}
@inproceedings{rooth-2017-finite,
    title = "Finite state intensional semantics",
    author = "Rooth, Mats",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 - 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6815",
}
@inproceedings{vidal-2017-conditional,
    title = "When Conditional Logic met Connexive Logic",
    author = "Vidal, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 - 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6816",
}
@inproceedings{zymla-2017-comprehensive,
    title = "Comprehensive annotation of cross-linguistic variation in tense and aspect categories",
    author = "Zymla, Mark-Matthias",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 - 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6817",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-iwcs-2017,
    title = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Retor{\'e}, Christian",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6900",
}
@inproceedings{abzianidze-bos-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Universal Semantic Tagging",
    author = "Abzianidze, Lasha  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6901",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2017-propbank,
    title = "{P}ropbank Annotation of {D}anish Noun Frames",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6902",
}
@inproceedings{bizzoni-lappin-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning of Binary and Gradient Judgements for Semantic Paraphrase",
    author = "Bizzoni, Yuri  and
      Lappin, Shalom",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6903",
}
@inproceedings{boleda-etal-2017-living,
    title = "Living a discrete life in a continuous world: Reference in cross-modal entity tracking",
    author = "Boleda, Gemma  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Pham, Nghia The  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6904",
}
@inproceedings{bos-2017-indexicals,
    title = "Indexicals and Compositionality: Inside-Out or Outside-In?",
    author = "Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6905",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-marchesini-2017-semantically,
    title = "A Semantically-Based Computational Approach to Narrative Structure",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo  and
      Marchesini, Giulia",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6906",
}
@inproceedings{maro-etal-2017-graph,
    title = "Graph Databases for Designing High-Performance Speech Recognition Grammars",
    author = "Maro, Maria Di  and
      Valentino, Marco  and
      Riccio, Anna  and
      Origlia, Antonio",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6907",
}
@inproceedings{dusserre-padro-2017-bigger,
    title = "Bigger does not mean better! We prefer specificity",
    author = "Dusserre, Emmanuelle  and
      Padr{\'o}, Muntsa",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6908",
}
@inproceedings{falke-gurevych-2017-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing Automatic Predicate-Argument Analysis for Concept Map Mining",
    author = "Falke, Tobias  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6909",
}
@inproceedings{frassinelli-etal-2017-contextual,
    title = "Contextual Characteristics of Concrete and Abstract Words",
    author = "Frassinelli, Diego  and
      Naumann, Daniela  and
      Utt, Jason  and
      Schulte m Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6910",
}
@inproceedings{gergel-etal-2017-surprisal,
    title = "Surprisal and Satisfaction: Towards an Information-theoretic Characterization of Presuppositions with a Diachronic Application",
    author = "Gergel, Remus  and
      Kopf-Giammanco, Martin  and
      Masloh, Julia",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6911",
}
@inproceedings{hasegawa-etal-2017-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating visual features into word embeddings: A bimodal autoencoder-based approach",
    author = "Hasegawa, Mika  and
      Kobayashi, Tetsunori  and
      Hayashi, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6912",
}
@inproceedings{howes-eshghi-2017-feedback,
    title = "Feedback relevance spaces: The organisation of increments in conversation",
    author = "Howes, Christine  and
      Eshghi, Arash",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6913",
}
@inproceedings{kallmeyer-osswald-2017-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Quantification with Polysemous Nouns",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Osswald, Rainer",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6914",
}
@inproceedings{kalouli-etal-2017-textual,
    title = "Textual Inference: getting logic from humans",
    author = "Kalouli, Aikaterini-Lida  and
      Real, Livy  and
      de Paiva, Valeria",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6915",
}
@inproceedings{khan-etal-2017-situating,
    title = "Situating Word Senses in their Historical Context with Linked Data",
    author = "Khan, Fahad  and
      Bowers, Jack  and
      Frontini, Francesca",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6916",
}
@inproceedings{klenner-2017-object,
    title = "An Object-oriented Model of Role Framing and Attitude Prediction",
    author = "Klenner, Manfred",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6917",
}
@inproceedings{kracht-aboamer-2017-argument,
    title = "Argument Structure and Referent Systems",
    author = "Kracht, Marcus  and
      Aboamer, Yousuf",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6918",
}
@inproceedings{krishnaswamy-etal-2017-communicating,
    title = "Communicating and Acting: Understanding Gesture in Simulation Semantics",
    author = "Krishnaswamy, Nikhil  and
      Narayana, Pradyumna  and
      Wang, Isaac  and
      Rim, Kyeongmin  and
      Bangar, Rahul  and
      Patil, Dhruva  and
      Mulay, Gururaj  and
      Beveridge, Ross  and
      Ruiz, Jaime  and
      Draper, Bruce  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6919",
}
@inproceedings{lafourcade-brun-2017-ambiguss,
    title = "Ambiguss, a game for building a Sense Annotated Corpus for {F}rench",
    author = "Lafourcade, Mathieu  and
      Brun, Nathalie Le",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6920",
}
@inproceedings{lamm-eric-2017-pragmatics,
    title = "The Pragmatics of Indirect Commands in Collaborative Discourse",
    author = "Lamm, Matthew  and
      Eric, Mihail",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6921",
}
@inproceedings{lapesa-etal-2017-doggies,
    title = "Are doggies really nicer than dogs? The impact of morphological derivation on emotional valence in {G}erman",
    author = "Lapesa, Gabriella  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Pross, Tillmann  and
      Rossdeutscher, Antje",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6922",
}
@inproceedings{larsson-2017-compositionality,
    title = "Compositionality for perceptual classification",
    author = "Larsson, Staffan",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6923",
}
@inproceedings{li-summers-stay-2017-dual,
    title = "Dual Embeddings and Metrics for Relational Similarity",
    author = "Li, Dandan  and
      Summers-Stay, Douglas",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6924",
}
@inproceedings{lierler-etal-2017-action,
    title = "Action Languages and Question Answering",
    author = "Lierler, Yuliya  and
      Inclezan, Daniela  and
      Gelfond, Michael",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6925",
}
@inproceedings{linz-etal-2017-using,
    title = "Using Neural Word Embeddings in the Analysis of the Clinical Semantic Verbal Fluency Task",
    author = {Linz, Nicklas  and
      Tr{\"o}ger, Johannes  and
      Alexandersson, Jan  and
      K{\"o}nig, Alexandra},
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6926",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-camara-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Disambiguation of Causal Lexical Markers Based on Context",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez-C{\'a}mara, Eugenio  and
      Shwartz, Vered  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6927",
}
@inproceedings{melymuka-etal-2017-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Derivational Morphology in {U}krainian",
    author = "Melymuka, Mariia  and
      Lapesa, Gabriella  and
      Kisselew, Max  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6928",
}
@inproceedings{miyazawa-miyao-2017-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Metrics for Automatically Generated Metaphorical Expressions",
    author = "Miyazawa, Akira  and
      Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6929",
}
@inproceedings{nulty-2017-network,
    title = "Network Visualisations for Exploring Political Concepts",
    author = "Nulty, Paul",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6930",
}
@inproceedings{oele-van-noord-2017-distributional,
    title = "Distributional {L}esk: Effective Knowledge-Based Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Oele, Dieke  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6931",
}
@inproceedings{petersen-hellwig-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Induction of Compositional Types for {E}nglish Adjective-Noun Pairs",
    author = "Petersen, Wiebke  and
      Hellwig, Oliver",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6932",
}
@inproceedings{riedl-biemann-2017-theres,
    title = "There{'}s no {`}Count or Predict{'} but task-based selection for distributional models",
    author = "Riedl, Martin  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6933",
}
@inproceedings{roth-2017-role,
    title = "Role Semantics for Better Models of Implicit Discourse Relations",
    author = "Roth, Michael",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6934",
}
@inproceedings{ruckle-gurevych-2017-representation,
    title = "Representation Learning for Answer Selection with {LSTM}-Based Importance Weighting",
    author = {R{\"u}ckl{\'e}, Andreas  and
      Gurevych, Iryna},
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6935",
}
@inproceedings{rudinger-etal-2017-skip,
    title = "Skip-Prop: Representing Sentences with One Vector Per Proposition",
    author = "Rudinger, Rachel  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Durme, Benjamin Van",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6936",
}
@inproceedings{sasaki-etal-2017-handling,
    title = "Handling Multiword Expressions in Causality Estimation",
    author = "Sasaki, Shota  and
      Takase, Sho  and
      Inoue, Naoya  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6937",
}
@inproceedings{shekhar-etal-2017-vision,
    title = "Vision and Language Integration: Moving beyond Objects",
    author = "Shekhar, Ravi  and
      Pezzelle, Sandro  and
      Herbelot, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Nabi, Moin  and
      Sangineto, Enver  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6938",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2017-see,
    title = "Can You See the (Linguistic) Difference? Exploring Mass/Count Distinction in Vision",
    author = "Smith, David Addison  and
      Pezzelle, Sandro  and
      Franzon, Francesca  and
      Zanini, Chiara  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6939",
}
@inproceedings{vial-etal-2017-sense,
    title = "Sense Embeddings in Knowledge-Based Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = {Vial, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Lecouteux, Benjamin  and
      Schwab, Didier},
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6940",
}
@inproceedings{wilkens-etal-2017-lexsubnc,
    title = "{L}ex{S}ub{NC}: A Dataset of Lexical Substitution for Nominal Compounds",
    author = "Wilkens, Rodrigo  and
      Zilio, Leonardo  and
      Cordeiro, Silvio Ricardo  and
      Paula, Felipe  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Idiart, Marco  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6941",
}
@inproceedings{wittmann-etal-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Soft-Clustering for {G}erman (Particle) Verbs across Frequency Ranges",
    author = {Wittmann, Moritz  and
      K{\"o}per, Maximilian  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6942",
}
@inproceedings{zadrozny-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Semantic Modeling of Contradictions and Disagreements: A Case Study of Medical Guidelines",
    author = "Zadrozny, Wlodek  and
      Hematialam, Hossein  and
      Garbayo, Luciana",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6943",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of {P}red{P}att and Open {IE} via Stage 1 Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Zhang, Sheng  and
      Rudinger, Rachel  and
      Durme, Benjamin Van",
    booktitle = "{IWCS} 2017 {---} 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics {---} Short papers",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6944",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-language-ontology,
    title = "Proceedings of Language, Ontology, Terminology and Knowledge Structures Workshop ({LOTKS} 2017)",
    author = "Frontini, Francesca  and
      Gr{\v{c}}i{\'c} Simeunovi{\'c}, Larisa  and
      Vintar, {\v{S}}pela  and
      Khan, Anas Fahad  and
      Parvisi, Artemis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Montpellier, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7000",
}
@inproceedings{valeriano-oncevay-marcos-2017-exploratory,
    title = "Exploratory Analysis for Ontology Learning from Social Events on Social Media Streaming in {S}panish",
    author = "Valeriano, Enrique  and
      Oncevay-Marcos, Arturo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Language, Ontology, Terminology and Knowledge Structures Workshop ({LOTKS} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Montpellier, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7001",
}
@inproceedings{hatty-etal-2017-creating,
    title = "Creating a gold standard corpus for terminological annotation from online forum data",
    author = {H{\"a}tty, Anna  and
      Tannert, Simon  and
      Heid, Ulrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Language, Ontology, Terminology and Knowledge Structures Workshop ({LOTKS} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Montpellier, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7002",
}
@inproceedings{janin-portine-2017-conceptual,
    title = "A conceptual ontology in the water domain of knowledge to bridge the lexical semantics of stratified discursive strata",
    author = "Janin, Jean-Louis  and
      Portine, Henri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Language, Ontology, Terminology and Knowledge Structures Workshop ({LOTKS} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Montpellier, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7003",
}
@inproceedings{fize-etal-2017-geodict,
    title = "{G}eo{D}ict: an integrated gazetteer",
    author = "Fize, Jacques  and
      Shrivastava, Gaurav  and
      M{\'e}nard, Pierre Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Language, Ontology, Terminology and Knowledge Structures Workshop ({LOTKS} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Montpellier, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7004",
}
@inproceedings{bernier-colborne-etal-2017-fine,
    title = "Fine-grained domain classification of text using {TERMIUM} Plus",
    author = "Bernier-Colborne, Gabriel  and
      Barri{\`e}re, Caroline  and
      M{\'e}nard, Pierre Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Language, Ontology, Terminology and Knowledge Structures Workshop ({LOTKS} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Montpellier, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7005",
}
@inproceedings{pernes-romary-2017-tbx,
    title = "{TBX} in {ODD}: Schema-agnostic specification and documentation for {T}erm{B}ase e{X}change",
    author = "Pernes, Stefan  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Language, Ontology, Terminology and Knowledge Structures Workshop ({LOTKS} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Montpellier, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7006",
}
@inproceedings{tchechmedjiev-jonquet-2017-enrichment,
    title = "Enrichment of {F}rench Biomedical Ontologies with {UMLS} Concepts and Semantic Types for Biomedical Named Entity Recognition Though Ontological Semantic Annotation",
    author = "Tchechmedjiev, Andon  and
      Jonquet, Cl{\'e}ment",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Language, Ontology, Terminology and Knowledge Structures Workshop ({LOTKS} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Montpellier, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7007",
}
@inproceedings{renau-etal-2017-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in taxonomy induction in {S}panish and {F}rench",
    author = "Renau, Irene  and
      Nazar, Rogelio  and
      Mar{\'\i}n, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Language, Ontology, Terminology and Knowledge Structures Workshop ({LOTKS} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Montpellier, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7008",
}
@inproceedings{bril-etal-2017-statistical,
    title = "A statistical model for morphology inspired by the Amis language",
    author = "Bril, Isabelle  and
      Lassoued, Achraf  and
      de Rougemont, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Language, Ontology, Terminology and Knowledge Structures Workshop ({LOTKS} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Montpellier, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7009",
}
@inproceedings{bellandi-etal-2017-developing,
    title = "Developing {L}ex{O}: a Collaborative Editor of Multilingual Lexica and Termino-Ontological Resources in the Humanities",
    author = "Bellandi, Andrea  and
      Giovannetti, Emiliano  and
      Piccini, Silvia  and
      Weingart, Anja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Language, Ontology, Terminology and Knowledge Structures Workshop ({LOTKS} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Montpellier, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7010",
}
@inproceedings{mugelli-etal-2017-designing,
    title = "Designing an Ontology for the Study of Ritual in Ancient {G}reek Tragedy",
    author = "Mugelli, Gloria  and
      Bellandi, Andrea  and
      Boschetti, Federico  and
      Khan, Anas Fahad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Language, Ontology, Terminology and Knowledge Structures Workshop ({LOTKS} 2017)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Montpellier, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7011",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-iwcs-foundations,
    title = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} workshop on Foundations of Situated and Multimodal Communication",
    author = "Asher, Nicholas  and
      Hunter, Julie  and
      Lascarides, Alex",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7100",
}
@inproceedings{bhaskar-etal-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Multi-Modal {T}ext+{I}mage Models to Distinguish between Abstract and Concrete Nouns",
    author = {Bhaskar, Sai Abishek  and
      K{\"o}per, Maximilian  and
      Schulte Im Walde, Sabine  and
      Frassinelli, Diego},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} workshop on Foundations of Situated and Multimodal Communication",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7101",
}
@inproceedings{lucking-2017-indexicals,
    title = "Indexicals as Weak Descriptors",
    author = {L{\"u}cking, Andy},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} workshop on Foundations of Situated and Multimodal Communication",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7102",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-etal-2017-creating,
    title = "Creating Common Ground through Multimodal Simulations",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Krishnaswamy, Nikhil  and
      Draper, Bruce  and
      Narayana, Pradyumna  and
      Bangar, Rahul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} workshop on Foundations of Situated and Multimodal Communication",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7103",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-sluis-etal-2017-text,
    title = "Text-Picture Relations in Multimodal Instructions",
    author = "van der Sluis, Ielka  and
      Eppinga, Anne Nienke  and
      Redeker, Gisela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} workshop on Foundations of Situated and Multimodal Communication",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7104",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-computing,
    title = "Proceedings of the Computing Natural Language Inference Workshop",
    year = "2017",
}
@inproceedings{breitholtz-etal-2017-incrementality,
    title = "Incrementality all the way up",
    author = "Breitholtz, Ellen  and
      Howes, Christine  and
      Cooper, Robin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computing Natural Language Inference Workshop",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7201",
}
@inproceedings{catta-mirzapour-2017-quantifier,
    title = "Quantifier Scoping and Semantic Preferences",
    author = "Catta, Davide  and
      Mirzapour, Mehdi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computing Natural Language Inference Workshop",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7202",
}
@inproceedings{chatzikyriakidis-etal-2017-overview,
    title = "An overview of Natural Language Inference Data Collection: The way forward?",
    author = "Chatzikyriakidis, Stergios  and
      Cooper, Robin  and
      Dobnik, Simon  and
      Larsson, Staffan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computing Natural Language Inference Workshop",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7203",
}
@inproceedings{cousot-lafourcade-2017-explicative,
    title = "Explicative Path Finding in a Semantic Network",
    author = "Cousot, K{\'e}vin  and
      Lafourcade, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computing Natural Language Inference Workshop",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7204",
}
@inproceedings{kalouli-etal-2017-correcting,
    title = "Correcting Contradictions",
    author = "Kalouli, Aikaterini-Lida  and
      de Paiva, Valeria  and
      Real, Livy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computing Natural Language Inference Workshop",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7205",
}
@inproceedings{chapuis-lafourcade-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Polysemous Words and Inferring Sense Glosses in a Semantic Network",
    author = "Chapuis, Maxime  and
      Lafourcade, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computing Natural Language Inference Workshop",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7206",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-semantic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning ({S}em{D}eep-2)",
    author = "Gromann, Dagmar  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Heigl, Georg",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Montpellier, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7300",
}
@inproceedings{saeidi-etal-2017-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Negative Sampling Strategy on Capturing Semantic Similarity in Document Embeddings",
    author = "Saeidi, Marzieh  and
      Kulkarni, Ritwik  and
      Togia, Theodosia  and
      Sama, Michele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning ({S}em{D}eep-2)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Montpellier, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7301",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-gasulla-etal-2017-building,
    title = "Building Graph Representations of Deep Vector Embeddings",
    author = "Garcia-Gasulla, Dario  and
      Vilalta, Armand  and
      Par{\'e}s, Ferran  and
      Moreno, Jonathan  and
      Ayguad{\'e}, Eduard  and
      Labarta, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Cort{\'e}s, Ulises  and
      Suzumura, Toyotaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning ({S}em{D}eep-2)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Montpellier, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7302",
    pages = "9--15",
}
@inproceedings{scharffe-2017-class,
    title = "Class Disjointness Constraints as Specific Objective Functions in Neural Network Classifiers",
    author = "Scharffe, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning ({S}em{D}eep-2)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Montpellier, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7303",
    pages = "16--23",
}
@inproceedings{vilalta-etal-2017-full,
    title = "Full-Network Embedding in a Multimodal Embedding Pipeline",
    author = "Vilalta, Armand  and
      Garcia-Gasulla, Dario  and
      Par{\'e}s, Ferran  and
      Moreno, Jonathan  and
      Ayguad{\'e}, Eduard  and
      Labarta, Jesus  and
      Cort{\'e}s, Ulises  and
      Suzumura, Toyotaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning ({S}em{D}eep-2)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Montpellier, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7304",
    pages = "24--32",
}
@inproceedings{al-kassar-armetta-2017-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Tags from Large Raw Texts Using End-to-End Memory Networks",
    author = "Al Kassar, Feras  and
      Armetta, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning ({S}em{D}eep-2)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Montpellier, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7305",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{van-noord-bos-2017-dealing,
    title = "Dealing with Co-reference in Neural Semantic Parsing",
    author = "van Noord, Rik  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning ({S}em{D}eep-2)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Montpellier, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7306",
    pages = "41--49",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-joint-iso,
    title = "Proceedings of the 13th Joint {ISO}-{ACL} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-13)",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7400",
}
@inproceedings{hoek-scholman-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating discourse annotation: Some recent insights and new approaches",
    author = "Hoek, Jet  and
      Scholman, Merel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Joint {ISO}-{ACL} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-13)",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7401",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-marchesi-2017-semantically,
    title = "A semantically-based approach to the annotation of narrative style",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo  and
      Marchesi, Giulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Joint {ISO}-{ACL} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-13)",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7402",
}
@inproceedings{mpouli-2017-annotating,
    title = "Annotating similes in literary texts",
    author = "Mpouli, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Joint {ISO}-{ACL} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-13)",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7403",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-etal-2017-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting the {ISO} standard for dialogue act annotation",
    author = "Bunt, Harry  and
      Petukhova, Volha  and
      Fang, Alex Chengyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Joint {ISO}-{ACL} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-13)",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7404",
}
@inproceedings{gilmartin-etal-2017-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of greeting, introduction, and leavetaking in dialogues",
    author = "Gilmartin, Emer  and
      Spillane, Brendan  and
      O{'}Reilly, Maria  and
      Saam, Christian  and
      Su, Ketong  and
      Cowan, Benjamin R.  and
      Levacher, Killian  and
      Devesa, Arturo Calvo  and
      Cerrato, Lodana  and
      Campbell, Nick  and
      Wade, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Joint {ISO}-{ACL} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-13)",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7405",
}
@inproceedings{lapina-petukhova-2017-classification,
    title = "Classification of modal meaning in negotiation dialogues",
    author = "Lapina, Valeria  and
      Petukhova, Volha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Joint {ISO}-{ACL} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-13)",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7406",
}
@inproceedings{liesenfeld-2017-project,
    title = "Project Notes on building a conversational parser on top of a text parser: Towards a causal language tagger for spoken {C}hinese",
    author = "Liesenfeld, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Joint {ISO}-{ACL} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-13)",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7407",
}
@inproceedings{hao-etal-2017-representation,
    title = "The representation and extraction of qunatitative information",
    author = "Hao, Tianyong  and
      We, Yunyan  and
      Qiang, Jiaqi  and
      Wang, Haitao  and
      Lee, Kiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Joint {ISO}-{ACL} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-13)",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7408",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards interoperable annotation of quantification",
    author = "Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Joint {ISO}-{ACL} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-13)",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7409",
}
@inproceedings{menard-barriere-2017-pacte,
    title = "{PACTE}: A colloaborative platform for textual annotation",
    author = "M{\'e}nard, Pierre Andr{\'e}  and
      Barri{\`e}re, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Joint {ISO}-{ACL} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-13)",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7410",
}
@inproceedings{grobol-etal-2017-interoperable,
    title = "Interoperable annotation of (co)references in the Democrat project",
    author = {Grobol, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Landragin, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Heiden, Serge},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Joint {ISO}-{ACL} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-13)",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7411",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2017-four,
    title = "Four types of emporal signals",
    author = "Lee, Kiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Joint {ISO}-{ACL} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-13)",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7412",
}
@inproceedings{antoine-etal-2017-temporal,
    title = "Temporal@{ODIL} project: Adapting {ISO}-{T}ime{ML} to syntactic treebanks for the temporal annotation of spoken speech",
    author = {Antoine, Jean-Yves  and
      Wasczuk, Jakub  and
      Lefeuvre-Haftermeyer, Ana{\"\i}s  and
      Abouda, Lotfi  and
      Schang, Emmanuel  and
      Savary, Agata},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Joint {ISO}-{ACL} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-13)",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7413",
}
@inproceedings{woods-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards efficient string processing of annotated events",
    author = "Woods, David  and
      Fernando, Tim  and
      Vogel, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Joint {ISO}-{ACL} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-13)",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7414",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-lee-2017-enriching,
    title = "Enriching the Notion of Path in {ISO}-Space",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Lee, Kiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Joint {ISO}-{ACL} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-13)",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7415",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-international-natural-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    author = "Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7500",
}
@inproceedings{schuller-2017-keynote,
    title = "Keynote Lecture 1: {NLP} in Tomorrow{'}s Profiling - Words May Fail You",
    author = {Schuller, Bj{\"o}rn W.},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7501",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{roy-2017-deriving,
    title = "Deriving Word Prosody from Orthography in {H}indi",
    author = "Roy, Somnath",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7502",
    pages = "2--12",
}
@inproceedings{agrawal-etal-2017-three,
    title = "Three-phase training to address data sparsity in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Agrawal, Ruchit  and
      Shekhar, Mihir  and
      Sharma, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7503",
    pages = "13--22",
}
@inproceedings{jha-etal-2017-reference,
    title = "Reference Scope Identification for Citances Using Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Jha, Saurav  and
      Chaurasia, Aanchal  and
      Sudhakar, Akhilesh  and
      Singh, Anil Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7504",
    pages = "23--32",
}
@inproceedings{agrawal-etal-2017-vis,
    title = "A vis-{\`a}-vis evaluation of {MT} paradigms for linguistically distant languages",
    author = "Agrawal, Ruchit  and
      Ali, Jahfar  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7505",
    pages = "33--42",
}
@inproceedings{chatterjee-etal-2017-textual,
    title = "Textual Relations and Topic-Projection: Issues in Text Categorization",
    author = "Chatterjee, Lahari  and
      Karmakar, Samir  and
      Datta, Abahan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7506",
    pages = "43--49",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-etal-2017-pos,
    title = "{POS} Tagging For Resource Poor Languages Through Feature Projection",
    author = "Mishra, Pruthwik  and
      Mujadia, Vandan  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7507",
    pages = "50--55",
}
@inproceedings{kocmi-bojar-2017-exploration,
    title = "An Exploration of Word Embedding Initialization in Deep-Learning Tasks",
    author = "Kocmi, Tom  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7508",
    pages = "56--64",
}
@inproceedings{choudhury-etal-2017-curriculum,
    title = "Curriculum Design for Code-switching: Experiments with Language Identification and Language Modeling with Deep Neural Networks",
    author = "Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Bali, Kalika  and
      Sitaram, Sunayana  and
      Baheti, Ashutosh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7509",
    pages = "65--74",
}
@inproceedings{pratapa-choudhury-2017-quantitative,
    title = "Quantitative Characterization of Code Switching Patterns in Complex Multi-Party Conversations: A Case Study on {H}indi Movie Scripts",
    author = "Pratapa, Adithya  and
      Choudhury, Monojit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7510",
    pages = "75--84",
}
@inproceedings{phadte-thakkar-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Normalising {K}onkani-{E}nglish Code-Mixed Social Media Text",
    author = "Phadte, Akshata  and
      Thakkar, Gaurish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7511",
    pages = "85--94",
}
@inproceedings{pandey-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards developing a phonetically balanced code-mixed speech corpus for {H}indi-{E}nglish {ASR}",
    author = "Pandey, Ayushi  and
      Srivastava, Brij Mohan Lal  and
      Gangashetty, Suryakanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7512",
    pages = "95--101",
}
@inproceedings{tou-2017-keynote,
    title = "Keynote Lecture 2: Grammatical Error Correction: Past, Present and Future",
    author = "Tou, NG Hwee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7513",
    pages = "102",
}
@inproceedings{patil-etal-2017-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Approach for {M}arathi Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Patil, Nita  and
      Patil, Ajay  and
      Pawar, B.V.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7514",
    pages = "103--111",
}
@inproceedings{jain-etal-2017-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis: An Empirical Comparative Study of Various Machine Learning Approaches",
    author = "Jain, Swapnil  and
      Malviya, Shrikant  and
      Mishra, Rohit  and
      Tiwary, Uma Shanker",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7515",
    pages = "112--121",
}
@inproceedings{jwalapuram-mamidi-2017-handling,
    title = "Handling Multi-Sentence Queries in a Domain Independent Dialogue System",
    author = "Jwalapuram, Prathyusha  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7516",
    pages = "122--130",
}
@inproceedings{saikh-etal-2017-document,
    title = "Document Level Novelty Detection: Textual Entailment Lends a Helping Hand",
    author = "Saikh, Tanik  and
      Ghosal, Tirthankar  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7517",
    pages = "131--140",
}
@inproceedings{kanojia-etal-2017-statement,
    title = "Is your Statement Purposeless? Predicting Computer Science Graduation Admission Acceptance based on Statement Of Purpose",
    author = "Kanojia, Diptesh  and
      Wani, Nikhil  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7518",
    pages = "141--145",
}
@inproceedings{mandal-naskar-2017-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Programing with Automatic Code Generation towards Solving Addition-Subtraction Word Problems",
    author = "Mandal, Sourav  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7519",
    pages = "146--154",
}
@inproceedings{p-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Separation of Transliterable and Native Words for {M}alayalam",
    author = "P, Deepak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7520",
    pages = "155--164",
}
@inproceedings{s-n-2017-known,
    title = "Known Strangers: Cross Linguistic Patterns in Multilingual Multidirectional Dictionaries",
    author = "S, Rejitha K.  and
      N., Rajesha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7521",
    pages = "165--171",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-goyal-2017-tutorial,
    title = "Tutorial for Deaf {--} Teaching {P}unjabi Alphabet using Synthetic Animations",
    author = "Goyal, Lalit  and
      Goyal, Vishal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7522",
    pages = "172--177",
}
@inproceedings{dey-etal-2017-semtagger,
    title = "{S}em{T}agger: A Novel Approach for Semantic Similarity Based Hashtag Recommendation on Twitter",
    author = "Dey, Kuntal  and
      Shrivastava, Ritvik  and
      Kaushik, Saroj  and
      Subramaniam, L Venkata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7523",
    pages = "178--187",
}
@inproceedings{sundaram-khemani-2017-reasoning,
    title = "Reasoning with Sets to Solve Simple Word Problems Automatically",
    author = "Sundaram, Sowmya S  and
      Khemani, Deepak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7524",
    pages = "188--196",
}
@inproceedings{nayel-shashirekha-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving {NER} for Clinical Texts by Ensemble Approach using Segment Representations",
    author = "Nayel, Hamada  and
      Shashirekha, H. L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7525",
    pages = "197--204",
}
@inproceedings{dwivedi-shrivastava-2017-beyond,
    title = "Beyond {W}ord2{V}ec: Embedding Words and Phrases in Same Vector Space",
    author = "Dwivedi, Vijay Prakash  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7526",
    pages = "205--211",
}
@inproceedings{mondal-etal-2017-relationship,
    title = "Relationship Extraction based on Category of Medical Concepts from Lexical Contexts",
    author = "Mondal, Anupam  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7527",
    pages = "212--219",
}
@inproceedings{priyanga-etal-2017-sinhala,
    title = "{S}inhala Word Joiner",
    author = "Priyanga, Rajith  and
      Ranatunga, Surangika  and
      Dias, Gihan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7528",
    pages = "220--226",
}
@inproceedings{asthana-ekbal-2017-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Methods For Ranking Relations In Web Search",
    author = "Asthana, Sumit  and
      Ekbal, Asif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7529",
    pages = "227--235",
}
@inproceedings{jayan-etal-2017-malayalam,
    title = "{M}alayalam {V}erb{F}rames",
    author = "Jayan, Jisha P  and
      Nair, Asha S  and
      V, Govindaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7530",
    pages = "236--244",
}
@inproceedings{redkar-etal-2017-hindi-shabdamitra,
    title = "{H}indi Shabdamitra: A {W}ordnet based E-Learning Tool for Language Learning and Teaching",
    author = "Redkar, Hanumant  and
      Singh, Sandhya  and
      Gorasia, Dhara  and
      Somasundaram, Meenakshi  and
      Kulkarni, Malhar  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7531",
    pages = "245--254",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2017-pessimist,
    title = "{``}A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty{''} {--} Understanding the psycho-sociological influences to it",
    author = "Kumar, Updendra  and
      Rana, Vishal Kumar  and
      Pykl, Srinivas  and
      Das, Amitava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7532",
    pages = "255--264",
}
@inproceedings{danda-etal-2017-end,
    title = "End to End Dialog System for {T}elugu",
    author = "Danda, Prathyusha  and
      Jwalapuram, Prathyusha  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7533",
    pages = "265--272",
}
@inproceedings{chawla-etal-2017-investigating,
    title = "Investigating how well contextual features are captured by bi-directional recurrent neural network models",
    author = "Chawla, Kushal  and
      Sahu, Sunil Kumar  and
      Anand, Ashish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7534",
    pages = "273--282",
}
@inproceedings{kopparapu-anantaram-2017-correcting,
    title = "Correcting General Purpose {ASR} Errors using Posteriors",
    author = "Kopparapu, Sunil Kumar  and
      Anantaram, C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7535",
    pages = "283--289",
}
@inproceedings{patra-etal-2017-retrieving,
    title = "Retrieving Similar Lyrics for Music Recommendation System",
    author = "Patra, Braja Gopal  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7536",
    pages = "290--297",
}
@inproceedings{mahapatra-naskar-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Morpheme Segmentation Through Numerical Weighting and Thresholding",
    author = "Mahapatra, Joy  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7537",
    pages = "298--304",
}
@inproceedings{hingmire-etal-2017-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with Domain Dependent Dialogue Act Classification using Open-Domain Dialogue Corpora",
    author = "Hingmire, Swapnil  and
      Shrivastava, Apoorv  and
      Palshikar, Girish  and
      Srivastava, Saurabh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7538",
    pages = "305--311",
}
@inproceedings{tiwari-naskar-2017-normalization,
    title = "Normalization of Social Media Text using Deep Neural Networks",
    author = "Tiwari, Ajay Shankar  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7539",
    pages = "312--321",
}
@inproceedings{thakker-etal-2017-acronym,
    title = "Acronym Expansion: A General Approach Using Deep Learning",
    author = "Thakker, Aditya  and
      Barot, Suhail  and
      Bagul, Sudhir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7540",
    pages = "322--327",
}
@inproceedings{nongmeikapam-etal-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring an Efficient Handwritten {M}anipuri Meetei-Mayek Character Recognition Using Gradient Feature Extractor and Cosine Distance Based Multiclass k-Nearest Neighbor Classifier",
    author = "Nongmeikapam, Kishorjit  and
      Kumar, Wahengbam  and
      Singh, Mithlesh Prasad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7541",
    pages = "328--337",
}
@inproceedings{roul-arora-2017-modified,
    title = "A Modified Cosine-Similarity based Log Kernel for Support Vector Machines in the Domain of Text Classification",
    author = "Roul, Rajendra Kumar  and
      Arora, Kushagr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7542",
    pages = "338--347",
}
@inproceedings{s-etal-2017-document,
    title = "Document Embedding Generation for Cyber-Aggressive Comment Detection using Supervised Machine Learning Approach",
    author = "S, Shylaja S  and
      Narayanan, Abhishek  and
      Venugopal, Abhijith  and
      Prasad, Abhishek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7543",
    pages = "348--355",
}
@inproceedings{banerjee-etal-2017-coarticulatory,
    title = "Coarticulatory propensity in Khalkha {M}ongolian",
    author = "Banerjee, Ushashi  and
      Dutta, Indranil  and
      S, Irfan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7544",
    pages = "356--361",
}
@inproceedings{das-das-2017-developing,
    title = "Developing Lexicon and Classifier for Personality Identification in Texts",
    author = "Das, Kumar Gourav  and
      Das, Dipankar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7545",
    pages = "362--372",
}
@inproceedings{rai-etal-2017-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic approach based Transfer Learning for Sentiment Classification in {H}indi",
    author = "Rai, Vartika  and
      Vijay, Sakshee  and
      Misra, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7546",
    pages = "373--382",
}
@inproceedings{rao-etal-2017-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Bio-Molecular Event Extraction System towards Knowledge Acquisition",
    author = "Rao, Pattabhi RK  and
      Gopalan, Sindhuja  and
      Devi, Sobha Lalitha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7547",
    pages = "383--391",
}
@inproceedings{ram-devi-2017-co,
    title = "Co-reference Resolution in {T}amil Text",
    author = "Ram, Vijay Sundar  and
      Devi, Sobha Lalitha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7548",
    pages = "392--401",
}
@inproceedings{gopalan-etal-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross Linguistic Variations in Discourse Relations among {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Gopalan, Sindhuja  and
      S, Lakshmi  and
      Devi, Sobha Lalitha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7549",
    pages = "402--407",
}
@inproceedings{nagaraju-etal-2017-rule,
    title = "RULE BASED APPROCH OF CLAUSE BOUNDARY IDENTI-FICATION IN TELUGU",
    author = "Nagaraju, Ganthoti  and
      Sakkan, Thennarasu  and
      Mala, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7550",
    pages = "408--416",
}
@inproceedings{varma-2017-keynote,
    title = "Keynote Lecture 3: Towards Abstractive Summarization",
    author = "Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7551",
    pages = "417",
}
@inproceedings{solomon-etal-2017-mentions,
    title = "{``}Who Mentions Whom?{''}- Understanding the Psycho-Sociological Aspects of Twitter Mention Network",
    author = "Solomon, R Sudhesh  and
      Narayan, Abhay  and
      L, Srinivas P Y K  and
      Das, Amitava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7552",
    pages = "418--426",
}
@inproceedings{sinha-dasgupta-2017-study,
    title = "Study on Visual Word Recognition in Bangla across Different Reader Groups",
    author = "Sinha, Manjira  and
      Dasgupta, Tirthankar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7553",
    pages = "427--434",
}
@inproceedings{kundu-choudhury-2017-demystifying,
    title = "Demystifying Topology of Autopilot Thoughts: A Computational Analysis of Linguistic Patterns of Psychological Aspects in Mental Health",
    author = "Kundu, Bibekananda  and
      Choudhury, Sanjay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7554",
    pages = "435--446",
}
@inproceedings{paul-das-2017-deep,
    title = "A Deep Dive into Identification of Characters from {M}ahabharata",
    author = "Paul, Apurba  and
      Das, Dipankar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7555",
    pages = "447--455",
}
@inproceedings{prijatelj-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Networks for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Prijatelj, Derek  and
      Kalita, Jugal  and
      Ventura, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7556",
    pages = "456--465",
}
@inproceedings{prakhya-etal-2017-open,
    title = "Open Set Text Classification Using {CNN}s",
    author = "Prakhya, Sridhama  and
      Venkataram, Vinodini  and
      Kalita, Jugal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7557",
    pages = "466--475",
}
@inproceedings{woldemariam-etal-2017-predicting,
    title = "Predicting User Competence from Linguistic Data",
    author = {Woldemariam, Yonas  and
      Bj{\"o}rklund, Henrik  and
      Bensch, Suna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7558",
    pages = "476--484",
}
@inproceedings{sudhakar-singh-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Morphological Disambiguation Using Surface and Contextual Morphological Awareness",
    author = "Sudhakar, Akhilesh  and
      Singh, Anil Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7559",
    pages = "485--494",
}
@inproceedings{k-etal-2017-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation for {M}alayalam in a Conditional Random Field Framework",
    author = "K, Junaida M  and
      Jayan, Jisha P  and
      Sherly, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7560",
    pages = "495--502",
}
@inproceedings{rani-etal-2017-semisupervied,
    title = "Semisupervied Data Driven Word Sense Disambiguation for Resource-poor Languages",
    author = "Rani, Pratibha  and
      Pudi, Vikram  and
      Sharma, Dipti M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7561",
    pages = "503--512",
}
@inproceedings{gollapudi-choppella-2017-notion,
    title = "Notion of Semantics in Computer Science - A Systematic Literature Review",
    author = "Gollapudi, Sai Prasad Vrj  and
      Choppella, Venkatesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7562",
    pages = "513--522",
}
@inproceedings{smrz-otrusina-2017-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Enrichment Across Language: A Case Study of {C}zech Bibliographic Databases",
    author = "Smrz, Pavel  and
      Otrusina, Lubomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Processing ({ICON}-2017)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Kolkata, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7563",
    pages = "523--532",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-international-treebanks,
    title = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}, Jan",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7600",
}
@inproceedings{candito-2017-annotating,
    title = "Annotating and parsing to semantic frames: feedback from the {F}rench {F}rame{N}et project",
    author = "Candito, Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7601",
    pages = "v",
}
@inproceedings{ovrelid-2017-downstream,
    title = "Downstream use of syntactic analysis: does representation matter?",
    author = "{\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7602",
    pages = "vi",
}
@inproceedings{de-kok-etal-2017-distributional,
    title = "Distributional regularities of verbs and verbal adjectives: Treebank evidence and broader implications",
    author = {de Kok, Dani{\"e}l  and
      Fischer, Patricia  and
      Dima, Corina  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7603",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{tyers-etal-2017-ud,
    title = "{UD} Annotatrix: An annotation tool for Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Tyers, Francis M.  and
      Sheyanova, Mariya  and
      Washington, Jonathan North",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7604",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{passarotti-gonzalez-saavedra-2017-treebanked,
    title = "The Treebanked Conspiracy. Actors and Actions in Bellum Catilinae",
    author = "Passarotti, Marco  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez Saavedra, Berta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7605",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{kunilovskaya-kutuzov-2017-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies-based syntactic features in detecting human translation varieties",
    author = "Kunilovskaya, Maria  and
      Kutuzov, Andrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7606",
    pages = "27--36",
}
@inproceedings{cetoli-etal-2017-graph,
    title = "Graph Convolutional Networks for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Cetoli, Alberto  and
      Bragaglia, Stefano  and
      O{'}Harney, Andrew  and
      Sloan, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7607",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{odijk-etal-2017-extensions,
    title = "Extensions to the {G}r{ETEL} Treebank Query Application",
    author = "Odijk, Jan  and
      van der Klis, Martijn  and
      Spoel, Sheean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7608",
    pages = "46--55",
}
@inproceedings{bejcek-etal-2017-relation,
    title = "The Relation of Form and Function in Linguistic Theory and in a Multilayer Treebank",
    author = "Bej{\v{c}}ek, Eduard  and
      Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Mikulov{\'a}, Marie  and
      Panevov{\'a}, Jarmila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7609",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{savary-cordeiro-2017-literal,
    title = "Literal readings of multiword expressions: as scarce as hen{'}s teeth",
    author = "Savary, Agata  and
      Cordeiro, Silvio Ricardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7610",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{klyueva-etal-2017-querying,
    title = "Querying Multi-word Expressions Annotation with {CQL}",
    author = "Klyueva, Natalia  and
      Vernerov{\'a}, Anna  and
      Qasemizadeh, Behrang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7611",
    pages = "73--79",
}
@inproceedings{lyashevskaya-panteleeva-2017-realec,
    title = "{REALEC} learner treebank: annotation principles and evaluation of automatic parsing",
    author = "Lyashevskaya, Olga  and
      Panteleeva, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7612",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{tio-saenz-metola-rodriguez-2017-semiautomatic,
    title = "A semiautomatic lemmatisation procedure for treebanks. Old {E}nglish strong and weak verbs",
    author = "T{\'\i}o S{\'a}enz, Marta  and
      Metola Rodr{\'\i}guez, Dar{\'\i}o",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7613",
    pages = "88--94",
}
@inproceedings{rehbein-bildhauer-2017-data,
    title = "Data point selection for genre-aware parsing",
    author = "Rehbein, Ines  and
      Bildhauer, Felix",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7614",
    pages = "95--105",
}
@inproceedings{rosa-zabokrtsky-2017-error,
    title = "Error Analysis of Cross-lingual Tagging and Parsing",
    author = "Rosa, Rudolf  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7615",
    pages = "106--118",
}
@inproceedings{rama-vajjala-2017-telugu,
    title = "A {T}elugu treebank based on a grammar book",
    author = "Rama, Taraka  and
      Vajjala, Sowmya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7616",
    pages = "119--128",
}
@inproceedings{osenova-simov-2017-recent,
    title = "Recent Developments within {B}ul{T}ree{B}ank",
    author = "Osenova, Petya  and
      Simov, Kiril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7617",
    pages = "129--137",
}
@inproceedings{aplonova-tyers-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards a dependency-annotated treebank for {B}ambara",
    author = "Aplonova, Ekaterina  and
      Tyers, Francis M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7618",
    pages = "138--145",
}
@inproceedings{steiner-2017-merging,
    title = "Merging the Trees - Building a Morphological Treebank for {G}erman from Two Resources",
    author = "Steiner, Petra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7619",
    pages = "146--160",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2017-think,
    title = "What {I} think when {I} think about treebanks",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7620",
    pages = "161--166",
}
@inproceedings{maranduc-etal-2017-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Semantic Correspondence in Dependency Grammar",
    author = "M{\u{a}}r{\u{a}}nduc, C{\u{a}}t{\u{a}}lina  and
      Mititelu, C{\u{a}}t{\u{a}}lin  and
      Bobicev, Victoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7621",
    pages = "167--180",
}
@inproceedings{kahane-etal-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-word annotation in syntactic treebanks - Propositions for Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Kahane, Sylvain  and
      Courtin, Marine  and
      Gerdes, Kim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7622",
    pages = "181--189",
}
@inproceedings{ravishankar-2017-universal,
    title = "A Universal Dependencies Treebank for {M}arathi",
    author = "Ravishankar, Vinit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7623",
    pages = "190--200",
}
@inproceedings{alzetta-etal-2017-dangerous,
    title = "Dangerous Relations in Dependency Treebanks",
    author = "Alzetta, Chiara  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Venturi, Giulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7624",
    pages = "201--210",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2017-author,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7625",
    pages = "211--212",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2017-keyword,
    title = "Keyword Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories",
    year = "2017",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-7626",
    pages = "213--214",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-natural-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    author = "Makary, Mireille  and
      Oakes, Michael",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Inc.",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-038-0_",
}
@inproceedings{pisarevskaya-etal-2017-deception,
    title = "Deception Detection for the {R}ussian Language: Lexical and Syntactic Parameters",
    author = "Pisarevskaya, Dina  and
      Litvinova, Tatiana  and
      Litvinova, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Inc.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-038-0_001",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-038-0_001",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "The field of automated deception detection in written texts is methodologically challenging. Different linguistic levels (lexics, syntax and semantics) are basically used for different types of English texts to reveal if they are truthful or deceptive. Such parameters as POS tags and POS tags n-grams, punctuation marks, sentiment polarity of words, psycholinguistic features, fragments of syntaсtic structures are taken into consideration. The importance of different types of parameters was not compared for the Russian language before and should be investigated before moving to complex models and higher levels of linguistic processing. On the example of the Russian Deception Bank Corpus we estimate the impact of three groups of features (POS features including bigrams, sentiment and psycholinguistic features, syntax and readability features) on the successful deception detection and find out that POS features can be used for binary text classification, but the results should be double-checked and, if possible, improved.",
}
@inproceedings{cercel-etal-2017-oiqa,
    title = "o{IQ}a: An Opinion Influence Oriented Question Answering Framework with Applications to Marketing Domain",
    author = "Cercel, Dumitru-Clementin  and
      Onose, Cristian  and
      Trausan-Matu, Stefan  and
      Pop, Florin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Inc.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-038-0_002",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-038-0_002",
    pages = "11--18",
    abstract = "Understanding questions and answers in QA system is a major challenge in the domain of natural language processing. In this paper, we present a question answering system that influences the human opinions in a conversation. The opinion words are quantified by using a lexicon-based method. We apply Latent Semantic Analysis and the cosine similarity measure between candidate answers and each question to infer the answer of the chatbot.",
}
@inproceedings{sanchan-etal-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Summarization of Online Debates",
    author = "Sanchan, Nattapong  and
      Aker, Ahmet  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Inc.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-038-0_003",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-038-0_003",
    pages = "19--27",
    abstract = "Debate summarization is one of the novel and challenging research areas in automatic text summarization which has been largely unexplored. In this paper, we develop a debate summarization pipeline to summarize key topics which are discussed or argued in the two opposing sides of online debates. We view that the generation of debate summaries can be achieved by clustering, cluster labeling, and visualization. In our work, we investigate two different clustering approaches for the generation of the summaries. In the first approach, we generate the summaries by applying purely term-based clustering and cluster labeling. The second approach makes use of X-means for clustering and Mutual Information for labeling the clusters. Both approaches are driven by ontologies. We visualize the results using bar charts. We think that our results are a smooth entry for users aiming to receive the first impression about what is discussed within a debate topic containing waste number of argumentations.",
}
@inproceedings{salem-etal-2017-game,
    title = "A Game with a Purpose for Automatic Detection of Children{'}s Speech Disabilities using Limited Speech Resources",
    author = "Salem, Reem  and
      Elmahdy, Mohamed  and
      Abdennadher, Slim  and
      Hamed, Injy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Inc.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-038-0_004",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-038-0_004",
    pages = "28--34",
    abstract = "Speech therapists and researchers are becoming more concerned with the use of computer-based systems in the therapy of speech disorders. In this paper, we propose a computer-based game with a purpose (GWAP) for speech therapy of Egyptian speaking children suffering from Dyslalia. Our aim is to detect if a certain phoneme is pronounced correctly. An Egyptian Arabic speech corpus has been collected. A baseline acoustic model was trained using the Egyptian corpus. In order to benefit from existing large amounts of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) resources, MSA acoustic models were adapted with the collected Egyptian corpus. An independent testing set that covers common speech disorders has been collected for Egyptian speakers. Results show that adapted acoustic models give better recognition accuracy which could be relied on in the game and that children show more interest in playing the game than in visiting the therapist. A noticeable progress in children Dyslalia appeared with the proposed system.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-knowledge,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop Knowledge Resources for the Socio-Economic Sciences and Humanities associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    author = "Zervanou, Kalliopi  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Wandl-Vogt, Eveline  and
      Cristea, Dan",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Inc.",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-040-3_",
}
@inproceedings{lejtovicz-dorn-2017-connecting,
    title = "Connecting people digitally - a semantic web based approach to linking heterogeneous data sets",
    author = "Lejtovicz, Katalin  and
      Dorn, Amelie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Knowledge Resources for the Socio-Economic Sciences and Humanities associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Inc.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-040-3_001",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-040-3_001",
    pages = "1--8",
    abstract = {In this paper we present a semantic enrichment approach for linking two distinct data sets: the {\"O}BL (Austrian Biographical Dictionary) and the DB{\"O} (Database of Bavarian Dialects in Austria). Although the data sets are different in their content and in the structuring of data, they contain similar common {``}entities{''} such as names of persons. Here we describe the semantic enrichment process of how these data sets can be inter-linked through URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers) taking person names as a concrete example. Moreover, we also point to societal benefits of applying such semantic enrichment methods in order to open and connect our resources to various services.},
}
@inproceedings{colhon-etal-2017-multiform,
    title = "A Multiform Balanced Dependency Treebank for {R}omanian",
    author = "Colhon, Mihaela  and
      M{\u{a}}r{\u{a}}nduc, C{\u{a}}t{\u{a}}lina  and
      Mititelu, C{\u{a}}t{\u{a}}lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Knowledge Resources for the Socio-Economic Sciences and Humanities associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Inc.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-040-3_002",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-040-3_002",
    pages = "9--18",
    abstract = "The UAIC-RoDia-DepTb is a balanced treebank, containing texts in non-standard language: 2,575 chats sentences, old Romanian texts (a Gospel printed in 1648, a codex of laws printed in 1818, a novel written in 1910), regional popular poetry, legal texts, Romanian and foreign fiction, quotations. The proportions are comparable; each of these types of texts is represented by subsets of at least 1,000 phrases, so that the parser can be trained on their peculiarities. The annotation of the treebank started in 2007, and it has classical tags, such as those in school grammar, with the intention of using the resource for didactic purposes. The classification of circumstantial modifiers is rich in semantic information. We present in this paper the development in progress of this resource which has been automatically annotated and entirely manually corrected. We try to add new texts, and to make it available in more formats, by keeping all the morphological and syntactic information annotated, and adding logical-semantic information. We will describe here two conversions, from the classic syntactic format into Universal Dependencies format and into a logical-semantic layer, which will be shortly presented.",
}
@inproceedings{fokkens-etal-2017-grasp,
    title = "{GR}a{SP}: Grounded Representation and Source Perspective",
    author = "Fokkens, Antske  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Rospocher, Marco  and
      Hoekstra, Rinke  and
      van Hage, Willem Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Knowledge Resources for the Socio-Economic Sciences and Humanities associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Inc.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-040-3_003",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-040-3_003",
    pages = "19--25",
    abstract = "When people or organizations provide information, they make choices regarding what information they include and how they present it. The combination of these two aspects (the content and stance provided by the source) represents a perspective. Investigating differences in perspective can provide various useful insights in the reliability of information, the way perspectives change over time, shared beliefs among groups of a similar social or political background and contrasts between other groups, etc. This paper introduces GRaSP, a generic framework for modeling perspectives and their sources.",
}
@inproceedings{stambolieva-2017-educational,
    title = "Educational Content Generation for Business and Administration {FL} Courses with the {NBU} {PLT} Platform",
    author = "Stambolieva, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Knowledge Resources for the Socio-Economic Sciences and Humanities associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Inc.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-040-3_004",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-040-3_004",
    pages = "26--30",
    abstract = "The paper presents part of an ongoing project of the Laboratory for Language Technologies of New Bulgarian University {--} {``}An e-Platform for Language Teaching (PLT){''} {--} the development of corpus-based teaching content for Business English courses. The presentation offers information on: 1/ corpus creation and corpus management with PLT; 2/ PLT corpus annotation; 3/ language task generation and the Language Task Bank (LTB); 4/ content transfer to the NBU Moodle platform, test generation and feedback on student performance.",
}
@inproceedings{kazakov-etal-2017-machine,
    title = "Machine Learning Models of Universal Grammar Parameter Dependencies",
    author = "Kazakov, Dimitar  and
      Cordoni, Guido  and
      Ceolin, Andrea  and
      Irimia, Monica-Alexandrina  and
      Kim, Shin-Sook  and
      Michelioudakis, Dimitris  and
      Radkevich, Nina  and
      Guardiano, Cristina  and
      Longobardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Knowledge Resources for the Socio-Economic Sciences and Humanities associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Inc.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-040-3_005",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-040-3_005",
    pages = "31--37",
    abstract = "The use of parameters in the description of natural language syntax has to balance between the need to discriminate among (sometimes subtly different) languages, which can be seen as a cross-linguistic version of Chomsky{'}s (1964) descriptive adequacy, and the complexity of the acquisition task that a large number of parameters would imply, which is a problem for explanatory adequacy. Here we present a novel approach in which a machine learning algorithm is used to find dependencies in a table of parameters. The result is a dependency graph in which some of the parameters can be fully predicted from others. These empirical findings can be then subjected to linguistic analysis, which may either refute them by providing typological counter-examples of languages not included in the original dataset, dismiss them on theoretical grounds, or uphold them as tentative empirical laws worth of further study.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-human,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop Human-Informed Translation and Interpreting Technology",
    author = "Temnikova, Irina  and
      Orasan, Constantin  and
      Pastor, Gloria Corpas  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics, Shoumen, Bulgaria",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-042-7_",
}
@inproceedings{scansani-etal-2017-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Machine Translation of Academic Course Catalogues with Terminological Resources",
    author = "Scansani, Randy  and
      Bernardini, Silvia  and
      Ferraresi, Adriano  and
      Gaspari, Federico  and
      Soffritti, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Human-Informed Translation and Interpreting Technology",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics, Shoumen, Bulgaria",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-042-7_001",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-042-7_001",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "This paper describes an approach to translating course unit descriptions from Italian and German into English, using a phrase-based machine translation (MT) system. The genre is very prominent among those requiring translation by universities in European countries in which English is a non-native language. For each language combination, an in-domain bilingual corpus including course unit and degree program descriptions is used to train an MT engine, whose output is then compared to a baseline engine trained on the Europarl corpus. In a subsequent experiment, a bilingual terminology database is added to the training sets in both engines and its impact on the output quality is evaluated based on BLEU and post-editing score. Results suggest that the use of domain-specific corpora boosts the engines quality for both language combinations, especially for German-English, whereas adding terminological resources does not seem to bring notable benefits.",
}
@inproceedings{toledo-baez-etal-2017-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Non-Coherent Post-editing",
    author = "Toledo B{\'a}ez, Cristina  and
      Schaeffer, Moritz  and
      Carl, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Human-Informed Translation and Interpreting Technology",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics, Shoumen, Bulgaria",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-042-7_002",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-042-7_002",
    pages = "11--20",
    abstract = "Market pressure on translation productivity joined with technological innovation is likely to fragment and decontextualise translation jobs even more than is cur-rently the case. Many different translators increasingly work on one document at different places, collaboratively working in the cloud. This paper investigates the effect of decontextualised source texts on behaviour by comparing post-editing of sequentially ordered sentences with shuffled sentences from two different texts. The findings suggest that there is little or no effect of the decontextualised source texts on behaviour.",
}
@inproceedings{ahrenberg-2017-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Machine Translation and Human Translation: A Case Study",
    author = "Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Human-Informed Translation and Interpreting Technology",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics, Shoumen, Bulgaria",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-042-7_003",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-042-7_003",
    pages = "21--28",
    abstract = "As machine translation technology improves comparisons to human performance are often made in quite general and exaggerated terms. Thus, it is important to be able to account for differences accurately. This paper reports a simple, descriptive scheme for comparing translations and applies it to two translations of a British opinion article published in March, 2017. One is a human translation (HT) into Swedish, and the other a machine translation (MT). While the comparison is limited to one text, the results are indicative of current limitations in MT.",
}
@inproceedings{ustaszewski-stauder-2017-transbank,
    title = "{T}rans{B}ank: Metadata as the Missing Link between {NLP} and Traditional Translation Studies",
    author = "Ustaszewski, Michael  and
      Stauder, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Human-Informed Translation and Interpreting Technology",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics, Shoumen, Bulgaria",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-042-7_004",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-042-7_004",
    pages = "29--35",
    abstract = "Despite the growing importance of data in translation, there is no data repository that equally meets the requirements of translation industry and academia alike. Therefore, we plan to develop a freely available, multilingual and expandable bank of translations and their source texts aligned at the sentence level. Special emphasis will be placed on the labelling of metadata that precisely describe the relations between translated texts and their originals. This metadata-centric approach gives users the opportunity to compile and download custom corpora on demand. Such a general-purpose data repository may help to bridge the gap between translation theory and the language industry, including translation technology providers and NLP.",
}
@inproceedings{temnikova-etal-2017-interpreting,
    title = "Interpreting Strategies Annotation in the {WAW} Corpus",
    author = "Temnikova, Irina  and
      Abdelali, Ahmed  and
      Hedaya, Samy  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Al Daher, Aishah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Human-Informed Translation and Interpreting Technology",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics, Shoumen, Bulgaria",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-042-7_005",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-042-7_005",
    pages = "36--43",
    abstract = "With the aim to teach our automatic speech-to-text translation system human interpreting strategies, our first step is to identify which interpreting strategies are most often used in the language pair of our interest (English-Arabic). In this article we run an automatic analysis of a corpus of parallel speeches and their human interpretations, and provide the results of manually annotating the human interpreting strategies in a sample of the corpus. We give a glimpse of the corpus, whose value surpasses the fact that it contains a high number of scientific speeches with their interpretations from English into Arabic, as it also provides rich information about the interpreters. We also discuss the difficulties, which we encountered on our way, as well as our solutions to them: our methodology for manual re-segmentation and alignment of parallel segments, the choice of annotation tool, and the annotation procedure. Our annotation findings explain the previously extracted specific statistical features of the interpreted corpus (compared with a translation one) as well as the quality of interpretation provided by different interpreters.",
}
@inproceedings{silvestre-baquero-mitkov-2017-translation,
    title = "Translation Memory Systems Have a Long Way to Go",
    author = "Silvestre Baquero, Andrea  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Human-Informed Translation and Interpreting Technology",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics, Shoumen, Bulgaria",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-042-7_006",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-042-7_006",
    pages = "44--51",
    abstract = "The TM memory systems changed the work of translators and now the translators not benefiting from these tools are a tiny minority. These tools operate on fuzzy (surface) matching mostly and cannot benefit from already translated texts which are synonymous to (or paraphrased versions of) the text to be translated. The match score is mostly based on character-string similarity, calculated through Levenshtein distance. The TM tools have difficulties with detecting similarities even in sentences which represent a minor revision of sentences already available in the translation memory. This shortcoming of the current TM systems was the subject of the present study and was empirically proven in the experiments we conducted. To this end, we compiled a small translation memory (English-Spanish) and applied several lexical and syntactic transformation rules to the source sentences with both English and Spanish being the source language. The results of this study show that current TM systems have a long way to go and highlight the need for TM systems equipped with NLP capabilities which will offer the translator the advantage of he/she not having to translate a sentence again if an almost identical sentence has already been already translated.",
}
@inproceedings{elgabou-kazakov-2017-building,
    title = "Building Dialectal {A}rabic Corpora",
    author = "Elgabou, Hani  and
      Kazakov, Dimitar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Human-Informed Translation and Interpreting Technology",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics, Shoumen, Bulgaria",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-042-7_007",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-042-7_007",
    pages = "52--57",
    abstract = "The aim of this research is to identify local Arabic dialects in texts from social media (Twitter) and link them to specific geographic areas. Dialect identification is studied as a subset of the task of language identification. The proposed method is based on unsupervised learning using simultaneously lexical and geographic distance. While this study focusses on Libyan dialects, the approach is general, and could produce resources to support human translators and interpreters when dealing with vernaculars rather than standard Arabic.",
}
@inproceedings{mrini-benjamin-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Producing Human-Validated Translation Resources for the {F}ula language through {W}ord{N}et Linking",
    author = "Mrini, Khalil  and
      Benjamin, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Human-Informed Translation and Interpreting Technology",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics, Shoumen, Bulgaria",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-042-7_008",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-042-7_008",
    pages = "58--64",
    abstract = "We propose methods to link automatically parsed linguistic data to the WordNet. We apply these methods on a trilingual dictionary in Fula, English and French. Dictionary entry parsing is used to collect the linguistic data. Then we connect it to the Open Multilingual WordNet (OMW) through two attempts, and use confidence scores to quantify accuracy. We obtained 11,000 entries in parsing and linked about 58{\%} to the OMW on the first attempt, and an additional 14{\%} in the second one. These links are due to be validated by Fula speakers before being added to the Kamusi Project{'}s database.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-biomedical,
    title = "Proceedings of the Biomedical {NLP} Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    author = "Boytcheva, Svetla  and
      Cohen, Kevin Bretonnel  and
      Savova, Guergana  and
      Angelova, Galia",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_",
}
@inproceedings{eric-2017-document,
    title = "Document retrieval and question answering in medical documents. A large-scale corpus challenge.",
    author = "Eric, Curea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Biomedical {NLP} Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_001",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_001",
    pages = "1--7",
    abstract = "Whenever employed on large datasets, information retrieval works by isolating a subset of documents from the larger dataset and then proceeding with low-level processing of the text. This is usually carried out by means of adding index-terms to each document in the collection. In this paper we deal with automatic document classification and index-term detection applied on large-scale medical corpora. In our methodology we employ a linear classifier and we test our results on the BioASQ training corpora, which is a collection of 12 million MeSH-indexed medical abstracts. We cover both term-indexing, result retrieval and result ranking based on distributed word representations.",
}
@inproceedings{mitrofan-ion-2017-adapting,
    title = "Adapting the {TTL} {R}omanian {POS} Tagger to the Biomedical Domain",
    author = "Mitrofan, Maria  and
      Ion, Radu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Biomedical {NLP} Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_002",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_002",
    pages = "8--14",
    abstract = "This paper presents the adaptation of the Hidden Markov Models-based TTL part-of-speech tagger to the biomedical domain. TTL is a text processing platform that performs sentence splitting, tokenization, POS tagging, chunking and Named Entity Recognition (NER) for a number of languages, including Romanian. The POS tagging accuracy obtained by the TTL POS tagger exceeds 97{\%} when TTL{'}s baseline model is updated with training information from a Romanian biomedical corpus. This corpus is developed in the context of the CoRoLa (a reference corpus for the contemporary Romanian language) project. Informative description and statistics of the Romanian biomedical corpus are also provided.",
}
@inproceedings{freitag-etal-2017-discourse,
    title = "Discourse-Wide Extraction of Assay Frames from the Biological Literature",
    author = "Freitag, Dayne  and
      Kalmar, Paul  and
      Yeh, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Biomedical {NLP} Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_003",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_003",
    pages = "15--23",
    abstract = "We consider the problem of populating multi-part knowledge frames from textual information distributed over multiple sentences in a document. We present a corpus constructed by aligning papers from the cellular signaling literature to a collection of approximately 50,000 reference frames curated by hand as part of a decade-long project. We present and evaluate two approaches to the challenging problem of reconstructing these frames, which formalize biological assays described in the literature. One approach is based on classifying candidate records nominated by sentence-local entity co-occurrence. In the second approach, we introduce a novel virtual register machine traverses an article and generates frames, trained on our reference data. Our evaluations show that success in the task ultimately hinges on an integration of evidence spread across the discourse.",
}
@inproceedings{zubke-2017-classification,
    title = "Classification based extraction of numeric values from clinical narratives",
    author = "Zubke, Maximilian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Biomedical {NLP} Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_004",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_004",
    pages = "24--31",
    abstract = "The robust extraction of numeric values from clinical narratives is a well known problem in clinical data warehouses. In this paper we describe a dynamic and domain-independent approach to deliver numerical described values from clinical narratives. In contrast to alternative systems, we neither use manual defined rules nor any kind of ontologies or nomenclatures. Instead we propose a topic-based system, that tackles the information extraction as a text classification problem. Hence we use machine learning to identify the crucial context features of a topic-specific numeric value by a given set of example sentences, so that the manual effort reduces to the selection of appropriate sample sentences. We describe context features of a certain numeric value by term frequency vectors which are generated by multiple document segmentation procedures. Due to this simultaneous segmentation approaches, there can be more than one context vector for a numeric value. In those cases, we choose the context vector with the highest classification confidence and suppress the rest. To test our approach, we used a dataset from a german hospital containing 12,743 narrative reports about laboratory results of Leukemia patients. We used Support Vector Machines (SVM) for classification and achieved an average accuracy of 96{\%} on a manually labeled subset of 2073 documents, using 10-fold cross validation. This is a significant improvement over an alternative rule based system.",
}
@inproceedings{grabar-hamon-2017-understanding,
    title = "Understanding of unknown medical words",
    author = "Grabar, Natalia  and
      Hamon, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Biomedical {NLP} Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_005",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_005",
    pages = "32--41",
    abstract = "We assume that unknown words with internal structure (affixed words or compounds) can provide speakers with linguistic cues as for their meaning, and thus help their decoding and understanding. To verify this hypothesis, we propose to work with a set of French medical words. These words are annotated by five annotators. Then, two kinds of analysis are performed: analysis of the evolution of understandable and non-understandable words (globally and according to some suffixes) and analysis of clusters created with unsupervised algorithms on basis of linguistic and extra-linguistic features of the studied words. Our results suggest that, according to linguistic sensitivity of annotators, technical words can be decoded and become understandable. As for the clusters, some of them distinguish between understandable and non-understandable words. Resources built in this work will be made freely available for the research purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{yimam-etal-2017-entity,
    title = "Entity-Centric Information Access with Human in the Loop for the Biomedical Domain",
    author = "Yimam, Seid Muhie  and
      Remus, Steffen  and
      Panchenko, Alexander  and
      Holzinger, Andreas  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Biomedical {NLP} Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_006",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_006",
    pages = "42--48",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the concept of entity-centric information access for the biomedical domain. With entity recognition technologies approaching acceptable levels of accuracy, we put forward a paradigm of document browsing and searching where the entities of the domain and their relations are explicitly modeled to provide users the possibility of collecting exhaustive information on relations of interest. We describe three working prototypes along these lines: NEW/S/LEAK, which was developed for investigative journalists who need a quick overview of large leaked document collections; STORYFINDER, which is a personalized organizer for information found in web pages that allows adding entities as well as relations, and is capable of personalized information management; and adaptive annotation capabilities of WEBANNO, which is a general-purpose linguistic annotation tool. We will discuss future steps towards the adaptation of these tools to biomedical data, which is subject to a recently started project on biomedical knowledge acquisition. A key difference to other approaches is the centering around the user in a Human-in-the-Loop machine learning approach, where users define and extend categories and enable the system to improve via feedback and interaction.",
}
@inproceedings{bellon-rodriguez-esteban-2017-one,
    title = "One model per entity: using hundreds of machine learning models to recognize and normalize biomedical names in text",
    author = "Bellon, Victor  and
      Rodriguez-Esteban, Raul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Biomedical {NLP} Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_007",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_007",
    pages = "49--54",
    abstract = "We explored a new approach to named entity recognition based on hundreds of machine learning models, each trained to distinguish a single entity, and showed its application to gene name identification (GNI). The rationale for our approach, which we named {``}one model per entity{''} (OMPE), was that increasing the number of models would make the learning task easier for each individual model. Our training strategy leveraged freely-available database annotations instead of manually-annotated corpora. While its performance in our proof-of-concept was disappointing, we believe that there is enough room for improvement that such approaches could reach competitive performance while eliminating the cost of creating costly training corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{thorne-klinger-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Confidence Estimation for Typed Protein-Protein Relation Extraction",
    author = "Thorne, Camilo  and
      Klinger, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Biomedical {NLP} Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_008",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_008",
    pages = "55--63",
    abstract = "Systems which build on top of information extraction are typically challenged to extract knowledge that, while correct, is not yet well-known. We hypothesize that a good confidence measure for relational information has the property that such interesting information is found between information extracted with very high confidence and very low confidence. We discuss confidence estimation for the domain of biomedical protein-protein relation discovery in biomedical literature. As facts reported in papers take some time to be validated and recorded in biomedical databases, such task gives rise to large quantities of unknown but potentially true candidate relations. It is thus important to rank them based on supporting evidence rather than discard them. In this paper, we discuss this task and propose different approaches for confidence estimation and a pipeline to evaluate such methods. We show that the most straight-forward approach, a combination of different confidence measures from pipeline modules seems not to work well. We discuss this negative result and pinpoint potential future research directions.",
}
@inproceedings{boytcheva-etal-2017-identification,
    title = "Identification of Risk Factors in Clinical Texts through Association Rules",
    author = "Boytcheva, Svetla  and
      Nikolova, Ivelina  and
      Angelova, Galia  and
      Angelov, Zhivko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Biomedical {NLP} Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_009",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_009",
    pages = "64--72",
    abstract = "We describe a method which extracts Association Rules from texts in order to recognise verbalisations of risk factors. Usually some basic vocabulary about risk factors is known but medical conditions are expressed in clinical narratives with much higher variety. We propose an approach for data-driven learning of specialised medical vocabulary which, once collected, enables early alerting of potentially affected patients. The method is illustrated by experimens with clinical records of patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and comorbidity of CORD, Diabetes Melitus and Schizophrenia. Our input data come from the Bulgarian Diabetic Register, which is built using a pseudonymised collection of outpatient records for about 500,000 diabetic patients. The generated Association Rules for CORD are analysed in the context of demographic, gender, and age information. Valuable anounts of meaningful words, signalling risk factors, are discovered with high precision and confidence.",
}
@inproceedings{hamon-etal-2017-pomelo,
    title = "{POMELO}: {M}edline corpus with manually annotated food-drug interactions",
    author = "Hamon, Thierry  and
      Tabanou, Vincent  and
      Mougin, Fleur  and
      Grabar, Natalia  and
      Thiessard, Frantz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Biomedical {NLP} Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_010",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_010",
    pages = "73--80",
    abstract = "When patients take more than one medication, they may be at risk of drug interactions, which means that a given drug can cause unexpected effects when taken in combination with other drugs. Similar effects may occur when drugs are taken together with some food or beverages. For instance, grapefruit has interactions with several drugs, because its active ingredients inhibit enzymes involved in the drugs metabolism and can then cause an excessive dosage of these drugs. Yet, information on food/drug interactions is poorly researched. The current research is mainly provided by the medical domain and a very tentative work is provided by computer sciences and NLP domains. One factor that motivates the research is related to the availability of the annotated corpora and the reference data. The purpose of our work is to describe the rationale and approach for creation and annotation of scientific corpus with information on food/drug interactions. This corpus contains 639 MEDLINE citations (titles and abstracts), corresponding to 5,752 sentences. It is manually annotated by two experts. The corpus is named POMELO. This annotated corpus will be made available for the research purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{radev-etal-2017-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Clinical Narratives in {B}ulgarian language",
    author = "Radev, Ivajlo  and
      Simov, Kiril  and
      Angelova, Galia  and
      Boytcheva, Svetla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Biomedical {NLP} Workshop associated with {RANLP} 2017",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_011",
    doi = "10.26615/978-954-452-044-1_011",
    pages = "81--87",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe annotation process of clinical texts with morphosyntactic and semantic information. The corpus contains 1,300 discharge letters in Bulgarian language for patients with Endocrinology and Metabolic disorders. The annotated corpus will be used as a Gold standard for information extraction evaluation of test corpus of 6,200 discharge letters. The annotation is performed within Clark system {---} an XML Based System For Corpora Development. It provides mechanism for semi-automatic annotation first running a pipeline for Bulgarian morphosyntactic annotation and a cascaded regular grammar for semantic annotation is run, then rules for cleaning of frequent errors are applied. At the end the result is manually checked. At the end we hope also to be able to adapted the morphosyntactic tagger to the domain of clinical narratives as well.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2017-language-technology,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language technology for Digital Humanities in Central and (South-)Eastern {E}urope",
    author = "Dinu, Anca  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Vertan, Cristina",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Inc.",
    doi = "0.26615/978-954-452-046-5_",
}
@inproceedings{malahov-etal-2017-diachronic,
    title = "A Diachronic Corpus for {R}omanian ({R}o{D}ia)",
    author = "Malahov, Ludmila  and
      M{\u{a}}r{\u{a}}nduc, C{\u{a}}t{\u{a}}lina  and
      Colesnicov, Alexandru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language technology for Digital Humanities in Central and (South-)Eastern {E}urope",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Inc.",
    url = "http://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-046-5_001",
    doi = "0.26615/978-954-452-046-5_001",
    pages = "1--9",
    abstract = "This paper describes a Romanian Dependency Treebank, built at the Al. I. Cuza University (UAIC), and a special OCR techniques used to build it. The corpus has rich morphological and syntactic annotation. There are few annotated representative corpora in Romanian, and the existent ones are mainly focused on the contemporary Romanian standard. The corpus described below is focused on the non-standard aspects of the language, the Regional and the Old Romanian. Having the intention to participate at the PROIEL project, which aligns oldest New Testaments, we annotate the first printed Romanian New Testament (Alba Iulia, 1648). We began by applying the UAIC tools for the morphological and syntactic processing of Contemporary Romanian over the book{'}s first quarter (second edition). By carefully manually correcting the result of the automated annotation (having a modest accuracy) we obtained a sub-corpus for the training of tools for the Old Romanian processing. But the first edition of the New Testament is written in Cyrillic letters. The existence of books printed in the Old Cyrillic alphabet is a common problem for Romania and The Republic of Moldova, countries where the Romanian is spoken; a problem to solve by the joint efforts of the NLP researchers in the two countries.",
}
@inproceedings{bobicev-etal-2017-tools,
    title = "Tools for Building a Corpus to Study the Historical and Geographical Variation of the {R}omanian Language",
    author = "Bobicev, Victoria  and
      M{\u{a}}r{\u{a}}nduc, C{\u{a}}t{\u{a}}lina  and
      Perez, Cenel Augusto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language technology for Digital Humanities in Central and (South-)Eastern {E}urope",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Inc.",
    url = "http://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-046-5_002",
    doi = "0.26615/978-954-452-046-5_002",
    pages = "10--19",
    abstract = "Contemporary standard language corpora are ideal for NLP. There are few morphologically and syntactically annotated corpora for Romanian, and those existing or in progress only deal with the Contemporary Romanian standard. However, the necessity to study the dynamics of natural languages gave rise to balanced corpora, containing non-standard texts. In this paper, we describe the creation of tools for processing non-standard Romanian to build a big balanced corpus. We want to preserve in annotated form as many early stages of language as possible. We have already built a corpus in Old Romanian. We also intend to include the South-Danube dialects, remote to the standard language, along with regional forms closer to the standard. We try to preserve data about endangered idioms such as Aromanian, Meglenoromanian and Istroromanian dialects, and calculate the distance between different regional variants, including the language spoken in the Republic of Moldova. This distance, as well as the mutual understanding between the speakers, is the correct criterion for the classification of idioms as different languages, or as dialects, or as regional variants close to the standard.",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-etal-2017-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Ontologies for the Representation and Processing of Folktales",
    author = {Declerck, Thierry  and
      Aman, Anastasija  and
      Banzer, Martin  and
      Mach{\'a}{\v{c}}ek, Dominik  and
      Sch{\"a}fer, Lisa  and
      Skachkova, Natalia},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language technology for Digital Humanities in Central and (South-)Eastern {E}urope",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Inc.",
    url = "http://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-046-5_003",
    doi = "0.26615/978-954-452-046-5_003",
    pages = "20--23",
    abstract = "We describe work done in the field of folkloristics and consisting in creating ontologies based on well-established studies proposed by {``}classical{''} folklorists. This work is supporting the availability of a huge amount of digital and structured knowledge on folktales to digital humanists. The ontological encoding of past and current motif-indexation and classification systems for folktales was in the first step limited to English language data. This led us to focus on making those newly generated formal knowledge sources available in a few more languages, like German, Russian and Bulgarian. We stress the importance of achieving this multilingual extension of our ontologies at a larger scale, in order for example to support the automated analysis and classification of such narratives in a large variety of languages, as those are getting more and more accessible on the Web.",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-etal-2017-annotation,
    title = "On the annotation of vague expressions: a case study on {R}omanian historical texts",
    author = "Dinu, Anca  and
      von Hahn, Walther  and
      Vertan, Cristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language technology for Digital Humanities in Central and (South-)Eastern {E}urope",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Inc.",
    url = "http://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-046-5_004",
    doi = "0.26615/978-954-452-046-5_004",
    pages = "24--31",
    abstract = "Current approaches in Digital .Humanities tend to ignore a central as-pect of any hermeneutic introspection: the intrinsic vagueness of analyzed texts. Especially when dealing with his-torical documents neglecting vague-ness has important implications on the interpretation of the results. In this pa-per we present current limitation of an-notation approaches and describe a current methodology for annotating vagueness for historical Romanian texts.",
}
@inproceedings{stambolieva-etal-2017-language,
    title = "Language Technologies in Teaching Bugarian at Primary and Secondary School Level: the {NBU} Platform of Language Teaching ({PLT})",
    author = "Stambolieva, Maria  and
      Ivanova, Valentina  and
      Raykova, Mariana  and
      Hadjikoteva, Milka  and
      Neykova, Mariya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language technology for Digital Humanities in Central and (South-)Eastern {E}urope",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Inc.",
    url = "http://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-046-5_005",
    doi = "0.26615/978-954-452-046-5_005",
    pages = "32--38",
    abstract = "The NBU Language Teaching Platform (PLT) was initially designed for teaching foreign languages for specific purposes; at a second stage, some of its functionalities were extended to answer the needs of teaching general foreign language. New functionalities have now been created for the purpose of providing e-support for Bulgarian language and literature teaching at primary and secondary school level. The article presents the general structure of the platform and the functionalities specifically developed to match the standards and expected results set by the Ministry of Education. The E-platform integrates: 1/ an environment for creating, organizing and maintaining electronic text archives, for extracting text corpora and aligning corpora; 2/ a linguistic database; 3/ a concordancer; 4/ a set of modules for the generation and editing of practice exercises for each text or corpus; 5/ functionalities for export from the platform and import to other educational platforms. For Moodle, modules were created for test generation, performance assessment and feedback. The PLT allows centralized presentation of abundant teaching content, control of the educational process, fast and reliable feedback on performance.",
}
@inproceedings{moise-2017-natural,
    title = "NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS",
    author = "Moise, Cristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language technology for Digital Humanities in Central and (South-)Eastern {E}urope",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Varna",
    publisher = "INCOMA Inc.",
    url = "http://doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-046-5_006",
    doi = "0.26615/978-954-452-046-5_006",
    pages = "39--43",
    abstract = "This paper overviews the Majoritas ecosystem, providing a complete overview of political campaigns assessment aimed to assist politicians and their staff in delivering consistent and personalized message within social media.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-human,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Human-Computer Question Answering",
    author = "Iyyer, Mohit  and
      He, He  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-01",
}
@inproceedings{beller-etal-2016-watson,
    title = "{W}atson Discovery Advisor: Question-answering in an industrial setting",
    author = "Beller, Charley  and
      Katz, Graham  and
      Ginsberg, Allen  and
      Phipps, Chris  and
      Bethard, Sean  and
      Chase, Paul  and
      Shek, Elinna  and
      Summers, Kristen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Human-Computer Question Answering",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0101",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{savenkov-etal-2016-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing for (almost) Real-time Question Answering",
    author = "Savenkov, Denis  and
      Weitzner, Scott  and
      Agichtein, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Human-Computer Question Answering",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0102",
    pages = "8--14",
}
@inproceedings{yin-etal-2016-attention,
    title = "Attention-Based Convolutional Neural Network for Machine Comprehension",
    author = {Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Ebert, Sebastian  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Human-Computer Question Answering",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0103",
    pages = "15--21",
}
@inproceedings{aghaebrahimian-jurcicek-2016-open,
    title = "Open-domain Factoid Question Answering via Knowledge Graph Search",
    author = "Aghaebrahimian, Ahmad  and
      Jur{\v{c}}{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Human-Computer Question Answering",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0104",
    pages = "22--28",
}
@inproceedings{yin-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Enquirer: Learning to Query Tables in Natural Language",
    author = "Yin, Pengcheng  and
      Lu, Zhengdong  and
      Li, Hang  and
      Ben, Kao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Human-Computer Question Answering",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0105",
    pages = "29--35",
}
@inproceedings{yin-etal-2016-neural-generative,
    title = "Neural Generative Question Answering",
    author = "Yin, Jun  and
      Jiang, Xin  and
      Lu, Zhengdong  and
      Shang, Lifeng  and
      Li, Hang  and
      Li, Xiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Human-Computer Question Answering",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0106",
    pages = "36--42",
}
@inproceedings{guha-etal-2016-distorted,
    title = "{``}A Distorted Skull Lies in the Bottom Center...{''} Identifying Paintings from Text Descriptions",
    author = "Guha, Anupam  and
      Iyyer, Mohit  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Human-Computer Question Answering",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0107",
    pages = "43--47",
}
@inproceedings{yoshida-boyd-graber-2016-using,
    title = "Using Confusion Graphs to Understand Classifier Error",
    author = "Yoshida, Davis  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Human-Computer Question Answering",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0108",
    pages = "48--52",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2016-paraphrase,
    title = "Paraphrase for Open Question Answering: New Dataset and Methods",
    author = "Xu, Ying  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-G{\'o}mez, Pascual  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Goebel, Randy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Human-Computer Question Answering",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0109",
    pages = "53--61",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    author = "Feldman, Anna  and
      Kazantseva, Anna  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-02",
}
@inproceedings{estes-hench-2016-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Machine Learning for Hybrid Meter",
    author = "Estes, Alex  and
      Hench, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0201",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{daza-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Text Generation by Learning from Literary Structures",
    author = "Daza, Angel  and
      Calvo, Hiram  and
      Figueroa-Nazuno, Jes{\'u}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0202",
    pages = "9--19",
}
@inproceedings{gagliano-etal-2016-intersecting,
    title = "Intersecting Word Vectors to Take Figurative Language to New Heights",
    author = "Gagliano, Andrea  and
      Paul, Emily  and
      Booten, Kyle  and
      Hearst, Marti A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0203",
    pages = "20--31",
}
@inproceedings{schofield-mehr-2016-gender,
    title = "Gender-Distinguishing Features in Film Dialogue",
    author = "Schofield, Alexandra  and
      Mehr, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0204",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{koppel-etal-2016-reconstructing,
    title = "Reconstructing Ancient Literary Texts from Noisy Manuscripts",
    author = "Koppel, Moshe  and
      Michaely, Moty  and
      Tal, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0205",
    pages = "40--46",
}
@inproceedings{dubremetz-nivre-2016-syntax,
    title = "Syntax Matters for Rhetorical Structure: The Case of Chiasmus",
    author = "Dubremetz, Marie  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0206",
    pages = "47--53",
}
@inproceedings{rahgozar-inkpen-2016-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Chronological Classification of Hafez{'}s Poems",
    author = "Rahgozar, Arya  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0207",
    pages = "54--62",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-linguistics-clinical,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    author = "Hollingshead, Kristy  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0300",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-03",
}
@inproceedings{fraser-etal-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting late-life depression in {A}lzheimer{'}s disease through analysis of speech and language",
    author = "Fraser, Kathleen C.  and
      Rudzicz, Frank  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0301",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{bullard-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Early Dementia Detection: Fusing Linguistic and Non-Linguistic Clinical Data",
    author = "Bullard, Joseph  and
      Ovesdotter Alm, Cecilia  and
      Liu, Xumin  and
      Yu, Qi  and
      Proa{\~n}o, Rub{\'e}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0302",
    pages = "12--22",
}
@inproceedings{shickel-etal-2016-self,
    title = "Self-Reflective Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Shickel, Benjamin  and
      Heesacker, Martin  and
      Benton, Sherry  and
      Ebadi, Ashkan  and
      Nickerson, Paul  and
      Rashidi, Parisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0303",
    pages = "23--32",
}
@inproceedings{tanana-etal-2016-sentiment,
    title = "Is Sentiment in Movies the Same as Sentiment in Psychotherapy? Comparisons Using a New Psychotherapy Sentiment Database",
    author = "Tanana, Michael  and
      Dembe, Aaron  and
      Soma, Christina S.  and
      Imel, Zac  and
      Atkins, David  and
      Srikumar, Vivek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0304",
    pages = "33--41",
}
@inproceedings{perez-rosas-etal-2016-building,
    title = "Building a Motivational Interviewing Dataset",
    author = "P{\'e}rez-Rosas, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Resnicow, Kenneth  and
      Singh, Satinder  and
      An, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0305",
    pages = "42--51",
}
@inproceedings{hwang-hollingshead-2016-crazy,
    title = "Crazy Mad Nutters: The Language of Mental Health",
    author = "Hwang, Jena D.  and
      Hollingshead, Kristy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0306",
    pages = "52--62",
}
@inproceedings{gkotsis-etal-2016-language,
    title = "The language of mental health problems in social media",
    author = "Gkotsis, George  and
      Oellrich, Anika  and
      Hubbard, Tim  and
      Dobson, Richard  and
      Liakata, Maria  and
      Velupillai, Sumithra  and
      Dutta, Rina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0307",
    pages = "63--73",
}
@inproceedings{parish-morris-etal-2016-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Autism Spectrum Disorders Using {HLT}",
    author = "Parish-Morris, Julia  and
      Liberman, Mark  and
      Ryant, Neville  and
      Cieri, Christopher  and
      Bateman, Leila  and
      Ferguson, Emily  and
      Schultz, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0308",
    pages = "74--84",
}
@inproceedings{oak-etal-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating Clinically Relevant Texts: A Case Study on Life-Changing Events",
    author = "Oak, Mayuresh  and
      Behera, Anil  and
      Thomas, Titus  and
      Ovesdotter Alm, Cecilia  and
      Prud{'}hommeaux, Emily  and
      Homan, Christopher  and
      Ptucha, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0309",
    pages = "85--94",
}
@inproceedings{gkotsis-etal-2016-dont,
    title = "Don{'}t Let Notes Be Misunderstood: A Negation Detection Method for Assessing Risk of Suicide in Mental Health Records",
    author = "Gkotsis, George  and
      Velupillai, Sumithra  and
      Oellrich, Anika  and
      Dean, Harry  and
      Liakata, Maria  and
      Dutta, Rina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0310",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0310",
    pages = "95--105",
}
@inproceedings{coppersmith-etal-2016-exploratory,
    title = "Exploratory Analysis of Social Media Prior to a Suicide Attempt",
    author = "Coppersmith, Glen  and
      Ngo, Kim  and
      Leary, Ryan  and
      Wood, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0311",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0311",
    pages = "106--117",
}
@inproceedings{milne-etal-2016-clpsych,
    title = "{CLP}sych 2016 Shared Task: Triaging content in online peer-support forums",
    author = "Milne, David N.  and
      Pink, Glen  and
      Hachey, Ben  and
      Calvo, Rafael A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0312",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0312",
    pages = "118--127",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2016-data61,
    title = "{D}ata61-{CSIRO} systems at the {CLP}sych 2016 Shared Task",
    author = "Kim, Sunghwan Mac  and
      Wang, Yufei  and
      Wan, Stephen  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0313",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0313",
    pages = "128--132",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-etal-2016-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Post Severity in Mental Health Forums",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0314",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0314",
    pages = "133--137",
}
@inproceedings{brew-2016-classifying,
    title = "Classifying {R}each{O}ut posts with a radial basis function {SVM}",
    author = "Brew, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0315",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0315",
    pages = "138--142",
}
@inproceedings{cohan-etal-2016-triaging,
    title = "Triaging Mental Health Forum Posts",
    author = "Cohan, Arman  and
      Young, Sydney  and
      Goharian, Nazli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0316",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0316",
    pages = "143--147",
}
@inproceedings{desmet-etal-2016-mental,
    title = "Mental Distress Detection and Triage in Forum Posts: The {LT}3 {CLP}sych 2016 Shared Task System",
    author = "Desmet, Bart  and
      Jacobs, Gilles  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0317",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0317",
    pages = "148--152",
}
@inproceedings{asgari-etal-2016-text,
    title = "Text Analysis and Automatic Triage of Posts in a Mental Health Forum",
    author = "Asgari, Ehsaneddin  and
      Nasiriany, Soroush  and
      Mofrad, Mohammad R.K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0318",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0318",
    pages = "153--157",
}
@inproceedings{friedenberg-etal-2016-umd,
    title = "The {UMD} {CLP}sych 2016 Shared Task System: Text Representation for Predicting Triage of Forum Posts about Mental Health",
    author = "Friedenberg, Meir  and
      Amiri, Hadi  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0319",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0319",
    pages = "158--161",
}
@inproceedings{opitz-2016-using,
    title = "Using Linear Classifiers for the Automatic Triage of Posts in the 2016 {CLP}sych Shared Task",
    author = "Opitz, Juri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0320",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0320",
    pages = "162--165",
}
@inproceedings{zirikly-etal-2016-gw,
    title = "The {GW}/{UMD} {CLP}sych 2016 Shared Task System",
    author = "Zirikly, Ayah  and
      Kumar, Varun  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0321",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0321",
    pages = "166--170",
}
@inproceedings{rey-villamizar-etal-2016-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised {CLP}sych 2016 Shared Task System Submission",
    author = "Rey-Villamizar, Nicolas  and
      Shrestha, Prasha  and
      Solorio, Thamar  and
      Sadeque, Farig  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0322",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0322",
    pages = "171--175",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-combining,
    title = "Combining Multiple Classifiers Using Global Ranking for {R}each{O}ut.com Post Triage",
    author = "Wang, Chen-Kai  and
      Dai, Hong-Jie  and
      Chen, Chih-Wei  and
      Jonnagaddala, Jitendra  and
      Chang, Nai-Wen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0323",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0323",
    pages = "176--179",
}
@inproceedings{pink-etal-2016-classification,
    title = "Classification of mental health forum posts",
    author = "Pink, Glen  and
      Radford, Will  and
      Hachey, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0324",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0324",
    pages = "180--182",
}
@inproceedings{almeida-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Triage of Mental Health Online Forum Posts: {CLP}sych 2016 System Description",
    author = "Almeida, Hayda  and
      Queudot, Marc  and
      Meurs, Marie-Jean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0325",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0325",
    pages = "183--187",
}
@inproceedings{shickel-rashidi-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Triage of Mental Health Forum Posts",
    author = "Shickel, Benjamin  and
      Rashidi, Parisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0326",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0326",
    pages = "188--192",
}
@inproceedings{franco-penya-mamani-sanchez-2016-text,
    title = "Text-based experiments for Predicting mental health emergencies in online web forum posts",
    author = "Franco-Penya, Hector-Hugo  and
      Mamani Sanchez, Liliana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0327",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0327",
    pages = "193--197",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-approaches,
    title = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      van der Goot, Erik  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Montoyo, Andres",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0400",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-04",
}
@inproceedings{balahur-2016-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis - What are we talking about?",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0401",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{grimes-2016-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment, Subjectivity, and Social Analysis Go {T}o{W}ork: An Industry View - Invited Talk",
    author = "Grimes, Seth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0402",
    pages = "2",
}
@inproceedings{hamidian-diab-2016-rumor,
    title = "Rumor Identification and Belief Investigation on Twitter",
    author = "Hamidian, Sardar  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0403",
    pages = "3--8",
}
@inproceedings{preotiuc-pietro-etal-2016-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Valence and Arousal in {F}acebook posts",
    author = "Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Schwartz, H. Andrew  and
      Park, Gregory  and
      Eichstaedt, Johannes  and
      Kern, Margaret  and
      Ungar, Lyle  and
      Shulman, Elisabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0404",
    pages = "9--15",
}
@inproceedings{dehghani-2016-purity,
    title = "Purity Homophily in Social Networks - Invited Talk",
    author = "Dehghani, Morteza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0405",
    pages = "16",
}
@inproceedings{harsley-etal-2016-hit,
    title = "Hit Songs{'} Sentiments Harness Public Mood {\&} Predict Stock Market",
    author = "Harsley, Rachel  and
      Gupta, Bhavesh  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Li, Huayi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0406",
    pages = "17--25",
}
@inproceedings{chakraborty-etal-2016-fashioning,
    title = "Fashioning Data - A Social Media Perspective on Fast Fashion Brands",
    author = "Chakraborty, Rupak  and
      Kundu, Senjuti  and
      Agarwal, Prakul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0407",
    pages = "26--35",
}
@inproceedings{socher-2016-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning for Sentiment Analysis - Invited Talk",
    author = "Socher, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0408",
    pages = "36",
}
@inproceedings{dias-cardoso-roy-2016-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Lexicon Creation using Continuous Latent Space and Neural Networks",
    author = "Dias Cardoso, Pedro  and
      Roy, Anindya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0409",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{kiritchenko-mohammad-2016-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Negators, Modals, and Degree Adverbs on Sentiment Composition",
    author = "Kiritchenko, Svetlana  and
      Mohammad, Saif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0410",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0410",
    pages = "43--52",
}
@inproceedings{deng-wiebe-2016-nlp,
    title = "How can {NLP} Tasks Mutually Benefit Sentiment Analysis? A Holistic Approach to Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Deng, Lingjia  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0411",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0411",
    pages = "53--59",
}
@inproceedings{higgins-etal-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised System for Visual Exploration of Twitter Conversations",
    author = "Higgins, Derrick  and
      Heilman, Michael  and
      Jelesnianska, Adrianna  and
      Ingersoll, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0412",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0412",
    pages = "60--65",
}
@inproceedings{wester-etal-2016-threat,
    title = "Threat detection in online discussions",
    author = "Wester, Aksel  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      Velldal, Erik  and
      Hammer, Hugo Lewi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0413",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0413",
    pages = "66--71",
}
@inproceedings{menard-barriere-2016-classification,
    title = "Classification of comment helpfulness to improve knowledge sharing among medical practitioners.",
    author = "M{\'e}nard, Pierre Andr{\'e}  and
      Barri{\`e}re, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0414",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0414",
    pages = "72--81",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2016-political,
    title = "Political Issue Extraction Model: A Novel Hierarchical Topic Model That Uses Tweets By Political And Non-Political Authors",
    author = "Joshi, Aditya  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Carman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0415",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0415",
    pages = "82--90",
}
@inproceedings{escalante-etal-2016-early,
    title = {Early text classification: a Na{\"\i}ve solution},
    author = "Escalante, Hugo Jair  and
      Montes y Gomez, Manuel  and
      Villasenor, Luis  and
      Errecalde, Marcelo Luis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0416",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0416",
    pages = "91--99",
}
@inproceedings{perumal-hirst-2016-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised and unsupervised categorization of posts in Web discussion forums using part-of-speech information and minimal features",
    author = "Perumal, Krish  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0417",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0417",
    pages = "100--108",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-ganesan-2016-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Understanding of Complaints and Praises in User Reviews",
    author = "Zhou, Guangyu  and
      Ganesan, Kavita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0418",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0418",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{jha-etal-2016-reputation,
    title = "Reputation System: Evaluating Reputation among All Good Sellers",
    author = "Jha, Vandana  and
      R, Savitha  and
      Shenoy, P Deepa  and
      K R, Venugopal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0419",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0419",
    pages = "115--121",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2016-improve,
    title = "Improve Sentiment Analysis of Citations with Author Modelling",
    author = "Ma, Zheng  and
      Nam, Jinseok  and
      Weihe, Karsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0420",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0420",
    pages = "122--127",
}
@inproceedings{panchendrarajan-etal-2016-implicit,
    title = "Implicit Aspect Detection in Restaurant Reviews using Cooccurence of Words",
    author = "Panchendrarajan, Rrubaa  and
      Ahamed, Nazick  and
      Murugaiah, Brunthavan  and
      Sivakumar, Prakhash  and
      Ranathunga, Surangika  and
      Pemasiri, Akila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0421",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0421",
    pages = "128--136",
}
@inproceedings{jimenez-zafra-etal-2016-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation of Polarity Lexicon combining Term Frequency and Bootstrapping",
    author = "Jim{\'e}nez-Zafra, Salud Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Martin, Maite  and
      Molina-Gonzalez, M. Dolores  and
      Ure{\~n}a-L{\'o}pez, L. Alfonso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0422",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0422",
    pages = "137--146",
}
@inproceedings{buechel-etal-2016-enterprises,
    title = "Do Enterprises Have Emotions?",
    author = {Buechel, Sven  and
      Hahn, Udo  and
      Goldenstein, Jan  and
      H{\"a}ndschke, Sebastian G. M.  and
      Walgenbach, Peter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0423",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0423",
    pages = "147--153",
}
@inproceedings{palogiannidi-etal-2016-semantic,
    title = "A semantic-affective compositional approach for the affective labelling of adjective-noun and noun-noun pairs",
    author = "Palogiannidi, Elisavet  and
      Iosif, Elias  and
      Koutsakis, Polychronis  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0424",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0424",
    pages = "154--160",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-veale-2016-fracking,
    title = "Fracking Sarcasm using Neural Network",
    author = "Ghosh, Aniruddha  and
      Veale, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0425",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0425",
    pages = "161--169",
}
@inproceedings{klenner-2016-hymn,
    title = "An Hymn of an even Deeper Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Klenner, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0426",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0426",
    pages = "170",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-2016-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis in Twitter: A {S}em{E}val Perspective",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0427",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0427",
    pages = "171--172",
}
@inproceedings{sebastiani-2016-challenge,
    title = "The Challenge of Sentiment Quantification",
    author = "Sebastiani, Fabrizio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0428",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0428",
    pages = "173",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-2016-practical,
    title = "A Practical Guide to Sentiment Annotation: Challenges and Solutions",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0429",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0429",
    pages = "174--179",
}
@inproceedings{strapparava-2016-emotions,
    title = "Emotions and {NLP}: Future Directions",
    author = "Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0430",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0430",
    pages = "180",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-innovative,
    title = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Leacock, Claudia  and
      Yannakoudakis, Helen",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0500",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-05",
}
@inproceedings{napoles-etal-2016-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Multiple Grammatical Errors on Processing Non-Native Writing",
    author = "Napoles, Courtney  and
      Cahill, Aoife  and
      Madnani, Nitin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0501",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2016-text,
    title = "Text Readability Assessment for Second Language Learners",
    author = "Xia, Menglin  and
      Kochmar, Ekaterina  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0502",
    pages = "12--22",
}
@inproceedings{hill-simha-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of Context-Based Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises Using Co-occurrence Likelihoods and {G}oogle n-grams",
    author = "Hill, Jennifer  and
      Simha, Rahul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0503",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{flor-etal-2016-automated,
    title = "Automated classification of collaborative problem solving interactions in simulated science tasks",
    author = "Flor, Michael  and
      Yoon, Su-Youn  and
      Hao, Jiangang  and
      Liu, Lei  and
      von Davier, Alina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0504",
    pages = "31--41",
}
@inproceedings{meyer-koch-2016-computer,
    title = "Computer-assisted stylistic revision with incomplete and noisy feedback. A pilot study",
    author = "Meyer, Christian M.  and
      Koch, Johann Frerik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0505",
    pages = "42--52",
}
@inproceedings{daudaravicius-etal-2016-report,
    title = "A Report on the Automatic Evaluation of Scientific Writing Shared Task",
    author = "Daudaravicius, Vidas  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Volodina, Elena  and
      Napoles, Courtney",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0506",
    pages = "53--62",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-etal-2016-topicality,
    title = "Topicality-Based Indices for Essay Scoring",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Flor, Michael  and
      Gyawali, Binod",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0507",
    pages = "63--72",
}
@inproceedings{beinborn-etal-2016-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Spelling Difficulty of Words for Language Learners",
    author = "Beinborn, Lisa  and
      Zesch, Torsten  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0508",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0508",
    pages = "73--83",
}
@inproceedings{chen-meurers-2016-characterizing,
    title = "Characterizing Text Difficulty with Word Frequencies",
    author = "Chen, Xiaobin  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0509",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0509",
    pages = "84--94",
}
@inproceedings{cummins-etal-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Modeling of Topical Relevance in {L}2 Learner Text",
    author = "Cummins, Ronan  and
      Yannakoudakis, Helen  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0510",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0510",
    pages = "95--104",
}
@inproceedings{flickinger-etal-2016-uw,
    title = "{UW}-{S}tanford System Description for {AESW} 2016 Shared Task on Grammatical Error Detection",
    author = "Flickinger, Dan  and
      Goodman, Michael  and
      Packard, Woodley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0511",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0511",
    pages = "105--111",
}
@inproceedings{king-dickinson-2016-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Semantic Reasoning from an Incomplete Gold Standard for Learner Language",
    author = "King, Levi  and
      Dickinson, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0512",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0512",
    pages = "112--121",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2016-ntnu,
    title = "The {NTNU}-{YZU} System in the {AESW} Shared Task: Automated Evaluation of Scientific Writing Using a Convolutional Neural Network",
    author = "Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Lin, Bo-Lin  and
      Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Tseng, Yuen-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0513",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0513",
    pages = "122--129",
}
@inproceedings{loukina-cahill-2016-automated,
    title = "Automated scoring across different modalities",
    author = "Loukina, Anastassia  and
      Cahill, Aoife",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0514",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0514",
    pages = "130--135",
}
@inproceedings{madnani-etal-2016-model,
    title = "Model Combination for Correcting Preposition Selection Errors",
    author = "Madnani, Nitin  and
      Heilman, Michael  and
      Cahill, Aoife",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0515",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0515",
    pages = "136--141",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-santiago-etal-2016-pictogrammar,
    title = "{P}ictogrammar: an {AAC} device based on a semantic grammar",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez-Santiago, Fernando  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Cumbreras, Miguel {\'A}ngel  and
      Montejo-R{\'a}ez, Arturo  and
      D{\'\i}az-Galiano, Manuel Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0516",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0516",
    pages = "142--150",
}
@inproceedings{pilan-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Context Dependence in Exercise Item Candidates Selected from Corpora",
    author = "Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0517",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0517",
    pages = "151--161",
}
@inproceedings{remse-etal-2016-feature,
    title = "Feature-Rich Error Detection in Scientific Writing Using Logistic Regression",
    author = "Remse, Madeline  and
      Mesgar, Mohsen  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0518",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0518",
    pages = "162--171",
}
@inproceedings{wojatzki-etal-2016-bundled,
    title = "Bundled Gap Filling: A New Paradigm for Unambiguous Cloze Exercises",
    author = "Wojatzki, Michael  and
      Melamud, Oren  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0519",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0519",
    pages = "172--181",
}
@inproceedings{banjade-etal-2016-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Dataset ({DT}-Grade) and Word Weighting Approach towards Constructed Short Answers Assessment in Tutorial Dialogue Context",
    author = "Banjade, Rajendra  and
      Maharjan, Nabin  and
      Niraula, Nobal Bikram  and
      Gautam, Dipesh  and
      Samei, Borhan  and
      Rus, Vasile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0520",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0520",
    pages = "182--187",
}
@inproceedings{chinkina-meurers-2016-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically Aware Information Retrieval: Providing Input Enrichment for Second Language Learners",
    author = "Chinkina, Maria  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0521",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0521",
    pages = "188--198",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-etal-2016-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing {STEM} Motivation through Personal and Communal Values: {NLP} for Assessment of Utility Value in Student Writing",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Harackiewicz, Judith  and
      Priniski, Stacy  and
      Mulholland, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0522",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0522",
    pages = "199--205",
}
@inproceedings{ledbetter-dickinson-2016-cost,
    title = "Cost-Effectiveness in Building a Low-Resource Morphological Analyzer for Learner Language",
    author = "Ledbetter, Scott  and
      Dickinson, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0523",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0523",
    pages = "206--216",
}
@inproceedings{madnani-etal-2016-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Scoring Tests of Proficiency in Music Instruction",
    author = "Madnani, Nitin  and
      Cahill, Aoife  and
      Riordan, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0524",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0524",
    pages = "217--222",
}
@inproceedings{mamani-sanchez-franco-penya-2016-combined,
    title = "Combined Tree Kernel-based classifiers for Assessing Quality of Scientific Text",
    author = "Mamani Sanchez, Liliana  and
      Franco-Penya, Hector-Hugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0525",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0525",
    pages = "223--228",
}
@inproceedings{milli-hearst-2016-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting Course Material with Open Access Textbooks",
    author = "Milli, Smitha  and
      Hearst, Marti A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0526",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0526",
    pages = "229--234",
}
@inproceedings{rudzewitz-2016-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Intersection of Short Answer Assessment, Authorship Attribution, and Plagiarism Detection",
    author = {Rudzewitz, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0527",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0527",
    pages = "235--241",
}
@inproceedings{schmaltz-etal-2016-sentence,
    title = "Sentence-Level Grammatical Error Identification as Sequence-to-Sequence Correction",
    author = "Schmaltz, Allen  and
      Kim, Yoon  and
      Rush, Alexander M.  and
      Shieber, Stuart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0528",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0528",
    pages = "242--251",
}
@inproceedings{witte-sateli-2016-combining,
    title = "Combining Off-the-shelf Grammar and Spelling Tools for the Automatic Evaluation of Scientific Writing ({AESW}) Shared Task 2016",
    author = "Witte, Ren{\'e}  and
      Sateli, Bahar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0529",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0529",
    pages = "252--255",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-etal-2016-candidate,
    title = "Candidate re-ranking for {SMT}-based grammatical error correction",
    author = "Yuan, Zheng  and
      Briscoe, Ted  and
      Felice, Mariano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0530",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0530",
    pages = "256--266",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-etal-2016-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Text Difficulty Estimation Using Linguistic Features",
    author = "Yoon, Su-Youn  and
      Cho, Yeonsuk  and
      Napolitano, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0531",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0531",
    pages = "267--276",
}
@inproceedings{rahimi-litman-2016-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Extracting Topical Components for a Response-to-Text Writing Assessment",
    author = "Rahimi, Zahra  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0532",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0532",
    pages = "277--282",
}
@inproceedings{rei-cummins-2016-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Similarity Measures for Fine-Grained Estimation of Topical Relevance in Learner Essays",
    author = "Rei, Marek  and
      Cummins, Ronan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0533",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0533",
    pages = "283--288",
}
@inproceedings{reynolds-2016-insights,
    title = "Insights from {R}ussian second language readability classification: complexity-dependent training requirements, and feature evaluation of multiple categories",
    author = "Reynolds, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0534",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0534",
    pages = "289--300",
}
@inproceedings{horbach-palmer-2016-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Active Learning for Short-Answer Scoring",
    author = "Horbach, Andrea  and
      Palmer, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0535",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0535",
    pages = "301--311",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-semantics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Semantics-Driven Machine Translation ({S}ed{MT} 2016)",
    author = "Xiong, Deyi  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Aranberri, Nora  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0600",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-06",
}
@inproceedings{butler-2016-deterministic,
    title = "Deterministic natural language generation from meaning representations for machine translation",
    author = "Butler, Alastair",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Semantics-Driven Machine Translation ({S}ed{MT} 2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0601",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-extending,
    title = "Extending Phrase-Based Translation with Dependencies by Using Graphs",
    author = "Li, Liangyou  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Semantics-Driven Machine Translation ({S}ed{MT} 2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0602",
    pages = "10--12",
}
@inproceedings{ge-song-2016-naming,
    title = "The Naming Sharing Structure and its Cognitive Meaning in {C}hinese and {E}nglish",
    author = "Ge, Shili  and
      Song, Rou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Semantics-Driven Machine Translation ({S}ed{MT} 2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0603",
    pages = "13--21",
}
@inproceedings{simov-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Semantic-based Hybrid Machine Translation between {B}ulgarian and {E}nglish",
    author = "Simov, Kiril  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Popov, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Semantics-Driven Machine Translation ({S}ed{MT} 2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0604",
    pages = "22--26",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-coreference,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2016)",
    author = "Ogrodniczuk, Maciej  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0700",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-07",
}
@inproceedings{recasens-etal-2016-sense,
    title = "Sense Anaphoric Pronouns: Am {I} One?",
    author = "Recasens, Marta  and
      Hu, Zhichao  and
      Rhinehart, Olivia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0701",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{grishina-2016-experiments,
    title = "Experiments on bridging across languages and genres",
    author = "Grishina, Yulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0702",
    pages = "7--15",
}
@inproceedings{ogrodniczuk-zawislawska-2016-bridging,
    title = "Bridging Relations in Polish: Adaptation of Existing Typologies",
    author = "Ogrodniczuk, Maciej  and
      Zawis{\l}awska, Magdalena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0703",
    pages = "16--22",
}
@inproceedings{kunz-etal-2016-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Identity Coreference: Contrasting Indicators of Textual Coherence in {E}nglish and {G}erman",
    author = "Kunz, Kerstin  and
      Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Jos{\'e} Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0704",
    pages = "23--31",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the steps of Verb Phrase Ellipsis",
    author = "Liu, Zhengzhong  and
      Gonz{\`a}lez Pellicer, Edgar  and
      Gillick, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0705",
    pages = "32--40",
}
@inproceedings{stede-grishina-2016-anaphoricity,
    title = "Anaphoricity in Connectives: A Case Study on {G}erman",
    author = "Stede, Manfred  and
      Grishina, Yulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0706",
    pages = "41--46",
}
@inproceedings{nedoluzhko-lapshinova-koltunski-2016-abstract,
    title = "Abstract Coreference in a Multilingual Perspective: a View on {C}zech and {G}erman",
    author = "Nedoluzhko, Anna  and
      Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0707",
    pages = "47--52",
}
@inproceedings{wiseman-etal-2016-antecedent,
    title = "Antecedent Prediction Without a Pipeline",
    author = "Wiseman, Sam  and
      Rush, Alexander M.  and
      Shieber, Stuart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0708",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0708",
    pages = "53--58",
}
@inproceedings{roitberg-nedoluzhko-2016-bridging,
    title = "Bridging Corpus for {R}ussian in comparison with {C}zech",
    author = "Roitberg, Anna  and
      Nedoluzhko, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0709",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0709",
    pages = "59--66",
}
@inproceedings{soraluze-etal-2016-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution for the Basque Language with {BART}",
    author = "Soraluze, Ander  and
      Arregi, Olatz  and
      Arregi, Xabier  and
      D{\'\i}az de Ilarraza, Arantza  and
      Kabadjov, Mijail  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0710",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0710",
    pages = "67--73",
}
@inproceedings{toldova-etal-2016-error,
    title = "Error analysis for anaphora resolution in {R}ussian: new challenging issues for anaphora resolution task in a morphologically rich language",
    author = "Toldova, Svetlana  and
      Azerkovich, Ilya  and
      Ladygina, Alina  and
      Roitberg, Anna  and
      Vasilyeva, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0711",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0711",
    pages = "74--83",
}
@inproceedings{sundar-ram-lalitha-devi-2016-handle,
    title = "How to Handle Split Antecedents in {T}amil?",
    author = "Sundar Ram, Vijay  and
      Lalitha Devi, Sobha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0712",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0712",
    pages = "84--91",
}
@inproceedings{zeldes-zhang-2016-annotation,
    title = "When Annotation Schemes Change Rules Help: A Configurable Approach to Coreference Resolution beyond {O}nto{N}otes",
    author = "Zeldes, Amir  and
      Zhang, Shuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond {O}nto{N}otes ({CORBON} 2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0713",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0713",
    pages = "92--101",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-approaches-deception,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    author = "Fornaciari, Tommaso  and
      Fitzpatrick, Eileen  and
      Bachenko, Joan",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0800",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-08",
}
@inproceedings{volkova-bell-2016-account,
    title = "Account Deletion Prediction on {R}u{N}et: A Case Study of Suspicious Twitter Accounts Active During the {R}ussian-{U}krainian Crisis",
    author = "Volkova, Svitlana  and
      Bell, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0801",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0801",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{rubin-etal-2016-fake,
    title = "Fake News or Truth? Using Satirical Cues to Detect Potentially Misleading News",
    author = "Rubin, Victoria  and
      Conroy, Niall  and
      Chen, Yimin  and
      Cornwell, Sarah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0802",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0802",
    pages = "7--17",
}
@inproceedings{kleinberg-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using the verifiability of details as a test of deception: A conceptual framework for the automation of the verifiability approach",
    author = "Kleinberg, Bennett  and
      Nahari, Galit  and
      Verschuere, Bruno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0803",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0803",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{fitzpatrick-bachenko-2016-estimating,
    title = "Estimating the amenibility of new domains for deception detection",
    author = "Fitzpatrick, Eileen  and
      Bachenko, Joan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0804",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0804",
    pages = "26--31",
}
@inproceedings{kunath-mccabe-2016-use,
    title = "The Use of Second Life for Deception Detection Research",
    author = "Kunath, Stephen  and
      McCabe, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0805",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0805",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{levitan-etal-2016-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Individual Differences in Gender, Ethnicity, and Personality from Dialogue for Deception Detection",
    author = "Levitan, Sarah Ita  and
      Levitan, Yocheved  and
      An, Guozhen  and
      Levine, Michelle  and
      Levitan, Rivka  and
      Rosenberg, Andrew  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0806",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0806",
    pages = "40--44",
}
@inproceedings{appling-briscoe-2016-individual,
    title = "Individual Differences in Strategic Deception",
    author = "Appling, Scott  and
      Briscoe, Erica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0807",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0807",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-discontinuous,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discontinuous Structures in Natural Language Processing",
    author = {Maier, Wolfgang  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Orasan, Constantin},
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0900",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-09",
}
@inproceedings{snijders-2016-lfg,
    title = "An {LFG} Account of Discontinuous Nominal Expressions",
    author = "Snijders, Liselotte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discontinuous Structures in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0901",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0901",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{uresova-etal-2016-non,
    title = "Non-projectivity and valency",
    author = "Uresova, Zdenka  and
      Fucikova, Eva  and
      Hajic, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discontinuous Structures in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0902",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0902",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{barreiro-batista-2016-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation of Non-Contiguous Multiword Units",
    author = "Barreiro, Anabela  and
      Batista, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discontinuous Structures in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0903",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0903",
    pages = "22--30",
}
@inproceedings{balabanova-2016-discontinuous,
    title = "Discontinuous {VP} in {B}ulgarian",
    author = "Balabanova, Elisaveta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discontinuous Structures in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0904",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0904",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{sulger-2016-discontinuous,
    title = "Discontinuous Genitives in {H}indi/{U}rdu",
    author = "Sulger, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discontinuous Structures in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0905",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0905",
    pages = "37--46",
}
@inproceedings{maier-lichte-2016-discontinuous,
    title = "Discontinuous parsing with continuous trees",
    author = "Maier, Wolfgang  and
      Lichte, Timm",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discontinuous Structures in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0906",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0906",
    pages = "47--57",
}
@inproceedings{versley-2016-discontinuity,
    title = "Discontinuity (Re){\mbox{$^2$}}-visited: A Minimalist Approach to Pseudoprojective Constituent Parsing",
    author = "Versley, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discontinuous Structures in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-0907",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-0907",
    pages = "58--69",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-events,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Events",
    author = "Palmer, Martha  and
      Hovy, Ed  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      O{'}Gorman, Tim",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-10",
}
@inproceedings{upadhyay-etal-2016-making,
    title = "{``}Making the News{''}: Identifying Noteworthy Events in News Articles",
    author = "Upadhyay, Shyam  and
      Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Events",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1001",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{croft-etal-2016-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of causal and aspectual structure of events in {RED}: a preliminary report",
    author = "Croft, William  and
      Pe{\v{s}}kov{\'a}, Pavlina  and
      Regan, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Events",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1002",
    pages = "8--17",
}
@inproceedings{bonial-etal-2016-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Use of an Upper-Level Event Ontology",
    author = "Bonial, Claire  and
      Tahmoush, David  and
      Windisch Brown, Susan  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Events",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1003",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{bies-etal-2016-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Event Representations in {DEFT}",
    author = "Bies, Ann  and
      Song, Zhiyi  and
      Getman, Jeremy  and
      Ellis, Joe  and
      Mott, Justin  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Freedman, Marjorie  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      O{'}Gorman, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Events",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1004",
    pages = "27--36",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2016-event,
    title = "Event Nugget and Event Coreference Annotation",
    author = "Song, Zhiyi  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Ellis, Joe  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Dang, Hoa Trang  and
      Yamakawa, Yukari  and
      Holm, Sue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Events",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1005",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{nakamura-kawahara-2016-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a Dictionary Describing Feature Changes of Arguments in Event Sentences",
    author = "Nakamura, Tetsuaki  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Events",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1006",
    pages = "46--50",
}
@inproceedings{mostafazadeh-etal-2016-caters,
    title = "{C}a{T}e{RS}: Causal and Temporal Relation Scheme for Semantic Annotation of Event Structures",
    author = "Mostafazadeh, Nasrin  and
      Grealish, Alyson  and
      Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Allen, James  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Events",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1007",
    pages = "51--61",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-metaphor,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Lichtenstein, Patricia",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-11",
}
@inproceedings{lederer-2016-finding,
    title = "Finding metaphorical triggers through source (not target) domain lexicalization patterns",
    author = "Lederer, Jenny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1101",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{haagsma-bjerva-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting novel metaphor using selectional preference information",
    author = "Haagsma, Hessel  and
      Bjerva, Johannes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1102",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{rai-etal-2016-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Metaphor Detection using Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Rai, Sunny  and
      Chakraverty, Shampa  and
      Tayal, Devendra K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1103",
    pages = "18--27",
}
@inproceedings{do-dinh-gurevych-2016-token,
    title = "Token-Level Metaphor Detection using Neural Networks",
    author = "Do Dinh, Erik-L{\^a}n  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1104",
    pages = "28--33",
}
@inproceedings{veale-2016-round,
    title = "Round Up The Usual Suspects: Knowledge-Based Metaphor Generation",
    author = "Veale, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1105",
    pages = "34--41",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-multilingual,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual and Cross-lingual Methods in {NLP}",
    author = "Das, Dipanjan  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Tsvetkov, Yulia",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-12",
}
@inproceedings{aldarmaki-diab-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Cross-lingual Representations with Matrix Factorization",
    author = "Aldarmaki, Hanan  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual and Cross-lingual Methods in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1201",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{de-lhoneux-nivre-2016-investigating,
    title = "Should Have, Would Have, Could Have. Investigating Verb Group Representations for Parsing with Universal Dependencies.",
    author = "de Lhoneux, Miryam  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual and Cross-lingual Methods in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1202",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{lacroix-etal-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Dependency Transfer : What Matters? Assessing the Impact of Pre- and Post-processing",
    author = "Lacroix, Oph{\'e}lie  and
      Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual and Cross-lingual Methods in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1203",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{al-tarouti-kalita-2016-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Automatic {W}ordnet Construction Using Word Embeddings",
    author = "Al Tarouti, Feras  and
      Kalita, Jugal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual and Cross-lingual Methods in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1204",
    pages = "30--34",
}
@inproceedings{aufrant-etal-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual alignment transfer: a chicken-and-egg story?",
    author = "Aufrant, Lauriane  and
      Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual and Cross-lingual Methods in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1205",
    pages = "35--44",
}
@inproceedings{wan-2016-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Data-Driven Methods in Word-Level Language Identification for a Multilingual Alpine Heritage Corpus",
    author = "Wan, Ada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual and Cross-lingual Methods in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1206",
    pages = "45--54",
}
@inproceedings{saers-wu-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Translations for Tagged Words: Extending the Translation Lexicon of an {ITG} for Low Resource Languages",
    author = "Saers, Markus  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual and Cross-lingual Methods in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1207",
    pages = "55--64",
}
@inproceedings{asgari-mofrad-2016-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Fifty Natural Languages and Twelve Genetic Languages Using Word Embedding Language Divergence ({WELD}) as a Quantitative Measure of Language Distance",
    author = "Asgari, Ehsaneddin  and
      Mofrad, Mohammad R.K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual and Cross-lingual Methods in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1208",
    pages = "65--74",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-automated,
    title = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    author = "Pujara, Jay  and
      Rocktaschel, Tim  and
      Chen, Danqi  and
      Singh, Sameer",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1300",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-13",
}
@inproceedings{bing-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using Graphs of Classifiers to Impose Constraints on Semi-supervised Relation Extraction",
    author = "Bing, Lidong  and
      Cohen, William  and
      Dhingra, Bhuwan  and
      Wang, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1301",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{chisholm-etal-2016-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Entity Knowledge Bases on the Web",
    author = "Chisholm, Andrew  and
      Radford, Will  and
      Hachey, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1302",
    pages = "7--11",
}
@inproceedings{dalvi-etal-2016-ike,
    title = "{IKE} - An Interactive Tool for Knowledge Extraction",
    author = "Dalvi, Bhavana  and
      Bhakthavatsalam, Sumithra  and
      Clark, Chris  and
      Clark, Peter  and
      Etzioni, Oren  and
      Fader, Anthony  and
      Groeneveld, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1303",
    pages = "12--17",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2016-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Selectional Preferences in Multi-hop Relation Extraction",
    author = "Das, Rajarshi  and
      Neelakantan, Arvind  and
      Belanger, David  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1304",
    pages = "18--23",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2016-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Base Population for Organization Mentions in Email",
    author = "Gao, Ning  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Oard, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1305",
    pages = "24--28",
}
@inproceedings{mousselly-sergieh-gurevych-2016-enriching,
    title = "Enriching {W}ikidata with Frame Semantics",
    author = "Mousselly-Sergieh, Hatem  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1306",
    pages = "29--34",
}
@inproceedings{pal-mausam-2016-demonyms,
    title = "Demonyms and Compound Relational Nouns in Nominal Open {IE}",
    author = "Pal, Harinder  and
      {Mausam}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1307",
    pages = "35--39",
}
@inproceedings{razniewski-etal-2016-actually,
    title = "But What Do We Actually Know?",
    author = "Razniewski, Simon  and
      Suchanek, Fabian  and
      Nutt, Werner",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1308",
    pages = "40--44",
}
@inproceedings{rocktaschel-riedel-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Knowledge Base Inference with Neural Theorem Provers",
    author = {Rockt{\"a}schel, Tim  and
      Riedel, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1309",
    pages = "45--50",
}
@inproceedings{russell-etal-2016-physics,
    title = "The Physics of Text: Ontological Realism in Information Extraction",
    author = "Russell, Stuart  and
      Lassen, Ole Torp  and
      Uang, Justin  and
      Wang, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1310",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1310",
    pages = "51--56",
}
@inproceedings{nag-chowdhury-etal-2016-know2look,
    title = "{K}now2{L}ook: Commonsense Knowledge for Visual Search",
    author = "Nag Chowdhury, Sreyasi  and
      Tandon, Niket  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1311",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1311",
    pages = "57--62",
}
@inproceedings{verga-mccallum-2016-row,
    title = "Row-less Universal Schema",
    author = "Verga, Patrick  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1312",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1312",
    pages = "63--68",
}
@inproceedings{shimaoka-etal-2016-attentive,
    title = "An Attentive Neural Architecture for Fine-grained Entity Type Classification",
    author = "Shimaoka, Sonse  and
      Stenetorp, Pontus  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1313",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1313",
    pages = "69--74",
}
@inproceedings{demeester-etal-2016-regularizing,
    title = "Regularizing Relation Representations by First-order Implications",
    author = {Demeester, Thomas  and
      Rockt{\"a}schel, Tim  and
      Riedel, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1314",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1314",
    pages = "75--80",
}
@inproceedings{groth-etal-2016-applying,
    title = "Applying Universal Schemas for Domain Specific Ontology Expansion",
    author = "Groth, Paul  and
      Pal, Sujit  and
      McBeath, Darin  and
      Allen, Brad  and
      Daniel, Ron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1315",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1315",
    pages = "81--85",
}
@inproceedings{machida-etal-2016-design,
    title = "Design of Word Association Games using Dialog Systems for Acquisition of Word Association Knowledge",
    author = "Machida, Yuichiro  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Sassano, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1316",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1316",
    pages = "86--91",
}
@inproceedings{martin-etal-2016-call,
    title = "Call for Discussion: Building a New Standard Dataset for Relation Extraction Tasks",
    author = "Martin, Teresa  and
      Botschen, Fiete  and
      Nagesh, Ajay  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1317",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1317",
    pages = "92--96",
}
@inproceedings{soni-etal-2016-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Weak Supervision methods for Knowledge Base Construction",
    author = "Soni, Ameet  and
      Viswanathan, Dileep  and
      Pachaiyappan, Niranjan  and
      Natarajan, Sriraam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1318",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1318",
    pages = "97--102",
}
@inproceedings{welbl-etal-2016-factorization,
    title = "A Factorization Machine Framework for Testing Bigram Embeddings in Knowledgebase Completion",
    author = "Welbl, Johannes  and
      Bouchard, Guillaume  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1319",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1319",
    pages = "103--107",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-textgraphs,
    title = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-10: the Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Chakraborty, Tanmoy  and
      Riedl, Martin  and
      Vydiswaran, V.G.Vinod",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1400",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-14",
}
@inproceedings{nieto-pina-johansson-2016-embedding,
    title = "Embedding Senses for Efficient Graph-based Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Nieto Pi{\~n}a, Luis  and
      Johansson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-10: the Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1401",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{demir-2016-context,
    title = "Context Tailoring for Text Normalization",
    author = "Demir, Seniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-10: the Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1402",
    pages = "6--14",
}
@inproceedings{pouran-ben-veyseh-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Question Answering Using Common Semantic Space",
    author = "Pouran Ben Veyseh, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-10: the Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1403",
    pages = "15--19",
}
@inproceedings{arnold-weihe-2016-network,
    title = "Network Motifs May Improve Quality Assessment of Text Documents",
    author = "Arnold, Thomas  and
      Weihe, Karsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-10: the Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1404",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{lai-etal-2016-better,
    title = "Better Together: Combining Language and Social Interactions into a Shared Representation",
    author = "Lai, Yi-Yu  and
      Li, Chang  and
      Goldwasser, Dan  and
      Neville, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-10: the Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1405",
    pages = "29--33",
}
@inproceedings{rodin-etal-2016-visualization,
    title = "Visualization of Dynamic Reference Graphs",
    author = "Rodin, Ivan  and
      Chernyak, Ekaterina  and
      Dubov, Mikhail  and
      Mirkin, Boris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-10: the Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1406",
    pages = "34--38",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-joint,
    title = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    author = "Cabanac, Guillaume  and
      Chandrasekaran, Muthu Kumar  and
      Frommholz, Ingo  and
      Jaidka, Kokil  and
      Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Mayr, Philipp  and
      Wolfram, Dietmar",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1500",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{wolfram-2016-bibliometrics,
    title = "Bibliometrics, Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing: Natural Synergies to Support Digital Library Research",
    author = "Wolfram, Dietmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1501",
    pages = "6--13",
}
@inproceedings{bertin-atanassova-2016-multiple,
    title = "Multiple In-text Reference Aggregation Phenomenon",
    author = "Bertin, Marc  and
      Atanassova, Iana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1502",
    pages = "14--22",
}
@inproceedings{halevi-bar-ilan-2016-post,
    title = "Post Retraction Citations in Context",
    author = "Halevi, Gali  and
      Bar-Ilan, Judit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1503",
    pages = "23--29",
}
@inproceedings{eto-2016-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Satellite Documents into Co-citation Networks for Scientific Paper Searches",
    author = "Eto, Masaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1504",
    pages = "30--35",
}
@inproceedings{ronzano-etal-2016-making,
    title = "Making Sense of Massive Amounts of Scientific Publications: the Scientific Knowledge Miner Project",
    author = "Ronzano, Francesco  and
      Freire, Ana  and
      Saez-Trumper, Diego  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1505",
    pages = "36--41",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2016-exploring-leading,
    title = "Exploring the Leading Authors and Journals in Major Topics by Citation Sentences and Topic Modeling",
    author = "Kim, Ha Jin  and
      An, Juyoung  and
      Jeong, Yoo Kyung  and
      Song, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1506",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{raamkumar-etal-2016-papers,
    title = "What Papers Should {I} Cite from my Reading List? User Evaluation of a Manuscript Preparatory Assistive Task",
    author = "Raamkumar, Aravind Sesagiri  and
      Foo, Schubert  and
      Pang, Natalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1507",
    pages = "51--62",
}
@inproceedings{west-portenoy-2016-delineating,
    title = "Delineating Fields Using Mathematical Jargon",
    author = "West, Jevin  and
      Portenoy, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1508",
    pages = "63--71",
}
@inproceedings{mariani-etal-2016-study,
    title = "A Study of Reuse and Plagiarism in Speech and Natural Language Processing papers",
    author = "Mariani, Joseph  and
      Francopoulo, Gil  and
      Paroubek, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1509",
    pages = "72--83",
}
@inproceedings{mayr-2016-practitioners,
    title = "How do Practitioners, {P}h{D} Students and Postdocs in the Social Sciences Assess Topic-specific Recommendations?",
    author = "Mayr, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1510",
    pages = "84--92",
}
@inproceedings{jaidka-etal-2016-overview,
    title = "Overview of the {CL}-{S}ci{S}umm 2016 Shared Task",
    author = "Jaidka, Kokil  and
      Kumar Chandrasekaran, Muthu  and
      Rustagi, Sajal  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1511",
    pages = "93--102",
}
@inproceedings{aggarwal-sharma-2016-lexical,
    title = "Lexical and Syntactic cues to identify Reference Scope of Citance",
    author = "Aggarwal, Peeyush  and
      Sharma, Richa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1512",
    pages = "103--112",
}
@inproceedings{moraes-etal-2016-university,
    title = "University of Houston at {CL}-{S}ci{S}umm 2016: {SVM}s with tree kernels and Sentence Similarity",
    author = "Moraes, Luis  and
      Baki, Shahryar  and
      Verma, Rakesh  and
      Lee, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1513",
    pages = "113--121",
}
@inproceedings{klampfl-etal-2016-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Referenced Text in Scientific Publications by Summarisation and Classification Techniques",
    author = "Klampfl, Stefan  and
      Rexha, Andi  and
      Kern, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1514",
    pages = "122--131",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2016-polyu,
    title = "{P}oly{U} at {CL}-{S}ci{S}umm 2016",
    author = "Cao, Ziqiang  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Wu, Dapeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1515",
    pages = "132--138",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2016-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Reference Spans and Classifying their Discourse Facets",
    author = "Lu, Kun  and
      Mao, Jin  and
      Li, Gang  and
      Xu, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1516",
    pages = "139--145",
}
@inproceedings{malenfant-lapalme-2016-rali,
    title = "{RALI} System Description for {CL}-{S}ci{S}umm 2016 Shared Task",
    author = "Malenfant, Bruno  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1517",
    pages = "146--155",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-cist,
    title = "{CIST} System for {CL}-{S}ci{S}umm 2016 Shared Task",
    author = "Li, Lei  and
      Mao, Liyuan  and
      Zhang, Yazhao  and
      Chi, Junqi  and
      Huang, Taiwen  and
      Cong, Xiaoyue  and
      Peng, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1518",
    pages = "156--167",
}
@inproceedings{nomoto-2016-neal,
    title = "{NEAL}: A Neurally Enhanced Approach to Linking Citation and Reference",
    author = "Nomoto, Tadashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1519",
    pages = "168--174",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-etal-2016-trainable,
    title = "Trainable Citation-enhanced Summarization of Scientific Articles",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio  and
      AbuRa{'}ed, Ahmed  and
      Ronzano, Francesco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing for Digital Libraries ({BIRNDL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1520",
    pages = "175--186",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-representation,
    title = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    author = "Blunsom, Phil  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Cohen, Shay  and
      Grefenstette, Edward  and
      Hermann, Karl Moritz  and
      Rimell, Laura  and
      Weston, Jason  and
      Yih, Scott Wen-tau",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1600",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-16",
}
@inproceedings{arras-etal-2016-explaining,
    title = "Explaining Predictions of Non-Linear Classifiers in {NLP}",
    author = {Arras, Leila  and
      Horn, Franziska  and
      Montavon, Gr{\'e}goire  and
      M{\"u}ller, Klaus-Robert  and
      Samek, Wojciech},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1601",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{baudis-etal-2016-joint,
    title = "Joint Learning of Sentence Embeddings for Relevance and Entailment",
    author = "Baudi{\v{s}}, Petr  and
      Stanko, Silvestr  and
      {\v{S}}ediv{\'y}, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1602",
    pages = "8--17",
}
@inproceedings{cao-rei-2016-joint,
    title = "A Joint Model for Word Embedding and Word Morphology",
    author = "Cao, Kris  and
      Rei, Marek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1603",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{dima-2016-compositionality,
    title = "On the Compositionality and Semantic Interpretation of {E}nglish Noun Compounds",
    author = "Dima, Corina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1604",
    pages = "27--39",
}
@inproceedings{emerson-copestake-2016-functional,
    title = "Functional Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Emerson, Guy  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1605",
    pages = "40--52",
}
@inproceedings{hagstedt-p-suorra-mogren-2016-assisting,
    title = "Assisting Discussion Forum Users using Deep Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Hagstedt P Suorra, Jacob  and
      Mogren, Olof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1606",
    pages = "53--61",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2016-adjusting,
    title = "Adjusting Word Embeddings with Semantic Intensity Orders",
    author = "Kim, Joo-Kyung  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1607",
    pages = "62--69",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Abstraction from Extraction: Multiple Timescale Gated Recurrent Unit for Summarization",
    author = "Kim, Minsoo  and
      Moirangthem, Dennis Singh  and
      Lee, Minho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1608",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1608",
    pages = "70--77",
}
@inproceedings{lau-baldwin-2016-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Evaluation of doc2vec with Practical Insights into Document Embedding Generation",
    author = "Lau, Jey Han  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1609",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1609",
    pages = "78--86",
}
@inproceedings{le-zuidema-2016-quantifying,
    title = "Quantifying the Vanishing Gradient and Long Distance Dependency Problem in Recursive Neural Networks and Recursive {LSTM}s",
    author = "Le, Phong  and
      Zuidema, Willem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1610",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1610",
    pages = "87--93",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2016-lstm,
    title = "{LSTM}-Based Mixture-of-Experts for Knowledge-Aware Dialogues",
    author = "Le, Phong  and
      Dymetman, Marc  and
      Renders, Jean-Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1611",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1611",
    pages = "94--99",
}
@inproceedings{madhyastha-etal-2016-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Unseen Words to Task-Trained Embedding Spaces",
    author = "Madhyastha, Pranava Swaroop  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Livescu, Karen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1612",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1612",
    pages = "100--110",
}
@inproceedings{marasovic-frank-2016-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Modal Sense Classification using a Convolutional Neural Network",
    author = "Marasovi{\'c}, Ana  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1613",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1613",
    pages = "111--120",
}
@inproceedings{miceli-barone-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards cross-lingual distributed representations without parallel text trained with adversarial autoencoders",
    author = "Miceli Barone, Antonio Valerio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1614",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1614",
    pages = "121--126",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-2016-decomposing,
    title = "Decomposing Bilexical Dependencies into Semantic and Syntactic Vectors",
    author = "Mitchell, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1615",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1615",
    pages = "127--136",
}
@inproceedings{nassif-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Semantic Relatedness in Community Question Answering Using Neural Models",
    author = "Nassif, Henry  and
      Mohtarami, Mitra  and
      Glass, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1616",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1616",
    pages = "137--147",
}
@inproceedings{neculoiu-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Text Similarity with {S}iamese Recurrent Networks",
    author = "Neculoiu, Paul  and
      Versteegh, Maarten  and
      Rotaru, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1617",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1617",
    pages = "148--157",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2016-two,
    title = "A Two-stage Approach for Extending Event Detection to New Types via Neural Networks",
    author = "Nguyen, Thien Huu  and
      Fu, Lisheng  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1618",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1618",
    pages = "158--165",
}
@inproceedings{norlund-etal-2016-parameterized,
    title = "Parameterized context windows in Random Indexing",
    author = "Norlund, Tobias  and
      Nilsson, David  and
      Sahlgren, Magnus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1619",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1619",
    pages = "166--173",
}
@inproceedings{pelevina-etal-2016-making,
    title = "Making Sense of Word Embeddings",
    author = "Pelevina, Maria  and
      Arefiev, Nikolay  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Panchenko, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1620",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1620",
    pages = "174--183",
}
@inproceedings{ramni-etal-2016-pair,
    title = "Pair Distance Distribution: A Model of Semantic Representation",
    author = "Ramni, Yonatan  and
      Maimon, Oded  and
      Khmelnitsky, Evgeni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1621",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1621",
    pages = "184--192",
}
@inproceedings{recski-etal-2016-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Semantic Similarity of Words Using Concept Networks",
    author = "Recski, G{\'a}bor  and
      Ikl{\'o}di, Eszter  and
      Pajkossy, Katalin  and
      Kornai, Andr{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1622",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1622",
    pages = "193--200",
}
@inproceedings{ruseti-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using Embedding Masks for Word Categorization",
    author = "Ruseti, Stefan  and
      Rebedea, Traian  and
      Trausan-Matu, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1623",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1623",
    pages = "201--205",
}
@inproceedings{sattigeri-j-thiagarajan-2016-sparsifying,
    title = "Sparsifying Word Representations for Deep Unordered Sentence Modeling",
    author = "Sattigeri, Prasanna  and
      J. Thiagarajan, Jayaraman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1624",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1624",
    pages = "206--214",
}
@inproceedings{searle-bingham-walker-2016-blow,
    title = "Why {``}Blow Out{''}? A Structural Analysis of the Movie Dialog Dataset",
    author = "Searle, Richard  and
      Bingham-Walker, Megan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1625",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1625",
    pages = "215--221",
}
@inproceedings{sheikh-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Word Importance with the Neural Bag-of-Words Model",
    author = "Sheikh, Imran  and
      Illina, Irina  and
      Fohr, Dominique  and
      Linar{\`e}s, Georges",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1626",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1626",
    pages = "222--229",
}
@inproceedings{sokolov-2016-vector,
    title = "A Vector Model for Type-Theoretical Semantics",
    author = "Sokolov, Konstantin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1627",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1627",
    pages = "230--238",
}
@inproceedings{triantafillou-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Generalizable Sentence Embeddings",
    author = "Triantafillou, Eleni  and
      Kiros, Jamie Ryan  and
      Urtasun, Raquel  and
      Zemel, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1628",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1628",
    pages = "239--248",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-2016-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation for Neural Networks by Parameter Augmentation",
    author = "Watanabe, Yusuke  and
      Hashimoto, Kazuma  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1629",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1629",
    pages = "249--257",
}
@inproceedings{weissenborn-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Associative Memory for Dual-Sequence Modeling",
    author = "Weissenborn, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1630",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1630",
    pages = "258--266",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-linguistic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    author = "Friedrich, Annemarie  and
      Tomanek, Katrin",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1700",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-17",
}
@inproceedings{hong-etal-2016-building,
    title = "Building a Cross-document Event-Event Relation Corpus",
    author = "Hong, Yu  and
      Zhang, Tongtao  and
      O{'}Gorman, Tim  and
      Horowit-Hendler, Sharone  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1701",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-annotating,
    title = "Annotating the Little Prince with {C}hinese {AMR}s",
    author = "Li, Bin  and
      Wen, Yuan  and
      Qu, Weiguang  and
      Bu, Lijun  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1702",
    pages = "7--15",
}
@inproceedings{luu-etal-2016-converting,
    title = "Converting {S}yn{T}ag{R}us Dependency Treebank into {P}enn Treebank Style",
    author = "Luu, Alex  and
      Malamud, Sophia A.  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1703",
    pages = "16--21",
}
@inproceedings{webber-etal-2016-discourse,
    title = "A Discourse-Annotated Corpus of Conjoined {VP}s",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie  and
      Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Lee, Alan  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1704",
    pages = "22--31",
}
@inproceedings{laarmann-quante-etal-2016-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Spelling Errors in {G}erman Texts Produced by Primary School Children",
    author = "Laarmann-Quante, Ronja  and
      Knichel, Lukas  and
      Dipper, Stefanie  and
      Betken, Carina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1705",
    pages = "32--42",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-alonso-etal-2016-supersense,
    title = "Supersense tagging with inter-annotator disagreement",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Johannsen, Anders  and
      Plank, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1706",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{rohde-etal-2016-filling,
    title = "Filling in the Blanks in Understanding Discourse Adverbials: Consistency, Conflict, and Context-Dependence in a Crowdsourced Elicitation Task",
    author = "Rohde, Hannah  and
      Dickinson, Anna  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Clark, Christopher N. L.  and
      Louis, Annie  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1707",
    pages = "49--58",
}
@inproceedings{komiya-etal-2016-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of Annotating Methods for Named Entity Corpora",
    author = "Komiya, Kanako  and
      Suzuki, Masaya  and
      Iwakura, Tomoya  and
      Sasaki, Minoru  and
      Shinnou, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1708",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1708",
    pages = "59--67",
}
@inproceedings{zeldes-simonson-2016-different,
    title = "Different Flavors of {GUM}: Evaluating Genre and Sentence Type Effects on Multilayer Corpus Annotation Quality",
    author = "Zeldes, Amir  and
      Simonson, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1709",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1709",
    pages = "68--78",
}
@inproceedings{elfardy-diab-2016-addressing,
    title = "Addressing Annotation Complexity: The Case of Annotating Ideological Perspective in {E}gyptian Social Media",
    author = "Elfardy, Heba  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1710",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1710",
    pages = "79--88",
}
@inproceedings{bollmann-etal-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Inter-Annotator Agreement on Historical Spelling Normalization",
    author = "Bollmann, Marcel  and
      Dipper, Stefanie  and
      Petran, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1711",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1711",
    pages = "89--98",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-etal-2016-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Preposition Supersenses",
    author = "Schneider, Nathan  and
      Hwang, Jena D.  and
      Srikumar, Vivek  and
      Green, Meredith  and
      Suresh, Abhijit  and
      Conger, Kathryn  and
      O{'}Gorman, Tim  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1712",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1712",
    pages = "99--109",
}
@inproceedings{de-kuthy-etal-2016-focus,
    title = "Focus Annotation of Task-based Data: Establishing the Quality of Crowd Annotation",
    author = "De Kuthy, Kordula  and
      Ziai, Ramon  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1713",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1713",
    pages = "110--119",
}
@inproceedings{cetinoglu-coltekin-2016-part,
    title = "Part of Speech Annotation of a {T}urkish-{G}erman Code-Switching Corpus",
    author = {{\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem  and
      {\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1714",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1714",
    pages = "120--130",
}
@inproceedings{gerdes-kahane-2016-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Annotation Choices: Assessing Theoretical and Practical Issues of Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Gerdes, Kim  and
      Kahane, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1715",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1715",
    pages = "131--140",
}
@inproceedings{tandon-etal-2016-conversion,
    title = "Conversion from Paninian Karakas to Universal Dependencies for {H}indi Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Tandon, Juhi  and
      Chaudhry, Himani  and
      Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad  and
      Sharma, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1716",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1716",
    pages = "141--150",
}
@inproceedings{di-felippo-nenkova-2016-phrase,
    title = "Phrase Generalization: a Corpus Study in Multi-Document Abstracts and Original News Alignments",
    author = "Di-Felippo, Ariani  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1717",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1717",
    pages = "151--159",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating Disambiguating Paraphrases for Structurally Ambiguous Sentences",
    author = "Duan, Manjuan  and
      Hill, Ethan  and
      White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1718",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1718",
    pages = "160--170",
}
@inproceedings{wagner-etal-2016-applying,
    title = "Applying Universal Dependency to the {A}rapaho Language",
    author = "Wagner, Irina  and
      Cowell, Andrew  and
      Hwang, Jena D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1719",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1719",
    pages = "171--179",
}
@inproceedings{xue-etal-2016-annotating,
    title = "Annotating the discourse and dialogue structure of {SMS} message conversations",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen  and
      Su, Qishen  and
      Jeong, Sooyoung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1720",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1720",
    pages = "180--187",
}
@inproceedings{delozier-etal-2016-creating,
    title = "Creating a Novel Geolocation Corpus from Historical Texts",
    author = "DeLozier, Grant  and
      Wing, Ben  and
      Baldridge, Jason  and
      Nesbit, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop held in conjunction with {ACL} 2016 ({LAW}-X 2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1721",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1721",
    pages = "188--198",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-multiword,
    title = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Kordoni, Valia  and
      Cholakov, Kostadin  and
      Egg, Markus  and
      Markantonatou, Stella  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1800",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-18",
}
@inproceedings{yimam-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Paraphrasing for Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Yimam, Seid Muhie  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Riedl, Martin  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1801",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1801",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{daniel-last-2016-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Long-Term Temporal Trends in the Use of Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Daniel, Tal  and
      Last, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1802",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1802",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{senaldi-etal-2016-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Variability and Compositionality: Investigating Idiomaticity with Distributional Semantic Models",
    author = "Senaldi, Marco Silvio Giuseppe  and
      Lebani, Gianluca E.  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1803",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1803",
    pages = "21--31",
}
@inproceedings{ramisch-etal-2016-filtering,
    title = "Filtering and Measuring the Intrinsic Quality of Human Compositionality Judgments",
    author = "Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Cordeiro, Silvio  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1804",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1804",
    pages = "32--37",
}
@inproceedings{wittmann-etal-2016-graph,
    title = "Graph-based Clustering of Synonym Senses for {G}erman Particle Verbs",
    author = "Wittmann, Moritz  and
      Weller-Di Marco, Marion  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1805",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1805",
    pages = "38--43",
}
@inproceedings{nokel-loukachevitch-2016-accounting,
    title = "Accounting ngrams and multi-word terms can improve topic models",
    author = "Nokel, Michael  and
      Loukachevitch, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1806",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1806",
    pages = "44--49",
}
@inproceedings{ziering-etal-2016-top,
    title = "Top a Splitter: Using Distributional Semantics for Improving Compound Splitting",
    author = {Ziering, Patrick  and
      M{\"u}ller, Stefan  and
      van der Plas, Lonneke},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1807",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1807",
    pages = "50--55",
}
@inproceedings{cholakov-kordoni-2016-using,
    title = "Using Word Embeddings for Improving Statistical Machine Translation of Phrasal Verbs",
    author = "Cholakov, Kostadin  and
      Kordoni, Valia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1808",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1808",
    pages = "56--60",
}
@inproceedings{farahmand-henderson-2016-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the Non-Substitutability of Multiword Expressions with Distributional Semantics and a Log-Linear Model",
    author = "Farahmand, Meghdad  and
      Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1809",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1809",
    pages = "61--66",
}
@inproceedings{legrand-collobert-2016-phrase,
    title = "Phrase Representations for Multiword Expressions",
    author = {Legrand, Jo{\"e}l  and
      Collobert, Ronan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1810",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1810",
    pages = "67--71",
}
@inproceedings{petruck-ellsworth-2016-representing,
    title = "Representing Support Verbs in {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Petruck, Miriam R. L.  and
      Ellsworth, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1811",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1811",
    pages = "72--77",
}
@inproceedings{uresova-etal-2016-inherently,
    title = "Inherently Pronominal Verbs in {C}zech: Description and Conversion Based on Treebank Annotation",
    author = "Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka  and
      Bej{\v{c}}ek, Eduard  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1812",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1812",
    pages = "78--83",
}
@inproceedings{bestgen-2016-using,
    title = "Using collocational features to improve automated scoring of {EFL} texts",
    author = "Bestgen, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1813",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1813",
    pages = "84--90",
}
@inproceedings{costa-etal-2016-study,
    title = "A study on the production of collocations by {E}uropean {P}ortuguese learners",
    author = "Costa, {\^A}ngela  and
      Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa  and
      Lino, Teresa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1814",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1814",
    pages = "91--95",
}
@inproceedings{chrzaszcz-2016-extraction,
    title = "Extraction and Recognition of Polish Multiword Expressions using {W}ikipedia and Finite-State Automata",
    author = "Chrz{\k{a}}szcz, Pawe{\l}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1815",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1815",
    pages = "96--106",
}
@inproceedings{riedl-biemann-2016-impact,
    title = "Impact of {MWE} Resources on Multiword Recognition",
    author = "Riedl, Martin  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1816",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1816",
    pages = "107--111",
}
@inproceedings{gharbieh-etal-2016-word,
    title = "A Word Embedding Approach to Identifying Verb-Noun Idiomatic Combinations",
    author = "Gharbieh, Waseem  and
      Bhavsar, Virendra  and
      Cook, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1817",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1817",
    pages = "112--118",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-cognitive,
    title = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    author = "Korhonen, Anna  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Murphy, Brian  and
      Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1900",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-19",
}
@inproceedings{regneri-king-2016-automated,
    title = "Automated Discourse Analysis of Narrations by Adolescents with Autistic Spectrum Disorder",
    author = "Regneri, Michaela  and
      King, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1901",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1901",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{hernandez-dominguez-etal-2016-detection,
    title = "Detection of {A}lzheimer{'}s disease based on automatic analysis of common objects descriptions",
    author = "Hern{\'a}ndez-Dom{\'\i}nguez, Laura  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Cano, Edgar  and
      Ratt{\'e}, Sylvie  and
      Sierra-Mart{\'\i}nez, Gerardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1902",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1902",
    pages = "10--15",
}
@inproceedings{hernandez-dominguez-etal-2016-conversing,
    title = "Conversing with the elderly in {L}atin America: a new cohort for multimodal, multilingual longitudinal studies on aging",
    author = "Hern{\'a}ndez-Dom{\'\i}nguez, Laura  and
      Ratt{\'e}, Sylvie  and
      Davis, Boyd  and
      Pope, Charlene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1903",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1903",
    pages = "16--21",
}
@inproceedings{cheri-etal-2016-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Annotators{'} Gaze Behaviour for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Cheri, Joe  and
      Mishra, Abhijit  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1904",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1904",
    pages = "22--26",
}
@inproceedings{nouri-yangarber-2016-alignment,
    title = "From alignment of etymological data to phylogenetic inference via population genetics",
    author = "Nouri, Javad  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1905",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1905",
    pages = "27--37",
}
@inproceedings{christodoulopoulos-etal-2016-incremental,
    title = "An incremental model of syntactic bootstrapping",
    author = "Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Fisher, Cynthia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1906",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1906",
    pages = "38--43",
}
@inproceedings{wiren-etal-2016-longitudinal,
    title = "Longitudinal Studies of Variation Sets in Child-directed Speech",
    author = {Wir{\'e}n, Mats  and
      Nilsson Bj{\"o}rkenstam, Kristina  and
      Grigonyt{\.e}, Gintar{\.e}  and
      Cortes, Elisabet Eir},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1907",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1907",
    pages = "44--52",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Phone Embeddings for Word Segmentation of Child-Directed Speech",
    author = {Ma, Jianqiang  and
      {\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1908",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1908",
    pages = "53--63",
}
@inproceedings{g-alhama-zuidema-2016-generalization,
    title = "Generalization in Artificial Language Learning: Modelling the Propensity to Generalize",
    author = "G. Alhama, Raquel  and
      Zuidema, Willem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1909",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1909",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{spokoyny-etal-2016-explicit,
    title = "Explicit Causal Connections between the Acquisition of Linguistic Tiers: Evidence from Dynamical Systems Modeling",
    author = "Spokoyny, Daniel  and
      Irvin, Jeremy  and
      Moscoso del Prado Martin, Fermin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1910",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1910",
    pages = "73--81",
}
@inproceedings{nilsson-bjorkenstam-etal-2016-modelling,
    title = "Modelling the informativeness and timing of non-verbal cues in parent-child interaction",
    author = {Nilsson Bj{\"o}rkenstam, Kristina  and
      Wir{\'e}n, Mats  and
      {\"O}stling, Robert},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-1911",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-1911",
    pages = "82--90",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-sigmorphon,
    title = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    author = "Elsner, Micha  and
      Kuebler, Sandra",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-20",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-2016-mining,
    title = "Mining linguistic tone patterns with symbolic representation",
    author = "Zhang, Shuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{cotterell-etal-2016-sigmorphon,
    title = "The {SIGMORPHON} 2016 Shared {T}ask{---}{M}orphological Reinflection",
    author = "Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Kirov, Christo  and
      Sylak-Glassman, John  and
      Yarowsky, David  and
      Eisner, Jason  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2002",
    pages = "10--22",
}
@inproceedings{ostling-2016-morphological,
    title = "Morphological reinflection with convolutional neural networks",
    author = {{\"O}stling, Robert},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2003",
    pages = "23--26",
}
@inproceedings{alegria-etxeberria-2016-ehu,
    title = "{EHU} at the {SIGMORPHON} 2016 Shared Task. A Simple Proposal: Grapheme-to-Phoneme for Inflection",
    author = "Alegria, I{\~n}aki  and
      Etxeberria, Izaskun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2004",
    pages = "27--30",
}
@inproceedings{nicolai-etal-2016-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Reinflection via Discriminative String Transduction",
    author = "Nicolai, Garrett  and
      Hauer, Bradley  and
      St Arnaud, Adam  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2005",
    pages = "31--35",
}
@inproceedings{liu-mao-2016-morphological,
    title = "Morphological reinflection with conditional random fields and unsupervised features",
    author = "Liu, Ling  and
      Mao, Lingshuang Jack",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2006",
    pages = "36--40",
}
@inproceedings{aharoni-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Sequence to Sequence Learning for Morphological Inflection Generation: The {BIU}-{MIT} Systems for the {SIGMORPHON} 2016 Shared Task for Morphological Reinflection",
    author = "Aharoni, Roee  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Belinkov, Yonatan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2007",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{king-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Sequence Alignment for Learning Inflectional Morphology",
    author = "King, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2008",
    pages = "49--53",
}
@inproceedings{sorokin-2016-using,
    title = "Using longest common subsequence and character models to predict word forms",
    author = "Sorokin, Alexey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2009",
    pages = "54--61",
}
@inproceedings{kann-schutze-2016-med,
    title = "{MED}: The {LMU} System for the {SIGMORPHON} 2016 Shared Task on Morphological Reinflection",
    author = {Kann, Katharina  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2010",
    pages = "62--70",
}
@inproceedings{taji-etal-2016-columbia,
    title = "The {C}olumbia University - New York University Abu Dhabi {SIGMORPHON} 2016 Morphological Reinflection Shared Task Submission",
    author = "Taji, Dima  and
      Eskander, Ramy  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2011",
    pages = "71--75",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2016-letter,
    title = "Letter Sequence Labeling for Compound Splitting",
    author = "Ma, Jianqiang  and
      Henrich, Verena  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2012",
    pages = "76--81",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-cornips-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Intra-Word Code-Switching",
    author = "Nguyen, Dong  and
      Cornips, Leonie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2013",
    pages = "82--86",
}
@inproceedings{james-wieling-2016-read,
    title = "Read my points: Effect of animation type when speech-reading from {EMA} data",
    author = "James, Kristy  and
      Wieling, Martijn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2014",
    pages = "87--92",
}
@inproceedings{kisselew-etal-2016-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Direction of Derivation in {E}nglish Conversion",
    author = "Kisselew, Max  and
      Rimell, Laura  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2015",
    pages = "93--98",
}
@inproceedings{nicolai-etal-2016-morphological-segmentation,
    title = "Morphological Segmentation Can Improve Syllabification",
    author = "Nicolai, Garrett  and
      Yao, Lei  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2016",
    pages = "99--103",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-lendvai-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards a Formal Representation of Components of {G}erman Compounds",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry  and
      Lendvai, Piroska",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2017",
    pages = "104--109",
}
@inproceedings{shoemark-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards robust cross-linguistic comparisons of phonological networks",
    author = "Shoemark, Philippa  and
      Goldwater, Sharon  and
      Kirby, James  and
      Sarkar, Rik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2018",
    pages = "110--120",
}
@inproceedings{aksenova-etal-2016-morphotactics,
    title = "Morphotactics as Tier-Based Strictly Local Dependencies",
    author = {Aks{\"e}nova, Al{\"e}na  and
      Graf, Thomas  and
      Moradi, Sedigheh},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2019",
    pages = "121--130",
}
@inproceedings{meyer-dickinson-2016-multilinear,
    title = "A Multilinear Approach to the Unsupervised Learning of Morphology",
    author = "Meyer, Anthony  and
      Dickinson, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2020",
    pages = "131--140",
}
@inproceedings{zamaraeva-2016-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Morphotactics from Interlinear Glossed Text: Combining Clustering and Precision Grammars",
    author = "Zamaraeva, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {SIGMORPHON} Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2021",
    pages = "141--150",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-sighum,
    title = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    author = "Reiter, Nils  and
      Alex, Beatrice  and
      Zervanou, Kalliopi A.",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-21",
}
@inproceedings{schumann-2016-brave,
    title = "Brave New World: Uncovering Topical Dynamics in the {ACL} Anthology Reference Corpus Using Term Life Cycle Information",
    author = "Schumann, Anne-Kathrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2101",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{karan-etal-2016-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Policy Agendas: Lessons Learned from Automatic Topic Classification of {C}roatian Political Texts",
    author = "Karan, Mladen  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      {\v{S}}irini{\'c}, Daniela  and
      Glava{\v{s}}, Goran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2102",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{iglesias-franjo-vilares-2016-searching,
    title = "Searching Four-Millenia-Old Digitized Documents: A Text Retrieval System for Egyptologists",
    author = "Iglesias-Franjo, Est{\'\i}baliz  and
      Vilares, Jes{\'u}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2103",
    pages = "22--31",
}
@inproceedings{adesam-bouma-2016-old,
    title = "Old {S}wedish Part-of-Speech Tagging between Variation and External Knowledge",
    author = "Adesam, Yvonne  and
      Bouma, Gerlof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2104",
    pages = "32--42",
}
@inproceedings{schulz-keller-2016-code,
    title = "Code-Switching Ubique Est - Language Identification and Part-of-Speech Tagging for Historical Mixed Text",
    author = "Schulz, Sarah  and
      Keller, Mareike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2105",
    pages = "43--51",
}
@inproceedings{barteld-etal-2016-dealing,
    title = "Dealing with word-internal modification and spelling variation in data-driven lemmatization",
    author = {Barteld, Fabian  and
      Schr{\"o}der, Ingrid  and
      Zinsmeister, Heike},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2106",
    pages = "52--62",
}
@inproceedings{coll-ardanuy-etal-2016-shall,
    title = "You Shall Know People by the Company They Keep: Person Name Disambiguation for Social Network Construction",
    author = "Coll Ardanuy, Mariona  and
      van den Bos, Maarten  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2107",
    pages = "63--73",
}
@inproceedings{opitz-frank-2016-deriving,
    title = "Deriving Players {\&} Themes in the {R}egesta {I}mperii using {SVM}s and Neural Networks",
    author = "Opitz, Juri  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2108",
    pages = "74--83",
}
@inproceedings{hiippala-2016-semi,
    title = "Semi-automated annotation of page-based documents within the Genre and Multimodality framework",
    author = "Hiippala, Tuomo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2109",
    pages = "84--89",
}
@inproceedings{budassi-passarotti-2016-nomen,
    title = "Nomen Omen. Enhancing the {L}atin Morphological Analyser Lemlat with an Onomasticon",
    author = "Budassi, Marco  and
      Passarotti, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2110",
    pages = "90--94",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2016-cultural,
    title = "How Do Cultural Differences Impact the Quality of Sarcasm Annotation?: A Case Study of {I}ndian Annotators and {A}merican Text",
    author = "Joshi, Aditya  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Carman, Mark  and
      Saraswati, Jaya  and
      Shukla, Rajita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2111",
    pages = "95--99",
}
@inproceedings{etxeberria-etal-2016-combining,
    title = "Combining Phonology and Morphology for the Normalization of Historical Texts",
    author = "Etxeberria, Izaskun  and
      Alegria, I{\~n}aki  and
      Uria, Larraitz  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2112",
    pages = "100--105",
}
@inproceedings{sonmez-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Building a Political Protest Database to Explain Changes in the Welfare State",
    author = {S{\"o}nmez, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}{\i}l  and
      {\"O}zg{\"u}r, Arzucan  and
      Y{\"o}r{\"u}k, Erdem},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2113",
    pages = "106--110",
}
@inproceedings{hellrich-hahn-2016-assessment,
    title = "An Assessment of Experimental Protocols for Tracing Changes in Word Semantics Relative to Accuracy and Reliability",
    author = "Hellrich, Johannes  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2114",
    pages = "111--117",
}
@inproceedings{simon-vincze-2016-universal,
    title = "Universal Morphology for Old {H}ungarian",
    author = "Simon, Eszter  and
      Vincze, Veronika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2115",
    pages = "118--127",
}
@inproceedings{schoene-dethlefs-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Suicide Notes from Linguistic and Sentiment Features",
    author = "Schoene, Annika Marie  and
      Dethlefs, Nina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2116",
    pages = "128--133",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards a text analysis system for political debates",
    author = "Le, Dieu-Thu  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang  and
      Blessing, Andre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2117",
    pages = "134--139",
}
@inproceedings{hulden-2016-whodunit,
    title = "Whodunit... and to Whom? Subjects, Objects, and Actions in Research Articles on {A}merican Labor Unions",
    author = "Hulden, Vilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2118",
    pages = "140--145",
}
@inproceedings{zeldes-schroeder-2016-nlp,
    title = "An {NLP} Pipeline for {C}optic",
    author = "Zeldes, Amir  and
      Schroeder, Caroline T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2119",
    pages = "146--155",
}
@inproceedings{elsner-lane-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic discovery of {L}atin syntactic changes",
    author = "Elsner, Micha  and
      Lane, Emily",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2120",
    pages = "156--164",
}
@inproceedings{degaetano-ortlieb-teich-2016-information,
    title = "Information-based Modeling of Diachronic Linguistic Change: from Typicality to Productivity",
    author = "Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania  and
      Teich, Elke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2121",
    pages = "165--173",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-machine,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 1, Research Papers",
    author = {Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Buck, Christian  and
      Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Guillou, Liane  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Yepes, Antonio Jimeno  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Neves, Mariana  and
      Pecina, Pavel  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Verspoor, Karin  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Turchi, Marco},
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2200",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-language Projection of Dependency Trees with Constrained Partial Parsing for Tree-to-Tree Machine Translation",
    author = "Shen, Yu  and
      Chu, Chenhui  and
      Cromieres, Fabien  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 1, Research Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2201",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{luong-popescu-belis-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Pronoun Translation by Modeling Coreference Uncertainty",
    author = "Luong, Ngoc Quang  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 1, Research Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2202",
    pages = "12--20",
}
@inproceedings{ramm-fraser-2016-modeling,
    title = "Modeling verbal inflection for {E}nglish to {G}erman {SMT}",
    author = "Ramm, Anita  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 1, Research Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2203",
    pages = "21--31",
}
@inproceedings{nadejde-etal-2016-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Selectional Preferences of Verbs and Nouns in String-to-Tree Machine Translation",
    author = "N{\u{a}}dejde, Maria  and
      Birch, Alexandra  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 1, Research Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2204",
    pages = "32--42",
}
@inproceedings{weller-di-marco-etal-2016-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Complement Types in Phrase-Based {SMT}",
    author = "Weller-Di Marco, Marion  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 1, Research Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2205",
    pages = "43--53",
}
@inproceedings{alkhouli-etal-2016-alignment,
    title = "Alignment-Based Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Alkhouli, Tamer  and
      Bretschner, Gabriel  and
      Peter, Jan-Thorsten  and
      Hethnawi, Mohammed  and
      Guta, Andreas  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 1, Research Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2206",
    pages = "54--65",
}
@inproceedings{legrand-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Network-based Word Alignment through Score Aggregation",
    author = {Legrand, Jo{\"e}l  and
      Auli, Michael  and
      Collobert, Ronan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 1, Research Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2207",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@inproceedings{niehues-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using Factored Word Representation in Neural Network Language Models",
    author = "Niehues, Jan  and
      Ha, Thanh-Le  and
      Cho, Eunah  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 1, Research Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2208",
    pages = "74--82",
}
@inproceedings{sennrich-haddow-2016-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Input Features Improve Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Sennrich, Rico  and
      Haddow, Barry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 1, Research Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2209",
    pages = "83--91",
}
@inproceedings{braune-etal-2016-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Discriminative Rule Selection in Hierarchical {M}oses",
    author = "Braune, Fabienne  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 1, Research Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2210",
    pages = "92--101",
}
@inproceedings{bogoychev-hoang-2016-fast,
    title = "Fast and highly parallelizable phrase table for statistical machine translation",
    author = "Bogoychev, Nikolay  and
      Hoang, Hieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 1, Research Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2211",
    pages = "102--109",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2016-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study on Vocabulary Reduction for Phrase Table Smoothing",
    author = "Kim, Yunsu  and
      Guta, Andreas  and
      Wuebker, Joern  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 1, Research Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2212",
    pages = "110--117",
}
@inproceedings{daiber-etal-2016-examining,
    title = "Examining the Relationship between Preordering and Word Order Freedom in Machine Translation",
    author = "Daiber, Joachim  and
      Stanojevi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Aziz, Wilker  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 1, Research Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2213",
    pages = "118--130",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-machine-translation,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    author = {Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Buck, Christian  and
      Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Guillou, Liane  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Yepes, Antonio Jimeno  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Neves, Mariana  and
      Pecina, Pavel  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Verspoor, Karin  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Turchi, Marco},
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2300",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2016-findings,
    title = "Findings of the 2016 Conference on Machine Translation",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Graham, Yvette  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Jimeno Yepes, Antonio  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Logacheva, Varvara  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Neves, Mariana  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Rubino, Raphael  and
      Scarton, Carolina  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Verspoor, Karin  and
      Zampieri, Marcos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2301",
    pages = "131--198",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2016-results,
    title = "Results of the {WMT}16 Metrics Shared Task",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Graham, Yvette  and
      Kamran, Amir  and
      Stanojevi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2302",
    pages = "199--231",
}
@inproceedings{jawaid-etal-2016-results,
    title = "Results of the {WMT}16 Tuning Shared Task",
    author = "Jawaid, Bushra  and
      Kamran, Amir  and
      Stanojevi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2303",
    pages = "232--238",
}
@inproceedings{allauzen-etal-2016-limsi,
    title = "LIMSI@WMT{'}16: Machine Translation of News",
    author = "Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Aufrant, Lauriane  and
      Burlot, Franck  and
      Lacroix, Oph{\'e}lie  and
      Knyazeva, Elena  and
      Lavergne, Thomas  and
      Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2304",
    pages = "239--245",
}
@inproceedings{bektas-etal-2016-tubitak,
    title = {{T{\"U}B{\.I}TAK} {SMT} System Submission for {WMT}2016},
    author = "Bekta{\c{s}}, Emre  and
      Yilmaz, Ertu{\u{g}}rul  and
      Mermer, Co{\c{s}}kun  and
      Durgar El-Kahlout, {\.I}lknur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2305",
    pages = "246--251",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-2016-parfda,
    title = "{P}ar{FDA} for Instance Selection for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2306",
    pages = "252--258",
}
@inproceedings{blain-etal-2016-sheffield,
    title = "{S}heffield Systems for the {E}nglish-{R}omanian {WMT} Translation Task",
    author = "Blain, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Song, Xingyi  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2307",
    pages = "259--263",
}
@inproceedings{bradbury-socher-2016-metamind,
    title = "{M}eta{M}ind Neural Machine Translation System for {WMT} 2016",
    author = "Bradbury, James  and
      Socher, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2308",
    pages = "264--267",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2016-nyu,
    title = "{NYU}-{MILA} Neural Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}{'}16",
    author = "Chung, Junyoung  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Bengio, Yoshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2309",
    pages = "268--271",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2016-jhu,
    title = "The {JHU} Machine Translation Systems for {WMT} 2016",
    author = "Ding, Shuoyang  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Khayrallah, Huda  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Post, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2310",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2310",
    pages = "272--280",
}
@inproceedings{dvorkovich-etal-2016-yandex,
    title = "Yandex School of Data Analysis approach to {E}nglish-{T}urkish translation at {WMT}16 News Translation Task",
    author = "Dvorkovich, Anton  and
      Gubanov, Sergey  and
      Galinskaya, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2311",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2311",
    pages = "281--288",
}
@inproceedings{gronroos-etal-2016-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Morphological Segmentation for Phrase-Based Machine Translation",
    author = {Gr{\"o}nroos, Stig-Arne  and
      Virpioja, Sami  and
      Kurimo, Mikko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2312",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2312",
    pages = "289--295",
}
@inproceedings{gwinnup-etal-2016-afrl,
    title = "The {AFRL}-{MITLL} {WMT}16 News-Translation Task Systems",
    author = "Gwinnup, Jeremy  and
      Anderson, Tim  and
      Erdmann, Grant  and
      Young, Katherine  and
      Kazi, Michaeel  and
      Salesky, Elizabeth  and
      Thompson, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2313",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2313",
    pages = "296--302",
}
@inproceedings{ha-etal-2016-karlsruhe,
    title = "The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Systems for the News Translation Task in {WMT} 2016",
    author = "Ha, Thanh-Le  and
      Cho, Eunah  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Mediani, Mohammed  and
      Sperber, Matthias  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Waibel, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2314",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2314",
    pages = "303--310",
}
@inproceedings{huck-etal-2016-edinburgh,
    title = "The {E}dinburgh/{LMU} Hierarchical Machine Translation System for {WMT} 2016",
    author = "Huck, Matthias  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Haddow, Barry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2315",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2315",
    pages = "311--318",
}
@inproceedings{junczys-dowmunt-etal-2016-amu,
    title = "The {AMU}-{UEDIN} Submission to the {WMT}16 News Translation Task: Attention-based {NMT} Models as Feature Functions in Phrase-based {SMT}",
    author = "Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin  and
      Dwojak, Tomasz  and
      Sennrich, Rico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2316",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2316",
    pages = "319--325",
}
@inproceedings{lo-etal-2016-nrc,
    title = "{NRC} {R}ussian-{E}nglish Machine Translation System for {WMT} 2016",
    author = "Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Foster, George  and
      Stewart, Darlene  and
      Islam, Rabib  and
      Kazantseva, Anna  and
      Kuhn, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2317",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2317",
    pages = "326--332",
}
@inproceedings{marecek-2016-merged,
    title = "Merged bilingual trees based on Universal Dependencies in Machine Translation",
    author = "Mare{\v{c}}ek, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2318",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2318",
    pages = "333--338",
}
@inproceedings{molchanov-bykov-2016-promt,
    title = "{PROMT} Translation Systems for {WMT} 2016 Translation Tasks",
    author = "Molchanov, Alexander  and
      Bykov, Fedor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2319",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2319",
    pages = "339--343",
}
@inproceedings{peter-etal-2016-qt21,
    title = "The {QT}21/{H}im{L} Combined Machine Translation System",
    author = "Peter, Jan-Thorsten  and
      Alkhouli, Tamer  and
      Ney, Hermann  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Braune, Fabienne  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Sennrich, Rico  and
      Blain, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Waibel, Alex  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Aufrant, Lauriane  and
      Burlot, Franck  and
      Knyazeva, Elena  and
      Lavergne, Thomas  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Pinnis, M{\=a}rcis  and
      Frank, Stella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2320",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2320",
    pages = "344--355",
}
@inproceedings{peter-etal-2016-rwth,
    title = "The {RWTH} Aachen University {E}nglish-{R}omanian Machine Translation System for {WMT} 2016",
    author = "Peter, Jan-Thorsten  and
      Alkhouli, Tamer  and
      Guta, Andreas  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2321",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2321",
    pages = "356--361",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-cartagena-toral-2016-abu,
    title = "Abu-{M}a{T}ran at {WMT} 2016 Translation Task: Deep Learning, Morphological Segmentation and Tuning on Character Sequences",
    author = "S{\'a}nchez-Cartagena, V{\'\i}ctor M.  and
      Toral, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2322",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2322",
    pages = "362--370",
}
@inproceedings{sennrich-etal-2016-edinburgh,
    title = "{E}dinburgh Neural Machine Translation Systems for {WMT} 16",
    author = "Sennrich, Rico  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Birch, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2323",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2323",
    pages = "371--376",
}
@inproceedings{stahlberg-etal-2016-edit,
    title = "The Edit Distance Transducer in Action: The University of {C}ambridge {E}nglish-{G}erman System at {WMT}16",
    author = "Stahlberg, Felix  and
      Hasler, Eva  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2324",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2324",
    pages = "377--384",
}
@inproceedings{tamchyna-etal-2016-cuni,
    title = "{CUNI}-{LMU} Submissions in {WMT}2016: Chimera Constrained and Beaten",
    author = "Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}  and
      Sudarikov, Roman  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2325",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2325",
    pages = "385--390",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-etal-2016-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-Based {SMT} for {F}innish with More Data, Better Models and Alternative Alignment and Translation Tools",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Cap, Fabienne  and
      Kanerva, Jenna  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Stymne, Sara  and
      {\"O}stling, Robert  and
      Weller-Di Marco, Marion},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2326",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2326",
    pages = "391--398",
}
@inproceedings{williams-etal-2016-edinburghs,
    title = "{E}dinburgh{'}s Statistical Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}16",
    author = "Williams, Philip  and
      Sennrich, Rico  and
      N{\u{a}}dejde, Maria  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2327",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2327",
    pages = "399--410",
}
@inproceedings{wolk-marasek-2016-pjait,
    title = "{PJAIT} Systems for the {WMT} 2016",
    author = "Wolk, Krzysztof  and
      Marasek, Krzysztof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2328",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2328",
    pages = "411--414",
}
@inproceedings{avramidis-etal-2016-dfkis,
    title = "{DFKI}{'}s system for {WMT}16 {IT}-domain task, including analysis of systematic errors",
    author = "Avramidis, Eleftherios  and
      Burchardt, Aljoscha  and
      Macketanz, Vivien  and
      Srivastava, Ankit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2329",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2329",
    pages = "415--422",
}
@inproceedings{cuong-etal-2016-illc,
    title = "ILLC-UvA Adaptation System (Scorpio) at WMT{'}16 IT-DOMAIN Task",
    author = "Cuong, Hoang  and
      Frank, Stella  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2330",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2330",
    pages = "423--427",
}
@inproceedings{duma-menzel-2016-data,
    title = "Data Selection for {IT} Texts using Paragraph Vector",
    author = "Duma, Mirela-Stefania  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2331",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2331",
    pages = "428--434",
}
@inproceedings{gaudio-etal-2016-smt,
    title = "{SMT} and Hybrid systems of the {QTL}eap project in the {WMT}16 {IT}-task",
    author = "Gaudio, Rosa  and
      Labaka, Gorka  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Simov, Kiril  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Oele, Dieke  and
      van Noord, Gertjan  and
      Gomes, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Ant{\'o}nio Rodrigues, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Neale, Steven  and
      Silva, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Querido, Andreia  and
      Rendeiro, Nuno  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2332",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2332",
    pages = "435--441",
}
@inproceedings{pahari-etal-2016-ju,
    title = "JU-USAAR: A Domain Adaptive MT System",
    author = "Pahari, Koushik  and
      Kuila, Alapan  and
      Pal, Santanu  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2333",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2333",
    pages = "442--448",
}
@inproceedings{rosa-etal-2016-dictionary,
    title = "Dictionary-based Domain Adaptation of {MT} Systems without Retraining",
    author = "Rosa, Rudolf  and
      Sudarikov, Roman  and
      Nov{\'a}k, Michal  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2334",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2334",
    pages = "449--455",
}
@inproceedings{aires-etal-2016-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-{P}ortuguese Biomedical Translation Task Using a Genuine Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation Approach",
    author = "Aires, Jos{\'e}  and
      Lopes, Gabriel  and
      Gomes, Lu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2335",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2335",
    pages = "456--462",
}
@inproceedings{costa-jussa-etal-2016-talp,
    title = "The {TALP}{--}{UPC} {S}panish{--}{E}nglish {WMT} Biomedical Task: Bilingual Embeddings and Char-based Neural Language Model Rescoring in a Phrase-based System",
    author = "Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Espa{\~n}a-Bonet, Cristina  and
      Madhyastha, Pranava  and
      Escolano, Carlos  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2336",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2336",
    pages = "463--468",
}
@inproceedings{ive-etal-2016-limsis,
    title = "{LIMSI}{'}s Contribution to the {WMT}{'}16 Biomedical Translation Task",
    author = "Ive, Julia  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2337",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2337",
    pages = "469--476",
}
@inproceedings{perez-de-vinaspre-labaka-2016-ixa,
    title = "{IXA} Biomedical Translation System at {WMT}16 Biomedical Translation Task",
    author = "Perez-de-Vi{\~n}aspre, Olatz  and
      Labaka, Gorka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2338",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2338",
    pages = "477--482",
}
@inproceedings{fomicheva-etal-2016-cobaltf,
    title = "{C}obalt{F}: A Fluent Metric for {MT} Evaluation",
    author = "Fomicheva, Marina  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      da Cunha, Iria  and
      Malinovskiy, Anton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2339",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2339",
    pages = "483--490",
}
@inproceedings{mccaffery-nederhof-2016-dted,
    title = "{DTED}: Evaluation of Machine Translation Structure Using Dependency Parsing and Tree Edit Distance",
    author = "McCaffery, Martin  and
      Nederhof, Mark-Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2340",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2340",
    pages = "491--498",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-2016-chrf,
    title = "chr{F} deconstructed: beta parameters and n-gram weights",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2341",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2341",
    pages = "499--504",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-character,
    title = "{C}harac{T}er: Translation Edit Rate on Character Level",
    author = "Wang, Weiyue  and
      Peter, Jan-Thorsten  and
      Rosendahl, Hendrik  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2342",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2342",
    pages = "505--510",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-extract,
    title = "Extract Domain-specific Paraphrase from Monolingual Corpus for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Lilin  and
      Weng, Zhen  and
      Xiao, Wenyan  and
      Wan, Jianyi  and
      Chen, Zhiming  and
      Tan, Yiming  and
      Li, Maoxi  and
      Wang, Mingwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2343",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2343",
    pages = "511--517",
}
@inproceedings{kocur-bojar-2016-particle,
    title = "Particle Swarm Optimization Submission for {WMT}16 Tuning Task",
    author = "Kocur, Viktor  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2344",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2344",
    pages = "518--524",
}
@inproceedings{guillou-etal-2016-findings,
    title = "Findings of the 2016 {WMT} Shared Task on Cross-lingual Pronoun Prediction",
    author = {Guillou, Liane  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Stymne, Sara  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Versley, Yannick  and
      Cettolo, Mauro  and
      Webber, Bonnie  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2345",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2345",
    pages = "525--542",
}
@inproceedings{specia-etal-2016-shared,
    title = "A Shared Task on Multimodal Machine Translation and Crosslingual Image Description",
    author = "Specia, Lucia  and
      Frank, Stella  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil  and
      Elliott, Desmond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2346",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2346",
    pages = "543--553",
}
@inproceedings{buck-koehn-2016-findings,
    title = "Findings of the {WMT} 2016 Bilingual Document Alignment Shared Task",
    author = "Buck, Christian  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2347",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2347",
    pages = "554--563",
}
@inproceedings{bawden-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Pronoun Prediction with Linguistically Informed Features",
    author = "Bawden, Rachel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2348",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2348",
    pages = "564--570",
}
@inproceedings{dabre-etal-2016-kyoto,
    title = "The {K}yoto University Cross-Lingual Pronoun Translation System",
    author = "Dabre, Raj  and
      Puzikov, Yevgeniy  and
      Cromieres, Fabien  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2349",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2349",
    pages = "571--575",
}
@inproceedings{hardmeier-2016-pronoun,
    title = "Pronoun Prediction with Latent Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Hardmeier, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2350",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2350",
    pages = "576--580",
}
@inproceedings{loaiciga-etal-2016-disambiguation,
    title = "It-disambiguation and source-aware language models for cross-lingual pronoun prediction",
    author = "Lo{\'a}iciga, Sharid  and
      Guillou, Liane  and
      Hardmeier, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2351",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2351",
    pages = "581--588",
}
@inproceedings{luong-popescu-belis-2016-pronoun,
    title = "Pronoun Language Model and Grammatical Heuristics for Aiding Pronoun Prediction",
    author = "Luong, Ngoc Quang  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2352",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2352",
    pages = "589--595",
}
@inproceedings{luotolahti-etal-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Pronoun Prediction with Deep Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Luotolahti, Juhani  and
      Kanerva, Jenna  and
      Ginter, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2353",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2353",
    pages = "596--601",
}
@inproceedings{novak-2016-pronoun,
    title = "Pronoun Prediction with Linguistic Features and Example Weighing",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, Michal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2354",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2354",
    pages = "602--608",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-2016-feature,
    title = "Feature Exploration for Cross-Lingual Pronoun Prediction",
    author = "Stymne, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2355",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2355",
    pages = "609--615",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-2016-linear,
    title = "A Linear Baseline Classifier for Cross-Lingual Pronoun Prediction",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2356",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2356",
    pages = "616--619",
}
@inproceedings{wetzel-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Pronoun Prediction for {E}nglish, {F}rench and {G}erman with Maximum Entropy Classification",
    author = "Wetzel, Dominikus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2357",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2357",
    pages = "620--626",
}
@inproceedings{caglayan-etal-2016-multimodality,
    title = "Does Multimodality Help Human and Machine for Translation and Image Captioning?",
    author = {Caglayan, Ozan  and
      Aransa, Walid  and
      Wang, Yaxing  and
      Masana, Marc  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Mart{\'\i}nez, Mercedes  and
      Bougares, Fethi  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      van de Weijer, Joost},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2358",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2358",
    pages = "627--633",
}
@inproceedings{calixto-etal-2016-dcu,
    title = "{DCU}-{U}v{A} Multimodal {MT} System Report",
    author = "Calixto, Iacer  and
      Elliott, Desmond  and
      Frank, Stella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2359",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2359",
    pages = "634--638",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2016-attention,
    title = "Attention-based Multimodal Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Huang, Po-Yao  and
      Liu, Frederick  and
      Shiang, Sz-Rung  and
      Oh, Jean  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2360",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2360",
    pages = "639--645",
}
@inproceedings{libovicky-etal-2016-cuni,
    title = "{CUNI} System for {WMT}16 Automatic Post-Editing and Multimodal Translation Tasks",
    author = "Libovick{\'y}, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Helcl, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Tlust{\'y}, Marek  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Pecina, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2361",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2361",
    pages = "646--654",
}
@inproceedings{rodriguez-guasch-costa-jussa-2016-wmt,
    title = "{WMT} 2016 Multimodal Translation System Description based on Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks with Double-Embeddings",
    author = "Rodr{\'\i}guez Guasch, Sergio  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2362",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2362",
    pages = "655--659",
}
@inproceedings{shah-etal-2016-shef,
    title = "{SHEF}-Multimodal: Grounding Machine Translation on Images",
    author = "Shah, Kashif  and
      Wang, Josiah  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2363",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2363",
    pages = "660--665",
}
@inproceedings{azpeitia-etchegoyhen-2016-docal,
    title = "{DOCAL} - Vicomtech{'}s Participation in the {WMT}16 Shared Task on Bilingual Document Alignment",
    author = "Azpeitia, Andoni  and
      Etchegoyhen, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2364",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2364",
    pages = "666--671",
}
@inproceedings{buck-koehn-2016-quick,
    title = "Quick and Reliable Document Alignment via {TF}/{IDF}-weighted Cosine Distance",
    author = "Buck, Christian  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2365",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2365",
    pages = "672--678",
}
@inproceedings{dara-lin-2016-yoda,
    title = "{YODA} System for {WMT}16 Shared Task: Bilingual Document Alignment",
    author = "Dara, Aswarth Abhilash  and
      Lin, Yiu-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2366",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2366",
    pages = "679--684",
}
@inproceedings{espla-gomis-etal-2016-bitextors,
    title = "Bitextor{'}s participation in {WMT}{'}16: shared task on document alignment",
    author = "Espl{\`a}-Gomis, Miquel  and
      Forcada, Mikel  and
      Ortiz-Rojas, Sergio  and
      Ferr{\'a}ndez-Tordera, Jorge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2367",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2367",
    pages = "685--691",
}
@inproceedings{germann-2016-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Document Alignment with Latent Semantic Indexing",
    author = "Germann, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2368",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2368",
    pages = "692--696",
}
@inproceedings{gomes-pereira-lopes-2016-first,
    title = "First Steps Towards Coverage-Based Document Alignment",
    author = "Gomes, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Pereira Lopes, Gabriel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2369",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2369",
    pages = "697--702",
}
@inproceedings{jakubina-langlais-2016-bad,
    title = "{BAD} {LUC}@{WMT} 2016: a Bilingual Document Alignment Platform Based on Lucene",
    author = "Jakubina, Laurent  and
      Langlais, Phillippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2370",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2370",
    pages = "703--709",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using Term Position Similarity and Language Modeling for Bilingual Document Alignment",
    author = {Le, Thanh C.  and
      Vu, Hoa Trong  and
      Oberl{\"a}nder, Jonathan  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2371",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2371",
    pages = "710--716",
}
@inproceedings{lohar-etal-2016-adapt,
    title = "The {ADAPT} Bilingual Document Alignment system at {WMT}16",
    author = "Lohar, Pintu  and
      Afli, Haithem  and
      Liu, Chao-Hong  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2372",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2372",
    pages = "717--723",
}
@inproceedings{mahata-etal-2016-wmt2016,
    title = "{WMT}2016: A Hybrid Approach to Bilingual Document Alignment",
    author = "Mahata, Sainik  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Pal, Santanu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2373",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2373",
    pages = "724--727",
}
@inproceedings{medved-etal-2016-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-{F}rench Document Alignment Based on Keywords and Statistical Translation",
    author = "Medve{\v{d}}, Marek  and
      Jakub{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Kov{\'a}{\v{r}}, Vojtech",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2374",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2374",
    pages = "728--732",
}
@inproceedings{papavassiliou-etal-2016-ilsp,
    title = "The {ILSP}/{ARC} submission to the {WMT} 2016 Bilingual Document Alignment Shared Task",
    author = "Papavassiliou, Vassilis  and
      Prokopidis, Prokopis  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2375",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2375",
    pages = "733--739",
}
@inproceedings{shchukin-etal-2016-word,
    title = "Word Clustering Approach to Bilingual Document Alignment ({WMT} 2016 Shared Task)",
    author = "Shchukin, Vadim  and
      Khristich, Dmitry  and
      Galinskaya, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2376",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2376",
    pages = "740--744",
}
@inproceedings{chatterjee-etal-2016-fbk,
    title = "The {FBK} Participation in the {WMT} 2016 Automatic Post-editing Shared Task",
    author = "Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      C. de Souza, Jos{\'e} G.  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Turchi, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2377",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2377",
    pages = "745--750",
}
@inproceedings{junczys-dowmunt-grundkiewicz-2016-log,
    title = "Log-linear Combinations of Monolingual and Bilingual Neural Machine Translation Models for Automatic Post-Editing",
    author = "Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin  and
      Grundkiewicz, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2378",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2378",
    pages = "751--758",
}
@inproceedings{pal-etal-2016-usaar,
    title = "{USAAR}: An Operation Sequential Model for Automatic Statistical Post-Editing",
    author = "Pal, Santanu  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2379",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2379",
    pages = "759--763",
}
@inproceedings{abdelsalam-etal-2016-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Embeddings and Word Alignments for Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Abdelsalam, Amal  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      El-Beltagy, Samhaa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2380",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2380",
    pages = "764--771",
}
@inproceedings{beck-etal-2016-shef,
    title = "{SHEF}-{MIME}: Word-level Quality Estimation Using Imitation Learning",
    author = "Beck, Daniel  and
      Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Paetzold, Gustavo  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2381",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2381",
    pages = "772--776",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-2016-referential,
    title = "Referential Translation Machines for Predicting Translation Performance",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2382",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2382",
    pages = "777--781",
}
@inproceedings{espla-gomis-etal-2016-ualacant,
    title = "{UA}lacant word-level and phrase-level machine translation quality estimation systems at {WMT} 2016",
    author = "Espl{\`a}-Gomis, Miquel  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Mart{\'\i}nez, Felipe  and
      Forcada, Mikel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2383",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2383",
    pages = "782--786",
}
@inproceedings{kim-lee-2016-recurrent,
    title = "Recurrent Neural Network based Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Kim, Hyun  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2384",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2384",
    pages = "787--792",
}
@inproceedings{kozlova-etal-2016-ysda,
    title = "{YSDA} Participation in the {WMT}{'}16 Quality Estimation Shared Task",
    author = "Kozlova, Anna  and
      Shmatova, Mariya  and
      Frolov, Anton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2385",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2385",
    pages = "793--799",
}
@inproceedings{logacheva-etal-2016-usfds,
    title = "{USFD}{'}s Phrase-level Quality Estimation Systems",
    author = "Logacheva, Varvara  and
      Blain, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2386",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2386",
    pages = "800--805",
}
@inproceedings{martins-etal-2016-unbabels,
    title = "Unbabel{'}s Participation in the {WMT}16 Word-Level Translation Quality Estimation Shared Task",
    author = "Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.  and
      Astudillo, Ram{\'o}n  and
      Hokamp, Chris  and
      Kepler, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2387",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2387",
    pages = "806--811",
}
@inproceedings{paetzold-specia-2016-simplenets,
    title = "{S}imple{N}ets: Quality Estimation with Resource-Light Neural Networks",
    author = "Paetzold, Gustavo  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2388",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2388",
    pages = "812--818",
}
@inproceedings{patel-m-2016-translation,
    title = "Translation Quality Estimation using Recurrent Neural Network",
    author = "Patel, Raj Nath  and
      M, Sasikumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2389",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2389",
    pages = "819--824",
}
@inproceedings{sagemo-stymne-2016-uu,
    title = "The {UU} Submission to the Machine Translation Quality Estimation Task",
    author = "Sagemo, Oscar  and
      Stymne, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2390",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2390",
    pages = "825--830",
}
@inproceedings{scarton-etal-2016-word,
    title = "Word embeddings and discourse information for Quality Estimation",
    author = "Scarton, Carolina  and
      Beck, Daniel  and
      Shah, Kashif  and
      Sim Smith, Karin  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2391",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2391",
    pages = "831--837",
}
@inproceedings{shah-etal-2016-shef-lium,
    title = "{SHEF}-{LIUM}-{NN}: Sentence level Quality Estimation with Neural Network Features",
    author = {Shah, Kashif  and
      Bougares, Fethi  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Specia, Lucia},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2392",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2392",
    pages = "838--842",
}
@inproceedings{tezcan-etal-2016-ugent,
    title = "{UGENT}-{LT}3 {SCATE} Submission for {WMT}16 Shared Task on Quality Estimation",
    author = "Tezcan, Arda  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Macken, Lieve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation: Volume 2, Shared Task Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2393",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2393",
    pages = "843--850",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-sigfsm,
    title = "Proceedings of the {SIGFSM} Workshop on Statistical {NLP} and Weighted Automata",
    author = {Jurish, Bryan  and
      Maletti, Andreas  and
      W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael  and
      Springmann, Uwe},
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2400",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-24",
}
@inproceedings{dietze-2016-equivalences,
    title = "Equivalences between Ranked and Unranked Weighted Tree Automata via Binarization",
    author = "Dietze, Toni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGFSM} Workshop on Statistical {NLP} and Weighted Automata",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2401",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{teichmann-etal-2016-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Importance Sampling from Finite State Automata",
    author = "Teichmann, Christoph  and
      Wansing, Kasimir  and
      Koller, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGFSM} Workshop on Statistical {NLP} and Weighted Automata",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2402",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-2016-transition,
    title = "Transition-based dependency parsing as latent-variable constituent parsing",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGFSM} Workshop on Statistical {NLP} and Weighted Automata",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2403",
    pages = "21--31",
}
@inproceedings{allauzen-etal-2016-distributed,
    title = "Distributed representation and estimation of {WFST}-based n-gram models",
    author = "Allauzen, Cyril  and
      Riley, Michael  and
      Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGFSM} Workshop on Statistical {NLP} and Weighted Automata",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2404",
    pages = "32--41",
}
@inproceedings{forsberg-hulden-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Transducer Models for Morphological Analysis from Example Inflections",
    author = "Forsberg, Markus  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGFSM} Workshop on Statistical {NLP} and Weighted Automata",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2405",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{silfverberg-etal-2016-data,
    title = "Data-Driven Spelling Correction using Weighted Finite-State Methods",
    author = "Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Kauppinen, Pekka  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGFSM} Workshop on Statistical {NLP} and Weighted Automata",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2406",
    pages = "51--59",
}
@inproceedings{drewes-etal-2016-em,
    title = "{EM}-Training for Weighted Aligned Hypergraph Bimorphisms",
    author = "Drewes, Frank  and
      Gebhardt, Kilian  and
      Vogler, Heiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGFSM} Workshop on Statistical {NLP} and Weighted Automata",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2407",
    pages = "60--69",
}
@inproceedings{asaadi-rudolph-2016-correspondence,
    title = "On the Correspondence between Compositional Matrix-Space Models of Language and Weighted Automata",
    author = "Asaadi, Shima  and
      Rudolph, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGFSM} Workshop on Statistical {NLP} and Weighted Automata",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2408",
    pages = "70--74",
}
@inproceedings{gorman-2016-pynini,
    title = "{P}ynini: A Python library for weighted finite-state grammar compilation",
    author = "Gorman, Kyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGFSM} Workshop on Statistical {NLP} and Weighted Automata",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2409",
    pages = "75--80",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2500",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-25",
}
@inproceedings{chiu-etal-2016-intrinsic,
    title = "Intrinsic Evaluation of Word Vectors Fails to Predict Extrinsic Performance",
    author = "Chiu, Billy  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2501",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{batchkarov-etal-2016-critique,
    title = "A critique of word similarity as a method for evaluating distributional semantic models",
    author = "Batchkarov, Miroslav  and
      Kober, Thomas  and
      Reffin, Jeremy  and
      Weeds, Julie  and
      Weir, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2502",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{linzen-2016-issues,
    title = "Issues in evaluating semantic spaces using word analogies",
    author = "Linzen, Tal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2503",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{nayak-etal-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Word Embeddings Using a Representative Suite of Practical Tasks",
    author = "Nayak, Neha  and
      Angeli, Gabor  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2504",
    pages = "19--23",
}
@inproceedings{mostafazadeh-etal-2016-story,
    title = "Story Cloze Evaluator: Vector Space Representation Evaluation by Predicting What Happens Next",
    author = "Mostafazadeh, Nasrin  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy  and
      Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Kohli, Pushmeet  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2505",
    pages = "24--29",
}
@inproceedings{faruqui-etal-2016-problems,
    title = "Problems With Evaluation of Word Embeddings Using Word Similarity Tasks",
    author = "Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Rastogi, Pushpendre  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2506",
    pages = "30--35",
}
@inproceedings{gladkova-drozd-2016-intrinsic,
    title = "Intrinsic Evaluations of Word Embeddings: What Can We Do Better?",
    author = "Gladkova, Anna  and
      Drozd, Aleksandr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2507",
    pages = "36--42",
}
@inproceedings{camacho-collados-navigli-2016-find,
    title = "Find the word that does not belong: A Framework for an Intrinsic Evaluation of Word Vector Representations",
    author = "Camacho-Collados, Jos{\'e}  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2508",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2508",
    pages = "43--50",
}
@inproceedings{krebs-paperno-2016-capturing,
    title = "Capturing Discriminative Attributes in a Distributional Space: Task Proposal",
    author = "Krebs, Alicia  and
      Paperno, Denis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2509",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2509",
    pages = "51--54",
}
@inproceedings{liza-grzes-2016-improved,
    title = "An Improved Crowdsourcing Based Evaluation Technique for Word Embedding Methods",
    author = "Liza, Farhana Ferdousi  and
      Grze{\'s}, Marek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2510",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2510",
    pages = "55--61",
}
@inproceedings{ghannay-etal-2016-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of acoustic word embeddings",
    author = "Ghannay, Sahar  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick  and
      Camelin, Nathalie  and
      Deleglise, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2511",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2511",
    pages = "62--66",
}
@inproceedings{kohn-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Embeddings using Syntax-based Classification Tasks as a Proxy for Parser Performance",
    author = {K{\"o}hn, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2512",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2512",
    pages = "67--71",
}
@inproceedings{ettinger-linzen-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating vector space models using human semantic priming results",
    author = "Ettinger, Allyson  and
      Linzen, Tal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2513",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2513",
    pages = "72--77",
}
@inproceedings{acs-kornai-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating embeddings on dictionary-based similarity",
    author = "{\'A}cs, Judit  and
      Kornai, Andr{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2514",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2514",
    pages = "78--82",
}
@inproceedings{borbely-etal-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating multi-sense embeddings for semantic resolution monolingually and in word translation",
    author = "Borb{\'e}ly, G{\'a}bor  and
      Makrai, M{\'a}rton  and
      Nemeskey, D{\'a}vid M{\'a}rk  and
      Kornai, Andr{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2515",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2515",
    pages = "83--89",
}
@inproceedings{seyed-2016-subsumption,
    title = "Subsumption Preservation as a Comparative Measure for Evaluating Sense-Directed Embeddings",
    author = "Seyed, Ali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2516",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2516",
    pages = "90--93",
}
@inproceedings{saphra-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Informal-Domain Word Representations With {U}rban{D}ictionary",
    author = "Saphra, Naomi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2517",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2517",
    pages = "94--98",
}
@inproceedings{sayeed-etal-2016-thematic,
    title = "Thematic fit evaluation: an aspect of selectional preferences",
    author = "Sayeed, Asad  and
      Greenberg, Clayton  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2518",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2518",
    pages = "99--105",
}
@inproceedings{avraham-goldberg-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Reliability of Word Similarity Evaluation by Redesigning Annotation Task and Performance Measure",
    author = "Avraham, Oded  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2519",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2519",
    pages = "106--110",
}
@inproceedings{tsvetkov-etal-2016-correlation,
    title = "Correlation-based Intrinsic Evaluation of Word Vector Representations",
    author = "Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2520",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2520",
    pages = "111--115",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating word embeddings with f{MRI} and eye-tracking",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2521",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2521",
    pages = "116--121",
}
@inproceedings{parasca-etal-2016-defining,
    title = "Defining Words with Words: Beyond the Distributional Hypothesis",
    author = "Parasca, Iuliana-Elena  and
      Rauter, Andreas Lukas  and
      Roper, Jack  and
      Rusinov, Aleksandar  and
      Bouchard, Guillaume  and
      Riedel, Sebastian  and
      Stenetorp, Pontus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2522",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2522",
    pages = "122--126",
}
@inproceedings{milajevs-griffiths-2016-proposal,
    title = "A Proposal for Linguistic Similarity Datasets Based on Commonality Lists",
    author = "Milajevs, Dmitrijs  and
      Griffiths, Sascha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2523",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2523",
    pages = "127--133",
}
@inproceedings{ettinger-etal-2016-probing,
    title = "Probing for semantic evidence of composition by means of simple classification tasks",
    author = "Ettinger, Allyson  and
      Elgohary, Ahmed  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2524",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2524",
    pages = "134--139",
}
@inproceedings{rimell-vecchi-2016-sledded,
    title = "{SLEDDED}: A Proposed Dataset of Event Descriptions for Evaluating Phrase Representations",
    author = "Rimell, Laura  and
      Vecchi, Eva Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2525",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2525",
    pages = "140--144",
}
@inproceedings{baumel-etal-2016-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Embedding Evaluation Using Pyramid Annotation",
    author = "Baumel, Tal  and
      Cohen, Raphael  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2526",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2526",
    pages = "145--149",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-web,
    title = "Proceedings of the 10th Web as Corpus Workshop",
    author = {Cook, Paul  and
      Evert, Stefan  and
      Sch{\"a}fer, Roland  and
      Stemle, Egon},
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2600",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-26",
}
@inproceedings{schafer-bildhauer-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Classification by Topic Domain for Meta Data Generation, Web Corpus Evaluation, and Corpus Comparison",
    author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Roland  and
      Bildhauer, Felix},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2601",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{barbaresi-2016-efficient,
    title = "Efficient construction of metadata-enhanced web corpora",
    author = "Barbaresi, Adrien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2602",
    pages = "7--16",
}
@inproceedings{salway-etal-2016-topically,
    title = "Topically-focused Blog Corpora for Multiple Languages",
    author = "Salway, Andrew  and
      Elgesem, Dag  and
      Hofland, Knut  and
      Reigem, {\O}ystein  and
      Steskal, Lubos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2603",
    pages = "17--26",
}
@inproceedings{krause-2016-challenges,
    title = "The Challenges and Joys of Analysing Ongoing Language Change in Web-based Corpora: a Case Study",
    author = "Krause, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2604",
    pages = "27--34",
}
@inproceedings{wurschinger-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using the Web and Social Media as Corpora for Monitoring the Spread of Neologisms. The case of {`}rapefugee{'}, {`}rapeugee{'}, and {`}rapugee{'}.",
    author = {W{\"u}rschinger, Quirin  and
      Elahi, Mohammad Fazleh  and
      Zhekova, Desislava  and
      Schmid, Hans-J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2605",
    pages = "35--43",
}
@inproceedings{beisswenger-etal-2016-empirist,
    title = "{E}mpiri{ST} 2015: A Shared Task on the Automatic Linguistic Annotation of Computer-Mediated Communication and Web Corpora",
    author = {Bei{\ss}wenger, Michael  and
      Bartsch, Sabine  and
      Evert, Stefan  and
      W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2606",
    pages = "44--56",
}
@inproceedings{proisl-uhrig-2016-somajo,
    title = "{S}o{M}a{J}o: State-of-the-art tokenization for {G}erman web and social media texts",
    author = "Proisl, Thomas  and
      Uhrig, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2607",
    pages = "57--62",
}
@inproceedings{prange-etal-2016-uds,
    title = "{U}d{S}-(retrain|distributional|surface): Improving {POS} Tagging for {OOV} Words in {G}erman {CMC} and Web Data",
    author = "Prange, Jakob  and
      Horbach, Andrea  and
      Thater, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2608",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2608",
    pages = "63--71",
}
@inproceedings{mendels-etal-2016-babler,
    title = "Babler - Data Collection from the Web to Support Speech Recognition and Keyword Search",
    author = "Mendels, Gideon  and
      Cooper, Erica  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2609",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2609",
    pages = "72--81",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-fiser-2016-global,
    title = "A Global Analysis of Emoji Usage",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2610",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2610",
    pages = "82--89",
}
@inproceedings{dalan-sharoff-2016-genre,
    title = "Genre classification for a corpus of academic webpages",
    author = "Dalan, Erika  and
      Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2611",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2611",
    pages = "90--98",
}
@inproceedings{schafer-2016-bias,
    title = "On Bias-free Crawling and Representative Web Corpora",
    author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Roland},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2612",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2612",
    pages = "99--105",
}
@inproceedings{remus-etal-2016-empirist,
    title = "{E}mpiri{ST}: {AIPHES} - Robust Tokenization and {POS}-Tagging for Different Genres",
    author = "Remus, Steffen  and
      Hintz, Gerold  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Meyer, Christian M.  and
      Benikova, Darina  and
      Eckle-Kohler, Judith  and
      Mieskes, Margot  and
      Arnold, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2613",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2613",
    pages = "106--114",
}
@inproceedings{stemle-2016-bot,
    title = "bot.zen @ {E}mpiri{ST} 2015 - A minimally-deep learning {P}o{S}-tagger (trained for {G}erman {CMC} and Web data)",
    author = "Stemle, Egon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2614",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2614",
    pages = "115--119",
}
@inproceedings{horsmann-zesch-2016-ltl,
    title = "{LTL}-{UDE} @ {E}mpiri{ST} 2015: Tokenization and {P}o{S} Tagging of Social Media Text",
    author = "Horsmann, Tobias  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2615",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2615",
    pages = "120--126",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-named,
    title = "Proceedings of the Sixth Named Entity Workshop",
    author = "Duan, Xiangyu  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou  and
      Kumaran, A",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2700",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-27",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2016-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Entity Linking and Related Language Projection to Improve Name Transliteration",
    author = "Lin, Ying  and
      Pan, Xiaoman  and
      Deri, Aliya  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2701",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{vexler-minkov-2016-multi,
    title = "Multi-source named entity typing for social media",
    author = "Vexler, Reuth  and
      Minkov, Einat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2702",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating and Combining Name Entity Recognition Systems",
    author = "Jiang, Ridong  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2703",
    pages = "21--27",
}
@inproceedings{druzhkina-etal-2016-german,
    title = "{G}erman {NER} with a Multilingual Rule Based Information Extraction System: Analysis and Issues",
    author = "Druzhkina, Anna  and
      Leontyev, Alexey  and
      Stepanova, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2704",
    pages = "28--33",
}
@inproceedings{copara-zea-etal-2016-spanish,
    title = "{S}panish {NER} with Word Representations and Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Copara Zea, Jenny Linet  and
      Ochoa Luna, Jose Eduardo  and
      Thorne, Camilo  and
      Glava{\v{s}}, Goran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2705",
    pages = "34--40",
}
@inproceedings{iwakura-etal-2016-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a {J}apanese Basic Named Entity Corpus of Various Genres",
    author = "Iwakura, Tomoya  and
      Komiya, Kanako  and
      Tachibana, Ryuichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2706",
    pages = "41--46",
}
@inproceedings{halpern-2016-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Issues in the Machine Transliteration of {C}hinese, {J}apanese and {A}rabic Names",
    author = "Halpern, Jack",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2707",
    pages = "47--48",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2016-whitepaper,
    title = "Whitepaper of {NEWS} 2016 Shared Task on Machine Transliteration",
    author = "Duan, Xiangyu  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou  and
      Banchs, Rafael  and
      Kumaran, A",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2708",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2708",
    pages = "49--57",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2016-report,
    title = "Report of {NEWS} 2016 Machine Transliteration Shared Task",
    author = "Duan, Xiangyu  and
      Banchs, Rafael  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou  and
      Kumaran, A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2709",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2709",
    pages = "58--72",
}
@inproceedings{shao-nivre-2016-applying,
    title = "Applying Neural Networks to {E}nglish-{C}hinese Named Entity Transliteration",
    author = "Shao, Yan  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2710",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2710",
    pages = "73--77",
}
@inproceedings{finch-etal-2016-target,
    title = "Target-Bidirectional Neural Models for Machine Transliteration",
    author = "Finch, Andrew  and
      Liu, Lemao  and
      Wang, Xiaolin  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2711",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2711",
    pages = "78--82",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2016-regulating,
    title = "Regulating Orthography-Phonology Relationship for {E}nglish to {T}hai Transliteration",
    author = "Nguyen, Binh Minh  and
      Ngo, Hoang Gia  and
      Chen, Nancy F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2712",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2712",
    pages = "83--87",
}
@inproceedings{costa-jussa-2016-moses,
    title = "{M}oses-based official baseline for {NEWS} 2016",
    author = "Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2713",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2713",
    pages = "88--90",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-argument,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    author = "Reed, Chris",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2800",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-28",
}
@inproceedings{addawood-bashir-2016-evidence,
    title = "{``}What Is Your Evidence?{''} A Study of Controversial Topics on Social Media",
    author = "Addawood, Aseel  and
      Bashir, Masooda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2801",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2801",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{barker-gaizauskas-2016-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Multi-Party Argumentative Conversations in Reader Comment on News",
    author = "Barker, Emma  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2802",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2802",
    pages = "12--20",
}
@inproceedings{becker-etal-2016-argumentative,
    title = "Argumentative texts and clause types",
    author = "Becker, Maria  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2803",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2803",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{rajendran-etal-2016-contextual,
    title = "Contextual stance classification of opinions: A step towards enthymeme reconstruction in online reviews",
    author = "Rajendran, Pavithra  and
      Bollegala, Danushka  and
      Parsons, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2804",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2804",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{duthie-etal-2016-cass,
    title = "The {CASS} Technique for Evaluating the Performance of Argument Mining",
    author = "Duthie, Rory  and
      Lawrence, John  and
      Budzynska, Katarzyna  and
      Reed, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2805",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2805",
    pages = "40--49",
}
@inproceedings{savelka-ashley-2016-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Case Law Sentences for Argumentation about the Meaning of Statutory Terms",
    author = "{\v{S}}avelka, Jarom{\'\i}r  and
      Ashley, Kevin D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2806",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2806",
    pages = "50--59",
}
@inproceedings{mandya-etal-2016-scrutable,
    title = "Scrutable Feature Sets for Stance Classification",
    author = "Mandya, Angrosh  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Wyner, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2807",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2807",
    pages = "60--69",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-etal-2016-argumentation,
    title = "{A}rgumentation: Content, Structure, and Relationship with Essay Quality",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Stab, Christian  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Song, Yi  and
      Gyawali, Binod  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2808",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2808",
    pages = "70--75",
}
@inproceedings{koreeda-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Attention Model for Classification of Sentences that Support Promoting/Suppressing Relationship",
    author = "Koreeda, Yuta  and
      Yanase, Toshihiko  and
      Yanai, Kohsuke  and
      Sato, Misa  and
      Niwa, Yoshiki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2809",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2809",
    pages = "76--81",
}
@inproceedings{musi-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Feasible Guidelines for the Annotation of Argument Schemes",
    author = "Musi, Elena  and
      Ghosh, Debanjan  and
      Muresan, Smaranda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2810",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2810",
    pages = "82--93",
}
@inproceedings{petasis-karkaletsis-2016-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Argument Components through {T}ext{R}ank",
    author = "Petasis, Georgios  and
      Karkaletsis, Vangelis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2811",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2811",
    pages = "94--102",
}
@inproceedings{peldszus-stede-2016-rhetorical,
    title = "Rhetorical structure and argumentation structure in monologue text",
    author = "Peldszus, Andreas  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2812",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2812",
    pages = "103--112",
}
@inproceedings{stab-gurevych-2016-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing the Absence of Opposing Arguments in Persuasive Essays",
    author = "Stab, Christian  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2813",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2813",
    pages = "113--118",
}
@inproceedings{toledo-ronen-etal-2016-expert,
    title = "Expert Stance Graphs for Computational Argumentation",
    author = "Toledo-Ronen, Orith  and
      Bar-Haim, Roy  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2814",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2814",
    pages = "119--123",
}
@inproceedings{boltuzic-snajder-2016-fill,
    title = "Fill the Gap! Analyzing Implicit Premises between Claims from Online Debates",
    author = "Boltu{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Filip  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2815",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2815",
    pages = "124--133",
}
@inproceedings{egan-etal-2016-summarising,
    title = "Summarising the points made in online political debates",
    author = "Egan, Charlie  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Wyner, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2816",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2816",
    pages = "134--143",
}
@inproceedings{liebeck-etal-2016-airport,
    title = "What to Do with an Airport? Mining Arguments in the {G}erman Online Participation Project Tempelhofer Feld",
    author = "Liebeck, Matthias  and
      Esau, Katharina  and
      Conrad, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2817",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2817",
    pages = "144--153",
}
@inproceedings{skeppstedt-etal-2016-unshared,
    title = "Unshared task: (Dis)agreement in online debates",
    author = "Skeppstedt, Maria  and
      Sahlgren, Magnus  and
      Paradis, Carita  and
      Kerren, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2818",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2818",
    pages = "154--159",
}
@inproceedings{van-son-etal-2016-unshared,
    title = "Unshared Task at the 3rd Workshop on Argument Mining: Perspective Based Local Agreement and Disagreement in Online Debate",
    author = "van Son, Chantal  and
      Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Fokkens, Antske  and
      Maks, Isa  and
      Morante, Roser  and
      Aroyo, Lora  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2819",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2819",
    pages = "160--165",
}
@inproceedings{wei-etal-2016-preliminary,
    title = "A Preliminary Study of Disputation Behavior in Online Debating Forum",
    author = "Wei, Zhongyu  and
      Xia, Yandi  and
      Li, Chen  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Stallbohm, Zachary  and
      Li, Yi  and
      Jin, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Argument Mining ({A}rg{M}ining2016)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2820",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2820",
    pages = "166--171",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-biomedical,
    title = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Cohen, Kevin Bretonnel  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Tsujii, Jun-ichi",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2900",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-29",
}
@inproceedings{castano-etal-2016-machine,
    title = "A Machine Learning Approach to Clinical Terms Normalization",
    author = "Casta{\~n}o, Jos{\'e}  and
      Gambarte, Mar{\'\i}a Laura  and
      Park, Hee Joon  and
      Avila Williams, Maria del Pilar  and
      P{\'e}rez, David  and
      Campos, Fernando  and
      Luna, Daniel  and
      Ben{\'\i}tez, Sonia  and
      Berinsky, Hern{\'a}n  and
      Zanetti, Sof{\'\i}a",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2901",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2901",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{pilehvar-collier-2016-improved,
    title = "Improved Semantic Representation for Domain-Specific Entities",
    author = "Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2902",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2902",
    pages = "12--16",
}
@inproceedings{shivade-etal-2016-identification,
    title = "Identification, characterization, and grounding of gradable terms in clinical text",
    author = "Shivade, Chaitanya  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric  and
      Lai, Albert M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2903",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2903",
    pages = "17--26",
}
@inproceedings{sheikhshab-etal-2016-graph,
    title = "Graph-based Semi-supervised Gene Mention Tagging",
    author = "Sheikhshab, Golnar  and
      Starks, Elizabeth  and
      Karsan, Aly  and
      Sarkar, Anoop  and
      Birol, Inanc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2904",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2904",
    pages = "27--35",
}
@inproceedings{freitag-niekrasz-2016-feature,
    title = "Feature Derivation for Exploitation of Distant Annotation via Pattern Induction against Dependency Parses",
    author = "Freitag, Dayne  and
      Niekrasz, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2905",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2905",
    pages = "36--45",
}
@inproceedings{kilicoglu-2016-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Implicit Causal Relationships in Biomedical Literature",
    author = "Kilicoglu, Halil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2906",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2906",
    pages = "46--55",
}
@inproceedings{valenzuela-escarcega-etal-2016-snaptogrid,
    title = "{S}nap{T}o{G}rid: From Statistical to Interpretable Models for Biomedical Information Extraction",
    author = "Valenzuela-Esc{\'a}rcega, Marco A.  and
      Hahn-Powell, Gus  and
      Bell, Dane  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2907",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2907",
    pages = "56--65",
}
@inproceedings{singh-qi-2016-character,
    title = "Character based String Kernels for Bio-Entity Relation Detection",
    author = "Singh, Ritambhara  and
      Qi, Yanjun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2908",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2908",
    pages = "66--71",
}
@inproceedings{siu-etal-2016-disambiguation,
    title = "Disambiguation of entities in {MEDLINE} abstracts by combining {M}e{SH} terms with knowledge",
    author = "Siu, Amy  and
      Ernst, Patrick  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2909",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2909",
    pages = "72--76",
}
@inproceedings{tulkens-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using Distributed Representations to Disambiguate Biomedical and Clinical Concepts",
    author = "Tulkens, St{\'e}phan  and
      Suster, Simon  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2910",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2910",
    pages = "77--82",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Document Classification with Informed Topic Models",
    author = "Miller, Timothy  and
      Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Savova, Guergana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2911",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2911",
    pages = "83--91",
}
@inproceedings{velupillai-etal-2016-vocabulary,
    title = "Vocabulary Development To Support Information Extraction of Substance Abuse from Psychiatry Notes",
    author = "Velupillai, Sumithra  and
      Mowery, Danielle L.  and
      Conway, Mike  and
      Hurdle, John  and
      Kious, Brent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2912",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2912",
    pages = "92--101",
}
@inproceedings{hakala-etal-2016-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic analyses and named entity recognition for {P}ub{M}ed and {P}ub{M}ed Central {---} up-to-the-minute",
    author = "Hakala, Kai  and
      Kaewphan, Suwisa  and
      Salakoski, Tapio  and
      Ginter, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2913",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2913",
    pages = "102--107",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Temporal Relation Extraction with Training Instance Augmentation",
    author = "Lin, Chen  and
      Miller, Timothy  and
      Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Savova, Guergana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2914",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2914",
    pages = "108--113",
}
@inproceedings{brokos-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using Centroids of Word Embeddings and Word Mover{'}s Distance for Biomedical Document Retrieval in Question Answering",
    author = "Brokos, Georgios-Ioannis  and
      Malakasiotis, Prodromos  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2915",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2915",
    pages = "114--118",
}
@inproceedings{spranger-etal-2016-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the State of the Art of Automated Pathway Curation Using Graph Algorithms - A Case Study of the m{TOR} Pathway",
    author = "Spranger, Michael  and
      Palaniappan, Sucheendra  and
      Gosh, Samik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2916",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2916",
    pages = "119--127",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2016-construction,
    title = "Construction of a Personal Experience Tweet Corpus for Health Surveillance",
    author = "Jiang, Keyuan  and
      Calix, Ricardo  and
      Gupta, Matrika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2917",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2917",
    pages = "128--135",
}
@inproceedings{limsopatham-collier-2016-modelling,
    title = "Modelling the Combination of Generic and Target Domain Embeddings in a Convolutional Neural Network for Sentence Classification",
    author = "Limsopatham, Nut  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2918",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2918",
    pages = "136--140",
}
@inproceedings{yeganova-etal-2016-pubtermvariants,
    title = "{P}ub{T}erm{V}ariants: biomedical term variants and their use for {P}ub{M}ed search",
    author = "Yeganova, Lana  and
      Kim, Won  and
      Kim, Sun  and
      Islamaj Do{\u{g}}an, Rezarta  and
      Liu, Wanli  and
      Comeau, Donald C  and
      Lu, Zhiyong  and
      Wilbur, W John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2919",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2919",
    pages = "141--145",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-powell-etal-2016-causal,
    title = "This before That: Causal Precedence in the Biomedical Domain",
    author = "Hahn-Powell, Gus  and
      Bell, Dane  and
      Valenzuela-Esc{\'a}rcega, Marco A.  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2920",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2920",
    pages = "146--155",
}
@inproceedings{cotik-etal-2016-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic methods for negation detection in radiology reports in {S}panish",
    author = "Cotik, Viviana  and
      Stricker, Vanesa  and
      Vivaldi, Jorge  and
      Rodriguez, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2921",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2921",
    pages = "156--165",
}
@inproceedings{chiu-etal-2016-train,
    title = "How to Train good Word Embeddings for Biomedical {NLP}",
    author = "Chiu, Billy  and
      Crichton, Gamal  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2922",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2922",
    pages = "166--174",
}
@inproceedings{connolly-etal-2016-information,
    title = "An Information Foraging Approach to Determining the Number of Relevant Features",
    author = "Connolly, Brian  and
      Glass, Benjamin  and
      Pestian, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2923",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2923",
    pages = "175--180",
}
@inproceedings{chapman-etal-2016-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Feasibility of an Automated Suggestion System for Communicating Critical Findings from Chest Radiology Reports to Referring Physicians",
    author = "Chapman, Brian E.  and
      Mowery, Danielle L.  and
      Narasimhan, Evan  and
      Patel, Neel  and
      Chapman, Wendy  and
      Heilbrun, Marta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2924",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2924",
    pages = "181--185",
}
@inproceedings{kocbek-groza-2016-building,
    title = "Building a dictionary of lexical variants for phenotype descriptors",
    author = "Kocbek, Simon  and
      Groza, Tudor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2925",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2925",
    pages = "186--190",
}
@inproceedings{jacobson-dalianis-2016-applying,
    title = "Applying deep learning on electronic health records in {S}wedish to predict healthcare-associated infections",
    author = "Jacobson, Olof  and
      Dalianis, Hercules",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2926",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2926",
    pages = "191--195",
}
@inproceedings{gorrell-etal-2016-identifying,
    title = "Identifying First Episodes of Psychosis in Psychiatric Patient Records using Machine Learning",
    author = "Gorrell, Genevieve  and
      Oduola, Sherifat  and
      Roberts, Angus  and
      Craig, Tom  and
      Morgan, Craig  and
      Stewart, Rob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2927",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2927",
    pages = "196--205",
}
@inproceedings{sahu-etal-2016-relation,
    title = "Relation extraction from clinical texts using domain invariant convolutional neural network",
    author = "Sahu, Sunil  and
      Anand, Ashish  and
      Oruganty, Krishnadev  and
      Gattu, Mahanandeeshwar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-2928",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-2928",
    pages = "206--215",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-bionlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the 4th {B}io{NLP} Shared Task Workshop",
    author = "N{\.e}dellec, Claire  and
      Bossy, Robert  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-30",
}
@inproceedings{chaix-etal-2016-overview,
    title = "Overview of the Regulatory Network of Plant Seed Development ({S}ee{D}ev) Task at the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2016.",
    author = "Chaix, Estelle  and
      Dubreucq, Bertrand  and
      Fatihi, Abdelhak  and
      Valsamou, Dialekti  and
      Bossy, Robert  and
      Ba, Mouhamadou  and
      Del{\'e}ger, Louise  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Bessi{\`e}res, Philippe  and
      Lepiniec, Loic  and
      N{\'e}dellec, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th {B}io{NLP} Shared Task Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3001",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{deleger-etal-2016-overview,
    title = "Overview of the Bacteria Biotope Task at {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2016",
    author = "Del{\'e}ger, Louise  and
      Bossy, Robert  and
      Chaix, Estelle  and
      Ba, Mouhamadou  and
      Ferr{\'e}, Arnaud  and
      Bessi{\`e}res, Philippe  and
      N{\'e}dellec, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th {B}io{NLP} Shared Task Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3002",
    pages = "12--22",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2016-refactoring,
    title = "Refactoring the {G}enia Event Extraction Shared Task Toward a General Framework for {IE}-Driven {KB} Development",
    author = "Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Wang, Yue  and
      Colic, Nicola  and
      Beak, Seung Han  and
      Kim, Yong Hwan  and
      Song, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th {B}io{NLP} Shared Task Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3003",
    pages = "23--31",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-litway,
    title = "{L}it{W}ay, Discriminative Extraction for Different Bio-Events",
    author = "Li, Chen  and
      Rao, Zhiqiang  and
      Zhang, Xiangrong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th {B}io{NLP} Shared Task Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3004",
    pages = "32--41",
}
@inproceedings{lever-jones-2016-verse,
    title = "{VERSE}: Event and Relation Extraction in the {B}io{NLP} 2016 Shared Task",
    author = "Lever, Jake  and
      Jones, Steven JM",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th {B}io{NLP} Shared Task Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3005",
    pages = "42--49",
}
@inproceedings{cook-etal-2016-dictionary,
    title = "A dictionary- and rule-based system for identification of bacteria and habitats in text",
    author = "Cook, Helen V  and
      Pafilis, Evangelos  and
      Jensen, Lars Juhl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th {B}io{NLP} Shared Task Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3006",
    pages = "50--55",
}
@inproceedings{tiftikci-etal-2016-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-Based Categorization of Bacteria and Habitat Entities using Information Retrieval Techniques",
    author = {Tiftikci, Mert  and
      {\c{S}}ahin, Hakan  and
      B{\"u}y{\"u}k{\"o}z, Berfu  and
      Yay{\i}k{\c{c}}{\i}, Alper  and
      {\"O}zg{\"u}r, Arzucan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th {B}io{NLP} Shared Task Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3007",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{grouin-2016-identification,
    title = "Identification of Mentions and Relations between Bacteria and Biotope from {P}ub{M}ed Abstracts",
    author = "Grouin, Cyril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th {B}io{NLP} Shared Task Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3008",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{mehryary-etal-2016-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning with Minimal Training Data: {T}urku{NLP} Entry in the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2016",
    author = {Mehryary, Farrokh  and
      Bj{\"o}rne, Jari  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Salakoski, Tapio  and
      Ginter, Filip},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th {B}io{NLP} Shared Task Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3009",
    pages = "73--81",
}
@inproceedings{c-panyam-etal-2016-seedev,
    title = "{S}ee{D}ev Binary Event Extraction using {SVM}s and a Rich Feature Set",
    author = "C. Panyam, Nagesh  and
      Khirbat, Gitansh  and
      Verspoor, Karin  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Ramamohanarao, Kotagiri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th {B}io{NLP} Shared Task Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3010",
    pages = "82--87",
}
@inproceedings{lamurias-etal-2016-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Regulatory Events using Kernel-based Classifiers and Distant Supervision",
    author = "Lamurias, Andre  and
      Rodrigues, Miguel J.  and
      Clarke, Luka A.  and
      Couto, Francisco M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th {B}io{NLP} Shared Task Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3011",
    pages = "88--92",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-dutir,
    title = "{DUTIR} in {B}io{NLP}-{ST} 2016: Utilizing Convolutional Network and Distributed Representation to Extract Complicate Relations",
    author = "Li, Honglei  and
      Zhang, Jianhai  and
      Wang, Jian  and
      Lin, Hongfei  and
      Yang, Zhihao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th {B}io{NLP} Shared Task Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3012",
    pages = "93--100",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2016-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Biomedical Event Using Feature Selection and Word Representation",
    author = "He, Xinyu  and
      Li, Lishuang  and
      Zheng, Jieqiong  and
      Qin, Meiyue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th {B}io{NLP} Shared Task Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3013",
    pages = "101",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-bioasq,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth {B}io{ASQ} workshop",
    author = "Kakadiaris, Ioannis A.  and
      Paliouras, George  and
      Krithara, Anastasia",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-31",
}
@inproceedings{krithara-etal-2016-results,
    title = "Results of the 4th edition of {B}io{ASQ} Challenge",
    author = "Krithara, Anastasia  and
      Nentidis, Anastasios  and
      Paliouras, Georgios  and
      Kakadiaris, Ioannis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {B}io{ASQ} workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3101",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{zavorin-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using Learning-To-Rank to Enhance {NLM} Medical Text Indexer Results",
    author = "Zavorin, Ilya  and
      Mork, James  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {B}io{ASQ} workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3102",
    pages = "8--15",
}
@inproceedings{segura-bedmar-etal-2016-labda,
    title = "{LABDA} at the 2016 {B}io{ASQ} challenge task 4a: Semantic Indexing by using {E}lastic{S}earch",
    author = "Segura-Bedmar, Isabel  and
      Carruana, Adri{\'a}n  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Paloma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {B}io{ASQ} workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3103",
    pages = "16--22",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning to Answer Biomedical Questions: {OAQA} at {B}io{ASQ} 4{B}",
    author = "Yang, Zi  and
      Zhou, Yue  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {B}io{ASQ} workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3104",
    pages = "23--37",
}
@inproceedings{schulze-etal-2016-hpi,
    title = "{HPI} Question Answering System in {B}io{ASQ} 2016",
    author = {Schulze, Frederik  and
      Sch{\"u}ler, Ricarda  and
      Draeger, Tim  and
      Dummer, Daniel  and
      Ernst, Alexander  and
      Flemming, Pedro  and
      Perscheid, Cindy  and
      Neves, Mariana},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {B}io{ASQ} workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3105",
    pages = "38--44",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2016-ksanswer,
    title = "{KSA}nswer: Question-answering System of Kangwon National University and Sogang University in the 2016 {B}io{ASQ} Challenge",
    author = "Lee, Hyeon-gu  and
      Kim, Minkyoung  and
      Kim, Harksoo  and
      Kim, Juae  and
      Kwon, Sunjae  and
      Seo, Jungyun  and
      Kim, Yi-reun  and
      Choi, Jung-Kyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {B}io{ASQ} workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3106",
    pages = "45--49",
}
@inproceedings{papagiannopoulou-etal-2016-large,
    title = "Large-Scale Semantic Indexing and Question Answering in Biomedicine",
    author = "Papagiannopoulou, Eirini  and
      Papanikolaou, Yiannis  and
      Dimitriadis, Dimitris  and
      Lagopoulos, Sakis  and
      Tsoumakas, Grigorios  and
      Laliotis, Manos  and
      Markantonatos, Nikos  and
      Vlahavas, Ioannis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {B}io{ASQ} workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3107",
    pages = "50--54",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-vision,
    title = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Vision and Language",
    author = "Belz, Anya  and
      Erdem, Erkut  and
      Mikolajczyk, Krystian  and
      Pastra, Katerina",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-32",
}
@inproceedings{elhoseiny-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Annotation of Structured Facts in Images",
    author = "Elhoseiny, Mohamed  and
      Cohen, Scott  and
      Chang, Walter  and
      Price, Brian  and
      Elgammal, Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3201",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{hurlimann-bos-2016-combining,
    title = "Combining Lexical and Spatial Knowledge to Predict Spatial Relations between Objects in Images",
    author = {H{\"u}rlimann, Manuela  and
      Bos, Johan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3202",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{hodosh-hockenmaier-2016-focused,
    title = "Focused Evaluation for Image Description with Binary Forced-Choice Tasks",
    author = "Hodosh, Micah  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3203",
    pages = "19--28",
}
@inproceedings{kilickaya-etal-2016-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Captions in the Wild to Improve Object Detection",
    author = "Kilickaya, Mert  and
      Ikizler-Cinbis, Nazli  and
      Erdem, Erkut  and
      Erdem, Aykut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3204",
    pages = "29--38",
}
@inproceedings{alharbi-gotoh-2016-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Descriptions of Human Activities Scenes: Corpus Generation and Analysis",
    author = "Alharbi, Nouf  and
      Gotoh, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3205",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2016-interactively,
    title = "Interactively Learning Visually Grounded Word Meanings from a Human Tutor",
    author = "Yu, Yanchao  and
      Eshghi, Arash  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3206",
    pages = "48--53",
}
@inproceedings{van-miltenburg-etal-2016-pragmatic,
    title = "Pragmatic Factors in Image Description: The Case of Negations",
    author = "van Miltenburg, Emiel  and
      Morante, Roser  and
      Elliott, Desmond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3207",
    pages = "54--59",
}
@inproceedings{pezzelle-etal-2016-building,
    title = "Building a Bagpipe with a Bag and a Pipe: Exploring Conceptual Combination in Vision",
    author = "Pezzelle, Sandro  and
      Shekhar, Ravi  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3208",
    pages = "60--64",
}
@inproceedings{belz-etal-2016-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Different Preposition Sets, Models and Feature Sets in Automatic Generation of Spatial Image Descriptions",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Muscat, Adrian  and
      Birmingham, Brandon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3209",
    pages = "65--69",
}
@inproceedings{elliott-etal-2016-multi30k,
    title = "{M}ulti30{K}: Multilingual {E}nglish-{G}erman Image Descriptions",
    author = "Elliott, Desmond  and
      Frank, Stella  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3210",
    pages = "70--74",
}
@inproceedings{sorodoc-etal-2016-look,
    title = "{``}Look, some Green Circles!{''}: Learning to Quantify from Images",
    author = "Sorodoc, Ionut  and
      Lazaridou, Angeliki  and
      Boleda, Gemma  and
      Herbelot, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Pezzelle, Sandro  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3211",
    pages = "75--79",
}
@inproceedings{mehler-etal-2016-text2voronoi,
    title = "{T}ext2voronoi: An Image-driven Approach to Differential Diagnosis",
    author = "Mehler, Alexander  and
      Uslu, Tolga  and
      Hemati, Wahed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3212",
    pages = "80--85",
}
@inproceedings{winn-etal-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Visually Relevant Sentences for Fine-Grained Classification",
    author = "Winn, Olivia  and
      Kidambi, Madhavan Kavanur  and
      Muresan, Smaranda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3213",
    pages = "86--91",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+12)",
    author = "Chiang, David  and
      Koller, Alexander",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = {D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3300",
}
@inproceedings{torr-stabler-2016-coordination,
    title = "Coordination in Minimalist Grammars: Excorporation and Across the Board (Head) Movement",
    author = "Torr, John  and
      Stabler, Edward P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = {D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3301",
    pages = "1--17",
}
@inproceedings{ben-khelil-etal-2016-arabtag,
    title = "{A}rab{TAG}: from a Handcrafted to a Semi-automatically Generated {TAG}",
    author = "Ben Khelil, Ch{\'e}rifa  and
      Duchier, Denys  and
      Parmentier, Yannick  and
      Zribi, Chiraz  and
      Ben Fraj, F{\'e}riel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = {D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3302",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{danlos-etal-2016-interfacing,
    title = "Interfacing Sentential and Discourse {TAG}-based Grammars",
    author = "Danlos, Laurence  and
      Maskharashvili, Aleksandre  and
      Pogodalla, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = {D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3303",
    pages = "27--37",
}
@inproceedings{bernard-danlos-2016-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Discourse in {STAG}: Subordinate Conjunctions and Attributing Phrases",
    author = "Bernard, Timoth{\'e}e  and
      Danlos, Laurence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = {D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3304",
    pages = "38--47",
}
@inproceedings{kallmeyer-etal-2016-argument,
    title = "Argument linking in {LTAG}: A constraint-based implementation with {XMG}",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Lichte, Timm  and
      Osswald, Rainer  and
      Petitjean, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = {D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3305",
    pages = "48--57",
}
@inproceedings{balogh-2016-verbal,
    title = "Verbal fields in {H}ungarian simple sentences and infinitival clausal complements",
    author = "Balogh, Kata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = {D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3306",
    pages = "58--66",
}
@inproceedings{storoshenko-2016-modelling,
    title = "Modelling the ziji Blocking Effect and Constraining Bound Variable Derivations in {MC}-{TAG} with Delayed Locality",
    author = "Storoshenko, Dennis Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = {D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3307",
    pages = "67--76",
}
@inproceedings{sloan-2016-node,
    title = "Node-based Induction of Tree-Substitution Grammars",
    author = "Sloan, Rose",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = {D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3308",
    pages = "77--84",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2016-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting Supertagging and Parsing: How to Use Supertags in Transition-Based Parsing",
    author = "Chung, Wonchang  and
      Mhatre, Suhas Siddhesh  and
      Nasr, Alexis  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = {D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3309",
    pages = "85--92",
}
@inproceedings{de-santo-etal-2016-alternate,
    title = "An Alternate View on Strong Lexicalization in {TAG}",
    author = {De Santo, Aniello  and
      Aks{\"e}nova, Al{\"e}na  and
      Graf, Thomas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = {D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3310",
    pages = "93--102",
}
@inproceedings{bauer-rambow-2016-hyperedge,
    title = "Hyperedge Replacement and Nonprojective Dependency Structures",
    author = "Bauer, Daniel  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = {D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3311",
    pages = "103--111",
}
@inproceedings{storoshenko-frank-2016-parasitic,
    title = "Parasitic Gaps and the Heterogeneity of Dependency Formation in {STAG}",
    author = "Storoshenko, Dennis Ryan  and
      Frank, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = {D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3312",
    pages = "112--120",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-european,
    title = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3400",
}
@inproceedings{culo-nitzke-2016-patterns,
    title = "Patterns of Terminological Variation in Post-editing and of Cognate Use in Machine Translation in Contrast to Human Translation",
    author = "{\v{C}}ulo, Oliver  and
      Nitzke, Jean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3401",
    pages = "106--114",
}
@inproceedings{babych-2016-graphonological,
    title = "Graphonological {L}evenshtein Edit Distance: Application for Automated Cognate Identification",
    author = "Babych, Bogdan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3402",
    pages = "115--128",
}
@inproceedings{passban-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Phrase-Based {SMT} Using Cross-Granularity Embedding Similarity",
    author = "Passban, Peyman  and
      Hokamp, Chris  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3403",
    pages = "129--140",
}
@inproceedings{moorkens-way-2016-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Translator Acceptability of {TM} and {SMT} Outputs",
    author = "Moorkens, Joss  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3404",
    pages = "141--151",
}
@inproceedings{forcada-etal-2016-stand,
    title = "Stand-off Annotation of Web Content as a Legally Safer Alternative to Crawling for Distribution",
    author = "Forcada, Mikel L.  and
      Espl{\`a}-Gomis, Miquel  and
      P{\'e}rez-Ortiz, Juan Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3405",
    pages = "152--164",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-combining,
    title = "Combining Translation Memories and Syntax-Based {SMT}: Experiments with Real Industrial Data",
    author = "Li, Liangyou  and
      Escartin, Carla Parra  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3406",
    pages = "165--177",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2016-trouble,
    title = "The Trouble with Machine Translation Coherence",
    author = "Smith, Karin Sim  and
      Aziz, Wilker  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3407",
    pages = "178--189",
}
@inproceedings{hoang-bojar-2016-pivoting,
    title = "Pivoting Methods and Data for {C}zech-{V}ietnamese Translation via {E}nglish",
    author = "Hoang, Duc Tam  and
      Bojar, Ondrej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3408",
    pages = "190--202",
}
@inproceedings{tezcan-etal-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Grammatical Errors in Machine Translation Output Using Dependency Parsing and Treebank Querying",
    author = "Tezcan, Arda  and
      Hoste, Veronique  and
      Macken, Lieve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3409",
    pages = "203--217",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-etal-2016-potential,
    title = "Potential and Limits of Using Post-edits as Reference Translations for {MT} Evaluation",
    author = "Popovic, Maja  and
      Ar{\v{c}}an, Mihael  and
      Lommel, Arle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3410",
    pages = "218--229",
}
@inproceedings{stajner-popovic-2016-text,
    title = "Can Text Simplification Help Machine Translation?",
    author = "{\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Popovic, Maja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3411",
    pages = "230--242",
}
@inproceedings{etchegoyhen-azpeitia-2016-portable,
    title = "A Portable Method for Parallel and Comparable Document Alignment",
    author = "Etchegoyhen, Thierry  and
      Azpeitia, Andoni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3412",
    pages = "243--255",
}
@inproceedings{bechara-etal-2016-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Textual Similarity in Quality Estimation",
    author = "Bechara, Hanna  and
      Escartin, Carla Parra  and
      Orasan, Constantin  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3413",
    pages = "256--268",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2016-climbing,
    title = "Climbing Mont {BLEU}: The Strange World of Reachable High-{BLEU} Translations",
    author = "Smith, Aaron  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Tiedemann, Joerg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3414",
    pages = "269--281",
}
@inproceedings{domingo-etal-2016-interactive,
    title = "Interactive-Predictive Translation Based on Multiple Word-Segments",
    author = "Domingo, Miguel  and
      Peris, Alvaro  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3415",
    pages = "282--291",
}
@inproceedings{luong-popescu-belis-2016-contextual,
    title = "A Contextual Language Model to Improve Machine Translation of Pronouns by Re-ranking Translation Hypotheses",
    author = "Luong, Ngoc Quang  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3416",
    pages = "292--304",
}
@inproceedings{steele-specia-2016-predicting,
    title = "Predicting and Using Implicit Discourse Elements in {C}hinese-{E}nglish Translation",
    author = "Steele, David  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3417",
    pages = "305--317",
}
@inproceedings{hardmeier-guillou-2016-graphical,
    title = "A Graphical Pronoun Analysis Tool for the {PROTEST} Pronoun Evaluation Test Suite",
    author = "Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Guillou, Liane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3418",
    pages = "318--330",
}
@inproceedings{schaeffer-etal-2016-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Cognitive Translation Effort with Activity Units",
    author = "Schaeffer, Moritz Jonas  and
      Carl, Michael  and
      Lacruz, Isabel  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3419",
    pages = "331--34195",
}
@inproceedings{hu-cadwell-2016-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of Post-editing Guidelines",
    author = "Hu, Ke  and
      Cadwell, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3420",
    pages = "34206--353",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-cartagena-etal-2016-dealing,
    title = "Dealing with Data Sparseness in {SMT} with Factured Models and Morphological Expansion: a Case Study on {C}roatian",
    author = "S{\'a}nchez-Cartagena, Victor M.  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Klubi{\v{c}}ka, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3421",
    pages = "354--360",
}
@inproceedings{klubicka-etal-2016-collaborative,
    title = "Collaborative Development of a Rule-Based Machine Translator between {C}roatian and {S}erbian",
    author = "Klubi{\v{c}}ka, Filip  and
      Ram{\'\i}rez-S{\'a}nchez, Gema  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3422",
    pages = "361--367",
}
@inproceedings{toral-etal-2016-assessing,
    title = "Re-assessing the Impact of {SMT} Techniques with Human Evaluation: a Case Study on {E}nglish{---}{C}roatian",
    author = "Toral, Antonio  and
      Rubino, Raphael  and
      Ram{\'\i}rez-S{\'a}nchez, Gema",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3423",
    pages = "368--375",
}
@inproceedings{european-association-for-machine-translation-2016-proceedings,
    title = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {EAMT}: Projects/Products",
    author = "{European Association for Machine Translation}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3424",
    pages = "376--400",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-international-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Natural Language Generation and the Semantic Web ({W}eb{NLG} 2016)",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Gangemi, Aldo",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3500",
}
@inproceedings{barros-lloret-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating sets of related sentences from input seed features",
    author = "Barros, Cristina  and
      Lloret, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Natural Language Generation and the Semantic Web ({W}eb{NLG} 2016)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3501",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{basile-2016-repository,
    title = "A Repository of Frame Instance Lexicalizations for Generation",
    author = "Basile, Valerio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Natural Language Generation and the Semantic Web ({W}eb{NLG} 2016)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3502",
    pages = "5--12",
}
@inproceedings{bourgonje-etal-2016-processing,
    title = "Processing Document Collections to Automatically Extract Linked Data: Semantic Storytelling Technologies for Smart Curation Workflows",
    author = "Bourgonje, Peter  and
      Moreno Schneider, Julian  and
      Rehm, Georg  and
      Sasaki, Felix",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Natural Language Generation and the Semantic Web ({W}eb{NLG} 2016)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3503",
    pages = "13--16",
}
@inproceedings{duboue-etal-2016-robustness,
    title = "On the Robustness of Standalone Referring Expression Generation Algorithms Using {RDF} Data",
    author = "Duboue, Pablo  and
      Dom{\'\i}nguez, Martin Ariel  and
      Estrella, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Natural Language Generation and the Semantic Web ({W}eb{NLG} 2016)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3504",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{lloret-gardent-2016-content,
    title = "Content Selection through Paraphrase Detection: Capturing different Semantic Realisations of the Same Idea",
    author = "Lloret, Elena  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Natural Language Generation and the Semantic Web ({W}eb{NLG} 2016)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3505",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{mrabet-etal-2016-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Texts and Knowledge Bases with Semantic Sentence Simplification",
    author = "Mrabet, Yassine  and
      Vougiouklis, Pavlos  and
      Kilicoglu, Halil  and
      Gardent, Claire  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Hare, Jonathon  and
      Simperl, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Natural Language Generation and the Semantic Web ({W}eb{NLG} 2016)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3506",
    pages = "29--36",
}
@inproceedings{nesterenko-2016-building,
    title = "Building a System for Stock News Generation in {R}ussian",
    author = "Nesterenko, Liubov",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Natural Language Generation and the Semantic Web ({W}eb{NLG} 2016)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3507",
    pages = "37--40",
}
@inproceedings{perez-beltrachini-etal-2016-content,
    title = "Content selection as semantic-based ontology exploration",
    author = "Perez-Beltrachini, Laura  and
      Gardent, Claire  and
      Revuz, Anselme  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Saptarashmi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Natural Language Generation and the Semantic Web ({W}eb{NLG} 2016)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3508",
    pages = "41--45",
}
@inproceedings{sadoun-etal-2016-readme,
    title = "{R}ead{ME} generation from an {OWL} ontology describing {NLP} tools",
    author = "Sadoun, Driss  and
      Mkhitaryan, Satenik  and
      Nouvel, Damien  and
      Valette, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Natural Language Generation and the Semantic Web ({W}eb{NLG} 2016)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3509",
    pages = "46--49",
}
@inproceedings{sanby-etal-2016-comparing,
    title = "Comparing the Template-Based Approach to {GF}: the case of {A}frikaans",
    author = "Sanby, Lauren  and
      Todd, Ion  and
      Keet, Maria C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Natural Language Generation and the Semantic Web ({W}eb{NLG} 2016)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3510",
    pages = "50--53",
}
@inproceedings{sleimi-gardent-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating Paraphrases from {DBP}edia using Deep Learning",
    author = "Sleimi, Amin  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Natural Language Generation and the Semantic Web ({W}eb{NLG} 2016)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3511",
    pages = "54--57",
}
@inproceedings{tran-popowich-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Tweet Generation From Traffic Incident Data",
    author = "Tran, Khoa  and
      Popowich, Fred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Natural Language Generation and the Semantic Web ({W}eb{NLG} 2016)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3512",
    pages = "59--66",
}
@inproceedings{vicente-lloret-2016-analysing,
    title = "Analysing the Integration of Semantic Web Features for Document Planning across Genres",
    author = "Vicente, Marta  and
      Lloret, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Natural Language Generation and the Semantic Web ({W}eb{NLG} 2016)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3513",
    pages = "67--70",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-special,
    title = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    author = "Fernandez, Raquel  and
      Minker, Wolfgang  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Artstein, Ron  and
      Gainer, Alesia",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3600",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-36",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-eskenazi-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards End-to-End Learning for Dialog State Tracking and Management using Deep Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Zhao, Tiancheng  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3601",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{lee-stent-2016-task,
    title = "Task Lineages: Dialog State Tracking for Flexible Interaction",
    author = "Lee, Sungjin  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3602",
    pages = "11--21",
}
@inproceedings{liu-lane-2016-joint,
    title = "Joint Online Spoken Language Understanding and Language Modeling With Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Liu, Bing  and
      Lane, Ian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3603",
    pages = "22--30",
}
@inproceedings{oraby-etal-2016-creating,
    title = "Creating and Characterizing a Diverse Corpus of Sarcasm in Dialogue",
    author = "Oraby, Shereen  and
      Harrison, Vrindavan  and
      Reed, Lena  and
      Hernandez, Ernesto  and
      Riloff, Ellen  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3604",
    pages = "31--41",
}
@inproceedings{barker-etal-2016-sensei,
    title = "The {SENSEI} Annotated Corpus: Human Summaries of Reader Comment Conversations in On-line News",
    author = "Barker, Emma  and
      Paramita, Monica Lestari  and
      Aker, Ahmet  and
      Kurtic, Emina  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3605",
    pages = "42--52",
}
@inproceedings{matsuyama-papangelis-2016-special,
    title = "Special Session - The Future Directions of Dialogue-Based Intelligent Personal Assistants",
    author = "Matsuyama, Yoichi  and
      Papangelis, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3606",
    pages = "53",
}
@inproceedings{brennan-2016-keynote,
    title = "Keynote - More than meets the ear: Processes that shape dialogue",
    author = "Brennan, Susan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3607",
    pages = "54",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2016-wizard,
    title = "A Wizard-of-{O}z Study on A Non-Task-Oriented Dialog Systems That Reacts to User Engagement",
    author = "Yu, Zhou  and
      Nicolich-Henkin, Leah  and
      Black, Alan W  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3608",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3608",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{herzig-etal-2016-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Emotions in Customer Support Dialogues in Social Media",
    author = "Herzig, Jonathan  and
      Feigenblat, Guy  and
      Shmueli-Scheuer, Michal  and
      Konopnicki, David  and
      Rafaeli, Anat  and
      Altman, Daniel  and
      Spivak, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3609",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3609",
    pages = "64--73",
}
@inproceedings{miehle-etal-2016-cultural,
    title = "Cultural Communication Idiosyncrasies in Human-Computer Interaction",
    author = "Miehle, Juliana  and
      Yoshino, Koichiro  and
      Pragst, Louisa  and
      Ultes, Stefan  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3610",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3610",
    pages = "74--79",
}
@inproceedings{casanueva-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using phone features to improve dialogue state tracking generalisation to unseen states",
    author = "Casanueva, I{\~n}igo  and
      Hain, Thomas  and
      Nicolao, Mauro  and
      Green, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3611",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3611",
    pages = "80--89",
}
@inproceedings{chen-choi-2016-character,
    title = "Character Identification on Multiparty Conversation: Identifying Mentions of Characters in {TV} Shows",
    author = "Chen, Yu-Hsin  and
      Choi, Jinho D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3612",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3612",
    pages = "90--100",
}
@inproceedings{fatemi-etal-2016-policy,
    title = "Policy Networks with Two-Stage Training for Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Fatemi, Mehdi  and
      El Asri, Layla  and
      Schulz, Hannes  and
      He, Jing  and
      Suleman, Kaheer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3613",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3613",
    pages = "101--110",
}
@inproceedings{ravi-artstein-2016-language,
    title = "Language Portability for Dialogue Systems: Translating a Question-Answering System from {E}nglish into {T}amil",
    author = "Ravi, Satheesh  and
      Artstein, Ron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3614",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3614",
    pages = "111--116",
}
@inproceedings{forbes-riley-etal-2016-extracting,
    title = "Extracting {PDTB} Discourse Relations from Student Essays",
    author = "Forbes-Riley, Kate  and
      Zhang, Fan  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3615",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3615",
    pages = "117--127",
}
@inproceedings{hayashi-etal-2016-empirical,
    title = "Empirical comparison of dependency conversions for {RST} discourse trees",
    author = "Hayashi, Katsuhiko  and
      Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3616",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3616",
    pages = "128--136",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-role,
    title = "The Role of Discourse Units in Near-Extractive Summarization",
    author = "Li, Junyi Jessy  and
      Thadani, Kapil  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3617",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3617",
    pages = "137--147",
}
@inproceedings{nicolich-henkin-etal-2016-initiations,
    title = "Initiations and Interruptions in a Spoken Dialog System",
    author = "Nicolich-Henkin, Leah  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn  and
      Black, Alan W",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3618",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3618",
    pages = "148--156",
}
@inproceedings{hirano-etal-2016-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Post-dialogue Comments by Speakers {--} How Do Humans Personalize Their Utterances in Dialogue? {--}",
    author = "Hirano, Toru  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Matsuo, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3619",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3619",
    pages = "157--165",
}
@inproceedings{davoodi-kosseim-2016-contribution,
    title = "On the Contribution of Discourse Structure on Text Complexity Assessment",
    author = "Davoodi, Elnaz  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3620",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3620",
    pages = "166--174",
}
@inproceedings{nasr-etal-2016-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic parsing of chat language in contact center conversation corpus",
    author = "Nasr, Alexis  and
      Damnati, Geraldine  and
      Guerraz, Aleksandra  and
      Bechet, Frederic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3621",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3621",
    pages = "175--184",
}
@inproceedings{dusek-jurcicek-2016-context,
    title = "A Context-aware Natural Language Generator for Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Jur{\v{c}}{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3622",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3622",
    pages = "185--190",
}
@inproceedings{blanchard-etal-2016-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Teacher Questions Using Automatic Speech Recognition in Classrooms",
    author = "Blanchard, Nathaniel  and
      Donnelly, Patrick  and
      Olney, Andrew M.  and
      Samei, Borhan  and
      Ward, Brooke  and
      Sun, Xiaoyi  and
      Kelly, Sean  and
      Nystrand, Martin  and
      D{'}Mello, Sidney K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3623",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3623",
    pages = "191--201",
}
@inproceedings{laskowski-2016-framework,
    title = "A framework for the automatic inference of stochastic turn-taking styles",
    author = "Laskowski, Kornel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3624",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3624",
    pages = "202--211",
}
@inproceedings{inoue-etal-2016-talking,
    title = "Talking with {ERICA}, an autonomous android",
    author = "Inoue, Koji  and
      Milhorat, Pierrick  and
      Lala, Divesh  and
      Zhao, Tianyu  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3625",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3625",
    pages = "212--215",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanchev-etal-2016-rapid,
    title = "Rapid Prototyping of Form-driven Dialogue Systems Using an Open-source Framework",
    author = "Stoyanchev, Svetlana  and
      Lison, Pierre  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3626",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3626",
    pages = "216--219",
}
@inproceedings{ivanov-etal-2016-lvcsr,
    title = "{LVCSR} System on a Hybrid {GPU}-{CPU} Embedded Platform for Real-Time Dialog Applications",
    author = "Ivanov, Alexei V.  and
      Lange, Patrick L.  and
      Suendermann-Oeft, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3627",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3627",
    pages = "220--223",
}
@inproceedings{matsuyama-etal-2016-socially,
    title = "Socially-Aware Animated Intelligent Personal Assistant Agent",
    author = "Matsuyama, Yoichi  and
      Bhardwaj, Arjun  and
      Zhao, Ran  and
      Romeo, Oscar  and
      Akoju, Sushma  and
      Cassell, Justine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3628",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3628",
    pages = "224--227",
}
@inproceedings{mori-araki-2016-selection,
    title = "Selection method of an appropriate response in chat-oriented dialogue systems",
    author = "Mori, Hideaki  and
      Araki, Masahiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3629",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3629",
    pages = "228--231",
}
@inproceedings{manuvinakurike-etal-2016-real,
    title = "Real-Time Understanding of Complex Discriminative Scene Descriptions",
    author = "Manuvinakurike, Ramesh  and
      Kennington, Casey  and
      DeVault, David  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3630",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3630",
    pages = "232--241",
}
@inproceedings{kennington-schlangen-2016-supporting,
    title = "Supporting Spoken Assistant Systems with a Graphical User Interface that Signals Incremental Understanding and Prediction State",
    author = "Kennington, Casey  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3631",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3631",
    pages = "242--251",
}
@inproceedings{manuvinakurike-etal-2016-toward,
    title = "Toward incremental dialogue act segmentation in fast-paced interactive dialogue systems",
    author = "Manuvinakurike, Ramesh  and
      Paetzel, Maike  and
      Qu, Cheng  and
      Schlangen, David  and
      DeVault, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3632",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3632",
    pages = "252--262",
}
@inproceedings{morency-2016-keynote,
    title = "Keynote - Modeling Human Communication Dynamics",
    author = "Morency, Louis-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3633",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3633",
    pages = "263",
}
@inproceedings{lowe-etal-2016-evaluation,
    title = "On the Evaluation of Dialogue Systems with Next Utterance Classification",
    author = "Lowe, Ryan  and
      Serban, Iulian Vlad  and
      Noseworthy, Michael  and
      Charlin, Laurent  and
      Pineau, Joelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3634",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3634",
    pages = "264--269",
}
@inproceedings{litman-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Using Conversations with Spoken Dialogue Systems in the Automated Assessment of Non-Native Speakers of {E}nglish",
    author = "Litman, Diane  and
      Young, Steve  and
      Gales, Mark  and
      Knill, Kate  and
      Ottewell, Karen  and
      van Dalen, Rogier  and
      Vandyke, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3635",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3635",
    pages = "270--275",
}
@inproceedings{misra-etal-2016-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Similarity of Sentential Arguments in Dialogue",
    author = "Misra, Amita  and
      Ecker, Brian  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3636",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3636",
    pages = "276--287",
}
@inproceedings{hough-schlangen-2016-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Fluidity for Human-Robot Interaction with Real-time, Real-world Grounding Strategies",
    author = "Hough, Julian  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3637",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3637",
    pages = "288--298",
}
@inproceedings{mehdad-tetreault-2016-characters,
    title = "Do Characters Abuse More Than Words?",
    author = "Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3638",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3638",
    pages = "299--303",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards a dialogue system that supports rich visualizations of data",
    author = "Kumar, Abhinav  and
      Aurisano, Jillian  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Johnson, Andrew  and
      Gonzalez, Alberto  and
      Leigh, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3639",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3639",
    pages = "304--309",
}
@inproceedings{mizukami-etal-2016-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Effect of Entrainment on Dialogue Acts",
    author = "Mizukami, Masahiro  and
      Yoshino, Koichiro  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Traum, David  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3640",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3640",
    pages = "310--318",
}
@inproceedings{miyazaki-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards an Entertaining Natural Language Generation System: Linguistic Peculiarities of {J}apanese Fictional Characters",
    author = "Miyazaki, Chiaki  and
      Hirano, Toru  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Matsuo, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3641",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3641",
    pages = "319--328",
}
@inproceedings{li-boyer-2016-reference,
    title = "Reference Resolution in Situated Dialogue with Learned Semantics",
    author = "Li, Xiaolong  and
      Boyer, Kristy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3642",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3642",
    pages = "329--338",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2016-training,
    title = "Training an adaptive dialogue policy for interactive learning of visually grounded word meanings",
    author = "Yu, Yanchao  and
      Eshghi, Arash  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3643",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3643",
    pages = "339--349",
}
@inproceedings{rahimtoroghi-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Fine-Grained Knowledge about Contingent Relations between Everyday Events",
    author = "Rahimtoroghi, Elahe  and
      Hernandez, Ernesto  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3644",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3644",
    pages = "350--359",
}
@inproceedings{tian-etal-2016-laugh,
    title = "When do we laugh?",
    author = "Tian, Ye  and
      Mazzocconi, Chiara  and
      Ginzburg, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3645",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3645",
    pages = "360--369",
}
@inproceedings{kobori-etal-2016-small,
    title = "Small Talk Improves User Impressions of Interview Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Kobori, Takahiro  and
      Nakano, Mikio  and
      Nakamura, Tomoaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3646",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3646",
    pages = "370--380",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Recognition of Conversational Strategies in the Service of a Socially-Aware Dialog System",
    author = "Zhao, Ran  and
      Sinha, Tanmay  and
      Black, Alan  and
      Cassell, Justine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3647",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3647",
    pages = "381--392",
}
@inproceedings{inaba-takahashi-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Utterance Ranking Model for Conversational Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Inaba, Michimasa  and
      Takahashi, Kenichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3648",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3648",
    pages = "393--403",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2016-strategy,
    title = "Strategy and Policy Learning for Non-Task-Oriented Conversational Systems",
    author = "Yu, Zhou  and
      Xu, Ziyu  and
      Black, Alan W  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3649",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-3649",
    pages = "404--412",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-south,
    title = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3700",
}
@inproceedings{krishna-etal-2016-compound,
    title = "Compound Type Identification in {S}anskrit: What Roles do the Corpus and Grammar Play?",
    author = "Krishna, Amrith  and
      Satuluri, Pavankumar  and
      Sharma, Shubham  and
      Kumar, Apurv  and
      Goyal, Pawan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3701",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "We propose a classification framework for semantic type identification of compounds in Sanskrit. We broadly classify the compounds into four different classes namely, \textit{Avyay{\=\i}bh{\=a}va}, \textit{Tatpuruṣa}, \textit{Bahuvr{\=\i}hi} and \textit{Dvandva}. Our classification is based on the traditional classification system followed by the ancient grammar treatise \textit{Adṣṭ{\=a}dhy{\=a}y{\=\i}}, proposed by P{\=a}ṇini 25 centuries back. We construct an elaborate features space for our system by combining conditional rules from the grammar \textit{Adṣṭ{\=a}dhy{\=a}y{\=\i}}, semantic relations between the compound components from a lexical database \textit{Amarakoṣa} and linguistic structures from the data using Adaptor Grammars. Our in-depth analysis of the feature space highlight inadequacy of \textit{Adṣṭ{\=a}dhy{\=a}y{\=\i}}, a generative grammar, in classifying the data samples. Our experimental results validate the effectiveness of using lexical databases as suggested by Amba Kulkarni and Anil Kumar, and put forward a new research direction by introducing linguistic patterns obtained from Adaptor grammars for effective identification of compound type. We utilise an ensemble based approach, specifically designed for handling skewed datasets and we {\%}and Experimenting with various classification methods, we achieve an overall accuracy of 0.77 using random forest classifiers.",
}
@inproceedings{kyaw-thu-etal-2016-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion Methods on a {M}yanmar Pronunciation Dictionary",
    author = "Kyaw Thu, Ye  and
      Pa Pa, Win  and
      Sagisaka, Yoshinori  and
      Iwahashi, Naoto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3702",
    pages = "11--22",
    abstract = "Grapheme-to-Phoneme (G2P) conversion is the task of predicting the pronunciation of a word given its graphemic or written form. It is a highly important part of both automatic speech recognition (ASR) and text-to-speech (TTS) systems. In this paper, we evaluate seven G2P conversion approaches: Adaptive Regularization of Weight Vectors (AROW) based structured learning (S-AROW), Conditional Random Field (CRF), Joint-sequence models (JSM), phrase-based statistical machine translation (PBSMT), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) based point-wise classification, Weighted Finite-state Transducers (WFST) on a manually tagged Myanmar phoneme dictionary. The G2P bootstrapping experimental results were measured with both automatic phoneme error rate (PER) calculation and also manual checking in terms of voiced/unvoiced, tones, consonant and vowel errors. The result shows that CRF, PBSMT and WFST approaches are the best performing methods for G2P conversion on Myanmar language.",
}
@inproceedings{gridach-2016-character,
    title = "Character-Aware Neural Networks for {A}rabic Named Entity Recognition for Social Media",
    author = "Gridach, Mourad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3703",
    pages = "23--32",
    abstract = "Named Entity Recognition (NER) is the task of classifying or labelling atomic elements in the text into categories such as Person, Location or Organisation. For Arabic language, recognizing named entities is a challenging task because of the complexity and the unique characteristics of this language. In addition, most of the previous work focuses on Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), however, recognizing named entities in social media is becoming more interesting these days. Dialectal Arabic (DA) and MSA are both used in social media, which is deemed as another challenging task. Most state-of-the-art Arabic NER systems count heavily on handcrafted engineering features and lexicons which is time consuming. In this paper, we introduce a novel neural network architecture which benefits both from character- and word-level representations automatically, by using combination of bidirectional LSTM and Conditional Random Field (CRF), eliminating the need for most feature engineering. Moreover, our model relies on unsupervised word representations learned from unannotated corpora. Experimental results demonstrate that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on publicly available benchmark for Arabic NER for social media and surpassing the previous system by a large margin.",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2016-development,
    title = "Development of a {B}engali parser by cross-lingual transfer from {H}indi",
    author = "Das, Ayan  and
      Saha, Agnivo  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3704",
    pages = "33--43",
    abstract = "In recent years there has been a lot of interest in cross-lingual parsing for developing treebanks for languages with small or no annotated treebanks. In this paper, we explore the development of a cross-lingual transfer parser from Hindi to Bengali using a Hindi parser and a Hindi-Bengali parallel corpus. A parser is trained and applied to the Hindi sentences of the parallel corpus and the parse trees are projected to construct probable parse trees of the corresponding Bengali sentences. Only about 14{\%} of these trees are complete (transferred trees contain all the target sentence words) and they are used to construct a Bengali parser. We relax the criteria of completeness to consider well-formed trees (43{\%} of the trees) leading to an improvement. We note that the words often do not have a one-to-one mapping in the two languages but considering sentences at the chunk-level results in better correspondence between the two languages. Based on this we present a method to use chunking as a preprocessing step and do the transfer on the chunk trees. We find that about 72{\%} of the projected parse trees of Bengali are now well-formed. The resultant parser achieves significant improvement in both Unlabeled Attachment Score (UAS) as well as Labeled Attachment Score (LAS) over the baseline word-level transferred parser.",
}
@inproceedings{kadupitiya-etal-2016-sinhala,
    title = "{S}inhala Short Sentence Similarity Calculation using Corpus-Based and Knowledge-Based Similarity Measures",
    author = "Kadupitiya, Jcs  and
      Ranathunga, Surangika  and
      Dias, Gihan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3705",
    pages = "44--53",
    abstract = "Currently, corpus based-similarity, string-based similarity, and knowledge-based similarity techniques are used to compare short phrases. However, no work has been conducted on the similarity of phrases in Sinhala language. In this paper, we present a hybrid methodology to compute the similarity between two Sinhala sentences using a Semantic Similarity Measurement technique (corpus-based similarity measurement plus knowledge-based similarity measurement) that makes use of word order information. Since Sinhala WordNet is still under construction, we used lexical resources in performing this semantic similarity calculation. Evaluation using 4000 sentence pairs yielded an average MSE of 0.145 and a Pearson correla-tion factor of 0.832.",
}
@inproceedings{jawaid-etal-2016-enriching,
    title = "Enriching Source for {E}nglish-to-{U}rdu Machine Translation",
    author = "Jawaid, Bushra  and
      Kamran, Amir  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3706",
    pages = "54--63",
    abstract = "This paper focuses on the generation of case markers for free word order languages that use case markers as phrasal clitics for marking the relationship between the dependent-noun and its head. The generation of such clitics becomes essential task especially when translating from fixed word order languages where syntactic relations are identified by the positions of the dependent-nouns. To address the problem of missing markers on source-side, artificial markers are added in source to improve alignments with its target counterparts. Up to 1 BLEU point increase is observed over the baseline on different test sets for English-to-Urdu.",
}
@inproceedings{behera-etal-2016-imagact4all,
    title = "The {IMAGACT}4{ALL} Ontology of Animated Images: Implications for Theoretical and Machine Translation of Action Verbs from {E}nglish-{I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Behera, Pitambar  and
      Muzaffar, Sharmin  and
      Ojha, Atul Ku.  and
      Jha, Girish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3707",
    pages = "64--73",
    abstract = "Action verbs are one of the frequently occurring linguistic elements in any given natural language as the speakers use them during every linguistic intercourse. However, each language expresses action verbs in its own inherently unique manner by categorization. One verb can refer to several interpretations of actions and one action can be expressed by more than one verb. The inter-language and intra-language variations create ambiguity for the translation of languages from the source language to target language with respect to action verbs. IMAGACT is a corpus-based ontological platform of action verbs translated from prototypic animated images explained in English and Italian as meta-languages. In this paper, we are presenting the issues and challenges in translating action verbs of Indian languages as target and English as source language by observing the animated images. Among the ten Indian languages which have been annotated so far on the platform are Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, Odia (Oriya), Bengali, Manipuri, Tamil, Assamese, Magahi and Marathi. Out of them, Manipuri belongs to the Sino-Tibetan, Tamil comes off the Dravidian and the rest owe their genesis to the Indo-Aryan language family. One of the issues is that the one-word morphological English verbs are translated into most of the Indian languages as verbs having more than one-word form; for instance as in the case of conjunct, compound, serial verbs and so on. We are further presenting a cross-lingual comparison of action verbs among Indian languages. In addition, we are also dealing with the issues in disambiguating animated images by the L1 native speakers using competence-based judgements and the theoretical and machine translation implications they bear.",
}
@inproceedings{lapitan-etal-2016-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing-based Annotation of Emotions in {F}ilipino and {E}nglish Tweets",
    author = "Lapitan, Fermin Roberto  and
      Batista-Navarro, Riza Theresa  and
      Albacea, Eliezer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3708",
    pages = "74--82",
    abstract = "The automatic analysis of emotions conveyed in social media content, e.g., tweets, has many beneficial applications. In the Philippines, one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world, such methods could potentially enable first responders to make timely decisions despite the risk of data deluge. However, recognising emotions expressed in Philippine-generated tweets, which are mostly written in Filipino, English or a mix of both, is a non-trivial task. In order to facilitate the development of natural language processing (NLP) methods that will automate such type of analysis, we have built a corpus of tweets whose predominant emotions have been manually annotated by means of crowdsourcing. Defining measures ensuring that only high-quality annotations were retained, we have produced a gold standard corpus of 1,146 emotion-labelled Filipino and English tweets. We validate the value of this manually produced resource by demonstrating that an automatic emotion-prediction method based on the use of a publicly available word-emotion association lexicon was unable to reproduce the labels assigned via crowdsourcing. While we are planning to make a few extensions to the corpus in the near future, its current version has been made publicly available in order to foster the development of emotion analysis methods based on advanced Filipino and English NLP.",
}
@inproceedings{phani-etal-2016-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis of Tweets in Three {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Phani, Shanta  and
      Lahiri, Shibamouli  and
      Biswas, Arindam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3710",
    pages = "93--102",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the results of sentiment analysis on tweets in three Indian languages {--} Bengali, Hindi, and Tamil. We used the recently released SAIL dataset (Patra et al., 2015), and obtained state-of-the-art results in all three languages. Our features are simple, robust, scalable, and language-independent. Further, we show that these simple features provide better results than more complex and language-specific features, in two separate classification tasks. Detailed feature analysis and error analysis have been reported, along with learning curves for Hindi and Bengali.",
}
@inproceedings{behera-etal-2016-dealing,
    title = "Dealing with Linguistic Divergences in {E}nglish-{B}hojpuri Machine Translation",
    author = "Behera, Pitambar  and
      Mourya, Neha  and
      Pandey, Vandana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3711",
    pages = "103--113",
    abstract = "In Machine Translation, divergence is one of the major barriers which plays a deciding role in determining the efficiency of the system at hand. Translation divergences originate when there is structural discrepancies between the input and the output languages. It can be of various types based on the issues we are addressing to such as linguistic, cultural, communicative and so on. Owing to the fact that two languages owe their origin to different language families, linguistic divergences emerge. The present study attempts at categorizing different types of linguistic divergences: the lexical-semantic and syntactic. In addition, it also helps identify and resolve the divergent linguistic features between English as source language and Bhojpuri as target language pair. Dorr{'}s theoretical framework (1994, 1994a) has been followed in the classification and resolution procedure. Furthermore, so far as the methodology is concerned, we have adhered to the Dorr{'}s Lexical Conceptual Structure for the resolution of divergences. This research will prove to be beneficial for developing efficient MT systems if the mentioned factors are incorporated considering the inherent structural constraints between source and target languages.ated considering the inherent structural constraints between SL and TL pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{nishioka-akasegawa-2016-development,
    title = "The development of a web corpus of {H}indi language and corpus-based comparative studies to {J}apanese",
    author = "Nishioka, Miki  and
      Akasegawa, Shiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3712",
    pages = "114--123",
    abstract = "In this paper, we discuss our creation of a web corpus of spoken Hindi (COSH), one of the Indo-Aryan languages spoken mainly in the Indian subcontinent. We also point out notable problems we{'}ve encountered in the web corpus and the special concordancer. After observing the kind of technical problems we encountered, especially regarding annotation tagged by Shiva Reddy{'}s tagger, we argue how they can be solved when using COSH for linguistic studies. Finally, we mention the kinds of linguistic research that we non-native speakers of Hindi can do using the corpus, especially in pragmatics and semantics, and from a comparative viewpoint to Japanese.",
}
@inproceedings{abdul-hameed-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Creation of a Sentence Aligned {S}inhala-{T}amil Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Abdul Hameed, Riyafa  and
      Pathirennehelage, Nadeeshani  and
      Ihalapathirana, Anusha  and
      Ziyad Mohamed, Maryam  and
      Ranathunga, Surangika  and
      Jayasena, Sanath  and
      Dias, Gihan  and
      Fernando, Sandareka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3713",
    pages = "124--132",
    abstract = "A sentence aligned parallel corpus is an important prerequisite in statistical machine translation. However, manual creation of such a parallel corpus is time consuming, and requires experts fluent in both languages. Automatic creation of a sentence aligned parallel corpus using parallel text is the solution to this problem. In this paper, we present the first ever empirical evaluation carried out to identify the best method to automatically create a sentence aligned Sinhala-Tamil parallel corpus. Annual reports from Sri Lankan government institutions were used as the parallel text for aligning. Despite both Sinhala and Tamil being under-resourced languages, we were able to achieve an F-score value of 0.791 using a hybrid approach that makes use of a bilingual dictionary.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2016-clustering,
    title = "Clustering-based Phonetic Projection in Mismatched Crowdsourcing Channels for Low-resourced {ASR}",
    author = "Chen, Wenda  and
      Hasegawa-Johnson, Mark  and
      Chen, Nancy  and
      Jyothi, Preethi  and
      Varshney, Lav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3714",
    pages = "133--141",
    abstract = "Acquiring labeled speech for low-resource languages is a difficult task in the absence of native speakers of the language. One solution to this problem involves collecting speech transcriptions from crowd workers who are foreign or non-native speakers of a given target language. From these mismatched transcriptions, one can derive probabilistic phone transcriptions that are defined over the set of all target language phones using a noisy channel model. This paper extends prior work on deriving probabilistic transcriptions (PTs) from mismatched transcriptions by 1) modelling multilingual channels and 2) introducing a clustering-based phonetic mapping technique to improve the quality of PTs. Mismatched crowdsourcing for multilingual channels has certain properties of projection mapping, e.g., it can be interpreted as a clustering based on singular value decomposition of the segment alignments. To this end, we explore the use of distinctive feature weights, lexical tone confusions, and a two-step clustering algorithm to learn projections of phoneme segments from mismatched multilingual transcriber languages to the target language. We evaluate our techniques using mismatched transcriptions for Cantonese speech acquired from native English and Mandarin speakers. We observe a 5-9{\%} relative reduction in phone error rate for the predicted Cantonese phone transcriptions using our proposed techniques compared with the previous PT method.",
}
@inproceedings{hellwig-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving the Morphological Analysis of Classical {S}anskrit",
    author = "Hellwig, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3715",
    pages = "142--151",
    abstract = "The paper describes a new tagset for the morphological disambiguation of Sanskrit, and compares the accuracy of two machine learning methods (Conditional Random Fields, deep recurrent neural networks) for this task, with a special focus on how to model the lexicographic information. It reports a significant improvement over previously published results.",
}
@inproceedings{bhattacharya-etal-2016-query,
    title = "Query Translation for Cross-Language Information Retrieval using Multilingual Word Clusters",
    author = "Bhattacharya, Paheli  and
      Goyal, Pawan  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3716",
    pages = "152--162",
    abstract = "In Cross-Language Information Retrieval, finding the appropriate translation of the source language query has always been a difficult problem to solve. We propose a technique towards solving this problem with the help of multilingual word clusters obtained from multilingual word embeddings. We use word embeddings of the languages projected to a common vector space on which a community-detection algorithm is applied to find clusters such that words that represent the same concept from different languages fall in the same group. We utilize these multilingual word clusters to perform query translation for Cross-Language Information Retrieval for three languages - English, Hindi and Bengali. We have experimented with the FIRE 2012 and Wikipedia datasets and have shown improvements over several standard methods like dictionary-based method, a transliteration-based model and Google Translate.",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2016-study,
    title = "A study of attention-based neural machine translation model on {I}ndian languages",
    author = "Das, Ayan  and
      Yerra, Pranay  and
      Kumar, Ken  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3717",
    pages = "163--172",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation (NMT) models have recently been shown to be very successful in machine translation (MT). The use of LSTMs in machine translation has significantly improved the translation performance for longer sentences by being able to capture the context and long range correlations of the sentences in their hidden layers. The attention model based NMT system (Bahdanau et al., 2014) has become the state-of-the-art, performing equal or better than other statistical MT approaches. In this paper, we wish to study the performance of the attention-model based NMT system (Bahdanau et al., 2014) on the Indian language pair, Hindi and Bengali, and do an analysis on the types or errors that occur in case when the languages are morphologically rich and there is a scarcity of large parallel training corpus. We then carry out certain post-processing heuristic steps to improve the quality of the translated statements and suggest further measures that can be carried out.",
}
@inproceedings{fernando-etal-2016-comprehensive,
    title = "Comprehensive Part-Of-Speech Tag Set and {SVM} based {POS} Tagger for {S}inhala",
    author = "Fernando, Sandareka  and
      Ranathunga, Surangika  and
      Jayasena, Sanath  and
      Dias, Gihan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3718",
    pages = "173--182",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new comprehensive multi-level Part-Of-Speech tag set and a Support Vector Machine based Part-Of-Speech tagger for the Sinhala language. The currently available tag set for Sinhala has two limitations: the unavailability of tags to represent some word classes and the lack of tags to capture inflection based grammatical variations of words. The new tag set, presented in this paper overcomes both of these limitations. The accuracy of available Sinhala Part-Of-Speech taggers, which are based on Hidden Markov Models, still falls far behind state of the art. Our Support Vector Machine based tagger achieved an overall accuracy of 84.68{\%} with 59.86{\%} accuracy for unknown words and 87.12{\%} for known words, when the test set contains 10{\%} of unknown words.",
}
@inproceedings{bakliwal-etal-2016-align,
    title = "Align Me: A framework to generate Parallel Corpus Using {OCR}s and Bilingual Dictionaries",
    author = "Bakliwal, Priyam  and
      V V, Devadath  and
      Jawahar, C V",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3719",
    pages = "183--187",
    abstract = "Multilingual language processing tasks like statistical machine translation and cross language information retrieval rely mainly on availability of accurate parallel corpora. Manual construction of such corpus can be extremely expensive and time consuming. In this paper we present a simple yet efficient method to generate huge amount of reasonably accurate parallel corpus with minimal user efforts. We utilize the availability of large number of English books and their corresponding translations in other languages to build parallel corpus. Optical Character Recognizing systems are used to digitize such books. We propose a robust dictionary based parallel corpus generation system for alignment of multilingual text at different levels of granularity (sentence, paragraphs, etc). We show the performance of our proposed method on a manually aligned dataset of 300 Hindi-English sentences and 100 English-Malayalam sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-zhu-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning {I}ndonesian-{C}hinese Lexicon with Bilingual Word Embedding Models and Monolingual Signals",
    author = "Qiu, Xinying  and
      Zhu, Gangqin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3720",
    pages = "188--193",
    abstract = "We present a research on learning Indonesian-Chinese bilingual lexicon using monolingual word embedding and bilingual seed lexicons to build shared bilingual word embedding space. We take the first attempt to examine the impact of different monolingual signals for the choice of seed lexicons on the model performance. We found that although monolingual signals alone do not seem to outperform signals coverings all words, the significant improvement for learning word translation of the same signal types may suggest that linguistic features possess value for further study in distinguishing the semantic margins of the shared word embedding space.",
}
@inproceedings{berment-2016-creating,
    title = "Creating rich online dictionaries for the {L}ao{--}{F}rench language pair, reusable for Machine Translation",
    author = "Berment, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3721",
    pages = "194--197",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present how we generated two rich online bilingual dictionaries {---} Lao-French and French-Lao {---} from unstructured dictionaries in Microsoft Word files. Then we shortly discuss the possible reuse of the lexical data for Machine Translation projects.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-grammar,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar and Lexicon: interactions and interfaces ({G}ram{L}ex)",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Boguslavsky, Igor",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3800",
}
@inproceedings{apresjan-2016-information,
    title = "Information structure, syntax, and pragmatics and other factors in resolving scope ambiguity",
    author = "Apresjan, Valentina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar and Lexicon: interactions and interfaces ({G}ram{L}ex)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3801",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "The paper is a corpus study of the factors involved in disambiguating potential scope ambiguity in sentences with negation and universal quantifier, such as {``}I don{'}t want talk to all these people{''}, which can alternatively mean {`}I don{'}t want to talk to any of these people{'} and {`}I don{'}t want to talk to some of these people{'}. The relevant factors are demonstrated to be largely different from those involved in disambiguating lexical polysemy. They include the syntactic function of the constituent containing {``}all{''} quantifier (subject, direct complement, adjunct), as well as the deepness of its embedding; the status of the main predicate and {``}all{''} constituent with respect to the information structure of the 6utterance (topic vs. focus, given vs. new information); pragmatic implicatures pertaining to the situations described in the utterances.",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-2016-multiword,
    title = "Multiword Expressions at the Grammar-Lexicon Interface",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar and Lexicon: interactions and interfaces ({G}ram{L}ex)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3802",
    pages = "7",
    abstract = "In this talk, I will outline a range of challenges presented by multiword expressions in terms of (lexicalist) precision grammar engineering, and different strategies for accommodating those challenges, in an attempt to strike the right balance in terms of generalisation and over- and under-generation.",
}
@inproceedings{iomdin-2016-microsyntactic,
    title = "Microsyntactic Phenomena as a Computational Linguistics Issue",
    author = "Iomdin, Leonid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar and Lexicon: interactions and interfaces ({G}ram{L}ex)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3803",
    pages = "8--17",
    abstract = "Microsyntactic linguistic units, such as syntactic idioms and non-standard syntactic constructions, are poorly represented in linguistic resources, mostly because the former are elements occupying an intermediate position between the lexicon and the grammar and the latter are too specific to be routinely tackled by general grammars. Consequently, many such units produce substantial gaps in systems intended to solve sophisticated computational linguistics tasks, such as parsing, deep semantic analysis, question answering, machine translation, or text generation. They also present obstacles for applying advanced techniques to these tasks, such as machine learning. The paper discusses an approach aimed at bridging such gaps, focusing on the development of monolingual and multilingual corpora where microsyntactic units are to be tagged.",
}
@inproceedings{lopatkova-kettnerova-2016-alternations,
    title = "{A}lternations: From Lexicon to Grammar And Back Again",
    author = "Lopatkov{\'a}, Mark{\'e}ta  and
      Kettnerov{\'a}, V{\'a}clava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar and Lexicon: interactions and interfaces ({G}ram{L}ex)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3804",
    pages = "18--27",
    abstract = "An excellent example of a phenomenon bridging a lexicon and a grammar is provided by grammaticalized alternations (e.g., passivization, reflexivity, and reciprocity): these alternations represent productive grammatical processes which are, however, lexically determined. While grammaticalized alternations keep lexical meaning of verbs unchanged, they are usually characterized by various changes in their morphosyntactic structure. In this contribution, we demonstrate on the example of reciprocity and its representation in the valency lexicon of Czech verbs, VALLEX how a linguistic description of complex (and still systemic) changes characteristic of grammaticalized alternations can benefit from an integration of grammatical rules into a valency lexicon. In contrast to other types of grammaticalized alternations, reciprocity in Czech has received relatively little attention although it closely interacts with various linguistic phenomena (e.g., with light verbs, diatheses, and reflexivity).",
}
@inproceedings{mcshane-nirenburg-2016-extra,
    title = "Extra-Specific Multiword Expressions for Language-Endowed Intelligent Agents",
    author = "McShane, Marjorie  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar and Lexicon: interactions and interfaces ({G}ram{L}ex)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3805",
    pages = "28--37",
    abstract = "Language-endowed intelligent agents benefit from leveraging lexical knowledge falling at different points along a spectrum of compositionality. This means that robust computational lexicons should include not only the compositional expectations of argument-taking words, but also non-compositional collocations (idioms), semi-compositional collocations that might be difficult for an agent to interpret (e.g., standard metaphors), and even collocations that could be compositionally analyzed but are so frequently encountered that recording their meaning increases the efficiency of interpretation. In this paper we argue that yet another type of string-to-meaning mapping can also be useful to intelligent agents: remembered semantic analyses of actual text inputs. These can be viewed as super-specific multi-word expressions whose recorded interpretations mimic a person{'}s memories of knowledge previously learned from language input. These differ from typical annotated corpora in two ways. First, they provide a full, context-sensitive semantic interpretation rather than select features. Second, they are are formulated in the ontologically-grounded metalanguage used in a particular agent environment, meaning that the interpretations contribute to the dynamically evolving cognitive capabilites of agents configured in that environment.",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-2016-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective on Grammar and Lexicon",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar and Lexicon: interactions and interfaces ({G}ram{L}ex)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3806",
    pages = "38--40",
    abstract = "Universal Dependencies is an initiative to develop cross-linguistically consistent grammatical annotation for many languages, with the goal of facilitating multilingual parser development, cross-lingual learning and parsing research from a language typology perspective. It assumes a dependency-based approach to syntax and a lexicalist approach to morphology, which together entail that the fundamental units of grammatical annotation are words. Words have properties captured by morphological annotation and enter into relations captured by syntactic annotation. Moreover, priority is given to relations between lexical content words, as opposed to grammatical function words. In this position paper, I discuss how this approach allows us to capture similarities and differences across typologically diverse languages.",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-etal-2016-development,
    title = "The Development of Multimodal Lexical Resources",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Do, Tuan  and
      Kehat, Gitit  and
      Krishnaswamy, Nikhil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar and Lexicon: interactions and interfaces ({G}ram{L}ex)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3807",
    pages = "41--47",
    abstract = "Human communication is a multimodal activity, involving not only speech and written expressions, but intonation, images, gestures, visual clues, and the interpretation of actions through perception. In this paper, we describe the design of a multimodal lexicon that is able to accommodate the diverse modalities that present themselves in NLP applications. We have been developing a multimodal semantic representation, VoxML, that integrates the encoding of semantic, visual, gestural, and action-based features associated with linguistic expressions.",
}
@inproceedings{boguslavsky-2016-non,
    title = "On the Non-canonical Valency Filling",
    author = "Boguslavsky, Igor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar and Lexicon: interactions and interfaces ({G}ram{L}ex)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3808",
    pages = "51--60",
    abstract = "Valency slot filling is a semantic glue, which brings together the meanings of words. As regards the position of an argument in the dependency structure with respect to its predicate, there exist three types of valency filling: active (canonical), passive, and discontinuous. Of these, the first type is studied much better than the other two. As a rule, canonical actants are unambiguously marked in the syntactic structure, and each actant corresponds to a unique syntactic position. Linguistic information on which syntactic function an actant might have (subject, direct or indirect object), what its morphological form should be and which prepositions or conjunctions it requires, can be given in the lexicon in the form of government patterns, subcategorization frames, or similar data structures. We concentrate on non-canonical cases of valency filling in Russian, which are characteristic of non-verbal parts of speech, such as adverbs, adjectives, and particles, in the first place. They are more difficult to handle than canonical ones, because the position of the actant in the tree is governed by more complicated rules. A valency may be filled by expressions occupying different syntactic positions, and a syntactic position may accept expressions filling different valencies of the same word. We show how these phenomena can be processed in a semantic analyzer.",
}
@inproceedings{danlos-etal-2016-improvement,
    title = "Improvement of {V}erb{N}et-like resources by frame typing",
    author = "Danlos, Laurence  and
      Constant, Matthieu  and
      Barque, Lucie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar and Lexicon: interactions and interfaces ({G}ram{L}ex)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3809",
    pages = "61--70",
    abstract = "Verbenet is a French lexicon developed by {``}translation{''} of its English counterpart {---} VerbNet (Kipper-Schuler, 2005){---}and treatment of the specificities of French syntax (Pradet et al., 2014; Danlos et al., 2016). One difficulty encountered in its development springs from the fact that the list of (potentially numerous) frames has no internal organization. This paper proposes a type system for frames that shows whether two frames are variants of a given alternation. Frame typing facilitates coherence checking of the resource in a {``}virtuous circle{''}. We present the principles underlying a program we developed and used to automatically type frames in VerbeNet. We also show that our system is portable to other languages.",
}
@inproceedings{fucikova-etal-2016-enriching,
    title = "Enriching a Valency Lexicon by Deverbative Nouns",
    author = "Fu{\v{c}}{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar and Lexicon: interactions and interfaces ({G}ram{L}ex)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3810",
    pages = "71--80",
    abstract = "We present an attempt to automatically identify Czech deverbative nouns using several methods that use large corpora as well as existing lexical resources. The motivation for the task is to extend a verbal valency (i.e., predicate-argument) lexicon by adding nouns that share the valency properties with the base verb, assuming their properties can be derived (even if not trivially) from the underlying verb by deterministic grammatical rules. At the same time, even in inflective languages, not all deverbatives are simply created from their underlying base verb by regular lexical derivation processes. We have thus developed hybrid techniques that use both large parallel corpora and several standard lexical resources. Thanks to the use of parallel corpora, the resulting sets contain also synonyms, which the lexical derivation rules cannot get. For evaluation, we have manually created a small, 100-verb gold data since no such dataset was initially available for Czech.",
}
@inproceedings{iordachioaia-etal-2016-grammar,
    title = "The Grammar of {E}nglish Deverbal Compounds and their Meaning",
    author = "Iord{\u{a}}chioaia, Gianina  and
      van der Plas, Lonneke  and
      Jagfeld, Glorianna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar and Lexicon: interactions and interfaces ({G}ram{L}ex)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3811",
    pages = "81--91",
    abstract = "We present an interdisciplinary study on the interaction between the interpretation of noun-noun deverbal compounds (DCs; e.g., task assignment) and the morphosyntactic properties of their deverbal heads in English. Underlying hypotheses from theoretical linguistics are tested with tools and resources from computational linguistics. We start with Grimshaw{'}s (1990) insight that deverbal nouns are ambiguous between argument-supporting nominal (ASN) readings, which inherit verbal arguments (e.g., the assignment of the tasks), and the less verbal and more lexicalized Result Nominal and Simple Event readings (e.g., a two-page assignment). Following Grimshaw, our hypothesis is that the former will realize object arguments in DCs, while the latter will receive a wider range of interpretations like root compounds headed by non-derived nouns (e.g., chocolate box). Evidence from a large corpus assisted by machine learning techniques confirms this hypothesis, by showing that, besides other features, the realization of internal arguments by deverbal heads outside compounds (i.e., the most distinctive ASN-property in Grimshaw 1990) is a good predictor for an object interpretation of non-heads in DCs.",
}
@inproceedings{kahane-lareau-2016-encoding,
    title = "Encoding a syntactic dictionary into a super granular unification grammar",
    author = "Kahane, Sylvain  and
      Lareau, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar and Lexicon: interactions and interfaces ({G}ram{L}ex)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3812",
    pages = "92--101",
    abstract = "We show how to turn a large-scale syntactic dictionary into a dependency-based unification grammar where each piece of lexical information calls a separate rule, yielding a super granular grammar. Subcategorization, raising and control verbs, auxiliaries and copula, passivization, and tough-movement are discussed. We focus on the semantics-syntax interface and offer a new perspective on syntactic structure.",
}
@inproceedings{morimoto-etal-2016-identification,
    title = "Identification of Flexible Multiword Expressions with the Help of Dependency Structure Annotation",
    author = "Morimoto, Ayaka  and
      Yoshimoto, Akifumi  and
      Kato, Akihiko  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar and Lexicon: interactions and interfaces ({G}ram{L}ex)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3813",
    pages = "102--109",
    abstract = "This paper presents our ongoing work on compilation of English multi-word expression (MWE) lexicon. We are especially interested in collecting flexible MWEs, in which some other components can intervene the expression such as {``}a number of{''} vs {``}a large number of{''} where a modifier of {``}number{''} can be placed in the expression and inherit the original meaning. We fiest collect possible candidates of flexible English MWEs from the web, and annotate all of their occurrences in the Wall Street Journal portion of Ontonotes corpus. We make use of word dependency strcuture information of the sentences converted from the phrase structure annotation. This process enables semi-automatic annotation of MWEs in the corpus and simultanaously produces the internal and external dependency representation of flexible MWEs.",
}
@inproceedings{nedoluzhko-2016-new,
    title = "A new look at possessive reflexivization: A comparative study between {C}zech and {R}ussian",
    author = "Nedoluzhko, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar and Lexicon: interactions and interfaces ({G}ram{L}ex)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3814",
    pages = "110--119",
    abstract = "The paper presents a contrastive description of reflexive possessive pronouns {``}sv{\r{u}}j{''} in Czech and {``}svoj{''} in Russian. The research concerns syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects. With our analysis, we shed a new light on the already investigated issue, which comes from a detailed comparison of the phenomenon of possessive reflexivization in two typologically and genetically similar languages. We show that whereas in Czech, the possessive reflexivization is mostly limited to syntactic functions and does not go beyond the grammar, in Russian it gets additional semantic meanings and moves substan-tially towards the lexicon. The obtained knowledge allows us to explain heretofore unclear marginal uses of reflexives in each language.",
}
@inproceedings{rosen-2016-modeling,
    title = "Modeling non-standard language",
    author = "Rosen, Alexandr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar and Lexicon: interactions and interfaces ({G}ram{L}ex)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3815",
    pages = "120--131",
    abstract = "A specific language as used by different speakers and in different situations has a number of more or less distant varieties. Extending the notion of non-standard language to varieties that do not fit an explicitly or implicitly assumed norm or pattern, we look for methods and tools that could be applied to this domain. The needs start from the theoretical side: categories usable for the analysis of non-standard language are not readily available, and continue to methods and tools required for its detection and diagnostics. A general discussion of issues related to non-standard language is followed by two case studies. The first study presents a taxonomy of morphosyntactic categories as an attempt to analyse non-standard forms produced by non-native learners of Czech. The second study focusses on the role of a rule-based grammar and lexicon in the process of building and using a parsebank.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-noisy,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    author = "Han, Bo  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Derczynski, Leon  and
      Xu, Wei  and
      Baldwin, Tim",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3900",
}
@inproceedings{plank-2016-processing,
    title = "Processing non-canonical or noisy text: fortuitous data to the rescue",
    author = "Plank, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3901",
    pages = "1",
    abstract = "Real world data differs radically from the benchmark corpora we use in NLP, resulting in large performance drops. The reason for this problem is obvious: NLP models are trained on limited samples from canonical varieties considered standard. However, there are many dimensions, e.g., sociodemographic, language, genre, sentence type, etc. on which texts can differ from the standard. The solution is not obvious: we cannot control for all factors, and it is not clear how to best go beyond the current practice of training on homogeneous data from a single domain and language. In this talk, I review the notion of canonicity, and how it shapes our community{'}s approach to language. I argue for the use of fortuitous data. Fortuitous data is data out there that just waits to be harvested. It includes data which is in plain sight, but is often neglected, and more distant sources like behavioral data, which first need to be refined. They provide additional contexts and a myriad of opportunities to build more adaptive language technology, some of which I will explore in this talk.",
}
@inproceedings{chang-2016-entity,
    title = "From Entity Linking to Question Answering {--} Recent Progress on Semantic Grounding Tasks",
    author = "Chang, Ming-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3902",
    pages = "2",
    abstract = "Entity linking and semantic parsing have been shown to be crucial to important applications such as question answering and document understanding. These tasks often require structured learning models, which make predictions on multiple interdependent variables. In this talk, I argue that carefully designed structured learning algorithms play a central role in entity linking and semantic parsing tasks. In particular, I will present several new structured learning models for entity linking, which jointly detect mentions and disambiguate entities as well as capture non-textual information. I will then show how to use a staged search procedure to building a state-of-the-art knowledge base question answering system. Finally, if time permits, I will discuss different supervision protocols for training semantic parsers and the value of labeling semantic parses.",
}
@inproceedings{torisawa-2016-disaana,
    title = "{DISAANA} and D-{SUMM}: Large-scale Real Time {NLP} Systems for Analyzing Disaster Related Reports in Tweets",
    author = "Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3903",
    pages = "3",
    abstract = "This talk presents two NLP systems that were developed for helping disaster victims and rescue workers in the aftermath of large-scale disasters. DISAANA provides answers to questions such as {``}What is in short supply in Tokyo?{''} and displays locations related to each answer on a map. D-SUMM automatically summarizes a large number of disaster related reports concerning a specified area and helps rescue workers to understand disaster situations from a macro perspective. Both systems are publicly available as Web services. In the aftermath of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake (M7.0), the Japanese government actually used DISAANA to analyze the situation.",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-fiser-2016-private,
    title = "Private or Corporate? Predicting User Types on Twitter",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3904",
    pages = "4--12",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a series of experiments on discriminating between private and corporate accounts on Twitter. We define features based on Twitter metadata, morphosyntactic tags and surface forms, showing that the simple bag-of-words model achieves single best results that can, however, be improved by building a weighted soft ensemble of classifiers based on each feature type. Investigating the time and language dependence of each feature type delivers quite unexpecting results showing that features based on metadata are neither time- nor language-insensitive as the way the two user groups use the social network varies heavily through time and space.",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-alonso-etal-2016-noisy,
    title = "From Noisy Questions to {M}inecraft Texts: Annotation Challenges in Extreme Syntax Scenario",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3905",
    pages = "13--23",
    abstract = "User-generated content presents many challenges for its automatic processing. While many of them do come from out-of-vocabulary effects, others spawn from different linguistic phenomena such as unusual syntax. In this work we present a French three-domain data set made up of question headlines from a cooking forum, game chat logs and associated forums from two popular online games (MINECRAFT {\&} LEAGUE OF LEGENDS). We chose these domains because they encompass different degrees of lexical and syntactic compliance with canonical language. We conduct an automatic and manual evaluation of the difficulties of processing these domains for part-of-speech prediction, and introduce a pilot study to determine whether dependency analysis lends itself well to annotate these data. We also discuss the development cost of our data set.",
}
@inproceedings{asakura-etal-2016-disaster,
    title = "Disaster Analysis using User-Generated Weather Report",
    author = "Asakura, Yasunobu  and
      Hangyo, Masatsugu  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3906",
    pages = "24--32",
    abstract = "Information extraction from user-generated text has gained much attention with the growth of the Web.Disaster analysis using information from social media provides valuable, real-time, geolocation information for helping people caught up these in disasters. However, it is not convenient to analyze texts posted on social media because disaster keywords match any texts that contain words. For collecting posts about a disaster from social media, we need to develop a classifier to filter posts irrelevant to disasters. Moreover, because of the nature of social media, we can take advantage of posts that come with GPS information. However, a post does not always refer to an event occurring at the place where it has been posted. Therefore, we propose a new task of classifying whether a flood disaster occurred, in addition to predicting the geolocation of events from user-generated text. We report the annotation of the flood disaster corpus and develop a classifier to demonstrate the use of this corpus for disaster analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{reichel-lendvai-2016-veracity,
    title = "Veracity Computing from Lexical Cues and Perceived Certainty Trends",
    author = "Reichel, Uwe  and
      Lendvai, Piroska",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3907",
    pages = "33--42",
    abstract = "We present a data-driven method for determining the veracity of a set of rumorous claims on social media data. Tweets from different sources pertaining to a rumor are processed on three levels: first, factuality values are assigned to each tweet based on four textual cue categories relevant for our journalism use case; these amalgamate speaker support in terms of polarity and commitment in terms of certainty and speculation. Next, the proportions of these lexical cues are utilized as predictors for tweet certainty in a generalized linear regression model. Subsequently, lexical cue proportions, predicted certainty, as well as their time course characteristics are used to compute veracity for each rumor in terms of the identity of the rumor-resolving tweet and its binary resolution value judgment. The system operates without access to extralinguistic resources. Evaluated on the data portion for which hand-labeled examples were available, it achieves .74 F1-score on identifying rumor resolving tweets and .76 F1-score on predicting if a rumor is resolved as true or false.",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-wees-etal-2016-simple,
    title = "A Simple but Effective Approach to Improve {A}rabizi-to-{E}nglish Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "van der Wees, Marlies  and
      Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3908",
    pages = "43--50",
    abstract = "A major challenge for statistical machine translation (SMT) of Arabic-to-English user-generated text is the prevalence of text written in Arabizi, or Romanized Arabic. When facing such texts, a translation system trained on conventional Arabic-English data will suffer from extremely low model coverage. In addition, Arabizi is not regulated by any official standardization and therefore highly ambiguous, which prevents rule-based approaches from achieving good translation results. In this paper, we improve Arabizi-to-English machine translation by presenting a simple but effective Arabizi-to-Arabic transliteration pipeline that does not require knowledge by experts or native Arabic speakers. We incorporate this pipeline into a phrase-based SMT system, and show that translation quality after automatically transliterating Arabizi to Arabic yields results that are comparable to those achieved after human transliteration.",
}
@inproceedings{andy-etal-2016-name,
    title = "Name Variation in Community Question Answering Systems",
    author = "Andy, Anietie  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Rwebangira, Mugizi  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3909",
    pages = "51--60",
    abstract = "Name Variation in Community Question Answering Systems Abstract Community question answering systems are forums where users can ask and answer questions in various categories. Examples are Yahoo! Answers, Quora, and Stack Overflow. A common challenge with such systems is that a significant percentage of asked questions are left unanswered. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to reduce the number of unanswered questions in Yahoo! Answers by reusing the answer to the most similar past resolved question to the unanswered question, from the site. Semantically similar questions could be worded differently, thereby making it difficult to find questions that have shared needs. For example, {``}Who is the best player for the Reds?{''} and {``}Who is currently the biggest star at Manchester United?{''} have a shared need but are worded differently; also, {``}Reds{''} and {``}Manchester United{''} are used to refer to the soccer team Manchester United football club. In this research, we focus on question categories that contain a large number of named entities and entity name variations. We show that in these categories, entity linking can be used to identify relevant past resolved questions with shared needs as a given question by disambiguating named entities and matching these questions based on the disambiguated entities, identified entities, and knowledge base information related to these entities. We evaluated our algorithm on a new dataset constructed from Yahoo! Answers. The dataset contains annotated question pairs, (Qgiven, [Qpast, Answer]). We carried out experiments on several question categories and show that an entity-based approach gives good performance when searching for similar questions in entity rich categories.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-whose,
    title = "Whose Nickname is This? Recognizing Politicians from Their Aliases",
    author = "Wang, Wei-Chung  and
      Chen, Hung-Chen  and
      Ji, Zhi-Kai  and
      Hsiao, Hui-I  and
      Chiu, Yu-Shian  and
      Ku, Lun-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3910",
    pages = "61--69",
    abstract = "Using aliases to refer to public figures is one way to make fun of people, to express sarcasm, or even to sidestep legal issues when expressing opinions on social media. However, linking an alias back to the real name is difficult, as it entails phonemic, graphemic, and semantic challenges. In this paper, we propose a phonemic-based approach and inject semantic information to align aliases with politicians{'} Chinese formal names. The proposed approach creates an HMM model for each name to model its phonemes and takes into account document-level pairwise mutual information to capture the semantic relations to the alias. In this work we also introduce two new datasets consisting of 167 phonemic pairs and 279 mixed pairs of aliases and formal names. Experimental results show that the proposed approach models both phonemic and semantic information and outperforms previous work on both the phonemic and mixed datasets with the best top-1 accuracies of 0.78 and 0.59 respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{jain-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Accurate Event Detection in Social Media: A Weakly Supervised Approach for Learning Implicit Event Indicators",
    author = "Jain, Ajit  and
      Kasiviswanathan, Girish  and
      Huang, Ruihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3911",
    pages = "70--77",
    abstract = "Accurate event detection in social media is very challenging because user generated contents are extremely noisy and sparse in content. Event indicators are generally words or phrases that act as a trigger that help us understand the semantics of the context they occur in. We present a weakly supervised approach that relies on using a single strong event indicator phrase as a seed to acquire a variety of additional event cues. We propose to leverage various types of implicit event indicators, such as props, actors and precursor events, to achieve precise event detection. We experimented with civil unrest events and show that the automatically learnt event indicators are effective in identifying specific types of events.",
}
@inproceedings{albogamy-ramsay-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Stemmer for {A}rabic Tweets",
    author = "Albogamy, Fahad  and
      Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3912",
    pages = "78--84",
    abstract = "Stemming is an essential processing step in a wide range of high level text processing applications such as information extraction, machine translation and sentiment analysis. It is used to reduce words to their stems. Many stemming algorithms have been developed for Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Although Arabic tweets and MSA are closely related and share many characteristics, there are substantial differences between them in lexicon and syntax. In this paper, we introduce a light Arabic stemmer for Arabic tweets. Our results show improvements over the performance of a number of well-known stemmers for Arabic.",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2016-topic,
    title = "Topic Stability over Noisy Sources",
    author = "Su, Jing  and
      Greene, Derek  and
      Boydell, Ois{\'\i}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3913",
    pages = "85--93",
    abstract = "Topic modelling techniques such as LDA have recently been applied to speech transcripts and OCR output. These corpora may contain noisy or erroneous texts which may undermine topic stability. Therefore, it is important to know how well a topic modelling algorithm will perform when applied to noisy data. In this paper we show that different types of textual noise can have diverse effects on the stability of topic models. On the other hand, topic model stability is not consistent with the same type but different levels of noise. We introduce a dictionary filtering approach to address this challenge, with the result that a topic model with the correct number of topics is always identified across different levels of noise.",
}
@inproceedings{pain-etal-2016-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Twitter Data for Postmarketing Surveillance in Pharmacovigilance",
    author = "Pain, Julie  and
      Levacher, Jessie  and
      Quinquenel, Adam  and
      Belz, Anja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3914",
    pages = "94--101",
    abstract = "Postmarketing surveillance (PMS) has the vital aim to monitor effects of drugs after release for use by the general population, but suffers from under-reporting and limited coverage. Automatic methods for detecting drug effect reports, especially for social media, could vastly increase the scope of PMS. Very few automatic PMS methods are currently available, in particular for the messy text types encountered on Twitter. In this paper we describe first results for developing PMS methods specifically for tweets. We describe the corpus of 125,669 tweets we have created and annotated to train and test the tools. We find that generic tools perform well for tweet-level language identification and tweet-level sentiment analysis (both 0.94 F1-Score). For detection of effect mentions we are able to achieve 0.87 F1-Score, while effect-level adverse-vs.-beneficial analysis proves harder with an F1-Score of 0.64. Among other things, our results indicate that MetaMap semantic types provide a very promising basis for identifying drug effect mentions in tweets.",
}
@inproceedings{belainine-etal-2016-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition and Hashtag Decomposition to Improve the Classification of Tweets",
    author = "Belainine, Billal  and
      Fonseca, Alexsandro  and
      Sadat, Fatiha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3915",
    pages = "102--111",
    abstract = "In social networks services like Twitter, users are overwhelmed with huge amount of social data, most of which are short, unstructured and highly noisy. Identifying accurate information from this huge amount of data is indeed a hard task. Classification of tweets into organized form will help the user to easily access these required information. Our first contribution relates to filtering parts of speech and preprocessing this kind of highly noisy and short data. Our second contribution concerns the named entity recognition (NER) in tweets. Thus, the adaptation of existing language tools for natural languages, noisy and not accurate language tweets, is necessary. Our third contribution involves segmentation of hashtags and a semantic enrichment using a combination of relations from WordNet, which helps the performance of our classification system, including disambiguation of named entities, abbreviations and acronyms. Graph theory is used to cluster the words extracted from WordNet and tweets, based on the idea of connected components. We test our automatic classification system with four categories: politics, economy, sports and the medical field. We evaluate and compare several automatic classification systems using part or all of the items described in our contributions and found that filtering by part of speech and named entity recognition dramatically increase the classification precision to 77.3 {\%}. Moreover, a classification system incorporating segmentation of hashtags and semantic enrichment by two relations from WordNet, synonymy and hyperonymy, increase classification precision up to 83.4 {\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{costa-bertaglia-volpe-nunes-2016-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Word Embeddings for Unsupervised Textual User-Generated Content Normalization",
    author = "Costa Bertaglia, Thales Felipe  and
      Volpe Nunes, Maria das Gra{\c{c}}as",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3916",
    pages = "112--120",
    abstract = "Text normalization techniques based on rules, lexicons or supervised training requiring large corpora are not scalable nor domain interchangeable, and this makes them unsuitable for normalizing user-generated content (UGC). Current tools available for Brazilian Portuguese make use of such techniques. In this work we propose a technique based on distributed representation of words (or word embeddings). It generates continuous numeric vectors of high-dimensionality to represent words. The vectors explicitly encode many linguistic regularities and patterns, as well as syntactic and semantic word relationships. Words that share semantic similarity are represented by similar vectors. Based on these features, we present a totally unsupervised, expandable and language and domain independent method for learning normalization lexicons from word embeddings. Our approach obtains high correction rate of orthographic errors and internet slang in product reviews, outperforming the current available tools for Brazilian Portuguese.",
}
@inproceedings{boudin-etal-2016-document,
    title = "How Document Pre-processing affects Keyphrase Extraction Performance",
    author = "Boudin, Florian  and
      Mougard, Hugo  and
      Cram, Damien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3917",
    pages = "121--128",
    abstract = "The SemEval-2010 benchmark dataset has brought renewed attention to the task of automatic keyphrase extraction. This dataset is made up of scientific articles that were automatically converted from PDF format to plain text and thus require careful preprocessing so that irrevelant spans of text do not negatively affect keyphrase extraction performance. In previous work, a wide range of document preprocessing techniques were described but their impact on the overall performance of keyphrase extraction models is still unexplored. Here, we re-assess the performance of several keyphrase extraction models and measure their robustness against increasingly sophisticated levels of document preprocessing.",
}
@inproceedings{ikeda-etal-2016-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Text Normalization with Encoder-Decoder Model",
    author = "Ikeda, Taishi  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3918",
    pages = "129--137",
    abstract = "Text normalization is the task of transforming lexical variants to their canonical forms. We model the problem of text normalization as a character-level sequence to sequence learning problem and present a neural encoder-decoder model for solving it. To train the encoder-decoder model, many sentences pairs are generally required. However, Japanese non-standard canonical pairs are scarce in the form of parallel corpora. To address this issue, we propose a method of data augmentation to increase data size by converting existing resources into synthesized non-standard forms using handcrafted rules. We conducted an experiment to demonstrate that the synthesized corpus contributes to stably train an encoder-decoder model and improve the performance of Japanese text normalization.",
}
@inproceedings{strauss-etal-2016-results,
    title = "Results of the {WNUT}16 Named Entity Recognition Shared Task",
    author = "Strauss, Benjamin  and
      Toma, Bethany  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Xu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3919",
    pages = "138--144",
    abstract = "This paper presents the results of the Twitter Named Entity Recognition shared task associated with W-NUT 2016: a named entity tagging task with 10 teams participating. We outline the shared task, annotation process and dataset statistics, and provide a high-level overview of the participating systems for each shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{limsopatham-collier-2016-bidirectional,
    title = "Bidirectional {LSTM} for Named Entity Recognition in Twitter Messages",
    author = "Limsopatham, Nut  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3920",
    pages = "145--152",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present our approach for named entity recognition in Twitter messages that we used in our participation in the Named Entity Recognition in Twitter shared task at the COLING 2016 Workshop on Noisy User-generated text (WNUT). The main challenge that we aim to tackle in our participation is the short, noisy and colloquial nature of tweets, which makes named entity recognition in Twitter message a challenging task. In particular, we investigate an approach for dealing with this problem by enabling bidirectional long short-term memory (LSTM) to automatically learn orthographic features without requiring feature engineering. In comparison with other systems participating in the shared task, our system achieved the most effective performance on both the {`}segmentation and categorisation{'} and the {`}segmentation only{'} sub-tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{espinosa-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning to recognise named entities in tweets by exploiting weakly labelled data",
    author = "Espinosa, Kurt Junshean  and
      Batista-Navarro, Riza Theresa  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3921",
    pages = "153--163",
    abstract = "Named entity recognition (NER) in social media (e.g., Twitter) is a challenging task due to the noisy nature of text. As part of our participation in the W-NUT 2016 Named Entity Recognition Shared Task, we proposed an unsupervised learning approach using deep neural networks and leverage a knowledge base (i.e., DBpedia) to bootstrap sparse entity types with weakly labelled data. To further boost the performance, we employed a more sophisticated tagging scheme and applied dropout as a regularisation technique in order to reduce overfitting. Even without hand-crafting linguistic features nor leveraging any of the W-NUT-provided gazetteers, we obtained robust performance with our approach, which ranked third amongst all shared task participants according to the official evaluation on a gold standard named entity-annotated corpus of 3,856 tweets.",
}
@inproceedings{sikdar-gamback-2016-feature,
    title = "Feature-Rich Twitter Named Entity Recognition and Classification",
    author = {Sikdar, Utpal Kumar  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3922",
    pages = "164--170",
    abstract = "Twitter named entity recognition is the process of identifying proper names and classifying them into some predefined labels/categories. The paper introduces a Twitter named entity system using a supervised machine learning approach, namely Conditional Random Fields. A large set of different features was developed and the system was trained using these. The Twitter named entity task can be divided into two parts: i) Named entity extraction from tweets and ii) Twitter name classification into ten different types. For Twitter named entity recognition on unseen test data, our system obtained the second highest F1 score in the shared task: 63.22{\%}. The system performance on the classification task was worse, with an F1 measure of 40.06{\%} on unseen test data, which was the fourth best of the ten systems participating in the shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{partalas-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning to Search for Recognizing Named Entities in Twitter",
    author = "Partalas, Ioannis  and
      Lopez, C{\'e}dric  and
      Derbas, Nadia  and
      Kalitvianski, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3923",
    pages = "171--177",
    abstract = "We presented in this work our participation in the 2nd Named Entity Recognition for Twitter shared task. The task has been cast as a sequence labeling one and we employed a learning to search approach in order to tackle it. We also leveraged LOD for extracting rich contextual features for the named-entities. Our submission achieved F-scores of 46.16 and 60.24 for the classification and the segmentation tasks and ranked 2nd and 3rd respectively. The post-analysis showed that LOD features improved substantially the performance of our system as they counter-balance the lack of context in tweets. The shared task gave us the opportunity to test the performance of NER systems in short and noisy textual data. The results of the participated systems shows that the task is far to be considered as a solved one and methods with stellar performance in normal texts need to be revised.",
}
@inproceedings{dugas-nichols-2016-deepnnner,
    title = "{D}eep{NNNER}: Applying {BLSTM}-{CNN}s and Extended Lexicons to Named Entity Recognition in Tweets",
    author = "Dugas, Fabrice  and
      Nichols, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3924",
    pages = "178--187",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the DeepNNNER entry to The 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text (WNUT) Shared Task {\#}2: Named Entity Recognition in Twitter. Our shared task submission adopts the bidirectional LSTM-CNN model of Chiu and Nichols (2016), as it has been shown to perform well on both newswire and Web texts. It uses word embeddings trained on large-scale Web text collections together with text normalization to cope with the diversity in Web texts, and lexicons for target named entity classes constructed from publicly-available sources. Extended evaluation comparing the effectiveness of various word embeddings, text normalization, and lexicon settings shows that our system achieves a maximum F1-score of 47.24, performance surpassing that of the shared task{'}s second-ranked system.",
}
@inproceedings{gerguis-etal-2016-asu,
    title = "{ASU}: An Experimental Study on Applying Deep Learning in Twitter Named Entity Recognition.",
    author = "Gerguis, Michel Naim  and
      Salama, Cherif  and
      El-Kharashi, M. Watheq",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3925",
    pages = "188--196",
    abstract = "This paper describes the ASU system submitted in the COLING W-NUT 2016 Twitter Named Entity Recognition (NER) task. We present an experimental study on applying deep learning to extracting named entities (NEs) from tweets. We built two Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models for the task. The first model was built to extract named entities without types while the second model was built to extract and then classify them into 10 fine-grained entity classes. In this effort, we show detailed experimentation results on the effectiveness of word embeddings, brown clusters, part-of-speech (POS) tags, shape features, gazetteers, and local context for the tweet input vector representation to the LSTM model. Also, we present a set of experiments, to better design the network parameters for the Twitter NER task. Our system was ranked the fifth out of ten participants with a final f1-score for the typed classes of 39{\%} and 55{\%} for the non typed ones.",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2016-uqam,
    title = "{UQAM}-{NTL}: Named entity recognition in Twitter messages",
    author = "Le, Ngoc Tan  and
      Mallek, Fatma  and
      Sadat, Fatiha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3926",
    pages = "197--202",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system used in the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text (WNUT) shared task for Named Entity Recognition (NER) in Twitter, in conjunction with Coling 2016. Our system is based on supervised machine learning by applying Conditional Random Fields (CRF) to train two classifiers for two evaluations. The first evaluation aims at predicting the 10 fine-grained types of named entities; while the second evaluation aims at predicting no type of named entities. The experimental results show that our method has significantly improved Twitter NER performance.",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-diesner-2016-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Named Entity Recognition in noisy-text",
    author = "Mishra, Shubhanshu  and
      Diesner, Jana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3927",
    pages = "203--212",
    abstract = "Many of the existing Named Entity Recognition (NER) solutions are built based on news corpus data with proper syntax. These solutions might not lead to highly accurate results when being applied to noisy, user generated data, e.g., tweets, which can feature sloppy spelling, concept drift, and limited contextualization of terms and concepts due to length constraints. The models described in this paper are based on linear chain conditional random fields (CRFs), use the BIEOU encoding scheme, and leverage random feature dropout for up-sampling the training data. The considered features include word clusters and pre-trained distributed word representations, updated gazetteer features, and global context predictions. The latter feature allows for ingesting the meaning of new or rare tokens into the system via unsupervised learning and for alleviating the need to learn lexicon based features, which usually tend to be high dimensional. In this paper, we report on the solution [ST] we submitted to the WNUT 2016 NER shared task. We also present an improvement over our original submission [SI], which we built by using semi-supervised learning on labelled training data and pre-trained resourced constructed from unlabelled tweet data. Our ST solution achieved an F1 score of 1.2{\%} higher than the baseline (35.1{\%} F1) for the task of extracting 10 entity types. The SI resulted in an increase of 8.2{\%} in F1 score over the base-line (7.08{\%} over ST). Finally, the SI model{'}s evaluation on the test data achieved a F1 score of 47.3{\%} ({\textasciitilde}1.15{\%} increase over the 2nd best submitted solution). Our experimental setup and results are available as a standalone twitter NER tool at \url{https://github.com/napsternxg/TwitterNER}.",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2016-twitter,
    title = "Twitter Geolocation Prediction Shared Task of the 2016 Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    author = "Han, Bo  and
      Rahimi, Afshin  and
      Derczynski, Leon  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3928",
    pages = "213--217",
    abstract = "This paper presents the shared task for English Twitter geolocation prediction in WNUT 2016. We discuss details of task settings, data preparations and participant systems. The derived dataset and performance figures from each system provide baselines for future research in this realm.",
}
@inproceedings{jayasinghe-etal-2016-csiro,
    title = "{CSIRO} {D}ata61 at the {WNUT} Geo Shared Task",
    author = "Jayasinghe, Gaya  and
      Jin, Brian  and
      Mchugh, James  and
      Robinson, Bella  and
      Wan, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3929",
    pages = "218--226",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe CSIRO Data61{'}s participation in the Geolocation shared task at the Workshop for Noisy User-generated Text. Our approach was to use ensemble methods to capitalise on four component methods: heuristics based on metadata, a label propagation method, timezone text classifiers, and an information retrieval approach. The ensembles we explored focused on examining the role of language technologies in geolocation prediction and also in examining the use of hard voting and cascading ensemble methods. Based on the accuracy of city-level predictions, our systems were the best performing submissions at this year{'}s shared task. Furthermore, when estimating the latitude and longitude of a user, our median error distance was accurate to within 30 kilometers.",
}
@inproceedings{chi-etal-2016-geolocation,
    title = "Geolocation Prediction in Twitter Using Location Indicative Words and Textual Features",
    author = "Chi, Lianhua  and
      Lim, Kwan Hui  and
      Alam, Nebula  and
      Butler, Christopher J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3930",
    pages = "227--234",
    abstract = "Knowing the location of a social media user and their posts is important for various purposes, such as the recommendation of location-based items/services, and locality detection of crisis/disasters. This paper describes our submission to the shared task {``}Geolocation Prediction in Twitter{''} of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text. In this shared task, we propose an algorithm to predict the location of Twitter users and tweets using a multinomial Naive Bayes classifier trained on Location Indicative Words and various textual features (such as city/country names, {\#}hashtags and @mentions). We compared our approach against various baselines based on Location Indicative Words, city/country names, {\#}hashtags and @mentions as individual feature sets, and experimental results show that our approach outperforms these baselines in terms of classification accuracy, mean and median error distance.",
}
@inproceedings{miura-etal-2016-simple,
    title = "A Simple Scalable Neural Networks based Model for Geolocation Prediction in Twitter",
    author = "Miura, Yasuhide  and
      Taniguchi, Motoki  and
      Taniguchi, Tomoki  and
      Ohkuma, Tomoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text ({WNUT})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3931",
    pages = "235--239",
    abstract = "This paper describes a model that we submitted to W-NUT 2016 Shared task {\#}1: Geolocation Prediction in Twitter. Our model classifies a tweet or a user to a city using a simple neural networks structure with fully-connected layers and average pooling processes. From the findings of previous geolocation prediction approaches, we integrated various user metadata along with message texts and trained the model with them. In the test run of the task, the model achieved the accuracy of 40.91{\%} and the median distance error of 69.50 km in message-level prediction and the accuracy of 47.55{\%} and the median distance error of 16.13 km in user-level prediction. These results are moderate performances in terms of accuracy and best performances in terms of distance. The results show a promising extension of neural networks based models for geolocation prediction where recent advances in neural networks can be added to enhance our current simple model.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    author = "Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      Hinrichs, Marie  and
      Trippel, Thorsten",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4000",
}
@inproceedings{kuhn-2016-flexible,
    title = "Flexible and Reliable Text Analytics in the Digital Humanities {--} Some Methodological Considerations",
    author = "Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4001",
    pages = "1",
    abstract = "The availability of Language Technology Resources and Tools generates a considerable methodological potential in the Digital Humanities: aspects of research questions from the Humanities and Social Sciences can be addressed on text collections in ways that were unavailable to traditional approaches. I start this talk by sketching some sample scenarios of Digital Humanities projects which involve various Humanities and Social Science disciplines, noting that the potential for a meaningful contribution to higher-level questions is highest when the employed language technological models are carefully tailored both (a) to characteristics of the given target corpus, and (b) to relevant analytical subtasks feeding the discipline-specific research questions. Keeping up a multidisciplinary perspective, I then point out a recurrent dilemma in Digital Humanities projects that follow the conventional set-up of collaboration: to build high-quality computational models for the data, fixed analytical targets should be specified as early as possible {--} but to be able to respond to Humanities questions as they evolve over the course of analysis, the analytical machinery should be kept maximally flexible. To reach both, I argue for a novel collaborative culture that rests on a more interleaved, continuous dialogue. (Re-)Specification of analytical targets should be an ongoing process in which the Humanities Scholars and Social Scientists play a role that is as important as the Computational Scientists{'} role. A promising approach lies in the identification of re-occurring types of analytical subtasks, beyond linguistic standard tasks, which can form building blocks for text analysis across disciplines, and for which corpus-based characterizations (viz. annotations) can be collected, compared and revised. On such grounds, computational modeling is more directly tied to the evolving research questions, and hence the seemingly opposing needs of reliable target specifications vs. {``}malleable{''} frameworks of analysis can be reconciled. Experimental work following this approach is under way in the Center for Reflected Text Analytics (CRETA) in Stuttgart.",
}
@inproceedings{tjong-kim-sang-2016-finding,
    title = "Finding Rising and Falling Words",
    author = "Tjong Kim Sang, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4002",
    pages = "2--9",
    abstract = "We examine two different methods for finding rising words (among which neologisms) and falling words (among which archaisms) in decades of magazine texts (millions of words) and in years of tweets (billions of words): one based on correlation coefficients of relative frequencies and time, and one based on comparing initial and final word frequencies of time intervals. We find that smoothing frequency scores improves the precision scores of both methods and that the correlation coefficients perform better on magazine text but worse on tweets. Since the two ranking methods find different words they can be used in side-by-side to study the behavior of words over time.",
}
@inproceedings{sheng-etal-2016-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset for Multimodal Question Answering in the Cultural Heritage Domain",
    author = "Sheng, Shurong  and
      Van Gool, Luc  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4003",
    pages = "10--17",
    abstract = "Multimodal question answering in the cultural heritage domain allows visitors to ask questions in a more natural way and thus provides better user experiences with cultural objects while visiting a museum, landmark or any other historical site. In this paper, we introduce the construction of a golden standard dataset that will aid research of multimodal question answering in the cultural heritage domain. The dataset, which will be soon released to the public, contains multimodal content including images of typical artworks from the fascinating old-Egyptian Amarna period, related image-containing documents of the artworks and over 800 multimodal queries integrating visual and textual questions. The multimodal questions and related documents are all in English. The multimodal questions are linked to relevant paragraphs in the related documents that contain the answer to the multimodal query.",
}
@inproceedings{wohlgenannt-etal-2016-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Social Networks from Literary Text with Word Embedding Tools",
    author = "Wohlgenannt, Gerhard  and
      Chernyak, Ekaterina  and
      Ilvovsky, Dmitry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4004",
    pages = "18--25",
    abstract = "In this paper a social network is extracted from a literary text. The social network shows, how frequent the characters interact and how similar their social behavior is. Two types of similarity measures are used: the first applies co-occurrence statistics, while the second exploits cosine similarity on different types of word embedding vectors. The results are evaluated by a paid micro-task crowdsourcing survey. The experiments suggest that specific types of word embeddings like word2vec are well-suited for the task at hand and the specific circumstances of literary fiction text.",
}
@inproceedings{kutuzov-etal-2016-exploration,
    title = "Exploration of register-dependent lexical semantics using word embeddings",
    author = "Kutuzov, Andrey  and
      Kuzmenko, Elizaveta  and
      Marakasova, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4005",
    pages = "26--34",
    abstract = "We present an approach to detect differences in lexical semantics across English language registers, using word embedding models from distributional semantics paradigm. Models trained on register-specific subcorpora of the BNC corpus are employed to compare lists of nearest associates for particular words and draw conclusions about their semantic shifts depending on register in which they are used. The models are evaluated on the task of register classification with the help of the deep inverse regression approach. Additionally, we present a demo web service featuring most of the described models and allowing to explore word meanings in different English registers and to detect register affiliation for arbitrary texts. The code for the service can be easily adapted to any set of underlying models.",
}
@inproceedings{oka-kono-2016-original,
    title = "Original-Transcribed Text Alignment for {M}anyosyu Written by Old {J}apanese Language",
    author = "Oka, Teruaki  and
      Kono, Tomoaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4006",
    pages = "35--44",
    abstract = "We are constructing an annotated diachronic corpora of the Japanese language. In part of thiswork, we construct a corpus of Manyosyu, which is an old Japanese poetry anthology. In thispaper, we describe how to align the transcribed text and its original text semiautomatically to beable to cross-reference them in our Manyosyu corpus. Although we align the original charactersto the transcribed words manually, we preliminarily align the transcribed and original charactersby using an unsupervised automatic alignment technique of statistical machine translation toalleviate the work. We found that automatic alignment achieves an F1-measure of 0.83; thus, each poem has 1{--}2 alignment errors. However, finding these errors and modifying them are less workintensiveand more efficient than fully manual annotation. The alignment probabilities can beutilized in this modification. Moreover, we found that we can locate the uncertain transcriptionsin our corpus and compare them to other transcriptions, by using the alignment probabilities.",
}
@inproceedings{belinkov-etal-2016-shamela,
    title = "{S}hamela: A Large-Scale Historical {A}rabic Corpus",
    author = "Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      Magidow, Alexander  and
      Romanov, Maxim  and
      Shmidman, Avi  and
      Koppel, Moshe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4007",
    pages = "45--53",
    abstract = "Arabic is a widely-spoken language with a rich and long history spanning more than fourteen centuries. Yet existing Arabic corpora largely focus on the modern period or lack sufficient diachronic information. We develop a large-scale, historical corpus of Arabic of about 1 billion words from diverse periods of time. We clean this corpus, process it with a morphological analyzer, and enhance it by detecting parallel passages and automatically dating undated texts. We demonstrate its utility with selected case-studies in which we show its application to the digital humanities.",
}
@inproceedings{buechel-etal-2016-feelings,
    title = "Feelings from the {P}ast{---}{A}dapting Affective Lexicons for Historical Emotion Analysis",
    author = "Buechel, Sven  and
      Hellrich, Johannes  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4008",
    pages = "54--61",
    abstract = "We here describe a novel methodology for measuring affective language in historical text by expanding an affective lexicon and jointly adapting it to prior language stages. We automatically construct a lexicon for word-emotion association of 18th and 19th century German which is then validated against expert ratings. Subsequently, this resource is used to identify distinct emotional patterns and trace long-term emotional trends in different genres of writing spanning several centuries.",
}
@inproceedings{eckhoff-berdicevskis-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic parsing as an efficient pre-annotation tool for historical texts",
    author = "Eckhoff, Hanne Martine  and
      Berdi{\v{c}}evskis, Aleksandrs",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4009",
    pages = "62--70",
    abstract = "Historical treebanks tend to be manually annotated, which is not surprising, since state-of-the-art parsers are not accurate enough to ensure high-quality annotation for historical texts. We test whether automatic parsing can be an efficient pre-annotation tool for Old East Slavic texts. We use the TOROT treebank from the PROIEL treebank family. We convert the PROIEL format to the CONLL format and use MaltParser to create syntactic pre-annotation. Using the most conservative evaluation method, which takes into account PROIEL-specific features, MaltParser by itself yields 0.845 unlabelled attachment score, 0.779 labelled attachment score and 0.741 secondary dependency accuracy (note, though, that the test set comes from a relatively simple genre and contains rather short sentences). Experiments with human annotators show that preparsing, if limited to sentences where no changes to word or sentence boundaries are required, increases their annotation rate. For experienced annotators, the speed gain varies from 5.80{\%} to 16.57{\%}, for inexperienced annotators from 14.61{\%} to 32.17{\%} (using conservative estimates). There are no strong reliable differences in the annotation accuracy, which means that there is no reason to suspect that using preparsing might lower the final annotation quality.",
}
@inproceedings{bucur-nisioi-2016-visual,
    title = "A Visual Representation of {W}ittgenstein{'}s {T}ractatus Logico-Philosophicus",
    author = "Bucur, Anca  and
      Nisioi, Sergiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4010",
    pages = "71--75",
    abstract = "In this paper we will discuss a method for data visualization together with its potential usefulness in digital humanities and philosophy of language. We compiled a multilingual parallel corpus from different versions of \textit{Wittgenstein{'}s Tractatus Logico-philosophicus}, including the original in German and translations into English, Spanish, French, and Russian. Using this corpus, we compute a similarity measure between propositions and render a visual network of relations for different languages.",
}
@inproceedings{eckart-de-castilho-etal-2016-web,
    title = "A Web-based Tool for the Integrated Annotation of Semantic and Syntactic Structures",
    author = "Eckart de Castilho, Richard  and
      M{\'u}jdricza-Maydt, {\'E}va  and
      Yimam, Seid Muhie  and
      Hartmann, Silvana  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Frank, Anette  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4011",
    pages = "76--84",
    abstract = "We introduce the third major release of WebAnno, a generic web-based annotation tool for distributed teams. New features in this release focus on semantic annotation tasks (e.g. semantic role labelling or event annotation) and allow the tight integration of semantic annotations with syntactic annotations. In particular, we introduce the concept of slot features, a novel constraint mechanism that allows modelling the interaction between semantic and syntactic annotations, as well as a new annotation user interface. The new features were developed and used in an annotation project for semantic roles on German texts. The paper briefly introduces this project and reports on experiences performing annotations with the new tool. On a comparative evaluation, our tool reaches significant speedups over WebAnno 2 for a semantic annotation task.",
}
@inproceedings{erdmann-etal-2016-challenges,
    title = "Challenges and Solutions for {L}atin Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Erdmann, Alexander  and
      Brown, Christopher  and
      Joseph, Brian  and
      Janse, Mark  and
      Ajaka, Petra  and
      Elsner, Micha  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4012",
    pages = "85--93",
    abstract = "Although spanning thousands of years and genres as diverse as liturgy, historiography, lyric and other forms of prose and poetry, the body of Latin texts is still relatively sparse compared to English. Data sparsity in Latin presents a number of challenges for traditional Named Entity Recognition techniques. Solving such challenges and enabling reliable Named Entity Recognition in Latin texts can facilitate many down-stream applications, from machine translation to digital historiography, enabling Classicists, historians, and archaeologists for instance, to track the relationships of historical persons, places, and groups on a large scale. This paper presents the first annotated corpus for evaluating Named Entity Recognition in Latin, as well as a fully supervised model that achieves over 90{\%} F-score on a held-out test set, significantly outperforming a competitive baseline. We also present a novel active learning strategy that predicts how many and which sentences need to be annotated for named entities in order to attain a specified degree of accuracy when recognizing named entities automatically in a given text. This maximizes the productivity of annotators while simultaneously controlling quality.",
}
@inproceedings{petran-2016-geographical,
    title = "Geographical Visualization of Search Results in Historical Corpora",
    author = "Petran, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4013",
    pages = "94--100",
    abstract = "We present ANNISVis, a webapp for comparative visualization of geographical distribution of linguistic data, as well as a sample deployment for a corpus of Middle High German texts. Unlike existing geographical visualization solutions, which work with pre-existing data sets, or are bound to specific corpora, ANNISVis allows the user to formulate multiple ad-hoc queries and visualizes them on a map, and it can be configured for any corpus that can be imported into ANNIS. This enables explorative queries of the quantitative aspects of a corpus with geographical features. The tool will be made available to download in open source.",
}
@inproceedings{jongejan-2016-implementation,
    title = "Implementation of a Workflow Management System for Non-Expert Users",
    author = "Jongejan, Bart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4014",
    pages = "101--108",
    abstract = "In the Danish CLARIN-DK infrastructure, chaining language technology (LT) tools into a workflow is easy even for a non-expert user, because she only needs to specify the input and the desired output of the workflow. With this information and the registered input and output profiles of the available tools, the CLARIN-DK workflow management system (WMS) computes combinations of tools that will give the desired result. This advanced functionality was originally not envisaged, but came within reach by writing the WMS partly in Java and partly in a programming language for symbolic computation, Bracmat. Handling LT tool profiles, including the computation of workflows, is easier with Bracmat{'}s language constructs for tree pattern matching and tree construction than with the language constructs offered by mainstream programming languages.",
}
@inproceedings{afli-way-2016-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Optical Character Recognition and Machine Translation of Historical Documents",
    author = "Afli, Haithem  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4015",
    pages = "109--116",
    abstract = "Machine Translation (MT) plays a critical role in expanding capacity in the translation industry. However, many valuable documents, including digital documents, are encoded in non-accessible formats for machine processing (e.g., Historical or Legal documents). Such documents must be passed through a process of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to render the text suitable for MT. No matter how good the OCR is, this process introduces recognition errors, which often renders MT ineffective. In this paper, we propose a new OCR to MT framework based on adding a new OCR error correction module to enhance the overall quality of translation. Experimentation shows that our new system correction based on the combination of Language Modeling and Translation methods outperforms the baseline system by nearly 30{\%} relative improvement.",
}
@inproceedings{hunyadi-etal-2016-language,
    title = "Language technology tools and resources for the analysis of multimodal communication",
    author = "Hunyadi, L{\'a}szl{\'o}  and
      V{\'a}radi, Tam{\'a}s  and
      Szekr{\'e}nyes, Istv{\'a}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4016",
    pages = "117--124",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe how the complexity of human communication can be analysed with the help of language technology. We present the HuComTech corpus, a multimodal corpus containing 50 hours of videotaped interviews containing a rich annotation of about 2 million items annotated on 33 levels. The corpus serves as a general resource for a wide range of re-search addressing natural conversation between humans in their full complexity. It can benefit particularly digital humanities researchers working in the field of pragmatics, conversational analysis and discourse analysis. We will present a number of tools and automated methods that can help such enquiries. In particular, we will highlight the tool Theme, which is designed to uncover hidden temporal patterns (called T-patterns) in human interaction, and will show how it can applied to the study of multimodal communication.",
}
@inproceedings{baumann-meyer-sickendiek-2016-large,
    title = "Large-scale Analysis of Spoken Free-verse Poetry",
    author = "Baumann, Timo  and
      Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4017",
    pages = "125--130",
    abstract = {Most modern and post-modern poems have developed a post-metrical idea of lyrical prosody that employs rhythmical features of everyday language and prose instead of a strict adherence to rhyme and metrical schemes. This development is subsumed under the term free verse prosody. We present our methodology for the large-scale analysis of modern and post-modern poetry in both their written form and as spoken aloud by the author. We employ language processing tools to align text and speech, to generate a null-model of how the poem would be spoken by a na{\"\i}ve reader, and to extract contrastive prosodic features used by the poet. On these, we intend to build our model of free verse prosody, which will help to understand, differentiate and relate the different styles of free verse poetry. We plan to use our processing scheme on large amounts of data to iteratively build models of styles, to validate and guide manual style annotation, to identify further rhythmical categories, and ultimately to broaden our understanding of free verse poetry. In this paper, we report on a proof-of-concept of our methodology using smaller amounts of poems and a limited set of features. We find that our methodology helps to extract differentiating features in the authors{'} speech that can be explained by philological insight. Thus, our automatic method helps to guide the literary analysis and this in turn helps to improve our computational models.},
}
@inproceedings{van-der-sluis-etal-2016-pat,
    title = "{PAT} workbench: Annotation and Evaluation of Text and Pictures in Multimodal Instructions",
    author = "van der Sluis, Ielka  and
      Kloppenburg, Lennart  and
      Redeker, Gisela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4018",
    pages = "131--139",
    abstract = "This paper presents a tool to investigate the design of multimodal instructions (MIs), i.e., instructions that contain both text and pictures. The benefit of including pictures in information presentation has been established, but the characteristics of those pictures and of their textual counterparts and the rela-tion(s) between them have not been researched in a systematic manner. We present the PAT Work-bench, a tool to store, annotate and retrieve MIs based on a validated coding scheme with currently 42 categories that describe instructions in terms of textual features, pictorial elements, and relations be-tween text and pictures. We describe how the PAT Workbench facilitates collaborative annotation and inter-annotator agreement calculation. Future work on the tool includes expanding its functionality and usability by (i) making the MI annotation scheme dynamic for adding relevant features based on empirical evaluations of the MIs, (ii) implementing algorithms for automatic tagging of MI features, and (iii) implementing automatic MI evaluation algorithms based on results obtained via e.g. crowdsourced assessments of MIs.",
}
@inproceedings{raganato-etal-2016-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Indexing of Multilingual Corpora and its Application on the History Domain",
    author = "Raganato, Alessandro  and
      Camacho-Collados, Jose  and
      Raganato, Antonio  and
      Joung, Yunseo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4019",
    pages = "140--147",
    abstract = "The increasing amount of multilingual text collections available in different domains makes its automatic processing essential for the development of a given field. However, standard processing techniques based on statistical clues and keyword searches have clear limitations. Instead, we propose a knowledge-based processing pipeline which overcomes most of the limitations of these techniques. This, in turn, enables direct comparison across texts in different languages without the need of translation. In this paper we show the potential of this approach for semantically indexing multilingual text collections in the history domain. In our experiments we used a version of the Bible translated in four different languages, evaluating the precision of our semantic indexing pipeline and showing its reliability on the cross-lingual text retrieval task.",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-etal-2016-tagging,
    title = "Tagging {I}ngush - Language Technology For Low-Resource Languages Using Resources From Linguistic Field Work",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Nichols, Johanna  and
      Sprouse, Ronald},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4020",
    pages = "148--155",
    abstract = "This paper presents on-going work on creating NLP tools for under-resourced languages from very sparse training data coming from linguistic field work. In this work, we focus on Ingush, a Nakh-Daghestanian language spoken by about 300,000 people in the Russian republics Ingushetia and Chechnya. We present work on morphosyntactic taggers trained on transcribed and linguistically analyzed recordings and dependency parsers using English glosses to project annotation for creating synthetic treebanks. Our preliminary results are promising, supporting the goal of bootstrapping efficient NLP tools with limited or no task-specific annotated data resources available.",
}
@inproceedings{sadoun-etal-2016-multital,
    title = "The {M}ulti{T}al {NLP} tool infrastructure",
    author = "Sadoun, Driss  and
      Mkhitaryan, Satenik  and
      Nouvel, Damien  and
      Valette, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4021",
    pages = "156--163",
    abstract = "This paper gives an overview of the MultiTal project, which aims to create a research infrastructure that ensures long-term distribution of NLP tools descriptions. The goal is to make NLP tools more accessible and usable to end-users of different disciplines. The infrastructure is built on a meta-data scheme modelling and standardising multilingual NLP tools documentation. The model is conceptualised using an OWL ontology. The formal representation of the ontology allows us to automatically generate organised and structured documentation in different languages for each represented tool.",
}
@inproceedings{khan-etal-2016-tools,
    title = "Tools and Instruments for Building and Querying Diachronic Computational Lexica",
    author = "Khan, Fahad  and
      Bellandi, Andrea  and
      Monachini, Monica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4022",
    pages = "164--171",
    abstract = "This article describes work on enabling the addition of temporal information to senses of words in linguistic linked open data lexica based on the lemonDia model. Our contribution in this article is twofold. On the one hand, we demonstrate how lemonDia enables the querying of diachronic lexical datasets using OWL-oriented Semantic Web based technologies. On the other hand, we present a preliminary version of an interactive interface intended to help users in creating lexical datasets that model meaning change over time.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-luo-2016-tracking,
    title = "Tracking Words in {C}hinese Poetry of Tang and Song Dynasties with the China Biographical Database",
    author = "Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Luo, Kuo-Feng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4023",
    pages = "172--180",
    abstract = "(This is the abstract for the submission.) Large-scale comparisons between the poetry of Tang and Song dynasties shed light on how words and expressions were used and shared among the poets. That some words were used only in the Tang poetry and some only in the Song poetry could lead to interesting research in linguistics. That the most frequent colors are different in the Tang and Song poetry provides a trace of the changing social circumstances in the dynasties. Results of the current work link to research topics of lexicography, semantics, and social transitions. We discuss our findings and present our algorithms for efficient comparisons among the poems, which are crucial for completing billion times of comparisons within acceptable time.",
}
@inproceedings{stahn-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using {TEI} for textbook research",
    author = "Stahn, Lena-Luise  and
      Hennicke, Steffen  and
      De Luca, Ernesto William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4024",
    pages = "181--186",
    abstract = "The following paper describes the first steps in the development of an ontology for the textbook research discipline. The aim of the project WorldViews is to establish a digital edition focussing on views of the world depicted in textbooks. For this purpose an initial TEI profile has been formalised and tested as a use case to enable the semantical encoding of the resource {`}textbook{'}. This profile shall provide a basic data model describing major facets of the textbook{'}s structure relevant to historians.",
}
@inproceedings{ogrodniczuk-2016-web,
    title = "Web services and data mining: combining linguistic tools for Polish with an analytical platform",
    author = "Ogrodniczuk, Maciej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities ({LT}4{DH})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4025",
    pages = "187--195",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a new combination of existing language tools for Polish with a popular data mining platform intended to help researchers from digital humanities perform computational analyses without any programming. The toolset includes RapidMiner Studio, a software solution offering graphical setup of integrated analytical processes and Multiservice, a Web service offering access to several state-of-the-art linguistic tools for Polish. The setting is verified in a simple task of counting frequencies of unknown words in a small corpus.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-linguistics-linguistic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    author = "Brunato, Dominique  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Venturi, Giulia  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas  and
      Blache, Philippe",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4100",
}
@inproceedings{jimenez-lopez-becerra-bonache-2016-machine,
    title = "Could Machine Learning Shed Light on Natural Language Complexity?",
    author = "Jim{\'e}nez-L{\'o}pez, Maria Dolores  and
      Becerra-Bonache, Leonor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4101",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose to use a subfield of machine learning {--}grammatical inference{--} to measure linguistic complexity from a developmental point of view. We focus on relative complexity by considering a child learner in the process of first language acquisition. The relevance of grammatical inference models for measuring linguistic complexity from a developmental point of view is based on the fact that algorithms proposed in this area can be considered computational models for studying first language acquisition. Even though it will be possible to use different techniques from the field of machine learning as computational models for dealing with linguistic complexity -since in any model we have algorithms that can learn from data-, we claim that grammatical inference models offer some advantages over other tools.",
}
@inproceedings{chersoni-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards a Distributional Model of Semantic Complexity",
    author = "Chersoni, Emmanuele  and
      Blache, Philippe  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4102",
    pages = "12--22",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce for the first time a Distributional Model for computing semantic complexity, inspired by the general principles of the Memory, Unification and Control framework(Hagoort, 2013; Hagoort, 2016). We argue that sentence comprehension is an incremental process driven by the goal of constructing a coherent representation of the event represented by the sentence. The composition cost of a sentence depends on the semantic coherence of the event being constructed and on the activation degree of the linguistic constructions. We also report the results of a first evaluation of the model on the Bicknell dataset (Bicknell et al., 2010).",
}
@inproceedings{marcus-etal-2016-cocogen,
    title = "{C}o{C}o{G}en - Complexity Contour Generator: Automatic Assessment of Linguistic Complexity Using a Sliding-Window Technique",
    author = {Marcus, Str{\"o}bel  and
      Kerz, Elma  and
      Wiechmann, Daniel  and
      Neumann, Stella},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4103",
    pages = "23--31",
    abstract = "We present a novel approach to the automatic assessment of text complexity based on a sliding-window technique that tracks the distribution of complexity within a text. Such distribution is captured by what we term {``}complexity contours{''} derived from a series of measurements for a given linguistic complexity measure. This approach is implemented in an automatic computational tool, CoCoGen {--} Complexity Contour Generator, which in its current version supports 32 indices of linguistic complexity. The goal of the paper is twofold: (1) to introduce the design of our computational tool based on a sliding-window technique and (2) to showcase this approach in the area of second language (L2) learning, i.e. more specifically, in the area of L2 writing.",
}
@inproceedings{van-schijndel-schuler-2016-addressing,
    title = "Addressing surprisal deficiencies in reading time models",
    author = "van Schijndel, Marten  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4104",
    pages = "32--37",
    abstract = "This study demonstrates a weakness in how n-gram and PCFG surprisal are used to predict reading times in eye-tracking data. In particular, the information conveyed by words skipped during saccades is not usually included in the surprisal measures. This study shows that correcting the surprisal calculation improves n-gram surprisal and that upcoming n-grams affect reading times, replicating previous findings of how lexical frequencies affect reading times. In contrast, the predictivity of PCFG surprisal does not benefit from the surprisal correction despite the fact that lexical sequences skipped by saccades are processed by readers, as demonstrated by the corrected n-gram measure. These results raise questions about the formulation of information-theoretic measures of syntactic processing such as PCFG surprisal and entropy reduction when applied to reading times.",
}
@inproceedings{vajjala-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards grounding computational linguistic approaches to readability: Modeling reader-text interaction for easy and difficult texts",
    author = "Vajjala, Sowmya  and
      Meurers, Detmar  and
      Eitel, Alexander  and
      Scheiter, Katharina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4105",
    pages = "38--48",
    abstract = "Computational approaches to readability assessment are generally built and evaluated using gold standard corpora labeled by publishers or teachers rather than being grounded in observations about human performance. Considering that both the reading process and the outcome can be observed, there is an empirical wealth that could be used to ground computational analysis of text readability. This will also support explicit readability models connecting text complexity and the reader{'}s language proficiency to the reading process and outcomes. This paper takes a step in this direction by reporting on an experiment to study how the relation between text complexity and reader{'}s language proficiency affects the reading process and performance outcomes of readers after reading We modeled the reading process using three eye tracking variables: fixation count, average fixation count, and second pass reading duration. Our models for these variables explained 78.9{\%}, 74{\%} and 67.4{\%} variance, respectively. Performance outcome was modeled through recall and comprehension questions, and these models explained 58.9{\%} and 27.6{\%} of the variance, respectively. While the online models give us a better understanding of the cognitive correlates of reading with text complexity and language proficiency, modeling of the offline measures can be particularly relevant for incorporating user aspects into readability models.",
}
@inproceedings{shain-etal-2016-memory,
    title = "Memory access during incremental sentence processing causes reading time latency",
    author = "Shain, Cory  and
      van Schijndel, Marten  and
      Futrell, Richard  and
      Gibson, Edward  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4106",
    pages = "49--58",
    abstract = "Studies on the role of memory as a predictor of reading time latencies (1) differ in their predictions about when memory effects should occur in processing and (2) have had mixed results, with strong positive effects emerging from isolated constructed stimuli and weak or even negative effects emerging from naturally-occurring stimuli. Our study addresses these concerns by comparing several implementations of prominent sentence processing theories on an exploratory corpus and evaluating the most successful of these on a confirmatory corpus, using a new self-paced reading corpus of seemingly natural narratives constructed to contain an unusually high proportion of memory-intensive constructions. We show highly significant and complementary broad-coverage latency effects both for predictors based on the Dependency Locality Theory and for predictors based on a left-corner parsing model of sentence processing. Our results indicate that memory access during sentence processing does take time, but suggest that stimuli requiring many memory access events may be necessary in order to observe the effect.",
}
@inproceedings{gala-ziegler-2016-reducing,
    title = "Reducing lexical complexity as a tool to increase text accessibility for children with dyslexia",
    author = "Gala, N{\'u}ria  and
      Ziegler, Johannes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4107",
    pages = "59--66",
    abstract = "Lexical complexity plays a central role in readability, particularly for dyslexic children and poor readers because of their slow and laborious decoding and word recognition skills. Although some features to aid readability may be common to most languages (e.g., the majority of {`}easy{'} words are of low frequency), we believe that lexical complexity is mainly language-specific. In this paper, we define lexical complexity for French and we present a pilot study on the effects of text simplification in dyslexic children. The participants were asked to read out loud original and manually simplified versions of a standardized French text corpus and to answer comprehension questions after reading each text. The analysis of the results shows that the simplifications performed were beneficial in terms of reading speed and they reduced the number of reading errors (mainly lexical ones) without a loss in comprehension. Although the number of participants in this study was rather small (N=10), the results are promising and contribute to the development of applications in computational linguistics.",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-2016-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic and Lexical Complexity in {I}talian Noncanonical Structures",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4108",
    pages = "67--78",
    abstract = "In this paper we will be dealing with different levels of complexity in the processing of Italian, a Romance language inheriting many properties from Latin which make it an almost free word order language . The paper is concerned with syntactic complexity as measurable on the basis of the cognitive parser that incrementally builds up a syntactic representation to be used by the semantic component. The theory behind will be LFG and parsing preferences will be used to justify one choice both from a principled and a processing point of view. LFG is a transformationless theory in which there is no deep structure separate from surface syntactic structure. This is partially in accordance with constructional theories in which noncanonical structures containing non-argument functions FOCUS/TOPIC are treated as multifunctional constituents. Complexity is computed on a processing basis following suggestions made by Blache and demonstrated by Kluender and Chesi",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2016-real,
    title = "Real Multi-Sense or Pseudo Multi-Sense: An Approach to Improve Word Representation",
    author = "Shi, Haoyue  and
      Li, Caihua  and
      Hu, Junfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4109",
    pages = "79--88",
    abstract = "Previous researches have shown that learning multiple representations for polysemous words can improve the performance of word embeddings on many tasks. However, this leads to another problem. Several vectors of a word may actually point to the same meaning, namely pseudo multi-sense. In this paper, we introduce the concept of pseudo multi-sense, and then propose an algorithm to detect such cases. With the consideration of the detected pseudo multi-sense cases, we try to refine the existing word embeddings to eliminate the influence of pseudo multi-sense. Moreover, we apply our algorithm on previous released multi-sense word embeddings and tested it on artificial word similarity tasks and the analogy task. The result of the experiments shows that diminishing pseudo multi-sense can improve the quality of word representations. Thus, our method is actually an efficient way to reduce linguistic complexity.",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-dios-etal-2016-preliminary,
    title = "A Preliminary Study of Statistically Predictive Syntactic Complexity Features and Manual Simplifications in Basque",
    author = "Gonzalez-Dios, Itziar  and
      Aranzabe, Mar{\'\i}a Jes{\'u}s  and
      D{\'\i}az de Ilarraza, Arantza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4110",
    pages = "89--97",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a comparative analysis of statistically predictive syntactic features of complexity and the treatment of these features by humans when simplifying texts. To that end, we have used a list of the most five statistically predictive features obtained automatically and the Corpus of Basque Simplified Texts (CBST) to analyse how the syntactic phenomena in these features have been manually simplified. Our aim is to go beyond the descriptions of operations found in the corpus and relate the multidisciplinary findings to understand text complexity from different points of view. We also present some issues that can be important when analysing linguistic complexity.",
}
@inproceedings{heilmann-neumann-2016-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic pause assessment of keystroke logged data for the detection of complexity in translation and monolingual text production",
    author = "Heilmann, Arndt  and
      Neumann, Stella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4111",
    pages = "98--103",
    abstract = "Pause analysis of key-stroke logged translations is a hallmark of process based translation studies. However, an exact definition of what a cognitively effortful pause during the translation process is has not been found yet (Saldanha and O{'}Brien, 2013). This paper investigates the design of a key-stroke and subject dependent identification system of cognitive effort to track complexity in translation with keystroke logging (cf. also (Dragsted, 2005) (Couto-Vale, in preparation)). It is an elastic measure that takes into account idiosyncratic pause duration of translators as well as further confounds such as bi-gram frequency, letter frequency and some motor tasks involved in writing. The method is compared to a common static threshold of 1000 ms in an analysis of cognitive effort during the translation of grammatical functions from English to German. Additionally, the results are triangulated with eye tracking data for further validation. The findings show that at least for smaller sets of data a dynamic pause assessment may lead to more accurate results than a generic static pause threshold of similar duration.",
}
@inproceedings{falkenjack-jonsson-2016-implicit,
    title = "Implicit readability ranking using the latent variable of a {B}ayesian Probit model",
    author = {Falkenjack, Johan  and
      J{\"o}nsson, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4112",
    pages = "104--112",
    abstract = "Data driven approaches to readability analysis for languages other than English has been plagued by a scarcity of suitable corpora. Often, relevant corpora consist only of easy-to-read texts with no rank information or empirical readability scores, making only binary approaches, such as classification, applicable. We propose a Bayesian, latent variable, approach to get the most out of these kinds of corpora. In this paper we present results on using such a model for readability ranking. The model is evaluated on a preliminary corpus of ranked student texts with encouraging results. We also assess the model by showing that it performs readability classification on par with a state of the art classifier while at the same being transparent enough to allow more sophisticated interpretations.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-meurers-2016-ctap,
    title = "{CTAP}: A Web-Based Tool Supporting Automatic Complexity Analysis",
    author = "Chen, Xiaobin  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4113",
    pages = "113--119",
    abstract = "Informed by research on readability and language acquisition, computational linguists have developed sophisticated tools for the analysis of linguistic complexity. While some tools are starting to become accessible on the web, there still is a disconnect between the features that can in principle be identified based on state-of-the-art computational linguistic analysis, and the analyses a second language acquisition researcher, teacher, or textbook writer can readily obtain and visualize for their own collection of texts. This short paper presents a web-based tool development that aims to meet this challenge. The Common Text Analysis Platform (CTAP) is designed to support fully configurable linguistic feature extraction for a wide range of complexity analyses. It features a user-friendly interface, modularized and reusable analysis component integration, and flexible corpus and feature management. Building on the Unstructured Information Management framework (UIMA), CTAP readily supports integration of state-of-the-art NLP and complexity feature extraction maintaining modularization and reusability. CTAP thereby aims at providing a common platform for complexity analysis, encouraging research collaboration and sharing of feature extraction components{---}to jointly advance the state-of-the-art in complexity analysis in a form that readily supports real-life use by ordinary users.",
}
@inproceedings{pilan-etal-2016-coursebook,
    title = "Coursebook Texts as a Helping Hand for Classifying Linguistic Complexity in Language Learners{'} Writings",
    author = "Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}  and
      Alfter, David  and
      Volodina, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4114",
    pages = "120--126",
    abstract = "We bring together knowledge from two different types of language learning data, texts learners read and texts they write, to improve linguistic complexity classification in the latter. Linguistic complexity in the foreign and second language learning context can be expressed in terms of proficiency levels. We show that incorporating features capturing lexical complexity information from reading passages can boost significantly the machine learning based classification of learner-written texts into proficiency levels. With an F1 score of .8 our system rivals state-of-the-art results reported for other languages for this task. Finally, we present a freely available web-based tool for proficiency level classification and lexical complexity visualization for both learner writings and reading texts.",
}
@inproceedings{zaghouani-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using Ambiguity Detection to Streamline Linguistic Annotation",
    author = "Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Hawwari, Abdelati  and
      Alqahtani, Sawsan  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Ghoneim, Mahmoud  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4115",
    pages = "127--136",
    abstract = "Arabic writing is typically underspecified for short vowels and other markups, referred to as diacritics. In addition to the lexical ambiguity exhibited in most languages, the lack of diacritics in written Arabic adds another layer of ambiguity which is an artifact of the orthography. In this paper, we present the details of three annotation experimental conditions designed to study the impact of automatic ambiguity detection, on annotation speed and quality in a large scale annotation project.",
}
@inproceedings{bjerva-borstell-2016-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Complexity Influences Verb-Object Order in {S}wedish Sign Language",
    author = {Bjerva, Johannes  and
      B{\"o}rstell, Carl},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4116",
    pages = "137--141",
    abstract = "Computational linguistic approaches to sign languages could benefit from investigating how complexity influences structure. We investigate whether morphological complexity has an effect on the order of Verb (V) and Object (O) in Swedish Sign Language (SSL), on the basis of elicited data from five Deaf signers. We find a significant difference in the distribution of the orderings OV vs. VO, based on an analysis of morphological weight. While morphologically heavy verbs exhibit a general preference for OV, humanness seems to affect the ordering in the opposite direction, with [+human] Objects pushing towards a preference for VO.",
}
@inproceedings{bentz-etal-2016-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison Between Morphological Complexity Measures: Typological Data vs. Language Corpora",
    author = "Bentz, Christian  and
      Ruzsics, Tatyana  and
      Koplenig, Alexander  and
      Samard{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Tanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4117",
    pages = "142--153",
    abstract = "Language complexity is an intriguing phenomenon argued to play an important role in both language learning and processing. The need to compare languages with regard to their complexity resulted in a multitude of approaches and methods, ranging from accounts targeting specific structural features to global quantification of variation more generally. In this paper, we investigate the degree to which morphological complexity measures are mutually correlated in a sample of more than 500 languages of 101 language families. We use human expert judgements from the World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS), and compare them to four quantitative measures automatically calculated from language corpora. These consist of three previously defined corpus-derived measures, which are all monolingual, and one new measure based on automatic word-alignment across pairs of languages. We find strong correlations between all the measures, illustrating that both expert judgements and automated approaches converge to similar complexity ratings, and can be used interchangeably.",
}
@inproceedings{albertsson-etal-2016-similarity,
    title = "Similarity-Based Alignment of Monolingual Corpora for Text Simplification Purposes",
    author = {Albertsson, Sarah  and
      Rennes, Evelina  and
      J{\"o}nsson, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4118",
    pages = "154--163",
    abstract = "Comparable or parallel corpora are beneficial for many NLP tasks. The automatic collection of corpora enables large-scale resources, even for less-resourced languages, which in turn can be useful for deducing rules and patterns for text rewriting algorithms, a subtask of automatic text simplification. We present two methods for the alignment of Swedish easy-to-read text segments to text segments from a reference corpus. The first method (M1) was originally developed for the task of text reuse detection, measuring sentence similarity by a modified version of a TF-IDF vector space model. A second method (M2), also accounting for part-of-speech tags, was developed, and the methods were compared. For evaluation, a crowdsourcing platform was built for human judgement data collection, and preliminary results showed that cosine similarity relates better to human ranks than the Dice coefficient. We also saw a tendency that including syntactic context to the TF-IDF vector space model is beneficial for this kind of paraphrase alignment task.",
}
@inproceedings{wagner-filho-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Construction of Large Readability Corpora",
    author = "Wagner Filho, Jorge Alberto  and
      Wilkens, Rodrigo  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4119",
    pages = "164--173",
    abstract = "This work presents a framework for the automatic construction of large Web corpora classified by readability level. We compare different Machine Learning classifiers for the task of readability assessment focusing on Portuguese and English texts, analysing the impact of variables like the feature inventory used in the resulting corpus. In a comparison between shallow and deeper features, the former already produce F-measures of over 0.75 for Portuguese texts, but the use of additional features results in even better results, in most cases. For English, shallow features also perform well as do classic readability formulas. Comparing different classifiers for the task, logistic regression obtained, in general, the best results, but with considerable differences between the results for two and those for three-classes, especially regarding the intermediary class. Given the large scale of the resulting corpus, for evaluation we adopt the agreement between different classifiers as an indication of readability assessment certainty. As a result of this work, a large corpus for Brazilian Portuguese was built, including 1.7 million documents and about 1.6 billion tokens, already parsed and annotated with 134 different textual attributes, along with the agreement among the various classifiers.",
}
@inproceedings{bloem-2016-testing,
    title = "Testing the Processing Hypothesis of word order variation using a probabilistic language model",
    author = "Bloem, Jelke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4120",
    pages = "174--185",
    abstract = "This work investigates the application of a measure of surprisal to modeling a grammatical variation phenomenon between near-synonymous constructions. We investigate a particular variation phenomenon, word order variation in Dutch two-verb clusters, where it has been established that word order choice is affected by processing cost. Several multifactorial corpus studies of Dutch verb clusters have used other measures of processing complexity to show that this factor affects word order choice. This previous work allows us to compare the surprisal measure, which is based on constraint satisfaction theories of language modeling, to those previously used measures, which are more directly linked to empirical observations of processing complexity. Our results show that surprisal does not predict the word order choice by itself, but is a significant predictor when used in a measure of uniform information density (UID). This lends support to the view that human language processing is facilitated not so much by predictable sequences of words but more by sequences of words in which information is spread evenly.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Lobes as Combinatory Engines for both Form and Meaning",
    author = "Li, Jixing  and
      Brennan, Jonathan  and
      Mahar, Adam  and
      Hale, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4121",
    pages = "186--191",
    abstract = "The relative contributions of meaning and form to sentence processing remains an outstanding issue across the language sciences. We examine this issue by formalizing four incremental complexity metrics and comparing them against freely-available ROI timecourses. Syntax-related metrics based on top-down parsing and structural dependency-distance turn out to significantly improve a regression model, compared to a simpler model that formalizes only conceptual combination using a distributional vector-space model. This confirms the view of the anterior temporal lobes as combinatory engines that deal in both form (see e.g. Brennan et al., 2012; Mazoyer, 1993) and meaning (see e.g., Patterson et al., 2007). This same characterization applies to a posterior temporal region in roughly {``}Wernicke{'}s Area.{''}",
}
@inproceedings{mirzaei-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Speech Recognition Errors as a Predictor of {L}2 Listening Difficulties",
    author = "Mirzaei, Maryam Sadat  and
      Meshgi, Kourosh  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4122",
    pages = "192--201",
    abstract = "This paper investigates the use of automatic speech recognition (ASR) errors as indicators of the second language (L2) learners{'} listening difficulties and in doing so strives to overcome the shortcomings of Partial and Synchronized Caption (PSC) system. PSC is a system that generates a partial caption including difficult words detected based on high speech rate, low frequency, and specificity. To improve the choice of words in this system, and explore a better method to detect speech challenges, ASR errors were investigated as a model of the L2 listener, hypothesizing that some of these errors are similar to those of language learners{'} when transcribing the videos. To investigate this hypothesis, ASR errors in transcription of several TED talks were analyzed and compared with PSC{'}s selected words. Both the overlapping and mismatching cases were analyzed to investigate possible improvement for the PSC system. Those ASR errors that were not detected by PSC as cases of learners{'} difficulties were further analyzed and classified into four categories: homophones, minimal pairs, breached boundaries and negatives. These errors were embedded into the baseline PSC to make the enhanced version and were evaluated in an experiment with L2 learners. The results indicated that the enhanced version, which encompasses the ASR errors addresses most of the L2 learners{'} difficulties and better assists them in comprehending challenging video segments as compared with the baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2016-quantifying,
    title = "Quantifying sentence complexity based on eye-tracking measures",
    author = "Singh, Abhinav Deep  and
      Mehta, Poojan  and
      Husain, Samar  and
      Rajakrishnan, Rajkumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4123",
    pages = "202--212",
    abstract = "Eye-tracking reading times have been attested to reflect cognitive processes underlying sentence comprehension. However, the use of reading times in NLP applications is an underexplored area of research. In this initial work we build an automatic system to assess sentence complexity using automatically predicted eye-tracking reading time measures and demonstrate the efficacy of these reading times for a well known NLP task, namely, readability assessment. We use a machine learning model and a set of features known to be significant predictors of reading times in order to learn per-word reading times from a corpus of English text having reading times of human readers. Subsequently, we use the model to predict reading times for novel text in the context of the aforementioned task. A model based only on reading times gave competitive results compared to the systems that use extensive syntactic features to compute linguistic complexity. Our work, to the best of our knowledge, is the first study to show that automatically predicted reading times can successfully model the difficulty of a text and can be deployed in practical text processing applications.",
}
@inproceedings{takahira-etal-2016-upper,
    title = "Upper Bound of Entropy Rate Revisited {---}{A} New Extrapolation of Compressed Large-Scale Corpora{---}",
    author = "Takahira, Ryosuke  and
      Tanaka-Ishii, Kumiko  and
      D{\k{e}}bowski, {\L}ukasz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4124",
    pages = "213--221",
    abstract = "The article presents results of entropy rate estimation for human languages across six languages by using large, state-of-the-art corpora of up to 7.8 gigabytes. To obtain the estimates for data length tending to infinity, we use an extrapolation function given by an ansatz. Whereas some ansatzes of this kind were proposed in previous research papers, here we introduce a stretched exponential extrapolation function that has a smaller error of fit. In this way, we uncover a possibility that the entropy rates of human languages are positive but 20{\%} smaller than previously reported.",
}
@inproceedings{bentz-berdicevskis-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning pressures reduce morphological complexity: Linking corpus, computational and experimental evidence",
    author = "Bentz, Christian  and
      Berdicevskis, Aleksandrs",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity ({CL}4{LC})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4125",
    pages = "222--232",
    abstract = "The morphological complexity of languages differs widely and changes over time. Pathways of change are often driven by the interplay of multiple competing factors, and are hard to disentangle. We here focus on a paradigmatic scenario of language change: the reduction of morphological complexity from Latin towards the Romance languages. To establish a causal explanation for this phenomenon, we employ three lines of evidence: 1) analyses of parallel corpora to measure the complexity of words in actual language production, 2) applications of NLP tools to further tease apart the contribution of inflectional morphology to word complexity, and 3) experimental data from artificial language learning, which illustrate the learning pressures at play when morphology simplifies. These three lines of evidence converge to show that pressures associated with imperfect language learning are good candidates to causally explain the reduction in morphological complexity in the Latin-to-Romance scenario. More generally, we argue that combining corpus, computational and experimental evidence is the way forward in historical linguistics and linguistic typology.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-clinical,
    title = "Proceedings of the Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop ({C}linical{NLP})",
    author = "Rumshisky, Anna  and
      Roberts, Kirk  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Naumann, Tristan",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4200",
}
@inproceedings{weegar-etal-2016-impact,
    title = "The impact of simple feature engineering in multilingual medical {NER}",
    author = "Weegar, Rebecka  and
      Casillas, Arantza  and
      Diaz de Ilarraza, Arantza  and
      Oronoz, Maite  and
      P{\'e}rez, Alicia  and
      Gojenola, Koldo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop ({C}linical{NLP})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4201",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "The goal of this paper is to examine the impact of simple feature engineering mechanisms before applying more sophisticated techniques to the task of medical NER. Sometimes papers using scientifically sound techniques present raw baselines that could be improved adding simple and cheap features. This work focuses on entity recognition for the clinical domain for three languages: English, Swedish and Spanish. The task is tackled using simple features, starting from the window size, capitalization, prefixes, and moving to POS and semantic tags. This work demonstrates that a simple initial step of feature engineering can improve the baseline results significantly. Hence, the contributions of this paper are: first, a short list of guidelines well supported with experimental results on three languages and, second, a detailed description of the relevance of these features for medical NER.",
}
@inproceedings{chalapathy-etal-2016-bidirectional,
    title = "Bidirectional {LSTM}-{CRF} for Clinical Concept Extraction",
    author = "Chalapathy, Raghavendra  and
      Zare Borzeshi, Ehsan  and
      Piccardi, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop ({C}linical{NLP})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4202",
    pages = "7--12",
    abstract = "Automated extraction of concepts from patient clinical records is an essential facilitator of clinical research. For this reason, the 2010 i2b2/VA Natural Language Processing Challenges for Clinical Records introduced a concept extraction task aimed at identifying and classifying concepts into predefined categories (i.e., treatments, tests and problems). State-of-the-art concept extraction approaches heavily rely on handcrafted features and domain-specific resources which are hard to collect and define. For this reason, this paper proposes an alternative, streamlined approach: a recurrent neural network (the bidirectional LSTM with CRF decoding) initialized with general-purpose, off-the-shelf word embeddings. The experimental results achieved on the 2010 i2b2/VA reference corpora using the proposed framework outperform all recent methods and ranks closely to the best submission from the original 2010 i2b2/VA challenge.",
}
@inproceedings{aramaki-etal-2016-mednlpdoc,
    title = "{M}ed{NLPD}oc: {J}apanese Shared Task for Clinical {NLP}",
    author = "Aramaki, Eiji  and
      Kano, Yoshinobu  and
      Ohkuma, Tomoko  and
      Morita, Mizuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop ({C}linical{NLP})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4203",
    pages = "13--16",
    abstract = "Due to the recent replacements of physical documents with electronic medical records (EMR), the importance of information processing in medical fields has been increased. We have been organizing the MedNLP task series in NTCIR-10 and 11. These workshops were the first shared tasks which attempt to evaluate technologies that retrieve important information from medical reports written in Japanese. In this report, we describe the NTCIR-12 MedNLPDoc task which is designed for more advanced and practical use for the medical fields. This task is considered as a multi-labeling task to a patient record. This report presents results of the shared task, discusses and illustrates remained issues in the medical natural language processing field.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2016-feature,
    title = "Feature-Augmented Neural Networks for Patient Note De-identification",
    author = {Lee, Ji Young  and
      Dernoncourt, Franck  and
      Uzuner, {\"O}zlem  and
      Szolovits, Peter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop ({C}linical{NLP})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4204",
    pages = "17--22",
    abstract = "Patient notes contain a wealth of information of potentially great interest to medical investigators. However, to protect patients{'} privacy, Protected Health Information (PHI) must be removed from the patient notes before they can be legally released, a process known as patient note de-identification. The main objective for a de-identification system is to have the highest possible recall. Recently, the first neural-network-based de-identification system has been proposed, yielding state-of-the-art results. Unlike other systems, it does not rely on human-engineered features, which allows it to be quickly deployed, but does not leverage knowledge from human experts or from electronic health records (EHRs). In this work, we explore a method to incorporate human-engineered features as well as features derived from EHRs to a neural-network-based de-identification system. Our results show that the addition of features, especially the EHR-derived features, further improves the state-of-the-art in patient note de-identification, including for some of the most sensitive PHI types such as patient names. Since in a real-life setting patient notes typically come with EHRs, we recommend developers of de-identification systems to leverage the information EHRs contain.",
}
@inproceedings{sahoo-etal-2016-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Clustering of Medical Text",
    author = "Sahoo, Pracheta  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Saha, Sriparna  and
      Moll{\'a}, Diego  and
      Nandan, Kaushik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop ({C}linical{NLP})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4205",
    pages = "23--31",
    abstract = "Semi-supervised clustering is an attractive alternative for traditional (unsupervised) clustering in targeted applications. By using the information of a small annotated dataset, semi-supervised clustering can produce clusters that are customized to the application domain. In this paper, we present a semi-supervised clustering technique based on a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (NSGA-II-clus). We apply this technique to the task of clustering medical publications for Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) and observe an improvement of the results against unsupervised and other semi-supervised clustering techniques.",
}
@inproceedings{yadav-etal-2016-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning Architecture for Patient Data De-identification in Clinical Records",
    author = "Yadav, Shweta  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Saha, Sriparna  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop ({C}linical{NLP})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4206",
    pages = "32--41",
    abstract = "Rapid growth in Electronic Medical Records (EMR) has emerged to an expansion of data in the clinical domain. The majority of the available health care information is sealed in the form of narrative documents which form the rich source of clinical information. Text mining of such clinical records has gained huge attention in various medical applications like treatment and decision making. However, medical records enclose patient Private Health Information (PHI) which can reveal the identities of the patients. In order to retain the privacy of patients, it is mandatory to remove all the PHI information prior to making it publicly available. The aim is to de-identify or encrypt the PHI from the patient medical records. In this paper, we propose an algorithm based on deep learning architecture to solve this problem. We perform de-identification of seven PHI terms from the clinical records. Experiments on benchmark datasets show that our proposed approach achieves encouraging performance, which is better than the baseline model developed with Conditional Random Field.",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Clinical Paraphrase Generation with Attention",
    author = "Hasan, Sadid A.  and
      Liu, Bo  and
      Liu, Joey  and
      Qadir, Ashequl  and
      Lee, Kathy  and
      Datla, Vivek  and
      Prakash, Aaditya  and
      Farri, Oladimeji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop ({C}linical{NLP})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4207",
    pages = "42--53",
    abstract = "Paraphrase generation is important in various applications such as search, summarization, and question answering due to its ability to generate textual alternatives while keeping the overall meaning intact. Clinical paraphrase generation is especially vital in building patient-centric clinical decision support (CDS) applications where users are able to understand complex clinical jargons via easily comprehensible alternative paraphrases. This paper presents Neural Clinical Paraphrase Generation (NCPG), a novel approach that casts the task as a monolingual neural machine translation (NMT) problem. We propose an end-to-end neural network built on an attention-based bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) architecture with an encoder-decoder framework to perform the task. Conventional bilingual NMT models mostly rely on word-level modeling and are often limited by out-of-vocabulary (OOV) issues. In contrast, we represent the source and target paraphrase pairs as character sequences to address this limitation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that uses attention-based RNNs for clinical paraphrase generation and also proposes an end-to-end character-level modeling for this task. Extensive experiments on a large curated clinical paraphrase corpus show that the attention-based NCPG models achieve improvements of up to 5.2 BLEU points and 0.5 METEOR points over a non-attention based strong baseline for word-level modeling, whereas further gains of up to 6.1 BLEU points and 1.3 METEOR points are obtained by the character-level NCPG models over their word-level counterparts. Overall, our models demonstrate comparable performance relative to the state-of-the-art phrase-based non-neural models.",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-2016-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Corpus Size vs. Similarity Trade-off for Word Embeddings in Clinical {NLP}",
    author = "Roberts, Kirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop ({C}linical{NLP})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4208",
    pages = "54--63",
    abstract = "The proliferation of deep learning methods in natural language processing (NLP) and the large amounts of data they often require stands in stark contrast to the relatively data-poor clinical NLP domain. In particular, large text corpora are necessary to build high-quality word embeddings, yet often large corpora that are suitably representative of the target clinical data are unavailable. This forces a choice between building embeddings from small clinical corpora and less representative, larger corpora. This paper explores this trade-off, as well as intermediate compromise solutions. Two standard clinical NLP tasks (the i2b2 2010 concept and assertion tasks) are evaluated with commonly used deep learning models (recurrent neural networks and convolutional neural networks) using a set of six corpora ranging from the target i2b2 data to large open-domain datasets. While combinations of corpora are generally found to work best, the single-best corpus is generally task-dependent.",
}
@inproceedings{sakishita-kano-2016-inference,
    title = "Inference of {ICD} Codes from {J}apanese Medical Records by Searching Disease Names",
    author = "Sakishita, Masahito  and
      Kano, Yoshinobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop ({C}linical{NLP})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4209",
    pages = "64--68",
    abstract = "Importance of utilizing medical information is getting increased as electronic health records (EHRs) are widely used nowadays. We aim to assign international standardized disease codes, ICD-10, to Japanese textual information in EHRs for users to reuse the information accurately. In this paper, we propose methods to automatically extract diagnosis and to assign ICD codes to Japanese medical records. Due to the lack of available training data, we dare employed rule-based methods rather than machine learning. We observed characteristics of medical records carefully, writing rules to make effective methods by hand. We applied our system to the NTCIR-12 MedNLPDoc shared task data where participants are required to assign ICD-10 codes of possible diagnosis in given EHRs. In this shared task, our system achieved the highest F-measure score among all participants in the most severe evaluation criteria. Through comparison with other approaches, we show that our approach could be a useful milestone for the future development of Japanese medical record processing.",
}
@inproceedings{roller-etal-2016-fine,
    title = "A fine-grained corpus annotation schema of {G}erman nephrology records",
    author = "Roller, Roland  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Seiffe, Laura  and
      Mikhailov, Michael  and
      Staeck, Oliver  and
      Budde, Klemens  and
      Halleck, Fabian  and
      Schmidt, Danilo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop ({C}linical{NLP})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4210",
    pages = "69--77",
    abstract = "In this work we present a fine-grained annotation schema to detect named entities in German clinical data of chronically ill patients with kidney diseases. The annotation schema is driven by the needs of our clinical partners and the linguistic aspects of German language. In order to generate annotations within a short period, the work also presents a semi-automatic annotation which uses additional sources of knowledge such as UMLS, to pre-annotate concepts in advance. The presented schema will be used to apply novel techniques from natural language processing and machine learning to support doctors treating their patients by improved information access from unstructured German texts.",
}
@inproceedings{shibata-etal-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting {J}apanese Patients with {A}lzheimer{'}s Disease based on Word Category Frequencies",
    author = "Shibata, Daisaku  and
      Wakamiya, Shoko  and
      Kinoshita, Ayae  and
      Aramaki, Eiji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop ({C}linical{NLP})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4211",
    pages = "78--85",
    abstract = "In recent years, detecting Alzheimer disease (AD) in early stages based on natural language processing (NLP) has drawn much attention. To date, vocabulary size, grammatical complexity, and fluency have been studied using NLP metrics. However, the content analysis of AD narratives is still unreachable for NLP. This study investigates features of the words that AD patients use in their spoken language. After recruiting 18 examinees of 53{--}90 years old (mean: 76.89), they were divided into two groups based on MMSE scores. The AD group comprised 9 examinees with scores of 21 or lower. The healthy control group comprised 9 examinees with a score of 22 or higher. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) classified words were used to categorize the words that the examinees used. The word frequency was found from observation. Significant differences were confirmed for the usage of impersonal pronouns in the AD group. This result demonstrated the basic feasibility of the proposed NLP-based detection approach.",
}
@inproceedings{yamashita-etal-2016-prediction,
    title = "Prediction of Key Patient Outcome from Sentence and Word of Medical Text Records",
    author = "Yamashita, Takanori  and
      Wakata, Yoshifumi  and
      Soejima, Hidehisa  and
      Nakashima, Naoki  and
      Hirokawa, Sachio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop ({C}linical{NLP})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4212",
    pages = "86--90",
    abstract = "The number of unstructured medical records kept in hospital information systems is increasing. The conditions of patients are formulated as outcomes in clinical pathway. A variance of an outcome describes deviations from standards of care like a patient{'}s bad condition. The present paper applied text mining to extract feature words and phrases of the variance from admission records. We report the cases the variances of {``}pain control{''} and {``}no neuropathy worsening{''} in cerebral infarction.",
}
@inproceedings{kreuzthaler-etal-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Abbreviation Detection in Clinical Narratives",
    author = "Kreuzthaler, Markus  and
      Oleynik, Michel  and
      Avian, Alexander  and
      Schulz, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop ({C}linical{NLP})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4213",
    pages = "91--98",
    abstract = "Clinical narratives in electronic health record systems are a rich resource of patient-based information. They constitute an ongoing challenge for natural language processing, due to their high compactness and abundance of short forms. German medical texts exhibit numerous ad-hoc abbreviations that terminate with a period character. The disambiguation of period characters is therefore an important task for sentence and abbreviation detection. This task is addressed by a combination of co-occurrence information of word types with trailing period characters, a large domain dictionary, and a simple rule engine, thus merging statistical and dictionary-based disambiguation strategies. An F-measure of 0.95 could be reached by using the unsupervised approach presented in this paper. The results are promising for a domain-independent abbreviation detection strategy, because our approach avoids retraining of models or use case specific feature engineering efforts required for supervised machine learning approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{yuwono-etal-2016-automated,
    title = "Automated Anonymization as Spelling Variant Detection",
    author = "Yuwono, Steven Kester  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Ngiam, Kee Yuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop ({C}linical{NLP})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4214",
    pages = "99--103",
    abstract = "The issue of privacy has always been a concern when clinical texts are used for research purposes. Personal health information (PHI) (such as name and identification number) needs to be removed so that patients cannot be identified. Manual anonymization is not feasible due to the large number of clinical texts to be anonymized. In this paper, we tackle the task of anonymizing clinical texts written in sentence fragments and which frequently contain symbols, abbreviations, and misspelled words. Our clinical texts therefore differ from those in the i2b2 shared tasks which are in prose form with complete sentences. Our clinical texts are also part of a structured database which contains patient name and identification number in structured fields. As such, we formulate our anonymization task as spelling variant detection, exploiting patients{'} personal information in the structured fields to detect their spelling variants in clinical texts. We successfully anonymized clinical texts consisting of more than 200 million words, using minimum edit distance and regular expression patterns.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-modeling,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    author = "Nissim, Malvina  and
      Patti, Viviana  and
      Plank, Barbara",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4300",
}
@inproceedings{garimella-mihalcea-2016-zooming,
    title = "Zooming in on Gender Differences in Social Media",
    author = "Garimella, Aparna  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4301",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "Men are from Mars and women are from Venus - or so the genre of relationship literature would have us believe. But there is some truth in this idea, and researchers in fields as diverse as psychology, sociology, and linguistics have explored ways to better understand the differences between genders. In this paper, we take another look at the problem of gender discrimination and attempt to move beyond the typical surface-level text classification approach, by (1) identifying semantic and psycholinguistic word classes that reflect systematic differences between men and women and (2) finding differences between genders in the ways they use the same words. We describe several experiments and report results on a large collection of blogs authored by men and women.",
}
@inproceedings{schneevogt-paggio-2016-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Gender and Age Differences on the Recognition of Emotions from Facial Expressions",
    author = "Schneevogt, Daniela  and
      Paggio, Patrizia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4302",
    pages = "11--19",
    abstract = "Recent studies have demonstrated gender and cultural differences in the recognition of emotions in facial expressions. However, most studies were conducted on American subjects. In this paper, we explore the generalizability of several findings to a non-American culture in the form of Danish subjects. We conduct an emotion recognition task followed by two stereotype questionnaires with different genders and age groups. While recent findings (Krems et al., 2015) suggest that women are biased to see anger in neutral facial expressions posed by females, in our sample both genders assign higher ratings of anger to all emotions expressed by females. Furthermore, we demonstrate an effect of gender on the fear-surprise-confusion observed by Tomkins and McCarter (1964); females overpredict fear, while males overpredict surprise.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-recurrent,
    title = "A Recurrent and Compositional Model for Personality Trait Recognition from Short Texts",
    author = "Liu, Fei  and
      Perez, Julien  and
      Nowson, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4303",
    pages = "20--29",
    abstract = "Many methods have been used to recognise author personality traits from text, typically combining linguistic feature engineering with shallow learning models, e.g. linear regression or Support Vector Machines. This work uses deep-learning-based models and atomic features of text, the characters, to build hierarchical, vectorial word and sentence representations for trait inference. This method, applied to a corpus of tweets, shows state-of-the-art performance across five traits compared with prior work. The results, supported by preliminary visualisation work, are encouraging for the ability to detect complex human traits.",
}
@inproceedings{pool-nissim-2016-distant,
    title = "Distant supervision for emotion detection using {F}acebook reactions",
    author = "Pool, Chris  and
      Nissim, Malvina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4304",
    pages = "30--39",
    abstract = "We exploit the Facebook reaction feature in a distant supervised fashion to train a support vector machine classifier for emotion detection, using several feature combinations and combining different Facebook pages. We test our models on existing benchmarks for emotion detection and show that employing only information that is derived completely automatically, thus without relying on any handcrafted lexicon as it{'}s usually done, we can achieve competitive results. The results also show that there is large room for improvement, especially by gearing the collection of Facebook pages, with a view to the target domain.",
}
@inproceedings{mullick-etal-2016-graphical,
    title = "A graphical framework to detect and categorize diverse opinions from online news",
    author = "Mullick, Ankan  and
      Goyal, Pawan  and
      Ganguly, Niloy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4305",
    pages = "40--49",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a graphical framework to extract opinionated sentences which highlight different contexts within a given news article by introducing the concept of diversity in a graphical model for opinion detection.We conduct extensive evaluations and find that the proposed modification leads to impressive improvement in performance and makes the final results of the model much more usable. The proposed method (OP-D) not only performs much better than the other techniques used for opinion detection as well as introducing diversity, but is also able to select opinions from different categories (Asher et al. 2009). By developing a classification model which categorizes the identified sentences into various opinion categories, we find that OP-D is able to push opinions from different categories uniformly among the top opinions.",
}
@inproceedings{skeppstedt-etal-2016-active,
    title = "Active learning for detection of stance components",
    author = "Skeppstedt, Maria  and
      Sahlgren, Magnus  and
      Paradis, Carita  and
      Kerren, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4306",
    pages = "50--59",
    abstract = "Automatic detection of five language components, which are all relevant for expressing opinions and for stance taking, was studied: positive sentiment, negative sentiment, speculation, contrast and condition. A resource-aware approach was taken, which included manual annotation of 500 training samples and the use of limited lexical resources. Active learning was compared to random selection of training data, as well as to a lexicon-based method. Active learning was successful for the categories speculation, contrast and condition, but not for the two sentiment categories, for which results achieved when using active learning were similar to those achieved when applying a random selection of training data. This difference is likely due to a larger variation in how sentiment is expressed than in how speakers express the other three categories. This larger variation was also shown by the lower recall results achieved by the lexicon-based approach for sentiment than for the categories speculation, contrast and condition.",
}
@inproceedings{kaljahi-foster-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Opinion Polarities using Kernel Methods",
    author = "Kaljahi, Rasoul  and
      Foster, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4307",
    pages = "60--69",
    abstract = "We investigate the application of kernel methods to representing both structural and lexical knowledge for predicting polarity of opinions in consumer product review. We introduce any-gram kernels which model lexical information in a significantly faster way than the traditional n-gram features, while capturing all possible orders of n-grams n in a sequence without the need to explicitly present a pre-specified set of such orders. We also present an effective format to represent constituency and dependency structure together with aspect terms and sentiment polarity scores. Furthermore, we modify the traditional tree kernel function to compute the similarity based on word embedding vectors instead of exact string match and present experiments using the new models.",
}
@inproceedings{cattle-ma-2016-effects,
    title = "Effects of Semantic Relatedness between Setups and Punchlines in Twitter Hashtag Games",
    author = "Cattle, Andrew  and
      Ma, Xiaojuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4308",
    pages = "70--79",
    abstract = "This paper explores humour recognition for Twitter-based hashtag games. Given their popularity, frequency, and relatively formulaic nature, these games make a good target for computational humour research and can leverage Twitter likes and retweets as humour judgments. In this work, we use pair-wise relative humour judgments to examine several measures of semantic relatedness between setups and punchlines on a hashtag game corpus we collected and annotated. Results show that perplexity, Normalized Google Distance, and free-word association-based features are all useful in identifying {``}funnier{''} hashtag game responses. In fact, we provide empirical evidence that funnier punchlines tend to be more obscure, although more obscure punchlines are not necessarily rated funnier. Furthermore, the asymmetric nature of free-word association features allows us to see that while punchlines should be harder to predict given a setup, they should also be relatively easy to understand in context.",
}
@inproceedings{sidarenka-stede-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating Sentiment Lexicons for {G}erman Twitter",
    author = "Sidarenka, Uladzimir  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4309",
    pages = "80--90",
    abstract = "Despite a substantial progress made in developing new sentiment lexicon generation (SLG) methods for English, the task of transferring these approaches to other languages and domains in a sound way still remains open. In this paper, we contribute to the solution of this problem by systematically comparing semi-automatic translations of common English polarity lists with the results of the original automatic SLG algorithms, which were applied directly to German data. We evaluate these lexicons on a corpus of 7,992 manually annotated tweets. In addition to that, we also collate the results of dictionary- and corpus-based SLG methods in order to find out which of these paradigms is better suited for the inherently noisy domain of social media. Our experiments show that semi-automatic translations notably outperform automatic systems (reaching a macro-averaged F1-score of 0.589), and that dictionary-based techniques produce much better polarity lists as compared to corpus-based approaches (whose best F1-scores run up to 0.479 and 0.419 respectively) even for the non-standard Twitter genre.",
}
@inproceedings{canales-etal-2016-innovative,
    title = "Innovative Semi-Automatic Methodology to Annotate Emotional Corpora",
    author = "Canales, Lea  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Boldrini, Ester  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Barco, Patricio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4310",
    pages = "91--100",
    abstract = "Detecting depression or personality traits, tutoring and student behaviour systems, or identifying cases of cyber-bulling are a few of the wide range of the applications, in which the automatic detection of emotion is a crucial element. Emotion detection has the potential of high impact by contributing the benefit of business, society, politics or education. Given this context, the main objective of our research is to contribute to the resolution of one of the most important challenges in textual emotion detection task: the problems of emotional corpora annotation. This will be tackled by proposing of a new semi-automatic methodology. Our innovative methodology consists in two main phases: (1) an automatic process to pre-annotate the unlabelled sentences with a reduced number of emotional categories; and (2) a refinement manual process where human annotators will determine which is the predominant emotion between the emotional categories selected in the phase 1. Our proposal in this paper is to show and evaluate the pre-annotation process to analyse the feasibility and the benefits by the methodology proposed. The results obtained are promising and allow obtaining a substantial improvement of annotation time and cost and confirm the usefulness of our pre-annotation process to improve the annotation task.",
}
@inproceedings{kamijo-etal-2016-personality,
    title = "Personality Estimation from {J}apanese Text",
    author = "Kamijo, Koichi  and
      Nasukawa, Tetsuya  and
      Kitamura, Hideya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4311",
    pages = "101--109",
    abstract = "We created a model to estimate personality trait from authors{'} text written in Japanese and measured its performance by conducting surveys and analyzing the Twitter data of 1,630 users. We used the Big Five personality traits for personality trait estimation. Our approach is a combination of category- and Word2Vec-based approaches. For the category-based element, we added several unique Japanese categories along with the ones regularly used in the English model, and for the Word2Vec-based element, we used a model called GloVe. We found that some of the newly added categories have a stronger correlation with personality traits than other categories do and that the combination of the category- and Word2Vec-based approaches improves the accuracy of the personality trait estimation compared with the case of using just one of them.",
}
@inproceedings{celli-etal-2016-predicting,
    title = "Predicting {B}rexit: Classifying Agreement is Better than Sentiment and Pollsters",
    author = "Celli, Fabio  and
      Stepanov, Evgeny  and
      Poesio, Massimo  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4312",
    pages = "110--118",
    abstract = "On June 23rd 2016, UK held the referendum which ratified the exit from the EU. While most of the traditional pollsters failed to forecast the final vote, there were online systems that hit the result with high accuracy using opinion mining techniques and big data. Starting one month before, we collected and monitored millions of posts about the referendum from social media conversations, and exploited Natural Language Processing techniques to predict the referendum outcome. In this paper we discuss the methods used by traditional pollsters and compare it to the predictions based on different opinion mining techniques. We find that opinion mining based on agreement/disagreement classification works better than opinion mining based on polarity classification in the forecast of the referendum outcome.",
}
@inproceedings{bali-singh-2016-sarcasm,
    title = "Sarcasm Detection : Building a Contextual Hierarchy",
    author = "Bali, Taradheesh  and
      Singh, Navjyoti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4313",
    pages = "119--127",
    abstract = "The conundrum of understanding and classifying sarcasm has been dealt with by the traditional theorists as an analysis of a sarcastic utterance and the ironic situation that surrounds it. The problem with such an approach is that it is too narrow, as it is unable to sufficiently utilize the two indispensable agents in making such an utterance, viz. the speaker and the listener. It undermines the necessary context required to comprehend a sarcastic utterance. In this paper, we propose a novel approach towards understanding sarcasm in terms of the existing knowledge hierarchy between the two participants, which forms the basis of the context that both agents share. The difference in relationship of the speaker of the sarcastic utterance and the disparate audience found on social media, such as Twitter, is also captured. We then apply our model on a corpus of tweets to achieve significant results and consequently, shed light on subjective nature of context, which is contingent on the relation between the speaker and the listener.",
}
@inproceedings{litvak-etal-2016-social,
    title = "Social and linguistic behavior and its correlation to trait empathy",
    author = "Litvak, Marina  and
      Otterbacher, Jahna  and
      Ang, Chee Siang  and
      Atkins, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4314",
    pages = "128--137",
    abstract = "A growing body of research exploits social media behaviors to gauge psychological character-istics, though trait empathy has received little attention. Because of its intimate link to the abil-ity to relate to others, our research aims to predict participants{'} levels of empathy, given their textual and friending behaviors on Facebook. Using Poisson regression, we compared the vari-ance explained in Davis{'} Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) scores on four constructs (em-pathic concern, personal distress, fantasy, perspective taking), by two classes of variables: 1) post content and 2) linguistic style. Our study lays the groundwork for a greater understanding of empathy{'}s role in facilitating interactions on social media.",
}
@inproceedings{ohman-etal-2016-challenges,
    title = "The Challenges of Multi-dimensional Sentiment Analysis Across Languages",
    author = {{\"O}hman, Emily  and
      Honkela, Timo  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4315",
    pages = "138--142",
    abstract = "This paper outlines a pilot study on multi-dimensional and multilingual sentiment analysis of social media content. We use parallel corpora of movie subtitles as a proxy for colloquial language in social media channels and a multilingual emotion lexicon for fine-grained sentiment analyses. Parallel data sets make it possible to study the preservation of sentiments and emotions in translation and our assessment reveals that the lexical approach shows great inter-language agreement. However, our manual evaluation also suggests that the use of purely lexical methods is limited and further studies are necessary to pinpoint the cross-lingual differences and to develop better sentiment classifiers.",
}
@inproceedings{alam-etal-2016-social,
    title = "The Social Mood of News: Self-reported Annotations to Design Automatic Mood Detection Systems",
    author = "Alam, Firoj  and
      Celli, Fabio  and
      Stepanov, Evgeny A.  and
      Ghosh, Arindam  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4316",
    pages = "143--152",
    abstract = "In this paper, we address the issue of automatic prediction of readers{'} mood from newspaper articles and comments. As online newspapers are becoming more and more similar to social media platforms, users can provide affective feedback, such as mood and emotion. We have exploited the self-reported annotation of mood categories obtained from the metadata of the Italian online newspaper corriere.it to design and evaluate a system for predicting five different mood categories from news articles and comments: indignation, disappointment, worry, satisfaction, and amusement. The outcome of our experiments shows that overall, bag-of-word-ngrams perform better compared to all other feature sets; however, stylometric features perform better for the mood score prediction of articles. Our study shows that self-reported annotations can be used to design automatic mood prediction systems.",
}
@inproceedings{summa-etal-2016-microblog,
    title = "Microblog Emotion Classification by Computing Similarity in Text, Time, and Space",
    author = "Summa, Anja  and
      Resch, Bernd  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4317",
    pages = "153--162",
    abstract = "Most work in NLP analysing microblogs focuses on textual content thus neglecting temporal and spatial information. We present a new interdisciplinary method for emotion classification that combines linguistic, temporal, and spatial information into a single metric. We create a graph of labeled and unlabeled tweets that encodes the relations between neighboring tweets with respect to their emotion labels. Graph-based semi-supervised learning labels all tweets with an emotion.",
}
@inproceedings{santos-etal-2016-domain,
    title = "A domain-agnostic approach for opinion prediction on speech",
    author = "Santos, Pedro Bispo  and
      Beinborn, Lisa  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4318",
    pages = "163--172",
    abstract = "We explore a domain-agnostic approach for analyzing speech with the goal of opinion prediction. We represent the speech signal by mel-frequency cepstral coefficients and apply long short-term memory neural networks to automatically learn temporal regularities in speech. In contrast to previous work, our approach does not require complex feature engineering and works without textual transcripts. As a consequence, it can easily be applied on various speech analysis tasks for different languages and the results show that it can nevertheless be competitive to the state-of-the-art in opinion prediction. In a detailed error analysis for opinion mining we find that our approach performs well in identifying speaker-specific characteristics, but should be combined with additional information if subtle differences in the linguistic content need to be identified.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2016-make,
    title = "Can We Make Computers Laugh at Talks?",
    author = "Lee, Chong Min  and
      Yoon, Su-Youn  and
      Chen, Lei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4319",
    pages = "173--181",
    abstract = "Considering the importance of public speech skills, a system which makes a prediction on where audiences laugh in a talk can be helpful to a person who prepares for a talk. We investigated a possibility that a state-of-the-art humor recognition system can be used in detecting sentences inducing laughters in talks. In this study, we used TED talks and laughters in the talks as data. Our results showed that the state-of-the-art system needs to be improved in order to be used in a practical application. In addition, our analysis showed that classifying humorous sentences in talks is very challenging due to close distance between humorous and non-humorous sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{mowery-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatically Classifying Depressive Symptoms from Twitter Data for Population Health",
    author = "Mowery, Danielle L.  and
      Park, Albert  and
      Bryan, Craig  and
      Conway, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media ({PEOPLES})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4320",
    pages = "182--191",
    abstract = "Major depressive disorder, a debilitating and burdensome disease experienced by individuals worldwide, can be defined by several depressive symptoms (e.g., anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure), depressed mood, difficulty concentrating, etc.). Individuals often discuss their experiences with depression symptoms on public social media platforms like Twitter, providing a potentially useful data source for monitoring population-level mental health risk factors. In a step towards developing an automated method to estimate the prevalence of symptoms associated with major depressive disorder over time in the United States using Twitter, we developed classifiers for discerning whether a Twitter tweet represents no evidence of depression or evidence of depression. If there was evidence of depression, we then classified whether the tweet contained a depressive symptom and if so, which of three subtypes: depressed mood, disturbed sleep, or fatigue or loss of energy. We observed that the most accurate classifiers could predict classes with high-to-moderate F1-score performances for no evidence of depression (85), evidence of depression (52), and depressive symptoms (49). We report moderate F1-scores for depressive symptoms ranging from 75 (fatigue or loss of energy) to 43 (disturbed sleep) to 35 (depressed mood). Our work demonstrates baseline approaches for automatically encoding Twitter data with granular depressive symptoms associated with major depressive disorder.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-open,
    title = "Proceedings of the Open Knowledge Base and Question Answering Workshop ({OKBQA} 2016)",
    author = "Choi, Key-Sun  and
      Unger, Christina  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Kando, Noriko  and
      Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4400",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using {W}ikipedia and Semantic Resources to Find Answer Types and Appropriate Answer Candidate Sets in Question Answering",
    author = "Chen, Po-Chun  and
      Zhuang, Meng-Jie  and
      Lin, Chuan-Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Open Knowledge Base and Question Answering Workshop ({OKBQA} 2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4401",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a new idea that uses Wikipedia categories as answer types and defines candidate sets inside Wikipedia. The focus of a given question is searched in the hierarchy of Wikipedia main pages. Our searching strategy combines head-noun matching and synonym matching provided in semantic resources. The set of answer candidates is determined by the entry hierarchy in Wikipedia and the hyponymy hierarchy in WordNet. The experimental results show that the approach can find candidate sets in a smaller size but achieve better performance especially for ARTIFACT and ORGANIZATION types, where the performance is better than state-of-the-art Chinese factoid QA systems.",
}
@inproceedings{otani-etal-2016-large,
    title = "Large-Scale Acquisition of Commonsense Knowledge via a Quiz Game on a Dialogue System",
    author = "Otani, Naoki  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Sassano, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Open Knowledge Base and Question Answering Workshop ({OKBQA} 2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4402",
    pages = "11--20",
    abstract = "Commonsense knowledge is essential for fully understanding language in many situations. We acquire large-scale commonsense knowledge from humans using a game with a purpose (GWAP) developed on a smartphone spoken dialogue system. We transform the manual knowledge acquisition process into an enjoyable quiz game and have collected over 150,000 unique commonsense facts by gathering the data of more than 70,000 players over eight months. In this paper, we present a simple method for maintaining the quality of acquired knowledge and an empirical analysis of the knowledge acquisition process. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to collect large-scale knowledge via a GWAP on a widely-used spoken dialogue system.",
}
@inproceedings{homma-etal-2016-hierarchical,
    title = "A Hierarchical Neural Network for Information Extraction of Product Attribute and Condition Sentences",
    author = "Homma, Yukinori  and
      Sadamitsu, Kugatsu  and
      Nishida, Kyosuke  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Asano, Hisako  and
      Matsuo, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Open Knowledge Base and Question Answering Workshop ({OKBQA} 2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4403",
    pages = "21--29",
    abstract = "This paper describes a hierarchical neural network we propose for sentence classification to extract product information from product documents. The network classifies each sentence in a document into attribute and condition classes on the basis of word sequences and sentence sequences in the document. Experimental results showed the method using the proposed network significantly outperformed baseline methods by taking semantic representation of word and sentence sequential data into account. We also evaluated the network with two different product domains (insurance and tourism domains) and found that it was effective for both the domains.",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2016-combining,
    title = "Combining Lexical and Semantic-based Features for Answer Sentence Selection",
    author = "Shi, Jing  and
      Xu, Jiaming  and
      Yao, Yiqun  and
      Zheng, Suncong  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Open Knowledge Base and Question Answering Workshop ({OKBQA} 2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4404",
    pages = "30--38",
    abstract = "Question answering is always an attractive and challenging task in natural language processing area. There are some open domain question answering systems, such as IBM Waston, which take the unstructured text data as input, in some ways of humanlike thinking process and a mode of artificial intelligence. At the conference on Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing (NLPCC) 2016, China Computer Federation hosted a shared task evaluation about Open Domain Question Answering. We achieve the 2nd place at the document-based subtask. In this paper, we present our solution, which consists of feature engineering in lexical and semantic aspects and model training methods. As the result of the evaluation shows, our solution provides a valuable and brief model which could be used in modelling question answering or sentence semantic relevance. We hope our solution would contribute to this vast and significant task with some heuristic thinking.",
}
@inproceedings{andy-etal-2016-entity,
    title = "An Entity-Based approach to Answering Recurrent and Non-Recurrent Questions with Past Answers",
    author = "Andy, Anietie  and
      Rwebangira, Mugizi  and
      Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Open Knowledge Base and Question Answering Workshop ({OKBQA} 2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4405",
    pages = "39--43",
    abstract = "An Entity-based approach to Answering recurrent and non-recurrent questions with Past Answers Abstract Community question answering (CQA) systems such as Yahoo! Answers allow registered-users to ask and answer questions in various question categories. However, a significant percentage of asked questions in Yahoo! Answers are unanswered. In this paper, we propose to reduce this percentage by reusing answers to past resolved questions from the site. Specifically, we propose to satisfy unanswered questions in entity rich categories by searching for and reusing the best answers to past resolved questions with shared needs. For unanswered questions that do not have a past resolved question with a shared need, we propose to use the best answer to a past resolved question with similar needs. Our experiments on a Yahoo! Answers dataset shows that our approach retrieves most of the past resolved questions that have shared and similar needs to unanswered questions.",
}
@inproceedings{perera-nand-2016-answer,
    title = "Answer Presentation in Question Answering over Linked Data using Typed Dependency Subtree Patterns",
    author = "Perera, Rivindu  and
      Nand, Parma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Open Knowledge Base and Question Answering Workshop ({OKBQA} 2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4406",
    pages = "44--48",
    abstract = "In an era where highly accurate Question Answering (QA) systems are being built using complex Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Information Retrieval (IR) algorithms, presenting the acquired answer to the user akin to a human answer is also crucial. In this paper we present an answer presentation strategy by embedding the answer in a sentence which is developed by incorporating the linguistic structure of the source question extracted through typed dependency parsing. The evaluation using human participants proved that the methodology is human-competitive and can result in linguistically correct sentences for more that 70{\%} of the test dataset acquired from QALD question dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{neves-kraus-2016-biomedlat,
    title = "{B}io{M}ed{LAT} Corpus: Annotation of the Lexical Answer Type for Biomedical Questions",
    author = "Neves, Mariana  and
      Kraus, Milena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Open Knowledge Base and Question Answering Workshop ({OKBQA} 2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4407",
    pages = "49--58",
    abstract = "Question answering (QA) systems need to provide exact answers for the questions that are posed to the system. However, this can only be achieved through a precise processing of the question. During this procedure, one important step is the detection of the expected type of answer that the system should provide by extracting the headword of the questions and identifying its semantic type. We have annotated the headword and assigned UMLS semantic types to 643 factoid/list questions from the BioASQ training data. We present statistics on the corpus and a preliminary evaluation in baseline experiments. We also discuss the challenges on both the manual annotation and the automatic detection of the headwords and the semantic types. We believe that this is a valuable resource for both training and evaluation of biomedical QA systems. The corpus is available at: \url{https://github.com/mariananeves/BioMedLAT}.",
}
@inproceedings{jokinen-wilcock-2016-double,
    title = "Double Topic Shifts in Open Domain Conversations: Natural Language Interface for a {W}ikipedia-based Robot Application",
    author = "Jokinen, Kristiina  and
      Wilcock, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Open Knowledge Base and Question Answering Workshop ({OKBQA} 2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4408",
    pages = "59--66",
    abstract = "The paper describes topic shifting in dialogues with a robot that provides information from Wiki-pedia. The work focuses on a double topical construction of dialogue coherence which refers to discourse coherence on two levels: the evolution of dialogue topics via the interaction between the user and the robot system, and the creation of discourse topics via the content of the Wiki-pedia article itself. The user selects topics that are of interest to her, and the system builds a list of potential topics, anticipated to be the next topic, by the links in the article and by the keywords extracted from the article. The described system deals with Wikipedia articles, but could easily be adapted to other digital information providing systems.",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2016-filling,
    title = "Filling a Knowledge Graph with a Crowd",
    author = "Choi, GyuHyeon  and
      Nam, Sangha  and
      Choi, Dongho  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Open Knowledge Base and Question Answering Workshop ({OKBQA} 2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4409",
    pages = "67--71",
    abstract = "",
}
@inproceedings{klang-nugues-2016-pairing,
    title = "Pairing {W}ikipedia Articles Across Languages",
    author = "Klang, Marcus  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Open Knowledge Base and Question Answering Workshop ({OKBQA} 2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4410",
    pages = "72--76",
    abstract = "Wikipedia has become a reference knowledge source for scores of NLP applications. One of its invaluable features lies in its multilingual nature, where articles on a same entity or concept can have from one to more than 200 different versions. The interlinking of language versions in Wikipedia has undergone a major renewal with the advent of Wikidata, a unified scheme to identify entities and their properties using unique numbers. However, as the interlinking is still manually carried out by thousands of editors across the globe, errors may creep in the assignment of entities. In this paper, we describe an optimization technique to match automatically language versions of articles, and hence entities, that is only based on bags of words and anchors. We created a dataset of all the articles on persons we extracted from Wikipedia in six languages: English, French, German, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish. We report a correct match of at least 94.3{\%} on each pair.",
}
@inproceedings{nam-etal-2016-srdf,
    title = "{SRDF}: Extracting Lexical Knowledge Graph for Preserving Sentence Meaning",
    author = "Nam, Sangha  and
      Choi, GyuHyeon  and
      Hahm, Younggyun  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Open Knowledge Base and Question Answering Workshop ({OKBQA} 2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4411",
    pages = "77--81",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present an open information extraction system so-called SRDF that generates lexical knowledge graphs from unstructured texts. In semantic web, knowledge is expressed in the RDF triple form but the natural language text consist of multiple relations between arguments. For this reason, we combine open information extraction with the reification for the full text extraction to preserve meaning of sentence in our knowledge graph. And also our knowledge graph is designed to adapt for many existing semantic web applications. At the end of this paper, we introduce the result of the experiment and a Korean template generation module developed using SRDF.",
}
@inproceedings{hahm-etal-2016-qaf,
    title = "{QAF}: Frame Semantics-based Question Interpretation",
    author = "Hahm, Younggyun  and
      Nam, Sangha  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Open Knowledge Base and Question Answering Workshop ({OKBQA} 2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4412",
    pages = "82--90",
    abstract = "Natural language questions are interpreted to a sequence of patterns to be matched with instances of patterns in a knowledge base (KB) for answering. A natural language (NL) question answering (QA) system utilizes meaningful patterns matching the syntac-tic/lexical features between the NL questions and KB. In the most of KBs, there are only binary relations in triple form to represent relation between two entities or entity and a value using the domain specific ontology. However, the binary relation representation is not enough to cover complex information in questions, and the ontology vocabulary sometimes does not cover the lexical meaning in questions. Complex meaning needs a knowledge representation to link the binary relation-type triples in KB. In this paper, we propose a frame semantics-based semantic parsing approach as KB-independent question pre-processing. We will propose requirements of question interpretation in the KBQA perspective, and a query form representation based on our proposed format QAF (Ques-tion Answering with the Frame Semantics), which is supposed to cover the requirements. In QAF, frame semantics roles as a model to represent complex information in questions and to disambiguate the lexical meaning in questions to match with the ontology vocabu-lary. Our system takes a question as an input and outputs QAF-query by the process which assigns semantic information in the question to its corresponding frame semantic structure using the semantic parsing rules.",
}
@inproceedings{kano-2016-answering,
    title = "Answering Yes-No Questions by Penalty Scoring in History Subjects of University Entrance Examinations",
    author = "Kano, Yoshinobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Open Knowledge Base and Question Answering Workshop ({OKBQA} 2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4413",
    pages = "91--96",
    abstract = "Answering yes{--}no questions is more difficult than simply retrieving ranked search results. To answer yes{--}no questions, especially when the correct answer is no, one must find an objectionable keyword that makes the question{'}s answer no. Existing systems, such as factoid-based ones, cannot answer yes{--}no questions very well because of insufficient handling of such objectionable keywords. We suggest an algorithm that answers yes{--}no questions by assigning an importance to objectionable keywords. Concretely speaking, we suggest a penalized scoring method that finds and makes lower score for parts of documents that include such objectionable keywords. We check a keyword distribution for each part of a document such as a paragraph, calculating the keyword density as a basic score. Then we use an objectionable keyword penalty when a keyword does not appear in a target part but appears in other parts of the document. Our algorithm is robust for open domain problems because it requires no training. We achieved 4.45 point better results in F1 scores than the best score of the NTCIR-10 RITE2 shared task, also obtained the best score in 2014 mock university examination challenge of the Todai Robot project.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2016-dedicated,
    title = "Dedicated Workflow Management for {OKBQA} Framework",
    author = "Kim, Jiseong  and
      Choi, GyuHyeon  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Open Knowledge Base and Question Answering Workshop ({OKBQA} 2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4414",
    pages = "97--101",
    abstract = "Nowadays, a question answering (QA) system is used in various areas such a quiz show, personal assistant, home device, and so on. The OKBQA framework supports developing a QA system in an intuitive and collaborative ways. To support collaborative development, the framework should be equipped with some functions, e.g., flexible system configuration, debugging supports, intuitive user interface, and so on while considering different developing groups of different domains. This paper presents OKBQA controller, a dedicated workflow manager for OKBQA framework, to boost collaborative development of a QA system.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-hybrid,
    title = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra6)",
    author = "Lambert, Patrik  and
      Babych, Bogdan  and
      Eberle, Kurt  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Rapp, Reinhard  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4500",
}
@inproceedings{wang-lepage-2016-combining,
    title = "Combining fast{\_}align with Hierarchical Sub-sentential Alignment for Better Word Alignments",
    author = "Wang, Hao  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra6)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4501",
    pages = "1--7",
    abstract = "fast align is a simple and fast word alignment tool which is widely used in state-of-the-art machine translation systems. It yields comparable results in the end-to-end translation experiments of various language pairs. However, fast align does not perform as well as GIZA++ when applied to language pairs with distinct word orders, like English and Japanese. In this paper, given the lexical translation table output by fast align, we propose to realign words using the hierarchical sub-sentential alignment approach. Experimental results show that simple additional processing improves the performance of word alignment, which is measured by counting alignment matches in comparison with fast align. We also report the result of final machine translation in both English-Japanese and Japanese-English. We show our best system provided significant improvements over the baseline as measured by BLEU and RIBES.",
}
@inproceedings{rikters-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Network Language Models for Candidate Scoring in Hybrid Multi-System Machine Translation",
    author = "Rikters, Mat{\=\i}ss",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra6)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4502",
    pages = "8--15",
    abstract = "This paper presents the comparison of how using different neural network based language modeling tools for selecting the best candidate fragments affects the final output translation quality in a hybrid multi-system machine translation setup. Experiments were conducted by comparing perplexity and BLEU scores on common test cases using the same training data set. A 12-gram statistical language model was selected as a baseline to oppose three neural network based models of different characteristics. The models were integrated in a hybrid system that depends on the perplexity score of a sentence fragment to produce the best fitting translations. The results show a correlation between language model perplexity and BLEU scores as well as overall improvements in BLEU.",
}
@inproceedings{hong-etal-2016-image,
    title = "Image-Image Search for Comparable Corpora Construction",
    author = "Hong, Yu  and
      Yao, Liang  and
      Liu, Mengyi  and
      Zhang, Tongtao  and
      Zhou, Wenxuan  and
      Yao, Jianmin  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra6)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4503",
    pages = "16--25",
    abstract = "We present a novel method of comparable corpora construction. Unlike the traditional methods which heavily rely on linguistic features, our method only takes image similarity into consid-eration. We use an image-image search engine to obtain similar images, together with the cap-tions in source language and target language. On the basis, we utilize captions of similar imag-es to construct sentence-level bilingual corpora. Experiments on 10,371 target captions show that our method achieves a precision of 0.85 in the top search results.",
}
@inproceedings{angelov-lobanov-2016-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Translation Equivalents in Linked {W}ord{N}ets",
    author = "Angelov, Krasimir  and
      Lobanov, Gleb",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra6)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4504",
    pages = "26--32",
    abstract = "We present an algorithm for predicting translation equivalents between two languages, based on the corresponding WordNets. The assumption is that all synsets of one of the languages are linked to the corresponding synsets in the other language. In theory, given the exact sense of a word in a context it must be possible to translate it as any of the words in the linked synset. In practice, however, this does not work well since automatic and accurate sense disambiguation is difficult. Instead it is possible to define a more robust translation relation between the lexemes of the two languages. As far as we know the Finnish WordNet is the only one that includes that relation. Our algorithm can be used to predict the relation for other languages as well. This is useful for instance in hybrid machine translation systems which are usually more dependent on high-quality translation dictionaries.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-merlo-2016-modifications,
    title = "Modifications of Machine Translation Evaluation Metrics by Using Word Embeddings",
    author = "Wang, Haozhou  and
      Merlo, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra6)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4505",
    pages = "33--41",
    abstract = "Traditional machine translation evaluation metrics such as BLEU and WER have been widely used, but these metrics have poor correlations with human judgements because they badly represent word similarity and impose strict identity matching. In this paper, we propose some modifications to the traditional measures based on word embeddings for these two metrics. The evaluation results show that our modifications significantly improve their correlation with human judgements.",
}
@inproceedings{sudarikov-etal-2016-verb,
    title = "Verb sense disambiguation in Machine Translation",
    author = "Sudarikov, Roman  and
      Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Holub, Martin  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Kr{\'\i}{\v{z}}, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra6)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4506",
    pages = "42--50",
    abstract = "We describe experiments in Machine Translation using word sense disambiguation (WSD) information. This work focuses on WSD in verbs, based on two different approaches {--} verbal patterns based on corpus pattern analysis and verbal word senses from valency frames. We evaluate several options of using verb senses in the source-language sentences as an additional factor for the Moses statistical machine translation system. Our results show a statistically significant translation quality improvement in terms of the BLEU metric for the valency frames approach, but in manual evaluation, both WSD methods bring improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{beloucif-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving word alignment for low resource languages using {E}nglish monolingual {SRL}",
    author = "Beloucif, Meriem  and
      Saers, Markus  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra6)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4507",
    pages = "51--60",
    abstract = "We introduce a new statistical machine translation approach specifically geared to learning translation from low resource languages, that exploits monolingual English semantic parsing to bias inversion transduction grammar (ITG) induction. We show that in contrast to conventional statistical machine translation (SMT) training methods, which rely heavily on phrase memorization, our approach focuses on learning bilingual correlations that help translating low resource languages, by using the output language semantic structure to further narrow down ITG constraints. This approach is motivated by previous research which has shown that injecting a semantic frame based objective function while training SMT models improves the translation quality. We show that including a monolingual semantic objective function during the learning of the translation model leads towards a semantically driven alignment which is more efficient than simply tuning loglinear mixture weights against a semantic frame based evaluation metric in the final stage of statistical machine translation training. We test our approach with three different language pairs and demonstrate that our model biases the learning towards more semantically correct alignments. Both GIZA++ and ITG based techniques fail to capture meaningful bilingual constituents, which is required when trying to learn translation models for low resource languages. In contrast, our proposed model not only improve translation by injecting a monolingual objective function to learn bilingual correlations during early training of the translation model, but also helps to learn more meaningful correlations with a relatively small data set, leading to a better alignment compared to either conventional ITG or traditional GIZA++ based approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{mahesh-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using Bilingual Segments in Generating Word-to-word Translations",
    author = "Mahesh, Kavitha  and
      Pereira Lopes, Gabriel  and
      Gomes, Lu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra6)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4508",
    pages = "61--71",
    abstract = "We defend that bilingual lexicons automatically extracted from parallel corpora, whose entries have been meanwhile validated by linguists and classified as correct or incorrect, should constitute a specific parallel corpora. And, in this paper, we propose to use word-to-word translations to learn morph-units (comprising of bilingual stems and suffixes) from those bilingual lexicons for two language pairs L1-L2 and L1-L3 to induce a bilingual lexicon for the language pair L2-L3, apart from also learning morph-units for this other language pair. The applicability of bilingual morph-units in L1-L2 and L1-L3 is examined from the perspective of pivot-based lexicon induction for language pair L2-L3 with L1 as bridge. While the lexicon is derived by transitivity, the correspondences are identified based on previously learnt bilingual stems and suffixes rather than surface translation forms. The induced pairs are validated using a binary classifier trained on morphological and similarity-based features using an existing, automatically acquired, manually validated bilingual translation lexicon for language pair L2-L3. In this paper, we discuss the use of English (EN)-French (FR) and English (EN)-Portuguese (PT) lexicon of word-to-word translations in generating word-to-word translations for the language pair FR-PT with EN as pivot language. Generated translations are filtered out first using an SVM-based FR-PT classifier and then are manually validated.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-asian,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    author = "Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Mino, Hideya  and
      Ding, Chenchen  and
      Goto, Isao  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Riza, Ir. Hammam  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4600",
}
@inproceedings{nakazawa-etal-2016-overview,
    title = "Overview of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation",
    author = "Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Ding, Chenchen  and
      Mino, Hideya  and
      Goto, Isao  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4601",
    pages = "1--46",
    abstract = "This paper presents the results of the shared tasks from the 3rd workshop on Asian translation (WAT2016) including J ↔ E, J ↔ C scientific paper translation subtasks, C ↔ J, K ↔ J, E ↔ J patent translation subtasks, I ↔ E newswire subtasks and H ↔ E, H ↔ J mixed domain subtasks. For the WAT2016, 15 institutions participated in the shared tasks. About 500 translation results have been submitted to the automatic evaluation server, and selected submissions were manually evaluated.",
}
@inproceedings{long-etal-2016-translation,
    title = "Translation of Patent Sentences with a Large Vocabulary of Technical Terms Using Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Long, Zi  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Mitsuhashi, Tomoharu  and
      Yamamoto, Mikio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4602",
    pages = "47--57",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation (NMT), a new approach to machine translation, has achieved promising results comparable to those of traditional approaches such as statistical machine translation (SMT). Despite its recent success, NMT cannot handle a larger vocabulary because training complexity and decoding complexity proportionally increase with the number of target words. This problem becomes even more serious when translating patent documents, which contain many technical terms that are observed infrequently. In NMTs, words that are out of vocabulary are represented by a single unknown token. In this paper, we propose a method that enables NMT to translate patent sentences comprising a large vocabulary of technical terms. We train an NMT system on bilingual data wherein technical terms are replaced with technical term tokens; this allows it to translate most of the source sentences except technical terms. Further, we use it as a decoder to translate source sentences with technical term tokens and replace the tokens with technical term translations using SMT. We also use it to rerank the 1,000-best SMT translations on the basis of the average of the SMT score and that of the NMT rescoring of the translated sentences with technical term tokens. Our experiments on Japanese-Chinese patent sentences show that the proposed NMT system achieves a substantial improvement of up to 3.1 BLEU points and 2.3 RIBES points over traditional SMT systems and an improvement of approximately 0.6 BLEU points and 0.8 RIBES points over an equivalent NMT system without our proposed technique.",
}
@inproceedings{sato-etal-2016-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese-{E}nglish Machine Translation of Recipe Texts",
    author = "Sato, Takayuki  and
      Harashima, Jun  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4603",
    pages = "58--67",
    abstract = "Concomitant with the globalization of food culture, demand for the recipes of specialty dishes has been increasing. The recent growth in recipe sharing websites and food blogs has resulted in numerous recipe texts being available for diverse foods in various languages. However, little work has been done on machine translation of recipe texts. In this paper, we address the task of translating recipes and investigate the advantages and disadvantages of traditional phrase-based statistical machine translation and more recent neural machine translation. Specifically, we translate Japanese recipes into English, analyze errors in the translated recipes, and discuss available room for improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2016-iit,
    title = "{IIT} {B}ombay{'}s {E}nglish-{I}ndonesian submission at {WAT}: Integrating Neural Language Models with {SMT}",
    author = "Singh, Sandhya  and
      Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4604",
    pages = "68--74",
    abstract = "This paper describes the IIT Bombay{'}s submission as a part of the shared task in WAT 2016 for English{--}Indonesian language pair. The results reported here are for both the direction of the language pair. Among the various approaches experimented, Operation Sequence Model (OSM) and Neural Language Model have been submitted for WAT. The OSM approach integrates translation and reordering process resulting in relatively improved translation. Similarly the neural experiment integrates Neural Language Model with Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) as a feature for translation. The Neural Probabilistic Language Model (NPLM) gave relatively high BLEU points for Indonesian to English translation system while the Neural Network Joint Model (NNJM) performed better for English to Indonesian direction of translation system. The results indicate improvement over the baseline Phrase-based SMT by 0.61 BLEU points for English-Indonesian system and 0.55 BLEU points for Indonesian-English translation system.",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-etal-2016-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation and Attention-Based Unknown Word Replacement in {C}hinese-to-{J}apanese Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Hashimoto, Kazuma  and
      Eriguchi, Akiko  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4605",
    pages = "75--83",
    abstract = "This paper describes our UT-KAY system that participated in the Workshop on Asian Translation 2016. Based on an Attention-based Neural Machine Translation (ANMT) model, we build our system by incorporating a domain adaptation method for multiple domains and an attention-based unknown word replacement method. In experiments, we verify that the attention-based unknown word replacement method is effective in improving translation scores in Chinese-to-Japanese machine translation. We further show results of manual analysis on the replaced unknown words.",
}
@inproceedings{fuji-etal-2016-global,
    title = "Global Pre-ordering for Improving Sublanguage Translation",
    author = "Fuji, Masaru  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4606",
    pages = "84--93",
    abstract = "When translating formal documents, capturing the sentence structure specific to the sublanguage is extremely necessary to obtain high-quality translations. This paper proposes a novel global reordering method with particular focus on long-distance reordering for capturing the global sentence structure of a sublanguage. The proposed method learns global reordering models from a non-annotated parallel corpus and works in conjunction with conventional syntactic reordering. Experimental results on the patent abstract sublanguage show substantial gains of more than 25 points in the RIBES metric and comparable BLEU scores both for Japanese-to-English and English-to-Japanese translations.",
}
@inproceedings{kanouchi-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Reordering Model Considering Phrase Translation and Word Alignment for Phrase-based Translation",
    author = "Kanouchi, Shin  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4607",
    pages = "94--103",
    abstract = "This paper presents an improved lexicalized reordering model for phrase-based statistical machine translation using a deep neural network. Lexicalized reordering suffers from reordering ambiguity, data sparseness and noises in a phrase table. Previous neural reordering model is successful to solve the first and second problems but fails to address the third one. Therefore, we propose new features using phrase translation and word alignment to construct phrase vectors to handle inherently noisy phrase translation pairs. The experimental results show that our proposed method improves the accuracy of phrase reordering. We confirm that the proposed method works well with phrase pairs including NULL alignments.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-system,
    title = "System Description of bjtu{\_}nlp Neural Machine Translation System",
    author = "Li, Shaotong  and
      Xu, JinAn  and
      Chen, Yufeng  and
      Zhang, Yujie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4608",
    pages = "104--110",
    abstract = "This paper presents our machine translation system that developed for the WAT2016 evalua-tion tasks of ja-en, ja-zh, en-ja, zh-ja, JPCja-en, JPCja-zh, JPCen-ja, JPCzh-ja. We build our system based on encoder{--}decoder framework by integrating recurrent neural network (RNN) and gate recurrent unit (GRU), and we also adopt an attention mechanism for solving the problem of information loss. Additionally, we propose a simple translation-specific approach to resolve the unknown word translation problem. Experimental results show that our system performs better than the baseline statistical machine translation (SMT) systems in each task. Moreover, it shows that our proposed approach of unknown word translation performs effec-tively improvement of translation results.",
}
@inproceedings{ehara-2016-translation,
    title = "Translation systems and experimental results of the {EHR} group for {WAT}2016 tasks",
    author = "Ehara, Terumasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4609",
    pages = "111--118",
    abstract = "System architecture, experimental settings and experimental results of the group for the WAT2016 tasks are described. We participate in six tasks: en-ja, zh-ja, JPCzh-ja, JPCko-ja, HINDENen-hi and HINDENhi-ja. Although the basic architecture of our sys-tems is PBSMT with reordering, several techniques are conducted. Especially, the system for the HINDENhi-ja task with pivoting by English uses the reordering technique. Be-cause Hindi and Japanese are both OV type languages and English is a VO type language, we can use reordering technique to the pivot language. We can improve BLEU score from 7.47 to 7.66 by the reordering technique for the sentence level pivoting of this task.",
}
@inproceedings{neubig-2016-lexicons,
    title = "Lexicons and Minimum Risk Training for Neural Machine Translation: {NAIST}-{CMU} at {WAT}2016",
    author = "Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4610",
    pages = "119--125",
    abstract = "This year, the Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)/Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) submission to the Japanese-English translation track of the 2016 Workshop on Asian Translation was based on attentional neural machine translation (NMT) models. In addition to the standard NMT model, we make a number of improvements, most notably the use of discrete translation lexicons to improve probability estimates, and the use of minimum risk training to optimize the MT system for BLEU score. As a result, our system achieved the highest translation evaluation scores for the task.",
}
@inproceedings{imamura-sumita-2016-nict,
    title = "{NICT}-2 Translation System for {WAT}2016: Applying Domain Adaptation to Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Imamura, Kenji  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4611",
    pages = "126--132",
    abstract = "This paper describes the NICT-2 translation system for the 3rd Workshop on Asian Translation. The proposed system employs a domain adaptation method based on feature augmentation. We regarded the Japan Patent Office Corpus as a mixture of four domain corpora and improved the translation quality of each domain. In addition, we incorporated language models constructed from Google n-grams as external knowledge. Our domain adaptation method can naturally incorporate such external knowledge that contributes to translation quality.",
}
@inproceedings{kinoshita-etal-2016-translation,
    title = "Translation Using {JAPIO} Patent Corpora: {JAPIO} at {WAT}2016",
    author = "Kinoshita, Satoshi  and
      Oshio, Tadaaki  and
      Mitsuhashi, Tomoharu  and
      Ehara, Terumasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4612",
    pages = "133--138",
    abstract = "We participate in scientific paper subtask (ASPEC-EJ/CJ) and patent subtask (JPC-EJ/CJ/KJ) with phrase-based SMT systems which are trained with its own patent corpora. Using larger corpora than those prepared by the workshop organizer, we achieved higher BLEU scores than most participants in EJ and CJ translations of patent subtask, but in crowdsourcing evaluation, our EJ translation, which is best in all automatic evaluations, received a very poor score. In scientific paper subtask, our translations are given lower scores than most translations that are produced by translation engines trained with the in-domain corpora. But our scores are higher than those of general-purpose RBMTs and online services. Considering the result of crowdsourcing evaluation, it shows a possibility that CJ SMT system trained with a large patent corpus translates non-patent technical documents at a practical level.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient and Effective Online Sentence Segmenter for Simultaneous Interpretation",
    author = "Wang, Xiaolin  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4613",
    pages = "139--148",
    abstract = "Simultaneous interpretation is a very challenging application of machine translation in which the input is a stream of words from a speech recognition engine. The key problem is how to segment the stream in an online manner into units suitable for translation. The segmentation process proceeds by calculating a confidence score for each word that indicates the soundness of placing a sentence boundary after it, and then heuristics are employed to determine the position of the boundaries. Multiple variants of the confidence scoring method and segmentation heuristics were studied. Experimental results show that the best performing strategy is not only efficient in terms of average latency per word, but also achieved end-to-end translation quality close to an offline baseline, and close to oracle segmentation.",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2016-similar,
    title = "Similar Southeast {A}sian Languages: Corpus-Based Case Study on {T}hai-{L}aotian and {M}alay-{I}ndonesian",
    author = "Ding, Chenchen  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4614",
    pages = "149--156",
    abstract = "This paper illustrates the similarity between Thai and Laotian, and between Malay and Indonesian, based on an investigation on raw parallel data from Asian Language Treebank. The cross-lingual similarity is investigated and demonstrated on metrics of correspondence and order of tokens, based on several standard statistical machine translation techniques. The similarity shown in this study suggests a possibility on harmonious annotation and processing of the language pairs in future development.",
}
@inproceedings{takeno-etal-2016-integrating,
    title = "Integrating empty category detection into preordering Machine Translation",
    author = "Takeno, Shunsuke  and
      Nagata, Masaaki  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4615",
    pages = "157--165",
    abstract = "We propose a method for integrating Japanese empty category detection into the preordering process of Japanese-to-English statistical machine translation. First, we apply machine-learning-based empty category detection to estimate the position and the type of empty categories in the constituent tree of the source sentence. Then, we apply discriminative preordering to the augmented constituent tree in which empty categories are treated as if they are normal lexical symbols. We find that it is effective to filter empty categories based on the confidence of estimation. Our experiments show that, for the IWSLT dataset consisting of short travel conversations, the insertion of empty categories alone improves the BLEU score from 33.2 to 34.3 and the RIBES score from 76.3 to 78.7, which imply that reordering has improved For the KFTT dataset consisting of Wikipedia sentences, the proposed preordering method considering empty categories improves the BLEU score from 19.9 to 20.2 and the RIBES score from 66.2 to 66.3, which shows both translation and reordering have improved slightly.",
}
@inproceedings{cromieres-etal-2016-kyoto,
    title = "{K}yoto University Participation to {WAT} 2016",
    author = "Cromieres, Fabien  and
      Chu, Chenhui  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4616",
    pages = "166--174",
    abstract = "We describe here our approaches and results on the WAT 2016 shared translation tasks. We tried to use both an example-based machine translation (MT) system and a neural MT system. We report very good translation results, especially when using neural MT for Chinese-to-Japanese translation.",
}
@inproceedings{eriguchi-etal-2016-character,
    title = "Character-based Decoding in Tree-to-Sequence Attention-based Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Eriguchi, Akiko  and
      Hashimoto, Kazuma  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4617",
    pages = "175--183",
    abstract = "This paper reports our systems (UT-AKY) submitted in the 3rd Workshop of Asian Translation 2016 (WAT{'}16) and their results in the English-to-Japanese translation task. Our model is based on the tree-to-sequence Attention-based NMT (ANMT) model proposed by Eriguchi et al. (2016). We submitted two ANMT systems: one with a word-based decoder and the other with a character-based decoder. Experimenting on the English-to-Japanese translation task, we have confirmed that the character-based decoder can cover almost the full vocabulary in the target language and generate translations much faster than the word-based model.",
}
@inproceedings{tan-2016-faster,
    title = "Faster and Lighter Phrase-based Machine Translation Baseline",
    author = "Tan, Liling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4618",
    pages = "184--193",
    abstract = "This paper describes the SENSE machine translation system participation in the Third Workshop for Asian Translation (WAT2016). We share our best practices to build a fast and light phrase-based machine translation (PBMT) models that have comparable results to the baseline systems provided by the organizers. As Neural Machine Translation (NMT) overtakes PBMT as the state-of-the-art, deep learning and new MT practitioners might not be familiar with the PBMT paradigm and we hope that this paper will help them build a PBMT baseline system quickly and easily.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-lepage-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Patent Translation using Bilingual Term Extraction and Re-tokenization for {C}hinese{--}{J}apanese",
    author = "Yang, Wei  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4619",
    pages = "194--202",
    abstract = "Unlike European languages, many Asian languages like Chinese and Japanese do not have typographic boundaries in written system. Word segmentation (tokenization) that break sentences down into individual words (tokens) is normally treated as the first step for machine translation (MT). For Chinese and Japanese, different rules and segmentation tools lead different segmentation results in different level of granularity between Chinese and Japanese. To improve the translation accuracy, we adjust and balance the granularity of segmentation results around terms for Chinese{--}Japanese patent corpus for training translation model. In this paper, we describe a statistical machine translation (SMT) system which is built on re-tokenized Chinese-Japanese patent training corpus using extracted bilingual multi-word terms.",
}
@inproceedings{yamagishi-etal-2016-controlling,
    title = "Controlling the Voice of a Sentence in {J}apanese-to-{E}nglish Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Yamagishi, Hayahide  and
      Kanouchi, Shin  and
      Sato, Takayuki  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4620",
    pages = "203--210",
    abstract = "In machine translation, we must consider the difference in expression between languages. For example, the active/passive voice may change in Japanese-English translation. The same verb in Japanese may be translated into different voices at each translation because the voice of a generated sentence cannot be determined using only the information of the Japanese sentence. Machine translation systems should consider the information structure to improve the coherence of the output by using several topicalization techniques such as passivization. Therefore, this paper reports on our attempt to control the voice of the sentence generated by an encoder-decoder model. To control the voice of the generated sentence, we added the voice information of the target sentence to the source sentence during the training. We then generated sentences with a specified voice by appending the voice information to the source sentence. We observed experimentally whether the voice could be controlled. The results showed that, we could control the voice of the generated sentence with 85.0{\%} accuracy on average. In the evaluation of Japanese-English translation, we obtained a 0.73-point improvement in BLEU score by using gold voice labels.",
}
@inproceedings{sudoh-nagata-2016-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese-to-{J}apanese Patent Machine Translation based on Syntactic Pre-ordering for {WAT} 2016",
    author = "Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4621",
    pages = "211--215",
    abstract = "This paper presents our Chinese-to-Japanese patent machine translation system for WAT 2016 (Group ID: ntt) that uses syntactic pre-ordering over Chinese dependency structures. Chinese words are reordered by a learning-to-rank model based on pairwise classification to obtain word order close to Japanese. In this year{'}s system, two different machine translation methods are compared: traditional phrase-based statistical machine translation and recent sequence-to-sequence neural machine translation with an attention mechanism. Our pre-ordering showed a significant improvement over the phrase-based baseline, but, in contrast, it degraded the neural machine translation baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{sen-etal-2016-iitp,
    title = "{IITP} {E}nglish-{H}indi Machine Translation System at {WAT} 2016",
    author = "Sen, Sukanta  and
      Banik, Debajyoty  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4622",
    pages = "216--222",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe the system that we develop as part of our participation in WAT 2016. We develop a system based on hierarchical phrase-based SMT for English to Hindi language pair. We perform re-ordering and augment bilingual dictionary to improve the performance. As a baseline we use a phrase-based SMT model. The MT models are fine-tuned on the development set, and the best configurations are used to report the evaluation on the test set. Experiments show the BLEU of 13.71 on the benchmark test data. This is better compared to the official baseline BLEU score of 10.79.",
}
@inproceedings{shu-miura-2016-residual,
    title = "Residual Stacking of {RNN}s for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Shu, Raphael  and
      Miura, Akiva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4623",
    pages = "223--229",
    abstract = "To enhance Neural Machine Translation models, several obvious ways such as enlarging the hidden size of recurrent layers and stacking multiple layers of RNN can be considered. Surprisingly, we observe that using naively stacked RNNs in the decoder slows down the training and leads to degradation in performance. In this paper, We demonstrate that applying residual connections in the depth of stacked RNNs can help the optimization, which is referred to as residual stacking. In empirical evaluation, residual stacking of decoder RNNs gives superior results compared to other methods of enhancing the model with a fixed parameter budget. Our submitted systems in WAT2016 are based on a NMT model ensemble with residual stacking in the decoder. To further improve the performance, we also attempt various methods of system combination in our experiments.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-international-terminology,
    title = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm2016)",
    author = "Drouin, Patrick  and
      Grabar, Natalia  and
      Hamon, Thierry  and
      Kageura, Kyo  and
      Takeuchi, Koichi",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4700",
}
@inproceedings{song-2016-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Impact, Trend, and Diffusion of Knowledge associated with Neoplasms Research",
    author = "Song, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4701",
    pages = "1",
    abstract = "Cancer (a.k.a neoplasms in a broader sense) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and its incidence is expected to exacerbate. To respond to the critical need from the society, there have been rigorous attempts for the cancer research community to develop treatment for cancer. Accordingly, we observe a surge in the sheer volume of research products and outcomes in relation to neoplasms. In this talk, we introduce the notion of entitymetrics to provide a new lens for understanding the impact, trend, and diffusion of knowledge associated with neoplasms research. To this end, we collected over two million records from PubMed, the most popular search engine in the medical domain. Coupled with text mining techniques including named entity recognition, sentence boundary detection, string approximate matching, entitymetrics enables us to analyze knowledge diffusion, impact, and trend at various knowledge entity units, such as bio-entity, organization, and country. At the end of the talk, the future applications and possible directions of entitymetrics will be discussed.",
}
@inproceedings{amjadian-etal-2016-local,
    title = "Local-Global Vectors to Improve Unigram Terminology Extraction",
    author = "Amjadian, Ehsan  and
      Inkpen, Diana  and
      Paribakht, Tahereh  and
      Faez, Farahnaz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4702",
    pages = "2--11",
    abstract = "The present paper explores a novel method that integrates efficient distributed representations with terminology extraction. We show that the information from a small number of observed instances can be combined with local and global word embeddings to remarkably improve the term extraction results on unigram terms. To do so we pass the terms extracted by other tools to a filter made of the local-global embeddings and a classifier which in turn decides whether or not a term candidate is a term. The filter can also be used as a hub to merge different term extraction tools into a single higher-performing system. We compare filters that use the skip-gram architecture and filters that employ the CBOW architecture for the task at hand.",
}
@inproceedings{mykowiecka-etal-2016-recognition,
    title = "Recognition of non-domain phrases in automatically extracted lists of terms",
    author = "Mykowiecka, Agnieszka  and
      Marciniak, Malgorzata  and
      Rychlik, Piotr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4703",
    pages = "12--20",
    abstract = "In the paper, we address the problem of recognition of non-domain phrases in terminology lists obtained with an automatic term extraction tool. We focus on identification of multi-word phrases that are general terms and discourse function expressions. We tested several methods based on domain corpora comparison and a method based on contexts of phrases identified in a large corpus of general language. We compared the results of the methods to manual annotation. The results show that the task is quite hard as the inter-annotator agreement is low. Several tested methods achieved similar overall results, although the phrase ordering varied between methods. The most successful method with the precision about 0.75 at the half of the tested list was the context based method using a modified contextual diversity coefficient.",
}
@inproceedings{barriere-etal-2016-contextual,
    title = "Contextual term equivalent search using domain-driven disambiguation",
    author = "Barri{\`e}re, Caroline  and
      M{\'e}nard, Pierre Andr{\'e}  and
      Azoulay, Daphn{\'e}e",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4704",
    pages = "21--29",
    abstract = "This article presents a domain-driven algorithm for the task of term sense disambiguation (TSD). TSD aims at automatically choosing which term record from a term bank best represents the meaning of a term occurring in a particular context. In a translation environment, finding the contextually appropriate term record is necessary to access the proper equivalent to be used in the target language text. The term bank TERMIUM Plus, recently published as an open access repository, is chosen as a domain-rich resource for testing our TSD algorithm, using English and French as source and target languages. We devise an experiment using over 1300 English terms found in scientific articles, and show that our domain-driven TSD algorithm is able to bring the best term record, and therefore the best French equivalent, at the average rank of 1.69 compared to a baseline random rank of 3.51.",
}
@inproceedings{iwai-etal-2016-method,
    title = "A Method of Augmenting Bilingual Terminology by Taking Advantage of the Conceptual Systematicity of Terminologies",
    author = "Iwai, Miki  and
      Takeuchi, Koichi  and
      Kageura, Kyo  and
      Ishibashi, Kazuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4705",
    pages = "30--40",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a method of augmenting existing bilingual terminologies. Our method belongs to a {``}generate and validate{''} framework rather than extraction from corpora. Although many studies have proposed methods to find term translations or to augment terminology within a {``}generate and validate{''} framework, few has taken full advantage of the systematic nature of terminologies. A terminology of a domain represents the conceptual system of the domain fairly systematically, and we contend that making use of the systematicity fully will greatly contribute to the effective augmentation of terminologies. This paper proposes and evaluates a novel method to generate bilingual term candidates by using existing terminologies and delving into their systematicity. Experiments have shown that our method can generate much better term candidate pairs than the existing method and give improved performance for terminology augmentation.",
}
@inproceedings{roesiger-etal-2016-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of semantic relations between terms: how far can we get with standard {NLP} tools?",
    author = {Roesiger, Ina  and
      Bettinger, Julia  and
      Sch{\"a}fer, Johannes  and
      Dorna, Michael  and
      Heid, Ulrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4706",
    pages = "41--51",
    abstract = "The extraction of data exemplifying relations between terms can make use, at least to a large extent, of techniques that are similar to those used in standard hybrid term candidate extraction, namely basic corpus analysis tools (e.g. tagging, lemmatization, parsing), as well as morphological analysis of complex words (compounds and derived items). In this article, we discuss the use of such techniques for the extraction of raw material for a description of relations between terms, and we provide internal evaluation data for the devices developed. We claim that user-generated content is a rich source of term variation through paraphrasing and reformulation, and that these provide relational data at the same time as term variants. Germanic languages with their rich word formation morphology may be particularly good candidates for the approach advocated here.",
}
@inproceedings{bernier-colborne-drouin-2016-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of distributional semantic models: a holistic approach",
    author = "Bernier-Colborne, Gabriel  and
      Drouin, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4707",
    pages = "52--61",
    abstract = "We investigate how both model-related factors and application-related factors affect the accuracy of distributional semantic models (DSMs) in the context of specialized lexicography, and how these factors interact. This holistic approach to the evaluation of DSMs provides valuable guidelines for the use of these models and insight into the kind of semantic information they capture.",
}
@inproceedings{qasemizadeh-2016-study,
    title = "A Study on the Interplay Between the Corpus Size and Parameters of a Distributional Model for Term Classification",
    author = "QasemiZadeh, Behrang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4708",
    pages = "62--72",
    abstract = "We propose and evaluate a method for identifying co-hyponym lexical units in a terminological resource. The principles of term recognition and distributional semantics are combined to extract terms from a similar category of concept. Given a set of candidate terms, random projections are employed to represent them as low-dimensional vectors. These vectors are derived automatically from the frequency of the co-occurrences of the candidate terms and words that appear within windows of text in their proximity (context-windows). In a $k$-nearest neighbours framework, these vectors are classified using a small set of manually annotated terms which exemplify concept categories. We then investigate the interplay between the size of the corpus that is used for collecting the co-occurrences and a number of factors that play roles in the performance of the proposed method: the configuration of context-windows for collecting co-occurrences, the selection of neighbourhood size ($k$), and the choice of similarity metric.",
}
@inproceedings{leon-arauz-etal-2016-pattern,
    title = "Pattern-based Word Sketches for the Extraction of Semantic Relations",
    author = "Le{\'o}n-Ara{\'u}z, Pilar  and
      San Mart{\'\i}n, Antonio  and
      Faber, Pamela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4709",
    pages = "73--82",
    abstract = "Despite advances in computer technology, terminologists still tend to rely on manual work to extract all the semantic information that they need for the description of specialized concepts. In this paper we propose the creation of new word sketches in Sketch Engine for the extraction of semantic relations. Following a pattern-based approach, new sketch grammars are devel-oped in order to extract some of the most common semantic relations used in the field of ter-minology: generic-specific, part-whole, location, cause and function.",
}
@inproceedings{miyata-kageura-2016-constructing,
    title = "Constructing and Evaluating Controlled Bilingual Terminologies",
    author = "Miyata, Rei  and
      Kageura, Kyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4710",
    pages = "83--93",
    abstract = "This paper presents the construction and evaluation of Japanese and English controlled bilingual terminologies that are particularly intended for controlled authoring and machine translation with special reference to the Japanese municipal domain. Our terminologies are constructed by extracting terms from municipal website texts, and the term variations are controlled by defining preferred and proscribed terms for both the source Japanese and the target English. To assess the coverage of the terms/concepts in the municipal domain and validate the quality of the control, we employ a quantitative extrapolation method that estimates the potential vocabulary size. Using Large-Number-of-Rare-Event (LNRE) modelling, we compare two parameters: (1) uncontrolled and controlled and (2) Japanese and English. The results show that our terminologies currently cover about 45{--}65{\%} of the terms and 50{--}65{\%} of the concepts in the municipal domain, and are well controlled. The detailed analysis of growth patterns of terminologies also provides insight into the extent to which we can enlarge the terminologies within the realistic range.",
}
@inproceedings{francopoulo-etal-2016-providing,
    title = "Providing and Analyzing {NLP} Terms for our Community",
    author = "Francopoulo, Gil  and
      Mariani, Joseph  and
      Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Vernier, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4711",
    pages = "94--103",
    abstract = "By its own nature, the Natural Language Processing (NLP) community is a priori the best equipped to study the evolution of its own publications, but works in this direction are rare and only recently have we seen a few attempts at charting the field. In this paper, we use the algorithms, resources, standards, tools and common practices of the NLP field to build a list of terms characteristic of ongoing research, by mining a large corpus of scientific publications, aiming at the largest possible exhaustivity and covering the largest possible time span. Study of the evolution of this term list through time reveals interesting insights on the dynamics of field and the availability of the term database and of the corpus (for a large part) make possible many further comparative studies in addition to providing a test field for a new graphic interface designed to perform visual time analytics of large sized thesauri.",
}
@inproceedings{kocbek-etal-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating a dictionary of human phenotype terms focusing on rare diseases",
    author = "Kocbek, Simon  and
      Fujiwara, Toyofumi  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Takagi, Toshihisa  and
      Groza, Tudor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4712",
    pages = "104--109",
    abstract = "Annotating medical text such as clinical notes with human phenotype descriptors is an important task that can, for example, assist in building patient profiles. To automatically annotate text one usually needs a dictionary of predefined terms. However, do to the variety of human expressiveness, current state-of-the art phenotype concept recognizers and automatic annotators struggle with specific domain issues and challenges. In this paper we present results of an-notating gold standard corpus with a dictionary containing lexical variants for the Human Phenotype Ontology terms. The main purpose of the dictionary is to improve the recall of phenotype concept recognition systems. We compare the method with four other approaches and present results.",
}
@inproceedings{sadoun-2016-semi,
    title = "A semi automatic annotation approach for ontological and terminological knowledge acquisition",
    author = "Sadoun, Driss",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4713",
    pages = "110--120",
    abstract = "We propose a semi-automatic method for the acquisition of specialised ontological and terminological knowledge. An ontology and a terminology are automatically built from domain experts{'} annotations. The ontology formalizes the common and shared conceptual vocabulary of those experts. Its associated terminology defines a glossary linking annotated terms to their semantic categories. These two resources evolve incrementally and are used for an automatic annotation of a new corpus at each iteration. The annotated corpus concerns the evaluation of French higher education and science institutions.",
}
@inproceedings{krishna-hans-2016-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Medical free text: A Terminology driven approach",
    author = "Krishna, Santosh Sai  and
      Hans, Manoj",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4714",
    pages = "121--125",
    abstract = "With many hospitals digitalizing clinical records it has opened opportunities for researchers in NLP, Machine Learning to apply techniques for extracting meaning and make actionable insights. There has been previous attempts in mapping free text to medical nomenclature like UMLS, SNOMED. However, in this paper, we had analyzed diagnosis in clinical reports using ICD10 to achieve a lightweight, real-time predictions by introducing concepts like WordInfo, root word identification. We were able to achieve 68.3{\%} accuracy over clinical records collected from qualified clinicians. Our study would further help the healthcare institutes in organizing their clinical reports based on ICD10 mappings and derive numerous insights to achieve operational efficiency and better medical care.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-nlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    author = {Nakov, Preslav  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Tan, Liling  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Malmasi, Shervin},
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4800",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-etal-2016-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating between Similar Languages and {A}rabic Dialect Identification: A Report on the Third {DSL} Shared Task",
    author = {Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Ali, Ahmed  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4801",
    pages = "1--14",
    abstract = "We present the results of the third edition of the Discriminating between Similar Languages (DSL) shared task, which was organized as part of the VarDial{'}2016 workshop at COLING{'}2016. The challenge offered two subtasks: subtask 1 focused on the identification of very similar languages and language varieties in newswire texts, whereas subtask 2 dealt with Arabic dialect identification in speech transcripts. A total of 37 teams registered to participate in the task, 24 teams submitted test results, and 20 teams also wrote system description papers. High-order character n-grams were the most successful feature, and the best classification approaches included traditional supervised learning methods such as SVM, logistic regression, and language models, while deep learning approaches did not perform very well.",
}
@inproceedings{coltekin-rama-2016-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating Similar Languages with Linear {SVM}s and Neural Networks",
    author = {{\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}  and
      Rama, Taraka},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4802",
    pages = "15--24",
    abstract = "This paper describes the systems we experimented with for participating in the discriminating between similar languages (DSL) shared task 2016. We submitted results of a single system based on support vector machines (SVM) with linear kernel and using character ngram features, which obtained the first rank at the closed training track for test set A. Besides the linear SVM, we also report additional experiments with a number of deep learning architectures. Despite our intuition that non-linear deep learning methods should be advantageous, linear models seems to fare better in this task, at least with the amount of data and the amount of effort we spent on tuning these models.",
}
@inproceedings{rama-coltekin-2016-lstm,
    title = "{LSTM} Autoencoders for Dialect Analysis",
    author = {Rama, Taraka  and
      {\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4803",
    pages = "25--32",
    abstract = "Computational approaches for dialectometry employed Levenshtein distance to compute an aggregate similarity between two dialects belonging to a single language group. In this paper, we apply a sequence-to-sequence autoencoder to learn a deep representation for words that can be used for meaningful comparison across dialects. In contrast to the alignment-based methods, our method does not require explicit alignments. We apply our architectures to three different datasets and show that the learned representations indicate highly similar results with the analyses based on Levenshtein distance and capture the traditional dialectal differences shown by dialectologists.",
}
@inproceedings{zirikly-etal-2016-gw-lt3,
    title = "The {GW}/{LT}3 {V}ar{D}ial 2016 Shared Task System for Dialects and Similar Languages Detection",
    author = "Zirikly, Ayah  and
      Desmet, Bart  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4804",
    pages = "33--41",
    abstract = "This paper describes the GW/LT3 contribution to the 2016 VarDial shared task on the identification of similar languages (task 1) and Arabic dialects (task 2). For both tasks, we experimented with Logistic Regression and Neural Network classifiers in isolation. Additionally, we implemented a cascaded classifier that consists of coarse and fine-grained classifiers (task 1) and a classifier ensemble with majority voting for task 2. The submitted systems obtained state-of-the art performance and ranked first for the evaluation on social media data (test sets B1 and B2 for task 1), with a maximum weighted F1 score of 91.94{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{diab-2016-processing,
    title = "Processing Dialectal {A}rabic: Exploiting Variability and Similarity to Overcome Challenges and Discover Opportunities",
    author = "Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4805",
    pages = "42",
    abstract = "We recently witnessed an exponential growth in dialectal Arabic usage in both textual data and speech recordings especially in social media. Processing such media is of great utility for all kinds of applications ranging from information extraction to social media analytics for political and commercial purposes to building decision support systems. Compared to other languages, Arabic, especially the informal variety, poses a significant challenge to natural language processing algorithms since it comprises multiple dialects, linguistic code switching, and a lack of standardized orthographies, to top its relatively complex morphology. Inherently, the problem of processing Arabic in the context of social media is the problem of how to handle resource poor languages. In this talk I will go over some of our insights to some of these problems and show how there is a silver lining where we can generalize some of our solutions to other low resource language contexts.",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-etal-2016-language,
    title = "Language Related Issues for Machine Translation between Closely Related South {S}lavic Languages",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Ar{\v{c}}an, Mihael  and
      Klubi{\v{c}}ka, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4806",
    pages = "43--52",
    abstract = "Machine translation between closely related languages is less challenging and exibits a smaller number of translation errors than translation between distant languages, but there are still obstacles which should be addressed in order to improve such systems. This work explores the obstacles for machine translation systems between closely related South Slavic languages, namely Croatian, Serbian and Slovenian. Statistical systems for all language pairs and translation directions are trained using parallel texts from different domains, however mainly on spoken language i.e. subtitles. For translation between Serbian and Croatian, a rule-based system is also explored. It is shown that for all language pairs and translation systems, the main obstacles are differences between structural properties.",
}
@inproceedings{adouane-etal-2016-romanized,
    title = "{R}omanized {B}erber and {R}omanized {A}rabic Automatic Language Identification Using Machine Learning",
    author = "Adouane, Wafia  and
      Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Johansson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4807",
    pages = "53--61",
    abstract = "The identification of the language of text/speech input is the first step to be able to properly do any language-dependent natural language processing. The task is called Automatic Language Identification (ALI). Being a well-studied field since early 1960{'}s, various methods have been applied to many standard languages. The ALI standard methods require datasets for training and use character/word-based n-gram models. However, social media and new technologies have contributed to the rise of informal and minority languages on the Web. The state-of-the-art automatic language identifiers fail to properly identify many of them. Romanized Arabic (RA) and Romanized Berber (RB) are cases of these informal languages which are under-resourced. The goal of this paper is twofold: detect RA and RB, at a document level, as separate languages and distinguish between them as they coexist in North Africa. We consider the task as a classification problem and use supervised machine learning to solve it. For both languages, character-based 5-grams combined with additional lexicons score the best, F-score of 99.75{\%} and 97.77{\%} for RB and RA respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{ostling-2016-many,
    title = "How Many Languages Can a Language Model Model?",
    author = {{\"O}stling, Robert},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4808",
    pages = "62",
    abstract = "One of the purposes of the VarDial workshop series is to encourage research into NLP methods that treat human languages as a continuum, by designing models that exploit the similarities between languages and variants. In my work, I am using a continuous vector representation of languages that allows modeling and exploring the language continuum in a very direct way. The basic tool for this is a character-based recurrent neural network language model conditioned on language vectors whose values are learned during training. By feeding the model Bible translations in a thousand languages, not only does the learned vector space capture language similarity, but by interpolating between the learned vectors it is possible to generate text in unattested intermediate forms between the training languages.",
}
@inproceedings{adouane-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of {A}rabicized {B}erber and {A}rabic Varieties",
    author = "Adouane, Wafia  and
      Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Johansson, Richard  and
      Bobicev, Victoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4809",
    pages = "63--72",
    abstract = "Automatic Language Identification (ALI) is the detection of the natural language of an input text by a machine. It is the first necessary step to do any language-dependent natural language processing task. Various methods have been successfully applied to a wide range of languages, and the state-of-the-art automatic language identifiers are mainly based on character n-gram models trained on huge corpora. However, there are many languages which are not yet automatically processed, for instance minority and informal languages. Many of these languages are only spoken and do not exist in a written format. Social media platforms and new technologies have facilitated the emergence of written format for these spoken languages based on pronunciation. The latter are not well represented on the Web, commonly referred to as under-resourced languages, and the current available ALI tools fail to properly recognize them. In this paper, we revisit the problem of ALI with the focus on Arabicized Berber and dialectal Arabic short texts. We introduce new resources and evaluate the existing methods. The results show that machine learning models combined with lexicons are well suited for detecting Arabicized Berber and different Arabic varieties and distinguishing between them, giving a macro-average F-score of 92.94{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{aminian-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Verification and Augmentation of Multilingual Lexicons",
    author = "Aminian, Maryam  and
      Al-Badrashiny, Mohamed  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4810",
    pages = "73--81",
    abstract = "We present an approach for automatic verification and augmentation of multilingual lexica. We exploit existing parallel and monolingual corpora to extract multilingual correspondents via tri-angulation. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach on two publicly available resources: Tharwa, a three-way lexicon comprising Dialectal Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic and English lemmas among other information (Diab et al., 2014); and BabelNet, a multilingual thesaurus comprising over 276 languages including Arabic variant entries (Navigli and Ponzetto, 2012). Our automated approach yields an F1-score of 71.71{\%} in generating correct multilingual correspondents against gold Tharwa, and 54.46{\%} against gold BabelNet without any human intervention.",
}
@inproceedings{kunchukuttan-bhattacharyya-2016-faster,
    title = "Faster Decoding for Subword Level Phrase-based {SMT} between Related Languages",
    author = "Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4811",
    pages = "82--88",
    abstract = "A common and effective way to train translation systems between related languages is to consider sub-word level basic units. However, this increases the length of the sentences resulting in increased decoding time. The increase in length is also impacted by the specific choice of data format for representing the sentences as subwords. In a phrase-based SMT framework, we investigate different choices of decoder parameters as well as data format and their impact on decoding time and translation accuracy. We suggest best options for these settings that significantly improve decoding time with little impact on the translation accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-2016-subdialectal,
    title = "Subdialectal Differences in {S}orani {K}urdish",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4812",
    pages = "89--96",
    abstract = "In this study we apply classification methods for detecting subdialectal differences in Sorani Kurdish texts produced in different regions, namely Iran and Iraq. As Sorani is a low-resource language, no corpus including texts from different regions was readily available. To this end, we identified data sources that could be leveraged for this task to create a dataset of 200,000 sentences. Using surface features, we attempted to classify Sorani subdialects, showing that sentences from news sources in Iraq and Iran are distinguishable with 96{\%} accuracy. This is the first preliminary study for a dialect that has not been widely studied in computational linguistics, evidencing the possible existence of distinct subdialects.",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-etal-2016-enlarging,
    title = "Enlarging Scarce In-domain {E}nglish-{C}roatian Corpus for {SMT} of {MOOC}s Using {S}erbian",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Cholakov, Kostadin  and
      Kordoni, Valia  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4813",
    pages = "97--105",
    abstract = "Massive Open Online Courses have been growing rapidly in size and impact. Yet the language barrier constitutes a major growth impediment in reaching out all people and educating all citizens. A vast majority of educational material is available only in English, and state-of-the-art machine translation systems still have not been tailored for this peculiar genre. In addition, a mere collection of appropriate in-domain training material is a challenging task. In this work, we investigate statistical machine translation of lecture subtitles from English into Croatian, which is morphologically rich and generally weakly supported, especially for the educational domain. We show that results comparable with publicly available systems trained on much larger data can be achieved if a small in-domain training set is used in combination with additional in-domain corpus originating from the closely related Serbian language.",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-zampieri-2016-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Dialect Identification in Speech Transcripts",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Zampieri, Marcos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4814",
    pages = "106--113",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe a system developed to identify a set of four regional Arabic dialects (Egyptian, Gulf, Levantine, North African) and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) in a transcribed speech corpus. We competed under the team name MAZA in the Arabic Dialect Identification sub-task of the 2016 Discriminating between Similar Languages (DSL) shared task. Our system achieved an F1-score of 0.51 in the closed training track, ranking first among the 18 teams that participated in the sub-task. Our system utilizes a classifier ensemble with a set of linear models as base classifiers. We experimented with three different ensemble fusion strategies, with the mean probability approach providing the best performance.",
}
@inproceedings{herman-etal-2016-dsl,
    title = "{DSL} Shared Task 2016: Perfect Is The Enemy of Good Language Discrimination Through Expectation{--}Maximization and Chunk-based Language Model",
    author = "Herman, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Suchomel, V{\'\i}t  and
      Baisa, V{\'\i}t  and
      Rychl{\'y}, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4815",
    pages = "114--118",
    abstract = "In this paper we investigate two approaches to discrimination of similar languages: Expectation{--}maximization algorithm for estimating conditional probability P(word|language) and byte level language models similar to compression-based language modelling methods. The accuracy of these methods reached respectively 86.6{\%} and 88.3{\%} on set A of the DSL Shared task 2016 competition.",
}
@inproceedings{bjerva-2016-byte,
    title = "Byte-based Language Identification with Deep Convolutional Networks",
    author = "Bjerva, Johannes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4816",
    pages = "119--125",
    abstract = "We report on our system for the shared task on discriminating between similar languages (DSL 2016). The system uses only byte representations in a deep residual network (ResNet). The system, named ResIdent, is trained only on the data released with the task (closed training). We obtain 84.88{\%} accuracy on subtask A, 68.80{\%} accuracy on subtask B1, and 69.80{\%} accuracy on subtask B2. A large difference in accuracy on development data can be observed with relatively minor changes in our network{'}s architecture and hyperparameters. We therefore expect fine-tuning of these parameters to yield higher accuracies.",
}
@inproceedings{hanani-etal-2016-classifying,
    title = "Classifying {ASR} Transcriptions According to {A}rabic Dialect",
    author = "Hanani, Abualsoud  and
      Qaroush, Aziz  and
      Taylor, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4817",
    pages = "126--134",
    abstract = "We describe several systems for identifying short samples of Arabic dialects. The systems were prepared for the shared task of the 2016 DSL Workshop. Our best system, an SVM using character tri-gram features, achieved an accuracy on the test data for the task of 0.4279, compared to a baseline of 0.20 for chance guesses or 0.2279 if we had always chosen the same most frequent class in the test set. This compares with the results of the team with the best weighted F1 score, which was an accuracy of 0.5117. The team entries seem to fall into cohorts, with all the teams in a cohort within a standard-deviation of each other, and our three entries are in the third cohort, which is about seven standard deviations from the top.",
}
@inproceedings{ionescu-popescu-2016-unibuckernel,
    title = "{U}nibuc{K}ernel: An Approach for {A}rabic Dialect Identification Based on Multiple String Kernels",
    author = "Ionescu, Radu Tudor  and
      Popescu, Marius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4818",
    pages = "135--144",
    abstract = "The most common approach in text mining classification tasks is to rely on features like words, part-of-speech tags, stems, or some other high-level linguistic features. Unlike the common approach, we present a method that uses only character p-grams (also known as n-grams) as features for the Arabic Dialect Identification (ADI) Closed Shared Task of the DSL 2016 Challenge. The proposed approach combines several string kernels using multiple kernel learning. In the learning stage, we try both Kernel Discriminant Analysis (KDA) and Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR), and we choose KDA as it gives better results in a 10-fold cross-validation carried out on the training set. Our approach is shallow and simple, but the empirical results obtained in the ADI Shared Task prove that it achieves very good results. Indeed, we ranked on the second place with an accuracy of 50.91{\%} and a weighted F1 score of 51.31{\%}. We also present improved results in this paper, which we obtained after the competition ended. Simply by adding more regularization into our model to make it more suitable for test data that comes from a different distribution than training data, we obtain an accuracy of 51.82{\%} and a weighted F1 score of 52.18{\%}. Furthermore, the proposed approach has an important advantage in that it is language independent and linguistic theory neutral, as it does not require any NLP tools.",
}
@inproceedings{belinkov-glass-2016-character,
    title = "A Character-level Convolutional Neural Network for Distinguishing Similar Languages and Dialects",
    author = "Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      Glass, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4819",
    pages = "145--152",
    abstract = "Discriminating between closely-related language varieties is considered a challenging and important task. This paper describes our submission to the DSL 2016 shared-task, which included two sub-tasks: one on discriminating similar languages and one on identifying Arabic dialects. We developed a character-level neural network for this task. Given a sequence of characters, our model embeds each character in vector space, runs the sequence through multiple convolutions with different filter widths, and pools the convolutional representations to obtain a hidden vector representation of the text that is used for predicting the language or dialect. We primarily focused on the Arabic dialect identification task and obtained an F1 score of 0.4834, ranking 6th out of 18 participants. We also analyze errors made by our system on the Arabic data in some detail, and point to challenges such an approach is faced with.",
}
@inproceedings{jauhiainen-etal-2016-heli,
    title = "{H}e{LI}, a Word-Based Backoff Method for Language Identification",
    author = "Jauhiainen, Tommi  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister  and
      Jauhiainen, Heidi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4820",
    pages = "153--162",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe the Helsinki language identification method, HeLI, and the resources we created for and used in the 3rd edition of the Discriminating between Similar Languages (DSL) shared task, which was organized as part of the VarDial 2016 workshop. The shared task comprised of a total of 8 tracks, of which we participated in 7. The shared task had a record number of participants, with 17 teams providing results for the closed track of the test set A. Our system reached the 2nd position in 4 tracks (A closed and open, B1 open and B2 open) and in this paper we are focusing on the methods and data used for those tracks. We describe our word-based backoff method in mathematical notation. We also describe how we selected the corpus we used in the open tracks.",
}
@inproceedings{adouane-etal-2016-asirem,
    title = "{ASIREM} Participation at the Discriminating Similar Languages Shared Task 2016",
    author = "Adouane, Wafia  and
      Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Johansson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4821",
    pages = "163--169",
    abstract = "This paper presents the system built by ASIREM team for the Discriminating between Similar Languages (DSL) Shared task 2016. It describes the system which uses character-based and word-based n-grams separately. ASIREM participated in both sub-tasks (sub-task 1 and sub-task 2) and in both open and closed tracks. For the sub-task 1 which deals with Discriminating between similar languages and national language varieties, the system achieved an accuracy of 87.79{\%} on the closed track, ending up ninth (the best results being 89.38{\%}). In sub-task 2, which deals with Arabic dialect identification, the system achieved its best performance using character-based n-grams (49.67{\%} accuracy), ranking fourth in the closed track (the best result being 51.16{\%}), and an accuracy of 53.18{\%}, ranking first in the open track.",
}
@inproceedings{gamallo-etal-2016-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Two Basic Methods for Discriminating Between Similar Languages and Varieties",
    author = "Gamallo, Pablo  and
      Alegria, I{\~n}aki  and
      Pichel, Jos{\'e} Ramom  and
      Agirrezabal, Manex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4822",
    pages = "170--177",
    abstract = "This article describes the systems submitted by the Citius{\_}Ixa{\_}Imaxin team to the Discriminating Similar Languages Shared Task 2016. The systems are based on two different strategies: classification with ranked dictionaries and Naive Bayes classifiers. The results of the evaluation show that ranking dictionaries are more sound and stable across different domains while basic bayesian models perform reasonably well on in-domain datasets, but their performance drops when they are applied on out-of-domain texts.",
}
@inproceedings{goutte-leger-2016-advances,
    title = "Advances in Ngram-based Discrimination of Similar Languages",
    author = "Goutte, Cyril  and
      L{\'e}ger, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4823",
    pages = "178--184",
    abstract = "We describe the systems entered by the National Research Council in the 2016 shared task on discriminating similar languages. Like previous years, we relied on character ngram features, and a mixture of discriminative and generative statistical classifiers. We mostly investigated the influence of the amount of data on the performance, in the open task, and compared the two-stage approach (predicting language/group, then variant) to a flat approach. Results suggest that ngrams are still state-of-the-art for language and variant identification, and that additional data has a small but decisive impact.",
}
@inproceedings{guggilla-2016-discrimination,
    title = "Discrimination between Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects using {CNN}- and {LSTM}-based Deep Neural Networks",
    author = "Guggilla, Chinnappa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4824",
    pages = "185--194",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe a system (CGLI) for discriminating similar languages, varieties and dialects using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks. We have participated in the Arabic dialect identification sub-task of DSL 2016 shared task for distinguishing different Arabic language texts under closed submission track. Our proposed approach is language independent and works for discriminating any given set of languages, varieties, and dialects. We have obtained 43.29{\%} weighted-F1 accuracy in this sub-task using CNN approach using default network parameters.",
}
@inproceedings{mcnamee-2016-language,
    title = "Language and Dialect Discrimination Using Compression-Inspired Language Models",
    author = "McNamee, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4825",
    pages = "195--203",
    abstract = "The DSL 2016 shared task continued previous evaluations from 2014 and 2015 that facilitated the study of automated language and dialect identification. This paper describes results for this year{'}s shared task and from several related experiments conducted at the Johns Hopkins University Human Language Technology Center of Excellence (JHU HLTCOE). Previously the HLTCOE has explored the use of compression-inspired language modeling for language and dialect identification, using news, Wikipedia, blog post, and Twitter corpora. The technique we have relied upon is based on prediction by partial matching (PPM), a state of the art text compression technique. Due to the close relationship between adaptive compression and language modeling, such compression techniques can also be applied to multi-way text classification problems, and previous studies have examined tasks such as authorship attribution, email spam detection, and topical classification. We applied our approach to the multi-class decision that considered each dialect or language as a possibility for the given shared task input line. Results for test-set A were in accord with our expectations, however results for test-sets B and C appear to be markedly worse. We had not anticipated the inclusion of multiple communications in differing languages in test-set B (social media) input lines, and had not expected the test-set C (dialectal Arabic) data to be represented phonetically instead of in native orthography.",
}
@inproceedings{alshutayri-etal-2016-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Language {WEKA}-Based Dialect Classifier for {A}rabic Automatic Speech Recognition Transcripts",
    author = "Alshutayri, Areej  and
      Atwell, Eric  and
      Alosaimy, Abdulrahman  and
      Dickins, James  and
      Ingleby, Michael  and
      Watson, Janet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4826",
    pages = "204--211",
    abstract = "This paper describes an Arabic dialect identification system which we developed for the Discriminating Similar Languages (DSL) 2016 shared task. We classified Arabic dialects by using Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) data analytic tool which contains many alternative filters and classifiers for machine learning. We experimented with several classifiers and the best accuracy was achieved using the Sequential Minimal Optimization (SMO) algorithm for training and testing process set to three different feature-sets for each testing process. Our approach achieved an accuracy equal to 42.85{\%} which is considerably worse in comparison to the evaluation scores on the training set of 80-90{\%} and with training set {``}60:40{''} percentage split which achieved accuracy around 50{\%}. We observed that Buckwalter transcripts from the Saarland Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system are given without short vowels, though the Buckwalter system has notation for these. We elaborate such observations, describe our methods and analyse the training dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{barbaresi-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Morphological Criterion for Discriminating Similar Languages",
    author = "Barbaresi, Adrien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4827",
    pages = "212--220",
    abstract = "In this study conducted on the occasion of the Discriminating between Similar Languages shared task, I introduce an additional decision factor focusing on the token and subtoken level. The motivation behind this submission is to test whether a morphologically-informed criterion can add linguistically relevant information to global categorization and thus improve performance. The contributions of this paper are (1) a description of the unsupervised, low-resource method; (2) an evaluation and analysis of its raw performance; and (3) an assessment of its impact within a model comprising common indicators used in language identification. I present and discuss the systems used in the task A, a 12-way language identification task comprising varieties of five main language groups. Additionally I introduce a new off-the-shelf Naive Bayes classifier using a contrastive word and subword n-gram model ({``}Bayesline{''}) which outperforms the best submissions.",
}
@inproceedings{eldesouki-etal-2016-qcri,
    title = "{QCRI} @ {DSL} 2016: Spoken {A}rabic Dialect Identification Using Textual Features",
    author = "Eldesouki, Mohamed  and
      Dalvi, Fahim  and
      Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Darwish, Kareem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4828",
    pages = "221--226",
    abstract = "The paper describes the QCRI submissions to the task of automatic Arabic dialect classification into 5 Arabic variants, namely Egyptian, Gulf, Levantine, North-African, and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). The training data is relatively small and is automatically generated from an ASR system. To avoid over-fitting on such small data, we carefully selected and designed the features to capture the morphological essence of the different dialects. We submitted four runs to the Arabic sub-task. For all runs, we used a combined feature vector of character bi-grams, tri-grams, 4-grams, and 5-grams. We tried several machine-learning algorithms, namely Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, Neural Networks, and Support Vector Machines (SVM) with linear and string kernels. However, our submitted runs used SVM with a linear kernel. In the closed submission, we got the best accuracy of 0.5136 and the third best weighted F1 score, with a difference less than 0.002 from the highest score.",
}
@inproceedings{franco-penya-mamani-sanchez-2016-tuning,
    title = "Tuning {B}ayes Baseline for Dialect Detection",
    author = "Franco-Penya, Hector-Hugo  and
      Mamani Sanchez, Liliana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4829",
    pages = "227--234",
    abstract = "This paper describes an analysis of our submissions to the Dialect Detection Shared Task 2016. We proposed three different systems that involved simplistic features, to name: a Naive-bayes system, a Support Vector Machines-based system and a Tree Kernel-based system. These systems underperform when compared to other submissions in this shared task, since the best one achieved an accuracy of {\textasciitilde}0.834.",
}
@inproceedings{nisioi-etal-2016-vanilla,
    title = "Vanilla Classifiers for Distinguishing between Similar Languages",
    author = "Nisioi, Sergiu  and
      Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4830",
    pages = "235--242",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe the submission of the UniBuc-NLP team for the Discriminating between Similar Languages Shared Task, DSL 2016. We present and analyze the results we obtained in the closed track of sub-task 1 (Similar languages and language varieties) and sub-task 2 (Arabic dialects). For sub-task 1 we used a logistic regression classifier with tf-idf feature weighting and for sub-task 2 a character-based string kernel with an SVM classifier. Our results show that good accuracy scores can be obtained with limited feature and model engineering. While certain limitations are to be acknowledged, our approach worked surprisingly well for out-of-domain, social media data, with 0.898 accuracy (3rd place) for dataset B1 and 0.838 accuracy (4th place) for dataset B2.",
}
@inproceedings{cianflone-kosseim-2016-n,
    title = "N-gram and Neural Language Models for Discriminating Similar Languages",
    author = "Cianflone, Andre  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial3)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4831",
    pages = "243--250",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission to the 2016 Discriminating Similar Languages (DSL) Shared Task. We participated in the closed Sub-task 1 with two separate machine learning techniques. The first approach is a character based Convolution Neural Network with an LSTM layer (CLSTM), which achieved an accuracy of 78.45{\%} with minimal tuning. The second approach is a character-based n-gram model of size 7. It achieved an accuracy of 88.45{\%} which is close to the accuracy of 89.38{\%} achieved by the best submission.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Ng, Vincent  and
      Lu, Xiaofei",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4900",
}
@inproceedings{liu-matsumoto-2016-simplification,
    title = "Simplification of Example Sentences for Learners of {J}apanese Functional Expressions",
    author = "Liu, Jun  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4901",
    pages = "1--5",
    abstract = "Learning functional expressions is one of the difficulties for language learners, since functional expressions tend to have multiple meanings and complicated usages in various situations. In this paper, we report an experiment of simplifying example sentences of Japanese functional expressions especially for Chinese-speaking learners. For this purpose, we developed {``}Japanese Functional Expressions List{''} and {``}Simple Japanese Replacement List{''}. To evaluate the method, we conduct a small-scale experiment with Chinese-speaking learners on the effectiveness of the simplified example sentences. The experimental results indicate that simplified sentences are helpful in learning Japanese functional expressions.",
}
@inproceedings{kotani-yoshimi-2016-effectiveness,
    title = "Effectiveness of Linguistic and Learner Features to Listenability Measurement Using a Decision Tree Classifier",
    author = "Kotani, Katsunori  and
      Yoshimi, Takehiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4902",
    pages = "6--10",
    abstract = "In learning Asian languages, learners encounter the problem of character types that are different from those in their first language, for instance, between Chinese characters and the Latin alphabet. This problem also affects listening because learners reconstruct letters from speech sounds. Hence, special attention should be paid to listening practice for learners of Asian languages. However, to our knowledge, few studies have evaluated the ease of listening comprehension (listenability) in Asian languages. Therefore, as a pilot study of listenability in Asian languages, we developed a measurement method for learners of English in order to examine the discriminability of linguistic and learner features. The results showed that the accuracy of our method outperformed a simple majority vote, which suggests that a combination of linguistic and learner features should be used to measure listenability in Asian languages as well as in English.",
}
@inproceedings{pathak-etal-2016-two,
    title = "A Two-Phase Approach Towards Identifying Argument Structure in Natural Language",
    author = "Pathak, Arkanath  and
      Goyal, Pawan  and
      Bhowmick, Plaban",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4903",
    pages = "11--19",
    abstract = "We propose a new approach for extracting argument structure from natural language texts that contain an underlying argument. Our approach comprises of two phases: Score Assignment and Structure Prediction. The Score Assignment phase trains models to classify relations between argument units (Support, Attack or Neutral). To that end, different training strategies have been explored. We identify different linguistic and lexical features for training the classifiers. Through ablation study, we observe that our novel use of word-embedding features is most effective for this task. The Structure Prediction phase makes use of the scores from the Score Assignment phase to arrive at the optimal structure. We perform experiments on three argumentation datasets, namely, AraucariaDB, Debatepedia and Wikipedia. We also propose two baselines and observe that the proposed approach outperforms baseline systems for the final task of Structure Prediction.",
}
@inproceedings{adams-etal-2016-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Vector Representations for Unsupervised Automatic Short Answer Grading",
    author = "Adams, Oliver  and
      Roy, Shourya  and
      Krishnapuram, Raghuram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4904",
    pages = "20--29",
    abstract = "We address the problem of automatic short answer grading, evaluating a collection of approaches inspired by recent advances in distributional text representations. In addition, we propose an unsupervised approach for determining text similarity using one-to-many alignment of word vectors. We evaluate the proposed technique across two datasets from different domains, namely, computer science and English reading comprehension, that additionally vary between highschool level and undergraduate students. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed technique often outperforms other compositional distributional semantics approaches as well as vector space methods such as latent semantic analysis. When combined with a scoring scheme, the proposed technique provides a powerful tool for tackling the complex problem of short answer grading. We also discuss a number of other key points worthy of consideration in preparing viable, easy-to-deploy automatic short-answer grading systems for the real-world.",
}
@inproceedings{kang-etal-2016-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Word Embeddings for {E}nglish and Cross-Lingual {C}hinese Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Kang, Hong Jin  and
      Chen, Tao  and
      Chandrasekaran, Muthu Kumar  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4905",
    pages = "30--39",
    abstract = "Word embeddings are now ubiquitous forms of word representation in natural language processing. There have been applications of word embeddings for monolingual word sense disambiguation (WSD) in English, but few comparisons have been done. This paper attempts to bridge that gap by examining popular embeddings for the task of monolingual English WSD. Our simplified method leads to comparable state-of-the-art performance without expensive retraining. Cross-Lingual WSD {--} where the word senses of a word in a source language come from a separate target translation language {--} can also assist in language learning; for example, when providing translations of target vocabulary for learners. Thus we have also applied word embeddings to the novel task of cross-lingual WSD for Chinese and provide a public dataset for further benchmarking. We have also experimented with using word embeddings for LSTM networks and found surprisingly that a basic LSTM network does not work well. We discuss the ramifications of this outcome.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2016-overview,
    title = "Overview of {NLP}-{TEA} 2016 Shared Task for {C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis",
    author = "Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Rao, Gaoqi  and
      Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Xun, Endong  and
      Zhang, Baolin  and
      Chang, Li-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4906",
    pages = "40--48",
    abstract = "This paper presents the NLP-TEA 2016 shared task for Chinese grammatical error diagnosis which seeks to identify grammatical error types and their range of occurrence within sentences written by learners of Chinese as foreign language. We describe the task definition, data preparation, performance metrics, and evaluation results. Of the 15 teams registered for this shared task, 9 teams developed the system and submitted a total of 36 runs. We expected this evaluation campaign could lead to the development of more advanced NLP techniques for educational applications, especially for Chinese error detection. All data sets with gold standards and scoring scripts are made publicly available to researchers.",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-etal-2016-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis with Long Short-Term Memory Networks",
    author = "Zheng, Bo  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Guo, Jiang  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4907",
    pages = "49--56",
    abstract = "Grammatical error diagnosis is an important task in natural language processing. This paper introduces our Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis (CGED) system in the NLP-TEA-3 shared task for CGED. The CGED system can diagnose four types of grammatical errors which are redundant words (R), missing words (M), bad word selection (S) and disordered words (W). We treat the CGED task as a sequence labeling task and describe three models, including a CRF-based model, an LSTM-based model and an ensemble model using stacking. We also show in details how we build and train the models. Evaluation includes three levels, which are detection level, identification level and position level. On the CGED-HSK dataset of NLP-TEA-3 shared task, our system presents the best F1-scores in all the three levels and also the best recall in the last two levels.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Grammatical Error Detection for {C}hinese based on Conditional Random Field",
    author = "Liu, Yajun  and
      Han, Yingjie  and
      Zhuo, Liyan  and
      Zan, Hongying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4908",
    pages = "57--62",
    abstract = "In the process of learning and using Chinese, foreigners may have grammatical errors due to negative migration of their native languages. Currently, the computer-oriented automatic detection method of grammatical errors is not mature enough. Based on the evaluating task {---} CGED2016, we select and analyze the classification model and design feature extraction method to obtain grammatical errors including Mission(M), Disorder(W), Selection (S) and Redundant (R) automatically. The experiment results based on the dynamic corpus of HSK show that the Chinese grammatical error automatic detection method, which uses CRF as classification model and n-gram as feature extraction method. It is simple and efficient which play a positive effect on the research of Chinese grammatical error automatic detection and also a supporting and guiding role in the teaching of Chinese as a foreign language.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2016-cyut,
    title = "{CYUT}-{III} System at {C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis Task",
    author = "Chen, Po-Lin  and
      Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Chen, Liang-Pu  and
      Yang, Ping-Che",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4909",
    pages = "63--72",
    abstract = "This paper describe the CYUT-III system on grammar error detection in the 2016 NLP-TEA Chinese Grammar Error Detection shared task CGED. In this task a system has to detect four types of errors, in-cluding redundant word error, missing word error, word selection error and word ordering error. Based on the conditional random fields (CRF) model, our system is a linear tagger that can detect the errors in learners{'} essays. Since the system performance depends on the features heavily, in this paper, we are going to report how to integrate the collocation feature into the CRF model. Our system presents the best detection accuracy and Identification accuracy on the TOCFL dataset, which is in traditional Chi-nese. The same system also works well on the simplified Chinese HSK dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{chou-etal-2016-word,
    title = "Word Order Sensitive Embedding Features/Conditional Random Field-based {C}hinese Grammatical Error Detection",
    author = "Chou, Wei-Chieh  and
      Lin, Chin-Kui  and
      Liao, Yuan-Fu  and
      Wang, Yih-Ru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4910",
    pages = "73--81",
    abstract = "This paper discusses how to adapt two new word embedding features to build a more efficient Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis (CGED) systems to assist Chinese foreign learners (CFLs) in improving their written essays. The major idea is to apply word order sensitive Word2Vec approaches including (1) structured skip-gram and (2) continuous window (CWindow) models, because they are more suitable for solving syntax-based problems. The proposed new features were evaluated on the Test of Chinese as a Foreign Language (TOCFL) learner database provided by NLP-TEA-3{\&}CGED shared task. Experimental results showed that the new features did work better than the traditional word order insensitive Word2Vec approaches. Moreover, according to the official evaluation results, our system achieved the lowest (0.1362) false positive (FA) and the highest precision rates in all three measurements.",
}
@inproceedings{roy-etal-2016-fluctuation,
    title = "A Fluctuation Smoothing Approach for Unsupervised Automatic Short Answer Grading",
    author = "Roy, Shourya  and
      Dandapat, Sandipan  and
      Narahari, Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4911",
    pages = "82--91",
    abstract = "We offer a fluctuation smoothing computational approach for unsupervised automatic short answer grading (ASAG) techniques in the educational ecosystem. A major drawback of the existing techniques is the significant effect that variations in model answers could have on their performances. The proposed fluctuation smoothing approach, based on classical sequential pattern mining, exploits lexical overlap in students{'} answers to any typical question. We empirically demonstrate using multiple datasets that the proposed approach improves the overall performance and significantly reduces (up to 63{\%}) variation in performance (standard deviation) of unsupervised ASAG techniques. We bring in additional benchmarks such as (a) paraphrasing of model answers and (b) using answers by k top performing students as model answers, to amplify the benefits of the proposed approach.",
}
@inproceedings{hading-etal-2016-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Lexical Simplification for Non-Native Speakers",
    author = "Hading, Muhaimin  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji  and
      Sakamoto, Maki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4912",
    pages = "92--96",
    abstract = "This paper introduces Japanese lexical simplification. Japanese lexical simplification is the task of replacing difficult words in a given sentence to produce a new sentence with simple words without changing the original meaning of the sentence. We purpose a method of supervised regression learning to estimate difficulty ordering of words with statistical features obtained from two types of Japanese corpora. For the similarity of words, we use a Japanese thesaurus and dependency-based word embeddings. Evaluation of the proposed method is performed by comparing the difficulty ordering of the words.",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2016-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-based Approach for {S}panish-{C}hinese Language Learning",
    author = "Cao, Shuyuan  and
      da Cunha, Iria  and
      Iruskieta, Mikel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4913",
    pages = "97--106",
    abstract = "Due to the huge population that speaks Spanish and Chinese, these languages occupy an important position in the language learning studies. Although there are some automatic translation systems that benefit the learning of both languages, there is enough space to create resources in order to help language learners. As a quick and effective resource that can give large amount language information, corpus-based learning is becoming more and more popular. In this paper we enrich a Spanish-Chinese parallel corpus automatically with part of-speech (POS) information and manually with discourse segmentation (following the Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) (Mann and Thompson, 1988)). Two search tools allow the Spanish-Chinese language learners to carry out different queries based on tokens and lemmas. The parallel corpus and the research tools are available to the academic community. We propose some examples to illustrate how learners can use the corpus to learn Spanish and Chinese.",
}
@inproceedings{morgado-da-costa-etal-2016-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Well-Formedness Diagnosis and Error-Based Coaching in Computer Assisted Language Learning using Machine Translation",
    author = "Morgado da Costa, Luis  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      He, Xiaoling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4914",
    pages = "107--116",
    abstract = "We present a novel approach to Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL), using deep syntactic parsers and semantic based machine translation (MT) in diagnosing and providing explicit feedback on language learners{'} errors. We are currently developing a proof of concept system showing how semantic-based machine translation can, in conjunction with robust computational grammars, be used to interact with students, better understand their language errors, and help students correct their grammar through a series of useful feedback messages and guided language drills. Ultimately, we aim to prove the viability of a new integrated rule-based MT approach to disambiguate students{'} intended meaning in a CALL system. This is a necessary step to provide accurate coaching on how to correct ungrammatical input, and it will allow us to overcome a current bottleneck in the field {---} an exponential burst of ambiguity caused by ambiguous lexical items (Flickinger, 2010). From the users{'} interaction with the system, we will also produce a richly annotated Learner Corpus, annotated automatically with both syntactic and semantic information.",
}
@inproceedings{kalitvianski-etal-2016-aligned,
    title = "An Aligned {F}rench-{C}hinese corpus of 10{K} segments from university educational material",
    author = "Kalitvianski, Ruslan  and
      Wang, Lingxiao  and
      Bellynck, Val{\'e}rie  and
      Boitet, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4915",
    pages = "117--121",
    abstract = "This paper describes a corpus of nearly 10K French-Chinese aligned segments, produced by post-editing machine translated computer science courseware. This corpus was built from 2013 to 2016 within the PROJECT{\_}NAME project, by native Chinese students. The quality, as judged by native speakers, is ad-equate for understanding (far better than by reading only the original French) and for getting better marks. This corpus is annotated at segment-level by a self-assessed quality score. It has been directly used as supplemental training data to build a statistical machine translation system dedicated to that sublanguage, and can be used to extract the specific bilingual terminology. To our knowledge, it is the first corpus of this kind to be released.",
}
@inproceedings{zalmout-etal-2016-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Foreign Language Teaching Methods: An Automatic Readability Approach",
    author = "Zalmout, Nasser  and
      Saddiki, Hind  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4916",
    pages = "122--130",
    abstract = "Much research in education has been done on the study of different language teaching methods. However, there has been little investigation using computational analysis to compare such methods in terms of readability or complexity progression. In this paper, we make use of existing readability scoring techniques and our own classifiers to analyze the textbooks used in two very different teaching methods for English as a Second Language {--} the grammar-based and the communicative methods. Our analysis indicates that the grammar-based curriculum shows a more coherent readability progression compared to the communicative curriculum. This finding corroborates with the expectations about the differences between these two methods and validates our approach{'}s value in comparing different teaching methods quantitatively.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating and Scoring Correction Candidates in {C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis",
    author = "Chen, Shao-Heng  and
      Tsai, Yu-Lin  and
      Lin, Chuan-Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4917",
    pages = "131--139",
    abstract = "Grammatical error diagnosis is an essential part in a language-learning tutoring system. Based on the data sets of Chinese grammar error detection tasks, we proposed a system which measures the likelihood of correction candidates generated by deleting or inserting characters or words, moving substrings to different positions, substituting prepositions with other prepositions, or substituting words with their synonyms or similar strings. Sentence likelihood is measured based on the frequencies of substrings from the space-removed version of Google n-grams. The evaluation on the training set shows that Missing-related and Selection-related candidate generation methods have promising performance. Our final system achieved a precision of 30.28{\%} and a recall of 62.85{\%} in the identification level evaluated on the test set.",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-etal-2016-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Error Detection Based on Machine Learning for {M}andarin as Second Language Learning",
    author = "Yeh, Jui-Feng  and
      Hsu, Tsung-Wei  and
      Yeh, Chan-Kun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4918",
    pages = "140--147",
    abstract = "Mandarin is not simple language for foreigner. Even using Mandarin as the mother tongue, they have to spend more time to learn when they were child. The following issues are the reason why causes learning problem. First, the word is envolved by Hieroglyphic. So a character can express meanings independently, but become a word has another semantic. Second, the Mandarin{'}s grammars have flexible rule and special usage. Therefore, the common grammatical errors can classify to missing, redundant, selection and disorder. In this paper, we proposed the structure of the Recurrent Neural Networks using Long Short-term memory (RNN-LSTM). It can detect the error type from the foreign learner writing. The features based on the word vector and part-of-speech vector. In the test data found that our method in the detection level of recall better than the others, even as high as 0.9755. That is because we give the possibility of greater choice in detecting errors.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-wang-2016-bi,
    title = "Bi-{LSTM} Neural Networks for {C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis",
    author = "Huang, Shen  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4919",
    pages = "148--154",
    abstract = "Grammatical Error Diagnosis for Chinese has always been a challenge for both foreign learners and NLP researchers, for the variousity of grammar and the flexibility of expression. In this paper, we present a model based on Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(Bi-LSTM) neural networks, which treats the task as a sequence labeling problem, so as to detect Chinese grammatical errors, to identify the error types and to locate the error positions. In the corpora of this year{'}s shared task, there can be multiple errors in a single offset of a sentence, to address which, we simutaneously train three Bi-LSTM models sharing word embeddings which label Missing, Redundant and Selection errors respectively. We regard word ordering error as a special kind of word selection error which is longer during training phase, and then separate them by length during testing phase. In NLP-TEA 3 shared task for Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis(CGED), Our system achieved relatively high F1 for all the three levels in the traditional Chinese track and for the detection level in the Simpified Chinese track.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2016-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis Using Single Word Embedding",
    author = "Yang, Jinnan  and
      Peng, Bo  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Zhang, Jixian  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications ({NLPTEA}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-4920",
    pages = "155--161",
    abstract = "Abstract Automatic grammatical error detection for Chinese has been a big challenge for NLP researchers. Due to the formal and strict grammar rules in Chinese, it is hard for foreign students to master Chinese. A computer-assisted learning tool which can automatically detect and correct Chinese grammatical errors is necessary for those foreign students. Some of the previous works have sought to identify Chinese grammatical errors using template- and learning-based methods. In contrast, this study introduced convolutional neural network (CNN) and long-short term memory (LSTM) for the shared task of Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis (CGED). Different from traditional word-based embedding, single word embedding was used as input of CNN and LSTM. The proposed single word embedding can capture both semantic and syntactic information to detect those four type grammatical error. In experimental evaluation, the recall and f1-score of our submitted results Run1 of the TOCFL testing data ranked the fourth place in all submissions in detection-level.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-extra,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics ({E}x{P}ro{M})",
    author = "Blanco, Eduardo  and
      Morante, Roser  and
      Saur{\'\i}, Roser",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5000",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2016-thought,
    title = "{`}Who would have thought of that!{'}: A Hierarchical Topic Model for Extraction of Sarcasm-prevalent Topics and Sarcasm Detection",
    author = "Joshi, Aditya  and
      Jain, Prayas  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Carman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics ({E}x{P}ro{M})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5001",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "Topic Models have been reported to be beneficial for aspect-based sentiment analysis. This paper reports the first topic model for sarcasm detection, to the best of our knowledge. Designed on the basis of the intuition that sarcastic tweets are likely to have a mixture of words of both sentiments as against tweets with literal sentiment (either positive or negative), our hierarchical topic model discovers sarcasm-prevalent topics and topic-level sentiment. Using a dataset of tweets labeled using hashtags, the model estimates topic-level, and sentiment-level distributions. Our evaluation shows that topics such as {`}work{'}, {`}gun laws{'}, {`}weather{'} are sarcasm-prevalent topics. Our model is also able to discover the mixture of sentiment-bearing words that exist in a text of a given sentiment-related label. Finally, we apply our model to predict sarcasm in tweets. We outperform two prior work based on statistical classifiers with specific features, by around 25{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{vincze-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Uncertainty Cues in {H}ungarian Social Media Texts",
    author = "Vincze, Veronika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics ({E}x{P}ro{M})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5002",
    pages = "11--21",
    abstract = "In this paper, we aim at identifying uncertainty cues in Hungarian social media texts. We present our machine learning based uncertainty detector which is based on a rich features set including lexical, morphological, syntactic, semantic and discourse-based features, and we evaluate our system on a small set of manually annotated social media texts. We also carry out cross-domain and domain adaptation experiments using an annotated corpus of standard Hungarian texts and show that domain differences significantly affect machine learning. Furthermore, we argue that differences among uncertainty cue types may also affect the efficiency of uncertainty detection.",
}
@inproceedings{colomer-etal-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Level of Belief in {C}hinese and {S}panish",
    author = "Colomer, Juan Pablo  and
      Lai, Keyu  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics ({E}x{P}ro{M})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5003",
    pages = "22--30",
    abstract = "There has been extensive work on detecting the level of committed belief (also known as {``}factuality{''}) that an author is expressing towards the propositions in his or her utterances. Previous work on English has revealed that this can be done as a sequence tagging task. In this paper, we investigate the same task for Chinese and Spanish, two very different languages from English and from each other.",
}
@inproceedings{lendvai-reichel-2016-contradiction,
    title = "Contradiction Detection for Rumorous Claims",
    author = "Lendvai, Piroska  and
      Reichel, Uwe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics ({E}x{P}ro{M})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5004",
    pages = "31--40",
    abstract = "The utilization of social media material in journalistic workflows is increasing, demanding automated methods for the identification of mis- and disinformation. Since textual contradiction across social media posts can be a signal of rumorousness, we seek to model how claims in Twitter posts are being textually contradicted. We identify two different contexts in which contradiction emerges: its broader form can be observed across independently posted tweets and its more specific form in threaded conversations. We define how the two scenarios differ in terms of central elements of argumentation: claims and conversation structure. We design and evaluate models for the two scenarios uniformly as 3-way Recognizing Textual Entailment tasks in order to represent claims and conversation structure implicitly in a generic inference model, while previous studies used explicit or no representation of these properties. To address noisy text, our classifiers use simple similarity features derived from the string and part-of-speech level. Corpus statistics reveal distribution differences for these features in contradictory as opposed to non-contradictory tweet relations, and the classifiers yield state of the art performance.",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-2016-negation,
    title = "Negation and Modality in Machine Translation",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics ({E}x{P}ro{M})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5005",
    pages = "41",
    abstract = "Negation and modality are two important grammatical phenomena that have attracted recent research attention as they can contribute to extra-propositional meaning aspects, among with factuality, attribution, irony and sarcasm. These aspects go beyond analysis such as semantic role labeling, and modeling them is important as a step towards a higher level of language understanding, which is needed for practical applications such as sentiment analysis. In this talk, I will go beyond English, and I will discuss how negation and modality are expressed in other languages. I will also go beyond sentiment analysis and I will present some challenges that the two phenomena pose for machine translation (MT). In particular, I will demonstrate how contemporary MT systems fail on them, and I will discuss some possible solutions.",
}
@inproceedings{jimenez-zafra-etal-2016-problematic,
    title = "Problematic Cases in the Annotation of Negation in {S}panish",
    author = "Jim{\'e}nez-Zafra, Salud Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Martin, Maite  and
      Ure{\~n}a-L{\'o}pez, L. Alfonso  and
      Mart{\'\i}, Toni  and
      Taul{\'e}, Mariona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics ({E}x{P}ro{M})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5006",
    pages = "42--48",
    abstract = "This paper presents the main sources of disagreement found during the annotation of the Spanish SFU Review Corpus with negation (SFU ReviewSP -NEG). Negation detection is a challenge in most of the task related to NLP, so the availability of corpora annotated with this phenomenon is essential in order to advance in tasks related to this area. A thorough analysis of the problems found during the annotation could help in the study of this phenomenon.",
}
@inproceedings{van-son-etal-2016-building,
    title = "Building a Dictionary of Affixal Negations",
    author = "van Son, Chantal  and
      van Miltenburg, Emiel  and
      Morante, Roser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics ({E}x{P}ro{M})",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5007",
    pages = "49--56",
    abstract = "This paper discusses the need for a dictionary of affixal negations and regular antonyms to facilitate their automatic detection in text. Without such a dictionary, affixal negations are very difficult to detect. In addition, we show that the set of affixal negations is not homogeneous, and that different NLP tasks may require different subsets. A dictionary can store the subtypes of affixal negations, making it possible to select a certain subset or to make inferences on the basis of these subtypes. We take a first step towards creating a negation dictionary by annotating all direct antonym pairs inWordNet using an existing typology of affixal negations. By highlighting some of the issues that were encountered in this annotation experiment, we hope to provide some insights into the necessary steps of building a negation dictionary.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-building,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Building and Evaluating Resources for Biomedical Text Mining ({B}io{T}xt{M}2016)",
    author = "Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Batista-Navarro, Riza  and
      Cohen, Kevin Bretonnel  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Thompson, Paul",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5100",
}
@inproceedings{baker-etal-2016-cancer,
    title = "Cancer Hallmark Text Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Baker, Simon  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Building and Evaluating Resources for Biomedical Text Mining ({B}io{T}xt{M}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5101",
    pages = "1--9",
    abstract = "Methods based on deep learning approaches have recently achieved state-of-the-art performance in a range of machine learning tasks and are increasingly applied to natural language processing (NLP). Despite strong results in various established NLP tasks involving general domain texts, there is only limited work applying these models to biomedical NLP. In this paper, we consider a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) approach to biomedical text classification. Evaluation using a recently introduced cancer domain dataset involving the categorization of documents according to the well-established hallmarks of cancer shows that a basic CNN model can achieve a level of performance competitive with a Support Vector Machine (SVM) trained using complex manually engineered features optimized to the task. We further show that simple modifications to the CNN hyperparameters, initialization, and training process allow the model to notably outperform the SVM, establishing a new state of the art result at this task. We make all of the resources and tools introduced in this study available under open licenses from \url{https://cambridgeltl.github.io/cancer-hallmark-cnn/}.",
}
@inproceedings{limsopatham-collier-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Orthographic Features in Bi-directional {LSTM} for Biomedical Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Limsopatham, Nut  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Building and Evaluating Resources for Biomedical Text Mining ({B}io{T}xt{M}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5102",
    pages = "10--19",
    abstract = "End-to-end neural network models for named entity recognition (NER) have shown to achieve effective performances on general domain datasets (e.g. newswire), without requiring additional hand-crafted features. However, in biomedical domain, recent studies have shown that hand-engineered features (e.g. orthographic features) should be used to attain effective performance, due to the complexity of biomedical terminology (e.g. the use of acronyms and complex gene names). In this work, we propose a novel approach that allows a neural network model based on a long short-term memory (LSTM) to automatically learn orthographic features and incorporate them into a model for biomedical NER. Importantly, our bi-directional LSTM model learns and leverages orthographic features on an end-to-end basis. We evaluate our approach by comparing against existing neural network models for NER using three well-established biomedical datasets. Our experimental results show that the proposed approach consistently outperforms these strong baselines across all of the three datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{amplayo-song-2016-building,
    title = "Building Content-driven Entity Networks for Scarce Scientific Literature using Content Information",
    author = "Amplayo, Reinald Kim  and
      Song, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Building and Evaluating Resources for Biomedical Text Mining ({B}io{T}xt{M}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5103",
    pages = "20--29",
    abstract = "This paper proposes several network construction methods for collections of scarce scientific literature data. We define scarcity as lacking in value and in volume. Instead of using the paper{'}s metadata to construct several kinds of scientific networks, we use the full texts of the articles and automatically extract the entities needed to construct the networks. Specifically, we present seven kinds of networks using the proposed construction methods: co-occurrence networks for author, keyword, and biological entities, and citation networks for author, keyword, biological, and topic entities. We show two case studies that applies our proposed methods: CADASIL, a rare yet the most common form of hereditary stroke disorder, and Metformin, the first-line medication to the type 2 diabetes treatment. We apply our proposed method to four different applications for evaluation: finding prolific authors, finding important bio-entities, finding meaningful keywords, and discovering influential topics. The results show that the co-occurrence and citation networks constructed using the proposed method outperforms the traditional-based networks. We also compare our proposed networks to traditional citation networks constructed using enough data and infer that even with the same amount of enough data, our methods perform comparably or better than the traditional methods.",
}
@inproceedings{almgren-etal-2016-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition in {S}wedish Health Records with Character-Based Deep Bidirectional {LSTM}s",
    author = "Almgren, Simon  and
      Pavlov, Sean  and
      Mogren, Olof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Building and Evaluating Resources for Biomedical Text Mining ({B}io{T}xt{M}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5104",
    pages = "30--39",
    abstract = "We propose an approach for named entity recognition in medical data, using a character-based deep bidirectional recurrent neural network. Such models can learn features and patterns based on the character sequence, and are not limited to a fixed vocabulary. This makes them very well suited for the NER task in the medical domain. Our experimental evaluation shows promising results, with a 60{\%} improvement in F 1 score over the baseline, and our system generalizes well between different datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{schulze-neves-2016-entity,
    title = "Entity-Supported Summarization of Biomedical Abstracts",
    author = "Schulze, Frederik  and
      Neves, Mariana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Building and Evaluating Resources for Biomedical Text Mining ({B}io{T}xt{M}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5105",
    pages = "40--49",
    abstract = "The increasing amount of biomedical information that is available for researchers and clinicians makes it harder to quickly find the right information. Automatic summarization of multiple texts can provide summaries specific to the user{'}s information needs. In this paper we look into the use named-entity recognition for graph-based summarization. We extend the LexRank algorithm with information about named entities and present EntityRank, a multi-document graph-based summarization algorithm that is solely based on named entities. We evaluate our system on a datasets of 1009 human written summaries provided by BioASQ and on 1974 gene summaries, fetched from the Entrez Gene database. The results show that the addition of named-entity information increases the performance of graph-based summarizers and that the EntityRank significantly outperforms the other methods with regard to the ROUGE measures.",
}
@inproceedings{perez-etal-2016-fully,
    title = "Fully unsupervised low-dimensional representation of adverse drug reaction events through distributional semantics",
    author = "P{\'e}rez, Alicia  and
      Casillas, Arantza  and
      Gojenola, Koldo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Building and Evaluating Resources for Biomedical Text Mining ({B}io{T}xt{M}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5106",
    pages = "50--59",
    abstract = "Electronic health records show great variability since the same concept is often expressed with different terms, either scientific latin forms, common or lay variants and even vernacular naming. Deep learning enables distributional representation of terms in a vector-space, and therefore, related terms tend to be close in the vector space. Accordingly, embedding words through these vectors opens the way towards accounting for semantic relatedness through classical algebraic operations. In this work we propose a simple though efficient unsupervised characterization of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs). This approach exploits the embedding representation of the terms involved in candidate ADR events, that is, drug-disease entity pairs. In brief, the ADRs are represented as vectors that link the drug with the disease in their context through a recursive additive model. We discovered that a low-dimensional representation that makes use of the modulus and argument of the embedded representation of the ADR event shows correlation with the manually annotated class. Thus, it can be derived that this characterization results in to be beneficial for further classification tasks as predictive features.",
}
@inproceedings{lavergne-etal-2016-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset for {ICD}-10 Coding of Death Certificates: Creation and Usage",
    author = "Lavergne, Thomas  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Robert, Aude  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Rey, Gr{\'e}goire  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Building and Evaluating Resources for Biomedical Text Mining ({B}io{T}xt{M}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5107",
    pages = "60--69",
    abstract = "Very few datasets have been released for the evaluation of diagnosis coding with the International Classification of Diseases, and only one so far in a language other than English. This paper describes a large-scale dataset prepared from French death certificates, and the problems which needed to be solved to turn it into a dataset suitable for the application of machine learning and natural language processing methods of ICD-10 coding. The dataset includes the free-text statements written by medical doctors, the associated meta-data, the human coder-assigned codes for each statement, as well as the statement segments which supported the coder{'}s decision for each code. The dataset comprises 93,694 death certificates totalling 276,103 statements and 377,677 ICD-10 code assignments (3,457 unique codes). It was made available for an international automated coding shared task, which attracted five participating teams. An extended version of the dataset will be used in a new edition of the shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{shmanina-etal-2016-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Tables in Full-Text Biomedical Research Publications",
    author = "Shmanina, Tatyana  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      Cheam, Ai Lee  and
      Bochynek, Thomas  and
      Cavedon, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Building and Evaluating Resources for Biomedical Text Mining ({B}io{T}xt{M}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5108",
    pages = "70--79",
    abstract = "The development of text mining techniques for biomedical research literature has received increased attention in recent times. However, most of these techniques focus on prose, while much important biomedical data reside in tables. In this paper, we present a corpus created to serve as a gold standard for the development and evaluation of techniques for the automatic extraction of information from biomedical tables. We describe the guidelines used for corpus annotation and the manner in which they were developed. The high inter-annotator agreement achieved on the corpus, and the generic nature of our annotation approach, suggest that the developed guidelines can serve as a general framework for table annotation in biomedical and other scientific domains. The annotated corpus and the guidelines are available at \url{http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/research/umnl/data/index.shtml}.",
}
@inproceedings{zweigenbaum-etal-2016-supervised,
    title = "Supervised classification of end-of-lines in clinical text with no manual annotation",
    author = "Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Lavergne, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Building and Evaluating Resources for Biomedical Text Mining ({B}io{T}xt{M}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5109",
    pages = "80--88",
    abstract = "In some plain text documents, end-of-line marks may or may not mark the boundary of a text unit (e.g., of a paragraph). This vexing problem is likely to impact subsequent natural language processing components, but is seldom addressed in the literature. We propose a method which uses no manual annotation to classify whether end-of-lines must actually be seen as simple spaces (soft line breaks) or as true text unit boundaries. This method, which includes self-training and co-training steps based on token and line length features, achieves 0.943 F-measure on a corpus of short e-books with controlled format, F=0.904 on a random sample of 24 clinical texts with soft line breaks, and F=0.898 on a larger set of mixed clinical texts which may or may not contain soft line breaks, a fairly high value for a method with no manual annotation.",
}
@inproceedings{gopalan-lalitha-devi-2016-biodca,
    title = "{B}io{DCA} Identifier: A System for Automatic Identification of Discourse Connective and Arguments from Biomedical Text",
    author = "Gopalan, Sindhuja  and
      Lalitha Devi, Sobha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Building and Evaluating Resources for Biomedical Text Mining ({B}io{T}xt{M}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5110",
    pages = "89--98",
    abstract = "This paper describes a Natural language processing system developed for automatic identification of explicit connectives, its sense and arguments. Prior work has shown that the difference in usage of connectives across corpora affects the cross domain connective identification task negatively. Hence the development of domain specific discourse parser has become indispensable. Here, we present a corpus annotated with discourse relations on Medline abstracts. Kappa score is calculated to check the annotation quality of our corpus. The previous works on discourse analysis in bio-medical data have concentrated only on the identification of connectives and hence we have developed an end-end parser for connective and argument identification using Conditional Random Fields algorithm. The type and sub-type of the connective sense is also identified. The results obtained are encouraging.",
}
@inproceedings{sarker-gonzalez-2016-data,
    title = "Data, tools and resources for mining social media drug chatter",
    author = "Sarker, Abeed  and
      Gonzalez, Graciela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Building and Evaluating Resources for Biomedical Text Mining ({B}io{T}xt{M}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5111",
    pages = "99--107",
    abstract = "Social media has emerged into a crucial resource for obtaining population-based signals for various public health monitoring and surveillance tasks, such as pharmacovigilance. There is an abundance of knowledge hidden within social media data, and the volume is growing. Drug-related chatter on social media can include user-generated information that can provide insights into public health problems such as abuse, adverse reactions, long-term effects, and multi-drug interactions. Our objective in this paper is to present to the biomedical natural language processing, data science, and public health communities data sets (annotated and unannotated), tools and resources that we have collected and created from social media. The data we present was collected from Twitter using the generic and brand names of drugs as keywords, along with their common misspellings. Following the collection of the data, annotation guidelines were created over several iterations, which detail important aspects of social media data annotation and can be used by future researchers for developing similar data sets. The annotation guidelines were followed to prepare data sets for text classification, information extraction and normalization. In this paper, we discuss the preparation of these guidelines, outline the data sets prepared, and present an overview of our state-of-the-art systems for data collection, supervised classification, and information extraction. In addition to the development of supervised systems for classification and extraction, we developed and released unlabeled data and language models. We discuss the potential uses of these language models in data mining and the large volumes of unlabeled data from which they were generated. We believe that the summaries and repositories we present here of our data, annotation guidelines, models, and tools will be beneficial to the research community as a single-point entry for all these resources, and will promote further research in this area.",
}
@inproceedings{dhondt-etal-2016-detection,
    title = "Detection of Text Reuse in {F}rench Medical Corpora",
    author = "D{'}hondt, Eva  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Stamatatos, Efstathios  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Building and Evaluating Resources for Biomedical Text Mining ({B}io{T}xt{M}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5112",
    pages = "108--114",
    abstract = "Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are increasingly available in modern health care institutions either through the direct creation of electronic documents in hospitals{'} health information systems, or through the digitization of historical paper records. Each EHR creation method yields the need for sophisticated text reuse detection tools in order to prepare the EHR collections for efficient secondary use relying on Natural Language Processing methods. Herein, we address the detection of two types of text reuse in French EHRs: 1) the detection of updated versions of the same document and 2) the detection of document duplicates that still bear surface differences due to OCR or de-identification processing. We present a robust text reuse detection method to automatically identify redundant document pairs in two French EHR corpora that achieves an overall macro F-measure of 0.68 and 0.60, respectively and correctly identifies all redundant document pairs of interest.",
}
@inproceedings{cotik-etal-2016-negation,
    title = "Negation Detection in Clinical Reports Written in {G}erman",
    author = "Cotik, Viviana  and
      Roller, Roland  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Budde, Klemens  and
      Schmidt, Danilo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Building and Evaluating Resources for Biomedical Text Mining ({B}io{T}xt{M}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5113",
    pages = "115--124",
    abstract = "An important subtask in clinical text mining tries to identify whether a clinical finding is expressed as present, absent or unsure in a text. This work presents a system for detecting mentions of clinical findings that are negated or just speculated. The system has been applied to two different types of German clinical texts: clinical notes and discharge summaries. Our approach is built on top of NegEx, a well known algorithm for identifying non-factive mentions of medical findings. In this work, we adjust a previous adaptation of NegEx to German and evaluate the system on our data to detect negation and speculation. The results are compared to a baseline algorithm and are analyzed for both types of clinical documents. Our system achieves an F1-Score above 0.9 on both types of reports.",
}
@inproceedings{dandala-etal-2016-scoring,
    title = "Scoring Disease-Medication Associations using Advanced {NLP}, Machine Learning, and Multiple Content Sources",
    author = "Dandala, Bharath  and
      Devarakonda, Murthy  and
      Bornea, Mihaela  and
      Nielson, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Building and Evaluating Resources for Biomedical Text Mining ({B}io{T}xt{M}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5114",
    pages = "125--133",
    abstract = "Effective knowledge resources are critical for developing successful clinical decision support systems that alleviate the cognitive load on physicians in patient care. In this paper, we describe two new methods for building a knowledge resource of disease to medication associations. These methods use fundamentally different content and are based on advanced natural language processing and machine learning techniques. One method uses distributional semantics on large medical text, and the other uses data mining on a large number of patient records. The methods are evaluated using 25,379 unique disease-medication pairs extracted from 100 de-identified longitudinal patient records of a large multi-provider hospital system. We measured recall (R), precision (P), and F scores for positive and negative association prediction, along with coverage and accuracy. While individual methods performed well, a combined stacked classifier achieved the best performance, indicating the limitations and unique value of each resource and method. In predicting positive associations, the stacked combination significantly outperformed the baseline (a distant semi-supervised method on large medical text), achieving F scores of 0.75 versus 0.55 on the pairs seen in the patient records, and F scores of 0.69 and 0.35 on unique pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{vishnyakova-etal-2016-author,
    title = "Author Name Disambiguation in {MEDLINE} Based on Journal Descriptors and Semantic Types",
    author = "Vishnyakova, Dina  and
      Rodriguez-Esteban, Raul  and
      Ozol, Khan  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Building and Evaluating Resources for Biomedical Text Mining ({B}io{T}xt{M}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5115",
    pages = "134--142",
    abstract = "Author name disambiguation (AND) in publication and citation resources is a well-known problem. Often, information about email address and other details in the affiliation is missing. In cases where such information is not available, identifying the authorship of publications becomes very challenging. Consequently, there have been attempts to resolve such cases by utilizing external resources as references. However, such external resources are heterogeneous and are not always reliable regarding the correctness of information. To solve the AND task, especially when information about an author is not complete we suggest the use of new features such as journal descriptors (JD) and semantic types (ST). The evaluation of different feature models shows that their inclusion has an impact equivalent to that of other important features such as email address. Using such features we show that our system outperforms the state of the art.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-international-worldwide,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Worldwide Language Service Infrastructure and Second Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for Human Language Technologies ({WLSI}/{OIAF}4{HLT}2016)",
    author = "Murakami, Yohei  and
      Lin, Donghui  and
      Ide, Nancy  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5200",
}
@inproceedings{mohanty-etal-2016-kathaa,
    title = "{K}athaa : {NLP} Systems as Edge-Labeled Directed Acyclic {M}ulti{G}raphs",
    author = "Mohanty, Sharada  and
      Wani, Nehal J  and
      Srivastava, Manish  and
      Sharma, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Worldwide Language Service Infrastructure and Second Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for Human Language Technologies ({WLSI}/{OIAF}4{HLT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5201",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "We present Kathaa, an Open Source web-based Visual Programming Framework for Natural Language Processing (NLP) Systems. Kathaa supports the design, execution and analysis of complex NLP systems by visually connecting NLP components from an easily extensible Module Library. It models NLP systems an edge-labeled Directed Acyclic MultiGraph, and lets the user use publicly co-created modules in their own NLP applications irrespective of their technical proficiency in Natural Language Processing. Kathaa exposes an intuitive web based Interface for the users to interact with and modify complex NLP Systems; and a precise Module definition API to allow easy integration of new state of the art NLP components. Kathaa enables researchers to publish their services in a standardized format to enable the masses to use their services out of the box. The vision of this work is to pave the way for a system like Kathaa, to be the Lego blocks of NLP Research and Applications. As a practical use case we use Kathaa to visually implement the Sampark Hindi-Panjabi Machine Translation Pipeline and the Sampark Hindi-Urdu Machine Translation Pipeline, to demonstrate the fact that Kathaa can handle really complex NLP systems while still being intuitive for the end user.",
}
@inproceedings{ide-etal-2016-lapps,
    title = "{LAPPS}/Galaxy: Current State and Next Steps",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Suderman, Keith  and
      Nyberg, Eric  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Verhagen, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Worldwide Language Service Infrastructure and Second Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for Human Language Technologies ({WLSI}/{OIAF}4{HLT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5202",
    pages = "11--18",
    abstract = "The US National Science Foundation (NSF) SI2-funded LAPPS/Galaxy project has developed an open-source platform for enabling complex analyses while hiding complexities associated with underlying infrastructure, that can be accessed through a web interface, deployed on any Unix system, or run from the cloud. It provides sophisticated tool integration and history capabilities, a workflow system for building automated multi-step analyses, state-of-the-art evaluation capabilities, and facilities for sharing and publishing analyses. This paper describes the current facilities available in LAPPS/Galaxy and outlines the project{'}s ongoing activities to enhance the framework.",
}
@inproceedings{eckart-de-castilho-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Analysis of Flaws in Pre-Trained {NLP} Models",
    author = "Eckart de Castilho, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Worldwide Language Service Infrastructure and Second Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for Human Language Technologies ({WLSI}/{OIAF}4{HLT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5203",
    pages = "19--27",
    abstract = "Most tools for natural language processing today are based on machine learning and come with pre-trained models. In addition, third-parties provide pre-trained models for popular NLP tools. The predictive power and accuracy of these tools depends on the quality of these models. Downstream researchers often base their results on pre-trained models instead of training their own. Consequently, pre-trained models are an essential resource to our community. However, to be best of our knowledge, no systematic study of pre-trained models has been conducted so far. This paper reports on the analysis of 274 pre-models for six NLP tools and four potential causes of problems: encoding, tokenization, normalization and change over time. The analysis is implemented in the open source tool Model Investigator. Our work 1) allows model consumers to better assess whether a model is suitable for their task, 2) enables tool and model creators to sanity-check their models before distributing them, and 3) enables improvements in tool interoperability by performing automatic adjustments of normalization or other pre-processing based on the models used.",
}
@inproceedings{nakaguchi-etal-2016-combining,
    title = "Combining Human Inputters and Language Services to provide Multi-language support system for International Symposiums",
    author = "Nakaguchi, Takao  and
      Otani, Masayuki  and
      Takasaki, Toshiyuki  and
      Ishida, Toru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Worldwide Language Service Infrastructure and Second Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for Human Language Technologies ({WLSI}/{OIAF}4{HLT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5204",
    pages = "28--35",
    abstract = "In this research, we introduce and implement a method that combines human inputters and machine translators. When the languages of the participants vary widely, the cost of simultaneous translation becomes very high. However, the results of simply applying machine translation to speech text do not have the quality that is needed for real use. Thus, we propose a method that people who understand the language of the speaker cooperate with a machine translation service in support of multilingualization by the co-creation of value. We implement a system with this method and apply it to actual presentations. While the quality of direct machine translations is 1.84 (fluency) and 2.89 (adequacy), the system has corresponding values of 3.76 and 3.85.",
}
@inproceedings{assawinjaipetch-etal-2016-recurrent,
    title = "Recurrent Neural Network with Word Embedding for Complaint Classification",
    author = "Assawinjaipetch, Panuwat  and
      Shirai, Kiyoaki  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Marukata, Sanparith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Worldwide Language Service Infrastructure and Second Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for Human Language Technologies ({WLSI}/{OIAF}4{HLT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5205",
    pages = "36--43",
    abstract = "Complaint classification aims at using information to deliver greater insights to enhance user experience after purchasing the products or services. Categorized information can help us quickly collect emerging problems in order to provide a support needed. Indeed, the response to the complaint without the delay will grant users highest satisfaction. In this paper, we aim to deliver a novel approach which can clarify the complaints precisely with the aim to classify each complaint into nine predefined classes i.e. acces-sibility, company brand, competitors, facilities, process, product feature, staff quality, timing respec-tively and others. Given the idea that one word usually conveys ambiguity and it has to be interpreted by its context, the word embedding technique is used to provide word features while applying deep learning techniques for classifying a type of complaints. The dataset we use contains 8,439 complaints of one company.",
}
@inproceedings{eli-etal-2016-universal,
    title = "Universal dependencies for {U}yghur",
    author = "Eli, Marhaba  and
      Mushajiang, Weinila  and
      Yibulayin, Tuergen  and
      Abiderexiti, Kahaerjiang  and
      Liu, Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Worldwide Language Service Infrastructure and Second Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for Human Language Technologies ({WLSI}/{OIAF}4{HLT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5206",
    pages = "44--50",
    abstract = "The Universal Dependencies (UD) Project seeks to build a cross-lingual studies of treebanks, linguistic structures and parsing. Its goal is to create a set of multilingual harmonized treebanks that are designed according to a universal annotation scheme. In this paper, we report on the conversion of the Uyghur dependency treebank to a UD version of the treebank which we term the Uyghur Universal Dependency Treebank (UyDT). We present the mapping of the Uyghur dependency treebank{'}s labelling scheme to the UD scheme, along with a clear description of the structural changes required in this conversion.",
}
@inproceedings{luong-vu-2016-non,
    title = "A non-expert {K}aldi recipe for {V}ietnamese Speech Recognition System",
    author = "Luong, Hieu-Thi  and
      Vu, Hai-Quan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Worldwide Language Service Infrastructure and Second Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for Human Language Technologies ({WLSI}/{OIAF}4{HLT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5207",
    pages = "51--55",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe a non-expert setup for Vietnamese speech recognition system using Kaldi toolkit. We collected a speech corpus over fifteen hours from about fifty Vietnamese native speakers and using it to test the feasibility of our setup. The essential linguistic components for the Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system was prepared basing on the written form of the language instead of expertise knowledge on linguistic and phonology as commonly seen in rich resource languages like English. The modeling of tones by integrating them into the phoneme and using the phonetic decision tree is also discussed. Experimental results showed this setup for ASR systems does yield competitive results while still have potentials for further improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Ensemble Based Pre-annotation on Named Entity Corpus Construction in {E}nglish and {C}hinese",
    author = "Lu, Tingming  and
      Zhu, Man  and
      Gao, Zhiqiang  and
      Gui, Yaocheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Worldwide Language Service Infrastructure and Second Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for Human Language Technologies ({WLSI}/{OIAF}4{HLT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5208",
    pages = "56--60",
    abstract = "Annotated corpora are crucial language resources, and pre-annotation is an usual way to reduce the cost of corpus construction. Ensemble based pre-annotation approach combines multiple existing named entity taggers and categorizes annotations into normal annotations with high confidence and candidate annotations with low confidence, to reduce the human annotation time. In this paper, we manually annotate three English datasets under various pre-annotation conditions, report the effects of ensemble based pre-annotation, and analyze the experimental results. In order to verify the effectiveness of ensemble based pre-annotation in other languages, such as Chinese, three Chinese datasets are also tested. The experimental results show that the ensemble based pre-annotation approach significantly reduces the number of annotations which human annotators have to add, and outperforms the baseline approaches in reduction of human annotation time without loss in annotation performance (in terms of F1-measure), on both English and Chinese datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{murakami-etal-2016-ontology,
    title = "An Ontology for Language Service Composability",
    author = "Murakami, Yohei  and
      Nakaguchi, Takao  and
      Lin, Donghui  and
      Ishida, Toru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Worldwide Language Service Infrastructure and Second Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for Human Language Technologies ({WLSI}/{OIAF}4{HLT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5209",
    pages = "61--69",
    abstract = "Fragmentation and recombination is a key to create customized language environments for supporting various intercultural activities. Fragmentation provides various language resource components for the customized language environments and recombination builds each language environment according to user{'}s request by combining these components. To realize this fragmentation and recombination process, existing language resources (both data and programs) should be shared as language services and combined beyond mismatch of their service interfaces. To address this issue, standardization is inevitable: standardized interfaces are necessary for language services as well as data format required for language resources. Therefore, we have constructed a hierarchy of language services based on inheritance of service interfaces, which is called language service ontology. This ontology allows users to create a new customized language service that is compatible with existing ones. Moreover, we have developed a dynamic service binding technology that instantiates various executable customized services from an abstract workflow according to user{'}s request. By using the ontology and service binding together, users can bind the instantiated language service to another abstract workflow for a new customized one.",
}
@inproceedings{kano-2016-platform,
    title = "Between Platform and {API}s: {K}achako {API} for Developers",
    author = "Kano, Yoshinobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Worldwide Language Service Infrastructure and Second Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for Human Language Technologies ({WLSI}/{OIAF}4{HLT}2016)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5210",
    pages = "70--75",
    abstract = "Different types of users require different functions in NLP software. It is difficult for a single platform to cover all types of users. When a framework aims to provide more interoperability, users are required to learn more concepts; users{'} application designs are restricted to be compliant with the framework. While an interoperability framework is useful in certain cases, some types of users will not select the framework due to the learning cost and design restrictions. We suggest a rather simple framework for the interoperability aiming at developers. Reusing an existing NLP platform Kachako, we created an API oriented NLP system. This system loosely couples rich high-end functions, including annotation visualizations, statistical evaluations, an-notation searching, etc. This API do not require users much learning cost, providing customization ability for power users while also allowing easy users to employ many GUI functions.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-cognitive-aspects,
    title = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    author = "Zock, Michael  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Evert, Stefan",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5300",
}
@inproceedings{biemann-2016-vectors,
    title = "Vectors or Graphs? On Differences of Representations for Distributional Semantic Models",
    author = "Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5301",
    pages = "1--7",
    abstract = "Distributional Semantic Models (DSMs) have recently received increased attention, together with the rise of neural architectures for scalable training of dense vector embeddings. While some of the literature even includes terms like {`}vectors{'} and {`}dimensionality{'} in the definition of DSMs, there are some good reasons why we should consider alternative formulations of distributional models. As an instance, I present a scalable graph-based solution to distributional semantics. The model belongs to the family of {`}count-based{'} DSMs, keeps its representation sparse and explicit, and thus fully interpretable. I will highlight some important differences between sparse graph-based and dense vector approaches to DSMs: while dense vector-based models are computationally easier to handle and provide a nice uniform representation that can be compared and combined in many ways, they lack interpretability, provenance and robustness. On the other hand, graph-based sparse models have a more straightforward interpretation, handle sense distinctions more naturally and can straightforwardly be linked to knowledge bases, while lacking the ability to compare arbitrary lexical units and a compositionality operation. Since both representations have their merits, I opt for exploring their combination in the outlook.",
}
@inproceedings{lebani-lenci-2016-beware,
    title = "{``}Beware the Jabberwock, dear reader!{''} Testing the distributional reality of construction semantics",
    author = "Lebani, Gianluca  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5302",
    pages = "8--18",
    abstract = "Notwithstanding the success of the notion of construction, the computational tradition still lacks a way to represent the semantic content of these linguistic entities. Here we present a simple corpus-based model implementing the idea that the meaning of a syntactic construction is intimately related to the semantics of its typical verbs. It is a two-step process, that starts by identifying the typical verbs occurring with a given syntactic construction and building their distributional vectors. We then calculated the weighted centroid of these vectors in order to derive the distributional signature of a construction. In order to assess the goodness of our approach, we replicated the priming effect described by Johnson and Golberg (2013) as a function of the semantic distance between a construction and its prototypical verbs. Additional support for our view comes from a regression analysis showing that our distributional information can be used to model behavioral data collected with a crowdsourced elicitation experiment.",
}
@inproceedings{lopukhina-lopukhin-2016-regular,
    title = "Regular polysemy: from sense vectors to sense patterns",
    author = "Lopukhina, Anastasiya  and
      Lopukhin, Konstantin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5303",
    pages = "19--23",
    abstract = "Regular polysemy was extensively investigated in lexical semantics, but this phenomenon has been very little studied in distributional semantics. We propose a model for regular polysemy detection that is based on sense vectors and allows to work directly with senses in semantic vector space. Our method is able to detect polysemous words that have the same regular sense alternation as in a given example (a word with two automatically induced senses that represent one polysemy pattern, such as ANIMAL / FOOD). The method works equally well for nouns, verbs and adjectives and achieves average recall of 0.55 and average precision of 0.59 for ten different polysemy patterns.",
}
@inproceedings{shwartz-dagan-2016-path,
    title = "Path-based vs. Distributional Information in Recognizing Lexical Semantic Relations",
    author = "Shwartz, Vered  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5304",
    pages = "24--29",
    abstract = "Recognizing various semantic relations between terms is beneficial for many NLP tasks. While path-based and distributional information sources are considered complementary for this task, the superior results the latter showed recently suggested that the former{'}s contribution might have become obsolete. We follow the recent success of an integrated neural method for hypernymy detection (Shwartz et al., 2016) and extend it to recognize multiple relations. The empirical results show that this method is effective in the multiclass setting as well. We further show that the path-based information source always contributes to the classification, and analyze the cases in which it mostly complements the distributional information.",
}
@inproceedings{santos-etal-2016-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Relation Classification: Task Formalisation and Refinement",
    author = "Santos, Vivian  and
      Huerliman, Manuela  and
      Davis, Brian  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried  and
      Freitas, Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5305",
    pages = "30--39",
    abstract = "The identification of semantic relations between terms within texts is a fundamental task in Natural Language Processing which can support applications requiring a lightweight semantic interpretation model. Currently, semantic relation classification concentrates on relations which are evaluated over open-domain data. This work provides a critique on the set of abstract relations used for semantic relation classification with regard to their ability to express relationships between terms which are found in a domain-specific corpora. Based on this analysis, this work proposes an alternative semantic relation model based on reusing and extending the set of abstract relations present in the DOLCE ontology. The resulting set of relations is well grounded, allows to capture a wide range of relations and could thus be used as a foundation for automatic classification of semantic relations.",
}
@inproceedings{attia-etal-2016-power,
    title = "The Power of Language Music: {A}rabic Lemmatization through Patterns",
    author = "Attia, Mohammed  and
      Zirikly, Ayah  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5306",
    pages = "40--50",
    abstract = "The interaction between roots and patterns in Arabic has intrigued lexicographers and morphologists for centuries. While roots provide the consonantal building blocks, patterns provide the syllabic vocalic moulds. While roots provide abstract semantic classes, patterns realize these classes in specific instances. In this way both roots and patterns are indispensable for understanding the derivational, morphological and, to some extent, the cognitive aspects of the Arabic language. In this paper we perform lemmatization (a high-level lexical processing) without relying on a lookup dictionary. We use a hybrid approach that consists of a machine learning classifier to predict the lemma pattern for a given stem, and mapping rules to convert stems to their respective lemmas with the vocalization defined by the pattern.",
}
@inproceedings{kageback-salomonsson-2016-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation using a Bidirectional {LSTM}",
    author = {K{\aa}geb{\"a}ck, Mikael  and
      Salomonsson, Hans},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5307",
    pages = "51--56",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a clean, yet effective, model for word sense disambiguation. Our approach leverage a bidirectional long short-term memory network which is shared between all words. This enables the model to share statistical strength and to scale well with vocabulary size. The model is trained end-to-end, directly from the raw text to sense labels, and makes effective use of word order. We evaluate our approach on two standard datasets, using identical hyperparameter settings, which are in turn tuned on a third set of held out data. We employ no external resources (e.g. knowledge graphs, part-of-speech tagging, etc), language specific features, or hand crafted rules, but still achieve statistically equivalent results to the best state-of-the-art systems, that employ no such limitations.",
}
@inproceedings{zock-biemann-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards a resource based on users{'} knowledge to overcome the Tip of the Tongue problem.",
    author = "Zock, Michael  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5308",
    pages = "57--68",
    abstract = "Language production is largely a matter of words which, in the case of access problems, can be searched for in an external resource (lexicon, thesaurus). In this kind of dialogue the user provides the momentarily available knowledge concerning the target and the system responds with the best guess(es) it can make given this input. As tip-of-the-tongue (ToT)-studies have shown, people always have some knowledge concerning the target (meaning fragments, number of syllables, ...) even if its complete form is eluding them. We will show here how to tap on this knowledge to build a resource likely to help authors (speakers/writers) to overcome the ToT-problem. Yet, before doing so we need a better understanding of the various kinds of knowledge people have when looking for a word. To this end, we asked crowdworkers to provide some cues to describe a given target and to specify then how each one of them relates to the target, in the hope that this could help others to find the elusive word. Next, we checked how well a given search strategy worked when being applied to differently built lexical networks. The results showed quite dramatic differences, which is not really surprising. After all, different networks are built for different purposes; hence each one of them is more or less suited for a given task. What was more surprising though is the fact that the relational information given by the users did not allow us to find the elusive word in WordNet better than without it.",
}
@inproceedings{santus-etal-2016-cogalex,
    title = "The {C}og{AL}ex-V Shared Task on the Corpus-Based Identification of Semantic Relations",
    author = "Santus, Enrico  and
      Gladkova, Anna  and
      Evert, Stefan  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5309",
    pages = "69--79",
    abstract = "The shared task of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon (CogALex-V) aims at providing a common benchmark for testing current corpus-based methods for the identification of lexical semantic relations (synonymy, antonymy, hypernymy, part-whole meronymy) and at gaining a better understanding of their respective strengths and weaknesses. The shared task uses a challenging dataset extracted from EVALution 1.0, which contains word pairs holding the above-mentioned relations as well as semantically unrelated control items (random). The task is split into two subtasks: (i) identification of related word pairs vs. unrelated ones; (ii) classification of the word pairs according to their semantic relation. This paper describes the subtasks, the dataset, the evaluation metrics, the seven participating systems and their results. The best performing system in subtask 1 is GHHH (F1 = 0.790), while the best system in subtask 2 is LexNet (F1 = 0.445). The dataset and the task description are available at \url{https://sites.google.com/site/cogalex2016/home/shared-task}.",
}
@inproceedings{shwartz-dagan-2016-cogalex,
    title = "{C}og{AL}ex-V Shared Task: {L}ex{NET} - Integrated Path-based and Distributional Method for the Identification of Semantic Relations",
    author = "Shwartz, Vered  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5310",
    pages = "80--85",
    abstract = "We present a submission to the CogALex 2016 shared task on the corpus-based identification of semantic relations, using LexNET (Shwartz and Dagan, 2016), an integrated path-based and distributional method for semantic relation classification. The reported results in the shared task bring this submission to the third place on subtask 1 (word relatedness), and the first place on subtask 2 (semantic relation classification), demonstrating the utility of integrating the complementary path-based and distributional information sources in recognizing concrete semantic relations. Combined with a common similarity measure, LexNET performs fairly good on the word relatedness task (subtask 1). The relatively low performance of LexNET and all other systems on subtask 2, however, confirms the difficulty of the semantic relation classification task, and stresses the need to develop additional methods for this task.",
}
@inproceedings{attia-etal-2016-cogalex,
    title = "{C}og{AL}ex-V Shared Task: {GHHH} - Detecting Semantic Relations via Word Embeddings",
    author = "Attia, Mohammed  and
      Maharjan, Suraj  and
      Samih, Younes  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5311",
    pages = "86--91",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system submission to the CogALex-2016 Shared Task on Corpus-Based Identification of Semantic Relations. Our system won first place for Task-1 and second place for Task-2. The evaluation results of our system on the test set is 88.1{\%} (79.0{\%} for TRUE only) f-measure for Task-1 on detecting semantic similarity, and 76.0{\%} (42.3{\%} when excluding RANDOM) for Task-2 on identifying finer-grained semantic relations. In our experiments, we try word analogy, linear regression, and multi-task Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with word embeddings from publicly available word vectors. We found that linear regression performs better in the binary classification (Task-1), while CNNs have better performance in the multi-class semantic classification (Task-2). We assume that word analogy is more suited for deterministic answers rather than handling the ambiguity of one-to-many and many-to-many relationships. We also show that classifier performance could benefit from balancing the distribution of labels in the training data.",
}
@inproceedings{evert-2016-cogalex,
    title = "{C}og{AL}ex-V Shared Task: Mach5 {--} A traditional {DSM} approach to semantic relatedness",
    author = "Evert, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5312",
    pages = "92--97",
    abstract = "This contribution provides a strong baseline result for the CogALex-V shared task using a traditional {``}count{''}-type DSM (placed in rank 2 out of 7 in subtask 1 and rank 3 out of 6 in subtask 2). Parameter tuning experiments reveal some surprising effects and suggest that the use of random word pairs as negative examples may be problematic, guiding the parameter optimization in an undesirable direction.",
}
@inproceedings{chersoni-etal-2016-cogalex,
    title = "{C}og{AL}ex-V Shared Task: {ROOT}18",
    author = "Chersoni, Emmanuele  and
      Rambelli, Giulia  and
      Santus, Enrico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5313",
    pages = "98--103",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe ROOT 18, a classifier using the scores of several unsupervised distributional measures as features to discriminate between semantically related and unrelated words, and then to classify the related pairs according to their semantic relation (i.e. synonymy, antonymy, hypernymy, part-whole meronymy). Our classifier participated in the CogALex-V Shared Task, showing a solid performance on the first subtask, but a poor performance on the second subtask. The low scores reported on the second subtask suggest that distributional measures are not sufficient to discriminate between multiple semantic relations at once.",
}
@inproceedings{guggilla-2016-cogalex,
    title = "{C}og{AL}ex-V Shared Task: {CGSRC} - Classifying Semantic Relations using Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Guggilla, Chinnappa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5314",
    pages = "104--109",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe a system (CGSRC) for classifying four semantic relations: synonym, hypernym, antonym and meronym using convolutional neural networks (CNN). We have participated in CogALex-V semantic shared task of corpus-based identification of semantic relations. Proposed approach using CNN-based deep neural networks leveraging pre-compiled word2vec distributional neural embeddings achieved 43.15{\%} weighted-F1 accuracy on subtask-1 (checking existence of a relation between two terms) and 25.24{\%} weighted-F1 accuracy on subtask-2 (classifying relation types).",
}
@inproceedings{luce-etal-2016-cogalex,
    title = "{C}og{AL}ex-V Shared Task: {LOPE}",
    author = "Luce, Kanan  and
      Yu, Jiaxing  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5315",
    pages = "110--113",
    abstract = "Automatic discovery of semantically-related words is one of the most important NLP tasks, and has great impact on the theoretical psycholinguistic modeling of the mental lexicon. In this shared task, we employ the word embeddings model to testify two thoughts explicitly or implicitly assumed by the NLP community: (1). Word embedding models can reflect syntagmatic similarities in usage between words to distances in projected vector space. (2). Word embedding models can reflect paradigmatic relationships between words.",
}
@inproceedings{wartena-aga-2016-cogalex,
    title = "{C}og{AL}ex-V Shared Task: {H}s{H}-Supervised {--} Supervised similarity learning using entry wise product of context vectors",
    author = "Wartena, Christian  and
      Aga, Rosa Tsegaye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5316",
    pages = "114--118",
    abstract = "The CogALex-V Shared Task provides two datasets that consists of pairs of words along with a classification of their semantic relation. The dataset for the first task distinguishes only between related and unrelated, while the second data set distinguishes several types of semantic relations. A number of recent papers propose to construct a feature vector that represents a pair of words by applying a pairwise simple operation to all elements of the feature vector. Subsequently, the pairs can be classified by training any classification algorithm on these vectors. In the present paper we apply this method to the provided datasets. We see that the results are not better than from the given simple baseline. We conclude that the results of the investigated method are strongly depended on the type of data to which it is applied.",
}
@inproceedings{aoki-nakatani-2016-study,
    title = "A Study of the Bump Alternation in {J}apanese from the Perspective of Extended/Onset Causation",
    author = "Aoki, Natsuno  and
      Nakatani, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5317",
    pages = "119--124",
    abstract = "This paper deals with a seldom studied object/oblique alternation phenomenon in Japanese, which. We call this the bump alternation. This phenomenon, first discussed by Sadanobu (1990), is similar to the English with/against alternation. For example, compare hit the wall with the bat [=immobile-as-direct-object frame] to hit the bat against the wall [=mobile-as-direct-object frame]). However, in the Japanese version, the case frame remains constant. Although we fundamentally question Sadanobu{'}s acceptability judgment, we also claim that the causation type (i.e., whether the event is an instance of onset or extended causation; Talmy, 1988; 2000) could make an improvement. An extended causative interpretation could improve the acceptability of the otherwise awkward immobile-as-direct-object frame. We examined this claim through a rating study, and the results showed an interaction between the Causation type (extended/onset) and the Object type (mobile/immobile) in the direction we predicted. We propose that a perspective shift on what is moving causes the {``}extended causation{''} advantage.",
}
@inproceedings{bott-etal-2016-ghost,
    title = "{G}ho{S}t-{PV}: A Representative Gold Standard of {G}erman Particle Verbs",
    author = "Bott, Stefan  and
      Khvtisavrishvili, Nana  and
      Kisselew, Max  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5318",
    pages = "125--133",
    abstract = "German particle verbs represent a frequent type of multi-word-expression that forms a highly productive paradigm in the lexicon. Similarly to other multi-word expressions, particle verbs exhibit various levels of compositionality. One of the major obstacles for the study of compositionality is the lack of representative gold standards of human ratings. In order to address this bottleneck, this paper presents such a gold standard data set containing 400 randomly selected German particle verbs. It is balanced across several particle types and three frequency bands, and accomplished by human ratings on the degree of semantic compositionality.",
}
@inproceedings{daoud-daoud-2016-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Potential Terminological Relationships from Twitter{'}s Timed Content",
    author = "Daoud, Mohammad  and
      Daoud, Daoud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5319",
    pages = "134--144",
    abstract = "This paper presents a method to discover possible terminological relationships from tweets. We match the histories of terms (frequency patterns). Similar history indicates a possible relationship between terms. For example, if two terms (t1, t2) appeared frequently in Twitter at particular days, and there is a {`}similarity{'} in the frequencies over a period of time, then t1 and t2 can be related. Maintaining standard terminological repository with updated relationships can be difficult; especially in a dynamic domain such as social media where thousands of new terms (neology) are coined every day. So we propose to construct a raw repository of lexical units with unconfirmed relationships. We have experimented our method on time-sensitive Arabic terms used by the online Arabic community of Twitter. We draw relationships between these terms by matching their similar frequency patterns (timelines). We use dynamic time warping as a similarity measure. For evaluation, we have selected 630 possible terms (we call them preterms) and we matched the similarity of these terms over a period of 30 days. Around 270 correct relationships were discovered with a precision of 0.61. These relationships were extracted without considering the textual context of the term.",
}
@inproceedings{fonseca-etal-2016-lexfom,
    title = "{L}exfom: a lexical functions ontology model",
    author = "Fonseca, Alexsandro  and
      Sadat, Fatiha  and
      Lareau, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5320",
    pages = "145--155",
    abstract = "A lexical function represents a type of relation that exists between lexical units (words or expressions) in any language. For example, the antonymy is a type of relation that is represented by the lexical function Anti: Anti(big) = small. Those relations include both paradigmatic relations, i.e. vertical relations, such as synonymy, antonymy and meronymy and syntagmatic relations, i.e. horizontal relations, such as objective qualification (legitimate demand), subjective qualification (fruitful analysis), positive evaluation (good review) and support verbs (pay a visit, subject to an interrogation). In this paper, we present the Lexical Functions Ontology Model (lexfom) to represent lexical functions and the relation among lexical units. Lexfom is divided in four modules: lexical function representation (lfrep), lexical function family (lffam), lexical function semantic perspective (lfsem) and lexical function relations (lfrel). Moreover, we show how it combines to Lexical Model for Ontologies (lemon), for the transformation of lexical networks into the semantic web formats. So far, we have implemented 100 simple and 500 complex lexical functions, and encoded about 8,000 syntagmatic and 46,000 paradigmatic relations, for the French language.",
}
@inproceedings{l-homme-etal-2016-proposal,
    title = "A Proposal for combining {``}general{''} and specialized frames",
    author = "L{'} Homme, Marie-Claude  and
      Subirats, Carlos  and
      Robichaud, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5321",
    pages = "156--165",
    abstract = "The objectives of the work described in this paper are: 1. To list the differences between a general language resource (namely FrameNet) and a domain-specific resource; 2. To devise solutions to merge their contents in order to increase the coverage of the general resource. Both resources are based on Frame Semantics (Fillmore 1985; Fillmore and Baker 2010) and this raises specific challenges since the theoretical framework and the methodology derived from it provide for both a lexical description and a conceptual representation. We propose a series of strategies that handle both lexical and conceptual (frame) differences and implemented them in the specialized resource. We also show that most differences can be handled in a straightforward manner. However, some more domain specific differences (such as frames defined exclusively for the specialized domain or relations between these frames) are likely to be much more difficult to take into account since some are domain-specific.",
}
@inproceedings{pastena-lenci-2016-antonymy,
    title = "Antonymy and Canonicity: Experimental and Distributional Evidence",
    author = "Pastena, Andreana  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5322",
    pages = "166--175",
    abstract = "The present paper investigates the phenomenon of antonym canonicity by providing new behavioural and distributional evidence on Italian adjectives. Previous studies have showed that some pairs of antonyms are perceived to be better examples of opposition than others, and are so considered representative of the whole category (e.g., Deese, 1964; Murphy, 2003; Paradis et al., 2009). Our goal is to further investigate why such canonical pairs (Murphy, 2003) exist and how they come to be associated. In the literature, two different approaches have dealt with this issue. The lexical-categorical approach (Charles and Miller, 1989; Justeson and Katz, 1991) finds the cause of canonicity in the high co-occurrence frequency of the two adjectives. The cognitive-prototype approach (Paradis et al., 2009; Jones et al., 2012) instead claims that two adjectives form a canonical pair because they are aligned along a simple and salient dimension. Our empirical evidence, while supporting the latter view, shows that the paradigmatic distributional properties of adjectives can also contribute to explain the phenomenon of canonicity, providing a corpus-based correlate of the cognitive notion of salience.",
}
@inproceedings{silva-etal-2016-categorization,
    title = "Categorization of Semantic Roles for Dictionary Definitions",
    author = "Silva, Vivian  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried  and
      Freitas, Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5323",
    pages = "176--184",
    abstract = "Understanding the semantic relationships between terms is a fundamental task in natural language processing applications. While structured resources that can express those relationships in a formal way, such as ontologies, are still scarce, a large number of linguistic resources gathering dictionary definitions is becoming available, but understanding the semantic structure of natural language definitions is fundamental to make them useful in semantic interpretation tasks. Based on an analysis of a subset of WordNet{'}s glosses, we propose a set of semantic roles that compose the semantic structure of a dictionary definition, and show how they are related to the definition{'}s syntactic configuration, identifying patterns that can be used in the development of information extraction frameworks and semantic models.",
}
@inproceedings{tomokiyo-boitet-2016-corpus,
    title = "Corpus and dictionary development for classifiers/quantifiers towards a {F}rench-{J}apanese machine translation",
    author = "Tomokiyo, Mutsuko  and
      Boitet, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex - V)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5324",
    pages = "185--192",
    abstract = "Although quantifiers/classifiers expressions occur frequently in everyday communications or written documents, there is no description for them in classical bilingual paper dictionaries, nor in machine-readable dictionaries. The paper describes a corpus and dictionary development for quantifiers/classifiers, and their usage in the framework of French-Japanese machine translation (MT). They often cause problems of lexical ambiguity and of set phrase recognition during analysis, in particular for a long-distance language pair like French and Japanese. For the development of a dictionary aiming at ambiguity resolution for expressions including quantifiers and classifiers which may be ambiguous with common nouns, we have annotated our corpus with UWs (interlingual lexemes) of UNL (Universal Networking Language) found on the UNL-jp dictionary. The extraction of potential classifiers/quantifiers from corpus is made by UNLexplorer web service. Keywords : classifiers, quantifiers, phraseology study, corpus annotation, UNL (Universal Networking Language), UWs dictionary, Tori Bank, French-Japanese machine translation (MT).",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-asian-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}12)",
    author = "Hasida, Koiti  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai  and
      Calzorari, Nicoletta  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5400",
}
@inproceedings{gotou-etal-2016-extension,
    title = "An extension of {ISO}-Space for annotating object direction",
    author = "Gotou, Daiki  and
      Nishikawa, Hitoshi  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}12)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5401",
    pages = "1--9",
    abstract = "In this paper, we extend an existing annotation scheme ISO-Space for annotating necessary spatial information for the task placing an specified object at a specified location with a specified direction according to a natural language instruction. We call such task the spatial placement problem. Our extension particularly focuses on describing the object direction, when the object is placed on the 2D plane. We conducted an annotation experiment in which a corpus of 20 situated dialogues were annotated. The annotation result showed the number of newly introduced tags by our proposal is not negligible. We also implemented an analyser that automatically assigns the proposed tags to the corpus and evaluated its performance. The result showed that the performance for entity tag was quite high ranging from 0.68 to 0.99 in F-measure, but not the case for relation tags, i.e. less than 0.4 in F-measure.",
}
@inproceedings{kaneko-etal-2016-annotation,
    title = "Annotation and Analysis of Discourse Relations, Temporal Relations and Multi-Layered Situational Relations in {J}apanese Texts",
    author = "Kaneko, Kimi  and
      Sugawara, Saku  and
      Mineshima, Koji  and
      Bekki, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}12)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5402",
    pages = "10--19",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a methodology for building a specialized Japanese data set for recognizing temporal relations and discourse relations. In addition to temporal and discourse relations, multi-layered situational relations that distinguish generic and specific states belonging to different layers in a discourse are annotated. Our methodology has been applied to 170 text fragments taken from Wikinews articles in Japanese. The validity of our methodology is evaluated and analyzed in terms of degree of annotator agreement and frequency of errors.",
}
@inproceedings{leung-etal-2016-developing,
    title = "Developing Universal Dependencies for {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = {Leung, Herman  and
      Poiret, Rafa{\"e}l  and
      Wong, Tak-sum  and
      Chen, Xinying  and
      Gerdes, Kim  and
      Lee, John},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}12)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5403",
    pages = "20--29",
    abstract = "This article proposes a Universal Dependency Annotation Scheme for Mandarin Chinese, including POS tags and dependency analysis. We identify cases of idiosyncrasy of Mandarin Chinese that are difficult to fit into the current schema which has mainly been based on the descriptions of various Indo-European languages. We discuss differences between our scheme and those of the Stanford Chinese Dependencies and the Chinese Dependency Treebank.",
}
@inproceedings{minamiguchi-tsuchiya-2016-developing,
    title = "Developing Corpus of Lecture Utterances Aligned to Slide Components",
    author = "Minamiguchi, Ryo  and
      Tsuchiya, Masatoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}12)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5404",
    pages = "30--37",
    abstract = "The approach which formulates the automatic text summarization as a maximum coverage problem with knapsack constraint over a set of textual units and a set of weighted conceptual units is promising. However, it is quite important and difficult to determine the appropriate granularity of conceptual units for this formulation. In order to resolve this problem, we are examining to use components of presentation slides as conceptual units to generate a summary of lecture utterances, instead of other possible conceptual units like base noun phrases or important nouns. This paper explains our developing corpus designed to evaluate our proposing approach, which consists of presentation slides and lecture utterances aligned to presentation slide components.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2016-vsolscsum,
    title = "{VS}o{LSCS}um: Building a {V}ietnamese Sentence-Comment Dataset for Social Context Summarization",
    author = "Nguyen, Minh-Tien  and
      Lai, Dac Viet  and
      Do, Phong-Khac  and
      Tran, Duc-Vu  and
      Nguyen, Minh-Le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}12)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5405",
    pages = "38--48",
    abstract = "This paper presents VSoLSCSum, a Vietnamese linked sentence-comment dataset, which was manually created to treat the lack of standard corpora for social context summarization in Vietnamese. The dataset was collected through the keywords of 141 Web documents in 12 special events, which were mentioned on Vietnamese Web pages. Social users were asked to involve in creating standard summaries and the label of each sentence or comment. The inter-agreement calculated by Cohen{'}s Kappa among raters after validating is 0.685. To illustrate the potential use of our dataset, a learning to rank method was trained by using a set of local and social features. Experimental results indicate that the summary model trained on our dataset outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in both ROUGE-1 and ROUGE-2 in social context summarization.",
}
@inproceedings{asahara-matsumoto-2016-bccwj,
    title = "{BCCWJ}-{D}ep{P}ara: A Syntactic Annotation Treebank on the {`}Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written {J}apanese{'}",
    author = "Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}12)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5406",
    pages = "49--58",
    abstract = "Paratactic syntactic structures are difficult to represent in syntactic dependency tree structures. As such, we propose an annotation schema for syntactic dependency annotation of Japanese, in which coordinate structures are split from and overlaid on bunsetsu-based (base phrase unit) dependency. The schema represents nested coordinate structures, non-constituent conjuncts, and forward sharing as the set of regions. The annotation was performed on the core data of {`}Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese{'}, which comprised about one million words and 1980 samples from six registers, such as newspapers, books, magazines, and web texts.",
}
@inproceedings{chu-etal-2016-sctb,
    title = "{SCTB}: A {C}hinese Treebank in Scientific Domain",
    author = "Chu, Chenhui  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}12)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5407",
    pages = "59--67",
    abstract = "Treebanks are curial for natural language processing (NLP). In this paper, we present our work for annotating a Chinese treebank in scientific domain (SCTB), to address the problem of the lack of Chinese treebanks in this domain. Chinese analysis and machine translation experiments conducted using this treebank indicate that the annotated treebank can significantly improve the performance on both tasks. This treebank is released to promote Chinese NLP research in scientific domain.",
}
@inproceedings{iwakura-etal-2016-big,
    title = "Big Community Data before World Wide Web Era",
    author = "Iwakura, Tomoya  and
      Takahashi, Tetsuro  and
      Ohtani, Akihiro  and
      Matsui, Kunio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}12)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5408",
    pages = "68--72",
    abstract = "This paper introduces the NIFTY-Serve corpus, a large data archive collected from Japanese discussion forums that operated via a Bulletin Board System (BBS) between 1987 and 2006. This corpus can be used in Artificial Intelligence researches such as Natural Language Processing, Community Analysis, and so on. The NIFTY-Serve corpus differs from data on WWW in three ways; (1) essentially spam- and duplication-free because of strict data collection procedures, (2) historic user-generated data before WWW, and (3) a complete data set because the service now shut down. We also introduce some examples of use of the corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{gunarso-riza-2016-overview,
    title = "An Overview of {BPPT}{'}s {I}ndonesian Language Resources",
    author = "Gunarso, Gunarso  and
      Riza, Hammam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}12)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5409",
    pages = "73--77",
    abstract = "This paper describes various Indonesian language resources that Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) has developed and collected since mid 80{'}s when we joined MMTS (Multilingual Machine Translation System), an international project coordinated by CICC-Japan to develop a machine translation system for five Asian languages (Bahasa Indonesia, Malay, Thai, Japanese, and Chinese). Since then, we have been actively doing many types of research in the field of statistical machine translation, speech recognition, and speech synthesis which requires many text and speech corpus. Most recent cooperation within ASEAN-IVO is the development of Indonesian ALT (Asian Language Treebank) has added new NLP tools.",
}
@inproceedings{kimura-etal-2016-creating,
    title = "Creating {J}apanese Political Corpus from Local Assembly Minutes of 47 prefectures",
    author = "Kimura, Yasutomo  and
      Takamaru, Keiichi  and
      Tanaka, Takuma  and
      Kobayashi, Akio  and
      Sakaji, Hiroki  and
      Uchida, Yuzu  and
      Ototake, Hokuto  and
      Masuyama, Shigeru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}12)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5410",
    pages = "78--85",
    abstract = "This paper describes a Japanese political corpus created for interdisciplinary political research. The corpus contains the local assembly minutes of 47 prefectures from April 2011 to March 2015. This four-year period coincides with the term of office for assembly members in most autonomies. We analyze statistical data, such as the number of speakers, characters, and words, to clarify the characteristics of local assembly minutes. In addition, we identify problems associated with the different web services used by the autonomies to make the minutes available to the public.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2016-selective,
    title = "Selective Annotation of Sentence Parts: Identification of Relevant Sub-sentential Units",
    author = "Xu, Ge  and
      Yang, Xiaoyan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}12)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5411",
    pages = "86--94",
    abstract = "Many NLP tasks involve sentence-level annotation yet the relevant information is not encoded at sentence level but at some relevant parts of the sentence. Such tasks include but are not limited to: sentiment expression annotation, product feature annotation, and template annotation for Q{\&}A systems. However, annotation of the full corpus sentence by sentence is resource intensive. In this paper, we propose an approach that iteratively extracts frequent parts of sentences for annotating, and compresses the set of sentences after each round of annotation. Our approach can also be used in preparing training sentences for binary classification (domain-related vs. noise, subjectivity vs. objectivity, etc.), assuming that sentence-type annotation can be predicted by annotation of the most relevant sub-sentences. Two experiments are performed to test our proposal and evaluated in terms of time saved and agreement of annotation.",
}
@inproceedings{yamamura-etal-2016-kyutech,
    title = "The {K}yutech corpus and topic segmentation using a combined method",
    author = "Yamamura, Takashi  and
      Shimada, Kazutaka  and
      Kawahara, Shintaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}12)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5412",
    pages = "95--104",
    abstract = "Summarization of multi-party conversation is one of the important tasks in natural language processing. In this paper, we explain a Japanese corpus and a topic segmentation task. To the best of our knowledge, the corpus is the first Japanese corpus annotated for summarization tasks and freely available to anyone. We call it {``}the Kyutech corpus.{''} The task of the corpus is a decision-making task with four participants and it contains utterances with time information, topic segmentation and reference summaries. As a case study for the corpus, we describe a method combined with LCSeg and TopicTiling for a topic segmentation task. We discuss the effectiveness and the problems of the combined method through the experiment with the Kyutech corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{shudo-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation of Commonsense Knowledge for Refining {J}apanese {C}oncept{N}et",
    author = "Shudo, Seiya  and
      Rzepka, Rafal  and
      Araki, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}12)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5413",
    pages = "105--112",
    abstract = "In this paper we present two methods for automatic common sense knowledge evaluation for Japanese entries in ConceptNet ontology. Our proposed methods utilize text-mining approach: one with relation clue words and WordNet synonyms, and one without. Both methods were tested with a blog corpus. The system based on our proposed methods reached relatively high precision score for three relations (MadeOf, UsedFor, AtLocation), which is comparable with previous research using commercial search engines and simpler input. We analyze errors and discuss problems of common sense evaluation, both manual and automatic and propose ideas for further improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{al-badrashiny-etal-2016-samer,
    title = "{SAMER}: A Semi-Automatically Created Lexical Resource for {A}rabic Verbal Multiword Expressions Tokens Paradigm and their Morphosyntactic Features",
    author = "Al-Badrashiny, Mohamed  and
      Hawwari, Abdelati  and
      Ghoneim, Mahmoud  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}12)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5414",
    pages = "113--122",
    abstract = "Although MWE are relatively morphologically and syntactically fixed expressions, several types of flexibility can be observed in MWE, verbal MWE in particular. Identifying the degree of morphological and syntactic flexibility of MWE is very important for many Lexicographic and NLP tasks. Adding MWE variants/tokens to a dictionary resource requires characterizing the flexibility among other morphosyntactic features. Carrying out the task manually faces several challenges since it is a very laborious task time and effort wise, as well as it will suffer from coverage limitation. The problem is exacerbated in rich morphological languages where the average word in Arabic could have 12 possible inflection forms. Accordingly, in this paper we introduce a semi-automatic Arabic multiwords expressions resource (SAMER). We propose an automated method that identifies the morphological and syntactic flexibility of Arabic Verbal Multiword Expressions (AVMWE). All observed morphological variants and syntactic pattern alternations of an AVMWE are automatically acquired using large scale corpora. We look for three morphosyntactic aspects of AVMWE types investigating derivational and inflectional variations and syntactic templates, namely: 1) inflectional variation (inflectional paradigm) and calculating degree of flexibility; 2) derivational productivity; and 3) identifying and classifying the different syntactic types. We build a comprehensive list of AVMWE. Every token in the AVMWE list is lemmatized and tagged with POS information. We then search Arabic Gigaword and All ATBs for all possible flexible matches. For each AVMWE type we generate: a) a statistically ranked list of MWE-lexeme inflections and syntactic pattern alternations; b) An abstract syntactic template; and c) The most frequent form. Our technique is validated using a Golden MWE annotated list. The results shows that the quality of the generated resource is 80.04{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2016-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis for Low Resource Languages: A Study on Informal {I}ndonesian Tweets",
    author = "Le, Tuan Anh  and
      Moeljadi, David  and
      Miura, Yasuhide  and
      Ohkuma, Tomoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}12)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Osaka, Japan",
    publisher = "The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5415",
    pages = "123--131",
    abstract = "This paper describes our attempt to build a sentiment analysis system for Indonesian tweets. With this system, we can study and identify sentiments and opinions in a text or document computationally. We used four thousand manually labeled tweets collected in February and March 2016 to build the model. Because of the variety of content in tweets, we analyze tweets into eight groups in total, including pos(itive), neg(ative), and neu(tral). Finally, we obtained 73.2{\%} accuracy with Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) without normalizer.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-inlg,
    title = "Proceedings of the {INLG} 2016 Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Purver, Matthew  and
      Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo  and
      Griffiths, Sascha",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5500",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-55",
}
@inproceedings{vaudry-lapalme-2016-assembling,
    title = "Assembling Narratives with Associative Threads",
    author = "Vaudry, Pierre-Luc  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {INLG} 2016 Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5501",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{kumagai-etal-2016-human,
    title = "Human-like Natural Language Generation Using Monte {C}arlo Tree Search",
    author = "Kumagai, Kaori  and
      Kobayashi, Ichiro  and
      Mochihashi, Daichi  and
      Asoh, Hideki  and
      Nakamura, Tomoaki  and
      Nagai, Takayuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {INLG} 2016 Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5502",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{gervas-2016-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Determination of Basic Heuristics for Narrative Content Planning",
    author = "Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {INLG} 2016 Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5503",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{winterstein-corneli-2016-x575,
    title = "{X}575: Writing rengas with web services",
    author = "Winterstein, Daniel  and
      Corneli, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {INLG} 2016 Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5504",
    pages = "27--30",
}
@inproceedings{sato-2016-challenge,
    title = "A Challenge to the Third Hoshi Shinichi Award",
    author = "Sato, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {INLG} 2016 Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5505",
    pages = "31--35",
}
@inproceedings{pragst-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Modification of Communication Style in Dialogue Management",
    author = "Pragst, Louisa  and
      Miehle, Juliana  and
      Ultes, Stefan  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {INLG} 2016 Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5506",
    pages = "36--40",
}
@inproceedings{concepcion-etal-2016-mining,
    title = "Mining Knowledge in Storytelling Systems for Narrative Generation",
    author = "Concepci{\'o}n, Eugenio  and
      Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo  and
      M{\'e}ndez, Gonzalo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {INLG} 2016 Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5507",
    pages = "41--50",
}
@inproceedings{mcgregor-etal-2016-process,
    title = "Process Based Evaluation of Computer Generated Poetry",
    author = "McGregor, Stephen  and
      Purver, Matthew  and
      Wiggins, Geraint",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {INLG} 2016 Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5508",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5508",
    pages = "51--60",
}
@inproceedings{mazzei-valle-2016-combinatorics,
    title = "Combinatorics vs Grammar: Archeology of Computational Poetry in Tape Mark {I}",
    author = "Mazzei, Alessandro  and
      Valle, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {INLG} 2016 Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5509",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5509",
    pages = "61--70",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-nlp-social,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    author = {Bamman, David  and
      Do{\u{g}}ru{\"o}z, A. Seza  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      Jurgens, David  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan  and
      Oh, Alice  and
      Tsur, Oren  and
      Volkova, Svitlana},
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5600",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-56",
}
@inproceedings{joseph-carley-2016-relating,
    title = "Relating semantic similarity and semantic association to how humans label other people",
    author = "Joseph, Kenneth  and
      Carley, Kathleen M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5601",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{freitas-ji-2016-identifying,
    title = "Identifying News from Tweets",
    author = "Freitas, Jesse  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5602",
    pages = "11--16",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-knight-2016-obfuscating,
    title = "Obfuscating Gender in Social Media Writing",
    author = "Reddy, Sravana  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5603",
    pages = "17--26",
}
@inproceedings{rosenthal-mckeown-2016-social,
    title = "Social Proof: The Impact of Author Traits on Influence Detection",
    author = "Rosenthal, Sara  and
      McKeown, Kathy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5604",
    pages = "27--36",
}
@inproceedings{beieler-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating Politically-Relevant Event Data",
    author = "Beieler, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5605",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{poulston-etal-2016-user,
    title = "User profiling with geo-located posts and demographic data",
    author = "Poulston, Adam  and
      Stevenson, Mark  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5606",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{nay-2016-gov2vec,
    title = "{G}ov2{V}ec: Learning Distributed Representations of Institutions and Their Legal Text",
    author = "Nay, John J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5607",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{priante-etal-2016-whoami,
    title = "{\#}{W}ho{A}m{I} in 160 Characters? Classifying Social Identities Based on Twitter Profile Descriptions",
    author = "Priante, Anna  and
      Hiemstra, Djoerd  and
      van den Broek, Tijs  and
      Saeed, Aaqib  and
      Ehrenhard, Michel  and
      Need, Ariana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5608",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5608",
    pages = "55--65",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-goldwasser-2016-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Stance by Analyzing Political Discourse on Twitter",
    author = "Johnson, Kristen  and
      Goldwasser, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5609",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5609",
    pages = "66--75",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-learning-linguistic,
    title = "Learning Linguistic Descriptors of User Roles in Online Communities",
    author = "Wang, Alex  and
      Hamilton, William L.  and
      Leskovec, Jure",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5610",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5610",
    pages = "76--85",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2016-effects,
    title = "The Effects of Data Collection Methods in Twitter",
    author = "Kim, Sunghwan Mac  and
      Wan, Stephen  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile  and
      Jin, Brian  and
      Robinson, Bella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5611",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5611",
    pages = "86--91",
}
@inproceedings{rheault-2016-expressions,
    title = "Expressions of Anxiety in Political Texts",
    author = "Rheault, Ludovic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5612",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5612",
    pages = "92--101",
}
@inproceedings{makarov-etal-2016-constructing,
    title = "Constructing an Annotated Corpus for Protest Event Mining",
    author = "Makarov, Peter  and
      Lorenzini, Jasmine  and
      Kriesi, Hanspeter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5613",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5613",
    pages = "102--107",
}
@inproceedings{knowles-etal-2016-demographer,
    title = "{D}emographer: Extremely Simple Name Demographics",
    author = "Knowles, Rebecca  and
      Carroll, Josh  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5614",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5614",
    pages = "108--113",
}
@inproceedings{handler-etal-2016-bag,
    title = "Bag of What? Simple Noun Phrase Extraction for Text Analysis",
    author = "Handler, Abram  and
      Denny, Matthew  and
      Wallach, Hanna  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5615",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5615",
    pages = "114--124",
}
@inproceedings{fraiberger-2016-news,
    title = "News Sentiment and Cross-Country Fluctuations",
    author = "Fraiberger, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5616",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5616",
    pages = "125--131",
}
@inproceedings{coppersmith-etal-2016-clinical,
    title = "The Clinical Panel: Leveraging Psychological Expertise During {NLP} Research",
    author = "Coppersmith, Glen  and
      Hollingshead, Kristy  and
      Schwartz, H. Andrew  and
      Ireland, Molly  and
      Resnik, Rebecca  and
      Loveys, Kate  and
      Foreman, April  and
      Ingraham, Loring",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5617",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5617",
    pages = "132--137",
}
@inproceedings{waseem-2016-racist,
    title = "Are You a Racist or Am {I} Seeing Things? Annotator Influence on Hate Speech Detection on Twitter",
    author = "Waseem, Zeerak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5618",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5618",
    pages = "138--142",
}
@inproceedings{wilson-etal-2016-disentangling,
    title = "Disentangling Topic Models: A Cross-cultural Analysis of Personal Values through Words",
    author = "Wilson, Steven  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Boyd, Ryan  and
      Pennebaker, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on {NLP} and Computational Social Science",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5619",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5619",
    pages = "143--152",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-computing,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computing News Storylines ({CNS} 2016)",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Miller, Ben  and
      van Erp, Marieke  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Caswell, David",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5700",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-57",
}
@inproceedings{caswell-2016-computable,
    title = "Computable News Ecosystems: Roles for Humans and Machines",
    author = "Caswell, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computing News Storylines ({CNS} 2016)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5701",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{bruggermann-etal-2016-storyline,
    title = "Storyline detection and tracking using Dynamic Latent {D}irichlet Allocation",
    author = {Br{\"u}ggermann, Daniel  and
      Hermey, Yannik  and
      Orth, Carsten  and
      Schneider, Darius  and
      Selzer, Stefan  and
      Spanakis, Gerasimos},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computing News Storylines ({CNS} 2016)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5702",
    pages = "9--19",
}
@inproceedings{poghosyan-ifrim-2016-real,
    title = "Real-time News Story Detection and Tracking with Hashtags",
    author = "Poghosyan, Gevorg  and
      Ifrim, Georgiana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computing News Storylines ({CNS} 2016)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5703",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{krishnan-eisenstein-2016-nonparametric,
    title = "Nonparametric {B}ayesian Storyline Detection from Microtexts",
    author = "Krishnan, Vinodh  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computing News Storylines ({CNS} 2016)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5704",
    pages = "30--35",
}
@inproceedings{eisenberg-finlayson-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Narrative Diegesis and Point of View",
    author = "Eisenberg, Joshua  and
      Finlayson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computing News Storylines ({CNS} 2016)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5705",
    pages = "36--46",
}
@inproceedings{ogorman-etal-2016-richer,
    title = "Richer Event Description: Integrating event coreference with temporal, causal and bridging annotation",
    author = "O{'}Gorman, Tim  and
      Wright-Bettner, Kristin  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computing News Storylines ({CNS} 2016)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5706",
    pages = "47--56",
}
@inproceedings{simonson-davis-2016-nastea,
    title = "{NASTEA}: Investigating Narrative Schemas through Annotated Entities",
    author = "Simonson, Dan  and
      Davis, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computing News Storylines ({CNS} 2016)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5707",
    pages = "57--66",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-vossen-2016-storyline,
    title = "The Storyline Annotation and Representation Scheme ({S}ta{R}): A Proposal",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computing News Storylines ({CNS} 2016)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5708",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5708",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-approaches-code,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    author = "Diab, Mona  and
      Fung, Pascale  and
      Ghoneim, Mahmoud  and
      Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5800",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-58",
}
@inproceedings{cetinoglu-etal-2016-challenges,
    title = "Challenges of Computational Processing of Code-Switching",
    author = {{\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem  and
      Schulz, Sarah  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5801",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5801",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{guzman-etal-2016-simple,
    title = "Simple Tools for Exploring Variation in Code-switching for Linguists",
    author = "Guzman, Gualberto A.  and
      Serigos, Jacqueline  and
      Bullock, Barbara E.  and
      Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5802",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5802",
    pages = "12--20",
}
@inproceedings{piergallini-etal-2016-word,
    title = "Word-Level Language Identification and Predicting Codeswitching Points in {S}wahili-{E}nglish Language Data",
    author = "Piergallini, Mario  and
      Shirvani, Rouzbeh  and
      S. Gautam, Gauri  and
      Chouikha, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5803",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5803",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{barman-etal-2016-part,
    title = "Part-of-speech Tagging of Code-mixed Social Media Content: Pipeline, Stacking and Joint Modelling",
    author = "Barman, Utsab  and
      Wagner, Joachim  and
      Foster, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5804",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5804",
    pages = "30--39",
}
@inproceedings{molina-etal-2016-overview,
    title = "Overview for the Second Shared Task on Language Identification in Code-Switched Data",
    author = "Molina, Giovanni  and
      AlGhamdi, Fahad  and
      Ghoneim, Mahmoud  and
      Hawwari, Abdelati  and
      Rey-Villamizar, Nicolas  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5805",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5805",
    pages = "40--49",
}
@inproceedings{samih-etal-2016-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Code-switching Identification via {LSTM} Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Samih, Younes  and
      Maharjan, Suraj  and
      Attia, Mohammed  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5806",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5806",
    pages = "50--59",
}
@inproceedings{jaech-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "A Neural Model for Language Identification in Code-Switched Tweets",
    author = "Jaech, Aaron  and
      Mulcaire, George  and
      Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5807",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5807",
    pages = "60--64",
}
@inproceedings{samih-etal-2016-sawt,
    title = "{SAWT}: Sequence Annotation Web Tool",
    author = "Samih, Younes  and
      Maier, Wolfgang  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5808",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5808",
    pages = "65--70",
}
@inproceedings{xia-cheung-2016-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Pinyin-{E}nglish Codeswitched Language Identification",
    author = "Xia, Meng Xuan  and
      Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5809",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5809",
    pages = "71--79",
}
@inproceedings{chanda-etal-2016-unraveling,
    title = "Unraveling the {E}nglish-{B}engali Code-Mixing Phenomenon",
    author = "Chanda, Arunavha  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Mazumdar, Chandan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5810",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5810",
    pages = "80--89",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-etal-2016-part,
    title = "Part-of-speech Tagging of Code-Mixed Social Media Text",
    author = "Ghosh, Souvick  and
      Ghosh, Satanu  and
      Das, Dipankar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5811",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5811",
    pages = "90--97",
}
@inproceedings{alghamdi-etal-2016-part,
    title = "Part of Speech Tagging for Code Switched Data",
    author = "AlGhamdi, Fahad  and
      Molina, Giovanni  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Solorio, Thamar  and
      Hawwari, Abdelati  and
      Soto, Victor  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5812",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5812",
    pages = "98--107",
}
@inproceedings{al-badrashiny-diab-2016-george,
    title = "The {G}eorge {W}ashington University System for the Code-Switching Workshop Shared Task 2016",
    author = "Al-Badrashiny, Mohamed  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5813",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5813",
    pages = "108--111",
}
@inproceedings{chanda-etal-2016-columbia,
    title = "{C}olumbia-Jadavpur submission for {EMNLP} 2016 Code-Switching Workshop Shared Task: System description",
    author = "Chanda, Arunavha  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Mazumdar, Chandan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5814",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5814",
    pages = "112--115",
}
@inproceedings{shirvani-etal-2016-howard,
    title = "The Howard University System Submission for the Shared Task in Language Identification in {S}panish-{E}nglish Codeswitching",
    author = "Shirvani, Rouzbeh  and
      Piergallini, Mario  and
      Gautam, Gauri Shankar  and
      Chouikha, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5815",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5815",
    pages = "116--120",
}
@inproceedings{shrestha-2016-codeswitching,
    title = "Codeswitching Detection via Lexical Features in Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Shrestha, Prajwol",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5816",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5816",
    pages = "121--126",
}
@inproceedings{sikdar-gamback-2016-language,
    title = "Language Identification in Code-Switched Text Using Conditional Random Fields and Babelnet",
    author = {Sikdar, Utpal Kumar  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5817",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5817",
    pages = "127--131",
}
@inproceedings{xia-2016-codeswitching,
    title = "Codeswitching language identification using Subword Information Enriched Word Vectors",
    author = "Xia, Meng Xuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5818",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5818",
    pages = "132--136",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-structured,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Structured Prediction for {NLP}",
    author = "Chang, Kai-Wei  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Rush, Alexander  and
      Srikumar, Vivek",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5900",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-59",
}
@inproceedings{eisner-2016-inside,
    title = "Inside-Outside and Forward-Backward Algorithms Are Just Backprop (tutorial paper)",
    author = "Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Structured Prediction for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5901",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5901",
    pages = "1--17",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-research,
    title = "Research on attention memory networks as a model for learning natural language inference",
    author = "Liu, Zhuang  and
      Huang, Degen  and
      Zhang, Jing  and
      Huang, Kaiyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Structured Prediction for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5902",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5902",
    pages = "18--24",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-eisenstein-2016-joint,
    title = "A Joint Model of Rhetorical Discourse Structure and Summarization",
    author = "Goyal, Naman  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Structured Prediction for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5903",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5903",
    pages = "25--34",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-dyer-2016-posterior,
    title = "Posterior regularization for Joint Modeling of Multiple Structured Prediction Tasks with Soft Constraints",
    author = "Goyal, Kartik  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Structured Prediction for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5904",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5904",
    pages = "35--43",
}
@inproceedings{wolfe-etal-2016-study,
    title = "A Study of Imitation Learning Methods for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Wolfe, Travis  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Structured Prediction for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5905",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5905",
    pages = "44--53",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-introducing,
    title = "Introducing {DRAIL} {--} a Step Towards Declarative Deep Relational Learning",
    author = "Zhang, Xiao  and
      Pacheco, Maria Leonor  and
      Li, Chang  and
      Goldwasser, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Structured Prediction for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5906",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5906",
    pages = "54--62",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Neural Hidden {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Tran, Ke M.  and
      Bisk, Yonatan  and
      Vaswani, Ashish  and
      Marcu, Daniel  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Structured Prediction for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5907",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-5907",
    pages = "63--71",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-uphill,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Uphill Battles in Language Processing: Scaling Early Achievements to Robust Methods",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Roth, Michael  and
      Webber, Bonnie  and
      White, Michael  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-60",
}
@inproceedings{sugawara-aizawa-2016-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Prerequisite Skills for Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Sugawara, Saku  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Uphill Battles in Language Processing: Scaling Early Achievements to Robust Methods",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6001",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{benikova-zesch-2016-bridging,
    title = "Bridging the gap between computable and expressive event representations in Social Media",
    author = "Benikova, Darina  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Uphill Battles in Language Processing: Scaling Early Achievements to Robust Methods",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6002",
    pages = "6--10",
}
@inproceedings{pichotta-mooney-2016-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Script Learning with Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Pichotta, Karl  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Uphill Battles in Language Processing: Scaling Early Achievements to Robust Methods",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6003",
    pages = "11--16",
}
@inproceedings{postma-etal-2016-moving,
    title = "Moving away from semantic overfitting in disambiguation datasets",
    author = "Postma, Marten  and
      Ilievski, Filip  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      van Erp, Marieke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Uphill Battles in Language Processing: Scaling Early Achievements to Robust Methods",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6004",
    pages = "17--21",
}
@inproceedings{rajagopal-etal-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Event Coreference for Abstract Words",
    author = "Rajagopal, Dheeraj  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Uphill Battles in Language Processing: Scaling Early Achievements to Robust Methods",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6005",
    pages = "22--26",
}
@inproceedings{bakhshandeh-allen-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Broad-coverage Meaning Representation: The Case of Comparison Structures",
    author = "Bakhshandeh, Omid  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Uphill Battles in Language Processing: Scaling Early Achievements to Robust Methods",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6006",
    pages = "27--31",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2016-dialport,
    title = "{D}ial{P}ort: A General Framework for Aggregating Dialog Systems",
    author = "Zhao, Tiancheng  and
      Lee, Kyusong  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Uphill Battles in Language Processing: Scaling Early Achievements to Robust Methods",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6007",
    pages = "32--34",
}
@inproceedings{church-etal-2016-c2d2e2,
    title = "{C}2{D}2{E}2: Using Call Centers to Motivate the Use of Dialog and Diarization in Entity Extraction",
    author = "Church, Ken  and
      Zhu, Weizhong  and
      Pelecanos, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Uphill Battles in Language Processing: Scaling Early Achievements to Robust Methods",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6008",
    pages = "35--38",
}
@inproceedings{do-etal-2016-visualizing,
    title = "Visualizing the Content of a Children{'}s Story in a Virtual World: Lessons Learned",
    author = "Do, Quynh Ngoc Thi  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Uphill Battles in Language Processing: Scaling Early Achievements to Robust Methods",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6009",
    pages = "39--42",
}
@inproceedings{kabbara-cheung-2016-stylistic,
    title = "Stylistic Transfer in Natural Language Generation Systems Using Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Kabbara, Jad  and
      Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Uphill Battles in Language Processing: Scaling Early Achievements to Robust Methods",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6010",
    pages = "43--47",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using Language Groundings for Context-Sensitive Text Prediction",
    author = "Lewis, Timothy  and
      Matuszek, Cynthia  and
      Hurst, Amy  and
      Taylor, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Uphill Battles in Language Processing: Scaling Early Achievements to Robust Methods",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6011",
    pages = "48--52",
}
@inproceedings{ruder-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards a continuous modeling of natural language domains",
    author = "Ruder, Sebastian  and
      Ghaffari, Parsa  and
      Breslin, John G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Uphill Battles in Language Processing: Scaling Early Achievements to Robust Methods",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6012",
    pages = "53--57",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-international-health,
    title = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    author = "Grouin, Cyril  and
      Hamon, Thierry  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Auxtin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-61",
}
@inproceedings{chalapathy-etal-2016-investigation,
    title = "An Investigation of Recurrent Neural Architectures for Drug Name Recognition",
    author = "Chalapathy, Raghavendra  and
      Zare Borzeshi, Ehsan  and
      Piccardi, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Auxtin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6101",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{spithourakis-etal-2016-clinical,
    title = "Clinical Text Prediction with Numerically Grounded Conditional Language Models",
    author = "Spithourakis, Georgios  and
      Petersen, Steffen  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Auxtin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6102",
    pages = "6--16",
}
@inproceedings{cornegruta-etal-2016-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Radiological Language with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Networks",
    author = "Cornegruta, Savelie  and
      Bakewell, Robert  and
      Withey, Samuel  and
      Montana, Giovanni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Auxtin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6103",
    pages = "17--27",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-etal-2016-data,
    title = "Data Resource Acquisition from People at Various Stages of Cognitive Decline {--} Design and Exploration Considerations",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Lundholm Fors, Kristina  and
      Nordlund, Arto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Auxtin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6104",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{rey-villamizar-etal-2016-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Anxious Word Usage on Online Health Forums",
    author = "Rey-Villamizar, Nicolas  and
      Shrestha, Prasha  and
      Sadeque, Farig  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Pedersen, Ted  and
      Mukherjee, Arjun  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Auxtin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6105",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2016-retrofitting,
    title = "Retrofitting Word Vectors of {M}e{SH} Terms to Improve Semantic Similarity Measures",
    author = "Yu, Zhiguo  and
      Cohen, Trevor  and
      Wallace, Byron  and
      Bernstam, Elmer  and
      Johnson, Todd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Auxtin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6106",
    pages = "43--51",
}
@inproceedings{kirchhoff-turner-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Resolution of Acronyms and Abbreviations in Nursing Notes Using Document-Level Context Models",
    author = "Kirchhoff, Katrin  and
      Turner, Anne M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Auxtin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6107",
    pages = "52--60",
}
@inproceedings{dhondt-etal-2016-low,
    title = "Low-resource {OCR} error detection and correction in {F}rench Clinical Texts",
    author = "D{'}hondt, Eva  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Grau, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Auxtin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6108",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{munkhdalai-etal-2016-citation,
    title = "Citation Analysis with Neural Attention Models",
    author = "Munkhdalai, Tsendsuren  and
      Lalor, John  and
      Yu, Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Auxtin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6109",
    pages = "69--77",
}
@inproceedings{neveol-etal-2016-replicability,
    title = "Replicability of Research in Biomedical Natural Language Processing: a pilot evaluation for a coding task",
    author = "N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Cohen, Kevin  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Robert, Aude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Auxtin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6110",
    pages = "78--84",
}
@inproceedings{collier-2016-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} and Online Health Reports: What do we say and what do we mean?",
    author = "Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Auxtin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6111",
    pages = "85",
}
@inproceedings{ferracane-etal-2016-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging coreference to identify arms in medical abstracts: An experimental study",
    author = "Ferracane, Elisa  and
      Marshall, Iain  and
      Wallace, Byron C.  and
      Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Auxtin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6112",
    pages = "86--95",
}
@inproceedings{zweigenbaum-lavergne-2016-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid methods for {ICD}-10 coding of death certificates",
    author = "Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Lavergne, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Auxtin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6113",
    pages = "96--105",
}
@inproceedings{huang-lu-2016-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Query Expansion for Entity Searches in {P}ub{M}ed",
    author = "Huang, Chung-Chi  and
      Lu, Zhiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Auxtin, TX",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6114",
    pages = "106--112",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-international-natural-language,
    title = "Proceedings of The Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    author = "Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Hsu, Jane Yung-jen  and
      Li, Cheng-Te",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-62",
}
@inproceedings{stowe-etal-2016-identifying,
    title = "Identifying and Categorizing Disaster-Related Tweets",
    author = "Stowe, Kevin  and
      Paul, Michael J.  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Palen, Leysia  and
      Anderson, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6201",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{doggett-cantarero-2016-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Eyewitness News-worthy Events on Twitter",
    author = "Doggett, Erika  and
      Cantarero, Alejandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6202",
    pages = "7--13",
}
@inproceedings{sadeque-etal-2016-leave,
    title = "Why Do They Leave: Modeling Participation in Online Depression Forums",
    author = "Sadeque, Farig  and
      Pedersen, Ted  and
      Solorio, Thamar  and
      Shrestha, Prasha  and
      Rey-Villamizar, Nicolas  and
      Bethard, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6203",
    pages = "14--19",
}
@inproceedings{dredze-etal-2016-twitter,
    title = "Twitter at the Grammys: A Social Media Corpus for Entity Linking and Disambiguation",
    author = "Dredze, Mark  and
      Andrews, Nicholas  and
      DeYoung, Jay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6204",
    pages = "20--25",
}
@inproceedings{navindgi-etal-2016-steps,
    title = "Steps Toward Automatic Understanding of the Function of Affective Language in Support Groups",
    author = "Navindgi, Amit  and
      Brun, Caroline  and
      Boulard Masson, C{\'e}cile  and
      Nowson, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6205",
    pages = "26--33",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Social Roles in Twitter",
    author = "Kim, Sunghwan Mac  and
      Wan, Stephen  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6206",
    pages = "34--40",
}
@inproceedings{jain-2016-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Sensible Participants in Online Discussions",
    author = "Jain, Siddharth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6207",
    pages = "41--47",
}
@inproceedings{eisner-etal-2016-emoji2vec,
    title = "emoji2vec: Learning Emoji Representations from their Description",
    author = {Eisner, Ben  and
      Rockt{\"a}schel, Tim  and
      Augenstein, Isabelle  and
      Bo{\v{s}}njak, Matko  and
      Riedel, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6208",
    pages = "48--54",
}
@inproceedings{fang-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Latent Local Conversation Modes for Predicting Comment Endorsement in Online Discussions",
    author = "Fang, Hao  and
      Cheng, Hao  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6209",
    pages = "55--64",
}
@inproceedings{fang-etal-2016-witness,
    title = "Witness Identification in Twitter",
    author = "Fang, Rui  and
      Nourbakhsh, Armineh  and
      Liu, Xiaomo  and
      Shah, Sameena  and
      Li, Quanzhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6210",
    pages = "65--73",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2016-look,
    title = "How Do {I} Look? Publicity Mining From Distributed Keyword Representation of Socially Infused News Articles",
    author = "Hsieh, Yu-Lun  and
      Chang, Yung-Chun  and
      Chu, Chun-Han  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6211",
    pages = "74--83",
}
@inproceedings{jaech-etal-2016-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Character-Word Models for Language Identification",
    author = "Jaech, Aaron  and
      Mulcaire, George  and
      Hathi, Shobhit  and
      Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6212",
    pages = "84--93",
}
@inproceedings{pappas-popescu-belis-2016-human,
    title = "Human versus Machine Attention in Document Classification: A Dataset with Crowdsourced Annotations",
    author = "Pappas, Nikolaos  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, TX, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6213",
    pages = "94--100",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-international-natural-language-processing,
    title = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Sharma, Dipti Misra  and
      Sangal, Rajeev  and
      Singh, Anil Kumar",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6300",
}
@inproceedings{pouliquen-2016-keynote,
    title = "Keynote Lecture 1: Practical Use of Machine Translation in International Organizations",
    author = "Pouliquen, Bruno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6301",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{foley-kalita-2016-integrating,
    title = "Integrating {W}ord{N}et for Multiple Sense Embeddings in Vector Semantics",
    author = "Foley, David  and
      Kalita, Jugal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6302",
    pages = "2--9",
}
@inproceedings{banik-etal-2016-smt,
    title = "Can {SMT} and {RBMT} Improve each other{'}s Performance?- An Experiment with {E}nglish-{H}indi Translation",
    author = "Banik, Debajyoty  and
      Sen, Sukanta  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6303",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{yee-kalita-2016-composition,
    title = "Composition of Compound Nouns Using Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Yee, Kyra  and
      Kalita, Jugal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6304",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{kannan-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Building a {S}enti{W}ord{N}et for {T}amil",
    author = "Kannan, Abishek  and
      Mohanty, Gaurav  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6305",
    pages = "30--35",
}
@inproceedings{akarapu-chowdary-2016-extending,
    title = "Extending {AIDA} framework by incorporating coreference resolution on detected mentions and pruning based on popularity of an entity",
    author = "Akarapu, Samaikya  and
      Chowdary, C Ravindranath",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6306",
    pages = "36--45",
}
@inproceedings{tripathi-etal-2016-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Based Discourse Classification for {H}indi Story Text-to-Speech ({TTS}) System",
    author = "Tripathi, Kumud  and
      Sarkar, Parakrant  and
      Rao, K. Sreenivasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6307",
    pages = "46--54",
}
@inproceedings{majumder-etal-2016-biomolecular,
    title = "Biomolecular Event Extraction using a Stacked Generalization based Classifier",
    author = "Majumder, Amit  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6308",
    pages = "55--64",
}
@inproceedings{karmakar-ghosh-2016-syntax,
    title = "Syntax and Pragmatics of Conversation: A Case of Bangla",
    author = "Karmakar, Samir  and
      Ghosh, Soumya Sankar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6309",
    pages = "65--70",
}
@inproceedings{obrebski-2016-dependency,
    title = "Dependency grammars as Haskell programs",
    author = "Obr{\k{e}}bski, Tomasz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6310",
    pages = "71--80",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Document Ranking using Query Expansion and Classification Techniques for Mixed Script Information Retrieval",
    author = "Kumar, Subham  and
      Ray, Anwesh Sinha  and
      Kamila, Sabyasachi  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Saha, Sriparna  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6311",
    pages = "81--89",
}
@inproceedings{yadav-chowdary-2016-feature,
    title = "Feature based Sentiment Analysis using a Domain Ontology",
    author = "Yadav, Neha  and
      Chowdary, C Ravindranath",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6312",
    pages = "90--98",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual transfer parser from {H}indi to {B}engali using delexicalization and chunking",
    author = "Das, Ayan  and
      Saha, Agnivo  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6313",
    pages = "99--108",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2016-constraint,
    title = "Constraint Grammar-based conversion of Dependency Treebanks",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6314",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-etal-2016-meaning,
    title = "Meaning Matters: Senses of Words are More Informative than Words for Cross-domain Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Sharma, Raksha  and
      Bhingardive, Sudha  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6315",
    pages = "115--119",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-etal-2016-pos,
    title = "{POS} Tagging Experts via Topic Modeling",
    author = {Mukherjee, Atreyee  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Scheutz, Matthias},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6316",
    pages = "120--128",
}
@inproceedings{karmakar-etal-2016-graph,
    title = "Graph theoretic interpretation of Bangla traditional grammar",
    author = "Karmakar, Samir  and
      Banerjee, Sayantani  and
      Ghosh, Soumya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6317",
    pages = "129--136",
}
@inproceedings{jadon-pareek-2016-method,
    title = "A method for Automatic Text Summarization using Consensus of Multiple Similarity Measures and Ranking Techniques",
    author = "Jadon, Mukesh Kumar  and
      Pareek, Ayush",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6318",
    pages = "137--143",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-goyal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Translation of {E}nglish Text to {I}ndian Sign Language Synthetic Animations",
    author = "Goyal, Lalit  and
      Goyal, Vishal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6319",
    pages = "144--153",
}
@inproceedings{athavale-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Deep Learning in {H}indi {NER}: An approach to tackle the Labelled Data Sparsity",
    author = "Athavale, Vinayak  and
      Bharadwaj, Shreenivas  and
      Pamecha, Monik  and
      Prabhu, Ameya  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6320",
    pages = "154--160",
}
@inproceedings{danda-etal-2016-vaidya,
    title = "{V}aidya: A Spoken Dialog System for Health Domain",
    author = "Danda, Prathyusha  and
      Srivastava, Brij Mohan Lal  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6321",
    pages = "161--166",
}
@inproceedings{reganti-etal-2016-cosmopolitan,
    title = "Cosmopolitan Mumbai, Orthodox Delhi, Techcity Bangalore:Understanding City Specific Societal Sentiment",
    author = "Reganti, Aishwarya N  and
      Maheshwari, Tushar  and
      Kumar, Upendra  and
      Das, Amitava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6322",
    pages = "167--176",
}
@inproceedings{sproat-2016-keynote,
    title = "Keynote Lecture 2: Neural (and other Machine Learning) Approaches to Text Normalization",
    author = "Sproat, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6323",
    pages = "177",
}
@inproceedings{roy-etal-2016-wisdom,
    title = "Wisdom of Students: A Consistent Automatic Short Answer Grading Technique",
    author = "Roy, Shourya  and
      Dandapat, Sandipan  and
      Nagesh, Ajay  and
      Narahari, Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6324",
    pages = "178--187",
}
@inproceedings{shweta-etal-2016-recurrent,
    title = "A Recurrent Neural Network Architecture for De-identifying Clinical Records",
    author = "{Shweta}  and
      Kumar, Ankit  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Saha, Sriparna  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6325",
    pages = "188--197",
}
@inproceedings{sikdar-gamback-2016-twitter,
    title = "Twitter Named Entity Extraction and Linking Using Differential Evolution",
    author = {Sikdar, Utpal Kumar  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6326",
    pages = "198--207",
}
@inproceedings{carlos-rakshit-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Non-Linear Functions for Text Classification",
    author = "Carlos, Cohan Sujay  and
      Rakshit, Geetanjali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6327",
    pages = "208--218",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2016-computational,
    title = "A Computational Analysis of {M}ahabharata",
    author = "Das, Debarati  and
      Das, Bhaskarjyoti  and
      Mahesh, Kavi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6328",
    pages = "219--228",
}
@inproceedings{sohoni-kulkarni-2016-use,
    title = "Use of Features for Accentuation of gha{\~n}anta Words",
    author = "Sohoni, Samir Janardan  and
      Kulkarni, Malhar A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6329",
    pages = "229--238",
}
@inproceedings{palshikar-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning to Identify Subjective Sentences",
    author = "Palshikar, Girish K.  and
      Apte, Manoj  and
      Pandita, Deepak  and
      Singh, Vikram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6330",
    pages = "239--248",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2016-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Mining in a Code-Mixed Environment: A Case Study with Government Portals",
    author = "Gupta, Deepak  and
      Lamba, Ankit  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6331",
    pages = "249--258",
}
@inproceedings{asnani-pawar-2016-use,
    title = "Use of Semantic Knowledge Base for Enhancement of Coherence of Code-mixed Topic-Based Aspect Clusters",
    author = "Asnani, Kavita  and
      Pawar, Jyoti D",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6332",
    pages = "259--266",
}
@inproceedings{nongmeikapam-bandyopadhyay-2016-genetic,
    title = "Genetic Algorithm ({GA}) Implementation for Feature Selection in {M}anipuri {POS} Tagging",
    author = "Nongmeikapam, Kishorjit  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6333",
    pages = "267--274",
}
@inproceedings{sinha-etal-2016-effect,
    title = "Effect of Syntactic Features in Bangla Sentence Comprehension",
    author = "Sinha, Manjira  and
      Dasgupta, Tirthankar  and
      Basu, Anupam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6334",
    pages = "275--284",
}
@inproceedings{roul-rai-2016-new,
    title = "A New Feature Selection Technique Combined with {ELM} Feature Space for Text Classification",
    author = "Roul, Rajendra Kumar  and
      Rai, Pranav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6335",
    pages = "285--292",
}
@inproceedings{ponkiya-etal-2016-coarse,
    title = "On Why Coarse Class Classification is Bottleneck in Noun Compound Interpretation",
    author = "Ponkiya, Girishkumar  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Palshikar, Girish K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6336",
    pages = "293--298",
}
@inproceedings{redkar-etal-2016-verbframator,
    title = "{V}erbframator:Semi-Automatic Verb Frame Annotator Tool with Special Reference to {M}arathi",
    author = "Redkar, Hanumant  and
      Singh, Sandhya  and
      Ghag, Nandini  and
      Paranjape, Jai  and
      Joshi, Nilesh  and
      Kulkarni, Malhar  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6337",
    pages = "299--304",
}
@inproceedings{ramesh-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Building A Domain Agnostic Natural Language Interface to Real-World Relational Databases",
    author = "Ramesh, Sree Harsha  and
      Jain, Jayant  and
      S, Sarath K  and
      Sundaresan, Krishna R",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6338",
    pages = "305--314",
}
@inproceedings{basu-etal-2016-experimental,
    title = "Experimental Study of Vowels in Nagamese, Ao and Lotha: Languages of Nagaland",
    author = "Basu, Joyanta  and
      Basu, Tulika  and
      Khan, Soma  and
      Pal, Madhab  and
      Roy, Rajib  and
      Basu, Tapan Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6339",
    pages = "315--323",
}
@inproceedings{roy-2016-perception,
    title = "Perception of Phi-Phrase boundaries in {H}indi.",
    author = "Roy, Somnath",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Varanasi, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6340",
    pages = "324--330",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-deep,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      van Noord, Gertjan  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6400",
}
@inproceedings{rosa-etal-2016-moses,
    title = "{M}oses {\&} Treex Hybrid {MT} Systems Bestiary",
    author = "Rosa, Rudolf  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6401",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{arnoult-simaan-2016-factoring,
    title = "Factoring Adjunction in Hierarchical Phrase-Based {SMT}",
    author = "Arnoult, Sophie  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6402",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{simov-osenova-2016-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach for Deep Machine Translation",
    author = "Simov, Kiril  and
      Osenova, Petya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6403",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{avramidis-etal-2016-deeper,
    title = "Deeper Machine Translation and Evaluation for {G}erman",
    author = "Avramidis, Eleftherios  and
      Macketanz, Vivien  and
      Burchardt, Aljoscha  and
      Helcl, Jindrich  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6404",
    pages = "29--38",
}
@inproceedings{artetxe-etal-2016-adding,
    title = "Adding syntactic structure to bilingual terminology for improved domain adaptation",
    author = "Artetxe, Mikel  and
      Labaka, Gorka  and
      Saedi, Chakaveh  and
      Rodrigues, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Silva, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6405",
    pages = "39--46",
}
@inproceedings{klyueva-kubon-2016-incorporation,
    title = "Incorporation of a valency lexicon into a {T}ecto{MT} pipeline",
    author = "Klyueva, Natalia  and
      Kubo{\v{n}}, Vladislav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6406",
    pages = "47--53",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-joint-nlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the joint workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning and {NLP} for Language Acquisition",
    author = {Volodina, Elena  and
      Grigonyt{\.e}, Gintar{\.e}  and
      Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}  and
      Bj{\"o}rkenstam, Kristina Nilsson  and
      Borin, Lars},
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6500",
}
@inproceedings{alfter-etal-2016-distributions,
    title = "From distributions to labels: A lexical proficiency analysis using learner corpora",
    author = {Alfter, David  and
      Bizzoni, Yuri  and
      Agebj{\"o}rn, Anders  and
      Volodina, Elena  and
      Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the joint workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning and {NLP} for Language Acquisition",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6501",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{del-rio-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards error annotation in a learner corpus of {P}ortuguese",
    author = "del R{\'\i}o, Iria  and
      Antunes, Sandra  and
      Mendes, Am{\'a}lia  and
      Janssen, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the joint workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning and {NLP} for Language Acquisition",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6502",
    pages = "8--17",
}
@inproceedings{fibla-etal-2016-word,
    title = "Word comprehension and multilingualism among toddlers: A study using touch screens in daycares",
    author = "Fibla, Laia  and
      Maniel, Charlotte  and
      Cristia, Alejandrina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the joint workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning and {NLP} for Language Acquisition",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6503",
    pages = "18--23",
}
@inproceedings{ganek-eriks-brophy-2016-language,
    title = "The Language {EN}vironment Analysis ({LENA}) system: A literature review",
    author = "Ganek, Hillary  and
      Eriks-Brophy, Alice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the joint workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning and {NLP} for Language Acquisition",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6504",
    pages = "24--32",
}
@inproceedings{gao-2016-perception,
    title = "Perception of lexical tones by {S}wedish learners of {M}andarin",
    author = "Gao, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the joint workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning and {NLP} for Language Acquisition",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6505",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{grigonyte-nilsson-bjorkenstam-2016-language,
    title = "Language-independent exploration of repetition and variation in longitudinal child-directed speech: A tool and resources",
    author = {Grigonyt{\.e}, Gintar{\.e}  and
      Nilsson Bj{\"o}rkenstam, Kristina},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the joint workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning and {NLP} for Language Acquisition",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6506",
    pages = "41--50",
}
@inproceedings{meyer-etal-2016-validating,
    title = "Validating bundled gap filling {--} Empirical evidence for ambiguity reduction and language proficiency testing capabilities",
    author = "Meyer, Niklas  and
      Wojatzki, Michael  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the joint workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning and {NLP} for Language Acquisition",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6507",
    pages = "51--59",
}
@inproceedings{ni-chiarain-ni-chasaide-2016-faking,
    title = "Faking Intelligent {CALL}: The Irish context and the road ahead",
    author = "N{\'\i} Chiar{\'a}in, Neasa  and
      N{\'\i} Chasaide, Ailbhe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the joint workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning and {NLP} for Language Acquisition",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6508",
    pages = "60--65",
}
@inproceedings{rakhilina-etal-2016-building,
    title = "Building a learner corpus for {R}ussian",
    author = "Rakhilina, Ekaterina  and
      Vyrenkova, Anastasia  and
      Mustakimova, Elmira  and
      Ladygina, Alina  and
      Smirnov, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the joint workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning and {NLP} for Language Acquisition",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6509",
    pages = "66--75",
}
@inproceedings{volodina-etal-2016-swellex,
    title = "{S}we{LL}ex: Second language learners{'} productive vocabulary",
    author = "Volodina, Elena  and
      Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}  and
      Llozhi, Lorena  and
      Degryse, Baptiste  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the joint workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning and {NLP} for Language Acquisition",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Ume{\aa}, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6510",
    pages = "76--84",
}
@proceedings{ws-2016-international-natural-language-generation,
    title = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6600",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-66",
}
@inproceedings{macdonald-siddharthan-2016-summarising,
    title = "Summarising News Stories for Children",
    author = "Macdonald, Iain  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6601",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{winer-young-2016-discourse,
    title = "Discourse-Driven Narrative Generation With Bipartite Planning",
    author = "Winer, David  and
      Young, R. Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6602",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{pourdamghani-etal-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating {E}nglish from Abstract Meaning Representations",
    author = "Pourdamghani, Nima  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Hermjakob, Ulf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6603",
    pages = "21--25",
}
@inproceedings{acharya-etal-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating summaries of hospitalizations: A new metric to assess the complexity of medical terms and their definitions",
    author = "Acharya, Sabita  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Boyd, Andrew D.  and
      Dunn Lopez, Karen  and
      Cameron, Richard  and
      Keenan, Gail M",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6604",
    pages = "26--30",
}
@inproceedings{van-deemter-2016-designing,
    title = "Designing Algorithms for Referring with Proper Names",
    author = "van Deemter, Kees",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6605",
    pages = "31--35",
}
@inproceedings{smiley-etal-2016-plummet,
    title = "When to Plummet and When to Soar: Corpus Based Verb Selection for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Smiley, Charese  and
      Plachouras, Vassilis  and
      Schilder, Frank  and
      Bretz, Hiroko  and
      Leidner, Jochen  and
      Song, Dezhao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6606",
    pages = "36--39",
}
@inproceedings{choi-2016-sketch,
    title = "Sketch-to-Text Generation: Toward Contextual, Creative, and Coherent Composition",
    author = "Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6607",
    pages = "40",
}
@inproceedings{wubben-etal-2016-abstractive,
    title = "Abstractive Compression of Captions with Attentive Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Wubben, Sander  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Verberne, Suzan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6608",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6608",
    pages = "41--50",
}
@inproceedings{mazidi-tarau-2016-infusing,
    title = "Infusing {NLU} into Automatic Question Generation",
    author = "Mazidi, Karen  and
      Tarau, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6609",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6609",
    pages = "51--60",
}
@inproceedings{aker-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic label generation for news comment clusters",
    author = "Aker, Ahmet  and
      Paramita, Monica  and
      Kurtic, Emina  and
      Funk, Adam  and
      Barker, Emma  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Gaizauskas, Rob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6610",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6610",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@inproceedings{ahn-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Fluency in Narrative Text Generation With Grammatical Transformations and Probabilistic Parsing",
    author = "Ahn, Emily  and
      Morbini, Fabrizio  and
      Gordon, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6611",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6611",
    pages = "70--73",
}
@inproceedings{braun-etal-2016-multilingual,
    title = "The Multilingual Affective Soccer Corpus ({MASC}): Compiling a biased parallel corpus on soccer reportage in {E}nglish, {G}erman and {D}utch",
    author = "Braun, Nadine  and
      Goudbeek, Martijn  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6612",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6612",
    pages = "74--78",
}
@inproceedings{saint-dizier-2016-challenges,
    title = "Challenges of Argument Mining: Generating an Argument Synthesis based on the Qualia Structure",
    author = "Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6613",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6613",
    pages = "79--83",
}
@inproceedings{byamugisha-etal-2016-tense,
    title = "Tense and Aspect in {R}unyankore Using a Context-Free Grammar",
    author = "Byamugisha, Joan  and
      Keet, C. Maria  and
      DeRenzi, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6614",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6614",
    pages = "84--88",
}
@inproceedings{baltaretu-castro-ferreira-2016-task,
    title = "Task demands and individual variation in referring expressions",
    author = "Baltaretu, Adriana  and
      Castro Ferreira, Thiago",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6615",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6615",
    pages = "89--93",
}
@inproceedings{mohammed-etal-2016-category,
    title = "Category-Driven Content Selection",
    author = "Mohammed, Rania  and
      Perez-Beltrachini, Laura  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6616",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6616",
    pages = "94--98",
}
@inproceedings{lee-hsieh-2016-evaluative,
    title = "Evaluative Pattern Extraction for Automated Text Generation",
    author = "Lee, Chia-Chen  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6617",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6617",
    pages = "99--103",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-statistics,
    title = "Statistics-Based Lexical Choice for {NLG} from Quantitative Information",
    author = "Li, Xiao  and
      van Deemter, Kees  and
      Lin, Chenghua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6618",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6618",
    pages = "104--108",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2016-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Generation of Visually Grounded Language in Situated Dialogue (demonstration system)",
    author = "Yu, Yanchao  and
      Eshghi, Arash  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6619",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6619",
    pages = "109--110",
}
@inproceedings{narayan-gardent-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Sentence Simplification Using Deep Semantics",
    author = "Narayan, Shashi  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6620",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6620",
    pages = "111--120",
}
@inproceedings{moraes-etal-2016-enabling,
    title = "Enabling text readability awareness during the micro planning phase of {NLG} applications",
    author = "Moraes, Priscilla  and
      Mccoy, Kathleen  and
      Carberry, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6621",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6621",
    pages = "121--131",
}
@inproceedings{demberg-2016-adapt,
    title = "How can we adapt generation to the user{'}s cognitive load?",
    author = "Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6622",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6622",
    pages = "132",
}
@inproceedings{jin-le-2016-selecting,
    title = "Selecting Domain-Specific Concepts for Question Generation With Lightly-Supervised Methods",
    author = "Jin, Yiping  and
      Le, Phu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6623",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6623",
    pages = "133--142",
}
@inproceedings{mahapatra-etal-2016-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Natural Language Generation from Tabular Non-textual Data",
    author = "Mahapatra, Joy  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6624",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6624",
    pages = "143--152",
}
@inproceedings{narayan-etal-2016-paraphrase,
    title = "Paraphrase Generation from Latent-Variable {PCFG}s for Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Narayan, Shashi  and
      Reddy, Siva  and
      Cohen, Shay B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6625",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6625",
    pages = "153--162",
}
@inproceedings{colin-etal-2016-webnlg,
    title = "The {W}eb{NLG} Challenge: Generating Text from {DBP}edia Data",
    author = "Colin, Emilie  and
      Gardent, Claire  and
      M{'}rabet, Yassine  and
      Narayan, Shashi  and
      Perez-Beltrachini, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6626",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6626",
    pages = "163--167",
}
@inproceedings{novikova-rieser-2016-analogue,
    title = "The a{NAL}o{G}u{E} Challenge: Non Aligned Language {GE}neration",
    author = "Novikova, Jekaterina  and
      Rieser, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6627",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6627",
    pages = "168--170",
}
@inproceedings{concepcion-etal-2016-challenge,
    title = "A Challenge Proposal for Narrative Generation Using {CNL}s",
    author = "Concepci{\'o}n, Eugenio  and
      M{\'e}ndez, Gonzalo  and
      Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo  and
      Le{\'o}n, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6628",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6628",
    pages = "171--173",
}
@inproceedings{keet-khumalo-2016-verbalization,
    title = "On the verbalization patterns of part-whole relations in isi{Z}ulu",
    author = "Keet, C. Maria  and
      Khumalo, Langa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6629",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6629",
    pages = "174--183",
}
@inproceedings{mazzei-etal-2016-simplenlg,
    title = "{S}imple{NLG}-{IT}: adapting {S}imple{NLG} to {I}talian",
    author = "Mazzei, Alessandro  and
      Battaglino, Cristina  and
      Bosco, Cristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6630",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6630",
    pages = "184--192",
}
@inproceedings{wang-gaizauskas-2016-dont,
    title = "Don{'}t Mention the Shoe! A Learning to Rank Approach to Content Selection for Image Description Generation",
    author = "Wang, Josiah  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6631",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6631",
    pages = "193--202",
}
@inproceedings{woo-etal-2016-good,
    title = "Good Automatic Authentication Question Generation",
    author = "Woo, Simon  and
      Li, Zuyao  and
      Mirkovic, Jelena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6632",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6632",
    pages = "203--206",
}
@inproceedings{isard-knox-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of Student Report Cards",
    author = "Isard, Amy  and
      Knox, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6633",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6633",
    pages = "207--211",
}
@inproceedings{godwin-piwek-2016-collecting,
    title = "Collecting Reliable Human Judgements on Machine-Generated Language: The Case of the {QG}-{STEC} Data",
    author = "Godwin, Keith  and
      Piwek, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6634",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6634",
    pages = "212--216",
}
@inproceedings{chali-golestanirad-2016-ranking,
    title = "Ranking Automatically Generated Questions Using Common Human Queries",
    author = "Chali, Yllias  and
      Golestanirad, Sina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6635",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6635",
    pages = "217--221",
}
@inproceedings{castro-ferreira-etal-2016-towards-proper,
    title = "Towards proper name generation: a corpus analysis",
    author = "Castro Ferreira, Thiago  and
      Wubben, Sander  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6636",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6636",
    pages = "222--226",
}
@inproceedings{ghodsi-denero-2016-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of the Ability of Statistical Language Models to Capture the Structural Properties of Language",
    author = "Ghodsi, Aneiss  and
      DeNero, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6637",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6637",
    pages = "227--231",
}
@inproceedings{king-white-2016-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing {PTB} Universal Dependencies for Grammar-Based Surface Realization",
    author = "King, David L.  and
      White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6638",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6638",
    pages = "232--236",
}
@inproceedings{belz-etal-2016-effect,
    title = "Effect of Data Annotation, Feature Selection and Model Choice on Spatial Description Generation in {F}rench",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Muscat, Adrian  and
      Birmingham, Brandon  and
      Levacher, Jessie  and
      Pain, Julie  and
      Quinquenel, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6639",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6639",
    pages = "237--241",
}
@inproceedings{patinho-rodrigues-etal-2016-qgasp,
    title = "{QGASP}: a Framework for Question Generation Based on Different Levels of Linguistic Information",
    author = "Patinho Rodrigues, Hugo  and
      Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6640",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6640",
    pages = "242--243",
}
@inproceedings{duboue-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Reports from Spreadsheets: Data Analysis for the Rest of Us",
    author = "Duboue, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6641",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6641",
    pages = "244--245",
}
@inproceedings{zarriess-schlangen-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Generating Colour Terms for Referents in Photographs: Prefer the Expected or the Unexpected?",
    author = "Zarrie{\ss}, Sina  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6642",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6642",
    pages = "246--255",
}
@inproceedings{de-oliveira-etal-2016-absolute,
    title = "Absolute and Relative Properties in Geographic Referring Expressions",
    author = "de Oliveira, Rodrigo  and
      Sripada, Somayajulu  and
      Reiter, Ehud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6643",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6643",
    pages = "256--264",
}
@inproceedings{novikova-etal-2016-crowd,
    title = "Crowd-sourcing {NLG} Data: Pictures Elicit Better Data.",
    author = "Novikova, Jekaterina  and
      Lemon, Oliver  and
      Rieser, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference",
    month = sep # " 5-8",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6644",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W16-6644",
    pages = "265--273",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0100",
}
@inproceedings{van-halteren-2002-teaching,
    title = "Teaching {NLP}/{CL} through Games: the Case of Parsing",
    author = "van Halteren, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0101",
    doi = "10.3115/1118108.1118109",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{eisner-2002-interactive,
    title = "An Interactive Spreadsheet for Teaching the Forward-Backward Algorithm",
    author = "Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0102",
    doi = "10.3115/1118108.1118110",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{meurers-etal-2002-web,
    title = "A Web-based Instructional Platform for Contraint-Based Grammar Formalisms and Parsing",
    author = "Meurers, W. Detmar  and
      Penn, Gerald  and
      Richter, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0103",
    doi = "10.3115/1118108.1118111",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{dale-etal-2002-evangelising,
    title = "Evangelising Language Technology: A Practically-Focussed Undergraduate Program",
    author = "Dale, Robert  and
      Moll{\'a} Aliod, Diego  and
      Schwitter, Rolf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0104",
    doi = "10.3115/1118108.1118112",
    pages = "27--32",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2002-non,
    title = "A non-programming introduction to computer science via {NLP},{IR},and {AI}",
    author = "Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0105",
    doi = "10.3115/1118108.1118113",
    pages = "33--38",
}
@inproceedings{frederking-etal-2002-design,
    title = "Design and Evolution of a Language Technologies Curriculum",
    author = "Frederking, Robert  and
      Nyberg, Eric H.  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Carbonell, Jaime G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0106",
    doi = "10.3115/1118108.1118114",
    pages = "39--45",
}
@inproceedings{lonsdale-2002-niche,
    title = "A niche at the nexus: situating an {NLP} curriculum interdisciplinarily",
    author = "Lonsdale, Deryle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0107",
    doi = "10.3115/1118108.1118115",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{bontcheva-etal-2002-using,
    title = "Using {GATE} as an Environment for Teaching {NLP}",
    author = "Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Tablan, Valentin  and
      Maynard, Diana  and
      Hamza, Oana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0108",
    doi = "10.3115/1118108.1118116",
    pages = "54--62",
}
@inproceedings{loper-bird-2002-nltk,
    title = "{NLTK}: The Natural Language Toolkit",
    author = "Loper, Edward  and
      Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0109",
    doi = "10.3115/1118108.1118117",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{wintner-2002-formal,
    title = "Formal Language Theory for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0110",
    doi = "10.3115/1118108.1118118",
    pages = "71--76",
}
@inproceedings{stone-2002-lexicalized,
    title = "Lexicalized Grammar 101",
    author = "Stone, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0111",
    doi = "10.3115/1118108.1118119",
    pages = "77--84",
}
@inproceedings{koit-etal-2002-teaching,
    title = "Teaching Computational Linguistics at the University of Tartu: Experience, Perspectives and Challenges",
    author = "Koit, Mare  and
      Roosmaa, Tiit  and
      {\~O}im, Haldur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0112",
    doi = "10.3115/1118108.1118120",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-sigdial,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0200",
}
@inproceedings{blaylock-etal-2002-synchronization,
    title = "Synchronization in an Asynchronous Agent-based architecture for Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Blaylock, Nate  and
      Allen, James  and
      Ferguson, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0201",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118122",
    pages = "1--02",
}
@inproceedings{ying-chu-2002-prosodic,
    title = "The Prosodic Transcription of a Corpus of Hong {K}ong {E}nglish - Collection Criteria,Transcription System and Preliminary Findings",
    author = "Ying, Shiao  and
      Chu, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0202",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118123",
    pages = "11--14",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-ginzburg-2002-non,
    title = "Non-Sentential Utterances in Dialogue: A: Corpus-Based Study",
    author = "Fernandez, Raquel  and
      Ginzburg, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0203",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118124",
    pages = "15--26",
}
@inproceedings{forbes-webber-2002-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic Account of Adverbials as Discourse Connectives",
    author = "Forbes, Kate  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0204",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118125",
    pages = "27--36",
}
@inproceedings{glass-di-eugenio-2002-mup,
    title = "{MUP} - The {UIC} Standoff Markup Tool",
    author = "Glass, Michael  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0205",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118126",
    pages = "37--41",
}
@inproceedings{green-2002-experiment,
    title = "An Experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of cross-media cues in computer media",
    author = "Green, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0206",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118127",
    pages = "42--45",
}
@inproceedings{gurevych-etal-2002-annotating,
    title = "Annotating the Semantic Consistency of Speech Recognition Hypotheses",
    author = "Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Porzel, Robert  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0207",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118128",
    pages = "46--49",
}
@inproceedings{heeman-etal-2002-dialogueview,
    title = "{D}ialogue{V}iew - An Annotation Tool for Dialogue",
    author = "Heeman, Peter A.  and
      Yang, Fan  and
      Strayer, Susan E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0208",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118129",
    pages = "50--59",
}
@inproceedings{hochberg-etal-2002-flexible,
    title = "A Flexible Framework for Developing Mixed-Initiative Dialog Systems",
    author = "Hochberg, Judith  and
      Kambhatla, Nanda  and
      Roukos, Salim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0209",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118130",
    pages = "60--63",
}
@inproceedings{jokinen-etal-2002-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Dialogue Systems - Interaction with Interact",
    author = "Jokinen, Kristiina  and
      Kerminen, Antti  and
      Lagus, Tommi  and
      Kuusisto, Jukka  and
      Wilcock, Graham  and
      Turunen, Markku  and
      Hakulinen, Jaakko  and
      Jauhiainen, Krista",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0210",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118131",
    pages = "64--73",
}
@inproceedings{jordan-vanlehn-2002-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Processing for Explanatory Essays in Tutorial Applications",
    author = "Jordan, Pamela W.  and
      VanLehn, Kurt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0211",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118132",
    pages = "74--83",
}
@inproceedings{karagjosova-kruijff-korbayova-2002-conditional,
    title = "Conditional responses in information-seeking dialogues",
    author = "Karagjosova, Elena  and
      Kruijff-Korbayova, Ivana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0212",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118133",
    pages = "84--87",
}
@inproceedings{keizer-etal-2002-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Act Recognition with {B}ayesian Networks for {D}utch Dialogues",
    author = "Keizer, Simon  and
      op den Akker, Rieks  and
      Nijholt, Anton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0213",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118134",
    pages = "88--94",
}
@inproceedings{lagus-kuusisto-2002-topic,
    title = "Topic Identification in Natural Language Dialogues Using Neural Networks",
    author = "Lagus, Krista  and
      Kuusisto, Jukka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0214",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118135",
    pages = "95--102",
}
@inproceedings{larsson-2002-issues,
    title = "Issues under negotiation",
    author = "Larsson, Staffan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0215",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118136",
    pages = "103--112",
}
@inproceedings{lemon-etal-2002-multi,
    title = "Multi-tasking and Collaborative Activities in Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Lemon, Oliver  and
      Gruenstein, Alexander  and
      Battle, Alexis  and
      Peters, Stanley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0216",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118137",
    pages = "113--124",
}
@inproceedings{lemon-etal-2002-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Dialogue Modelling",
    author = "Lemon, Oliver  and
      Parikh, Prashant  and
      Peters, Stanley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0217",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118138",
    pages = "125--128",
}
@inproceedings{mann-2002-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Macrogame Theory",
    author = "Mann, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0218",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118139",
    pages = "129--141",
}
@inproceedings{moller-2002-new,
    title = "A new Taxonomy for the Quality of Telephone Services Based on Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = {M{\"o}ller, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0219",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118140",
    pages = "142--153",
}
@inproceedings{porzel-gurevych-2002-towards,
    title = "Towards Context-adaptive Utterance Interpretation",
    author = "Porzel, Robert  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0220",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118141",
    pages = "154--161",
}
@inproceedings{prasad-walker-2002-training,
    title = "Training a Dialogue Act Tagger for Human-human and Human-computer Travel dialogues",
    author = "Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0221",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118142",
    pages = "162--173",
}
@inproceedings{purver-2002-processing,
    title = "Processing Unknown Words in a Dialogue System",
    author = "Purver, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0222",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118143",
    pages = "174--183",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2002-dialog,
    title = "A Dialog Architecture for Military Story Capture",
    author = "Smith, Ronnie  and
      Manning, Brian  and
      Rogers, Jon  and
      Adams, Brian  and
      Abdul, Mujibur  and
      Alvarez, Amaury",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0223",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118144",
    pages = "184--187",
}
@inproceedings{takeoka-shimojima-2002-grounding,
    title = "Grounding styles of aged dyads - an exploratory study",
    author = "Takeoka, Atsue  and
      Shimojima, Atsushi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0224",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118145",
    pages = "188--195",
}
@inproceedings{wood-etal-2002-rare,
    title = "Rare Dialogue Acts in Oncology Consultations",
    author = "Wood, Mary McGee  and
      Craggs, Richard  and
      Fletcher, Ian  and
      Maguire, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0225",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118146",
    pages = "196--200",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2002-bridging,
    title = "Bridging the Gap between Dialogue management and dialogue models",
    author = "Xu, Weiqun  and
      Xu, Bo  and
      Huang, Taiyi  and
      Xia, Hairong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0226",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118147",
    pages = "201--210",
}
@inproceedings{zukerman-george-2002-minimum,
    title = "A Minimum Message Length Approach for Argument Interpretation",
    author = "Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      George, Sarah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0227",
    doi = "10.3115/1118121.1118148",
    pages = "211--220",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-acl-02,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the Biomedical Domain",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0300",
}
@inproceedings{kazama-etal-2002-tuning,
    title = "Tuning support vector machines for biomedical named entity recognition",
    author = "Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Makino, Takaki  and
      Ohta, Yoshihiro  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the Biomedical Domain",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0301",
    doi = "10.3115/1118149.1118150",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{tanabe-wilbur-2002-tagging,
    title = "Tagging gene and protein names in full text articles",
    author = "Tanabe, Lorraine  and
      Wilbur, W. John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the Biomedical Domain",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0302",
    doi = "10.3115/1118149.1118151",
    pages = "9--13",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-2002-contrast,
    title = "Contrast and variability in gene names",
    author = "Cohen, K. Bretonnel  and
      Dolbey, Andrew  and
      Acquaah-Mensah, George  and
      Hunter, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the Biomedical Domain",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0303",
    doi = "10.3115/1118149.1118152",
    pages = "14--20",
}
@inproceedings{zweigenbaum-grabar-2002-accenting,
    title = "Accenting unknown words in a specialized language",
    author = "Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Grabar, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the Biomedical Domain",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0304",
    doi = "10.3115/1118149.1118153",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{christensen-etal-2002-mplus,
    title = "{MPLUS}: a probabilistic medical language understanding system",
    author = "Christensen, Lee  and
      Haug, Peter  and
      Fiszman, Marcelo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the Biomedical Domain",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0305",
    doi = "10.3115/1118149.1118154",
    pages = "29--36",
}
@inproceedings{campbell-johnson-2002-transformational,
    title = "A transformational-based learner for dependency grammars in discharge summaries",
    author = "Campbell, David  and
      Johnson, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the Biomedical Domain",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0306",
    doi = "10.3115/1118149.1118155",
    pages = "37--44",
}
@inproceedings{sinclair-etal-2002-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced natural language access to anatomically-indexed data",
    author = "Sinclair, Gail  and
      Webber, Bonnie  and
      Davidson, Duncan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the Biomedical Domain",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0307",
    doi = "10.3115/1118149.1118156",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{bodenreider-etal-2002-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised,corpus-based method for extending a biomedical terminology",
    author = "Bodenreider, Olivier  and
      Rindflesch, Thomas  and
      Burgun, Anita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the Biomedical Domain",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0308",
    doi = "10.3115/1118149.1118157",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{schultz-etal-2002-biomedical,
    title = "Biomedical text retrieval in languages with a complex morphology",
    author = "Schultz, Stefan  and
      Honeck, Martin  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the Biomedical Domain",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0309",
    doi = "10.3115/1118149.1118158",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{mendonca-etal-2002-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Semantics of patient data to rank records of literature retrieval",
    author = "Mendonca, Eneida  and
      Johnson, Stephen  and
      Seol, Yoon-ho  and
      Cimino, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the Biomedical Domain",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0310",
    doi = "10.3115/1118149.1118159",
    pages = "69--76",
}
@inproceedings{demetriou-gaizauskas-2002-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing text mining results: The Pasta Web System",
    author = "Demetriou, George  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the Biomedical Domain",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0311",
    doi = "10.3115/1118149.1118160",
    pages = "77--84",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-etal-2002-medstract,
    title = "{M}edstract: creating large-scale information servers from biomedical texts",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Casta{\~n}o, Jos{\'e}  and
      Saur{\'\i}, Roser  and
      Zhang, Jason  and
      Luo, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the Biomedical Domain",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0312",
    doi = "10.3115/1118149.1118161",
    pages = "85--92",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-acl-02-automatic,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Automatic Summarization",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0400",
}
@inproceedings{osborne-2002-using,
    title = "Using maximum entropy for sentence extraction",
    author = "Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Automatic Summarization",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0401",
    doi = "10.3115/1118162.1118163",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{white-cardie-2002-selecting,
    title = "Selecting sentences for multidocument summaries using randomized local search",
    author = "White, Michael  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Automatic Summarization",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0402",
    doi = "10.3115/1118162.1118164",
    pages = "9--18",
}
@inproceedings{maynard-etal-2002-using,
    title = "Using a text engineering framework to build an extendable and portable {IE}-based summarisation system",
    author = "Maynard, Diana  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Hamza, Oana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Automatic Summarization",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0403",
    doi = "10.3115/1118162.1118165",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{otterbacher-etal-2002-revisions,
    title = "Revisions that improve cohesion in multi-document summaries: a preliminary study",
    author = "Otterbacher, Jahna C.  and
      Radev, Dragomir R.  and
      Luo, Airong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Automatic Summarization",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0404",
    doi = "10.3115/1118162.1118166",
    pages = "27--44",
}
@inproceedings{wasson-2002-using,
    title = "Using summaries in document retrieval",
    author = "Wasson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Automatic Summarization",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0405",
    doi = "10.3115/1118162.1118167",
    pages = "27--36",
}
@inproceedings{lin-hovy-2002-manual,
    title = "Manual and automatic evaluation of summaries",
    author = "Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Automatic Summarization",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0406",
    doi = "10.3115/1118162.1118168",
    pages = "45--51",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-acl-02-approaches,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0500",
}
@inproceedings{macks-2002-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Akkadian Verbs with Prolog",
    author = "Macks, Aaron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0501",
    doi = "10.3115/1118637.1118638",
}
@inproceedings{finkel-stump-2002-generating,
    title = "Generating {H}ebrew Verb Morphology by Default Inheritance Hierarchies",
    author = "Finkel, Raphael  and
      Stump, Gregory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0502",
    doi = "10.3115/1118637.1118639",
}
@inproceedings{abuleil-etal-2002-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition System for {A}rabic Noun Morphology",
    author = "Abuleil, Saleem  and
      Alsamara, Khalid  and
      Evens, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0503",
    doi = "10.3115/1118637.1118640",
}
@inproceedings{gal-2002-hmm,
    title = "An {HMM} Approach to Vowel Restoration in {A}rabic and {H}ebrew",
    author = "Gal, Ya{'}akov",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0504",
    doi = "10.3115/1118637.1118641",
}
@inproceedings{al-onaizan-knight-2002-machine,
    title = "Machine Transliteration of Names in {A}rabic Texts",
    author = "Al-Onaizan, Yaser  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0505",
    doi = "10.3115/1118637.1118642",
}
@inproceedings{darwish-2002-building,
    title = "Building a Shallow {A}rabic Morphological Analyser in One Day",
    author = "Darwish, Kareem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0506",
    doi = "10.3115/1118637.1118643",
}
@inproceedings{hammo-etal-2002-qarab,
    title = "{QARAB}: A: Question Answering System to Support the {A}rabic Language",
    author = "Hammo, Bassam  and
      Abu-Salem, Hani  and
      Lytinen, Steven  and
      Evens, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0507",
    doi = "10.3115/1118637.1118644",
}
@inproceedings{ornan-2002-morphological,
    title = "A Morphological, Syntactic and Semantic Search Engine for {H}ebrew Texts",
    author = "Ornan, Uzzi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0508",
    doi = "10.3115/1118637.1118645",
}
@inproceedings{kamir-etal-2002-comprehensive,
    title = "A Comprehensive {NLP} System for Modern Standard {A}rabic and Modern {H}ebrew",
    author = "Kamir, Dror  and
      Soreq, Naama  and
      Neeman, Yoni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0509",
    doi = "10.3115/1118637.1118646",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-acl-02-morphological,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Morphological and Phonological Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0600",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-etal-2002-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Morphology for Building Lexicon for a Highly Inflectional Language",
    author = "Sharma, Utpal  and
      Kalita, Jugal  and
      Das, Rajib",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Morphological and Phonological Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0601",
    doi = "10.3115/1118647.1118648",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{snover-etal-2002-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Morphology Using a Novel Directed Search Algorithm: Taking the First Step",
    author = "Snover, Matthew G.  and
      Jarosz, Gaja E.  and
      Brent, Michael R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Morphological and Phonological Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0602",
    doi = "10.3115/1118647.1118649",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{creutz-lagus-2002-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Discovery of Morphemes",
    author = "Creutz, Mathias  and
      Lagus, Krista",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Morphological and Phonological Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0603",
    doi = "10.3115/1118647.1118650",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{neuvel-fulop-2002-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Morphology Without Morphemes",
    author = "Neuvel, Sylvain  and
      Fulop, Sean A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Morphological and Phonological Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0604",
    doi = "10.3115/1118647.1118651",
    pages = "31--40",
}
@inproceedings{belkin-goldsmith-2002-using,
    title = "Using eigenvectors of the bigram graph to infer morpheme identity",
    author = "Belkin, Mikhail  and
      Goldsmith, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Morphological and Phonological Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0605",
    doi = "10.3115/1118647.1118652",
    pages = "41--47",
}
@inproceedings{baroni-etal-2002-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised discovery of morphologically related words based on orthographic and semantic similarity",
    author = "Baroni, Marco  and
      Matiasek, Johannes  and
      Trost, Harald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Morphological and Phonological Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0606",
    doi = "10.3115/1118647.1118653",
    pages = "48--57",
}
@inproceedings{albright-hayes-2002-modeling,
    title = "Modeling {E}nglish Past Tense Intuitions with Minimal Generalization",
    author = "Albright, Adam  and
      Hayes, Bruce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Morphological and Phonological Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0607",
    doi = "10.3115/1118647.1118654",
    pages = "58--69",
}
@inproceedings{muller-2002-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars for Phonology",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Karin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Morphological and Phonological Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0608",
    doi = "10.3115/1118647.1118655",
    pages = "70--80",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-acl-02-speech,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation: Algorithms and Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0700",
}
@inproceedings{sumita-2002-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Centered Computation",
    author = "Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation: Algorithms and Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0701",
    doi = "10.3115/1118656.1118657",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{nakata-etal-2002-topic,
    title = "Topic Detection Based on Dialogue History",
    author = "Nakata, Takayuki  and
      Ikeda, Takahiro  and
      Ando, Shinichi  and
      Okumura, Akitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation: Algorithms and Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0702",
    doi = "10.3115/1118656.1118658",
    pages = "9--14",
}
@inproceedings{langley-etal-2002-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Language Parsing Using Phrase-Level Grammars and Trainable Classifiers",
    author = "Langley, Chad  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Wallace, Dorcas  and
      Gates, Donna  and
      Peterson, Kay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation: Algorithms and Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0703",
    doi = "10.3115/1118656.1118659",
    pages = "15--22",
}
@inproceedings{kikui-yamamoto-2002-finding,
    title = "Finding Translation Pairs from {E}nglish-{J}apanese Untokenized Aligned Corpora",
    author = "Kikui, Genichiro  and
      Yamamoto, Hirofumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation: Algorithms and Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0704",
    doi = "10.3115/1118656.1118660",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{alshawi-douglas-2002-speech,
    title = "Speech Translation Performance of Statistical Dependency Transduction and Semantic Similarity Transduction",
    author = "Alshawi, Hiyan  and
      Douglas, Shona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation: Algorithms and Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0705",
    doi = "10.3115/1118656.1118661",
    pages = "31--38",
}
@inproceedings{casacuberta-etal-2002-architectures,
    title = "Architectures for Speech-to-Speech Translation Using Finite-state Models",
    author = "Casacuberta, Francisco  and
      Vidal, Enrique  and
      Vilar, Juan Miguel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation: Algorithms and Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0706",
    doi = "10.3115/1118656.1118662",
    pages = "39--44",
}
@inproceedings{murakami-etal-2002-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Direct Speech Translation Method Using Inductive Learning for Conversations in the Travel Domain",
    author = "Murakami, Koji  and
      Hiroshige, Makoto  and
      Araki, Kenji  and
      Tochinai, Koji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation: Algorithms and Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0707",
    doi = "10.3115/1118656.1118663",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{levin-etal-2002-balancing,
    title = "Balancing Expressiveness and Simplicity in an Interlingua for Task Based Dialogue",
    author = "Levin, Lori  and
      Gates, Donna  and
      Pianta, Dorcas  and
      Cattoni, Roldano  and
      Mana, Nadia  and
      Peterson, Kay  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Pianesi, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation: Algorithms and Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0708",
    doi = "10.3115/1118656.1118664",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{zong-etal-2002-interactive,
    title = "Interactive {C}hinese-to-{E}nglish Speech Translation Based on Dialogue Management",
    author = "Zong, Chengqing  and
      Xu, Bo  and
      Huang, Taiyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation: Algorithms and Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0709",
    doi = "10.3115/1118656.1118665",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-bouillon-2002-flexible,
    title = "A Flexible Speech to Speech Phrasebook Translator",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation: Algorithms and Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0710",
    doi = "10.3115/1118656.1118666",
    pages = "69--76",
}
@inproceedings{frederking-etal-2002-speech,
    title = "Speech Translation on a Tight Budget without Enough Data",
    author = "Frederking, Robert E.  and
      Black, Alan W.  and
      Brown, Ralf D.  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander  and
      Moody, John  and
      Steinbrecher, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation: Algorithms and Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0711",
    doi = "10.3115/1118656.1118667",
    pages = "77--84",
}
@inproceedings{ikeda-etal-2002-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Interpretation System Integrating Free-Style Sentence Translation and Parallel Text Based Translation",
    author = "Ikeda, Takahiro  and
      Ando, Shinichi  and
      Satoh, Kenji  and
      Okumura, Akitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation: Algorithms and Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0712",
    doi = "10.3115/1118656.1118668",
    pages = "85--92",
}
@inproceedings{condon-miller-2002-sharing,
    title = "Sharing Problems and Solutions for Machine Translation of Spoken and Written Interaction",
    author = "Condon, Sherri  and
      Miller, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation: Algorithms and Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0713",
    doi = "10.3115/1118656.1118669",
    pages = "93--070",
}
@inproceedings{schultz-etal-2002-improvements,
    title = "Improvements in Non-Verbal Cue Identification Using Multilingual Phone Strings",
    author = "Schultz, Tanja  and
      Jin, Qin  and
      Laskowski, Kornel  and
      Tribble, Alicia  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation: Algorithms and Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0714",
    doi = "10.3115/1118656.1118670",
    pages = "101--078",
}
@inproceedings{sugaya-etal-2002-quality,
    title = "Quality-Sensitive Test Set Selection for a Speech Translation System",
    author = "Sugaya, Fumiaki  and
      Yasuda, Keiji  and
      Takezawa, Toshiyuki  and
      Yamamoto, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation: Algorithms and Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0715",
    doi = "10.3115/1118656.1118671",
    pages = "109--116",
}
@inproceedings{godden-2002-towards,
    title = "Towards a Speech-to-Speech Machine Translation Quality Metric",
    author = "Godden, Kurt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation: Algorithms and Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0716",
    doi = "10.3115/1118656.1118672",
    pages = "117--120",
}
@inproceedings{lavie-etal-2002-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Perspective Evaluation of the {NESPOLE}! Speech-to-Speech Translation System",
    author = "Lavie, Alon  and
      Metze, Florian  and
      Cattoni, Roldano  and
      Costantini, Erica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation: Algorithms and Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0717",
    doi = "10.3115/1118656.1118673",
    pages = "121--128",
}
@inproceedings{lazzari-2002-vi,
    title = "The {VI} Framework Program in {E}urope: Some Thoughts About Speech to Speech Translation Research",
    author = "Lazzari, Gianni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation: Algorithms and Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0718",
    doi = "10.3115/1118656.1118674",
    pages = "129--135",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-acl-02-word,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0800",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2002-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual Approach to Disambiguate Prepositions and Case Suffixes",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Lersundi, Mikel  and
      Martinez, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0801",
    doi = "10.3115/1118675.1118676",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{litkowski-2002-digraph,
    title = "Digraph Analysis of Dictionary Preposition definition",
    author = "Litkowski, Kenneth C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0802",
    doi = "10.3115/1118675.1118677",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{mari-2002-specification,
    title = "Under-specification and contextual variability of abstract",
    author = "Mari, Alda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0803",
    doi = "10.3115/1118675.1118678",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{cannesson-saint-dizier-2002-defining,
    title = "Defining and Representing Preposition Senses: a preliminary analysis",
    author = "Cannesson, Emmanuelle  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0804",
    doi = "10.3115/1118675.1118679",
    pages = "25--31",
}
@inproceedings{chugur-etal-2002-study,
    title = "A Study of Polysemy and Sense Proximity in the Senseval-2 Test Suite",
    author = "Chugur, Irina  and
      Gonzalo, Julio  and
      Verdejo, Felisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0805",
    doi = "10.3115/1118675.1118680",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-2002-assessing,
    title = "Assessing System Agreement and Instance Difficulty in the Lexical",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0806",
    doi = "10.3115/1118675.1118681",
    pages = "40--46",
}
@inproceedings{litkowski-2002-sense,
    title = "Sense Information for Disambiguation: Confluence of Supervised and Unsupervised Methods",
    author = "Litkowski, Kenneth C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0807",
    doi = "10.3115/1118675.1118682",
    pages = "47--53",
}
@inproceedings{ide-etal-2002-sense,
    title = "Sense Discrimination with Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Erjavec, Tomaz  and
      Tufis, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0808",
    doi = "10.3115/1118675.1118683",
    pages = "61--66",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-bosch-etal-2002-dutch,
    title = "{D}utch Word Sense Disambiguation: Optimizing the Localness of Context",
    author = "van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Hoste, Veronique  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0809",
    doi = "10.3115/1118675.1118684",
    pages = "61--66",
}
@inproceedings{florian-wicentowski-2002-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised {I}talian Word Sense Disambiguation using {W}ord{N}ets and Unlabeled Corpora",
    author = "Florian, Radu  and
      Wicentowski, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0810",
    doi = "10.3115/1118675.1118685",
    pages = "67--73",
}
@inproceedings{klein-etal-2002-combining,
    title = "Combining Heterogeneous Classifiers for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Klein, Dan  and
      Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Ilhan, H. Tolga  and
      Kamvar, Sepandar D.  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0811",
    doi = "10.3115/1118675.1118686",
    pages = "74--80",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-2002-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Ensembles of Decision Trees",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0812",
    doi = "10.3115/1118675.1118687",
    pages = "81--87",
}
@inproceedings{dang-palmer-2002-combining,
    title = "Combining Contextual Features for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Dang, Hoa Trang  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0813",
    doi = "10.3115/1118675.1118688",
    pages = "88--94",
}
@inproceedings{hoste-etal-2002-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the results of a memory-based word-expert approach to unrestricted word sense disambiguation",
    author = "Hoste, Veronique  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Hendrickx, Iris  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0814",
    doi = "10.3115/1118675.1118689",
    pages = "95--081",
}
@inproceedings{preiss-korhonen-2002-improving,
    title = "Improving Subcategorization Acquisition with {WSD}",
    author = "Preiss, Judita  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0815",
    doi = "10.3115/1118675.1118690",
    pages = "082--108",
}
@inproceedings{mccarthy-2002-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Substitution as a Task for {WSD} Evaluation",
    author = "McCarthy, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0816",
    doi = "10.3115/1118675.1118691",
    pages = "089--115",
}
@inproceedings{chklovski-mihalcea-2002-building,
    title = "Building a Sense Tagged Corpus with Open Mind Word Expert",
    author = "Chklovski, Timothy  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0817",
    doi = "10.3115/1118675.1118692",
    pages = "116--122",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-acl-02-unsupervised,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Unsupervised Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0900",
}
@inproceedings{park-2002-identification,
    title = "Identification of Probable Real Words: An Entropy-based Approach",
    author = "Park, Youngja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Unsupervised Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0901",
    doi = "10.3115/1118627.1118628",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-knight-2002-learning,
    title = "Learning a Translation Lexicon from Monolingual Corpora",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Unsupervised Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0902",
    doi = "10.3115/1118627.1118629",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{ciaramita-2002-boosting,
    title = "Boosting automatic lexical acquisition with morphological information",
    author = "Ciaramita, Massimiliano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Unsupervised Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0903",
    doi = "10.3115/1118627.1118630",
    pages = "17--25",
}
@inproceedings{rydin-2002-building,
    title = "Building a hyponymy lexicon with hierarchical structure",
    author = "Rydin, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Unsupervised Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0904",
    doi = "10.3115/1118627.1118631",
    pages = "26--33",
}
@inproceedings{gamallo-etal-2002-using,
    title = "Using Co-Composition for Acquiring Syntactic and Semantic Subcategorisation",
    author = "Gamallo, Pablo  and
      Agustini, Alexandre  and
      Lopes, Gabriel P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Unsupervised Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0905",
    doi = "10.3115/1118627.1118632",
    pages = "34--41",
}
@inproceedings{aldezabal-etal-2002-learning,
    title = "Learning Argument/Adjunct Dictinction for Basque",
    author = "Aldezabal, Izaskun  and
      Aranzabe, Maxux  and
      Gojenola, Koldo  and
      Sarasola, Kepa  and
      Atutxa, Aitziber",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Unsupervised Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0906",
    doi = "10.3115/1118627.1118633",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{korhonen-2002-semantically,
    title = "Semantically Motivated Subcategorization Acquisition",
    author = "Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Unsupervised Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0907",
    doi = "10.3115/1118627.1118634",
    pages = "51--58",
}
@inproceedings{curran-moens-2002-improvements,
    title = "Improvements in Automatic Thesaurus Extraction",
    author = "Curran, James R.  and
      Moens, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Unsupervised Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0908",
    doi = "10.3115/1118627.1118635",
    pages = "59--66",
}
@inproceedings{inkpen-hirst-2002-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Collocations for Lexical Choice between Near-Synonyms",
    author = "Inkpen, Diana Zaiu  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-02 Workshop on Unsupervised Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-0909",
    doi = "10.3115/1118627.1118636",
    pages = "67--76",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-2002,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1000",
}
@inproceedings{collins-2002-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Training Methods for Hidden {M}arkov Models: Theory and Experiments with Perceptron Algorithms",
    author = "Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118694",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{klein-manning-2002-conditional,
    title = "Conditional Structure versus Conditional Estimation in {NLP} Models",
    author = "Klein, Dan  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118695",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{goodman-2002-incremental,
    title = "An Incremental Decision List Learner",
    author = "Goodman, Joshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118696",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{florian-yarowsky-2002-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Consensus: Classifier Combination for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Florian, Radu  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118697",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{cucerzan-yarowsky-2002-augmented,
    title = "Augmented Mixture Models for Lexical Disambiguation",
    author = "Cucerzan, Silviu  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118698",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{lee-ng-2002-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Evaluation of Knowledge Sources and Learning Algorithms for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Lee, Yoong Keok  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118699",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{engel-etal-2002-parsing,
    title = "Parsing and Disfluency Placement",
    author = "Engel, Donald  and
      Charniak, Eugene  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118700",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{ng-cardie-2002-combining,
    title = "Combining Sample Selection and Error-Driven Pruning for Machine Learning of Coreference Rules",
    author = "Ng, Vincent  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118701",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{eisner-2002-transformational,
    title = "Transformational Priors Over Grammars",
    author = "Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118702",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{zelenko-etal-2002-kernel,
    title = "Kernel Methods for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Zelenko, Dmitry  and
      Aone, Chinatsu  and
      Richardella, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118703",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@inproceedings{pang-etal-2002-thumbs,
    title = "Thumbs up? Sentiment Classification using Machine Learning Techniques",
    author = "Pang, Bo  and
      Lee, Lillian  and
      Vaithyanathan, Shivakumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118704",
    pages = "79--86",
}
@inproceedings{toutanova-etal-2002-extentions,
    title = "Extentions to {HMM}-based Statistical Word Alignment Models",
    author = "Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Ilhan, H. Tolga  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118705",
    pages = "87--94",
}
@inproceedings{smith-2002-words,
    title = "From Words to Corpora: Recognizing Translation",
    author = "Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118706",
    pages = "95--102",
}
@inproceedings{prolo-2002-fast,
    title = "Fast {LR} parsing Using Rich (Tree Adjoining) Grammars",
    author = "Prolo, Carlos A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118707",
    pages = "103--110",
}
@inproceedings{blaheta-2002-handling,
    title = "Handling Noisy Training and Testing Data",
    author = "Blaheta, Don",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118708",
    pages = "111--116",
}
@inproceedings{brew-schulte-im-walde-2002-spectral,
    title = "Spectral Clustering for {G}erman Verbs",
    author = "Brew, Chris  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118709",
    pages = "117--124",
}
@inproceedings{phillips-riloff-2002-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Strong Syntactic Heuristics and Co-Training to Learn Semantic Lexicons",
    author = "Phillips, William  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118710",
    pages = "125--132",
}
@inproceedings{marcu-wong-2002-phrase,
    title = "A Phrase-Based,Joint Probability Model for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Marcu, Daniel  and
      Wong, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118711",
    pages = "133--139",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-byrne-2002-minimum,
    title = "Minimum {B}ayes-Risk Word Alignments of Bilingual Texts",
    author = "Kumar, Shankar  and
      Byrne, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118712",
    pages = "140--147",
}
@inproceedings{foster-etal-2002-user,
    title = "User-Friendly Text Prediction For Translators",
    author = "Foster, George  and
      Langlais, Philippe  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118713",
    pages = "148--155",
}
@inproceedings{ueffing-etal-2002-generation,
    title = "Generation of Word Graphs in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Ueffing, Nicola  and
      Och, Franz Josef  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118714",
    pages = "156--163",
}
@inproceedings{barzilay-lee-2002-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Lexical Choice via Multiple-Sequence Alignment",
    author = "Barzilay, Regina  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118715",
    pages = "164--171",
}
@inproceedings{sable-etal-2002-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} Found Helpful (at least for one Text Categorization Task)",
    author = "Sable, Carl  and
      McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Church, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118716",
    pages = "172--179",
}
@inproceedings{chu-carroll-etal-2002-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach to Natural Language Web Search",
    author = "Chu-Carroll, Jennifer  and
      Prager, John  and
      Ravin, Yael  and
      Cesar, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118717",
    pages = "180--187",
}
@inproceedings{fujii-etal-2002-method,
    title = "A Method for Open-Vocabulary Speech-Driven Text Retrieval",
    author = "Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Itou, Katunobu  and
      Ishikawa, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118718",
    pages = "188--195",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-suzuki-2002-manipulating,
    title = "Manipulating Large Corpora for Text Classification",
    author = "Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Suzuki, Yoshimi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118719",
    pages = "196--203",
}
@inproceedings{markert-nissim-2002-metonymy,
    title = "Metonymy Resolution as a Classification Task",
    author = "Markert, Katja  and
      Nissim, Malvina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118720",
    pages = "204--213",
}
@inproceedings{thelen-riloff-2002-bootstrapping,
    title = "A Bootstrapping Method for Learning Semantic Lexicons using Extraction Pattern Contexts",
    author = "Thelen, Michael  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118721",
    pages = "214--221",
}
@inproceedings{curran-2002-ensemble,
    title = "Ensemble Methods for Automatic Thesaurus Extraction",
    author = "Curran, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118722",
    pages = "222--229",
}
@inproceedings{keller-etal-2002-using,
    title = "Using the Web to Overcome Data Sparseness",
    author = "Keller, Frank  and
      Lapata, Maria  and
      Ourioupina, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118723",
    pages = "230--237",
}
@inproceedings{wang-harper-2002-superarv,
    title = "The {S}uper{ARV} Language Model: Investigating the Effectiveness of Tightly Integrating Multiple Knowledge Sources",
    author = "Wang, Wen  and
      Harper, Mary P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118724",
    pages = "238--247",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2002-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Headword Dependency and Predictive Clustering for Language Modeling",
    author = "Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Suzuki, Hisami  and
      Wen, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118725",
    pages = "248--256",
}
@inproceedings{brill-etal-2002-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of the {A}sk{MSR} Question-Answering System",
    author = "Brill, Eric  and
      Dumais, Susan  and
      Banko, Michele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118726",
    pages = "257--264",
}
@inproceedings{czuba-etal-2002-machine,
    title = "A Machine-Learning Approach to Introspection in a Question Answering System",
    author = "Czuba, Krzysztof  and
      Prager, John  and
      Chu-Carroll, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118727",
    pages = "265--272",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-bangalore-2002-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Clauses for Spoken Language Understanding in Conversational Systems",
    author = "Gupta, Narendra  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118728",
    pages = "273--280",
}
@inproceedings{utsuro-etal-2002-combining,
    title = "Combining Outputs of Multiple {J}apanese Named Entity Chunkers by Stacking",
    author = "Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Sassano, Manabu  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118729",
    pages = "281--288",
}
@inproceedings{munteanu-marcu-2002-processing,
    title = "Processing Comparable Corpora With Bilingual Suffix Trees",
    author = "Munteanu, Dragos Stefan  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118730",
    pages = "289--295",
}
@inproceedings{federico-etal-2002-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Named Entity Recognition for {I}talian Broadcast News",
    author = "Federico, Marcello  and
      Bertoldi, Nicola  and
      Sandrini, Vanessa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118731",
    pages = "296--303",
}
@inproceedings{fox-2002-phrasal,
    title = "Phrasal Cohesion and Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Fox, Heidi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118732",
    pages = "304--3111",
}
@inproceedings{strube-etal-2002-influence,
    title = "The Influence of Minimum Edit Distance on Reference Resolution",
    author = {Strube, Michael  and
      Rapp, Stefan  and
      M{\"u}ller, Christoph},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118733",
    pages = "312--319",
}
@inproceedings{jansche-abney-2002-information,
    title = "Information Extraction from Voicemail Transcripts",
    author = "Jansche, Martin  and
      Abney, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP} 2002)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/1118693.1118734",
    pages = "320--327",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-coling,
    title = "{COLING}-02: {SEMANET}: Building and Using Semantic Networks",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1100",
}
@inproceedings{basili-etal-2002-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-Based Multilingual Document Analysis",
    author = "Basili, R.  and
      Catizone, R.  and
      Padro, L.  and
      Pazienza, M.T.  and
      Rigau, G.  and
      Setzer, A.  and
      Webb, N.  and
      Zanzotto, F.",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {SEMANET}: Building and Using Semantic Networks",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1101",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2002-induction,
    title = "Induction of Classification from Lexicon Expansion: Assigning Domain Tags to {W}ord{N}et Entries",
    author = "Chang, Echa  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Ker, Sue-Jin  and
      Yang, Chang-Hua",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {SEMANET}: Building and Using Semantic Networks",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1102",
}
@inproceedings{farreres-etal-2002-semiautomatic,
    title = "Semiautomatic Creation of Taxonomies",
    author = "Farreres, Javier  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Horacio  and
      Gibert, Karina",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {SEMANET}: Building and Using Semantic Networks",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1103",
}
@inproceedings{fung-2002-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Networks: the Path to Profitability",
    author = "Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {SEMANET}: Building and Using Semantic Networks",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1104",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-2002-building,
    title = "Building Semantic/Ontological Knowledge by Text Mining",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {SEMANET}: Building and Using Semantic Networks",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1105",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2002-translating,
    title = "Translating Lexical Semantic Relations: The First Step towards Multilingual Wordnets",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Tseng, I-Ju E.  and
      Tsai, Dylan B.S.",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {SEMANET}: Building and Using Semantic Networks",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1106",
}
@inproceedings{kanzaki-etal-2002-classification,
    title = "Classification of Adjectival and Non-adjectival Nouns Based on their Semantic Behavior by Using a Self-Organizing Semantic Map",
    author = "Kanzaki, Kyoko  and
      Ma, Qing  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {SEMANET}: Building and Using Semantic Networks",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1107",
}
@inproceedings{korhonen-2002-assigning,
    title = "Assigning Verbs to Semantic Classes via {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {SEMANET}: Building and Using Semantic Networks",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1108",
}
@inproceedings{magnini-etal-2002-wordnet,
    title = "A {W}ord{N}et-Based Approach to Named Entites Recognition",
    author = "Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Prevete, Roberto  and
      Tanev, Hristo",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {SEMANET}: Building and Using Semantic Networks",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1109",
}
@inproceedings{mangeot-lerebours-etal-2002-frameworks,
    title = "Frameworks, Implementation and Open Problems for the Collaborative Building of a Multilingual Lexical Database",
    author = "Mangeot-Lerebours, Mathieu  and
      S{\'e}rasset, Gilles  and
      Andr{\`e}s, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {SEMANET}: Building and Using Semantic Networks",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1110",
}
@inproceedings{mann-2002-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Proper Noun Ontologies for Question Answering",
    author = "Mann, Gideon S.",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {SEMANET}: Building and Using Semantic Networks",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1111",
}
@inproceedings{meyer-dale-2002-using,
    title = "Using the {W}ord{N}et Hierarchy for Associative Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Meyer, Josef  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {SEMANET}: Building and Using Semantic Networks",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1112",
}
@inproceedings{poibeau-dutoit-2002-generating,
    title = "Generating Extraction Patterns from a Large Semantic Network and an Untagged Corpus",
    author = "Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Dutoit, Dominique",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {SEMANET}: Building and Using Semantic Networks",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1113",
}
@inproceedings{sakaguchi-ishizaki-2002-japanese,
    title = "A {J}apanese Semantic Network Built on a Pulsed Neural Network with Encoding Associative Concept Dictionaries",
    author = "Sakaguchi, Takuya  and
      Ishizaki, Shun",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {SEMANET}: Building and Using Semantic Networks",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1114",
}
@inproceedings{umemura-2002-selecting,
    title = "Selecting the Most Highly Correlated Pairs within a Large Vocabulary",
    author = "Umemura, Kyoji",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {SEMANET}: Building and Using Semantic Networks",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1115",
}
@inproceedings{wong-yang-2002-maximum,
    title = "A Maximum Entropy Approach to {H}ow{N}et-Based {C}hinese Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Wong, Ping Wai  and
      Yang, Yongsheng",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {SEMANET}: Building and Using Semantic Networks",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1116",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-liu-2002-character,
    title = "A Character-net Based {C}hinese Text Segmentation Method",
    author = "Zhou, Lixin  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {SEMANET}: Building and Using Semantic Networks",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1117",
}
@inproceedings{zock-2002-sorry,
    title = "Sorry, What Was Your Name Again, or How to Overcome the tip-of-the tongue Problem with the Help of a Computer?",
    author = "Zock, Michael",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {SEMANET}: Building and Using Semantic Networks",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1118",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-coling-02,
    title = "{COLING}-02: The 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources and International Standardization",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1200",
}
@inproceedings{becker-riaz-2002-study,
    title = "A Study in {U}rdu Corpus Construction",
    author = "Becker, Dara  and
      Riaz, Kashif",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources and International Standardization",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1201",
}
@inproceedings{bharati-etal-2002-anncorra,
    title = "{A}nn{C}orra: Building Tree-banks in {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Bharati, Akshar  and
      Sangal, Rajeev  and
      Chaitanya, Vineet  and
      Kulkarni, Amba  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra  and
      Ramakrishnamacharyulu, K.V.",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources and International Standardization",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1202",
}
@inproceedings{butt-king-2002-urdu,
    title = "{U}rdu and the Parallel Grammar Project",
    author = "Butt, Miriam  and
      King, Tracy Holloway",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources and International Standardization",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1203",
}
@inproceedings{calzolari-etal-2002-broadening,
    title = "Broadening the Scope of the {EAGLES}/{ISLE} Lexical Standardization Initiative",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Bertagna, Francesca  and
      Zampolli, Antonio",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources and International Standardization",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1204",
}
@inproceedings{chang-huang-2002-olacms,
    title = "{OLACMS}: Comparisons and Applications in {C}hinese and Formosan Languages",
    author = "Chang, Ru-Yng  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources and International Standardization",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1205",
}
@inproceedings{halpern-2002-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon-based Orthographic Disambiguation in {CJK} Intelligent Information Retrieval",
    author = "Halpern, Jack",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources and International Standardization",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1206",
}
@inproceedings{kawtrakul-etal-2002-state,
    title = "A State of the Art of {T}hai Language Resources and {T}hai Language Behavior Analysis and Modeling",
    author = "Kawtrakul, Asanee  and
      Suktarachan, Mukda  and
      Varasai, Patcharee  and
      Chanlekha, Hutchatai",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources and International Standardization",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1207",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2002-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Word Spacing Using Hidden {M}arkov Model for Refining {K}orean Text Corpora",
    author = "Lee, Do-Gil  and
      Lee, Sang-Zoo  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang  and
      Lim, Heui-Seok",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources and International Standardization",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1208",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2002-decomposition,
    title = "Decomposition for {ISO}/{IEC} 10646 Ideographic Characters",
    author = "Lu, Qin  and
      Chan, Shiu Tong  and
      Li, Yin  and
      Li, Ngai Ling",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources and International Standardization",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1209",
}
@inproceedings{siegel-bender-2002-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Deep Processing of {J}apanese",
    author = "Siegel, Melanie  and
      Bender, Emily M.",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources and International Standardization",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1210",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2002-constructing,
    title = "Constructing of a Large-Scale {C}hinese-{E}nglish Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Sun, Le  and
      Xue, Song  and
      Qu, Weimin  and
      Wang, Xiaofeng  and
      Sun, Yufang",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 3rd Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources and International Standardization",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1211",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-coling-02-roadmap,
    title = "{COLING}-02: A Roadmap for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1300",
}
@inproceedings{bernsen-2002-speech,
    title = "Speech-Related Technologies - Where Will the Field Go in 10 Years?",
    author = "Bernsen, Niels Ole",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: A Roadmap for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1301",
}
@inproceedings{eisele-ziegler-eisele-2002-towards,
    title = "Towards a Road Map on Human Language Technology: Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Eisele, Andreas  and
      Ziegler-Eisele, Dorothea",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: A Roadmap for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1302",
}
@inproceedings{raskin-etal-2002-nlp,
    title = "Why {NLP} Should Move into {IAS}",
    author = "Raskin, Victor  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Atallah, Mikhail J.  and
      Hempelmann, Christian F.  and
      Triezenberg, Katrina E.",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: A Roadmap for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1303",
}
@inproceedings{rigau-etal-2002-meaning,
    title = "{MEANING}: a Roadmap to Knowledge Technologies",
    author = "Rigau, German  and
      Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: A Roadmap for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1304",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-coling-02-computerm,
    title = "{COLING}-02: {COMPUTERM} 2002: Second International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1400",
}
@inproceedings{buckeridge-sutcliffe-2002-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating Noun Compounds with Latent Semantic Indexing",
    author = "Buckeridge, Alan M.  and
      Sutcliffe, Richard F. E.",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {COMPUTERM} 2002: Second International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1401",
}
@inproceedings{carl-langlais-2002-intelligent,
    title = "An Intelligent Terminology Database as a Pre-processor for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Carl, Michael  and
      Langlais, Philippe",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {COMPUTERM} 2002: Second International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1402",
}
@inproceedings{grabar-zweigenbaum-2002-lexically,
    title = "Lexically-Based Terminology Structuring: Some Inherent Limits",
    author = "Grabar, Natalia  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {COMPUTERM} 2002: Second International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1403",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-etal-2002-alignment,
    title = "Alignment and Extraction of Bilingual Legal Terminology from Context Profiles",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee  and
      Tsou, Benjamin K.  and
      Lai, Tom B.Y.  and
      Luk, Robert W.P.  and
      Cheung, Lawrence Y.L.  and
      Chik, Francis C.Y.",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {COMPUTERM} 2002: Second International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1404",
}
@inproceedings{langlais-2002-improving,
    title = "Improving a general-purpose Statistical Translation Engine by Terminological lexicons",
    author = "Langlais, Philippe",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {COMPUTERM} 2002: Second International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1405",
}
@inproceedings{lin-hung-2002-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Named Entity Verification",
    author = "Lin, Yi-Chung  and
      Hung, Peng-Hsiang",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {COMPUTERM} 2002: Second International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1406",
}
@inproceedings{nakagawa-mori-2002-simple,
    title = "A Simple but Powerful Automatic Term Extraction Method",
    author = "Nakagawa, Hiroshi  and
      Mori, Tatsunori",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {COMPUTERM} 2002: Second International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1407",
}
@inproceedings{nenadic-etal-2002-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Discovery of Term Similarities Using Pattern Mining",
    author = "Nenadi{\'c}, Goran  and
      Spasi{\'c}, Irena  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {COMPUTERM} 2002: Second International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1408",
}
@inproceedings{takeuchi-etal-2002-lcs,
    title = "An {LCS}-Based Approach for Analyzing {J}apanese Compound Nouns with Deverbal Heads",
    author = "Takeuchi, Koichi  and
      Kageura, Kyo  and
      Koyama, Teruo",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {COMPUTERM} 2002: Second International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1409",
}
@inproceedings{tomuro-2002-question,
    title = "Question Terminology and Representation for Question Type Classification",
    author = "Tomuro, Noriko",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {COMPUTERM} 2002: Second International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1410",
}
@inproceedings{yamamoto-2002-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of Lexical Paraphrases from Texts",
    author = "Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: {COMPUTERM} 2002: Second International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1411",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-coling-02-grammar,
    title = "{COLING}-02: Grammar Engineering and Evaluation",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1500",
}
@inproceedings{bartolini-etal-2002-grammar,
    title = {Grammar and Lexicon in the Robust Parsing of {I}talian towards a Non-Na{\"\i}ve Interplay},
    author = "Bartolini, Roberto  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Pirrelli, Vito",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Grammar Engineering and Evaluation",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1501",
}
@inproceedings{bender-etal-2002-grammar,
    title = "The Grammar Matrix: An Open-Source Starter-Kit for the Rapid Development of Cross-linguistically Consistent Broad-Coverage Precision Grammars",
    author = "Bender, Emily M.  and
      Flickinger, Dan  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Grammar Engineering and Evaluation",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1502",
}
@inproceedings{butt-etal-2002-parallel,
    title = "The Parallel Grammar Project",
    author = "Butt, Miriam  and
      Dyvik, Helge  and
      King, Tracy Holloway  and
      Masuichi, Hiroshi  and
      Rohrer, Christian",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Grammar Engineering and Evaluation",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1503",
}
@inproceedings{campbell-etal-2002-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation as a Testbed for Multilingual Analysis",
    author = "Campbell, Richard  and
      Lozano, Carmen  and
      Pinkham, Jessie  and
      Smets, Martine",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Grammar Engineering and Evaluation",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1504",
}
@inproceedings{hagege-bes-2002-encoding,
    title = "Encoding and Reusing Linguistic Information Expressed by Linguistic Properties",
    author = "Hag{\`e}ge, Caroline  and
      B{\`e}s, Gabriel G.",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Grammar Engineering and Evaluation",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1505",
}
@inproceedings{kaplan-etal-2002-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Existing Grammars: The {XLE} Experience",
    author = "Kaplan, Ronald M.  and
      King, Tracy Holloway  and
      Maxwell III, John T.",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Grammar Engineering and Evaluation",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1506",
}
@inproceedings{kinyon-prolo-2002-classification,
    title = "A Classification of Grammar Development Strategies",
    author = "Kinyon, Alexandra  and
      Prolo, Carlos A.",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Grammar Engineering and Evaluation",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1507",
}
@inproceedings{oepen-etal-2002-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Distributed Grammar Engineering for Practical Applications",
    author = "Oepen, Stephan  and
      Bender, Emily M.  and
      Callmeier, Uli  and
      Flickinger, Dan  and
      Siegel, Melanie",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Grammar Engineering and Evaluation",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1508",
}
@inproceedings{prolo-2002-coping,
    title = "Coping with Problems in Grammars Automatically Extracted from Treebanks",
    author = "Prolo, Carlos A.",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Grammar Engineering and Evaluation",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1509",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-2002-development,
    title = "A Development Environment for Large-scale Multi-lingual Parsing Systems",
    author = "Suzuki, Hisami",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Grammar Engineering and Evaluation",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1510",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-coling-02-machine,
    title = "{COLING}-02: Machine Translation in Asia",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1600",
}
@inproceedings{al-adhaileh-etal-2002-synchronization,
    title = "A Synchronization Structure of {SSTC} and Its Applications in Machine Translation",
    author = "Al-Adhaileh, Mosleh H.  and
      Tang, Enya Kong  and
      Yusoff, Zaharin",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Machine Translation in Asia",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1601",
}
@inproceedings{boitet-tsai-2002-coedition,
    title = "Coedition to Share Text Revision across Languages and Improve {MT} a Posteriori",
    author = "Boitet, Christian  and
      Tsai, Wang-Ju",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Machine Translation in Asia",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1602",
}
@inproceedings{boonkwan-kawtrakul-2002-plaesarn,
    title = "{P}laesarn: Machine-Aided Translation Tool for {E}nglish-to-{T}hai",
    author = "Boonkwan, Prachya  and
      Kawtrakul, Asanee",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Machine Translation in Asia",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1603",
}
@inproceedings{brockett-etal-2002-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-{J}apanese Example-Based Machine Translation Using Abstract Linguistic Representations",
    author = "Brockett, Chris  and
      Aikawa, Takako  and
      Aue, Anthony  and
      Menezes, Arul  and
      Quirk, Chris  and
      Suzuki, Hisami",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Machine Translation in Asia",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1604",
}
@inproceedings{charoenpornsawat-etal-2002-improving,
    title = "Improving Translation Quality of Rule-based Machine Translation",
    author = "Charoenpornsawat, Paisarn  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Charoenporn, Thatsanee",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Machine Translation in Asia",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1605",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2002-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation in a {K}orean-to-{J}apanese {MT} System Using Neural Networks",
    author = "Chung, You-Jin  and
      Kang, Sin-Jae  and
      Moon, Kyong-Hi  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Machine Translation in Asia",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1606",
}
@inproceedings{dinh-2002-building,
    title = "Building a Training Corpus for Word Sense Disambiguation in {E}nglish-to-{V}ietnamese Machine Translation",
    author = "Dinh, Dien",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Machine Translation in Asia",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1607",
}
@inproceedings{fujita-bond-2002-extending,
    title = "Extending the Coverage of a Valency Dictionary",
    author = "Fujita, Sanae  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Machine Translation in Asia",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1608",
}
@inproceedings{hui-2002-measuring,
    title = "Measuring User Acceptability of Machine Translations to Diagnose System Errors: An Experience Report",
    author = "Hui, Bowen",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Machine Translation in Asia",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1609",
}
@inproceedings{lavoie-etal-2002-learning,
    title = "Learning Domain-Specific Transfer Rules: An Experiment with {K}orean to {E}nglish Translation",
    author = "Lavoie, Benoit  and
      White, Michael  and
      Korelsky, Tanya",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Machine Translation in Asia",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1610",
}
@inproceedings{shimohata-sumita-2002-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Synonymous Expressions from a Bilingual Corpus for Example-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Shimohata, Mitsuo  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Machine Translation in Asia",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1611",
}
@inproceedings{supnithi-etal-2002-cross,
    title = "A Cross System Machine Translation",
    author = "Supnithi, Thepchai  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Charoenporn, Thatsanee",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Machine Translation in Asia",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1612",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2002-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Information Transfer between {E}nglish and {C}hinese",
    author = "Yao, Jianmin  and
      Yu, Hao  and
      Zhao, Tiejun  and
      Li, Xiaohong",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Machine Translation in Asia",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1613",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-coling-02-nlp,
    title = "COLING-02: The 2nd Workshop on NLP and XML (NLPXML-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1700",
}
@inproceedings{de-cea-etal-2002-rdf,
    title = "{RDF}(S)/{XML} Linguistic Annotation of Semantic Web Pages",
    author = "de Cea, Guadalupe Aguado  and
      {\'A}lvarez-de-Mon, Inmaculada  and
      Pareja-Lora, Antonio  and
      Plaza-Arteche, Rosario",
    booktitle = "COLING-02: The 2nd Workshop on NLP and XML (NLPXML-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1701",
}
@inproceedings{barrutieta-etal-2002-cascading,
    title = "Cascading {XSL} Filters for Content Selection in Multilingual Document Generation",
    author = "Barrutieta, Guillermo  and
      Abaitua, Joseba  and
      D{\'\i}az, JosuKa",
    booktitle = "COLING-02: The 2nd Workshop on NLP and XML (NLPXML-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1702",
}
@inproceedings{bateman-etal-2002-brief,
    title = "A Brief Introduction to the {G}e{M} Annotation Schema for Complex Document Layout",
    author = "Bateman, John  and
      Henschel, Renate  and
      Delin, Judy",
    booktitle = "COLING-02: The 2nd Workshop on NLP and XML (NLPXML-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1703",
}
@inproceedings{berger-etal-2002-xml,
    title = "{XML}/{XSL} in the Dictionary: The Case of Discourse Markers",
    author = "Berger, Daniela  and
      Reitter, David  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "COLING-02: The 2nd Workshop on NLP and XML (NLPXML-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1704",
}
@inproceedings{boitet-etal-2002-papillon,
    title = "The {PAPILLON} Project: Cooperatively Building a Multilingual Lexical Data-base to Derive Open Source Dictionaries {\&} Lexicons",
    author = "Boitet, Christian  and
      Mangeot, Mathieu  and
      S{\'e}rasset, Gilles",
    booktitle = "COLING-02: The 2nd Workshop on NLP and XML (NLPXML-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1705",
}
@inproceedings{grover-etal-2002-xml,
    title = "{XML}-based {NLP} Tools for Analysing and Annotating Medical Language",
    author = "Grover, Claire  and
      Klein, Ewan  and
      Lapata, Mirella  and
      Lascarides, Alex",
    booktitle = "COLING-02: The 2nd Workshop on NLP and XML (NLPXML-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1706",
}
@inproceedings{karlstrom-cooper-2002-towards,
    title = "Towards a Web-based Centre on {S}wedish Language Technology",
    author = {Karlstr{\"o}m, Petter  and
      Cooper, Robin},
    booktitle = "COLING-02: The 2nd Workshop on NLP and XML (NLPXML-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1707",
}
@inproceedings{katz-lin-2002-annotating,
    title = "Annotating the Semantic Web Using Natural Language",
    author = "Katz, Boris  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "COLING-02: The 2nd Workshop on NLP and XML (NLPXML-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1708",
}
@inproceedings{koontz-2002-xml,
    title = "{XML} in a Web-based Grammar Development Environment",
    author = "Koontz, Eugene",
    booktitle = "COLING-02: The 2nd Workshop on NLP and XML (NLPXML-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1709",
}
@inproceedings{milde-2002-tasx,
    title = "The {TASX}-environment: An {XML}-based Toolset for the Creation of Multimodal Corpora",
    author = "Milde, Jan-Torsten",
    booktitle = "COLING-02: The 2nd Workshop on NLP and XML (NLPXML-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1710",
}
@inproceedings{nakabasami-nomura-2002-proposal,
    title = "A Proposal for Screening Inconsistencies in Ontologies based on Query Languages using {WSD}",
    author = "Nakabasami, Chieko  and
      Nomura, Naoyuki",
    booktitle = "COLING-02: The 2nd Workshop on NLP and XML (NLPXML-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1711",
}
@inproceedings{simov-etal-2002-cascaded,
    title = "Cascaded Regular Grammars over {XML} Documents",
    author = "Simov, Kiril  and
      Kouylekov, Milen  and
      Simov, Alexander",
    booktitle = "COLING-02: The 2nd Workshop on NLP and XML (NLPXML-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1712",
}
@inproceedings{stenzhorn-2002-xtragen,
    title = "{X}tra{G}en - A Natural Language Generation System Using {XML}- and {J}ava-Technologies",
    author = "Stenzhorn, Holger",
    booktitle = "COLING-02: The 2nd Workshop on NLP and XML (NLPXML-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1713",
}
@inproceedings{walsh-etal-2002-xists,
    title = "{X}i{STS} - {XML} in Speech Technology Systems",
    author = "Walsh, Michael  and
      Wilson, Stephen  and
      Carson-Berndsen, Julie",
    booktitle = "COLING-02: The 2nd Workshop on NLP and XML (NLPXML-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1714",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2002-salt,
    title = "{SALT}: An {XML} Application for Web-based Multimodal Dialog Management",
    author = "Wang, Kuansan",
    booktitle = "COLING-02: The 2nd Workshop on NLP and XML (NLPXML-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1715",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-coling-02-sighan,
    title = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1800",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2002-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Translation Unit from {C}hinese-{E}nglish Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Chang, Baobao  and
      Danielsson, Pernilla  and
      Teubert, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1801",
}
@inproceedings{cheung-etal-2002-considerations,
    title = "Some Considerations on Guidelines for Bilingual Alignment and Terminology Extraction",
    author = "Cheung, Lawrence  and
      Lai, Tom  and
      Luk, Robert  and
      Kwong, Oi Yee  and
      Sin, King Kui  and
      Tsou, Benjamin K.",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1802",
}
@inproceedings{converse-2002-developing,
    title = "Developing Guidelines for the Annotation of Anaphors in the {C}hinese Treebank",
    author = "Converse, Susan",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1803",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2002-finding,
    title = "Finding the Better Indexing units for {C}hinese Information Retrieval",
    author = "He, Hongzhao  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      He, Pilian  and
      Huang, Changning",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1804",
}
@inproceedings{huang-chang-2002-categorical,
    title = "Categorical Ambiguity and Information Content: A Corpus-based Study of {C}hinese",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chang, Ru-Yng",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1805",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2002-pcfg,
    title = "{PCFG} Parsing for Restricted Classical {C}hinese Texts",
    author = "Huang, Liang  and
      Peng, Yinan  and
      Wang, Huan  and
      Wu, Zhenyu",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1806",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2002-knowledge,
    title = "A Knowledge Based Approach to Identification of Serial Verb Construction in {C}hinese-to-{K}orean Machine Translation System",
    author = "Kim, Dong-il  and
      Cui, Zheng  and
      Li, Jinji  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1807",
}
@inproceedings{kit-etal-2002-learning,
    title = "Learning Case-based Knowledge for Disambiguating {C}hinese Word Segmentation: A Preliminary Study",
    author = "Kit, Chunyu  and
      Pan, Haihua  and
      Chen, Hongbiao",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1808",
}
@inproceedings{kwok-deng-2002-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Pinyin Name Resolution",
    author = "Kwok, Kui-Lam  and
      Deng, Peter",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1809",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2002-indexing,
    title = "An Indexing Method Based on Sentences",
    author = "Li, Li  and
      Yuan, Chunfa  and
      Wong, K.F.  and
      Li, Wenjie",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1810",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-chen-2002-design,
    title = "Design of {C}hinese Morphological Analyzer",
    author = "Tseng, Huihsin  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1811",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2002-word,
    title = "A Word Segmentation Method with Dynamic Adapting to Text Using Inductive Learning",
    author = "Wang, Zhongjian  and
      Araki, Kenji  and
      Tochinai, Koji",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1812",
}
@inproceedings{wong-etal-2002-using,
    title = "Using the Segmentation Corpus to Define an Inventory of Concatenative Units for {C}antonese Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Wong, Wai Yi Peggy  and
      Brew, Chris  and
      Beckman, Mary E.  and
      Chan, Shui-duen",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1813",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2002-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Pronunciation-translated Names from {C}hinese Texts using Bootstrapping Approach",
    author = "Xiao, Jing  and
      Liu, Jimin  and
      Chua, Tat-Seng",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1814",
}
@inproceedings{xue-converse-2002-combining,
    title = "Combining Classifiers for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen  and
      Converse, Susan P.",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1815",
}
@inproceedings{yu-2002-wsd,
    title = "{WSD} and Closed Semantic Constraint",
    author = "Yu, Jiangsheng",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1816",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2002-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Recognition of {C}hinese Unknown Words Based on Roles Tagging",
    author = "Zhang, Kevin  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Zhang, Hao  and
      Cheng, Xue-Qi",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1817",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-zhou-2002-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Base-Phrases Chunking",
    author = "Zhang, Yuqi  and
      Zhou, Qiang",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1818",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2002-learning,
    title = "Learning Rules for {C}hinese Prosodic Phrase Prediction",
    author = "Zhao, Sheng  and
      Tao, Jianhua  and
      Cai, Lianhong",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1819",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-yao-2002-knowledge,
    title = "A Knowledge-based Approach to Text Classification",
    author = "Zhu, Jingbo  and
      Yao, Tianshun",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The First {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1820",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-coling-02-multilingual,
    title = "{COLING}-02: Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1900",
}
@inproceedings{becher-etal-2002-scenario,
    title = "Scenario Forms for Web Information Seeking and Summarizing in Bone Marrow Transplantation",
    author = "Becher, Margit  and
      Endres-Niggemeyer, Brigitte  and
      Fichtner, Gerrit",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1901",
}
@inproceedings{jung-lee-2002-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Question Answering with High Portability on Relational Databases",
    author = "Jung, Hanmin  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1902",
}
@inproceedings{kim-seo-2002-reliable,
    title = "A Reliable Indexing Method for a Practical {QA} System",
    author = "Kim, Harksoo  and
      Seo, Jungyun",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1903",
}
@inproceedings{lai-etal-2002-faq,
    title = "{FAQ} Mining via List Detection",
    author = "Lai, Yu-Sheng  and
      Fung, Kuao-Ann  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1904",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2002-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Exact Answers to Questions Based on Structural Links",
    author = "Li, Wei  and
      Srihari, Rohini K.  and
      Li, Xiaoge  and
      Srikanth, M.  and
      Zhang, Xiuhong  and
      Niu, Cheng",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1905",
}
@inproceedings{llopis-etal-2002-passage,
    title = "Passage Selection to Improve Question Answering",
    author = "LLopis, Fernando  and
      Vicedo, Jos{\'e} Luis  and
      Ferr{\'a}ndez, Antonio",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1906",
}
@inproceedings{sakai-masuyama-2002-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Knowledge Acquisition about the Deletion Possibility of Adnominal Verb Phrases",
    author = "Sakai, Hiroyuki  and
      Masuyama, Shigeru",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: Multilingual Summarization and Question Answering",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1907",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-coling-02-natural,
    title = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2000",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-villavicencio-2002-extracting,
    title = "Extracting the Unextractable: A Case Study on Verb-particles",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2001",
}
@inproceedings{black-vasilakopoulos-2002-language,
    title = "Language Independent Named Entity Classification by modified Transformation-based Learning and by Decision Tree Induction",
    author = "Black, William J.  and
      Vasilakopoulos, Argyrios",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2002",
}
@inproceedings{burger-etal-2002-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Named Entity Recognizer Adaptation",
    author = "Burger, John D.  and
      Henderson, John C.  and
      Morgan, William T.",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2003",
}
@inproceedings{carreras-etal-2002-named,
    title = "Named Entity Extraction using {A}da{B}oost",
    author = "Carreras, Xavier  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2004",
}
@inproceedings{ciortuz-2002-learning,
    title = "Learning Attribute Values in Typed-unification Grammars: On Generalised Rule Reduction",
    author = "Ciortuz, Liviu",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2005",
}
@inproceedings{cucerzan-yarowsky-2002-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping a Multilingual Part-of-speech Tagger in One Person-day",
    author = "Cucerzan, Silviu  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2006",
}
@inproceedings{cucerzan-yarowsky-2002-language,
    title = "Language Independent {NER} using a Unified Model of Internal and Contextual Evidence",
    author = "Cucerzan, Silviu  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2007",
}
@inproceedings{curran-osborne-2002-large,
    title = "A Very Very Large Corpus Doesn{'}t Always Yield Reliable Estimates",
    author = "Curran, James R.  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2008",
}
@inproceedings{dagan-etal-2002-cross,
    title = "Cross-dataset Clustering: Revealing Corresponding Themes across Multiple Corpora",
    author = "Dagan, Ido  and
      Marx, Zvika  and
      Shamir, Eli",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2009",
}
@inproceedings{florian-2002-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition as a House of Cards: Classifier Stacking",
    author = "Florian, Radu",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2010",
}
@inproceedings{goutte-etal-2002-combining,
    title = "Combining Labelled and Unlabelled Data: A Case Study on Fisher Kernels and Transductive Inference for Biological Entity Recognition",
    author = "Goutte, Cyril  and
      D{\'e}jean, Herv{\'e}  and
      Gaussier, Eric  and
      Cancedda, Nicola  and
      Renders, Jean-Michel",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2011",
}
@inproceedings{henrichsen-2002-grasp,
    title = "{G}ra{S}p: Grammar Learning from Unlabelled Speech Corpora",
    author = "Henrichsen, Peter Juel",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2012",
}
@inproceedings{jansche-2002-named,
    title = "Named Entity Extraction with Conditional {M}arkov Models and Classifiers",
    author = "Jansche, Martin",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2013",
}
@inproceedings{korhonen-krymolowski-2002-robustness,
    title = "On the Robustness of Entropy-Based Similarity Measures in Evaluation of Subcategorization Acquisition Systems",
    author = "Korhonen, Anna  and
      Krymolowski, Yuval",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2014",
}
@inproceedings{krymolowski-2002-distinguishing,
    title = "Distinguishing Easy and Hard Instances",
    author = "Krymolowski, Yuval",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2015",
}
@inproceedings{kudo-matsumoto-2002-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Dependency Analysis using Cascaded Chunking",
    author = "Kudo, Taku  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2016",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chen-2002-backward,
    title = "Backward Machine Transliteration by Learning Phonetic Similarity",
    author = "Lin, Wei-Hao  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2017",
}
@inproceedings{malouf-2002-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Algorithms for Maximum Entropy Parameter Estimation",
    author = "Malouf, Robert",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2018",
}
@inproceedings{malouf-2002-markov,
    title = "{M}arkov Models for Language-independent Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Malouf, Robert",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2019",
}
@inproceedings{mcnamee-mayfield-2002-entity,
    title = "Entity Extraction without Language-Specific Resources",
    author = "McNamee, Paul  and
      Mayfield, James",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2020",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-nastase-2002-letter,
    title = "Letter Level Learning for Language Independent Diacritics Restoration",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Nastase, Vivi",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2021",
}
@inproceedings{patrick-etal-2002-slinerc,
    title = "{SLINERC}: The {S}ydney Language-Independent Named Entity Recogniser and Classifier",
    author = "Patrick, Jon  and
      Whitelaw, Casey  and
      Munro, Robert",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2022",
}
@inproceedings{quasthoff-etal-2002-named,
    title = "Named Entity Learning and Verification: Expectation Maximization in Large Corpora",
    author = "Quasthoff, Uwe  and
      Biemann, Christian  and
      Wolff, Christian",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2023",
}
@inproceedings{tjong-kim-sang-2002-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to the {C}o{NLL}-2002 Shared Task: Language-Independent Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Tjong Kim Sang, Erik F.",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2024",
}
@inproceedings{tjong-kim-sang-2002-memory,
    title = "Memory-Based Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Tjong Kim Sang, Erik F.",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2025",
}
@inproceedings{schafer-yarowsky-2002-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Translation Lexicons via Diverse Similarity Measures and Bridge Languages",
    author = "Schafer, Charles  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2026",
}
@inproceedings{srinivasan-2002-features,
    title = "Features for Unsupervised Document Classification",
    author = "Srinivasan, S. H.",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2027",
}
@inproceedings{takamura-matsumoto-2002-two,
    title = "Two-dimensional Clustering for Text Categorization",
    author = "Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2028",
}
@inproceedings{takeuchi-collier-2002-use,
    title = "Use of Support Vector Machines in Extended Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Takeuchi, Koichi  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2029",
}
@inproceedings{toutanova-manning-2002-feature,
    title = "Feature Selection for a Rich {HPSG} Grammar Using Decision Trees",
    author = "Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2030",
}
@inproceedings{tsukamoto-etal-2002-learning,
    title = "Learning with Multiple Stacking for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Tsukamoto, Koji  and
      Mitsuishi, Yutaka  and
      Sassano, Manabu",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2031",
}
@inproceedings{veenstra-etal-2002-topological,
    title = "Topological Field Chunking for {G}erman",
    author = {Veenstra, Jorn  and
      M{\"u}ller, Frank Henrik  and
      Ule, Tylman},
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2032",
}
@inproceedings{villavicencio-2002-learning,
    title = "Learning to Distinguish {PP} Arguments from Adjuncts",
    author = "Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2033",
}
@inproceedings{wiebe-wilson-2002-learning,
    title = "Learning to Disambiguate Potentially Subjective Expressions",
    author = "Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Wilson, Theresa",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2034",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2002-boosting,
    title = "Boosting for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Ngai, Grace  and
      Carpuat, Marine  and
      Larsen, Jeppe  and
      Yang, Yongsheng",
    booktitle = "{COLING}-02: The 6th Conference on Natural Language Learning 2002 ({C}o{NLL}-2002)",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2035",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}
@inproceedings{kan-mckeown-2002-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-trained Text Generation for Summarization",
    author = "Kan, Min-Yen  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2101",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{daume-iii-etal-2002-importance,
    title = "The Importance of Lexicalized Syntax Models for Natural Language Generation Tasks",
    author = "Daume III, Hal  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Langkilde-Geary, Irene  and
      Marcu, Daniel  and
      Yamada, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2102",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{langkilde-geary-2002-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Verification of Coverage and Correctness for a General-Purpose Sentence Generator",
    author = "Langkilde-Geary, Irene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2103",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{melero-etal-2002-combining,
    title = "Combining Machine Learning and Rule-based Approaches in {S}panish and {J}apanese Sentence Realization",
    author = "Melero, Maite  and
      Aikawa, Takako  and
      Schwartz, Lee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2104",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{corston-oliver-etal-2002-overview,
    title = "An Overview of Amalgam: A Machine-learned Generation Module",
    author = "Corston-Oliver, Simon  and
      Gamon, Michael  and
      Ringger, Eric  and
      Moore, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2105",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{moore-2002-complete,
    title = "A Complete, Efficient Sentence-Realization Algorithm for Unification Grammar",
    author = "Moore, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2106",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{pan-weng-2002-designing,
    title = "Designing a Speech Corpus for Instance-based Spoken Language Generation",
    author = "Pan, Shimei  and
      Weng, Wubin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2107",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{fleischman-hovy-2002-towards,
    title = "Towards Emotional Variation in Speech-Based Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Fleischman, Michael  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2108",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{de-carolis-etal-2002-discourse,
    title = "From Discourse Plans to Believable Behavior Generation",
    author = "De Carolis, Berardina  and
      Carofiglio, Valeria  and
      Pelachaud, Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2109",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{walker-etal-2002-speech,
    title = "Speech-Plans: Generating Evaluative Responses in Spoken Dialogue",
    author = "Walker, M. A.  and
      Whittaker, S.  and
      Stent, A.  and
      Maloor, P.  and
      Moore, J. D.  and
      Johnston, M.  and
      Vasireddy, G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2110",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{karamanis-manurung-2002-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Text Structuring Using the Principle of Continuity",
    author = "Karamanis, Nikiforos  and
      Manurung, Hisar Maruli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2111",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{duboue-mckeown-2002-content,
    title = "Content Planner Construction via Evolutionary Algorithms and a Corpus-based Fitness Function",
    author = "Duboue, Pablo  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2112",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-sripada-2002-corpora,
    title = "Should Corpora Texts Be Gold Standards for {NLG}?",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud  and
      Sripada, Somayajulu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2113",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{horacek-2002-aggregation,
    title = "Aggregation with Strong Regularities and Alternatives{''}",
    author = "Horacek, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2114",
    pages = "105--112",
}
@inproceedings{paraboni-van-deemter-2002-generating,
    title = "Generating Easy References: the Case of Document Deixis",
    author = "Paraboni, Ivandre  and
      van Deemter, Kees",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2115",
    pages = "113--119",
}
@inproceedings{di-eugenio-etal-2002-diag,
    title = "The {DIAG} experiments: Natural Language Generation for Intelligent Tutoring Systems",
    author = "Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Glass, Michael  and
      Trolio, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2116",
    pages = "120--127",
}
@inproceedings{colineau-etal-2002-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of Procedural Instructional Text",
    author = "Colineau, Nathalie  and
      Paris, Cecile  and
      Vander Linden, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2117",
    pages = "128--135",
}
@inproceedings{qu-green-2002-constraint,
    title = "A Constraint-Based Approach for Cooperative Information-Seeking Dialogue",
    author = "Qu, Yan  and
      Green, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2118",
    pages = "136--143",
}
@inproceedings{evans-etal-2002-nlg,
    title = "What is {NLG}?",
    author = "Evans, Roger  and
      Piwek, Paul  and
      Cahill, Lynne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2119",
    pages = "144--151",
}
@inproceedings{creswell-2002-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Form and Discourse Function in {NLG}",
    author = "Creswell, Cassandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2120",
    pages = "155--160",
}
@inproceedings{kozlowski-2002-driving,
    title = "Driving Multilingual Sentence Generation with Lexico-grammatical Resources",
    author = "Kozlowski, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2121",
    pages = "161--166",
}
@inproceedings{holland-minkley-2002-planning,
    title = "Planning Proof Content for Communicating Induction",
    author = "Holland-Minkley, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2122",
    pages = "167--172",
}
@inproceedings{eddy-2002-towards,
    title = "Towards Balancing Conciseness, Readability and Salience: an Integrated Architecture",
    author = "Eddy, Bruce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2123",
    pages = "173--178",
}
@inproceedings{el-ghali-2002-use,
    title = "Use of Description Logic and {SDRT} in an {NLG} System",
    author = "El Ghali, Adil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2124",
    pages = "179--184",
}
@inproceedings{habash-2002-generation,
    title = "Generation-Heavy Hybrid Machine Translation",
    author = "Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Harriman, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2125",
    pages = "185--191",
}
@proceedings{ws-2002-international-tree,
    title = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    author = "Frank, Robert",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2200",
}
@inproceedings{han-2002-compositional,
    title = "Compositional Semantics for Relative Clauses in Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Han, Chung-hye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2201",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-2002-putting,
    title = "Putting Some Weakly Context-Free Formalisms in Order",
    author = "Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2202",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{clark-2002-supertagging,
    title = "Supertagging for Combinatory Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2203",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{besombes-marion-2002-learning,
    title = "Learning languages from positive examples with dependencies",
    author = "Besombes, J{\'e}r{\^o}me  and
      Marion, Jean-Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2204",
    pages = "25--29",
}
@inproceedings{lombardo-sturt-2002-towards,
    title = "Towards a Dynamic Version of {TAG}",
    author = "Lombardo, Vincenzo  and
      Sturt, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2205",
    pages = "30--39",
}
@inproceedings{creswell-2002-resumptive,
    title = "Resumptive Pronouns, Wh-island Violations, and Sentence Production",
    author = "Creswell, Cassandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2206",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{sarkar-han-2002-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Morphological Tagging and Parsing of {K}orean with an {LTAG} Grammar",
    author = "Sarkar, Anoop  and
      Han, Chung-Hye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2207",
    pages = "48--56",
}
@inproceedings{michaelis-2002-notes,
    title = "Notes on the Complexity of Complex Heads in a Minimalist Grammar",
    author = "Michaelis, Jens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2208",
    pages = "57--65",
}
@inproceedings{kobele-etal-2002-learning,
    title = "Learning Mirror Theory",
    author = "Kobele, Gregory M.  and
      Collier, Travis  and
      Taylor, Charles  and
      Stabler, Edward P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2209",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@inproceedings{sachs-c-de-barbosa-etal-2002-defining,
    title = "Defining a Lexicalized Context-Free Grammar for a Subdomain of {P}ortuguese Language",
    author = "Sachs C. de Barbosa, Cinthyan Renata  and
      Cury, Davidson  and
      Volkmer de Castilho, Jos{\'e}e Mauro  and
      de Renna e Souza, Celso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2210",
    pages = "74--79",
}
@inproceedings{becker-2002-practical,
    title = "Practical, Template{--}Based Natural Language Generation with {TAG}",
    author = "Becker, Tilman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2211",
    pages = "80--83",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-2002-relative,
    title = "Relative Clause Attachment and Anaphora: A Case for Short Binding",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2212",
    pages = "84--89",
}
@inproceedings{diaz-etal-2002-left,
    title = "A Left Corner Parser for Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "D{\'\i}az, Victor J.  and
      Carrillo, Vicente  and
      Alonso, Miguel A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2213",
    pages = "90--95",
}
@inproceedings{nasr-etal-2002-context,
    title = "Context-Free Parsing of a Tree Adjoining Grammar Using Finite-State Machines",
    author = "Nasr, Alexis  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Chen, John  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2214",
    pages = "96--101",
}
@inproceedings{woch-2002-prevent,
    title = "How to prevent adjoining in {TAG}s and its impact on the Average Case Complexity",
    author = "Woch, Jens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2215",
    pages = "102--107",
}
@inproceedings{romero-2002-quantification,
    title = "Quantification Over Situation Variables in {LTAG}: Some Constraints",
    author = "Romero, Maribel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2216",
    pages = "108--117",
}
@inproceedings{rogers-2002-one,
    title = "One More Perspective on Semantic Relations in {TAG}",
    author = "Rogers, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2217",
    pages = "118--126",
}
@inproceedings{kallmeyer-2002-using,
    title = "Using an Enriched {TAG} Derivation Structure as Basis for Semantics",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2218",
    pages = "127--136",
}
@inproceedings{palm-2002-proof,
    title = "A Proof System for Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Palm, Adi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2219",
    pages = "137--144",
}
@inproceedings{de-groote-2002-tree,
    title = "Tree-Adjoining Grammars as Abstract Categorial Grammars",
    author = "de Groote, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2220",
    pages = "145--150",
}
@inproceedings{jager-2002-residuation,
    title = "Residuation, Structural Rules and Context Freeness",
    author = {J{\"a}ger, Gerhard},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2221",
    pages = "151--158",
}
@inproceedings{costa-florencio-2002-note,
    title = "A Note on the Complexity of Associative-Commutative Lambek Calculus",
    author = "Costa Flor{\^e}ncio, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2222",
    pages = "159--162",
}
@inproceedings{kinyon-2002-turning,
    title = "Turning Elementary Trees into Feature Structures",
    author = "Kinyon, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2223",
    pages = "163--168",
}
@inproceedings{lai-etal-2002-affinity,
    title = "On the Affinity of {TAG} with Projective, Bilexical Dependency Grammar",
    author = "Lai, Tom B.Y.  and
      Huang, Changning  and
      Luk, Robert W.P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2224",
    pages = "169--174",
}
@inproceedings{panevova-etal-2002-theory,
    title = "The Theory of Control Applied to the {P}rague Dependency Treebank ({PDT})",
    author = "Panevov{\'a}, Jarmila  and
      {\v{R}}ezn{\'\i}{\v{c}}kov{\'a}, Veronika  and
      Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2225",
    pages = "175--180",
}
@inproceedings{prolo-2002-systematic,
    title = "Systematic Grammar Development in the {XTAG} Project",
    author = "Prolo, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2226",
    pages = "181--186",
}
@inproceedings{yoshinaga-etal-2002-formal,
    title = "A Formal Proof of Strong Equivalence for a Grammar Conversion from {LTAG} to {HPSG}-style",
    author = "Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2227",
    pages = "187--192",
}
@inproceedings{villemonte-de-la-clergerie-2002-parsing,
    title = "Parsing {MCS} languages with Thread Automata",
    author = "Villemonte de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2228",
    pages = "193--200",
}
@inproceedings{shaumyan-etal-2002-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of {LTAG} Parsing with Supertag Compaction",
    author = "Shaumyan, Olga  and
      Carroll, John  and
      Weir, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2229",
    pages = "201--205",
}
@inproceedings{dras-han-2002-korean,
    title = "{K}orean-{E}nglish {MT} and S-{TAG}",
    author = "Dras, Mark  and
      Han, Chung-hye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2230",
    pages = "206--215",
}
@inproceedings{hajic-2002-tectogrammatical,
    title = "Tectogrammatical representation: towards a minimal transfer in machine translation",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2231",
    pages = "216--226",
}
@inproceedings{hara-etal-2002-clustering,
    title = "Clustering for obtaining syntactic classes of words from automatically extracted {LTAG} grammars",
    author = "Hara, Tadayoshi  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2232",
    pages = "227--233",
}
@inproceedings{gaiffe-etal-2002-new,
    title = "A new metagrammar compiler",
    author = "Gaiffe, Bertrand  and
      Crabb{\'e}, Benoit  and
      Roussanaly, Azim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2233",
    pages = "234--241",
}
@inproceedings{gerdes-2002-dtag,
    title = "DTAG?",
    author = "Gerdes, Kim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2234",
    pages = "242--251",
}
@inproceedings{maclachlan-rambow-2002-cross,
    title = "Cross-serial dependencies in {T}agalog",
    author = "Maclachlan, Anna  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2235",
    pages = "252--258",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2002-reranking,
    title = "Reranking an n-gram supertagger",
    author = "Chen, John  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2236",
    pages = "259--268",
}
@inproceedings{backer-harbusch-2002-hidden,
    title = "Hidden {M}arkov model-based supertagging in a user-initiative dialogue system",
    author = {B{\"a}cker, Jens  and
      Harbusch, Karin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2237",
    pages = "269--278",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-roussel-2002-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting semantic knowledge in {LTAG}-based controlled indexing of technical data",
    author = "Lopez, Patrice  and
      Roussel, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+6)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Universit{\'a} di Venezia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-2238",
    pages = "279--284",
}
@proceedings{alta-2014-australasian,
    title = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    author = "Ferraro, Gabriela  and
      Wan, Stephen",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1000",
}
@inproceedings{lai-2014-deep,
    title = "Deep {QA}: Moving beyond the hype to examine the challenges in creating a cognitive assistant for humans",
    author = "Lai, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1001",
    pages = "2--2",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2014-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Dependency Representation Scheme on Syntactic Language Modelling",
    author = "Kim, Sunghwan  and
      Pate, John  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1002",
    pages = "4--13",
}
@inproceedings{wang-sitbon-2014-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual lexical resources to detect cognates in non-aligned texts",
    author = "Wang, Haoxing  and
      Sitbon, Laurianne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1003",
    pages = "14--22",
}
@inproceedings{groza-verspoor-2014-automated,
    title = "Automated Generation of Test Suites for Error Analysis of Concept Recognition Systems",
    author = "Groza, Tudor  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1004",
    pages = "23--31",
}
@inproceedings{hughes-etal-2014-trading,
    title = "Trading accuracy for faster named entity linking",
    author = "Hughes, Kristy  and
      Nothman, Joel  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1005",
    pages = "32--40",
}
@inproceedings{hogue-etal-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Biographical Event Extraction Using {W}ikipedia Traffic",
    author = "Hogue, Alexander  and
      Nothman, Joel  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1006",
    pages = "41--49",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2014-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of Weighting Schemes for the Interpretation of Spoken Referring Expressions",
    author = "Kim, Su Nam  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      Kleinbauer, Thomas  and
      Moshtaghi, Masud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1007",
    pages = "50--58",
}
@inproceedings{robinson-etal-2014-developing,
    title = "Developing a Sina {W}eibo Incident Monitor for Disasters",
    author = "Robinson, Bella  and
      Bai, Hua  and
      Power, Robert  and
      Lin, Xunguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1008",
    pages = "59--68",
}
@inproceedings{niemann-2014-finding,
    title = "Finding expertise using online community dialogue and the Duality of Expertise",
    author = "Niemann, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1009",
    pages = "69--78",
}
@inproceedings{molla-etal-2014-impact,
    title = "Impact of Citing Papers for Summarisation of Clinical Documents",
    author = "Moll{\'a}, Diego  and
      Jones, Christopher  and
      Sarker, Abeed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1010",
    pages = "79--87",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-etal-2014-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Temporal-based Term Selection for Text Classification",
    author = "Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Ushiyama, Shougo  and
      Suzuki, Yoshimi  and
      Matsuyoshi, Suguru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1011",
    pages = "88--96",
}
@inproceedings{aliannejadi-etal-2014-graph,
    title = "Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Conditional Random Fields For Spoken Language Understanding Using Unaligned Data",
    author = "Aliannejadi, Mohammad  and
      Kiaeeha, Masoud  and
      Khadivi, Shahram  and
      Ghidary, Saeed Shiry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1012",
    pages = "98--103",
}
@inproceedings{estival-cassidy-2014-alveo,
    title = "Alveo, a Human Communication Science Virtual Laboratory",
    author = "Estival, Dominique  and
      Cassidy, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1013",
    pages = "104--107",
}
@inproceedings{biggs-broughton-2014-ocr,
    title = "{OCR} and Automated Translation for the Navigation of non-{E}nglish Handsets: A Feasibility Study with {A}rabic",
    author = "Biggs, Jennifer  and
      Broughton, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1014",
    pages = "108--112",
}
@inproceedings{kocbek-etal-2014-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Temporal Patterns in Emergency Department Triage Notes with Topic Models",
    author = "Kocbek, Simon  and
      Verspoor, Karin  and
      Buntine, Wray",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1015",
    pages = "113--117",
}
@inproceedings{shmanina-etal-2014-challenges,
    title = "Challenges in Information Extraction from Tables in Biomedical Research Publications: a Dataset Analysis",
    author = "Shmanina, Tatyana  and
      Cavedon, Lawrence  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1016",
    pages = "118--122",
}
@inproceedings{yepes-etal-2014-deep,
    title = "Deep Belief Networks and Biomedical Text Categorisation",
    author = "Yepes, Antonio Jimeno  and
      MacKinlay, Andrew  and
      Bedo, Justin  and
      Garvani, Rahil  and
      Chen, Qiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1017",
    pages = "123--127",
}
@inproceedings{pushpananda-etal-2014-sinhala,
    title = "{S}inhala-{T}amil Machine Translation: Towards better Translation Quality",
    author = "Pushpananda, Randil  and
      Weerasinghe, Ruvan  and
      Niranjan, Mahesan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1018",
    pages = "129--133",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2014-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Coreference Relations in the Biomedical Literature",
    author = "Choi, Miji  and
      Verspoor, Karin  and
      Zobel, Justin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1019",
    pages = "134--138",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-dras-2014-finnish,
    title = "{F}innish Native Language Identification",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1020",
    pages = "139--144",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-2014-data,
    title = "A Data-driven Approach to Studying Given Names and their Gender and Ethnicity Associations",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1021",
    pages = "145--149",
}
@inproceedings{molla-karimi-2014-overview,
    title = "Overview of the 2014 {ALTA} Shared Task: Identifying Expressions of Locations in Tweets",
    author = "Molla, Diego  and
      Karimi, Sarvnaz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1022",
    pages = "151--156",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2014-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Twitter Location Mentions",
    author = "Han, Bo  and
      Yepes, Antonio Jimeno  and
      MacKinlay, Andrew  and
      Chen, Qiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1023",
    pages = "157--162",
}
@inproceedings{nand-etal-2014-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Strategy Approach for Location Mining in Tweets: {AUT} {NLP} Group Entry for {ALTA}-2014 Shared Task",
    author = "Nand, Parma  and
      Perera, Rivindu  and
      Sreekumar, Anju  and
      He, Lingmin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1024",
    pages = "163--170",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Expressions of Locations in Tweet Messages using Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Liu, Fei  and
      Rahimi, Afshin  and
      Salehi, Bahar  and
      Choi, Miji  and
      Tan, Ping  and
      Duong, Long",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U14-1025",
    pages = "171--176",
}
@proceedings{lrec-2002-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    author = "Rodr{\'\i}guez, Manuel Gonz{\'a}lez  and
      Araujo, Carmen Paz Suarez",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
}
@inproceedings{afonso-etal-2002-floresta,
    title = "Floresta Sint{\'a}(c)tica: A treebank for {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Afonso, Susana  and
      Bick, Eckhard  and
      Haber, Renato  and
      Santos, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/1.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shinnou-2002-learning,
    title = "Learning of word sense disambiguation rules by Co-training, checking co-occurrence of features",
    author = "Shinnou, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/2.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{balkan-etal-2002-elsst,
    title = "{ELSST}: a broad-based Multilingual Thesaurus for the Social Sciences",
    author = "Balkan, Lorna  and
      Miller, Ken  and
      Austin, Birgit  and
      Etheridge, Anne  and
      Bernab{\'e}, Myriam Garcia  and
      Miller, Pam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/3.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vandeghinste-2002-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon Optimization: Maximizing Lexical Coverage in Speech Recognition through Automated Compounding",
    author = "Vandeghinste, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/4.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-etal-2002-computer,
    title = "Computer-Aided Specification of Quality Models for Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard  and
      King, Margaret  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/5.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sharoff-2002-meaning,
    title = "Meaning as use: exploitation of aligned corpora for the contrastive study of lexical semantics",
    author = "Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/6.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kan-etal-2002-using,
    title = "Using the Annotated Bibliography as a Resource for Indicative Summarization",
    author = "Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Klavans, Judith L.  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/7.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chuah-yusoff-2002-computational,
    title = "Computational Linguistics at Universiti Sains Malaysia",
    author = "Chuah, Choy-Kim  and
      Yusoff, Zaharin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/8.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{feliu-etal-2002-towards,
    title = "Towards an Ontology for a Human Genome Knowledge Base",
    author = "Feliu, Judit  and
      Vivaldi, Jorge  and
      Cabr{\'e}, M. Teresa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/9.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{laureys-etal-2002-improved,
    title = "An Improved Algorithm for the Automatic Segmentation of Speech Corpora",
    author = "Laureys, Tom  and
      Demuynck, Kris  and
      Duchateau, Jacques  and
      Wambacq, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/10.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{markert-nissim-2002-towards,
    title = "Towards a Corpus Annotated for Metonymies: the Case of Location Names",
    author = "Markert, Katja  and
      Nissim, Malvina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/11.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{langlais-etal-2002-translators,
    title = "Translators at work with {TRANSTYPE}: Resource and Evaluation.",
    author = "Langlais, Philippe  and
      Loranger, Marie  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/12.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2002-annotating,
    title = "Annotating the functional chunks in {C}hinese sentences",
    author = "Zhou, Qiang  and
      Drabek, Elliott Franco  and
      Ren, Fuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/13.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kuwabara-etal-2002-present,
    title = "The Present Status of Speech Database in Japan: Development, Management, and Application to Speech Research",
    author = "Kuwabara, Hisao  and
      Itahashi, Shuich  and
      Yamamoto, Mikio  and
      Takezawa, Toshiyuki  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi  and
      Takeda, Kazuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/14.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{santos-gasperin-2002-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of parsed corpora: Experiments in user-transparent and user-visible evaluation",
    author = "Santos, Diana  and
      Gasperin, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/15.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{docio-fernandez-garcia-mateo-2002-acoustic,
    title = "Acoustic Modeling and Training of a Bilingual {ASR} System when a Minority Language is Involved",
    author = "Doc{\'\i}o-Fern{\'a}ndez, Laura  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Mateo, Carmen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/16.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bird-etal-2002-open,
    title = "The Open Language Archives Community",
    author = "Bird, Steven  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Simons, Gary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/17.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{piskorski-etal-2002-flexible,
    title = "A Flexible {XML}-based Regular Compiler for Creation and Conversion of Linguistic Resources",
    author = "Piskorski, Jakub  and
      Dro{\.z}d{\.z}y{\'n}ski, Witold  and
      Scherf, Oliver  and
      Xu, Feiyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/18.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{modic-petek-2002-contrastive,
    title = "A Contrastive Acoustic-Phonetic Analysis of {S}lovenian and {E}nglish Diphthongs",
    author = "Modic, Robert  and
      Petek, Bojan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/19.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{draxler-schiel-2002-three,
    title = "Three New Corpora at the {B}avarian Archive for Speech Signals {--} and a First Step Towards Distributed Web-Based Recording",
    author = "Draxler, Christoph  and
      Schiel, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/20.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-2002-n,
    title = "n-grams of Seeds: A Hybrid System for Corpus-Based Text Summarization",
    author = "Schneider, Ren{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/21.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schiffman-2002-building,
    title = "Building a Resource for Evaluating the Importance of Sentences",
    author = "Schiffman, Barry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/22.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schulte-im-walde-2002-subcategorisation,
    title = "A Subcategorisation Lexicon for {G}erman Verbs induced from a Lexicalised {PCFG}",
    author = "Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/23.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{amdal-svendsen-2002-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Pronunciation Variants in the {ASR} Lexicon for Different Speaking Styles",
    author = "Amdal, Ingunn  and
      Svendsen, Torbj{\o}rn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/24.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bozzi-2002-laperla,
    title = "{LA}per{LA}: an integrated graphical-linguistic System for old printed {L}atin Texts",
    author = "Bozzi, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/25.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bernard-etal-2002-computerized,
    title = "Computerized linguistic resources of the research laboratory {ATILF} for lexical and textual analysis: Frantext, {TLF}i, and the software Stella",
    author = "Bernard, Pascale  and
      Lecomte, Josette  and
      Dendien, Jacques  and
      Pierrel, Jean-Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/26.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{murata-isahara-2002-automatic,
    title = "Automatic extraction of differences between spoken and written languages, and automatic translation from the written to the spoken language",
    author = "Murata, Masaki  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/27.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tamburini-2002-automatic,
    title = "Automatic detection of prosodic prominence in continuous speech",
    author = "Tamburini, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/28.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tamburini-2002-dynamic,
    title = "A dynamic model for reference corpora structure definition",
    author = "Tamburini, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/29.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alderuccio-bordoni-2002-ontology,
    title = "An ontology-based approach in the literary research: two case-studies",
    author = "Alderuccio, Daniela  and
      Bordoni, Luciana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/30.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{caminero-etal-2002-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual Speaker Verification System: Architecture and Performance Evaluation",
    author = "Caminero, Javier  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Joaqu{\'\i}n  and
      Ortega-Garc{\'\i}a, Javier  and
      Tapias, Daniel  and
      Ruz, Pedro M.  and
      Sol{\'a}, Mercedes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/31.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-barbu-2002-lexical,
    title = "Lexical token alignment: experiments, results and applications",
    author = "Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan  and
      Barbu, Ana-Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/32.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{muller-etal-2002-designing,
    title = "Designing Prosodic Databases for Automatic Modeling of {S}lovenian Language in a Multilingual {TTS} System",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Achim F.  and
      Stergar, Janez  and
      Horvat, Bogomir},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/33.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bouayad-agha-etal-2002-pills,
    title = "{PILLS}: Multilingual generation of medical information documents with overlapping content",
    author = "Bouayad-Agha, Nadjet  and
      Power, Richard  and
      Scott, Donia  and
      Belz, Anja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/34.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sasaki-etal-2002-co,
    title = "Co-reference annotation and resources: A multilingual corpus of typologically diverse languages",
    author = {Sasaki, Felix  and
      Wegener, Claudia  and
      Witt, Andreas  and
      Metzing, Dieter  and
      P{\"o}nninghaus, Jens},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/35.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-schulz-2002-towards,
    title = "Towards Very Large Ontologies for Medical Language Processing",
    author = "Hahn, Udo  and
      Schulz, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/36.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alfonseca-manandhar-2002-improving,
    title = "Improving an Ontology Refinement Method with Hyponymy Patterns",
    author = "Alfonseca, Enrique  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/37.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alfonseca-manandhar-2002-proposal,
    title = "Proposal for Evaluating Ontology Refinement Methods",
    author = "Alfonseca, Enrique  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/38.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{constant-2002-methods,
    title = "Methods for Constructing Lexicon-Grammar Resources: The Example of Measure Expressions",
    author = "Constant, Matthieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/39.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nilsson-borin-2002-living,
    title = "Living off the land: The Web as a source of practice texts for learners of less prevalent languages",
    author = "Nilsson, Kristina  and
      Borin, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/40.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moller-kavallieratou-2002-diagnostic,
    title = "Diagnostic Assessment of Telephone Transmission Impact on {ASR} Performance and Human-to-Human Speech Quality",
    author = {M{\"o}ller, Sebastian  and
      Kavallieratou, Ergina},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/41.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-hinarejos-etal-2002-labelling,
    title = "A Labelling Proposal to Annotate Dialogues",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez-Hinarejos, Carlos D.  and
      Sanch{\'\i}s, Emilio  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Granada, Fernando  and
      Aibar, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/42.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{teufel-elhadad-2002-collection,
    title = "Collection and linguistic processing of a large-scale corpus of medical articles",
    author = "Teufel, Simone  and
      Elhadad, Noemie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/43.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tokunaga-etal-2002-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a lexicon of action",
    author = "Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Okumura, Manabu  and
      Sait{\^o}, Suguru  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/44.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lonneker-2002-building,
    title = "Building Concept Frames based on Text Corpora",
    author = {L{\"o}nneker, Birte},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/45.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hernaez-etal-2002-bizkaifon,
    title = "{BIZKAIFON}: A sound archive of dialectal varieties of spoken Basque",
    author = "Hern{\'a}ez, I.  and
      Navas, E.  and
      S{\'a}nchez, J.  and
      Madariaga, I.  and
      Gaminde, I.  and
      Zalbide, X.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/46.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{navigli-velardi-2002-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Adaptation of {W}ord{N}et to Domains",
    author = "Navigli, Roberto  and
      Velardi, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/47.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{villegas-bel-2002-dtd,
    title = "From {DTD} to relational d{B}. An automatic generation of a lexicographical station out off {ISLE} guidelines",
    author = "Villegas, Marta  and
      Bel, Nuria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/48.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schiel-etal-2002-smartkom,
    title = "The {S}mart{K}om Multimodal Corpus at {BAS}",
    author = {Schiel, Florian  and
      Steininger, Silke  and
      T{\"u}rk, Ulrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/49.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{beringer-etal-2002-end,
    title = "End-to-End Evaluation of Multimodal Dialogue Systems {--} can we Transfer Established Methods?",
    author = {Beringer, Nicole  and
      Louka, Katerina  and
      Penide-Lopez, Victoria  and
      T{\"u}rk, Uli},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/50.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{molina-etal-2002-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation using Statistical Models and {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Molina, Antonio  and
      Pla, Ferran  and
      Segarra, Encarna  and
      Moreno, Lidia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/51.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{boas-2002-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual {F}rame{N}et Dictionaries for Machine Translation",
    author = "Boas, Hans C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/52.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chali-2002-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Topic Detection",
    author = "Chali, Yllias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/53.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bouma-kloosterman-2002-querying,
    title = "Querying Dependency Treebanks in {XML}",
    author = "Bouma, Gosse  and
      Kloosterman, Geert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/54.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{starlander-popescu-belis-2002-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based Evaluation of a {F}rench Spelling and Grammar Checker",
    author = "Starlander, Marianne  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/55.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-etal-2002-formal,
    title = "Formal Mechanisms for Capturing Regularizations",
    author = "Meyers, Adam  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      Kosaka, Michiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/56.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hinrichs-etal-2002-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Architecture for Robust Parsing of {G}erman",
    author = {Hinrichs, Erhard W.  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      M{\"u}ller, Frank H.  and
      Ule, Tylman},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/57.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{siemund-etal-2002-orientel,
    title = "{O}rien{T}el - Multilingual access to interactive communication services for the Mediterranean and the Middle East",
    author = "Siemund, Rainer  and
      Heuft, Barbara  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Emam, Ossama  and
      Maragoudakis, Emmanuel  and
      Tropf, Herbert  and
      Gedge, Oren  and
      Shammass, Sherrie  and
      Moreno, Asuncion  and
      Rodriguez, Albino Nogueiras  and
      Zitouni, Imed  and
      Iskra, Dorota",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/58.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{takao-etal-2002-comparing,
    title = "Comparing and Extracting Paraphrasing Words with 2-Way Bilingual Dictionaries",
    author = "Takao, Kazutaka  and
      Imamura, Kenji  and
      Kashioka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/59.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rapp-2002-part,
    title = "A Part-of-Speech-Based Search Algorithm for Translation Memories",
    author = "Rapp, Reinhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/60.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brants-hansen-2002-developments,
    title = "Developments in the {TIGER} Annotation Scheme and their Realization in the Corpus",
    author = "Brants, Sabine  and
      Hansen, Silvia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/61.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{branco-etal-2002-nexing,
    title = "Nexing Corpus: a corpus of verbal protocols on syllogistic reasoning",
    author = "Branco, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Leit{\~a}o, Jos{\'e}  and
      Silva, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Gomes, Lu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/62.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-kucerova-2002-argument,
    title = "Argument/Valency Structure in {P}rop{B}ank, {LCS} Database and {P}rague Dependency Treebank: A Comparative Pilot Study",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Ku{\v{c}}erov{\'a}, Ivona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/63.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{weilhammer-etal-2002-multi,
    title = "Multi-Tier Annotations in the Verbmobil Corpus",
    author = "Weilhammer, Karl  and
      Reichel, Uwe  and
      Schiel, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/64.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schaden-2002-database,
    title = "A Database for the Analysis of Cross-Lingual Pronunciation Variants of {E}uropean City Names",
    author = "Schaden, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/65.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ghorbel-etal-2002-sam,
    title = "{SAM}: System for Multi-criteria Text Alignment.",
    author = "Ghorbel, Hatem  and
      Coray, Giovanni  and
      Linden, Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/66.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ten-hacken-2002-word,
    title = "Word Formation and the Validation of Lexical Resources",
    author = "ten Hacken, Pius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/67.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cappelli-etal-2002-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Mining and Discovery for Searching in Literary Texts",
    author = "Cappelli, A.  and
      Catarsi, M. N.  and
      Michelassi, P.  and
      Moretti, L.  and
      Baglioni, M.  and
      Turini, F.  and
      Tavoni, M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/68.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lavelli-etal-2002-sissa,
    title = "{S}i{SSA}: An Infrastructure for Developing {NLP} Applications",
    author = "Lavelli, Alberto  and
      Pianesi, Fabio  and
      Maci, Ermanno  and
      Prodanof, Irina  and
      Dini, Luca  and
      Mazzini, Giampaolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/69.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{simov-etal-2002-building,
    title = "Building a Linguistically Interpreted Corpus of {B}ulgarian: the {B}ul{T}ree{B}ank",
    author = "Simov, Kiril  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Slavcheva, Milena  and
      Kolkovska, Sia  and
      Balabanova, Elisaveta  and
      Doikoff, Dimitar  and
      Ivanova, Krassimira  and
      Simov, Alexander  and
      Kouylekov, Milen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/70.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-wouden-etal-2002-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Analysis in the Spoken {D}utch Corpus ({CGN})",
    author = "van der Wouden, Ton  and
      Hoekstra, Heleen  and
      Moortgat, Michael  and
      Renmans, Bram  and
      Schuurman, Ineke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/71.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-belis-etal-2002-electronic,
    title = "Electronic Dictionaries - from Publisher Data to a Distribution Server: the {D}ico{P}ro, {D}ico{E}ast and {RERO} Projects",
    author = "Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Armstrong, Susan  and
      Robert, Gilbert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/72.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kunze-lemnitzer-2002-germanet,
    title = "{G}erma{N}et - representation, visualization, application",
    author = "Kunze, Claudia  and
      Lemnitzer, Lothar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/73.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{geutner-etal-2002-design,
    title = "Design of the {VICO} Spoken Dialogue System: Evaluation of User Expectations by Wizard-of-{O}z Experiments",
    author = "Geutner, Petra  and
      Steffens, Frank  and
      Manstetten, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/74.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mana-corazzari-2002-lexico,
    title = "The Lexico-semantic Annotation of an {I}talian Treebank",
    author = "Mana, Nadia  and
      Corazzari, Ornella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/75.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{magnini-etal-2002-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Evaluation of Question/Answering Systems",
    author = "Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Prevete, Roberto  and
      Tanev, Hristo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/76.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rajman-hartley-2002-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Ranking of {MT} Systems",
    author = "Rajman, Martin  and
      Hartley, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/77.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bentivogli-pianta-2002-opportunistic,
    title = "Opportunistic Semantic Tagging",
    author = "Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Pianta, Emanuele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/78.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pollak-hanzl-2002-tool,
    title = "Tool for {C}zech Pronunciation Generation Combining Fixed Rules with Pronunciation Lexicon and Lexicon Management Tool",
    author = "Poll{\'a}k, Petr  and
      Han{\v{z}}l, V{\'a}clav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/79.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rose-etal-2002-reuters,
    title = "The {R}euters Corpus Volume 1 -from Yesterday{'}s News to Tomorrow{'}s Language Resources",
    author = "Rose, Tony  and
      Stevenson, Mark  and
      Whitehead, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/80.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dutilh-kruyt-2002-implementation,
    title = "Implementation and Evaluation of {PAROLE} {P}o{S} in a National Context",
    author = "Dutilh, Tilly  and
      Kruyt, Truus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/81.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zabokrtsky-etal-2002-machine,
    title = "A Machine Learning Approach to Automatic Functor Assignment in the {P}rague Dependency Treebank",
    author = "{\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k  and
      Sgall, Petr  and
      D{\v{z}}eroski, Sa{\v{s}}o",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/82.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tiberius-2002-build,
    title = "How to build a multilingual inheritance-based lexicon",
    author = "Tiberius, Carole",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/83.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tiberius-etal-2002-typological,
    title = "A typological database of agreement",
    author = "Tiberius, Carole  and
      Brown, Dunstan  and
      Corbett, Greville",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/84.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2002-web,
    title = "The Web as a Resource for Question Answering: Perspectives and Challenges",
    author = "Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/85.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shimohata-sumita-2002-automatic,
    title = "Automatic paraphrasing based on parallel corpus for normalization",
    author = "Shimohata, Mitsuo  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/86.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lazzari-2002-speech,
    title = "Speech to Speech Translation: Present and Future Challenges",
    author = "Lazzari, Gianni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/87.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kopecek-pala-2002-databases,
    title = "Databases of Heterogeneous Segments for Concatenative Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Kope{\v{c}}ek, Ivan  and
      Pala, Karel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/88.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zgank-etal-2002-preliminary,
    title = "Preliminary Evaluation of {S}lovenian Mobile Database {P}oli{D}at",
    author = "{\v{Z}}gank, Andrej  and
      Ka{\v{c}}i{\v{c}}, Zdravko  and
      Horvat, Bogomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/89.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{poibeau-etal-2002-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating resource acquisition tools for Information Extraction",
    author = "Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Dutoit, Dominique  and
      Bizouard, Sophie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/90.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dutoit-nugues-2002-algorithm,
    title = "An Algorithm to Find Words from Definitions",
    author = "Dutoit, Dominique  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/91.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rudzionis-rudzionis-2002-lithuanian,
    title = "{L}ithuanian Speech Database {LTDIGITS}",
    author = "Rudzionis, Algimantas  and
      Rudzionis, Vytautas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/92.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ferret-etal-2002-building,
    title = "Building domain specific lexical hierarchies from corpora",
    author = "Ferret, Olivier  and
      Fluhr, Christian  and
      Rousseau-Hans, Fran{\c{c}}oise  and
      Simoni, Jean-Luc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/93.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{daelemans-hoste-2002-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Machine Learning Methods for Natural Language Processing Tasks",
    author = "Daelemans, Walter  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/94.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rullen-blache-2002-evaluation,
    title = "An evaluation of different symbolic shallow parsing techniques",
    author = "Rullen, Tristan Van  and
      Blache, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/95.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{buhmann-etal-2002-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of prominent words, prosodic boundaries and segmental lengthening by non-expert transcribers in the Spoken {D}utch Corpus",
    author = "Buhmann, Jeska  and
      Caspers, Johanneke  and
      van Heuven, Vincent J.  and
      Hoekstra, Heleen  and
      Martens, Jean-Pierre  and
      Swerts, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/96.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{martens-etal-2002-word,
    title = "Word Segmentation in the Spoken {D}utch Corpus",
    author = "Martens, Jean-Pierre  and
      Binnenpoorte, Diana  and
      Demuynck, Kris  and
      Parys, Ruben Van  and
      Laureys, Tom  and
      Goedertier, Wim  and
      Duchateau, Jacques",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/97.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{oostdijk-etal-2002-experiences,
    title = "Experiences from the Spoken {D}utch Corpus Project",
    author = "Oostdijk, Nelleke  and
      Goedertier, Wim  and
      van Eynde, Frank  and
      Boves, Louis  and
      Martens, Jean-Pierre  and
      Moortgat, Michael  and
      Baayen, Harald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/98.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mikros-2002-quantitative,
    title = "Quantitative parameters in corpus design: Estimating the optimum text size in Modern {G}reek language",
    author = "Mikros, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/99.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bouillon-etal-2002-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of Qualia Elements from Corpora - Evaluation of a Symbolic Learning Method",
    author = "Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Claveau, Vincent  and
      Fabre, C{\'e}cile  and
      S{\'e}billot, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/100.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{savino-etal-2002-methods,
    title = "Methods and Tools for Prosodic Analysis of a Spoken {I}talian Corpus",
    author = "Savino, Michelina  and
      Refice, Mario  and
      Daleno, Domenico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/101.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lemon-gruenstein-2002-language,
    title = "Language Resources for Multi-Modal Dialogue Systems.",
    author = "Lemon, Oliver  and
      Gruenstein, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/102.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{widdows-etal-2002-using,
    title = "Using Parallel Corpora to enrich Multilingual Lexical Resources",
    author = "Widdows, Dominic  and
      Dorow, Beate  and
      Chan, Chiu-Ki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/103.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{llitjos-black-2002-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation and collection of proper name pronunciations online",
    author = "Llitj{\'o}s, Ariadna Font  and
      Black, Alan W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/104.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tanabe-etal-2002-modal,
    title = "Modal Expressions in Natural Language Sentence and Their Similarity",
    author = "Tanabe, Toshifumi  and
      Koyama, Yasuo  and
      Yoshimura, Kenji  and
      Shudo, Kosho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/105.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alsina-etal-2002-catcg,
    title = "{CATCG}: a general purpose parsing tool applied",
    author = "Alsina, Alex  and
      Badia, Toni  and
      Boleda, Gemma  and
      Bott, Stefan  and
      Gil, {\`A}ngel  and
      Quixal, Mart{\'\i}  and
      Valent{\'\i}n, Oriol",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/106.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{raake-2002-content,
    title = "Does the Content of Speech Influence its Perceived Sound Quality?",
    author = "Raake, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/107.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ward-2002-issues,
    title = "Issues in the design, construction and use of Language Resources ({LR}) for Endangered Languages (Els)",
    author = "Ward, Monica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/108.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-van-genabith-2002-tts,
    title = "{TTS} - A Treebank Tool Suite",
    author = "Cahill, Aoife  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/109.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{muhr-etal-2002-pronouncing,
    title = "The Pronouncing Dictionary of {A}ustrian {G}erman and the other Major Varieties of {G}erman - A Phonetic Resources Database on the Pronunciation of {G}erman",
    author = {Muhr, Rudolf  and
      H{\"o}lrdich, Robert  and
      W{\"a}chter-Kollpache, Eva},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/110.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nicolas-etal-2002-towards,
    title = "Towards a large corpus of spoken dialogue in {F}rench that will be freely available: the {``}Parole Publique{''} project and its first realisations",
    author = "Nicolas, Pascale  and
      Letellier-Zarshenas, Sabine  and
      Schadle, Igor  and
      Antoine, Jean-Yves  and
      Caelen, Jean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/111.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cassidy-2002-xquery,
    title = "{XQ}uery as an Annotation Query Language: a Use Case Analysis",
    author = "Cassidy, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/112.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{orasan-krishnamurthy-2002-corpus,
    title = "A corpus-based investigation of junk emails",
    author = "Orasan, Constantin  and
      Krishnamurthy, Ramesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/113.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{orasan-2002-building,
    title = "Building annotated resources for automatic text summarisation",
    author = "Orasan, Constantin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/114.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bowker-bennison-2002-translation,
    title = "Translation Tracking System: A tool for managing translation archives",
    author = "Bowker, Lynne  and
      Bennison, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/115.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{steiner-kallmeyer-2002-viqtorya,
    title = "{VIQTORYA} {--} A Visual Query Tool for Syntactically Annotated Corpora",
    author = "Steiner, Ilona  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/116.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-etal-2002-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Lexical Knowledge for Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo  and
      Ishikawa, Tomonori  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/117.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maxwell-2002-resources,
    title = "Resources for Morphology Learning and Evaluation",
    author = "Maxwell, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/118.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nobata-etal-2002-summarization,
    title = "Summarization System Integrated with Named Entity Tagging and {IE} pattern Discovery",
    author = "Nobata, Chikashi  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/119.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sekine-etal-2002-extended,
    title = "Extended Named Entity Hierarchy",
    author = "Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Sudo, Kiyoshi  and
      Nobata, Chikashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/120.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{campbell-2002-recording,
    title = "Recording techniques for capturing natural every-day speech",
    author = "Campbell, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/121.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{matsumoto-tanaka-2002-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Alignment of {J}apanese and {E}nglish Newspaper Articles using an {MT} System and a Bilingual Company Name Dictionary",
    author = "Matsumoto, Kenji  and
      Tanaka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/122.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shirai-etal-2002-towards,
    title = "Towards a Thesaurus of Predicates",
    author = "Shirai, Satoshi  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/123.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2002-speech,
    title = "Speech Information Technology {\&} Industry Promotion Center in Korea: Activities and Directions",
    author = "Lee, Yong-Ju  and
      Kim, Bong-Wan  and
      Um, Yongnam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/124.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gedge-etal-2002-database,
    title = "Database Adaptation for Speech Recognition in Cross-Environmental Conditions",
    author = "Gedge, Oren  and
      Couvreur, Christophe  and
      Linhard, Klaus  and
      Shammass, Shaunie  and
      Moyal, Ami",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/125.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maragoudakis-etal-2002-combining,
    title = "Combining {B}ayesian and Support Vector Machines Learning to automatically complete Syntactical Information for {HPSG}-like Formalisms",
    author = "Maragoudakis, Manolis  and
      Kermanidis, Katia  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos  and
      Kokkinakis, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/126.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{yasuda-etal-2002-automatic,
    title = "Automatic machine translation selection scheme to output the best result",
    author = "Yasuda, Keiji  and
      Sugaya, Fumiaki  and
      Takezawa, Toshiyuki  and
      Yamamoto, Seiichi  and
      Yanagida, Masuzo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/127.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{thanopoulos-etal-2002-comparative,
    title = "Comparative Evaluation of Collocation Extraction Metrics",
    author = "Thanopoulos, Aristomenis  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos  and
      Kokkinakis, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/128.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{laprun-etal-2002-pratical,
    title = "A Pratical Introduction to {ATLAS}",
    author = "Laprun, Christophe  and
      Fiscus, Jonathan G.  and
      Garofolo, John  and
      Pajot, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/129.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{garofolo-etal-2002-nist,
    title = "{NIST} Rich Transcription 2002 Evaluation: A Preview",
    author = "Garofolo, John  and
      Fiscus, Jonathan G.  and
      Martin, Alvin  and
      Pallett, David  and
      Przybocki, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/130.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-etal-2002-integrating,
    title = "Integrating {S}panish Linguistic Resources in a Web Site Assistant",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez, Paloma  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Serrano, Ana  and
      Ruiz-Cristina, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/131.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dalli-2002-creation,
    title = "Creation and Evaluation of Extensible Language Resources for {M}altese",
    author = "Dalli, Angelo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/132.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{grefenstette-etal-2002-expanding,
    title = "Expanding lexicons by inducing paradigms and validating attested forms",
    author = "Grefenstette, Gregory  and
      Qu, Yan  and
      Evans, David A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/133.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-2002-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation on Paraphrased Corpora",
    author = "Watanabe, Taro  and
      Shimohata, Mitsuo  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/134.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bia-quero-2002-building,
    title = "Building ancient {S}panish dictionaries for spell-checking of {DL} texts",
    author = "Bia, Alejandro  and
      Quero, Manuel S{\'a}nchez",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/135.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kashioka-2002-translation,
    title = "Translation Unit Concerning Timing of Simultaneous Translation",
    author = "Kashioka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/136.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{narita-etal-2002-web,
    title = "A Web-based {E}nglish Abstract Writing Tool Using a Tagged E-J Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Narita, Masumi  and
      Kurokawa, Kazuya  and
      Utsuro, Takehito",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/137.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ribeiro-etal-2002-morphosyntactic,
    title = "Morphosyntactic Disambiguation for {TTS} Systems",
    author = "Ribeiro, Ricardo  and
      Oliveira, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Trancoso, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/138.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fillmore-etal-2002-seeing,
    title = "Seeing Arguments through Transparent Structures",
    author = "Fillmore, Charles J.  and
      Baker, Collin F.  and
      Sato, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/139.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fillmore-etal-2002-framenet,
    title = "The {F}rame{N}et Database and Software Tools",
    author = "Fillmore, Charles J.  and
      Baker, Collin F.  and
      Sato, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/140.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2002-models,
    title = "Models and Tools for Collaborative Annotation",
    author = "Ma, Xiaoyi  and
      Lee, Haejoong  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Maeda, Kazuaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/141.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{toledano-gomez-2002-hmms,
    title = "{HMM}s for Automatic Phonetic Segmentation",
    author = "Toledano, Doroteo Torre  and
      G{\'o}mez, Luis A. Hern{\'a}ndez",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/142.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hastie-etal-2002-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation: Using a {DATE} Dialogue Act Tagger for User Satisfaction and Task Completion Prediction",
    author = "Hastie, Helen Wright  and
      Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/143.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bel-etal-2002-design,
    title = "Design and Evaluation of a {SLDS} for E-Mail Access through the Telephone",
    author = "Bel, Nuria  and
      Caminero, Javier  and
      Hern{\'a}ndez, Luis  and
      Marim{\'o}n, Montserrat  and
      Morles{\'\i}n, Jos{\'e} F.  and
      Otero, Josep M.  and
      Rela{\~n}o, Jos{\'e}  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, M. Carmen  and
      Ruz, Pedro M.  and
      Tapias, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/144.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{copestake-etal-2002-multiword,
    title = "Multiword expressions: linguistic precision and reusability",
    author = "Copestake, Ann  and
      Lambeau, Fabre  and
      Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Sag, Ivan A.  and
      Flickinger, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/145.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tsuji-etal-2002-extracting,
    title = "Extracting {F}rench-{J}apanese Word Pairs from Bilingual Corpora based on Transliteration Rules",
    author = "Tsuji, Keita  and
      Daille, Beatrice  and
      Kageura, Kyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/146.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ui-dhonnchadha-2002-two,
    title = "A Two-level Morphological Analyser and Generator for Irish using Finite-State Transducers",
    author = "U{\'\i} Dhonnchadha, Elaine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/147.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{muresan-klavans-2002-method,
    title = "A Method for Automatically Building and Evaluating Dictionary Resources",
    author = "Muresan, Smaranda  and
      Klavans, Judith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/148.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{seretan-cristea-2002-use,
    title = "The Use of Referential Constraints in Structuring Discourse",
    author = "Seretan, Violeta  and
      Cristea, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/149.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shirai-2002-construction,
    title = "Construction of a Word Sense Tagged Corpus for {SENSEVAL}-2 {J}apanese Dictionary Task",
    author = "Shirai, Kiyoaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/150.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2002-development,
    title = "Development and Evaluation of a {K}orean Treebank and its Application to {NLP}",
    author = "Han, Chung-hye  and
      Han, Na-Rae  and
      Ko, Eon-Suk  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/151.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kinyon-prolo-2002-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Verb Arguments and their Syntactic Function in the {P}enn Treebank",
    author = "Kinyon, Alexandra  and
      Prolo, Carlos A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/152.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mokhtari-campbell-2002-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Acoustic Centres of Reliability for Tagging Paralinguistic Information in Expressive Speech",
    author = "Mokhtari, Parham  and
      Campbell, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/153.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{oh-etal-2002-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation with Information Retrieval Technique",
    author = "Oh, Jong-Hoon  and
      Shin, Saim  and
      Choi, Yong-Seok  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/154.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{minematsu-etal-2002-english,
    title = "{E}nglish Speech Database Read by {J}apanese Learners for {CALL} System Development",
    author = "Minematsu, N.  and
      Tomiyama, Y.  and
      Yoshimoto, K.  and
      Shimizu, K.  and
      Nakagawa, S.  and
      Dantsuji, M.  and
      Makino, S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/155.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{costantini-etal-2002-nespole,
    title = "{NESPOLE}!{'}s Multilingual and Multimodal Corpus",
    author = "Costantini, Erica  and
      Burger, Susanne  and
      Pianesi, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/156.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-etal-2002-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Information for Automatic Indexing of Multimedia Material",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio  and
      Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Maynard, Diana  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Hamza, Oana  and
      Ursu, Christian  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/157.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-etal-2002-developing,
    title = "Developing Infrastructure for the Evaluation of Single and Multi-document Summarization Systems in a Cross-lingual Environment",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio  and
      Radev, Dragomir  and
      Teufel, Simone  and
      Lam, Wai  and
      Strassel, Stephanie M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/158.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{papageorgiou-etal-2002-multi,
    title = "Multi-level {XML}-based Corpus Annotation",
    author = "Papageorgiou, Harris  and
      Prokopidis, Prokopis  and
      Giouli, Voula  and
      Demiros, Iason  and
      Konstantinidis, Alexis  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/159.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hoge-2002-project,
    title = "Project Proposal {TC}-{STAR} - Make Speech to Speech Translation Real",
    author = {H{\"o}ge, Harald},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/160.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{boguslavsky-etal-2002-development,
    title = "Development of a Dependency Treebank for {R}ussian and its Possible Applications in {NLP}",
    author = "Boguslavsky, Igor  and
      Chardin, Ivan  and
      Grigorieva, Svetlana  and
      Grigoriev, Nikolai  and
      Iomdin, Leonid  and
      Kreidlin, Leonid  and
      Frid, Nadezhda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/161.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rapp-strube-2002-iterative,
    title = "An Iterative Data Collection Approach for Multimodal Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Rapp, Stefan  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/162.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{peters-braschler-2002-importance,
    title = "The Importance of Evaluation for Cross-Language System Development: the {CLEF} Experience",
    author = "Peters, Carol  and
      Braschler, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/163.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{munoz-etal-2002-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual alignment of anaphoric expressions",
    author = "Mu{\~n}oz, R.  and
      Mitkov, R.  and
      Palomar, M.  and
      Peral, J.  and
      Evans, R.  and
      Moreno, L.  and
      Orasan, C.  and
      Saiz-Noeda, M.  and
      Ferr{\'a}ndez, A.  and
      Barbu, C.  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Barco, P.  and
      Su{\'a}rez, A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/164.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kaalep-muischnek-2002-using,
    title = "Using the Text Corpus to Create a Comprehensive List of Phrasal Verbs",
    author = "Kaalep, Heiki-Jaan  and
      Muischnek, Kadri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/165.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{raileanu-etal-2002-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Corpora for Sense Disambiguation in the Medical Domain",
    author = {Raileanu, Diana  and
      Buitelaar, Paul  and
      Vintar, Spela  and
      Bay, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/166.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vintar-etal-2002-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient and Flexible Format for Linguistic and Semantic Annotation",
    author = {Vintar, {\v{S}}pela  and
      Buitelaar, Paul  and
      Ripplinger, B{\"a}rbel  and
      Sacaleanu, Bogdan  and
      Raileanu, Diana  and
      Prescher, Detlef},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/167.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{stranakova-lopatkova-zabokrtsky-2002-valency,
    title = "Valency Dictionary of {C}zech Verbs: Complex Tectogrammatical Annotation",
    author = "Stra{\v{n}}{\'a}kov{\'a}-Lopatkov{\'a}, Mark{\'e}ta  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\u{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/168.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pearce-2002-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Evaluation of Collocation Extraction Techniques",
    author = "Pearce, Darren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/169.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tadic-2002-building,
    title = "Building the {C}roatian National Corpus",
    author = "Tadi{\'c}, Marko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/170.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{trippel-gibbon-2002-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Driven Concordancing: the {PAX} Toolkit",
    author = "Trippel, Thorsten  and
      Gibbon, Dafydd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/171.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kermanidis-etal-2002-delos,
    title = "{DELOS}: An Automatically Tagged Economic Corpus for Modern {G}reek",
    author = "Kermanidis, Katia Lida  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos  and
      Kokkinakis, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/172.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-heuvel-etal-2002-give,
    title = "Give me a bug. a framework for a bug report service",
    author = {van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      H{\"o}ge, Harald},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/173.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hozjan-etal-2002-interface,
    title = "Interface Databases: Design and Collection of a Multilingual Emotional Speech Database",
    author = "Hozjan, Vladimir  and
      Kacic, Zdravko  and
      Moreno, Asunci{\'o}n  and
      Bonafonte, Antonio  and
      Nogueiras, Albino",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/174.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hozjan-kacic-2002-objective,
    title = "Objective analysis of emotional speech for {E}nglish and {S}lovenian Interface emotional speech databases",
    author = "Hozjan, Vladimir  and
      Kacic, Zdravko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/175.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{biatov-kohler-2002-methods,
    title = "Methods and Tools for Speech Data Acquisition exploiting a Database of {G}erman Parliamentary Speeches and Transcripts from the {I}nternet",
    author = {Biatov, Konstantin  and
      K{\"o}hler, Joachim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/176.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{iskra-etal-2002-speecon,
    title = "{SPEECON} {--} Speech Databases for Consumer Devices: Database Specification and Validation",
    author = "Iskra, Dorota  and
      Grosskopf, Beate  and
      Marasek, Krzysztof  and
      van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      Diehl, Frank  and
      Kiessling, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/177.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dowdall-etal-2002-technical,
    title = "Technical Terminology as a Critical Resource",
    author = "Dowdall, James  and
      Hess, Michael  and
      Kahusk, Neeme  and
      Kaljurand, Kaarel  and
      Koit, Mare  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio  and
      Vider, Kadri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/178.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lenz-storrer-2002-converting,
    title = "Converting a Corpus into a Hypertext: An Approach Using {XML} Topic Maps and {XSLT}",
    author = "Lenz, Eva Anna  and
      Storrer, Angelika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/179.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{domeij-etal-2002-different,
    title = "Different Ways of Evaluating a {S}wedish Grammar Checker",
    author = "Domeij, Rickard  and
      Knutsson, Ola  and
      Eklundh, Kerstin Severinson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/180.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moreno-ortiz-etal-2002-new,
    title = "New Developments in Ontological Semantics",
    author = "Moreno Ortiz, Antonio  and
      Raskin, Victor  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/181.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{todirascu-etal-2002-towards,
    title = "Towards Reusable {NLP} Components",
    author = "Todirascu, Amalia  and
      Kow, Eric  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/182.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{preiss-etal-2002-subcategorization,
    title = "Subcategorization Acquisition as an Evaluation Method for {WSD}",
    author = "Preiss, Judita  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/183.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hara-yasunaga-2002-resource,
    title = "Resource Sharing System for Humanity Researches",
    author = "Hara, Shoichiro  and
      Yasunaga, Hisashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/184.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{benabbou-etal-2002-study,
    title = "Study and quantification of the declination for the {A}rabic speech synthesis system {PARADIS}.",
    author = "Benabbou, A.  and
      Chenfour, N.  and
      Mouradi, A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/185.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rojc-etal-2002-design,
    title = "Design and Implementation of the {S}lovenian Phonetic and Morphology Lexicons for the Use in Spoken Language Applications",
    author = "Rojc, Matej  and
      Ka{\v{c}}i{\v{c}}, Zdravko  and
      Verdonik, Darinka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/186.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hathout-tanguy-2002-webaffix,
    title = "{W}ebaffix: Discovering Morphological Links on the {WWW}",
    author = "Hathout, Nabil  and
      Tanguy, Ludovic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/187.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{loukachevitch-dobrov-2002-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Thesaurus on Sociopolitical Life as Information-Retrieval Tool",
    author = "Loukachevitch, Natalia V.  and
      Dobrov, Boris V.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/188.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hathout-2002-wordnet,
    title = "From {W}ord{N}et to {CELEX}: acquiring morphological links from dictionaries of synonyms",
    author = "Hathout, Nabil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/189.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{heid-etal-2002-using,
    title = "Using Descriptive Generalisations in the Acquisition of Lexical Data for Word Formation",
    author = {Heid, Ulrich  and
      S{\"a}uberlich, Bettina  and
      Fitschen, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/190.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{asahara-etal-2002-use,
    title = "Use of {XML} and Relational Databases for Consistent Development and Maintenance of Lexicons and Annotated Corpora",
    author = "Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Yoneda, Ryuichi  and
      Yamashita, Akiko  and
      Den, Yasuharu  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/191.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pecchia-etal-2002-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic and Computational Problems for the Creation of an {I}talian Children{'}s Corpus of Spoken Language",
    author = "Pecchia, Laura  and
      Cappelli, Giuseppe  and
      Guazzini, Elisabetta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/192.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ahrenberg-etal-2002-system,
    title = "A System for Incremental and Interactive Word Linking",
    author = "Ahrenberg, Lars  and
      Andersson, Mikael  and
      Merkel, Magnus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/193.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ribarov-2002-old,
    title = "Old Sources and Modern Procedures: Computer Processing of Old-Church {S}lavonic",
    author = "Ribarov, Kiril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/194.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rio-2002-compiling,
    title = "Compiling an Interactive Literary Translation Web Site for Education Purposes",
    author = "R{\'\i}o, Jos{\'e} Miguel Aguilar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/195.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hamon-hu-2002-evaluate,
    title = "How to evaluate necessary cooperative systems of terminology building?",
    author = "Hamon, Thierry  and
      H{\^u}, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/196.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ruimy-etal-2002-clips,
    title = "{CLIPS}, a Multi-level {I}talian Computational Lexicon: a Glimpse to Data",
    author = "Ruimy, Nilda  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Distante, Raffaella  and
      Guazzini, Elisabetta  and
      Molino, Stefano  and
      Ulivieri, Marisa  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Zampolli, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/197.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{salmon-alt-vieira-2002-nominal,
    title = "Nominal Expressions in Multilingual Corpora: Definites and Demonstratives",
    author = "Salmon-Alt, Susanne  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/198.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jarborg-etal-2002-lexical,
    title = "Lexical and Textual Resources for Sense Recognition and Description",
    author = {J{\"a}rborg, Jerker  and
      Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Gronostaj, Maria Toporowska},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/199.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{artola-etal-2002-class,
    title = "A Class Library for the Integration of {NLP} Tools: Definition and implementation of an Abstract Data Type Collection for the manipulation of {SGML} documents in a context of stand-off linguistic annotation",
    author = "Artola, X.  and
      D{\'\i}az de Ilarraza, A.  and
      Ezeiza, N.  and
      Gojenola, K.  and
      Hern{\'a}ndez, G.  and
      Soroa, A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/200.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{oravecz-dienes-2002-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Stochastic Part-of-Speech Tagging for {H}ungarian",
    author = "Oravecz, Csaba  and
      Dienes, P{\'e}ter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/201.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kermes-evert-2002-yac,
    title = "{YAC} - A Recursive Chunker for Unrestricted {G}erman Text",
    author = "Kermes, Hannah  and
      Evert, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/202.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{eguchi-etal-2002-sensitivity,
    title = "Sensitivity of {IR} systems Evaluation to Topic Difficulty",
    author = "Eguchi, Koji  and
      Kuriyama, Kazuko  and
      Kando, Noriko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/203.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-gaizauskas-2002-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms for Prepositional Phrase Attachment",
    author = "Mitchell, Brian  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/204.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cristea-etal-2002-ar,
    title = "{AR}-Engine - a framework for unrestricted co-reference resolution",
    author = "Cristea, Dan  and
      Postolache, Oana-Diana  and
      Dima, Gabriela-Eugenia  and
      Barbu, C{\u{a}}t{\u{a}}lina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/205.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{barbu-etal-2002-corpus,
    title = "A corpus based investigation of morphological disagreement in anaphoric relations",
    author = "Barbu, C{\u{a}}t{\u{a}}lina  and
      Evans, Richard  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/206.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{barbu-2002-error,
    title = "Error analysis in anaphora resolution",
    author = "Barbu, C{\u{a}}t{\u{a}}lina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/207.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{antoine-etal-2002-predictive,
    title = "Predictive and objective evaluation of speech understanding: the {``}challenge{''} evaluation campaign of the I3 speech workgroup of the {F}rench {CNRS}",
    author = "Antoine, Jean-Yves  and
      Bousquet-Vernhettes, Caroline  and
      Goulian, J{\'e}r{\^o}me  and
      Kurdi, Mohamed Zakaria  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Vigouroux, Nadine  and
      Villaneau, Jeanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/208.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moortgat-moot-2002-using,
    title = "Using the Spoken {D}utch Corpus for type-logical grammar induction",
    author = "Moortgat, Michael  and
      Moot, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/209.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-paggio-2002-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Lexical Resources Applied to Content-based Querying - the {O}nto{Q}uery Project",
    author = "Pedersen, Bolette S.  and
      Paggio, Patrizia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/210.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{petasis-etal-2002-ellogon,
    title = "{E}llogon: A New Text Engineering Platform",
    author = "Petasis, Georgios  and
      Karkaletsis, Vangelis  and
      Paliouras, Georgios  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion  and
      Spyropoulos, Constantine D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/211.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{valderrabanos-etal-2002-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Terminology Extraction and Validation",
    author = "Valderr{\'a}banos, Antonio S.  and
      Belskis, Alexander  and
      Moreno, Luis Iraola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/212.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dybkjaer-bernsen-2002-natural,
    title = "Natural Interactivity Resources {--} Data, Annotation Schemes and Tools",
    author = "Dybkj{\ae}r, Laila  and
      Bernsen, Niels Ole",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/213.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bernsen-etal-2002-nite,
    title = "{THE} {NITE} {WORKBENCH}. A Tool for Annotation of Natural Interactivity and Multimodal Data",
    author = "Bernsen, Niels Ole  and
      Dybkj{\ae}r, Laila  and
      Kolodnytsky, Mykola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/214.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tablan-etal-2002-unicode,
    title = "A {U}nicode-based Environment for Creation and Use of Language Resources",
    author = "Tablan, Valentin  and
      Ursu, Cristian  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Maynard, Diana  and
      Hamza, Oana  and
      McEnery, Tony  and
      Baker, Paul  and
      Leisher, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/215.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{farmakiotou-etal-2002-patedit,
    title = "{P}at{E}dit: An Information Extraction Pattern Editor for Fast System Customization",
    author = "Farmakiotou, Dimitra  and
      Karkaletsis, Vangelis  and
      Koutsias, Ioannis  and
      Petasis, George  and
      Spyropoulos, Constantine D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/216.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{varadi-2002-hungarian,
    title = "The {H}ungarian National Corpus",
    author = "V{\'a}radi, Tam{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/217.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{clough-etal-2002-building,
    title = "Building and annotating a corpus for the study of journalistic text reuse",
    author = "Clough, Paul  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Piao, S. L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/218.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brugman-etal-2002-multimedia,
    title = "Multimedia Annotation with Multilingual Input Methods and Search Support",
    author = "Brugman, Hennie  and
      Spenke, Harriet  and
      Kramer, Markus  and
      Klassmann, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/219.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wittenburg-etal-2002-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Lexical Structures from Field Linguistics and Language Engineering",
    author = "Wittenburg, P.  and
      Peters, W.  and
      Drude, S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/220.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wittenburg-etal-2002-methods,
    title = "Methods of Language Documentation in the {DOBES} project",
    author = "Wittenburg, P.  and
      Mosel, U.  and
      Dwyer, A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/221.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wittenburg-etal-2002-metadata,
    title = "Metadata Proposals for Corpora and Lexica",
    author = "Wittenburg, P.  and
      Peters, W.  and
      Broeder, D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/222.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wittenburg-etal-2002-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Annotations in Gesture and Sign Language Studies",
    author = "Wittenburg, P.  and
      Levinson, St.  and
      Kita, S.  and
      Brugman, H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/223.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{broeder-etal-2002-metadata,
    title = "Metadata Tools Supporting Controlled Vocabulary Services",
    author = "Broeder, Daan  and
      Offenga, Freddy  and
      Willems, Don",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/224.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{broeder-etal-2002-lrep,
    title = "{LREP}: A Language Repository Exchange Protocol",
    author = "Broeder, Daan  and
      Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/225.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hagege-roux-2002-robust,
    title = "A Robust and Flexible Platform for Dependency Extraction",
    author = "Hag{\`e}ge, Caroline  and
      Roux, Claude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/226.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schmitz-2002-subject,
    title = "Subject-field-specific Ontologies and Terminologies for the Web Community",
    author = "Schmitz, Klaus-Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/227.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{whittaker-etal-2002-fish,
    title = "Fish or Fowl:A Wizard of {O}z Evaluation of Dialogue Strategies in the Restaurant Domain",
    author = "Whittaker, Steve  and
      Walker, Marilyn  and
      Moore, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/228.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{roventini-etal-2002-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Two Semantic Lexicons, {SIMPLE} and {I}tal{W}ord{N}et: What Can We Gain?",
    author = "Roventini, Adriana  and
      Ulivieri, Marisa  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/229.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{marinelli-roventini-2002-proper,
    title = "Proper Names In A Semantic Database",
    author = "Marinelli, Rita  and
      Roventini, Adriana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/230.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lesmo-lombardo-2002-transformed,
    title = "Transformed Subcategorization Frames in Chunk Parsing",
    author = "Lesmo, Leonardo  and
      Lombardo, Vincenzo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/231.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cavaglia-2002-measuring,
    title = "Measuring corpus homogeneity using a range of measures for inter-document distance",
    author = "Cavagli{\`a}, Gabriela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/232.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{grover-etal-2002-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual {XML}-Based Named Entity Recognition for E-Retail Domains",
    author = "Grover, Claire  and
      McDonald, Scott  and
      Gearailt, Donnla Nic  and
      Karkaletsis, Vangelis  and
      Farmakiotou, Dimitra  and
      Samaritakis, Georgios  and
      Petasis, Georgios  and
      Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Vindigni, Michele  and
      Vichot, Frantz  and
      Wolinski, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/233.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sturm-etal-2002-usability,
    title = "Usability Evaluation of a {D}utch Multimodal System for Train Timetable Information",
    author = "Sturm, Janienke  and
      Bakx, Ilse  and
      Cranen, Bert  and
      Terken, Jacques  and
      Wang, Fusi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/234.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pastra-etal-2002-feasible,
    title = "How feasible is the reuse of grammars for Named Entity Recognition?",
    author = "Pastra, Katerina  and
      Maynard, Diana  and
      Hamza, Oana  and
      Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/235.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{soria-etal-2002-advanced,
    title = "Advanced Tools for the Study of Natural Interactivity",
    author = {Soria, Claudia  and
      Bernsen, Niels Ole  and
      Cad{\'e}e, Niels  and
      Carletta, Jean  and
      Dybkj{\ae}r, Laila  and
      Evert, Stefan  and
      Heid, Ulrich  and
      Isard, Amy  and
      Kolodnytsky, Mykola  and
      Lauer, Christoph  and
      Lezius, Wolfgang  and
      Noldus, Lucas P.J.J.  and
      Pirrelli, Vito  and
      Reithinger, Norbert  and
      V{\"o}gele, Andreas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/236.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cattoni-etal-2002-adam,
    title = "{ADAM}: The {SI}-{TAL} Corpus of Annotated Dialogues",
    author = "Cattoni, Roldano  and
      Danieli, Morena  and
      Sandrini, Vanessa  and
      Soria, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/237.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{baldridge-etal-2002-leo,
    title = "{L}eo: an Architecture for Sharing Resources for Unification-Based Grammars",
    author = "Baldridge, Jason  and
      Dowding, John  and
      Early, Susana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/238.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{spasic-etal-2002-tuning,
    title = "Tuning Context Features with Genetic Algorithms",
    author = "Spasi{\'c}, Irena  and
      Nenadi{\'c}, Goran  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/239.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nenadic-etal-2002-automatic-acronym,
    title = "Automatic Acronym Acquisition and Term Variation Management within Domain-Specific Texts",
    author = "Nenadi{\'c}, Goran  and
      Spasi{\'c}, Irena  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/240.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nimb-2002-adverbs,
    title = "Adverbs in Semantic Lexica for {NLP} - The extension of the {D}anish {SIMPLE} lexicon with Time Adverbs",
    author = "Nimb, Sanni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/241.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hein-etal-2002-scaling,
    title = "Scaling Up an {MT} Prototype for Industrial Use - Databases and Data Flow",
    author = {Hein, Anna S{\aa}gvall  and
      Forsbom, Eva  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Weijnitz, Per  and
      Almqvist, Ingrid  and
      Olsson, Leif-J{\"o}ran  and
      Thaning, Sten},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/242.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{carreras-padro-2002-flexible,
    title = "A Flexible Distributed Architecture for Natural Language Analyzers",
    author = "Carreras, Xavier  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/243.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{picchi-etal-2002-italian,
    title = "{I}talian arabic linguistic tools",
    author = "Picchi, Eugenio  and
      Sassolini, Eva  and
      Nahli, Ouafae  and
      Cucurullo, Sebastiana  and
      Vargas, M. Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/244.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-liberman-2002-language,
    title = "Language Resource Creation and Distribution at the Linguistic Data Consortium: A Progress Report",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      Liberman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/245.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sassen-gibbon-2002-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced Dialogue Markup for Crisis Talk Scenario Resources",
    author = "Sassen, Claudia  and
      Gibbon, Dafydd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/246.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-2002-matslex,
    title = "{M}ats{L}ex - a Multilingual Lexical Database for Machine Translation",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/247.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rzewuska-2002-terminology,
    title = "Terminology Resources in the Context of a Major Translation Project",
    author = "Rzewuska, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/248.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pfitzinger-2002-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Segmental Duration Variation by Local Speech Rate Normalization of Large Spoken Language Resources",
    author = "Pfitzinger, Hartmut R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/249.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{briscoe-carroll-2002-robust,
    title = "Robust Accurate Statistical Annotation of General Text",
    author = "Briscoe, Ted  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/250.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cucchiarini-etal-2002-human,
    title = "A Human Language Technologies Platform for the {D}utch language: awareness, management maintenance and distribution",
    author = "Cucchiarini, Catia  and
      D{'}Halleweyn, Elisabeth  and
      Teunissen, Lisanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/251.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{binnenpoorte-etal-2002-field,
    title = "A Field Survey for Establishing Priorities in the Development of {HLT} Resources for {D}utch",
    author = "Binnenpoorte, D.  and
      De Vriend, F.  and
      Sturm, J.  and
      Daelemans, W.  and
      Strik, H.  and
      Cucchiarini, C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/252.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-serrano-etal-2002-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Dialogue in a Virtual Assistant Interface",
    author = "Garc{\'\i}a-Serrano, Ana M.  and
      Rodrigo-Aguado, Luis  and
      Calle, Javier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/253.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cardenosa-etal-2002-unl,
    title = "The {UNL} System",
    author = "Carde{\~n}osa, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Tovar, Edmundo  and
      Gallardo, Carolina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/254.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maas-etal-2002-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Indexing for Information Retrieval with {AUTINDEX}",
    author = "Maas, Dieter  and
      Nuebel, Rita  and
      Pease, Catherine  and
      Schmidt, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/255.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rosner-2002-future,
    title = "The Future of Maltilex",
    author = "Rosner, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/256.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{calzolari-etal-2002-standards,
    title = "Standards {\&} best practice for multilingual computational lexicons: {ISLE} {MILE} and more{''}",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/257.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{atkins-etal-2002-resources,
    title = "From Resources to Applications. Designing the Multilingual {ISLE} Lexical Entry",
    author = "Atkins, Sue  and
      Bel, Nuria  and
      Bertagna, Francesca  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      MacLeod, Catherine  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Thurmair, Gregor  and
      Villegas, Marta  and
      Zampolli, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/258.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{calzolari-etal-2002-towards,
    title = "Towards Best Practice for Multiword Expressions in Computational Lexicons",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Fillmore, Charles J.  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      Ide, Nancy  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      MacLeod, Catherine  and
      Zampolli, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/259.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lenci-etal-2002-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Summarization by Integrating Linguistic Resources in the {MLIS}-{MUSI} Project",
    author = "Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Bartolini, Roberto  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Agua, Ana  and
      Busemann, Stephan  and
      Cartier, Emmanuel  and
      Chevreau, Karine  and
      Coch, Jos{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/260.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{braasch-2002-current,
    title = "Current Developments of {STO} - the {D}anish Lexicon Project for {NLP} and {HLT} Applications",
    author = "Braasch, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/261.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{frederking-etal-2002-field,
    title = "Field Testing the Tongues Speech-to-Speech Machine Translation System",
    author = "Frederking, Robert E.  and
      Black, Alan W.  and
      Brown, Ralf D.  and
      Moody, John  and
      Steinbrecher, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/262.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hockenmaier-steedman-2002-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Compact Lexicalized Grammars from a Cleaner Treebank",
    author = "Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/263.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{de-vriend-etal-2002-using,
    title = "Using Grammatical Description as a Metalanguage Resource",
    author = "de Vriend, F.  and
      Coppen, P.A.  and
      Haeseryn, W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/264.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{francois-boeffard-2002-greedy,
    title = "The Greedy Algorithm and its Application to the Construction of a Continuous Speech Database",
    author = {Fran{\c{c}}ois, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Bo{\"e}ffard, Olivier},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/265.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hurault-plantet-monceaux-2002-cooperation,
    title = "Cooperation between black box and glass box approaches for the evaluation of a question answering system",
    author = "Hurault-Plantet, Martine  and
      Monceaux, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/266.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cassan-etal-2002-bdcon,
    title = "{BDC}on: A {S}panish knowledge database",
    author = "Cass{\'a}n, Ad{\'a}n  and
      Cervell, Sergi  and
      Colom, Mireia  and
      Mar{\'\i}n, Rafael  and
      Merenciano, Josep M.  and
      P{\'e}rez, Gema  and
      Valent{\'\i}n, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/267.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cassan-etal-2002-step,
    title = "A step forward to hypertext",
    author = "Cass{\'a}n, Ad{\'a}n  and
      Cervell, Sergi  and
      Colom, Mireia  and
      Mar{\'\i}n, Rafael  and
      Merenciano, Josep M.  and
      P{\'e}rez, Gema  and
      Valent{\'\i}n, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/268.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moreno-etal-2002-speechdat,
    title = "{S}peech{D}at across all America: {SALA} {II}",
    author = {Moreno, Asunci{\'o}n  and
      Gedge, Oren  and
      van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      H{\"o}ge, Harald  and
      Horbach, Sabine  and
      Martin, Patricia  and
      Pinto, Elisabeth  and
      Rinc{\'o}n, Antonio  and
      Senia, Franco  and
      Sukkar, Rafid},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/269.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ando-etal-2002-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Associative Attributes from Nouns and Quantitative Expression of Prototype Concept",
    author = "Ando, Maya  and
      Okamoto, Jun  and
      Ishizaki, Shun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/270.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wynne-2002-language,
    title = "The Language Resource Archive of the 21st Century",
    author = "Wynne, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/271.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fourour-etal-2002-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Recognition and Referential Categorization of {F}rench Proper Names",
    author = "Fourour, Nordine  and
      Morin, Emmanuel  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/272.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{matsubara-etal-2002-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Spoken Monologue Corpus for Simultaneous Machine Interpretation Research",
    author = "Matsubara, Shigeki  and
      Takagi, Akira  and
      Kawaguchi, Nobuo  and
      Inagaki, Yasuyoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/273.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{charfuelan-etal-2002-xml,
    title = "A {XML}-based tool for evaluation of {SLDS}",
    author = "Charfuel{\'a}n, Marcela  and
      G{\'o}mez, Luis Hern{\'a}ndez  and
      L{\'o}pez, Cristina Esteban  and
      Hemsen, Holmer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/274.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-de-ipina-etal-2002-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Morphological Segmentation for Continuous Speech Recognition of Basque",
    author = "L{\'o}pez de Ipi{\~n}a, K.  and
      Ezeiza, N.  and
      Bordel, G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/275.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sutcliffe-white-2002-searching,
    title = "Searching via Keywords or Concept Hierarchies - Which is Better?",
    author = "Sutcliffe, Richard F. E.  and
      White, Kieran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/276.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{greghi-etal-2002-diadorim,
    title = "{DIADORIM} - A Lexical Database for {B}razilian {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Greghi, Juliana Galvani  and
      Martins, Ronaldo Teixeira  and
      das Gra{\c{c}}as Volpe Nunes, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/277.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{caballero-etal-2002-multidialectal,
    title = "Multidialectal {S}panish Modeling for {ASR}",
    author = "Caballero, M{\'o}nica  and
      Mari{\~n}o, Jos{\'e} B.  and
      Moreno, Asunci{\'o}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/278.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{monachesi-etal-2002-unified,
    title = "A unified system for accessing typological databases",
    author = "Monachesi, Paola  and
      Dimitriadis, Alexis  and
      Goedemans, Rob  and
      Mineur, Anne-Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/279.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{osolsobe-etal-2002-procedure,
    title = "A Procedure for Word Derivational Processes Concerning Lexicon Extension in Highly Inflected Languages",
    author = "Osolsob{\u{e}}, Kl{\'a}ra  and
      Pala, Karel  and
      Sedl{\'a}{\v{c}}ek, Radek  and
      Veber, Marek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/280.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{uibo-2002-experimental,
    title = "Experimental Two-Level Morphology of {E}stonian",
    author = "Uibo, Heli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/281.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dabbadie-etal-2002-terminological,
    title = "Terminological Enrichment for non-Interactive {MT} Evaluation",
    author = {Dabbadie, Marianne  and
      Hadi, Widad Mustafa El  and
      Timimi, Isma{\"\i}l},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/282.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kingsbury-palmer-2002-treebank,
    title = "From {T}ree{B}ank to {P}rop{B}ank",
    author = "Kingsbury, Paul  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/283.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ballester-etal-2002-combining,
    title = "Combining statistics on n-grams for automatic term recognition",
    author = "Ballester, Almudena  and
      Municio, {\'A}ngel Mart{\'\i}n  and
      Pardos, Fernando  and
      Zamorano, Jordi Porta  and
      Ure{\~n}a, Rafael J. Ruiz  and
      Le{\'o}n, Fernando S{\'a}nchez",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/284.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bird-etal-2002-tabletrans,
    title = "{T}able{T}rans, {M}ulti{T}rans, {I}nter{T}rans and {T}ree{T}rans: Diverse Tools Built on the Annotation Graph Toolkit",
    author = "Bird, Steven  and
      Maeda, Kazuaki  and
      Ma, Xiaoyi  and
      Lee, Haejoong  and
      Randall, Beth  and
      Zayat, Salim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/285.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maeda-etal-2002-creating,
    title = "Creating Annotation Tools with the Annotation Graph Toolkit",
    author = "Maeda, Kazauki  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Ma, Xiaoyi  and
      Lee, Haejoong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/286.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kawaguchi-etal-2002-multi,
    title = "Multi-Dimensional Data Acquisition for Integrated Acoustic Information Research",
    author = "Kawaguchi, Nobuo  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki  and
      Takeda, Kazuya  and
      Itakura, Fumitada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/287.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{devillers-etal-2002-annotations,
    title = "Annotations for Dynamic Diagnosis of the Dialog State",
    author = "Devillers, Laurence  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Bonneau-Maynard, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Lamel, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/288.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{martin-kipp-2002-annotating,
    title = "Annotating and Measuring Multimodal Behaviour {--} Tycoon Metrics in the Anvil Tool",
    author = "Martin, Jean-Claude  and
      Kipp, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/289.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cresti-etal-2002-c,
    title = "The C-{ORAL}-{ROM} Project. New methods for spoken language archives in a multilingual romance corpus",
    author = "Cresti, Emanuela  and
      Moneglia, Massimo  and
      do Nascimento, Fernanda Bacelar  and
      Sandoval, Antonio Moreno  and
      Veronis, Jean  and
      Martin, Philippe  and
      Choukri, Kalid  and
      Mapelli, Valerie  and
      Falavigna, Daniele  and
      Cid, Antonio  and
      Blum, Claude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/290.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-liberman-2002-tides,
    title = "{TIDES} Language Resources: A Resource Map for Translingual Information Access",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      Liberman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/291.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{eickeler-etal-2002-creation,
    title = "Creation of an Annotated {G}erman Broadcast Speech Database for Spoken Document Retrieval",
    author = {Eickeler, Stefan  and
      Larson, Martha  and
      R{\"u}ter, Wolff  and
      K{\"o}hler, Joachim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/292.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{milde-gut-2002-tasx,
    title = "The {TASX}-environment: an {XML}-based toolset for time aligned speech corpora",
    author = "Milde, Jan-Torsten  and
      Gut, Ulrike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/293.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cotton-bird-2002-integrated,
    title = "An integrated framework for treebanks and multilayer annotations",
    author = "Cotton, Scott  and
      Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/294.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{duclaye-etal-2002-using,
    title = "Using the Web as a Linguistic Resource for Learning Reformulations Automatically",
    author = "Duclaye, Florence  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Collin, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/295.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{muller-strube-2002-api,
    title = "An {API} for Discourse-level Access to {XML}-encoded Corpora",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Christoph  and
      Strube, Michael},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/296.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nanba-okumura-2002-examinations,
    title = "Some Examinations of Intrinsic Methods for Summary Evaluation Based on the Text Summarization Challenge ({TSC})",
    author = "Nanba, Hidetsugu  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/297.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kurdi-ahafhaf-2002-toward,
    title = "Toward an objective and generic Method for Spoken Language Understanding Systems Evaluation: an extension of the {DCR} method",
    author = "Kurdi, Mohamed-Zakaria  and
      Ahafhaf, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/298.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{heyer-etal-2002-information,
    title = "Information Extraction from Text Corpora: Using Filters on Collocation Sets",
    author = "Heyer, Gerhard  and
      Quasthoff, Uwe  and
      Wolff, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/299.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-strassel-2002-dasl,
    title = "The {DASL} Project: a Case Study in Data Re-Annotation and Re-Use",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      Strassel, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/300.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{radev-etal-2002-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Web-based Question Answering Systems",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir R.  and
      Qi, Hong  and
      Wu, Harris  and
      Fan, Weiguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/301.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kawahara-etal-2002-construction,
    title = "Construction of a {J}apanese Relevance-tagged Corpus",
    author = "Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Hasida, K{\^o}iti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/302.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ide-etal-2002-american,
    title = "The {A}merican National Corpus: More Than the Web Can Provide",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Reppen, Randi  and
      Suderman, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/303.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{martell-2002-form,
    title = "{FORM}: An Extensible, Kinematically-based Gesture Annotation Scheme.",
    author = "Martell, Craig",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/304.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{takezawa-etal-2002-toward,
    title = "Toward a Broad-coverage Bilingual Corpus for Speech Translation of Travel Conversations in the Real World",
    author = "Takezawa, Toshiyuki  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Sugaya, Fumiaki  and
      Yamamoto, Hirofumi  and
      Yamamoto, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/305.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vanni-miller-2002-scaling,
    title = "Scaling the {ISLE} Framework: Use of Existing Corpus Resources for Validation of {MT} Evaluation Metrics across Languages",
    author = "Vanni, Michelle  and
      Miller, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/306.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ha-2002-learning,
    title = "Learning description of term patterns using glossary resources",
    author = "Ha, Le An",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/307.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{di-eugenio-etal-2002-binomial,
    title = "The binomial cumulative distribution function, or, is my system better than yours?",
    author = "Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Glass, Michael  and
      Scott, Michael J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/308.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{suyaga-etal-2002-proposal,
    title = "Proposal of a very-large-corpus acquisition method by cell-formed registration",
    author = "Suyaga, Fumiaki  and
      Takezawa, Toshiyuki  and
      Kikui, Genichiro  and
      Yamamoto, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/309.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-2002-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Large Sense Tagged Corpora",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/310.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ogino-etal-2002-valence,
    title = "The Valence Patterns of {J}apanese Verbs Extracted From The {EDR} Corpus",
    author = "Ogino, Takano  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Kobayashi, Kazuhiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/311.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{martin-etal-2002-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal and Adaptative Pedagogical Resources",
    author = "Martin, Jean-Claude  and
      R{\'e}ty, Jean-Hugues  and
      Bensimon, Nelly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/312.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-etal-2002-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced {J}apanese Electronic Dictionary Look-up",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Bilac, Slaven  and
      Okumura, Ryo  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/313.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{besancon-rajman-2002-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of a Vector Space Similarity Measure in a Multilingual Framework",
    author = "Besan{\c{c}}on, Romaric  and
      Rajman, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/314.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{yablonsky-2002-corpora,
    title = "Corpora as Object-Oriented System. From {UML}-notation to Implementation",
    author = "Yablonsky, Serge A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/315.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bartolini-etal-2002-lexicon,
    title = "The Lexicon-Grammar Balance in Robust Parsing of {I}talian",
    author = "Bartolini, Roberto  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Pirrelli, Vito",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/316.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jung-2002-humans,
    title = "Humans as Corpus - Language Learning Strategies in Virtually Mediated Authentic Environments",
    author = "Jung, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/317.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{koizumi-etal-2002-annotated,
    title = "An Annotated {J}apanese Sign Language Corpus",
    author = "Koizumi, Atsuko  and
      Sagawa, Hirohiko  and
      Takeuchi, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/318.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{baker-etal-2002-emille,
    title = "{EMILLE}, A 67-Million Word Corpus of Indic Languages: Data Collection, Mark-up and Harmonisation",
    author = "Baker, Paul  and
      Hardie, Andrew  and
      McEnery, Tony  and
      Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Gaizauskas, Rob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/319.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{salmen-2002-multi,
    title = "Multi-Modal Menus And Traffic Interaction. Timing As A Crucial Factor For User Driven Mode Decision",
    author = "Salmen, Angelika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/320.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{orasan-evans-2002-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the difficulty of finding people in texts",
    author = "Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin  and
      Evans, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/321.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{olsen-2002-lemma,
    title = "Lemma selection in domain specific computational lexica - some specific problems",
    author = "Olsen, Sussi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/322.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{proszeky-mihaltz-2002-automatism,
    title = "Automatism and User Interaction: Building a {H}ungarian {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Pr{\'o}sz{\'e}ky, G{\'a}bor  and
      Mih{\'a}ltz, M{\'a}rton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/323.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gendner-2002-comparative,
    title = "Comparative study of oral and written {F}rench automatically tagged with morpho-syntactic information",
    author = "Gendner, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/324.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rambow-etal-2002-dependency,
    title = "A Dependency Treebank for {E}nglish",
    author = "Rambow, Owen  and
      Creswell, Cassandre  and
      Szekely, Rachel  and
      Taber, Harriet  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/325.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ramesh-bagga-2002-text,
    title = "A Text-based for Detection and Filtering of Commercial Segments in Broadcast News",
    author = "Ramesh, Ganesh  and
      Bagga, Amit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/326.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ide-romary-2002-standards,
    title = "Standards for Language Resources",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/327.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{collier-takeuchi-2002-pia,
    title = "{PIA}-Core: Semantic Annotation through Example-based Learning",
    author = "Collier, Nigel  and
      Takeuchi, Koichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/328.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{collier-etal-2002-progress,
    title = "Progress on Multi-lingual Named Entity Annotation Guidelines using {RDF} (S)",
    author = "Collier, Nigel  and
      Takeuchi, Koichi  and
      Nobata, Chikashi  and
      Fukumoto, Junichi  and
      Ogata, Norihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/329.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hanke-2002-ilex,
    title = "i{L}ex - A tool for Sign Language Lexicography and Corpus Analysis",
    author = "Hanke, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/330.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{capstick-etal-2002-collate,
    title = "{COLLATE}: Competence Center in Speech and Language Technology",
    author = "Capstick, Joanne  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Wahlster, Wolfgang  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Erbach, Gregor  and
      Jameson, Anthony  and
      Jorg, Brigitte  and
      Karger, Reinhard  and
      Wegst, Tillmann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/331.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-kakihana-2002-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese and {A}merican Sign Language Dictionary System for {J}apanese and {E}nglish Users",
    author = "Suzuki, Emiko  and
      Kakihana, Kyoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/332.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jakopin-2002-feasibility,
    title = "The feasibility of a complete text corpus",
    author = "Jakopin, Primo{\v{z}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/333.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{macleod-2002-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Annotation for Multi-word Entries Containing Nominalizations",
    author = "Macleod, Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/334.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{huttunen-etal-2002-diversity,
    title = "Diversity of Scenarios in Information extraction",
    author = "Huttunen, Silja  and
      Yangarber, Roman  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/335.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maybury-2002-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Systems, Resources and Evaluation",
    author = "Maybury, Mark T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/336.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kawanami-etal-2002-designing,
    title = "Designing speech database with prosodic variety for expressive {TTS} system",
    author = "Kawanami, Hiromichi  and
      Masuda, Tsuyoshi  and
      Toda, Tomoki  and
      Shikano, Kiyohiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/337.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fujii-etal-2002-producing,
    title = "Producing a Large-scale Encyclopedic Corpus over the Web",
    author = "Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Itou, Katunobu  and
      Ishikawa, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/338.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2002-continuous,
    title = "Continuous Speech Recognition Consortium an Open Repository for {CSR} Tools and Models",
    author = "Lee, Akinobu  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya  and
      Takeda, Kazuya  and
      Mimura, Masato  and
      Yamada, Atsushi  and
      Ito, Akinori  and
      Itou, Katsunobu  and
      Shikano, Kiyohiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/339.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mcenery-2002-ethical,
    title = "Ethical and legal issues in corpus construction",
    author = "McEnery, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/340.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alonge-castelli-2002-way,
    title = "Which way should we go? Metaphoric expressions in lexical resources",
    author = "Alonge, Antonietta  and
      Castelli, Margherita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/341.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wutiwiwatchai-etal-2002-phonetically,
    title = "Phonetically Distributed Continuous Speech Corpus for {T}hai Language",
    author = "Wutiwiwatchai, Chai  and
      Cotsomrong, Patcharika  and
      Suebvisai, Sinaporn  and
      Kanokphara, Supphanat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/342.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{denecke-2002-signatures,
    title = "Signatures, Typed Feature Structures and {RDFS}",
    author = "Denecke, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/343.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{derouin-meur-2002-report,
    title = "Report on the Revision of the Lexicographical Standard {ISO} 1951 Presentation/Representation of Entries in Dictionaries",
    author = "Derouin, Marie-Jeanne  and
      Meur, Andr{\'e} Le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/344.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gendner-etal-2002-protocol,
    title = "A Protocol for Evaluating Analyzers of Syntax ({PEAS})",
    author = "Gendner, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Illouz, Gabriel  and
      Jardino, Mich{\`e}le  and
      Monceaux, Laura  and
      Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Robba, Isabelle  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/345.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maybury-zampolli-2002-language,
    title = "Language Resources and Evaluation: International Strategy Panel",
    author = "Maybury, Mark T.  and
      Zampolli, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/346.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{papineni-2002-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation Evaluation: N-grams to the Rescue",
    author = "Papineni, Kishore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/347.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kluck-womser-hacker-2002-inside,
    title = "Inside the Evaluation Process of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum ({CLEF}): Issues of Multilingual Topic Creation and Multilingual Relevance Assessment",
    author = "Kluck, Michael  and
      Womser-Hacker, Christa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/348.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{finch-etal-2002-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Tag Trigrams: New Local Features for Tagging",
    author = "Finch, Andrew  and
      Black, Ezra  and
      Wathelet, Ringo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/349.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{harabagiu-etal-2002-multidocument,
    title = "Multidocument Summarization with {GIST}exter",
    author = "Harabagiu, Sanda  and
      Lacatusu, Finley  and
      Morarescu, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/350.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2002-domain,
    title = "A Domain Adaptive Approach to Automatic Acquisition of Domain Relevant Terms and their Relations with Bootstrapping",
    author = "Xu, Feiyu  and
      Kurz, Daniela  and
      Piskorski, Jakub  and
      Schmeier, Sven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/351.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{steininger-etal-2002-user,
    title = "User-State Labeling Procedures For The Multimodal Data Collection Of {S}mart{K}om",
    author = "Steininger, Silke  and
      Schiel, Florian  and
      Glesner, Angelika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/352.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-2002-creating,
    title = "Creating Domain-specific Information Servers",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/353.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lafourcade-boitet-2002-unl,
    title = "{UNL} Lexical Selection with Conceptual Vectors",
    author = "Lafourcade, Mathieu  and
      Boitet, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}02)",
    month = may,
    year = "2002",
    address = "Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Spain",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/354.pdf",
}
@proceedings{lrec-2016-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Goggi, Sara  and
      Grobelnik, Marko  and
      Maegaard, Bente  and
      Mariani, Joseph  and
      Mazo, Helene  and
      Moreno, Asuncion  and
      Odijk, Jan  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
}
@inproceedings{gaudio-etal-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Machine Translation in a Usage Scenario",
    author = "Gaudio, Rosa  and
      Burchardt, Aljoscha  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1001",
    pages = "1--8",
    abstract = "In this document we report on a user-scenario-based evaluation aiming at assessing the performance of machine translation (MT) systems in a real context of use. We describe a sequel of experiments that has been performed to estimate the usefulness of MT and to test if improvements of MT technology lead to better performance in the usage scenario. One goal is to find the best methodology for evaluating the eventual benefit of a machine translation system in an application. The evaluation is based on the QTLeap corpus, a novel multilingual language resource that was collected through a real-life support service via chat. It is composed of naturally occurring utterances produced by users while interacting with a human technician providing answers. The corpus is available in eight different languages: Basque, Bulgarian, Czech, Dutch, English, German, Portuguese and Spanish.",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using {B}abel{N}et to Improve {OOV} Coverage in {SMT}",
    author = "Du, Jinhua  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Zydron, Andrzej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1002",
    pages = "9--15",
    abstract = "Out-of-vocabulary words (OOVs) are a ubiquitous and difficult problem in statistical machine translation (SMT). This paper studies different strategies of using BabelNet to alleviate the negative impact brought about by OOVs. BabelNet is a multilingual encyclopedic dictionary and a semantic network, which not only includes lexicographic and encyclopedic terms, but connects concepts and named entities in a very large network of semantic relations. By taking advantage of the knowledge in BabelNet, three different methods ― using direct training data, domain-adaptation techniques and the BabelNet API ― are proposed in this paper to obtain translations for OOVs to improve system performance. Experimental results on English―Polish and English―Chinese language pairs show that domain adaptation can better utilize BabelNet knowledge and performs better than other methods. The results also demonstrate that BabelNet is a really useful tool for improving translation performance of SMT systems.",
}
@inproceedings{kordoni-etal-2016-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Access to Online Education: Quality Machine Translation of {MOOC} Content",
    author = "Kordoni, Valia  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Kermanidis, Katia Lida  and
      Sosoni, Vilelmini  and
      Cholakov, Kostadin  and
      Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1003",
    pages = "16--22",
    abstract = "The present work is an overview of the TraMOOC (Translation for Massive Open Online Courses) research and innovation project, a machine translation approach for online educational content. More specifically, videolectures, assignments, and MOOC forum text is automatically translated from English into eleven European and BRIC languages. Unlike previous approaches to machine translation, the output quality in TraMOOC relies on a multimodal evaluation schema that involves crowdsourcing, error type markup, an error taxonomy for translation model comparison, and implicit evaluation via text mining, i.e. entity recognition and its performance comparison between the source and the translated text, and sentiment analysis on the students{'} forum posts. Finally, the evaluation output will result in more and better quality in-domain parallel data that will be fed back to the translation engine for higher quality output. The translation service will be incorporated into the Iversity MOOC platform and into the VideoLectures.net digital library portal.",
}
@inproceedings{marg-2016-trials,
    title = "The Trials and Tribulations of Predicting Post-Editing Productivity",
    author = "Marg, Lena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1004",
    pages = "23--26",
    abstract = "While an increasing number of (automatic) metrics is available to assess the linguistic quality of machine translations, their interpretation remains cryptic to many users, specifically in the translation community. They are clearly useful for indicating certain overarching trends, but say little about actual improvements for translation buyers or post-editors. However, these metrics are commonly referenced when discussing pricing and models, both with translation buyers and service providers. With the aim of focusing on automatic metrics that are easier to understand for non-research users, we identified Edit Distance (or Post-Edit Distance) as a good fit. While Edit Distance as such does not express cognitive effort or time spent editing machine translation suggestions, we found that it correlates strongly with the productivity tests we performed, for various language pairs and domains. This paper aims to analyse Edit Distance and productivity data on a segment level based on data gathered over some years. Drawing from these findings, we want to then explore how Edit Distance could help in predicting productivity on new content. Some further analysis is proposed, with findings to be presented at the conference.",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-arcan-2016-pe2rr,
    title = "{PE}2rr Corpus: Manual Error Annotation of Automatically Pre-annotated {MT} Post-edits",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Ar{\v{c}}an, Mihael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1005",
    pages = "27--32",
    abstract = "We present a freely available corpus containing source language texts from different domains along with their automatically generated translations into several distinct morphologically rich languages, their post-edited versions, and error annotations of the performed post-edit operations. We believe that the corpus will be useful for many different applications. The main advantage of the approach used for creation of the corpus is the fusion of post-editing and error classification tasks, which have usually been seen as two independent tasks, although naturally they are not. We also show benefits of coupling automatic and manual error classification which facilitates the complex manual error annotation task as well as the development of automatic error classification tools. In addition, the approach facilitates annotation of language pair related issues.",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-etal-2016-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Lexicons for {A}rabic Social Media",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Salameh, Mohammad  and
      Kiritchenko, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1006",
    pages = "33--37",
    abstract = "Existing Arabic sentiment lexicons have low coverage―with only a few thousand entries. In this paper, we present several large sentiment lexicons that were automatically generated using two different methods: (1) by using distant supervision techniques on Arabic tweets, and (2) by translating English sentiment lexicons into Arabic using a freely available statistical machine translation system. We compare the usefulness of new and old sentiment lexicons in the downstream application of sentence-level sentiment analysis. Our baseline sentiment analysis system uses numerous surface form features. Nonetheless, the system benefits from using additional features drawn from sentiment lexicons. The best result is obtained using the automatically generated Dialectal Hashtag Lexicon and the Arabic translations of the NRC Emotion Lexicon (accuracy of 66.6{\%}). Finally, we describe a qualitative study of the automatic translations of English sentiment lexicons into Arabic, which shows that about 88{\%} of the automatically translated entries are valid for English as well. Close to 10{\%} of the invalid entries are caused by gross mistranslations, close to 40{\%} by translations into a related word, and about 50{\%} by differences in how the word is used in Arabic.",
}
@inproceedings{castellucci-etal-2016-language,
    title = "A Language Independent Method for Generating Large Scale Polarity Lexicons",
    author = "Castellucci, Giuseppe  and
      Croce, Danilo  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1007",
    pages = "38--45",
    abstract = "Sentiment Analysis systems aims at detecting opinions and sentiments that are expressed in texts. Many approaches in literature are based on resources that model the prior polarity of words or multi-word expressions, i.e. a polarity lexicon. Such resources are defined by teams of annotators, i.e. a manual annotation is provided to associate emotional or sentiment facets to the lexicon entries. The development of such lexicons is an expensive and language dependent process, making them often not covering all the linguistic sentiment phenomena. Moreover, once a lexicon is defined it can hardly be adopted in a different language or even a different domain. In this paper, we present several Distributional Polarity Lexicons (DPLs), i.e. large-scale polarity lexicons acquired with an unsupervised methodology based on Distributional Models of Lexical Semantics. Given a set of heuristically annotated sentences from Twitter, we transfer the sentiment information from sentences to words. The approach is mostly unsupervised, and experimental evaluations on Sentiment Analysis tasks in two languages show the benefits of the generated resources. The generated DPLs are publicly available in English and Italian.",
}
@inproceedings{naskar-etal-2016-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis in Social Networks through Topic modeling",
    author = "Naskar, Debashis  and
      Mokaddem, Sidahmed  and
      Rebollo, Miguel  and
      Onaindia, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1008",
    pages = "46--53",
    abstract = "In this paper, we analyze the sentiments derived from the conversations that occur in social networks. Our goal is to identify the sentiments of the users in the social network through their conversations. We conduct a study to determine whether users of social networks (twitter in particular) tend to gather together according to the likeness of their sentiments. In our proposed framework, (1) we use ANEW, a lexical dictionary to identify affective emotional feelings associated to a message according to the Russell{'}s model of affection; (2) we design a topic modeling mechanism called Sent{\_}LDA, based on the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) generative model, which allows us to find the topic distribution in a general conversation and we associate topics with emotions; (3) we detect communities in the network according to the density and frequency of the messages among the users; and (4) we compare the sentiments of the communities by using the Russell{'}s model of affect versus polarity and we measure the extent to which topic distribution strengthen likeness in the sentiments of the users of a community. This works contributes with a topic modeling methodology to analyze the sentiments in conversations that take place in social networks.",
}
@inproceedings{pablos-etal-2016-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Domain-based Word Polarity Estimation using different Word Embeddings",
    author = "Pablos, Aitor Garc{\'\i}a  and
      Cuadros, Montse  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1009",
    pages = "54--60",
    abstract = "A key point in Sentiment Analysis is to determine the polarity of the sentiment implied by a certain word or expression. In basic Sentiment Analysis systems this sentiment polarity of the words is accounted and weighted in different ways to provide a degree of positivity/negativity. Currently words are also modelled as continuous dense vectors, known as word embeddings, which seem to encode interesting semantic knowledge. With regard to Sentiment Analysis, word embeddings are used as features to more complex supervised classification systems to obtain sentiment classifiers. In this paper we compare a set of existing sentiment lexicons and sentiment lexicon generation techniques. We also show a simple but effective technique to calculate a word polarity value for each word in a domain using existing continuous word embeddings generation methods. Further, we also show that word embeddings calculated on in-domain corpus capture the polarity better than the ones calculated on general-domain corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{sidorov-etal-2016-speaker,
    title = "Could Speaker, Gender or Age Awareness be beneficial in Speech-based Emotion Recognition?",
    author = "Sidorov, Maxim  and
      Schmitt, Alexander  and
      Semenkin, Eugene  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1010",
    pages = "61--68",
    abstract = "Emotion Recognition (ER) is an important part of dialogue analysis which can be used in order to improve the quality of Spoken Dialogue Systems (SDSs). The emotional hypothesis of the current response of an end-user might be utilised by the dialogue manager component in order to change the SDS strategy which could result in a quality enhancement. In this study additional speaker-related information is used to improve the performance of the speech-based ER process. The analysed information is the speaker identity, gender and age of a user. Two schemes are described here, namely, using additional information as an independent variable within the feature vector and creating separate emotional models for each speaker, gender or age-cluster independently. The performances of the proposed approaches were compared against the baseline ER system, where no additional information has been used, on a number of emotional speech corpora of German, English, Japanese and Russian. The study revealed that for some of the corpora the proposed approach significantly outperforms the baseline methods with a relative difference of up to 11.9{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{takamura-etal-2016-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Analysis of Linguistic Features for Typological Study",
    author = "Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Nagata, Ryo  and
      Kawasaki, Yoshifumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1011",
    pages = "69--76",
    abstract = "We address the task of automatically estimating the missing values of linguistic features by making use of the fact that some linguistic features in typological databases are informative to each other. The questions to address in this work are (i) how much predictive power do features have on the value of another feature? (ii) to what extent can we attribute this predictive power to genealogical or areal factors, as opposed to being provided by tendencies or implicational universals? To address these questions, we conduct a discriminative or predictive analysis on the typological database. Specifically, we use a machine-learning classifier to estimate the value of each feature of each language using the values of the other features, under different choices of training data: all the other languages, or all the other languages except for the ones having the same origin or area with the target language.",
}
@inproceedings{hupkes-bod-2016-pos,
    title = "{POS}-tagging of Historical {D}utch",
    author = "Hupkes, Dieuwke  and
      Bod, Rens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1012",
    pages = "77--82",
    abstract = "We present a study of the adequacy of current methods that are used for POS-tagging historical Dutch texts, as well as an exploration of the influence of employing different techniques to improve upon the current practice. The main focus of this paper is on (unsupervised) methods that are easily adaptable for different domains without requiring extensive manual input. It was found that modernising the spelling of corpora prior to tagging them with a tagger trained on contemporary Dutch results in a large increase in accuracy, but that spelling normalisation alone is not sufficient to obtain state-of-the-art results. The best results were achieved by training a POS-tagger on a corpus automatically annotated by projecting (automatically assigned) POS-tags via word alignments from a contemporary corpus. This result is promising, as it was reached without including any domain knowledge or context dependencies. We argue that the insights of this study combined with semi-supervised learning techniques for domain adaptation can be used to develop a general-purpose diachronic tagger for Dutch.",
}
@inproceedings{rauschenberger-etal-2016-language,
    title = "A Language Resource of {G}erman Errors Written by Children with Dyslexia",
    author = {Rauschenberger, Maria  and
      Rello, Luz  and
      F{\"u}chsel, Silke  and
      Thomaschewski, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1013",
    pages = "83--87",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a language resource for German, composed of a list of 1,021 unique errors extracted from a collection of texts written by people with dyslexia. The errors were annotated with a set of linguistic characteristics as well as visual and phonetic features. We present the compilation and the annotation criteria for the different types of dyslexic errors. This language resource has many potential uses since errors written by people with dyslexia reflect their difficulties. For instance, it has already been used to design language exercises to treat dyslexia in German. To the best of our knowledge, this is first resource of this kind in German.",
}
@inproceedings{barbagli-etal-2016-cita,
    title = "{CI}t{A}: an {L}1 {I}talian Learners Corpus to Study the Development of Writing Competence",
    author = "Barbagli, Alessia  and
      Lucisano, Pietro  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Venturi, Giulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1014",
    pages = "88--95",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present the CItA corpus (Corpus Italiano di Apprendenti L1), a collection of essays written by Italian L1 learners collected during the first and second year of lower secondary school. The corpus was built in the framework of an interdisciplinary study jointly carried out by computational linguistics and experimental pedagogists and aimed at tracking the development of written language competence over the years and students{'} background information.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2016-even,
    title = "If You Even Don{'}t Have a Bit of {B}ible: Learning Delexicalized {POS} Taggers",
    author = "Yu, Zhiwei  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k  and
      Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1015",
    pages = "96--103",
    abstract = "Part-of-speech (POS) induction is one of the most popular tasks in research on unsupervised NLP. Various unsupervised and semi-supervised methods have been proposed to tag an unseen language. However, many of them require some partial understanding of the target language because they rely on dictionaries or parallel corpora such as the Bible. In this paper, we propose a different method named delexicalized tagging, for which we only need a raw corpus of the target language. We transfer tagging models trained on annotated corpora of one or more resource-rich languages. We employ language-independent features such as word length, frequency, neighborhood entropy, character classes (alphabetic vs. numeric vs. punctuation) etc. We demonstrate that such features can, to certain extent, serve as predictors of the part of speech, represented by the universal POS tag.",
}
@inproceedings{lopes-etal-2016-spedial,
    title = "The {S}pe{D}ial datasets: datasets for Spoken Dialogue Systems analytics",
    author = "Lopes, Jos{\'e}  and
      Chorianopoulou, Arodami  and
      Palogiannidi, Elisavet  and
      Moniz, Helena  and
      Abad, Alberto  and
      Louka, Katerina  and
      Iosif, Elias  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1016",
    pages = "104--110",
    abstract = "The SpeDial consortium is sharing two datasets that were used during the SpeDial project. By sharing them with the community we are providing a resource to reduce the duration of cycle of development of new Spoken Dialogue Systems (SDSs). The datasets include audios and several manual annotations, i.e., miscommunication, anger, satisfaction, repetition, gender and task success. The datasets were created with data from real users and cover two different languages: English and Greek. Detectors for miscommunication, anger and gender were trained for both systems. The detectors were particularly accurate in tasks where humans have high annotator agreement such as miscommunication and gender. As expected due to the subjectivity of the task, the anger detector had a less satisfactory performance. Nevertheless, we proved that the automatic detection of situations that can lead to problems in SDSs is possible and can be a promising direction to reduce the duration of SDS{'}s development cycle.",
}
@inproceedings{amanova-etal-2016-creating,
    title = "Creating Annotated Dialogue Resources: Cross-domain Dialogue Act Classification",
    author = "Amanova, Dilafruz  and
      Petukhova, Volha  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1017",
    pages = "111--117",
    abstract = "This paper describes a method to automatically create dialogue resources annotated with dialogue act information by reusing existing dialogue corpora. Numerous dialogue corpora are available for research purposes and many of them are annotated with dialogue act information that captures the intentions encoded in user utterances. Annotated dialogue resources, however, differ in various respects: data collection settings and modalities used, dialogue task domains and scenarios (if any) underlying the collection, number and roles of dialogue participants involved and dialogue act annotation schemes applied. The presented study encompasses three phases of data-driven investigation. We, first, assess the importance of various types of features and their combinations for effective cross-domain dialogue act classification. Second, we establish the best predictive model comparing various cross-corpora training settings. Finally, we specify models adaptation procedures and explore late fusion approaches to optimize the overall classification decision taking process. The proposed methodology accounts for empirically motivated and technically sound classification procedures that may reduce annotation and training costs significantly.",
}
@inproceedings{collins-traum-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards a Multi-dimensional Taxonomy of Stories in Dialogue",
    author = "Collins, Kathryn J.  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1018",
    pages = "118--124",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a taxonomy of stories told in dialogue. We based our scheme on prior work analyzing narrative structure and method of telling, relation to storyteller identity, as well as some categories particular to dialogue, such as how the story gets introduced. Our taxonomy currently has 5 major dimensions, with most having sub-dimensions - each dimension has an associated set of dimension-specific labels. We adapted an annotation tool for this taxonomy and have annotated portions of two different dialogue corpora, Switchboard and the Distress Analysis Interview Corpus. We present examples of some of the tags and concepts with stories from Switchboard, and some initial statistics of frequencies of the tags.",
}
@inproceedings{zarriess-etal-2016-pentoref,
    title = "{P}ento{R}ef: A Corpus of Spoken References in Task-oriented Dialogues",
    author = "Zarrie{\ss}, Sina  and
      Hough, Julian  and
      Kennington, Casey  and
      Manuvinakurike, Ramesh  and
      DeVault, David  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1019",
    pages = "125--131",
    abstract = "PentoRef is a corpus of task-oriented dialogues collected in systematically manipulated settings. The corpus is multilingual, with English and German sections, and overall comprises more than 20000 utterances. The dialogues are fully transcribed and annotated with referring expressions mapped to objects in corresponding visual scenes, which makes the corpus a rich resource for research on spoken referring expressions in generation and resolution. The corpus includes several sub-corpora that correspond to different dialogue situations where parameters related to interactivity, visual access, and verbal channel have been manipulated in systematic ways. The corpus thus lends itself to very targeted studies of reference in spontaneous dialogue.",
}
@inproceedings{chowdhury-etal-2016-transfer,
    title = "Transfer of Corpus-Specific Dialogue Act Annotation to {ISO} Standard: Is it worth it?",
    author = "Chowdhury, Shammur Absar  and
      Stepanov, Evgeny  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1020",
    pages = "132--135",
    abstract = "Spoken conversation corpora often adapt existing Dialogue Act (DA) annotation specifications, such as DAMSL, DIT++, etc., to task specific needs, yielding incompatible annotations; thus, limiting corpora re-usability. Recently accepted ISO standard for DA annotation {--} Dialogue Act Markup Language (DiAML) {--} is designed as domain and application independent. Moreover, the clear separation of dialogue dimensions and communicative functions, coupled with the hierarchical organization of the latter, allows for classification at different levels of granularity. However, re-annotating existing corpora with the new scheme might require significant effort. In this paper we test the utility of the ISO standard through comparative evaluation of the corpus-specific legacy and the semi-automatically transferred DiAML DA annotations on supervised dialogue act classification task. To test the domain independence of the resulting annotations, we perform cross-domain and data aggregation evaluation. Compared to the legacy annotation scheme, on the Italian LUNA Human-Human corpus, the DiAML annotation scheme exhibits better cross-domain and data aggregation classification performance, while maintaining comparable in-domain performance.",
}
@inproceedings{ghaddar-langlais-2016-wikicoref,
    title = "{W}iki{C}oref: An {E}nglish Coreference-annotated Corpus of {W}ikipedia Articles",
    author = "Ghaddar, Abbas  and
      Langlais, Phillippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1021",
    pages = "136--142",
    abstract = "This paper presents WikiCoref, an English corpus annotated for anaphoric relations, where all documents are from the English version of Wikipedia. Our annotation scheme follows the one of OntoNotes with a few disparities. We annotated each markable with coreference type, mention type and the equivalent Freebase topic. Since most similar annotation efforts concentrate on very specific types of written text, mainly newswire, there is a lack of resources for otherwise over-used Wikipedia texts. The corpus described in this paper addresses this issue. We present a freely available resource we initially devised for improving coreference resolution algorithms dedicated to Wikipedia texts. Our corpus has no restriction on the topics of the documents being annotated, and documents of various sizes have been considered for annotation.",
}
@inproceedings{schlechtweg-2016-exploitation,
    title = "Exploitation of Co-reference in Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Schlechtweg, Dominik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1022",
    pages = "143--149",
    abstract = "The aim of distributional semantics is to model the similarity of the meaning of words via the words they occur with. Thereby, it relies on the distributional hypothesis implying that similar words have similar contexts. Deducing meaning from the distribution of words is interesting as it can be done automatically on large amounts of freely available raw text. It is because of this convenience that most current state-of-the-art-models of distributional semantics operate on raw text, although there have been successful attempts to integrate other kinds of―e.g., syntactic―information to improve distributional semantic models. In contrast, less attention has been paid to semantic information in the research community. One reason for this is that the extraction of semantic information from raw text is a complex, elaborate matter and in great parts not yet satisfyingly solved. Recently, however, there have been successful attempts to integrate a certain kind of semantic information, i.e., co-reference. Two basically different kinds of information contributed by co-reference with respect to the distribution of words will be identified. We will then focus on one of these and examine its general potential to improve distributional semantic models as well as certain more specific hypotheses.",
}
@inproceedings{fonseca-etal-2016-adapting,
    title = "Adapting an Entity Centric Model for {P}ortuguese Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Fonseca, Evandro  and
      Vieira, Renata  and
      Vanin, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1023",
    pages = "150--154",
    abstract = "This paper presents the adaptation of an Entity Centric Model for Portuguese coreference resolution, considering 10 named entity categories. The model was evaluated on named e using the HAREM Portuguese corpus and the results are 81.0{\%} of precision and 58.3{\%} of recall overall, the resulting system is freely available",
}
@inproceedings{roesiger-kuhn-2016-ims,
    title = "{IMS} {H}ot{C}oref {DE}: A Data-driven Co-reference Resolver for {G}erman",
    author = "Roesiger, Ina  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1024",
    pages = "155--160",
    abstract = {This paper presents a data-driven co-reference resolution system for German that has been adapted from IMS HotCoref, a co-reference resolver for English. It describes the difficulties when resolving co-reference in German text, the adaptation process and the features designed to address linguistic challenges brought forth by German. We report performance on the reference dataset T{\"u}Ba-D/Z and include a post-task SemEval 2010 evaluation, showing that the resolver achieves state-of-the-art performance. We also include ablation experiments that indicate that integrating linguistic features increases results. The paper also describes the steps and the format necessary to use the resolver on new texts. The tool is freely available for download.},
}
@inproceedings{mujadia-etal-2016-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Annotation Scheme and Relation Types for {H}indi",
    author = "Mujadia, Vandan  and
      Gupta, Palash  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1025",
    pages = "161--168",
    abstract = "This paper describes a coreference annotation scheme, coreference annotation specific issues and their solutions through our proposed annotation scheme for Hindi. We introduce different co-reference relation types between continuous mentions of the same coreference chain such as {``}Part-of{''}, {``}Function-value pair{''} etc. We used Jaccard similarity based Krippendorff{`}s{'} alpha to demonstrate consistency in annotation scheme, annotation and corpora. To ease the coreference annotation process, we built a semi-automatic Coreference Annotation Tool (CAT). We also provide statistics of coreference annotation on Hindi Dependency Treebank (HDTB).",
}
@inproceedings{nedoluzhko-etal-2016-coreference,
    title = "Coreference in {P}rague {C}zech-{E}nglish Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Nedoluzhko, Anna  and
      Nov{\'a}k, Michal  and
      Cinkov{\'a}, Silvie  and
      Mikulov{\'a}, Marie  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1026",
    pages = "169--176",
    abstract = "We present coreference annotation on parallel Czech-English texts of the Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank (PCEDT). The paper describes innovations made to PCEDT 2.0 concerning coreference, as well as coreference information already present there. We characterize the coreference annotation scheme, give the statistics and compare our annotation with the coreference annotation in Ontonotes and Prague Dependency Treebank for Czech. We also present the experiments made using this corpus to improve the alignment of coreferential expressions, which helps us to collect better statistics of correspondences between types of coreferential relations in Czech and English. The corpus released as PCEDT 2.0 Coref is publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{bell-etal-2016-sieve,
    title = "Sieve-based Coreference Resolution in the Biomedical Domain",
    author = "Bell, Dane  and
      Hahn-Powell, Gus  and
      Valenzuela-Esc{\'a}rcega, Marco A.  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1027",
    pages = "177--183",
    abstract = "We describe challenges and advantages unique to coreference resolution in the biomedical domain, and a sieve-based architecture that leverages domain knowledge for both entity and event coreference resolution. Domain-general coreference resolution algorithms perform poorly on biomedical documents, because the cues they rely on such as gender are largely absent in this domain, and because they do not encode domain-specific knowledge such as the number and type of participants required in chemical reactions. Moreover, it is difficult to directly encode this knowledge into most coreference resolution algorithms because they are not rule-based. Our rule-based architecture uses sequentially applied hand-designed {``}sieves{''}, with the output of each sieve informing and constraining subsequent sieves. This architecture provides a 3.2{\%} increase in throughput to our Reach event extraction system with precision parallel to that of the stricter system that relies solely on syntactic patterns for extraction.",
}
@inproceedings{vala-etal-2016-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Characters in Literary Corpora: A Scheme, the {CHARLES} Tool, and an Annotated Novel",
    author = "Vala, Hardik  and
      Dimitrov, Stefan  and
      Jurgens, David  and
      Piper, Andrew  and
      Ruths, Derek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1028",
    pages = "184--189",
    abstract = "Characters form the focus of various studies of literary works, including social network analysis, archetype induction, and plot comparison. The recent rise in the computational modelling of literary works has produced a proportional rise in the demand for character-annotated literary corpora. However, automatically identifying characters is an open problem and there is low availability of literary texts with manually labelled characters. To address the latter problem, this work presents three contributions: (1) a comprehensive scheme for manually resolving mentions to characters in texts. (2) A novel collaborative annotation tool, CHARLES (CHAracter Resolution Label-Entry System) for character annotation and similiar cross-document tagging tasks. (3) The character annotations resulting from a pilot study on the novel Pride and Prejudice, demonstrating the scheme and tool facilitate the efficient production of high-quality annotations. We expect this work to motivate the further production of annotated literary corpora to help meet the demand of the community.",
}
@inproceedings{garnier-saint-dizier-2016-error,
    title = "Error Typology and Remediation Strategies for Requirements Written in {E}nglish by Non-Native Speakers",
    author = "Garnier, Marie  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1029",
    pages = "190--197",
    abstract = "In most international industries, English is the main language of communication for technical documents. These documents are designed to be as unambiguous as possible for their users. For international industries based in non-English speaking countries, the professionals in charge of writing requirements are often non-native speakers of English, who rarely receive adequate training in the use of English for this task. As a result, requirements can contain a relatively large diversity of lexical and grammatical errors, which are not eliminated by the use of guidelines from controlled languages. This article investigates the distribution of errors in a corpus of requirements written in English by native speakers of French. Errors are defined on the basis of grammaticality and acceptability principles, and classified using comparable categories. Results show a high proportion of errors in the Noun Phrase, notably through modifier stacking, and errors consistent with simplification strategies. Comparisons with similar corpora in other genres reveal the specificity of the distribution of errors in requirements. This research also introduces possible applied uses, in the form of strategies for the automatic detection of errors, and in-person training provided by certification boards in requirements authoring.",
}
@inproceedings{keiper-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving {POS} Tagging of {G}erman Learner Language in a Reading Comprehension Scenario",
    author = "Keiper, Lena  and
      Horbach, Andrea  and
      Thater, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1030",
    pages = "198--205",
    abstract = "We present a novel method to automatically improve the accurracy of part-of-speech taggers on learner language. The key idea underlying our approach is to exploit the structure of a typical language learner task and automatically induce POS information for out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words. To evaluate the effectiveness of our approach, we add manual POS and normalization information to an existing language learner corpus. Our evaluation shows an increase in accurracy from 72.4{\%} to 81.5{\%} on OOV words.",
}
@inproceedings{volodina-etal-2016-swell,
    title = "{S}we{LL} on the rise: {S}wedish Learner Language corpus for {E}uropean Reference Level studies",
    author = {Volodina, Elena  and
      Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}  and
      Enstr{\"o}m, Ingegerd  and
      Llozhi, Lorena  and
      Lundkvist, Peter  and
      Sundberg, Gunl{\"o}g  and
      Sandell, Monica},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1031",
    pages = "206--212",
    abstract = "We present a new resource for Swedish, SweLL, a corpus of Swedish Learner essays linked to learners{'} performance according to the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). SweLL consists of three subcorpora ― SpIn, SW1203 and Tisus, collected from three different educational establishments. The common metadata for all subcorpora includes age, gender, native languages, time of residence in Sweden, type of written task. Depending on the subcorpus, learner texts may contain additional information, such as text genres, topics, grades. Five of the six CEFR levels are represented in the corpus: A1, A2, B1, B2 and C1 comprising in total 339 essays. C2 level is not included since courses at C2 level are not offered. The work flow consists of collection of essays and permits, essay digitization and registration, meta-data annotation, automatic linguistic annotation. Inter-rater agreement is presented on the basis of SW1203 subcorpus. The work on SweLL is still ongoing with more that 100 essays waiting in the pipeline. This article both describes the resource and the {``}how-to{''} behind the compilation of SweLL.",
}
@inproceedings{francois-etal-2016-svalex,
    title = "{SVAL}ex: a {CEFR}-graded Lexical Resource for {S}wedish Foreign and Second Language Learners",
    author = {Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas  and
      Volodina, Elena  and
      Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}  and
      Tack, Ana{\"\i}s},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1032",
    pages = "213--219",
    abstract = "The paper introduces SVALex, a lexical resource primarily aimed at learners and teachers of Swedish as a foreign and second language that describes the distribution of 15,681 words and expressions across the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). The resource is based on a corpus of coursebook texts, and thus describes receptive vocabulary learners are exposed to during reading activities, as opposed to productive vocabulary they use when speaking or writing. The paper describes the methodology applied to create the list and to estimate the frequency distribution. It also discusses some characteristics of the resulting resource and compares it to other lexical resources for Swedish. An interesting feature of this resource is the possibility to separate the wheat from the chaff, identifying the core vocabulary at each level, i.e. vocabulary shared by several coursebook writers at each level, from peripheral vocabulary which is used by the minority of the coursebook writers.",
}
@inproceedings{shiue-chen-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Word Usage Errors in {C}hinese Sentences for Learning {C}hinese as a Foreign Language",
    author = "Shiue, Yow-Ting  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1033",
    pages = "220--224",
    abstract = "Automated grammatical error detection, which helps users improve their writing, is an important application in NLP. Recently more and more people are learning Chinese, and an automated error detection system can be helpful for the learners. This paper proposes n-gram features, dependency count features, dependency bigram features, and single-character features to determine if a Chinese sentence contains word usage errors, in which a word is written as a wrong form or the word selection is inappropriate. With marking potential errors on the level of sentence segments, typically delimited by punctuation marks, the learner can try to correct the problems without the assistant of a language teacher. Experiments on the HSK corpus show that the classifier combining all sets of features achieves an accuracy of 0.8423. By utilizing certain combination of the sets of features, we can construct a system that favors precision or recall. The best precision we achieve is 0.9536, indicating that our system is reliable and seldom produces misleading results.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-libn3l,
    title = "{L}ib{N}3{L}:A Lightweight Package for Neural {NLP}",
    author = "Zhang, Meishan  and
      Yang, Jie  and
      Teng, Zhiyang  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1034",
    pages = "225--229",
    abstract = "We present a light-weight machine learning tool for NLP research. The package supports operations on both discrete and dense vectors, facilitating implementation of linear models as well as neural models. It provides several basic layers which mainly aims for single-layer linear and non-linear transformations. By using these layers, we can conveniently implement linear models and simple neural models. Besides, this package also integrates several complex layers by composing those basic layers, such as RNN, Attention Pooling, LSTM and gated RNN. Those complex layers can be used to implement deep neural models directly.",
}
@inproceedings{tack-etal-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Lexical Simplification and Vocabulary Knowledge for Learners of {F}rench: Possibilities of Using the {FLEL}ex Resource",
    author = {Tack, Ana{\"\i}s  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas  and
      Ligozat, Anne-Laure  and
      Fairon, C{\'e}drick},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1035",
    pages = "230--236",
    abstract = "This study examines two possibilities of using the FLELex graded lexicon for the automated assessment of text complexity in French as a foreign language learning. From the lexical frequency distributions described in FLELex, we derive a single level of difficulty for each word in a parallel corpus of original and simplified texts. We then use this data to automatically address the lexical complexity of texts in two ways. On the one hand, we evaluate the degree of lexical simplification in manually simplified texts with respect to their original version. Our results show a significant simplification effect, both in the case of French narratives simplified for non-native readers and in the case of simplified Wikipedia texts. On the other hand, we define a predictive model which identifies the number of words in a text that are expected to be known at a particular learning level. We assess the accuracy with which these predictions are able to capture actual word knowledge as reported by Dutch-speaking learners of French. Our study shows that although the predictions seem relatively accurate in general (87.4{\%} to 92.3{\%}), they do not yet seem to cover the learners{'} lack of knowledge very well.",
}
@inproceedings{baur-etal-2016-shared,
    title = "A Shared Task for Spoken {CALL}?",
    author = "Baur, Claudia  and
      Gerlach, Johanna  and
      Rayner, Manny  and
      Russell, Martin  and
      Strik, Helmer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1036",
    pages = "237--244",
    abstract = "We argue that the field of spoken CALL needs a shared task in order to facilitate comparisons between different groups and methodologies, and describe a concrete example of such a task, based on data collected from a speech-enabled online tool which has been used to help young Swiss German teens practise skills in English conversation. Items are prompt-response pairs, where the prompt is a piece of German text and the response is a recorded English audio file. The task is to label pairs as {``}accept{''} or {``}reject{''}, accepting responses which are grammatically and linguistically correct to match a set of hidden gold standard answers as closely as possible. Initial resources are provided so that a scratch system can be constructed with a minimal investment of effort, and in particular without necessarily using a speech recogniser. Training data for the task will be released in June 2016, and test data in January 2017.",
}
@inproceedings{khalifa-etal-2016-joining,
    title = "Joining-in-type Humanoid Robot Assisted Language Learning System",
    author = "Khalifa, AlBara  and
      Kato, Tsuneo  and
      Yamamoto, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1037",
    pages = "245--249",
    abstract = "Dialogue robots are attractive to people, and in language learning systems, they motivate learners and let them practice conversational skills in more realistic environment. However, automatic speech recognition (ASR) of the second language (L2) learners is still a challenge, because their speech contains not just pronouncing, lexical, grammatical errors, but is sometimes totally disordered. Hence, we propose a novel robot assisted language learning (RALL) system using two robots, one as a teacher and the other as an advanced learner. The system is designed to simulate multiparty conversation, expecting implicit learning and enhancement of predictability of learners{'} utterance through an alignment similar to {``}interactive alignment{''}, which is observed in human-human conversation. We collected a database with the prototypes, and measured how much the alignment phenomenon observed in the database with initial analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{el-haj-rayson-2016-osman,
    title = "{OSMAN} ― A Novel {A}rabic Readability Metric",
    author = "El-Haj, Mahmoud  and
      Rayson, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1038",
    pages = "250--255",
    abstract = "We present OSMAN (Open Source Metric for Measuring Arabic Narratives) - a novel open source Arabic readability metric and tool. It allows researchers to calculate readability for Arabic text with and without diacritics. OSMAN is a modified version of the conventional readability formulas such as Flesch and Fog. In our work we introduce a novel approach towards counting short, long and stress syllables in Arabic which is essential for judging readability of Arabic narratives. We also introduce an additional factor called {``}Faseeh{''} which considers aspects of script usually dropped in informal Arabic writing. To evaluate our methods we used Spearman{'}s correlation metric to compare text readability for 73,000 parallel sentences from English and Arabic UN documents. The Arabic sentences were written with the absence of diacritics and in order to count the number of syllables we added the diacritics in using an open source tool called Mishkal. The results show that OSMAN readability formula correlates well with the English ones making it a useful tool for researchers and educators working with Arabic text.",
}
@inproceedings{geoffrois-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Interactive System Adaptation",
    author = "Geoffrois, Edouard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1039",
    pages = "256--260",
    abstract = "Enabling users of intelligent systems to enhance the system performance by providing feedback on their errors is an important need. However, the ability of systems to learn from user feedback is difficult to evaluate in an objective and comparative way. Indeed, the involvement of real users in the adaptation process is an impediment to objective evaluation. This issue can be solved by using an oracle approach, where users are simulated by oracles having access to the reference test data. Another difficulty is to find a meaningful metric despite the fact that system improvements depend on the feedback provided and on the system itself. A solution is to measure the minimal amount of information needed to correct all system errors. It can be shown that for any well defined non interactive task, the interactively supervised version of the task can be evaluated by combining such an oracle-based approach and a minimum supervision rate metric. This new evaluation protocol for adaptive systems is not only expected to drive progress for such systems, but also to pave the way for a specialisation of actors along the value chain of their technological development.",
}
@inproceedings{derczynski-2016-complementarity,
    title = "Complementarity, F-score, and {NLP} Evaluation",
    author = "Derczynski, Leon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1040",
    pages = "261--266",
    abstract = "This paper addresses the problem of quantifying the differences between entity extraction systems, where in general only a small proportion a document should be selected. Comparing overall accuracy is not very useful in these cases, as small differences in accuracy may correspond to huge differences in selections over the target minority class. Conventionally, one may use per-token complementarity to describe these differences, but it is not very useful when the set is heavily skewed. In such situations, which are common in information retrieval and entity recognition, metrics like precision and recall are typically used to describe performance. However, precision and recall fail to describe the differences between sets of objects selected by different decision strategies, instead just describing the proportional amount of correct and incorrect objects selected. This paper presents a method for measuring complementarity for precision, recall and F-score, quantifying the difference between entity extraction approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{dragoni-etal-2016-dranziera,
    title = "{DRANZIERA}: An Evaluation Protocol For Multi-Domain Opinion Mining",
    author = "Dragoni, Mauro  and
      Tettamanzi, Andrea  and
      da Costa Pereira, C{\'e}lia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1041",
    pages = "267--272",
    abstract = "Opinion Mining is a topic which attracted a lot of interest in the last years. By observing the literature, it is often hard to replicate system evaluation due to the unavailability of the data used for the evaluation or to the lack of details about the protocol used in the campaign. In this paper, we propose an evaluation protocol, called DRANZIERA, composed of a multi-domain dataset and guidelines allowing both to evaluate opinion mining systems in different contexts (Closed, Semi-Open, and Open) and to compare them to each other and to a number of baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{fothergill-etal-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating a Topic Modelling Approach to Measuring Corpus Similarity",
    author = "Fothergill, Richard  and
      Cook, Paul  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1042",
    pages = "273--279",
    abstract = "Web corpora are often constructed automatically, and their contents are therefore often not well understood. One technique for assessing the composition of such a web corpus is to empirically measure its similarity to a reference corpus whose composition is known. In this paper we evaluate a number of measures of corpus similarity, including a method based on topic modelling which has not been previously evaluated for this task. To evaluate these methods we use known-similarity corpora that have been previously used for this purpose, as well as a number of newly-constructed known-similarity corpora targeting differences in genre, topic, time, and region. Our findings indicate that, overall, the topic modelling approach did not improve on a chi-square method that had previously been found to work well for measuring corpus similarity.",
}
@inproceedings{fandrych-etal-2016-user,
    title = "User, who art thou? User Profiling for Oral Corpus Platforms",
    author = "Fandrych, Christian  and
      Frick, Elena  and
      Hedeland, Hanna  and
      Iliash, Anna  and
      Jettka, Daniel  and
      Mei{\ss}ner, Cordula  and
      Schmidt, Thomas  and
      Wallner, Franziska  and
      Weigert, Kathrin  and
      Westpfahl, Swantje",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1043",
    pages = "280--287",
    abstract = "This contribution presents the background, design and results of a study of users of three oral corpus platforms in Germany. Roughly 5.000 registered users of the Database for Spoken German (DGD), the GeWiss corpus and the corpora of the Hamburg Centre for Language Corpora (HZSK) were asked to participate in a user survey. This quantitative approach was complemented by qualitative interviews with selected users. We briefly introduce the corpus resources involved in the study in section 2. Section 3 describes the methods employed in the user studies. Section 4 summarizes results of the studies focusing on selected key topics. Section 5 attempts a generalization of these results to larger contexts.",
}
@inproceedings{costa-etal-2016-building,
    title = "Building a Corpus of Errors and Quality in Machine Translation: Experiments on Error Impact",
    author = "Costa, {\^A}ngela  and
      Correia, Rui  and
      Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1044",
    pages = "288--292",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe a corpus of automatic translations annotated with both error type and quality. The 300 sentences that we have selected were generated by Google Translate, Systran and two in-house Machine Translation systems that use Moses technology. The errors present on the translations were annotated with an error taxonomy that divides errors in five main linguistic categories (Orthography, Lexis, Grammar, Semantics and Discourse), reflecting the language level where the error is located. After the error annotation process, we accessed the translation quality of each sentence using a four point comprehension scale from 1 to 5. Both tasks of error and quality annotation were performed by two different annotators, achieving good levels of inter-annotator agreement. The creation of this corpus allowed us to use it as training data for a translation quality classifier. We concluded on error severity by observing the outputs of two machine learning classifiers: a decision tree and a regression model.",
}
@inproceedings{yaneva-etal-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Readability of Text Simplification Output for Readers with Cognitive Disabilities",
    author = "Yaneva, Victoria  and
      Temnikova, Irina  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1045",
    pages = "293--299",
    abstract = "This paper presents an approach for automatic evaluation of the readability of text simplification output for readers with cognitive disabilities. First, we present our work towards the development of the EasyRead corpus, which contains easy-to-read documents created especially for people with cognitive disabilities. We then compare the EasyRead corpus to the simplified output contained in the LocalNews corpus (Feng, 2009), the accessibility of which has been evaluated through reading comprehension experiments including 20 adults with mild intellectual disability. This comparison is made on the basis of 13 disability-specific linguistic features. The comparison reveals that there are no major differences between the two corpora, which shows that the EasyRead corpus is to a similar reading level as the user-evaluated texts. We also discuss the role of Simple Wikipedia (Zhu et al., 2010) as a widely-used accessibility benchmark, in light of our finding that it is significantly more complex than both the EasyRead and the LocalNews corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{ghannay-etal-2016-word,
    title = "Word Embedding Evaluation and Combination",
    author = "Ghannay, Sahar  and
      Favre, Benoit  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick  and
      Camelin, Nathalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1046",
    pages = "300--305",
    abstract = "Word embeddings have been successfully used in several natural language processing tasks (NLP) and speech processing. Different approaches have been introduced to calculate word embeddings through neural networks. In the literature, many studies focused on word embedding evaluation, but for our knowledge, there are still some gaps. This paper presents a study focusing on a rigorous comparison of the performances of different kinds of word embeddings. These performances are evaluated on different NLP and linguistic tasks, while all the word embeddings are estimated on the same training data using the same vocabulary, the same number of dimensions, and other similar characteristics. The evaluation results reported in this paper match those in the literature, since they point out that the improvements achieved by a word embedding in one task are not consistently observed across all tasks. For that reason, this paper investigates and evaluates approaches to combine word embeddings in order to take advantage of their complementarity, and to look for the effective word embeddings that can achieve good performances on all tasks. As a conclusion, this paper provides new perceptions of intrinsic qualities of the famous word embedding families, which can be different from the ones provided by works previously published in the scientific literature.",
}
@inproceedings{poignant-etal-2016-benchmarking,
    title = "Benchmarking multimedia technologies with the {CAMOMILE} platform: the case of Multimodal Person Discovery at {M}edia{E}val 2015",
    author = "Poignant, Johann  and
      Bredin, Herv{\'e}  and
      Barras, Claude  and
      Stefas, Mickael  and
      Bruneau, Pierrick  and
      Tamisier, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1047",
    pages = "306--309",
    abstract = "In this paper, we claim that the CAMOMILE collaborative annotation platform (developed in the framework of the eponymous CHIST-ERA project) eases the organization of multimedia technology benchmarks, automating most of the campaign technical workflow and enabling collaborative (hence faster and cheaper) annotation of the evaluation data. This is demonstrated through the successful organization of a new multimedia task at MediaEval 2015, Multimodal Person Discovery in Broadcast TV.",
}
@inproceedings{castilho-obrien-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Impact of Light Post-Editing on Usability",
    author = "Castilho, Sheila  and
      O{'}Brien, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1048",
    pages = "310--316",
    abstract = "This paper discusses a methodology to measure the usability of machine translated content by end users, comparing lightly post-edited content with raw output and with the usability of source language content. The content selected consists of Online Help articles from a software company for a spreadsheet application, translated from English into German. Three groups of five users each used either the source text - the English version (EN) -, the raw MT version (DE{\_}MT), or the light PE version (DE{\_}PE), and were asked to carry out six tasks. Usability was measured using an eye tracker and cognitive, temporal and pragmatic measures of usability. Satisfaction was measured via a post-task questionnaire presented after the participants had completed the tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{salesky-etal-2016-operational,
    title = "Operational Assessment of Keyword Search on Oral History",
    author = "Salesky, Elizabeth  and
      Ray, Jessica  and
      Shen, Wade",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1049",
    pages = "317--321",
    abstract = "This project assesses the resources necessary to make oral history searchable by means of automatic speech recognition (ASR). There are many inherent challenges in applying ASR to conversational speech: smaller training set sizes and varying demographics, among others. We assess the impact of dataset size, word error rate and term-weighted value on human search capability through an information retrieval task on Mechanical Turk. We use English oral history data collected by StoryCorps, a national organization that provides all people with the opportunity to record, share and preserve their stories, and control for a variety of demographics including age, gender, birthplace, and dialect on four different training set sizes. We show comparable search performance using a standard speech recognition system as with hand-transcribed data, which is promising for increased accessibility of conversational speech and oral history archives.",
}
@inproceedings{valenzuela-escarcega-etal-2016-odins,
    title = "Odin{'}s Runes: A Rule Language for Information Extraction",
    author = "Valenzuela-Esc{\'a}rcega, Marco A.  and
      Hahn-Powell, Gus  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1050",
    pages = "322--329",
    abstract = "Odin is an information extraction framework that applies cascades of finite state automata over both surface text and syntactic dependency graphs. Support for syntactic patterns allow us to concisely define relations that are otherwise difficult to express in languages such as Common Pattern Specification Language (CPSL), which are currently limited to shallow linguistic features. The interaction of lexical and syntactic automata provides robustness and flexibility when writing extraction rules. This paper describes Odin{'}s declarative language for writing these cascaded automata.",
}
@inproceedings{lefever-hoste-2016-classification,
    title = "A Classification-based Approach to Economic Event Detection in {D}utch News Text",
    author = "Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1051",
    pages = "330--335",
    abstract = "Breaking news on economic events such as stock splits or mergers and acquisitions has been shown to have a substantial impact on the financial markets. As it is important to be able to automatically identify events in news items accurately and in a timely manner, we present in this paper proof-of-concept experiments for a supervised machine learning approach to economic event detection in newswire text. For this purpose, we created a corpus of Dutch financial news articles in which 10 types of company-specific economic events were annotated. We trained classifiers using various lexical, syntactic and semantic features. We obtain good results based on a basic set of shallow features, thus showing that this method is a viable approach for economic event detection in news text.",
}
@inproceedings{francopoulo-etal-2016-predictive,
    title = "Predictive Modeling: Guessing the {NLP} Terms of Tomorrow",
    author = "Francopoulo, Gil  and
      Mariani, Joseph  and
      Paroubek, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1052",
    pages = "336--343",
    abstract = "Predictive modeling, often called {``}predictive analytics{''} in a commercial context, encompasses a variety of statistical techniques that analyze historical and present facts to make predictions about unknown events. Often the unknown events are in the future, but prediction can be applied to any type of unknown whether it be in the past or future. In our case, we present some experiments applying predictive modeling to the usage of technical terms within the NLP domain.",
}
@inproceedings{sahlgren-etal-2016-gavagai,
    title = "The Gavagai Living Lexicon",
    author = "Sahlgren, Magnus  and
      Gyllensten, Amaru Cuba  and
      Espinoza, Fredrik  and
      Hamfors, Ola  and
      Karlgren, Jussi  and
      Olsson, Fredrik  and
      Persson, Per  and
      Viswanathan, Akshay  and
      Holst, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1053",
    pages = "344--350",
    abstract = "This paper presents the Gavagai Living Lexicon, which is an online distributional semantic model currently available in 20 different languages. We describe the underlying distributional semantic model, and how we have solved some of the challenges in applying such a model to large amounts of streaming data. We also describe the architecture of our implementation, and discuss how we deal with continuous quality assurance of the lexicon.",
}
@inproceedings{mubarak-abdelali-2016-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic to {E}nglish Person Name Transliteration using Twitter",
    author = "Mubarak, Hamdy  and
      Abdelali, Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1054",
    pages = "351--355",
    abstract = "Social media outlets are providing new opportunities for harvesting valuable resources. We present a novel approach for mining data from Twitter for the purpose of building transliteration resources and systems. Such resources are crucial in translation and retrieval tasks. We demonstrate the benefits of the approach on Arabic to English transliteration. The contribution of this approach includes the size of data that can be collected and exploited within the span of a limited time; the approach is very generic and can be adopted to other languages and the ability of the approach to cope with new transliteration phenomena and trends. A statistical transliteration system built using this data improved a comparable system built from Wikipedia wikilinks data.",
}
@inproceedings{jeong-etal-2016-korean,
    title = "{K}orean {T}ime{ML} and {K}orean {T}ime{B}ank",
    author = "Jeong, Young-Seob  and
      Joo, Won-Tae  and
      Do, Hyun-Woo  and
      Lim, Chae-Gyun  and
      Choi, Key-Sun  and
      Choi, Ho-Jin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1055",
    pages = "356--359",
    abstract = "Many emerging documents usually contain temporal information. Because the temporal information is useful for various applications, it became important to develop a system of extracting the temporal information from the documents. Before developing the system, it first necessary to define or design the structure of temporal information. In other words, it is necessary to design a language which defines how to annotate the temporal information. There have been some studies about the annotation languages, but most of them was applicable to only a specific target language (e.g., English). Thus, it is necessary to design an individual annotation language for each language. In this paper, we propose a revised version of Koreain Time Mark-up Language (K-TimeML), and also introduce a dataset, named Korean TimeBank, that is constructed basd on the K-TimeML. We believe that the new K-TimeML and Korean TimeBank will be used in many further researches about extraction of temporal information.",
}
@inproceedings{seitner-etal-2016-large,
    title = "A Large {D}ata{B}ase of Hypernymy Relations Extracted from the Web.",
    author = "Seitner, Julian  and
      Bizer, Christian  and
      Eckert, Kai  and
      Faralli, Stefano  and
      Meusel, Robert  and
      Paulheim, Heiko  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1056",
    pages = "360--367",
    abstract = "Hypernymy relations (those where an hyponym term shares a {``}isa{''} relationship with his hypernym) play a key role for many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, e.g. ontology learning, automatically building or extending knowledge bases, or word sense disambiguation and induction. In fact, such relations may provide the basis for the construction of more complex structures such as taxonomies, or be used as effective background knowledge for many word understanding applications. We present a publicly available database containing more than 400 million hypernymy relations we extracted from the CommonCrawl web corpus. We describe the infrastructure we developed to iterate over the web corpus for extracting the hypernymy relations and store them effectively into a large database. This collection of relations represents a rich source of knowledge and may be useful for many researchers. We offer the tuple dataset for public download and an Application Programming Interface (API) to help other researchers programmatically query the database.",
}
@inproceedings{katris-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using a Cross-Language Information Retrieval System based on {OHSUMED} to Evaluate the {M}oses and {K}antan{MT} Statistical Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "Katris, Nikolaos  and
      Sutcliffe, Richard  and
      Kalamboukis, Theodore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1057",
    pages = "368--372",
    abstract = "The objective of this paper was to evaluate the performance of two statistical machine translation (SMT) systems within a cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) architecture and examine if there is a correlation between translation quality and CLIR performance. The SMT systems were KantanMT, a cloud-based machine translation (MT) platform, and Moses, an open-source MT application. First we trained both systems using the same language resources: the EMEA corpus for the translation model and language model and the QTLP corpus for tuning. Then we translated the 63 queries of the OHSUMED test collection from Greek into English using both MT systems. Next, we ran the queries on the document collection using Apache Solr to get a list of the top ten matches. The results were compared to the OHSUMED gold standard. KantanMT achieved higher average precision and F-measure than Moses, while both systems produced the same recall score. We also calculated the BLEU score for each system using the ECDC corpus. Moses achieved a higher BLEU score than KantanMT. Finally, we also tested the IR performance of the original English queries. This work overall showed that CLIR performance can be better even when BLEU score is worse.",
}
@inproceedings{pardelli-etal-2016-two,
    title = "Two Decades of Terminology: {E}uropean Framework Programmes Titles",
    author = "Pardelli, Gabriella  and
      Goggi, Sara  and
      Giannini, Silvia  and
      Biagioni, Stefania",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1058",
    pages = "373--378",
    abstract = "This work analyses a corpus made of the titles of research projects belonging to the last four European Commission Framework Programmes (FP4, FP5, FP6, FP7) during a time span of nearly two decades (1994-2012). The starting point is the idea of creating a corpus of titles which would constitute a terminological niche, a sort of {``}cluster map{''} offering an overall vision on the terms used and the links between them. Moreover, by performing a terminological comparison over a period of time it is possible to trace the presence of obsolete words in outdated research areas as well as of neologisms in the most recent fields. Within this scenario, the minimal purpose is to build a corpus of titles of European projects belonging to the several Framework Programmes in order to obtain a terminological mapping of relevant words in the various research areas: particularly significant would be those terms spread across different domains or those extremely tied to a specific domain. A term could actually be found in many fields and being able to acknowledge and retrieve this cross-presence means being able to linking those different domains by means of a process of terminological mapping.",
}
@inproceedings{peters-wyner-2016-legal,
    title = "Legal Text Interpretation: Identifying Hohfeldian Relations from Text",
    author = "Peters, Wim  and
      Wyner, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1059",
    pages = "379--384",
    abstract = "The paper investigates the extent of the support semi-automatic analysis can provide for the specific task of assigning Hohfeldian relations of Duty, using the General Architecture for Text Engineering tool for the automated extraction of Duty instances and the bearers of associated roles. The outcome of the analysis supports scholars in identifying Hohfeldian structures in legal text when performing close reading of the texts. A cyclic workflow involving automated annotation and expert feedback will incrementally increase the quality and coverage of the automatic extraction process, and increasingly reduce the amount of manual work required of the scholar.",
}
@inproceedings{tachibana-komachi-2016-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of {E}nglish Spelling Errors in a Word-Typing Game",
    author = "Tachibana, Ryuichi  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1060",
    pages = "385--390",
    abstract = "The emergence of the web has necessitated the need to detect and correct noisy consumer-generated texts. Most of the previous studies on English spelling-error extraction collected English spelling errors from web services such as Twitter by using the edit distance or from input logs utilizing crowdsourcing. However, in the former approach, it is not clear which word corresponds to the spelling error, and the latter approach requires an annotation cost for the crowdsourcing. One notable exception is Rodrigues and Rytting (2012), who proposed to extract English spelling errors by using a word-typing game. Their approach saves the cost of crowdsourcing, and guarantees an exact alignment between the word and the spelling error. However, they did not assert whether the extracted spelling error corpora reflect the usual writing process such as writing a document. Therefore, we propose a new correctable word-typing game that is more similar to the actual writing process. Experimental results showed that we can regard typing-game logs as a source of spelling errors.",
}
@inproceedings{kovar-etal-2016-finding,
    title = "Finding Definitions in Large Corpora with Sketch Engine",
    author = "Kov{\'a}{\v{r}}, Vojt{\v{e}}ch  and
      Mo{\v{c}}iarikov{\'a}, Monika  and
      Rychl{\'y}, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1061",
    pages = "391--394",
    abstract = "The paper describes automatic definition finding implemented within the leading corpus query and management tool, Sketch Engine. The implementation exploits complex pattern-matching queries in the corpus query language (CQL) and the indexing mechanism of word sketches for finding and storing definition candidates throughout the corpus. The approach is evaluated for Czech and English corpora, showing that the results are usable in practice: precision of the tool ranges between 30 and 75 percent (depending on the major corpus text types) and we were able to extract nearly 2 million definition candidates from an English corpus with 1.4 billion words. The feature is embedded into the interface as a concordance filter, so that users can search for definitions of any query to the corpus, including very specific multi-word queries. The results also indicate that ordinary texts (unlike explanatory texts) contain rather low number of definitions, which is perhaps the most important problem with automatic definition finding in general.",
}
@inproceedings{rodriguez-ferreira-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Information Extraction from {W}ikipedia Texts using Basic {E}nglish",
    author = "Rodr{\'\i}guez-Ferreira, Teresa  and
      Rabad{\'a}n, Adri{\'a}n  and
      Herv{\'a}s, Raquel  and
      D{\'\i}az, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1062",
    pages = "395--400",
    abstract = "The aim of this paper is to study the effect that the use of Basic English versus common English has on information extraction from online resources. The amount of online information available to the public grows exponentially, and is potentially an excellent resource for information extraction. The problem is that this information often comes in an unstructured format, such as plain text. In order to retrieve knowledge from this type of text, it must first be analysed to find the relevant details, and the nature of the language used can greatly impact the quality of the extracted information. In this paper, we compare triplets that represent definitions or properties of concepts obtained from three online collaborative resources (English Wikipedia, Simple English Wikipedia and Simple English Wiktionary) and study the differences in the results when Basic English is used instead of common English. The results show that resources written in Basic English produce less quantity of triplets, but with higher quality.",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-etal-2016-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} and Public Engagement: The Case of the {I}talian School Reform",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Moretti, Giovanni  and
      Sprugnoli, Rachele  and
      Tonelli, Sara  and
      Lanfrey, Damien  and
      Kutzmann, Donatella Solda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1063",
    pages = "401--406",
    abstract = "In this paper we present PIERINO (PIattaforma per l{'}Estrazione e il Recupero di INformazione Online), a system that was implemented in collaboration with the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research to analyse the citizens{'} comments given in {\#}labuonascuola survey. The platform includes various levels of automatic analysis such as key-concept extraction and word co-occurrences. Each analysis is displayed through an intuitive view using different types of visualizations, for example radar charts and sunburst. PIERINO was effectively used to support shaping the last Italian school reform, proving the potential of NLP in the context of policy making.",
}
@inproceedings{saralegi-etal-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Translation Quality and {CLIR} Performance of Query Sessions",
    author = "Saralegi, Xabier  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Alegria, I{\~n}aki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1064",
    pages = "407--411",
    abstract = "This paper presents the evaluation of the translation quality and Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval (CLIR) performance when using session information as the context of queries. The hypothesis is that previous queries provide context that helps to solve ambiguous translations in the current query. We tested several strategies on the TREC 2010 Session track dataset, which includes query reformulations grouped by generalization, specification, and drifting types. We study the Basque to English direction, evaluating both the translation quality and CLIR performance, with positive results in both cases. The results show that the quality of translation improved, reducing error rate by 12{\%} (HTER) when using session information, which improved CLIR results 5{\%} (nDCG). We also provide an analysis of the improvements across the three kinds of sessions: generalization, specification, and drifting. Translation quality improved in all three types (generalization, specification, and drifting), and CLIR improved for generalization and specification sessions, preserving the performance in drifting sessions.",
}
@inproceedings{le-quasthoff-2016-construction,
    title = "Construction and Analysis of a Large {V}ietnamese Text Corpus",
    author = "Le, Dieu-Thu  and
      Quasthoff, Uwe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1065",
    pages = "412--416",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new Vietnamese text corpus which contains around 4.05 billion words. It is a collection of Wikipedia texts, newspaper articles and random web texts. The paper describes the process of collecting, cleaning and creating the corpus. Processing Vietnamese texts faced several challenges, for example, different from many Latin languages, Vietnamese language does not use blanks for separating words, hence using common tokenizers such as replacing blanks with word boundary does not work. A short review about different approaches of Vietnamese tokenization is presented together with how the corpus has been processed and created. After that, some statistical analysis on this data is reported including the number of syllable, average word length, sentence length and topic analysis. The corpus is integrated into a framework which allows searching and browsing. Using this web interface, users can find out how many times a particular word appears in the corpus, sample sentences where this word occurs, its left and right neighbors.",
}
@inproceedings{asooja-etal-2016-forecasting,
    title = "Forecasting Emerging Trends from Scientific Literature",
    author = "Asooja, Kartik  and
      Bordea, Georgeta  and
      Vulcu, Gabriela  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1066",
    pages = "417--420",
    abstract = "Text analysis methods for the automatic identification of emerging technologies by analyzing the scientific publications, are gaining attention because of their socio-economic impact. The approaches so far have been mainly focused on retrospective analysis by mapping scientific topic evolution over time. We propose regression based approaches to predict future keyword distribution. The prediction is based on historical data of the keywords, which in our case, are LREC conference proceedings. Considering the insufficient number of data points available from LREC proceedings, we do not employ standard time series forecasting methods. We form a dataset by extracting the keywords from previous year proceedings and quantify their yearly relevance using tf-idf scores. This dataset additionally contains ranked lists of related keywords and experts for each keyword.",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2016-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Structured Scholarly Information from the Machine Translation Literature",
    author = "Choi, Eunsol  and
      Horvat, Matic  and
      May, Jonathan  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1067",
    pages = "421--425",
    abstract = "Understanding the experimental results of a scientific paper is crucial to understanding its contribution and to comparing it with related work. We introduce a structured, queryable representation for experimental results and a baseline system that automatically populates this representation. The representation can answer compositional questions such as: {``}Which are the best published results reported on the NIST 09 Chinese to English dataset?{''} and {``}What are the most important methods for speeding up phrase-based decoding?{''} Answering such questions usually involves lengthy literature surveys. Current machine reading for academic papers does not usually consider the actual experiments, but mostly focuses on understanding abstracts. We describe annotation work to create an initial hscientific paper; experimental results representationi corpus. The corpus is composed of 67 papers which were manually annotated with a structured representation of experimental results by domain experts. Additionally, we present a baseline algorithm that characterizes the difficulty of the inference task.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2016-staggered,
    title = "Staggered {NLP}-assisted refinement for Clinical Annotations of Chronic Disease Events",
    author = "Wu, Stephen  and
      Wi, Chung-Il  and
      Sohn, Sunghwan  and
      Liu, Hongfang  and
      Juhn, Young",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1068",
    pages = "426--429",
    abstract = "Domain-specific annotations for NLP are often centered on real-world applications of text, and incorrect annotations may be particularly unacceptable. In medical text, the process of manual chart review (of a patient{'}s medical record) is error-prone due to its complexity. We propose a staggered NLP-assisted approach to the refinement of clinical annotations, an interactive process that allows initial human judgments to be verified or falsified by means of comparison with an improving NLP system. We show on our internal Asthma Timelines dataset that this approach improves the quality of the human-produced clinical annotations.",
}
@inproceedings{menini-etal-2016-pietro,
    title = "{``}Who was Pietro Badoglio?{''} Towards a {QA} system for {I}talian History",
    author = "Menini, Stefano  and
      Sprugnoli, Rachele  and
      Uva, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1069",
    pages = "430--435",
    abstract = "This paper presents QUANDHO (QUestion ANswering Data for italian HistOry), an Italian question answering dataset created to cover a specific domain, i.e. the history of Italy in the first half of the XX century. The dataset includes questions manually classified and annotated with Lexical Answer Types, and a set of question-answer pairs. This resource, freely available for research purposes, has been used to retrain a domain independent question answering system so to improve its performances in the domain of interest. Ongoing experiments on the development of a question classifier and an automatic tagger of Lexical Answer Types are also presented.",
}
@inproceedings{funk-etal-2016-document,
    title = "A Document Repository for Social Media and Speech Conversations",
    author = "Funk, Adam  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Favre, Benoit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1070",
    pages = "436--440",
    abstract = "We present a successfully implemented document repository REST service for flexible SCRUD (search, crate, read, update, delete) storage of social media conversations, using a GATE/TIPSTER-like document object model and providing a query language for document features. This software is currently being used in the SENSEI research project and will be published as open-source software before the project ends. It is, to the best of our knowledge, the first freely available, general purpose data repository to support large-scale multimodal (i.e., speech or text) conversation analytics.",
}
@inproceedings{parvizi-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards a Linguistic Ontology with an Emphasis on Reasoning and Knowledge Reuse",
    author = "Parvizi, Artemis  and
      Kohl, Matt  and
      Gonz{\`a}lez, Meritxell  and
      Saur{\'\i}, Roser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1071",
    pages = "441--448",
    abstract = "The Dictionaries division at Oxford University Press (OUP) is aiming to model, integrate, and publish lexical content for 100 languages focussing on digitally under-represented languages. While there are multiple ontologies designed for linguistic resources, none had adequate features for meeting our requirements, chief of which was the capability to losslessly capture diverse features of many different languages in a dictionary format, while supplying a framework for inferring relations like translation, derivation, etc., between the data. Building on valuable features of existing models, and working with OUP monolingual and bilingual dictionary datasets, we have designed and implemented a new linguistic ontology. The ontology has been reviewed by a number of computational linguists, and we are working to move more dictionary data into it. We have also developed APIs to surface the linked data to dictionary websites.",
}
@inproceedings{maegaard-etal-2016-providing,
    title = "Providing a Catalogue of Language Resources for Commercial Users",
    author = "Maegaard, Bente  and
      Henriksen, Lina  and
      Joscelyne, Andrew  and
      Lusicky, Vesna  and
      Mazura, Margaretha  and
      Olsen, Sussi  and
      Povlsen, Claus  and
      Wacker, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1072",
    pages = "449--456",
    abstract = "Language resources (LR) are indispensable for the development of tools for machine translation (MT) or various kinds of computer-assisted translation (CAT). In particular language corpora, both parallel and monolingual are considered most important for instance for MT, not only SMT but also hybrid MT. The Language Technology Observatory will provide easy access to information about LRs deemed to be useful for MT and other translation tools through its LR Catalogue. In order to determine what aspects of an LR are useful for MT practitioners, a user study was made, providing a guide to the most relevant metadata and the most relevant quality criteria. We have seen that many resources exist which are useful for MT and similar work, but the majority are for (academic) research or educational use only, and as such not available for commercial use. Our work has revealed a list of gaps: coverage gap, awareness gap, quality gap, quantity gap. The paper ends with recommendations for a forward-looking strategy.",
}
@inproceedings{ide-etal-2016-language,
    title = "The Language Application Grid and Galaxy",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Suderman, Keith  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Verhagen, Marc  and
      Cieri, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1073",
    pages = "457--462",
    abstract = "The NSF-SI2-funded LAPPS Grid project is a collaborative effort among Brandeis University, Vassar College, Carnegie-Mellon University (CMU), and the Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC), which has developed an open, web-based infrastructure through which resources can be easily accessed and within which tailored language services can be efficiently composed, evaluated, disseminated and consumed by researchers, developers, and students across a wide variety of disciplines. The LAPPS Grid project recently adopted Galaxy (Giardine et al., 2005), a robust, well-developed, and well-supported front end for workflow configuration, management, and persistence. Galaxy allows data inputs and processing steps to be selected from graphical menus, and results are displayed in intuitive plots and summaries that encourage interactive workflows and the exploration of hypotheses. The Galaxy workflow engine provides significant advantages for deploying pipelines of LAPPS Grid web services, including not only means to create and deploy locally-run and even customized versions of the LAPPS Grid as well as running the LAPPS Grid in the cloud, but also access to a huge array of statistical and visualization tools that have been developed for use in genomics research.",
}
@inproceedings{choukri-etal-2016-elra,
    title = "{ELRA} Activities and Services",
    author = "Choukri, Khalid  and
      Mapelli, Val{\'e}rie  and
      Mazo, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Popescu, Vladimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1074",
    pages = "463--468",
    abstract = "After celebrating its 20th anniversary in 2015, ELRA is carrying on its strong involvement in the HLT field. To share ELRA{'}s expertise of those 21 past years, this article begins with a presentation of ELRA{'}s strategic Data and LR Management Plan for a wide use by the language communities. Then, we further report on ELRA{'}s activities and services provided since LREC 2014. When looking at the cataloguing and licensing activities, we can see that ELRA has been active at making the Meta-Share repository move toward new developments steps, supporting Europe to obtain accurate LRs within the Connecting Europe Facility programme, promoting the use of LR citation, creating the ELRA License Wizard web portal.The article further elaborates on the recent LR production activities of various written, speech and video resources, commissioned by public and private customers. In parallel, ELDA has also worked on several EU-funded projects centred on strategic issues related to the European Digital Single Market. The last part gives an overview of the latest dissemination activities, with a special focus on the celebration of its 20th anniversary organised in Dubrovnik (Croatia) and the following up of LREC, as well as the launching of the new ELRA portal.",
}
@inproceedings{navarretta-2016-mirroring,
    title = "Mirroring Facial Expressions and Emotions in Dyadic Conversations",
    author = "Navarretta, Costanza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1075",
    pages = "469--474",
    abstract = "This paper presents an investigation of mirroring facial expressions and the emotions which they convey in dyadic naturally occurring first encounters. Mirroring facial expressions are a common phenomenon in face-to-face interactions, and they are due to the mirror neuron system which has been found in both animals and humans. Researchers have proposed that the mirror neuron system is an important component behind many cognitive processes such as action learning and understanding the emotions of others. Preceding studies of the first encounters have shown that overlapping speech and overlapping facial expressions are very frequent. In this study, we want to determine whether the overlapping facial expressions are mirrored or are otherwise correlated in the encounters, and to what extent mirroring facial expressions convey the same emotion. The results of our study show that the majority of smiles and laughs, and one fifth of the occurrences of raised eyebrows are mirrored in the data. Moreover some facial traits in co-occurring expressions co-occur more often than it would be expected by chance. Finally, amusement, and to a lesser extent friendliness, are often emotions shared by both participants, while other emotions indicating individual affective states such as uncertainty and hesitancy are never showed by both participants, but co-occur with complementary emotions such as friendliness and support. Whether these tendencies are specific to this type of conversations or are more common should be investigated further.",
}
@inproceedings{radev-etal-2016-humor,
    title = "Humor in Collective Discourse: Unsupervised Funniness Detection in the New Yorker Cartoon Caption Contest",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir  and
      Stent, Amanda  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Pappu, Aasish  and
      Iliakopoulou, Aikaterini  and
      Chanfreau, Agustin  and
      de Juan, Paloma  and
      Vallmitjana, Jordi  and
      Jaimes, Alejandro  and
      Jha, Rahul  and
      Mankoff, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1076",
    pages = "475--479",
    abstract = "The New Yorker publishes a weekly captionless cartoon. More than 5,000 readers submit captions for it. The editors select three of them and ask the readers to pick the funniest one. We describe an experiment that compares a dozen automatic methods for selecting the funniest caption. We show that negative sentiment, human-centeredness, and lexical centrality most strongly match the funniest captions, followed by positive sentiment. These results are useful for understanding humor and also in the design of more engaging conversational agents in text and multimodal (vision+text) systems. As part of this work, a large set of cartoons and captions is being made available to the community.",
}
@inproceedings{yaneva-etal-2016-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Text Data and Gaze Fixations from Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults",
    author = "Yaneva, Victoria  and
      Temnikova, Irina  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1077",
    pages = "480--487",
    abstract = "The paper presents a corpus of text data and its corresponding gaze fixations obtained from autistic and non-autistic readers. The data was elicited through reading comprehension testing combined with eye-tracking recording. The corpus consists of 1034 content words tagged with their POS, syntactic role and three gaze-based measures corresponding to the autistic and control participants. The reading skills of the participants were measured through multiple-choice questions and, based on the answers given, they were divided into groups of skillful and less-skillful readers. This division of the groups informs researchers on whether particular fixations were elicited from skillful or less-skillful readers and allows a fair between-group comparison for two levels of reading ability. In addition to describing the process of data collection and corpus development, we present a study on the effect that word length has on reading in autism. The corpus is intended as a resource for investigating the particular linguistic constructions which pose reading difficulties for people with autism and hopefully, as a way to inform future text simplification research intended for this population.",
}
@inproceedings{chollet-etal-2016-multimodal,
    title = "A Multimodal Corpus for the Assessment of Public Speaking Ability and Anxiety",
    author = {Chollet, Mathieu  and
      W{\"o}rtwein, Torsten  and
      Morency, Louis-Philippe  and
      Scherer, Stefan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1078",
    pages = "488--495",
    abstract = "The ability to efficiently speak in public is an essential asset for many professions and is used in everyday life. As such, tools enabling the improvement of public speaking performance and the assessment and mitigation of anxiety related to public speaking would be very useful. Multimodal interaction technologies, such as computer vision and embodied conversational agents, have recently been investigated for the training and assessment of interpersonal skills. Once central requirement for these technologies is multimodal corpora for training machine learning models. This paper addresses the need of these technologies by presenting and sharing a multimodal corpus of public speaking presentations. These presentations were collected in an experimental study investigating the potential of interactive virtual audiences for public speaking training. This corpus includes audio-visual data and automatically extracted features, measures of public speaking anxiety and personality, annotations of participants{'} behaviors and expert ratings of behavioral aspects and overall performance of the presenters. We hope this corpus will help other research teams in developing tools for supporting public speaking training.",
}
@inproceedings{bertero-fung-2016-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning of Audio and Language Features for Humor Prediction",
    author = "Bertero, Dario  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1079",
    pages = "496--501",
    abstract = "We propose a comparison between various supervised machine learning methods to predict and detect humor in dialogues. We retrieve our humorous dialogues from a very popular TV sitcom: {``}The Big Bang Theory{''}. We build a corpus where punchlines are annotated using the canned laughter embedded in the audio track. Our comparative study involves a linear-chain Conditional Random Field over a Recurrent Neural Network and a Convolutional Neural Network. Using a combination of word-level and audio frame-level features, the CNN outperforms the other methods, obtaining the best F-score of 68.5{\%} over 66.5{\%} by CRF and 52.9{\%} by RNN. Our work is a starting point to developing more effective machine learning and neural network models on the humor prediction task, as well as developing machines capable in understanding humor in general.",
}
@inproceedings{alghamdi-etal-2016-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of {A}rabic Formulaic Sequence Extraction Methods",
    author = "Alghamdi, Ayman  and
      Atwell, Eric  and
      Brierley, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1080",
    pages = "502--506",
    abstract = "This paper aims to implement what is referred to as the collocation of the Arabic keywords approach for extracting formulaic sequences (FSs) in the form of high frequency but semantically regular formulas that are not restricted to any syntactic construction or semantic domain. The study applies several distributional semantic models in order to automatically extract relevant FSs related to Arabic keywords. The data sets used in this experiment are rendered from a new developed corpus-based Arabic wordlist consisting of 5,189 lexical items which represent a variety of modern standard Arabic (MSA) genres and regions, the new wordlist being based on an overlapping frequency based on a comprehensive comparison of four large Arabic corpora with a total size of over 8 billion running words. Empirical n-best precision evaluation methods are used to determine the best association measures (AMs) for extracting high frequency and meaningful FSs. The gold standard reference FSs list was developed in previous studies and manually evaluated against well-established quantitative and qualitative criteria. The results demonstrate that the MI.log{\_}f AM achieved the highest results in extracting significant FSs from the large MSA corpus, while the T-score association measure achieved the worst results.",
}
@inproceedings{stankovic-etal-2016-rule,
    title = "Rule-based Automatic Multi-word Term Extraction and Lemmatization",
    author = "Stankovi{\'c}, Ranka  and
      Krstev, Cvetana  and
      Obradovi{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Lazi{\'c}, Biljana  and
      Trtovac, Aleksandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1081",
    pages = "507--514",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a rule-based method for multi-word term extraction that relies on extensive lexical resources in the form of electronic dictionaries and finite-state transducers for modelling various syntactic structures of multi-word terms. The same technology is used for lemmatization of extracted multi-word terms, which is unavoidable for highly inflected languages in order to pass extracted data to evaluators and subsequently to terminological e-dictionaries and databases. The approach is illustrated on a corpus of Serbian texts from the mining domain containing more than 600,000 simple word forms. Extracted and lemmatized multi-word terms are filtered in order to reject falsely offered lemmas and then ranked by introducing measures that combine linguistic and statistical information (C-Value, T-Score, LLR, and Keyness). Mean average precision for retrieval of MWU forms ranges from 0.789 to 0.804, while mean average precision of lemma production ranges from 0.956 to 0.960. The evaluation showed that 94{\%} of distinct multi-word forms were evaluated as proper multi-word units, and among them 97{\%} were associated with correct lemmas.",
}
@inproceedings{kettnerova-bejcek-2016-distribution,
    title = "Distribution of Valency Complements in {C}zech Complex Predicates: Between Verb and Noun",
    author = "Kettnerov{\'a}, V{\'a}clava  and
      Bej{\v{c}}ek, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1082",
    pages = "515--521",
    abstract = "In this paper, we focus on Czech complex predicates formed by a light verb and a predicative noun expressed as the direct object. Although Czech ― as an inflectional language encoding syntactic relations via morphological cases ― provides an excellent opportunity to study the distribution of valency complements in the syntactic structure with complex predicates, this distribution has not been described so far. On the basis of a manual analysis of the richly annotated data from the Prague Dependency Treebank, we thus formulate principles governing this distribution. In an automatic experiment, we verify these principles on well-formed syntactic structures from the Prague Dependency Treebank and the Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank with very satisfactory results: the distribution of 97{\%} of valency complements in the surface structure is governed by the proposed principles. These results corroborate that the surface structure formation of complex predicates is a regular process.",
}
@inproceedings{liebeskind-hacohen-kerner-2016-lexical,
    title = "A Lexical Resource of {H}ebrew Verb-Noun Multi-Word Expressions",
    author = "Liebeskind, Chaya  and
      HaCohen-Kerner, Yaakov",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1083",
    pages = "522--527",
    abstract = "A verb-noun Multi-Word Expression (MWE) is a combination of a verb and a noun with or without other words, in which the combination has a meaning different from the meaning of the words considered separately. In this paper, we present a new lexical resource of Hebrew Verb-Noun MWEs (VN-MWEs). The VN-MWEs of this resource were manually collected and annotated from five different web resources. In addition, we analyze the lexical properties of Hebrew VN-MWEs by classifying them to three types: morphological, syntactic, and semantic. These two contributions are essential for designing algorithms for automatic VN-MWEs extraction. The analysis suggests some interesting features of VN-MWEs for exploration. The lexical resource enables to sample a set of positive examples for Hebrew VN-MWEs. This set of examples can either be used for training supervised algorithms or as seeds in unsupervised bootstrapping algorithms. Thus, this resource is a first step towards automatic identification of Hebrew VN-MWEs, which is important for natural language understanding, generation and translation systems.",
}
@inproceedings{jacquet-etal-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Linking of Multi-word Entities and their corresponding Acronyms",
    author = {Jacquet, Guillaume  and
      Ehrmann, Maud  and
      Steinberger, Ralf  and
      V{\"a}yrynen, Jaakko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1084",
    pages = "528--535",
    abstract = "This paper reports on an approach and experiments to automatically build a cross-lingual multi-word entity resource. Starting from a collection of millions of acronym/expansion pairs for 22 languages where expansion variants were grouped into monolingual clusters, we experiment with several aggregation strategies to link these clusters across languages. Aggregation strategies make use of string similarity distances and translation probabilities and they are based on vector space and graph representations. The accuracy of the approach is evaluated against Wikipedia{'}s redirection and cross-lingual linking tables. The resulting multi-word entity resource contains 64,000 multi-word entities with unique identifiers and their 600,000 multilingual lexical variants. We intend to make this new resource publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{meurs-etal-2016-semlinker,
    title = "{S}em{L}inker, a Modular and Open Source Framework for Named Entity Discovery and Linking",
    author = "Meurs, Marie-Jean  and
      Almeida, Hayda  and
      Jean-Louis, Ludovic  and
      Charton, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1085",
    pages = "536--540",
    abstract = "This paper presents SemLinker, an open source system that discovers named entities, connects them to a reference knowledge base, and clusters them semantically. SemLinker relies on several modules that perform surface form generation, mutual disambiguation, entity clustering, and make use of two annotation engines. SemLinker was evaluated in the English Entity Discovery and Linking track of the Text Analysis Conference on Knowledge Base Population, organized by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology. Along with the SemLinker source code, we release our annotation files containing the discovered named entities, their types, and position across processed documents.",
}
@inproceedings{ilievski-etal-2016-context,
    title = "Context-enhanced Adaptive Entity Linking",
    author = {Ilievski, Filip  and
      Rizzo, Giuseppe  and
      van Erp, Marieke  and
      Plu, Julien  and
      Troncy, Rapha{\"e}l},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1086",
    pages = "541--548",
    abstract = "More and more knowledge bases are publicly available as linked data. Since these knowledge bases contain structured descriptions of real-world entities, they can be exploited by entity linking systems that anchor entity mentions from text to the most relevant resources describing those entities. In this paper, we investigate adaptation of the entity linking task using contextual knowledge. The key intuition is that entity linking can be customized depending on the textual content, as well as on the application that would make use of the extracted information. We present an adaptive approach that relies on contextual knowledge from text to enhance the performance of ADEL, a hybrid linguistic and graph-based entity linking system. We evaluate our approach on a domain-specific corpus consisting of annotated WikiNews articles.",
}
@inproceedings{okur-etal-2016-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition on Twitter for {T}urkish using Semi-supervised Learning with Word Embeddings",
    author = {Okur, Eda  and
      Demir, Hakan  and
      {\"O}zg{\"u}r, Arzucan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1087",
    pages = "549--555",
    abstract = "Recently, due to the increasing popularity of social media, the necessity for extracting information from informal text types, such as microblog texts, has gained significant attention. In this study, we focused on the Named Entity Recognition (NER) problem on informal text types for Turkish. We utilized a semi-supervised learning approach based on neural networks. We applied a fast unsupervised method for learning continuous representations of words in vector space. We made use of these obtained word embeddings, together with language independent features that are engineered to work better on informal text types, for generating a Turkish NER system on microblog texts. We evaluated our Turkish NER system on Twitter messages and achieved better F-score performances than the published results of previously proposed NER systems on Turkish tweets. Since we did not employ any language dependent features, we believe that our method can be easily adapted to microblog texts in other morphologically rich languages.",
}
@inproceedings{pershina-etal-2016-entity,
    title = "Entity Linking with a Paraphrase Flavor",
    author = "Pershina, Maria  and
      He, Yifan  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1088",
    pages = "556--560",
    abstract = "The task of Named Entity Linking is to link entity mentions in the document to their correct entries in a knowledge base and to cluster NIL mentions. Ambiguous, misspelled, and incomplete entity mention names are the main challenges in the linking process. We propose a novel approach that combines two state-of-the-art models ― for entity disambiguation and for paraphrase detection ― to overcome these challenges. We consider name variations as paraphrases of the same entity mention and adopt a paraphrase model for this task. Our approach utilizes a graph-based disambiguation model based on Personalized Page Rank, and then refines and clusters its output using the paraphrase similarity between entity mention strings. It achieves a competitive performance of 80.5{\%} in B3+F clustering score on diagnostic TAC EDL 2014 data.",
}
@inproceedings{tian-etal-2016-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation for Named Entity Recognition Using {CRF}s",
    author = "Tian, Tian  and
      Dinarelli, Marco  and
      Tellier, Isabelle  and
      Cardoso, Pedro Dias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1089",
    pages = "561--565",
    abstract = "In this paper we explain how we created a labelled corpus in English for a Named Entity Recognition (NER) task from multi-source and multi-domain data, for an industrial partner. We explain the specificities of this corpus with examples and describe some baseline experiments. We present some results of domain adaptation on this corpus using a labelled Twitter corpus (Ritter et al., 2011). We tested a semi-supervised method from (Garcia-Fernandez et al., 2014) combined with a supervised domain adaptation approach proposed in (Raymond and Fayolle, 2010) for machine learning experiments with CRFs (Conditional Random Fields). We use the same technique to improve the NER results on the Twitter corpus (Ritter et al., 2011). Our contributions thus consist in an industrial corpus creation and NER performance improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{arcan-etal-2016-iris,
    title = "{IRIS}: {E}nglish-Irish Machine Translation System",
    author = "Arcan, Mihael  and
      Lane, Caoilfhionn  and
      Droighne{\'a}in, Eoin {\'O}  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1090",
    pages = "566--572",
    abstract = "We describe IRIS, a statistical machine translation (SMT) system for translating from English into Irish and vice versa. Since Irish is considered an under-resourced language with a limited amount of machine-readable text, building a machine translation system that produces reasonable translations is rather challenging. As translation is a difficult task, current research in SMT focuses on obtaining statistics either from a large amount of parallel, monolingual or other multilingual resources. Nevertheless, we collected available English-Irish data and developed an SMT system aimed at supporting human translators and enabling cross-lingual language technology tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{tambouratzis-pouli-2016-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically Inspired Language Model Augmentation for {MT}",
    author = "Tambouratzis, George  and
      Pouli, Vasiliki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1091",
    pages = "573--577",
    abstract = "The present article reports on efforts to improve the translation accuracy of a corpus―based Machine Translation (MT) system. In order to achieve that, an error analysis performed on past translation outputs has indicated the likelihood of improving the translation accuracy by augmenting the coverage of the Target-Language (TL) side language model. The method adopted for improving the language model is initially presented, based on the concatenation of consecutive phrases. The algorithmic steps are then described that form the process for augmenting the language model. The key idea is to only augment the language model to cover the most frequent cases of phrase sequences, as counted over a TL-side corpus, in order to maximize the cases covered by the new language model entries. Experiments presented in the article show that substantial improvements in translation accuracy are achieved via the proposed method, when integrating the grown language model to the corpus-based MT system.",
}
@inproceedings{abercrombie-2016-rule,
    title = "A Rule-based Shallow-transfer Machine Translation System for Scots and {E}nglish",
    author = "Abercrombie, Gavin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1092",
    pages = "578--584",
    abstract = "An open-source rule-based machine translation system is developed for Scots, a low-resourced minor language closely related to English and spoken in Scotland and Ireland. By concentrating on translation for assimilation (gist comprehension) from Scots to English, it is proposed that the development of dictionaries designed to be used with in the Apertium platform will be sufficient to produce translations that improve non-Scots speakers understanding of the language. Mono- and bilingual Scots dictionaries are constructed using lexical items gathered from a variety of resources across several domains. Although the primary goal of this project is translation for gisting, the system is evaluated for both assimilation and dissemination (publication-ready translations). A variety of evaluation methods are used, including a cloze test undertaken by human volunteers. While evaluation results are comparable to, and in some cases superior to, those of other language pairs within the Apertium platform, room for improvement is identified in several areas of the system.",
}
@inproceedings{rikters-skadina-2016-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-based Multi-system Machine Translation",
    author = "Rikters, Mat{\=\i}ss  and
      Skadi{\c{n}}a, Inguna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1093",
    pages = "585--591",
    abstract = "This paper describes a hybrid machine translation system that explores a parser to acquire syntactic chunks of a source sentence, translates the chunks with multiple online machine translation (MT) system application program interfaces (APIs) and creates output by combining translated chunks to obtain the best possible translation. The selection of the best translation hypothesis is performed by calculating the perplexity for each translated chunk. The goal of this approach is to enhance the baseline multi-system hybrid translation (MHyT) system that uses only a language model to select best translation from translations obtained with different APIs and to improve overall English ― Latvian machine translation quality over each of the individual MT APIs. The presented syntax-based multi-system translation (SyMHyT) system demonstrates an improvement in terms of BLEU and NIST scores compared to the baseline system. Improvements reach from 1.74 up to 2.54 BLEU points.",
}
@inproceedings{stajner-etal-2016-use,
    title = "Use of Domain-Specific Language Resources in Machine Translation",
    author = "{\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Querido, Andreia  and
      Rendeiro, Nuno  and
      Rodrigues, Jo{\~a}o Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1094",
    pages = "592--598",
    abstract = "In this paper, we address the problem of Machine Translation (MT) for a specialised domain in a language pair for which only a very small domain-specific parallel corpus is available. We conduct a series of experiments using a purely phrase-based SMT (PBSMT) system and a hybrid MT system (TectoMT), testing three different strategies to overcome the problem of the small amount of in-domain training data. Our results show that adding a small size in-domain bilingual terminology to the small in-domain training corpus leads to the best improvements of a hybrid MT system, while the PBSMT system achieves the best results by adding a combination of in-domain bilingual terminology and a larger out-of-domain corpus. We focus on qualitative human evaluation of the output of two best systems (one for each approach) and perform a systematic in-depth error analysis which revealed advantages of the hybrid MT system over the pure PBSMT system for this specific task.",
}
@inproceedings{pal-etal-2016-catalog,
    title = "{CAT}a{L}og Online: Porting a Post-editing Tool to the Web",
    author = "Pal, Santanu  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      Nayak, Tapas  and
      Vela, Mihaela  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1095",
    pages = "599--604",
    abstract = "This paper presents CATaLog online, a new web-based MT and TM post-editing tool. CATaLog online is a freeware software that can be used through a web browser and it requires only a simple registration. The tool features a number of editing and log functions similar to the desktop version of CATaLog enhanced with several new features that we describe in detail in this paper. CATaLog online is designed to allow users to post-edit both translation memory segments as well as machine translation output. The tool provides a complete set of log information currently not available in most commercial CAT tools. Log information can be used both for project management purposes as well as for the study of the translation process and translator{'}s productivity.",
}
@inproceedings{hayakawa-etal-2016-ilmt,
    title = "The {ILMT}-s2s Corpus ― A Multimodal Interlingual Map Task Corpus",
    author = "Hayakawa, Akira  and
      Luz, Saturnino  and
      Cerrato, Loredana  and
      Campbell, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1096",
    pages = "605--612",
    abstract = "This paper presents the multimodal Interlingual Map Task Corpus (ILMT-s2s corpus) collected at Trinity College Dublin, and discuss some of the issues related to the collection and analysis of the data. The corpus design is inspired by the HCRC Map Task Corpus which was initially designed to support the investigation of linguistic phenomena, and has been the focus of a variety of studies of communicative behaviour. The simplicity of the task, and the complexity of phenomena it can elicit, make the map task an ideal object of study. Although there are studies that used replications of the map task to investigate communication in computer mediated tasks, this ILMT-s2s corpus is, to the best of our knowledge, the first investigation of communicative behaviour in the presence of three additional {``}filters{''}: Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Machine Translation (MT) and Text To Speech (TTS) synthesis, where the instruction giver and the instruction follower speak different languages. This paper details the data collection setup and completed annotation of the ILMT-s2s corpus, and outlines preliminary results obtained from the data.",
}
@inproceedings{sadamitsu-etal-2016-name,
    title = "Name Translation based on Fine-grained Named Entity Recognition in a Single Language",
    author = "Sadamitsu, Kugatsu  and
      Saito, Itsumi  and
      Katayama, Taichi  and
      Asano, Hisako  and
      Matsuo, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1097",
    pages = "613--619",
    abstract = "We propose named entity abstraction methods with fine-grained named entity labels for improving statistical machine translation (SMT). The methods are based on a bilingual named entity recognizer that uses a monolingual named entity recognizer with transliteration. Through experiments, we demonstrate that incorporating fine-grained named entities into statistical machine translation improves the accuracy of SMT with more adequate granularity compared with the standard SMT, which is a non-named entity abstraction method.",
}
@inproceedings{s-bhattacharyya-2016-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Resources to Enrich {E}nglish {M}alayalam Machine Translation",
    author = "S, Sreelekha  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1098",
    pages = "620--627",
    abstract = "In this paper we present our work on the usage of lexical resources for the Machine Translation English and Malayalam. We describe a comparative performance between different Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) systems on top of phrase based SMT system as baseline. We explore different ways of utilizing lexical resources to improve the quality of English Malayalam statistical machine translation. In order to enrich the training corpus we have augmented the lexical resources in two ways (a) additional vocabulary and (b) inflected verbal forms. Lexical resources include IndoWordnet semantic relation set, lexical words and verb phrases etc. We have described case studies, evaluations and have given detailed error analysis for both Malayalam to English and English to Malayalam machine translation systems. We observed significant improvement in evaluations of translation quality. Lexical resources do help uplift performance when parallel corpora are scanty.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-yvon-2016-novel,
    title = "Novel elicitation and annotation schemes for sentential and sub-sentential alignments of bitexts",
    author = "Xu, Yong  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1099",
    pages = "628--635",
    abstract = "Resources for evaluating sentence-level and word-level alignment algorithms are unsatisfactory. Regarding sentence alignments, the existing data is too scarce, especially when it comes to difficult bitexts, containing instances of non-literal translations. Regarding word-level alignments, most available hand-aligned data provide a complete annotation at the level of words that is difficult to exploit, for lack of a clear semantics for alignment links. In this study, we propose new methodologies for collecting human judgements on alignment links, which have been used to annotate 4 new data sets, at the sentence and at the word level. These will be released online, with the hope that they will prove useful to evaluate alignment software and quality estimation tools for automatic alignment. Keywords: Parallel corpora, Sentence Alignments, Word Alignments, Confidence Estimation",
}
@inproceedings{guillou-hardmeier-2016-protest,
    title = "{PROTEST}: A Test Suite for Evaluating Pronouns in Machine Translation",
    author = "Guillou, Liane  and
      Hardmeier, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1100",
    pages = "636--643",
    abstract = "We present PROTEST, a test suite for the evaluation of pronoun translation by MT systems. The test suite comprises 250 hand-selected pronoun tokens and an automatic evaluation method which compares the translations of pronouns in MT output with those in the reference translation. Pronoun translations that do not match the reference are referred for manual evaluation. PROTEST is designed to support analysis of system performance at the level of individual pronoun groups, rather than to provide a single aggregate measure over all pronouns. We wish to encourage detailed analyses to highlight issues in the handling of specific linguistic mechanisms by MT systems, thereby contributing to a better understanding of those problems involved in translating pronouns. We present two use cases for PROTEST: a) for measuring improvement/degradation of an incremental system change, and b) for comparing the performance of a group of systems whose design may be largely unrelated. Following the latter use case, we demonstrate the application of PROTEST to the evaluation of the systems submitted to the DiscoMT 2015 shared task on pronoun translation.",
}
@inproceedings{chu-kurohashi-2016-paraphrasing,
    title = "Paraphrasing Out-of-Vocabulary Words with Word Embeddings and Semantic Lexicons for Low Resource Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Chu, Chenhui  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1101",
    pages = "644--648",
    abstract = "Out-of-vocabulary (OOV) word is a crucial problem in statistical machine translation (SMT) with low resources. OOV paraphrasing that augments the translation model for the OOV words by using the translation knowledge of their paraphrases has been proposed to address the OOV problem. In this paper, we propose using word embeddings and semantic lexicons for OOV paraphrasing. Experiments conducted on a low resource setting of the OLYMPICS task of IWSLT 2012 verify the effectiveness of our proposed method.",
}
@inproceedings{daiber-van-der-goot-2016-denoised,
    title = "The Denoised Web Treebank: Evaluating Dependency Parsing under Noisy Input Conditions",
    author = "Daiber, Joachim  and
      van der Goot, Rob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1102",
    pages = "649--653",
    abstract = "We introduce the Denoised Web Treebank: a treebank including a normalization layer and a corresponding evaluation metric for dependency parsing of noisy text, such as Tweets. This benchmark enables the evaluation of parser robustness as well as text normalization methods, including normalization as machine translation and unsupervised lexical normalization, directly on syntactic trees. Experiments show that text normalization together with a combination of domain-specific and generic part-of-speech taggers can lead to a significant improvement in parsing accuracy on this test set.",
}
@inproceedings{che-etal-2016-punctuation,
    title = "Punctuation Prediction for Unsegmented Transcript Based on Word Vector",
    author = "Che, Xiaoyin  and
      Wang, Cheng  and
      Yang, Haojin  and
      Meinel, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1103",
    pages = "654--658",
    abstract = "In this paper we propose an approach to predict punctuation marks for unsegmented speech transcript. The approach is purely lexical, with pre-trained Word Vectors as the only input. A training model of Deep Neural Network (DNN) or Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is applied to classify whether a punctuation mark should be inserted after the third word of a 5-words sequence and which kind of punctuation mark the inserted one should be. TED talks within IWSLT dataset are used in both training and evaluation phases. The proposed approach shows its effectiveness by achieving better result than the state-of-the-art lexical solution which works with same type of data, especially when predicting puncuation position only.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating a Deterministic Shift-Reduce Neural Parser for Constituent Parsing",
    author = "Zhou, Hao  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Huang, Shujian  and
      Dai, Xin-Yu  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1104",
    pages = "659--663",
    abstract = "Greedy transition-based parsers are appealing for their very fast speed, with reasonably high accuracies. In this paper, we build a fast shift-reduce neural constituent parser by using a neural network to make local decisions. One challenge to the parsing speed is the large hidden and output layer sizes caused by the number of constituent labels and branching options. We speed up the parser by using a hierarchical output layer, inspired by the hierarchical log-bilinear neural language model. In standard WSJ experiments, the neural parser achieves an almost 2.4 time speed up (320 sen/sec) compared to a non-hierarchical baseline without significant accuracy loss (89.06 vs 89.13 F-score).",
}
@inproceedings{ushiku-etal-2016-language,
    title = "Language Resource Addition Strategies for Raw Text Parsing",
    author = "Ushiku, Atsushi  and
      Sasada, Tetsuro  and
      Mori, Shinsuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1105",
    pages = "664--671",
    abstract = "We focus on the improvement of accuracy of raw text parsing, from the viewpoint of language resource addition. In Japanese, the raw text parsing is divided into three steps: word segmentation, part-of-speech tagging, and dependency parsing. We investigate the contribution of language resource addition in each of three steps to the improvement in accuracy for two domain corpora. The experimental results show that this improvement depends on the target domain. For example, when we handle well-written texts of limited vocabulary, white paper, an effective language resource is a word-POS pair sequence corpus for the parsing accuracy. So we conclude that it is important to check out the characteristics of the target domain and to choose a suitable language resource addition strategy for the parsing accuracy improvement.",
}
@inproceedings{marton-toutanova-2016-e,
    title = "E-{TIPSY}: Search Query Corpus Annotated with Entities, Term Importance, {POS} Tags, and Syntactic Parses",
    author = "Marton, Yuval  and
      Toutanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1106",
    pages = "672--676",
    abstract = "We present E-TIPSY, a search query corpus annotated with named Entities, Term Importance, POS tags, and SYntactic parses. This corpus contains crowdsourced (gold) annotations of the three most important terms in each query. In addition, it contains automatically produced annotations of named entities, part-of-speech tags, and syntactic parses for the same queries. This corpus comes in two formats: (1) Sober Subset: annotations that two or more crowd workers agreed upon, and (2) Full Glass: all annotations. We analyze the strikingly low correlation between term importance and syntactic headedness, which invites research into effective ways of combining these different signals. Our corpus can serve as a benchmark for term importance methods aimed at improving search engine quality and as an initial step toward developing a dataset of gold linguistic analysis of web search queries. In addition, it can be used as a basis for linguistic inquiries into the kind of expressions used in search.",
}
@inproceedings{augustinus-etal-2016-afribooms,
    title = "{A}fri{B}ooms: An Online Treebank for {A}frikaans",
    author = "Augustinus, Liesbeth  and
      Dirix, Peter  and
      Niekerk, Daniel van  and
      Schuurman, Ineke  and
      Vandeghinste, Vincent  and
      Eynde, Frank Van  and
      Huyssteen, Gerhard van",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1107",
    pages = "677--682",
    abstract = "Compared to well-resourced languages such as English and Dutch, natural language processing (NLP) tools for Afrikaans are still not abundant. In the context of the AfriBooms project, KU Leuven and the North-West University collaborated to develop a first, small treebank, a dependency parser, and an easy to use online linguistic search engine for Afrikaans for use by researchers and students in the humanities and social sciences. The search tool is based on a similar development for Dutch, i.e. GrETEL, a user-friendly search engine which allows users to query a treebank by means of a natural language example instead of a formal search instruction.",
}
@inproceedings{ponti-passarotti-2016-differentia,
    title = "Differentia compositionem facit. A Slower-Paced and Reliable Parser for {L}atin",
    author = "Ponti, Edoardo Maria  and
      Passarotti, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1108",
    pages = "683--688",
    abstract = "The Index Thomisticus Treebank is the largest available treebank for Latin; it contains Medieval Latin texts by Thomas Aquinas. After experimenting on its data with a number of dependency parsers based on different supervised machine learning techniques, we found that DeSR with a multilayer perceptron algorithm, a right-to-left transition, and a tailor-made feature model is the parser providing the highest accuracy rates. We improved the results further by using a technique that combines the output parses of DeSR with those provided by other parsers, outperforming the previous state of the art in parsing the Index Thomisticus Treebank. The key idea behind such improvement is to ensure a sufficient diversity and accuracy of the outputs to be combined; for this reason, we performed an in-depth evaluation of the results provided by the different parsers that we combined. Finally, we assessed that, although the general architecture of the parser is portable to Classical Latin, yet the model trained on Medieval Latin is inadequate for such purpose.",
}
@inproceedings{eiselen-2016-south,
    title = "South {A}frican Language Resources: Phrase Chunking",
    author = "Eiselen, Roald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1109",
    pages = "689--693",
    abstract = "Phrase chunking remains an important natural language processing (NLP) technique for intermediate syntactic processing. This paper describes the development of protocols, annotated phrase chunking data sets and automatic phrase chunkers for ten South African languages. Various problems with adapting the existing annotation protocols of English are discussed as well as an overview of the annotated data sets. Based on the annotated sets, CRF-based phrase chunkers are created and tested with a combination of different features, including part of speech tags and character n-grams. The results of the phrase chunking evaluation show that disjunctively written languages can achieve notably better results for phrase chunking with a limited data set than conjunctive languages, but that the addition of character n-grams improve the results for conjunctive languages.",
}
@inproceedings{libovicky-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Scoring Function for {MST} Parser",
    author = "Libovick{\'y}, Jind{\v{r}}ich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1110",
    pages = "694--698",
    abstract = "Continuous word representations appeared to be a useful feature in many natural language processing tasks. Using fixed-dimension pre-trained word embeddings allows avoiding sparse bag-of-words representation and to train models with fewer parameters. In this paper, we use fixed pre-trained word embeddings as additional features for a neural scoring function in the MST parser. With the multi-layer architecture of the scoring function we can avoid handcrafting feature conjunctions. The continuous word representations on the input also allow us to reduce the number of lexical features, make the parser more robust to out-of-vocabulary words, and reduce the total number of parameters of the model. Although its accuracy stays below the state of the art, the model size is substantially smaller than with the standard features set. Moreover, it performs well for languages where only a smaller treebank is available and the results promise to be useful in cross-lingual parsing.",
}
@inproceedings{listenmaa-claessen-2016-analysing,
    title = "Analysing Constraint Grammars with a {SAT}-solver",
    author = "Listenmaa, Inari  and
      Claessen, Koen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1111",
    pages = "699--706",
    abstract = "We describe a method for analysing Constraint Grammars (CG) that can detect internal conflicts and redundancies in a given grammar, without the need for a corpus. The aim is for grammar writers to be able to automatically diagnose, and then manually improve their grammars. Our method works by translating the given grammar into logical constraints that are analysed by a SAT-solver. We have evaluated our analysis on a number of non-trivial grammars and found inconsistencies.",
}
@inproceedings{stein-2016-old,
    title = "Old {F}rench Dependency Parsing: Results of Two Parsers Analysed from a Linguistic Point of View",
    author = "Stein, Achim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1112",
    pages = "707--713",
    abstract = "The treatment of medieval texts is a particular challenge for parsers. I compare how two dependency parsers, one graph-based, the other transition-based, perform on Old French, facing some typical problems of medieval texts: graphical variation, relatively free word order, and syntactic variation of several parameters over a diachronic period of about 300 years. Both parsers were trained and evaluated on the {``}Syntactic Reference Corpus of Medieval French{''} (SRCMF), a manually annotated dependency treebank. I discuss the relation between types of parsers and types of language, as well as the differences of the analyses from a linguistic point of view.",
}
@inproceedings{di-buono-2016-semi,
    title = "Semi-automatic Parsing for Web Knowledge Extraction through Semantic Annotation",
    author = "di Buono, Maria Pia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1113",
    pages = "714--717",
    abstract = "Parsing Web information, namely parsing content to find relevant documents on the basis of a user{'}s query, represents a crucial step to guarantee fast and accurate Information Retrieval (IR). Generally, an automated approach to such task is considered faster and cheaper than manual systems. Nevertheless, results do not seem have a high level of accuracy, indeed, as also Hjorland (2007) states, using stochastic algorithms entails: {\mbox{$\bullet$}} Low precision due to the indexing of common Atomic Linguistic Units (ALUs) or sentences. {\mbox{$\bullet$}} Low recall caused by the presence of synonyms. {\mbox{$\bullet$}} Generic results arising from the use of too broad or too narrow terms. Usually IR systems are based on invert text index, namely an index data structure storing a mapping from content to its locations in a database file, or in a document or a set of documents. In this paper we propose a system, by means of which we will develop a search engine able to process online documents, starting from a natural language query, and to return information to users. The proposed approach, based on the Lexicon-Grammar (LG) framework and its language formalization methodologies, aims at integrating a semantic annotation process for both query analysis and document retrieval.",
}
@inproceedings{weiner-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Transcription of {ILSE} ― an Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study of Adult Development and Aging",
    author = {Weiner, Jochen  and
      Frankenberg, Claudia  and
      Telaar, Dominic  and
      Wendelstein, Britta  and
      Schr{\"o}der, Johannes  and
      Schultz, Tanja},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1114",
    pages = "718--725",
    abstract = "The Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study on Adult Development and Aging (ILSE) was created to facilitate the study of challenges posed by rapidly aging societies in developed countries such as Germany. ILSE contains over 8,000 hours of biographic interviews recorded from more than 1,000 participants over the course of 20 years. Investigations on various aspects of aging, such as cognitive decline, often rely on the analysis of linguistic features which can be derived from spoken content like these interviews. However, transcribing speech is a time and cost consuming manual process and so far only 380 hours of ILSE interviews have been transcribed. Thus, it is the aim of our work to establish technical systems to fully automatically transcribe the ILSE interview data. The joint occurrence of poor recording quality, long audio segments, erroneous transcriptions, varying speaking styles {\&} crosstalk, and emotional {\&} dialectal speech in these interviews presents challenges for automatic speech recognition (ASR). We describe our ongoing work towards the fully automatic transcription of all ILSE interviews and the steps we implemented in preparing the transcriptions to meet the interviews{'} challenges. Using a recursive long audio alignment procedure 96 hours of the transcribed data have been made accessible for ASR training.",
}
@inproceedings{ajili-etal-2016-fabiole,
    title = "{FABIOLE}, a Speech Database for Forensic Speaker Comparison",
    author = "Ajili, Moez  and
      Bonastre, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Kahn, Juliette  and
      Rossato, Solange  and
      Bernard, Guillaume",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1115",
    pages = "726--733",
    abstract = "A speech database has been collected for use to highlight the importance of {``}speaker factor{''} in forensic voice comparison. FABIOLE has been created during the FABIOLE project funded by the French Research Agency (ANR) from 2013 to 2016. This corpus consists in more than 3 thousands excerpts spoken by 130 French native male speakers. The speakers are divided into two categories: 30 target speakers who everyone has 100 excerpts and 100 {``}impostors{''} who everyone has only one excerpt. The data were collected from 10 different French radio and television shows where each utterance turns with a minimum duration of 30s and has a good speech quality. The data set is mainly used for investigating speaker factor in forensic voice comparison and interpreting some unsolved issue such as the relationship between speaker characteristics and system behavior. In this paper, we present FABIOLE database. Then, preliminary experiments are performed to evaluate the effect of the {``}speaker factor{''} and the show on a voice comparison system behavior.",
}
@inproceedings{halabi-wald-2016-phonetic,
    title = "Phonetic Inventory for an {A}rabic Speech Corpus",
    author = "Halabi, Nawar  and
      Wald, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1116",
    pages = "734--738",
    abstract = "Corpus design for speech synthesis is a well-researched topic in languages such as English compared to Modern Standard Arabic, and there is a tendency to focus on methods to automatically generate the orthographic transcript to be recorded (usually greedy methods). In this work, a study of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) phonetics and phonology is conducted in order to create criteria for a greedy method to create a speech corpus transcript for recording. The size of the dataset is reduced a number of times using these optimisation methods with different parameters to yield a much smaller dataset with identical phonetic coverage than before the reduction, and this output transcript is chosen for recording. This is part of a larger work to create a completely annotated and segmented speech corpus for MSA.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-hakkani-tur-2016-aimu,
    title = "{AIMU}: Actionable Items for Meeting Understanding",
    author = {Chen, Yun-Nung  and
      Hakkani-T{\"u}r, Dilek},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1117",
    pages = "739--743",
    abstract = "With emerging conversational data, automated content analysis is needed for better data interpretation, so that it is accurately understood and can be effectively integrated and utilized in various applications. ICSI meeting corpus is a publicly released data set of multi-party meetings in an organization that has been released over a decade ago, and has been fostering meeting understanding research since then. The original data collection includes transcription of participant turns as well as meta-data annotations, such as disfluencies and dialog act tags. This paper presents an extended set of annotations for the ICSI meeting corpus with a goal of deeply understanding meeting conversations, where participant turns are annotated by actionable items that could be performed by an automated meeting assistant. In addition to the user utterances that contain an actionable item, annotations also include the arguments associated with the actionable item. The set of actionable items are determined by aligning human-human interactions to human-machine interactions, where a data annotation schema designed for a virtual personal assistant (human-machine genre) is adapted to the meetings domain (human-human genre). The data set is formed by annotating participants{'} utterances in meetings with potential intents/actions considering their contexts. The set of actions target what could be accomplished by an automated meeting assistant, such as taking a note of action items that a participant commits to, or finding emails or topic related documents that were mentioned during the meeting. A total of 10 defined intents/actions are considered as actionable items in meetings. Turns that include actionable intents were annotated for 22 public ICSI meetings, that include a total of 21K utterances, segmented by speaker turns. Participants{'} spoken turns, possible actions along with associated arguments and their vector representations as computed by convolutional deep structured semantic models are included in the data set for future research. We present a detailed statistical analysis of the data set and analyze the performance of applying convolutional deep structured semantic models for an actionable item detection task. The data is available at http://research.microsoft.com/ projects/meetingunderstanding/.",
}
@inproceedings{burkhardt-reichel-2016-taxonomy,
    title = "A Taxonomy of Specific Problem Classes in Text-to-Speech Synthesis: Comparing Commercial and Open Source Performance",
    author = "Burkhardt, Felix  and
      Reichel, Uwe D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1118",
    pages = "744--749",
    abstract = "Current state-of-the-art speech synthesizers for domain-independent systems still struggle with the challenge of generating understandable and natural-sounding speech. This is mainly because the pronunciation of words of foreign origin, inflections and compound words often cannot be handled by rules. Furthermore there are too many of these for inclusion in exception dictionaries. We describe an approach to evaluating text-to-speech synthesizers with a subjective listening experiment. The focus is to differentiate between known problem classes for speech synthesizers. The target language is German but we believe that many of the described phenomena are not language specific. We distinguish the following problem categories: Normalization, Foreign linguistics, Natural writing, Language specific and General. Each of them is divided into five to three problem classes. Word lists for each of the above mentioned categories were compiled and synthesized by both a commercial and an open source synthesizer, both being based on the non-uniform unit-selection approach. The synthesized speech was evaluated by human judges using the Speechalyzer toolkit and the results are discussed. It shows that, as expected, the commercial synthesizer performs much better than the open-source one, and especially words of foreign origin were pronounced badly by both systems.",
}
@inproceedings{braunger-etal-2016-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Analysis of Crowdsourced Natural Language Corpora for Spoken Dialog Systems",
    author = {Braunger, Patricia  and
      Hofmann, Hansj{\"o}rg  and
      Werner, Steffen  and
      Schmidt, Maria},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1119",
    pages = "750--755",
    abstract = "Recent spoken dialog systems have been able to recognize freely spoken user input in restricted domains thanks to statistical methods in the automatic speech recognition. These methods require a high number of natural language utterances to train the speech recognition engine and to assess the quality of the system. Since human speech offers many variants associated with a single intent, a high number of user utterances have to be elicited. Developers are therefore turning to crowdsourcing to collect this data. This paper compares three different methods to elicit multiple utterances for given semantics via crowd sourcing, namely with pictures, with text and with semantic entities. Specifically, we compare the methods with regard to the number of valid data and linguistic variance, whereby a quantitative and qualitative approach is proposed. In our study, the method with text led to a high variance in the utterances and a relatively low rate of invalid data.",
}
@inproceedings{sarasola-etal-2016-singing,
    title = "A Singing Voice Database in Basque for Statistical Singing Synthesis of Bertsolaritza",
    author = "Sarasola, Xabier  and
      Navas, Eva  and
      Tavarez, David  and
      Erro, Daniel  and
      Saratxaga, Ibon  and
      Hernaez, Inma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1120",
    pages = "756--759",
    abstract = "This paper describes the characteristics and structure of a Basque singing voice database of bertsolaritza. Bertsolaritza is a popular singing style from Basque Country sung exclusively in Basque that is improvised and a capella. The database is designed to be used in statistical singing voice synthesis for bertsolaritza style. Starting from the recordings and transcriptions of numerous singers, diarization and phoneme alignment experiments have been made to extract the singing voice from the recordings and create phoneme alignments. This labelling processes have been performed applying standard speech processing techniques and the results prove that these techniques can be used in this specific singing style.",
}
@inproceedings{pessentheiner-etal-2016-amisco,
    title = "{AMISCO}: The {A}ustrian {G}erman Multi-Sensor Corpus",
    author = {Pessentheiner, Hannes  and
      Pichler, Thomas  and
      Hagm{\"u}ller, Martin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1121",
    pages = "760--766",
    abstract = "We introduce a unique, comprehensive Austrian German multi-sensor corpus with moving and non-moving speakers to facilitate the evaluation of estimators and detectors that jointly detect a speaker{'}s spatial and temporal parameters. The corpus is suitable for various machine learning and signal processing tasks, linguistic studies, and studies related to a speaker{'}s fundamental frequency (due to recorded glottograms). Available corpora are limited to (synthetically generated/spatialized) speech data or recordings of musical instruments that lack moving speakers, glottograms, and/or multi-channel distant speech recordings. That is why we recorded 24 spatially non-moving and moving speakers, balanced male and female, to set up a two-room and 43-channel Austrian German multi-sensor speech corpus. It contains 8.2 hours of read speech based on phonetically balanced sentences, commands, and digits. The orthographic transcriptions include around 53,000 word tokens and 2,070 word types. Special features of this corpus are the laryngograph recordings (representing glottograms required to detect a speaker{'}s instantaneous fundamental frequency and pitch), corresponding clean-speech recordings, and spatial information and video data provided by four Kinects and a camera.",
}
@inproceedings{aichinger-etal-2016-database,
    title = "A Database of Laryngeal High-Speed Videos with Simultaneous High-Quality Audio Recordings of Pathological and Non-Pathological Voices",
    author = "Aichinger, Philipp  and
      Roesner, Immer  and
      Leonhard, Matthias  and
      Denk-Linnert, Doris-Maria  and
      Bigenzahn, Wolfgang  and
      Schneider-Stickler, Berit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1122",
    pages = "767--770",
    abstract = "Auditory voice quality judgements are used intensively for the clinical assessment of pathological voice. Voice quality concepts are fuzzily defined and poorly standardized however, which hinders scientific and clinical communication. The described database documents a wide variety of pathologies and is used to investigate auditory voice quality concepts with regard to phonation mechanisms. The database contains 375 laryngeal high-speed videos and simultaneous high-quality audio recordings of sustained phonations of 80 pathological and 40 non-pathological subjects. Interval wise annotations regarding video and audio quality, as well as voice quality ratings are provided. Video quality is annotated for the visibility of anatomical structures and artefacts such as blurring or reduced contrast. Voice quality annotations include ratings on the presence of dysphonia and diplophonia. The purpose of the database is to aid the formulation of observationally well-founded models of phonation and the development of model-based automatic detectors for distinct types of phonation, especially for clinically relevant nonmodal voice phenomena. Another application is the training of audio-based fundamental frequency extractors on video-based reference fundamental frequencies.",
}
@inproceedings{hateva-etal-2016-bulphonc,
    title = "{B}ul{P}hon{C}: {B}ulgarian Speech Corpus for the Development of {ASR} Technology",
    author = "Hateva, Neli  and
      Mitankin, Petar  and
      Mihov, Stoyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1123",
    pages = "771--774",
    abstract = "In this paper we introduce a Bulgarian speech database, which was created for the purpose of ASR technology development. The paper describes the design and the content of the speech database. We present also an empirical evaluation of the performance of a LVCSR system for Bulgarian trained on the BulPhonC data. The resource is available free for scientific usage.",
}
@inproceedings{pinnis-etal-2016-designing,
    title = "Designing a Speech Corpus for the Development and Evaluation of Dictation Systems in {L}atvian",
    author = "Pinnis, M{\=a}rcis  and
      Salimbajevs, Askars  and
      Auzi{\c{n}}a, Ilze",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1124",
    pages = "775--780",
    abstract = "In this paper the authors present a speech corpus designed and created for the development and evaluation of dictation systems in Latvian. The corpus consists of over nine hours of orthographically annotated speech from 30 different speakers. The corpus features spoken commands that are common for dictation systems for text editors. The corpus is evaluated in an automatic speech recognition scenario. Evaluation results in an ASR dictation scenario show that the addition of the corpus to the acoustic model training data in combination with language model adaptation allows to decrease the WER by up to relative 41.36{\%} (or 16.83{\%} in absolute numbers) compared to a baseline system without language model adaptation. Contribution of acoustic data augmentation is at relative 12.57{\%} (or 3.43{\%} absolute).",
}
@inproceedings{proenca-etal-2016-letsread,
    title = "The {L}ets{R}ead Corpus of {P}ortuguese Children Reading Aloud for Performance Evaluation",
    author = "Proen{\c{c}}a, Jorge  and
      Celorico, Dirce  and
      Candeias, Sara  and
      Lopes, Carla  and
      Perdig{\~a}o, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1125",
    pages = "781--785",
    abstract = "This paper introduces the LetsRead Corpus of European Portuguese read speech from 6 to 10 years old children. The motivation for the creation of this corpus stems from the inexistence of databases with recordings of reading tasks of Portuguese children with different performance levels and including all the common reading aloud disfluencies. It is also essential to develop techniques to fulfill the main objective of the LetsRead project: to automatically evaluate the reading performance of children through the analysis of reading tasks. The collected data amounts to 20 hours of speech from 284 children from private and public Portuguese schools, with each child carrying out two tasks: reading sentences and reading a list of pseudowords, both with varying levels of difficulty throughout the school grades. In this paper, the design of the reading tasks presented to children is described, as well as the collection procedure. Manually annotated data is analyzed according to disfluencies and reading performance. The considered word difficulty parameter is also confirmed to be suitable for the pseudoword reading tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{reichel-etal-2016-bas,
    title = "The {BAS} Speech Data Repository",
    author = {Reichel, Uwe  and
      Schiel, Florian  and
      Kisler, Thomas  and
      Draxler, Christoph  and
      P{\"o}rner, Nina},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1126",
    pages = "786--791",
    abstract = "The BAS CLARIN speech data repository is introduced. At the current state it comprises 31 pre-dominantly German corpora of spoken language. It is compliant to the CLARIN-D as well as the OLAC requirements. This enables its embedding into several infrastructures. We give an overview over its structure, its implementation as well as the corpora it contains.",
}
@inproceedings{yilmaz-etal-2016-dutch,
    title = "A {D}utch Dysarthric Speech Database for Individualized Speech Therapy Research",
    author = "Yilmaz, Emre  and
      Ganzeboom, Mario  and
      Beijer, Lilian  and
      Cucchiarini, Catia  and
      Strik, Helmer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1127",
    pages = "792--795",
    abstract = "We present a new Dutch dysarthric speech database containing utterances of neurological patients with Parkinson{'}s disease, traumatic brain injury and cerebrovascular accident. The speech content is phonetically and linguistically diversified by using numerous structured sentence and word lists. Containing more than 6 hours of mildly to moderately dysarthric speech, this database can be used for research on dysarthria and for developing and testing speech-to-text systems designed for medical applications. Current activities aimed at extending this database are also discussed.",
}
@inproceedings{humayoun-etal-2016-urdu,
    title = "{U}rdu Summary Corpus",
    author = "Humayoun, Muhammad  and
      Nawab, Rao Muhammad Adeel  and
      Uzair, Muhammad  and
      Aslam, Saba  and
      Farzand, Omer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1128",
    pages = "796--800",
    abstract = "Language resources, such as corpora, are important for various natural language processing tasks. Urdu has millions of speakers around the world but it is under-resourced in terms of standard evaluation resources. This paper reports the construction of a benchmark corpus for Urdu summaries (abstracts) to facilitate the development and evaluation of single document summarization systems for Urdu language. In Urdu, space does not always mark word boundary. Therefore, we created two versions of the same corpus. In the first version, words are separated by space. In contrast, proper word boundaries are manually tagged in the second version. We further apply normalization, part-of-speech tagging, morphological analysis, lemmatization, and stemming for the articles and their summaries in both versions. In order to apply these annotations, we re-implemented some NLP tools for Urdu. We provide Urdu Summary Corpus, all these annotations and the needed software tools (as open-source) for researchers to run experiments and to evaluate their work including but not limited to single-document summarization task.",
}
@inproceedings{koto-2016-publicly,
    title = "A Publicly Available {I}ndonesian Corpora for Automatic Abstractive and Extractive Chat Summarization",
    author = "Koto, Fajri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1129",
    pages = "801--805",
    abstract = "In this paper we report our effort to construct the first ever Indonesian corpora for chat summarization. Specifically, we utilized documents of multi-participant chat from a well known online instant messaging application, WhatsApp. We construct the gold standard by asking three native speakers to manually summarize 300 chat sections (152 of them contain images). As result, three reference summaries in extractive and either abstractive form are produced for each chat sections. The corpus is still in its early stage of investigation, yielding exciting possibilities of future works.",
}
@inproceedings{cohan-goharian-2016-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting Summarization Evaluation for Scientific Articles",
    author = "Cohan, Arman  and
      Goharian, Nazli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1130",
    pages = "806--813",
    abstract = "Evaluation of text summarization approaches have been mostly based on metrics that measure similarities of system generated summaries with a set of human written gold-standard summaries. The most widely used metric in summarization evaluation has been the ROUGE family. ROUGE solely relies on lexical overlaps between the terms and phrases in the sentences; therefore, in cases of terminology variations and paraphrasing, ROUGE is not as effective. Scientific article summarization is one such case that is different from general domain summarization (e.g. newswire data). We provide an extensive analysis of ROUGE{'}s effectiveness as an evaluation metric for scientific summarization; we show that, contrary to the common belief, ROUGE is not much reliable in evaluating scientific summaries. We furthermore show how different variants of ROUGE result in very different correlations with the manual Pyramid scores. Finally, we propose an alternative metric for summarization evaluation which is based on the content relevance between a system generated summary and the corresponding human written summaries. We call our metric SERA (Summarization Evaluation by Relevance Analysis). Unlike ROUGE, SERA consistently achieves high correlations with manual scores which shows its effectiveness in evaluation of scientific article summarization.",
}
@inproceedings{kabadjov-etal-2016-onforums,
    title = "The {O}n{F}orum{S} corpus from the Shared Task on Online Forum Summarisation at {M}ulti{L}ing 2015",
    author = "Kabadjov, Mijail  and
      Kruschwitz, Udo  and
      Poesio, Massimo  and
      Steinberger, Josef  and
      Valderrama, Jorge  and
      Zaragoza, Hugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1131",
    pages = "814--818",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the OnForumS corpus developed for the shared task of the same name on Online Forum Summarisation (OnForumS at MultiLing{'}15). The corpus consists of a set of news articles with associated readers{'} comments from The Guardian (English) and La Repubblica (Italian). It comes with four levels of annotation: argument structure, comment-article linking, sentiment and coreference. The former three were produced through crowdsourcing, whereas the latter, by an experienced annotator using a mature annotation scheme. Given its annotation breadth, we believe the corpus will prove a useful resource in stimulating and furthering research in the areas of Argumentation Mining, Summarisation, Sentiment, Coreference and the interlinks therein.",
}
@inproceedings{caro-boella-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Enrichment of {W}ord{N}et with Common-Sense Knowledge",
    author = "Caro, Luigi Di  and
      Boella, Guido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1132",
    pages = "819--822",
    abstract = "WordNet represents a cornerstone in the Computational Linguistics field, linking words to meanings (or senses) through a taxonomical representation of synsets, i.e., clusters of words with an equivalent meaning in a specific context often described by few definitions (or glosses) and examples. Most of the approaches to the Word Sense Disambiguation task fully rely on these short texts as a source of contextual information to match with the input text to disambiguate. This paper presents the first attempt to enrich synsets data with common-sense definitions, automatically retrieved from ConceptNet 5, and disambiguated accordingly to WordNet. The aim was to exploit the shared- and immediate-thinking nature of common-sense knowledge to extend the short but incredibly useful contextual information of the synsets. A manual evaluation on a subset of the entire result (which counts a total of almost 600K synset enrichments) shows a very high precision with an estimated good recall.",
}
@inproceedings{baisa-etal-2016-vps,
    title = "{VPS}-{G}rade{U}p: Graded Decisions on Usage Patterns",
    author = "Baisa, V{\'\i}t  and
      Cinkov{\'a}, Silvie  and
      Krej{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Ema  and
      Vernerov{\'a}, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1133",
    pages = "823--827",
    abstract = "We present VPS-GradeUp ― a set of 11,400 graded human decisions on usage patterns of 29 English lexical verbs from the Pattern Dictionary of English Verbs by Patrick Hanks. The annotation contains, for each verb lemma, a batch of 50 concordances with the given lemma as KWIC, and for each of these concordances we provide a graded human decision on how well the individual PDEV patterns for this particular lemma illustrate the given concordance, indicated on a 7-point Likert scale for each PDEV pattern. With our annotation, we were pursuing a pilot investigation of the foundations of human clustering and disambiguation decisions with respect to usage patterns of verbs in context. The data set is publicly available at http://hdl.handle.net/11234/1-1585.",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2016-sense,
    title = "Sense-annotating a Lexical Substitution Data Set with Ubyline",
    author = "Miller, Tristan  and
      Khemakhem, Mohamed  and
      de Castilho, Richard Eckart  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1134",
    pages = "828--835",
    abstract = "We describe the construction of GLASS, a newly sense-annotated version of the German lexical substitution data set used at the GermEval 2015: LexSub shared task. Using the two annotation layers, we conduct the first known empirical study of the relationship between manually applied word senses and lexical substitutions. We find that synonymy and hypernymy/hyponymy are the only semantic relations directly linking targets to their substitutes, and that substitutes in the target{'}s hypernymy/hyponymy taxonomy closely align with the synonyms of a single GermaNet synset. Despite this, these substitutes account for a minority of those provided by the annotators. The results of our analysis accord with those of a previous study on English-language data (albeit with automatically induced word senses), leading us to suspect that the sense―substitution relations we discovered may be of a universal nature. We also tentatively conclude that relatively cheap lexical substitution annotations can be used as a knowledge source for automatic WSD. Also introduced in this paper is Ubyline, the web application used to produce the sense annotations. Ubyline presents an intuitive user interface optimized for annotating lexical sample data, and is readily adaptable to sense inventories other than GermaNet.",
}
@inproceedings{horbach-etal-2016-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Literal and Idiomatic Uses of {G}erman Infinitive-Verb Compounds",
    author = "Horbach, Andrea  and
      Hensler, Andrea  and
      Krome, Sabine  and
      Prange, Jakob  and
      Scholze-Stubenrecht, Werner  and
      Steffen, Diana  and
      Thater, Stefan  and
      Wellner, Christian  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1135",
    pages = "836--841",
    abstract = "We present an annotation study on a representative dataset of literal and idiomatic uses of German infinitive-verb compounds in newspaper and journal texts. Infinitive-verb compounds form a challenge for writers of German, because spelling regulations are different for literal and idiomatic uses. Through the participation of expert lexicographers we were able to obtain a high-quality corpus resource which offers itself as a testbed for automatic idiomaticity detection and coarse-grained word-sense disambiguation. We trained a classifier on the corpus which was able to distinguish literal and idiomatic uses with an accuracy of 85 {\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-etal-2016-semdax,
    title = "The {S}em{D}a{X} Corpus ― Sense Annotations with Scalable Sense Inventories",
    author = "Pedersen, Bolette  and
      Braasch, Anna  and
      Johannsen, Anders  and
      Alonso, H{\'e}ctor Mart{\'\i}nez  and
      Nimb, Sanni  and
      Olsen, Sussi  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      S{\o}rensen, Nicolai Hartvig",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1136",
    pages = "842--847",
    abstract = "We launch the SemDaX corpus which is a recently completed Danish human-annotated corpus available through a CLARIN academic license. The corpus includes approx. 90,000 words, comprises six textual domains, and is annotated with sense inventories of different granularity. The aim of the developed corpus is twofold: i) to assess the reliability of the different sense annotation schemes for Danish measured by qualitative analyses and annotation agreement scores, and ii) to serve as training and test data for machine learning algorithms with the practical purpose of developing sense taggers for Danish. To these aims, we take a new approach to human-annotated corpus resources by double annotating a much larger part of the corpus than what is normally seen: for the all-words task we double annotated 60{\%} of the material and for the lexical sample task 100{\%}. We include in the corpus not only the adjucated files, but also the diverging annotations. In other words, we consider not all disagreement to be noise, but rather to contain valuable linguistic information that can help us improve our annotation schemes and our learning algorithms.",
}
@inproceedings{cinkova-etal-2016-graded,
    title = "Graded and Word-Sense-Disambiguation Decisions in Corpus Pattern Analysis: a Pilot Study",
    author = "Cinkov{\'a}, Silvie  and
      Krej{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Ema  and
      Vernerov{\'a}, Anna  and
      Baisa, V{\'\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1137",
    pages = "848--854",
    abstract = "We present a pilot analysis of a new linguistic resource, VPS-GradeUp (available at http://hdl.handle.net/11234/1-1585). The resource contains 11,400 graded human decisions on usage patterns of 29 English lexical verbs, randomly selected from the Pattern Dictionary of English Verbs (Hanks, 2000 2014) based on their frequency and the number of senses their lemmas have in PDEV. This data set has been created to observe the interannotator agreement on PDEV patterns produced using the Corpus Pattern Analysis (Hanks, 2013). Apart from the graded decisions, the data set also contains traditional Word-Sense-Disambiguation (WSD) labels. We analyze the associations between the graded annotation and WSD annotation. The results of the respective annotations do not correlate with the size of the usage pattern inventory for the respective verbs lemmas, which makes the data set worth further linguistic analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2016-multi-prototype,
    title = "Multi-prototype {C}hinese Character Embedding",
    author = "Lu, Yanan  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Ji, Donghong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1138",
    pages = "855--859",
    abstract = "Chinese sentences are written as sequences of characters, which are elementary units of syntax and semantics. Characters are highly polysemous in forming words. We present a position-sensitive skip-gram model to learn multi-prototype Chinese character embeddings, and explore the usefulness of such character embeddings to Chinese NLP tasks. Evaluation on character similarity shows that multi-prototype embeddings are significantly better than a single-prototype baseline. In addition, used as features in the Chinese NER task, the embeddings result in a 1.74{\%} F-score improvement over a state-of-the-art baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2016-comparison,
    title = "A comparison of Named-Entity Disambiguation and Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Chang, Angel  and
      Spitkovsky, Valentin I.  and
      Manning, Christopher D.  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1139",
    pages = "860--867",
    abstract = "Named Entity Disambiguation (NED) is the task of linking a named-entity mention to an instance in a knowledge-base, typically Wikipedia-derived resources like DBpedia. This task is closely related to word-sense disambiguation (WSD), where the mention of an open-class word is linked to a concept in a knowledge-base, typically WordNet. This paper analyzes the relation between two annotated datasets on NED and WSD, highlighting the commonalities and differences. We detail the methods to construct a NED system following the WSD word-expert approach, where we need a dictionary and one classifier is built for each target entity mention string. Constructing a dictionary for NED proved challenging, and although similarity and ambiguity are higher for NED, the results are also higher due to the larger number of training data, and the more crisp and skewed meaning differences.",
}
@inproceedings{villegas-etal-2016-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging {RDF} Graphs for Crossing Multiple Bilingual Dictionaries",
    author = "Villegas, Marta  and
      Melero, Maite  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Gracia, Jorge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1140",
    pages = "868--876",
    abstract = "The experiments presented here exploit the properties of the Apertium RDF Graph, principally cycle density and nodes{'} degree, to automatically generate new translation relations between words, and therefore to enrich existing bilingual dictionaries with new entries. Currently, the Apertium RDF Graph includes data from 22 Apertium bilingual dictionaries and constitutes a large unified array of linked lexical entries and translations that are available and accessible on the Web (http://linguistic.linkeddata.es/apertium/). In particular, its graph structure allows for interesting exploitation opportunities, some of which are addressed in this paper. Two {`}massive{'} experiments are reported: in the first one, the original EN-ES translation set was removed from the Apertium RDF Graph and a new EN-ES version was generated. The results were compared against the previously removed EN-ES data and against the Concise Oxford Spanish Dictionary. In the second experiment, a new non-existent EN-FR translation set was generated. In this case the results were compared against a converted wiktionary English-French file. The results we got are really good and perform well for the extreme case of correlated polysemy. This lead us to address the possibility to use cycles and nodes degree to identify potential oddities in the source data. If cycle density proves efficient when considering potential targets, we can assume that in dense graphs nodes with low degree may indicate potential errors.",
}
@inproceedings{corcoglioniti-etal-2016-premon,
    title = "{P}re{MO}n: a Lemon Extension for Exposing Predicate Models as Linked Data",
    author = "Corcoglioniti, Francesco  and
      Rospocher, Marco  and
      Aprosio, Alessio Palmero  and
      Tonelli, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1141",
    pages = "877--884",
    abstract = "We introduce PreMOn (predicate model for ontologies), a linguistic resource for exposing predicate models (PropBank, NomBank, VerbNet, and FrameNet) and mappings between them (e.g, SemLink) as Linked Open Data. It consists of two components: (i) the PreMOn Ontology, an extension of the lemon model by the W3C Ontology-Lexica Community Group, that enables to homogeneously represent data from the various predicate models; and, (ii) the PreMOn Dataset, a collection of RDF datasets integrating various versions of the aforementioned predicate models and mapping resources. PreMOn is freely available and accessible online in different ways, including through a dedicated SPARQL endpoint.",
}
@inproceedings{chalub-etal-2016-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Links for {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Chalub, Fabricio  and
      Real, Livy  and
      Rademaker, Alexandre  and
      de Paiva, Valeria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1142",
    pages = "885--891",
    abstract = "This paper describes work on incorporating Princenton{'}s WordNet morphosemantics links to the fabric of the Portuguese OpenWordNet-PT. Morphosemantic links are relations between verbs and derivationally related nouns that are semantically typed (such as for tune-tuner ― in Portuguese {``}afinar-afinador{''} {--} linked through an {``}agent{''} link). Morphosemantic links have been discussed for Princeton{'}s WordNet for a while, but have not been added to the official database. These links are very useful, they help us to improve our Portuguese WordNet. Thus we discuss the integration of these links in our base and the issues we encountered with the integration.",
}
@inproceedings{klimek-etal-2016-creating,
    title = "Creating Linked Data Morphological Language Resources with {MM}o{O}n - The {H}ebrew Morpheme Inventory",
    author = "Klimek, Bettina  and
      Arndt, Natanael  and
      Krause, Sebastian  and
      Arndt, Timotheus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1143",
    pages = "892--899",
    abstract = "The development of standard models for describing general lexical resources has led to the emergence of numerous lexical datasets of various languages in the Semantic Web. However, equivalent models covering the linguistic domain of morphology do not exist. As a result, there are hardly any language resources of morphemic data available in RDF to date. This paper presents the creation of the Hebrew Morpheme Inventory from a manually compiled tabular dataset comprising around 52.000 entries. It is an ongoing effort of representing the lexemes, word-forms and morphologigal patterns together with their underlying relations based on the newly created Multilingual Morpheme Ontology (MMoOn). It will be shown how segmented Hebrew language data can be granularly described in a Linked Data format, thus, serving as an exemplary case for creating morpheme inventories of any inflectional language with MMoOn. The resulting dataset is described a) according to the structure of the underlying data format, b) with respect to the Hebrew language characteristic of building word-forms directly from roots, c) by exemplifying how inflectional information is realized and d) with regard to its enrichment with external links to sense resources.",
}
@inproceedings{prokopidis-etal-2016-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Global Voices: a Collection of Multilingual Corpora with Citizen Media Stories",
    author = "Prokopidis, Prokopis  and
      Papavassiliou, Vassilis  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1144",
    pages = "900--905",
    abstract = "We present a new collection of multilingual corpora automatically created from the content available in the Global Voices websites, where volunteers have been posting and translating citizen media stories since 2004. We describe how we crawled and processed this content to generate parallel resources comprising 302.6K document pairs and 8.36M segment alignments in 756 language pairs. For some language pairs, the segment alignments in this resource are the first open examples of their kind. In an initial use of this resource, we discuss how a set of document pair detection algorithms performs on the Greek-English corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-large,
    title = "Large Multi-lingual, Multi-level and Multi-genre Annotation Corpus",
    author = "Li, Xuansong  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Xue, Nianwen  and
      Ramshaw, Lance  and
      Maamouri, Mohamed  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Conger, Kathryn  and
      Grimes, Stephen  and
      Strassel, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1145",
    pages = "906--913",
    abstract = "High accuracy for automated translation and information retrieval calls for linguistic annotations at various language levels. The plethora of informal internet content sparked the demand for porting state-of-art natural language processing (NLP) applications to new social media as well as diverse language adaptation. Effort launched by the BOLT (Broad Operational Language Translation) program at DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) successfully addressed the internet information with enhanced NLP systems. BOLT aims for automated translation and linguistic analysis for informal genres of text and speech in online and in-person communication. As a part of this program, the Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) developed valuable linguistic resources in support of the training and evaluation of such new technologies. This paper focuses on methodologies, infrastructure, and procedure for developing linguistic annotation at various language levels, including Treebank (TB), word alignment (WA), PropBank (PB), and co-reference (CoRef). Inspired by the OntoNotes approach with adaptations to the tasks to reflect the goals and scope of the BOLT project, this effort has introduced more annotation types of informal and free-style genres in English, Chinese and Egyptian Arabic. The corpus produced is by far the largest multi-lingual, multi-level and multi-genre annotation corpus of informal text and speech.",
}
@inproceedings{habernal-etal-2016-c4corpus,
    title = "{C}4{C}orpus: Multilingual Web-size Corpus with Free License",
    author = "Habernal, Ivan  and
      Zayed, Omnia  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1146",
    pages = "914--922",
    abstract = "Large Web corpora containing full documents with permissive licenses are crucial for many NLP tasks. In this article we present the construction of 12 million-pages Web corpus (over 10 billion tokens) licensed under CreativeCommons license family in 50+ languages that has been extracted from CommonCrawl, the largest publicly available general Web crawl to date with about 2 billion crawled URLs. Our highly-scalable Hadoop-based framework is able to process the full CommonCrawl corpus on 2000+ CPU cluster on the Amazon Elastic Map/Reduce infrastructure. The processing pipeline includes license identification, state-of-the-art boilerplate removal, exact duplicate and near-duplicate document removal, and language detection. The construction of the corpus is highly configurable and fully reproducible, and we provide both the framework (DKPro C4CorpusTools) and the resulting data (C4Corpus) to the research community.",
}
@inproceedings{lison-tiedemann-2016-opensubtitles2016,
    title = "{O}pen{S}ubtitles2016: Extracting Large Parallel Corpora from Movie and {TV} Subtitles",
    author = {Lison, Pierre  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1147",
    pages = "923--929",
    abstract = "We present a new major release of the OpenSubtitles collection of parallel corpora. The release is compiled from a large database of movie and TV subtitles and includes a total of 1689 bitexts spanning 2.6 billion sentences across 60 languages. The release also incorporates a number of enhancements in the preprocessing and alignment of the subtitles, such as the automatic correction of OCR errors and the use of meta-data to estimate the quality of each subtitle and score subtitle pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{rambelli-etal-2016-lexfr,
    title = "{L}ex{F}r: Adapting the {L}ex{I}t Framework to Build a Corpus-based {F}rench Subcategorization Lexicon",
    author = "Rambelli, Giulia  and
      Lebani, Gianluca  and
      Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1148",
    pages = "930--937",
    abstract = "This paper introduces LexFr, a corpus-based French lexical resource built by adapting the framework LexIt, originally developed to describe the combinatorial potential of Italian predicates. As in the original framework, the behavior of a group of target predicates is characterized by a series of syntactic (i.e., subcategorization frames) and semantic (i.e., selectional preferences) statistical information (a.k.a. distributional profiles) whose extraction process is mostly unsupervised. The first release of LexFr includes information for 2,493 verbs, 7,939 nouns and 2,628 adjectives. In these pages we describe the adaptation process and evaluated the final resource by comparing the information collected for 20 test verbs against the information available in a gold standard dictionary. In the best performing setting, we obtained 0.74 precision, 0.66 recall and 0.70 F-measure.",
}
@inproceedings{vicente-saralegi-2016-polarity,
    title = "Polarity Lexicon Building: to what Extent Is the Manual Effort Worth?",
    author = "Vicente, I{\~n}aki San  and
      Saralegi, Xabier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1149",
    pages = "938--942",
    abstract = "Polarity lexicons are a basic resource for analyzing the sentiments and opinions expressed in texts in an automated way. This paper explores three methods to construct polarity lexicons: translating existing lexicons from other languages, extracting polarity lexicons from corpora, and annotating sentiments Lexical Knowledge Bases. Each of these methods require a different degree of human effort. We evaluate how much manual effort is needed and to what extent that effort pays in terms of performance improvement. Experiment setup includes generating lexicons for Basque, and evaluating them against gold standard datasets in different domains. Results show that extracting polarity lexicons from corpora is the best solution for achieving a good performance with reasonable human effort.",
}
@inproceedings{nahli-etal-2016-al,
    title = "Al Qamus al Muhit, a Medieval {A}rabic Lexicon in {LMF}",
    author = "Nahli, Ouafae  and
      Frontini, Francesca  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Khan, Fahad  and
      Zarghili, Arsalan  and
      Khalfi, Mustapha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1150",
    pages = "943--950",
    abstract = "This paper describes the conversion into LMF, a standard lexicographic digital format of {`}al-q{\=a}m{\=u}s al-muḥ{\=\i}ṭ, a Medieval Arabic lexicon. The lexicon is first described, then all the steps required for the conversion are illustrated. The work is will produce a useful lexicographic resource for Arabic NLP, but is also interesting per se, to study the implications of adapting the LMF model to the Arabic language. Some reflections are offered as to the status of roots with respect to previously suggested representations. In particular, roots are, in our opinion are to be not treated as lexical entries, but modeled as lexical metadata for classifying and identifying lexical entries. In this manner, each root connects all entries that are derived from it.",
}
@inproceedings{baeza-yates-etal-2016-cassaurus,
    title = "{CASSA}urus: A Resource of Simpler {S}panish Synonyms",
    author = "Baeza-Yates, Ricardo  and
      Rello, Luz  and
      Dembowski, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1151",
    pages = "951--955",
    abstract = "In this work we introduce and describe a language resource composed of lists of simpler synonyms for Spanish. The synonyms are divided in different senses taken from the Spanish OpenThesaurus, where context disambiguation was performed by using statistical information from the Web and Google Books Ngrams. This resource is freely available online and can be used for different NLP tasks such as lexical simplification. Indeed, so far it has been already integrated into four tools.",
}
@inproceedings{kettunen-paakkonen-2016-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Lexical Quality of a Historical {F}innish Newspaper Collection ― Analysis of Garbled {OCR} Data with Basic Language Technology Tools and Means",
    author = {Kettunen, Kimmo  and
      P{\"a}{\"a}kk{\"o}nen, Tuula},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1152",
    pages = "956--961",
    abstract = {The National Library of Finland has digitized a large proportion of the historical newspapers published in Finland between 1771 and 1910 (Bremer-Laamanen 2001). This collection contains approximately 1.95 million pages in Finnish and Swedish. Finnish part of the collection consists of about 2.39 billion words. The National Library{'}s Digital Collections are offered via the digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi web service, also known as Digi. Part of this material is also available freely downloadable in The Language Bank of Finland provided by the Fin-CLARIN consortium . The collection can also be accessed through the Korp environment that has been developed by Spr{\"a}kbanken at the University of Gothenburg and extended by FIN-CLARIN team at the University of Helsinki to provide concordances of text resources. A Cranfield-style information retrieval test collection has been produced out of a small part of the Digi newspaper material at the University of Tampere (J{\"a}rvelin et al., 2015). The quality of the OCRed collections is an important topic in digital humanities, as it affects general usability and searchability of collections. There is no single available method to assess the quality of large collections, but different methods can be used to approximate the quality. This paper discusses different corpus analysis style ways to approximate the overall lexical quality of the Finnish part of the Digi collection.},
}
@inproceedings{afli-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using {SMT} for {OCR} Error Correction of Historical Texts",
    author = "Afli, Haithem  and
      Qiu, Zhengwei  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Sheridan, P{\'a}raic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1153",
    pages = "962--966",
    abstract = "A trend to digitize historical paper-based archives has emerged in recent years, with the advent of digital optical scanners. A lot of paper-based books, textbooks, magazines, articles, and documents are being transformed into electronic versions that can be manipulated by a computer. For this purpose, Optical Character Recognition (OCR) systems have been developed to transform scanned digital text into editable computer text. However, different kinds of errors in the OCR system output text can be found, but Automatic Error Correction tools can help in performing the quality of electronic texts by cleaning and removing noises. In this paper, we perform a qualitative and quantitative comparison of several error-correction techniques for historical French documents. Experimentation shows that our Machine Translation for Error Correction method is superior to other Language Modelling correction techniques, with nearly 13{\%} relative improvement compared to the initial baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{reynaert-2016-ocr,
    title = "{OCR} Post-Correction Evaluation of Early {D}utch Books Online - Revisited",
    author = "Reynaert, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1154",
    pages = "967--974",
    abstract = "We present further work on evaluation of the fully automatic post-correction of Early Dutch Books Online, a collection of 10,333 18th century books. In prior work we evaluated the new implementation of Text-Induced Corpus Clean-up (TICCL) on the basis of a single book Gold Standard derived from this collection. In the current paper we revisit the same collection on the basis of a sizeable 1020 item random sample of OCR post-corrected strings from the full collection. Both evaluations have their own stories to tell and lessons to teach.",
}
@inproceedings{clematide-etal-2016-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing an {OCR} Gold Standard for a {G}erman and {F}rench Heritage Corpus",
    author = "Clematide, Simon  and
      Furrer, Lenz  and
      Volk, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1155",
    pages = "975--982",
    abstract = "Crowdsourcing approaches for post-correction of OCR output (Optical Character Recognition) have been successfully applied to several historic text collections. We report on our crowd-correction platform Kokos, which we built to improve the OCR quality of the digitized yearbooks of the Swiss Alpine Club (SAC) from the 19th century. This multilingual heritage corpus consists of Alpine texts mainly written in German and French, all typeset in Antiqua font. Finding and engaging volunteers for correcting large amounts of pages into high quality text requires a carefully designed user interface, an easy-to-use workflow, and continuous efforts for keeping the participants motivated. More than 180,000 characters on about 21,000 pages were corrected by volunteers in about 7 month, achieving an OCR gold standard with a systematically evaluated accuracy of 99.7{\%} on the word level. The crowdsourced OCR gold standard and the corresponding original OCR recognition results from Abby FineReader 7 for each page are available as a resource. Additionally, the scanned images (300dpi) of all pages are included in order to facilitate tests with other OCR software.",
}
@inproceedings{saint-dizier-2016-argument,
    title = "Argument Mining: the Bottleneck of Knowledge and Language Resources",
    author = "Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1156",
    pages = "983--990",
    abstract = "Given a controversial issue, argument mining from natural language texts (news papers, and any form of text on the Internet) is extremely challenging: domain knowledge is often required together with appropriate forms of inferences to identify arguments. This contribution explores the types of knowledge that are required and how they can be paired with reasoning schemes, language processing and language resources to accurately mine arguments. We show via corpus analysis that the Generative Lexicon, enhanced in different manners and viewed as both a lexicon and a domain knowledge representation, is a relevant approach. In this paper, corpus annotation for argument mining is first developed, then we show how the generative lexicon approach must be adapted and how it can be paired with language processing patterns to extract and specify the nature of arguments. Our approach to argument mining is thus knowledge driven.",
}
@inproceedings{lapshinova-koltunski-etal-2016-interoperable,
    title = "From Interoperable Annotations towards Interoperable Resources: A Multilingual Approach to the Analysis of Discourse",
    author = "Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina  and
      Kunz, Kerstin Anna  and
      Nedoluzhko, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1157",
    pages = "991--997",
    abstract = "In the present paper, we analyse variation of discourse phenomena in two typologically different languages, i.e. in German and Czech. The novelty of our approach lies in the nature of the resources we are using. Advantage is taken of existing resources, which are, however, annotated on the basis of two different frameworks. We use an interoperable scheme unifying discourse phenomena in both frameworks into more abstract categories and considering only those phenomena that have a direct match in German and Czech. The discourse properties we focus on are relations of identity, semantic similarity, ellipsis and discourse relations. Our study shows that the application of interoperable schemes allows an exploitation of discourse-related phenomena analysed in different projects and on the basis of different frameworks. As corpus compilation and annotation is a time-consuming task, positive results of this experiment open up new paths for contrastive linguistics, translation studies and NLP, including machine translation.",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-heuvel-oostdijk-2016-falling,
    title = "Falling silent, lost for words ... Tracing personal involvement in interviews with {D}utch war veterans",
    author = "van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      Oostdijk, Nelleke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1158",
    pages = "998--1001",
    abstract = "In sources used in oral history research (such as interviews with eye witnesses), passages where the degree of personal emotional involvement is found to be high can be of particular interest, as these may give insight into how historical events were experienced, and what moral dilemmas and psychological or religious struggles were encountered. In a pilot study involving a large corpus of interview recordings with Dutch war veterans, we have investigated if it is possible to develop a method for automatically identifying those passages where the degree of personal emotional involvement is high. The method is based on the automatic detection of exceptionally large silences and filled pause segments (using Automatic Speech Recognition), and cues taken from specific n-grams. The first results appear to be encouraging enough for further elaboration of the method.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-bilingual,
    title = "A Bilingual Discourse Corpus and Its Applications",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zong, Chengqing  and
      Yang, Yating  and
      Zhou, Xi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1159",
    pages = "1002--1007",
    abstract = "Existing discourse research only focuses on the monolingual languages and the inconsistency between languages limits the power of the discourse theory in multilingual applications such as machine translation. To address this issue, we design and build a bilingual discource corpus in which we are currently defining and annotating the bilingual elementary discourse units (BEDUs). The BEDUs are then organized into hierarchical structures. Using this discourse style, we have annotated nearly 20K LDC sentences. Finally, we design a bilingual discourse based method for machine translation evaluation and show the effectiveness of our bilingual discourse annotations.",
}
@inproceedings{scheffler-stede-2016-adding,
    title = "Adding Semantic Relations to a Large-Coverage Connective Lexicon of {G}erman",
    author = "Scheffler, Tatjana  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1160",
    pages = "1008--1013",
    abstract = "DiMLex is a lexicon of German connectives that can be used for various language understanding purposes. We enhanced the coverage to 275 connectives, which we regard as covering all known German discourse connectives in current use. In this paper, we consider the task of adding the semantic relations that can be expressed by each connective. After discussing different approaches to retrieving semantic information, we settle on annotating each connective with senses from the new PDTB 3.0 sense hierarchy. We describe our new implementation in the extended DiMLex, which will be available for research purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{janier-reed-2016-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Resources for Dispute Mediation Discourse",
    author = "Janier, Mathilde  and
      Reed, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1161",
    pages = "1014--1021",
    abstract = "Dispute mediation is a growing activity in the resolution of conflicts, and more and more research emerge to enhance and better understand this (until recently) understudied practice. Corpus analyses are necessary to study discourse in this context; yet, little data is available, mainly because of its confidentiality principle. After proposing hints and avenues to acquire transcripts of mediation sessions, this paper presents the Dispute Mediation Corpus, which gathers annotated excerpts of mediation dialogues. Although developed as part of a project on argumentation, it is freely available and the text data can be used by anyone. This first-ever open corpus of mediation interactions can be of interest to scholars studying discourse, but also conflict resolution, argumentation, linguistics, communication, etc. We advocate for using and extending this resource that may be valuable to a large variety of domains of research, particularly those striving to enhance the study of the rapidly growing activity of dispute mediation.",
}
@inproceedings{valmaseda-etal-2016-tagged,
    title = "A Tagged Corpus for Automatic Labeling of Disabilities in Medical Scientific Papers",
    author = "Valmaseda, Carlos  and
      Martinez-Romo, Juan  and
      Araujo, Lourdes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1162",
    pages = "1022--1025",
    abstract = "This paper presents the creation of a corpus of labeled disabilities in scientific papers. The identification of medical concepts in documents and, especially, the identification of disabilities, is a complex task mainly due to the variety of expressions that can make reference to the same problem. Currently there is not a set of documents manually annotated with disabilities with which to evaluate an automatic detection system of such concepts. This is the reason why this corpus arises, aiming to facilitate the evaluation of systems that implement an automatic annotation tool for extracting biomedical concepts such as disabilities. The result is a set of scientific papers manually annotated. For the selection of these scientific papers has been conducted a search using a list of rare diseases, since they generally have associated several disabilities of different kinds.",
}
@inproceedings{lukin-etal-2016-personabank,
    title = "{P}ersona{B}ank: A Corpus of Personal Narratives and Their Story Intention Graphs",
    author = "Lukin, Stephanie  and
      Bowden, Kevin  and
      Barackman, Casey  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1163",
    pages = "1026--1033",
    abstract = "We present a new corpus, PersonaBank, consisting of 108 personal stories from weblogs that have been annotated with their Story Intention Graphs, a deep representation of the content of a story. We describe the topics of the stories and the basis of the Story Intention Graph representation, as well as the process of annotating the stories to produce the Story Intention Graphs and the challenges of adapting the tool to this new personal narrative domain. We also discuss how the corpus can be used in applications that retell the story using different styles of tellings, co-tellings, or as a content planner.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2016-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained {C}hinese Discourse Relation Labelling",
    author = "Chen, Huan-Yuan  and
      Liao, Wan-Shan  and
      Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1164",
    pages = "1034--1038",
    abstract = "This paper explores several aspects together for a fine-grained Chinese discourse analysis. We deal with the issues of ambiguous discourse markers, ambiguous marker linkings, and more than one discourse marker. A universal feature representation is proposed. The pair-once postulation, cross-discourse-unit-first rule and word-pair-marker-first rule select a set of discourse markers from ambiguous linkings. Marker-Sum feature considers total contribution of markers and Marker-Preference feature captures the probability distribution of discourse functions of a representative marker by using preference rule. The HIT Chinese discourse relation treebank (HIT-CDTB) is used to evaluate the proposed models. The 25-way classifier achieves 0.57 micro-averaged F-score.",
}
@inproceedings{rehbein-etal-2016-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Discourse Relations in Spoken Language: A Comparison of the {PDTB} and {CCR} Frameworks",
    author = "Rehbein, Ines  and
      Scholman, Merel  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1165",
    pages = "1039--1046",
    abstract = "In discourse relation annotation, there is currently a variety of different frameworks being used, and most of them have been developed and employed mostly on written data. This raises a number of questions regarding interoperability of discourse relation annotation schemes, as well as regarding differences in discourse annotation for written vs. spoken domains. In this paper, we describe ouron annotating two spoken domains from the SPICE Ireland corpus (telephone conversations and broadcast interviews) according todifferent discourse annotation schemes, PDTB 3.0 and CCR. We show that annotations in the two schemes can largely be mappedone another, and discuss differences in operationalisations of discourse relation schemes which present a challenge to automatic mapping. We also observe systematic differences in the prevalence of implicit discourse relations in spoken data compared to written texts,find that there are also differences in the types of causal relations between the domains. Finally, we find that PDTB 3.0 addresses many shortcomings of PDTB 2.0 wrt. the annotation of spoken discourse, and suggest further extensions. The new corpus has roughly theof the CoNLL 2015 Shared Task test set, and we hence hope that it will be a valuable resource for the evaluation of automatic discourse relation labellers.",
}
@inproceedings{lailler-etal-2016-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing The {RATP}-{DECODA} Corpus With Linguistic Annotations For Performing A Large Range Of {NLP} Tasks",
    author = {Lailler, Carole  and
      Landeau, Ana{\"\i}s  and
      B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick  and
      Del{\'e}glise, Paul},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1166",
    pages = "1047--1050",
    abstract = "In this article, we present the RATP-DECODA Corpus which is composed by a set of 67 hours of speech from telephone conversations of a Customer Care Service (CCS). This corpus is already available on line at http://sldr.org/sldr000847/fr in its first version. However, many enhancements have been made in order to allow the development of automatic techniques to transcript conversations and to capture their meaning. These enhancements fall into two categories: firstly, we have increased the size of the corpus with manual transcriptions from a new operational day; secondly we have added new linguistic annotations to the whole corpus (either manually or through an automatic processing) in order to perform various linguistic tasks from syntactic and semantic parsing to dialog act tagging and dialog summarization.",
}
@inproceedings{stede-etal-2016-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Discourse Annotations on a Corpus of Short Texts",
    author = "Stede, Manfred  and
      Afantenos, Stergos  and
      Peldszus, Andreas  and
      Asher, Nicholas  and
      Perret, J{\'e}r{\'e}my",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1167",
    pages = "1051--1058",
    abstract = "We present the first corpus of texts annotated with two alternative approaches to discourse structure, Rhetorical Structure Theory (Mann and Thompson, 1988) and Segmented Discourse Representation Theory (Asher and Lascarides, 2003). 112 short argumentative texts have been analyzed according to these two theories. Furthermore, in previous work, the same texts have already been annotated for their argumentation structure, according to the scheme of Peldszus and Stede (2013). This corpus therefore enables studies of correlations between the two accounts of discourse structure, and between discourse and argumentation. We converted the three annotation formats to a common dependency tree format that enables to compare the structures, and we describe some initial findings.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-yeung-2016-annotated,
    title = "An Annotated Corpus of Direct Speech",
    author = "Lee, John  and
      Yeung, Chak Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1168",
    pages = "1059--1063",
    abstract = "We propose a scheme for annotating direct speech in literary texts, based on the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) and the coreference annotation guidelines from the Message Understanding Conference (MUC). The scheme encodes the speakers and listeners of utterances in a text, as well as the quotative verbs that reports the utterances. We measure inter-annotator agreement on this annotation task. We then present statistics on a manually annotated corpus that consists of books from the New Testament. Finally, we visualize the corpus as a conversational network.",
}
@inproceedings{etxeberria-etal-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Noisy Channel Model for the Normalization of Historical Texts: Basque, {S}panish and {S}lovene",
    author = "Etxeberria, Izaskun  and
      Alegria, I{\~n}aki  and
      Uria, Larraitz  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1169",
    pages = "1064--1069",
    abstract = "This paper presents a method for the normalization of historical texts using a combination of weighted finite-state transducers and language models. We have extended our previous work on the normalization of dialectal texts and tested the method against a 17th century literary work in Basque. This preprocessed corpus is made available in the LREC repository. The performance of this method for learning relations between historical and contemporary word forms is evaluated against resources in three languages. The method we present learns to map phonological changes using a noisy channel model. The model is based on techniques commonly used for phonological inference and producing Grapheme-to-Grapheme conversion systems encoded as weighted transducers and produces F-scores above 80{\%} in the task for Basque. A wider evaluation shows that the approach performs equally well with all the languages in our evaluation suite: Basque, Spanish and Slovene. A comparison against other methods that address the same task is also provided.",
}
@inproceedings{darwish-mubarak-2016-farasa,
    title = "{F}arasa: A New Fast and Accurate {A}rabic Word Segmenter",
    author = "Darwish, Kareem  and
      Mubarak, Hamdy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1170",
    pages = "1070--1074",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present Farasa (meaning insight in Arabic), which is a fast and accurate Arabic segmenter. Segmentation involves breaking Arabic words into their constituent clitics. Our approach is based on SVMrank using linear kernels. The features that we utilized account for: likelihood of stems, prefixes, suffixes, and their combination; presence in lexicons containing valid stems and named entities; and underlying stem templates. Farasa outperforms or equalizes state-of-the-art Arabic segmenters, namely QATARA and MADAMIRA. Meanwhile, Farasa is nearly one order of magnitude faster than QATARA and two orders of magnitude faster than MADAMIRA. The segmenter should be able to process one billion words in less than 5 hours. Farasa is written entirely in native Java, with no external dependencies, and is open-source.",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2016-morphological,
    title = "A Morphological Lexicon of {E}speranto with Morpheme Frequencies",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1171",
    pages = "1075--1078",
    abstract = "This paper discusses the internal structure of complex Esperanto words (CWs). Using a morphological analyzer, possible affixation and compounding is checked for over 50,000 Esperanto lexemes against a list of 17,000 root words. Morpheme boundaries in the resulting analyses were then checked manually, creating a CW dictionary of 28,000 words, representing 56.4{\%} of the lexicon, or 19.4{\%} of corpus tokens. The error percentage of the EspGram morphological analyzer for new corpus CWs was 4.3{\%} for types and 6.4{\%} for tokens, with a recall of almost 100{\%}, and wrong/spurious boundaries being more common than missing ones. For pedagogical purposes a morpheme frequency dictionary was constructed for a 16 million word corpus, confirming the importance of agglutinative derivational morphemes in the Esperanto lexicon. Finally, as a means to reduce the morphological ambiguity of CWs, we provide POS likelihoods for Esperanto suffixes.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-wang-2016-dictionary,
    title = "How does Dictionary Size Influence Performance of {V}ietnamese Word Segmentation?",
    author = "Liu, Wuying  and
      Wang, Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1172",
    pages = "1079--1083",
    abstract = "Vietnamese word segmentation (VWS) is a challenging basic issue for natural language processing. This paper addresses the problem of how does dictionary size influence VWS performance, proposes two novel measures: square overlap ratio (SOR) and relaxed square overlap ratio (RSOR), and validates their effectiveness. The SOR measure is the product of dictionary overlap ratio and corpus overlap ratio, and the RSOR measure is the relaxed version of SOR measure under an unsupervised condition. The two measures both indicate the suitable degree between segmentation dictionary and object corpus waiting for segmentation. The experimental results show that the more suitable, neither smaller nor larger, dictionary size is better to achieve the state-of-the-art performance for dictionary-based Vietnamese word segmenters.",
}
@inproceedings{hathout-namer-2016-giving,
    title = "Giving Lexical Resources a Second Life: D{\'e}monette, a Multi-sourced Morpho-semantic Network for {F}rench",
    author = "Hathout, Nabil  and
      Namer, Fiammetta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1173",
    pages = "1084--1091",
    abstract = "D{\'e}monette is a derivational morphological network designed for the description of French. Its original architecture enables its use as a formal framework for the description of morphological analyses and as a repository for existing lexicons. It is fed with a variety of resources, which all are already validated. The harmonization of their content into a unified format provides them a second life, in which they are enriched with new properties, provided these are deductible from their contents. D{\'e}monette is released under a Creative Commons license. It is usable for theoretical and descriptive research in morphology, as a source of experimental material for psycholinguistics, natural language processing (NLP) and information retrieval (IR), where it fills a gap, since French lacks a large-coverage derivational resources database. The article presents the integration of two existing lexicons into D{\'e}monette. The first is Verbaction, a lexicon of deverbal action nouns. The second is Lexeur, a database of agent nouns in -eur derived from verbs or from nouns.",
}
@inproceedings{trips-2016-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Analysis of Phrasal Compounds in Corpora: a Challenge for {NLP} Tools",
    author = "Trips, Carola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1174",
    pages = "1092--1097",
    abstract = "The paper introduces a {``}train once, use many{''} approach for the syntactic analysis of phrasal compounds (PC) of the type XP+N like {``}Would you like to sit on my knee?{''} nonsense. PCs are a challenge for NLP tools since they require the identification of a syntactic phrase within a morphological complex. We propose a method which uses a state-of-the-art dependency parser not only to analyse sentences (the environment of PCs) but also to compound the non-head of PCs in a well-defined particular condition which is the analysis of the non-head spanning from the left boundary (mostly marked by a determiner) to the nominal head of the PC. This method contains the following steps: (a) the use an English state-of-the-art dependency parser with data comprising sentences with PCs from the British National Corpus (BNC), (b) the detection of parsing errors of PCs, (c) the separate treatment of the non-head structure using the same model, and (d) the attachment of the non-head to the compound head. The evaluation of the method showed that the accuracy of 76{\%} could be improved by adding a step in the PC compounder module which specified user-defined contexts being sensitive to the part of speech of the non-head parts and by using TreeTagger, in line with our approach.",
}
@inproceedings{khalifa-etal-2016-dalila,
    title = "{DALILA}: The Dialectal {A}rabic Linguistic Learning Assistant",
    author = "Khalifa, Salam  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1175",
    pages = "1098--1102",
    abstract = "Dialectal Arabic (DA) poses serious challenges for Natural Language Processing (NLP). The number and sophistication of tools and datasets in DA are very limited in comparison to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and other languages. MSA tools do not effectively model DA which makes the direct use of MSA NLP tools for handling dialects impractical. This is particularly a challenge for the creation of tools to support learning Arabic as a living language on the web, where authentic material can be found in both MSA and DA. In this paper, we present the Dialectal Arabic Linguistic Learning Assistant (DALILA), a Chrome extension that utilizes cutting-edge Arabic dialect NLP research to assist learners and non-native speakers in understanding text written in either MSA or DA. DALILA provides dialectal word analysis and English gloss corresponding to each word.",
}
@inproceedings{steiner-2016-refurbishing,
    title = "Refurbishing a Morphological Database for {G}erman",
    author = "Steiner, Petra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1176",
    pages = "1103--1108",
    abstract = "The CELEX database is one of the standard lexical resources for German. It yields a wealth of data especially for phonological and morphological applications. The morphological part comprises deep-structure morphological analyses of German. However, as it was developed in the Nineties, both encoding and spelling are outdated. About one fifth of over 50,000 datasets contain umlauts and signs such as {\ss}. Changes to a modern version cannot be obtained by simple substitution. In this paper, we shortly describe the original content and form of the orthographic and morphological database for German in CELEX. Then we present our work on modernizing the linguistic data. Lemmas and morphological analyses are transferred to a modern standard of encoding by first merging orthographic and morphological information of the lemmas and their entries and then performing a second substitution for the morphs within their morphological analyses. Changes to modern German spelling are performed by substitution rules according to orthographical standards. We show an example of the use of the data for the disambiguation of morphological structures. The discussion describes prospects of future work on this or similar lexicons. The Perl script is publicly available on our website.",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-etal-2016-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Adjective Scales for Fine-grained Resources",
    author = "Lopez, C{\'e}dric  and
      Segond, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}rique  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1177",
    pages = "1109--1113",
    abstract = "We propose an automatic approach towards determining the relative location of adjectives on a common scale based on their strength. We focus on adjectives expressing different degrees of goodness occurring in French product (perfumes) reviews. Using morphosyntactic patterns, we extract from the reviews short phrases consisting of a noun that encodes a particular aspect of the perfume and an adjective modifying that noun. We then associate each such n-gram with the corresponding product aspect and its related star rating. Next, based on the star scores, we generate adjective scales reflecting the relative strength of specific adjectives associated with a shared attribute of the product. An automatic ordering of the adjectives {``}correct{''} (correct), {``}sympa{''} (nice), {``}bon{''} (good) and {``}excellent{''} (excellent) according to their score in our resource is consistent with an intuitive scale based on human judgments. Our long-term objective is to generate different adjective scales in an empirical manner, which could allow the enrichment of lexical resources.",
}
@inproceedings{sanger-etal-2016-scare,
    title = "{SCARE} ― The Sentiment Corpus of App Reviews with Fine-grained Annotations in {G}erman",
    author = {S{\"a}nger, Mario  and
      Leser, Ulf  and
      Kemmerer, Steffen  and
      Adolphs, Peter  and
      Klinger, Roman},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1178",
    pages = "1114--1121",
    abstract = "The automatic analysis of texts containing opinions of users about, e.g., products or political views has gained attention within the last decades. However, previous work on the task of analyzing user reviews about mobile applications in app stores is limited. Publicly available corpora do not exist, such that a comparison of different methods and models is difficult. We fill this gap by contributing the Sentiment Corpus of App Reviews (SCARE), which contains fine-grained annotations of application aspects, subjective (evaluative) phrases and relations between both. This corpus consists of 1,760 annotated application reviews from the Google Play Store with 2,487 aspects and 3,959 subjective phrases. We describe the process and methodology how the corpus was created. The Fleiss Kappa between four annotators reveals an agreement of 0.72. We provide a strong baseline with a linear-chain conditional random field and word-embedding features with a performance of 0.62 for aspect detection and 0.63 for the extraction of subjective phrases. The corpus is available to the research community to support the development of sentiment analysis methods on mobile application reviews.",
}
@inproceedings{apidianaki-etal-2016-datasets,
    title = "Datasets for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis in {F}rench",
    author = "Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Tannier, Xavier  and
      Richart, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1179",
    pages = "1122--1126",
    abstract = "Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) is the task of mining and summarizing opinions from text about specific entities and their aspects. This article describes two datasets for the development and testing of ABSA systems for French which comprise user reviews annotated with relevant entities, aspects and polarity values. The first dataset contains 457 restaurant reviews (2365 sentences) for training and testing ABSA systems, while the second contains 162 museum reviews (655 sentences) dedicated to out-of-domain evaluation. Both datasets were built as part of SemEval-2016 Task 5 {``}Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis{''} where seven different languages were represented, and are publicly available for research purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{shaikh-etal-2016-anew,
    title = "{ANEW}+: Automatic Expansion and Validation of Affective Norms of Words Lexicons in Multiple Languages",
    author = "Shaikh, Samira  and
      Cho, Kit  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Feldman, Laurie  and
      Lien, John  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Broadwell, George Aaron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1180",
    pages = "1127--1132",
    abstract = "In this article we describe our method of automatically expanding an existing lexicon of words with affective valence scores. The automatic expansion process was done in English. In addition, we describe our procedure for automatically creating lexicons in languages where such resources may not previously exist. The foreign languages we discuss in this paper are Spanish, Russian and Farsi. We also describe the procedures to systematically validate our newly created resources. The main contributions of this work are: 1) A general method for expansion and creation of lexicons with scores of words on psychological constructs such as valence, arousal or dominance; and 2) a procedure for ensuring validity of the newly constructed resources.",
}
@inproceedings{sidarenka-2016-potts,
    title = "{P}ot{TS}: The {P}otsdam Twitter Sentiment Corpus",
    author = "Sidarenka, Uladzimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1181",
    pages = "1133--1141",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce a novel comprehensive dataset of 7,992 German tweets, which were manually annotated by two human experts with fine-grained opinion relations. A rich annotation scheme used for this corpus includes such sentiment-relevant elements as opinion spans, their respective sources and targets, emotionally laden terms with their possible contextual negations and modifiers. Various inter-annotator agreement studies, which were carried out at different stages of work on these data (at the initial training phase, upon an adjudication step, and after the final annotation run), reveal that labeling evaluative judgements in microblogs is an inherently difficult task even for professional coders. These difficulties, however, can be alleviated by letting the annotators revise each other{'}s decisions. Once rechecked, the experts can proceed with the annotation of further messages, staying at a fairly high level of agreement.",
}
@inproceedings{maynard-bontcheva-2016-challenges,
    title = "Challenges of Evaluating Sentiment Analysis Tools on Social Media",
    author = "Maynard, Diana  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1182",
    pages = "1142--1148",
    abstract = "This paper discusses the challenges in carrying out fair comparative evaluations of sentiment analysis systems. Firstly, these are due to differences in corpus annotation guidelines and sentiment class distribution. Secondly, different systems often make different assumptions about how to interpret certain statements, e.g. tweets with URLs. In order to study the impact of these on evaluation results, this paper focuses on tweet sentiment analysis in particular. One existing and two newly created corpora are used, and the performance of four different sentiment analysis systems is reported; we make our annotated datasets and sentiment analysis applications publicly available. We see considerable variations in results across the different corpora, which calls into question the validity of many existing annotated datasets and evaluations, and we make some observations about both the systems and the datasets as a result.",
}
@inproceedings{liew-etal-2016-emotweet,
    title = "{E}mo{T}weet-28: A Fine-Grained Emotion Corpus for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Liew, Jasy Suet Yan  and
      Turtle, Howard R.  and
      Liddy, Elizabeth D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1183",
    pages = "1149--1156",
    abstract = "This paper describes EmoTweet-28, a carefully curated corpus of 15,553 tweets annotated with 28 emotion categories for the purpose of training and evaluating machine learning models for emotion classification. EmoTweet-28 is, to date, the largest tweet corpus annotated with fine-grained emotion categories. The corpus contains annotations for four facets of emotion: valence, arousal, emotion category and emotion cues. We first used small-scale content analysis to inductively identify a set of emotion categories that characterize the emotions expressed in microblog text. We then expanded the size of the corpus using crowdsourcing. The corpus encompasses a variety of examples including explicit and implicit expressions of emotions as well as tweets containing multiple emotions. EmoTweet-28 represents an important resource to advance the development and evaluation of more emotion-sensitive systems.",
}
@inproceedings{kiritchenko-mohammad-2016-happy,
    title = "Happy Accident: A Sentiment Composition Lexicon for Opposing Polarity Phrases",
    author = "Kiritchenko, Svetlana  and
      Mohammad, Saif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1184",
    pages = "1157--1164",
    abstract = "Sentiment composition is the determining of sentiment of a multi-word linguistic unit, such as a phrase or a sentence, based on its constituents. We focus on sentiment composition in phrases formed by at least one positive and at least one negative word ― phrases like {`}happy accident{'} and {`}best winter break{'}. We refer to such phrases as opposing polarity phrases. We manually annotate a collection of opposing polarity phrases and their constituent single words with real-valued sentiment intensity scores using a method known as Best―Worst Scaling. We show that the obtained annotations are consistent. We explore the entries in the lexicon for linguistic regularities that govern sentiment composition in opposing polarity phrases. Finally, we list the current and possible future applications of the lexicon.",
}
@inproceedings{balahur-tanev-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Implicit Expressions of Affect from Text using Semantic Knowledge on Common Concept Properties",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Tanev, Hristo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1185",
    pages = "1165--1170",
    abstract = "Emotions are an important part of the human experience. They are responsible for the adaptation and integration in the environment, offering, most of the time together with the cognitive system, the appropriate responses to stimuli in the environment. As such, they are an important component in decision-making processes. In today{'}s society, the avalanche of stimuli present in the environment (physical or virtual) makes people more prone to respond to stronger affective stimuli (i.e., those that are related to their basic needs and motivations ― survival, food, shelter, etc.). In media reporting, this is translated in the use of arguments (factual data) that are known to trigger specific (strong, affective) behavioural reactions from the readers. This paper describes initial efforts to detect such arguments from text, based on the properties of concepts. The final system able to retrieve and label this type of data from the news in traditional and social platforms is intended to be integrated Europe Media Monitor family of applications to detect texts that trigger certain (especially negative) reactions from the public, with consequences on citizen safety and security.",
}
@inproceedings{loukachevitch-levchik-2016-creating,
    title = "Creating a General {R}ussian Sentiment Lexicon",
    author = "Loukachevitch, Natalia  and
      Levchik, Anatolii",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1186",
    pages = "1171--1176",
    abstract = "The paper describes the new Russian sentiment lexicon - RuSentiLex. The lexicon was gathered from several sources: opinionated words from domain-oriented Russian sentiment vocabularies, slang and curse words extracted from Twitter, objective words with positive or negative connotations from a news collection. The words in the lexicon having different sentiment orientations in specific senses are linked to appropriate concepts of the thesaurus of Russian language RuThes. All lexicon entries are classified according to four sentiment categories and three sources of sentiment (opinion, emotion, or fact). The lexicon can serve as the first version for the construction of domain-specific sentiment lexicons or can be used for feature generation in machine-learning approaches. In this role, the RuSentiLex lexicon was utilized by the participants of the SentiRuEval-2016 Twitter reputation monitoring shared task and allowed them to achieve high results.",
}
@inproceedings{van-son-etal-2016-grasp,
    title = "{GR}a{SP}: A Multilayered Annotation Scheme for Perspectives",
    author = "van Son, Chantal  and
      Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Fokkens, Antske  and
      Maks, Isa  and
      Morante, Roser  and
      Aroyo, Lora  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1187",
    pages = "1177--1184",
    abstract = "This paper presents a framework and methodology for the annotation of perspectives in text. In the last decade, different aspects of linguistic encoding of perspectives have been targeted as separated phenomena through different annotation initiatives. We propose an annotation scheme that integrates these different phenomena. We use a multilayered annotation approach, splitting the annotation of different aspects of perspectives into small subsequent subtasks in order to reduce the complexity of the task and to better monitor interactions between layers. Currently, we have included four layers of perspective annotation: events, attribution, factuality and opinion. The annotations are integrated in a formal model called GRaSP, which provides the means to represent instances (e.g. events, entities) and propositions in the (real or assumed) world in relation to their mentions in text. Then, the relation between the source and target of a perspective is characterized by means of perspective annotations. This enables us to place alternative perspectives on the same entity, event or proposition next to each other.",
}
@inproceedings{khiari-etal-2016-integration,
    title = "Integration of Lexical and Semantic Knowledge for Sentiment Analysis in {SMS}",
    author = "Khiari, Wejdene  and
      Roche, Mathieu  and
      Hafsia, Asma Bouhafs",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1188",
    pages = "1185--1189",
    abstract = "With the explosive growth of online social media (forums, blogs, and social networks), exploitation of these new information sources has become essential. Our work is based on the sud4science project. The goal of this project is to perform multidisciplinary work on a corpus of authentic SMS, in French, collected in 2011 and anonymised (88milSMS corpus: http://88milsms.huma-num.fr). This paper highlights a new method to integrate opinion detection knowledge from an SMS corpus by combining lexical and semantic information. More precisely, our approach gives more weight to words with a sentiment (i.e. presence of words in a dedicated dictionary) for a classification task based on three classes: positive, negative, and neutral. The experiments were conducted on two corpora: an elongated SMS corpus (i.e. repetitions of characters in messages) and a non-elongated SMS corpus. We noted that non-elongated SMS were much better classified than elongated SMS. Overall, this study highlighted that the integration of semantic knowledge always improves classification.",
}
@inproceedings{tamburini-2016-specialising,
    title = "Specialising Paragraph Vectors for Text Polarity Detection",
    author = "Tamburini, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1189",
    pages = "1190--1195",
    abstract = "This paper presents some experiments for specialising Paragraph Vectors, a new technique for creating text fragment (phrase, sentence, paragraph, text, ...) embedding vectors, for text polarity detection. The first extension regards the injection of polarity information extracted from a polarity lexicon into embeddings and the second extension aimed at inserting word order information into Paragraph Vectors. These two extensions, when training a logistic-regression classifier on the combined embeddings, were able to produce a relevant gain in performance when compared to the standard Paragraph Vector methods proposed by Le and Mikolov (2014).",
}
@inproceedings{jadi-etal-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Lexical Similarity to build Sentiment Similarity",
    author = "Jadi, Gr{\'e}goire  and
      Claveau, Vincent  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice  and
      Monceaux, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1190",
    pages = "1196--1201",
    abstract = "In this article, we propose to evaluate the lexical similarity information provided by word representations against several opinion resources using traditional Information Retrieval tools. Word representation have been used to build and to extend opinion resources such as lexicon, and ontology and their performance have been evaluated on sentiment analysis tasks. We question this method by measuring the correlation between the sentiment proximity provided by opinion resources and the semantic similarity provided by word representations using different correlation coefficients. We also compare the neighbors found in word representations and list of similar opinion words. Our results show that the proximity of words in state-of-the-art word representations is not very effective to build sentiment similarity.",
}
@inproceedings{koper-etal-2016-visualisation,
    title = "Visualisation and Exploration of High-Dimensional Distributional Features in Lexical Semantic Classification",
    author = {K{\"o}per, Maximilian  and
      Zai{\ss}, Melanie  and
      Han, Qi  and
      Koch, Steffen  and
      im Walde, Sabine Schulte},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1191",
    pages = "1202--1206",
    abstract = "Vector space models and distributional information are widely used in NLP. The models typically rely on complex, high-dimensional objects. We present an interactive visualisation tool to explore salient lexical-semantic features of high-dimensional word objects and word similarities. Most visualisation tools provide only one low-dimensional map of the underlying data, so they are not capable of retaining the local and the global structure. We overcome this limitation by providing an additional trust-view to obtain a more realistic picture of the actual object distances. Additional tool options include the reference to a gold standard classification, the reference to a cluster analysis as well as listing the most salient (common) features for a selected subset of the words.",
}
@inproceedings{maharjan-etal-2016-semaligner,
    title = "{S}em{A}ligner: A Method and Tool for Aligning Chunks with Semantic Relation Types and Semantic Similarity Scores",
    author = "Maharjan, Nabin  and
      Banjade, Rajendra  and
      Niraula, Nobal Bikram  and
      Rus, Vasile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1192",
    pages = "1207--1211",
    abstract = "This paper introduces a ruled-based method and software tool, called SemAligner, for aligning chunks across texts in a given pair of short English texts. The tool, based on the top performing method at the Interpretable Short Text Similarity shared task at SemEval 2015, where it was used with human annotated (gold) chunks, can now additionally process plain text-pairs using two powerful chunkers we developed, e.g. using Conditional Random Fields. Besides aligning chunks, the tool automatically assigns semantic relations to the aligned chunks (such as EQUI for equivalent and OPPO for opposite) and semantic similarity scores that measure the strength of the semantic relation between the aligned chunks. Experiments show that SemAligner performs competitively for system generated chunks and that these results are also comparable to results obtained on gold chunks. SemAligner has other capabilities such as handling various input formats and chunkers as well as extending lookup resources.",
}
@inproceedings{falk-martin-2016-aspectual,
    title = "Aspectual Flexibility Increases with Agentivity and ConcretenessA Computational Classification Experiment on Polysemous Verbs",
    author = "Falk, Ingrid  and
      Martin, Fabienne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1193",
    pages = "1212--1220",
    abstract = "We present an experimental study making use of a machine learning approach to identify the factors that affect the aspectual value that characterizes verbs under each of their readings. The study is based on various morpho-syntactic and semantic features collected from a French lexical resource and on a gold standard aspectual classification of verb readings designed by an expert. Our results support the tested hypothesis, namely that agentivity and abstractness influence lexical aspect.",
}
@inproceedings{cordeiro-etal-2016-mwetoolkit,
    title = "mwetoolkit+sem: Integrating Word Embeddings in the mwetoolkit for Semantic {MWE} Processing",
    author = "Cordeiro, Silvio  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1194",
    pages = "1221--1225",
    abstract = "This paper presents mwetoolkit+sem: an extension of the mwetoolkit that estimates semantic compositionality scores for multiword expressions (MWEs) based on word embeddings. First, we describe our implementation of vector-space operations working on distributional vectors. The compositionality score is based on the cosine distance between the MWE vector and the composition of the vectors of its member words. Our generic system can handle several types of word embeddings and MWE lists, and may combine individual word representations using several composition techniques. We evaluate our implementation on a dataset of 1042 English noun compounds, comparing different configurations of the underlying word embeddings and word-composition models. We show that our vector-based scores model non-compositionality better than standard association measures such as log-likelihood.",
}
@inproceedings{iosif-etal-2016-cognitively,
    title = "Cognitively Motivated Distributional Representations of Meaning",
    author = "Iosif, Elias  and
      Georgiladakis, Spiros  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1195",
    pages = "1226--1232",
    abstract = "Although meaning is at the core of human cognition, state-of-the-art distributional semantic models (DSMs) are often agnostic to the findings in the area of semantic cognition. In this work, we present a novel type of DSMs motivated by the dual-processing cognitive perspective that is triggered by lexico-semantic activations in the short-term human memory. The proposed model is shown to perform better than state-of-the-art models for computing semantic similarity between words. The fusion of different types of DSMs is also investigated achieving results that are comparable or better than the state-of-the-art. The used corpora along with a set of tools, as well as large repositories of vectorial word representations are made publicly available for four languages (English, German, Italian, and Greek).",
}
@inproceedings{hayashi-luo-2016-extending,
    title = "Extending Monolingual Semantic Textual Similarity Task to Multiple Cross-lingual Settings",
    author = "Hayashi, Yoshihiko  and
      Luo, Wentao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1196",
    pages = "1233--1239",
    abstract = "This paper describes our independent effort for extending the monolingual semantic textual similarity (STS) task setting to multiple cross-lingual settings involving English, Japanese, and Chinese. So far, we have adopted a {``}monolingual similarity after translation{''} strategy to predict the semantic similarity between a pair of sentences in different languages. With this strategy, a monolingual similarity method is applied after having (one of) the target sentences translated into a pivot language. Therefore, this paper specifically details the required and developed resources to implement this framework, while presenting our current results for English-Japanese-Chinese cross-lingual STS tasks that may exemplify the validity of the framework.",
}
@inproceedings{copestake-etal-2016-resources,
    title = "Resources for building applications with Dependency Minimal Recursion Semantics",
    author = "Copestake, Ann  and
      Emerson, Guy  and
      Goodman, Michael Wayne  and
      Horvat, Matic  and
      Kuhnle, Alexander  and
      Muszy{\'n}ska, Ewa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1197",
    pages = "1240--1247",
    abstract = "We describe resources aimed at increasing the usability of the semantic representations utilized within the DELPH-IN (Deep Linguistic Processing with HPSG) consortium. We concentrate in particular on the Dependency Minimal Recursion Semantics (DMRS) formalism, a graph-based representation designed for compositional semantic representation with deep grammars. Our main focus is on English, and specifically English Resource Semantics (ERS) as used in the English Resource Grammar. We first give an introduction to ERS and DMRS and a brief overview of some existing resources and then describe in detail a new repository which has been developed to simplify the use of ERS/DMRS. We explain a number of operations on DMRS graphs which our repository supports, with sketches of the algorithms, and illustrate how these operations can be exploited in application building. We believe that this work will aid researchers to exploit the rich and effective but complex DELPH-IN resources.",
}
@inproceedings{kuo-chen-2016-subtask,
    title = "Subtask Mining from Search Query Logs for How-Knowledge Acceleration",
    author = "Kuo, Chung-Lun  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1198",
    pages = "1248--1252",
    abstract = "How-knowledge is indispensable in daily life, but has relatively less quantity and poorer quality than what-knowledge in publicly available knowledge bases. This paper first extracts task-subtask pairs from wikiHow, then mines linguistic patterns from search query logs, and finally applies the mined patterns to extract subtasks to complete given how-to tasks. To evaluate the proposed methodology, we group tasks and the corresponding recommended subtasks into pairs, and evaluate the results automatically and manually. The automatic evaluation shows the accuracy of 0.4494. We also classify the mined patterns based on prepositions and find that the prepositions like {``}on{''}, {``}to{''}, and {``}with{''} have the better performance. The results can be used to accelerate how-knowledge base construction.",
}
@inproceedings{ryzhova-etal-2016-typology,
    title = "Typology of Adjectives Benchmark for Compositional Distributional Models",
    author = "Ryzhova, Daria  and
      Kyuseva, Maria  and
      Paperno, Denis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1199",
    pages = "1253--1257",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a novel application of compositional distributional semantic models (CDSMs): prediction of lexical typology. The paper introduces the notion of typological closeness, which is a novel rigorous formalization of semantic similarity based on comparison of multilingual data. Starting from the Moscow Database of Qualitative Features for adjective typology, we create four datasets of typological closeness, on which we test a range of distributional semantic models. We show that, on the one hand, vector representations of phrases based on data from one language can be used to predict how words within the phrase translate into different languages, and, on the other hand, that typological data can serve as a semantic benchmark for distributional models. We find that compositional distributional models, especially parametric ones, perform way above non-compositional alternatives on the task.",
}
@inproceedings{bosc-etal-2016-dart,
    title = "{DART}: a Dataset of Arguments and their Relations on Twitter",
    author = "Bosc, Tom  and
      Cabrio, Elena  and
      Villata, Serena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1200",
    pages = "1258--1263",
    abstract = "The problem of understanding the stream of messages exchanged on social media such as Facebook and Twitter is becoming a major challenge for automated systems. The tremendous amount of data exchanged on these platforms as well as the specific form of language adopted by social media users constitute a new challenging context for existing argument mining techniques. In this paper, we describe a resource of natural language arguments called DART (Dataset of Arguments and their Relations on Twitter) where the complete argument mining pipeline over Twitter messages is considered: (i) we identify which tweets can be considered as arguments and which cannot, and (ii) we identify what is the relation, i.e., support or attack, linking such tweets to each other.",
}
@inproceedings{mota-etal-2016-port4nooj,
    title = "{P}ort4{N}oo{J} v3.0: Integrated Linguistic Resources for {P}ortuguese {NLP}",
    author = "Mota, Cristina  and
      Carvalho, Paula  and
      Barreiro, Anabela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1201",
    pages = "1264--1269",
    abstract = "This paper introduces Port4NooJ v3.0, the latest version of the Portuguese module for NooJ, highlights its main features, and details its three main new components: (i) a lexicon-grammar based dictionary of 5,177 human intransitive adjectives, and a set of local grammars that use the distributional properties of those adjectives for paraphrasing (ii) a polarity dictionary with 9,031 entries for sentiment analysis, and (iii) a set of priority dictionaries and local grammars for named entity recognition. These new components were derived and/or adapted from publicly available resources. The Port4NooJ v3.0 resource is innovative in terms of the specificity of the linguistic knowledge it incorporates. The dictionary is bilingual Portuguese-English, and the semantico-syntactic information assigned to each entry validates the linguistic relation between the terms in both languages. These characteristics, which cannot be found in any other public resource for Portuguese, make it a valuable resource for translation and paraphrasing. The paper presents the current statistics and describes the different complementary and synergic components and integration efforts.",
}
@inproceedings{rozis-etal-2016-collecting,
    title = "Collecting Language Resources for the {L}atvian e-Government Machine Translation Platform",
    author = "Rozis, Roberts  and
      Vasi{\c{l}}jevs, Andrejs  and
      Skadi{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Raivis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1202",
    pages = "1270--1276",
    abstract = "This paper describes corpora collection activity for building large machine translation systems for Latvian e-Government platform. We describe requirements for corpora, selection and assessment of data sources, collection of the public corpora and creation of new corpora from miscellaneous sources. Methodology, tools and assessment methods are also presented along with the results achieved, challenges faced and conclusions made. Several approaches to address the data scarceness are discussed. We summarize the volume of obtained corpora and provide quality metrics of MT systems trained on this data. Resulting MT systems for English-Latvian, Latvian English and Latvian Russian are integrated in the Latvian e-service portal and are freely available on website HUGO.LV. This paper can serve as a guidance for similar activities initiated in other countries, particularly in the context of European Language Resource Coordination action.",
}
@inproceedings{brugman-etal-2016-nederlab,
    title = "{N}ederlab: Towards a Single Portal and Research Environment for Diachronic {D}utch Text Corpora",
    author = "Brugman, Hennie  and
      Reynaert, Martin  and
      van der Sijs, Nicoline  and
      van Stipriaan, Ren{\'e}  and
      Sang, Erik Tjong Kim  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1203",
    pages = "1277--1281",
    abstract = "The Nederlab project aims to bring together all digitized texts relevant to the Dutch national heritage, the history of the Dutch language and culture (circa 800 {--} present) in one user friendly and tool enriched open access web interface. This paper describes Nederlab halfway through the project period and discusses the collections incorporated, back-office processes, system back-end as well as the Nederlab Research Portal end-user web application.",
}
@inproceedings{soler-wanner-2016-semi,
    title = "A Semi-Supervised Approach for Gender Identification",
    author = "Soler, Juan  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1204",
    pages = "1282--1287",
    abstract = "In most of the research studies on Author Profiling, large quantities of correctly labeled data are used to train the models. However, this does not reflect the reality in forensic scenarios: in practical linguistic forensic investigations, the resources that are available to profile the author of a text are usually scarce. To pay tribute to this fact, we implemented a Semi-Supervised Learning variant of the k nearest neighbors algorithm that uses small sets of labeled data and a larger amount of unlabeled data to classify the authors of texts by gender (man vs woman). We describe the enriched KNN algorithm and show that the use of unlabeled instances improves the accuracy of our gender identification model. We also present a feature set that facilitates the use of a very small number of instances, reaching accuracies higher than 70{\%} with only 113 instances to train the model. It is also shown that the algorithm also performs well using publicly available data.",
}
@inproceedings{korkontzelos-etal-2016-ensemble,
    title = "Ensemble Classification of Grants using {LDA}-based Features",
    author = "Korkontzelos, Yannis  and
      Thomas, Beverley  and
      Miwa, Makoto  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1205",
    pages = "1288--1294",
    abstract = "Classifying research grants into useful categories is a vital task for a funding body to give structure to the portfolio for analysis, informing strategic planning and decision-making. Automating this classification process would save time and effort, providing the accuracy of the classifications is maintained. We employ five classification models to classify a set of BBSRC-funded research grants in 21 research topics based on unigrams, technical terms and Latent Dirichlet Allocation models. To boost precision, we investigate methods for combining their predictions into five aggregate classifiers. Evaluation confirmed that ensemble classification models lead to higher precision.It was observed that there is not a single best-performing aggregate method for all research topics. Instead, the best-performing method for a research topic depends on the number of positive training instances available for this topic. Subject matter experts considered the predictions of aggregate models to correct erroneous or incomplete manual assignments.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2016-edit,
    title = "Edit Categories and Editor Role Identification in {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Yang, Diyi  and
      Halfaker, Aaron  and
      Kraut, Robert  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1206",
    pages = "1295--1299",
    abstract = "In this work, we introduced a corpus for categorizing edit types in Wikipedia. This fine-grained taxonomy of edit types enables us to differentiate editing actions and find editor roles in Wikipedia based on their low-level edit types. To do this, we first created an annotated corpus based on 1,996 edits obtained from 953 article revisions and built machine-learning models to automatically identify the edit categories associated with edits. Building on this automated measurement of edit types, we then applied a graphical model analogous to Latent Dirichlet Allocation to uncover the latent roles in editors{'} edit histories. Applying this technique revealed eight different roles editors play, such as Social Networker, Substantive Expert, etc.",
}
@inproceedings{al-shargi-etal-2016-morphologically,
    title = "Morphologically Annotated Corpora and Morphological Analyzers for {M}oroccan and Sanaani Yemeni {A}rabic",
    author = "Al-Shargi, Faisal  and
      Kaplan, Aidan  and
      Eskander, Ramy  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1207",
    pages = "1300--1306",
    abstract = "We present new language resources for Moroccan and Sanaani Yemeni Arabic. The resources include corpora for each dialect which have been morphologically annotated, and morphological analyzers for each dialect which are derived from these corpora. These are the first sets of resources for Moroccan and Yemeni Arabic. The resources will be made available to the public.",
}
@inproceedings{zabokrtsky-etal-2016-merging,
    title = "Merging Data Resources for Inflectional and Derivational Morphology in {C}zech",
    author = "{\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k  and
      {\v{S}}ev{\v{c}}{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Magda  and
      Straka, Milan  and
      Vidra, Jon{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Limbursk{\'a}, Ad{\'e}la",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1208",
    pages = "1307--1314",
    abstract = "The paper deals with merging two complementary resources of morphological data previously existing for Czech, namely the inflectional dictionary MorfFlex CZ and the recently developed lexical network DeriNet. The MorfFlex CZ dictionary has been used by a morphological analyzer capable of analyzing/generating several million Czech word forms according to the rules of Czech inflection. The DeriNet network contains several hundred thousand Czech lemmas interconnected with links corresponding to derivational relations (relations between base words and words derived from them). After summarizing basic characteristics of both resources, the process of merging is described, focusing on both rather technical aspects (growth of the data, measuring the quality of newly added derivational relations) and linguistic issues (treating lexical homonymy and vowel/consonant alternations). The resulting resource contains 970 thousand lemmas connected with 715 thousand derivational relations and is publicly available on the web under the CC-BY-NC-SA license. The data were incorporated in the MorphoDiTa library version 2.0 (which provides morphological analysis, generation, tagging and lemmatization for Czech) and can be browsed and searched by two web tools (DeriNet Viewer and DeriNet Search tool).",
}
@inproceedings{novak-etal-2016-new,
    title = "A New Integrated Open-source Morphological Analyzer for {H}ungarian",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, Attila  and
      Sikl{\'o}si, Borb{\'a}la  and
      Oravecz, Csaba",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1209",
    pages = "1315--1322",
    abstract = "The goal of a Hungarian research project has been to create an integrated Hungarian natural language processing framework. This infrastructure includes tools for analyzing Hungarian texts, integrated into a standardized environment. The morphological analyzer is one of the core components of the framework. The goal of this paper is to describe a fast and customizable morphological analyzer and its development framework, which synthesizes and further enriches the morphological knowledge implemented in previous tools existing for Hungarian. In addition, we present the method we applied to add semantic knowledge to the lexical database of the morphology. The method utilizes neural word embedding models and morphological and shallow syntactic knowledge.",
}
@inproceedings{chodroff-etal-2016-new,
    title = "New release of Mixer-6: Improved validity for phonetic study of speaker variation and identification",
    author = "Chodroff, Eleanor  and
      Maciejewski, Matthew  and
      Trmal, Jan  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev  and
      Godfrey, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1210",
    pages = "1323--1327",
    abstract = "The Mixer series of speech corpora were collected over several years, principally to support annual NIST evaluations of speaker recognition (SR) technologies. These evaluations focused on conversational speech over a variety of channels and recording conditions. One of the series, Mixer-6, added a new condition, read speech, to support basic scientific research on speaker characteristics, as well as technology evaluation. With read speech it is possible to make relatively precise measurements of phonetic events and features, which can be correlated with the performance of speaker recognition algorithms, or directly used in phonetic analysis of speaker variability. The read speech, as originally recorded, was adequate for large-scale evaluations (e.g., fixed-text speaker ID algorithms) but only marginally suitable for acoustic-phonetic studies. Numerous errors due largely to speaker behavior remained in the corpus, with no record of their locations or rate of occurrence. We undertook the effort to correct this situation with automatic methods supplemented by human listening and annotation. The present paper describes the tools and methods, resulting corrections, and some examples of the kinds of research studies enabled by these enhancements.",
}
@inproceedings{coutinho-etal-2016-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Prosody of Non-Native Speakers of {E}nglish: Measures and Feature Sets",
    author = {Coutinho, Eduardo  and
      H{\"o}nig, Florian  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Hantke, Simone  and
      Batliner, Anton  and
      N{\"o}th, Elmar  and
      Schuller, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1211",
    pages = "1328--1332",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe a new database with audio recordings of non-native (L2) speakers of English, and the perceptual evaluation experiment conducted with native English speakers for assessing the prosody of each recording. These annotations are then used to compute the gold standard using different methods, and a series of regression experiments is conducted to evaluate their impact on the performance of a regression model predicting the degree of naturalness of L2 speech. Further, we compare the relevance of different feature groups modelling prosody in general (without speech tempo), speech rate and pauses modelling speech tempo (fluency), voice quality, and a variety of spectral features. We also discuss the impact of various fusion strategies on performance.Overall, our results demonstrate that the prosody of non-native speakers of English as L2 can be reliably assessed using supra-segmental audio features; prosodic features seem to be the most important ones.",
}
@inproceedings{trouvain-etal-2016-ifcasl,
    title = "The {IFCASL} Corpus of {F}rench and {G}erman Non-native and Native Read Speech",
    author = {Trouvain, Juergen  and
      Bonneau, Anne  and
      Colotte, Vincent  and
      Fauth, Camille  and
      Fohr, Dominique  and
      Jouvet, Denis  and
      J{\"u}gler, Jeanin  and
      Laprie, Yves  and
      Mella, Odile  and
      M{\"o}bius, Bernd  and
      Zimmerer, Frank},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1212",
    pages = "1333--1338",
    abstract = "The IFCASL corpus is a French-German bilingual phonetic learner corpus designed, recorded and annotated in a project on individualized feedback in computer-assisted spoken language learning. The motivation for setting up this corpus was that there is no phonetically annotated and segmented corpus for this language pair of comparable of size and coverage. In contrast to most learner corpora, the IFCASL corpus incorporate data for a language pair in both directions, i.e. in our case French learners of German, and German learners of French. In addition, the corpus is complemented by two sub-corpora of native speech by the same speakers. The corpus provides spoken data by about 100 speakers with comparable productions, annotated and segmented on the word and the phone level, with more than 50{\%} manually corrected data. The paper reports on inter-annotator agreement and the optimization of the acoustic models for forced speech-text alignment in exercises for computer-assisted pronunciation training. Example studies based on the corpus data with a phonetic focus include topics such as the realization of /h/ and glottal stop, final devoicing of obstruents, vowel quantity and quality, pitch range, and tempo.",
}
@inproceedings{saint-dizier-2016-lelio,
    title = "{LELIO}: An Auto-Adaptative System to Acquire Domain Lexical Knowledge in Technical Texts",
    author = "Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1213",
    pages = "1339--1345",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate some language acquisition facets of an auto-adaptative system that can automatically acquire most of the relevant lexical knowledge and authoring practices for an application in a given domain. This is the LELIO project: producing customized LELIE solutions. Our goal, within the framework of LELIE (a system that tags language uses that do not follow the Constrained Natural Language principles), is to automate the long, costly and error prone lexical customization of LELIE to a given application domain. Technical texts being relatively restricted in terms of syntax and lexicon, results obtained show that this approach is feasible and relatively reliable. By auto-adaptative, we mean that the system learns from a sample of the application corpus the various lexical terms and uses crucial for LELIE to work properly (e.g. verb uses, fuzzy terms, business terms, stylistic patterns). A technical writer validation method is developed at each step of the acquisition.",
}
@inproceedings{murawaki-mori-2016-wikification,
    title = "Wikification for Scriptio Continua",
    author = "Murawaki, Yugo  and
      Mori, Shinsuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1214",
    pages = "1346--1351",
    abstract = "The fact that Japanese employs scriptio continua, or a writing system without spaces, complicates the first step of an NLP pipeline. Word segmentation is widely used in Japanese language processing, and lexical knowledge is crucial for reliable identification of words in text. Although external lexical resources like Wikipedia are potentially useful, segmentation mismatch prevents them from being straightforwardly incorporated into the word segmentation task. If we intentionally violate segmentation standards with the direct incorporation, quantitative evaluation will be no longer feasible. To address this problem, we propose to define a separate task that directly links given texts to an external resource, that is, wikification in the case of Wikipedia. By doing so, we can circumvent segmentation mismatch that may not necessarily be important for downstream applications. As the first step to realize the idea, we design the task of Japanese wikification and construct wikification corpora. We annotated subsets of the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese plus Twitter short messages. We also implement a simple wikifier and investigate its performance on these corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{niton-etal-2016-accessing,
    title = "Accessing and Elaborating Walenty - a Valence Dictionary of Polish - via {I}nternet Browser",
    author = "Nito{\'n}, Bart{\l}omiej  and
      Bartosiak, Tomasz  and
      Hajnicz, El{\.z}bieta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1215",
    pages = "1352--1359",
    abstract = "This article presents Walenty - a new valence dictionary of Polish predicates, concentrating on its creation process and access via Internet browser. The dictionary contains two layers, syntactic and semantic. The syntactic layer describes syntactic and morphosyntactic constraints predicates put on their dependants. The semantic layer shows how predicates and their arguments are involved in a situation described in an utterance. These two layers are connected, representing how semantic arguments can be realised on the surface. Walenty also contains a powerful phraseological (idiomatic) component. Walenty has been created and can be accessed remotely with a dedicated tool called Slowal. In this article, we focus on most important functionalities of this system. First, we will depict how to access the dictionary and how built-in filtering system (covering both syntactic and semantic phenomena) works. Later, we will describe the process of creating dictionary by Slowal tool that both supports and controls the work of lexicographers.",
}
@inproceedings{santos-etal-2016-ceplexicon,
    title = "{CEPLEX}icon ― A Lexicon of Child {E}uropean {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Santos, Ana L{\'u}cia  and
      Freitas, Maria Jo{\~a}o  and
      Cardoso, Aida",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1216",
    pages = "1360--1364",
    abstract = "CEPLEXicon (version 1.1) is a child lexicon resulting from the automatic tagging of two child corpora: the corpus Santos (Santos, 2006; Santos et al. 2014) and the corpus Child ― Adult Interaction (Freitas et al. 2012), which integrates information from the corpus Freitas (Freitas, 1997). This lexicon includes spontaneous speech produced by seven children (1;02.00 to 3;11.12) during approximately 86h of child-adult interaction. The automatic tagging comprised the lemmatization and morphosyntactic classification of the speech produced by the seven children included in the two child corpora; the lexicon contains information pertaining to lemmas and syntactic categories as well as absolute number of occurrences and frequencies in three age intervals: {\textless} 2 years; {\mbox{$\geq$}} 2 years and {\textless} 3 years; {\mbox{$\geq$}} 3 years. The information included in this lexicon and the format in which it is presented enables research in different areas and allows researchers to obtain measures of lexical growth. CEPLEXicon is available through the ELRA catalogue.",
}
@inproceedings{grefenstette-2016-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Weighted Language Lexicons from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Grefenstette, Gregory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1217",
    pages = "1365--1368",
    abstract = "Language models are used in applications as diverse as speech recognition, optical character recognition and information retrieval. They are used to predict word appearance, and to weight the importance of words in these applications. One basic element of language models is the list of words in a language. Another is the unigram frequency of each word. But this basic information is not available for most languages in the world. Since the multilingual Wikipedia project encourages the production of encyclopedic-like articles in many world languages, we can find there an ever-growing source of text from which to extract these two language modelling elements: word list and frequency. Here we present a simple technique for converting this Wikipedia text into lexicons of weighted unigrams for the more than 280 languages present currently present in Wikipedia. The lexicons produced, and the source code for producing them in a Linux-based system are here made available for free on the Web.",
}
@inproceedings{hathout-sajous-2016-wiktionnaires,
    title = "Wiktionnaire{'}s Wikicode {GLAWI}fied: a Workable {F}rench Machine-Readable Dictionary",
    author = "Hathout, Nabil  and
      Sajous, Franck",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1218",
    pages = "1369--1376",
    abstract = "GLAWI is a free, large-scale and versatile Machine-Readable Dictionary (MRD) that has been extracted from the French language edition of Wiktionary, called Wiktionnaire. In (Sajous and Hathout, 2015), we introduced GLAWI, gave the rationale behind the creation of this lexicographic resource and described the extraction process, focusing on the conversion and standardization of the heterogeneous data provided by this collaborative dictionary. In the current article, we describe the content of GLAWI and illustrate how it is structured. We also suggest various applications, ranging from linguistic studies, NLP applications to psycholinguistic experimentation. They all can take advantage of the diversity of the lexical knowledge available in GLAWI. Besides this diversity and extensive lexical coverage, GLAWI is also remarkable because it is the only free lexical resource of contemporary French that contains definitions. This unique material opens way to the renewal of MRD-based methods, notably the automated extraction and acquisition of semantic relations.",
}
@inproceedings{hollink-etal-2016-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Images and Text in Online News",
    author = "Hollink, Laura  and
      Bedjeti, Adriatik  and
      van Harmelen, Martin  and
      Elliott, Desmond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1219",
    pages = "1377--1382",
    abstract = "In recent years, several datasets have been released that include images and text, giving impulse to new methods that combine natural language processing and computer vision. However, there is a need for datasets of images in their natural textual context. The ION corpus contains 300K news articles published between August 2014 - 2015 in five online newspapers from two countries. The 1-year coverage over multiple publishers ensures a broad scope in terms of topics, image quality and editorial viewpoints. The corpus consists of JSON-LD files with the following data about each article: the original URL of the article on the news publisher{'}s website, the date of publication, the headline of the article, the URL of the image displayed with the article (if any), and the caption of that image. Neither the article text nor the images themselves are included in the corpus. Instead, the images are distributed as high-dimensional feature vectors extracted from a Convolutional Neural Network, anticipating their use in computer vision tasks. The article text is represented as a list of automatically generated entity and topic annotations in the form of Wikipedia/DBpedia pages. This facilitates the selection of subsets of the corpus for separate analysis or evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{camgoz-etal-2016-bosphorussign,
    title = "{B}osphorus{S}ign: A {T}urkish Sign Language Recognition Corpus in Health and Finance Domains",
    author = {Camg{\"o}z, Necati Cihan  and
      K{\i}nd{\i}ro{\u{g}}lu, Ahmet Alp  and
      Karab{\"u}kl{\"u}, Serpil  and
      Kelepir, Meltem  and
      {\"O}zsoy, Ay{\c{s}}e Sumru  and
      Akarun, Lale},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1220",
    pages = "1383--1388",
    abstract = "There are as many sign languages as there are deaf communities in the world. Linguists have been collecting corpora of different sign languages and annotating them extensively in order to study and understand their properties. On the other hand, the field of computer vision has approached the sign language recognition problem as a grand challenge and research efforts have intensified in the last 20 years. However, corpora collected for studying linguistic properties are often not suitable for sign language recognition as the statistical methods used in the field require large amounts of data. Recently, with the availability of inexpensive depth cameras, groups from the computer vision community have started collecting corpora with large number of repetitions for sign language recognition research. In this paper, we present the BosphorusSign Turkish Sign Language corpus, which consists of 855 sign and phrase samples from the health, finance and everyday life domains. The corpus is collected using the state-of-the-art Microsoft Kinect v2 depth sensor, and will be the first in this sign language research field. Furthermore, there will be annotations rendered by linguists so that the corpus will appeal both to the linguistic and sign language recognition research communities.",
}
@inproceedings{vacher-etal-2016-cirdo,
    title = "The {CIRDO} Corpus: Comprehensive Audio/Video Database of Domestic Falls of Elderly People",
    author = {Vacher, Michel  and
      Bouakaz, Sa{\"\i}da  and
      Chaumon, Marc-Eric Bobillier  and
      Aman, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Khan, R. A.  and
      Bekkadja, Slima  and
      Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Guillou, Erwan  and
      Rossato, Solange  and
      Lecouteux, Benjamin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1221",
    pages = "1389--1396",
    abstract = "Ambient Assisted Living aims at enhancing the quality of life of older and disabled people at home thanks to Smart Homes. In particular, regarding elderly living alone at home, the detection of distress situation after a fall is very important to reassure this kind of population. However, many studies do not include tests in real settings, because data collection in this domain is very expensive and challenging and because of the few available data sets. The C IRDO corpus is a dataset recorded in realistic conditions in D OMUS , a fully equipped Smart Home with microphones and home automation sensors, in which participants performed scenarios including real falls on a carpet and calls for help. These scenarios were elaborated thanks to a field study involving elderly persons. Experiments related in a first part to distress detection in real-time using audio and speech analysis and in a second part to fall detection using video analysis are presented. Results show the difficulty of the task. The database can be used as standardized database by researchers to evaluate and compare their systems for elderly person{'}s assistance.",
}
@inproceedings{shrestha-moens-2016-semi,
    title = "Semi-automatically Alignment of Predicates between Speech and {O}nto{N}otes data",
    author = "Shrestha, Niraj  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1222",
    pages = "1397--1401",
    abstract = "Speech data currently receives a growing attention and is an important source of information. We still lack suitable corpora of transcribed speech annotated with semantic roles that can be used for semantic role labeling (SRL), which is not the case for written data. Semantic role labeling in speech data is a challenging and complex task due to the lack of sentence boundaries and the many transcription errors such as insertion, deletion and misspellings of words. In written data, SRL evaluation is performed at the sentence level, but in speech data sentence boundaries identification is still a bottleneck which makes evaluation more complex. In this work, we semi-automatically align the predicates found in transcribed speech obtained with an automatic speech recognizer (ASR) with the predicates found in the corresponding written documents of the OntoNotes corpus and manually align the semantic roles of these predicates thus obtaining annotated semantic frames in the speech data. This data can serve as gold standard alignments for future research in semantic role labeling of speech data.",
}
@inproceedings{del-carmen-cabeza-pereiro-etal-2016-corilse,
    title = "{CORILSE}: a {S}panish Sign Language Repository for Linguistic Analysis",
    author = "del Carmen Cabeza-Pereiro, Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Garcia-Miguel, Jos{\'e} Mª  and
      Mateo, Carmen Garc{\'\i}a  and
      Castro, Jos{\'e} Luis Alba",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1223",
    pages = "1402--1407",
    abstract = "CORILSE is a computerized corpus of Spanish Sign Language (Lengua de Signos Espa{\~n}ola, LSE). It consists of a set of recordings from different discourse genres by Galician signers living in the city of Vigo. In this paper we describe its annotation system, developed on the basis of pre-existing ones (mostly the model of Auslan corpus). This includes primary annotation of id-glosses for manual signs, annotation of non-manual component, and secondary annotation of grammatical categories and relations, because this corpus is been built for grammatical analysis, in particular argument structures in LSE. Up until this moment the annotation has been basically made by hand, which is a slow and time-consuming task. The need to facilitate this process leads us to engage in the development of automatic or semi-automatic tools for manual and facial recognition. Finally, we also present the web repository that will make the corpus available to different types of users, and will allow its exploitation for research purposes and other applications (e.g. teaching of LSE or design of tasks for signed language assessment).",
}
@inproceedings{schreitter-krenn-2016-ofai,
    title = "The {OFAI} Multi-Modal Task Description Corpus",
    author = "Schreitter, Stephanie  and
      Krenn, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1224",
    pages = "1408--1414",
    abstract = "The OFAI Multimodal Task Description Corpus (OFAI-MMTD Corpus) is a collection of dyadic teacher-learner (human-human and human-robot) interactions. The corpus is multimodal and tracks the communication signals exchanged between interlocutors in task-oriented scenarios including speech, gaze and gestures. The focus of interest lies on the communicative signals conveyed by the teacher and which objects are salient at which time. Data are collected from four different task description setups which involve spatial utterances, navigation instructions and more complex descriptions of joint tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{mori-etal-2016-japanese,
    title = "A {J}apanese Chess Commentary Corpus",
    author = "Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Richardson, John  and
      Ushiku, Atsushi  and
      Sasada, Tetsuro  and
      Kameko, Hirotaka  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1225",
    pages = "1415--1420",
    abstract = "In recent years there has been a surge of interest in the natural language prosessing related to the real world, such as symbol grounding, language generation, and nonlinguistic data search by natural language queries. In order to concentrate on language ambiguities, we propose to use a well-defined {``}real world,{''} that is game states. We built a corpus consisting of pairs of sentences and a game state. The game we focus on is shogi (Japanese chess). We collected 742,286 commentary sentences in Japanese. They are spontaneously generated contrary to natural language annotations in many image datasets provided by human workers on Amazon Mechanical Turk. We defined domain specific named entities and we segmented 2,508 sentences into words manually and annotated each word with a named entity tag. We describe a detailed definition of named entities and show some statistics of our game commentary corpus. We also show the results of the experiments of word segmentation and named entity recognition. The accuracies are as high as those on general domain texts indicating that we are ready to tackle various new problems related to the real world.",
}
@inproceedings{poignant-etal-2016-camomile,
    title = "The {CAMOMILE} Collaborative Annotation Platform for Multi-modal, Multi-lingual and Multi-media Documents",
    author = "Poignant, Johann  and
      Budnik, Mateusz  and
      Bredin, Herv{\'e}  and
      Barras, Claude  and
      Stefas, Mickael  and
      Bruneau, Pierrick  and
      Adda, Gilles  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Ekenel, Hazim  and
      Francopoulo, Gil  and
      Hernando, Javier  and
      Mariani, Joseph  and
      Morros, Ramon  and
      Qu{\'e}not, Georges  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Tamisier, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1226",
    pages = "1421--1425",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the organization and the implementation of the CAMOMILE collaborative annotation framework for multimodal, multimedia, multilingual (3M) data. Given the versatile nature of the analysis which can be performed on 3M data, the structure of the server was kept intentionally simple in order to preserve its genericity, relying on standard Web technologies. Layers of annotations, defined as data associated to a media fragment from the corpus, are stored in a database and can be managed through standard interfaces with authentication. Interfaces tailored specifically to the needed task can then be developed in an agile way, relying on simple but reliable services for the management of the centralized annotations. We then present our implementation of an active learning scenario for person annotation in video, relying on the CAMOMILE server; during a dry run experiment, the manual annotation of 716 speech segments was thus propagated to 3504 labeled tracks. The code of the CAMOMILE framework is distributed in open source.",
}
@inproceedings{luecking-etal-2016-finding,
    title = "Finding Recurrent Features of Image Schema Gestures: the {FIGURE} corpus",
    author = {Luecking, Andy  and
      Mehler, Alexander  and
      Walther, D{\'e}sir{\'e}e  and
      Mauri, Marcel  and
      Kurf{\"u}rst, Dennis},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1227",
    pages = "1426--1431",
    abstract = "The Frankfurt Image GestURE corpus (FIGURE) is introduced. The corpus data is collected in an experimental setting where 50 naive participants spontaneously produced gestures in response to five to six terms from a total of 27 stimulus terms. The stimulus terms have been compiled mainly from image schemata from psycholinguistics, since such schemata provide a panoply of abstract contents derived from natural language use. The gestures have been annotated for kinetic features. FIGURE aims at finding (sets of) stable kinetic feature configurations associated with the stimulus terms. Given such configurations, they can be used for designing HCI gestures that go beyond pre-defined gesture vocabularies or touchpad gestures. It is found, for instance, that movement trajectories are far more informative than handshapes, speaking against purely handshape-based HCI vocabularies. Furthermore, the mean temporal duration of hand and arm movements associated vary with the stimulus terms, indicating a dynamic dimension not covered by vocabulary-based approaches. Descriptive results are presented and related to findings from gesture studies and natural language dialogue.",
}
@inproceedings{engelmann-etal-2016-interaction,
    title = "An Interaction-Centric Dataset for Learning Automation Rules in Smart Homes",
    author = "Engelmann, Kai Frederic  and
      Holthaus, Patrick  and
      Wrede, Britta  and
      Wrede, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1228",
    pages = "1432--1437",
    abstract = "The term smart home refers to a living environment that by its connected sensors and actuators is capable of providing intelligent and contextualised support to its user. This may result in automated behaviors that blends into the user{'}s daily life. However, currently most smart homes do not provide such intelligent support. A first step towards such intelligent capabilities lies in learning automation rules by observing the user{'}s behavior. We present a new type of corpus for learning such rules from user behavior as observed from the events in a smart homes sensor and actuator network. The data contains information about intended tasks by the users and synchronized events from this network. It is derived from interactions of 59 users with the smart home in order to solve five tasks. The corpus contains recordings of more than 40 different types of data streams and has been segmented and pre-processed to increase signal quality. Overall, the data shows a high noise level on specific data types that can be filtered out by a simple smoothing approach. The resulting data provides insights into event patterns resulting from task specific user behavior and thus constitutes a basis for machine learning approaches to learn automation rules.",
}
@inproceedings{becker-etal-2016-web,
    title = "A Web Tool for Building Parallel Corpora of Spoken and Sign Languages",
    author = "Becker, Alex  and
      Kepler, Fabio  and
      Candeias, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1229",
    pages = "1438--1445",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe our work in building an online tool for manually annotating texts in any spoken language with SignWriting in any sign language. The existence of such tool will allow the creation of parallel corpora between spoken and sign languages that can be used to bootstrap the creation of efficient tools for the Deaf community. As an example, a parallel corpus between English and American Sign Language could be used for training Machine Learning models for automatic translation between the two languages. Clearly, this kind of tool must be designed in a way that it eases the task of human annotators, not only by being easy to use, but also by giving smart suggestions as the annotation progresses, in order to save time and effort. By building a collaborative, online, easy to use annotation tool for building parallel corpora between spoken and sign languages we aim at helping the development of proper resources for sign languages that can then be used in state-of-the-art models currently used in tools for spoken languages. There are several issues and difficulties in creating this kind of resource, and our presented tool already deals with some of them, like adequate text representation of a sign and many to many alignments between words and signs.",
}
@inproceedings{muzaffar-etal-2016-issues,
    title = "Issues and Challenges in Annotating {U}rdu Action Verbs on the {IMAGACT}4{ALL} Platform",
    author = "Muzaffar, Sharmin  and
      Behera, Pitambar  and
      Jha, Girish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1230",
    pages = "1446--1451",
    abstract = "In South-Asian languages such as Hindi and Urdu, action verbs having compound constructions and serial verbs constructions pose serious problems for natural language processing and other linguistic tasks. Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by 51, 500, 0001 speakers in India. Action verbs that occur spontaneously in day-to-day communication are highly ambiguous in nature semantically and as a consequence cause disambiguation issues that are relevant and applicable to Language Technologies (LT) like Machine Translation (MT) and Natural Language Processing (NLP). IMAGACT4ALL is an ontology-driven web-based platform developed by the University of Florence for storing action verbs and their inter-relations. This group is currently collaborating with Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) in India to connect Indian languages on this platform. Action verbs are frequently used in both written and spoken discourses and refer to various meanings because of their polysemic nature. The IMAGACT4ALL platform stores each 3d animation image, each one of them referring to a variety of possible ontological types, which in turn makes the annotation task for the annotator quite challenging with regard to selecting verb argument structure having a range of probability distribution. The authors, in this paper, discuss the issues and challenges such as complex predicates (compound and conjunct verbs), ambiguously animated video illustrations, semantic discrepancies, and the factors of verb-selection preferences that have produced significant problems in annotating Urdu verbs on the IMAGACT ontology.",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2016-domain,
    title = "Domain Ontology Learning Enhanced by Optimized Relation Instance in {DB}pedia",
    author = "Xiao, Liumingjing  and
      Ruan, Chong  and
      Yang, An  and
      Zhang, Junhao  and
      Hu, Junfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1231",
    pages = "1452--1456",
    abstract = "Ontologies are powerful to support semantic based applications and intelligent systems. While ontology learning are challenging due to its bottleneck in handcrafting structured knowledge sources and training data. To address this difficulty, many researchers turn to ontology enrichment and population using external knowledge sources such as DBpedia. In this paper, we propose a method using DBpedia in a different manner. We utilize relation instances in DBpedia to supervise the ontology learning procedure from unstructured text, rather than populate the ontology structure as a post-processing step. We construct three language resources in areas of computer science: enriched Wikipedia concept tree, domain ontology, and gold standard from NSFC taxonomy. Experiment shows that the result of ontology learning from corpus of computer science can be improved via the relation instances extracted from DBpedia in the same field. Furthermore, making distinction between the relation instances and applying a proper weighting scheme in the learning procedure lead to even better result.",
}
@inproceedings{johannessen-etal-2016-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a {N}orwegian Academic Wordlist",
    author = "Johannessen, Janne M  and
      Saidi, Arash  and
      Hagen, Kristin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1232",
    pages = "1457--1462",
    abstract = {We present the development of a Norwegian Academic Wordlist (AKA list) for the Norwegian Bokm{\"a}l variety. To identify specific academic vocabulary we developed a 100-million-word academic corpus based on the University of Oslo archive of digital publications. Other corpora were used for testing and developing general word lists. We tried two different methods, those of Carlund et al. (2012) and Gardner {\&} Davies (2013), and compared them. The resulting list is presented on a web site, where the words can be inspected in different ways, and freely downloaded.},
}
@inproceedings{segers-etal-2016-event,
    title = "The Event and Implied Situation Ontology ({ESO}): Application and Evaluation",
    author = "Segers, Roxane  and
      Rospocher, Marco  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Minard, Anne-Lyse",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1233",
    pages = "1463--1470",
    abstract = "This paper presents the Event and Implied Situation Ontology (ESO), a manually constructed resource which formalizes the pre and post situations of events and the roles of the entities affected by an event. The ontology is built on top of existing resources such as WordNet, SUMO and FrameNet. The ontology is injected to the Predicate Matrix, a resource that integrates predicate and role information from amongst others FrameNet, VerbNet, PropBank, NomBank and WordNet. We illustrate how these resources are used on large document collections to detect information that otherwise would have remained implicit. The ontology is evaluated on two aspects: recall and precision based on a manually annotated corpus and secondly, on the quality of the knowledge inferred by the situation assertions in the ontology. Evaluation results on the quality of the system show that 50{\%} of the events typed and enriched with ESO assertions are correct.",
}
@inproceedings{sukhareva-chiarcos-2016-combining,
    title = "Combining Ontologies and Neural Networks for Analyzing Historical Language Varieties. A Case Study in Middle Low {G}erman",
    author = "Sukhareva, Maria  and
      Chiarcos, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1234",
    pages = "1471--1480",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe experiments on the morphosyntactic annotation of historical language varieties for the example of Middle Low German (MLG), the official language of the German Hanse during the Middle Ages and a dominant language around the Baltic Sea by the time. To our best knowledge, this is the first experiment in automatically producing morphosyntactic annotations for Middle Low German, and accordingly, no part-of-speech (POS) tagset is currently agreed upon. In our experiment, we illustrate how ontology-based specifications of projected annotations can be employed to circumvent this issue: Instead of training and evaluating against a given tagset, we decomponse it into independent features which are predicted independently by a neural network. Using consistency constraints (axioms) from an ontology, then, the predicted feature probabilities are decoded into a sound ontological representation. Using these representations, we can finally bootstrap a POS tagset capturing only morphosyntactic features which could be reliably predicted. In this way, our approach is capable to optimize precision and recall of morphosyntactic annotations simultaneously with bootstrapping a tagset rather than performing iterative cycles.",
}
@inproceedings{girard-rivier-etal-2016-ecological,
    title = "Ecological Gestures for {HRI}: the {GEE} Corpus",
    author = "Girard-Rivier, Maxence  and
      Magnani, Romain  and
      Auberg{\'e}, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Sasa, Yuko  and
      Tsvetanova, Liliya  and
      Aman, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Bayol, Clarisse",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1235",
    pages = "1481--1484",
    abstract = "As part of a human-robot interaction project, we are interested by gestural modality as one of many ways to communicate. In order to develop a relevant gesture recognition system associated to a smart home butler robot. Our methodology is based on an IQ game-like Wizard of Oz experiment to collect spontaneous and implicitly produced gestures in an ecological context. During the experiment, the subject has to use non-verbal cues (i.e. gestures) to interact with a robot that is the referee. The subject is unaware that his gestures will be the focus of our study. In the second part of the experiment, we asked the subjects to do the gestures he had produced in the experiment, those are the explicit gestures. The implicit gestures are compared with explicitly produced ones to determine a relevant ontology. This preliminary qualitative analysis will be the base to build a big data corpus in order to optimize acceptance of the gesture dictionary in coherence with the {``}socio-affective glue{''} dynamics.",
}
@inproceedings{nazar-renau-2016-taxonomy,
    title = "A Taxonomy of {S}panish Nouns, a Statistical Algorithm to Generate it and its Implementation in Open Source Code",
    author = "Nazar, Rogelio  and
      Renau, Irene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1236",
    pages = "1485--1492",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe our work in progress in the automatic development of a taxonomy of Spanish nouns, we offer the Perl implementation we have so far, and we discuss the different problems that still need to be addressed. We designed a statistically-based taxonomy induction algorithm consisting of a combination of different strategies not involving explicit linguistic knowledge. Being all quantitative, the strategies we present are however of different nature. Some of them are based on the computation of distributional similarity coefficients which identify pairs of sibling words or co-hyponyms, while others are based on asymmetric co-occurrence and identify pairs of parent-child words or hypernym-hyponym relations. A decision making process is then applied to combine the results of the previous steps, and finally connect lexical units to a basic structure containing the most general categories of the language. We evaluate the quality of the taxonomy both manually and also using Spanish Wordnet as a gold-standard. We estimate an average of 89.07{\%} precision and 25.49{\%} recall considering only the results which the algorithm presents with high degree of certainty, or 77.86{\%} precision and 33.72{\%} recall considering all results.",
}
@inproceedings{westpfahl-schmidt-2016-folk,
    title = "{FOLK}-Gold ― A Gold Standard for Part-of-Speech-Tagging of Spoken {G}erman",
    author = "Westpfahl, Swantje  and
      Schmidt, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1237",
    pages = "1493--1499",
    abstract = {In this paper, we present a GOLD standard of part-of-speech tagged transcripts of spoken German. The GOLD standard data consists of four annotation layers ― transcription (modified orthography), normalization (standard orthography), lemmatization and POS tags ― all of which have undergone careful manual quality control. It comes with guidelines for the manual POS annotation of transcripts of German spoken data and an extended version of the STTS (Stuttgart T{\"u}bingen Tagset) which accounts for phenomena typically found in spontaneous spoken German. The GOLD standard was developed on the basis of the Research and Teaching Corpus of Spoken German, FOLK, and is, to our knowledge, the first such dataset based on a wide variety of spontaneous and authentic interaction types. It can be used as a basis for further development of language technology and corpus linguistic applications for German spoken language.},
}
@inproceedings{albogamy-ramsay-2016-fast,
    title = "Fast and Robust {POS} tagger for {A}rabic Tweets Using Agreement-based Bootstrapping",
    author = "Albogamy, Fahad  and
      Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1238",
    pages = "1500--1506",
    abstract = "Part-of-Speech(POS) tagging is a key step in many NLP algorithms. However, tweets are difficult to POS tag because they are short, are not always written maintaining formal grammar and proper spelling, and abbreviations are often used to overcome their restricted lengths. Arabic tweets also show a further range of linguistic phenomena such as usage of different dialects, romanised Arabic and borrowing foreign words. In this paper, we present an evaluation and a detailed error analysis of state-of-the-art POS taggers for Arabic when applied to Arabic tweets. On the basis of this analysis, we combine normalisation and external knowledge to handle the domain noisiness and exploit bootstrapping to construct extra training data in order to improve POS tagging for Arabic tweets. Our results show significant improvements over the performance of a number of well-known taggers for Arabic.",
}
@inproceedings{eger-etal-2016-lemmatization,
    title = "Lemmatization and Morphological Tagging in {G}erman and {L}atin: A Comparison and a Survey of the State-of-the-art",
    author = {Eger, Steffen  and
      Gleim, R{\"u}diger  and
      Mehler, Alexander},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1239",
    pages = "1507--1513",
    abstract = "This paper relates to the challenge of morphological tagging and lemmatization in morphologically rich languages by example of German and Latin. We focus on the question what a practitioner can expect when using state-of-the-art solutions out of the box. Moreover, we contrast these with old(er) methods and implementations for POS tagging. We examine to what degree recent efforts in tagger development are reflected by improved accuracies ― and at what cost, in terms of training and processing time. We also conduct in-domain vs. out-domain evaluation. Out-domain evaluations are particularly insightful because the distribution of the data which is being tagged by a user will typically differ from the distribution on which the tagger has been trained. Furthermore, two lemmatization techniques are evaluated. Finally, we compare pipeline tagging vs. a tagging approach that acknowledges dependencies between inflectional categories.",
}
@inproceedings{vor-der-bruck-mehler-2016-tlt,
    title = "{TLT}-{CRF}: A Lexicon-supported Morphological Tagger for {L}atin Based on Conditional Random Fields",
    author = {vor der Br{\"u}ck, Tim  and
      Mehler, Alexander},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1240",
    pages = "1514--1519",
    abstract = "We present a morphological tagger for Latin, called TTLab Latin Tagger based on Conditional Random Fields (TLT-CRF) which uses a large Latin lexicon. Beyond Part of Speech (PoS), TLT-CRF tags eight inflectional categories of verbs, adjectives or nouns. It utilizes a statistical model based on CRFs together with a rule interpreter that addresses scenarios of sparse training data. We present results of evaluating TLT-CRF to answer the question what can be learnt following the paradigm of 1st order CRFs in conjunction with a large lexical resource and a rule interpreter. Furthermore, we investigate the contigency of representational features and targeted parts of speech to learn about selective features.",
}
@inproceedings{aufrant-etal-2016-cross-lingual,
    title = "Cross-lingual and Supervised Models for Morphosyntactic Annotation: a Comparison on {R}omanian",
    author = "Aufrant, Lauriane  and
      Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1241",
    pages = "1520--1526",
    abstract = "Because of the small size of Romanian corpora, the performance of a PoS tagger or a dependency parser trained with the standard supervised methods fall far short from the performance achieved in most languages. That is why, we apply state-of-the-art methods for cross-lingual transfer on Romanian tagging and parsing, from English and several Romance languages. We compare the performance with monolingual systems trained with sets of different sizes and establish that training on a few sentences in target language yields better results than transferring from large datasets in other languages.",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-erjavec-2016-corpus,
    title = "Corpus vs. Lexicon Supervision in Morphosyntactic Tagging: the Case of {S}lovene",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1242",
    pages = "1527--1531",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a tagger developed for inflectionally rich languages for which both a training corpus and a lexicon are available. We do not constrain the tagger by the lexicon entries, allowing both for lexicon incompleteness and noisiness. By using the lexicon indirectly through features we allow for known and unknown words to be tagged in the same manner. We test our tagger on Slovene data, obtaining a 25{\%} error reduction of the best previous results both on known and unknown words. Given that Slovene is, in comparison to some other Slavic languages, a well-resourced language, we perform experiments on the impact of token (corpus) vs. type (lexicon) supervision, obtaining useful insights in how to balance the effort of extending resources to yield better tagging results.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2016-challenges,
    title = "Challenges and Solutions for Consistent Annotation of {V}ietnamese Treebank",
    author = "Nguyen, Quy  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Le, Ha  and
      Nguyen, Ngan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1243",
    pages = "1532--1539",
    abstract = "Treebanks are important resources for researchers in natural language processing, speech recognition, theoretical linguistics, etc. To strengthen the automatic processing of the Vietnamese language, a Vietnamese treebank has been built. However, the quality of this treebank is not satisfactory and is a possible source for the low performance of Vietnamese language processing. We have been building a new treebank for Vietnamese with about 40,000 sentences annotated with three layers: word segmentation, part-of-speech tagging, and bracketing. In this paper, we describe several challenges of Vietnamese language and how we solve them in developing annotation guidelines. We also present our methods to improve the quality of the annotation guidelines and ensure annotation accuracy and consistency. Experiment results show that inter-annotator agreement ratios and accuracy are higher than 90{\%} which is satisfactory.",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2016-correcting,
    title = "Correcting Errors in a Treebank Based on Tree Mining",
    author = "Suzuki, Kanta  and
      Kato, Yoshihide  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1244",
    pages = "1540--1545",
    abstract = "This paper provides a new method to correct annotation errors in a treebank. The previous error correction method constructs a pseudo parallel corpus where incorrect partial parse trees are paired with correct ones, and extracts error correction rules from the parallel corpus. By applying these rules to a treebank, the method corrects errors. However, this method does not achieve wide coverage of error correction. To achieve wide coverage, our method adopts a different approach. In our method, we consider that an infrequent pattern which can be transformed to a frequent one is an annotation error pattern. Based on a tree mining technique, our method seeks such infrequent tree patterns, and constructs error correction rules each of which consists of an infrequent pattern and a corresponding frequent pattern. We conducted an experiment using the Penn Treebank. We obtained 1,987 rules which are not constructed by the previous method, and the rules achieved good precision.",
}
@inproceedings{blache-etal-2016-4couv,
    title = "4{C}ouv: A New Treebank for {F}rench",
    author = "Blache, Philippe  and
      de Montcheuil, Gr{\'e}goire  and
      Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent  and
      Rauzy, St{\'e}phane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1245",
    pages = "1546--1551",
    abstract = "The question of the type of text used as primary data in treebanks is of certain importance. First, it has an influence at the discourse level: an article is not organized in the same way as a novel or a technical document. Moreover, it also has consequences in terms of semantic interpretation: some types of texts can be easier to interpret than others. We present in this paper a new type of treebank which presents the particularity to answer to specific needs of experimental linguistic. It is made of short texts (book backcovers) that presents a strong coherence in their organization and can be rapidly interpreted. This type of text is adapted to short reading sessions, making it easy to acquire physiological data (e.g. eye movement, electroencepholagraphy). Such a resource offers reliable data when looking for correlations between computational models and human language processing.",
}
@inproceedings{de-carvalho-etal-2016-cintil,
    title = "{CINTIL} {D}ependency{B}ank {PREMIUM} - A Corpus of Grammatical Dependencies for {P}ortuguese",
    author = "de Carvalho, Rita  and
      Querido, Andreia  and
      Campos, Marisa  and
      Pereira, Rita Valadas  and
      Silva, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1246",
    pages = "1552--1557",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new linguistic resource for the study and computational processing of Portuguese. CINTIL DependencyBank PREMIUM is a corpus of Portuguese news text, accurately manually annotated with a wide range of linguistic information (morpho-syntax, named-entities, syntactic function and semantic roles), making it an invaluable resource specially for the development and evaluation of data-driven natural language processing tools. The corpus is under active development, reaching 4,000 sentences in its current version. The paper also reports on the training and evaluation of a dependency parser over this corpus. CINTIL DependencyBank PREMIUM is freely-available for research purposes through META-SHARE.",
}
@inproceedings{muischnek-etal-2016-estonian,
    title = "{E}stonian Dependency Treebank: from Constraint Grammar tagset to Universal Dependencies",
    author = {Muischnek, Kadri  and
      M{\"u}{\"u}risep, Kaili  and
      Puolakainen, Tiina},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1247",
    pages = "1558--1565",
    abstract = "This paper presents the first version of Estonian Universal Dependencies Treebank which has been semi-automatically acquired from Estonian Dependency Treebank and comprises ca 400,000 words (ca 30,000 sentences) representing the genres of fiction, newspapers and scientific writing. Article analyses the differences between two annotation schemes and the conversion procedure to Universal Dependencies format. The conversion has been conducted by manually created Constraint Grammar transfer rules. As the rules enable to consider unbounded context, include lexical information and both flat and tree structure features at the same time, the method has proved to be reliable and flexible enough to handle most of transformations. The automatic conversion procedure achieved LAS 95.2{\%}, UAS 96.3{\%} and LA 98.4{\%}. If punctuation marks were excluded from the calculations, we observed LAS 96.4{\%}, UAS 97.7{\%} and LA 98.2{\%}. Still the refinement of the guidelines and methodology is needed in order to re-annotate some syntactic phenomena, e.g. inter-clausal relations. Although automatic rules usually make quite a good guess even in obscure conditions, some relations should be checked and annotated manually after the main conversion.",
}
@inproceedings{dobrovoljc-nivre-2016-universal,
    title = "The Universal Dependencies Treebank of Spoken {S}lovenian",
    author = "Dobrovoljc, Kaja  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1248",
    pages = "1566--1573",
    abstract = "This paper presents the construction of an open-source dependency treebank of spoken Slovenian, the first syntactically annotated collection of spontaneous speech in Slovenian. The treebank has been manually annotated using the Universal Dependencies annotation scheme, a one-layer syntactic annotation scheme with a high degree of cross-modality, cross-framework and cross-language interoperability. In this original application of the scheme to spoken language transcripts, we address a wide spectrum of syntactic particularities in speech, either by extending the scope of application of existing universal labels or by proposing new speech-specific extensions. The initial analysis of the resulting treebank and its comparison with the written Slovenian UD treebank confirms significant syntactic differences between the two language modalities, with spoken data consisting of shorter and more elliptic sentences, less and simpler nominal phrases, and more relations marking disfluencies, interaction, deixis and modality.",
}
@inproceedings{thu-etal-2016-introducing,
    title = "Introducing the {A}sian Language Treebank ({ALT})",
    author = "Thu, Ye Kyaw  and
      Pa, Win Pa  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1249",
    pages = "1574--1578",
    abstract = "This paper introduces the ALT project initiated by the Advanced Speech Translation Research and Development Promotion Center (ASTREC), NICT, Kyoto, Japan. The aim of this project is to accelerate NLP research for Asian languages such as Indonesian, Japanese, Khmer, Laos, Malay, Myanmar, Philippine, Thai and Vietnamese. The original resource for this project was English articles that were randomly selected from Wikinews. The project has so far created a corpus for Myanmar and will extend in scope to include other languages in the near future. A 20000-sentence corpus of Myanmar that has been manually translated from an English corpus has been word segmented, word aligned, part-of-speech tagged and constituency parsed by human annotators. In this paper, we present the implementation steps for creating the treebank in detail, including a description of the ALT web-based treebanking tool. Moreover, we report statistics on the annotation quality of the Myanmar treebank created so far.",
}
@inproceedings{ovrelid-hohle-2016-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies for {N}orwegian",
    author = "{\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      Hohle, Petter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1250",
    pages = "1579--1585",
    abstract = "This article describes the conversion of the Norwegian Dependency Treebank to the Universal Dependencies scheme. This paper details the mapping of PoS tags, morphological features and dependency relations and provides a description of the structural changes made to NDT analyses in order to make it compliant with the UD guidelines. We further present PoS tagging and dependency parsing experiments which report first results for the processing of the converted treebank. The full converted treebank was made available with the 1.2 release of the UD treebanks.",
}
@inproceedings{rehm-etal-2016-fostering,
    title = "Fostering the Next Generation of {E}uropean Language Technology: Recent Developments ― Emerging Initiatives ― Challenges and Opportunities",
    author = "Rehm, Georg  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Vasiljevs, Andrejs",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1251",
    pages = "1586--1592",
    abstract = "META-NET is a European network of excellence, founded in 2010, that consists of 60 research centres in 34 European countries. One of the key visions and goals of META-NET is a truly multilingual Europe, which is substantially supported and realised through language technologies. In this article we provide an overview of recent developments around the multilingual Europe topic, we also describe recent and upcoming events as well as recent and upcoming strategy papers. Furthermore, we provide overviews of two new emerging initiatives, the CEF.AT and ELRC activity on the one hand and the Cracking the Language Barrier federation on the other. The paper closes with several suggested next steps in order to address the current challenges and to open up new opportunities.",
}
@inproceedings{fort-couillault-2016-yes,
    title = "Yes, We Care! Results of the Ethics and Natural Language Processing Surveys",
    author = {Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Couillault, Alain},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1252",
    pages = "1593--1600",
    abstract = "We present here the context and results of two surveys (a French one and an international one) concerning Ethics and NLP, which we designed and conducted between June and September 2015. These surveys follow other actions related to raising concern for ethics in our community, including a Journ{\'e}e d{'}{\'e}tudes, a workshop and the Ethics and Big Data Charter. The concern for ethics shows to be quite similar in both surveys, despite a few differences which we present and discuss. The surveys also lead to think there is a growing awareness in the field concerning ethical issues, which translates into a willingness to get involved in ethics-related actions, to debate about the topic and to see ethics be included in major conferences themes. We finally discuss the limits of the surveys and the means of action we consider for the future. The raw data from the two surveys are freely available online.",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-etal-2016-open,
    title = "Open Data Vocabularies for Assigning Usage Rights to Data Resources from Translation Projects",
    author = "Lewis, David  and
      Fatema, Kaniz  and
      Maldonado, Alfredo  and
      Walshe, Brian  and
      Calvo, Arturo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1253",
    pages = "1601--1609",
    abstract = "An assessment of the intellectual property requirements for data used in machine-aided translation is provided based on a recent EC-funded legal review. This is compared against the capabilities offered by current linked open data standards from the W3C for publishing and sharing translation memories from translation projects, and proposals for adequately addressing the intellectual property needs of stakeholders in translation projects using open data vocabularies are suggested.",
}
@inproceedings{mapelli-etal-2016-language,
    title = "Language Resource Citation: the {ISLRN} Dissemination and Further Developments",
    author = "Mapelli, Val{\'e}rie  and
      Popescu, Vladimir  and
      Liu, Lin  and
      Choukri, Khalid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1254",
    pages = "1610--1613",
    abstract = "This article presents the latest dissemination activities and technical developments that were carried out for the International Standard Language Resource Number (ISLRN) service. It also recalls the main principle and submission process for providers to obtain their 13-digit ISLRN identifier. Up to March 2016, 2100 Language Resources were allocated an ISLRN number, not only ELRA{'}s and LDC{'}s catalogued Language Resources, but also the ones from other important organisations like the Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Resource Management Agency (RMA) who expressed their strong support to this initiative.In the research field, not only assigning a unique identification number is important, but also referring to a Language Resource as an object \textit{per se} (like publications) has now become an obvious requirement. The ISLRN could also become an important parameter to be considered to compute a Language Resource Impact Factor (LRIF) in order to recognize the merits of the producers of Language Resources. Integrating the ISLRN number into a LR-oriented bibliographical reference is thus part of the objective. The idea is to make use of a BibTeX entry that would take into account Language Resources items, including ISLRN.The ISLRN being a requested field within the LREC 2016 submission, we expect that several other LRs will be allocated an ISLRN number by the conference date. With this expansion, this number aims to be a spreadly-used LR citation instrument within works referring to LRs.",
}
@inproceedings{dipersio-cieri-2016-trends,
    title = "Trends in {HLT} Research: A Survey of {LDC}{'}s Data Scholarship Program",
    author = "DiPersio, Denise  and
      Cieri, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1255",
    pages = "1614--1618",
    abstract = "Since its inception in 2010, the Linguistic Data Consortium{'}s data scholarship program has awarded no cost grants in data to 64 recipients from 26 countries. A survey of the twelve cycles to date ― two awards each in the Fall and Spring semesters from Fall 2010 through Spring 2016 ― yields an interesting view into graduate program research trends in human language technology and related fields and the particular data sets deemed important to support that research. The survey also reveals regions in which such activity appears to be on a rise, including in Arabic-speaking regions and portions of the Americas and Asia.",
}
@inproceedings{bosco-etal-2016-tweeting,
    title = "Tweeting and Being Ironic in the Debate about a Political Reform: the {F}rench Annotated Corpus {TW}itter-{M}ariage{P}our{T}ous",
    author = "Bosco, Cristina  and
      Lai, Mirko  and
      Patti, Viviana  and
      Virone, Daniela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1256",
    pages = "1619--1626",
    abstract = "The paper introduces a new annotated French data set for Sentiment Analysis, which is a currently missing resource. It focuses on the collection from Twitter of data related to the socio-political debate about the reform of the bill for wedding in France. The design of the annotation scheme is described, which extends a polarity label set by making available tags for marking target semantic areas and figurative language devices. The annotation process is presented and the disagreement discussed, in particular, in the perspective of figurative language use and in that of the semantic oriented annotation, which are open challenges for NLP systems.",
}
@inproceedings{alhelbawy-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards a Corpus of Violence Acts in {A}rabic Social Media",
    author = "Alhelbawy, Ayman  and
      Massimo, Poesio  and
      Kruschwitz, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1257",
    pages = "1627--1631",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a new corpus of Arabic tweets that mention some form of violent event, developed to support the automatic identification of Human Rights Abuse. The dataset was manually labelled for seven classes of violence using crowdsourcing.",
}
@inproceedings{verhoeven-etal-2016-twisty,
    title = "{T}wi{S}ty: A Multilingual Twitter Stylometry Corpus for Gender and Personality Profiling",
    author = "Verhoeven, Ben  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Plank, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1258",
    pages = "1632--1637",
    abstract = "Personality profiling is the task of detecting personality traits of authors based on writing style. Several personality typologies exist, however, the Briggs-Myer Type Indicator (MBTI) is particularly popular in the non-scientific community, and many people use it to analyse their own personality and talk about the results online. Therefore, large amounts of self-assessed data on MBTI are readily available on social-media platforms such as Twitter. We present a novel corpus of tweets annotated with the MBTI personality type and gender of their author for six Western European languages (Dutch, German, French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish). We outline the corpus creation and annotation, show statistics of the obtained data distributions and present first baselines on Myers-Briggs personality profiling and gender prediction for all six languages.",
}
@inproceedings{imran-etal-2016-twitter,
    title = "Twitter as a Lifeline: Human-annotated Twitter Corpora for {NLP} of Crisis-related Messages",
    author = "Imran, Muhammad  and
      Mitra, Prasenjit  and
      Castillo, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1259",
    pages = "1638--1643",
    abstract = "Microblogging platforms such as Twitter provide active communication channels during mass convergence and emergency events such as earthquakes, typhoons. During the sudden onset of a crisis situation, affected people post useful information on Twitter that can be used for situational awareness and other humanitarian disaster response efforts, if processed timely and effectively. Processing social media information pose multiple challenges such as parsing noisy, brief and informal messages, learning information categories from the incoming stream of messages and classifying them into different classes among others. One of the basic necessities of many of these tasks is the availability of data, in particular human-annotated data. In this paper, we present human-annotated Twitter corpora collected during 19 different crises that took place between 2013 and 2015. To demonstrate the utility of the annotations, we train machine learning classifiers. Moreover, we publish first largest word2vec word embeddings trained on 52 million crisis-related tweets. To deal with tweets language issues, we present human-annotated normalized lexical resources for different lexical variations.",
}
@inproceedings{begum-etal-2016-functions,
    title = "Functions of Code-Switching in Tweets: An Annotation Framework and Some Initial Experiments",
    author = "Begum, Rafiya  and
      Bali, Kalika  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Rudra, Koustav  and
      Ganguly, Niloy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1260",
    pages = "1644--1650",
    abstract = "Code-Switching (CS) between two languages is extremely common in communities with societal multilingualism where speakers switch between two or more languages when interacting with each other. CS has been extensively studied in spoken language by linguists for several decades but with the popularity of social-media and less formal Computer Mediated Communication, we now see a big rise in the use of CS in the text form. This poses interesting challenges and a need for computational processing of such code-switched data. As with any Computational Linguistic analysis and Natural Language Processing tools and applications, we need annotated data for understanding, processing, and generation of code-switched language. In this study, we focus on CS between English and Hindi Tweets extracted from the Twitter stream of Hindi-English bilinguals. We present an annotation scheme for annotating the pragmatic functions of CS in Hindi-English (Hi-En) code-switched tweets based on a linguistic analysis and some initial experiments.",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-etal-2016-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies for {J}apanese",
    author = "Tanaka, Takaaki  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Uematsu, Sumire  and
      Kanayama, Hiroshi  and
      Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1261",
    pages = "1651--1658",
    abstract = "We present an attempt to port the international syntactic annotation scheme, Universal Dependencies, to the Japanese language in this paper. Since the Japanese syntactic structure is usually annotated on the basis of unique chunk-based dependencies, we first introduce word-based dependencies by using a word unit called the Short Unit Word, which usually corresponds to an entry in the lexicon UniDic. Porting is done by mapping the part-of-speech tagset in UniDic to the universal part-of-speech tagset, and converting a constituent-based treebank to a typed dependency tree. The conversion is not straightforward, and we discuss the problems that arose in the conversion and the current solutions. A treebank consisting of 10,000 sentences was built by converting the existent resources and currently released to the public.",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-etal-2016-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies v1: A Multilingual Treebank Collection",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Manning, Christopher D.  and
      McDonald, Ryan  and
      Petrov, Slav  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Silveira, Natalia  and
      Tsarfaty, Reut  and
      Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1262",
    pages = "1659--1666",
    abstract = "Cross-linguistically consistent annotation is necessary for sound comparative evaluation and cross-lingual learning experiments. It is also useful for multilingual system development and comparative linguistic studies. Universal Dependencies is an open community effort to create cross-linguistically consistent treebank annotation for many languages within a dependency-based lexicalist framework. In this paper, we describe v1 of the universal guidelines, the underlying design principles, and the currently available treebanks for 33 languages.",
}
@inproceedings{kato-etal-2016-construction,
    title = "Construction of an {E}nglish Dependency Corpus incorporating Compound Function Words",
    author = "Kato, Akihiko  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1263",
    pages = "1667--1671",
    abstract = "The recognition of multiword expressions (MWEs) in a sentence is important for such linguistic analyses as syntactic and semantic parsing, because it is known that combining an MWE into a single token improves accuracy for various NLP tasks, such as dependency parsing and constituency parsing. However, MWEs are not annotated in Penn Treebank. Furthermore, when converting word-based dependency to MWE-aware dependency directly, one could combine nodes in an MWE into a single node. Nevertheless, this method often leads to the following problem: A node derived from an MWE could have multiple heads and the whole dependency structure including MWE might be cyclic. Therefore we converted a phrase structure to a dependency structure after establishing an MWE as a single subtree. This approach can avoid an occurrence of multiple heads and/or cycles. In this way, we constructed an English dependency corpus taking into account compound function words, which are one type of MWEs that serve as functional expressions. In addition, we report experimental results of dependency parsing using a constructed corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{simi-attardi-2016-adapting,
    title = "Adapting the {TANL} tool suite to Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Simi, Maria  and
      Attardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1264",
    pages = "1672--1678",
    abstract = "TANL is a suite of tools for text analytics based on the software architecture paradigm of data driven pipelines. The strategies for upgrading TANL to the use of Universal Dependencies range from a minimalistic approach consisting of introducing pre/post-processing steps into the native pipeline to revising the whole pipeline. We explore the issue in the context of the Italian Treebank, considering both the efforts involved, how to avoid losing linguistically relevant information and the loss of accuracy in the process. In particular we compare different strategies for parsing and discuss the implications of simplifying the pipeline when detailed part-of-speech and morphological annotations are not available, as it is the case for less resourceful languages. The experiments are relative to the Italian linguistic pipeline, but the use of different parsers in our evaluations and the avoidance of language specific tagging make the results general enough to be useful in helping the transition to UD for other languages.",
}
@inproceedings{wong-lee-2016-dependency,
    title = "A Dependency Treebank of the {C}hinese Buddhist Canon",
    author = "Wong, Tak-sum  and
      Lee, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1265",
    pages = "1679--1683",
    abstract = "We present a dependency treebank of the Chinese Buddhist Canon, which contains 1,514 texts with about 50 million Chinese characters. The treebank was created by an automatic parser trained on a smaller treebank, containing four manually annotated sutras (Lee and Kong, 2014). We report results on word segmentation, part-of-speech tagging and dependency parsing, and discuss challenges posed by the processing of medieval Chinese. In a case study, we exploit the treebank to examine verbs frequently associated with Buddha, and to analyze usage patterns of quotative verbs in direct speech. Our results suggest that certain quotative verbs imply status differences between the speaker and the listener.",
}
@inproceedings{lossio-ventura-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Biomedical Term Polysemy Detection",
    author = "Lossio-Ventura, Juan Antonio  and
      Jonquet, Clement  and
      Roche, Mathieu  and
      Teisseire, Maguelonne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1266",
    pages = "1684--1688",
    abstract = "Polysemy is the capacity for a word to have multiple meanings. Polysemy detection is a first step for Word Sense Induction (WSI), which allows to find different meanings for a term. The polysemy detection is also important for information extraction (IE) systems. In addition, the polysemy detection is important for building/enriching terminologies and ontologies. In this paper, we present a novel approach to detect if a biomedical term is polysemic, with the long term goal of enriching biomedical ontologies. This approach is based on the extraction of new features. In this context we propose to extract features following two manners: (i) extracted directly from the text dataset, and (ii) from an induced graph. Our method obtains an Accuracy and F-Measure of 0.978.",
}
@inproceedings{alagic-snajder-2016-cro36wsd,
    title = "{C}ro36{WSD}: A Lexical Sample for {C}roatian Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Alagi{\'c}, Domagoj  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1267",
    pages = "1689--1694",
    abstract = "We introduce Cro36WSD, a freely-available medium-sized lexical sample for Croatian word sense disambiguation (WSD).Cro36WSD comprises 36 words: 12 adjectives, 12 nouns, and 12 verbs, balanced across both frequency bands and polysemy levels. We adopt the multi-label annotation scheme in the hope of lessening the drawbacks of discrete sense inventories and obtaining more realistic annotations from human experts. Sense-annotated data is collected through multiple annotation rounds to ensure high-quality annotations: with a 115 person-hours effort we reached an inter-annotator agreement score of 0.877. We analyze the obtained data and perform a correlation analysis between several relevant variables, including word frequency, number of senses, sense distribution skewness, average annotation time, and the observed inter-annotator agreement (IAA). Using the obtained data, we compile multi- and single-labeled dataset variants using different label aggregation schemes. Finally, we evaluate three different baseline WSD models on both dataset variants and report on the insights gained. We make both dataset variants freely available.",
}
@inproceedings{postma-etal-2016-addressing,
    title = "Addressing the {MFS} Bias in {WSD} systems",
    author = "Postma, Marten  and
      Izquierdo, Ruben  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1268",
    pages = "1695--1700",
    abstract = "Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) systems tend to have a strong bias towards assigning the Most Frequent Sense (MFS), which results in high performance on the MFS but in a very low performance on the less frequent senses. We addressed the MFS bias in WSD systems by combining the output from a WSD system with a set of mostly static features to create a MFS classifier to decide when to and not to choose the MFS. The output from this MFS classifier, which is based on the Random Forest algorithm, is then used to modify the output from the original WSD system. We applied our classifier to one of the state-of-the-art supervised WSD systems, i.e. IMS, and to of the best state-of-the-art unsupervised WSD systems, i.e. UKB. Our main finding is that we are able to improve the system output in terms of choosing between the MFS and the less frequent senses. When we apply the MFS classifier to fine-grained WSD, we observe an improvement on the less frequent sense cases, whereas we maintain the overall recall.",
}
@inproceedings{camacho-collados-etal-2016-large,
    title = "A Large-Scale Multilingual Disambiguation of Glosses",
    author = "Camacho-Collados, Jos{\'e}  and
      Bovi, Claudio Delli  and
      Raganato, Alessandro  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1269",
    pages = "1701--1708",
    abstract = "Linking concepts and named entities to knowledge bases has become a crucial Natural Language Understanding task. In this respect, recent works have shown the key advantage of exploiting textual definitions in various Natural Language Processing applications. However, to date there are no reliable large-scale corpora of sense-annotated textual definitions available to the research community. In this paper we present a large-scale high-quality corpus of disambiguated glosses in multiple languages, comprising sense annotations of both concepts and named entities from a unified sense inventory. Our approach for the construction and disambiguation of the corpus builds upon the structure of a large multilingual semantic network and a state-of-the-art disambiguation system; first, we gather complementary information of equivalent definitions across different languages to provide context for disambiguation, and then we combine it with a semantic similarity-based refinement. As a result we obtain a multilingual corpus of textual definitions featuring over 38 million definitions in 263 languages, and we make it freely available at http://lcl.uniroma1.it/disambiguated-glosses. Experiments on Open Information Extraction and Sense Clustering show how two state-of-the-art approaches improve their performance by integrating our disambiguated corpus into their pipeline.",
}
@inproceedings{ecker-etal-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Ranked Cross-Lingual Lexical Substitution for Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "Ecker, Stefan  and
      Horbach, Andrea  and
      Thater, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1270",
    pages = "1709--1717",
    abstract = "We propose an unsupervised system for a variant of cross-lingual lexical substitution (CLLS) to be used in a reading scenario in computer-assisted language learning (CALL), in which single-word translations provided by a dictionary are ranked according to their appropriateness in context. In contrast to most alternative systems, ours does not rely on either parallel corpora or machine translation systems, making it suitable for low-resource languages as the language to be learned. This is achieved by a graph-based scoring mechanism which can deal with ambiguous translations of context words provided by a dictionary. Due to this decoupling from the source language, we need monolingual corpus resources only for the target language, i.e. the language of the translation candidates. We evaluate our approach for the language pair Norwegian Nynorsk-English on an exploratory manually annotated gold standard and report promising results. When running our system on the original SemEval CLLS task, we rank 6th out of 18 (including 2 baselines and our 2 system variants) in the best evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{stede-mamprin-2016-information,
    title = "Information structure in the {P}otsdam Commentary Corpus: Topics",
    author = "Stede, Manfred  and
      Mamprin, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1271",
    pages = "1718--1723",
    abstract = "The Potsdam Commentary Corpus is a collection of 175 German newspaper commentaries annotated on a variety of different layers. This paper introduces a new layer that covers the linguistic notion of information-structural topic (not to be confused with {`}topic{'} as applied to documents in information retrieval). To our knowledge, this is the first larger topic-annotated resource for German (and one of the first for any language). We describe the annotation guidelines and the annotation process, and the results of an inter-annotator agreement study, which compare favourably to the related work. The annotated corpus is freely available for research.",
}
@inproceedings{read-etal-2016-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Clinical Practice Guidelines Annotated with the Importance of Recommendations",
    author = "Read, Jonathon  and
      Velldal, Erik  and
      Cavazza, Marc  and
      Georg, Gersende",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1272",
    pages = "1724--1731",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the Corpus of REcommendation STrength (CREST), a collection of HTML-formatted clinical guidelines annotated with the location of recommendations. Recommendations are labelled with an author-provided indicator of their strength of importance. As data was drawn from many disparate authors, we define a unified scheme of importance labels, and provide a mapping for each guideline. We demonstrate the utility of the corpus and its annotations in some initial measurements investigating the type of language constructions associated with strong and weak recommendations, and experiments into promising features for recommendation classification, both with respect to strong and weak labels, and to all labels of the unified scheme. An error analysis indicates that, while there is a strong relationship between lexical choices and strength labels, there can be substantial variance in the choices made by different authors.",
}
@inproceedings{isard-2016-methodius,
    title = "The Methodius Corpus of Rhetorical Discourse Structures and Generated Texts",
    author = "Isard, Amy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1273",
    pages = "1732--1736",
    abstract = "Using the Methodius Natural Language Generation (NLG) System, we have created a corpus which consists of a collection of generated texts which describe ancient Greek artefacts. Each text is linked to two representations created as part of the NLG process. The first is a content plan, which uses rhetorical relations to describe the high-level discourse structure of the text, and the second is a logical form describing the syntactic structure, which is sent to the OpenCCG surface realization module to produce the final text output. In recent work, White and Howcroft (2015) have used the SPaRKy restaurant corpus, which contains similar combination of texts and representations, for their research on the induction of rules for the combination of clauses. In the first instance this corpus will be used to test their algorithms on an additional domain, and extend their work to include the learning of referring expression generation rules. As far as we know, the SPaRKy restaurant corpus is the only existing corpus of this type, and we hope that the creation of this new corpus in a different domain will provide a useful resource to the Natural Language Generation community.",
}
@inproceedings{duma-etal-2016-applying,
    title = "Applying Core Scientific Concepts to Context-Based Citation Recommendation",
    author = "Duma, Daniel  and
      Liakata, Maria  and
      Clare, Amanda  and
      Ravenscroft, James  and
      Klein, Ewan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1274",
    pages = "1737--1742",
    abstract = "The task of recommending relevant scientific literature for a draft academic paper has recently received significant interest. In our effort to ease the discovery of scientific literature and augment scientific writing, we aim to improve the relevance of results based on a shallow semantic analysis of the source document and the potential documents to recommend. We investigate the utility of automatic argumentative and rhetorical annotation of documents for this purpose. Specifically, we integrate automatic Core Scientific Concepts (CoreSC) classification into a prototype context-based citation recommendation system and investigate its usefulness to the task. We frame citation recommendation as an information retrieval task and we use the categories of the annotation schemes to apply different weights to the similarity formula. Our results show interesting and consistent correlations between the type of citation and the type of sentence containing the relevant information.",
}
@inproceedings{roesiger-2016-scicorp,
    title = "{S}ci{C}orp: A Corpus of {E}nglish Scientific Articles Annotated for Information Status Analysis",
    author = "Roesiger, Ina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1275",
    pages = "1743--1749",
    abstract = "This paper presents SciCorp, a corpus of full-text English scientific papers of two disciplines, genetics and computational linguistics. The corpus comprises co-reference and bridging information as well as information status labels. Since SciCorp is annotated with both labels and the respective co-referent and bridging links, we believe it is a valuable resource for NLP researchers working on scientific articles or on applications such as co-reference resolution, bridging resolution or information status classification. The corpus has been reliably annotated by independent human coders with moderate inter-annotator agreement (average kappa = 0.71). In total, we have annotated 14 full papers containing 61,045 tokens and marked 8,708 definite noun phrases. The paper describes in detail the annotation scheme as well as the resulting corpus. The corpus is available for download in two different formats: in an offset-based format and for the co-reference annotations in the widely-used, tabular CoNLL-2012 format.",
}
@inproceedings{jain-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using lexical and Dependency Features to Disambiguate Discourse Connectives in {H}indi",
    author = "Jain, Rohit  and
      Sharma, Himanshu  and
      Sharma, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1276",
    pages = "1750--1754",
    abstract = "Discourse parsing is a challenging task in NLP and plays a crucial role in discourse analysis. To enable discourse analysis for Hindi, Hindi Discourse Relations Bank was created on a subset of Hindi TreeBank. The benefits of a discourse analyzer in automated discourse analysis, question summarization and question answering domains has motivated us to begin work on a discourse analyzer for Hindi. In this paper, we focus on discourse connective identification for Hindi. We explore various available syntactic features for this task. We also explore the use of dependency tree parses present in the Hindi TreeBank and study the impact of the same on the performance of the system. We report that the novel dependency features introduced have a higher impact on precision, in comparison to the syntactic features previously used for this task. In addition, we report a high accuracy of 96{\%} for this task.",
}
@inproceedings{andersson-etal-2016-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Topic Development in Information Seeking Queries",
    author = {Andersson, Marta  and
      {\"O}zt{\"u}rel, Adnan  and
      Pareti, Silvia},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1277",
    pages = "1755--1761",
    abstract = "This paper contributes to the limited body of empirical research in the domain of discourse structure of information seeking queries. We describe the development of an annotation schema for coding topic development in information seeking queries and the initial observations from a pilot sample of query sessions. The main idea that we explore is the relationship between constant and variable discourse entities and their role in tracking changes in the topic progression. We argue that the topicalized entities remain stable across development of the discourse and can be identified by a simple mechanism where anaphora resolution is a precursor. We also claim that a corpus annotated in this framework can be used as training data for dialogue management and computational semantics systems.",
}
@inproceedings{mirovsky-etal-2016-searching,
    title = "Searching in the {P}enn Discourse Treebank Using the {PML}-Tree Query",
    author = "M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      Pol{\'a}kov{\'a}, Lucie  and
      {\v{S}}t{\v{e}}p{\'a}nek, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1278",
    pages = "1762--1769",
    abstract = "The PML-Tree Query is a general, powerful and user-friendly system for querying richly linguistically annotated treebanks. The paper shows how the PML-Tree Query can be used for searching for discourse relations in the Penn Discourse Treebank 2.0 mapped onto the syntactic annotation of the Penn Treebank.",
}
@inproceedings{alharbi-hain-2016-opencourseware,
    title = "The {O}pen{C}ourse{W}are Metadiscourse ({OCWMD}) Corpus",
    author = "Alharbi, Ghada  and
      Hain, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1279",
    pages = "1770--1776",
    abstract = "This study describes a new corpus of over 60,000 hand-annotated metadiscourse acts from 106 OpenCourseWare lectures, from two different disciplines: Physics and Economics. Metadiscourse is a set of linguistic expressions that signal different functions in the discourse. This type of language is hypothesised to be helpful in finding a structure in unstructured text, such as lectures discourse. A brief summary is provided about the annotation scheme and labelling procedures, inter-annotator reliability statistics, overall distributional statistics, a description of auxiliary data that will be distributed with the corpus, and information relating to how to obtain the data. The results provide a deeper understanding of lecture structure and confirm the reliable coding of metadiscursive acts in academic lectures across different disciplines. The next stage of our research will be to build a classification model to automate the tagging process, instead of manual annotation, which take time and efforts. This is in addition to the use of these tags as indicators of the higher level structure of lecture discourse.",
}
@inproceedings{hernandez-etal-2016-ubuntu,
    title = "{U}buntu-fr: A Large and Open Corpus for Multi-modal Analysis of Online Written Conversations",
    author = "Hernandez, Nicolas  and
      Salim, Soufian  and
      Clouet, Elizaveta Loginova",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1280",
    pages = "1777--1783",
    abstract = "We present a large, free, French corpus of online written conversations extracted from the Ubuntu platform{'}s forums, mailing lists and IRC channels. The corpus is meant to support multi-modality and diachronic studies of online written conversations. We choose to build the corpus around a robust metadata model based upon strong principles, such as the {``}stand off{''} annotation principle. We detail the model, we explain how the data was collected and processed - in terms of meta-data, text and conversation - and we detail the corpus{'}contents through a series of meaningful statistics. A portion of the corpus - about 4,700 sentences from emails, forum posts and chat messages sent in November 2014 - is annotated in terms of dialogue acts and sentiment. We discuss how we adapted our dialogue act taxonomy from the DIT++ annotation scheme and how the data was annotated, before presenting our results as well as a brief qualitative analysis of the annotated data.",
}
@inproceedings{hough-etal-2016-duel,
    title = "{DUEL}: A Multi-lingual Multimodal Dialogue Corpus for Disfluency, Exclamations and Laughter",
    author = "Hough, Julian  and
      Tian, Ye  and
      de Ruiter, Laura  and
      Betz, Simon  and
      Kousidis, Spyros  and
      Schlangen, David  and
      Ginzburg, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1281",
    pages = "1784--1788",
    abstract = "We present the DUEL corpus, consisting of 24 hours of natural, face-to-face, loosely task-directed dialogue in German, French and Mandarin Chinese. The corpus is uniquely positioned as a cross-linguistic, multimodal dialogue resource controlled for domain. DUEL includes audio, video and body tracking data and is transcribed and annotated for disfluency, laughter and exclamations.",
}
@inproceedings{barzdins-etal-2016-character,
    title = "Character-Level Neural Translation for Multilingual Media Monitoring in the {SUMMA} Project",
    author = "Barzdins, Guntis  and
      Renals, Steve  and
      Gosko, Didzis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1282",
    pages = "1789--1793",
    abstract = "The paper steps outside the comfort-zone of the traditional NLP tasks like automatic speech recognition (ASR) and machine translation (MT) to addresses two novel problems arising in the automated multilingual news monitoring: segmentation of the TV and radio program ASR transcripts into individual stories, and clustering of the individual stories coming from various sources and languages into storylines. Storyline clustering of stories covering the same events is an essential task for inquisitorial media monitoring. We address these two problems jointly by engaging the low-dimensional semantic representation capabilities of the sequence to sequence neural translation models. To enable joint multi-task learning for multilingual neural translation of morphologically rich languages we replace the attention mechanism with the sliding-window mechanism and operate the sequence to sequence neural translation model on the character-level rather than on the word-level. The story segmentation and storyline clustering problem is tackled by examining the low-dimensional vectors produced as a side-product of the neural translation process. The results of this paper describe a novel approach to the automatic story segmentation and storyline clustering problem.",
}
@inproceedings{hee-etal-2016-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Realization of Irony in Twitter Data",
    author = "Hee, Cynthia Van  and
      Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1283",
    pages = "1794--1799",
    abstract = "Handling figurative language like irony is currently a challenging task in natural language processing. Since irony is commonly used in user-generated content, its presence can significantly undermine accurate analysis of opinions and sentiment in such texts. Understanding irony is therefore important if we want to push the state-of-the-art in tasks such as sentiment analysis. In this research, we present the construction of a Twitter dataset for two languages, being English and Dutch, and the development of new guidelines for the annotation of verbal irony in social media texts. Furthermore, we present some statistics on the annotated corpora, from which we can conclude that the detection of contrasting evaluations might be a good indicator for recognizing irony.",
}
@inproceedings{goutte-etal-2016-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating Similar Languages: Evaluations and Explorations",
    author = "Goutte, Cyril  and
      L{\'e}ger, Serge  and
      Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Zampieri, Marcos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1284",
    pages = "1800--1807",
    abstract = "We present an analysis of the performance of machine learning classifiers on discriminating between similar languages and language varieties. We carried out a number of experiments using the results of the two editions of the Discriminating between Similar Languages (DSL) shared task. We investigate the progress made between the two tasks, estimate an upper bound on possible performance using ensemble and oracle combination, and provide learning curves to help us understand which languages are more challenging. A number of difficult sentences are identified and investigated further with human annotation",
}
@inproceedings{al-sulaiti-etal-2016-compilation,
    title = "Compilation of an {A}rabic Children{'}s Corpus",
    author = "Al-Sulaiti, Latifa  and
      Abbas, Noorhan  and
      Brierley, Claire  and
      Atwell, Eric  and
      Alghamdi, Ayman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1285",
    pages = "1808--1812",
    abstract = "Inspired by the Oxford Children{'}s Corpus, we have developed a prototype corpus of Arabic texts written and/or selected for children. Our Arabic Children{'}s Corpus of 2950 documents and nearly 2 million words has been collected manually from the web during a 3-month project. It is of high quality, and contains a range of different children{'}s genres based on sources located, including classic tales from The Arabian Nights, and popular fictional characters such as Goha. We anticipate that the current and subsequent versions of our corpus will lead to interesting studies in text classification, language use, and ideology in children{'}s texts.",
}
@inproceedings{eriksson-2016-quality,
    title = "Quality Assessment of the {R}euters Vol. 2 Multilingual Corpus",
    author = "Eriksson, Robin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1286",
    pages = "1813--1819",
    abstract = "We introduce a framework for quality assurance of corpora, and apply it to the Reuters Multilingual Corpus (RCV2). The results of this quality assessment of this standard newsprint corpus reveal a significant duplication problem and, to a lesser extent, a problem with corrupted articles. From the raw collection of some 487,000 articles, almost one tenth are trivial duplicates. A smaller fraction of articles appear to be corrupted and should be excluded for that reason. The detailed results are being made available as on-line appendices to this article. This effort also demonstrates the beginnings of a constraint-based methodological framework for quality assessment and quality assurance for corpora. As a first implementation of this framework, we have investigated constraints to verify sample integrity, and to diagnose sample duplication, entropy aberrations, and tagging inconsistencies. To help identify near-duplicates in the corpus, we have employed both entropy measurements and a simple byte bigram incidence digest.",
}
@inproceedings{el-haj-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Tone and Attribution for Financial Text Mining",
    author = "El-Haj, Mahmoud  and
      Rayson, Paul  and
      Young, Steve  and
      Moore, Andrew  and
      Walker, Martin  and
      Schleicher, Thomas  and
      Athanasakou, Vasiliki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1287",
    pages = "1820--1825",
    abstract = "Attribution bias refers to the tendency of people to attribute successes to their own abilities but failures to external factors. In a business context an internal factor might be the restructuring of the firm and an external factor might be an unfavourable change in exchange or interest rates. In accounting research, the presence of an attribution bias has been demonstrated for the narrative sections of the annual financial reports. Previous studies have applied manual content analysis to this problem but in this paper we present novel work to automate the analysis of attribution bias through using machine learning algorithms. Previous studies have only applied manual content analysis on a small scale to reveal such a bias in the narrative section of annual financial reports. In our work a group of experts in accounting and finance labelled and annotated a list of 32,449 sentences from a random sample of UK Preliminary Earning Announcements (PEAs) to allow us to examine whether sentences in PEAs contain internal or external attribution and which kinds of attributions are linked to positive or negative performance. We wished to examine whether human annotators could agree on coding this difficult task and whether Machine Learning (ML) could be applied reliably to replicate the coding process on a much larger scale. Our best machine learning algorithm correctly classified performance sentences with 70{\%} accuracy and detected tone and attribution in financial PEAs with accuracy of 79{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{sergienko-etal-2016-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of Text Preprocessing Approaches for Topic Detection of User Utterances",
    author = "Sergienko, Roman  and
      Shan, Muhammad  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1288",
    pages = "1826--1831",
    abstract = "The paper describes a comparative study of existing and novel text preprocessing and classification techniques for domain detection of user utterances. Two corpora are considered. The first one contains customer calls to a call centre for further call routing; the second one contains answers of call centre employees with different kinds of customer orientation behaviour. Seven different unsupervised and supervised term weighting methods were applied. The collective use of term weighting methods is proposed for classification effectiveness improvement. Four different dimensionality reduction methods were applied: stop-words filtering with stemming, feature selection based on term weights, feature transformation based on term clustering, and a novel feature transformation method based on terms belonging to classes. As classification algorithms we used k-NN and a SVM-based algorithm. The numerical experiments have shown that the simultaneous use of the novel proposed approaches (collectives of term weighting methods and the novel feature transformation method) allows reaching the high classification results with very small number of features.",
}
@inproceedings{sharjeel-etal-2016-uppc,
    title = "{UPPC} - {U}rdu Paraphrase Plagiarism Corpus",
    author = "Sharjeel, Muhammad  and
      Rayson, Paul  and
      Nawab, Rao Muhammad Adeel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1289",
    pages = "1832--1836",
    abstract = "Paraphrase plagiarism is a significant and widespread problem and research shows that it is hard to detect. Several methods and automatic systems have been proposed to deal with it. However, evaluation and comparison of such solutions is not possible because of the unavailability of benchmark corpora with manual examples of paraphrase plagiarism. To deal with this issue, we present the novel development of a paraphrase plagiarism corpus containing simulated (manually created) examples in the Urdu language - a language widely spoken around the world. This resource is the first of its kind developed for the Urdu language and we believe that it will be a valuable contribution to the evaluation of paraphrase plagiarism detection systems.",
}
@inproceedings{korkontzelos-etal-2016-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Content Types of Messages Related to Open Source Software Projects",
    author = "Korkontzelos, Yannis  and
      Thompson, Paul  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1290",
    pages = "1837--1844",
    abstract = "Assessing the suitability of an Open Source Software project for adoption requires not only an analysis of aspects related to the code, such as code quality, frequency of updates and new version releases, but also an evaluation of the quality of support offered in related online forums and issue trackers. Understanding the content types of forum messages and issue trackers can provide information about the extent to which requests are being addressed and issues are being resolved, the percentage of issues that are not being fixed, the cases where the user acknowledged that the issue was successfully resolved, etc. These indicators can provide potential adopters of the OSS with estimates about the level of available support. We present a detailed hierarchy of content types of online forum messages and issue tracker comments and a corpus of messages annotated accordingly. We discuss our experiments to classify forum messages and issue tracker comments into content-related classes, i.e.{\textasciitilde}to assign them to nodes of the hierarchy. The results are very encouraging.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-emotion,
    title = "Emotion Corpus Construction Based on Selection from Hashtags",
    author = "Li, Minglei  and
      Long, Yunfei  and
      Qin, Lu  and
      Li, Wenjie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1291",
    pages = "1845--1849",
    abstract = "The availability of labelled corpus is of great importance for supervised learning in emotion classification tasks. Because it is time-consuming to manually label text, hashtags have been used as naturally annotated labels to obtain a large amount of labelled training data from microblog. However, natural hashtags contain too much noise for it to be used directly in learning algorithms. In this paper, we design a three-stage semi-automatic method to construct an emotion corpus from microblogs. Firstly, a lexicon based voting approach is used to verify the hashtag automatically. Secondly, a SVM based classifier is used to select the data whose natural labels are consistent with the predicted labels. Finally, the remaining data will be manually examined to filter out the noisy data. Out of about 48K filtered Chinese microblogs, 39k microblogs are selected to form the final corpus with the Kappa value reaching over 0.92 for the automatic parts and over 0.81 for the manual part. The proportion of automatic selection reaches 54.1{\%}. Thus, the method can reduce about 44.5{\%} of manual workload for acquiring quality data. Experiment on a classifier trained on this corpus shows that it achieves comparable results compared to the manually annotated NLP{\&}CC2013 corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{gamback-das-2016-comparing,
    title = "Comparing the Level of Code-Switching in Corpora",
    author = {Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Das, Amitava},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1292",
    pages = "1850--1855",
    abstract = "Social media texts are often fairly informal and conversational, and when produced by bilinguals tend to be written in several different languages simultaneously, in the same way as conversational speech. The recent availability of large social media corpora has thus also made large-scale code-switched resources available for research. The paper addresses the issues of evaluation and comparison these new corpora entail, by defining an objective measure of corpus level complexity of code-switched texts. It is also shown how this formal measure can be used in practice, by applying it to several code-switched corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{muller-etal-2016-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of the {KIT} Lecture Translation System",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Markus  and
      F{\"u}nfer, Sarah  and
      St{\"u}ker, Sebastian  and
      Waibel, Alex},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1293",
    pages = "1856--1861",
    abstract = "To attract foreign students is among the goals of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). One obstacle to achieving this goal is that lectures at KIT are usually held in German which many foreign students are not sufficiently proficient in, as, e.g., opposed to English. While the students from abroad are learning German during their stay at KIT, it is challenging to become proficient enough in it in order to follow a lecture. As a solution to this problem we offer our automatic simultaneous lecture translation. It translates German lectures into English in real time. While not as good as human interpreters, the system is available at a price that KIT can afford in order to offer it in potentially all lectures. In order to assess whether the quality of the system we have conducted a user study. In this paper we present this study, the way it was conducted and its results. The results indicate that the quality of the system has passed a threshold as to be able to support students in their studies. The study has helped to identify the most crucial weaknesses of the systems and has guided us which steps to take next.",
}
@inproceedings{qasemizadeh-schumann-2016-acl,
    title = "The {ACL} {RD}-{TEC} 2.0: A Language Resource for Evaluating Term Extraction and Entity Recognition Methods",
    author = "QasemiZadeh, Behrang  and
      Schumann, Anne-Kathrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1294",
    pages = "1862--1868",
    abstract = "This paper introduces the ACL Reference Dataset for Terminology Extraction and Classification, version 2.0 (ACL RD-TEC 2.0). The ACL RD-TEC 2.0 has been developed with the aim of providing a benchmark for the evaluation of term and entity recognition tasks based on specialised text from the computational linguistics domain. This release of the corpus consists of 300 abstracts from articles in the ACL Anthology Reference Corpus, published between 1978{--}2006. In these abstracts, terms (i.e., single or multi-word lexical units with a specialised meaning) are manually annotated. In addition to their boundaries in running text, annotated terms are classified into one of the seven categories method, tool, language resource (LR), LR product, model, measures and measurements, and other. To assess the quality of the annotations and to determine the difficulty of this annotation task, more than 171 of the abstracts are annotated twice, independently, by each of the two annotators. In total, 6,818 terms are identified and annotated in more than 1300 sentences, resulting in a specialised vocabulary made of 3,318 lexical forms, mapped to 3,471 concepts. We explain the development of the annotation guidelines and discuss some of the challenges we encountered in this annotation task.",
}
@inproceedings{zaghouani-etal-2016-building,
    title = "Building an {A}rabic Machine Translation Post-Edited Corpus: Guidelines and Annotation",
    author = "Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Obeid, Ossama  and
      Mohit, Behrang  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1295",
    pages = "1869--1876",
    abstract = "We present our guidelines and annotation procedure to create a human corrected machine translated post-edited corpus for the Modern Standard Arabic. Our overarching goal is to use the annotated corpus to develop automatic machine translation post-editing systems for Arabic that can be used to help accelerate the human revision process of translated texts. The creation of any manually annotated corpus usually presents many challenges. In order to address these challenges, we created comprehensive and simplified annotation guidelines which were used by a team of five annotators and one lead annotator. In order to ensure a high annotation agreement between the annotators, multiple training sessions were held and regular inter-annotator agreement measures were performed to check the annotation quality. The created corpus of manual post-edited translations of English to Arabic articles is the largest to date for this language pair.",
}
@inproceedings{aranberri-etal-2016-tools,
    title = "Tools and Guidelines for Principled Machine Translation Development",
    author = "Aranberri, Nora  and
      Avramidis, Eleftherios  and
      Burchardt, Aljoscha  and
      Klejch, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Popovi{\'c}, Maja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1296",
    pages = "1877--1882",
    abstract = "This work addresses the need to aid Machine Translation (MT) development cycles with a complete workflow of MT evaluation methods. Our aim is to assess, compare and improve MT system variants. We hereby report on novel tools and practices that support various measures, developed in order to support a principled and informed approach of MT development. Our toolkit for automatic evaluation showcases quick and detailed comparison of MT system variants through automatic metrics and n-gram feedback, along with manual evaluation via edit-distance, error annotation and task-based feedback.",
}
@inproceedings{galibert-etal-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating Task-Pertinent sorted Error Lists for Speech Recognition",
    author = "Galibert, Olivier  and
      Jannet, Mohamed Ameur Ben  and
      Kahn, Juliette  and
      Rosset, Sophie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1297",
    pages = "1883--1889",
    abstract = "Automatic Speech recognition (ASR) is one of the most widely used components in spoken language processing applications. ASR errors are of varying importance with respect to the application, making error analysis keys to improving speech processing applications. Knowing the most serious errors for the applicative case is critical to build better systems. In the context of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) used as a first step towards Named Entity Recognition (NER) in speech, error seriousness is usually determined by their frequency, due to the use of the WER as metric to evaluate the ASR output, despite the emergence of more relevant measures in the literature. We propose to use a different evaluation metric form the literature in order to classify ASR errors according to their seriousness for NER. Our results show that the ASR errors importance is ranked differently depending on the used evaluation metric. A more detailed analysis shows that the estimation of the error impact given by the ATENE metric is more adapted to the NER task than the estimation based only on the most used frequency metric WER.",
}
@inproceedings{francopoulo-etal-2016-study,
    title = "A Study of Reuse and Plagiarism in {LREC} papers",
    author = "Francopoulo, Gil  and
      Mariani, Joseph  and
      Paroubek, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1298",
    pages = "1890--1897",
    abstract = "The aim of this experiment is to present an easy way to compare fragments of texts in order to detect (supposed) results of copy {\&} paste operations between articles in the domain of Natural Language Processing (NLP). The search space of the comparisons is a corpus labeled as NLP4NLP gathering a large part of the NLP field. The study is centered on LREC papers in both directions, first with an LREC paper borrowing a fragment of text from the collection, and secondly in the reverse direction with fragments of LREC documents borrowed and inserted in the collection.",
}
@inproceedings{ganguly-etal-2016-developing,
    title = "Developing a Dataset for Evaluating Approaches for Document Expansion with Images",
    author = "Ganguly, Debasis  and
      Calixto, Iacer  and
      Jones, Gareth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1299",
    pages = "1898--1901",
    abstract = "Motivated by the adage that a {``}picture is worth a thousand words{''} it can be reasoned that automatically enriching the textual content of a document with relevant images can increase the readability of a document. Moreover, features extracted from the additional image data inserted into the textual content of a document may, in principle, be also be used by a retrieval engine to better match the topic of a document with that of a given query. In this paper, we describe our approach of building a ground truth dataset to enable further research into automatic addition of relevant images to text documents. The dataset is comprised of the official ImageCLEF 2010 collection (a collection of images with textual metadata) to serve as the images available for automatic enrichment of text, a set of 25 benchmark documents that are to be enriched, which in this case are children{'}s short stories, and a set of manually judged relevant images for each query story obtained by the standard procedure of depth pooling. We use this benchmark dataset to evaluate the effectiveness of standard information retrieval methods as simple baselines for this task. The results indicate that using the whole story as a weighted query, where the weight of each query term is its tf-idf value, achieves an precision of 0:1714 within the top 5 retrieved images on an average.",
}
@inproceedings{ruiz-etal-2016-word,
    title = "More than Word Cooccurrence: Exploring Support and Opposition in International Climate Negotiations with Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Ruiz, Pablo  and
      Plancq, Cl{\'e}ment  and
      Poibeau, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1300",
    pages = "1902--1907",
    abstract = "Text analysis methods widely used in digital humanities often involve word co-occurrence, e.g. concept co-occurrence networks. These methods provide a useful corpus overview, but cannot determine the predicates that relate co-occurring concepts. Our goal was identifying propositions expressing the points supported or opposed by participants in international climate negotiations. Word co-occurrence methods were not sufficient, and an analysis based on open relation extraction had limited coverage for nominal predicates. We present a pipeline which identifies the points that different actors support and oppose, via a domain model with support/opposition predicates, and analysis rules that exploit the output of semantic role labelling, syntactic dependencies and anaphora resolution. Entity linking and keyphrase extraction are also performed on the propositions related to each actor. A user interface allows examining the main concepts in points supported or opposed by each participant, which participants agree or disagree with each other, and about which issues. The system is an example of tools that digital humanities scholars are asking for, to render rich textual information (beyond word co-occurrence) more amenable to quantitative treatment. An evaluation of the tool was satisfactory.",
}
@inproceedings{collovini-etal-2016-sequence,
    title = "A Sequence Model Approach to Relation Extraction in {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Collovini, Sandra  and
      Machado, Gabriel  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1301",
    pages = "1908--1912",
    abstract = "The task of Relation Extraction from texts is one of the main challenges in the area of Information Extraction, considering the required linguistic knowledge and the sophistication of the language processing techniques employed. This task aims at identifying and classifying semantic relations that occur between entities recognized in a given text. In this paper, we evaluated a Conditional Random Fields classifier for the extraction of any relation descriptor occurring between named entities (Organisation, Person and Place categories), as well as pre-defined relation types between these entities in Portuguese texts.",
}
@inproceedings{hladek-etal-2016-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Set for {S}lovak News Information Retrieval",
    author = "Hl{\'a}dek, Daniel  and
      Sta{\v{s}}, Jan  and
      Juh{\'a}r, Jozef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1302",
    pages = "1913--1916",
    abstract = "This work proposes an information retrieval evaluation set for the Slovak language. A set of 80 queries written in the natural language is given together with the set of relevant documents. The document set contains 3980 newspaper articles sorted into 6 categories. Each document in the result set is manually annotated for relevancy with its corresponding query. The evaluation set is mostly compatible with the Cranfield test collection using the same methodology for queries and annotation of relevancy. In addition to that it provides annotation for document title, author, publication date and category that can be used for evaluation of automatic document clustering and categorization.",
}
@inproceedings{imada-etal-2016-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Time Series Changes of Correlation between Market Share and Concerns on Companies measured through Search Engine Suggests",
    author = "Imada, Takakazu  and
      Inoue, Yusuke  and
      Chen, Lei  and
      Doi, Syunya  and
      Nie, Tian  and
      Zhao, Chen  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Kawada, Yasuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1303",
    pages = "1917--1923",
    abstract = "This paper proposes how to utilize a search engine in order to predict market shares. We propose to compare rates of concerns of those who search for Web pages among several companies which supply products, given a specific products domain. We measure concerns of those who search for Web pages through search engine suggests. Then, we analyze whether rates of concerns of those who search for Web pages have certain correlation with actual market share. We show that those statistics have certain correlations. We finally propose how to predict the market share of a specific product genre based on the rates of concerns of those who search for Web pages.",
}
@inproceedings{bougouin-etal-2016-termith,
    title = "{T}erm{ITH}-Eval: a {F}rench Standard-Based Resource for Keyphrase Extraction Evaluation",
    author = "Bougouin, Adrien  and
      Barreaux, Sabine  and
      Romary, Laurent  and
      Boudin, Florian  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1304",
    pages = "1924--1927",
    abstract = "Keyphrase extraction is the task of finding phrases that represent the important content of a document. The main aim of keyphrase extraction is to propose textual units that represent the most important topics developed in a document. The output keyphrases of automatic keyphrase extraction methods for test documents are typically evaluated by comparing them to manually assigned reference keyphrases. Each output keyphrase is considered correct if it matches one of the reference keyphrases. However, the choice of the appropriate textual unit (keyphrase) for a topic is sometimes subjective and evaluating by exact matching underestimates the performance. This paper presents a dataset of evaluation scores assigned to automatically extracted keyphrases by human evaluators. Along with the reference keyphrases, the manual evaluations can be used to validate new evaluation measures. Indeed, an evaluation measure that is highly correlated to the manual evaluation is appropriate for the evaluation of automatic keyphrase extraction methods.",
}
@inproceedings{kermes-etal-2016-royal,
    title = "The Royal Society Corpus: From Uncharted Data to Corpus",
    author = {Kermes, Hannah  and
      Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania  and
      Khamis, Ashraf  and
      Knappen, J{\"o}rg  and
      Teich, Elke},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1305",
    pages = "1928--1931",
    abstract = "We present the Royal Society Corpus (RSC) built from the Philosophical Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. At present, the corpus contains articles from the first two centuries of the journal (1665―1869) and amounts to around 35 million tokens. The motivation for building the RSC is to investigate the diachronic linguistic development of scientific English. Specifically, we assume that due to specialization, linguistic encodings become more compact over time (Halliday, 1988; Halliday and Martin, 1993), thus creating a specific discourse type characterized by high information density that is functional for expert communication. When building corpora from uncharted material, typically not all relevant meta-data (e.g. author, time, genre) or linguistic data (e.g. sentence/word boundaries, words, parts of speech) is readily available. We present an approach to obtain good quality meta-data and base text data adopting the concept of Agile Software Development.",
}
@inproceedings{goeuriot-etal-2016-building,
    title = "Building Evaluation Datasets for Consumer-Oriented Information Retrieval",
    author = "Goeuriot, Lorraine  and
      Kelly, Liadh  and
      Zuccon, Guido  and
      Palotti, Joao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1306",
    pages = "1932--1938",
    abstract = "Common people often experience difficulties in accessing relevant, correct, accurate and understandable health information online. Developing search techniques that aid these information needs is challenging. In this paper we present the datasets created by CLEF eHealth Lab from 2013-2015 for evaluation of search solutions to support common people finding health information online. Specifically, the CLEF eHealth information retrieval (IR) task of this Lab has provided the research community with benchmarks for evaluating consumer-centered health information retrieval, thus fostering research and development aimed to address this challenging problem. Given consumer queries, the goal of the task is to retrieve relevant documents from the provided collection of web pages. The shared datasets provide a large health web crawl, queries representing people{'}s real world information needs, and relevance assessment judgements for the queries.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2016-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset for Open Event Extraction in {E}nglish",
    author = "Nguyen, Kiem-Hieu  and
      Tannier, Xavier  and
      Ferret, Olivier  and
      Besan{\c{c}}on, Romaric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1307",
    pages = "1939--1943",
    abstract = "This article presents a corpus for development and testing of event schema induction systems in English. Schema induction is the task of learning templates with no supervision from unlabeled texts, and to group together entities corresponding to the same role in a template. Most of the previous work on this subject relies on the MUC-4 corpus. We describe the limits of using this corpus (size, non-representativeness, similarity of roles across templates) and propose a new, partially-annotated corpus in English which remedies some of these shortcomings. We make use of Wikinews to select the data inside the category Laws {\&} Justice, and query Google search engine to retrieve different documents on the same events. Only Wikinews documents are manually annotated and can be used for evaluation, while the others can be used for unsupervised learning. We detail the methodology used for building the corpus and evaluate some existing systems on this new data.",
}
@inproceedings{kocharov-2016-phoneme,
    title = "Phoneme Alignment Using the Information on Phonological Processes in Continuous Speech",
    author = "Kocharov, Daniil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1308",
    pages = "1944--1948",
    abstract = "The current study focuses on optimization of Levenshtein algorithm for the purpose of computing the optimal alignment between two phoneme transcriptions of spoken utterance containing sequences of phonetic symbols. The alignment is computed with the help of a confusion matrix in which costs for phonetic symbol deletion, insertion and substitution are defined taking into account various phonological processes that occur in fluent speech, such as anticipatory assimilation, phone elision and epenthesis. The corpus containing about 30 hours of Russian read speech was used to evaluate the presented algorithms. The experimental results have shown significant reduction of misalignment rate in comparison with the baseline Levenshtein algorithm: the number of errors has been reduced from 1.1 {\%} to 0.28 {\%}",
}
@inproceedings{kachkovskaia-etal-2016-coruss,
    title = "{C}o{R}u{SS} - a New Prosodically Annotated Corpus of {R}ussian Spontaneous Speech",
    author = "Kachkovskaia, Tatiana  and
      Kocharov, Daniil  and
      Skrelin, Pavel  and
      Volskaya, Nina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1309",
    pages = "1949--1954",
    abstract = "This paper describes speech data recording, processing and annotation of a new speech corpus CoRuSS (Corpus of Russian Spontaneous Speech), which is based on connected communicative speech recorded from 60 native Russian male and female speakers of different age groups (from 16 to 77). Some Russian speech corpora available at the moment contain plain orthographic texts and provide some kind of limited annotation, but there are no corpora providing detailed prosodic annotation of spontaneous conversational speech. This corpus contains 30 hours of high quality recorded spontaneous Russian speech, half of it has been transcribed and prosodically labeled. The recordings consist of dialogues between two speakers, monologues (speakers{'} self-presentations) and reading of a short phonetically balanced text. Since the corpus is labeled for a wide range of linguistic - phonetic and prosodic - information, it provides basis for empirical studies of various spontaneous speech phenomena as well as for comparison with those we observe in prepared read speech. Since the corpus is designed as a open-access resource of speech data, it will also make possible to advance corpus-based analysis of spontaneous speech data across languages and speech technology development as well.",
}
@inproceedings{dediu-moisik-2016-defining,
    title = "Defining and Counting Phonological Classes in Cross-linguistic Segment Databases",
    author = "Dediu, Dan  and
      Moisik, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1310",
    pages = "1955--1962",
    abstract = "Recently, there has been an explosion in the availability of large, good-quality cross-linguistic databases such as WALS (Dryer {\&} Haspelmath, 2013), Glottolog (Hammarstrom et al., 2015) and Phoible (Moran {\&} McCloy, 2014). Databases such as Phoible contain the actual segments used by various languages as they are given in the primary language descriptions. However, this segment-level representation cannot be used directly for analyses that require generalizations over classes of segments that share theoretically interesting features. Here we present a method and the associated R (R Core Team, 2014) code that allows the flexible definition of such meaningful classes and that can identify the sets of segments falling into such a class for any language inventory. The method and its results are important for those interested in exploring cross-linguistic patterns of phonetic and phonological diversity and their relationship to extra-linguistic factors and processes such as climate, economics, history or human genetics.",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-etal-2016-introducing,
    title = "Introducing the {SEA}{\_}{AP}: an Enhanced Tool for Automatic Prosodic Analysis",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez, Marta  and
      Varela, Roc{\'\i}o  and
      Mateo, Carmen Garc{\'\i}a  and
      Rei, Elisa Fern{\'a}ndez  and
      Calvo, Adela Mart{\'\i}nez",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1311",
    pages = "1963--1969",
    abstract = "SEA{\_}AP (Segmentador e Etiquetador Autom{\'a}tico para An{\'a}lise Pros{\'o}dica, Automatic Segmentation and Labelling for Prosodic Analysis) toolkit is an application that performs audio segmentation and labelling to create a TextGrid file which will be used to launch a prosodic analysis using Praat. In this paper, we want to describe the improved functionality of the tool achieved by adding a dialectometric analysis module using R scripts. The dialectometric analysis includes computing correlations among F0 curves and it obtains prosodic distances among the different variables of interest (location, speaker, structure, etc.). The dialectometric analysis requires large databases in order to be adequately computed, and automatic segmentation and labelling can create them thanks to a procedure less costly than the manual alternative. Thus, the integration of these tools into the SEA{\_}AP allows to propose a distribution of geoprosodic areas by means of a quantitative method, which completes the traditional dialectological point of view. The current version of the SEA{\_}AP toolkit is capable of analysing Galician, Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese data, and hence the distances between several prosodic linguistic varieties can be measured at present.",
}
@inproceedings{mostafa-etal-2016-machine,
    title = "A Machine Learning based Music Retrieval and Recommendation System",
    author = "Mostafa, Naziba  and
      Wan, Yan  and
      Amitabh, Unnayan  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1312",
    pages = "1970--1977",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a music retrieval and recommendation system using machine learning techniques. We propose a query by humming system for music retrieval that uses deep neural networks for note transcription and a note-based retrieval system for retrieving the correct song from the database. We evaluate our query by humming system using the standard MIREX QBSH dataset. We also propose a similar artist recommendation system which recommends similar artists based on acoustic features of the artists{'} music, online text descriptions of the artists and social media data. We use supervised machine learning techniques over all our features and compare our recommendation results to those produced by a popular similar artist recommendation website.",
}
@inproceedings{aman-etal-2016-cirdox,
    title = "{C}irdo{X}: an on/off-line multisource speech and sound analysis software",
    author = "Aman, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Vacher, Michel  and
      Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Duclot, William  and
      Lecouteux, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1313",
    pages = "1978--1985",
    abstract = "Vocal User Interfaces in domestic environments recently gained interest in the speech processing community. This interest is due to the opportunity of using it in the framework of Ambient Assisted Living both for home automation (vocal command) and for call for help in case of distress situations, i.e. after a fall. C IRDO X, which is a modular software, is able to analyse online the audio environment in a home, to extract the uttered sentences and then to process them thanks to an ASR module. Moreover, this system perfoms non-speech audio event classification; in this case, specific models must be trained. The software is designed to be modular and to process on-line the audio multichannel stream. Some exemples of studies in which C IRDO X was involved are described. They were operated in real environment, namely a Living lab environment.",
}
@inproceedings{sperber-etal-2016-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Computer-Assisted Transcription Quality with Iterative User Interfaces",
    author = "Sperber, Matthias  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1314",
    pages = "1986--1992",
    abstract = "Computer-assisted transcription promises high-quality speech transcription at reduced costs. This is achieved by limiting human effort to transcribing parts for which automatic transcription quality is insufficient. Our goal is to improve the human transcription quality via appropriate user interface design. We focus on iterative interfaces that allow humans to solve tasks based on an initially given suggestion, in this case an automatic transcription. We conduct a user study that reveals considerable quality gains for three variations of iterative interfaces over a non-iterative from-scratch transcription interface. Our iterative interfaces included post-editing, confidence-enhanced post-editing, and a novel retyping interface. All three yielded similar quality on average, but we found that the proposed retyping interface was less sensitive to the difficulty of the segment, and superior when the automatic transcription of the segment contained relatively many errors. An analysis using mixed-effects models allows us to quantify these and other factors and draw conclusions over which interface design should be chosen in which circumstance.",
}
@inproceedings{nicolao-etal-2016-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Collecting Realistic Recordings of Dysarthric Speech - the home{S}ervice Corpus",
    author = "Nicolao, Mauro  and
      Christensen, Heidi  and
      Cunningham, Stuart  and
      Green, Phil  and
      Hain, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1315",
    pages = "1993--1997",
    abstract = "This paper introduces a new British English speech database, named the homeService corpus, which has been gathered as part of the homeService project. This project aims to help users with speech and motor disabilities to operate their home appliances using voice commands. The audio recorded during such interactions consists of realistic data of speakers with severe dysarthria. The majority of the homeService corpus is recorded in real home environments where voice control is often the normal means by which users interact with their devices. The collection of the corpus is motivated by the shortage of realistic dysarthric speech corpora available to the scientific community. Along with the details on how the data is organised and how it can be accessed, a brief description of the framework used to make the recordings is provided. Finally, the performance of the homeService automatic recogniser for dysarthric speech trained with single-speaker data from the corpus is provided as an initial baseline. Access to the homeService corpus is provided through the dedicated web page at http://mini.dcs.shef.ac.uk/resources/homeservice-corpus/. This will also have the most updated description of the data. At the time of writing the collection process is still ongoing.",
}
@inproceedings{laaridh-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Anomaly Detection for Dysarthria across Two Speech Styles: Read vs Spontaneous Speech",
    author = "Laaridh, Imed  and
      Fredouille, Corinne  and
      Meunier, Christine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1316",
    pages = "1998--2004",
    abstract = "Perceptive evaluation of speech disorders is still the standard method in clinical practice for the diagnosing and the following of the condition progression of patients. Such methods include different tasks such as read speech, spontaneous speech, isolated words, sustained vowels, etc. In this context, automatic speech processing tools have proven pertinence in speech quality evaluation and assistive technology-based applications. Though, a very few studies have investigated the use of automatic tools on spontaneous speech. This paper investigates the behavior of an automatic phone-based anomaly detection system when applied on read and spontaneous French dysarthric speech. The behavior of the automatic tool reveals interesting inter-pathology differences across speech styles.",
}
@inproceedings{gutkin-etal-2016-tts,
    title = "{TTS} for Low Resource Languages: A Bangla Synthesizer",
    author = "Gutkin, Alexander  and
      Ha, Linne  and
      Jansche, Martin  and
      Pipatsrisawat, Knot  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1317",
    pages = "2005--2010",
    abstract = "We present a text-to-speech (TTS) system designed for the dialect of Bengali spoken in Bangladesh. This work is part of an ongoing effort to address the needs of under-resourced languages. We propose a process for streamlining the bootstrapping of TTS systems for under-resourced languages. First, we use crowdsourcing to collect the data from multiple ordinary speakers, each speaker recording small amount of sentences. Second, we leverage an existing text normalization system for a related language (Hindi) to bootstrap a linguistic front-end for Bangla. Third, we employ statistical techniques to construct multi-speaker acoustic models using Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network (LSTM-RNN) and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) approaches. We then describe our experiments that show that the resulting TTS voices score well in terms of their perceived quality as measured by Mean Opinion Score (MOS) evaluations.",
}
@inproceedings{vallet-etal-2016-speech,
    title = "Speech Trax: A Bottom to the Top Approach for Speaker Tracking and Indexing in an Archiving Context",
    author = "Vallet, F{\'e}licien  and
      Uro, Jim  and
      Andriamakaoly, J{\'e}r{\'e}my  and
      Nabi, Hakim  and
      Derval, Mathieu  and
      Carrive, Jean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1318",
    pages = "2011--2016",
    abstract = "With the increasing amount of audiovisual and digital data deriving from televisual and radiophonic sources, professional archives such as INA, France{'}s national audiovisual institute, acknowledge a growing need for efficient indexing tools. In this paper, we describe the Speech Trax system that aims at analyzing the audio content of TV and radio documents. In particular, we focus on the speaker tracking task that is very valuable for indexing purposes. First, we detail the overall architecture of the system and show the results obtained on a large-scale experiment, the largest to our knowledge for this type of content (about 1,300 speakers). Then, we present the Speech Trax demonstrator that gathers the results of various automatic speech processing techniques on top of our speaker tracking system (speaker diarization, speech transcription, etc.). Finally, we provide insight on the obtained performances and suggest hints for future improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{damnati-etal-2016-web,
    title = "Web Chat Conversations from Contact Centers: a Descriptive Study",
    author = "Damnati, G{\'e}raldine  and
      Guerraz, Aleksandra  and
      Charlet, Delphine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1319",
    pages = "2017--2021",
    abstract = "In this article we propose a descriptive study of a chat conversations corpus from an assistance contact center. Conversations are described from several view points, including interaction analysis, language deviation analysis and typographic expressivity marks analysis. We provide in particular a detailed analysis of language deviations that are encountered in our corpus of 230 conversations, corresponding to 6879 messages and 76839 words. These deviations may be challenging for further syntactic and semantic parsing. Analysis is performed with a distinction between Customer messages and Agent messages. On the overall only 4{\%} of the observed words are misspelled but 26{\%} of the messages contain at least one erroneous word (rising to 40{\%} when focused on Customer messages). Transcriptions of telephone conversations from an assistance call center are also studied, allowing comparisons between these two interaction modes to be drawn. The study reveals significant differences in terms of conversation flow, with an increased efficiency for chat conversations in spite of longer temporal span.",
}
@inproceedings{morlane-hondere-etal-2016-identification,
    title = "Identification of Drug-Related Medical Conditions in Social Media",
    author = "Morlane-Hond{\`e}re, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1320",
    pages = "2022--2028",
    abstract = "Monitoring social media has been shown to be an interesting approach for the early detection of drug adverse effects. In this paper, we describe a system which extracts medical entities in French drug reviews written by users. We focus on the identification of medical conditions, which is based on the concept of post-coordination: we first extract minimal medical-related entities (pain, stomach) then we combine them to identify complex ones (It was the worst [pain I ever felt in my stomach]). These two steps are respectively performed by two classifiers, the first being based on Conditional Random Fields and the second one on Support Vector Machines. The overall results of the minimal entity classifier are the following: P=0.926; R=0.849; F1=0.886. A thourough analysis of the feature set shows that, when combined with word lemmas, clusters generated by word2vec are the most valuable features. When trained on the output of the first classifier, the second classifier{'}s performances are the following: p=0.683;r=0.956;f1=0.797. The addition of post-processing rules did not add any significant global improvement but was found to modify the precision/recall ratio.",
}
@inproceedings{burghardt-etal-2016-creating,
    title = "Creating a Lexicon of {B}avarian Dialect by Means of {F}acebook Language Data and Crowdsourcing",
    author = "Burghardt, Manuel  and
      Granvogl, Daniel  and
      Wolff, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1321",
    pages = "2029--2033",
    abstract = "Data acquisition in dialectology is typically a tedious task, as dialect samples of spoken language have to be collected via questionnaires or interviews. In this article, we suggest to use the {``}web as a corpus{''} approach for dialectology. We present a case study that demonstrates how authentic language data for the Bavarian dialect (ISO 639-3:bar) can be collected automatically from the social network Facebook. We also show that Facebook can be used effectively as a crowdsourcing platform, where users are willing to translate dialect words collaboratively in order to create a common lexicon of their Bavarian dialect. Key insights from the case study are summarized as {``}lessons learned{''}, together with suggestions for future enhancements of the lexicon creation approach.",
}
@inproceedings{prabhakaran-rambow-2016-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of {W}ikipedia Discussions: Over the Years, with Topic, Power and Gender Labels",
    author = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1322",
    pages = "2034--2038",
    abstract = "In order to gain a deep understanding of how social context manifests in interactions, we need data that represents interactions from a large community of people over a long period of time, capturing different aspects of social context. In this paper, we present a large corpus of Wikipedia Talk page discussions that are collected from a broad range of topics, containing discussions that happened over a period of 15 years. The dataset contains 166,322 discussion threads, across 1236 articles/topics that span 15 different topic categories or domains. The dataset also captures whether the post is made by an registered user or not, and whether he/she was an administrator at the time of making the post. It also captures the Wikipedia age of editors in terms of number of months spent as an editor, as well as their gender. This corpus will be a valuable resource to investigate a variety of computational sociolinguistics research questions regarding online social interactions.",
}
@inproceedings{chamberlain-etal-2016-phrase,
    title = "Phrase Detectives Corpus 1.0 Crowdsourced Anaphoric Coreference.",
    author = "Chamberlain, Jon  and
      Poesio, Massimo  and
      Kruschwitz, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1323",
    pages = "2039--2046",
    abstract = "Natural Language Engineering tasks require large and complex annotated datasets to build more advanced models of language. Corpora are typically annotated by several experts to create a gold standard; however, there are now compelling reasons to use a non-expert crowd to annotate text, driven by cost, speed and scalability. Phrase Detectives Corpus 1.0 is an anaphorically-annotated corpus of encyclopedic and narrative text that contains a gold standard created by multiple experts, as well as a set of annotations created by a large non-expert crowd. Analysis shows very good inter-expert agreement (kappa=.88-.93) but a more variable baseline crowd agreement (kappa=.52-.96). Encyclopedic texts show less agreement (and by implication are harder to annotate) than narrative texts. The release of this corpus is intended to encourage research into the use of crowds for text annotation and the development of more advanced, probabilistic language models, in particular for anaphoric coreference.",
}
@inproceedings{fonseca-etal-2016-summ,
    title = "Summ-it++: an Enriched Version of the Summ-it Corpus",
    author = "Fonseca, Evandro  and
      Antonitsch, Andr{\'e}  and
      Collovini, Sandra  and
      Amaral, Daniela  and
      Vieira, Renata  and
      Figueira, Anny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1324",
    pages = "2047--2051",
    abstract = "This paper presents Summ-it++, an enriched version the Summ-it corpus. In this new version, the corpus has received new semantic layers, named entity categories and relations between named entities, adding to the previous coreference annotation. In addition, we change the original Summ-it format to SemEval",
}
@inproceedings{burga-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Multiple Antecedent Coreference Resolution in Specialized Discourse",
    author = "Burga, Alicia  and
      Cajal, Sergio  and
      Codina-Filb{\`a}, Joan  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1325",
    pages = "2052--2057",
    abstract = "Despite the popularity of coreference resolution as a research topic, the overwhelming majority of the work in this area focused so far on single antecedence coreference only. Multiple antecedent coreference (MAC) has been largely neglected. This can be explained by the scarcity of the phenomenon of MAC in generic discourse. However, in specialized discourse such as patents, MAC is very dominant. It seems thus unavoidable to address the problem of MAC resolution in the context of tasks related to automatic patent material processing, among them abstractive summarization, deep parsing of patents, construction of concept maps of the inventions, etc. We present the first version of an operational rule-based MAC resolution strategy for patent material that covers the three major types of MAC: (i) nominal MAC, (ii) MAC with personal / relative pronouns, and MAC with reflexive / reciprocal pronouns. The evaluation shows that our strategy performs well in terms of precision and recall.",
}
@inproceedings{uryupina-etal-2016-arrau,
    title = "{ARRAU}: Linguistically-Motivated Annotation of Anaphoric Descriptions",
    author = "Uryupina, Olga  and
      Artstein, Ron  and
      Bristot, Antonella  and
      Cavicchio, Federica  and
      Rodriguez, Kepa  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1326",
    pages = "2058--2062",
    abstract = "This paper presents a second release of the ARRAU dataset: a multi-domain corpus with thorough linguistically motivated annotation of anaphora and related phenomena. Building upon the first release almost a decade ago, a considerable effort had been invested in improving the data both quantitatively and qualitatively. Thus, we have doubled the corpus size, expanded the selection of covered phenomena to include referentiality and genericity and designed and implemented a methodology for enforcing the consistency of the manual annotation. We believe that the new release of ARRAU provides a valuable material for ongoing research in complex cases of coreference as well as for a variety of related tasks. The corpus is publicly available through LDC.",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-etal-2016-annotated,
    title = "An Annotated Corpus and Method for Analysis of Ad-Hoc Structures Embedded in Text",
    author = "Yeh, Eric  and
      Niekrasz, John  and
      Freitag, Dayne  and
      Rohwer, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1327",
    pages = "2063--2070",
    abstract = "We describe a method for identifying and performing functional analysis of structured regions that are embedded in natural language documents, such as tables or key-value lists. Such regions often encode information according to ad hoc schemas and avail themselves of visual cues in place of natural language grammar, presenting problems for standard information extraction algorithms. Unlike previous work in table extraction, which assumes a relatively noiseless two-dimensional layout, our aim is to accommodate a wide variety of naturally occurring structure types. Our approach has three main parts. First, we collect and annotate a a diverse sample of {``}naturally{''} occurring structures from several sources. Second, we use probabilistic text segmentation techniques, featurized by skip bigrams over spatial and token category cues, to automatically identify contiguous regions of structured text that share a common schema. Finally, we identify the records and fields within each structured region using a combination of distributional similarity and sequence alignment methods, guided by minimal supervision in the form of a single annotated record. We evaluate the last two components individually, and conclude with a discussion of further work.",
}
@inproceedings{aga-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Thesaurus Relations from Distributional Features",
    author = "Aga, Rosa Tsegaye  and
      Wartena, Christian  and
      Drumond, Lucas  and
      Schmidt-Thieme, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1328",
    pages = "2071--2075",
    abstract = "In distributional semantics words are represented by aggregated context features. The similarity of words can be computed by comparing their feature vectors. Thus, we can predict whether two words are synonymous or similar with respect to some other semantic relation. We will show on six different datasets of pairs of similar and non-similar words that a supervised learning algorithm on feature vectors representing pairs of words outperforms cosine similarity between vectors representing single words. We compared different methods to construct a feature vector representing a pair of words. We show that simple methods like pairwise addition or multiplication give better results than a recently proposed method that combines different types of features. The semantic relation we consider is relatedness of terms in thesauri for intellectual document classification. Thus our findings can directly be applied for the maintenance and extension of such thesauri. To the best of our knowledge this relation was not considered before in the field of distributional semantics.",
}
@inproceedings{wonsever-etal-2016-factuality,
    title = "Factuality Annotation and Learning in {S}panish Texts",
    author = "Wonsever, Dina  and
      Ros{\'a}, Aiala  and
      Malcuori, Marisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1329",
    pages = "2076--2080",
    abstract = "We present a proposal for the annotation of factuality of event mentions in Spanish texts and a free available annotated corpus. Our factuality model aims to capture a pragmatic notion of factuality, trying to reflect a casual reader judgements about the realis / irrealis status of mentioned events. Also, some learning experiments (SVM and CRF) have been held, showing encouraging results.",
}
@inproceedings{caroli-etal-2016-nnblocks,
    title = "{NNB}locks: A Deep Learning Framework for Computational Linguistics Neural Network Models",
    author = "Caroli, Frederico Tommasi  and
      Freitas, Andr{\'e}  and
      da Silva, Jo{\~a}o Carlos Pereira  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1330",
    pages = "2081--2085",
    abstract = "Lately, with the success of Deep Learning techniques in some computational linguistics tasks, many researchers want to explore new models for their linguistics applications. These models tend to be very different from what standard Neural Networks look like, limiting the possibility to use standard Neural Networks frameworks. This work presents NNBlocks, a new framework written in Python to build and train Neural Networks that are not constrained by a specific kind of architecture, making it possible to use it in computational linguistics.",
}
@inproceedings{beltrami-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic identification of Mild Cognitive Impairment through the analysis of {I}talian spontaneous speech productions",
    author = "Beltrami, Daniela  and
      Calz{\`a}, Laura  and
      Gagliardi, Gloria  and
      Ghidoni, Enrico  and
      Marcello, Norina  and
      Favretti, Rema Rossini  and
      Tamburini, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1331",
    pages = "2086--2093",
    abstract = "This paper presents some preliminary results of the OPLON project. It aimed at identifying early linguistic symptoms of cognitive decline in the elderly. This pilot study was conducted on a corpus composed of spontaneous speech sample collected from 39 subjects, who underwent a neuropsychological screening for visuo-spatial abilities, memory, language, executive functions and attention. A rich set of linguistic features was extracted from the digitalised utterances (at phonetic, suprasegmental, lexical, morphological and syntactic levels) and the statistical significance in pinpointing the pathological process was measured. Our results show remarkable trends for what concerns both the linguistic traits selection and the automatic classifiers building.",
}
@inproceedings{corrales-astorgano-etal-2016-use,
    title = "On the Use of a Serious Game for Recording a Speech Corpus of People with Intellectual Disabilities",
    author = "Corrales-Astorgano, Mario  and
      Escudero-Mancebo, David  and
      Guti{\'e}rrez-Gonz{\'a}lez, Yurena  and
      Flores-Lucas, Valle  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-Ferreras, C{\'e}sar  and
      Carde{\~n}oso-Payo, Valent{\'\i}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1332",
    pages = "2094--2099",
    abstract = "This paper describes the recording of a speech corpus focused on prosody of people with intellectual disabilities. To do this, a video game is used with the aim of improving the user{'}s motivation. Moreover, the player{'}s profiles and the sentences recorded during the game sessions are described. With the purpose of identifying the main prosodic troubles of people with intellectual disabilities, some prosodic features are extracted from recordings, like fundamental frequency, energy and pauses. After that, a comparison is made between the recordings of people with intellectual disabilities and people without intellectual disabilities. This comparison shows that pauses are the best discriminative feature between these groups. To check this, a study has been done using machine learning techniques, with a classification rate superior to 80{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{parish-morris-etal-2016-building,
    title = "Building Language Resources for Exploring Autism Spectrum Disorders",
    author = "Parish-Morris, Julia  and
      Cieri, Christopher  and
      Liberman, Mark  and
      Bateman, Leila  and
      Ferguson, Emily  and
      Schultz, Robert T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1333",
    pages = "2100--2107",
    abstract = "Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that would benefit from low-cost and reliable improvements to screening and diagnosis. Human language technologies (HLTs) provide one possible route to automating a series of subjective decisions that currently inform {``}Gold Standard{''} diagnosis based on clinical judgment. In this paper, we describe a new resource to support this goal, comprised of 100 20-minute semi-structured English language samples labeled with child age, sex, IQ, autism symptom severity, and diagnostic classification. We assess the feasibility of digitizing and processing sensitive clinical samples for data sharing, and identify areas of difficulty. Using the methods described here, we propose to join forces with researchers and clinicians throughout the world to establish an international repository of annotated language samples from individuals with ASD and related disorders. This project has the potential to improve the lives of individuals with ASD and their families by identifying linguistic features that could improve remote screening, inform personalized intervention, and promote advancements in clinically-oriented HLTs.",
}
@inproceedings{terbeh-zrigui-2016-vocal,
    title = "Vocal Pathologies Detection and Mispronounced Phonemes Identification: Case of {A}rabic Continuous Speech",
    author = "Terbeh, Naim  and
      Zrigui, Mounir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1334",
    pages = "2108--2113",
    abstract = "We propose in this work a novel acoustic phonetic study for Arabic people suffering from language disabilities and non-native learners of Arabic language to classify Arabic continuous speech to pathological or healthy and to identify phonemes that pose pronunciation problems (case of pathological speeches). The main idea can be summarized in comparing between the phonetic model reference to Arabic spoken language and that proper to concerned speaker. For this task, we use techniques of automatic speech processing like forced alignment and artificial neural network (ANN) (Basheer, 2000). Based on a test corpus containing 100 speech sequences, recorded by different speakers (healthy/pathological speeches and native/foreign speakers), we attain 97{\%} as classification rate. Algorithms used in identifying phonemes that pose pronunciation problems show high efficiency: we attain an identification rate of 100{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{hoenen-2016-wikipedia,
    title = "{W}ikipedia Titles As Noun Tag Predictors",
    author = "Hoenen, Armin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1335",
    pages = "2114--2118",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate a covert labeling cue, namely the probability that a title (by example of the Wikipedia titles) is a noun. If this probability is very large, any list such as or comparable to the Wikipedia titles can be used as a reliable word-class (or part-of-speech tag) predictor or noun lexicon. This may be especially useful in the case of Low Resource Languages (LRL) where labeled data is lacking and putatively for Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks such as Word Sense Disambiguation, Sentiment Analysis and Machine Translation. Profitting from the ease of digital publication on the web as opposed to print, LRL speaker communities produce resources such as Wikipedia and Wiktionary, which can be used for an assessment. We provide statistical evidence for a strong noun bias for the Wikipedia titles from 2 corpora (English, Persian) and a dictionary (Japanese) and for a typologically balanced set of 17 languages including LRLs. Additionally, we conduct a small experiment on predicting noun tags for out-of-vocabulary items in part-of-speech tagging for English.",
}
@inproceedings{harashima-2016-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese {W}ord―{C}olor Associations with and without Contexts",
    author = "Harashima, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1336",
    pages = "2119--2123",
    abstract = "Although some words carry strong associations with specific colors (e.g., the word danger is associated with the color red), few studies have investigated these relationships. This may be due to the relative rarity of databases that contain large quantities of such information. Additionally, these resources are often limited to particular languages, such as English. Moreover, the existing resources often do not consider the possible contexts of words in assessing the associations between a word and a color. As a result, the influence of context on word―color associations is not fully understood. In this study, we constructed a novel language resource for word―color associations. The resource has two characteristics: First, our resource is the first to include Japanese word―color associations, which were collected via crowdsourcing. Second, the word―color associations in the resource are linked to contexts. We show that word―color associations depend on language and that associations with certain colors are affected by context information.",
}
@inproceedings{van-miltenburg-etal-2016-vu,
    title = "The {VU} Sound Corpus: Adding More Fine-grained Annotations to the Freesound Database",
    author = "van Miltenburg, Emiel  and
      Timmermans, Benjamin  and
      Aroyo, Lora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1337",
    pages = "2124--2130",
    abstract = "This paper presents a collection of annotations (tags or keywords) for a set of 2,133 environmental sounds taken from the Freesound database (www.freesound.org). The annotations are acquired through an open-ended crowd-labeling task, in which participants were asked to provide keywords for each of three sounds. The main goal of this study is to find out (i) whether it is feasible to collect keywords for a large collection of sounds through crowdsourcing, and (ii) how people talk about sounds, and what information they can infer from hearing a sound in isolation. Our main finding is that it is not only feasible to perform crowd-labeling for a large collection of sounds, it is also very useful to highlight different aspects of the sounds that authors may fail to mention. Our data is freely available, and can be used to ground semantic models, improve search in audio databases, and to study the language of sound.",
}
@inproceedings{sukhareva-etal-2016-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing a Large Dataset of Domain-Specific Context-Sensitive Semantic Verb Relations",
    author = "Sukhareva, Maria  and
      Eckle-Kohler, Judith  and
      Habernal, Ivan  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1338",
    pages = "2131--2137",
    abstract = "We present a new large dataset of 12403 context-sensitive verb relations manually annotated via crowdsourcing. These relations capture fine-grained semantic information between verb-centric propositions, such as temporal or entailment relations. We propose a novel semantic verb relation scheme and design a multi-step annotation approach for scaling-up the annotations using crowdsourcing. We employ several quality measures and report on agreement scores. The resulting dataset is available under a permissive CreativeCommons license at www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de/data/verb-relations/. It represents a valuable resource for various applications, such as automatic information consolidation or automatic summarization.",
}
@inproceedings{feltracco-etal-2016-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Opposition Relations among {I}talian Verb Senses using Crowdsourcing",
    author = "Feltracco, Anna  and
      Magnolini, Simone  and
      Jezek, Elisabetta  and
      Magnini, Bernardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1339",
    pages = "2138--2144",
    abstract = "We describe an experiment for the acquisition of opposition relations among Italian verb senses, based on a crowdsourcing methodology. The goal of the experiment is to discuss whether the types of opposition we distinguish (i.e. complementarity, antonymy, converseness and reversiveness) are actually perceived by the crowd. In particular, we collect data for Italian by using the crowdsourcing platform CrowdFlower. We ask annotators to judge the type of opposition existing among pairs of sentences -previously judged as opposite- that differ only for a verb: the verb in the first sentence is opposite of the verb in second sentence. Data corroborate the hypothesis that some opposition relations exclude each other, while others interact, being recognized as compatible by the contributors.",
}
@inproceedings{caines-etal-2016-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing a Multi-lingual Speech Corpus: Recording, Transcription and Annotation of the {C}rowd{IS} Corpora",
    author = "Caines, Andrew  and
      Bentz, Christian  and
      Graham, Calbert  and
      Polzehl, Tim  and
      Buttery, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1340",
    pages = "2145--2152",
    abstract = "We announce the release of the CROWDED CORPUS: a pair of speech corpora collected via crowdsourcing, containing a native speaker corpus of English (CROWDED{\_}ENGLISH), and a corpus of German/English bilinguals (CROWDED{\_}BILINGUAL). Release 1 of the CROWDED CORPUS contains 1000 recordings amounting to 33,400 tokens collected from 80 speakers and is freely available to other researchers. We recruited participants via the Crowdee application for Android. Recruits were prompted to respond to business-topic questions of the type found in language learning oral tests. We then used the CrowdFlower web application to pass these recordings to crowdworkers for transcription and annotation of errors and sentence boundaries. Finally, the sentences were tagged and parsed using standard natural language processing tools. We propose that crowdsourcing is a valid and economical method for corpus collection, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this approach.",
}
@inproceedings{bartie-etal-2016-real,
    title = "The {REAL} Corpus: A Crowd-Sourced Corpus of Human Generated and Evaluated Spatial References to Real-World Urban Scenes",
    author = "Bartie, Phil  and
      Mackaness, William  and
      Gkatzia, Dimitra  and
      Rieser, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1341",
    pages = "2153--2155",
    abstract = "Our interest is in people{'}s capacity to efficiently and effectively describe geographic objects in urban scenes. The broader ambition is to develop spatial models capable of equivalent functionality able to construct such referring expressions. To that end we present a newly crowd-sourced data set of natural language references to objects anchored in complex urban scenes (In short: The REAL Corpus ― Referring Expressions Anchored Language). The REAL corpus contains a collection of images of real-world urban scenes together with verbal descriptions of target objects generated by humans, paired with data on how successful other people were able to identify the same object based on these descriptions. In total, the corpus contains 32 images with on average 27 descriptions per image and 3 verifications for each description. In addition, the corpus is annotated with a variety of linguistically motivated features. The paper highlights issues posed by collecting data using crowd-sourcing with an unrestricted input format, as well as using real-world urban scenes.",
}
@inproceedings{hantke-etal-2016-introducing,
    title = "Introducing the Weighted Trustability Evaluator for Crowdsourcing Exemplified by Speaker Likability Classification",
    author = {Hantke, Simone  and
      Marchi, Erik  and
      Schuller, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1342",
    pages = "2156--2161",
    abstract = "Crowdsourcing is an arising collaborative approach applicable among many other applications to the area of language and speech processing. In fact, the use of crowdsourcing was already applied in the field of speech processing with promising results. However, only few studies investigated the use of crowdsourcing in computational paralinguistics. In this contribution, we propose a novel evaluator for crowdsourced-based ratings termed Weighted Trustability Evaluator (WTE) which is computed from the rater-dependent consistency over the test questions. We further investigate the reliability of crowdsourced annotations as compared to the ones obtained with traditional labelling procedures, such as constrained listening experiments in laboratories or in controlled environments. This comparison includes an in-depth analysis of obtainable classification performances. The experiments were conducted on the Speaker Likability Database (SLD) already used in the INTERSPEECH Challenge 2012, and the results lend further weight to the assumption that crowdsourcing can be applied as a reliable annotation source for computational paralinguistics given a sufficient number of raters and suited measurements of their reliability.",
}
@inproceedings{arimoto-okanoya-2016-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of Emotional Understanding in Modality-Controlled Environments using Multimodal Online Emotional Communication Corpus",
    author = "Arimoto, Yoshiko  and
      Okanoya, Kazuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1343",
    pages = "2162--2167",
    abstract = "In online computer-mediated communication, speakers were considered to have experienced difficulties in catching their partner{'}s emotions and in conveying their own emotions. To explain why online emotional communication is so difficult and to investigate how this problem should be solved, multimodal online emotional communication corpus was constructed by recording approximately 100 speakers{'} emotional expressions and reactions in a modality-controlled environment. Speakers communicated over the Internet using video chat, voice chat or text chat; their face-to-face conversations were used for comparison purposes. The corpora incorporated emotional labels by evaluating the speaker{'}s dynamic emotional states and the measurements of the speaker{'}s facial expression, vocal expression and autonomic nervous system activity. For the initial study of this project, which used a large-scale emotional communication corpus, the accuracy of online emotional understanding was assessed to demonstrate the emotional labels evaluated by the speakers and to summarize the speaker{'}s answers on the questionnaire regarding the difference between an online chat and face-to-face conversations in which they actually participated. The results revealed that speakers have difficulty communicating their emotions in online communication environments, regardless of the type of communication modality and that inaccurate emotional understanding occurs more frequently in online computer-mediated communication than in face-to-face communication.",
}
@inproceedings{bigi-bertrand-2016-laughter,
    title = "Laughter in {F}rench Spontaneous Conversational Dialogs",
    author = "Bigi, Brigitte  and
      Bertrand, Roxane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1344",
    pages = "2168--2174",
    abstract = "This paper presents a quantitative description of laughter in height 1-hour French spontaneous conversations. The paper includes the raw figures for laughter as well as more details concerning inter-individual variability. It firstly describes to what extent the amount of laughter and their durations varies from speaker to speaker in all dialogs. In a second suite of analyses, this paper compares our corpus with previous analyzed corpora. In a final set of experiments, it presents some facts about overlapping laughs. This paper have quantified these all effects in free-style conversations, for the first time.",
}
@inproceedings{haddad-etal-2016-avab,
    title = "{AVAB}-{DBS}: an Audio-Visual Affect Bursts Database for Synthesis",
    author = {Haddad, Kevin El  and
      {\c{C}}akmak, H{\"u}seyin  and
      Dupont, St{\'e}phane  and
      Dutoit, Thierry},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1345",
    pages = "2175--2179",
    abstract = "It has been shown that adding expressivity and emotional expressions to an agent{'}s communication systems would improve the interaction quality between this agent and a human user. In this paper we present a multimodal database of affect bursts, which are very short non-verbal expressions with facial, vocal, and gestural components that are highly synchronized and triggered by an identifiable event. This database contains motion capture and audio data of affect bursts representing disgust, startle and surprise recorded at three different levels of arousal each. This database is to be used for synthesis purposes in order to generate affect bursts of these emotions on a continuous arousal level scale.",
}
@inproceedings{lubis-etal-2016-construction,
    title = "Construction of {J}apanese Audio-Visual Emotion Database and Its Application in Emotion Recognition",
    author = "Lubis, Nurul  and
      Gomez, Randy  and
      Sakti, Sakriani  and
      Nakamura, Keisuke  and
      Yoshino, Koichiro  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi  and
      Nakadai, Kazuhiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1346",
    pages = "2180--2184",
    abstract = "Emotional aspects play a vital role in making human communication a rich and dynamic experience. As we introduce more automated system in our daily lives, it becomes increasingly important to incorporate emotion to provide as natural an interaction as possible. To achieve said incorporation, rich sets of labeled emotional data is prerequisite. However, in Japanese, existing emotion database is still limited to unimodal and bimodal corpora. Since emotion is not only expressed through speech, but also visually at the same time, it is essential to include multiple modalities in an observation. In this paper, we present the first audio-visual emotion corpora in Japanese, collected from 14 native speakers. The corpus contains 100 minutes of annotated and transcribed material. We performed preliminary emotion recognition experiments on the corpus and achieved an accuracy of 61.42{\%} for five classes of emotion.",
}
@inproceedings{passaro-lenci-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Context Selection Strategies to Build Emotive Vector Space Models",
    author = "Passaro, Lucia C.  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1347",
    pages = "2185--2191",
    abstract = "In this paper we compare different context selection approaches to improve the creation of Emotive Vector Space Models (VSMs). The system is based on the results of an existing approach that showed the possibility to create and update VSMs by exploiting crowdsourcing and human annotation. Here, we introduce a method to manipulate the contexts of the VSMs under the assumption that the emotive connotation of a target word is a function of both its syntagmatic and paradigmatic association with the various emotions. To study the differences among the proposed spaces and to confirm the reliability of the system, we report on two experiments: in the first one we validated the best candidates extracted from each model, and in the second one we compared the models{'} performance on a random sample of target words. Both experiments have been implemented as crowdsourcing tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{bourlon-etal-2016-simultaneous,
    title = "Simultaneous Sentence Boundary Detection and Alignment with Pivot-based Machine Translation Generated Lexicons",
    author = "Bourlon, Antoine  and
      Chu, Chenhui  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1348",
    pages = "2192--2198",
    abstract = "Sentence alignment is a task that consists in aligning the parallel sentences in a translated article pair. This paper describes a method to perform sentence boundary detection and alignment simultaneously, which significantly improves the alignment accuracy on languages like Chinese with uncertain sentence boundaries. It relies on the definition of hard (certain) and soft (uncertain) punctuation delimiters, the latter being possibly ignored to optimize the alignment result. The alignment method is used in combination with lexicons automatically generated from the input article pairs using pivot-based MT, achieving better coverage of the input words with fewer entries than pre-existing dictionaries. Pivot-based MT makes it possible to build dictionaries for language pairs that have scarce parallel data. The alignment method is implemented in a tool that will be freely available in the near future.",
}
@inproceedings{kanojia-etal-2016-thatll,
    title = "That{'}ll Do Fine!: A Coarse Lexical Resource for {E}nglish-{H}indi {MT}, Using Polylingual Topic Models",
    author = "Kanojia, Diptesh  and
      Joshi, Aditya  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Carman, Mark James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1349",
    pages = "2199--2203",
    abstract = "Parallel corpora are often injected with bilingual lexical resources for improved Indian language machine translation (MT). In absence of such lexical resources, multilingual topic models have been used to create coarse lexical resources in the past, using a Cartesian product approach. Our results show that for morphologically rich languages like Hindi, the Cartesian product approach is detrimental for MT. We then present a novel {`}sentential{'} approach to use this coarse lexical resource from a multilingual topic model. Our coarse lexical resource when injected with a parallel corpus outperforms a system trained using parallel corpus and a good quality lexical resource. As demonstrated by the quality of our coarse lexical resource and its benefit to MT, we believe that our sentential approach to create such a resource will help MT for resource-constrained languages.",
}
@inproceedings{nakazawa-etal-2016-aspec,
    title = "{ASPEC}: {A}sian Scientific Paper Excerpt Corpus",
    author = "Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Yaguchi, Manabu  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1350",
    pages = "2204--2208",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the details of the ASPEC (Asian Scientific Paper Excerpt Corpus), which is the first large-size parallel corpus of scientific paper domain. ASPEC was constructed in the Japanese-Chinese machine translation project conducted between 2006 and 2010 using the Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology. It consists of a Japanese-English scientific paper abstract corpus of approximately 3 million parallel sentences (ASPEC-JE) and a Chinese-Japanese scientific paper excerpt corpus of approximately 0.68 million parallel sentences (ASPEC-JC). ASPEC is used as the official dataset for the machine translation evaluation workshop WAT (Workshop on Asian Translation).",
}
@inproceedings{labaka-etal-2016-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation in {MT} Using Titles in {W}ikipedia as a Parallel Corpus: Resources and Evaluation",
    author = "Labaka, Gorka  and
      Alegria, I{\~n}aki  and
      Sarasola, Kepa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1351",
    pages = "2209--2213",
    abstract = "This paper presents how an state-of-the-art SMT system is enriched by using an extra in-domain parallel corpora extracted from Wikipedia. We collect corpora from parallel titles and from parallel fragments in comparable articles from Wikipedia. We carried out an evaluation with a double objective: evaluating the quality of the extracted data and evaluating the improvement due to the domain-adaptation. We think this can be very useful for languages with limited amount of parallel corpora, where in-domain data is crucial to improve the performance of MT sytems. The experiments on the Spanish-English language pair improve a baseline trained with the Europarl corpus in more than 2 points of BLEU when translating in the Computer Science domain.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2016-prophetmt,
    title = "{P}rophet{MT}: A Tree-based {SMT}-driven Controlled Language Authoring/Post-Editing Tool",
    author = "Wu, Xiaofeng  and
      Du, Jinhua  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1352",
    pages = "2214--2221",
    abstract = "This paper presents ProphetMT, a tree-based SMT-driven Controlled Language (CL) authoring and post-editing tool. ProphetMT employs the source-side rules in a translation model and provides them as auto-suggestions to users. Accordingly, one might say that users are writing in a Controlled Language that is understood by the computer. ProphetMT also allows users to easily attach structural information as they compose content. When a specific rule is selected, a partial translation is promptly generated on-the-fly with the help of the structural information. Our experiments conducted on English-to-Chinese show that our proposed ProphetMT system can not only better regularise an author{'}s writing behaviour, but also significantly improve translation fluency which is vital to reduce the post-editing time. Additionally, when the writing and translation process is over, ProphetMT can provide an effective colour scheme to further improve the productivity of post-editors by explicitly featuring the relations between the source and target rules.",
}
@inproceedings{han-bel-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards producing bilingual lexica from monolingual corpora",
    author = "Han, Jingyi  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1353",
    pages = "2222--2227",
    abstract = "Bilingual lexica are the basis for many cross-lingual natural language processing tasks. Recent works have shown success in learning bilingual dictionary by taking advantages of comparable corpora and a diverse set of signals derived from monolingual corpora. In the present work, we describe an approach to automatically learn bilingual lexica by training a supervised classifier using word embedding-based vectors of only a few hundred translation equivalent word pairs. The word embedding representations of translation pairs were obtained from source and target monolingual corpora, which are not necessarily related. Our classifier is able to predict whether a new word pair is under a translation relation or not. We tested it on two quite distinct language pairs Chinese-Spanish and English-Spanish. The classifiers achieved more than 0.90 precision and recall for both language pairs in different evaluation scenarios. These results show a high potential for this method to be used in bilingual lexica production for language pairs with reduced amount of parallel or comparable corpora, in particular for phrase table expansion in Statistical Machine Translation systems.",
}
@inproceedings{gomes-lopes-2016-first,
    title = "First Steps Towards Coverage-Based Sentence Alignment",
    author = "Gomes, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Lopes, Gabriel Pereira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1354",
    pages = "2228--2231",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce a coverage-based scoring function that discriminates between parallel and non-parallel sentences. When plugged into Bleualign, a state-of-the-art sentence aligner, our function improves both precision and recall of alignments over the originally proposed BLEU score. Furthermore, since our scoring function uses Moses phrase tables directly we avoid the need to translate the texts to be aligned, which is time-consuming and a potential source of alignment errors.",
}
@inproceedings{liyanapathirana-popescu-belis-2016-using,
    title = "Using the {TED} Talks to Evaluate Spoken Post-editing of Machine Translation",
    author = "Liyanapathirana, Jeevanthi  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1355",
    pages = "2232--2239",
    abstract = "This paper presents a solution to evaluate spoken post-editing of imperfect machine translation output by a human translator. We compare two approaches to the combination of machine translation (MT) and automatic speech recognition (ASR): a heuristic algorithm and a machine learning method. To obtain a data set with spoken post-editing information, we use the French version of TED talks as the source texts submitted to MT, and the spoken English counterparts as their corrections, which are submitted to an ASR system. We experiment with various levels of artificial ASR noise and also with a state-of-the-art ASR system. The results show that the combination of MT with ASR improves over both individual outputs of MT and ASR in terms of BLEU scores, especially when ASR performance is low.",
}
@inproceedings{blain-etal-2016-phrase,
    title = "Phrase Level Segmentation and Labelling of Machine Translation Errors",
    author = "Blain, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Logacheva, Varvara  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1356",
    pages = "2240--2245",
    abstract = "This paper presents our work towards a novel approach for Quality Estimation (QE) of machine translation based on sequences of adjacent words, the so-called phrases. This new level of QE aims to provide a natural balance between QE at word and sentence-level, which are either too fine grained or too coarse levels for some applications. However, phrase-level QE implies an intrinsic challenge: how to segment a machine translation into sequence of words (contiguous or not) that represent an error. We discuss three possible segmentation strategies to automatically extract erroneous phrases. We evaluate these strategies against annotations at phrase-level produced by humans, using a new dataset collected for this purpose.",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-vela-2016-subco,
    title = "{S}ub{C}o: A Learner Translation Corpus of Human and Machine Subtitles",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez, Jos{\'e} Manuel Mart{\'\i}nez  and
      Vela, Mihaela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1357",
    pages = "2246--2254",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a freely available corpus of human and automatic translations of subtitles. The corpus comprises, the original English subtitles (SRC), both human (HT) and machine translations (MT) into German, as well as post-editions (PE) of the MT output. HT and MT are annotated with errors. Moreover, human evaluation is included in HT, MT, and PE. Such a corpus is a valuable resource for both human and machine translation communities, enabling the direct comparison {--} in terms of errors and evaluation {--} between human and machine translations and post-edited machine translations.",
}
@inproceedings{bogantes-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Lexical Encoding of Multi-Word Expressions in {S}panish Dialects",
    author = "Bogantes, Diana  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Eric  and
      Arauco, Alejandro  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Alejandro  and
      Savary, Agata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1358",
    pages = "2255--2261",
    abstract = "This paper describes a pilot study in lexical encoding of multi-word expressions (MWEs) in 4 Latin American dialects of Spanish: Costa Rican, Colombian, Mexican and Peruvian. We describe the variability of MWE usage across dialects. We adapt an existing data model to a dialect-aware encoding, so as to represent dialect-related specificities, while avoiding redundancy of the data common for all dialects. A dozen of linguistic properties of MWEs can be expressed in this model, both on the level of a whole MWE and of its individual components. We describe the resulting lexical resource containing several dozens of MWEs in four dialects and we propose a method for constructing a web corpus as a support for crowdsourcing examples of MWE occurrences. The resource is available under an open license and paves the way towards a large-scale dialect-aware language resource construction, which should prove useful in both traditional and novel NLP applications.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-jate,
    title = "{JATE} 2.0: {J}ava Automatic Term Extraction with Apache {S}olr",
    author = "Zhang, Ziqi  and
      Gao, Jie  and
      Ciravegna, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1359",
    pages = "2262--2269",
    abstract = "Automatic Term Extraction (ATE) or Recognition (ATR) is a fundamental processing step preceding many complex knowledge engineering tasks. However, few methods have been implemented as public tools and in particular, available as open-source freeware. Further, little effort is made to develop an adaptable and scalable framework that enables customization, development, and comparison of algorithms under a uniform environment. This paper introduces JATE 2.0, a complete remake of the free Java Automatic Term Extraction Toolkit (Zhang et al., 2008) delivering new features including: (1) highly modular, adaptable and scalable ATE thanks to integration with Apache Solr, the open source free-text indexing and search platform; (2) an extended collection of state-of-the-art algorithms. We carry out experiments on two well-known benchmarking datasets and compare the algorithms along the dimensions of effectiveness (precision) and efficiency (speed and memory consumption). To the best of our knowledge, this is by far the only free ATE library offering a flexible architecture and the most comprehensive collection of algorithms.",
}
@inproceedings{lievers-huang-2016-lexicon,
    title = "A lexicon of perception for the identification of synaesthetic metaphors in corpora",
    author = "Lievers, Francesca Strik  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1360",
    pages = "2270--2277",
    abstract = "Synaesthesia is a type of metaphor associating linguistic expressions that refer to two different sensory modalities. Previous studies, based on the analysis of poetic texts, have shown that synaesthetic transfers tend to go from the lower toward the higher senses (e.g., sweet music vs. musical sweetness). In non-literary language synaesthesia is rare, and finding a sufficient number of examples manually would be too time-consuming. In order to verify whether the directionality also holds for conventional synaesthesia found in non-literary texts, an automatic procedure for the identification of instances of synaesthesia is therefore highly desirable. In this paper, we first focus on the preliminary step of this procedure, that is, the creation of a controlled lexicon of perception. Next, we present the results of a small pilot study that applies the extraction procedure to English and Italian corpus data.",
}
@inproceedings{marciniak-etal-2016-termopl,
    title = "{T}ermo{PL} - a Flexible Tool for Terminology Extraction",
    author = "Marciniak, Malgorzata  and
      Mykowiecka, Agnieszka  and
      Rychlik, Piotr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1361",
    pages = "2278--2284",
    abstract = "The purpose of this paper is to introduce the TermoPL tool created to extract terminology from domain corpora in Polish. The program extracts noun phrases, term candidates, with the help of a simple grammar that can be adapted for user{'}s needs. It applies the C-value method to rank term candidates being either the longest identified nominal phrases or their nested subphrases. The method operates on simplified base forms in order to unify morphological variants of terms and to recognize their contexts. We support the recognition of nested terms by word connection strength which allows us to eliminate truncated phrases from the top part of the term list. The program has an option to convert simplified forms of phrases into correct phrases in the nominal case. TermoPL accepts as input morphologically annotated and disambiguated domain texts and creates a list of terms, the top part of which comprises domain terminology. It can also compare two candidate term lists using three different coefficients showing asymmetry of term occurrences in this data.",
}
@inproceedings{im-walde-etal-2016-ghost,
    title = "{G}ho{S}t-{NN}: A Representative Gold Standard of {G}erman Noun-Noun Compounds",
    author = {im Walde, Sabine Schulte  and
      H{\"a}tty, Anna  and
      Bott, Stefan  and
      Khvtisavrishvili, Nana},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1362",
    pages = "2285--2292",
    abstract = "This paper presents a novel gold standard of German noun-noun compounds (Ghost-NN) including 868 compounds annotated with corpus frequencies of the compounds and their constituents, productivity and ambiguity of the constituents, semantic relations between the constituents, and compositionality ratings of compound-constituent pairs. Moreover, a subset of the compounds containing 180 compounds is balanced for the productivity of the modifiers (distinguishing low/mid/high productivity) and the ambiguity of the heads (distinguishing between heads with 1, 2 and {\textgreater}2 senses",
}
@inproceedings{ramisch-etal-2016-deque,
    title = "{D}e{Q}ue: A Lexicon of Complex Prepositions and Conjunctions in {F}rench",
    author = "Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Nasr, Alexis  and
      Valli, Andr{\'e}  and
      Deulofeu, Jos{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1363",
    pages = "2293--2298",
    abstract = "We introduce DeQue, a lexicon covering French complex prepositions (CPRE) like {``}{\`a} partir de{''} (from) and complex conjunctions (CCONJ) like {``}bien que{''} (although). The lexicon includes fine-grained linguistic description based on empirical evidence. We describe the general characteristics of CPRE and CCONJ in French, with special focus on syntactic ambiguity. Then, we list the selection criteria used to build the lexicon and the corpus-based methodology employed to collect entries. Finally, we quantify the ambiguity of each construction by annotating around 100 sentences randomly taken from the FRWaC. In addition to its theoretical value, the resource has many potential practical applications. We intend to employ DeQue for treebank annotation and to train a dependency parser that can takes complex constructions into account.",
}
@inproceedings{losnegaard-etal-2016-parseme,
    title = "{PARSEME} Survey on {MWE} Resources",
    author = "Losnegaard, Gyri Sm{\o}rdal  and
      Sangati, Federico  and
      Escart{\'\i}n, Carla Parra  and
      Savary, Agata  and
      Bargmann, Sascha  and
      Monti, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1364",
    pages = "2299--2306",
    abstract = "This paper summarizes the preliminary results of an ongoing survey on multiword resources carried out within the IC1207 Cost Action PARSEME (PARSing and Multi-word Expressions). Despite the availability of language resource catalogs and the inventory of multiword datasets on the SIGLEX-MWE website, multiword resources are scattered and difficult to find. In many cases, language resources such as corpora, treebanks, or lexical databases include multiwords as part of their data or take them into account in their annotations. However, these resources need to be centralized to make them accessible. The aim of this survey is to create a portal where researchers can easily find multiword(-aware) language resources for their research. We report on the design of the survey and analyze the data gathered so far. We also discuss the problems we have detected upon examination of the data as well as possible ways of enhancing the survey.",
}
@inproceedings{wilkens-etal-2016-multiword,
    title = "Multiword Expressions in Child Language",
    author = "Wilkens, Rodrigo  and
      Idiart, Marco  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1365",
    pages = "2307--2311",
    abstract = "The goal of this work is to introduce CHILDES-MWE, which contains English CHILDES corpora automatically annotated with Multiword Expressions (MWEs) information. The result is a resource with almost 350,000 sentences annotated with more than 70,000 distinct MWEs of various types from both longitudinal and latitudinal corpora. This resource can be used for large scale language acquisition studies of how MWEs feature in child language. Focusing on compound nouns (CN), we then verify in a longitudinal study if there are differences in the distribution and compositionality of CNs in child-directed and child-produced sentences across ages. Moreover, using additional latitudinal data, we investigate if there are further differences in CN usage and in compositionality preferences. The results obtained for the child-produced sentences reflect CN distribution and compositionality in child-directed sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2016-transfer,
    title = "Transfer-Based Learning-to-Rank Assessment of Medical Term Technicality",
    author = "Bouamor, Dhouha  and
      Llanos, Leonardo Campillos  and
      Ligozat, Anne-Laure  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1366",
    pages = "2312--2316",
    abstract = "While measuring the readability of texts has been a long-standing research topic, assessing the technicality of terms has only been addressed more recently and mostly for the English language. In this paper, we train a learning-to-rank model to determine a specialization degree for each term found in a given list. Since no training data for this task exist for French, we train our system with non-lexical features on English data, namely, the Consumer Health Vocabulary, then apply it to French. The features include the likelihood ratio of the term based on specialized and lay language models, and tests for containing morphologically complex words. The evaluation of this approach is conducted on 134 terms from the UMLS Metathesaurus and 868 terms from the Eugloss thesaurus. The Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain obtained by our system is over 0.8 on both test sets. Besides, thanks to the learning-to-rank approach, adding morphological features to the language model features improves the results on the Eugloss thesaurus.",
}
@inproceedings{rodriguez-fernandez-etal-2016-example,
    title = "Example-based Acquisition of Fine-grained Collocation Resources",
    author = "Rodr{\'\i}guez-Fern{\'a}ndez, Sara  and
      Carlini, Roberto  and
      Anke, Luis Espinosa  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1367",
    pages = "2317--2322",
    abstract = "Collocations such as {``}heavy rain{''} or {``}make [a] decision{''}, are combinations of two elements where one (the base) is freely chosen, while the choice of the other (collocate) is restricted, depending on the base. Collocations present difficulties even to advanced language learners, who usually struggle to find the right collocate to express a particular meaning, e.g., both {``}heavy{''} and {``}strong{''} express the meaning {`}intense{'}, but while {``}rain{''} selects {``}heavy{''}, {``}wind{''} selects {``}strong{''}. Lexical Functions (LFs) describe the meanings that hold between the elements of collocations, such as {`}intense{'}, {`}perform{'}, {`}create{'}, {`}increase{'}, etc. Language resources with semantically classified collocations would be of great help for students, however they are expensive to build, since they are manually constructed, and scarce. We present an unsupervised approach to the acquisition and semantic classification of collocations according to LFs, based on word embeddings in which, given an example of a collocation for each of the target LFs and a set of bases, the system retrieves a list of collocates for each base and LF.",
}
@inproceedings{rosen-etal-2016-mwes,
    title = "{MWE}s in Treebanks: From Survey to Guidelines",
    author = "Ros{\'e}n, Victoria  and
      Smedt, Koenraad De  and
      Losnegaard, Gyri Sm{\o}rdal  and
      Bej{\v{c}}ek, Eduard  and
      Savary, Agata  and
      Osenova, Petya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1368",
    pages = "2323--2330",
    abstract = "By means of an online survey, we have investigated ways in which various types of multiword expressions are annotated in existing treebanks. The results indicate that there is considerable variation in treatments across treebanks and thereby also, to some extent, across languages and across theoretical frameworks. The comparison is focused on the annotation of light verb constructions and verbal idioms. The survey shows that the light verb constructions either get special annotations as such, or are treated as ordinary verbs, while VP idioms are handled through different strategies. Based on insights from our investigation, we propose some general guidelines for annotating multiword expressions in treebanks. The recommendations address the following application-based needs: distinguishing MWEs from similar but compositional constructions; searching distinct types of MWEs in treebanks; awareness of literal and nonliteral meanings; and normalization of the MWE representation. The cross-lingually and cross-theoretically focused survey is intended as an aid to accessing treebanks and an aid for further work on treebank annotation.",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2016-multiword,
    title = "Multiword Expressions Dataset for {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Singh, Dhirendra  and
      Bhingardive, Sudha  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1369",
    pages = "2331--2335",
    abstract = "Multiword Expressions (MWEs) are used frequently in natural languages, but understanding the diversity in MWEs is one of the open problem in the area of Natural Language Processing. In the context of Indian languages, MWEs play an important role. In this paper, we present MWEs annotation dataset created for Indian languages viz., Hindi and Marathi. We extract possible MWE candidates using two repositories: 1) the POS-tagged corpus and 2) the IndoWordNet synsets. Annotation is done for two types of MWEs: compound nouns and light verb constructions. In the process of annotation, human annotators tag valid MWEs from these candidates based on the standard guidelines provided to them. We obtained 3178 compound nouns and 2556 light verb constructions in Hindi and 1003 compound nouns and 2416 light verb constructions in Marathi using two repositories mentioned before. This created resource is made available publicly and can be used as a gold standard for Hindi and Marathi MWE systems.",
}
@inproceedings{blache-etal-2016-marsagram,
    title = "{M}arsa{G}ram: an excursion in the forests of parsing trees",
    author = "Blache, Philippe  and
      Rauzy, St{\'e}phane  and
      Montcheuil, Gr{\'e}goire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1370",
    pages = "2336--2342",
    abstract = "The question of how to compare languages and more generally the domain of linguistic typology, relies on the study of different linguistic properties or phenomena. Classically, such a comparison is done semi-manually, for example by extracting information from databases such as the WALS. However, it remains difficult to identify precisely regular parameters, available for different languages, that can be used as a basis towards modeling. We propose in this paper, focusing on the question of syntactic typology, a method for automatically extracting such parameters from treebanks, bringing them into a typology perspective. We present the method and the tools for inferring such information and navigating through the treebanks. The approach has been applied to 10 languages of the Universal Dependencies Treebank. We approach is evaluated by showing how automatic classification correlates with language families.",
}
@inproceedings{little-tratz-2016-easytree,
    title = "{E}asy{T}ree: A Graphical Tool for Dependency Tree Annotation",
    author = "Little, Alexa  and
      Tratz, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1371",
    pages = "2343--2347",
    abstract = "This paper introduces EasyTree, a dynamic graphical tool for dependency tree annotation. Built in JavaScript using the popular D3 data visualization library, EasyTree allows annotators to construct and label trees entirely by manipulating graphics, and then export the corresponding data in JSON format. Human users are thus able to annotate in an intuitive way without compromising the machine-compatibility of the output. EasyTree has a number of features to assist annotators, including color-coded part-of-speech indicators and optional translation displays. It can also be customized to suit a wide range of projects; part-of-speech categories, edge labels, and many other settings can be edited from within the GUI. The system also utilizes UTF-8 encoding and properly handles both left-to-right and right-to-left scripts. By providing a user-friendly annotation tool, we aim to reduce time spent transforming data or learning to use the software, to improve the user experience for annotators, and to make annotation approachable even for inexperienced users. Unlike existing solutions, EasyTree is built entirely with standard web technologies{--}JavaScript, HTML, and CSS{--}making it ideal for web-based annotation efforts, including crowdsourcing efforts.",
}
@inproceedings{morales-etal-2016-hypergraph,
    title = "Hypergraph Modelization of a Syntactically Annotated {E}nglish {W}ikipedia Dump",
    author = "Morales, Edmundo Pavel Soriano  and
      Ah-Pine, Julien  and
      Loudcher, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1372",
    pages = "2348--2353",
    abstract = "Wikipedia, the well known internet encyclopedia, is nowadays a widely used source of information. To leverage its rich information, already parsed versions of Wikipedia have been proposed. We present an annotated dump of the English Wikipedia. This dump draws upon previously released Wikipedia parsed dumps. Still, we head in a different direction. In this parse we focus more into the syntactical characteristics of words: aside from the classical Part-of-Speech (PoS) tags and dependency parsing relations, we provide the full constituent parse branch for each word in a succinct way. Additionally, we propose a hypergraph network representation of the extracted linguistic information. The proposed modelization aims to take advantage of the information stocked within our parsed Wikipedia dump. We hope that by releasing these resources, researchers from the concerned communities will have a ready-to-experiment Wikipedia corpus to compare and distribute their work. We render public our parsed Wikipedia dump as well as the tool (and its source code) used to perform the parse. The hypergraph network and its related metadata is also distributed.",
}
@inproceedings{versley-steen-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Annotation Scheme Variation in Out-of-Domain Treebanks",
    author = "Versley, Yannick  and
      Steen, Julius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1373",
    pages = "2354--2360",
    abstract = "To ensure portability of NLP systems across multiple domains, existing treebanks are often extended by adding trees from interesting domains that were not part of the initial annotation effort. In this paper, we will argue that it is both useful from an application viewpoint and enlightening from a linguistic viewpoint to detect and reduce divergence in annotation schemes between extant and new parts in a set of treebanks that is to be used in evaluation experiments. The results of our correction and harmonization efforts will be made available to the public as a test suite for the evaluation of constituent parsing.",
}
@inproceedings{seraji-etal-2016-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies for {P}ersian",
    author = "Seraji, Mojgan  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1374",
    pages = "2361--2365",
    abstract = "The Persian Universal Dependency Treebank (Persian UD) is a recent effort of treebanking Persian with Universal Dependencies (UD), an ongoing project that designs unified and cross-linguistically valid grammatical representations including part-of-speech tags, morphological features, and dependency relations. The Persian UD is the converted version of the Uppsala Persian Dependency Treebank (UPDT) to the universal dependencies framework and consists of nearly 6,000 sentences and 152,871 word tokens with an average sentence length of 25 words. In addition to the universal dependencies syntactic annotation guidelines, the two treebanks differ in tokenization. All words containing unsegmented clitics (pronominal and copula clitics) annotated with complex labels in the UPDT have been separated from the clitics and appear with distinct labels in the Persian UD. The treebank has its original syntactic annotation scheme based on Stanford Typed Dependencies. In this paper, we present the approaches taken in the development of the Persian UD.",
}
@inproceedings{seddah-candito-2016-hard,
    title = "Hard Time Parsing Questions: Building a {Q}uestion{B}ank for {F}rench",
    author = "Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      Candito, Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1375",
    pages = "2366--2370",
    abstract = "We present the French Question Bank, a treebank of 2600 questions. We show that classical parsing model performance drop while the inclusion of this data set is highly beneficial without harming the parsing of non-question data. when facing out-of- domain data with strong structural diver- gences. Two thirds being aligned with the QB (Judge et al., 2006) and being freely available, this treebank will prove useful to build robust NLP systems.",
}
@inproceedings{schuster-manning-2016-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced {E}nglish Universal Dependencies: An Improved Representation for Natural Language Understanding Tasks",
    author = "Schuster, Sebastian  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1376",
    pages = "2371--2378",
    abstract = "Many shallow natural language understanding tasks use dependency trees to extract relations between content words. However, strict surface-structure dependency trees tend to follow the linguistic structure of sentences too closely and frequently fail to provide direct relations between content words. To mitigate this problem, the original Stanford Dependencies representation also defines two dependency graph representations which contain additional and augmented relations that explicitly capture otherwise implicit relations between content words. In this paper, we revisit and extend these dependency graph representations in light of the recent Universal Dependencies (UD) initiative and provide a detailed account of an enhanced and an enhanced++ English UD representation. We further present a converter from constituency to basic, i.e., strict surface structure, UD trees, and a converter from basic UD trees to enhanced and enhanced++ English UD graphs. We release both converters as part of Stanford CoreNLP and the Stanford Parser.",
}
@inproceedings{anwar-etal-2016-proposition,
    title = "A Proposition Bank of {U}rdu",
    author = "Anwar, Maaz  and
      Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad  and
      Sharma, Dipti  and
      Vaidya, Ashwini  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Khan, Tafseer Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1377",
    pages = "2379--2386",
    abstract = "This paper describes our efforts for the development of a Proposition Bank for Urdu, an Indo-Aryan language. Our primary goal is the labeling of syntactic nodes in the existing Urdu dependency Treebank with specific argument labels. In essence, it involves annotation of predicate argument structures of both simple and complex predicates in the Treebank corpus. We describe the overall process of building the PropBank of Urdu. We discuss various statistics pertaining to the Urdu PropBank and the issues which the annotators encountered while developing the PropBank. We also discuss how these challenges were addressed to successfully expand the PropBank corpus. While reporting the Inter-annotator agreement between the two annotators, we show that the annotators share similar understanding of the annotation guidelines and of the linguistic phenomena present in the language. The present size of this Propbank is around 180,000 tokens which is double-propbanked by the two annotators for simple predicates. Another 100,000 tokens have been annotated for complex predicates of Urdu.",
}
@inproceedings{kriz-etal-2016-czech,
    title = "{C}zech Legal Text Treebank 1.0",
    author = "Kr{\'\i}{\v{z}}, Vincent  and
      Hladk{\'a}, Barbora  and
      Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1378",
    pages = "2387--2392",
    abstract = "We introduce a new member of the family of Prague dependency treebanks. The Czech Legal Text Treebank 1.0 is a morphologically and syntactically annotated corpus of 1,128 sentences. The treebank contains texts from the legal domain, namely the documents from the Collection of Laws of the Czech Republic. Legal texts differ from other domains in several language phenomena influenced by rather high frequency of very long sentences. A manual annotation of such sentences presents a new challenge. We describe a strategy and tools for this task. The resulting treebank can be explored in various ways. It can be downloaded from the LINDAT/CLARIN repository and viewed locally using the TrEd editor or it can be accessed on-line using the KonText and TreeQuery tools.",
}
@inproceedings{list-etal-2016-concepticon,
    title = "{C}oncepticon: A Resource for the Linking of Concept Lists",
    author = "List, Johann-Mattis  and
      Cysouw, Michael  and
      Forkel, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1379",
    pages = "2393--2400",
    abstract = "We present an attempt to link the large amount of different concept lists which are used in the linguistic literature, ranging from Swadesh lists in historical linguistics to naming tests in clinical studies and psycholinguistics. This resource, our Concepticon, links 30 222 concept labels from 160 conceptlists to 2495 concept sets. Each concept set is given a unique identifier, a unique label, and a human-readable definition. Concept sets are further structured by defining different relations between the concepts. The resource can be used for various purposes. Serving as a rich reference for new and existing databases in diachronic and synchronic linguistics, it allows researchers a quick access to studies on semantic change, cross-linguistic polysemies, and semantic associations.",
}
@inproceedings{falk-stein-2016-lvf,
    title = "{LVF}-lemon ― Towards a Linked Data Representation of {``}Les Verbes fran{\c{c}}ais{''}",
    author = "Falk, Ingrid  and
      Stein, Achim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1380",
    pages = "2401--2406",
    abstract = "In this study we elaborate a road map for the conversion of a traditional lexical syntactico-semantic resource for French into a linguistic linked open data (LLOD) model. Our approach uses current best-practices and the analyses of earlier similar undertakings (lemonUBY and PDEV-lemon) to tease out the most appropriate representation for our resource.",
}
@inproceedings{galvan-etal-2016-riddle,
    title = "Riddle Generation using Word Associations",
    author = "Galv{\'a}n, Paloma  and
      Francisco, Virginia  and
      Herv{\'a}s, Raquel  and
      M{\'e}ndez, Gonzalo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1381",
    pages = "2407--2412",
    abstract = "In knowledge bases where concepts have associated properties, there is a large amount of comparative information that is implicitly encoded in the values of the properties these concepts share. Although there have been previous approaches to generating riddles, none of them seem to take advantage of structured information stored in knowledge bases such as Thesaurus Rex, which organizes concepts according to the fine grained ad-hoc categories they are placed into by speakers in everyday language, along with associated properties or modifiers. Taking advantage of these shared properties, we have developed a riddle generator that creates riddles about concepts represented as common nouns. The base of these riddles are comparisons between the target concept and other entities that share some of its properties. In this paper, we describe the process we have followed to generate the riddles starting from the target concept and we show the results of the first evaluation we have carried out to test the quality of the resulting riddles.",
}
@inproceedings{rudnicka-etal-2016-challenges,
    title = "Challenges of Adjective Mapping between pl{W}ord{N}et and {P}rinceton {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Rudnicka, Ewa  and
      Witkowski, Wojciech  and
      Podlaska, Katarzyna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1382",
    pages = "2413--2418",
    abstract = "The paper presents the strategy and results of mapping adjective synsets between plWordNet (the wordnet of Polish, cf. Piasecki et al. 2009, Maziarz et al. 2013) and Princeton WordNet (cf. Fellbaum 1998). The main challenge of this enterprise has been very different synset relation structures in the two networks: horizontal, dumbbell-model based in PWN and vertical, hyponymy-based in plWN. Moreover, the two wordnets display differences in the grouping of adjectives into semantic domains and in the size of the adjective category. The handle the above contrasts, a series of automatic prompt algorithms and a manual mapping procedure relying on corresponding synset and lexical unit relations as well as on inter-lingual relations between noun synsets were proposed in the pilot stage of mapping (Rudnicka et al. 2015). In the paper we discuss the final results of the mapping process as well as explain example mapping choices. Suggestions for further development of mapping are also given.",
}
@inproceedings{gabryszak-etal-2016-relation,
    title = "Relation- and Phrase-level Linking of {F}rame{N}et with Sar-graphs",
    author = "Gabryszak, Aleksandra  and
      Krause, Sebastian  and
      Hennig, Leonhard  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1383",
    pages = "2419--2424",
    abstract = "Recent research shows the importance of linking linguistic knowledge resources for the creation of large-scale linguistic data. We describe our approach for combining two English resources, FrameNet and sar-graphs, and illustrate the benefits of the linked data in a relation extraction setting. While FrameNet consists of schematic representations of situations, linked to lexemes and their valency patterns, sar-graphs are knowledge resources that connect semantic relations from factual knowledge graphs to the linguistic phrases used to express instances of these relations. We analyze the conceptual similarities and differences of both resources and propose to link sar-graphs and FrameNet on the levels of relations/frames as well as phrases. The former alignment involves a manual ontology mapping step, which allows us to extend sar-graphs with new phrase patterns from FrameNet. The phrase-level linking, on the other hand, is fully automatic. We investigate the quality of the automatically constructed links and identify two main classes of errors.",
}
@inproceedings{indig-etal-2016-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Ontologies Using Ontologies: Cross-lingual Semantic Role Information Transfer",
    author = "Indig, Bal{\'a}zs  and
      Mih{\'a}ltz, M{\'a}rton  and
      Simonyi, Andr{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1384",
    pages = "2425--2430",
    abstract = "This paper presents the process of enriching the verb frame database of a Hungarian natural language parser to enable the assignment of semantic roles. We accomplished this by linking the parser{'}s verb frame database to existing linguistic resources such as VerbNet and WordNet, and automatically transferring back semantic knowledge. We developed OWL ontologies that map the various constraint description formalisms of the linked resources and employed a logical reasoning device to facilitate the linking procedure. We present results and discuss the challenges and pitfalls that arose from this undertaking.",
}
@inproceedings{harige-buitelaar-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating a Large-Scale Entity Linking Dictionary from {W}ikipedia Link Structure and Article Text",
    author = "Harige, Ravindra  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1385",
    pages = "2431--2434",
    abstract = "Wikipedia has been increasingly used as a knowledge base for open-domain Named Entity Linking and Disambiguation. In this task, a dictionary with entity surface forms plays an important role in finding a set of candidate entities for the mentions in text. Existing dictionaries mostly rely on the Wikipedia link structure, like anchor texts, redirect links and disambiguation links. In this paper, we introduce a dictionary for Entity Linking that includes name variations extracted from Wikipedia article text, in addition to name variations derived from the Wikipedia link structure. With this approach, we show an increase in the coverage of entities and their mentions in the dictionary in comparison to other Wikipedia based dictionaries.",
}
@inproceedings{mccrae-etal-2016-open,
    title = "The Open Linguistics Working Group: Developing the Linguistic Linked Open Data Cloud",
    author = "McCrae, John Philip  and
      Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Cimiano, Philipp  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      de Melo, Gerard  and
      Gracia, Jorge  and
      Hellmann, Sebastian  and
      Klimek, Bettina  and
      Moran, Steven  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Pareja-Lora, Antonio  and
      Pool, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1386",
    pages = "2435--2441",
    abstract = "The Open Linguistics Working Group (OWLG) brings together researchers from various fields of linguistics, natural language processing, and information technology to present and discuss principles, case studies, and best practices for representing, publishing and linking linguistic data collections. A major outcome of our work is the Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD) cloud, an LOD (sub-)cloud of linguistic resources, which covers various linguistic databases, lexicons, corpora, terminologies, and metadata repositories. We present and summarize five years of progress on the development of the cloud and of advancements in open data in linguistics, and we describe recent community activities. The paper aims to serve as a guideline to orient and involve researchers with the community and/or Linguistic Linked Open Data.",
}
@inproceedings{lesnikova-etal-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual {RDF} Thesauri Interlinking",
    author = "Lesnikova, Tatiana  and
      David, J{\'e}r{\^o}me  and
      Euzenat, J{\'e}r{\^o}me",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1387",
    pages = "2442--2449",
    abstract = "Various lexical resources are being published in RDF. To enhance the usability of these resources, identical resources in different data sets should be linked. If lexical resources are described in different natural languages, then techniques to deal with multilinguality are required for interlinking. In this paper, we evaluate machine translation for interlinking concepts, i.e., generic entities named with a common noun or term. In our previous work, the evaluated method has been applied on named entities. We conduct two experiments involving different thesauri in different languages. The first experiment involves concepts from the TheSoz multilingual thesaurus in three languages: English, French and German. The second experiment involves concepts from the EuroVoc and AGROVOC thesauri in English and Chinese respectively. Our results demonstrate that machine translation can be beneficial for cross-lingual thesauri interlinking independently of a dataset structure.",
}
@inproceedings{rehm-2016-language,
    title = "The Language Resource Life Cycle: Towards a Generic Model for Creating, Maintaining, Using and Distributing Language Resources",
    author = "Rehm, Georg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1388",
    pages = "2450--2454",
    abstract = "Language Resources (LRs) are an essential ingredient of current approaches in Linguistics, Computational Linguistics, Language Technology and related fields. LRs are collections of spoken or written language data, typically annotated with linguistic analysis information. Different types of LRs exist, for example, corpora, ontologies, lexicons, collections of spoken language data (audio), or collections that also include video (multimedia, multimodal). Often, LRs are distributed with specific tools, documentation, manuals or research publications. The different phases that involve creating and distributing an LR can be conceptualised as a life cycle. While the idea of handling the LR production and maintenance process in terms of a life cycle has been brought up quite some time ago, a best practice model or common approach can still be considered a research gap. This article wants to help fill this gap by proposing an initial version of a generic Language Resource Life Cycle that can be used to inform, direct, control and evaluate LR research and development activities (including description, management, production, validation and evaluation workflows).",
}
@inproceedings{harashima-etal-2016-large,
    title = "A Large-scale Recipe and Meal Data Collection as Infrastructure for Food Research",
    author = "Harashima, Jun  and
      Ariga, Michiaki  and
      Murata, Kenta  and
      Ioki, Masayuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1389",
    pages = "2455--2459",
    abstract = "Everyday meals are an important part of our daily lives and, currently, there are many Internet sites that help us plan these meals. Allied to the growth in the amount of food data such as recipes available on the Internet is an increase in the number of studies on these data, such as recipe analysis and recipe search. However, there are few publicly available resources for food research; those that do exist do not include a wide range of food data or any meal data (that is, likely combinations of recipes). In this study, we construct a large-scale recipe and meal data collection as the underlying infrastructure to promote food research. Our corpus consists of approximately 1.7 million recipes and 36000 meals in cookpad, one of the largest recipe sites in the world. We made the corpus available to researchers in February 2015 and as of February 2016, 82 research groups at 56 universities have made use of it to enhance their studies.",
}
@inproceedings{orasmaa-etal-2016-estnltk,
    title = "{E}st{NLTK} - {NLP} Toolkit for {E}stonian",
    author = "Orasmaa, Siim  and
      Petmanson, Timo  and
      Tkachenko, Alexander  and
      Laur, Sven  and
      Kaalep, Heiki-Jaan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1390",
    pages = "2460--2466",
    abstract = "Although there are many tools for natural language processing tasks in Estonian, these tools are very loosely interoperable, and it is not easy to build practical applications on top of them. In this paper, we introduce a new Python library for natural language processing in Estonian, which provides unified programming interface for various NLP components. The EstNLTK toolkit provides utilities for basic NLP tasks including tokenization, morphological analysis, lemmatisation and named entity recognition as well as offers more advanced features such as a clause segmentation, temporal expression extraction and normalization, verb chain detection, Estonian Wordnet integration and rule-based information extraction. Accompanied by a detailed API documentation and comprehensive tutorials, EstNLTK is suitable for a wide range of audience. We believe EstNLTK is mature enough to be used for developing NLP-backed systems both in industry and research. EstNLTK is freely available under the GNU GPL version 2+ license, which is standard for academic software.",
}
@inproceedings{roux-2016-south,
    title = "South {A}frican National Centre for Digital Language Resources",
    author = "Roux, Justus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1391",
    pages = "2467--2470",
    abstract = "This presentation introduces the imminent establishment of a new language resource infrastructure focusing on languages spoken in Southern Africa, with an eventual aim to become a hub for digital language resources within Sub-Saharan Africa. The Constitution of South Africa makes provision for 11 official languages all with equal status. The current language Resource Management Agency will be merged with the new Centre, which will have a wider focus than that of data acquisition, management and distribution. The Centre will entertain two main programs: Digitisation and Digital Humanities. The digitisation program will focus on the systematic digitisation of relevant text, speech and multi-modal data across the official languages. Relevancy will be determined by a Scientific Advisory Board. This will take place on a continuous basis through specified projects allocated to national members of the Centre, as well as through open-calls aimed at the academic as well as local communities. The digital resources will be managed and distributed through a dedicated web-based portal. The development of the Digital Humanities program will entail extensive academic support for projects implementing digital language based data. The Centre will function as an enabling research infrastructure primarily supported by national government and hosted by the North-West University.",
}
@inproceedings{lyding-schone-2016-design,
    title = "Design and Development of the {MERLIN} Learner Corpus Platform",
    author = {Lyding, Verena  and
      Sch{\"o}ne, Karin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1392",
    pages = "2471--2477",
    abstract = "In this paper, we report on the design and development of an online search platform for the MERLIN corpus of learner texts in Czech, German and Italian. It was created in the context of the MERLIN project, which aims at empirically illustrating features of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) for evaluating language competences based on authentic learner text productions compiled into a learner corpus. Furthermore, the project aims at providing access to the corpus through a search interface adapted to the needs of multifaceted target groups involved with language learning and teaching. This article starts by providing a brief overview on the project ambition, the data resource and its intended target groups. Subsequently, the main focus of the article is on the design and development process of the platform, which is carried out in a user-centred fashion. The paper presents the user studies carried out to collect requirements, details the resulting decisions concerning the platform design and its implementation, and reports on the evaluation of the platform prototype and final adjustments.",
}
@inproceedings{windhouwer-etal-2016-flat,
    title = "{FLAT}: Constructing a {CLARIN} Compatible Home for Language Resources",
    author = "Windhouwer, Menzo  and
      Kemps-Snijders, Marc  and
      Trilsbeek, Paul  and
      Moreira, Andr{\'e}  and
      der Veen, Bas van  and
      Silva, Guilherme  and
      Reihn, Daniel von",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1393",
    pages = "2478--2483",
    abstract = "Language resources are valuable assets, both for institutions and researchers. To safeguard these resources requirements for repository systems and data management have been specified by various branch organizations, e.g., CLARIN and the Data Seal of Approval. This paper describes these and some additional ones posed by the authors{'} home institutions. And it shows how they are met by FLAT, to provide a new home for language resources. The basis of FLAT is formed by the Fedora Commons repository system. This repository system can meet many of the requirements out-of-the box, but still additional configuration and some development work is needed to meet the remaining ones, e.g., to add support for Handles and Component Metadata. This paper describes design decisions taken in the construction of FLAT{'}s system architecture via a mix-and-match strategy, with a preference for the reuse of existing solutions. FLAT is developed and used by the Meertens Institute and The Language Archive, but is also freely available for anyone in need of a CLARIN-compliant repository for their language resources.",
}
@inproceedings{odijk-2016-clariah,
    title = "{CLARIAH} in the Netherlands",
    author = "Odijk, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1394",
    pages = "2484--2488",
    abstract = "I introduce CLARIAH in the Netherlands, which aims to contribute the Netherlands part of a Europe-wide humanities research infrastructure. I describe the digital turn in the humanities, the background and context of CLARIAH, both nationally and internationally, its relation to the CLARIN and DARIAH infrastructures, and the rationale for joining forces between CLARIN and DARIAH in the Netherlands. I also describe the first results of joining forces as achieved in the CLARIAH-SEED project, and the plans of the CLARIAH-CORE project, which is currently running",
}
@inproceedings{zinn-etal-2016-crosswalking,
    title = "Crosswalking from {CMDI} to Dublin Core and {MARC} 21",
    author = "Zinn, Claus  and
      Trippel, Thorsten  and
      Kaminski, Steve  and
      Dima, Emanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1395",
    pages = "2489--2495",
    abstract = "The Component MetaData Infrastructure (CMDI) is a framework for the creation and usage of metadata formats to describe all kinds of resources in the CLARIN world. To better connect to the library world, and to allow librarians to enter metadata for linguistic resources into their catalogues, a crosswalk from CMDI-based formats to bibliographic standards is required. The general and rather fluid nature of CMDI, however, makes it hard to map arbitrary CMDI schemas to metadata standards such as Dublin Core (DC) or MARC 21, which have a mature, well-defined and fixed set of field descriptors. In this paper, we address the issue and propose crosswalks between CMDI-based profiles originating from the NaLiDa project and DC and MARC 21, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{dipersio-etal-2016-data,
    title = "Data Management Plans and Data Centers",
    author = "DiPersio, Denise  and
      Cieri, Christopher  and
      Jaquette, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1396",
    pages = "2496--2501",
    abstract = "Data management plans, data sharing plans and the like are now required by funders worldwide as part of research proposals. Concerned with promoting the notion of open scientific data, funders view such plans as the framework for satisfying the generally accepted requirements for data generated in funded research projects, among them that it be accessible, usable, standardized to the degree possible, secure and stable. This paper examines the origins of data management plans, their requirements and issues they raise for data centers and HLT resource development in general.",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-etal-2016-uima,
    title = "{UIMA}-Based {JC}o{R}e 2.0 Goes {G}it{H}ub and Maven Central ― State-of-the-Art Software Resource Engineering and Distribution of {NLP} Pipelines",
    author = "Hahn, Udo  and
      Matthies, Franz  and
      Faessler, Erik  and
      Hellrich, Johannes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1397",
    pages = "2502--2509",
    abstract = "We introduce JCoRe 2.0, the relaunch of a UIMA-based open software repository for full-scale natural language processing originating from the Jena University Language {\&} Information Engineering (JULIE) Lab. In an attempt to put the new release of JCoRe on firm software engineering ground, we uploaded it to GitHub, a social coding platform, with an underlying source code versioning system and various means to support collaboration for software development and code modification management. In order to automate the builds of complex NLP pipelines and properly represent and track dependencies of the underlying Java code, we incorporated Maven as part of our software configuration management efforts. In the meantime, we have deployed our artifacts on Maven Central, as well. JCoRe 2.0 offers a broad range of text analytics functionality (mostly) for English-language scientific abstracts and full-text articles, especially from the life sciences domain.",
}
@inproceedings{offersgaard-hansen-2016-facilitating,
    title = "Facilitating Metadata Interoperability in {CLARIN}-{DK}",
    author = "Offersgaard, Lene  and
      Hansen, Dorte Haltrup",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1398",
    pages = "2510--2515",
    abstract = "The issue for CLARIN archives at the metadata level is to facilitate the user{'}s possibility to describe their data, even with their own standard, and at the same time make these metadata meaningful for a variety of users with a variety of resource types, and ensure that the metadata are useful for search across all resources both at the national and at the European level. We see that different people from different research communities fill in the metadata in different ways even though the metadata was defined and documented. This has impacted when the metadata are harvested and displayed in different environments. A loss of information is at stake. In this paper we view the challenges of ensuring metadata interoperability through examples of propagation of metadata values from the CLARIN-DK archive to the VLO. We see that the CLARIN Community in many ways support interoperability, but argue that agreeing upon standards, making clear definitions of the semantics of the metadata and their content is inevitable for the interoperability to work successfully. The key points are clear and freely available definitions, accessible documentation and easily usable facilities and guidelines for the metadata creators.",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-etal-2016-ipr,
    title = "The {IPR}-cleared Corpus of Contemporary Written and Spoken {R}omanian Language",
    author = "Tufi{\textcommabelow{s}}, Dan  and
      Mititelu, Verginica Barbu  and
      Irimia, Elena  and
      Dumitrescu, {\textcommabelow{S}}tefan Daniel  and
      Boro{\textcommabelow{s}}, Tiberiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1399",
    pages = "2516--2521",
    abstract = "The article describes the current status of a large national project, CoRoLa, aiming at building a reference corpus for the contemporary Romanian language. Unlike many other national corpora, CoRoLa contains only - IPR cleared texts and speech data, obtained from some of the country{'}s most representative publishing houses, broadcasting agencies, editorial offices, newspapers and popular bloggers. For the written component 500 million tokens are targeted and for the oral one 300 hours of recordings. The choice of texts is done according to their functional style, domain and subdomain, also with an eye to the international practice. A metadata file (following the CMDI model) is associated to each text file. Collected texts are cleaned and transformed in a format compatible with the tools for automatic processing (segmentation, tokenization, lemmatization, part-of-speech tagging). The paper also presents up-to-date statistics about the structure of the corpus almost two years before its official launching. The corpus will be freely available for searching. Users will be able to download the results of their searches and those original files when not against stipulations in the protocols we have with text providers.",
}
@inproceedings{kren-etal-2016-syn2015,
    title = "{SYN}2015: Representative Corpus of Contemporary Written {C}zech",
    author = "K{\v{r}}en, Michal  and
      Cvr{\v{c}}ek, V{\'a}clav  and
      {\v{C}}apka, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      {\v{C}}erm{\'a}kov{\'a}, Anna  and
      Hn{\'a}tkov{\'a}, Milena  and
      Chlumsk{\'a}, Lucie  and
      Jel{\'\i}nek, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Kov{\'a}{\v{r}}{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Dominika  and
      Petkevi{\v{c}}, Vladim{\'\i}r  and
      Proch{\'a}zka, Pavel  and
      Skoumalov{\'a}, Hana  and
      {\v{S}}krabal, Michal  and
      Trune{\v{c}}ek, Petr  and
      Vond{\v{r}}i{\v{c}}ka, Pavel  and
      Zasina, Adrian Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1400",
    pages = "2522--2528",
    abstract = "The paper concentrates on the design, composition and annotation of SYN2015, a new 100-million representative corpus of contemporary written Czech. SYN2015 is a sequel of the representative corpora of the SYN series that can be described as traditional (as opposed to the web-crawled corpora), featuring cleared copyright issues, well-defined composition, reliability of annotation and high-quality text processing. At the same time, SYN2015 is designed as a reflection of the variety of written Czech text production with necessary methodological and technological enhancements that include a detailed bibliographic annotation and text classification based on an updated scheme. The corpus has been produced using a completely rebuilt text processing toolchain called SynKorp. SYN2015 is lemmatized, morphologically and syntactically annotated with state-of-the-art tools. It has been published within the framework of the Czech National Corpus and it is available via the standard corpus query interface KonText at http://kontext.korpus.cz as well as a dataset in shuffled format.",
}
@inproceedings{gratta-etal-2016-lrec,
    title = "{LREC} as a Graph: People and Resources in a Network",
    author = "Gratta, Riccardo Del  and
      Frontini, Francesca  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Pardelli, Gabriella  and
      Russo, Irene  and
      Bartolini, Roberto  and
      Khan, Fahad  and
      Soria, Claudia  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1401",
    pages = "2529--2532",
    abstract = "This proposal describes a new way to visualise resources in the LREMap, a community-built repository of language resource descriptions and uses. The LREMap is represented as a force-directed graph, where resources, papers and authors are nodes. The analysis of the visual representation of the underlying graph is used to study how the community gathers around LRs and how LRs are used in research.",
}
@inproceedings{kamocki-etal-2016-public,
    title = "The Public License Selector: Making Open Licensing Easier",
    author = "Kamocki, Pawel  and
      Stra{\v{n}}{\'a}k, Pavel  and
      Sedl{\'a}k, Michal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1402",
    pages = "2533--2538",
    abstract = "Researchers in Natural Language Processing rely on availability of data and software, ideally under open licenses, but little is done to actively encourage it. In fact, the current Copyright framework grants exclusive rights to authors to copy their works, make them available to the public and make derivative works (such as annotated language corpora). Moreover, in the EU databases are protected against unauthorized extraction and re-utilization of their contents. Therefore, proper public licensing plays a crucial role in providing access to research data. A public license is a license that grants certain rights not to one particular user, but to the general public (everybody). Our article presents a tool that we developed and whose purpose is to assist the user in the licensing process. As software and data should be licensed under different licenses, the tool is composed of two separate parts: Data and Software. The underlying logic as well as elements of the graphic interface are presented below.",
}
@inproceedings{vitkute-adzgauskiene-etal-2016-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} Infrastructure for the {L}ithuanian Language",
    author = "Vitkut{\.e}-Ad{\v{z}}gauskien{\.e}, Daiva  and
      Utka, Andrius  and
      Amilevi{\v{c}}ius, Darius  and
      Krilavi{\v{c}}ius, Tomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1403",
    pages = "2539--2542",
    abstract = "The Information System for Syntactic and Semantic Analysis of the Lithuanian language (lith. Lietuvi{\k{u}} kalbos sintaksin{\.e}s ir semantin{\.e}s analiz{\.e}s informacin{\.e} sistema, LKSSAIS) is the first infrastructure for the Lithuanian language combining Lithuanian language tools and resources for diverse linguistic research and applications tasks. It provides access to the basic as well as advanced natural language processing tools and resources, including tools for corpus creation and management, text preprocessing and annotation, ontology building, named entity recognition, morphosyntactic and semantic analysis, sentiment analysis, etc. It is an important platform for researchers and developers in the field of natural language technology.",
}
@inproceedings{krieg-holz-etal-2016-code,
    title = "{C}od{E} Alltag: A {G}erman-Language E-Mail Corpus",
    author = "Krieg-Holz, Ulrike  and
      Schuschnig, Christian  and
      Matthies, Franz  and
      Redling, Benjamin  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1404",
    pages = "2543--2550",
    abstract = "We introduce CODE ALLTAG, a text corpus composed of German-language e-mails. It is divided into two partitions: the first of these portions, CODE ALLTAG{\_}XL, consists of a bulk-size collection drawn from an openly accessible e-mail archive (roughly 1.5M e-mails), whereas the second portion, CODE ALLTAG{\_}S+d, is much smaller in size (less than thousand e-mails), yet excels with demographic data from each author of an e-mail. CODE ALLTAG, thus, currently constitutes the largest E-Mail corpus ever built. In this paper, we describe, for both parts, the solicitation process for gathering e-mails, present descriptive statistical properties of the corpus, and, for CODE ALLTAG{\_}S+d, reveal a compilation of demographic features of the donors of e-mails.",
}
@inproceedings{kulick-bies-2016-rapid,
    title = "Rapid Development of Morphological Analyzers for Typologically Diverse Languages",
    author = "Kulick, Seth  and
      Bies, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1405",
    pages = "2551--2557",
    abstract = "The Low Resource Language research conducted under DARPA{'}s Broad Operational Language Translation (BOLT) program required the rapid creation of text corpora of typologically diverse languages (Turkish, Hausa, and Uzbek) which were annotated with morphological information, along with other types of annotation. Since the output of morphological analyzers is a significant aid to morphological annotation, we developed a morphological analyzer for each language in order to support the annotation task, and also as a deliverable by itself. Our framework for analyzer creation results in tables similar to those used in the successful SAMA analyzer for Arabic, but with a more abstract linguistic level, from which the tables are derived. A lexicon was developed from available resources for integration with the analyzer, and given the speed of development and uncertain coverage of the lexicon, we assumed that the analyzer would necessarily be lacking in some coverage for the project annotation. Our analyzer framework was therefore focused on rapid implementation of the key structures of the language, together with accepting {``}wildcard{''} solutions as possible analyses for a word with an unknown stem, building upon our similar experiences with morphological annotation with Modern Standard Arabic and Egyptian Arabic.",
}
@inproceedings{chakrabarty-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "A Neural Lemmatizer for {B}engali",
    author = "Chakrabarty, Abhisek  and
      Chaturvedi, Akshay  and
      Garain, Utpal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1406",
    pages = "2558--2561",
    abstract = "We propose a novel neural lemmatization model which is language independent and supervised in nature. To handle the words in a neural framework, word embedding technique is used to represent words as vectors. The proposed lemmatizer makes use of contextual information of the surface word to be lemmatized. Given a word along with its contextual neighbours as input, the model is designed to produce the lemma of the concerned word as output. We introduce a new network architecture that permits only dimension specific connections between the input and the output layer of the model. For the present work, Bengali is taken as the reference language. Two datasets are prepared for training and testing purpose consisting of 19,159 and 2,126 instances respectively. As Bengali is a resource scarce language, these datasets would be beneficial for the respective research community. Evaluation method shows that the neural lemmatizer achieves 69.57{\%} accuracy on the test dataset and outperforms the simple cosine similarity based baseline strategy by a margin of 1.37{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{tyers-etal-2016-finite,
    title = "A Finite-state Morphological Analyser for Tuvan",
    author = "Tyers, Francis  and
      Bayyr-ool, Aziyana  and
      Salchak, Aelita  and
      Washington, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1407",
    pages = "2562--2567",
    abstract = "{\textasciitilde}This paper describes the development of free/open-source finite-state morphological transducers for Tuvan, a Turkic language spoken in and around the Tuvan Republic in Russia. The finite-state toolkit used for the work is the Helsinki Finite-State Toolkit (HFST), we use the lexc formalism for modelling the morphotactics and twol formalism for modelling morphophonological alternations. We present a novel description of the morphological combinatorics of pseudo-derivational morphemes in Tuvan. An evaluation is presented which shows that the transducer has a reasonable coverage―around 93{\%}―on freely-available corpora of the languages, and high precision―over 99{\%}―on a manually verified test set.",
}
@inproceedings{spektors-etal-2016-tezaurs,
    title = "{T}{\=e}zaurs.lv: the Largest Open Lexical Database for {L}atvian",
    author = "Spektors, Andrejs  and
      Auzina, Ilze  and
      Dargis, Roberts  and
      Gruzitis, Normunds  and
      Paikens, Peteris  and
      Pretkalnina, Lauma  and
      Rituma, Laura  and
      Saulite, Baiba",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1408",
    pages = "2568--2571",
    abstract = "We describe an extensive and versatile lexical resource for Latvian, an under-resourced Indo-European language, which we call Tezaurs (Latvian for {`}thesaurus{'}). It comprises a large explanatory dictionary of more than 250,000 entries that are derived from more than 280 external sources. The dictionary is enriched with phonetic, morphological, semantic and other annotations, as well as augmented by various language processing tools allowing for the generation of inflectional forms and pronunciation, for on-the-fly selection of corpus examples, for suggesting synonyms, etc. Tezaurs is available as a public and widely used web application for end-users, as an open data set for the use in language technology (LT), and as an API ― a set of web services for the integration into third-party applications. The ultimate goal of Tezaurs is to be the central computational lexicon for Latvian, bringing together all Latvian words and frequently used multi-word units and allowing for the integration of other LT resources and tools.",
}
@inproceedings{motlani-etal-2016-finite,
    title = "A Finite-State Morphological Analyser for {S}indhi",
    author = "Motlani, Raveesh  and
      Tyers, Francis  and
      Sharma, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1409",
    pages = "2572--2577",
    abstract = "Morphological analysis is a fundamental task in natural-language processing, which is used in other NLP applications such as part-of-speech tagging, syntactic parsing, information retrieval, machine translation, etc. In this paper, we present our work on the development of free/open-source finite-state morphological analyser for Sindhi. We have used Apertium{'}s lttoolbox as our finite-state toolkit to implement the transducer. The system is developed using a paradigm-based approach, wherein a paradigm defines all the word forms and their morphological features for a given stem (lemma). We have evaluated our system on the Sindhi Wikipedia corpus and achieved a reasonable coverage of 81{\%} and a precision of over 97{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{forsberg-hulden-2016-deriving,
    title = "Deriving Morphological Analyzers from Example Inflections",
    author = "Forsberg, Markus  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1410",
    pages = "2578--2583",
    abstract = "This paper presents a semi-automatic method to derive morphological analyzers from a limited number of example inflections suitable for languages with alphabetic writing systems. The system we present learns the inflectional behavior of morphological paradigms from examples and converts the learned paradigms into a finite-state transducer that is able to map inflected forms of previously unseen words into lemmas and corresponding morphosyntactic descriptions. We evaluate the system when provided with inflection tables for several languages collected from the Wiktionary.",
}
@inproceedings{smith-hulden-2016-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Analysis of Sahidic {C}optic for Automatic Glossing",
    author = "Smith, Daniel  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1411",
    pages = "2584--2588",
    abstract = "We report on the implementation of a morphological analyzer for the Sahidic dialect of Coptic, a now extinct Afro-Asiatic language. The system is developed in the finite-state paradigm. The main purpose of the project is provide a method by which scholars and linguists can semi-automatically gloss extant texts written in Sahidic. Since a complete lexicon containing all attested forms in different manuscripts requires significant expertise in Coptic spanning almost 1,000 years, we have equipped the analyzer with a core lexicon and extended it with a {``}guesser{''} ability to capture out-of-vocabulary items in any inflection. We also suggest an ASCII transliteration for the language. A brief evaluation is provided.",
}
@inproceedings{wolinski-kieras-2016-line,
    title = "The on-line version of Grammatical Dictionary of Polish",
    author = "Woli{\'n}ski, Marcin  and
      Kiera{\'s}, Witold",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1412",
    pages = "2589--2594",
    abstract = "We present the new online edition of a dictionary of Polish inflection ― the Grammatical Dictionary of Polish (http://sgjp.pl). The dictionary is interesting for several reasons: it is comprehensive (over 330,000 lexemes corresponding to almost 4,300,000 different textual words; 1116 handcrafted inflectional patterns), the inflection is presented in an explicit manner in the form of carefully designed tables, the user interface facilitates advanced queries by several features (lemmas, forms, applicable grammatical categories, types of inflection). Moreover, the data of the dictionary is used in morphological analysers, including our product Morfeusz (http://sgjp. pl/morfeusz). From the start, the dictionary was meant to be comfortable for the human reader as well as to be ready for use in NLP applications. In the paper we briefly discuss both aspects of the resource.",
}
@inproceedings{koper-im-walde-2016-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Generated Affective Norms of Abstractness, Arousal, Imageability and Valence for 350 000 {G}erman Lemmas",
    author = {K{\"o}per, Maximilian  and
      im Walde, Sabine Schulte},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1413",
    pages = "2595--2598",
    abstract = "This paper presents a collection of 350,000 German lemmatised words, rated on four psycholinguistic affective attributes. All ratings were obtained via a supervised learning algorithm that can automatically calculate a numerical rating of a word. We applied this algorithm to abstractness, arousal, imageability and valence. Comparison with human ratings reveals high correlation across all rating types. The full resource is publically available at: http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/data/affective{\_}norms/",
}
@inproceedings{passarotti-etal-2016-latin,
    title = "{L}atin {V}allex. A Treebank-based Semantic Valency Lexicon for {L}atin",
    author = "Passarotti, Marco  and
      Saavedra, Berta Gonz{\'a}lez  and
      Onambele, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1414",
    pages = "2599--2606",
    abstract = "Despite a centuries-long tradition in lexicography, Latin lacks state-of-the-art computational lexical resources. This situation is strictly related to the still quite limited amount of linguistically annotated textual data for Latin, which can help the building of new lexical resources by supporting them with empirical evidence. However, projects for creating new language resources for Latin have been launched over the last decade to fill this gap. In this paper, we present Latin Vallex, a valency lexicon for Latin built in mutual connection with the semantic and pragmatic annotation of two Latin treebanks featuring texts of different eras. On the one hand, such a connection between the empirical evidence provided by the treebanks and the lexicon allows to enhance each frame entry in the lexicon with its frequency in real data. On the other hand, each valency-capable word in the treebanks is linked to a frame entry in the lexicon.",
}
@inproceedings{hayashi-2016-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Cross-lingual/Node-wise Alignment of Lexical-Semantic Resources",
    author = "Hayashi, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1415",
    pages = "2607--2613",
    abstract = "Given lexical-semantic resources in different languages, it is useful to establish cross-lingual correspondences, preferably with semantic relation labels, between the concept nodes in these resources. This paper presents a framework for enabling a cross-lingual/node-wise alignment of lexical-semantic resources, where cross-lingual correspondence candidates are first discovered and ranked, and then classified by a succeeding module. Indeed, we propose that a two-tier classifier configuration is feasible for the second module: the first classifier filters out possibly irrelevant correspondence candidates and the second classifier assigns a relatively fine-grained semantic relation label to each of the surviving candidates. The results of Japanese-to-English alignment experiments using EDR Electronic Dictionary and Princeton WordNet are described to exemplify the validity of the proposal.",
}
@inproceedings{piao-etal-2016-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Coverage Evaluation of Large-scale Multilingual Semantic Lexicons for Twelve Languages",
    author = {Piao, Scott  and
      Rayson, Paul  and
      Archer, Dawn  and
      Bianchi, Francesca  and
      Dayrell, Carmen  and
      El-Haj, Mahmoud  and
      Jim{\'e}nez, Ricardo-Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Knight, Dawn  and
      K{\v{r}}en, Michal  and
      L{\"o}fberg, Laura  and
      Nawab, Rao Muhammad Adeel  and
      Shafi, Jawad  and
      Teh, Phoey Lee  and
      Mudraya, Olga},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1416",
    pages = "2614--2619",
    abstract = "The last two decades have seen the development of various semantic lexical resources such as WordNet (Miller, 1995) and the USAS semantic lexicon (Rayson et al., 2004), which have played an important role in the areas of natural language processing and corpus-based studies. Recently, increasing efforts have been devoted to extending the semantic frameworks of existing lexical knowledge resources to cover more languages, such as EuroWordNet and Global WordNet. In this paper, we report on the construction of large-scale multilingual semantic lexicons for twelve languages, which employ the unified Lancaster semantic taxonomy and provide a multilingual lexical knowledge base for the automatic UCREL semantic annotation system (USAS). Our work contributes towards the goal of constructing larger-scale and higher-quality multilingual semantic lexical resources and developing corpus annotation tools based on them. Lexical coverage is an important factor concerning the quality of the lexicons and the performance of the corpus annotation tools, and in this experiment we focus on evaluating the lexical coverage achieved by the multilingual lexicons and semantic annotation tools based on them. Our evaluation shows that some semantic lexicons such as those for Finnish and Italian have achieved lexical coverage of over 90{\%} while others need further expansion.",
}
@inproceedings{recski-2016-building,
    title = "Building Concept Graphs from Monolingual Dictionary Entries",
    author = "Recski, G{\'a}bor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1417",
    pages = "2620--2624",
    abstract = "We present the dict{\_}to{\_}4lang tool for processing entries of three monolingual dictionaries of English and mapping definitions to concept graphs following the 4lang principles of semantic representation introduced by (Kornai, 2010). 4lang representations are domain- and language-independent, and make use of only a very limited set of primitives to encode the meaning of all utterances. Our pipeline relies on the Stanford Dependency Parser for syntactic analysis, the dep to 4lang module then builds directed graphs of concepts based on dependency relations between words in each definition. Several issues are handled by construction-specific rules that are applied to the output of dep{\_}to{\_}4lang. Manual evaluation suggests that ca. 75{\%} of graphs built from the Longman Dictionary are either entirely correct or contain only minor errors. dict{\_}to{\_}4lang is available under an MIT license as part of the 4lang library and has been used successfully in measuring Semantic Textual Similarity (Recski and {\'A}cs, 2015). An interactive demo of core 4lang functionalities is available at http://4lang.hlt.bme.hu.",
}
@inproceedings{hajnicz-etal-2016-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Layer of the Valence Dictionary of Polish Walenty",
    author = "Hajnicz, El{\.z}bieta  and
      Andrzejczuk, Anna  and
      Bartosiak, Tomasz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1418",
    pages = "2625--2632",
    abstract = "This article presents the semantic layer of Walenty―a new valence dictionary of Polish predicates, with a number of novel features, as compared to other such dictionaries. The dictionary contains two layers, syntactic and semantic. The syntactic layer describes syntactic and morphosyntactic constraints predicates put on their dependants. In particular, it includes a comprehensive and powerful phraseological component. The semantic layer shows how predicates and their arguments are involved in a described situation in an utterance. These two layers are connected, representing how semantic arguments can be realised on the surface. Each syntactic schema and each semantic frame are illustrated by at least one exemplary sentence attested in linguistic reality. The semantic layer consists of semantic frames represented as lists of pairs and connected with PlWordNet lexical units. Semantic roles have a two-level representation (basic roles are provided with an attribute) enabling representation of arguments in a flexible way. Selectional preferences are based on PlWordNet structure as well.",
}
@inproceedings{busso-lenci-2016-italian,
    title = "{I}talian {V}erb{N}et: A Construction-based Approach to {I}talian Verb Classification",
    author = "Busso, Lucia  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1419",
    pages = "2633--2642",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a new method for Italian verb classification -and a preliminary example of resulting classes- inspired by Levin (1993) and VerbNet (Kipper-Schuler, 2005), yet partially independent from these resources; we achieved such a result by integrating Levin and VerbNet{'}s models of classification with other theoretic frameworks and resources. The classification is rooted in the constructionist framework (Goldberg, 1995; 2006) and is distribution-based. It is also semantically characterized by a link to FrameNet{'}ssemanticframesto represent the event expressed by a class. However, the new Italian classes maintain the hierarchic {``}tree{''} structure and monotonic nature of VerbNet{'}s classes, and, where possible, the original names (e.g.: Verbs of Killing, Verbs of Putting, etc.). We therefore propose here a taxonomy compatible with VerbNet but at the same time adapted to Italian syntax and semantics. It also addresses a number of problems intrinsic to the original classifications, such as the role of argument alternations, here regarded simply as epiphenomena, consistently with the constructionist approach.",
}
@inproceedings{grabar-hamon-2016-large,
    title = "A Large Rated Lexicon with {F}rench Medical Words",
    author = "Grabar, Natalia  and
      Hamon, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1420",
    pages = "2643--2648",
    abstract = "Patients are often exposed to medical terms, such as anosognosia, myelodysplastic, or hepatojejunostomy, that can be semantically complex and hardly understandable by non-experts in medicine. Hence, it is important to assess which words are potentially non-understandable and require further explanations. The purpose of our work is to build specific lexicon in which the words are rated according to whether they are understandable or non-understandable. We propose to work with medical words in French such as provided by an international medical terminology. The terms are segmented in single words and then each word is manually processed by three annotators. The objective is to assign each word into one of the three categories: I can understand, I am not sure, I cannot understand. The annotators do not have medical training nor they present specific medical problems. They are supposed to represent an average patient. The inter-annotator agreement is then computed. The content of the categories is analyzed. Possible applications in which this lexicon can be helpful are proposed and discussed. The rated lexicon is freely available for the research purposes. It is accessible online at http://natalia.grabar.perso.sfr.fr/rated-lexicon.html",
}
@inproceedings{panchenko-2016-best,
    title = "Best of Both Worlds: Making Word Sense Embeddings Interpretable",
    author = "Panchenko, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1421",
    pages = "2649--2655",
    abstract = "Word sense embeddings represent a word sense as a low-dimensional numeric vector. While this representation is potentially useful for NLP applications, its interpretability is inherently limited. We propose a simple technique that improves interpretability of sense vectors by mapping them to synsets of a lexical resource. Our experiments with AdaGram sense embeddings and BabelNet synsets show that it is possible to retrieve synsets that correspond to automatically learned sense vectors with Precision of 0.87, Recall of 0.42 and AUC of 0.78.",
}
@inproceedings{zilio-etal-2016-verblexpor,
    title = "{V}erb{L}ex{P}or: a lexical resource with semantic roles for {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Zilio, Leonardo  and
      Finatto, Maria Jos{\'e} Bocorny  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1422",
    pages = "2656--2661",
    abstract = "This paper presents a lexical resource developed for Portuguese. The resource contains sentences annotated with semantic roles. The sentences were extracted from two domains: Cardiology research papers and newspaper articles. Both corpora were analyzed with the PALAVRAS parser and subsequently processed with a subcategorization frames extractor, so that each sentence that contained at least one main verb was stored in a database together with its syntactic organization. The annotation was manually carried out by a linguist using an annotation interface. Both the annotated and non-annotated data were exported to an XML format, which is readily available for download. The reason behind exporting non-annotated data is that there is syntactic information collected from the parser annotation in the non-annotated data, and this could be useful for other researchers. The sentences from both corpora were annotated separately, so that it is possible to access sentences either from the Cardiology or from the newspaper corpus. The full resource presents more than seven thousand semantically annotated sentences, containing 192 different verbs and more than 15 thousand individual arguments and adjuncts.",
}
@inproceedings{de-lacalle-etal-2016-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual Predicate Matrix",
    author = "de Lacalle, Maddalen Lopez  and
      Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Aldabe, Itziar  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1423",
    pages = "2662--2668",
    abstract = "This paper presents the Predicate Matrix 1.3, a lexical resource resulting from the integration of multiple sources of predicate information including FrameNet, VerbNet, PropBank and WordNet. This new version of the Predicate Matrix has been extended to cover nominal predicates by adding mappings to NomBank. Similarly, we have integrated resources in Spanish, Catalan and Basque. As a result, the Predicate Matrix 1.3 provides a multilingual lexicon to allow interoperable semantic analysis in multiple languages.",
}
@inproceedings{wilkinson-tim-2016-gold,
    title = "A Gold Standard for Scalar Adjectives",
    author = "Wilkinson, Bryan  and
      Tim, Oates",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1424",
    pages = "2669--2675",
    abstract = "We present a gold standard for evaluating scale membership and the order of scalar adjectives. In addition to evaluating existing methods of ordering adjectives, this knowledge will aid in studying the organization of adjectives in the lexicon. This resource is the result of two elicitation tasks conducted with informants from Amazon Mechanical Turk. The first task is notable for gathering open-ended lexical data from informants. The data is analyzed using Cultural Consensus Theory, a framework from anthropology, to not only determine scale membership but also the level of consensus among the informants (Romney et al., 1986). The second task gathers a culturally salient ordering of the words determined to be members. We use this method to produce 12 scales of adjectives for use in evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{sekulic-snajder-2016-verbcrocean,
    title = "{V}erb{CRO}cean: A Repository of Fine-Grained Semantic Verb Relations for {C}roatian",
    author = "Sekuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1425",
    pages = "2676--2681",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe VerbCROcean, a broad-coverage repository of fine-grained semantic relations between Croatian verbs. Adopting the methodology of Chklovski and Pantel (2004) used for acquiring the English VerbOcean, we first acquire semantically related verb pairs from a web corpus hrWaC by relying on distributional similarity of subject-verb-object paths in the dependency trees. We then classify the semantic relations between each pair of verbs as similarity, intensity, antonymy, or happens-before, using a number of manually-constructed lexico-syntatic patterns. We evaluate the quality of the resulting resource on a manually annotated sample of 1000 semantic verb relations. The evaluation revealed that the predictions are most accurate for the similarity relation, and least accurate for the intensity relation. We make available two variants of VerbCROcean: a coverage-oriented version, containing about 36k verb pairs at a precision of 41{\%}, and a precision-oriented version containing about 5k verb pairs, at a precision of 56{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{simoes-etal-2016-enriching,
    title = "Enriching a {P}ortuguese {W}ord{N}et using Synonyms from a Monolingual Dictionary",
    author = "Sim{\~o}es, Alberto  and
      Guinovart, Xavier G{\'o}mez  and
      Almeida, Jos{\'e} Jo{\~a}o",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1426",
    pages = "2682--2687",
    abstract = "In this article we present an exploratory approach to enrich a WordNet-like lexical ontology with the synonyms present in a standard monolingual Portuguese dictionary. The dictionary was converted from PDF into XML and senses were automatically identified and annotated. This allowed us to extract them, independently of definitions, and to create sets of synonyms (synsets). These synsets were then aligned with WordNet synsets, both in the same language (Portuguese) and projecting the Portuguese terms into English, Spanish and Galician. This process allowed both the addition of new term variants to existing synsets, as to create new synsets for Portuguese.",
}
@inproceedings{batanovic-etal-2016-reliable,
    title = "Reliable Baselines for Sentiment Analysis in Resource-Limited Languages: The {S}erbian Movie Review Dataset",
    author = "Batanovi{\'c}, Vuk  and
      Nikoli{\'c}, Bo{\v{s}}ko  and
      Milosavljevi{\'c}, Milan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1427",
    pages = "2688--2696",
    abstract = "Collecting data for sentiment analysis in resource-limited languages carries a significant risk of sample selection bias, since the small quantities of available data are most likely not representative of the whole population. Ignoring this bias leads to less robust machine learning classifiers and less reliable evaluation results. In this paper we present a dataset balancing algorithm that minimizes the sample selection bias by eliminating irrelevant systematic differences between the sentiment classes. We prove its superiority over the random sampling method and we use it to create the Serbian movie review dataset ― SerbMR ― the first balanced and topically uniform sentiment analysis dataset in Serbian. In addition, we propose an incremental way of finding the optimal combination of simple text processing options and machine learning features for sentiment classification. Several popular classifiers are used in conjunction with this evaluation approach in order to establish strong but reliable baselines for sentiment analysis in Serbian.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-ku-2016-antusd,
    title = "{ANTUSD}: A Large {C}hinese Sentiment Dictionary",
    author = "Wang, Shih-Ming  and
      Ku, Lun-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1428",
    pages = "2697--2702",
    abstract = "This paper introduces the augmented NTU sentiment dictionary, abbreviated as ANTUSD, which is constructed by collecting sentiment stats of words in several sentiment annotation work. A total of 26,021 words were collected in ANTUSD. For each word, the CopeOpi numerical sentiment score and the number of positive annotation, neutral annotation, negative annotation, non-opinionated annotation, and not-a-word annotation are provided. Words and their sentiment information in ANTUSD have been linked to the Chinese ontology E-HowNet to provide rich semantic information. We demonstrate the usage of ANTUSD in polarity classification of words, and the results show that a superior f-score 98.21 is achieved, which supports the usefulness of the ANTUSD. ANTUSD can be freely obtained through application from NLPSA lab, Academia Sinica: http://academiasinicanlplab.github.io/",
}
@inproceedings{akhtar-etal-2016-aspect,
    title = "Aspect based Sentiment Analysis in {H}indi: Resource Creation and Evaluation",
    author = "Akhtar, Md Shad  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1429",
    pages = "2703--2709",
    abstract = "Due to the phenomenal growth of online product reviews, sentiment analysis (SA) has gained huge attention, for example, by online service providers. A number of benchmark datasets for a wide range of domains have been made available for sentiment analysis, especially in resource-rich languages. In this paper we assess the challenges of SA in Hindi by providing a benchmark setup, where we create an annotated dataset of high quality, build machine learning models for sentiment analysis in order to show the effective usage of the dataset, and finally make the resource available to the community for further advancement of research. The dataset comprises of Hindi product reviews crawled from various online sources. Each sentence of the review is annotated with aspect term and its associated sentiment. As classification algorithms we use Conditional Random Filed (CRF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) for aspect term extraction and sentiment analysis, respectively. Evaluation results show the average F-measure of 41.07{\%} for aspect term extraction and accuracy of 54.05{\%} for sentiment classification.",
}
@inproceedings{adouane-johansson-2016-gulf,
    title = "Gulf {A}rabic Linguistic Resource Building for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Adouane, Wafia  and
      Johansson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1430",
    pages = "2710--2715",
    abstract = "This paper deals with building linguistic resources for Gulf Arabic, one of the Arabic variations, for sentiment analysis task using machine learning. To our knowledge, no previous works were done for Gulf Arabic sentiment analysis despite the fact that it is present in different online platforms. Hence, the first challenge is the absence of annotated data and sentiment lexicons. To fill this gap, we created these two main linguistic resources. Then we conducted different experiments: use Naive Bayes classifier without any lexicon; add a sentiment lexicon designed basically for MSA; use only the compiled Gulf Arabic sentiment lexicon and finally use both MSA and Gulf Arabic sentiment lexicons. The Gulf Arabic lexicon gives a good improvement of the classifier accuracy (90.54 {\%}) over a baseline that does not use the lexicon (82.81{\%}), while the MSA lexicon causes the accuracy to drop to (76.83{\%}). Moreover, mixing MSA and Gulf Arabic lexicons causes the accuracy to drop to (84.94{\%}) compared to using only Gulf Arabic lexicon. This indicates that it is useless to use MSA resources to deal with Gulf Arabic due to the considerable differences and conflicting structures between these two languages.",
}
@inproceedings{noferesti-shamsfard-2016-using,
    title = "Using Data Mining Techniques for Sentiment Shifter Identification",
    author = "Noferesti, Samira  and
      Shamsfard, Mehrnoush",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1431",
    pages = "2716--2720",
    abstract = "Sentiment shifters, i.e., words and expressions that can affect text polarity, play an important role in opinion mining. However, the limited ability of current automated opinion mining systems to handle shifters represents a major challenge. The majority of existing approaches rely on a manual list of shifters; few attempts have been made to automatically identify shifters in text. Most of them just focus on negating shifters. This paper presents a novel and efficient semi-automatic method for identifying sentiment shifters in drug reviews, aiming at improving the overall accuracy of opinion mining systems. To this end, we use weighted association rule mining (WARM), a well-known data mining technique, for finding frequent dependency patterns representing sentiment shifters from a domain-specific corpus. These patterns that include different kinds of shifter words such as shifter verbs and quantifiers are able to handle both local and long-distance shifters. We also combine these patterns with a lexicon-based approach for the polarity classification task. Experiments on drug reviews demonstrate that extracted shifters can improve the precision of the lexicon-based approach for polarity classification 9.25 percent.",
}
@inproceedings{asher-etal-2016-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Structure and Dialogue Acts in Multiparty Dialogue: the {STAC} Corpus",
    author = "Asher, Nicholas  and
      Hunter, Julie  and
      Morey, Mathieu  and
      Farah, Benamara  and
      Afantenos, Stergos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1432",
    pages = "2721--2727",
    abstract = "This paper describes the STAC resource, a corpus of multi-party chats annotated for discourse structure in the style of SDRT (Asher and Lascarides, 2003; Lascarides and Asher, 2009). The main goal of the STAC project is to study the discourse structure of multi-party dialogues in order to understand the linguistic strategies adopted by interlocutors to achieve their conversational goals, especially when these goals are opposed. The STAC corpus is not only a rich source of data on strategic conversation, but also the first corpus that we are aware of that provides full discourse structures for multi-party dialogues. It has other remarkable features that make it an interesting resource for other topics: interleaved threads, creative language, and interactions between linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts.",
}
@inproceedings{duplessis-etal-2016-purely,
    title = "Purely Corpus-based Automatic Conversation Authoring",
    author = "Duplessis, Guillaume Dubuisson  and
      Letard, Vincent  and
      Ligozat, Anne-Laure  and
      Rosset, Sophie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1433",
    pages = "2728--2735",
    abstract = "This paper presents an automatic corpus-based process to author an open-domain conversational strategy usable both in chatterbot systems and as a fallback strategy for out-of-domain human utterances. Our approach is implemented on a corpus of television drama subtitles. This system is used as a chatterbot system to collect a corpus of 41 open-domain textual dialogues with 27 human participants. The general capabilities of the system are studied through objective measures and subjective self-reports in terms of understandability, repetition and coherence of the system responses selected in reaction to human utterances. Subjective evaluations of the collected dialogues are presented with respect to amusement, engagement and enjoyability. The main factors influencing those dimensions in our chatterbot experiment are discussed.",
}
@inproceedings{inoue-ueno-2016-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue System Characterisation by Back-channelling Patterns Extracted from Dialogue Corpus",
    author = "Inoue, Masashi  and
      Ueno, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1434",
    pages = "2736--2740",
    abstract = "In this study, we describe the use of back-channelling patterns extracted from a dialogue corpus as a mean to characterising text-based dialogue systems. Our goal was to provide system users with the feeling that they are interacting with distinct individuals rather than artificially created characters. An analysis of the corpus revealed that substantial difference exists among speakers regarding the usage patterns of back-channelling. The patterns consist of back-channelling frequency, types, and expressions. They were used for system characterisation. Implemented system characters were tested by asking users of the dialogue system to identify the source speakers in the corpus. Experimental results suggest that possibility of using back-channelling patterns alone to characterize the dialogue system in some cases even among the same age and gender groups.",
}
@inproceedings{pincus-traum-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Identification of Effective Clues for Team Word-Guessing Games",
    author = "Pincus, Eli  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1435",
    pages = "2741--2747",
    abstract = "Team word-guessing games where one player, the clue-giver, gives clues attempting to elicit a target-word from another player, the receiver, are a popular form of entertainment and also used for educational purposes. Creating an engaging computational agent capable of emulating a talented human clue-giver in a timed word-guessing game depends on the ability to provide effective clues (clues able to elicit a correct guess from a human receiver). There are many available web resources and databases that can be mined for the raw material for clues for target-words; however, a large number of those clues are unlikely to be able to elicit a correct guess from a human guesser. In this paper, we propose a method for automatically filtering a clue corpus for effective clues for an arbitrary target-word from a larger set of potential clues, using machine learning on a set of features of the clues, including point-wise mutual information between a clue{'}s constituent words and a clue{'}s target-word. The results of the experiments significantly improve the average clue quality over previous approaches, and bring quality rates in-line with measures of human clue quality derived from a corpus of human-human interactions. The paper also introduces the data used to develop this method; audio recordings of people making guesses after having heard the clues being spoken by a synthesized voice.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Construction of Discourse Corpora for Dialogue Translation",
    author = "Wang, Longyue  and
      Zhang, Xiaojun  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1436",
    pages = "2748--2754",
    abstract = "In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to automatically construct parallel discourse corpus for dialogue machine translation. Firstly, the parallel subtitle data and its corresponding monolingual movie script data are crawled and collected from Internet. Then tags such as speaker and discourse boundary from the script data are projected to its subtitle data via an information retrieval approach in order to map monolingual discourse to bilingual texts. We not only evaluate the mapping results, but also integrate speaker information into the translation. Experiments show our proposed method can achieve 81.79{\%} and 98.64{\%} accuracy on speaker and dialogue boundary annotation, and speaker-based language model adaptation can obtain around 0.5 BLEU points improvement in translation qualities. Finally, we publicly release around 100K parallel discourse data with manual speaker and dialogue boundary annotation.",
}
@inproceedings{fomicheva-bel-2016-using,
    title = "Using Contextual Information for Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Fomicheva, Marina  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1437",
    pages = "2755--2761",
    abstract = "Automatic evaluation of Machine Translation (MT) is typically approached by measuring similarity between the candidate MT and a human reference translation. An important limitation of existing evaluation systems is that they are unable to distinguish candidate-reference differences that arise due to acceptable linguistic variation from the differences induced by MT errors. In this paper we present a new metric, UPF-Cobalt, that addresses this issue by taking into consideration the syntactic contexts of candidate and reference words. The metric applies a penalty when the words are similar but the contexts in which they occur are not equivalent. In this way, Machine Translations (MTs) that are different from the human translation but still essentially correct are distinguished from those that share high number of words with the reference but alter the meaning of the sentence due to translation errors. The results show that the method proposed is indeed beneficial for automatic MT evaluation. We report experiments based on two different evaluation tasks with various types of manual quality assessment. The metric significantly outperforms state-of-the-art evaluation systems in varying evaluation settings.",
}
@inproceedings{rodrigues-etal-2016-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping a Hybrid {MT} System to a New Language Pair",
    author = "Rodrigues, Jo{\~a}o Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Rendeiro, Nuno  and
      Querido, Andreia  and
      {\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1438",
    pages = "2762--2765",
    abstract = "The usual concern when opting for a rule-based or a hybrid machine translation (MT) system is how much effort is required to adapt the system to a different language pair or a new domain. In this paper, we describe a way of adapting an existing hybrid MT system to a new language pair, and show that such a system can outperform a standard phrase-based statistical machine translation system with an average of 10 persons/month of work. This is specifically important in the case of domain-specific MT for which there is not enough parallel data for training a statistical machine translation system.",
}
@inproceedings{makrai-2016-filtering,
    title = "Filtering {W}iktionary Triangles by Linear Mbetween Distributed Word Models",
    author = "Makrai, M{\'a}rton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1439",
    pages = "2766--2770",
    abstract = "Word translations arise in dictionary-like organization as well as via machine learning from corpora. The former is exemplified by Wiktionary, a crowd-sourced dictionary with editions in many languages. {\'A}cs et al. (2013) obtain word translations from Wiktionary with the pivot-based method, also called triangulation, that infers word translations in a pair of languages based on translations to other, typically better resourced ones called pivots. Triangulation may introduce noise if words in the pivot are polysemous. The reliability of each triangulated translation is basically estimated by the number of pivot languages (Tanaka et al 1994). Mikolov et al (2013) introduce a method for generating or scoring word translations. Translation is formalized as a linear mapping between distributed vector space models (VSM) of the two languages. VSMs are trained on monolingual data, while the mapping is learned in a supervised fashion, using a seed dictionary of some thousand word pairs. The mapping can be used to associate existing translations with a real-valued similarity score. This paper exploits human labor in Wiktionary combined with distributional information in VSMs. We train VSMs on gigaword corpora, and the linear translation mapping on direct (non-triangulated) Wiktionary pairs. This mapping is used to filter triangulated translations based on scores. The motivation is that scores by the mapping may be a smoother measure of merit than considering only the number of pivot for the triangle. We evaluate the scores against dictionaries extracted from parallel corpora (Tiedemann 2012). We show that linear translation really provides a more reliable method for triangle scoring than pivot count. The methods we use are language-independent, and the training data is easy to obtain for many languages. We chose the German-Hungarian pair for evaluation, in which the filtered triangles resulting from our experiments are the greatest freely available list of word translations we are aware of.",
}
@inproceedings{matsuzaki-etal-2016-translation,
    title = "Translation Errors and Incomprehensibility: a Case Study using Machine-Translated Second Language Proficiency Tests",
    author = "Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Fujita, Akira  and
      Todo, Naoya  and
      Arai, Noriko H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1440",
    pages = "2771--2776",
    abstract = "This paper reports on an experiment where 795 human participants answered to the questions taken from second language proficiency tests that were translated to their native language. The output of three machine translation systems and two different human translations were used as the test material. We classified the translation errors in the questions according to an error taxonomy and analyzed the participants{'} response on the basis of the type and frequency of the translation errors. Through the analysis, we identified several types of errors that deteriorated most the accuracy of the participants{'} answers, their confidence on the answers, and their overall evaluation of the translation quality.",
}
@inproceedings{neale-etal-2016-word,
    title = "Word Sense-Aware Machine Translation: Including Senses as Contextual Features for Improved Translation Models",
    author = "Neale, Steven  and
      Gomes, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      de Lacalle, Oier Lopez  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1441",
    pages = "2777--2783",
    abstract = "Although it is commonly assumed that word sense disambiguation (WSD) should help to improve lexical choice and improve the quality of machine translation systems, how to successfully integrate word senses into such systems remains an unanswered question. Some successful approaches have involved reformulating either WSD or the word senses it produces, but work on using traditional word senses to improve machine translation have met with limited success. In this paper, we build upon previous work that experimented on including word senses as contextual features in maxent-based translation models. Training on a large, open-domain corpus (Europarl), we demonstrate that this aproach yields significant improvements in machine translation from English to Portuguese.",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-2016-supercat,
    title = "{S}uper{CAT}: The (New and Improved) Corpus Analysis Toolkit",
    author = "Cohen, K. Bretonnel  and
      Baumgartner Jr., William A.  and
      Temnikova, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1442",
    pages = "2784--2788",
    abstract = "This paper reports SuperCAT, a corpus analysis toolkit. It is a radical extension of SubCAT, the Sublanguage Corpus Analysis Toolkit, from sublanguage analysis to corpus analysis in general. The idea behind SuperCAT is that representative corpora have no tendency towards closure―that is, they tend towards infinity. In contrast, non-representative corpora have a tendency towards closure―roughly, finiteness. SuperCAT focuses on general techniques for the quantitative description of the characteristics of any corpus (or other language sample), particularly concerning the characteristics of lexical distributions. Additionally, SuperCAT features a complete re-engineering of the previous SubCAT architecture.",
}
@inproceedings{roziewski-stokowiec-2016-languagecrawl,
    title = "{L}anguage{C}rawl: A Generic Tool for Building Language Models Upon Common-Crawl",
    author = "Roziewski, Szymon  and
      Stokowiec, Wojciech",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1443",
    pages = "2789--2793",
    abstract = "The web data contains immense amount of data, hundreds of billion words are waiting to be extracted and used for language research. In this work we introduce our tool LanguageCrawl which allows NLP researchers to easily construct web-scale corpus from Common Crawl Archive: a petabyte scale, open repository of web crawl information. Three use-cases are presented: filtering Polish websites, building an N-gram corpora and training continuous skip-gram language model with hierarchical softmax. Each of them has been implemented within the LanguageCrawl toolkit, with the possibility to adjust specified language and N-gram ranks. Special effort has been put on high computing efficiency, by applying highly concurrent multitasking. We make our tool publicly available to enrich NLP resources. We strongly believe that our work will help to facilitate NLP research, especially in under-resourced languages, where the lack of appropriately sized corpora is a serious hindrance to applying data-intensive methods, such as deep neural networks.",
}
@inproceedings{eckart-etal-2016-features,
    title = "Features for Generic Corpus Querying",
    author = "Eckart, Thomas  and
      Kuras, Christoph  and
      Quasthoff, Uwe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1444",
    pages = "2794--2798",
    abstract = "The availability of large corpora for more and more languages enforces generic querying and standard interfaces. This development is especially relevant in the context of integrated research environments like CLARIN or DARIAH. The paper focuses on several applications and implementation details on the basis of a unified corpus format, a unique POS tag set, and prepared data for word similarities. All described data or applications are already or will be in the near future accessible via well-documented RESTful Web services. The target group are all kinds of interested persons with varying level of experience in programming or corpus query languages.",
}
@inproceedings{baisa-etal-2016-european,
    title = "{E}uropean Union Language Resources in Sketch Engine",
    author = "Baisa, V{\'\i}t  and
      Michelfeit, Jan  and
      Medve{\v{d}}, Marek  and
      Jakub{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Milo{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1445",
    pages = "2799--2803",
    abstract = "Several parallel corpora built from European Union language resources are presented here. They were processed by state-of-the-art tools and made available for researchers in the corpus manager Sketch Engine. A completely new resource is introduced: EUR-Lex Corpus, being one of the largest parallel corpus available at the moment, containing 840 million English tokens and the largest language pair English-French has more than 25 million aligned segments (paragraphs).",
}
@inproceedings{banski-etal-2016-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Query Lingua Franca ({CQLF})",
    author = "Ba{\'n}ski, Piotr  and
      Frick, Elena  and
      Witt, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1446",
    pages = "2804--2809",
    abstract = "The present paper describes Corpus Query Lingua Franca (ISO CQLF), a specification designed at ISO Technical Committee 37 Subcommittee 4 {``}Language resource management{''} for the purpose of facilitating the comparison of properties of corpus query languages. We overview the motivation for this endeavour and present its aims and its general architecture. CQLF is intended as a multi-part specification; here, we concentrate on the basic metamodel that provides a frame that the other parts fit in.",
}
@inproceedings{kiss-etal-2016-sense,
    title = "A sense-based lexicon of count and mass expressions: The Bochum {E}nglish Countability Lexicon",
    author = "Kiss, Tibor  and
      Pelletier, Francis Jeffry  and
      Husic, Halima  and
      Simunic, Roman Nino  and
      Poppek, Johanna Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1447",
    pages = "2810--2814",
    abstract = "The present paper describes the current release of the Bochum English Countability Lexicon (BECL 2.1), a large empirical database consisting of lemmata from Open ANC (http://www.anc.org) with added senses from WordNet (Fellbaum 1998). BECL 2.1 contains {\mbox{$\approx$}} 11,800 annotated noun-sense pairs, divided in four major countability classes and 18 fine-grained subclasses. In the current version, BECL also provides information on nouns whose senses occur in more than one class allowing a closer look on polysemy and homonymy with regard to countability. Further included are sets of similar senses using the Leacock and Chodorow (LCH) score for semantic similarity (Leacock {\&} Chodorow 1998), information on orthographic variation, on the completeness of all WordNet senses in the database and an annotated representation of different types of proper names. The further development of BECL will investigate the different countability classes of proper names and the general relation between semantic similarity and countability as well as recurring syntactic patterns for noun-sense pairs. The BECL 2.1 database is also publicly available via http://count-and-mass.org.",
}
@inproceedings{kornai-etal-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Optional Arguments of Verbs",
    author = "Kornai, Andr{\'a}s  and
      Nemeskey, D{\'a}vid M{\'a}rk  and
      Recski, G{\'a}bor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1448",
    pages = "2815--2818",
    abstract = "We propose a novel method for detecting optional arguments of Hungarian verbs using only positive data. We introduce a custom variant of collexeme analysis that explicitly models the noise in verb frames. Our method is, for the most part, unsupervised: we use the spectral clustering algorithm described in Brew and Schulte in Walde (2002) to build a noise model from a short, manually verified seed list of verbs. We experimented with both raw count- and context-based clusterings and found their performance almost identical. The code for our algorithm and the frame list are freely available at http://hlt.bme.hu/en/resources/tade.",
}
@inproceedings{kloppenburg-nissim-2016-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Native Data to Correct Preposition Errors in Learners{'} {D}utch",
    author = "Kloppenburg, Lennart  and
      Nissim, Malvina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1449",
    pages = "2819--2824",
    abstract = "We address the task of automatically correcting preposition errors in learners{'} Dutch by modelling preposition usage in native language. Specifically, we build two models exploiting a large corpus of Dutch. The first is a binary model for detecting whether a preposition should be used at all in a given position or not. The second is a multiclass model for selecting the appropriate preposition in case one should be used. The models are tested on native as well as learners data. For the latter we exploit a crowdsourcing strategy to elicit native judgements. On native test data the models perform very well, showing that we can model preposition usage appropriately. However, the evaluation on learners{'} data shows that while detecting that a given preposition is wrong is doable reasonably well, detecting the absence of a preposition is a lot more difficult. Observing such results and the data we deal with, we envisage various ways of improving performance, and report them in the final section of this article.",
}
@inproceedings{basile-sangati-2016-h,
    title = "D(H)ante: A New Set of Tools for {XIII} Century {I}talian",
    author = "Basile, Angelo  and
      Sangati, Federico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1450",
    pages = "2825--2828",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe 1) the process of converting a corpus of Dante Alighieri from a TEI XML format in to a pseudo-CoNLL format; 2) how a pos-tagger trained on modern Italian performs on Dante{'}s Italian 3) the performances of two different pos-taggers trained on the given corpus. We are making our conversion scripts and models available to the community. The two other models trained on the corpus performs reasonably well. The tool used for the conversion process might turn useful for bridging the gap between traditional digital humanities and modern NLP applications since the TEI original format is not usually suitable for being processed with standard NLP tools. We believe our work will serve both communities: the DH community will be able to tag new documents and the NLP world will have an easier way in converting existing documents to a standardized machine-readable format.",
}
@inproceedings{celli-etal-2016-multilevel,
    title = "Multilevel Annotation of Agreement and Disagreement in {I}talian News Blogs",
    author = "Celli, Fabio  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe  and
      Alam, Firoj",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1451",
    pages = "2829--2832",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a corpus of news blog conversations in Italian annotated with gold standard agreement/disagreement relations at message and sentence levels. This is the first resource of this kind in Italian. From the analysis of ADRs at the two levels emerged that agreement annotated at message level is consistent and generally reflected at sentence level, moreover, the argumentation structure of disagreement is more complex than agreement. The manual error analysis revealed that this resource is useful not only for the analysis of argumentation, but also for the detection of irony/sarcasm in online debates. The corpus and annotation tool are available for research purposes on request.",
}
@inproceedings{ozates-etal-2016-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Similarity based on Dependency Tree Kernels for Multi-document Summarization",
    author = {{\"O}zate{\c{s}}, {\c{S}}aziye Bet{\"u}l  and
      {\"O}zg{\"u}r, Arzucan  and
      Radev, Dragomir},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1452",
    pages = "2833--2838",
    abstract = "We introduce an approach based on using the dependency grammar representations of sentences to compute sentence similarity for extractive multi-document summarization. We adapt and investigate the effects of two untyped dependency tree kernels, which have originally been proposed for relation extraction, to the multi-document summarization problem. In addition, we propose a series of novel dependency grammar based kernels to better represent the syntactic and semantic similarities among the sentences. The proposed methods incorporate the type information of the dependency relations for sentence similarity calculation. To our knowledge, this is the first study that investigates using dependency tree based sentence similarity for multi-document summarization.",
}
@inproceedings{loaiciga-gulordava-2016-discontinuous,
    title = "Discontinuous Verb Phrases in Parsing and Machine Translation of {E}nglish and {G}erman",
    author = "Lo{\'a}iciga, Sharid  and
      Gulordava, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1453",
    pages = "2839--2845",
    abstract = "In this paper, we focus on the verb-particle (V-Prt) split construction in English and German and its difficulty for parsing and Machine Translation (MT). For German, we use an existing test suite of V-Prt split constructions, while for English, we build a new and comparable test suite from raw data. These two data sets are then used to perform an analysis of errors in dependency parsing, word-level alignment and MT, which arise from the discontinuous order in V-Prt split constructions. In the automatic alignments of parallel corpora, most of the particles align to NULL. These mis-alignments and the inability of phrase-based MT system to recover discontinuous phrases result in low quality translations of V-Prt split constructions both in English and German. However, our results show that the V-Prt split phrases are correctly parsed in 90{\%} of cases, suggesting that syntactic-based MT should perform better on these constructions. We evaluate a syntactic-based MT system on German and compare its performance to the phrase-based system.",
}
@inproceedings{krisch-etal-2016-lexical,
    title = "A Lexical Resource for the Identification of {``}Weak Words{''} in {G}erman Specification Documents",
    author = "Krisch, Jennifer  and
      Dick, Melanie  and
      Jauch, Ronny  and
      Heid, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1454",
    pages = "2846--2850",
    abstract = "We report on the creation of a lexical resource for the identification of potentially unspecific or imprecise constructions in German requirements documentation from the car manufacturing industry. In requirements engineering, such expressions are called {``}weak words{''}: they are not sufficiently precise to ensure an unambiguous interpretation by the contractual partners, who for the definition of their cooperation, typically rely on specification documents (Melchisedech, 2000); an example are dimension adjectives, such as kurz or lang ({`}short{'}, {`}long{'}) which need to be modified by adverbials indicating the exact duration, size etc. Contrary to standard practice in requirements engineering, where the identification of such weak words is merely based on stopword lists, we identify weak uses in context, by querying annotated text. The queries are part of the resource, as they define the conditions when a word use is weak. We evaluate the recognition of weak uses on our development corpus and on an unseen evaluation corpus, reaching stable F1-scores above 0.95.",
}
@inproceedings{vetulani-etal-2016-recent,
    title = "Recent Advances in Development of a Lexicon-Grammar of Polish: {P}ol{N}et 3.0",
    author = "Vetulani, Zygmunt  and
      Vetulani, Gra{\.z}yna  and
      Kochanowski, Bart{\l}omiej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1455",
    pages = "2851--2854",
    abstract = "The granularity of PolNet (Polish Wordnet) is the main theoretical issue discussed in the paper. We describe the latest extension of PolNet including valency information of simple verbs and noun-verb collocations using manual and machine-assisted methods. Valency is defined to include both semantic and syntactic selectional restrictions. We assume the valency structure of a verb to be an index of meaning. Consistently we consider it an attribute of a synset. Strict application of this principle results in fine granularity of the verb section of the wordnet. Considering valency as a distinctive feature of synsets was an essential step to transform the initial PolNet (first intended as a lexical ontology) into a lexicon-grammar. For the present refinement of PolNet we assume that the category of language register is a part of meaning. The totality of PolNet 2.0 synsets is being revised in order to split the PolNet 2.0 synsets that contain different register words into register-uniform sub-synsets. We completed this operation for synsets that were used as values of semantic roles. The operation augmented the number of considered synsets by 29{\%}. In the paper we report an extension of the class of collocation-based verb synsets.",
}
@inproceedings{mahlow-2016-c,
    title = "C-{WEP}―{R}ich Annotated Collection of Writing Errors by Professionals",
    author = "Mahlow, Cerstin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1456",
    pages = "2855--2861",
    abstract = "This paper presents C-WEP, the Collection of Writing Errors by Professionals Writers of German. It currently consists of 245 sentences with grammatical errors. All sentences are taken from published texts. All authors are professional writers with high skill levels with respect to German, the genres, and the topics. The purpose of this collection is to provide seeds for more sophisticated writing support tools as only a very small proportion of those errors can be detected by state-of-the-art checkers. C-WEP is annotated on various levels and freely available.",
}
@inproceedings{klyueva-stranak-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving corpus search via parsing",
    author = "Klyueva, Natalia  and
      Stra{\v{n}}{\'a}k, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1457",
    pages = "2862--2866",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe an addition to the corpus query system Kontext that enables to enhance the search using syntactic attributes in addition to the existing features, mainly lemmas and morphological categories. We present the enhancements of the corpus query system itself, the attributes we use to represent syntactic structures in data, and some examples of querying the syntactically annotated corpora, such as treebanks in various languages as well as an automatically parsed large corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{palogiannidi-etal-2016-affective,
    title = "Affective Lexicon Creation for the {G}reek Language",
    author = "Palogiannidi, Elisavet  and
      Koutsakis, Polychronis  and
      Iosif, Elias  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1458",
    pages = "2867--2872",
    abstract = "Starting from the English affective lexicon ANEW (Bradley and Lang, 1999a) we have created the first Greek affective lexicon. It contains human ratings for the three continuous affective dimensions of valence, arousal and dominance for 1034 words. The Greek affective lexicon is compared with affective lexica in English, Spanish and Portuguese. The lexicon is automatically expanded by selecting a small number of manually annotated words to bootstrap the process of estimating affective ratings of unknown words. We experimented with the parameters of the semantic-affective model in order to investigate their impact to its performance, which reaches 85{\%} binary classification accuracy (positive vs. negative ratings). We share the Greek affective lexicon that consists of 1034 words and the automatically expanded Greek affective lexicon that contains 407K words.",
}
@inproceedings{szabo-etal-2016-hungarian,
    title = "A {H}ungarian Sentiment Corpus Manually Annotated at Aspect Level",
    author = "Szab{\'o}, Martina Katalin  and
      Vincze, Veronika  and
      Simk{\'o}, Katalin Ilona  and
      Varga, Viktor  and
      Hangya, Viktor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1459",
    pages = "2873--2878",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a Hungarian sentiment corpus manually annotated at aspect level. Our corpus consists of Hungarian opinion texts written about different types of products. The main aim of creating the corpus was to produce an appropriate database providing possibilities for developing text mining software tools. The corpus is a unique Hungarian database: to the best of our knowledge, no digitized Hungarian sentiment corpus that is annotated on the level of fragments and targets has been made so far. In addition, many language elements of the corpus, relevant from the point of view of sentiment analysis, got distinct types of tags in the annotation. In this paper, on the one hand, we present the method of annotation, and we discuss the difficulties concerning text annotation process. On the other hand, we provide some quantitative and qualitative data on the corpus. We conclude with a description of the applicability of the corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{ruppenhofer-brandes-2016-effect,
    title = "Effect Functors for Opinion Inference",
    author = "Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Brandes, Jasper",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1460",
    pages = "2879--2887",
    abstract = "Sentiment analysis has so far focused on the detection of explicit opinions. However, of late implicit opinions have received broader attention, the key idea being that the evaluation of an event type by a speaker depends on how the participants in the event are valued and how the event itself affects the participants. We present an annotation scheme for adding relevant information, couched in terms of so-called effect functors, to German lexical items. Our scheme synthesizes and extends previous proposals. We report on an inter-annotator agreement study. We also present results of a crowdsourcing experiment to test the utility of some known and some new functors for opinion inference where, unlike in previous work, subjects are asked to reason from event evaluation to participant evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{klenner-amsler-2016-sentiframes,
    title = "{S}entiframes: A Resource for Verb-centered {G}erman Sentiment Inference",
    author = "Klenner, Manfred  and
      Amsler, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1461",
    pages = "2888--2891",
    abstract = "In this paper, a German verb resource for verb-centered sentiment inference is introduced and evaluated. Our model specifies verb polarity frames that capture the polarity effects on the fillers of the verb{'}s arguments given a sentence with that verb frame. Verb signatures and selectional restrictions are also part of the model. An algorithm to apply the verb resource to treebank sentences and the results of our first evaluation are discussed.",
}
@inproceedings{stranisci-etal-2016-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Sentiment and Irony in the Online {I}talian Political Debate on {\#}labuonascuola",
    author = "Stranisci, Marco  and
      Bosco, Cristina  and
      Far{\'\i}as, Delia Iraz{\'u} Hern{\'a}ndez  and
      Patti, Viviana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1462",
    pages = "2892--2899",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the TWitterBuonaScuola corpus (TW-BS), a novel Italian linguistic resource for Sentiment Analysis, developed with the main aim of analyzing the online debate on the controversial Italian political reform {``}Buona Scuola{''} (Good school), aimed at reorganizing the national educational and training systems. We describe the methodologies applied in the collection and annotation of data. The collection has been driven by the detection of the hashtags mainly used by the participants to the debate, while the annotation has been focused on sentiment polarity and irony, but also extended to mark the aspects of the reform that were mainly discussed in the debate. An in-depth study of the disagreement among annotators is included. We describe the collection and annotation stages, and the in-depth analysis of disagreement made with Crowdflower, a crowdsourcing annotation platform.",
}
@inproceedings{el-beltagy-2016-nileulex,
    title = "{N}ile{UL}ex: A Phrase and Word Level Sentiment Lexicon for {E}gyptian and Modern Standard {A}rabic",
    author = "El-Beltagy, Samhaa R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1463",
    pages = "2900--2905",
    abstract = "This paper presents NileULex, which is an Arabic sentiment lexicon containing close to six thousands Arabic words and compound phrases. Forty five percent of the terms and expressions in the lexicon are Egyptian or colloquial while fifty five percent are Modern Standard Arabic. While the collection of many of the terms included in the lexicon was done automatically, the actual addition of any term was done manually. One of the important criterions for adding terms to the lexicon, was that they be as unambiguous as possible. The result is a lexicon with a much higher quality than any translated variant or automatically constructed one. To demonstrate that a lexicon such as this can directly impact the task of sentiment analysis, a very basic machine learning based sentiment analyser that uses unigrams, bigrams, and lexicon based features was applied on two different Twitter datasets. The obtained results were compared to a baseline system that only uses unigrams and bigrams. The same lexicon based features were also generated using a publicly available translation of a popular sentiment lexicon. The experiments show that usage of the developed lexicon improves the results over both the baseline and the publicly available lexicon.",
}
@inproceedings{wawer-2016-opfi,
    title = "{OPFI}: A Tool for Opinion Finding in Polish",
    author = "Wawer, Aleksander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1464",
    pages = "2906--2909",
    abstract = "The paper contains a description of OPFI: Opinion Finder for the Polish Language, a freely available tool for opinion target extraction. The goal of the tool is opinion finding: a task of identifying tuples composed of sentiment (positive or negative) and its target (about what or whom is the sentiment expressed). OPFI is not dependent on any particular method of sentiment identification and provides a built-in sentiment dictionary as a convenient option. Technically, it contains implementations of three different modes of opinion tuple generation: one hybrid based on dependency parsing and CRF, the second based on shallow parsing and the third on deep learning, namely GRU neural network. The paper also contains a description of related language resources: two annotated treebanks and one set of tweets.",
}
@inproceedings{clercq-hoste-2016-rude,
    title = "Rude waiter but mouthwatering pastries! An exploratory study into {D}utch Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Clercq, Orph{\'e}e De  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1465",
    pages = "2910--2917",
    abstract = "The fine-grained task of automatically detecting all sentiment expressions within a given document and the aspects to which they refer is known as aspect-based sentiment analysis. In this paper we present the first full aspect-based sentiment analysis pipeline for Dutch and apply it to customer reviews. To this purpose, we collected reviews from two different domains, i.e. restaurant and smartphone reviews. Both corpora have been manually annotated using newly developed guidelines that comply to standard practices in the field. For our experimental pipeline we perceive aspect-based sentiment analysis as a task consisting of three main subtasks which have to be tackled incrementally: aspect term extraction, aspect category classification and polarity classification. First experiments on our Dutch restaurant corpus reveal that this is indeed a feasible approach that yields promising results.",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2016-building,
    title = "Building A Case-based Semantic {E}nglish-{C}hinese Parallel Treebank",
    author = "Shi, Huaxing  and
      Zhao, Tiejun  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1466",
    pages = "2918--2924",
    abstract = "We construct a case-based English-to-Chinese semantic constituent parallel Treebank for a Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) task by labelling each node of the Deep Syntactic Tree (DST) with our refined semantic cases. Since subtree span-crossing is harmful in tree-based SMT, DST is adopted to alleviate this problem. At the same time, we tailor an existing case set to represent bilingual shallow semantic relations more precisely. This Treebank is a part of a semantic corpus building project, which aims to build a semantic bilingual corpus annotated with syntactic, semantic cases and word senses. Data in our Treebank is from the news domain of Datum corpus. 4,000 sentence pairs are selected to cover various lexicons and part-of-speech (POS) n-gram patterns as much as possible. This paper presents the construction of this case Treebank. Also, we have tested the effect of adopting DST structure in alleviating subtree span-crossing. Our preliminary analysis shows that the compatibility between Chinese and English trees can be significantly increased by transforming the parse-tree into the DST. Furthermore, the human agreement rate in annotation is found to be acceptable (90{\%} in English nodes, 75{\%} in Chinese nodes).",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-uzbek,
    title = "{U}zbek-{E}nglish and {T}urkish-{E}nglish Morpheme Alignment Corpora",
    author = "Li, Xuansong  and
      Tracey, Jennifer  and
      Grimes, Stephen  and
      Strassel, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1467",
    pages = "2925--2930",
    abstract = "Morphologically-rich languages pose problems for machine translation (MT) systems, including word-alignment errors, data sparsity and multiple affixes. Current alignment models at word-level do not distinguish words and morphemes, thus yielding low-quality alignment and subsequently affecting end translation quality. Models using morpheme-level alignment can reduce the vocabulary size of morphologically-rich languages and overcomes data sparsity. The alignment data based on smallest units reveals subtle language features and enhances translation quality. Recent research proves such morpheme-level alignment (MA) data to be valuable linguistic resources for SMT, particularly for languages with rich morphology. In support of this research trend, the Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) created Uzbek-English and Turkish-English alignment data which are manually aligned at the morpheme level. This paper describes the creation of MA corpora, including alignment and tagging process and approaches, highlighting annotation challenges and specific features of languages with rich morphology. The light tagging annotation on the alignment layer adds extra value to the MA data, facilitating users in flexibly tailoring the data for various MT model training.",
}
@inproceedings{chu-etal-2016-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Sentence Extraction from Comparable Corpora with Neural Network Features",
    author = "Chu, Chenhui  and
      Dabre, Raj  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1468",
    pages = "2931--2935",
    abstract = "Parallel corpora are crucial for machine translation (MT), however they are quite scarce for most language pairs and domains. As comparable corpora are far more available, many studies have been conducted to extract parallel sentences from them for MT. In this paper, we exploit the neural network features acquired from neural MT for parallel sentence extraction. We observe significant improvements for both accuracy in sentence extraction and MT performance.",
}
@inproceedings{vicente-etal-2016-tweetmt,
    title = "{T}weet{MT}: A Parallel Microblog Corpus",
    author = "Vicente, I{\~n}aki San  and
      Alegr{\'\i}a, I{\~n}aki  and
      Espa{\~n}a-Bonet, Cristina  and
      Gamallo, Pablo  and
      Oliveira, Hugo Gon{\c{c}}alo  and
      Garcia, Eva Mart{\'\i}nez  and
      Toral, Antonio  and
      Zubiaga, Arkaitz  and
      Aranberri, Nora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1469",
    pages = "2936--2941",
    abstract = "We introduce TweetMT, a parallel corpus of tweets in four language pairs that combine five languages (Spanish from/to Basque, Catalan, Galician and Portuguese), all of which have an official status in the Iberian Peninsula. The corpus has been created by combining automatic collection and crowdsourcing approaches, and it is publicly available. It is intended for the development and testing of microtext machine translation systems. In this paper we describe the methodology followed to build the corpus, and present the results of the shared task in which it was tested.",
}
@inproceedings{neves-etal-2016-scielo,
    title = "The Scielo Corpus: a Parallel Corpus of Scientific Publications for Biomedicine",
    author = "Neves, Mariana  and
      Yepes, Antonio Jimeno  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1470",
    pages = "2942--2948",
    abstract = "The biomedical scientific literature is a rich source of information not only in the English language, for which it is more abundant, but also in other languages, such as Portuguese, Spanish and French. We present the first freely available parallel corpus of scientific publications for the biomedical domain. Documents from the {''}Biological Sciences{''} and {''}Health Sciences{''} categories were retrieved from the Scielo database and parallel titles and abstracts are available for the following language pairs: Portuguese/English (about 86,000 documents in total), Spanish/English (about 95,000 documents) and French/English (about 2,000 documents). Additionally, monolingual data was also collected for all four languages. Sentences in the parallel corpus were automatically aligned and a manual analysis of 200 documents by native experts found that a minimum of 79{\%} of sentences were correctly aligned in all language pairs. We demonstrate the utility of the corpus by running baseline machine translation experiments. We show that for all language pairs, a statistical machine translation system trained on the parallel corpora achieves performance that rivals or exceeds the state of the art in the biomedical domain. Furthermore, the corpora are currently being used in the biomedical task in the First Conference on Machine Translation (WMT{'}16).",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-etal-2016-producing,
    title = "Producing Monolingual and Parallel Web Corpora at the Same Time - {S}pider{L}ing and Bitextor{'}s Love Affair",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Espl{\`a}-Gomis, Miquel  and
      Toral, Antonio  and
      Rojas, Sergio Ortiz  and
      Klubi{\v{c}}ka, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1471",
    pages = "2949--2956",
    abstract = "This paper presents an approach for building large monolingual corpora and, at the same time, extracting parallel data by crawling the top-level domain of a given language of interest. For gathering linguistically relevant data from top-level domains we use the SpiderLing crawler, modified to crawl data written in multiple languages. The output of this process is then fed to Bitextor, a tool for harvesting parallel data from a collection of documents. We call the system combining these two tools Spidextor, a blend of the names of its two crucial parts. We evaluate the described approach intrinsically by measuring the accuracy of the extracted bitexts from the Croatian top-level domain {``}.hr{''} and the Slovene top-level domain {``}.si{''}, and extrinsically on the English-Croatian language pair by comparing an SMT system built from the crawled data with third-party systems. We finally present parallel datasets collected with our approach for the English-Croatian, English-Finnish, English-Serbian and English-Slovene language pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{bell-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Using Social Media to Identify Individuals at Risk for Preventable Chronic Illness",
    author = "Bell, Dane  and
      Fried, Daniel  and
      Huangfu, Luwen  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Kobourov, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1472",
    pages = "2957--2964",
    abstract = "We describe a strategy for the acquisition of training data necessary to build a social-media-driven early detection system for individuals at risk for (preventable) type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The strategy uses a game-like quiz with data and questions acquired semi-automatically from Twitter. The questions are designed to inspire participant engagement and collect relevant data to train a public-health model applied to individuals. Prior systems designed to use social media such as Twitter to predict obesity (a risk factor for T2DM) operate on entire communities such as states, counties, or cities, based on statistics gathered by government agencies. Because there is considerable variation among individuals within these groups, training data on the individual level would be more effective, but this data is difficult to acquire. The approach proposed here aims to address this issue. Our strategy has two steps. First, we trained a random forest classifier on data gathered from (public) Twitter statuses and state-level statistics with state-of-the-art accuracy. We then converted this classifier into a 20-questions-style quiz and made it available online. In doing so, we achieved high engagement with individuals that took the quiz, while also building a training set of voluntarily supplied individual-level data for future classification.",
}
@inproceedings{sommerdijk-etal-2016-tweets,
    title = "Can Tweets Predict {TV} Ratings?",
    author = "Sommerdijk, Bridget  and
      Sanders, Eric  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1473",
    pages = "2965--2970",
    abstract = "We set out to investigate whether TV ratings and mentions of TV programmes on the Twitter social media platform are correlated. If such a correlation exists, Twitter may be used as an alternative source for estimating viewer popularity. Moreover, the Twitter-based rating estimates may be generated during the programme, or even before. We count the occurrences of programme-specific hashtags in an archive of Dutch tweets of eleven popular TV shows broadcast in the Netherlands in one season, and perform correlation tests. Overall we find a strong correlation of 0.82; the correlation remains strong, 0.79, if tweets are counted a half hour before broadcast time. However, the two most popular TV shows account for most of the positive effect; if we leave out the single and second most popular TV shows, the correlation drops to being moderate to weak. Also, within a TV show, correlations between ratings and tweet counts are mostly weak, while correlations between TV ratings of the previous and next shows are strong. In absence of information on previous shows, Twitter-based counts may be a viable alternative to classic estimation methods for TV ratings. Estimates are more reliable with more popular TV shows.",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2016-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Out-of-vocabulary Terms in a Domain-Specific Social Media Corpus",
    author = "Park, SoHyun  and
      Fazly, Afsaneh  and
      Lee, Annie  and
      Seibel, Brandon  and
      Zi, Wenjie  and
      Cook, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1474",
    pages = "2971--2975",
    abstract = "In this paper we consider the problem of out-of-vocabulary term classification in web forum text from the automotive domain. We develop a set of nine domain- and application-specific categories for out-of-vocabulary terms. We then propose a supervised approach to classify out-of-vocabulary terms according to these categories, drawing on features based on word embeddings, and linguistic knowledge of common properties of out-of-vocabulary terms. We show that the features based on word embeddings are particularly informative for this task. The categories that we predict could serve as a preliminary, automatically-generated source of lexical knowledge about out-of-vocabulary terms. Furthermore, we show that this approach can be adapted to give a semi-automated method for identifying out-of-vocabulary terms of a particular category, automotive named entities, that is of particular interest to us.",
}
@inproceedings{sakaki-etal-2016-corpus,
    title = "Corpus for Customer Purchase Behavior Prediction in Social Media",
    author = "Sakaki, Shigeyuki  and
      Chen, Francine  and
      Korpusik, Mandy  and
      Chen, Yan-Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1475",
    pages = "2976--2980",
    abstract = "Many people post about their daily life on social media. These posts may include information about the purchase activity of people, and insights useful to companies can be derived from them: e.g. profile information of a user who mentioned something about their product. As a further advanced analysis, we consider extracting users who are likely to buy a product from the set of users who mentioned that the product is attractive. In this paper, we report our methodology for building a corpus for Twitter user purchase behavior prediction. First, we collected Twitter users who posted a want phrase + product name: e.g. {``}want a Xperia{''} as candidate want users, and also candidate bought users in the same way. Then, we asked an annotator to judge whether a candidate user actually bought a product. We also annotated whether tweets randomly sampled from want/bought user timelines are relevant or not to purchase. In this annotation, 58{\%} of want user tweets and 35{\%} of bought user tweets were annotated as relevant. Our data indicate that information embedded in timeline tweets can be used to predict purchase behavior of tweeted products.",
}
@inproceedings{celebi-ozgur-2016-segmenting,
    title = "Segmenting Hashtags using Automatically Created Training Data",
    author = {{\c{C}}elebi, Arda  and
      {\"O}zg{\"u}r, Arzucan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1476",
    pages = "2981--2985",
    abstract = "Hashtags, which are commonly composed of multiple words, are increasingly used to convey the actual messages in tweets. Understanding what tweets are saying is getting more dependent on understanding hashtags. Therefore, identifying the individual words that constitute a hashtag is an important, yet a challenging task due to the abrupt nature of the language used in tweets. In this study, we introduce a feature-rich approach based on using supervised machine learning methods to segment hashtags. Our approach is unsupervised in the sense that instead of using manually segmented hashtags for training the machine learning classifiers, we automatically create our training data by using tweets as well as by automatically extracting hashtag segmentations from a large corpus. We achieve promising results with such automatically created noisy training data.",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-johannsen-2016-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Language Variation Across {E}urope - A Web-based Tool for Computational Sociolinguistics",
    author = "Hovy, Dirk  and
      Johannsen, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1477",
    pages = "2986--2989",
    abstract = "Language varies not only between countries, but also along regional and socio-demographic lines. This variation is one of the driving factors behind language change. However, investigating language variation is a complex undertaking: the more factors we want to consider, the more data we need. Traditional qualitative methods are not well-suited to do this, an therefore restricted to isolated factors. This reduction limits the potential insights, and risks attributing undue importance to easily observed factors. While there is a large interest in linguistics to increase the quantitative aspect of such studies, it requires training in both variational linguistics and computational methods, a combination that is still not common. We take a first step here to alleviating the problem by providing an interface, www.languagevariation.com, to explore large-scale language variation along multiple socio-demographic factors {--} without programming knowledge. It makes use of large amounts of data and provides statistical analyses, maps, and interactive features that will enable scholars to explore language variation in a data-driven way.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Author Age from {W}eibo Microblog Posts",
    author = "Zhang, Wanru  and
      Caines, Andrew  and
      Alikaniotis, Dimitrios  and
      Buttery, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1478",
    pages = "2990--2997",
    abstract = "Binary file summaries/958.html matches",
}
@inproceedings{yates-etal-2016-effects,
    title = "Effects of Sampling on Twitter Trend Detection",
    author = "Yates, Andrew  and
      Kolcz, Alek  and
      Goharian, Nazli  and
      Frieder, Ophir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1479",
    pages = "2998--3005",
    abstract = "Much research has focused on detecting trends on Twitter, including health-related trends such as mentions of Influenza-like illnesses or their symptoms. The majority of this research has been conducted using Twitter{'}s public feed, which includes only about 1{\%} of all public tweets. It is unclear if, when, and how using Twitter{'}s 1{\%} feed has affected the evaluation of trend detection methods. In this work we use a larger feed to investigate the effects of sampling on Twitter trend detection. We focus on using health-related trends to estimate the prevalence of Influenza-like illnesses based on tweets. We use ground truth obtained from the CDC and Google Flu Trends to explore how the prevalence estimates degrade when moving from a 100{\%} to a 1{\%} sample. We find that using the 1{\%} sample is unlikely to substantially harm ILI estimates made at the national level, but can cause poor performance when estimates are made at the city level.",
}
@inproceedings{foucault-courtin-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Classification of Tweets for Analyzing Communication Behavior of Museums",
    author = "Foucault, Nicolas  and
      Courtin, Antoine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1480",
    pages = "3006--3013",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a study on tweet classification which aims to define the communication behavior of the 103 French museums that participated in 2014 in the Twitter operation: MuseumWeek. The tweets were automatically classified in four communication categories: sharing experience, promoting participation, interacting with the community, and promoting-informing about the institution. Our classification is multi-class. It combines Support Vector Machines and Naive Bayes methods and is supported by a selection of eighteen subtypes of features of four different kinds: metadata information, punctuation marks, tweet-specific and lexical features. It was tested against a corpus of 1,095 tweets manually annotated by two experts in Natural Language Processing and Information Communication and twelve Community Managers of French museums. We obtained an state-of-the-art result of F1-score of 72{\%} by 10-fold cross-validation. This result is very encouraging since is even better than some state-of-the-art results found in the tweet classification literature.",
}
@inproceedings{bekavac-snajder-2016-graph,
    title = "Graph-Based Induction of Word Senses in {C}roatian",
    author = "Bekavac, Marko  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1481",
    pages = "3014--3018",
    abstract = "Word sense induction (WSI) seeks to induce senses of words from unannotated corpora. In this paper, we address the WSI task for the Croatian language. We adopt the word clustering approach based on co-occurrence graphs, in which senses are taken to correspond to strongly inter-connected components of co-occurring words. We experiment with a number of graph construction techniques and clustering algorithms, and evaluate the sense inventories both as a clustering problem and extrinsically on a word sense disambiguation (WSD) task. In the cluster-based evaluation, Chinese Whispers algorithm outperformed Markov Clustering, yielding a normalized mutual information score of 64.3. In contrast, in WSD evaluation Markov Clustering performed better, yielding an accuracy of about 75{\%}. We are making available two induced sense inventories of 10,000 most frequent Croatian words: one coarse-grained and one fine-grained inventory, both obtained using the Markov Clustering algorithm.",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-etal-2016-multi,
    title = "A Multi-domain Corpus of {S}wedish Word Sense Annotation",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Adesam, Yvonne  and
      Bouma, Gerlof  and
      Hedberg, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1482",
    pages = "3019--3022",
    abstract = "We describe the word sense annotation layer in \textit{Eukalyptus}, a freely available five-domain corpus of contemporary Swedish with several annotation layers. The annotation uses the SALDO lexicon to define the sense inventory, and allows word sense annotation of compound segments and multiword units. We give an overview of the new annotation tool developed for this project, and finally present an analysis of the inter-annotator agreement between two annotators.",
}
@inproceedings{otegi-etal-2016-qtleap,
    title = "{QTL}eap {WSD}/{NED} Corpora: Semantic Annotation of Parallel Corpora in Six Languages",
    author = "Otegi, Arantxa  and
      Aranberri, Nora  and
      Branco, Antonio  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Simov, Kiril  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Pereira, Rita  and
      Silva, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Neale, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1483",
    pages = "3023--3030",
    abstract = "This work presents parallel corpora automatically annotated with several NLP tools, including lemma and part-of-speech tagging, named-entity recognition and classification, named-entity disambiguation, word-sense disambiguation, and coreference. The corpora comprise both the well-known Europarl corpus and a domain-specific question-answer troubleshooting corpus on the IT domain. English is common in all parallel corpora, with translations in five languages, namely, Basque, Bulgarian, Czech, Portuguese and Spanish. We describe the annotated corpora and the tools used for annotation, as well as annotation statistics for each language. These new resources are freely available and will help research on semantic processing for machine translation and cross-lingual transfer.",
}
@inproceedings{mujdricza-maydt-etal-2016-combining,
    title = "Combining Semantic Annotation of Word Sense {\&} Semantic Roles: A Novel Annotation Scheme for {V}erb{N}et Roles on {G}erman Language Data",
    author = "M{\'u}jdricza-Maydt, {\'E}va  and
      Hartmann, Silvana  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1484",
    pages = "3031--3038",
    abstract = "We present a VerbNet-based annotation scheme for semantic roles that we explore in an annotation study on German language data that combines word sense and semantic role annotation. We reannotate a substantial portion of the SALSA corpus with GermaNet senses and a revised scheme of VerbNet roles. We provide a detailed evaluation of the interaction between sense and role annotation. The resulting corpus will allow us to compare VerbNet role annotation for German to FrameNet and PropBank annotation by mapping to existing role annotations on the SALSA corpus. We publish the annotated corpus and detailed guidelines for the new role annotation scheme.",
}
@inproceedings{bhingardive-etal-2016-synset,
    title = "Synset Ranking of {H}indi {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Bhingardive, Sudha  and
      Shukla, Rajita  and
      Saraswati, Jaya  and
      Kashyap, Laxmi  and
      Singh, Dhirendra  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1485",
    pages = "3039--3043",
    abstract = "Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is one of the open problems in the area of natural language processing. Various supervised, unsupervised and knowledge based approaches have been proposed for automatically determining the sense of a word in a particular context. It has been observed that such approaches often find it difficult to beat the WordNet First Sense (WFS) baseline which assigns the sense irrespective of context. In this paper, we present our work on creating the WFS baseline for Hindi language by manually ranking the synsets of Hindi WordNet. A ranking tool is developed where human experts can see the frequency of the word senses in the sense-tagged corpora and have been asked to rank the senses of a word by using this information and also his/her intuition. The accuracy of WFS baseline is tested on several standard datasets. F-score is found to be 60{\%}, 65{\%} and 55{\%} on Health, Tourism and News datasets respectively. The created rankings can also be used in other NLP applications viz., Machine Translation, Information Retrieval, Text Summarization, etc.",
}
@inproceedings{kutuzov-kuzmenko-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Embedding Language Models in Semantic Clustering of Web Search Results",
    author = "Kutuzov, Andrey  and
      Kuzmenko, Elizaveta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1486",
    pages = "3044--3048",
    abstract = "In this paper, a new approach towards semantic clustering of the results of ambiguous search queries is presented. We propose using distributed vector representations of words trained with the help of prediction-based neural embedding models to detect senses of search queries and to cluster search engine results page according to these senses. The words from titles and snippets together with semantic relationships between them form a graph, which is further partitioned into components related to different query senses. This approach to search engine results clustering is evaluated against a new manually annotated evaluation data set of Russian search queries. We show that in the task of semantically clustering search results, prediction-based models slightly but stably outperform traditional count-based ones, with the same training corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{alvarez-etal-2016-impact,
    title = "Impact of Automatic Segmentation on the Quality, Productivity and Self-reported Post-editing Effort of Intralingual Subtitles",
    author = "{\'A}lvarez, Aitor  and
      Balenciaga, Marina  and
      del Pozo, Arantza  and
      Arzelus, Haritz  and
      Matamala, Anna  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Hinarejos, Carlos-D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1487",
    pages = "3049--3053",
    abstract = "This paper describes the evaluation methodology followed to measure the impact of using a machine learning algorithm to automatically segment intralingual subtitles. The segmentation quality, productivity and self-reported post-editing effort achieved with such approach are shown to improve those obtained by the technique based in counting characters, mainly employed for automatic subtitle segmentation currently. The corpus used to train and test the proposed automated segmentation method is also described and shared with the community, in order to foster further research in this area.",
}
@inproceedings{elliott-kleppe-2016-1,
    title = "1 Million Captioned {D}utch Newspaper Images",
    author = "Elliott, Desmond  and
      Kleppe, Martijn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1488",
    pages = "3054--3058",
    abstract = "Images naturally appear alongside text in a wide variety of media, such as books, magazines, newspapers, and in online articles. This type of multi-modal data offers an interesting basis for vision and language research but most existing datasets use crowdsourced text, which removes the images from their original context. In this paper, we introduce the KBK-1M dataset of 1.6 million images in their original context, with co-occurring texts found in Dutch newspapers from 1922 - 1994. The images are digitally scanned photographs, cartoons, sketches, and weather forecasts; the text is generated from OCR scanned blocks. The dataset is suitable for experiments in automatic image captioning, image―article matching, object recognition, and data-to-text generation for weather forecasting. It can also be used by humanities scholars to analyse photographic style changes, the representation of people and societal issues, and new tools for exploring photograph reuse via image-similarity-based search.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-gaizauskas-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-validating Image Description Datasets and Evaluation Metrics",
    author = "Wang, Josiah  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1489",
    pages = "3059--3066",
    abstract = "The task of automatically generating sentential descriptions of image content has become increasingly popular in recent years, resulting in the development of large-scale image description datasets and the proposal of various metrics for evaluating image description generation systems. However, not much work has been done to analyse and understand both datasets and the metrics. In this paper, we propose using a leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV) process as a means to analyse multiply annotated, human-authored image description datasets and the various evaluation metrics, i.e. evaluating one image description against other human-authored descriptions of the same image. Such an evaluation process affords various insights into the image description datasets and evaluation metrics, such as the variations of image descriptions within and across datasets and also what the metrics capture. We compute and analyse (i) human upper-bound performance; (ii) ranked correlation between metric pairs across datasets; (iii) lower-bound performance by comparing a set of descriptions describing one image to another sentence not describing that image. Interesting observations are made about the evaluation metrics and image description datasets, and we conclude that such cross-validation methods are extremely useful for assessing and gaining insights into image description datasets and evaluation metrics for image descriptions.",
}
@inproceedings{yanovich-etal-2016-detection,
    title = "Detection of Major {ASL} Sign Types in Continuous Signing For {ASL} Recognition",
    author = "Yanovich, Polina  and
      Neidle, Carol  and
      Metaxas, Dimitris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1490",
    pages = "3067--3073",
    abstract = "In American Sign Language (ASL) as well as other signed languages, different classes of signs (e.g., lexical signs, fingerspelled signs, and classifier constructions) have different internal structural properties. Continuous sign recognition accuracy can be improved through use of distinct recognition strategies, as well as different training datasets, for each class of signs. For these strategies to be applied, continuous signing video needs to be segmented into parts corresponding to particular classes of signs. In this paper we present a multiple instance learning-based segmentation system that accurately labels 91.27{\%} of the video frames of 500 continuous utterances (including 7 different subjects) from the publicly accessible NCSLGR corpus (Neidle and Vogler, 2012). The system uses novel feature descriptors derived from both motion and shape statistics of the regions of high local motion. The system does not require a hand tracker.",
}
@inproceedings{paetzold-specia-2016-benchmarking,
    title = "Benchmarking Lexical Simplification Systems",
    author = "Paetzold, Gustavo  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1491",
    pages = "3074--3080",
    abstract = "Lexical Simplification is the task of replacing complex words in a text with simpler alternatives. A variety of strategies have been devised for this challenge, yet there has been little effort in comparing their performance. In this contribution, we present a benchmarking of several Lexical Simplification systems. By combining resources created in previous work with automatic spelling and inflection correction techniques, we introduce BenchLS: a new evaluation dataset for the task. Using BenchLS, we evaluate the performance of solutions for various steps in the typical Lexical Simplification pipeline, both individually and jointly. This is the first time Lexical Simplification systems are compared in such fashion on the same data, and the findings introduce many contributions to the field, revealing several interesting properties of the systems evaluated.",
}
@inproceedings{fisas-etal-2016-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Layered Annotated Corpus of Scientific Papers",
    author = "Fisas, Beatriz  and
      Ronzano, Francesco  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1492",
    pages = "3081--3088",
    abstract = "Scientific literature records the research process with a standardized structure and provides the clues to track the progress in a scientific field. Understanding its internal structure and content is of paramount importance for natural language processing (NLP) technologies. To meet this requirement, we have developed a multi-layered annotated corpus of scientific papers in the domain of Computer Graphics. Sentences are annotated with respect to their role in the argumentative structure of the discourse. The purpose of each citation is specified. Special features of the scientific discourse such as advantages and disadvantages are identified. In addition, a grade is allocated to each sentence according to its relevance for being included in a summary.To the best of our knowledge, this complex, multi-layered collection of annotations and metadata characterizing a set of research papers had never been grouped together before in one corpus and therefore constitutes a newer, richer resource with respect to those currently available in the field.",
}
@inproceedings{mehdad-etal-2016-extractive,
    title = "Extractive Summarization under Strict Length Constraints",
    author = "Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Stent, Amanda  and
      Thadani, Kapil  and
      Radev, Dragomir  and
      Billawala, Youssef  and
      Buchner, Karolina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1493",
    pages = "3089--3093",
    abstract = "In this paper we report a comparison of various techniques for single-document extractive summarization under strict length budgets, which is a common commercial use case (e.g. summarization of news articles by news aggregators). We show that, evaluated using ROUGE, numerous algorithms from the literature fail to beat a simple lead-based baseline for this task. However, a supervised approach with lightweight and efficient features improves over the lead-based baseline. Additional human evaluation demonstrates that the supervised approach also performs competitively with a commercial system that uses more sophisticated features.",
}
@inproceedings{barker-etal-2016-whats,
    title = "What{'}s the Issue Here?: Task-based Evaluation of Reader Comment Summarization Systems",
    author = "Barker, Emma  and
      Paramita, Monica  and
      Funk, Adam  and
      Kurtic, Emina  and
      Aker, Ahmet  and
      Foster, Jonathan  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1494",
    pages = "3094--3101",
    abstract = "Automatic summarization of reader comments in on-line news is an extremely challenging task and a capability for which there is a clear need. Work to date has focussed on producing extractive summaries using well-known techniques imported from other areas of language processing. But are extractive summaries of comments what users really want? Do they support users in performing the sorts of tasks they are likely to want to perform with reader comments? In this paper we address these questions by doing three things. First, we offer a specification of one possible summary type for reader comment, based on an analysis of reader comment in terms of issues and viewpoints. Second, we define a task-based evaluation framework for reader comment summarization that allows summarization systems to be assessed in terms of how well they support users in a time-limited task of identifying issues and characterising opinion on issues in comments. Third, we describe a pilot evaluation in which we used the task-based evaluation framework to evaluate a prototype reader comment clustering and summarization system, demonstrating the viability of the evaluation framework and illustrating the sorts of insight such an evaluation affords.",
}
@inproceedings{nouri-yangarber-2016-novel,
    title = "A Novel Evaluation Method for Morphological Segmentation",
    author = "Nouri, Javad  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1495",
    pages = "3102--3109",
    abstract = "Unsupervised learning of morphological segmentation of words in a language, based only on a large corpus of words, is a challenging task. Evaluation of the learned segmentations is a challenge in itself, due to the inherent ambiguity of the segmentation task. There is no way to posit unique {``}correct{''} segmentation for a set of data in an objective way. Two models may arrive at different ways of segmenting the data, which may nonetheless both be valid. Several evaluation methods have been proposed to date, but they do not insist on consistency of the evaluated model. We introduce a new evaluation methodology, which enforces correctness of segmentation boundaries while also assuring consistency of segmentation decisions across the corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{hazem-daille-2016-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Lexicon Extraction at the Morpheme Level Using Distributional Analysis",
    author = "Hazem, Amir  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1496",
    pages = "3110--3115",
    abstract = "Bilingual lexicon extraction from comparable corpora is usually based on distributional methods when dealing with single word terms (SWT). These methods often treat SWT as single tokens without considering their compositional property. However, many SWT are compositional (composed of roots and affixes) and this information, if taken into account can be very useful to match translational pairs, especially for infrequent terms where distributional methods often fail. For instance, the English compound \textit{xenograft} which is composed of the root \textit{xeno} and the lexeme \textit{graft} can be translated into French compositionally by aligning each of its elements (\textit{xeno} with \textit{x{\'e}no} and \textit{graft} with \textit{greffe}) resulting in the translation: \textit{x{\'e}nogreffe}. In this paper, we experiment several distributional modellings at the morpheme level that we apply to perform compositional translation to a subset of French and English compounds. We show promising results using distributional analysis at the root and affix levels. We also show that the adapted approach significantly improve bilingual lexicon extraction from comparable corpora compared to the approach at the word level.",
}
@inproceedings{sylak-glassman-etal-2016-remote,
    title = "Remote Elicitation of Inflectional Paradigms to Seed Morphological Analysis in Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "Sylak-Glassman, John  and
      Kirov, Christo  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1497",
    pages = "3116--3120",
    abstract = "Structured, complete inflectional paradigm data exists for very few of the world{'}s languages, but is crucial to training morphological analysis tools. We present methods inspired by linguistic fieldwork for gathering inflectional paradigm data in a machine-readable, interoperable format from remotely-located speakers of any language. Informants are tasked with completing language-specific paradigm elicitation templates. Templates are constructed by linguists using grammatical reference materials to ensure completeness. Each cell in a template is associated with contextual prompts designed to help informants with varying levels of linguistic expertise (from professional translators to untrained native speakers) provide the desired inflected form. To facilitate downstream use in interoperable NLP/HLT applications, each cell is also associated with a language-independent machine-readable set of morphological tags from the UniMorph Schema. This data is useful for seeding morphological analysis and generation software, particularly when the data is representative of the range of surface morphological variation in the language. At present, we have obtained 792 lemmas and 25,056 inflected forms from 15 languages.",
}
@inproceedings{kirov-etal-2016-large,
    title = "Very-large Scale Parsing and Normalization of {W}iktionary Morphological Paradigms",
    author = "Kirov, Christo  and
      Sylak-Glassman, John  and
      Que, Roger  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1498",
    pages = "3121--3126",
    abstract = "Wiktionary is a large-scale resource for cross-lingual lexical information with great potential utility for machine translation (MT) and many other NLP tasks, especially automatic morphological analysis and generation. However, it is designed primarily for human viewing rather than machine readability, and presents numerous challenges for generalized parsing and extraction due to a lack of standardized formatting and grammatical descriptor definitions. This paper describes a large-scale effort to automatically extract and standardize the data in Wiktionary and make it available for use by the NLP research community. The methodological innovations include a multidimensional table parsing algorithm, a cross-lexeme, token-frequency-based method of separating inflectional form data from grammatical descriptors, the normalization of grammatical descriptors to a unified annotation scheme that accounts for cross-linguistic diversity, and a verification and correction process that exploits within-language, cross-lexeme table format consistency to minimize human effort. The effort described here resulted in the extraction of a uniquely large normalized resource of nearly 1,000,000 inflectional paradigms across 350 languages. Evaluation shows that even though the data is extracted using a language-independent approach, it is comparable in quantity and quality to data extracted using hand-tuned, language-specific approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2016-appdialogue,
    title = "{A}pp{D}ialogue: Multi-App Dialogues for Intelligent Assistants",
    author = "Sun, Ming  and
      Chen, Yun-Nung  and
      Hua, Zhenhao  and
      Tamres-Rudnicky, Yulian  and
      Dash, Arnab  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1499",
    pages = "3127--3132",
    abstract = "Users will interact with an individual app on smart devices (e.g., phone, TV, car) to fulfill a specific goal (e.g. find a photographer), but users may also pursue more complex tasks that will span multiple domains and apps (e.g. plan a wedding ceremony). Planning and executing such multi-app tasks are typically managed by users, considering the required global context awareness. To investigate how users arrange domains/apps to fulfill complex tasks in their daily life, we conducted a user study on 14 participants to collect such data from their Android smart phones. This document 1) summarizes the techniques used in the data collection and 2) provides a brief statistical description of the data. This data guilds the future direction for researchers in the fields of conversational agent and personal assistant, etc. This data is available at http://AppDialogue.com.",
}
@inproceedings{petukhova-etal-2016-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Multi-issue Bargaining Dialogues: Data Collection, Annotation Design and Corpus",
    author = "Petukhova, Volha  and
      Stevens, Christopher  and
      de Weerd, Harmen  and
      Taatgen, Niels  and
      Cnossen, Fokie  and
      Malchanau, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1500",
    pages = "3133--3140",
    abstract = "The paper describes experimental dialogue data collection activities, as well semantically annotated corpus creation undertaken within EU-funded METALOGUE project(www.metalogue.eu). The project aims to develop a dialogue system with flexible dialogue management to enable system{'}s adaptive, reactive, interactive and proactive dialogue behavior in setting goals, choosing appropriate strategies and monitoring numerous parallel interpretation and management processes. To achieve these goals negotiation (or more precisely multi-issue bargaining) scenario has been considered as the specific setting and application domain. The dialogue corpus forms the basis for the design of task and interaction models of participants negotiation behavior, and subsequently for dialogue system development which would be capable to replace one of the negotiators. The METALOGUE corpus will be released to the community for research purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{konovalov-etal-2016-negochat,
    title = "The Negochat Corpus of Human-agent Negotiation Dialogues",
    author = "Konovalov, Vasily  and
      Artstein, Ron  and
      Melamud, Oren  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1501",
    pages = "3141--3145",
    abstract = "Annotated in-domain corpora are crucial to the successful development of dialogue systems of automated agents, and in particular for developing natural language understanding (NLU) components of such systems. Unfortunately, such important resources are scarce. In this work, we introduce an annotated natural language human-agent dialogue corpus in the negotiation domain. The corpus was collected using Amazon Mechanical Turk following the {`}Wizard-Of-Oz{'} approach, where a {`}wizard{'} human translates the participants{'} natural language utterances in real time into a semantic language. Once dialogue collection was completed, utterances were annotated with intent labels by two independent annotators, achieving high inter-annotator agreement. Our initial experiments with an SVM classifier show that automatically inferring such labels from the utterances is far from trivial. We make our corpus publicly available to serve as an aid in the development of dialogue systems for negotiation agents, and suggest that analogous corpora can be created following our methodology and using our available source code. To the best of our knowledge this is the first publicly available negotiation dialogue corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{higashinaka-etal-2016-dialogue,
    title = "The dialogue breakdown detection challenge: Task description, datasets, and evaluation metrics",
    author = "Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Funakoshi, Kotaro  and
      Kobayashi, Yuka  and
      Inaba, Michimasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1502",
    pages = "3146--3150",
    abstract = "Dialogue breakdown detection is a promising technique in dialogue systems. To promote the research and development of such a technique, we organized a dialogue breakdown detection challenge where the task is to detect a system{'}s inappropriate utterances that lead to dialogue breakdowns in chat. This paper describes the design, datasets, and evaluation metrics for the challenge as well as the methods and results of the submitted runs of the participants.",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-etal-2016-dialogbank,
    title = "The {D}ialog{B}ank",
    author = "Bunt, Harry  and
      Petukhova, Volha  and
      Malchanau, Andrei  and
      Wijnhoven, Kars  and
      Fang, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1503",
    pages = "3151--3158",
    abstract = "This paper presents the DialogBank, a new language resource consisting of dialogues with gold standard annotations according to the ISO 24617-2 standard. Some of these dialogues have been taken from existing corpora and have been re-annotated according to the ISO standard; others have been annotated directly according to the standard. The ISO 24617-2 annotations have been designed according to the ISO principles for semantic annotation, as formulated in ISO 24617-6. The DialogBank makes use of three alternative representation formats, which are shown to be interoperable.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-coordinating,
    title = "Coordinating Communication in the Wild: The Artwalk Dialogue Corpus of Pedestrian Navigation and Mobile Referential Communication",
    author = "Liu, Kris  and
      Tree, Jean Fox  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1504",
    pages = "3159--3166",
    abstract = "The Artwalk Corpus is a collection of 48 mobile phone conversations between 24 pairs of friends and 24 pairs of strangers performing a novel, naturalistically-situated referential communication task. This task produced dialogues which, on average, are just under 40 minutes. The task requires the identification of public art while walking around and navigating pedestrian routes in the downtown area of Santa Cruz, California. The task involves a Director on the UCSC campus with access to maps providing verbal instructions to a Follower executing the task. The task provides a setting for real-world situated dialogic language and is designed to: (1) elicit entrainment and coordination of referring expressions between the dialogue participants, (2) examine the effect of friendship on dialogue strategies, and (3) examine how the need to complete the task while negotiating myriad, unanticipated events in the real world ― such as avoiding cars and other pedestrians ― affects linguistic coordination and other dialogue behaviors. Previous work on entrainment and coordinating communication has primarily focused on similar tasks in laboratory settings where there are no interruptions and no need to navigate from one point to another in a complex space. The corpus provides a general resource for studies on how coordinated task-oriented dialogue changes when we move outside the laboratory and into the world. It can also be used for studies of entrainment in dialogue, and the form and style of pedestrian instruction dialogues, as well as the effect of friendship on dialogic behaviors.",
}
@inproceedings{llanos-etal-2016-managing,
    title = "Managing Linguistic and Terminological Variation in a Medical Dialogue System",
    author = "Llanos, Leonardo Campillos  and
      Bouamor, Dhouha  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Rosset, Sophie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1505",
    pages = "3167--3173",
    abstract = "We introduce a dialogue task between a virtual patient and a doctor where the dialogue system, playing the patient part in a simulated consultation, must reconcile a specialized level, to understand what the doctor says, and a lay level, to output realistic patient-language utterances. This increases the challenges in the analysis and generation phases of the dialogue. This paper proposes methods to manage linguistic and terminological variation in that situation and illustrates how they help produce realistic dialogues. Our system makes use of lexical resources for processing synonyms, inflectional and derivational variants, or pronoun/verb agreement. In addition, specialized knowledge is used for processing medical roots and affixes, ontological relations and concept mapping, and for generating lay variants of terms according to the patient{'}s non-expert discourse. We also report the results of a first evaluation carried out by 11 users interacting with the system. We evaluated the non-contextual analysis module, which supports the Spoken Language Understanding step. The annotation of task domain entities obtained 91.8{\%} of Precision, 82.5{\%} of Recall, 86.9{\%} of F-measure, 19.0{\%} of Slot Error Rate, and 32.9{\%} of Sentence Error Rate.",
}
@inproceedings{gokcen-etal-2016-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Word-Aligned Asked and Anticipated Questions in a Virtual Patient Dialogue System",
    author = "Gokcen, Ajda  and
      Jaffe, Evan  and
      Erdmann, Johnsey  and
      White, Michael  and
      Danforth, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1506",
    pages = "3174--3179",
    abstract = "We present a corpus of virtual patient dialogues to which we have added manually annotated gold standard word alignments. Since each question asked by a medical student in the dialogues is mapped to a canonical, anticipated version of the question, the corpus implicitly defines a large set of paraphrase (and non-paraphrase) pairs. We also present a novel process for selecting the most useful data to annotate with word alignments and for ensuring consistent paraphrase status decisions. In support of this process, we have enhanced the earlier Edinburgh alignment tool (Cohn et al., 2008) and revised and extended the Edinburgh guidelines, in particular adding guidance intended to ensure that the word alignments are consistent with the overall paraphrase status decision. The finished corpus and the enhanced alignment tool are made freely available.",
}
@inproceedings{prevot-etal-2016-cup,
    title = "A {CUP} of {C}o{F}ee: A large Collection of feedback Utterances Provided with communicative function annotations",
    author = "Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent  and
      Gorisch, Jan  and
      Bertrand, Roxane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1507",
    pages = "3180--3185",
    abstract = "There have been several attempts to annotate communicative functions to utterances of verbal feedback in English previously. Here, we suggest an annotation scheme for verbal and non-verbal feedback utterances in French including the categories base, attitude, previous and visual. The data comprises conversations, maptasks and negotiations from which we extracted ca. 13,000 candidate feedback utterances and gestures. 12 students were recruited for the annotation campaign of ca. 9,500 instances. Each instance was annotated by between 2 and 7 raters. The evaluation of the annotation agreement resulted in an average best-pair kappa of 0.6. While the base category with the values acknowledgement, evaluation, answer, elicit achieve good agreement, this is not the case for the other main categories. The data sets, which also include automatic extractions of lexical, positional and acoustic features, are freely available and will further be used for machine learning classification experiments to analyse the form-function relationship of feedback.",
}
@inproceedings{sanders-etal-2016-palabras,
    title = "{P}alabras: Crowdsourcing Transcriptions of {L}2 Speech",
    author = "Sanders, Eric  and
      Burgos, Pepi  and
      Cucchiarini, Catia  and
      van Hout, Roeland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1508",
    pages = "3186--3191",
    abstract = "We developed a web application for crowdsourcing transcriptions of Dutch words spoken by Spanish L2 learners. In this paper we discuss the design of the application and the influence of metadata and various forms of feedback. Useful data were obtained from 159 participants, with an average of over 20 transcriptions per item, which seems a satisfactory result for this type of research. Informing participants about how many items they still had to complete, and not how many they had already completed, turned to be an incentive to do more items. Assigning participants a score for their performance made it more attractive for them to carry out the transcription task, but this seemed to influence their performance. We discuss possible advantages and disadvantages in connection with the aim of the research and consider possible lessons for designing future experiments.",
}
@inproceedings{megyesi-etal-2016-uppsala,
    title = "The {U}ppsala Corpus of Student Writings: Corpus Creation, Annotation, and Analysis",
    author = {Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta  and
      N{\"a}sman, Jesper  and
      Palm{\'e}r, Anne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1509",
    pages = "3192--3199",
    abstract = "The Uppsala Corpus of Student Writings consists of Swedish texts produced as part of a national test of students ranging in age from nine (in year three of primary school) to nineteen (the last year of upper secondary school) who are studying either Swedish or Swedish as a second language. National tests have been collected since 1996. The corpus currently consists of 2,500 texts containing over 1.5 million tokens. Parts of the texts have been annotated on several linguistic levels using existing state-of-the-art natural language processing tools. In order to make the corpus easy to interpret for scholars in the humanities, we chose the CoNLL format instead of an XML-based representation. Since spelling and grammatical errors are common in student writings, the texts are automatically corrected while keeping the original tokens in the corpus. Each token is annotated with part-of-speech and morphological features as well as syntactic structure. The main purpose of the corpus is to facilitate the systematic and quantitative empirical study of the writings of various student groups based on gender, geographic area, age, grade awarded or a combination of these, synchronically or diachronically. The intention is for this to be a monitor corpus, currently under development.",
}
@inproceedings{berkling-2016-corpus,
    title = "Corpus for Children{'}s Writing with Enhanced Output for Specific Spelling Patterns (2nd and 3rd Grade)",
    author = "Berkling, Kay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1510",
    pages = "3200--3206",
    abstract = "This paper describes the collection of the H1 Corpus of children{'}s weekly writing over the course of 3 months in 2nd and 3rd grades, aged 7-11. The texts were collected within the normal classroom setting by the teacher. Texts of children whose parents signed the permission to donate the texts to science were collected and transcribed. The corpus consists of the elicitation techniques, an overview of the data collected and the transcriptions of the texts both with and without spelling errors, aligned on a word by word basis, as well as the scanned in texts. The corpus is available for research via Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC). Researchers are strongly encouraged to make additional annotations and improvements and return it to the public domain via LDC.",
}
@inproceedings{mendes-etal-2016-cople2,
    title = "The {COPLE}2 corpus: a learner corpus for {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Mendes, Am{\'a}lia  and
      Antunes, Sandra  and
      Janssen, Maarten  and
      Gon{\c{c}}alves, Anabela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1511",
    pages = "3207--3214",
    abstract = "We present the COPLE2 corpus, a learner corpus of Portuguese that includes written and spoken texts produced by learners of Portuguese as a second or foreign language. The corpus includes at the moment a total of 182,474 tokens and 978 texts, classified according to the CEFR scales. The original handwritten productions are transcribed in TEI compliant XML format and keep record of all the original information, such as reformulations, insertions and corrections made by the teacher, while the recordings are transcribed and aligned with EXMARaLDA. The TEITOK environment enables different views of the same document (XML, student version, corrected version), a CQP-based search interface, the POS, lemmatization and normalization of the tokens, and will soon be used for error annotation in stand-off format. The corpus has already been a source of data for phonological, lexical and syntactic interlanguage studies and will be used for a data-informed selection of language features for each proficiency level.",
}
@inproceedings{wottawa-adda-decker-2016-french,
    title = "{F}rench Learners Audio Corpus of {G}erman Speech ({FLACGS})",
    author = "Wottawa, Jane  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1512",
    pages = "3215--3219",
    abstract = "The French Learners Audio Corpus of German Speech (FLACGS) was created to compare German speech production of German native speakers (GG) and French learners of German (FG) across three speech production tasks of increasing production complexity: repetition, reading and picture description. 40 speakers, 20 GG and 20 FG performed each of the three tasks, which in total leads to approximately 7h of speech. The corpus was manually transcribed and automatically aligned. Analysis that can be performed on this type of corpus are for instance segmental differences in the speech production of L2 learners compared to native speakers. We chose the realization of the velar nasal consonant engma. In spoken French, engma does not appear in a VCV context which leads to production difficulties in FG. With increasing speech production complexity (reading and picture description), engma is realized as engma + plosive by FG in over 50{\%} of the cases. The results of a two way ANOVA with unequal sample sizes on the durations of the different realizations of engma indicate that duration is a reliable factor to distinguish between engma and engma + plosive in FG productions compared to the engma productions in GG in a VCV context. The FLACGS corpus allows to study L2 production and perception.",
}
@inproceedings{stefanec-etal-2016-croatian,
    title = "{C}roatian Error-Annotated Corpus of Non-Professional Written Language",
    author = "{\v{S}}tefanec, Vanja  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Kraljevi{\'c}, Jelena Kuva{\v{c}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1513",
    pages = "3220--3226",
    abstract = "In the paper authors present the Croatian corpus of non-professional written language. Consisting of two subcorpora, i.e. the clinical subcorpus, consisting of written texts produced by speakers with various types of language disorders, and the healthy speakers subcorpus, as well as by the levels of its annotation, it offers an opportunity for different lines of research. The authors present the corpus structure, describe the sampling methodology, explain the levels of annotation, and give some very basic statistics. On the basis of data from the corpus, existing language technologies for Croatian are adapted in order to be implemented in a platform facilitating text production to speakers with language disorders. In this respect, several analyses of the corpus data and a basic evaluation of the developed technologies are presented.",
}
@inproceedings{hubert-etal-2016-training,
    title = "Training {\&} Quality Assessment of an Optical Character Recognition Model for Northern Haida",
    author = "Hubert, Isabell  and
      Arppe, Antti  and
      Lachler, Jordan  and
      Santos, Eddie Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1514",
    pages = "3227--3234",
    abstract = "We are presenting our work on the creation of the first optical character recognition (OCR) model for Northern Haida, also known as Masset or Xaad Kil, a nearly extinct First Nations language spoken in the Haida Gwaii archipelago in British Columbia, Canada. We are addressing the challenges of training an OCR model for a language with an extensive, non-standard Latin character set as follows: (1) We have compared various training approaches and present the results of practical analyses to maximize recognition accuracy and minimize manual labor. An approach using just one or two pages of Source Images directly performed better than the Image Generation approach, and better than models based on three or more pages. Analyses also suggest that a character{'}s frequency is directly correlated with its recognition accuracy. (2) We present an overview of current OCR accuracy analysis tools available. (3) We have ported the once de-facto standardized OCR accuracy tools to be able to cope with Unicode input. Our work adds to a growing body of research on OCR for particularly challenging character sets, and contributes to creating the largest electronic corpus for this severely endangered language.",
}
@inproceedings{gibbon-2016-legacy,
    title = "Legacy language atlas data mining: mapping Kru languages",
    author = "Gibbon, Dafydd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1515",
    pages = "3235--3242",
    abstract = "An online tool based on dialectometric methods, DistGraph, is applied to a group of Kru languages of C{\^o}te d{'}Ivoire, Liberia and Burkina Faso. The inputs to this resource consist of tables of languages x linguistic features (e.g. phonological, lexical or grammatical), and statistical and graphical outputs are generated which show similarities and differences between the languages in terms of the features as virtual distances. In the present contribution, attention is focussed on the consonant systems of the languages, a traditional starting point for language comparison. The data are harvested from a legacy language data resource based on fieldwork in the 1970s and 1980s, a language atlas of the Kru languages. The method on which the online tool is based extends beyond documentation of individual languages to the documentation of language groups, and supports difference-based prioritisation in education programmes, decisions on language policy and documentation and conservation funding, as well as research on language typology and heritage documentation of history and migration.",
}
@inproceedings{ohya-2016-data,
    title = "Data Formats and Management Strategies from the Perspective of Language Resource Producers ― Personal Diachronic and Social Synchronic Data Sharing ―",
    author = "Ohya, Kazushi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1516",
    pages = "3243--3248",
    abstract = "This is a report of findings from on-going language documentation research based on three consecutive projects from 2008 to 2016. In the light of this research, we propose that (1) we should stand on the side of language resource producers to enhance the research of language processing. We support personal data management in addition to social data sharing. (2) This support leads to adopting simple data formats instead of the multi-link-path data models proposed as international standards up to the present. (3) We should set up a framework for total language resource study that includes not only pivotal data formats such as standard formats, but also the surroundings of data formation to capture a wider range of language activities, e.g. annotation, hesitant language formation, and reference-referent relations. A study of this framework is expected to be a foundation of rebuilding man-machine interface studies in which we seek to observe generative processes of informational symbols in order to establish a high affinity interface in regard to documentation.",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-heuvel-etal-2016-curation,
    title = "Curation of {D}utch Regional Dictionaries",
    author = "van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      Sanders, Eric  and
      van der Sijs, Nicoline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1517",
    pages = "3249--3255",
    abstract = "This paper describes the process of semi-automatically converting dictionaries from paper to structured text (database) and the integration of these into the CLARIN infrastructure in order to make the dictionaries accessible and retrievable for the research community. The case study at hand is that of the curation of 42 fascicles of the Dictionaries of the Brabantic and Limburgian dialects, and 6 fascicles of the Dictionary of dialects in Gelderland.",
}
@inproceedings{soria-etal-2016-fostering,
    title = "Fostering digital representation of {EU} regional and minority languages: the Digital Language Diversity Project",
    author = "Soria, Claudia  and
      Russo, Irene  and
      Quochi, Valeria  and
      Hicks, Davyth  and
      Gurrutxaga, Antton  and
      Sarhimaa, Anneli  and
      Tuomisto, Matti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1518",
    pages = "3256--3260",
    abstract = "Poor digital representation of minority languages further prevents their usability on digital media and devices. The Digital Language Diversity Project, a three-year project funded under the Erasmus+ programme, aims at addressing the problem of low digital representation of EU regional and minority languages by giving their speakers the intellectual an practical skills to create, share, and reuse online digital content. Availability of digital content and technical support to use it are essential prerequisites for the development of language-based digital applications, which in turn can boost digital usage of these languages. In this paper we introduce the project, its aims, objectives and current activities for sustaining digital usability of minority languages through adult education.",
}
@inproceedings{prys-etal-2016-cysill,
    title = "Cysill Ar-lein: A Corpus of Written Contemporary Welsh Compiled from an On-line Spelling and Grammar Checker",
    author = "Prys, Delyth  and
      Prys, Gruffudd  and
      Jones, Dewi Bryn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1519",
    pages = "3261--3264",
    abstract = "This paper describes the use of a free, on-line language spelling and grammar checking aid as a vehicle for the collection of a significant (31 million words and rising) corpus of text for academic research in the context of less resourced languages where such data in sufficient quantities are often unavailable. It describes two versions of the corpus: the texts as submitted, prior to the correction process, and the texts following the user{'}s incorporation of any suggested changes. An overview of the corpus{'} contents is given and an analysis of use including usage statistics is also provided. Issues surrounding privacy and the anonymization of data are explored as is the data{'}s potential use for linguistic analysis, lexical research and language modelling. The method used for gathering this corpus is believed to be unique, and is a valuable addition to corpus studies in a minority language.",
}
@inproceedings{wieling-etal-2016-alt,
    title = "{ALT} Explored: Integrating an Online Dialectometric Tool and an Online Dialect Atlas",
    author = "Wieling, Martijn  and
      Sassolini, Eva  and
      Cucurullo, Sebastiana  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1520",
    pages = "3265--3272",
    abstract = "In this paper, we illustrate the integration of an online dialectometric tool, Gabmap, together with an online dialect atlas, the Atlante Lessicale Toscano (ALT-Web). By using a newly created url-based interface to Gabmap, ALT-Web is able to take advantage of the sophisticated dialect visualization and exploration options incorporated in Gabmap. For example, distribution maps showing the distribution in the Tuscan dialect area of a specific dialectal form (selected via the ALT-Web website) are easily obtainable. Furthermore, the complete ALT-Web dataset as well as subsets of the data (selected via the ALT-Web website) can be automatically uploaded and explored in Gabmap. By combining these two online applications, macro- and micro-analyses of dialectal data (respectively offered by Gabmap and ALT-Web) are effectively and dynamically combined.",
}
@inproceedings{strassel-tracey-2016-lorelei,
    title = "{LORELEI} Language Packs: Data, Tools, and Resources for Technology Development in Low Resource Languages",
    author = "Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Tracey, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1521",
    pages = "3273--3280",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the textual linguistic resources in nearly 3 dozen languages being produced by Linguistic Data Consortium for DARPA{'}s LORELEI (Low Resource Languages for Emergent Incidents) Program. The goal of LORELEI is to improve the performance of human language technologies for low-resource languages and enable rapid re-training of such technologies for new languages, with a focus on the use case of deployment of resources in sudden emergencies such as natural disasters. Representative languages have been selected to provide broad typological coverage for training, and surprise incident languages for testing will be selected over the course of the program. Our approach treats the full set of language packs as a coherent whole, maintaining LORELEI-wide specifications, tagsets, and guidelines, while allowing for adaptation to the specific needs created by each language. Each representative language corpus, therefore, both stands on its own as a resource for the specific language and forms part of a large multilingual resource for broader cross-language technology development.",
}
@inproceedings{ciobanu-dinu-2016-computational,
    title = "A Computational Perspective on the {R}omanian Dialects",
    author = "Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1522",
    pages = "3281--3285",
    abstract = "In this paper we conduct an initial study on the dialects of Romanian. We analyze the differences between Romanian and its dialects using the Swadesh list. We analyze the predictive power of the orthographic and phonetic features of the words, building a classification problem for dialect identification.",
}
@inproceedings{nordhoff-etal-2016-alaskan,
    title = "The Alaskan Athabascan Grammar Database",
    author = "Nordhoff, Sebastian  and
      Tuttle, Siri  and
      Lovick, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1523",
    pages = "3286--3290",
    abstract = "This paper describes a repository of example sentences in three endangered Athabascan languages: Koyukon, Upper Tanana, Lower Tanana. The repository allows researchers or language teachers to browse the example sentence corpus to either investigate the languages or to prepare teaching materials. The originally heterogeneous text collection was imported into a SOLR store via the POIO bridge. This paper describes the requirements, implementation, advantages and drawbacks of this approach and discusses the potential to apply it for other languages of the Athabascan family or beyond.",
}
@inproceedings{nasution-etal-2016-constraint,
    title = "Constraint-Based Bilingual Lexicon Induction for Closely Related Languages",
    author = "Nasution, Arbi Haza  and
      Murakami, Yohei  and
      Ishida, Toru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1524",
    pages = "3291--3298",
    abstract = "The lack or absence of parallel and comparable corpora makes bilingual lexicon extraction becomes a difficult task for low-resource languages. Pivot language and cognate recognition approach have been proven useful to induce bilingual lexicons for such languages. We analyze the features of closely related languages and define a semantic constraint assumption. Based on the assumption, we propose a constraint-based bilingual lexicon induction for closely related languages by extending constraints and translation pair candidates from recent pivot language approach. We further define three constraint sets based on language characteristics. In this paper, two controlled experiments are conducted. The former involves four closely related language pairs with different language pair similarities, and the latter focuses on sense connectivity between non-pivot words and pivot words. We evaluate our result with F-measure. The result indicates that our method works better on voluminous input dictionaries and high similarity languages. Finally, we introduce a strategy to use proper constraint sets for different goals and language characteristics.",
}
@inproceedings{otrusina-smrz-2016-wtf,
    title = "{WTF}-{LOD} - A New Resource for Large-Scale {NER} Evaluation",
    author = "Otrusina, Lubomir  and
      Smrz, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1525",
    pages = "3299--3302",
    abstract = "This paper introduces the Web TextFull linkage to Linked Open Data (WTF-LOD) dataset intended for large-scale evaluation of named entity recognition (NER) systems. First, we present the process of collecting data from the largest publically-available textual corpora, including Wikipedia dumps, monthly runs of the CommonCrawl, and ClueWeb09/12. We discuss similarities and differences of related initiatives such as WikiLinks and WikiReverse. Our work primarily focuses on links from {``}textfull{''} documents (links surrounded by a text that provides a useful context for entity linking), de-duplication of the data and advanced cleaning procedures. Presented statistics demonstrate that the collected data forms one of the largest available resource of its kind. They also prove suitability of the result for complex NER evaluation campaigns, including an analysis of the most ambiguous name mentions appearing in the data.",
}
@inproceedings{bleicken-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using a Language Technology Infrastructure for {G}erman in order to Anonymize {G}erman Sign Language Corpus Data",
    author = "Bleicken, Julian  and
      Hanke, Thomas  and
      Salden, Uta  and
      Wagner, Sven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1526",
    pages = "3303--3306",
    abstract = "For publishing sign language corpus data on the web, anonymization is crucial even if it is impossible to hide the visual appearance of the signers: In a small community, even vague references to third persons may be enough to identify those persons. In the case of the DGS Korpus (German Sign Language corpus) project, we want to publish data as a contribution to the cultural heritage of the sign language community while annotation of the data is still ongoing. This poses the question how well anonymization can be achieved given that no full linguistic analysis of the data is available. Basically, we combine analysis of all data that we have, including named entity recognition on translations into German. For this, we use the WebLicht language technology infrastructure. We report on the reliability of these methods in this special context and also illustrate how the anonymization of the video data is technically achieved in order to minimally disturb the viewer.",
}
@inproceedings{dojchinovski-etal-2016-crowdsourced,
    title = "Crowdsourced Corpus with Entity Salience Annotations",
    author = "Dojchinovski, Milan  and
      Reddy, Dinesh  and
      Kliegr, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Vitvar, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Sack, Harald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1527",
    pages = "3307--3311",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a crowdsourced dataset which adds entity salience (importance) annotations to the Reuters-128 dataset, which is subset of Reuters-21578. The dataset is distributed under a free license and publish in the NLP Interchange Format, which fosters interoperability and re-use. We show the potential of the dataset on the task of learning an entity salience classifier and report on the results from several experiments.",
}
@inproceedings{oramas-etal-2016-elmd,
    title = "{ELMD}: An Automatically Generated Entity Linking Gold Standard Dataset in the Music Domain",
    author = "Oramas, Sergio  and
      Anke, Luis Espinosa  and
      Sordo, Mohamed  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Serra, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1528",
    pages = "3312--3317",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a gold standard dataset for Entity Linking (EL) in the Music Domain. It contains thousands of musical named entities such as Artist, Song or Record Label, which have been automatically annotated on a set of artist biographies coming from the Music website and social network Last.fm. The annotation process relies on the analysis of the hyperlinks present in the source texts and in a voting-based algorithm for EL, which considers, for each entity mention in text, the degree of agreement across three state-of-the-art EL systems. Manual evaluation shows that EL Precision is at least 94{\%}, and due to its tunable nature, it is possible to derive annotations favouring higher Precision or Recall, at will. We make available the annotated dataset along with evaluation data and the code.",
}
@inproceedings{littell-etal-2016-bridge,
    title = "Bridge-Language Capitalization Inference in Western {I}ranian: {S}orani, {K}urmanji, Zazaki, and {T}ajik",
    author = "Littell, Patrick  and
      Mortensen, David R.  and
      Goyal, Kartik  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Levin, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1529",
    pages = "3318--3324",
    abstract = "In Sorani Kurdish, one of the most useful orthographic features in named-entity recognition {--} capitalization {--} is absent, as the language{'}s Perso-Arabic script does not make a distinction between uppercase and lowercase letters. We describe a system for deriving an inferred capitalization value from closely related languages by phonological similarity, and illustrate the system using several related Western Iranian languages.",
}
@inproceedings{kilicoglu-etal-2016-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Named Entities in Consumer Health Questions",
    author = "Kilicoglu, Halil  and
      Abacha, Asma Ben  and
      Mrabet, Yassine  and
      Roberts, Kirk  and
      Rodriguez, Laritza  and
      Shooshan, Sonya  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1530",
    pages = "3325--3332",
    abstract = "We describe a corpus of consumer health questions annotated with named entities. The corpus consists of 1548 de-identified questions about diseases and drugs, written in English. We defined 15 broad categories of biomedical named entities for annotation. A pilot annotation phase in which a small portion of the corpus was double-annotated by four annotators was followed by a main phase in which double annotation was carried out by six annotators, and a reconciliation phase in which all annotations were reconciled by an expert. We conducted the annotation in two modes, manual and assisted, to assess the effect of automatic pre-annotation and calculated inter-annotator agreement. We obtained moderate inter-annotator agreement; assisted annotation yielded slightly better agreement and fewer missed annotations than manual annotation. Due to complex nature of biomedical entities, we paid particular attention to nested entities for which we obtained slightly lower inter-annotator agreement, confirming that annotating nested entities is somewhat more challenging. To our knowledge, the corpus is the first of its kind for consumer health text and is publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{brasoveanu-etal-2016-regional,
    title = "A Regional News Corpora for Contextualized Entity Discovery and Linking",
    author = "Bra{\c{s}}oveanu, Adrian  and
      Nixon, Lyndon J.B.  and
      Weichselbraun, Albert  and
      Scharl, Arno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1531",
    pages = "3333--3338",
    abstract = "This paper presents a German corpus for Named Entity Linking (NEL) and Knowledge Base Population (KBP) tasks. We describe the annotation guideline, the annotation process, NIL clustering techniques and conversion to popular NEL formats such as NIF and TAC that have been used to construct this corpus based on news transcripts from the German regional broadcaster RBB (Rundfunk Berlin Brandenburg). Since creating such language resources requires significant effort, the paper also discusses how to derive additional evaluation resources for tasks like named entity contextualization or ontology enrichment by exploiting the links between named entities from the annotated corpus. The paper concludes with an evaluation that shows how several well-known NEL tools perform on the corpus, a discussion of the evaluation results, and with suggestions on how to keep evaluation corpora and datasets up to date.",
}
@inproceedings{brummer-etal-2016-dbpedia,
    title = "{DB}pedia Abstracts: A Large-Scale, Open, Multilingual {NLP} Training Corpus",
    author = {Br{\"u}mmer, Martin  and
      Dojchinovski, Milan  and
      Hellmann, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1532",
    pages = "3339--3343",
    abstract = "The ever increasing importance of machine learning in Natural Language Processing is accompanied by an equally increasing need in large-scale training and evaluation corpora. Due to its size, its openness and relative quality, the Wikipedia has already been a source of such data, but on a limited scale. This paper introduces the DBpedia Abstract Corpus, a large-scale, open corpus of annotated Wikipedia texts in six languages, featuring over 11 million texts and over 97 million entity links. The properties of the Wikipedia texts are being described, as well as the corpus creation process, its format and interesting use-cases, like Named Entity Linking training and evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{eiselen-2016-government,
    title = "Government Domain Named Entity Recognition for South {A}frican Languages",
    author = "Eiselen, Roald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1533",
    pages = "3344--3348",
    abstract = "This paper describes the named entity language resources developed as part of a development project for the South African languages. The development efforts focused on creating protocols and annotated data sets with at least 15,000 annotated named entity tokens for ten of the official South African languages. The description of the protocols and annotated data sets provide an overview of the problems encountered during the annotation of the data sets. Based on these annotated data sets, CRF named entity recognition systems are developed that leverage existing linguistic resources. The newly created named entity recognisers are evaluated, with F-scores of between 0.64 and 0.77, and error analysis is performed to identify possible avenues for improving the quality of the systems.",
}
@inproceedings{ehrmann-etal-2016-named,
    title = "Named Entity Resources - Overview and Outlook",
    author = "Ehrmann, Maud  and
      Nouvel, Damien  and
      Rosset, Sophie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1534",
    pages = "3349--3356",
    abstract = "Recognition of real-world entities is crucial for most NLP applications. Since its introduction some twenty years ago, named entity processing has undergone a significant evolution with, among others, the definition of new tasks (e.g. entity linking) and the emergence of new types of data (e.g. speech transcriptions, micro-blogging). These pose certainly new challenges which affect not only methods and algorithms but especially linguistic resources. Where do we stand with respect to named entity resources? This paper aims at providing a systematic overview of named entity resources, accounting for qualities such as multilingualism, dynamicity and interoperability, and to identify shortfalls in order to guide future developments.",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-2016-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Lexico-semantic Heuristics into Coreference Resolution Sieves for Named Entity Recognition at Document-level",
    author = "Garcia, Marcos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1535",
    pages = "3357--3361",
    abstract = "This paper explores the incorporation of lexico-semantic heuristics into a deterministic Coreference Resolution (CR) system for classifying named entities at document-level. The highest precise sieves of a CR tool are enriched with both a set of heuristics for merging named entities labeled with different classes and also with some constraints that avoid the incorrect merging of similar mentions. Several tests show that this strategy improves both NER labeling and CR. The CR tool can be applied in combination with any system for named entity recognition using the CoNLL format, and brings benefits to text analytics tasks such as Information Extraction. Experiments were carried out in Spanish, using three different NER tools.",
}
@inproceedings{sulea-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using Word Embeddings to Translate Named Entities",
    author = "{\c{S}}ulea, Octavia-Maria  and
      Nisioi, Sergiu  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1536",
    pages = "3362--3366",
    abstract = "In this paper we investigate the usefulness of neural word embeddings in the process of translating Named Entities (NEs) from a resource-rich language to a language low on resources relevant to the task at hand, introducing a novel, yet simple way of obtaining bilingual word vectors. Inspired by observations in (Mikolov et al., 2013b), which show that training their word vector model on comparable corpora yields comparable vector space representations of those corpora, reducing the problem of translating words to finding a rotation matrix, and results in (Zou et al., 2013), which showed that bilingual word embeddings can improve Chinese Named Entity Recognition (NER) and English to Chinese phrase translation, we use the sentence-aligned English-French EuroParl corpora and show that word embeddings extracted from a merged corpus (corpus resulted from the merger of the two aligned corpora) can be used to NE translation. We extrapolate that word embeddings trained on merged parallel corpora are useful in Named Entity Recognition and Translation tasks for resource-poor languages.",
}
@inproceedings{eichler-etal-2016-teg,
    title = "{TEG}-{REP}: A corpus of Textual Entailment Graphs based on Relation Extraction Patterns",
    author = "Eichler, Kathrin  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Hennig, Leonhard  and
      Krause, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1537",
    pages = "3367--3372",
    abstract = "The task of relation extraction is to recognize and extract relations between entities or concepts in texts. Dependency parse trees have become a popular source for discovering extraction patterns, which encode the grammatical relations among the phrases that jointly express relation instances. State-of-the-art weakly supervised approaches to relation extraction typically extract thousands of unique patterns only potentially expressing the target relation. Among these patterns, some are semantically equivalent, but differ in their morphological, lexical-semantic or syntactic form. Some express a relation that entails the target relation. We propose a new approach to structuring extraction patterns by utilizing entailment graphs, hierarchical structures representing entailment relations, and present a novel resource of gold-standard entailment graphs based on a set of patterns automatically acquired using distant supervision. We describe the methodology used for creating the dataset and present statistics of the resource as well as an analysis of inference types underlying the entailment decisions.",
}
@inproceedings{fawei-etal-2016-passing,
    title = "Passing a {USA} National Bar Exam: a First Corpus for Experimentation",
    author = "Fawei, Biralatei  and
      Wyner, Adam  and
      Pan, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1538",
    pages = "3373--3378",
    abstract = "Bar exams provide a key watershed by which legal professionals demonstrate their knowledge of the law and its application. Passing the bar entitles one to practice the law in a given jurisdiction. The bar provides an excellent benchmark for the performance of legal information systems since passing the bar would arguably signal that the system has acquired key aspects of legal reason on a par with a human lawyer. The paper provides a corpus and experimental results with material derived from a real bar exam, treating the problem as a form of textual entailment from the question to an answer. The providers of the bar exam material set the Gold Standard, which is the answer key. The experiments carried out using the {`}out of the box{'} the Excitement Open Platform for textual entailment. The results and evaluation show that the tool can identify wrong answers (non-entailment) with a high F1 score, but it performs poorly in identifying the correct answer (entailment). The results provide a baseline performance measure against which to evaluate future improvements. The reasons for the poor performance are examined, and proposals are made to augment the tool in the future. The corpus facilitates experimentation by other researchers.",
}
@inproceedings{vo-popescu-2016-corpora,
    title = "Corpora for Learning the Mutual Relationship between Semantic Relatedness and Textual Entailment",
    author = "Vo, Ngoc Phuoc An  and
      Popescu, Octavian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1539",
    pages = "3379--3386",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the creation of a corpora annotated with both semantic relatedness (SR) scores and textual entailment (TE) judgments. In building this corpus we aimed at discovering, if any, the relationship between these two tasks for the mutual benefit of resolving one of them by relying on the insights gained from the other. We considered a corpora already annotated with TE judgments and we proceed to the manual annotation with SR scores. The RTE 1-4 corpora used in the PASCAL competition fit our need. The annotators worked independently of one each other and they did not have access to the TE judgment during annotation. The intuition that the two annotations are correlated received major support from this experiment and this finding led to a system that uses this information to revise the initial estimates of SR scores. As semantic relatedness is one of the most general and difficult task in natural language processing we expect that future systems will combine different sources of information in order to solve it. Our work suggests that textual entailment plays a quantifiable role in addressing it.",
}
@inproceedings{ferrugento-etal-2016-topic,
    title = "Can Topic Modelling benefit from Word Sense Information?",
    author = "Ferrugento, Adriana  and
      Oliveira, Hugo Gon{\c{c}}alo  and
      Alves, Ana  and
      Rodrigues, Filipe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1540",
    pages = "3387--3393",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a new topic model that exploits word sense information in order to discover less redundant and more informative topics. Word sense information is obtained from WordNet and the discovered topics are groups of synsets, instead of mere surface words. A key feature is that all the known senses of a word are considered, with their probabilities. Alternative configurations of the model are described and compared to each other and to LDA, the most popular topic model. However, the obtained results suggest that there are no benefits of enriching LDA with word sense information.",
}
@inproceedings{shrestha-etal-2016-age,
    title = "Age and Gender Prediction on Health Forum Data",
    author = "Shrestha, Prasha  and
      Rey-Villamizar, Nicolas  and
      Sadeque, Farig  and
      Pedersen, Ted  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1541",
    pages = "3394--3401",
    abstract = "Health support forums have become a rich source of data that can be used to improve health care outcomes. A user profile, including information such as age and gender, can support targeted analysis of forum data. But users might not always disclose their age and gender. It is desirable then to be able to automatically extract this information from users{'} content. However, to the best of our knowledge there is no such resource for author profiling of health forum data. Here we present a large corpus, with close to 85,000 users, for profiling and also outline our approach and benchmark results to automatically detect a user{'}s age and gender from their forum posts. We use a mix of features from a user{'}s text as well as forum specific features to obtain accuracy well above the baseline, thus showing that both our dataset and our method are useful and valid.",
}
@inproceedings{nisioi-2016-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Speech and Text Classification on {ICNALE}",
    author = "Nisioi, Sergiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1542",
    pages = "3402--3406",
    abstract = "In this paper we explore and compare a speech and text classification approach on a corpus of native and non-native English speakers. We experiment on a subset of the International Corpus Network of Asian Learners of English containing the recorded speeches and the equivalent text transcriptions. Our results suggest a high correlation between the spoken and written classification results, showing that native accent is highly correlated with grammatical structures found in text.",
}
@inproceedings{arsevska-etal-2016-monitoring,
    title = "Monitoring Disease Outbreak Events on the Web Using Text-mining Approach and Domain Expert Knowledge",
    author = "Arsevska, Elena  and
      Roche, Mathieu  and
      Falala, Sylvain  and
      Lancelot, Renaud  and
      Chavernac, David  and
      Hendrikx, Pascal  and
      Dufour, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1543",
    pages = "3407--3411",
    abstract = "Timeliness and precision for detection of infectious animal disease outbreaks from the information published on the web is crucial for prevention against their spread. We propose a generic method to enrich and extend the use of different expressions as queries in order to improve the acquisition of relevant disease related pages on the web. Our method combines a text mining approach to extract terms from corpora of relevant disease outbreak documents, and domain expert elicitation (Delphi method) to propose expressions and to select relevant combinations between terms obtained with text mining. In this paper we evaluated the performance as queries of a number of expressions obtained with text mining and validated by a domain expert and expressions proposed by a panel of 21 domain experts. We used African swine fever as an infectious animal disease model. The expressions obtained with text mining outperformed as queries the expressions proposed by domain experts. However, domain experts proposed expressions not extracted automatically. Our method is simple to conduct and flexible to adapt to any other animal infectious disease and even in the public health domain.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2016-developing,
    title = "On Developing Resources for Patient-level Information Retrieval",
    author = "Wu, Stephen  and
      Timmons, Tamara  and
      Yates, Amy  and
      Wang, Meikun  and
      Bedrick, Steven  and
      Hersh, William  and
      Liu, Hongfang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1544",
    pages = "3412--3416",
    abstract = "Privacy concerns have often served as an insurmountable barrier for the production of research and resources in clinical information retrieval (IR). We believe that both clinical IR research innovation and legitimate privacy concerns can be served by the creation of intra-institutional, fully protected resources. In this paper, we provide some principles and tools for IR resource-building in the unique problem setting of patient-level IR, following the tradition of the Cranfield paradigm.",
}
@inproceedings{klassen-etal-2016-annotating,
    title = "Annotating and Detecting Medical Events in Clinical Notes",
    author = "Klassen, Prescott  and
      Xia, Fei  and
      Yetisgen, Meliha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1545",
    pages = "3417--3421",
    abstract = "Early detection and treatment of diseases that onset after a patient is admitted to a hospital, such as pneumonia, is critical to improving and reducing costs in healthcare. Previous studies (Tepper et al., 2013) showed that change-of-state events in clinical notes could be important cues for phenotype detection. In this paper, we extend the annotation schema proposed in (Klassen et al., 2014) to mark change-of-state events, diagnosis events, coordination, and negation. After we have completed the annotation, we build NLP systems to automatically identify named entities and medical events, which yield an f-score of 94.7{\%} and 91.8{\%}, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{sitaram-black-2016-speech,
    title = "Speech Synthesis of Code-Mixed Text",
    author = "Sitaram, Sunayana  and
      Black, Alan W",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1546",
    pages = "3422--3428",
    abstract = "Most Text to Speech (TTS) systems today assume that the input text is in a single language and is written in the same language that the text needs to be synthesized in. However, in bilingual and multilingual communities, code mixing or code switching occurs in speech, in which speakers switch between languages in the same utterance. Due to the popularity of social media, we now see code-mixing even in text in these multilingual communities. TTS systems capable of synthesizing such text need to be able to handle text that is written in multiple languages and scripts. Code-mixed text poses many challenges to TTS systems, such as language identification, spelling normalization and pronunciation modeling. In this work, we describe a preliminary framework for synthesizing code-mixed text. We carry out experiments on synthesizing code-mixed Hindi and English text. We find that there is a significant user preference for TTS systems that can correctly identify and pronounce words in different languages.",
}
@inproceedings{chiarain-chasaide-2016-chatbot,
    title = "Chatbot Technology with Synthetic Voices in the Acquisition of an Endangered Language: Motivation, Development and Evaluation of a Platform for Irish",
    author = "Chiar{\'a}in, Neasa N{\'\i}  and
      Chasaide, Ailbhe N{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1547",
    pages = "3429--3435",
    abstract = "This paper describes the development and evaluation of a chatbot platform designed for the teaching/learning of Irish. The chatbot uses synthetic voices developed for the dialects of Irish. Speech-enabled chatbot technology offers a potentially powerful tool for dealing with the challenges of teaching/learning an endangered language where learners have limited access to native speaker models of the language and limited exposure to the language in a truly communicative setting. The sociolinguistic context that motivates the present development is explained. The evaluation of the chatbot was carried out in 13 schools by 228 pupils and consisted of two parts. Firstly, learners{'} opinions of the overall chatbot platform as a learning environment were elicited. Secondly, learners evaluated the intelligibility, quality, and attractiveness of the synthetic voices used in this platform. Results were overwhelmingly positive to both the learning platform and the synthetic voices and indicate that the time may now be ripe for language learning applications which exploit speech and language technologies. It is further argued that these technologies have a particularly vital role to play in the maintenance of the endangered language.",
}
@inproceedings{campbell-2016-chatr,
    title = "{CHATR} the Corpus; a 20-year-old archive of Concatenative Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Campbell, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1548",
    pages = "3436--3439",
    abstract = "This paper reports the preservation of an old speech synthesis website as a corpus. CHATR was a revolutionary technique developed in the mid nineties for concatenative speech synthesis. The method has since become the standard for high quality speech output by computer although much of the current research is devoted to parametric or hybrid methods that employ smaller amounts of data and can be more easily tunable to individual voices. The system was first reported in 1994 and the website was functional in 1996. The ATR labs where this system was invented no longer exist, but the website has been preserved as a corpus containing 1537 samples of synthesised speech from that period (118 MB in aiff format) in 211 pages under various finely interrelated themes The corpus can be accessed from www.speech-data.jp as well as www.tcd-fastnet.com, where the original code and samples are now being maintained.",
}
@inproceedings{holthaus-etal-2016-address,
    title = "How to Address Smart Homes with a Social Robot? A Multi-modal Corpus of User Interactions with an Intelligent Environment",
    author = {Holthaus, Patrick  and
      Leichsenring, Christian  and
      Bernotat, Jasmin  and
      Richter, Viktor  and
      Pohling, Marian  and
      Carlmeyer, Birte  and
      K{\"o}ster, Norman  and
      zu Borgsen, Sebastian Meyer  and
      Zorn, Ren{\'e}  and
      Schiffhauer, Birte  and
      Engelmann, Kai Frederic  and
      Lier, Florian  and
      Schulz, Simon  and
      Cimiano, Philipp  and
      Eyssel, Friederike  and
      Hermann, Thomas  and
      Kummert, Franz  and
      Schlangen, David  and
      Wachsmuth, Sven  and
      Wagner, Petra  and
      Wrede, Britta  and
      Wrede, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1549",
    pages = "3440--3446",
    abstract = "In order to explore intuitive verbal and non-verbal interfaces in smart environments we recorded user interactions with an intelligent apartment. Besides offering various interactive capabilities itself, the apartment is also inhabited by a social robot that is available as a humanoid interface. This paper presents a multi-modal corpus that contains goal-directed actions of naive users in attempts to solve a number of predefined tasks. Alongside audio and video recordings, our data-set consists of large amount of temporally aligned sensory data and system behavior provided by the environment and its interactive components. Non-verbal system responses such as changes in light or display contents, as well as robot and apartment utterances and gestures serve as a rich basis for later in-depth analysis. Manual annotations provide further information about meta data like the current course of study and user behavior including the incorporated modality, all literal utterances, language features, emotional expressions, foci of attention, and addressees.",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2016-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Gesture-Annotated Dialogues for Monologue-to-Dialogue Generation from Personal Narratives",
    author = "Hu, Zhichao  and
      Dick, Michelle  and
      Chang, Chung-Ning  and
      Bowden, Kevin  and
      Neff, Michael  and
      Tree, Jean Fox  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1550",
    pages = "3447--3454",
    abstract = "Story-telling is a fundamental and prevalent aspect of human social behavior. In the wild, stories are told conversationally in social settings, often as a dialogue and with accompanying gestures and other nonverbal behavior. This paper presents a new corpus, the Story Dialogue with Gestures (SDG) corpus, consisting of 50 personal narratives regenerated as dialogues, complete with annotations of gesture placement and accompanying gesture forms. The corpus includes dialogues generated by human annotators, gesture annotations on the human generated dialogues, videos of story dialogues generated from this representation, video clips of each gesture used in the gesture annotations, and annotations of the original personal narratives with a deep representation of story called a Story Intention Graph. Our long term goal is the automatic generation of story co-tellings as animated dialogues from the Story Intention Graph. We expect this corpus to be a useful resource for researchers interested in natural language generation, intelligent virtual agents, generation of nonverbal behavior, and story and narrative representations.",
}
@inproceedings{fotinea-etal-2016-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Resources for Human-Robot Communication Modelling",
    author = "Fotinea, Stavroula{--}Evita  and
      Efthimiou, Eleni  and
      Koutsombogera, Maria  and
      Dimou, Athanasia-Lida  and
      Goulas, Theodore  and
      Vasilaki, Kyriaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1551",
    pages = "3455--3460",
    abstract = "This paper reports on work related to the modelling of Human-Robot Communication on the basis of multimodal and multisensory human behaviour analysis. A primary focus in this framework of analysis is the definition of semantics of human actions in interaction, their capture and their representation in terms of behavioural patterns that, in turn, feed a multimodal human-robot communication system. Semantic analysis encompasses both oral and sign languages, as well as both verbal and non-verbal communicative signals to achieve an effective, natural interaction between elderly users with slight walking and cognitive inability and an assistive robotic platform.",
}
@inproceedings{tolins-etal-2016-verbal,
    title = "A Verbal and Gestural Corpus of Story Retellings to an Expressive Embodied Virtual Character",
    author = "Tolins, Jackson  and
      Liu, Kris  and
      Neff, Michael  and
      Walker, Marilyn  and
      Tree, Jean Fox",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1552",
    pages = "3461--3468",
    abstract = "We present a corpus of 44 human-agent verbal and gestural story retellings designed to explore whether humans would gesturally entrain to an embodied intelligent virtual agent. We used a novel data collection method where an agent presented story components in installments, which the human would then retell to the agent. At the end of the installments, the human would then retell the embodied animated agent the story as a whole. This method was designed to allow us to observe whether changes in the agent{'}s gestural behavior would result in human gestural changes. The agent modified its gestures over the course of the story, by starting out the first installment with gestural behaviors designed to manifest extraversion, and slowly modifying gestures to express introversion over time, or the reverse. The corpus contains the verbal and gestural transcripts of the human story retellings. The gestures were coded for type, handedness, temporal structure, spatial extent, and the degree to which the participants{'} gestures match those produced by the agent. The corpus illustrates the variation in expressive behaviors produced by users interacting with embodied virtual characters, and the degree to which their gestures were influenced by the agent{'}s dynamic changes in personality-based expressive style.",
}
@inproceedings{tolins-etal-2016-multimodal,
    title = "A Multimodal Motion-Captured Corpus of Matched and Mismatched Extravert-Introvert Conversational Pairs",
    author = "Tolins, Jackson  and
      Liu, Kris  and
      Wang, Yingying  and
      Tree, Jean E. Fox  and
      Walker, Marilyn  and
      Neff, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1553",
    pages = "3469--3476",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new corpus, the Personality Dyads Corpus, consisting of multimodal data for three conversations between three personality-matched, two-person dyads (a total of 9 separate dialogues). Participants were selected from a larger sample to be 0.8 of a standard deviation above or below the mean on the Big-Five Personality extraversion scale, to produce an Extravert-Extravert dyad, an Introvert-Introvert dyad, and an Extravert-Introvert dyad. Each pair carried out conversations for three different tasks. The conversations were recorded using optical motion capture for the body and data gloves for the hands. Dyads{'} speech was transcribed and the gestural and postural behavior was annotated with ANVIL. The released corpus includes personality profiles, ANVIL files containing speech transcriptions and the gestural annotations, and BVH files containing body and hand motion in 3D.",
}
@inproceedings{lanser-etal-2016-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing Ontology Lexicons",
    author = "Lanser, Bettina  and
      Unger, Christina  and
      Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1554",
    pages = "3477--3484",
    abstract = "In order to make the growing amount of conceptual knowledge available through ontologies and datasets accessible to humans, NLP applications need access to information on how this knowledge can be verbalized in natural language. One way to provide this kind of information are ontology lexicons, which apart from the actual verbalizations in a given target language can provide further, rich linguistic information about them. Compiling such lexicons manually is a very time-consuming task and requires expertise both in Semantic Web technologies and lexicon engineering, as well as a very good knowledge of the target language at hand. In this paper we present an alternative approach to generating ontology lexicons by means of crowdsourcing: We use CrowdFlower to generate a small Japanese ontology lexicon for ten exemplary ontology elements from the DBpedia ontology according to a two-stage workflow, the main underlying idea of which is to turn the task of generating lexicon entries into a translation task; the starting point of this translation task is a manually created English lexicon for DBpedia. Comparison of the results to a manually created Japanese lexicon shows that the presented workflow is a viable option if an English seed lexicon is already available.",
}
@inproceedings{modi-etal-2016-inscript,
    title = "{I}n{S}cript: Narrative texts annotated with script information",
    author = "Modi, Ashutosh  and
      Anikina, Tatjana  and
      Ostermann, Simon  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1555",
    pages = "3485--3493",
    abstract = "This paper presents the InScript corpus (Narrative Texts Instantiating Script structure). InScript is a corpus of 1,000 stories centered around 10 different scenarios. Verbs and noun phrases are annotated with event and participant types, respectively. Additionally, the text is annotated with coreference information. The corpus shows rich lexical variation and will serve as a unique resource for the study of the role of script knowledge in natural language processing.",
}
@inproceedings{wanzare-etal-2016-crowdsourced,
    title = "A Crowdsourced Database of Event Sequence Descriptions for the Acquisition of High-quality Script Knowledge",
    author = "Wanzare, Lilian D. A.  and
      Zarcone, Alessandra  and
      Thater, Stefan  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1556",
    pages = "3494--3501",
    abstract = "Scripts are standardized event sequences describing typical everyday activities, which play an important role in the computational modeling of cognitive abilities (in particular for natural language processing). We present a large-scale crowdsourced collection of explicit linguistic descriptions of script-specific event sequences (40 scenarios with 100 sequences each). The corpus is enriched with crowdsourced alignment annotation on a subset of the event descriptions, to be used in future work as seed data for automatic alignment of event descriptions (for example via clustering). The event descriptions to be aligned were chosen among those expected to have the strongest corrective effect on the clustering algorithm. The alignment annotation was evaluated against a gold standard of expert annotators. The resulting database of partially-aligned script-event descriptions provides a sound empirical basis for inducing high-quality script knowledge, as well as for any task involving alignment and paraphrase detection of events.",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-etal-2016-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Information Annotation: Crowd vs. Experts",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Sprugnoli, Rachele  and
      Inel, Oana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1557",
    pages = "3502--3509",
    abstract = "This paper describes two sets of crowdsourcing experiments on temporal information annotation conducted on two languages, i.e., English and Italian. The first experiment, launched on the CrowdFlower platform, was aimed at classifying temporal relations given target entities. The second one, relying on the CrowdTruth metric, consisted in two subtasks: one devoted to the recognition of events and temporal expressions and one to the detection and classification of temporal relations. The outcomes of the experiments suggest a valuable use of crowdsourcing annotations also for a complex task like Temporal Processing.",
}
@inproceedings{salvetti-etal-2016-tangled,
    title = "A Tangled Web: The Faint Signals of Deception in Text - Boulder Lies and Truth Corpus ({BLT}-C)",
    author = "Salvetti, Franco  and
      Lowe, John B.  and
      Martin, James H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1558",
    pages = "3510--3517",
    abstract = "We present an approach to creating corpora for use in detecting deception in text, including a discussion of the challenges peculiar to this task. Our approach is based on soliciting several types of reviews from writers and was implemented using Amazon Mechanical Turk. We describe the multi-dimensional corpus of reviews built using this approach, available free of charge from LDC as the Boulder Lies and Truth Corpus (BLT-C). Challenges for both corpus creation and the deception detection include the fact that human performance on the task is typically at chance, that the signal is faint, that paid writers such as turkers are sometimes deceptive, and that deception is a complex human behavior; manifestations of deception depend on details of domain, intrinsic properties of the deceiver (such as education, linguistic competence, and the nature of the intention), and specifics of the deceptive act (e.g., lying vs. fabricating.) To overcome the inherent lack of ground truth, we have developed a set of semi-automatic techniques to ensure corpus validity. We present some preliminary results on the task of deception detection which suggest that the BLT-C is an improvement in the quality of resources available for this task.",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-2016-finding,
    title = "Finding Alternative Translations in a Large Corpus of Movie Subtitle",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1559",
    pages = "3518--3522",
    abstract = "OpenSubtitles.org provides a large collection of user contributed subtitles in various languages for movies and TV programs. Subtitle translations are valuable resources for cross-lingual studies and machine translation research. A less explored feature of the collection is the inclusion of alternative translations, which can be very useful for training paraphrase systems or collecting multi-reference test suites for machine translation. However, differences in translation may also be due to misspellings, incomplete or corrupt data files, or wrongly aligned subtitles. This paper reports our efforts in recognising and classifying alternative subtitle translations with language independent techniques. We use time-based alignment with lexical re-synchronisation techniques and BLEU score filters and sort alternative translations into categories using edit distance metrics and heuristic rules. Our approach produces large numbers of sentence-aligned translation alternatives for over 50 languages provided via the OPUS corpus collection.",
}
@inproceedings{etchegoyhen-etal-2016-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting a Large Strongly Comparable Corpus",
    author = "Etchegoyhen, Thierry  and
      Azpeitia, Andoni  and
      P{\'e}rez, Naiara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1560",
    pages = "3523--3529",
    abstract = "This article describes a large comparable corpus for Basque and Spanish and the methods employed to build a parallel resource from the original data. The EITB corpus, a strongly comparable corpus in the news domain, is to be shared with the research community, as an aid for the development and testing of methods in comparable corpora exploitation, and as basis for the improvement of data-driven machine translation systems for this language pair. Competing approaches were explored for the alignment of comparable segments in the corpus, resulting in the design of a simple method which outperformed a state-of-the-art method on the corpus test sets. The method we present is highly portable, computationally efficient, and significantly reduces deployment work, a welcome result for the exploitation of comparable corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{ziemski-etal-2016-united,
    title = "The United Nations Parallel Corpus v1.0",
    author = "Ziemski, Micha{\l}  and
      Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin  and
      Pouliquen, Bruno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1561",
    pages = "3530--3534",
    abstract = "This paper describes the creation process and statistics of the official United Nations Parallel Corpus, the first parallel corpus composed from United Nations documents published by the original data creator. The parallel corpus presented consists of manually translated UN documents from the last 25 years (1990 to 2014) for the six official UN languages, Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. The corpus is freely available for download under a liberal license. Apart from the pairwise aligned documents, a fully aligned subcorpus for the six official UN languages is distributed. We provide baseline BLEU scores of our Moses-based SMT systems trained with the full data of language pairs involving English and for all possible translation directions of the six-way subcorpus.",
}
@inproceedings{bentivogli-etal-2016-wags,
    title = "{WAGS}: A Beautiful {E}nglish-{I}talian Benchmark Supporting Word Alignment Evaluation on Rare Words",
    author = "Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Cettolo, Mauro  and
      Farajian, M. Amin  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1562",
    pages = "3535--3542",
    abstract = "This paper presents WAGS (Word Alignment Gold Standard), a novel benchmark which allows extensive evaluation of WA tools on out-of-vocabulary (OOV) and rare words. WAGS is a subset of the Common Test section of the Europarl English-Italian parallel corpus, and is specifically tailored to OOV and rare words. WAGS is composed of 6,715 sentence pairs containing 11,958 occurrences of OOV and rare words up to frequency 15 in the Europarl Training set (5,080 English words and 6,878 Italian words), representing almost 3{\%} of the whole text. Since WAGS is focused on OOV/rare words, manual alignments are provided for these words only, and not for the whole sentences. Two off-the-shelf word aligners have been evaluated on WAGS, and results have been compared to those obtained on an existing benchmark tailored to full text alignment. The results obtained confirm that WAGS is a valuable resource, which allows a statistically sound evaluation of WA systems{'} performance on OOV and rare words, as well as extensive data analyses. WAGS is publicly released under a Creative Commons Attribution license.",
}
@inproceedings{tamchyna-barancikova-2016-manual,
    title = "Manual and Automatic Paraphrases for {MT} Evaluation",
    author = "Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}  and
      Baran{\v{c}}{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Petra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1563",
    pages = "3543--3548",
    abstract = "Paraphrasing of reference translations has been shown to improve the correlation with human judgements in automatic evaluation of machine translation (MT) outputs. In this work, we present a new dataset for evaluating English-Czech translation based on automatic paraphrases. We compare this dataset with an existing set of manually created paraphrases and find that even automatic paraphrases can improve MT evaluation. We have also propose and evaluate several criteria for selecting suitable reference translations from a larger set.",
}
@inproceedings{augustinus-etal-2016-poly,
    title = "Poly-{G}r{ETEL}: Cross-Lingual Example-based Querying of Syntactic Constructions",
    author = "Augustinus, Liesbeth  and
      Vandeghinste, Vincent  and
      Vanallemeersch, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1564",
    pages = "3549--3554",
    abstract = "We present Poly-GrETEL, an online tool which enables syntactic querying in parallel treebanks, based on the monolingual GrETEL environment. We provide online access to the Europarl parallel treebank for Dutch and English, allowing users to query the treebank using either an XPath expression or an example sentence in order to look for similar constructions. We provide automatic alignments between the nodes. By combining example-based query functionality with node alignments, we limit the need for users to be familiar with the query language and the structure of the trees in the source and target language, thus facilitating the use of parallel corpora for comparative linguistics and translation studies.",
}
@inproceedings{dyvik-etal-2016-norgrambank,
    title = "{N}or{G}ram{B}ank: A {`}Deep{'} Treebank for {N}orwegian",
    author = "Dyvik, Helge  and
      Meurer, Paul  and
      Ros{\'e}n, Victoria  and
      Smedt, Koenraad De  and
      Haugereid, Petter  and
      Losnegaard, Gyri Sm{\o}rdal  and
      Lyse, Gunn Inger  and
      Thunes, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1565",
    pages = "3555--3562",
    abstract = "We present NorGramBank, a treebank for Norwegian with highly detailed LFG analyses. It is one of many treebanks made available through the INESS treebanking infrastructure. NorGramBank was constructed as a parsebank, i.e. by automatically parsing a corpus, using the wide coverage grammar NorGram. One part consisting of 350,000 words has been manually disambiguated using computer-generated discriminants. A larger part of 50 M words has been stochastically disambiguated. The treebank is dynamic: by global reparsing at certain intervals it is kept compatible with the latest versions of the grammar and the lexicon, which are continually further developed in interaction with the annotators. A powerful query language, INESS Search, has been developed for search across formalisms in the INESS treebanks, including LFG c- and f-structures. Evaluation shows that the grammar provides about 85{\%} of randomly selected sentences with good analyses. Agreement among the annotators responsible for manual disambiguation is satisfactory, but also suggests desirable simplifications of the grammar.",
}
@inproceedings{ribeyre-etal-2016-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Deep Syntactic Parsing of Graphs: The Case of {F}rench",
    author = "Ribeyre, Corentin  and
      de la Clergerie, Eric Villemonte  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1566",
    pages = "3563--3568",
    abstract = "Parsing predicate-argument structures in a deep syntax framework requires graphs to be predicted. Argument structures represent a higher level of abstraction than the syntactic ones and are thus more difficult to predict even for highly accurate parsing models on surfacic syntax. In this paper we investigate deep syntax parsing, using a French data set (Ribeyre et al., 2014a). We demonstrate that the use of topologically different types of syntactic features, such as dependencies, tree fragments, spines or syntactic paths, brings a much needed context to the parser. Our higher-order parsing model, gaining thus up to 4 points, establishes the state of the art for parsing French deep syntactic structures.",
}
@inproceedings{hawwari-etal-2016-explicit,
    title = "Explicit Fine grained Syntactic and Semantic Annotation of the Idafa Construction in {A}rabic",
    author = "Hawwari, Abdelati  and
      Attia, Mohammed  and
      Ghoneim, Mahmoud  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1567",
    pages = "3569--3577",
    abstract = "Idafa in traditional Arabic grammar is an umbrella construction that covers several phenomena including what is expressed in English as noun-noun compounds and Saxon and Norman genitives. Additionally, Idafa participates in some other constructions, such as quantifiers, quasi-prepositions, and adjectives. Identifying the various types of the Idafa construction (IC) is of importance to Natural Language processing (NLP) applications. Noun-Noun compounds exhibit special behavior in most languages impacting their semantic interpretation. Hence distinguishing them could have an impact on downstream NLP applications. The most comprehensive syntactic representation of the Arabic language is the LDC Arabic Treebank (ATB). In the ATB, ICs are not explicitly labeled and furthermore, there is no distinction between ICs of noun-noun relations and other traditional ICs. Hence, we devise a detailed syntactic and semantic typification process of the IC phenomenon in Arabic. We target the ATB as a platform for this classification. We render the ATB annotated with explicit IC labels but with the further semantic characterization which is useful for syntactic, semantic and cross language processing. Our typification of IC comprises 3 main syntactic IC types: FIC, GIC, and TIC, and they are further divided into 10 syntactic subclasses. The TIC group is further classified into semantic relations. We devise a method for automatic IC labeling and compare its yield against the CATiB treebank. Our evaluation shows that we achieve the same level of accuracy, but with the additional fine-grained classification into the various syntactic and semantic types.",
}
@inproceedings{schumann-fischer-2016-compasses,
    title = "Compasses, Magnets, Water Microscopes: Annotation of Terminology in a Diachronic Corpus of Scientific Texts",
    author = "Schumann, Anne-Kathrin  and
      Fischer, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1568",
    pages = "3578--3585",
    abstract = "The specialised lexicon belongs to the most prominent attributes of specialised writing: Terms function as semantically dense encodings of specialised concepts, which, in the absence of terms, would require lengthy explanations and descriptions. In this paper, we argue that terms are the result of diachronic processes on both the semantic and the morpho-syntactic level. Very little is known about these processes. We therefore present a corpus annotation project aiming at revealing how terms are coined and how they evolve to fit their function as semantically and morpho-syntactically dense encodings of specialised knowledge. The scope of this paper is two-fold: Firstly, we outline our methodology for annotating terminology in a diachronic corpus of scientific publications. Moreover, we provide a detailed analysis of our annotation results and suggest methods for improving the accuracy of annotations in a setting as difficult as ours. Secondly, we present results of a pilot study based on the annotated terms. The results suggest that terms in older texts are linguistically relatively simple units that are hard to distinguish from the lexicon of general language. We believe that this supports our hypothesis that terminology undergoes diachronic processes of densification and specialisation.",
}
@inproceedings{diewald-etal-2016-korap,
    title = "{K}or{AP} Architecture ― Diving in the Deep Sea of Corpus Data",
    author = "Diewald, Nils  and
      Hanl, Michael  and
      Margaretha, Eliza  and
      Bingel, Joachim  and
      Kupietz, Marc  and
      Ba{\'n}ski, Piotr  and
      Witt, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1569",
    pages = "3586--3591",
    abstract = "KorAP is a corpus search and analysis platform, developed at the Institute for the German Language (IDS). It supports very large corpora with multiple annotation layers, multiple query languages, and complex licensing scenarios. KorAP{'}s design aims to be scalable, flexible, and sustainable to serve the German Reference Corpus DeReKo for at least the next decade. To meet these requirements, we have adopted a highly modular microservice-based architecture. This paper outlines our approach: An architecture consisting of small components that are easy to extend, replace, and maintain. The components include a search backend, a user and corpus license management system, and a web-based user frontend. We also describe a general corpus query protocol used by all microservices for internal communications. KorAP is open source, licensed under BSD-2, and available on GitHub.",
}
@inproceedings{grouin-2016-text,
    title = "Text Segmentation of Digitized Clinical Texts",
    author = "Grouin, Cyril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1570",
    pages = "3592--3599",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present the experiments we made to recover the original page layout structure into two columns from layout damaged digitized files. We designed several CRF-based approaches, either to identify column separator or to classify each token from each line into left or right columns. We achieved our best results with a model trained on homogeneous corpora (only files composed of 2 columns) when classifying each token into left or right columns (overall F-measure of 0.968). Our experiments show it is possible to recover the original layout in columns of digitized documents with results of quality.",
}
@inproceedings{acar-etal-2016-turkish,
    title = "A {T}urkish Database for Psycholinguistic Studies Based on Frequency, Age of Acquisition, and Imageability",
    author = "Acar, Elif Ahsen  and
      Zeyrek, Deniz  and
      Kurfal{\i}, Murathan  and
      Boz{\c{s}}ahin, Cem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1571",
    pages = "3600--3606",
    abstract = "This study primarily aims to build a Turkish psycholinguistic database including three variables: word frequency, age of acquisition (AoA), and imageability, where AoA and imageability information are limited to nouns. We used a corpus-based approach to obtain information about the AoA variable. We built two corpora: a child literature corpus (CLC) including 535 books written for 3-12 years old children, and a corpus of transcribed children{'}s speech (CSC) at ages 1;4-4;8. A comparison between the word frequencies of CLC and CSC gave positive correlation results, suggesting the usability of the CLC to extract AoA information. We assumed that frequent words of the CLC would correspond to early acquired words whereas frequent words of a corpus of adult language would correspond to late acquired words. To validate AoA results from our corpus-based approach, a rated AoA questionnaire was conducted on adults. Imageability values were collected via a different questionnaire conducted on adults. We conclude that it is possible to deduce AoA information for high frequency words with the corpus-based approach. The results about low frequency words were inconclusive, which is attributed to the fact that corpus-based AoA information is affected by the strong negative correlation between corpus frequency and rated AoA.",
}
@inproceedings{remus-biemann-2016-domain,
    title = "Domain-Specific Corpus Expansion with Focused Webcrawling",
    author = "Remus, Steffen  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1572",
    pages = "3607--3611",
    abstract = "This work presents a straightforward method for extending or creating in-domain web corpora by focused webcrawling. The focused webcrawler uses statistical N-gram language models to estimate the relatedness of documents and weblinks and needs as input only N-grams or plain texts of a predefined domain and seed URLs as starting points. Two experiments demonstrate that our focused crawler is able to stay focused in domain and language. The first experiment shows that the crawler stays in a focused domain, the second experiment demonstrates that language models trained on focused crawls obtain better perplexity scores on in-domain corpora. We distribute the focused crawler as open source software.",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-etal-2016-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Diacritic Restoration for South {S}lavic Languages",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1573",
    pages = "3612--3616",
    abstract = "In computer-mediated communication, Latin-based scripts users often omit diacritics when writing. Such text is typically easily understandable to humans but very difficult for computational processing because many words become ambiguous or unknown. Letter-level approaches to diacritic restoration generalise better and do not require a lot of training data but word-level approaches tend to yield better results. However, they typically rely on a lexicon which is an expensive resource, not covering non-standard forms, and often not available for less-resourced languages. In this paper we present diacritic restoration models that are trained on easy-to-acquire corpora. We test three different types of corpora (Wikipedia, general web, Twitter) for three South Slavic languages (Croatian, Serbian and Slovene) and evaluate them on two types of text: standard (Wikipedia) and non-standard (Twitter). The proposed approach considerably outperforms charlifter, so far the only open source tool available for this task. We make the best performing systems freely available.",
}
@inproceedings{couto-vale-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Recognition of Linguistic Replacements in Text Series Generated from Keystroke Logs",
    author = "Couto-Vale, Daniel  and
      Neumann, Stella  and
      Niemietz, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1574",
    pages = "3617--3623",
    abstract = "This paper introduces a toolkit used for the purpose of detecting replacements of different grammatical and semantic structures in ongoing text production logged as a chronological series of computer interaction events (so-called keystroke logs). The specific case we use involves human translations where replacements can be indicative of translator behaviour that leads to specific features of translations that distinguish them from non-translated texts. The toolkit uses a novel CCG chart parser customised so as to recognise grammatical words independently of space and punctuation boundaries. On the basis of the linguistic analysis, structures in different versions of the target text are compared and classified as potential equivalents of the same source text segment by {`}equivalence judges{'}. In that way, replacements of grammatical and semantic structures can be detected. Beyond the specific task at hand the approach will also be useful for the analysis of other types of spaceless text such as Twitter hashtags and texts in agglutinative or spaceless languages like Finnish or Chinese.",
}
@inproceedings{manishina-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Corpus Extension for Data-driven Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Manishina, Elena  and
      Jabaian, Bassam  and
      Huet, St{\'e}phane  and
      Lef{\`e}vre, Fabrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1575",
    pages = "3624--3631",
    abstract = "As data-driven approaches started to make their way into the Natural Language Generation (NLG) domain, the need for automation of corpus building and extension became apparent. Corpus creation and extension in data-driven NLG domain traditionally involved manual paraphrasing performed by either a group of experts or with resort to crowd-sourcing. Building the training corpora manually is a costly enterprise which requires a lot of time and human resources. We propose to automate the process of corpus extension by integrating automatically obtained synonyms and paraphrases. Our methodology allowed us to significantly increase the size of the training corpus and its level of variability (the number of distinct tokens and specific syntactic structures). Our extension solutions are fully automatic and require only some initial validation. The human evaluation results confirm that in many cases native speakers favor the outputs of the model built on the extended corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{htait-etal-2016-bilbo,
    title = "Bilbo-Val: Automatic Identification of Bibliographical Zone in Papers",
    author = "Htait, Amal  and
      Fournier, Sebastien  and
      Bellot, Patrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1576",
    pages = "3632--3636",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present the automatic annotation of bibliographical references{'} zone in papers and articles of XML/TEI format. Our work is applied through two phases: first, we use machine learning technology to classify bibliographical and non-bibliographical paragraphs in papers, by means of a model that was initially created to differentiate between the footnotes containing or not containing bibliographical references. The previous description is one of BILBO{'}s features, which is an open source software for automatic annotation of bibliographic reference. Also, we suggest some methods to minimize the margin of error. Second, we propose an algorithm to find the largest list of bibliographical references in the article. The improvement applied on our model results an increase in the model{'}s efficiency with an Accuracy equal to 85.89. And by testing our work, we are able to achieve 72.23{\%} as an average for the percentage of success in detecting bibliographical references{'} zone.",
}
@inproceedings{zaghouani-etal-2016-guidelines,
    title = "Guidelines and Framework for a Large Scale {A}rabic Diacritized Corpus",
    author = "Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Hawwari, Abdelati  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Obeid, Ossama  and
      Ghoneim, Mahmoud  and
      Alqahtani, Sawsan  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1577",
    pages = "3637--3643",
    abstract = "This paper presents the annotation guidelines developed as part of an effort to create a large scale manually diacritized corpus for various Arabic text genres. The target size of the annotated corpus is 2 million words. We summarize the guidelines and describe issues encountered during the training of the annotators. We also discuss the challenges posed by the complexity of the Arabic language and how they are addressed. Finally, we present the diacritization annotation procedure and detail the quality of the resulting annotations.",
}
@inproceedings{temnikova-etal-2016-applying,
    title = "Applying the Cognitive Machine Translation Evaluation Approach to {A}rabic",
    author = "Temnikova, Irina  and
      Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1578",
    pages = "3644--3651",
    abstract = "The goal of the cognitive machine translation (MT) evaluation approach is to build classifiers which assign post-editing effort scores to new texts. The approach helps estimate fair compensation for post-editors in the translation industry by evaluating the cognitive difficulty of post-editing MT output. The approach counts the number of errors classified in different categories on the basis of how much cognitive effort they require in order to be corrected. In this paper, we present the results of applying an existing cognitive evaluation approach to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). We provide a comparison of the number of errors and categories of errors in three MSA texts of different MT quality (without any language-specific adaptation), as well as a comparison between MSA texts and texts from three Indo-European languages (Russian, Spanish, and Bulgarian), taken from a previous experiment. The results show how the error distributions change passing from the MSA texts of worse MT quality to MSA texts of better MT quality, as well as a similarity in distinguishing the texts of better MT quality for all four languages.",
}
@inproceedings{scarton-specia-2016-reading,
    title = "A Reading Comprehension Corpus for Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Scarton, Carolina  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1579",
    pages = "3652--3658",
    abstract = "Effectively assessing Natural Language Processing output tasks is a challenge for research in the area. In the case of Machine Translation (MT), automatic metrics are usually preferred over human evaluation, given time and budget constraints.However, traditional automatic metrics (such as BLEU) are not reliable for absolute quality assessment of documents, often producing similar scores for documents translated by the same MT system.For scenarios where absolute labels are necessary for building models, such as document-level Quality Estimation, these metrics can not be fully trusted. In this paper, we introduce a corpus of reading comprehension tests based on machine translated documents, where we evaluate documents based on answers to questions by fluent speakers of the target language. We describe the process of creating such a resource, the experiment design and agreement between the test takers. Finally, we discuss ways to convert the reading comprehension test into document-level quality scores.",
}
@inproceedings{wilkens-etal-2016-b2sg,
    title = "{B}2{SG}: a {TOEFL}-like Task for {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Wilkens, Rodrigo  and
      Zilio, Leonardo  and
      Ferreira, Eduardo  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1580",
    pages = "3659--3662",
    abstract = "Resources such as WordNet are useful for NLP applications, but their manual construction consumes time and personnel, and frequently results in low coverage. One alternative is the automatic construction of large resources from corpora like distributional thesauri, containing semantically associated words. However, as they may contain noise, there is a strong need for automatic ways of evaluating the quality of the resulting resource. This paper introduces a gold standard that can aid in this task. The BabelNet-Based Semantic Gold Standard (B2SG) was automatically constructed based on BabelNet and partly evaluated by human judges. It consists of sets of tests that present one target word, one related word and three unrelated words. B2SG contains 2,875 validated relations: 800 for verbs and 2,075 for nouns; these relations are divided among synonymy, antonymy and hypernymy. They can be used as the basis for evaluating the accuracy of the similarity relations on distributional thesauri by comparing the proximity of the target word with the related and unrelated options and observing if the related word has the highest similarity value among them. As a case study two distributional thesauri were also developed: one using surface forms from a large (1.5 billion word) corpus and the other using lemmatized forms from a smaller (409 million word) corpus. Both distributional thesauri were then evaluated against B2SG, and the one using lemmatized forms performed slightly better.",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-etal-2016-mobil,
    title = "{M}o{B}i{L}: A Hybrid Feature Set for Automatic Human Translation Quality Assessment",
    author = "Yuan, Yu  and
      Sharoff, Serge  and
      Babych, Bogdan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1581",
    pages = "3663--3670",
    abstract = "In this paper we introduce MoBiL, a hybrid Monolingual, Bilingual and Language modelling feature set and feature selection and evaluation framework. The set includes translation quality indicators that can be utilized to automatically predict the quality of human translations in terms of content adequacy and language fluency. We compare MoBiL with the QuEst baseline set by using them in classifiers trained with support vector machine and relevance vector machine learning algorithms on the same data set. We also report an experiment on feature selection to opt for fewer but more informative features from MoBiL. Our experiments show that classifiers trained on our feature set perform consistently better in predicting both adequacy and fluency than the classifiers trained on the baseline feature set. MoBiL also performs well when used with both support vector machine and relevance vector machine algorithms.",
}
@inproceedings{logacheva-etal-2016-marmot,
    title = "{MARMOT}: A Toolkit for Translation Quality Estimation at the Word Level",
    author = "Logacheva, Varvara  and
      Hokamp, Chris  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1582",
    pages = "3671--3674",
    abstract = "We present Marmot{\textasciitilde}― a new toolkit for quality estimation (QE) of machine translation output. Marmot contains utilities targeted at quality estimation at the word and phrase level. However, due to its flexibility and modularity, it can also be extended to work at the sentence level. In addition, it can be used as a framework for extracting features and learning models for many common natural language processing tasks. The tool has a set of state-of-the-art features for QE, and new features can easily be added. The tool is open-source and can be downloaded from https://github.com/qe-team/marmot/",
}
@inproceedings{katerenchuk-rosenberg-2016-rankdcg,
    title = "{R}ank{DCG}: Rank-Ordering Evaluation Measure",
    author = "Katerenchuk, Denys  and
      Rosenberg, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1583",
    pages = "3675--3680",
    abstract = "Ranking is used for a wide array of problems, most notably information retrieval (search). Kendall{'}s τ, Average Precision, and nDCG are a few popular approaches to the evaluation of ranking. When dealing with problems such as user ranking or recommendation systems, all these measures suffer from various problems, including the inability to deal with elements of the same rank, inconsistent and ambiguous lower bound scores, and an inappropriate cost function. We propose a new measure, a modification of the popular nDCG algorithm, named rankDCG, that addresses these problems. We provide a number of criteria for any effective ranking algorithm and show that only rankDCG satisfies them all. Results are presented on constructed and real data sets. We release a publicly available rankDCG evaluation package.",
}
@inproceedings{etcheverry-wonsever-2016-spanish,
    title = "{S}panish Word Vectors from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Etcheverry, Mathias  and
      Wonsever, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1584",
    pages = "3681--3685",
    abstract = "Contents analisys from text data requires semantic representations that are difficult to obtain automatically, as they may require large handcrafted knowledge bases or manually annotated examples. Unsupervised autonomous methods for generating semantic representations are of greatest interest in face of huge volumes of text to be exploited in all kinds of applications. In this work we describe the generation and validation of semantic representations in the vector space paradigm for Spanish. The method used is GloVe (Pennington, 2014), one of the best performing reported methods , and vectors were trained over Spanish Wikipedia. The learned vectors evaluation is done in terms of word analogy and similarity tasks (Pennington, 2014; Baroni, 2014; Mikolov, 2013a). The vector set and a Spanish version for some widely used semantic relatedness tests are made publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{humayoun-yu-2016-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Pre-processing Settings for {U}rdu Single-document Extractive Summarization",
    author = "Humayoun, Muhammad  and
      Yu, Hwanjo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1585",
    pages = "3686--3693",
    abstract = "Preprocessing is a preliminary step in many fields including IR and NLP. The effect of basic preprocessing settings on English for text summarization is well-studied. However, there is no such effort found for the Urdu language (with the best of our knowledge). In this study, we analyze the effect of basic preprocessing settings for single-document text summarization for Urdu, on a benchmark corpus using various experiments. The analysis is performed using the state-of-the-art algorithms for extractive summarization and the effect of stopword removal, lemmatization, and stemming is analyzed. Results showed that these pre-processing settings improve the results.",
}
@inproceedings{gabor-etal-2016-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Annotation of the {ACL} Anthology Corpus for the Automatic Analysis of Scientific Literature",
    author = {G{\'a}bor, Kata  and
      Zargayouna, Ha{\"\i}fa  and
      Buscaldi, Davide  and
      Tellier, Isabelle  and
      Charnois, Thierry},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1586",
    pages = "3694--3701",
    abstract = "This paper describes the process of creating a corpus annotated for concepts and semantic relations in the scientific domain. A part of the ACL Anthology Corpus was selected for annotation, but the annotation process itself is not specific to the computational linguistics domain and could be applied to any scientific corpora. Concepts were identified and annotated fully automatically, based on a combination of terminology extraction and available ontological resources. A typology of semantic relations between concepts is also proposed. This typology, consisting of 18 domain-specific and 3 generic relations, is the result of a corpus-based investigation of the text sequences occurring between concepts in sentences. A sample of 500 abstracts from the corpus is currently being manually annotated with these semantic relations. Only explicit relations are taken into account, so that the data could serve to train or evaluate pattern-based semantic relation classification systems.",
}
@inproceedings{derczynski-etal-2016-gate,
    title = "{GATE}-Time: Extraction of Temporal Expressions and Events",
    author = {Derczynski, Leon  and
      Str{\"o}tgen, Jannik  and
      Maynard, Diana  and
      Greenwood, Mark A.  and
      Jung, Manuel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1587",
    pages = "3702--3708",
    abstract = "GATE is a widely used open-source solution for text processing with a large user community. It contains components for several natural language processing tasks. However, temporal information extraction functionality within GATE has been rather limited so far, despite being a prerequisite for many application scenarios in the areas of natural language processing and information retrieval. This paper presents an integrated approach to temporal information processing. We take state-of-the-art tools in temporal expression and event recognition and bring them together to form an openly-available resource within the GATE infrastructure. GATE-Time provides annotation in the form of TimeML events and temporal expressions complying with this mature ISO standard for temporal semantic annotation of documents. Major advantages of GATE-Time are (i) that it relies on HeidelTime for temporal tagging, so that temporal expressions can be extracted and normalized in multiple languages and across different domains, (ii) it includes a modern, fast event recognition and classification tool, and (iii) that it can be combined with different linguistic pre-processing annotations, and is thus not bound to license restricted preprocessing components.",
}
@inproceedings{claveau-kijak-2016-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Thesauri for Information Retrieval and vice versa",
    author = "Claveau, Vincent  and
      Kijak, Ewa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1588",
    pages = "3709--3716",
    abstract = "Distributional thesauri are useful in many tasks of Natural Language Processing. In this paper, we address the problem of building and evaluating such thesauri with the help of Information Retrieval (IR) concepts. Two main contributions are proposed. First, following the work of [8], we show how IR tools and concepts can be used with success to build a thesaurus. Through several experiments and by evaluating directly the results with reference lexicons, we show that some IR models outperform state-of-the-art systems. Secondly, we use IR as an applicative framework to indirectly evaluate the generated thesaurus. Here again, this task-based evaluation validates the IR approach used to build the thesaurus. Moreover, it allows us to compare these results with those from the direct evaluation framework used in the literature. The observed differences bring these evaluation habits into question.",
}
@inproceedings{mott-etal-2016-parallel,
    title = "Parallel {C}hinese-{E}nglish Entities, Relations and Events Corpora",
    author = "Mott, Justin  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Song, Zhiyi  and
      Strassel, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1589",
    pages = "3717--3722",
    abstract = "This paper introduces the parallel Chinese-English Entities, Relations and Events (ERE) corpora developed by Linguistic Data Consortium under the DARPA Deep Exploration and Filtering of Text (DEFT) Program. Original Chinese newswire and discussion forum documents are annotated for two versions of the ERE task. The texts are manually translated into English and then annotated for the same ERE tasks on the English translation, resulting in a rich parallel resource that has utility for performers within the DEFT program, for participants in NIST{'}s Knowledge Base Population evaluations, and for cross-language projection research more generally.",
}
@inproceedings{ellendorff-etal-2016-psymine,
    title = "The {P}sy{M}ine Corpus - A Corpus annotated with Psychiatric Disorders and their Etiological Factors",
    author = "Ellendorff, Tilia  and
      Foster, Simon  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1590",
    pages = "3723--3729",
    abstract = "We present the first version of a corpus annotated for psychiatric disorders and their etiological factors. The paper describes the choice of text, annotated entities and events/relations as well as the annotation scheme and procedure applied. The corpus is featuring a selection of focus psychiatric disorders including depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobic disorders and panic disorder. Etiological factors for these focus disorders are widespread and include genetic, physiological, sociological and environmental factors among others. Etiological events, including annotated evidence text, represent the interactions between their focus disorders and their etiological factors. Additionally to these core events, symptomatic and treatment events have been annotated. The current version of the corpus includes 175 scientific abstracts. All entities and events/relations have been manually annotated by domain experts and scores of inter-annotator agreement are presented. The aim of the corpus is to provide a first gold standard to support the development of biomedical text mining applications for the specific area of mental disorders which belong to the main contributors to the contemporary burden of disease.",
}
@inproceedings{fulgoni-etal-2016-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Exploration of Moral Foundations Theory in Partisan News Sources",
    author = "Fulgoni, Dean  and
      Carpenter, Jordan  and
      Ungar, Lyle  and
      Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1591",
    pages = "3730--3736",
    abstract = "News sources frame issues in different ways in order to appeal or control the perception of their readers. We present a large scale study of news articles from partisan sources in the US across a variety of different issues. We first highlight that differences between sides exist by predicting the political leaning of articles of unseen political bias. Framing can be driven by different types of morality that each group values. We emphasize differences in framing of different news building on the moral foundations theory quantified using hand crafted lexicons. Our results show that partisan sources frame political issues differently both in terms of words usage and through the moral foundations they relate to.",
}
@inproceedings{banea-etal-2016-building,
    title = "Building a Dataset for Possessions Identification in Text",
    author = "Banea, Carmen  and
      Chen, Xi  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1592",
    pages = "3737--3740",
    abstract = "Just as industrialization matured from mass production to customization and personalization, so has the Web migrated from generic content to public disclosures of one{'}s most intimately held thoughts, opinions and beliefs. This relatively new type of data is able to represent finer and more narrowly defined demographic slices. If until now researchers have primarily focused on leveraging personalized content to identify latent information such as gender, nationality, location, or age of the author, this study seeks to establish a structured way of extracting possessions, or items that people own or are entitled to, as a way to ultimately provide insights into people{'}s behaviors and characteristics. In order to promote more research in this area, we are releasing a set of 798 possessions extracted from blog genre, where possessions are marked at different confidence levels, as well as a detailed set of guidelines to help in future annotation studies.",
}
@inproceedings{griffitt-strassel-2016-query,
    title = "The Query of Everything: Developing Open-Domain, Natural-Language Queries for {BOLT} Information Retrieval",
    author = "Griffitt, Kira  and
      Strassel, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1593",
    pages = "3741--3747",
    abstract = "The DARPA BOLT Information Retrieval evaluations target open-domain natural-language queries over a large corpus of informal text in English, Chinese and Egyptian Arabic. We outline the goals of BOLT IR, comparing it with the prior GALE Distillation task. After discussing the properties of the BOLT IR corpus, we provide a detailed description of the query creation process, contrasting the summary query format presented to systems at run time with the full query format created by annotators. We describe the relevance criteria used to assess BOLT system responses, highlighting the evolution of the procedures used over the three evaluation phases. We provide a detailed review of the decision points model for relevance assessment introduced during Phase 2, and conclude with information about inter-assessor consistency achieved with the decision points assessment model.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-validation,
    title = "The Validation of {MRCPD} Cross-language Expansions on Imageability Ratings",
    author = "Liu, Ting  and
      Cho, Kit  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Shaikh, Samira  and
      Mirzaei, Mehrdad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1594",
    pages = "3748--3751",
    abstract = "In this article, we present a method to validate a multi-lingual (English, Spanish, Russian, and Farsi) corpus on imageability ratings automatically expanded from MRCPD (Liu et al., 2014). We employed the corpus (Brysbaert et al., 2014) on concreteness ratings for our English MRCPD+ validation because of lacking human assessed imageability ratings and high correlation between concreteness ratings and imageability ratings (e.g. r = .83). For the same reason, we built a small corpus with human imageability assessment for the other language corpus validation. The results show that the automatically expanded imageability ratings are highly correlated with human assessment in all four languages, which demonstrate our automatic expansion method is valid and robust. We believe these new resources can be of significant interest to the research community, particularly in natural language processing and computational sociolinguistics.",
}
@inproceedings{pawar-etal-2016-building,
    title = "Building Tempo-{H}indi{W}ord{N}et: A resource for effective temporal information access in {H}indi",
    author = "Pawar, Dipawesh  and
      Hasanuzzaman, Mohammed  and
      Ekbal, Asif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1595",
    pages = "3752--3759",
    abstract = "In this paper, we put forward a strategy that supplements Hindi WordNet entries with information on the temporality of its word senses. Each synset of Hindi WordNet is automatically annotated to one of the five dimensions: past, present, future, neutral and atemporal. We use semi-supervised learning strategy to build temporal classifiers over the glosses of manually selected initial seed synsets. The classification process is iterated based on the repetitive confidence based expansion strategy of the initial seed list until cross-validation accuracy drops. The resource is unique in its nature as, to the best of our knowledge, still no such resource is available for Hindi.",
}
@inproceedings{grabar-eshkol-taravela-2016-detection,
    title = "Detection of Reformulations in Spoken {F}rench",
    author = "Grabar, Natalia  and
      Eshkol-Taravela, Iris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1596",
    pages = "3760--3767",
    abstract = "Our work addresses automatic detection of enunciations and segments with reformulations in French spoken corpora. The proposed approach is syntagmatic. It is based on reformulation markers and specificities of spoken language. The reference data are built manually and have gone through consensus. Automatic methods, based on rules and CRF machine learning, are proposed in order to detect the enunciations and segments that contain reformulations. With the CRF models, different features are exploited within a window of various sizes. Detection of enunciations with reformulations shows up to 0.66 precision. The tests performed for the detection of reformulated segments indicate that the task remains difficult. The best average performance values reach up to 0.65 F-measure, 0.75 precision, and 0.63 recall. We have several perspectives to this work for improving the detection of reformulated segments and for studying the data from other points of view.",
}
@inproceedings{banjade-rus-2016-dt,
    title = "{DT}-Neg: Tutorial Dialogues Annotated for Negation Scope and Focus in Context",
    author = "Banjade, Rajendra  and
      Rus, Vasile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1597",
    pages = "3768--3771",
    abstract = "Negation is often found more frequent in dialogue than commonly written texts, such as literary texts. Furthermore, the scope and focus of negation depends on context in dialogues than other forms of texts. Existing negation datasets have focused on non-dialogue texts such as literary texts where the scope and focus of negation is normally present within the same sentence where the negation is located and therefore are not the most appropriate to inform the development of negation handling algorithms for dialogue-based systems. In this paper, we present DT -Neg corpus (DeepTutor Negation corpus) which contains texts extracted from tutorial dialogues where students interacted with an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) to solve conceptual physics problems. The DT -Neg corpus contains annotated negations in student responses with scope and focus marked based on the context of the dialogue. Our dataset contains 1,088 instances and is available for research purposes at http://language.memphis.edu/dt-neg.",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-demner-fushman-2016-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Logical Forms for {EHR} Questions",
    author = "Roberts, Kirk  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1598",
    pages = "3772--3778",
    abstract = "This paper discusses the creation of a semantically annotated corpus of questions about patient data in electronic health records (EHRs). The goal is provide the training data necessary for semantic parsers to automatically convert EHR questions into a structured query. A layered annotation strategy is used which mirrors a typical natural language processing (NLP) pipeline. First, questions are syntactically analyzed to identify multi-part questions. Second, medical concepts are recognized and normalized to a clinical ontology. Finally, logical forms are created using a lambda calculus representation. We use a corpus of 446 questions asking for patient-specific information. From these, 468 specific questions are found containing 259 unique medical concepts and requiring 53 unique predicates to represent the logical forms. We further present detailed characteristics of the corpus, including inter-annotator agreement results, and describe the challenges automatic NLP systems will face on this task.",
}
@inproceedings{bethard-parker-2016-semantically,
    title = "A Semantically Compositional Annotation Scheme for Time Normalization",
    author = "Bethard, Steven  and
      Parker, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1599",
    pages = "3779--3786",
    abstract = "We present a new annotation scheme for normalizing time expressions, such as {``}three days ago{''}, to computer-readable forms, such as 2016-03-07. The annotation scheme addresses several weaknesses of the existing TimeML standard, allowing the representation of time expressions that align to more than one calendar unit (e.g., {``}the past three summers{''}), that are defined relative to events (e.g., {``}three weeks postoperative{''}), and that are unions or intersections of smaller time expressions (e.g., {``}Tuesdays and Thursdays{''}). It achieves this by modeling time expression interpretation as the semantic composition of temporal operators like UNION, NEXT, and AFTER. We have applied the annotation scheme to 34 documents so far, producing 1104 annotations, and achieving inter-annotator agreement of 0.821.",
}
@inproceedings{ozbal-etal-2016-prometheus,
    title = "{PROMETHEUS}: A Corpus of Proverbs Annotated with Metaphors",
    author = {{\"O}zbal, G{\"o}zde  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Tekiro{\u{g}}lu, Serra Sinem},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1600",
    pages = "3787--3793",
    abstract = "Proverbs are commonly metaphoric in nature and the mapping across domains is commonly established in proverbs. The abundance of proverbs in terms of metaphors makes them an extremely valuable linguistic resource since they can be utilized as a gold standard for various metaphor related linguistic tasks such as metaphor identification or interpretation. Besides, a collection of proverbs fromvarious languages annotated with metaphors would also be essential for social scientists to explore the cultural differences betweenthose languages. In this paper, we introduce PROMETHEUS, a dataset consisting of English proverbs and their equivalents in Italian.In addition to the word-level metaphor annotations for each proverb, PROMETHEUS contains other types of information such as the metaphoricity degree of the overall proverb, its meaning, the century that it was first recorded in and a pair of subjective questions responded by the annotators. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first multi-lingual and open-domain corpus of proverbs annotated with word-level metaphors.",
}
@inproceedings{djemaa-etal-2016-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Annotation within the {F}rench {F}rame{N}et: a Domain-by-domain Methodology",
    author = "Djemaa, Marianne  and
      Candito, Marie  and
      Muller, Philippe  and
      Vieu, Laure",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1601",
    pages = "3794--3801",
    abstract = "This paper reports on the development of a French FrameNet, within the ASFALDA project. While the first phase of the project focused on the development of a French set of frames and corresponding lexicon (Candito et al., 2014), this paper concentrates on the subsequent corpus annotation phase, which focused on four notional domains (commercial transactions, cognitive stances, causality and verbal communication). Given full coverage is not reachable for a relatively {``}new{''} FrameNet project, we advocate that focusing on specific notional domains allowed us to obtain full lexical coverage for the frames of these domains, while partially reflecting word sense ambiguities. Furthermore, as frames and roles were annotated on two French Treebanks (the French Treebank (Abeill{\'e} and Barrier, 2004) and the Sequoia Treebank (Candito and Seddah, 2012), we were able to extract a syntactico-semantic lexicon from the annotated frames. In the resource{'}s current status, there are 98 frames, 662 frame evoking words, 872 senses, and about 13000 annotated frames, with their semantic roles assigned to portions of text. The French FrameNet is freely available at alpage.inria.fr/asfalda.",
}
@inproceedings{lefeuvre-halftermeyer-etal-2016-covering,
    title = "Covering various Needs in Temporal Annotation: a Proposal of Extension of {ISO} {T}ime{ML} that Preserves Upward Compatibility",
    author = {Lefeuvre-Halftermeyer, Ana{\"\i}s  and
      Antoine, Jean-Yves  and
      Couillault, Alain  and
      Schang, Emmanuel  and
      Abouda, Lotfi  and
      Savary, Agata  and
      Maurel, Denis  and
      Eshkol, Iris  and
      Battistelli, Delphine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1602",
    pages = "3802--3806",
    abstract = "This paper reports a critical analysis of the ISO TimeML standard, in the light of several experiences of temporal annotation that were conducted on spoken French. It shows that the norm suffers from weaknesses that should be corrected to fit a larger variety of needs inNLP and in corpus linguistics. We present our proposition of some improvements of the norm before it will be revised by the ISO Committee in 2017. These modifications concern mainly (1) Enrichments of well identified features of the norm: temporal function of TIMEX time expressions, additional types for TLINK temporal relations; (2) Deeper modifications concerning the units or features annotated: clarification between time and tense for EVENT units, coherence of representation between temporal signals (the SIGNAL unit) and TIMEX modifiers (the MOD feature); (3) A recommendation to perform temporal annotation on top of a syntactic (rather than lexical) layer (temporal annotation on a treebank).",
}
@inproceedings{vieu-etal-2016-general,
    title = "A General Framework for the Annotation of Causality Based on {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Vieu, Laure  and
      Muller, Philippe  and
      Candito, Marie  and
      Djemaa, Marianne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1603",
    pages = "3807--3813",
    abstract = "We present here a general set of semantic frames to annotate causal expressions, with a rich lexicon in French and an annotated corpus of about 5000 instances of causal lexical items with their corresponding semantic frames. The aim of our project is to have both the largest possible coverage of causal phenomena in French, across all parts of speech, and have it linked to a general semantic framework such as FN, to benefit in particular from the relations between other semantic frames, e.g., temporal ones or intentional ones, and the underlying upper lexical ontology that enable some forms of reasoning. This is part of the larger ASFALDA French FrameNet project, which focuses on a few different notional domains which are interesting in their own right (Djemma et al., 2016), including cognitive positions and communication frames. In the process of building the French lexicon and preparing the annotation of the corpus, we had to remodel some of the frames proposed in FN based on English data, with hopefully more precise frame definitions to facilitate human annotation. This includes semantic clarifications of frames and frame elements, redundancy elimination, and added coverage. The result is arguably a significant improvement of the treatment of causality in FN itself.",
}
@inproceedings{vempala-blanco-2016-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Temporally-Anchored Spatial Knowledge on Top of {O}nto{N}otes Semantic Roles",
    author = "Vempala, Alakananda  and
      Blanco, Eduardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1604",
    pages = "3814--3821",
    abstract = "This paper presents a two-step methodology to annotate spatial knowledge on top of OntoNotes semantic roles. First, we manipulate semantic roles to automatically generate potential additional spatial knowledge. Second, we crowdsource annotations with Amazon Mechanical Turk to either validate or discard the potential additional spatial knowledge. The resulting annotations indicate whether entities are or are not located somewhere with a degree of certainty, and temporally anchor this spatial information. Crowdsourcing experiments show that the additional spatial knowledge is ubiquitous and intuitive to humans, and experimental results show that it can be inferred automatically using standard supervised machine learning techniques.",
}
@inproceedings{gotze-boye-2016-spaceref,
    title = "{S}pace{R}ef: A corpus of street-level geographic descriptions",
    author = {G{\"o}tze, Jana  and
      Boye, Johan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1605",
    pages = "3822--3827",
    abstract = "This article describes SPACEREF, a corpus of street-level geographic descriptions. Pedestrians are walking a route in a (real) urban environment, describing their actions. Their position is automatically logged, their speech is manually transcribed, and their references to objects are manually annotated with respect to a crowdsourced geographic database. We describe how the data was collected and annotated, and how it has been used in the context of creating resources for an automatic pedestrian navigation system.",
}
@inproceedings{mirzaei-moloodi-2016-persian,
    title = "{P}ersian Proposition Bank",
    author = "Mirzaei, Azadeh  and
      Moloodi, Amirsaeid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1606",
    pages = "3828--3835",
    abstract = "This paper describes the procedure of semantic role labeling and the development of the first manually annotated Persian Proposition Bank (PerPB) which added a layer of predicate-argument information to the syntactic structures of Persian Dependency Treebank (known as PerDT). Through the process of annotating, the annotators could see the syntactic information of all the sentences and so they annotated 29982 sentences with more than 9200 unique verbs. In the annotation procedure, the direct syntactic dependents of the verbs were the first candidates for being annotated. So we did not annotate the other indirect dependents unless their phrasal heads were propositional and had their own arguments or adjuncts. Hence besides the semantic role labeling of verbs, the argument structure of 1300 unique propositional nouns and 300 unique propositional adjectives were annotated in the sentences, too. The accuracy of annotation process was measured by double annotation of the data at two separate stages and finally the data was prepared in the CoNLL dependency format.",
}
@inproceedings{tateisi-etal-2016-typed,
    title = "Typed Entity and Relation Annotation on Computer Science Papers",
    author = "Tateisi, Yuka  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1607",
    pages = "3836--3843",
    abstract = "We describe our ongoing effort to establish an annotation scheme for describing the semantic structures of research articles in the computer science domain, with the intended use of developing search systems that can refine their results by the roles of the entities denoted by the query keys. In our scheme, mentions of entities are annotated with ontology-based types, and the roles of the entities are annotated as relations with other entities described in the text. So far, we have annotated 400 abstracts from the ACL anthology and the ACM digital library. In this paper, the scheme and the annotated dataset are described, along with the problems found in the course of annotation. We also show the results of automatic annotation and evaluate the corpus in a practical setting in application to topic extraction.",
}
@inproceedings{gast-etal-2016-enriching,
    title = "Enriching {T}ime{B}ank: Towards a more precise annotation of temporal relations in a text",
    author = "Gast, Volker  and
      Bierkandt, Lennart  and
      Druskat, Stephan  and
      Rzymski, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1608",
    pages = "3844--3850",
    abstract = "We propose a way of enriching the TimeML annotations of TimeBank by adding information about the Topic Time in terms of Klein (1994). The annotations are partly automatic, partly inferential and partly manual. The corpus was converted into the native format of the annotation software GraphAnno and POS-tagged using the Stanford bidirectional dependency network tagger. On top of each finite verb, a FIN-node with tense information was created, and on top of any FIN-node, a TOPICTIME-node, in accordance with Klein{'}s (1994) treatment of finiteness as the linguistic correlate of the Topic Time. Each TOPICTIME-node is linked to a MAKEINSTANCE-node representing an (instantiated) event in TimeML (Pustejovsky et al. 2005), the markup language used for the annotation of TimeBank. For such links we introduce a new category, ELINK. ELINKs capture the relationship between the Topic Time (TT) and the Time of Situation (TSit) and have an aspectual interpretation in Klein{'}s (1994) theory. In addition to these automatic and inferential annotations, some TLINKs were added manually. Using an example from the corpus, we show that the inclusion of the Topic Time in the annotations allows for a richer representation of the temporal structure than does TimeML. A way of representing this structure in a diagrammatic form similar to the T-Box format (Verhagen, 2007) is proposed.",
}
@inproceedings{sheikh-etal-2016-diachronic,
    title = "How Diachronic Text Corpora Affect Context based Retrieval of {OOV} Proper Names for Audio News",
    author = "Sheikh, Imran  and
      Illina, Irina  and
      Fohr, Dominique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1609",
    pages = "3851--3855",
    abstract = "Out-Of-Vocabulary (OOV) words missed by Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition (LVCSR) systems can be recovered with the help of topic and semantic context of the OOV words captured from a diachronic text corpus. In this paper we investigate how the choice of documents for the diachronic text corpora affects the retrieval of OOV Proper Names (PNs) relevant to an audio document. We first present our diachronic French broadcast news datasets, which highlight the motivation of our study on OOV PNs. Then the effect of using diachronic text data from different sources and a different time span is analysed. With OOV PN retrieval experiments on French broadcast news videos, we conclude that a diachronic corpus with text from different sources leads to better retrieval performance than one relying on text from single source or from a longer time span.",
}
@inproceedings{wong-etal-2016-syllable,
    title = "Syllable based {DNN}-{HMM} {C}antonese Speech to Text System",
    author = "Wong, Timothy  and
      Li, Claire  and
      Lam, Sam  and
      Chiu, Billy  and
      LU, Qin  and
      Li, Minglei  and
      Xiong, Dan  and
      Yu, Roy Shing  and
      Ng, Vincent T.Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1610",
    pages = "3856--3862",
    abstract = "This paper reports our work on building up a Cantonese Speech-to-Text (STT) system with a syllable based acoustic model. This is a part of an effort in building a STT system to aid dyslexic students who have cognitive deficiency in writing skills but have no problem expressing their ideas through speech. For Cantonese speech recognition, the basic unit of acoustic models can either be the conventional Initial-Final (IF) syllables, or the Onset-Nucleus-Coda (ONC) syllables where finals are further split into nucleus and coda to reflect the intra-syllable variations in Cantonese. By using the Kaldi toolkit, our system is trained using the stochastic gradient descent optimization model with the aid of GPUs for the hybrid Deep Neural Network and Hidden Markov Model (DNN-HMM) with and without I-vector based speaker adaptive training technique. The input features of the same Gaussian Mixture Model with speaker adaptive training (GMM-SAT) to DNN are used in all cases. Experiments show that the ONC-based syllable acoustic modeling with I-vector based DNN-HMM achieves the best performance with the word error rate (WER) of 9.66{\%} and the real time factor (RTF) of 1.38812.",
}
@inproceedings{gauthier-etal-2016-collecting,
    title = "Collecting Resources in Sub-Saharan {A}frican Languages for Automatic Speech Recognition: a Case Study of Wolof",
    author = "Gauthier, Elodie  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Voisin, Sylvie  and
      Melese, Michael  and
      Elingui, Uriel Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1611",
    pages = "3863--3867",
    abstract = "This article presents the data collected and ASR systems developped for 4 sub-saharan african languages (Swahili, Hausa, Amharic and Wolof). To illustrate our methodology, the focus is made on Wolof (a very under-resourced language) for which we designed the first ASR system ever built in this language. All data and scripts are available online on our github repository.",
}
@inproceedings{pelemans-etal-2016-scale,
    title = "{SCALE}: A Scalable Language Engineering Toolkit",
    author = "Pelemans, Joris  and
      Verwimp, Lyan  and
      Demuynck, Kris  and
      hamme, Hugo Van  and
      Wambacq, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1612",
    pages = "3868--3871",
    abstract = "In this paper we present SCALE, a new Python toolkit that contains two extensions to n-gram language models. The first extension is a novel technique to model compound words called Semantic Head Mapping (SHM). The second extension, Bag-of-Words Language Modeling (BagLM), bundles popular models such as Latent Semantic Analysis and Continuous Skip-grams. Both extensions scale to large data and allow the integration into first-pass ASR decoding. The toolkit is open source, includes working examples and can be found on http://github.com/jorispelemans/scale.",
}
@inproceedings{brognaux-etal-2016-combining,
    title = "Combining Manual and Automatic Prosodic Annotation for Expressive Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Brognaux, Sandrine  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas  and
      Saerens, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1613",
    pages = "3872--3879",
    abstract = "Text-to-speech has long been centered on the production of an intelligible message of good quality. More recently, interest has shifted to the generation of more natural and expressive speech. A major issue of existing approaches is that they usually rely on a manual annotation in expressive styles, which tends to be rather subjective. A typical related issue is that the annotation is strongly influenced ― and possibly biased ― by the semantic content of the text (e.g. a shot or a fault may incite the annotator to tag that sequence as expressing a high degree of excitation, independently of its acoustic realization). This paper investigates the assumption that human annotation of basketball commentaries in excitation levels can be automatically improved on the basis of acoustic features. It presents two techniques for label correction exploiting a Gaussian mixture and a proportional-odds logistic regression. The automatically re-annotated corpus is then used to train HMM-based expressive speech synthesizers, the performance of which is assessed through subjective evaluations. The results indicate that the automatic correction of the annotation with Gaussian mixture helps to synthesize more contrasted excitation levels, while preserving naturalness.",
}
@inproceedings{kisler-etal-2016-bas,
    title = "{BAS} Speech Science Web Services - an Update of Current Developments",
    author = {Kisler, Thomas  and
      Reichel, Uwe  and
      Schiel, Florian  and
      Draxler, Christoph  and
      Jackl, Bernhard  and
      P{\"o}rner, Nina},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1614",
    pages = "3880--3885",
    abstract = "In 2012 the Bavarian Archive for Speech Signals started providing some of its tools from the field of spoken language in the form of Software as a Service (SaaS). This means users access the processing functionality over a web browser and therefore do not have to install complex software packages on a local computer. Amongst others, these tools include segmentation {\&} labeling, grapheme-to-phoneme conversion, text alignment, syllabification and metadata generation, where all but the last are available for a variety of languages. Since its creation the number of available services and the web interface have changed considerably. We give an overview and a detailed description of the system architecture, the available web services and their functionality. Furthermore, we show how the number of files processed over the system developed in the last four years.",
}
@inproceedings{batista-etal-2016-spa,
    title = "{SPA}: Web-based Platform for easy Access to Speech Processing Modules",
    author = "Batista, Fernando  and
      Curto, Pedro  and
      Trancoso, Isabel  and
      Abad, Alberto  and
      Ferreira, Jaime  and
      Ribeiro, Eug{\'e}nio  and
      Moniz, Helena  and
      de Matos, David Martins  and
      Ribeiro, Ricardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1615",
    pages = "3886--3892",
    abstract = "This paper presents SPA, a web-based Speech Analytics platform that integrates several speech processing modules and that makes it possible to use them through the web. It was developed with the aim of facilitating the usage of the modules, without the need to know about software dependencies and specific configurations. Apart from being accessed by a web-browser, the platform also provides a REST API for easy integration with other applications. The platform is flexible, scalable, provides authentication for access restrictions, and was developed taking into consideration the time and effort of providing new services. The platform is still being improved, but it already integrates a considerable number of audio and text processing modules, including: Automatic transcription, speech disfluency classification, emotion detection, dialog act recognition, age and gender classification, non-nativeness detection, hyper-articulation detection, dialog act recognition, and two external modules for feature extraction and DTMF detection. This paper describes the SPA architecture, presents the already integrated modules, and provides a detailed description for the ones most recently integrated.",
}
@inproceedings{seara-etal-2016-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced {CORILGA}: Introducing the Automatic Phonetic Alignment Tool for Continuous Speech",
    author = "Seara, Roberto  and
      Martinez, Marta  and
      Varela, Roc{\'\i}o  and
      Mateo, Carmen Garc{\'\i}a  and
      Rei, Elisa Fernandez  and
      Regueira, Xos{\'e} Luis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1616",
    pages = "3893--3898",
    abstract = "The {``}Corpus Oral Informatizado da Lingua Galega (CORILGA){''} project aims at building a corpus of oral language for Galician, primarily designed to study the linguistic variation and change. This project is currently under development and it is periodically enriched with new contributions. The long-term goal is that all the speech recordings will be enriched with phonetic, syllabic, morphosyntactic, lexical and sentence ELAN-complaint annotations. A way to speed up the process of annotation is to use automatic speech-recognition-based tools tailored to the application. Therefore, CORILGA repository has been enhanced with an automatic alignment tool, available to the administrator of the repository, that aligns speech with an orthographic transcription. In the event that no transcription, or just a partial one, were available, a speech recognizer for Galician is used to generate word and phonetic segmentations. These recognized outputs may contain errors that will have to be manually corrected by the administrator. For assisting this task, the tool also provides an ELAN tier with the confidence measure of each recognized word. In this paper, after the description of the main facts of the CORILGA corpus, the speech alignment and recognition tools are described. Both have been developed using the Kaldi toolkit.",
}
@inproceedings{konat-etal-2016-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Argument Networks: Using Graph Properties to Analyse Divisive Issues",
    author = "Konat, Barbara  and
      Lawrence, John  and
      Park, Joonsuk  and
      Budzynska, Katarzyna  and
      Reed, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1617",
    pages = "3899--3906",
    abstract = "Governments are increasingly utilising online platforms in order to engage with, and ascertain the opinions of, their citizens. Whilst policy makers could potentially benefit from such enormous feedback from society, they first face the challenge of making sense out of the large volumes of data produced. This creates a demand for tools and technologies which will enable governments to quickly and thoroughly digest the points being made and to respond accordingly. By determining the argumentative and dialogical structures contained within a debate, we are able to determine the issues which are divisive and those which attract agreement. This paper proposes a method of graph-based analytics which uses properties of graphs representing networks of arguments pro- {\&} con- in order to automatically analyse issues which divide citizens about new regulations. By future application of the most recent advances in argument mining, the results reported here will have a chance to scale up to enable sense-making of the vast amount of feedback received from citizens on directions that policy should take.",
}
@inproceedings{correia-etal-2016-metated,
    title = "meta{TED}: a Corpus of Metadiscourse for Spoken Language",
    author = "Correia, Rui  and
      Mamede, Nuno  and
      Baptista, Jorge  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1618",
    pages = "3907--3913",
    abstract = "This paper describes metaTED ― a freely available corpus of metadiscursive acts in spoken language collected via crowdsourcing. Metadiscursive acts were annotated on a set of 180 randomly chosen TED talks in English, spanning over different speakers and topics. The taxonomy used for annotation is composed of 16 categories, adapted from Adel(2010). This adaptation takes into account both the material to annotate and the setting in which the annotation task is performed. The crowdsourcing setup is described, including considerations regarding training and quality control. The collected data is evaluated in terms of quantity of occurrences, inter-annotator agreement, and annotation related measures (such as average time on task and self-reported confidence). Results show different levels of agreement among metadiscourse acts (α ∈ [0.15; 0.49]). To further assess the collected material, a subset of the annotations was submitted to expert appreciation, who validated which of the marked occurrences truly correspond to instances of the metadiscursive act at hand. Similarly to what happened with the crowd, experts revealed different levels of agreement between categories (α ∈ [0.18; 0.72]). The paper concludes with a discussion on the applicability of metaTED with respect to each of the 16 categories of metadiscourse.",
}
@inproceedings{pareti-2016-parc,
    title = "{PARC} 3.0: A Corpus of Attribution Relations",
    author = "Pareti, Silvia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1619",
    pages = "3914--3920",
    abstract = "Quotation and opinion extraction, discourse and factuality have all partly addressed the annotation and identification of Attribution Relations. However, disjoint efforts have provided a partial and partly inaccurate picture of attribution and generated small or incomplete resources, thus limiting the applicability of machine learning approaches. This paper presents PARC 3.0, a large corpus fully annotated with Attribution Relations (ARs). The annotation scheme was tested with an inter-annotator agreement study showing satisfactory results for the identification of ARs and high agreement on the selection of the text spans corresponding to its constitutive elements: source, cue and content. The corpus, which comprises around 20k ARs, was used to investigate the range of structures that can express attribution. The results show a complex and varied relation of which the literature has addressed only a portion. PARC 3.0 is available for research use and can be used in a range of different studies to analyse attribution and validate assumptions as well as to develop supervised attribution extraction models.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving the Annotation of Sentence Specificity",
    author = "Li, Junyi Jessy  and
      O{'}Daniel, Bridget  and
      Wu, Yi  and
      Zhao, Wenli  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1620",
    pages = "3921--3927",
    abstract = "We introduce improved guidelines for annotation of sentence specificity, addressing the issues encountered in prior work. Our annotation provides judgements of sentences in context. Rather than binary judgements, we introduce a specificity scale which accommodates nuanced judgements. Our augmented annotation procedure also allows us to define where in the discourse context the lack of specificity can be resolved. In addition, the cause of the underspecification is annotated in the form of free text questions. We present results from a pilot annotation with this new scheme and demonstrate good inter-annotator agreement. We found that the lack of specificity distributes evenly among immediate prior context, long distance prior context and no prior context. We find that missing details that are not resolved in the the prior context are more likely to trigger questions about the reason behind events, {``}why{''} and {``}how{''}. Our data is accessible at http://www.cis.upenn.edu/{\textasciitilde}nlp/corpora/lrec16spec.html",
}
@inproceedings{kuthy-etal-2016-focus,
    title = "Focus Annotation of Task-based Data: A Comparison of Expert and Crowd-Sourced Annotation in a Reading Comprehension Corpus",
    author = "Kuthy, Kordula De  and
      Ziai, Ramon  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1621",
    pages = "3928--3935",
    abstract = "While the formal pragmatic concepts in information structure, such as the focus of an utterance, are precisely defined in theoretical linguistics and potentially very useful in conceptual and practical terms, it has turned out to be difficult to reliably annotate such notions in corpus data. We present a large-scale focus annotation effort designed to overcome this problem. Our annotation study is based on the tasked-based corpus CREG, which consists of answers to explicitly given reading comprehension questions. We compare focus annotation by trained annotators with a crowd-sourcing setup making use of untrained native speakers. Given the task context and an annotation process incrementally making the question form and answer type explicit, the trained annotators reach substantial agreement for focus annotation. Interestingly, the crowd-sourcing setup also supports high-quality annotation ― for specific subtypes of data. Finally, we turn to the question whether the relevance of focus annotation can be extrinsically evaluated. We show that automatic short-answer assessment significantly improves for focus annotated data. The focus annotated CREG corpus is freely available and constitutes the largest such resource for German.",
}
@inproceedings{alex-etal-2016-homing,
    title = "Homing in on Twitter Users: Evaluating an Enhanced Geoparser for User Profile Locations",
    author = "Alex, Beatrice  and
      Llewellyn, Clare  and
      Grover, Claire  and
      Oberlander, Jon  and
      Tobin, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1622",
    pages = "3936--3944",
    abstract = "Twitter-related studies often need to geo-locate Tweets or Twitter users, identifying their real-world geographic locations. As tweet-level geotagging remains rare, most prior work exploited tweet content, timezone and network information to inform geolocation, or else relied on off-the-shelf tools to geolocate users from location information in their user profiles. However, such user location metadata is not consistently structured, causing such tools to fail regularly, especially if a string contains multiple locations, or if locations are very fine-grained. We argue that user profile location (UPL) and tweet location need to be treated as distinct types of information from which differing inferences can be drawn. Here, we apply geoparsing to UPLs, and demonstrate how task performance can be improved by adapting our Edinburgh Geoparser, which was originally developed for processing English text. We present a detailed evaluation method and results, including inter-coder agreement. We demonstrate that the optimised geoparser can effectively extract and geo-reference multiple locations at different levels of granularity with an F1-score of around 0.90. We also illustrate how geoparsed UPLs can be exploited for international information trade studies and country-level sentiment analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-etal-2016-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset for Detecting Stance in Tweets",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Kiritchenko, Svetlana  and
      Sobhani, Parinaz  and
      Zhu, Xiaodan  and
      Cherry, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1623",
    pages = "3945--3952",
    abstract = "We can often detect from a person{'}s utterances whether he/she is in favor of or against a given target entity (a product, topic, another person, etc.). Here for the first time we present a dataset of tweets annotated for whether the tweeter is in favor of or against pre-chosen targets of interest―their stance. The targets of interest may or may not be referred to in the tweets, and they may or may not be the target of opinion in the tweets. The data pertains to six targets of interest commonly known and debated in the United States. Apart from stance, the tweets are also annotated for whether the target of interest is the target of opinion in the tweet. The annotations were performed by crowdsourcing. Several techniques were employed to encourage high-quality annotations (for example, providing clear and simple instructions) and to identify and discard poor annotations (for example, using a small set of check questions annotated by the authors). This Stance Dataset, which was subsequently also annotated for sentiment, can be used to better understand the relationship between stance, sentiment, entity relationships, and textual inference.",
}
@inproceedings{dini-bittar-2016-emotion,
    title = "Emotion Analysis on Twitter: The Hidden Challenge",
    author = "Dini, Luca  and
      Bittar, Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1624",
    pages = "3953--3958",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present an experiment to detect emotions in tweets. Unlike much previous research, we draw the important distinction between the tasks of emotion detection in a closed world assumption (i.e. every tweet is emotional) and the complicated task of identifying emotional versus non-emotional tweets. Given an apparent lack of appropriately annotated data, we created two corpora for these tasks. We describe two systems, one symbolic and one based on machine learning, which we evaluated on our datasets. Our evaluation shows that a machine learning classifier performs best on emotion detection, while a symbolic approach is better for identifying relevant (i.e. emotional) tweets.",
}
@inproceedings{inel-etal-2016-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing Salient Information from News and Tweets",
    author = "Inel, Oana  and
      Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Aroyo, Lora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1625",
    pages = "3959--3966",
    abstract = "The increasing streams of information pose challenges to both humans and machines. On the one hand, humans need to identify relevant information and consume only the information that lies at their interests. On the other hand, machines need to understand the information that is published in online data streams and generate concise and meaningful overviews. We consider events as prime factors to query for information and generate meaningful context. The focus of this paper is to acquire empirical insights for identifying salience features in tweets and news about a target event, i.e., the event of {``}whaling{''}. We first derive a methodology to identify such features by building up a knowledge space of the event enriched with relevant phrases, sentiments and ranked by their novelty. We applied this methodology on tweets and we have performed preliminary work towards adapting it to news articles. Our results show that crowdsourcing text relevance, sentiments and novelty (1) can be a main step in identifying salient information, and (2) provides a deeper and more precise understanding of the data at hand compared to state-of-the-art approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{barbieri-etal-2016-emoji,
    title = "What does this Emoji Mean? A Vector Space Skip-Gram Model for Twitter Emojis",
    author = "Barbieri, Francesco  and
      Ronzano, Francesco  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1626",
    pages = "3967--3972",
    abstract = "Emojis allow us to describe objects, situations and even feelings with small images, providing a visual and quick way to communicate. In this paper, we analyse emojis used in Twitter with distributional semantic models. We retrieve 10 millions tweets posted by USA users, and we build several skip gram word embedding models by mapping in the same vectorial space both words and emojis. We test our models with semantic similarity experiments, comparing the output of our models with human assessment. We also carry out an exhaustive qualitative evaluation, showing interesting results.",
}
@inproceedings{iosif-potamianos-2016-crossmodal,
    title = "Crossmodal Network-Based Distributional Semantic Models",
    author = "Iosif, Elias  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1627",
    pages = "3973--3979",
    abstract = "Despite the recent success of distributional semantic models (DSMs) in various semantic tasks they remain disconnected with real-world perceptual cues since they typically rely on linguistic features. Text data constitute the dominant source of features for the majority of such models, although there is evidence from cognitive science that cues from other modalities contribute to the acquisition and representation of semantic knowledge. In this work, we propose the crossmodal extension of a two-tier text-based model, where semantic representations are encoded in the first layer, while the second layer is used for computing similarity between words. We exploit text- and image-derived features for performing computations at each layer, as well as various approaches for their crossmodal fusion. It is shown that the crossmodal model performs better (from 0.68 to 0.71 correlation coefficient) than the unimodal one for the task of similarity computation between words.",
}
@inproceedings{bonial-palmer-2016-comprehensive,
    title = "Comprehensive and Consistent {P}rop{B}ank Light Verb Annotation",
    author = "Bonial, Claire  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1628",
    pages = "3980--3985",
    abstract = "Recent efforts have focused on expanding the annotation coverage of PropBank from verb relations to adjective and noun relations, as well as light verb constructions (e.g., make an offer, take a bath). While each new relation type has presented unique annotation challenges, ensuring consistent and comprehensive annotation of light verb constructions has proved particularly challenging, given that light verb constructions are semi-productive, difficult to define, and there are often borderline cases. This research describes the iterative process of developing PropBank annotation guidelines for light verb constructions, the current guidelines, and a comparison to related resources.",
}
@inproceedings{hollenstein-etal-2016-inconsistency,
    title = "Inconsistency Detection in Semantic Annotation",
    author = "Hollenstein, Nora  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1629",
    pages = "3986--3990",
    abstract = "Inconsistencies are part of any manually annotated corpus. Automatically finding these inconsistencies and correcting them (even manually) can increase the quality of the data. Past research has focused mainly on detecting inconsistency in syntactic annotation. This work explores new approaches to detecting inconsistency in semantic annotation. Two ranking methods are presented in this paper: a discrepancy ranking and an entropy ranking. Those methods are then tested and evaluated on multiple corpora annotated with multiword expressions and supersense labels. The results show considerable improvements in detecting inconsistency candidates over a random baseline. Possible applications of methods for inconsistency detection are improving the annotation procedure as well as the guidelines and correcting errors in completed annotations.",
}
@inproceedings{oepen-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Comparability of Linguistic Graph {B}anks for Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Oepen, Stephan  and
      Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Zeman, Daniel  and
      Cinkov{\'a}, Silvie  and
      Flickinger, Dan  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Ivanova, Angelina  and
      Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1630",
    pages = "3991--3995",
    abstract = "We announce a new language resource for research on semantic parsing, a large, carefully curated collection of semantic dependency graphs representing multiple linguistic traditions. This resource is called SDP{\textasciitilde}2016 and provides an update and extension to previous versions used as Semantic Dependency Parsing target representations in the 2014 and 2015 Semantic Evaluation Exercises. For a common core of English text, this third edition comprises semantic dependency graphs from four distinct frameworks, packaged in a unified abstract format and aligned at the sentence and token levels. SDP 2016 is the first general release of this resource and available for licensing from the Linguistic Data Consortium in May 2016. The data is accompanied by an open-source SDP utility toolkit and system results from previous contrastive parsing evaluations against these target representations.",
}
@inproceedings{lu-ng-2016-event,
    title = "Event Coreference Resolution with Multi-Pass Sieves",
    author = "Lu, Jing  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1631",
    pages = "3996--4003",
    abstract = "Multi-pass sieve approaches have been successfully applied to entity coreference resolution and many other tasks in natural language processing (NLP), owing in part to the ease of designing high-precision rules for these tasks. However, the same is not true for event coreference resolution: typically lying towards the end of the standard information extraction pipeline, an event coreference resolver assumes as input the noisy outputs of its upstream components such as the trigger identification component and the entity coreference resolution component. The difficulty in designing high-precision rules makes it challenging to successfully apply a multi-pass sieve approach to event coreference resolution. In this paper, we investigate this challenge, proposing the first multi-pass sieve approach to event coreference resolution. When evaluated on the version of the KBP 2015 corpus available to the participants of EN Task 2 (Event Nugget Detection and Coreference), our approach achieves an Avg F-score of 40.32{\%}, outperforming the best participating system by 0.67{\%} in Avg F-score.",
}
@inproceedings{cavar-etal-2016-endangered,
    title = "Endangered Language Documentation: Bootstrapping a Chatino Speech Corpus, Forced Aligner, {ASR}",
    author = "{\'C}avar, Malgorzata  and
      {\'C}avar, Damir  and
      Cruz, Hilaria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1632",
    pages = "4004--4011",
    abstract = "This project approaches the problem of language documentation and revitalization from a rather untraditional angle. To improve and facilitate language documentation of endangered languages, we attempt to use corpus linguistic methods and speech and language technologies to reduce the time needed for transcription and annotation of audio and video language recordings. The paper demonstrates this approach on the example of the endangered and seriously under-resourced variety of Eastern Chatino (CTP). We show how initial speech corpora can be created that can facilitate the development of speech and language technologies for under-resourced languages by utilizing Forced Alignment tools to time align transcriptions. Time-aligned transcriptions can be used to train speech corpora and utilize automatic speech recognition tools for the transcription and annotation of untranscribed data. Speech technologies can be used to reduce the time and effort necessary for transcription and annotation of large collections of audio and video recordings in digital language archives, addressing the transcription bottleneck problem that most language archives and many under-documented languages are confronted with. This approach can increase the availability of language resources from low-resourced and endangered languages to speech and language technology research and development.",
}
@inproceedings{matos-etal-2016-dirha,
    title = "The {DIRHA} {P}ortuguese Corpus: A Comparison of Home Automation Command Detection and Recognition in Simulated and Real Data.",
    author = "Matos, Miguel  and
      Abad, Alberto  and
      Serralheiro, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1633",
    pages = "4012--4018",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe a new corpus -named DIRHA-L2F RealCorpus- composed of typical home automation speech interactions in European Portuguese that has been recorded by the INESC-ID{'}s Spoken Language Systems Laboratory (L2F) to support the activities of the Distant-speech Interaction for Robust Home Applications (DIRHA) EU-funded project. The corpus is a multi-microphone and multi-room database of real continuous audio sequences containing read phonetically rich sentences, read and spontaneous keyword activation sentences, and read and spontaneous home automation commands. The background noise conditions are controlled and randomly recreated with noises typically found in home environments. Experimental validation on this corpus is reported in comparison with the results obtained on a simulated corpus using a fully automated speech processing pipeline for two fundamental automatic speech recognition tasks of typical {`}always-listening{'} home-automation scenarios: system activation and voice command recognition. Attending to results on both corpora, the presence of overlapping voice-like noise is shown as the main problem: simulated sequences contain concurrent speakers that result in general in a more challenging corpus, while real sequences performance drops drastically when TV or radio is on.",
}
@inproceedings{mori-etal-2016-accuracy,
    title = "Accuracy of Automatic Cross-Corpus Emotion Labeling for Conversational Speech Corpus Commonization",
    author = "Mori, Hiroki  and
      Nagaoka, Atsushi  and
      Arimoto, Yoshiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1634",
    pages = "4019--4023",
    abstract = "There exists a major incompatibility in emotion labeling framework among emotional speech corpora, that is, category-based and dimension-based. Commonizing these requires inter-corpus emotion labeling according to both frameworks, but doing this by human annotators is too costly for most cases. This paper examines the possibility of automatic cross-corpus emotion labeling. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the automatic labeling, a comprehensive emotion annotation for two conversational corpora, UUDB and OGVC, was performed. With a state-of-the-art machine learning technique, dimensional and categorical emotion estimation models were trained and tested against the two corpora. For the emotion dimension estimation, the automatic cross-corpus emotion labeling for the different corpus was effective for the dimensions of aroused-sleepy, dominant-submissive and interested-indifferent, showing only slight performance degradation against the result for the same corpus. On the other hand, the performance for the emotion category estimation was not sufficient.",
}
@inproceedings{carl-etal-2016-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-to-{J}apanese Translation vs. Dictation vs. Post-editing: Comparing Translation Modes in a Multilingual Setting",
    author = "Carl, Michael  and
      Aizawa, Akiko  and
      Yamada, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1635",
    pages = "4024--4031",
    abstract = "Speech-enabled interfaces have the potential to become one of the most efficient and ergonomic environments for human-computer interaction and for text production. However, not much research has been carried out to investigate in detail the processes and strategies involved in the different modes of text production. This paper introduces and evaluates a corpus of more than 55 hours of English-to-Japanese user activity data that were collected within the ENJA15 project, in which translators were observed while writing and speaking translations (translation dictation) and during machine translation post-editing. The transcription of the spoken data, keyboard logging and eye-tracking data were recorded with Translog-II, post-processed and integrated into the CRITT Translation Process Research-DB (TPR-DB), which is publicly available under a creative commons license. The paper presents the ENJA15 data as part of a large multilingual Chinese, Danish, German, Hindi and Spanish translation process data collection of more than 760 translation sessions. It compares the ENJA15 data with the other language pairs and reviews some of its particularities.",
}
@inproceedings{neergaard-etal-2016-database,
    title = "Database of {M}andarin Neighborhood Statistics",
    author = "Neergaard, Karl  and
      Xu, Hongzhi  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1636",
    pages = "4032--4036",
    abstract = "In the design of controlled experiments with language stimuli, researchers from psycholinguistic, neurolinguistic, and related fields, require language resources that isolate variables known to affect language processing. This article describes a freely available database that provides word level statistics for words and nonwords of Mandarin, Chinese. The featured lexical statistics include subtitle corpus frequency, phonological neighborhood density, neighborhood frequency, and homophone density. The accompanying word descriptors include pinyin, ascii phonetic transcription (sampa), lexical tone, syllable structure, dominant PoS, and syllable, segment and pinyin lengths for each phonological word. It is designed for researchers particularly concerned with language processing of isolated words and made to accommodate multiple existing hypotheses concerning the structure of the Mandarin syllable. The database is divided into multiple files according to the desired search criteria: 1) the syllable segmentation schema used to calculate density measures, and 2) whether the search is for words or nonwords. The database is open to the research community at https://github.com/karlneergaard/Mandarin-Neighborhood-Statistics.",
}
@inproceedings{janssen-2016-teitok,
    title = "{TEITOK}: Text-Faithful Annotated Corpora",
    author = "Janssen, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1637",
    pages = "4037--4043",
    abstract = "TEITOK is a web-based framework for corpus creation, annotation, and distribution, that combines textual and linguistic annotation within a single TEI based XML document. TEITOK provides several built-in NLP tools to automatically (pre)process texts, and is highly customizable. It features multiple orthographic transcription layers, and a wide range of user-defined token-based annotations. For searching, TEITOK interfaces with a local CQP server. TEITOK can handle various types of additional resources including Facsimile images and linked audio files, making it possible to have a combined written/spoken corpus. It also has additional modules for PSDX syntactic annotation and several types of stand-off annotation.",
}
@inproceedings{schenner-nordhoff-2016-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Interlinear Glossed Text from {L}a{T}e{X} Documents",
    author = "Schenner, Mathias  and
      Nordhoff, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1638",
    pages = "4044--4048",
    abstract = "We present texigt, a command-line tool for the extraction of structured linguistic data from LaTeX source documents, and a language resource that has been generated using this tool: a corpus of interlinear glossed text (IGT) extracted from open access books published by Language Science Press. Extracted examples are represented in a simple XML format that is easy to process and can be used to validate certain aspects of interlinear glossed text. The main challenge involved is the parsing of TeX and LaTeX documents. We review why this task is impossible in general and how the texhs Haskell library uses a layered architecture and selective early evaluation (expansion) during lexing and parsing in order to provide access to structured representations of LaTeX documents at several levels. In particular, its parsing modules generate an abstract syntax tree for LaTeX documents after expansion of all user-defined macros and lexer-level commands that serves as an ideal interface for the extraction of interlinear glossed text by texigt. This architecture can easily be adapted to extract other types of linguistic data structures from LaTeX source documents.",
}
@inproceedings{carlotto-etal-2016-interoperability,
    title = "Interoperability of Annotation Schemes: Using the Pepper Framework to Display {AWA} Documents in the {ANNIS} Interface",
    author = "Carlotto, Talvany  and
      Beloki, Zuhaitz  and
      Artola, Xabier  and
      Soroa, Aitor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1639",
    pages = "4049--4054",
    abstract = "Natural language processing applications are frequently integrated to solve complex linguistic problems, but the lack of interoperability between these tools tends to be one of the main issues found in that process. That is often caused by the different linguistic formats used across the applications, which leads to attempts to both establish standard formats to represent linguistic information and to create conversion tools to facilitate this integration. Pepper is an example of the latter, as a framework that helps the conversion between different linguistic annotation formats. In this paper, we describe the use of Pepper to convert a corpus linguistically annotated by the annotation scheme AWA into the relANNIS format, with the ultimate goal of interacting with AWA documents through the ANNIS interface. The experiment converted 40 megabytes of AWA documents, allowed their use on the ANNIS interface, and involved making architectural decisions during the mapping from AWA into relANNIS using Pepper. The main issues faced during this process were due to technical issues mainly caused by the integration of the different systems and projects, namely AWA, Pepper and ANNIS.",
}
@inproceedings{al-badrashiny-etal-2016-split,
    title = "{SPLIT}: Smart Preprocessing (Quasi) Language Independent Tool",
    author = "Al-Badrashiny, Mohamed  and
      Pasha, Arfath  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Salloum, Wael  and
      Eskander, Ramy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1640",
    pages = "4055--4060",
    abstract = "Text preprocessing is an important and necessary task for all NLP applications. A simple variation in any preprocessing step may drastically affect the final results. Moreover replicability and comparability, as much as feasible, is one of the goals of our scientific enterprise, thus building systems that can ensure the consistency in our various pipelines would contribute significantly to our goals. The problem has become quite pronounced with the abundance of NLP tools becoming more and more available yet with different levels of specifications. In this paper, we present a dynamic unified preprocessing framework and tool, SPLIT, that is highly configurable based on user requirements which serves as a preprocessing tool for several tools at once. SPLIT aims to standardize the implementations of the most important preprocessing steps by allowing for a unified API that could be exchanged across different researchers to ensure complete transparency in replication. The user is able to select the required preprocessing tasks among a long list of preprocessing steps. The user is also able to specify the order of execution which in turn affects the final preprocessing output.",
}
@inproceedings{samardzic-etal-2016-archimob,
    title = "{A}rchi{M}ob - A Corpus of Spoken Swiss {G}erman",
    author = "Samard{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Tanja  and
      Scherrer, Yves  and
      Glaser, Elvira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1641",
    pages = "4061--4066",
    abstract = "Swiss dialects of German are, unlike most dialects of well standardised languages, widely used in everyday communication. Despite this fact, automatic processing of Swiss German is still a considerable challenge due to the fact that it is mostly a spoken variety rarely recorded and that it is subject to considerable regional variation. This paper presents a freely available general-purpose corpus of spoken Swiss German suitable for linguistic research, but also for training automatic tools. The corpus is a result of a long design process, intensive manual work and specially adapted computational processing. We first describe how the documents were transcribed, segmented and aligned with the sound source, and how inconsistent transcriptions were unified through an additional normalisation layer. We then present a bootstrapping approach to automatic normalisation using different machine-translation-inspired methods. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of part-of-speech taggers on our data and show how the same bootstrapping approach improves part-of-speech tagging by 10{\%} over four rounds. Finally, we present the modalities of access of the corpus as well as the data format.",
}
@inproceedings{homburg-chiarcos-2016-word,
    title = "Word Segmentation for Akkadian Cuneiform",
    author = "Homburg, Timo  and
      Chiarcos, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1642",
    pages = "4067--4074",
    abstract = "We present experiments on word segmentation for Akkadian cuneiform, an ancient writing system and a language used for about 3 millennia in the ancient Near East. To our best knowledge, this is the first study of this kind applied to either the Akkadian language or the cuneiform writing system. As a logosyllabic writing system, cuneiform structurally resembles Eastern Asian writing systems, so, we employ word segmentation algorithms originally developed for Chinese and Japanese. We describe results of rule-based algorithms, dictionary-based algorithms, statistical and machine learning approaches. Our results may indicate possible promising steps in cuneiform word segmentation that can create and improve natural language processing in this area.",
}
@inproceedings{grouin-2016-controlled,
    title = "Controlled Propagation of Concept Annotations in Textual Corpora",
    author = "Grouin, Cyril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1643",
    pages = "4075--4079",
    abstract = "In this paper, we presented the annotation propagation tool we designed to be used in conjunction with the BRAT rapid annotation tool. We designed two experiments to annotate a corpus of 60 files, first not using our tool, second using our propagation tool. We evaluated the annotation time and the quality of annotations. We shown that using the annotation propagation tool reduces by 31.7{\%} the time spent to annotate the corpus with a better quality of results.",
}
@inproceedings{hasida-2016-graphical,
    title = "Graphical Annotation for Syntax-Semantics Mapping",
    author = "Hasida, K{\^o}iti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1644",
    pages = "4080--4084",
    abstract = "A potential work item (PWI) for ISO standard (MAP) about linguistic annotation concerning syntax-semantics mapping is discussed. MAP is a framework for graphical linguistic annotation to specify a mapping (set of combinations) between possible syntactic and semantic structures of the annotated linguistic data. Just like a UML diagram, a MAP diagram is formal, in the sense that it accurately specifies such a mapping. MAP provides a diagrammatic sort of concrete syntax for linguistic annotation far easier to understand than textual concrete syntax such as in XML, so that it could better facilitate collaborations among people involved in research, standardization, and practical use of linguistic data. MAP deals with syntactic structures including dependencies, coordinations, ellipses, transsentential constructions, and so on. Semantic structures treated by MAP are argument structures, scopes, coreferences, anaphora, discourse relations, dialogue acts, and so forth. In order to simplify explicit annotations, MAP allows partial descriptions, and assumes a few general rules on correspondence between syntactic and semantic compositions.",
}
@inproceedings{sammons-etal-2016-edison,
    title = "{EDISON}: Feature Extraction for {NLP}, Simplified",
    author = "Sammons, Mark  and
      Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Kordjamshidi, Parisa  and
      Khashabi, Daniel  and
      Srikumar, Vivek  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1645",
    pages = "4085--4092",
    abstract = "When designing Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications that use Machine Learning (ML) techniques, feature extraction becomes a significant part of the development effort, whether developing a new application or attempting to reproduce results reported for existing NLP tasks. We present EDISON, a Java library of feature generation functions used in a suite of state-of-the-art NLP tools, based on a set of generic NLP data structures. These feature extractors populate simple data structures encoding the extracted features, which the package can also serialize to an intuitive JSON file format that can be easily mapped to formats used by ML packages. EDISON can also be used programmatically with JVM-based (Java/Scala) NLP software to provide the feature extractor input. The collection of feature extractors is organised hierarchically and a simple search interface is provided. In this paper we include examples that demonstrate the versatility and ease-of-use of the EDISON feature extraction suite to show that this can significantly reduce the time spent by developers on feature extraction design for NLP systems. The library is publicly hosted at https://github.com/IllinoisCogComp/illinois-cogcomp-nlp/, and we hope that other NLP researchers will contribute to the set of feature extractors. In this way, the community can help simplify reproduction of published results and the integration of ideas from diverse sources when developing new and improved NLP applications.",
}
@inproceedings{al-twairesh-etal-2016-madad,
    title = "{MADAD}: A Readability Annotation Tool for {A}rabic Text",
    author = "Al-Twairesh, Nora  and
      Al-Dayel, Abeer  and
      Al-Khalifa, Hend  and
      Al-Yahya, Maha  and
      Alageel, Sinaa  and
      Abanmy, Nora  and
      Al-Shenaifi, Nouf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1646",
    pages = "4093--4097",
    abstract = "This paper introduces MADAD, a general-purpose annotation tool for Arabic text with focus on readability annotation. This tool will help in overcoming the problem of lack of Arabic readability training data by providing an online environment to collect readability assessments on various kinds of corpora. Also the tool supports a broad range of annotation tasks for various linguistic and semantic phenomena by allowing users to create their customized annotation schemes. MADAD is a web-based tool, accessible through any web browser; the main features that distinguish MADAD are its flexibility, portability, customizability and its bilingual interface (Arabic/English).",
}
@inproceedings{zampieri-etal-2016-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Language Change in Historical Corpora: The Case of {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1647",
    pages = "4098--4104",
    abstract = "This paper presents a number of experiments to model changes in a historical Portuguese corpus composed of literary texts for the purpose of temporal text classification. Algorithms were trained to classify texts with respect to their publication date taking into account lexical variation represented as word n-grams, and morphosyntactic variation represented by part-of-speech (POS) distribution. We report results of 99.8{\%} accuracy using word unigram features with a Support Vector Machines classifier to predict the publication date of documents in time intervals of both one century and half a century. A feature analysis is performed to investigate the most informative features for this task and how they are linked to language change.",
}
@inproceedings{gralinski-etal-2016-said,
    title = "{``}He Said She Said{''} ― a Male/Female Corpus of Polish",
    author = "Grali{\'n}ski, Filip  and
      Borchmann, {\L}ukasz  and
      Wierzcho{\'n}, Piotr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1648",
    pages = "4105--4110",
    abstract = "Gender differences in language use have long been of interest in linguistics. The task of automatic gender attribution has been considered in computational linguistics as well. Most research of this type is done using (usually English) texts with authorship metadata. In this paper, we propose a new method of male/female corpus creation based on gender-specific first-person expressions. The method was applied on CommonCrawl Web corpus for Polish (language, in which gender-revealing first-person expressions are particularly frequent) to yield a large (780M words) and varied collection of men{'}s and women{'}s texts. The whole procedure for building the corpus and filtering out unwanted texts is described in the present paper. The quality check was done on a random sample of the corpus to make sure that the majority (84{\%}) of texts are correctly attributed, natural texts. Some preliminary (socio)linguistic insights (websites and words frequently occurring in male/female fragments) are given as well.",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2016-cohere,
    title = "{C}ohere: A Toolkit for Local Coherence",
    author = "Smith, Karin Sim  and
      Aziz, Wilker  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1649",
    pages = "4111--4114",
    abstract = "We describe COHERE, our coherence toolkit which incorporates various complementary models for capturing and measuring different aspects of text coherence. In addition to the traditional entity grid model (Lapata, 2005) and graph-based metric (Guinaudeau and Strube, 2013), we provide an implementation of a state-of-the-art syntax-based model (Louis and Nenkova, 2012), as well as an adaptation of this model which shows significant performance improvements in our experiments. We benchmark these models using the standard setting for text coherence: original documents and versions of the document with sentences in shuffled order.",
}
@inproceedings{ravenscroft-etal-2016-multi,
    title = "Multi-label Annotation in Scientific Articles - The Multi-label Cancer Risk Assessment Corpus",
    author = "Ravenscroft, James  and
      Oellrich, Anika  and
      Saha, Shyamasree  and
      Liakata, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1650",
    pages = "4115--4123",
    abstract = "With the constant growth of the scientific literature, automated processes to enable access to its contents are increasingly in demand. Several functional discourse annotation schemes have been proposed to facilitate information extraction and summarisation from scientific articles, the most well known being argumentative zoning. Core Scientific concepts (CoreSC) is a three layered fine-grained annotation scheme providing content-based annotations at the sentence level and has been used to index, extract and summarise scientific publications in the biomedical literature. A previously developed CoreSC corpus on which existing automated tools have been trained contains a single annotation for each sentence. However, it is the case that more than one CoreSC concept can appear in the same sentence. Here, we present the Multi-CoreSC CRA corpus, a text corpus specific to the domain of cancer risk assessment (CRA), consisting of 50 full text papers, each of which contains sentences annotated with one or more CoreSCs. The full text papers have been annotated by three biology experts. We present several inter-annotator agreement measures appropriate for multi-label annotation assessment. Employing several inter-annotator agreement measures, we were able to identify the most reliable annotator and we built a harmonised consensus (gold standard) from the three different annotators, while also taking concept priority (as specified in the guidelines) into account. We also show that the new Multi-CoreSC CRA corpus allows us to improve performance in the recognition of CoreSCs. The updated guidelines, the multi-label CoreSC CRA corpus and other relevant, related materials are available at the time of publication at http://www.sapientaproject.com/.",
}
@inproceedings{orizu-he-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Expressions of Blame or Praise in Text",
    author = "Orizu, Udochukwu  and
      He, Yulan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1651",
    pages = "4124--4129",
    abstract = "The growth of social networking platforms has drawn a lot of attentions to the need for social computing. Social computing utilises human insights for computational tasks as well as design of systems that support social behaviours and interactions. One of the key aspects of social computing is the ability to attribute responsibility such as blame or praise to social events. This ability helps an intelligent entity account and understand other intelligent entities{'} social behaviours, and enriches both the social functionalities and cognitive aspects of intelligent agents. In this paper, we present an approach with a model for blame and praise detection in text. We build our model based on various theories of blame and include in our model features used by humans determining judgment such as moral agent causality, foreknowledge, intentionality and coercion. An annotated corpus has been created for the task of blame and praise detection from text. The experimental results show that while our model gives similar results compared to supervised classifiers on classifying text as blame, praise or others, it outperforms supervised classifiers on more finer-grained classification of determining the direction of blame and praise, i.e., self-blame, blame-others, self-praise or praise-others, despite not using labelled training data.",
}
@inproceedings{tulkens-etal-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Unsupervised {D}utch Word Embeddings as a Linguistic Resource",
    author = "Tulkens, St{\'e}phan  and
      Emmery, Chris  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1652",
    pages = "4130--4136",
    abstract = "Word embeddings have recently seen a strong increase in interest as a result of strong performance gains on a variety of tasks. However, most of this research also underlined the importance of benchmark datasets, and the difficulty of constructing these for a variety of language-specific tasks. Still, many of the datasets used in these tasks could prove to be fruitful linguistic resources, allowing for unique observations into language use and variability. In this paper we demonstrate the performance of multiple types of embeddings, created with both count and prediction-based architectures on a variety of corpora, in two language-specific tasks: relation evaluation, and dialect identification. For the latter, we compare unsupervised methods with a traditional, hand-crafted dictionary. With this research, we provide the embeddings themselves, the relation evaluation task benchmark for use in further research, and demonstrate how the benchmarked embeddings prove a useful unsupervised linguistic resource, effectively used in a downstream task.",
}
@inproceedings{frain-wubben-2016-satiriclr,
    title = "{S}atiric{LR}: a Language Resource of Satirical News Articles",
    author = "Frain, Alice  and
      Wubben, Sander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1653",
    pages = "4137--4140",
    abstract = "In this paper we introduce the Satirical Language Resource: a dataset containing a balanced collection of satirical and non satirical news texts from various domains. This is the first dataset of this magnitude and scope in the domain of satire. We envision this dataset will facilitate studies on various aspects of of sat- ire in news articles. We test the viability of our data on the task of classification of satire.",
}
@inproceedings{klang-nugues-2016-wikiparq,
    title = "{WIKIPARQ}: A Tabulated {W}ikipedia Resource Using the Parquet Format",
    author = "Klang, Marcus  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1654",
    pages = "4141--4148",
    abstract = "Wikipedia has become one of the most popular resources in natural language processing and it is used in quantities of applications. However, Wikipedia requires a substantial pre-processing step before it can be used. For instance, its set of nonstandardized annotations, referred to as the wiki markup, is language-dependent and needs specific parsers from language to language, for English, French, Italian, etc. In addition, the intricacies of the different Wikipedia resources: main article text, categories, wikidata, infoboxes, scattered into the article document or in different files make it difficult to have global view of this outstanding resource. In this paper, we describe WikiParq, a unified format based on the Parquet standard to tabulate and package the Wikipedia corpora. In combination with Spark, a map-reduce computing framework, and the SQL query language, WikiParq makes it much easier to write database queries to extract specific information or subcorpora from Wikipedia, such as all the first paragraphs of the articles in French, or all the articles on persons in Spanish, or all the articles on persons that have versions in French, English, and Spanish. WikiParq is available in six language versions and is potentially extendible to all the languages of Wikipedia. The WikiParq files are downloadable as tarball archives from this location: http://semantica.cs.lth.se/wikiparq/.",
}
@inproceedings{vilares-etal-2016-en,
    title = "{EN}-{ES}-{CS}: An {E}nglish-{S}panish Code-Switching Twitter Corpus for Multilingual Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Vilares, David  and
      Alonso, Miguel A.  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1655",
    pages = "4149--4153",
    abstract = "Code-switching texts are those that contain terms in two or more different languages, and they appear increasingly often in social media. The aim of this paper is to provide a resource to the research community to evaluate the performance of sentiment classification techniques on this complex multilingual environment, proposing an English-Spanish corpus of tweets with code-switching (EN-ES-CS CORPUS). The tweets are labeled according to two well-known criteria used for this purpose: SentiStrength and a trinary scale (positive, neutral and negative categories). Preliminary work on the resource is already done, providing a set of baselines for the research community.",
}
@inproceedings{benikova-biemann-2016-semreldata,
    title = "{S}em{R}el{D}ata ― Multilingual Contextual Annotation of Semantic Relations between Nominals: Dataset and Guidelines",
    author = "Benikova, Darina  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1656",
    pages = "4154--4161",
    abstract = "Semantic relations play an important role in linguistic knowledge representation. Although their role is relevant in the context of written text, there is no approach or dataset that makes use of contextuality of classic semantic relations beyond the boundary of one sentence. We present the SemRelData dataset that contains annotations of semantic relations between nominals in the context of one paragraph. To be able to analyse the universality of this context notion, the annotation was performed on a multi-lingual and multi-genre corpus. To evaluate the dataset, it is compared to large, manually created knowledge resources in the respective languages. The comparison shows that knowledge bases not only have coverage gaps; they also do not account for semantic relations that are manifested in particular contexts only, yet still play an important role for text cohesion.",
}
@inproceedings{ferrero-etal-2016-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual, Multi-style and Multi-granularity Dataset for Cross-language Textual Similarity Detection",
    author = "Ferrero, J{\'e}r{\'e}my  and
      Agn{\`e}s, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Schwab, Didier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1657",
    pages = "4162--4169",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe our effort to create a dataset for the evaluation of cross-language textual similarity detection. We present preexisting corpora and their limits and we explain the various gathered resources to overcome these limits and build our enriched dataset. The proposed dataset is multilingual, includes cross-language alignment for different granularities (from chunk to document), is based on both parallel and comparable corpora and contains human and machine translated texts. Moreover, it includes texts written by multiple types of authors (from average to professionals). With the obtained dataset, we conduct a systematic and rigorous evaluation of several state-of-the-art cross-language textual similarity detection methods. The evaluation results are reviewed and discussed. Finally, dataset and scripts are made publicly available on GitHub: http://github.com/FerreroJeremy/Cross-Language-Dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{samih-maier-2016-arabic,
    title = "An {A}rabic-{M}oroccan {D}arija Code-Switched Corpus",
    author = "Samih, Younes  and
      Maier, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1658",
    pages = "4170--4175",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our effort in the development and annotation of a large scale corpus containing code-switched data. Until recently, very limited effort has been devoted to develop computational approaches or even basic linguistic resources to support research into the processing of Moroccan Darija.",
}
@inproceedings{rekabsaz-etal-2016-standard,
    title = "Standard Test Collection for {E}nglish-{P}ersian Cross-Lingual Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Rekabsaz, Navid  and
      Sabetghadam, Serwah  and
      Lupu, Mihai  and
      Andersson, Linda  and
      Hanbury, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1659",
    pages = "4176--4179",
    abstract = "In this paper, we address the shortage of evaluation benchmarks on Persian (Farsi) language by creating and making available a new benchmark for English to Persian Cross Lingual Word Sense Disambiguation (CL-WSD). In creating the benchmark, we follow the format of the SemEval 2013 CL-WSD task, such that the introduced tools of the task can also be applied on the benchmark. In fact, the new benchmark extends the SemEval-2013 CL-WSD task to Persian language.",
}
@inproceedings{dojchinovski-etal-2016-freme,
    title = "{FREME}: Multilingual Semantic Enrichment with Linked Data and Language Technologies",
    author = "Dojchinovski, Milan  and
      Sasaki, Felix  and
      Gornostaja, Tatjana  and
      Hellmann, Sebastian  and
      Mannens, Erik  and
      Salliau, Frank  and
      Osella, Michele  and
      Ritchie, Phil  and
      Stoitsis, Giannis  and
      Koidl, Kevin  and
      Ackermann, Markus  and
      Chakraborty, Nilesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1660",
    pages = "4180--4183",
    abstract = "In the recent years, Linked Data and Language Technology solutions gained popularity. Nevertheless, their coupling in real-world business is limited due to several issues. Existing products and services are developed for a particular domain, can be used only in combination with already integrated datasets or their language coverage is limited. In this paper, we present an innovative solution FREME - an open framework of e-Services for multilingual and semantic enrichment of digital content. The framework integrates six interoperable e-Services. We describe the core features of each e-Service and illustrate their usage in the context of four business cases: i) authoring and publishing; ii) translation and localisation; iii) cross-lingual access to data; and iv) personalised Web content recommendations. Business cases drive the design and development of the framework.",
}
@inproceedings{hazem-morin-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Bilingual Terminology Extraction from Comparable Corpora via Multiple Word-Space Models",
    author = "Hazem, Amir  and
      Morin, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1661",
    pages = "4184--4187",
    abstract = "There is a rich flora of word space models that have proven their efficiency in many different applications including information retrieval (Dumais, 1988), word sense disambiguation (Schutze, 1992), various semantic knowledge tests (Lund et al., 1995; Karlgren, 2001), and text categorization (Sahlgren, 2005). Based on the assumption that each model captures some aspects of word meanings and provides its own empirical evidence, we present in this paper a systematic exploration of the principal corpus-based word space models for bilingual terminology extraction from comparable corpora. We find that, once we have identified the best procedures, a very simple combination approach leads to significant improvements compared to individual models.",
}
@inproceedings{berard-etal-2016-multivec,
    title = "{M}ulti{V}ec: a Multilingual and Multilevel Representation Learning Toolkit for {NLP}",
    author = "B{\'e}rard, Alexandre  and
      Servan, Christophe  and
      Pietquin, Olivier  and
      Besacier, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1662",
    pages = "4188--4192",
    abstract = "We present MultiVec, a new toolkit for computing continuous representations for text at different granularity levels (word-level or sequences of words). MultiVec includes word2vec{'}s features, paragraph vector (batch and online) and bivec for bilingual distributed representations. MultiVec also includes different distance measures between words and sequences of words. The toolkit is written in C++ and is aimed at being fast (in the same order of magnitude as word2vec), easy to use, and easy to extend. It has been evaluated on several NLP tasks: the analogical reasoning task, sentiment analysis, and crosslingual document classification.",
}
@inproceedings{abouammoh-etal-2016-creation,
    title = "Creation of comparable corpora for {E}nglish-{Urdu, Arabic, Persian}",
    author = "Abouammoh, Murad  and
      Shah, Kashif  and
      Aker, Ahmet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1663",
    pages = "4193--4196",
    abstract = "Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) relies on the availability of rich parallel corpora. However, in the case of under-resourced languages or some specific domains, parallel corpora are not readily available. This leads to under-performing machine translation systems in those sparse data settings. To overcome the low availability of parallel resources the machine translation community has recognized the potential of using comparable resources as training data. However, most efforts have been related to European languages and less in middle-east languages. In this study, we report comparable corpora created from news articles for the pair English ―{Arabic, Persian, Urdu} languages. The data has been collected over a period of a year, entails Arabic, Persian and Urdu languages. Furthermore using the English as a pivot language, comparable corpora that involve more than one language can be created, e.g. English- Arabic - Persian, English - Arabic - Urdu, English ― Urdu - Persian, etc. Upon request the data can be provided for research purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{nisioi-etal-2016-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Native, Non-native and Translated Texts",
    author = "Nisioi, Sergiu  and
      Rabinovich, Ella  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1664",
    pages = "4197--4201",
    abstract = "We describe a monolingual English corpus of original and (human) translated texts, with an accurate annotation of speaker properties, including the original language of the utterances and the speaker{'}s country of origin. We thus obtain three sub-corpora of texts reflecting native English, non-native English, and English translated from a variety of European languages. This dataset will facilitate the investigation of similarities and differences between these kinds of sub-languages. Moreover, it will facilitate a unified comparative study of translations and language produced by (highly fluent) non-native speakers, two closely-related phenomena that have only been studied in isolation so far.",
}
@inproceedings{fischer-etal-2016-orthographic,
    title = "Orthographic and Morphological Correspondences between Related {S}lavic Languages as a Base for Modeling of Mutual Intelligibility",
    author = "Fischer, Andrea  and
      J{\'a}grov{\'a}, Kl{\'a}ra  and
      Stenger, Irina  and
      Avgustinova, Tania  and
      Klakow, Dietrich  and
      Marti, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1665",
    pages = "4202--4209",
    abstract = "In an intercomprehension scenario, typically a native speaker of language L1 is confronted with output from an unknown, but related language L2. In this setting, the degree to which the receiver recognizes the unfamiliar words greatly determines communicative success. Despite exhibiting great string-level differences, cognates may be recognized very successfully if the receiver is aware of regular correspondences which allow to transform the unknown word into its familiar form. Modeling L1-L2 intercomprehension then requires the identification of all the regular correspondences between languages L1 and L2. We here present a set of linguistic orthographic correspondences manually compiled from comparative linguistics literature along with a set of statistically-inferred suggestions for correspondence rules. In order to do statistical inference, we followed the Minimum Description Length principle, which proposes to choose those rules which are most effective at describing the data. Our statistical model was able to reproduce most of our linguistic correspondences (88.5{\%} for Czech-Polish and 75.7{\%} for Bulgarian-Russian) and furthermore allowed to easily identify many more non-trivial correspondences which also cover aspects of morphology.",
}
@inproceedings{gutierrez-vasques-etal-2016-axolotl,
    title = "{A}xolotl: a Web Accessible Parallel Corpus for {S}panish-{N}ahuatl",
    author = "Gutierrez-Vasques, Ximena  and
      Sierra, Gerardo  and
      Pompa, Isaac Hernandez",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1666",
    pages = "4210--4214",
    abstract = "This paper describes the project called Axolotl which comprises a Spanish-Nahuatl parallel corpus and its search interface. Spanish and Nahuatl are distant languages spoken in the same country. Due to the scarcity of digital resources, we describe the several problems that arose when compiling this corpus: most of our sources were non-digital books, we faced errors when digitizing the sources and there were difficulties in the sentence alignment process, just to mention some. The documents of the parallel corpus are not homogeneous, they were extracted from different sources, there is dialectal, diachronical, and orthographical variation. Additionally, we present a web search interface that allows to make queries through the whole parallel corpus, the system is capable to retrieve the parallel fragments that contain a word or phrase searched by a user in any of the languages. To our knowledge, this is the first Spanish-Nahuatl public available digital parallel corpus. We think that this resource can be useful to develop language technologies and linguistic studies for this language pair.",
}
@inproceedings{cetinoglu-2016-turkish,
    title = "A {T}urkish-{G}erman Code-Switching Corpus",
    author = {{\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1667",
    pages = "4215--4220",
    abstract = "Bilingual communities often alternate between languages both in spoken and written communication. One such community, Germany residents of Turkish origin produce Turkish-German code-switching, by heavily mixing two languages at discourse, sentence, or word level. Code-switching in general, and Turkish-German code-switching in particular, has been studied for a long time from a linguistic perspective. Yet resources to study them from a more computational perspective are limited due to either small size or licence issues. In this work we contribute the solution of this problem with a corpus. We present a Turkish-German code-switching corpus which consists of 1029 tweets, with a majority of intra-sentential switches. We share different type of code-switching we have observed in our collection and describe our processing steps. The first step is data collection and filtering. This is followed by manual tokenisation and normalisation. And finally, we annotate data with word-level language identification information. The resulting corpus is available for research purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{mohler-etal-2016-introducing,
    title = "Introducing the {LCC} Metaphor Datasets",
    author = "Mohler, Michael  and
      Brunson, Mary  and
      Rink, Bryan  and
      Tomlinson, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1668",
    pages = "4221--4227",
    abstract = "In this work, we present the Language Computer Corporation (LCC) annotated metaphor datasets, which represent the largest and most comprehensive resource for metaphor research to date. These datasets were produced over the course of three years by a staff of nine annotators working in four languages (English, Spanish, Russian, and Farsi). As part of these datasets, we provide (1) metaphoricity ratings for within-sentence word pairs on a four-point scale, (2) scored links to our repository of 114 source concept domains and 32 target concept domains, and (3) ratings for the affective polarity and intensity of each pair. Altogether, we provide 188,741 annotations in English (for 80,100 pairs), 159,915 annotations in Spanish (for 63,188 pairs), 99,740 annotations in Russian (for 44,632 pairs), and 137,186 annotations in Farsi (for 57,239 pairs). In addition, we are providing a large set of likely metaphors which have been independently extracted by our two state-of-the-art metaphor detection systems but which have not been analyzed by our team of annotators.",
}
@inproceedings{diab-etal-2016-creating,
    title = "Creating a Large Multi-Layered Representational Repository of Linguistic Code Switched {A}rabic Data",
    author = "Diab, Mona  and
      Ghoneim, Mahmoud  and
      Hawwari, Abdelati  and
      AlGhamdi, Fahad  and
      AlMarwani, Nada  and
      Al-Badrashiny, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1669",
    pages = "4228--4235",
    abstract = "We present our effort to create a large Multi-Layered representational repository of Linguistic Code-Switched Arabic data. The process involves developing clear annotation standards and Guidelines, streamlining the annotation process, and implementing quality control measures. We used two main protocols for annotation: in-lab gold annotations and crowd sourcing annotations. We developed a web-based annotation tool to facilitate the management of the annotation process. The current version of the repository contains a total of 886,252 tokens that are tagged into one of sixteen code-switching tags. The data exhibits code switching between Modern Standard Arabic and Egyptian Dialectal Arabic representing three data genres: Tweets, commentaries, and discussion fora. The overall Inter-Annotator Agreement is 93.1{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{meurant-etal-2016-modelling,
    title = "Modelling a Parallel Corpus of {F}rench and {F}rench {B}elgian Sign Language",
    author = "Meurant, Laurence  and
      Gobert, Maxime  and
      Cleve, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1670",
    pages = "4236--4240",
    abstract = "The overarching objective underlying this research is to develop an online tool, based on a parallel corpus of French Belgian Sign Language (LSFB) and written Belgian French. This tool is aimed to assist various set of tasks related to the comparison of LSFB and French, to the benefit of general users as well as teachers in bilingual schools, translators and interpreters, as well as linguists. These tasks include (1) the comprehension of LSFB or French texts, (2) the production of LSFB or French texts, (3) the translation between LSFB and French in both directions and (4) the contrastive analysis of these languages. The first step of investigation aims at creating an unidirectional French-LSFB concordancer, able to align a one- or multiple-word expression from the French translated text with its corresponding expressions in the videotaped LSFB productions. We aim at testing the efficiency of this concordancer for the extraction of a dictionary of meanings in context. In this paper, we will present the modelling of the different data sources at our disposal and specifically the way they interact with one another.",
}
@inproceedings{cebovic-tadic-2016-building,
    title = "Building the {M}acedonian-{C}roatian Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Cebovi{\'c}, Ines  and
      Tadi{\'c}, Marko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1671",
    pages = "4241--4244",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the newly created parallel corpus of two under-resourced languages, namely, Macedonian-Croatian Parallel Corpus (mk-hr{\_}pcorp) that has been collected during 2015 at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb. The mk-hr{\_}pcorp is a unidirectional (mk→hr) parallel corpus composed of synchronic fictional prose texts received already in digital form with over 500 Kw in each language. The corpus was sentence segmented and provides 39,735 aligned sentences. The alignment was done automatically and then post-corrected manually. The alignments order was shuffled and this enabled the corpus to be available under CC-BY license through META-SHARE. However, this prevents the research in language units over the sentence level.",
}
@inproceedings{benko-2016-two,
    title = "Two Years of Aranea: Increasing Counts and Tuning the Pipeline",
    author = "Benko, Vladim{\'\i}r",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1672",
    pages = "4245--4248",
    abstract = "The Aranea Project is targeted at creation of a family of Gigaword web-corpora for a dozen of languages that could be used for teaching language- and linguistics-related subjects at Slovak universities, as well as for research purposes in various areas of linguistics. All corpora are being built according to a standard methodology and using the same set of tools for processing and annotation, which ― together with their standard size and― makes them also a valuable resource for translators and contrastive studies. All our corpora are freely available either via a web interface or in a source form in an annotated vertical format.",
}
@inproceedings{umata-etal-2016-quantitative,
    title = "Quantitative Analysis of Gazes and Grounding Acts in {L}1 and {L}2 Conversations",
    author = "Umata, Ichiro  and
      Ijuin, Koki  and
      Ishida, Mitsuru  and
      Takeuchi, Moe  and
      Yamamoto, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1673",
    pages = "4249--4252",
    abstract = "The listener{'}s gazing activities during utterances were analyzed in a face-to-face three-party conversation setting. The function of each utterance was categorized according to the Grounding Acts defined by Traum (Traum, 1994) so that gazes during utterances could be analyzed from the viewpoint of grounding in communication (Clark, 1996). Quantitative analysis showed that the listeners were gazing at the speakers more in the second language (L2) conversation than in the native language (L1) conversation during the utterances that added new pieces of information, suggesting that they are using visual information to compensate for their lack of linguistic proficiency in L2 conversation.",
}
@inproceedings{jones-etal-2016-multi,
    title = "Multi-language Speech Collection for {NIST} {LRE}",
    author = "Jones, Karen  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Walker, Kevin  and
      Graff, David  and
      Wright, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1674",
    pages = "4253--4258",
    abstract = "The Multi-language Speech (MLS) Corpus supports NIST{'}s Language Recognition Evaluation series by providing new conversational telephone speech and broadcast narrowband data in 20 languages/dialects. The corpus was built with the intention of testing system performance in the matter of distinguishing closely related or confusable linguistic varieties, and careful manual auditing of collected data was an important aspect of this work. This paper lists the specific data requirements for the collection and provides both a commentary on the rationale for those requirements as well as an outline of the various steps taken to ensure all goals were met as specified. LDC conducted a large-scale recruitment effort involving the implementation of candidate assessment and interview techniques suitable for hiring a large contingent of telecommuting workers, and this recruitment effort is discussed in detail. We also describe the telephone and broadcast collection infrastructure and protocols, and provide details of the steps taken to pre-process collected data prior to auditing. Finally, annotation training, procedures and outcomes are presented in detail.",
}
@inproceedings{zesch-horsmann-2016-flextag,
    title = "{F}lex{T}ag: A Highly Flexible {P}o{S} Tagging Framework",
    author = "Zesch, Torsten  and
      Horsmann, Tobias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1675",
    pages = "4259--4263",
    abstract = "We present FlexTag, a highly flexible PoS tagging framework. In contrast to monolithic implementations that can only be retrained but not adapted otherwise, FlexTag enables users to modify the feature space and the classification algorithm. Thus, FlexTag makes it easy to quickly develop custom-made taggers exactly fitting the research problem.",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-etal-2016-new,
    title = "New Inflectional Lexicons and Training Corpora for Improved Morphosyntactic Annotation of {C}roatian and {S}erbian",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Klubi{\v{c}}ka, Filip  and
      Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Jazbec, Ivo-Pavao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1676",
    pages = "4264--4270",
    abstract = "In this paper we present newly developed inflectional lexcions and manually annotated corpora of Croatian and Serbian. We introduce hrLex and srLex - two freely available inflectional lexicons of Croatian and Serbian - and describe the process of building these lexicons, supported by supervised machine learning techniques for lemma and paradigm prediction. Furthermore, we introduce hr500k, a manually annotated corpus of Croatian, 500 thousand tokens in size. We showcase the three newly developed resources on the task of morphosyntactic annotation of both languages by using a recently developed CRF tagger. We achieve best results yet reported on the task for both languages, beating the HunPos baseline trained on the same datasets by a wide margin.",
}
@inproceedings{luecking-etal-2016-tgermacorp,
    title = "{TG}erma{C}orp {--} A (Digital) Humanities Resource for (Computational) Linguistics",
    author = "Luecking, Andy  and
      Hoenen, Armin  and
      Mehler, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1677",
    pages = "4271--4277",
    abstract = "TGermaCorp is a German text corpus whose primary sources are collected from German literature texts which date from the sixteenth century to the present. The corpus is intended to represent its target language (German) in syntactic, lexical, stylistic and chronological diversity. For this purpose, it is hand-annotated on several linguistic layers, including POS, lemma, named entities, multiword expressions, clauses, sentences and paragraphs. In order to introduce TGermaCorp in comparison to more homogeneous corpora of contemporary everyday language, quantitative assessments of syntactic and lexical diversity are provided. In this respect, TGermaCorp contributes to establishing characterising features for resource descriptions, which is needed for keeping track of a meaningful comparison of the ever-growing number of natural language resources. The assessments confirm the special role of proper names, whose propagation in text may influence lexical and syntactic diversity measures in rather trivial ways. TGermaCorp will be made available via hucompute.org.",
}
@inproceedings{pajkossy-zseder-2016-hunvec,
    title = "The hunvec framework for {NN}-{CRF}-based sequential tagging",
    author = "Pajkossy, Katalin  and
      Zs{\'e}der, Attila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1678",
    pages = "4278--4281",
    abstract = "In this work we present the open source hunvec framework for sequential tagging, built upon Theano and Pylearn2. The underlying statistical model, which connects linear CRF-s with neural networks, was used by Collobert and co-workers, and several other researchers. For demonstrating the flexibility of our tool, we describe a set of experiments on part-of-speech and named-entity-recognition tasks, using English and Hungarian datasets, where we modify both model and training parameters, and illustrate the usage of custom features. Model parameters we experiment with affect the vectorial word representations used by the model; we apply different word vector initializations, defined by Word2vec and GloVe embeddings and enrich the representation of words by vectors assigned trigram features. We extend training methods by using their regularized (l2 and dropout) version. When testing our framework on a Hungarian named entity corpus, we find that its performance reaches the best published results on this dataset, with no need for language-specific feature engineering. Our code is available at http://github.com/zseder/hunvec",
}
@inproceedings{khalifa-etal-2016-large,
    title = "A Large Scale Corpus of Gulf {A}rabic",
    author = "Khalifa, Salam  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Abdulrahim, Dana  and
      Hassan, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1679",
    pages = "4282--4289",
    abstract = "Most Arabic natural language processing tools and resources are developed to serve Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), which is the official written language in the Arab World. Some Dialectal Arabic varieties, notably Egyptian Arabic, have received some attention lately and have a growing collection of resources that include annotated corpora and morphological analyzers and taggers. Gulf Arabic, however, lags behind in that respect. In this paper, we present the Gumar Corpus, a large-scale corpus of Gulf Arabic consisting of 110 million words from 1,200 forum novels. We annotate the corpus for sub-dialect information at the document level. We also present results of a preliminary study in the morphological annotation of Gulf Arabic which includes developing guidelines for a conventional orthography. The text of the corpus is publicly browsable through a web interface we developed for it.",
}
@inproceedings{straka-etal-2016-udpipe,
    title = "{UDP}ipe: Trainable Pipeline for Processing {C}o{NLL}-U Files Performing Tokenization, Morphological Analysis, {POS} Tagging and Parsing",
    author = "Straka, Milan  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Strakov{\'a}, Jana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1680",
    pages = "4290--4297",
    abstract = "Automatic natural language processing of large texts often presents recurring challenges in multiple languages: even for most advanced tasks, the texts are first processed by basic processing steps {--} from tokenization to parsing. We present an extremely simple-to-use tool consisting of one binary and one model (per language), which performs these tasks for multiple languages without the need for any other external data. UDPipe, a pipeline processing CoNLL-U-formatted files, performs tokenization, morphological analysis, part-of-speech tagging, lemmatization and dependency parsing for nearly all treebanks of Universal Dependencies 1.2 (namely, the whole pipeline is currently available for 32 out of 37 treebanks). In addition, the pipeline is easily trainable with training data in CoNLL-U format (and in some cases also with additional raw corpora) and requires minimal linguistic knowledge on the users{'} part. The training code is also released.",
}
@inproceedings{habash-etal-2016-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting {A}rabic Diacritization for High Quality Automatic Annotation",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Shahrour, Anas  and
      Al-Khalil, Muhamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1681",
    pages = "4298--4304",
    abstract = "We present a novel technique for Arabic morphological annotation. The technique utilizes diacritization to produce morphological annotations of quality comparable to human annotators. Although Arabic text is generally written without diacritics, diacritization is already available for large corpora of Arabic text in several genres. Furthermore, diacritization can be generated at a low cost for new text as it does not require specialized training beyond what educated Arabic typists know. The basic approach is to enrich the input to a state-of-the-art Arabic morphological analyzer with word diacritics (full or partial) to enhance its performance. When applied to fully diacritized text, our approach produces annotations with an accuracy of over 97{\%} on lemma, part-of-speech, and tokenization combined.",
}
@inproceedings{kabashi-proisl-2016-proposal,
    title = "A Proposal for a Part-of-Speech Tagset for the {A}lbanian Language",
    author = "Kabashi, Besim  and
      Proisl, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1682",
    pages = "4305--4310",
    abstract = "Part-of-speech tagging is a basic step in Natural Language Processing that is often essential. Labeling the word forms of a text with fine-grained word-class information adds new value to it and can be a prerequisite for downstream processes like a dependency parser. Corpus linguists and lexicographers also benefit greatly from the improved search options that are available with tagged data. The Albanian language has some properties that pose difficulties for the creation of a part-of-speech tagset. In this paper, we discuss those difficulties and present a proposal for a part-of-speech tagset that can adequately represent the underlying linguistic phenomena.",
}
@inproceedings{outahajala-rosso-2016-using,
    title = "Using a Small Lexicon with {CRF}s Confidence Measure to Improve {POS} Tagging Accuracy",
    author = "Outahajala, Mohamed  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1683",
    pages = "4311--4315",
    abstract = "Like most of the languages which have only recently started being investigated for the Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, Amazigh lacks annotated corpora and tools and still suffers from the scarcity of linguistic tools and resources. The main aim of this paper is to present a new part-of-speech (POS) tagger based on a new Amazigh tag set (AMTS) composed of 28 tags. In line with our goal we have trained Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) to build a POS tagger for the Amazigh language. We have used the 10-fold technique to evaluate and validate our approach. The CRFs 10 folds average level is 87.95{\%} and the best fold level result is 91.18{\%}. In order to improve this result, we have gathered a set of about 8k words with their POS tags. The collected lexicon was used with CRFs confidence measure in order to have a more accurate POS-tagger. Hence, we have obtained a better performance of 93.82{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{schulz-kuhn-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning from Within? Comparing {P}o{S} Tagging Approaches for Historical Text",
    author = "Schulz, Sarah  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1684",
    pages = "4316--4322",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate unsupervised and semi-supervised methods for part-of-speech (PoS) tagging in the context of historical German text. We locate our research in the context of Digital Humanities where the non-canonical nature of text causes issues facing an Natural Language Processing world in which tools are mainly trained on standard data. Data deviating from the norm requires tools adjusted to this data. We explore to which extend the availability of such training material and resources related to it influences the accuracy of PoS tagging. We investigate a variety of algorithms including neural nets, conditional random fields and self-learning techniques in order to find the best-fitted approach to tackle data sparsity. Although methods using resources from related languages outperform weakly supervised methods using just a few training examples, we can still reach a promising accuracy with methods abstaining additional resources.",
}
@inproceedings{da-costa-bond-2016-wow,
    title = "Wow! What a Useful Extension! Introducing Non-Referential Concepts to {W}ordnet",
    author = "Da Costa, Luis Morgado  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1685",
    pages = "4323--4328",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the ongoing efforts to expand the depth and breath of the Open Multilingual Wordnet coverage by introducing two new classes of non-referential concepts to wordnet hierarchies: interjections and numeral classifiers. The lexical semantic hierarchy pioneered by Princeton Wordnet has traditionally restricted its coverage to referential and contentful classes of words: such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Previous efforts have been employed to enrich wordnet resources including, for example, the inclusion of pronouns, determiners and quantifiers within their hierarchies. Following similar efforts, and motivated by the ongoing semantic annotation of the NTU-Multilingual Corpus, we decided that the four traditional classes of words present in wordnets were too restrictive. Though non-referential, interjections and classifiers possess interesting semantics features that can be well captured by lexical resources like wordnets. In this paper, we will further motivate our decision to include non-referential concepts in wordnets and give an account of the current state of this expansion.",
}
@inproceedings{dhuliawala-etal-2016-slangnet,
    title = "{S}lang{N}et: A {W}ord{N}et like resource for {E}nglish Slang",
    author = "Dhuliawala, Shehzaad  and
      Kanojia, Diptesh  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1686",
    pages = "4329--4332",
    abstract = "We present a WordNet like structured resource for slang words and neologisms on the internet. The dynamism of language is often an indication that current language technology tools trained on today{'}s data, may not be able to process the language in the future. Our resource could be (1) used to augment the WordNet, (2) used in several Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications which make use of noisy data on the internet like Information Retrieval and Web Mining. Such a resource can also be used to distinguish slang word senses from conventional word senses. To stimulate similar innovations widely in the NLP community, we test the efficacy of our resource for detecting slang using standard bag of words Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) algorithms (Lesk and Extended Lesk) for English data on the internet.",
}
@inproceedings{oliveira-santos-2016-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Fuzzy Synsets from the Redundancy in Different Lexical-Semantic Resources",
    author = "Oliveira, Hugo Gon{\c{c}}alo  and
      Santos, F{\'a}bio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1687",
    pages = "4333--4340",
    abstract = "Although represented as such in wordnets, word senses are not discrete. To handle word senses as fuzzy objects, we exploit the graph structure of synonymy pairs acquired from different sources to discover synsets where words have different membership degrees that reflect confidence. Following this approach, a wide-coverage fuzzy thesaurus was discovered from a synonymy network compiled from seven Portuguese lexical-semantic resources. Based on a crowdsourcing evaluation, we can say that the quality of the obtained synsets is far from perfect but, as expected in a confidence measure, it increases significantly for higher cut-points on the membership and, at a certain point, reaches 100{\%} correction rate.",
}
@inproceedings{hayoun-elhadad-2016-hebrew,
    title = "The {H}ebrew {F}rame{N}et Project",
    author = "Hayoun, Avi  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1688",
    pages = "4341--4347",
    abstract = "We present the Hebrew FrameNet project, describe the development and annotation processes and enumerate the challenges we faced along the way. We have developed semi-automatic tools to help speed the annotation and data collection process. The resource currently covers 167 frames, 3,000 lexical units and about 500 fully annotated sentences. We have started training and testing automatic SRL tools on the seed data.",
}
@inproceedings{neudecker-2016-open,
    title = "An Open Corpus for Named Entity Recognition in Historic Newspapers",
    author = "Neudecker, Clemens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1689",
    pages = "4348--4352",
    abstract = "The availability of openly available textual datasets ({``}corpora{''}) with highly accurate manual annotations ({``}gold standard{''}) of named entities (e.g. persons, locations, organizations, etc.) is crucial in the training and evaluation of named entity recognition systems. Currently there are only few such datasets available on the web, and even less for texts containing historical spelling variation. The production and subsequent release into the public domain of four such datasets with 100 pages each for the languages Dutch, French, German (including Austrian) as part of the Europeana Newspapers project is expected to contribute to the further development and improvement of named entity recognition systems with a focus on historical content. This paper describes how these datasets were produced, what challenges were encountered in their creation and informs about their final quality and availability.",
}
@inproceedings{daille-etal-2016-ambiguity,
    title = "Ambiguity Diagnosis for Terms in Digital Humanities",
    author = {Daille, B{\'e}atrice  and
      Jacquey, Evelyne  and
      Lejeune, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Melo, Luis Felipe  and
      Toussaint, Yannick},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1690",
    pages = "4353--4359",
    abstract = "Among all researches dedicating to terminology and word sense disambiguation, little attention has been devoted to the ambiguity of term occurrences. If a lexical unit is indeed a term of the domain, it is not true, even in a specialised corpus, that all its occurrences are terminological. Some occurrences are terminological and other are not. Thus, a global decision at the corpus level about the terminological status of all occurrences of a lexical unit would then be erroneous. In this paper, we propose three original methods to characterise the ambiguity of term occurrences in the domain of social sciences for French. These methods differently model the context of the term occurrences: one is relying on text mining, the second is based on textometry, and the last one focuses on text genre properties. The experimental results show the potential of the proposed approaches and give an opportunity to discuss about their hybridisation.",
}
@inproceedings{navarro-etal-2016-metrical,
    title = "Metrical Annotation of a Large Corpus of {S}panish Sonnets: Representation, Scansion and Evaluation",
    author = "Navarro, Borja  and
      Ribes Lafoz, Mar{\'\i}a  and
      S{\'a}nchez, Noelia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1691",
    pages = "4360--4364",
    abstract = "In order to analyze metrical and semantics aspects of poetry in Spanish with computational techniques, we have developed a large corpus annotated with metrical information. In this paper we will present and discuss the development of this corpus: the formal representation of metrical patterns, the semi-automatic annotation process based on a new automatic scansion system, the main annotation problems, and the evaluation, in which an inter-annotator agreement of 96{\%} has been obtained. The corpus is open and available.",
}
@inproceedings{haaf-2016-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Analysis based on Structural Phenomena in Texts: Exploiting {TEI} Encoding for Linguistic Research",
    author = "Haaf, Susanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1692",
    pages = "4365--4372",
    abstract = "This paper poses the question, how linguistic corpus-based research may be enriched by the exploitation of conceptual text structures and layout as provided via TEI annotation. Examples for possible areas of research and usage scenarios are provided based on the German historical corpus of the Deutsches Textarchiv (DTA) project, which has been consistently tagged accordant to the TEI Guidelines, more specifically to the DTA ›Base Format‹ (DTABf). The paper shows that by including TEI-XML structuring in corpus-based analyses significances can be observed for different linguistic phenomena, as e.g. the development of conceptual text structures themselves, the syntactic embedding of terms in certain conceptual text structures, and phenomena of language change which become obvious via the layout of a text. The exemplary study carried out here shows some of the potential for the exploitation of TEI annotation for linguistic research, which might be kept in mind when making design decisions for new corpora as well when working with existing TEI corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{van-erp-etal-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Entity Linking: An Analysis of Current Benchmark Datasets and a Roadmap for Doing a Better Job",
    author = "van Erp, Marieke  and
      Mendes, Pablo  and
      Paulheim, Heiko  and
      Ilievski, Filip  and
      Plu, Julien  and
      Rizzo, Giuseppe  and
      Waitelonis, Joerg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1693",
    pages = "4373--4379",
    abstract = "Entity linking has become a popular task in both natural language processing and semantic web communities. However, we find that the benchmark datasets for entity linking tasks do not accurately evaluate entity linking systems. In this paper, we aim to chart the strengths and weaknesses of current benchmark datasets and sketch a roadmap for the community to devise better benchmark datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{preotiuc-pietro-etal-2016-studying,
    title = "Studying the Temporal Dynamics of Word Co-occurrences: An Application to Event Detection",
    author = "Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Srijith, P. K.  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1694",
    pages = "4380--4387",
    abstract = "Streaming media provides a number of unique challenges for computational linguistics. This paper studies the temporal variation in word co-occurrence statistics, with application to event detection. We develop a spectral clustering approach to find groups of mutually informative terms occurring in discrete time frames. Experiments on large datasets of tweets show that these groups identify key real world events as they occur in time, despite no explicit supervision. The performance of our method rivals state-of-the-art methods for event detection on F-score, obtaining higher recall at the expense of precision.",
}
@inproceedings{de-la-vega-ng-2016-markov,
    title = "{M}arkov Logic Networks for Text Mining: A Qualitative and Empirical Comparison with Integer Linear Programming",
    author = "de la Vega, Luis Gerardo Mojica  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1695",
    pages = "4388--4395",
    abstract = "Joint inference approaches such as Integer Linear Programming (ILP) and Markov Logic Networks (MLNs) have recently been successfully applied to many natural language processing (NLP) tasks, often outperforming their pipeline counterparts. However, MLNs are arguably much less popular among NLP researchers than ILP. While NLP researchers who desire to employ these joint inference frameworks do not necessarily have to understand their theoretical underpinnings, it is imperative that they understand which of them should be applied under what circumstances. With the goal of helping NLP researchers better understand the relative strengths and weaknesses of MLNs and ILP; we will compare them along different dimensions of interest, such as expressiveness, ease of use, scalability, and performance. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic comparison of ILP and MLNs on an NLP task.",
}
@inproceedings{zaatari-etal-2016-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Corpora for Credibility Analysis",
    author = "Zaatari, Ayman Al  and
      Ballouli, Rim El  and
      ELbassouni, Shady  and
      El-Hajj, Wassim  and
      Hajj, Hazem  and
      Shaban, Khaled  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Yahya, Emad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1696",
    pages = "4396--4401",
    abstract = "A significant portion of data generated on blogging and microblogging websites is non-credible as shown in many recent studies. To filter out such non-credible information, machine learning can be deployed to build automatic credibility classifiers. However, as in the case with most supervised machine learning approaches, a sufficiently large and accurate training data must be available. In this paper, we focus on building a public Arabic corpus of blogs and microblogs that can be used for credibility classification. We focus on Arabic due to the recent popularity of blogs and microblogs in the Arab World and due to the lack of any such public corpora in Arabic. We discuss our data acquisition approach and annotation process, provide rigid analysis on the annotated data and finally report some results on the effectiveness of our data for credibility classification.",
}
@inproceedings{kaplan-etal-2016-solving,
    title = "Solving the {AL} Chicken-and-Egg Corpus and Model Problem: Model-free Active Learning for Phenomena-driven Corpus Construction",
    author = "Kaplan, Dain  and
      Rubens, Neil  and
      Teufel, Simone  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1697",
    pages = "4402--4409",
    abstract = "Active learning (AL) is often used in corpus construction (CC) for selecting {``}informative{''} documents for annotation. This is ideal for focusing annotation efforts when all documents cannot be annotated, but has the limitation that it is carried out in a closed-loop, selecting points that will improve an existing model. For phenomena-driven and exploratory CC, the lack of existing-models and specific task(s) for using it make traditional AL inapplicable. In this paper we propose a novel method for model-free AL utilising characteristics of phenomena for applying AL to select documents for annotation. The method can also supplement traditional closed-loop AL-based CC to extend the utility of the corpus created beyond a single task. We introduce our tool, MOVE, and show its potential with a real world case-study.",
}
@inproceedings{freitas-etal-2016-quemdisse,
    title = "{QUEMDISSE}? Reported speech in {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Freitas, Cl{\'a}udia  and
      Freitas, Bianca  and
      Santos, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1698",
    pages = "4410--4416",
    abstract = "This paper presents some work on direct and indirect speech in Portuguese using corpus-based methods: we report on a study whose aim was to identify (i) Portuguese verbs used to introduce reported speech and (ii) syntactic patterns used to convey reported speech, in order to enhance the performance of a quotation extraction system, dubbed QUEMDISSE?. In addition, (iii) we present a Portuguese corpus annotated with reported speech, using the lexicon and rules provided by (i) and (ii), and discuss the process of their annotation and what was learned.",
}
@inproceedings{minard-etal-2016-meantime,
    title = "{MEANTIME}, the {N}ews{R}eader Multilingual Event and Time Corpus",
    author = "Minard, Anne-Lyse  and
      Speranza, Manuela  and
      Urizar, Ruben  and
      Altuna, Bego{\~n}a  and
      van Erp, Marieke  and
      Schoen, Anneleen  and
      van Son, Chantal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1699",
    pages = "4417--4422",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present the NewsReader MEANTIME corpus, a semantically annotated corpus of Wikinews articles. The corpus consists of 480 news articles, i.e. 120 English news articles and their translations in Spanish, Italian, and Dutch. MEANTIME contains annotations at different levels. The document-level annotation includes markables (e.g. entity mentions, event mentions, time expressions, and numerical expressions), relations between markables (modeling, for example, temporal information and semantic role labeling), and entity and event intra-document coreference. The corpus-level annotation includes entity and event cross-document coreference. Semantic annotation on the English section was performed manually; for the annotation in Italian, Spanish, and (partially) Dutch, a procedure was devised to automatically project the annotations on the English texts onto the translated texts, based on the manual alignment of the annotated elements; this enabled us not only to speed up the annotation process but also provided cross-lingual coreference. The English section of the corpus was extended with timeline annotations for the SemEval 2015 TimeLine shared task. The {``}First CLIN Dutch Shared Task{''} at CLIN26 was based on the Dutch section, while the EVALITA 2016 FactA (Event Factuality Annotation) shared task, based on the Italian section, is currently being organized.",
}
@inproceedings{moran-2016-acqdiv,
    title = "The {ACQDIV} Database: Min(d)ing the Ambient Language",
    author = "Moran, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1700",
    pages = "4423--4429",
    abstract = "One of the most pressing questions in cognitive science remains unanswered: what cognitive mechanisms enable children to learn any of the world{'}s 7000 or so languages? Much discovery has been made with regard to specific learning mechanisms in specific languages, however, given the remarkable diversity of language structures (Evans and Levinson 2009, Bickel 2014) the burning question remains: what are the underlying processes that make language acquisition possible, despite substantial cross-linguistic variation in phonology, morphology, syntax, etc.? To investigate these questions, a comprehensive cross-linguistic database of longitudinal child language acquisition corpora from maximally diverse languages has been built.",
}
@inproceedings{danieli-etal-2016-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Behaviours: An Experiment on the Annotation of Call-Centre Conversations",
    author = "Danieli, Morena  and
      R, Balamurali A  and
      Stepanov, Evgeny  and
      Favre, Benoit  and
      Bechet, Frederic  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1701",
    pages = "4430--4433",
    abstract = "Annotating and predicting behavioural aspects in conversations is becoming critical in the conversational analytics industry. In this paper we look into inter-annotator agreement of agent behaviour dimensions on two call center corpora. We find that the task can be annotated consistently over time, but that subjectivity issues impacts the quality of the annotation. The reformulation of some of the annotated dimensions is suggested in order to improve agreement.",
}
@inproceedings{koiso-etal-2016-survey,
    title = "Survey of Conversational Behavior: Towards the Design of a Balanced Corpus of Everyday {J}apanese Conversation",
    author = "Koiso, Hanae  and
      Tsuchiya, Tomoyuki  and
      Watanabe, Ryoko  and
      Yokomori, Daisuke  and
      Aizawa, Masao  and
      Den, Yasuharu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1702",
    pages = "4434--4439",
    abstract = "In 2016, we set about building a large-scale corpus of everyday Japanese conversation―a collection of conversations embedded in naturally occurring activities in daily life. We will collect more than 200 hours of recordings over six years,publishing the corpus in 2022. To construct such a huge corpus, we have conducted a pilot project, one of whose purposes is to establish a corpus design for collecting various kinds of everyday conversations in a balanced manner. For this purpose, we conducted a survey of everyday conversational behavior, with about 250 adults, in order to reveal how diverse our everyday conversational behavior is and to build an empirical foundation for corpus design. The questionnaire included when, where, how long,with whom, and in what kind of activity informants were engaged in conversations. We found that ordinary conversations show the following tendencies: i) they mainly consist of chats, business talks, and consultations; ii) in general, the number of participants is small and the duration of the conversation is short; iii) many conversations are conducted in private places such as homes, as well as in public places such as offices and schools; and iv) some questionnaire items are related to each other. This paper describes an overview of this survey study, and then discusses how to design a large-scale corpus of everyday Japanese conversation on this basis.",
}
@inproceedings{stefanov-beskow-2016-multi,
    title = "A Multi-party Multi-modal Dataset for Focus of Visual Attention in Human-human and Human-robot Interaction",
    author = "Stefanov, Kalin  and
      Beskow, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1703",
    pages = "4440--4444",
    abstract = "This papers describes a data collection setup and a newly recorded dataset. The main purpose of this dataset is to explore patterns in the focus of visual attention of humans under three different conditions - two humans involved in task-based interaction with a robot; same two humans involved in task-based interaction where the robot is replaced by a third human, and a free three-party human interaction. The dataset contains two parts - 6 sessions with duration of approximately 3 hours and 9 sessions with duration of approximately 4.5 hours. Both parts of the dataset are rich in modalities and recorded data streams - they include the streams of three Kinect v2 devices (color, depth, infrared, body and face data), three high quality audio streams, three high resolution GoPro video streams, touch data for the task-based interactions and the system state of the robot. In addition, the second part of the dataset introduces the data streams from three Tobii Pro Glasses 2 eye trackers. The language of all interactions is English and all data streams are spatially and temporally aligned.",
}
@inproceedings{abbott-etal-2016-internet,
    title = "{I}nternet Argument Corpus 2.0: An {SQL} schema for Dialogic Social Media and the Corpora to go with it",
    author = "Abbott, Rob  and
      Ecker, Brian  and
      Anand, Pranav  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1704",
    pages = "4445--4452",
    abstract = "Large scale corpora have benefited many areas of research in natural language processing, but until recently, resources for dialogue have lagged behind. Now, with the emergence of large scale social media websites incorporating a threaded dialogue structure, content feedback, and self-annotation (such as stance labeling), there are valuable new corpora available to researchers. In previous work, we released the INTERNET ARGUMENT CORPUS, one of the first larger scale resources available for opinion sharing dialogue. We now release the INTERNET ARGUMENT CORPUS 2.0 (IAC 2.0) in the hope that others will find it as useful as we have. The IAC 2.0 provides more data than IAC 1.0 and organizes it using an extensible, repurposable SQL schema. The database structure in conjunction with the associated code facilitates querying from and combining multiple dialogically structured data sources. The IAC 2.0 schema provides support for forum posts, quotations, markup (bold, italic, etc), and various annotations, including Stanford CoreNLP annotations. We demonstrate the generalizablity of the schema by providing code to import the ConVote corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{gilmartin-campbell-2016-capturing,
    title = "Capturing Chat: Annotation and Tools for Multiparty Casual Conversation.",
    author = "Gilmartin, Emer  and
      Campbell, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1705",
    pages = "4453--4457",
    abstract = "Casual multiparty conversation is an understudied but very common genre of spoken interaction, whose analysis presents a number of challenges in terms of data scarcity and annotation. We describe the annotation process used on the d64 and DANS multimodal corpora of multiparty casual talk, which have been manually segmented, transcribed, annotated for laughter and disfluencies, and aligned using the Penn Aligner. We also describe a visualization tool, STAVE, developed during the annotation process, which allows long stretches of talk or indeed entire conversations to be viewed, aiding preliminary identification of features and patterns worthy of analysis. It is hoped that this tool will be of use to other researchers working in this field.",
}
@inproceedings{kamocki-oregan-2016-privacy,
    title = "Privacy Issues in Online Machine Translation Services - {E}uropean Perspective",
    author = "Kamocki, Pawel  and
      O{'}Regan, Jim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1706",
    pages = "4458--4462",
    abstract = "In order to develop its full potential, global communication needs linguistic support systems such as Machine Translation (MT). In the past decade, free online MT tools have become available to the general public, and the quality of their output is increasing. However, the use of such tools may entail various legal implications, especially as far as processing of personal data is concerned. This is even more evident if we take into account that their business model is largely based on providing translation in exchange for data, which can subsequently be used to improve the translation model, but also for commercial purposes. The purpose of this paper is to examine how free online MT tools fit in the European data protection framework, harmonised by the EU Data Protection Directive. The perspectives of both the user and the MT service provider are taken into account.",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-etal-2016-lin,
    title = "{L}in|gu|is|tik: Building the Linguist{'}s Pathway to Bibliographies, Libraries, Language Resources and Linked Open Data",
    author = {Chiarcos, Christian  and
      F{\"a}th, Christian  and
      Renner-Westermann, Heike  and
      Abromeit, Frank  and
      Dimitrova, Vanya},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1707",
    pages = "4463--4471",
    abstract = "This paper introduces a novel research tool for the field of linguistics: The Lin|gu|is|tik web portal provides a virtual library which offers scientific information on every linguistic subject. It comprises selected internet sources and databases as well as catalogues for linguistic literature, and addresses an interdisciplinary audience. The virtual library is the most recent outcome of the Special Subject Collection Linguistics of the German Research Foundation (DFG), and also integrates the knowledge accumulated in the Bibliography of Linguistic Literature. In addition to the portal, we describe long-term goals and prospects with a special focus on ongoing efforts regarding an extension towards integrating language resources and Linguistic Linked Open Data.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards a Language Service Infrastructure for Mobile Environments",
    author = "Nguyen, Ngoc  and
      Lin, Donghui  and
      Nakaguchi, Takao  and
      Ishida, Toru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1708",
    pages = "4472--4478",
    abstract = "Since mobile devices have feature-rich configurations and provide diverse functions, the use of mobile devices combined with the language resources of cloud environments is high promising for achieving a wide range communication that goes beyond the current language barrier. However, there are mismatches between using resources of mobile devices and services in the cloud such as the different communication protocol and different input and output methods. In this paper, we propose a language service infrastructure for mobile environments to combine these services. The proposed language service infrastructure allows users to use and mashup existing language resources on both cloud environments and their mobile devices. Furthermore, it allows users to flexibly use services in the cloud or services on mobile devices in their composite service without implementing several different composite services that have the same functionality. A case study of Mobile Shopping Translation System using both a service in the cloud (translation service) and services on mobile devices (Bluetooth low energy (BLE) service and text-to-speech service) is introduced.",
}
@inproceedings{agosti-etal-2016-designing,
    title = "Designing A Long Lasting Linguistic Project: The Case Study of {ASI}t",
    author = "Agosti, Maristella  and
      Buccio, Emanuele Di  and
      Nunzio, Giorgio Maria Di  and
      Poletto, Cecilia  and
      Rinke, Esther",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1709",
    pages = "4479--4483",
    abstract = "In this paper, we discuss the requirements that a long lasting linguistic database should have in order to meet the needs of the linguists together with the aim of durability and sharing of data. In particular, we discuss the generalizability of the Syntactic Atlas of Italy, a linguistic project that builds on a long standing tradition of collecting and analyzing linguistic corpora, on a more recent project that focuses on the synchronic and diachronic analysis of the syntax of Italian and Portuguese relative clauses. The results that are presented are in line with the FLaReNet Strategic Agenda that highlighted the most pressing needs for research areas, such as Natural Language Processing, and presented a set of recommendations for the development and progress of Language resources in Europe.",
}
@inproceedings{cavar-etal-2016-global,
    title = "Global Open Resources and Information for Language and Linguistic Analysis ({GORILLA})",
    author = "Cavar, Damir  and
      Cavar, Malgorzata  and
      Moe, Lwin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1710",
    pages = "4484--4491",
    abstract = "The infrastructure Global Open Resources and Information for Language and Linguistic Analysis (GORILLA) was created as a resource that provides a bridge between disciplines such as documentary, theoretical, and corpus linguistics, speech and language technologies, and digital language archiving services. GORILLA is designed as an interface between digital language archive services and language data producers. It addresses various problems of common digital language archive infrastructures. At the same time it serves the speech and language technology communities by providing a platform to create and share speech and language data from low-resourced and endangered languages. It hosts an initial collection of language models for speech and natural language processing (NLP), and technologies or software tools for corpus creation and annotation. GORILLA is designed to address the Transcription Bottleneck in language documentation, and, at the same time to provide solutions to the general Language Resource Bottleneck in speech and language technologies. It does so by facilitating the cooperation between documentary and theoretical linguistics, and speech and language technologies research and development, in particular for low-resourced and endangered languages.",
}
@inproceedings{druskat-etal-2016-corpus,
    title = "corpus-tools.org: An Interoperable Generic Software Tool Set for Multi-layer Linguistic Corpora",
    author = "Druskat, Stephan  and
      Gast, Volker  and
      Krause, Thomas  and
      Zipser, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1711",
    pages = "4492--4499",
    abstract = "This paper introduces an open source, interoperable generic software tool set catering for the entire workflow of creation, migration, annotation, query and analysis of multi-layer linguistic corpora. It consists of four components: Salt, a graph-based meta model and API for linguistic data, the common data model for the rest of the tool set; Pepper, a conversion tool and platform for linguistic data that can be used to convert many different linguistic formats into each other; Atomic, an extensible, platform-independent multi-layer desktop annotation software for linguistic corpora; ANNIS, a search and visualization architecture for multi-layer linguistic corpora with many different visualizations and a powerful native query language. The set was designed to solve the following issues in a multi-layer corpus workflow: Lossless data transition between tools through a common data model generic enough to allow for a potentially unlimited number of different types of annotation, conversion capabilities for different linguistic formats to cater for the processing of data from different sources and/or with existing annotations, a high level of extensibility to enhance the sustainability of the whole tool set, analysis capabilities encompassing corpus and annotation query alongside multi-faceted visualizations of all annotation layers.",
}
@inproceedings{schafer-2016-commoncow,
    title = "{C}ommon{COW}: Massively Huge Web Corpora from {C}ommon{C}rawl Data and a Method to Distribute them Freely under Restrictive {EU} Copyright Laws",
    author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Roland},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1712",
    pages = "4500--4504",
    abstract = "In this paper, I describe a method of creating massively huge web corpora from the CommonCrawl data sets and redistributing the resulting annotations in a stand-off format. Current EU (and especially German) copyright legislation categorically forbids the redistribution of downloaded material without express prior permission by the authors. Therefore, such stand-off annotations (or other derivates) are the only format in which European researchers (like myself) are allowed to re-distribute the respective corpora. In order to make the full corpora available to the public despite such restrictions, the stand-off format presented here allows anybody to locally reconstruct the full corpora with the least possible computational effort.",
}
@inproceedings{katakis-etal-2016-clarin,
    title = "{CLARIN}-{EL} Web-based Annotation Tool",
    author = "Katakis, Ioannis Manousos  and
      Petasis, Georgios  and
      Karkaletsis, Vangelis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1713",
    pages = "4505--4512",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new Web-based annotation tool, the {``}CLARIN-EL Web-based Annotation Tool{''}. Based on an existing annotation infrastructure offered by the {``}Ellogon{''} language enginneering platform, this new tool transfers a large part of Ellogon{'}s features and functionalities to a Web environment, by exploiting the capabilities of cloud computing. This new annotation tool is able to support a wide range of annotation tasks, through user provided annotation schemas in XML. The new annotation tool has already been employed in several annotation tasks, including the anotation of arguments, which is presented as a use case. The CLARIN-EL annotation tool is compared to existing solutions along several dimensions and features. Finally, future work includes the improvement of integration with the CLARIN-EL infrastructure, and the inclusion of features not currently supported, such as the annotation of aligned documents.",
}
@inproceedings{kattenberg-etal-2016-two,
    title = "Two Architectures for Parallel Processing of Huge Amounts of Text",
    author = "Kattenberg, Mathijs  and
      Beloki, Zuhaitz  and
      Soroa, Aitor  and
      Artola, Xabier  and
      Fokkens, Antske  and
      Huygen, Paul  and
      Verstoep, Kees",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1714",
    pages = "4513--4519",
    abstract = "This paper presents two alternative NLP architectures to analyze massive amounts of documents, using parallel processing. The two architectures focus on different processing scenarios, namely batch-processing and streaming processing. The batch-processing scenario aims at optimizing the overall throughput of the system, i.e., minimizing the overall time spent on processing all documents. The streaming architecture aims to minimize the time to process real-time incoming documents and is therefore especially suitable for live feeds. The paper presents experiments with both architectures, and reports the overall gain when they are used for batch as well as for streaming processing. All the software described in the paper is publicly available under free licenses.",
}
@inproceedings{cassidy-2016-publishing,
    title = "Publishing the Trove Newspaper Corpus",
    author = "Cassidy, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1715",
    pages = "4520--4525",
    abstract = "The Trove Newspaper Corpus is derived from the National Library of Australia{'}s digital archive of newspaper text. The corpus is a snapshot of the NLA collection taken in 2015 to be made available for language research as part of the Alveo Virtual Laboratory and contains 143 million articles dating from 1806 to 2007. This paper describes the work we have done to make this large corpus available as a research collection, facilitating access to individual documents and enabling large scale processing of the newspaper text in a cloud-based environment.",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-etal-2016-new,
    title = "New Developments in the {LRE} Map",
    author = "Popescu, Vladimir  and
      Liu, Lin  and
      Gratta, Riccardo Del  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1716",
    pages = "4526--4530",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe the new developments brought to LRE Map, especially in terms of the user interface of the Web application, of the searching of the information therein, and of the data model updates.",
}
@inproceedings{edlund-gustafson-2016-hidden,
    title = "Hidden Resources ― Strategies to Acquire and Exploit Potential Spoken Language Resources in National Archives",
    author = "Edlund, Jens  and
      Gustafson, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1717",
    pages = "4531--4534",
    abstract = "In 2014, the Swedish government tasked a Swedish agency, The Swedish Post and Telecom Authority (PTS), with investigating how to best create and populate an infrastructure for spoken language resources (Ref N2014/2840/ITP). As a part of this work, the department of Speech, Music and Hearing at KTH Royal Institute of Technology have taken inventory of existing potential spoken language resources, mainly in Swedish national archives and other governmental or public institutions. In this position paper, key priorities, perspectives, and strategies that may be of general, rather than Swedish, interest are presented. We discuss broad types of potential spoken language resources available; to what extent these resources are free to use; and thirdly the main contribution: strategies to ensure the continuous acquisition of spoken language resources in a manner that facilitates speech and speech technology research.",
}
@inproceedings{mapelli-etal-2016-elra,
    title = "The {ELRA} License Wizard",
    author = "Mapelli, Val{\'e}rie  and
      Popescu, Vladimir  and
      Liu, Lin  and
      Barrera, Meritxell Fern{\'a}ndez  and
      Choukri, Khalid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1718",
    pages = "4535--4538",
    abstract = "To allow an easy understanding of the various licenses that exist for the use of Language Resources (ELRA{'}s, META-SHARE{'}s, Creative Commons{'}, etc.), ELRA has developed a License Wizardto help the right-holders share/distribute their resources under the appropriate license. It also aims to be exploited by users to better understand the legal obligations that apply in various licensing situations. The present paper elaborates on the License Wizard functionalities of this web configurator, which enables to select a number of legal features and obtain the user license adapted to the users selection, to define which user licenses they would like to select in order to distribute their Language Resources, to integrate the user license terms into a Distribution Agreement that could be proposed to ELRA or META-SHARE for further distribution through the ELRA Catalogue of Language Resources. Thanks to a flexible back office, the structure of the legal feature selection can easily be reviewed to include other features that may be relevant for other licenses. Integrating contributions from other initiatives thus aim to be one of the obvious next steps, with a special focus on CLARIN and Linked Data experiences.",
}
@inproceedings{grouas-etal-2016-review,
    title = "Review on the Existing Language Resources for Languages of France",
    author = "Grouas, Thibault  and
      Mapelli, Val{\'e}rie  and
      Samier, Quentin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1719",
    pages = "4539--4542",
    abstract = "With the support of the DGLFLF, ELDA conducted an inventory of existing language resources for the regional languages of France. The main aim of this inventory was to assess the exploitability of the identified resources within technologies. A total of 2,299 Language Resources were identified. As a second step, a deeper analysis of a set of three language groups (Breton, Occitan, overseas languages) was carried out along with a focus of their exploitability within three technologies: automatic translation, voice recognition/synthesis and spell checkers. The survey was followed by the organisation of the TLRF2015 Conference which aimed to present the state of the art in the field of the Technologies for Regional Languages of France. The next step will be to activate the network of specialists built up during the TLRF conference and to begin the organisation of a second TLRF conference. Meanwhile, the French Ministry of Culture continues its actions related to linguistic diversity and technology, in particular through a project with Wikimedia France related to contributions to Wikipedia in regional languages, the upcoming new version of the {``}Corpus de la Parole{''} and the reinforcement of the DGLFLF{'}s Observatory of Linguistic Practices.",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-etal-2016-selection,
    title = "Selection Criteria for Low Resource Language Programs",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      Maxwell, Mike  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Tracey, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1720",
    pages = "4543--4549",
    abstract = "This paper documents and describes the criteria used to select languages for study within programs that include low resource languages whether given that label or another similar one. It focuses on five US common task, Human Language Technology research and development programs in which the authors have provided information or consulting related to the choice of language. The paper does not describe the actual selection process which is the responsibility of program management and highly specific to a program{'}s individual goals and context. Instead it concentrates on the data and criteria that have been considered relevant previously with the thought that future program managers and their consultants may adapt these and apply them with different prioritization to future programs.",
}
@inproceedings{barrera-etal-2016-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Cross-border {EU} E-commerce through Machine Translation: Needed Language Resources, Challenges and Opportunities",
    author = "Barrera, Meritxell Fern{\'a}ndez  and
      Popescu, Vladimir  and
      Toral, Antonio  and
      Gaspari, Federico  and
      Choukri, Khalid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1721",
    pages = "4550--4556",
    abstract = "This paper discusses the role that statistical machine translation (SMT) can play in the development of cross-border EU e-commerce,by highlighting extant obstacles and identifying relevant technologies to overcome them. In this sense, it firstly proposes a typology of e-commerce static and dynamic textual genres and it identifies those that may be more successfully targeted by SMT. The specific challenges concerning the automatic translation of user-generated content are discussed in detail. Secondly, the paper highlights the risk of data sparsity inherent to e-commerce and it explores the state-of-the-art strategies to achieve domain adequacy via adaptation. Thirdly, it proposes a robust workflow for the development of SMT systems adapted to the e-commerce domain by relying on inexpensive methods. Given the scarcity of user-generated language corpora for most language pairs, the paper proposes to obtain monolingual target-language data to train language models and aligned parallel corpora to tune and evaluate MT systems by means of crowdsourcing.",
}
@inproceedings{santus-etal-2016-nine,
    title = "Nine Features in a Random Forest to Learn Taxonomical Semantic Relations",
    author = "Santus, Enrico  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Chiu, Tin-Shing  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1722",
    pages = "4557--4564",
    abstract = "ROOT9 is a supervised system for the classification of hypernyms, co-hyponyms and random words that is derived from the already introduced ROOT13 (Santus et al., 2016). It relies on a Random Forest algorithm and nine unsupervised corpus-based features. We evaluate it with a 10-fold cross validation on 9,600 pairs, equally distributed among the three classes and involving several Parts-Of-Speech (i.e. adjectives, nouns and verbs). When all the classes are present, ROOT9 achieves an F1 score of 90.7{\%}, against a baseline of 57.2{\%} (vector cosine). When the classification is binary, ROOT9 achieves the following results against the baseline. hypernyms-co-hyponyms 95.7{\%} vs. 69.8{\%}, hypernyms-random 91.8{\%} vs. 64.1{\%} and co-hyponyms-random 97.8{\%} vs. 79.4{\%}. In order to compare the performance with the state-of-the-art, we have also evaluated ROOT9 in subsets of the Weeds et al. (2014) datasets, proving that it is in fact competitive. Finally, we investigated whether the system learns the semantic relation or it simply learns the prototypical hypernyms, as claimed by Levy et al. (2015). The second possibility seems to be the most likely, even though ROOT9 can be trained on negative examples (i.e., switched hypernyms) to drastically reduce this bias.",
}
@inproceedings{santus-etal-2016-nerd,
    title = "What a Nerd! Beating Students and Vector Cosine in the {ESL} and {TOEFL} Datasets",
    author = "Santus, Enrico  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Chiu, Tin-Shing  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1723",
    pages = "4565--4572",
    abstract = "In this paper, we claim that Vector Cosine ― which is generally considered one of the most efficient unsupervised measures for identifying word similarity in Vector Space Models ― can be outperformed by a completely unsupervised measure that evaluates the extent of the intersection among the most associated contexts of two target words, weighting such intersection according to the rank of the shared contexts in the dependency ranked lists. This claim comes from the hypothesis that similar words do not simply occur in similar contexts, but they share a larger portion of their most relevant contexts compared to other related words. To prove it, we describe and evaluate APSyn, a variant of Average Precision that ― independently of the adopted parameters ― outperforms the Vector Cosine and the co-occurrence on the ESL and TOEFL test sets. In the best setting, APSyn reaches 0.73 accuracy on the ESL dataset and 0.70 accuracy in the TOEFL dataset, beating therefore the non-English US college applicants (whose average, as reported in the literature, is 64.50{\%}) and several state-of-the-art approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{tredici-bel-2016-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Potential of Metaphoricity of verbs using corpus data",
    author = "Tredici, Marco Del  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1724",
    pages = "4573--4577",
    abstract = "The paper investigates the relation between metaphoricity and distributional characteristics of verbs, introducing POM, a corpus-derived index that can be used to define the upper bound of metaphoricity of any expression in which a given verb occurs. The work moves from the observation that while some verbs can be used to create highly metaphoric expressions, others can not. We conjecture that this fact is related to the number of contexts in which a verb occurs and to the frequency of each context. This intuition is modelled by introducing a method in which each context of a verb in a corpus is assigned a vector representation, and a clustering algorithm is employed to identify similar contexts. Eventually, the Standard Deviation of the relative frequency values of the clusters is computed and taken as the POM of the target verb. We tested POM in two experimental settings obtaining values of accuracy of 84{\%} and 92{\%}. Since we are convinced, along with (Shutoff, 2015), that metaphor detection systems should be concerned only with the identification of highly metaphoric expressions, we believe that POM could be profitably employed by these systems to a priori exclude expressions that, due to the verb they include, can only have low degrees of metaphoricity",
}
@inproceedings{lafourcade-ramadier-2016-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Relation Extraction with Semantic Patterns Experiment on Radiology Reports",
    author = "Lafourcade, Mathieu  and
      Ramadier, Lionel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1725",
    pages = "4578--4582",
    abstract = "This work presents a practical system for indexing terms and relations from French radiology reports, called IMAIOS. In this paper, we present how semantic relations (causes, consequences, symptoms, locations, parts...) between medical terms can be extracted. For this purpose, we handcrafted some linguistic patterns from on a subset of our radiology report corpora. As semantic patterns (de (of)) may be too general or ambiguous, semantic constraints have been added. For instance, in the sentence n{\'e}oplasie du sein (neoplasm of breast) the system knowing neoplasm as a disease and breast as an anatomical location, identify the relation as being a location: neoplasm r-lieu breast. An evaluation of the effect of semantic constraints is proposed.",
}
@inproceedings{hongchao-etal-2016-evalution,
    title = "{EVAL}ution-{MAN}: A {C}hinese Dataset for the Training and Evaluation of {DSM}s",
    author = "Hongchao, Liu  and
      Neergaard, Karl  and
      Santus, Enrico  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1726",
    pages = "4583--4587",
    abstract = "Distributional semantic models (DSMs) are currently being used in the measurement of word relatedness and word similarity. One shortcoming of DSMs is that they do not provide a principled way to discriminate different semantic relations. Several approaches have been adopted that rely on annotated data either in the training of the model or later in its evaluation. In this paper, we introduce a dataset for training and evaluating DSMs on semantic relations discrimination between words, in Mandarin, Chinese. The construction of the dataset followed EVALution 1.0, which is an English dataset for the training and evaluating of DSMs. The dataset contains 360 relation pairs, distributed in five different semantic relations, including antonymy, synonymy, hypernymy, meronymy and nearsynonymy. All relation pairs were checked manually to estimate their quality. In the 360 word relation pairs, there are 373 relata. They were all extracted and subsequently manually tagged according to their semantic type. The relatas{'} frequency was calculated in a combined corpus of Sinica and Chinese Gigaword. To the best of our knowledge, EVALution-MAN is the first of its kind for Mandarin, Chinese.",
}
@inproceedings{anwar-sharma-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Building Semantic Role Labeler for {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Anwar, Maaz  and
      Sharma, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1727",
    pages = "4588--4595",
    abstract = "We present a statistical system for identifying the semantic relationships or semantic roles for two major Indian Languages, Hindi and Urdu. Given an input sentence and a predicate/verb, the system first identifies the arguments pertaining to that verb and then classifies it into one of the semantic labels which can either be a DOER, THEME, LOCATIVE, CAUSE, PURPOSE etc. The system is based on 2 statistical classifiers trained on roughly 130,000 words for Urdu and 100,000 words for Hindi that were hand-annotated with semantic roles under the PropBank project for these two languages. Our system achieves an accuracy of 86{\%} in identifying the arguments of a verb for Hindi and 75{\%} for Urdu. At the subsequent task of classifying the constituents into their semantic roles, the Hindi system achieved 58{\%} precision and 42{\%} recall whereas Urdu system performed better and achieved 83{\%} precision and 80{\%} recall. Our study also allowed us to compare the usefulness of different linguistic features and feature combinations in the semantic role labeling task. We also examine the use of statistical syntactic parsing as feature in the role labeling task.",
}
@inproceedings{samardzic-milicevic-2016-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Automatic Acquisition of {C}roatian and {S}erbian Verb Aspect from Corpora",
    author = "Samard{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Tanja  and
      Mili{\v{c}}evi{\'c}, Maja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1728",
    pages = "4596--4601",
    abstract = "Verb aspect is a grammatical and lexical category that encodes temporal unfolding and duration of events described by verbs. It is a potentially interesting source of information for various computational tasks, but has so far not been studied in much depth from the perspective of automatic processing. Slavic languages are particularly interesting in this respect, as they encode aspect through complex and not entirely consistent lexical derivations involving prefixation and suffixation. Focusing on Croatian and Serbian, in this paper we propose a novel framework for automatic classification of their verb types into a number of fine-grained aspectual classes based on the observable morphology of verb forms. In addition, we provide a set of around 2000 verbs classified based on our framework. This set can be used for linguistic research as well as for testing automatic classification on a larger scale. With minor adjustments the approach is also applicable to other Slavic languages",
}
@inproceedings{lendvai-etal-2016-monolingual,
    title = "Monolingual Social Media Datasets for Detecting Contradiction and Entailment",
    author = "Lendvai, Piroska  and
      Augenstein, Isabelle  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Declerck, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1729",
    pages = "4602--4605",
    abstract = "Entailment recognition approaches are useful for application domains such as information extraction, question answering or summarisation, for which evidence from multiple sentences needs to be combined. We report on a new 3-way judgement Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE) resource that originates in the Social Media domain, and explain our semi-automatic creation method for the special purpose of information verification, which draws on manually established rumourous claims reported during crisis events. From about 500 English tweets related to 70 unique claims we compile and evaluate 5.4k RTE pairs, while continue automatizing the workflow to generate similar-sized datasets in other languages.",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-krishnaswamy-2016-voxml,
    title = "{V}ox{ML}: A Visualization Modeling Language",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Krishnaswamy, Nikhil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1730",
    pages = "4606--4613",
    abstract = "We present the specification for a modeling language, VoxML, which encodes semantic knowledge of real-world objects represented as three-dimensional models, and of events and attributes related to and enacted over these objects.VoxML is intended to overcome the limitations of existing 3D visual markup languages by allowing for the encoding of a broad range of semantic knowledge that can be exploited by a variety of systems and platforms, leading to multimodal simulations of real-world scenarios using conceptual objects that represent their semantic values",
}
@inproceedings{teraoka-2016-metonymy,
    title = "Metonymy Analysis Using Associative Relations between Words",
    author = "Teraoka, Takehiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1731",
    pages = "4614--4620",
    abstract = "Metonymy is a figure of speech in which one item{'}s name represents another item that usually has a close relation with the first one. Metonymic expressions need to be correctly detected and interpreted because sentences including such expressions have different mean- ings from literal ones; computer systems may output inappropriate results in natural language processing. In this paper, an associative approach for analyzing metonymic expressions is proposed. By using associative information and two conceptual distances between words in a sentence, a previous method is enhanced and a decision tree is trained to detect metonymic expressions. After detecting these expressions, they are interpreted as metonymic understanding words by using associative information. This method was evaluated by comparing it with two baseline methods based on previous studies on the Japanese language that used case frames and co-occurrence information. As a result, the proposed method exhibited significantly better accuracy (0.85) of determining words as metonymic or literal expressions than the baselines. It also exhibited better accuracy (0.74) of interpreting the detected metonymic expressions than the baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{goodwin-harabagiu-2016-embedding,
    title = "Embedding Open-domain Common-sense Knowledge from Text",
    author = "Goodwin, Travis  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1732",
    pages = "4621--4628",
    abstract = "Our ability to understand language often relies on common-sense knowledge ― background information the speaker can assume is known by the reader. Similarly, our comprehension of the language used in complex domains relies on access to domain-specific knowledge. Capturing common-sense and domain-specific knowledge can be achieved by taking advantage of recent advances in open information extraction (IE) techniques and, more importantly, of knowledge embeddings, which are multi-dimensional representations of concepts and relations. Building a knowledge graph for representing common-sense knowledge in which concepts discerned from noun phrases are cast as vertices and lexicalized relations are cast as edges leads to learning the embeddings of common-sense knowledge accounting for semantic compositionality as well as implied knowledge. Common-sense knowledge is acquired from a vast collection of blogs and books as well as from WordNet. Similarly, medical knowledge is learned from two large sets of electronic health records. The evaluation results of these two forms of knowledge are promising: the same knowledge acquisition methodology based on learning knowledge embeddings works well both for common-sense knowledge and for medical knowledge Interestingly, the common-sense knowledge that we have acquired was evaluated as being less neutral than than the medical knowledge, as it often reflected the opinion of the knowledge utterer. In addition, the acquired medical knowledge was evaluated as more plausible than the common-sense knowledge, reflecting the complexity of acquiring common-sense knowledge due to the pragmatics and economicity of language.",
}
@inproceedings{mencia-etal-2016-medical,
    title = "Medical Concept Embeddings via Labeled Background Corpora",
    author = "Menc{\'\i}a, Eneldo Loza  and
      de Melo, Gerard  and
      Nam, Jinseok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1733",
    pages = "4629--4636",
    abstract = "In recent years, we have seen an increasing amount of interest in low-dimensional vector representations of words. Among other things, these facilitate computing word similarity and relatedness scores. The most well-known example of algorithms to produce representations of this sort are the word2vec approaches. In this paper, we investigate a new model to induce such vector spaces for medical concepts, based on a joint objective that exploits not only word co-occurrences but also manually labeled documents, as available from sources such as PubMed. Our extensive experimental analysis shows that our embeddings lead to significantly higher correlations with human similarity and relatedness assessments than previous work. Due to the simplicity and versatility of vector representations, these findings suggest that our resource can easily be used as a drop-in replacement to improve any systems relying on medical concept similarity measures.",
}
@inproceedings{dumont-etal-2016-question,
    title = "Question-Answering with Logic Specific to Video Games",
    author = "Dumont, Corentin  and
      Tian, Ran  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1734",
    pages = "4637--4643",
    abstract = "We present a corpus and a knowledge database aiming at developing Question-Answering in a new context, the open world of a video game. We chose a popular game called {`}Minecraft{'}, and created a QA corpus with a knowledge database related to this game and the ontology of a meaning representation that will be used to structure this database. We are interested in the logic rules specific to the game, which may not exist in the real world. The ultimate goal of this research is to build a QA system that can answer natural language questions from players by using inference on these game-specific logic rules. The QA corpus is partially composed of online quiz questions and partially composed of manually written variations of the most relevant ones. The knowledge database is extracted from several wiki-like websites about Minecraft. It is composed of unstructured data, such as text, that will be structured using the meaning representation we defined, and already structured data such as infoboxes. A preliminary examination of the data shows that players are asking creative questions about the game, and that the QA corpus can be used for clustering verbs and linking them to predefined actions in the game.",
}
@inproceedings{kohn-etal-2016-mining,
    title = "Mining the Spoken {W}ikipedia for Speech Data and Beyond",
    author = {K{\"o}hn, Arne  and
      Stegen, Florian  and
      Baumann, Timo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1735",
    pages = "4644--4647",
    abstract = "We present a corpus of time-aligned spoken data of Wikipedia articles as well as the pipeline that allows to generate such corpora for many languages. There are initiatives to create and sustain spoken Wikipedia versions in many languages and hence the data is freely available, grows over time, and can be used for automatic corpus creation. Our pipeline automatically downloads and aligns this data. The resulting German corpus currently totals 293h of audio, of which we align 71h in full sentences and another 86h of sentences with some missing words. The English corpus consists of 287h, for which we align 27h in full sentence and 157h with some missing words. Results are publically available.",
}
@inproceedings{herms-etal-2016-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Read and Spontaneous Upper Saxon {G}erman Speech for {ASR} Evaluation",
    author = {Herms, Robert  and
      Seelig, Laura  and
      M{\"u}nch, Stefanie  and
      Eibl, Maximilian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1736",
    pages = "4648--4651",
    abstract = "In this Paper we present a corpus named SXUCorpus which contains read and spontaneous speech of the Upper Saxon German dialect. The data has been collected from eight archives of local television stations located in the Free State of Saxony. The recordings include broadcasted topics of news, economy, weather, sport, and documentation from the years 1992 to 1996 and have been manually transcribed and labeled. In the paper, we report the methodology of collecting and processing analog audiovisual material, constructing the corpus and describe the properties of the data. In its current version, the corpus is available to the scientific community and is designed for automatic speech recognition (ASR) evaluation with a development set and a test set. We performed ASR experiments with the open-source framework sphinx-4 including a configuration for Standard German on the dataset. Additionally, we show the influence of acoustic model and language model adaptation by the utilization of the development set.",
}
@inproceedings{yoshino-etal-2016-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Speech Corpora of {J}apanese Dialects",
    author = "Yoshino, Koichiro  and
      Hirayama, Naoki  and
      Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Takahashi, Fumihiko  and
      Itoyama, Katsutoshi  and
      Okuno, Hiroshi G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1737",
    pages = "4652--4657",
    abstract = "Binary file summaries/549.html matches",
}
@inproceedings{meunier-etal-2016-typaloc,
    title = "The {TYPALOC} Corpus: A Collection of Various Dysarthric Speech Recordings in Read and Spontaneous Styles",
    author = "Meunier, Christine  and
      Fougeron, Cecile  and
      Fredouille, Corinne  and
      Bigi, Brigitte  and
      Crevier-Buchman, Lise  and
      Delais-Roussarie, Elisabeth  and
      Georgeton, Laurianne  and
      Ghio, Alain  and
      Laaridh, Imed  and
      Legou, Thierry  and
      Pillot-Loiseau, Claire  and
      Pouchoulin, Gilles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1738",
    pages = "4658--4665",
    abstract = "This paper presents the TYPALOC corpus of French Dysarthric and Healthy speech and the rationale underlying its constitution. The objective is to compare phonetic variation in the speech of dysarthric vs. healthy speakers in different speech conditions (read and unprepared speech). More precisely, we aim to compare the extent, types and location of phonetic variation within these different populations and speech conditions. The TYPALOC corpus is constituted of a selection of 28 dysarthric patients (three different pathologies) and of 12 healthy control speakers recorded while reading the same text and in a more natural continuous speech condition. Each audio signal has been segmented into Inter-Pausal Units. Then, the corpus has been manually transcribed and automatically aligned. The alignment has been corrected by an expert phonetician. Moreover, the corpus benefits from an automatic syllabification and an Automatic Detection of Acoustic Phone-Based Anomalies. Finally, in order to interpret phonetic variations due to pathologies, a perceptual evaluation of each patient has been conducted. Quantitative data are provided at the end of the paper.",
}
@inproceedings{yilmaz-etal-2016-longitudinal,
    title = "A Longitudinal Bilingual Frisian-{D}utch Radio Broadcast Database Designed for Code-Switching Research",
    author = "Yilmaz, Emre  and
      Andringa, Maaike  and
      Kingma, Sigrid  and
      Dijkstra, Jelske  and
      der Kuip, Frits van  and
      de Velde, Hans Van  and
      Kampstra, Frederik  and
      Algra, Jouke  and
      van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      van Leeuwen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1739",
    pages = "4666--4669",
    abstract = "We present a new speech database containing 18.5 hours of annotated radio broadcasts in the Frisian language. Frisian is mostly spoken in the province Fryslan and it is the second official language of the Netherlands. The recordings are collected from the archives of Omrop Fryslan, the regional public broadcaster of the province Fryslan. The database covers almost a 50-year time span. The native speakers of Frisian are mostly bilingual and often code-switch in daily conversations due to the extensive influence of the Dutch language. Considering the longitudinal and code-switching nature of the data, an appropriate annotation protocol has been designed and the data is manually annotated with the orthographic transcription, speaker identities, dialect information, code-switching details and background noise/music information.",
}
@inproceedings{zgank-etal-2016-si,
    title = "The {SI} {TED}x-{UM} speech database: a new {S}lovenian Spoken Language Resource",
    author = "{\v{Z}}gank, Andrej  and
      Mau{\v{c}}ec, Mirjam Sepesy  and
      Verdonik, Darinka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1740",
    pages = "4670--4673",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new Slovenian spoken language resource built from TEDx Talks. The speech database contains 242 talks in total duration of 54 hours. The annotation and transcription of acquired spoken material was generated automatically, applying acoustic segmentation and automatic speech recognition. The development and evaluation subset was also manually transcribed using the guidelines specified for the Slovenian GOS corpus. The manual transcriptions were used to evaluate the quality of unsupervised transcriptions. The average word error rate for the SI TEDx-UM evaluation subset was 50.7{\%}, with out of vocabulary rate of 24{\%} and language model perplexity of 390. The unsupervised transcriptions contain 372k tokens, where 32k of them were different.",
}
@inproceedings{iribe-etal-2016-speech,
    title = "Speech Corpus Spoken by Young-old, Old-old and Oldest-old {J}apanese",
    author = "Iribe, Yurie  and
      Kitaoka, Norihide  and
      Segawa, Shuhei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1741",
    pages = "4674--4677",
    abstract = "We have constructed a new speech data corpus, using the utterances of 100 elderly Japanese people, to improve speech recognition accuracy of the speech of older people. Humanoid robots are being developed for use in elder care nursing homes. Interaction with such robots is expected to help maintain the cognitive abilities of nursing home residents, as well as providing them with companionship. In order for these robots to interact with elderly people through spoken dialogue, a high performance speech recognition system for speech of elderly people is needed. To develop such a system, we recorded speech uttered by 100 elderly Japanese, most of them are living in nursing homes, with an average age of 77.2. Previously, a seniors{'} speech corpus named S-JNAS was developed, but the average age of the participants was 67.6 years, but the target age for nursing home care is around 75 years old, much higher than that of the S-JNAS samples. In this paper we compare our new corpus with an existing Japanese read speech corpus, JNAS, which consists of adult speech, and with the above mentioned S-JNAS, the senior version of JNAS.",
}
@inproceedings{wagner-etal-2016-polish,
    title = "Polish Rhythmic Database ― New Resources for Speech Timing and Rhythm Analysis",
    author = "Wagner, Agnieszka  and
      Klessa, Katarzyna  and
      Bachan, Jolanta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1742",
    pages = "4678--4683",
    abstract = "This paper reports on a new database ― Polish rhythmic database and tools developed with the aim of investigating timing phenomena and rhythmic structure in Polish including topics such as, inter alia, the effect of speaking style and tempo on timing patterns, phonotactic and phrasal properties of speech rhythm and stability of rhythm metrics. So far, 19 native and 12 non-native speakers with different first languages have been recorded. The collected speech data (5 h 14 min.) represents five different speaking styles and five different tempi. For the needs of speech corpus management, annotation and analysis, a database was developed and integrated with Annotation Pro (Klessa et al., 2013, Klessa, 2016). Currently, the database is the only resource for Polish which allows for a systematic study of a broad range of phenomena related to speech timing and rhythm. The paper also introduces new tools and methods developed to facilitate the database annotation and analysis with respect to various timing and rhythm measures. In the end, the results of an ongoing research and first experimental results using the new resources are reported and future work is sketched.",
}
@inproceedings{viszlay-etal-2016-extension,
    title = "An Extension of the {S}lovak Broadcast News Corpus based on Semi-Automatic Annotation",
    author = "Viszlay, Peter  and
      Sta{\v{s}}, J{\'a}n  and
      Koct{\'u}r, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Lojka, Martin  and
      Juh{\'a}r, Jozef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1743",
    pages = "4684--4687",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce an extension of our previously released TUKE-BNews-SK corpus based on a semi-automatic annotation scheme. It firstly relies on the automatic transcription of the BN data performed by our Slovak large vocabulary continuous speech recognition system. The generated hypotheses are then manually corrected and completed by trained human annotators. The corpus is composed of 25 hours of fully-annotated spontaneous and prepared speech. In addition, we have acquired 900 hours of another BN data, part of which we plan to annotate semi-automatically. We present a preliminary corpus evaluation that gives very promising results.",
}
@inproceedings{cavar-etal-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating a Yiddish Speech Corpus, Forced Aligner and Basic {ASR} System for the {AHEYM} Project",
    author = "{\'C}avar, Malgorzata  and
      {\'C}avar, Damir  and
      Kerler, Dov-Ber  and
      Quilitzsch, Anya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1744",
    pages = "4688--4693",
    abstract = "To create automatic transcription and annotation tools for the AHEYM corpus of recorded interviews with Yiddish speakers in Eastern Europe we develop initial Yiddish language resources that are used for adaptations of speech and language technologies. Our project aims at the development of resources and technologies that can make the entire AHEYM corpus and other Yiddish resources more accessible to not only the community of Yiddish speakers or linguists with language expertise, but also historians and experts from other disciplines or the general public. In this paper we describe the rationale behind our approach, the procedures and methods, and challenges that are not specific to the AHEYM corpus, but apply to all documentary language data that is collected in the field. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to create a speech corpus and speech technologies for Yiddish. This is also the first attempt to work out speech and language technologies to transcribe and translate a large collection of Yiddish spoken language resources.",
}
@inproceedings{quispesaravia-etal-2016-coh,
    title = "{C}oh-{M}etrix-{E}sp: A Complexity Analysis Tool for Documents Written in {S}panish",
    author = "Quispesaravia, Andre  and
      Perez, Walter  and
      Sobrevilla Cabezudo, Marco  and
      Alva-Manchego, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2016)",
    month = may,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Portoro{\v{z}}, Slovenia",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L16-1745",
    pages = "4694--4698",
    abstract = "Text Complexity Analysis is an useful task in Education. For example, it can help teachers select appropriate texts for their students according to their educational level. This task requires the analysis of several text features that people do mostly manually (e.g. syntactic complexity, words variety, etc.). In this paper, we present a tool useful for Complexity Analysis, called Coh-Metrix-Esp. This is the Spanish version of Coh-Metrix and is able to calculate 45 readability indices. We analyse how these indices behave in a corpus of {``}simple{''} and {``}complex{''} documents, and also use them as features in a complexity binary classifier for texts in Spanish. After some experiments with machine learning algorithms, we got 0.9 F-measure for a corpus that contains tales for kids and adults and 0.82 F-measure for a corpus with texts written for students of Spanish as a foreign language.",
}
@proceedings{semeval-2012-sem,
    title = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Bos, Johan  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Manandhar, Suresh  and
      Marton, Yuval  and
      Yuret, Deniz",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1000",
}
@inproceedings{silberer-frank-2012-casting,
    title = "Casting Implicit Role Linking as an Anaphora Resolution Task",
    author = "Silberer, Carina  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{bunescu-2012-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Clustering for Coreference Resolution with Deterministic Rules and Web-Based Language Models",
    author = "Bunescu, Razvan",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1002",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-etal-2012-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Semantic Relatedness using Multilingual Representations",
    author = "Hassan, Samer  and
      Banea, Carmen  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1003",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{dandala-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards Building a Multilingual Semantic Network: Identifying Interlingual Links in {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Dandala, Bharath  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Bunescu, Razvan",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1004",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{kotlerman-etal-2012-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Clustering via Projection over Term Clusters",
    author = "Kotlerman, Lili  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Gorodetsky, Maya  and
      Daya, Ezra",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1005",
    pages = "38--43",
}
@inproceedings{howald-abramson-2012-use,
    title = "The Use of Granularity in Rhetorical Relation Prediction",
    author = "Howald, Blake  and
      Abramson, Martha",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1006",
    pages = "44--48",
}
@inproceedings{katrenko-2012-make,
    title = "{``}Could you make me a favour and do coffee, please?{''}: Implications for Automatic Error Correction in {E}nglish and {D}utch",
    author = "Katrenko, Sophia",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1007",
    pages = "49--53",
}
@inproceedings{nawab-etal-2012-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Text Reuse with Modified and Weighted N-grams",
    author = "Nawab, Rao Muhammad Adeel  and
      Stevenson, Mark  and
      Clough, Paul",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1008",
    pages = "54--58",
}
@inproceedings{liebeskind-etal-2012-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Thesaurus Construction for a Morphologically Rich Language",
    author = "Liebeskind, Chaya  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Schler, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1009",
    pages = "59--64",
}
@inproceedings{tu-roth-2012-sorting,
    title = "Sorting out the Most Confusing {E}nglish Phrasal Verbs",
    author = "Tu, Yuancheng  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1010",
    pages = "65--69",
}
@inproceedings{hermann-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning Semantics and Selectional Preference of Adjective-Noun Pairs",
    author = "Hermann, Karl Moritz  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Blunsom, Phil  and
      Pulman, Stephen",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1011",
    pages = "70--74",
}
@inproceedings{lenci-benotto-2012-identifying,
    title = "Identifying hypernyms in distributional semantic spaces",
    author = "Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Benotto, Giulia",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1012",
    pages = "75--79",
}
@inproceedings{baumgaertner-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards a Flexible Semantics: Colour Terms in Collaborative Reference Tasks",
    author = "Baumgaertner, Bert  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel  and
      Stone, Matthew",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1013",
    pages = "80--84",
}
@inproceedings{may-etal-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Disambiguation of Image Captions",
    author = "May, Wesley  and
      Fidler, Sanja  and
      Fazly, Afsaneh  and
      Dickinson, Sven  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1014",
    pages = "85--89",
}
@inproceedings{eger-2012-lexical,
    title = "Lexical semantic typologies from bilingual corpora {---} A framework",
    author = "Eger, Steffen",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1015",
    pages = "90--94",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-2012-non,
    title = "Non-atomic Classification to Improve a Semantic Role Labeler for a Low-resource Language",
    author = "Johansson, Richard",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1016",
    pages = "95--99",
}
@inproceedings{fothergill-baldwin-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining resources for {MWE}-token classification",
    author = "Fothergill, Richard  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1017",
    pages = "100--104",
}
@inproceedings{cadilhac-etal-2012-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Preferences in Negotiation Dialogues",
    author = {Cadilhac, Ana{\"\i}s  and
      Asher, Nicholas  and
      Benamara, Farah},
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1018",
    pages = "105--113",
}
@inproceedings{murphy-etal-2012-selecting,
    title = "Selecting Corpus-Semantic Models for Neurolinguistic Decoding",
    author = "Murphy, Brian  and
      Talukdar, Partha  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1019",
    pages = "114--123",
}
@inproceedings{karttunen-2012-simple,
    title = "Simple and Phrasal Implicatives",
    author = "Karttunen, Lauri",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1020",
    pages = "124--131",
}
@inproceedings{hermann-etal-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Ranking Model for Noun-Noun Compositionality",
    author = "Hermann, Karl Moritz  and
      Blunsom, Phil  and
      Pulman, Stephen",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1021",
    pages = "132--141",
}
@inproceedings{manshadi-allen-2012-expanding,
    title = "Expanding the Range of Tractable Scope-Underspecified Semantic Representations",
    author = "Manshadi, Mehdi  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1022",
    pages = "142--150",
}
@inproceedings{boleda-etal-2012-regular,
    title = "Regular polysemy: A distributional model",
    author = "Boleda, Gemma  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Utt, Jason",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1023",
    pages = "151--160",
}
@inproceedings{seppala-etal-2012-extracting,
    title = "Extracting a Semantic Lexicon of {F}rench Adjectives from a Large Lexicographic Dictionary",
    author = {Sepp{\"a}l{\"a}, Selja  and
      Barque, Lucie  and
      Nasr, Alexis},
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1024",
    pages = "161--169",
}
@inproceedings{o-seaghdha-korhonen-2012-modelling,
    title = "Modelling selectional preferences in a lexical hierarchy",
    author = "{\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1025",
    pages = "170--179",
}
@inproceedings{furstenau-rambow-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Induction of a Syntax-Semantics Lexicon Using Iterative Refinement",
    author = {F{\"u}rstenau, Hagen  and
      Rambow, Owen},
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1026",
    pages = "180--188",
}
@inproceedings{jurgens-2012-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of Graded Sense Disambiguation using Word Sense Induction",
    author = "Jurgens, David",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1027",
    pages = "189--198",
}
@inproceedings{qadir-riloff-2012-ensemble,
    title = "Ensemble-based Semantic Lexicon Induction for Semantic Tagging",
    author = "Qadir, Ashequl  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1028",
    pages = "199--208",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2012-exact,
    title = "An Exact Dual Decomposition Algorithm for Shallow Semantic Parsing with Constraints",
    author = "Das, Dipanjan  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1029",
    pages = "209--217",
}
@inproceedings{roth-frank-2012-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Predicate Argument Structures in Monolingual Comparable Texts: A New Corpus for a New Task",
    author = "Roth, Michael  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1030",
    pages = "218--227",
}
@inproceedings{mackinlay-etal-2012-effects,
    title = "The Effects of Semantic Annotations on Precision Parse Ranking",
    author = "MacKinlay, Andrew  and
      Dridan, Rebecca  and
      McCarthy, Diana  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1031",
    pages = "228--236",
}
@inproceedings{shnarch-etal-2012-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Lexical Model for Ranking Textual Inferences",
    author = "Shnarch, Eyal  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Goldberger, Jacob",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1032",
    pages = "237--245",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-2012-emotional,
    title = "{\#}Emotional Tweets",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1033",
    pages = "246--255",
}
@inproceedings{ganitkevitch-etal-2012-monolingual,
    title = "Monolingual Distributional Similarity for Text-to-Text Generation",
    author = "Ganitkevitch, Juri  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1034",
    pages = "256--264",
}
@inproceedings{morante-blanco-2012-sem,
    title = "*{SEM} 2012 Shared Task: Resolving the Scope and Focus of Negation",
    author = "Morante, Roser  and
      Blanco, Eduardo",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1035",
    pages = "265--274",
}
@inproceedings{gyawali-solorio-2012-uabcoral,
    title = "{UABC}o{RAL}: A Preliminary study for Resolving the Scope of Negation",
    author = "Gyawali, Binod  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1036",
    pages = "275--281",
}
@inproceedings{carrillo-de-albornoz-etal-2012-ucm,
    title = "{UCM}-{I}: A Rule-based Syntactic Approach for Resolving the Scope of Negation",
    author = "Carrillo de Albornoz, Jorge  and
      Plaza, Laura  and
      D{\'\i}az, Alberto  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1037",
    pages = "282--287",
}
@inproceedings{ballesteros-etal-2012-ucm,
    title = "{UCM}-2: a Rule-Based Approach to Infer the Scope of Negation via Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      D{\'\i}az, Alberto  and
      Francisco, Virginia  and
      Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo  and
      Carrillo de Albornoz, Jorge  and
      Plaza, Laura",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1038",
    pages = "288--293",
}
@inproceedings{rosenberg-bergler-2012-uconcordia,
    title = "{UC}oncordia: {CL}a{C} Negation Focus Detection at *{S}em 2012",
    author = "Rosenberg, Sabine  and
      Bergler, Sabine",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1039",
    pages = "294--300",
}
@inproceedings{basile-etal-2012-ugroningen,
    title = "{UG}roningen: Negation detection with Discourse Representation Structures",
    author = "Basile, Valerio  and
      Bos, Johan  and
      Evang, Kilian  and
      Venhuizen, Noortje",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1040",
    pages = "301--309",
}
@inproceedings{read-etal-2012-uio1,
    title = "{U}i{O}1: Constituent-Based Discriminative Ranking for Negation Resolution",
    author = "Read, Jonathon  and
      Velldal, Erik  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1041",
    pages = "310--318",
}
@inproceedings{lapponi-etal-2012-uio,
    title = "{U}i{O} 2: Sequence-labeling Negation Using Dependency Features",
    author = "Lapponi, Emanuele  and
      Velldal, Erik  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      Read, Jonathon",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1042",
    pages = "319--327",
}
@inproceedings{abu-jbara-radev-2012-umichigan,
    title = "{UM}ichigan: A Conditional Random Field Model for Resolving the Scope of Negation",
    author = "Abu-Jbara, Amjad  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1043",
    pages = "328--334",
}
@inproceedings{white-2012-uwashington,
    title = "{UW}ashington: Negation Resolution using Machine Learning Methods",
    author = "White, James Paul",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1044",
    pages = "335--339",
}
@inproceedings{chowdhury-2012-fbk,
    title = "{FBK}: Exploiting Phrasal and Contextual Clues for Negation Scope Detection",
    author = "Chowdhury, Md. Faisal Mahbub",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1045",
    pages = "340--346",
}
@inproceedings{specia-etal-2012-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2012 Task 1: {E}nglish Lexical Simplification",
    author = "Specia, Lucia  and
      Jauhar, Sujay Kumar  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1046",
    pages = "347--355",
}
@inproceedings{jurgens-etal-2012-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2012 Task 2: Measuring Degrees of Relational Similarity",
    author = "Jurgens, David  and
      Mohammad, Saif  and
      Turney, Peter  and
      Holyoak, Keith",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1047",
    pages = "356--364",
}
@inproceedings{kordjamshidi-etal-2012-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2012 Task 3: Spatial Role Labeling",
    author = "Kordjamshidi, Parisa  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1048",
    pages = "365--373",
}
@inproceedings{jin-wu-2012-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2012 Task 4: Evaluating {C}hinese Word Similarity",
    author = "Jin, Peng  and
      Wu, Yunfang",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1049",
    pages = "374--377",
}
@inproceedings{che-etal-2012-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2012 Task 5: {C}hinese Semantic Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Che, Wanxiang  and
      Zhang, Meishan  and
      Shao, Yanqiu  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1050",
    pages = "378--384",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2012-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2012 Task 6: A Pilot on Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Cer, Daniel  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Gonzalez-Agirre, Aitor",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1051",
    pages = "385--393",
}
@inproceedings{gordon-etal-2012-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2012 Task 7: Choice of Plausible Alternatives: An Evaluation of Commonsense Causal Reasoning",
    author = "Gordon, Andrew  and
      Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Roemmele, Melissa",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1052",
    pages = "394--398",
}
@inproceedings{negri-etal-2012-semeval,
    title = "{S}emeval-2012 Task 8: Cross-lingual Textual Entailment for Content Synchronization",
    author = "Negri, Matteo  and
      Marchetti, Alessandro  and
      Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Giampiccolo, Danilo",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1053",
    pages = "399--407",
}
@inproceedings{johannsen-etal-2012-emnlp,
    title = "{EMNLP}@{CPH}: Is frequency all there is to simplicity?",
    author = "Johannsen, Anders  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Klerke, Sigrid  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1054",
    pages = "408--412",
}
@inproceedings{rink-harabagiu-2012-utd,
    title = "{UTD}: Determining Relational Similarity Using Lexical Patterns",
    author = "Rink, Bryan  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1055",
    pages = "413--418",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-harabagiu-2012-utd,
    title = "{UTD}-{S}p{RL}: A Joint Approach to Spatial Role Labeling",
    author = "Roberts, Kirk  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1056",
    pages = "419--424",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-mixcd,
    title = "{MIXCD}: System Description for Evaluating {C}hinese Word Similarity at {S}em{E}val-2012",
    author = "Zhang, Yingjie  and
      Li, Bin  and
      Dai, Xinyu  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1057",
    pages = "425--429",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2012-zhijun,
    title = "Zhijun Wu: {C}hinese Semantic Dependency Parsing with Third-Order Features",
    author = "Wu, Zhijun  and
      Wang, Xuan  and
      Li, Xinxin",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1058",
    pages = "430--434",
}
@inproceedings{bar-etal-2012-ukp,
    title = "{UKP}: Computing Semantic Textual Similarity by Combining Multiple Content Similarity Measures",
    author = {B{\"a}r, Daniel  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Zesch, Torsten},
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1059",
    pages = "435--440",
}
@inproceedings{saric-etal-2012-takelab,
    title = "{T}ake{L}ab: Systems for Measuring Semantic Text Similarity",
    author = "{\v{S}}ari{\'c}, Frane  and
      Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      Karan, Mladen  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      Dalbelo Ba{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Bojana",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1060",
    pages = "441--448",
}
@inproceedings{jimenez-etal-2012-soft,
    title = "Soft Cardinality: A Parameterized Similarity Function for Text Comparison",
    author = "Jimenez, Sergio  and
      Becerra, Claudia  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1061",
    pages = "449--453",
}
@inproceedings{amigo-etal-2012-uned,
    title = "{UNED}: Improving Text Similarity Measures without Human Assessments",
    author = "Amig{\'o}, Enrique  and
      Gim{\'e}nez, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Gonzalo, Julio  and
      Verdejo, Felisa",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1062",
    pages = "454--460",
}
@inproceedings{goodwin-etal-2012-utdhlt,
    title = "{UTDHLT}: {COPACETIC} System for Choosing Plausible Alternatives",
    author = "Goodwin, Travis  and
      Rink, Bryan  and
      Roberts, Kirk  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1063",
    pages = "461--466",
}
@inproceedings{waschle-fendrich-2012-hdu,
    title = "{HDU}: Cross-lingual Textual Entailment with {SMT} Features",
    author = {W{\"a}schle, Katharina  and
      Fendrich, Sascha},
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1064",
    pages = "467--471",
}
@inproceedings{espla-gomis-etal-2012-ualacant,
    title = "{UA}lacant: Using Online Machine Translation for Cross-Lingual Textual Entailment",
    author = "Espl{\`a}-Gomis, Miquel  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Mart{\'\i}nez, Felipe  and
      Forcada, Mikel L.",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1065",
    pages = "472--476",
}
@inproceedings{jauhar-specia-2012-uow,
    title = "{UOW}-{SHEF}: {S}imp{L}ex {--} Lexical Simplicity Ranking based on Contextual and Psycholinguistic Features",
    author = "Jauhar, Sujay Kumar  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1066",
    pages = "477--481",
}
@inproceedings{amoia-romanelli-2012-sb,
    title = "{SB}: mm{S}ystem - Using Decompositional Semantics for Lexical Simplification",
    author = "Amoia, Marilisa  and
      Romanelli, Massimo",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1067",
    pages = "482--486",
}
@inproceedings{ligozat-etal-2012-annlor,
    title = {{ANNLOR}: A Na{\"\i}ve Notation-system for Lexical Outputs Ranking},
    author = "Ligozat, Anne-Laure  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Garcia-Fernandez, Anne  and
      Bernhard, Delphine",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1068",
    pages = "487--492",
}
@inproceedings{sinha-2012-unt,
    title = "{UNT}-{S}imp{R}ank: Systems for Lexical Simplification Ranking",
    author = "Sinha, Ravi",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1069",
    pages = "493--496",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-2012-duluth,
    title = "{D}uluth : Measuring Degrees of Relational Similarity with the Gloss Vector Measure of Semantic Relatedness",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1070",
    pages = "497--501",
}
@inproceedings{tovar-etal-2012-buap,
    title = "{BUAP}: A First Approximation to Relational Similarity Measuring",
    author = "Tovar, Mireya  and
      Reyes, J. Alejandro  and
      Montes, Azucena  and
      Vilari{\~n}o, Darnes  and
      Pinto, David  and
      Le{\'o}n, Saul",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1071",
    pages = "502--505",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2012-zhou,
    title = "{Z}hou qiaoli: A divide-and-conquer strategy for semantic dependency parsing",
    author = "Zhou, Qiaoli  and
      Zhang, Ling  and
      Liu, Fei  and
      Cai, Dongfeng  and
      Zhang, Guiping",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1072",
    pages = "506--513",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-liu-2012-ict,
    title = "{ICT}:A System Combination for {C}hinese Semantic Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Xiong, Hao  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1073",
    pages = "514--518",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2012-nju,
    title = "{NJU}-Parser: Achievements on Semantic Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Tang, Guangchao  and
      Li, Bin  and
      Xu, Shuaishuai  and
      Dai, Xinyu  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1074",
    pages = "519--523",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2012-polyucomp,
    title = "{P}oly{UCOMP}: Combining Semantic Vectors with Skip bigrams for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Xu, Jian  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Liu, Zhengzhong",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1075",
    pages = "524--528",
}
@inproceedings{heilman-madnani-2012-ets,
    title = "{ETS}: Discriminative Edit Models for Paraphrase Scoring",
    author = "Heilman, Michael  and
      Madnani, Nitin",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1076",
    pages = "529--535",
}
@inproceedings{abdelrahman-blake-2012-sbdlrhmn,
    title = "{S}bdlrhmn: A Rule-based Human Interpretation System for Semantic Textual Similarity Task",
    author = "AbdelRahman, Samir  and
      Blake, Catherine",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1077",
    pages = "536--542",
}
@inproceedings{sokolov-2012-limsi,
    title = "{LIMSI}: Learning Semantic Similarity by Selecting Random Word Subsets",
    author = "Sokolov, Artem",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1078",
    pages = "543--546",
}
@inproceedings{glinos-2012-ata,
    title = "{ATA}-Sem: Chunk-based Determination of Semantic Text Similarity",
    author = "Glinos, Demetrios",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1079",
    pages = "547--551",
}
@inproceedings{buscaldi-etal-2012-irit,
    title = "{IRIT}: Textual Similarity Combining Conceptual Similarity with an N-Gram Comparison Method",
    author = "Buscaldi, Davide  and
      Tournier, Ronan  and
      Aussenac-Gilles, Nathalie  and
      Mothe, Josiane",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1080",
    pages = "552--556",
}
@inproceedings{mccarthy-etal-2012-dss,
    title = "{DSS}: Text Similarity Using Lexical Alignments of Form, Distributional Semantics and Grammatical Relations",
    author = "McCarthy, Diana  and
      Gella, Spandana  and
      Reddy, Siva",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1081",
    pages = "557--564",
}
@inproceedings{malandrakis-etal-2012-deeppurple,
    title = "{D}eep{P}urple: Estimating Sentence Semantic Similarity using N-gram Regression Models and Web Snippets",
    author = "Malandrakis, Nikos  and
      Iosif, Elias  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1082",
    pages = "565--570",
}
@inproceedings{neogi-etal-2012-ju,
    title = "{JU}{\_}{CSE}{\_}{NLP}: Multi-grade Classification of Semantic Similarity between Text Pairs",
    author = "Neogi, Snehasis  and
      Pakray, Partha  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1083",
    pages = "571--574",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-lan-2012-tiantianzhu7,
    title = "{T}iantianzhu7:System Description of Semantic Textual Similarity ({STS}) in the {S}em{E}val-2012 (Task 6)",
    author = "Zhu, Tiantian  and
      Lan, Man",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1084",
    pages = "575--578",
}
@inproceedings{bhagwani-etal-2012-sranjans,
    title = "sranjans : Semantic Textual Similarity using Maximal Weighted Bipartite Graph Matching",
    author = "Bhagwani, Sumit  and
      Satapathy, Shrutiranjan  and
      Karnick, Harish",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1085",
    pages = "579--585",
}
@inproceedings{guo-diab-2012-weiwei,
    title = "{W}eiwei: A Simple Unsupervised Latent Semantics based Approach for Sentence Similarity",
    author = "Guo, Weiwei  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1086",
    pages = "586--590",
}
@inproceedings{caputo-etal-2012-uniba,
    title = "{UNIBA}: Distributional Semantics for Textual Similarity",
    author = "Caputo, Annalina  and
      Basile, Pierpaolo  and
      Semeraro, Giovanni",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1087",
    pages = "591--596",
}
@inproceedings{croce-etal-2012-unitor,
    title = "{UNITOR}: Combining Semantic Text Similarity functions through {SV} Regression",
    author = "Croce, Danilo  and
      Annesi, Paolo  and
      Storch, Valerio  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1088",
    pages = "597--602",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-thater-2012-saarland,
    title = "{S}aarland: Vector-based models of semantic textual similarity",
    author = "Dinu, Georgiana  and
      Thater, Stefan",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1089",
    pages = "603--607",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-etal-2012-umcc,
    title = "{UMCC}{\_}{DLSI}: Multidimensional Lexical-Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez, Antonio  and
      Guti{\'e}rrez, Yoan  and
      D{\'a}vila, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Ch{\'a}vez, Alexander  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez, Andy  and
      Estrada, Rainel  and
      Casta{\~n}eda, Yenier  and
      V{\'a}zquez, Sonia  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1090",
    pages = "608--616",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-agirre-2012-sriubc,
    title = "{SRIUBC}: Simple Similarity Features for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Yeh, Eric  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1091",
    pages = "617--623",
}
@inproceedings{camargo-de-souza-etal-2012-fbk,
    title = "{FBK}: Machine Translation Evaluation and Word Similarity metrics for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Camargo de Souza, Jos{\'e} Guilherme  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Mehdad, Yashar",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1092",
    pages = "624--630",
}
@inproceedings{carrillo-etal-2012-fcc,
    title = "{FCC}: Three Approaches for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Carrillo, Maya  and
      Vilari{\~n}o, Darnes  and
      Pinto, David  and
      Tovar, Mireya  and
      Le{\'o}n, Saul  and
      Castillo, Esteban",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1093",
    pages = "631--634",
}
@inproceedings{banea-etal-2012-unt,
    title = "{UNT}: A Supervised Synergistic Approach to Semantic Text Similarity",
    author = "Banea, Carmen  and
      Hassan, Samer  and
      Mohler, Michael  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1094",
    pages = "635--642",
}
@inproceedings{aggarwal-etal-2012-deri,
    title = "{DERI}{\&}{UPM}: Pushing Corpus Based Relatedness to Similarity: Shared Task System Description",
    author = "Aggarwal, Nitish  and
      Asooja, Kartik  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1095",
    pages = "643--647",
}
@inproceedings{wang-cer-2012-stanford,
    title = "{S}tanford: Probabilistic Edit Distance Metrics for {STS}",
    author = "Wang, Mengqiu  and
      Cer, Daniel",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1096",
    pages = "648--654",
}
@inproceedings{biggins-etal-2012-university,
    title = "{U}niversity{\_}{O}f{\_}{S}heffield: Two Approaches to Semantic Text Similarity",
    author = "Biggins, Sam  and
      Mohammed, Shaabi  and
      Oakley, Sam  and
      Stringer, Luke  and
      Stevenson, Mark  and
      Preiss, Judita",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1097",
    pages = "655--661",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2012-janardhan,
    title = "janardhan: Semantic Textual Similarity using Universal Networking Language graph matching",
    author = "Singh, Janardhan  and
      Bhattacharya, Arindam  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1098",
    pages = "662--666",
}
@inproceedings{castillo-estrella-2012-sagan,
    title = "{SAGAN}: An approach to Semantic Textual Similarity based on Textual Entailment",
    author = "Castillo, Julio  and
      Estrella, Paula",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1099",
    pages = "667--672",
}
@inproceedings{rios-etal-2012-uow,
    title = "{UOW}: Semantically Informed Text Similarity",
    author = "Rios, Miguel  and
      Aziz, Wilker  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1100",
    pages = "673--678",
}
@inproceedings{jha-etal-2012-penn,
    title = "{P}enn: Using Word Similarities to better Estimate Sentence Similarity",
    author = "Jha, Sneha  and
      Schwartz, Hansen A.  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1101",
    pages = "679--683",
}
@inproceedings{jimenez-etal-2012-soft-cardinality,
    title = "Soft Cardinality + {ML}: Learning Adaptive Similarity Functions for Cross-lingual Textual Entailment",
    author = "Jimenez, Sergio  and
      Becerra, Claudia  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1102",
    pages = "684--688",
}
@inproceedings{neogi-etal-2012-ju-cse,
    title = "{JU}{\_}{CSE}{\_}{NLP}: Language Independent Cross-lingual Textual Entailment System",
    author = "Neogi, Snehasis  and
      Pakray, Partha  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1103",
    pages = "689--695",
}
@inproceedings{kouylekov-etal-2012-celi,
    title = "{CELI}: An Experiment with Cross Language Textual Entailment",
    author = "Kouylekov, Milen  and
      Dini, Luca  and
      Bosca, Alessio  and
      Trevisan, Marco",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1104",
    pages = "696--700",
}
@inproceedings{mehdad-etal-2012-fbk,
    title = "{FBK}: Cross-Lingual Textual Entailment Without Translation",
    author = "Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      C. de Souza, Jos{\'e} Guilherme",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1105",
    pages = "701--705",
}
@inproceedings{vilarino-etal-2012-buap,
    title = "{BUAP}: Lexical and Semantic Similarity for Cross-lingual Textual Entailment",
    author = "Vilari{\~n}o, Darnes  and
      Pinto, David  and
      Tovar, Mireya  and
      Le{\'o}n, Saul  and
      Castillo, Esteban",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1106",
    pages = "706--709",
}
@inproceedings{perini-2012-dirrelcond3,
    title = "{D}ir{R}el{C}ond3: Detecting Textual Entailment Across Languages With Conditions On Directional Text Relatedness Scores",
    author = "Perini, Alp{\'a}r",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1107",
    pages = "710--714",
}
@inproceedings{meng-etal-2012-ict,
    title = "{ICT}: A Translation based Method for Cross-lingual Textual Entailment",
    author = "Meng, Fandong  and
      Xiong, Hao  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1108",
    pages = "715--720",
}
@inproceedings{castillo-cardenas-2012-sagan,
    title = "{SAGAN}: A Machine Translation Approach for Cross-Lingual Textual Entailment",
    author = "Castillo, Julio  and
      Cardenas, Marina",
    booktitle = "*{SEM} 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics {--} Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2012)",
    month = "7-8 " # jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1109",
    pages = "721--726",
}
@proceedings{coling-1992-coling,
    title = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1000",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1992-prefaces,
    title = "Prefaces et communications thematiques",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1001",
}
@inproceedings{kay-1992-ongoing,
    title = "Ongoing directions in Computational Linguistics",
    author = "KAY, Martin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1002",
}
@inproceedings{peccoud-1992-welcome,
    title = "Welcome to COLING-92!",
    author = "PECCOUD, Francois",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1003",
}
@inproceedings{zampolli-1992-scientific,
    title = "The scientific programme of {COLING}-92",
    author = "ZAMPOLLI, Antonio",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1004",
}
@inproceedings{boitet-1992-proceedings,
    title = "About these proceedings",
    author = "BOITET, Christian",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1005",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1992-table,
    title = "Table of contents",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1006",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1992-author,
    title = "Author index",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1007",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-1992-text,
    title = "ON TEXT COHERENCE PARSING",
    author = "Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1008",
}
@inproceedings{kikui-1992-feature,
    title = "Feature Structure Based Semantic Head Driven Generation",
    author = "KIKUI, Gen-ichiro",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1009",
}
@inproceedings{solak-oflazer-1992-parsing,
    title = "PARSING AGGLUTINATIVE WORD STRUCTURES AND ITS APPLICATION TO SPELLING CHECKING FOR TURKISH",
    author = "SOLAK, AYSIN  and
      OFLAZER, KEMAL",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1010",
}
@inproceedings{popowlch-etal-1992-processing,
    title = "PROCESSING COMPLEX NOUN PHRASES IN A NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACE TO A STATISCAL DATABASE",
    author = "POPOWlCH, Fred  and
      MCFETRIDGE, Paul  and
      FASS, Dan  and
      HALL, Gary",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1011",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-eijk-etal-1992-towards,
    title = "Towards Developing Reusable {NLP} Dictionaries",
    author = "van der Eijk, Pim  and
      Bloksma, Laura  and
      van der Kraan, Mark",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1012",
}
@inproceedings{abeille-1992-synchronous,
    title = "SYNCHRONOUS TAGs AND FRENCH PRONOMINAL CLITICS",
    author = "ABEILLE, Anne",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1013",
}
@inproceedings{anick-artemieff-1992-high,
    title = "A High-level Morphological Description Language Exploiting Inflectional Paradigms",
    author = "Anick, Peter  and
      Artemieff, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1014",
}
@inproceedings{bird-1992-finite,
    title = "FINITE-STATE PHONOLOGY IN HPSG",
    author = "Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1015",
}
@inproceedings{blache-1992-using,
    title = "Using Active Constraints to Parse {GPSG}s",
    author = "Blache, Philippe",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1016",
}
@inproceedings{block-schachtl-1992-trace,
    title = "TRACE {\&} UNIFICATION GRAMMAR",
    author = "Block, Hans Ulrich  and
      Schachtl, Stefanie",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1017",
}
@inproceedings{bouma-1992-lexicalist,
    title = "A Lexicalist Account of {I}celandic Case Marking",
    author = "Bouma, Gosse",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1018",
}
@inproceedings{chen-liu-1992-word,
    title = "WORD IDENTIFICATION FOR MANDARIN CHINESE SENTENCES",
    author = "Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Liu, Shing-Huan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1019",
}
@inproceedings{damas-1992-satisfiability,
    title = "On the Satisfiability of Complex Constraints",
    author = "Damas, Luis",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1020",
}
@inproceedings{drossaers-1992-hopfield,
    title = "Hopfield Models as Nondeterministic Finite-State Machines",
    author = "Drossaers, Marc F.J.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1021",
}
@inproceedings{goeser-1992-chart,
    title = "Chart Parsing of Robust Grammars",
    author = "Goeser, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1022",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-etal-1992-stock,
    title = "STOCK OF SHARED KNOWLEDGE - A TOOL FOR SOLVING PRONOMINAL ANAPHORA",
    author = "HAJICOVA, EVA  and
      KUBON, VLADISLAV  and
      KUBON, PETR",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1023",
}
@inproceedings{hepple-1992-chart,
    title = "CHART PARSING LAMBEK GRAMMARS: MODAL EXTENSIONS AND INCREMENTALITY",
    author = "Hepple, Mark",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1024",
}
@inproceedings{karttunen-etal-1992-two,
    title = "Two-Level Morphology with Composition",
    author = "Karttunen, Lauri  and
      Kaplan, Ronald M.  and
      Zaenen, Annie",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1025",
}
@inproceedings{klein-1992-data,
    title = "DATA TYPES IN COMPUTATIONAL PHONOLOGY",
    author = "Klein, Ewan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1026",
}
@inproceedings{koskenniemi-etal-1992-compiling,
    title = "Compiling and Using Finite-State Syntactic Rules",
    author = "Koskenniemi, Kimmo  and
      Tapanainen, Pasi  and
      VoLrtilainen, Atro",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1027",
}
@inproceedings{millies-1992-modularity,
    title = "MODULARITY, PARALLELISM, AND LICENSING IN A PRINCIPLE-BASED PARSER FOR GERMAN",
    author = "MILLIES, SEBASTIAN",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1028",
}
@inproceedings{kurohashi-nagao-1992-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Programming Method for Analyzing Conjunctive Structures in {J}apanese",
    author = "Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1029",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-1992-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study on Rule Granularity and Unification Interleaving Toward an Efficient Unification-Based Parsing System",
    author = "NAGATA, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1030",
}
@inproceedings{oliva-1992-proper,
    title = "THE PROPER TREATMENT OF WORD ORDER IN HPSG",
    author = "OLIVA, Karel",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1031",
}
@inproceedings{resnik-1992-left,
    title = "LEFT-CORNER PARSING AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PLAUSIBILITY",
    author = "Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1032",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-1992-ttp,
    title = "{TTP}: A FAST AND ROBUST PARSER FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE",
    author = "STRZALKOWSKI, TOMEK",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1033",
}
@inproceedings{vijay-shanker-schabes-1992-structure,
    title = "Structure Sharing in Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Vijay-Shanker, K.  and
      Schabes, Yves",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1034",
}
@inproceedings{dalrymple-1992-categorial,
    title = "CATEGORIAL SEMANTICS FOR LFG",
    author = "Dalrymple, Mary",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1035",
}
@inproceedings{noguchi-harada-1992-semantic,
    title = "SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC INTERPRETATION OF JAPANESE SENTENCES WITH DAKE (ONLY)",
    author = "NOGUCHI, NAOHIKO  and
      HARADA, YASUNARI",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1036",
}
@inproceedings{ramsay-1992-genetic,
    title = "Genetic {NP}s and Habitual {VP}s",
    author = "Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1037",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-dale-1992-fast,
    title = "A Fast Algorithm for the Generation of Referring Expressions",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1038",
}
@inproceedings{wang-1992-syntactic,
    title = "SYNTACTIC PREFERENCES FOR ROBUST PARSING WITH SEMANTIC PREFERENCES",
    author = "WANG, JIN",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1039",
}
@inproceedings{white-1992-conceptual,
    title = "CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURES AND CCG: LINKING THEORY AND INCORPORATED ARGUMENT ADJUNCTS",
    author = "White, Michael",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1040",
}
@inproceedings{zacharski-1992-generation,
    title = "GENERATION OF ACCENT IN NOMINALLY PREMODIFIED NOUN PHRASES",
    author = "ZACHARSKI, RON",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1041",
}
@inproceedings{zadrozny-1992-compositional,
    title = "On compositional semantics",
    author = "Zadrozny, Wlodek",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1042",
}
@inproceedings{balkanski-1992-action,
    title = "ACTION RELATIONS IN RATIONALE CLAUSES AND MEANS CLAUSES",
    author = "BALKANSKI, CECILE T.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1043",
}
@inproceedings{chen-soo-1992-acquisition,
    title = "An Acquisition Model for both Choosing and Resolving Anaphora in Conjoined {M}andarin {C}hinese Sentences",
    author = "Chen, Benjamin L.  and
      Soo, Von-Wun",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1044",
}
@inproceedings{delin-oberlander-1992-aspect,
    title = "Aspect-Switching and Subordination: the Role of It-Clefts in Discourse",
    author = "Delin, Judy  and
      Oberlander, Jon",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1045",
}
@inproceedings{eberle-1992-representing,
    title = "On Representing the Temporal Structure of a Natural Language Text",
    author = "Eberle, Kurt",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1046",
}
@inproceedings{gayral-grandemange-1992-une,
    title = "Une ontologie du temps pour le langage naturel",
    author = "GAYRAL, Francoise  and
      GRANDEMANGE, Philippe",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1047",
}
@inproceedings{hardt-1992-vp,
    title = "{VP} Ellipsis and Contextual Interpretation",
    author = "Hardt, Daniel",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1048",
}
@inproceedings{lambert-carberry-1992-using,
    title = "USING LINGUISTIC, WORLD, AND CONTEXTUAL KNOWLEDGE IN A PLAN RECOGNITION MODEL OF DIALOGUE",
    author = "LAMBERT, LYNN  and
      CARBERRY, SANDRA",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1049",
}
@inproceedings{moser-1992-incrementing,
    title = "Incrementing Discourse with the Negation Relation",
    author = "Moser, Megan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1050",
}
@inproceedings{nakagawa-1992-zero,
    title = "Zero Pronouns as Experiencer in {J}apanese Discourse",
    author = "Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1051",
}
@inproceedings{rodrigues-lopes-1992-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Structure of Discourse",
    author = "Rodrigues, Irene Pimenta  and
      Lopes, Jose Gabriel P.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1052",
}
@inproceedings{turner-1992-organizing,
    title = "ORGANIZING DIALOGUE FROM AN INCOHERENT STREAM OF GOALS",
    author = "TURNER, ELISE H.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1053",
}
@inproceedings{walker-1992-redundancy,
    title = "Redundancy in Collaborative Dialogue",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn A.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1054",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-etal-1992-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Ambiguity Resolution Using A Discrimination and Robustness Oriented Adaptive Learning Algorithm",
    author = "Chiang, Tung-Hui  and
      Lin, Yi-Chung  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1055",
}
@inproceedings{cowie-etal-1992-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Disambiguation using Simulated Annealing",
    author = "Cowie, Jim  and
      Guthrie, Joe  and
      Guthrie, Louise",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1056",
}
@inproceedings{dymetman-1992-generalized,
    title = "A Generalized {G}reibach Normal Form for Definite Clause Grammars",
    author = "Dymetman, Marc",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1057",
}
@inproceedings{janssen-etal-1992-primordial,
    title = "The Primordial Soup Algorithm A Systematic Approach to the Specification of Parallel Parsers",
    author = "Janssen, Wil  and
      Poel, Mannes  and
      Sikkel, Klaas  and
      Zwiers, Job",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1058",
}
@inproceedings{kogure-1992-treatment,
    title = "A TREATMENT OF NEGATIVE DESCRIPTIONS OF TYPED FEATURE STRUCTURES",
    author = "KOGURE, KIYOSHI",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1059",
}
@inproceedings{kupiec-1992-algorithm,
    title = "An Algorithm for Estimating the Parameters of Unrestricted Hidden Stochastic Context-Free Grammars",
    author = "Kupiec, Julian",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1060",
}
@inproceedings{lecomte-1992-proof,
    title = "PROOF-NETS AND DEPENDENCIES",
    author = "LECOMTE, Alain",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1061",
}
@inproceedings{meknavin-etal-1992-chart,
    title = "A Chart-based Method of {ID}/{LP} Parsing with Generalized Discrimination Networks",
    author = "Meknavin, Surapant  and
      Okumura, Manabu  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1062",
}
@inproceedings{ren-perrault-1992-typology,
    title = "The Typology of Unknown Words: An Experimental Study of Two Corpora",
    author = "Ren, Xiaobo  and
      Perrault, Francois",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1063",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1992-personal,
    title = "personal notes",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-1064",
}
@proceedings{coling-1992-coling-1992,
    title = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2000",
}
@inproceedings{resnik-1992-probabilistic,
    title = "PROBABILISTIC TREE-ADJOINING GRAMMAR AS A FRAMEWORK FOR STATISTICAL NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2065",
}
@inproceedings{schabes-1992-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Lexicalized Tree-adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Schabes, Yves",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2066",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-1992-new,
    title = "A New Quantitative Quality Measure for Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "Su, Keh-Yih  and
      Wu, Ming-Wen  and
      Chang, Jing-Shin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2067",
}
@inproceedings{tomabechi-1992-quasi,
    title = "Quasi-Destructive Graph Unification with Structure-Sharing",
    author = "Tomabechi, Hideto",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2068",
}
@inproceedings{yang-chute-1992-linear,
    title = "A LINEAR LEAST SQUARES FIT MAPPING METHOD FOR INFORMATION RETRIEVAL FROM NATURAL LANGUAGE TEXTS",
    author = "YANG, YIMING  and
      CHUTE, CHRISTOPHER G.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2069",
}
@inproceedings{yarowsky-1992-word,
    title = "Word-Sense Disambiguation Using Statistical Models of {R}oget{'}s Categories Trained on Large Corpora",
    author = "Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2070",
}
@inproceedings{berrendonner-etal-1992-un,
    title = "UN SYSTEME INFERENTIEL ORIENTE OBJET POUR DES APPLICATIONS EN LANGUES NATURELLES",
    author = "BERRENDONNER, ALAIN  and
      FREDJ, MOUNIA  and
      OQUENDO, FLAVIO  and
      ROUAULT, JACQUES",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2071",
}
@inproceedings{douglas-dale-1992-towards,
    title = "Towards Robust {PATR}",
    author = "Douglas, Shona  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2072",
}
@inproceedings{ligozat-zock-1992-visualize,
    title = "HOW TO VISUALIZE TIME, TENSE AND ASPECT?",
    author = "LIGOZAT, Gerard  and
      ZOCK, Michael",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2073",
}
@inproceedings{rousselot-ensais-1992-elaboration,
    title = "Elaboration de techniques d{'}analyse adaptees a la construction d{'}une base de connaissances",
    author = "ROUSSELOT, F.  and
      ENSAIS, B. MIGAULT",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2074",
}
@inproceedings{stefanini-etal-1992-talisman,
    title = "TALISMAN UN SYSTEME MULTI-AGENTS GOUVERNE PAR DES LOIS LINGUISTIQUES POUR LE TRAITEMENT DE LA LANGUE NATURELLE",
    author = "STEFANINI, MARIE-HELENE  and
      BERRENDONNER, ALAIN  and
      LALLICH, GENEVIEVE  and
      OQUENDO, FLAVIO",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2075",
}
@inproceedings{veronis-1992-disjunctive,
    title = "DISJUNCTIVE FEATURE STRUCTURES AS HYPERGRAPHS",
    author = "VERONIS, JEAN",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2076",
}
@inproceedings{andrezen-etal-1992-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC DICTIONARY ORGANIZATION IN NLP SYSTEMS FOR ORIENTAL LANGUAGES",
    author = "Andrezen, V.  and
      Kogan, L.  and
      Kwitakowski, W.  and
      Minvaleev, R.  and
      Piotrowski, R.  and
      Shumovsky, V.  and
      Tioun, E.  and
      Tovmach, Yu.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2077",
}
@inproceedings{blaser-etal-1992-reusable,
    title = "A REUSABLE LEXICAL DATABASE TOOL FOR MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "BLASER, BRIGITTE  and
      SCHWALL, ULRIKE  and
      STORRER, ANGELIKA",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2078",
}
@inproceedings{debili-sammouda-1992-aligning,
    title = "ALIGNING SENTENCES IN BILINGUAL TEXTS FRENCH - ENGLISH AND FRENCH - ARABIC",
    author = "DEBILI, Fathi  and
      SAMMOUDA, Elyes",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2079",
}
@inproceedings{doi-muraki-1992-translation,
    title = "TRANSLATION AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION BASED ON TEXT CORPORA OF SOURCE AND TARGET LANGUAGES",
    author = "DOI, Shinichi  and
      MURAKI, Kazunori",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2080",
}
@inproceedings{farwell-etal-1992-automatic,
    title = "The Automatic Creation of Lexical Entries for a Multilingual {MT} System",
    author = "Farwell, David  and
      Guthrie, Louise  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2081",
}
@inproceedings{hearst-1992-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Hyponyms from Large Text Corpora",
    author = "Hearst, Marti A.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2082",
}
@inproceedings{montemagni-vanderwende-1992-structural,
    title = "Structural Patterns vs. String Patterns for Extracting Semantic Information from Dictionaries",
    author = "MONTEMAGNI, SIMONETTA  and
      VANDERWENDE, LUCY",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2083",
}
@inproceedings{rosen-etal-1992-derivation,
    title = "DERIVATION OF UNDERLYING VALENCY FRAMES FROM A LEARNER{'}S DICTIONARY",
    author = "ROSEN, ALEXANDR  and
      HAJICOVA, EVA  and
      HAJIC, JAN",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2084",
}
@inproceedings{sekine-etal-1992-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Knowledge Generator",
    author = "SEKINE, Satoshi  and
      ANANIADOU, Sofia  and
      CARROLL, Jeremy J.  and
      TSUJII, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2085",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-etal-1992-method,
    title = "A METHOD OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH DELEXICAL STRUCTURES INTO JAPANESE",
    author = "TANAKA, Hideki  and
      AIZAWA, Teruaki  and
      KIM, Yeun-Bae  and
      HATADA, Nobuko",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2086",
}
@inproceedings{tomiura-etal-1992-logical,
    title = "Logical Form of Hierarchical Relation on Verbs and Extracting it from Definition Sentences in a {J}apanese Dictionary",
    author = "TOMIURA, Yoichi  and
      NAKAMURA, Teigo  and
      HITAKA, Toru  and
      YOSHIDA, Sho",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2087",
}
@inproceedings{utsuro-etal-1992-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Knowledge Acquisition from Bilingual Corpora",
    author = "UTSURO, Takehito  and
      MATSUMOTO, Yuji  and
      NAGAO, Makoto",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2088",
}
@inproceedings{veronis-ide-1992-feature,
    title = "A FEATURE-BASED MODEL FOR LEXICAL DATABASES",
    author = "VERONIS, JEAN  and
      IDE, NANCY",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2089",
}
@inproceedings{adriaens-schreurs-1992-cogram,
    title = "FROM COGRAM TO ALCOGRAM: TOWARD A CONTROLLED ENGLISH GRAMMAR CHECKER",
    author = "ADRIAENS, GEERT  and
      SCHREURS, DIRK",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2090",
}
@inproceedings{beaven-1992-abstract,
    title = "{ABSTRACT} Shake-and-Bake Machine Translation",
    author = "BEAVEN, John L.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2091",
}
@inproceedings{brew-1992-letting,
    title = "LETTING THE CAT OUT OF THE BAG: GENERATION FOR SHAKE-AND-BAKE MT",
    author = "BREW, CHRIS",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2092",
}
@inproceedings{cerbah-1992-integrating,
    title = "INTEGRATING QUALITATIVE REASONING AND TEXT PLANNING TO GENERATE CASUAL EXPLANATIONS",
    author = "CERBAH, Farid",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2093",
}
@inproceedings{dorr-1992-parameterization,
    title = "Parameterization of the Interlingua in Machine Translation",
    author = "Dorr, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2094",
}
@inproceedings{fong-berwick-1992-isolating,
    title = "Isolating Cross-linguistic Parsing Complexity with a Principles-and-Parameters Parser: A Case Study of {J}apanese and {E}nglish",
    author = "Fong, Sandiway  and
      Berwick, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2095",
}
@inproceedings{elhadad-1992-generating,
    title = "GENERATING COHERENT ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS",
    author = "Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2096",
}
@inproceedings{furuse-iida-1992-cooperation,
    title = "Cooperation between Transfer and Analysis in Example-Based Framework",
    author = "FURUSE, Osamu  and
      IIDA, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2097",
}
@inproceedings{gawronska-1992-aspect,
    title = "ASPECT - A PROBLEM FOR MT",
    author = "GAWRONSKA, BARBARA",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2098",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-sterling-1992-acquisition,
    title = "ACQUISITION OF SELECTIONAL PATTERNS",
    author = "GRISHMAN, RALPH  and
      STERLING, JOHN",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2099",
}
@inproceedings{hayashi-1992-three,
    title = "A Three-level Revision Model for Improving {J}apanese Bad-styled Expressions",
    author = "HAYASHI, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2100",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-etal-1992-learning,
    title = "LEARNING TRANSLATION TEMPLATES FROM BILINGUAL TEXT",
    author = "KAJI, Hiroyuki  and
      KIDA, Yuuko  and
      MORIMOTO, Yasutsugu",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2101",
}
@inproceedings{kinoshita-etal-1992-interaction,
    title = "Interaction between Structural Changes in Machine Translation",
    author = "KINOSHITA, Satoshi  and
      PHILLIPS, John  and
      TSUJII, Jun-ichi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2102",
}
@inproceedings{kohl-1992-generation,
    title = "GENERATION FROM UNDER - AND OVERSPECIFIED STRUCTURES",
    author = "KOHL, DIETER",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2103",
}
@inproceedings{miura-etal-1992-learning,
    title = "Learning Mechanism in Machine Translation System {``}{PIVOT}{''}",
    author = "Miura, Mitsugu  and
      Hirata, Mikito  and
      Hoshino, Nami",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2104",
}
@inproceedings{neumann-van-noord-1992-self,
    title = "Self-Monitoring with Reversible Grammars",
    author = "Neumann, Gunter  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2105",
}
@inproceedings{nishikimi-etal-1992-language,
    title = "LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AS LEARNING",
    author = "NISHIKIMI, MIKIKO  and
      NAKASHIMA, HIDEYUKI  and
      MATSUBARA, HITOSHI",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2106",
}
@inproceedings{nomiyama-1992-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation by Case Generalization",
    author = "Nomiyama, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2107",
}
@inproceedings{oberlander-lascarides-1992-preventing,
    title = "Preventing False Temporal Implicatures: Interactive Defaults for Text Generation",
    author = "Oberlander, Jon  and
      Lascarides, Alex",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2108",
}
@inproceedings{sadler-arnold-1992-constraint,
    title = "A CONSTRAINT-BASED APPROACH TO TRANSLATING ANAPHORIC DEPENDENCIES",
    author = "Sadler, Louisa  and
      Arnold, Doug",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2109",
}
@inproceedings{shimazu-etal-1992-design,
    title = "Design Tool Combining Keyword Analyzer and Case-based Parser for Developing Natural Language Database Interfaces",
    author = "Shimazu, Hideo  and
      Arita, Seigo  and
      Takashima, Yosuke",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2110",
}
@inproceedings{souza-volpe-1992-explanatory,
    title = "EXPLANATORY TEXT PLANNING IN LOGIC BASED SYSTEMS",
    author = "SOUZA, CLARISSE SIECKENIUS DE  and
      VOLPE, MARIA DAS GRACAS",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2111",
}
@inproceedings{sigurd-etal-1992-deep,
    title = "DEEP COMPREHENSION, GENERATION AND TRANSLATION OF WEATHER FORECASTS (WEATHRA)",
    author = "SIGURD, BENGT  and
      WILLNERS, CAROLINE  and
      EEG-OLOFSSON, MATS  and
      JOHANSSON, CHRISTER",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2112",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-1992-method,
    title = "A Method of Utilizing Domain and Language specific Constraints in Dialogue Translation",
    author = "SUZUKI, Masami",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2113",
}
@inproceedings{tutin-kittredge-1992-lexical,
    title = "Lexical choice in context: generating procedural texts",
    author = "Tutin, Agnes  and
      Kittredge, Richard",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2114",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-1992-similarity,
    title = "A Similarity-Driven Transfer System",
    author = "Watanabe, Hideo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2115",
}
@inproceedings{weisweber-1992-term,
    title = "TERM-REWRITING AS A BASIS FOR A UNIFORM ARCHITECTURE IN MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "WEISWEBER, Wilhelm",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2116",
}
@inproceedings{whitelock-1992-shake,
    title = "SHAKE-AND-BAKE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Whitelock, P.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2117",
}
@inproceedings{zelinsky-wibbelt-1992-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Linguistic Iconism for Article Selection in Machine Translation",
    author = "Zelinsky-Wibbelt, Cornelia",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2118",
}
@inproceedings{bilange-magadur-1992-robust,
    title = "A ROBUST APPROACH FOR HANDLING ORAL DIALOGUES",
    author = "Bilange, Eric  and
      Magadur, Jean-Yves",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2119",
}
@inproceedings{hosaka-takezawa-1992-construction,
    title = "CONSTRUCTION OF CORPUS-BASED SYNTACTIC RULES FOR ACCURATE SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "HOSAKA, JUNKO  and
      TAKEZAWA, TOSHIYUKI",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2120",
}
@inproceedings{kitano-moldovan-1992-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Network Array Processor as a Massively Parallel Computing Platform for High Performance and Large-Scale Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Kitano, Hiroaki  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2121",
}
@inproceedings{walker-etal-1992-case,
    title = "A Case Study of Natural Language Customisation: The Practical Effects of World Knowledge",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn A.  and
      Nelson, Andrew L.  and
      Stenton, Phil",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2122",
}
@inproceedings{zajac-1992-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS COMPUTER-AIDED LINGUISTIC ENGINEERING",
    author = "ZAJAC, REMI",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2123",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1992-personal-notes,
    title = "personal notes",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-2124",
}
@proceedings{coling-1992-coling-1992-3,
    title = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3000",
}
@inproceedings{abramson-1992-logic,
    title = "A Logic Programming View of Relational Morphology",
    author = "Abramson, Harvey",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3125",
}
@inproceedings{bod-1992-computational,
    title = "A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL OF LANGUAGE PERFORMANCE: DATA ORIENTED PARSING",
    author = "BOD, RENS",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3126",
}
@inproceedings{chien-1992-hybrid,
    title = "A HYBRID SYSTEM FOR QUANTIFIER SCOPING",
    author = "CHIEN, ARNOLD J.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3127",
}
@inproceedings{dirksen-1992-accenting,
    title = "Accenting and Deaccenting: a Declarative Approach",
    author = "Dirksen, Arthur",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3128",
}
@inproceedings{wehrli-1992-ips,
    title = "THE IPS SYSTEM",
    author = "Wehrli, Eric",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3129",
}
@inproceedings{inagaki-nakagawa-1992-abstraction,
    title = "An Abstraction Method Using a Semantic Engine Based on Language Information Structure",
    author = "INAGAKI, Hirohito  and
      NAKAGAWA, Tohru",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3130",
}
@inproceedings{nazarenko-perrin-1992-causal,
    title = "Causal ambiguity in Natural Language: conceptual representation of {`}parce que/because{'} and {`}puisque/since{'}",
    author = "NAZARENKO-PERRIN, Adeline",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3131",
}
@inproceedings{panevova-skoumalova-1992-surface,
    title = "SURFACE AND DEEP CASES",
    author = "PANEVOVA, JARMILA  and
      SKOUMALOVA, HANA",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3132",
}
@inproceedings{segond-jensen-1992-integrated,
    title = "AN INTEGRATED SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC SYSTEM FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "SEGOND, Frederique  and
      JENSEN, Karen",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3133",
}
@inproceedings{carletta-1992-planning,
    title = "PLANNING TO FAIL, NOT FAILING TO PLAN: RISK-TAKING AND RECOVERY IN TASK-ORIENTED DIALOGUE",
    author = "CARLETTA, JEAN",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3134",
}
@inproceedings{gelain-sedogbo-1992-la,
    title = "LA RESOUTION D{'}ANAPHORE A PARTIR D{'}UN LEXIQUE-GRAMMAIRE DES VERBES ANAPHORIQUES",
    author = "GELAIN, Blandine  and
      SEDOGBO, Celestin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3135",
}
@inproceedings{quilici-1992-arguing,
    title = "ARGUING ABOUT PLANNING ALTERNATIVES",
    author = "QUILICI, ALEX",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3136",
}
@inproceedings{wu-lytinen-1992-attitude,
    title = "ATTITUDE EMERGENCE - AN EFFECTIVE INTERPRETATION SCHEME FOR PERSUASIVE DISCOURSE",
    author = "WU, HORNG-JYH P.  and
      LYTINEN, STEVEN L.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3137",
}
@inproceedings{bateman-etal-1992-nondirectional,
    title = "THE NONDIRECTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMARS AND SEMANTICS AS TYPED FEATURE STRUCTURES",
    author = "Bateman, John A.  and
      Emele, Martin  and
      Momma, Stefan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3138",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-1992-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Approach to Machine Aided Translation of Terminology {B}anks",
    author = "Chang, Jyun-Sheng  and
      Chang, Andrew  and
      Lin, Tsuey-Fen  and
      Ker, Sur-Jin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3139",
}
@inproceedings{milhaud-etal-1992-partial,
    title = "PARTIAL SYNTHESIS OF SENTENCES BY COROUTINING CONSTRAINTS ON DIFFERENT LEVELS OF WELL-FORMEDNESS",
    author = "MILHAUD, GERARD  and
      PASERO, ROBERT  and
      SABATIER, PAUL",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3140",
}
@inproceedings{mitjushin-1992-high,
    title = "HIGH-PROBABILITY SYNTACTIC LINKS",
    author = "Mitjushin, Leonid",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3141",
}
@inproceedings{caligaris-etal-1992-integrated,
    title = "AN INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENT FOR LEXICAL ANALYSES",
    author = "CALIGARIS, C.  and
      CAPPELLI, A.  and
      CATARSI, M. N.  and
      MORETTI, L.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3142",
}
@inproceedings{chanod-etal-1992-coupling,
    title = "COUPLING AN AUTOMATIC DICTATION SYSTEM WITH A GRAMMAR CHECKER",
    author = "CHANOD, Jean-Pierre  and
      EL-BEZE, Marc  and
      GUILLEMIN-LANNE, Sylvie",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3143",
}
@inproceedings{goldberg-kalman-1992-first,
    title = "THE FIRST BUG REPORT",
    author = "Goldberg, Jeff  and
      Kalman, Laszlo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3144",
}
@inproceedings{karp-etal-1992-freely,
    title = "A Freely Available Wide Coverage Morphological Analyzer for {E}nglish",
    author = "Karp, Daniel  and
      Schabes, Yves  and
      Zaidel, Martin  and
      Egedi, Dania",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3145",
}
@inproceedings{meyer-etal-1992-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS A NEW GENERATION OF TERMINOLOGICAL RESOURCES: AN EXPERIMENT IN BUILDING A TERMINOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE BASE",
    author = "MEYER, INGRID  and
      SKUCE, DOUGLAS  and
      BOWKER, LYNNE  and
      ECK, KAREN",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3146",
}
@inproceedings{myers-1992-b,
    title = "B-SURE: A BELIEVED SITUATION AND UNCERTAIN-ACTION REPRESENTATION ENVIRONMENT",
    author = "MYERS, JOHN K.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3147",
}
@inproceedings{phan-boitet-1992-multilinguisation,
    title = "Multilinguisation d{'}un editeur de documents structures. Application a un dictionnaire trilingue",
    author = "PHAN, Huy Khanh  and
      BOITET, Christian",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3148",
}
@inproceedings{picchi-etal-1992-translators,
    title = "A TRANSLATOR{'}S WORKSTATION",
    author = "PICCHI, EUGENIO  and
      PETERS, CAROL  and
      MARINAI, ELISABEITTA",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3149",
}
@inproceedings{bourigault-1992-surface,
    title = "SURFACE GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF TERMINOLOGICAL NOUN PHRASES",
    author = "BOURIGAULT, Didier",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3150",
}
@inproceedings{dutoit-1992-set,
    title = "A SET-THEORETIC APPROACH TO LEXICAL SEMANTICS",
    author = "DUTOIT, DOMINIQUE",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3151",
}
@inproceedings{martin-1992-concept,
    title = "CONCEPT-ORIENTED PARSING OF DEFINITIONS",
    author = "MARTIN, WILLY",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3152",
}
@inproceedings{roche-1992-text,
    title = "TEXT DISAMBIGUATION BY FINITE STATE AUTOMATA, AN ALGORITHM AND EXPERIMENTS ON CORPORA",
    author = "Roche, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3153",
}
@inproceedings{boesefeldt-bouillon-1992-une,
    title = "Une representation semantique et un systeme de transfert pour une traduction de haute qualite. Presentation de projet Avec demonstration sur machines {SUN}",
    author = "BOESEFELDT, K.  and
      BOUILLON, P.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3154",
}
@inproceedings{bolioli-etal-1992-jdii,
    title = "{JDII}: Parsing {I}talian with a Robust Constraint Grammar",
    author = "BOLIOLI, ANDREA  and
      DINI, LUCA  and
      MALNATI, GIOVANNI",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3155",
}
@inproceedings{copeck-etal-1992-parsing,
    title = "Parsing and Case Analysis in {TANKA}",
    author = "COPECK, TERRY  and
      DELISLE, SYLVAIN  and
      SZPAKOWICZ, STAN",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3156",
}
@inproceedings{genthial-courtin-1992-detection,
    title = "From Detection/Correction to Computer Aided Writing",
    author = "GENTHIAL, Damien  and
      COURTIN, Jacques",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3157",
}
@inproceedings{iordanskaja-etal-1992-generation,
    title = "Generation of Extended Bilingual Statistical Reports",
    author = "Iordanskaja, L.  and
      Kim, M.  and
      Kittredge, R.  and
      Lavoie, B.  and
      Polguere, A.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3158",
}
@inproceedings{kerpedjiev-1992-generation,
    title = "Generation of Informative Texts with Style",
    author = "Kerpedjiev, Stephan M.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3159",
}
@inproceedings{kese-etal-1992-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC PROOFREADING OF FROZEN PHRASES IN GERMAN",
    author = "KESE, RALF  and
      DUDDA, FRIEDRICH  and
      KUGLER, MARIANNE",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3160",
}
@inproceedings{takeda-etal-1992-shalt2,
    title = "Shalt2- a Symmetric Machine Translation System with Conceptual Transfer",
    author = "TAKEDA, Koichi  and
      URAMOTO, Naohiko  and
      NASUKAWA, Tetsuya  and
      TSUTSUMI, Taijiro",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3161",
}
@inproceedings{tsou-etal-1992-knowledge,
    title = "A Knowledge-based Machine-aided System for {C}hinese Text Abstraction",
    author = "Tsou, Benjamin K.  and
      Ho, Hing-cheung  and
      Lai, Tom Bong-yeung  and
      Lun, Caesar Suen  and
      Lin, Hing-lung",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3162",
}
@inproceedings{abraham-descles-1992-interaction,
    title = "INTERACTION BETWEEN LEXICON AND IMAGE: LINGUISTIC SPECIFICATIONS OF ANIMATION",
    author = "ABRAHAM, Maryvonne  and
      DESCL{\'E}S, Jean-Pierre",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3163",
}
@inproceedings{morimoto-etal-1992-spoken,
    title = "A SPOKEN LANGUAGE TRANSLATION SYSTEM: SL-TRANS2",
    author = "MORIMOTO, Tsuyoshi  and
      SUZUKI, Masami  and
      TAKEZAWA, Toshiyuki  and
      KIKUI, Gen{'}ichiro  and
      NAGATA, Masaaki  and
      TOMOKIYO, Mutsuko",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3164",
}
@inproceedings{saito-1992-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Speech Understanding",
    author = "Saito, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3165",
}
@inproceedings{royaute-etal-1992-les,
    title = "LES EXPERIENCES D{'}INDEXATION A L{'}INIST",
    author = "ROYAUTE, J.  and
      SCHMITT, L.  and
      OLIVETAN, E.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3166",
}
@inproceedings{takeshita-1992-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Topics through the Use of Interaction Structures",
    author = "TAKESHITA, Atsushi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3167",
}
@inproceedings{nyberg-iii-mitamura-1992-kant,
    title = "THE KANT SYSTEM: FAST, ACCURATE, HIGH-QUALITY TRANSLATION IN PRACTICAL DOMAINS",
    author = "Nyberg III, Eric H.  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3168",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1992-personal-notes-2,
    title = "personal notes",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 3: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-3169",
}
@proceedings{coling-1992-coling-1992-4,
    title = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4000",
}
@inproceedings{lesmo-lombardo-1992-assignment,
    title = "THE ASSIGNMENT OF GRAMMATICAL RELATIONS IN NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Lesmo, Leonardo  and
      Lombardo, Vincenzo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4170",
}
@inproceedings{milward-1992-dynamics,
    title = "DYNAMICS, DEPENDENCY GRAMMAR AND INCREMENTAL INTERPRETATION",
    author = "MILWARD, DAVID",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4171",
}
@inproceedings{sirai-1992-syntactic,
    title = "SYNTACTIC CONSTRAINTS ON RELATIVIZATION IN JAPANESE",
    author = "SIRAI, HIDETOSI",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4172",
}
@inproceedings{webster-kit-1992-tokenization,
    title = "TOKENIZATION AS THE INITIAL PHASE IN NLP",
    author = "Webster, Jonathan J.  and
      Kit, Chunyu",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4173",
}
@inproceedings{weisweber-preuss-1992-direct,
    title = "DIRECT PARSING WITH METARULES",
    author = "WEISWEBER, Wilhelm  and
      PREUẞ, Susanne",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4174",
}
@inproceedings{black-1992-embedding,
    title = "Embedding {DRT} in a Situation Theoretic Framework",
    author = "Black, Alan W.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4175",
}
@inproceedings{palma-1992-riddles,
    title = "RIDDLES: ACCESSIBILITY AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION",
    author = "PALMA, PAUL DE",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4176",
}
@inproceedings{klavans-chodorow-1992-degrees,
    title = "Degrees of Stativity: The Lexical Representation of Verb Aspect",
    author = "Klavans, Judith L.  and
      Chodorow, Martin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4177",
}
@inproceedings{santos-1992-tense,
    title = "A TENSE AND ASPECT CALCULUS",
    author = "SANTOS, DIANA",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4178",
}
@inproceedings{ward-1992-alternative,
    title = "An Alternative to Deep Case for Representing Relational Information",
    author = "WARD, Nigel",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4179",
}
@inproceedings{chui-1992-preferred,
    title = "PREFERRED ARGUMENT STRUCTURE FOR DISCOURSE UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "CHUI, KA-WAI",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4180",
}
@inproceedings{di-eugenio-white-1992-interpretation,
    title = "ON THE INTERPRETATION OF NATURAL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS",
    author = "Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      White, Michael",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4181",
}
@inproceedings{yamaoka-etal-1992-predicting,
    title = "PREDICTING NOUN-PHRASE SURFACE FORMS USING CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION",
    author = "YAMAOKA, Takayuki  and
      IIDA, Hitoshi  and
      ARITA, Hidekazu",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4182",
}
@inproceedings{aarts-1992-uniform,
    title = "Uniform Recognition for Acyclic Context-Sensitive Grammars is {NP}-complete",
    author = "Aarts, Erik",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4183",
}
@inproceedings{maruyama-1992-jaunt,
    title = "{JAUNT}: A Constraint Solver for Disjunctive Feature Structures",
    author = "Maruyama, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4184",
}
@inproceedings{stromback-1992-unifying,
    title = "UNIFYING DISJUNCTIVE FEATURE STRUCTURES",
    author = "STROMBACK, LENA",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4185",
}
@inproceedings{asker-etal-1992-ebl2,
    title = "EBL2{''} AN APPROACH TO AUTOMATIC LEXICAL ACQUISITION",
    author = "ASKER, LARS  and
      GAMBACK, BJORN  and
      SAMUELSSON, CHRISTER",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4186",
}
@inproceedings{bouchard-etal-1992-first,
    title = "First Results of a {F}rench Linguistic Development Environment",
    author = "Bouchard, L.  and
      Emirkanian, L.  and
      Estival, D.  and
      Fay-Varnier, C.  and
      Fouquere, C.  and
      Prigent, G.  and
      Zweigenbaum, P.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4187",
}
@inproceedings{adriaens-braekeleer-1992-converting,
    title = "CONVERTING LARGE ON-LINE VALENCY DICTIONARIES FOR NLP APPLICATIONS: FROM PROTON DESCRIPTIONS TO METAL FRAMES",
    author = "ADRIAENS, GEERT  and
      BRAEKELEER, GERT DE",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4188",
}
@inproceedings{bruce-guthrie-1992-genus,
    title = "Genus Disambiguation: A Study in Weighted Preference",
    author = "Bruce, Rebecca  and
      Guthrie, Louise",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4189",
}
@inproceedings{conlon-evens-1992-computers,
    title = "CAN COMPUTERS HANDLE ADVERBS?",
    author = "CONLON, SUMALI PIN-NGERN  and
      EVENS, MARTHA",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4190",
}
@inproceedings{enguehard-etal-1992-indexation,
    title = "Indexation de textes: l{'}apprentissage des concepts",
    author = "Enguehard, C.  and
      Malvache, P.  and
      Trigano, P.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4191",
}
@inproceedings{ferrane-etal-1992-besoins,
    title = "BESOINS LEXICAUX A LA LUMIERE DE L{'}ANALYSE STATISTIQUE DU CORPUS DE TEXTES DU PROJET {``}BREF{''} - LE LEXIQUE {``}BDLEX{''} DU FRANCAIS ECRIT ET ORAL",
    author = "FERRANE, I.  and
      de CALMES, M.  and
      COTTO, D.  and
      PECATTE, J.M.  and
      PERENNOU, G.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4192",
}
@inproceedings{firzlaff-haenelt-1992-acquisition,
    title = "ON THE ACQUISITION OF CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS VIA TEXTUAL MODELLING OF MEANING PARAPHRASES",
    author = "FIRZLAFF, BEATE  and
      HAENELT, KARIN",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4193",
}
@inproceedings{huang-chen-1992-chinese,
    title = "A {C}hinese Corpus for Linguistic Research",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chen, Keh-jiann",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4194",
}
@inproceedings{pachunke-etal-1992-broad,
    title = "BROAD COVERAGE AUTOMATIC MORPHOLOGICAL SEGMENTATION OF GERMAN WORDS",
    author = "PACHUNKE, T.  and
      MERTINEIT, O.  and
      WOTHKE, K.  and
      SCHMIDT, R.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4195",
}
@inproceedings{sedelow-sedelow-jr-1992-recent,
    title = "Recent Model-Based and Model-Related Studies of a Large Scale Lexical Resource [{R}oget{'}s Thesaurus]",
    author = "Sedelow, Sally Yeates  and
      Sedelow, Jr., Walter A.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4196",
}
@inproceedings{yusuf-1992-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of {I}ndonesian Language for Interlingual Machine-Translation System",
    author = "Yusuf, Hammam R.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4197",
}
@inproceedings{blanchon-1992-solution,
    title = "A Solution for the Problem of Interactive Disambiguation",
    author = "BLANCHON, Herve",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4198",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-1992-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Unregistered Names for {M}andarin Word Identification",
    author = "Wang, Liang-Jyh  and
      Li, Wei-Chuan  and
      Chang, Chao-Huang",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4199",
}
@inproceedings{ciravegna-etal-1992-knowledge,
    title = "KNOWLEDGE EXTRACTION FROM TEXTS BY SINTESI",
    author = "CIRAVEGNA, Fabio  and
      CAMPIA, Paolo  and
      COLOGNESE, Alberto",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4200",
}
@inproceedings{rackow-etal-1992-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC TRANSLATION OF NOUN COMPOUNDS",
    author = "RACKOW, ULRIKE  and
      DAGAN, IDO  and
      SCHWALL, ULRIKE",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4201",
}
@inproceedings{mitamura-nyberg-iii-1992-hierarchical,
    title = "HIERARCHICAL LEXICAL STRUCTURE AND INTERPRETIVE MAPPING IN MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Nyberg III, Eric H.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4202",
}
@inproceedings{sato-1992-ctm,
    title = "{CTM}: An Example-Based Translation Aid System",
    author = "SATO, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4203",
}
@inproceedings{spyns-adriaens-1992-applying,
    title = "APPLYING AND IMPROVING THE RESTRICTION GRAMMAR APPROACH FOR DUTCH PATIENT DISCHARGE SUMMARIES",
    author = "SPYNS, PETER  and
      ADRIAENS, GEERT",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4204",
}
@inproceedings{carson-berndsen-gibbon-1992-event,
    title = "EVENT RELATIONS AT THE PHONETICS/PHONOLOGY INTERFACE",
    author = "CARSON-BERNDSEN, JULIE  and
      GIBBON, DAFYDD",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4205",
}
@inproceedings{haddock-1992-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Database Query",
    author = "Haddock, Nicholas J.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4206",
}
@inproceedings{yamada-etal-1992-reconstructing,
    title = "Reconstructing Spatial Image from Natural Language Texts",
    author = "Yamada, Atsushi  and
      Yamamoto, Tadashi  and
      Ikeda, Hisashi  and
      Nishida, Toyoaki  and
      Doshita, Shuji",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4207",
}
@inproceedings{roudaud-1992-typology,
    title = "TYPOLOGY STUDY OF FRENCH TECHNICAL TEXTS, WITH A VIEW TO DEVELOPING A MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM",
    author = "ROUDAUD, B.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4208",
}
@inproceedings{seite-etal-1992-presentation,
    title = "PRESENTATION OF THE EUROLANG PROJECT",
    author = "SEITE, B.  and
      BACHUT, D.  and
      MARET, D.  and
      ROUDAUD, B.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4209",
}
@inproceedings{paducheva-etal-1992-semantic,
    title = "Semantic dictionary viewed as a lexical database",
    author = "Paducheva, Elena V.  and
      Rakhilina, Ekaterina V.  and
      Filipenko, Marina V.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4210",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-etal-1992-knowledge,
    title = "KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION AND CHINESE PARSING BASED ON CORPUS",
    author = "Yuan, Chunfa  and
      Huang, Changning  and
      Pan, Shimei",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4211",
}
@inproceedings{zernik-1992-closed,
    title = "Closed Yesterday and Closed Minds: Asking the Right Questions of the Corpus To Distinguish Thematic from Sentential Relations",
    author = "Zernik, Uri",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4212",
}
@inproceedings{coleman-1992-morphophonology,
    title = "Morphophonology in Unification-Based Grammar",
    author = "COLEMAN, John",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4213",
}
@inproceedings{eriksson-kallgren-1992-marking,
    title = "Marking and Tagging a Computerized Corpus",
    author = "ERIKSSON, Gunnar  and
      KALLGREN, Gunnel",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4214",
}
@inproceedings{fawcett-etal-1992-communal,
    title = "The Communal Project: How to get from Semantics to Syntax",
    author = "FAWCETT, Robin P.  and
      TUCKER, Gordon H.  and
      LIN, Yuen",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4215",
}
@inproceedings{alonge-1992-analysing,
    title = "ANALYSING DICTIONARY DEFINITIONS OF MOTION VERBS",
    author = "ALONGE, ANTONIETTA",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4216",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1992-personal-notes-3,
    title = "personal notes",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1992 Volume 4: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C92-4217",
}
@proceedings{coling-1986-coling,
    title = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1000",
}
@inproceedings{gross-1986-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon - Grammar The Representation of Compound Words",
    author = "Gross, Maurice",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1001",
}
@inproceedings{zelinsky-wibbelt-1986-empirically,
    title = "An Empirically Based Approach Towards a System Of Semantic Features",
    author = "Zelinsky-Wibbelt, Cornelia",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1002",
}
@inproceedings{sakamoto-etal-1986-concept,
    title = "Concept and Structure of Semantic Markers for Machine Translation in Mu-Project",
    author = "Sakamoto, Yoshiyuki  and
      Ishikawa, Tetsuya  and
      Satoh, Masayuki",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1003",
}
@inproceedings{ruus-spang-hanssen-1986-theory,
    title = "A THEORY OF SEMANTIC RELATIONS FOR LARGE SCALE NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Ruus, Hanne  and
      Spang-Hanssen, Ebbe",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1004",
}
@inproceedings{sedogbo-1986-extending,
    title = "EXTENDING THE EXPRESSIVE CAPACITY OF THE SEMANTIC COMPONENT OF THE OPERA SYSTEM",
    author = "SEDOGBO, CELESTIN",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1005",
}
@inproceedings{carberry-1986-user,
    title = "USER MODELS: THE PROBLEM OF DISPARITY",
    author = "Carberry, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1006",
}
@inproceedings{wachtel-1986-pragmatic,
    title = "Pragmatic sensitivity in {NL} interfaces and the structure of conversation",
    author = "Wachtel, Tom",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1007",
}
@inproceedings{ferrari-reilly-1986-two,
    title = "A TWO-LEVEL DIAIOGUE REPRESENTATION",
    author = "Ferrari, Giacomo  and
      Reilly, Ronan",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1008",
}
@inproceedings{mathieu-sabatier-1986-interfacile,
    title = "{INTERFACILE}: Linguistic Coverage and Query Reformulation",
    author = "Mathieu, Yvette  and
      Sabatier, Paul",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1009",
}
@inproceedings{kilbury-1986-category,
    title = "Category Cooccurrence Restrictions and the Elimination of Metarules",
    author = "Kilbury, James",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1010",
}
@inproceedings{pericliev-ilarionov-1986-testing,
    title = "TESTING THE PROJECTIVITY HYPOTHESIS",
    author = "Pericliev, Vladimir  and
      Ilarionov, Ilarion",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1011",
}
@inproceedings{fabricz-1986-particle,
    title = "Particle Homonymy and Machine Translation",
    author = "Fabricz, Karoly",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1012",
}
@inproceedings{habel-1986-plurals,
    title = "Plurals, Cardinalities, and Structures of Determination",
    author = "Habel, Christopher U.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1013",
}
@inproceedings{dey-1986-processing,
    title = "PROCESSING WORD ORDER VARIATION WITHIN A MODIFIED ID/LP FRAMEWORK",
    author = "Dey, Pradip",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1014",
}
@inproceedings{koktova-1986-sentence,
    title = "SENTENCE ADVERBIALS IN A SYSTEM OF QUESTION ANSWERING WITHOUT A PREARRANGED DATA BASE",
    author = "Koktova, Eva",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1015",
}
@inproceedings{karttunen-1986-patr,
    title = "D-{PATR}: A Development Environment for Unification-Based Grammars",
    author = "Karttunen, Lauri",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1016",
}
@inproceedings{yan-1986-structural,
    title = "Structural Correspondence Specification Environment",
    author = "YAN, Yongfeng",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1017",
}
@inproceedings{hasida-1986-conditioned,
    title = "Conditioned Unification for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Hasida, Koiti",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1018",
}
@inproceedings{akama-1986-methodology,
    title = "Methodology and Verifiability in {M}ontague Grammar",
    author = "Akama, Seiki",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1019",
}
@inproceedings{domenig-shann-1986-towards,
    title = "Towards a Dedicated Database Management System for Dictionaries",
    author = "Domenig, Marc  and
      Shann, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1020",
}
@inproceedings{nagao-tsujii-1986-transfer,
    title = "The Transfer Phase of Mu Machine Translation System",
    author = "NAGAO, Hakoto  and
      TSUJII, Jun-ichi",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1021",
}
@inproceedings{melby-1986-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Transfer: A Missing Element in Linguistics Theories",
    author = "Melby, Alan K.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1022",
}
@inproceedings{nitta-1986-idiosyncratic,
    title = "Idiosyncratic Gap: A Tough Problem to Structure-bound Machine Translation",
    author = "Nitta, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1023",
}
@inproceedings{kudo-nomura-1986-lexical,
    title = "Lexical-Functional Transfer: A Transfer Framework in a Machine Translation System Based on {LFG}",
    author = "KUDO, Ikuo  and
      NOMURA, Hirosato",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1024",
}
@inproceedings{isabelle-macklovitch-1986-transfer,
    title = "TRANSFER AND MT MODULARITY",
    author = "Isabelle, Pierre  and
      Macklovitch, Elliott",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1025",
}
@inproceedings{somers-1986-need,
    title = "The need for {MT}-oriented versions of Case and Valency in {MT}",
    author = "Somers, Harold L.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1026",
}
@inproceedings{sharp-1986-parametric,
    title = "A Parametric {NL} Translator",
    author = "Sharp, Randall",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1027",
}
@inproceedings{starosta-nomura-1986-lexicase,
    title = "Lexicase Parsing: A Lexicon-driven Approach to Syntactic Analysis",
    author = "STAROSTA, Stanley  and
      NOMURA, Hirosato",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1028",
}
@inproceedings{nakamura-etal-1986-solutions,
    title = "SOLUTIONS FOR PROBLEMS OF MT PARSER - METHODS USED IN Mu-MACHI NE TRANSLATI ON PROJECT -",
    author = "NAKAMURA, Jun-ichi  and
      TSUJII, Jun-ichi  and
      NAGAO, Makoto",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1029",
}
@inproceedings{yusoff-1986-strategies,
    title = "STRATEGIES AND HEURISTICS IN THE ANALYSIS OF A NATURAL LANGUAGE IN MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Yusoff, Zaharin",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1030",
}
@inproceedings{huang-guthrie-1986-parsing,
    title = "Parsing in Parallel",
    author = "Huang, Xiuming  and
      Guthrie, Louise",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1031",
}
@inproceedings{elia-mathieu-1986-computational,
    title = "COMPUTATIONAL COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON ROMANCE LAGUAGES A linguistic comparison of lexicon-grammars",
    author = "ELIA, Annibale  and
      Mathieu, Yvette",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1032",
}
@inproceedings{sampson-1986-stochastic,
    title = "A Stochastic Approach to Parsing",
    author = "Sampson, Geoffrey",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1033",
}
@inproceedings{kac-manaster-ramer-1986-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Without (Much) Phrase Structure",
    author = "Kac, Michael B.  and
      Manaster-Ramer, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1034",
}
@inproceedings{kac-etal-1986-reconnaissance,
    title = "Reconnaissance-Attack Parsing",
    author = "Kac, Michael B.  and
      Rindflesch, Tom  and
      Ryan, Karen L.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1035",
}
@inproceedings{wahlster-1986-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Interfaces - Ready for Commercial Success?",
    author = "Wahlster, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1036",
}
@inproceedings{carbonell-1986-requirements,
    title = "Requirements for Robust Natural Language Interfaces: The {L}anguage{C}raft and {XCALIBUR} experiences",
    author = "Carbonell, Jaime G.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1037",
}
@inproceedings{hendrix-1986-q,
    title = "Q{\&}A: Already a Success?",
    author = "Hendrix, Gary G.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1038",
}
@inproceedings{tennant-1986-commercial,
    title = "The Commercial Application of: Natural Language Interfaces",
    author = "Tennant, Harry",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1039",
}
@inproceedings{lapolla-1986-role,
    title = "The Role of Inversion and {PP}-Fronting In Relating Discourse Elements: some implications for cognitive and computational models of Natural Language Processing",
    author = "LaPolla, Mark Vincent",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1040",
}
@inproceedings{akama-kawamori-1986-situational,
    title = "SITUATIONAL INVESTIGATION OF PRESUPPISITION",
    author = "Akama, Seiki  and
      Kawamori, Masahito",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1041",
}
@inproceedings{bree-smit-1986-linking,
    title = "LINKING PROPOSITIONS",
    author = "Bree, D. S.  and
      Smit, R. A.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1042",
}
@inproceedings{tucker-etal-1986-discourse,
    title = "DISCOURSE AND COHESION IN EXPOSITORY TEXT",
    author = "Tucker, Allen B.  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Raskin, Victor",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1043",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-sgall-1986-degrees,
    title = "DEGREES OF UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "Hajicova, Eva  and
      Sgall, Petr",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1044",
}
@inproceedings{uszkoreit-1986-categorial,
    title = "Categorial Unification Grammars",
    author = "Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1045",
}
@inproceedings{hellwig-1986-dependency,
    title = "DEPENDENCY UNIFICATION GRAMMAR",
    author = "Hellwig, Peter",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1046",
}
@inproceedings{friedman-etal-1986-weak,
    title = "The Weak Generative Capacity of Parenthesis-Free Categorial Grammars",
    author = "Friedman, Joyce  and
      Dai, Dawei  and
      Wang, Weiguo",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1047",
}
@inproceedings{vijay-shanker-etal-1986-tree,
    title = "Tree Adjoining and Head Wrapping",
    author = "Vijay-Shanker, K.  and
      Weir, David J.  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1048",
}
@inproceedings{chytil-karlgren-1986-categorial,
    title = "CATEGORIAL GRAMMARS FOR STRATA OF NON-CF LANGUAGES AND THEIR PARSERS",
    author = "Chytil, Michal P.  and
      Karlgren, Hans",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1049",
}
@inproceedings{shieber-1986-simple,
    title = "A Simple Reconstruction of {GPSG}",
    author = "Shieber, Stuart M.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1050",
}
@inproceedings{dahlgren-mcdowell-1986-kind,
    title = "KIND TYPES IN KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION",
    author = "Dahlgren, K.  and
      McDowell, J.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1051",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-1986-dckr,
    title = "{DCKR} {--} Knowledge Representation in Prolog and Its Application to Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1052",
}
@inproceedings{yokoyama-hanakata-1986-conceptual,
    title = "Conceptual Lexicon Using an Object-Oriented Language",
    author = "YOKOYAMA, Shoichi  and
      HANAKATA, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1053",
}
@inproceedings{pershina-1986-elementary,
    title = "ELEMENTARY CONTRACTS AS A PRAGMATIC BASIS OF LANGUAGE INTERACTION",
    author = "Pershina, E.L.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1054",
}
@inproceedings{dinenberg-1986-communicative,
    title = "COMMUNICATIVE TRIAD AS A STRUCTURAL ELEMENT OF LANGUAGE INTERACTION",
    author = "Dinenberg, F.G.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1055",
}
@inproceedings{goeser-mergenthaler-1986-tbms,
    title = "{TBMS}: Domain Specific Text Management and Lexicon Development",
    author = "Goeser, S.  and
      Mergenthaler, E.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1056",
}
@inproceedings{nishida-etal-1986-text,
    title = "Text Analysis and Knowledge Extraction",
    author = "Nishida, Fujio  and
      Takamatsu, Shinobu  and
      Tani, Tadaaki  and
      Kusaka, Hiroji",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1057",
}
@inproceedings{isahara-ishizaki-1986-context,
    title = "Context Analysis System for {J}apanese Text",
    author = "Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Ishizaki, Shun",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1058",
}
@inproceedings{zernik-dyer-1986-disambiguation,
    title = "Disambiguation and Language Acquisition through the Phrasal Lexicon",
    author = "Zernik, Uri  and
      Dyer, Michael G.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1059",
}
@inproceedings{shirai-hamada-1986-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Knowledge Extraction from Real Language Behavior",
    author = "Shirai, K.  and
      Hamada, T.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1060",
}
@inproceedings{fum-etal-1986-tailoring,
    title = "TAILORING IMPORTANCE EVALUATION TO READER{'}S GOALS: A CONTRIBUTION TO DESCRIPTIVE TEXT SUMMARIZATION",
    author = "Fum, Danilo  and
      Guida, Giovanni  and
      Tasso, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1061",
}
@inproceedings{munch-1986-domain,
    title = "Domain Dependent Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Munch, Klaus Heje",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1062",
}
@inproceedings{pounder-kommenda-1986-morphological,
    title = "MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS FOR A GERMAN TEXT-TO-SPEECH SYSTEM",
    author = "Pounder, Amanda  and
      Kommenda, Markus",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1063",
}
@inproceedings{vergne-etal-1986-synergy,
    title = "Synergy of syntax and morphology in automatic parsing of {F}rench language with a minimum of data",
    author = "Vergne, Jacques  and
      Pages, Pascale  and
      PariS, Inalco",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1064",
}
@inproceedings{munch-1986-domain-dependent,
    title = "Domain Dependent Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Munch, Klaus Heje",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1065",
}
@inproceedings{russell-etal-1986-dictionary,
    title = "A Dictionary and Morphological Analyser for {E}nglish",
    author = "Russell, G.J.  and
      Pulman, S.G.  and
      Ritchie, G.D.  and
      Black, A.W.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1066",
}
@inproceedings{abe-etal-1986-kana,
    title = "A Kana-Kanji Translation System for Non-Segmented Input Sentences Based on Syntactic and Semantic Analysis",
    author = "ABE, Masahiro  and
      OOSHIMA, Yoshimitsu  and
      YUURA, Katsuhiko  and
      TAKEICHI, Nobuyuki",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1067",
}
@inproceedings{ben-hamadou-1986-compression,
    title = "A COMPRESSION TECHNIQUE FOR ARABIC DICTIONARIES: THE AFFIX ANALYSIS",
    author = "BEN HAMADOU, Abdelmajid",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1068",
}
@inproceedings{wothke-1986-machine,
    title = "MACHINE LEARNING OF MORPHOLOGICAL RULES BY GENERALIZATION AND ANALOGY",
    author = "Wothke, Klaus",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1069",
}
@inproceedings{jaspaert-1986-linguistic,
    title = "LINGUISTIC DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROTRA SINCE 1983",
    author = "Jaspaert, Lieven",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1070",
}
@inproceedings{arnold-etal-1986-c,
    title = "THE {\textless}C,A{\textgreater},T FRAMEWORK IN EUROTRA: A THEORETICALLY COMMITTED NOTATION FOR MT",
    author = "Arnold, D.J.  and
      Krauwer, S.  and
      Rosner, M.  and
      des Tombe, L.  and
      Varile, G.B.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1071",
}
@inproceedings{steiner-1986-generating,
    title = "GENERATING SEMANTIC STRUCTURES IN EUROTRA-D",
    author = "STEINER, ERICH",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1072",
}
@inproceedings{schmidt-1986-valency,
    title = "Valency Theory in a Stratificational {MT}-System",
    author = "Schmidt, Paul",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1073",
}
@inproceedings{appelo-1986-compositional,
    title = "A COMPOSITIONAL APPROACH TO THE TRANSLATION OF TEMPORAL EXPRESSIONS IN THE ROSETTA SYSTEM",
    author = "Appelo, Lisette",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1074",
}
@inproceedings{schenk-1986-idioms,
    title = "IDIOMS IN THE ROSETTA MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM",
    author = "Schenk, Andre",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1075",
}
@inproceedings{chung-kunii-1986-nara,
    title = "{NARA}: A Two-way Simultaneous Interpretation System between {K}orean and {J}apanese -A methodological study-",
    author = "Chung, Hee Sung  and
      Kunii, Tosiyasu L.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1076",
}
@inproceedings{whitelock-etal-1986-strategies,
    title = "Strategies for Interactive Machine Translation: the experience and implications of the {UMIST} {J}apanese project",
    author = "Whitelock, P. J.  and
      McGee Wood, M.  and
      Chandler, B. J.  and
      Holden, N.  and
      Horsfall, H. J.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1077",
}
@inproceedings{rothkegel-1986-pragmatics,
    title = "PRAGMATICS IN MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Rothkegel, Annely",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1078",
}
@inproceedings{nirenburg-raskin-1986-metric,
    title = "A METRIC FOR COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF MEANING: TOWARD AN APPLIED THEORY OF LINGUISTIC SEMANTICS",
    author = "Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Raskin, Victor",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1079",
}
@inproceedings{fass-1986-collative,
    title = "Collative Semantics",
    author = "Fass, Dan",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1080",
}
@inproceedings{di-eugenio-etal-1986-logical,
    title = "A LOGICAL FORMALISM FOR THE REPRESENTATION OF DETERMINERS",
    author = "Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Lesmo, Leonardo  and
      Pogliano, Paolo  and
      Torasso, Pietro  and
      Urbano, Francesco",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1081",
}
@inproceedings{hinrichs-1986-compositional,
    title = "A Compositional Semantics for Directional Modifiers - Locative Case Reopened -",
    author = "Hinrichs, Erhard W.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1082",
}
@inproceedings{kunze-1986-temporal,
    title = "TEMPORAL RELATIONS IN TEXTS AND TIME LOGICAL INFERENCES",
    author = "Kunze, Jurgen",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1083",
}
@inproceedings{rohrer-1986-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Bases For Machine Translation",
    author = "Rohrer, Christian",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1084",
}
@inproceedings{kobsa-etal-1986-combining,
    title = "Combining Deictic Gestures and Natural Language for Referent Identification",
    author = "Kobsa, Alfred  and
      Allgayer, Jurgen  and
      Reddig, Carola  and
      Reithinger, Norbert  and
      Schmauks, Dagmar  and
      Harbusch, Karin  and
      Wahlster, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1085",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-1986-approach,
    title = "An Approach to Non-Singular Terms in Discourse",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1086",
}
@inproceedings{proszeky-1986-processing,
    title = "PROCESSING CLINICAL NARRATIVES IN HUNGARIAN",
    author = "Proszeky, Gabor",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1087",
}
@inproceedings{pinkal-1986-definite,
    title = "Definite Noun Phrases and the Semantics of Discourse",
    author = "Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1088",
}
@inproceedings{hori-etal-1986-learning,
    title = "Learning the Space of Word Meanings for Information Retrieval Systems",
    author = "HORI, Koichi  and
      TODA, Seinosuke  and
      YASUNAGA, Hisashi",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1089",
}
@inproceedings{salton-1986-use,
    title = "On the Use of Term Associations in Automatic Information Retrieval",
    author = "Salton, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1090",
}
@inproceedings{trost-buchberger-1986-towards,
    title = "Towards the Automatic Acquisition of Lexical Data",
    author = "Trost, H.  and
      Buchberger, E.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1091",
}
@inproceedings{beesley-hefner-1986-periphrase,
    title = "{P}eri{P}hrase: Lingware for Parsing and Structural Transfer",
    author = "Beesley, Kenneth R.  and
      Hefner, David",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1092",
}
@inproceedings{zajac-1986-scsl,
    title = "{SCSL}: a linguistic specification language for {MT}",
    author = "ZAJAC, Remi",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1093",
}
@inproceedings{haugeneder-etal-1986-user,
    title = "A User Friendly A T N Programming Environment (APE)",
    author = "Haugeneder, Hans  and
      Gehrke, Manfred  and
      Germany, F.R.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1094",
}
@inproceedings{guilbaud-1986-variables,
    title = "Variables et categories grammaticales dans un modele Arlane",
    author = "GUILBAUD, Jean-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1095",
}
@inproceedings{chauche-1986-deduction,
    title = "DEDUCTION AUTOMATIQUE ET SYSTEMES TRANSFORMATIONNELS",
    author = "CHAUCHE, J.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1096",
}
@inproceedings{takeda-etal-1986-critac,
    title = "CRITAC - A JAPANESE TEXT PROOFREADING SYSTEM",
    author = "Takeda, Koichi  and
      Fujisaki, Tetsunosuke  and
      Suzuki, Emiko",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1097",
}
@inproceedings{ainon-1986-storing,
    title = "STORING TEXT USING INTEGER CODES",
    author = "Ainon, Raja Noor",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1098",
}
@inproceedings{brodda-1986-betatext,
    title = "{B}eta{T}ext: An Event Driven Text Processing and Text Analyzing System",
    author = "Brodda, Benny",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1099",
}
@inproceedings{boitet-nedobejkine-1986-toward,
    title = "TOWARD INTEGRATED DICTIONARIES FOR M(a)T: motivations and linguistic organisation",
    author = "BOITET, Ch.  and
      NEDOBEJKINE, N.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1100",
}
@inproceedings{bukowski-1986-indexage,
    title = "INDEXAGE LEXICAL AU GETA",
    author = "BUKOWSKI, Jedrzej",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1101",
}
@inproceedings{papegaaij-etal-1986-experiments,
    title = "EXPERIMENTS WITH AN MT-DIRECTED LEXICAL KNOWLEDGE BANK",
    author = "Papegaaij, B.C.  and
      Sadler, V.  and
      Witkam, A.P.M.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1102",
}
@inproceedings{barnett-etal-1986-word,
    title = "A Word Database for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Barnett, Brigitte  and
      Lehmann, Hubert  and
      Zoeppritz, Magdalena",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1103",
}
@inproceedings{neuhaus-1986-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Database Design: The Shakespeare Dictionary Model",
    author = "Neuhaus, H. Joachim",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1104",
}
@inproceedings{tsurumaru-etal-1986-attempt,
    title = "AN ATTEMPT TO AUTOMATIC THESAURUS CONSTRUCTION FROM AN ORDINARY JAPANESE LANGUAGE DICTIONARY",
    author = "Tsurumaru, Hiroaki  and
      Hitaka, Toru  and
      Yoshida, Sho",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1105",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-yoshida-1986-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of Kowledge Data by Analyzing Natural Language",
    author = "Tanaka, Yasuhito  and
      Yoshida, Sho",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1106",
}
@inproceedings{isoda-aiso-1986-model,
    title = "Model for Lexical Knowledge Base",
    author = "Isoda, Michio  and
      Aiso, Hideo",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1107",
}
@inproceedings{ballard-1986-user,
    title = "User Specification of Syntactic Case Frames in {TELI}, A Transportable, User-Customized Natural Language Processor",
    author = "Ballard, Bruce W.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1108",
}
@inproceedings{jappinen-etal-1986-functional,
    title = "FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURES FOR PARSING DEPENDENCY CONSTRAINTS",
    author = {J{\"a}ppinen, H.  and
      Lehtola, A.  and
      Valkonen, K.},
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1109",
}
@inproceedings{luckhardt-thiel-1986-controlled,
    title = "CONTROLLED ACTIVE PROCEDURES AS A TOOL FOR LINGUISTIC ENGINEERING",
    author = "Luckhardt, Heinz-Dirk  and
      Thiel, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1110",
}
@inproceedings{musha-1986-new,
    title = "A New Predictive Analyzer of {E}nglish",
    author = "Musha, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1111",
}
@inproceedings{prodanof-ferrari-1986-generalized,
    title = "GENERALIZED MEMORY MANIPULATING ACTIONS FOR PARSING NATURAL LANGUAGE",
    author = "Prodanof, Irina  and
      Ferrari, Giacomo",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1112",
}
@inproceedings{slack-1986-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Memory: A Basis for Chart Parsing",
    author = "Slack, Jon M.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1113",
}
@inproceedings{block-haugeneder-1986-treatment,
    title = "The Treatment of Movement-Rules in a {LFG}-Parser",
    author = "Block, Hans-Ulrich  and
      Haugeneder, Hans",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1114",
}
@inproceedings{wedekind-1986-concept,
    title = "A Concept of Derivation for {LFG}",
    author = "Wedekind, Jurgen",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1115",
}
@inproceedings{block-hunze-1986-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Construction of C- and F-Structure in a {LFG}-Parser",
    author = "Block, Hans-Ulrich  and
      Hunze, Rudolf",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1116",
}
@inproceedings{netter-1986-getting,
    title = "Getting Things Out Of Order (An {LFG}-Proposal for the Treatment of {G}erman Word Order)",
    author = "Netter, Klaus",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1117",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-reimer-1986-topic,
    title = "{TOPIC} Essentials",
    author = "Hahn, Udo  and
      Reimer, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1118",
}
@inproceedings{dunin-keplicz-lukaszewicz-1986-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS DISCOURSE-ORIENTED NONMONOTONIC SYSTEM",
    author = "Dunin-Keplicz, Barbara  and
      Lukaszewicz, Witold",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1119",
}
@inproceedings{sugimura-1986-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Honorifics and Situation Semantics",
    author = "Sugimura, R.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1120",
}
@inproceedings{dymetman-1986-two,
    title = "Two Approaches to Commonsense Inferencing for Discourse Analysis",
    author = "Dymetman, Marc",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1121",
}
@inproceedings{kononenko-1986-speech,
    title = "SPEECH ACTS OF ASSERTION IN COOPERATIVE INFORMATIONAL DIALOGUE",
    author = "Kononenko, I.S.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1122",
}
@inproceedings{v-hahn-1986-pragmatic,
    title = "PRAGMATIC CONSIDERATIONS IN MAN-MACHINE DISCOURSE",
    author = "v. Hahn, Walther",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1123",
}
@inproceedings{bryant-etal-1986-formal,
    title = "FORMAL SPECIFICATION OF NATURAL LANGUAGE SYNTAX USING TWO-LEVEL GRAMMAR",
    author = "Bryant, Barrett R.  and
      Johnson, Dale  and
      Edupuganty, Balanjaninath",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1124",
}
@inproceedings{nozohoor-farshi-1986-formalizations,
    title = "ON FORMALIZATIONS OF MARCUS{'} PARSER",
    author = "Nozohoor-Farshi, R.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1125",
}
@inproceedings{lancel-etal-1986-grammar,
    title = "A GRAMMAR USED FOR PARSING AND GENERATION",
    author = "LANCEL, Jean-Marie  and
      ROUSSELOT, Francois  and
      SIMONIN, Nathalie",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1126",
}
@inproceedings{wada-asher-1986-buildrs,
    title = "{BUILDRS}: AN IMPLEMENTATION OF DR THEORY AND LFG",
    author = "Wada, Hajime  and
      Asher, Nicholas",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1127",
}
@inproceedings{kuhns-1986-prolog,
    title = "A {PROLOG} Implementation of Government-Binding Theory",
    author = "Kuhns, Robert J.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1128",
}
@inproceedings{eisele-dorre-1986-lexical,
    title = "A Lexical Functional Grammar System in Prolog",
    author = "Eisele, Andreas  and
      Dorre, Jochen",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1129",
}
@inproceedings{jacobs-1986-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Structures for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Jacobs, Paul S.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1130",
}
@inproceedings{hanakata-etal-1986-semantic,
    title = "Semantic based generation of {J}apanese {G}erman translation system - Result and Evaluation-",
    author = "Hanakata, K.  and
      Lesniewski, A.  and
      Yokoyama, S.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1131",
}
@inproceedings{kittredge-etal-1986-synthesizing,
    title = "SYNTHESIZING WEATHER FORECASTS FROM FORMATTED DATA",
    author = "Kittredge, R.  and
      Polguere, A.  and
      Goldberg, E.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1132",
}
@inproceedings{zock-etal-1986-structure,
    title = "{FROM} {STRUCTURE} {TO} {PROCESS} Computer-assisted teaching of various strategies for generating pronoun constructions in {F}rench (1):",
    author = "Zock, Michael  and
      Sabah, Gerard  and
      Alviset, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1133",
}
@inproceedings{novak-1986-generating,
    title = "Generating a Coherent Text Describing a Traffic Scene",
    author = "Novak, Hans-Joachim",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1134",
}
@inproceedings{koit-saluveer-1986-generating,
    title = "Generating Natural Language Text in a Dialog System",
    author = "Koit, Mare  and
      Saluveer, Madis",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1135",
}
@inproceedings{roeck-lowden-1986-generating,
    title = "GENERATING ENGLISH PARAPHRASES FROM FORMAL RELATIONAL CALCULUS EXPRESSIONS",
    author = "Roeck, A.N. De  and
      Lowden, B.G.T.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1136",
}
@inproceedings{ritchie-1986-computational,
    title = "The computational complexity of sentence derivation in functional unification grammar",
    author = "Ritchie, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1137",
}
@inproceedings{hayes-etal-1986-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Spoken Language: a Semantic Caseframe Approach",
    author = "Hayes, Philip J.  and
      Hauptmann, Alexander G.  and
      Carbonell, Jaime G.  and
      Tomita, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1138",
}
@inproceedings{niedermair-1986-divided,
    title = "DIVIDED AND VALENCY-ORIENTED PARSING IN SPEECH UNDSTANDING",
    author = "Niedermair, Gerh.Th.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1139",
}
@inproceedings{brietzmann-ehrlich-1986-role,
    title = "THE ROLE OF SEMANTIC PROCESSING IN AN AUTOMATIC SPEECH UNDERSTANDING SYSTEM",
    author = "Brietzmann, Astrid  and
      Ehrlich, Ute",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1140",
}
@inproceedings{danlos-etal-1986-synthesis,
    title = "Synthesis of Spoken Messages from Semantic Representations (Semantic-Representation-to-Speech System)",
    author = "DANLOS, Laurence  and
      LAPORTE, Eric  and
      EMERARD, Francoise",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1141",
}
@inproceedings{niimi-etal-1986-tile,
    title = "Tile procedure to construct a word predictor in a speech understanding system from a task-specific grammar defined in a {CFG} or a {DCG}",
    author = "Niimi, Yasuhisa  and
      Uzuhara, Shigeru  and
      Kobayashi, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1142",
}
@inproceedings{wiese-1986-role,
    title = "THE ROLE OF PHONOLOGY IN SPEECH PROCESSING",
    author = "Wiese, Richard",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1143",
}
@inproceedings{berendsen-etal-1986-computational,
    title = "COMPUTATIONAL PHONOLOGY: MERGED, NOT MIXED",
    author = "Berendsen, Egon  and
      Langeweg, Simone  and
      van Leeuwen, Hugo",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1144",
}
@inproceedings{dogi-1986-phonological,
    title = "PHONOLOGICAL PIVOT PARSING",
    author = "Dogi, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1145",
}
@inproceedings{haberbeck-1986-description,
    title = "A DESCRIPTION OF THE VESPRA SPEECH PROCESSING SYSTEM",
    author = "Haberbeck, Rolf",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1146",
}
@inproceedings{nomura-etal-1986-translation,
    title = "Translation by Understanding: A Machine Translation System {LUTE}",
    author = "NOMURA, Hirosato  and
      NAITO, Shozo  and
      KATAGIRI, Yasuhiro  and
      SHIMAZU, Akira",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1147",
}
@inproceedings{nirenburg-etal-1986-knowledge,
    title = "ON KNOWLEDGE-BASED MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Raskin, Victor  and
      Tucker, Allen",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1148",
}
@inproceedings{tomita-carbonell-1986-another,
    title = "Another Stride Towards Knowledge-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Tomita, Masaru  and
      Carbonell, Jaime G.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1149",
}
@inproceedings{tong-1986-english,
    title = "{E}nglish - {M}alay Translation System: A Laboratory Prototype",
    author = "TONG, Loong-Cheong",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1150",
}
@inproceedings{luctkens-fermont-1986-prototype,
    title = "A PROTOTYPE: MACHINE TRANSLATION BASED ON EXTRACTS FROM DATA PPOCESSTNG MANUALS",
    author = "Luctkens, E.  and
      Fermont, Ph.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1151",
}
@inproceedings{tsutsumi-1986-prototype,
    title = "A Prototype {E}nglish-{J}apanese Machine Translation System for Translating {IBM} Computer Manuals",
    author = "Tsutsumi, Taijiro",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1152",
}
@inproceedings{nishida-etal-1986-construction,
    title = "Construction of a modular and portable translation system",
    author = "NISHIDA, Fujio  and
      FUJITA, Yoneharu  and
      TAKAMATSU, Shinobu",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1153",
}
@inproceedings{rosner-1986-mariko,
    title = "When Mariko talks to Siegfried - Experiences from a {J}apanese/{G}erman Machine Translation Project-",
    author = "Rosner, Dietmar",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1154",
}
@inproceedings{tsujii-1986-future,
    title = "Future Directions of Machine Translation",
    author = "TSUJII, Jun-ichi",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1155",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-klein-1986-discourse,
    title = "Discourse, anaphora and parsing",
    author = "Johnson, Mark  and
      Klein, Ewan",
    booktitle = "Coling 1986 Volume 1: The 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C86-1156",
}
@article{cl-2010-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 36, Number 1, March 2010",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "1",
    year = "2010",
}
@article{schuler-etal-2010-broad,
    title = "Broad-Coverage Parsing Using Human-Like Memory Constraints",
    author = "Schuler, William  and
      AbdelRahman, Samir  and
      Miller, Tim  and
      Schwartz, Lane",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "1",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2010.36.1.36100",
    pages = "1--30",
}
@article{tsang-stevenson-2010-graph,
    title = "A Graph-Theoretic Framework for Semantic Distance",
    author = "Tsang, Vivian  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "1",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2010.36.1.36101",
    pages = "31--69",
}
@article{kazantseva-szpakowicz-2010-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Short Stories",
    author = "Kazantseva, Anna  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "1",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2010.36.1.36102",
    pages = "71--109",
}
@article{yuret-yatbaz-2010-noisy,
    title = "The Noisy Channel Model for Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Yuret, Deniz  and
      Yatbaz, Mehmet Ali",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "1",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2010.36.1.36103",
    pages = "111--127",
}
@article{cook-stevenson-2010-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Identifying the Source Words of Lexical Blends in {E}nglish",
    author = "Cook, Paul  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "1",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2010.36.1.36104",
    pages = "129--149",
}
@article{schilder-2010-book,
    title = "Book Review: Representation and Management of Narrative Information: Theoretical Principles and Implementation by Gian Piero Zarri",
    author = "Schilder, Frank",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "1",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-1006",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2010.36.1.36105",
}
@article{carroll-2010-book,
    title = {Book Review: Dependency Parsing by Sandra K{\"u}bler, Ryan {M}c{D}onald, and Joakim {N}ivre},
    author = "Carroll, John",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "1",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-1007",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2010.36.1.36107",
}
@article{szpakowicz-2010-last,
    title = "Last Words: Failure is an Orphan (Let{'}s Adopt)",
    author = "Szpakowicz, Stan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "1",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-1008",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2010.36.1.36105",
}
@article{cl-2010-linguistics-36,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 36, Number 2, June 2010",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "2",
    year = "2010",
}
@article{white-etal-2010-generating,
    title = "Generating Tailored, Comparative Descriptions with Contextually Appropriate Intonation",
    author = "White, Michael  and
      Clark, Robert A. J.  and
      Moore, Johanna D.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "2",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-2001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2010.09-023-R1-08-002",
    pages = "159--201",
}
@article{tanaka-ishii-etal-2010-sorting,
    title = "Sorting Texts by Readability",
    author = "Tanaka-Ishii, Kumiko  and
      Tezuka, Satoshi  and
      Terada, Hiroshi",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "2",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-2002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2010.09-036-R2-08-050",
    pages = "203--227",
}
@article{verberne-etal-2010-bag,
    title = "What Is Not in the Bag of Words for Why-{QA}?",
    author = "Verberne, Suzan  and
      Boves, Lou  and
      Oostdijk, Nelleke  and
      Coppen, Peter-Arno",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "2",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-2003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2010.09-032-R1-08-034",
    pages = "229--245",
}
@article{wang-etal-2010-structuring,
    title = "Re-structuring, Re-labeling, and Re-aligning for Syntax-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Wei  and
      May, Jonathan  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "2",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-2004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2010.36.2.09054",
    pages = "247--277",
}
@article{gaussier-2010-book,
    title = "Book Review: Statistical Language Models for Information Retrieval by {C}heng{X}iang Zhai",
    author = "Gaussier, Eric",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "2",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-2005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2010.36.2.36200",
}
@article{nn-2010-publications,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "2",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-2006",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2010.36.2.362PR",
}
@article{krahmer-2010-last,
    title = "Last Words: What Computational Linguists Can Learn from Psychologists (and Vice Versa)",
    author = "Krahmer, Emiel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "2",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-2007",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2010.36.2.36201",
    pages = "285--294",
}
@article{cl-2010-linguistics-36-issue,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 36, Issue 3 - September 2010",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "3",
    year = "2010",
}
@article{ravi-knight-2010-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: Does {GIZA}++ Make Search Errors?",
    author = "Ravi, Sujith  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "3",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-3001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00008",
    pages = "295--302",
}
@article{liu-etal-2010-discriminative-word,
    title = "Discriminative Word Alignment by Linear Modeling",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Lin, Shouxun",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "3",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-3002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00001",
    pages = "303--339",
}
@article{madnani-dorr-2010-generating,
    title = "Generating Phrasal and Sentential Paraphrases: A Survey of Data-Driven Methods",
    author = "Madnani, Nitin  and
      Dorr, Bonnie J.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "3",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-3003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00002",
    pages = "341--387",
}
@article{elsner-charniak-2010-disentangling,
    title = "Disentangling Chat",
    author = "Elsner, Micha  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "3",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-3004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00003",
    pages = "389--409",
}
@article{clarke-lapata-2010-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Constraints for Document Compression",
    author = "Clarke, James  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "3",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-3005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00004",
    pages = "411--441",
}
@article{nesson-etal-2010-complexity,
    title = "Complexity, Parsing, and Factorization of Tree-Local Multi-Component Tree-Adjoining Grammar",
    author = "Nesson, Rebecca  and
      Satta, Giorgio  and
      Shieber, Stuart M.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "3",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-3006",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00005",
    pages = "443--480",
}
@article{graca-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Tractable Word Alignment Models with Complex Constraints",
    author = "Gra{\c{c}}a, Jo{\~a}o V.  and
      Ganchev, Kuzman  and
      Taskar, Ben",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "3",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-3007",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00007",
    pages = "481--504",
}
@article{gispert-etal-2010-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation with Weighted Finite-State Transducers and Shallow-n Grammars",
    author = "Gispert, Adri{\`a} de  and
      Iglesias, Gonzalo  and
      Blackwood, Graeme  and
      Banga, Eduardo R.  and
      Byrne, William",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "3",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-3008",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00006",
    pages = "505--533",
}
@article{xiong-etal-2010-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically Annotated Reordering: Evaluation and Analysis",
    author = "Xiong, Deyi  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Aw, Aiti  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "3",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-3009",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00009",
    pages = "535--568",
}
@article{riezler-liu-2010-query,
    title = "Query Rewriting Using Monolingual Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Riezler, Stefan  and
      Liu, Yi",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "3",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-3010",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00010",
    pages = "569--582",
}
@article{nn-2010-publications-received,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "3",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-3011",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_r_00012",
}
@article{sproat-2010-last,
    title = "Last Words: Ancient Symbols, Computational Linguistics, and the Reviewing Practices of the General Science Journals",
    author = "Sproat, Richard",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "3",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-3012",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00011",
    pages = "585--594",
}
@article{cl-2010-linguistics-36-issue-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 36, Issue 4 - {D}ecember 2010",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
}
@article{liberman-2010-obituary,
    title = "{O}bituary: Fred Jelinek",
    author = "Liberman, Mark",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-4001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00032",
    pages = "595--599",
}
@article{woods-2010-acl,
    title = "{ACL} Lifetime Achievement Award: The Right Tools: Reflections on Computation and Language",
    author = "Woods, William A.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-4002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00018",
    pages = "601--630",
}
@article{fan-2010-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: An Asymptotic Model for the {E}nglish Hapax/Vocabulary Ratio",
    author = "Fan, Fengxiang",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-4003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00013",
    pages = "631--637",
}
@article{recasens-vila-2010-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: On Paraphrase and Coreference",
    author = "Recasens, Marta  and
      Vila, Marta",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-4004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00014",
    pages = "639--647",
}
@article{shen-etal-2010-string,
    title = "String-to-Dependency Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Shen, Libin  and
      Xu, Jinxi  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-4005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00015",
    pages = "649--671",
}
@article{baroni-lenci-2010-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Memory: A General Framework for Corpus-Based Semantics",
    author = "Baroni, Marco  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-4006",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00016",
    pages = "673--721",
}
@article{erk-etal-2010-flexible,
    title = "A Flexible, Corpus-Driven Model of Regular and Inverse Selectional Preferences",
    author = "Erk, Katrin  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Pad{\'o}, Ulrike",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-4007",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00017",
    pages = "723--763",
}
@article{hahn-2010-book,
    title = "Book Review: Introduction to Linguistic Annotation and Text Analytics by Graham Wilcock",
    author = "Hahn, Udo",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-4008",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_r_00021",
}
@article{elhadad-2010-book,
    title = "Book Review: Natural Language Processing with Python by Steven Bird, Ewan {K}lein, and Edward Loper",
    author = "Elhadad, Michael",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-4009",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_r_00022",
}
@article{cherry-2010-book,
    title = "Book Review: Statistical Machine Translation by Philipp {K}oehn",
    author = "Cherry, Colin",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-4010",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_r_00023",
}
@article{zhang-2010-book,
    title = "Book Review: Introduction to {C}hinese Natural Language Processing by Kam-Fai Wong, Wenjie Li, Ruifeng Xu, and Zheng-sheng {Z}hang",
    author = "Zhang, Min",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-4011",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_r_00024",
}
@article{foster-2010-book,
    title = "Book Review: Spoken Dialogue Systems by Kristiina Jokinen and {M}ichael {M}c{T}ear",
    author = "Foster, Mary Ellen",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-4012",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_r_00025",
}
@article{smith-2010-book,
    title = "Book Review: Machine-Aided Linguistic Discovery: An Introduction and Some Examples by Vladimir Pericliev",
    author = "Smith, Eric J. M.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-4013",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_r_00026",
}
@article{weisser-2010-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted: Essential Programming for Linguistics",
    author = "Weisser, Martin",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-4014",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_r_00027",
    pages = "789",
}
@article{lee-etal-2010-commentary,
    title = "Commentary and Discussion: A Response to Richard Sproat on Random Systems, Writing, and Entropy",
    author = "Lee, Rob  and
      Jonathan, Philip  and
      Ziman, Pauline",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-4015",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_c_00029",
    pages = "791--794",
}
@article{rao-etal-2010-commentary,
    title = "Commentary and Discussion: Entropy, the Indus Script, and Language: A Reply to R. Sproat",
    author = "Rao, Rajesh P. N.  and
      Yadav, Nisha  and
      Vahia, Mayank N.  and
      Joglekar, Hrishikesh  and
      Adhikari, Ronojoy  and
      Mahadevan, Iravatham",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-4016",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_c_00030",
    pages = "795--805",
}
@article{sproat-2010-commentary,
    title = "Commentary and Discussion: Reply to Rao et al. and Lee et al.",
    author = "Sproat, Richard",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-4017",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_c_00031",
    pages = "807--816",
}
@article{lang-2010-last,
    title = "Last Words: Are We Near the End of the Journal?",
    author = "Lang, Nat",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-4018",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00019",
    pages = "817--821",
}
@article{nn-2010-reviewers,
    title = "{R}eviewers: {R}eviewers for Volume 36",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "36",
    number = "4",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J10-4019",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_x_00028",
}
@article{cl-2004-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 30, Number 1, March 2004",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "1",
    year = "2004",
}
@article{li-li-2004-word,
    title = "Word Translation Disambiguation Using Bilingual Bootstrapping",
    author = "Li, Hang  and
      Li, Cong",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "1",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/089120104773633367",
    pages = "1--22",
}
@article{mason-2004-cormet,
    title = "{C}or{M}et: A Computational, Corpus-Based Conventional Metaphor Extraction System",
    author = "Mason, Zachary J.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "1",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/089120104773633376",
    pages = "23--44",
}
@article{lapata-brew-2004-verb,
    title = "Verb Class Disambiguation Using Informative Priors",
    author = "Lapata, Mirella  and
      Brew, Chris",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "1",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/089120104773633385",
    pages = "45--73",
}
@article{feng-etal-2004-accessor,
    title = "Accessor Variety Criteria for {C}hinese Word Extraction",
    author = "Feng, Haodi  and
      Chen, Kang  and
      Deng, Xiaotie  and
      Zheng, Weimin",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "1",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/089120104773633394",
    pages = "75--93",
}
@article{di-eugenio-glass-2004-squibs,
    title = "Squibs and Discussions: The Kappa Statistic: A Second Look",
    author = "Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Glass, Michael",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "1",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/089120104773633402",
    pages = "95--101",
}
@article{nn-2004-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: The {O}xford Handbook of Computational Linguistics edited by Ruslan Mitkov Reviewed by Peter {J}ackson; Readings in Machine Translation edited by Sergei Nirenburg, Harold Somers, and Yorick Wilks Reviewed by Elliott Macklovitch; Language Modeling for Information Retrieval edited by W. Bruce Croft and John {L}afferty Reviewed by {P}aul {T}hompson; Probabilistic Linguistics edited by Rens Bod, Jennifer Hay, and Stefanie Jannedy Reviewed by Patrick Juola",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "1",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-1006",
}
@article{nn-2004-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "1",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-1007",
}
@article{nn-2004-publications,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "1",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-1008",
}
@article{cl-2004-linguistics-30,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 30, Number 2, June 2004",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "2",
    year = "2004",
}
@article{fais-2004-inferable,
    title = "Inferable Centers, Centering Transitions, and the Notion of Coherence",
    author = "Fais, Laurel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "2",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-2001",
    doi = "10.1162/089120104323093267",
    pages = "119--150",
}
@article{navigli-velardi-2004-learning,
    title = "Learning Domain Ontologies from Document Warehouses and Dedicated Web Sites",
    author = "Navigli, Roberto  and
      Velardi, Paola",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "2",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-2002",
    doi = "10.1162/089120104323093276",
    pages = "151--179",
}
@article{niessen-ney-2004-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation with Scarce Resources Using Morpho-syntactic Information",
    author = "Nie{\ss}en, Sonja  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "2",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-2003",
    doi = "10.1162/089120104323093285",
    pages = "181--204",
}
@article{casacuberta-vidal-2004-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation with Inferred Stochastic Finite-State Transducers",
    author = "Casacuberta, Francisco  and
      Vidal, Enrique",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "2",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-2004",
    doi = "10.1162/089120104323093294",
    pages = "205--225",
}
@article{nn-2004-squibs,
    title = "Squibs and Discussions: Comments on {``}Incremental Construction and Maintenance of Minimal Finite-State Automata,{''} by Rafael C. Carrasco and Mikel L. Forcada, Jan Daciuk",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "2",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-2005",
}
@article{nn-2004-book-reviews,
    title = "Book Reviews: Finite State Morphology by Kenneth R. Beesley and Lauri {K}arttunen Reviewed by Shuly {W}intner; Data-Oriented Parsing edited by Rens Bod, Remko Scha, and Khalil Sima{'}an Reviewed by Dan {K}lein; Automated Essay Scoring: A Cross-Disciplinary Perspective edited by Mark D. Shermis and Jill C. {B}urstein Reviewed by Lawrence M. Rudner; Word Sense Disambiguation: The Case for Combinations of Knowledge Sources by Mark Stevenson Reviewed by Susan {M}c{R}oy",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "2",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-2006",
}
@article{nn-2004-publications-received,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "2",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-2007",
}
@article{cl-2004-linguistics-30-number,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 30, Number 3, September 2004",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "3",
    year = "2004",
}
@article{hwa-2004-sample,
    title = "Sample Selection for Statistical Parsing",
    author = "Hwa, Rebecca",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "3",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-3001",
    doi = "10.1162/0891201041850894",
    pages = "253--276",
}
@article{wiebe-etal-2004-learning,
    title = "Learning Subjective Language",
    author = "Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Wilson, Theresa  and
      Bruce, Rebecca  and
      Bell, Matthew  and
      Martin, Melanie",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "3",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-3002",
    doi = "10.1162/0891201041850885",
    pages = "277--308",
}
@article{poesio-etal-2004-centering,
    title = "{C}entering: A Parametric Theory and Its Instantiations",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo  and
      Stevenson, Rosemary  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Hitzeman, Janet",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "3",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-3003",
    doi = "10.1162/0891201041850911",
    pages = "309--363",
}
@article{abney-2004-understanding,
    title = "Understanding the Yarowsky Algorithm",
    author = "Abney, Steven",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "3",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-3004",
    doi = "10.1162/0891201041850876",
    pages = "365--395",
}
@article{nn-2004-book-review,
    title = "Book Review: Handbook for Language Engineers edited by {A}li Farghaly Reviewed by Ruslan Mitkov",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "3",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-3005",
}
@article{cl-2004-linguistics-30-number-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 30, Number 4, {D}ecember 2004",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "4",
    year = "2004",
}
@article{kibble-power-2004-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Referential Coherence in Text Generation",
    author = "Kibble, Rodger  and
      Power, Richard",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "4",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-4001",
    doi = "10.1162/0891201042544893",
    pages = "401--416",
}
@article{och-ney-2004-alignment,
    title = "The Alignment Template Approach to Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Och, Franz Josef  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "4",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-4002",
    doi = "10.1162/0891201042544884",
    pages = "417--449",
}
@article{mihov-schulz-2004-fast,
    title = "Fast Approximate Search in Large Dictionaries",
    author = "Mihov, Stoyan  and
      Schulz, Klaus U.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "4",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-4003",
    doi = "10.1162/0891201042544938",
    pages = "451--477",
}
@article{bikel-2004-intricacies,
    title = "Intricacies of Collins{'} Parsing Model",
    author = "Bikel, Daniel M.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "4",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-4004",
    doi = "10.1162/0891201042544929",
    pages = "479--511",
}
@article{nn-2004-book-reviews-mathematics,
    title = "Book Reviews: The Mathematics of Language by {M}arcus Kracht Reviewed by Hans-Jorg Tiede; Recent Advances in Example-Based Machine Translation edited by {M}ichael Carl and Andy Way Reviewed by Walter Daelemans; Current and New Directions in Discourse and Dialogue edited by Jan van Kuppevelt and Ronnie W. Smith Reviewed by Matthew Stone",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "4",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-4005",
}
@article{nn-2004-briefly-noted,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "4",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-4006",
}
@article{nn-2004-author,
    title = "Author and Title Index",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "30",
    number = "4",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J04-4007",
}
@proceedings{anlp-1992-applied,
    title = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1000",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-alshawi-1992-deriving,
    title = "Deriving Database Queries from Logical Forms by Abductive Definition Expansion",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Alshawi, Hiyan",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974501",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-1992-dialog,
    title = "A Dialog Control Algorithm and Its Performance",
    author = "Smith, Ronnie W.  and
      Hipp, D. Richard  and
      Biermann, Alan W.",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974502",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{lavelli-etal-1992-approach,
    title = "AN APPROACH TO MULTILEVEL SEMANTICS FOR APPLIED SYSTEMS",
    author = "Lavelli, Alberto  and
      Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974503",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{bachenko-etal-1992-parser,
    title = "A PARSER FOR REAL-TIME SPEECH SYNTHESIS OF CONVERSATIONAL TEXTS",
    author = "Bachenko, Joan  and
      Daugherty, Jeffrey  and
      Fitzpatrick, Eileen",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974505",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{baggia-etal-1992-real,
    title = "Real-time linguistic analysis for continuous speech understanding",
    author = "Baggia, Paolo  and
      Gerbino, Elisabetta  and
      Giachin, Egidio  and
      Rullent, Claudio",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974506",
    pages = "33--39",
}
@inproceedings{rambow-korelsky-1992-applied,
    title = "Applied Text Generation",
    author = "Rambow, Owen  and
      Korelsky, Tanya",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974508",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{kerpedjiev-1992-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of Multimodal Weather Reports from Datasets",
    author = "Kerpedjiev, Stephan M.",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974509",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{wazinski-1992-generating,
    title = "Generating Spatial Descriptions for Cross-modal References",
    author = "Wazinski, Peter",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974510",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-etal-1992-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of On-Line Documentation in the {IDAS} Project",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud  and
      Mellish, Chris  and
      Levine, John",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974511",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{dilley-etal-1992-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Natural Language Components into Graphical Discourse",
    author = "Dilley, Stephan  and
      Bateman, John  and
      Thiel, Ulrich  and
      Tissen, Anne",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974512",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{sanfilippo-poznatlski-1992-acquisition,
    title = "The Acquisition of Lexical Knowledge from Combined Machine-Readable Dictionary Sources",
    author = "Sanfilippo, Antonio  and
      Poznatlski, Victor",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974514",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{copestake-1992-acquilex,
    title = "The {ACQUILEX} {LKB}: representation issues in semi-automatic acquisition of large lexicons",
    author = "Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974515",
    pages = "88--95",
}
@inproceedings{basili-etal-1992-computational,
    title = "Computational Lexicons: the Neat Examples and the Odd Exemplars",
    author = "Basili, Roberto  and
      Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Velardi, Paola",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974516",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@inproceedings{sekine-etal-1992-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Learning for Semantic Collocation",
    author = "SEKINE, Satoshi  and
      CARROLL, Jeremy J.  and
      ANANIADOU, Sofia  and
      TSUJII, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974517",
    pages = "104--110",
}
@inproceedings{vosse-1992-detecting,
    title = "Detecting and Correcting Morpho-syntactic Errors in Real Texts",
    author = "Vosse, Theo",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974519",
    pages = "111--118",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-1992-xuxen,
    title = "{XUXEN}: A Spelling Checker/Corrector for Basque Based on Two-Level Morphology",
    author = "Agirre, E.  and
      Alegria, I  and
      Arregi, X  and
      Artola, X  and
      Diaz de Ilarraza, A  and
      Maritxalar, M  and
      Sarasola, K  and
      Urkia, M",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974520",
    pages = "119--125",
}
@inproceedings{kese-etal-1992-extended,
    title = "Extended Spelling Correction for {G}erman",
    author = "Kese, Ralf  and
      Dudda, Friedrich  and
      Heyer, Gerhard  and
      Kugler, Marianne",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974521",
    pages = "126--132",
}
@inproceedings{cutting-etal-1992-practical,
    title = "A Practical Part-of-Speech Tagger",
    author = "Cutting, Doug  and
      Kupiec, Julian  and
      Pedersen, Jan  and
      Sibun, Penelope",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974523",
    pages = "133--140",
}
@inproceedings{paulussen-martin-1992-dilemma,
    title = "DILEMMA-2: A LEMMATIZER-TAGGER FOR MEDICAL ABSTRACTS",
    author = "Paulussen, Hans  and
      Martin, Willy",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974524",
    pages = "141--146",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-1992-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-Based Statistical Approach to Automatic Book Indexing",
    author = "Chang, Jyun-Sheng  and
      Tseng, Tsung-Yih  and
      Ker, Sur-Jin  and
      Cheng, Ying  and
      Chen, Huey-Chyun  and
      Cheng, Shun-Der  and
      Liu, John S.",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974525",
    pages = "147--151",
}
@inproceedings{brill-1992-simple,
    title = "A Simple Rule-Based Part of Speech Tagger",
    author = "Brill, Eric",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974526",
    pages = "152--155",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-etal-1992-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Parsing Strategies Using Standardized Parse Files",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Macleod, Catherine  and
      Sterling, John",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974528",
    pages = "156--161",
}
@inproceedings{boisen-bates-1992-practical,
    title = "A Practical Methodology for the Evaluation of Spoken Language Systems",
    author = "Boisen, Sean  and
      Bates, Madeleine",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974529",
    pages = "162--169",
}
@inproceedings{andersen-etal-1992-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Facts from Press Releases to Generate News Stories",
    author = "Andersen, Peggy M.  and
      Hayes, Philip J.  and
      Weinstein, Steven P.  and
      Huettner, Alison K.  and
      Schmandt, Linda M.  and
      Nirenburg, Irene B.",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974531",
    pages = "170--177",
}
@inproceedings{jacobs-1992-joining,
    title = "Joining Statistics with {NLP} for Text Categorization",
    author = "Jacobs, Paul S.",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974532",
    pages = "178--185",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-etal-1992-robust,
    title = "Robust Processing of Real-World Natural-Language Texts",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Appelt, Douglas E.  and
      Bear, John  and
      Tyson, Mabry",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974533",
    pages = "186--192",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-1992-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Chart-based Algorithm for Partial-Parsing of Unrestricted Texts",
    author = "McDonald, David D.",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974534",
    pages = "193--200",
}
@inproceedings{nakaiwa-ikehara-1992-zero,
    title = "Zero Pronoun Resolution in a Machine Translation System by using {J}apanese to {E}nglish Verbal Semantic Attributes.",
    author = "Nakaiwa, Hiromi  and
      Ikehara, Satoru",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974536",
    pages = "201--208",
}
@inproceedings{bouillon-etal-1992-compound,
    title = "Compound Nouns in a Unification-Based {MT} System",
    author = "Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Boesefeldt, Katharina  and
      Russell, Graham",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974537",
    pages = "209--215",
}
@inproceedings{paroubek-etal-1992-xtag,
    title = "{XTAG} - A Graphical Workbench for Developing Tree-Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Schabes, Yves  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974538",
    pages = "223--230",
}
@inproceedings{winarske-etal-1992-tagging,
    title = "Tagging and Alignment of Parallel Texts: Current Status of {BCP}",
    author = "Winarske, A.  and
      Warwick-Armstrong, S.  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, J.",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974540",
    pages = "227--228",
}
@inproceedings{fasolo-etal-1992-robust,
    title = "Robust parsing of natural language descriptions expressed in telegraphic style",
    author = "Fasolo, Michela  and
      Garbuio, Lorenzo  and
      Guarino, Nicola",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974541",
    pages = "229--230",
}
@inproceedings{guglielmo-rowe-1992-overview,
    title = "Overview of Natural Language Processing of Captions for Retrieving Multimedia Data",
    author = "Guglielmo, Eugene J.  and
      Rowe, Neil C.",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974542",
    pages = "231--232",
}
@inproceedings{leavitt-1992-morphe,
    title = "{MORPHE}: A Practical Compiler for Reversible Morphology Rules",
    author = "Leavitt, John R. R.",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974543",
    pages = "233--234",
}
@inproceedings{carlson-nirenburg-1992-practical,
    title = "Practical World Modeling for {NLP} Applications",
    author = "Carlson, Lynn  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974544",
    pages = "235--236",
}
@inproceedings{meteer-1992-portable,
    title = "Portable Natural Language Generation using {SPOKESMAN}",
    author = "Meteer, Marie",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974545",
    pages = "237--238",
}
@inproceedings{kurohashi-etal-1992-method,
    title = "A Method of Automatic Hypertext Construction from an Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Specific Field",
    author = "Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Nagao, Makoto  and
      Sato, Satoshi  and
      Murakami, Masahiko",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974546",
    pages = "239--240",
}
@inproceedings{trost-etal-1992-datenbank,
    title = "Datenbank-{DIALOG} and the Relevance of Habitability",
    author = "Trost, Harald  and
      Heinz, Wolfgang  and
      Matiasek, Johannes  and
      Buchberger, Ernst",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974547",
    pages = "241--242",
}
@inproceedings{erbach-1992-tools,
    title = "Tools for Grammar Engineering",
    author = "Erbach, Gregor",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974548",
    pages = "243--244",
}
@inproceedings{mcglashan-etal-1992-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Management for Telephone Information Systems",
    author = "McGlashan, Scott  and
      Fraser, Norman  and
      Gilbert, Nigel  and
      Bilange, Eric  and
      Heisterkamp, Paul  and
      Youd, Nick",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974549",
    pages = "245--246",
}
@inproceedings{dumitrescu-1992-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon Design Using a Paradigmatic Approach",
    author = "Dumitrescu, Cristian",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974550",
    pages = "247--248",
}
@inproceedings{shifroni-ornan-1992-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring and Exploiting the User{'}s Knowledge in Guidance Interactions",
    author = "Shifroni, Eyal  and
      Ornan, Uzzi",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974551",
    pages = "249--250",
}
@inproceedings{wermter-1992-learning,
    title = "Learning a Scanning Understanding for {``}Real-world{''} Library Categorization",
    author = "Wermter, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974552",
    pages = "251--252",
}
@inproceedings{ageno-etal-1992-seisd,
    title = "{SEISD}: An environment for extraction of Semantic Information from on-line dictionaries",
    author = "Ageno, Alicia  and
      Castellon, Irene  and
      Marti, M. A.  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Ribas, Francesc  and
      Rodriguez, Horacio  and
      Taule, Mariona  and
      Verdejo, Felisa",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974553",
    pages = "253--254",
}
@inproceedings{nirenburg-etal-1992-multi,
    title = "Multi-Purpose Development and Operation Environments for Natural Language Applications",
    author = "Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Shell, Peter  and
      Cohen, Ariel  and
      Cousseau, Peter  and
      Grannes, Dean  and
      McNeilly, Chris",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974554",
    pages = "255--256",
}
@inproceedings{volk-1992-role,
    title = "The Role of Testing in Grammar Engineering",
    author = "Volk, Martin",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974555",
    pages = "257--258",
}
@inproceedings{carter-1992-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Processing in the {CLARE} System",
    author = "Carter, David M.",
    booktitle = "Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/974499.974556",
    pages = "259--260",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1989-rocling,
    title = "Proceedings of Rocling {II} Computational Linguistics Conference {II}",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    month = sep,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-1989-identification,
    title = "The Identification Of Thematic Roles In Parsing {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Chen, Keh-jiann  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chang, Li-ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {II} Computational Linguistics Conference {II}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O89-1001",
    pages = "123--145",
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@inproceedings{chen-etal-1989-unification,
    title = "A Unification-based Approach to Lexicography for Machine Translation System",
    author = "Chen, Shu-Chuan  and
      Wang, Mei-Hui  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {II} Computational Linguistics Conference {II}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O89-1002",
    pages = "149--161",
}
@inproceedings{chui-etal-1989-ntumt,
    title = "{NTUMT} Strategy for Prepositional Phrase Attachment",
    author = "Chui, Ka-Wai  and
      Lin, Yia-ping  and
      Huang, Shuan-Fan  and
      Lin, I-Peng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {II} Computational Linguistics Conference {II}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O89-1003",
    pages = "163--186",
}
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    title = "Systemic Generation of {C}hinese Sentences",
    author = "Kuo, Hwei-Ming  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {II} Computational Linguistics Conference {II}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O89-1004",
    pages = "189--212",
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    title = "Computer Interpretation of {C}hinese Declarative Sentences Based on Situation Semantics",
    author = "Lee, Chun-Hsiao  and
      Lee, Hsi-Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {II} Computational Linguistics Conference {II}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O89-1005",
    pages = "225--249",
}
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    title = "The Verb-Complement (V-R) Compounds in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Lin, Fu-Wen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {II} Computational Linguistics Conference {II}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O89-1006",
    pages = "253--276",
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    title = "A Quantitative Comparison Between an {LR} Parser and an {ATN} Interpreter",
    author = "Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {II} Computational Linguistics Conference {II}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O89-1007",
    pages = "279--288",
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    title = "Parsing {E}nglish Conjunctions And Comparatives Using The Wait-And-See Strategy",
    author = "Liu, Rey-Long  and
      Soo, Von-Wun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {II} Computational Linguistics Conference {II}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O89-1008",
    pages = "291--310",
}
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    title = "A Unification-based Approach to {M}andarin Questions",
    author = "Shiu, Yu-Ling  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {II} Computational Linguistics Conference {II}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O89-1009",
    pages = "313--332",
}
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    title = "Smoothing Statistic Databases in a Machine Translation System",
    author = "Su, Keh-Yih  and
      Su, Mei-Hui  and
      Kuan, Li-Mei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {II} Computational Linguistics Conference {II}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O89-1010",
    pages = "335--347",
}
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    title = "The Syntactic Projection Problem and the Comparative Syntax of Locative Inversion",
    author = "Bresnan, Joan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {II} Computational Linguistics Conference {II}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O89-1011",
    pages = "375--396",
}
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@article{nn-2012-publications,
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@article{cl-2012-linguistics-38,
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    number = "2",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-2003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00097",
    pages = "301--333",
}
@article{szarvas-etal-2012-cross,
    title = "Cross-Genre and Cross-Domain Detection of Semantic Uncertainty",
    author = {Szarvas, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Vincze, Veronika  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      M{\'o}ra, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Gurevych, Iryna},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "2",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-2004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00098",
    pages = "335--367",
}
@article{velldal-etal-2012-speculation,
    title = "Speculation and Negation: Rules, Rankers, and the Role of Syntax",
    author = "Velldal, Erik  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      Read, Jonathon  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "2",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-2005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00126",
    pages = "369--410",
}
@article{baker-etal-2012-modality,
    title = "Modality and Negation in {SIMT} Use of Modality and Negation in Semantically-Informed Syntactic {MT}",
    author = "Baker, Kathryn  and
      Bloodgood, Michael  and
      Dorr, Bonnie J.  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Filardo, Nathaniel W.  and
      Piatko, Christine  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Miller, Scott",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "2",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-2006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00099",
    pages = "411--438",
}
@article{simard-2012-book,
    title = {Book Review: Bitext Alignment by J{\"o}rg Tiedemann},
    author = "Simard, Michel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "2",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-2007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00100",
}
@article{king-2012-book,
    title = "Book Review: Unification Grammars by Nissim Francez and Shuly {W}intner",
    author = "King, Tracy Holloway",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "2",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-2008",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00101",
}
@article{mercer-2012-book,
    title = "Book Review: The Structure of Scientific Articles: Applications to Citation Indexing and Summarization by Simone Teufel",
    author = "Mercer, Robert E.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "2",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-2009",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00102",
}
@article{cooper-2012-book,
    title = "Book Review: Computational Semantics with Functional Programming by Jan van Eijck and Christina Unger",
    author = "Cooper, Robin",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "2",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-2010",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00103",
}
@article{orasan-2012-book,
    title = "Book Review: Interactive Multi-Modal Question-Answering by Antal van den Bosch and Gosse Bouma",
    author = "Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "2",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-2011",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00104",
}
@article{quirk-2012-book,
    title = "Book Review: Linguistic Structure Prediction by {N}oah A. Smith",
    author = "Quirk, Chris",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "2",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-2012",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00105",
}
@article{nn-2012-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted: Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "2",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-2013",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00106",
}
@article{cl-2012-linguistics-38-issue,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 38, Issue 3 - September 2012",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "3",
    year = "2012",
}
@article{hutchins-2012-obituary,
    title = "{O}bituary: Victor H. Yngve",
    author = "Hutchins, W. John",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "3",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-3001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00115",
    pages = "461--467",
}
@article{aist-etal-2012-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: Fruit Carts: A Domain and Corpus for Research in Dialogue Systems and Psycholinguistics",
    author = "Aist, Gregory  and
      Campana, Ellen  and
      Allen, James  and
      Swift, Mary  and
      Tanenhaus, Michael K.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "3",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-3002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00114",
    pages = "469--478",
}
@article{cohen-smith-2012-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Risk Minimization for Probabilistic Grammars: Sample Complexity and Hardness of Learning",
    author = "Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "3",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-3003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00092",
    pages = "479--526",
}
@article{demir-etal-2012-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Information Graphics Textually",
    author = "Demir, Seniz  and
      Carberry, Sandra  and
      McCoy, Kathleen F.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "3",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-3004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00091",
    pages = "527--574",
}
@article{boleda-etal-2012-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Regular Polysemy: A Study on the Semantic Classification of {C}atalan Adjectives",
    author = "Boleda, Gemma  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Badia, Toni",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "3",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-3005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00093",
    pages = "575--616",
}
@article{kuhlmann-satta-2012-tree,
    title = "Tree-Adjoining Grammars Are Not Closed Under Strong Lexicalization",
    author = "Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "3",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-3006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00090",
    pages = "617--629",
}
@article{tan-etal-2012-scalable,
    title = "A Scalable Distributed Syntactic, Semantic, and Lexical Language Model",
    author = "Tan, Ming  and
      Zhou, Wenli  and
      Zheng, Lei  and
      Wang, Shaojun",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "3",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-3007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00107",
    pages = "631--671",
}
@article{gildea-2012-string,
    title = "On the String Translations Produced by Multi Bottom{--}Up Tree Transducers",
    author = "Gildea, Daniel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "3",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-3008",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00108",
    pages = "673--693",
}
@article{xu-liu-2012-book,
    title = {Book Review: Quantitative Syntax Analysis by Reinhard K{\"o}hler},
    author = "Xu, Chunshan  and
      Liu, Haitao",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "3",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-3009",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00116",
}
@article{nn-2012-publications-received,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "3",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-3010",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00117",
}
@article{cl-2012-linguistics-38-issue-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 38, Issue 4 - {D}ecember 2012",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "4",
    year = "2012",
}
@article{fillmore-2012-acl,
    title = "{ACL} Lifetime Achievement Award: Encounters with Language",
    author = "Fillmore, Charles J.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "4",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-4001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00129",
    pages = "701--718",
}
@article{roark-etal-2012-finite,
    title = "Finite-State Chart Constraints for Reduced Complexity Context-Free Parsing Pipelines",
    author = "Roark, Brian  and
      Hollingshead, Kristy  and
      Bodenstab, Nathan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "4",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-4002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00109",
    pages = "719--753",
}
@article{gerber-chai-2012-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling of Implicit Arguments for Nominal Predicates",
    author = "Gerber, Matthew  and
      Chai, Joyce Y.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "4",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-4003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00110",
    pages = "755--798",
}
@article{lembersky-etal-2012-language,
    title = "Language Models for Machine Translation: Original vs. Translated Texts",
    author = "Lembersky, Gennadi  and
      Ordan, Noam  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "4",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-4004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00111",
    pages = "799--825",
}
@article{peris-etal-2012-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Methods for the Study of Denotation in Nominalizations in {S}panish",
    author = "Peris, Aina  and
      Taul{\'e}, Mariona  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Horacio",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "4",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-4005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00112",
    pages = "827--865",
}
@article{wedekind-kaplan-2012-lfg,
    title = "{LFG} Generation by Grammar Specialization",
    author = {Wedekind, J{\"u}rgen  and
      Kaplan, Ronald M.},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "4",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-4006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00113",
    pages = "867--915",
}
@article{webber-2012-book,
    title = "Book Review: Discourse Processing by Manfred Stede",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "4",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-4007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00118",
}
@article{emerson-2012-book,
    title = "Book Review: discourse.cpp by {O}.{S}. le Si",
    author = "Emerson, Lori",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "4",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-4008",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00119",
}
@article{nn-2012-reviewers,
    title = "Reviewers for Volume 38",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "38",
    number = "4",
    year = "2012",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J12-4009",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00120",
}
@article{cl-2006-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 32, Number 1, March 2006",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "1",
    year = "2006",
}
@article{miller-hristea-2006-squibs,
    title = "Squibs and Discussions: {W}ord{N}et Nouns: Classes and Instances",
    author = "Miller, George A.  and
      Hristea, Florentina",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "1",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2006.32.1.1",
    pages = "1--3",
}
@article{bestgen-2006-squibs,
    title = "Squibs and Discussions: Improving Text Segmentation Using Latent Semantic Analysis: A Reanalysis of {C}hoi, Wiemer-Hastings, and Moore (2001)",
    author = "Bestgen, Yves",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "1",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2006.32.1.5",
    pages = "5--12",
}
@article{budanitsky-hirst-2006-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating {W}ord{N}et-based Measures of Lexical Semantic Relatedness",
    author = "Budanitsky, Alexander  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "1",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2006.32.1.13",
    pages = "13--47",
}
@article{cohen-sygal-wintner-2006-finite,
    title = "Finite-State Registered Automata for Non-Concatenative Morphology",
    author = "Cohen-Sygal, Yael  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "1",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2006.32.1.49",
    pages = "49--82",
}
@article{girju-etal-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Discovery of Part-Whole Relations",
    author = "Girju, Roxana  and
      Badulescu, Adriana  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "1",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2006.32.1.83",
    pages = "83--135",
}
@article{harper-2006-introducing,
    title = "Introducing Speech and Language Processing, by John Coleman",
    author = "Harper, Mary",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "1",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-1006",
}
@article{nathan-2006-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Multilingualism and Electronic Language Management, edited by Walter Daelemans, Theo du Plessis, Cobus Snyman and Lut Teck",
    author = "Nathan, David",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "1",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-1007",
}
@article{mellish-2006-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Computational and Quantitative Studies by M. A. K. Halliday, edited by Jonathan J. Webster",
    author = "Mellish, Chris",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "1",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-1008",
}
@article{malouf-2006-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Corpus Linguistics: Readings in a Widening Discipline, edited by Geoffrey Sampson and Diana {M}c{C}arthy",
    author = "Malouf, Robert",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "1",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-1009",
}
@article{van-rijsbergen-2006-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Geometry and Meaning, by Dominic Widdows",
    author = "van Rijsbergen, C. J.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "1",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-1010",
}
@article{cl-2006-linguistics-32,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 32, Number 2, June 2006",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "2",
    year = "2006",
}
@article{schulte-im-walde-2006-experiments,
    title = "Experiments on the Automatic Induction of {G}erman Semantic Verb Classes",
    author = "Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "2",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-2001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2006.32.2.159",
    pages = "159--194",
}
@article{van-deemter-2006-generating,
    title = "Generating Referring Expressions that Involve Gradable Properties",
    author = "van Deemter, Kees",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "2",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-2002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2006.32.2.195",
    pages = "195--222",
}
@article{inkpen-hirst-2006-building,
    title = "Building and Using a Lexical Knowledge Base of Near-Synonym Differences",
    author = "Inkpen, Diana  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "2",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-2003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2006.32.2.223",
    pages = "223--262",
}
@article{hajdinjak-mihelic-2006-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: The {PARADISE} Evaluation Framework: Issues and Findings",
    author = "Hajdinjak, Melita  and
      Mihelic, France",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "2",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-2004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2006.32.2.263",
    pages = "263--272",
}
@article{navigli-2006-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: Consistent Validation of Manual and Automatic Sense Annotations with the Aid of Semantic Graphs",
    author = "Navigli, Roberto",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "2",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-2005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2006.32.2.273",
    pages = "273--281",
}
@article{pelletier-2006-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Representation and Inference for Natural Language: A First Course in Computational Semantics, by Patrick Blackburn and Johan Bos",
    author = "Pelletier, Francis Jeffry",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "2",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-2006",
}
@article{sardinha-2006-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Building Coherence and Cohesion: Task-oriented Dialogue in {E}nglish and {S}panish, by Maria Teresa Taboada",
    author = "Sardinha, Tony Berber",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "2",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-2007",
}
@article{nn-2006-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "2",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-2008",
}
@article{nn-2006-publications,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "2",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-2009",
}
@article{cl-2006-linguistics-32-number,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 32, Number 3, September 2006",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "3",
    year = "2006",
}
@article{ringlstetter-etal-2006-orthographic,
    title = "Orthographic Errors in Web Pages: Toward Cleaner Web Corpora",
    author = "Ringlstetter, Christoph  and
      Schulz, Klaus U.  and
      Mihov, Stoyan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "3",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-3001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2006.32.3.295",
    pages = "295--340",
}
@article{merlo-ferrer-2006-notion,
    title = "The Notion of Argument in Prepositional Phrase Attachment",
    author = "Merlo, Paola  and
      Ferrer, Eva Esteve",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "3",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-3002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2006.32.3.341",
    pages = "341--378",
}
@article{turney-2006-similarity,
    title = "Similarity of Semantic Relations",
    author = "Turney, Peter D.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "3",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-3003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2006.32.3.379",
    pages = "379--416",
}
@article{litman-etal-2006-characterizing,
    title = "Characterizing and Predicting Corrections in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Litman, Diane  and
      Swerts, Marc  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "3",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-3004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2006.32.3.417",
    pages = "417--438",
}
@article{riezler-2006-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: New Developments in Parsing Technology, edited by Harry Bunt, John {C}arroll and Giorgio {S}atta",
    author = "Riezler, Stefan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "3",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-3005",
}
@article{feldman-2006-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Computational Linguistics: Models, Resources, Applications, edited by Igor A. Bolshakov and Alexander Gelbukh",
    author = "Feldman, Anna",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "3",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-3006",
}
@article{blackburn-2006-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: The Language of Time: A Reader, edited by Inderjeet Mani, {J}ames {P}ustejovsky and Rob Gaizauskas",
    author = "Blackburn, Patrick",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "3",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-3007",
}
@article{kipper-2006-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Argument Realization, by Beth Levin and Malka Rappaport Hovav",
    author = "Kipper, Karin",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "3",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-3008",
}
@article{nn-2006-briefly-noted,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "3",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-3009",
}
@article{nn-2006-publications-received,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "3",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-3010",
}
@article{nn-2006-errata,
    title = "Errata",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "3",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-3011",
}
@article{cl-2006-linguistics-32-number-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 32, Number 4, {D}ecember 2006",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "4",
    year = "2006",
}
@article{hajicova-2006-acl,
    title = "{ACL} Lifetime Achievement Award: Old Linguists Never Die, They Only Get Obligatorily Deleted",
    author = "Hajicova, Eva",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "4",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-4001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2006.32.4.457",
    pages = "457--469",
}
@article{lapata-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation of Information Ordering: Kendall{'}s Tau",
    author = "Lapata, Mirella",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "4",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-4002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2006.32.4.471",
    pages = "471--484",
}
@article{kiss-strunk-2006-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Multilingual Sentence Boundary Detection",
    author = "Kiss, Tibor  and
      Strunk, Jan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "4",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-4003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2006.32.4.485",
    pages = "485--525",
}
@article{marino-etal-2006-n,
    title = "N-gram-based Machine Translation",
    author = "Mari{\~n}o, Jos{\'e}  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Crego, Josep M.  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Lambert, Patrik  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "4",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-4004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2006.32.4.527",
    pages = "527--549",
}
@article{sowa-2006-book,
    title = "Book Review: Language, Cohesion and Form, by Margaret Masterman",
    author = "Sowa, John F.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "4",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-4005",
}
@article{jordan-2006-book,
    title = "Book Review: One-on-One Tutoring by Humans and Computers, by Martha Evens and Joel {M}ichael",
    author = "Jordan, Pamela",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "4",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-4006",
}
@article{kubler-2006-book,
    title = "Book Review: Memory-Based Language Processing, by Walter Daelemans and Antal van den Bosch",
    author = {K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "4",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-4007",
}
@article{stokes-2006-book,
    title = "Book Review: {TREC}: Experiment and Evaluation in Information Retrieval, edited by Ellen M. {V}oorhees and Donna K. Harman",
    author = "Stokes, Nicola",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "4",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-4008",
}
@article{brewster-2006-book,
    title = "Book Review: Ontology Learning from Text: Methods, Evaluation and Applications, edited by {P}aul Buitelaar, Philipp Cimiano and Bernado Magnini",
    author = "Brewster, Christopher",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "4",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-4009",
}
@article{nn-2006-briefly-noted-2,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "4",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-4010",
}
@article{nn-2006-publications-received-2,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "4",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-4011",
}
@article{zaenen-2006-last,
    title = "Last Words: Mark-up Barking Up the Wrong Tree",
    author = "Zaenen, Annie",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "4",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-4012",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2006.32.4.577",
    pages = "577--580",
}
@article{nn-2006-reviewers,
    title = "Reviewers for Volume 32",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "4",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-4013",
}
@article{nn-2006-errata-2,
    title = "Errata",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "32",
    number = "4",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J06-4014",
}
@proceedings{coling-1990-coling,
    title = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1000",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1990-preface,
    title = "PREFACE",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1001",
}
@inproceedings{faisal-kwasny-1990-design,
    title = "Design of a Hybrid Deterministic Parser",
    author = "Faisal, Kanaan A.  and
      Kwasny, Stan C.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1002",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-kay-1990-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Abstraction and Anaphora",
    author = "Johnson, Mark  and
      Kay, Martin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1003",
}
@inproceedings{rolbert-1990-des,
    title = "DES HEURISTIQUES POUR LA RECHERCHE DU THEME D{'}UN DISCOURS ET DE L{'}ANTECEDENT D{'}UN PRONOM",
    author = "Rolbert, Monique",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1004",
}
@inproceedings{zernik-jacobs-1990-tagging,
    title = "Tagging for Learning: Collecting Thematic Relations from Corpus",
    author = "Zernik, Uri  and
      Jacobs, Paul",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1005",
}
@inproceedings{bronisz-etal-1990-advice,
    title = "Advice-Giving Dialogue{''} An Integrated System",
    author = "Bronisz, Didier  and
      Grossi, Thomas  and
      Jean-Marie, Francois",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1006",
}
@inproceedings{fabricz-etal-1990-thales,
    title = "{THALES}: a Software Package for Plane Geometry Constructions with a Natural Language Interface",
    author = "FABRICZ, K.  and
      ALEXIN, Z.  and
      GYIMOTHY, T.  and
      HORVATH, T.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1007",
}
@inproceedings{fawcett-tucker-1990-demonstration,
    title = "DEMONSTRATION OF GENESYS: A VERY LARGE, SEMANTICALLY BASED SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GENERATOR",
    author = "Fawcett, Robin P.  and
      Tucker, Gordon H.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1008",
}
@inproceedings{jelinek-etal-1990-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese-to-{E}nglish Project {PROTRAN} {\&} {TWINTRAN}",
    author = "Jelinek, J.  and
      Wilcock, G.  and
      Nishida, O.  and
      Yoshimi, T.  and
      Bos, M. J. W.  and
      Tamura, N.  and
      Murakami, H.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1009",
}
@inproceedings{schnelle-wilkens-1990-translation,
    title = "The translation of constitutent structure grammars into connectionist networks",
    author = "SCHNELLE, Helmut  and
      WILKENS, Rolf",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1010",
}
@inproceedings{skuce-meyer-1990-concept,
    title = "CONCEPT ANALYSIS AND TERMINOLOGY: A KNOWLEDGE-BASED APPROACH TO DOCUMENTATION",
    author = "Skuce, Douglas  and
      Meyer, Ingrid",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1011",
}
@inproceedings{tomita-1990-generalized,
    title = "The Generalized {LR} Parser/Compiler V8-4: A Software Package for Practical {NL} Projects",
    author = "Tomita, Masaru",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1012",
}
@inproceedings{ueda-kogure-1990-generation,
    title = "Generation for Dialogue Translation Using Typed Feature Structure Unification",
    author = "UEDA, Yoshihiro  and
      KOGURE, Kiyoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1013",
}
@inproceedings{vega-1990-semantic,
    title = "SEMANTIC MATCHING BETWEEN JOB OFFERS AND JOB SEARCH REQUESTS",
    author = "VEGA, Jose",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1014",
}
@inproceedings{vergne-1990-parser,
    title = "A parser without a dictionary as a tool for research into {F}rench syntax",
    author = "VERGNE, Jacques",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1015",
}
@inproceedings{wada-1990-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Processing in {MT}: Problems in Pronominal Translation",
    author = "Wada, Hajime",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1016",
}
@inproceedings{wehrli-1990-sts,
    title = "{STS}: An Experimental Sentence Translation System",
    author = "Wehrli, Eric",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1017",
}
@inproceedings{winkelmann-1990-semiautomatic,
    title = "Semiautomatic Interactive Muitilingual Style Analysis ({SIMSA})",
    author = "Winkelmann, Gunter",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1018",
}
@inproceedings{zweigenbaum-cavazza-1990-deep,
    title = "Deep Sentence Understanding in a Restricted Domain",
    author = "Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Cavazza, Marc",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1019",
}
@inproceedings{de-stadler-coetzer-1990-morphological,
    title = "A MORPHOLOGICAL PARSER FOR AFRIKAANS",
    author = "de Stadler, L. G.  and
      Coetzer, M. W.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1020",
}
@inproceedings{bourbeau-etal-1990-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Generation of Weather Forecasts in an Operations Environment",
    author = "Bourbeau, L.  and
      Carcagno, D.  and
      Goldberg, E.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1021",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1990-electronic,
    title = "ELECTRONIC COLLOQUIA",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1022",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1990-unfinished,
    title = "UNFINISHED LANGUAGE",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1023",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1990-homunculus,
    title = "HOMUNCULUS LOQUENS",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1024",
}
@inproceedings{karlgren-1990-coling,
    title = "COLING 90: COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS IN 1990",
    author = "Karlgren, Hans",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1025",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1990-coling,
    title = "COLING 90: CONTENTS IN VOLUMES 1-3",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1026",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1990-coling-90,
    title = "COLING 90: Subject Index",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1990 Volume 1: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-1027",
}
@proceedings{coling-1990-colng,
    title = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2000",
}
@inproceedings{ahrenberg-1990-grammar,
    title = "A Grammar Combining Phrase Structure and Field Structure",
    author = "Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2001",
}
@inproceedings{anick-pustejovsky-1990-application,
    title = "An Application of Lexical Semantics to Knowledge Acquisition from Corpora",
    author = "Anick, Peter  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2002",
}
@inproceedings{bateman-1990-finding,
    title = "FINDING TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS: AN APPLICATION OF GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR",
    author = "Bateman, John A.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2003",
}
@inproceedings{blache-morin-1990-bottom,
    title = "Bottom-Up Filtering: a Parsing Strategy for {GPSG}",
    author = "BLACHE, Philippe  and
      MORIN, Jean-Yves",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2004",
}
@inproceedings{block-horacek-1990-generating,
    title = "GENERATING REFERRING EXPRESSIONS USING MULTIPLE KNOWLEDGE SOURCES",
    author = "Block, Russell  and
      Horacek, Helmut",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2005",
}
@inproceedings{boitet-1990-towards,
    title = "Towards Personal {MT}: general design, dialogue structure, potential role of speech",
    author = "BOITET, Christian",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2006",
}
@inproceedings{boguraev-pustejovsky-1990-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Ambiguity and The Role of Knowledge Representation in Lexicon Design",
    author = "Boguraev, Branimir  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2007",
}
@inproceedings{briscoe-etal-1990-enjoy,
    title = "Enjoy the Paper: Lexicology",
    author = "Briscoe, Ted  and
      Copestake, Ann  and
      Boguraev, Bran",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2008",
}
@inproceedings{chen-1990-logic,
    title = "A Logic-Based Government-Binding Parser for {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "CHEN, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2009",
}
@inproceedings{chen-huang-1990-information,
    title = "Information-based Case Grammar",
    author = "CHEN, Keh-jiann  and
      HUANG, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2010",
}
@inproceedings{chien-etal-1990-augmented,
    title = "An Augmented Chart Data Structure with Efficient Word Lattice Parsing Scheme In Speech Recognition Applications",
    author = "Chien, Lee-Feng  and
      Chen, K. J.  and
      Lee, Lin-Shan",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2011",
}
@inproceedings{crookston-1990-e,
    title = "The E-Framework: Emerging Problems",
    author = "Crookston, Ian",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2012",
}
@inproceedings{dalrymple-etal-1990-modeling,
    title = "Modeling syntactic constraints on anaphoric binding",
    author = "Dalrymple, Mary  and
      Maxwell, John  and
      Zaenen, Annie",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2013",
}
@inproceedings{domenig-1990-lexeme,
    title = "Lexeme-based Morphology: A Computationaily Expensive Approach Intended for a Server-Architecture",
    author = "Domenig, Marc",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2014",
}
@inproceedings{delin-1990-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Level Account of Cleft Constructions in Discourse",
    author = "Delin, J. L.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2015",
}
@inproceedings{dorffner-etal-1990-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Stress and Intonation into a Concept-to-Speech System",
    author = "DORFFNER, Georg  and
      BUCHBERGER, Ernst  and
      KOMMENDA, Markus",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2016",
}
@inproceedings{dorrepaal-1990-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Anaphora",
    author = "Dorrepaal, Joke",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2017",
}
@inproceedings{dorre-eisele-1990-feature,
    title = "Feature Logic with Disjunctive Unification",
    author = "Dorre, Jochen  and
      Eisele, Andreas",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2018",
}
@inproceedings{estival-1990-generating,
    title = "Generating {F}rench with a Reversible Unification Grammar",
    author = "Estival, Dominique",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2019",
}
@inproceedings{fargues-1990-synthesizing,
    title = "Synthesizing a large concept hierarchy from {F}rench hyperonyms",
    author = "Fargues, Jean",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2020",
}
@inproceedings{feng-1990-complex,
    title = "Complex Features in Description of {C}hinese Language",
    author = "Feng, Zhiwei",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2021",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-plainfosse-1990-generating,
    title = "Generating from a Deep Structure",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Plainfosse, Agnes",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2022",
}
@inproceedings{gawronska-werngren-1990-translation,
    title = "{``}TRANSLATION GREAT PROBLEM{''} - ON THE PROBLEM OF INSERTING ARTICLES WHEN TRANSLATING FROM RUSSIAN INTO SWEDISH",
    author = "Gawronska-Werngren, Barbara",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2023",
}
@inproceedings{genthial-etal-1990-contribution,
    title = "Contribution of a Category Hierarchy to the Robustness of Syntactic Parsing",
    author = "GENTHIAL, Damien  and
      COURTIN, Jacques  and
      KOWARSKI, Irene",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2024",
}
@inproceedings{gerdemann-hinrichs-1990-functor,
    title = "Functor-Driven Natural Language Generation with Categorial-Unification Grammars",
    author = "Gerdemann, Dale  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard W.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2025",
}
@inproceedings{devos-gilloux-1990-gpsg,
    title = "{GPSG} Parsing, Bidirectional Charts, and Connection Graphs",
    author = "DEVOS, Laurent  and
      GILLOUX, Michel",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2026",
}
@inproceedings{goeser-1990-linguistic,
    title = "A Linguistic Theory of Robustness",
    author = "Goeser, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2027",
}
@inproceedings{ten-hacken-1990-reading,
    title = "Reading Distinction in {MT}",
    author = "ten Hacken, Pius",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2028",
}
@inproceedings{harbusch-1990-constraining,
    title = "Constraining Tree Adjoining Grammars by Unification",
    author = "Harbusch, Karin",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2029",
}
@inproceedings{hepple-1990-normal,
    title = "Normal Form Theorem Proving for the Lambek Calculus",
    author = "Hepple, Mark",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2030",
}
@inproceedings{hubmann-genzmann-1990-trying,
    title = "On Trying to Do Things with Words Another plan-based approach to speech act interpretation",
    author = "HuBmann, Michael J.  and
      Genzmann, Heinz",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2031",
}
@inproceedings{inagaki-etal-1990-sentence,
    title = "Sentence disambiguation by document oriented preference sets",
    author = "INAGAKI, Hirohito  and
      MIYAHARA, Sueharu  and
      NAKAGAWA, Tohru  and
      OBASHI, Fumihiko",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2032",
}
@inproceedings{ishizaki-1990-bottom,
    title = "A Bottom-up Generation for Principle-based Grammars Using Constraint Propagation",
    author = "Ishizaki, Masato",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2033",
}
@inproceedings{jacobs-1990-parse,
    title = "To Parse or Not to Parse: Relation-Driven Text Skimming",
    author = "Jacobs, Paul S.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2034",
}
@inproceedings{jurafsky-1990-representing,
    title = "Representing and Integrating Linguistic Knowledge",
    author = "Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2035",
}
@inproceedings{kemighan-etal-1990-spelling,
    title = "A Spelling Correction Program Based on a Noisy Channel Model",
    author = "Kemighan, Mark D.  and
      Church, Kenneth W.  and
      Gale, William A.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2036",
}
@inproceedings{king-falkedal-1990-using,
    title = "Using Test Suites in Evaluation of Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "King, Margaret  and
      Falkedal, Kirsten",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2037",
}
@inproceedings{kitano-1990-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Sentence Production with a Parallel Marker-Passing Algorithm",
    author = "Kitano, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2038",
}
@inproceedings{kogure-1990-strategic,
    title = "Strategic Lazy Incremental Copy Graph Unification",
    author = "KOGURE, Kiyoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2039",
}
@inproceedings{koskenniemi-1990-finite,
    title = "FINITE-STATE PARSING AND DISAMBIGUATION",
    author = "Koskenniemi, Kimmo",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2040",
}
@inproceedings{konig-1990-complexity,
    title = "THE COMPLEXITY OF PARSING WITH EXTENDED CATEGORIAL GRAMMARS",
    author = "Konig, Esther",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2041",
}
@inproceedings{landau-1990-solving,
    title = "SOLVING AMBIGUITIES IN THE SEMANTIC REPRESENTATION OF TEXTS",
    author = "Landau, Marie-Claude",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2042",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-linden-kraaij-1990-ambiguity,
    title = "Ambiguity resolution and the retrieval of idioms: two approaches",
    author = "van der Linden, Erik-Jan  and
      Kraaij, Wessel",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2043",
}
@inproceedings{litman-hirschberg-1990-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating Cue Phrases in Text and Speech",
    author = "Litman, Diane  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2044",
}
@inproceedings{maruyama-1990-interactive,
    title = "An Interactive {J}apanese Parser for Machine Translation",
    author = "Maruyama, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2045",
}
@inproceedings{meya-1990-tenets,
    title = "Tenets for an Interlingual Representation Definite {NP}s",
    author = "Meya, Montserrat",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2046",
}
@inproceedings{di-eugenio-1990-centering,
    title = "Centering theory and the {I}talian pronominal system",
    author = "Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2047",
}
@inproceedings{mooney-etal-1990-generation,
    title = "THE GENERATION OF HIGH-LEVEL STRUCTURE FOR EXTENDED EXPLANATIONS",
    author = "Mooney, David J.  and
      Carberry, Sandra  and
      McCoy, Kathleen F.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2048",
}
@inproceedings{nagao-1990-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Analyzer: A Knowledge-Based Approach to Structural Disambiguation",
    author = "Nagao, Katashi",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2049",
}
@inproceedings{neumann-finkler-1990-head,
    title = "A Head-Driven Approach to Incremental and Parallel Generation of Syntactic Structures",
    author = "Neumann, Gunter  and
      Finkler, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2050",
}
@inproceedings{newman-1990-towards,
    title = "Towards Convenient Bi-Directional Grammar Formalisms",
    author = "Newman, P.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2051",
}
@inproceedings{van-noord-1990-reversible,
    title = "Reversible Unification Based Machine Translation",
    author = "van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2052",
}
@inproceedings{numazaki-tanaka-1990-new,
    title = "A New Parallel Algorithm for Generalized {LR} Parsing",
    author = "NUMAZAKI, Hiroaki  and
      TANAKA, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2053",
}
@inproceedings{ozeki-1990-polynomial,
    title = "A POLYNOMIAL - ORDER ALGORITHM FOR OPTIMAL PHRASE SEQUENCE SELECTION FROM A PHRASE LATTICE AND ITS PARALLEL LAYERED IMPLEMENTATION",
    author = "OZEKI, Kazuhiko",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2054",
}
@inproceedings{sabbagh-1990-sesame,
    title = "SESAME A PORTABLE DATA BASE INTERFACE GENERATOR",
    author = "Sabbagh, Simon",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2055",
}
@inproceedings{matthiessen-1990-two,
    title = "Two approaches to semantic interfaces in text generation",
    author = "Matthiessen, Christian",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2056",
}
@inproceedings{santos-1990-lexical,
    title = "Lexical gaps and idioms in machine translation",
    author = "Santos, Diana",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2057",
}
@inproceedings{sigurd-1990-implementing,
    title = "IMPLEMENTING THE GENERALIZED WORD ORDER GRAMMARS OF CHOMSKY AND DIDERICHSEN",
    author = "Sigurd, Bengt",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2058",
}
@inproceedings{stolcke-1990-gapping,
    title = "Gapping and Frame Semantics: A fresh look from a cognitive perspective",
    author = "Stolcke, Andreas",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2059",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowskl-1990-invert,
    title = "HOW TO INVERT A NATURAL LANGUAGE PARSER INTO AN EFFICIENT GENERATOR: AN ALGORITHM FOR LOGIC GRAMMARS",
    author = "Strzalkowskl, Tomek",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2060",
}
@inproceedings{tojo-1990-type,
    title = "A Type-theoretical Analysis of Complex Verb Generation",
    author = "Tojo, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2061",
}
@inproceedings{tong-1990-explanation,
    title = "An Explanation Facility for a Grammar Writing System",
    author = "TONG, Loong Cheong",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2062",
}
@inproceedings{thurmair-1990-parsing,
    title = "Parsing for Grammar and Style Checking",
    author = "Thurmair, Gregor",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2063",
}
@inproceedings{trost-1990-application,
    title = "The application of two-level morphology to non-concatenative {G}erman morphology",
    author = "Trost, Harald",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2064",
}
@inproceedings{vanderhoeft-1990-implementation,
    title = "AN IMPLEMENTATION OF FORMAL SEMANTICS IN THE FORMALISM OF RELATIONAL DATABASES",
    author = "VANDERHOEFT, Claire",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2065",
}
@inproceedings{velardi-1990-human,
    title = "WHY HUMAN TRANSLATORS STILL SLEEP IN PEACE? (FOUR ENGINEERING AND LINGUISTIC GAPS IN NLP)",
    author = "Velardi, Paola",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2066",
}
@inproceedings{veronis-ide-1990-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation with Very Large Neural Networks Extracted from Machine Readable Dictionaries",
    author = "VERONIS, Jean  and
      IDE, Nancy M.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2067",
}
@inproceedings{webber-di-eugenio-1990-free,
    title = "FREE ADJUNCTS IN NATURAL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie Lynn  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2068",
}
@inproceedings{wiebe-1990-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Subjective Characters in Narrative",
    author = "Wiebe, Janyce M.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2069",
}
@inproceedings{wilensky-1990-extending,
    title = "Extending the Lexicon by Exploiting Subregularities",
    author = "Wilensky, Robert",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2070",
}
@inproceedings{wu-1990-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Unification-Based Integration Of Syntactic and Semantic Preferences For Nominal Compounds",
    author = "Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2071",
}
@inproceedings{yampol-karttunen-1990-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Implementation of {PATR} for Categorial Unification Grammar",
    author = "Yampol, Todd  and
      Karttunen, Lauri",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2072",
}
@inproceedings{yusoff-1990-generation,
    title = "GENERATION OF SYNTHES IS PROGRAMS IN ROBRA (ARIANE) FROM STRING-TREE CORRESPONDENCE GRAMMARS (or a Strategy for Synthesis in Machine Translation)",
    author = "Yusoff, Zaharin",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2073",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-kim-1990-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Analysis and Synthesis by Automated Discovery and Acquisition of Linguistic Rules",
    author = "ZHANG, Byoung-Tak  and
      KIM, Yung-Taek",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 2: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-2074",
}
@proceedings{coling-1990-colng-1990,
    title = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3000",
}
@inproceedings{abeille-etal-1990-using,
    title = "Using Lexicalized Tags for Machine Translation",
    author = "Abeille, Anne  and
      Schabes, Yves  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3001",
}
@inproceedings{balari-damas-1990-clg,
    title = "{CLG}(n): Constraint Logic Grammars",
    author = "BALARI, Sergio  and
      DAMAS, Luis",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3002",
}
@inproceedings{bear-1990-backwards,
    title = "Backwards Phonology",
    author = "Bear, John",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3003",
}
@inproceedings{carson-berndsen-1990-phonological,
    title = "Phonological Processing of Speech Variants",
    author = "CARSON-BERNDSEN, Julle",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3004",
}
@inproceedings{bharati-sangal-1990-karaka,
    title = "A Karaka Based Approach to Parsing of {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Bharati, Akshar  and
      Sangal, Rajeev",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3005",
}
@inproceedings{boitet-1990-towards-personal,
    title = "Towards Personal {MT}: general design, dialogue structure, potential role of speech",
    author = "BOITET, Christian",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3006",
}
@inproceedings{brew-1990-partial,
    title = "Partial Descriptions and Systemic Grammar",
    author = "Brew, Chris",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3007",
}
@inproceedings{brown-1990-human,
    title = "Human-Computer Interaction for Semantic Disambiguation",
    author = "Brown, Ralf D.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3008",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-1990-syllable,
    title = "Syllable-based Morphology",
    author = "Cahill, Lynne J.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3009",
}
@inproceedings{calzolari-bindi-1990-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of Lexical Information from a Large Textual {I}talian Corpus",
    author = "CALZOLARI, Nicoletta  and
      BINDI, Remo",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3010",
}
@inproceedings{carlson-vilkuna-1990-independent,
    title = "INDEPENDENT TRANSFER USING GRAPH UNIFICATION",
    author = "Carlson, Lauri  and
      Vilkuna, Maria",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3011",
}
@inproceedings{schutze-reich-1990-language,
    title = "Language Without A Central Pushdown Stack",
    author = "Schutze, Carson T.  and
      Reich, Peter A.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3012",
}
@inproceedings{carter-1990-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Disjunctive Unification for Bottom-Up Parsing",
    author = "Carter, David",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3013",
}
@inproceedings{chung-1990-phonological,
    title = "A Phonological Knowledge Base System Using Unification-based Formalism - A Case Study of {K}orean Phonology",
    author = "Chung, Hee-Sung",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3014",
}
@inproceedings{coleman-1990-unification,
    title = "Unification Phonology: Another look at {``}synthesis-by-rule{''}",
    author = "Coleman, John",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3015",
}
@inproceedings{van-deemter-1990-structured,
    title = "Structured Meanings in Computational Linguistics",
    author = "van Deemter, Kees",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3016",
}
@inproceedings{dymetman-etal-1990-symmetrical,
    title = "A Symmetrical Approach to Parsing and Generation",
    author = "Dymetman, Marc  and
      Isabelle, Pierre  and
      Perrault, Francois",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3017",
}
@inproceedings{elhadad-mckeown-1990-generating,
    title = "GENERATING CONNECTIVES",
    author = "Elhadad, Michael  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3018",
}
@inproceedings{emele-etal-1990-organizing,
    title = "Organizing linguistic knowledge for multilingual generation",
    author = "Emele, Martin  and
      Held, Ulrich  and
      Momma, Stefan  and
      Zajac, Remi",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3019",
}
@inproceedings{epstein-1990-linear,
    title = "Linear Encodings of Linguistic Analyses",
    author = "Epstein, Samuel S.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3020",
}
@inproceedings{gibson-1990-computational,
    title = "A Computational Theory of Processing Overload and Garden-Path Effects",
    author = "Gibson, Edward",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3021",
}
@inproceedings{giorgi-etal-1990-computational,
    title = "A Computational Approach to Binding Theory",
    author = "Giorgi, Alessandra  and
      Pianesi, Fabio  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3022",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-ksiezyk-1990-causal,
    title = "Causal and Temporal Text Analysis: The Role of the Domain Model",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Ksiezyk, Tomasz",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3023",
}
@inproceedings{guez-1990-computational,
    title = "A Computational Model for Arguments Understanding",
    author = "Guez, Stephane",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3024",
}
@inproceedings{guthrie-etal-1990-content,
    title = "Is there content in empty heads?",
    author = "Guthrie, Louise  and
      Slator, Brian M.  and
      Wilks, Yorick  and
      Bruce, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3025",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-etal-1990-hierarchy,
    title = "Hierarchy of Salience and Discourse Analysis and Production",
    author = "Hajicova, Eva  and
      Kubon, Petr  and
      Kubon, Vladlslav",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3026",
}
@inproceedings{hasida-1990-constraint,
    title = "A Constraint-Based Approach to Linguistic Performance",
    author = "HASIDA, Koiti",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3027",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-kameyama-1990-translation,
    title = "Translation by Abduction",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Kameyama, Megumi",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3028",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-bear-1990-two,
    title = "Two Principles of Parse Preference",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Bear, John",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3029",
}
@inproceedings{karlsson-1990-constraint,
    title = "CONSTRAINT GRAMMAR AS A FRAMEWORK FOR PARSING RUNNING TEXT",
    author = "Karlsson, Fred",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3030",
}
@inproceedings{klavans-tzoukermann-1990-bicord,
    title = "The {BICORD} System Combining Lexical Information from Bilingual Corpora and Machine Readable Dictionaries",
    author = "Klavans, Judith  and
      Tzoukermann, Evelyne",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3031",
}
@inproceedings{langer-1990-syntactic,
    title = "SYNTACTIC NORMALIZATION OF SPONTANEOUS SPEECH",
    author = "Langer, Hagen",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3032",
}
@inproceedings{lavelli-stock-1990-something,
    title = "When Something Is Missing: Ellipsis, Coordination and the Chart",
    author = "Lavelli, Alberto  and
      Stock, Oliviero",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3033",
}
@inproceedings{lewin-1990-quantifier,
    title = "A Quantifier Scoping Algorithm without A Free Variable Constraint",
    author = "Lewin, Ian",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3034",
}
@inproceedings{manaster-ramer-zadrozny-1990-expressive,
    title = "Expressive Power of Grammatical Formalisms",
    author = "Manaster-Ramer, Alexis  and
      Zadrozny, Wlodek",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3035",
}
@inproceedings{miikkulainen-1990-pdp,
    title = "A PDP ARCHITECTURE FOR PROCESSING SENTENCES WITH RELATIVE CLAUSES",
    author = "Miikkulainen, Risto",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3036",
}
@inproceedings{milward-1990-coordination,
    title = "Coordination in an Axiomatic Grammar",
    author = "Milward, David",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3037",
}
@inproceedings{nakamura-etal-1990-neural,
    title = "NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH TO WORD CATEGORY PREDICTION FOR ENGLISH TEXTS",
    author = "NAKAMURA, Masami  and
      MARUYAMA, Katsuteru  and
      KAWABATA, Takeshi  and
      SHIKANO, Kiyohiro",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3038",
}
@inproceedings{defrise-nirenburg-1990-meaning,
    title = "Meaning Representation and Text Planning",
    author = "DEFRISE, Christine  and
      NIRENBURG, Sergei",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3039",
}
@inproceedings{norvig-wilensky-1990-critical,
    title = "A Critical Evaluation of Commensurable Abduction Models for Semantic Interpretation",
    author = "Norvig, Peter  and
      Wilensky, Robert",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3040",
}
@inproceedings{paducheva-rakhilina-1990-predicting,
    title = "PREDICTING CO-OCCURRENCE RESTRICTIONS BY USING SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATIONS IN THE LEXICON",
    author = "PADUCHEVA, Elena V.  and
      RAKHILINA, Ekaterina V.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3041",
}
@inproceedings{saito-1990-bi,
    title = "Bi-directional {LR} Parsing from an Anchor Word for Speech Recognition",
    author = "Saito, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3042",
}
@inproceedings{salkoff-1990-automatic,
    title = "Automatic translation of support verb constructions",
    author = "SALKOFF, Morris",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3043",
}
@inproceedings{sato-nagao-1990-toward,
    title = "Toward Memory-based Translation",
    author = "SATO, Satoshi  and
      NAGAO, Makoto",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3044",
}
@inproceedings{shieber-schabes-1990-synchronous,
    title = "Synchronous Tree-Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Shieber, Stuart M.  and
      Schabes, Yves",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3045",
}
@inproceedings{shimazu-1990-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Sentence Analysis as Argumentation",
    author = "Shimazu, Akira",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3046",
}
@inproceedings{slack-1990-unbounded,
    title = "Unbounded Dependency: Tying strings to rings",
    author = "SLACK, Jon M.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3047",
}
@inproceedings{somers-etal-1990-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation without a source text",
    author = "SOMERS, Harold L.  and
      TSUJII, Jun-ichi  and
      JONES, Danny",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3048",
}
@inproceedings{tzoukermann-liberman-1990-finite,
    title = "A FINITE-STATE MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSOR FOR SPANISH",
    author = "Tzoukermann, Evelyne  and
      Liberman, Mark Y.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3049",
}
@inproceedings{wiese-1990-towards,
    title = "Towards a Unification-Based Phonology",
    author = "Wiese, Richard",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3050",
}
@inproceedings{wiren-1990-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Parsing and Reason Maintenance",
    author = "Wiren, Mats",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3051",
}
@inproceedings{emele-zajac-1990-typed,
    title = "Typed Unification Grammars",
    author = "Emele, Martin C.  and
      Zajac, Remi",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3052",
}
@inproceedings{zelinsky-wibbelt-1990-semantic,
    title = "The semantic representation of spatial configurations: a conceptual motivation for generation in Machine Translation",
    author = "Zelinsky-Wibbelt, Cornelia",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3053",
}
@inproceedings{adriaens-lemmons-1990-self,
    title = "THE SELF-EXTENDING LEXICON: OFF-LINE AND ON-LINE DEFAULTING OF LEXICAL INFORMATION IN THE METAL MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM",
    author = "Adriaens, Geert  and
      Lemmons, Maarten",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3054",
}
@inproceedings{aizawa-etal-1990-machine,
    title = "A Machine Translation System for Foreign News in Satellite Broadcasting",
    author = "Aizawa, Teruaki  and
      Ehara, Terumasa  and
      Uratani, Noriyoshi  and
      Tanaka, Hideki  and
      Kato, Naoto  and
      Nakase, Sumio  and
      Aruga, Norikazu  and
      Matsuda, Takeo",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3055",
}
@inproceedings{avgustinova-oliva-1990-syntactic,
    title = "SYNTACTIC DESCRIPTION OF FREE WORD ORDER LANGUAGES",
    author = "Avgustinova, Tania  and
      Oliva, Karel",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3056",
}
@inproceedings{bemova-kubon-1990-czech,
    title = "{C}zech-to-{R}ussian Transducing Dictionary",
    author = "Bemova, Alla  and
      Kubon, Vladislav",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3057",
}
@inproceedings{bolshakov-1990-large,
    title = "A LARGE RUSSIAN MORPHOLOGICAL VOCABULARY FOR IBM COMPATIBLES AND METHODS OF ITS COMPRESSION",
    author = "BOLSHAKOV, Igor A.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3058",
}
@inproceedings{bourbeau-etal-1990-bilingual-generation,
    title = "Bilingual Generation of Weather Forecasts in an Operations Environment",
    author = "Bourbeau, L.  and
      Carcagno, D.  and
      Goldberg, E.  and
      Kittredge, R.  and
      Polguere, A.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3059",
}
@inproceedings{buschbeck-etal-1990-virtex,
    title = "{VIRTEX} - a {G}erman-Russian Translation Experiment",
    author = "Buschbeck, B.  and
      Henschel, R.  and
      Hoser, I.  and
      Klimonow, G.  and
      Kustner, A.  and
      Starke, I.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3060",
}
@inproceedings{carletta-1990-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Variations in Goal-Directed Dialogue",
    author = "Carletta, Jean",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3061",
}
@inproceedings{cawsey-raudaskoski-1990-repair,
    title = "Repair Work in Human-Computer Dialogue",
    author = "Cawsey, Alison  and
      Raudaskoski, Pirkko",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3062",
}
@inproceedings{dagan-itai-1990-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Processing of Large Corpora for the Resolution of Anaphora References",
    author = "Dagan, Ido  and
      Itai, Alon",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3063",
}
@inproceedings{delannoy-1990-message,
    title = "A message processing system with object-centered semantics",
    author = "DELANNOY, Jean-Francois",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3064",
}
@inproceedings{donaghy-1990-recognizing,
    title = "RECOGNIZING ADVICE, WARNINGS, PROMISES AND THREATS",
    author = "Donaghy, Kevin",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3065",
}
@inproceedings{dong-1990-transtar,
    title = "TRANSTAR - A COMMERCIAL ENGLISH-CHINESE MT SYSTEM",
    author = "Dong, Dong Zhen",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3066",
}
@inproceedings{elnaggar-1990-phrase,
    title = "A PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR OF THE ARABIC LANGUAGE",
    author = "ELNAGGAR, AYMAN",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3067",
}
@inproceedings{el-shishiny-1990-formal,
    title = "A Formal Description of {A}rabic Syntax in Definite Clause Grammar",
    author = "El-Shishiny, Hisham",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3068",
}
@inproceedings{erjavec-tancig-1990-integrated,
    title = "AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SLOVENE LANGUAGE",
    author = "Erjavec, Tomaz  and
      Tancig, Peter",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3069",
}
@inproceedings{fafiotte-1990-self,
    title = "A SELF-LEARNING SYSTEM FOR THE CHINESE CHARACTERS",
    author = "FAFIOTTE, Georges",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3070",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-sterling-1990-information,
    title = "Information Extraction and Semantic Constraints",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Sterling, John",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3071",
}
@inproceedings{hajic-drozd-1990-spelling,
    title = "Spelling-checking for Highly Inflective Languages",
    author = "Hajic, Jan  and
      Drozd, Janus",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3072",
}
@inproceedings{heyer-etal-1990-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Representation and Semantics in a Complex Domain: The {UNIX} Natural Language Help System {GOETHE}",
    author = "Heyer, Gerhard  and
      Kese, Ralf  and
      Oemig, Frank  and
      Dudda, Friedrich",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3073",
}
@inproceedings{huang-1990-machine,
    title = "A Machine Translation System for the Target Language Inexpert",
    author = "Huang, Xiuming",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3074",
}
@inproceedings{hoepelman-van-hoof-1990-conditiionals,
    title = "CONDITIIONALS AND COUNTERFACTUALS IN PROLOG",
    author = "Hoepelman, J. Ph.  and
      van Hoof, A.J.M.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3075",
}
@inproceedings{iida-etal-1990-three,
    title = "Three Typed Pragmatics for Dialogue Structure Analysis",
    author = "IIDA, Hitoshi  and
      YAMAOKA, Takayuki  and
      ARITA, Hidekazu",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3076",
}
@inproceedings{jacobs-rau-1990-ge,
    title = "The {GE} {NLT}oolset: A Software Foundation for Intelligent Text Processing",
    author = "Jacobs, Paul S.  and
      Rau, Lisa F.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3077",
}
@inproceedings{huang-1990-design,
    title = "DESIGN ISSUE OF ECTST",
    author = "Huang, Jianshuo",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3078",
}
@inproceedings{kerpedjiev-noncheva-1990-intelligent,
    title = "INTELLIGENT HANDLING OF WEATHER FORECASTS",
    author = "Kerpedjiev, Stephan  and
      Noncheva, Veska",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3079",
}
@inproceedings{kilbury-1990-qpatr,
    title = "{QPATR} and Constraint Threading",
    author = "Kilbury, James",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3080",
}
@inproceedings{estival-1990-elu,
    title = "{ELU}: an Environment for Machine Translation",
    author = "Estival, D",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3081",
}
@inproceedings{kohl-etal-1990-general,
    title = "The General Architecture of Generation in {ACORD}",
    author = "Kohl, Dieter  and
      Plainfosse, Agnes  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3082",
}
@inproceedings{kudo-1990-local,
    title = "Local Cohesive Knowledge for A Dialogue-machine Translation System",
    author = "KUDO, Ikuo",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3083",
}
@inproceedings{kuhns-1990-parlog,
    title = "A {PARLOG} Implementation of Government-Binding Theory",
    author = "Kuhns, Robert J.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3084",
}
@inproceedings{kuhns-1990-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Indexing and Government-Binding Theory",
    author = "Kuhns, Robert J.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3085",
}
@inproceedings{kallgren-1990-first,
    title = "{``}The first million is hardest to get{''}: Building a Large Tagged Corpus as Automatically as Possible",
    author = "Kallgren, Gunnel",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3086",
}
@inproceedings{brodda-1990-corpus,
    title = "CORPUS WORK WITH PC BETA",
    author = "Brodda, Benny",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3087",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-1990-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Long {E}nglish Sentences with Pattern Rules",
    author = "Li, Wei-Chuan  and
      Pei, Tzusheng  and
      Lee, Bing-Huang  and
      Chiou, Chuei-Feng",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3088",
}
@inproceedings{mccoy-etal-1990-applying,
    title = "Applying Natural Language Processing Techniques to Augmentative Communication Systems",
    author = "McCoy, Kathleen  and
      Demasco, Patrick  and
      Jones, Mark  and
      Pennington, Christopher  and
      Rowe, Charles",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3089",
}
@inproceedings{mahgoub-hashish-1990-matrix,
    title = "A MATRIX REPRESENTATION OF THE INFLECTIONAL FORMS OF ARABIC WORDS: A STUDY OF CO-OCCURRENCE PATTERNS",
    author = "Mahgoub, H.E.  and
      Hashish, M.A.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3090",
}
@inproceedings{mahgoub-hashish-1990-matrix-representation,
    title = "A MATRIX REPRESENTATION OF THE INFLECTIONAL FORMS OF ARABIC WORDS: A STUDY OF CO-OCCURRENCE PATTERNS",
    author = "Mahgoub, H.E.  and
      Hashish, M.A.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3091",
}
@inproceedings{menzel-1990-anticipation,
    title = "ANTICIPATION-FREE DIAGNOSIS OF STRUCTURAL FAULTS",
    author = "Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3092",
}
@inproceedings{hitkov-1990-text,
    title = "A TEXT GENERATION SYSTEM FOR EXPLAINING CONCEPTS IN GEOMETRY",
    author = "Hitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3093",
}
@inproceedings{myers-1990-project,
    title = "A Project Report on {NP}: an Assumption-based {NL} Plan Inference System that uses Feature Structures",
    author = "Myers, John K.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3094",
}
@inproceedings{krey-novak-1990-textplanning,
    title = "The Textplanning Component {PIT} of the {LILOG} System",
    author = "Krey, J.  and
      Novak, H.-J.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3095",
}
@inproceedings{oliva-1990-simple,
    title = "SIMPLE PARSER FOR AN HPSG-STYLE GRAMMAR IMPLEMENTED IN PROLOG",
    author = "Oliva, Karel",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3096",
}
@inproceedings{pritchett-reitano-1990-parsing,
    title = "Parsing with on-line principles: a psychologically plausible, object-oriented approach",
    author = "Pritchett, Bradley L.  and
      Reitano, John W.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3097",
}
@inproceedings{rincel-sabatier-1990-using,
    title = "USING THE SAME SYSTEM FOR ANALYZING AND SYNTHESIZING SENTENCES",
    author = "Rincel, Phillipe  and
      Sabatier, Paul",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3098",
}
@inproceedings{russi-1990-syntactic,
    title = "A Syntactic and Morphological Analyzer for a Text-to-Speech System",
    author = "Russi, Thomas",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3099",
}
@inproceedings{sabah-1990-caramel,
    title = "{CARAMEL}: A flexible model for interaction between the cognitive processes underlying natural language understanding",
    author = "Sabah, Gerard",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3100",
}
@inproceedings{sadler-vendelmans-1990-pilot,
    title = "PILOT IMPLEMENTATION OF A BILINGUAL KNOWLEDGE BANK",
    author = "Sadler, Victor  and
      Vendelmans, Ronald",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3101",
}
@inproceedings{diaz-de-ilarraza-sanchez-etal-1990-mechanism,
    title = "A Mechanism for ellipsis resolution in dialogued systems",
    author = "Diaz de Ilarraza Sanchez, A.  and
      Rodriguez Hontoria, H.  and
      Maillo Verdejo, F.",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3102",
}
@inproceedings{simov-etal-1990-morpho,
    title = "{MORPHO}-{ASSISTANT}: The Proper Treatment of Morphological Knowledge",
    author = "SIMOV, Kiril  and
      ANGELOVA, Galia  and
      PASKALEVA, Elena",
    booktitle = "{COLNG} 1990 Volume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C90-3103",
}
@proceedings{emnlp-2009-2009,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1000",
}
@inproceedings{poon-domingos-2009-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Poon, Hoifung  and
      Domingos, Pedro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{furstenau-lapata-2009-graph,
    title = "Graph Alignment for Semi-Supervised Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = {F{\"u}rstenau, Hagen  and
      Lapata, Mirella},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1002",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{deschacht-moens-2009-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Semantic Role Labeling Using the {L}atent {W}ords {L}anguage {M}odel",
    author = "Deschacht, Koen  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1003",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2009-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Dependency Parsing of {N}om{B}ank and {P}rop{B}ank: An Efficient Integrated Approach via a Large-scale Feature Selection",
    author = "Zhao, Hai  and
      Chen, Wenliang  and
      Kit, Chunyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1004",
    pages = "30--39",
}
@inproceedings{li-eisner-2009-first,
    title = "First- and Second-Order Expectation Semirings with Applications to Minimum-Risk Training on Translation Forests",
    author = "Li, Zhifei  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1005",
    pages = "40--51",
}
@inproceedings{zaidan-callison-burch-2009-feasibility,
    title = "Feasibility of Human-in-the-loop Minimum Error Rate Training",
    author = "Zaidan, Omar F.  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1006",
    pages = "52--61",
}
@inproceedings{hopkins-langmead-2009-cube,
    title = "Cube Pruning as Heuristic Search",
    author = "Hopkins, Mark  and
      Langmead, Greg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1007",
    pages = "62--71",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2009-effective,
    title = "Effective Use of Linguistic and Contextual Information for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Shen, Libin  and
      Xu, Jinxi  and
      Zhang, Bing  and
      Matsoukas, Spyros  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1008",
    pages = "72--80",
}
@inproceedings{druck-etal-2009-active,
    title = "Active Learning by Labeling Features",
    author = "Druck, Gregory  and
      Settles, Burr  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1009",
    pages = "81--90",
}
@inproceedings{zanzotto-dellarciprete-2009-efficient,
    title = "Efficient kernels for sentence pair classification",
    author = "Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo  and
      Dell{'}Arciprete, Lorenzo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1010",
    pages = "91--100",
}
@inproceedings{dreyer-eisner-2009-graphical,
    title = "Graphical Models over Multiple Strings",
    author = "Dreyer, Markus  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1011",
    pages = "101--110",
}
@inproceedings{pighin-moschitti-2009-reverse,
    title = "Reverse Engineering of Tree Kernel Feature Spaces",
    author = "Pighin, Daniele  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1012",
    pages = "111--120",
}
@inproceedings{miwa-etal-2009-rich,
    title = "A Rich Feature Vector for Protein-Protein Interaction Extraction from Multiple Corpora",
    author = "Miwa, Makoto  and
      S{\ae}tre, Rune  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1013",
    pages = "121--130",
}
@inproceedings{bellare-mccallum-2009-generalized,
    title = "Generalized Expectation Criteria for Bootstrapping Extractors using Record-Text Alignment",
    author = "Bellare, Kedar  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1014",
    pages = "131--140",
}
@inproceedings{finkel-manning-2009-nested,
    title = "Nested Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Finkel, Jenny Rose  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1015",
    pages = "141--150",
}
@inproceedings{patwardhan-riloff-2009-unified,
    title = "A Unified Model of Phrasal and Sentential Evidence for Information Extraction",
    author = "Patwardhan, Siddharth  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1016",
    pages = "151--160",
}
@inproceedings{liu-seneff-2009-review,
    title = "Review Sentiment Scoring via a Parse-and-Paraphrase Paradigm",
    author = "Liu, Jingjing  and
      Seneff, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1017",
    pages = "161--169",
}
@inproceedings{somasundaran-etal-2009-supervised,
    title = "Supervised and Unsupervised Methods in Employing Discourse Relations for Improving Opinion Polarity Classification",
    author = "Somasundaran, Swapna  and
      Namata, Galileo  and
      Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Getoor, Lise",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1018",
    pages = "170--179",
}
@inproceedings{narayanan-etal-2009-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis of Conditional Sentences",
    author = "Narayanan, Ramanathan  and
      Liu, Bing  and
      Choudhary, Alok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1019",
    pages = "180--189",
}
@inproceedings{akkaya-etal-2009-subjectivity,
    title = "Subjectivity Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Akkaya, Cem  and
      Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1020",
    pages = "190--199",
}
@inproceedings{carreras-collins-2009-non,
    title = "Non-Projective Parsing for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Carreras, Xavier  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1021",
    pages = "200--209",
}
@inproceedings{mauser-etal-2009-extending,
    title = "Extending Statistical Machine Translation with Discriminative and Trigger-Based Lexicon Models",
    author = "Mauser, Arne  and
      Hasan, Sa{\v{s}}a  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1022",
    pages = "210--218",
}
@inproceedings{gimpel-smith-2009-feature,
    title = "Feature-Rich Translation by Quasi-Synchronous Lattice Parsing",
    author = "Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1023",
    pages = "219--228",
}
@inproceedings{hermjakob-2009-improved,
    title = "Improved Word Alignment with Statistics and Linguistic Heuristics",
    author = "Hermjakob, Ulf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1024",
    pages = "229--237",
}
@inproceedings{pennacchiotti-pantel-2009-entity,
    title = "Entity Extraction via Ensemble Semantics",
    author = "Pennacchiotti, Marco  and
      Pantel, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1025",
    pages = "238--247",
}
@inproceedings{ramage-etal-2009-labeled,
    title = "{L}abeled {LDA}: A supervised topic model for credit attribution in multi-labeled corpora",
    author = "Ramage, Daniel  and
      Hall, David  and
      Nallapati, Ramesh  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1026",
    pages = "248--256",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2009-clustering,
    title = "Clustering to Find Exemplar Terms for Keyphrase Extraction",
    author = "Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Li, Peng  and
      Zheng, Yabin  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1027",
    pages = "257--266",
}
@inproceedings{davidov-rappoport-2009-geo,
    title = "Geo-mining: Discovery of Road and Transport Networks Using Directional Patterns",
    author = "Davidov, Dmitry  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1028",
    pages = "267--275",
}
@inproceedings{tonelli-giuliano-2009-wikipedia,
    title = "{W}ikipedia as Frame Information Repository",
    author = "Tonelli, Sara  and
      Giuliano, Claudio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1029",
    pages = "276--285",
}
@inproceedings{callison-burch-2009-fast,
    title = "Fast, Cheap, and Creative: Evaluating Translation Quality Using {A}mazon{'}s {M}echanical {T}urk",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1030",
    pages = "286--295",
}
@inproceedings{baldridge-palmer-2009-well,
    title = "How well does active learning \textit{actually} work? {T}ime-based evaluation of cost-reduction strategies for language documentation.",
    author = "Baldridge, Jason  and
      Palmer, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1031",
    pages = "296--305",
}
@inproceedings{louis-nenkova-2009-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Evaluating Content Selection in Summarization without Human Models",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1032",
    pages = "306--314",
}
@inproceedings{li-sporleder-2009-classifier,
    title = "Classifier Combination for Contextual Idiom Detection Without Labelled Data",
    author = "Li, Linlin  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1033",
    pages = "315--323",
}
@inproceedings{roark-etal-2009-deriving,
    title = "Deriving lexical and syntactic expectation-based measures for psycholinguistic modeling via incremental top-down parsing",
    author = "Roark, Brian  and
      Bachrach, Asaf  and
      Cardenas, Carlos  and
      Pallier, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1034",
    pages = "324--333",
}
@inproceedings{ranganath-etal-2009-detecting,
    title = "It{'}s Not You, it{'}s Me: Detecting Flirting and its Misperception in Speed-Dates",
    author = "Ranganath, Rajesh  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      McFarland, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1035",
    pages = "334--342",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2009-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Implicit Discourse Relations in the {P}enn {D}iscourse {T}reebank",
    author = "Lin, Ziheng  and
      Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1036",
    pages = "343--351",
}
@inproceedings{cohn-blunsom-2009-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Model of Syntax-Directed Tree to String Grammar Induction",
    author = "Cohn, Trevor  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1037",
    pages = "352--361",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2009-better,
    title = "Better Synchronous Binarization for Machine Translation",
    author = "Xiao, Tong  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhang, Dongdong  and
      Zhu, Jingbo  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1038",
    pages = "362--370",
}
@inproceedings{galron-etal-2009-accuracy,
    title = "Accuracy-Based Scoring for {DOT}: Towards Direct Error Minimization for {D}ata-{O}riented {T}ranslation",
    author = "Galron, Daniel  and
      Penkale, Sergio  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Melamed, I. Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1039",
    pages = "371--380",
}
@inproceedings{marton-etal-2009-improved,
    title = "Improved Statistical Machine Translation Using Monolingually-Derived Paraphrases",
    author = "Marton, Yuval  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1040",
    pages = "381--390",
}
@inproceedings{nomoto-2009-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Model Free versus Model Intensive Approaches to Sentence Compression",
    author = "Nomoto, Tadashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1041",
    pages = "391--399",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2009-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Generation with Tree Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Lu, Wei  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Lee, Wee Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1042",
    pages = "400--409",
}
@inproceedings{white-rajkumar-2009-perceptron,
    title = "Perceptron Reranking for {CCG} Realization",
    author = "White, Michael  and
      Rajkumar, Rajakrishnan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1043",
    pages = "410--419",
}
@inproceedings{hachey-2009-multi,
    title = "Multi-Document Summarisation Using Generic Relation Extraction",
    author = "Hachey, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1044",
    pages = "420--429",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-lapata-2009-language,
    title = "Language Models Based on Semantic Composition",
    author = "Mitchell, Jeff  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1045",
    pages = "430--439",
}
@inproceedings{erk-mccarthy-2009-graded,
    title = "Graded Word Sense Assignment",
    author = "Erk, Katrin  and
      McCarthy, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1046",
    pages = "440--449",
}
@inproceedings{dahlmeier-etal-2009-joint,
    title = "Joint Learning of Preposition Senses and Semantic Roles of Prepositional Phrases",
    author = "Dahlmeier, Daniel  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Schultz, Tanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1047",
    pages = "450--458",
}
@inproceedings{khapra-etal-2009-projecting,
    title = "Projecting Parameters for Multilingual Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Khapra, Mitesh M.  and
      Shah, Sapan  and
      Kedia, Piyush  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1048",
    pages = "459--467",
}
@inproceedings{boukobza-rappoport-2009-multi,
    title = "Multi-Word Expression Identification Using Sentence Surface Features",
    author = "Boukobza, Ram  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1049",
    pages = "468--477",
}
@inproceedings{bai-etal-2009-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Translation Equivalences of Multiword Expressions by Normalized Correlation Frequencies",
    author = "Bai, Ming-Hong  and
      You, Jia-Ming  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1050",
    pages = "478--486",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2009-collocation,
    title = "Collocation Extraction Using Monolingual Word Alignment Method",
    author = "Liu, Zhanyi  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1051",
    pages = "487--495",
}
@inproceedings{crammer-etal-2009-multi,
    title = "Multi-Class Confidence Weighted Algorithms",
    author = "Crammer, Koby  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Kulesza, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1052",
    pages = "496--504",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2009-model,
    title = "Model Adaptation via Model Interpolation and Boosting for {W}eb Search Ranking",
    author = "Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Wu, Qiang  and
      Burges, Chris  and
      Svore, Krysta  and
      Su, Yi  and
      Khan, Nazan  and
      Shah, Shalin  and
      Zhou, Hongyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1053",
    pages = "505--513",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2009-structural,
    title = "A Structural Support Vector Method for Extracting Contexts and Answers of Questions from Online Forums",
    author = "Yang, Wen-Yun  and
      Cao, Yunbo  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1054",
    pages = "514--523",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-etal-2009-mining,
    title = "Mining Search Engine Clickthrough Log for Matching N-gram Features",
    author = "Tseng, Huihsin  and
      Chen, Longbin  and
      Li, Fan  and
      Zhuang, Ziming  and
      Duan, Lei  and
      Tseng, Belle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1055",
    pages = "524--533",
}
@inproceedings{artiles-etal-2009-role,
    title = "The role of named entities in {W}eb {P}eople {S}earch",
    author = "Artiles, Javier  and
      Amig{\'o}, Enrique  and
      Gonzalo, Julio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1056",
    pages = "534--542",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2009-investigation,
    title = "Investigation of Question Classifier in Question Answering",
    author = "Huang, Zhiheng  and
      Thint, Marcus  and
      Celikyilmaz, Asli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1057",
    pages = "543--550",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2009-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of Semi-supervised Structured Conditional Models for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Suzuki, Jun  and
      Isozaki, Hideki  and
      Carreras, Xavier  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1058",
    pages = "551--560",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-2009-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Bistratal Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Johansson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1059",
    pages = "561--569",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving Dependency Parsing with Subtrees from Auto-Parsed Data",
    author = "Chen, Wenliang  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1060",
    pages = "570--579",
}
@inproceedings{dasgupta-ng-2009-topic,
    title = "Topic-wise, Sentiment-wise, or Otherwise? {I}dentifying the Hidden Dimension for Unsupervised Text Classification",
    author = "Dasgupta, Sajib  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1061",
    pages = "580--589",
}
@inproceedings{choi-cardie-2009-adapting,
    title = "Adapting a Polarity Lexicon using Integer Linear Programming for Domain-Specific Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Choi, Yejin  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1062",
    pages = "590--598",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-etal-2009-generating,
    title = "Generating High-Coverage Semantic Orientation Lexicons From Overtly Marked Words and a Thesaurus",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Dunne, Cody  and
      Dorr, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1063",
    pages = "599--608",
}
@inproceedings{dalvi-etal-2009-matching,
    title = "Matching Reviews to Objects using a Language Model",
    author = "Dalvi, Nilesh  and
      Kumar, Ravi  and
      Pang, Bo  and
      Tomkins, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1064",
    pages = "609--618",
}
@inproceedings{murphy-etal-2009-eeg,
    title = "{EEG} responds to conceptual stimuli and corpus semantics",
    author = "Murphy, Brian  and
      Baroni, Marco  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1065",
    pages = "619--627",
}
@inproceedings{washtell-markert-2009-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Windowless and Window-Based Computational Association Measures as Predictors of Syntagmatic Human Associations",
    author = "Washtell, Justin  and
      Markert, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1066",
    pages = "628--637",
}
@inproceedings{sun-korhonen-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving Verb Clustering with Automatically Acquired Selectional Preferences",
    author = "Sun, Lin  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1067",
    pages = "638--647",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving {W}eb Search Relevance with Semantic Features",
    author = "Lu, Yumao  and
      Peng, Fuchun  and
      Mishne, Gilad  and
      Wei, Xing  and
      Dumoulin, Benoit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1068",
    pages = "648--657",
}
@inproceedings{oh-etal-2009-chinese,
    title = "Can {C}hinese Phonemes Improve Machine Transliteration?: A Comparative Study of {E}nglish-to-{C}hinese Transliteration Models",
    author = "Oh, Jong-Hoon  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1069",
    pages = "658--667",
}
@inproceedings{moon-etal-2009-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised morphological segmentation and clustering with document boundaries",
    author = "Moon, Taesun  and
      Erk, Katrin  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1070",
    pages = "668--677",
}
@inproceedings{van-gael-etal-2009-infinite,
    title = "The infinite {HMM} for unsupervised {P}o{S} tagging",
    author = "Van Gael, Jurgen  and
      Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Ghahramani, Zoubin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1071",
    pages = "678--687",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-marcus-2009-simple,
    title = "A Simple Unsupervised Learner for {POS} Disambiguation Rules Given Only a Minimal Lexicon",
    author = "Zhao, Qiuye  and
      Marcus, Mitch",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1072",
    pages = "688--697",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-li-2009-tree,
    title = "Tree Kernel-based {SVM} with Structured Syntactic Knowledge for {BTG}-based Phrase Reordering",
    author = "Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1073",
    pages = "698--707",
}
@inproceedings{matsoukas-etal-2009-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Corpus Weight Estimation for Machine Translation",
    author = "Matsoukas, Spyros  and
      Rosti, Antti-Veikko I.  and
      Zhang, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1074",
    pages = "708--717",
}
@inproceedings{chung-gildea-2009-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Tokenization for Machine Translation",
    author = "Chung, Tagyoung  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1075",
    pages = "718--726",
}
@inproceedings{deneefe-knight-2009-synchronous,
    title = "Synchronous Tree Adjoining Machine Translation",
    author = "DeNeefe, Steve  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1076",
    pages = "727--736",
}
@inproceedings{miller-2009-word,
    title = "Word Buffering Models for Improved Speech Repair Parsing",
    author = "Miller, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1077",
    pages = "737--745",
}
@inproceedings{moore-quirk-2009-less,
    title = "Less is More: Significance-Based {N}-gram Selection for Smaller, Better Language Models",
    author = "Moore, Robert C.  and
      Quirk, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1078",
    pages = "746--755",
}
@inproceedings{levenberg-osborne-2009-stream,
    title = "Stream-based Randomised Language Models for {SMT}",
    author = "Levenberg, Abby  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1079",
    pages = "756--764",
}
@inproceedings{fitzgerald-etal-2009-integrating,
    title = "Integrating sentence- and word-level error identification for disfluency correction",
    author = "Fitzgerald, Erin  and
      Jelinek, Frederick  and
      Hall, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1080",
    pages = "765--774",
}
@inproceedings{marton-etal-2009-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Semantic Distance Using Soft Semantic Constraints in Knowledge-Source {--} Corpus Hybrid Models",
    author = "Marton, Yuval  and
      Mohammad, Saif  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1081",
    pages = "775--783",
}
@inproceedings{wang-zhang-2009-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Textual Relatedness with Predicate-Argument Structures",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1082",
    pages = "784--792",
}
@inproceedings{yih-2009-learning,
    title = "Learning Term-weighting Functions for Similarity Measures",
    author = "Yih, Wen-tau",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1083",
    pages = "793--802",
}
@inproceedings{bollegala-etal-2009-relational,
    title = "A Relational Model of Semantic Similarity between Words using Automatically Extracted Lexical Pattern Clusters from the {W}eb",
    author = "Bollegala, Danushka  and
      Matsuo, Yutaka  and
      Ishizuka, Mitsuru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1084",
    pages = "803--812",
}
@inproceedings{rimell-etal-2009-unbounded,
    title = "Unbounded Dependency Recovery for Parser Evaluation",
    author = "Rimell, Laura  and
      Clark, Stephen  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1085",
    pages = "813--821",
}
@inproceedings{smith-eisner-2009-parser,
    title = "Parser Adaptation and Projection with Quasi-Synchronous Grammar Features",
    author = "Smith, David A.  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1086",
    pages = "822--831",
}
@inproceedings{huang-harper-2009-self,
    title = "Self-Training {PCFG} Grammars with Latent Annotations Across Languages",
    author = "Huang, Zhongqiang  and
      Harper, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1087",
    pages = "832--841",
}
@inproceedings{tsarfaty-etal-2009-alternative,
    title = "An Alternative to Head-Driven Approaches for Parsing a (Relatively) Free Word-Order Language",
    author = "Tsarfaty, Reut  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil  and
      Scha, Remko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1088",
    pages = "842--851",
}
@inproceedings{davidov-rappoport-2009-enhancement,
    title = "Enhancement of Lexical Concepts Using Cross-lingual Web Mining",
    author = "Davidov, Dmitry  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1089",
    pages = "852--861",
}
@inproceedings{varga-yokoyama-2009-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual dictionary generation for low-resourced language pairs",
    author = "Varga, Istv{\'a}n  and
      Yokoyama, Shoichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1090",
    pages = "862--870",
}
@inproceedings{yogatama-tanaka-ishii-2009-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Spectral Clustering Using Document Similarity Propagation",
    author = "Yogatama, Dani  and
      Tanaka-Ishii, Kumiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1091",
    pages = "871--879",
}
@inproceedings{mimno-etal-2009-polylingual,
    title = "Polylingual Topic Models",
    author = "Mimno, David  and
      Wallach, Hanna M.  and
      Naradowsky, Jason  and
      Smith, David A.  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1092",
    pages = "880--889",
}
@inproceedings{whitelaw-etal-2009-using,
    title = "Using the {W}eb for Language Independent Spellchecking and Autocorrection",
    author = "Whitelaw, Casey  and
      Hutchinson, Ben  and
      Chung, Grace Y  and
      Ellis, Ged",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1093",
    pages = "890--899",
}
@inproceedings{kidwell-etal-2009-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Estimation of Word Acquisition with Application to Readability Prediction",
    author = "Kidwell, Paul  and
      Lebanon, Guy  and
      Collins-Thompson, Kevyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1094",
    pages = "900--909",
}
@inproceedings{nastase-strube-2009-combining,
    title = "Combining Collocations, Lexical and Encyclopedic Knowledge for Metonymy Resolution",
    author = "Nastase, Vivi  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1095",
    pages = "910--918",
}
@inproceedings{lampert-etal-2009-segmenting,
    title = "Segmenting Email Message Text into Zones",
    author = "Lampert, Andrew  and
      Dale, Robert  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1096",
    pages = "919--928",
}
@inproceedings{yamada-etal-2009-hypernym,
    title = "Hypernym Discovery Based on Distributional Similarity and Hierarchical Structures",
    author = "Yamada, Ichiro  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Kuroda, Kow  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      De Saeger, Stijn  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Sumida, Asuka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1097",
    pages = "929--937",
}
@inproceedings{pantel-etal-2009-web,
    title = "{W}eb-Scale Distributional Similarity and Entity Set Expansion",
    author = "Pantel, Patrick  and
      Crestan, Eric  and
      Borkovsky, Arkady  and
      Popescu, Ana-Maria  and
      Vyas, Vishnu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1098",
    pages = "938--947",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-etal-2009-toward,
    title = "Toward Completeness in Concept Extraction and Classification",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard  and
      Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1099",
    pages = "948--957",
}
@inproceedings{eisenstein-etal-2009-reading,
    title = "Reading to Learn: Constructing Features from Semantic Abstracts",
    author = "Eisenstein, Jacob  and
      Clarke, James  and
      Goldwasser, Dan  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1100",
    pages = "958--967",
}
@inproceedings{rahman-ng-2009-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Models for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Rahman, Altaf  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1101",
    pages = "968--977",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-kong-2009-global,
    title = "Global Learning of Noun Phrase Anaphoricity in Coreference Resolution via Label Propagation",
    author = "Zhou, GuoDong  and
      Kong, Fang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1102",
    pages = "978--986",
}
@inproceedings{kong-etal-2009-employing,
    title = "Employing the Centering Theory in Pronoun Resolution from the Semantic Perspective",
    author = "Kong, Fang  and
      Zhou, GuoDong  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1103",
    pages = "987--996",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-2009-person,
    title = "Person Cross Document Coreference with Name Perplexity Estimates",
    author = "Popescu, Octavian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1104",
    pages = "997--1006",
}
@inproceedings{tromble-eisner-2009-learning,
    title = "Learning Linear Ordering Problems for Better Translation",
    author = "Tromble, Roy  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1105",
    pages = "1007--1016",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2009-weighted,
    title = "Weighted Alignment Matrices for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Xia, Tian  and
      Xiao, Xinyan  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1106",
    pages = "1017--1026",
}
@inproceedings{kaariainen-2009-sinuhe,
    title = "{S}inuhe {--} Statistical Machine Translation using a Globally Trained Conditional Exponential Family Translation Model",
    author = {K{\"a}{\"a}ri{\"a}inen, Matti},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1107",
    pages = "1027--1036",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2009-fast,
    title = "Fast Translation Rule Matching for Syntax-based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Hui  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1108",
    pages = "1037--1045",
}
@inproceedings{alfonseca-etal-2009-gazpacho,
    title = "{G}azpacho and summer rash: lexical relationships from temporal patterns of web search queries",
    author = "Alfonseca, Enrique  and
      Ciaramita, Massimiliano  and
      Hall, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1109",
    pages = "1046--1055",
}
@inproceedings{bar-haim-etal-2009-compact,
    title = "A Compact Forest for Scalable Inference over Entailment and Paraphrase Rules",
    author = "Bar-Haim, Roy  and
      Berant, Jonathan  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1110",
    pages = "1056--1065",
}
@inproceedings{cherry-suzuki-2009-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Substring Decoding for Transliteration",
    author = "Cherry, Colin  and
      Suzuki, Hisami",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1111",
    pages = "1066--1075",
}
@inproceedings{dinarelli-etal-2009-ranking-models,
    title = "Re-Ranking Models Based-on Small Training Data for Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Dinarelli, Marco  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1112",
    pages = "1076--1085",
}
@inproceedings{dong-etal-2009-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Exploitation of Click Data for Task Specific Ranking",
    author = "Dong, Anlei  and
      Chang, Yi  and
      Ji, Shihao  and
      Liao, Ciya  and
      Li, Xin  and
      Zheng, Zhaohui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1113",
    pages = "1086--1095",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2009-feature,
    title = "The {F}eature {S}ubspace Method for {SMT} System Combination",
    author = "Duan, Nan  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Xiao, Tong  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1114",
    pages = "1096--1104",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2009-lattice,
    title = "Lattice-based System Combination for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = {Feng, Yang  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Mi, Haitao  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      L{\"u}, Yajuan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1115",
    pages = "1105--1113",
}
@inproceedings{filimonov-harper-2009-joint,
    title = "A Joint Language Model With Fine-grain Syntactic Tags",
    author = "Filimonov, Denis  and
      Harper, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1116",
    pages = "1114--1123",
}
@inproceedings{finch-sumita-2009-bidirectional,
    title = "Bidirectional Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Finch, Andrew  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1117",
    pages = "1124--1132",
}
@inproceedings{frampton-etal-2009-real,
    title = "Real-time decision detection in multi-party dialogue",
    author = "Frampton, Matthew  and
      Huang, Jia  and
      Bui, Trung  and
      Peters, Stanley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1118",
    pages = "1133--1141",
}
@inproceedings{goldberg-elhadad-2009-role,
    title = "On the Role of Lexical Features in Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1119",
    pages = "1142--1151",
}
@inproceedings{haghighi-klein-2009-simple,
    title = "Simple Coreference Resolution with Rich Syntactic and Semantic Features",
    author = "Haghighi, Aria  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1120",
    pages = "1152--1161",
}
@inproceedings{hara-etal-2009-descriptive,
    title = "Descriptive and Empirical Approaches to Capturing Underlying Dependencies among Parsing Errors",
    author = "Hara, Tadayoshi  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1121",
    pages = "1162--1171",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-etal-2009-large,
    title = "Large-Scale Verb Entailment Acquisition from the {W}eb",
    author = "Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Kuroda, Kow  and
      De Saeger, Stijn  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1122",
    pages = "1172--1181",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-etal-2009-syntactified,
    title = "A Syntactified Direct Translation Model with Linear-time Decoding",
    author = "Hassan, Hany  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1123",
    pages = "1182--1191",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-mihalcea-2009-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Semantic Relatedness Using Encyclopedic Knowledge",
    author = "Hassan, Samer  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1124",
    pages = "1192--1201",
}
@inproceedings{he-toutanova-2009-joint,
    title = "Joint Optimization for Machine Translation System Combination",
    author = "He, Xiaodong  and
      Toutanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1125",
    pages = "1202--1211",
}
@inproceedings{honnibal-curran-2009-fully,
    title = "Fully Lexicalising {CCG}bank with Hat Categories",
    author = "Honnibal, Matthew  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1126",
    pages = "1212--1221",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2009-bilingually,
    title = "Bilingually-Constrained (Monolingual) Shift-Reduce Parsing",
    author = "Huang, Liang  and
      Jiang, Wenbin  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1127",
    pages = "1222--1231",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2009-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Semantic Class Classifier for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Huang, Zhiheng  and
      Zeng, Guangping  and
      Xu, Weiqun  and
      Celikyilmaz, Asli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1128",
    pages = "1232--1240",
}
@inproceedings{islam-inkpen-2009-real,
    title = "Real-Word Spelling Correction using {G}oogle {W}eb 1{T} 3-grams",
    author = "Islam, Aminul  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1129",
    pages = "1241--1249",
}
@inproceedings{jeong-etal-2009-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Speech Act Recognition in Emails and Forums",
    author = "Jeong, Minwoo  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1130",
    pages = "1250--1259",
}
@inproceedings{ku-etal-2009-using,
    title = "Using Morphological and Syntactic Structures for {C}hinese Opinion Analysis",
    author = "Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Huang, Ting-Hao  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1131",
    pages = "1260--1269",
}
@inproceedings{lampouras-androutsopoulos-2009-finding,
    title = "Finding Short Definitions of Terms on {W}eb Pages",
    author = "Lampouras, Gerasimos  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1132",
    pages = "1270--1279",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving Nominal {SRL} in {C}hinese Language with Verbal {SRL} Information and Automatic Predicate Recognition",
    author = "Li, Junhui  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming  and
      Qian, Peide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1133",
    pages = "1280--1288",
}
@inproceedings{li-2009-use,
    title = "On the Use of Virtual Evidence in Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Li, Xiao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1134",
    pages = "1289--1297",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2009-refining,
    title = "Refining Grammars for Parsing with Hierarchical Semantic Knowledge",
    author = "Lin, Xiaojun  and
      Fan, Yang  and
      Zhang, Meng  and
      Wu, Xihong  and
      Chi, Huisheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1135",
    pages = "1298--1307",
}
@inproceedings{liu-gildea-2009-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Learning of Phrasal Tree-to-String Templates",
    author = "Liu, Ding  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1136",
    pages = "1308--1317",
}
@inproceedings{medelyan-etal-2009-human,
    title = "Human-competitive tagging using automatic keyphrase extraction",
    author = "Medelyan, Olena  and
      Frank, Eibe  and
      Witten, Ian H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1137",
    pages = "1318--1327",
}
@inproceedings{miyao-tsujii-2009-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Learning of a Probabilistic Lexicon of Verb Semantic Classes",
    author = "Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1138",
    pages = "1328--1337",
}
@inproceedings{muller-gurevych-2009-study,
    title = "A Study on the Semantic Relatedness of Query and Document Terms in Information Retrieval",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Christof  and
      Gurevych, Iryna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1139",
    pages = "1338--1347",
}
@inproceedings{murray-carenini-2009-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Subjectivity in Multimodal Conversations",
    author = "Murray, Gabriel  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1140",
    pages = "1348--1357",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-ng-2009-improved,
    title = "Improved Statistical Machine Translation for Resource-Poor Languages Using Related Resource-Rich Languages",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1141",
    pages = "1358--1367",
}
@inproceedings{nastase-popescu-2009-whats,
    title = "What{'}s in a name? {I}n some languages, grammatical gender",
    author = "Nastase, Vivi  and
      Popescu, Marius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1142",
    pages = "1368--1377",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2009-convolution,
    title = "Convolution Kernels on Constituent, Dependency and Sequential Structures for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Nguyen, Truc-Vien T.  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1143",
    pages = "1378--1387",
}
@inproceedings{ovchinnikova-etal-2009-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of the \textit{Argument-Predicate} Relations from a Frame-Annotated Corpus",
    author = "Ovchinnikova, Ekaterina  and
      Alexandrov, Theodore  and
      Wandmacher, Tonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1144",
    pages = "1388--1397",
}
@inproceedings{ozgur-radev-2009-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Speculations and their Scopes in Scientific Text",
    author = {{\"O}zg{\"u}r, Arzucan  and
      Radev, Dragomir R.},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1145",
    pages = "1398--1407",
}
@inproceedings{paul-girju-2009-cross,
    title = "Cross-Cultural Analysis of Blogs and Forums with Mixed-Collection Topic Models",
    author = "Paul, Michael  and
      Girju, Roxana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1146",
    pages = "1408--1417",
}
@inproceedings{pauls-etal-2009-consensus,
    title = "Consensus Training for Consensus Decoding in Machine Translation",
    author = "Pauls, Adam  and
      DeNero, John  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1147",
    pages = "1418--1427",
}
@inproceedings{pitler-church-2009-using,
    title = "Using Word-Sense Disambiguation Methods to Classify Web Queries by Intent",
    author = "Pitler, Emily  and
      Church, Ken",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1148",
    pages = "1428--1436",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2009-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Learning for Semantic Relation Classification using Stratified Sampling Strategy",
    author = "Qian, Longhua  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Kong, Fang  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1149",
    pages = "1437--1445",
}
@inproceedings{quan-ren-2009-construction,
    title = "Construction of a Blog Emotion Corpus for {C}hinese Emotional Expression Analysis",
    author = "Quan, Changqin  and
      Ren, Fuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1150",
    pages = "1446--1454",
}
@inproceedings{sasano-kurohashi-2009-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Model for Associative Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Sasano, Ryohei  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1151",
    pages = "1455--1464",
}
@inproceedings{srinivasan-yates-2009-quantifier,
    title = "Quantifier Scope Disambiguation Using Extracted Pragmatic Knowledge: Preliminary Results",
    author = "Srinivasan, Prakash  and
      Yates, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1152",
    pages = "1465--1474",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2009-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Semantic Role Labeling with Shallow Parsing",
    author = "Sun, Weiwei  and
      Sui, Zhifang  and
      Wang, Meng  and
      Wang, Xin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1153",
    pages = "1475--1483",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2009-discovery,
    title = "Discovery of Term Variation in {J}apanese Web Search Queries",
    author = "Suzuki, Hisami  and
      Li, Xiao  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1154",
    pages = "1484--1492",
}
@inproceedings{teufel-etal-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards Domain-Independent Argumentative Zoning: Evidence from Chemistry and Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Teufel, Simone  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Batchelor, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1155",
    pages = "1493--1502",
}
@inproceedings{wang-cohen-2009-character,
    title = "Character-level Analysis of Semi-Structured Documents for Set Expansion",
    author = "Wang, Richard C.  and
      Cohen, William W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1156",
    pages = "1503--1512",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2009-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Relations for Biomedical Named Entity Disambiguation",
    author = "Wang, Xinglong  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1157",
    pages = "1513--1522",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2009-domain,
    title = "Domain adaptive bootstrapping for named entity recognition",
    author = "Wu, Dan  and
      Lee, Wee Sun  and
      Ye, Nan  and
      Chieu, Hai Leong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1158",
    pages = "1523--1532",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2009-phrase,
    title = "Phrase Dependency Parsing for Opinion Mining",
    author = "Wu, Yuanbin  and
      Zhang, Qi  and
      Huang, Xuanjing  and
      Wu, Lide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1159",
    pages = "1533--1541",
}
@inproceedings{yoshinaga-kitsuregawa-2009-polynomial,
    title = "Polynomial to Linear: Efficient Classification with Conjunctive Features",
    author = "Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Kitsuregawa, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1160",
    pages = "1542--1551",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2009-k,
    title = "K-Best Combination of Syntactic Parsers",
    author = "Zhang, Hui  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Tan, Chew Lim  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1161",
    pages = "1552--1560",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-tsai-2009-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Novelty Mining",
    author = "Zhang, Yi  and
      Tsai, Flora S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1162",
    pages = "1561--1570",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-wade-2009-latent,
    title = "Latent Document Re-Ranking",
    author = "Zhou, Dong  and
      Wade, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1163",
    pages = "1571--1580",
}
@proceedings{semeval-2010-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    author = "Erk, Katrin  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1000",
}
@inproceedings{recasens-etal-2010-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 1: Coreference Resolution in Multiple Languages",
    author = "Recasens, Marta  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Sapena, Emili  and
      Mart{\'\i}, M. Ant{\`o}nia  and
      Taul{\'e}, Mariona  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Poesio, Massimo  and
      Versley, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-etal-2010-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 2: Cross-Lingual Lexical Substitution",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Sinha, Ravi  and
      McCarthy, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1002",
    pages = "9--14",
}
@inproceedings{lefever-hoste-2010-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 3: Cross-Lingual Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, Veronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1003",
    pages = "15--20",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2010-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 5 : Automatic Keyphrase Extraction from Scientific Articles",
    author = "Kim, Su Nam  and
      Medelyan, Olena  and
      Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1004",
    pages = "21--26",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-etal-2010-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 7: Argument Selection and Coercion",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Rumshisky, Anna  and
      Plotnick, Alex  and
      Jezek, Elisabetta  and
      Batiukova, Olga  and
      Quochi, Valeria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1005",
    pages = "27--32",
}
@inproceedings{hendrickx-etal-2010-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 8: Multi-Way Classification of Semantic Relations between Pairs of Nominals",
    author = "Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Kim, Su Nam  and
      Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      {\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Pennacchiotti, Marco  and
      Romano, Lorenza  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1006",
    pages = "33--38",
}
@inproceedings{butnariu-etal-2010-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2 Task 9: The Interpretation of Noun Compounds Using Paraphrasing Verbs and Prepositions",
    author = "Butnariu, Cristina  and
      Kim, Su Nam  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      {\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan  and
      Veale, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1007",
    pages = "39--44",
}
@inproceedings{ruppenhofer-etal-2010-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 10: Linking Events and Their Participants in Discourse",
    author = "Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Sporleder, Caroline  and
      Morante, Roser  and
      Baker, Collin  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1008",
    pages = "45--50",
}
@inproceedings{yuret-etal-2010-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 12: Parser Evaluation Using Textual Entailments",
    author = "Yuret, Deniz  and
      Han, Aydin  and
      Turgut, Zehra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1009",
    pages = "51--56",
}
@inproceedings{verhagen-etal-2010-semeval,
    title = "SemEval-2010 Task 13: TempEval-2",
    author = "Verhagen, Marc  and
      Saur{\'\i}, Roser  and
      Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1010",
    pages = "57--62",
}
@inproceedings{manandhar-etal-2010-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 14: Word Sense Induction {\&}Disambiguation",
    author = "Manandhar, Suresh  and
      Klapaftis, Ioannis  and
      Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Pradhan, Sameer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1011",
    pages = "63--68",
}
@inproceedings{okumura-etal-2010-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task: {J}apanese {WSD}",
    author = "Okumura, Manabu  and
      Shirai, Kiyoaki  and
      Komiya, Kanako  and
      Yokono, Hikaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1012",
    pages = "69--74",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2010-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 17: All-Words Word Sense Disambiguation on a Specific Domain",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Lopez de Lacalle, Oier  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai  and
      Tesconi, Maurizio  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Segers, Roxanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1013",
    pages = "75--80",
}
@inproceedings{wu-jin-2010-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 18: Disambiguating Sentiment Ambiguous Adjectives",
    author = "Wu, Yunfang  and
      Jin, Peng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1014",
    pages = "81--85",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-2010-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 11: Event Detection in {C}hinese News Sentences",
    author = "Zhou, Qiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1015",
    pages = "86",
}
@inproceedings{jin-wu-2010-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2 Task 15: Infrequent Sense Identification for {M}andarin Text to Speech Systems",
    author = "Jin, Peng  and
      Wu, Yunfang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1016",
    pages = "87",
}
@inproceedings{sapena-etal-2010-relaxcor,
    title = "{R}elax{C}or: A Global Relaxation Labeling Approach to Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Sapena, Emili  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Turmo, Jordi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1017",
    pages = "88--91",
}
@inproceedings{kobdani-schutze-2010-sucre,
    title = "{SUCRE}: A Modular System for Coreference Resolution",
    author = {Kobdani, Hamidreza  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1018",
    pages = "92--95",
}
@inproceedings{zhekova-kubler-2010-ubiu,
    title = "{UBIU}: A Language-Independent System for Coreference Resolution",
    author = {Zhekova, Desislava  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1019",
    pages = "96--99",
}
@inproceedings{uryupina-2010-corry,
    title = "{C}orry: A System for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Uryupina, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1020",
    pages = "100--103",
}
@inproceedings{broscheit-etal-2010-bart,
    title = "{BART}: A Multilingual Anaphora Resolution System",
    author = "Broscheit, Samuel  and
      Poesio, Massimo  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo  and
      Rodriguez, Kepa Joseba  and
      Romano, Lorenza  and
      Uryupina, Olga  and
      Versley, Yannick  and
      Zanoli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1021",
    pages = "104--107",
}
@inproceedings{attardi-etal-2010-tanl,
    title = "{TANL}-1: Coreference Resolution by Parse Analysis and Similarity Clustering",
    author = "Attardi, Giuseppe  and
      Simi, Maria  and
      Dei Rossi, Stefano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1022",
    pages = "108--111",
}
@inproceedings{vilarino-ayala-etal-2010-fcc,
    title = "{FCC}: Modeling Probabilities with {GIZA}++ for Task 2 and 3 of {S}em{E}val-2",
    author = "Vilari{\~n}o Ayala, Darnes  and
      Balderas Posada, Carlos  and
      Pinto Avenda{\~n}o, David Eduardo  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez Hern{\'a}ndez, Miguel  and
      Le{\'o}n Silverio, Saul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1023",
    pages = "112--116",
}
@inproceedings{aziz-specia-2010-combining,
    title = "Combining Dictionaries and Contextual Information for Cross-Lingual Lexical Substitution",
    author = "Aziz, Wilker  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1024",
    pages = "117--122",
}
@inproceedings{wicentowski-etal-2010-swat,
    title = "{SWAT}: Cross-Lingual Lexical Substitution using Local Context Matching, Bilingual Dictionaries and Machine Translation",
    author = "Wicentowski, Richard  and
      Kelly, Maria  and
      Lee, Rachel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1025",
    pages = "123--128",
}
@inproceedings{guo-diab-2010-colepl,
    title = "{COLEPL} and {COLSLM}: An Unsupervised {WSD} Approach to Multilingual Lexical Substitution, Tasks 2 and 3 {S}em{E}val 2010",
    author = "Guo, Weiwei  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1026",
    pages = "129--133",
}
@inproceedings{silberer-ponzetto-2010-uhd,
    title = "{UHD}: Cross-Lingual Word Sense Disambiguation Using Multilingual Co-Occurrence Graphs",
    author = "Silberer, Carina  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1027",
    pages = "134--137",
}
@inproceedings{mahapatra-etal-2010-owns,
    title = "{OWNS}: Cross-lingual Word Sense Disambiguation Using Weighted Overlap Counts and {W}ordnet Based Similarity Measures",
    author = "Mahapatra, Lipta  and
      Mohan, Meera  and
      Khapra, Mitesh  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1028",
    pages = "138--141",
}
@inproceedings{ouyang-etal-2010-273,
    title = "273. Task 5. Keyphrase Extraction Based on Core Word Identification and Word Expansion",
    author = "Ouyang, You  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Zhang, Renxian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1029",
    pages = "142--145",
}
@inproceedings{bordea-buitelaar-2010-deriunlp,
    title = "{DERIUNLP}: A Context Based Approach to Automatic Keyphrase Extraction",
    author = "Bordea, Georgeta  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1030",
    pages = "146--149",
}
@inproceedings{eichler-neumann-2010-dfki,
    title = "{DFKI} {K}ey{WE}: Ranking Keyphrases Extracted from Scientific Articles",
    author = {Eichler, Kathrin  and
      Neumann, G{\"u}nter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1031",
    pages = "150--153",
}
@inproceedings{pasquier-2010-single,
    title = "Single Document Keyphrase Extraction Using Sentence Clustering and Latent {D}irichlet Allocation",
    author = "Pasquier, Claude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1032",
    pages = "154--157",
}
@inproceedings{wang-li-2010-sjtultlab,
    title = "{SJTULTLAB}: Chunk Based Method for Keyphrase Extraction",
    author = "Wang, Letian  and
      Li, Fang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1033",
    pages = "158--161",
}
@inproceedings{paukkeri-honkela-2010-likey,
    title = "{L}ikey: Unsupervised Language-Independent Keyphrase Extraction",
    author = "Paukkeri, Mari-Sanna  and
      Honkela, Timo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1034",
    pages = "162--165",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-luong-2010-wingnus,
    title = "{WINGNUS}: Keyphrase Extraction Utilizing Document Logical Structure",
    author = "Nguyen, Thuy Dung  and
      Luong, Minh-Thang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1035",
    pages = "166--169",
}
@inproceedings{pianta-tonelli-2010-kx,
    title = "{KX}: A Flexible System for Keyphrase e{X}traction",
    author = "Pianta, Emanuele  and
      Tonelli, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1036",
    pages = "170--173",
}
@inproceedings{ortiz-etal-2010-buap,
    title = "{BUAP}: An Unsupervised Approach to Automatic Keyphrase Extraction from Scientific Articles",
    author = "Ortiz, Roberto  and
      Pinto, David  and
      Tovar, Mireya  and
      Jim{\'e}nez-Salazar, H{\'e}ctor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1037",
    pages = "174--177",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2010-unpmc,
    title = "{UNPMC}: Naive Approach to Extract Keyphrases from Scientific Articles",
    author = "Park, Jungyeul  and
      Lee, Jong Gun  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1038",
    pages = "178--181",
}
@inproceedings{treeratpituk-etal-2010-seerlab,
    title = "{SEERLAB}: A System for Extracting Keyphrases from Scholarly Documents",
    author = "Treeratpituk, Pucktada  and
      Teregowda, Pradeep  and
      Huang, Jian  and
      Giles, C. Lee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1039",
    pages = "182--185",
}
@inproceedings{berend-farkas-2010-sztergak,
    title = "{SZTERGAK} : Feature Engineering for Keyphrase Extraction",
    author = "Berend, G{\'a}bor  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1040",
    pages = "186--189",
}
@inproceedings{el-beltagy-rafea-2010-kp,
    title = "{KP}-Miner: Participation in {S}em{E}val-2",
    author = "El-Beltagy, Samhaa R.  and
      Rafea, Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1041",
    pages = "190--193",
}
@inproceedings{zervanou-2010-uvt,
    title = "{U}v{T}: The {U}v{T} Term Extraction System in the Keyphrase Extraction Task",
    author = "Zervanou, Kalliopi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1042",
    pages = "194--197",
}
@inproceedings{celli-2010-unitn,
    title = "{UNITN}: Part-Of-Speech Counting in Relation Extraction",
    author = "Celli, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1043",
    pages = "198--201",
}
@inproceedings{negri-kouylekov-2010-fbk,
    title = "{FBK}{\_}{NK}: A {W}ord{N}et-Based System for Multi-Way Classification of Semantic Relations",
    author = "Negri, Matteo  and
      Kouylekov, Milen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1044",
    pages = "202--205",
}
@inproceedings{pal-etal-2010-ju,
    title = "{JU}: A Supervised Approach to Identify Semantic Relations from Paired Nominals",
    author = "Pal, Santanu  and
      Pakray, Partha  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1045",
    pages = "206--209",
}
@inproceedings{szarvas-gurevych-2010-tud,
    title = "{TUD}: Semantic Relatedness for Relation Classification",
    author = {Szarvas, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Gurevych, Iryna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1046",
    pages = "210--213",
}
@inproceedings{tymoshenko-giuliano-2010-fbk,
    title = "{FBK}-{IRST}: Semantic Relation Extraction Using Cyc",
    author = "Tymoshenko, Kateryna  and
      Giuliano, Claudio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1047",
    pages = "214--217",
}
@inproceedings{esuli-etal-2010-isti,
    title = "{ISTI}@{S}em{E}val-2 Task 8: Boosting-Based Multiway Relation Classification",
    author = "Esuli, Andrea  and
      Marcheggiani, Diego  and
      Sebastiani, Fabrizio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1048",
    pages = "218--221",
}
@inproceedings{tratz-hovy-2010-isi,
    title = "{ISI}: Automatic Classification of Relations Between Nominals Using a Maximum Entropy Classifier",
    author = "Tratz, Stephen  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1049",
    pages = "222--225",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2010-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU}: Effective Semantic Relations Classification without Complicated Features or Multiple External Corpora",
    author = "Chen, Yuan  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Zhou, Zhi Min  and
      Xu, Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1050",
    pages = "226--229",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-ucd,
    title = "{UCD}-Goggle: A Hybrid System for Noun Compound Paraphrasing",
    author = "Li, Guofu  and
      Lopez-Fernandez, Alejandra  and
      Veale, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1051",
    pages = "230--233",
}
@inproceedings{nulty-costello-2010-ucd,
    title = "{UCD}-{PN}: Selecting General Paraphrases Using Conditional Probability",
    author = "Nulty, Paul  and
      Costello, Fintan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1052",
    pages = "234--237",
}
@inproceedings{van-gompel-2010-uvt,
    title = "{U}v{T}-{WSD}1: A Cross-Lingual Word Sense Disambiguation System",
    author = "van Gompel, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1053",
    pages = "238--241",
}
@inproceedings{basile-semeraro-2010-uba,
    title = "{UBA}: Using Automatic Translation and {W}ikipedia for Cross-Lingual Lexical Substitution",
    author = "Basile, Pierpaolo  and
      Semeraro, Giovanni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1054",
    pages = "242--247",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-romary-2010-humb,
    title = "{HUMB}: Automatic Key Term Extraction from Scientific Articles in {GROBID}",
    author = "Lopez, Patrice  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1055",
    pages = "248--251",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-harabagiu-2010-utdmet,
    title = "{UTDM}et: Combining {W}ord{N}et and Corpus Data for Argument Coercion Detection",
    author = "Roberts, Kirk  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1056",
    pages = "252--255",
}
@inproceedings{rink-harabagiu-2010-utd,
    title = "{UTD}: Classifying Semantic Relations by Combining Lexical and Semantic Resources",
    author = "Rink, Bryan  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1057",
    pages = "256--259",
}
@inproceedings{wubben-2010-uvt,
    title = "{U}v{T}: Memory-Based Pairwise Ranking of Paraphrasing Verbs",
    author = "Wubben, Sander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1058",
    pages = "260--263",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2010-semafor,
    title = "{SEMAFOR}: Frame Argument Resolution with Log-Linear Models",
    author = "Chen, Desai  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Das, Dipanjan  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1059",
    pages = "264--267",
}
@inproceedings{rimell-clark-2010-cambridge,
    title = "{C}ambridge: Parser Evaluation Using Textual Entailment by Grammatical Relation Comparison",
    author = "Rimell, Laura  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1060",
    pages = "268--271",
}
@inproceedings{wang-zhang-2010-mars,
    title = "{MARS}: A Specialized {RTE} System for Parser Evaluation",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1061",
    pages = "272--275",
}
@inproceedings{uzzaman-allen-2010-trips,
    title = "{TRIPS} and {TRIOS} System for {T}emp{E}val-2: Extracting Temporal Information from Text",
    author = "UzZaman, Naushad  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1062",
    pages = "276--283",
}
@inproceedings{llorens-etal-2010-tipsem,
    title = "{TIPS}em ({E}nglish and {S}panish): Evaluating {CRF}s and Semantic Roles in {T}emp{E}val-2",
    author = "Llorens, Hector  and
      Saquete, Estela  and
      Navarro, Borja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1063",
    pages = "284--291",
}
@inproceedings{lu-tsou-2010-cityu,
    title = "{C}ity{U}-{DAC}: Disambiguating Sentiment-Ambiguous Adjectives within Context",
    author = "Lu, Bin  and
      Tsou, Benjamin K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1064",
    pages = "292--295",
}
@inproceedings{tonelli-delmonte-2010-venses,
    title = "{VENSES}++: Adapting a deep semantic processing system to the identification of null instantiations",
    author = "Tonelli, Sara  and
      Delmonte, Rodolfo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1065",
    pages = "296--299",
}
@inproceedings{litkowski-2010-clr,
    title = "{CLR}: Linking Events and Their Participants in Discourse Using a Comprehensive {F}rame{N}et Dictionary",
    author = "Litkowski, Ken",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1066",
    pages = "300--303",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-pku,
    title = "{PKU}{\_}{HIT}: An Event Detection System Based on Instances Expansion and Rich Syntactic Features",
    author = "Li, Shiqi  and
      Liu, Pengyuan  and
      Zhao, Tiejun  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Li, Hanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1067",
    pages = "304--307",
}
@inproceedings{volokh-neumann-2010-372,
    title = "372:Comparing the Benefit of Different Dependency Parsers for Textual Entailment Using Syntactic Constraints Only",
    author = {Volokh, Alexander  and
      Neumann, G{\"u}nter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1068",
    pages = "308--312",
}
@inproceedings{ng-etal-2010-schwa,
    title = "{SCHWA}: PETE Using CCG Dependencies with the C{\&}C Parser",
    author = "Ng, Dominick  and
      Constable, James W.D.  and
      Honnibal, Matthew  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1069",
    pages = "313--316",
}
@inproceedings{saquete-boro-2010-id,
    title = "ID 392:TERSEO + T2T3 Transducer. A systems for Recognizing and Normalizing TIMEX3",
    author = "Saquete Boro, Estela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1070",
    pages = "317--320",
}
@inproceedings{strotgen-gertz-2010-heideltime,
    title = "{H}eidel{T}ime: High Quality Rule-Based Extraction and Normalization of Temporal Expressions",
    author = {Str{\"o}tgen, Jannik  and
      Gertz, Michael},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1071",
    pages = "321--324",
}
@inproceedings{kolomiyets-moens-2010-kul,
    title = "{KUL}: Recognition and Normalization of Temporal Expressions",
    author = "Kolomiyets, Oleksandr  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1072",
    pages = "325--328",
}
@inproceedings{vicente-diez-etal-2010-uc3m,
    title = "{UC}3{M} System: Determining the Extent, Type and Value of Time Expressions in {T}emp{E}val-2",
    author = "Vicente-D{\'\i}ez, Mar{\'\i}a Teresa  and
      Moreno Schneider, Juli{\'a}n  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Paloma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1073",
    pages = "329--332",
}
@inproceedings{grover-etal-2010-edinburgh,
    title = "{E}dinburgh-{LTG}: {T}emp{E}val-2 System Description",
    author = "Grover, Claire  and
      Tobin, Richard  and
      Alex, Beatrice  and
      Byrne, Kate",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1074",
    pages = "333--336",
}
@inproceedings{derczynski-gaizauskas-2010-usfd2,
    title = "{USFD}2: Annotating Temporal Expresions and {TLINK}s for {T}emp{E}val-2",
    author = "Derczynski, Leon  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1075",
    pages = "337--340",
}
@inproceedings{ha-etal-2010-ncsu,
    title = "{NCSU}: Modeling Temporal Relations with {M}arkov Logic and Lexical Ontology",
    author = "Ha, Eun  and
      Baikadi, Alok  and
      Licata, Carlyle  and
      Lester, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1076",
    pages = "341--344",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-kolya-etal-2010-ju,
    title = "{JU}{\_}{CSE}{\_}{TEMP}: A First Step towards Evaluating Events, Time Expressions and Temporal Relations",
    author = "Kumar Kolya, Anup  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1077",
    pages = "345--350",
}
@inproceedings{kern-etal-2010-kcdc,
    title = "{KCDC}: Word Sense Induction by Using Grammatical Dependencies and Sentence Phrase Structure",
    author = "Kern, Roman  and
      Muhr, Markus  and
      Granitzer, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1078",
    pages = "351--354",
}
@inproceedings{korkontzelos-manandhar-2010-uoy,
    title = "{U}o{Y}: Graphs of Unambiguous Vertices for Word Sense Induction and Disambiguation",
    author = "Korkontzelos, Ioannis  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1079",
    pages = "355--358",
}
@inproceedings{jurgens-stevens-2010-hermit,
    title = "{HERMIT}: Flexible Clustering for the {S}em{E}val-2 {WSI} Task",
    author = "Jurgens, David  and
      Stevens, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1080",
    pages = "359--362",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-2010-duluth,
    title = "{D}uluth-{WSI}: {S}ense{C}lusters Applied to the Sense Induction Task of {S}em{E}val-2",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1081",
    pages = "363--366",
}
@inproceedings{elshamy-etal-2010-ksu,
    title = "{KSU} {KDD}: Word Sense Induction by Clustering in Topic Space",
    author = "Elshamy, Wesam  and
      Caragea, Doina  and
      Hsu, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1082",
    pages = "367--370",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2010-pengyuan,
    title = "{P}eng{Y}uan@{PKU}: Extracting Infrequent Sense Instance with the Same N-Gram Pattern for the {S}em{E}val-2010 Task 15",
    author = "Liu, Peng-Yuan  and
      Yu, Shi-Wen  and
      Liu, Shui  and
      Zhao, Tie-Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1083",
    pages = "371--374",
}
@inproceedings{brosseau-villeneuve-etal-2010-rali,
    title = "{RALI}: Automatic Weighting of Text Window Distances",
    author = "Brosseau-Villeneuve, Bernard  and
      Kando, Noriko  and
      Nie, Jian-Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1084",
    pages = "375--378",
}
@inproceedings{shirai-nakamura-2010-jaist,
    title = "{JAIST}: Clustering and Classification Based Approaches for {J}apanese {WSD}",
    author = "Shirai, Kiyoaki  and
      Nakamura, Makoto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1085",
    pages = "379--382",
}
@inproceedings{fujita-etal-2010-mss,
    title = "{MSS}: Investigating the Effectiveness of Domain Combinations and Topic Features for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Fujita, Sanae  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Fujino, Akinori  and
      Taira, Hirotoshi  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1086",
    pages = "383--386",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-etal-2010-iiith,
    title = "{IIITH}: Domain Specific Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Reddy, Siva  and
      Inumella, Abhilash  and
      McCarthy, Diana  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1087",
    pages = "387--391",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-gomez-2010-ucf,
    title = "{UCF}-{WS}: Domain Word Sense Disambiguation Using Web Selectors",
    author = "Schwartz, Hansen A.  and
      Gomez, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1088",
    pages = "392--395",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2010-treematch,
    title = "{T}ree{M}atch: A Fully Unsupervised {WSD} System Using Dependency Knowledge on a Specific Domain",
    author = "Tran, Andrew  and
      Bowes, Chris  and
      Brown, David  and
      Chen, Ping  and
      Choly, Max  and
      Ding, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1089",
    pages = "396--401",
}
@inproceedings{izquierdo-etal-2010-gplsi,
    title = "{GPLSI}-{IXA}: Using Semantic Classes to Acquire Monosemous Training Examples from Domain Texts",
    author = "Izquierdo, Rub{\'e}n  and
      Su{\'a}rez, Armando  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1090",
    pages = "402--406",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2010-hit,
    title = "{HIT}-{CIR}: An Unsupervised {WSD} System Based on Domain Most Frequent Sense Estimation",
    author = "Guo, Yuhang  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      He, Wei  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1091",
    pages = "407--410",
}
@inproceedings{ion-stefanescu-2010-racai,
    title = "{RACAI}: Unsupervised WSD Experiments @ SemEval-2, Task 17",
    author = "Ion, Radu  and
      {\c{S}}tef{\u{a}}nescu, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1092",
    pages = "411--416",
}
@inproceedings{soroa-etal-2010-kyoto,
    title = "{K}yoto: An Integrated System for Specific Domain {WSD}",
    author = "Soroa, Aitor  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Lopez de Lacalle, Oier  and
      Bosma, Wauter  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Lo, Jessie  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1093",
    pages = "417--420",
}
@inproceedings{kulkarni-etal-2010-cfilt,
    title = "{CFILT}: Resource Conscious Approaches for All-Words Domain Specific {WSD}",
    author = "Kulkarni, Anup  and
      Khapra, Mitesh  and
      Sohoney, Saurabh  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1094",
    pages = "421--426",
}
@inproceedings{gutierrez-vazquez-etal-2010-umcc,
    title = "{UMCC}-{DLSI}: Integrative Resource for Disambiguation Task",
    author = "Guti{\'e}rrez V{\'a}zquez, Yoan  and
      Fernandez Orqu{\'\i}n, Antonio  and
      Montoyo Guijarro, Andr{\'e}s  and
      V{\'a}zquez P{\'e}rez, Sonia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1095",
    pages = "427--432",
}
@inproceedings{shih-2010-hr,
    title = "{HR}-{WSD}: System Description for All-Words Word Sense Disambiguation on a Specific Domain at {S}em{E}val-2010",
    author = "Shih, Meng-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1096",
    pages = "433--435",
}
@inproceedings{pak-paroubek-2010-twitter,
    title = "Twitter Based System: Using Twitter for Disambiguating Sentiment Ambiguous Adjectives",
    author = "Pak, Alexander  and
      Paroubek, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1097",
    pages = "436--439",
}
@inproceedings{yang-liu-2010-ysc,
    title = "{YSC}-{DSAA}: An Approach to Disambiguate Sentiment Ambiguous Adjectives Based on {SAAOL}",
    author = "Yang, Shi-Cai  and
      Liu, Mei-Juan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1098",
    pages = "440--443",
}
@inproceedings{balahur-montoyo-2010-opal,
    title = "{O}p{AL}: Applying Opinion Mining Techniques for the Disambiguation of Sentiment Ambiguous Adjectives in {S}em{E}val-2 Task 18",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1099",
    pages = "444--447",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2010-hitsz,
    title = "{HITSZ}{\_}{CITYU}: Combine Collocation, Context Words and Neighboring Sentence Sentiment in Sentiment Adjectives Disambiguation",
    author = "Xu, Ruifeng  and
      Xu, Jun  and
      Kit, Chunyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1100",
    pages = "448--451",
}
@proceedings{lrec-2000-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    author = "Gavrilidou, M.  and
      Carayannis, G.  and
      Markantonatou, S.  and
      Piperidis, S.  and
      Stainhauer, G.",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
}
@inproceedings{bailly-etal-2000-cost258,
    title = "The Cost258 Signal Generation Test Array",
    author = "Bailly, G{\'e}rard  and
      Banga, Eduardo R.  and
      Monaghan, Alex  and
      Rank, Erhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/1.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shudo-etal-2000-collocations,
    title = "Collocations as Word Co-ocurrence Restriction Data - An Application to {J}apanese Word Processor -",
    author = "Shudo, Kosho  and
      Takahashi, Masahito  and
      Koyama, Yasuo  and
      Yoshimura, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/2.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bagga-2000-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing the {TDT} Tracking Evaluation",
    author = "Bagga, Amit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/5.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{arvaniti-baltazani-2000-greek,
    title = "{GREEK} {T}o{BI}: A System for the Annotation of {G}reek Speech Corpora",
    author = "Arvaniti, Amalia  and
      Baltazani, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/7.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kilgarriff-rosenzweig-2000-english,
    title = "{E}nglish Senseval: Report and Results",
    author = "Kilgarriff, Adam  and
      Rosenzweig, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/8.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moreno-etal-2000-sala,
    title = "{SALA}: {S}peech{D}at across {L}atin America. Results of the First Phase",
    author = {Moreno, Asunci{\'o}n  and
      Comeyne, Robrecht  and
      Haslam, Keith  and
      van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      H{\"o}ge, Harald  and
      Horbach, Sabine  and
      Micca, Giorgio},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/10.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-2000-using,
    title = "Using a Large Set of {EAGLES}-compliant Morpho-syntactic Descriptors as a Tagset for Probabilistic Tagging",
    author = "Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/11.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{macklovitch-etal-2000-transsearch,
    title = "{T}rans{S}earch: A Free Translation Memory on the World Wide Web",
    author = "Macklovitch, Elliott  and
      Simard, Michel  and
      Langlais, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/12.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-nimb-2000-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Encoding of {D}anish Verbs in {SIMPLE} - Adapting a Verb Framed Model to a Satellite-framed Language",
    author = "Pedersen, Bolette Sandford  and
      Nimb, Sanni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/13.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mochizuki-okumura-2000-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Summarization Methods Based on Task-based Evaluation",
    author = "Mochizuki, Hajime  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/14.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-mao-2000-word,
    title = "A Word Sense Disambiguation Method Using Bilingual Corpus",
    author = "Zheng, Jie  and
      Mao, Yuhang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/15.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fotinea-etal-2000-perceptual,
    title = "Perceptual Evaluation of a New Subband Low Bit Rate Speech Compression System based on Waveform Vector Quantization and {SVD} Postfiltering",
    author = "Fotinea, S.-E.  and
      Dologlou, I.  and
      Bakamidis, S.  and
      Stainhauer, G.  and
      Carayannis, G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/16.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pedrazzini-etal-2000-terms,
    title = "Terms Specification and Extraction within a Linguistic-based Intranet Service",
    author = {Pedrazzini, Sandro  and
      Maier, Elisabeth  and
      K{\"o}nig, Dierk},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/17.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-sgall-2000-semantico,
    title = "Semantico-syntactic Tagging of Very Large Corpora: the Case of Restoration of Nodes on the Underlying Level",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Sgall, Petr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/18.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-etal-2000-coreference,
    title = "Coreference in Annotating a Large Corpus",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Panevov{\'a}, Jarmila  and
      Sgall, Petr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/19.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bennison-bowker-2000-designing,
    title = "Designing a Tool for Exploiting Bilingual Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Bennison, Peter  and
      Bowker, Lynne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/20.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maynard-ananiadou-2000-creating,
    title = "Creating and Using Domain-specific Ontologies for Terminological Applications",
    author = "Maynard, Diana  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/22.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{voorhees-tice-2000-trec,
    title = "The {TREC}-8 Question Answering Track",
    author = "Voorhees, Ellen M.  and
      Tice, Dawn M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/26.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sekine-isahara-2000-irex,
    title = "{IREX}: IR {\&} IE Evaluation Project in {J}apanese",
    author = "Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/27.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sheremetyeva-nirenburg-2000-towards,
    title = "Towards A Universal Tool For {NLP} Resource Acquisition",
    author = "Sheremetyeva, Svetlana  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/28.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hu-yu-2000-multi,
    title = "The Multi-layer Language Knowledge Base of {C}hinese {NLP}",
    author = "Hu, Junfeng  and
      Yu, Shiwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/29.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{abbas-picard-2000-worldtrek,
    title = "With {WORLDTREK} Family, Create, Update and Browse your Terminological World",
    author = "Abbas, Yasmina  and
      Picard, Marie-Luce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/31.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chenfour-etal-2000-etude,
    title = "Etude et Evaluation de la Di-Syllabe comme Unit{\'e} Acoustique pour le Syst{\`e}me de Synth{\`e}se Arabe {PARADIS}",
    author = "Chenfour, N.  and
      Benabbou, A.  and
      Mouradi, A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/32.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{charfuelan-etal-2000-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Annotation for Language Systems Evaluation",
    author = "Charfuel{\'a}n, Marcela  and
      Rela{\~n}o Gil, Jos{\'e}  and
      Gancedo, M. Carmen Rodr{\'\i}guez  and
      Merino, Daniel Tapias  and
      G{\'o}mez, Luis Hern{\'a}ndez",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/33.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{langlais-etal-2000-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of {TRANSTYPE}, a Computer-aided Translation Typing System: A Comparison of a Theoretical- and a User-oriented Evaluation Procedures",
    author = "Langlais, Philippe  and
      Sauv{\'e}, S{\'e}bastien  and
      Foster, George  and
      Macklovitch, Elliott  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/34.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sierra-mcnaught-2000-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Semantic Clusters for Terminological Information Retrieval from {MRD}s",
    author = "Sierra, Gerardo  and
      McNaught, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/35.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{antoine-etal-2000-obtaining,
    title = "Obtaining Predictive Results with an Objective Evaluation of Spoken Dialogue Systems: Experiments with the {DCR} Assessment Paradigm",
    author = "Antoine, Jean-Yves  and
      Siroux, Jacques  and
      Caelen, Jean  and
      Villaneau, Jeanne  and
      Goulian, J{\'e}r{\^o}me  and
      Ahafhaf, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/36.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{perennou-calmes-2000-mhatlex,
    title = "{MHATL}ex: Lexical Resources for Modelling the {F}rench Pronunciation",
    author = "P{\'e}rennou, Guy  and
      Calm{\`e}s, Martine De",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/37.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lavelle-etal-2000-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue and Prompting Strategies Evaluation in the {DEMON} System",
    author = "Lavelle, Carine-Alexia  and
      Calm{\`e}s, Martine De  and
      P{\'e}rennou, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/38.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-heuvel-etal-2000-slr,
    title = "{SLR} Validation: Present State of Affairs and Prospects",
    author = "van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      Boves, Lou  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Goddijn, Simo  and
      Sanders, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/39.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dutoit-etal-2000-euler,
    title = "{EULER}: an Open, Generic, Multilingual and Multi-platform Text-to-Speech System",
    author = "Dutoit, Thierry  and
      Bagein, Michel  and
      Malfr{\`e}re, Fabrice  and
      Pagel, Vincent  and
      Ruelle, Alain  and
      Tounsi, Nawfal  and
      Wynsberghe, Dominique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/41.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{swerts-krahmer-2000-use,
    title = "On the Use of Prosody for On-line Evaluation of Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Swerts, Marc  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/43.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{aduriz-etal-2000-word,
    title = "A Word-level Morphosyntactic Analyzer for Basque",
    author = "Aduriz, I.  and
      Agirre, E.  and
      Aldezabal, I.  and
      Arregi, X.  and
      Arriola, J. M.  and
      Artola, X.  and
      Gojenola, K.  and
      Maritxalar, A.  and
      Sarasola, K.  and
      Urkia, M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/44.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{russel-etal-2000-eudico,
    title = "The {EUDICO} Project, Multi Media Annotation over the {I}nternet",
    author = "Russel, Albert  and
      Brugman, Hennie  and
      Broeder, Daan  and
      Wittenburg, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/45.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{braasch-olsen-2000-towards,
    title = "Towards a Strategy for a Representation of Collocations - Extending the {D}anish {PAROLE}-lexicon",
    author = "Braasch, Anna  and
      Olsen, Sussi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/47.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fotinea-etal-2000-perceptual-evaluation,
    title = "Perceptual Evaluation of Text-to-Speech Implementation of Enclitic Stress in {G}reek",
    author = "Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita  and
      Protopapas, Athanassios  and
      Dimitriadis, Dimitris  and
      Carayannis, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/48.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rannon-etal-2000-creation,
    title = "Creation of Spoken {H}ebrew Databases",
    author = "Rannon, Tami  and
      Golani, Ofra  and
      Goren, Anat  and
      Shammass, Sherrie  and
      Moyal, Ami",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/52.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vlaj-etal-2000-pledit,
    title = "{PLEDIT} - A New Efficient Tool for Management of Multilingual Pronunciation Lexica and Batchlists",
    author = "Vlaj, Damjan  and
      Kaiser, Janez  and
      Wilhelm, Ralph  and
      Ziegenhain, Ute",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/53.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{estopa-etal-2000-use,
    title = "Use of {G}reek and {L}atin Forms for Term Detection",
    author = "Estop{\`a}, Rosa  and
      Vivaldi, Jordi  and
      Cabr{\'e}, M. Teresa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/55.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{canelli-etal-2000-methods,
    title = "Methods and Metrics for the Evaluation of Dictation Systems: a Case Study",
    author = "Canelli, Maria  and
      Grasso, Daniele  and
      King, Margaret",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/56.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{smith-jahr-2000-cairo,
    title = "{C}airo: An Alignment Visualization Tool",
    author = "Smith, Noah A.  and
      Jahr, Michael E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/58.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mengel-lezius-2000-xml,
    title = "An {XML}-based Representation Format for Syntactically Annotated Corpora",
    author = "Mengel, Andreas  and
      Lezius, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/59.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{corazzari-etal-2000-experiment,
    title = "An Experiment of Lexical-Semantic Tagging of an {I}talian Corpus",
    author = "Corazzari, Ornella  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Zampolli, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/60.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bel-etal-2000-simple,
    title = "{SIMPLE}: A General Framework for the Development of Multilingual Lexicons",
    author = "Bel, Nuria  and
      Busa, Federica  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Gola, Elisabetta  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Ogonowski, Antoine  and
      Peters, Ivonne  and
      Peters, Wim  and
      Ruimy, Nilda  and
      Villegas, Marta  and
      Zampolli, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/61.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vetulani-2000-electronic,
    title = "Electronic Language Resources for Polish: {POLEX}, {CEGLEX} and {GRAMLEX}",
    author = "Vetulani, Zygmunt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/62.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{siemund-etal-2000-speecon,
    title = "{SPEECON} - Speech Data for Consumer Devices",
    author = {Siemund, Rainer  and
      H{\"o}ge, Harald  and
      Kunzmann, Siegfried  and
      Marasek, Krzysztof},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/63.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moreno-etal-2000-treebank,
    title = "A Treebank of {S}panish and its Application to Parsing",
    author = "Moreno, Antonio  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      L{\'o}pez, Susana  and
      S{\'a}nchez, Fernando  and
      Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/66.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jekat-tessiore-2000-end,
    title = "End-to-End Evaluation of Machine Interpretation Systems: A Graphical Evaluation Tool",
    author = "Jekat, Susanne J.  and
      Tessiore, Lorenzo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/67.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{artola-etal-2000-proposal,
    title = "A Proposal for the Integration of {NLP} Tools using {SGML}-Tagged Documents",
    author = "Artola, X.  and
      D{\'\i}az de Ilarraza, A.  and
      Ezeiza, N.  and
      Gojenola, K.  and
      Maritxalar, A.  and
      Soroa, A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/68.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fontenelle-2000-bilingual,
    title = "A Bilingual Electronic Dictionary for Frame Semantics",
    author = "Fontenelle, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/69.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{braschler-etal-2000-evaluation,
    title = "The Evaluation of Systems for Cross-language Information Retrieval",
    author = {Braschler, Martin  and
      Harman, Donna  and
      Hess, Michael  and
      Kluck, Michael  and
      Peters, Carol  and
      Sch{\"a}uble, Peter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/70.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{goncalves-veloso-2000-spoken,
    title = "Spoken {P}ortuguese: Geographic and Social Varieties",
    author = "Gon{\c{c}}alves, Jos{\'e} Bettencourt  and
      Veloso, Rita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/71.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{do-nascimento-etal-2000-portuguese,
    title = "{P}ortuguese Corpora at {CLUL}",
    author = "do Nascimento, Maria Fernanda Bacelar  and
      Pereira, Luisa  and
      Saramago, Jo{\~a}o",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/72.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moreno-perez-2000-reusing,
    title = "Reusing the Mikrokosmos Ontology for Concept-based Multilingual Terminology Databases",
    author = "Moreno, Antonio  and
      P{\'e}rez, Chantal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/74.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kimura-hirakawa-2000-abstraction,
    title = "Abstraction of the {EDR} Concept Classification and its Effectiveness in Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Kimura, Kazuhiro  and
      Hirakawa, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/75.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cucchiarelli-etal-2000-will,
    title = "Will Very Large Corpora Play For Semantic Disambiguation The Role That Massive Computing Power Is Playing For Other {AI}-Hard Problems?",
    author = "Cucchiarelli, Alessandro  and
      Faggioli, Enrico  and
      Velardi, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/76.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{itahashi-2000-guidelines,
    title = "Guidelines for {J}apanese Speech Synthesizer Evaluation",
    author = "Itahashi, Shuichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/77.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{narita-2000-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a Tagged E-J Parallel Corpus for Assisting {J}apanese Software Engineers in Writing {E}nglish Abstracts",
    author = "Narita, Masumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/78.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shinnou-ikeya-2000-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Unknown Words Using the Probability of Accepting the Kanji Character Sequence as One Word",
    author = "Shinnou, Hiroyuki  and
      Ikeya, Masanori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/79.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ivanov-2000-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Speech Segmentation in High Noise Condition",
    author = "Ivanov, Rosen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/80.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gavieiro-villatte-spaggiari-2000-open,
    title = "Open Ended Computerized Overview of Controlled Languages",
    author = "Gavieiro-Villatte, Elisa  and
      Spaggiari, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/81.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-2000-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Parsing and Functional Structure in {I}talian Corpora",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/82.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-etal-2000-annotating,
    title = "Annotating, Disambiguating {\&} Automatically Extending the Coverage of the {S}wedish {SIMPLE} Lexicon",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Gronostaj, Maria Toporowska  and
      Warmenius, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/84.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{santos-bick-2000-providing,
    title = "Providing {I}nternet Access to {P}ortuguese Corpora: the {AC}/{DC} Project",
    author = "Santos, Diana  and
      Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/85.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{inkelas-etal-2000-turkish,
    title = "{T}urkish Electronic Living Lexicon ({TELL}): A Lexical Database",
    author = {Inkelas, Sharon  and
      K{\"u}ntay, Aylin  and
      Orgun, C. Orhan  and
      Sprouse, Ronald},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/86.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{goedertier-etal-2000-orthographic,
    title = "Orthographic Transcription of the Spoken {D}utch Corpus",
    author = "Goedertier, Wim  and
      Goddijn, Simo  and
      Martens, Jean-Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/87.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bernardis-etal-2000-development,
    title = "Development of Acoustic and Linguistic Resources for Research and Evaluation in Interactive Vocal Information Servers",
    author = "Bernardis, Giulia  and
      Bourlard, Herv{\'e}  and
      Rajman, Martin  and
      Chappelier, Jean-C{\'e}dric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/90.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rojo-etal-2000-architecture,
    title = "An Architecture for Document Routing in {S}panish: Two Language Components, Pre-processor and Parser",
    author = "Rojo, Guillermo  and
      {\'A}lvarez, Maria Concepci{\'o}n  and
      Alvari{\~n}o, Pilar  and
      Gil, Adelaida  and
      Santalla, Mar{\'\i}a Paula  and
      Sotelo, Susana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/91.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bateman-hartley-2000-target,
    title = "Target Suites for Evaluating the Coverage of Text Generators",
    author = "Bateman, John A.  and
      Hartley, Anthony F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/92.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{grover-etal-2000-lt,
    title = "{LT} {TTT} - A Flexible Tokenisation Tool",
    author = "Grover, Claire  and
      Matheson, Colin  and
      Mikheev, Andrei  and
      Moens, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/93.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rilliard-auberge-2000-perception,
    title = "Perception and Analysis of a Reiterant Speech Paradigm: a Functional Diagnostic of Synthetic Prosody",
    author = "Rilliard, Albert  and
      Auberg{\'e}, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/94.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{federico-etal-2000-development,
    title = "Development and Evaluation of an {I}talian Broadcast News Corpus",
    author = "Federico, Marcello  and
      Giordani, Dimitri  and
      Coletti, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/95.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{villegas-etal-2000-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Linguistic Resources: From Monolingual Lexicons to Bilingual Interrelated Lexicons",
    author = "Villegas, Marta  and
      Bel, Nuria  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Ruimy, Nilda  and
      Zampolli, Antonio  and
      Sadurn{\'\i}, Teresa  and
      Soler, Joan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/96.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lenci-etal-2000-opposites,
    title = "Where Opposites Meet. A Syntactic Meta-scheme for Corpus Annotation and Parsing Evaluation",
    author = "Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Pirrelli, Vito  and
      Soria, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/98.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{allegrini-etal-2000-controlled,
    title = "Controlled Bootstrapping of Lexico-semantic Classes as a Bridge between Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic Knowledge: Methodology and Evaluation",
    author = "Allegrini, Paolo  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Pirrelli, Vito",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/99.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kibble-van-deemter-2000-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Annotation: Whither?",
    author = "Kibble, Rodger  and
      van Deemter, Kees",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/100.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-cozar-etal-2000-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of a Dialogue System Based on a Generic Model that Combines Robust Speech Understanding and Mixed-initiative Control",
    author = "L{\'o}pez-C{\'o}zar, R.  and
      Rubio, A.J.  and
      D{\'\i}az Verdejo, J.E.  and
      De la Torre, A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/101.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{munteanu-boldea-2000-mdwoz,
    title = "{MDWOZ}: A Wizard of {O}z Environment for Dialog Systems Development",
    author = "Munteanu, Cosmin  and
      Boldea, Marian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/104.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bohus-boldea-2000-web,
    title = "A Web-based Text Corpora Development System",
    author = "Bohu{\c{s}}, Dan  and
      Boldea, Marian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/105.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{georgantopoulos-piperidis-2000-term,
    title = "Term-based Identification of Sentences for Text Summarisation",
    author = "Georgantopoulos, Byron  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/106.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{levane-spektors-2000-morphemic,
    title = "Morphemic Analysis and Morphological Tagging of {L}atvian Corpus",
    author = "Lev{\=a}ne, Krist{\=\i}ne  and
      Spektors, Andrejs",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/107.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kremer-schmitt-2000-textual,
    title = "Textual Information Retrieval Systems Test: The Point of View of an Organizer and Corpuses Provider",
    author = "Kremer, Patrick  and
      Schmitt, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/109.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{oostdijk-2000-spoken,
    title = "The Spoken {D}utch Corpus. Overview and First Evaluation",
    author = "Oostdijk, Nelleke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/110.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{badia-egea-2000-strategy,
    title = "A Strategy for the Syntactic Parsing of Corpora: from Constraint Grammar Output to Unification-based Processing",
    author = "Badia, Toni  and
      Egea, {\`A}ngels",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/111.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{soler-i-bou-2000-producing,
    title = "Producing {LR}s in Parallel with Lexicographic Description: the {DCC} project",
    author = "Soler i Bou, Joan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/112.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fujii-ishikawa-2000-novelty,
    title = "A Novelty-based Evaluation Method for Information Retrieval",
    author = "Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Ishikawa, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/113.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mitkov-2000-towards,
    title = "Towards More Comprehensive Evaluation in Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/115.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{polifroni-seneff-2000-galaxy,
    title = "Galaxy-{II} as an Architecture for Spoken Dialogue Evaluation",
    author = "Polifroni, Joseph  and
      Seneff, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/116.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tadic-2000-building,
    title = "Building the {C}roatian-{E}nglish Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Tadi{\'c}, Marko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/119.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{varadi-2000-lexical,
    title = "Lexical and Translation Equivalence in Parallel Corpora",
    author = "V{\'a}radi, Tam{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/122.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{broeder-etal-2000-towards,
    title = "Towards a Standard for Meta-descriptions of Language Resources",
    author = "Broeder, D.  and
      Brugman, H.  and
      Russel, A.  and
      Skiba, R.  and
      Wittenburg, P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/125.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{meister-etal-2000-object,
    title = "Object-oriented Access to the {E}stonian Phonetic Database",
    author = "Meister, Einar  and
      Eek, Arvo  and
      Altosaar, Toomas  and
      Vainio, Martti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/128.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{roventini-etal-2000-italwordnet,
    title = "{I}tal{W}ord{N}et: a Large Semantic Database for {I}talian",
    author = "Roventini, Adriana  and
      Alonge, Antonietta  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Bertagna, Francesca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/129.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{barbu-2000-fast,
    title = "{FAST} - Towards a Semi-automatic Annotation of Corpora",
    author = "Barbu, C{\u{a}}t{\u{a}}lina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/130.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{trouilleux-etal-2000-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution Evaluation Based on Descriptive Specificity",
    author = "Trouilleux, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Gaussier, Eric  and
      B{\`e}s, Gabriel G.  and
      Zaenen, Annie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/131.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dutoit-2000-text,
    title = "A Text-{\textgreater}Meaning-{\textgreater}Text Dictionary and Process",
    author = "Dutoit, Dominique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/132.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{de-mareuil-etal-2000-french,
    title = "A {F}rench Phonetic Lexicon with Variants for Speech and Language Processing",
    author = {de Mare{\"u}il, Philippe Boula  and
      d{'}Alessandro, Christophe  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Auberg{\'e}, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Vaissi{\`e}re, Jacqueline  and
      Amelot, Ang{\'e}lique},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/133.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dybkjaer-etal-2000-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Communication Problems Using the {MATE} Workbench",
    author = "Dybkj{\ae}r, Laila  and
      M{\o}ller, Morten Baun  and
      Bernsen, Niels Ole  and
      Grosse, Michael  and
      Olsen, Martin  and
      Schiffrin, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/134.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bernsen-dybkjaer-2000-methodology,
    title = "A Methodology for Evaluating Spoken Language Dialogue Systems and Their Components",
    author = "Bernsen, Niels Ole  and
      Dybkj{\ae}r, Laila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/135.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bohan-etal-2000-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Translation Quality as Input to Product Development",
    author = "Bohan, Niamh  and
      Breidt, Elisabeth  and
      Volk, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/136.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ahrenberg-etal-2000-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Word Alignment Systems",
    author = {Ahrenberg, Lars  and
      Merkel, Magnus  and
      Hein, Anna S{\aa}gvall  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/137.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dejean-2000-evaluate,
    title = "How To Evaluate and Compare Tagsets? A Proposal",
    author = "D{\'e}jean, Herv{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/138.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{white-etal-2000-determining,
    title = "Determining the Tolerance of Text-handling Tasks for {MT} Output",
    author = "White, John  and
      Doyon, Jennifer  and
      Talbott, Susan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/139.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gamper-2000-parallel,
    title = "A Parallel Corpus of {I}talian/{G}erman Legal Texts",
    author = "Gamper, Johann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/140.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{buchholz-van-den-bosch-2000-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Seed Names and ngrams for a Named Entity List and Classifier",
    author = "Buchholz, Sabine  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/141.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kashioka-shirai-2000-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Expansion of Thesaurus Entries with a Different Thesaurus",
    author = "Kashioka, Hideki  and
      Shirai, Satosi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/142.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zeman-sarkar-2000-learning,
    title = "Learning Verb Subcategorization from Corpora: Counting Frame Subsets",
    author = "Zeman, Daniel  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/145.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dzeroski-etal-2000-morphosyntactic,
    title = "Morphosyntactic Tagging of {S}lovene: Evaluating Taggers and Tagsets",
    author = "D{\v{z}}eroski, Sa{\v{s}}o  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Zavrel, Jakub",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/146.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{micca-etal-2000-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Interpolation of Speech Recognition Models",
    author = "Micca, Giorgio  and
      Frasca, Alessandra  and
      Benedetto, Maria Gabriella Di",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/147.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{peters-peters-2000-lexicalised,
    title = "Lexicalised Systematic Polysemy in {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Peters, Wim  and
      Peters, Ivonne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/148.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gamback-olsson-2000-experiences,
    title = "Experiences of Language Engineering Algorithm Reuse",
    author = {Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Olsson, Fredrik},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/151.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{klimova-kocek-2000-derivation,
    title = "Derivation in the {C}zech National Corpus",
    author = "Kl{\'\i}mov{\'a}, Jana  and
      Kocek, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/153.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zavrel-daelemans-2000-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping a Tagged Corpus through Combination of Existing Heterogeneous Taggers",
    author = "Zavrel, Jakub  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/155.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hladka-2000-context,
    title = "The Context (not only) for Humans",
    author = "Hladk{\'a}, Barbora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/156.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{borin-2000-something,
    title = "Something Borrowed, Something Blue: Rule-based Combination of {POS} Taggers",
    author = "Borin, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/158.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mills-2000-screffva,
    title = "{S}creffva: A Lexicographer{'}s Workbench",
    author = "Mills, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/159.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alcouffe-etal-2000-step,
    title = "A Step toward Semantic Indexing of an Encyclopedic Corpus",
    author = "Alcouffe, Philippe  and
      Gacon, Nicolas  and
      Roux, Claude  and
      Segond, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}rique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/161.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brey-etal-2000-issues,
    title = "Issues in the Evaluation of Spoken Dialogue Systems - Experience from the {ACC}e{SS} Project",
    author = "Brey, Thomas  and
      Hanrieder, Gerhard  and
      Heisterkamp, Paul  and
      Hitzenberger, Ludwig  and
      Regel-Brietzmann, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/162.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{stein-etal-2000-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Summaries for Multiple Documents in an Interactive Environment",
    author = "Stein, Gees C.  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Wise, G. Bowden  and
      Bagga, Amit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/163.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kinoshita-2000-grammarless,
    title = "Grammarless Bracketing in an Aligned Bilingual Corpus",
    author = "Kinoshita, Jorge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/164.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-2000-semi,
    title = "A Semi-automatic System for Conceptual Annotation, its Application to Resource Construction and Evaluation",
    author = "Black, W.J.  and
      McNaught, J.  and
      Zarri, G.P.  and
      Persidis, A.  and
      Brasher, A.  and
      Gilardoni, L.  and
      Bertino, E.  and
      Semeraro, G.  and
      Leo, P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/165.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{isard-etal-2000-mate,
    title = "The {MATE} Workbench Annotation Tool, a Technical Description",
    author = "Isard, Amy  and
      McKelvie, David  and
      Mengel, Andreas  and
      M{\o}ller, Morten Baun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/166.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jones-etal-2000-recruitment,
    title = "Recruitment Techniques for Minority Language Speech Databases: Some Observations",
    author = "Jones, Rhys James  and
      Mason, John S.  and
      Helliker, Louise  and
      Pawlewski, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/167.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wayne-2000-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Topic Detection and Tracking: Successful Research Enabled by Corpora and Evaluation",
    author = "Wayne, Charles L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/168.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{felipe-zamorano-2000-pos,
    title = "{P}o{S} Disambiguation and Partial Parsing Bidirectional Interaction",
    author = "Felipe, Montserrat Marimon  and
      Zamorano, Jordi Porta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/169.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cunningham-etal-2000-software,
    title = "Software Infrastructure for Language Resources: a Taxonomy of Previous Work and a Requirements Analysis",
    author = "Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Tablan, Valentin  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/170.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ide-etal-2000-xces,
    title = "{XCES}: An {XML}-based Encoding Standard for Linguistic Corpora",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Bonhomme, Patrice  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/172.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{demiros-etal-2000-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition in {G}reek Texts",
    author = "Demiros, Iason  and
      Boutsis, Sotiris  and
      Giouli, Voula  and
      Liakata, Maria  and
      Papageorgiou, Harris  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/173.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{boutsis-etal-2000-robust,
    title = "A Robust Parser for Unrestricted {G}reek Text",
    author = "Boutsis, Sotiris  and
      Prokopidis, Prokopis  and
      Giouli, Voula  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/174.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rojc-kacic-2000-computational,
    title = "A Computational Platform for Development of Morphologic and Phonetic Lexica",
    author = "Rojc, Matej  and
      Ka{\v{c}}i{\v{c}}, Zdravko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/175.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{orasan-krishnamurthy-2000-open,
    title = "An Open Architecture for the Construction and Administration of Corpora",
    author = "Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin  and
      Krishnamurthy, Ramesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/176.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rojc-kacic-2000-design,
    title = "Design of Optimal {S}lovenian Speech Corpus for Use in the Concatenative Speech Synthesis System",
    author = "Rojc, Matej  and
      Ka{\v{c}}i{\v{c}}, Zdravko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/177.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{orasan-2000-clinka,
    title = "{CL}ink{A} A Coreferential Links Annotator",
    author = "Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/179.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kilgarriff-yallop-2000-whats,
    title = "What{'}s in a Thesaurus?",
    author = "Kilgarriff, Adam  and
      Yallop, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/180.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{papageorgiou-etal-2000-unified,
    title = "A Unified {POS} Tagging Architecture and its Application to {G}reek",
    author = "Papageorgiou, Harris  and
      Prokopidis, Prokopis  and
      Giouli, Voula  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/181.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bonhomme-lopez-2000-resources,
    title = "Resources for Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars and {XML} Encoding: {T}ag{ML}",
    author = "Bonhomme, Patrice  and
      Lopez, Patrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/182.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{witt-etal-2000-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Speech Corpus Resources with Multiple Lexical Tag Layers",
    author = {Witt, Andreas  and
      L{\"u}ngen, Harald  and
      Gibbon, Dafydd},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/183.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bird-etal-2000-atlas,
    title = "{ATLAS}: A Flexible and Extensible Architecture for Linguistic Annotation",
    author = "Bird, Steven  and
      Day, David  and
      Garofolo, John  and
      Henderson, John  and
      Laprun, Christophe  and
      Liberman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/184.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{skrelin-sherstinova-2000-models,
    title = "Models of {R}ussian Text/Speech Interactive Databases for Supporting of Scientific, Practical and Cultural Researches",
    author = "Skrelin, Pavel  and
      Sherstinova, Tatiana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/185.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{de-yzaguirre-etal-2000-technical,
    title = "Some Technical Aspects about Aligning Near Languages",
    author = "de Yzaguirre, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Ribas, Marta  and
      Vivaldi, Jordi  and
      Cabr{\'e}, M. Teresa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/186.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mcenery-etal-2000-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Resources and Minority Language Engineering",
    author = "McEnery, Tony  and
      Baker, Paul  and
      Burnard, Lou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/187.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{krenn-2000-cdb,
    title = "{CDB} - A Database of Lexical Collocations",
    author = "Krenn, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/189.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{walker-etal-2000-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation for Darpa Communicator Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Aberdeen, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/191.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{geoffrois-etal-2000-transcribing,
    title = "Transcribing with Annotation Graphs",
    author = "Geoffrois, Edouard  and
      Barras, Claude  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Wu, Zhibiao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/192.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-2000-annotating,
    title = "Annotating a Corpus to Develop and Evaluate Discourse Entity Realization Algorithms: Issues and Preliminary Results",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/193.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bird-etal-2000-towards,
    title = "Towards a Query Language for Annotation Graphs",
    author = "Bird, Steven  and
      Buneman, Peter  and
      Tan, Wang-Chiew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/194.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{macleod-etal-2000-american,
    title = "The {A}merican National Corpus: A Standardized Resource for {A}merican {E}nglish",
    author = "Macleod, Catherine  and
      Ide, Nancy  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/196.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-etal-2000-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Tagging for the {P}enn Treebank",
    author = "Palmer, Martha  and
      Dang, Hoa Trang  and
      Rosenzweig, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/197.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ribarov-2000-rule,
    title = "Rule-based Tagging: Morphological Tagset versus Tagset of Analytical Functions",
    author = "Ribarov, Kiril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/199.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ribarov-2000-un,
    title = "The (Un)Deterministic Nature of Morphological Context",
    author = "Ribarov, Kiril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/200.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{day-etal-2000-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Cross-Document Annotation",
    author = "Day, David  and
      Goldschen, Alan  and
      Henderson, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/201.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cadel-ledouble-2000-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Concepts and Multilingual Information Schemes from {F}rench and {E}nglish Economics Documents",
    author = "Cadel, Peggy  and
      Ledouble, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/202.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{breck-etal-2000-evaluate,
    title = "How to Evaluate Your Question Answering System Every Day ... and Still Get Real Work Done",
    author = "Breck, Eric J.  and
      Burger, John D.  and
      Ferro, Lisa  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      House, David  and
      Light, Marc  and
      Mani, Inderjeet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/203.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{oppermann-etal-2000-transcription,
    title = "What are Transcription Errors and Why are They made?",
    author = "Oppermann, Daniela  and
      Burger, Susanne  and
      Weilhammer, Karl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/205.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{di-eugenio-2000-usage,
    title = "On the Usage of Kappa to Evaluate Agreement on Coding Tasks",
    author = "Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/206.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2000-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of {E}nglish-{C}hinese Term Lexicons from Noisy Bilingual Corpora",
    author = "Sun, Le  and
      Jin, Youbing  and
      Du, Lin  and
      Sun, Yufang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/208.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-liberman-2000-issues,
    title = "Issues in Corpus Creation and Distribution: The Evolution of the Linguistic Data Consortium",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      Liberman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/209.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-etal-2000-large,
    title = "Large, Multilingual, Broadcast News Corpora for Cooperative Research in Topic Detection and Tracking: The {TDT}-2 and {TDT}-3 Corpus Efforts",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      Graff, David  and
      Liberman, Mark  and
      Martey, Nii  and
      Strassel, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/210.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{matsumoto-yamashita-2000-using,
    title = "Using Machine Learning Methods to Improve Quality of Tagged Corpora and Learning Models",
    author = "Matsumoto, Yuji  and
      Yamashita, Tatsuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/211.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{strassel-etal-2000-quality,
    title = "Quality Control in Large Annotation Projects Involving Multiple Judges: The Case of the {TDT} Corpora",
    author = "Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Graff, David  and
      Martey, Nii  and
      Cieri, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/212.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{utsuro-2000-learning,
    title = "Learning Preference of Dependency between {J}apanese Subordinate Clauses and its Evaluation in Parsing",
    author = "Utsuro, Takehito",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/213.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lee-chien-2000-live,
    title = "Live Lexicons and Dynamic Corpora Adapted to the Network Resources for {C}hinese Spoken Language Processing Applications in an {I}nternet Era",
    author = "Lee, Lin-Shan  and
      Chien, Lee-Feng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/214.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{levin-etal-2000-lessons,
    title = "Lessons Learned from a Task-based Evaluation of Speech-to-Speech Machine Translation",
    author = "Levin, Lori  and
      Bartlog, Boris  and
      Llitjos, Ariadna Font  and
      Gates, Donna  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Wallace, Dorcas  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Woszczyna, Monika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/215.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{eynde-etal-2000-part,
    title = "Part of Speech Tagging and Lemmatisation for the Spoken {D}utch Corpus",
    author = "Eynde, Frank Van  and
      Zavrel, Jakub  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/216.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{weilhammer-etal-2000-influence,
    title = "The Influence of Scenario Constraints on the Spontaneity of Speech. A Comparison of Dialogue Corpora",
    author = "Weilhammer, Karl  and
      Oppermann, Daniela  and
      Burger, Susanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/217.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lesmo-lombardo-2000-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Assignment of Grammatical Relations",
    author = "Lesmo, Leonardo  and
      Lombardo, Vincenzo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/218.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{magnini-cavaglia-2000-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Subject Field Codes into {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Cavagli{\`a}, Gabriela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/219.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bosco-etal-2000-building,
    title = "Building a Treebank for {I}talian: a Data-driven Annotation Schema",
    author = "Bosco, Cristina  and
      Lombardo, Vincenzo  and
      Vassallo, Daniela  and
      Lesmo, Leonardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/220.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{min-etal-2000-typographical,
    title = "Typographical and Orthographical Spelling Error Correction",
    author = "Min, Kyongho  and
      Wilson, William H.  and
      Moon, Yoo-Jin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/221.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{klimova-pala-2000-application,
    title = "Application of {W}ord{N}et {ILR} in {C}zech Word-formation",
    author = "Kl{\'\i}mov{\'a}, Jana  and
      Pala, Karel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/223.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2000-poscat,
    title = "{POSCAT}: A Morpheme-based Speech Corpus Annotation Tool",
    author = "Kim, Byeongchang  and
      Lee, Jin-seok  and
      Cha, Jeongwon  and
      Lee, Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/224.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{quasthoff-wolff-2000-flexible,
    title = "A Flexible Infrastructure for Large Monolingual Corpora",
    author = "Quasthoff, Uwe  and
      Wolff, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/226.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kang-choi-2000-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Transliteration and Back-transliteration by Decision Tree Learning",
    author = "Kang, Byung-Ju  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/227.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ries-etal-2000-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Discourse Genre Annotation in {C}all{H}ome {S}panish",
    author = "Ries, Klaus  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Valle, Liza  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/228.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{abeille-etal-2000-building,
    title = "Building a Treebank for {F}rench",
    author = "Abeill{\'e}, Anne  and
      Cl{\'e}ment, Lionel  and
      Kinyon, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/230.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{merlo-stevenson-2000-establishing,
    title = "Establishing the Upper Bound and Inter-judge Agreement of a Verb Classification Task",
    author = "Merlo, Paola  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/233.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bouayad-agha-2000-layout,
    title = "Layout Annotation in a Corpus of Patient Information Leaflets",
    author = "Bouayad-Agha, Nadjet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/234.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vaufreydaz-etal-2000-new,
    title = "A New Methodology for Speech Corpora Definition from {I}nternet Documents",
    author = "Vaufreydaz, D.  and
      Bergamini, C.  and
      Serignat, J.F.  and
      Besacier, L.  and
      Akbar, M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/235.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bentivogli-etal-2000-coping,
    title = "Coping with Lexical Gaps when Building Aligned Multilingual Wordnets",
    author = "Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Pianta, Emanuele  and
      Pianesi, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/236.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chae-choi-2000-design,
    title = "Design and Construction of Knowledge base for Verb using {MRD} and Tagged Corpus",
    author = "Chae, Young-Soog  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/237.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chae-choi-2000-introduction,
    title = "Introduction of {KIBS} ({K}orean Information Base System) Project",
    author = "Chae, Young-Soog  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/239.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bateman-etal-2000-resources,
    title = "Resources for Multilingual Text Generation in Three {S}lavic Languages",
    author = "Bateman, John  and
      Teich, Elke  and
      Kruijff, Geert-Jan  and
      Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana  and
      Sharoff, Serge  and
      Skoumalov{\'a}, Hana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/241.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gibbon-trippel-2000-multi,
    title = "A Multi-view Hyperlexicon Resource for Speech and Language System Development",
    author = "Gibbon, Dafydd  and
      Trippel, Thorsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/243.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-etal-2000-enabling,
    title = "Enabling Resource Sharing in Language Generation: an Abstract Reference Architecture",
    author = "Cahill, Lynne  and
      Doran, Christy  and
      Evans, Roger  and
      Kibble, Rodger  and
      Mellish, Chris  and
      Paiva, D.  and
      Reape, Mike  and
      Scott, Donia  and
      Tipper, Neil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/244.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kacic-etal-2000-issues,
    title = "Issues in Design and Collection of Large Telephone Speech Corpus for {S}lovenian Language",
    author = {Ka{\v{c}}i{\v{c}}, Zdravko  and
      Horvat, Bogomir  and
      Z{\"o}gling, Aleksandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/246.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jouis-arc-a3-2000-arc,
    title = "{ARC} A3: A Method for Evaluating Term Extracting Tools and/or Semantic Relations between Terms from Corpora",
    author = "Jouis, Christophe  and
      {ARC A3}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/247.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sutcliffe-kurohashi-2000-parallel,
    title = "A Parallel {E}nglish-{J}apanese Query Collection for the Evaluation of On-Line Help Systems",
    author = "Sutcliffe, Richard F. E.  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/248.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-etal-2000-principled,
    title = "Principled Hidden Tagset Design for Tiered Tagging of {H}ungarian",
    author = "Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan  and
      Dienes, P{\'e}ter  and
      Oravecz, Csaba  and
      V{\'a}radi, Tam{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/249.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{verdejo-etal-2000-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Wordnets in Cross-language Information Retrieval: the {ITEM} Search Engine",
    author = "Verdejo, Felisa  and
      Gonzalo, Julio  and
      Pe{\~n}as, Anselmo  and
      L{\'o}pez, Fernando  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/250.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gibbon-etal-2000-optimised,
    title = "An Optimised {FS} Pronunciation Resource Generator for Highly Inflecting Languages",
    author = "Gibbon, Dafydd  and
      Sim{\~o}es, Ana Paula Quirino  and
      Matthiesen, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/251.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{illouz-2000-sublanguage,
    title = "Sublanguage Dependent Evaluation: Toward Predicting {NLP} performances",
    author = "Illouz, Gabriel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/252.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{milde-reinsch-2000-universal,
    title = "The Universal {XML} Organizer: {UXO}",
    author = "Milde, Jan-Torsten  and
      Reinsch, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/253.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{folch-etal-2000-typtex,
    title = "{T}y{PT}ex: Inductive Typological Text Classification by Multivariate Statistical Analysis for {NLP} Systems Tuning/Evaluation",
    author = "Folch, Helka  and
      Heiden, Serge  and
      Habert, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Fleury, Serge  and
      Illouz, Gabriel  and
      Lafon, Pierre  and
      Nioche, Julien  and
      Pr{\'e}vost, Sophie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/254.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{turcato-etal-2000-approach,
    title = "An Approach to Lexical Development for Inflectional Languages",
    author = "Turcato, Davide  and
      Toole, Janine  and
      Tsiplakou, Stavroula  and
      Heift, Trude  and
      McFetridge, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/256.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wittmann-etal-2000-language,
    title = "Some Language Resources and Tools for Computational Processing of {P}ortuguese at {INESC}",
    author = "Wittmann, Luzia  and
      Ribeiro, Ricardo Daniel  and
      P{\^e}go, T{\^a}nia  and
      Batista, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/257.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{utsuro-sassano-2000-minimally,
    title = "Minimally Supervised {J}apanese Named Entity Recognition: Resources and Evaluation",
    author = "Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Sassano, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/258.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chai-2000-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of a Generic Lexical Semantic Resource in Information Extraction",
    author = "Chai, Joyce Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/259.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{talley-2000-establishment,
    title = "The Establishment of Motorola{'}s Human Language Data Resource Center: Addressing the Criticality of Language Resources in the Industrial Setting",
    author = "Talley, Jim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/260.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{itou-etal-2000-ipa,
    title = "{IPA} {J}apanese Dictation Free Software Project",
    author = "Itou, Katsunobu  and
      Shikano, Kiyohiro  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya  and
      Takeda, Kasuya  and
      Yamada, Atsushi  and
      Itou, Akinori  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Kobayashi, Tetsunori  and
      Minematsu, Nobuaki  and
      Yamamoto, Mikio  and
      Sagayama, Shigeki  and
      Lee, Akinobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/261.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maekawa-etal-2000-spontaneous,
    title = "Spontaneous Speech Corpus of {J}apanese",
    author = "Maekawa, Kikuo  and
      Koiso, Hanae  and
      Furui, Sadaoki  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/262.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{boisen-etal-2000-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Resources for Information Extraction",
    author = "Boisen, Sean  and
      Crystal, Michael R.  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Stone, Rebecca  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/263.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-etal-2000-new,
    title = "The New Edition of the Natural Language Software Registry (an Initiative of {ACL} hosted at {DFKI})",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry  and
      Jachmann, Alexander Werner  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/267.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kim-2000-design,
    title = "Design Methodology for Bilingual Pronunciation Dictionary",
    author = "Kim, Jong-mi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/269.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{economou-etal-2000-lexiploigissi,
    title = "{LEXIPLOIGISSI}: An Educational Platform for the Teaching of Terminology in Greece",
    author = "Economou, Constandina  and
      Raptis, Spyros  and
      Stainhaouer, Gregory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/271.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{marciniak-etal-2000-hpsg,
    title = "An {HPSG}-Annotated Test Suite for Polish",
    author = "Marciniak, Malgorzata  and
      Mykowiecka, Agnieszka  and
      Kup{\'s}{\'c}, Anna  and
      Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/272.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{johansen-etal-2000-cost,
    title = "The {COST} 249 {S}peech{D}at Multilingual Reference Recogniser",
    author = "Johansen, Finn Tore  and
      Warakagoda, Narada  and
      Lindberg, B{\o}rge  and
      Lehtinen, Gunnar  and
      Ka{\v{c}}i{\v{c}}, Zdravko  and
      {\v{Z}}gank, Andrej  and
      Elenius, Kjell  and
      Salvi, Giampiero",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/274.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{katsoyannou-efthimiou-2000-terminology,
    title = "Terminology Encoding in View of Multifunctional {NLP} Resources",
    author = "Katsoyannou, Marianna  and
      Efthimiou, Eleni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/275.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{choi-chae-2000-terminology,
    title = "Terminology in Korea: {KORTERM}",
    author = "Choi, Key-Sun  and
      Chae, Young-Soog",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/276.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{birocheau-2000-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Tagging to Resolve Morphological Ambiguities",
    author = {Birocheau, Ga{\"e}lle},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/277.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{niessen-etal-2000-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation Tool for Machine Translation: Fast Evaluation for {MT} Research",
    author = "Nie{\ss}en, Sonja  and
      Och, Franz Josef  and
      Leusch, Gregor  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/278.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{namer-dal-2000-gederif,
    title = "{G}{\'e}{D}{\'e}ri{F}: Automatic Generation and Analysis of Morphologically Constructed Lexical Resources",
    author = "Namer, Fiammetta  and
      Dal, Georgette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/279.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ndamba-bayamboussa-2000-le,
    title = "Le Programme Compalex ({COMPA}raison {LEX}icale)",
    author = "Ndamba, Josu{\'e}  and
      Bayamboussa, Jean Silence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/281.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{graff-bird-2000-many,
    title = "Many Uses, Many Annotations for Large Speech Corpora: Switchboard and {TDT} as Case Studies",
    author = "Graff, David  and
      Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/282.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{budin-melby-2000-accessibility,
    title = "Accessibility of Multilingual Terminological Resources - Current Problems and Prospects for the Future",
    author = "Budin, Gerhard  and
      Melby, Alan K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/283.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gargouri-etal-2000-using,
    title = "Using a Formal Approach to Evaluate Grammars",
    author = "Gargouri, Bilel  and
      Jmaiel, Mohamed  and
      Ben Hamadou, Abdelmajid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/285.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{martin-przybocki-2000-design,
    title = "Design Issues in Text-Independent Speaker Recognition Evaluation",
    author = "Martin, Alvin  and
      Przybocki, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/286.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2000-developing,
    title = "Developing Guidelines and Ensuring Consistency for {C}hinese Text Annotation",
    author = "Xia, Fei  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Xue, Nianwen  and
      Okurowski, Mary Ellen  and
      Kovarik, John  and
      Chiou, Fu-Dong  and
      Huang, Shizhe  and
      Kroch, Tony  and
      Marcus, Mitch",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/287.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gros-etal-2000-corpora,
    title = "Corpora of {S}lovene Spoken Language for Multi-lingual Applications",
    author = "Gros, Jerneja  and
      Miheli{\v{c}}, France  and
      Dobri{\v{s}}ek, Simon  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      {\v{Z}}ganec, Mario",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/288.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kavallieratou-etal-2000-gruhd,
    title = "{GRUHD}: A {G}reek database of Unconstrained Handwriting",
    author = "Kavallieratou, E.  and
      Liolios, N.  and
      Koutsogeorgos, E.  and
      Fakotakis, N.  and
      Kokkinakis, G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/289.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mihelic-etal-2000-labeling,
    title = "Labeling of Prosodic Events in {S}lovenian Speech Database {GOPOLIS}",
    author = {Miheli{\v{c}}, France  and
      Gros, Jerneja  and
      N{\"o}th, Elmar  and
      Warnke, Volker},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/292.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cucchiarini-etal-2000-nl,
    title = "{NL}-Translex: Machine Translation for {D}utch",
    author = "Cucchiarini, Catia  and
      Hoorde, Johan Van  and
      D{'}Halleweyn, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/294.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hlavacova-2000-rarity,
    title = "Rarity of Words in a Language and in a Corpus",
    author = "Hlav{\'a}{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Jaroslava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/295.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{municio-etal-2000-language,
    title = "Language Resources Development at the {S}panish Royal Academy",
    author = "Municio, {\'A}ngel Mart{\'\i}n  and
      Rojo, Guillermo  and
      Le{\'o}n, Fernando S{\'a}nchez  and
      Pinillos, Octavio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/297.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{prodanof-etal-2000-reusability,
    title = "Reusability as Easy Adaptability: A Substantial Advance in {NL} Technology",
    author = "Prodanof, Irina  and
      Cappelli, Amedeo  and
      Moretti, Lorenzo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/298.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bredenkamp-etal-2000-looking,
    title = "Looking for Errors: A Declarative Formalism for Resource-adaptive Language Checking",
    author = "Bredenkamp, Andrew  and
      Crysmann, Berthold  and
      Petrea, Mirela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/299.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gellerstam-etal-2000-bank,
    title = "The Bank of {S}wedish",
    author = "Gellerstam, Martin  and
      Cederholm, Yvonne  and
      Rasmark, Torgny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/300.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tambouratzis-etal-2000-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Style Categorisation of Corpora in the {G}reek Language",
    author = "Tambouratzis, George  and
      Markantonatou, Stella  and
      Hairetakis, Nikolaos  and
      Carayannis, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/301.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{thanopoulos-etal-2000-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Semantic Similarity of Words from Raw Technical Texts",
    author = "Thanopoulos, Aristomenis  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos  and
      Kokkinakis, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/302.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bonneau-maynard-etal-2000-predictive,
    title = "Predictive Performance of Dialog Systems",
    author = "Bonneau-Maynard, H.  and
      Devillers, L.  and
      Rosset, S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/303.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{labropoulou-etal-2000-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of Dictionary Definitions from a Computational Lexicon",
    author = "Labropoulou, Penny  and
      Mantzari, Elena  and
      Papageorgiou, Harris  and
      Gavrilidou, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/306.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{beringer-neff-2000-regional,
    title = "Regional Pronunciation Variants for Automatic Segmentation",
    author = "Beringer, Nicole  and
      Neff, Marcia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/307.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{refice-etal-2000-segwin,
    title = "{S}eg{W}in: a Tool for Segmenting, Annotating, and Controlling the Creation of a Database of Spoken {I}talian Varieties",
    author = "Refice, Mario  and
      Savino, Michelina  and
      Altieri, Marco  and
      Altieri, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/310.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bengler-2000-automotive,
    title = "Automotive Speech-Recognition - Success Conditions Beyond Recognition Rates",
    author = "Bengler, Klaus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/312.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{menzel-etal-2000-isle,
    title = "The {ISLE} Corpus of Non-Native Spoken {E}nglish",
    author = "Menzel, Wolfgang  and
      Atwell, Eric  and
      Bonaventura, Patrizia  and
      Herron, Daniel  and
      Howarth, Peter  and
      Morton, Rachel  and
      Souter, Clive",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/313.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{georgila-etal-2000-graphical,
    title = "A Graphical Parametric Language-Independent Tool for the Annotation of Speech Corpora",
    author = "Georgila, Kallirroi  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos  and
      Kokkinakis, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/314.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vignaux-2000-parole,
    title = "The {PAROLE} Program",
    author = "Vignaux, Georges",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/315.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chaudiron-etal-2000-repository,
    title = "For a Repository of {NLP} Tools",
    author = "Chaudiron, St{\'e}phane  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Mance, Audrey  and
      Mapelli, Val{\'e}rie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/316.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{allen-choukri-2000-survey,
    title = "Survey of Language Engineering Needs: a Language Resources Perspective",
    author = "Allen, Jeffrey  and
      Choukri, Khalid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/317.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{calder-2000-interarbora,
    title = "Interarbora and Thistle - Delivering Linguistic Structure by the {I}nternet",
    author = "Calder, Jo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/319.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{demetriou-gaizauskas-2000-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Augmenting Terminological Lexicons from Untagged Text",
    author = "Demetriou, George  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/320.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{setzer-gaizauskas-2000-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Events and Temporal Information in Newswire Texts",
    author = "Setzer, Andrea  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/321.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dorr-etal-2000-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese-{E}nglish Semantic Resource Construction",
    author = "Dorr, Bonnie J.  and
      Levow, Gina-Anne  and
      Lin, Dekang  and
      Thomas, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/327.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fluhr-semenova-etal-2000-production,
    title = "Production of {NLP}-oriented Bilingual Language Resources from Human-oriented dictionaries",
    author = "Fluhr-Semenova, Vera  and
      Fluhr, Christian  and
      Brisson, St{\'e}phanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/328.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{roux-etal-2000-developing,
    title = "Developing a Multilingual Telephone Based Information System in {A}frican Languages",
    author = "Roux, J.C.  and
      Botha, E.C.  and
      du Preez, J.A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/329.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{basili-etal-2000-tuning,
    title = "Tuning Lexicons to New Operational Scenarios",
    author = "Basili, Roberto  and
      Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Vindigni, Michele  and
      Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/330.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fonollosa-moreno-2000-speechdat,
    title = "{S}peech{D}at-Car Fixed Platform",
    author = "Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A.R.  and
      Moreno, Asunci{\'o}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/331.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brants-2000-inter,
    title = "Inter-annotator Agreement for a {G}erman Newspaper Corpus",
    author = "Brants, Thorsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/333.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brants-plaehn-2000-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Corpus Annotation",
    author = "Brants, Thorsten  and
      Plaehn, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/334.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{erjavec-etal-2000-concede,
    title = "The Concede Model for Lexical Databases",
    author = "Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Evans, Roger  and
      Ide, Nancy  and
      Kilgarriff, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/335.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hatzigeorgiu-etal-2000-design,
    title = "Design and Implementation of the Online {ILSP} {G}reek Corpus",
    author = "Hatzigeorgiu, Nick  and
      Gavrilidou, Maria  and
      Piperidis, Stelios  and
      Carayannis, George  and
      Papakostopoulou, Anastasia  and
      Spiliotopoulou, Athanassia  and
      Vacalopoulou, Anna  and
      Labropoulou, Penny  and
      Mantzari, Elena  and
      Papageorgiou, Harris  and
      Demiros, Iason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/336.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{luz-2000-software,
    title = "A Software Toolkit for Sharing and Accessing Corpora Over the {I}nternet",
    author = "Luz, Saturnino",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/337.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{viks-2000-tools,
    title = "Tools for the Generation of Morphological Entries in Dictionaries",
    author = {Viks, {\"U}lle},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/338.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{guerreiro-2000-improving,
    title = "Improving Lexical Databases with Collocational Information: Data from {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Guerreiro, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/340.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shirai-etal-2000-semi,
    title = "Semi-automatic Construction of a Tree-annotated Corpus Using an Iterative Learning Statistical Language Model",
    author = "Shirai, Kiyoaki  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/341.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mason-2000-issues,
    title = "Issues from Corpus Analysis that have influenced the On-going Development of Various {H}aitian Creole Text- and Speech-based {NLP} Systems and Applications",
    author = "Mason, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/342.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{portabella-etal-2000-nanitrans,
    title = "{N}ani{T}rans: a Speech Labelling Tool",
    author = "Portabella, David  and
      Febrer, Albert  and
      Moreno, Asunci{\'o}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/345.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{harabagiu-maiorano-2000-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of Linguistic Patterns for Knowledge-based Information Extraction",
    author = "Harabagiu, Sanda M.  and
      Maiorano, Steven J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/347.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dhalleweyn-etal-2000-platform,
    title = "A Platform for {D}utch in Human Language Technologies",
    author = "D{'}Halleweyn, Elisabeth  and
      Dewallef, Erwin  and
      Beeken, Jeannine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/348.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{walker-etal-2000-developing,
    title = "Developing and Testing General Models of Spoken Dialogue System Peformance",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn  and
      Kamm, Candace  and
      Boland, Julie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/349.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{de-loupy-el-beze-2000-using,
    title = "Using Few Clues Can Compensate the Small Amount of Resources Available for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "de Loupy, Claude  and
      El-B{\`e}ze, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/350.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mikros-carayannis-2000-modern,
    title = "Modern {G}reek Corpus Taxonomy",
    author = "Mikros, George  and
      Carayannis, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/351.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{paroubek-2000-language,
    title = "Language Resources as by-Product of Evaluation: The {MULTITAG} Example",
    author = "Paroubek, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/353.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{klavans-etal-2000-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Computational Linguistic Techniques for Identifying Significant Topics for Browsing Applications",
    author = "Klavans, Judith L.  and
      Wacholder, Nina  and
      Evans, David K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/355.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nakamura-etal-2000-acoustical,
    title = "Acoustical Sound Database in Real Environments for Sound Scene Understanding and Hands-Free Speech Recognition",
    author = "Nakamura, Satoshi  and
      Hiyane, Kazuo  and
      Asano, Futoshi  and
      Nishiura, Takanobu  and
      Yamada, Takeshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/356.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{demetriou-etal-2000-using,
    title = "Using Lexical Semantic Knowledge from Machine Readable Dictionaries for Domain Independent Language Modelling",
    author = "Demetriou, George  and
      Atwell, Eric  and
      Souter, Clive",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/357.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cristoforetti-etal-2000-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of a Multichannel Noisy Speech Corpus",
    author = "Cristoforetti, L.  and
      Matassoni, M.  and
      Omologo, M.  and
      Svaizer, P.  and
      Zovato, E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/358.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kontos-etal-2000-arista,
    title = "{ARISTA} Generative Lexicon for Compound {G}reek Medical Terms",
    author = "Kontos, John  and
      Malagardi, Ioanna  and
      Fountoukis, Spyros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/360.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hofland-2000-self,
    title = "A Self-Expanding Corpus Based on Newspapers on the Web",
    author = "Hofland, Knut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/362.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{johannessen-etal-2000-web,
    title = "A Web-based Advanced and User Friendly System: The Oslo Corpus of Tagged {N}orwegian Texts",
    author = "Johannessen, Janne Bondi  and
      N{\o}klestad, Anders  and
      Hagen, Kristin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/363.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{campbell-2000-cocosda,
    title = "{COCOSDA} - a Progress Report",
    author = "Campbell, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/364.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{peters-peters-2000-treatment,
    title = "The Treatment of Adjectives in {SIMPLE}: Theoretical Observations",
    author = "Peters, Ivonne  and
      Peters, Wim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/366.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{michel-2000-cardinal,
    title = "Cardinal, Nominal or Ordinal Similarity Measures in Comparative Evaluation of Information Retrieval Process",
    author = "Michel, Christine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/367.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{damianos-etal-2000-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Multi-party Multi-modal Systems",
    author = "Damianos, Laurie E.  and
      Drury, Jill  and
      Fanderclai, Tari  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Kurtz, Jeff  and
      Oshika, Beatrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/368.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kunze-2000-extension,
    title = "Extension and Use of {G}erma{N}et, a Lexical-Semantic Database",
    author = "Kunze, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/369.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{yablonsky-2000-russian,
    title = "{R}ussian Monitor Corpora: Composition, Linguistic Encoding and {I}nternet Publication",
    author = "Yablonsky, Serge A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/370.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{copestake-flickinger-2000-open,
    title = "An Open Source Grammar Development Environment and Broad-coverage {E}nglish Grammar Using {HPSG}",
    author = "Copestake, Ann  and
      Flickinger, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/371.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2000-hua,
    title = "Hua Yu: A Word-segmented and Part-Of-Speech Tagged {C}hinese Corpus",
    author = "Sun, Maosong  and
      Sun, Honglin  and
      Huang, Changning  and
      Zhang, Pu  and
      Xing, Hongbing  and
      Zhou, Qiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/372.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moreno-etal-2000-speechdat,
    title = "{SPEECHDAT}-{CAR}. A Large Speech Database for Automotive Environments",
    author = {Moreno, Asunci{\'o}n  and
      Lindberg, B{\o}rge  and
      Draxler, Christoph  and
      Richard, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Euler, Stephan  and
      Allen, Jeffrey},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/373.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{turrini-etal-2000-addizionario,
    title = "{A}ddizionario: an Interactive Hypermedia Tool for Language Learning",
    author = "Turrini, Giovanna  and
      Cignoni, Laura  and
      Paccosi, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/374.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{choukri-etal-2000-recent,
    title = "Recent Developments within the {E}uropean Language Resources Association ({ELRA})",
    author = "Choukri, Khalid  and
      Mance, Audrey  and
      Mapelli, Val{\'e}rie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}00)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/377.pdf",
}
@proceedings{lrec-2014-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Loftsson, Hrafn  and
      Maegaard, Bente  and
      Mariani, Joseph  and
      Moreno, Asuncion  and
      Odijk, Jan  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
}
@inproceedings{verhoeven-daelemans-2014-clips,
    title = "{CL}i{PS} Stylometry Investigation ({CSI}) corpus: A {D}utch corpus for the detection of age, gender, personality, sentiment and deception in text",
    author = "Verhoeven, Ben  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3081--3085",
}
@inproceedings{rus-etal-2014-paraphrase,
    title = "On Paraphrase Identification Corpora",
    author = "Rus, Vasile  and
      Banjade, Rajendra  and
      Lintean, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1000_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2422--2429",
}
@inproceedings{kessler-kuhn-2014-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Comparisons in Product Reviews",
    author = "Kessler, Wiltrud  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1001_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2242--2248",
}
@inproceedings{claveau-kijak-2014-generating,
    title = "Generating and using probabilistic morphological resources for the biomedical domain",
    author = "Claveau, Vincent  and
      Kijak, Ewa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1003_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3348--3354",
}
@inproceedings{simov-etal-2014-system,
    title = "A System for Experiments with Dependency Parsers",
    author = "Simov, Kiril  and
      Simova, Iliana  and
      Ivanova, Ginka  and
      Mateva, Maria  and
      Osenova, Petya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1005_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4061--4065",
}
@inproceedings{solorio-etal-2014-sockpuppet,
    title = "Sockpuppet Detection in {W}ikipedia: A Corpus of Real-World Deceptive Writing for Linking Identities",
    author = "Solorio, Thamar  and
      Hasan, Ragib  and
      Mizan, Mainul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1007_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1355--1358",
}
@inproceedings{blessing-kuhn-2014-textual,
    title = "Textual Emigration Analysis ({TEA})",
    author = "Blessing, Andre  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1009_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2089--2093",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-phoneme,
    title = "Phoneme Set Design Using {E}nglish Speech Database by {J}apanese for Dialogue-Based {E}nglish {CALL} Systems",
    author = "Wang, Xiaoyun  and
      Zhang, Jinsong  and
      Nishida, Masafumi  and
      Yamamoto, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/101_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3948--3951",
}
@inproceedings{fraisse-paroubek-2014-toward,
    title = "Toward a unifying model for Opinion, Sentiment and Emotion information extraction",
    author = "Fraisse, Amel  and
      Paroubek, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1010_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3881--3886",
}
@inproceedings{trippel-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards automatic quality assessment of component metadata",
    author = "Trippel, Thorsten  and
      Broeder, Daan  and
      Durco, Matej  and
      Ohren, Oddrun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1011_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3851--3856",
}
@inproceedings{bonial-etal-2014-propbank,
    title = "{P}rop{B}ank: Semantics of New Predicate Types",
    author = "Bonial, Claire  and
      Bonn, Julia  and
      Conger, Kathryn  and
      Hwang, Jena D.  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1012_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3013--3019",
}
@inproceedings{wright-2014-restful,
    title = "{REST}ful Annotation and Efficient Collaboration",
    author = "Wright, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1016_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1692--1698",
}
@inproceedings{buschmeier-etal-2014-alico,
    title = "{ALICO}: a multimodal corpus for the study of active listening",
    author = "Buschmeier, Hendrik  and
      Malisz, Zofia  and
      Skubisz, Joanna  and
      Wlodarczak, Marcin  and
      Wachsmuth, Ipke  and
      Kopp, Stefan  and
      Wagner, Petra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1017_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3638--3643",
}
@inproceedings{kobylinski-2014-polita,
    title = "{P}oli{T}a: A multitagger for Polish",
    author = "Kobyli{\'n}ski, {\L}ukasz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1018_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2949--2954",
}
@inproceedings{jain-etal-2014-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Participant Roles in Contentious Discussions",
    author = "Jain, Siddharth  and
      Bhatia, Archna  and
      Rein, Angelique  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1019_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1751--1756",
}
@inproceedings{richardson-etal-2014-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Dictionary Construction with Transliteration Filtering",
    author = "Richardson, John  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/102_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1013--1017",
}
@inproceedings{cabarrao-etal-2014-revising,
    title = "Revising the annotation of a Broadcast News corpus: a linguistic approach",
    author = "Cabarr{\~a}o, Vera  and
      Moniz, Helena  and
      Batista, Fernando  and
      Ribeiro, Ricardo  and
      Mamede, Nuno  and
      Meinedo, Hugo  and
      Trancoso, Isabel  and
      Mata, Ana Isabel  and
      de Matos, David Martins",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1020_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3908--3913",
}
@inproceedings{takala-etal-2014-gold,
    title = "Gold-standard for Topic-specific Sentiment Analysis of Economic Texts",
    author = "Takala, Pyry  and
      Malo, Pekka  and
      Sinha, Ankur  and
      Ahlgren, Oskar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1021_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2152--2157",
}
@inproceedings{cavar-cavar-2014-visualization,
    title = "Visualization of Language Relations and Families: {M}ulti{T}ree",
    author = "Cavar, Damir  and
      Cavar, Malgorzata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1022_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "698--701",
}
@inproceedings{glavas-etal-2014-hieve,
    title = "{H}i{E}ve: A Corpus for Extracting Event Hierarchies from News Stories",
    author = "Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine  and
      Kordjamshidi, Parisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1023_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3678--3683",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-yocum-2014-image,
    title = "Image Annotation with {ISO}-Space: Distinguishing Content from Structure",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Yocum, Zachary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1026_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "426--431",
}
@inproceedings{galibert-etal-2014-etape,
    title = "The {ETAPE} speech processing evaluation",
    author = "Galibert, Olivier  and
      Leixa, Jeremy  and
      Adda, Gilles  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Gravier, Guillaume",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1027_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3995--3999",
}
@inproceedings{kamholz-etal-2014-panlex,
    title = "{P}an{L}ex: Building a Resource for Panlingual Lexical Translation",
    author = "Kamholz, David  and
      Pool, Jonathan  and
      Colowick, Susan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1029_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3145--3150",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-2014-large,
    title = "Large {SMT} data-sets extracted from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/103_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "656--663",
}
@inproceedings{de-paiva-etal-2014-nomlex,
    title = "{N}om{L}ex-{PT}: A Lexicon of {P}ortuguese Nominalizations",
    author = "de Paiva, Valeria  and
      Real, Livy  and
      Rademaker, Alexandre  and
      de Melo, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1031_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2851--2858",
}
@inproceedings{comelles-etal-2014-verta,
    title = "{VERT}a: Facing a Multilingual Experience of a Linguistically-based {MT} Evaluation",
    author = "Comelles, Elisabet  and
      Atserias, Jordi  and
      Arranz, Victoria  and
      Castell{\'o}n, Irene  and
      Ses{\'e}, Jordi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1032_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2701--2707",
}
@inproceedings{he-meyers-2014-corpus,
    title = "Corpus and Method for Identifying Citations in Non-Academic Text",
    author = "He, Yifan  and
      Meyers, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1036_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4316--4319",
}
@inproceedings{loza-etal-2014-building,
    title = "Building a Dataset for Summarization and Keyword Extraction from Emails",
    author = "Loza, Vanessa  and
      Lahiri, Shibamouli  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Lai, Po-Hsiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1037_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2441--2446",
}
@inproceedings{schmidek-barbosa-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Open Relation Extraction via Sentence Re-Structuring",
    author = "Schmidek, Jordan  and
      Barbosa, Denilson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1038_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3720--3723",
}
@inproceedings{soler-company-wanner-2014-use,
    title = "How to Use less Features and Reach Better Performance in Author Gender Identification",
    author = "Soler Company, Juan  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/104_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1315--1319",
}
@inproceedings{mohler-etal-2014-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised methods for expanding psycholinguistics norms by integrating distributional similarity with the structure of {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Mohler, Michael  and
      Tomlinson, Marc  and
      Bracewell, David  and
      Rink, Bryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1043_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3020--3026",
}
@inproceedings{jung-etal-2014-languagesindanger,
    title = "Languagesindanger.eu - Including Multimedia Language Resources to disseminate Knowledge and Create Educational Material on less-Resourced Languages",
    author = "Jung, Dagmar  and
      Klessa, Katarzyna  and
      Duray, Zsuzsa  and
      Oszk{\'o}, Beatrix  and
      Sipos, M{\'a}ria  and
      Szever{\'e}nyi, S{\'a}ndor  and
      V{\'a}rnai, Zsuzsa  and
      Trilsbeek, Paul  and
      V{\'a}radi, Tam{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1046_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "530--535",
}
@inproceedings{andreeva-etal-2014-cross,
    title = "A Cross-language Corpus for Studying the Phonetics and Phonology of Prominence",
    author = "Andreeva, Bistra  and
      Barry, William  and
      Koreman, Jacques",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1048_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "326--330",
}
@inproceedings{sagot-2014-delex,
    title = "{D}e{L}ex, a freely-avaible, large-scale and linguistically grounded morphological lexicon for {G}erman",
    author = "Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/105_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2778--2784",
}
@inproceedings{baumann-pierrehumbert-2014-using,
    title = "Using Resource-Rich Languages to Improve Morphological Analysis of Under-Resourced Languages",
    author = "Baumann, Peter  and
      Pierrehumbert, Janet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1051_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3355--3359",
}
@inproceedings{bacciu-etal-2014-accommodations,
    title = "Accommodations in Tuscany as Linked Data",
    author = "Bacciu, Clara  and
      Duca, Angelica Lo  and
      Marchetti, Andrea  and
      Tesconi, Maurizio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1052_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3542--3545",
}
@inproceedings{lenkiewicz-etal-2014-dwan,
    title = "The {DWAN} framework: Application of a web annotation framework for the general humanities to the domain of language resources",
    author = "Lenkiewicz, Przemyslaw  and
      Shkaravska, Olha  and
      Goosen, Twan  and
      Broeder, Daan  and
      Windhouwer, Menzo  and
      Roth, Stephanie  and
      Olsson, Olof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1053_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3644--3649",
}
@inproceedings{van-hessen-etal-2014-croatian,
    title = "{C}roatian Memories",
    author = "van Hessen, Arjan  and
      de Jong, Franciska  and
      Scagliola, Stef  and
      Petrovic, Tanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1056_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3920--3926",
}
@inproceedings{lonsdale-christensen-2014-combining,
    title = "Combining elicited imitation and fluency features for oral proficiency measurement",
    author = "Lonsdale, Deryle  and
      Christensen, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1057_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1956--1961",
}
@inproceedings{smrz-kouril-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Search in Documents Enriched by {LOD}-based Annotations",
    author = "Smrz, Pavel  and
      Kouril, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1058_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3724--3727",
}
@inproceedings{fiorelli-etal-2014-meta,
    title = "A Meta-data Driven Platform for Semi-automatic Configuration of Ontology Mediators",
    author = "Fiorelli, Manuel  and
      Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Stellato, Armando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1059_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4178--4183",
}
@inproceedings{deng-chrupala-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic approaches to software component retrieval with {E}nglish queries",
    author = "Deng, Huijing  and
      Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/106_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3248--3252",
}
@inproceedings{petasis-2014-ellogon,
    title = "The Ellogon Pattern Engine: Context-free Grammars over Annotations",
    author = "Petasis, Georgios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1060_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2460--2465",
}
@inproceedings{wolff-etal-2014-missed,
    title = "Missed opportunities in translation memory matching",
    author = "Wolff, Friedel  and
      Pretorius, Laurette  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1061_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4401--4406",
}
@inproceedings{de-marneffe-etal-2014-universal,
    title = "Universal {S}tanford dependencies: A cross-linguistic typology",
    author = "de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Dozat, Timothy  and
      Silveira, Natalia  and
      Haverinen, Katri  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1062_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4585--4592",
}
@inproceedings{swanson-etal-2014-getting,
    title = "Getting Reliable Annotations for Sarcasm in Online Dialogues",
    author = "Swanson, Reid  and
      Lukin, Stephanie  and
      Eisenberg, Luke  and
      Corcoran, Thomas  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1063_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4250--4257",
}
@inproceedings{hellrich-etal-2014-collaboratively,
    title = "Collaboratively Annotating Multilingual Parallel Corpora in the Biomedical Domain{---}some {MANTRA}s",
    author = "Hellrich, Johannes  and
      Clematide, Simon  and
      Hahn, Udo  and
      Rebholz-Schuhmann, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1064_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4033--4040",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2014-importance,
    title = "On the Importance of Text Analysis for Stock Price Prediction",
    author = "Lee, Heeyoung  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      MacCartney, Bill  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1065_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1170--1175",
}
@inproceedings{escudero-etal-2014-use,
    title = "On the use of a fuzzy classifier to speed up the {S}p{\_}{T}o{BI} labeling of the Glissando {S}panish corpus",
    author = "Escudero, David  and
      Aguilar-Cuevas, Lourdes  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-Ferreras, C{\'e}sar  and
      Guti{\'e}rrez-Gonz{\'a}lez, Yurena  and
      Carde{\~n}oso-Payo, Valent{\'\i}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1066_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1962--1969",
}
@inproceedings{san-martin-lhomme-2014-definition,
    title = "Definition patterns for predicative terms in specialized lexical resources",
    author = "San Mart{\'\i}n, Antonio  and
      L{'}Homme, Marie-Claude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1067_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3748--3755",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2014-native,
    title = "Native Language Identification Using Large, Longitudinal Data",
    author = "Jiang, Xiao  and
      Guo, Yufan  and
      Geertzen, Jeroen  and
      Alexopoulou, Dora  and
      Sun, Lin  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1068_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3309--3312",
}
@inproceedings{luo-lepage-2014-production,
    title = "Production of Phrase Tables in 11 {E}uropean Languages using an Improved Sub-sentential Aligner",
    author = "Luo, Juan  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/107_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "664--669",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-fernandez-etal-2014-construction,
    title = "Construction and Annotation of a {F}rench Folkstale Corpus",
    author = "Garcia-Fernandez, Anne  and
      Ligozat, Anne-Laure  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1070_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2430--2435",
}
@inproceedings{bizzoni-etal-2014-making,
    title = "The Making of Ancient {G}reek {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Bizzoni, Yuri  and
      Boschetti, Federico  and
      Diakoff, Harry  and
      Gratta, Riccardo Del  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Crane, Gregory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1071_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1140--1147",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2014-enriching,
    title = "Enriching {ODIN}",
    author = "Xia, Fei  and
      Lewis, William  and
      Goodman, Michael Wayne  and
      Crowgey, Joshua  and
      Bender, Emily M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1072_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3151--3157",
}
@inproceedings{cetinoglu-2014-turkish,
    title = "{T}urkish Treebank as a Gold Standard for Morphological Disambiguation and Its Influence on Parsing",
    author = {{\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1073_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3360--3365",
}
@inproceedings{sojat-etal-2014-croderiv,
    title = "{C}ro{D}eri{V}: a new resource for processing {C}roatian morphology",
    author = "{\v{S}}ojat, Kre{\v{s}}imir  and
      Sreba{\v{c}}i{\'c}, Matea  and
      Tadi{\'c}, Marko  and
      Paveli{\'c}, Tin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1074_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3366--3370",
}
@inproceedings{yamaguchi-2014-building,
    title = "Building a Database of {J}apanese Adjective Examples from Special Purpose Web Corpora",
    author = "Yamaguchi, Masaya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1075_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3684--3688",
}
@inproceedings{christodoulides-2014-praaline,
    title = "{P}raaline: Integrating Tools for Speech Corpus Research",
    author = "Christodoulides, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1078_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "31--34",
}
@inproceedings{dannells-gruzitis-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting a bilingual semantic grammar from {F}rame{N}et-annotated corpora",
    author = "Dann{\'e}lls, Dana  and
      Gruzitis, Normunds",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1079_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2466--2473",
}
@inproceedings{braune-etal-2014-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Between {E}nglish Strings and Reentrant Semantic Graphs",
    author = "Braune, Fabienne  and
      Bauer, Daniel  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1080_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4493--4498",
}
@inproceedings{rehbein-etal-2014-kiezdeutsch,
    title = "The {K}iez{D}eutsch Korpus ({K}i{DK}o) Release 1.0",
    author = {Rehbein, Ines  and
      Schalowski, S{\"o}ren  and
      Wiese, Heike},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1081_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3927--3934",
}
@inproceedings{de-melo-2014-etymological,
    title = "Etymological {W}ordnet: Tracing The History of Words",
    author = "de Melo, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1083_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1148--1154",
}
@inproceedings{rosen-etal-2014-interplay,
    title = "The Interplay Between Lexical and Syntactic Resources in Incremental Parsebanking",
    author = "Ros{\'e}n, Victoria  and
      Haugereid, Petter  and
      Thunes, Martha  and
      Losnegaard, Gyri S.  and
      Dyvik, Helge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1085_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1617--1624",
}
@inproceedings{rak-etal-2014-interoperability,
    title = "Interoperability and Customisation of Annotation Schemata in Argo",
    author = "Rak, Rafal  and
      Carter, Jacob  and
      Rowley, Andrew  and
      Batista-Navarro, Riza Theresa  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1086_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3837--3842",
}
@inproceedings{ogrodniczuk-etal-2014-polish,
    title = "Polish Coreference Corpus in Numbers",
    author = "Ogrodniczuk, Maciej  and
      Kope{\'c}, Mateusz  and
      Savary, Agata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1088_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3234--3238",
}
@inproceedings{silveira-etal-2014-gold,
    title = "A Gold Standard Dependency Corpus for {E}nglish",
    author = "Silveira, Natalia  and
      Dozat, Timothy  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Bowman, Samuel  and
      Connor, Miriam  and
      Bauer, John  and
      Manning, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1089_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2897--2904",
}
@inproceedings{snajder-2014-derivbase,
    title = "{D}eriv{B}ase.hr: A High-Coverage Derivational Morphology Resource for {C}roatian",
    author = "{\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1090_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3371--3377",
}
@inproceedings{scerri-etal-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Information for Context-aware Meeting Preparation",
    author = "Scerri, Simon  and
      Zadeh, Behrang Q.  and
      Dabrowski, Maciej  and
      Rivera, Ismael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1092_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "120--124",
}
@inproceedings{hong-etal-2014-repository,
    title = "A Repository of State of the Art and Competitive Baseline Summaries for Generic News Summarization",
    author = "Hong, Kai  and
      Conroy, John  and
      Favre, Benoit  and
      Kulesza, Alex  and
      Lin, Hui  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1093_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1608--1616",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2014-collecting,
    title = "Collecting Natural {SMS} and Chat Conversations in Multiple Languages: The {BOLT} Phase 2 Corpus",
    author = "Song, Zhiyi  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Lee, Haejoong  and
      Walker, Kevin  and
      Wright, Jonathan  and
      Garland, Jennifer  and
      Fore, Dana  and
      Gainor, Brian  and
      Cabe, Preston  and
      Thomas, Thomas  and
      Callahan, Brendan  and
      Sawyer, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1094_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1699--1704",
}
@inproceedings{laranjeira-etal-2014-comparing,
    title = "Comparing the Quality of Focused Crawlers and of the Translation Resources Obtained from them",
    author = "Laranjeira, Bruno  and
      Moreira, Viviane  and
      Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Finatto, Maria Jos{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1095_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3572--3578",
}
@inproceedings{tsvetkov-etal-2014-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting {E}nglish Adjective Senses with Supersenses",
    author = "Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      Bhatia, Archna  and
      Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1096_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4359--4365",
}
@inproceedings{buck-etal-2014-n,
    title = "N-gram Counts and Language Models from the Common Crawl",
    author = "Buck, Christian  and
      Heafield, Kenneth  and
      van Ooyen, Bas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1097_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3579--3584",
}
@inproceedings{vor-der-bruck-etal-2014-collex,
    title = "{C}ol{L}ex.en: Automatically Generating and Evaluating a Full-form Lexicon for {E}nglish",
    author = {vor der Br{\"u}ck, Tim  and
      Mehler, Alexander  and
      Islam, Zahurul},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1099_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3756--3760",
}
@inproceedings{polajnar-etal-2014-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Simple Distributional Compositional Operations on Longer Texts",
    author = "Polajnar, Tamara  and
      Rimell, Laura  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/110_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4440--4443",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-2014-creating,
    title = "Creating Summarization Systems with {SUMMA}",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1102_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4157--4163",
}
@inproceedings{fokkens-etal-2014-biographynet,
    title = "{B}iography{N}et: Methodological Issues when {NLP} supports historical research",
    author = "Fokkens, Antske  and
      Braake, Serge ter  and
      Ockeloen, Niels  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Leg{\^e}ne, Susan  and
      Schreiber, Guus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1103_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3728--3735",
}
@inproceedings{rousseau-etal-2014-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing the {TED}-{LIUM} Corpus with Selected Data for Language Modeling and More {TED} Talks",
    author = "Rousseau, Anthony  and
      Del{\'e}glise, Paul  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1104_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3935--3939",
}
@inproceedings{dubey-etal-2014-enrichment,
    title = "Enrichment of Bilingual Dictionary through News Stream Data",
    author = "Dubey, Ajay  and
      Gupta, Parth  and
      Varma, Vasudeva  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1105_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3761--3765",
}
@inproceedings{fiser-etal-2014-slowcrowd,
    title = "slo{WC}rowd: A crowdsourcing tool for lexicographic tasks",
    author = "Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja  and
      Tav{\v{c}}ar, Ale{\v{s}}  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1106_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3471--3475",
}
@inproceedings{shibata-etal-2014-large,
    title = "A Large Scale Database of Strongly-related Events in {J}apanese",
    author = "Shibata, Tomohide  and
      Kohama, Shotaro  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1107_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3283--3288",
}
@inproceedings{francois-etal-2014-flelex,
    title = "{FLEL}ex: a graded lexical resource for {F}rench foreign learners",
    author = "Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas  and
      Gala, N{\`u}ria  and
      Watrin, Patrick  and
      Fairon, C{\'e}drick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1108_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3766--3773",
}
@inproceedings{hilgert-etal-2014-building,
    title = "Building Domain Specific Bilingual Dictionaries",
    author = "Hilgert, Lucas  and
      Lopes, Lucelene  and
      Freitas, Artur  and
      Vieira, Renata  and
      Hogetop, Denise  and
      Vanin, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1112_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2772--2777",
}
@inproceedings{wisniewski-etal-2014-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Machine Translation Errors Extracted from Translation Students Exercises",
    author = {Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      K{\"u}bler, Natalie  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1115_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3585--3588",
}
@inproceedings{voss-etal-2014-finding,
    title = "Finding {R}omanized {A}rabic Dialect in Code-Mixed Tweets",
    author = "Voss, Clare  and
      Tratz, Stephen  and
      Laoudi, Jamal  and
      Briesch, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1116_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2249--2253",
}
@inproceedings{auguin-fung-2014-co,
    title = "Co-Training for Classification of Live or Studio Music Recordings",
    author = "Auguin, Nicolas  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1119_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3650--3653",
}
@inproceedings{tomlinson-etal-2014-mygoal,
    title = "{\#}mygoal: Finding Motivations on Twitter",
    author = "Tomlinson, Marc  and
      Bracewell, David  and
      Krug, Wayne  and
      Hinote, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1120_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "469--474",
}
@inproceedings{graff-etal-2014-rats,
    title = "The {RATS} Collection: Supporting {HLT} Research with Degraded Audio Data",
    author = "Graff, David  and
      Walker, Kevin  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Ma, Xiaoyi  and
      Jones, Karen  and
      Sawyer, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1125_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1970--1977",
}
@inproceedings{hokamp-etal-2014-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Language Proficiency Using Implicit Feedback",
    author = "Hokamp, Chris  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Schuelke, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1126_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3983--3986",
}
@inproceedings{reschke-etal-2014-event,
    title = "Event Extraction Using Distant Supervision",
    author = "Reschke, Kevin  and
      Jankowiak, Martin  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Manning, Christopher  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1127_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4527--4531",
}
@inproceedings{ultes-etal-2014-first,
    title = "First Insight into Quality-Adaptive Dialogue",
    author = {Ultes, Stefan  and
      Dikme, H{\"u}seyin  and
      Minker, Wolfgang},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/113_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "246--251",
}
@inproceedings{toral-2014-tlaxcala,
    title = "{TLAXCALA}: a multilingual corpus of independent news",
    author = "Toral, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1134_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3689--3692",
}
@inproceedings{wubben-etal-2014-creating,
    title = "Creating and using large monolingual parallel corpora for sentential paraphrase generation",
    author = "Wubben, Sander  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1135_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4292--4299",
}
@inproceedings{yeka-etal-2014-benchmarking,
    title = "Benchmarking of {E}nglish-{H}indi parallel corpora",
    author = "Yeka, Jayendra Rakesh  and
      Kolachina, Prasanth  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1137_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1812--1818",
}
@inproceedings{dilsizian-etal-2014-new,
    title = "A New Framework for Sign Language Recognition based on 3{D} Handshape Identification and Linguistic Modeling",
    author = "Dilsizian, Mark  and
      Yanovich, Polina  and
      Wang, Shu  and
      Neidle, Carol  and
      Metaxas, Dimitris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1138_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1924--1929",
}
@inproceedings{addanki-wu-2014-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Improvised Hip Hop Lyrics - Challenges and Observations",
    author = "Addanki, Karteek  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1139_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4616--4623",
}
@inproceedings{green-larasati-2014-votter,
    title = "Votter Corpus: A Corpus of Social Polling Language",
    author = "Green, Nathan  and
      Larasati, Septina Dian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1143_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3693--3697",
}
@inproceedings{chen-ng-2014-sinocoreferencer,
    title = "{S}ino{C}oreferencer: An End-to-End {C}hinese Event Coreference Resolver",
    author = "Chen, Chen  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1144_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4532--4538",
}
@inproceedings{maamouri-etal-2014-developing,
    title = "Developing an {E}gyptian {A}rabic Treebank: Impact of Dialectal Morphology on Annotation and Tool Development",
    author = "Maamouri, Mohamed  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Kulick, Seth  and
      Ciul, Michael  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Eskander, Ramy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1145_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2348--2354",
}
@inproceedings{scheffler-2014-german,
    title = "A {G}erman Twitter Snapshot",
    author = "Scheffler, Tatjana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1146_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2284--2289",
}
@inproceedings{hastie-belz-2014-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Evaluation Methodology for {NLG} in Interactive Systems",
    author = "Hastie, Helen  and
      Belz, Anja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1147_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4004--4011",
}
@inproceedings{ohara-2014-relating,
    title = "Relating Frames and Constructions in {J}apanese {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Ohara, Kyoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1149_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2474--2477",
}
@inproceedings{krieger-declerck-2014-tmo,
    title = "{TMO} {---} The Federated Ontology of the {T}rend{M}iner Project",
    author = "Krieger, Hans-Ulrich  and
      Declerck, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/115_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4164--4171",
}
@inproceedings{enguix-etal-2014-graph,
    title = "A Graph-Based Approach for Computing Free Word Associations",
    author = "Enguix, Gemma Bel  and
      Rapp, Reinhard  and
      Zock, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1150_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3027--3033",
}
@inproceedings{eiselen-puttkammer-2014-developing,
    title = "Developing Text Resources for Ten South {A}frican Languages",
    author = "Eiselen, Roald  and
      Puttkammer, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1151_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3698--3703",
}
@inproceedings{felt-etal-2014-momresp,
    title = "{M}omresp: A {B}ayesian Model for Multi-Annotator Document Labeling",
    author = "Felt, Paul  and
      Haertel, Robbie  and
      Ringger, Eric  and
      Seppi, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1153_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3704--3711",
}
@inproceedings{ouyang-mckeown-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Detection of Narrative Structure",
    author = "Ouyang, Jessica  and
      McKeown, Kathy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1154_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4624--4631",
}
@inproceedings{barreiro-etal-2014-openlogos,
    title = "{O}pen{L}ogos Semantico-Syntactic Knowledge-Rich Bilingual Dictionaries",
    author = "Barreiro, Anabela  and
      Batista, Fernando  and
      Ribeiro, Ricardo  and
      Moniz, Helena  and
      Trancoso, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1155_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3774--3781",
}
@inproceedings{ellendorff-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using Large Biomedical Databases as Gold Annotations for Automatic Relation Extraction",
    author = "Ellendorff, Tilia  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio  and
      Clematide, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1156_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3736--3741",
}
@inproceedings{sprugnoli-lenci-2014-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing for the identification of event nominals: an experiment",
    author = "Sprugnoli, Rachele  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1157_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1949--1955",
}
@inproceedings{ma-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Refinement of Syntactic Categories in {C}hinese Word Structures",
    author = "Ma, Jianqiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1158_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4087--4092",
}
@inproceedings{bies-etal-2014-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Alternate Translations into {E}nglish Translation Treebank",
    author = "Bies, Ann  and
      Mott, Justin  and
      Kulick, Seth  and
      Garland, Jennifer  and
      Warner, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1159_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1863--1868",
}
@inproceedings{sennrich-kunz-2014-zmorge,
    title = "{Z}morge: A {G}erman Morphological Lexicon Extracted from {W}iktionary",
    author = "Sennrich, Rico  and
      Kunz, Beat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/116_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1063--1067",
}
@inproceedings{diab-etal-2014-tharwa,
    title = "{T}harwa: A Large Scale Dialectal {A}rabic - Standard {A}rabic - {E}nglish Lexicon",
    author = "Diab, Mona  and
      Al-Badrashiny, Mohamed  and
      Aminian, Maryam  and
      Attia, Mohammed  and
      Elfardy, Heba  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Hawwari, Abdelati  and
      Salloum, Wael  and
      Dasigi, Pradeep  and
      Eskander, Ramy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1161_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3782--3789",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-etal-2014-skos,
    title = "A {SKOS}-based Schema for {TEI} encoded Dictionaries at {ICLTT}",
    author = {Declerck, Thierry  and
      M{\"o}rth, Karlheinz  and
      Wandl-Vogt, Eveline},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1163_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "414--417",
}
@inproceedings{kouylekov-oepen-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Technologies for Querying Linguistic Annotations: An Experiment Focusing on Graph-Structured Data",
    author = "Kouylekov, Milen  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1166_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4331--4336",
}
@inproceedings{pon-barry-etal-2014-eliciting,
    title = "Eliciting and Annotating Uncertainty in Spoken Language",
    author = "Pon-Barry, Heather  and
      Shieber, Stuart  and
      Longenbaugh, Nicholas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1167_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1978--1983",
}
@inproceedings{gleize-grau-2014-hierarchical,
    title = "A hierarchical taxonomy for classifying hardness of inference tasks",
    author = "Gleize, Martin  and
      Grau, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1168_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3034--3040",
}
@inproceedings{rosner-sultana-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Methods for the Extension of a Bilingual Dictionary using Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Rosner, Michael  and
      Sultana, Kurt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1169_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3790--3797",
}
@inproceedings{mitsuishi-etal-2014-method,
    title = "A Method for Building Burst-Annotated Co-Occurrence Networks for Analysing Trends in Textual Data",
    author = "Mitsuishi, Yutaka  and
      Nov{\'a}{\v{c}}ek, V{\'\i}t  and
      Vandenbussche, Pierre-Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1170_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3742--3747",
}
@inproceedings{ferreira-etal-2014-casa,
    title = "Casa de la Lh{\'e}ngua: a set of language resources and natural language processing tools for Mirandese",
    author = "Ferreira, Jos{\'e} Pedro  and
      Chesi, Cristiano  and
      Baldewijns, Daan  and
      Pinto, Fernando Miguel  and
      Correia, Margarita  and
      Braga, Daniela  and
      Cho, Hyongsil  and
      Ferreira, Amadeu  and
      Dias, Miguel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1174_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "536--540",
}
@inproceedings{strunk-etal-2014-untrained,
    title = "Untrained Forced Alignment of Transcriptions and Audio for Language Documentation Corpora using {W}eb{MAUS}",
    author = "Strunk, Jan  and
      Schiel, Florian  and
      Seifart, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1176_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3940--3947",
}
@inproceedings{hellan-etal-2014-multival,
    title = "{M}ulti{V}al - towards a multilingual valence lexicon",
    author = "Hellan, Lars  and
      Beermann, Dorothee  and
      Bruland, Tore  and
      Dakubu, Mary Esther Kropp  and
      Marimon, Montserrat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1179_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2478--2485",
}
@inproceedings{vacher-etal-2014-sweet,
    title = "The Sweet-Home speech and multimodal corpus for home automation interaction",
    author = "Vacher, Michel  and
      Lecouteux, Benjamin  and
      Chahuara, Pedro  and
      Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Meillon, Brigitte  and
      Bonnefond, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/118_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4499--4506",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-etal-2014-global,
    title = "Global Intelligent Content: Active Curation of Language Resources using Linked Data",
    author = "Lewis, David  and
      Brennan, Rob  and
      Finn, Leroy  and
      Jones, Dominic  and
      Meehan, Alan  and
      O{'}Sullivan, Declan  and
      Hellmann, Sebastian  and
      Sasaki, Felix",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1182_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3546--3549",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-ciobanu-2014-romance,
    title = "On the Romance Languages Mutual Intelligibility",
    author = "Dinu, Liviu  and
      Ciobanu, Alina Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1183_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3313--3318",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-etal-2014-aggregation,
    title = "Aggregation methods for efficient collocation detection",
    author = "Dinu, Anca  and
      Dinu, Liviu  and
      Sorodoc, Ionut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1184_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4041--4045",
}
@inproceedings{dsouza-ng-2014-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Inter-Sentence Temporal Relations in Clinical Notes",
    author = "D{'}Souza, Jennifer  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1185_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2758--2765",
}
@inproceedings{borzovs-etal-2014-terminology,
    title = "Terminology localization guidelines for the national scenario",
    author = "Borzovs, Juris  and
      Ilzi{\c{n}}a, Ilze  and
      Kei{\v{s}}a, Iveta  and
      Pinnis, M{\=a}rcis  and
      Vasi{\c{l}}jevs, Andrejs",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1189_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4012--4017",
}
@inproceedings{brierley-etal-2014-tools,
    title = "Tools for {A}rabic Natural Language Processing: a case study in qalqalah prosody",
    author = "Brierley, Claire  and
      Sawalha, Majdi  and
      Atwell, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/119_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "283--287",
}
@inproceedings{mata-etal-2014-teenage,
    title = "Teenage and adult speech in school context: building and processing a corpus of {E}uropean {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Mata, Ana Isabel  and
      Moniz, Helena  and
      Batista, Fernando  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1193_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3914--3919",
}
@inproceedings{bhatia-etal-2014-unified,
    title = "A Unified Annotation Scheme for the Semantic/Pragmatic Components of Definiteness",
    author = "Bhatia, Archna  and
      Simons, Mandy  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Bender, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1194_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "910--916",
}
@inproceedings{regneri-etal-2014-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Predicate-Argument Structures for Paraphrase Fragment Extraction",
    author = "Regneri, Michaela  and
      Wang, Rui  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1195_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4300--4307",
}
@inproceedings{antunes-mendes-2014-evaluation,
    title = "An evaluation of the role of statistical measures and frequency for {MWE} identification",
    author = "Antunes, Sandra  and
      Mendes, Am{\'a}lia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1197_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4046--4051",
}
@inproceedings{lo-wu-2014-reliability,
    title = "On the reliability and inter-annotator agreement of human semantic {MT} evaluation via {HMEANT}",
    author = "Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1198_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "602--607",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-dual,
    title = "Dual Subtitles as Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Zhang, Shikun  and
      Ling, Wang  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1199_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1869--1874",
}
@inproceedings{exner-nugues-2014-refractive,
    title = "{REFRACTIVE}: An Open Source Tool to Extract Knowledge from Syntactic and Semantic Relations",
    author = "Exner, Peter  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/12_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2584--2589",
}
@inproceedings{ke-etal-2014-variations,
    title = "Variations on quantitative comparability measures and their evaluations on synthetic {F}rench-{E}nglish comparable corpora",
    author = "Ke, Guiyao  and
      Marteau, Pierre-Francois  and
      Menier, Gildas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/120_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "133--139",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using a machine learning model to assess the complexity of stress systems",
    author = "Dinu, Liviu  and
      Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Chitoran, Ioana  and
      Niculae, Vlad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1200_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "331--336",
}
@inproceedings{mata-etal-2014-prosodic,
    title = "Prosodic, syntactic, semantic guidelines for topic structures across domains and corpora",
    author = "Mata, Ana Isabel  and
      Moniz, Helena  and
      M{\'o}ia, Telmo  and
      Gon{\c{c}}alves, Anabela  and
      Silva, F{\'a}tima  and
      Batista, Fernando  and
      Duarte, In{\^e}s  and
      Oliveira, F{\'a}tima  and
      Fal{\'e}, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1201_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1188--1193",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-2014-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Lemmatization Models for Machine-Assisted Corpus-Dictionary Linkage",
    author = "Black, Kevin  and
      Ringger, Eric  and
      Felt, Paul  and
      Seppi, Kevin  and
      Heal, Kristian  and
      Lonsdale, Deryle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1203_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3798--3805",
}
@inproceedings{washington-etal-2014-finite,
    title = "Finite-state morphological transducers for three Kypchak languages",
    author = "Washington, Jonathan  and
      Salimzyanov, Ilnar  and
      Tyers, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1207_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3378--3385",
}
@inproceedings{oliver-climent-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic creation of {W}ord{N}ets from parallel corpora",
    author = "Oliver, Antoni  and
      Climent, Salvador",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/121_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1112--1116",
}
@inproceedings{ogrodniczuk-kopec-2014-polish,
    title = "The Polish Summaries Corpus",
    author = "Ogrodniczuk, Maciej  and
      Kope{\'c}, Mateusz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1211_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3712--3715",
}
@inproceedings{schultz-schlippe-2014-globalphone,
    title = "{G}lobal{P}hone: Pronunciation Dictionaries in 20 Languages",
    author = "Schultz, Tanja  and
      Schlippe, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1212_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "337--341",
}
@inproceedings{ceausu-hunsicker-2014-pre,
    title = "Pre-ordering of phrase-based machine translation input in translation workflow",
    author = "Ceausu, Alexandru  and
      Hunsicker, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1213_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3589--3592",
}
@inproceedings{buccio-etal-2014-vector,
    title = "A Vector Space Model for Syntactic Distances Between Dialects",
    author = "Buccio, Emanuele Di  and
      Nunzio, Giorgio Maria Di  and
      Silvello, Gianmaria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1214_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2486--2489",
}
@inproceedings{curtis-2014-finite,
    title = "A finite-state morphological analyzer for a Lakota {HPSG} grammar",
    author = "Curtis, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1216_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "541--544",
}
@inproceedings{drexler-etal-2014-wikipedia,
    title = "A {W}ikipedia-based Corpus for Contextualized Machine Translation",
    author = "Drexler, Jennifer  and
      Rastogi, Pushpendre  and
      Aguilar, Jacqueline  and
      Durme, Benjamin Van  and
      Post, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1217_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3593--3596",
}
@inproceedings{gella-etal-2014-mapping,
    title = "Mapping {W}ord{N}et Domains, {W}ord{N}et Topics and {W}ikipedia Categories to Generate Multilingual Domain Specific Resources",
    author = "Gella, Spandana  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Nastase, Vivi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/122_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1117--1121",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2014-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Events in an Emotion Corpus",
    author = "Lee, Sophia  and
      Li, Shoushan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1222_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3511--3516",
}
@inproceedings{agrawal-etal-2014-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Analysis of Multilingual Text Corpus and Development of Language Models",
    author = "Agrawal, Shyam Sundar  and
      {Abhimanue}  and
      Bansal, Shweta  and
      Mahajan, Minakshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1226_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2436--2440",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-etal-2014-new,
    title = "New Directions for Language Resource Development and Distribution",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      DiPersio, Denise  and
      Liberman, Mark  and
      Mazzucchi, Andrea  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Wright, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1227_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1539--1546",
}
@inproceedings{mariani-etal-2014-rediscovering,
    title = "Rediscovering 15 Years of Discoveries in Language Resources and Evaluation: The {LREC} Anthology Analysis",
    author = "Mariani, Joseph  and
      Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Francopoulo, Gil  and
      Hamon, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1228_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-etal-2014-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Question Decomposition on Complex Medical Questions",
    author = "Roberts, Kirk  and
      Masterton, Kate  and
      Fiszman, Marcelo  and
      Kilicoglu, Halil  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/124_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2598--2602",
}
@inproceedings{xavier-lima-2014-boosting,
    title = "Boosting Open Information Extraction with Noun-Based Relations",
    author = "Xavier, Clarissa  and
      Lima, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/125_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "96--100",
}
@inproceedings{angelov-2014-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Open-Source {E}nglish-{B}ulgarian Computational Dictionary",
    author = "Angelov, Krasimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/127_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1018--1023",
}
@inproceedings{mangeot-2014-motamot,
    title = "{M}ot{\`a}{M}ot project: conversion of a {F}rench-{K}hmer published dictionary for building a multilingual lexical system",
    author = "Mangeot, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/128_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1024--1031",
}
@inproceedings{curto-etal-2014-just,
    title = "{JUST}.{ASK}, a {QA} system that learns to answer new questions from previous interactions",
    author = "Curto, S{\'e}rgio  and
      Mendes, Ana C.  and
      Curto, Pedro  and
      Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa  and
      Costa, {\^A}ngela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/130_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2603--2607",
}
@inproceedings{sinha-etal-2014-design,
    title = "Design and Development of an Online Computational Framework to Facilitate Language Comprehension Research on {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Sinha, Manjira  and
      Dasgupta, Tirthankar  and
      Basu, Anupam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/132_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "203--210",
}
@inproceedings{ernestus-etal-2014-nijmegen,
    title = "The Nijmegen Corpus of Casual {C}zech",
    author = "Ernestus, Mirjam  and
      Ko{\v{c}}kov{\'a}-Amortov{\'a}, Lucie  and
      Pollak, Petr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/134_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "365--370",
}
@inproceedings{song-xia-2014-modern,
    title = "Modern {C}hinese Helps Archaic {C}hinese Processing: Finding and Exploiting the Shared Properties",
    author = "Song, Yan  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/138_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3129--3136",
}
@inproceedings{gruszczynski-ogrodniczuk-2014-digital,
    title = "Digital Library 2.0: Source of Knowledge and Research Collaboration Platform",
    author = "Gruszczy{\'n}ski, W{\l}odzimierz  and
      Ogrodniczuk, Maciej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/14_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1649--1653",
}
@inproceedings{jokinen-2014-open,
    title = "Open-domain Interaction and Online Content in the Sami Language",
    author = "Jokinen, Kristiina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/143_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "517--522",
}
@inproceedings{utsumi-2014-character,
    title = "A Character-based Approach to Distributional Semantic Models: Exploiting Kanji Characters for Constructing {J}apanese{W}ord Vectors",
    author = "Utsumi, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/144_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4444--4450",
}
@inproceedings{bogdanova-lazaridou-2014-cross,
    title = "Cross-Language Authorship Attribution",
    author = "Bogdanova, Dasha  and
      Lazaridou, Angeliki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/145_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2015--2020",
}
@inproceedings{felt-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using Transfer Learning to Assist Exploratory Corpus Annotation",
    author = "Felt, Paul  and
      Ringger, Eric  and
      Seppi, Kevin  and
      Heal, Kristian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/147_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "140--145",
}
@inproceedings{muzerelle-etal-2014-ancor,
    title = "{ANCOR}{\_}{C}entre, a large free spoken {F}rench coreference corpus: description of the resource and reliability measures",
    author = {Muzerelle, Judith  and
      Lefeuvre, Ana{\"\i}s  and
      Schang, Emmanuel  and
      Antoine, Jean-Yves  and
      Pelletier, Aurore  and
      Maurel, Denis  and
      Eshkol, Iris  and
      Villaneau, Jeanne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/150_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "843--847",
}
@inproceedings{rudnick-etal-2014-guampa,
    title = "{G}uampa: a Toolkit for Collaborative Translation",
    author = "Rudnick, Alex  and
      Skidmore, Taylor  and
      Samaniego, Alberto  and
      Gasser, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/151_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1659--1663",
}
@inproceedings{broeder-etal-2014-experiences,
    title = "Experiences with the {ISO}cat Data Category Registry",
    author = "Broeder, Daan  and
      Schuurman, Ineke  and
      Windhouwer, Menzo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/153_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4565--4568",
}
@inproceedings{windhouwer-etal-2014-relish,
    title = "{RELISH} {LMF}: Unlocking the Full Power of the Lexical Markup Framework",
    author = "Windhouwer, Menzo  and
      Petro, Justin  and
      Shayan, Shakila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/154_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1032--1037",
}
@inproceedings{iida-tokunaga-2014-building,
    title = "Building a Corpus of Manually Revised Texts from Discourse Perspective",
    author = "Iida, Ryu  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/155_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "936--941",
}
@inproceedings{durco-windhouwer-2014-cmd,
    title = "The {CMD} Cloud",
    author = "{\v{D}}ur{\v{c}}o, Matej  and
      Windhouwer, Menzo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/156_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "687--690",
}
@inproceedings{borin-etal-2014-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic landscaping of South Asia using digital language resources: Genetic vs. areal linguistics",
    author = "Borin, Lars  and
      Saxena, Anju  and
      Rama, Taraka  and
      Comrie, Bernard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/159_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3137--3144",
}
@inproceedings{barreiro-etal-2014-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Evaluation of Support Verb Constructions by {O}pen{L}ogos and {G}oogle Translate",
    author = "Barreiro, Anabela  and
      Monti, Johanna  and
      Orliac, Brigitte  and
      Preu{\ss}, Susanne  and
      Arrieta, Kutz  and
      Ling, Wang  and
      Batista, Fernando  and
      Trancoso, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/16_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "35--40",
}
@inproceedings{kipp-etal-2014-single,
    title = "Single-Person and Multi-Party 3{D} Visualizations for Nonverbal Communication Analysis",
    author = "Kipp, Michael  and
      von Hollen, Levin Freiherr  and
      Hrstka, Michael Christopher  and
      Zamponi, Franziska",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/160_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3393--3397",
}
@inproceedings{shimizu-etal-2014-collection,
    title = "Collection of a Simultaneous Translation Corpus for Comparative Analysis",
    author = "Shimizu, Hiroaki  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Sakti, Sakriani  and
      Toda, Tomoki  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/162_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "670--673",
}
@inproceedings{cakmak-etal-2014-av,
    title = "The {AV}-{LASYN} Database : A synchronous corpus of audio and 3{D} facial marker data for audio-visual laughter synthesis",
    author = {{\c{C}}akmak, H{\"u}seyin  and
      Urbain, J{\'e}r{\^o}me  and
      Dutoit, Thierry  and
      Tilmanne, Jo{\"e}lle},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/163_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3398--3403",
}
@inproceedings{petukhova-etal-2014-interoperability,
    title = "Interoperability of Dialogue Corpora through {ISO} 24617-2-based Querying",
    author = "Petukhova, Volha  and
      Malchanau, Andrei  and
      Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/165_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4407--4414",
}
@inproceedings{cucchiarini-etal-2014-asr,
    title = "{ASR}-based {CALL} systems and learner speech data: new resources and opportunities for research and development in second language learning",
    author = "Cucchiarini, Catia  and
      Bodnar, Steve  and
      de Vries, Bart Penning  and
      Hout, Roeland van  and
      Strik, Helmer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/168_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2708--2714",
}
@inproceedings{petukhova-etal-2014-dbox,
    title = "The {DBOX} Corpus Collection of Spoken Human-Human and Human-Machine Dialogues",
    author = "Petukhova, Volha  and
      Gropp, Martin  and
      Klakow, Dietrich  and
      Eigner, Gregor  and
      Topf, Mario  and
      Srb, Stefan  and
      Motlicek, Petr  and
      Potard, Blaise  and
      Dines, John  and
      Deroo, Olivier  and
      Egeler, Ronny  and
      Meinz, Uwe  and
      Liersch, Steffen  and
      Schmidt, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/169_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "252--258",
}
@inproceedings{schmidt-2014-database,
    title = "The Database for Spoken {G}erman {---} {DGD}2",
    author = "Schmidt, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/171_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1451--1457",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-ciobanu-2014-building,
    title = "Building a Dataset of Multilingual Cognates for the {R}omanian Lexicon",
    author = "Dinu, Liviu  and
      Ciobanu, Alina Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/175_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1038--1043",
}
@inproceedings{rizzo-etal-2014-benchmarking,
    title = "Benchmarking the Extraction and Disambiguation of Named Entities on the Semantic Web",
    author = {Rizzo, Giuseppe  and
      van Erp, Marieke  and
      Troncy, Rapha{\"e}l},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/176_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4593--4600",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2014-automatic-expansion,
    title = "Automatic Expansion of the {MRC} Psycholinguistic Database Imageability Ratings",
    author = "Liu, Ting  and
      Cho, Kit  and
      Broadwell, G. Aaron  and
      Shaikh, Samira  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Lien, John  and
      Taylor, Sarah  and
      Feldman, Laurie  and
      Yamrom, Boris  and
      Webb, Nick  and
      Boz, Umit  and
      Cases, Ignacio  and
      Lin, Ching-sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/178_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2800--2805",
}
@inproceedings{bhat-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards building a Kashmiri Treebank: Setting up the Annotation Pipeline",
    author = "Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad  and
      Bhat, Shahid Mushtaq  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/18_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "748--752",
}
@inproceedings{uryupina-etal-2014-sentube,
    title = "{S}en{T}ube: A Corpus for Sentiment Analysis on {Y}ou{T}ube Social Media",
    author = "Uryupina, Olga  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      Severyn, Aliaksei  and
      Rotondi, Agata  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/180_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4244--4249",
}
@inproceedings{mena-camacho-2014-ciempiess,
    title = "{CIEMPIESS}: A New Open-Sourced {M}exican {S}panish Radio Corpus",
    author = "Mena, Carlos Daniel Hernandez  and
      Camacho, Abel Herrera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/182_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "371--375",
}
@inproceedings{del-pozo-etal-2014-savas,
    title = "{SAVAS}: Collecting, Annotating and Sharing Audiovisual Language Resources for Automatic Subtitling",
    author = "del Pozo, Arantza  and
      Aliprandi, Carlo  and
      {\'A}lvarez, Aitor  and
      Mendes, Carlos  and
      Neto, Joao P.  and
      Paulo, S{\'e}rgio  and
      Piccinini, Nicola  and
      Raffaelli, Matteo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/183_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "432--436",
}
@inproceedings{fankhauser-etal-2014-exploring,
    title = "Exploring and Visualizing Variation in Language Resources",
    author = {Fankhauser, Peter  and
      Knappen, J{\"o}rg  and
      Teich, Elke},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/185_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4125--4128",
}
@inproceedings{darwish-gao-2014-simple,
    title = "Simple Effective Microblog Named Entity Recognition: {A}rabic as an Example",
    author = "Darwish, Kareem  and
      Gao, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/186_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2513--2517",
}
@inproceedings{almeida-etal-2014-priberam,
    title = "Priberam Compressive Summarization Corpus: A New Multi-Document Summarization Corpus for {E}uropean {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Almeida, Miguel B.  and
      Almeida, Mariana S. C.  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.  and
      Figueira, Helena  and
      Mendes, Pedro  and
      Pinto, Cl{\'a}udia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/187_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "146--152",
}
@inproceedings{van-son-etal-2014-hope,
    title = "Hope and Fear: How Opinions Influence Factuality",
    author = "van Son, Chantal  and
      van Erp, Marieke  and
      Fokkens, Antske  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/188_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3857--3864",
}
@inproceedings{vandeghinste-schuurman-2014-linking,
    title = "Linking Pictographs to Synsets: {S}clera2{C}ornetto",
    author = "Vandeghinste, Vincent  and
      Schuurman, Ineke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/189_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3404--3410",
}
@inproceedings{morchid-etal-2014-characterizing,
    title = "CHARACTERIZING AND PREDICTING BURSTY EVENTS: THE BUZZ CASE STUDY ON TWITTER",
    author = "Morchid, Mohamed  and
      Linar{\`e}s, Georges  and
      Dufour, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/19_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2766--2771",
}
@inproceedings{krieger-etal-2014-information,
    title = "Information Extraction from {G}erman Patient Records via Hybrid Parsing and Relation Extraction Strategies",
    author = {Krieger, Hans-Ulrich  and
      Spurk, Christian  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Zhang, Yi  and
      M{\"u}ller, Frank  and
      Tolxdorff, Thomas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/190_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2043--2048",
}
@inproceedings{schabus-etal-2014-mmascs,
    title = "The {MMASCS} multi-modal annotated synchronous corpus of audio, video, facial motion and tongue motion data of normal, fast and slow speech",
    author = "Schabus, Dietmar  and
      Pucher, Michael  and
      Hoole, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/192_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3411--3416",
}
@inproceedings{polakova-etal-2014-genres,
    title = "Genres in the {P}rague Discourse Treebank",
    author = "Pol{\'a}kov{\'a}, Lucie  and
      J{\'\i}nov{\'a}, Pavl{\'\i}na  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/195_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1320--1326",
}
@inproceedings{pelemans-etal-2014-speech,
    title = "Speech Recognition Web Services for {D}utch",
    author = "Pelemans, Joris  and
      Demuynck, Kris  and
      hamme, Hugo Van  and
      Wambacq, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/196_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3041--3044",
}
@inproceedings{costa-etal-2014-translation,
    title = "Translation errors from {E}nglish to {P}ortuguese: an annotated corpus",
    author = "Costa, Angela  and
      Lu{\'\i}s, Tiago  and
      Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/199_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1231--1234",
}
@inproceedings{allah-boulaknadel-2014-amazigh,
    title = "Amazigh Verb Conjugator",
    author = "Allah, Fadoua Ataa  and
      Boulaknadel, Siham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/2_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1051--1055",
}
@inproceedings{kamocki-2014-liability,
    title = "The liability of service providers in e-Research Infrastructures: killing the messenger?",
    author = "Kamocki, Pawel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/202_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4220--4224",
}
@inproceedings{pradet-etal-2014-adapting,
    title = "Adapting {V}erb{N}et to {F}rench using existing resources",
    author = {Pradet, Quentin  and
      Danlos, Laurence  and
      de Chalendar, Ga{\"e}l},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/203_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1122--1126",
}
@inproceedings{loaiciga-etal-2014-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-{F}rench Verb Phrase Alignment in {E}uroparl for Tense Translation Modeling",
    author = "Lo{\'a}iciga, Sharid  and
      Meyer, Thomas  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/205_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "674--681",
}
@inproceedings{oostdijk-van-den-heuvel-2014-evolving,
    title = "The evolving infrastructure for language resources and the role for data scientists",
    author = "Oostdijk, Nelleke  and
      van den Heuvel, Henk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/206_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "608--612",
}
@inproceedings{novak-2014-new,
    title = "A New Form of Humor {---} Mapping Constraint-Based Computational Morphologies to a Finite-State Representation",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, Attila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/207_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1068--1073",
}
@inproceedings{karppa-etal-2014-slmotion,
    title = "{SLM}otion - An extensible sign language oriented video analysis tool",
    author = "Karppa, Matti  and
      Viitaniemi, Ville  and
      Luzardo, Marcos  and
      Laaksonen, Jorma  and
      Jantunen, Tommi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/209_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1886--1891",
}
@inproceedings{chu-etal-2014-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a {C}hinese{---}{J}apanese Parallel Corpus from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Chu, Chenhui  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/21_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "642--647",
}
@inproceedings{carl-etal-2014-cft13,
    title = "{CFT}13: A resource for research into the post-editing process",
    author = "Carl, Michael  and
      Garc{\'\i}a, Mercedes Mart{\'\i}nez  and
      Mesa-Lao, Bartolom{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/210_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1757--1764",
}
@inproceedings{zeevaert-2014-morkum,
    title = {M{\"o}rkum Nj{\'a}lu. An annotated corpus to analyse and explain grammatical divergences between 14th-century manuscripts of Nj{\'a}l{'}s saga.},
    author = "Zeevaert, Ludger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/211_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "981--987",
}
@inproceedings{goldman-etal-2014-crowdsourcing,
    title = "A Crowdsourcing Smartphone Application for Swiss {G}erman: Putting Language Documentation in the Hands of the Users",
    author = "Goldman, Jean-Philippe  and
      Leeman, Adrian  and
      Kolly, Marie-Jos{\'e}  and
      Hove, Ingrid  and
      Almajai, Ibrahim  and
      Dellwo, Volker  and
      Moran, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/214_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3444--3447",
}
@inproceedings{bethard-etal-2014-cleartk,
    title = "{C}lear{TK} 2.0: Design Patterns for Machine Learning in {UIMA}",
    author = "Bethard, Steven  and
      Ogren, Philip  and
      Becker, Lee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/218_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3289--3293",
}
@inproceedings{zribi-etal-2014-conventional,
    title = "A Conventional Orthography for {T}unisian {A}rabic",
    author = "Zribi, In{\`e}s  and
      Boujelbane, Rahma  and
      Masmoudi, Abir  and
      Ellouze, Mariem  and
      Belguith, Lamia  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/219_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2355--2361",
}
@inproceedings{mayer-cysouw-2014-creating,
    title = "Creating a massively parallel {B}ible corpus",
    author = "Mayer, Thomas  and
      Cysouw, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/220_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3158--3163",
}
@inproceedings{rapp-2014-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Computation of Reverse Associations",
    author = "Rapp, Reinhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/221_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1380--1386",
}
@inproceedings{marrafa-etal-2014-lextec,
    title = "{L}ex{T}ec {---} a rich language resource for technical domains in {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Marrafa, Palmira  and
      Amaro, Raquel  and
      Mendes, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/222_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1044--1050",
}
@inproceedings{arias-etal-2014-boosting,
    title = "Boosting the creation of a treebank",
    author = "Arias, Blanca  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Lorente, Merc{\`e}  and
      Marim{\'o}n, Montserrat  and
      Mil{\`a}, Alba  and
      Vivaldi, Jorge  and
      Padr{\'o}, Muntsa  and
      Fomicheva, Marina  and
      Larrea, Imanol",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/225_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "775--781",
}
@inproceedings{sanders-etal-2014-dutch,
    title = "The {D}utch {LESLLA} Corpus",
    author = "Sanders, Eric  and
      van de Craats, Ineke  and
      de Lint, Vanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/227_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2715--2718",
}
@inproceedings{jelinek-2014-improvements,
    title = "Improvements to Dependency Parsing Using Automatic Simplification of Data",
    author = "Jel{\'\i}nek, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/228_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "73--77",
}
@inproceedings{mihaila-ananiadou-2014-meta,
    title = "The Meta-knowledge of Causality in Biomedical Scientific Discourse",
    author = "Mih{\u{a}}il{\u{a}}, Claudiu  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/23_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1984--1991",
}
@inproceedings{maier-etal-2014-discosuite,
    title = "Discosuite - A parser test suite for {G}erman discontinuous structures",
    author = {Maier, Wolfgang  and
      Kaeshammer, Miriam  and
      Baumann, Peter  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/230_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2905--2912",
}
@inproceedings{barbieri-saggion-2014-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Irony in Twitter: Feature Analysis and Evaluation",
    author = "Barbieri, Francesco  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/231_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4258--4264",
}
@inproceedings{titze-etal-2014-dbpedia,
    title = "{DB}pedia Domains: augmenting {DB}pedia with domain information",
    author = {Titze, Gregor  and
      Bryl, Volha  and
      Zirn, C{\"a}cilia  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/233_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1438--1442",
}
@inproceedings{chollet-etal-2014-mining,
    title = "Mining a multimodal corpus for non-verbal behavior sequences conveying attitudes",
    author = "Chollet, Mathieu  and
      Ochs, Magalie  and
      Pelachaud, Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/235_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3417--3424",
}
@inproceedings{grouin-2014-biomedical,
    title = "Biomedical entity extraction using machine-learning based approaches",
    author = "Grouin, Cyril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/236_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2518--2523",
}
@inproceedings{stein-2014-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Heterogeneous Corpora with a Rich Dependency Grammar",
    author = "Stein, Achim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/239_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2879--2886",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2014-ml,
    title = "{ML}-Optimization of Ported Constraint Grammars",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/24_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4483--4487",
}
@inproceedings{shaikh-etal-2014-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Cultural Repository of Automatically Discovered Linguistic and Conceptual Metaphors",
    author = "Shaikh, Samira  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Broadwell, George Aaron  and
      Yamrom, Boris  and
      Taylor, Sarah  and
      Feldman, Laurie  and
      Cho, Kit  and
      Boz, Umit  and
      Cases, Ignacio  and
      Peshkova, Yuliya  and
      Lin, Ching-Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/241_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2495--2500",
}
@inproceedings{salaberri-etal-2014-first,
    title = "First approach toward Semantic Role Labeling for Basque",
    author = "Salaberri, Haritz  and
      Arregi, Olatz  and
      Zapirain, Be{\~n}at",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/242_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1387--1393",
}
@inproceedings{torres-etal-2014-generating,
    title = "GENERATING A LEXICON OF ERRORS IN PORTUGUESE TO SUPPORT AN ERROR IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM FOR SPANISH NATIVE LEARNERS",
    author = "Torres, Lianet Sep{\'u}lveda  and
      Duran, Magali Sanches  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/247_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3952--3957",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-xlid,
    title = "x{L}i{D}-Lexica: Cross-lingual Linked Data Lexica",
    author = {Zhang, Lei  and
      F{\"a}rber, Michael  and
      Rettinger, Achim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/248_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2101--2105",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2014-study,
    title = "A Study on Expert Sourcing Enterprise Question Collection and Classification",
    author = "Luo, Yuan  and
      Boucher, Thomas  and
      Oral, Tolga  and
      Osofsky, David  and
      Weber, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/25_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "181--188",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Relation Mentions in Tabloid Press",
    author = "Li, Hong  and
      Krause, Sebastian  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Hummel, Robert  and
      Mironova, Veselina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/250_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3253--3257",
}
@inproceedings{gavankar-etal-2014-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Reuse of Structured and Unstructured Resources for Ontology Population",
    author = "Gavankar, Chetana  and
      Kulkarni, Ashish  and
      Ramakrishnan, Ganesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/251_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3654--3660",
}
@inproceedings{koprivova-etal-2014-mapping,
    title = "MAPPING DIATOPIC AND DIACHRONIC VARIATION IN SPOKEN CZECH: THE ORTOFON AND DIALEKT CORPORA",
    author = "Kop{\v{r}}ivov{\'a}, Marie  and
      Gol{\'a}{\v{n}}ov{\'a}, Hana  and
      Klime{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Petra  and
      Luke{\v{s}}, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/252_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "376--382",
}
@inproceedings{schone-etal-2014-corpus,
    title = "Corpus and Evaluation of Handwriting Recognition of Historical Genealogical Records",
    author = "Schone, Patrick  and
      Nielson, Heath  and
      Ward, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/253_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "153--159",
}
@inproceedings{pilan-volodina-2014-reusing,
    title = "Reusing {S}wedish {F}rame{N}et for training semantic roles",
    author = "Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}  and
      Volodina, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/254_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1359--1363",
}
@inproceedings{berkling-etal-2014-database,
    title = "A Database of Freely Written Texts of {G}erman School Students for the Purpose of Automatic Spelling Error Classification",
    author = {Berkling, Kay  and
      Fay, Johanna  and
      Ghayoomi, Masood  and
      Hein, Katrin  and
      Lavalley, R{\'e}mi  and
      Linhuber, Ludwig  and
      St{\"u}ker, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/255_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1212--1217",
}
@inproceedings{haenig-etal-2014-pace,
    title = "{PACE} Corpus: a multilingual corpus of Polarity-annotated textual data from the domains Automotive and {CE}llphone",
    author = "Haenig, Christian  and
      Niekler, Andreas  and
      Wuensch, Carsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/258_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2219--2224",
}
@inproceedings{vincze-etal-2014-szeged,
    title = "{S}zeged Corpus 2.5: Morphological Modifications in a Manually {POS}-tagged {H}ungarian Corpus",
    author = "Vincze, Veronika  and
      Varga, Viktor  and
      Simk{\'o}, Katalin Ilona  and
      Zsibrita, J{\'a}nos  and
      Nagy, {\'A}goston  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      Csirik, J{\'a}nos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/262_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1074--1078",
}
@inproceedings{menard-barriere-2014-linked,
    title = "Linked Open Data and Web Corpus Data for noun compound bracketing",
    author = "M{\'e}nard, Pierre Andr{\'e}  and
      Barri{\`e}re, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/263_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "702--709",
}
@inproceedings{freitas-etal-2014-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Corpora for Silent Speech Interaction",
    author = "Freitas, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Teixeira, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Dias, Miguel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/264_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4507--4511",
}
@inproceedings{izumi-etal-2014-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a Corpus of {J}apanese Predicate Phrases for Synonym/Antonym Relations",
    author = "Izumi, Tomoko  and
      Shibata, Tomohide  and
      Asano, Hisako  and
      Matsuo, Yoshihiro  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/267_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1394--1400",
}
@inproceedings{rennes-jonsson-2014-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Cohesion Errors in Extraction Based Summaries",
    author = {Rennes, Evelina  and
      J{\"o}nsson, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/27_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1575--1582",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2014-cuhk,
    title = "The {CUHK} Discourse {T}ree{B}ank for {C}hinese: Annotating Explicit Discourse Connectives for the {C}hinese {T}ree{B}ank",
    author = "Zhou, Lanjun  and
      Li, Binyang  and
      Wei, Zhongyu  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/270_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "942--949",
}
@inproceedings{sadamitsu-etal-2014-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Daily Changing Words for Question Answering",
    author = "Sadamitsu, Kugatsu  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Matsuo, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/271_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2608--2612",
}
@inproceedings{dandapat-groves-2014-mtwatch,
    title = "{MTW}atch: A Tool for the Analysis of Noisy Parallel Data",
    author = "Dandapat, Sandipan  and
      Groves, Declan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/272_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "41--45",
}
@inproceedings{riedl-etal-2014-distributed,
    title = "DISTRIBUTED DISTRIBUTIONAL SIMILARITIES OF GOOGLE BOOKS OVER THE CENTURIES",
    author = "Riedl, Martin  and
      Steuer, Richard  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/274_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1401--1405",
}
@inproceedings{urooj-etal-2014-cle,
    title = "The {CLE} {U}rdu {POS} Tagset",
    author = "Urooj, Saba  and
      Hussain, Sarmad  and
      Mustafa, Asad  and
      Parveen, Rahila  and
      Adeeba, Farah  and
      Ahmed Khan, Tafseer  and
      Butt, Miriam  and
      Hautli, Annette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/275_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2920--2925",
}
@inproceedings{benikova-etal-2014-nosta,
    title = "{N}o{S}ta-D Named Entity Annotation for {G}erman: Guidelines and Dataset",
    author = "Benikova, Darina  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Reznicek, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/276_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2524--2531",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2014-phone,
    title = "Phone Boundary Annotation in Conversational Speech",
    author = "Liu, Yi-Fen  and
      Tseng, Shu-Chuan  and
      Jang, J.-S. Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/277_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "848--853",
}
@inproceedings{bono-etal-2014-colloquial,
    title = "A Colloquial Corpus of {J}apanese Sign Language: Linguistic Resources for Observing Sign Language Conversations",
    author = "Bono, Mayumi  and
      Kikuchi, Kouhei  and
      Cibulka, Paul  and
      Osugi, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/278_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1898--1904",
}
@inproceedings{przepiorkowski-etal-2014-walenty,
    title = "{W}alenty: Towards a comprehensive valence dictionary of Polish",
    author = "Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam  and
      Hajnicz, El{\.z}bieta  and
      Patejuk, Agnieszka  and
      Woli{\'n}ski, Marcin  and
      Skwarski, Filip  and
      {\'S}widzi{\'n}ski, Marek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/279_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2785--2792",
}
@inproceedings{a-r-2014-crowd,
    title = "Can the Crowd be Controlled?: A Case Study on Crowd Sourcing and Automatic Validation of Completed Tasks based on User Modeling",
    author = "A.R, Balamurali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/28_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "189--195",
}
@inproceedings{bogel-etal-2014-computational,
    title = "Computational Narratology: Extracting Tense Clusters from Narrative Texts",
    author = {B{\"o}gel, Thomas  and
      Str{\"o}tgen, Jannik  and
      Gertz, Michael},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/280_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "950--955",
}
@inproceedings{pinnis-etal-2014-designing,
    title = "Designing the {L}atvian Speech Recognition Corpus",
    author = "Pinnis, M{\=a}rcis  and
      Auzi{\c{n}}a, Ilze  and
      Goba, K{\=a}rlis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/284_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1547--1553",
}
@inproceedings{vondricka-2014-aligning,
    title = "Aligning parallel texts with {I}nter{T}ext",
    author = "Vond{\v{r}}i{\v{c}}ka, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/285_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1875--1879",
}
@inproceedings{chaimongkol-etal-2014-corpus,
    title = "Corpus for Coreference Resolution on Scientific Papers",
    author = "Chaimongkol, Panot  and
      Aizawa, Akiko  and
      Tateisi, Yuka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/286_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3187--3190",
}
@inproceedings{falk-etal-2014-non,
    title = "From Non Word to New Word: Automatically Identifying Neologisms in {F}rench Newspapers",
    author = "Falk, Ingrid  and
      Bernhard, Delphine  and
      G{\'e}rard, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/288_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4337--4344",
}
@inproceedings{underwood-etal-2014-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the effects of interactivity in a post-editing workbench",
    author = "Underwood, Nancy  and
      Mesa-Lao, Bartolom{\'e}  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Mercedes Garc{\'\i}a  and
      Carl, Michael  and
      Alabau, Vicent  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-Rubio, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Leiva, Luis A.  and
      Sanchis-Trilles, Germ{\'a}n  and
      Ort{\'\i}z-Mart{\'\i}nez, Daniel  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/289_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "553--559",
}
@inproceedings{paltoglou-2014-using,
    title = "Using Twitter and Sentiment Analysis for event detection",
    author = "Paltoglou, Georgios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/29_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schmidt-2014-research,
    title = "The Research and Teaching Corpus of Spoken {G}erman {---} {FOLK}",
    author = "Schmidt, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/290_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "383--387",
}
@inproceedings{degaetano-ortlieb-etal-2014-data,
    title = "Data Mining with Shallow vs. Linguistic Features to Study Diversification of Scientific Registers",
    author = "Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania  and
      Fankhauser, Peter  and
      Kermes, Hannah  and
      Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina  and
      Ordan, Noam  and
      Teich, Elke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/291_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1327--1334",
}
@inproceedings{saif-etal-2014-stopwords,
    title = "On Stopwords, Filtering and Data Sparsity for Sentiment Analysis of Twitter",
    author = "Saif, Hassan  and
      Fernandez, Miriam  and
      He, Yulan  and
      Alani, Harith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/292_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "810--817",
}
@inproceedings{lambert-rodriguez-penagos-2014-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Freely Available Resources to Build an Opinion Mining Pipeline in {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Lambert, Patrik  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez-Penagos, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/293_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2225--2228",
}
@inproceedings{hnatkova-etal-2014-syn,
    title = "The {SYN}-series corpora of written {C}zech",
    author = "Hn{\'a}tkov{\'a}, Milena  and
      K{\v{r}}en, Michal  and
      Proch{\'a}zka, Pavel  and
      Skoumalov{\'a}, Hana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/294_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "160--164",
}
@inproceedings{guillou-etal-2014-parcor,
    title = "{P}ar{C}or 1.0: A Parallel Pronoun-Coreference Corpus to Support Statistical {MT}",
    author = {Guillou, Liane  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Smith, Aaron  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Webber, Bonnie},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/298_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3191--3198",
}
@inproceedings{list-prokic-2014-benchmark,
    title = "A Benchmark Database of Phonetic Alignments in Historical Linguistics and Dialectology",
    author = "List, Johann-Mattis  and
      Proki{\'c}, Jelena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/299_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "288--294",
}
@inproceedings{tannier-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting News Web Page Creation Time with {DCTF}inder",
    author = "Tannier, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/3_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2037--2042",
}
@inproceedings{kucera-stluka-2014-corpus,
    title = "Corpus of 19th-century {C}zech Texts: Problems and Solutions",
    author = "Ku{\v{c}}era, Karel  and
      Stluka, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/300_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "165--168",
}
@inproceedings{velcin-etal-2014-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the Image of Entities in Social Media: Dataset Design and First Results",
    author = "Velcin, Julien  and
      Kim, Young-Min  and
      Brun, Caroline  and
      Dormagen, Jean-Yves  and
      SanJuan, Eric  and
      Khouas, Leila  and
      Peradotto, Anne  and
      Bonnevay, Stephane  and
      Roux, Claude  and
      Boyadjian, Julien  and
      Molina, Alejandro  and
      Neihouser, Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/302_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "818--822",
}
@inproceedings{solberg-etal-2014-norwegian,
    title = "The {N}orwegian Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Solberg, Per Erik  and
      Skj{\ae}rholt, Arne  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      Hagen, Kristin  and
      Johannessen, Janne Bondi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/303_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "789--795",
}
@inproceedings{stuhrenberg-2014-extending,
    title = "Extending standoff annotation",
    author = {St{\"u}hrenberg, Maik},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/308_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "169--174",
}
@inproceedings{laki-orosz-2014-efficient,
    title = "An efficient language independent toolkit for complete morphological disambiguation",
    author = {Laki, L{\'a}szl{\'o}  and
      Orosz, Gy{\"o}rgy},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/309_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1625--1630",
}
@inproceedings{spyns-van-veenendaal-2014-decade,
    title = "A decade of {HLT} Agency activities in the Low Countries: from resource maintenance ({BLARK}) to service offerings ({BLAISE})",
    author = "Spyns, Peter  and
      van Veenendaal, Remco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/31_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2158--2165",
}
@inproceedings{cho-etal-2014-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Spontaneous Speech in Lectures: The {KIT} Lecture Corpus for Spoken Language Processing and Translation",
    author = {Cho, Eunah  and
      F{\"u}nfer, Sarah  and
      St{\"u}ker, Sebastian  and
      Waibel, Alex},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/311_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1554--1559",
}
@inproceedings{vanhainen-salvi-2014-free,
    title = "Free Acoustic and Language Models for Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition in {S}wedish",
    author = "Vanhainen, Niklas  and
      Salvi, Giampiero",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/312_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "388--392",
}
@inproceedings{erten-etal-2014-turkish,
    title = "{T}urkish Resources for Visual Word Recognition",
    author = {Erten, Beg{\"u}m  and
      Bozsahin, Cem  and
      Zeyrek, Deniz},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/316_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2106--2110",
}
@inproceedings{refaee-rieser-2014-arabic,
    title = "An {A}rabic Twitter Corpus for Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Refaee, Eshrag  and
      Rieser, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/317_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2268--2273",
}
@inproceedings{moneglia-etal-2014-imagact,
    title = "The {IMAGACT} Visual Ontology. An Extendable Multilingual Infrastructure for the representation of lexical encoding of Action",
    author = "Moneglia, Massimo  and
      Brown, Susan  and
      Frontini, Francesca  and
      Gagliardi, Gloria  and
      Khan, Fahad  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Panunzi, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/318_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3425--3432",
}
@inproceedings{benjamin-2014-collaboration,
    title = "Collaboration in the Production of a Massively Multilingual Lexicon",
    author = "Benjamin, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/319_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "211--215",
}
@inproceedings{salmon-vallet-2014-effortless,
    title = "An Effortless Way To Create Large-Scale Datasets For Famous Speakers",
    author = "Salmon, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Vallet, F{\'e}licien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/32_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "348--352",
}
@inproceedings{ludusan-etal-2014-bridging,
    title = "Bridging the gap between speech technology and natural language processing: an evaluation toolbox for term discovery systems",
    author = "Ludusan, Bogdan  and
      Versteegh, Maarten  and
      Jansen, Aren  and
      Gravier, Guillaume  and
      Cao, Xuan-Nga  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Dupoux, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/320_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "560--567",
}
@inproceedings{rosner-etal-2014-modeling,
    title = "Modeling and evaluating dialog success in the {LAST} {MINUTE} corpus",
    author = {R{\"o}sner, Dietmar  and
      Friesen, Rafael  and
      G{\"u}nther, Stephan  and
      Andrich, Rico},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/321_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "259--265",
}
@inproceedings{sidorov-etal-2014-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of Gender- and Speaker-adaptive Emotion Recognition",
    author = "Sidorov, Maxim  and
      Ultes, Stefan  and
      Schmitt, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/322_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3476--3480",
}
@inproceedings{alsop-nesi-2014-pragmatic,
    title = "The pragmatic annotation of a corpus of academic lectures",
    author = "Alsop, Si{\^a}n  and
      Nesi, Hilary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/323_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1560--1563",
}
@inproceedings{hansen-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using TEI, CMDI and ISOcat in CLARIN-DK",
    author = "Hansen, Dorte Haltrup  and
      Offersgaard, Lene  and
      Olsen, Sussi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/325_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "613--618",
}
@inproceedings{campano-etal-2014-comparative,
    title = "Comparative analysis of verbal alignment in human-human and human-agent interactions",
    author = "Campano, Sabrina  and
      Durand, Jessica  and
      Clavel, Chlo{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/327_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4415--4422",
}
@inproceedings{petic-gifu-2014-transliteration,
    title = "Transliteration and alignment of parallel texts from {C}yrillic to {L}atin",
    author = "Petic, Mircea  and
      G{\^\i}fu, Daniela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/328_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1819--1823",
}
@inproceedings{dima-etal-2014-tell,
    title = "How to Tell a Schneemann from a Milchmann: An Annotation Scheme for Compound-Internal Relations",
    author = "Dima, Corina  and
      Henrich, Verena  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      Hoppermann, Christina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/329_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1194--1201",
}
@inproceedings{bautista-saggion-2014-numerical,
    title = "Can Numerical Expressions Be Simpler? Implementation and Demostration of a Numerical Simplification System for {S}panish",
    author = "Bautista, Susana  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/330_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "956--962",
}
@inproceedings{racz-etal-2014-4fx,
    title = "4{FX}: Light Verb Constructions in a Multilingual Parallel Corpus",
    author = "R{\'a}cz, Anita  and
      Nagy T., Istv{\'a}n  and
      Vincze, Veronika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/331_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "710--715",
}
@inproceedings{kliche-etal-2014-eidentity,
    title = "The e{I}dentity Text Exploration Workbench",
    author = "Kliche, Fritz  and
      Blessing, Andr{\'e}  and
      Heid, Ulrich  and
      Sonntag, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/332_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "691--697",
}
@inproceedings{fourati-pelachaud-2014-emilya,
    title = "{E}milya: Emotional body expression in daily actions database",
    author = "Fourati, Nesrine  and
      Pelachaud, Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/334_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3486--3493",
}
@inproceedings{darwish-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using Stem-Templates to Improve {A}rabic {POS} and Gender/Number Tagging",
    author = "Darwish, Kareem  and
      Abdelali, Ahmed  and
      Mubarak, Hamdy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/335_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2926--2931",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2014-construction,
    title = "Construction of Diachronic Ontologies from People{'}s Daily of Fifty Years",
    author = "He, Shaoda  and
      Zou, Xiaojun  and
      Xiao, Liumingjing  and
      Hu, Junfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/337_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3258--3263",
}
@inproceedings{chevelu-etal-2014-roots,
    title = "{ROOTS}: a toolkit for easy, fast and consistent processing of large sequential annotated data collections",
    author = "Chevelu, Jonathan  and
      Lecorv{\'e}, Gw{\'e}nol{\'e}  and
      Lolive, Damien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/338_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "619--626",
}
@inproceedings{jansche-2014-computer,
    title = "Computer-Aided Quality Assurance of an {I}celandic Pronunciation Dictionary",
    author = "Jansche, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/339_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2111--2114",
}
@inproceedings{el-maarouf-etal-2014-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating Verbs by Collocation: Corpus Lexicography meets Natural Language Processing",
    author = "El Maarouf, Ismail  and
      Bradbury, Jane  and
      Baisa, V{\'\i}t  and
      Hanks, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/34_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1001--1006",
}
@inproceedings{vincze-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Error Detection concerning the Definite and Indefinite Conjugation in the {H}un{L}earner Corpus",
    author = "Vincze, Veronika  and
      Zsibrita, J{\'a}nos  and
      Durst, P{\'e}ter  and
      Szab{\'o}, Martina Katalin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/340_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3958--3962",
}
@inproceedings{sidorov-etal-2014-speech,
    title = "Speech-Based Emotion Recognition: Feature Selection by Self-Adaptive Multi-Criteria Genetic Algorithm",
    author = "Sidorov, Maxim  and
      Brester, Christina  and
      Minker, Wolfgang  and
      Semenkin, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/341_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3481--3485",
}
@inproceedings{hofler-sugisaki-2014-constructing,
    title = "Constructing and exploiting an automatically annotated resource of legislative texts",
    author = {H{\"o}fler, Stefan  and
      Sugisaki, Kyoko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/345_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "175--180",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-2014-genitivdb,
    title = "{G}enitiv{DB} {---} a Corpus-Generated Database for {G}erman Genitive Classification",
    author = "Schneider, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/346_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "988--994",
}
@inproceedings{sindlerova-etal-2014-resources,
    title = "Resources in Conflict: A Bilingual Valency Lexicon vs. a Bilingual Treebank vs. a Linguistic Theory",
    author = "{\v{S}}indlerov{\'a}, Jana  and
      Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka  and
      Fucikova, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/349_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2490--2494",
}
@inproceedings{sauri-etal-2014-newsome,
    title = "The {N}ew{S}o{M}e Corpus: A Unifying Opinion Annotation Framework across Genres and in Multiple Languages",
    author = "Saur{\'\i}, Roser  and
      Domingo, Judith  and
      Badia, Toni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/350_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2229--2236",
}
@inproceedings{xue-zhang-2014-buy,
    title = "Buy one get one free: Distant annotation of {C}hinese tense, event type and modality",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen  and
      Zhang, Yuchen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/353_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1412--1416",
}
@inproceedings{takahashi-inoue-2014-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal dialogue segmentation with gesture post-processing",
    author = "Takahashi, Kodai  and
      Inoue, Masashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/354_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3433--3437",
}
@inproceedings{bittar-etal-2014-dangerous,
    title = "The Dangerous Myth of the Star System",
    author = "Bittar, Andr{\'e}  and
      Dini, Luca  and
      Maurel, Sigrid  and
      Ruhlmann, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/356_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2237--2241",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of the Impact of Word Segmentation on Name Tagging for {C}hinese and {J}apanese",
    author = "Li, Haibo  and
      Hagiwara, Masato  and
      Li, Qi  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/358_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2532--2536",
}
@inproceedings{mititelu-etal-2014-corola,
    title = "{C}o{R}o{L}a {---} The Reference Corpus of Contemporary {R}omanian Language",
    author = "Mititelu, Verginica Barbu  and
      Irimia, Elena  and
      Tufi{\textcommabelow{s}}, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/360_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1235--1239",
}
@inproceedings{kiss-etal-2014-building,
    title = "Building a reference lexicon for countability in {E}nglish",
    author = "Kiss, Tibor  and
      Pelletier, Francis Jeffry  and
      Stadtfeld, Tobias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/361_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "995--1000",
}
@inproceedings{de-chalendar-2014-lima,
    title = "The {LIMA} Multilingual Analyzer Made Free: {FLOSS} Resources Adaptation and Correction",
    author = {de Chalendar, Ga{\"e}l},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/362_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2932--2937",
}
@inproceedings{marelli-etal-2014-sick,
    title = "A {SICK} cure for the evaluation of compositional distributional semantic models",
    author = "Marelli, Marco  and
      Menini, Stefano  and
      Baroni, Marco  and
      Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella  and
      Zamparelli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/363_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "216--223",
}
@inproceedings{rahayudi-etal-2014-twente,
    title = "Twente Debate Corpus {---} A Multimodal Corpus for Head Movement Analysis",
    author = "Rahayudi, Bayu  and
      Poppe, Ronald  and
      Heylen, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/364_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4184--4188",
}
@inproceedings{hamalainen-etal-2014-easr,
    title = "The {EASR} Corpora of {E}uropean {P}ortuguese, {F}rench, {H}ungarian and Polish Elderly Speech",
    author = {H{\"a}m{\"a}l{\"a}inen, Annika  and
      Avelar, Jairo  and
      Rodrigues, Silvia  and
      Dias, Miguel Sales  and
      Kolesi{\'n}ski, Artur  and
      Fegy{\'o}, Tibor  and
      N{\'e}meth, G{\'e}za  and
      Csob{\'a}nka, Petra  and
      Lan, Karine  and
      Hewson, David},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/365_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1458--1464",
}
@inproceedings{abrate-etal-2014-sharing,
    title = "Sharing Cultural Heritage: the Clavius on the Web Project",
    author = "Abrate, Matteo  and
      Grosso, Angelo Mario Del  and
      Giovannetti, Emiliano  and
      Duca, Angelica Lo  and
      Luzzi, Damiana  and
      Mancini, Lorenzo  and
      Marchetti, Andrea  and
      Pedretti, Irene  and
      Piccini, Silvia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/368_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "627--634",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2014-3d,
    title = "3{D} Face Tracking and Multi-Scale, Spatio-temporal Analysis of Linguistically Significant Facial Expressions and Head Positions in {ASL}",
    author = "Liu, Bo  and
      Liu, Jingjing  and
      Yu, Xiang  and
      Metaxas, Dimitris  and
      Neidle, Carol",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/370_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4512--4518",
}
@inproceedings{geer-keane-2014-exploring,
    title = "Exploring factors that contribute to successful fingerspelling comprehension",
    author = "Geer, Leah  and
      Keane, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/371_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1905--1910",
}
@inproceedings{niraula-etal-2014-dare,
    title = "The {DARE} Corpus: A Resource for Anaphora Resolution in Dialogue Based Intelligent Tutoring Systems",
    author = "Niraula, Nobal  and
      Rus, Vasile  and
      Banjade, Rajendra  and
      Stefanescu, Dan  and
      Baggett, William  and
      Morgan, Brent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/372_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3199--3203",
}
@inproceedings{forcada-2014-annotation,
    title = "On the annotation of {TMX} translation memories for advanced leveraging in computer-aided translation",
    author = "Forcada, Mikel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/373_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4374--4378",
}
@inproceedings{hennig-etal-2014-ans,
    title = "The D-{ANS} corpus: the Dublin-Autonomous Nervous System corpus of biosignal and multimodal recordings of conversational speech",
    author = "Hennig, Shannon  and
      Chellali, Ryad  and
      Campbell, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/374_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3438--3443",
}
@inproceedings{moro-etal-2014-annotating,
    title = "Annotating the {MASC} Corpus with {B}abel{N}et",
    author = "Moro, Andrea  and
      Navigli, Roberto  and
      Tucci, Francesco Maria  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/375_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4214--4219",
}
@inproceedings{bastings-simaan-2014-fragments,
    title = "All Fragments Count in Parser Evaluation",
    author = "Bastings, Joost  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/376_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "78--82",
}
@inproceedings{garrido-etal-2014-texafon,
    title = "{T}ex{AF}on 2.0: A text processing tool for the generation of expressive speech in {TTS} applications",
    author = "Garrido, Juan Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Laplaza, Yesika  and
      Kolz, Benjamin  and
      Cornudella, Miquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/377_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3494--3500",
}
@inproceedings{seraji-etal-2014-persian,
    title = "A {P}ersian Treebank with {S}tanford Typed Dependencies",
    author = "Seraji, Mojgan  and
      Jahani, Carina  and
      Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/378_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "796--801",
}
@inproceedings{baranes-sagot-2014-language,
    title = "A Language-independent Approach to Extracting Derivational Relations from an Inflectional Lexicon",
    author = "Baranes, Marion  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/379_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2793--2799",
}
@inproceedings{kucuk-etal-2014-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition on {T}urkish Tweets",
    author = {K{\"u}{\c{c}}{\"u}k, Dilek  and
      Jacquet, Guillaume  and
      Steinberger, Ralf},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/380_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "450--454",
}
@inproceedings{lacheret-etal-2014-rhapsodie,
    title = "{R}hapsodie: a Prosodic-Syntactic Treebank for Spoken {F}rench",
    author = "Lacheret, Anne  and
      Kahane, Sylvain  and
      Beliao, Julie  and
      Dister, Anne  and
      Gerdes, Kim  and
      Goldman, Jean-Philippe  and
      Obin, Nicolas  and
      Pietrandrea, Paola  and
      Tchobanov, Atanas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/381_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "295--301",
}
@inproceedings{marimon-etal-2014-iula,
    title = "The {IULA} {S}panish {LSP} Treebank",
    author = "Marimon, Montserrat  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Fisas, Beatriz  and
      Arias, Blanca  and
      V{\'a}zquez, Silvia  and
      Vivaldi, Jorge  and
      Morell, Carlos  and
      Lorente, Merc{\`e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/382_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "782--788",
}
@inproceedings{goryainova-etal-2014-morpho,
    title = "Morpho-Syntactic Study of Errors from Speech Recognition System",
    author = "Goryainova, Maria  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Vasilescu, Ioana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/383_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3045--3049",
}
@inproceedings{xue-etal-2014-interlingua,
    title = "Not an Interlingua, But Close: Comparison of {E}nglish {AMR}s to {C}hinese and {C}zech",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka  and
      Zhang, Xiuhong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/384_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1765--1772",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-etal-2014-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Relations in Scientific Articles",
    author = "Meyers, Adam  and
      Lee, Giancarlo  and
      Grieve-Smith, Angus  and
      He, Yifan  and
      Taber, Harriet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/385_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4601--4608",
}
@inproceedings{klassen-etal-2014-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Clinical Events in Text Snippets for Phenotype Detection",
    author = "Klassen, Prescott  and
      Xia, Fei  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy  and
      Yetisgen, Meliha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/386_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2753--2757",
}
@inproceedings{ruiz-etal-2014-phoneme,
    title = "Phoneme Similarity Matrices to Improve Long Audio Alignment for Automatic Subtitling",
    author = "Ruiz, Pablo  and
      {\'A}lvarez, Aitor  and
      Arzelus, Haritz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/387_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "437--442",
}
@inproceedings{chatzimina-etal-2014-use,
    title = "Use of unsupervised word classes for entity recognition: Application to the detection of disorders in clinical reports",
    author = "Chatzimina, Maria Evangelia  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/389_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3264--3271",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-2014-three,
    title = "Three dimensions of the so-called {``}interoperability{''} of annotation schemes{''}",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/39_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4559--4564",
}
@inproceedings{kaeshammer-westburg-2014-complex,
    title = "On Complex Word Alignment Configurations",
    author = "Kaeshammer, Miriam  and
      Westburg, Anika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/390_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1773--1780",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-etal-2014-hfst,
    title = "{HFST}-{S}we{NER} {---} A New {NER} Resource for {S}wedish",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Niemi, Jyrki  and
      Hardwick, Sam  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister  and
      Borin, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/391_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2537--2543",
}
@inproceedings{saad-etal-2014-building,
    title = "Building and Modelling Multilingual Subjective Corpora",
    author = {Saad, Motaz  and
      Langlois, David  and
      Sma{\"\i}li, Kamel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/392_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3086--3091",
}
@inproceedings{schuppler-etal-2014-grass,
    title = "{GRASS}: the Graz corpus of Read And Spontaneous Speech",
    author = "Schuppler, Barbara  and
      Hagmueller, Martin  and
      Morales-Cordovilla, Juan A.  and
      Pessentheiner, Hannes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/394_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1465--1470",
}
@inproceedings{windhouwer-schuurman-2014-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic resources and cats: how to use {ISO}cat, {REL}cat and {SCHEMA}cat",
    author = "Windhouwer, Menzo  and
      Schuurman, Ineke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/396_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3806--3810",
}
@inproceedings{borin-etal-2014-bring,
    title = "Bring vs. {MTR}oget: Evaluating automatic thesaurus translation",
    author = "Borin, Lars  and
      Allwood, Jens  and
      de Melo, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/397_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2115--2121",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-otero-etal-2014-introducing,
    title = "Introducing a Framework for the Evaluation of Music Detection Tools",
    author = "Lopez-Otero, Paula  and
      Docio-Fernandez, Laura  and
      Garcia-Mateo, Carmen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/398_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "568--572",
}
@inproceedings{miller-gurevych-2014-wordnet,
    title = "{W}ord{N}et{---}{W}ikipedia{---}{W}iktionary: Construction of a Three-way Alignment",
    author = "Miller, Tristan  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/4_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2094--2100",
}
@inproceedings{grisot-meyer-2014-cross,
    title = "Cross-linguistic annotation of narrativity for {E}nglish/{F}rench verb tense disambiguation",
    author = "Grisot, Cristina  and
      Meyer, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/400_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "963--966",
}
@inproceedings{avramidis-etal-2014-taraxu,
    title = {The tara{X{\"U}} corpus of human-annotated machine translations},
    author = "Avramidis, Eleftherios  and
      Burchardt, Aljoscha  and
      Hunsicker, Sabine  and
      Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Tscherwinka, Cindy  and
      Vilar, David  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/401_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2679--2682",
}
@inproceedings{el-haj-etal-2014-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Document Structure in a Very Large Corpus of {UK} Financial Reports",
    author = "El-Haj, Mahmoud  and
      Rayson, Paul  and
      Young, Steve  and
      Walker, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/402_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1335--1338",
}
@inproceedings{stefanescu-etal-2014-latent,
    title = "Latent Semantic Analysis Models on {W}ikipedia and {TASA}",
    author = "{\textcommabelow{S}}tef{\u{a}}nescu, Dan  and
      Banjade, Rajendra  and
      Rus, Vasile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/403_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1417--1422",
}
@inproceedings{rehm-etal-2014-strategic,
    title = "The Strategic Impact of {META}-{NET} on the Regional, National and International Level",
    author = {Rehm, Georg  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Bielevi{\v{c}}ien{\.e}, Audron{\.e}  and
      Borin, Lars  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Budin, Gerhard  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Garab{\'\i}k, Radovan  and
      Grobelnik, Marko  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Mateo, Carmen  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Hern{\'a}ez, Inma  and
      Judge, John  and
      Koeva, Svetla  and
      Krek, Simon  and
      Krstev, Cvetana  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister  and
      Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Mariani, Joseph  and
      McNaught, John  and
      Melero, Maite  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Moreno, Asunci{\'o}n  and
      Odijk, Jan  and
      Ogrodniczuk, Maciej  and
      P{\k{e}}zik, Piotr  and
      Piperidis, Stelios  and
      Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam  and
      R{\"o}gnvaldsson, Eir{\'\i}kur  and
      Rosner, Michael  and
      Pedersen, Bolette  and
      Skadi{\c{n}}a, Inguna  and
      Smedt, Koenraad De  and
      Tadi{\'c}, Marko  and
      Thompson, Paul  and
      Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan  and
      V{\'a}radi, Tam{\'a}s  and
      Vasi{\c{l}}jevs, Andrejs  and
      Vider, Kadri  and
      Zabarskaite, Jolanta},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/405_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1517--1524",
}
@inproceedings{akbik-michael-2014-weltmodell,
    title = "The Weltmodell: A Data-Driven Commonsense Knowledge Base",
    author = "Akbik, Alan  and
      Michael, Thilo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/409_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3272--3276",
}
@inproceedings{schiel-kisler-2014-german,
    title = "{G}erman Alcohol Language Corpus - the Question of Dialect",
    author = "Schiel, Florian  and
      Kisler, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/41_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "353--356",
}
@inproceedings{smedt-etal-2014-clara,
    title = "{CLARA}: A New Generation of Researchers in Common Language Resources and Their Applications",
    author = "Smedt, Koenraad De  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      Meurers, Detmar  and
      Skadi{\c{n}}a, Inguna  and
      Pedersen, Bolette  and
      Navarretta, Costanza  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister  and
      Lopatkov{\'a}, Mark{\'e}ta  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Andersen, Gisle  and
      Lenkiewicz, Przemyslaw",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/410_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2166--2174",
}
@inproceedings{hartmann-etal-2014-large,
    title = "A Large Corpus of Product Reviews in {P}ortuguese: Tackling Out-Of-Vocabulary Words",
    author = "Hartmann, Nathan  and
      Avan{\c{c}}o, Lucas  and
      Balage, Pedro  and
      Duran, Magali  and
      das Gra{\c{c}}as Volpe Nunes, Maria  and
      Pardo, Thiago  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/413_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3865--3871",
}
@inproceedings{kunchukuttan-etal-2014-shata,
    title = "Shata-Anuvadak: Tackling Multiway Translation of {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Mishra, Abhijit  and
      Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Shah, Ritesh  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/414_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1781--1787",
}
@inproceedings{hinrichs-krauwer-2014-clarin,
    title = "The {CLARIN} Research Infrastructure: Resources and Tools for e{H}umanities Scholars",
    author = "Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      Krauwer, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/415_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1525--1531",
}
@inproceedings{ai-etal-2014-sprinter,
    title = "{S}printer: Language Technologies for Interactive and Multimedia Language Learning",
    author = {Ai, Renlong  and
      Charfuelan, Marcela  and
      Kasper, Walter  and
      Kl{\"u}wer, Tina  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Gasber, Sandra  and
      Gienandt, Philip},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/416_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2733--2738",
}
@inproceedings{mairidan-etal-2014-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Dictionary Induction as an Optimization Problem",
    author = "Mairidan, Wushouer  and
      Ishida, Toru  and
      Lin, Donghui  and
      Hirayama, Katsutoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/417_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2122--2129",
}
@inproceedings{macwhinney-fromm-2014-two,
    title = "Two Approaches to Metaphor Detection",
    author = "MacWhinney, Brian  and
      Fromm, Davida",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/419_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2501--2506",
}
@inproceedings{mori-etal-2014-japanese,
    title = "A {J}apanese Word Dependency Corpus",
    author = "Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Ogura, Hideki  and
      Sasada, Tetsuro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/42_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "753--758",
}
@inproceedings{fromreide-etal-2014-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing and annotating {NER} for Twitter {\#}drift",
    author = "Fromreide, Hege  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/421_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2544--2547",
}
@inproceedings{krause-etal-2014-language,
    title = "Language Resources and Annotation Tools for Cross-Sentence Relation Extraction",
    author = "Krause, Sebastian  and
      Li, Hong  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Hummel, Robert  and
      Spielhagen, Luise",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/422_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4320--4325",
}
@inproceedings{couillault-etal-2014-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating corpora documentation with regards to the Ethics and Big Data Charter",
    author = {Couillault, Alain  and
      Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Adda, Gilles  and
      de Mazancourt, Hugues},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/424_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4225--4229",
}
@inproceedings{aker-etal-2014-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Term Extractors for Multiple Languages",
    author = "Aker, Ahmet  and
      Paramita, Monica  and
      Barker, Emma  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/425_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "483--489",
}
@inproceedings{lefever-etal-2014-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Automatic Hypernym Extraction from Technical Corpora in {E}nglish and {D}utch",
    author = "Lefever, Els  and
      de Kauter, Marjan Van  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/426_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "490--497",
}
@inproceedings{broda-etal-2014-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Readability of Polish Texts: Baseline Experiments",
    author = "Broda, Bartosz  and
      Nito{\'n}, Bart{\l}omiej  and
      Gruszczy{\'n}ski, W{\l}odzimierz  and
      Ogrodniczuk, Maciej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/427_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "573--580",
}
@inproceedings{winkelmann-raess-2014-introducing,
    title = "Introducing a web application for labeling, visualizing speech and correcting derived speech signals",
    author = "Winkelmann, Raphael  and
      Raess, Georg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/429_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4129--4133",
}
@inproceedings{rebout-langlais-2014-iterative,
    title = "An Iterative Approach for Mining Parallel Sentences in a Comparable Corpus",
    author = "Rebout, Lise  and
      Langlais, Phillippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/43_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "648--655",
}
@inproceedings{elmahdy-etal-2014-development,
    title = "Development of a {TV} Broadcasts Speech Recognition System for Qatari {A}rabic",
    author = "Elmahdy, Mohamed  and
      Hasegawa-Johnson, Mark  and
      Mustafawi, Eiman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/430_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3057--3061",
}
@inproceedings{zaghouani-dukes-2014-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Can Crowdsourcing be used for Effective Annotation of {A}rabic?",
    author = "Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Dukes, Kais",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/431_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "224--228",
}
@inproceedings{koiso-etal-2014-design,
    title = "Design and development of an {RDB} version of the Corpus of Spontaneous {J}apanese",
    author = "Koiso, Hanae  and
      Den, Yasuharu  and
      Nishikawa, Ken{'}ya  and
      Maekawa, Kikuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/432_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1471--1476",
}
@inproceedings{elmahdy-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Long Audio Alignment and Confidence Scoring for Conversational {A}rabic Speech",
    author = "Elmahdy, Mohamed  and
      Hasegawa-Johnson, Mark  and
      Mustafawi, Eiman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/434_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3062--3066",
}
@inproceedings{goldhahn-quasthoff-2014-vocabulary,
    title = "Vocabulary-Based Language Similarity using Web Corpora",
    author = "Goldhahn, Dirk  and
      Quasthoff, Uwe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/435_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3294--3299",
}
@inproceedings{vossen-etal-2014-newsreader,
    title = "{N}ews{R}eader: recording history from daily news streams",
    author = "Vossen, Piek  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Serafini, Luciano  and
      Stouten, Pim  and
      Irving, Francis  and
      Hage, Willem Van",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/436_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2000--2007",
}
@inproceedings{coltekin-2014-set,
    title = "A set of open source tools for {T}urkish natural language processing",
    author = {{\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/437_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1079--1086",
}
@inproceedings{hagemeijer-etal-2014-gulf,
    title = "The Gulf of Guinea Creole Corpora",
    author = "Hagemeijer, Tjerk  and
      G{\'e}n{\'e}reux, Michel  and
      Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Mendes, Am{\'a}lia  and
      Tiny, Abigail  and
      Zamora, Armando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/438_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "523--529",
}
@inproceedings{viitaniemi-etal-2014-pot,
    title = "S-pot - a benchmark in spotting signs within continuous signing",
    author = "Viitaniemi, Ville  and
      Jantunen, Tommi  and
      Savolainen, Leena  and
      Karppa, Matti  and
      Laaksonen, Jorma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/440_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1892--1897",
}
@inproceedings{ghayoomi-kuhn-2014-converting,
    title = "Converting an {HPSG}-based Treebank into its Parallel Dependency-based Treebank",
    author = "Ghayoomi, Masood  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/441_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "802--809",
}
@inproceedings{alegria-etal-2014-tweetnorm,
    title = "{T}weet{N}orm{\_}es: an annotated corpus for {S}panish microtext normalization",
    author = "Alegria, I{\~n}aki  and
      Aranberri, Nora  and
      Comas, Pere  and
      Fresno, V{\'\i}ctor  and
      Gamallo, Pablo  and
      Padr{\'o}, Lluis  and
      San Vicente, I{\~n}aki  and
      Turmo, Jordi  and
      Zubiaga, Arkaitz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/442_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2274--2278",
}
@inproceedings{hajnicz-2014-procedure,
    title = "The Procedure of Lexico-Semantic Annotation of Sk{\l}adnica Treebank",
    author = "Hajnicz, El{\.z}bieta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/444_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2290--2297",
}
@inproceedings{pajzs-etal-2014-media,
    title = "Media monitoring and information extraction for the highly inflected agglutinative language {H}ungarian",
    author = "Pajzs, J{\'u}lia  and
      Steinberger, Ralf  and
      Ehrmann, Maud  and
      Ebrahim, Mohamed  and
      Rocca, Leonida Della  and
      Bucci, Stefano  and
      Simon, Eszter  and
      V{\'a}radi, Tam{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/449_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2049--2056",
}
@inproceedings{moriceau-tannier-2014-french,
    title = "{F}rench Resources for Extraction and Normalization of Temporal Expressions with {H}eidel{T}ime",
    author = "Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Tannier, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/45_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3239--3243",
}
@inproceedings{truyens-eecke-2014-legal,
    title = "Legal aspects of text mining",
    author = "Truyens, Maarten  and
      Eecke, Patrick Van",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/452_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2182--2186",
}
@inproceedings{ivanova-van-noord-2014-treelet,
    title = "Treelet Probabilities for {HPSG} Parsing and Error Correction",
    author = "Ivanova, Angelina  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/453_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2887--2892",
}
@inproceedings{masmoudi-etal-2014-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus and Phonetic Dictionary for {T}unisian {A}rabic Speech Recognition",
    author = "Masmoudi, Abir  and
      Khmekhem, Mariem Ellouze  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick  and
      Belguith, Lamia Hadrich  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/454_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "306--310",
}
@inproceedings{lhomme-etal-2014-discovering,
    title = "Discovering frames in specialized domains",
    author = {L{'}Homme, Marie-Claude  and
      Robichaud, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      R{\"u}ggeberg, Carlos Subirats},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/455_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1364--1371",
}
@inproceedings{levin-etal-2014-resources,
    title = "Resources for the Detection of Conventionalized Metaphors in Four Languages",
    author = "Levin, Lori  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      MacWhinney, Brian  and
      Fromm, Davida  and
      Carbonell, Jaime  and
      Feely, Weston  and
      Frederking, Robert  and
      Gershman, Anatole  and
      Ramirez, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/457_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "498--501",
}
@inproceedings{odijk-2014-clarin,
    title = "CLARIN-NL: Major results",
    author = "Odijk, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/459_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2187--2193",
}
@inproceedings{oliveira-etal-2014-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting {P}ortuguese Lexical Knowledge Bases for Answering Open Domain Cloze Questions Automatically",
    author = "Oliveira, Hugo Gon{\c{c}}alo  and
      Coelho, In{\^e}s  and
      Gomes, Paulo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/46_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4202--4209",
}
@inproceedings{tateisi-etal-2014-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Computer Science Papers for Semantic Relation Extrac-tion",
    author = "Tateisi, Yuka  and
      Shidahara, Yo  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/461_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1423--1429",
}
@inproceedings{ho-etal-2014-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Idioms in {C}hinese Translations",
    author = "Ho, Wan Yu  and
      Kng, Christine  and
      Wang, Shan  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/462_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "716--721",
}
@inproceedings{etchegoyhen-etal-2014-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation for Subtitling: A Large-Scale Evaluation",
    author = "Etchegoyhen, Thierry  and
      Bywood, Lindsay  and
      Fishel, Mark  and
      Georgakopoulou, Panayota  and
      Jiang, Jie  and
      van Loenhout, Gerard  and
      del Pozo, Arantza  and
      Mau{\v{c}}ec, Mirjam Sepesy  and
      Turner, Anja  and
      Volk, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/463_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{jezek-etal-2014-pas,
    title = "T-{PAS}; A resource of Typed Predicate Argument Structures for linguistic analysis and semantic processing",
    author = "Jezek, Elisabetta  and
      Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Feltracco, Anna  and
      Bianchini, Alessia  and
      Popescu, Octavian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/465_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "890--895",
}
@inproceedings{warburton-2014-narrowing,
    title = "NARROWING THE GAP BETWEEN TERMBASES AND CORPORA IN COMMERCIAL ENVIRONMENTS",
    author = "Warburton, Kara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/466_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "722--727",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-joshi-2014-author,
    title = "Author-Specific Sentiment Aggregation for Polarity Prediction of Reviews",
    author = "Mukherjee, Subhabrata  and
      Joshi, Sachindra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/467_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3092--3099",
}
@inproceedings{jacquet-etal-2014-clustering,
    title = "Clustering of Multi-Word Named Entity variants: Multilingual Evaluation",
    author = "Jacquet, Guillaume  and
      Ehrmann, Maud  and
      Steinberger, Ralf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/468_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2548--2553",
}
@inproceedings{sproat-etal-2014-database,
    title = "A Database for Measuring Linguistic Information Content",
    author = "Sproat, Richard  and
      Cartoni, Bruno  and
      Choe, HyunJeong  and
      Huynh, David  and
      Ha, Linne  and
      Rajakumar, Ravindran  and
      Wenzel-Grondie, Evelyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/47_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "967--974",
}
@inproceedings{asheghi-etal-2014-designing,
    title = "Designing and Evaluating a Reliable Corpus of Web Genres via Crowd-Sourcing",
    author = "Asheghi, Noushin Rezapour  and
      Sharoff, Serge  and
      Markert, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/470_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1339--1346",
}
@inproceedings{alonso-romeo-2014-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing as a preprocessing for complex semantic annotation tasks",
    author = "Alonso, H{\'e}ctor Mart{\'\i}nez  and
      Romeo, Lauren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/471_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "229--234",
}
@inproceedings{turchi-negri-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Annotation of Machine Translation Datasets with Binary Quality Judgements",
    author = "Turchi, Marco  and
      Negri, Matteo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/473_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1788--1792",
}
@inproceedings{apidianaki-etal-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Clustering of Pivot Paraphrases",
    author = "Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Verzeni, Emilia  and
      McCarthy, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/475_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4270--4275",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-etal-2014-pos,
    title = "When {POS} data sets don{'}t add up: Combatting sample bias",
    author = "Hovy, Dirk  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/476_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4472--4475",
}
@inproceedings{shardlow-2014-open,
    title = "Out in the Open: Finding and Categorising Errors in the Lexical Simplification Pipeline",
    author = "Shardlow, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/479_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1583--1590",
}
@inproceedings{finlayson-etal-2014-n2,
    title = "The N2 corpus: A semantically annotated collection of Islamist extremist stories",
    author = "Finlayson, Mark  and
      Halverson, Jeffry  and
      Corman, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/48_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "896--902",
}
@inproceedings{remus-ziegelmayer-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning from Domain Complexity",
    author = "Remus, Robert  and
      Ziegelmayer, Dominique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/480_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2021--2028",
}
@inproceedings{abbasi-etal-2014-benchmarking,
    title = "Benchmarking Twitter Sentiment Analysis Tools",
    author = "Abbasi, Ahmed  and
      Hassan, Ammar  and
      Dhar, Milan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/483_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "823--829",
}
@inproceedings{fauth-etal-2014-designing,
    title = "Designing a Bilingual Speech Corpus for {F}rench and {G}erman Language Learners: a Two-Step Process",
    author = {Fauth, Camille  and
      Bonneau, Anne  and
      Zimmerer, Frank  and
      Trouvain, Juergen  and
      Andreeva, Bistra  and
      Colotte, Vincent  and
      Fohr, Dominique  and
      Jouvet, Denis  and
      J{\"u}gler, Jeanin  and
      Laprie, Yves  and
      Mella, Odile  and
      M{\"o}bius, Bernd},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/484_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1477--1482",
}
@inproceedings{strapparava-etal-2014-creative,
    title = "Creative language explorations through a high-expressivity N-grams query language",
    author = "Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Gatti, Lorenzo  and
      Guerini, Marco  and
      Stock, Oliviero",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/486_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4326--4330",
}
@inproceedings{rapp-2014-using,
    title = "Using Word Familiarities and Word Associations to Measure Corpus Representativeness",
    author = "Rapp, Reinhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/492_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2029--2036",
}
@inproceedings{candito-etal-2014-deep,
    title = "Deep Syntax Annotation of the Sequoia {F}rench Treebank",
    author = {Candito, Marie  and
      Perrier, Guy  and
      Guillaume, Bruno  and
      Ribeyre, Corentin  and
      Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/494_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2298--2305",
}
@inproceedings{candito-etal-2014-developing,
    title = "Developing a {F}rench {F}rame{N}et: Methodology and First results",
    author = {Candito, Marie  and
      Amsili, Pascal  and
      Barque, Lucie  and
      Benamara, Farah  and
      de Chalendar, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Djemaa, Marianne  and
      Haas, Pauline  and
      Huyghe, Richard  and
      Mathieu, Yvette Yannick  and
      Muller, Philippe  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Vieu, Laure},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/496_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1372--1379",
}
@inproceedings{sabou-etal-2014-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Annotation through Crowdsourcing: Towards Best Practice Guidelines",
    author = "Sabou, Marta  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Derczynski, Leon  and
      Scharl, Arno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/497_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "859--866",
}
@inproceedings{korkontzelos-ananiadou-2014-locating,
    title = "Locating Requests among Open Source Software Communication Messages",
    author = "Korkontzelos, Ioannis  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/498_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1347--1354",
}
@inproceedings{rysova-mirovsky-2014-valency,
    title = "Valency and Word Order in {C}zech {---} A Corpus Probe",
    author = "Rysov{\'a}, Kate{\v{r}}ina  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/50_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "975--980",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-krieger-2014-harmonization,
    title = "Harmonization of {G}erman Lexical Resources for Opinion Mining",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry  and
      Krieger, Hans-Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/500_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3872--3876",
}
@inproceedings{sevcikova-zabokrtsky-2014-word,
    title = "Word-Formation Network for {C}zech",
    author = "{\v{S}}ev{\v{c}}{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Magda  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/501_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1087--1093",
}
@inproceedings{bost-moore-2014-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Older Users{'} Interactions with Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Bost, Jamie  and
      Moore, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/502_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1176--1181",
}
@inproceedings{volk-etal-2014-innovations,
    title = "Innovations in Parallel Corpus Search Tools",
    author = {Volk, Martin  and
      Gra{\"e}n, Johannes  and
      Callegaro, Elena},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/504_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3172--3178",
}
@inproceedings{more-climent-2014-machine,
    title = "Machine Translationness: Machine-likeness in Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Mor{\'e}, Joaquim  and
      Climent, Salvador",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/506_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "54--61",
}
@inproceedings{morardo-villemonte-de-la-clergerie-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards an environment for the production and the validation of lexical semantic resources",
    author = {Morardo, Mika{\"e}l  and
      Villemonte de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/507_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "867--874",
}
@inproceedings{gratch-etal-2014-distress,
    title = "The Distress Analysis Interview Corpus of human and computer interviews",
    author = "Gratch, Jonathan  and
      Artstein, Ron  and
      Lucas, Gale  and
      Stratou, Giota  and
      Scherer, Stefan  and
      Nazarian, Angela  and
      Wood, Rachel  and
      Boberg, Jill  and
      DeVault, David  and
      Marsella, Stacy  and
      Traum, David  and
      Rizzo, Skip  and
      Morency, Louis-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/508_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3123--3128",
}
@inproceedings{bigi-etal-2014-representing,
    title = "Representing Multimodal Linguistic Annotated data",
    author = "Bigi, Brigitte  and
      Watanabe, Tatsuya  and
      Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/51_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3386--3392",
}
@inproceedings{gilmanov-etal-2014-swift,
    title = "{SWIFT} Aligner, A Multifunctional Tool for Parallel Corpora: Visualization, Word Alignment, and (Morpho)-Syntactic Cross-Language Transfer",
    author = {Gilmanov, Timur  and
      Scrivner, Olga  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/510_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2913--2919",
}
@inproceedings{orr-etal-2014-semi,
    title = "Semi-automatic annotation of the {UCU} accents speech corpus",
    author = "Orr, Rosemary  and
      Huijbregts, Marijn  and
      van Beek, Roeland  and
      Teunissen, Lisa  and
      Backhouse, Kate  and
      van Leeuwen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/511_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1483--1487",
}
@inproceedings{amaral-etal-2014-comparative,
    title = "Comparative Analysis of {P}ortuguese Named Entities Recognition Tools",
    author = "Amaral, Daniela  and
      Fonseca, Evandro  and
      Lopes, Lucelene  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/513_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2554--2558",
}
@inproceedings{santos-etal-2014-corpus,
    title = "A corpus of {E}uropean {P}ortuguese child and child-directed speech",
    author = "Santos, Ana L{\'u}cia  and
      G{\'e}n{\'e}reux, Michel  and
      Cardoso, Aida  and
      Agostinho, Celina  and
      Abalada, Silvana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/514_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1488--1491",
}
@inproceedings{barzdins-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using C5.0 and Exhaustive Search for Boosting Frame-Semantic Parsing Accuracy",
    author = "Barzdins, Guntis  and
      Gosko, Didzis  and
      Rituma, Laura  and
      Paikens, Peteris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/515_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4476--4482",
}
@inproceedings{lyding-etal-2014-interhist,
    title = "{`}inter{H}ist{'} {\`I}{\P} an interactive visual interface for corpus exploration",
    author = "Lyding, Verena  and
      Nicolas, Lionel  and
      Stemle, Egon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/517_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "635--641",
}
@inproceedings{boos-etal-2014-identification,
    title = "Identification of Multiword Expressions in the br{W}a{C}",
    author = "Boos, Rodrigo  and
      Prestes, Kassius  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/518_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "728--735",
}
@inproceedings{pereira-etal-2014-collocation,
    title = "Collocation or Free Combination? {---} Applying Machine Translation Techniques to identify collocations in {J}apanese",
    author = "Pereira, Lis  and
      Strafella, Elga  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/519_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "736--739",
}
@inproceedings{kilgarriff-etal-2014-extrinsic,
    title = "Extrinsic Corpus Evaluation with a Collocation Dictionary Task",
    author = "Kilgarriff, Adam  and
      Rychl{\'y}, Pavel  and
      Jakub{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Kov{\'a}{\v{r}}, Vojt{\v{e}}ch  and
      Baisa, V{\'\i}t  and
      Kocincov{\'a}, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/52_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "545--552",
}
@inproceedings{estival-etal-2014-austalk,
    title = "{A}us{T}alk: an audio-visual corpus of {A}ustralian {E}nglish",
    author = "Estival, Dominique  and
      Cassidy, Steve  and
      Cox, Felicity  and
      Burnham, Denis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/520_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3105--3109",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-etal-2014-comprehensive,
    title = "Comprehensive Annotation of Multiword Expressions in a Social Web Corpus",
    author = "Schneider, Nathan  and
      Onuffer, Spencer  and
      Kazour, Nora  and
      Danchik, Emily  and
      Mordowanec, Michael T.  and
      Conrad, Henrietta  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/521_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "455--461",
}
@inproceedings{taba-caseli-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic semantic relation extraction from {P}ortuguese texts",
    author = "Taba, Leonardo Sameshima  and
      Caseli, Helena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/522_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2739--2746",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2014-multidialectal,
    title = "A Multidialectal Parallel Corpus of {A}rabic",
    author = "Bouamor, Houda  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/523_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1240--1245",
}
@inproceedings{navarretta-lis-2014-transfer,
    title = "Transfer learning of feedback head expressions in {D}anish and Polish comparable multimodal corpora",
    author = "Navarretta, Costanza  and
      Lis, Magdalena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/525_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3597--3603",
}
@inproceedings{espla-gomis-etal-2014-comparing,
    title = "Comparing two acquisition systems for automatically building an {E}nglish{---}{C}roatian parallel corpus from multilingual websites",
    author = "Espl{\`a}-Gomis, Miquel  and
      Klubi{\v{c}}ka, Filip  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Ortiz-Rojas, Sergio  and
      Papavassiliou, Vassilis  and
      Prokopidis, Prokopis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/529_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1252--1258",
}
@inproceedings{gotti-etal-2014-hashtag,
    title = "Hashtag Occurrences, Layout and Translation: A Corpus-driven Analysis of Tweets Published by the {C}anadian Government",
    author = "Gotti, Fabrizio  and
      Langlais, Phillippe  and
      Farzindar, Atefeh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/53_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2254--2261",
}
@inproceedings{orasmaa-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards an Integration of Syntactic and Temporal Annotations in {E}stonian",
    author = "Orasmaa, Siim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/530_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1259--1266",
}
@inproceedings{bastianelli-etal-2014-huric,
    title = "{H}u{RIC}: a Human Robot Interaction Corpus",
    author = "Bastianelli, Emanuele  and
      Castellucci, Giuseppe  and
      Croce, Danilo  and
      Iocchi, Luca  and
      Basili, Roberto  and
      Nardi, Daniele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/531_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4519--4526",
}
@inproceedings{daems-etal-2014-origin,
    title = "On the origin of errors: A fine-grained analysis of {MT} and {PE} errors and their relationship",
    author = "Daems, Joke  and
      Macken, Lieve  and
      Vandepitte, Sonia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/532_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "62--66",
}
@inproceedings{salvi-vanhainen-2014-wavesurfer,
    title = "The {W}ave{S}urfer Automatic Speech Recognition Plugin",
    author = "Salvi, Giampiero  and
      Vanhainen, Niklas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/533_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3067--3071",
}
@inproceedings{korvas-etal-2014-free,
    title = "Free {E}nglish and {C}zech telephone speech corpus shared under the {CC}-{BY}-{SA} 3.0 license",
    author = "Korvas, Mat{\v{e}}j  and
      Pl{\'a}tek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      {\v{Z}}ilka, Luk{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Jur{\v{c}}{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/535_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4423--4428",
}
@inproceedings{schlaf-etal-2014-creating,
    title = "Creating a Gold Standard Corpus for the Extraction of Chemistry-Disease Relations from Patent Texts",
    author = "Schlaf, Antje  and
      Bobach, Claudia  and
      Irmer, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/536_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2057--2061",
}
@inproceedings{polychroniou-etal-2014-sspnet,
    title = "The {SSPN}et-Mobile Corpus: Social Signal Processing Over Mobile Phones.",
    author = "Polychroniou, Anna  and
      Salamin, Hugues  and
      Vinciarelli, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/537_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1492--1498",
}
@inproceedings{wroblewska-przepiorkowski-2014-projection,
    title = "Projection-based Annotation of a Polish Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Wr{\'o}blewska, Alina  and
      Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/538_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2306--2312",
}
@inproceedings{lebani-etal-2014-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping an {I}talian {V}erb{N}et: data-driven analysis of verb alternations",
    author = "Lebani, Gianluca  and
      Viola, Veronica  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/541_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1127--1134",
}
@inproceedings{celebi-ozgur-2014-self,
    title = "Self-training a Constituency Parser using n-gram Trees",
    author = {{\c{C}}elebi, Arda  and
      {\"O}zg{\"u}r, Arzucan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/543_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2893--2896",
}
@inproceedings{jawaid-etal-2014-tagged,
    title = "A Tagged Corpus and a Tagger for {U}rdu",
    author = "Jawaid, Bushra  and
      Kamran, Amir  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/544_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2938--2943",
}
@inproceedings{cholakov-etal-2014-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Substitution Dataset for {G}erman",
    author = "Cholakov, Kostadin  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Eckle-Kohler, Judith  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/545_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1406--1411",
}
@inproceedings{romeo-etal-2014-cascade,
    title = "A cascade approach for complex-type classification",
    author = "Romeo, Lauren  and
      Mendes, Sara  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/546_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4451--4458",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-etal-2014-generating,
    title = "Generating a Resource for Products and Brandnames Recognition. Application to the Cosmetic Domain.",
    author = "Lopez, C{\'e}dric  and
      Segond, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}rique  and
      Hondermarck, Olivier  and
      Curtoni, Paolo  and
      Dini, Luca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/549_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2559--2564",
}
@inproceedings{deleger-etal-2014-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of specialized corpora using a comprehensive entity and relation scheme",
    author = "Del{\'e}ger, Louise  and
      Ligozat, Anne-Laure  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/552_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1267--1274",
}
@inproceedings{klessa-gibbon-2014-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Pro + {TGA}: automation of speech timing analysis",
    author = "Klessa, Katarzyna  and
      Gibbon, Dafydd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/553_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1499--1505",
}
@inproceedings{frontini-etal-2014-polysemy,
    title = "Polysemy Index for Nouns: an Experiment on {I}talian using the {PAROLE} {SIMPLE} {CLIPS} Lexical Database",
    author = "Frontini, Francesca  and
      Quochi, Valeria  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Utt, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/556_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2955--2963",
}
@inproceedings{salama-etal-2014-youdacc,
    title = "{Y}ou{DACC}: the Youtube Dialectal {A}rabic Comment Corpus",
    author = "Salama, Ahmed  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Mohit, Behrang  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/558_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1246--1251",
}
@inproceedings{flickinger-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards an Encyclopedia of Compositional Semantics: Documenting the Interface of the {E}nglish Resource Grammar",
    author = "Flickinger, Dan  and
      Bender, Emily M.  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/562_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "875--881",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-etal-2014-enriching,
    title = "Enriching the {``}Senso Comune{''} Platform with Automatically Acquired Data",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Vieu, Laure  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Vetere, Guido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/563_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2130--2137",
}
@inproceedings{draxler-2014-online,
    title = "Online experiments with the Percy software framework - experiences and some early results",
    author = "Draxler, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/564_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "235--240",
}
@inproceedings{crasborn-sloetjes-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving the exploitation of linguistic annotations in {ELAN}",
    author = "Crasborn, Onno  and
      Sloetjes, Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/567_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3604--3608",
}
@inproceedings{fuller-etal-2014-deep,
    title = "A Deep Context Grammatical Model For Authorship Attribution",
    author = "Fuller, Simon  and
      Maguire, Phil  and
      Moser, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/568_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4488--4492",
}
@inproceedings{herrmann-etal-2014-manual,
    title = "Manual Analysis of Structurally Informed Reordering in {G}erman-{E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Herrmann, Teresa  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/569_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4379--4386",
}
@inproceedings{pallotti-etal-2014-presenting,
    title = "Presenting a system of human-machine interaction for performing map tasks.",
    author = "Pallotti, Gabriele  and
      Frontini, Francesca  and
      Aff{\`e}, Fabio  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Ferrari, Stefania",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/570_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3963--3966",
}
@inproceedings{wittmann-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Synonyms for {G}erman Particle Verbs from Parallel Data with Distributional Similarity as a Re-Ranking Feature",
    author = "Wittmann, Moritz  and
      Weller, Marion  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/574_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1430--1437",
}
@inproceedings{el-asri-etal-2014-nastia,
    title = "{NASTIA}: Negotiating Appointment Setting Interface",
    author = "El Asri, Layla  and
      Lemonnier, R{\'e}mi  and
      Laroche, Romain  and
      Pietquin, Olivier  and
      Khouzaimi, Hatim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/575_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "266--271",
}
@inproceedings{el-asri-etal-2014-dinasti,
    title = "{DINASTI}: Dialogues with a Negotiating Appointment Setting Interface",
    author = "El Asri, Layla  and
      Laroche, Romain  and
      Pietquin, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/576_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "272--278",
}
@inproceedings{friedrich-etal-2014-lqvsumm,
    title = "{LQVS}umm: A Corpus of Linguistic Quality Violations in Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Friedrich, Annemarie  and
      Valeeva, Marina  and
      Palmer, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/578_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1591--1599",
}
@inproceedings{stede-neumann-2014-potsdam,
    title = "{P}otsdam Commentary Corpus 2.0: Annotation for Discourse Research",
    author = "Stede, Manfred  and
      Neumann, Arne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/579_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "925--929",
}
@inproceedings{hathout-etal-2014-glaff,
    title = "{GL{\`A}FF}, a Large Versatile {F}rench Lexicon",
    author = "Hathout, Nabil  and
      Sajous, Franck  and
      Calderone, Basilio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/58_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1007--1012",
}
@inproceedings{lohk-etal-2014-dense,
    title = "DENSE COMPONENTS IN THE STRUCTURE OF WORDNET",
    author = "Lohk, Ahti  and
      Allik, Kaarel  and
      Orav, Heili  and
      V{\~o}handu, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/582_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1135--1139",
}
@inproceedings{romeo-etal-2014-choosing,
    title = "Choosing which to use? A study of distributional models for nominal lexical semantic classification",
    author = "Romeo, Lauren  and
      Lebani, Gianluca  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/583_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4366--4373",
}
@inproceedings{forster-etal-2014-extensions,
    title = "Extensions of the Sign Language Recognition and Translation Corpus {RWTH}-{PHOENIX}-Weather",
    author = "Forster, Jens  and
      Schmidt, Christoph  and
      Koller, Oscar  and
      Bellgardt, Martin  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/585_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1911--1916",
}
@inproceedings{candeias-etal-2014-hesita,
    title = "{HESITA}(te) in {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Candeias, Sara  and
      Celorico, Dirce  and
      Proen{\c{c}}a, Jorge  and
      Veiga, Arlindo  and
      Lopes, Carla  and
      Perdig{\~a}o, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/587_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1564--1567",
}
@inproceedings{alansary-2014-muhit,
    title = "{MUHIT}: A Multilingual Harmonized Dictionary",
    author = "Alansary, Sameh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/588_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2138--2145",
}
@inproceedings{de-lacalle-etal-2014-predicate,
    title = "Predicate Matrix: extending {S}em{L}ink through {W}ord{N}et mappings",
    author = "de Lacalle, Maddalen Lopez  and
      Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/589_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "903--909",
}
@inproceedings{aw-etal-2014-talapi,
    title = "{T}a{LAP}i {---} A {T}hai Linguistically Annotated Corpus for Language Processing",
    author = "Aw, AiTi  and
      Aljunied, Sharifah Mahani  and
      Lertcheva, Nattadaporn  and
      Kalunsima, Sasiwimon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/59_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "125--132",
}
@inproceedings{dellorletta-etal-2014-t2k,
    title = "{T}2{K}{\textasciicircum}2: a System for Automatically Extracting and Organizing Knowledge from Texts",
    author = "Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Venturi, Giulia  and
      Cimino, Andrea  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/590_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2062--2070",
}
@inproceedings{costantini-etal-2014-emovo,
    title = "{EMOVO} Corpus: an {I}talian Emotional Speech Database",
    author = "Costantini, Giovanni  and
      Iaderola, Iacopo  and
      Paoloni, Andrea  and
      Todisco, Massimiliano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/591_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3501--3504",
}
@inproceedings{pasha-etal-2014-madamira,
    title = "{MADAMIRA}: A Fast, Comprehensive Tool for Morphological Analysis and Disambiguation of {A}rabic",
    author = "Pasha, Arfath  and
      Al-Badrashiny, Mohamed  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      El Kholy, Ahmed  and
      Eskander, Ramy  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Pooleery, Manoj  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Roth, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/593_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1094--1101",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-2014-developing,
    title = "Developing Politeness Annotated Corpus of {H}indi Blogs",
    author = "Kumar, Ritesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/594_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1275--1280",
}
@inproceedings{feely-etal-2014-cmu,
    title = "The {CMU} {METAL} {F}arsi {NLP} Approach",
    author = "Feely, Weston  and
      Manshadi, Mehdi  and
      Frederking, Robert  and
      Levin, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/596_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4052--4055",
}
@inproceedings{desmet-hoste-2014-recognising,
    title = "Recognising suicidal messages in {D}utch social media",
    author = "Desmet, Bart  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/597_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "830--835",
}
@inproceedings{koper-schulte-im-walde-2014-rank,
    title = "A Rank-based Distance Measure to Detect Polysemy and to Determine Salient Vector-Space Features for {G}erman Prepositions",
    author = {K{\"o}per, Maximilian  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/599_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4459--4466",
}
@inproceedings{wolfe-etal-2014-expanding,
    title = "Expanding n-gram analytics in {ELAN} and a case study for sign synthesis",
    author = "Wolfe, Rosalee  and
      McDonald, John  and
      Berke, Larwan  and
      Stumbo, Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/6_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1880--1885",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2014-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Rephrasing for Parsing Sentences with {OOV} Words",
    author = "Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Chen, Huan-Yuan  and
      Yu, Chang-Sheng  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Lee, Po-Ching  and
      Chen, Chun-Hsun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/60_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2859--2862",
}
@inproceedings{guillaume-etal-2014-mapping,
    title = "Mapping the Lexique des Verbes du Fran{\c{c}}ais (Lexicon of {F}rench Verbs) to a {NLP} lexicon using examples",
    author = {Guillaume, Bruno  and
      Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Perrier, Guy  and
      B{\'e}daride, Paul},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/602_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2806--2810",
}
@inproceedings{neveol-etal-2014-language,
    title = "Language Resources for {F}rench in the Biomedical Domain",
    author = "N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Grosjean, Julien  and
      Darmoni, St{\'e}fan  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/604_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2146--2151",
}
@inproceedings{boyd-etal-2014-merlin,
    title = "The {MERLIN} corpus: Learner language and the {CEFR}",
    author = {Boyd, Adriane  and
      Hana, Jirka  and
      Nicolas, Lionel  and
      Meurers, Detmar  and
      Wisniewski, Katrin  and
      Abel, Andrea  and
      Sch{\"o}ne, Karin  and
      {\v{S}}tindlov{\'a}, Barbora  and
      Vettori, Chiara},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/606_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1281--1288",
}
@inproceedings{adesam-etal-2014-computer,
    title = "Computer-aided morphology expansion for Old {S}wedish",
    author = "Adesam, Yvonne  and
      Ahlberg, Malin  and
      Andersson, Peter  and
      Bouma, Gerlof  and
      Forsberg, Markus  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/607_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1102--1105",
}
@inproceedings{jawaid-bojar-2014-two,
    title = "Two-Step Machine Translation with Lattices",
    author = "Jawaid, Bushra  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/610_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "682--686",
}
@inproceedings{schuller-etal-2014-munich,
    title = "The Munich Biovoice Corpus: Effects of Physical Exercising, Heart Rate, and Skin Conductance on Human Speech Production",
    author = {Schuller, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Friedmann, Felix  and
      Eyben, Florian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/611_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1506--1510",
}
@inproceedings{rello-etal-2014-dyslist,
    title = "{D}ys{L}ist: An Annotated Resource of Dyslexic Errors",
    author = "Rello, Luz  and
      Baeza-Yates, Ricardo  and
      Llisterri, Joaquim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/612_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1289--1296",
}
@inproceedings{shen-kikuchi-2014-estimation,
    title = "Estimation of Speaking Style in Speech Corpora Focusing on speech transcriptions",
    author = "Shen, Raymond  and
      Kikuchi, Hideaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/616_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2747--2752",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-fernandez-etal-2014-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of different strategies for domain adaptation in opinion mining",
    author = "Garcia-Fernandez, Anne  and
      Ferret, Olivier  and
      Dinarelli, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/617_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3877--3880",
}
@inproceedings{goodwin-harabagiu-2014-clinical,
    title = "Clinical Data-Driven Probabilistic Graph Processing",
    author = "Goodwin, Travis  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/618_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "101--108",
}
@inproceedings{padro-etal-2014-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Similarity Measures for Distributional Thesauri",
    author = "Padr{\'o}, Muntsa  and
      Idiart, Marco  and
      Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Ramisch, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/619_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2964--2971",
}
@inproceedings{dione-2014-pruning,
    title = "Pruning the Search Space of the Wolof {LFG} Grammar Using a Probabilistic and a Constraint Grammar Parser",
    author = "Dione, Cheikh M. Bamba",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/62_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2863--2870",
}
@inproceedings{althobaiti-etal-2014-aranlp,
    title = "{A}ra{NLP}: a {J}ava-based Library for the Processing of {A}rabic Text.",
    author = "Althobaiti, Maha  and
      Kruschwitz, Udo  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/621_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4134--4138",
}
@inproceedings{hwang-etal-2014-criteria,
    title = "Criteria for Identifying and Annotating Caused Motion Constructions in Corpus Data",
    author = "Hwang, Jena D.  and
      Zaenen, Annie  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/624_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1297--1304",
}
@inproceedings{hayashi-2014-web,
    title = "Web-imageability of the Behavioral Features of Basic-level Concepts",
    author = "Hayashi, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/627_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3609--3614",
}
@inproceedings{cassidy-etal-2014-alveo,
    title = "The Alveo Virtual Laboratory: A Web Based Repository {API}",
    author = "Cassidy, Steve  and
      Estival, Dominique  and
      Jones, Timothy  and
      Burnham, Denis  and
      Burghold, Jared",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/628_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{culy-etal-2014-compact,
    title = "A Compact Interactive Visualization of Dependency Treebank Query Results",
    author = {Culy, Chris  and
      Passarotti, Marco  and
      K{\"o}nig-Cardanobile, Ulla},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/63_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "759--766",
}
@inproceedings{temnikova-etal-2014-building,
    title = "Building a Crisis Management Term Resource for Social Media: The Case of Floods and Protests",
    author = "Temnikova, Irina  and
      Varga, Andrea  and
      Biyikli, Dogan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/630_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "740--747",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2014-illinoiscloudnlp,
    title = "{ILLINOISCLOUDNLP}: Text Analytics Services in the Cloud",
    author = "Wu, Hao  and
      Fei, Zhiye  and
      Dai, Aaron  and
      Sammons, Mark  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Mayhew, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/632_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "14--21",
}
@inproceedings{sato-2014-text,
    title = "Text Readability and Word Distribution in {J}apanese",
    author = "Sato, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/633_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2811--2815",
}
@inproceedings{hochgesang-2014-use,
    title = "The Use of a {F}ile{M}aker Pro Database in Evaluating Sign Language Notation Systems",
    author = "Hochgesang, Julie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/634_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1917--1923",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-etal-2014-mapping,
    title = "Mapping {CPA} Patterns onto {O}nto{N}otes Senses",
    author = "Popescu, Octavian  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Hanks, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/636_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "882--889",
}
@inproceedings{bender-2014-language,
    title = "Language {C}o{LLAGE}: Grammatical Description with the {L}in{GO} Grammar Matrix",
    author = "Bender, Emily M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/639_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2447--2451",
}
@inproceedings{vazquez-etal-2014-applying,
    title = "Applying Accessibility-Oriented Controlled Language ({CL}) Rules to Improve Appropriateness of Text Alternatives for Images: an Exploratory Study",
    author = "V{\'a}zquez, Silvia Rodr{\'\i}guez  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Bolfing, Anton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/640_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4139--4146",
}
@inproceedings{cotterell-callison-burch-2014-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Dialect, Multi-Genre Corpus of Informal Written {A}rabic",
    author = "Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/641_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "241--245",
}
@inproceedings{omodei-etal-2014-reconstructing,
    title = "Reconstructing the Semantic Landscape of Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Omodei, Elisa  and
      Cointet, Jean-Philippe  and
      Poibeau, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/643_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2972--2978",
}
@inproceedings{van-erp-etal-2014-discovering,
    title = "Discovering and Visualising Stories in News",
    author = "van Erp, Marieke  and
      Satyukov, Gleb  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Nijsen, Marit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/645_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3277--3282",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2014-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Within-Document Event Coreference using Information Propagation",
    author = "Liu, Zhengzhong  and
      Araki, Jun  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/646_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4539--4544",
}
@inproceedings{aguiar-etal-2014-voce,
    title = "{VOCE} Corpus: Ecologically Collected Speech Annotated with Physiological and Psychological Stress Assessments",
    author = "Aguiar, Ana  and
      Kaiseler, Mariana  and
      Meinedo, Hugo  and
      Almeida, Pedro  and
      Cunha, Mariana  and
      Silva, Jorge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/647_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1568--1574",
}
@inproceedings{mori-neubig-2014-language,
    title = "Language Resource Addition: Dictionary or Corpus?",
    author = "Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/648_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1631--1636",
}
@inproceedings{cristoforetti-etal-2014-dirha,
    title = "The {DIRHA} simulated corpus",
    author = "Cristoforetti, Luca  and
      Ravanelli, Mirco  and
      Omologo, Maurizio  and
      Sosi, Alessandro  and
      Abad, Alberto  and
      Hagmueller, Martin  and
      Maragos, Petros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/650_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2629--2634",
}
@inproceedings{hladek-etal-2014-slovak,
    title = "The {S}lovak Categorized News Corpus",
    author = "Hladek, Daniel  and
      Stas, Jan  and
      Juhar, Jozef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/656_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1705--1708",
}
@inproceedings{quasthoff-etal-2014-high,
    title = "High Quality Word Lists as a Resource for Multiple Purposes",
    author = "Quasthoff, Uwe  and
      Goldhahn, Dirk  and
      Eckart, Thomas  and
      Hallsteinsd{\'o}ttir, Erla  and
      Fiedler, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/657_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2816--2819",
}
@inproceedings{logacheva-specia-2014-quality,
    title = "A Quality-based Active Sample Selection Strategy for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Logacheva, Varvara  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/658_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2690--2695",
}
@inproceedings{ganitkevitch-callison-burch-2014-multilingual,
    title = "The Multilingual Paraphrase Database",
    author = "Ganitkevitch, Juri  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/659_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4276--4283",
}
@inproceedings{van-zaanen-etal-2014-development,
    title = "The Development of {D}utch and {A}frikaans Language Resources for Compound Boundary Analysis.",
    author = "van Zaanen, Menno  and
      Huyssteen, Gerhard van  and
      Aussems, Suzanne  and
      Emmery, Chris  and
      Eiselen, Roald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/66_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1056--1062",
}
@inproceedings{padro-etal-2014-language,
    title = "Language Processing Infrastructure in the {XL}ike Project",
    author = "Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Carreras, Xavier  and
      Fortuna, Blaz  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Cuesta, Esteban  and
      Li, Zhixing  and
      {\v{S}}tajner, Tadej  and
      Tadi{\'c}, Marko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/660_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3811--3816",
}
@inproceedings{thurmair-2014-conceptual,
    title = "Conceptual transfer: Using local classifiers for transfer selection",
    author = "Thurmair, Gregor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/661_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4387--4393",
}
@inproceedings{villegas-etal-2014-metadata,
    title = "Metadata as Linked Open Data: mapping disparate {XML} metadata registries into one {RDF}/{OWL} registry.",
    author = "Villegas, Marta  and
      Melero, Maite  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/664_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "393--400",
}
@inproceedings{detrez-etal-2014-sharing,
    title = "Sharing resources between free/open-source rule-based machine translation systems: Grammatical Framework and Apertium",
    author = "D{\'e}trez, Gr{\'e}goire  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Cartagena, V{\'\i}ctor M.  and
      Ranta, Aarne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/665_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4394--4400",
}
@inproceedings{petasis-2014-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Arguments: The {NOMAD} Collaborative Annotation Tool",
    author = "Petasis, Georgios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/669_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1930--1937",
}
@inproceedings{maynard-greenwood-2014-cares,
    title = "Who cares about Sarcastic Tweets? Investigating the Impact of Sarcasm on Sentiment Analysis.",
    author = "Maynard, Diana  and
      Greenwood, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/67_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4238--4243",
}
@inproceedings{artola-etal-2014-stream,
    title = "A stream computing approach towards scalable {NLP}",
    author = "Artola, Xabier  and
      Beloki, Zuhaitz  and
      Soroa, Aitor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/670_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "8--13",
}
@inproceedings{ulfarsdottir-2014-islex,
    title = "{ISLEX} {---} a Multilingual Web Dictionary",
    author = "{\'U}lfarsd{\'o}ttir, {\TH}{\'o}rd{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/672_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2820--2825",
}
@inproceedings{sanguinetti-etal-2014-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting catenae in a parallel treebank alignment",
    author = "Sanguinetti, Manuela  and
      Bosco, Cristina  and
      Cupi, Loredana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/674_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1824--1831",
}
@inproceedings{temnikova-etal-2014-sublanguage,
    title = "Sublanguage Corpus Analysis Toolkit: A tool for assessing the representativeness and sublanguage characteristics of corpora",
    author = "Temnikova, Irina  and
      Baumgartner Jr., William A.  and
      Hailu, Negacy D.  and
      Nikolova, Ivelina  and
      McEnery, Tony  and
      Kilgarriff, Adam  and
      Angelova, Galia  and
      Cohen, K. Bretonnel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/675_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1714--1718",
}
@inproceedings{seretan-etal-2014-large,
    title = "A Large-Scale Evaluation of Pre-editing Strategies for Improving User-Generated Content Translation",
    author = "Seretan, Violeta  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Gerlach, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/676_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1793--1799",
}
@inproceedings{helgadottir-etal-2014-correcting,
    title = "Correcting Errors in a New Gold Standard for Tagging {I}celandic Text",
    author = {Helgad{\'o}ttir, Sigr{\'u}n  and
      Loftsson, Hrafn  and
      R{\"o}gnvaldsson, Eir{\'\i}kur},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/677_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2944--2948",
}
@inproceedings{daille-hazem-2014-semi,
    title = "Semi-compositional Method for Synonym Extraction of Multi-Word Terms",
    author = "Daille, B{\'e}atrice  and
      Hazem, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/679_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1202--1207",
}
@inproceedings{pleva-juhar-2014-tuke,
    title = "{TUKE}-{BN}ews-{SK}: {S}lovak Broadcast News Corpus Construction and Evaluation",
    author = "Pleva, Mat{\'u}{\v{s}}  and
      Juh{\'a}r, Jozef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/680_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1709--1713",
}
@inproceedings{oravecz-etal-2014-hungarian,
    title = "The {H}ungarian {G}igaword Corpus",
    author = "Oravecz, Csaba  and
      V{\'a}radi, Tam{\'a}s  and
      Sass, B{\'a}lint",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/681_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1719--1723",
}
@inproceedings{sachdeva-etal-2014-hindi,
    title = "{H}indi to {E}nglish Machine Translation: Using Effective Selection in Multi-Model {SMT}",
    author = "Sachdeva, Kunal  and
      Srivastava, Rishabh  and
      Jain, Sambhav  and
      Sharma, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/682_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1807--1811",
}
@inproceedings{di-buono-monteleone-2014-natural,
    title = "From Natural Language to Ontology Population in the Cultural Heritage Domain. A Computational Linguistics-based approach.",
    author = "di Buono, Maria Pia  and
      Monteleone, Mario",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/686_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3661--3666",
}
@inproceedings{wattam-etal-2014-experiences,
    title = "Experiences with Parallelisation of an Existing {NLP} Pipeline: Tagging Hansard",
    author = "Wattam, Stephen  and
      Rayson, Paul  and
      Alexander, Marc  and
      Anderson, Jean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/687_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4093--4096",
}
@inproceedings{hahm-etal-2014-named,
    title = "Named Entity Corpus Construction using {W}ikipedia and {DB}pedia Ontology",
    author = "Hahm, Younggyun  and
      Park, Jungyeul  and
      Lim, Kyungtae  and
      Kim, Youngsik  and
      Hwang, Dosam  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/688_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2565--2569",
}
@inproceedings{callejas-etal-2014-model,
    title = "A model to generate adaptive multimodal job interviews with a virtual recruiter",
    author = "Callejas, Zoraida  and
      Ravenet, Brian  and
      Ochs, Magalie  and
      Pelachaud, Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/689_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3615--3619",
}
@inproceedings{agic-ljubesic-2014-setimes,
    title = "The {SET}imes.{HR} Linguistically Annotated Corpus of {C}roatian",
    author = "Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/690_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1724--1727",
}
@inproceedings{francom-etal-2014-activ,
    title = "{ACTIV}-{ES}: a comparable, cross-dialect corpus of {`}everyday{'} {S}panish from {A}rgentina, {M}exico, and {S}pain",
    author = "Francom, Jerid  and
      Hulden, Mans  and
      Ussishkin, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/691_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1733--1737",
}
@inproceedings{pho-etal-2014-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Choice Question Corpus Analysis for Distractor Characterization",
    author = "Pho, Van-Minh  and
      Andr{\'e}, Thibault  and
      Ligozat, Anne-Laure  and
      Grau, Brigitte  and
      Illouz, Gabriel  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/692_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4284--4291",
}
@inproceedings{agic-etal-2014-croatian,
    title = "{C}roatian Dependency Treebank 2.0: New Annotation Guidelines for Improved Parsing",
    author = "Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Berovi{\'c}, Da{\v{s}}a  and
      Merkler, Danijela  and
      Tadi{\'c}, Marko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/694_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2313--2319",
}
@inproceedings{gretter-2014-euronews,
    title = "{E}uronews: a multilingual speech corpus for {ASR}",
    author = "Gretter, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/695_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2635--2638",
}
@inproceedings{ghayoomi-etal-2014-constituency,
    title = "Constituency Parsing of {B}ulgarian: Word- vs Class-based Parsing",
    author = "Ghayoomi, Masood  and
      Simov, Kiril  and
      Osenova, Petya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/696_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4056--4060",
}
@inproceedings{paetzel-etal-2014-multimodal,
    title = "A Multimodal Corpus of Rapid Dialogue Games",
    author = "Paetzel, Maike  and
      Racca, David Nicolas  and
      DeVault, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/697_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4189--4195",
}
@inproceedings{orozco-arroyave-etal-2014-new,
    title = "New {S}panish speech corpus database for the analysis of people suffering from {P}arkinson{'}s disease",
    author = {Orozco-Arroyave, Juan Rafael  and
      Arias-Londo{\~n}o, Juli{\'a}n David  and
      Vargas-Bonilla, Jes{\'u}s Francisco  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-R{\'a}tiva, Mar{\'\i}a Claudia  and
      N{\"o}th, Elmar},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/7_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "342--347",
}
@inproceedings{martens-passarotti-2014-thomas,
    title = {{T}homas {A}quinas in the {T}{\"u}{NDRA}: Integrating the Index {T}homisticus Treebank into {CLARIN}-D},
    author = "Martens, Scott  and
      Passarotti, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/70_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "767--774",
}
@inproceedings{anick-etal-2014-identification,
    title = "Identification of Technology Terms in Patents",
    author = "Anick, Peter  and
      Verhagen, Marc  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/701_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2008--2014",
}
@inproceedings{kliegr-zamazal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Linked Hypernyms Dataset 2.0: complementing {DB}pedia with hypernym discovery",
    author = "Kliegr, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Zamazal, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/703_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3517--3523",
}
@inproceedings{bejcek-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Mapping Lexical Resources: A Lexical Unit as the Keystone",
    author = "Bej{\v{c}}ek, Eduard  and
      Kettnerov{\'a}, V{\'a}clava  and
      Lopatkov{\'a}, Mark{\'e}ta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/704_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2826--2832",
}
@inproceedings{heylen-etal-2014-termwise,
    title = "{T}erm{W}ise: A {CAT}-tool with Context-Sensitive Terminological Support.",
    author = "Heylen, Kris  and
      Bond, Stephen  and
      De Hertog, Dirk  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Kockaert, Hendrik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/706_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4018--4022",
}
@inproceedings{galinskaya-etal-2014-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Impact of Spelling Errors on the Quality of Machine Translation",
    author = "Galinskaya, Irina  and
      Gusev, Valentin  and
      Mescheryakova, Elena  and
      Shmatova, Mariya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/708_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2683--2689",
}
@inproceedings{sakti-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Multilingual Conversations in the Medical Domain: Development of Multilingual Medical Data and A Network-based {ASR} System",
    author = "Sakti, Sakriani  and
      Kubo, Keigo  and
      Matsumiya, Sho  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Toda, Tomoki  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi  and
      Adachi, Fumihiro  and
      Isotani, Ryosuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/709_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2639--2643",
}
@inproceedings{bigi-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic detection of other-repetition occurrences: application to {F}rench conversational Speech",
    author = "Bigi, Brigitte  and
      Bertrand, Roxane  and
      Guardiola, Mathilde",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/71_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "836--842",
}
@inproceedings{zgank-etal-2014-slovene,
    title = "The {S}lovene {BNSI} Broadcast News database and reference speech corpus {GOS}: Towards the uniform guidelines for future work",
    author = "{\v{Z}}gank, Andrej  and
      Vitez, Ana Zwitter  and
      Verdonik, Darinka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/710_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2644--2647",
}
@inproceedings{bartolini-etal-2014-synsets,
    title = "From Synsets to Videos: Enriching {I}tal{W}ord{N}et Multimodally",
    author = "Bartolini, Roberto  and
      Quochi, Valeria  and
      Felice, Irene De  and
      Russo, Irene  and
      Monachini, Monica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/712_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3110--3117",
}
@inproceedings{daudaravicius-2014-language,
    title = "Language Editing Dataset of Academic Texts",
    author = "Daudaravi{\v{c}}ius, Vidas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/714_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1738--1742",
}
@inproceedings{varjokallio-kurimo-2014-toolkit,
    title = "A Toolkit for Efficient Learning of Lexical Units for Speech Recognition",
    author = "Varjokallio, Matti  and
      Kurimo, Mikko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/715_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3072--3075",
}
@inproceedings{ishimoto-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Transformation between Different Transcription Conventions: Prediction of Intonation Markers from Linguistic and Acoustic Features",
    author = "Ishimoto, Yuichi  and
      Tsuchiya, Tomoyuki  and
      Koiso, Hanae  and
      Den, Yasuharu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/716_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "311--315",
}
@inproceedings{noguchi-etal-2014-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese conversation corpus for training and evaluation of backchannel prediction model.",
    author = "Noguchi, Hiroaki  and
      Katagiri, Yasuhiro  and
      Den, Yasuharu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/717_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4429--4433",
}
@inproceedings{gorisch-etal-2014-aix,
    title = "Aix Map Task corpus: The {F}rench multimodal corpus of task-oriented dialogue",
    author = "Gorisch, Jan  and
      Ast{\'e}sano, Corine  and
      Bard, Ellen Gurman  and
      Bigi, Brigitte  and
      Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/719_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2648--2652",
}
@inproceedings{zinsmeister-etal-2014-adapting,
    title = "Adapting a part-of-speech tagset to non-standard text: The case of {STTS}",
    author = "Zinsmeister, Heike  and
      Heid, Ulrich  and
      Beck, Kathrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/721_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4097--4104",
}
@inproceedings{rusko-etal-2014-alert,
    title = "Alert!... Calm Down, There is Nothing to Worry About. Warning and Soothing Speech Synthesis.",
    author = "Rusko, Milan  and
      Darjaa, Sakhia  and
      Trnka, Mari{\'a}n  and
      Ritomsk{\'y}, Mari{\'a}n  and
      Sabo, R{\'o}bert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/722_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1182--1187",
}
@inproceedings{kordoni-simova-2014-multiword,
    title = "Multiword Expressions in Machine Translation",
    author = "Kordoni, Valia  and
      Simova, Iliana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/723_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1208--1211",
}
@inproceedings{girardi-etal-2014-cromer,
    title = "{CROMER}: a Tool for Cross-Document Event and Entity Coreference",
    author = "Girardi, Christian  and
      Speranza, Manuela  and
      Sprugnoli, Rachele  and
      Tonelli, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/726_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3204--3208",
}
@inproceedings{boros-etal-2014-rss,
    title = "{RSS}-{TOBI} - A Prosodically Enhanced {R}omanian Speech Corpus",
    author = "Boro{\textcommabelow{s}}, Tiberiu  and
      Stan, Adriana  and
      Watts, Oliver  and
      Dumitrescu, Stefan Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/727_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "316--320",
}
@inproceedings{znotins-paikens-2014-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution for {L}atvian",
    author = "Znoti{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Art{\=u}rs  and
      Paikens, P{\=e}teris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/729_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3209--3213",
}
@inproceedings{mitocariu-etal-2014-veins,
    title = "How Could Veins Speed Up The Process Of Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Mitocariu, Elena  and
      Anechitei, Daniel  and
      Cristea, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/73_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2871--2878",
}
@inproceedings{chrizman-itai-2014-construct,
    title = "How to construct a multi-lingual domain ontology",
    author = "Chrizman, Nitsan  and
      Itai, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/730_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4345--4350",
}
@inproceedings{lavergne-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic language identity tagging on word and sentence-level in multilingual text sources: a case-study on Luxembourgish",
    author = "Lavergne, Thomas  and
      Adda, Gilles  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine  and
      Lamel, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/732_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3300--3304",
}
@inproceedings{clercq-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Shared Datasets for Normalization Research",
    author = "Clercq, Orph{\'e}e De  and
      Schulz, Sarah  and
      Desmet, Bart  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/733_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1218--1223",
}
@inproceedings{pecheux-etal-2014-rule,
    title = "Rule-based Reordering Space in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "P{\'e}cheux, Nicolas  and
      Allauzen, Alexander  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/735_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1800--1806",
}
@inproceedings{rodriguez-fuentes-etal-2014-kalaka,
    title = "{KALAKA}-3: a database for the recognition of spoken {E}uropean languages on {Y}ou{T}ube audios",
    author = "Rodr{\'\i}guez-Fuentes, Luis Javier  and
      Penagarikano, Mikel  and
      Varona, Amparo  and
      Diez, Mireia  and
      Bordel, Germ{\'a}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/736_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "443--449",
}
@inproceedings{gargett-barnden-2014-mining,
    title = "Mining Online Discussion Forums for Metaphors",
    author = "Gargett, Andrew  and
      Barnden, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/737_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2507--2512",
}
@inproceedings{togia-copestake-2014-tagntext,
    title = "{T}ag{NT}ext: A parallel corpus for the induction of resource-specific non-taxonomical relations from tagged images",
    author = "Togia, Theodosia  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/738_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3448--3455",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-mateo-etal-2014-corilga,
    title = "{CORILGA}: a {G}alician Multilevel Annotated Speech Corpus for Linguistic Analysis",
    author = "Garc{\'\i}a-Mateo, Carmen  and
      Cardenal, Antonio  and
      Regueira, Xos{\'e} Luis  and
      Rei, Elisa Fern{\'a}ndez  and
      Martinez, Marta  and
      Seara, Roberto  and
      Varela, Roc{\'\i}o  and
      Basanta, Noem{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/739_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2653--2657",
}
@inproceedings{fujita-etal-2014-overview,
    title = "Overview of {T}odai Robot Project and Evaluation Framework of its {NLP}-based Problem Solving",
    author = "Fujita, Akira  and
      Kameda, Akihiro  and
      Kawazoe, Ai  and
      Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/74_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2590--2597",
}
@inproceedings{virginie-etal-2014-database,
    title = "A Database of Full Body Virtual Interactions Annotated with Expressivity Scores",
    author = "Virginie, Demulier  and
      Bevacqua, Elisabetta  and
      Focone, Florian  and
      Giraud, Tom  and
      Carreno, Pamela  and
      Isableu, Brice  and
      Gibet, Sylvie  and
      Loor, Pierre De  and
      Martin, Jean-Claude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/741_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3505--3510",
}
@inproceedings{banski-etal-2014-access,
    title = "Access control by query rewriting: the case of {K}or{AP}",
    author = "Ba{\'n}ski, Piotr  and
      Diewald, Nils  and
      Hanl, Michael  and
      Kupietz, Marc  and
      Witt, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/743_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3817--3822",
}
@inproceedings{odriozola-etal-2014-basque,
    title = "Basque Speecon-like and Basque {S}peech{D}at {MDB}-600: speech databases for the development of {ASR} technology for Basque",
    author = "Odriozola, Igor  and
      Hernaez, Inma  and
      Torres, Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s  and
      Rodriguez-Fuentes, Luis Javier  and
      Penagarikano, Mikel  and
      Navas, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/744_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2658--2665",
}
@inproceedings{gargett-etal-2014-dive,
    title = "{D}i{VE}-{A}rabic: Gulf {A}rabic Dialogue in a Virtual Environment",
    author = "Gargett, Andrew  and
      Hellmuth, Sam  and
      AlGethami, Ghazi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/745_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4434--4439",
}
@inproceedings{claude-lachenaud-etal-2014-multimodal,
    title = "A multimodal interpreter for 3{D} visualization and animation of verbal concepts",
    author = "Claude-Lachenaud, Coline  and
      Charton, {\'E}ric  and
      Ozell, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Gagnon, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/747_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3620--3627",
}
@inproceedings{bocklet-etal-2014-erlangen,
    title = "Erlangen-{CLP}: A Large Annotated Corpus of Speech from Children with Cleft Lip and Palate",
    author = {Bocklet, Tobias  and
      Maier, Andreas  and
      Riedhammer, Korbinian  and
      Eysholdt, Ulrich  and
      N{\"o}th, Elmar},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/748_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2671--2674",
}
@inproceedings{cabrio-etal-2014-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Inconsistencies in {DB}pedia Language Specific Chapters",
    author = "Cabrio, Elena  and
      Villata, Serena  and
      Gandon, Fabien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/750_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1443--1450",
}
@inproceedings{roy-etal-2014-tvd,
    title = "{TVD}: A Reproducible and Multiply Aligned {TV} Series Dataset",
    author = "Roy, Anindya  and
      Guinaudeau, Camille  and
      Bredin, Herv{\'e}  and
      Barras, Claude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/751_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "418--425",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Electronic {SMS} Dictionary Construction: An Alignment-based Approach",
    author = "Lopez, C{\'e}dric  and
      Bestandji, Reda  and
      Roche, Mathieu  and
      Panckhurst, Rachel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/753_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2833--2838",
}
@inproceedings{ferret-2014-compounds,
    title = "Compounds and distributional thesauri",
    author = "Ferret, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/754_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2979--2984",
}
@inproceedings{balvet-etal-2014-talc,
    title = "{TALC}-sef A Manually-Revised {POS}-{TA}gged Literary Corpus in {S}erbian, {E}nglish and {F}rench",
    author = "Balvet, Antonio  and
      Stosic, Dejan  and
      Miletic, Aleksandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/755_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4105--4110",
}
@inproceedings{goto-etal-2014-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing for Evaluating Machine Translation Quality",
    author = "Goto, Shinsuke  and
      Lin, Donghui  and
      Ishida, Toru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/756_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3456--3463",
}
@inproceedings{wong-etal-2014-halliday,
    title = "The Halliday Centre Tagger: An Online Platform for Semi-automatic Text Annotation and Analysis",
    author = "Wong, Billy T.M.  and
      Chow, Ian C.  and
      Webster, Jonathan J.  and
      Yan, Hengbin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/758_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1664--1667",
}
@inproceedings{mori-etal-2014-flow,
    title = "Flow Graph Corpus from Recipe Texts",
    author = "Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Maeta, Hirokuni  and
      Yamakata, Yoko  and
      Sasada, Tetsuro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/763_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2370--2377",
}
@inproceedings{kirschnick-etal-2014-freepal,
    title = "{F}reepal: A Large Collection of Deep Lexico-Syntactic Patterns for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Kirschnick, Johannes  and
      Akbik, Alan  and
      Hemsen, Holmer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/764_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2071--2075",
}
@inproceedings{bawden-etal-2014-correcting,
    title = "Correcting and Validating Syntactic Dependency in the Spoken {F}rench Treebank Rhapsodie",
    author = "Bawden, Rachel  and
      Botalla, Marie-Am{\'e}lie  and
      Gerdes, Kim  and
      Kahane, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/766_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2320--2325",
}
@inproceedings{wolinski-2014-morfeusz,
    title = "Morfeusz Reloaded",
    author = "Woli{\'n}ski, Marcin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/768_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1106--1111",
}
@inproceedings{dragoni-etal-2014-modeling,
    title = "Modeling, Managing, Exposing, and Linking Ontologies with a {W}iki-based Tool",
    author = "Dragoni, Mauro  and
      Bosca, Alessio  and
      Casu, Matteo  and
      Rexha, Andi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/769_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1668--1675",
}
@inproceedings{budzynska-etal-2014-model,
    title = "A Model for Processing Illocutionary Structures and Argumentation in Debates",
    author = "Budzynska, Kasia  and
      Janier, Mathilde  and
      Reed, Chris  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick  and
      Stede, Manfred  and
      Yakorska, Olena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/77_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "917--924",
}
@inproceedings{lonsdale-millard-2014-student,
    title = "Student achievement and {F}rench sentence repetition test scores",
    author = "Lonsdale, Deryle  and
      Millard, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/770_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2719--2725",
}
@inproceedings{luzzati-etal-2014-human,
    title = "Human annotation of {ASR} error regions: Is {``}gravity{''} a sharable concept for human annotators?",
    author = "Luzzati, Daniel  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Vasilescu, Ioana  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine  and
      Bilinski, Eric  and
      Camelin, Nathalie  and
      Kahn, Juliette  and
      Lailler, Carole  and
      Lamel, Lori  and
      Rosset, Sophie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/771_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3050--3056",
}
@inproceedings{scherrer-etal-2014-swissadmin,
    title = "{S}wiss{A}dmin: A multilingual tagged parallel corpus of press releases",
    author = "Scherrer, Yves  and
      Nerima, Luka  and
      Russo, Lorenza  and
      Ivanova, Maria  and
      Wehrli, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/772_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1832--1836",
}
@inproceedings{vernerova-etal-2014-pay,
    title = "To Pay or to Get Paid: Enriching a Valency Lexicon with Diatheses",
    author = "Vernerov{\'a}, Anna  and
      Kettnerov{\'a}, V{\'a}clava  and
      Lopatkov{\'a}, Mark{\'e}ta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/773_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2452--2459",
}
@inproceedings{tian-etal-2014-um,
    title = "{UM}-Corpus: A Large {E}nglish-{C}hinese Parallel Corpus for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Tian, Liang  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.  and
      Quaresma, Paulo  and
      Oliveira, Francisco  and
      Lu, Yi  and
      Li, Shuo  and
      Wang, Yiming  and
      Wang, Longyue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/774_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1837--1842",
}
@inproceedings{agerri-etal-2014-ixa,
    title = "{IXA} pipeline: Efficient and Ready to Use Multilingual {NLP} tools",
    author = "Agerri, Rodrigo  and
      Bermudez, Josu  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/775_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3823--3828",
}
@inproceedings{matsuyoshi-etal-2014-annotating,
    title = "Annotating the Focus of Negation in {J}apanese Text",
    author = "Matsuyoshi, Suguru  and
      Otsuki, Ryo  and
      Fukumoto, Fumiyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/777_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1743--1750",
}
@inproceedings{sherif-etal-2014-nif4oggd,
    title = "{NIF}4{OGGD} - {NLP} Interchange Format for Open {G}erman Governmental Data",
    author = {Sherif, Mohamed  and
      Coelho, Sandro  and
      Usbeck, Ricardo  and
      Hellmann, Sebastian  and
      Lehmann, Jens  and
      Br{\"u}mmer, Martin  and
      Both, Andreas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/780_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3524--3528",
}
@inproceedings{bosca-etal-2014-gold,
    title = "A Gold Standard for {CLIR} evaluation in the Organic Agriculture Domain",
    author = "Bosca, Alessio  and
      Casu, Matteo  and
      Dragoni, Matteo  and
      Marianos, Nikolaos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/781_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3667--3670",
}
@inproceedings{drobac-etal-2014-heuristic,
    title = "Heuristic Hyper-minimization of Finite State Lexicons",
    author = "Drobac, Senka  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister  and
      Pirinen, Tommi  and
      Silfverberg, Miikka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/784_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3319--3324",
}
@inproceedings{piperidis-etal-2014-meta,
    title = "{META}-{SHARE}: One year after",
    author = "Piperidis, Stelios  and
      Papageorgiou, Harris  and
      Spurk, Christian  and
      Rehm, Georg  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Hamon, Olivier  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Gratta, Riccardo del  and
      Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Girardi, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/786_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1532--1538",
}
@inproceedings{baur-etal-2014-using,
    title = "USING A SERIOUS GAME TO COLLECT A CHILD LEARNER SPEECH CORPUS",
    author = "Baur, Claudia  and
      Rayner, Manny  and
      Tsourakis, Nikos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/787_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2726--2732",
}
@inproceedings{gratta-etal-2014-lre,
    title = "The {LRE} Map disclosed",
    author = "Gratta, Riccardo Del  and
      Pardelli, Gabriella  and
      Goggi, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/788_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{stepanov-etal-2014-development,
    title = "The Development of the Multilingual {LUNA} Corpus for Spoken Language System Porting",
    author = "Stepanov, Evgeny  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe  and
      Bayer, Ali Orkan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/789_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2675--2678",
}
@inproceedings{rysova-2014-verbs,
    title = "Verbs of Saying with a Textual Connecting Function in the {P}rague Discourse Treebank",
    author = "Rysov{\'a}, Magdal{\'e}na",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/79_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "930--935",
}
@inproceedings{poch-etal-2014-ranking,
    title = "Ranking Job Offers for Candidates: learning hidden knowledge from Big Data",
    author = "Poch, Marc  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Espeja, Sergio  and
      Nav{\'\i}o, Felipe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/791_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2076--2082",
}
@inproceedings{hanoka-sagot-2014-open,
    title = "An Open-Source Heavily Multilingual Translation Graph Extracted from Wiktionaries and Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Hanoka, Val{\'e}rie  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/792_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3179--3186",
}
@inproceedings{borg-gatt-2014-crowd,
    title = "Crowd-sourcing evaluation of automatically acquired, morphologically related word groupings",
    author = "Borg, Claudia  and
      Gatt, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/793_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3325--3332",
}
@inproceedings{hauksdottir-2014-innovative,
    title = "An Innovative World Language Centre : Challenges for the Use of Language Technology",
    author = "Hauksd{\'o}ttir, Au{\dh}ur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/795_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2194--2198",
}
@inproceedings{scherrer-sagot-2014-language,
    title = "A language-independent and fully unsupervised approach to lexicon induction and part-of-speech tagging for closely related languages",
    author = "Scherrer, Yves  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/797_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "502--508",
}
@inproceedings{tavarez-etal-2014-new,
    title = "New bilingual speech databases for audio diarization",
    author = "Tavarez, David  and
      Navas, Eva  and
      Erro, Daniel  and
      Saratxaga, Ibon  and
      Hernaez, Inma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/799_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2666--2670",
}
@inproceedings{morchid-etal-2014-lda,
    title = "A LDA-BASED TOPIC CLASSIFICATION APPROACH FROM HIGHLY IMPERFECT AUTOMATIC TRANSCRIPTIONS",
    author = "Morchid, Mohamed  and
      Dufour, Richard  and
      Linar{\`e}s, Georges",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/8_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1309--1314",
}
@inproceedings{marco-2014-open,
    title = "An open source part-of-speech tagger for {N}orwegian: Building on existing language resources",
    author = "Marco, Cristina S{\'a}nchez",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/801_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4111--4117",
}
@inproceedings{aker-etal-2014-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual dictionaries for all {EU} languages",
    author = "Aker, Ahmet  and
      Paramita, Monica  and
      Pinnis, M{\=a}rcis  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/803_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2839--2845",
}
@inproceedings{reynaert-2014-synergy,
    title = "Synergy of Nederlab and",
    author = "Reynaert, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/804_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1224--1230",
}
@inproceedings{rubino-etal-2014-quality,
    title = "Quality Estimation for Synthetic Parallel Data Generation",
    author = "Rubino, Raphael  and
      Toral, Antonio  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Ram{\'\i}rez-S{\'a}nchez, Gema",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/807_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1843--1849",
}
@inproceedings{pimentel-2014-adding,
    title = "Adding a Third Language to a Lexical Resource Describing Legal Terminology: the assignment of equivalents",
    author = "Pimentel, Janine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/808_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{seeker-kuhn-2014-domain,
    title = "An Out-of-Domain Test Suite for Dependency Parsing of {G}erman",
    author = "Seeker, Wolfgang  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/809_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4066--4073",
}
@inproceedings{ehrmann-etal-2014-representing,
    title = "Representing Multilingual Data as Linked Data: the Case of {B}abel{N}et 2.0",
    author = "Ehrmann, Maud  and
      Cecconi, Francesco  and
      Vannella, Daniele  and
      McCrae, John Philip  and
      Cimiano, Philipp  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/810_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "401--408",
}
@inproceedings{kiomourtzis-etal-2014-nomad,
    title = "{NOMAD}: Linguistic Resources and Tools Aimed at Policy Formulation and Validation",
    author = "Kiomourtzis, George  and
      Giannakopoulos, George  and
      Petasis, Georgios  and
      Karampiperis, Pythagoras  and
      Karkaletsis, Vangelis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/813_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3464--3470",
}
@inproceedings{henriksen-etal-2014-encompassing,
    title = "Encompassing a spectrum of {LT} users in the {CLARIN}-{DK} Infrastructure",
    author = "Henriksen, Lina  and
      Hansen, Dorte Haltrup  and
      Maegaard, Bente  and
      Pedersen, Bolette Sandford  and
      Povlsen, Claus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/814_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2175--2181",
}
@inproceedings{nasr-etal-2014-automatically,
    title = "Automatically enriching spoken corpora with syntactic information for linguistic studies",
    author = "Nasr, Alexis  and
      Bechet, Frederic  and
      Favre, Benoit  and
      Bazillon, Thierry  and
      Deulofeu, Jose  and
      Valli, Andre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/816_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "854--858",
}
@inproceedings{lafourcade-fort-2014-propa,
    title = "Propa-L: a semantic filtering service from a lexical network created using Games With A Purpose",
    author = {Lafourcade, Mathieu  and
      Fort, Kar{\"e}n},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/817_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1676--1681",
}
@inproceedings{simi-etal-2014-less,
    title = "Less is More? Towards a Reduced Inventory of Categories for Training a Parser for the {I}talian {S}tanford Dependencies",
    author = "Simi, Maria  and
      Bosco, Cristina  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/818_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "83--90",
}
@inproceedings{cieliebak-etal-2014-meta,
    title = "Meta-Classifiers Easily Improve Commercial Sentiment Detection Tools",
    author = {Cieliebak, Mark  and
      D{\"u}rr, Oliver  and
      Uzdilli, Fatih},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/820_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3100--3104",
}
@inproceedings{richardson-kuhn-2014-unixman,
    title = "{U}nix{M}an Corpus: A Resource for Language Learning in the {U}nix Domain",
    author = "Richardson, Kyle  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/823_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2985--2989",
}
@inproceedings{sonntag-stede-2014-grapat,
    title = "{G}ra{PAT}: a Tool for Graph Annotations",
    author = "Sonntag, Jonathan  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/824_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4147--4151",
}
@inproceedings{pareja-lora-etal-2014-standardisation,
    title = "Standardisation and Interoperation of Morphosyntactic and Syntactic Annotation Tools for {S}panish and their Annotations",
    author = "Pareja-Lora, Antonio  and
      C{\'a}rcamo-Escorza, Guillermo  and
      Ballesteros-Calvo, Alicia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/826_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4118--4124",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2014-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Compiling High Quality Knowledge Resources From Raw Corpora",
    author = "Jin, Gongye  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/828_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{utt-etal-2014-fuzzy,
    title = "Fuzzy V-Measure - An Evaluation Method for Cluster Analyses of Ambiguous Data",
    author = {Utt, Jason  and
      Springorum, Sylvia  and
      K{\"o}per, Maximilian  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/829_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "581--587",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2014-clustering,
    title = "Clustering tweets using{W}ikipedia concepts",
    author = "Tang, Guoyu  and
      Xia, Yunqing  and
      Wang, Weizhi  and
      Lau, Raymond  and
      Zheng, Fang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/83_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2262--2267",
}
@inproceedings{koutsombogera-etal-2014-tutorbot,
    title = "The Tutorbot Corpus {---} A Corpus for Studying Tutoring Behaviour in Multiparty Face-to-Face Spoken Dialogue",
    author = {Koutsombogera, Maria  and
      Moubayed, Samer Al  and
      Bollepalli, Bajibabu  and
      Abdelaziz, Ahmed Hussen  and
      Johansson, Martin  and
      Lopes, Jos{\'e} David Aguas  and
      Novikova, Jekaterina  and
      Oertel, Catharine  and
      Stefanov, Kalin  and
      Varol, G{\"u}l},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/832_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4196--4201",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-etal-2014-tweetcat,
    title = "{T}weet{C}a{T}: a tool for building Twitter corpora of smaller languages",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/834_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2279--2283",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2014-hindencorp,
    title = "{H}ind{E}n{C}orp - {H}indi-{E}nglish and {H}indi-only Corpus for Machine Translation",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Diatka, Vojt{\v{e}}ch  and
      Rychl{\'y}, Pavel  and
      Stra{\v{n}}{\'a}k, Pavel  and
      Suchomel, V{\'\i}t  and
      Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}  and
      Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/835_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3550--3555",
}
@inproceedings{necsulescu-etal-2014-combining,
    title = "Combining dependency information and generalization in a pattern-based approach to the classification of lexical-semantic relation instances",
    author = "Nec{\c{s}}ulescu, Silvia  and
      Mendes, Sara  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/837_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4308--4315",
}
@inproceedings{chalamandaris-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using Audio Books for Training a Text-to-Speech System",
    author = "Chalamandaris, Aimilios  and
      Tsiakoulis, Pirros  and
      Karabetsos, Sotiris  and
      Raptis, Spyros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/838_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3076--3080",
}
@inproceedings{cybulska-vossen-2014-using,
    title = "Using a sledgehammer to crack a nut? Lexical diversity and event coreference resolution",
    author = "Cybulska, Agata  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/840_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4545--4552",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-toral-2014-cawac,
    title = "ca{W}a{C} {--} A web corpus of {C}atalan and its application to language modeling and machine translation",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Toral, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/841_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1728--1732",
}
@inproceedings{kupietz-lungen-2014-recent,
    title = "Recent Developments in {D}e{R}e{K}o",
    author = {Kupietz, Marc  and
      L{\"u}ngen, Harald},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/842_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2378--2385",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-2014-chinese,
    title = "Why {C}hinese Web-as-Corpus is Wacky? Or: How Big Data is Killing {C}hinese Corpus Linguistics",
    author = "Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/843_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2386--2389",
}
@inproceedings{ahmed-khan-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic acquisition of {U}rdu nouns (along with gender and irregular plurals)",
    author = "Ahmed Khan, Tafseer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/844_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2846--2850",
}
@inproceedings{llewellyn-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Re-using an Argument Corpus to Aid in the Curation of Social Media Collections",
    author = "Llewellyn, Clare  and
      Grover, Claire  and
      Oberlander, Jon  and
      Klein, Ewan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/845_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "462--468",
}
@inproceedings{skadins-etal-2014-billions,
    title = "Billions of Parallel Words for Free: Building and Using the {EU} Bookshop Corpus",
    author = {Skadi{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Raivis  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Rozis, Roberts  and
      Deksne, Daiga},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/846_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1850--1855",
}
@inproceedings{maks-etal-2014-generating,
    title = "Generating Polarity Lexicons with {W}ord{N}et propagation in 5 languages",
    author = "Maks, Isa  and
      Izquierdo, Ruben  and
      Frontini, Francesca  and
      Agerri, Rodrigo  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Azpeitia, Andoni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/847_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1155--1161",
}
@inproceedings{chinea-rios-etal-2014-online,
    title = "Online optimisation of log-linear weights in interactive machine translation",
    author = "Chinea Rios, Mara  and
      Sanchis-Trilles, Germ{\'a}n  and
      Ortiz-Mart{\'\i}nez, Daniel  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/848_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3556--3559",
}
@inproceedings{strotgen-etal-2014-extending,
    title = "Extending {H}eidel{T}ime for Temporal Expressions Referring to Historic Dates",
    author = {Str{\"o}tgen, Jannik  and
      B{\"o}gel, Thomas  and
      Zell, Julian  and
      Armiti, Ayser  and
      Canh, Tran Van  and
      Gertz, Michael},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/849_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2390--2397",
}
@inproceedings{klinger-cimiano-2014-usage,
    title = "The {USAGE} review corpus for fine grained multi lingual opinion analysis",
    author = "Klinger, Roman  and
      Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/85_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2211--2218",
}
@inproceedings{bouayad-agha-etal-2014-exercise,
    title = "An Exercise in Reuse of Resources: Adapting General Discourse Coreference Resolution for Detecting Lexical Chains in Patent Documentation",
    author = "Bouayad-Agha, Nadjet  and
      Burga, Alicia  and
      Casamayor, Gerard  and
      Codina, Joan  and
      Nazar, Rogelio  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/850_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3214--3221",
}
@inproceedings{severo-etal-2014-voar,
    title = "{VOAR}: A Visual and Integrated Ontology Alignment Environment",
    author = "Severo, Bernardo  and
      Trojahn, Cassia  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/851_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3671--3677",
}
@inproceedings{eckart-etal-2014-500,
    title = "A 500 Million Word {POS}-Tagged {I}celandic Corpus",
    author = "Eckart, Thomas  and
      Hallsteinsd{\'o}ttir, Erla  and
      Helgad{\'o}ttir, Sigr{\'u}n  and
      Quasthoff, Uwe  and
      Goldhahn, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/852_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2398--2402",
}
@inproceedings{benkoussas-etal-2014-collection,
    title = "A Collection of Scholarly Book Reviews from the Platforms of electronic sources in Humanities and Social Sciences {O}pen{E}dition.org",
    author = "Benkoussas, Chahinez  and
      Hamdan, Hussam  and
      Bellot, Patrice  and
      B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Faath, Elodie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/853_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4172--4177",
}
@inproceedings{ingason-etal-2014-rapid,
    title = "Rapid Deployment of Phrase Structure Parsing for Related Languages: A Case Study of Insular Scandinavian",
    author = {Ingason, Anton Karl  and
      Loftsson, Hrafn  and
      R{\"o}gnvaldsson, Eir{\'\i}kur  and
      Sigur{\dh}sson, Einar Freyr  and
      Wallenberg, Joel C.},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/855_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "91--95",
}
@inproceedings{roder-etal-2014-n3,
    title = "N{\mbox{$^3$}} - A Collection of Datasets for Named Entity Recognition and Disambiguation in the {NLP} Interchange Format",
    author = {R{\"o}der, Michael  and
      Usbeck, Ricardo  and
      Hellmann, Sebastian  and
      Gerber, Daniel  and
      Both, Andreas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/856_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3529--3533",
}
@inproceedings{cardenoso-payo-etal-2014-assessment,
    title = "Assessment of Non-native Prosody for {S}panish as {L}2 using quantitative scores and perceptual evaluation",
    author = "Carde{\~n}oso-Payo, Valent{\'\i}n  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-Ferreras, C{\'e}sar  and
      Escudero, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/857_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3967--3972",
}
@inproceedings{stadtschnitzer-etal-2014-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting the large-scale {G}erman Broadcast Corpus to boost the Fraunhofer {IAIS} Speech Recognition System",
    author = "Stadtschnitzer, Michael  and
      Schwenninger, Jochen  and
      Stein, Daniel  and
      Koehler, Joachim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/858_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3887--3890",
}
@inproceedings{loukachevitch-alekseev-2014-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing News Clusters on the Basis of Thematic Chains",
    author = "Loukachevitch, Natalia  and
      Alekseev, Aleksey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/859_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1600--1607",
}
@inproceedings{foth-etal-2014-size,
    title = "Because Size Does Matter: The Hamburg Dependency Treebank",
    author = {Foth, Kilian A.  and
      K{\"o}hn, Arne  and
      Beuck, Niels  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/860_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2326--2333",
}
@inproceedings{galata-etal-2014-discovering,
    title = "Discovering the {I}talian literature: interactive access to audio indexed text resources",
    author = "Galat{\`a}, Vincenzo  and
      Benin, Alberto  and
      Cosi, Piero  and
      Leone, Giuseppe Riccardo  and
      Paci, Giulio  and
      Sommavilla, Giacomo  and
      Tesser, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/862_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4152--4156",
}
@inproceedings{gracia-etal-2014-enabling,
    title = "Enabling Language Resources to Expose Translations as Linked Data on the Web",
    author = "Gracia, Jorge  and
      Montiel-Ponsoda, Elena  and
      Vila-Suero, Daniel  and
      Aguado-de-Cea, Guadalupe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/863_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "409--413",
}
@inproceedings{acs-2014-pivot,
    title = "Pivot-based multilingual dictionary building using {W}iktionary",
    author = "{\'A}cs, Judit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/864_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1938--1942",
}
@inproceedings{glaser-kuhn-2014-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the utility of coreference chains for improved identification of personal names",
    author = "Glaser, Andrea  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/865_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2570--2577",
}
@inproceedings{erekhinskaya-etal-2014-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual e{X}tended {W}ord{N}et Knowledge Base: Semantic Parsing and Translation of Glosses",
    author = "Erekhinskaya, Tatiana  and
      Satpute, Meghana  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/866_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2990--2994",
}
@inproceedings{zarrouk-lafourcade-2014-relation,
    title = "Relation Inference in Lexical Networks ... with Refinements",
    author = "Zarrouk, Manel  and
      Lafourcade, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/867_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2995--3000",
}
@inproceedings{perez-rosas-etal-2014-multimodal,
    title = "A Multimodal Dataset for Deception Detection",
    author = "P{\'e}rez-Rosas, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Narvaez, Alexis  and
      Burzo, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/869_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3118--3122",
}
@inproceedings{goldman-etal-2014-c,
    title = "C-{P}hono{G}enre: a 7-hours corpus of 7 speaking styles in {F}rench: relations between situational features and prosodic properties",
    author = "Goldman, Jean-Philippe  and
      Pr{\v{s}}ir, Tea  and
      Auchlin, Antoine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/870_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "302--305",
}
@inproceedings{abdelali-etal-2014-amara,
    title = "The {AMARA} Corpus: Building Parallel Language Resources for the Educational Domain",
    author = "Abdelali, Ahmed  and
      Guzman, Francisco  and
      Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/877_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1856--1862",
}
@inproceedings{pretkalnina-etal-2014-dependency,
    title = "Dependency parsing representation effects on the accuracy of semantic applications {---} an example of an inflective language",
    author = "Pretkalni{\c{n}}a, Lauma  and
      Znoti{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Art{\=u}rs  and
      Rituma, Laura  and
      Go{\v{s}}ko, Didzis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/879_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4074--4081",
}
@inproceedings{ke-marteau-2014-co,
    title = "Co-clustering of bilingual datasets as a mean for assisting the construction of thematic bilingual comparable corpora",
    author = "Ke, Guiyao  and
      Marteau, Pierre-Francois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/88_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1992--1999",
}
@inproceedings{kedzia-piasecki-2014-ruled,
    title = "Ruled-based, Interlingual Motivated Mapping of pl{W}ord{N}et onto {SUMO} Ontology",
    author = "K{\k{e}}dzia, Pawe{\l}  and
      Piasecki, Maciej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/882_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4351--4358",
}
@inproceedings{samvelian-etal-2014-extending,
    title = "Extending the coverage of a {MWE} database for {P}ersian {CP}s exploiting valency alternations",
    author = "Samvelian, Pollet  and
      Faghiri, Pegah  and
      Ayari, Sarra El",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/883_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4023--4026",
}
@inproceedings{horbach-etal-2014-finding,
    title = "Finding a Tradeoff between Accuracy and Rater{'}s Workload in Grading Clustered Short Answers",
    author = "Horbach, Andrea  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      Wolska, Magdalena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/887_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "588--595",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-macrosyntactic,
    title = "Macrosyntactic Segmenters of a {F}rench Spoken Corpus",
    author = "Wang, Ilaine  and
      Kahane, Sylvain  and
      Tellier, Isabelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/889_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3891--3896",
}
@inproceedings{klatter-etal-2014-vulnerability,
    title = "Vulnerability in Acquisition, Language Impairments in {D}utch: Creating a {VALID} Data Archive",
    author = "Klatter, Jetske  and
      Hout, Roeland van  and
      van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      Fikkert, Paula  and
      Baker, Anne  and
      Jong, Jan de  and
      Wijnen, Frank  and
      Sanders, Eric  and
      Trilsbeek, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/89_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "357--364",
}
@inproceedings{bjorkelund-etal-2014-extended,
    title = "The Extended {DIRNDL} Corpus as a Resource for Coreference and Bridging Resolution",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rkelund, Anders  and
      Eckart, Kerstin  and
      Riester, Arndt  and
      Schauffler, Nadja  and
      Schweitzer, Katrin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/891_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3222--3228",
}
@inproceedings{volodina-etal-2014-flexible,
    title = "A flexible language learning platform based on language resources and web services",
    author = {Volodina, Elena  and
      Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}  and
      Borin, Lars  and
      Tiedemann, Therese Lindstr{\"o}m},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/892_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3973--3978",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards interoperable discourse annotation. Discourse features in the Ontologies of Linguistic Annotation",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/893_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4569--4577",
}
@inproceedings{littell-etal-2014-morphological,
    title = "Morphological parsing of {S}wahili using crowdsourced lexical resources",
    author = "Littell, Patrick  and
      Price, Kaitlyn  and
      Levin, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/896_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3333--3339",
}
@inproceedings{charton-etal-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Entity Linking using Surface Form Refinement",
    author = "Charton, Eric  and
      Meurs, Marie-Jean  and
      Jean-Louis, Ludovic  and
      Gagnon, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/899_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4609--4615",
}
@inproceedings{arranz-etal-2014-elras,
    title = "{ELRA}{'}s Consolidated Services for the {HLT} Community",
    author = "Arranz, Victoria  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Mapelli, Val{\'e}rie  and
      Mazo, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/9_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1511--1516",
}
@inproceedings{kawahara-palmer-2014-single,
    title = "Single Classifier Approach for Verb Sense Disambiguation based on Generalized Features",
    author = "Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/90_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4210--4213",
}
@inproceedings{amaro-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting semantic relations from {P}ortuguese corpora using lexical-syntactic patterns",
    author = "Amaro, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/900_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3001--3005",
}
@inproceedings{ostankov-etal-2014-linkedhealthanswers,
    title = "{L}inked{H}ealth{A}nswers: Towards Linked Data-driven Question Answering for the Health Care Domain",
    author = {Ostankov, Artem  and
      R{\"o}hrbein, Florian  and
      Waltinger, Ulli},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/902_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2613--2620",
}
@inproceedings{jurgens-2014-analysis,
    title = "An analysis of ambiguity in word sense annotations",
    author = "Jurgens, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/904_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3006--3012",
}
@inproceedings{alfano-etal-2014-volip,
    title = "{VOLIP}: a corpus of spoken {I}talian and a virtuous example of reuse of linguistic resources",
    author = "Alfano, Iolanda  and
      Cutugno, Francesco  and
      Rosa, Aurelio De  and
      Iacobini, Claudio  and
      Savy, Renata  and
      Voghera, Miriam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/906_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3897--3901",
}
@inproceedings{escartin-2014-chasing,
    title = "Chasing the Perfect Splitter: A Comparison of Different Compound Splitting Tools",
    author = "Escart{\'\i}n, Carla Parra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/909_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3340--3347",
}
@inproceedings{hashemi-hwa-2014-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of {MT} Errors and {ESL} Errors",
    author = "Hashemi, Homa B.  and
      Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/911_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2696--2700",
}
@inproceedings{martin-2014-new,
    title = "New functions for a multipurpose multimodal tool for phonetic and linguistic analysis of very large speech corpora",
    author = "Martin, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/912_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3628--3632",
}
@inproceedings{buitelaar-etal-2014-hot,
    title = "Hot Topics and Schisms in {NLP}: Community and Trend Analysis with Saffron on {ACL} and {LREC} Proceedings",
    author = "Buitelaar, Paul  and
      Bordea, Georgeta  and
      Coughlan, Barry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/913_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2083--2088",
}
@inproceedings{irvine-etal-2014-american,
    title = "The {A}merican Local News Corpus",
    author = "Irvine, Ann  and
      Langfus, Joshua  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/914_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1305--1308",
}
@inproceedings{rosa-etal-2014-hamledt,
    title = "{H}amle{DT} 2.0: Thirty Dependency Treebanks Stanfordized",
    author = "Rosa, Rudolf  and
      Ma{\v{s}}ek, Jan  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Zeman, Daniel  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/915_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2334--2341",
}
@inproceedings{wang-bond-2014-building,
    title = "Building The Sense-Tagged Multilingual Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Wang, Shan  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/916_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-gamallo-2014-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual corpora with coreferential annotation of person entities",
    author = "Garcia, Marcos  and
      Gamallo, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/918_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{abdul-mageed-diab-2014-sana,
    title = "{SANA}: A Large Scale Multi-Genre, Multi-Dialect Lexicon for {A}rabic Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/919_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zadeh-handschuh-2014-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Technology Term Recognition with Random Indexing",
    author = "Zadeh, Behrang  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/920_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bott-schulte-im-walde-2014-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing a Distributional Semantic Model for the Prediction of {G}erman Particle Verb Compositionality",
    author = "Bott, Stefan  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/921_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dey-fung-2014-hindi,
    title = "A {H}indi-{E}nglish Code-Switching Corpus",
    author = "Dey, Anik  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/922_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ide-etal-2014-language,
    title = "The Language Application Grid",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Cieri, Christopher  and
      Nyberg, Eric  and
      Wang, Di  and
      Suderman, Keith  and
      Verhagen, Marc  and
      Wright, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/926_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{christodoulides-etal-2014-dismo,
    title = "{D}is{M}o: A Morphosyntactic, Disfluency and Multi-Word Unit Annotator. An Evaluation on a Corpus of {F}rench Spontaneous and Read Speech",
    author = "Christodoulides, George  and
      Avanzi, Mathieu  and
      Goldman, Jean-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/929_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{xuan-etal-2014-integration,
    title = "Integration of Workflow and Pipeline for Language Service Composition",
    author = "Xuan, Trang Mai  and
      Murakami, Yohei  and
      Lin, Donghui  and
      Ishida, Toru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/930_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{peshkov-prevot-2014-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation evaluation metrics, a comparison grounded on prosodic and discourse units",
    author = "Peshkov, Klim  and
      Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/931_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{abel-etal-2014-koko,
    title = "{K}o{K}o: an {L}1 Learner Corpus for {G}erman",
    author = "Abel, Andrea  and
      Glaznieks, Aivars  and
      Nicolas, Lionel  and
      Stemle, Egon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/934_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{barancikova-etal-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Evaluation of {E}nglish-{C}zech {MT} through Paraphrasing",
    author = "Baran{\v{c}}{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Petra  and
      Rosa, Rudolf  and
      Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/935_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{faessler-etal-2014-disclose,
    title = "Disclose Models, Hide the Data - How to Make Use of Confidential Corpora without Seeing Sensitive Raw Data",
    author = "Faessler, Erik  and
      Hellrich, Johannes  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/936_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{khapra-etal-2014-transliteration,
    title = "When Transliteration Met Crowdsourcing : An Empirical Study of Transliteration via Crowdsourcing using Efficient, Non-redundant and Fair Quality Control",
    author = "Khapra, Mitesh M.  and
      Ramanathan, Ananthakrishnan  and
      Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Visweswariah, Karthik  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/94_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{baumgardt-etal-2014-open,
    title = "Open Philology at the University of Leipzig",
    author = "Baumgardt, Frederik  and
      Celano, Giuseppe  and
      Crane, Gregory R.  and
      Dee, Stella  and
      Foradi, Maryam  and
      Franzini, Emily  and
      Franzini, Greta  and
      Lent, Monica  and
      Moritz, Maria  and
      Stoyanova, Simona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/940_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tredici-nissim-2014-modular,
    title = "A Modular System for Rule-based Text Categorisation",
    author = "Tredici, Marco Del  and
      Nissim, Malvina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/941_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hajlaoui-etal-2014-dcep,
    title = "{DCEP} -Digital Corpus of the {E}uropean Parliament",
    author = {Hajlaoui, Najeh  and
      Kolovratnik, David  and
      V{\"a}yrynen, Jaakko  and
      Steinberger, Ralf  and
      Varga, Daniel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/943_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mariani-etal-2014-facing,
    title = "Facing the Identification Problem in Language-Related Scientific Data Analysis.",
    author = "Mariani, Joseph  and
      Cieri, Christopher  and
      Francopoulo, Gil  and
      Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Delaborde, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/945_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{soury-devillers-2014-smile,
    title = "Smile and Laughter in Human-Machine Interaction: a study of engagement",
    author = "Soury, Mariette  and
      Devillers, Laurence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/947_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{robaldo-etal-2014-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting networks in Law",
    author = "Robaldo, Livio  and
      Boella, Guido  and
      Caro, Luigi Di  and
      Violato, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/95_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bjarnadottir-dadason-2014-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing constituent structure for compound analysis",
    author = "Bjarnad{\'o}ttir, Krist{\'\i}n  and
      Da{\dh}ason, J{\'o}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/954_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zaghouani-etal-2014-large,
    title = "Large Scale {A}rabic Error Annotation: Guidelines and Framework",
    author = "Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Mohit, Behrang  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Obeid, Ossama  and
      Tomeh, Nadi  and
      Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Farra, Noura  and
      Alkuhlani, Sarah  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/956_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pellegrini-etal-2014-el,
    title = "El-{WOZ}: a client-server wizard-of-oz interface",
    author = "Pellegrini, Thomas  and
      Hedayati, Vahid  and
      Costa, Angela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/959_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2014-parsing,
    title = "Parsing {C}hinese Synthetic Words with a Character-based Dependency Model",
    author = "Cheng, Fei  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/96_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ben-jannet-etal-2014-eter,
    title = "{ETER} : a new metric for the evaluation of hierarchical named entity recognition",
    author = "Ben Jannet, Mohamed  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine  and
      Galibert, Olivier  and
      Kahn, Juliette  and
      Rosset, Sophie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/960_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{araki-etal-2014-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Subevent Structure for Event Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Araki, Jun  and
      Liu, Zhengzhong  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/963_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shah-etal-2014-efficient,
    title = "An efficient and user-friendly tool for machine translation quality estimation",
    author = "Shah, Kashif  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/964_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{balahur-etal-2014-resource,
    title = "Resource Creation and Evaluation for Multilingual Sentiment Analysis in Social Media Texts",
    author = {Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Steinberger, Ralf  and
      Perea-Ortega, Jose-Manuel  and
      Jacquet, Guillaume  and
      K{\"u}{\c{c}}{\"u}k, Dilek  and
      Zavarella, Vanni  and
      El Ghali, Adil},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/965_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bingel-haider-2014-named,
    title = "Named Entity Tagging a Very Large Unbalanced Corpus: Training and Evaluating {NE} Classifiers",
    author = "Bingel, Joachim  and
      Haider, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/967_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lacroix-bechet-2014-validation,
    title = "Validation Issues induced by an Automatic Pre-Annotation Mechanism in the Building of Non-projective Dependency Treebanks",
    author = "Lacroix, Oph{\'e}lie  and
      B{\'e}chet, Denis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/970_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ai-charfuelan-2014-mat,
    title = "{MAT}: a tool for {L}2 pronunciation errors annotation",
    author = "Ai, Renlong  and
      Charfuelan, Marcela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/971_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zervanou-etal-2014-word,
    title = "Word Semantic Similarity for Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = "Zervanou, Kalliopi  and
      Iosif, Elias  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/973_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{elliot-etal-2014-lexterm,
    title = "{L}ex{T}erm Manager: Design for an Integrated Lexicography and Terminology System",
    author = "Elliot, Joshua  and
      Kearsley, Logan  and
      Housley, Jason  and
      Melby, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/975_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{peterson-etal-2014-focusing,
    title = "Focusing Annotation for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Peterson, Daniel  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Wu, Shumin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/977_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lapponi-etal-2014-road,
    title = "Off-Road {LAF}: Encoding and Processing Annotations in {NLP} Workflows",
    author = "Lapponi, Emanuele  and
      Velldal, Erik  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Knudsen, Rune Lain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/978_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{labropoulou-etal-2014-developing,
    title = "Developing a Framework for Describing Relations among Language Resources",
    author = "Labropoulou, Penny  and
      Cieri, Christopher  and
      Gavrilidou, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/979_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{de-groc-tannier-2014-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Web-as-corpus Topical Document Retrieval with an Index of the {O}pen{D}irectory",
    author = "de Groc, Cl{\'e}ment  and
      Tannier, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/980_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pal-etal-2014-word,
    title = "Word Alignment-Based Reordering of Source Chunks in {PB}-{SMT}",
    author = "Pal, Santanu  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/982_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{landsbergen-etal-2014-taalportaal,
    title = "{T}aalportaal: an online grammar of {D}utch and Frisian",
    author = "Landsbergen, Frank  and
      Tiberius, Carole  and
      Dernison, Roderik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/983_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{yates-etal-2014-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Public Health Surveillance",
    author = "Yates, Andrew  and
      Parker, Jon  and
      Goharian, Nazli  and
      Frieder, Ophir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/985_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{uresova-etal-2014-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Test Sets for Machine Translation of Search Queries for Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval in the Medical Domain",
    author = "Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Pecina, Pavel  and
      Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/99_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ngonga-ngomo-etal-2014-tool,
    title = "A tool suite for creating question answering benchmarks",
    author = "Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille  and
      Heino, Norman  and
      Speck, Ren{\'e}  and
      Malakasiotis, Prodromos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/990_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{de-groc-etal-2014-thematic,
    title = "Thematic Cohesion: measuring terms discriminatory power toward themes",
    author = "de Groc, Cl{\'e}ment  and
      Tannier, Xavier  and
      de Loupy, Claude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/991_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gornostay-vasiljevs-2014-terminology,
    title = "Terminology Resources and Terminology Work Benefit from Cloud Services",
    author = "Gornostay, Tatiana  and
      Vasi{\c{l}}jevs, Andrejs",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/992_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{asadullah-etal-2014-bidirectionnal,
    title = "Bidirectionnal converter between syntactic annotations : from {F}rench Treebank Dependencies to {PASSAGE} annotations, and back",
    author = "Asadullah, Munshi  and
      Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/995_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zampieri-gebre-2014-varclass,
    title = "{V}ar{C}lass: An Open-source Language Identification Tool for Language Varieties",
    author = "Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Gebre, Binyam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/996_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rettinger-etal-2014-recsa,
    title = "{RECSA}: Resource for Evaluating Cross-lingual Semantic Annotation",
    author = "Rettinger, Achim  and
      Zhang, Lei  and
      Berovi{\'c}, Da{\v{s}}a  and
      Merkler, Danijela  and
      Sreba{\v{c}}i{\'c}, Matea  and
      Tadi{\'c}, Marko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2014)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/998_Paper.pdf",
}
@proceedings{alta-2016-australasian,
    title = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    author = "Cohn, Trevor",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1000",
}
@inproceedings{hoang-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Neural Translation Models with Linguistic Factors",
    author = "Hoang, Cong Duy Vu  and
      Haffari, Reza  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1001",
    pages = "7--14",
}
@inproceedings{hassanzadeh-etal-2016-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Medical Concept Annotation Systems on Clinical Records",
    author = "Hassanzadeh, Hamed  and
      Nguyen, Anthony  and
      Koopman, Bevan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1002",
    pages = "15--24",
}
@inproceedings{kholghi-etal-2016-benefits,
    title = "The Benefits of Word Embeddings Features for Active Learning in Clinical Information Extraction",
    author = "Kholghi, Mahnoosh  and
      Vine, Lance De  and
      Sitbon, Laurianne  and
      Zuccon, Guido  and
      Nguyen, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1003",
    pages = "25--34",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2016-syndromic,
    title = "Syndromic Surveillance using Generic Medical Entities on Twitter",
    author = "Huang, Pin  and
      MacKinlay, Andrew  and
      Yepes, Antonio Jimeno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1004",
    pages = "35--44",
}
@inproceedings{aamer-etal-2016-syndromic,
    title = "Syndromic Surveillance through Measuring Lexical Shift in Emergency Department Chief Complaint Texts",
    author = "Aamer, Hafsah  and
      Ofoghi, Bahadorreza  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1005",
    pages = "45--53",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Pre-training With {S}eq2{S}eq Reconstruction Loss for Deep Relation Extraction Models",
    author = "Li, Zhuang  and
      Qu, Lizhen  and
      Xu, Qiongkai  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1006",
    pages = "54--64",
}
@inproceedings{panyam-etal-2016-asm,
    title = "{ASM} Kernel: Graph Kernel using Approximate Subgraph Matching for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Panyam, Nagesh C.  and
      Verspoor, Karin  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Kotagiri, Rao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1007",
    pages = "65--73",
}
@inproceedings{khirbat-etal-2016-n,
    title = "N-ary Biographical Relation Extraction using Shortest Path Dependencies",
    author = "Khirbat, Gitansh  and
      Qi, Jianzhong  and
      Zhang, Rui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1008",
    pages = "74--83",
}
@inproceedings{shcherbakov-etal-2016-phonotactic,
    title = "Phonotactic Modeling of Extremely Low Resource Languages",
    author = "Shcherbakov, Andrei  and
      Vylomova, Ekaterina  and
      Thieberger, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1009",
    pages = "84--93",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-role,
    title = "The Role of Features and Context on Suicide Ideation Detection",
    author = "Wang, Yufei  and
      Wan, Stephen  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1010",
    pages = "94--102",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-featureless,
    title = "Featureless Domain-Specific Term Extraction with Minimal Labelled Data",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Liu, Wei  and
      McDonald, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1011",
    pages = "103--112",
}
@inproceedings{ishihara-2016-effect,
    title = "An Effect of Background Population Sample Size on the Performance of a Likelihood Ratio-based Forensic Text Comparison System: A Monte {C}arlo Simulation with {G}aussian Mixture Model",
    author = "Ishihara, Shunichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1012",
    pages = "113--121",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2016-challenging,
    title = "How Challenging is Sarcasm versus Irony Classification?: A Study With a Dataset from {E}nglish Literature",
    author = "Joshi, Aditya  and
      Tripathi, Vaibhav  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Carman, Mark  and
      Singh, Meghna  and
      Saraswati, Jaya  and
      Shukla, Rajita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1013",
    pages = "123--127",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning cascaded latent variable models for biomedical text classification",
    author = "Liu, Ming  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Buntine, Wray",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1014",
    pages = "128--132",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2016-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Modelling of Geospatial Words in Twitter",
    author = "Han, Bo  and
      Yepes, Antonio Jimeno  and
      MacKinlay, Andrew  and
      Chi, Lianhua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1015",
    pages = "133--137",
}
@inproceedings{yepes-mackinlay-2016-ner,
    title = "{NER} for Medical Entities in Twitter using Sequence to Sequence Neural Networks",
    author = "Yepes, Antonio Jimeno  and
      MacKinlay, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1016",
    pages = "138--142",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2016-empirical,
    title = "An empirical study for {V}ietnamese dependency parsing",
    author = "Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1017",
    pages = "143--149",
}
@inproceedings{radford-etal-2016-telephone,
    title = ":telephone::person::sailboat::whale::okhand: ; or {``}Call me Ishmael{''} {--} How do you translate emoji?",
    author = "Radford, Will  and
      Hachey, Ben  and
      Han, Bo  and
      Chisholm, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1018",
    pages = "150--154",
}
@inproceedings{holt-etal-2016-presenting,
    title = "Presenting a New Dataset for the Timeline Generation Problem",
    author = "Holt, Xavier  and
      Radford, Will  and
      Hachey, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1019",
    pages = "155--159",
}
@inproceedings{chisholm-etal-2016-overview,
    title = "Overview of the 2016 {ALTA} Shared Task: Cross-{KB} Coreference",
    author = "Chisholm, Andrew  and
      Hachey, Ben  and
      Moll{\'a}, Diego",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1020",
    pages = "161--164",
}
@inproceedings{khirbat-etal-2016-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating Entities Referred by Web Endpoints using Tree Ensembles",
    author = "Khirbat, Gitansh  and
      Qi, Jianzhong  and
      Zhang, Rui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1021",
    pages = "165--169",
}
@inproceedings{shivashankar-etal-2016-filter,
    title = "Filter and Match Approach to Pair-wise Web {URI} Linking",
    author = "Shivashankar, S.  and
      Li, Yitong  and
      Rahimi, Afshin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1022",
    pages = "170--174",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2016-pairwise,
    title = "Pairwise {F}ast{T}ext Classifier for Entity Disambiguation",
    author = "Yu, Cheng  and
      Chu, Bing  and
      Ram, Rohit  and
      Aichinger, James  and
      Qu, Lizhen  and
      Suominen, Hanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2016",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U16-1023",
    pages = "175--179",
}
@proceedings{acl-1999-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1000",
}
@inproceedings{hearst-1999-untangling,
    title = "Untangling Text Data Mining",
    author = "Hearst, Marti A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034679",
    pages = "3--10",
}
@inproceedings{furui-1999-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC SPEECH RECOGNITION AND ITS APPLICATION TO INFORMATION EXTRACTION",
    author = "Furui, Sadaoki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034680",
    pages = "11--20",
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@inproceedings{miller-1999-lexical,
    title = "The Lexical Component of Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Miller, George A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034681",
    pages = "21--21",
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@inproceedings{lee-1999-measures,
    title = "Measures of Distributional Similarity",
    author = "Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034693",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{lee-1999-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Similarity Models: Clustering vs. Nearest Neighbors",
    author = "Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034694",
    pages = "33--40",
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@inproceedings{webber-etal-1999-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Relations: A Structural and Presuppositional Account Using Lexicalised {TAG}",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie  and
      Knott, Alistair  and
      Stone, Matthew  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034695",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-1999-unifying,
    title = "Unifying Parallels",
    author = "Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034696",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{berland-charniak-1999-finding,
    title = "Finding Parts in Very Large Corpora",
    author = "Berland, Matthew  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034697",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{brill-ngai-1999-man,
    title = "Man* vs. Machine: A Case Study in Base Noun Phrase Learning",
    author = "Brill, Eric  and
      Ngai, Grace",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034698",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{hwa-1999-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Grammar Induction using Training Data with Limited Constituent Information",
    author = "Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034699",
    pages = "73--79",
}
@inproceedings{dras-1999-meta,
    title = "A Meta-Level Grammar: Redefining Synchronous {TAG} for Translation and Paraphrase",
    author = "Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034700",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{schuler-1999-preserving,
    title = "Preserving Semantic Dependencies in Synchronous Tree Adjoining Grammar",
    author = "Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034701",
    pages = "88--95",
}
@inproceedings{wintner-1999-compositional,
    title = "Compositional Semantics for Linguistic Formalisms",
    author = "Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034702",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@inproceedings{rooth-etal-1999-inducing,
    title = "Inducing a Semantically Annotated Lexicon via {EM}-Based Clustering",
    author = "Rooth, Mats  and
      Riezler, Stefan  and
      Prescher, Detlef  and
      Carroll, Glenn  and
      Beil, Franz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034703",
    pages = "104--111",
}
@inproceedings{siegel-1999-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Linguistic Indicators for Aspectual Classification",
    author = "Siegel, Eric V.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034704",
    pages = "112--119",
}
@inproceedings{caraballo-1999-automatic,
    title = "Automatic construction of a hypernym-labeled noun hierarchy from text",
    author = "Caraballo, Sharon A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034705",
    pages = "120--126",
}
@inproceedings{bateman-1999-using,
    title = "Using aggregation for selecting content when generating referring expressions",
    author = "Bateman, John A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034706",
    pages = "127--134",
}
@inproceedings{shaw-hatzivassiloglou-1999-ordering,
    title = "Ordering Among Premodifiers",
    author = "Shaw, James  and
      Hatzivassiloglou, Vasileios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034707",
    pages = "135--143",
}
@inproceedings{netzer-elhadad-1999-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual {H}ebrew-{E}nglish Generation of Possessives and Partitives: Raising the Input Abstraction Level",
    author = "Netzer, Yael Dahan  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034708",
    pages = "144--151",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-moldovan-1999-method,
    title = "A Method for Word Sense Disambiguation of Unrestricted Text",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Moldovan, Dan I.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034709",
    pages = "152--158",
}
@inproceedings{mikheev-1999-knowledge,
    title = "A Knowledge-free Method for Capitalized Word Disambiguation",
    author = "Mikheev, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034710",
    pages = "159--166",
}
@inproceedings{florian-yarowsky-1999-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Nonlocal Language Modeling via Hierarchical Topic-Based Adaptation",
    author = "Florian, Radu  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034711",
    pages = "167--174",
}
@inproceedings{thede-harper-1999-second,
    title = "A Second-Order Hidden {M}arkov Model for Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Thede, Scott M.  and
      Harper, Mary P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034712",
    pages = "175--182",
}
@inproceedings{stent-etal-1999-commandtalk,
    title = "The {C}ommand{T}alk Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Stent, Amanda  and
      Dowding, John  and
      Gawron, Jean Mark  and
      Bratt, Elizabeth Owen  and
      Moore, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034713",
    pages = "183--190",
}
@inproceedings{abella-gorin-1999-construct,
    title = "Construct Algebra: Analytical Dialog Management",
    author = "Abella, Alicia  and
      Gorin, Allen L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034714",
    pages = "191--199",
}
@inproceedings{nakano-etal-1999-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Unsegmented User Utterances in Real-Time Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Nakano, Mikio  and
      Miyazaki, Noboru  and
      Hirasawa, Jun-ichi  and
      Dohsaka, Kohji  and
      Kawabata, Takeshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034715",
    pages = "200--207",
}
@inproceedings{mccarley-1999-translate,
    title = "Should we Translate the Documents or the Queries in Cross-language Information Retrieval?",
    author = "McCarley, J. Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1027",
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    pages = "208--214",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-1999-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Translation Ambiguity and Target Polysemy in Cross-Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Bian, Guo-Wei  and
      Lin, Wen-Cheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1028",
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}
@inproceedings{jang-etal-1999-using,
    title = "Using Mutual Information to Resolve Query Translation Ambiguities and Query Term Weighting",
    author = "Jang, Myung-Gil  and
      Myaeng, Sung Hyon  and
      Park, Se Young",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1029",
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}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-1999-analysis,
    title = "Analysis System of Speech Acts and Discourse Structures Using Maximum Entropy Model",
    author = "Choi, Won Seug  and
      Cho, Jeong-Mi  and
      Seo, Jungyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034719",
    pages = "230--237",
}
@inproceedings{condon-etal-1999-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Conformity to Discourse Routines in Decision-Making Interactions",
    author = "Condon, Sherri L.  and
      Cech, Claude G.  and
      Edwards, William R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034720",
    pages = "238--245",
}
@inproceedings{wiebe-etal-1999-development,
    title = "Development and Use of a Gold-Standard Data Set for Subjectivity Classifications",
    author = "Wiebe, Janyce M.  and
      Bruce, Rebecca F.  and
      O{'}Hara, Thomas P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034721",
    pages = "246--253",
}
@inproceedings{oflazer-1999-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing with an Extended Finite State Approach",
    author = "Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034722",
    pages = "254--260",
}
@inproceedings{proszeky-kis-1999-unification,
    title = "A Unification-based Approach to Morpho-syntactic Parsing of Agglutinative and Other (Highly) Inflectional Languages",
    author = "Proszeky, Gabor  and
      Kis, Balazs",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034723",
    pages = "261--268",
}
@inproceedings{beil-etal-1999-inside,
    title = "Inside-Outside Estimation of a Lexicalized {PCFG} for {G}erman",
    author = "Beil, Franz  and
      Carroll, Glenn  and
      Prescher, Detlef  and
      Riezler, Stefan  and
      Rooth, Mats",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034724",
    pages = "269--276",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-1999-part,
    title = "A Part of Speech Estimation Method for {J}apanese Unknown Words using a Statistical Model of Morphology and Context",
    author = "NAGATA, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034725",
    pages = "277--284",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-bosch-daelemans-1999-memory,
    title = "Memory-Based Morphological Analysis",
    author = "van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034726",
    pages = "285--292",
}
@inproceedings{willis-manandhar-1999-two,
    title = "Two Accounts of Scope Availability and Semantic Underspecification",
    author = "Willis, Alistair  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034727",
    pages = "293--300",
}
@inproceedings{steedman-1999-alternating,
    title = "Alternating Quantifier Scope in {CCG}",
    author = "Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034728",
    pages = "301--308",
}
@inproceedings{litman-etal-1999-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Poor Speech Recognition at the Dialogue Level",
    author = "Litman, Diane J.  and
      Walker, Marilyn A.  and
      Kearns, Michael S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034729",
    pages = "309--316",
}
@inproceedings{lin-1999-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Non-compositional Phrases",
    author = "Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034730",
    pages = "317--324",
}
@inproceedings{hirschman-etal-1999-deep,
    title = "Deep Read: A Reading Comprehension System",
    author = "Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Light, Marc  and
      Breck, Eric  and
      Burger, John D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034731",
    pages = "325--332",
}
@inproceedings{fung-etal-1999-mixed,
    title = "Mixed Language Query Disambiguation",
    author = "FUNG, Pascale  and
      LIU, Xiaohu  and
      CHEUNG, Chi Shun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034732",
    pages = "333--340",
}
@inproceedings{jacquemin-1999-syntagmatic,
    title = "Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Representations of Term Variation",
    author = "Jacquemin, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034733",
    pages = "341--348",
}
@inproceedings{corston-oliver-dolan-1999-less,
    title = "Less is more: Eliminating index terms from subordinate clauses",
    author = "Corston-Oliver, Simon H.  and
      Dolan, William B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034734",
    pages = "349--356",
}
@inproceedings{reynar-1999-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Models for Topic Segmentation",
    author = "Reynar, Jeffrey C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034735",
    pages = "357--364",
}
@inproceedings{marcu-1999-decision,
    title = "A Decision-Based Approach to Rhetorical Parsing",
    author = "Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034736",
    pages = "365--372",
}
@inproceedings{bean-riloff-1999-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Identification of Non-Anaphoric Noun Phrases",
    author = "Bean, David L.  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034737",
    pages = "373--380",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-yokoo-1999-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Statistical Speech Act Type Tagging System for Speech Translation Systems",
    author = "Tanaka, Hideki  and
      Yokoo, Akio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034738",
    pages = "381--388",
}
@inproceedings{morin-1999-projecting,
    title = "Projecting Corpus-Based Semantic Links on a Thesaurus",
    author = "Morin, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034739",
    pages = "389--396",
}
@inproceedings{lapata-1999-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Lexical Generalizations from Corpora: A Case Study for Diathesis Alternations",
    author = "Lapata, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034740",
    pages = "397--404",
}
@inproceedings{kasper-etal-1999-charting,
    title = "Charting the Depths of Robust Speech Parsing",
    author = "Kasper, W.  and
      Kiefer, B.  and
      Krieger, H.-U.  and
      Rupp, C. J.  and
      Worm, K. L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034741",
    pages = "405--412",
}
@inproceedings{core-schubert-1999-syntactic,
    title = "A Syntactic Framework for Speech Repairs and Other Disruptions",
    author = "Core, Mark G.  and
      Schubert, Lenhart K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034742",
    pages = "413--420",
}
@inproceedings{roark-johnson-1999-efficient,
    title = "Efficient probabilistic top-down and left-corner parsing",
    author = "Roark, Brian  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034743",
    pages = "421--428",
}
@inproceedings{yang-1999-selectionist,
    title = "A Selectionist Theory of Language Acquisition",
    author = "Yang, Charles D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034744",
    pages = "429--435",
}
@inproceedings{lange-content-1999-grapho,
    title = "The grapho-phonological system of written {F}rench: Statistical analysis and empirical validation",
    author = "Lange, Marielle  and
      Content, Alain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034745",
    pages = "436--442",
}
@inproceedings{ng-etal-1999-learning,
    title = "Learning to Recognize Tables in Free Text",
    author = "Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Lim, Chung Yong  and
      Koo, Jessica Li Teng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1057",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034746",
    pages = "443--450",
}
@inproceedings{holt-klein-1999-semantically,
    title = "A semantically-derived subset of {E}nglish for hardware verification",
    author = "Holt, Alexander  and
      Klein, Ewan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1058",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034747",
    pages = "451--456",
}
@inproceedings{eisner-satta-1999-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Parsing for Bilexical Context-Free Grammars and Head Automaton Grammars",
    author = "Eisner, Jason  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1059",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034748",
    pages = "457--464",
}
@inproceedings{hepple-1999-earley,
    title = "An Earley-style Predictive Chart Parsing Method for Lambek Grammars",
    author = "Hepple, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1060",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034749",
    pages = "465--472",
}
@inproceedings{kiefer-etal-1999-bag,
    title = "A Bag of Useful Techniques for Efficient and Robust Parsing",
    author = "Kiefer, Bernd  and
      Krieger, Hans-Ulrich  and
      Carroll, John  and
      Malouf, Rob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1061",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034750",
    pages = "473--480",
}
@inproceedings{kurohashi-sakai-1999-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Analysis of {J}apanese Noun Phrases - A New Approach to Dictionary-Based Understanding",
    author = "Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Sakai, Yasuyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1062",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034751",
    pages = "481--488",
}
@inproceedings{isahara-kanzaki-1999-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Semantics to Disambiguate Polysemous Phenomena of {J}apanese Adnominal Constituents",
    author = "Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Kanzaki, Kyoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1063",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034752",
    pages = "489--496",
}
@inproceedings{caudal-1999-computational,
    title = "Computational Lexical Semantics, Incrementality, and the So-called Punctuality of Events",
    author = "CAUDAL, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1064",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034753",
    pages = "497--504",
}
@inproceedings{collins-etal-1999-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Parser for {C}zech",
    author = "Collins, Michael  and
      Hajic, Jan  and
      Ramshaw, Lance  and
      Tillmann, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1065",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034754",
    pages = "505--512",
}
@inproceedings{blaheta-charniak-1999-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Compensation for Parser Figure-of-Merit Flaws",
    author = "Blaheta, Don  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1066",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034755",
    pages = "513--518",
}
@inproceedings{rapp-1999-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Word Translations from Unrelated {E}nglish and {G}erman Corpora",
    author = "Rapp, Reinhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1067",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034756",
    pages = "519--526",
}
@inproceedings{resnik-1999-mining,
    title = "Mining the Web for Bilingual Text",
    author = "Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1068",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034757",
    pages = "527--534",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-etal-1999-estimators,
    title = "Estimators for Stochastic {``}Unification-Based{''} Grammars",
    author = "Johnson, Mark  and
      Geman, Stuart  and
      Canon, Stephen  and
      Chi, Zhiyi  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1069",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034758",
    pages = "535--541",
}
@inproceedings{abney-etal-1999-relating,
    title = "Relating Probabilistic Grammars and Automata",
    author = "Abney, Steven  and
      McAllester, David  and
      Pereira, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1070",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034759",
    pages = "542--549",
}
@inproceedings{barzilay-etal-1999-information,
    title = "Information Fusion in the Context of Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Barzilay, Regina  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1071",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034760",
    pages = "550--557",
}
@inproceedings{mani-etal-1999-improving,
    title = "Improving Summaries by Revising Them",
    author = "Mani, Inderjeet  and
      Gates, Barbara  and
      Bloedorn, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1072",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034761",
    pages = "558--565",
}
@inproceedings{thomas-1999-designing,
    title = "Designing a Task-Based Evaluation Methodology for a Spoken Machine Translation System",
    author = "Thomas, Kavita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1073",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034682",
    pages = "569--572",
}
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    title = "Robust, Finite-State Parsing for Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Kaiser, Edward C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1074",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034683",
    pages = "573--578",
}
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    title = "Packing of Feature Structures for Efficient Unification of Disjunctive Feature Structures",
    author = "Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
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}
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    title = "Parsing preferences with Lexicalized Trey Adjoining Grammars exploiting the derivation tree",
    author = "Kinyon, Alexandra",
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    month = jun,
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    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
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    title = "Cohesion and Collocation: Using Context Vectors in Text Segmentation",
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    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
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    title = "Using Linguistic Knowledge in Automatic Abstracting",
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    title = "Analysis of Syntax-Based Pronoun Resolution Methods",
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    title = "A Pylonic Decision-Tree Language Model- with Optimal Question Selection",
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    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1080",
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    pages = "606--609",
}
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    title = "An Unsupervised Model for Statistically Determining Coordinate Phrase Attachment",
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    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034690",
    pages = "610--614",
}
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    title = "A flexible distributed architecture for {NLP} system development and use",
    author = "Choi, Freddy Y. Y.",
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    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
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    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1082",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034691",
    pages = "615--618",
}
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    title = "Modeling Filled Pauses in Medical Dictations",
    author = "Pakhomov, Sergey V.",
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    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "College Park, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1083",
    doi = "10.3115/1034678.1034692",
    pages = "619--624",
}
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    title = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    author = "Knight, Kevin  and
      Nenkova, Ani  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1",
}
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    title = "Achieving Accurate Conclusions in Evaluation of Automatic Machine Translation Metrics",
    author = "Graham, Yvette  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
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    title = "Flexible Non-Terminals for Dependency Tree-to-Tree Reordering",
    author = "Richardson, John  and
      Cromi{\`e}res, Fabien  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1002",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{miura-etal-2016-selecting,
    title = "Selecting Syntactic, Non-redundant Segments in Active Learning for Machine Translation",
    author = "Miura, Akiva  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Paul, Michael  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1003",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{zoph-knight-2016-multi,
    title = "Multi-Source Neural Translation",
    author = "Zoph, Barret  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1004",
    pages = "30--34",
}
@inproceedings{sennrich-etal-2016-controlling,
    title = "Controlling Politeness in Neural Machine Translation via Side Constraints",
    author = "Sennrich, Rico  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Birch, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1005",
    pages = "35--40",
}
@inproceedings{cherry-2016-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Evaluation of Noise Contrastive Estimation for the Neural Network Joint Model of Translation",
    author = "Cherry, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1006",
    pages = "41--46",
}
@inproceedings{wang-ling-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Network-Based Abstract Generation for Opinions and Arguments",
    author = "Wang, Lu  and
      Ling, Wang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1007",
    pages = "47--57",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-low,
    title = "A Low-Rank Approximation Approach to Learning Joint Embeddings of News Stories and Images for Timeline Summarization",
    author = "Wang, William Yang  and
      Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Radev, Dragomir R.  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1008",
    pages = "58--68",
}
@inproceedings{contractor-etal-2016-entity,
    title = "Entity-balanced {G}aussian p{LSA} for Automated Comparison",
    author = "Contractor, Danish  and
      Singla, Parag  and
      {Mausam}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1009",
    pages = "69--79",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Summarization of Student Course Feedback",
    author = "Luo, Wencan  and
      Liu, Fei  and
      Liu, Zitao  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1010",
    pages = "80--85",
}
@inproceedings{jain-mausam-2016-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-Guided Linguistic Rewrites for Inference Rule Verification",
    author = "Jain, Prachi  and
      {Mausam}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1011",
    pages = "86--92",
}
@inproceedings{chopra-etal-2016-abstractive,
    title = "Abstractive Sentence Summarization with Attentive Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Chopra, Sumit  and
      Auli, Michael  and
      Rush, Alexander M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1012",
    pages = "93--98",
}
@inproceedings{perret-etal-2016-integer,
    title = "Integer Linear Programming for Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Perret, J{\'e}r{\'e}my  and
      Afantenos, Stergos  and
      Asher, Nicholas  and
      Morey, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1013",
    pages = "99--109",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-diversity,
    title = "A Diversity-Promoting Objective Function for Neural Conversation Models",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Galley, Michel  and
      Brockett, Chris  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Dolan, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1014",
    pages = "110--119",
}
@inproceedings{wen-etal-2016-multi,
    title = "Multi-domain Neural Network Language Generation for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Wen, Tsung-Hsien  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Rojas-Barahona, Lina M.  and
      Su, Pei-Hao  and
      Vandyke, David  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1015",
    pages = "120--129",
}
@inproceedings{bertero-fung-2016-long,
    title = "A Long Short-Term Memory Framework for Predicting Humor in Dialogues",
    author = "Bertero, Dario  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1016",
    pages = "130--135",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-conversational,
    title = "Conversational Flow in {O}xford-style Debates",
    author = "Zhang, Justine  and
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      Ravi, Sujith  and
      Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1017",
    pages = "136--141",
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    title = "Counter-fitting Word Vectors to Linguistic Constraints",
    author = "Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      {\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid  and
      Thomson, Blaise  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Rojas-Barahona, Lina M.  and
      Su, Pei-Hao  and
      Vandyke, David  and
      Wen, Tsung-Hsien  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1018",
    pages = "142--148",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2016-grounded,
    title = "Grounded Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Yang, Shaohua  and
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      Liu, Changsong  and
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      Zhu, Song-Chun  and
      Chai, Joyce Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1019",
    pages = "149--159",
}
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    title = "Black Holes and White Rabbits: Metaphor Identification with Visual Features",
    author = "Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Kiela, Douwe  and
      Maillard, Jean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1020",
    pages = "160--170",
}
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    title = "Bridge Correlational Neural Networks for Multilingual Multimodal Representation Learning",
    author = "Rajendran, Janarthanan  and
      Khapra, Mitesh M.  and
      Chandar, Sarath  and
      Ravindran, Balaraman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1021",
    pages = "171--181",
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@inproceedings{gella-etal-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Visual Sense Disambiguation for Verbs using Multimodal Embeddings",
    author = "Gella, Spandana  and
      Lapata, Mirella  and
      Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1022",
    pages = "182--192",
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@inproceedings{yatskar-etal-2016-stating,
    title = "Stating the Obvious: Extracting Visual Common Sense Knowledge",
    author = "Yatskar, Mark  and
      Ordonez, Vicente  and
      Farhadi, Ali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1023",
    pages = "193--198",
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    title = "Recurrent Neural Network Grammars",
    author = "Dyer, Chris  and
      Kuncoro, Adhiguna  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1024",
    pages = "199--209",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2016-expected,
    title = "Expected F-Measure Training for Shift-Reduce Parsing with Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Xu, Wenduan  and
      Auli, Michael  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1025",
    pages = "210--220",
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    title = "LSTM CCG Parsing",
    author = "Lewis, Mike  and
      Lee, Kenton  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
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    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1026",
    pages = "221--231",
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    title = "Supertagging With {LSTM}s",
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      Musa, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1027",
    pages = "232--237",
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    title = "An Empirical Study of Automatic {C}hinese Word Segmentation for Spoken Language Understanding and Named Entity Recognition",
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      Yang, Fan",
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    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
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    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1028",
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    title = "Name Tagging for Low-resource Incident Languages based on Expectation-driven Learning",
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      Pan, Xiaoman  and
      Wang, Tianlu  and
      Vaswani, Ashish  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1029",
    pages = "249--259",
}
@inproceedings{lample-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Architectures for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Lample, Guillaume  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Subramanian, Sandeep  and
      Kawakami, Kazuya  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1030",
    pages = "260--270",
}
@inproceedings{choi-2016-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Feature Induction: The Last Gist to the State-of-the-Art",
    author = "Choi, Jinho D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1031",
    pages = "271--281",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2016-drop,
    title = "Drop-out Conditional Random Fields for Twitter with Huge Mined Gazetteer",
    author = "Yang, Eunsuk  and
      Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Sarikaya, Ruhi  and
      Kim, Yu-Seop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1032",
    pages = "282--288",
}
@inproceedings{yang-mitchell-2016-joint,
    title = "Joint Extraction of Events and Entities within a Document Context",
    author = "Yang, Bishan  and
      Mitchell, Tom M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1033",
    pages = "289--299",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2016-joint,
    title = "Joint Event Extraction via Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Nguyen, Thien Huu  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1034",
    pages = "300--309",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-top,
    title = "Top-down Tree Long Short-Term Memory Networks",
    author = "Zhang, Xingxing  and
      Lu, Liang  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1035",
    pages = "310--320",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2016-recurrent,
    title = "Recurrent Memory Networks for Language Modeling",
    author = "Tran, Ke  and
      Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1036",
    pages = "321--331",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-2016-latent,
    title = "A Latent Variable Recurrent Neural Network for Discourse-Driven Language Models",
    author = "Ji, Yangfeng  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1037",
    pages = "332--342",
}
@inproceedings{abramova-fernandez-2016-questioning,
    title = "Questioning Arbitrariness in Language: a Data-Driven Study of Conventional Iconicity",
    author = "Abramova, Ekaterina  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1038",
    pages = "343--352",
}
@inproceedings{koper-schulte-im-walde-2016-distinguishing,
    title = "Distinguishing Literal and Non-Literal Usage of {G}erman Particle Verbs",
    author = {K{\"o}per, Maximilian  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1039",
    pages = "353--362",
}
@inproceedings{liu-hwa-2016-phrasal,
    title = "Phrasal Substitution of Idiomatic Expressions",
    author = "Liu, Changsheng  and
      Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1040",
    pages = "363--373",
}
@inproceedings{peng-jiang-2016-leverage,
    title = "Leverage Financial News to Predict Stock Price Movements Using Word Embeddings and Deep Neural Networks",
    author = "Peng, Yangtuo  and
      Jiang, Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1041",
    pages = "374--379",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-briscoe-2016-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical error correction using neural machine translation",
    author = "Yuan, Zheng  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1042",
    pages = "380--386",
}
@inproceedings{lazaridou-etal-2016-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Semantic Learning from Child-Directed Input",
    author = "Lazaridou, Angeliki  and
      Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1043",
    pages = "387--392",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2016-recurrent,
    title = "Recurrent Support Vector Machines For Slot Tagging In Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Shi, Yangyang  and
      Yao, Kaisheng  and
      Chen, Hu  and
      Yu, Dong  and
      Pan, Yi-Cheng  and
      Hwang, Mei-Yuh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1044",
    pages = "393--399",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2016-expectation,
    title = "Expectation-Regulated Neural Model for Event Mention Extraction",
    author = "Chang, Ching-Yun  and
      Teng, Zhiyang  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1045",
    pages = "400--410",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-agreement-target,
    title = "Agreement on Target-bidirectional Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Liu, Lemao  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1046",
    pages = "411--416",
}
@inproceedings{girlea-etal-2016-psycholinguistic,
    title = "Psycholinguistic Features for Deceptive Role Detection in Werewolf",
    author = "Girlea, Codruta  and
      Girju, Roxana  and
      Amir, Eyal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1047",
    pages = "417--422",
}
@inproceedings{castro-ferreira-etal-2016-individual,
    title = "Individual Variation in the Choice of Referential Form",
    author = "Castro Ferreira, Thiago  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Wubben, Sander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1048",
    pages = "423--427",
}
@inproceedings{sha-etal-2016-joint,
    title = "Joint Learning Templates and Slots for Event Schema Induction",
    author = "Sha, Lei  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Sui, Zhifang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1049",
    pages = "428--434",
}
@inproceedings{paetzold-specia-2016-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Psycholinguistic Properties of Words",
    author = "Paetzold, Gustavo  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1050",
    pages = "435--440",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-intra,
    title = "Intra-Topic Variability Normalization based on Linear Projection for Topic Classification",
    author = "Liu, Quan  and
      Guo, Wu  and
      Ling, Zhen-Hua  and
      Jiang, Hui  and
      Hu, Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1051",
    pages = "441--446",
}
@inproceedings{ambati-etal-2016-shift,
    title = "Shift-Reduce {CCG} Parsing using Neural Network Models",
    author = "Ambati, Bharat Ram  and
      Deoskar, Tejaswini  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1052",
    pages = "447--453",
}
@inproceedings{krstovski-etal-2016-online,
    title = "Online Multilingual Topic Models with Multi-Level Hyperpriors",
    author = "Krstovski, Kriste  and
      Smith, David  and
      Kurtz, Michael J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1053",
    pages = "454--459",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2016-stranse,
    title = "{ST}rans{E}: a novel embedding model of entities and relationships in knowledge bases",
    author = "Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Sirts, Kairit  and
      Qu, Lizhen  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1054",
    pages = "460--466",
}
@inproceedings{garrette-alpert-abrams-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Model of Orthographic Variation for Historical Document Transcription",
    author = "Garrette, Dan  and
      Alpert-Abrams, Hannah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1055",
    pages = "467--472",
}
@inproceedings{jagannatha-yu-2016-bidirectional,
    title = "Bidirectional {RNN} for Medical Event Detection in Electronic Health Records",
    author = "Jagannatha, Abhyuday N  and
      Yu, Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1056",
    pages = "473--482",
}
@inproceedings{lau-baldwin-2016-sensitivity,
    title = "The Sensitivity of Topic Coherence Evaluation to Topic Cardinality",
    author = "Lau, Jey Han  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1057",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1057",
    pages = "483--487",
}
@inproceedings{puduppully-etal-2016-transition,
    title = "Transition-Based Syntactic Linearization with Lookahead Features",
    author = "Puduppully, Ratish  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1058",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1058",
    pages = "488--493",
}
@inproceedings{kim-lee-2016-recurrent-neural,
    title = "A Recurrent Neural Networks Approach for Estimating the Quality of Machine Translation Output",
    author = "Kim, Hyun  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1059",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1059",
    pages = "494--498",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-2016-symmetric,
    title = "Symmetric Patterns and Coordinations: Fast and Enhanced Representations of Verbs and Adjectives",
    author = "Schwartz, Roy  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1060",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1060",
    pages = "499--505",
}
@inproceedings{fei-liu-2016-breaking,
    title = "Breaking the Closed World Assumption in Text Classification",
    author = "Fei, Geli  and
      Liu, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1061",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1061",
    pages = "506--514",
}
@inproceedings{lee-dernoncourt-2016-sequential,
    title = "Sequential Short-Text Classification with Recurrent and Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Lee, Ji Young  and
      Dernoncourt, Franck",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1062",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1062",
    pages = "515--520",
}
@inproceedings{kurata-etal-2016-improved,
    title = "Improved Neural Network-based Multi-label Classification with Better Initialization Leveraging Label Co-occurrence",
    author = "Kurata, Gakuto  and
      Xiang, Bing  and
      Zhou, Bowen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1063",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1063",
    pages = "521--526",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-learning-distributed,
    title = "Learning Distributed Word Representations For Bidirectional {LSTM} Recurrent Neural Network",
    author = "Wang, Peilu  and
      Qian, Yao  and
      Soong, Frank K.  and
      He, Lei  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1064",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1064",
    pages = "527--533",
}
@inproceedings{vu-etal-2016-combining,
    title = "Combining Recurrent and Convolutional Neural Networks for Relation Classification",
    author = {Vu, Ngoc Thang  and
      Adel, Heike  and
      Gupta, Pankaj  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1065",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1065",
    pages = "534--539",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2016-building,
    title = "Building {C}hinese Affective Resources in Valence-Arousal Dimensions",
    author = "Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Hao, Shuai  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      He, Yunchao  and
      Hu, Jun  and
      Lai, K. Robert  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1066",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1066",
    pages = "540--545",
}
@inproceedings{ahrendt-demberg-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving event prediction by representing script participants",
    author = "Ahrendt, Simon  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1067",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1067",
    pages = "546--551",
}
@inproceedings{quattoni-etal-2016-structured,
    title = "Structured Prediction with Output Embeddings for Semantic Image Annotation",
    author = "Quattoni, Ariadna  and
      Ramisa, Arnau  and
      Madhyastha, Pranava Swaroop  and
      Simo-Serra, Edgar  and
      Moreno-Noguer, Francesc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1068",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1068",
    pages = "552--557",
}
@inproceedings{shah-specia-2016-large,
    title = "Large-scale Multitask Learning for Machine Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Shah, Kashif  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1069",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1069",
    pages = "558--567",
}
@inproceedings{niculae-danescu-niculescu-mizil-2016-conversational,
    title = "Conversational Markers of Constructive Discussions",
    author = "Niculae, Vlad  and
      Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1070",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1070",
    pages = "568--578",
}
@inproceedings{bulat-etal-2016-vision,
    title = "Vision and Feature Norms: Improving automatic feature norm learning through cross-modal maps",
    author = "Bulat, Luana  and
      Kiela, Douwe  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1071",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1071",
    pages = "579--588",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-roth-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Wikification Using Multilingual Embeddings",
    author = "Tsai, Chen-Tse  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1072",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1072",
    pages = "589--598",
}
@inproceedings{mehrotra-etal-2016-deconstructing,
    title = "Deconstructing Complex Search Tasks: a {B}ayesian Nonparametric Approach for Extracting Sub-tasks",
    author = "Mehrotra, Rishabh  and
      Bhattacharya, Prasanta  and
      Yilmaz, Emine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1073",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1073",
    pages = "599--605",
}
@inproceedings{krishnamurthy-2016-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Models for Learning a Semantic Parser Lexicon",
    author = "Krishnamurthy, Jayant",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1074",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1074",
    pages = "606--616",
}
@inproceedings{riedl-biemann-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Compound Splitting With Distributional Semantics Rivals Supervised Methods",
    author = "Riedl, Martin  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1075",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1075",
    pages = "617--622",
}
@inproceedings{rastogi-etal-2016-weighting,
    title = "Weighting Finite-State Transductions With Neural Context",
    author = "Rastogi, Pushpendre  and
      Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1076",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1076",
    pages = "623--633",
}
@inproceedings{faruqui-etal-2016-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Inflection Generation Using Character Sequence to Sequence Learning",
    author = "Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1077",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1077",
    pages = "634--643",
}
@inproceedings{ziering-van-der-plas-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Unsupervised and Language-independent Compound Splitting using Inflectional Morphological Transformations",
    author = "Ziering, Patrick  and
      van der Plas, Lonneke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1078",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1078",
    pages = "644--653",
}
@inproceedings{jaech-etal-2016-phonological,
    title = "Phonological Pun-derstanding",
    author = "Jaech, Aaron  and
      Koncel-Kedziorski, Rik  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1079",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1079",
    pages = "654--663",
}
@inproceedings{cotterell-etal-2016-joint,
    title = "A Joint Model of Orthography and Morphological Segmentation",
    author = {Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Vieira, Tim  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1080",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1080",
    pages = "664--669",
}
@inproceedings{pinter-etal-2016-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Parsing of Web Queries with Question Intent",
    author = "Pinter, Yuval  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Szpektor, Idan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1081",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1081",
    pages = "670--680",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-visualizing,
    title = "Visualizing and Understanding Neural Models in {NLP}",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Chen, Xinlei  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1082",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1082",
    pages = "681--691",
}
@inproceedings{mogadala-rettinger-2016-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Word Embeddings from Parallel and Non-parallel Corpora for Cross-Language Text Classification",
    author = "Mogadala, Aditya  and
      Rettinger, Achim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1083",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1083",
    pages = "692--702",
}
@inproceedings{joty-etal-2016-joint,
    title = "Joint Learning with Global Inference for Comment Classification in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Joty, Shafiq  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1084",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1084",
    pages = "703--713",
}
@inproceedings{muis-lu-2016-weak,
    title = "Weak Semi-{M}arkov {CRF}s for Noun Phrase Chunking in Informal Text",
    author = "Muis, Aldrian Obaja  and
      Lu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1085",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1085",
    pages = "714--719",
}
@inproceedings{mei-etal-2016-talk,
    title = "What to talk about and how? Selective Generation using {LSTM}s with Coarse-to-Fine Alignment",
    author = "Mei, Hongyuan  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Walter, Matthew R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1086",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1086",
    pages = "720--730",
}
@inproceedings{flanigan-etal-2016-generation,
    title = "Generation from Abstract Meaning Representation using Tree Transducers",
    author = "Flanigan, Jeffrey  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Smith, Noah A.  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1087",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1087",
    pages = "731--739",
}
@inproceedings{haas-riezler-2016-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus and Semantic Parser for Multilingual Natural Language Querying of {O}pen{S}treet{M}ap",
    author = "Haas, Carolin  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1088",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1088",
    pages = "740--750",
}
@inproceedings{bisk-etal-2016-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Communication with Robots",
    author = "Bisk, Yonatan  and
      Yuret, Deniz  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1089",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1089",
    pages = "751--761",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2016-inter,
    title = "Inter-document Contextual Language model",
    author = "Tran, Quan Hung  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1090",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1090",
    pages = "762--766",
}
@inproceedings{rothe-etal-2016-ultradense,
    title = "Ultradense Word Embeddings by Orthogonal Transformation",
    author = {Rothe, Sascha  and
      Ebert, Sebastian  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1091",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1091",
    pages = "767--777",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-etal-2016-separating,
    title = "Separating Actor-View from Speaker-View Opinion Expressions using Linguistic Features",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Schulder, Marc  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1092",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1092",
    pages = "778--788",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2016-clustering-simultaneous,
    title = "Clustering for Simultaneous Extraction of Aspects and Features from Reviews",
    author = "Chen, Lu  and
      Martineau, Justin  and
      Cheng, Doreen  and
      Sheth, Amit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1093",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1093",
    pages = "789--799",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-etal-2016-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Holder and Target Extraction on Opinion Compounds {--} A Linguistic Approach",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Bocionek, Christine  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1094",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1094",
    pages = "800--810",
}
@inproceedings{kiritchenko-mohammad-2016-capturing,
    title = "Capturing Reliable Fine-Grained Sentiment Associations by Crowdsourcing and Best{--}Worst Scaling",
    author = "Kiritchenko, Svetlana  and
      Mohammad, Saif M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1095",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1095",
    pages = "811--817",
}
@inproceedings{wijaya-mitchell-2016-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Verbs in Different Languages to Knowledge Base Relations using Web Text as Interlingua",
    author = "Wijaya, Derry Tanti  and
      Mitchell, Tom M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1096",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1096",
    pages = "818--827",
}
@inproceedings{adel-etal-2016-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Convolutional Neural Networks to Traditional Models for Slot Filling",
    author = {Adel, Heike  and
      Roth, Benjamin  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1097",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1097",
    pages = "828--838",
}
@inproceedings{mostafazadeh-etal-2016-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus and Cloze Evaluation for Deeper Understanding of Commonsense Stories",
    author = "Mostafazadeh, Nasrin  and
      Chambers, Nathanael  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Parikh, Devi  and
      Batra, Dhruv  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy  and
      Kohli, Pushmeet  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1098",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1098",
    pages = "839--849",
}
@inproceedings{kobayashi-etal-2016-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Entity Representation with Max-pooling Improves Machine Reading",
    author = "Kobayashi, Sosuke  and
      Tian, Ran  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1099",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1099",
    pages = "850--855",
}
@inproceedings{beck-etal-2016-speed,
    title = "Speed-Constrained Tuning for Statistical Machine Translation Using {B}ayesian Optimization",
    author = "Beck, Daniel  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Iglesias, Gonzalo  and
      Waite, Aurelien  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1100",
    pages = "856--865",
}
@inproceedings{firat-etal-2016-multi,
    title = "Multi-Way, Multilingual Neural Machine Translation with a Shared Attention Mechanism",
    author = "Firat, Orhan  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Bengio, Yoshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1101",
    pages = "866--875",
}
@inproceedings{cohn-etal-2016-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Structural Alignment Biases into an Attentional Neural Translation Model",
    author = "Cohn, Trevor  and
      Hoang, Cong Duy Vu  and
      Vymolova, Ekaterina  and
      Yao, Kaisheng  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1102",
    pages = "876--885",
}
@inproceedings{verga-etal-2016-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Relation Extraction using Compositional Universal Schema",
    author = "Verga, Patrick  and
      Belanger, David  and
      Strubell, Emma  and
      Roth, Benjamin  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1103",
    pages = "886--896",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-effective,
    title = "Effective Crowd Annotation for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Liu, Angli  and
      Soderland, Stephen  and
      Bragg, Jonathan  and
      Lin, Christopher H.  and
      Ling, Xiao  and
      Weld, Daniel S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1104",
    pages = "897--906",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-etal-2016-translation,
    title = "A Translation-Based Knowledge Graph Embedding Preserving Logical Property of Relations",
    author = "Yoon, Hee-Geun  and
      Song, Hyun-Je  and
      Park, Seong-Bae  and
      Park, Se-Young",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1105",
    pages = "907--916",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2016-dag,
    title = "{DAG}-Structured Long Short-Term Memory for Semantic Compositionality",
    author = "Zhu, Xiaodan  and
      Sobhani, Parinaz  and
      Guo, Hongyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1106",
    pages = "917--926",
}
@inproceedings{sultan-etal-2016-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Supervised Domain Adaptation for Short Text Similarity",
    author = "Sultan, Md Arafat  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Sumner, Tamara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1107",
    pages = "927--936",
}
@inproceedings{he-lin-2016-pairwise,
    title = "Pairwise Word Interaction Modeling with Deep Neural Networks for Semantic Similarity Measurement",
    author = "He, Hua  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1108",
    pages = "937--948",
}
@inproceedings{duong-etal-2016-attentional,
    title = "An Attentional Model for Speech Translation Without Transcription",
    author = "Duong, Long  and
      Anastasopoulos, Antonios  and
      Chiang, David  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1109",
    pages = "949--959",
}
@inproceedings{rubino-etal-2016-information,
    title = "Information Density and Quality Estimation Features as Translationese Indicators for Human Translation Classification",
    author = "Rubino, Raphael  and
      Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1110",
    pages = "960--970",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2016-interpretese,
    title = "Interpretese vs. Translationese: The Uniqueness of Human Strategies in Simultaneous Interpretation",
    author = "He, He  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1111",
    pages = "971--976",
}
@inproceedings{cui-etal-2016-lstm,
    title = "{LSTM} Neural Reordering Feature for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Cui, Yiming  and
      Wang, Shijin  and
      Li, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1112",
    pages = "977--982",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-novel,
    title = "A Novel Approach to Dropped Pronoun Translation",
    author = "Wang, Longyue  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Zhang, Xiaojun  and
      Li, Hang  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1113",
    pages = "983--993",
}
@inproceedings{wiseman-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Global Features for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Wiseman, Sam  and
      Rush, Alexander M.  and
      Shieber, Stuart M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1114",
    pages = "994--1004",
}
@inproceedings{moosavi-strube-2016-search,
    title = "Search Space Pruning: A Simple Solution for Better Coreference Resolvers",
    author = "Moosavi, Nafise Sadat  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1115",
    pages = "1005--1011",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Ranking Model for Entity Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Ma, Xuezhe  and
      Liu, Zhengzhong  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1116",
    pages = "1012--1018",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2016-embedding,
    title = "Embedding Lexical Features via Low-Rank Tensors",
    author = "Yu, Mo  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Arora, Raman  and
      Gormley, Matthew R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1117",
    pages = "1019--1029",
}
@inproceedings{melamud-etal-2016-role,
    title = "The Role of Context Types and Dimensionality in Learning Word Embeddings",
    author = "Melamud, Oren  and
      McClosky, David  and
      Patwardhan, Siddharth  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1118",
    pages = "1030--1040",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2016-improve,
    title = "Improve {C}hinese Word Embeddings by Exploiting Internal Structure",
    author = "Xu, Jian  and
      Liu, Jiawei  and
      Zhang, Liangang  and
      Li, Zhengyu  and
      Chen, Huanhuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1119",
    pages = "1041--1050",
}
@inproceedings{ambati-etal-2016-assessing,
    title = "Assessing Relative Sentence Complexity using an Incremental {CCG} Parser",
    author = "Ambati, Bharat Ram  and
      Reddy, Siva  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1120",
    pages = "1051--1057",
}
@inproceedings{lacroix-etal-2016-frustratingly,
    title = "Frustratingly Easy Cross-Lingual Transfer for Transition-Based Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Lacroix, Oph{\'e}lie  and
      Aufrant, Lauriane  and
      Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1121",
    pages = "1058--1063",
}
@inproceedings{dredze-etal-2016-geolocation,
    title = "Geolocation for Twitter: Timing Matters",
    author = "Dredze, Mark  and
      Osborne, Miles  and
      Kambadur, Prabhanjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1122",
    pages = "1064--1069",
}
@inproceedings{sultan-etal-2016-fast,
    title = "Fast and Easy Short Answer Grading with High Accuracy",
    author = "Sultan, Md Arafat  and
      Salazar, Cristobal  and
      Sumner, Tamara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1123",
    pages = "1070--1075",
}
@inproceedings{kyaw-thu-etal-2016-interlocking,
    title = "Interlocking Phrases in Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Kyaw Thu, Ye  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1124",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1124",
    pages = "1076--1081",
}
@inproceedings{sajjad-etal-2016-eyes,
    title = "Eyes Don{'}t Lie: Predicting Machine Translation Quality Using Eye Movement",
    author = "Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Guzm{\'a}n, Francisco  and
      Durrani, Nadir  and
      Abdelali, Ahmed  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Temnikova, Irina  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1125",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1125",
    pages = "1082--1088",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2016-making,
    title = "Making Dependency Labeling Simple, Fast and Accurate",
    author = "Shen, Tianxiao  and
      Lei, Tao  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1126",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1126",
    pages = "1089--1094",
}
@inproceedings{constant-etal-2016-deep,
    title = "Deep Lexical Segmentation and Syntactic Parsing in the Easy-First Dependency Framework",
    author = "Constant, Matthieu  and
      Le Roux, Joseph  and
      Tomeh, Nadi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1127",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1127",
    pages = "1095--1101",
}
@inproceedings{kiritchenko-mohammad-2016-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Composition of Words with Opposing Polarities",
    author = "Kiritchenko, Svetlana  and
      Mohammad, Saif M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1128",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1128",
    pages = "1102--1108",
}
@inproceedings{filice-moschitti-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning to Recognize Ancillary Information for Automatic Paraphrase Identification",
    author = "Filice, Simone  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1129",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1129",
    pages = "1109--1114",
}
@inproceedings{jorgensen-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning a {POS} tagger for {AAVE}-like language",
    author = "J{\o}rgensen, Anna  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1130",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1130",
    pages = "1115--1120",
}
@inproceedings{roller-erk-2016-pic,
    title = "{PIC} a Different Word: A Simple Model for Lexical Substitution in Context",
    author = "Roller, Stephen  and
      Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1131",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1131",
    pages = "1121--1126",
}
@inproceedings{krstovski-smith-2016-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Translation Detection and Sentence Extraction from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Krstovski, Kriste  and
      Smith, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1132",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1132",
    pages = "1127--1132",
}
@inproceedings{mizumoto-matsumoto-2016-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Reranking for Grammatical Error Correction with Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Mizumoto, Tomoya  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1133",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1133",
    pages = "1133--1138",
}
@inproceedings{booten-hearst-2016-patterns,
    title = "Patterns of Wisdom: Discourse-Level Style in Multi-Sentence Quotations",
    author = "Booten, Kyle  and
      Hearst, Marti A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1134",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1134",
    pages = "1139--1144",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-nagata-2016-right,
    title = "Right-truncatable Neural Word Embeddings",
    author = "Suzuki, Jun  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1135",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1135",
    pages = "1145--1151",
}
@inproceedings{koncel-kedziorski-etal-2016-mawps,
    title = "{MAWPS}: A Math Word Problem Repository",
    author = "Koncel-Kedziorski, Rik  and
      Roy, Subhro  and
      Amini, Aida  and
      Kushman, Nate  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1136",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1136",
    pages = "1152--1157",
}
@inproceedings{li-ji-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-genre Event Extraction with Knowledge Enrichment",
    author = "Li, Hao  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1137",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1137",
    pages = "1158--1162",
}
@inproceedings{ferreira-vlachos-2016-emergent,
    title = "{E}mergent: a novel data-set for stance classification",
    author = "Ferreira, William  and
      Vlachos, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1138",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1138",
    pages = "1163--1168",
}
@inproceedings{dehdari-etal-2016-bira,
    title = "{BIRA}: Improved Predictive Exchange Word Clustering",
    author = "Dehdari, Jon  and
      Tan, Liling  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1139",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1139",
    pages = "1169--1174",
}
@inproceedings{salameh-etal-2016-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Morphological Desegmentation into Phrase-based Decoding",
    author = "Salameh, Mohammad  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1140",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1140",
    pages = "1175--1180",
}
@inproceedings{li-nenkova-2016-instantiation,
    title = "The Instantiation Discourse Relation: A Corpus Analysis of Its Properties and Improved Detection",
    author = "Li, Junyi Jessy  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1141",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1141",
    pages = "1181--1186",
}
@inproceedings{vyas-carpuat-2016-sparse,
    title = "Sparse Bilingual Word Representations for Cross-lingual Lexical Entailment",
    author = "Vyas, Yogarshi  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1142",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1142",
    pages = "1187--1197",
}
@inproceedings{weissenbacher-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Prediction of Linguistic Decline in Writings of Subjects with Degenerative Dementia",
    author = "Weissenbacher, Davy  and
      Johnson, Travis A.  and
      Wojtulewicz, Laura  and
      Dueck, Amylou  and
      Locke, Dona  and
      Caselli, Richard  and
      Gonzalez, Graciela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1143",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1143",
    pages = "1198--1207",
}
@inproceedings{rodriguez-etal-2016-consensus,
    title = "Consensus Maximization Fusion of Probabilistic Information Extractors",
    author = "Rodr{\'\i}guez, Miguel  and
      Goldberg, Sean  and
      Wang, Daisy Zhe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1144",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1144",
    pages = "1208--1216",
}
@inproceedings{zoph-etal-2016-simple,
    title = "Simple, Fast Noise-Contrastive Estimation for Large {RNN} Vocabularies",
    author = "Zoph, Barret  and
      Vaswani, Ashish  and
      May, Jonathan  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1145",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1145",
    pages = "1217--1222",
}
@inproceedings{qadir-etal-2016-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Inferring Implicit Properties in Similes",
    author = "Qadir, Ashequl  and
      Riloff, Ellen  and
      Walker, Marilyn A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1146",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1146",
    pages = "1223--1232",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2016-visual,
    title = "Visual Storytelling",
    author = "Huang, Ting-Hao Kenneth  and
      Ferraro, Francis  and
      Mostafazadeh, Nasrin  and
      Misra, Ishan  and
      Agrawal, Aishwarya  and
      Devlin, Jacob  and
      Girshick, Ross  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Kohli, Pushmeet  and
      Batra, Dhruv  and
      Zitnick, C. Lawrence  and
      Parikh, Devi  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy  and
      Galley, Michel  and
      Mitchell, Margaret",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1147",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1147",
    pages = "1233--1239",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2016-primt,
    title = "{PRIMT}: A Pick-Revise Framework for Interactive Machine Translation",
    author = "Cheng, Shanbo  and
      Huang, Shujian  and
      Chen, Huadong  and
      Dai, Xin-Yu  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1148",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1148",
    pages = "1240--1249",
}
@inproceedings{hoang-etal-2016-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Side Information into Recurrent Neural Network Language Models",
    author = "Hoang, Cong Duy Vu  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1149",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1149",
    pages = "1250--1255",
}
@inproceedings{francis-landau-etal-2016-capturing,
    title = "Capturing Semantic Similarity for Entity Linking with Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Francis-Landau, Matthew  and
      Durrett, Greg  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1150",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1150",
    pages = "1256--1261",
}
@inproceedings{vu-parker-2016-k,
    title = "$K$-Embeddings: Learning Conceptual Embeddings for Words using Context",
    author = "Vu, Thuy  and
      Parker, D. Stott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1151",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1151",
    pages = "1262--1267",
}
@inproceedings{tymoshenko-etal-2016-convolutional,
    title = "Convolutional Neural Networks vs. Convolution Kernels: Feature Engineering for Answer Sentence Reranking",
    author = "Tymoshenko, Kateryna  and
      Bonadiman, Daniele  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1152",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1152",
    pages = "1268--1278",
}
@inproceedings{lei-etal-2016-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Question Retrieval with Gated Convolutions",
    author = "Lei, Tao  and
      Joshi, Hrishikesh  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Jaakkola, Tommi  and
      Tymoshenko, Kateryna  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1153",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1153",
    pages = "1279--1289",
}
@inproceedings{bogdanova-foster-2016-answer,
    title = "This is how we do it: Answer Reranking for Open-domain How Questions with Paragraph Vectors and Minimal Feature Engineering",
    author = "Bogdanova, Dasha  and
      Foster, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1154",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1154",
    pages = "1290--1295",
}
@inproceedings{gillick-etal-2016-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Language Processing From Bytes",
    author = "Gillick, Dan  and
      Brunk, Cliff  and
      Vinyals, Oriol  and
      Subramanya, Amarnag",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1155",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1155",
    pages = "1296--1306",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-ten,
    title = "Ten Pairs to Tag {--} Multilingual {POS} Tagging via Coarse Mapping between Embeddings",
    author = "Zhang, Yuan  and
      Gaddy, David  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Jaakkola, Tommi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1156",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1156",
    pages = "1307--1317",
}
@inproceedings{yang-eisenstein-2016-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Tagging for Historical {E}nglish",
    author = "Yang, Yi  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1157",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1157",
    pages = "1318--1328",
}
@inproceedings{murawaki-2016-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Modeling of Creole Genesis",
    author = "Murawaki, Yugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1158",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1158",
    pages = "1329--1339",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-etal-2016-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Parsing Pipeline - {H}indi-{E}nglish Code-Mixed Social Media Text",
    author = "Sharma, Arnav  and
      Gupta, Sakshi  and
      Motlani, Raveesh  and
      Bansal, Piyush  and
      Shrivastava, Manish  and
      Mamidi, Radhika  and
      Sharma, Dipti M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1159",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1159",
    pages = "1340--1345",
}
@inproceedings{suster-etal-2016-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Learning of Multi-sense Embeddings with Discrete Autoencoders",
    author = "{\v{S}}uster, Simon  and
      Titov, Ivan  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1160",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1160",
    pages = "1346--1356",
}
@inproceedings{tsvetkov-etal-2016-polyglot,
    title = "Polyglot Neural Language Models: A Case Study in Cross-Lingual Phonetic Representation Learning",
    author = "Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Sitaram, Sunayana  and
      Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Lample, Guillaume  and
      Littell, Patrick  and
      Mortensen, David  and
      Black, Alan W  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1161",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1161",
    pages = "1357--1366",
}
@inproceedings{hill-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Distributed Representations of Sentences from Unlabelled Data",
    author = "Hill, Felix  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1162",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1162",
    pages = "1367--1377",
}
@inproceedings{ettinger-etal-2016-retrofitting,
    title = "Retrofitting Sense-Specific Word Vectors Using Parallel Text",
    author = "Ettinger, Allyson  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1163",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1163",
    pages = "1378--1383",
}
@inproceedings{persing-ng-2016-end,
    title = "End-to-End Argumentation Mining in Student Essays",
    author = "Persing, Isaac  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1164",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1164",
    pages = "1384--1394",
}
@inproceedings{al-khatib-etal-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-Domain Mining of Argumentative Text through Distant Supervision",
    author = {Al-Khatib, Khalid  and
      Wachsmuth, Henning  and
      Hagen, Matthias  and
      K{\"o}hler, Jonas  and
      Stein, Benno},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1165",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1165",
    pages = "1395--1404",
}
@inproceedings{cano-basave-he-2016-study,
    title = "A Study of the Impact of Persuasive Argumentation in Political Debates",
    author = "Cano-Basave, Amparo Elizabeth  and
      He, Yulan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1166",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1166",
    pages = "1405--1413",
}
@inproceedings{mesgar-strube-2016-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Coherence Graph Modeling Using Word Embeddings",
    author = "Mesgar, Mohsen  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1167",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1167",
    pages = "1414--1423",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-litman-2016-using,
    title = "Using Context to Predict the Purpose of Argumentative Writing Revisions",
    author = "Zhang, Fan  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1168",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1168",
    pages = "1424--1430",
}
@inproceedings{blanco-sarabi-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation and Scoring of Positive Interpretations from Negated Statements",
    author = "Blanco, Eduardo  and
      Sarabi, Zahra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1169",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1169",
    pages = "1431--1441",
}
@inproceedings{wang-jiang-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Natural Language Inference with {LSTM}",
    author = "Wang, Shuohang  and
      Jiang, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1170",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1170",
    pages = "1442--1451",
}
@inproceedings{qadir-etal-2016-activity,
    title = "Activity Modeling in Email",
    author = "Qadir, Ashequl  and
      Gamon, Michael  and
      Pantel, Patrick  and
      Awadallah, Ahmed Hassan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1171",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1171",
    pages = "1452--1462",
}
@inproceedings{cocos-callison-burch-2016-clustering,
    title = "Clustering Paraphrases by Word Sense",
    author = "Cocos, Anne  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1172",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1172",
    pages = "1463--1472",
}
@inproceedings{schenk-chiarcos-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Prototypical Fillers for Implicit Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Schenk, Niko  and
      Chiarcos, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1173",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1173",
    pages = "1473--1479",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2016-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Attention Networks for Document Classification",
    author = "Yang, Zichao  and
      Yang, Diyi  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Smola, Alex  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1174",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1174",
    pages = "1480--1489",
}
@inproceedings{komninos-manandhar-2016-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Based Embeddings for Sentence Classification Tasks",
    author = "Komninos, Alexandros  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1175",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1175",
    pages = "1490--1500",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2016-deep,
    title = "Deep {LSTM} based Feature Mapping for Query Classification",
    author = "Shi, Yangyang  and
      Yao, Kaisheng  and
      Tian, Le  and
      Jiang, Daxin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1176",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1176",
    pages = "1501--1511",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Sensitive Convolutional Neural Networks for Modeling Sentences and Documents",
    author = "Zhang, Rui  and
      Lee, Honglak  and
      Radev, Dragomir R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1177",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1177",
    pages = "1512--1521",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-mgnc,
    title = "{MGNC}-{CNN}: A Simple Approach to Exploiting Multiple Word Embeddings for Sentence Classification",
    author = "Zhang, Ye  and
      Roller, Stephen  and
      Wallace, Byron C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1178",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1178",
    pages = "1522--1527",
}
@inproceedings{klerke-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving sentence compression by learning to predict gaze",
    author = "Klerke, Sigrid  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1179",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1179",
    pages = "1528--1533",
}
@inproceedings{iyyer-etal-2016-feuding,
    title = "Feuding Families and Former {F}riends: Unsupervised Learning for Dynamic Fictional Relationships",
    author = "Iyyer, Mohit  and
      Guha, Anupam  and
      Chaturvedi, Snigdha  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1180",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1180",
    pages = "1534--1544",
}
@inproceedings{andreas-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning to Compose Neural Networks for Question Answering",
    author = "Andreas, Jacob  and
      Rohrbach, Marcus  and
      Darrell, Trevor  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1181",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-1181",
    pages = "1545--1554",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2016-naacl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} Student Research Workshop",
    author = "Andreas, Jacob  and
      Choi, Eunsol  and
      Lazaridou, Angeliki",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-2",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2016-end,
    title = "An End-to-end Approach to Learning Semantic Frames with Feedforward Neural Network",
    author = "Feng, Yukun  and
      Xu, Yipei  and
      Yu, Dong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-2001",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{gladkova-etal-2016-analogy,
    title = "Analogy-based detection of morphological and semantic relations with word embeddings: what works and what doesn{'}t.",
    author = "Gladkova, Anna  and
      Drozd, Aleksandr  and
      Matsuoka, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-2002",
    pages = "8--15",
}
@inproceedings{chow-2016-argument,
    title = "Argument Identification in {C}hinese Editorials",
    author = "Chow, Marisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-2003",
    pages = "16--21",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-karnick-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic tagging and retrieval of E-Commerce products based on visual features",
    author = "Sharma, Vasu  and
      Karnick, Harish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-2004",
    pages = "22--28",
}
@inproceedings{gemechu-etal-2016-combining,
    title = "Combining syntactic patterns and {W}ikipedia{'}s hierarchy of hyperlinks to extract meronym relations",
    author = "Gemechu, Debela Tesfaye  and
      Zock, Michael  and
      Teferra, Solomon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-2005",
    pages = "29--36",
}
@inproceedings{hintz-2016-data,
    title = "Data-driven Paraphrasing and Stylistic Harmonization",
    author = "Hintz, Gerold",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-2006",
    pages = "37--44",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting {``}Smart{''} Spammers on Social Network: A Topic Model Approach",
    author = "Liu, Linqing  and
      Lu, Yao  and
      Luo, Ye  and
      Zhang, Renxian  and
      Itti, Laurent  and
      Lu, Jianwei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-2007",
    pages = "45--50",
}
@inproceedings{motlani-2016-developing,
    title = "Developing language technology tools and resources for a resource-poor language: {S}indhi",
    author = "Motlani, Raveesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-2008",
    pages = "51--58",
}
@inproceedings{binoun-etal-2016-effects,
    title = "Effects of Communicative Pressures on Novice {L}2 Learners{'} Use of Optional Formal Devices",
    author = "Binoun, Yoav  and
      Delogu, Francesca  and
      Greenberg, Clayton  and
      Mozuraitis, Mindaugas  and
      Crocker, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-2009",
    pages = "59--65",
}
@inproceedings{jain-sharma-2016-explicit,
    title = "Explicit Argument Identification for Discourse Parsing In {H}indi: A Hybrid Pipeline",
    author = "Jain, Rohit  and
      Sharma, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-2010",
    pages = "66--72",
}
@inproceedings{liew-turtle-2016-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Fine-Grained Emotion Detection in Tweets",
    author = "Liew, Jasy Suet Yan  and
      Turtle, Howard R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-2011",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2016-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Bilingual Technical Terms for {C}hinese-{J}apanese Patent Translation",
    author = "Yang, Wei  and
      Yan, Jinghui  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-2012",
    pages = "81--87",
}
@inproceedings{waseem-hovy-2016-hateful,
    title = "Hateful Symbols or Hateful People? Predictive Features for Hate Speech Detection on Twitter",
    author = "Waseem, Zeerak  and
      Hovy, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-2013",
    pages = "88--93",
}
@inproceedings{j-kurisinkel-etal-2016-non,
    title = "Non-decreasing Sub-modular Function for Comprehensible Summarization",
    author = "J Kurisinkel, Litton  and
      Mishra, Pruthwik  and
      Muralidaran, Vigneshwaran  and
      Varma, Vasudeva  and
      Misra Sharma, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-2014",
    pages = "94--101",
}
@inproceedings{lamont-washington-2016-phylogenetic,
    title = "Phylogenetic simulations over constraint-based grammar formalisms",
    author = "Lamont, Andrew  and
      Washington, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-2015",
    pages = "102--108",
}
@inproceedings{jain-2016-question,
    title = "Question Answering over Knowledge Base using Factual Memory Networks",
    author = "Jain, Sarthak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-2016",
    pages = "109--115",
}
@inproceedings{currey-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using Related Languages to Enhance Statistical Language Models",
    author = "Currey, Anna  and
      Karakanta, Alina  and
      Dehdari, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-2017",
    pages = "116--123",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2016-2016-north,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    author = "DeNero, John  and
      Finlayson, Mark  and
      Reddy, Sravana",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3",
}
@inproceedings{zeldes-2016-rstweb,
    title = "rst{W}eb - A Browser-based Annotation Interface for Rhetorical Structure Theory and Discourse Relations",
    author = "Zeldes, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3001",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2016-instant,
    title = "Instant Feedback for Increasing the Presence of Solutions in Peer Reviews",
    author = "Nguyen, Huy  and
      Xiong, Wenting  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3002",
    pages = "6--10",
}
@inproceedings{abdelali-etal-2016-farasa,
    title = "{F}arasa: A Fast and Furious Segmenter for {A}rabic",
    author = "Abdelali, Ahmed  and
      Darwish, Kareem  and
      Durrani, Nadir  and
      Mubarak, Hamdy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3003",
    pages = "11--16",
}
@inproceedings{abdelali-etal-2016-iappraise,
    title = "i{A}ppraise: A Manual Machine Translation Evaluation Environment Supporting Eye-tracking",
    author = "Abdelali, Ahmed  and
      Durrani, Nadir  and
      Guzm{\'a}n, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3004",
    pages = "17--21",
}
@inproceedings{lee-goldsmith-2016-linguistica,
    title = "Linguistica 5: Unsupervised Learning of Linguistic Structure",
    author = "Lee, Jackson  and
      Goldsmith, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3005",
    pages = "22--26",
}
@inproceedings{yvon-etal-2016-transread,
    title = "{T}rans{R}ead: Designing a Bilingual Reading Experience with Machine Translation Technologies",
    author = "Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Xu, Yong  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Pillias, Cl{\'e}ment  and
      Cubaud, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3006",
    pages = "27--31",
}
@inproceedings{artstein-etal-2016-new,
    title = "New Dimensions in Testimony Demonstration",
    author = "Artstein, Ron  and
      Gainer, Alesia  and
      Georgila, Kallirroi  and
      Leuski, Anton  and
      Shapiro, Ari  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3007",
    pages = "32--36",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-argrewrite,
    title = "{A}rg{R}ewrite: A Web-based Revision Assistant for Argumentative Writings",
    author = "Zhang, Fan  and
      Hwa, Rebecca  and
      Litman, Diane  and
      Hashemi, Homa B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3008",
    pages = "37--41",
}
@inproceedings{dehdari-etal-2016-scaling,
    title = "Scaling Up Word Clustering",
    author = "Dehdari, Jon  and
      Tan, Liling  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3009",
    pages = "42--46",
}
@inproceedings{crook-etal-2016-task,
    title = "Task Completion Platform: A self-serve multi-domain goal oriented dialogue platform",
    author = "Crook, Paul  and
      Marin, Alex  and
      Agarwal, Vipul  and
      Aggarwal, Khushboo  and
      Anastasakos, Tasos  and
      Bikkula, Ravi  and
      Boies, Daniel  and
      Celikyilmaz, Asli  and
      Chandramohan, Senthilkumar  and
      Feizollahi, Zhaleh  and
      Holenstein, Roman  and
      Jeong, Minwoo  and
      Khan, Omar  and
      Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Krawczyk, Elizabeth  and
      Liu, Xiaohu  and
      Panic, Danko  and
      Radostev, Vasiliy  and
      Ramesh, Nikhil  and
      Robichaud, Jean-Phillipe  and
      Rochette, Alexandre  and
      Stromberg, Logan  and
      Sarikaya, Ruhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3010",
    pages = "47--51",
}
@inproceedings{roy-roth-2016-illinois,
    title = "{I}llinois Math Solver: Math Reasoning on the Web",
    author = "Roy, Subhro  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3011",
    pages = "52--56",
}
@inproceedings{pusse-etal-2016-lingoturk,
    title = "{L}ingo{T}urk: managing crowdsourced tasks for psycholinguistics",
    author = "Pusse, Florian  and
      Sayeed, Asad  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3012",
    pages = "57--61",
}
@inproceedings{napoles-etal-2016-sentential,
    title = "Sentential Paraphrasing as Black-Box Machine Translation",
    author = "Napoles, Courtney  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Post, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3013",
    pages = "62--66",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2016-tag,
    title = "A Tag-based {E}nglish Math Word Problem Solver with Understanding, Reasoning and Explanation",
    author = "Liang, Chao-Chun  and
      Hsu, Kuang-Yi  and
      Huang, Chien-Tsung  and
      Li, Chung-Min  and
      Miao, Shen-Yu  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3014",
    pages = "67--71",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross-media Event Extraction and Recommendation",
    author = "Lu, Di  and
      Voss, Clare  and
      Tao, Fangbo  and
      Ren, Xiang  and
      Guan, Rachel  and
      Korolov, Rostyslav  and
      Zhang, Tongtao  and
      Wang, Dongang  and
      Li, Hongzhi  and
      Cassidy, Taylor  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Chang, Shih-fu  and
      Han, Jiawei  and
      Wallace, William  and
      Hendler, James  and
      Si, Mei  and
      Kaplan, Lance",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3015",
    pages = "72--76",
}
@inproceedings{bhatt-etal-2016-soda,
    title = "{SODA}:Service Oriented Domain Adaptation Architecture for Microblog Categorization",
    author = "Bhatt, Himanshu Sharad  and
      Dandapat, Sandipan  and
      Balaji, Peddamuthu  and
      Roy, Shourya  and
      Jat, Sharmistha  and
      Semwal, Deepali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3016",
    pages = "77--81",
}
@inproceedings{muller-etal-2016-lecture,
    title = "Lecture Translator - Speech translation framework for simultaneous lecture translation",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Markus  and
      Nguyen, Thai Son  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Cho, Eunah  and
      Kr{\"u}ger, Bastian  and
      Ha, Thanh-Le  and
      Kilgour, Kevin  and
      Sperber, Matthias  and
      Mediani, Mohammed  and
      St{\"u}ker, Sebastian  and
      Waibel, Alex},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3017",
    pages = "82--86",
}
@inproceedings{fung-etal-2016-zara,
    title = "{Z}ara The {S}upergirl: An Empathetic Personality Recognition System",
    author = "Fung, Pascale  and
      Dey, Anik  and
      Siddique, Farhad Bin  and
      Lin, Ruixi  and
      Yang, Yang  and
      Wan, Yan  and
      Chan, Ho Yin Ricky",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3018",
    pages = "87--91",
}
@inproceedings{mohanty-etal-2016-kathaa-visual,
    title = "{K}athaa: A Visual Programming Framework for {NLP} Applications",
    author = "Mohanty, Sharada Prasanna  and
      Wani, Nehal J  and
      Srivastava, Manish  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3019",
    pages = "92--96",
}
@inproceedings{ribeiro-etal-2016-trust,
    title = "{``}Why Should {I} Trust You?{''}: Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifier",
    author = "Ribeiro, Marco  and
      Singh, Sameer  and
      Guestrin, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-3020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-3020",
    pages = "97--101",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2016-2016-north-american,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    author = "Bansal, Mohit  and
      Rush, Alexander M.",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-4000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-4",
}
@inproceedings{flickinger-etal-2016-english,
    title = "{E}nglish Resource Semantics",
    author = "Flickinger, Dan  and
      Bender, Emily M.  and
      Packard, Woodley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-4001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-4001",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{khapra-chandar-2016-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Multimodal Language Processing Using Neural Networks",
    author = "Khapra, Mitesh M  and
      Chandar, Sarath",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-4002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-4002",
    pages = "6--7",
}
@inproceedings{yih-ma-2016-question,
    title = "Question Answering with Knowledge Base, Web and Beyond",
    author = "Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Ma, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-4003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-4003",
    pages = "8--10",
}
@inproceedings{lu-li-2016-recent,
    title = "Recent Progress in Deep Learning for {NLP}",
    author = "Lu, Zhengdong  and
      Li, Hang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-4004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-4004",
    pages = "11--13",
}
@inproceedings{wang-cohen-2016-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Statistical Relational Learning for {NLP}",
    author = "Wang, William Yang  and
      Cohen, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-4005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-4005",
    pages = "14--16",
}
@inproceedings{bhattacharyya-etal-2016-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation between Related Languages",
    author = "Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Khapra, Mitesh M.  and
      Kunchukuttan, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-4006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N16-4006",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-global,
    title = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    author = "Orav, Heili  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
}
@inproceedings{aliabadi-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Building {K}urd{N}et, the {K}urdish {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Aliabadi, Purya  and
      Ahmadi, Mohammad Sina  and
      Salavati, Shahin  and
      Esmaili, Kyumars Sheykh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0101",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{oliver-2014-wn,
    title = "{WN}-Toolkit: Automatic generation of {W}ord{N}ets following the expand model",
    author = "Oliver, Antoni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0102",
    pages = "7--15",
}
@inproceedings{oliveira-gomes-2014-onto,
    title = "{O}nto.{PT}: recent developments of a large public domain {P}ortuguese wordnet",
    author = "Oliveira, Hugo Gon{\c{c}}alo  and
      Gomes, Paulo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0103",
    pages = "16--22",
}
@inproceedings{hajnicz-2014-lexico,
    title = "Lexico-Semantic Annotation of Sk{\l}adnica Treebank by means of {PLWN} Lexical Units",
    author = "Hajnicz, El{\.z}bieta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0104",
    pages = "23--31",
}
@inproceedings{pradet-etal-2014-wonef,
    title = "{W}o{N}e{F}, an improved, expanded and evaluated automatic {F}rench translation of {W}ord{N}et",
    author = {Pradet, Quentin  and
      de Chalendar, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Baguenier Desormeaux, Jeanne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0105",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{rosman-etal-2014-bringing,
    title = "Bringing together over- and under- represented languages: Linking {W}ord{N}et to the {SIL} Semantic Domains",
    author = "Rosman, Muhammad Zulhelmy bin Mohd  and
      Kratochv{\'\i}l, Franti{\v{s}}ek  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0106",
    pages = "40--48",
}
@inproceedings{hoppermann-hinrichs-2014-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Prefix and Particle Verbs in {G}erma{N}et",
    author = "Hoppermann, Christina  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0107",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{mladenovic-etal-2014-developing,
    title = "Developing and Maintaining a {W}ord{N}et: Procedures and Tools",
    author = "Mladenovi{\'c}, Miljana  and
      Mitrovi{\'c}, Jelena  and
      Krstev, Cvetana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0108",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{henrich-etal-2014-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Word Senses in {G}erma{N}et and the {DWDS} Dictionary of the {G}erman Language",
    author = "Henrich, Verena  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      Barkey, Reinhild",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0109",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{karmani-etal-2014-building,
    title = "Building a standardized {W}ordnet in the {ISO} {LMF} for aeb language",
    author = "Karmani, Nadia B.M.  and
      Soussou, Hsan  and
      Alimi, Adel M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0110",
    pages = "71--77",
}
@inproceedings{finlayson-2014-java,
    title = "{J}ava Libraries for Accessing the {P}rinceton {W}ordnet: Comparison and Evaluation",
    author = "Finlayson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0111",
    pages = "78--85",
}
@inproceedings{nagvenkar-etal-2014-concept,
    title = "Concept Space Synset Manager Tool",
    author = "Nagvenkar, Apurva  and
      Prabhugaonkar, Neha  and
      Prabhu, Venkatesh  and
      Karmali, Ramdas  and
      Pawar, Jyoti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0112",
    pages = "86--94",
}
@inproceedings{prabhugaonkar-pawar-2014-use,
    title = "Use of Sense Marking for Improving {W}ord{N}et Coverage",
    author = "Prabhugaonkar, Neha  and
      Pawar, Jyoti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0113",
    pages = "95--99",
}
@inproceedings{wijesiri-etal-2014-building,
    title = "Building a {W}ord{N}et for {S}inhala",
    author = "Wijesiri, Indeewari  and
      Gallage, Malaka  and
      Gunathilaka, Buddhika  and
      Lakjeewa, Madhuranga  and
      Wimalasuriya, Daya  and
      Dias, Gihan  and
      Paranavithana, Rohini  and
      de Silva, Nisansa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0114",
    pages = "100--108",
}
@inproceedings{dimitrova-etal-2014-coping,
    title = "Coping with Derivation in the {B}ulgarian {W}ordnet",
    author = "Dimitrova, Tsvetana  and
      Tarpomanova, Ekaterina  and
      Rizov, Borislav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0115",
    pages = "109--117",
}
@inproceedings{vincze-almasi-2014-non,
    title = "Non-Lexicalized Concepts in Wordnets: A Case Study of {E}nglish and {H}ungarian",
    author = "Vincze, Veronika  and
      Alm{\'a}si, Attila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0116",
    pages = "118--126",
}
@inproceedings{stankovic-etal-2014-enriching,
    title = "Enriching {S}erbian{W}ord{N}et and Electronic Dictionaries with Terms from the Culinary Domain",
    author = "Stankovi{\'c}, Sta{\v{s}}a Vuji{\v{c}}i{\'c}  and
      Krstev, Cvetana  and
      Vitas, Du{\v{s}}ko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0117",
    pages = "127--132",
}
@inproceedings{postma-vossen-2014-implementation,
    title = "What implementation and translation teach us: the case of semantic similarity measures in wordnets",
    author = "Postma, Marten  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0118",
    pages = "133--141",
}
@inproceedings{rizov-2014-hydra,
    title = "{H}ydra: A Software System for {W}ordnet",
    author = "Rizov, Borislav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0119",
    pages = "142--147",
}
@inproceedings{griesel-bosch-2014-taking,
    title = "Taking stock of the {A}frican {W}ordnet project: 5 years of development",
    author = "Griesel, Marissa  and
      Bosch, Sonja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0120",
    pages = "148--153",
}
@inproceedings{loukachevitch-dobrov-2014-ruthes,
    title = "{R}u{T}hes Linguistic Ontology vs. {R}ussian Wordnets",
    author = "Loukachevitch, Natalia  and
      Dobrov, Boris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0121",
    pages = "154--162",
}
@inproceedings{gader-etal-2014-one,
    title = "One Lexicon, Two Structures: So What Gives?",
    author = "Gader, Nabil  and
      Ollinger, Sandrine  and
      Polgu{\`e}re, Alain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0122",
    pages = "163--171",
}
@inproceedings{tefera-assabie-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Construction of {A}mharic Semantic Networks from Unstructured Text Using {A}mharic {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Tefera, Alelgn  and
      Assabie, Yaregal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0123",
    pages = "172--177",
}
@inproceedings{bhatt-etal-2014-graph,
    title = "Graph Based Algorithm for Automatic Domain Segmentation of {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Bhatt, Brijesh  and
      Kunnath, Subhash  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0124",
    pages = "178--185",
}
@inproceedings{yin-etal-2014-parse,
    title = "Parse Ranking with Semantic Dependencies and {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Yin, Xiaocheng  and
      Kim, Jung-Jae  and
      Pozen, Zinaida  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0125",
    pages = "186--193",
}
@inproceedings{kanojia-etal-2014-processing,
    title = "Do not do processing, when you can look up: Towards a Discrimination Net for {WSD}",
    author = "Kanojia, Diptesh  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Dabre, Raj  and
      Gunti, Siddhartha  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0126",
    pages = "194--200",
}
@inproceedings{benjamin-2014-elephant,
    title = "Elephant Beer and Shinto Gates: Managing Similar Concepts in a Multilingual Database",
    author = "Benjamin, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0127",
    pages = "201--205",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2014-creation,
    title = "Creation of Lexical Relations for {I}ndo{W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Kumar, Parteek  and
      Sharma, R.K.  and
      Narang, Ashish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0128",
    pages = "206--214",
}
@inproceedings{borin-forsberg-2014-swesaurus,
    title = "Swesaurus; or, The Frankenstein Approach to {W}ordnet Construction",
    author = "Borin, Lars  and
      Forsberg, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0129",
    pages = "215--223",
}
@inproceedings{bhattacharyya-etal-2014-facilitating,
    title = "Facilitating Multi-Lingual Sense Annotation: Human Mediated Lemmatizer",
    author = "Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Bahuguna, Ankit  and
      Talukdar, Lavita  and
      Phukan, Bornali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0130",
    pages = "224--231",
}
@inproceedings{jentson-2014-verbnet,
    title = "{V}erb{N}et Workbench",
    author = "Jentson, Indrek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0131",
    pages = "232--235",
}
@inproceedings{petrolito-bond-2014-survey,
    title = "A Survey of {W}ord{N}et Annotated Corpora",
    author = "Petrolito, Tommaso  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0132",
    pages = "236--245",
}
@inproceedings{sarma-etal-2014-quantitative,
    title = "A Quantitative Analysis of Synset of {A}ssamese {W}ord{N}et: Its Position and Timeline",
    author = "Sarma, Shikhar  and
      Sarmah, Dibyajyoti  and
      Deka, Ratul  and
      Barman, Anup  and
      Sarmah, Jumi  and
      Bharali, Himadri  and
      Mahanta, Mayashree  and
      Deka, Umesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0133",
    pages = "246--249",
}
@inproceedings{bharali-etal-2014-analytical,
    title = "An Analytical Study of Synonymy in {A}ssamese Language Using {W}orld{N}et: Classification and Structure",
    author = "Bharali, Himadri  and
      Mahanta, Mayashree  and
      Sarma, Shikhar Kr.  and
      Saikia, Utpal  and
      Sarmah, Dibyajyoti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0134",
    pages = "250--255",
}
@inproceedings{barman-etal-2014-assamese,
    title = "{A}ssamese {W}ord{N}et based Quality Enhancement of Bilingual Machine Translation System",
    author = "Barman, Anup  and
      Sarmah, Jumi  and
      Sarma, Shikhar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0135",
    pages = "256--261",
}
@inproceedings{sojat-srebacic-2014-morphosemantic,
    title = "Morphosemantic relations between verbs in {C}roatian {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "{\v{S}}ojat, Kre{\v{s}}imir  and
      Sreba{\v{c}}i{\'c}, Matea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0136",
    pages = "262--267",
}
@inproceedings{mititelu-etal-2014-news,
    title = "News about the {R}omanian {W}ordnet",
    author = "Mititelu, Verginica Barbu  and
      Dumitrescu, {\textcommabelow{S}}tefan Daniel  and
      Tufi{\textcommabelow{s}}, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0137",
    pages = "268--275",
}
@inproceedings{quattri-2014-shape,
    title = "On shape classifiers, their metaphorical extension(s) and wordnet potentials",
    author = "Quattri, Francesca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0138",
    pages = "276--282",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-chang-2014-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Morpho-semantics for the Discovery of Relations in {C}hinese {W}ordnet",
    author = "Hsieh, Shu-Kai  and
      Chang, Yu-Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0139",
    pages = "283--289",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-etal-2014-aligning,
    title = "Aligning an {I}talian {W}ord{N}et with a Lexicographic Dictionary: Coping with limited data",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Vieu, Laure  and
      Vetere, Guido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0140",
    pages = "290--298",
}
@inproceedings{dobrowolska-szpakowicz-2014-terminology,
    title = "Terminology in {W}ord{N}et and in pl{W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Dobrowolska, Marta  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0141",
    pages = "299--303",
}
@inproceedings{maziarz-etal-2014-plwordnet,
    title = "pl{W}ord{N}et as the Cornerstone of a Toolkit of Lexico-semantic Resources",
    author = "Maziarz, Marek  and
      Piasecki, Maciej  and
      Rudnicka, Ewa  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0142",
    pages = "304--312",
}
@inproceedings{lohk-etal-2014-structural,
    title = "Some structural tests for {W}ord{N}et with results",
    author = "Lohk, Ahti  and
      Orav, Heili  and
      V{\~o}handu, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0143",
    pages = "313--317",
}
@inproceedings{isahara-etal-2014-fusion,
    title = "Fusion of Multiple Semantic Networks and Human Association",
    author = "Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Kanzaki, Kyoko  and
      Yamamoto, Eiko  and
      Kuribayashi, Takayuki  and
      Otsuka, Michinaga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0144",
    pages = "318--323",
}
@inproceedings{bhingardive-etal-2014-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automatic Extension of {S}anskrit {W}ordnet using Bilingual Dictionary",
    author = "Bhingardive, Sudha  and
      Ajotikar, Tanuja  and
      Kulkarni, Irawati  and
      Kulkarni, Malhar  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0145",
    pages = "324--329",
}
@inproceedings{maziarz-etal-2014-registers,
    title = "Registers in the System of Semantic Relations in pl{W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Maziarz, Marek  and
      Piasecki, Maciej  and
      Rudnicka, Ewa  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0146",
    pages = "330--337",
}
@inproceedings{chaplot-etal-2014-indowordnet,
    title = "{I}ndo{W}ordnet Visualizer: A Graphical User Interface for Browsing and Exploring Wordnets of {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Chaplot, Devendra Singh  and
      Bhingardive, Sudha  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0147",
    pages = "338--345",
}
@inproceedings{helou-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Building Lexical Ontology via Cross-Language Matching",
    author = "Helou, Mamoun Abu  and
      Palmonari, Matteo  and
      Jarrar, Mustafa  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0148",
    pages = "346--354",
}
@inproceedings{mojapelo-2014-morphosyntactic,
    title = "Morphosyntactic discrepancies in representing the adjective equivalent in {A}frican {W}ord{N}et with reference to Northern Sotho",
    author = "Mojapelo, Mampaka Lydia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0149",
    pages = "355--362",
}
@inproceedings{de-lacalle-etal-2014-first,
    title = "First steps towards a Predicate Matrix",
    author = "de Lacalle, Maddalen L{\'o}pez  and
      Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0150",
    pages = "363--371",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-2014-reducing,
    title = "Reducing False Positives in the Construction of Adjective Scales",
    author = "Zhang, Alice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0151",
    pages = "372--377",
}
@inproceedings{rademaker-etal-2014-embedding,
    title = "Embedding {N}om{L}ex-{BR} nominalizations into {O}pen{W}ordnet-{PT}",
    author = "Rademaker, Alexandre  and
      Paiva, Valeria de  and
      de Melo, Gerard  and
      Coelho, Livy Maria Real",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0152",
    pages = "378--382",
}
@inproceedings{rademaker-etal-2014-openwordnet,
    title = "{O}pen{W}ord{N}et-{PT}: A Project Report",
    author = "Rademaker, Alexandre  and
      Paiva, Valeria de  and
      de Melo, Gerard  and
      Real, Livy  and
      Gatti, Maira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0153",
    pages = "383--390",
}
@inproceedings{bond-wang-2014-issues,
    title = "Issues in building {E}nglish-{C}hinese parallel corpora with {W}ord{N}ets.",
    author = "Bond, Francis  and
      Wang, Shan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0154",
    pages = "391--399",
}
@inproceedings{vetulani-kochanowski-2014-polnet,
    title = "{``}{P}ol{N}et - Polish {W}ord{N}et{''} project: {P}ol{N}et 2.0 - a short description of the release",
    author = "Vetulani, Zygmunt  and
      Kochanowski, Bart{\l}omiej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Global {W}ordnet Conference",
    month = jan,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0155",
    pages = "400--404",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-eacl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Dialogue in Motion",
    author = {Dalmas, Tiphaine  and
      G{\"o}tze, Jana  and
      Gustafson, Joakim  and
      Janarthanam, Srinivasan  and
      Kleindienst, Jan  and
      Mueller, Christian  and
      Stent, Amanda  and
      Vlachos, Andreas},
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0200",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-02",
}
@inproceedings{reichel-etal-2014-car,
    title = "In-Car Multi-Domain Spoken Dialogs: A Wizard of {O}z Study",
    author = "Reichel, Sven  and
      Ehrlich, Ute  and
      Berton, Andr{\'e}  and
      Weber, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Dialogue in Motion",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0201",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0201",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{kadlec-etal-2014-ibms,
    title = "{IBM}{'}s Belief Tracker: Results On Dialog State Tracking Challenge Datasets",
    author = "Kadlec, Rudolf  and
      Libovick{\'y}, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Macek, Jan  and
      Kleindienst, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Dialogue in Motion",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0202",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0202",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{janarthanam-etal-2014-click,
    title = "Click or Type: An Analysis of Wizard{'}s Interaction for Future Wizard Interface Design",
    author = "Janarthanam, Srinivasan  and
      Hill, Robin  and
      Dickinson, Anna  and
      Fredriksson, Morgan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Dialogue in Motion",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0203",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0203",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{labsky-etal-2014-recipes,
    title = "Recipes for building voice search {UI}s for automotive",
    author = "Labsky, Martin  and
      Kunc, Ladislav  and
      Macek, Tomas  and
      Kleindienst, Jan  and
      Vystrcil, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Dialogue in Motion",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0204",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0204",
    pages = "28--32",
}
@inproceedings{avalos-benotti-2014-natural,
    title = "A Natural Language Instructor for pedestrian navigation based in generation by selection",
    author = "Avalos, Santiago  and
      Benotti, Luciana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Dialogue in Motion",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0205",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0205",
    pages = "33--37",
}
@inproceedings{luna-benotti-2014-mining,
    title = "Mining human interactions to construct a virtual guide for a virtual fair",
    author = "Luna, Andr{\'e}s  and
      Benotti, Luciana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Dialogue in Motion",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0206",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0206",
    pages = "38--42",
}
@inproceedings{voss-etal-2014-collaborative,
    title = "Collaborative Exploration in Human-Robot Teams: What{'}s in their Corpora of Dialog, Video, {\&} {LIDAR} Messages?",
    author = "Voss, Clare  and
      Cassidy, Taylor  and
      Summers-Stay, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Dialogue in Motion",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0207",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0207",
    pages = "43--47",
}
@inproceedings{janarthanam-lemon-2014-multi,
    title = "Multi-threaded Interaction Management for Dynamic Spatial Applications",
    author = "Janarthanam, Srinivasan  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Dialogue in Motion",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0208",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0208",
    pages = "48--52",
}
@inproceedings{vystrcil-etal-2014-mostly,
    title = "Mostly Passive Information Delivery {--} a Prototype",
    author = "Vystr{\v{c}}il, Jan  and
      Macek, Tomas  and
      Luksch, David  and
      Labsk{\'y}, Martin  and
      Kunc, Ladislav  and
      Kleindienst, Jan  and
      Ka{\v{s}}parov{\'a}, Tereza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Dialogue in Motion",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0209",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0209",
    pages = "53--57",
}
@inproceedings{vystrcil-etal-2014-navigation,
    title = "Navigation Dialog of Blind People: Recovery from Getting Lost",
    author = "Vystrcil, Jan  and
      Maly, Ivo  and
      Balata, Jan  and
      Mikovec, Zdenek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Dialogue in Motion",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0210",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0210",
    pages = "58--62",
}
@inproceedings{pappu-etal-2014-conversational,
    title = "Conversational Strategies for Robustly Managing Dialog in Public Spaces",
    author = "Pappu, Aasish  and
      Sun, Ming  and
      Sridharan, Seshadri  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Dialogue in Motion",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0211",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0211",
    pages = "63--67",
}
@inproceedings{kousidis-etal-2014-situationally,
    title = "Situationally Aware In-Car Information Presentation Using Incremental Speech Generation: Safer, and More Effective",
    author = "Kousidis, Spyros  and
      Kennington, Casey  and
      Baumann, Timo  and
      Buschmeier, Hendrik  and
      Kopp, Stefan  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Dialogue in Motion",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0212",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0212",
    pages = "68--72",
}
@inproceedings{edlund-etal-2014-human,
    title = "Human pause and resume behaviours for unobtrusive humanlike in-car spoken dialogue systems",
    author = "Edlund, Jens  and
      Edelstam, Fredrik  and
      Gustafson, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Dialogue in Motion",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0213",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0213",
    pages = "73--77",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-eacl-2014,
    title = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Humans and Computer-assisted Translation",
    author = "Germann, Ulrich  and
      Carl, Michael  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Sanchis-Trilles, Germ{\'a}n  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco  and
      Hill, Robin  and
      O{'}Brien, Sharon",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0300",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-03",
}
@inproceedings{luong-etal-2014-word,
    title = "Word Confidence Estimation for {SMT} N-best List Re-ranking",
    author = "Luong, Ngoc-Quang  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Lecouteux, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Humans and Computer-assisted Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0301",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0301",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{alabau-leiva-2014-proofreading,
    title = "Proofreading Human Translations with an E-pen",
    author = "Alabau, Vicent  and
      Leiva, Luis A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Humans and Computer-assisted Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0302",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0302",
    pages = "10--15",
}
@inproceedings{kirk-etal-2014-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Grammar Correctness for a Priori Estimation of Machine Translation Post-Editing Effort",
    author = "Kirk, Nicholas H.  and
      Zhang, Guchun  and
      Groh, Georg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Humans and Computer-assisted Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0303",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0303",
    pages = "16--21",
}
@inproceedings{sheremetyeva-2014-fly,
    title = "On-The-Fly Translator Assistant (Readability and Terminology Handling)",
    author = "Sheremetyeva, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Humans and Computer-assisted Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0304",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0304",
    pages = "22--27",
}
@inproceedings{ehrensberger-dow-2014-translators,
    title = "Translators in the Loop: Understanding How they Work with {CAT} Tools",
    author = "Ehrensberger-Dow, Maureen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Humans and Computer-assisted Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0305",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0305",
    pages = "28",
}
@inproceedings{schaeffer-carl-2014-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Cognitive Effort of Literal Translation Processes",
    author = "Schaeffer, Moritz  and
      Carl, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Humans and Computer-assisted Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0306",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0306",
    pages = "29--37",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-germann-2014-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Machine Translation Quality on Human Post-Editing",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Germann, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Humans and Computer-assisted Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0307",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0307",
    pages = "38--46",
}
@inproceedings{vela-etal-2014-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Linguistic Equivalence. An Empirical Study of Translation Evaluation in a Translation Learner Corpus",
    author = "Vela, Mihaela  and
      Schumann, Anne-Kathrin  and
      Wurm, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Humans and Computer-assisted Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0308",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0308",
    pages = "47--56",
}
@inproceedings{perez-ortiz-etal-2014-black,
    title = "Black-box integration of heterogeneous bilingual resources into an interactive translation system",
    author = "P{\'e}rez-Ortiz, Juan Antonio  and
      Torregrosa, Daniel  and
      Forcada, Mikel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Humans and Computer-assisted Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0309",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0309",
    pages = "57--65",
}
@inproceedings{seretan-etal-2014-accept,
    title = "The {ACCEPT} Portal: An Online Framework for the Pre-editing and Post-editing of User-Generated Content",
    author = "Seretan, Violeta  and
      Roturier, Johann  and
      Silva, David  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Humans and Computer-assisted Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0310",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0310",
    pages = "66--71",
}
@inproceedings{denkowski-etal-2014-real,
    title = "Real Time Adaptive Machine Translation for Post-Editing with cdec and {T}rans{C}enter",
    author = "Denkowski, Michael  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Lacruz, Isabel  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Humans and Computer-assisted Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0311",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0311",
    pages = "72--77",
}
@inproceedings{logacheva-specia-2014-confidence,
    title = "Confidence-based Active Learning Methods for Machine Translation",
    author = "Logacheva, Varvara  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Humans and Computer-assisted Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0312",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0312",
    pages = "78--83",
}
@inproceedings{farajian-etal-2014-online,
    title = "Online Word Alignment for Online Adaptive Machine Translation",
    author = "Farajian, M. Amin  and
      Bertoldi, Nicola  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Humans and Computer-assisted Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0313",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0313",
    pages = "84--92",
}
@inproceedings{zampieri-vela-2014-quantifying,
    title = "Quantifying the Influence of {MT} Output in the Translators{'} Performance: A Case Study in Technical Translation",
    author = "Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Vela, Mihaela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Humans and Computer-assisted Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0314",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0314",
    pages = "93--98",
}
@inproceedings{mesa-lao-2014-speech,
    title = "Speech-Enabled Computer-Aided Translation: A Satisfaction Survey with Post-Editor Trainees",
    author = "Mesa-Lao, Bartolom{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Humans and Computer-assisted Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0315",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0315",
    pages = "99--103",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-web,
    title = "Proceedings of the 9th Web as Corpus Workshop ({W}a{C}-9)",
    author = {Bildhauer, Felix  and
      Sch{\"a}fer, Roland},
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0400",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-04",
}
@inproceedings{barbaresi-2014-finding,
    title = "Finding Viable Seed {URL}s for Web Corpora: A Scouting Approach and Comparative Study of Available Sources",
    author = "Barbaresi, Adrien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Web as Corpus Workshop ({W}a{C}-9)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0401",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0401",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{schafer-etal-2014-focused,
    title = "Focused Web Corpus Crawling",
    author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Roland  and
      Barbaresi, Adrien  and
      Bildhauer, Felix},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Web as Corpus Workshop ({W}a{C}-9)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0402",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0402",
    pages = "9--15",
}
@inproceedings{stuhrenberg-2014-less,
    title = "Less Destructive Cleaning of Web Documents by Using Standoff Annotation",
    author = {St{\"u}hrenberg, Maik},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Web as Corpus Workshop ({W}a{C}-9)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0403",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0403",
    pages = "16--21",
}
@inproceedings{sanches-duran-etal-2014-issues,
    title = "Some Issues on the Normalization of a Corpus of Products Reviews in {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Sanches Duran, Magali  and
      Avan{\c{c}}o, Lucas  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra  and
      Pardo, Thiago  and
      Volpe Nunes, Maria da Gra{\c{c}}a",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Web as Corpus Workshop ({W}a{C}-9)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0404",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0404",
    pages = "22--28",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-klubicka-2014-bs,
    title = "{bs,hr,sr}{W}a{C} - Web Corpora of {B}osnian, {C}roatian and {S}erbian",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Klubi{\v{c}}ka, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Web as Corpus Workshop ({W}a{C}-9)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0405",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0405",
    pages = "29--35",
}
@inproceedings{lyding-etal-2014-paisa,
    title = "The {PAIS{\`A}} Corpus of {I}talian Web Texts",
    author = "Lyding, Verena  and
      Stemle, Egon  and
      Borghetti, Claudia  and
      Brunello, Marco  and
      Castagnoli, Sara  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Dittmann, Henrik  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Pirrelli, Vito",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Web as Corpus Workshop ({W}a{C}-9)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0406",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0406",
    pages = "36--43",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-cognitive,
    title = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning ({C}og{ACLL})",
    author = "Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Padr{\'o}, Muntsa  and
      Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0500",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-05",
}
@inproceedings{blache-2014-challenging,
    title = "Challenging incrementality in human language processing: two operations for a cognitive architecture",
    author = "Blache, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning ({C}og{ACLL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0501",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0501",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{vasilevski-etal-2014-brazilian,
    title = "A {B}razilian {P}ortuguese Phonological-prosodic Algorithm Applied to Language Acquisition: A Case Study",
    author = "Vasil{\'e}vski, Vera  and
      Ara{\'u}jo, M{\'a}rcio Jos{\'e}  and
      Blasi, Helena Ferro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning ({C}og{ACLL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0502",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0502",
    pages = "3--8",
}
@inproceedings{phillips-pearl-2014-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian inference as a cross-linguistic word segmentation strategy: Always learning useful things",
    author = "Phillips, Lawrence  and
      Pearl, Lisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning ({C}og{ACLL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0503",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0503",
    pages = "9--13",
}
@inproceedings{frank-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning the hyperparameters to learn morphology",
    author = "Frank, Stella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning ({C}og{ACLL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0504",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0504",
    pages = "14--18",
}
@inproceedings{coltekin-nerbonne-2014-explicit,
    title = "An explicit statistical model of learning lexical segmentation using multiple cues",
    author = {{\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}  and
      Nerbonne, John},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning ({C}og{ACLL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0505",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0505",
    pages = "19--28",
}
@inproceedings{clark-2014-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Learning as a Theory of Language Acquisition",
    author = "Clark, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning ({C}og{ACLL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0506",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0506",
    pages = "29",
}
@inproceedings{gaspers-etal-2014-multimodal,
    title = "A multimodal corpus for the evaluation of computational models for (grounded) language acquisition",
    author = "Gaspers, Judith  and
      Panzner, Maximilian  and
      Lemme, Andre  and
      Cimiano, Philipp  and
      Rohlfing, Katharina J.  and
      Wrede, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning ({C}og{ACLL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0507",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0507",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{bentz-buttery-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards a computational model of grammaticalization and lexical diversity",
    author = "Bentz, Christian  and
      Buttery, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning ({C}og{ACLL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0508",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0508",
    pages = "38--42",
}
@inproceedings{bel-enguix-etal-2014-well,
    title = "How well can a corpus-derived co-occurrence network simulate human associative behavior?",
    author = "Bel Enguix, Gemma  and
      Rapp, Reinhard  and
      Zock, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning ({C}og{ACLL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0509",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0509",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{lekvam-etal-2014-agent,
    title = "Agent-based modeling of language evolution",
    author = {Lekvam, Torvald  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Bungum, Lars},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning ({C}og{ACLL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0510",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0510",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{wiechmann-kerz-2014-missing,
    title = "Missing Generalizations: A Supervised Machine Learning Approach to {L}2 Written Production",
    author = "Wiechmann, Daniel  and
      Kerz, Elma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning ({C}og{ACLL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0511",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0511",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    author = "Zervanou, Kalliopi  and
      Vertan, Cristina  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0600",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-06",
}
@inproceedings{tiepmar-etal-2014-new,
    title = "A New Implementation for Canonical Text Services",
    author = "Tiepmar, Jochen  and
      Teichmann, Christoph  and
      Heyer, Gerhard  and
      Berti, Monica  and
      Crane, Gregory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0601",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0601",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-wandl-vogt-2014-semantically,
    title = "How to semantically relate dialectal Dictionaries in the Linked Data Framework",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry  and
      Wandl-Vogt, Eveline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0602",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0602",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{klein-etal-2014-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping a historical commodities lexicon with {SKOS} and {DB}pedia",
    author = "Klein, Ewan  and
      Alex, Beatrice  and
      Clifford, Jim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0603",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0603",
    pages = "13--21",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-etal-2014-new,
    title = "New Technologies for Old Germanic. Resources and Research on Parallel Bibles in Older Continental Western Germanic",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Sukhareva, Maria  and
      Mittmann, Roland  and
      Price, Timothy  and
      Detmold, Gaye  and
      Chobotsky, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0604",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0604",
    pages = "22--31",
}
@inproceedings{pettersson-etal-2014-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual Evaluation of Three Spelling Normalisation Methods for Historical Text",
    author = "Pettersson, Eva  and
      Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0605",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0605",
    pages = "32--41",
}
@inproceedings{poelitz-bartz-2014-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing the possibilities of corpus-based investigations: Word sense disambiguation on query results of large text corpora",
    author = "Poelitz, Christian  and
      Bartz, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0606",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0606",
    pages = "42--46",
}
@inproceedings{efremova-etal-2014-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Disambiguation Measure for Inaccurate Cultural Heritage Data",
    author = "Efremova, Julia  and
      Ranjbar-Sahraei, Bijan  and
      Calders, Toon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0607",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0607",
    pages = "47--55",
}
@inproceedings{gabor-sagot-2014-automated,
    title = "Automated Error Detection in Digitized Cultural Heritage Documents",
    author = "G{\'a}bor, Kata  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0608",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0608",
    pages = "56--61",
}
@inproceedings{kestemont-etal-2014-mining,
    title = "Mining the Twentieth Century{'}s History from the Time Magazine Corpus",
    author = {Kestemont, Mike  and
      Karsdorp, Folgert  and
      D{\"u}ring, Marten},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0609",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0609",
    pages = "62--70",
}
@inproceedings{poibeau-etal-2014-social,
    title = "Social and Semantic Diversity: Socio-semantic Representation of a Scientific Corpus",
    author = "Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Omodei, Elisa  and
      Cointet, Jean-Philippe  and
      Guo, Yufan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0610",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0610",
    pages = "71--79",
}
@inproceedings{benner-2014-tool,
    title = "A Tool for a High-Carat Gold-Standard Word Alignment",
    author = "Benner, Drayton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0611",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0611",
    pages = "80--85",
}
@inproceedings{bollmann-etal-2014-cora,
    title = "{C}or{A}: A web-based annotation tool for historical and other non-standard language data",
    author = "Bollmann, Marcel  and
      Petran, Florian  and
      Dipper, Stefanie  and
      Krasselt, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0612",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0612",
    pages = "86--90",
}
@inproceedings{andrei-etal-2014-developing,
    title = "Developing a {T}agalog Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ({LIWC}) {`}Disaster{'} Dictionary for Understanding Mixed Language Social Media: A Work-in-Progress Paper",
    author = "Andrei, Amanda  and
      Dingwall, Alison  and
      Dillon, Theresa  and
      Mathieu, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0613",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0613",
    pages = "91--94",
}
@inproceedings{wyner-etal-2014-text,
    title = "Text Analysis of Aberdeen Burgh Records 1530-1531",
    author = "Wyner, Adam  and
      Armstrong, Jackson  and
      Mackillop, Andrew  and
      Astley, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0614",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0614",
    pages = "95--99",
}
@inproceedings{passarotti-2014-syntax,
    title = "From Syntax to Semantics. First Steps Towards Tectogrammatical Annotation of {L}atin",
    author = "Passarotti, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0615",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0615",
    pages = "100--109",
}
@inproceedings{nisioi-2014-syllabic,
    title = "On the syllabic structures of {A}romanian",
    author = "Nisioi, Sergiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0616",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0616",
    pages = "110--118",
}
@inproceedings{grover-tobin-2014-gazetteer,
    title = "A Gazetteer and Georeferencing for Historical {E}nglish Documents",
    author = "Grover, Claire  and
      Tobin, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0617",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0617",
    pages = "119--127",
}
@inproceedings{sanabila-manurung-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Wayang Ontology Construction using Relation Extraction from Free Text",
    author = "Sanabila, Hadaiq  and
      Manurung, Ruli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0618",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0618",
    pages = "128--136",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-eacl-2014-approaches,
    title = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Causality in Language ({CA}to{CL})",
    author = "Kolomiyets, Oleksandr  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Bethard, Steven",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0700",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-07",
}
@inproceedings{hunter-danlos-2014-say,
    title = "Because We Say So",
    author = "Hunter, Julie  and
      Danlos, Laurence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Causality in Language ({CA}to{CL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0701",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0701",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{mirza-etal-2014-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Causality in the {T}emp{E}val-3 Corpus",
    author = "Mirza, Paramita  and
      Sprugnoli, Rachele  and
      Tonelli, Sara  and
      Speranza, Manuela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Causality in Language ({CA}to{CL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0702",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0702",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{bogel-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Causal Relations in {G}erman Multilogs",
    author = {B{\"o}gel, Tina  and
      Hautli-Janisz, Annette  and
      Sulger, Sebastian  and
      Butt, Miriam},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Causality in Language ({CA}to{CL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0703",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0703",
    pages = "20--27",
}
@inproceedings{hendrickx-spooren-2014-studying,
    title = "Studying the Semantic Context of two {D}utch Causal Connectives",
    author = "Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Spooren, Wilbert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Causality in Language ({CA}to{CL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0704",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0704",
    pages = "28--32",
}
@inproceedings{kaneko-bekki-2014-building,
    title = "Building a {J}apanese Corpus of Temporal-Causal-Discourse Structures Based on {SDRT} for Extracting Causal Relations",
    author = "Kaneko, Kimi  and
      Bekki, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Causality in Language ({CA}to{CL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0705",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0705",
    pages = "33--39",
}
@inproceedings{samardzic-merlo-2014-likelihood,
    title = "Likelihood of External Causation in the Structure of Events",
    author = "Samard{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Tanja  and
      Merlo, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Causality in Language ({CA}to{CL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0706",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0706",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{riaz-girju-2014-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Causality in Verb-Noun Pairs via Noun and Verb Semantics",
    author = "Riaz, Mehwish  and
      Girju, Roxana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Causality in Language ({CA}to{CL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0707",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0707",
    pages = "48--57",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-multiword,
    title = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    author = "Kordoni, Valia  and
      Egg, Markus  and
      Savary, Agata  and
      Wehrli, Eric  and
      Evert, Stefan",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0800",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-08",
}
@inproceedings{smith-2014-breaking,
    title = "Breaking Bad: Extraction of Verb-Particle Constructions from a Parallel Subtitles Corpus",
    author = "Smith, Aaron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0801",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0801",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{farahmand-martins-2014-supervised,
    title = "A Supervised Model for Extraction of Multiword Expressions, Based on Statistical Context Features",
    author = "Farahmand, Meghdad  and
      Martins, Ronaldo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0802",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0802",
    pages = "10--16",
}
@inproceedings{nagy-t-vincze-2014-vpctagger,
    title = "{VPCT}agger: Detecting Verb-Particle Constructions With Syntax-Based Methods",
    author = "Nagy T., Istv{\'a}n  and
      Vincze, Veronika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0803",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0803",
    pages = "17--25",
}
@inproceedings{wehrli-2014-relevance,
    title = "The Relevance of Collocations for Parsing",
    author = "Wehrli, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0804",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0804",
    pages = "26--32",
}
@inproceedings{samaridi-markantonatou-2014-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Modern {G}reek verb {MWE}s with {LFG}/{XLE} grammars",
    author = "Samaridi, Niki  and
      Markantonatou, Stella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0805",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0805",
    pages = "33--37",
}
@inproceedings{salton-etal-2014-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of a Substitution Method for Idiom Transformation in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Salton, Giancarlo  and
      Ross, Robert  and
      Kelleher, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0806",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0806",
    pages = "38--42",
}
@inproceedings{fotopoulou-etal-2014-encoding,
    title = "Encoding {MWE}s in a conceptual lexicon",
    author = "Fotopoulou, Aggeliki  and
      Markantonatou, Stella  and
      Giouli, Voula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0807",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0807",
    pages = "43--47",
}
@inproceedings{parra-escartin-etal-2014-german,
    title = "{G}erman Compounds and Statistical Machine Translation. Can they get along?",
    author = "Parra Escart{\'\i}n, Carla  and
      Peitz, Stephan  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0808",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0808",
    pages = "48--56",
}
@inproceedings{castagnoli-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting {MWE}s from {I}talian corpora: A case study for refining the {POS}-pattern methodology",
    author = "Castagnoli, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0809",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0809",
    pages = "57--61",
}
@inproceedings{senthil-kumar-etal-2014-mickey,
    title = "Mickey Mouse is not a Phrase: Improving Relevance in E-Commerce with Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Senthil Kumar, Prathyusha  and
      Salaka, Vamsi  and
      King, Tracy Holloway  and
      Johnson, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0810",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0810",
    pages = "62--66",
}
@inproceedings{friberg-heppin-petruck-2014-encoding,
    title = "Encoding of Compounds in {S}wedish {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Friberg Heppin, Karin  and
      Petruck, Miriam R L",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0811",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0811",
    pages = "67--71",
}
@inproceedings{dubremetz-nivre-2014-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Nominal Multiword Expressions in {F}rench",
    author = "Dubremetz, Marie  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0812",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0812",
    pages = "72--76",
}
@inproceedings{squillante-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards an Empirical Subcategorization of Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Squillante, Luigi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0813",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0813",
    pages = "77--81",
}
@inproceedings{steyer-brunner-2014-contexts,
    title = "Contexts, Patterns, Interrelations - New Ways of Presenting Multi-word Expressions",
    author = "Steyer, Kathrin  and
      Brunner, Annelen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0814",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0814",
    pages = "82--88",
}
@inproceedings{emms-jayapal-2014-detecting,
    title = "Detecting change and emergence for multiword expressions",
    author = "Emms, Martin  and
      Jayapal, Arun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0815",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0815",
    pages = "89--93",
}
@inproceedings{bonial-etal-2014-approach,
    title = "An Approach to Take Multi-Word Expressions",
    author = "Bonial, Claire  and
      Green, Meredith  and
      Preciado, Jenette  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0816",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0816",
    pages = "94--98",
}
@inproceedings{ullman-nivre-2014-paraphrasing,
    title = "Paraphrasing {S}wedish Compound Nouns in Machine Translation",
    author = "Ullman, Edvin  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0817",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0817",
    pages = "99--103",
}
@inproceedings{roller-schulte-im-walde-2014-feature,
    title = "Feature Norms of {G}erman Noun Compounds",
    author = "Roller, Stephen  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0818",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0818",
    pages = "104--108",
}
@inproceedings{pereira-etal-2014-identifying,
    title = "Identifying collocations using cross-lingual association measures",
    author = "Pereira, Lis  and
      Strafella, Elga  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0819",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0819",
    pages = "109--113",
}
@inproceedings{al-sabbagh-etal-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Construction of a Lexicon and a Repository of Variation Patterns for {A}rabic Modal Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Al-Sabbagh, Rania  and
      Girju, Roxana  and
      Diesner, Jana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0820",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0820",
    pages = "114--123",
}
@inproceedings{schottmuller-nivre-2014-issues,
    title = "Issues in Translating Verb-Particle Constructions from {G}erman to {E}nglish",
    author = {Schottm{\"u}ller, Nina  and
      Nivre, Joakim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Multiword Expressions ({MWE})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0821",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0821",
    pages = "124--131",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature ({CLFL})",
    author = "Feldman, Anna  and
      Kazantseva, Anna  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0900",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-09",
}
@inproceedings{davis-mohammad-2014-generating,
    title = "Generating Music from Literature",
    author = "Davis, Hannah  and
      Mohammad, Saif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature ({CLFL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0901",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0901",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{bullard-ovesdotter-alm-2014-computational,
    title = "Computational analysis to explore authors{'} depiction of characters",
    author = "Bullard, Joseph  and
      Ovesdotter Alm, Cecilia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature ({CLFL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0902",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0902",
    pages = "11--16",
}
@inproceedings{zemanek-milicka-2014-quotations,
    title = "Quotations, Relevance and Time Depth: Medieval {A}rabic Literature in Grids and Networks",
    author = "Zem{\'a}nek, Petr  and
      Mili{\v{c}}ka, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature ({CLFL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0903",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0903",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{levison-lessard-2014-time,
    title = "Time after Time: Representing Time in Literary Texts",
    author = "Levison, Michael  and
      Lessard, Greg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature ({CLFL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0904",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0904",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{coll-ardanuy-sporleder-2014-structure,
    title = "Structure-based Clustering of Novels",
    author = "Coll Ardanuy, Mariona  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature ({CLFL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0905",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0905",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{iosif-mishra-2014-speaker,
    title = "From Speaker Identification to Affective Analysis: A Multi-Step System for Analyzing Children{'}s Stories",
    author = "Iosif, Elias  and
      Mishra, Taniya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature ({CLFL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0906",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0906",
    pages = "40--49",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2014-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Screenplays for Extracting Social Networks from Movies",
    author = "Agarwal, Apoorv  and
      Balasubramanian, Sriramkumar  and
      Zheng, Jiehan  and
      Dash, Sarthak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature ({CLFL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0907",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0907",
    pages = "50--58",
}
@inproceedings{kestemont-2014-function,
    title = "Function Words in Authorship Attribution. From Black Magic to Theory?",
    author = "Kestemont, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature ({CLFL})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-0908",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-0908",
    pages = "59--66",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-hybrid,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    author = "Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Rapp, Reinhard  and
      Lambert, Patrik  and
      Eberle, Kurt  and
      Babych, Bogdan",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-10",
}
@inproceedings{uszkoreit-2014-analytical,
    title = "Analytical Approaches to Combining {MT} Technologies",
    author = "Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1001",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{ghannay-barrault-2014-using,
    title = "Using Hypothesis Selection Based Features for Confusion Network {MT} System Combination",
    author = {Ghannay, Sahar  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1002",
    pages = "2--6",
}
@inproceedings{tambouratzis-2014-comparing,
    title = "Comparing {CRF} and template-matching in phrasing tasks within a Hybrid {MT} system",
    author = "Tambouratzis, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1003",
    pages = "7--14",
}
@inproceedings{sheremetyeva-2014-controlled,
    title = "Controlled Authoring In A Hybrid {R}ussian-{E}nglish Machine Translation System",
    author = "Sheremetyeva, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1004",
    pages = "15--20",
}
@inproceedings{williams-koehn-2014-using,
    title = "Using Feature Structures to Improve Verb Translation in {E}nglish-to-{G}erman Statistical {MT}",
    author = "Williams, Philip  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1005",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{gohring-2014-building,
    title = "Building a {S}panish-{G}erman Dictionary for Hybrid {MT}",
    author = {G{\"o}hring, Anne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1006",
    pages = "30--35",
}
@inproceedings{salton-etal-2014-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of the Impact of Idioms on Phrase Based Statistical Machine Translation of {E}nglish to {B}razilian-{P}ortuguese",
    author = "Salton, Giancarlo  and
      Ross, Robert  and
      Kelleher, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1007",
    pages = "36--41",
}
@inproceedings{tratz-etal-2014-resumptive,
    title = "Resumptive Pronoun Detection for Modern Standard {A}rabic to {E}nglish {MT}",
    author = "Tratz, Stephen  and
      Voss, Clare  and
      Laoudi, Jamal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1008",
    pages = "42--47",
}
@inproceedings{pal-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Building and Using Parallel Resources for {SMT} from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Pal, Santanu  and
      Pakray, Partha  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1009",
    pages = "48--57",
}
@inproceedings{antonova-misyurev-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving the precision of automatically constructed human-oriented translation dictionaries",
    author = "Antonova, Alexandra  and
      Misyurev, Alexey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1010",
    pages = "58--66",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-2014-adventures,
    title = "Adventures in Multilingual Parsing",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1011",
    pages = "67--68",
}
@inproceedings{khalilov-2014-machine,
    title = "Machine translation for {LSP}s: strategy and implementation",
    author = "Khalilov, Maxim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1012",
    pages = "69",
}
@inproceedings{banchs-2014-principled,
    title = "A Principled Approach to Context-Aware Machine Translation",
    author = "Banchs, Rafael E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1013",
    pages = "70--74",
}
@inproceedings{babych-etal-2014-deriving,
    title = "Deriving de/het gender classification for {D}utch nouns for rule-based {MT} generation tasks",
    author = "Babych, Bogdan  and
      Geiger, Jonathan  and
      Ginest{\'\i} Rosell, Mireia  and
      Eberle, Kurt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1014",
    pages = "75--81",
}
@inproceedings{centelles-costa-jussa-2014-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese-to-{S}panish rule-based machine translation system",
    author = "Centelles, Jordi  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1015",
    pages = "82--86",
}
@inproceedings{rapp-sharoff-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Multiword Translations from Aligned Comparable Documents",
    author = "Rapp, Reinhard  and
      Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1016",
    pages = "87--95",
}
@inproceedings{vasiljevs-2014-overtake,
    title = "How to overtake {G}oogle in {MT} quality - the Baltic case",
    author = "Vasiljevs, Andrejs",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1017",
    pages = "96",
}
@inproceedings{eberle-2014-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Strategies for better products and shorter time-to-market",
    author = "Eberle, Kurt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1018",
    pages = "97",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi)",
    author = "Velupillai, Sumithra  and
      Duneld, Martin  and
      Kvist, Maria  and
      Dalianis, Hercules  and
      Skeppstedt, Maria  and
      Henriksson, Aron",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1100",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-11",
}
@inproceedings{ananiadou-2014-keynote,
    title = "{K}eynote: Supporting evidence-based medicine using text mining",
    author = "Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1101",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1101",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{moradi-etal-2014-graph,
    title = "A Graph-Based Analysis of Medical Queries of a {S}wedish Health Care Portal",
    author = "Moradi, Farnaz  and
      Eklund, Ann-Marie  and
      Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Olovsson, Tomas  and
      Tsigas, Philippas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1102",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1102",
    pages = "2--10",
}
@inproceedings{collier-etal-2014-impact,
    title = "The impact of near domain transfer on biomedical named entity recognition",
    author = "Collier, Nigel  and
      Tran, Mai-vu  and
      Paster, Ferdinand",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1103",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1103",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-ng-2014-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation with Active Learning for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Zhao, Shanheng  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1104",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1104",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{stepanov-riccardi-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Cross-Domain {PDTB}-Style Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Stepanov, Evgeny  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1105",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1105",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{perez-de-vinaspre-oronoz-2014-translating,
    title = "Translating {SNOMED} {CT} Terminology into a Minor Language",
    author = "Perez-de-Vi{\~n}aspre, Olatz  and
      Oronoz, Maite",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1106",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1106",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{tan-2014-system,
    title = "A System for Building {F}rame{N}et-like Corpus for the Biomedical Domain",
    author = "Tan, He",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1107",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1107",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{quan-ren-2014-gene,
    title = "Gene{--}disease association extraction by text mining and network analysis",
    author = "Quan, Changqin  and
      Ren, Fuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1108",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1108",
    pages = "54--63",
}
@inproceedings{engel-thomas-etal-2014-negation,
    title = "Negation scope and spelling variation for text-mining of {D}anish electronic patient records",
    author = "Engel Thomas, Cecilia  and
      Bj{\o}dstrup Jensen, Peter  and
      Werge, Thomas  and
      Brunak, S{\o}ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1109",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1109",
    pages = "64--68",
}
@inproceedings{alnazzawi-etal-2014-building,
    title = "Building a semantically annotated corpus for congestive heart and renal failure from clinical records and the literature",
    author = "Alnazzawi, Noha  and
      Thompson, Paul  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1110",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1110",
    pages = "69--74",
}
@inproceedings{shivade-etal-2014-precise,
    title = "Precise Medication Extraction using Agile Text Mining",
    author = "Shivade, Chaitanya  and
      Cormack, James  and
      Milward, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1111",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1111",
    pages = "75--79",
}
@inproceedings{roller-stevenson-2014-applying,
    title = "Applying {UMLS} for Distantly Supervised Relation Detection",
    author = "Roller, Roland  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1112",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1112",
    pages = "80--84",
}
@inproceedings{santiso-etal-2014-adverse,
    title = "Adverse Drug Event prediction combining shallow analysis and machine learning",
    author = "Santiso, Sara  and
      Casillas, Arantza  and
      P{\'e}rez, Alicia  and
      Oronoz, Maite  and
      Gojenola, Koldo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1113",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1113",
    pages = "85--89",
}
@inproceedings{perinet-hamon-2014-reducing,
    title = "Reducing {VSM} data sparseness by generalizing contexts: application to health text mining",
    author = "P{\'e}rinet, Amandine  and
      Hamon, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1114",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1114",
    pages = "90--95",
}
@inproceedings{kreuzthaler-schulz-2014-disambiguation,
    title = "Disambiguation of Period Characters in Clinical Narratives",
    author = "Kreuzthaler, Markus  and
      Schulz, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1115",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1115",
    pages = "96--100",
}
@inproceedings{hamon-grabar-2014-tuning,
    title = "Tuning {H}eidel{T}ime for identifying time expressions in clinical texts in {E}nglish and {F}rench",
    author = "Hamon, Thierry  and
      Grabar, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1116",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1116",
    pages = "101--105",
}
@inproceedings{segura-bedmar-etal-2014-detecting,
    title = "Detecting drugs and adverse events from {S}panish social media streams",
    author = "Segura-Bedmar, Isabel  and
      Revert, Ricardo  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Paloma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1117",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1117",
    pages = "106--115",
}
@inproceedings{moen-etal-2014-care,
    title = "Care Episode Retrieval",
    author = {Moen, Hans  and
      Marsi, Erwin  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Murtola, Laura-Maria  and
      Salakoski, Tapio  and
      Salanter{\"a}, Sanna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1118",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1118",
    pages = "116--124",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-predicting,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations ({PITR})",
    author = "Williams, Sandra  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1200",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-12",
}
@inproceedings{stajner-etal-2014-one,
    title = "One Step Closer to Automatic Evaluation of Text Simplification Systems",
    author = "{\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations ({PITR})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1201",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1201",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{grabar-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic diagnosis of understanding of medical words",
    author = "Grabar, Natalia  and
      Hamon, Thierry  and
      Amiot, Dany",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations ({PITR})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1202",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1202",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{vajjala-meurers-2014-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Measures of {``}Readability{''} for Spoken Language: Analyzing linguistic features of subtitles to identify age-specific {TV} programs",
    author = "Vajjala, Sowmya  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations ({PITR})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1203",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1203",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{rello-etal-2014-keyword,
    title = "Keyword Highlighting Improves Comprehension for People with Dyslexia",
    author = "Rello, Luz  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Baeza-Yates, Ricardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations ({PITR})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1204",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1204",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{green-2014-eye,
    title = "An eye-tracking evaluation of some parser complexity metrics",
    author = "Green, Matthew J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations ({PITR})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1205",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1205",
    pages = "38--46",
}
@inproceedings{brouwers-etal-2014-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Sentence Simplification for {F}rench",
    author = "Brouwers, Laetitia  and
      Bernhard, Delphine  and
      Ligozat, Anne-Laure  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations ({PITR})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1206",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1206",
    pages = "47--56",
}
@inproceedings{abrahamsson-etal-2014-medical,
    title = "Medical text simplification using synonym replacement: Adapting assessment of word difficulty to a compounding language",
    author = "Abrahamsson, Emil  and
      Forni, Timothy  and
      Skeppstedt, Maria  and
      Kvist, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations ({PITR})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1207",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1207",
    pages = "57--65",
}
@inproceedings{ferraro-etal-2014-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation of patent claims for improving their readability",
    author = "Ferraro, Gabriela  and
      Suominen, Hanna  and
      Nualart, Jaume",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations ({PITR})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1208",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1208",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@inproceedings{grigonyte-etal-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Readability of {S}wedish Electronic Health Records through Lexical Simplification: First Results",
    author = "Grigonyte, Gintar{\.e}  and
      Kvist, Maria  and
      Velupillai, Sumithra  and
      Wir{\'e}n, Mats",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations ({PITR})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1209",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1209",
    pages = "74--83",
}
@inproceedings{pellow-eskenazi-2014-open,
    title = "An Open Corpus of Everyday Documents for Simplification Tasks",
    author = "Pellow, David  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations ({PITR})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1210",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1210",
    pages = "84--93",
}
@inproceedings{tengstrand-etal-2014-eacl,
    title = "{EACL} - Expansion of Abbreviations in {CL}inical text",
    author = "Tengstrand, Lisa  and
      Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta  and
      Henriksson, Aron  and
      Duneld, Martin  and
      Kvist, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations ({PITR})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1211",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1211",
    pages = "94--103",
}
@inproceedings{ciobanu-dinu-2014-quantitative,
    title = "A Quantitative Insight into the Impact of Translation on Readability",
    author = "Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Dinu, Liviu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations ({PITR})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1212",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1212",
    pages = "104--113",
}
@inproceedings{falkenjack-jonsson-2014-classifying,
    title = "Classifying easy-to-read texts without parsing",
    author = {Falkenjack, Johan  and
      J{\"o}nsson, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations ({PITR})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1213",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1213",
    pages = "114--122",
}
@inproceedings{amancio-specia-2014-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Crowdsourced Text Simplifications",
    author = "Amancio, Marcelo  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations ({PITR})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1214",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1214",
    pages = "123--130",
}
@inproceedings{evans-etal-2014-evaluation,
    title = "An evaluation of syntactic simplification rules for people with autism",
    author = "Evans, Richard  and
      Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin  and
      Dornescu, Iustin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations ({PITR})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1215",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1215",
    pages = "131--140",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-language-analysis,
    title = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Language Analysis for Social Media ({LASM})",
    author = "Farzindar, Atefeh  and
      Inkpen, Diana  and
      Gamon, Michael  and
      Nagarajan, Meena",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1300",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-13",
}
@inproceedings{mosquera-moreda-pozo-2014-mining,
    title = "Mining Lexical Variants from Microblogs: An Unsupervised Multilingual Approach",
    author = "Mosquera, Alejandro  and
      Moreda Pozo, Paloma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Language Analysis for Social Media ({LASM})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1301",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1301",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{hurriyetoglu-etal-2014-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Time to Event from Tweets Using Temporal Expressions",
    author = {H{\"u}rriyeto{\v{g}}lu, Ali  and
      Oostdijk, Nelleke  and
      van den Bosch, Antal},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Language Analysis for Social Media ({LASM})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1302",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1302",
    pages = "8--16",
}
@inproceedings{lui-baldwin-2014-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Language Identification of Twitter Messages",
    author = "Lui, Marco  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Language Analysis for Social Media ({LASM})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1303",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1303",
    pages = "17--25",
}
@inproceedings{kunneman-etal-2014-un,
    title = "The (Un)Predictability of Emotional Hashtags in Twitter",
    author = "Kunneman, Florian  and
      Liebrecht, Christine  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Language Analysis for Social Media ({LASM})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1304",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1304",
    pages = "26--34",
}
@inproceedings{trabelsi-zaiane-2014-finding,
    title = "Finding Arguing Expressions of Divergent Viewpoints in Online Debates",
    author = {Trabelsi, Amine  and
      Za{\"\i}ane, Osmar R.},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Language Analysis for Social Media ({LASM})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1305",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1305",
    pages = "35--43",
}
@inproceedings{pavlopoulos-androutsopoulos-2014-aspect,
    title = "Aspect Term Extraction for Sentiment Analysis: New Datasets, New Evaluation Measures and an Improved Unsupervised Method",
    author = "Pavlopoulos, John  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Language Analysis for Social Media ({LASM})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1306",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1306",
    pages = "44--52",
}
@inproceedings{adali-eryigit-2014-vowel,
    title = "Vowel and Diacritic Restoration for Social Media Texts",
    author = {Adali, K{\"u}bra  and
      Eryi{\v{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Language Analysis for Social Media ({LASM})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1307",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1307",
    pages = "53--61",
}
@inproceedings{torunoglu-eryigit-2014-cascaded,
    title = "A Cascaded Approach for Social Media Text Normalization of {T}urkish",
    author = {Toruno{\v{g}}lu, Dilara  and
      Eryi{\v{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Language Analysis for Social Media ({LASM})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1308",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1308",
    pages = "62--70",
}
@inproceedings{kucuk-steinberger-2014-experiments,
    title = "Experiments to Improve Named Entity Recognition on {T}urkish Tweets",
    author = {K{\"u}{\c{c}}{\"u}k, Dilek  and
      Steinberger, Ralf},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Language Analysis for Social Media ({LASM})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1309",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1309",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-eacl-2014-type,
    title = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Type Theory and Natural Language Semantics ({TTNLS})",
    author = "Cooper, Robin  and
      Dobnik, Simon  and
      Lappin, Shalom  and
      Larsson, Staffan",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1400",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-14",
}
@inproceedings{ranta-2014-types,
    title = "Types and Records for Predication",
    author = "Ranta, Aarne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Type Theory and Natural Language Semantics ({TTNLS})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1401",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1401",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{grudzinska-zawadowski-2014-system,
    title = "System with Generalized Quantifiers on Dependent Types for Anaphora",
    author = "Grudzi{\'n}ska, Justyna  and
      Zawadowski, Marek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Type Theory and Natural Language Semantics ({TTNLS})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1402",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1402",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{giorgolo-asudeh-2014-monads,
    title = "Monads as a Solution for Generalized Opacity",
    author = "Giorgolo, Gianluca  and
      Asudeh, Ash",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Type Theory and Natural Language Semantics ({TTNLS})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1403",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1403",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{worth-2014-phenogrammar,
    title = "The Phenogrammar of Coordination",
    author = "Worth, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Type Theory and Natural Language Semantics ({TTNLS})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1404",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1404",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{chatzikyriakidis-luo-2014-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Reasoning Using Proof-Assistant Technology: Rich Typing and Beyond",
    author = "Chatzikyriakidis, Stergios  and
      Luo, Zhaohui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Type Theory and Natural Language Semantics ({TTNLS})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1405",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1405",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{maillard-etal-2014-type,
    title = "A Type-Driven Tensor-Based Semantics for {CCG}",
    author = "Maillard, Jean  and
      Clark, Stephen  and
      Grefenstette, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Type Theory and Natural Language Semantics ({TTNLS})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1406",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1406",
    pages = "46--54",
}
@inproceedings{delpeuch-preller-2014-natural,
    title = "From Natural Language to {RDF} Graphs with Pregroups",
    author = "Delpeuch, Antonin  and
      Preller, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Type Theory and Natural Language Semantics ({TTNLS})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1407",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1407",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{fernando-2014-incremental,
    title = "Incremental semantic scales by strings",
    author = "Fernando, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Type Theory and Natural Language Semantics ({TTNLS})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1408",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1408",
    pages = "63--71",
}
@inproceedings{cooper-etal-2014-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Rich Type Theory for Semantic Interpretation",
    author = "Cooper, Robin  and
      Dobnik, Simon  and
      Lappin, Shalom  and
      Larsson, Staffan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Type Theory and Natural Language Semantics ({TTNLS})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1409",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1409",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{hough-purver-2014-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Type Theory for Incremental Dialogue Processing",
    author = "Hough, Julian  and
      Purver, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Type Theory and Natural Language Semantics ({TTNLS})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1410",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1410",
    pages = "80--88",
}
@inproceedings{ginzburg-etal-2014-propositions,
    title = "Propositions, Questions, and Adjectives: a rich type theoretic approach",
    author = "Ginzburg, Jonathan  and
      Cooper, Robin  and
      Fernando, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2014 Workshop on Type Theory and Natural Language Semantics ({TTNLS})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1411",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1411",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-continuous,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality ({CVSC})",
    author = "Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella  and
      Grefenstette, Edward  and
      Larochelle, Hugo  and
      Manning, Christopher  and
      Yih, Scott Wen-tau",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1500",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-15",
}
@inproceedings{kanerva-ginter-2014-post,
    title = "Post-hoc Manipulations of Vector Space Models with Application to Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Kanerva, Jenna  and
      Ginter, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality ({CVSC})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1501",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1501",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{weeds-etal-2014-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Composition using Higher-Order Dependency Vectors",
    author = "Weeds, Julie  and
      Weir, David  and
      Reffin, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality ({CVSC})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1502",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1502",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{kiela-clark-2014-systematic,
    title = "A Systematic Study of Semantic Vector Space Model Parameters",
    author = "Kiela, Douwe  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality ({CVSC})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1503",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1503",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{kageback-etal-2014-extractive,
    title = "Extractive Summarization using Continuous Vector Space Models",
    author = {K{\aa}geb{\"a}ck, Mikael  and
      Mogren, Olof  and
      Tahmasebi, Nina  and
      Dubhashi, Devdatt},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality ({CVSC})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1504",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1504",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{milajevs-purver-2014-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the Contribution of Distributional Semantic Information for Dialogue Act Classification",
    author = "Milajevs, Dmitrijs  and
      Purver, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality ({CVSC})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1505",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1505",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    author = "Morante, Roser  and
      Yih, Scott Wen-tau",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1600",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-16",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-etal-2014-whats,
    title = "What{'}s in a p-value in {NLP}?",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      Johannsen, Anders  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, Hector",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1601",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1601",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{mason-charniak-2014-domain,
    title = "Domain-Specific Image Captioning",
    author = "Mason, Rebecca  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1602",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1602",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{berzak-etal-2014-reconstructing,
    title = "Reconstructing Native Language Typology from Foreign Language Usage",
    author = "Berzak, Yevgeni  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Katz, Boris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1603",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1603",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{al-badrashiny-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Transliteration of {R}omanized Dialectal {A}rabic",
    author = "Al-Badrashiny, Mohamed  and
      Eskander, Ramy  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1604",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1604",
    pages = "30--38",
}
@inproceedings{barlacchi-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning to Rank Answer Candidates for Automatic Resolution of Crossword Puzzles",
    author = "Barlacchi, Gianni  and
      Nicosia, Massimo  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1605",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1605",
    pages = "39--48",
}
@inproceedings{modi-titov-2014-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Neural Models of Script Knowledge",
    author = "Modi, Ashutosh  and
      Titov, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1606",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1606",
    pages = "49--57",
}
@inproceedings{andreas-klein-2014-grounding,
    title = "Grounding Language with Points and Paths in Continuous Spaces",
    author = "Andreas, Jacob  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1607",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1607",
    pages = "58--67",
}
@inproceedings{rei-briscoe-2014-looking,
    title = "Looking for Hyponyms in Vector Space",
    author = "Rei, Marek  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1608",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1608",
    pages = "68--77",
}
@inproceedings{passos-etal-2014-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon Infused Phrase Embeddings for Named Entity Resolution",
    author = "Passos, Alexandre  and
      Kumar, Vineet  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1609",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1609",
    pages = "78--86",
}
@inproceedings{levy-etal-2014-focused,
    title = "Focused Entailment Graphs for Open {IE} Propositions",
    author = "Levy, Omer  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Goldberger, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1610",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1610",
    pages = "87--97",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-manning-2014-improved,
    title = "Improved Pattern Learning for Bootstrapped Entity Extraction",
    author = "Gupta, Sonal  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1611",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1611",
    pages = "98--108",
}
@inproceedings{sil-cucerzan-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Temporal Scoping of Relational Facts based on {W}ikipedia Data",
    author = "Sil, Avirup  and
      Cucerzan, Silviu-Petru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1612",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1612",
    pages = "109--118",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-guo-2014-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Word Representation Learning for Cross-Lingual Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Xiao, Min  and
      Guo, Yuhong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1613",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1613",
    pages = "119--129",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-etal-2014-treebank,
    title = "Treebank Translation for Cross-Lingual Parser Induction",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Nivre, Joakim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1614",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1614",
    pages = "130--140",
}
@inproceedings{garrette-etal-2014-weakly,
    title = "Weakly-Supervised {B}ayesian Learning of a {CCG} Supertagger",
    author = "Garrette, Dan  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Baldridge, Jason  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1615",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1615",
    pages = "141--150",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2014-factored,
    title = "Factored {M}arkov Translation with Robust Modeling",
    author = "Feng, Yang  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Du, Xinkai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1616",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1616",
    pages = "151--159",
}
@inproceedings{irvine-callison-burch-2014-hallucinating,
    title = "Hallucinating Phrase Translations for Low Resource {MT}",
    author = "Irvine, Ann  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1617",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1617",
    pages = "160--170",
}
@inproceedings{levy-goldberg-2014-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Regularities in Sparse and Explicit Word Representations",
    author = "Levy, Omer  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1618",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1618",
    pages = "171--180",
}
@inproceedings{melamud-etal-2014-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Modeling of Joint-context in Distributional Similarity",
    author = "Melamud, Oren  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Goldberger, Jacob  and
      Szpektor, Idan  and
      Yuret, Deniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1619",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1619",
    pages = "181--190",
}
@inproceedings{fourtassi-dupoux-2014-rudimentary,
    title = "A Rudimentary Lexicon and Semantics Help Bootstrap Phoneme Acquisition",
    author = "Fourtassi, Abdellah  and
      Dupoux, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1620",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1620",
    pages = "191--200",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-natural-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    author = "Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Wu, Siew Mei  and
      Briscoe, Ted  and
      Hadiwinoto, Christian  and
      Susanto, Raymond Hendy  and
      Bryant, Christopher",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1700",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-17",
}
@inproceedings{ng-etal-2014-conll,
    title = "The {C}o{NLL}-2014 Shared Task on Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Wu, Siew Mei  and
      Briscoe, Ted  and
      Hadiwinoto, Christian  and
      Susanto, Raymond Hendy  and
      Bryant, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1701",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1701",
    pages = "1--14",
}
@inproceedings{felice-etal-2014-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical error correction using hybrid systems and type filtering",
    author = "Felice, Mariano  and
      Yuan, Zheng  and
      Andersen, {\O}istein E.  and
      Yannakoudakis, Helen  and
      Kochmar, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1702",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1702",
    pages = "15--24",
}
@inproceedings{junczys-dowmunt-grundkiewicz-2014-amu,
    title = "The {AMU} System in the {C}o{NLL}-2014 Shared Task: Grammatical Error Correction by Data-Intensive and Feature-Rich Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin  and
      Grundkiewicz, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1703",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1703",
    pages = "25--33",
}
@inproceedings{rozovskaya-etal-2014-illinois,
    title = "The {I}llinois-{C}olumbia System in the {C}o{NLL}-2014 Shared Task",
    author = "Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Chang, Kai-Wei  and
      Sammons, Mark  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1704",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1704",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{boros-etal-2014-racai,
    title = "{RACAI} {GEC} {--} A hybrid approach to Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Boro{\textcommabelow{s}}, Tiberiu  and
      Dumitrescu, Stefan Daniel  and
      Zafiu, Adrian  and
      Barbu Mititelu, Verginica  and
      V{\u{a}}duva, Ionut Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1705",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1705",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-2014-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Error Detection Using Tagger Disagreement",
    author = "Gupta, Anubhav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1706",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1706",
    pages = "49--52",
}
@inproceedings{hernandez-calvo-2014-conll,
    title = "{C}o{NLL} 2014 Shared Task: Grammatical Error Correction with a Syntactic N-gram Language Model from a Big Corpora",
    author = "Hernandez, S. David  and
      Calvo, Hiram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1707",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1707",
    pages = "53--59",
}
@inproceedings{kunchukuttan-etal-2014-tuning,
    title = "Tuning a Grammar Correction System for Increased Precision",
    author = "Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Chaudhury, Sriram  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1708",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1708",
    pages = "60--64",
}
@inproceedings{lee-lee-2014-postech,
    title = "{POSTECH} Grammatical Error Correction System in the {C}o{NLL}-2014 Shared Task",
    author = "Lee, Kyusong  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1709",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1709",
    pages = "65--73",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Error Detection and Correction using a Single Maximum Entropy Model",
    author = "Wang, Peilu  and
      Jia, Zhongye  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1710",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1710",
    pages = "74--82",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-factored,
    title = "Factored Statistical Machine Translation for Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Wang, Yiming  and
      Wang, Longyue  and
      Zeng, Xiaodong  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.  and
      Lu, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1711",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1711",
    pages = "83--90",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2014-nthu,
    title = "{NTHU} at the {C}o{NLL}-2014 Shared Task",
    author = "Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Yen, Tzu-Hsi  and
      Chang, Jim  and
      Huang, Guan-Cheng  and
      Chang, Jimmy  and
      Hsu, Hsiang-Ling  and
      Chang, Yu-Wei  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1712",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1712",
    pages = "91--95",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-wang-2014-unified,
    title = "A Unified Framework for Grammar Error Correction",
    author = "Zhang, Longkai  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1713",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1713",
    pages = "96--102",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-innovative,
    title = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Leacock, Claudia",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1800",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-18",
}
@inproceedings{somasundaran-chodorow-2014-automated,
    title = "Automated Measures of Specific Vocabulary Knowledge from Constructed Responses ({`}Use These Words to Write a Sentence Based on this Picture{'})",
    author = "Somasundaran, Swapna  and
      Chodorow, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1801",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1801",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Assessment of the Speech of Young {E}nglish Learners",
    author = "Cheng, Jian  and
      Zhao D{'}Antilio, Yuan  and
      Chen, Xin  and
      Bernstein, Jared",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1802",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1802",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{evanini-wang-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic detection of plagiarized spoken responses",
    author = "Evanini, Keelan  and
      Wang, Xinhao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1803",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1803",
    pages = "22--27",
}
@inproceedings{ramesh-etal-2014-understanding,
    title = "Understanding {MOOC} Discussion Forums using Seeded {LDA}",
    author = "Ramesh, Arti  and
      Goldwasser, Dan  and
      Huang, Bert  and
      Daum{\'e}, Hal  and
      Getoor, Lise",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1804",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1804",
    pages = "28--33",
}
@inproceedings{ahrenberg-tarvi-2014-translation,
    title = "Translation Class Instruction as Collaboration in the Act of Translation",
    author = "Ahrenberg, Lars  and
      Tarvi, Ljuba",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1805",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1805",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{field-etal-2014-pragmatics,
    title = "The pragmatics of margin comments: An empirical study",
    author = "Field, Debora  and
      Pulman, Stephen  and
      Whitelock, Denise",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1806",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1806",
    pages = "43--53",
}
@inproceedings{kharkwal-muresan-2014-surprisal,
    title = "Surprisal as a Predictor of Essay Quality",
    author = "Kharkwal, Gaurav  and
      Muresan, Smaranda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1807",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1807",
    pages = "54--60",
}
@inproceedings{leeman-munk-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Domain-Independent Assessment of Elementary Students{'} Science Competency using Soft Cardinality",
    author = "Leeman-Munk, Samuel  and
      Shelton, Angela  and
      Wiebe, Eric  and
      Lester, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1808",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1808",
    pages = "61--67",
}
@inproceedings{loukina-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic evaluation of spoken summaries: the case of language assessment",
    author = "Loukina, Anastassia  and
      Zechner, Klaus  and
      Chen, Lei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1809",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1809",
    pages = "68--78",
}
@inproceedings{madnani-cahill-2014-explicit,
    title = "An Explicit Feedback System for Preposition Errors based on {W}ikipedia Revisions",
    author = "Madnani, Nitin  and
      Cahill, Aoife",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1810",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1810",
    pages = "79--88",
}
@inproceedings{metallinou-cheng-2014-syllable,
    title = "Syllable and language model based features for detecting non-scorable tests in spoken language proficiency assessment applications",
    author = "Metallinou, Angeliki  and
      Cheng, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1811",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1811",
    pages = "89--98",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-litman-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Peer Feedback Prediction: The Sentence Level is Right",
    author = "Nguyen, Huy  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1812",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1812",
    pages = "99--108",
}
@inproceedings{rytting-etal-2014-arcade,
    title = "{A}r{CADE}: An {A}rabic Corpus of Auditory Dictation Errors",
    author = "Rytting, C. Anton  and
      Rodrigues, Paul  and
      Buckwalter, Tim  and
      Novak, Valerie  and
      Bills, Aric  and
      Silbert, Noah H.  and
      Madgavkar, Mohini",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1813",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1813",
    pages = "109--115",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-xie-2014-similarity,
    title = "Similarity-Based Non-Scorable Response Detection for Automated Speech Scoring",
    author = "Yoon, Su-Youn  and
      Xie, Shasha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1814",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1814",
    pages = "116--123",
}
@inproceedings{swanson-etal-2014-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Generation with Vocabulary Constraints",
    author = "Swanson, Ben  and
      Yamangil, Elif  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1815",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1815",
    pages = "124--133",
}
@inproceedings{zechner-etal-2014-automated,
    title = "Automated scoring of speaking items in an assessment for teachers of {E}nglish as a Foreign Language",
    author = "Zechner, Klaus  and
      Evanini, Keelan  and
      Yoon, Su-Youn  and
      Davis, Lawrence  and
      Wang, Xinhao  and
      Chen, Lei  and
      Lee, Chong Min  and
      Leong, Chee Wee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1816",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1816",
    pages = "134--142",
}
@inproceedings{zesch-melamud-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of Challenging Distractors Using Context-Sensitive Inference Rules",
    author = "Zesch, Torsten  and
      Melamud, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1817",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1817",
    pages = "143--148",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-litman-2014-sentence,
    title = "Sentence-level Rewriting Detection",
    author = "Zhang, Fan  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1818",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1818",
    pages = "149--154",
}
@inproceedings{salesky-shen-2014-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Morphological, Grammatical, and Semantic Correlates for Improved Text Difficulty Assessment",
    author = "Salesky, Elizabeth  and
      Shen, Wade",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1819",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1819",
    pages = "155--162",
}
@inproceedings{dellorletta-etal-2014-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Readability of Sentences: Which Corpora and Features?",
    author = "Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Wieling, Martijn  and
      Venturi, Giulia  and
      Cimino, Andrea  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1820",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1820",
    pages = "163--173",
}
@inproceedings{pilan-etal-2014-rule,
    title = "Rule-based and machine learning approaches for second language sentence-level readability",
    author = "Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}  and
      Volodina, Elena  and
      Johansson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1821",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1821",
    pages = "174--184",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-speech,
    title = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    author = "Alexandersson, Jan  and
      Anastasiou, Dimitra  and
      Jian, Cui  and
      Nenkova, Ani  and
      Patel, Rupal  and
      Rudzicz, Frank  and
      Waller, Annalu  and
      Zhekova, Desislava",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1900",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-19",
}
@inproceedings{reddington-2014-standing,
    title = "Standing on the shoulders of giants: attacking the meta-problems of technical {AAC} research",
    author = "Reddington, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1901",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1901",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{parilova-2014-graphical,
    title = "Graphical Modification of Text. An Approach To Dyslexic Users.",
    author = "Pa{\v{r}}ilov{\'a}, Tereza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1902",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1902",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{chinaei-chaib-draa-2014-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Strategy Learning in Healthcare: A Systematic Approach for Learning Dialogue Models from Data",
    author = "Chinaei, Hamidreza  and
      Chaib-draa, Brahim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1903",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1903",
    pages = "13--19",
}
@inproceedings{rudzicz-etal-2014-speech,
    title = "Speech recognition in {A}lzheimer{'}s disease with personal assistive robots",
    author = "Rudzicz, Frank  and
      Wang, Rosalie  and
      Begum, Momotaz  and
      Mihailidis, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1904",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1904",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{aihara-etal-2014-individuality,
    title = "Individuality-preserving Voice Conversion for Articulation Disorders Using Dictionary Selective Non-negative Matrix Factorization",
    author = "Aihara, Ryo  and
      Takiguchi, Tetsuya  and
      Ariki, Yasuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1905",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1905",
    pages = "29--37",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-preliminary,
    title = "Preliminary Test of a Real-Time, Interactive Silent Speech Interface Based on Electromagnetic Articulograph",
    author = "Wang, Jun  and
      Samal, Ashok  and
      Green, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1906",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-1906",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-cognitive-modeling,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Demberg, Vera  and
      O{'}Donnell, Timothy",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-20",
}
@inproceedings{shvartsman-etal-2014-computationally,
    title = "Computationally Rational Saccadic Control: An Explanation of Spillover Effects Based on Sampling from Noisy Perception and Memory",
    author = "Shvartsman, Michael  and
      Lewis, Richard  and
      Singh, Satinder",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{linzen-jaeger-2014-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the role of entropy in sentence processing",
    author = "Linzen, Tal  and
      Jaeger, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2002",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{schuler-2014-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Processing in a Vectorial Model of Working Memory",
    author = "Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2003",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{graf-marcinek-2014-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Evaluation Metrics for Minimalist Parsing",
    author = "Graf, Thomas  and
      Marcinek, Bradley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2004",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{barak-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Verb Classes in an Incremental Model",
    author = "Barak, Libby  and
      Fazly, Afsaneh  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2005",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{beekhuizen-etal-2014-usage,
    title = "A Usage-Based Model of Early Grammatical Development",
    author = "Beekhuizen, Barend  and
      Bod, Rens  and
      Fazly, Afsaneh  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne  and
      Verhagen, Arie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2006",
    pages = "46--54",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-model,
    title = "A Model to Qualify the Linguistic Adaptation Phenomenon in Online Conversation Threads: Analyzing Priming Effect in Online Health Community",
    author = "Wang, Yafei  and
      Reitter, David  and
      Yen, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2007",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{orita-etal-2014-quantifying,
    title = "Quantifying the role of discourse topicality in speakers{'} choices of referring expressions",
    author = "Orita, Naho  and
      Feldman, Naomi  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Vornov, Eliana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2008",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-argumentation,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    author = "Green, Nancy  and
      Ashley, Kevin  and
      Litman, Diane  and
      Reed, Chris  and
      Walker, Vern",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2100",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-21",
}
@inproceedings{walker-etal-2014-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Patterns of Reasoning about Medical Theories of Causation in Vaccine Cases: Toward a Type System for Arguments",
    author = "Walker, Vern  and
      Vazirova, Karina  and
      Sanford, Cass",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2101",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2101",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{green-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Creation of a Corpus for Argumentation Mining the Biomedical Genetics Research Literature",
    author = "Green, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2102",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2102",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{houngbo-mercer-2014-automated,
    title = "An automated method to build a corpus of rhetorically-classified sentences in biomedical texts",
    author = "Houngbo, Hospice  and
      Mercer, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2103",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2103",
    pages = "19--23",
}
@inproceedings{ong-etal-2014-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-Based Argument Mining and Automatic Essay Scoring",
    author = "Ong, Nathan  and
      Litman, Diane  and
      Brusilovsky, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2104",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2104",
    pages = "24--28",
}
@inproceedings{park-cardie-2014-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Appropriate Support for Propositions in Online User Comments",
    author = "Park, Joonsuk  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2105",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2105",
    pages = "29--38",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-etal-2014-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Argumentative Discourse Units in Online Interactions",
    author = "Ghosh, Debanjan  and
      Muresan, Smaranda  and
      Wacholder, Nina  and
      Aakhus, Mark  and
      Mitsui, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2106",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2106",
    pages = "39--48",
}
@inproceedings{boltuzic-snajder-2014-back,
    title = "Back up your Stance: Recognizing Arguments in Online Discussions",
    author = "Boltu{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Filip  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2107",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2107",
    pages = "49--58",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-2014-automated,
    title = "Automated argumentation mining to the rescue? Envisioning argumentation and decision-making support for debates in open online collaboration communities",
    author = "Schneider, Jodi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2108",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2108",
    pages = "59--63",
}
@inproceedings{aharoni-etal-2014-benchmark,
    title = "A Benchmark Dataset for Automatic Detection of Claims and Evidence in the Context of Controversial Topics",
    author = "Aharoni, Ehud  and
      Polnarov, Anatoly  and
      Lavee, Tamar  and
      Hershcovich, Daniel  and
      Levy, Ran  and
      Rinott, Ruty  and
      Gutfreund, Dan  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2109",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2109",
    pages = "64--68",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2014-applying,
    title = "Applying Argumentation Schemes for Essay Scoring",
    author = "Song, Yi  and
      Heilman, Michael  and
      Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Deane, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2110",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2110",
    pages = "69--78",
}
@inproceedings{lawrence-etal-2014-mining,
    title = "Mining Arguments From 19th Century Philosophical Texts Using Topic Based Modelling",
    author = "Lawrence, John  and
      Reed, Chris  and
      Allen, Colin  and
      McAlister, Simon  and
      Ravenscroft, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2111",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2111",
    pages = "79--87",
}
@inproceedings{peldszus-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards segment-based recognition of argumentation structure in short texts",
    author = "Peldszus, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2112",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2112",
    pages = "88--97",
}
@inproceedings{graves-etal-2014-titles,
    title = "Titles That Announce Argumentative Claims in Biomedical Research Articles",
    author = "Graves, Heather  and
      Graves, Roger  and
      Mercer, Robert  and
      Akter, Mahzereen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2113",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2113",
    pages = "98--99",
}
@inproceedings{ibn-faiz-mercer-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Higher Order Relations From Biomedical Text",
    author = "Ibn Faiz, Syeed  and
      Mercer, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2114",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2114",
    pages = "100--101",
}
@inproceedings{hernandez-a-gomez-2014-survey,
    title = "Survey in sentiment, polarity and function analysis of citation",
    author = "Hern{\'a}ndez A, Myriam  and
      G{\'o}mez, Jos{\'e} M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2115",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2115",
    pages = "102--103",
}
@inproceedings{trevisan-etal-2014-indicators,
    title = "Indicators of Argument-conclusion Relationships. An Approach for Argumentation Mining in {G}erman Discourses",
    author = "Trevisan, Bianka  and
      Dickmeis, Eva  and
      Jakobs, Eva-Maria  and
      Niehr, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2116",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2116",
    pages = "104--105",
}
@inproceedings{mao-etal-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Imperatives from {W}ikipedia Article for Deletion Discussions",
    author = "Mao, Fiona  and
      Mercer, Robert  and
      Xiao, Lu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2117",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2117",
    pages = "106--107",
}
@inproceedings{kang-saint-dizier-2014-requirement,
    title = "Requirement Mining in Technical Documents",
    author = "Kang, Juyeon  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2118",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2118",
    pages = "108--109",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-2014,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    author = "Good, Jeff  and
      Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2200",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-22",
}
@inproceedings{bird-etal-2014-aikuma,
    title = "{A}ikuma: A Mobile App for Collaborative Language Documentation",
    author = "Bird, Steven  and
      Hanke, Florian R.  and
      Adams, Oliver  and
      Lee, Haejoong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2201",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2201",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{ulinski-etal-2014-documenting,
    title = "Documenting Endangered Languages with the {W}ords{E}ye Linguistics Tool",
    author = "Ulinski, Morgan  and
      Balakrishnan, Anusha  and
      Bauer, Daniel  and
      Coyne, Bob  and
      Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2202",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2202",
    pages = "6--14",
}
@inproceedings{benjamin-radetzky-2014-small,
    title = "Small Languages, Big Data: Multilingual Computational Tools and Techniques for the Lexicography of Endangered Languages",
    author = "Benjamin, Martin  and
      Radetzky, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2203",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2203",
    pages = "15--23",
}
@inproceedings{dunham-etal-2014-lingsync,
    title = "{L}ing{S}ync {\&} the Online Linguistic Database: New Models for the Collection and Management of Data for Language Communities, Linguists and Language Learners",
    author = "Dunham, Joel  and
      Cook, Gina  and
      Horner, Joshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2204",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2204",
    pages = "24--33",
}
@inproceedings{snoek-etal-2014-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the Noun Morphology of Plains Cree",
    author = "Snoek, Conor  and
      Thunder, Dorothy  and
      L{\~o}o, Kaidi  and
      Arppe, Antti  and
      Lachler, Jordan  and
      Moshagen, Sjur  and
      Trosterud, Trond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2205",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2205",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{bender-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Grammar Specifications from {IGT}: A Case Study of Chintang",
    author = "Bender, Emily M.  and
      Crowgey, Joshua  and
      Goodman, Michael Wayne  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2206",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2206",
    pages = "43--53",
}
@inproceedings{lam-etal-2014-creating,
    title = "Creating Lexical Resources for Endangered Languages",
    author = "Lam, Khang Nhut  and
      Al Tarouti, Feras  and
      Kalita, Jugal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2207",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2207",
    pages = "54--62",
}
@inproceedings{arkhangelskiy-2014-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Native Vocabulary Size in an Endangered Language",
    author = "Arkhangelskiy, Timofey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2208",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2208",
    pages = "63--67",
}
@inproceedings{ombui-etal-2014-interlinguaplus,
    title = "{I}nterlingua{P}lus Machine Translation Approach for Local Languages: Ekegusii {\&} {S}wahili",
    author = "Ombui, Edward  and
      Wagacha, Peter  and
      Ng{'}ang{'}a, Wanjiku",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2209",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2209",
    pages = "68--72",
}
@inproceedings{nimaan-2014-building,
    title = "Building and Evaluating {S}omali Language Corpora",
    author = "Nimaan, Abdillahi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2210",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2210",
    pages = "73--76",
}
@inproceedings{emerson-etal-2014-seedling,
    title = "{S}eed{L}ing: Building and Using a Seed corpus for the Human Language Project",
    author = "Emerson, Guy  and
      Tan, Liling  and
      Fertmann, Susanne  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      Regneri, Michaela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2211",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2211",
    pages = "77--85",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-regneri-2014-short,
    title = "Short-Term Projects, Long-Term Benefits: Four Student {NLP} Projects for Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "Palmer, Alexis  and
      Regneri, Michaela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2212",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2212",
    pages = "86--90",
}
@inproceedings{cooper-2014-data,
    title = "Data Warehouse, Bronze, Gold, {STEC}, Software",
    author = "Cooper, Doug",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2213",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2213",
    pages = "91--99",
}
@inproceedings{beale-2014-time,
    title = "Time to Change the {``}D{''} in {``}DEL{''}",
    author = "Beale, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2214",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2214",
    pages = "100--107",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-metaphor,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Lichtenstein, Patricia",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2300",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-23",
}
@inproceedings{jang-etal-2014-conversational,
    title = "Conversational Metaphors in Use: Exploring the Contrast between Technical and Everyday Notions of Metaphor",
    author = "Jang, Hyeju  and
      Piergallini, Mario  and
      Wen, Miaomiao  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2301",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2301",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-etal-2014-different,
    title = "Different Texts, Same Metaphors: Unigrams and Beyond",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Leong, Ben  and
      Heilman, Michael  and
      Flor, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2302",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2302",
    pages = "11--17",
}
@inproceedings{schulder-hovy-2014-metaphor,
    title = "Metaphor Detection through Term Relevance",
    author = "Schulder, Marc  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2303",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2303",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{dunn-2014-multi,
    title = "Multi-dimensional abstractness in cross-domain mappings",
    author = "Dunn, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2304",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2304",
    pages = "27--32",
}
@inproceedings{ovchinnikova-etal-2014-abductive,
    title = "Abductive Inference for Interpretation of Metaphors",
    author = "Ovchinnikova, Ekaterina  and
      Israel, Ross  and
      Wertheim, Suzanne  and
      Zaytsev, Vladimir  and
      Montazeri, Niloofar  and
      Hobbs, Jerry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2305",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2305",
    pages = "33--41",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-etal-2014-computing,
    title = "Computing Affect in Metaphors",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Shaikh, Samira  and
      Cho, Kit  and
      Broadwell, George Aaron  and
      Feldman, Laurie  and
      Taylor, Sarah  and
      Yamrom, Boris  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Cases, Ignacio  and
      Peshkova, Yuliya  and
      Elliot, Kyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2306",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2306",
    pages = "42--51",
}
@inproceedings{veale-2014-service,
    title = "A Service-Oriented Architecture for Metaphor Processing",
    author = "Veale, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2307",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2307",
    pages = "52--60",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Artzi, Yoav  and
      Kwiatkowski, Tom  and
      Berant, Jonathan",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2400",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-24",
}
@inproceedings{allen-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning a Lexicon for Broad-coverage Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Semantic Parsing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2401",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2401",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{beltagy-etal-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing using Distributional Semantics and Probabilistic Logic",
    author = "Beltagy, Islam  and
      Erk, Katrin  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Semantic Parsing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2402",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2402",
    pages = "7--11",
}
@inproceedings{beschke-etal-2014-large,
    title = "Large-scale {CCG} Induction from the {G}roningen Meaning Bank",
    author = "Beschke, Sebastian  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Semantic Parsing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2403",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2403",
    pages = "12--16",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing for Text to 3{D} Scene Generation",
    author = "Chang, Angel  and
      Savva, Manolis  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Semantic Parsing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2404",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2404",
    pages = "17--21",
}
@inproceedings{grefenstette-etal-2014-deep,
    title = "A Deep Architecture for Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Grefenstette, Edward  and
      Blunsom, Phil  and
      de Freitas, Nando  and
      Hermann, Karl Moritz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Semantic Parsing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2405",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2405",
    pages = "22--27",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-steedman-2014-combining,
    title = "Combining Formal and Distributional Models of Temporal and Intensional Semantics",
    author = "Lewis, Mike  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Semantic Parsing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2406",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2406",
    pages = "28--32",
}
@inproceedings{malmaud-etal-2014-cooking,
    title = "Cooking with Semantics",
    author = "Malmaud, Jonathan  and
      Wagner, Earl  and
      Chang, Nancy  and
      Murphy, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Semantic Parsing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2407",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2407",
    pages = "33--38",
}
@inproceedings{dodge-petruck-2014-representing,
    title = "Representing Caused Motion in Embodied Construction Grammar",
    author = "Dodge, Ellen K.  and
      Petruck, Miriam R. L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Semantic Parsing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2408",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2408",
    pages = "39--44",
}
@inproceedings{rocktaschel-etal-2014-low,
    title = "Low-Dimensional Embeddings of Logic",
    author = {Rockt{\"a}schel, Tim  and
      Bosnjak, Matko  and
      Singh, Sameer  and
      Riedel, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Semantic Parsing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2409",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2409",
    pages = "45--49",
}
@inproceedings{roth-etal-2014-software,
    title = "Software Requirements: A new Domain for Semantic Parsers",
    author = "Roth, Michael  and
      Diamantopoulos, Themistoklis  and
      Klein, Ewan  and
      Symeonidis, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Semantic Parsing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2410",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2410",
    pages = "50--54",
}
@inproceedings{schubert-2014-treebank,
    title = "From Treebank Parses to Episodic Logic and Commonsense Inference",
    author = "Schubert, Lenhart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Semantic Parsing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2411",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2411",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@inproceedings{schluter-2014-maximum,
    title = "On maximum spanning {DAG} algorithms for semantic {DAG} parsing",
    author = "Schluter, Natalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Semantic Parsing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2412",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2412",
    pages = "61--65",
}
@inproceedings{stanovsky-etal-2014-intermediary,
    title = "Intermediary Semantic Representation through Proposition Structures",
    author = "Stanovsky, Gabriel  and
      Ficler, Jessica  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Semantic Parsing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2413",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2413",
    pages = "66--70",
}
@inproceedings{tian-etal-2014-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Logical Inference for Semantic Processing",
    author = "Tian, Ran  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Semantic Parsing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2414",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2414",
    pages = "71--75",
}
@inproceedings{white-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards {README}-{EVAL} : Interpreting {README} File Instructions",
    author = "White, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Semantic Parsing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2415",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2415",
    pages = "76--81",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2014-freebase,
    title = "{F}reebase {QA}: Information Extraction or Semantic Parsing?",
    author = "Yao, Xuchen  and
      Berant, Jonathan  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Semantic Parsing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2416",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2416",
    pages = "82--86",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-acl-2014,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    author = "Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob  and
      McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2500",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-25",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2014-phrasing,
    title = "Is It All in the Phrasing? Computational Explorations in How We Say What We Say, and Why It Matters",
    author = "Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2501",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2501",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{grimmer-2014-creating,
    title = "Creating and Destroying Party Brands",
    author = "Grimmer, Justin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2502",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2502",
    pages = "2",
}
@inproceedings{tagliamonte-2014-sociolinguistics,
    title = "Sociolinguistics for Computational Social Science",
    author = "Tagliamonte, Sali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2503",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2503",
    pages = "3",
}
@inproceedings{chi-2014-location,
    title = "Location and Language Use in Social Media",
    author = "Chi, Ed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2504",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2504",
    pages = "4",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2014-overview,
    title = "Overview of the 2014 {NLP} Unshared Task in {P}oli{I}nformatics",
    author = "Smith, Noah A.  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Washington, Anne  and
      Wilkerson, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2505",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2505",
    pages = "5--7",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2014-context,
    title = "Context-based Natural Language Processing for {GIS}-based Vague Region Visualization",
    author = "Chen, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2506",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2506",
    pages = "8--12",
}
@inproceedings{lampos-etal-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Socioeconomic Patterns from the News: Modelling Text and Outlet Importance Jointly",
    author = "Lampos, Vasileios  and
      Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Samangooei, Sina  and
      Gelling, Douwe  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2507",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2507",
    pages = "13--17",
}
@inproceedings{vlachos-riedel-2014-fact,
    title = "Fact Checking: Task definition and dataset construction",
    author = "Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2508",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2508",
    pages = "18--22",
}
@inproceedings{morstatter-etal-2014-finding,
    title = "Finding Eyewitness Tweets During Crises",
    author = {Morstatter, Fred  and
      Lubold, Nichola  and
      Pon-Barry, Heather  and
      Pfeffer, J{\"u}rgen  and
      Liu, Huan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2509",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2509",
    pages = "23--27",
}
@inproceedings{salway-etal-2014-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Information Structures for Data-driven Text Analysis",
    author = "Salway, Andrew  and
      Touileb, Samia  and
      Tvinnereim, Endre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2510",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2510",
    pages = "28--32",
}
@inproceedings{boon-2014-information,
    title = "Information density, Heaps{'} Law, and perception of factiness in news",
    author = "Boon, Miriam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2511",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2511",
    pages = "33--37",
}
@inproceedings{wueest-etal-2014-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Public Accountability of New Modes of Governance",
    author = "Wueest, Bruno  and
      Schneider, Gerold  and
      Amsler, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2512",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2512",
    pages = "38--43",
}
@inproceedings{liew-etal-2014-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Features in Active Machine Learning for Complex Qualitative Content Analysis",
    author = "Liew, Jasy Suet Yan  and
      McCracken, Nancy  and
      Zhou, Shichun  and
      Crowston, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2513",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2513",
    pages = "44--48",
}
@inproceedings{prabhakaran-etal-2014-power,
    title = "Power of Confidence: How Poll Scores Impact Topic Dynamics in Political Debates",
    author = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Arora, Ashima  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2514",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2514",
    pages = "49",
}
@inproceedings{beller-etal-2014-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Fine-grained Social Roles with Selectional Preferences",
    author = "Beller, Charley  and
      Harman, Craig  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2515",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2515",
    pages = "50--55",
}
@inproceedings{hoyland-etal-2014-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Party Affiliations from {E}uropean Parliament Debates",
    author = "H{\o}yland, Bj{\o}rn  and
      Godbout, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Lapponi, Emanuele  and
      Velldal, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2516",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2516",
    pages = "56--60",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2014-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Analysis of Language through Neural Language Models",
    author = "Kim, Yoon  and
      Chiu, Yi-I  and
      Hanaki, Kentaro  and
      Hegde, Darshan  and
      Petrov, Slav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2517",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2517",
    pages = "61--65",
}
@inproceedings{altantawy-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using Simple {NLP} Tools to Trace the Globalization of the Art World",
    author = "AlTantawy, Mohamed  and
      Rule, Alix  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Wang, Zhongyu  and
      Basu, Rupayan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2518",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2518",
    pages = "66--70",
}
@inproceedings{boydstun-2014-issue,
    title = "Issue Framing as a Generalizable Phenomenon",
    author = "Boydstun, Amber",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2519",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2519",
    pages = "71",
}
@inproceedings{resnik-2014-want,
    title = "{``}{I} Want to Talk About, Again, My Record On Energy ...{''}: Modeling Agendas and Framing in Political Debates and Other Conversations",
    author = "Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2520",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2520",
    pages = "72",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-approaches,
    title = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      van der Goot, Erik  and
      Steinberger, Ralf  and
      Montoyo, Andres",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2600",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-26",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-2014-words,
    title = "{W}ords: Evaluative, Emotional, Colourful, Musical!",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2601",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2601",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{elming-etal-2014-robust,
    title = "Robust Cross-Domain Sentiment Analysis for Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "Elming, Jakob  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      Hovy, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2602",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2602",
    pages = "2--7",
}
@inproceedings{deng-wiebe-2014-investigation,
    title = "An Investigation for Implicatures in {C}hinese : Implicatures in {C}hinese and in {E}nglish are similar !",
    author = "Deng, Lingjia  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2603",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2603",
    pages = "8--17",
}
@inproceedings{klenner-etal-2014-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Domain-specific Noun Polarity Guided by Domain-independent Polarity Preferences of Adjectives",
    author = "Klenner, Manfred  and
      Amsler, Michael  and
      Hollenstein, Nora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2604",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2604",
    pages = "18--23",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-etal-2014-aspect,
    title = "Aspect-Level Sentiment Analysis in {C}zech",
    author = "Steinberger, Josef  and
      Brychc{\'\i}n, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Konkol, Michal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2605",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2605",
    pages = "24--30",
}
@inproceedings{ott-2014-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Models of Deceptive Opinion Spam",
    author = "Ott, Myle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2606",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2606",
    pages = "31",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-etal-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling of Emotions in Tweets",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Zhu, Xiaodan  and
      Martin, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2607",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2607",
    pages = "32--41",
}
@inproceedings{buschmeier-etal-2014-impact,
    title = "An Impact Analysis of Features in a Classification Approach to Irony Detection in Product Reviews",
    author = "Buschmeier, Konstantin  and
      Cimiano, Philipp  and
      Klinger, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2608",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2608",
    pages = "42--49",
}
@inproceedings{barbieri-etal-2014-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Sarcasm in Twitter, a Novel Approach",
    author = "Barbieri, Francesco  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Ronzano, Francesco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2609",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2609",
    pages = "50--58",
}
@inproceedings{ptaszynski-etal-2014-emotive,
    title = "Emotive or Non-emotive: That is The Question",
    author = "Ptaszynski, Michal  and
      Masui, Fumito  and
      Rzepka, Rafal  and
      Araki, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2610",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2610",
    pages = "59--65",
}
@inproceedings{balahur-etal-2014-challenges,
    title = "Challenges in Creating a Multilingual Sentiment Analysis Application for Social Media Mining",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Tanev, Hristo  and
      van der Goot, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2611",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2611",
    pages = "66",
}
@inproceedings{chetviorkin-loukachevitch-2014-two,
    title = "Two-Step Model for Sentiment Lexicon Extraction from Twitter Streams",
    author = "Chetviorkin, Ilia  and
      Loukachevitch, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2612",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2612",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@inproceedings{lynch-cunningham-2014-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically Informed Tweet Categorization for Online Reputation Management",
    author = "Lynch, Gerard  and
      Cunningham, P{\'a}draig",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2613",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2613",
    pages = "73--78",
}
@inproceedings{kim-zhang-2014-credibility,
    title = "Credibility Adjusted Term Frequency: A Supervised Term Weighting Scheme for Sentiment Analysis and Text Classification",
    author = "Kim, Yoon  and
      Zhang, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2614",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2614",
    pages = "79--83",
}
@inproceedings{gasanova-etal-2014-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Mining and Topic Categorization with Novel Term Weighting",
    author = "Gasanova, Tatiana  and
      Sergienko, Roman  and
      Akhmedova, Shakhnaz  and
      Semenkin, Eugene  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2615",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2615",
    pages = "84--89",
}
@inproceedings{hammer-etal-2014-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment classification of online political discussions: a comparison of a word-based and dependency-based method",
    author = "Hammer, Hugo Lewi  and
      Solberg, Per Erik  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2616",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2616",
    pages = "90--96",
}
@inproceedings{wang-cardie-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Agreement and Disagreement Identification in Online Discussions with A Socially-Tuned Sentiment Lexicon",
    author = "Wang, Lu  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2617",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2617",
    pages = "97--106",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2014-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Acquisition for Opinion Inference: A Sense-Level Lexicon of Benefactive and Malefactive Events",
    author = "Choi, Yoonjung  and
      Deng, Lingjia  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2618",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2618",
    pages = "107--112",
}
@inproceedings{jadhav-bhattacharyya-2014-dive,
    title = "Dive deeper: Deep Semantics for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Jadhav, Nikhilkumar  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2619",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2619",
    pages = "113--118",
}
@inproceedings{kazemian-etal-2014-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Sentiment Analysis Evaluation: A Case Study in Securities Trading",
    author = "Kazemian, Siavash  and
      Zhao, Shunan  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2620",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2620",
    pages = "119--127",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2014-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Classification on Polarity Reviews: An Empirical Study Using Rating-based Features",
    author = "Nguyen, Dai Quoc  and
      Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Vu, Thanh  and
      Pham, Son Bao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2621",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2621",
    pages = "128--135",
}
@inproceedings{onal-etal-2014-effect,
    title = "Effect of Using Regression on Class Confidence Scores in Sentiment Analysis of Twitter Data",
    author = "Onal, Itir  and
      Ertugrul, Ali Mert  and
      Cakici, Ruken",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2622",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2622",
    pages = "136--141",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-etal-2014-cognitive,
    title = "A cognitive study of subjectivity extraction in sentiment annotation",
    author = "Mishra, Abhijit  and
      Joshi, Aditya  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2623",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2623",
    pages = "142--146",
}
@inproceedings{mao-etal-2014-use,
    title = "The Use of Text Similarity and Sentiment Analysis to Examine Rationales in the Large-Scale Online Deliberations",
    author = "Mao, Wanting  and
      Xiao, Lu  and
      Mercer, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2624",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2624",
    pages = "147--153",
}
@inproceedings{wiebe-deng-2014-conceptual,
    title = "A Conceptual Framework for Inferring Implicatures",
    author = "Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Deng, Lingjia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2625",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2625",
    pages = "154--159",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-joint,
    title = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Social Dynamics and Personal Attributes in Social Media",
    author = "Oh, Alice  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Yarowsky, David  and
      Tsur, Oren  and
      Volkova, Svitlana",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2700",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-27",
}
@inproceedings{riordan-etal-2014-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Sociostructural Beliefs about Group Status Differences in Online Discussions",
    author = "Riordan, Brian  and
      Wade, Heather  and
      Upal, Afzal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Social Dynamics and Personal Attributes in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2701",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2701",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{mohammady-culotta-2014-using,
    title = "Using County Demographics to Infer Attributes of Twitter Users",
    author = "Mohammady, Ehsan  and
      Culotta, Aron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Social Dynamics and Personal Attributes in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2702",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2702",
    pages = "7--16",
}
@inproceedings{puranam-cardie-2014-enrollment,
    title = "The Enrollment Effect: A Study of {A}mazon{'}s Vine Program",
    author = "Puranam, Dinesh  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Social Dynamics and Personal Attributes in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2703",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2703",
    pages = "17--27",
}
@inproceedings{manikonda-etal-2014-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Analysis of User Forums in an Online Weight Loss Application",
    author = "Manikonda, Lydia  and
      Pon-Barry, Heather  and
      Kambhampati, Subbarao  and
      Hekler, Eric  and
      McDonald, David W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Social Dynamics and Personal Attributes in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2704",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2704",
    pages = "28--32",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2014-unified,
    title = "A Unified Topic-Style Model for Online Discussions",
    author = "Ding, Ying  and
      Jiang, Jing  and
      Diao, Qiming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Social Dynamics and Personal Attributes in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2705",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2705",
    pages = "33--41",
}
@inproceedings{bak-etal-2014-self,
    title = "Self-disclosure topic model for Twitter conversations",
    author = "Bak, JinYeong  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Oh, Alice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Social Dynamics and Personal Attributes in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2706",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2706",
    pages = "42--49",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2014-detecting,
    title = "Detecting and Evaluating Local Text Reuse in Social Networks",
    author = "Xu, Shaobin  and
      Smith, David  and
      Mullen, Abigail  and
      Cordell, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Social Dynamics and Personal Attributes in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2707",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2707",
    pages = "50--57",
}
@inproceedings{cagan-etal-2014-generating,
    title = "Generating Subjective Responses to Opinionated Articles in Social Media: An Agenda-Driven Architecture and a {T}uring-Like Test",
    author = "Cagan, Tomer  and
      Frank, Stefan L.  and
      Tsarfaty, Reut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Social Dynamics and Personal Attributes in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2708",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2708",
    pages = "58--67",
}
@inproceedings{hunter-2014-semi,
    title = "A Semi-Automated Method of Network Text Analysis Applied to 150 Original Screenplays",
    author = "Hunter, Starling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Social Dynamics and Personal Attributes in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2709",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2709",
    pages = "68--76",
}
@inproceedings{prabhakaran-etal-2014-power-confidence,
    title = "Power of Confidence: How Poll Scores Impact Topic Dynamics in Political Debates",
    author = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Arora, Ashima  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Social Dynamics and Personal Attributes in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2710",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2710",
    pages = "77--82",
}
@inproceedings{tsur-etal-2014-long,
    title = "As Long as You Name My Name Right: Social Circles and Social Sentiment in the Hollywood Hearings",
    author = "Tsur, Oren  and
      Calacci, Dan  and
      Lazer, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Social Dynamics and Personal Attributes in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2711",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2711",
    pages = "83--87",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Tracking Political Sentiment through Microblog Data",
    author = "Wang, Yu  and
      Clark, Tom  and
      Staton, Jeffrey  and
      Agichtein, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Social Dynamics and Personal Attributes in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2712",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2712",
    pages = "88--93",
}
@inproceedings{ornan-2014-innovation,
    title = "Innovation of Verbs in {H}ebrew",
    author = "Ornan, Uzzi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Social Dynamics and Personal Attributes in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2713",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2713",
    pages = "94--97",
}
@inproceedings{de-silva-riloff-2014-user,
    title = "User Type Classification of Tweets with Implications for Event Recognition",
    author = "De Silva, Lalindra  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Social Dynamics and Personal Attributes in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2714",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2714",
    pages = "98--108",
}
@inproceedings{sridhar-etal-2014-collective,
    title = "Collective Stance Classification of Posts in Online Debate Forums",
    author = "Sridhar, Dhanya  and
      Getoor, Lise  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Social Dynamics and Personal Attributes in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2715",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2715",
    pages = "109--117",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-2014-joint,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2014 Joint Meeting of {SIGMORPHON} and {SIGFSM}",
    author = {{\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem  and
      Heinz, Jeffrey  and
      Maletti, Andreas  and
      Riggle, Jason},
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2800",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-28",
}
@inproceedings{jyothi-livescu-2014-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting Word Neighborhoods for Speech Recognition",
    author = "Jyothi, Preethi  and
      Livescu, Karen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Joint Meeting of {SIGMORPHON} and {SIGFSM}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2801",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2801",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{magri-2014-error,
    title = "The Error-driven Ranking Model of the Acquisition of Phonotactics: How to Keep the Faithfulness Constraints at Bay",
    author = "Magri, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Joint Meeting of {SIGMORPHON} and {SIGFSM}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2802",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2802",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{schrimpf-jarosz-2014-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Models of Phonotactics for Word Segmentation",
    author = "Schrimpf, Natalie  and
      Jarosz, Gaja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Joint Meeting of {SIGMORPHON} and {SIGFSM}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2803",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2803",
    pages = "19--28",
}
@inproceedings{hulden-2014-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing Inflection Tables into Paradigms with Finite State Operations",
    author = "Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Joint Meeting of {SIGMORPHON} and {SIGFSM}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2804",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2804",
    pages = "29--36",
}
@inproceedings{k-lalitha-devi-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Conversion of Dialectal {T}amil Text to Standard Written {T}amil Text using {FST}s",
    author = "K, Marimuthu  and
      Lalitha Devi, Sobha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Joint Meeting of {SIGMORPHON} and {SIGFSM}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2805",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2805",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{kessikbayeva-cicekli-2014-rule,
    title = "Rule Based Morphological Analyzer of {K}azakh Language",
    author = "Kessikbayeva, Gulshat  and
      Cicekli, Ilyas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Joint Meeting of {SIGMORPHON} and {SIGFSM}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2806",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2806",
    pages = "46--54",
}
@inproceedings{racz-etal-2014-rules,
    title = "Rules, Analogy, and Social Factors Codetermine Past-tense Formation Patterns in {E}nglish",
    author = "R{\'a}cz, P{\'e}ter  and
      Beckner, Clayton  and
      Hay, Jennifer B.  and
      Pierrehumbert, Janet B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Joint Meeting of {SIGMORPHON} and {SIGFSM}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2807",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2807",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{kondrak-2014-10,
    title = "10 Open Questions in Computational Morphonology",
    author = "Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Joint Meeting of {SIGMORPHON} and {SIGFSM}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2808",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2808",
    pages = "64--68",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-events,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    author = "Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2900",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-29",
}
@inproceedings{rastogi-van-durme-2014-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting {F}rame{N}et Via {PPDB}",
    author = "Rastogi, Pushpendre  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2901",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2901",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{dusek-etal-2014-verbal,
    title = "Verbal Valency Frame Detection and Selection in {C}zech and {E}nglish",
    author = "Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2902",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2902",
    pages = "6--11",
}
@inproceedings{ikuta-etal-2014-challenges,
    title = "Challenges of Adding Causation to Richer Event Descriptions",
    author = "Ikuta, Rei  and
      Styler, Will  and
      Hamang, Mariah  and
      O{'}Gorman, Tim  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2903",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2903",
    pages = "12--20",
}
@inproceedings{kulick-etal-2014-inter,
    title = "Inter-annotator Agreement for {ERE} annotation",
    author = "Kulick, Seth  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Mott, Justin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2904",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2904",
    pages = "21--25",
}
@inproceedings{rusu-etal-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Techniques for Extracting and Clustering Complex Events in News",
    author = "Rusu, Delia  and
      Hodson, James  and
      Kimball, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2905",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2905",
    pages = "26--34",
}
@inproceedings{torabi-asr-etal-2014-conceptual,
    title = "Conceptual and Practical Steps in Event Coreference Analysis of Large-scale Data",
    author = "Torabi Asr, Fatemeh  and
      Sonntag, Jonathan  and
      Grishina, Yulia  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2906",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2906",
    pages = "35--44",
}
@inproceedings{aguilar-etal-2014-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of the Events and Relations Across {ACE}, {ERE}, {TAC}-{KBP}, and {F}rame{N}et Annotation Standards",
    author = "Aguilar, Jacqueline  and
      Beller, Charley  and
      McNamee, Paul  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Song, Zhiyi  and
      Ellis, Joe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2907",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2907",
    pages = "45--53",
}
@inproceedings{rudinger-van-durme-2014-stanford,
    title = "Is the {S}tanford Dependency Representation Semantic?",
    author = "Rudinger, Rachel  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2908",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2908",
    pages = "54--58",
}
@inproceedings{monahan-brunson-2014-qualities,
    title = "Qualities of Eventiveness",
    author = "Monahan, Sean  and
      Brunson, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2909",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2909",
    pages = "59--67",
}
@inproceedings{araki-etal-2014-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation for Partial Event Coreference",
    author = "Araki, Jun  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2910",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-2910",
    pages = "68--76",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-frame,
    title = "Proceedings of Frame Semantics in {NLP}: A Workshop in Honor of Chuck {F}illmore (1929-2014)",
    author = "Petruck, Miriam R. L.  and
      Melo, Gerard de",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-30",
}
@inproceedings{baker-2014-framenet,
    title = "{F}rame{N}et: A Knowledge Base for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Baker, Collin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Frame Semantics in {NLP}: A Workshop in Honor of Chuck {F}illmore (1929-2014)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3001",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{church-2014-case,
    title = "The Case for Empiricism (With and Without Statistics)",
    author = "Church, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Frame Semantics in {NLP}: A Workshop in Honor of Chuck {F}illmore (1929-2014)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3002",
    pages = "6--9",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-2014-case,
    title = "Case, Constructions, {F}rame{N}et, and the Deep Lexicon",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Frame Semantics in {NLP}: A Workshop in Honor of Chuck {F}illmore (1929-2014)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3003",
    pages = "10--12",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-etal-2014-semlink,
    title = "{S}em{L}ink+: {F}rame{N}et, {V}erb{N}et and Event Ontologies",
    author = "Palmer, Martha  and
      Bonial, Claire  and
      McCarthy, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Frame Semantics in {NLP}: A Workshop in Honor of Chuck {F}illmore (1929-2014)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3004",
    pages = "13--17",
}
@inproceedings{ide-2014-framenet,
    title = "{F}rame{N}et and Linked Data",
    author = "Ide, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Frame Semantics in {NLP}: A Workshop in Honor of Chuck {F}illmore (1929-2014)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3005",
    pages = "18--21",
}
@inproceedings{narayanan-2014-bridging,
    title = "Bridging Text and Knowledge with Frames",
    author = "Narayanan, Srini",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Frame Semantics in {NLP}: A Workshop in Honor of Chuck {F}illmore (1929-2014)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3006",
    pages = "22--25",
}
@inproceedings{das-2014-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Models for Frame-Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Das, Dipanjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Frame Semantics in {NLP}: A Workshop in Honor of Chuck {F}illmore (1929-2014)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3007",
    pages = "26--29",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using Frame Semantics in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Agarwal, Apoorv  and
      Bauer, Daniel  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Frame Semantics in {NLP}: A Workshop in Honor of Chuck {F}illmore (1929-2014)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3008",
    pages = "30--33",
}
@inproceedings{erk-2014-evoked,
    title = "Who Evoked that Frame? Some Thoughts on Context Effects and Event Types",
    author = "Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Frame Semantics in {NLP}: A Workshop in Honor of Chuck {F}illmore (1929-2014)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3009",
    pages = "34--37",
}
@inproceedings{dragut-fellbaum-2014-role,
    title = "The Role of Adverbs in Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Dragut, Eduard  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Frame Semantics in {NLP}: A Workshop in Honor of Chuck {F}illmore (1929-2014)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, MD, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3010",
    pages = "38--41",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-interactive,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interactive Language Learning, Visualization, and Interfaces",
    author = "Chuang, Jason  and
      Green, Spence  and
      Hearst, Marti  and
      Heer, Jeffrey  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3100",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-31",
}
@inproceedings{oconnor-2014-mitextexplorer,
    title = "{M}i{T}ext{E}xplorer: Linked brushing and mutual information for exploratory text data analysis",
    author = "O{'}Connor, Brendan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interactive Language Learning, Visualization, and Interfaces",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3101",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3101",
    pages = "1--13",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2014-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Learning of Spatial Knowledge for Text to 3{D} Scene Generation",
    author = "Chang, Angel  and
      Savva, Manolis  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interactive Language Learning, Visualization, and Interfaces",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3102",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3102",
    pages = "14--21",
}
@inproceedings{coppersmith-kelly-2014-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Wordclouds and Vennclouds for Exploratory Data Analysis",
    author = "Coppersmith, Glen  and
      Kelly, Erin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interactive Language Learning, Visualization, and Interfaces",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3103",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3103",
    pages = "22--29",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2014-active,
    title = "Active Learning with Constrained Topic Model",
    author = "Yang, Yi  and
      Pan, Shimei  and
      Downey, Doug  and
      Zhang, Kunpeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interactive Language Learning, Visualization, and Interfaces",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3104",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3104",
    pages = "30--33",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2014-glance,
    title = "{GLANCE} Visualizes Lexical Phenomena for Language Learning",
    author = "Chen, Mei-Hua  and
      Huang, Shih-Ting  and
      Kao, Ting-Hui  and
      Chiu, Hsun-wen  and
      Yen, Tzu-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interactive Language Learning, Visualization, and Interfaces",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3105",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3105",
    pages = "34--37",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-manning-2014-spied,
    title = "{SPIED}: {S}tanford Pattern based Information Extraction and Diagnostics",
    author = "Gupta, Sonal  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interactive Language Learning, Visualization, and Interfaces",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3106",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3106",
    pages = "38--44",
}
@inproceedings{hoque-etal-2014-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Exploration of Asynchronous Conversations: Applying a User-centered Approach to Design a Visual Text Analytic System",
    author = "Hoque, Enamul  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Joty, Shafiq",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interactive Language Learning, Visualization, and Interfaces",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3107",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3107",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{weiss-2014-muck,
    title = "{MUCK}: A toolkit for extracting and visualizing semantic dimensions of large text collections",
    author = "Weiss, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interactive Language Learning, Visualization, and Interfaces",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3108",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3108",
    pages = "53--58",
}
@inproceedings{mccracken-etal-2014-design,
    title = "Design of an Active Learning System with Human Correction for Content Analysis",
    author = "McCracken, Nancy  and
      Liew, Jasy Suet Yan  and
      Crowston, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interactive Language Learning, Visualization, and Interfaces",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3109",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3109",
    pages = "59--62",
}
@inproceedings{sievert-shirley-2014-ldavis,
    title = "{LDA}vis: A method for visualizing and interpreting topics",
    author = "Sievert, Carson  and
      Shirley, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interactive Language Learning, Visualization, and Interfaces",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3110",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3110",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2014-hiearchie,
    title = "{H}iearchie: Visualization for Hierarchical Topic Models",
    author = "Smith, Alison  and
      Hawes, Timothy  and
      Myers, Meredith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interactive Language Learning, Visualization, and Interfaces",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3111",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3111",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2014-concurrent,
    title = "Concurrent Visualization of Relationships between Words and Topics in Topic Models",
    author = "Smith, Alison  and
      Chuang, Jason  and
      Hu, Yuening  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Findlater, Leah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interactive Language Learning, Visualization, and Interfaces",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3112",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3112",
    pages = "79--82",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-linguistics-clinical,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    author = "Resnik, Philip  and
      Resnik, Rebecca  and
      Mitchell, Margaret",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3200",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-32",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-etal-2014-predicting,
    title = "Predicting military and veteran suicide risk: Cultural aspects",
    author = "Thompson, Paul  and
      Bryan, Craig  and
      Poulin, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3201",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3201",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{howes-etal-2014-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Indicators of Severity and Progress in Online Text-based Therapy for Depression",
    author = "Howes, Christine  and
      Purver, Matthew  and
      McCabe, Rose",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3202",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3202",
    pages = "7--16",
}
@inproceedings{fraser-etal-2014-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of different feature sets for identification of variants in progressive aphasia",
    author = "Fraser, Kathleen C.  and
      Hirst, Graeme  and
      Graham, Naida L.  and
      Meltzer, Jed A.  and
      Black, Sandra E.  and
      Rochon, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3203",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3203",
    pages = "17--26",
}
@inproceedings{jarrold-etal-2014-aided,
    title = "Aided diagnosis of dementia type through computer-based analysis of spontaneous speech",
    author = "Jarrold, William  and
      Peintner, Bart  and
      Wilkins, David  and
      Vergryi, Dimitra  and
      Richey, Colleen  and
      Gorno-Tempini, Maria Luisa  and
      Ogar, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3204",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3204",
    pages = "27--37",
}
@inproceedings{glasgow-schouten-2014-assessing,
    title = "Assessing Violence Risk in Threatening Communications",
    author = "Glasgow, Kimberly  and
      Schouten, Ronald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3205",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3205",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{rouhizadeh-etal-2014-detecting,
    title = "Detecting linguistic idiosyncratic interests in autism using distributional semantic models",
    author = "Rouhizadeh, Masoud  and
      Prud{'}hommeaux, Emily  and
      van Santen, Jan  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3206",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3206",
    pages = "46--50",
}
@inproceedings{coppersmith-etal-2014-quantifying,
    title = "Quantifying Mental Health Signals in Twitter",
    author = "Coppersmith, Glen  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Harman, Craig",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3207",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3207",
    pages = "51--60",
}
@inproceedings{lamers-etal-2014-applying,
    title = "Applying prosodic speech features in mental health care: An exploratory study in a life-review intervention for depression",
    author = "Lamers, Sanne M.A.  and
      Truong, Khiet P.  and
      Steunenberg, Bas  and
      de Jong, Franciska  and
      Westerhof, Gerben J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3208",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3208",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{morley-etal-2014-challenges,
    title = "Challenges in Automating Maze Detection",
    author = "Morley, Eric  and
      Hallin, Anna Eva  and
      Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3209",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3209",
    pages = "69--77",
}
@inproceedings{orimaye-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Predictive Linguistic Features for {A}lzheimer{'}s Disease and related Dementias using Verbal Utterances",
    author = "Orimaye, Sylvester Olubolu  and
      Wong, Jojo Sze-Meng  and
      Golden, Karen Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3210",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3210",
    pages = "78--87",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-etal-2014-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic and Acoustic Features for Automatic Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children{'}s Narrative",
    author = "Tanaka, Hiroki  and
      Sakti, Sakriani  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Toda, Tomoki  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3211",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3211",
    pages = "88--96",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-2014-mining,
    title = "Mining Themes and Interests in the Asperger{'}s and Autism Community",
    author = "Ji, Yangfeng  and
      Hong, Hwajung  and
      Arriaga, Rosa  and
      Rozga, Agata  and
      Abowd, Gregory  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3212",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3212",
    pages = "97--106",
}
@inproceedings{homan-etal-2014-toward,
    title = "Toward Macro-Insights for Suicide Prevention: Analyzing Fine-Grained Distress at Scale",
    author = "Homan, Christopher  and
      Johar, Ravdeep  and
      Liu, Tong  and
      Lytle, Megan  and
      Silenzio, Vincent  and
      Ovesdotter Alm, Cecilia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3213",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3213",
    pages = "107--117",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Assessing Changes in Degree of Depression through {F}acebook",
    author = "Schwartz, H. Andrew  and
      Eichstaedt, Johannes  and
      Kern, Margaret L.  and
      Park, Gregory  and
      Sap, Maarten  and
      Stillwell, David  and
      Kosinski, Michal  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3214",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3214",
    pages = "118--125",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-statistical,
    title = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Buck, Christian  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3300",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-33",
}
@inproceedings{sakaguchi-etal-2014-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Elicitation of Annotations for Human Evaluation of Machine Translation",
    author = "Sakaguchi, Keisuke  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3301",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3301",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2014-findings,
    title = "Findings of the 2014 Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Buck, Christian  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Leveling, Johannes  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Pecina, Pavel  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Saint-Amand, Herve  and
      Soricut, Radu  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3302",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3302",
    pages = "12--58",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-etal-2014-parallel,
    title = "Parallel {FDA}5 for Fast Deployment of Accurate Statistical Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3303",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3303",
    pages = "59--65",
}
@inproceedings{borisov-galinskaya-2014-yandex,
    title = "Yandex School of Data Analysis {R}ussian-{E}nglish Machine Translation System for {WMT}14",
    author = "Borisov, Alexey  and
      Galinskaya, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3304",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3304",
    pages = "66--70",
}
@inproceedings{cap-etal-2014-cims,
    title = "{C}im{S} {--} The {CIS} and {IMS} joint submission to {WMT} 2014 translating from {E}nglish into {G}erman",
    author = "Cap, Fabienne  and
      Weller, Marion  and
      Ramm, Anita  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3305",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3305",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@inproceedings{costa-jussa-etal-2014-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-to-{H}indi system description for {WMT} 2014: Deep Source-Context Features for {M}oses",
    author = "Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Gupta, Parth  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3306",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3306",
    pages = "79--83",
}
@inproceedings{do-etal-2014-kit,
    title = "The {KIT}-{LIMSI} Translation System for {WMT} 2014",
    author = "Do, Quoc Khanh  and
      Herrmann, Teresa  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Allauzen, Alexander  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3307",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3307",
    pages = "84--89",
}
@inproceedings{dungarwal-etal-2014-iit,
    title = "The {IIT} {B}ombay {H}indi-{E}nglish Translation System at {WMT} 2014",
    author = "Dungarwal, Piyush  and
      Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Mishra, Abhijit  and
      Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Shah, Ritesh  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3308",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3308",
    pages = "90--96",
}
@inproceedings{durrani-etal-2014-edinburghs,
    title = "{E}dinburgh{'}s Phrase-based Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}-14",
    author = "Durrani, Nadir  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Heafield, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3309",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3309",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{freitag-etal-2014-eu,
    title = "EU-BRIDGE MT: Combined Machine Translation",
    author = "Freitag, Markus  and
      Peitz, Stephan  and
      Wuebker, Joern  and
      Ney, Hermann  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Sennrich, Rico  and
      Durrani, Nadir  and
      Nadejde, Maria  and
      Williams, Philip  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Herrmann, Teresa  and
      Cho, Eunah  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3310",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3310",
    pages = "105--113",
}
@inproceedings{green-etal-2014-phrasal,
    title = "{P}hrasal: A Toolkit for New Directions in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Green, Spence  and
      Cer, Daniel  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3311",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3311",
    pages = "114--121",
}
@inproceedings{hardmeier-etal-2014-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora Models and Reordering for Phrase-Based {SMT}",
    author = {Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Stymne, Sara  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Smith, Aaron  and
      Nivre, Joakim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3312",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3312",
    pages = "122--129",
}
@inproceedings{herrmann-etal-2014-karlsruhe,
    title = "The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Translation Systems for the {WMT} 2014",
    author = "Herrmann, Teresa  and
      Mediani, Mohammed  and
      Cho, Eunah  and
      Ha, Thanh-Le  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Slawik, Isabel  and
      Zhang, Yuqi  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3313",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3313",
    pages = "130--135",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-dcu,
    title = "The {DCU}-{ICTCAS} {MT} system at {WMT} 2014 on {G}erman-{E}nglish Translation Task",
    author = "Li, Liangyou  and
      Wu, Xiaofeng  and
      Va{\'\i}llo, Santiago Cort{\'e}s  and
      Xie, Jun  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3314",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3314",
    pages = "136--141",
}
@inproceedings{matthews-etal-2014-cmu,
    title = "The {CMU} Machine Translation Systems at {WMT} 2014",
    author = "Matthews, Austin  and
      Ammar, Waleed  and
      Bhatia, Archna  and
      Feely, Weston  and
      Hanneman, Greg  and
      Schlinger, Eva  and
      Swayamdipta, Swabha  and
      Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3315",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3315",
    pages = "142--149",
}
@inproceedings{neidert-etal-2014-stanford,
    title = "{S}tanford University{'}s Submissions to the {WMT} 2014 Translation Task",
    author = "Neidert, Julia  and
      Schuster, Sebastian  and
      Green, Spence  and
      Heafield, Kenneth  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3316",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3316",
    pages = "150--156",
}
@inproceedings{peitz-etal-2014-rwth,
    title = "The {RWTH} Aachen {G}erman-{E}nglish Machine Translation System for {WMT} 2014",
    author = "Peitz, Stephan  and
      Wuebker, Joern  and
      Freitag, Markus  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3317",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3317",
    pages = "157--162",
}
@inproceedings{quernheim-cap-2014-large,
    title = "Large-scale Exact Decoding: The {IMS}-{TTT} submission to {WMT}14",
    author = "Quernheim, Daniel  and
      Cap, Fabienne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3318",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3318",
    pages = "163--170",
}
@inproceedings{rubino-etal-2014-abu,
    title = "Abu-{M}a{T}ran at {WMT} 2014 Translation Task: Two-step Data Selection and {RBMT}-Style Synthetic Rules",
    author = "Rubino, Raphael  and
      Toral, Antonio  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Cartagena, Victor M.  and
      Ferr{\'a}ndez-Tordera, Jorge  and
      Ortiz-Rojas, Sergio  and
      Ram{\'\i}rez-S{\'a}nchez, Gema  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Mart{\'\i}nez, Felipe  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3319",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3319",
    pages = "171--177",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-cartagena-etal-2014-ua,
    title = "The {UA}-Prompsit hybrid machine translation system for the 2014 Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "S{\'a}nchez-Cartagena, V{\'\i}ctor M.  and
      P{\'e}rez-Ortiz, Juan Antonio  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Mart{\'\i}nez, Felipe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3320",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3320",
    pages = "178--185",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-2014-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation and Monolingual Postediting: The {AFRL} {WMT}-14 System",
    author = "Schwartz, Lane  and
      Anderson, Timothy  and
      Gwinnup, Jeremy  and
      Young, Katherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3321",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3321",
    pages = "186--194",
}
@inproceedings{tamchyna-etal-2014-cuni,
    title = "{CUNI} in {WMT}14: Chimera Still Awaits Bellerophon",
    author = "Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Rosa, Rudolf  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3322",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3322",
    pages = "195--200",
}
@inproceedings{tan-pal-2014-manawi,
    title = "{M}anawi: Using Multi-Word Expressions and Named Entities to Improve Machine Translation",
    author = "Tan, Liling  and
      Pal, Santanu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3323",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3323",
    pages = "201--206",
}
@inproceedings{williams-etal-2014-edinburghs,
    title = "{E}dinburgh{'}s Syntax-Based Systems at {WMT} 2014",
    author = "Williams, Philip  and
      Sennrich, Rico  and
      Nadejde, Maria  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Hasler, Eva  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3324",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3324",
    pages = "207--214",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2014-dcu,
    title = "{DCU}-Lingo24 Participation in {WMT} 2014 {H}indi-{E}nglish Translation task",
    author = "Wu, Xiaofeng  and
      Haque, Rejwanul  and
      Okita, Tsuyoshi  and
      Arora, Piyush  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3325",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3325",
    pages = "215--220",
}
@inproceedings{dusek-etal-2014-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation of Medical Texts in the Khresmoi Project",
    author = "Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Hlav{\'a}{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Jaroslava  and
      Nov{\'a}k, Michal  and
      Pecina, Pavel  and
      Rosa, Rudolf  and
      Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}  and
      Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka  and
      Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3326",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3326",
    pages = "221--228",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-postechs,
    title = "Postech{'}s System Description for Medical Text Translation Task",
    author = "Li, Jianri  and
      Kim, Se-Jong  and
      Na, Hwidong  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3327",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3327",
    pages = "229--232",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2014-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation for Medical Text Translation using Web Resources",
    author = "Lu, Yi  and
      Wang, Longyue  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.  and
      Wang, Yiming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3328",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3328",
    pages = "233--238",
}
@inproceedings{okita-etal-2014-dcu,
    title = "{DCU} Terminology Translation System for Medical Query Subtask at {WMT}14",
    author = "Okita, Tsuyoshi  and
      Vahid, Ali  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3329",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3329",
    pages = "239--245",
}
@inproceedings{pecheux-etal-2014-limsi,
    title = "LIMSI @ WMT{'}14 Medical Translation Task",
    author = "P{\'e}cheux, Nicolas  and
      Gong, Li  and
      Do, Quoc Khanh  and
      Marie, Benjamin  and
      Ivanishcheva, Yulia  and
      Allauzen, Alexander  and
      Lavergne, Thomas  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3330",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3330",
    pages = "246--253",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-combining,
    title = "Combining Domain Adaptation Approaches for Medical Text Translation",
    author = "Wang, Longyue  and
      Lu, Yi  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.  and
      Wang, Yiming  and
      Oliveira, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3331",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3331",
    pages = "254--259",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-2014-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Medical Translation Shared Task at {WMT} 2014",
    author = "Zhang, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3332",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3332",
    pages = "260--265",
}
@inproceedings{graham-etal-2014-randomized,
    title = "Randomized Significance Tests in Machine Translation",
    author = "Graham, Yvette  and
      Mathur, Nitika  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3333",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3333",
    pages = "266--274",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-etal-2014-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Word Alignment Quality for {SMT} Reordering Tasks",
    author = {Stymne, Sara  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Nivre, Joakim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3334",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3334",
    pages = "275--286",
}
@inproceedings{isozaki-etal-2014-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-based Automatic Enumeration of Semantically Equivalent Word Orders for Evaluating {J}apanese Translations",
    author = "Isozaki, Hideki  and
      Kouchi, Natsume  and
      Hirao, Tsutomu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3335",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3335",
    pages = "287--292",
}
@inproceedings{machacek-bojar-2014-results,
    title = "Results of the {WMT}14 Metrics Shared Task",
    author = "Mach{\'a}{\v{c}}ek, Matou{\v{s}}  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3336",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3336",
    pages = "293--301",
}
@inproceedings{avramidis-2014-efforts,
    title = "Efforts on Machine Learning over Human-mediated Translation Edit Rate",
    author = "Avramidis, Eleftherios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3337",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3337",
    pages = "302--306",
}
@inproceedings{beck-etal-2014-shef,
    title = "{SHEF}-Lite 2.0: Sparse Multi-task {G}aussian Processes for Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Beck, Daniel  and
      Shah, Kashif  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3338",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3338",
    pages = "307--312",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-way-2014-referential,
    title = "Referential Translation Machines for Predicting Translation Quality",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3339",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3339",
    pages = "313--321",
}
@inproceedings{camargo-de-souza-etal-2014-fbk,
    title = "{FBK}-{UPV}-{UE}din participation in the {WMT}14 Quality Estimation shared-task",
    author = "Camargo de Souza, Jos{\'e} Guilherme  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-Rubio, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Buck, Christian  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Negri, Matteo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3340",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3340",
    pages = "322--328",
}
@inproceedings{hokamp-etal-2014-target,
    title = "Target-Centric Features for Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Hokamp, Chris  and
      Calixto, Iacer  and
      Wagner, Joachim  and
      Zhang, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3341",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3341",
    pages = "329--334",
}
@inproceedings{luong-etal-2014-lig,
    title = "{LIG} System for Word Level {QE} task at {WMT}14",
    author = "Luong, Ngoc-Quang  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Lecouteux, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3342",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3342",
    pages = "335--341",
}
@inproceedings{scarton-specia-2014-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Consensus in Machine Translation for Quality Estimation",
    author = "Scarton, Carolina  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3343",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3343",
    pages = "342--347",
}
@inproceedings{wisniewski-etal-2014-limsi,
    title = "LIMSI Submission for WMT{'}14 QE Task",
    author = "Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      P{\'e}cheux, Nicolas  and
      Allauzen, Alexander  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3344",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3344",
    pages = "348--354",
}
@inproceedings{barancikova-2014-parmesan,
    title = "{P}armesan: Meteor without Paraphrases with Paraphrased References",
    author = "Baran{\v{c}}{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Petra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3345",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3345",
    pages = "355--361",
}
@inproceedings{chen-cherry-2014-systematic,
    title = "A Systematic Comparison of Smoothing Techniques for Sentence-Level {BLEU}",
    author = "Chen, Boxing  and
      Cherry, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3346",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3346",
    pages = "362--367",
}
@inproceedings{comelles-atserias-2014-verta,
    title = "{VERT}a participation in the {WMT}14 Metrics Task",
    author = "Comelles, Elisabet  and
      Atserias, Jordi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3347",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3347",
    pages = "368--375",
}
@inproceedings{denkowski-lavie-2014-meteor,
    title = "Meteor Universal: Language Specific Translation Evaluation for Any Target Language",
    author = "Denkowski, Michael  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3348",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3348",
    pages = "376--380",
}
@inproceedings{echizenya-etal-2014-application,
    title = "Application of Prize based on Sentence Length in Chunk-based Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation",
    author = "Echizen{'}ya, Hiroshi  and
      Araki, Kenji  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3349",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3349",
    pages = "381--386",
}
@inproceedings{gautam-bhattacharyya-2014-layered,
    title = "{LAYERED}: Metric for Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Gautam, Shubham  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3350",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3350",
    pages = "387--393",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-etal-2014-ipa,
    title = "{IPA} and {STOUT}: Leveraging Linguistic and Source-based Features for Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Gonz{\`a}lez, Meritxell  and
      Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3351",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3351",
    pages = "394--401",
}
@inproceedings{joty-etal-2014-discotk,
    title = "{D}isco{TK}: Using Discourse Structure for Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Joty, Shafiq  and
      Guzm{\'a}n, Francisco  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3352",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3352",
    pages = "402--408",
}
@inproceedings{libovicky-pecina-2014-tolerant,
    title = "Tolerant {BLEU}: a Submission to the {WMT}14 Metrics Task",
    author = "Libovick{\'y}, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Pecina, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3353",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3353",
    pages = "409--413",
}
@inproceedings{stanojevic-simaan-2014-beer,
    title = "{BEER}: {BE}tter Evaluation as Ranking",
    author = "Stanojevi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3354",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3354",
    pages = "414--419",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2014-red,
    title = "{RED}, The {DCU}-{CASICT} Submission of Metrics Tasks",
    author = "Wu, Xiaofeng  and
      Yu, Hui  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3355",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3355",
    pages = "420--425",
}
@inproceedings{ling-etal-2014-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing High-Quality Parallel Data Extraction from Twitter",
    author = "Ling, Wang  and
      Marujo, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Black, Alan W.  and
      Trancoso, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3356",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3356",
    pages = "426--436",
}
@inproceedings{irvine-callison-burch-2014-using,
    title = "Using Comparable Corpora to Adapt {MT} Models to New Domains",
    author = "Irvine, Ann  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3357",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3357",
    pages = "437--444",
}
@inproceedings{hasler-etal-2014-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Topic Adaptation for {SMT} using Distributional Profiles",
    author = "Hasler, Eva  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3358",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3358",
    pages = "445--456",
}
@inproceedings{mansour-ney-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Adaptation for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Mansour, Saab  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3359",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3359",
    pages = "457--465",
}
@inproceedings{green-etal-2014-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Comparison of Features and Tuning for Phrase-based Machine Translation",
    author = "Green, Spence  and
      Cer, Daniel  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3360",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3360",
    pages = "466--476",
}
@inproceedings{alrajeh-niranjan-2014-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Reordering Model with Feature Selection",
    author = "Alrajeh, Abdullah  and
      Niranjan, Mahesan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3361",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3361",
    pages = "477--485",
}
@inproceedings{huck-etal-2014-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting String-to-Tree and Tree-to-String Translation with Non-Syntactic Phrases",
    author = "Huck, Matthias  and
      Hoang, Hieu  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3362",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3362",
    pages = "486--498",
}
@inproceedings{carpuat-etal-2014-linear,
    title = "Linear Mixture Models for Robust Machine Translation",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine  and
      Goutte, Cyril  and
      Foster, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3363",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3363",
    pages = "499--509",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-bionlp,
    title = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    author = "Cohen, Kevin  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Tsujii, Jun-ichi",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3400",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-34",
}
@inproceedings{tahsin-etal-2014-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Processing Methods for Enhancing Geographic Metadata for Phylogeography of Zoonotic Viruses",
    author = "Tahsin, Tasnia  and
      Rivera, Robert  and
      Beard, Rachel  and
      Lauder, Rob  and
      Weissenbacher, Davy  and
      Scotch, Matthew  and
      Wallstrom, Garrick  and
      Gonzalez, Graciela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3401",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3401",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{hailu-etal-2014-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Expression Recognition for Cell Cycle Phase Concepts in Biomedical Literature",
    author = "Hailu, Negacy  and
      Panteleyeva, Natalya  and
      Cohen, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3402",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3402",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{yu-fanelli-2014-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Negative Findings in Biomedical Publications",
    author = "Yu, Bei  and
      Fanelli, Daniele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3403",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3403",
    pages = "19--23",
}
@inproceedings{leaman-lu-2014-automated,
    title = "Automated Disease Normalization with Low Rank Approximations",
    author = "Leaman, Robert  and
      Lu, Zhiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3404",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3404",
    pages = "24--28",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-etal-2014-decomposing,
    title = "Decomposing Consumer Health Questions",
    author = "Roberts, Kirk  and
      Kilicoglu, Halil  and
      Fiszman, Marcelo  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3405",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3405",
    pages = "29--37",
}
@inproceedings{sheikhshab-etal-2014-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Health Related Discussions in Everyday Telephone Conversations for Studying Medical Events in the Lives of Older Adults",
    author = "Sheikhshab, Golnar  and
      Shafran, Izhak  and
      Kaye, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3406",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3406",
    pages = "38--44",
}
@inproceedings{kilicoglu-demner-fushman-2014-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution for Structured Drug Product Labels",
    author = "Kilicoglu, Halil  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3407",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3407",
    pages = "45--53",
}
@inproceedings{mowery-etal-2014-generating,
    title = "Generating Patient Problem Lists from the {S}h{AR}e Corpus using {SNOMED} {CT}/{SNOMED} {CT} {CORE} Problem List",
    author = "Mowery, Danielle  and
      Ross, Mindy  and
      Velupillai, Sumithra  and
      Meystre, Stephane  and
      Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Chapman, Wendy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3408",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3408",
    pages = "54--58",
}
@inproceedings{subotin-davis-2014-system,
    title = "A System for Predicting {ICD}-10-{PCS} Codes from Electronic Health Records",
    author = "Subotin, Michael  and
      Davis, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3409",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3409",
    pages = "59--67",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-etal-2014-structuring,
    title = "Structuring Operative Notes using Active Learning",
    author = "Roberts, Kirk  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda  and
      Skinner, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3410",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3410",
    pages = "68--76",
}
@inproceedings{savkov-etal-2014-chunking,
    title = "Chunking Clinical Text Containing Non-Canonical Language",
    author = "Savkov, Aleksandar  and
      Carroll, John  and
      Cassell, Jackie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3411",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3411",
    pages = "77--82",
}
@inproceedings{hochberg-etal-2014-decision,
    title = "Decision Style in a Clinical Reasoning Corpus",
    author = "Hochberg, Limor  and
      Ovesdotter Alm, Cecilia  and
      Rantanen, Esa M.  and
      DeLong, Caroline M.  and
      Haake, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3412",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3412",
    pages = "83--87",
}
@inproceedings{velupillai-2014-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Expressions in {S}wedish Medical Text {--} A Pilot Study",
    author = "Velupillai, Sumithra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3413",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3413",
    pages = "88--92",
}
@inproceedings{osborne-etal-2014-repository,
    title = "A repository of semantic types in the {MIMIC} {II} database clinical notes",
    author = "Osborne, Richard  and
      Aronson, Alan  and
      Cohen, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3414",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3414",
    pages = "93--97",
}
@inproceedings{segura-bedmar-etal-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting drug indications and adverse drug reactions from {S}panish health social media",
    author = "Segura-Bedmar, Isabel  and
      de la Pe{\~n}a Gonz{\'a}lez, Santiago  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Paloma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3415",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3415",
    pages = "98--106",
}
@inproceedings{martin-etal-2014-symptom,
    title = "Symptom extraction issue",
    author = "Martin, Laure  and
      Battistelli, Delphine  and
      Charnois, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3416",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3416",
    pages = "107--111",
}
@inproceedings{preiss-2014-seeking,
    title = "Seeking Informativeness in Literature Based Discovery",
    author = "Preiss, Judita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3417",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3417",
    pages = "112--117",
}
@inproceedings{hartung-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Gene Recognition from Rare and Ambiguous Abbreviations using a Filtering Approach",
    author = "Hartung, Matthias  and
      Klinger, Roman  and
      Zwick, Matthias  and
      Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3418",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3418",
    pages = "118--127",
}
@inproceedings{karami-gangopadhyay-2014-fftm,
    title = "{FFTM}: A Fuzzy Feature Transformation Method for Medical Documents",
    author = "Karami, Amir  and
      Gangopadhyay, Aryya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3419",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3419",
    pages = "128--133",
}
@inproceedings{fraser-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using statistical parsing to detect agrammatic aphasia",
    author = "Fraser, Kathleen C.  and
      Hirst, Graeme  and
      Meltzer, Jed A.  and
      Mack, Jennifer E.  and
      Thompson, Cynthia K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2014",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3420",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3420",
    pages = "134--142",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-nlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the third workshop on {NLP} for computer-assisted language learning",
    author = "Volodina, Elena  and
      Borin, Lars  and
      Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3500",
}
@inproceedings{carlini-etal-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Collocation Correction by Ranking Suggestions Using Linguistic Knowledge",
    author = "Carlini, Roberto  and
      Codina-Filba, Joan  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the third workshop on {NLP} for computer-assisted language learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3501",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{francois-2014-analysis,
    title = "An analysis of a {F}rench as a Foreign Language Corpus for Readability Assessment",
    author = "Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the third workshop on {NLP} for computer-assisted language learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3502",
    pages = "13--32",
}
@inproceedings{horsmann-zesch-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Scoring of Cloze Items by Selecting Low-Ambiguity Contexts",
    author = "Horsmann, Tobias  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the third workshop on {NLP} for computer-assisted language learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3503",
    pages = "33--42",
}
@inproceedings{king-dickinson-2014-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging known Semantics for Spelling Correction",
    author = "King, Levi  and
      Dickinson, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the third workshop on {NLP} for computer-assisted language learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3504",
    pages = "43--58",
}
@inproceedings{koleva-etal-2014-paraphrase,
    title = "Paraphrase Detection for Short Answer Scoring",
    author = "Koleva, Nikolina  and
      Horbach, Andrea  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      Ostermann, Simon  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the third workshop on {NLP} for computer-assisted language learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3505",
    pages = "59--73",
}
@inproceedings{koniaris-2014-approach,
    title = "An Approach to Measure Pronunciation Similarity in Second Language Learning Using Radial Basis Function Kernel",
    author = "Koniaris, Christos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the third workshop on {NLP} for computer-assisted language learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3506",
    pages = "74--86",
}
@inproceedings{kuzmenko-kutuzov-2014-russian,
    title = "{R}ussian Error-Annotated Learner {E}nglish Corpus: a Tool for Computer-Assisted Language Learning",
    author = "Kuzmenko, Elizaveta  and
      Kutuzov, Andrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the third workshop on {NLP} for computer-assisted language learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3507",
    pages = "87--97",
}
@inproceedings{reynolds-etal-2014-view,
    title = "A {VIEW} of {R}ussian: Visual Input Enhancement and Adaptive Feedback",
    author = "Reynolds, Robert  and
      Schaf, Eduard  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the third workshop on {NLP} for computer-assisted language learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3508",
    pages = "98--112",
}
@inproceedings{vajjala-loo-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic {CEFR} Level Prediction for {E}stonian Learner Text",
    author = "Vajjala, Sowmya  and
      L{\~o}o, Kaidi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the third workshop on {NLP} for computer-assisted language learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3509",
    pages = "113--127",
}
@inproceedings{volodina-etal-2014-get,
    title = "You Get what You Annotate: A Pedagogically Annotated Corpus of Coursebooks for {S}wedish as a Second Language",
    author = "Volodina, Elena  and
      Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}  and
      R{\o}dven Eide, Stian  and
      Heidarsson, Hannes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the third workshop on {NLP} for computer-assisted language learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3510",
    pages = "128--144",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-emnlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3600",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-36",
}
@inproceedings{mubarak-darwish-2014-using,
    title = "Using Twitter to Collect a Multi-Dialectal Corpus of {A}rabic",
    author = "Mubarak, Hamdy  and
      Darwish, Kareem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3601",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3601",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{alansary-nagi-2014-international,
    title = "The International Corpus of {A}rabic: Compilation, Analysis and Evaluation",
    author = "Alansary, Sameh  and
      Nagi, Magdy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3602",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3602",
    pages = "8--17",
}
@inproceedings{jarrar-etal-2014-building,
    title = "Building a Corpus for Palestinian {A}rabic: a Preliminary Study",
    author = "Jarrar, Mustafa  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Akra, Diyam  and
      Zalmout, Nasser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3603",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3603",
    pages = "18--27",
}
@inproceedings{abdulrahim-2014-annotating,
    title = "Annotating corpus data for a quantitative, constructional analysis of motion verbs in Modern Standard {A}rabic",
    author = "Abdulrahim, Dana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3604",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3604",
    pages = "28--38",
}
@inproceedings{mohit-etal-2014-first,
    title = "The First {QALB} Shared Task on Automatic Text Correction for {A}rabic",
    author = "Mohit, Behrang  and
      Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Obeid, Ossama",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3605",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3605",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{hawwari-etal-2014-framework,
    title = "A Framework for the Classification and Annotation of Multiword Expressions in Dialectal {A}rabic",
    author = "Hawwari, Abdelati  and
      Attia, Mohammed  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3606",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3606",
    pages = "48--56",
}
@inproceedings{abdelnasser-etal-2014-al,
    title = "Al-Bayan: An {A}rabic Question Answering System for the Holy Quran",
    author = "Abdelnasser, Heba  and
      Ragab, Maha  and
      Mohamed, Reham  and
      Mohamed, Alaa  and
      Farouk, Bassant  and
      El-Makky, Nagwa  and
      Torki, Marwan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3607",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3607",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{al-sallab-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic {A}rabic diacritics restoration based on deep nets",
    author = "Al Sallab, Ahmad  and
      Rashwan, Mohsen  and
      M. Raafat, Hazem  and
      Rafea, Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3608",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3608",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{alabbas-ramsay-2014-combining,
    title = "Combining strategies for tagging and parsing {A}rabic",
    author = "Alabbas, Maytham  and
      Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3609",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3609",
    pages = "73--77",
}
@inproceedings{zirikly-diab-2014-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition System for Dialectal {A}rabic",
    author = "Zirikly, Ayah  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3610",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3610",
    pages = "78--86",
}
@inproceedings{mahgoub-etal-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Query Expansion for {A}rabic Information Retrieval",
    author = "Mahgoub, Ashraf  and
      Rashwan, Mohsen  and
      Raafat, Hazem  and
      Zahran, Mohamed  and
      Fayek, Magda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3611",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3611",
    pages = "87--92",
}
@inproceedings{bies-etal-2014-transliteration,
    title = "Transliteration of {A}rabizi into {A}rabic Orthography: Developing a Parallel Annotated {A}rabizi-{A}rabic Script {SMS}/Chat Corpus",
    author = "Bies, Ann  and
      Song, Zhiyi  and
      Maamouri, Mohamed  and
      Grimes, Stephen  and
      Lee, Haejoong  and
      Wright, Jonathan  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Eskander, Ramy  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3612",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3612",
    pages = "93--103",
}
@inproceedings{bouchlaghem-etal-2014-tunisian,
    title = "{T}unisian dialect {W}ordnet creation and enrichment using web resources and other Wordnets",
    author = "Bouchlaghem, Rihab  and
      Elkhlifi, Aymen  and
      Faiz, Rim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3613",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3613",
    pages = "104--113",
}
@inproceedings{tomeh-etal-2014-pipeline,
    title = "A Pipeline Approach to Supervised Error Correction for the {QALB}-2014 Shared Task",
    author = "Tomeh, Nadi  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Eskander, Ramy  and
      Le Roux, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3614",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3614",
    pages = "114--120",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-etal-2014-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Spelling Correction using Supervised Learning",
    author = "Hassan, Youssef  and
      Aly, Mohamed  and
      Atiya, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3615",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3615",
    pages = "121--126",
}
@inproceedings{zerrouki-etal-2014-autocorrection,
    title = "Autocorrection of arabic common errors for large text corpus",
    author = "Zerrouki, Taha  and
      Alhawiti, Khaled  and
      Balla, Amar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3616",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3616",
    pages = "127--131",
}
@inproceedings{mubarak-darwish-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Correction of {A}rabic Text: a Cascaded Approach",
    author = "Mubarak, Hamdy  and
      Darwish, Kareem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3617",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3617",
    pages = "132--136",
}
@inproceedings{jeblee-etal-2014-cmuq,
    title = "{CMUQ}@{QALB}-2014: An {SMT}-based System for Automatic {A}rabic Error Correction",
    author = "Jeblee, Serena  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3618",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3618",
    pages = "137--142",
}
@inproceedings{nawar-ragheb-2014-fast,
    title = "Fast and Robust {A}rabic Error Correction System",
    author = "Nawar, Michael  and
      Ragheb, Moheb",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3619",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3619",
    pages = "143--147",
}
@inproceedings{attia-etal-2014-gwu,
    title = "{GWU}-{HASP}: Hybrid {A}rabic Spelling and Punctuation Corrector",
    author = "Attia, Mohammed  and
      Al-Badrashiny, Mohamed  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3620",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3620",
    pages = "148--154",
}
@inproceedings{mostefa-etal-2014-techlimed,
    title = "{TECHLIMED} system description for the Shared Task on Automatic {A}rabic Error Correction",
    author = "MOSTEFA, Djamel  and
      ASBAYOU, Omar  and
      ABBES, Ramzi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3621",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3621",
    pages = "155--159",
}
@inproceedings{rozovskaya-etal-2014-columbia,
    title = "The {C}olumbia System in the {QALB}-2014 Shared Task on {A}rabic Error Correction",
    author = "Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Eskander, Ramy  and
      Farra, Noura  and
      Salloum, Wael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3622",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3622",
    pages = "160--164",
}
@inproceedings{badaro-etal-2014-large,
    title = "A Large Scale {A}rabic Sentiment Lexicon for {A}rabic Opinion Mining",
    author = "Badaro, Gilbert  and
      Baly, Ramy  and
      Hajj, Hazem  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      El-Hajj, Wassim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3623",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3623",
    pages = "165--173",
}
@inproceedings{refaee-rieser-2014-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Distant Supervision for Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis on {A}rabic Twitter Feeds",
    author = "Refaee, Eshrag  and
      Rieser, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3624",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3624",
    pages = "174--179",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-dras-2014-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Native Language Identification",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3625",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3625",
    pages = "180--186",
}
@inproceedings{yosef-etal-2014-aidarabic,
    title = "{AIDA}rabic A Named-Entity Disambiguation Framework for {A}rabic Text",
    author = "Yosef, Mohamed Amir  and
      Spaniol, Marc  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3626",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3626",
    pages = "187--195",
}
@inproceedings{jeblee-etal-2014-domain,
    title = "Domain and Dialect Adaptation for Machine Translation into {E}gyptian {A}rabic",
    author = "Jeblee, Serena  and
      Feely, Weston  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3627",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3627",
    pages = "196--206",
}
@inproceedings{al-mannai-etal-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Word Segmentation Improves Dialectal {A}rabic to {E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Al-Mannai, Kamla  and
      Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Khader, Alaa  and
      Al Obaidli, Fahad  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3628",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3628",
    pages = "207--216",
}
@inproceedings{darwish-2014-arabizi,
    title = "{A}rabizi Detection and Conversion to {A}rabic",
    author = "Darwish, Kareem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing ({ANLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3629",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3629",
    pages = "217--224",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-textgraphs,
    title = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-9: the workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Vydiswaran, V.G.Vinod  and
      Subramanya, Amarnag  and
      Melli, Gabor  and
      Matveeva, Irina",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3700",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-37",
}
@inproceedings{mesgar-strube-2014-normalized,
    title = "Normalized Entity Graph for Computing Local Coherence",
    author = "Mesgar, Mohsen  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-9: the workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3701",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3701",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{laokulrat-etal-2014-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Timegraphs in Temporal Relation Classification",
    author = "Laokulrat, Natsuda  and
      Miwa, Makoto  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-9: the workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3702",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3702",
    pages = "6--14",
}
@inproceedings{parveen-strube-2014-multi,
    title = "Multi-document Summarization Using Bipartite Graphs",
    author = "Parveen, Daraksha  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-9: the workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3703",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3703",
    pages = "15--24",
}
@inproceedings{rajkumar-etal-2014-novel,
    title = "A Novel Two-stage Framework for Extracting Opinionated Sentences from News Articles",
    author = "Rajkumar, Pujari  and
      Desai, Swara  and
      Ganguly, Niloy  and
      Goyal, Pawan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-9: the workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3704",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3704",
    pages = "25--33",
}
@inproceedings{glavas-snajder-2014-constructing,
    title = "Constructing Coherent Event Hierarchies from News Stories",
    author = "Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-9: the workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3705",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3705",
    pages = "34--38",
}
@inproceedings{rezapour-asheghi-etal-2014-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Graph-based Genre Classification for Web Pages",
    author = "Rezapour Asheghi, Noushin  and
      Markert, Katja  and
      Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-9: the workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3706",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3706",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{gerow-evans-2014-modular,
    title = "The Modular Community Structure of Linguistic Predication Networks",
    author = "Gerow, Aaron  and
      Evans, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-9: the workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3707",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3707",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-dras-2014-visualisation,
    title = "From Visualisation to Hypothesis Construction for Second Language Acquisition",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-9: the workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3708",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3708",
    pages = "56--64",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-approaches-code,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    author = "Diab, Mona  and
      Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Fung, Pascale  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3900",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-39",
}
@inproceedings{eskander-etal-2014-foreign,
    title = "Foreign Words and the Automatic Processing of {A}rabic Social Media Text Written in {R}oman Script",
    author = "Eskander, Ramy  and
      Al-Badrashiny, Mohamed  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3901",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3901",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{barman-etal-2014-code,
    title = "Code Mixing: A Challenge for Language Identification in the Language of Social Media",
    author = "Barman, Utsab  and
      Das, Amitava  and
      Wagner, Joachim  and
      Foster, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3902",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3902",
    pages = "13--23",
}
@inproceedings{volk-clematide-2014-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Code-Switching in a Multilingual Alpine Heritage Corpus",
    author = "Volk, Martin  and
      Clematide, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3903",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3903",
    pages = "24--33",
}
@inproceedings{vu-schultz-2014-exploration,
    title = "Exploration of the Impact of Maximum Entropy in Recurrent Neural Network Language Models for Code-Switching Speech",
    author = "Vu, Ngoc Thang  and
      Schultz, Tanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3904",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3904",
    pages = "34--41",
}
@inproceedings{papalexakis-etal-2014-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Code-switching in Multilingual Communication for Immigrant Communities",
    author = {Papalexakis, Evangelos  and
      Nguyen, Dong  and
      Do{\u{g}}ru{\"o}z, A. Seza},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3905",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3905",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{jurgens-etal-2014-twitter,
    title = "Twitter Users {\#}{C}ode{S}witch Hashtags! {\#}{M}olto{I}mportante {\#}wow",
    author = "Jurgens, David  and
      Dimitrov, Stefan  and
      Ruths, Derek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3906",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3906",
    pages = "51--61",
}
@inproceedings{solorio-etal-2014-overview,
    title = "Overview for the First Shared Task on Language Identification in Code-Switched Data",
    author = "Solorio, Thamar  and
      Blair, Elizabeth  and
      Maharjan, Suraj  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Ghoneim, Mahmoud  and
      Hawwari, Abdelati  and
      AlGhamdi, Fahad  and
      Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Chang, Alison  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3907",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3907",
    pages = "62--72",
}
@inproceedings{chittaranjan-etal-2014-word,
    title = "Word-level Language Identification using {CRF}: Code-switching Shared Task Report of {MSR} {I}ndia System",
    author = "Chittaranjan, Gokul  and
      Vyas, Yogarshi  and
      Bali, Kalika  and
      Choudhury, Monojit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3908",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3908",
    pages = "73--79",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2014-cmu,
    title = "The {CMU} Submission for the Shared Task on Language Identification in Code-Switched Data",
    author = "Lin, Chu-Cheng  and
      Ammar, Waleed  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3909",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3909",
    pages = "80--86",
}
@inproceedings{jain-bhat-2014-language,
    title = "Language Identification in Code-Switching Scenario",
    author = "Jain, Naman  and
      Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3910",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3910",
    pages = "87--93",
}
@inproceedings{elfardy-etal-2014-aida,
    title = "{AIDA}: Identifying Code Switching in Informal {A}rabic Text",
    author = "Elfardy, Heba  and
      Al-Badrashiny, Mohamed  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3911",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3911",
    pages = "94--101",
}
@inproceedings{king-etal-2014-iucl,
    title = "The {IUCL}+ System: Word-Level Language Identification via Extended {M}arkov Models",
    author = {King, Levi  and
      Baucom, Eric  and
      Gilmanov, Timur  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Whyatt, Dan  and
      Maier, Wolfgang  and
      Rodrigues, Paul},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3912",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3912",
    pages = "102--106",
}
@inproceedings{carpuat-2014-mixed,
    title = "Mixed Language and Code-Switching in the {C}anadian Hansard",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3913",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3913",
    pages = "107--115",
}
@inproceedings{bali-etal-2014-borrowing,
    title = "{``}{I} am borrowing ya mixing ?'' An Analysis of {E}nglish-{H}indi Code Mixing in {F}acebook",
    author = "Bali, Kalika  and
      Sharma, Jatin  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Vyas, Yogarshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3914",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3914",
    pages = "116--126",
}
@inproceedings{barman-etal-2014-dcu,
    title = "{DCU}-{UVT}: Word-Level Language Classification with Code-Mixed Data",
    author = "Barman, Utsab  and
      Wagner, Joachim  and
      Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz  and
      Foster, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3915",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3915",
    pages = "127--132",
}
@inproceedings{shrestha-2014-incremental,
    title = "Incremental N-gram Approach for Language Identification in Code-Switched Text",
    author = "Shrestha, Prajwol",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3916",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3916",
    pages = "133--138",
}
@inproceedings{bar-dershowitz-2014-tel,
    title = "The {T}el Aviv University System for the Code-Switching Workshop Shared Task",
    author = "Bar, Kfir  and
      Dershowitz, Nachum",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3917",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-3917",
    pages = "139--143",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-ssst,
    title = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Carpuat, Marine  and
      Carreras, Xavier  and
      Vecchi, Eva Maria",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-40",
}
@inproceedings{alkhouli-etal-2014-vector,
    title = "Vector Space Models for Phrase-based Machine Translation",
    author = "Alkhouli, Tamer  and
      Guta, Andreas  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{maillette-de-buy-wenniger-simaan-2014-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual {M}arkov Reordering Labels for Hierarchical {SMT}",
    author = "Maillette de Buy Wenniger, Gideon  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4002",
    pages = "11--21",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2014-better,
    title = "Better Semantic Frame Based {MT} Evaluation via Inversion Transduction Grammars",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Beloucif, Meriem  and
      Saers, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4003",
    pages = "22--33",
}
@inproceedings{hatakoshi-etal-2014-rule,
    title = "Rule-based Syntactic Preprocessing for Syntax-based Machine Translation",
    author = "Hatakoshi, Yuto  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Sakti, Sakriani  and
      Toda, Tomoki  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4004",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{chuchunkov-etal-2014-applying,
    title = "Applying {HMEANT} to {E}nglish-{R}ussian Translations",
    author = "Chuchunkov, Alexander  and
      Tarelkin, Alexander  and
      Galinskaya, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4005",
    pages = "43--50",
}
@inproceedings{singla-etal-2014-reducing,
    title = "Reducing the Impact of Data Sparsity in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Singla, Karan  and
      Sachdeva, Kunal  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra  and
      Yadav, Diksha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4006",
    pages = "51--56",
}
@inproceedings{tambouratzis-etal-2014-expanding,
    title = "Expanding the Language model in a low-resource hybrid {MT} system",
    author = "Tambouratzis, George  and
      Sofianopoulos, Sokratis  and
      Vassiliou, Marina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4007",
    pages = "57--66",
}
@inproceedings{kaljahi-etal-2014-syntax,
    title = "Syntax and Semantics in Quality Estimation of Machine Translation",
    author = "Kaljahi, Rasoul  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Roturier, Johann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4008",
    pages = "67--77",
}
@inproceedings{pouget-abadie-etal-2014-overcoming,
    title = "Overcoming the Curse of Sentence Length for Neural Machine Translation using Automatic Segmentation",
    author = {Pouget-Abadie, Jean  and
      Bahdanau, Dzmitry  and
      van Merri{\"e}nboer, Bart  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Bengio, Yoshua},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4009",
    pages = "78--85",
}
@inproceedings{saers-wu-2014-ternary,
    title = "Ternary Segmentation for Improving Search in Top-down Induction of Segmental {ITG}s",
    author = "Saers, Markus  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4010",
    pages = "86--93",
}
@inproceedings{sennrich-2014-cyk,
    title = "A {CYK}+ Variant for {SCFG} Decoding Without a Dot Chart",
    author = "Sennrich, Rico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4011",
    pages = "94--102",
}
@inproceedings{cho-etal-2014-properties,
    title = "On the Properties of Neural Machine Translation: Encoder{--}Decoder Approaches",
    author = {Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      van Merri{\"e}nboer, Bart  and
      Bahdanau, Dzmitry  and
      Bengio, Yoshua},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4012",
    pages = "103--111",
}
@inproceedings{addanki-wu-2014-transduction,
    title = "Transduction Recursive Auto-Associative Memory: Learning Bilingual Compositional Distributed Vector Representations of Inversion Transduction Grammars",
    author = "Addanki, Karteek  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4013",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4013",
    pages = "112--121",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-transformation,
    title = "Transformation and Decomposition for Efficiently Implementing and Improving Dependency-to-String Model In {M}oses",
    author = "Li, Liangyou  and
      Xie, Jun  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4014",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4014",
    pages = "122--131",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-garcia-etal-2014-words,
    title = "Word{'}s Vector Representations meet Machine Translation",
    author = {Mart{\'\i}nez Garcia, Eva  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Espa{\~n}a-Bonet, Cristina  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4015",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4015",
    pages = "132--134",
}
@inproceedings{casteleiro-etal-2014-context,
    title = "Context Sense Clustering for Translation",
    author = "Casteleiro, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Lopes, Gabriel  and
      Silva, Joaquim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4016",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4016",
    pages = "135--137",
}
@inproceedings{stanojevic-simaan-2014-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Word Order Recursively over Permutation-Forests",
    author = "Stanojevi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4017",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4017",
    pages = "138--147",
}
@inproceedings{huck-etal-2014-preference,
    title = "Preference Grammars and Soft Syntactic Constraints for {GHKM} Syntax-based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Huck, Matthias  and
      Hoang, Hieu  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4018",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4018",
    pages = "148--156",
}
@inproceedings{arnoult-simaan-2014-synchronous,
    title = "How Synchronous are Adjuncts in Translation Data?",
    author = "Arnoult, Sophie  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4019",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4019",
    pages = "157--165",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-emnlp-2014,
    title = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on Analysis of Large Scale Social Interaction in {MOOC}s",
    author = "Rose, Carolyn  and
      Siemens, George",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4100",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-41",
}
@inproceedings{wise-2014-keynote,
    title = "{K}eynote: Data Archeology: A theory informed approach to analyzing data traces of social interaction in large scale learning environments",
    author = "Wise, Alyssa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on Analysis of Large Scale Social Interaction in {MOOC}s",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4101",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4101",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{sinha-etal-2014-click,
    title = "Your click decides your fate: Inferring Information Processing and Attrition Behavior from {MOOC} Video Clickstream Interactions",
    author = "Sinha, Tanmay  and
      Jermann, Patrick  and
      Li, Nan  and
      Dillenbourg, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on Analysis of Large Scale Social Interaction in {MOOC}s",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4102",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4102",
    pages = "3--14",
}
@inproceedings{moon-etal-2014-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Student Leaders from {MOOC} Discussion Forums through Language Influence",
    author = "Moon, Seungwhan  and
      Potdar, Saloni  and
      Martin, Lara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on Analysis of Large Scale Social Interaction in {MOOC}s",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4103",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4103",
    pages = "15--20",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Identifying the Resolvability of Threads in {MOOC}s",
    author = "Yang, Diyi  and
      Wen, Miaomiao  and
      Rose, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on Analysis of Large Scale Social Interaction in {MOOC}s",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4104",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4104",
    pages = "21--31",
}
@inproceedings{elouazizi-2014-point,
    title = "Point-of-View Mining and Cognitive Presence in {MOOC}s: A (Computational) Linguistics Perspective",
    author = "Elouazizi, Noureddine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on Analysis of Large Scale Social Interaction in {MOOC}s",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4105",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4105",
    pages = "32--37",
}
@inproceedings{jermann-2014-keynote,
    title = "Keynote Talk: Analytics: climbing up the ladder of behavior control",
    author = "Jermann, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on Analysis of Large Scale Social Interaction in {MOOC}s",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4106",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4106",
    pages = "38",
}
@inproceedings{rose-siemens-2014-shared,
    title = "Shared Task on Prediction of Dropout Over Time in Massively Open Online Courses",
    author = "Ros{\'e}, Carolyn  and
      Siemens, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on Analysis of Large Scale Social Interaction in {MOOC}s",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4107",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4107",
    pages = "39--41",
}
@inproceedings{sinha-etal-2014-capturing,
    title = "Capturing {``}attrition intensifying{''} structural traits from didactic interaction sequences of {MOOC} learners",
    author = "Sinha, Tanmay  and
      Li, Nan  and
      Jermann, Patrick  and
      Dillenbourg, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on Analysis of Large Scale Social Interaction in {MOOC}s",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4108",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4108",
    pages = "42--49",
}
@inproceedings{sharkey-sanders-2014-process,
    title = "A Process for Predicting {MOOC} Attrition",
    author = "Sharkey, Mike  and
      Sanders, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on Analysis of Large Scale Social Interaction in {MOOC}s",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4109",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4109",
    pages = "50--54",
}
@inproceedings{amnueypornsakul-etal-2014-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Attrition Along the Way: The {UIUC} Model",
    author = "Amnueypornsakul, Bussaba  and
      Bhat, Suma  and
      Chinprutthiwong, Phakpoom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on Analysis of Large Scale Social Interaction in {MOOC}s",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4110",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4110",
    pages = "55--59",
}
@inproceedings{kloft-etal-2014-predicting,
    title = "Predicting {MOOC} Dropout over Weeks Using Machine Learning Methods",
    author = "Kloft, Marius  and
      Stiehler, Felix  and
      Zheng, Zhilin  and
      Pinkwart, Niels",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP} 2014 Workshop on Analysis of Large Scale Social Interaction in {MOOC}s",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4111",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4111",
    pages = "60--65",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-emnlp2014,
    title = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP}{'}2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Vertan, Cristina",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4200",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-42",
}
@inproceedings{habash-2014-invited,
    title = "{INVITED} {TALK} 1: Computational Processing of {A}rabic Dialects",
    author = "Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP}{'}2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4201",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4201",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{kanayama-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning from a Neighbor: Adapting a {J}apanese Parser for {K}orean Through Feature Transfer Learning",
    author = "Kanayama, Hiroshi  and
      Park, Youngja  and
      Tsuboi, Yuta  and
      Yi, Dongmook",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP}{'}2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4202",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4202",
    pages = "2--12",
}
@inproceedings{agic-etal-2014-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Dependency Parsing of Related Languages with Rich Morphosyntactic Tagsets",
    author = {Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Merkler, Danijela  and
      Krek, Simon  and
      Dobrovoljc, Kaja  and
      Mo{\v{z}}e, Sara},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP}{'}2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4203",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4203",
    pages = "13--24",
}
@inproceedings{maier-gomez-rodriguez-2014-language,
    title = "Language variety identification in {S}panish tweets",
    author = "Maier, Wolfgang  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP}{'}2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4204",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4204",
    pages = "25--35",
}
@inproceedings{abbas-2014-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Language Variants Via Grammar Parsing Having Morphologically Rich Information",
    author = "Abbas, Qaiser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP}{'}2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4205",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4205",
    pages = "36--46",
}
@inproceedings{bhat-etal-2014-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Predicate Frames for {U}rdu {P}rop{B}anking",
    author = "Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad  and
      Jain, Naman  and
      Vaidya, Ashwini  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Ahmed Khan, Tafseer  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra  and
      Babani, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP}{'}2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4206",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4206",
    pages = "47--55",
}
@inproceedings{nouri-yangarber-2014-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Language Closeness by Modeling Regularity",
    author = "Nouri, Javad  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP}{'}2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4207",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4207",
    pages = "56--65",
}
@inproceedings{petrov-2014-invited,
    title = "{INVITED} {TALK} 2: Towards Universal Syntactic Processing of Natural Language",
    author = "Petrov, Slav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP}{'}2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4208",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4208",
    pages = "66",
}
@inproceedings{miyazaki-etal-2014-proper,
    title = "Proper Name Machine Translation from {J}apanese to {J}apanese Sign Language",
    author = "Miyazaki, Taro  and
      Kato, Naoto  and
      Inoue, Seiki  and
      Umeda, Shuichi  and
      Azuma, Makiko  and
      Hiruma, Nobuyuki  and
      Nagashima, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP}{'}2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4209",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4209",
    pages = "67--75",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-ljubesic-2014-exploring,
    title = "Exploring cross-language statistical machine translation for closely related South {S}lavic languages",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP}{'}2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4210",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4210",
    pages = "76--84",
}
@inproceedings{singla-etal-2014-exploring,
    title = "Exploring System Combination approaches for {I}ndo-{A}ryan {MT} Systems",
    author = "Singla, Karan  and
      Singh, Anupam  and
      Shastri, Nishkarsh  and
      Jhunjhunwala, Megha  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP}{'}2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4211",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4211",
    pages = "85--91",
}
@inproceedings{kubon-vicic-2014-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of {MT} Methods for Closely Related Languages: a Case Study on {C}zech - {S}lovak Language Pair",
    author = "Kubo{\v{n}}, Vladislav  and
      Vi{\v{c}}i{\v{c}}, Jernej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP}{'}2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4212",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4212",
    pages = "92--98",
}
@inproceedings{aminian-etal-2014-handling,
    title = "Handling {OOV} Words in Dialectal {A}rabic to {E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Aminian, Maryam  and
      Ghoneim, Mahmoud  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EMNLP}{'}2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4213",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4213",
    pages = "99--108",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-special,
    title = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    author = "Georgila, Kallirroi  and
      Stone, Matthew  and
      Hastie, Helen  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4300",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-43",
}
@inproceedings{young-2014-keynote,
    title = "{K}eynote: Statistical Approaches to Open-domain Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4301",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4301",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{meena-etal-2014-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing Street-level Geographic Information Using a Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Meena, Raveesh  and
      Boye, Johan  and
      Skantze, Gabriel  and
      Gustafson, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4302",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4302",
    pages = "2--11",
}
@inproceedings{reichel-etal-2014-domain,
    title = "Out-of-Domain Spoken Dialogs in the Car: A {W}o{Z} Study",
    author = "Reichel, Sven  and
      Sohn, Jasmin  and
      Ehrlich, Ute  and
      Berton, Andr{\'e}  and
      Weber, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4303",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4303",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{misu-etal-2014-situated,
    title = "Situated Language Understanding at 25 Miles per Hour",
    author = "Misu, Teruhisa  and
      Raux, Antoine  and
      Gupta, Rakesh  and
      Lane, Ian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4304",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4304",
    pages = "22--31",
}
@inproceedings{yoshino-kawahara-2014-information,
    title = "Information Navigation System Based on {POMDP} that Tracks User Focus",
    author = "Yoshino, Koichiro  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4305",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4305",
    pages = "32--40",
}
@inproceedings{vail-boyer-2014-adapting,
    title = "Adapting to Personality Over Time: Examining the Effectiveness of Dialogue Policy Progressions in Task-Oriented Interaction",
    author = "Vail, Alexandria  and
      Boyer, Kristy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4306",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4306",
    pages = "41--50",
}
@inproceedings{nothdurft-etal-2014-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Human-Computer Trust Handling",
    author = "Nothdurft, Florian  and
      Richter, Felix  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4307",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4307",
    pages = "51--59",
}
@inproceedings{efstathiou-lemon-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning non-cooperative dialogue behaviours",
    author = "Efstathiou, Ioannis  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4308",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4308",
    pages = "60--68",
}
@inproceedings{morbini-etal-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Classification-Based Natural Language Understanding with Non-Expert Annotation",
    author = "Morbini, Fabrizio  and
      Forbell, Eric  and
      Sagae, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4309",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4309",
    pages = "69--73",
}
@inproceedings{chiba-etal-2014-user,
    title = "User Modeling by Using Bag-of-Behaviors for Building a Dialog System Sensitive to the Interlocutor{'}s Internal State",
    author = "Chiba, Yuya  and
      Ito, Masashi  and
      Nose, Takashi  and
      Ito, Akinori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4310",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4310",
    pages = "74--78",
}
@inproceedings{dusek-etal-2014-alex,
    title = "{A}lex: Bootstrapping a Spoken Dialogue System for a New Domain by Real Users",
    author = "Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Pl{\'a}tek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      {\v{Z}}ilka, Luk{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Jur{\v{c}}{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4311",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4311",
    pages = "79--83",
}
@inproceedings{kennington-etal-2014-inprotks,
    title = "{I}npro{TK}s: A Toolkit for Incremental Situated Processing",
    author = "Kennington, Casey  and
      Kousidis, Spyros  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4312",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4312",
    pages = "84--88",
}
@inproceedings{she-etal-2014-back,
    title = "Back to the Blocks World: Learning New Actions through Situated Human-Robot Dialogue",
    author = "She, Lanbo  and
      Yang, Shaohua  and
      Cheng, Yu  and
      Jia, Yunyi  and
      Chai, Joyce  and
      Xi, Ning",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4313",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4313",
    pages = "89--97",
}
@inproceedings{khouzaimi-etal-2014-easy,
    title = "An easy method to make dialogue systems incremental",
    author = "Khouzaimi, Hatim  and
      Laroche, Romain  and
      Lefevre, Fabrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4314",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4314",
    pages = "98--107",
}
@inproceedings{platek-jurcicek-2014-free,
    title = "Free on-line speech recogniser based on {K}aldi {ASR} toolkit producing word posterior lattices",
    author = "Pl{\'a}tek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Jur{\v{c}}{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4315",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4315",
    pages = "108--112",
}
@inproceedings{ezen-can-boyer-2014-combining,
    title = "Combining Task and Dialogue Streams in Unsupervised Dialogue Act Models",
    author = "Ezen-Can, Aysu  and
      Boyer, Kristy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4316",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4316",
    pages = "113--122",
}
@inproceedings{ashok-etal-2014-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Act Modeling for Non-Visual Web Access",
    author = "Ashok, Vikas  and
      Borodin, Yevgen  and
      Stoyanchev, Svetlana  and
      Ramakrishnan, IV",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4317",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4317",
    pages = "123--132",
}
@inproceedings{oya-carenini-2014-extractive,
    title = "Extractive Summarization and Dialogue Act Modeling on Email Threads: An Integrated Probabilistic Approach",
    author = "Oya, Tatsuro  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4318",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4318",
    pages = "133--140",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2014-keynote,
    title = "{K}eynote: Language Adaptation",
    author = "Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4319",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4319",
    pages = "141",
}
@inproceedings{li-nenkova-2014-addressing,
    title = "Addressing Class Imbalance for Improved Recognition of Implicit Discourse Relations",
    author = "Li, Junyi Jessy  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4320",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4320",
    pages = "142--150",
}
@inproceedings{schloder-fernandez-2014-role,
    title = "The Role of Polarity in Inferring Acceptance and Rejection in Dialogue",
    author = {Schl{\"o}der, Julian  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4321",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4321",
    pages = "151--160",
}
@inproceedings{riaz-girju-2014-depth,
    title = "In-depth Exploitation of Noun and Verb Semantics to Identify Causation in Verb-Noun Pairs",
    author = "Riaz, Mehwish  and
      Girju, Roxana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4322",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4322",
    pages = "161--170",
}
@inproceedings{swanson-etal-2014-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Narrative Clause Types in Personal Stories",
    author = "Swanson, Reid  and
      Rahimtoroghi, Elahe  and
      Corcoran, Thomas  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4323",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4323",
    pages = "171--180",
}
@inproceedings{litman-forbes-riley-2014-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating a Spoken Dialogue System that Detects and Adapts to User Affective States",
    author = "Litman, Diane  and
      Forbes-Riley, Katherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4324",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4324",
    pages = "181--185",
}
@inproceedings{nouri-traum-2014-initiative,
    title = "Initiative Taking in Negotiation",
    author = "Nouri, Elnaz  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4325",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4325",
    pages = "186--193",
}
@inproceedings{pappu-rudnicky-2014-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Acquisition Strategies for Goal-Oriented Dialog Systems",
    author = "Pappu, Aasish  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4326",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4326",
    pages = "194--198",
}
@inproceedings{li-nenkova-2014-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Sparsity Improves the Recognition of Implicit Discourse Relations",
    author = "Li, Junyi Jessy  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4327",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4327",
    pages = "199--207",
}
@inproceedings{ultes-minker-2014-interaction,
    title = "Interaction Quality Estimation in Spoken Dialogue Systems Using Hybrid-{HMM}s",
    author = "Ultes, Stefan  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4328",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4328",
    pages = "208--217",
}
@inproceedings{gangadharaiah-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning to Re-rank for Interactive Problem Resolution and Query Refinement",
    author = "Gangadharaiah, Rashmi  and
      Narayanaswamy, Balakrishnan  and
      Elkan, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4329",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4329",
    pages = "218--227",
}
@inproceedings{passonneau-etal-2014-aspectual,
    title = "Aspectual Properties of Conversational Activities",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca J.  and
      Guan, Boxuan  and
      Yeung, Cho Ho  and
      Du, Yuan  and
      Conner, Emma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4330",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4330",
    pages = "228--237",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2014-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Inappropriate Clarification Requests in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Liu, Alex  and
      Sloan, Rose  and
      Then, Mei-Vern  and
      Stoyanchev, Svetlana  and
      Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Shriberg, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4331",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4331",
    pages = "238--242",
}
@inproceedings{giuliani-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using Ellipsis Detection and Word Similarity for Transformation of Spoken Language into Grammatically Valid Sentences",
    author = "Giuliani, Manuel  and
      Marschall, Thomas  and
      Isard, Amy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4332",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4332",
    pages = "243--250",
}
@inproceedings{gandhe-traum-2014-sawdust,
    title = "{SAWDUST}: a Semi-Automated Wizard Dialogue Utterance Selection Tool for domain-independent large-domain dialogue",
    author = "Gandhe, Sudeep  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4333",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4333",
    pages = "251--253",
}
@inproceedings{morbini-etal-2014-demonstration,
    title = "A Demonstration of Dialogue Processing in {S}im{S}ensei Kiosk",
    author = "Morbini, Fabrizio  and
      DeVault, David  and
      Georgila, Kallirroi  and
      Artstein, Ron  and
      Traum, David  and
      Morency, Louis-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4334",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4334",
    pages = "254--256",
}
@inproceedings{johnston-etal-2014-mva,
    title = "{MVA}: The Multimodal Virtual Assistant",
    author = "Johnston, Michael  and
      Chen, John  and
      Ehlen, Patrick  and
      Jung, Hyuckchul  and
      Lieske, Jay  and
      Reddy, Aarthi  and
      Selfridge, Ethan  and
      Stoyanchev, Svetlana  and
      Vasilieff, Brant  and
      Wilpon, Jay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4335",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4335",
    pages = "257--259",
}
@inproceedings{hastie-etal-2014-parlance,
    title = "The {PARLANCE} mobile application for interactive search in {E}nglish and {M}andarin",
    author = "Hastie, Helen  and
      Aufaure, Marie-Aude  and
      Alexopoulos, Panos  and
      Bouchard, Hugues  and
      Breslin, Catherine  and
      Cuay{\'a}huitl, Heriberto  and
      Dethlefs, Nina  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Henderson, James  and
      Lemon, Oliver  and
      Liu, Xingkun  and
      Mika, Peter  and
      Ben Mustapha, Nesrine  and
      Potter, Tim  and
      Rieser, Verena  and
      Thomson, Blaise  and
      Tsiakoulis, Pirros  and
      Vanrompay, Yves  and
      Villazon-Terrazas, Boris  and
      Yazdani, Majid  and
      Young, Steve  and
      Yu, Yanchao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4336",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4336",
    pages = "260--262",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-etal-2014-second,
    title = "The Second Dialog State Tracking Challenge",
    author = "Henderson, Matthew  and
      Thomson, Blaise  and
      Williams, Jason D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4337",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4337",
    pages = "263--272",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2014-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Generative Dialog State Tracker via Cascading Gradient Descent",
    author = "Lee, Byung-Jun  and
      Lim, Woosang  and
      Kim, Daejoong  and
      Kim, Kee-Eung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4338",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4338",
    pages = "273--281",
}
@inproceedings{williams-2014-web,
    title = "Web-style ranking and {SLU} combination for dialog state tracking",
    author = "Williams, Jason D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4339",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4339",
    pages = "282--291",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-etal-2014-word,
    title = "Word-Based Dialog State Tracking with Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Henderson, Matthew  and
      Thomson, Blaise  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4340",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4340",
    pages = "292--299",
}
@inproceedings{smith-2014-comparative,
    title = "Comparative Error Analysis of Dialog State Tracking",
    author = "Smith, Ronnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4341",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4341",
    pages = "300--309",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2014-extrinsic,
    title = "Extrinsic Evaluation of Dialog State Tracking and Predictive Metrics for Dialog Policy Optimization",
    author = "Lee, Sungjin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4342",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4342",
    pages = "310--317",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2014-sjtu,
    title = "The {SJTU} System for Dialog State Tracking Challenge 2",
    author = "Sun, Kai  and
      Chen, Lu  and
      Zhu, Su  and
      Yu, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4343",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4343",
    pages = "318--326",
}
@inproceedings{ren-etal-2014-markovian,
    title = "{M}arkovian Discriminative Modeling for Dialog State Tracking",
    author = "Ren, Hang  and
      Xu, Weiqun  and
      Yan, Yonghong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4344",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4344",
    pages = "327--331",
}
@inproceedings{kim-banchs-2014-sequential,
    title = "Sequential Labeling for Tracking Dynamic Dialog States",
    author = "Kim, Seokhwan  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue ({SIGDIAL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4345",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4345",
    pages = "332--336",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-international-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    author = "Mitchell, Margaret  and
      McCoy, Kathleen  and
      McDonald, David  and
      Cahill, Aoife",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4400",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-44",
}
@inproceedings{sripada-etal-2014-case,
    title = "A Case Study: {NLG} meeting Weather Industry Demand for Quality and Quantity of Textual Weather Forecasts",
    author = "Sripada, Somayajulu  and
      Burnett, Neil  and
      Turner, Ross  and
      Mastin, John  and
      Evans, Dave",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4401",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4401",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{di-eugenio-etal-2014-patientnarr,
    title = "{P}atient{N}arr: Towards generating patient-centric summaries of hospital stays",
    author = "Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Boyd, Andrew  and
      Lugaresi, Camillo  and
      Balasubramanian, Abhinaya  and
      Keenan, Gail  and
      Burton, Mike  and
      Goncalves Rezende Macieira, Tamara  and
      Li, Jianrong  and
      Lussier, Yves  and
      Lussier, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4402",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4402",
    pages = "6--10",
}
@inproceedings{banaee-loutfi-2014-using,
    title = "Using Conceptual Spaces to Model Domain Knowledge in Data-to-Text Systems",
    author = "Banaee, Hadi  and
      Loutfi, Amy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4403",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4403",
    pages = "11--15",
}
@inproceedings{angrosh-siddharthan-2014-text,
    title = "Text simplification using synchronous dependency grammars: Generalising automatically harvested rules",
    author = "Angrosh, Mandya  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4404",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4404",
    pages = "16--25",
}
@inproceedings{ell-harth-2014-language,
    title = "A language-independent method for the extraction of {RDF} verbalization templates",
    author = "Ell, Basil  and
      Harth, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4405",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4405",
    pages = "26--34",
}
@inproceedings{danlos-etal-2014-acg,
    title = "An {ACG} Analysis of the G-{TAG} Generation Process",
    author = "Danlos, Laurence  and
      Maskharashvili, Aleksandre  and
      Pogodalla, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4406",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4406",
    pages = "35--44",
}
@inproceedings{oya-etal-2014-template,
    title = "A Template-based Abstractive Meeting Summarization: Leveraging Summary and Source Text Relationships",
    author = "Oya, Tatsuro  and
      Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Ng, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4407",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4407",
    pages = "45--53",
}
@inproceedings{di-fabbrizio-etal-2014-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach to Multi-document Summarization of Opinions in Reviews",
    author = "Di Fabbrizio, Giuseppe  and
      Stent, Amanda  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4408",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4408",
    pages = "54--63",
}
@inproceedings{moraes-etal-2014-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Graph Summaries to the Users{'} Reading Levels",
    author = "Moraes, Priscilla  and
      McCoy, Kathy  and
      Carberry, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4409",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4409",
    pages = "64--73",
}
@inproceedings{miller-mccoy-2014-experimental,
    title = "Experimental Design to Improve Topic Analysis Based Summarization",
    author = "Miller, John  and
      McCoy, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4410",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4410",
    pages = "74--82",
}
@inproceedings{izgalieva-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards a Description of Symbolic Maps",
    author = "Izgalieva, Rumiya  and
      Vale, Daniel  and
      Vales, Elisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4411",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4411",
    pages = "83--92",
}
@inproceedings{de-oliveira-sripada-2014-adapting,
    title = "Adapting {S}imple{NLG} for {B}razilian {P}ortuguese realisation",
    author = "de Oliveira, Rodrigo  and
      Sripada, Somayajulu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4412",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4412",
    pages = "93--94",
}
@inproceedings{moraes-etal-2014-generating,
    title = "Generating Summaries of Line Graphs",
    author = "Moraes, Priscilla  and
      Sina, Gabriel  and
      McCoy, Kathy  and
      Carberry, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4413",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4413",
    pages = "95--98",
}
@inproceedings{chen-rudnicky-2014-two,
    title = "Two-Stage Stochastic Email Synthesizer",
    author = "Chen, Yun-Nung  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4414",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4414",
    pages = "99--102",
}
@inproceedings{sarma-etal-2014-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Health Behavior Change using Companionable Robots",
    author = "Sarma, Bandita  and
      Das, Amitava  and
      Nielsen, Rodney",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4415",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4415",
    pages = "103--107",
}
@inproceedings{ballesteros-etal-2014-classifiers,
    title = "Classifiers for data-driven deep sentence generation",
    author = "Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Mille, Simon  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4416",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4416",
    pages = "108--112",
}
@inproceedings{webster-etal-2014-determining,
    title = "Determining Content for Unknown Users: Lessons from the {M}ink{A}pp Case Study",
    author = "Webster, Gemma  and
      Mellish, Chris  and
      Sripada, Somayajulu G.  and
      Van Der Wal, Rene  and
      Arts, Koen  and
      Melero, Yolanda  and
      Lambin, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4417",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4417",
    pages = "113--117",
}
@inproceedings{mori-etal-2014-flowgraph2text,
    title = "{F}low{G}raph2{T}ext: Automatic Sentence Skeleton Compilation for Procedural Text Generation",
    author = "Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Maeta, Hirokuni  and
      Sasada, Tetsuro  and
      Yoshino, Koichiro  and
      Hashimoto, Atsushi  and
      Funatomi, Takuya  and
      Yamakata, Yoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4418",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4418",
    pages = "118--122",
}
@inproceedings{mahamood-etal-2014-generating,
    title = "Generating Annotated Graphs using the {NLG} Pipeline Architecture",
    author = "Mahamood, Saad  and
      Bradshaw, William  and
      Reiter, Ehud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4419",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4419",
    pages = "123--127",
}
@inproceedings{demir-2014-generating,
    title = "Generating Valence Shifted {T}urkish Sentences",
    author = "Demir, Seniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4420",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4420",
    pages = "128--132",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2014-latent,
    title = "Latent User Models for Online River Information Tailoring",
    author = "Han, Xiwu  and
      Sripada, Somayajulu  and
      Macleod, Kit  and
      Ioris, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4421",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4421",
    pages = "133--137",
}
@inproceedings{gkatzia-etal-2014-multi,
    title = "Multi-adaptive Natural Language Generation using Principal Component Regression",
    author = "Gkatzia, Dimitra  and
      Hastie, Helen  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4422",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4422",
    pages = "138--142",
}
@inproceedings{jordan-etal-2014-tbi,
    title = "{TBI}-Doc: Generating Patient {\&} Clinician Reports from Brain Imaging Data",
    author = "Jordan, Pamela  and
      Green, Nancy  and
      Thomas, Chistopher  and
      Holm, Susan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4423",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4423",
    pages = "143--146",
}
@inproceedings{white-2014-towards-surface,
    title = "Towards Surface Realization with {CCG}s Induced from Dependencies",
    author = "White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4424",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4424",
    pages = "147--151",
}
@inproceedings{chen-rudnicky-2014-two-stage,
    title = "Two-Stage Stochastic Natural Language Generation for Email Synthesis by Modeling Sender Style and Topic Structure",
    author = "Chen, Yun-Nung  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Natural Language Generation Conference ({INLG})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4425",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4425",
    pages = "152--156",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-aha,
    title = "Proceedings of the First {AHA}!-Workshop on Information Discovery in Text",
    author = "Akbik, Alan  and
      Visengeriyeva, Larysa",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4500",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-45",
}
@inproceedings{vlachos-clark-2014-application,
    title = "Application-Driven Relation Extraction with Limited Distant Supervision",
    author = "Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {AHA}!-Workshop on Information Discovery in Text",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4501",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4501",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{filannino-nenadic-2014-mining,
    title = "Mining temporal footprints from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Filannino, Michele  and
      Nenadic, Goran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {AHA}!-Workshop on Information Discovery in Text",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4502",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4502",
    pages = "7--13",
}
@inproceedings{julinda-etal-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting a Repository of Events and Event References from News Clusters",
    author = "Julinda, Silvia  and
      Boden, Christoph  and
      Akbik, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {AHA}!-Workshop on Information Discovery in Text",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4503",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4503",
    pages = "14--18",
}
@inproceedings{stanovsky-etal-2014-proposition,
    title = "Proposition Knowledge Graphs",
    author = "Stanovsky, Gabriel  and
      Levy, Omer  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {AHA}!-Workshop on Information Discovery in Text",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4504",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4504",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2014-word,
    title = "Word Clustering Based on Un-{LP} Algorithm",
    author = "Liang, Jiguang  and
      Zhou, Xiaofei  and
      Hu, Yue  and
      Guo, Li  and
      Bai, Shuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {AHA}!-Workshop on Information Discovery in Text",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4505",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4505",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{hazure-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection and Analysis of Impressive {J}apanese Sentences Using Supervised Machine Learning",
    author = "Hazure, Daiki  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Tokuhisa, Masato",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {AHA}!-Workshop on Information Discovery in Text",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4506",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4506",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{mohamed-oussalah-2014-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of Conversion Aided Methods for {W}ord{N}et Sentence Textual Similarity",
    author = "Mohamed, Muhidin  and
      Oussalah, Mourad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {AHA}!-Workshop on Information Discovery in Text",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4507",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4507",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{aggarwal-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using Distributional Semantics to Trace Influence and Imitation in Romantic Orientalist Poetry",
    author = "Aggarwal, Nitish  and
      Tonra, Justin  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {AHA}!-Workshop on Information Discovery in Text",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4508",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4508",
    pages = "43--47",
}
@inproceedings{tutubalina-ivanov-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Approach to Extracting Problem Phrases from User Reviews of Products",
    author = "Tutubalina, Elena  and
      Ivanov, Vladimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {AHA}!-Workshop on Information Discovery in Text",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4509",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4509",
    pages = "48--53",
}
@inproceedings{khare-heravi-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Social Event Detection and Contextualisation for Journalists",
    author = "Khare, Prashant  and
      Heravi, Bahareh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First {AHA}!-Workshop on Information Discovery in Text",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4510",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4510",
    pages = "54--59",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-celtic,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    author = "Judge, John  and
      Lynn, Teresa  and
      Ward, Monica  and
      {\'O} Raghallaigh, Brian",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4600",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-46",
}
@inproceedings{lamb-danso-2014-developing,
    title = "Developing an Automatic Part-of-Speech Tagger for {S}cottish Gaelic",
    author = "Lamb, William  and
      Danso, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4601",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4601",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{ward-2014-using,
    title = "Using Irish {NLP} resources in Primary School Education",
    author = "Ward, Monica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4602",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4602",
    pages = "6--17",
}
@inproceedings{o-donnaile-2014-tools,
    title = "Tools facilitating better use of online dictionaries: Technical aspects of Multidict, Wordlink and Clilstore",
    author = "{\'O} Donna{\'\i}le, Caoimh{\'\i}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4603",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4603",
    pages = "18--27",
}
@inproceedings{poibeau-2014-processing,
    title = "Processing Mutations in Breton with Finite-State Transducers",
    author = "Poibeau, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4604",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4604",
    pages = "28--32",
}
@inproceedings{scannell-2014-statistical,
    title = "Statistical models for text normalization and machine translation",
    author = "Scannell, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4605",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4605",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{lynn-etal-2014-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Transfer Parsing for Low-Resourced Languages: An Irish Case Study",
    author = "Lynn, Teresa  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Tounsi, Lamia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4606",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4606",
    pages = "41--49",
}
@inproceedings{mechura-2014-irish,
    title = "Irish National Morphology Database: a high-accuracy open-source dataset of Irish words",
    author = "M{\v{e}}chura, Michal Boleslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4607",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4607",
    pages = "50--54",
}
@inproceedings{cooper-etal-2014-developing,
    title = "Developing further speech recognition resources for Welsh",
    author = "Cooper, Sarah  and
      Jones, Dewi  and
      Prys, Delyth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4608",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4608",
    pages = "55--59",
}
@inproceedings{batchelor-2014-gdbank,
    title = "gdbank: The beginnings of a corpus of dependency structures and type-logical grammar in {S}cottish Gaelic",
    author = "Batchelor, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4609",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4609",
    pages = "60--65",
}
@inproceedings{o-raghallaigh-mechura-2014-developing,
    title = "Developing high-end reusable tools and resources for Irish-language terminology, lexicography, onomastics (toponymy), folkloristics, and more, using modern web and database technologies",
    author = "{\'O} Raghallaigh, Brian  and
      M{\v{e}}chura, Michal Boleslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4610",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4610",
    pages = "66--70",
}
@inproceedings{prys-etal-2014-deche,
    title = "{DECHE} and the Welsh National Corpus Portal",
    author = "Prys, Delyth  and
      Jones, Dewi  and
      Roberts, Mared",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4611",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4611",
    pages = "71--75",
}
@inproceedings{minocha-tyers-2014-subsegmental,
    title = "Subsegmental language detection in Celtic language text",
    author = "Minocha, Akshay  and
      Tyers, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4612",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4612",
    pages = "76--80",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-cognitive-aspects,
    title = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    author = "Zock, Michael  and
      Rapp, Reinhard  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4700",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-47",
}
@inproceedings{rapp-zock-2014-cogalex,
    title = "The {C}og{AL}ex-{IV} Shared Task on the Lexical Access Problem",
    author = "Rapp, Reinhard  and
      Zock, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4701",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4701",
    pages = "1--14",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-etal-2014-two,
    title = "A Two-Stage Approach for Computing Associative Responses to a Set of Stimulus Words",
    author = "Ghosh, Urmi  and
      Jain, Sambhav  and
      Paul, Soma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4702",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4702",
    pages = "15--21",
}
@inproceedings{smrz-otrusina-2014-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning from Web-Scale Corpora for Better Dictionary Interfaces",
    author = "Smrz, Pavel  and
      Otrusina, Lubomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4703",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4703",
    pages = "22--30",
}
@inproceedings{goikoetxea-etal-2014-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the use of word embeddings and random walks on {W}ikipedia for the {C}og{A}lex shared task",
    author = "Goikoetxea, Josu  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Soroa, Aitor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4704",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4704",
    pages = "31--34",
}
@inproceedings{flor-beigman-klebanov-2014-ets,
    title = "{ETS} Lexical Associations System for the {COGALEX}-4 Shared Task",
    author = "Flor, Michael  and
      Beigman Klebanov, Beata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4705",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4705",
    pages = "35--45",
}
@inproceedings{feist-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using Significant Word Co-occurences for the Lexical Access Problem",
    author = "Feist, Rico  and
      Gerighausen, Daniel  and
      Konrad, Manuel  and
      Richter, Georg  and
      Eckart, Thomas  and
      Goldhahn, Dirk  and
      Quasthoff, Uwe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4706",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4706",
    pages = "46--49",
}
@inproceedings{lapesa-evert-2014-nadir,
    title = "{N}a{D}i{R}: Naive Distributional Response Generation",
    author = "Lapesa, Gabriella  and
      Evert, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4707",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4707",
    pages = "50--59",
}
@inproceedings{bel-enguix-2014-retrieving,
    title = "Retrieving Word Associations with a Simple Neighborhood Algorithm in a Graph-based Resource",
    author = "Bel-Enguix, Gemma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4708",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4708",
    pages = "60--63",
}
@inproceedings{sitbon-de-vine-2014-predicting,
    title = "Predicting sense convergence with distributional semantics: an application to the {C}oga{L}ex 2014 shared task",
    author = "Sitbon, Laurianne  and
      De Vine, Lance",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4709",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4709",
    pages = "64--67",
}
@inproceedings{mititelu-barbu-mititelu-2014-wordfinder,
    title = "{W}ord{F}inder",
    author = "Mititelu, Catalin  and
      Barbu Mititelu, Verginica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4710",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4710",
    pages = "68--74",
}
@inproceedings{navigli-2014-digital,
    title = "(Digital) Goodies from the {ERC} Wishing Well: {B}abel{N}et, Babelfy, Video Games with a Purpose and the {W}ikipedia Bitaxonomy",
    author = "Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4711",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4711",
    pages = "75--76",
}
@inproceedings{matsuoka-lepage-2014-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Similarity from Word Pair Matrices with Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Associations",
    author = "Matsuoka, Jin  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4712",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4712",
    pages = "77--86",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-jibiki,
    title = "Jibiki-{LINKS}: a tool between traditional dictionaries and lexical networks for modelling lexical resources",
    author = "Zhang, Ying  and
      Mangeot, Mathieu  and
      Bellynck, Val{\'e}rie  and
      Boitet, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4713",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4713",
    pages = "87--98",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-2014-frequency,
    title = "When Frequency Data Meet Dispersion Data in the Extraction of Multi-word Units from a Corpus: A Study of Trigrams in {C}hinese",
    author = "Hsu, Chan-Chia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4714",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4714",
    pages = "99--104",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Mental Lexicon in an Efficient and Economic Way: Crowdsourcing Method for Linguistic Experiments",
    author = "Wang, Shichang  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Yao, Yao  and
      Chan, Angel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4715",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4715",
    pages = "105--113",
}
@inproceedings{tekiroglu-etal-2014-computational,
    title = "A Computational Approach to Generate a Sensorial Lexicon",
    author = {Tekiro{\u{g}}lu, Serra Sinem  and
      {\"O}zbal, G{\"o}zde  and
      Strapparava, Carlo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4716",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4716",
    pages = "114--125",
}
@inproceedings{gao-2014-database,
    title = "Database Design of an Online E-Learning Tool of {C}hinese Classifiers",
    author = "Gao, Helena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4717",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4717",
    pages = "126--137",
}
@inproceedings{quattri-etal-2014-default,
    title = "Default Physical Measurements in {SUMO}",
    author = "Quattri, Francesca  and
      Pease, Adam  and
      McCrae, John P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4718",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4718",
    pages = "138--143",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2014-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Access Preference and Constraint Strategies for Improving Multiword Expression Association within Semantic {MT} Evaluation",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Saers, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4719",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4719",
    pages = "144--153",
}
@inproceedings{gader-etal-2014-lexical,
    title = "A Lexical Network with a Morphological Model in It",
    author = "Gader, Nabil  and
      Koehl, Aurore  and
      Polgu{\`e}re, Alain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4720",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4720",
    pages = "154--165",
}
@inproceedings{gargett-etal-2014-dimensions,
    title = "Dimensions of Metaphorical Meaning",
    author = "Gargett, Andrew  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Barnden, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4721",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4721",
    pages = "166--173",
}
@inproceedings{joyce-hodoscek-2014-constructing,
    title = "Constructing an Ontology of {J}apanese Lexical Properties: Specifying its Property Structures and Lexical Entries",
    author = "Joyce, Terry  and
      Hodo{\v{s}}{\v{c}}ek, Bor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4722",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4722",
    pages = "174--185",
}
@inproceedings{l-homme-robichaud-2014-frames,
    title = "Frames and terminology: representing predicative terms in the field of the environment",
    author = "L{'} Homme, Marie-Claude  and
      Robichaud, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4723",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4723",
    pages = "186--197",
}
@inproceedings{mccrae-etal-2014-modelling,
    title = "Modelling the Semantics of Adjectives in the Ontology-Lexicon Interface",
    author = "McCrae, John P.  and
      Quattri, Francesca  and
      Unger, Christina  and
      Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4724",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4724",
    pages = "198--209",
}
@inproceedings{shaikh-etal-2014-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Conceptual Metaphors using Source Domain Spaces",
    author = "Shaikh, Samira  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Cho, Kit  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Broadwell, George Aaron  and
      Feldman, Laurie  and
      Taylor, Sarah  and
      Yamrom, Boris  and
      Lin, Ching-Sheng  and
      Sa, Ning  and
      Cases, Ignacio  and
      Peshkova, Yuliya  and
      Elliot, Kyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4725",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4725",
    pages = "210--220",
}
@inproceedings{zock-2014-wordfinding,
    title = "Wordfinding Problems and How to Overcome them Ultimately With the Help of a Computer",
    author = "Zock, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({C}og{AL}ex)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4726",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4726",
    pages = "221--229",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-international-terminology,
    title = "Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm)",
    author = "Drouin, Patrick  and
      Grabar, Natalia  and
      Hamon, Thierry  and
      Kageura, Kyo",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4800",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-48",
}
@inproceedings{perinet-hamon-2014-generalising,
    title = "Generalising and Normalising Distributional Contexts to Reduce Data Sparsity: Application to Medical Corpora",
    author = "P{\'e}rinet, Amandine  and
      Hamon, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4801",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4801",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{gaizauskas-etal-2014-assigning,
    title = "Assigning Terms to Domains by Document Classification",
    author = "Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Barker, Emma  and
      Paramita, Monica Lestari  and
      Aker, Ahmet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4802",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4802",
    pages = "11--21",
}
@inproceedings{arcan-etal-2014-identification,
    title = "Identification of Bilingual Terms from Monolingual Documents for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Arcan, Mihael  and
      Giuliano, Claudio  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4803",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4803",
    pages = "22--31",
}
@inproceedings{elhadad-2014-terminology,
    title = "Terminology Questions in Texts Authored by Patients",
    author = "Elhadad, Noemie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4804",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4804",
    pages = "32",
}
@inproceedings{marciniak-mykowiecka-2014-npmi,
    title = "{NPMI} Driven Recognition of Nested Terms",
    author = "Marciniak, Malgorzata  and
      Mykowiecka, Agnieszka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4805",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4805",
    pages = "33--41",
}
@inproceedings{haque-etal-2014-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Termbank Creation via Log-Likelihood Comparison and Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Haque, Rejwanul  and
      Penkale, Sergio  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4806",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4806",
    pages = "42--51",
}
@inproceedings{q-zadeh-handschuh-2014-acl,
    title = "The {ACL} {RD}-{TEC}: A Dataset for Benchmarking Terminology Extraction and Classification in Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Q. Zadeh, Behrang  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4807",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4807",
    pages = "52--63",
}
@inproceedings{torres-del-rey-maroto-2014-building,
    title = "Building the Interface between Experts and Linguists in the Detection and characterisation of Neology in the Field of Neurosciences",
    author = "Torres-del-Rey, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Maroto, Nava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4808",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4808",
    pages = "64--67",
}
@inproceedings{costa-etal-2014-comparative,
    title = "A comparative User Evaluation of Terminology Management Tools for Interpreters",
    author = "Costa, Hernani  and
      Corpas Pastor, Gloria  and
      Dur{\'a}n Mu{\~n}oz, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4809",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4809",
    pages = "68--76",
}
@inproceedings{m-dieb-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Annotation of Parameters from Nanodevice Development Research Papers",
    author = "M. Dieb, Thaer  and
      Yoshioka, Masaharu  and
      Hara, Shinjiroh  and
      C. Newton, Marcus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4810",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4810",
    pages = "77--85",
}
@inproceedings{xu-sharoff-2014-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Term Extraction Methods for Interpreters",
    author = "Xu, Ran  and
      Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4811",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4811",
    pages = "86--93",
}
@inproceedings{grabar-hamon-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Method for the Acquisition of General Language Paraphrases for Medical Compounds",
    author = "Grabar, Natalia  and
      Hamon, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4812",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4812",
    pages = "94--103",
}
@inproceedings{fonseca-etal-2014-identifying,
    title = "Identifying {P}ortuguese Multiword Expressions using Different Classification Algorithms - A Comparative Analysis",
    author = "Fonseca, Alexsandro  and
      Sadat, Fatiha  and
      Blondin Mass{\'e}, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4813",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4813",
    pages = "104--113",
}
@inproceedings{wandji-tchami-grabar-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Distinction between Specialized and Non-Specialized Occurrences of Verbs in Medical Corpora",
    author = "Wandji Tchami, Ornella  and
      Grabar, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology (Computerm)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4814",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4814",
    pages = "114--124",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-law,
    title = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    author = "Levin, Lori  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4900",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-49",
}
@inproceedings{westpfahl-2014-stts,
    title = "{STTS} 2.0? Improving the Tagset for the Part-of-Speech-Tagging of {G}erman Spoken Data",
    author = "Westpfahl, Swantje",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4901",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4901",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{rysova-mirovsky-2014-use,
    title = "Use of Coreference in Automatic Searching for Multiword Discourse Markers in the {P}rague Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Rysov{\'a}, Magdal{\'e}na  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4902",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4902",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{rehbein-2014-pos,
    title = "{POS} error detection in automatically annotated corpora",
    author = "Rehbein, Ines",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4903",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4903",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{deng-xue-2014-aligning,
    title = "Aligning {C}hinese-{E}nglish Parallel Parse Trees: Is it Feasible?",
    author = "Deng, Dun  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4904",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4904",
    pages = "29--37",
}
@inproceedings{hana-etal-2014-sentence,
    title = "Sentence diagrams: their evaluation and combination",
    author = "Hana, Jirka  and
      Hladk{\'a}, Barbora  and
      Luk{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Ivana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4905",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4905",
    pages = "38--47",
}
@inproceedings{burstein-etal-2014-finding,
    title = "Finding your {``}Inner-Annotator{''}: An Experiment in Annotator Independence for Rating Discourse Coherence Quality in Essays",
    author = "Burstein, Jill  and
      Somasundaran, Swapna  and
      Chodorow, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4906",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4906",
    pages = "48--53",
}
@inproceedings{grouin-etal-2014-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing annotation efforts to build reliable annotated corpora for training statistical models",
    author = "Grouin, Cyril  and
      Lavergne, Thomas  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4907",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4907",
    pages = "54--58",
}
@inproceedings{alex-etal-2014-web,
    title = "A Web-based Geo-resolution Annotation and Evaluation Tool",
    author = "Alex, Beatrice  and
      Byrne, Kate  and
      Grover, Claire  and
      Tobin, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4908",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4908",
    pages = "59--63",
}
@inproceedings{vincze-etal-2014-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Uncertainty in {H}ungarian Webtext",
    author = "Vincze, Veronika  and
      Simk{\'o}, Katalin Ilona  and
      Varga, Viktor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4909",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4909",
    pages = "64--69",
}
@inproceedings{reisert-etal-2014-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus Study for Identifying Evidence on Microblogs",
    author = "Reisert, Paul  and
      Mizuno, Junta  and
      Kanno, Miwa  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4910",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4910",
    pages = "70--74",
}
@inproceedings{abbas-2014-semi,
    title = "Semi-Semantic Part of Speech Annotation and Evaluation",
    author = "Abbas, Qaiser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4911",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4911",
    pages = "75--81",
}
@inproceedings{di-bari-etal-2014-multiple,
    title = "Multiple views as aid to linguistic annotation error analysis",
    author = "Di Bari, Marilena  and
      Sharoff, Serge  and
      Thomas, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4912",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4912",
    pages = "82--86",
}
@inproceedings{choudhary-etal-2014-annotating,
    title = "Annotating a Large Representative Corpus of Clinical Notes for Parts of Speech",
    author = "Choudhary, Narayan  and
      Pathak, Parth  and
      Patel, Pinal  and
      Panchal, Vishal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4913",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4913",
    pages = "87--92",
}
@inproceedings{onyenwe-etal-2014-part,
    title = "Part-of-speech Tagset and Corpus Development for {I}gbo, an {A}frican Language",
    author = "Onyenwe, Ikechukwu  and
      Uchechukwu, Chinedu  and
      Hepple, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4914",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4914",
    pages = "93--98",
}
@inproceedings{barteld-etal-2014-annotating,
    title = "Annotating descriptively incomplete language phenomena",
    author = {Barteld, Fabian  and
      Ihden, Sarah  and
      Schr{\"o}der, Ingrid  and
      Zinsmeister, Heike},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4915",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4915",
    pages = "99--104",
}
@inproceedings{demirsahin-zeyrek-2014-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Discourse Connectives in Spoken {T}urkish",
    author = "Demir{\c{s}}ahin, Isin  and
      Zeyrek, Deniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4916",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4916",
    pages = "105--109",
}
@inproceedings{hernandez-salim-2014-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting the Human Computational Effort Dedicated to Message Reply Formatting for Training Discursive Email Segmenters",
    author = "Hernandez, Nicolas  and
      Salim, Soufian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4917",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4917",
    pages = "110--119",
}
@inproceedings{wacholder-etal-2014-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Multiparty Discourse: Challenges for Agreement Metrics",
    author = "Wacholder, Nina  and
      Muresan, Smaranda  and
      Ghosh, Debanjan  and
      Aakhus, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4918",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4918",
    pages = "120--128",
}
@inproceedings{hochberg-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Annotation of Clinical Decision-Making Style",
    author = "Hochberg, Limor  and
      Ovesdotter Alm, Cecilia  and
      Rantanen, Esa M.  and
      Yu, Qi  and
      DeLong, Caroline M.  and
      Haake, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4919",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4919",
    pages = "129--138",
}
@inproceedings{al-sabbagh-etal-2014-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Annotation for Event Modality in Modern Standard and {E}gyptian {A}rabic Tweets",
    author = "Al-Sabbagh, Rania  and
      Girju, Roxana  and
      Diesner, Jana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4920",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4920",
    pages = "139--148",
}
@inproceedings{friedrich-palmer-2014-situation,
    title = "Situation Entity Annotation",
    author = "Friedrich, Annemarie  and
      Palmer, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4921",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4921",
    pages = "149--158",
}
@inproceedings{ziai-meurers-2014-focus,
    title = "Focus Annotation in Reading Comprehension Data",
    author = "Ziai, Ramon  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {LAW} {VIII} - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4922",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-4922",
    pages = "159--168",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-inlg,
    title = "Proceedings of the {INLG} and {SIGDIAL} 2014 Joint Session",
    author = "Mitchell, Margaret  and
      McCoy, Kathleen  and
      McDonald, David  and
      Cahill, Aoife",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-50",
}
@inproceedings{briggs-scheutz-2014-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Blame to Avoid Positive Face Threats in Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Briggs, Gordon  and
      Scheutz, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {INLG} and {SIGDIAL} 2014 Joint Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5001",
    pages = "157--161",
}
@inproceedings{engonopoulos-koller-2014-generating,
    title = "Generating effective referring expressions using charts",
    author = "Engonopoulos, Nikolaos  and
      Koller, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {INLG} and {SIGDIAL} 2014 Joint Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5002",
    pages = "162--171",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-etal-2014-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing Language Generation Templates for Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Mitchell, Margaret  and
      Bohus, Dan  and
      Kamar, Ece",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {INLG} and {SIGDIAL} 2014 Joint Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5003",
    pages = "172--180",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-international-natural-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Sharma, Dipti Misra  and
      Sangal, Rajeev  and
      Pawar, Jyoti D.",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5100",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-2014-keynote,
    title = "Keynote Lecture 1: Complexity of Dependency Representations for Natural Languages",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5101",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{pimpale-etal-2014-smt,
    title = "{SMT} from Agglutinative Languages: Use of Suffix Separation and Word Splitting",
    author = "Pimpale, Prakash B.  and
      Patel, Raj Nath  and
      M., Sasikumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5102",
    pages = "2--10",
}
@inproceedings{dabre-etal-2014-tackling,
    title = "Tackling Close Cousins: Experiences In Developing Statistical Machine Translation Systems For {M}arathi And {H}indi",
    author = "Dabre, Raj  and
      Choudhari, Jyotesh  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5103",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{avramidis-popovic-2014-correlating,
    title = "Correlating decoding events with errors in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Avramidis, Eleftherios  and
      Popovi{\'c}, Maja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5104",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{chatterjee-etal-2014-supertag,
    title = "Supertag Based Pre-ordering in Machine Translation",
    author = "Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5105",
    pages = "30--38",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-etal-2014-duration,
    title = "Duration Modeling by Multi-Models based on Vowel Production characteristics",
    author = "Reddy, V Ramu  and
      Sarkar, Parakrant  and
      Rao, K Sreenivasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5106",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{achanta-etal-2014-voice,
    title = "Voice Activity Detection using Temporal Characteristics of Autocorrelation Lag and Maximum Spectral Amplitude in Sub-bands",
    author = "Achanta, Sivanand  and
      Chennupati, Nivedita  and
      Pannala, Vishala  and
      Rankawat, Mansi  and
      Prahallad, Kishore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5107",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{mantena-prahallad-2014-use,
    title = "Use of {GPU} and Feature Reduction for Fast Query-by-Example Spoken Term Detection",
    author = "Mantena, Gautam  and
      Prahallad, Kishore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5108",
    pages = "56--62",
}
@inproceedings{krishna-krishnan-2014-influence,
    title = "Influence of Mother Tongue on {E}nglish Accent",
    author = "Krishna, G. Radha  and
      Krishnan, R",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5109",
    pages = "63--67",
}
@inproceedings{l-2014-keynote,
    title = "Keynote Lecture 2: Text Analysis for identifying Entities and their mentions in {I}ndian languages",
    author = "L, Sobha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5110",
    pages = "68",
}
@inproceedings{bahuguna-etal-2014-hinma,
    title = "{H}in{MA}: Distributed Morphology based {H}indi Morphological Analyzer",
    author = "Bahuguna, Ankit  and
      Talukdar, Lavita  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Singh, Smriti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5111",
    pages = "69--75",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-karmakar-2014-roles,
    title = "Roles of Nominals in Construing Meaning at the Level of Discourse",
    author = "Ghosh, Soumya Sankar  and
      Karmakar, Samir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5112",
    pages = "76--81",
}
@inproceedings{dabre-etal-2014-anou,
    title = "Anou Tradir: Experiences In Building Statistical Machine Translation Systems For Mauritian Languages {--} Creole, {E}nglish, {F}rench",
    author = "Dabre, Raj  and
      Sukhoo, Aneerav  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5113",
    pages = "82--88",
}
@inproceedings{pal-etal-2014-sentiment,
    title = "How Sentiment Analysis Can Help Machine Translation",
    author = "Pal, Santanu  and
      Patra, Braja Gopal  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji  and
      Genabith, Josef van",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5114",
    pages = "89--94",
}
@inproceedings{redkar-etal-2014-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to Synskarta: An Online Interface for Synset Creation with Special Reference to {S}anskrit",
    author = "Redkar, Hanumant  and
      Paranjape, Jai  and
      Joshi, Nilesh  and
      Kulkarni, Irawati  and
      Kulkarni, Malhar  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5115",
    pages = "95--100",
}
@inproceedings{pawar-etal-2014-lmsim,
    title = "{LMS}im : Computing Domain-specific Semantic Word Similarities Using a Language Modeling Approach",
    author = "Pawar, Sachin  and
      Hingmire, Swapnil  and
      Palshikar, Girish K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5116",
    pages = "101--106",
}
@inproceedings{govind-etal-2014-multiobjective,
    title = "Multiobjective Optimization and Unsupervised Lexical Acquisition for Named Entity Recognition and Classification",
    author = "{Govind}  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5117",
    pages = "107--112",
}
@inproceedings{v-etal-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving the accuracy of pronunciation lexicon using Naive {B}ayes classifier with character n-gram as feature: for language classified pronunciation lexicon generation",
    author = "V, Aswathy P  and
      Gopi, Arun  and
      T, Sajini  and
      K, Bhadran V",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5118",
    pages = "113--118",
}
@inproceedings{prahallad-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning phrase-level vocabulary in second language using pictures/gestures and voice",
    author = "Prahallad, Lavanya  and
      Danda, Prathyusha  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5119",
    pages = "119--125",
}
@inproceedings{srivastava-paul-2014-creating,
    title = "Creating a {P}urpose{N}et Ontology: An insight into the issues encountered during ontology creation",
    author = "Srivastava, Rishabh  and
      Paul, Soma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5120",
    pages = "126--132",
}
@inproceedings{pandey-dutta-2014-bundeli,
    title = "Bundeli Folk-Song Genre Classification with k{NN} and {SVM}",
    author = "Pandey, Ayushi  and
      Dutta, Indranil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5121",
    pages = "133--138",
}
@inproceedings{tayal-etal-2014-word,
    title = "Word net based Method for Determining Semantic Sentence Similarity through various Word Senses",
    author = "Tayal, Madhuri A.  and
      Raghuwanshi, M. M.  and
      Malik, Latesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5122",
    pages = "139--145",
}
@inproceedings{gorthi-etal-2014-identification,
    title = "Identification of Karaka relations in an {E}nglish sentence",
    author = "Gorthi, Sai Kiran  and
      Palakurthi, Ashish  and
      Mamidi, Radhika  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5123",
    pages = "146--149",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-bhattacharyya-2014-sentiment,
    title = "A Sentiment Analyzer for {H}indi Using {H}indi Senti Lexicon",
    author = "Sharma, Raksha  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5124",
    pages = "150--155",
}
@inproceedings{v-etal-2014-sandhi,
    title = "A Sandhi Splitter for {M}alayalam",
    author = "V, Devadath V  and
      Kurisinkel, Litton J  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5125",
    pages = "156--161",
}
@inproceedings{kanojia-etal-2014-pacman,
    title = "{P}a{CM}an : Parallel Corpus Management Workbench",
    author = "Kanojia, Diptesh  and
      Shrivastava, Manish  and
      Dabre, Raj  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5126",
    pages = "162--166",
}
@inproceedings{kundu-choudhury-2014-know,
    title = "How to Know the Best Machine Translation System in Advance before Translating a Sentence?",
    author = "Kundu, Bibekananda  and
      Choudhury, Sanjay Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5127",
    pages = "167--176",
}
@inproceedings{desai-etal-2014-domain,
    title = "A Domain-Restricted, Rule Based, {E}nglish-{H}indi Machine Translation System Based on Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Desai, Pratik  and
      Sangodkar, Amit  and
      Damani, Om P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5128",
    pages = "177--185",
}
@inproceedings{bharati-etal-2014-translation,
    title = "Translation of {TO} infinitives in Anusaaraka Platform: an {E}nglish {H}indi {MT} system",
    author = "Bharati, Akshar  and
      {Sukhada}  and
      Paul, Soma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5129",
    pages = "186--195",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-ekbal-2014-determing,
    title = "Determing Trustworthiness in E-Commerce Customer Reviews",
    author = "Gupta, Dhruv  and
      Ekbal, Asif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5130",
    pages = "196--205",
}
@inproceedings{kadiri-etal-2014-naturalistic,
    title = "Naturalistic Audio-Visual Emotion Database",
    author = "Kadiri, Sudarsana Reddy  and
      Gangamohan, P.  and
      Mittal, V.K.  and
      Yegnanarayana, B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5131",
    pages = "206--213",
}
@inproceedings{kadiri-etal-2014-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating Neutral and Emotional Speech using Neural Networks",
    author = "Kadiri, Sudarsana Reddy  and
      Gangamohan, P.  and
      Yegnanarayana, B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5132",
    pages = "214--221",
}
@inproceedings{levin-2014-keynote,
    title = "Keynote Lecture 3: Modeling {N}on-{P}ropositional Semantics",
    author = "Levin, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5133",
    pages = "222",
}
@inproceedings{sinha-etal-2014-text,
    title = "Text Readability in {H}indi: A Comparative Study of Feature Performances Using Support Vectors",
    author = "Sinha, Manjira  and
      Dasgupta, Tirthankar  and
      Basu, Anupam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5134",
    pages = "223--231",
}
@inproceedings{lehal-saini-2014-sangam,
    title = "{S}angam: A Perso-{A}rabic to Indic Script Machine Transliteration Model",
    author = "Lehal, Gurpreet Singh  and
      Saini, Tejinder Singh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5135",
    pages = "232--239",
}
@inproceedings{desai-etal-2014-autoparse,
    title = "{A}uto{P}ar{S}e: An Automatic Paradigm Selector For Nouns in {K}onkani",
    author = "Desai, Shilpa  and
      Desai, Neenad  and
      Pawar, Jyoti  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5136",
    pages = "240--248",
}
@inproceedings{semwal-etal-2014-continuum,
    title = "Continuum models of semantics for language discovery",
    author = "Semwal, Deepali  and
      Gupta, Sunakshi  and
      Mukerjee, Amitabha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5137",
    pages = "249--257",
}
@inproceedings{mukerjee-jalan-2014-syllables,
    title = "Syllables as Linguistic Units?",
    author = "Mukerjee, Amitabha  and
      Jalan, Prashant",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5138",
    pages = "258--266",
}
@inproceedings{dhar-sarkar-2014-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Identification of the Karta (Subject) Relation in Bangla",
    author = "Dhar, Arnab  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5139",
    pages = "267--276",
}
@inproceedings{nongmeikapam-etal-2014-manipuri,
    title = "{M}anipuri Chunking: An Incremental Model with {POS} and {RMWE}",
    author = "Nongmeikapam, Kishorjit  and
      Singh, Thiyam Ibungomacha  and
      Chanu, Ngariyanbam Mayekleima  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5140",
    pages = "277--286",
}
@inproceedings{r-kulkarni-2014-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation of Navya-Ny{\=a}ya Expressions",
    author = "R, Arjuna S.  and
      Kulkarni, Amba",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5141",
    pages = "287--294",
}
@inproceedings{barik-sarkar-2014-handling,
    title = "Handling Plurality in {B}engali Noun Phrases",
    author = "Barik, Biswanath  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5142",
    pages = "295--304",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-2014-making,
    title = "Making Verb Frames for Bangla Vector Verbs",
    author = "Ghosh, Sanjukta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5143",
    pages = "305--314",
}
@inproceedings{kaur-singh-2014-english,
    title = "{E}nglish to {P}unjabi Transliteration using Orthographic and Phonetic Information",
    author = "Kaur, Kamaljeet  and
      Singh, Parminder",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5144",
    pages = "315--320",
}
@inproceedings{dixit-choudhary-2014-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Two Annotated Corpora of {H}indi Using a Verb Class Identifier",
    author = "Dixit, Neha  and
      Choudhary, Narayan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5145",
    pages = "321--327",
}
@inproceedings{eragani-etal-2014-hindi,
    title = "{H}indi Word Sketches",
    author = "Eragani, Anil Krishna  and
      Hotla, Varun Kuchib  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra  and
      Reddy, Siva  and
      Kilgarriff, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5146",
    pages = "328--335",
}
@inproceedings{bungum-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting and Selecting Relevant Corpora for Domain Adaptation in {MT}",
    author = "Bungum, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5147",
    pages = "336--343",
}
@inproceedings{bhingardive-etal-2014-merging,
    title = "Merging Verb Senses of {H}indi {W}ord{N}et using Word Embeddings",
    author = "Bhingardive, Sudha  and
      Puduppully, Ratish  and
      Singh, Dhirendra  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5148",
    pages = "344--352",
}
@inproceedings{gunamgari-etal-2014-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Recursive Tagset for Annotating Cooking Recipes",
    author = "Gunamgari, Sharath Reddy  and
      Dandapat, Sandipan  and
      Choudhury, Monojit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5149",
    pages = "353--361",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-mittal-2014-named,
    title = "Named Entity Based Answer Extraction form {H}indi Text Corpus Using n-grams",
    author = "Sharma, Lokesh Kumar  and
      Mittal, Namita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5150",
    pages = "362--367",
}
@inproceedings{gella-etal-2014-ye,
    title = "{``}ye word kis lang ka hai bhai?{''} Testing the Limits of Word level Language Identification",
    author = "Gella, Spandana  and
      Bali, Kalika  and
      Choudhury, Monojit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5151",
    pages = "368--377",
}
@inproceedings{das-gamback-2014-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Languages at the Word Level in Code-Mixed {I}ndian Social Media Text",
    author = {Das, Amitava  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5152",
    pages = "378--387",
}
@inproceedings{chinnakotla-etal-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Detection and Promotion of Authoritative Domains for Medical Queries in Web Search",
    author = "Chinnakotla, Manoj K.  and
      Mehta, Rupesh K.  and
      Agrawal, Vipul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5153",
    pages = "388--394",
}
@inproceedings{potluri-etal-2014-significance,
    title = "Significance of Paralinguistic Cues in the Synthesis of Mathematical Equations",
    author = "Potluri, Venkatesh  and
      Rallabandi, SaiKrishna  and
      Srivastava, Priyanka  and
      Prahallad, Kishore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Goa, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5154",
    pages = "395--402",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-open,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for {HLT}",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Grivolla, Jens",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5200",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-52",
}
@inproceedings{eckart-de-castilho-gurevych-2014-broad,
    title = "A broad-coverage collection of portable {NLP} components for building shareable analysis pipelines",
    author = "Eckart de Castilho, Richard  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for {HLT}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5201",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5201",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{estival-etal-2014-integrating,
    title = "Integrating {UIMA} with Alveo, a human communication science virtual laboratory",
    author = "Estival, Dominique  and
      Cassidy, Steve  and
      Verspoor, Karin  and
      MacKinlay, Andrew  and
      Burnham, Denis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for {HLT}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5202",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5202",
    pages = "12--22",
}
@inproceedings{di-bari-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Model Driven Architectures for Human Language Technologies",
    author = "Di Bari, Alessandro  and
      Vetere, Guido  and
      Tymoshenko, Kateryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for {HLT}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5203",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5203",
    pages = "23--33",
}
@inproceedings{ide-etal-2014-language-application,
    title = "The Language Application Grid Web Service Exchange Vocabulary",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Suderman, Keith  and
      Verhagen, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for {HLT}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5204",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5204",
    pages = "34--43",
}
@inproceedings{hara-etal-2014-significance,
    title = "Significance of Bridging Real-world Documents and {NLP} Technologies",
    author = "Hara, Tadayoshi  and
      Topi{\'c}, Goran  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for {HLT}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5205",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5205",
    pages = "44--52",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2014-conceptual,
    title = "A Conceptual Framework of Online Natural Language Processing Pipeline Application",
    author = "Shi, Chunqi  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Verhagen, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for {HLT}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5206",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5206",
    pages = "53--59",
}
@inproceedings{nothman-etal-2014-command,
    title = "Command-line utilities for managing and exploring annotated corpora",
    author = "Nothman, Joel  and
      Dawborn, Tim  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for {HLT}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5207",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5207",
    pages = "60--65",
}
@inproceedings{bharati-etal-2014-ssf,
    title = "{SSF}: A Common Representation Scheme for Language Analysis for Language Technology Infrastructure Development",
    author = "Bharati, Akshar  and
      Sangal, Rajeev  and
      Misra Sharma, Dipti  and
      Kumar Singh, Anil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for {HLT}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5208",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5208",
    pages = "66--76",
}
@inproceedings{gotz-etal-2014-quo,
    title = "Quo Vadis {UIMA}?",
    author = {G{\"o}tz, Thilo  and
      Kottmann, J{\"o}rn  and
      Lang, Alexander},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for {HLT}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5209",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5209",
    pages = "77--82",
}
@inproceedings{toepfer-etal-2014-integrated,
    title = "Integrated Tools for Query-driven Development of Light-weight Ontologies and Information Extraction Components",
    author = "Toepfer, Martin  and
      Fette, Georg  and
      Beck, Philip-Daniel  and
      Kluegl, Peter  and
      Puppe, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for {HLT}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5210",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5210",
    pages = "83--92",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-dipersio-2014-intellectual,
    title = "Intellectual Property Rights Management with Web Service Grids",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      DiPersio, Denise",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for {HLT}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5211",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5211",
    pages = "93--100",
}
@inproceedings{grivolla-etal-2014-eumssi,
    title = "{EUMSSI}: a Platform for Multimodal Analysis and Recommendation using {UIMA}",
    author = "Grivolla, Jens  and
      Melero, Maite  and
      Badia, Toni  and
      Cabulea, Cosmin  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick  and
      Herder, Eelco  and
      Odobez, Jean-Marc  and
      Preu{\ss}, Susanne  and
      Mar{\'\i}n, Ra{\'u}l",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Open Infrastructures and Analysis Frameworks for {HLT}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5212",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5212",
    pages = "101--109",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-applying,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying {NLP} Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    author = {Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Tan, Liling  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5300",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-53",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2014-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based Study and Identification of {M}andarin {C}hinese Light Verb Variations",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Lin, Jingxia  and
      Jiang, Menghan  and
      Xu, Hongzhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying {NLP} Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5301",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5301",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{sukhareva-chiarcos-2014-diachronic,
    title = "Diachronic proximity vs. data sparsity in cross-lingual parser projection. A case study on Germanic",
    author = "Sukhareva, Maria  and
      Chiarcos, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying {NLP} Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5302",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5302",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{vergez-couret-urieli-2014-pos,
    title = "Pos-tagging different varieties of Occitan with single-dialect resources",
    author = "Vergez-Couret, Marianne  and
      Urieli, Assaf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying {NLP} Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5303",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5303",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{scherrer-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised adaptation of supervised part-of-speech taggers for closely related languages",
    author = "Scherrer, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying {NLP} Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5304",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5304",
    pages = "30--38",
}
@inproceedings{rios-gonzales-castro-mamani-2014-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Disambiguation and Text Normalization for Southern {Q}uechua Varieties",
    author = "Rios Gonzales, Annette  and
      Castro Mamani, Richard Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying {NLP} Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5305",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5305",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{diwersy-2014-varitext,
    title = "The Varitext platform and the Corpus des vari{\'e}t{\'e}s nationales du fran{\c{c}}ais ({C}o{V}a{N}a-{FR}) as resources for the study of {F}rench from a pluricentric perspective",
    author = "Diwersy, Sascha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying {NLP} Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5306",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5306",
    pages = "48--57",
}
@inproceedings{zampieri-etal-2014-report,
    title = "A Report on the {DSL} Shared Task 2014",
    author = {Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Tan, Liling  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying {NLP} Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5307",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5307",
    pages = "58--67",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2014-employing,
    title = "Employing Phonetic Speech Recognition for Language and Dialect Specific Search",
    author = "Miller, Corey  and
      Strong, Rachel  and
      Jones, Evan  and
      Vinson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying {NLP} Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5308",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5308",
    pages = "68--75",
}
@inproceedings{aepli-etal-2014-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Tag Disambiguation by Cross-Linguistic Majority Vote",
    author = {Aepli, No{\"e}mi  and
      von Waldenfels, Ruprecht  and
      Samard{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Tanja},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying {NLP} Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5309",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5309",
    pages = "76--84",
}
@inproceedings{hollenstein-aepli-2014-compilation,
    title = "Compilation of a Swiss {G}erman Dialect Corpus and its Application to {P}o{S} Tagging",
    author = {Hollenstein, Nora  and
      Aepli, No{\"e}mi},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying {NLP} Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5310",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5310",
    pages = "85--94",
}
@inproceedings{hamdi-etal-2014-automatically,
    title = "Automatically building a {T}unisian Lexicon for Deverbal Nouns",
    author = "Hamdi, Ahmed  and
      Gala, N{\'u}ria  and
      Nasr, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying {NLP} Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5311",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5311",
    pages = "95--102",
}
@inproceedings{srirampur-etal-2014-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Morph Analyzer ({SMA}++) for {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Srirampur, Saikrishna  and
      Chandibhamar, Ravi  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying {NLP} Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5312",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5312",
    pages = "103--109",
}
@inproceedings{tillmann-etal-2014-improved,
    title = "Improved Sentence-Level {A}rabic Dialect Classification",
    author = "Tillmann, Christoph  and
      Mansour, Saab  and
      Al-Onaizan, Yaser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying {NLP} Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5313",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5313",
    pages = "110--119",
}
@inproceedings{porta-sancho-2014-using,
    title = "Using Maximum Entropy Models to Discriminate between Similar Languages and Varieties",
    author = "Porta, Jordi  and
      Sancho, Jos{\'e}-Luis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying {NLP} Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5314",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5314",
    pages = "120--128",
}
@inproceedings{lui-etal-2014-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Methods and Resources for Discriminating Similar Languages",
    author = "Lui, Marco  and
      Letcher, Ned  and
      Adams, Oliver  and
      Duong, Long  and
      Cook, Paul  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying {NLP} Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5315",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5315",
    pages = "129--138",
}
@inproceedings{goutte-etal-2014-nrc,
    title = "The {NRC} System for Discriminating Similar Languages",
    author = "Goutte, Cyril  and
      L{\'e}ger, Serge  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying {NLP} Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5316",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5316",
    pages = "139--145",
}
@inproceedings{king-etal-2014-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Sentence Language Identification with Groups of Similar Languages",
    author = "King, Ben  and
      Radev, Dragomir  and
      Abney, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying {NLP} Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5317",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5317",
    pages = "146--154",
}
@inproceedings{purver-2014-simple,
    title = "A Simple Baseline for Discriminating Similar Languages",
    author = "Purver, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying {NLP} Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5318",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5318",
    pages = "155--160",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-vision,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Cosker, Darren  and
      Keller, Frank  and
      Smith, William  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Moens, Sien  and
      Smeaton, Alan",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5400",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-54",
}
@inproceedings{schutte-etal-2014-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Sensor Errors in Situated Human-Computer Dialogue",
    author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Niels  and
      Kelleher, John  and
      Mac Namee, Brian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5401",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5401",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{summers-stay-etal-2014-joint,
    title = "Joint Navigation in Commander/Robot Teams: Dialog {\&} Task Performance When Vision is Bandwidth-Limited",
    author = "Summers-Stay, Douglas  and
      Cassidy, Taylor  and
      Voss, Clare",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5402",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5402",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2014-tuhoi,
    title = "{TUHOI}: Trento Universal Human Object Interaction Dataset",
    author = "Le, Dieu-Thu  and
      Uijlings, Jasper  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5403",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5403",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{liparas-etal-2014-concept,
    title = "Concept-oriented labelling of patent images based on Random Forests and proximity-driven generation of synthetic data",
    author = "Liparas, Dimitris  and
      Moumtzidou, Anastasia  and
      Vrochidis, Stefanos  and
      Kompatsiaris, Ioannis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5404",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5404",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{dobnik-kelleher-2014-exploration,
    title = "Exploration of functional semantics of prepositions from corpora of descriptions of visual scenes",
    author = "Dobnik, Simon  and
      Kelleher, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5405",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5405",
    pages = "33--37",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-poodle,
    title = "A Poodle or a Dog? Evaluating Automatic Image Annotation Using Human Descriptions at Different Levels of Granularity",
    author = "Wang, Josiah  and
      Yan, Fei  and
      Aker, Ahmet  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5406",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5406",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{shrestha-etal-2014-key,
    title = "Key Event Detection in Video using {ASR} and Visual Data",
    author = "Shrestha, Niraj  and
      Venkitasubramanian, Aparna N.  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5407",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5407",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{sakaki-etal-2014-twitter,
    title = "Twitter User Gender Inference Using Combined Analysis of Text and Image Processing",
    author = "Sakaki, Shigeyuki  and
      Miura, Yasuhide  and
      Ma, Xiaojun  and
      Hattori, Keigo  and
      Ohkuma, Tomoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5408",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5408",
    pages = "54--61",
}
@inproceedings{jones-etal-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic and geometric enrichment of 3{D} geo-spatial models with captioned photos and labelled illustrations",
    author = "Jones, Chris  and
      Rosin, Paul  and
      Slade, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5409",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5409",
    pages = "62--67",
}
@inproceedings{weiland-etal-2014-weakly,
    title = "Weakly supervised construction of a repository of iconic images",
    author = "Weiland, Lydia  and
      Effelsberg, Wolfgang  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5410",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5410",
    pages = "68--73",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-cross,
    title = "Cross-media Cross-genre Information Ranking based on Multi-media Information Networks",
    author = "Zhang, Tongtao  and
      Li, Haibo  and
      Huang, Hongzhao  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Tsai, Min-Hsuan  and
      Tsai, Shen-Fu  and
      Huang, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5411",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5411",
    pages = "74--81",
}
@inproceedings{nikolaeva-2014-speech,
    title = "Speech-accompanying gestures in {R}ussian: functions and verbal context",
    author = "Nikolaeva, Yulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5412",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5412",
    pages = "82--86",
}
@inproceedings{bhat-olszewska-2014-dales,
    title = "{DALES}: Automated Tool for Detection, Annotation, Labelling, and Segmentation of Multiple Objects in Multi-Camera Video Streams",
    author = "Bhat, Mohammad  and
      Olszewska, Joanna Isabelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5413",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5413",
    pages = "87--94",
}
@inproceedings{safi-etal-2014-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Segmentation of Web Pages for Vibro-Tactile Access on Touch-Screen Devices",
    author = {Safi, Waseem  and
      Maurel, Fabrice  and
      Routoure, Jean-Marc  and
      Beust, Pierre  and
      Dias, Ga{\"e}l},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5414",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5414",
    pages = "95--102",
}
@inproceedings{anbarjafari-aabloo-2014-expression,
    title = "Expression Recognition by Using Facial and Vocal Expressions",
    author = "Anbarjafari, Gholamreza  and
      Aabloo, Alvo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5415",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5415",
    pages = "103--105",
}
@inproceedings{mcguinness-etal-2014-formulating,
    title = "Formulating Queries for Collecting Training Examples in Visual Concept Classification",
    author = "McGuinness, Kevin  and
      Hu, Feiyan  and
      Albatal, Rami  and
      Smeaton, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5416",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5416",
    pages = "106--108",
}
@inproceedings{elliott-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Succinct and Relevant Image Descriptions",
    author = "Elliott, Desmond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5417",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5417",
    pages = "109--111",
}
@inproceedings{tien-nguyen-etal-2014-coloring,
    title = "Coloring Objects: Adjective-Noun Visual Semantic Compositionality",
    author = "Tien Nguyen, Dat  and
      Lazaridou, Angeliki  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5418",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5418",
    pages = "112--114",
}
@inproceedings{ivasic-kos-etal-2014-multi,
    title = "Multi-layered Image Representation for Image Interpretation",
    author = "Ivasic-Kos, Marina  and
      Pobar, Miran  and
      Ipsic, Ivo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5419",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5419",
    pages = "115--117",
}
@inproceedings{belz-bharath-2014-last,
    title = "The Last 10 Metres: Using Visual Analysis and Verbal Communication in Guiding Visually Impaired Smartphone Users to Entrances",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Bharath, Anil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5420",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5420",
    pages = "118--120",
}
@inproceedings{hacohen-kerner-etal-2014-keyphrase,
    title = "Keyphrase Extraction using Textual and Visual Features",
    author = "HaCohen-Kerner, Yaakov  and
      Vrochidis, Stefanos  and
      Liparas, Dimitris  and
      Moumtzidou, Anastasia  and
      Kompatsiaris, Ioannis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5421",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5421",
    pages = "121--123",
}
@inproceedings{jokinen-wilcock-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards automatic annotation of communicative gesturing",
    author = "Jokinen, Kristiina  and
      Wilcock, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University and the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5422",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5422",
    pages = "124--125",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-south,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Boitet, Christian  and
      Malik, M.G. Abbas",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5500",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-55",
}
@inproceedings{sulger-vaidya-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards Identifying {H}indi/{U}rdu Noun Templates in Support of a Large-Scale {LFG} Grammar",
    author = "Sulger, Sebastian  and
      Vaidya, Ashwini",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5501",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5501",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{rajan-2014-konkanverter,
    title = "Konkanverter - A Finite State Transducer based Statistical Machine Transliteration Engine for {K}onkani Language",
    author = "Rajan, Vinodh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5502",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5502",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{kyaw-thu-etal-2014-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Dictionaries into an Unsupervised Model for {M}yanmar Word Segmentation",
    author = "Kyaw Thu, Ye  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Sagisaka, Yoshinori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5503",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5503",
    pages = "20--27",
}
@inproceedings{desai-etal-2014-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Learning Morphology using Suffix Association Matrix",
    author = "Desai, Shilpa  and
      Pawar, Jyoti  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5504",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5504",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{jawaid-etal-2014-english,
    title = "{E}nglish to {U}rdu Statistical Machine Translation: Establishing a Baseline",
    author = "Jawaid, Bushra  and
      Kamran, Amir  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5505",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5505",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-paul-2014-hybrid,
    title = "A hybrid approach for automatic clause boundary identification in {H}indi",
    author = "Sharma, Rahul  and
      Paul, Soma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5506",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5506",
    pages = "43--49",
}
@inproceedings{de-malezieux-etal-2014-rbmt,
    title = "{RBMT} as an alternative to {SMT} for under-resourced languages",
    author = "de Mal{\'e}zieux, Guillaume  and
      Bosc, Am{\'e}lie  and
      Berment, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5507",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5507",
    pages = "50--54",
}
@inproceedings{virk-etal-2014-developing,
    title = "Developing an interlingual translation lexicon using {W}ord{N}ets and Grammatical Framework",
    author = "Virk, Shafqat Mumtaz  and
      Prasad, K.V.S.  and
      Ranta, Aarne  and
      Angelov, Krasimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5508",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5508",
    pages = "55--64",
}
@inproceedings{knauth-alfter-2014-dictionary,
    title = "A Dictionary Data Processing Environment and Its Application in Algorithmic Processing of Pali Dictionary Data for Future {NLP} Tasks",
    author = {Knauth, J{\"u}rgen  and
      Alfter, David},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5509",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5509",
    pages = "65--73",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2014-real,
    title = "Real Time Early-stage Influenza Detection with Emotion Factors from Sina Microblog",
    author = "Sun, Xiao  and
      Ye, Jiaqi  and
      Ren, Fuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5511",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5511",
    pages = "80--84",
}
@inproceedings{ngo-etal-2014-building,
    title = "Building {E}nglish-{V}ietnamese Named Entity Corpus with Aligned Bilingual News Articles",
    author = "Ngo, Quoc Hung  and
      Dien, Dinh  and
      Winiwarter, Werner",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5512",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5512",
    pages = "85--93",
}
@inproceedings{sutantayawalee-etal-2014-character,
    title = "Character-Cluster-Based Segmentation using Monolingual and Bilingual Information for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Sutantayawalee, Vipas  and
      Porkeaw, Peerachet  and
      Supnithi, Thepchai  and
      Boonkwan, Prachya  and
      Phaholphinyo, Sitthaa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5513",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5513",
    pages = "94--101",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-2014-rule,
    title = "A rule based approach for automatic clause boundary detection and classification in {H}indi",
    author = "Sharma, Rahul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5514",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5514",
    pages = "102--111",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-automatic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Automatic Text Simplification - Methods and Applications in the Multilingual Society ({ATS}-{MA} 2014)",
    author = "Orasan, Constantin  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Vertan, Cristina",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5600",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-56",
}
@inproceedings{dornescu-etal-2014-relative,
    title = "Relative clause extraction for syntactic simplification",
    author = "Dornescu, Iustin  and
      Evans, Richard  and
      Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Automatic Text Simplification - Methods and Applications in the Multilingual Society ({ATS}-{MA} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5601",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5601",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-dios-etal-2014-making,
    title = "Making Biographical Data in {W}ikipedia Readable: A Pattern-based Multilingual Approach",
    author = "Gonzalez-Dios, Itziar  and
      Aranzabe, Mar{\'\i}a Jes{\'u}s  and
      D{\'\i}az de Ilarraza, Arantza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Automatic Text Simplification - Methods and Applications in the Multilingual Society ({ATS}-{MA} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5602",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5602",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-etal-2014-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the effects of Sentence Simplification on {H}indi to {E}nglish Machine Translation System",
    author = "Mishra, Kshitij  and
      Soni, Ankush  and
      Sharma, Rahul  and
      Sharma, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Automatic Text Simplification - Methods and Applications in the Multilingual Society ({ATS}-{MA} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5603",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5603",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{mitkov-stajner-2014-fewer,
    title = "The Fewer, the Better? A Contrastive Study about Ways to Simplify",
    author = "Mitkov, Ruslan  and
      {\v{S}}tajner, Sanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Automatic Text Simplification - Methods and Applications in the Multilingual Society ({ATS}-{MA} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5604",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5604",
    pages = "30--40",
}
@inproceedings{sheremetyeva-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Text Simplification For Handling Intellectual Property (The Case of Multiple Patent Claims)",
    author = "Sheremetyeva, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Automatic Text Simplification - Methods and Applications in the Multilingual Society ({ATS}-{MA} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5605",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5605",
    pages = "41--52",
}
@inproceedings{stajner-etal-2014-assessing,
    title = "Assessing Conformance of Manually Simplified Corpora with User Requirements: the Case of Autistic Readers",
    author = "{\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Evans, Richard  and
      Dornescu, Iustin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Automatic Text Simplification - Methods and Applications in the Multilingual Society ({ATS}-{MA} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5606",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5606",
    pages = "53--63",
}
@inproceedings{vertan-von-hahn-2014-making,
    title = "Making historical texts accessible to everybody",
    author = "Vertan, Cristina  and
      von Hahn, Walther",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Automatic Text Simplification - Methods and Applications in the Multilingual Society ({ATS}-{MA} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5607",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5607",
    pages = "64--68",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-approaches-compound,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Compound Analysis ({C}om{AC}om{A} 2014)",
    author = "Verhoeven, Ben  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      van Zaanen, Menno  and
      van Huyssteen, Gerhard",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5700",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-57",
}
@inproceedings{bott-schulte-im-walde-2014-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Regular Subcategorization Changes in {G}erman Particle Verbs",
    author = "Bott, Stefan  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Compound Analysis ({C}om{AC}om{A} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5701",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5701",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{clouet-daille-2014-splitting,
    title = "Splitting of Compound Terms in non-Prototypical Compounding Languages",
    author = "Clouet, Elizaveta  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Compound Analysis ({C}om{AC}om{A} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5702",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5702",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{verhoeven-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Compound Processing: Compound Splitting and Semantic Analysis for {A}frikaans and {D}utch",
    author = "Verhoeven, Ben  and
      van Zaanen, Menno  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      van Huyssteen, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Compound Analysis ({C}om{AC}om{A} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5703",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5703",
    pages = "20--30",
}
@inproceedings{van-huyssteen-verhoeven-2014-taxonomy,
    title = "A Taxonomy for {A}frikaans and {D}utch Compounds",
    author = "van Huyssteen, Gerhard  and
      Verhoeven, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Compound Analysis ({C}om{AC}om{A} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5704",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5704",
    pages = "31--40",
}
@inproceedings{de-cat-etal-2014-electrophysiological,
    title = "Electrophysiological correlates of noun-noun compound processing by non-native speakers of {E}nglish",
    author = "De Cat, Cecile  and
      Baayen, Harald  and
      Klepousniotou, Ekaterini",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Compound Analysis ({C}om{AC}om{A} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5705",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5705",
    pages = "41--52",
}
@inproceedings{fonseca-sadat-2014-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of Different Classification Methods for the Identification of {B}razilian {P}ortuguese Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Fonseca, Alexsandro  and
      Sadat, Fatiha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Compound Analysis ({C}om{AC}om{A} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5706",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5706",
    pages = "53--62",
}
@inproceedings{owczarzak-etal-2014-wordsyoudontknow,
    title = "{W}ordsyoudontknow: Evaluation of lexicon-based decompounding with unknown handling",
    author = "Owczarzak, Karolina  and
      de Haan, Ferdinand  and
      Krupka, George  and
      Hindle, Don",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Compound Analysis ({C}om{AC}om{A} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5707",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5707",
    pages = "63--71",
}
@inproceedings{barriere-menard-2014-multiword,
    title = "Multiword noun compound bracketing using {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Barri{\`e}re, Caroline  and
      M{\'e}nard, Pierre Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Compound Analysis ({C}om{AC}om{A} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5708",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5708",
    pages = "72--80",
}
@inproceedings{weller-etal-2014-distinguishing,
    title = "Distinguishing Degrees of Compositionality in Compound Splitting for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = {Weller, Marion  and
      Cap, Fabienne  and
      M{\"u}ller, Stefan  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Fraser, Alexander},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Compound Analysis ({C}om{AC}om{A} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5709",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5709",
    pages = "81--90",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-lexical,
    title = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    author = "Baptista, Jorge  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane  and
      Forcada, Mikel  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Koeva, Svetla  and
      Krstev, Cvetana  and
      Laporte, Eric",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5800",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-58",
}
@inproceedings{chatzitheodorou-2014-paraphrasing,
    title = "Paraphrasing of {I}talian Support Verb Constructions based on Lexical and Grammatical Resources",
    author = "Chatzitheodorou, Konstantinos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5801",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5801",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{dannells-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using language technology resources and tools to construct {S}wedish {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Dann{\'e}lls, Dana  and
      Friberg Heppin, Karin  and
      Ehrlemark, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5802",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5802",
    pages = "8--17",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-2014-harmonizing,
    title = "Harmonizing Lexical Data for their Linking to Knowledge Objects in the Linked Data Framework",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5803",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5803",
    pages = "18--23",
}
@inproceedings{di-buono-etal-2014-terminology,
    title = "Terminology and Knowledge Representation. {I}talian Linguistic Resources for the Archaeological Domain",
    author = "di Buono, Maria Pia  and
      Monteleone, Mario  and
      Elia, Annibale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5804",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5804",
    pages = "24--29",
}
@inproceedings{emerson-declerck-2014-sentimerge,
    title = "{S}enti{M}erge: Combining Sentiment Lexicons in a {B}ayesian Framework",
    author = "Emerson, Guy  and
      Declerck, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5805",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5805",
    pages = "30--38",
}
@inproceedings{giouli-fotopoulou-2014-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically motivated Language Resources for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Giouli, Voula  and
      Fotopoulou, Aggeliki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5806",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5806",
    pages = "39--45",
}
@inproceedings{isguder-adali-2014-using,
    title = "Using Morphosemantic Information in Construction of a Pilot Lexical Semantic Resource for {T}urkish",
    author = {{\.I}{\c{s}}g{\"u}der, G{\"o}zde G{\"u}l  and
      Adal{\i}, E{\c{s}}ref},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5807",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5807",
    pages = "46--54",
}
@inproceedings{hajic-etal-2014-comparing,
    title = "Comparing {C}zech and {E}nglish {AMR}s",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5808",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5808",
    pages = "55--64",
}
@inproceedings{hathout-etal-2014-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition and enrichment of morphological and morphosemantic knowledge from the {F}rench {W}iktionary",
    author = "Hathout, Nabil  and
      Sajous, Franck  and
      Calderone, Basilio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5809",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5809",
    pages = "65--74",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2014-annotation,
    title = "Annotation and Classification of Light Verbs and Light Verb Variations in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Lin, Jingxia  and
      Xu, Hongzhi  and
      Jiang, Menghan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5810",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5810",
    pages = "75--82",
}
@inproceedings{przepiorkowski-etal-2014-extended,
    title = "Extended phraseological information in a valence dictionary for {NLP} applications",
    author = "Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam  and
      Hajnicz, El{\.z}bieta  and
      Patejuk, Agnieszka  and
      Woli{\'n}ski, Marcin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5811",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5811",
    pages = "83--91",
}
@inproceedings{rassi-etal-2014-fuzzy,
    title = "The fuzzy boundaries of operator verb and support verb constructions with dar {``}give{''} and ter {``}have{''} in {B}razilian {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Rassi, Amanda  and
      Santos-Turati, Cristina  and
      Baptista, Jorge  and
      Mamede, Nuno  and
      Vale, Oto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5812",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5812",
    pages = "92--101",
}
@inproceedings{sadat-etal-2014-collaboratively,
    title = "Collaboratively Constructed Linguistic Resources for Language Variants and their Exploitation in {NLP} Application {--} the case of {T}unisian {A}rabic and the Social Media",
    author = "Sadat, Fatiha  and
      Mallek, Fatma  and
      Boudabous, Mohamed  and
      Sellami, Rahma  and
      Farzindar, Atefeh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5813",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5813",
    pages = "102--110",
}
@inproceedings{scheible-schulte-im-walde-2014-database,
    title = "A Database of Paradigmatic Semantic Relation Pairs for {G}erman Nouns, Verbs, and Adjectives",
    author = "Scheible, Silke  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5814",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5814",
    pages = "111--119",
}
@inproceedings{sevens-etal-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving the Precision of Synset Links Between Cornetto and {P}rinceton {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Sevens, Leen  and
      Vandeghinste, Vincent  and
      Van Eynde, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5815",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5815",
    pages = "120--126",
}
@inproceedings{vaidya-etal-2014-light,
    title = "Light verb constructions with {`}do{'} and {`}be{'} in {H}indi: A {TAG} analysis",
    author = "Vaidya, Ashwini  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5816",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5816",
    pages = "127--136",
}
@inproceedings{vietri-2014-lexicon,
    title = "The Lexicon-Grammar of {I}talian Idioms",
    author = "Vietri, Simonetta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5817",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5817",
    pages = "137--146",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-building,
    title = "Building a Semantic Transparency Dataset of {C}hinese Nominal Compounds: A Practice of Crowdsourcing Methodology",
    author = "Wang, Shichang  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Yao, Yao  and
      Chan, Angel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5818",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5818",
    pages = "147--156",
}
@inproceedings{xu-huang-2014-annotate,
    title = "Annotate and Identify Modalities, Speech Acts and Finer-Grained Event Types in {C}hinese Text",
    author = "Xu, Hongzhi  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5819",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5819",
    pages = "157--166",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-natural-language-processing,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media ({S}ocial{NLP})",
    author = "Lin, Shou-de  and
      Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Cambria, Erik  and
      Kuo, Tsung-Ting",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5900",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-59",
}
@inproceedings{rosso-2014-socialirony,
    title = "{S}ocial{I}rony",
    author = "Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media ({S}ocial{NLP})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5901",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5901",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2014-feature,
    title = "Feature Selection for Highly Skewed Sentiment Analysis Tasks",
    author = {Liu, Can  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Yu, Ning},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media ({S}ocial{NLP})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5902",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5902",
    pages = "2--11",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2014-curiosity,
    title = "{``}My Curiosity was Satisfied, but not in a Good Way{''}: Predicting User Ratings for Online Recipes",
    author = {Liu, Can  and
      Guo, Chun  and
      Dakota, Daniel  and
      Rajagopalan, Sridhar  and
      Li, Wen  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Yu, Ning},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media ({S}ocial{NLP})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5903",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5903",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{sadat-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of {A}rabic Language Varieties and Dialects in Social Media",
    author = "Sadat, Fatiha  and
      Kazemi, Farzindar  and
      Farzindar, Atefeh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media ({S}ocial{NLP})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5904",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5904",
    pages = "22--27",
}
@inproceedings{poria-etal-2014-rule,
    title = "A Rule-Based Approach to Aspect Extraction from Product Reviews",
    author = "Poria, Soujanya  and
      Cambria, Erik  and
      Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Gui, Chen  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media ({S}ocial{NLP})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5905",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5905",
    pages = "28--37",
}
@inproceedings{argueta-chen-2014-multi,
    title = "Multi-Lingual Sentiment Analysis of Social Data Based on Emotion-Bearing Patterns",
    author = "Argueta, Carlos  and
      Chen, Yi-Shin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media ({S}ocial{NLP})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5906",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5906",
    pages = "38--43",
}
@inproceedings{bobicev-etal-2014-recognition,
    title = "Recognition of Sentiment Sequences in Online Discussions",
    author = "Bobicev, Victoria  and
      Sokolova, Marina  and
      Oakes, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media ({S}ocial{NLP})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5907",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5907",
    pages = "44--49",
}
@inproceedings{chatterjee-etal-2014-verbal,
    title = "Verbal Behaviors and Persuasiveness in Online Multimedia Content",
    author = "Chatterjee, Moitreya  and
      Park, Sunghyun  and
      Shim, Han Suk  and
      Sagae, Kenji  and
      Morency, Louis-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media ({S}ocial{NLP})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5908",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5908",
    pages = "50--58",
}
@inproceedings{campbell-etal-2014-content,
    title = "{C}ontent+{C}ontext={C}lassification: Examining the Roles of Social Interactions and Linguist Content in Twitter User Classification",
    author = "Campbell, William  and
      Baseman, Elisabeth  and
      Greenfield, Kara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media ({S}ocial{NLP})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-5909",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-5909",
    pages = "59--65",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-coling,
    title = "Proceedings of the {COLING} Workshop on Synchronic and Diachronic Approaches to Analyzing Technical Language",
    author = "Meyers, Adam  and
      He, Yifan  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-60",
}
@inproceedings{zadeh-handschuh-2014-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Context Parameters in Technology Term Recognition",
    author = "Zadeh, Behrang Q.  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING} Workshop on Synchronic and Diachronic Approaches to Analyzing Technical Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-etal-2014-jargon,
    title = "Jargon-Term Extraction by Chunking",
    author = "Meyers, Adam  and
      Glass, Zachary  and
      Grieve-Smith, Angus  and
      He, Yifan  and
      Liao, Shasha  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING} Workshop on Synchronic and Diachronic Approaches to Analyzing Technical Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6002",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{levy-etal-2014-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-based Technical Text Annotation",
    author = "L{\'e}vy, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Tomeh, Nadi  and
      Ma, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING} Workshop on Synchronic and Diachronic Approaches to Analyzing Technical Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6003",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{anick-etal-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Aspects and Polarity from Patents",
    author = "Anick, Peter  and
      Verhagen, Marc  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING} Workshop on Synchronic and Diachronic Approaches to Analyzing Technical Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6004",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2014-pre,
    title = "Pre-reordering Model of {C}hinese Special Sentences for Patent Machine Translation",
    author = "Hu, Renfen  and
      Liu, Zhiying  and
      Yang, Lijiao  and
      Jin, Yaohong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING} Workshop on Synchronic and Diachronic Approaches to Analyzing Technical Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6005",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{kroll-etal-2014-study,
    title = "A Study of Scientific Writing: Comparing Theoretical Guidelines with Practical Implementation",
    author = {Kr{\"o}ll, Mark  and
      Schulze, Gunnar  and
      Kern, Roman},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING} Workshop on Synchronic and Diachronic Approaches to Analyzing Technical Language",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6006",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-joint-statistical,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages and Syntactic Analysis of Non-Canonical Languages",
    author = {Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Marton, Yuval  and
      Rehbein, Ines  and
      Versley, Yannick  and
      {\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem  and
      Tetreault, Joel},
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6100",
}
@inproceedings{maier-etal-2014-parsing,
    title = "Parsing {G}erman: How Much Morphology Do We Need?",
    author = {Maier, Wolfgang  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Dakota, Daniel  and
      Whyatt, Daniel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages and Syntactic Analysis of Non-Canonical Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6101",
    pages = "1--14",
}
@inproceedings{simova-etal-2014-joint,
    title = "Joint Ensemble Model for {POS} Tagging and Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Simova, Iliana  and
      Vasilev, Dimitar  and
      Popov, Alexander  and
      Simov, Kiril  and
      Osenova, Petya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages and Syntactic Analysis of Non-Canonical Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6102",
    pages = "15--25",
}
@inproceedings{urieli-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving the parsing of {F}rench coordination through annotation standards and targeted features",
    author = "Urieli, Assaf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages and Syntactic Analysis of Non-Canonical Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6103",
    pages = "26--38",
}
@inproceedings{versley-2014-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with Easy-first nonprojective constituent parsing",
    author = "Versley, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages and Syntactic Analysis of Non-Canonical Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6104",
    pages = "39--53",
}
@inproceedings{pekar-etal-2014-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Options for Fast Domain Adaptation of Dependency Parsers",
    author = "Pekar, Viktor  and
      Yu, Juntao  and
      El-karef, Mohab  and
      Bohnet, Bernd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages and Syntactic Analysis of Non-Canonical Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6105",
    pages = "54--65",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-etal-2014-self,
    title = "Self-Training for Parsing Learner Text",
    author = "Cahill, Aoife  and
      Gyawali, Binod  and
      Bruno, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages and Syntactic Analysis of Non-Canonical Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6106",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@inproceedings{caines-buttery-2014-effect,
    title = "The effect of disfluencies and learner errors on the parsing of spoken learner language",
    author = "Caines, Andrew  and
      Buttery, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages and Syntactic Analysis of Non-Canonical Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6107",
    pages = "74--81",
}
@inproceedings{durgar-el-kahlout-etal-2014-initial,
    title = "Initial Explorations in Two-phase {T}urkish Dependency Parsing by Incorporating Constituents",
    author = "Durgar El-Kahlout, {\.I}lknur  and
      Ak{\i}n, Ahmet Af{\c{s}}{\i}n  and
      Y{\i}lmaz, Ertu{\v{g}}rul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages and Syntactic Analysis of Non-Canonical Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6108",
    pages = "82--89",
}
@inproceedings{prokopidis-papageorgiou-2014-experiments,
    title = "Experiments for Dependency Parsing of {G}reek",
    author = "Prokopidis, Prokopis  and
      Papageorgiou, Haris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages and Syntactic Analysis of Non-Canonical Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6109",
    pages = "90--96",
}
@inproceedings{bjorkelund-etal-2014-introducing,
    title = "Introducing the {IMS}-Wroc{\l}aw-{S}zeged-{CIS} entry at the {SPMRL} 2014 Shared Task: Reranking and Morpho-syntax meet Unlabeled Data",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rkelund, Anders  and
      {\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem  and
      Fale{\'n}ska, Agnieszka  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      Mueller, Thomas  and
      Seeker, Wolfgang  and
      Sz{\'a}nt{\'o}, Zsolt},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages and Syntactic Analysis of Non-Canonical Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6110",
    pages = "97--102",
}
@inproceedings{seddah-etal-2014-introducing,
    title = "Introducing the {SPMRL} 2014 Shared Task on Parsing Morphologically-rich Languages",
    author = {Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Tsarfaty, Reut},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages and Syntactic Analysis of Non-Canonical Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6111",
    pages = "103--109",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-semantic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Semantic Web and Information Extraction",
    author = "Maynard, Diana  and
      van Erp, Marieke  and
      Davis, Brian",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6200",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-62",
}
@inproceedings{bretschneider-etal-2014-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based Translation of Ontologies for Improved Multilingual Semantic Annotation",
    author = "Bretschneider, Claudia  and
      Oberkampf, Heiner  and
      Zillner, Sonja  and
      Bauer, Bernhard  and
      Hammon, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Semantic Web and Information Extraction",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6201",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6201",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{badieh-habib-morgan-van-keulen-2014-information,
    title = "Information Extraction for Social Media",
    author = "Badieh Habib Morgan, Mena  and
      van Keulen, Maurice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Semantic Web and Information Extraction",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6202",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6202",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{augenstein-2014-seed,
    title = "Seed Selection for Distantly Supervised Web-Based Relation Extraction",
    author = "Augenstein, Isabelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Semantic Web and Information Extraction",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6203",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6203",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{paassen-etal-2014-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-based Extraction of Structured Information from Publications on Preclinical Experiments for Spinal Cord Injury Treatments",
    author = {Paassen, Benjamin  and
      St{\"o}ckel, Andreas  and
      Dickfelder, Raphael  and
      G{\"o}pfert, Jan Philip  and
      Brazda, Nicole  and
      Kirchhoffer, Tarek  and
      M{\"u}ller, Hans Werner  and
      Klinger, Roman  and
      Hartung, Matthias  and
      Cimiano, Philipp},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Semantic Web and Information Extraction",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6204",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6204",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{chou-etal-2014-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Sequence Labeling for Named Entity Extraction based on Tri-Training: Case Study on {C}hinese Person Name Extraction",
    author = "Chou, Chien-Lung  and
      Chang, Chia-Hui  and
      Wu, Shin-Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Semantic Web and Information Extraction",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6205",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6205",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{isemann-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards a robust framework for the semantic representation of temporal expressions in cultural legacy data",
    author = "Isemann, Daniel  and
      Lynch, Gerard  and
      Lanino, Raffaella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Semantic Web and Information Extraction",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6206",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6206",
    pages = "41--50",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-taln,
    title = "TALN-RECITAL 2014 Workshop DEFT 2014 : D{\'E}fi Fouille de Textes (DEFT 2014 Workshop: Text Mining Challenge)",
    author = "Grouin, Cyril",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6300",
}
@inproceedings{hamon-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Analysis of Scientific and Literary Texts. Presentation and Results of the {DEFT}2014 Text Mining Challenge (Analyse automatique de textes litt{\'e}raires et scientifiques : pr{\'e}sentation et r{\'e}sultats du d{\'e}fi fouille de texte {DEFT}2014) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Hamon, Thierry  and
      Plepl{\'e}, Quentin  and
      Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Grouin, Cyril",
    booktitle = "TALN-RECITAL 2014 Workshop DEFT 2014 : D{\'E}fi Fouille de Textes (DEFT 2014 Workshop: Text Mining Challenge)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6301",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{lecluze-lejeune-2014-deft2014,
    title = "{DEFT}2014, automatic analysis of literary and scientific texts in {F}rench ({DEFT} 2014, analyse automatique de textes litt{\'e}raires et scientifiques en langue fran{\c{c}}aise) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Lecluze, Charlotte  and
      Lejeune, Ga{\"e}l},
    booktitle = "TALN-RECITAL 2014 Workshop DEFT 2014 : D{\'E}fi Fouille de Textes (DEFT 2014 Workshop: Text Mining Challenge)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6302",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{el-ghali-el-ghali-2014-combining,
    title = "Combining semantic spaces along with structure and constraints (Combiner espaces s{\'e}mantiques, structure et contraintes) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "El Ghali, Adil  and
      El Ghali, Kaoutar",
    booktitle = "TALN-RECITAL 2014 Workshop DEFT 2014 : D{\'E}fi Fouille de Textes (DEFT 2014 Workshop: Text Mining Challenge)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6303",
    pages = "20--30",
}
@inproceedings{dhondt-2014-genre,
    title = "Genre classification using Balanced Winnow in the {DEFT} 2014 challenge",
    author = "D{'}hondt, Eva",
    booktitle = "TALN-RECITAL 2014 Workshop DEFT 2014 : D{\'E}fi Fouille de Textes (DEFT 2014 Workshop: Text Mining Challenge)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6304",
    pages = "31--35",
}
@inproceedings{benamara-etal-2014-fine,
    title = "Fine-grained semantic categorization of opinion expressions for consensus detection (Cat{\'e}gorisation s{\'e}mantique fine des expressions d{'}opinion pour la d{\'e}tection de consensus) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Benamara, Farah  and
      Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Mathieu, Yvette Yannick",
    booktitle = "TALN-RECITAL 2014 Workshop DEFT 2014 : D{\'E}fi Fouille de Textes (DEFT 2014 Workshop: Text Mining Challenge)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6305",
    pages = "36--44",
}
@inproceedings{cabrera-diego-etal-2014-classification,
    title = "Classification and Optimization Algorithms: the {LIA}/{ADOC} participation at {DEFT}{'}14 (Algorithmes de classification et d{'}optimisation : participation du {LIA}/{ADOC} {\`a} {DEFT}{'}14) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Cabrera-Diego, Luis Adri{\'a}n  and
      Huet, St{\'e}phane  and
      Jabaian, Bassam  and
      Molina, Alejandro  and
      Torres-Moreno, Juan-Manuel  and
      El-B{\`e}ze, Marc  and
      Durette, Barth{\'e}l{\'e}my",
    booktitle = "TALN-RECITAL 2014 Workshop DEFT 2014 : D{\'E}fi Fouille de Textes (DEFT 2014 Workshop: Text Mining Challenge)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6306",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{quiniou-etal-2014-data,
    title = "Data Mining to Associate Scientific Papers with their Session Name (Fouille de donn{\'e}es pour associer des noms de sessions aux articles scientifiques) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Quiniou, Solen  and
      Cellier, Peggy  and
      Charnois, Thierry",
    booktitle = "TALN-RECITAL 2014 Workshop DEFT 2014 : D{\'E}fi Fouille de Textes (DEFT 2014 Workshop: Text Mining Challenge)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6307",
    pages = "53--63",
}
@inproceedings{devatman-hromada-2014-introductory,
    title = "Introductory experiments with evolutionary optimization of reflective semantic",
    author = "Devatman Hromada, Daniel",
    booktitle = "TALN-RECITAL 2014 Workshop DEFT 2014 : D{\'E}fi Fouille de Textes (DEFT 2014 Workshop: Text Mining Challenge)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6308",
    pages = "64--68",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-taln-recital,
    title = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {F}ondamen{TAL} 2014 : Ressources lexicales et {TAL} - vue d{'}ensemble sur les dictionnaires {\'e}lectroniques de Jean {D}ubois et Fran{\c{c}}oise {D}ubois-{C}harlier ({F}ondamen{TAL} 2014 : Lexical Resources and {NLP})",
    author = "St{\'e}fanini, Marie-H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Le Pesant, Denis",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6400",
}
@inproceedings{le-pesant-stefanini-2014-electronicl,
    title = "On the electronicl lexical resources of J. {D}ubois and F. {D}ubois-{C}harlier (Pr{\'e}sentation du Dictionnaire Electronique des Mots ({DEM}) et de Locutions Verbales ({LOCVERB}) de Jean {D}ubois et Fran{\c{c}}oise {D}ubois-{C}harlier) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Le Pesant, Denis  and
      St{\'e}fanini, Marie-H{\'e}l{\`e}ne",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {F}ondamen{TAL} 2014 : Ressources lexicales et {TAL} - vue d{'}ensemble sur les dictionnaires {\'e}lectroniques de Jean {D}ubois et Fran{\c{c}}oise {D}ubois-{C}harlier ({F}ondamen{TAL} 2014 : Lexical Resources and {NLP})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6401",
    pages = "69--73",
}
@inproceedings{abdi-lapalme-2014-ontological,
    title = "An ontological representation of {LVF} and its use in Natural Language Processing (Repr{\'e}sentation ontologique du {LVF} et son utilisation en traitement automatique de la langue) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Abdi, Radia  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {F}ondamen{TAL} 2014 : Ressources lexicales et {TAL} - vue d{'}ensemble sur les dictionnaires {\'e}lectroniques de Jean {D}ubois et Fran{\c{c}}oise {D}ubois-{C}harlier ({F}ondamen{TAL} 2014 : Lexical Resources and {NLP})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6402",
    pages = "74--79",
}
@inproceedings{silberztein-2014-electronic,
    title = "The Electronic Dictionary {DEM} in {N}oo{J} (Le dictionnaire {DEM} dans {N}oo{J}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Silberztein, Max",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {F}ondamen{TAL} 2014 : Ressources lexicales et {TAL} - vue d{'}ensemble sur les dictionnaires {\'e}lectroniques de Jean {D}ubois et Fran{\c{c}}oise {D}ubois-{C}harlier ({F}ondamen{TAL} 2014 : Lexical Resources and {NLP})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6403",
    pages = "80--84",
}
@inproceedings{francois-2014-method,
    title = "A method for designing a lexical entry on the basis of the electronic dictionary {LES} {VERBES} {FRAN{\c{C}}AIS} (Comment {\'e}laborer un article lexicologique {\`a} partir du dictionnaire {\'e}lectronique Les Verbes Fran{\c{c}}ais) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Fran{\c{c}}ois, Jacques",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {F}ondamen{TAL} 2014 : Ressources lexicales et {TAL} - vue d{'}ensemble sur les dictionnaires {\'e}lectroniques de Jean {D}ubois et Fran{\c{c}}oise {D}ubois-{C}harlier ({F}ondamen{TAL} 2014 : Lexical Resources and {NLP})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6404",
    pages = "85--91",
}
@inproceedings{dozol-etal-2014-musital,
    title = "{M}usi{TAL}: a six hands music for {NLP} ({M}usi{TAL} : une partition {\`a} six mains pour le {TAL}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Dozol, Marie  and
      Sabatier, Paul  and
      St{\'e}fanini, Marie-H{\'e}l{\`e}ne",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {F}ondamen{TAL} 2014 : Ressources lexicales et {TAL} - vue d{'}ensemble sur les dictionnaires {\'e}lectroniques de Jean {D}ubois et Fran{\c{c}}oise {D}ubois-{C}harlier ({F}ondamen{TAL} 2014 : Lexical Resources and {NLP})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6405",
    pages = "92--96",
}
@inproceedings{godbert-2014-typing,
    title = "Typing verbs with {LVF}, for anaphora resolution (Typage s{\'e}mantique de verbes avec {LVF}, pour la r{\'e}solution d{'}anaphores) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Godbert, Elisabeth",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {F}ondamen{TAL} 2014 : Ressources lexicales et {TAL} - vue d{'}ensemble sur les dictionnaires {\'e}lectroniques de Jean {D}ubois et Fran{\c{c}}oise {D}ubois-{C}harlier ({F}ondamen{TAL} 2014 : Lexical Resources and {NLP})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6406",
    pages = "97--102",
}
@inproceedings{danlos-etal-2014-toward,
    title = "Toward a {F}rench {V}erbe{N}et (Vers la cr{\'e}ation d{'}un Verbnet fran{\c{c}}ais) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Danlos, Laurence  and
      Nakamura, Takuyua  and
      Pradet, Quentin",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {F}ondamen{TAL} 2014 : Ressources lexicales et {TAL} - vue d{'}ensemble sur les dictionnaires {\'e}lectroniques de Jean {D}ubois et Fran{\c{c}}oise {D}ubois-{C}harlier ({F}ondamen{TAL} 2014 : Lexical Resources and {NLP})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6407",
    pages = "103--108",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-taln-recital-2014,
    title = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {TALA}f 2014 : Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2014: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    author = "Mangeot, Mathieu  and
      Sadat, Fatiha",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6500",
}
@inproceedings{vydrin-2014-bambara,
    title = "{B}ambara and Maninka Manding Languages Written Corpora Project ({``}Projet des corpus {\'e}crits des langues manding : le bambara, le maninka{''}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Vydrin, Valentin",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {TALA}f 2014 : Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2014: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6501",
    pages = "109--113",
}
@inproceedings{maslinsky-2014-daba,
    title = "{D}aba: a model and tools for Manding corpora",
    author = "Maslinsky, Kirill",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {TALA}f 2014 : Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2014: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6502",
    pages = "114--122",
}
@inproceedings{mahtout-2014-methodology,
    title = "A Methodology for semi-automatic structuring of a bilingual lexicographical corpus: the {F}rench-Kabyle case (M{\'e}thodologie pour la structuration semi-automatique du corpus dans une perspective de traitement automatique des langues : le cas du dictionnaire fran{\c{c}}ais-kabyle) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Mahtout, Mahfoud",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {TALA}f 2014 : Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2014: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6503",
    pages = "123--133",
}
@inproceedings{magnana-ekoukou-2014-pfm,
    title = "{PFM}: Ikota{'}s morphology implementation in {XMG} ({PFM} : pour une impl{\'e}mentation de la morphologie de l{'}ikota dans {XMG}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Magnana Ekoukou, Brunelle",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {TALA}f 2014 : Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2014: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6504",
    pages = "134--140",
}
@inproceedings{meric-2014-spell,
    title = "A spell-checker and thesaurus for {B}ambara (Bamanankan) (Un v{\'e}rificateur orthographique pour la langue bambara) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "M{\'e}ric, Jean-Jacques",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {TALA}f 2014 : Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2014: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6505",
    pages = "141--146",
}
@inproceedings{salifou-naroua-2014-design,
    title = "Design and Implementation of a Spell Checker for {H}ausa Language ({\'E}tude et conception d{'}un correcteur orthographique pour la langue haoussa) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Salifou, Lawaly  and
      Naroua, Harouna",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {TALA}f 2014 : Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2014: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6506",
    pages = "147--158",
}
@inproceedings{manifi-abouh-sadembouo-2014-designing,
    title = "Designing technical concepts in the elaboration of a thematic bilingual {F}rench/Yambeta agricultural lexicon (De la d{\'e}nomination des concepts techniques dans l{'}{\'e}laboration d{'}un lexique th{\'e}matique agricole bilingue fran{\c{c}}ais yambetta) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Manifi Abouh, Maxime Yves Julien  and
      Sadembouo, Etienne",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {TALA}f 2014 : Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2014: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6507",
    pages = "159--171",
}
@inproceedings{khoule-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards the establishment of a {LMF}-based Wolof language lexicon (Vers la mise en place d{'}un lexique bas{\'e} sur {LMF} pour la langue wolof) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Khoule, Mouhamadou  and
      Thiam, Mouhamad Ndiankho  and
      Nguer, El hadji Mamadou",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {TALA}f 2014 : Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2014: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6508",
    pages = "172--177",
}
@inproceedings{perekhvalskaya-2014-mwan,
    title = "The Mwan language: dictionary and corpus of texts",
    author = "Perekhvalskaya, Elena",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {TALA}f 2014 : Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2014: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6509",
    pages = "178--185",
}
@inproceedings{diagne-2014-translation,
    title = "Some translation problems of relational adjectives from {F}rench to Wolof: a corpus based study of business terminology (De quelques probl{\`e}mes de traduction des adjectifs relationnels du fran{\c{c}}ais vers le wolof : {\'e}tude sur corpus de terminologie commerciale) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Diagne, Abibatou",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {TALA}f 2014 : Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2014: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6510",
    pages = "186--195",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-taln-recital-2014-semdis,
    title = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {S}em{D}is 2014 : Enjeux actuels de la s{\'e}mantique distributionnelle ({S}em{D}is 2014: Current Challenges in Distributional Semantics)",
    author = "Fabre, C{\'e}cile  and
      Hathout, Nabil  and
      Ho-Dac, Lydia-Mai  and
      Morlane-Hond{\`e}re, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Muller, Philippe  and
      Sajous, Franck  and
      Tanguy, Ludovic  and
      Van de Cruys, Tim",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6600",
}
@inproceedings{fabre-etal-2014-presentation,
    title = "Presentation of the {S}em{D}is 2014 workshop: distributional semantics for two tasks - lexical substitution and exploration of specialized corpora (Pr{\'e}sentation de l{'}atelier {S}em{D}is 2014 : s{\'e}mantique distributionnelle pour la substitution lexicale et l{'}exploration de corpus sp{\'e}cialis{\'e}s) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Fabre, C{\'e}cile  and
      Hathout, Nabil  and
      Ho-Dac, Lydia-Mai  and
      Morlane-Hond{\`e}re, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Muller, Philippe  and
      Sajous, Franck  and
      Tanguy, Ludovic  and
      Van de Cruys, Tim",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {S}em{D}is 2014 : Enjeux actuels de la s{\'e}mantique distributionnelle ({S}em{D}is 2014: Current Challenges in Distributional Semantics)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6601",
    pages = "196--205",
}
@inproceedings{desalle-etal-2014-bacanal,
    title = "{BACANAL}: Short Length Random Walks For Lexical Analysis, Application to lexical substitution ({BACANAL} : Balades Al{\'e}atoires Courtes pour {ANA}lyses Lexicales Application {\`a} la substitution lexicale) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Desalle, Yann  and
      Navarro, Emmanuel  and
      Chudy, Yannick  and
      Magistry, Pierre  and
      Gaume, Bruno",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {S}em{D}is 2014 : Enjeux actuels de la s{\'e}mantique distributionnelle ({S}em{D}is 2014: Current Challenges in Distributional Semantics)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6602",
    pages = "206--217",
}
@inproceedings{ferret-2014-using,
    title = "Using a generic neural model for lexical substitution (Utiliser un mod{\`e}le neuronal g{\'e}n{\'e}rique pour la substitution lexicale) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ferret, Olivier",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {S}em{D}is 2014 : Enjeux actuels de la s{\'e}mantique distributionnelle ({S}em{D}is 2014: Current Challenges in Distributional Semantics)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6603",
    pages = "218--227",
}
@inproceedings{gabor-2014-wodis,
    title = "The {W}o{D}i{S} System - {WO}lf and {DIS}tributions for Lexical Substitution (Le syst{\`e}me {W}o{D}i{S} - {WOLF} et {DIS}tributions pour la substitution lexicale) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "G{\'a}bor, Kata",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {S}em{D}is 2014 : Enjeux actuels de la s{\'e}mantique distributionnelle ({S}em{D}is 2014: Current Challenges in Distributional Semantics)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6604",
    pages = "228--237",
}
@inproceedings{bernier-colborne-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting lexico-semantic relations from specialized corpora using a word space model (Analyse distributionnelle de corpus sp{\'e}cialis{\'e}s pour l{'}identification de relations lexico-s{\'e}mantiques) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bernier-Colborne, Gabriel",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {S}em{D}is 2014 : Enjeux actuels de la s{\'e}mantique distributionnelle ({S}em{D}is 2014: Current Challenges in Distributional Semantics)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6605",
    pages = "238--251",
}
@inproceedings{bertels-speelman-2014-multidimensional,
    title = "Multidimensional Scaling on the specialised corpus {TALN} (Analyse de positionnement multidimensionnel sur le corpus sp{\'e}cialis{\'e} {TALN}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bertels, Ann  and
      Speelman, Dirk",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {S}em{D}is 2014 : Enjeux actuels de la s{\'e}mantique distributionnelle ({S}em{D}is 2014: Current Challenges in Distributional Semantics)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6606",
    pages = "252--265",
}
@inproceedings{fabre-etal-2014-tuning,
    title = "Tuning distributional analysis for a small specialized corpus (Ajuster l{'}analyse distributionnelle {\`a} un corpus sp{\'e}cialis{\'e} de petite taille) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Fabre, C{\'e}cile  and
      Hathout, Nabil  and
      Sajous, Franck  and
      Tanguy, Ludovic",
    booktitle = "{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2014 Workshop {S}em{D}is 2014 : Enjeux actuels de la s{\'e}mantique distributionnelle ({S}em{D}is 2014: Current Challenges in Distributional Semantics)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6607",
    pages = "266--279",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-taln-recital-2014-rltln,
    title = "TALN-RECITAL 2014 Workshop RLTLN 2014 : R{\'e}seaux Lexicaux pour le TAL (RLTLN 2014 : Lexical Networks for NLP)",
    author = "Zock, Michael  and
      Bel-Enguix, Gemma  and
      Rapp, Reinhard",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6700",
}
@inproceedings{serasset-2014-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Networks, Natural Language Processing and Linked Open Data (R{\'e}seaux Lexicaux, Traitement des Langues, et Donn{\'e}es Li{\'e}es Ouvertes) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "S{\'e}rasset, Gilles",
    booktitle = "TALN-RECITAL 2014 Workshop RLTLN 2014 : R{\'e}seaux Lexicaux pour le TAL (RLTLN 2014 : Lexical Networks for NLP)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6701",
    pages = "280--280",
}
@inproceedings{merhbene-etal-2014-approach,
    title = {An Approach based on semantic trees for lexical disambiguation of {A}rabic language using a voting procedure (Approche bas{\'e}e sur les arbres s{\'e}mantiques pour la d{\'e}sambigu{\"\i}sation lexicale de la langue arabe en utilisant une proc{\'e}dure de vote) [in {F}rench]},
    author = "Merhbene, Laroussi  and
      Zouaghi, Anis  and
      Zrigui, Mounir",
    booktitle = "TALN-RECITAL 2014 Workshop RLTLN 2014 : R{\'e}seaux Lexicaux pour le TAL (RLTLN 2014 : Lexical Networks for NLP)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6702",
    pages = "281--290",
}
@inproceedings{gaume-etal-2014-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the structural similarity between lexical networks (Comparaison qualitative de r{\'e}seaux lexicaux) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gaume, Bruno  and
      Navarro, Emmanuel  and
      Desalle, Yann  and
      Gaillard, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "TALN-RECITAL 2014 Workshop RLTLN 2014 : R{\'e}seaux Lexicaux pour le TAL (RLTLN 2014 : Lexical Networks for NLP)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6703",
    pages = "291--301",
}
@inproceedings{lapalme-2014-wordnet,
    title = "WordNet in XML-XHTML ({W}ordnet en XML-HTML) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "TALN-RECITAL 2014 Workshop RLTLN 2014 : R{\'e}seaux Lexicaux pour le TAL (RLTLN 2014 : Lexical Networks for NLP)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6704",
    pages = "302--305",
}
@inproceedings{bel-enguix-2014-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Convergence in Societies with Asymmetrically Distributed Reputation",
    author = "Bel-Enguix, Gemma",
    booktitle = "TALN-RECITAL 2014 Workshop RLTLN 2014 : R{\'e}seaux Lexicaux pour le TAL (RLTLN 2014 : Lexical Networks for NLP)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6705",
    pages = "306--311",
}
@inproceedings{zock-schwab-2014-word,
    title = "Word storage does not guarantee accessibility (Stocker des Mots ne Garantit nullement leur Acc{\`e}s) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Zock, Michael  and
      Schwab, Didier",
    booktitle = "TALN-RECITAL 2014 Workshop RLTLN 2014 : R{\'e}seaux Lexicaux pour le TAL (RLTLN 2014 : Lexical Networks for NLP)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6706",
    pages = "312--320",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-cips,
    title = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    author = "Sun, Le  and
      Zong, Chengqing  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Levow, Gina-Anne",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6800",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-68",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-2014-research,
    title = "Research on {C}hinese discourse rhetorical structure representation scheme and corpus annotation",
    author = "Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6801",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6801",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{sui-2014-construction,
    title = "The Construction of language Resource and Knowledge Base for {C}hinese Language Computing",
    author = "Sui, Zhifang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6802",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6802",
    pages = "2",
}
@inproceedings{xing-song-2014-cov,
    title = "{COV} Model and its Application in {C}hinese Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Xing, Fukun  and
      Song, Rou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6803",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6803",
    pages = "3--10",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Entropy for {C}hinese Comma Classification with Rich Linguistic Features",
    author = "Li, Xiaojuan  and
      Yang, Hua  and
      Huang, JiangPing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6804",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6804",
    pages = "11--17",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Bilingual Lexicon Extraction Performance from Comparable Corpora via Optimizing Translation Candidate Lists",
    author = "Wang, Shaoqi  and
      Li, Miao  and
      Zhu, Zede  and
      Yang, Zhenxin  and
      Weng, Shizhuang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6805",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6805",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2014-ch2r,
    title = "{C}h2{R}: A {C}hinese Chatter Robot for Online Shopping Guide",
    author = "Huang, Peijie  and
      Lin, Xianmao  and
      Lian, Zeqi  and
      Yang, De  and
      Tang, Xiaoling  and
      Huang, Li  and
      Huang, Qiang  and
      Wu, Xiupeng  and
      Wu, Guisheng  and
      Zhang, Xinrui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6806",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6806",
    pages = "26--34",
}
@inproceedings{fu-etal-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving {C}hinese Sentence Polarity Classification via Opinion Paraphrasing",
    author = "Fu, Guohong  and
      He, Yu  and
      Song, Jiaying  and
      Wang, Chaoyue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6807",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6807",
    pages = "35--42",
}
@inproceedings{xiang-etal-2014-problematic,
    title = "Problematic Situation Analysis and Automatic Recognition for {C}hinese Online Conversational System",
    author = "Xiang, Yang  and
      Zhang, Yaoyun  and
      Zhou, Xiaoqiang  and
      Wang, Xiaolong  and
      Qin, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6808",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6808",
    pages = "43--51",
}
@inproceedings{odbal-wang-2014-segment,
    title = "Segment-based Fine-grained Emotion Detection for {C}hinese Text",
    author = "{Odbal}  and
      Wang, Zengfu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6809",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6809",
    pages = "52--60",
}
@inproceedings{shen-huang-2014-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Product Name Dictionary Construction Using a Two Stage Method",
    author = "Shen, Yatian  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6810",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6810",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2014-detection,
    title = "Detection on Inconsistency of Verb Phrase in {T}ree{B}ank",
    author = "Duan, Chaoqun  and
      Zheng, Dequan  and
      Zhu, Conghui  and
      Li, Sheng  and
      Tan, Hongye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6811",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6811",
    pages = "70--75",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2014-local,
    title = "Local Phrase Reordering Model for {C}hinese-{E}nglish Patent Machine Translation",
    author = "Liu, Xiaodie  and
      Zhu, Yun  and
      Jin, Yaohong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6812",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6812",
    pages = "76--84",
}
@inproceedings{che-zheng-2014-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Alignment of Historical Classics based on Mode Prediction and Term Translation Pairs",
    author = "Che, Chao  and
      Zheng, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6813",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6813",
    pages = "85--89",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2014-cips,
    title = "The {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} {CLP} 2014 {C}hinese Word Segmentation Bake-off",
    author = "Duan, Huiming  and
      Sui, Zhifang  and
      Ge, Tao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6814",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6814",
    pages = "90--95",
}
@inproceedings{xiang-etal-2014-word,
    title = "Word Segmenter for {C}hinese Micro-blogging Text Segmentation {--} Report for {CIPS}-{SIGHAN}{'}2014 Bakeoff",
    author = "Xiang, Lu  and
      Li, Xiaoqing  and
      Zhou, Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6815",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6815",
    pages = "96--100",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2014-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Rich Linguistic Features for Cross-domain {C}hinese Segmentation",
    author = "Wu, Guohua  and
      He, Dezhu  and
      Zhong, Keli  and
      Zhou, Xue  and
      Yuan, Caixia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6816",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6816",
    pages = "101--107",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2014-personal,
    title = "Personal Attributes Extraction in {C}hinese Text Bakeoff in {CLP} 2014: Overview",
    author = "Xu, Ruifeng  and
      Wang, Shuai  and
      Shi, Feng  and
      Xu, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6817",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6817",
    pages = "108--113",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-personal,
    title = "Personal Attributes Extraction Based on the Combination of Trigger Words, Dictionary and Rules",
    author = "Zhang, Kailun  and
      Wang, Mingyin  and
      Cong, Xiaoyue  and
      Huang, Fang  and
      Xue, Hongfa  and
      Li, Lei  and
      Gao, Zhiqiao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6818",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6818",
    pages = "114--119",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2014-introduction,
    title = "An Introduction to {BLCU} Personal Attributes Extraction System",
    author = "YU, Dong  and
      YU, Cheng  and
      QU, Qin  and
      TANG, Gongbo  and
      LIU, Chunhua  and
      TIAN, Yue  and
      YI, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6819",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6819",
    pages = "120--125",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2014-overview,
    title = "Overview of {SIGHAN} 2014 Bake-off for {C}hinese Spelling Check",
    author = "Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6820",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6820",
    pages = "126--132",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-etal-2014-extended,
    title = "Extended {HMM} and Ranking Models for {C}hinese Spelling Correction",
    author = "Xiong, Jinhua  and
      Zhang, Qiao  and
      Hou, Jianpeng  and
      Wang, Qianbo  and
      Wang, Yuanzhuo  and
      Cheng, Xueqi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6821",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6821",
    pages = "133--138",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-etal-2014-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Spelling Correction Based on Rule Induction",
    author = "Yeh, Jui-Feng  and
      Lu, Yun-Yun  and
      Lee, Chen-Hsien  and
      Yu, Yu-Hsiang  and
      Chen, Yong-Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6822",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6822",
    pages = "139--145",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-2014-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Reportof the fourth {C}hinese Parsing Evaluation: {CIPS}-{SIGHAN}-{P}ars{E}val-2014",
    author = "Zhou, Qiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6823",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6823",
    pages = "146--152",
}
@inproceedings{wu-2014-generative,
    title = "Generative {CCG} Parsing with {OOV} Prediction",
    author = "Wu, Huijia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6824",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6824",
    pages = "153--156",
}
@inproceedings{xin-etal-2014-improved,
    title = "An Improved Graph Model for {C}hinese Spell Checking",
    author = "Xin, Yang  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Wang, Yuzhu  and
      Jia, Zhongye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6825",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6825",
    pages = "157--166",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2014-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to {NJUPT} {C}hinese Spelling Check Systems in {CLP}-2014 Bakeoff",
    author = "Gu, Lei  and
      Wang, Yong  and
      Liang, Xitao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6826",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6826",
    pages = "167--172",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2014-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Spelling Check System Based on Tri-gram Model",
    author = "Huang, Qiang  and
      Huang, Peijie  and
      Zhang, Xinrui  and
      Xie, Weijian  and
      Hong, Kaiduo  and
      Chen, Bingzhou  and
      Huang, Lei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6827",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6827",
    pages = "173--178",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2014-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to {BIT} {C}hinese Spelling Correction System at {CLP} 2014 Bake-off",
    author = "Liu, Min  and
      Jian, Ping  and
      Huang, Heyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6828",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6828",
    pages = "179--185",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2014-mixed,
    title = "A mixed approach for {C}hinese word segmentation",
    author = "Wang, Zhen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6829",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6829",
    pages = "186--188",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2014-extraction,
    title = "Extraction system for Personal Attributes Extraction of {CLP}2014",
    author = "Wang, Zhen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6830",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6830",
    pages = "189--191",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2014-study,
    title = "A Study on Personal Attributes Extraction Based on the Combination of Sentences Classifications and Rules",
    author = "Cheng, Nan-chang  and
      Zong, Cheng-qing  and
      Hou, Min  and
      Teng, Yong-lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6831",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6831",
    pages = "192--201",
}
@inproceedings{chiu-etal-2014-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Spell Checking Based on Noisy Channel Model",
    author = "Chiu, Hsun-wen  and
      Wu, Jian-cheng  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6832",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6832",
    pages = "202--209",
}
@inproceedings{chu-lin-2014-ntou,
    title = "{NTOU} {C}hinese Spelling Check System in {CLP} Bake-off 2014",
    author = "Chu, Wei-Cheng  and
      Lin, Chuan-Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6833",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6833",
    pages = "210--215",
}
@inproceedings{wang-liao-2014-nctu,
    title = "{NCTU} and {NTUT}{'}s Entry to {CLP}-2014 {C}hinese Spelling Check Evaluation",
    author = "Wang, Yih-Ru  and
      Liao, Yuan-Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6834",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6834",
    pages = "216--219",
}
@inproceedings{yu-li-2014-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Spelling Error Detection and Correction Based on Language Model, Pronunciation, and Shape",
    author = "Yu, Junjie  and
      Li, Zhenghua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6835",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6835",
    pages = "220--223",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-natural-language-processing-information,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the 5th Information Systems Research Working Days ({JISIC})",
    author = "Hernandez, Myriam  and
      de Jesus Aguiar Pontes, Josaf{\'a}",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Quito, Ecuador",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-69",
}
@inproceedings{hernandez-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards the production of a corpus for content analysis of references in scientific literature",
    author = "Hern{\'a}ndez, Myriam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the 5th Information Systems Research Working Days ({JISIC})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Quito, Ecuador",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6901",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6901",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{pontes-2014-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Sentence Alignment of a Parallel Corpus by Using {E}nglish as a Pivot Language",
    author = "Pontes, Josaf{\'a} de Jesus Aguiar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the 5th Information Systems Research Working Days ({JISIC})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Quito, Ecuador",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6902",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6902",
    pages = "13--20",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-2014-language,
    title = "Language Technologies for Suicide Prevention in Social Media",
    author = "Gomez, Jose M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the 5th Information Systems Research Working Days ({JISIC})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Quito, Ecuador",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6903",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6903",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-etal-2014-supervised,
    title = "A Supervised Approach for Sentiment Analysis using Skipgrams",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez, Javi  and
      G{\'o}mez, Jos{\'e} M.  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Barco, Patricio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the 5th Information Systems Research Working Days ({JISIC})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Quito, Ecuador",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6904",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6904",
    pages = "30--36",
}
@inproceedings{canales-martinez-barco-2014-emotion,
    title = "Emotion Detection from text: A Survey",
    author = "Canales, Lea  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Barco, Patricio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing in the 5th Information Systems Research Working Days ({JISIC})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Quito, Ecuador",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-6905",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W14-6905",
    pages = "37--43",
}
@proceedings{ws-2014-asian,
    title = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2014)",
    author = "Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Mino, Hideya  and
      Goto, Isao  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-7000",
}
@inproceedings{nakazawa-etal-2014-overview,
    title = "Overview of the 1st Workshop on {A}sian Translation",
    author = "Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Mino, Hideya  and
      Goto, Isao  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-7001",
    pages = "1--19",
}
@inproceedings{neubig-2014-forest,
    title = "Forest-to-String {SMT} for {A}sian Language Translation: {NAIST} at {WAT} 2014",
    author = "Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-7002",
    pages = "20--25",
}
@inproceedings{sonoh-etal-2014-toshiba,
    title = "Toshiba {MT} System Description for the {WAT}2014 Workshop",
    author = "Sonoh, Satoshi  and
      Kinoshita, Satoshi  and
      Tanaka, Hiroyuki  and
      Kamatani, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-7003",
    pages = "26--32",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-2014-weblio,
    title = "Weblio Pre-reordering Statistical Machine Translation System",
    author = "Zhu, Zhongyuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-7004",
    pages = "33--38",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2014-system,
    title = "System Description: Dependency-based Pre-ordering for {J}apanese-{C}hinese Machine Translation",
    author = "Cai, Jingsheng  and
      Zhang, Yujie  and
      Shan, Hua  and
      Xu, Jinan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-7005",
    pages = "39--43",
}
@inproceedings{ohwada-etal-2014-predicate,
    title = "Predicate-Argument Structure-based Preordering for {J}apanese-{E}nglish Statistical Machine Translation of Scientific Papers",
    author = "Ohwada, Kenichi  and
      Miyazaki, Ryosuke  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-7006",
    pages = "44--49",
}
@inproceedings{ehara-2014-machine,
    title = "A machine translation system combining rule-based machine translation and statistical post-editing",
    author = "Ehara, Terumasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-7007",
    pages = "50--54",
}
@inproceedings{hoshino-etal-2014-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese to {E}nglish Machine Translation using Preordering and Compositional Distributed Semantics",
    author = "Hoshino, Sho  and
      Soyer, Hubert  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-7008",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-sas,
    title = "The {SAS} Statistical Machine Translation System for {WAT} 2014",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Yang, Xu  and
      Gao, Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-7009",
    pages = "64--68",
}
@inproceedings{yang-lepage-2014-consistent,
    title = "Consistent Improvement in Translation Quality of {C}hinese-{J}apanese Technical Texts by Adding Additional Quasi-parallel Training Data",
    author = "Yang, Wei  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-7010",
    pages = "69--76",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2014-word,
    title = "Word Order Does {NOT} Differ Significantly Between {C}hinese and {J}apanese",
    author = "Ding, Chenchen  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Yamamoto, Mikio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-7011",
    pages = "77--82",
}
@inproceedings{richardson-etal-2014-kyotoebmt-system,
    title = "{K}yoto{EBMT} System Description for the 1st Workshop on {A}sian Translation",
    author = "Richardson, John  and
      Cromi{\`e}res, Fabien  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2014)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-7012",
    pages = "83--88",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-naacl,
    title = "{NAACL}-{ANLP} 2000 Workshop: Syntactic and Semantic Complexity in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0100",
}
@inproceedings{flank-2000-sentences,
    title = "Sentences vs. Phrases: Syntactic Complexity in Multimedia Information Retrieval",
    author = "Flank, Sharon",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{ANLP} 2000 Workshop: Syntactic and Semantic Complexity in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0101",
}
@inproceedings{shin-stach-2000-using,
    title = "Using Long Runs as Predictors of Semantic Coherence in a Partial Document Retrieval System",
    author = "Shin, Hyopil  and
      Stach, Jerrold F.",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{ANLP} 2000 Workshop: Syntactic and Semantic Complexity in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0102",
}
@inproceedings{buitelaar-2000-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Lexical Semantic Complexity with Systematic Polysemous Classes and Underspecification",
    author = "Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{ANLP} 2000 Workshop: Syntactic and Semantic Complexity in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0103",
}
@inproceedings{tomuro-2000-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Systematic Polysemy Using Tree-cut",
    author = "Tomuro, Noriko",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{ANLP} 2000 Workshop: Syntactic and Semantic Complexity in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0104",
}
@inproceedings{velardi-velardi-2000-dependency,
    title = "Dependency of context-based Word Sense Disambiguation from representation and domain complexity",
    author = "Velardi, Paola  and
      Velardi, Roma",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{ANLP} 2000 Workshop: Syntactic and Semantic Complexity in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0105",
}
@inproceedings{bagga-2000-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Reading Comprehension Task",
    author = "Bagga, Amit",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{ANLP} 2000 Workshop: Syntactic and Semantic Complexity in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0106",
}
@inproceedings{pollard-biermann-2000-measure,
    title = "A Measure of Semantic Complexity for Natural Language Systems",
    author = "Pollard, Shannon  and
      Biermann, Alan W.",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{ANLP} 2000 Workshop: Syntactic and Semantic Complexity in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0107",
}
@inproceedings{freeman-2000-example,
    title = "Example-based Complexity{--}Syntax and Semantics as the Production of Ad-hoc Arrangements of Examples",
    author = "FREEMAN, Robert John",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{ANLP} 2000 Workshop: Syntactic and Semantic Complexity in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0108",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-2000-partially,
    title = "Partially Saturated Referents as a Source of Complexity in Semantic Interpretation",
    author = "McDonald, David D.",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{ANLP} 2000 Workshop: Syntactic and Semantic Complexity in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0109",
}
@inproceedings{kanzaki-etal-2000-similarities,
    title = "Similarities and Differences among Semantic Behaviors of {J}apanese Adnominal Constituents",
    author = "Kanzaki, Kyoko  and
      Ma, Qing  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{ANLP} 2000 Workshop: Syntactic and Semantic Complexity in Natural Language Processing Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0110",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-naacl-anlp,
    title = "{NAACL}-{ANLP} 2000 Workshop: Applied Interlinguas: Practical Applications of Interlingual Approaches to {NLP}",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0200",
}
@inproceedings{farwell-2000-interlingual,
    title = "An Interlingual-based Approach to Reference Resolution",
    author = "Farwell, David",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{ANLP} 2000 Workshop: Applied Interlinguas: Practical Applications of Interlingual Approaches to {NLP}",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0201",
}
@inproceedings{kipper-palmer-2000-representations,
    title = "Representations of Actions as an Interlingua",
    author = "Kipper, Karin Christine  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{ANLP} 2000 Workshop: Applied Interlinguas: Practical Applications of Interlingual Approaches to {NLP}",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0202",
}
@inproceedings{levin-etal-2000-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of a Practical Interlingua for Task-Oriented Dialogue",
    author = "Levin, Lori  and
      Gates, Donna  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Pianesi, Fabio  and
      Wallace, Dorcas  and
      Watanabe, Taro",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{ANLP} 2000 Workshop: Applied Interlinguas: Practical Applications of Interlingual Approaches to {NLP}",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0203",
}
@inproceedings{martins-etal-2000-interlingua,
    title = "An interlingua aiming at communication on the Web: How language-independent can it be?",
    author = "Martins, Ronaldo Teixeira  and
      Rino, Lucia Helena Machado  and
      das Gracas Volpe Nunes, Maria  and
      Montilha, Gisele  and
      de Oliveira, Osvaldo Novais",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{ANLP} 2000 Workshop: Applied Interlinguas: Practical Applications of Interlingual Approaches to {NLP}",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0204",
}
@inproceedings{olsen-etal-2000-telicity,
    title = "Telicity as a Cue to Temporaland Discourse Structure in {C}hinese-{E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Olsen, Mari  and
      Traum, David  and
      Ess-Dykema, Carol Van  and
      Weinberg, Amy  and
      Dolan, Ron",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{ANLP} 2000 Workshop: Applied Interlinguas: Practical Applications of Interlingual Approaches to {NLP}",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0205",
}
@inproceedings{peral-ferrandez-2000-application,
    title = "An Application of the Interlingua System {ISS} for {S}panish-{E}nglish Pronominal Anaphora Generation",
    author = "Peral, Jesus  and
      Ferrandez, Antonio",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{ANLP} 2000 Workshop: Applied Interlinguas: Practical Applications of Interlingual Approaches to {NLP}",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0206",
}
@inproceedings{traum-habash-2000-generation,
    title = "Generation from Lexical Conceptual Structures",
    author = "Traum, David  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{ANLP} 2000 Workshop: Applied Interlinguas: Practical Applications of Interlingual Approaches to {NLP}",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0207",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-anlp,
    title = "ANLP-NAACL 2000 Workshop: Conversational Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0300",
}
@inproceedings{sidner-etal-2000-lessons,
    title = "Lessons Learned in Building Spoken Language Collaborative Interface Agents",
    author = "Sidner, Candace L.  and
      Boettner, Carolyn  and
      Rich, Charles",
    booktitle = "ANLP-NAACL 2000 Workshop: Conversational Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0301",
}
@inproceedings{larsson-etal-2000-godis,
    title = "{G}o{D}i{S}- An Accommodating Dialogue System",
    author = "Larsson, Staffan  and
      Ljunglof, Peter  and
      Cooper, Robin  and
      Engdahl, Elisabet  and
      Ericsson, Stina",
    booktitle = "ANLP-NAACL 2000 Workshop: Conversational Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0302",
}
@inproceedings{seneff-polifroni-2000-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Management in the Mercury Flight Reservation System",
    author = "Seneff, Stephanie  and
      Polifroni, Joseph",
    booktitle = "ANLP-NAACL 2000 Workshop: Conversational Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0303",
}
@inproceedings{litman-etal-2000-njfun,
    title = "{NJF}un- A Reinforcement Learning Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Litman, Diane  and
      Singh, Satinder  and
      Kearns, Michael  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "ANLP-NAACL 2000 Workshop: Conversational Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0304",
}
@inproceedings{axelrod-2000-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Generation in the {IBM} Flight Information System",
    author = "Axelrod, Scott",
    booktitle = "ANLP-NAACL 2000 Workshop: Conversational Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0305",
}
@inproceedings{oh-rudnicky-2000-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Language Generation for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Oh, Alice H.  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander I.",
    booktitle = "ANLP-NAACL 2000 Workshop: Conversational Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0306",
}
@inproceedings{allen-etal-2000-trips,
    title = "{TRIPS}- 911 System Demonstration",
    author = "Allen, James  and
      Byron, Donna  and
      Costello, Dave  and
      Dzikovska, Myroslava  and
      Ferguson, George  and
      Galescu, Lucian  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "ANLP-NAACL 2000 Workshop: Conversational Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0307",
}
@inproceedings{gavalda-2000-epiphenomenal,
    title = "Epiphenomenal Grammar Acquisition with {GSG}",
    author = "Gavalda, Marsal",
    booktitle = "ANLP-NAACL 2000 Workshop: Conversational Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0308",
}
@inproceedings{xu-rudnicky-2000-task,
    title = "Task-based dialog management using an agenda",
    author = "Xu, Wei  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander I.",
    booktitle = "ANLP-NAACL 2000 Workshop: Conversational Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0309",
}
@inproceedings{nakatani-chu-carroll-2000-using,
    title = "Using Dialogue Representations for Concept-to-Speech Generation",
    author = "Nakatani, Christine H.  and
      Chu-Carroll, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "ANLP-NAACL 2000 Workshop: Conversational Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0310",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-2000-compact,
    title = "A Compact Architecture for Dialogue Management Based on Scripts and Meta-Outputs",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann  and
      James, Frankie",
    booktitle = "ANLP-NAACL 2000 Workshop: Conversational Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0311",
}
@inproceedings{goldwater-etal-2000-building,
    title = "Building a Robust Dialogue System with Limited Data",
    author = "Goldwater, Sharon J.  and
      Bratt, Elizabeth Owen  and
      Gawron, Jean Mark  and
      Dowding, John",
    booktitle = "ANLP-NAACL 2000 Workshop: Conversational Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0312",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-naacl-anlp-2000,
    title = "NAACL-ANLP 2000 Workshop: Automatic Summarization",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0400",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-lapalme-2000-concept,
    title = "Concept Identification and Presentation in the Context of Technical Text Summarization",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "NAACL-ANLP 2000 Workshop: Automatic Summarization",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0401",
}
@inproceedings{chan-etal-2000-mining,
    title = "Mining Discourse Markers for {C}hinese Textual Summarization",
    author = "Chan, Samuel W. K.  and
      Lai, Tom B. Y.  and
      Gao, W. J.  and
      T{'}sou, Benjamin K.",
    booktitle = "NAACL-ANLP 2000 Workshop: Automatic Summarization",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0402",
}
@inproceedings{radev-etal-2000-centroid,
    title = "Centroid-based summarization of multiple documents: sentence extraction, utility-based evaluation, and user studies",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir R.  and
      Jing, Hongyan  and
      Budzikowska, Malgorzata",
    booktitle = "NAACL-ANLP 2000 Workshop: Automatic Summarization",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0403",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-suzuki-2000-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Key Paragraph based on Topic and Event Detection Towards Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Suzuki, Yoshimi",
    booktitle = "NAACL-ANLP 2000 Workshop: Automatic Summarization",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0404",
}
@inproceedings{goldstein-etal-2000-multi,
    title = "Multi-Document Summarization By Sentence Extraction",
    author = "Goldstein, Jade  and
      Mittal, Vibhu  and
      Carbonell, Jaime  and
      Kantrowitz, Mark",
    booktitle = "NAACL-ANLP 2000 Workshop: Automatic Summarization",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0405",
}
@inproceedings{okurowski-etal-2000-text,
    title = "Text Summarizer in Use: Lessons Learned from Real World Deployment and Evaluation",
    author = "Okurowski, Mary Ellen  and
      Wilson, Harold  and
      Urbina, Joaquin  and
      Taylor, Tony  and
      Clark, Ruth Colvin  and
      Krapcho, Frank",
    booktitle = "NAACL-ANLP 2000 Workshop: Automatic Summarization",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0406",
}
@inproceedings{oka-ueda-2000-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Phrase-Representation Summarization based on Information Retrieval Task",
    author = "OKA, Mamiko  and
      Ueda, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "NAACL-ANLP 2000 Workshop: Automatic Summarization",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0407",
}
@inproceedings{donaway-etal-2000-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Rankings Produced by Summarization Evaluation Measures",
    author = "Donaway, Robert L.  and
      Drummey, Kevin W.  and
      Mather, Laura A.",
    booktitle = "NAACL-ANLP 2000 Workshop: Automatic Summarization",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0408",
}
@inproceedings{ando-etal-2000-multi,
    title = "Multi-document Summarization by Visualizing Topical Content",
    author = "Ando, Rie Kubota  and
      Boguraev, Branimir K.  and
      Byrd, Roy J.  and
      Neff, Mary S.",
    booktitle = "NAACL-ANLP 2000 Workshop: Automatic Summarization",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0409",
}
@inproceedings{mani-etal-2000-using,
    title = "Using Summarization for Automatic Briefing Generation",
    author = "Mani, Inderjeet  and
      Concepcion, Kristian  and
      Guilder, Linda Van",
    booktitle = "NAACL-ANLP 2000 Workshop: Automatic Summarization",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0410",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-anlp-naacl,
    title = "{ANLP}-{NAACL} 2000 Workshop: Embedded Machine Translation Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0500",
}
@inproceedings{voss-ess-dykema-2000-embedded,
    title = "When is an Embedded {MT} System {``}Good Enough{''} for Filtering?",
    author = "Voss, Clare R.  and
      Ess-Dykema, Carol Van",
    booktitle = "{ANLP}-{NAACL} 2000 Workshop: Embedded Machine Translation Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0501",
}
@inproceedings{white-etal-2000-task,
    title = "Task Tolerance of {MT} Output in Integrated Text Processes",
    author = "White, John S.  and
      Doyon, Jennifer B.  and
      Talbott, Susan W.",
    booktitle = "{ANLP}-{NAACL} 2000 Workshop: Embedded Machine Translation Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0502",
}
@inproceedings{reeder-2000-service,
    title = "At Your Service: Embedded {MT} As a Service",
    author = "Reeder, Florence M.",
    booktitle = "{ANLP}-{NAACL} 2000 Workshop: Embedded Machine Translation Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0503",
}
@inproceedings{meng-etal-2000-mandarin,
    title = "{M}andarin-{E}nglish Information ({MEI}): Investigating Translingual Speech Retrieval",
    author = "Meng, Helen  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev  and
      Levow, Gina  and
      Oard, Douglas W.  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min",
    booktitle = "{ANLP}-{NAACL} 2000 Workshop: Embedded Machine Translation Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0504",
}
@inproceedings{white-etal-2000-towards,
    title = "Towards Translingual Information Access using Portable Information Extraction",
    author = "White, Michael  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Han, Chung-hye  and
      Kim, Nari  and
      Lavoie, Benoit  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Rainbow, Owen  and
      Yoon, Juntae",
    booktitle = "{ANLP}-{NAACL} 2000 Workshop: Embedded Machine Translation Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0505",
}
@inproceedings{turcato-etal-2000-pre,
    title = "Pre-processing Closed Captions for Machine Translation",
    author = "Turcato, Davide  and
      Popowich, Fred  and
      McFetridge, Paul  and
      Nicholson, Devlan  and
      Toole, Janine",
    booktitle = "{ANLP}-{NAACL} 2000 Workshop: Embedded Machine Translation Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0506",
}
@inproceedings{langlais-etal-2000-transtype,
    title = "{T}rans{T}ype: a Computer-Aided Translation Typing System",
    author = "Langlais, Philippe  and
      Foster, George  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "{ANLP}-{NAACL} 2000 Workshop: Embedded Machine Translation Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0507",
}
@inproceedings{bangalore-riccardi-2000-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Finite-State models for Spoken Language Machine Translation",
    author = "Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "{ANLP}-{NAACL} 2000 Workshop: Embedded Machine Translation Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0508",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-anlp-naacl-2000,
    title = "{ANLP}-{NAACL} 2000 Workshop: Reading Comprehension Tests as Evaluation for Computer-Based Language Understanding Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0600",
}
@inproceedings{charniak-etal-2000-reading,
    title = "Reading Comprehension Programs in a Statistical-Language-Processing Class",
    author = "Charniak, Eugene  and
      Altun, Yasemin  and
      de Salvo Braz, Rodrigo  and
      Garrett, Benjamin  and
      Kosmala, Margaret  and
      Moscovich, Tomer  and
      Pang, Lixin  and
      Pyo, Changhee  and
      Sun, Ye  and
      Wy, Wei  and
      Yang, Zhongfa  and
      Zeiler, Shawn  and
      Zorn, Lisa",
    booktitle = "{ANLP}-{NAACL} 2000 Workshop: Reading Comprehension Tests as Evaluation for Computer-Based Language Understanding Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0601",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-2000-challenges,
    title = "Some Challenges of Developing Fully-Automated Systems for Taking Audio Comprehension Exams",
    author = "Palmer, David D.",
    booktitle = "{ANLP}-{NAACL} 2000 Workshop: Reading Comprehension Tests as Evaluation for Computer-Based Language Understanding Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0602",
}
@inproceedings{riloff-thelen-2000-rule,
    title = "A Rule-based Question Answering System for Reading Comprehension Tests",
    author = "Riloff, Ellen  and
      Thelen, Michael",
    booktitle = "{ANLP}-{NAACL} 2000 Workshop: Reading Comprehension Tests as Evaluation for Computer-Based Language Understanding Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0603",
}
@inproceedings{schwitter-etal-2000-answer,
    title = "Answer Extraction Towards better Evaluations of {NLP} Systems",
    author = "Schwitter, Rolf  and
      Molla, Diego  and
      Fournier, Rachel  and
      Hess, Michael",
    booktitle = "{ANLP}-{NAACL} 2000 Workshop: Reading Comprehension Tests as Evaluation for Computer-Based Language Understanding Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0604",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2000-question,
    title = "A Question Answering System Developed as a Project in a Natural Language Processing Course",
    author = "Wang, W.  and
      Auer, J.  and
      Parasuraman, R.  and
      Zubarev, I.  and
      Brandyberry, D.  and
      Harper, M. P.",
    booktitle = "{ANLP}-{NAACL} 2000 Workshop: Reading Comprehension Tests as Evaluation for Computer-Based Language Understanding Systems",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0605",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-natural,
    title = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0700",
}
@inproceedings{roth-2000-learning,
    title = "Learning in Natural Language: Theory and Algorithmic Approaches",
    author = "Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0701",
}
@inproceedings{cancedda-samuelsson-2000-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Grammar Specialization",
    author = "Cancedda, Nicola  and
      Samuelsson, Christer",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0702",
}
@inproceedings{damper-marchand-2000-pronunciation,
    title = "Pronunciation by Analogy in Normal and Impaired Readers",
    author = "Damper, R.I.  and
      Marchand, Y.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0703",
}
@inproceedings{pauw-daelemans-2000-role,
    title = "The Role of Algorithm Bias vs Information Source in Learning Algorithms for Morphosyntactic Disambiguation",
    author = "Pauw, Guy De  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0704",
}
@inproceedings{elliot-etal-2000-increasing,
    title = "Increasing our Ignorance{'} of Language: Identifying Language Structure in an Unknown {`}Signal{'}",
    author = "Elliot, John  and
      Atwell, Eric  and
      Whyte, Bill",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0705",
}
@inproceedings{escudero-etal-2000-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison between Supervised Learning Algorithms for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Escudero, Gerard  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0706",
}
@inproceedings{foster-2000-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Position Information into a Maximum Entropy/Minimum Divergence Translation Model",
    author = "Foster, George",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0707",
}
@inproceedings{minnen-etal-2000-memory,
    title = "Memory-Based Learning for Article Generation",
    author = "Minnen, Guido  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0708",
}
@inproceedings{mullen-osborne-2000-overfitting,
    title = "Overfitting Avoidance for Stochastic Modeling of Attribute-Value Grammars",
    author = "Mullen, Tony  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0709",
}
@inproceedings{raaijmakers-2000-learning,
    title = "Learning Distributed Linguistic Classes",
    author = "Raaijmakers, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0710",
}
@inproceedings{sakas-2000-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the Effect of Cross-Language Ambiguity on Human Syntax Acquisition",
    author = "Sakas, William Gregory",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0711",
}
@inproceedings{schone-jurafsky-2000-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-Free Induction of Morphology Using Latent Semantic Analysis",
    author = "Schone, Patrick  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0712",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-bosch-2000-using,
    title = "Using Induced Rules as Complex Features in Memory-Based Language Learning",
    author = "van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0713",
}
@inproceedings{amaya-benedi-2000-using,
    title = "Using Perfect Sampling in Parameter Estimation of a Whole Sentence Maximum Entropy Language Model",
    author = "Amaya, F.  and
      Bened{\'\i}, J. M.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0714",
}
@inproceedings{biatov-2000-experiments,
    title = "Experiments on Unsupervised Learning for Extracting Relevant Fragments from Spoken Dialog Corpus",
    author = "Biatov, Konstantin",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0715",
}
@inproceedings{blin-miclet-2000-generating,
    title = "Generating Synthetic Speech Prosody with Lazy Learning in Tree Structures",
    author = "Blin, Laurent  and
      Miclet, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0716",
}
@inproceedings{clark-2000-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Syntactic Categories by Context Distribution Clustering",
    author = "Clark, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0717",
}
@inproceedings{dejean-2000-allis,
    title = "{ALL}i{S}: a Symbolic Learning System for Natural Language Learning",
    author = "D{\'e}jean, Herv{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0718",
}
@inproceedings{hidalgo-etal-2000-combining,
    title = "Combining Text and Heuristics for Cost-Sensitive Spam Filtering",
    author = "Hidalgo, Jos{\'e} M. G{\'o}mez  and
      L{\'o}pez, Manual Ma{\~n}a  and
      Sanz, Enrique Puertas",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0719",
}
@inproceedings{kool-etal-2000-genetic,
    title = "Genetic Algorithms for Feature Relevance Assignment in Memory-Based Language Processing",
    author = "Kool, Anne  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Zavrel, Jakub",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0720",
}
@inproceedings{punyakanok-roth-2000-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Parsing by Inferencing with Classifiers",
    author = "Punyakanok, Vasin  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0721",
}
@inproceedings{ruch-etal-2000-minimal,
    title = "Minimal Commitment and Full Lexical Disambiguation: Balancing Rules and Hidden {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Ruch, Patrick  and
      Baud, Robert  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Robert, Gilbert",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0722",
}
@inproceedings{turmo-rodriguez-2000-learning,
    title = "Learning {IE} Rules for a Set of Related Concepts",
    author = "Turmo, J.  and
      Rodriguez, H.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0723",
}
@inproceedings{van-halteren-2000-default,
    title = "A Default First Order Family Weight Determination Procedure for {WPDV} Models",
    author = "van Halteren, Hans",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0724",
}
@inproceedings{verdu-mas-etal-2000-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of {PCFG} Models",
    author = "Verd{\'u}-Mas, Jose Luis  and
      Calera-Rubio, Jorge  and
      Carrasco, Rafael C.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0725",
}
@inproceedings{tjong-kim-sang-buchholz-2000-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to the {C}o{NLL}-2000 Shared Task Chunking",
    author = "Tjong Kim Sang, Erik F.  and
      Buchholz, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0726",
}
@inproceedings{dejean-2000-learning,
    title = "Learning Syntactic Structures with {XML}",
    author = "D{\'e}jean, Herv{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0727",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-2000-context,
    title = "A Context Sensitive Maximum Likelihood Approach to Chunking",
    author = "Johansson, Christer",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0728",
}
@inproceedings{koeling-2000-chunking,
    title = "Chunking with Maximum Entropy Models",
    author = "Koeling, Rob",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0729",
}
@inproceedings{kudoh-matsumoto-2000-use,
    title = "Use of Support Vector Learning for Chunk Identification",
    author = "Kudoh, Taku  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0730",
}
@inproceedings{osborne-2000-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Parsing as Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0731",
}
@inproceedings{pla-etal-2000-improving,
    title = "Improving Chunking by Means of Lexical-Contextual Information in Statistical Language Models",
    author = "Pla, Ferran  and
      Molina, Antonio  and
      Prieto, Natividad",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0732",
}
@inproceedings{tjong-kim-sang-2000-text,
    title = "Text Chunking by System Combination",
    author = "Tjong Kim Sang, Erik F.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0733",
}
@inproceedings{van-halteren-2000-chunking,
    title = "Chunking with {WPDV} Models",
    author = "van Halteren, Hans",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0734",
}
@inproceedings{veenstra-van-den-bosch-2000-single,
    title = "Single-Classifier Memory-Based Phrase Chunking",
    author = "Veenstra, Jorn  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0735",
}
@inproceedings{vilain-day-2000-phrase,
    title = "Phrase Parsing with Rule Sequence Processors: an Application to the Shared {C}o{NLL} Task",
    author = "Vilain, Marc  and
      Day, David",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0736",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2000-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Text Chunking",
    author = "Zhou, GuoDong  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Tey, TongGuan",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0737",
}
@inproceedings{kietz-etal-2000-extracting,
    title = "Extracting a Domain-Specific Ontology from a Corporate Intranet",
    author = {Kietz, J{\"o}rg-Uwe  and
      Volz, Raphael  and
      Maedche, Alexander},
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0738",
}
@inproceedings{adriaans-de-haas-2000-learning,
    title = "Learning from a Substructural Perspective",
    author = "Adriaans, Pieter  and
      de Haas, Erik",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0739",
}
@inproceedings{cussens-pulman-2000-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Linguistics Constraints into Inductive Logic Programming",
    author = "Cussens, James  and
      Pulman, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0740",
}
@inproceedings{esposito-etal-2000-learning,
    title = "Learning from Parsed Sentences with {INTHELEX}",
    author = "Esposito, F.  and
      Ferilli, S.  and
      Fanizzi, N.  and
      Semeraro, G.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0741",
}
@inproceedings{sebillot-etal-2000-inductive,
    title = "Inductive Logic Programming for Corpus-Based Acquisition of Semantic Lexicons",
    author = "S{\'e}billot, Pascale  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Fabre, Cecile",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0742",
}
@inproceedings{villavicencio-2000-acquisition,
    title = "The Acquisition of Word Order by a Computational Learning System",
    author = "Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0743",
}
@inproceedings{zackova-etal-2000-recognition,
    title = "Recognition and Tagging of Compound Verb Groups in {C}zech",
    author = "Z{\'a}ckov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Popel{\'\i}nsk{\'y}, Lubo{\v{s}}  and
      Nepil, Milo{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0744",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-acl,
    title = "{ACL}-2000 Workshop on Word Senses and Multi-linguality",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0800",
}
@inproceedings{diab-2000-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Method for Multilingual Word Sense Tagging Using Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "{ACL}-2000 Workshop on Word Senses and Multi-linguality",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0801",
    doi = "10.3115/1117724.1117725",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalo-etal-2000-sense,
    title = "Sense clusters for Information Retrieval: Evidence from Semcor and the {E}uro{W}ord{N}et {I}nter{L}ingual Index",
    author = "Gonzalo, Julio  and
      Chugur, Irina  and
      Verdejo, Felisa",
    booktitle = "{ACL}-2000 Workshop on Word Senses and Multi-linguality",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0802",
    doi = "10.3115/1117724.1117726",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-matsumoto-2000-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese-{J}apanese Cross Language Information Retrieval: A Han Character Based Approach",
    author = "Hasan, Maruf  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "{ACL}-2000 Workshop on Word Senses and Multi-linguality",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0803",
    doi = "10.3115/1117724.1117727",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{magnini-strapparava-2000-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Word Domain Disambiguation for Parallel Texts",
    author = "Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "{ACL}-2000 Workshop on Word Senses and Multi-linguality",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0804",
    doi = "10.3115/1117724.1117728",
    pages = "27--33",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-comparing,
    title = "The Workshop on Comparing Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0900",
}
@inproceedings{rayson-garside-2000-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Corpora using Frequency Profiling",
    author = "Rayson, Paul  and
      Garside, Roger",
    booktitle = "The Workshop on Comparing Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0901",
    doi = "10.3115/1117729.1117730",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{sardinha-2000-comparing,
    title = "Comparing corpora with {W}ord{S}mith Tools: How large must the reference corpus be?",
    author = "Sardinha, Tony Berber",
    booktitle = "The Workshop on Comparing Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0902",
    doi = "10.3115/1117729.1117731",
    pages = "7--13",
}
@inproceedings{ruch-gaudinat-2000-comparing,
    title = "Comparing corpora and lexical ambiguity",
    author = "Ruch, Patrick  and
      Gaudinat, Arnaud",
    booktitle = "The Workshop on Comparing Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0903",
    doi = "10.3115/1117729.1117732",
    pages = "14--19",
}
@inproceedings{nobata-etal-2000-comparison,
    title = "Comparison between Tagged Corpora for the Named Entity Task",
    author = "Nobata, Chikashi  and
      Collier, Nigel  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "The Workshop on Comparing Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0904",
    doi = "10.3115/1117729.1117733",
    pages = "20--27",
}
@inproceedings{roland-etal-2000-verb,
    title = "Verb Subcategorization Frequency Differences between Business- News and Balanced Corpora: The Role of Verb Sense",
    author = "Roland, Douglas  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel  and
      Menn, Lise  and
      Gahl, Susanne  and
      Elder, Elezabeth  and
      Riddoch, Chris",
    booktitle = "The Workshop on Comparing Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0905",
    doi = "10.3115/1117729.1117734",
    pages = "28--34",
}
@inproceedings{tambouratzis-etal-2000-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating the registers and styles in the Modern {G}reek language",
    author = "Tambouratzis, George  and
      Markantonatou, Stella  and
      Hairetakis, Nikolaos  and
      Vassiliou, Marina  and
      Tambouratzis, Dimitrios  and
      Carayannis, George",
    booktitle = "The Workshop on Comparing Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0906",
    doi = "10.3115/1117729.1117735",
    pages = "35--42",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2000-author,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "The Workshop on Comparing Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-0907",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-sigdial,
    title = "1st {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1000",
}
@inproceedings{nakazato-2000-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Dialogue Corpus of Multi-Level Annotation",
    author = "Nakazato, Shu",
    booktitle = "1st {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/1117736.1117737",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{soria-etal-2000-adam,
    title = "{ADAM}- An Architecture for xml-based Dialogue Annotation on Multiple levels",
    author = "Soria, Claudia  and
      Cattoni, Roldano  and
      Danieli, Morena",
    booktitle = "1st {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/1117736.1117738",
    pages = "9--18",
}
@inproceedings{dybkjaer-bernsen-2000-mate,
    title = "The {MATE} Markup Framework",
    author = "Dybkjaer, Laila  and
      Bernsen, Niels Ole",
    booktitle = "1st {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/1117736.1117739",
    pages = "19--28",
}
@inproceedings{ward-2000-issues,
    title = "Issues in the Transcription of {E}nglish Conversational Grunts",
    author = "Ward, Nigel",
    booktitle = "1st {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/1117736.1117740",
    pages = "29--35",
}
@inproceedings{mushin-etal-2000-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Prosodic Indicators of Dialogue Structure: Some Methodological and Theoretical Considerations",
    author = "Mushin, Ilana  and
      Stirling, Lesley  and
      Fletcher, Janet  and
      Wales, Roger",
    booktitle = "1st {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/1117736.1117741",
    pages = "36--45",
}
@inproceedings{schauer-2000-elementary,
    title = "From Elementary Discourse Units to Complex Ones",
    author = "Schauer, Holger",
    booktitle = "1st {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/1117736.1117742",
    pages = "46--55",
}
@inproceedings{navarretta-2000-abstract,
    title = "Abstract Anaphora Resolution in {D}anish",
    author = "Navarretta, Costanza",
    booktitle = "1st {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/1117736.1117743",
    pages = "56--65",
}
@inproceedings{corston-oliver-2000-using,
    title = "Using decision trees to select the grammatical relation of a noun phrase",
    author = "Corston-Oliver, Simon",
    booktitle = "1st {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/1117736.1117744",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@inproceedings{radev-2000-common,
    title = "A Common Theory of Information Fusion from Multiple Text Sources Step One: Cross-Document Structure",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "1st {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/1117736.1117745",
    pages = "74--83",
}
@inproceedings{boella-etal-2000-social,
    title = "Social Goals in Conversational Cooperation",
    author = "Boella, Guido  and
      Damiano, Rossana  and
      Lesmo, Leonardo",
    booktitle = "1st {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/1117736.1117746",
    pages = "84--93",
}
@inproceedings{maloor-chai-2000-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic User Level and Utility Measurement for Adaptive Dialog in a Help-Desk System",
    author = "Maloor, Preetam  and
      Chai, Joyce",
    booktitle = "1st {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/1117736.1117747",
    pages = "94--101",
}
@inproceedings{koit-oim-2000-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Management in the Agreement Negotiation Process: A Model that Involves Natural Reasoning",
    author = "Koit, Mare  and
      Oim, Haldur",
    booktitle = "1st {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/1117736.1117748",
    pages = "102--111",
}
@inproceedings{larsson-zaenen-2000-document,
    title = "Document Transformations and Information States",
    author = "Larsson, Staffan  and
      Zaenen, Annie",
    booktitle = "1st {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/1117736.1117749",
    pages = "112--120",
}
@inproceedings{flycht-eriksson-jonsson-2000-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue and Domain Knowledge Management in Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Flycht-Eriksson, Annika  and
      Jonsson, Arne",
    booktitle = "1st {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/1117736.1117750",
    pages = "121--130",
}
@inproceedings{hagen-popowich-2000-flexible,
    title = "Flexible Speech Act Based Dialogue Management",
    author = "Hagen, Eli  and
      Popowich, Fred",
    booktitle = "1st {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/1117736.1117751",
    pages = "131--140",
}
@inproceedings{kurohashi-higasa-2000-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Helpsystem based on Flexible Matching of User Query with Natural Language Knowledge Base",
    author = "Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Higasa, Wataru",
    booktitle = "1st {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/1117736.1117752",
    pages = "141--149",
}
@inproceedings{nakano-etal-2000-wit,
    title = "{WIT}: A Toolkit for Building Robust and Real-Time Spoken Dialogu Systems",
    author = "Nakano, Mikio  and
      Miyazaki, Noboru  and
      Yasuda, Norihito  and
      Sugiyama, Akira  and
      Hirasawa, Jun-ichi  and
      Dohsaka, Kohji  and
      Aikawa, Kiyoaki",
    booktitle = "1st {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/1117736.1117753",
    pages = "150--159",
}
@inproceedings{alexandersson-heisterkamp-2000-notes,
    title = "Some Notes on the Complexity of Dialogues",
    author = "Alexandersson, Jan  and
      Heisterkamp, Paul",
    booktitle = "1st {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/1117736.1117754",
    pages = "160--169",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-acl-2000,
    title = "{ACL}-2000 Workshop on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1100",
}
@inproceedings{turcato-etal-2000-adapting,
    title = "Adapting a synonym database to specific domains",
    author = "Turcato, Davide  and
      Popowich, Fred  and
      Toole, Janine  and
      Fass, Dan  and
      Nicholson, Devlan  and
      Tisher, Gordon",
    booktitle = "{ACL}-2000 Workshop on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1101",
    doi = "10.3115/1117755.1117757",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{magnini-prevete-2000-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Lexical Expansions and {B}oolean Compositions for Web Querying",
    author = "Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Prevete, Roberto",
    booktitle = "{ACL}-2000 Workshop on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1102",
    doi = "10.3115/1117755.1117758",
    pages = "13--21",
}
@inproceedings{holub-bohmova-2000-use,
    title = "Use of Dependency Tree Structures for the Microcontext Extraction",
    author = "Holub, Martin  and
      Bohmova, Alena",
    booktitle = "{ACL}-2000 Workshop on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1103",
    doi = "10.3115/1117755.1117759",
    pages = "23--33",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-moldovan-2000-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Indexing using {W}ord{N}et Senses",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "{ACL}-2000 Workshop on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1104",
    doi = "10.3115/1117755.1117760",
    pages = "35--45",
}
@inproceedings{fujita-2000-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Power and Retrieval Effectiveness of Phrasal Indexing Terms",
    author = "Fujita, Sumio",
    booktitle = "{ACL}-2000 Workshop on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1105",
    doi = "10.3115/1117755.1117762",
    pages = "47--55",
}
@inproceedings{kwak-etal-2000-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Learning of Compound Noun Indexing",
    author = "Kwak, Byung-Kwan  and
      Kim, Jee-Hyub  and
      Lee, Geunbae  and
      Seo, Jung Yun",
    booktitle = "{ACL}-2000 Workshop on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1106",
    doi = "10.3115/1117755.1117763",
    pages = "57--66",
}
@inproceedings{katz-lin-2000-rextor,
    title = "{REXTOR}: A System for Generating Relations from Natural Language",
    author = "Katz, Boris  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "{ACL}-2000 Workshop on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1107",
    doi = "10.3115/1117755.1117764",
    pages = "67--77",
}
@inproceedings{ker-chen-2000-text,
    title = "A Text Categorization Based on a Summarization Extraction",
    author = "Ker, Sue J.  and
      Chen, Jen-Nan",
    booktitle = "{ACL}-2000 Workshop on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1108",
    doi = "10.3115/1117755.1117766",
    pages = "79--83",
}
@inproceedings{milward-thomas-2000-information,
    title = "From Information Retrieval to Information Extraction",
    author = "Milward, David  and
      Thomas, James",
    booktitle = "{ACL}-2000 Workshop on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1109",
    doi = "10.3115/1117755.1117767",
    pages = "85--97",
}
@inproceedings{radev-fan-2000-automatic,
    title = "Automatic summarization of search engine hit lists",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir R.  and
      Fan, Weiguo",
    booktitle = "{ACL}-2000 Workshop on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1110",
    doi = "10.3115/1117755.1117768",
    pages = "99--109",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2000-author-index,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "{ACL}-2000 Workshop on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1111",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-chinese,
    title = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1200",
}
@inproceedings{bikel-chiang-2000-two,
    title = "Two Statistical Parsing Models Applied to the {C}hinese Treebank",
    author = "Bikel, Daniel M.  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1201",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117771",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{chen-lin-2000-sense,
    title = "Sense-Tagging {C}hinese Corpus",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Lin, Chi-Ching",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1202",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117772",
    pages = "7--14",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chert-2000-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Extraction for Identification of {C}hinese Organization Names",
    author = "Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Chert, Chao-jan",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1203",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117773",
    pages = "15--21",
}
@inproceedings{drabek-zhou-2000-using,
    title = "Using Co-occurrence Statistics as an Information Source for Partial Parsing of {C}hinese",
    author = "Drabek, Elliott Franco  and
      Zhou, Qjang",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1204",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117774",
    pages = "22--28",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2000-sinica,
    title = "Sinica Treebank: Design Criteria, Annotation Guidelines, and On-line Interface",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chen, Feng-Yi  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Gao, Zhao-ming  and
      Chen, Kuang-Yu",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1205",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117775",
    pages = "29--37",
}
@inproceedings{tsou-etal-2000-enhancement,
    title = "Enhancement of a {C}hinese Discourse Marker Tagger with C4.5",
    author = "T{'}sou, Benjamin K.  and
      Lai, Tom B.Y  and
      Chan, Samuel W.K.  and
      Gao, Weijun  and
      Zhan, Xuegang",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1206",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117776",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{wu-jiang-2000-statistically,
    title = "Statistically-Enhanced New Word Identification in a Rule-Based {C}hinese System",
    author = "Wu, Andi  and
      Jiang, Zixin",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1207",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117777",
    pages = "46--51",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2000-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Lexicalized Treebank Grammars Extracted from {C}hinese, {K}orean, and {E}nglish Corpora",
    author = "Xia, Fei  and
      Han, Chunghye  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1208",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117778",
    pages = "52--59",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2000-research,
    title = "The Research of Word Sense Disambiguation Method Based on Co-occurrence Frequency of Hownet",
    author = "Yang, Erhong  and
      Zhang, Guoqing  and
      Zhang, Yongkui",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1209",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117779",
    pages = "60--65",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-zhou-2000-trainable,
    title = "A Trainable Method for Extracting {C}hinese Entity Names and Their Relations",
    author = "Zhang, Yimin  and
      Zhou, Joe F.",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1210",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117780",
    pages = "66--72",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2000-statistics,
    title = "Statistics Based Hybrid Approach to {C}hinese Base Phrase Identification",
    author = "Zhao, Tie-jun  and
      Yang, Mu-yun  and
      Liu, Fang  and
      Yao, Jian-min  and
      Yu, Hao",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1211",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117781",
    pages = "73--77",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-2000-block,
    title = "A Block-Based Robust Dependency Parser for Unrestricted {C}hinese Text",
    author = "Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1212",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117782",
    pages = "78--84",
}
@inproceedings{gan-wong-2000-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Information Structures in {C}hinese Texts Using {H}ow{N}et",
    author = "Gan, Kok Wee  and
      Wong, Ping Wai",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1213",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117784",
    pages = "85--92",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2000-machine,
    title = "Machine Learning Methods for {C}hinese Web page Categorization",
    author = "He, Ji  and
      Tan, Ah-Hwee  and
      Tan, Chew-Lim",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1214",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117785",
    pages = "93--100",
}
@inproceedings{ji-2000-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Annotation of {C}hinese Phrases Using Recursive Graph",
    author = "Ji, Donghong",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1215",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117786",
    pages = "101--108",
}
@inproceedings{jin-2000-text,
    title = "Text Meaning Representation for {C}hinese",
    author = "Jin, Wanying",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1216",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117787",
    pages = "109--115",
}
@inproceedings{kovarik-2000-large,
    title = "How Should a Large Corpus Be Built?-A Comparative Study of Closure in Annotated Newspaper Corpora from Two {C}hinese Sources, Towards Building a Larger Representative Corpus Merged from Representative Sublanguage Collections",
    author = "Kovarik, John J.",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1217",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117788",
    pages = "116--123",
}
@inproceedings{wen-etal-2000-clustering,
    title = "A Clustering Algorithm for {C}hinese Adjectives and Nouns",
    author = "Wen, Yang  and
      Yuan, Chunfa  and
      Huang, Changning",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1218",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117789",
    pages = "124--131",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2000-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of {C}hinese Compound Words - An Experimental Study on a Very Large Corpus",
    author = "Zhang, Jian  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1219",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117790",
    pages = "132--139",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2000-algorithm,
    title = "An Algorithm for Situation Classification of {C}hinese Verbs",
    author = "Zhu, Xiaodan  and
      Yuan, Chunfa  and
      Wong, K.F.  and
      Li, Wenjie",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1220",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117791",
    pages = "140--145",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-2000-zero,
    title = "Zero Anaphors in {C}hinese Discourse Processing",
    author = "Cheng, Chin-Chuan",
    booktitle = "Second {C}hinese Language Processing Workshop",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1221",
    doi = "10.3115/1117769.1117793",
    pages = "146--146",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-2000,
    title = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1300",
}
@inproceedings{brill-2000-pattern,
    title = "Pattern-Based Disambiguation for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Brill, Eric",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1301",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117795",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{teufel-moens-2000-whats,
    title = "What{'}s Yours and What{'}s Mine: Determining Intellectual Attribution in Scientific Text",
    author = "Teufel, Simone  and
      Moens, Marc",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1302",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117796",
    pages = "9--17",
}
@inproceedings{kudo-matsumoto-2000-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Dependency Structure Analysis Based on Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Kudo, Taku  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1303",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117797",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{florian-etal-2000-coaxing,
    title = "Coaxing Confidences from an Old Freind: Probabilistic Classifications from Transformation Rule Lists",
    author = "Florian, Radu  and
      Henderson, John C.  and
      Ngai, Grace",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1304",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117798",
    pages = "26--34",
}
@inproceedings{li-yamanishi-2000-topic,
    title = "Topic Analysis Using a Finite Mixture Model",
    author = "Li, Hang  and
      Yamanishi, Kenji",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1305",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117799",
    pages = "35--44",
}
@inproceedings{hwa-2000-sample,
    title = "Sample Selection for Statistical Grammar Induction",
    author = "Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1306",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117800",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2000-uniform,
    title = "A Uniform Method of Grammar Extraction and Its Applications",
    author = "Xia, Fei  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1307",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117801",
    pages = "53--62",
}
@inproceedings{toutanvoa-manning-2000-enriching,
    title = "Enriching the Knowledge Sources Used in a Maximum Entropy Part-of-Speech Tagger",
    author = "Toutanvoa, Kristina  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1308",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117802",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-su-2000-error,
    title = "Error-driven {HMM}-based Chunk Tagger with Context-dependent Lexicon",
    author = "Zhou, GuoDong  and
      Su, Jian",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1309",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117803",
    pages = "71--79",
}
@inproceedings{kurohashi-ori-2000-nonlocal,
    title = "Nonlocal Language Modeling based on Context Co-occurrence Vectors",
    author = "Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Ori, Manabu",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1310",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117804",
    pages = "80--86",
}
@inproceedings{hung-etal-2000-detection,
    title = "Detection of Language (Model) Errors",
    author = "Hung, K.Y.  and
      Luk, R.W.P.  and
      Yeung, D.  and
      Chung, K.F.L.  and
      Shu, W.",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1311",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117805",
    pages = "87--94",
}
@inproceedings{xu-weischedel-2000-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Information Retrieval Using Hidden {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Xu, Jinxi  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1312",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117806",
    pages = "95--103",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2000-query,
    title = "Query Translation in {C}hinese-{E}nglish Cross-Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Zhang, Yibo  and
      Sun, Le  and
      Du, Lin  and
      Sun, Yufang",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1313",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117807",
    pages = "104--109",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2000-word,
    title = "Word Alignment of {E}nglish-{C}hinese Bilingual Corpus Based on Chucks",
    author = "Sun, Le  and
      Jin, Youbing  and
      Du, Lin  and
      Sun, Yufang",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1314",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117808",
    pages = "110--116",
}
@inproceedings{umemura-church-2000-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Term Weighting and Expansion Frequency",
    author = "Umemura, Kyoji  and
      Church, Kenneth W.",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1315",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117809",
    pages = "117--123",
}
@inproceedings{ng-etal-2000-machine,
    title = "A Machine Learning Approach to Answering Questions for Reading Comprehension Tests",
    author = "Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Teo, Leong Hwee  and
      Kwan, Jennifer Lai Pheng",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1316",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117810",
    pages = "124--132",
}
@inproceedings{tang-mooney-2000-automated,
    title = "Automated Construction of Database Interfaces: Intergrating Statistical and Relational Learning for Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Tang, Lappoon R.  and
      Mooney, Raymond J.",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1317",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117811",
    pages = "133--141",
}
@inproceedings{bikel-2000-automatic,
    title = "Automatic {W}ord{N}et Mapping Using Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Bikel, Daniel M.",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1318",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117812",
    pages = "142--147",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-liu-2000-real,
    title = "A Real-time Integration Of Concept-based Search and Summarization of {C}hinese Websites",
    author = "Zhou, Joe F.  and
      Liu, Weiquan",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1319",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117813",
    pages = "148--154",
}
@inproceedings{bikel-2000-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Model for Parsing and Word-Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Bikel, Daniel M.",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1320",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117814",
    pages = "155--163",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2000-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Parsing Complexity by Intra-Sentence Segmentation based on Maximum Entropy Model",
    author = "Kim, Sung Dong  and
      Zhang, Byoung-Tak  and
      Kim, Yung Taek",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1321",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117815",
    pages = "164--171",
}
@inproceedings{escudero-etal-2000-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of the Domain Dependence of Supervised Word Disambiguation Systems",
    author = "Escudero, Gerard  and
      Marquez, Lluis  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1322",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117816",
    pages = "172--180",
}
@inproceedings{jacquemin-bush-2000-combining,
    title = "Combining Lexical and Formatting Cues for Named Entity Acquisition from the Web",
    author = "Jacquemin, Christian  and
      Bush, Caroline",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1323",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117817",
    pages = "181--189",
}
@inproceedings{kallmeyer-2000-query,
    title = "A Query Tool for Syntactically Frame Acquisition",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1324",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117818",
    pages = "190--198",
}
@inproceedings{korhonen-etal-2000-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Filtering and Subcategorization Frame Acquisition",
    author = "Korhonen, Anna  and
      Gorrell, Genevieve  and
      McCarthy, Diana",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1325",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117819",
    pages = "199--206",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-agirre-2000-one,
    title = "One Sense per Collocation and Genre/Topic Variations",
    author = "Martinez, David  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1326",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117820",
    pages = "207--215",
}
@inproceedings{korhonen-2000-using,
    title = "Using Semantically Motivated Estimates to Help Subcategorization Acquisition",
    author = "Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1327",
    doi = "10.3115/1117794.1117821",
    pages = "216--223",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2000-author-index-2,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora",
    month = oct,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1328",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-inlg2000,
    title = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1400",
}
@inproceedings{bangalore-etal-2000-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Metrics for Generation",
    author = "Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Whittaker, Steve",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1401",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118255",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{carenini-2000-task,
    title = "A Task-based Framework to Evaluate Evaluative Arguments",
    author = "Carenini, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1402",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118256",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{marcu-etal-2000-empirical,
    title = "An empirical study of multilingual natural language generation: What Should a Text Planner Do?",
    author = "Marcu, Daniel  and
      Carlson, Lynn  and
      Watanabe, Maki",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1403",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118257",
    pages = "17--23",
}
@inproceedings{brun-etal-2000-document,
    title = "Document structure and multilingual authoring",
    author = "Brun, Caroline  and
      Dymetman, Marc  and
      Lux, Veronika",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1404",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118258",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{casillas-etal-2000-dtd,
    title = "{DTD}-driven bilingual document generation",
    author = "Casillas, Arantza  and
      Abaitua, Joseba  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Raquel",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1405",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118259",
    pages = "32--38",
}
@inproceedings{jitnah-etal-2000-towards,
    title = "Towards the Generation of Rebuttals in a {B}ayesian Argumentation System",
    author = "Jitnah, Nathalie  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      McConachy, Richard  and
      George, Sarah",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1406",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118260",
    pages = "39--46",
}
@inproceedings{carenini-moore-2000-strategy,
    title = "A strategy for generating evaluative arguments",
    author = "Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Moore, Johanna",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1407",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118261",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{zukerman-etal-2000-using,
    title = "Using Argumentation Strategies in Automated Argument Generation",
    author = "Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      McConachy, Richard  and
      George, Sarah",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1408",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118262",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{becker-etal-2000-extended,
    title = "An extended architecture for robust generation",
    author = "Becker, Tilman  and
      Kilger, Anne  and
      Lopez, Patrice  and
      Poller, Peter",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1409",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118263",
    pages = "63--68",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-etal-2000-reinterpretation,
    title = "Reinterpretation of an Existing {NLG} System in a Generic Generation Architecture",
    author = "Cahill, Lynne  and
      Doran, Christy  and
      Evans, Roger  and
      Mellish, Chris  and
      Paiva, Daniel  and
      Reape, Mike  and
      Scott, Donia  and
      Tipper, Neil",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1410",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118264",
    pages = "69--76",
}
@inproceedings{kibble-power-2000-integrated,
    title = "An integrated framework for text planning and pronominalisation",
    author = "Kibble, Rodger  and
      Power, Richard",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1411",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118265",
    pages = "77--84",
}
@inproceedings{guhe-etal-2000-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Event Conceptualization and Natural Language Generation in Monitoring Enviroments",
    author = "Guhe, Markus  and
      Habel, Christopher  and
      Tappe, Heike",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1412",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118266",
    pages = "85--92",
}
@inproceedings{stede-2000-hyperonym,
    title = "The hyperonym problem revisited: Conceptual and lexical hierarchies in language generation",
    author = "Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1413",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118267",
    pages = "93--99",
}
@inproceedings{shaw-mckeown-2000-generating,
    title = "Generating Referring Quantified Expressions",
    author = "Shaw, James  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1414",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118268",
    pages = "100--107",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-mellish-2000-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Analysis of Constructing Non-restrictive {NP} Modifiers to Express Semantic Relations",
    author = "Cheng, Hua  and
      Mellish, Chris",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1415",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118269",
    pages = "108--115",
}
@inproceedings{stone-2000-identifying,
    title = "On identifying sets",
    author = "Stone, Matthew",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1416",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118270",
    pages = "116--123",
}
@inproceedings{robin-favero-2000-content,
    title = "Content aggregation in natural language hypertext summarization of {OLAP} and Data Mining Discoveries",
    author = "Robin, Jacques  and
      Favero, Eloi L.",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1417",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118271",
    pages = "124--132",
}
@inproceedings{odonnell-etal-2000-optimising,
    title = "Optimising text quality in generation from relational databases",
    author = "O{'}Donnell, Michael  and
      Knott, Alistair  and
      Oberlander, Jon  and
      Mellish, Chris",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1418",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118272",
    pages = "133--140",
}
@inproceedings{danlos-etal-2000-generating,
    title = "Generating a controlled language",
    author = "Danlos, Laurence  and
      Lapalme, Guy  and
      Lux, Veronika",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1419",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118273",
    pages = "141--147",
}
@inproceedings{alexandersson-etal-2000-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Summary Generation in a Speech-To-Speech Translation System for Multilingual Dialogues",
    author = "Alexandersson, Jan  and
      Poller, Peter  and
      Kipp, Michael  and
      Engel, Ralf",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1420",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118274",
    pages = "148--155",
}
@inproceedings{endriss-klabunde-2000-planning,
    title = "Planning word-order dependant focus assignments",
    author = "Endriss, Cornelia  and
      Klabunde, Ralf",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1421",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118275",
    pages = "156--162",
}
@inproceedings{channarukul-etal-2000-enriching,
    title = "Enriching partially-specified representations for text realization using an attribute grammar",
    author = "Channarukul, Songsak  and
      McRoy, Susan W.  and
      Ali, Syed S.",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1422",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118276",
    pages = "163--170",
}
@inproceedings{cassell-etal-2000-coordination,
    title = "Coordination and context-dependence in the generation of embodied conversation",
    author = "Cassell, Justine  and
      Stone, Matthew  and
      Yan, Hao",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1423",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118277",
    pages = "171--178",
}
@inproceedings{van-deemter-2000-generating,
    title = "Generating Vague Descriptions",
    author = "van Deemter, Kees",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1424",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118278",
    pages = "179--185",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-mellish-2000-capturing,
    title = "Capturing the Interaction between Aggregation and Text Planning in Two Generation Systems",
    author = "Cheng, Hua  and
      Mellish, Chris",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1425",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118279",
    pages = "186--193",
}
@inproceedings{bouayad-agha-etal-2000-text,
    title = "Can text structure be incompatible with rhetorical structure?",
    author = "Bouayad-Agha, Nadjet  and
      Power, Richard  and
      Scott, Donia",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1426",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118280",
    pages = "194--200",
}
@inproceedings{minnen-etal-2000-robust,
    title = "Robust, applied morphological generation",
    author = "Minnen, Guido  and
      Carroll, John  and
      Pearce, Darren",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1427",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118281",
    pages = "201--208",
}
@inproceedings{jing-etal-2000-integrating,
    title = "Integrating a Large-Scale, Reusable Lexicon with a Natural Language Generator",
    author = "Jing, Hongyan  and
      Dahan, Yael  and
      Elhadad, Michael  and
      McKeown, Kathy",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1428",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118282",
    pages = "209--216",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-etal-2000-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Acquisition for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud  and
      Robertson, Roma  and
      Osman, Liesl",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1429",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118283",
    pages = "217--224",
}
@inproceedings{geldof-2000-context,
    title = "From Context to Sentence Form",
    author = "Geldof, Sabine",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1430",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118285",
    pages = "225--230",
}
@inproceedings{reyes-2000-clef,
    title = "The {CLEF} semi-recursive generation algorithm",
    author = "Reyes, Rodrigo",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1431",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118286",
    pages = "231--238",
}
@inproceedings{hammervold-2000-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Generation and Neural Networks",
    author = "Hammervold, Kathrine",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1432",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118287",
    pages = "239--246",
}
@inproceedings{stent-2000-rhetorical,
    title = "Rhetorical Structure in Dialog",
    author = "Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1433",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118288",
    pages = "247--252",
}
@inproceedings{odonnell-2000-rsttool,
    title = "{RSTT}ool 2.4 - A markup Tool for Rhetorical Structure Theory",
    author = "O{'}Donnell, Michael",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1434",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118290",
    pages = "253--256",
}
@inproceedings{odonnell-etal-2000-demonstration,
    title = "Demonstration of {ILEX} 3.0",
    author = "O{'}Donnell, Michael  and
      Knott, Alistair  and
      Oberlander, Jon  and
      Mellish, Chris",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1435",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118291",
    pages = "257--259",
}
@inproceedings{bohnet-etal-2000-development,
    title = "A development Environment for an {MTT}-Based Sentence Generator",
    author = "Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Langjahr, Andreas  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1436",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118292",
    pages = "260--263",
}
@inproceedings{mcroy-etal-2000-yag,
    title = "{YAG}: A Template-Based Generator for Real-Time Systems",
    author = "McRoy, Susan W.  and
      Channarukul, Songsak  and
      Ali, Syed S.",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1437",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118293",
    pages = "264--267",
}
@inproceedings{silber-mccoy-2000-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Text Summarizer using Lexical Chains",
    author = "Silber, H. Gregory  and
      McCoy, Kathleen F.",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1438",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118294",
    pages = "268--271",
}
@inproceedings{erteschik-shir-rapoport-2000-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: From lexica-aspectual components to syntax",
    author = "Erteschik-Shir, Nomi  and
      Rapoport, T.R.",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1439",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118296",
    pages = "272--272",
}
@inproceedings{mani-2000-discussion,
    title = "Discussion Panel on Evaluation in Generation Research",
    author = "Mani, Inderjeet",
    booktitle = "{INLG}{'}2000 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Mitzpe Ramon, Israel",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1440",
    doi = "10.3115/1118253.1118298",
    pages = "273--273",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-coling,
    title = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build {NLP} Systems",
    author = "Zajac, R{\'e}mi",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1500",
}
@inproceedings{cunningham-etal-2000-experience,
    title = "Experience using {GATE} for {NLP} {R}{\&}{D}",
    author = "Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Maynard, Diana  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Tablan, Valentin  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build {NLP} Systems",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1501",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{olsson-gamback-2000-composing,
    title = "Composing a General-Purpose Toolbox for {S}wedish",
    author = {Olsson, Fredrik  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build {NLP} Systems",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1502",
    pages = "9--18",
}
@inproceedings{bontcheva-etal-2000-experiment,
    title = "An Experiment in Unifying Audio-Visual and Textual Infrastructures for Language Processing Research and Development",
    author = "Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Brugman, Hennie  and
      Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Russel, Albert  and
      Wittenburg, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build {NLP} Systems",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1503",
    pages = "19--25",
}
@inproceedings{amtrup-zajac-2000-modular,
    title = "A Modular Toolkit for Machine Translation Based on Layered Charts",
    author = "Amtrup, Jan W.  and
      Zajac, R{\'e}mi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build {NLP} Systems",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1504",
    pages = "26--33",
}
@inproceedings{daciuk-2000-finite,
    title = "Finite State Tools for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Daciuk, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build {NLP} Systems",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1505",
    pages = "34--37",
}
@inproceedings{ide-2000-xml,
    title = "The {XML} Framework and Its Implications for the Development of Natural Language Processing Tools",
    author = "Ide, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build {NLP} Systems",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1506",
    pages = "38--43",
}
@inproceedings{burstein-marcu-2000-benefits,
    title = "Benefits of Modularity in an Automated Essay Scoring System",
    author = "Burstein, Jill  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build {NLP} Systems",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1507",
    pages = "44--50",
}
@inproceedings{denecke-2000-integrated,
    title = "An Integrated Development Environment for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Denecke, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build {NLP} Systems",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1508",
    pages = "51--60",
}
@inproceedings{pautret-2000-rational,
    title = "A Rational Agent for the Modelling of a Semantic Model",
    author = "Pautret, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build {NLP} Systems",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1509",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{kolzer-2000-diamod,
    title = "Diamod - a Tool for Modeling Dialogue Applications",
    author = {K{\"o}lzer, Anke},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build {NLP} Systems",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1510",
    pages = "69--78",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-coling-2000,
    title = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Efficiency In Large-Scale Parsing Systems",
    author = "Carroll, John  and
      Moore, Robert C.  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1600",
}
@inproceedings{carroll-oepen-2000-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Large-Scale Parsing {--} a Survey",
    author = "Carroll, John  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Efficiency In Large-Scale Parsing Systems",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1601",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{brown-manandhar-2000-precompilation,
    title = "Precompilation of {HPSG} in {ALE} into a {CFG} for Fast Parsing",
    author = "Brown, John C.  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Efficiency In Large-Scale Parsing Systems",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1602",
    pages = "13--22",
}
@inproceedings{moore-2000-time,
    title = "Time as a Measure of Parsing Efficiency",
    author = "Moore, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Efficiency In Large-Scale Parsing Systems",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1603",
    pages = "23--28",
}
@inproceedings{roark-charniak-2000-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Efficiency in High-accuracy, Broad-coverage Statistical Parsing",
    author = "Roark, Brian  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Efficiency In Large-Scale Parsing Systems",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1604",
    pages = "29--36",
}
@inproceedings{sarkar-etal-2000-experiments,
    title = "Some Experiments on Indicators of Parsing Complexity for Lexicalized Grammars",
    author = "Sarkar, Anoop  and
      Xia, Fei  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Efficiency In Large-Scale Parsing Systems",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1605",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{smrz-horak-2000-large,
    title = "Large Scale Parsing of {C}zech",
    author = "Smr{\v{z}}, Pavel  and
      Hor{\'a}k, Ale{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Efficiency In Large-Scale Parsing Systems",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1606",
    pages = "43--50",
}
@inproceedings{callmeier-oepen-2000-cross,
    title = "Cross-Platform, Cross-Grammar Comparison {--} Can it be Done?",
    author = "Callmeier, Ulrich  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Efficiency In Large-Scale Parsing Systems",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1607",
    pages = "53",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-pinkham-2000-tools,
    title = "Tools for Large-Scale Parser Development",
    author = "Suzuki, Hisami  and
      Pinkham, Jessie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Efficiency In Large-Scale Parsing Systems",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1608",
    pages = "54",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-coling-2000-semantic,
    title = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Semantic Annotation and Intelligent Content",
    author = "Buitelaar, Paul  and
      Hasida, K{\^o}iti",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1700",
}
@inproceedings{fry-bond-2000-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Annotation of a {J}apanese Speech Corpus",
    author = "Fry, John  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Semantic Annotation and Intelligent Content",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1701",
    pages = "3--10",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-martinez-2000-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Automatic Word Sense Disambiguation with Decision Lists and the Web",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Martinez, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Semantic Annotation and Intelligent Content",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1702",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-2000-improving,
    title = "Improving Natural Language Processing by Linguistic Document Annotation",
    author = "Watanabe, Hideo  and
      Nagao, Katashi  and
      McCord, Michael  and
      Bernth, Arendse",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Semantic Annotation and Intelligent Content",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1703",
    pages = "20--27",
}
@inproceedings{tateisi-etal-2000-building,
    title = "Building an Annotated Corpus in the Molecular-Biology Domain",
    author = "Tateisi, Yuka  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Collier, Nigel  and
      Nobata, Chikashi  and
      Tsujii, Jun-ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Semantic Annotation and Intelligent Content",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1704",
    pages = "28--34",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-2000-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Annotation for Generation: Issues in Annotating a Corpus to Develop and Evaluate Discourse Entity Realization Algorithms",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Semantic Annotation and Intelligent Content",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1705",
    pages = "37--43",
}
@inproceedings{nakaiwa-2000-environment,
    title = "An Environment for Extracting Resolution Rules of Zero Pronouns from Corpora",
    author = "Nakaiwa, Hiromi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Semantic Annotation and Intelligent Content",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1706",
    pages = "44--52",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-2000-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Structure Analysis for News Video",
    author = "Watanabe, Yasuhiko  and
      Okada, Yoshihiro  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Iwanari, Eiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Semantic Annotation and Intelligent Content",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1707",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{tanimura-nakagawa-2000-alignment,
    title = "Alignment of Sound Track with Text in a {TV} Drama",
    author = "Tanimura, Seigo  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Semantic Annotation and Intelligent Content",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1708",
    pages = "63--69",
}
@inproceedings{nagao-etal-2000-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Transcoding: Making the {WWW} More Understandable and Usable with External Annotations",
    author = "Nagao, Katashi  and
      Hosoya, Shingo  and
      Shirai, Yoshinari  and
      Squire, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Semantic Annotation and Intelligent Content",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1709",
    pages = "70--78",
}
@inproceedings{erdmann-etal-2000-manual,
    title = "From Manual to Semi-Automatic Semantic Annotation: About Ontology-Based Text Annotation Tools",
    author = "Erdmann, Michael  and
      Maedche, Alexander  and
      Schnurr, Hans-Peter  and
      Staab, Steffen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Semantic Annotation and Intelligent Content",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1710",
    pages = "79--85",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-acl-special,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology",
    author = "Eisner, Jason  and
      Karttunen, Lauri  and
      Th{\`e}riault, Alain",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1800",
}
@inproceedings{beesley-karttunen-2000-finite-state,
    title = "Finite-State Non-Concatenative Morphotactics",
    author = "Beesley, Kenneth R.  and
      Karttunen, Lauri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1801",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{walther-2000-temiar,
    title = "Temiar Reduplication in One-Level Prosodic Morphology",
    author = "Walther, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1802",
    pages = "13--21",
}
@inproceedings{eisner-2000-easy,
    title = "Easy and Hard Constraint Ranking in {OT}: Algorithms and Complexity",
    author = "Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1803",
    pages = "22--33",
}
@inproceedings{gerdemann-van-noord-2000-approximation,
    title = "Approximation and Exactness in Finite State Optimality Theory",
    author = "Gerdemann, Dale  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1804",
    pages = "34--45",
}
@inproceedings{belz-2000-multi,
    title = "Multi-Syllable Phonotactic Modelling",
    author = "Belz, Anja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1805",
    pages = "46--56",
}
@inproceedings{albro-2000-taking,
    title = "Taking Primitive Optimality Theory Beyond the Finite State",
    author = "Albro, Daniel M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1806",
    pages = "57--67",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-coling-2000-linguistically,
    title = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    author = "Abeille, Anne  and
      Brants, Thorsten  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1900",
}
@inproceedings{atwell-etal-2000-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Linguistic Interpretation Schemes for {E}nglish Corpora",
    author = "Atwell, Eric  and
      Demetriou, George  and
      Hughes, John  and
      Schiffrin, Amanda  and
      Souter, Clive  and
      Wilcock, Sean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1901",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{lai-huang-2000-dependency-based,
    title = "Dependency-based Syntactic Annotation of a Chiense Corpus",
    author = "Lai, Tom B. Y.  and
      Huang, Changning",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1902",
    pages = "11--17",
}
@inproceedings{montemagni-etal-2000-italian,
    title = "The {I}talian Syntactic-Semantic Treebank: Architecture, Annotation, Tools and Evaluation",
    author = "Montemagni, S.  and
      Barsotti, F.  and
      Battista, M.  and
      Calzolari, N.  and
      Corazzari, O.  and
      Zampolli, A.  and
      Fanciulli, F.  and
      Massetani, M.  and
      Raffaelli, R.  and
      Basili, R.  and
      Pazienza, M. T.  and
      Saracino, D.  and
      Zanzotto, F.  and
      Mana, N.  and
      Pianesi, F.  and
      Delmonte, R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1903",
    pages = "18--27",
}
@inproceedings{sampson-2000-annotation,
    title = "Where Should Annotation Stop?",
    author = "Sampson, Geoffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1904",
    pages = "28--34",
}
@inproceedings{kurz-2000-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Account on Word Order Variation in {G}erman",
    author = "Kurz, Daniela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1905",
    pages = "35--41",
}
@inproceedings{dienes-oravecz-2000-bottom,
    title = "Bottom-Up Tagset Design from Maximally Reduced Tagset",
    author = "Dienes, P{\'e}ter  and
      Oravecz, Csaba",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1906",
    pages = "42--47",
}
@inproceedings{van-halteren-2000-detection,
    title = "The Detection of Inconsistency in Manually Tagged Text",
    author = "van Halteren, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1907",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{dipper-2000-grammar,
    title = "Grammar-Based Corpus Annotation",
    author = "Dipper, Stefanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1908",
    pages = "56--64",
}
@inproceedings{bohmova-sgall-2000-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Procedures in Tectogrammatical Tagging",
    author = {B{\"o}hmov{\'a}, Alena  and
      Sgall, Petr},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1909",
    pages = "65--70",
}
@inproceedings{day-wellner-2000-considering,
    title = "Considering Automatic Aids to Corpus Annotation",
    author = "Day, David  and
      Wellner, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {COLING}-2000 Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Centre Universitaire, Luxembourg",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-1910",
    pages = "71--79",
}
@proceedings{ws-2000-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2000",
}
@inproceedings{abeille-etal-2000-current,
    title = "The current status of {FTAG}",
    author = "Abeill{\'e}, Anne  and
      Candito, Marie-H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Kinyon, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2001",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{alonso-etal-2000-redefinition,
    title = "A redefinition of Embedded Push-Down Automata",
    author = "Alonso, Miguel A.  and
      Villemonte de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric  and
      Vilares, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2002",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{alonso-etal-2000-practical,
    title = "Practical aspects in compiling tabular {TAG} parsers",
    author = "Alonso, Miguel A.  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      Villemonte de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2003",
    pages = "27--32",
}
@inproceedings{bangalore-rambow-2000-using,
    title = "Using {TAG}s, a Tree Model, and a Language Model for Generation",
    author = "Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2004",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{barrier-etal-2000-lexik,
    title = "{L}exik: a maintenance tool for {FTAG}",
    author = "Barrier, Nicolas  and
      Barrier, S{\'e}bastien  and
      Kinyon, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2005",
    pages = "41--46",
}
@inproceedings{becker-lopez-2000-adapting,
    title = "Adapting {HPSG}-to-{TAG} compilation to wide-coverage grammars",
    author = "Becker, Tilman  and
      Lopez, Patrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2006",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{carroll-etal-2000-engineering,
    title = "Engineering a Wide-Coverage Lexicalized Grammar",
    author = "Carroll, John  and
      Nicolov, Nicolas  and
      Shaumyan, Olga  and
      Smets, Martine  and
      Weir, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2007",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-etal-2000-remarks,
    title = "Some remarks on an extension of synchronous {TAG}",
    author = "Chiang, David  and
      Schuler, William  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2008",
    pages = "61--66",
}
@inproceedings{diaz-etal-2000-bidirectional,
    title = "Bidirectional parsing of {TAG} without heads",
    author = "D{\'\i}az, V{\'\i}ctor J.  and
      Alonso, Miguel A.  and
      Carrillo, Vicente",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2009",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@inproceedings{doran-2000-punctuation,
    title = "Punctuation in a Lexicalized Grammar",
    author = "Doran, Christine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2010",
    pages = "73--78",
}
@inproceedings{eisner-satta-2000-faster,
    title = "A faster parsing algorithm for Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Eisner, Jason  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2011",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{frank-2000-economy,
    title = "Economy in {TAG}",
    author = "Frank, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2012",
    pages = "85--92",
}
@inproceedings{han-rambow-2000-sino,
    title = "The {S}ino-{K}orean light verb construction and lexical argument structure",
    author = "Han, Chung-hye  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2013",
    pages = "93--100",
}
@inproceedings{harbusch-kempen-2000-complexity,
    title = "Complexity of Linear Order Computation in Performance Grammar, {TAG} and {HPSG}",
    author = "Harbusch, Karin  and
      Kempen, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2014",
    pages = "101--106",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-2000-relationship,
    title = "Relationship between strong and weak generative power of formal systems",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2015",
    pages = "107--114",
}
@inproceedings{kahane-etal-2000-alternative,
    title = "An alternative description of extractions in {TAG}",
    author = "Kahane, Sylvain  and
      Candito, Marie-H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      de Kercadio, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2016",
    pages = "115--122",
}
@inproceedings{kahane-2000-solve,
    title = "How to solve some failures of {LTAG}",
    author = "Kahane, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2017",
    pages = "123--128",
}
@inproceedings{kallmeyer-2000-scrambling,
    title = "Scrambling in {G}erman and the non-locality of local {TDG}s",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2018",
    pages = "129--134",
}
@inproceedings{kappes-2000-contextual,
    title = "Contextual Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Kappes, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2019",
    pages = "135--140",
}
@inproceedings{kinyon-2000-even,
    title = "Even better than Supertags: Introducing Hypertags!",
    author = "Kinyon, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2020",
    pages = "141--146",
}
@inproceedings{kipper-etal-2000-building,
    title = "Building a class-based verb lexicon using {TAG}s",
    author = "Kipper, Karin  and
      Dang, Hoa Trang  and
      Schuler, William  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2021",
    pages = "147--154",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-2000-ltag,
    title = "{LTAG} Workbench: A general framework for {LTAG}",
    author = "Lopez, Patrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2022",
    pages = "155--162",
}
@inproceedings{michaelis-etal-2000-derivational,
    title = "Derivational minimalism in two regular and logical steps",
    author = {Michaelis, Jens  and
      M{\"o}nnich, Uwe  and
      Morawietz, Frank},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2023",
    pages = "163--170",
}
@inproceedings{palm-2000-logical,
    title = "A logical approach to structure sharing in {TAG}s",
    author = "Palm, Adi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2024",
    pages = "171--176",
}
@inproceedings{perrier-2000-intuitionistic,
    title = "From intuitionistic proof nets to Interaction Grammars",
    author = "Perrier, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2025",
    pages = "177--184",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-2000-comparison,
    title = "A comparison of the {XTAG} and {CLE} Grammars for {E}nglish",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann  and
      James, Frankie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2026",
    pages = "185--192",
}
@inproceedings{sarkar-2000-practical,
    title = "Practical experiments in parsing using Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2027",
    pages = "193--198",
}
@inproceedings{stone-etal-2000-lexicalized,
    title = "Lexicalized grammar and the description of motion events",
    author = "Stone, Matthew  and
      Bleam, Tonia  and
      Doran, Christine  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2028",
    pages = "199--206",
}
@inproceedings{wartena-2000-extending,
    title = "Extending Linear Indexed Grammars",
    author = "Wartena, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2029",
    pages = "207--214",
}
@inproceedings{xia-bleam-2000-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-based evaluation of syntactic locality in {TAG}s",
    author = "Xia, Fei  and
      Bleam, Tonia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2030",
    pages = "215--220",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-etal-2000-customizing,
    title = "Customizing the {XTAG} system for efficient grammar development for {K}orean",
    author = "Yoon, Juntae  and
      Han, Chung-hye  and
      Kim, Nari  and
      Kim, Meesook",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2031",
    pages = "221--226",
}
@inproceedings{bernardi-2000-deriving,
    title = "Deriving polarity effects",
    author = "Bernardi, Raffaella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2032",
    pages = "229--232",
}
@inproceedings{clement-2000-un,
    title = "Un outil pour calculer des arbres de d{\'e}pendance {\`a} partir d{'}arbres de d{\'e}rivation",
    author = "Cl{\'e}ment, Lionel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2033",
    pages = "233--236",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-etal-2000-elementary,
    title = "Elementary trees for syntactic and statistical disambiguation",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo  and
      Chiran, Luminita  and
      Bacalu, Ciprian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2034",
    pages = "237--240",
}
@inproceedings{dras-bleam-2000-problematic,
    title = "How problematic are clitics for S-{TAG} translation?",
    author = "Dras, Mark  and
      Bleam, Tonia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2035",
    pages = "241--244",
}
@inproceedings{harbusch-woch-2000-reuse,
    title = "Reuse of plan-based knowledge sources in a uniform {TAG}-based generation system",
    author = "Harbusch, Karin  and
      Woch, Jens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2036",
    pages = "245--248",
}
@inproceedings{kilger-poller-2000-cdl,
    title = "{CDL}-{TAG}s: A grammar formalism for flexible and efficient syntactic generation",
    author = "Kilger, Anne  and
      Poller, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2037",
    pages = "249--252",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-roussel-2000-predicative,
    title = "Predicative {LTAG} grammars for Term Analysis",
    author = "Lopez, Patrice  and
      Roussel, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2038",
    pages = "253--256",
}
@inproceedings{streiter-2000-reliability,
    title = "Reliability in example-based parsing",
    author = "Streiter, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2039",
    pages = "257--260",
}
@inproceedings{way-2000-lfg-dot,
    title = "{LFG}-{DOT}: a probabilistic, constraint-based model for machine translation",
    author = "Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2040",
    pages = "261--264",
}
@inproceedings{xia-palmer-2000-comparing,
    title = "Comparing and integrating Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Xia, Fei  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+5)",
    month = may,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Universit{\'e} Paris 7",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W00-2041",
    pages = "265--268",
}
@proceedings{ws-2001-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Summarization",
    year = "2001",
}
@proceedings{ws-2001-mt,
    title = "Workshop on {MT} Evaluation: Hands-On Evaluation",
    year = "2001",
}
@proceedings{ws-2001-adaptation,
    title = "Adaptation in Dialog Systems",
    year = "2001",
}
@proceedings{ws-2001-wordnet,
    title = "{W}ord{N}et and Other Lexical Resources: Applications, Extensions and Customizations",
    year = "2001",
}
@proceedings{ws-2001-2001,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
}
@inproceedings{pierce-cardie-2001-limitations,
    title = "Limitations of Co-Training for Natural Language Learning from Large Datasets",
    author = "Pierce, David  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0501",
}
@inproceedings{even-zohar-roth-2001-sequential,
    title = "A Sequential Model for Multi-Class Classification",
    author = "Even-Zohar, Yair  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0502",
}
@inproceedings{eneva-etal-2001-learning,
    title = "Learning Within-Sentence Semantic Coherence",
    author = "Eneva, Elena  and
      Hoberman, Rose  and
      Lita, Lucian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0503",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-knight-2001-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Sources for Word-Level Translation Models",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0504",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2001-improving,
    title = "Improving Lexical Mapping Model of {E}nglish-{K}orean Bitext Using Structural Features",
    author = "Kim, Seonho  and
      Yoon, Juntae  and
      Song, Mansuk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0505",
}
@inproceedings{sakkis-etal-2001-stacking,
    title = "Stacking Classifiers for Anti-Spam Filtering of E-Mail",
    author = "Sakkis, Georgios  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion  and
      Paliouras, Georgios  and
      Karkaletsis, Vangelis  and
      Spyropoulos, Constantine D.  and
      Stamatopoulos, Panagiotis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0506",
}
@inproceedings{takamura-matsumoto-2001-feature,
    title = "Feature Space Restructuring for {SVM}s with Application to Text Categorization",
    author = "Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0507",
}
@inproceedings{sable-church-2001-using,
    title = "Using Bins to Empirically Estimate Term Weights for Text Categorization",
    author = "Sable, Carl  and
      Church, Kenneth W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0508",
}
@inproceedings{ng-etal-2001-question,
    title = "Question Answering Using a Large Text Database: A Machine Learning Approach",
    author = "Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Kwan, Jennifer Lai Pheng  and
      Xia, Yiyuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0509",
}
@inproceedings{chelba-mahajan-2001-information,
    title = "Information Extraction Using the Structured Language Model",
    author = "Chelba, Ciprian  and
      Mahajan, Milind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0510",
}
@inproceedings{rosario-hearst-2001-classifying,
    title = "Classifying the Semantic Relations in Noun Compounds via a Domain-Specific Lexical Hierarchy",
    author = "Rosario, Barbara  and
      Hearst, Marti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0511",
}
@inproceedings{uchimoto-etal-2001-unknown,
    title = "The Unknown Word Problem: a Morphological Analysis of {J}apanese Using Maximum Entropy Aided by a Dictionary",
    author = "Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0512",
}
@inproceedings{schone-jurafsky-2001-knowledge-free,
    title = "Is Knowledge-Free Induction of Multiword Unit Dictionary Headwords a Solved Problem?",
    author = "Schone, Patrick  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0513",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2001-latent,
    title = "Latent Semantic Analysis for Text Segmentation",
    author = "Choi, Freddy Y. Y.  and
      Wiemer-Hastings, Peter  and
      Moore, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0514",
}
@inproceedings{lyon-etal-2001-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Short Passages of Similar Text in Large Document Collections",
    author = "Lyon, Caroline  and
      Malcolm, James  and
      Dickerson, Bob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0515",
}
@inproceedings{park-byrd-2001-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Text Mining for Finding Abbreviations and their Definitions",
    author = "Park, Youngja  and
      Byrd, Roy J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0516",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2001-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Corpus-based Tone Prediction using K-{T}o{BI} Representation",
    author = "Lee, Jin-Seok  and
      Kim, Byeongchang  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0517",
}
@inproceedings{muller-2001-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars for Syllabification and Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Karin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0518",
}
@inproceedings{megyesi-2001-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Data-Driven Learning Algorithms for {P}o{S} Tagging of {S}wedish",
    author = "Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0519",
}
@inproceedings{bangalore-etal-2001-impact,
    title = "Impact of Quality and Quantity of Corpora on Stochastic Generation",
    author = "Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Chen, John  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0520",
}
@inproceedings{gildea-2001-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Variation and Parser Performance",
    author = "Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0521",
}
@proceedings{ws-2001-senseval,
    title = "{SENSEVAL} Workshop",
    year = "2001",
}
@proceedings{ws-2001-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0700",
}
@inproceedings{florian-ngai-2001-multidimensional,
    title = "Multidimensional transformation-based learning",
    author = "Florian, Radu  and
      Ngai, Grace",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0701",
}
@inproceedings{hammerton-tjong-kim-sang-2001-combining,
    title = "Combining a self-organising map with memory-based learning",
    author = "Hammerton, James  and
      Tjong Kim Sang, Erik F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0702",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-martinez-2001-learning,
    title = "Learning class-to-class selectional preferences",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Martinez, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0703",
}
@inproceedings{saiz-noeda-etal-2001-semantic,
    title = "Semantic pattern learning through maximum entropy-based {WSD} technique",
    author = "Saiz-Noeda, Maximiliano  and
      Su{\'a}rez, Armando  and
      Palomar, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0704",
}
@inproceedings{tsang-stevenson-2001-automatic,
    title = "Automatic verb classification using multilingual resources",
    author = "Tsang, Vivian  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0705",
}
@inproceedings{li-roth-2001-exploring,
    title = "Exploring evidence for shallow parsing",
    author = "Li, Xin  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0706",
}
@inproceedings{gaussier-cancedda-2001-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic models for {PP}-attachment resolution and {NP} analysis",
    author = "Gaussier, Eric  and
      Cancedda, Nicola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0707",
}
@inproceedings{tjong-kim-sang-dejean-2001-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to the {C}o{NLL}-2001 shared task: clause identification",
    author = "Tjong Kim Sang, Erik F.  and
      D{\'e}jean, Herv{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0708",
}
@inproceedings{estabrooks-japkowicz-2001-mixture,
    title = "A mixture-of-experts framework for text classification",
    author = "Estabrooks, Andrew  and
      Japkowicz, Nathalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0709",
}
@inproceedings{hwa-2001-minimizing,
    title = "On minimizing training corpus for parser acquisition",
    author = "Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0710",
}
@inproceedings{zajac-2001-morpholog,
    title = "{M}orpholog: Constrained and Supervised Learning of Morphology",
    author = "Zajac, R{\'e}mi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0711",
}
@inproceedings{nerbonne-etal-2001-learning,
    title = "Learning Computational Grammars",
    author = "Nerbonne, John  and
      Belz, Anja  and
      Cancedda, Nicola  and
      D{\'e}jean, Herv{\'e}  and
      Hammerton, James  and
      Koeling, Rob  and
      Konstantopoulos, Stasinos  and
      Osborne, Miles  and
      Thollard, Franck  and
      Tjong Kim Sang, Erik F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0712",
}
@inproceedings{clark-2001-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised induction of stochastic context-free grammars using distributional clustering",
    author = "Clark, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0713",
}
@inproceedings{klein-manning-2001-distributional,
    title = "Distributional phrase structure induction",
    author = "Klein, Dan  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0714",
}
@inproceedings{merlo-leybold-2001-automatic,
    title = "Automatic distinction of arguments and modifiers: the case of prepositional phrases",
    author = "Merlo, Paola  and
      Leybold, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0715",
}
@inproceedings{orasan-evans-2001-learning,
    title = "Learning to identify animate references",
    author = "Orasan, Constantin  and
      Evans, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0716",
}
@inproceedings{hartrumpf-2001-coreference,
    title = "Coreference resolution with syntactico-semantic rules and corpus statistics",
    author = "Hartrumpf, Sven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0717",
}
@inproceedings{carl-2001-inducing,
    title = "Inducing probabilistic invertible translation grammars from aligned texts",
    author = "Carl, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0718",
}
@inproceedings{muresan-etal-2001-combining,
    title = "Combining linguistic and machine learning techniques for email summarization",
    author = "Muresan, Smaranda  and
      Tzoukermann, Evelyne  and
      Klavans, Judith L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0719",
}
@inproceedings{watkinson-manandhar-2001-psychologically,
    title = "A psychologically plausible and computationally effective approach to learning syntax",
    author = "Watkinson, Stephen  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0720",
}
@inproceedings{patrick-goyal-2001-boosted,
    title = "Boosted decision graphs for {NLP} learning tasks",
    author = "Patrick, Jon D.  and
      Goyal, Ishaan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0721",
}
@inproceedings{hammerton-2001-clause,
    title = "Clause identification with long short-term memory",
    author = "Hammerton, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0722",
}
@inproceedings{dejean-2001-using,
    title = "Using {ALL}i{S} for clausing",
    author = "D{\'e}jean, Herv{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0723",
}
@inproceedings{tjong-kim-sang-2001-memory,
    title = "Memory-based clause identification",
    author = "Tjong Kim Sang, Erik F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0724",
}
@inproceedings{molina-pla-2001-clause,
    title = "Clause detection using {HMM}",
    author = "Molina, Antonio  and
      Pla, Ferran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0725",
}
@inproceedings{carreras-marquez-2001-boosting,
    title = "Boosting trees for clause splitting",
    author = "Carreras, Xavier  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}on{LL})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0726",
}
@proceedings{ws-2001-acl-2001,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Eighth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({EWNLG})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0800",
}
@inproceedings{rambow-2001-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Methods in Natural Language Generation: {F}riends or Foe? (invited talk)",
    author = "Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Eighth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({EWNLG})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0801",
}
@inproceedings{sripada-etal-2001-two,
    title = "A Two-Staged Model For Content Determination",
    author = "Sripada, Somayajula G.  and
      Reiter, Ehud  and
      Hunter, Jim  and
      Yu, Jin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Eighth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({EWNLG})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0802",
}
@inproceedings{danlos-etal-2001-document,
    title = "Document Structuring {\`a} la {SDRT}",
    author = "Danlos, Laurence  and
      Gaiffe, Bertrand  and
      Roussarie, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Eighth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({EWNLG})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0803",
}
@inproceedings{van-deemter-halldorsson-2001-logical,
    title = "Logical Form Equivalence: the Case of Referring Expressions Generation",
    author = "van Deemter, Kees  and
      Halld{\'o}rsson, Magn{\'u}s M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Eighth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({EWNLG})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0804",
}
@inproceedings{krahmer-etal-2001-meta,
    title = "A Meta-Algorithm for the Generation of Referring Expressions",
    author = "Krahmer, Emiel  and
      van Erk, Sebastiaan  and
      Verleg, Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Eighth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({EWNLG})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0805",
}
@inproceedings{eddy-etal-2001-algorithm,
    title = "An Algorithm for Efficiently Generating Summary Paragraphs Using Tree-Adjoining Grammar",
    author = "Eddy, Bruce  and
      Bental, Diana  and
      Cawsey, Alison",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Eighth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({EWNLG})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0806",
}
@inproceedings{bohnet-wanner-2001-using,
    title = "On Using a Parallel Graph Rewriting Formalism in Generation",
    author = "Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Eighth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({EWNLG})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0807",
}
@inproceedings{aikawa-etal-2001-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Sentence Generation",
    author = "Aikawa, Takako  and
      Melero, Maite  and
      Schwartz, Lee  and
      Wu, Andi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Eighth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({EWNLG})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0808",
}
@inproceedings{doan-nguyen-2001-generation,
    title = "Generation of {V}ietnamese for {F}rench-{V}ietnamese and {E}nglish-{V}ietnamese Machine Translation",
    author = "Doan-Nguyen, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Eighth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({EWNLG})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0809",
}
@inproceedings{kruijff-etal-2001-linear,
    title = "Linear Order as Higher-Level Decision: Information Structure in Strategic and Tactical Generation",
    author = "Kruijff, Geert-Jan M.  and
      Kruijff-Korbayov{\`a}, Ivana  and
      Bateman, John  and
      Teich, Elke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Eighth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({EWNLG})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0810",
}
@inproceedings{zock-2001-learn,
    title = "Learn to Speak and to Write, Learn to Use Your Mind The Relevance of the Work of Natural Language Generation (invited talk)",
    author = "Zock, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Eighth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({EWNLG})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0811",
}
@inproceedings{humphreys-etal-2001-reusing,
    title = "Reusing a Statistical Language Model for Generation",
    author = "Humphreys, Kevin  and
      Calcagno, Mike  and
      Weise, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Eighth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({EWNLG})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0812",
}
@inproceedings{kan-etal-2001-applying,
    title = "Applying Natural Language Generation to Indicative Summarization",
    author = "Kan, Min-Yen  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.  and
      Klavans, Judith L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Eighth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({EWNLG})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0813",
}
@inproceedings{inui-nogami-2001-paraphrase,
    title = "A Paraphrase-Based Exploration of Cohesiveness Criteria",
    author = "Inui, Kentaro  and
      Nogami, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Eighth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({EWNLG})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0814",
}
@inproceedings{hartley-scott-2001-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Text Quality: Judging Output Texts Without a Clear Source",
    author = "Hartley, Anthony  and
      Scott, Donia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Eighth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({EWNLG})",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0815",
}
@proceedings{ws-2001-acl-2001-evaluation,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Evaluation Methodologies for Language and Dialogue Systems",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0900",
}
@inproceedings{paroubek-2001-introduction,
    title = "Introduction",
    author = "Paroubek, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Evaluation Methodologies for Language and Dialogue Systems",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0901",
}
@inproceedings{paek-2001-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Methods for Evaluating Dialog Systems",
    author = "Paek, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Evaluation Methodologies for Language and Dialogue Systems",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0902",
}
@inproceedings{dybkjaer-bernsen-2001-usability,
    title = "Usability Evaluation in Spoken Language Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Dybkj{\ae}r, Laila  and
      Bernsen, Niels O.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Evaluation Methodologies for Language and Dialogue Systems",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0903",
}
@inproceedings{watkinson-manandhar-2001-translating,
    title = "Translating Treebank Annotation for Evaluation",
    author = "Watkinson, Stephen  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Evaluation Methodologies for Language and Dialogue Systems",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0904",
}
@inproceedings{berthelin-etal-2001-two,
    title = "Two Levels of valuation in a Complex {NL} System",
    author = "Berthelin, Jean-Baptiste  and
      Grau, Brigitte  and
      Hurault-Plantet, Martine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Evaluation Methodologies for Language and Dialogue Systems",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0905",
}
@inproceedings{barr-klavans-2001-verification,
    title = "Verification and validation of language processing systems: Is it evaluation?",
    author = "Barr, Valerie  and
      Klavans, Judith L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Evaluation Methodologies for Language and Dialogue Systems",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0906",
}
@inproceedings{hadi-etal-2001-arc,
    title = "The {ARC} A3 Project: Terminology Acquisition Tools: Evaluation Method and Task",
    author = "Hadi, Widad Mustafa El  and
      Timimi, Ismail  and
      Beguin, Annette  and
      de Brito, Marcilio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Evaluation Methodologies for Language and Dialogue Systems",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0907",
}
@inproceedings{krymolowski-2001-using,
    title = "Using the Distribution of Performance for Studying Statistical {NLP} Systems and Corpora",
    author = "Krymolowski, Yuval",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Evaluation Methodologies for Language and Dialogue Systems",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0908",
}
@inproceedings{jardino-etal-2001-cross,
    title = "A Cross-Comparison of Two Clustering Methods",
    author = "Jardino, Michele  and
      Grau, Brigitte  and
      Ferret, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Evaluation Methodologies for Language and Dialogue Systems",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0909",
}
@proceedings{ws-2001-acl-2001-human,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1000",
}
@inproceedings{staab-2001-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Portals (invited talk)",
    author = "Staab, Steffen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1001",
}
@inproceedings{maybury-2001-human,
    title = "Human Language Technologies for Knowledge Management",
    author = "Maybury, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1002",
}
@inproceedings{uszkoreit-2001-crosslingual,
    title = "Crosslingual Language Technologies for Knowledge Creation and Knowledge Sharing (invited talk)",
    author = "Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1003",
}
@inproceedings{bontcheva-etal-2001-using,
    title = "Using {HLT} for Acquiring, Retrieving and Publishing Knowledge in {AKT}",
    author = "Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Brewster, Christopher  and
      Ciravegna, Fabio  and
      Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Guthrie, Louise  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1004",
}
@inproceedings{velardi-etal-2001-identification,
    title = "Identification of Relevant Terms to Support the Construction of Domain Ontologies",
    author = "Velardi, Paola  and
      Missikoff, Michele  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1005",
}
@inproceedings{kang-lee-2001-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automatic Practical Ontology Construction by Using a Thesaurus, Computational Dictionaries, and Large Corpora",
    author = "Kang, Sin-Jae  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1006",
}
@inproceedings{dewdney-etal-2001-form,
    title = "The Form is the Substance: Classification of Genres in Text",
    author = "Dewdney, Nigel  and
      VanEss-Dykema, Carol  and
      MacMillan, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1007",
}
@inproceedings{monz-2001-document,
    title = "Document Fusion for Comprehensive Event Description",
    author = "Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1008",
}
@inproceedings{katz-etal-2001-gathering,
    title = "Gathering Knowledge for a Question Answering System from Heterogeneous Information Sources",
    author = "Katz, Boris  and
      Lin, Jimmy  and
      Felshin, Sue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1009",
}
@inproceedings{domingue-2001-invited,
    title = "Invited Speaker - Supporting Organisational Learning through the Enrichment of Documents",
    author = "Domingue, J. B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1010",
}
@inproceedings{tzoukermann-etal-2001-gist,
    title = "{GIST}-{IT}: Combining Linguistic and Machine Learning Techniques for Email Summarization",
    author = "Tzoukermann, Evelyne  and
      Muresan, Smaranda  and
      Klavans, Judith L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1011",
}
@inproceedings{delannoy-2001-points,
    title = "What are the points? What are the stances? Decanting for Question-driven Retrieval and Executive Summarization",
    author = "Delannoy, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1012",
}
@inproceedings{basili-etal-2001-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Authoring: the {NAMIC} Approach",
    author = "Basili, Roberto  and
      Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo  and
      Catizone, Roberta  and
      Setzer, Andrea  and
      Webb, Nick  and
      Wilks, Yorick  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1013",
}
@inproceedings{lee-park-2001-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Augmentation of Translation Dictionary with Database Terminologies In Multilingual Query Interpretation",
    author = "Lee, Hodong  and
      Park, Jong C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1014",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-serrano-etal-2001-adapting,
    title = "Adapting and Extending Lexical Resources in a Dialogue System",
    author = "Garc{\'\i}a-Serrano, Ana  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Paloma  and
      Rodrigo, Luis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1015",
}
@inproceedings{niklfeld-2001-component,
    title = "Component-Based Multimodal Dialog Interfaces for Mobile Knowledge Creation",
    author = "Niklfeld, Georg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1016",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-etal-2001-automatic,
    title = "The Automatic Generation of Formal Annotations in a Multimedia Indexing and Searching Environment",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry  and
      Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Cunningham, Hamish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1017",
}
@inproceedings{bernsen-2001-human,
    title = "Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management - Final Roadmap Session",
    author = "Bernsen, Niels Ole",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1018",
}
@proceedings{ws-2001-acl-2001-arabic,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on {A}rabic Language Processing: Status and Prospects",
    year = "2001",
}
@proceedings{ws-2001-acl-2001-open,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Open-Domain Question Answering",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1200",
}
@inproceedings{breck-etal-2001-looking,
    title = "Looking Under the Hood: Tools for Diagnosing Your Question Answering Engine",
    author = "Breck, Eric  and
      Light, Marc  and
      Mann, Gideon  and
      Riloff, Ellen  and
      Brown, Brianne  and
      Anand, Pranav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Open-Domain Question Answering",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1201",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2001-maya,
    title = "{MAYA}: A Fast Question-answering System Based on a Predictive Answer Indexer",
    author = "Kim, Harksoo  and
      Kim, Kyungsun  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae  and
      Seo, Jungyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Open-Domain Question Answering",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1202",
}
@inproceedings{hermjakob-2001-parsing,
    title = "Parsing and Question Classification for Question Answering",
    author = "Hermjakob, Ulf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Open-Domain Question Answering",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1203",
}
@inproceedings{mann-2001-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Method for Short Answer Extraction",
    author = "Mann, Gideon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Open-Domain Question Answering",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1204",
}
@inproceedings{zajac-2001-towards,
    title = "Towards Ontological Question Answering",
    author = "Zajac, Remi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Open-Domain Question Answering",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1205",
}
@inproceedings{pasca-harabagiu-2001-answer,
    title = "Answer Mining from On-Line Documents",
    author = "Pasca, Marius  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Open-Domain Question Answering",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1206",
}
@inproceedings{ferret-etal-2001-terminological,
    title = "Terminological Variants for Document Selection and Question/Answer Matching",
    author = "Ferret, Olivier  and
      Grau, Brigitte  and
      Hurault-Plantet, Martine  and
      Illouz, Gabriel  and
      Jacquemin, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Open-Domain Question Answering",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1207",
}
@inproceedings{fujii-ishikawa-2001-question,
    title = "Question Answering Using Encyclopedic Knowledge Generated from the Web",
    author = "Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Ishikawa, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Open-Domain Question Answering",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1208",
}
@proceedings{ws-2001-acl-2001-temporal,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Temporal and Spatial Information Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1300",
}
@inproceedings{dupuy-etal-2001-generating,
    title = "Generating A 3{D} Simulation Of A Car Accident From A Written Description In Natural Language: The {C}ar{S}im System",
    author = "Dupuy, Sylvain  and
      Egges, Arjan  and
      Legendre, Vincent  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Temporal and Spatial Information Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1301",
}
@inproceedings{pekar-2001-specification,
    title = "Specification In Terms Of Interactional Properties As A Way To Optimize Semantic Representation Of Spatial Expressions",
    author = "Pekar, Viktor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Temporal and Spatial Information Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1302",
}
@inproceedings{descles-etal-2001-towards,
    title = "Towards Invariant Meanings Of Spatial Prepositions and Preverbs",
    author = "Descl{\'e}s, Jean-Pierre  and
      Gwiazdecka, Ewa  and
      Montes-Rendon, Azucena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Temporal and Spatial Information Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1303",
}
@inproceedings{maillat-2001-directional,
    title = "Directional {PP}s And Reference Frames In {DRT}",
    author = "Maillat, Didier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Temporal and Spatial Information Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1304",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2001-model,
    title = "A Model For Processing Temporal References In {C}hinese",
    author = "Li, Wenjie  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai  and
      Yuan, Chunfa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Temporal and Spatial Information Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1305",
}
@inproceedings{moia-2001-telling,
    title = "Telling Temporal Locating Adverbials And Time-Denoting Expressions Apart",
    author = "M{\'o}ia, Telmo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Temporal and Spatial Information Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1306",
}
@inproceedings{bras-etal-2001-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Information And Discourse Relations In Narratives: The Role Of {F}rench Connectives {`}Puis{'} And {`}Un Peu Plus Tard{'}",
    author = "Bras, Myriam  and
      Draoulec, Anne Le  and
      Vieu, Laure",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Temporal and Spatial Information Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1307",
}
@inproceedings{zelinsky-wibbelt-2001-unifying,
    title = "Unifying Tense, Aspect And Modality Across Languages",
    author = "Zelinsky-Wibbelt, Cornelia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Temporal and Spatial Information Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1308",
}
@inproceedings{schilder-habel-2001-temporal,
    title = "From Temporal Expressions To Temporal Information: Semantic Tagging Of News Messages",
    author = "Schilder, Frank  and
      Habel, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Temporal and Spatial Information Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1309",
}
@inproceedings{pianesi-2001-facts,
    title = "Some Facts About Times, Events and Subjects - Invited Talk",
    author = "Pianesi, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Temporal and Spatial Information Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1310",
}
@inproceedings{setzer-gaizauskas-2001-pilot,
    title = "A Pilot Study On Annotating Temporal Relations In Text",
    author = "Setzer, Andrea  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Temporal and Spatial Information Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1311",
}
@inproceedings{wilson-etal-2001-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual Approach To Annotating And Extracting Temporal Information",
    author = "Wilson, George  and
      Mani, Inderjeet  and
      Sundheim, Beth  and
      Ferro, Lisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Temporal and Spatial Information Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1312",
}
@inproceedings{filatova-hovy-2001-assigning,
    title = "Assigning Time-Stamps To Event-Clauses",
    author = "Filatova, Elena  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Temporal and Spatial Information Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1313",
}
@inproceedings{vazov-2001-system,
    title = "A System For Extraction Of Temporal Expressions From {F}rench Texts Based On Syntactic And Semantic Constraints",
    author = "Vazov, Nikolai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Temporal and Spatial Information Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1314",
}
@inproceedings{katz-arosio-2001-annotation,
    title = "The Annotation Of Temporal Information In Natural Language Sentences",
    author = "Katz, Graham  and
      Arosio, Fabrizio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Temporal and Spatial Information Processing",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1315",
}
@proceedings{ws-2001-acl-2001-data,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Data-Driven Methods in Machine Translation",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1400",
}
@inproceedings{sumita-2001-example,
    title = "Example-based machine translation using {DP}-matching between work sequences",
    author = "Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Data-Driven Methods in Machine Translation",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1401",
}
@inproceedings{richardson-etal-2001-overcoming,
    title = "Overcoming the customization bottleneck using example-based {MT}",
    author = "Richardson, Stephen D.  and
      Dolan, William B.  and
      Menezes, Arul  and
      Corston-Oliver, Monica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Data-Driven Methods in Machine Translation",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1402",
}
@inproceedings{lavoie-etal-2001-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Lexico-Structural Transfer Rules from Parsed Bi-texts",
    author = "Lavoie, Benoit  and
      White, Michael  and
      Korelsky, Tanya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Data-Driven Methods in Machine Translation",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1403",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-2001-approximating,
    title = "Approximating Context-Free by Rational Transduction for Example-Based {MT}",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Data-Driven Methods in Machine Translation",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1404",
}
@inproceedings{ney-2001-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Modelling: From Pattern Classification to Language Translation",
    author = "Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Data-Driven Methods in Machine Translation",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1405",
}
@inproceedings{menezes-richardson-2001-best,
    title = "A best-first alignment algorithm for automatic extraction of transfer mappings from bilingual corpora",
    author = "Menezes, Arul  and
      Richardson, Stephen D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Data-Driven Methods in Machine Translation",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1406",
}
@inproceedings{niessen-ney-2001-toward,
    title = "Toward hierarchical models for statistical machine translation of inflected languages",
    author = "Niessen, Sonja  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Data-Driven Methods in Machine Translation",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1407",
}
@inproceedings{och-etal-2001-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient {A}* Search Algorithm for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Och, Franz Josef  and
      Ueffing, Nicola  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Data-Driven Methods in Machine Translation",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1408",
}
@inproceedings{germann-2001-building,
    title = "Building a Statistical Machine Translation System from Scratch: How Much Bang for the Buck Can We Expect?",
    author = "Germann, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Data-Driven Methods in Machine Translation",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1409",
}
@inproceedings{prat-2001-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation with Grammar Association: Some Improvements and the {L}oco{\_}{C} Model",
    author = "Prat, Federico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Data-Driven Methods in Machine Translation",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1410",
}
@inproceedings{moore-2001-towards,
    title = "Towards a Simple and Accurate Statistical Approach to Learning Translation Relationships among Words",
    author = "Moore, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Data-Driven Methods in Machine Translation",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1411",
}
@inproceedings{yamamoto-etal-2001-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study on Translation Units for Bilingual Lexicon Extraction",
    author = "Yamamoto, Kaoru  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji  and
      Kitamura, Mihoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Data-Driven Methods in Machine Translation",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1412",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-etal-2001-using,
    title = "Using the Web as a Bilingual Dictionary",
    author = "Nagata, Masaaki  and
      Saito, Teruka  and
      Suzuki, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Data-Driven Methods in Machine Translation",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1413",
}
@inproceedings{pinkham-corston-oliver-2001-adding,
    title = "Adding Domain Specificity to an {MT} System",
    author = "Pinkham, Jessie  and
      Corston-Oliver, Monica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Data-Driven Methods in Machine Translation",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1414",
}
@inproceedings{murata-etal-2001-using,
    title = "Using a Support-Vector Machine for {J}apanese-to-{E}nglish Translation of Tense, Aspect, and Modality",
    author = "Murata, Masaki  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Ma, Qing  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Data-Driven Methods in Machine Translation",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1415",
}
@proceedings{ws-2001-acl-2001-sharing,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Sharing Tools and Resources",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1500",
}
@inproceedings{rosner-2001-preface,
    title = "Preface",
    author = "Rosner, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Sharing Tools and Resources",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1501",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-2001-introduction,
    title = "{I}ntroduction: Extending {NLP} Tools Repositories for the Interaction with Language Data Resource Repositories",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Sharing Tools and Resources",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1502",
}
@inproceedings{erjavec-varadi-2001-telri,
    title = "The {TELRI} tool catalogue: structure and prospects",
    author = "Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      V{\'a}radi, Tam{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Sharing Tools and Resources",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1503",
}
@inproceedings{wynne-2001-archive,
    title = "An Archive for all of {E}urope",
    author = "Wynne, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Sharing Tools and Resources",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1504",
}
@inproceedings{lavelli-etal-2001-sissa,
    title = "{S}i{SSA} - An Infrastructure for {NLP} Application Development",
    author = "Lavelli, Alberto  and
      Pianesi, F.  and
      Maci, E.  and
      Prodanof, I.  and
      Dini, L.  and
      Mazzini, G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Sharing Tools and Resources",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1505",
}
@inproceedings{bird-simons-2001-olac,
    title = "The {OLAC} Metadata Set and Controlled Vocabularies",
    author = "Bird, Steven  and
      Simons, Gary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Sharing Tools and Resources",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1506",
}
@inproceedings{calzolari-etal-2001-international,
    title = "International Standards for Multilingual Resource Sharing: The {ISLE} Computational Lexicon Working Group",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Zampolli, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Sharing Tools and Resources",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1507",
}
@inproceedings{broeder-wittenburg-2001-multimedia,
    title = "Multimedia Language Resources",
    author = "Broeder, Daan  and
      Wittenburg, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Sharing Tools and Resources",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1508",
}
@inproceedings{barthelemy-etal-2001-tools,
    title = "Tools and resources for Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Barth{\'e}lemy, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Bouiller, Pierre  and
      Deschamp, Philippe  and
      Kaouane, Linda  and
      Villemonte de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Sharing Tools and Resources",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1509",
}
@inproceedings{yoshinaga-etal-2001-resource,
    title = "Resource Sharing Amongst {HPSG} and {LTAG} Communities by a Method of Grammar Conversion between {FB}-{LTAG} and {HPSG}",
    author = "Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Sharing Tools and Resources",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1510",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-etal-2001-covering,
    title = "Covering Treebanks with {GLARF}",
    author = "Meyers, A.  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      Kosaka, Michiko  and
      Zhao, Shubin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Sharing Tools and Resources",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1511",
}
@inproceedings{copestake-etal-2001-using,
    title = "Using an Open-Source Unification-Based System for {CL}/{NLP} Teaching",
    author = "Copestake, Anne  and
      Carroll, John  and
      Flickinger, Dan  and
      Malouf, Robert  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Sharing Tools and Resources",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1512",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-etal-2001-integrate,
    title = "How to Integrate Linguistic information in {FILES} and generate feedback for grammar errors",
    author = "Delmonte, R.  and
      Chiran, L.  and
      Bacalu, C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Sharing Tools and Resources",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1513",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-bird-2001-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Graphs and Servers and Multi-Modal Resources: Infrastructure for Interdisciplinary Education, Research and Development",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Sharing Tools and Resources",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1514",
}
@inproceedings{bird-etal-2001-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Tools Based on the Annotation Graph {API}",
    author = "Bird, Steven  and
      Maeda, Kazuaki  and
      Ma, Xiaoyi  and
      Lee, Haejoong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2001 Workshop on Sharing Tools and Resources",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1515",
}
@proceedings{ws-2001-sigdial,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
}
@inproceedings{allwood-etal-2001-annotations,
    title = "Annotations and Tools for an Activity Based Spoken Language Corpus",
    author = "Allwood, Jens  and
      Groenqvist, Leif  and
      Ahlsen, Elisabeth  and
      Gunnarsson, Magnus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1601",
}
@inproceedings{alshawi-douglas-2001-variant,
    title = "Variant Transduction: A Method for Rapid Development of Interactive Spoken Interfaces",
    author = "Alshawi, Hiyan  and
      Douglas, Shona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1602",
}
@inproceedings{araki-etal-2001-development,
    title = "Development of a Machine Learnable Discourse Tagging Tool",
    author = "Araki, Masahiro  and
      Kimura, Yukihiko  and
      Nishimoto, Takuya  and
      Niimi, Yasuhisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1603",
}
@inproceedings{bosch-2001-identification,
    title = "Against the Identification of Anaphora and Presupposition",
    author = "Bosch, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1604",
}
@inproceedings{carlson-etal-2001-building,
    title = "Building a Discourse-Tagged Corpus in the Framework of Rhetorical Structure Theory",
    author = "Carlson, Lynn  and
      Marcu, Daniel  and
      Okurovsky, Mary Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1605",
}
@inproceedings{cavazza-2001-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of Speech Recognition Errors in a Task-Oriented Dialogue System",
    author = "Cavazza, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1606",
}
@inproceedings{doran-etal-2001-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Several Aspects of Human-Computer and Human-Human Dialogues",
    author = "Doran, Christine  and
      Aberdeen, John  and
      Damianos, Laurie  and
      Hirschman, Lynette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1607",
}
@inproceedings{ebert-etal-2001-generating,
    title = "Generating Full Paraphrases of Fragments in a Dialogue Interpretation System",
    author = "Ebert, Christian  and
      Lappin, Shalom  and
      Gregory, Howard  and
      Nicolov, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1608",
}
@inproceedings{fry-etal-2001-automated,
    title = "Automated Tutoring Dialogues for Training in Shipboard Damage Control",
    author = "Fry, John  and
      Ginzton, Matt  and
      Peters, Stanley  and
      Clark, Brady  and
      Pon-Barry, Heather",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1609",
}
@inproceedings{hirschberg-etal-2001-labeling,
    title = "Labeling Corrections and Aware Sites in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Swerts, Marc  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1610",
}
@inproceedings{jokinen-wilcock-2001-confidence,
    title = "Confidence-Based Adaptivity in Response Generation for a Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Jokinen, Kristiina  and
      Wilcock, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1611",
}
@inproceedings{mueller-strube-2001-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Anaphoric and Bridging Relations with {MMAX}",
    author = "Mueller, Christoph  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1612",
}
@inproceedings{murray-2001-study,
    title = "A Study of Automatic Pitch Tracker Doubling/Halving {``}Errors{''}",
    author = "Murray, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1613",
}
@inproceedings{paek-2001-empirical-methods,
    title = "Empirical Methods for Evaluating Dialog Systems",
    author = "Paek, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1614",
}
@inproceedings{paul-sumita-2001-integration,
    title = "Integration of Referential Scope Limitations into {J}apanese Pronoun Resolution",
    author = "Paul, Michael  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1615",
}
@inproceedings{purver-etal-2001-means,
    title = "On the Means for Clarification in Dialogue",
    author = "Purver, Matthew  and
      Ginzburg, Jonathan  and
      Healey, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1616",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-2001-plug,
    title = "Plug and Play Speech Understanding",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Lewin, Ian  and
      Gorrell, Genevieve  and
      Boye, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1617",
}
@inproceedings{san-segundo-etal-2001-designing,
    title = "Designing Confirmation Mechanisms and Error Recover Techniques in a Railway Information System for {S}panish",
    author = "San-Segundo, Ruben  and
      Montero, Juan Manuel  and
      Pardo, Jose Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1618",
}
@inproceedings{san-segundo-etal-2001-telephone,
    title = "A Telephone-Based Railway Information System for {S}panish: Development of a Methodology for Spoken Dialogue Design",
    author = "San-Segundo, Ruben  and
      Montero, Juan M.  and
      Guitierrez, Juana M.  and
      Gallardo, Ascension  and
      Romeral, Jose D.  and
      Pardo, Jose M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1619",
}
@inproceedings{sanchis-etal-2001-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach to the Development of Dialogue Systems directed by Semantics",
    author = "Sanchis, Emilio  and
      Galiano, Isabel  and
      Garcia, Fernando  and
      Cano, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1620",
}
@inproceedings{strayer-heeman-2001-reconciling,
    title = "Reconciling Initiative and Discourse Structure",
    author = "Strayer, Susan E.  and
      Heeman, Peter A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1621",
}
@inproceedings{sturm-etal-2001-adding,
    title = "Adding Extra Input/Output Modalities to a Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Sturm, Janienke  and
      Wang, Fusi  and
      Cranen, Bert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1622",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-2001-toward,
    title = "Toward a Large Spontaneous {M}andarin Dialogue Corpus",
    author = "Tseng, Shu-Chuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1623",
}
@inproceedings{van-rooy-2001-conversational,
    title = "Conversational Implicatures",
    author = "van Rooy, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1624",
}
@inproceedings{wichmann-caspers-2001-melodic,
    title = "Melodic Cues to Turn-Taking in {E}nglish: Evidence from Perception",
    author = "Wichmann, Anne  and
      Caspers, Johanneke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1625",
}
@inproceedings{wiebe-etal-2001-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus Study of Evaluative and Speculative Language",
    author = "Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Bruce, Rebecca  and
      Bell, Matthew  and
      Martin, Melanie  and
      Wilson, Theresa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1626",
}
@inproceedings{wood-2001-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Tagsets in Oncology",
    author = "Wood, Mary McGee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1627",
}
@inproceedings{yang-2001-visualizing,
    title = "Visualizing Spoken Discourse: Prosodic Form and Discourse Functions of Interruptions",
    author = "Yang, Li-chiung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1628",
}
@inproceedings{yasuda-etal-2001-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Dialogue Control Based on a Turn-minimization Criterion Depending on the Speech Recognition Accuracy",
    author = "Yasuda, Norihi  and
      Dohsaka, Kohji  and
      Aikawa, Kiyoaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1629",
}
@proceedings{ws-2001-nordic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    author = "Hein, Anna S{\aa}gvall",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
}
@inproceedings{ahrenberg-jonsson-2001-word,
    title = "From Word Alignment to Machine Translation via Superlinks",
    author = "Ahrenberg, Lars  and
      Jonsson, H{\aa}kan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1701",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2001-visl,
    title = "The {VISL} System: Research and applicative aspects of {IT}-based learning",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1702",
}
@inproceedings{carlberger-etal-2001-improving,
    title = "Improving Precision in Information Retrieval for {S}wedish using Stemming",
    author = "Carlberger, Johan  and
      Dalianis, Hercules  and
      Duneld, Martin  and
      Knutsson, Ola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1703",
}
@inproceedings{gustafson-capkova-2001-interaction,
    title = "The interaction between local focusing structure and global intentions in spoken discourse",
    author = "Gustafson-Capkov{\'a}, Sofia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1704",
}
@inproceedings{hagen-etal-2001-problems,
    title = "Some problems related to the development of a grammar checker",
    author = "Hagen, Kristin  and
      Johannessen, Janne Bondi  and
      Lane, Pia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1705",
}
@inproceedings{duneld-2001-internet,
    title = "{I}nternet as Corpus{--}Automatic Construction of a {S}wedish News Corpus",
    author = "Duneld, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1706",
}
@inproceedings{holen-etal-2001-ambiguity,
    title = "On Ambiguity in {I}nternet Searches",
    author = "Holen, Gordana Ilic  and
      von Koss Torkildsen, Janne  and
      Johannessen, Janne Bondi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1707",
}
@inproceedings{jauhiainen-2001-using,
    title = "Using existing written language analyzers in understanding natural spoken {F}innish",
    author = "Jauhiainen, Tommi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1708",
}
@inproceedings{johannessen-2001-en,
    title = "En automatisk navnegjenkjenner for norsk, svensk og dansk",
    author = "Johannessen, Janne Bondi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1709",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-2001-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Multimodal Interaction by Exploiting Unification and Integration Rules",
    author = "Johansson, H{\aa}kan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1710",
}
@inproceedings{kaipainen-etal-2001-clustering,
    title = "Clustering dialogue knowledge with self-organizing maps",
    author = "Kaipainen, Mauri  and
      Jokinen, Kristiina  and
      Koskenniemi, Timo  and
      Kerminen, Antti  and
      Kanto, Kari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1711",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-etal-2001-swedish,
    title = "{S}wedish {SENSEVAL}, a Developer{'}s Perspective",
    author = {Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      J{\"a}rborg, Jerker  and
      Cederholm, Yvonne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1712",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-etal-2001-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Extension of Semantic Lexicons in Large Scale",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Toporowska Gronostaj, Maria  and
      Warmenius, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1713",
}
@inproceedings{lager-2001-transformation,
    title = "Transformation-Based Learning of Rules for Constraint Grammar Tagging",
    author = {Lager, Torbj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1714",
}
@inproceedings{megyesi-2001-data,
    title = "Data-Driven Methods for {P}o{S} Tagging and Chunking of {S}wedish",
    author = "Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1715",
}
@inproceedings{merkel-2001-comparing,
    title = "Comparing source and target texts in a translation corpus",
    author = "Merkel, Magnus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1716",
}
@inproceedings{merkel-jonsson-2001-towards,
    title = "Towards multimodal public information systems",
    author = {Merkel, Magnus  and
      J{\"o}nsson, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1717",
}
@inproceedings{muurisep-2001-parsing,
    title = "Parsing {E}stonian with Constraint Grammar",
    author = {M{\"u}{\"u}risep, Kaili},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1718",
}
@inproceedings{navarretta-2001-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Situation Reference in {D}anish",
    author = "Navarretta, Costanza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1719",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-2001-statistical,
    title = "On Statistical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1720",
}
@inproceedings{sahlgren-swanberg-2001-using,
    title = "Using Linguistic Information to Improve the Performance of Vector-Based Semantic Analysis",
    author = "Sahlgren, Magnus  and
      Swanberg, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1721",
}
@inproceedings{sofkova-hashemi-2001-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Grammar Errors in Children{'}s Writing: A Finite State Approach",
    author = "Sofkova Hashemi, Sylvana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1722",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-2001-uplugweb,
    title = "{U}plug{W}eb{--}Corpus Tools on the Web",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1723",
}
@inproceedings{voutilainen-2001-parsing,
    title = "Parsing {S}wedish",
    author = "Voutilainen, Atro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1724",
}
@inproceedings{wilcock-2001-towards,
    title = "Towards a Discourse-Oriented Representation of Information Structure in {HPSG}",
    author = "Wilcock, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2001)",
    month = may,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Uppsala University, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1725",
}
@proceedings{ws-2001-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1800",
    pages = "i--xii",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-2001-issues,
    title = "Issues in Extracting Information from the Web",
    author = "Cohen, William W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1801",
    pages = "3",
}
@inproceedings{collins-2001-parameter,
    title = "Parameter Estimation for Statistical Parsing Models: Theory and Practice of",
    author = "Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1802",
    pages = "4--15",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-2001-xtag,
    title = "The {XTAG} Project at {P}enn",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1803",
    pages = "16--27",
}
@inproceedings{ageno-rodriguez-2001-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Modelling of Island-Driven Parsing",
    author = "Ageno, Alicia  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1804",
    pages = "31--41",
}
@inproceedings{alonso-etal-2001-bidirectional,
    title = "Bidirectional Automata for Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Alonso, Miguel A.  and
      D{\'\i}az, V{\'\i}ctor J.  and
      Vilares, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1805",
    pages = "42--53",
}
@inproceedings{andrei-2001-bidirectional,
    title = "Bidirectional Ascendant Parsing for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Andrei, Ştefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1806",
    pages = "54--65",
}
@inproceedings{bertsch-nederhof-2001-complexity,
    title = "On the Complexity of Some Extensions of {RCG} Parsing",
    author = "Bertsch, Eberhard  and
      Nederhof, Mark-Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1807",
    pages = "66--77",
}
@inproceedings{carrol-briscoe-2001-high,
    title = "High Precision Extraction of Grammatical Relations",
    author = "Carrol, John  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1808",
    pages = "78--89",
}
@inproceedings{ciortuz-2001-compilation,
    title = "On Compilation of the Quick-Check Filter for Feature Structure Unification",
    author = "Ciortuz, Liviu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1809",
    pages = "90--100",
}
@inproceedings{fortes-galvez-farre-2001-generalized,
    title = "Generalized $\varepsilon$-Skip Discriminating-Reverse Parsing on Graph-Structured Stack",
    author = "Fortes Gálvez, José  and
      Farr{\'e}, Jacques",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1810",
    pages = "101--111",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2001-grammar,
    title = "Grammar Induction by {MDL}-Based Distributional Classification",
    author = "Guo, Yikun  and
      Weng, Fuliang  and
      Wu, Lide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1811",
    pages = "112--122",
}
@inproceedings{klein-manning-2001-parsing-hypergraphs,
    title = "Parsing and Hypergraphs",
    author = "Klein, Dan  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1812",
    pages = "123--134",
}
@inproceedings{lv-etal-2001-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Prosody Phrase Boundaries for Text-to-Speech System",
    author = "Lv, Xin  and
      Zhao, Tie-jun  and
      Liu, Zhan-yi  and
      Yang, Mu-yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1813",
    pages = "135--141",
}
@inproceedings{niyogi-2001-minimalist,
    title = "A Minimalist Implementation of Verb Subcategorization",
    author = "Niyogi, Sourabh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1814",
    pages = "142--153",
}
@inproceedings{prins-van-noord-2001-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised {POS}-Tagging Improves Parsing Accuracy and Parsing Efficiency",
    author = "Prins, Robbert  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1815",
    pages = "154--165",
}
@inproceedings{sagae-etal-2001-parsing,
    title = "Parsing the {CHILDES} Database: Methodology and Lessons Learned",
    author = "Sagae, Kenji  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      MacWhinney, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1816",
    pages = "166--176",
}
@inproceedings{simaan-2001-robust,
    title = "Robust Data Oriented Parsing of Speech Utterances",
    author = "Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1817",
    pages = "177--188",
}
@inproceedings{weng-etal-2001-novel,
    title = "A Novel Probabilistic Model for Link Unification Grammar",
    author = "Weng, Fuliang  and
      Jin, Naiyong  and
      Meng, Jie  and
      Zhu, Yujia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1818",
    pages = "189--198",
}
@inproceedings{ait-mokhtar-etal-2001-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Input Dependency Parser",
    author = {A{\"\i}t-Mokhtar, Salah  and
      Chanod, Jean-Pierre  and
      Roux, Claude},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1819",
    pages = "201--204",
}
@inproceedings{blache-balfourier-2001-property,
    title = "Property Grammars: A Flexible Constraint-Based Approach to Parsing",
    author = "Blache, Philippe  and
      Balfourier, Jean-Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1820",
    pages = "205--208",
}
@inproceedings{ciortuz-2001-specialised,
    title = "On Specialised Compilation of Rules in Unification Grammars",
    author = "Ciortuz, Liviu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1821",
    pages = "209--212",
}
@inproceedings{dien-kiem-2001-approach,
    title = "An Approach to Parsing {V}ietnamese Noun Compounds",
    author = "Dien, Dinh  and
      Kiem, Hoang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1822",
    pages = "213--216",
}
@inproceedings{gentil-bonfante-das-gracas-volpe-nunes-2001-implementation,
    title = "The Implementation Process of a Statistical Parser for {B}razilian {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Gentil Bonfante, Andr{\'e}ia  and
      das Gra{\c{c}}as Volpe Nunes, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1823",
    pages = "217--220",
}
@inproceedings{horak-smrz-2001-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Sentence Parsing with Language Specific Features: A Case Study of {C}zech",
    author = "Hor{\'a}k, Ale{\v{s}}  and
      Smr{\v{z}}, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1824",
    pages = "221--224",
}
@inproceedings{kato-etal-2001-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Incremental Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Kato, Yoshihide  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki  and
      Toyama, Katsuhiko  and
      Inagaki, Yasuyoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1825",
    pages = "225--228",
}
@inproceedings{luk-etal-2001-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Grammar Partitioning for Syntactic Parsing",
    author = "Luk, Po Chui  and
      Weng, Fuliang  and
      Meng, Helen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1826",
    pages = "229--232",
}
@inproceedings{minnen-etal-2001-direct,
    title = "Direct Bottom-Up Chart Parsing Using Abbreviated Context-Free Grammars",
    author = "Minnen, Guido  and
      Thompson, William  and
      Bliss, Harry  and
      Russell, Dale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1827",
    pages = "233--236",
}
@inproceedings{platek-etal-2001-word,
    title = "Word-Order Relaxations {\&} Restrictions within a Dependency Grammar",
    author = "Pl{\'a}tek, Martin  and
      Holan, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Kubo{\v{n}}, Vladislav  and
      Oliva, Karel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1828",
    pages = "237--240",
}
@inproceedings{prescher-2001-inside,
    title = "Inside-Outside Estimation Meets Dynamic {EM}",
    author = "Prescher, Detlef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1829",
    pages = "241--244",
}
@inproceedings{sta-chiao-2001-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Acquisition from a Text by a Linguistic and Statistical Method",
    author = "Sta, Jean-David  and
      Chiao, Yun-Chuang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1830",
    pages = "245--248",
}
@inproceedings{swen-2001-buffered,
    title = "Buffered Shift-Reduce Parsing",
    author = "Swen, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1831",
    pages = "249--252",
}
@inproceedings{zeman-2001-much,
    title = "How Much Will a {RE}-Based Preprocessor Help a Statistical Parser?",
    author = "Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-1832",
    pages = "253--256",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    author = "Purver, Matthew  and
      Sadrzadeh, Mehrnoosh  and
      Stone, Matthew",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0100",
}
@inproceedings{emerson-copestake-2015-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging a Semantically Annotated Corpus to Disambiguate Prepositional Phrase Attachment",
    author = "Emerson, Guy  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0101",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{bailey-etal-2015-prepositional,
    title = "Prepositional Phrase Attachment Problem Revisited: how Verbnet can Help",
    author = "Bailey, Daniel  and
      Lierler, Yuliya  and
      Susman, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0102",
    pages = "12--22",
}
@inproceedings{bakhshandeh-allen-2015-adjective,
    title = "From Adjective Glosses to Attribute Concepts: Learning Different Aspects That an Adjective Can Describe",
    author = "Bakhshandeh, Omid  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0103",
    pages = "23--33",
}
@inproceedings{bott-schulte-im-walde-2015-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Fine-grained Syntactic Transfer Features to Predict the Compositionality of {G}erman Particle Verbs",
    author = "Bott, Stefan  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0104",
    pages = "34--39",
}
@inproceedings{koper-etal-2015-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Reliability and {``}Semantic{''} Structure of Continuous Word Spaces",
    author = {K{\"o}per, Maximilian  and
      Scheible, Christian  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0105",
    pages = "40--45",
}
@inproceedings{schloder-fernandez-2015-clarifying,
    title = "Clarifying Intentions in Dialogue: A Corpus Study",
    author = {Schl{\"o}der, Julian J.  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0106",
    pages = "46--51",
}
@inproceedings{fagarasan-etal-2015-distributional,
    title = "From distributional semantics to feature norms: grounding semantic models in human perceptual data",
    author = "Fagarasan, Luana  and
      Vecchi, Eva Maria  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0107",
    pages = "52--57",
}
@inproceedings{kisselew-etal-2015-obtaining,
    title = "Obtaining a Better Understanding of Distributional Models of {G}erman Derivational Morphology",
    author = "Kisselew, Max  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0108",
    pages = "58--63",
}
@inproceedings{szymanik-thorne-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Complexity of Quantifiers and Their Distribution in Corpora",
    author = "Szymanik, Jakub  and
      Thorne, Camilo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0109",
    pages = "64--69",
}
@inproceedings{lopopolo-van-miltenburg-2015-sound,
    title = "Sound-based distributional models",
    author = "Lopopolo, Alessandro  and
      van Miltenburg, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0110",
    pages = "70--75",
}
@inproceedings{vaidyanathan-etal-2015-alignment,
    title = "Alignment of Eye Movements and Spoken Language for Semantic Image Understanding",
    author = "Vaidyanathan, Preethi  and
      Prud{'}hommeaux, Emily  and
      O. Alm, Cecilia  and
      Pelz, Jeff B.  and
      Haake, Anne R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0111",
    pages = "76--81",
}
@inproceedings{ziering-van-der-plas-2015-distance,
    title = "From a Distance: Using Cross-lingual Word Alignments for Noun Compound Bracketing",
    author = "Ziering, Patrick  and
      van der Plas, Lonneke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0112",
    pages = "82--87",
}
@inproceedings{anaya-sanchez-penas-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Coherent and General Semantic Classes for Entity Aggregates",
    author = "Anaya-S{\'a}nchez, Henry  and
      Pe{\~n}as, Anselmo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0113",
    pages = "88--93",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-de-lacalle-agirre-2015-crowdsourced,
    title = "Crowdsourced Word Sense Annotations and Difficult Words and Examples",
    author = "Lopez de Lacalle, Oier  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0114",
    pages = "94--100",
}
@inproceedings{negi-buitelaar-2015-curse,
    title = "Curse or Boon? Presence of Subjunctive Mood in Opinionated Text",
    author = "Negi, Sapna  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0115",
    pages = "101--106",
}
@inproceedings{horvat-etal-2015-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Statistical Semantic Realization for Minimal Recursion Semantics",
    author = "Horvat, Matic  and
      Copestake, Ann  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0116",
    pages = "107--117",
}
@inproceedings{torabi-asr-demberg-2015-uniform,
    title = "Uniform Surprisal at the Level of Discourse Relations: Negation Markers and Discourse Connective Omission",
    author = "Torabi Asr, Fatemeh  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0117",
    pages = "118--128",
}
@inproceedings{clarke-keller-2015-efficiency,
    title = "Efficiency in Ambiguity: Two Models of Probabilistic Semantics for Natural Language",
    author = "Clarke, Daoud  and
      Keller, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0118",
    pages = "129--139",
}
@inproceedings{beltagy-erk-2015-proper,
    title = "On the Proper Treatment of Quantifiers in Probabilistic Logic Semantics",
    author = "Beltagy, Islam  and
      Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0119",
    pages = "140--150",
}
@inproceedings{herbelot-2015-mr,
    title = "Mr Darcy and Mr Toad, gentlemen: distributional names and their kinds",
    author = "Herbelot, Aur{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0120",
    pages = "151--161",
}
@inproceedings{iosif-potamianos-2015-feeling,
    title = "Feeling is Understanding: From Affective to Semantic Spaces",
    author = "Iosif, Elias  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0121",
    pages = "162--172",
}
@inproceedings{dima-hinrichs-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Noun Compound Interpretation using Deep Neural Networks and Word Embeddings",
    author = "Dima, Corina  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0122",
    pages = "173--183",
}
@inproceedings{hunter-etal-2015-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Non-Linguistic Events into Discourse Structure",
    author = "Hunter, Julie  and
      Asher, Nicholas  and
      Lascarides, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0123",
    pages = "184--194",
}
@inproceedings{kennington-etal-2015-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Model for Perceptually-Grounded Incremental Reference Resolution",
    author = "Kennington, Casey  and
      Dia, Livia  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0124",
    pages = "195--205",
}
@inproceedings{hough-etal-2015-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Semantics for Dialogue Processing: Requirements, and a Comparison of Two Approaches",
    author = "Hough, Julian  and
      Kennington, Casey  and
      Schlangen, David  and
      Ginzburg, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0125",
    pages = "206--216",
}
@inproceedings{agic-etal-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Dependency Graph Parsing Using Tree Approximations",
    author = "Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Koller, Alexander  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0126",
    pages = "217--227",
}
@inproceedings{koller-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic construction with graph grammars",
    author = "Koller, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0127",
    pages = "228--238",
}
@inproceedings{bender-etal-2015-layers,
    title = "Layers of Interpretation: On Grammar and Compositionality",
    author = "Bender, Emily M.  and
      Flickinger, Dan  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Packard, Woodley  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0128",
    pages = "239--249",
}
@inproceedings{schloder-fernandez-2015-pragmatic,
    title = "Pragmatic Rejection",
    author = {Schl{\"o}der, Julian J.  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0129",
    pages = "250--260",
}
@inproceedings{eshghi-etal-2015-feedback,
    title = "Feedback in Conversation as Incremental Semantic Update",
    author = "Eshghi, Arash  and
      Howes, Christine  and
      Gregoromichelaki, Eleni  and
      Hough, Julian  and
      Purver, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0130",
    pages = "261--271",
}
@inproceedings{venant-asher-2015-dynamics,
    title = "Dynamics of Public Commitments in Dialogue",
    author = "Venant, Antoine  and
      Asher, Nicholas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0131",
    pages = "272--282",
}
@inproceedings{alluhaibi-2015-simple,
    title = "Simple Interval Temporal Logic for Natural Language Assertion Descriptions",
    author = "Alluhaibi, Reyadh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0132",
    pages = "283--293",
}
@inproceedings{freitas-etal-2015-hard,
    title = "How hard is this query? Measuring the Semantic Complexity of Schema-agnostic Queries",
    author = "Freitas, Andr{\'e}  and
      Efson Sales, Juliano  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried  and
      Curry, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0133",
    pages = "294--304",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-joint,
    title = "Proceedings of the 11th Joint {ACL}-{ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-11)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0200",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-2015-principles,
    title = "On the Principles of Semantic Annotation",
    author = "Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Joint {ACL}-{ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-11)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0201",
}
@inproceedings{crible-zufferey-2015-using,
    title = "Using a unified taxonomy to annotate discourse markers in speech and writing",
    author = "Crible, Ludivine  and
      Zufferey, Sandrine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Joint {ACL}-{ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-11)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0202",
}
@inproceedings{gast-etal-2015-creating,
    title = "Creating and retrieving tense and aspect annotation with {G}raph{A}nno, a lightweight tool for multi-level annotation",
    author = "Gast, Volker  and
      Bierkandt, Lennart  and
      Rzymski, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Joint {ACL}-{ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-11)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0203",
}
@inproceedings{bosque-gil-pustejovsky-2015-semantics,
    title = "The Semantics of Image Annotation",
    author = "Bosque-Gil, Julia  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Joint {ACL}-{ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-11)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0204",
}
@inproceedings{hoek-zufferey-2015-factors,
    title = "Factors Influencing the Implicitation of Discourse Relations across Languages",
    author = "Hoek, Jet  and
      Zufferey, Sandrine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Joint {ACL}-{ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-11)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0205",
}
@inproceedings{jezek-varvara-2015-instrument,
    title = "Instrument subjects without Instrument role",
    author = "Je{\v{z}}ek, Elisabetta  and
      Varvara, Rossella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Joint {ACL}-{ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-11)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0206",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2015-annotation,
    title = "The Annotation of Measure Expressions in {ISO} Standards",
    author = "Lee, Kiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Joint {ACL}-{ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-11)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0207",
}
@inproceedings{neale-etal-2015-flexible,
    title = "A Flexible Tool for Manual Word Sense Annotation",
    author = "Neale, Steven  and
      Silva, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Joint {ACL}-{ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-11)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0208",
}
@inproceedings{pareti-2015-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Attribution Relations across Languages and Genres",
    author = "Pareti, Silvia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Joint {ACL}-{ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-11)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0209",
}
@inproceedings{prasad-bunt-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Relations in Discourse: The Current State of {ISO} 24617-8",
    author = "Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Joint {ACL}-{ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-11)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0210",
}
@inproceedings{tissot-etal-2015-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Temporal Expressions Annotated in Clinical Notes",
    author = "Tissot, Hegler  and
      Roberts, Angus  and
      Derczynski, Leon  and
      Gorrell, Genevieve  and
      Del Fabro, Marcus Didonet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Joint {ACL}-{ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-11)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0211",
}
@inproceedings{trione-etal-2015-rapid,
    title = "Rapid {F}rame{N}et annotation of spoken conversation transcripts",
    author = "Trione, Jeremy  and
      Bechet, Frederic  and
      Favre, Benoit  and
      Nasr, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Joint {ACL}-{ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation ({ISA}-11)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0212",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-models,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Models for Modality Annotation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}
@inproceedings{avila-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards a Unified Approach to Modality Annotation in {P}ortuguese",
    author = "{\'A}vila, Luciana Beatriz  and
      Mendes, Am{\'a}lia  and
      Hendrickx, Iris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Models for Modality Annotation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0301",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-vogel-2015-hedging,
    title = "A hedging annotation scheme focused on epistemic phrases for informal language",
    author = "Sanchez, Liliana Mamani  and
      Vogel, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Models for Modality Annotation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0302",
}
@inproceedings{gast-etal-2015-annotating,
    title = "Annotating modals with {G}raph{A}nno, a configurable lightweight tool for multi-level annotation",
    author = "Gast, Volker  and
      Bierkandt, Lennart  and
      Rzymski, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Models for Modality Annotation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0303",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Language and Ontologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}
@inproceedings{krieger-willms-2015-extending,
    title = "Extending {OWL} Ontologies by {C}artesian Types to Represent N-ary Relations in Natural Language",
    author = "Krieger, Hans-Ulrich  and
      Willms, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Language and Ontologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0401",
}
@inproceedings{parvizi-etal-2015-ontology,
    title = "Ontology Authoring Inspired By Dialogue",
    author = "Parvizi, Artemis  and
      Ren, Yuan  and
      Vigo, Markel  and
      van Deemter, Kees  and
      Mellish, Chris  and
      Pan, Jeff Z.  and
      Stevens, Robert  and
      Jay, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Language and Ontologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0402",
}
@inproceedings{roth-klein-2015-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Software Requirements with an Ontology-based Semantic Role Labeler",
    author = "Roth, Michael  and
      Klein, Ewan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Language and Ontologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0403",
}
@inproceedings{khan-frontini-2015-using,
    title = "Using Ontologies to Model Polysemy in Lexical Resources",
    author = "Khan, Fahad  and
      Frontini, Francesca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Language and Ontologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0404",
}
@inproceedings{couto-vale-de-oliveira-2015-modelling,
    title = "Modelling time and space in {B}razilian culture",
    author = "Couto-Vale, Daniel  and
      de Oliveira, Rodrigo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Language and Ontologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0405",
}
@inproceedings{corman-etal-2015-trimming,
    title = "Trimming a consistent {OWL} knowledge base, relying on linguistic evidence",
    author = "Corman, Julien  and
      Aussenac-Gilles, Nathalie  and
      Vieu, Laure",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Language and Ontologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0406",
}
@inproceedings{cerutti-etal-2015-lying,
    title = "When is Lying the Right Choice?",
    author = "Cerutti, Federico  and
      Parvizi, Artemis  and
      Toniolo, Alice  and
      Braines, Dave  and
      de Mel, Geeth R.  and
      Norman, Timothy J.  and
      Oren, Nir  and
      Pan, Jeff Z.  and
      Pearson, Gavin  and
      Pipes, Stephen D.  and
      Sullivan, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Language and Ontologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2015",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0407",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-argumentation,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    author = "Cardie, Claire",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, CO",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0500",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-05",
}
@inproceedings{kirschner-etal-2015-linking,
    title = "Linking the Thoughts: Analysis of Argumentation Structures in Scientific Publications",
    author = "Kirschner, Christian  and
      Eckle-Kohler, Judith  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, CO",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0501",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0501",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{green-2015-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Argumentation Schemes in Genetics Research Articles",
    author = "Green, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, CO",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0502",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0502",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-litman-2015-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Argument and Domain Words for Identifying Argument Components in Texts",
    author = "Nguyen, Huy  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, CO",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0503",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0503",
    pages = "22--28",
}
@inproceedings{carstens-toni-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards relation based Argumentation Mining",
    author = "Carstens, Lucas  and
      Toni, Francesca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, CO",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0504",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0504",
    pages = "29--34",
}
@inproceedings{kiesel-etal-2015-shared,
    title = "A Shared Task on Argumentation Mining in Newspaper Editorials",
    author = "Kiesel, Johannes  and
      Al-Khatib, Khalid  and
      Hagen, Matthias  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, CO",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0505",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0505",
    pages = "35--38",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2015-conditional,
    title = "Conditional Random Fields for Identifying Appropriate Types of Support for Propositions in Online User Comments",
    author = "Park, Joonsuk  and
      Katiyar, Arzoo  and
      Yang, Bishan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, CO",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0506",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0506",
    pages = "39--44",
}
@inproceedings{reisert-etal-2015-computational,
    title = "A Computational Approach for Generating Toulmin Model Argumentation",
    author = "Reisert, Paul  and
      Inoue, Naoya  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, CO",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0507",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0507",
    pages = "45--55",
}
@inproceedings{sardianos-etal-2015-argument,
    title = "Argument Extraction from News",
    author = "Sardianos, Christos  and
      Katakis, Ioannis Manousos  and
      Petasis, Georgios  and
      Karkaletsis, Vangelis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, CO",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0508",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0508",
    pages = "56--66",
}
@inproceedings{sobhani-etal-2015-argumentation,
    title = "From Argumentation Mining to Stance Classification",
    author = "Sobhani, Parinaz  and
      Inkpen, Diana  and
      Matwin, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, CO",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0509",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0509",
    pages = "67--77",
}
@inproceedings{wyner-etal-2015-argument,
    title = "Argument Discovery and Extraction with the Argument Workbench",
    author = "Wyner, Adam  and
      Peters, Wim  and
      Price, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, CO",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0510",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0510",
    pages = "78--83",
}
@inproceedings{bilu-etal-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Claim Negation: Why, How and When",
    author = "Bilu, Yonatan  and
      Hershcovich, Daniel  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, CO",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0511",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0511",
    pages = "84--93",
}
@inproceedings{yanase-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Sentence Ordering for Opinion Generation of Debate",
    author = "Yanase, Toshihiko  and
      Miyoshi, Toshinori  and
      Yanai, Kohsuke  and
      Sato, Misa  and
      Iwayama, Makoto  and
      Niwa, Yoshiki  and
      Reisert, Paul  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, CO",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0512",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0512",
    pages = "94--103",
}
@inproceedings{peldszus-stede-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards Detecting Counter-considerations in Text",
    author = "Peldszus, Andreas  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, CO",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0513",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0513",
    pages = "104--109",
}
@inproceedings{boltuzic-snajder-2015-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Prominent Arguments in Online Debates Using Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Boltu{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Filip  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, CO",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0514",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0514",
    pages = "110--115",
}
@inproceedings{oraby-etal-2015-thats,
    title = "And That{'}s A Fact: Distinguishing Factual and Emotional Argumentation in Online Dialogue",
    author = "Oraby, Shereen  and
      Reed, Lena  and
      Compton, Ryan  and
      Riloff, Ellen  and
      Walker, Marilyn  and
      Whittaker, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, CO",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0515",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0515",
    pages = "116--126",
}
@inproceedings{lawrence-reed-2015-combining,
    title = "Combining Argument Mining Techniques",
    author = "Lawrence, John  and
      Reed, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, CO",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0516",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0516",
    pages = "127--136",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-innovative,
    title = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Leacock, Claudia",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0600",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-06",
}
@inproceedings{beinborn-etal-2015-candidate,
    title = "Candidate evaluation strategies for improved difficulty prediction of language tests",
    author = "Beinborn, Lisa  and
      Zesch, Torsten  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0601",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0601",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{loukina-etal-2015-feature,
    title = "Feature selection for automated speech scoring",
    author = "Loukina, Anastassia  and
      Zechner, Klaus  and
      Chen, Lei  and
      Heilman, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0602",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0602",
    pages = "12--19",
}
@inproceedings{rahimi-etal-2015-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Coherence of Topics as a Criterion in Automatic Response-to-Text Assessment of the Organization of Writing",
    author = "Rahimi, Zahra  and
      Litman, Diane  and
      Wang, Elaine  and
      Correnti, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0603",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0603",
    pages = "20--30",
}
@inproceedings{ledbetter-dickinson-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic morphological analysis of learner {H}ungarian",
    author = "Ledbetter, Scott  and
      Dickinson, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0604",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0604",
    pages = "31--41",
}
@inproceedings{somasundaran-etal-2015-automated,
    title = "Automated Scoring of Picture-based Story Narration",
    author = "Somasundaran, Swapna  and
      Lee, Chong Min  and
      Chodorow, Martin  and
      Wang, Xinhao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0605",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0605",
    pages = "42--48",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-cahill-2015-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Feature Diversity in Native Language Identification",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Cahill, Aoife",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0606",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0606",
    pages = "49--55",
}
@inproceedings{daudaravicius-2015-automated,
    title = "Automated Evaluation of Scientific Writing: {AESW} Shared Task Proposal",
    author = "Daudaravi{\v{c}}ius, Vidas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0607",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0607",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{farra-etal-2015-scoring,
    title = "Scoring Persuasive Essays Using Opinions and their Targets",
    author = "Farra, Noura  and
      Somasundaran, Swapna  and
      Burstein, Jill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0608",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0608",
    pages = "64--74",
}
@inproceedings{goutte-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Description of Knowledge Components",
    author = "Goutte, Cyril  and
      Durand, Guillaume  and
      L{\'e}ger, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0609",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0609",
    pages = "75--80",
}
@inproceedings{heilman-madnani-2015-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Training Data on Automated Short Answer Scoring Performance",
    author = "Heilman, Michael  and
      Madnani, Nitin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0610",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0610",
    pages = "81--85",
}
@inproceedings{jaffe-etal-2015-interpreting,
    title = "Interpreting Questions with a Log-Linear Ranking Model in a Virtual Patient Dialogue System",
    author = "Jaffe, Evan  and
      White, Michael  and
      Schuler, William  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric  and
      Rosenfeld, Alex  and
      Danforth, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0611",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0611",
    pages = "86--96",
}
@inproceedings{ramachandran-etal-2015-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Patterns For Short Answer Scoring Using Graph-based Lexico-Semantic Text Matching",
    author = "Ramachandran, Lakshmi  and
      Cheng, Jian  and
      Foltz, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0612",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0612",
    pages = "97--106",
}
@inproceedings{volodina-pijetlovic-2015-lark,
    title = "Lark Trills for Language Drills: Text-to-speech technology for language learners",
    author = "Volodina, Elena  and
      Pijetlovic, Dijana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0613",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0613",
    pages = "107--117",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-jinan,
    title = "The Jinan {C}hinese Learner Corpus",
    author = "Wang, Maolin  and
      Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Huang, Mingxuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0614",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0614",
    pages = "118--123",
}
@inproceedings{zesch-etal-2015-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Annotation Efforts in Supervised Short Answer Scoring",
    author = "Zesch, Torsten  and
      Heilman, Michael  and
      Cahill, Aoife",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0615",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0615",
    pages = "124--132",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-litman-2015-annotation,
    title = "Annotation and Classification of Argumentative Writing Revisions",
    author = "Zhang, Fan  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0616",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0616",
    pages = "133--143",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-embarrassed,
    title = "Embarrassed or Awkward? Ranking Emotion Synonyms for {ESL} Learners{'} Appropriate Wording",
    author = "Chen, Wei-Fan  and
      Chen, Mei-Hua  and
      Ku, Lun-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0617",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0617",
    pages = "144--153",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2015-revup,
    title = "{R}ev{UP}: Automatic Gap-Fill Question Generation from Educational Texts",
    author = "Kumar, Girish  and
      Banchs, Rafael  and
      D{'}Haro, Luis Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0618",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0618",
    pages = "154--161",
}
@inproceedings{madnani-etal-2015-preliminary,
    title = "Preliminary Experiments on Crowdsourced Evaluation of Feedback Granularity",
    author = "Madnani, Nitin  and
      Chodorow, Martin  and
      Cahill, Aoife  and
      Lopez, Melissa  and
      Futagi, Yoko  and
      Attali, Yigal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0619",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0619",
    pages = "162--171",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-etal-2015-oracle,
    title = "Oracle and Human Baselines for Native Language Identification",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0620",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0620",
    pages = "172--178",
}
@inproceedings{wilson-martin-2015-using,
    title = "Using {PEGW}riting® to Support the Writing Motivation and Writing Quality of Eighth-Grade Students: A Quasi-Experimental Study",
    author = "Wilson, Joshua  and
      Martin, Trish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0621",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0621",
    pages = "179--189",
}
@inproceedings{mathew-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards Creating Pedagogic Views from Encyclopedic Resources",
    author = "Mathew, Ditty  and
      Eswaran, Dhivya  and
      Chakraborti, Sutanu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0622",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0622",
    pages = "190--195",
}
@inproceedings{niraula-rus-2015-judging,
    title = "Judging the Quality of Automatically Generated Gap-fill Question using Active Learning",
    author = "Niraula, Nobal Bikram  and
      Rus, Vasile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0623",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0623",
    pages = "196--206",
}
@inproceedings{ramachandran-foltz-2015-generating,
    title = "Generating Reference Texts for Short Answer Scoring Using Graph-based Summarization",
    author = "Ramachandran, Lakshmi  and
      Foltz, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0624",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0624",
    pages = "207--212",
}
@inproceedings{yannakoudakis-cummins-2015-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the performance of Automated Text Scoring systems",
    author = "Yannakoudakis, Helen  and
      Cummins, Ronan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0625",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0625",
    pages = "213--223",
}
@inproceedings{zesch-etal-2015-task,
    title = "Task-Independent Features for Automated Essay Grading",
    author = "Zesch, Torsten  and
      Wojatzki, Michael  and
      Scholten-Akoun, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0626",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0626",
    pages = "224--232",
}
@inproceedings{kochmar-briscoe-2015-using,
    title = "Using Learner Data to Improve Error Correction in Adjective{--}Noun Combinations",
    author = "Kochmar, Ekaterina  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0627",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0627",
    pages = "233--242",
}
@inproceedings{willis-2015-using,
    title = "Using {NLP} to Support Scalable Assessment of Short Free Text Responses",
    author = "Willis, Alistair",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0628",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0628",
    pages = "243--253",
}
@inproceedings{napoles-callison-burch-2015-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Scoring Freshman Writing: A Preliminary Investigation",
    author = "Napoles, Courtney  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0629",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0629",
    pages = "254--263",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    author = "Feldman, Anna  and
      Kazantseva, Anna  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan  and
      Koolen, Corina",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0700",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-07",
}
@inproceedings{scrivner-kubler-2015-tools,
    title = "Tools for Digital Humanities: Enabling Access to the Old Occitan Romance of Flamenca",
    author = {Scrivner, Olga  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0701",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0701",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{mccurdy-etal-2015-rhymedesign,
    title = "{R}hyme{D}esign: A Tool for Analyzing Sonic Devices in Poetry",
    author = "McCurdy, Nina  and
      Srikumar, Vivek  and
      Meyer, Miriah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0702",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0702",
    pages = "12--22",
}
@inproceedings{dubremetz-nivre-2015-rhetorical,
    title = "Rhetorical Figure Detection: the Case of Chiasmus",
    author = "Dubremetz, Marie  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0703",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0703",
    pages = "23--31",
}
@inproceedings{jayannavar-etal-2015-validating,
    title = "Validating Literary Theories Using Automatic Social Network Extraction",
    author = "Jayannavar, Prashant  and
      Agarwal, Apoorv  and
      Ju, Melody  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0704",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0704",
    pages = "32--41",
}
@inproceedings{brooke-etal-2015-gutentag,
    title = "{G}uten{T}ag: an {NLP}-driven Tool for Digital Humanities Research in the Project {G}utenberg Corpus",
    author = "Brooke, Julian  and
      Hammond, Adam  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0705",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0705",
    pages = "42--47",
}
@inproceedings{cap-etal-2015-pilot,
    title = "A Pilot Experiment on Exploiting Translations for Literary Studies on Kafka{'}s {``}Verwandlung{''}",
    author = {Cap, Fabienne  and
      R{\"o}siger, Ina  and
      Kuhn, Jonas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0706",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0706",
    pages = "48--57",
}
@inproceedings{van-cranenburgh-koolen-2015-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Literary Texts with Bigrams",
    author = "van Cranenburgh, Andreas  and
      Koolen, Corina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0707",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0707",
    pages = "58--67",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-2015-visualizing,
    title = "Visualizing Poetry with {SPARSAR} {--} Visual Maps from Poetic Content",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0708",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0708",
    pages = "68--78",
}
@inproceedings{evert-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards a better understanding of Burrows{'}s Delta in literary authorship attribution",
    author = {Evert, Stefan  and
      Proisl, Thomas  and
      Vitt, Thorsten  and
      Sch{\"o}ch, Christof  and
      Jannidis, Fotis  and
      Pielstr{\"o}m, Steffen},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0709",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0709",
    pages = "79--88",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-etal-2015-gender,
    title = "Gender-Based Vocation Identification in {S}wedish 19th Century Prose Fiction using Linguistic Patterns, {NER} and {CRF} Learning",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Ighe, Ann  and
      Malm, Mats",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0710",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0710",
    pages = "89--97",
}
@inproceedings{krug-etal-2015-rule,
    title = "Rule-based Coreference Resolution in {G}erman Historic Novels",
    author = "Krug, Markus  and
      Puppe, Frank  and
      Jannidis, Fotis  and
      Macharowsky, Luisa  and
      Reger, Isabella  and
      Weimar, Lukas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0711",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0711",
    pages = "98--104",
}
@inproceedings{navarro-2015-computational,
    title = "A computational linguistic approach to {S}panish Golden Age Sonnets: metrical and semantic aspects",
    author = "Navarro, Borja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0712",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0712",
    pages = "105--113",
}
@inproceedings{besacier-schwartz-2015-automated,
    title = "AUTOMATED TRANSLATION OF A LITERARY WORK: A PILOT STUDY",
    author = "Besacier, Laurent  and
      Schwartz, Lane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0713",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0713",
    pages = "114--122",
}
@inproceedings{toral-way-2015-translating,
    title = "Translating Literary Text between Related Languages using {SMT}",
    author = "Toral, Antonio  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0714",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0714",
    pages = "123--132",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-events,
    title = "Proceedings of the The 3rd Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0800",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-08",
}
@inproceedings{cybulska-vossen-2015-translating,
    title = "Translating Granularity of Event Slots into Features for Event Coreference Resolution.",
    author = "Cybulska, Agata  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the The 3rd Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0801",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0801",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{fauceglia-etal-2015-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation via {P}rop{S}tore and {O}nto{N}otes for Event Mention Detection",
    author = "Fauceglia, Nicolas R.  and
      Lin, Yiu-Chang  and
      Ma, Xuezhe  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the The 3rd Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0802",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0802",
    pages = "11--15",
}
@inproceedings{feltracco-etal-2015-opposition,
    title = "Opposition Relations among Verb Frames",
    author = "Feltracco, Anna  and
      Jezek, Elisabetta  and
      Magnini, Bernardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the The 3rd Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0803",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0803",
    pages = "16--24",
}
@inproceedings{hautli-janisz-etal-2015-encoding,
    title = "Encoding event structure in {U}rdu/{H}indi {V}erb{N}et",
    author = "Hautli-Janisz, Annette  and
      King, Tracy Holloway  and
      Ramchand, Gilian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the The 3rd Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0804",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0804",
    pages = "25--33",
}
@inproceedings{keane-etal-2015-using,
    title = "Using Topic Modeling and Similarity Thresholds to Detect Events",
    author = "Keane, Nathan  and
      Yee, Connie  and
      Zhou, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the The 3rd Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0805",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0805",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{li-girju-2015-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Causally Embedded Structures Using an Evolutionary Algorithm",
    author = "Li, Chen  and
      Girju, Roxana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the The 3rd Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0806",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0806",
    pages = "43--52",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2015-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Algorithms for Event Nugget Detection : A Pilot Study",
    author = "Liu, Zhengzhong  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the The 3rd Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0807",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0807",
    pages = "53--57",
}
@inproceedings{manrique-losada-zapata-jaramillo-2015-event,
    title = "Event analysis for information extraction from business-based technical documents",
    author = "Manrique Losada, Bell  and
      Zapata Jaramillo, Carlos Mario",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the The 3rd Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0808",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0808",
    pages = "58--65",
}
@inproceedings{mitamura-etal-2015-event,
    title = "Event Nugget Annotation: Processes and Issues",
    author = "Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Yamakawa, Yukari  and
      Holm, Susan  and
      Song, Zhiyi  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Kulick, Seth  and
      Strassel, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the The 3rd Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0809",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0809",
    pages = "66--76",
}
@inproceedings{olshefski-2015-game,
    title = "Game-Changing Event Definition and Detection in an e{S}ports Corpus",
    author = "Olshefski, Emily",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the The 3rd Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0810",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0810",
    pages = "77--81",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-etal-2015-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Various Kinds of Event Mentions in K-Parser Output",
    author = "Sharma, Arpit  and
      Vo, Nguyen  and
      Aditya, Somak  and
      Baral, Chitta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the The 3rd Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0811",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0811",
    pages = "82--88",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2015-light,
    title = "From Light to Rich {ERE}: Annotation of Entities, Relations, and Events",
    author = "Song, Zhiyi  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Riese, Tom  and
      Mott, Justin  and
      Ellis, Joe  and
      Wright, Jonathan  and
      Kulick, Seth  and
      Ryant, Neville  and
      Ma, Xiaoyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the The 3rd Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0812",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0812",
    pages = "89--98",
}
@inproceedings{takabatake-etal-2015-classification,
    title = "Classification and Acquisition of Contradictory Event Pairs using Crowdsourcing",
    author = "Takabatake, Yu  and
      Morita, Hajime  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Matsuo, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the The 3rd Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0813",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0813",
    pages = "99--107",
}
@inproceedings{vossen-etal-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Interoperability for Cross-lingual and cross-document Event Detection",
    author = "Vossen, Piek  and
      Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Aldabe, Itziar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the The 3rd Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0814",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0814",
    pages = "108--116",
}
@inproceedings{yee-etal-2015-modeling,
    title = "Modeling and Characterizing Social Media Topics Using the Gamma Distribution",
    author = "Yee, Connie  and
      Keane, Nathan  and
      Zhou, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the The 3rd Workshop on {EVENTS}: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0815",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0815",
    pages = "117--122",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-multiword,
    title = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0900",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-09",
}
@inproceedings{nokel-loukachevitch-2015-method,
    title = "A Method of Accounting Bigrams in Topic Models",
    author = "Nokel, Michael  and
      Loukachevitch, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0901",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0901",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{sangati-van-cranenburgh-2015-multiword,
    title = "Multiword Expression Identification with Recurring Tree Fragments and Association Measures",
    author = "Sangati, Federico  and
      van Cranenburgh, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0902",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0902",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{cap-etal-2015-account,
    title = "How to Account for Idiomatic {G}erman Support Verb Constructions in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Cap, Fabienne  and
      Nirmal, Manju  and
      Weller, Marion  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0903",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0903",
    pages = "19--28",
}
@inproceedings{farahmand-etal-2015-multiword,
    title = "A Multiword Expression Data Set: Annotating Non-Compositionality and Conventionalization for {E}nglish Noun Compounds",
    author = "Farahmand, Meghdad  and
      Smith, Aaron  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0904",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0904",
    pages = "29--33",
}
@inproceedings{farahmand-nivre-2015-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the Statistical Idiosyncrasy of Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Farahmand, Meghdad  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0905",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0905",
    pages = "34--38",
}
@inproceedings{tutubalina-2015-clustering,
    title = "Clustering-based Approach to Multiword Expression Extraction and Ranking",
    author = "Tutubalina, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0906",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0906",
    pages = "39--43",
}
@inproceedings{kay-michaelis-2015-constructions,
    title = "How Constructions Mean",
    author = "Kay, Paul  and
      Michaelis, Laura A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0907",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0907",
    pages = "44",
}
@inproceedings{rondon-etal-2015-never,
    title = "Never-Ending Multiword Expressions Learning",
    author = "Rondon, Alexandre  and
      Caseli, Helena  and
      Ramisch, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0908",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0908",
    pages = "45--53",
}
@inproceedings{salehi-etal-2015-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Multiword Expression Compositionality on Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Salehi, Bahar  and
      Mathur, Nitika  and
      Cook, Paul  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0909",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0909",
    pages = "54--59",
}
@inproceedings{boguraev-etal-2015-bare,
    title = "The Bare Necessities: Increasing Lexical Coverage for Multi-Word Domain Terms with Less Lexical Data",
    author = "Boguraev, Branimir  and
      Manandise, Esme  and
      Segal, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0910",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0910",
    pages = "60--64",
}
@inproceedings{lam-etal-2015-phrase,
    title = "Phrase translation using a bilingual dictionary and n-gram data: A case study from {V}ietnamese to {E}nglish",
    author = "Lam, Khang Nhut  and
      Al Tarouti, Feras  and
      Kalita, Jugal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0911",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0911",
    pages = "65--69",
}
@inproceedings{eryigit-etal-2015-annotation,
    title = "Annotation and Extraction of Multiword Expressions in {T}urkish Treebanks",
    author = {Eryi{\v{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en  and
      ADALI, K{\"u}bra  and
      Toruno{\u{g}}lu-Selamet, Dilara  and
      Sulubacak, Umut  and
      Pamay, Tu{\u{g}}ba},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0912",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0912",
    pages = "70--76",
}
@inproceedings{marvel-koenig-2015-event,
    title = "Event Categorization beyond Verb Senses",
    author = "Marvel, Aron  and
      Koenig, Jean-Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0913",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0913",
    pages = "77--86",
}
@inproceedings{goodkind-rosenberg-2015-muddying,
    title = "Muddying The Multiword Expression Waters: How Cognitive Demand Affects Multiword Expression Production",
    author = "Goodkind, Adam  and
      Rosenberg, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0914",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0914",
    pages = "87--95",
}
@inproceedings{brooke-etal-2015-building,
    title = "Building a Lexicon of Formulaic Language for Language Learners",
    author = "Brooke, Julian  and
      Hammond, Adam  and
      Jacob, David  and
      Tsang, Vivian  and
      Hirst, Graeme  and
      Shein, Fraser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0915",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-0915",
    pages = "96--104",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-syntax,
    title = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Carpuat, Marine  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Aranberri, Nora",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-10",
}
@inproceedings{deng-etal-2015-harmonizing,
    title = "Harmonizing word alignments and syntactic structures for extracting phrasal translation equivalents",
    author = "Deng, Dun  and
      Xue, Nianwen  and
      Guo, Shiman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{miceli-barone-attardi-2015-non-projective,
    title = "Non-projective Dependency-based Pre-Reordering with Recurrent Neural Network for Machine Translation",
    author = "Miceli-Barone, Antonio Valerio  and
      Attardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1002",
    pages = "10--20",
}
@inproceedings{fancellu-webber-2015-translating,
    title = "Translating Negation: Induction, Search And Model Errors",
    author = "Fancellu, Federico  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1003",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{aranberri-2015-smt,
    title = "{SMT} error analysis and mapping to syntactic, semantic and structural fixes",
    author = "Aranberri, Nora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1004",
    pages = "30--38",
}
@inproceedings{aminian-etal-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised False Friend Disambiguation Using Contextual Word Clusters and Parallel Word Alignments",
    author = "Aminian, Maryam  and
      Ghoneim, Mahmoud  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1005",
    pages = "39--48",
}
@inproceedings{apidianaki-marie-2015-meteor,
    title = "{METEOR}-{WSD}: Improved Sense Matching in {MT} Evaluation",
    author = "Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Marie, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1006",
    pages = "49--51",
}
@inproceedings{artetxe-etal-2015-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing {E}nglish-{S}panish Named-Entity enhanced Machine Translation",
    author = "Artetxe, Mikel  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Alegria, Inaki  and
      Labaka, Gorka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1007",
    pages = "52--54",
}
@inproceedings{weller-etal-2015-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Prepositions for {SMT}",
    author = "Weller, Marion  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1008",
    pages = "55--56",
}
@inproceedings{miceli-barone-2015-translation,
    title = "Translation reranking using source phrase dependency features",
    author = "Miceli-Barone, Antonio Valerio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1009",
    pages = "57--60",
}
@inproceedings{vanallemeersch-vandeghinste-2015-semantics,
    title = "Semantics-based pretranslation for {SMT} using fuzzy matches",
    author = "Vanallemeersch, Tom  and
      Vandeghinste, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1010",
    pages = "61--64",
}
@inproceedings{salameh-etal-2015-matters,
    title = "What Matters Most in Morphologically Segmented {SMT} Models?",
    author = "Salameh, Mohammad  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1011",
    pages = "65--73",
}
@inproceedings{wu-palmer-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving {C}hinese-{E}nglish {P}rop{B}ank Alignment",
    author = "Wu, Shumin  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1012",
    pages = "74--82",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-cognitive,
    title = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    author = "O{'}Donnell, Tim  and
      van Schijndel, Marten",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1100",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-11",
}
@inproceedings{jacobs-2015-predictions,
    title = "Predictions for self-priming from incremental updating models unifying comprehension and production",
    author = "Jacobs, Cassandra L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1101",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1101",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-pragmatic,
    title = "Pragmatic Alignment on Social Support Type in Health Forum Conversations",
    author = "Wang, Yafei  and
      Yen, John  and
      Reitter, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1102",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1102",
    pages = "9--18",
}
@inproceedings{doyle-frank-2015-audience,
    title = "Audience size and contextual effects on information density in Twitter conversations",
    author = "Doyle, Gabriel  and
      Frank, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1103",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1103",
    pages = "19--28",
}
@inproceedings{noble-fernandez-2015-centre,
    title = "Centre Stage: How Social Network Position Shapes Linguistic Coordination",
    author = "Noble, Bill  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1104",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1104",
    pages = "29--38",
}
@inproceedings{georgiladakis-etal-2015-fusion,
    title = "Fusion of Compositional Network-based and Lexical Function Distributional Semantic Models",
    author = "Georgiladakis, Spiros  and
      Iosif, Elias  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1105",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1105",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{greenberg-etal-2015-verb,
    title = "Verb polysemy and frequency effects in thematic fit modeling",
    author = "Greenberg, Clayton  and
      Demberg, Vera  and
      Sayeed, Asad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1106",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1106",
    pages = "48--57",
}
@inproceedings{xu-reitter-2015-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation and Comparison of Linguistic Alignment Measures",
    author = "Xu, Yang  and
      Reitter, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1107",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1107",
    pages = "58--67",
}
@inproceedings{phillips-pearl-2015-utility,
    title = "Utility-based evaluation metrics for models of language acquisition: A look at speech segmentation",
    author = "Phillips, Lawrence  and
      Pearl, Lisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1108",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1108",
    pages = "68--78",
}
@inproceedings{van-schijndel-etal-2015-evidence,
    title = "Evidence of syntactic working memory usage in {MEG} data",
    author = "van Schijndel, Marten  and
      Murphy, Brian  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1109",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1109",
    pages = "79--88",
}
@inproceedings{hale-etal-2015-modeling,
    title = "Modeling f{MRI} time courses with linguistic structure at various grain sizes",
    author = "Hale, John  and
      Lutz, David  and
      Luh, Wen-Ming  and
      Brennan, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1110",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1110",
    pages = "89--97",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-linguistics-clinical,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun # " 5",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1200",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-12",
}
@inproceedings{coppersmith-etal-2015-adhd,
    title = "From {ADHD} to {SAD}: Analyzing the Language of Mental Health on Twitter through Self-Reported Diagnoses",
    author = "Coppersmith, Glen  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Harman, Craig  and
      Hollingshead, Kristy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun # " 5",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1201",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1201",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-etal-2015-quantifying,
    title = "Quantifying the Language of Schizophrenia in Social Media",
    author = "Mitchell, Margaret  and
      Hollingshead, Kristy  and
      Coppersmith, Glen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun # " 5",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1202",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1202",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{preotiuc-pietro-etal-2015-role,
    title = "The role of personality, age, and gender in tweeting about mental illness",
    author = "Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Eichstaedt, Johannes  and
      Park, Gregory  and
      Sap, Maarten  and
      Smith, Laura  and
      Tobolsky, Victoria  and
      Schwartz, H. Andrew  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun # " 5",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1203",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1203",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{coppersmith-etal-2015-clpsych,
    title = "{CLP}sych 2015 Shared Task: Depression and {PTSD} on Twitter",
    author = "Coppersmith, Glen  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Harman, Craig  and
      Hollingshead, Kristy  and
      Mitchell, Margaret",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun # " 5",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1204",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1204",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{preotiuc-pietro-etal-2015-mental,
    title = "Mental Illness Detection at the World Well-Being Project for the {CLP}sych 2015 Shared Task",
    author = "Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Sap, Maarten  and
      Schwartz, H. Andrew  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun # " 5",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1205",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1205",
    pages = "40--45",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-2015-screening,
    title = "Screening Twitter Users for Depression and {PTSD} with Lexical Decision Lists",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun # " 5",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1206",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1206",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{resnik-etal-2015-university,
    title = "The University of {M}aryland {CLP}sych 2015 Shared Task System",
    author = "Resnik, Philip  and
      Armstrong, William  and
      Claudino, Leonardo  and
      Nguyen, Thang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun # " 5",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1207",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1207",
    pages = "54--60",
}
@inproceedings{del-castillo-etal-2015-computational,
    title = "Computational cognitive modeling of inflectional verb morphology in {S}panish-speakers for the characterization and diagnosis of {A}lzheimer{'}s Disease",
    author = "del Castillo, M. Dolores  and
      Serrano, J. Ignacio  and
      Oliva, Jes{\'u}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun # " 5",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1208",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1208",
    pages = "61--70",
}
@inproceedings{tanana-etal-2015-recursive,
    title = "Recursive Neural Networks for Coding Therapist and Patient Behavior in Motivational Interviewing",
    author = "Tanana, Michael  and
      Hallgren, Kevin  and
      Imel, Zac  and
      Atkins, David  and
      Smyth, Padhraic  and
      Srikumar, Vivek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun # " 5",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1209",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1209",
    pages = "71--79",
}
@inproceedings{murphy-etal-2015-putting,
    title = "Putting Feelings into Words: Cross-Linguistic Markers of the Referential Process",
    author = "Murphy, Sean  and
      Maskit, Bernard  and
      Bucci, Wilma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun # " 5",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1210",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1210",
    pages = "80--88",
}
@inproceedings{mowery-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards Developing an Annotation Scheme for Depressive Disorder Symptoms: A Preliminary Study using Twitter Data",
    author = "Mowery, Danielle  and
      Bryan, Craig  and
      Conway, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun # " 5",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1211",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1211",
    pages = "89--98",
}
@inproceedings{resnik-etal-2015-beyond,
    title = "Beyond {LDA}: Exploring Supervised Topic Modeling for Depression-Related Language in Twitter",
    author = "Resnik, Philip  and
      Armstrong, William  and
      Claudino, Leonardo  and
      Nguyen, Thang  and
      Nguyen, Viet-An  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun # " 5",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1212",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1212",
    pages = "99--107",
}
@inproceedings{gorman-etal-2015-automated,
    title = "Automated morphological analysis of clinical language samples",
    author = "Gorman, Kyle  and
      Bedrick, Steven  and
      Kiss, G{\'e}za  and
      Morley, Eric  and
      Ingham, Rosemary  and
      Mohammed, Metrah  and
      Papadakis, Katina  and
      van Santen, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun # " 5",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1213",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1213",
    pages = "108--116",
}
@inproceedings{rouhizadeh-etal-2015-similarity,
    title = "Similarity Measures for Quantifying Restrictive and Repetitive Behavior in Conversations of Autistic Children",
    author = "Rouhizadeh, Masoud  and
      Sproat, Richard  and
      van Santen, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun # " 5",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1214",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1214",
    pages = "117--123",
}
@inproceedings{rosenstein-etal-2015-practical,
    title = "Practical issues in developing semantic frameworks for the analysis of verbal fluency data: A {N}orwegian data case study",
    author = "Rosenstein, Mark  and
      Foltz, Peter  and
      Vaskinn, Anja  and
      Elvev{\aa}g, Brita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun # " 5",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1215",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1215",
    pages = "124--133",
}
@inproceedings{maskit-etal-2015-computer,
    title = "A Computer Program for Tracking the Evolution of a Psychotherapy Treatment",
    author = "Maskit, Bernard  and
      Bucci, Wilma  and
      Murphy, Sean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality",
    month = jun # " 5",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1216",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1216",
    pages = "134--145",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-extra,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Semantics ({E}x{P}ro{M} 2015)",
    author = "Blanco, Eduardo  and
      Morante, Roser  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1300",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-13",
}
@inproceedings{karttunen-2015-limits,
    title = "Limits of Natural Logic",
    author = "Karttunen, Lauri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Semantics ({E}x{P}ro{M} 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1306",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1306",
    pages = "1--1",
}
@inproceedings{fancellu-webber-2015-translating-negation,
    title = "Translating Negation: A Manual Error Analysis",
    author = "Fancellu, Federico  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Semantics ({E}x{P}ro{M} 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1301",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1301",
    pages = "2--11",
}
@inproceedings{rehbein-2015-filled,
    title = "Filled Pauses in User-generated Content are Words with Extra-propositional Meaning",
    author = "Rehbein, Ines",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Semantics ({E}x{P}ro{M} 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1302",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1302",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{kilicoglu-etal-2015-compositional,
    title = "A Compositional Interpretation of Biomedical Event Factuality",
    author = "Kilicoglu, Halil  and
      Rosemblat, Graciela  and
      Cairelli, Michael  and
      Rindflesch, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Semantics ({E}x{P}ro{M} 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1303",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1303",
    pages = "22--31",
}
@inproceedings{werner-etal-2015-committed,
    title = "Committed Belief Tagging on the Factbank and {LU} Corpora: A Comparative Study",
    author = "Werner, Gregory  and
      Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Semantics ({E}x{P}ro{M} 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1304",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1304",
    pages = "32--40",
}
@inproceedings{shivade-etal-2015-extending,
    title = "Extending {N}eg{E}x with Kernel Methods for Negation Detection in Clinical Text",
    author = "Shivade, Chaitanya  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric  and
      Lai, Albert M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Semantics ({E}x{P}ro{M} 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1305",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1305",
    pages = "41--46",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-metaphor,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    author = "Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Lichtenstein, Patricia",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1400",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-14",
}
@inproceedings{jang-etal-2015-effects,
    title = "Effects of Situational Factors on Metaphor Detection in an Online Discussion Forum",
    author = "Jang, Hyeju  and
      Wen, Miaomiao  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1401",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1401",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-etal-2015-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Word-Level Metaphor Detection: Experiments with Concreteness and Reweighting of Examples",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Leong, Chee Wee  and
      Flor, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1402",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1402",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{gargett-barnden-2015-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the interaction between sensory and affective meanings for detecting metaphor",
    author = "Gargett, Andrew  and
      Barnden, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1403",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1403",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{tekiroglu-etal-2015-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Sensorial Features for Metaphor Identification",
    author = {Tekiro{\u{g}}lu, Serra Sinem  and
      {\"O}zbal, G{\"o}zde  and
      Strapparava, Carlo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1404",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1404",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{dodge-etal-2015-metanet,
    title = "{M}eta{N}et: Deep semantic automatic metaphor analysis",
    author = "Dodge, Ellen  and
      Hong, Jisup  and
      Stickles, Elise",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1405",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1405",
    pages = "40--49",
}
@inproceedings{gordon-etal-2015-high,
    title = "High-Precision Abductive Mapping of Multilingual Metaphors",
    author = "Gordon, Jonathan  and
      Hobbs, Jerry  and
      May, Jonathan  and
      Morbini, Fabrizio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1406",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1406",
    pages = "50--55",
}
@inproceedings{gordon-etal-2015-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Rich Metaphor Annotation",
    author = "Gordon, Jonathan  and
      Hobbs, Jerry  and
      May, Jonathan  and
      Mohler, Michael  and
      Morbini, Fabrizio  and
      Rink, Bryan  and
      Tomlinson, Marc  and
      Wertheim, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1407",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1407",
    pages = "56--66",
}
@inproceedings{shaikh-etal-2015-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Cultural Conflicts using Metaphors and Sociolinguistic Measures of Influence",
    author = "Shaikh, Samira  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Taylor, Sarah  and
      Lien, John  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Broadwell, George Aaron  and
      Feldman, Laurie  and
      Yamrom, Boris  and
      Cho, Kit  and
      Peshkova, Yuliya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1408",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1408",
    pages = "67--76",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese {C}og{B}ank: Where to See the Cognitive Features of {C}hinese Words",
    author = "Li, Bin  and
      Bai, Xiaopeng  and
      Yin, Siqi  and
      Xu, Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1409",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1409",
    pages = "77--86",
}
@inproceedings{veale-2015-fighting,
    title = "Fighting Words and Antagonistic Worlds",
    author = "Veale, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1410",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1410",
    pages = "87--94",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-vector,
    title = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Blunsom, Phil  and
      Cohen, Shay  and
      Dhillon, Paramveer  and
      Liang, Percy",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1500",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-15",
}
@inproceedings{melamud-etal-2015-simple,
    title = "A Simple Word Embedding Model for Lexical Substitution",
    author = "Melamud, Oren  and
      Levy, Omer  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1501",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1501",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{rangarajan-sridhar-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Text Normalization Using Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases",
    author = "Rangarajan Sridhar, Vivek Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1502",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1502",
    pages = "8--16",
}
@inproceedings{zelaia-etal-2015-multi,
    title = "A Multi-classifier Approach to support Coreference Resolution in a Vector Space Model",
    author = "Zelaia, Ana  and
      Arregi, Olatz  and
      Sierra, Basilio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1503",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1503",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{kageback-etal-2015-neural,
    title = "Neural context embeddings for automatic discovery of word senses",
    author = {K{\aa}geb{\"a}ck, Mikael  and
      Johansson, Fredrik  and
      Johansson, Richard  and
      Dubhashi, Devdatt},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1504",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1504",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2015-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Representations of Words for Short Text Classification",
    author = "Ma, Chenglong  and
      Xu, Weiqun  and
      Li, Peijia  and
      Yan, Yonghong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1505",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1505",
    pages = "33--38",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-grishman-2015-relation,
    title = "Relation Extraction: Perspective from Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Nguyen, Thien Huu  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1506",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1506",
    pages = "39--48",
}
@inproceedings{urbain-etal-2015-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Semantic Concept Models for Entity Relation Discovery",
    author = "Urbain, Jay  and
      Bushee, Glenn  and
      Kowalski, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1507",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1507",
    pages = "49--55",
}
@inproceedings{fonseca-aluisio-2015-deep,
    title = "A Deep Architecture for Non-Projective Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Fonseca, Erick  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1508",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1508",
    pages = "56--61",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2015-short,
    title = "Short Text Clustering via Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Xu, Jiaming  and
      Wang, Peng  and
      Tian, Guanhua  and
      Xu, Bo  and
      Zhao, Jun  and
      Wang, Fangyuan  and
      Hao, Hongwei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1509",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1509",
    pages = "62--69",
}
@inproceedings{del-tredici-bel-2015-word,
    title = "A Word-Embedding-based Sense Index for Regular Polysemy Representation",
    author = "Del Tredici, Marco  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1510",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1510",
    pages = "70--78",
}
@inproceedings{stratos-collins-2015-simple,
    title = "Simple Semi-Supervised {POS} Tagging",
    author = "Stratos, Karl  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1511",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1511",
    pages = "79--87",
}
@inproceedings{pham-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Distributed Representations for Multilingual Text Sequences",
    author = "Pham, Hieu  and
      Luong, Thang  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1512",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1512",
    pages = "88--94",
}
@inproceedings{garten-etal-2015-combining,
    title = "Combining Distributed Vector Representations for Words",
    author = "Garten, Justin  and
      Sagae, Kenji  and
      Ustun, Volkan  and
      Dehghani, Morteza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1513",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1513",
    pages = "95--101",
}
@inproceedings{bansal-2015-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Link Embeddings: Continuous Representations of Syntactic Substructures",
    author = "Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1514",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1514",
    pages = "102--108",
}
@inproceedings{attardi-2015-deepnl,
    title = "{D}eep{NL}: a Deep Learning {NLP} pipeline",
    author = "Attardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1515",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1515",
    pages = "109--115",
}
@inproceedings{alghunaim-etal-2015-vector,
    title = "A Vector Space Approach for Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Alghunaim, Abdulaziz  and
      Mohtarami, Mitra  and
      Cyphers, Scott  and
      Glass, Jim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1516",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1516",
    pages = "116--122",
}
@inproceedings{tosik-etal-2015-word,
    title = "Word Embeddings vs Word Types for Sequence Labeling: the Curious Case of {CV} Parsing",
    author = "Tosik, Melanie  and
      Lygteskov Hansen, Carsten  and
      Goossen, Gerard  and
      Rotaru, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1517",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1517",
    pages = "123--128",
}
@inproceedings{nicolai-etal-2015-morpho,
    title = "Morpho-syntactic Regularities in Continuous Word Representations: A multilingual study.",
    author = "Nicolai, Garrett  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1518",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1518",
    pages = "129--134",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards Combined Matrix and Tensor Factorization for Universal Schema Relation Extraction",
    author = {Singh, Sameer  and
      Rockt{\"a}schel, Tim  and
      Riedel, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1519",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1519",
    pages = "135--142",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2015-neural,
    title = "Neural word embeddings with multiplicative feature interactions for tensor-based compositions",
    author = "Kim, Joo-Kyung  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1520",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1520",
    pages = "143--150",
}
@inproceedings{luong-etal-2015-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Word Representations with Monolingual Quality in Mind",
    author = "Luong, Thang  and
      Pham, Hieu  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1521",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1521",
    pages = "151--159",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2015-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Word Representations Improve {NER} for e-Commerce",
    author = "Joshi, Mahesh  and
      Hart, Ethan  and
      Vogel, Mirko  and
      Ruvini, Jean-David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1522",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1522",
    pages = "160--167",
}
@inproceedings{chen-de-melo-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Information Extraction for Improved Word Embeddings",
    author = "Chen, Jiaqiang  and
      de Melo, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1523",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1523",
    pages = "168--175",
}
@inproceedings{zirikly-diab-2015-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition for {A}rabic Social Media",
    author = "Zirikly, Ayah  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1524",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1524",
    pages = "176--185",
}
@inproceedings{conroy-davis-2015-vector,
    title = "Vector Space Models for Scientific Document Summarization",
    author = "Conroy, John  and
      Davis, Sashka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1525",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1525",
    pages = "186--191",
}
@inproceedings{rangarajan-sridhar-2015-unsupervised-topic,
    title = "Unsupervised Topic Modeling for Short Texts Using Distributed Representations of Words",
    author = "Rangarajan Sridhar, Vivek Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1526",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1526",
    pages = "192--200",
}
@inproceedings{liu-inkpen-2015-estimating,
    title = "Estimating User Location in Social Media with Stacked Denoising Auto-encoders",
    author = "Liu, Ji  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1527",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1527",
    pages = "201--210",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-linguistic,
    title = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    author = "Meyers, Adam  and
      Rehbein, Ines  and
      Zinsmeister, Heike",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1600",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-16",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2015-scaling,
    title = "Scaling Semantic Frame Annotation",
    author = "Chang, Nancy  and
      Paritosh, Praveen  and
      Huynh, David  and
      Baker, Collin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1601",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1601",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{haertel-etal-2015-analytic,
    title = "An Analytic and Empirical Evaluation of Return-on-Investment-Based Active Learning",
    author = "Haertel, Robbie  and
      Ringger, Eric  and
      Seppi, Kevin  and
      Felt, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1602",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1602",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{friedrich-etal-2015-annotating,
    title = "Annotating genericity: a survey, a scheme, and a corpus",
    author = "Friedrich, Annemarie  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      Peate S{\o}rensen, Melissa  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1603",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1603",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{brunato-etal-2015-design,
    title = "Design and Annotation of the First {I}talian Corpus for Text Simplification",
    author = "Brunato, Dominique  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Venturi, Giulia  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1604",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1604",
    pages = "31--41",
}
@inproceedings{fisas-etal-2015-discoursive,
    title = "On the Discoursive Structure of Computer Graphics Research Papers",
    author = "Fisas, Beatriz  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Ronzano, Francesco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1605",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1605",
    pages = "42--51",
}
@inproceedings{kamioka-etal-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Annotation of {J}apanese Functional Expressions and its Impact on Factuality Analysis",
    author = "Kamioka, Yudai  and
      Narita, Kazuya  and
      Mizuno, Junta  and
      Kanno, Miwa  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1606",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1606",
    pages = "52--61",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-etal-2015-qualitative,
    title = "A Qualitative Analysis of a Corpus of Opinion Summaries based on Aspects",
    author = "L{\'o}pez, Roque  and
      Pardo, Thiago  and
      Avan{\c{c}}o, Lucas  and
      Filho, Pedro  and
      Bokan, Alessandro  and
      Cardoso, Paula  and
      Dias, M{\'a}rcio  and
      N{\'o}brega, Fernando  and
      Cabezudo, Marco  and
      Souza, Jackson  and
      Zacarias, Andressa  and
      Seno, Eloize  and
      Di Felippo, Ariani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1607",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1607",
    pages = "62--71",
}
@inproceedings{maharjan-etal-2015-developing,
    title = "Developing Language-tagged Corpora for Code-switching Tweets",
    author = "Maharjan, Suraj  and
      Blair, Elizabeth  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1608",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1608",
    pages = "72--84",
}
@inproceedings{matsuda-etal-2015-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Geographical Entities on Microblog Text",
    author = "Matsuda, Koji  and
      Sasaki, Akira  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1609",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1609",
    pages = "85--94",
}
@inproceedings{pamay-etal-2015-annotation,
    title = "The Annotation Process of the {ITU} Web Treebank",
    author = {Pamay, Tu{\u{g}}ba  and
      Sulubacak, Umut  and
      Toruno{\u{g}}lu-Selamet, Dilara  and
      Eryi{\u{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1610",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1610",
    pages = "95--101",
}
@inproceedings{serbina-etal-2015-part,
    title = "Part of Speech Annotation of Intermediate Versions in the Keystroke Logged Translation Corpus",
    author = "Serbina, Tatiana  and
      Niemietz, Paula  and
      Fricke, Matthias  and
      Meisen, Philipp  and
      Neumann, Stella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1611",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1611",
    pages = "102--111",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-etal-2015-hierarchy,
    title = "A Hierarchy with, of, and for Preposition Supersenses",
    author = "Schneider, Nathan  and
      Srikumar, Vivek  and
      Hwang, Jena D.  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1612",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1612",
    pages = "112--123",
}
@inproceedings{uresova-etal-2015-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual {E}nglish-{C}zech Valency Lexicon Linked to a Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka  and
      Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Fu{\v{c}}{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      {\v{S}}indlerov{\'a}, Jana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1613",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1613",
    pages = "124--128",
}
@inproceedings{zaghouani-etal-2015-correction,
    title = "Correction Annotation for Non-Native {A}rabic Texts: Guidelines and Corpus",
    author = "Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Mohit, Behrang  and
      Heider, Abeer  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1614",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1614",
    pages = "129--139",
}
@inproceedings{bies-2015-balancing,
    title = "Balancing the Existing and the New in the Context of Annotating Non-Canonical Language",
    author = "Bies, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1615",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1615",
    pages = "140--143",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-2015-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Learner Text: to Shoehorn or not to Shoehorn",
    author = "Cahill, Aoife",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1616",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1616",
    pages = "144--147",
}
@inproceedings{plank-etal-2015-non,
    title = "Non-canonical language is not harder to annotate than canonical language",
    author = "Plank, Barbara  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1617",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1617",
    pages = "148--151",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-2015-ive,
    title = "What {I}{'}ve learned about annotating informal text (and why you shouldn{'}t take my word for it)",
    author = "Schneider, Nathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1618",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1618",
    pages = "152--157",
}
@inproceedings{dickinson-ragheb-2015-grammaticality,
    title = "On Grammaticality in the Syntactic Annotation of Learner Language",
    author = "Dickinson, Markus  and
      Ragheb, Marwa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1619",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1619",
    pages = "158--167",
}
@inproceedings{lapshinova-koltunski-etal-2015-across,
    title = "Across Languages and Genres: Creating a Universal Annotation Scheme for Textual Relations",
    author = "Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina  and
      Nedoluzhko, Anna  and
      Kunz, Kerstin Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1620",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1620",
    pages = "168--177",
}
@inproceedings{anand-mccloskey-2015-annotating,
    title = "Annotating the Implicit Content of Sluices",
    author = "Anand, Pranav  and
      McCloskey, Jim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1621",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1621",
    pages = "178--187",
}
@inproceedings{dunietz-etal-2015-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Causal Language Using Corpus Lexicography of Constructions",
    author = "Dunietz, Jesse  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1622",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1622",
    pages = "188--196",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-international-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the third International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    author = "Lin, Shou-de  and
      Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Li, Cheng-Te  and
      Cambria, Erik",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1700",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-17",
}
@inproceedings{awamura-etal-2015-location,
    title = "Location Name Disambiguation Exploiting Spatial Proximity and Temporal Consistency",
    author = "Awamura, Takashi  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      ARAMAKI, Eiji  and
      Shibata, Tomohide  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the third International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1701",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1701",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{vo-etal-2015-paraphrase,
    title = "Paraphrase Identification and Semantic Similarity in Twitter with Simple Features",
    author = "Vo, Ngoc Phuoc An  and
      Magnolini, Simone  and
      Popescu, Octavian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the third International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1702",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1702",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-language,
    title = "A Language Detection System for Short Chats in Mobile Games",
    author = "Wang, Pidong  and
      Bojja, Nikhil  and
      Kannan, Shivasankari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the third International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1703",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1703",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{bracewell-2015-long,
    title = "Long Nights, Rainy Days, and Misspent Youth: Automatically Extracting and Categorizing Occasions Associated with Consumer Products.",
    author = "Bracewell, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the third International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1704",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1704",
    pages = "29--38",
}
@inproceedings{riemer-etal-2015-deep,
    title = "A Deep Learning and Knowledge Transfer Based Architecture for Social Media User Characteristic Determination",
    author = "Riemer, Matthew  and
      Krasikov, Sophia  and
      Srinivasan, Harini",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the third International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1705",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1705",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-nordic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    author = "Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1800",
}
@inproceedings{knight-2015-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: How Much Information Does a Human Translator Add to the Original?",
    author = "Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1801",
    pages = "xi--xi",
}
@inproceedings{pelachaud-2015-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: Modeling Socio-Emotional Humanoid Agent",
    author = "Pelachaud, Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1802",
    pages = "xiii--xiii",
}
@inproceedings{riedel-2015-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: Embedding Probabilistic Logic for Machine Reading",
    author = "Riedel, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1803",
    pages = "xv--xv",
}
@inproceedings{adesam-etal-2015-defining,
    title = "Defining the Eukalyptus forest {--} the Koala treebank of {S}wedish",
    author = "Adesam, Yvonne  and
      Bouma, Gerlof  and
      Johansson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1804",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{ahlberg-etal-2015-case,
    title = "A case study on supervised classification of {S}wedish pseudo-coordination",
    author = "Ahlberg, Malin  and
      Andersson, Peter  and
      Forsberg, Markus  and
      Tahmasebi, Nina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1805",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-alonso-etal-2015-supersense,
    title = "Supersense tagging for {D}anish",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Johannsen, Anders  and
      Olsen, Sussi  and
      Nimb, Sanni  and
      Hartvig S{\o}rensen, Nicolai  and
      Braasch, Anna  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      Sandford Pedersen, Bolette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1806",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{bick-didriksen-2015-cg,
    title = "{CG}-3 {---} Beyond Classical Constraint Grammar",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard  and
      Didriksen, Tino",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1807",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{boizou-etal-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Lemmatisation of {L}ithuanian {MWE}s",
    author = {Boizou, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Kovalevskait{\.e}, Jolanta  and
      Rimkut{\.e}, Erika},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1808",
    pages = "41--49",
}
@inproceedings{chernov-etal-2015-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically Motivated Question Classification",
    author = "Chernov, Alexandr  and
      Petukhova, Volha  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1809",
    pages = "51--59",
}
@inproceedings{gotze-boye-2015-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Spatial References using Crowdsourced Geographical Data",
    author = {G{\"o}tze, Jana  and
      Boye, Johan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1810",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-nieto-pina-2015-combining,
    title = "Combining Relational and Distributional Knowledge for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Nieto Pi{\~n}a, Luis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1811",
    pages = "69--78",
}
@inproceedings{henrichsen-2015-talebob,
    title = "Talebob - an Interactive Speech Trainer for {D}anish",
    author = "Henrichsen, Peter Juel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1812",
    pages = "79--86",
}
@inproceedings{kapociute-dzikiene-etal-2015-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Author Set Size in Authorship Attribution for {L}ithuanian",
    author = "Kapo{\v{c}}i{\=u}t{\.e}-Dzikien{\.e}, Jurgita  and
      {\v{S}}arkut{\.e}, Ligita  and
      Utka, Andrius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1813",
    pages = "87--96",
}
@inproceedings{klerke-etal-2015-looking,
    title = "Looking hard: Eye tracking for detecting grammaticality of automatically compressed sentences",
    author = "Klerke, Sigrid  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1814",
    pages = "97--105",
}
@inproceedings{laippala-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards the Classification of the {F}innish {I}nternet Parsebank: Detecting Translations and Informality",
    author = {Laippala, Veronika  and
      Kanerva, Jenna  and
      Missil{\"a}, Anna  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Salakoski, Tapio  and
      Ginter, Filip},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1815",
    pages = "107--116",
}
@inproceedings{lien-etal-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving cross-domain dependency parsing with dependency-derived clusters",
    author = "Lien, Jostein  and
      Velldal, Erik  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1816",
    pages = "117--126",
}
@inproceedings{lintean-rus-2015-optimal,
    title = "An Optimal Quadratic Approach to Monolingual Paraphrase Alignment",
    author = "Lintean, Mihai  and
      Rus, Vasile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1817",
    pages = "127--134",
}
@inproceedings{luotolahti-ginter-2015-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Compression For Automatic Subtitling",
    author = "Luotolahti, Juhani  and
      Ginter, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1818",
    pages = "135--143",
}
@inproceedings{nokel-loukachevitch-2015-topic,
    title = "Topic Models: Accounting Component Structure of Bigrams",
    author = "Nokel, Michael  and
      Loukachevitch, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1819",
    pages = "145--152",
}
@inproceedings{pettersson-nivre-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving Verb Phrase Extraction from Historical Text by use of Verb Valency Frames",
    author = "Pettersson, Eva  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1820",
    pages = "153--161",
}
@inproceedings{pyysalo-etal-2015-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies for {F}innish",
    author = {Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Kanerva, Jenna  and
      Missil{\"a}, Anna  and
      Laippala, Veronika  and
      Ginter, Filip},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1821",
    pages = "163--172",
}
@inproceedings{reynolds-tyers-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic word stress annotation of {R}ussian unrestricted text",
    author = "Reynolds, Robert  and
      Tyers, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1822",
    pages = "173--180",
}
@inproceedings{sacha-etal-2015-self,
    title = "Self Organizing Maps for the Visual Analysis of Pitch Contours",
    author = "Sacha, Dominik  and
      Asano, Yuki  and
      Rohrdantz, Christian  and
      Hamborg, Felix  and
      Keim, Daniel  and
      Braun, Bettina  and
      Butt, Miriam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1823",
    pages = "181--189",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving the Cross-Lingual Projection of Syntactic Dependencies",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1824",
    pages = "191--199",
}
@inproceedings{zapata-soeborg-kirkedal-2015-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Performance of Automatic Speech Recognition Systems When Used by Native and Non-Native Speakers of Three Major Languages in Dictation Workflows",
    author = "Zapata, Juli{\'a}n  and
      S{\o}eborg Kirkedal, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1825",
    pages = "201--210",
}
@inproceedings{berggren-etal-2015-inferring,
    title = "Inferring the location of authors from words in their texts",
    author = {Berggren, Max  and
      Karlgren, Jussi  and
      {\"O}stling, Robert  and
      Parkvall, Mikael},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1826",
    pages = "211--218",
}
@inproceedings{listenmaa-tyers-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic conversion of colloquial Finnishto standard {F}innish",
    author = "Listenmaa, Inari  and
      Tyers, Francis M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1827",
    pages = "219--223",
}
@inproceedings{mickevicius-etal-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Thematic Classification of the Titles of the Seimas Votes",
    author = "Mickevi{\v{c}}ius, Vytautas  and
      Krilavi{\v{c}}ius, Tomas  and
      Morkevi{\v{c}}ius, Vaidas  and
      Mackut{\.e}-Varoneckien{\.e}, Au{\v{s}}ra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1828",
    pages = "225--231",
}
@inproceedings{ojamaa-etal-2015-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment analysis on conversational texts",
    author = {Ojamaa, Birgitta  and
      Jokinen, P{\"a}ivi Kristiina  and
      Muischenk, Kadri},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1829",
    pages = "233--237",
}
@inproceedings{katharina-siencnik-2015-adapting,
    title = "Adapting word2vec to Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Katharina Sien{\v{c}}nik, Scharolta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1830",
    pages = "239--243",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-alonso-etal-2015-active,
    title = "Active learning for sense annotation",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      Johannsen, Anders  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1831",
    pages = "245--249",
}
@inproceedings{bos-nissim-2015-uncovering,
    title = "Uncovering Noun-Noun Compound Relations by Gamification",
    author = "Bos, Johan  and
      Nissim, Malvina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1832",
    pages = "251--255",
}
@inproceedings{heimann-muhlenbock-etal-2015-multivariate,
    title = "A multivariate model for classifying texts{'} readability",
    author = {Heimann M{\"u}hlenbock, Katarina  and
      Johansson Kokkinakis, Sofie  and
      Liberg, Caroline  and
      af Geijerstam, {\AA}sa  and
      Wiksten Folkeryd, Jenny  and
      J{\"o}nsson, Arne  and
      Kanebrant, Erik  and
      Falkenjack, Johan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1833",
    pages = "257--261",
}
@inproceedings{ostling-etal-2015-enriching,
    title = "Enriching the {S}wedish Sign Language Corpus with Part of Speech Tags Using Joint {B}ayesian Word Alignment and Annotation Transfer",
    author = {{\"O}stling, Robert  and
      B{\"o}rstell, Carl  and
      Wallin, Lars},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1834",
    pages = "263--268",
}
@inproceedings{henrique-paetzold-2015-using,
    title = "Using Positional Suffix Trees to Perform Agile Tree Kernel Calculation",
    author = "Henrique Paetzold, Gustavo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1835",
    pages = "269--273",
}
@inproceedings{pilan-2015-helping,
    title = "Helping {S}wedish words come to their senses: word-sense disambiguation based on sense associations from the {SALDO} lexicon",
    author = "Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1836",
    pages = "275--279",
}
@inproceedings{salimbajevs-strigins-2015-using,
    title = "Using sub-word n-gram models for dealing with {OOV} in large vocabulary speech recognition for {L}atvian",
    author = "Salimbajevs, Askars  and
      Strigins, Jevgenijs",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1837",
    pages = "281--285",
}
@inproceedings{steingrimsson-etal-2015-analysing,
    title = "Analysing Inconsistencies and Errors in {P}o{S} Tagging in two {I}celandic Gold Standards",
    author = {Steingr{\'\i}msson, Stein{\th}{\'o}r  and
      Helgad{\'o}ttir, Sigr{\'u}n  and
      R{\"o}gnvaldsson, Eir{\'\i}kur},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1838",
    pages = "287--291",
}
@inproceedings{breder-birkenes-etal-2015-digital,
    title = "From digital library to n-grams: {NB} N-gram",
    author = "Breder Birkenes, Magnus  and
      Johnsen, Lars G.  and
      Lindstad, Arne Martinus  and
      Ostad, Johanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1839",
    pages = "293--295",
}
@inproceedings{johannessen-2015-corpus,
    title = "The Corpus of {A}merican {N}orwegian Speech ({CANS})",
    author = "Johannessen, Janne Bondi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1840",
    pages = "297--300",
}
@inproceedings{bos-2015-open,
    title = "Open-Domain Semantic Parsing with Boxer",
    author = "Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1841",
    pages = "301--304",
}
@inproceedings{hardwick-etal-2015-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Semantic Frames using hfst-pmatch",
    author = "Hardwick, Sam  and
      Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1842",
    pages = "305--308",
}
@inproceedings{neumann-2015-discoursegraphs,
    title = "discoursegraphs: A graph-based merging tool and converter for multilayer annotated corpora",
    author = "Neumann, Arne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1843",
    pages = "309--312",
}
@inproceedings{pirinen-2015-omorfi,
    title = "{O}morfi {---} Free and open source morphological lexical database for {F}innish",
    author = "Pirinen, Tommi A",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1844",
    pages = "313--315",
}
@inproceedings{rennes-jonsson-2015-tool,
    title = "A Tool for Automatic Simplification of {S}wedish Texts",
    author = {Rennes, Evelina  and
      J{\"o}nsson, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2015)",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1845",
    pages = "317--320",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-nlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the fourth workshop on {NLP} for computer-assisted language learning",
    author = "Volodina, Elena  and
      Borin, Lars  and
      Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1900",
}
@inproceedings{da-silva-cardoso-wolska-2015-misspellings,
    title = "Misspellings in Responses to Listening Comprehension Questions: Prospects for Scoring based on Phonetic Normalization",
    author = "da Silva Cardoso, Heike  and
      Wolska, Magdalena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the fourth workshop on {NLP} for computer-assisted language learning",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1901",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{henrichsen-2015-taking,
    title = "Taking the {D}anish Speech Trainer from {CALL} to {ICALL}",
    author = "Henrichsen, Peter Juel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the fourth workshop on {NLP} for computer-assisted language learning",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1902",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{horbach-etal-2015-using,
    title = "Using Shallow Syntactic Features to Measure Influences of {L}1 and Proficiency Level in {EFL} Writings",
    author = "Horbach, Andrea  and
      Poitz, Jonathan  and
      Palmer, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the fourth workshop on {NLP} for computer-assisted language learning",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1903",
    pages = "21--34",
}
@inproceedings{kutuzov-kuzmenko-2015-semi,
    title = "Semi-automated typical error annotation for learner {E}nglish essays: integrating frameworks",
    author = "Kutuzov, Andrey  and
      Kuzmenko, Elizaveta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the fourth workshop on {NLP} for computer-assisted language learning",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1904",
    pages = "35--41",
}
@inproceedings{pado-kiefer-2015-short,
    title = "Short Answer Grading: When Sorting Helps and When it Doesn{'}t",
    author = "Pado, Ulrike  and
      Kiefer, Cornelia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the fourth workshop on {NLP} for computer-assisted language learning",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1905",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{uibo-etal-2015-oahpa,
    title = "Oahpa! {\~O}pi! Opiq! Developing free online programs for learning {E}stonian and V{\~o}ro",
    author = "Uibo, Heli  and
      Pruulmann-Vengerfeldt, Jaak  and
      Rueter, Jack  and
      Iva, Sulev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the fourth workshop on {NLP} for computer-assisted language learning",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-1906",
    pages = "51--64",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-semantic,
    title = "Proceedings of the workshop on Semantic resources and semantic annotation for Natural Language Processing and the Digital Humanities at {NODALIDA} 2015",
    author = "Pedersen, Bolette Sandford  and
      Olsen, Sussi  and
      Borin, Lars",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2000",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{borin-etal-2015-dragons,
    title = "Here be dragons? The perils and promises of inter-resource lexical-semantic mapping",
    author = "Borin, Lars  and
      Nieto Pi{\~n}a, Luis  and
      Johansson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the workshop on Semantic resources and semantic annotation for Natural Language Processing and the Digital Humanities at {NODALIDA} 2015",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2001",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{friberg-heppin-dannells-2015-polysemy,
    title = "Polysemy, underspecification, and aspects {--} Questions of lumping or splitting in the construction of {S}wedish {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Friberg Heppin, Karin  and
      Dann{\'e}lls, Dana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the workshop on Semantic resources and semantic annotation for Natural Language Processing and the Digital Humanities at {NODALIDA} 2015",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2002",
    pages = "12--20",
}
@inproceedings{loukachevitch-chetviorkin-2015-determining,
    title = "Determining the most frequent senses using {R}ussian linguistic ontology {R}u{T}hes",
    author = "Loukachevitch, Natalia  and
      Chetviorkin, Ilia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the workshop on Semantic resources and semantic annotation for Natural Language Processing and the Digital Humanities at {NODALIDA} 2015",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2003",
    pages = "21--27",
}
@inproceedings{norrby-nugues-2015-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of lethal events from {W}ikipedia and a semantic repository",
    author = "Norrby, Magnus  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the workshop on Semantic resources and semantic annotation for Natural Language Processing and the Digital Humanities at {NODALIDA} 2015",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2004",
    pages = "28--35",
}
@inproceedings{olsen-etal-2015-coarse,
    title = "Coarse-grained sense annotation of {D}anish across textual domains",
    author = "Olsen, Sussi  and
      Pedersen, Bolette S.  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Johannsen, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the workshop on Semantic resources and semantic annotation for Natural Language Processing and the Digital Humanities at {NODALIDA} 2015",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Vilnius, Lithuania",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2005",
    pages = "36--43",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-international-dependency,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim  and
      Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2100",
}
@inproceedings{manning-2015-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: The Case for Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2101",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{polguere-2015-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: Lexicon Embedded Syntax",
    author = "Polgu{\`e}re, Alain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2102",
    pages = "2--9",
}
@inproceedings{ahrenberg-2015-converting,
    title = "Converting an {E}nglish-{S}wedish Parallel Treebank to Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2103",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{barancikova-rosa-2015-targeted,
    title = "Targeted Paraphrasing on Deep Syntactic Layer for {MT} Evaluation",
    author = "Baran{\v{c}}{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Petra  and
      Rosa, Rudolf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2104",
    pages = "20--27",
}
@inproceedings{barbu-mititelu-etal-2015-universal,
    title = "Universal and Language-specific Dependency Relations for Analysing {R}omanian",
    author = "Barbu Mititelu, Verginica  and
      M{\u{a}}r{\u{a}}nduc, C{\u{a}}t{\u{a}}lina  and
      Irimia, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2105",
    pages = "28--37",
}
@inproceedings{boguslavskaya-boguslavsky-2015-emotion,
    title = "Emotion and Inner State Adverbials in {R}ussian",
    author = "Boguslavskaya, Olga  and
      Boguslavsky, Igor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2106",
    pages = "38--47",
}
@inproceedings{burga-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards a multi-layered dependency annotation of {F}innish",
    author = "Burga, Alicia  and
      Mille, Simon  and
      Granvik, Anton  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2107",
    pages = "48--57",
}
@inproceedings{buys-blunsom-2015-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Model for Generative Transition-based Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Buys, Jan  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2108",
    pages = "58--67",
}
@inproceedings{cech-etal-2015-relation,
    title = "On the relation between verb full valency and synonymy",
    author = "{\v{C}}ech, Radek  and
      Ma{\v{c}}utek, J{\'a}n  and
      Ko{\v{s}}{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Michaela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2109",
    pages = "68--73",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Syntactic Categories in the {C}hinese Dependency Network",
    author = "Chen, Xinying  and
      Liu, Haitao  and
      Gerdes, Kim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2110",
    pages = "74--81",
}
@inproceedings{dusek-etal-2015-using,
    title = "Using Parallel Texts and Lexicons for Verbal Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Fu{\v{c}}{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      {\v{S}}indlerov{\'a}, Jana  and
      Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2111",
    pages = "82--90",
}
@inproceedings{futrell-etal-2015-quantifying,
    title = "Quantifying Word Order Freedom in Dependency Corpora",
    author = "Futrell, Richard  and
      Mahowald, Kyle  and
      Gibson, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2112",
    pages = "91--100",
}
@inproceedings{gerdes-kahane-2015-non,
    title = "Non-constituent coordination and other coordinative constructions as Dependency Graphs",
    author = "Gerdes, Kim  and
      Kahane, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2113",
    pages = "101--110",
}
@inproceedings{gross-osborne-2015-dependency,
    title = "The Dependency Status of Function Words: Auxiliaries",
    author = "Gro{\ss}, Thomas  and
      Osborne, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2114",
    pages = "111--120",
}
@inproceedings{gulordava-merlo-2015-diachronic,
    title = "Diachronic Trends in Word Order Freedom and Dependency Length in Dependency-Annotated Corpora of {L}atin and Ancient {G}reek",
    author = "Gulordava, Kristina  and
      Merlo, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2115",
    pages = "121--130",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-etal-2015-reconstructions,
    title = "Reconstructions of Deletions in a Dependency-based Description of {C}zech: Selected Issues",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Mikulov{\'a}, Marie  and
      Panevov{\'a}, Jarmila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2116",
    pages = "131--140",
}
@inproceedings{husain-vasishth-2015-non,
    title = "Non-projectivity and processing constraints: Insights from {H}indi",
    author = "Husain, Samar  and
      Vasishth, Shravan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2117",
    pages = "141--150",
}
@inproceedings{imrenyi-2015-mutual,
    title = "From mutual dependency to multiple dimensions: remarks on the {DG} analysis of {``}functional heads{''} in {H}ungarian",
    author = "Imr{\'e}nyi, Andr{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2118",
    pages = "151--160",
}
@inproceedings{jing-liu-2015-mean,
    title = "Mean Hierarchical Distance Augmenting Mean Dependency Distance",
    author = "Jing, Yingqi  and
      Liu, Haitao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2119",
    pages = "161--170",
}
@inproceedings{jarvinen-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards Cross-language Application of Dependency Grammar",
    author = {J{\"a}rvinen, Timo  and
      Bertol, Elisabeth  and
      Larasati, Septina  and
      Rizea, Monica-Mihaela  and
      Ruiz Santabalbina, Maria  and
      Sou{\v{c}}ek, Milan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2120",
    pages = "171--180",
}
@inproceedings{kahane-mazziotta-2015-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-based analyses for function words {--} Introducing the polygraphic approach",
    author = "Kahane, Sylvain  and
      Mazziotta, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2121",
    pages = "181--190",
}
@inproceedings{kettnerova-lopatkova-2015-lexicon,
    title = "At the Lexicon-Grammar Interface: The Case of Complex Predicates in the Functional Generative Description",
    author = "Kettnerov{\'a}, V{\'a}clava  and
      Lopatkov{\'a}, Mark{\'e}ta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2122",
    pages = "191--200",
}
@inproceedings{lloberes-etal-2015-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing {F}ree{L}ing Rule-Based Dependency Grammars with Subcategorization Frames",
    author = "Lloberes, Marina  and
      Castell{\'o}n, Irene  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2123",
    pages = "201--210",
}
@inproceedings{luotolahti-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards Universal Web Parsebanks",
    author = "Luotolahti, Juhani  and
      Kanerva, Jenna  and
      Laippala, Veronika  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Ginter, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2124",
    pages = "211--220",
}
@inproceedings{merlo-2015-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Two-level Dependency Representations of Argument Structure in Long-Distance Dependencies",
    author = "Merlo, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2125",
    pages = "221--230",
}
@inproceedings{milicevic-2015-subjectival,
    title = "The Subjectival Surface-Syntactic Relation in {S}erbian",
    author = "Mili{\'c}evi{\'c}, Jasmina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2126",
    pages = "231--240",
}
@inproceedings{osborne-maxwell-2015-historical,
    title = "A Historical Overview of the Status of Function Words in Dependency Grammar",
    author = "Osborne, Timothy  and
      Maxwell, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2127",
    pages = "241--250",
}
@inproceedings{osborne-2015-diagnostics,
    title = "Diagnostics for Constituents: Dependency, Constituency, and the Status of Function Words",
    author = "Osborne, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2128",
    pages = "251--260",
}
@inproceedings{osborne-ma-2015-dg,
    title = "A {DG} Account of the Descriptive and Resultative de-Constructions in {C}hinese",
    author = "Osborne, Timothy  and
      Ma, Shudong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2129",
    pages = "261--270",
}
@inproceedings{osborne-liang-2015-survey,
    title = "A Survey of Ellipsis in {C}hinese",
    author = "Osborne, Timothy  and
      Liang, Junying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2130",
    pages = "271--280",
}
@inproceedings{rosa-2015-multi,
    title = "Multi-source Cross-lingual Delexicalized Parser Transfer: {P}rague or {S}tanford?",
    author = "Rosa, Rudolf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2131",
    pages = "281--290",
}
@inproceedings{rysova-rysova-2015-secondary,
    title = "Secondary Connectives in the {P}rague Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Rysov{\'a}, Magdal{\'e}na  and
      Rysov{\'a}, Kate{\v{r}}ina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2132",
    pages = "291--299",
}
@inproceedings{seraji-etal-2015-parsper,
    title = "{P}ars{P}er: A Dependency Parser for {P}ersian",
    author = "Seraji, Mojgan  and
      Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2133",
    pages = "300--309",
}
@inproceedings{silveira-manning-2015-universal,
    title = "Does Universal Dependencies need a parsing representation? An investigation of {E}nglish",
    author = "Silveira, Natalia  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2134",
    pages = "310--319",
}
@inproceedings{simov-osenova-2015-catena,
    title = "Catena Operations for Unified Dependency Analysis",
    author = "Simov, Kiril  and
      Osenova, Petya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2135",
    pages = "320--329",
}
@inproceedings{sindlerova-etal-2015-zero,
    title = "Zero Alignment of Verb Arguments in a Parallel Treebank",
    author = "{\v{S}}indlerov{\'a}, Jana  and
      Fu{\v{c}}{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2136",
    pages = "330--339",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-2015-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Dependency Parsing with Universal Dependencies and Predicted {P}o{S} Labels",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2137",
    pages = "340--349",
}
@inproceedings{yu-bohnet-2015-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Confidence-based Self-training for Multilingual Dependency Parsing in an Under-Resourced Language Scenario",
    author = "Yu, Juntao  and
      Bohnet, Bernd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2138",
    pages = "350--358",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-international-parsing,
    title = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Bilbao, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-22",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2015-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation for Dependency Parsing via Self-Training",
    author = "Yu, Juntao  and
      Elkaref, Mohab  and
      Bohnet, Bernd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Bilbao, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2201",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{flannery-mori-2015-combining,
    title = "Combining Active Learning and Partial Annotation for Domain Adaptation of a {J}apanese Dependency Parser",
    author = "Flannery, Daniel  and
      Mori, Shinsuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Bilbao, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2202",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{uematsu-miyao-2015-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Complementary Annotation to a {CCG}bank for Improving Derivations for {J}apanese",
    author = "Uematsu, Sumire  and
      Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Bilbao, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2203",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{guillaume-perrier-2015-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing with Graph Rewriting",
    author = "Guillaume, Bruno  and
      Perrier, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Bilbao, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2204",
    pages = "30--39",
}
@inproceedings{lien-kouylekov-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing for Textual Entailment",
    author = "Lien, Elisabeth  and
      Kouylekov, Milen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Bilbao, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2205",
    pages = "40--49",
}
@inproceedings{maeta-etal-2015-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Procedural Text Understanding",
    author = "Maeta, Hirokuni  and
      Sasada, Tetsuro  and
      Mori, Shinsuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Bilbao, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2206",
    pages = "50--60",
}
@inproceedings{lloberes-etal-2015-suitability,
    title = "Suitability of {P}ar{T}es Test Suite for Parsing Evaluation",
    author = "Lloberes, Marina  and
      Castell{\'o}n, Irene  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Bilbao, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2207",
    pages = "61--65",
}
@inproceedings{yoshimoto-etal-2015-coordination,
    title = "Coordination-Aware Dependency Parsing (Preliminary Report)",
    author = "Yoshimoto, Akifumi  and
      Hara, Kazuo  and
      Shimbo, Masashi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Bilbao, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2208",
    pages = "66--70",
}
@inproceedings{rosa-zabokrtsky-2015-mstparser,
    title = "{MSTP}arser Model Interpolation for Multi-Source Delexicalized Transfer",
    author = "Rosa, Rudolf  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Bilbao, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2209",
    pages = "71--75",
}
@inproceedings{bjorkelund-nivre-2015-non,
    title = "Non-Deterministic Oracles for Unrestricted Non-Projective Transition-Based Dependency Parsing",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rkelund, Anders  and
      Nivre, Joakim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Bilbao, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2210",
    pages = "76--86",
}
@inproceedings{le-2015-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing the Inside-Outside Recursive Neural Network Reranker for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Le, Phong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Bilbao, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2211",
    pages = "87--91",
}
@inproceedings{schluter-2015-maximising,
    title = "Maximising Spanning Subtree Scores for Parsing Tree Approximations of Semantic Dependency Digraphs",
    author = "Schluter, Natalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Bilbao, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2212",
    pages = "92--96",
}
@inproceedings{irwin-matsumoto-2015-cky,
    title = "{CKY} Parsing with Independence Constraints",
    author = "Irwin, Joseph  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Bilbao, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2213",
    pages = "97--106",
}
@inproceedings{gamallo-2015-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing with Compression Rules",
    author = "Gamallo, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Bilbao, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2214",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2214",
    pages = "107--117",
}
@inproceedings{falenska-etal-2015-stacking,
    title = "Stacking or Supertagging for Dependency Parsing {--} What{'}s the Difference?",
    author = {Fale{\'n}ska, Agnieszka  and
      Bj{\"o}rkelund, Anders  and
      {\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem  and
      Seeker, Wolfgang},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Bilbao, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2215",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2215",
    pages = "118--129",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-mathematics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 14th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 2015)",
    author = "Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      Kanazawa, Makoto  and
      Kobele, Gregory M.",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Chicago, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2300",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-23",
}
@inproceedings{graf-etal-2015-refined,
    title = "A Refined Notion of Memory Usage for Minimalist Parsing",
    author = "Graf, Thomas  and
      Fodor, Brigitta  and
      Monette, James  and
      Rachiele, Gianpaul  and
      Warren, Aunika  and
      Zhang, Chong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 2015)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Chicago, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2301",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-2301",
    pages = "1--14",
}
@inproceedings{de-groote-2015-abstract,
    title = "Abstract Categorial Parsing as Linear Logic Programming",
    author = "de Groote, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 2015)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Chicago, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2302",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-2302",
    pages = "15--25",
}
@inproceedings{fulop-kephart-2015-topology,
    title = "Topology of Language Classes",
    author = "Fulop, Sean A.  and
      Kephart, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 2015)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Chicago, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2303",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-2303",
    pages = "26--38",
}
@inproceedings{chatzikyriakidis-luo-2015-individuation,
    title = "Individuation Criteria, Dot-types and Copredication: A View from Modern Type Theories",
    author = "Chatzikyriakidis, Stergios  and
      Luo, Zhaohui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 2015)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Chicago, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2304",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-2304",
    pages = "39--50",
}
@inproceedings{kornai-kracht-2015-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Semantics and Model Theory: Together at Last?",
    author = "Kornai, Andr{\'a}s  and
      Kracht, Marcus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 2015)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Chicago, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2305",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-2305",
    pages = "51--61",
}
@inproceedings{kartsaklis-sadrzadeh-2015-frobenius,
    title = "A {F}robenius Model of Information Structure in Categorical Compositional Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Kartsaklis, Dimitri  and
      Sadrzadeh, Mehrnoosh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 2015)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Chicago, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2306",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-2306",
    pages = "62--74",
}
@inproceedings{mcallester-2015-synopsis,
    title = "A Synopsis of Morphoid Type Theory",
    author = "McAllester, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 2015)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Chicago, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2307",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-2307",
    pages = "75--86",
}
@inproceedings{yoshinaka-2015-general,
    title = "General Perspective on Distributionally Learnable Classes",
    author = "Yoshinaka, Ryo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 2015)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Chicago, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2308",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-2308",
    pages = "87--98",
}
@inproceedings{clark-2015-canonical,
    title = "Canonical Context-Free Grammars and Strong Learning: Two Approaches",
    author = "Clark, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 2015)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Chicago, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2309",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-2309",
    pages = "99--111",
}
@inproceedings{chandlee-etal-2015-output,
    title = "Output Strictly Local Functions",
    author = "Chandlee, Jane  and
      Eyraud, R{\'e}mi  and
      Heinz, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 2015)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Chicago, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2310",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-2310",
    pages = "112--125",
}
@inproceedings{magri-kager-2015-choose,
    title = "How to Choose Successful Losers in Error-Driven Phonotactic Learning",
    author = "Magri, Giorgio  and
      Kager, Ren{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 2015)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Chicago, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2311",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-2311",
    pages = "126--138",
}
@inproceedings{jardine-heinz-2015-concatenation,
    title = "A Concatenation Operation to Derive Autosegmental Graphs",
    author = "Jardine, Adam  and
      Heinz, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 2015)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Chicago, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2312",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-2312",
    pages = "139--151",
}
@inproceedings{kahane-mazziotta-2015-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Polygraphs. A Formalism Extending Both Constituency and Dependency",
    author = "Kahane, Sylvain  and
      Mazziotta, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 2015)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Chicago, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2313",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-2313",
    pages = "152--164",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-cognitive-aspects,
    title = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    author = "Berwick, Robert  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2400",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-24",
}
@inproceedings{barrett-sogaard-2015-using,
    title = "Using reading behavior to predict grammatical functions",
    author = "Barrett, Maria  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2401",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{klerke-etal-2015-reading,
    title = "Reading metrics for estimating task efficiency with {MT} output",
    author = "Klerke, Sigrid  and
      Castilho, Sheila  and
      Barrett, Maria  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2402",
    pages = "6--13",
}
@inproceedings{luong-etal-2015-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Models of Computation and Storage in Human Sentence Processing",
    author = "Luong, Thang  and
      O{'}Donnell, Timothy  and
      Goodman, Noah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2403",
    pages = "14--21",
}
@inproceedings{bloem-etal-2015-agent,
    title = "An agent-based model of a historical word order change",
    author = "Bloem, Jelke  and
      Versloot, Arjen  and
      Weerman, Fred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2404",
    pages = "22--27",
}
@inproceedings{grimm-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards a Model of Prediction-based Syntactic Category Acquisition: First Steps with Word Embeddings",
    author = "Grimm, Robert  and
      Cassani, Giovanni  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Gillis, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2405",
    pages = "28--32",
}
@inproceedings{cassani-etal-2015-distributional,
    title = "Which distributional cues help the most? Unsupervised contexts selection for lexical category acquisition",
    author = "Cassani, Giovanni  and
      Grimm, Robert  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Gillis, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2406",
    pages = "33--39",
}
@inproceedings{cornudella-poibeau-2015-language,
    title = "Language Emergence in a Population of Artificial Agents Equipped with the Autotelic Principle",
    author = "Cornudella, Miquel  and
      Poibeau, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2407",
    pages = "40--44",
}
@inproceedings{faria-2015-computational,
    title = "A Computational Study of Cross-situational Lexical Learning of {B}razilian {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Faria, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2408",
    pages = "45--54",
}
@inproceedings{coltekin-2015-units,
    title = "Units in segmentation: a computational investigation",
    author = {{\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2409",
    pages = "55--64",
}
@inproceedings{berdicevskis-2015-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Grammeme Redundancy by Measuring Their Importance for Syntactic Parser Performance",
    author = "Berdicevskis, Aleksandrs",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2410",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2410",
    pages = "65--73",
}
@inproceedings{brochhagen-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving Coordination on Novel Meaning through Context and Semantic Structure",
    author = "Brochhagen, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2411",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2411",
    pages = "74--82",
}
@inproceedings{beekhuizen-stevenson-2015-perceptual,
    title = "Perceptual, conceptual, and frequency effects on error patterns in {E}nglish color term acquisition",
    author = "Beekhuizen, Barend  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2412",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2412",
    pages = "83--92",
}
@inproceedings{ludusan-etal-2015-motif,
    title = "Motif discovery in infant- and adult-directed speech",
    author = "Ludusan, Bogdan  and
      Seidl, Amanda  and
      Dupoux, Emmanuel  and
      Cristia, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2413",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2413",
    pages = "93--102",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-bosch-bresnan-2015-modeling,
    title = "Modeling dative alternations of individual children",
    author = "van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Bresnan, Joan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2414",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2414",
    pages = "103--112",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-discourse,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie  and
      Carpuat, Marine  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Hardmeier, Christian",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2500",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-25",
}
@inproceedings{hardmeier-etal-2015-pronoun,
    title = "Pronoun-Focused {MT} and Cross-Lingual Pronoun Prediction: Findings of the 2015 {D}isco{MT} Shared Task on Pronoun Translation",
    author = {Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Stymne, Sara  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Versley, Yannick  and
      Cettolo, Mauro},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2501",
    pages = "1--16",
}
@inproceedings{novak-etal-2015-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of Coreference Resolvers for Deep Syntax Translation",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, Michal  and
      Oele, Dieke  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2502",
    pages = "17--23",
}
@inproceedings{guillou-webber-2015-analysing,
    title = "Analysing {P}ar{C}or and its Translations by State-of-the-art {SMT} Systems",
    author = "Guillou, Liane  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2503",
    pages = "24--32",
}
@inproceedings{gong-etal-2015-document,
    title = "Document-Level Machine Translation Evaluation with Gist Consistency and Text Cohesion",
    author = "Gong, Zhengxian  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2504",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{hoek-etal-2015-role,
    title = "The Role of Expectedness in the Implicitation and Explicitation of Discourse Relations",
    author = "Hoek, Jet  and
      Evers-Vermeul, Jacqueline  and
      Sanders, Ted J.M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2505",
    pages = "41--46",
}
@inproceedings{mascarell-etal-2015-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Document-level Context Triggers to Resolve Translation Ambiguity",
    author = "Mascarell, Laura  and
      Fishel, Mark  and
      Volk, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2506",
    pages = "47--51",
}
@inproceedings{sim-smith-etal-2015-proposal,
    title = "A Proposal for a Coherence Corpus in Machine Translation",
    author = "Sim Smith, Karin  and
      Aziz, Wilker  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2507",
    pages = "52--58",
}
@inproceedings{callin-etal-2015-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Driven Cross-Lingual Pronoun Prediction with Feed-Forward Neural Networks",
    author = {Callin, Jimmy  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2508",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2508",
    pages = "59--64",
}
@inproceedings{guillou-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Post-Editing for the {D}isco{MT} Pronoun Translation Task",
    author = "Guillou, Liane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2509",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2509",
    pages = "65--71",
}
@inproceedings{hardmeier-2015-document,
    title = "A Document-Level {SMT} System with Integrated Pronoun Prediction",
    author = "Hardmeier, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2510",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2510",
    pages = "72--77",
}
@inproceedings{loaiciga-2015-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Pronoun Translation Using Syntactic, Morphological and Contextual Features from Parallel Data",
    author = "Lo{\'a}iciga, Sharid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2511",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2511",
    pages = "78--85",
}
@inproceedings{loaiciga-wehrli-2015-rule,
    title = "Rule-Based Pronominal Anaphora Treatment for Machine Translation",
    author = "Lo{\'a}iciga, Sharid  and
      Wehrli, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2512",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2512",
    pages = "86--93",
}
@inproceedings{luong-etal-2015-pronoun,
    title = "Pronoun Translation and Prediction with or without Coreference Links",
    author = "Luong, Ngoc Quang  and
      Miculicich Werlen, Lesly  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2513",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2513",
    pages = "94--100",
}
@inproceedings{pham-van-der-plas-2015-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Pronouns across Languages with Continuous Word Spaces",
    author = "Pham, Ngoc-Quan  and
      van der Plas, Lonneke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2514",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2514",
    pages = "101--107",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-2015-baseline,
    title = "Baseline Models for Pronoun Prediction and Pronoun-Aware Translation",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2515",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2515",
    pages = "108--114",
}
@inproceedings{wetzel-etal-2015-maximum,
    title = "A Maximum Entropy Classifier for Cross-Lingual Pronoun Prediction",
    author = "Wetzel, Dominikus  and
      Lopez, Adam  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2516",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2516",
    pages = "115--121",
}
@inproceedings{lapshinova-koltunski-vela-2015-measuring,
    title = "Measuring {`}Registerness{'} in Human and Machine Translation: A Text Classification Approach",
    author = "Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina  and
      Vela, Mihaela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2517",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2517",
    pages = "122--131",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-wees-etal-2015-translation,
    title = "Translation Model Adaptation Using Genre-Revealing Text Features",
    author = "van der Wees, Marlies  and
      Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2518",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2518",
    pages = "132--141",
}
@inproceedings{yung-etal-2015-crosslingual,
    title = "Crosslingual Annotation and Analysis of Implicit Discourse Connectives for Machine Translation",
    author = "Yung, Frances  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2519",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2519",
    pages = "142--152",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-ittycheriah-2015-novel,
    title = "Novel Document Level Features for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Rong  and
      Ittycheriah, Abraham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2520",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2520",
    pages = "153--157",
}
@inproceedings{lapshinova-koltunski-2015-exploration,
    title = "Exploration of Inter- and Intralingual Variation of Discourse Phenomena",
    author = "Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2521",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2521",
    pages = "158--167",
}
@inproceedings{hardmeier-2015-statistical,
    title = "On Statistical Machine Translation and Translation Theory",
    author = "Hardmeier, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2522",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2522",
    pages = "168--172",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-international-health,
    title = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    author = "Grouin, Cyril  and
      Hamon, Thierry  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2600",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-26",
}
@inproceedings{yim-etal-2015-depth,
    title = "In-depth annotation for patient level liver cancer staging",
    author = "Yim, Wen-wai  and
      Kwan, Sharon  and
      Yetisgen, Meliha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2601",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{sadeque-etal-2015-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Continued Participation in Online Health Forums",
    author = "Sadeque, Farig  and
      Solorio, Thamar  and
      Pedersen, Ted  and
      Shrestha, Prasha  and
      Bethard, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2602",
    pages = "12--20",
}
@inproceedings{dhondt-etal-2015-redundancy,
    title = "Redundancy in {F}rench Electronic Health Records: A preliminary study",
    author = "D{'}hondt, Eva  and
      Tannier, Xavier  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2603",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{grouin-etal-2015-possible,
    title = "Is it possible to recover personal health information from an automatically de-identified corpus of {F}rench {EHR}s?",
    author = "Grouin, Cyril  and
      Griffon, Nicolas  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2604",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{cruz-diaz-mana-lopez-2015-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Biomedical Tokenization: Problems and Strategies",
    author = "Cruz D{\'\i}az, Noa P.  and
      Ma{\~n}a L{\'o}pez, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2605",
    pages = "40--49",
}
@inproceedings{yetisgen-etal-2015-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Clinically Important Follow-up Recommendations in Radiology Reports",
    author = "Yetisgen, Meliha  and
      Klassen, Prescott  and
      McCarthy, Lucas  and
      Pellicer, Elena  and
      Payne, Tom  and
      Gunn, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2606",
    pages = "50--54",
}
@inproceedings{dwi-prasetyo-etal-2015-impact,
    title = "On the Impact of Twitter-based Health Campaigns: A Cross-Country Analysis of Movember",
    author = "Dwi Prasetyo, Nugroho  and
      Hauff, Claudia  and
      Nguyen, Dong  and
      van den Broek, Tijs  and
      Hiemstra, Djoerd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2607",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{segura-bedmar-etal-2015-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Word Embedding for Drug Name Recognition",
    author = "Segura-Bedmar, Isabel  and
      Su{\'a}rez-Paniagua, V{\'\i}ctor  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Paloma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2608",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2608",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{weegar-dalianis-2015-creating,
    title = "Creating a rule based system for text mining of {N}orwegian breast cancer pathology reports",
    author = "Weegar, Rebecka  and
      Dalianis, Hercules",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2609",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2609",
    pages = "73--78",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-steedman-2015-parser,
    title = "Parser Adaptation to the Biomedical Domain without Re-Training",
    author = "Mitchell, Jeff  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2610",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2610",
    pages = "79--89",
}
@inproceedings{alfalahi-etal-2015-expanding,
    title = "Expanding a dictionary of marker words for uncertainty and negation using distributional semantics",
    author = "Alfalahi, Alyaa  and
      Skeppstedt, Maria  and
      Ahlbom, Rickard  and
      Baskalayci, Roza  and
      Henriksson, Aron  and
      Asker, Lars  and
      Paradis, Carita  and
      Kerren, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2611",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2611",
    pages = "90--96",
}
@inproceedings{roller-stevenson-2015-held,
    title = "Held-out versus Gold Standard: Comparison of Evaluation Strategies for Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction from {M}edline abstracts",
    author = "Roller, Roland  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2612",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2612",
    pages = "97--102",
}
@inproceedings{busse-2015-checking,
    title = "Checking a structured pathology report for completeness of content using terminological knowledge",
    author = "Busse, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2613",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2613",
    pages = "103--108",
}
@inproceedings{cocos-etal-2015-effectively,
    title = "Effectively Crowdsourcing Radiology Report Annotations",
    author = "Cocos, Anne  and
      Masino, Aaron  and
      Qian, Ting  and
      Pavlick, Ellie  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2614",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2614",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-yu-2015-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Key Concepts from {EHR} Notes Using Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Zheng, Jiaping  and
      Yu, Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2615",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2615",
    pages = "115--119",
}
@inproceedings{moens-2015-information,
    title = "Information Extraction from Biomedical Texts: Learning Models with Limited Supervision",
    author = "Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2616",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2616",
    pages = "120",
}
@inproceedings{friedrich-dalianis-2015-adverse,
    title = "Adverse Drug Event classification of health records using dictionary based pre-processing and machine learning",
    author = "Friedrich, Stefanie  and
      Dalianis, Hercules",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2617",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2617",
    pages = "121--130",
}
@inproceedings{venturi-etal-2015-nlp,
    title = "{NLP}{--}Based Readability Assessment of Health{--}Related Texts: a Case Study on {I}talian Informed Consent Forms",
    author = "Venturi, Giulia  and
      Bellandi, Tommaso  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2618",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2618",
    pages = "131--141",
}
@inproceedings{jagannatha-etal-2015-mining,
    title = "Mining and Ranking Biomedical Synonym Candidates from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Jagannatha, Abhyuday  and
      Chen, Jinying  and
      Yu, Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2619",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2619",
    pages = "142--151",
}
@inproceedings{henriksson-2015-representing,
    title = "Representing Clinical Notes for Adverse Drug Event Detection",
    author = "Henriksson, Aron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2620",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2620",
    pages = "152--158",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-linking,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linking Computational Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    author = "Roth, Michael  and
      Louis, Annie  and
      Webber, Bonnie  and
      Baldwin, Tim",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2700",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-27",
}
@inproceedings{polajnar-etal-2015-exploration,
    title = "An Exploration of Discourse-Based Sentence Spaces for Compositional Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Polajnar, Tamara  and
      Rimell, Laura  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linking Computational Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2701",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{mavridou-etal-2015-linking,
    title = "Linking discourse modes and situation entity types in a cross-linguistic corpus study",
    author = "Mavridou, Kleio-Isidora  and
      Friedrich, Annemarie  and
      Peate S{\o}rensen, Melissa  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linking Computational Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2702",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{rohde-etal-2015-recovering,
    title = "Recovering discourse relations: Varying influence of discourse adverbials",
    author = "Rohde, Hannah  and
      Dickinson, Anna  and
      Clark, Chris  and
      Louis, Annie  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linking Computational Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2703",
    pages = "22--31",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-tripodi-2015-semantics,
    title = "Semantics and Discourse Processing for Expressive {TTS}",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo  and
      Tripodi, Rocco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linking Computational Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2704",
    pages = "32--43",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2015-semantically,
    title = "Semantically Enriched Models for Modal Sense Classification",
    author = "Zhou, Mengfei  and
      Frank, Anette  and
      Friedrich, Annemarie  and
      Palmer, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linking Computational Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2705",
    pages = "44--53",
}
@inproceedings{khazaei-etal-2015-identification,
    title = "Identification and Disambiguation of Lexical Cues of Rhetorical Relations across Different Text Genres",
    author = "Khazaei, Taraneh  and
      Xiao, Lu  and
      Mercer, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linking Computational Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2706",
    pages = "54--63",
}
@inproceedings{prasad-etal-2015-bridging,
    title = "Bridging Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics through Clausal Adjuncts",
    author = "Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Webber, Bonnie  and
      Lee, Alan  and
      Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linking Computational Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2707",
    pages = "64--69",
}
@inproceedings{correia-etal-2015-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Level Distribution of Metadiscourse in Spoken Language",
    author = "Correia, Rui  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine  and
      Mamede, Nuno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linking Computational Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2708",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2708",
    pages = "70--75",
}
@inproceedings{pershina-etal-2015-idiom,
    title = "Idiom Paraphrases: Seventh Heaven vs Cloud Nine",
    author = "Pershina, Maria  and
      He, Yifan  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linking Computational Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2709",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2709",
    pages = "76--82",
}
@inproceedings{murakami-tsuruoka-2015-alexander,
    title = "Where Was Alexander the Great in 325 {BC}? Toward Understanding History Text with a World Model",
    author = "Murakami, Yuki  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linking Computational Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2710",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2710",
    pages = "83--88",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-alonso-etal-2015-predicting,
    title = "Predicting word sense annotation agreement",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Johannsen, Anders  and
      Lopez de Lacalle, Oier  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linking Computational Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2711",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2711",
    pages = "89--94",
}
@inproceedings{bernardi-etal-2015-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Semantics in Use",
    author = "Bernardi, Raffaella  and
      Boleda, Gemma  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel  and
      Paperno, Denis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linking Computational Models of Lexical, Sentential and Discourse-level Semantics",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2712",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2712",
    pages = "95--101",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-vision,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Coheur, Luisa  and
      Ferrari, Vittorio  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine  and
      Pastra, Katerina  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2800",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-28",
}
@inproceedings{krishnamurthy-2015-visually,
    title = "Visually-Verifiable Textual Entailment: A Challenge Task for Combining Language and Vision",
    author = "Krishnamurthy, Jayant",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2801",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2801",
    pages = "1--3",
}
@inproceedings{vaidyanathan-etal-2015-computational,
    title = "Computational Integration of Human Vision and Natural Language through Bitext Alignment",
    author = "Vaidyanathan, Preethi  and
      Prud{'}hommeaux, Emily  and
      O. Alm, Cecilia  and
      Pelz, Jeff B.  and
      Haake, Anne R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2802",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2802",
    pages = "4--5",
}
@inproceedings{lautenbacher-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards Reliable Automatic Multimodal Content Analysis",
    author = "Lautenbacher, Olli-Philippe  and
      Tiittula, Liisa  and
      Hirvonen, Maija  and
      Laaksonen, Jorma  and
      Kurimo, Mikko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2803",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2803",
    pages = "6--7",
}
@inproceedings{kadar-etal-2015-lingusitic,
    title = "Lingusitic Analysis of Multi-Modal Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "K{\'a}d{\'a}r, {\'A}kos  and
      Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz  and
      Alishahi, Afra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2804",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2804",
    pages = "8--9",
}
@inproceedings{gaizauskas-etal-2015-defining,
    title = "Defining Visually Descriptive Language",
    author = "Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Wang, Josiah  and
      Ramisa, Arnau",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2805",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2805",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{ellebracht-etal-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Tuples for Evaluation of Image to Sentence Generation",
    author = "Ellebracht, Lily D.  and
      Ramisa, Arnau  and
      Madhyastha, Pranava Swaroop  and
      Cordero-Rama, Jose  and
      Moreno-Noguer, Francesc  and
      Quattoni, Ariadna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2806",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2806",
    pages = "18--28",
}
@inproceedings{hessel-etal-2015-image,
    title = "Image Representations and New Domains in Neural Image Captioning",
    author = "Hessel, Jack  and
      Savva, Nicolas  and
      Wilber, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2807",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2807",
    pages = "29--39",
}
@inproceedings{weiland-etal-2015-image,
    title = "Image with a Message: Towards Detecting Non-Literal Image Usages by Visual Linking",
    author = "Weiland, Lydia  and
      Dietz, Laura  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2808",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2808",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{elhoseiny-elgammal-2015-visual,
    title = "Visual Classifier Prediction by Distributional Semantic Embedding of Text Descriptions",
    author = "Elhoseiny, Mohamed  and
      Elgammal, Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2809",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2809",
    pages = "48--50",
}
@inproceedings{polisciuc-etal-2015-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Urban Land Use through the Visualization of Points of Interest",
    author = "Polisciuc, Evgheni  and
      Alves, Ana  and
      Machado, Penousal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2810",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2810",
    pages = "51--59",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2015-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Attribute Classifiers for Interactive Language Grounding",
    author = "Yu, Yanchao  and
      Eshghi, Arash  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2811",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2811",
    pages = "60--69",
}
@inproceedings{schuster-etal-2015-generating,
    title = "Generating Semantically Precise Scene Graphs from Textual Descriptions for Improved Image Retrieval",
    author = "Schuster, Sebastian  and
      Krishna, Ranjay  and
      Chang, Angel  and
      Fei-Fei, Li  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2812",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2812",
    pages = "70--80",
}
@inproceedings{lazaridou-etal-2015-distributed,
    title = "Do Distributed Semantic Models Dream of Electric Sheep? Visualizing Word Representations through Image Synthesis",
    author = "Lazaridou, Angeliki  and
      Tien Nguyen, Dat  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2813",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2813",
    pages = "81--86",
}
@inproceedings{taniguchi-etal-2015-weighted,
    title = "A Weighted Combination of Text and Image Classifiers for User Gender Inference",
    author = "Taniguchi, Tomoki  and
      Sakaki, Shigeyuki  and
      Shigenaka, Ryosuke  and
      Tsuboshita, Yukihiro  and
      Ohkuma, Tomoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2814",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2814",
    pages = "87--93",
}
@inproceedings{almeida-etal-2015-coupling,
    title = "Coupling Natural Language Processing and Animation Synthesis in {P}ortuguese Sign Language Translation",
    author = "Almeida, In{\^e}s  and
      Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa  and
      Candeias, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2815",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2815",
    pages = "94--103",
}
@inproceedings{belz-etal-2015-describing,
    title = "Describing Spatial Relationships between Objects in Images in {E}nglish and {F}rench",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Muscat, Adrian  and
      Aberton, Maxime  and
      Benjelloun, Sami",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vision and Language",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2816",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2816",
    pages = "104--113",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-approaches,
    title = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      van der Goot, Erik  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Montoyo, Andres",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2900",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-29",
}
@inproceedings{kozareva-2015-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Affect Polarity and Valence Prediction in Metaphors",
    author = "Kozareva, Zornitsa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2901",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2901",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{vilares-etal-2015-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis on Monolingual, Multilingual and Code-Switching Twitter Corpora",
    author = "Vilares, David  and
      Alonso, Miguel A.  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2902",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2902",
    pages = "2--8",
}
@inproceedings{carpuat-2015-connotation,
    title = "Connotation in Translation",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2903",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2903",
    pages = "9--15",
}
@inproceedings{vosoughi-etal-2015-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced Twitter Sentiment Classification Using Contextual Information",
    author = "Vosoughi, Soroush  and
      Zhou, Helen  and
      Roy, Deb",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2904",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2904",
    pages = "16--24",
}
@inproceedings{khattri-etal-2015-sentiment,
    title = "Your Sentiment Precedes You: Using an author{'}s historical tweets to predict sarcasm",
    author = "Khattri, Anupam  and
      Joshi, Aditya  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Carman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2905",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2905",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{kober-weir-2015-optimising,
    title = "Optimising Agile Social Media Analysis",
    author = "Kober, Thomas  and
      Weir, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2906",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2906",
    pages = "31--40",
}
@inproceedings{tsunoda-etal-2015-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing review analysis to suggest product advertisement improvements",
    author = "Tsunoda, Takaaki  and
      Inui, Takashi  and
      Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2907",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2907",
    pages = "41--50",
}
@inproceedings{kessler-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards Opinion Mining from Reviews for the Prediction of Product Rankings",
    author = "Kessler, Wiltrud  and
      Klinger, Roman  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2908",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2908",
    pages = "51--57",
}
@inproceedings{cagnina-rosso-2015-classification,
    title = "Classification of deceptive opinions using a low dimensionality representation",
    author = "Cagnina, Leticia  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2909",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2909",
    pages = "58--66",
}
@inproceedings{ruppenhofer-brandes-2015-extending,
    title = "Extending effect annotation with lexical decomposition",
    author = "Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Brandes, Jasper",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2910",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2910",
    pages = "67--76",
}
@inproceedings{flekova-etal-2015-analysing,
    title = "Analysing domain suitability of a sentiment lexicon by identifying distributionally bipolar words",
    author = "Flekova, Lucie  and
      Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Ruppert, Eugen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2911",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2911",
    pages = "77--84",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-2015-imagisaurus,
    title = "{I}magisaurus: An Interactive Visualizer of Valence and Emotion in the {R}oget{'}s Thesaurus",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2912",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2912",
    pages = "85--91",
}
@inproceedings{plank-hovy-2015-personality,
    title = "Personality Traits on {T}witter{---}or{---}{H}ow to Get 1,500 Personality Tests in a Week",
    author = "Plank, Barbara  and
      Hovy, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2913",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2913",
    pages = "92--98",
}
@inproceedings{reitan-etal-2015-negation,
    title = "Negation Scope Detection for Twitter Sentiment Analysis",
    author = {Reitan, Johan  and
      Faret, J{\o}rgen  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Bungum, Lars},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2914",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2914",
    pages = "99--108",
}
@inproceedings{ebert-etal-2015-linguistically,
    title = "A Linguistically Informed Convolutional Neural Network",
    author = {Ebert, Sebastian  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2915",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2915",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{sumanth-inkpen-2015-much,
    title = "How much does word sense disambiguation help in sentiment analysis of micropost data?",
    author = "Sumanth, Chiraag  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2916",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2916",
    pages = "115--121",
}
@inproceedings{schmit-wubben-2015-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Ratings for New Movie Releases from Twitter Content",
    author = "Schmit, Wernard  and
      Wubben, Sander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2917",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2917",
    pages = "122--126",
}
@inproceedings{mihaltz-etal-2015-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Sentiment: Social Psychological Analysis of Political {F}acebook Comments in Hungary",
    author = {Mih{\'a}ltz, M{\'a}rton  and
      V{\'a}radi, Tam{\'a}s  and
      Csert{\H{o}}, Istv{\'a}n  and
      F{\"u}l{\"o}p, {\'E}va  and
      P{\'o}lya, Tibor  and
      K{\H{o}}v{\'a}g{\'o}, P{\'a}l},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2918",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2918",
    pages = "127--133",
}
@inproceedings{klenner-2015-verb,
    title = "Verb-centered Sentiment Inference with Description Logics",
    author = "Klenner, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2919",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2919",
    pages = "134--139",
}
@inproceedings{sinha-etal-2015-mining,
    title = "Mining {HEXACO} personality traits from Enterprise Social Media",
    author = "Sinha, Priyanka  and
      Dey, Lipika  and
      Mitra, Pabitra  and
      Basu, Anupam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2920",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2920",
    pages = "140--147",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-etal-2015-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Holder and Target Extraction for Verb-based Opinion Predicates {--} The Problem is Not Solved",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Schulder, Marc  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2921",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2921",
    pages = "148--155",
}
@inproceedings{maqsud-2015-synthetic,
    title = "Synthetic Text Generation for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Maqsud, Umar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2922",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2922",
    pages = "156--161",
}
@inproceedings{skeppstedt-etal-2015-detecting,
    title = "Detecting speculations, contrasts and conditionals in consumer reviews",
    author = "Skeppstedt, Maria  and
      Schamp-Bjerede, Teri  and
      Sahlgren, Magnus  and
      Paradis, Carita  and
      Kerren, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2923",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2923",
    pages = "162--168",
}
@inproceedings{simeon-hilderman-2015-using,
    title = "Using Combined Lexical Resources to Identify Hashtag Types",
    author = "Simeon, Credell  and
      Hilderman, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2924",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2924",
    pages = "169--174",
}
@inproceedings{smith-lee-2015-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Classification via a Response Recalibration Framework",
    author = "Smith, Phillip  and
      Lee, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisboa, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-2925",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-2925",
    pages = "175--180",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-statistical,
    title = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Chatterjee, Rajan  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Hokamp, Chris  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Logacheva, Varvara  and
      Pecina, Pavel",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-30",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2015-findings,
    title = "Findings of the 2015 Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Hokamp, Chris  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Logacheva, Varvara  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Scarton, Carolina  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Turchi, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3001",
    pages = "1--46",
}
@inproceedings{twitto-etal-2015-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation with Automatic Identification of Translationese",
    author = "Twitto, Naama  and
      Ordan, Noam  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3002",
    pages = "47--57",
}
@inproceedings{axelrod-etal-2015-data,
    title = "Data Selection With Fewer Words",
    author = "Axelrod, Amittai  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3003",
    pages = "58--65",
}
@inproceedings{avramidis-etal-2015-dfkis,
    title = "{DFKI}{'}s experimental hybrid {MT} system for {WMT} 2015",
    author = "Avramidis, Eleftherios  and
      Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Burchardt, Aljoscha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3004",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-etal-2015-parfda,
    title = "{P}ar{FDA} for Fast Deployment of Accurate Statistical Machine Translation Systems, Benchmarks, and Statistics",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3005",
    pages = "74--78",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-tamchyna-2015-cuni,
    title = "{CUNI} in {WMT}15: Chimera Strikes Again",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3006",
    pages = "79--83",
}
@inproceedings{cap-etal-2015-cims,
    title = "{C}im{S} - The {CIS} and {IMS} Joint Submission to {WMT} 2015 addressing morphological and syntactic differences in {E}nglish to {G}erman {SMT}",
    author = "Cap, Fabienne  and
      Weller, Marion  and
      Ramm, Anita  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3007",
    pages = "84--91",
}
@inproceedings{cho-etal-2015-karlsruhe,
    title = "The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Translation Systems for the {WMT} 2015",
    author = "Cho, Eunah  and
      Ha, Thanh-Le  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Herrmann, Teresa  and
      Mediani, Mohammed  and
      Zhang, Yuqi  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3008",
    pages = "92--97",
}
@inproceedings{dusek-etal-2015-new,
    title = "New Language Pairs in {T}ecto{MT}",
    author = "Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Gomes, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Nov{\'a}k, Michal  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Rosa, Rudolf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3009",
    pages = "98--104",
}
@inproceedings{gronroos-etal-2015-tuning,
    title = "Tuning Phrase-Based Segmented Translation for a Morphologically Complex Target Language",
    author = {Gr{\"o}nroos, Stig-Arne  and
      Virpioja, Sami  and
      Kurimo, Mikko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3010",
    pages = "105--111",
}
@inproceedings{gwinnup-etal-2015-afrl,
    title = "The {AFRL}-{MITLL} {WMT}15 System: There{'}s More than One Way to Decode It!",
    author = "Gwinnup, Jeremy  and
      Anderson, Tim  and
      Erdmann, Grant  and
      Young, Katherine  and
      May, Christina  and
      Kazi, Michaeel  and
      Salesky, Elizabeth  and
      Thompson, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3011",
    pages = "112--119",
}
@inproceedings{ha-etal-2015-kit,
    title = "The {KIT}-{LIMSI} Translation System for {WMT} 2015",
    author = "Ha, Thanh-Le  and
      Do, Quoc-Khanh  and
      Cho, Eunah  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3012",
    pages = "120--125",
}
@inproceedings{haddow-etal-2015-edinburgh,
    title = "The {E}dinburgh/{JHU} Phrase-based Machine Translation Systems for {WMT} 2015",
    author = "Haddow, Barry  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Birch, Alexandra  and
      Bogoychev, Nikolay  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3013",
    pages = "126--133",
}
@inproceedings{jean-etal-2015-montreal,
    title = "Montreal Neural Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}{'}15",
    author = "Jean, S{\'e}bastien  and
      Firat, Orhan  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Memisevic, Roland  and
      Bengio, Yoshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3014",
    pages = "134--140",
}
@inproceedings{kolachina-ranta-2015-gf,
    title = "{GF} Wide-coverage {E}nglish-{F}innish {MT} system for {WMT} 2015",
    author = "Kolachina, Prasanth  and
      Ranta, Aarne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3015",
    pages = "141--144",
}
@inproceedings{marie-etal-2015-limsi,
    title = "LIMSI@WMT{'}15 : Translation Task",
    author = {Marie, Benjamin  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Burlot, Franck  and
      Do, Quoc-Khanh  and
      Ive, Julia  and
      Knyazeva, Elena  and
      Labeau, Matthieu  and
      Lavergne, Thomas  and
      L{\"o}ser, Kevin  and
      P{\'e}cheux, Nicolas  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3016",
    pages = "145--151",
}
@inproceedings{pal-etal-2015-uds,
    title = "{U}d{S}-Sant: {E}nglish{--}{G}erman Hybrid Machine Translation System",
    author = "Pal, Santanu  and
      Naskar, Sudip  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3017",
    pages = "152--157",
}
@inproceedings{peter-etal-2015-rwth,
    title = "The {RWTH} Aachen {G}erman-{E}nglish Machine Translation System for {WMT} 2015",
    author = "Peter, Jan-Thorsten  and
      Toutounchi, Farzad  and
      Wuebker, Joern  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3018",
    pages = "158--163",
}
@inproceedings{quernheim-2015-exact,
    title = "Exact Decoding with Multi Bottom-Up Tree Transducers",
    author = "Quernheim, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3019",
    pages = "164--171",
}
@inproceedings{steele-etal-2015-sheffield,
    title = "{S}heffield Systems for the {F}innish-{E}nglish {WMT} Translation Task",
    author = "Steele, David  and
      Sim Smith, Karin  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3020",
    pages = "172--176",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-etal-2015-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Segmentation and {OPUS} for {F}innish-{E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Kanerva, Jenna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3021",
    pages = "177--183",
}
@inproceedings{rubino-etal-2015-abu,
    title = "Abu-{M}a{T}ran at {WMT} 2015 Translation Task: Morphological Segmentation and Web Crawling",
    author = "Rubino, Raphael  and
      Pirinen, Tommi  and
      Espl{\`a}-Gomis, Miquel  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Ortiz-Rojas, Sergio  and
      Papavassiliou, Vassilis  and
      Prokopidis, Prokopis  and
      Toral, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3022",
    pages = "184--191",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-2015-university,
    title = "The University of {I}llinois submission to the {WMT} 2015 Shared Translation Task",
    author = "Schwartz, Lane  and
      Bryce, Bill  and
      Geigle, Chase  and
      Massung, Sean  and
      Liu, Yisi  and
      Peng, Haoruo  and
      Raja, Vignesh  and
      Roy, Subhro  and
      Upadhyay, Shyam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3023",
    pages = "192--198",
}
@inproceedings{williams-etal-2015-edinburghs,
    title = "{E}dinburgh{'}s Syntax-Based Systems at {WMT} 2015",
    author = "Williams, Philip  and
      Sennrich, Rico  and
      Nadejde, Maria  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3024",
    pages = "199--209",
}
@inproceedings{chatterjee-etal-2015-fbk,
    title = "The {FBK} Participation in the {WMT}15 Automatic Post-editing Shared Task",
    author = "Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Negri, Matteo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3025",
    pages = "210--215",
}
@inproceedings{pal-etal-2015-usaar,
    title = "{USAAR}-{SAPE}: An {E}nglish{--}{S}panish Statistical Automatic Post-Editing System",
    author = "Pal, Santanu  and
      Vela, Mihaela  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3026",
    pages = "216--221",
}
@inproceedings{wisniewski-etal-2015-predicting,
    title = "Why Predicting Post-Edition is so Hard? Failure Analysis of {LIMSI} Submission to the {APE} Shared Task",
    author = "Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      P{\'e}cheux, Nicolas  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3027",
    pages = "222--227",
}
@inproceedings{kaeshammer-2015-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Machine Translation With Discontinuous Phrases",
    author = "Kaeshammer, Miriam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3028",
    pages = "228--238",
}
@inproceedings{seemann-maletti-2015-discontinuous,
    title = "Discontinuous Statistical Machine Translation with Target-Side Dependency Syntax",
    author = "Seemann, Nina  and
      Maletti, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3029",
    pages = "239--247",
}
@inproceedings{niehues-etal-2015-listnet,
    title = "{L}ist{N}et-based {MT} Rescoring",
    author = "Niehues, Jan  and
      Do, Quoc Khanh  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3030",
    pages = "248--255",
}
@inproceedings{stanojevic-etal-2015-results,
    title = "Results of the {WMT}15 Metrics Shared Task",
    author = "Stanojevi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Kamran, Amir  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3031",
    pages = "256--273",
}
@inproceedings{stanojevic-etal-2015-results-wmt15,
    title = "Results of the {WMT}15 Tuning Shared Task",
    author = "Stanojevi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Kamran, Amir  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3032",
    pages = "274--281",
}
@inproceedings{guta-etal-2015-extended,
    title = "Extended Translation Models in Phrase-based Decoding",
    author = "Guta, Andreas  and
      Wuebker, Joern  and
      Gra{\c{c}}a, Miguel  and
      Kim, Yunsu  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3033",
    pages = "282--293",
}
@inproceedings{alkhouli-etal-2015-investigations,
    title = "Investigations on Phrase-based Decoding with Recurrent Neural Network Language and Translation Models",
    author = "Alkhouli, Tamer  and
      Rietig, Felix  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3034",
    pages = "294--303",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-etal-2015-referential,
    title = "Referential Translation Machines for Predicting Translation Quality and Related Statistics",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3035",
    pages = "304--308",
}
@inproceedings{espla-gomis-etal-2015-ualacant,
    title = "{UA}lacant word-level machine translation quality estimation system at {WMT} 2015",
    author = "Espl{\`a}-Gomis, Miquel  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Mart{\'\i}nez, Felipe  and
      Forcada, Mikel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3036",
    pages = "309--315",
}
@inproceedings{kreutzer-etal-2015-quality,
    title = "{QU}ality Estimation from {S}cra{TCH} ({QUETCH}): Deep Learning for Word-level Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Kreutzer, Julia  and
      Schamoni, Shigehiko  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3037",
    pages = "316--322",
}
@inproceedings{langlois-2015-loria,
    title = "{LORIA} System for the {WMT}15 Quality Estimation Shared Task",
    author = "Langlois, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3038",
    pages = "323--329",
}
@inproceedings{logacheva-etal-2015-data,
    title = "Data enhancement and selection strategies for the word-level Quality Estimation",
    author = "Logacheva, Varvara  and
      Hokamp, Chris  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3039",
    pages = "330--335",
}
@inproceedings{scarton-etal-2015-ushef,
    title = "{USHEF} and {USAAR}-{USHEF} participation in the {WMT}15 {QE} shared task",
    author = "Scarton, Carolina  and
      Tan, Liling  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3040",
    pages = "336--341",
}
@inproceedings{shah-etal-2015-shef,
    title = "{SHEF}-{NN}: Translation Quality Estimation with Neural Networks",
    author = "Shah, Kashif  and
      Logacheva, Varvara  and
      Paetzold, Gustavo  and
      Blain, Frederic  and
      Beck, Daniel  and
      Bougares, Fethi  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3041",
    pages = "342--347",
}
@inproceedings{shang-etal-2015-strategy,
    title = "Strategy-Based Technology for Estimating {MT} Quality",
    author = "Shang, Liugang  and
      Cai, Dongfeng  and
      Ji, Duo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3042",
    pages = "348--352",
}
@inproceedings{tezcan-etal-2015-ugent,
    title = "{UGENT}-{LT}3 {SCATE} System for Machine Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Tezcan, Arda  and
      Hoste, Veronique  and
      Desmet, Bart  and
      Macken, Lieve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3043",
    pages = "353--360",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-multi,
    title = "Multi-level Evaluation for Machine Translation",
    author = "Chen, Boxing  and
      Guo, Hongyu  and
      Kuhn, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3044",
    pages = "361--365",
}
@inproceedings{comelles-atserias-2015-verta,
    title = "{VERT}a: a Linguistically-motivated Metric at the {WMT}15 Metrics Task",
    author = "Comelles, Elisabet  and
      Atserias, Jordi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3045",
    pages = "366--372",
}
@inproceedings{fomicheva-etal-2015-upf,
    title = "{UPF}-Cobalt Submission to {WMT}15 Metrics Task",
    author = "Fomicheva, Marina  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      da Cunha, Iria  and
      Malinovskiy, Anton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3046",
    pages = "373--379",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2015-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation Evaluation using Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Gupta, Rohit  and
      Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3047",
    pages = "380--384",
}
@inproceedings{marie-apidianaki-2015-alignment,
    title = "Alignment-based sense selection in {METEOR} and the {RATATOUILLE} recipe",
    author = "Marie, Benjamin  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3048",
    pages = "385--391",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-2015-chrf,
    title = "chr{F}: character n-gram F-score for automatic {MT} evaluation",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3049",
    pages = "392--395",
}
@inproceedings{stanojevic-simaan-2015-beer,
    title = "{BEER} 1.1: {ILLC} {U}v{A} submission to metrics and tuning task",
    author = "Stanojevi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3050",
    pages = "396--401",
}
@inproceedings{vela-tan-2015-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Machine Translation Adequacy with Document Embeddings",
    author = "Vela, Mihaela  and
      Tan, Liling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3051",
    pages = "402--410",
}
@inproceedings{virpioja-gronroos-2015-lebleu,
    title = "{L}e{BLEU}: N-gram-based Translation Evaluation Score for Morphologically Complex Languages",
    author = {Virpioja, Sami  and
      Gr{\"o}nroos, Stig-Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3052",
    pages = "411--416",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2015-casict,
    title = "{CASICT}-{DCU} Participation in {WMT}2015 Metrics Task",
    author = "Yu, Hui  and
      Ma, Qingsong  and
      Wu, Xiaofeng  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3053",
    pages = "417--421",
}
@inproceedings{erdmann-gwinnup-2015-drem,
    title = "{D}rem: The {AFRL} Submission to the {WMT}15 Tuning Task",
    author = "Erdmann, Grant  and
      Gwinnup, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3054",
    pages = "422--427",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-mt,
    title = "{MT} Tuning on {RED}: A Dependency-Based Evaluation Metric",
    author = "Li, Liangyou  and
      Yu, Hui  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3055",
    pages = "428--433",
}
@inproceedings{lo-etal-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving evaluation and optimization of {MT} systems against {MEANT}",
    author = "Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Dowling, Philipp  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3056",
    pages = "434--441",
}
@inproceedings{sugiyama-etal-2015-investigation,
    title = "An Investigation of Machine Translation Evaluation Metrics in Cross-lingual Question Answering",
    author = "Sugiyama, Kyoshiro  and
      Mizukami, Masahiro  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Yoshino, Koichiro  and
      Sakti, Sakriani  and
      Toda, Tomoki  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3057",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3057",
    pages = "442--449",
}
@inproceedings{isozaki-kouchi-2015-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Analysis of Scrambled References for Better Evaluation of {J}apanese Translation",
    author = "Isozaki, Hideki  and
      Kouchi, Natsume",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3058",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3058",
    pages = "450--456",
}
@inproceedings{guzman-etal-2015-humans,
    title = "How do Humans Evaluate Machine Translation",
    author = "Guzm{\'a}n, Francisco  and
      Abdelali, Ahmed  and
      Temnikova, Irina  and
      Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3059",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3059",
    pages = "457--466",
}
@inproceedings{freitag-etal-2015-local,
    title = "Local System Voting Feature for Machine Translation System Combination",
    author = "Freitag, Markus  and
      Peter, Jan-Thorsten  and
      Peitz, Stephan  and
      Feng, Minwei  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3060",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3060",
    pages = "467--476",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-sighan,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    author = "Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Sui, Zhifang  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-31",
}
@inproceedings{yung-etal-2015-sequential,
    title = "Sequential Annotation and Chunking of {C}hinese Discourse Structure",
    author = "Yung, Frances  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3101",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-create,
    title = "Create a Manual {C}hinese Word Segmentation Dataset Using Crowdsourcing Method",
    author = "Wang, Shichang  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Yao, Yao  and
      Chan, Angel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3102",
    pages = "7--14",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2015-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Named Entity Recognition with Graph-based Semi-supervised Learning Model",
    author = "Han, Aaron Li-Feng  and
      Zeng, Xiaodong  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3103",
    pages = "15--20",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-etal-2015-sentence,
    title = "Sentence selection for automatic scoring of {M}andarin proficiency",
    author = "Yuan, Jiahong  and
      Xu, Xiaoying  and
      Lai, Wei  and
      Ye, Weiping  and
      Zhao, Xinru  and
      Liberman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3104",
    pages = "21--25",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2015-acbima,
    title = "{ACB}i{MA}: Advanced {C}hinese Bi-Character Word Morphological Analyzer",
    author = "Huang, Ting-Hao  and
      Chen, Yun-Nung  and
      Kong, Lingpeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3105",
    pages = "26--31",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-etal-2015-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to {SIGHAN} 2015 Bake-off for {C}hinese Spelling Check",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Chang, Li-Ping  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3106",
    pages = "32--37",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-hanspeller,
    title = "{HANS}peller++: A Unified Framework for {C}hinese Spelling Correction",
    author = "Zhang, Shuiyuan  and
      Xiong, Jinhua  and
      Hou, Jianpeng  and
      Zhang, Qiao  and
      Cheng, Xueqi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3107",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{wang-liao-2015-word,
    title = "Word Vector/Conditional Random Field-based {C}hinese Spelling Error Detection for {SIGHAN}-2015 Evaluation",
    author = "Wang, Yih-Ru  and
      Liao, Yuan-Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3108",
    pages = "46--49",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2015-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to a Proofreading Tool for {C}hinese Spelling Check Task of {SIGHAN}-8",
    author = "Chang, Tao-Hsing  and
      Chen, Hsueh-Chih  and
      Yang, Cheng-Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3109",
    pages = "50--55",
}
@inproceedings{liao-etal-2015-overview,
    title = "Overview of Topic-based {C}hinese Message Polarity Classification in {SIGHAN} 2015",
    author = "Liao, Xiangwen  and
      Li, Binyang  and
      Xu, Liheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3110",
    pages = "56--60",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2015-joint,
    title = "A Joint Model for {C}hinese Microblog Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Cao, Yuhui  and
      Chen, Zhao  and
      Xu, Ruifeng  and
      Chen, Tao  and
      Gui, Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3111",
    pages = "61--67",
}
@inproceedings{kang-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Salient Samples and Distributed Representations for Topic-Based {C}hinese Message Polarity Classification",
    author = "Kang, Xin  and
      Wu, Yunong  and
      Zhang, Zhifei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3112",
    pages = "68--73",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-combined,
    title = "An combined sentiment classification system for {SIGHAN}-8",
    author = "Li, Qiuchi  and
      Zhi, Qiyu  and
      Li, Miao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3113",
    pages = "74--78",
}
@inproceedings{park-yuan-2015-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Knowledge-driven Approach to {C}hinese Comparative Elements Extraction",
    author = "Park, MinJun  and
      Yuan, Yulin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3114",
    pages = "79--85",
}
@inproceedings{li-jin-2015-crf,
    title = "A {CRF} Method of Identifying Prepositional Phrases in {C}hinese Patent Texts",
    author = "Li, Hongzheng  and
      Jin, Yaohong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3115",
    pages = "86--90",
}
@inproceedings{lee-wang-2015-emotion,
    title = "Emotion in Code-switching Texts: Corpus Construction and Analysis",
    author = "Lee, Sophia  and
      Wang, Zhongqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3116",
    pages = "91--99",
}
@inproceedings{ranta-etal-2015-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese in the Grammatical Framework: Grammar, Translation, and Other Applications Anonymous",
    author = "Ranta, Aarne  and
      Tian, Yan  and
      Qiao, Haiyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3117",
    pages = "100--109",
}
@inproceedings{bai-etal-2015-kwb,
    title = "{KWB}: An Automated Quick News System for {C}hinese Readers",
    author = "Bai, Yiqi  and
      Yang, Wenjing  and
      Zhang, Hao  and
      Wang, Jingwen  and
      Jia, Ming  and
      Tong, Roland  and
      Wang, Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3118",
    pages = "110--119",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2015-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Semantic Role Labeling using High-quality Syntactic Knowledge",
    author = "Jin, Gongye  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3119",
    pages = "120--127",
}
@inproceedings{xie-etal-2015-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Spelling Check System Based on N-gram Model",
    author = "Xie, Weijian  and
      Huang, Peijie  and
      Zhang, Xinrui  and
      Hong, Kaiduo  and
      Huang, Qiang  and
      Chen, Bingzhou  and
      Huang, Lei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3120",
    pages = "128--136",
}
@inproceedings{chu-lin-2015-ntou,
    title = "{NTOU} {C}hinese Spelling Check System in Sighan-8 Bake-off",
    author = "Chu, Wei-Cheng  and
      Lin, Chuan-Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3121",
    pages = "137--143",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-topic,
    title = "Topic-Based {C}hinese Message Sentiment Analysis: A Multilayered Analysis System",
    author = "Li, Hongjie  and
      Sun, Zhongqian  and
      Yang, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3122",
    pages = "144--148",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2015-rule,
    title = "Rule-Based {W}eibo Messages Sentiment Polarity Classification towards Given Topics",
    author = "Zhou, Hongzhao  and
      Teng, Yonglin  and
      Hou, Min  and
      He, Wei  and
      Zhu, Hongtao  and
      Zhu, Xiaolin  and
      Mu, Yanfei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3123",
    pages = "149--157",
}
@inproceedings{liao-etal-2015-topic,
    title = "Topic-Based {C}hinese Message Polarity Classification System at {SIGHAN}8-Task2",
    author = "Liao, Chun  and
      Feng, Chong  and
      Yang, Sen  and
      Huang, Heyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3124",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3124",
    pages = "158--163",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2015-ct,
    title = "{CT}-{SPA}: Text sentiment polarity prediction model using semi-automatically expanded sentiment lexicon",
    author = "Chang, Tao-Hsing  and
      Lin, Ming-Jhih  and
      Chen, Chun-Hsien  and
      Wang, Shao-Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3125",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3125",
    pages = "164--170",
}
@inproceedings{ye-etal-2015-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Microblogs Sentiment Classification using Maximum Entropy",
    author = "Ye, Dashu  and
      Huang, Peijie  and
      Hong, Kaiduo  and
      Tang, Zhuoying  and
      Xie, Weijian  and
      Zhou, Guilong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3126",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3126",
    pages = "171--179",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-ndmscs,
    title = "{NDMSCS}: A Topic-Based {C}hinese Microblog Polarity Classification System",
    author = "Wang, Yang  and
      Wang, Yaqi  and
      Feng, Shi  and
      Wang, Daling  and
      Zhang, Yifei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3127",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3127",
    pages = "180--184",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-neudm,
    title = "{NEUDM}: A System for Topic-Based Message Polarity Classification",
    author = "Wang, Yaqi  and
      Feng, Shi  and
      Wang, Daling  and
      Zhang, Yifei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3128",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3128",
    pages = "185--189",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-arabic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Darwish, Kareem",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-32",
}
@inproceedings{mubarak-darwish-2015-classifying,
    title = "Classifying {A}rab Names Geographically",
    author = "Mubarak, Hamdy  and
      Darwish, Kareem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3201",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{al-sallab-etal-2015-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning Models for Sentiment Analysis in {A}rabic",
    author = "Al Sallab, Ahmad  and
      Hajj, Hazem  and
      Badaro, Gilbert  and
      Baly, Ramy  and
      El Hajj, Wassim  and
      Bashir Shaban, Khaled",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3202",
    pages = "9--17",
}
@inproceedings{badaro-etal-2015-light,
    title = "A Light Lexicon-based Mobile Application for Sentiment Mining of {A}rabic Tweets",
    author = "Badaro, Gilbert  and
      Baly, Ramy  and
      Akel, Rana  and
      Fayad, Linda  and
      Khairallah, Jeffrey  and
      Hajj, Hazem  and
      Shaban, Khaled  and
      El-Hajj, Wassim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3203",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{rozovskaya-etal-2015-second,
    title = "The Second {QALB} Shared Task on Automatic Text Correction for {A}rabic",
    author = "Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Obeid, Ossama  and
      Mohit, Behrang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3204",
    pages = "26--35",
}
@inproceedings{shoufan-alameri-2015-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Processing for Dialectical {A}rabic: A Survey",
    author = "Shoufan, Abdulhadi  and
      Alameri, Sumaya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3205",
    pages = "36--48",
}
@inproceedings{al-shargi-rambow-2015-diwan,
    title = "{DIWAN}: A Dialectal Word Annotation Tool for {A}rabic",
    author = "Al-Shargi, Faisal  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3206",
    pages = "49--58",
}
@inproceedings{hamdi-etal-2015-pos,
    title = "{POS}-tagging of {T}unisian Dialect Using Standard {A}rabic Resources and Tools",
    author = "Hamdi, Ahmed  and
      Nasr, Alexis  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Gala, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3207",
    pages = "59--68",
}
@inproceedings{saadane-habash-2015-conventional,
    title = "A Conventional Orthography for {A}lgerian {A}rabic",
    author = "Saadane, Houda  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3208",
    pages = "69--79",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2015-pilot,
    title = "A Pilot Study on {A}rabic Multi-Genre Corpus Diacritization",
    author = "Bouamor, Houda  and
      Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Obeid, Ossama  and
      Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Ghoneim, Mahmoud  and
      Hawwari, Abdelati",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3209",
    pages = "80--88",
}
@inproceedings{farra-etal-2015-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Targets of Opinions in {A}rabic using Crowdsourcing",
    author = "Farra, Noura  and
      McKeown, Kathy  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3210",
    pages = "89--98",
}
@inproceedings{wray-etal-2015-best,
    title = "Best Practices for Crowdsourcing Dialectal {A}rabic Speech Transcription",
    author = "Wray, Samantha  and
      Mubarak, Hamdy  and
      Ali, Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3211",
    pages = "99--107",
}
@inproceedings{algahtani-mcnaught-2015-joint,
    title = "Joint {A}rabic Segmentation and Part-Of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "AlGahtani, Shabib  and
      McNaught, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3212",
    pages = "108--117",
}
@inproceedings{ali-etal-2015-multi,
    title = "Multi-Reference Evaluation for Dialectal Speech Recognition System: A Study for {E}gyptian {ASR}",
    author = "Ali, Ahmed  and
      Magdy, Walid  and
      Renals, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3213",
    pages = "118--126",
}
@inproceedings{alshenaifi-etal-2015-arib,
    title = "Arib@{QALB}-2015 Shared Task: A Hybrid Cascade Model for {A}rabic Spelling Error Detection and Correction",
    author = "AlShenaifi, Nouf  and
      AlNefie, Rehab  and
      Al-Yahya, Maha  and
      Al-Khalifa, Hend",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3214",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3214",
    pages = "127--132",
}
@inproceedings{nawar-2015-cufe,
    title = "{CUFE}@{QALB}-2015 Shared Task: {A}rabic Error Correction System",
    author = "Nawar, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3215",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3215",
    pages = "133--137",
}
@inproceedings{attia-etal-2015-gwu,
    title = "{GWU}-{HASP}-2015@{QALB}-2015 Shared Task: Priming Spelling Candidates with Probability",
    author = "Attia, Mohammed  and
      Al-Badrashiny, Mohamed  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3216",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3216",
    pages = "138--143",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2015-qcmuq,
    title = "{QCMUQ}@{QALB}-2015 Shared Task: Combining Character level {MT} and Error-tolerant Finite-State Recognition for {A}rabic Spelling Correction",
    author = "Bouamor, Houda  and
      Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Durrani, Nadir  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3217",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3217",
    pages = "144--149",
}
@inproceedings{mubarak-etal-2015-qcri,
    title = "{QCRI}@{QALB}-2015 Shared Task: Correction of {A}rabic Text for Native and Non-Native Speakers{'} Errors",
    author = "Mubarak, Hamdy  and
      Darwish, Kareem  and
      Abdelali, Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3218",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3218",
    pages = "150--154",
}
@inproceedings{zaghouani-etal-2015-sahsoh,
    title = "{SAHSOH}@{QALB}-2015 Shared Task: A Rule-Based Correction Method of Common {A}rabic Native and Non-Native Speakers{'} Errors",
    author = "Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Zerrouki, Taha  and
      Balla, Amar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3219",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3219",
    pages = "155--160",
}
@inproceedings{mostefa-etal-2015-techlimed,
    title = "{TECHLIMED}@{QALB}-Shared Task 2015: a hybrid {A}rabic Error Correction System",
    author = "Mostefa, Djamel  and
      Abualasal, Jaber  and
      Asbayou, Omar  and
      Gzawi, Mahmoud  and
      Abbes, Ramzi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3220",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3220",
    pages = "161--165",
}
@inproceedings{bougares-bouamor-2015-ummu,
    title = "{UMMU}@{QALB}-2015 Shared Task: Character and Word level {SMT} pipeline for Automatic Error Correction of {A}rabic Text",
    author = "Bougares, Fethi  and
      Bouamor, Houda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3221",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3221",
    pages = "166--172",
}
@inproceedings{aldarmaki-diab-2015-robust,
    title = "Robust Part-of-speech Tagging of {A}rabic Text",
    author = "Aldarmaki, Hanan  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3222",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3222",
    pages = "173--182",
}
@inproceedings{belinkov-etal-2015-answer,
    title = "Answer Selection in {A}rabic Community Question Answering: A Feature-Rich Approach",
    author = "Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto  and
      Mubarak, Hamdy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3223",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3223",
    pages = "183--190",
}
@inproceedings{gad-elrab-etal-2015-edrak,
    title = "{EDRAK}: Entity-Centric Data Resource for {A}rabic Knowledge",
    author = "Gad-Elrab, Mohamed H.  and
      Yosef, Mohamed Amir  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {A}rabic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3224",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3224",
    pages = "191--200",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-grammar,
    title = "Proceedings of the Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF}) 2015 Workshop",
    author = {Bender, Emily M.  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      M{\"u}ller, Stefan  and
      Parmentier, Yannick  and
      Ranta, Aarne},
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3300",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-33",
}
@inproceedings{ranta-etal-2015-grammar,
    title = "Grammar Engineering for a Customer: a Case Study with Five Languages",
    author = "Ranta, Aarne  and
      Unger, Christina  and
      Vidal Hussey, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF}) 2015 Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3301",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{moeljadi-etal-2015-building,
    title = "Building an {HPSG}-based {I}ndonesian Resource Grammar ({INDRA})",
    author = "Moeljadi, David  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Song, Sanghoun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF}) 2015 Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3302",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2015-hpsg,
    title = "An {HPSG}-based Shared-Grammar for the {C}hinese Languages: {ZHONG} [|]",
    author = "Fan, Zhenzhen  and
      Song, Sanghoun  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF}) 2015 Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3303",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{duan-schuler-2015-parsing,
    title = "Parsing {C}hinese with a Generalized Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Duan, Manjuan  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF}) 2015 Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3304",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{angelov-2015-orthography,
    title = "Orthography Engineering in Grammatical Framework",
    author = "Angelov, Krasimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF}) 2015 Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3305",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{hallgren-etal-2015-cloud,
    title = "A Cloud-Based Editor for Multilingual Grammars",
    author = "Hallgren, Thomas  and
      Enache, Ramona  and
      Ranta, Aarne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF}) 2015 Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3306",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{gruzitis-etal-2015-formalising,
    title = "Formalising the {S}wedish Constructicon in Grammatical Framework",
    author = "Gruzitis, Normunds  and
      Dann{\'e}lls, Dana  and
      Lyngfelt, Benjamin  and
      Ranta, Aarne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF}) 2015 Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3307",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{song-2015-representing,
    title = "Representing Honorifics via Individual Constraints",
    author = "Song, Sanghoun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF}) 2015 Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3308",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{crysmann-2015-resumption,
    title = "Resumption and Extraction in an Implemented {HPSG} of {H}ausa",
    author = "Crysmann, Berthold",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF}) 2015 Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3309",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-building,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Sharoff, Serge  and
      Rapp, Reinhard",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3400",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-34",
}
@inproceedings{tsou-2015-augmented,
    title = "Augmented Comparative Corpora and Monitoring Corpus in {C}hinese: {LIVAC} and Sketch Search Engine Compared",
    author = "Tsou, Benjamin K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3401",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{barron-cedeno-etal-2015-factory,
    title = "A Factory of Comparable Corpora from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto  and
      Espa{\~n}a-Bonet, Cristina  and
      Boldoba, Josu  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3402",
    pages = "3--13",
}
@inproceedings{grishina-stede-2015-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-lean projection of coreference chains across languages",
    author = "Grishina, Yulia  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3403",
    pages = "14--22",
}
@inproceedings{jakubina-langlais-2015-projective,
    title = "Projective methods for mining missing translations in {DB}pedia",
    author = "Jakubina, Laurent  and
      Langlais, Phillippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3404",
    pages = "23--31",
}
@inproceedings{linard-etal-2015-attempting,
    title = "Attempting to Bypass Alignment from Comparable Corpora via Pivot Language",
    author = "Linard, Alexis  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice  and
      Morin, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3405",
    pages = "32--37",
}
@inproceedings{kotani-yoshimi-2015-application,
    title = "Application of a Corpus to Identify Gaps between {E}nglish Learners and Native Speakers",
    author = "Kotani, Katsunori  and
      Yoshimi, Takehiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3406",
    pages = "38--42",
}
@inproceedings{bakhshaei-etal-2015-generative,
    title = "A Generative Model for Extracting Parallel Fragments from Comparable Documents",
    author = "Bakhshaei, Somayeh  and
      Khadivi, Shahram  and
      Safabakhsh, Reza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3407",
    pages = "43--51",
}
@inproceedings{long-etal-2015-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Features for Identifying {J}apanese-{C}hinese Bilingual Synonymous Technical Terms from Patent Families",
    author = "Long, Zi  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Mitsuhashi, Tomoharu  and
      Yamamoto, Mikio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3408",
    pages = "52--61",
}
@inproceedings{seo-etal-2015-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Bilingual Lexica from Comparable Corpora Using Self-Organizing Maps",
    author = "Seo, Hyeong-Won  and
      Cheon, Minah  and
      Kim, Jae-Hoon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3409",
    pages = "62--67",
}
@inproceedings{rios-sharoff-2015-obtaining,
    title = "Obtaining {SMT} dictionaries for related languages",
    author = "Rios, Miguel  and
      Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3410",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3410",
    pages = "68--73",
}
@inproceedings{sharoff-etal-2015-bucc,
    title = "{BUCC} Shared Task: Cross-Language Document Similarity",
    author = "Sharoff, Serge  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Rapp, Reinhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3411",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3411",
    pages = "74--78",
}
@inproceedings{zafarian-etal-2015-aut,
    title = "{AUT} Document Alignment Framework for {BUCC} Workshop Shared Task",
    author = "Zafarian, Atefeh  and
      Agha Sadeghi, Amir Pouya  and
      Azadi, Fatemeh  and
      Ghiasifard, Sonia  and
      Ali Panahloo, Zeinab  and
      Bakhshaei, Somayeh  and
      Mohammadzadeh Ziabary, Seyyed Mohammad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3412",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3412",
    pages = "79--87",
}
@inproceedings{morin-etal-2015-lina,
    title = "{LINA}: Identifying Comparable Documents from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Morin, Emmanuel  and
      Hazem, Amir  and
      Boudin, Florian  and
      Loginova-Clouet, Elizaveta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3413",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3413",
    pages = "88--91",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-semantics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Semantics-Driven Statistical Machine Translation ({S}2{MT} 2015)",
    author = "Xiong, Deyi  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3500",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-35",
}
@inproceedings{butler-2015-round,
    title = "Round trips with meaning stopovers",
    author = "Butler, Alastair",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Semantics-Driven Statistical Machine Translation ({S}2{MT} 2015)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3501",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{sulem-etal-2015-conceptual,
    title = "Conceptual Annotations Preserve Structure Across Translations: A {F}rench-{E}nglish Case Study",
    author = "Sulem, Elior  and
      Abend, Omri  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Semantics-Driven Statistical Machine Translation ({S}2{MT} 2015)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3502",
    pages = "11--22",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2015-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Case Frame into {J}apanese to {C}hinese Hierarchical Phrase-based Translation Model",
    author = "Xu, Jinan  and
      Liu, Jiangming  and
      Chen, Yufeng  and
      Zhang, Yujie  and
      Ming, Fang  and
      Li, Shaotong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Semantics-Driven Statistical Machine Translation ({S}2{MT} 2015)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3503",
    pages = "23--29",
}
@inproceedings{tamchyna-etal-2015-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Model for Semantics-to-String Translation",
    author = "Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}  and
      Quirk, Chris  and
      Galley, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Semantics-Driven Statistical Machine Translation ({S}2{MT} 2015)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3504",
    pages = "30--36",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2015 Workshop on Novel Computational Approaches to Keyphrase Extraction",
    author = "Gollapalli, Sujatha Das  and
      Caragea, Cornelia  and
      Li, Xiaoli  and
      Giles, C. Lee",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3600",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-36",
}
@inproceedings{kan-2015-keywords,
    title = "Keywords, phrases, clauses and sentences: topicality, indicativeness and informativeness at scales",
    author = "Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2015 Workshop on Novel Computational Approaches to Keyphrase Extraction",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3601",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{norman-aizawa-2015-technical,
    title = "Technical Term Extraction Using Measures of Neology",
    author = "Norman, Christopher  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2015 Workshop on Novel Computational Approaches to Keyphrase Extraction",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3602",
    pages = "2--9",
}
@inproceedings{erbs-etal-2015-counting,
    title = "Counting What Counts: Decompounding for Keyphrase Extraction",
    author = "Erbs, Nicolai  and
      Santos, Pedro Bispo  and
      Zesch, Torsten  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2015 Workshop on Novel Computational Approaches to Keyphrase Extraction",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3603",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-2015-web,
    title = "The Web as an Implicit Training Set: Application to Noun Compounds Syntax and Semantics",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2015 Workshop on Novel Computational Approaches to Keyphrase Extraction",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3604",
    pages = "18",
}
@inproceedings{boudin-2015-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Over-generation Errors for Automatic Keyphrase Extraction using Integer Linear Programming",
    author = "Boudin, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2015 Workshop on Novel Computational Approaches to Keyphrase Extraction",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3605",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{tuarob-etal-2015-twittdict,
    title = "{T}witt{D}ict: Extracting Social Oriented Keyphrase Semantics from Twitter",
    author = "Tuarob, Suppawong  and
      Chu, Wanghuan  and
      Chen, Dong  and
      Tucker, Conrad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2015 Workshop on Novel Computational Approaches to Keyphrase Extraction",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3606",
    pages = "25--31",
}
@inproceedings{paul-das-2015-identification,
    title = "Identification and Classification of Emotional Key Phrases from Psychological Texts",
    author = "Paul, Apurba  and
      Das, Dipankar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2015 Workshop on Novel Computational Approaches to Keyphrase Extraction",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3607",
    pages = "32--38",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-sighum,
    title = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    author = "Zervanou, Kalliopi  and
      van Erp, Marieke  and
      Alex, Beatrice",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3700",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-37",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2015-catching,
    title = "Catching the Red Priest: Using Historical Editions of Encyclopaedia Britannica to Track the Evolution of Reputations",
    author = "Luo, Yen-Fu  and
      Rumshisky, Anna  and
      Gronas, Mikhail",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3701",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{bak-oh-2015-five,
    title = "Five Centuries of Monarchy in Korea: Mining the Text of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty",
    author = "Bak, JinYeong  and
      Oh, Alice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3702",
    pages = "10--14",
}
@inproceedings{hou-frank-2015-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Sentiment in Classical {C}hinese Poetry",
    author = "Hou, Yufang  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3703",
    pages = "15--24",
}
@inproceedings{lestari-manurung-2015-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Structural and Conceptual Similarity of Folktales using Plot Graphs",
    author = "Lestari, Victoria Anugrah  and
      Manurung, Ruli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3704",
    pages = "25--33",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards Annotating Narrative Segments",
    author = "Reiter, Nils",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3705",
    pages = "34--38",
}
@inproceedings{pettersson-etal-2015-ranking,
    title = "Ranking Relevant Verb Phrases Extracted from Historical Text",
    author = "Pettersson, Eva  and
      Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3706",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{wan-paris-2015-ranking,
    title = "Ranking election issues through the lens of social media",
    author = "Wan, Stephen  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3707",
    pages = "48--52",
}
@inproceedings{bjerva-praet-2015-word,
    title = "Word Embeddings Pointing the Way for Late Antiquity",
    author = "Bjerva, Johannes  and
      Praet, Raf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3708",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3708",
    pages = "53--57",
}
@inproceedings{georgi-etal-2015-enriching,
    title = "Enriching Interlinear Text using Automatically Constructed Annotators",
    author = "Georgi, Ryan  and
      Xia, Fei  and
      Lewis, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3709",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3709",
    pages = "58--67",
}
@inproceedings{samardzic-etal-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic interlinear glossing as two-level sequence classification",
    author = "Samard{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Tanja  and
      Schikowski, Robert  and
      Stoll, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3710",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3710",
    pages = "68--72",
}
@inproceedings{arronte-alvarez-2015-enriching,
    title = "Enriching Digitized Medieval Manuscripts: Linking Image, Text and Lexical Knowledge",
    author = "Arronte {\'A}lvarez, Aitor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3711",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3711",
    pages = "73--77",
}
@inproceedings{vladimir-etal-2015-preliminary,
    title = "A preliminary study on similarity-preserving digital book identifiers",
    author = "Vladimir, Klemo  and
      Silic, Marin  and
      Romic, Nenad  and
      Delac, Goran  and
      Srbljic, Sinisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3712",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3712",
    pages = "78--83",
}
@inproceedings{bellandi-etal-2015-translation,
    title = "When Translation Requires Interpretation: Collaborative Computer{--}Assisted Translation of Ancient Texts",
    author = "Bellandi, Andrea  and
      Albanesi, Davide  and
      Benotto, Giulia  and
      Giovannetti, Emiliano  and
      Di Segni, Gianfranco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3713",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3713",
    pages = "84--88",
}
@inproceedings{liebeskind-dagan-2015-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Query Performance Prediction in Term Scoring for Diachronic Thesaurus",
    author = "Liebeskind, Chaya  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3714",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3714",
    pages = "89--94",
}
@inproceedings{petrolito-etal-2015-minoan,
    title = "Minoan linguistic resources: The Linear A Digital Corpus",
    author = "Petrolito, Tommaso  and
      Petrolito, Ruggero  and
      Perono Cacciafoco, Francesco  and
      Winterstein, Gr{\'e}goire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3715",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3715",
    pages = "95--104",
}
@inproceedings{eger-etal-2015-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon-assisted tagging and lemmatization in {L}atin: A comparison of six taggers and two lemmatization methods",
    author = {Eger, Steffen  and
      vor der Br{\"u}ck, Tim  and
      Mehler, Alexander},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIGHUM} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities ({L}a{T}e{CH})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3716",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3716",
    pages = "105--113",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-bionlp,
    title = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    author = "Cohen, Kevin Bretonnel  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Tsujii, Jun-ichi",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3800",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-38",
}
@inproceedings{allen-etal-2015-complex,
    title = "Complex Event Extraction using {DRUM}",
    author = "Allen, James  and
      de Beaumont, Will  and
      Galescu, Lucian  and
      Teng, Choh Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3801",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3801",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{roller-stevenson-2015-making,
    title = "Making the most of limited training data using distant supervision",
    author = "Roller, Roland  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3802",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3802",
    pages = "12--20",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2015-extended,
    title = "An extended dependency graph for relation extraction in biomedical texts",
    author = "Peng, Yifan  and
      Gupta, Samir  and
      Wu, Cathy  and
      Shanker, Vijay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3803",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3803",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{zerva-ananiadou-2015-event,
    title = "Event Extraction in pieces:Tackling the partial event identification problem on unseen corpora",
    author = "Zerva, Chrysoula  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3804",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3804",
    pages = "31--41",
}
@inproceedings{spranger-etal-2015-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Biological Pathway Models From {NLP} Event Representations",
    author = "Spranger, Michael  and
      Palaniappan, Sucheendra  and
      Ghosh, Samik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3805",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3805",
    pages = "42--51",
}
@inproceedings{nallapati-florian-2015-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Training is cheap but is it good enough? Experiments with Medical Fact Coding",
    author = "Nallapati, Ramesh  and
      Florian, Radu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3806",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3806",
    pages = "52--60",
}
@inproceedings{kim-riloff-2015-stacked,
    title = "Stacked Generalization for Medical Concept Extraction from Clinical Notes",
    author = "Kim, Youngjun  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3807",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3807",
    pages = "61--70",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-etal-2015-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Disease-Symptom Relationships by Learning Syntactic Patterns from Dependency Graphs",
    author = "Hassan, Mohsen  and
      Makkaoui, Olfa  and
      Coulet, Adrien  and
      Toussaint, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3808",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3808",
    pages = "71--80",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2015-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Time Expressions from Clinical Text",
    author = "Miller, Timothy  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Lin, Chen  and
      Savova, Guergana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3809",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3809",
    pages = "81--91",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2015-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Task-Oriented Resources to Learn Word Embeddings for Clinical Abbreviation Expansion",
    author = "Liu, Yue  and
      Ge, Tao  and
      Mathews, Kusum  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      McGuinness, Deborah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3810",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3810",
    pages = "92--97",
}
@inproceedings{siu-weikum-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Type Classification of Common Words in Biomedical Noun Phrases",
    author = "Siu, Amy  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3811",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3811",
    pages = "98--103",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2015-comagd,
    title = "{C}o{MAGD}: Annotation of Gene-Depression Relations",
    author = "Jin, Rize  and
      You, Jinseon  and
      Chung, Jin-Woo  and
      Lee, Hee-Jin  and
      Wolters, Maria  and
      Park, Jong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3812",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3812",
    pages = "104--113",
}
@inproceedings{ju-etal-2015-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Characteristics Analysis of {C}hinese Clinical Documents",
    author = "Ju, Meizhi  and
      Li, Haomin  and
      Duan, Huilong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3813",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3813",
    pages = "114--120",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-using-word,
    title = "Using word embedding for bio-event extraction",
    author = "Li, Chen  and
      Song, Runqing  and
      Liakata, Maria  and
      Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Seneff, Stephanie  and
      Zhang, Xiangrong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3814",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3814",
    pages = "121--126",
}
@inproceedings{severance-cohen-2015-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the readability of medical research journal abstracts",
    author = "Severance, Samuel J.  and
      Cohen, K. Bretonnel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3815",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3815",
    pages = "127--133",
}
@inproceedings{liu-cai-2015-translating,
    title = "Translating Electronic Health Record Notes from {E}nglish to {S}panish: A Preliminary Study",
    author = "Liu, Weisong  and
      Cai, Shu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3816",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3816",
    pages = "134--140",
}
@inproceedings{alamri-stevenson-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Answers to Research Questions from {M}edline Abstracts",
    author = "Alamri, Abdulaziz  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3817",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3817",
    pages = "141--146",
}
@inproceedings{jonnagaddala-etal-2015-preliminary,
    title = "A preliminary study on automatic identification of patient smoking status in unstructured electronic health records",
    author = "Jonnagaddala, Jitendra  and
      Dai, Hong-Jie  and
      Ray, Pradeep  and
      Liaw, Siaw-Teng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3818",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3818",
    pages = "147--151",
}
@inproceedings{siklosi-novak-2015-restoring,
    title = "Restoring the intended structure of {H}ungarian ophthalmology documents",
    author = "Sikl{\'o}si, Borb{\'a}la  and
      Nov{\'a}k, Attila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3819",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3819",
    pages = "152--157",
}
@inproceedings{th-etal-2015-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating distributed word representations for capturing semantics of biomedical concepts",
    author = "TH, Muneeb  and
      Sahu, Sunil  and
      Anand, Ashish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3820",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3820",
    pages = "158--163",
}
@inproceedings{jimeno-yepes-etal-2015-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Public Health Surveillance using Twitter",
    author = "Jimeno Yepes, Antonio  and
      MacKinlay, Andrew  and
      Han, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3821",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3821",
    pages = "164--170",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2015-clinical,
    title = "Clinical Abbreviation Disambiguation Using Neural Word Embeddings",
    author = "Wu, Yonghui  and
      Xu, Jun  and
      Zhang, Yaoyun  and
      Xu, Hua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3822",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3822",
    pages = "171--176",
}
@inproceedings{hong-etal-2015-representing,
    title = "Representing Clinical Diagnostic Criteria in Quality Data Model Using Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Hong, Na  and
      Li, Dingcheng  and
      Yu, Yue  and
      Liu, Hongfang  and
      Chute, Christopher G.  and
      Jiang, Guoqian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 15",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3823",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3823",
    pages = "177--182",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-named,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifth Named Entity Workshop",
    author = "Duan, Xiangyu  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou  and
      Kumaran, A",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3900",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-39",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-whitepaper,
    title = "Whitepaper of {NEWS} 2015 Shared Task on Machine Transliteration",
    author = "Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Kumaran, A",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3901",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3901",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{banchs-etal-2015-report,
    title = "Report of {NEWS} 2015 Machine Transliteration Shared Task",
    author = "Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Duan, Xiangyu  and
      Li, Haizhou  and
      Kumaran, A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3902",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3902",
    pages = "10--23",
}
@inproceedings{kondrak-2015-spell,
    title = "How do you spell that? A journey through word representations",
    author = "Kondrak, Greg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3903",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3903",
    pages = "24",
}
@inproceedings{dos-santos-guimaraes-2015-boosting,
    title = "Boosting Named Entity Recognition with Neural Character Embeddings",
    author = "dos Santos, C{\'\i}cero  and
      Guimar{\~a}es, Victor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3904",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3904",
    pages = "25--33",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-2015-regularity,
    title = "Regularity and Flexibility in {E}nglish-{C}hinese Name Transliteration",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3905",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3905",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{real-rademaker-2015-harem,
    title = "{HAREM} and Klue: how to put two tagsets for named entities annotation together",
    author = "Real, Livy  and
      Rademaker, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3906",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3906",
    pages = "43--49",
}
@inproceedings{pham-etal-2015-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Learning for {V}ietnamese Named Entity Recognition using Online Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Pham, Quang Hong  and
      Nguyen, Minh-Le  and
      Nguyen, Binh Thanh  and
      Cuong, Nguyen Viet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3907",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3907",
    pages = "50--55",
}
@inproceedings{shao-etal-2015-boosting,
    title = "Boosting {E}nglish-{C}hinese Machine Transliteration via High Quality Alignment and Multilingual Resources",
    author = {Shao, Yan  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Nivre, Joakim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3908",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3908",
    pages = "56--60",
}
@inproceedings{finch-etal-2015-neural,
    title = "Neural Network Transduction Models in Transliteration Generation",
    author = "Finch, Andrew  and
      Liu, Lemao  and
      Wang, Xiaolin  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3909",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3909",
    pages = "61--66",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Transliteration Model for {C}hinese/{E}nglish Named Entities {---}{BJTU}-{NLP} Report for the 5th Named Entities Workshop",
    author = "Wang, Dandan  and
      Yang, Xiaohui  and
      Xu, Jinan  and
      Chen, Yufeng  and
      Wang, Nan  and
      Liu, Bojia  and
      Yang, Jian  and
      Zhang, Yujie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3910",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3910",
    pages = "67--71",
}
@inproceedings{nicolai-etal-2015-multiple,
    title = "Multiple System Combination for Transliteration",
    author = "Nicolai, Garrett  and
      Hauer, Bradley  and
      Salameh, Mohammad  and
      St Arnaud, Adam  and
      Xu, Ying  and
      Yao, Lei  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3911",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3911",
    pages = "72--77",
}
@inproceedings{kunchukuttan-bhattacharyya-2015-data,
    title = "Data representation methods and use of mined corpora for {I}ndian language transliteration",
    author = "Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3912",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3912",
    pages = "78--82",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-ncu,
    title = "{NCU} {IISR} {E}nglish-{K}orean and {E}nglish-{C}hinese Named Entity Transliteration Using Different Grapheme Segmentation Approaches",
    author = "Wang, Yu-Chun  and
      Wu, Chun-Kai  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Named Entity Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3913",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-3913",
    pages = "83--87",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-continuous,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    author = "Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Grefenstette, Edward  and
      Hermann, Karl Moritz  and
      Larochelle, Hugo  and
      Yih, Scott Wen-tau",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-40",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-tsuruoka-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Embeddings for Transitive Verb Disambiguation by Implicit Tensor Factorization",
    author = "Hashimoto, Kazuma  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4001",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{bowman-etal-2015-recursive,
    title = "Recursive Neural Networks Can Learn Logical Semantics",
    author = "Bowman, Samuel R.  and
      Potts, Christopher  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4002",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{cheung-2015-concept,
    title = "Concept Extensions as the Basis for Vector-Space Semantics: Combining Distributional and Ontological Information about Entities",
    author = "Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4003",
    pages = "22--31",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-joint,
    title = "Joint Semantic Relevance Learning with Text Data and Graph Knowledge",
    author = "Zhang, Dongxu  and
      Yuan, Bin  and
      Wang, Dong  and
      Liu, Rong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4004",
    pages = "32--40",
}
@inproceedings{sachdeva-sharma-2015-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the effect of semantic similarity for Phrase-based Machine Translation",
    author = "Sachdeva, Kunal  and
      Sharma, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4005",
    pages = "41--47",
}
@inproceedings{ter-sarkisov-etal-2015-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Adaptation Strategies for Neural Network Language Models",
    author = {Ter-Sarkisov, Alex  and
      Schwenk, Holger  and
      Bougares, Fethi  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4006",
    pages = "48--56",
}
@inproceedings{toutanova-chen-2015-observed,
    title = "Observed versus latent features for knowledge base and text inference",
    author = "Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Chen, Danqi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4007",
    pages = "57--66",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-hybrid,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    author = "Babych, Bogdan  and
      Eberle, Kurt  and
      Lambert, Patrik  and
      Rapp, Reinhard  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-41",
}
@inproceedings{silva-etal-2015-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping a hybrid deep {MT} system",
    author = "Silva, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Rodrigues, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Gomes, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4101",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{rikters-2015-multi,
    title = "Multi-system machine translation using online {API}s for {E}nglish-{L}atvian",
    author = "Rikters, Mat{\=\i}ss",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-41",
    pages = "6--10",
}
@inproceedings{tamchyna-bojar-2015-transfer,
    title = "What a Transfer-Based System Brings to the Combination with {PBMT}",
    author = "Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4103",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{tambouratzis-pouli-2015-establishing,
    title = "Establishing sentential structure via realignments from small parallel corpora",
    author = "Tambouratzis, George  and
      Pouli, Vassiliki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4104",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2015-passive,
    title = "Passive and Pervasive Use of Bilingual Dictionary in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Tan, Liling  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4105",
    pages = "30--34",
}
@inproceedings{banchs-2015-automated,
    title = "Automated Simultaneous Interpretation: Hints of a Cognitive Framework for Machine Translation",
    author = "Banchs, Rafael E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4106",
    pages = "35--39",
}
@inproceedings{parra-escartin-arcedillo-2015-fuzzier,
    title = "A fuzzier approach to machine translation evaluation: A pilot study on post-editing productivity and automated metrics in commercial settings",
    author = "Parra Escart{\'\i}n, Carla  and
      Arcedillo, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4107",
    pages = "40--45",
}
@inproceedings{rapp-2015-methodology,
    title = "A Methodology for Bilingual Lexicon Extraction from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Rapp, Reinhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4108",
    pages = "46--55",
}
@inproceedings{costa-jussa-2015-ongoing,
    title = "Ongoing Study for Enhancing {C}hinese-{S}panish Translation with Morphology Strategies",
    author = "Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4109",
    pages = "56--60",
}
@inproceedings{he-2015-baidu,
    title = "{B}aidu Translate: Research and Products",
    author = "He, Zhongjun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4110",
    pages = "61--62",
}
@inproceedings{geng-2015-improving,
    title = "On Improving the Human Translation Process by Using {MT} Technologies under a Cognitive Framework",
    author = "Geng, Xinhui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4111",
    pages = "63",
}
@inproceedings{eberle-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards a shared task for shallow semantics-based translation (in an industrial setting)",
    author = "Eberle, Kurt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4112",
    pages = "64",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-linked,
    title = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics: Resources and Applications",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian  and
      McCrae, John Philip  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Cimiano, Philipp  and
      Ide, Nancy",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-42",
}
@inproceedings{mcgovern-etal-2015-dbpedia,
    title = "From {DB}pedia and {W}ord{N}et hierarchies to {L}inked{I}n and Twitter",
    author = "McGovern, Aonghus  and
      O{'}Connor, Alexander  and
      Wade, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics: Resources and Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4201",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-rada-etal-2015-linked,
    title = "A Linked Data Model for Multimodal Sentiment and Emotion Analysis",
    author = "S{\'a}nchez-Rada, J. Fernando  and
      Iglesias, Carlos A.  and
      Gil, Ronald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics: Resources and Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4202",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{real-etal-2015-seeing,
    title = "Seeing is Correcting: curating lexical resources using social interfaces",
    author = "Real, Livy  and
      Chalub, Fabricio  and
      de Paiva, Valeria  and
      Freitas, Claudia  and
      Rademaker, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics: Resources and Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4203",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{krause-etal-2015-sar,
    title = "Sar-graphs: A Linked Linguistic Knowledge Resource Connecting Facts with Language",
    author = "Krause, Sebastian  and
      Hennig, Leonhard  and
      Gabryszak, Aleksandra  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics: Resources and Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4204",
    pages = "30--38",
}
@inproceedings{mccrae-etal-2015-reconciling,
    title = "Reconciling Heterogeneous Descriptions of Language Resources",
    author = "McCrae, John Philip  and
      Cimiano, Philipp  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez Doncel, Victor  and
      Vila-Suero, Daniel  and
      Gracia, Jorge  and
      Matteis, Luca  and
      Navigli, Roberto  and
      Abele, Andrejs  and
      Vulcu, Gabriela  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics: Resources and Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4205",
    pages = "39--48",
}
@inproceedings{rodriguez-doncel-labropoulou-2015-rdf,
    title = "{RDF} Representation of Licenses for Language Resources",
    author = "Rodriguez-Doncel, Victor  and
      Labropoulou, Penny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics: Resources and Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4206",
    pages = "49--58",
}
@inproceedings{siemoneit-etal-2015-linking,
    title = "Linking Four Heterogeneous Language Resources as Linked Data",
    author = "Siemoneit, Benjamin  and
      McCrae, John Philip  and
      Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics: Resources and Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4207",
    pages = "59--63",
}
@inproceedings{santus-etal-2015-evalution,
    title = "{EVAL}ution 1.0: an Evolving Semantic Dataset for Training and Evaluation of Distributional Semantic Models",
    author = "Santus, Enrico  and
      Yung, Frances  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics: Resources and Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4208",
    pages = "64--69",
}
@inproceedings{lee-hsieh-2015-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Linked Data in {C}hinese: The Case of {C}hinese {W}ordnet",
    author = "Lee, Chih-Yao  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics: Resources and Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4209",
    pages = "70--74",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-noisy,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    author = "Xu, Wei  and
      Han, Bo  and
      Ritter, Alan",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4300",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-43",
}
@inproceedings{lynn-etal-2015-minority,
    title = "Minority Language Twitter: Part-of-Speech Tagging and Analysis of Irish Tweets",
    author = "Lynn, Teresa  and
      Scannell, Kevin  and
      Maguire, Eimear",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4301",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{jorgensen-etal-2015-challenges,
    title = "Challenges of studying and processing dialects in social media",
    author = "J{\o}rgensen, Anna  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4302",
    pages = "9--18",
}
@inproceedings{arshi-saloot-etal-2015-toward,
    title = "Toward Tweets Normalization Using Maximum Entropy",
    author = "Arshi Saloot, Mohammad  and
      Idris, Norisma  and
      Shuib, Liyana  and
      Gopal Raj, Ram  and
      Aw, AiTi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4303",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-wees-etal-2015-five,
    title = "Five Shades of Noise: Analyzing Machine Translation Errors in User-Generated Text",
    author = "van der Wees, Marlies  and
      Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4304",
    pages = "28--37",
}
@inproceedings{sanches-duran-etal-2015-normalizer,
    title = "A Normalizer for {UGC} in {B}razilian {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Sanches Duran, Magali  and
      Volpe Nunes, Maria das Gra{\c{c}}as  and
      Avan{\c{c}}o, Lucas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4305",
    pages = "38--47",
}
@inproceedings{derczynski-etal-2015-usfd,
    title = "{USFD}: Twitter {NER} with Drift Compensation and Linked Data",
    author = "Derczynski, Leon  and
      Augenstein, Isabelle  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4306",
    pages = "48--53",
}
@inproceedings{cherry-etal-2015-nrc,
    title = "{NRC}: Infused Phrase Vectors for Named Entity Recognition in Twitter",
    author = "Cherry, Colin  and
      Guo, Hongyu  and
      Dai, Chengbi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4307",
    pages = "54--60",
}
@inproceedings{akhtar-etal-2015-iitp,
    title = "{IITP}: Multiobjective Differential Evolution based Twitter Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Akhtar, Md Shad  and
      Sikdar, Utpal Kumar  and
      Ekbal, Asif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4308",
    pages = "61--67",
}
@inproceedings{tian-etal-2015-data,
    title = "Data Adaptation for Named Entity Recognition on Tweets with Features-Rich {CRF}",
    author = "Tian, Tian  and
      Dinarelli, Marco  and
      Tellier, Isabelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4309",
    pages = "68--71",
}
@inproceedings{yang-kim-2015-hallym,
    title = "{H}allym: Named Entity Recognition on Twitter with Word Representation",
    author = "Yang, Eun-Suk  and
      Kim, Yu-Seop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4310",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4310",
    pages = "72--77",
}
@inproceedings{supranovich-patsepnia-2015-ihs,
    title = "{IHS}{\_}{RD}: Lexical Normalization for {E}nglish Tweets",
    author = "Supranovich, Dmitry  and
      Patsepnia, Viachaslau",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4311",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4311",
    pages = "78--81",
}
@inproceedings{beckley-2015-bekli,
    title = "{B}ekli:A Simple Approach to Twitter Text Normalization.",
    author = "Beckley, Russell",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4312",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4312",
    pages = "82--86",
}
@inproceedings{jin-2015-ncsu,
    title = "{NCSU}-{SAS}-Ning: Candidate Generation and Feature Engineering for Supervised Lexical Normalization",
    author = "Jin, Ning",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4313",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4313",
    pages = "87--92",
}
@inproceedings{wagner-foster-2015-dcu,
    title = "{DCU}-{ADAPT}: Learning Edit Operations for Microblog Normalisation with the Generalised Perceptron",
    author = "Wagner, Joachim  and
      Foster, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4314",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4314",
    pages = "93--98",
}
@inproceedings{doval-mosquera-etal-2015-lysgroup,
    title = "{LYSGROUP}: Adapting a {S}panish microtext normalization system to {E}nglish.",
    author = "Doval Mosquera, Yerai  and
      Vilares, Jes{\'u}s  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4315",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4315",
    pages = "99--105",
}
@inproceedings{akhtar-etal-2015-iitp-hybrid,
    title = "{IITP}: Hybrid Approach for Text Normalization in Twitter",
    author = "Akhtar, Md Shad  and
      Sikdar, Utpal Kumar  and
      Ekbal, Asif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4316",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4316",
    pages = "106--110",
}
@inproceedings{min-mott-2015-ncsu,
    title = "{NCSU}{\_}{SAS}{\_}{WOOKHEE}: A Deep Contextual Long-Short Term Memory Model for Text Normalization",
    author = "Min, Wookhee  and
      Mott, Bradford",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4317",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4317",
    pages = "111--119",
}
@inproceedings{berend-tasnadi-2015-uszeged,
    title = "{USZEGED}: Correction Type-sensitive Normalization of {E}nglish Tweets Using Efficiently Indexed n-gram Statistics",
    author = "Berend, G{\'a}bor  and
      Tasn{\'a}di, Ervin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4318",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4318",
    pages = "120--125",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-etal-2015-shared,
    title = "Shared Tasks of the 2015 Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text: Twitter Lexical Normalization and Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      de Marneffe, Marie Catherine  and
      Han, Bo  and
      Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Xu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4319",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4319",
    pages = "126--135",
}
@inproceedings{yamada-etal-2015-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Named Entity Recognition in Twitter Messages Using Entity Linking",
    author = "Yamada, Ikuya  and
      Takeda, Hideaki  and
      Takefuji, Yoshiyasu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4320",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4320",
    pages = "136--140",
}
@inproceedings{toh-etal-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving Twitter Named Entity Recognition using Word Representations",
    author = "Toh, Zhiqiang  and
      Chen, Bin  and
      Su, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4321",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4321",
    pages = "141--145",
}
@inproceedings{godin-etal-2015-multimedia,
    title = "Multimedia Lab @ {ACL} {WNUT} {NER} Shared Task: Named Entity Recognition for Twitter Microposts using Distributed Word Representations",
    author = "Godin, Fr{\'e}deric  and
      Vandersmissen, Baptist  and
      De Neve, Wesley  and
      Van de Walle, Rik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4322",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4322",
    pages = "146--153",
}
@inproceedings{leeman-munk-etal-2015-ncsu,
    title = "{NCSU}{\_}{SAS}{\_}{SAM}: Deep Encoding and Reconstruction for Normalization of Noisy Text",
    author = "Leeman-Munk, Samuel  and
      Lester, James  and
      Cox, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4323",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4323",
    pages = "154--161",
}
@inproceedings{wulff-sogaard-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning finite state word representations for unsupervised Twitter adaptation of {POS} taggers",
    author = "Wulff, Julie  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4324",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-43",
    pages = "162--166",
}
@inproceedings{albogamy-ramasy-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards {POS} Tagging for {A}rabic Tweets",
    author = "Albogamy, Fahad  and
      Ramasy, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4325",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-43",
    pages = "167--171",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji  and
      Wong, Lung Hsiang",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4400",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-44",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2015-overview,
    title = "Overview of the {NLP}-{TEA} 2015 Shared Task for {C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis",
    author = "Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Chang, Li-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4401",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis by Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Chen, Po-Lin  and
      Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Chen, Liang-Pu  and
      Yang, Ping-Che  and
      Yang, Ren-Dar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4402",
    pages = "7--14",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chen-2015-ntou,
    title = "{NTOU} {C}hinese Grammar Checker for {CGED} Shared Task",
    author = "Lin, Chuan-Jie  and
      Chen, Shao-Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4403",
    pages = "15--19",
}
@inproceedings{pereira-matsumoto-2015-collocation,
    title = "Collocation Assistant for Learners of {J}apanese as a Second Language",
    author = "Pereira, Lis  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4404",
    pages = "20--25",
}
@inproceedings{ai-etal-2015-semi,
    title = "Semi-automatic Generation of Multiple-Choice Tests from Mentions of Semantic Relations",
    author = "Ai, Renlong  and
      Krause, Sebastian  and
      Kasper, Walter  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4405",
    pages = "26--33",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Second Language Learning from News Websites",
    author = "Chen, Tao  and
      Zheng, Naijia  and
      Zhao, Yue  and
      Chandrasekaran, Muthu Kumar  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4406",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2015-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Keyword Extraction and its Educational Application",
    author = "Huang, Chung-Chi  and
      Chen, Mei-Hua  and
      Yang, Ping-Che",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4407",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{ostermann-etal-2015-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Entailment Relations for Shortanswer Questions",
    author = "Ostermann, Simon  and
      Horbach, Andrea  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4408",
    pages = "49--58",
}
@inproceedings{cheon-etal-2015-automated,
    title = "An Automated Scoring Tool for {K}orean Supply-type Items Based on Semi-Supervised Learning",
    author = "Cheon, Minah  and
      Seo, Hyeong-Won  and
      Kim, Jae-Hoon  and
      Noh, Eun-Hee  and
      Sung, Kyung-Hee  and
      Lim, EunYong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4409",
    pages = "59--63",
}
@inproceedings{majumder-saha-2015-system,
    title = "A System for Generating Multiple Choice Questions: With a Novel Approach for Sentence Selection",
    author = "Majumder, Mukta  and
      Saha, Sujan Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4410",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4410",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-etal-2015-news,
    title = "The {``}News Web Easy{''} news service as a resource for teaching and learning {J}apanese: An assessment of the comprehension difficulty of {J}apanese sentence-end expressions",
    author = "Tanaka, Hideki  and
      Kumano, Tadashi  and
      Goto, Isao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4411",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4411",
    pages = "73--81",
}
@inproceedings{mizumoto-etal-2015-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Error Correction Considering Multi-word Expressions",
    author = "Mizumoto, Tomoya  and
      Mita, Masato  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4412",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4412",
    pages = "82--86",
}
@inproceedings{regalado-etal-2015-salinlahi,
    title = "Salinlahi {III}: An Intelligent Tutoring System for {F}ilipino Heritage Language Learners",
    author = "Regalado, Ralph Vincent  and
      Bo{\~n}on, Michael Louie  and
      Chua, Nadine  and
      Pi{\~n}era, Rene Rose  and
      Dela Cruz, Shannen Rose",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4413",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4413",
    pages = "87--93",
}
@inproceedings{kaya-eryigit-2015-using,
    title = "Using Finite State Transducers for Helping Foreign Language Learning",
    author = {Kaya, Hasan  and
      Eryi{\u{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4414",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4414",
    pages = "94--98",
}
@inproceedings{xiang-etal-2015-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis Using Ensemble Learning",
    author = "Xiang, Yang  and
      Wang, Xiaolong  and
      Han, Wenying  and
      Hong, Qinghua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4415",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4415",
    pages = "99--104",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-etal-2015-condition,
    title = "Condition Random Fields-based Grammatical Error Detection for {C}hinese as Second Language",
    author = "Yeh, Jui-Feng  and
      Yeh, Chan-Kun  and
      Yu, Kai-Hsiang  and
      Li, Ya-Ting  and
      Tsai, Wan-Ling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4416",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4416",
    pages = "105--110",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving {C}hinese Grammatical Error Correction with Corpus Augmentation and Hierarchical Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhao, Yinchen  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Ishikawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4417",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4417",
    pages = "111--116",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2015-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis System Based on Hybrid Model",
    author = "Wu, Xiupeng  and
      Huang, Peijie  and
      Wang, Jundong  and
      Guo, Qingwen  and
      Xu, Yuhong  and
      Chen, Chuping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4418",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4418",
    pages = "117--125",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-computing,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computing News Storylines",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      van Erp, Marieke  and
      Minard, Anne-Lyse  and
      Finlayson, Mark  and
      Miller, Ben  and
      Atserias, Jordi  and
      Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4500",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-45",
}
@inproceedings{simonson-davis-2015-interactions,
    title = "Interactions between Narrative Schemas and Document Categories",
    author = "Simonson, Dan  and
      Davis, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computing News Storylines",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4501",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-improving-event,
    title = "Improving Event Detection with Abstract Meaning Representation",
    author = "Li, Xiang  and
      Nguyen, Thien Huu  and
      Cao, Kai  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computing News Storylines",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4502",
    pages = "11--15",
}
@inproceedings{makhalova-etal-2015-news,
    title = "News clustering approach based on discourse text structure",
    author = "Makhalova, Tatyana  and
      Ilvovsky, Dmitry  and
      Galitsky, Boris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computing News Storylines",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4503",
    pages = "16--20",
}
@inproceedings{stalpouskaya-baden-2015-role,
    title = "To Do or Not to Do: the Role of Agendas for Action in Analyzing News Coverage of Violent Conflict",
    author = "Stalpouskaya, Katsiaryna  and
      Baden, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computing News Storylines",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4504",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{nomoto-2015-mediameter,
    title = "{M}edia{M}eter: A Global Monitor for Online News Coverage",
    author = "Nomoto, Tadashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computing News Storylines",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4505",
    pages = "30--34",
}
@inproceedings{fedorovsky-etal-2015-expanding,
    title = "Expanding the horizons: adding a new language to the news personalization system",
    author = "Fedorovsky, Andrey  and
      Ionov, Maxim  and
      Litvinova, Varvara  and
      Olenina, Tatyana  and
      Trofimova, Darya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computing News Storylines",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4506",
    pages = "35--39",
}
@inproceedings{vossen-etal-2015-storylines,
    title = "Storylines for structuring massive streams of news",
    author = "Vossen, Piek  and
      Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Kontzopoulou, Yiota",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computing News Storylines",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4507",
    pages = "40--49",
}
@inproceedings{laparra-etal-2015-timelines,
    title = "From {T}ime{L}ines to {S}tory{L}ines: A preliminary proposal for evaluating narratives",
    author = "Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Aldabe, Itziar  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computing News Storylines",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4508",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4508",
    pages = "50--55",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2015-cross,
    title = "Cross-Document Non-Fiction Narrative Alignment",
    author = "Miller, Ben  and
      Olive, Jennifer  and
      Gopavaram, Shakthidhar  and
      Shrestha, Ayush",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computing News Storylines",
    month = jul,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4509",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4509",
    pages = "56--61",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-special,
    title = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Skantze, Gabriel  and
      Jurcicek, Filip  and
      Araki, Masahiro  and
      Rose, Carolyn Penstein",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4600",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-46",
}
@inproceedings{fischer-2015-keynote,
    title = "{K}eynote: The Interplay of Discussion, Cognition and Instruction in Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Environments",
    author = "Fischer, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4601",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{barlier-etal-2015-human,
    title = "Human-Machine Dialogue as a Stochastic Game",
    author = "Barlier, Merwan  and
      Perolat, Julien  and
      Laroche, Romain  and
      Pietquin, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4602",
    pages = "2--11",
}
@inproceedings{casanueva-etal-2015-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge transfer between speakers for personalised dialogue management",
    author = "Casanueva, I{\~n}igo  and
      Hain, Thomas  and
      Christensen, Heidi  and
      Marxer, Ricard  and
      Green, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4603",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{marge-rudnicky-2015-miscommunication,
    title = "Miscommunication Recovery in Physically Situated Dialogue",
    author = "Marge, Matthew  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4604",
    pages = "22--31",
}
@inproceedings{hiraoka-etal-2015-reinforcement,
    title = "Reinforcement Learning in Multi-Party Trading Dialog",
    author = "Hiraoka, Takuya  and
      Georgila, Kallirroi  and
      Nouri, Elnaz  and
      Traum, David  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4605",
    pages = "32--41",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2015-incremental,
    title = "An Incremental Turn-Taking Model with Active System Barge-in for Spoken Dialog Systems",
    author = "Zhao, Tiancheng  and
      Black, Alan W  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4606",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{jordan-etal-2015-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Effects of Redundancy within a Tutorial Dialogue System: Restating Students{'} Responses",
    author = "Jordan, Pamela  and
      Albacete, Patricia  and
      Katz, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4607",
    pages = "51--59",
}
@inproceedings{dias-pardo-2015-discursive,
    title = "A Discursive Grid Approach to Model Local Coherence in Multi-document Summaries",
    author = "Dias, M{\'a}rcio  and
      Pardo, Thiago",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4608",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4608",
    pages = "60--67",
}
@inproceedings{ramachandran-ratnaparkhi-2015-belief,
    title = "Belief Tracking with Stacked Relational Trees",
    author = "Ramachandran, Deepak  and
      Ratnaparkhi, Adwait",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4609",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4609",
    pages = "68--76",
}
@inproceedings{paetzel-etal-2015-one,
    title = "{``}So, which one is it?{''} The effect of alternative incremental architectures in a high-performance game-playing agent",
    author = "Paetzel, Maike  and
      Manuvinakurike, Ramesh  and
      DeVault, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4610",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4610",
    pages = "77--86",
}
@inproceedings{higashinaka-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards Taxonomy of Errors in Chat-oriented Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Funakoshi, Kotaro  and
      Araki, Masahiro  and
      Tsukahara, Hiroshi  and
      Kobayashi, Yuka  and
      Mizukami, Masahiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4611",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4611",
    pages = "87--95",
}
@inproceedings{biran-mckeown-2015-pdtb,
    title = "{PDTB} Discourse Parsing as a Tagging Task: The Two Taggers Approach",
    author = "Biran, Or  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4612",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4612",
    pages = "96--104",
}
@inproceedings{pincus-etal-2015-synthetic,
    title = "Which Synthetic Voice Should {I} Choose for an Evocative Task?",
    author = "Pincus, Eli  and
      Georgila, Kallirroi  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4613",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4613",
    pages = "105--113",
}
@inproceedings{zarisheva-scheffler-2015-dialog,
    title = "Dialog Act Annotation for Twitter Conversations",
    author = "Zarisheva, Elina  and
      Scheffler, Tatjana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4614",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4614",
    pages = "114--123",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards Improving Dialogue Topic Tracking Performances with Wikification of Concept Mentions",
    author = "Kim, Seokhwan  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4615",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4615",
    pages = "124--128",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2015-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting knowledge base to generate responses for natural language dialog listening agents",
    author = "Han, Sangdo  and
      Bang, Jeesoo  and
      Ryu, Seonghan  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4616",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4616",
    pages = "129--133",
}
@inproceedings{ivanov-etal-2015-automated,
    title = "Automated Speech Recognition Technology for Dialogue Interaction with Non-Native Interlocutors",
    author = "Ivanov, Alexei V.  and
      Ramanarayanan, Vikram  and
      Suendermann-Oeft, David  and
      Lopez, Melissa  and
      Evanini, Keelan  and
      Tao, Jidong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4617",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4617",
    pages = "134--138",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2015-conversational,
    title = "Conversational Knowledge Teaching Agent that uses a Knowledge Base",
    author = "Lee, Kyusong  and
      Seo, Paul Hongsuck  and
      Choi, Junhwi  and
      Koo, Sangjun  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4618",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4618",
    pages = "139--143",
}
@inproceedings{rahman-2015-information,
    title = "Information Theoretical and Statistical Features for Intrinsic Plagiarism Detection",
    author = "Rahman, Rashedur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4619",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4619",
    pages = "144--148",
}
@inproceedings{prevot-etal-2015-sip,
    title = "A {SIP} of {C}o{F}ee : A Sample of Interesting Productions of Conversational Feedback",
    author = "Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent  and
      Gorisch, Jan  and
      Bertrand, Roxane  and
      Gor{\`e}ne, Emilien  and
      Bigi, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4620",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4620",
    pages = "149--153",
}
@inproceedings{papangelis-georgila-2015-reinforcement,
    title = "Reinforcement Learning of Multi-Issue Negotiation Dialogue Policies",
    author = "Papangelis, Alexandros  and
      Georgila, Kallirroi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4621",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4621",
    pages = "154--158",
}
@inproceedings{williams-etal-2015-fast,
    title = "Fast and easy language understanding for dialog systems with {M}icrosoft Language Understanding Intelligent Service ({LUIS})",
    author = "Williams, Jason D.  and
      Kamal, Eslam  and
      Ashour, Mokhtar  and
      Amr, Hani  and
      Miller, Jessica  and
      Zweig, Geoff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4622",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4622",
    pages = "159--161",
}
@inproceedings{wilcock-jokinen-2015-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual {W}iki{T}alk: {W}ikipedia-based talking robots that switch languages.",
    author = "Wilcock, Graham  and
      Jokinen, Kristiina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4623",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4623",
    pages = "162--164",
}
@inproceedings{skantze-johansson-2015-modelling,
    title = "Modelling situated human-robot interaction using {I}ris{TK}",
    author = "Skantze, Gabriel  and
      Johansson, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4624",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4624",
    pages = "165--167",
}
@inproceedings{rosenthal-mckeown-2015-couldnt,
    title = "{I} Couldn{'}t Agree More: The Role of Conversational Structure in Agreement and Disagreement Detection in Online Discussions",
    author = "Rosenthal, Sara  and
      McKeown, Kathy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4625",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4625",
    pages = "168--177",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-schenk-2015-memory,
    title = "Memory-Based Acquisition of Argument Structures and its Application to Implicit Role Detection",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Schenk, Niko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4626",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4626",
    pages = "178--187",
}
@inproceedings{lukin-etal-2015-generating,
    title = "Generating Sentence Planning Variations for Story Telling",
    author = "Lukin, Stephanie  and
      Reed, Lena  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4627",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4627",
    pages = "188--197",
}
@inproceedings{hakkani-tur-2015-keynote,
    title = "{K}eynote: Graph-based Approaches for Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Hakkani-Tur, Dilek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4628",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4628",
    pages = "198",
}
@inproceedings{traum-etal-2015-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Spoken Dialogue Processing for Time-Offset Interaction",
    author = "Traum, David  and
      Georgila, Kallirroi  and
      Artstein, Ron  and
      Leuski, Anton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4629",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4629",
    pages = "199--208",
}
@inproceedings{eskenazi-etal-2015-real,
    title = "THE REAL CHALLENGE 2014: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS",
    author = "Eskenazi, Maxine  and
      Black, Alan W  and
      Lee, Sungjin  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4630",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4630",
    pages = "209--216",
}
@inproceedings{swanson-etal-2015-argument,
    title = "Argument Mining: Extracting Arguments from Online Dialogue",
    author = "Swanson, Reid  and
      Ecker, Brian  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4631",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4631",
    pages = "217--226",
}
@inproceedings{vanetik-litvak-2015-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Summarization with Polytope Model",
    author = "Vanetik, Natalia  and
      Litvak, Marina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4632",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4632",
    pages = "227--231",
}
@inproceedings{favre-etal-2015-call,
    title = "Call Centre Conversation Summarization: A Pilot Task at Multiling 2015",
    author = "Favre, Benoit  and
      Stepanov, Evgeny  and
      Trione, J{\'e}r{\'e}my  and
      B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4633",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4633",
    pages = "232--236",
}
@inproceedings{aries-etal-2015-allsummarizer,
    title = "{A}ll{S}ummarizer system at {M}ulti{L}ing 2015: Multilingual single and multi-document summarization",
    author = "Aries, Abdelkrime  and
      Zegour, Djamel Eddine  and
      Hidouci, Khaled Walid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4634",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4634",
    pages = "237--244",
}
@inproceedings{aker-etal-2015-comment,
    title = "Comment-to-Article Linking in the Online News Domain",
    author = "Aker, Ahmet  and
      Kurtic, Emina  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Gaizauskas, Rob  and
      Di Fabbrizio, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4635",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4635",
    pages = "245--249",
}
@inproceedings{vicente-etal-2015-university,
    title = "The University of {A}licante at {M}ulti{L}ing 2015: approach, results and further insights",
    author = "Vicente, Marta  and
      Alc{\'o}n, {\'O}scar  and
      Lloret, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4636",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4636",
    pages = "250--259",
}
@inproceedings{thomas-etal-2015-exb,
    title = "{E}x{B} Text Summarizer",
    author = {Thomas, Stefan  and
      Beutenm{\"u}ller, Christian  and
      de la Puente, Xose  and
      Remus, Robert  and
      Bordag, Stefan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4637",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4637",
    pages = "260--269",
}
@inproceedings{giannakopoulos-etal-2015-multiling,
    title = "{M}ulti{L}ing 2015: Multilingual Summarization of Single and Multi-Documents, On-line Fora, and Call-center Conversations",
    author = "Giannakopoulos, George  and
      Kubina, Jeff  and
      Conroy, John  and
      Steinberger, Josef  and
      Favre, Benoit  and
      Kabadjov, Mijail  and
      Kruschwitz, Udo  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4638",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4638",
    pages = "270--274",
}
@inproceedings{wen-etal-2015-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Language Generation in Dialogue using Recurrent Neural Networks with Convolutional Sentence Reranking",
    author = "Wen, Tsung-Hsien  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Kim, Dongho  and
      Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Su, Pei-Hao  and
      Vandyke, David  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4639",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4639",
    pages = "275--284",
}
@inproceedings{lowe-etal-2015-ubuntu,
    title = "The {U}buntu Dialogue Corpus: A Large Dataset for Research in Unstructured Multi-Turn Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Lowe, Ryan  and
      Pow, Nissan  and
      Serban, Iulian  and
      Pineau, Joelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4640",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4640",
    pages = "285--294",
}
@inproceedings{xie-etal-2015-recurrent,
    title = "Recurrent Polynomial Network for Dialogue State Tracking with Mismatched Semantic Parsers",
    author = "Xie, Qizhe  and
      Sun, Kai  and
      Zhu, Su  and
      Chen, Lu  and
      Yu, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4641",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4641",
    pages = "295--304",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-skantze-2015-opportunities,
    title = "Opportunities and Obligations to Take Turns in Collaborative Multi-Party Human-Robot Interaction",
    author = "Johansson, Martin  and
      Skantze, Gabriel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4642",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4642",
    pages = "305--314",
}
@inproceedings{khouzaimi-etal-2015-optimising,
    title = "Optimising Turn-Taking Strategies With Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Khouzaimi, Hatim  and
      Laroche, Romain  and
      Lef{\`e}vre, Fabrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4643",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4643",
    pages = "315--324",
}
@inproceedings{levitan-etal-2015-acoustic,
    title = "Acoustic-prosodic entrainment in {S}lovak, {S}panish, {E}nglish and {C}hinese: A cross-linguistic comparison",
    author = "Levitan, Rivka  and
      Be{\v{n}}u{\v{s}}, {\v{S}}tefan  and
      Gravano, Agust{\'\i}n  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4644",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4644",
    pages = "325--334",
}
@inproceedings{raghu-etal-2015-statistical,
    title = "A statistical approach for Non-Sentential Utterance Resolution for Interactive {QA} System",
    author = "Raghu, Dinesh  and
      Indurthi, Sathish  and
      Ajmera, Jitendra  and
      Joshi, Sachindra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4645",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4645",
    pages = "335--343",
}
@inproceedings{nothdurft-etal-2015-interplay,
    title = "The Interplay of User-Centered Dialog Systems and {AI} Planning",
    author = "Nothdurft, Florian  and
      Behnke, Gregor  and
      Bercher, Pascal  and
      Biundo, Susanne  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4646",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4646",
    pages = "344--353",
}
@inproceedings{meena-etal-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Miscommunication in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Meena, Raveesh  and
      Lopes, Jos{\'e}  and
      Skantze, Gabriel  and
      Gustafson, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4647",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4647",
    pages = "354--363",
}
@inproceedings{ge-xu-2015-dialogue-management,
    title = "Dialogue Management based on Multi-domain Corpus",
    author = "Ge, Wendong  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4648",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4648",
    pages = "364--373",
}
@inproceedings{ultes-etal-2015-quality,
    title = "Quality-adaptive Spoken Dialogue Initiative Selection And Implications On Reward Modelling",
    author = "Ultes, Stefan  and
      Kraus, Matthias  and
      Schmitt, Alexander  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4649",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4649",
    pages = "374--383",
}
@inproceedings{jang-etal-2015-metaphor,
    title = "Metaphor Detection in Discourse",
    author = "Jang, Hyeju  and
      Moon, Seungwhan  and
      Jo, Yohan  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4650",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4650",
    pages = "384--392",
}
@inproceedings{komatani-etal-2015-user,
    title = "User Adaptive Restoration for Incorrectly-Segmented Utterances in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Komatani, Kazunori  and
      Hotta, Naoki  and
      Sato, Satoshi  and
      Nakano, Mikio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4651",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4651",
    pages = "393--401",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2015-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Coordination: Attention-Centric Speech Production in a Physically Situated Conversational Agent",
    author = "Yu, Zhou  and
      Bohus, Dan  and
      Horvitz, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4652",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4652",
    pages = "402--406",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-hyper,
    title = "Hyper-parameter Optimisation of {G}aussian Process Reinforcement Learning for Statistical Dialogue Management",
    author = "Chen, Lu  and
      Su, Pei-Hao  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4653",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4653",
    pages = "407--411",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-learning-domain,
    title = "Learning Domain-Independent Dialogue Policies via Ontology Parameterisation",
    author = "Wang, Zhuoran  and
      Wen, Tsung-Hsien  and
      Su, Pei-Hao  and
      Stylianou, Yannis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4654",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4654",
    pages = "412--416",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2015-reward,
    title = "Reward Shaping with Recurrent Neural Networks for Speeding up On-Line Policy Learning in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Su, Pei-Hao  and
      Vandyke, David  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Wen, Tsung-Hsien  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4655",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4655",
    pages = "417--421",
}
@inproceedings{kobayashi-etal-2015-effects,
    title = "Effects of Game on User Engagement with Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Kobayashi, Hayato  and
      Tanio, Kaori  and
      Sassano, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4656",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4656",
    pages = "422--426",
}
@inproceedings{schmidt-etal-2015-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Crowdsourced User Input Data for Spoken Dialog Systems",
    author = {Schmidt, Maria  and
      M{\"u}ller, Markus  and
      Wagner, Martin  and
      St{\"u}ker, Sebastian  and
      Waibel, Alex  and
      Hofmann, Hansj{\"o}rg  and
      Werner, Steffen},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4657",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4657",
    pages = "427--431",
}
@inproceedings{ramanarayanan-etal-2015-distributed,
    title = "A distributed cloud-based dialog system for conversational application development",
    author = "Ramanarayanan, Vikram  and
      Suendermann-Oeft, David  and
      Ivanov, Alexei V.  and
      Evanini, Keelan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4658",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4658",
    pages = "432--434",
}
@inproceedings{ramachandran-etal-2015-tv,
    title = "A {TV} Program Discovery Dialog System using recommendations",
    author = "Ramachandran, Deepak  and
      Fanty, Mark  and
      Provine, Ronald  and
      Yeh, Peter  and
      Jarrold, William  and
      Ratnaparkhi, Adwait  and
      Douglas, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4659",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4659",
    pages = "435--437",
}
@inproceedings{campillos-llanos-etal-2015-description,
    title = "Description of the {P}atient{G}enesys Dialogue System",
    author = "Campillos Llanos, Leonardo  and
      Bouamor, Dhouha  and
      Bilinski, {\'E}ric  and
      Ligozat, Anne-Laure  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Rosset, Sophie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4660",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4660",
    pages = "438--440",
}
@inproceedings{kasturi-etal-2015-cohort,
    title = "The Cohort and Speechify Libraries for Rapid Construction of Speech Enabled Applications for Android",
    author = "Kasturi, Tejaswi  and
      Jin, Haojian  and
      Pappu, Aasish  and
      Lee, Sungjin  and
      Harrison, Beverley  and
      Murthy, Ramana  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4661",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4661",
    pages = "441--443",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-european,
    title = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    author = "Belz, Anya  and
      Gatt, Albert  and
      Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Purver, Matthew",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4700",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-47",
}
@inproceedings{dokkara-etal-2015-simple,
    title = "A Simple Surface Realization Engine for {T}elugu",
    author = "Dokkara, Sasi Raja Sekhar  and
      Penumathsa, Suresh Verma  and
      Sripada, Somayajulu Gowri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4701",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{barros-lloret-2015-input,
    title = "Input Seed Features for Guiding the Generation Process: A Statistical Approach for {S}panish",
    author = "Barros, Cristina  and
      Lloret, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4702",
    pages = "9--17",
}
@inproceedings{gyawali-etal-2015-domain,
    title = "A Domain Agnostic Approach to Verbalizing n-ary Events without Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Gyawali, Bikash  and
      Gardent, Claire  and
      Cerisara, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4703",
    pages = "18--27",
}
@inproceedings{white-howcroft-2015-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Clause-Combining Rules: A Case Study with the {SP}a{RK}y Restaurant Corpus",
    author = "White, Michael  and
      Howcroft, David M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4704",
    pages = "28--37",
}
@inproceedings{zarriess-etal-2015-reading,
    title = "Reading Times Predict the Quality of Generated Text Above and Beyond Human Ratings",
    author = "Zarrie{\ss}, Sina  and
      Loth, Sebastian  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4705",
    pages = "38--47",
}
@inproceedings{baltaretu-etal-2015-moving,
    title = "Moving Targets: Human References to Unstable Landmarks",
    author = "Baltaretu, Adriana  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Maes, Alfons",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4706",
    pages = "48--51",
}
@inproceedings{farrell-etal-2015-framework,
    title = "A Framework for the Generation of Computer System Diagnostics in Natural Language using Finite State Methods",
    author = "Farrell, Rachel  and
      Pace, Gordon  and
      Rosner, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4707",
    pages = "52--56",
}
@inproceedings{gkatzia-mahamood-2015-snapshot,
    title = "A Snapshot of {NLG} Evaluation Practices 2005 - 2014",
    author = "Gkatzia, Dimitra  and
      Mahamood, Saad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4708",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4708",
    pages = "57--60",
}
@inproceedings{ohno-etal-2015-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Word Reordering Executed Concurrently with Dependency Parsing and Its Evaluation",
    author = "Ohno, Tomohiro  and
      Yoshida, Kazushi  and
      Kato, Yoshihide  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4709",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4709",
    pages = "61--65",
}
@inproceedings{sauvage-vincent-etal-2015-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Ordering in Electronic Navigational Chart Companion Text Generation",
    author = "Sauvage-Vincent, Julie  and
      Haralambous, Yannis  and
      Puentes, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4710",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4710",
    pages = "66--70",
}
@inproceedings{sevens-etal-2015-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Generation from Pictographs",
    author = "Sevens, Leen  and
      Vandeghinste, Vincent  and
      Schuurman, Ineke  and
      Van Eynde, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4711",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4711",
    pages = "71--75",
}
@inproceedings{mazzei-2015-translating,
    title = "Translating {I}talian to {LIS} in the Rail Stations",
    author = "Mazzei, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4712",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4712",
    pages = "76--80",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-etal-2015-response,
    title = "Response Generation in Dialogue Using a Tailored {PCFG} Parser",
    author = "Yuan, Caixia  and
      Wang, Xiaojie  and
      He, Qianhui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4713",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4713",
    pages = "81--85",
}
@inproceedings{baez-miranda-etal-2015-generating,
    title = "Generating R{\'e}cit from Sensor Data: Evaluation of a Task Model for Story Planning and Preliminary Experiments with {GPS} Data",
    author = "Baez Miranda, Bel{\'e}n A.  and
      Caffiau, Sybille  and
      Garbay, Catherine  and
      Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4714",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4714",
    pages = "86--89",
}
@inproceedings{cercas-curry-etal-2015-generating,
    title = "Generating and Evaluating Landmark-Based Navigation Instructions in Virtual Environments",
    author = "Cercas Curry, Amanda  and
      Gkatzia, Dimitra  and
      Rieser, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4715",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4715",
    pages = "90--94",
}
@inproceedings{inglis-2015-summarising,
    title = "Summarising Unreliable Data",
    author = "Inglis, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4716",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4716",
    pages = "95--99",
}
@inproceedings{muscat-belz-2015-generating,
    title = "Generating Descriptions of Spatial Relations between Objects in Images",
    author = "Muscat, Adrian  and
      Belz, Anja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4717",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4717",
    pages = "100--104",
}
@inproceedings{fischer-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards Flexible, Small-Domain Surface Generation: Combining Data-Driven and Grammatical Approaches",
    author = "Fischer, Andrea  and
      Demberg, Vera  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4718",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4718",
    pages = "105--108",
}
@inproceedings{molins-lapalme-2015-jsrealb,
    title = "{JS}real{B}: A Bilingual Text Realizer for Web Programming",
    author = "Molins, Paul  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4719",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4719",
    pages = "109--111",
}
@inproceedings{gkatzia-etal-2015-game,
    title = "A Game-Based Setup for Data Collection and Task-Based Evaluation of Uncertain Information Presentation",
    author = "Gkatzia, Dimitra  and
      Cercas Curry, Amanda  and
      Rieser, Verena  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4720",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4720",
    pages = "112--113",
}
@inproceedings{haque-horacek-2015-generating,
    title = "Generating Referential Descriptions Involving Relations by a Best-First Searching Procedure {--} A System Demo",
    author = "Haque, Florin  and
      Horacek, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4721",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4721",
    pages = "114--116",
}
@inproceedings{wang-gaizauskas-2015-generating,
    title = "Generating Image Descriptions with Gold Standard Visual Inputs: Motivation, Evaluation and Baselines",
    author = "Wang, Josiah  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4722",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4722",
    pages = "117--126",
}
@inproceedings{de-oliveira-etal-2015-designing,
    title = "Designing an Algorithm for Generating Named Spatial References",
    author = "de Oliveira, Rodrigo  and
      Sripada, Yaji  and
      Reiter, Ehud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4723",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4723",
    pages = "127--135",
}
@inproceedings{vaudry-lapalme-2015-narrative,
    title = "Narrative Generation from Extracted Associations",
    author = "Vaudry, Pierre-Luc  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4724",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4724",
    pages = "136--145",
}
@inproceedings{glas-pelachaud-2015-topic,
    title = "Topic Transition Strategies for an Information-Giving Agent",
    author = "Glas, Nadine  and
      Pelachaud, Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4725",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4725",
    pages = "146--155",
}
@inproceedings{braun-etal-2015-creating,
    title = "Creating Textual Driver Feedback from Telemetric Data",
    author = "Braun, Daniel  and
      Reiter, Ehud  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4726",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4726",
    pages = "156--165",
}
@inproceedings{labbe-etal-2015-personal,
    title = "A Personal Storytelling about Your Favorite Data",
    author = "Labb{\'e}, Cyril  and
      Roncancio, Claudia  and
      Bras, Damien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG})",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Brighton, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4727",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-4727",
    pages = "166--174",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-international-finite,
    title = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing 2015 ({FSMNLP} 2015 D{\"u}sseldorf)},
    author = "Hanneforth, Thomas  and
      Wurm, Christian",
    year = "2015",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4800",
}
@inproceedings{maletti-2015-extended,
    title = "Extended Tree Transducers in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Maletti, Andreas",
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing 2015 ({FSMNLP} 2015 D{\"u}sseldorf)},
    year = "2015",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4801",
}
@inproceedings{daciuk-2015-preserving,
    title = "Preserving Trees in Minimal Automata",
    author = "Daciuk, Jan",
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing 2015 ({FSMNLP} 2015 D{\"u}sseldorf)},
    year = "2015",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4802",
}
@inproceedings{denkinger-2015-chomsky,
    title = {A {C}homsky-Sch{\"u}tzenberger Representation for Weighted Multiple Context-free Languages},
    author = "Denkinger, Tobias",
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing 2015 ({FSMNLP} 2015 D{\"u}sseldorf)},
    year = "2015",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4803",
}
@inproceedings{dietze-nederhof-2015-count,
    title = "Count-based State Merging for Probabilistic Regular Tree Grammars",
    author = "Dietze, Toni  and
      Nederhof, Mark-Jan",
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing 2015 ({FSMNLP} 2015 D{\"u}sseldorf)},
    year = "2015",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4804",
}
@inproceedings{gebhardt-osterholzer-2015-direct,
    title = "A Direct Link between Tree-Adjoining and Context-Free Tree Grammars",
    author = "Gebhardt, Kilian  and
      Osterholzer, Johannes",
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing 2015 ({FSMNLP} 2015 D{\"u}sseldorf)},
    year = "2015",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4805",
}
@inproceedings{drobac-etal-2015-automated,
    title = "Automated Lossless Hyper-Minimization for Morphological Analyzers",
    author = "Drobac, Senka  and
      Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister",
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing 2015 ({FSMNLP} 2015 D{\"u}sseldorf)},
    year = "2015",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4806",
}
@inproceedings{hulden-2015-grammar,
    title = "Grammar Design with Multi-tape Automata and Composition",
    author = "Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing 2015 ({FSMNLP} 2015 D{\"u}sseldorf)},
    year = "2015",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4807",
}
@inproceedings{kelleher-etal-2015-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Forces and Type Coercion in Strings",
    author = "Kelleher, Derek  and
      Fernando, Tim  and
      Vogel, Carl",
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing 2015 ({FSMNLP} 2015 D{\"u}sseldorf)},
    year = "2015",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4808",
}
@inproceedings{maxwell-2015-accounting,
    title = "Accounting for Allomorphy in Finite-state Transducers",
    author = "Maxwell, Michael",
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing 2015 ({FSMNLP} 2015 D{\"u}sseldorf)},
    year = "2015",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4809",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-rahman-2015-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Model of Ancient {E}gyptian Writing",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Rahman, Fahrurrozi",
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing 2015 ({FSMNLP} 2015 D{\"u}sseldorf)},
    year = "2015",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4810",
}
@inproceedings{wurzner-jurish-2015-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach to Grapheme-Phoneme Conversion",
    author = {W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael  and
      Jurish, Bryan},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing 2015 ({FSMNLP} 2015 D{\"u}sseldorf)},
    year = "2015",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4811",
}
@inproceedings{yli-jyra-2015-three,
    title = "Three Equivalent Codes for Autosegmental Representations",
    author = {Yli-Jyr{\"a}, Anssi},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing 2015 ({FSMNLP} 2015 D{\"u}sseldorf)},
    year = "2015",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4812",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-european-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    author = {El-Kahlout, {\.I}lknur Durgar  and
      {\"O}zkan, Mehmed  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Mart{\'\i}nez, Felipe  and
      Ram{\'\i}rez-S{\'a}nchez, Gema  and
      Hollowood, Fred  and
      Way, Andy},
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4900",
}
@inproceedings{aranberri-etal-2015-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting portability to build an {RBMT} prototype for a new source language",
    author = "Aranberri, Nora  and
      Labaka, Gorka  and
      D{\'\i}az de Ilarraza, Arantza  and
      Sarasola, Kepa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4901",
    pages = "3--10",
}
@inproceedings{artetxe-etal-2015-building,
    title = "Building hybrid machine translation systems by using an {EBMT} preprocessor to create partial translations",
    author = "Artetxe, Mikel  and
      Labaka, Gorka  and
      Sarasola, Kepa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4902",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{espla-gomis-etal-2015-using,
    title = "Using on-line available sources of bilingual information for word-level machine translation quality estimation",
    author = "Espl{\`a}-Gomis, Miquel  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Mart{\'\i}nez, Felipe  and
      Forcada, Mikel L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4903",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{forcada-sanchez-martinez-2015-general,
    title = "A general framework for minimizing translation effort: towards a principled combination of translation technologies in computer-aided translation",
    author = "Forcada, Mikel L.  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Mart{\'\i}nez, Felipe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4904",
    pages = "27--34",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2015-translation,
    title = "Can Translation Memories afford not to use paraphrasing?",
    author = "Gupta, Rohit  and
      Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Vela, Mihaela  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4905",
    pages = "35--42",
}
@inproceedings{kazemi-etal-2015-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-based Reordering Model for Constituent Pairs in Hierarchical {SMT}",
    author = "Kazemi, Arefeh  and
      Toral, Antonio  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Monadjemi, Amirhassan  and
      Nematbakhsh, Mohammadali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4906",
    pages = "43--50",
}
@inproceedings{logacheva-specia-2015-role,
    title = "The role of artificially generated negative data for quality estimation of machine translation",
    author = "Logacheva, Varvara  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4907",
    pages = "51--58",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-etal-2015-document,
    title = "Document-Level Machine Translation with Word Vector Models",
    author = "Garcia, Eva Mart{\'\i}nez  and
      Espa{\~n}a-Bonet, Cristina  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4908",
    pages = "59--66",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-2015-potential,
    title = "The potential and limits of lay post-editing in an online community",
    author = "Mitchell, Linda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4909",
    pages = "67--74",
}
@inproceedings{moorkens-obrien-2015-post,
    title = "Post-Editing Evaluations: Trade-offs between Novice and Professional Participants",
    author = "Moorkens, Joss  and
      O{'}Brien, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4910",
    pages = "75--81",
}
@inproceedings{passban-etal-2015-benchmarking,
    title = "Benchmarking {SMT} Performance for {F}arsi Using the {TEP}++ Corpus",
    author = "Passban, Peyman  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4911",
    pages = "82--88",
}
@inproceedings{pinnis-2015-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Terminology Integration Methods in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Pinnis, M{\=a}rcis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4912",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-arcan-2015-identifying,
    title = "Identifying main obstacles for statistical machine translation of morphologically rich South {S}lavic languages",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Ar{\v{c}}an, Mihael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4913",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-etal-2015-poor,
    title = "Poor man{'}s lemmatisation for automatic error classification",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Ar{\v{c}}an, Mihael  and
      Avramidis, Eleftherios  and
      Burchardt, Aljoscha  and
      Lommel, Arle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4914",
    pages = "105--112",
}
@inproceedings{qin-specia-2015-truly,
    title = "Truly Exploring Multiple References for Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Qin, Ying  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4915",
    pages = "113--120",
}
@inproceedings{scarton-etal-2015-searching,
    title = "Searching for Context: a Study on Document-Level Labels for Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Scarton, Carolina  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Vela, Mihaela  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4916",
    pages = "121--128",
}
@inproceedings{slawik-etal-2015-stripping,
    title = "Stripping Adjectives: Integration Techniques for Selective Stemming in {SMT} Systems",
    author = "Slawik, Isabel  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4917",
    pages = "129--136",
}
@inproceedings{ageeva-etal-2015-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating machine translation for assimilation via a gap-filling task",
    author = "Ageeva, Ekaterina  and
      Forcada, Mikel L.  and
      Tyers, Francis M.  and
      P{\'e}rez-Ortiz, Juan Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4918",
    pages = "137--144",
}
@inproceedings{tyers-etal-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised training of maximum-entropy models for lexical selection in rule-based machine translation",
    author = "Tyers, Francis M.  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Mart{\'\i}nez, Felipe  and
      Forcada, Mikel L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4919",
    pages = "145--152",
}
@inproceedings{vanallemeersch-vandeghinste-2015-assessing,
    title = "Assessing linguistically aware fuzzy matching in translation memories",
    author = "Vanallemeersch, Tom  and
      Vandeghinste, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4920",
    pages = "153--160",
}
@inproceedings{vela-van-genabith-2015-assessing,
    title = "Re-assessing the {WMT}2013 Human Evaluation with Professional Translators Trainees",
    author = "Vela, Mihaela  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4921",
    pages = "161--168",
}
@inproceedings{waschle-riezler-2015-integrating,
    title = "Integrating a Large, Monolingual Corpus as Translation Memory into Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = {W{\"a}schle, Katharina  and
      Riezler, Stefan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4922",
    pages = "169--176",
}
@inproceedings{weller-etal-2015-target,
    title = "Target-Side Generation of Prepositions for {SMT}",
    author = "Weller, Marion  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4923",
    pages = "177--184",
}
@inproceedings{zarina-etal-2015-word,
    title = "Word Alignment Based Parallel Corpora Evaluation and Cleaning Using Machine Learning Techniques",
    author = "Zari{\c{n}}a, Ieva  and
      {\c{N}}ikiforovs, P{\=e}teris  and
      Skadi{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Raivis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4924",
    pages = "185--192",
}
@inproceedings{laxstrom-etal-2015-content,
    title = "Content Translation: Computer assisted translation tool for {W}ikipedia articles",
    author = {Laxstr{\"o}m, Niklas  and
      Giner, Pau  and
      Thottingal, Santhosh},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4925",
    pages = "194--197",
}
@inproceedings{plamada-etal-2015-pre,
    title = "Pre-reordering for Statistical Machine Translation of Non-fictional Subtitles",
    author = {Plamad{\u{a}}, Magdalena  and
      Linder, Gion  and
      Str{\"o}bel, Phillip  and
      Volk, Martin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4926",
    pages = "198--201",
}
@inproceedings{pouliquen-etal-2015-smt,
    title = "{SMT} at the International Maritime Organization: experiences with combining in-house corpora with out-of-domain corpora",
    author = "Pouliquen, Bruno  and
      Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin  and
      Pinero, Blanca  and
      Ziemski, Michal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4927",
    pages = "202--205",
}
@inproceedings{thurmair-2015-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of the domain adaptation of {MT} systems in {ACCURAT}",
    author = "Thurmair, Gregor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4928",
    pages = "206--209",
}
@inproceedings{arcan-buitelaar-2015-mixedemotions,
    title = "{M}ixed{E}motions: Social Semantic Emotion Analysis for Innovative Multilingual Big Data Analytics Markets",
    author = "Arcan, Mihael  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4929",
    pages = "211",
}
@inproceedings{bouillon-etal-2015-accept,
    title = "The {ACCEPT} Academic Portal: Bringing Together Pre-editing, {MT} and Post-editing into a Learning Environment",
    author = "Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Gerlach, Johanna  and
      Gulati, Asheesh  and
      Porro, Victoria  and
      Seretan, Violeta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4930",
    pages = "212",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2015-russian,
    title = "{R}ussian-{C}hinese Sentence-level Aligned News Corpus",
    author = "Du, Wenjun  and
      Liu, Wuying  and
      Yu, Junting  and
      Yi, Mianzhu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4931",
    pages = "213",
}
@inproceedings{haddow-2015-himl,
    title = "{H}im{L} (Health in my Language)",
    author = "Haddow, Barry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4932",
    pages = "214",
}
@inproceedings{hofmann-2015-mt,
    title = "{MT}-enhanced fuzzy matching with Transit {NXT} and {STAR} {M}oses",
    author = "Hofmann, Nadira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4933",
    pages = "215",
}
@inproceedings{hokamp-liu-2015-handycat,
    title = "{H}andy{CAT} - An Open-Source Platform for {CAT} Tool Research",
    author = "Hokamp, Christopher  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4934",
    pages = "216",
}
@inproceedings{kordoni-etal-2015-tramooc,
    title = "{T}ra{MOOC}: Translation for Massive Open Online Courses",
    author = "Kordoni, Valia  and
      Cholakov, Kostadin  and
      Egg, Markus  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Birch, Lexi  and
      Kermanidis, Katia  and
      Sosoni, Vilelmini  and
      Tsoumakos, Dimitrios  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Papadopoulos, Michael  and
      Georgakopoulou, Panayota  and
      Gialama, Maria  and
      van Zaanen, Menno  and
      Buliga, Ioana  and
      Jermol, Mitja  and
      Orlic, Davor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4935",
    pages = "217",
}
@inproceedings{landan-beregovaya-2015-streamlining,
    title = "Streamlining Translation Workflows with {S}tyle{S}corer",
    author = "Landan, David  and
      Beregovaya, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4936",
    pages = "218",
}
@inproceedings{leete-2015-estonian,
    title = "{E}stonian-{E}nglish Reversible Smart Phone Dictionary of Military Terms and Relevant Vocabulary",
    author = "Leete, Epp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4937",
    pages = "219",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-2015-falcon,
    title = "{FALCON}: Federated Active Linguistic data {C}urati{ON}",
    author = "Lewis, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4938",
    pages = "220",
}
@inproceedings{maguire-etal-2015-tapadoir,
    title = "Tapad{\'o}ir",
    author = "Maguire, Eimear  and
      Judge, John  and
      Lynn, Teresa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4939",
    pages = "221",
}
@inproceedings{paetzold-etal-2015-okapi,
    title = "{O}kapi+{Q}u{E}st: Translation Quality Estimation within Okapi",
    author = "Paetzold, Gustavo Henrique  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Savourel, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4940",
    pages = "222",
}
@inproceedings{rehm-2015-cracker,
    title = "{CRACKER}: Cracking the Language Barrier",
    author = "Rehm, Georg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4941",
    pages = "223",
}
@inproceedings{rinsche-rinsches-2015-ltc,
    title = "{LTC} {K}now{H}ow: Empowering the Social Enterprise in the Language Industry",
    author = "Rinsche, Adriane  and
      Rinsches, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4942",
    pages = "224--225",
}
@inproceedings{sadat-2015-multi,
    title = "Multi-Dialect Machine Translation ({M}u{DM}at)",
    author = "Sadat, Fatiha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4943",
    pages = "226",
}
@inproceedings{toral-etal-2015-abu,
    title = "Abu-{M}a{T}ran: Automatic building of Machine Translation",
    author = "Toral, Antonio  and
      Pirinen, Tommi A.  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Ram{\'\i}rez-S{\'a}nchez, Gema  and
      Rojas, Sergio Ortiz  and
      Rubino, Raphael  and
      Espl{\`a}, Miquel  and
      Forcada, Mikel L.  and
      Papavassiliou, Vassilis  and
      Prokopidis, Prokopis  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4944",
    pages = "227",
}
@inproceedings{utiyama-etal-2015-mnh,
    title = "{MNH}-{TT}: A Platform to Support Collaborative Translator Training",
    author = "Utiyama, Masao  and
      Kageura, Kyo  and
      Thomas, Martin  and
      Hartley, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4945",
    pages = "228",
}
@inproceedings{vandeghinste-etal-2015-smart,
    title = "Smart Computer Aided Translation Environment - {SCATE}",
    author = "Vandeghinste, Vincent  and
      Vanallemeersch, Tom  and
      Eynde, Frank Van  and
      Heyman, Geert  and
      Moens, Sien  and
      Pelemans, Joris  and
      Wambacq, Patrick  and
      der Lek - Ciudin, Iulianna Van  and
      Tezcan, Arda  and
      Macken, Lieve  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Geurts, Eva  and
      Haesen, Mieke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the {E}uropean Association for Machine Translation",
    month = may,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Antalya, Turkey",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4946",
    pages = "229",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-asian,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2015)",
    author = "Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Mino, Hideya  and
      Goto, Isao  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Kyoto, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
}
@inproceedings{nakazawa-etal-2015-overview,
    title = "Overview of the 2nd Workshop on {A}sian Translation",
    author = "Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Mino, Hideya  and
      Goto, Isao  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Kyoto, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5001",
    pages = "1--28",
}
@inproceedings{ehara-2015-system,
    title = "System Combination of {RBMT} plus {SPE} and Preordering plus {SMT}",
    author = "Ehara, Terumasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Kyoto, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5002",
    pages = "29--34",
}
@inproceedings{neubig-etal-2015-neural,
    title = "Neural Reranking Improves Subjective Quality of Machine Translation: {NAIST} at {WAT}2015",
    author = "Neubig, Graham  and
      Morishita, Makoto  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Kyoto, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5003",
    pages = "35--41",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2015-nict,
    title = "NICT at WAT 2015",
    author = "Ding, Chenchen  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Kyoto, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5004",
    pages = "42--47",
}
@inproceedings{sonoh-kinoshita-2015-toshiba,
    title = "Toshiba {MT} System Description for the {WAT}2015 Workshop",
    author = "Sonoh, Satoshi  and
      Kinoshita, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Kyoto, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5005",
    pages = "48--53",
}
@inproceedings{richardson-etal-2015-kyotoebmt,
    title = "{K}yoto{EBMT} System Description for the 2nd Workshop on {A}sian Translation",
    author = "Richardson, John  and
      Dabre, Raj  and
      Chu, Chenhui  and
      Cromi{\`e}res, Fabien  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Kyoto, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5006",
    pages = "54--60",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-2015-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Neural Machine Translation in {E}nglish-{J}apanese Task",
    author = "Zhu, Zhongyuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Kyoto, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5007",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2015-naver,
    title = "{NAVER} Machine Translation System for {WAT} 2015",
    author = "Lee, Hyoung-Gyu  and
      Lee, JaeSong  and
      Kim, Jun-Seok  and
      Lee, Chang-Ki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Kyoto, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5008",
    pages = "69--73",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2015-awkward,
    title = "An Awkward Disparity between {BLEU} / {RIBES} Scores and Human Judgements in Machine Translation",
    author = "Tan, Liling  and
      Dehdari, Jon  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Kyoto, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5009",
    pages = "74--81",
}
@inproceedings{shan-etal-2015-dependency,
    title = "A Dependency-to-String Model for {C}hinese-{J}apanese {SMT} System",
    author = "Shan, Hua  and
      Zhang, Yujie  and
      Bai, Lu  and
      Luo, Te",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Kyoto, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5010",
    pages = "82--86",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2015-sampling,
    title = "Sampling-based Alignment and Hierarchical Sub-sentential Alignment in {C}hinese{--}{J}apanese Translation of Patents",
    author = "Yang, Wei  and
      Zhao, Zhongwen  and
      Yang, Baosong  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Kyoto, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5011",
    pages = "87--94",
}
@inproceedings{sudoh-nagata-2015-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese-to-{J}apanese Patent Machine Translation based on Syntactic Pre-ordering for{WAT} 2015",
    author = "Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Kyoto, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5012",
    pages = "95--98",
}
@inproceedings{matsuo-etal-2015-source,
    title = "Source Phrase Segmentation and Translation for {J}apanese-{E}nglish Translation Using Dependency Structure",
    author = "Matsuo, Junki  and
      Ohwada, Kenichi  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {A}sian Translation ({WAT}2015)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Kyoto, Japan",
    publisher = "Workshop on Asian Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5013",
    pages = "99--104",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-slpat,
    title = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    author = {Alexandersson, Jan  and
      Altinsoy, Ercan  and
      Christensen, Heidi  and
      Ljungl{\"o}f, Peter  and
      Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Rudzicz, Frank},
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-51",
}
@inproceedings{beskow-2015-talking,
    title = "Talking Heads, Signing Avatars and Social Robots",
    author = "Beskow, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5101",
    pages = "1--1",
}
@inproceedings{ebling-huenerfauth-2015-bridging,
    title = "Bridging the gap between sign language machine translation and sign language animation using sequence classification",
    author = "Ebling, Sarah  and
      Huenerfauth, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5102",
    pages = "2--9",
}
@inproceedings{ebling-etal-2015-synthesizing,
    title = "Synthesizing the finger alphabet of Swiss {G}erman Sign Language and evaluating the comprehensibility of the resulting animations",
    author = "Ebling, Sarah  and
      Wolfe, Rosalee  and
      Schnepp, Jerry  and
      Baowidan, Souad  and
      McDonald, John  and
      Moncrief, Robyn  and
      Sidler-Miserez, Sandra  and
      Tissi, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5103",
    pages = "10--16",
}
@inproceedings{hatano-etal-2015-contour,
    title = "Contour-based Hand Pose Recognition for Sign Language Recognition",
    author = "Hatano, Mika  and
      Sako, Shinji  and
      Kitamura, Tadashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5104",
    pages = "17--21",
}
@inproceedings{huenerfauth-etal-2015-synthesizing,
    title = "Synthesizing and Evaluating Animations of {A}merican Sign Language Verbs Modeled from Motion-Capture Data",
    author = "Huenerfauth, Matt  and
      Lu, Pengfei  and
      Kacorri, Hernisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5105",
    pages = "22--28",
}
@inproceedings{kacorri-huenerfauth-2015-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating a Dynamic Time Warping Based Scoring Algorithm for Facial Expressions in {ASL} Animations",
    author = "Kacorri, Hernisa  and
      Huenerfauth, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5106",
    pages = "29--35",
}
@inproceedings{piquard-kipffer-etal-2015-qualitative,
    title = "Qualitative investigation of the display of speech recognition results for communication with deaf people",
    author = "Piquard-Kipffer, Agn{\`e}s  and
      Mella, Odile  and
      Miranda, J{\'e}r{\'e}my  and
      Jouvet, Denis  and
      Orosanu, Luiza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5107",
    pages = "36--41",
}
@inproceedings{fontan-etal-2015-predicting,
    title = "Predicting disordered speech comprehensibility from Goodness of Pronunciation scores",
    author = "Fontan, Lionel  and
      Pellegrini, Thomas  and
      Olcoz, Julia  and
      Abad, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5108",
    pages = "42--46",
}
@inproceedings{hahm-etal-2015-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Dysarthric Speech due to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis with Across-Speaker Articulatory Normalization",
    author = "Hahm, Seongjun  and
      Heitzman, Daragh  and
      Wang, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5109",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{ishaq-etal-2015-vowel,
    title = "Vowel Enhancement in Early Stage {S}panish Esophageal Speech Using Natural Glottal Flow Pulse and Vocal Tract Frequency Warping",
    author = "Ishaq, Rizwan  and
      Gowda, Dhanananjaya  and
      Alku, Paavo  and
      Zapirain, Begonya Garcia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5110",
    pages = "55--59",
}
@inproceedings{oue-etal-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic dysfluency detection in dysarthric speech using deep belief networks",
    author = "Oue, Stacey  and
      Marxer, Ricard  and
      Rudzicz, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5111",
    pages = "60--64",
}
@inproceedings{sehgal-cunningham-2015-model,
    title = "Model adaptation and adaptive training for the recognition of dysarthric speech",
    author = "Sehgal, Siddharth  and
      Cunningham, Stuart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5112",
    pages = "65--71",
}
@inproceedings{sriranjani-etal-2015-pronunciation,
    title = "Pronunciation Adaptation For Disordered Speech Recognition Using State-Specific Vectors of Phone-Cluster Adaptive Training",
    author = "Sriranjani, R  and
      Umesh, S.  and
      Reddy, M. Ramasubba",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5113",
    pages = "72--78",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-determining,
    title = "Determining an Optimal Set of Flesh Points on Tongue, Lips, and Jaw for Continuous Silent Speech Recognition",
    author = "Wang, Jun  and
      Hahm, Seongjun  and
      Mau, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5114",
    pages = "79--85",
}
@inproceedings{wong-etal-2015-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Dysarthric Speech using Distinctive Feature Recognition",
    author = "Wong, Ka Ho  and
      Yeung, Yu Ting  and
      Wong, Patrick C. M.  and
      Levow, Gina-Anne  and
      Meng, Helen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5115",
    pages = "86--90",
}
@inproceedings{draffan-etal-2015-generating,
    title = "Generating acceptable {A}rabic Core Vocabularies and Symbols for {AAC} users",
    author = "Draffan, E.A.  and
      Wald, Mike  and
      Halabi, Nawar  and
      Sabia, Ouadie  and
      Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Kadous, Amatullah  and
      Idris, Amal  and
      Zeinoun, Nadine  and
      Banes, David  and
      Lawand, Dana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5116",
    pages = "91--96",
}
@inproceedings{green-etal-2015-remote,
    title = "Remote Speech Technology for Speech Professionals - the {C}loud{CAST} initiative",
    author = "Green, Phil  and
      Marxer, Ricard  and
      Cunningham, Stuart  and
      Christensen, Heidi  and
      Rudzicz, Frank  and
      Yancheva, Maria  and
      Coy, Andr{\'e}  and
      Malavasi, Massimuliano  and
      Desideri, Lorenzo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5117",
    pages = "97--102",
}
@inproceedings{pompili-etal-2015-speech,
    title = "Speech and language technologies for the automatic monitoring and training of cognitive functions",
    author = "Pompili, Anna  and
      Amorim, Cristiana  and
      Abad, Alberto  and
      Trancoso, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5118",
    pages = "103--109",
}
@inproceedings{sevens-etal-2015-extending,
    title = "Extending a {D}utch Text-to-Pictograph Converter to {E}nglish and {S}panish",
    author = "Sevens, Leen  and
      Vandeghinste, Vincent  and
      Schuurman, Ineke  and
      Eynde, Frank Van",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5119",
    pages = "110--117",
}
@inproceedings{ueda-etal-2015-individuality,
    title = "Individuality-Preserving Spectrum Modification for Articulation Disorders Using Phone Selective Synthesis",
    author = "Ueda, Reina  and
      Aihara, Ryo  and
      Takiguchi, Tetsuya  and
      Ariki, Yasuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5120",
    pages = "118--123",
}
@inproceedings{vacher-etal-2015-recognition,
    title = "Recognition of Distress Calls in Distant Speech Setting: a Preliminary Experiment in a Smart Home",
    author = "Vacher, Michel  and
      Lecouteux, Benjamin  and
      Aman, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Rossato, Solange  and
      Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5121",
    pages = "124--129",
}
@inproceedings{veaux-etal-2015-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Manual and Automatic Voice Repair for Individual with Vocal Disabilities",
    author = "Veaux, Christophe  and
      Yamagishi, Junichi  and
      King, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5122",
    pages = "130--133",
}
@inproceedings{yancheva-etal-2015-using,
    title = "Using linguistic features longitudinally to predict clinical scores for {A}lzheimer{'}s disease and related dementias",
    author = "Yancheva, Maria  and
      Fraser, Kathleen  and
      Rudzicz, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5123",
    pages = "134--139",
}
@inproceedings{almeida-etal-2015-european,
    title = "From {E}uropean {P}ortuguese to {P}ortuguese Sign Language",
    author = "Almeida, In{\^e}s  and
      Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa  and
      Candeias, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SLPAT} 2015: 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5124",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W15-5124",
    pages = "140--143",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-natural-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop Natural Language Processing for Translation Memories",
    author = "Orasan, Constantin  and
      Gupta, Rohit",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5200",
}
@inproceedings{parra-escartin-2015-creation,
    title = "Creation of new {TM} segments: Fulfilling translators{'} wishes",
    author = "Parra Escart{\'\i}n, Carla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Natural Language Processing for Translation Memories",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5201",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{barbu-2015-spotting,
    title = "Spotting false translation segments in translation memories",
    author = "Barbu, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Natural Language Processing for Translation Memories",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5202",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{raisa-timonera-mitkov-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving Translation Memory Matching through Clause Splitting",
    author = "Raisa Timonera, Katerina  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Natural Language Processing for Translation Memories",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5203",
    pages = "17--23",
}
@inproceedings{chatzitheodorou-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving translation memory fuzzy matching by paraphrasing",
    author = "Chatzitheodorou, Konstantinos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Natural Language Processing for Translation Memories",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5204",
    pages = "24--30",
}
@inproceedings{baisa-etal-2015-increasing,
    title = "Increasing Coverage of Translation Memories with Linguistically Motivated Segment Combination Methods",
    author = "Baisa, V{\'\i}t  and
      Hor{\'a}k, Ale{\v{s}}  and
      Medve{\v{d}}, Marek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Natural Language Processing for Translation Memories",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5205",
    pages = "31--35",
}
@inproceedings{nayek-etal-2015-catalog,
    title = "{CAT}a{L}og: New Approaches to {TM} and Post Editing Interfaces",
    author = "Nayek, Tapas  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      Pal, Santanu  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Vela, Mihaela  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Natural Language Processing for Translation Memories",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5206",
    pages = "36--42",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-balto,
    title = "The 5th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Piskorski, Jakub  and
      Pivovarova, Lidia  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      Tanev, Hristo  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5300",
}
@inproceedings{agic-ljubesic-2015-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies for {C}roatian (that work for {S}erbian, too)",
    author = "Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola",
    booktitle = "The 5th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5301",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{petkevic-etal-2015-analytic,
    title = "Analytic Morphology {--} Merging the Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic Perspective in a Treebank",
    author = "Petkevi{\v{c}}, Vladim{\'\i}r  and
      Rosen, Alexandr  and
      Skoumalov{\'a}, Hana  and
      V{\'\i}tovec, P{\v{r}}emysl",
    booktitle = "The 5th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5302",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{glavas-snajder-2015-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Entity Coreference in {C}roatian with a Constrained Mention-Pair Model",
    author = "Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "The 5th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5303",
    pages = "17--23",
}
@inproceedings{kaczmarek-marcinczuk-2015-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Coreference Resolution Tools for Polish from the Information Extraction Perspective",
    author = "Kaczmarek, Adam  and
      Marci{\'n}czuk, Micha{\l}",
    booktitle = "The 5th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5304",
    pages = "24--33",
}
@inproceedings{piskorski-2015-open,
    title = "Open Relation Extraction for Polish: Preliminary Experiments",
    author = "Piskorski, Jakub",
    booktitle = "The 5th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5305",
    pages = "34--39",
}
@inproceedings{samardzic-etal-2015-regional,
    title = "Regional Linguistic Data Initiative ({R}e{LDI})",
    author = "Samard{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Tanja  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Mili{\v{c}}evi{\'c}, Maja",
    booktitle = "The 5th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5306",
    pages = "40--42",
}
@inproceedings{kopotev-etal-2015-online,
    title = "Online Extraction of {R}ussian Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Kopotev, Mikhail  and
      Escoter, Lloren{\c{c}}  and
      Kormacheva, Daria  and
      Pierce, Matthew  and
      Pivovarova, Lidia  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "The 5th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5307",
    pages = "43--45",
}
@inproceedings{kozlowski-etal-2015-e,
    title = "E-law Module Supporting Lawyers in the Process of Knowledge Discovery from Legal Documents",
    author = "Koz{\l}owski, Marek  and
      Kowalski, Maciej  and
      Kazula, Maciej",
    booktitle = "The 5th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5308",
    pages = "46--48",
}
@inproceedings{alagic-snajder-2015-experiments,
    title = "Experiments on Active Learning for {C}roatian Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Alagi{\'c}, Domagoj  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "The 5th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5309",
    pages = "49--58",
}
@inproceedings{leseva-etal-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Classification of {W}ord{N}et Morphosemantic Relations",
    author = "Leseva, Svetlozara  and
      Stoyanova, Ivelina  and
      Todorova, Maria  and
      Dimitrova, Tsvetana  and
      Rizov, Borislav  and
      Koeva, Svetla",
    booktitle = "The 5th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5310",
    pages = "59--64",
}
@inproceedings{katinskaya-sharoff-2015-applying,
    title = "Applying Multi-Dimensional Analysis to a {R}ussian Webcorpus: Searching for Evidence of Genres",
    author = "Katinskaya, Anisya  and
      Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "The 5th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5311",
    pages = "65--74",
}
@inproceedings{harbusch-krusko-2015-distinctive,
    title = "Distinctive Similarity of Clausal Coordinate Ellipsis in {R}ussian Compared to {D}utch, {E}stonian, {G}erman, and {H}ungarian",
    author = "Harbusch, Karin  and
      Krusko, Denis",
    booktitle = "The 5th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5312",
    pages = "75--80",
}
@inproceedings{osenova-simov-2015-universalizing,
    title = "Universalizing {B}ul{T}ree{B}ank: a Linguistic Tale about Glocalization",
    author = "Osenova, Petya  and
      Simov, Kiril",
    booktitle = "The 5th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5313",
    pages = "81--89",
}
@inproceedings{loukachevitch-etal-2015-types,
    title = "Types of Aspect Terms in Aspect-Oriented Sentiment Labeling",
    author = "Loukachevitch, Natalia  and
      Kotelnikov, Evgeniy  and
      Blinov, Pavel",
    booktitle = "The 5th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5314",
    pages = "90--95",
}
@inproceedings{kapociute-dzikiene-etal-2015-authorship,
    title = "Authorship Attribution and Author Profiling of {L}ithuanian Literary Texts",
    author = "Kapo{\v{c}}i{\=u}t{\.e}-Dzikien{\.e}, Jurgita  and
      Utka, Andrius  and
      {\v{S}}arkut{\.e}, Ligita",
    booktitle = "The 5th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5315",
    pages = "96--105",
}
@inproceedings{mickevicius-etal-2015-classification,
    title = "Classification of Short Legal {L}ithuanian Texts",
    author = "Mickevi{\v{c}}ius, Vytautas  and
      Krilavi{\v{c}}ius, Tomas  and
      Morkevi{\v{c}}ius, Vaidas",
    booktitle = "The 5th Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5316",
    pages = "106--111",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-joint-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    author = {Nakov, Preslav  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Tan, Liling  and
      Vertan, Cristina  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5400",
}
@inproceedings{zampieri-etal-2015-overview,
    title = "Overview of the {DSL} Shared Task 2015",
    author = {Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Tan, Liling  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Nakov, Preslav},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5401",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{derczynski-2015-handling,
    title = "Handling and Mining Linguistic Variation in {UGC}",
    author = "Derczynski, Leon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5402",
    pages = "10",
}
@inproceedings{franco-salvador-etal-2015-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Representations of Words and Documents for Discriminating Similar Languages",
    author = "Franco-Salvador, Marc  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Rangel, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5403",
    pages = "11--16",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2015-joint,
    title = "Joint {B}ayesian Morphology Learning for {D}ravidian Languages",
    author = "Kumar, Arun  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Oliver, Antoni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5404",
    pages = "17--23",
}
@inproceedings{onyenwe-etal-2015-use,
    title = "Use of Transformation-Based Learning in Annotation Pipeline of {I}gbo, an {A}frican Language",
    author = "Onyenwe, Ikechukwu  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Uchechukwu, Chinedu  and
      Ezeani, Ignatius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5405",
    pages = "24--33",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2015-wikitrans,
    title = "{W}iki{T}rans: {S}wedish-{D}anish Machine Translation in a Constraint Grammar Framework",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5406",
    pages = "34",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-dras-2015-language,
    title = "Language Identification using Classifier Ensembles",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5407",
    pages = "35--43",
}
@inproceedings{jauhiainen-etal-2015-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating Similar Languages with Token-Based Backoff",
    author = "Jauhiainen, Tommi  and
      Jauhiainen, Heidi  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5408",
    pages = "44--51",
}
@inproceedings{fabra-boluda-etal-2015-nlel,
    title = "{NLEL} {UPV} Autoritas Participation at Discrimination between Similar Languages ({DSL}) 2015 Shared Task",
    author = {Fabra-Boluda, Ra{\"u}l  and
      Rangel, Francisco  and
      Rosso, Paolo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5409",
    pages = "52--58",
}
@inproceedings{bobicev-2015-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating between Similar Languages Using {PPM}",
    author = "Bobicev, Victoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5410",
    pages = "59--65",
}
@inproceedings{zampieri-etal-2015-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Approaches to the Identification of Similar Languages",
    author = "Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Gebre, Binyam Gebrekidan  and
      Costa, Hernani  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5411",
    pages = "66--72",
}
@inproceedings{acs-etal-2015-two,
    title = "A Two-level Classifier for Discriminating Similar Languages",
    author = "{\'A}cs, Judit  and
      Grad-Gyenge, L{\'a}szl{\'o}  and
      Rodrigues de Rezende Oliveira, Thiago Bruno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5412",
    pages = "73--77",
}
@inproceedings{goutte-leger-2015-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Discriminating Similar Languages",
    author = "Goutte, Cyril  and
      L{\'e}ger, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5413",
    pages = "78--84",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2015-building,
    title = "Building Monolingual Word Alignment Corpus for the Greater China Region",
    author = "Xu, Fan  and
      Xu, Xiongfei  and
      Wang, Mingwen  and
      Li, Maoxi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5414",
    pages = "85--94",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-natural-language-processing,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Linked Open Data",
    author = "Vossen, Piek  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Simov, Kiril",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5500",
}
@inproceedings{rigau-2015-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Event Detection in Discourse",
    author = "Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Linked Open Data",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5501",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{perera-nand-2015-generating,
    title = "Generating Lexicalization Patterns for Linked Open Data",
    author = "Perera, Rivindu  and
      Nand, Parma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Linked Open Data",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5502",
    pages = "2--5",
}
@inproceedings{neale-etal-2015-small,
    title = "Small in Size, Big in Precision: A Case for Using Language-Specific Lexical Resources for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Neale, Steven  and
      Silva, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Linked Open Data",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5503",
    pages = "6--15",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-lendvai-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards the Representation of Hashtags in Linguistic Linked Open Data Format",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry  and
      Lendvai, Piroska",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Linked Open Data",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5504",
    pages = "16--22",
}
@inproceedings{sukhareva-chiarcos-2015-ontology,
    title = "An Ontology-based Approach To Automatic Part-of-Speech Tagging Using Heterogeneously Annotated Corpora",
    author = "Sukhareva, Maria  and
      Chiarcos, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Linked Open Data",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5505",
    pages = "23--32",
}
@inproceedings{simov-kiryakov-2015-accessing,
    title = "Accessing Linked Open Data via A Common Ontology",
    author = "Simov, Kiril  and
      Kiryakov, Atanas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Linked Open Data",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5506",
    pages = "33--41",
}
@inproceedings{el-maarouf-etal-2015-guanxi,
    title = "The {G}uan{X}i network: a new multilingual {LLOD} for Language Learning applications",
    author = "El Maarouf, Ismail  and
      Mousselly-Sergieh, Hatem  and
      Alferov, Eugene  and
      Wang, Haofen  and
      Fang, Zhijia  and
      Cooper, Doug",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Linked Open Data",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5507",
    pages = "42--51",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-brazilian,
    title = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    author = "Freitas, Claudia  and
      Rademaker, Alexandre",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5600",
}
@inproceedings{de-alencar-etal-2015-jclext,
    title = "{JCL}ext: A {J}ava Tool for Compiling Finite-State Transducers from Full-Form Lexicons",
    author = "de Alencar, Leonel F.  and
      Costa, Philipp B.  and
      Fran{\c{c}}a, Mardonio J. C.  and
      Ewart, Alexander  and
      Andrade, Katiuscia M.  and
      Andrade, Rossana M. C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5601",
    pages = "15--19",
}
@inproceedings{moraes-etal-2015-7x1,
    title = "7x1-{PT}: um Corpus extra{\'\i}do do Twitter para An{\'a}lise de Sentimentos em L{\'\i}ngua Portuguesa (7x1-{PT}: a Corpus extracted from Twitter for Sentiment Analysis in {P}ortuguese Language)",
    author = "Moraes, Silvia M. W.  and
      Manssour, Isabel H.  and
      Silveira, Milene S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5602",
    pages = "21--25",
}
@inproceedings{do-amaral-etal-2015-comparative,
    title = "Comparative Analysis between Notations to Classify Named Entities using Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "do Amaral, Daniela Oliveira F.  and
      Buffet, Maiki  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5603",
    pages = "27--31",
}
@inproceedings{angelo-etal-2015-extrator,
    title = "Do Extrator de Conhecimento Coletivo {\`a} {\'A}gora Virtual: desenvolvendo uma ferramenta para democracia participativa (From Collective Knowledge Extractor to Virtual Agora: Developing a tool for Participatory Democracy)",
    author = "Angelo, Tiago Novaes  and
      Pagan, Cesar Jos{\'e} Bonjuani  and
      Attux, Romis Ribeiro Faissol  and
      Gudwin, Ricardo Ribeiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5604",
    pages = "33--37",
}
@inproceedings{santos-2015-um,
    title = "Um novo corpo e os seus desafios (A new corpus and the challenges it offers)",
    author = "Santos, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5605",
    pages = "39--43",
}
@inproceedings{da-silva-feltrim-2015-analise,
    title = "An{\'a}lise Autom{\'a}tica de Coer{\^e}ncia Textual em Resumos Cient{\'\i}ficos: Avaliando Quebras de Linearidade (Automatic Analysis of Textual Coherence in Scientific Abstracts: Evaluating Linearity Breaks)",
    author = "da Silva, Leandro Lago  and
      Feltrim, Val{\'e}ria Delisandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5606",
    pages = "45--49",
}
@inproceedings{freitas-etal-2015-anotacao,
    title = "Anota{\c{c}}{\~a}o de corpus com a {O}pen{W}ord{N}et-{PT}: um exerc{\'\i}cio de desambigua{\c{c}}{\~a}o (Sense annotation with {O}pen{W}ord{N}et-{PT}: an exercise of word sense disambiguation)",
    author = "Freitas, Cl{\'a}udia  and
      Real, Livy  and
      Rademaker, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5607",
    pages = "51--55",
}
@inproceedings{rassi-etal-2015-integrating,
    title = "Integrating support verb constructions into a parser",
    author = "Rassi, Amanda  and
      Baptista, Jorge  and
      Mamede, Nuno  and
      Vale, Oto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5608",
    pages = "57--61",
}
@inproceedings{de-oliveira-feltrim-2015-extracao,
    title = "Extra{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Alvos em Coment{\'a}rios de Not{\'\i}cias em Portugu{\^e}s baseada na Teoria da Centraliza{\c{c}}{\~a}o (Target Extraction in News Reviews in {P}ortuguese based on Centering Theory)",
    author = "de Oliveira, Frank Willian Cardoso  and
      Feltrim, Val{\'e}ria Delisandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5609",
    pages = "63--67",
}
@inproceedings{candido-junior-etal-2015-portal,
    title = "Portal Min@s: Uma Ferramenta Geral de Apoio ao Processamento de C{\'o}rpus de Prop{\'o}sito Geral (Portal Min@s: A General Purpose Support Tool for Corpora Processing)",
    author = "Candido Junior, Arnaldo  and
      Vieira, Thiago Lima  and
      Serikawa, Marcel  and
      Silva, Matheus Antonio Ribeiro  and
      Zangirolami, R{\'e}gis  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5610",
    pages = "69--73",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-da-silva-2015-prepnet,
    title = "{P}rep{N}et.{B}r: a Semantic Network for Prepositions",
    author = "Garcia, D{\'e}bora D.  and
      da Silva, Bento Carlos Dias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5611",
    pages = "75--79",
}
@inproceedings{cardoso-pardo-2015-joint,
    title = "Joint semantic discourse models for automatic multi-document summarization",
    author = "Cardoso, Paula C. Figueira  and
      Pardo, Thiago A. S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5612",
    pages = "81--90",
}
@inproceedings{lopes-vieira-2015-building,
    title = "Building and Applying Profiles Through Term Extraction",
    author = "Lopes, Lucelene  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5613",
    pages = "91--100",
}
@inproceedings{de-arruda-etal-2015-annotated,
    title = "An Annotated Corpus for Sentiment Analysis in Political News",
    author = "de Arruda, Gabriel Domingos  and
      Roman, Norton Trevisan  and
      Monteiro, Ana Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5614",
    pages = "101--110",
}
@inproceedings{andreani-feltrim-2015-campos,
    title = "Campos Aleat{\'o}rios Condicionais Aplicados {\`a} Detec{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Estrutura Ret{\'o}rica em Resumos de Textos Acad{\^e}micos em Portugu{\^e}s (Conditional Random Fields Applied to Rhetorical Structure Detection in Academic Abstracts in {P}ortuguese)",
    author = "Andreani, Alexandre C.  and
      Feltrim, Val{\'e}ria D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5615",
    pages = "111--120",
}
@inproceedings{dosciatti-etal-2015-anotando,
    title = "Anotando um Corpus de Not{\'\i}cias para a An{\'a}lise de Sentimentos: um Relato de Experi{\^e}ncia (Annotating a corpus of News for Sentiment Analysis: An Experience Report)",
    author = "Dosciatti, Mariza Miola  and
      Ferreira, Lohann Paterno Coutinho  and
      Paraiso, Emerson Cabrera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5616",
    pages = "121--130",
}
@inproceedings{wilkens-etal-2015-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Thesauri for {P}ortuguese: methodology evaluation",
    author = "Wilkens, Rodrigo  and
      Zilio, Leonardo  and
      Ferreira, Eduardo  and
      Gon{\c{c}}alves, Gabriel  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5617",
    pages = "131--140",
}
@inproceedings{de-camargo-etal-2015-strategies,
    title = "On Strategies of Human Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "de Camargo, Renata Tironi  and
      Felippo, Ariani Di  and
      Pardo, Thiago A. S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5618",
    pages = "141--150",
}
@inproceedings{de-s-dias-pardo-2015-enriching,
    title = "Enriching entity grids and graphs with discourse relations: the impact in local coherence evaluation",
    author = "de S. Dias, M{\'a}rcio  and
      Pardo, Thiago A. S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5619",
    pages = "151--160",
}
@inproceedings{zilio-etal-2015-verblexpor,
    title = "{V}erb{L}ex{P}or: um recurso l{\'e}xico com anota{\c{c}}{\~a}o de pap{\'e}is sem{\^a}nticos para o portugu{\^e}s ({V}erb{L}ex{P}or: a lexical resource annotated with semantic roles for {P}ortuguese)",
    author = "Zilio, Leonardo  and
      Finatto, Maria Jos{\'e} Bocorny  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5620",
    pages = "161--170",
}
@inproceedings{vale-baptista-2015-novo,
    title = "Novo dicion{\'a}rio de formas flexionadas do Unitex-{PB}: avalia{\c{c}}{\~a}o da flex{\~a}o verbal (New Dictionary of Inflected forms of {UNITEX}-{PB}: Evaluation of Verbal Inflection)",
    author = "Vale, Oto A.  and
      Baptista, Jorge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5621",
    pages = "171--180",
}
@inproceedings{hamada-neto-2015-desambiguacao,
    title = "Desambigua{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Hom{\'o}grafos-Heter{\'o}fonos por Aprendizado de M{\'a}quina em Portugu{\^e}s Brasileiro (A Machine Learning Approach for Homographic Heterophone Disambiguation in {B}razilian {P}ortuguese)",
    author = "Hamada, Leonardo  and
      Neto, Nelson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5622",
    pages = "181--190",
}
@inproceedings{pereira-pinheiro-2015-report,
    title = "{R}e{P}ort - Um Sistema de Extra{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Informa{\c{c}}{\~o}es Aberta para L{\'\i}ngua Portuguesa (Report - An Open Information Extraction System for {P}ortuguese Language)",
    author = "Pereira, Victor  and
      Pinheiro, Vl{\'a}dia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5623",
    pages = "191--200",
}
@inproceedings{fonseca-aluisio-2015-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automatic Construction of a Textual Entailment Dataset: Selecting Candidates with Vector Space Models",
    author = "Fonseca, Erick R.  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5624",
    pages = "201--210",
}
@inproceedings{guimaraes-etal-2015-n,
    title = "N-Gramas de Caractere como T{\'e}cnica de Normaliza{\c{c}}{\~a}o Morfol{\'o}gica para L{\'\i}ngua Portuguesa: Um Estudo em Categoriza{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Textos (Character N-grams as a Morphological Normalization Technique for {P}ortuguese Language: A Study in Text Categorization)",
    author = "Guimar{\~a}es, Guilherme T.  and
      Meirose, Marcus V.  and
      Moraes, S{\'\i}lvia M. W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    month = nov,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Natal, Brazil",
    publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Computa{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5625",
    pages = "211--220",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-deep,
    title = "Proceedings of the 1st Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Praha, Czechia",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5700",
}
@inproceedings{arnoult-simaan-2015-modelling,
    title = "Modelling the Adjunct/Argument Distinction in Hierarchical Phrase-Based {SMT}",
    author = "Arnoult, Sophie  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Praha, Czechia",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5701",
    pages = "2--11",
}
@inproceedings{avramidis-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards Deeper {MT} - A Hybrid System for {G}erman",
    author = "Avramidis, Eleftherios  and
      Burchardt, Aljoscha  and
      Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Praha, Czechia",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5702",
    pages = "12--19",
}
@inproceedings{daiber-etal-2015-splitting,
    title = "Splitting Compounds by Semantic Analogy",
    author = "Daiber, Joachim  and
      Quiroz, Lautaro  and
      Wechsler, Roger  and
      Frank, Stella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Praha, Czechia",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5703",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{daiber-simaan-2015-delimiting,
    title = "Delimiting Morphosyntactic Search Space with Source-Side Reordering Models",
    author = "Daiber, Joachim  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Praha, Czechia",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5704",
    pages = "29--38",
}
@inproceedings{gaudio-etal-2015-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating a Machine Translation System in a Technical Support Scenario",
    author = "Gaudio, Rosa Del  and
      Burchardt, Aljoscha  and
      Lommel, Arle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Praha, Czechia",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5705",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{krishnamurthy-2015-development,
    title = "Development of {T}elugu-{T}amil Transfer-Based Machine Translation system: With Special reference to Divergence Index",
    author = "Krishnamurthy, Parameswari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Praha, Czechia",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5706",
    pages = "48--54",
}
@inproceedings{labaka-etal-2015-deep,
    title = "Deep-syntax {T}ecto{MT} for {E}nglish-{S}panish {MT}",
    author = "Labaka, Gorka  and
      Jauregi, Oneka  and
      D{\'\i}az de Ilarraza, Arantza  and
      Ustaszewski, Michael  and
      Aranberri, Nora  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Praha, Czechia",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5707",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{neale-etal-2015-first,
    title = "First Steps in Using Word Senses as Contextual Features in Maxent Models for Machine Translation",
    author = "Neale, Steven  and
      Gomes, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Praha, Czechia",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5708",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{oele-van-noord-2015-lexical,
    title = "Lexical choice in Abstract Dependency Trees",
    author = "Oele, Dieke  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Praha, Czechia",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5709",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{gaona-sharoff-2015-large,
    title = "Large Scale Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Gaona, Miguel Angel Rios  and
      Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Praha, Czechia",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5710",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{rosa-etal-2015-translation,
    title = "Translation Model Interpolation for Domain Adaptation in Tecto{MT}",
    author = "Rosa, Rudolf  and
      Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Nov{\'a}k, Michal  and
      Popel, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Praha, Czechia",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5711",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{simov-etal-2015-factored,
    title = "Factored models for Deep Machine Translation",
    author = "Simov, Kiril  and
      Simova, Iliana  and
      Todorova, Velislava  and
      Osenova, Petya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Praha, Czechia",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5712",
    pages = "97--105",
}
@inproceedings{stajner-etal-2015-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation for Multilingual Troubleshooting in the {IT} Domain: A Comparison of Different Strategies",
    author = "{\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Rodrigues, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Gomes, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Deep Machine Translation Workshop",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Praha, Czechia",
    publisher = "{\'U}FAL MFF UK",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5713",
    pages = "106--115",
}
@proceedings{ws-2015-international-natural-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Sharma, Dipti Misra  and
      Sangal, Rajeev  and
      Sherly, Elizabeth",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5900",
}
@inproceedings{matsumoto-2015-keynote,
    title = "Keynote Lecture 1: Scientific Paper Analysis",
    author = "Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5901",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{kunchukuttan-bhattacharyya-2015-addressing,
    title = "Addressing Class Imbalance in Grammatical Error Detection with Evaluation Metric Optimization",
    author = "Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5902",
    pages = "2--10",
}
@inproceedings{singh-mukerjee-2015-words,
    title = "Words are not Equal: Graded Weighting Model for Building Composite Document Vectors",
    author = "Singh, Pranjal  and
      Mukerjee, Amitabha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5903",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{joharapurkar-etal-2015-online,
    title = "Online Adspace Posts{'} Category Classification",
    author = "Joharapurkar, Dhawal  and
      Salin, Vaishak  and
      Krishna, Vishal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5904",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{pawar-etal-2015-noun,
    title = "Noun Phrase Chunking for {M}arathi using Distant Supervision",
    author = "Pawar, Sachin  and
      Ramrakhiyani, Nitin  and
      Palshikar, Girish K.  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Hingmire, Swapnil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5905",
    pages = "29--38",
}
@inproceedings{bungum-gamback-2015-self,
    title = "Self-Organizing Maps for Classification of a Multi-Labeled Corpus",
    author = {Bungum, Lars  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5906",
    pages = "39--48",
}
@inproceedings{tayal-etal-2015-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation in {H}indi Language Using Hyperspace Analogue to Language and Fuzzy C-Means Clustering",
    author = "Tayal, Devendra K.  and
      Ahuja, Leena  and
      Chhabra, Shreya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5907",
    pages = "49--58",
}
@inproceedings{bhingardive-etal-2015-using,
    title = "Using Word Embeddings for Bilingual Unsupervised {WSD}",
    author = "Bhingardive, Sudha  and
      Singh, Dhirendra  and
      V, Rudramurthy  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5908",
    pages = "59--64",
}
@inproceedings{dasgupta-etal-2015-compositionality,
    title = "Compositionality in Bangla Compound Verbs and their Processing in the Mental Lexicon",
    author = "Dasgupta, Tirthankar  and
      Sinha, Manjira  and
      Basu, Anupam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5909",
    pages = "65--70",
}
@inproceedings{redkar-etal-2015-indowordnet,
    title = "{I}ndo{W}ord{N}et Dictionary: An Online Multilingual Dictionary using {I}ndo{W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Redkar, Hanumant  and
      Singh, Sandhya  and
      Joshi, Nilesh  and
      Ghosh, Anupam  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5910",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@inproceedings{nagvenkar-etal-2015-sense,
    title = "Let Sense Bags Do Talking: Cross Lingual Word Semantic Similarity for {E}nglish and {H}indi",
    author = "Nagvenkar, Apurva  and
      Pawar, Jyoti  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5911",
    pages = "79--83",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2015-temporal,
    title = "A temporal expression recognition system for medical documents by",
    author = "Gupta, Naman  and
      Joshi, Aditya  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5912",
    pages = "84--88",
}
@inproceedings{emms-jayapal-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "An unsupervised {EM} method to infer time variation in sense probabilities",
    author = "Emms, Martin  and
      Jayapal, Arun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5913",
    pages = "89--94",
}
@inproceedings{s-etal-2015-solving,
    title = "Solving Data Sparsity by Morphology Injection in Factored {SMT}",
    author = "S, Sreelekha  and
      Dungarwal, Piyush  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      D, Malathi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5914",
    pages = "95--99",
}
@inproceedings{phani-etal-2015-authorship,
    title = "Authorship Attribution in {B}engali Language",
    author = "Phani, Shanta  and
      Lahiri, Shibamouli  and
      Biswas, Arindam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5915",
    pages = "100--105",
}
@inproceedings{kanojia-etal-2015-transchat,
    title = "{T}rans{C}hat: Cross-Lingual Instant Messaging for {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Kanojia, Diptesh  and
      Dhuliawala, Shehzaad  and
      Mishra, Abhijit  and
      Gupta, Naman  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5916",
    pages = "106--111",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-etal-2015-database,
    title = "A Database of Infant Cry Sounds to Study the Likely Cause of Cry",
    author = "Sharma, Shivam  and
      Asthana, Shubham  and
      Mittal, V. K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5917",
    pages = "112--117",
}
@inproceedings{carlos-2015-perplexed,
    title = "Perplexed {B}ayes Classifier",
    author = "Carlos, Cohan Sujay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5918",
    pages = "118--123",
}
@inproceedings{singh-2015-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of Diversity of Word Alignment and its Symmetrization Techniques for System Combination",
    author = "Singh, Thoudam Doren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5919",
    pages = "124--129",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-bhattacharyya-2015-domain,
    title = "Domain Sentiment Matters: A Two Stage Sentiment Analyzer",
    author = "Sharma, Raksha  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5920",
    pages = "130--137",
}
@inproceedings{gulati-2015-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Information from {I}ndian First Names",
    author = "Gulati, Akshay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5921",
    pages = "138--143",
}
@inproceedings{rajan-2015-punct,
    title = "punct-An Alternative Verb Semantic Ontology Representation",
    author = "Rajan, Kavitha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5922",
    pages = "144--151",
}
@inproceedings{alam-2015-smt,
    title = "{SMT} Errors Requiring Grammatical Knowledge for Prevention",
    author = "Alam, Yukiko Sasaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5923",
    pages = "152--157",
}
@inproceedings{moneykumar-etal-2015-isolated,
    title = "Isolated Word Recognition System for {M}alayalam using Machine Learning",
    author = "Moneykumar, Maya  and
      Sherly, Elizabeth  and
      Varghese, Win Sam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5924",
    pages = "158--165",
}
@inproceedings{dhuliawala-etal-2015-judge,
    title = "Judge a Book by its Cover: Conservative Focused Crawling under Resource Constraints",
    author = "Dhuliawala, Shehzaad  and
      V, Arjun Atreya  and
      Yadav, Ravi Kumar  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5925",
    pages = "166--171",
}
@inproceedings{p-etal-2015-text,
    title = "Text Normalization and Unit Selection for a Memory Based Non Uniform Unit Selection {TTS} in {M}alayalam",
    author = "P., Gokul  and
      Thomas, Neethu  and
      Thomas, Crisil  and
      Gopinath, Deepa P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5926",
    pages = "172--177",
}
@inproceedings{baxi-etal-2015-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Analyzer for {G}ujarati using Paradigm based approach with Knowledge based and Statistical Methods",
    author = "Baxi, Jatayu  and
      Patel, Pooja  and
      Bhatt, Brijesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5927",
    pages = "178--182",
}
@inproceedings{jonnalagadda-mamidi-2015-resolution,
    title = "Resolution of Pronominal Anaphora for {T}elugu Dialogues",
    author = "Jonnalagadda, Hemanth Reddy  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5928",
    pages = "183--188",
}
@inproceedings{jayan-sherly-2015-study,
    title = "A Study on Divergence in {M}alayalam and {T}amil Language in Machine Translation Perceptive",
    author = "Jayan, Jisha P  and
      Sherly, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5929",
    pages = "189--196",
}
@inproceedings{grandhi-paul-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic conversion of {I}ndian Language Morphological Processors into Grammatical Framework ({GF})",
    author = "Grandhi, Harsha Vardhan  and
      Paul, Soma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5930",
    pages = "197--202",
}
@inproceedings{desai-etal-2015-logistic,
    title = "Logistic Regression for Automatic Lexical Level Morphological Paradigm Selection for {K}onkani Nouns",
    author = "Desai, Shilpa  and
      Pawar, Jyoti  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5931",
    pages = "203--208",
}
@inproceedings{ahiladas-etal-2015-ruchi,
    title = "{R}uchi: Rating Individual Food Items in Restaurant Reviews",
    author = "Ahiladas, Burusothman  and
      Saravanaperumal, Paraneetharan  and
      Balachandran, Sanjith  and
      Sripalan, Thamayanthy  and
      Ranathunga, Surangika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5932",
    pages = "209--214",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-mittal-2015-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Extraction for Knowledge-based Domain Classification",
    author = "Sharma, Lokesh Kumar  and
      Mittal, Namita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5933",
    pages = "215--218",
}
@inproceedings{kulkarni-etal-2015-approach,
    title = "An Approach to Collective Entity Linking",
    author = "Kulkarni, Ashish  and
      Agarwal, Kanika  and
      Shah, Pararth  and
      Rathod, Sunny Raj  and
      Ramakrishnan, Ganesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5934",
    pages = "219--228",
}
@inproceedings{kurian-2015-development,
    title = "Development of Speech corpora for different Speech Recognition tasks in {M}alayalam language",
    author = "Kurian, Cini",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5935",
    pages = "229--236",
}
@inproceedings{sequiera-etal-2015-pos,
    title = "{POS} Tagging of {H}indi-{E}nglish Code Mixed Text from Social Media: Some Machine Learning Experiments",
    author = "Sequiera, Royal  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Bali, Kalika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5936",
    pages = "237--246",
}
@inproceedings{rakshit-etal-2015-automated,
    title = "Automated Analysis of Bangla Poetry for Classification and Poet Identification",
    author = "Rakshit, Geetanjali  and
      Ghosh, Anupam  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5937",
    pages = "247--253",
}
@inproceedings{rudrapal-etal-2015-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Boundary Detection for Social Media Text",
    author = {Rudrapal, Dwijen  and
      Jamatia, Anupam  and
      Chakma, Kunal  and
      Das, Amitava  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5938",
    pages = "254--260",
}
@inproceedings{patra-etal-2015-mood,
    title = "Mood Classification of {H}indi Songs based on Lyrics",
    author = "Patra, Braja Gopal  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5939",
    pages = "261--267",
}
@inproceedings{badr-fatima-2015-using,
    title = "Using Skipgrams, Bigrams, and Part of Speech Features for Sentiment Classification of Twitter Messages",
    author = "Badr, Badr Mohammed  and
      Fatima, S. Sameen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5940",
    pages = "268--275",
}
@inproceedings{batra-paul-2015-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach for Bracketing Noun Sequence",
    author = "Batra, Arpita  and
      Paul, Soma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5941",
    pages = "276--284",
}
@inproceedings{khan-etal-2015-simultaneous,
    title = "Simultaneous Feature Selection and Parameter Optimization Using Multi-objective Optimization for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Khan, Mohammed Arif  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Menc{\'\i}a, Eneldo Loza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5942",
    pages = "285--294",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2015-detection,
    title = "Detection of Multiword Expressions for {H}indi Language using Word Embeddings and {W}ord{N}et-based Features",
    author = "Singh, Dhirendra  and
      Bhingardive, Sudha  and
      Patel, Kevin  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5943",
    pages = "295--302",
}
@inproceedings{more-etal-2015-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting Pivot based {SMT} with word segmentation",
    author = "More, Rohit  and
      Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Dabre, Raj",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5944",
    pages = "303--307",
}
@inproceedings{kanojia-etal-2015-using,
    title = "Using Multilingual Topic Models for Improved Alignment in {E}nglish-{H}indi {MT}",
    author = "Kanojia, Diptesh  and
      Joshi, Aditya  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Carman, Mark James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5945",
    pages = "308--315",
}
@inproceedings{patil-etal-2015-triangulation,
    title = "Triangulation of Reordering Tables: An Advancement Over Phrase Table Triangulation in Pivot-Based {SMT}",
    author = "Patil, Deepak  and
      Chavan, Harshad  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5946",
    pages = "316--324",
}
@inproceedings{shah-etal-2015-post,
    title = "Post-editing a chapter of a specialized textbook into 7 languages: importance of terminological proximity with {E}nglish for productivity",
    author = "Shah, Ritesh  and
      Boitet, Christian  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Padmakumar, Mithun  and
      Zilio, Leonardo  and
      Kalitvianski, Ruslan  and
      Nasiruddin, Mohammad  and
      Tomokiyo, Mutsuko  and
      P{\'a}ez, Sandra Castellanos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5947",
    pages = "325--332",
}
@inproceedings{dash-etal-2015-generating,
    title = "Generating Translation Corpora in Indic Languages:Cultivating Bilingual Texts for Cross Lingual Fertilization",
    author = "Dash, Niladri Sekhar  and
      Selvraj, Arulmozi  and
      Hussain, Mazhar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5948",
    pages = "333--342",
}
@inproceedings{sturgeon-lee-2015-translation,
    title = "Translation Quality and Effort: Options versus Post-editing",
    author = "Sturgeon, Donald  and
      Lee, John S. Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5949",
    pages = "343--350",
}
@inproceedings{mehta-etal-2015-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the potential of post-ordering {SMT} output to improve translation quality",
    author = "Mehta, Pratik  and
      Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5950",
    pages = "351--356",
}
@inproceedings{bharati-etal-2015-applying,
    title = "Applying {S}anskrit Concepts for Reordering in {MT}",
    author = "Bharati, Akshar  and
      {Sukhada}  and
      Jha, Prajna  and
      Paul, Soma  and
      Sharma, Dipti M",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5951",
    pages = "357--366",
}
@inproceedings{palihakkara-etal-2015-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Act Recognition for Text-based {S}inhala",
    author = "Palihakkara, Sudheera  and
      Sahabandu, Dammina  and
      Shamsudeen, Ahsan  and
      Bandara, Chamika  and
      Ranathunga, Surangika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5952",
    pages = "367--375",
}
@inproceedings{dowlagar-mamidi-2015-semi,
    title = "A Semi Supervised Dialog Act Tagging for {T}elugu",
    author = "Dowlagar, Suman  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5953",
    pages = "376--383",
}
@inproceedings{divate-salgaonkar-2015-ranking,
    title = "Ranking Model with a Reduced Feature Set for an Automated Question Generation System",
    author = "Divate, Manisha Satish  and
      Salgaonkar, Ambuja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5954",
    pages = "384--393",
}
@inproceedings{sundaram-khemani-2015-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Processing for Solving Simple Word Problems",
    author = "Sundaram, Sowmya S  and
      Khemani, Deepak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5955",
    pages = "394--402",
}
@inproceedings{saha-das-mandal-2015-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Influence of {L}2 {E}nglish Speakers{'} Fluency on Occurrence and Duration of Sentence-medial Pauses in {E}nglish Readout Speech",
    author = "Saha, Shambhu Nath  and
      Das Mandal, Shyamal Kr.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5956",
    pages = "403--412",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-2015-acoustic,
    title = "Acoustic Correlates of Voicing and Gemination in Bangla",
    author = "Ghosh, Aanusha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Trivandrum, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-5957",
    pages = "413--418",
}
@proceedings{acl-1998-association,
    title = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1000",
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@inproceedings{zhao-huang-1998-quasi,
    title = "A Quasi-Dependency Model for the Structural Analysis of {C}hinese {B}ase{NP}s",
    author = "Zhao, Jun  and
      Huang, Changning",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980847",
    pages = "1--7",
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@inproceedings{sankoff-1998-production,
    title = "The Production of Code-Mixed Discourse",
    author = "Sankoff, David",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1002",
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    pages = "8--21",
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@inproceedings{agirre-etal-1998-towards,
    title = "Towards a Single Proposal in Spelling Correction",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Gojenola, Koldo  and
      Sarasola, Kepa  and
      Voutilainen, Atro",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1003",
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    pages = "22--28",
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@inproceedings{ahrenberg-etal-1998-simple,
    title = "A Simple Hybrid Aligner for Generating Lexical Correspondences in Parallel Texts",
    author = "Ahrenberg, Lars  and
      Andersson, Mikael  and
      Merkel, Magnus",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1004",
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    pages = "29--35",
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@inproceedings{akbar-caelen-1998-parole,
    title = "Parole et Prduction automatique: le module de reconnaissance {RAPHAEL}",
    author = "Akbar, Mohammad  and
      Caelen, Jean",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980852",
    pages = "36--40",
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@inproceedings{alshawi-etal-1998-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Hierarchical Transduction Models for Machine Translation",
    author = "Alshawi, Hiyan  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Douglas, Shona",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980853",
    pages = "41--47",
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@inproceedings{amsili-rossari-1998-tense,
    title = "Tense and Connective Constraints on the Expression of Causality",
    author = "Amsili, Pascal  and
      Rossari, Corinne",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980854",
    pages = "48--54",
}
@inproceedings{amtrup-weber-1998-time,
    title = "Time Mapping with Hypergraphs",
    author = "Amtrup, Jan W.  and
      Weber, Volker",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980855",
    pages = "55--61",
}
@inproceedings{aone-etal-1998-trainable,
    title = "Trainable, Scalable Summarization Using Robust {NLP} and Machine Learning",
    author = "Aone, Chinatsu  and
      Okurowski, Mary Ellen  and
      Gorlinsky, James",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980856",
    pages = "62--66",
}
@inproceedings{argamon-etal-1998-memory,
    title = "A Memory-Based Approach to Learning Shallow Natural Language Patterns",
    author = "Argamon, Shlomo  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Krymolowski, Yuval",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980857",
    pages = "67--73",
}
@inproceedings{azzam-etal-1998-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating a Focus-Based Approach to Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Azzam, Saliha  and
      Humphreys, Kevin  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980858",
    pages = "74--78",
}
@inproceedings{bagga-baldwin-1998-entity,
    title = "Entity-Based Cross-Document Core f erencing Using the Vector Space Model",
    author = "Bagga, Amit  and
      Baldwin, Breck",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980859",
    pages = "79--85",
}
@inproceedings{baker-etal-1998-berkeley,
    title = "The {B}erkeley {F}rame{N}et Project",
    author = "Baker, Collin F.  and
      Fillmore, Charles J.  and
      Lowe, John B.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980860",
    pages = "86--90",
}
@inproceedings{barg-walther-1998-processing,
    title = "Processing Unknown Words in {HPSG}",
    author = "Barg, Petra  and
      Walther, Markus",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1014",
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    pages = "91--95",
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@inproceedings{barker-szpakowicz-1998-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automatic Recognition of Noun Modifier Relationships",
    author = "Barker, Ken  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980862",
    pages = "96--102",
}
@inproceedings{barriere-1998-redundancy,
    title = "{R}edundancy: Helping Semantic Disambiguation",
    author = "Barriere, Caroline",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980863",
    pages = "103--109",
}
@inproceedings{becker-etal-1998-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Kernel for Multilingual Generation in Speech-to-Speech Dialogue Translation",
    author = "Becker, Tilman  and
      Finkler, Wolfgang  and
      Kilger, Anne  and
      Poller, Peter",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980864",
    pages = "110--116",
}
@inproceedings{beesley-1998-consonant,
    title = "Consonant Spreading in {A}rabic Stems",
    author = "Beesley, Kenneth R.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980865",
    pages = "117--123",
}
@inproceedings{blache-1998-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Ambiguous Structures using Controlled Disjunctions and Unary Quasi-Trees",
    author = "Blache, Philippe",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980866",
    pages = "124--130",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-1998-trigger,
    title = "Trigger-Pair Predictors in Parsing and Tagging",
    author = "Black, Ezra  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Kashioka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980867",
    pages = "131--137",
}
@inproceedings{bod-1998-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Dialogue Interpretation with the {DOP} Model",
    author = "Bod, Rens",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980868",
    pages = "138--144",
}
@inproceedings{bod-kaplan-1998-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Corpus-Driven Model for Lexical-Functional Analysis",
    author = "Bod, Rens  and
      Kaplan, Ronald",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980869",
    pages = "145--151",
}
@inproceedings{bond-etal-1998-anchoring,
    title = "Anchoring Floating Quantifiers in {J}apanese-to-{E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Bond, Francis  and
      Kurz, Daniela  and
      Shirai, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980870",
    pages = "152--159",
}
@inproceedings{bos-etal-1998-managing,
    title = "Managing Information at Linguistic Interfaces",
    author = "Bos, Johan  and
      Rupp, C.J.  and
      Buschbeck-Wolf, Bianka  and
      Dorna, Michael",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980871",
    pages = "160--166",
}
@inproceedings{bozsahin-1998-deriving,
    title = "Deriving the Predicate-Argument Structure for a Free Word Order Language",
    author = "Bozsahin, Cem",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980872",
    pages = "167--173",
}
@inproceedings{broker-1998-separating,
    title = "Separating Surface Order and Syntactic Relations in a Dependency Grammar",
    author = "Broker, Norbert",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980873",
    pages = "174--180",
}
@inproceedings{branco-1998-logical,
    title = "The Logical Structure of Binding",
    author = "Branco, Antonio",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980874",
    pages = "181--185",
}
@inproceedings{brill-etal-1998-beyond,
    title = "Beyond N -Grams: Can Linguistic Sophistication Improve Language Modeling?",
    author = "Brill, Eric  and
      Florian, Radu  and
      Henderson, John C.  and
      Mangu, Lidia",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980875",
    pages = "186--190",
}
@inproceedings{brill-wu-1998-classifier,
    title = "Classifier Combination for Improved Lexical Disambiguation",
    author = "Brill, Eric  and
      Wu, Jun",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980876",
    pages = "191--195",
}
@inproceedings{brun-1998-terminology,
    title = "Terminology Finite-state Preprocessing for Computational {LFG}",
    author = "Brun, Caroline",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980877",
    pages = "196--200",
}
@inproceedings{burger-etal-1998-named,
    title = "Named Entity Scoring for Speech Input",
    author = "Burger, John D.  and
      Palmer, David  and
      Hirschman, Lynette",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980878",
    pages = "201--205",
}
@inproceedings{burstein-etal-1998-automated,
    title = "Automated Scoring Using A Hybrid Feature Identification Technique",
    author = "Burstein, Jill  and
      Kukich, Karen  and
      Wolff, Susanne  and
      Lu, Chi  and
      Chodorow, Martin  and
      Braden-Harder, Lisa  and
      Harris, Mary Dee",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980879",
    pages = "206--210",
}
@inproceedings{candito-1998-building,
    title = "Building Parallel {LTAG} for {F}rench and {I}talian",
    author = "Candito, Marie-Helene",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980880",
    pages = "211--217",
}
@inproceedings{cardie-pierce-1998-error,
    title = "Error-Driven Pruning of Treebank Grammars for Base Noun Phrase Identification",
    author = "Cardie, Claire  and
      Pierce, David",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980881",
    pages = "218--224",
}
@inproceedings{chelba-jelinek-1998-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Syntactic Structure for Language Modeling",
    author = "Chelba, Ciprian  and
      Jelinek, Frederick",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980882",
    pages = "225--231",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-1998-proper,
    title = "Proper Name Translation in Cross-Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Huang, Sheng-Jie  and
      Ding, Yung-Wei  and
      Tsai, Shih-Chung",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980883",
    pages = "232--236",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chang-1998-concept,
    title = "A Concept-based Adaptive Approach to Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Chen, Jen Nan  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980884",
    pages = "237--243",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-1998-pat,
    title = "{PAT}-Trees with the Deletion Function as the Learning Device for Linguistic Patterns",
    author = "Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Tsuei, Wen  and
      Chien, Lee-Feng",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980885",
    pages = "244--250",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-1998-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Approaches to Improvement of Translation Quality in Web-based {E}nglish-{K}orean Machine Translation",
    author = "Choi, Sung-Kwon  and
      Jung, Han-Min  and
      Sim, Chul-Min  and
      Kim, Taewan  and
      Park, Dong-In  and
      Park, Jun-Sik  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980886",
    pages = "251--255",
}
@inproceedings{chu-carroll-carpenter-1998-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Management in Vector-Based Call Routing",
    author = "Chu-Carroll, Jennifer  and
      Carpenter, Bob",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980887",
    pages = "256--262",
}
@inproceedings{collier-etal-1998-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation vs. Dictionary Term Translation - a Comparison for {E}nglish-{J}apanese News Article Alignment",
    author = "Collier, Nigel  and
      Hirakawa, Hideki  and
      Kumano, Akira",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980888",
    pages = "263--267",
}
@inproceedings{collier-etal-1998-experiment,
    title = "An Experiment in Hybrid Dictionary and Statistical Sentence Alignment",
    author = "Collier, Nigel  and
      Ono, Kenji  and
      Hirakawa, Hideki",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980889",
    pages = "268--274",
}
@inproceedings{covington-1998-alignment,
    title = "Alignment of Multiple Languages for Historical Comparison",
    author = "Covington, Michael A.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980890",
    pages = "275--279",
}
@inproceedings{cristea-etal-1998-veins,
    title = "Veins Theory: A Model of Global Discourse Cohesion and Coherence",
    author = "Cristea, Dan  and
      Ide, Nancy  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980891",
    pages = "281--285",
}
@inproceedings{cucchiarelli-etal-1998-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Semantic Tagging of Unknown Proper Names",
    author = "Cucchiarelli, Alessandro  and
      Luzi, Danilo  and
      Velardi, Paola",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980892",
    pages = "286--292",
}
@inproceedings{dang-etal-1998-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Regular Sense Extensions based on Intersective Levin Classes",
    author = "Dang, Hoa Trang  and
      Kipper, Karin  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Rosenzweig, Joseph",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980893",
    pages = "293--299",
}
@inproceedings{deligne-sagisaka-1998-learning,
    title = "Learning a Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Structure from Language Data with a Bi-Multigram Model",
    author = "Deligne, Sabine  and
      Sagisaka, Yoshinori",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980894",
    pages = "300--306",
}
@inproceedings{delisle-etal-1998-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with Learning Parsing Heuristics",
    author = "Delisle, Sylvain  and
      Letourneau, Sylvain  and
      Matwin, Stan",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980895",
    pages = "307--313",
}
@inproceedings{delisle-etal-1998-experiments-learning,
    title = "Experiments with Learning Parsing Heuristics",
    author = "Delisle, Sylvain  and
      Letourneau, Sylvain  and
      Matwin, Stan",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980896",
    pages = "314--314",
}
@inproceedings{dimitrova-etal-1998-multext,
    title = "Multext-East: Parallel and Comparable Corpora and Lexicons for Six Central and Eastern {E}uropean Languages",
    author = "Dimitrova, Ludmila  and
      Erjavec, Tomaz  and
      Ide, Nancy  and
      Kaalep, Heiki Jaan  and
      Petkevic, Vladimir  and
      Tufis, Dan",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980897",
    pages = "315--319",
}
@inproceedings{dini-etal-1998-error,
    title = "Error Driven Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Dini, Luca  and
      Tomaso, Vittorio Di  and
      Segond, Frederique",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980898",
    pages = "320--324",
}
@inproceedings{di-eugenio-etal-1998-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Investigation of Proposals in Collaborative Dialogues",
    author = "Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Jordan, Pamela W.  and
      Moore, Johanna D.  and
      Thomason, Richmond H.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980899",
    pages = "325--329",
}
@inproceedings{doan-nguyen-1998-accumulation,
    title = "Accumulation of Lexical Sets: Acquisition of Dictionary Resources and Production of New Lexical Sets",
    author = "Doan-Nguyen, Hai",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980900",
    pages = "330--334",
}
@inproceedings{doan-nguyen-1998-accumulation-lexical,
    title = "Accumulation of Lexical Sets: Acquisition of Dictionary Resources and Production of New Lexical Sets",
    author = "Doan-Nguyen, Hai",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980901",
    pages = "335--335",
}
@inproceedings{doi-etal-1998-text,
    title = "A Text Input Front-end Processor as an Information Access Platform",
    author = "Doi, Shinichi  and
      Kamei, Shin-ichiro  and
      Yamabana, Kiyoshi",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980902",
    pages = "336--340",
}
@inproceedings{dorna-etal-1998-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic and Semantic Ransf er with F-Structures",
    author = "Dorna, Michael  and
      Frank, Anette  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Emele, Martin C.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980903",
    pages = "341--347",
}
@inproceedings{dymetman-1998-group,
    title = "Group Theory and Linguistic Processing",
    author = "Dymetman, Marc",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1057",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980904",
    pages = "348--352",
}
@inproceedings{egg-etal-1998-constraints,
    title = "Constraints over Lambda-Structures in Semantic Underspecification",
    author = "Egg, Markus  and
      Niehren, Joachim  and
      Ruhrberg, Peter  and
      Xu, Feiyu",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1058",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980905",
    pages = "353--359",
}
@inproceedings{elmi-evens-1998-spelling,
    title = "Spelling Correction using Context",
    author = "Elmi, Mohammad Ali  and
      Evens, Martha",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1059",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980906",
    pages = "360--364",
}
@inproceedings{emele-dorna-1998-ambiguity,
    title = "Ambiguity Preserving Machine Translation using Packed Representations",
    author = "Emele, Martin C.  and
      Dorna, Michael",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1060",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980907",
    pages = "365--371",
}
@inproceedings{evans-weir-1998-structure,
    title = "A Structure-sharing Parser for Lexicalized Grammars",
    author = "Evans, Roger  and
      Weir, David",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1061",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980908",
    pages = "372--378",
}
@inproceedings{ezeiza-etal-1998-combining,
    title = "Combining Stochastic and Rule-Based Methods for Disambiguation in Agglutinative Languages",
    author = "Ezeiza, N.  and
      Alegria, I.  and
      Arriola, J.M.  and
      Urizar, R.  and
      Aduriz, I.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1062",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980909",
    pages = "379--379",
}
@inproceedings{ezeiza-etal-1998-combining-stochastic,
    title = "Combining Stochastic and Rule-Based Methods for Disambiguation in Agglutinative Languages",
    author = "Ezeiza, N.  and
      Alegria, I.  and
      Arriola, J.M.  and
      Urizar, R.  and
      Aduriz, I.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1063",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980910",
    pages = "380--384",
}
@inproceedings{ferrandez-etal-1998-anaphor,
    title = "Anaphor Resolution In Unrestricted Texts With Partial Parsing",
    author = "Ferrandez, Antonio  and
      Palomar, Manuel  and
      Moreno, Lidia",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1064",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980911",
    pages = "385--391",
}
@inproceedings{ferret-etal-1998-thematic,
    title = "Thematic Segmentation of Texts: Two Methods for Two Kind of Texts",
    author = "Ferret, Olivier  and
      Grau, Brigitte  and
      Masson, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1065",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980912",
    pages = "392--396",
}
@inproceedings{flank-1998-layered,
    title = "A Layered Approach to {NLP}-Based Information Retrieval",
    author = "Flank, Sharon",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1066",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980913",
    pages = "397--403",
}
@inproceedings{freitag-1998-toward,
    title = "Toward General-Purpose Learning for Information Extraction",
    author = "Freitag, Dayne",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1067",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980914",
    pages = "404--408",
}
@inproceedings{fuchi-takagi-1998-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Morphological Analyzer using Word Co-occurrence - {JTAG}",
    author = "Fuchi, Takeshi  and
      Takagi, Shinichiro",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1068",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980915",
    pages = "409--413",
}
@inproceedings{fung-yee-1998-ir,
    title = "An {IR} Approach for Translating New Words from Nonparallel, Comparable Texts",
    author = "Fung, Pascale  and
      Yee, Lo Yuen",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1069",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980916",
    pages = "414--420",
}
@inproceedings{furuse-etal-1998-splitting,
    title = "Splitting Long or Ill-formed Input for Robust Spoken-language Translation",
    author = "Furuse, Osamu  and
      Yamada, Setsuo  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1070",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980917",
    pages = "421--427",
}
@inproceedings{gahl-1998-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Subcorpora based on Subcategorization Frames from a Part-of{S}peech Tagged Corpus",
    author = "Gahl, Susanne",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1071",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980918",
    pages = "428--432",
}
@inproceedings{gamback-bos-1998-semantic,
    title = "Semantic-Head Based Resolution of Scopal Ambiguities",
    author = "Gamback, Bjorn  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1072",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980919",
    pages = "433--437",
}
@inproceedings{gargouri-etal-1998-vers,
    title = "Vers l{'}utilisation des methodes formelles pour le developpement de linguiciels",
    author = "Gargouri, Bilel  and
      Ben Hamadou, Abdelmajid  and
      Jmaiel, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1073",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980920",
    pages = "438--443",
}
@inproceedings{gaussier-1998-flow,
    title = "Flow Network Models for Word Alignment and Terminology Extraction from Bilingual Corpora",
    author = "Gaussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1074",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980921",
    pages = "444--450",
}
@inproceedings{gavalda-waibel-1998-growing,
    title = "Growing Semantic Grammars",
    author = "Gavalda, Marsal  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1075",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980922",
    pages = "451--456",
}
@inproceedings{guo-1998-one,
    title = "One Tokenization per Source",
    author = "Guo, Jin",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1076",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980923",
    pages = "457--463",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-lamping-1998-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Linear Logic Meaning Assembly",
    author = "Gupta, Vineet  and
      Lamping, John",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1077",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980924",
    pages = "464--470",
}
@inproceedings{ten-hacken-bopp-1998-separable,
    title = "Separable Verbs in a Reusable Morphological Dictionary for {G}erman",
    author = "ten Hacken, Pius  and
      Bopp, Stephan",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1078",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980925",
    pages = "471--475",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-schnattinger-1998-text,
    title = "A Text Understander that Learns",
    author = "Hahn, Udo  and
      Schnattinger, Klemens",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1079",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980926",
    pages = "476--482",
}
@inproceedings{hajic-hladka-1998-tagging,
    title = "Tagging Inlective Languages: Prediction of Morphological Categories for a Rich Structured Tagset",
    author = "Hajic, Jan  and
      Hladka, Barbora",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1080",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980927",
    pages = "483--490",
}
@inproceedings{van-halteren-etal-1998-improving,
    title = "Improving Data Driven Wordclass Tagging by System Combination",
    author = "van Halteren, Hans  and
      Zavrel, Jakub  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1081",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980928",
    pages = "491--497",
}
@inproceedings{hamon-etal-1998-step,
    title = "A Step towards the Detection of Semantic Variants of Terms in Technical Documents",
    author = "Hamon, Thierry  and
      Nazarenko, Adeline  and
      Gros, Cecile",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1082",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980929",
    pages = "498--504",
}
@inproceedings{haruno-etal-1998-using,
    title = "Using Decision Trees to Construct a Practical Parser",
    author = "Haruno, Masahiko  and
      Shirai, Satoshi  and
      Ooyama, Yoshifumi",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1083",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980930",
    pages = "505--511",
}
@inproceedings{harvey-carberry-1998-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Text Plans for Conciseness and Coherence",
    author = "Harvey, Terrence  and
      Carberry, Sandra",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1084",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980931",
    pages = "512--518",
}
@inproceedings{heine-1998-definiteness,
    title = "Definiteness Predictions for {J}apanese Noun Phrases",
    author = "Heine, Julia E.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1085",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980932",
    pages = "519--525",
}
@inproceedings{heinecke-etal-1998-eliminative,
    title = "Eliminative Parsing with Graded Constraints",
    author = "Heinecke, Johannes  and
      Kunze, Jurgen  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang  and
      Schroder, Ingo",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1086",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980933",
    pages = "526--530",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-lane-1998-connectionist,
    title = "A Connectionist Architecture for Learning to Parse",
    author = "Henderson, James  and
      Lane, Peter",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1087",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980934",
    pages = "531--537",
}
@inproceedings{hepple-1998-memoisation,
    title = "Memoisation for Glue Language Deduction and Categorial Parsing",
    author = "Hepple, Mark",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1088",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980935",
    pages = "538--544",
}
@inproceedings{higgins-1998-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Parallel Grammatical Representations",
    author = "Higgins, Derrick",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1089",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980936",
    pages = "545--549",
}
@inproceedings{hitzeman-poesio-1998-long,
    title = "Long Distance Pronominalisation and Global Focus",
    author = "Hitzeman, Janet  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1090",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980937",
    pages = "550--556",
}
@inproceedings{hwa-1998-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Evaluation of Probabilistic Lexicalized Tree Insertion Grammars",
    author = "Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1091",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980938",
    pages = "557--563",
}
@inproceedings{ibekwe-sanjuan-1998-terminological,
    title = "Terminological Variation, a Means of Identifying Research Topics from Texts",
    author = "Ibekwe-SanJuan, Fidelia",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1092",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980939",
    pages = "564--570",
}
@inproceedings{ikeda-etal-1998-information,
    title = "Information Classification and Navigation based on 5{W}1{H} of the Target Information",
    author = "Ikeda, Takahiro  and
      Okumura, Akitoshi  and
      Muraki, Kazunori",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1093",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980940",
    pages = "571--577",
}
@inproceedings{ingleby-brockhaus-1998-concurrent,
    title = "A Concurrent Approach to the Automatic Extraction of Subsegmental Primes and Phono logical Constituents from Speech",
    author = "Ingleby, Michael  and
      Brockhaus, Wiebke",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1094",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980941",
    pages = "578--582",
}
@inproceedings{ishizaki-kato-1998-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Characteristics of Multi-party Dialogues",
    author = "Ishizaki, Masato  and
      Kato, Tsuneaki",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1095",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980942",
    pages = "583--589",
}
@inproceedings{jonsson-stromback-1998-robust,
    title = "Robust Interaction through Partial Interpretation and Dialogue Management",
    author = {J{\"o}nsson, Arne  and
      Str{\"o}mb{\"a}ck, Lena},
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1096",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980943",
    pages = "590--594",
}
@inproceedings{jacquemin-1998-improving,
    title = "Improving Automatic Indexing through Concept Combination and Term Enrichment",
    author = "Jacquemin, Christian",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1097",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980944",
    pages = "595--599",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-1998-combining,
    title = "Combining a {C}hinese Thesaurus with a {C}hinese Dictionary",
    author = "Ji, Donghong  and
      Gong, Junping  and
      Huang, Changning",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1098",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980945",
    pages = "600--606",
}
@inproceedings{jing-mckeown-1998-combining,
    title = "Combining Multiple, Large-Scale Resources in a Reusable Lexicon for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Jing, Hongyan  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1099",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980946",
    pages = "607--613",
}
@inproceedings{jobbins-evett-1998-text,
    title = "Text Segmentation Using Reiteration and Collocation",
    author = "Jobbins, Amanda C.  and
      Evett, Lindsay J.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1100",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980947",
    pages = "614--618",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-1998-finite,
    title = "Finite-state Approximation of Constraint-based Grammars using Left-corner Grammar Transforms",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1101",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980948",
    pages = "619--623",
}
@inproceedings{johnston-1998-unification,
    title = "Unification-based Multimodal Parsing",
    author = "Johnston, Michael",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1102",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980949",
    pages = "624--630",
}
@inproceedings{jokinen-etal-1998-context,
    title = "Context Management with Topics for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Jokinen, Kristiina  and
      Tanaka, Hideki  and
      Yokoo, Akio",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1103",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980950",
    pages = "631--637",
}
@inproceedings{kageura-1998-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Analysis of Morphemes in {J}apanese Terminology",
    author = "Kageura, Kyo",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1104",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980951",
    pages = "638--644",
}
@inproceedings{kageura-1998-statistical-analysis,
    title = "A Statistical Analysis of Morphemes in {J}apanese Terminology",
    author = "Kageura, Kyo",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1105",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980952",
    pages = "645--645",
}
@inproceedings{kahane-etal-1998-pseudo,
    title = "Pseudo-Projectivity, A Polynomially Parsable Non-Projective Dependency Grammar",
    author = "Kahane, Sylvain  and
      Nasr, Alexis  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1106",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980953",
    pages = "646--652",
}
@inproceedings{kaki-etal-1998-method,
    title = "A Method for Correcting Errors in Speech Recognition using the Statistical Features of Character Co-occurrence",
    author = "Kaki, Satoshi  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Iida, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1107",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980954",
    pages = "653--657",
}
@inproceedings{kashioka-etal-1998-use,
    title = "Use of Mutual Information Based Character Clusters in Dictionary-less Morphological Analysis of {J}apanese",
    author = "Kashioka, Hideki  and
      Kawata, Yasuhiro  and
      Kinjo, Yumiko  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Black, Ezra W.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1108",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980955",
    pages = "658--662",
}
@inproceedings{kasper-etal-1998-know,
    title = "Know When to Hold Em: Shuffling Deterministically in a Parser for Nonconcatenative Grammars",
    author = "Kasper, Robert T.  and
      Calcagno, Mike  and
      Davis, Paul C.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1109",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980956",
    pages = "663--668",
}
@inproceedings{kikui-1998-term,
    title = "Term-list Translation using Mono-lingual Word Co-occurrence Vectors",
    author = "Kikui, Genichiro",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1110",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980957",
    pages = "670--674",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-1998-unlimited,
    title = "Unlimited Vocabulary Grapheme to Phoneme Conversion for {K}orean {TTS}",
    author = "Kim, Byeongchang  and
      Lee, WonIl  and
      Lee, Geunbae  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1111",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980958",
    pages = "675--679",
}
@inproceedings{klavans-kan-1998-role,
    title = "Role of Verbs in Document Analysis",
    author = "Klavans, Judith L.  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1112",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980959",
    pages = "680--686",
}
@inproceedings{tang-al-adhaileh-1998-flexible,
    title = "A Flexible Example-Based Parser Based on the {SST} C",
    author = "Tang, Enya Kong  and
      Al-Adhaileh, Mosleh Hmoud",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1113",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980960",
    pages = "687--693",
}
@inproceedings{koyama-etal-1998-large,
    title = "Large Scale Collocation Data and Their Application to {J}apanese Word Processor Technology",
    author = "Koyama, Yasuo  and
      Yasutake, Masako  and
      Yoshimura, Kenji  and
      Shudo, Kosho",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1114",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980961",
    pages = "694--698",
}
@inproceedings{krotov-etal-1998-compacting,
    title = "Compacting the {P}enn Treebank Grammar",
    author = "Krotov, Alexander  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1115",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980962",
    pages = "699--703",
}
@inproceedings{langkilde-knight-1998-generation,
    title = "Generation that Exploits Corpus-Based Statistical Knowledge",
    author = "Langkilde, Irene  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1116",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980963",
    pages = "704--710",
}
@inproceedings{langlais-etal-1998-methods,
    title = "Methods and Practical Issues in Evaluating Alignment Techniques",
    author = "Langlais, Philippe  and
      Simard, Michel  and
      Veronis, Jean",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1117",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980964",
    pages = "711--717",
}
@inproceedings{lavoie-rambow-1998-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Customizable Generation of Hypertext Presentations",
    author = "Lavoie, Benoit  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1118",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980965",
    pages = "718--722",
}
@inproceedings{lee-choi-1998-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Language Model based on Head-Dependent Relation between Words",
    author = "Lee, Seungmi  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1119",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980966",
    pages = "723--727",
}
@inproceedings{lepage-1998-solving,
    title = "Solving analogies on words: an algorithm",
    author = "Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1120",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980967",
    pages = "728--734",
}
@inproceedings{lepage-1998-solving-analogies,
    title = "Solving analogies on words: an algorithm",
    author = "Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1121",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980968",
    pages = "735--735",
}
@inproceedings{levow-1998-characterizing,
    title = "Characterizing and Recognizing Spoken Corrections in Human-Computer Dialogue",
    author = "Levow, Gina-Anne",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-1122",
    doi = "10.3115/980845.980969",
    pages = "736--742",
}
@proceedings{acl-1998-association-linguistics,
    title = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2000",
}
@inproceedings{lezius-etal-1998-freely,
    title = "A Freely Available Morphological Analyzer, Disambiguator and Context Sensitive Lemmatizer for {G}erman",
    author = "Lezius, Wolfgang  and
      Rapp, Reinhard  and
      Wettler, Manfred",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2123",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980692",
    pages = "743--748",
}
@inproceedings{li-abe-1998-word,
    title = "Word Clustering and Disambiguation Based on Co-occurrence Data",
    author = "Li, Hang  and
      Abe, Naoki",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2124",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980693",
    pages = "749--755",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-1998-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Syntactic Role of Antecedent in {K}orean Relative Clause using Corpus and Thesaurus Informationes",
    author = "Li, Hui-Feng  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok  and
      Lee, Geunbae",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2125",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980694",
    pages = "756--762",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-1998-test,
    title = "A Test Environment for Natural Language Understanding Systems",
    author = "Li, Li  and
      Dahl, Deborah A.  and
      Norton, Lewis M.  and
      Linebarger, Marcia C.  and
      Chen, Dongdong",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2126",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980695",
    pages = "763--767",
}
@inproceedings{lin-1998-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Retrieval and Clustering of Similar Words",
    author = "Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2127",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980696",
    pages = "768--774",
}
@inproceedings{lindberg-eineborg-1998-learning,
    title = "Learning Constraint Grammar-style Disambiguation Rules using Inductive Logic Programming",
    author = "Lindberg, Nikolaj  and
      Eineborg, Martin",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2128",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980697",
    pages = "775--779",
}
@inproceedings{litman-etal-1998-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Response Strategies in a Web-Based Spoken Dialogue Agent",
    author = "Litman, Diane J.  and
      Pan, Shimei  and
      Walker, Marilyn A.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2129",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980698",
    pages = "780--786",
}
@inproceedings{lombardo-lesmo-1998-formal,
    title = "Formal Aspects and Parsing Issues of Dependency Theory",
    author = "Lombardo, Vincenzo  and
      Lesmo, Leonardo",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2130",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980699",
    pages = "787--793",
}
@inproceedings{luperfoy-etal-1998-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Neuro Tagger Using Variable Lengths of Contexts",
    author = "LuperFoy, Susann  and
      Loehr, Dan  and
      Duff, David  and
      Miller, Keith  and
      Reeder, Florence  and
      Harper, Lisa  and
      Ma, Qing  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2131",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980701",
    pages = "802--806",
}
@inproceedings{makino-etal-1998-lilfes,
    title = "{L}i{LF}e{S} - Towards a Practical {HPSG} Parser",
    author = "Makino, Takaki  and
      Yoshida, Minoru  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2132",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980702",
    pages = "807--811",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-etal-1998-bitext,
    title = "Bitext Correspondences through Rich Mark-up",
    author = "Martinez, Raquel  and
      Abaitua, Joseba  and
      Casillas, Arantza",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2134",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980703",
    pages = "812--818",
}
@inproceedings{maybury-1998-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Cues for Broadcast News Segmentation",
    author = "Maybury, Mark T.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2135",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980704",
    pages = "819--822",
}
@inproceedings{mcgee-etal-1998-confirmation,
    title = "Confirmation in Multimodal Systems",
    author = "McGee, David R.  and
      Cohen, Phil R.  and
      Oviatt, Sharon",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2136",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980705",
    pages = "823--829",
}
@inproceedings{mcintyre-1998-babel,
    title = "{B}abel: A Testbed for Research in Origins of Language",
    author = "McIntyre, Angus",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2137",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980706",
    pages = "830--834",
}
@inproceedings{meknavin-etal-1998-combining,
    title = "Combining Trigram and Winnow in {T}hai {OCR} Error Correction",
    author = "Meknavin, Surapant  and
      Kijsirikul, Boonserm  and
      Chotimongkol, Ananlada  and
      Nuttee, Cholwich",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2138",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980707",
    pages = "836--842",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-etal-1998-deriving,
    title = "Deriving Transfer Rules from Dominance-Preserving Alignments",
    author = "Meyers, Adam  and
      Yangarber, Roman  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      Macleod, Catherine  and
      Moreno-Sandoval, Antonio",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2139",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980708",
    pages = "843--847",
}
@inproceedings{mikheev-1998-feature,
    title = "Feature Lattices for Maximum Entropy Modelling",
    author = "Mikheev, Andrei",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2140",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980709",
    pages = "848--854",
}
@inproceedings{mima-etal-1998-simultaneous,
    title = "Simultaneous Interpretation Utilizing Example-based Incremental Transfer",
    author = "Mima, Hideki  and
      Iida, Hitoshi  and
      Furuse, Osamu",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2141",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980710",
    pages = "855--861",
}
@inproceedings{min-wilson-1998-integrated,
    title = "Integrated Control of Chart Items for Error Repair",
    author = "Min, Kyongho  and
      Wilson, William H.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2142",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980711",
    pages = "862--868",
}
@inproceedings{mitkov-1998-robust,
    title = "Robust Pronoun Resolution with Limited Knowledge",
    author = "Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2143",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980712",
    pages = "869--875",
}
@inproceedings{mitsuishi-etal-1998-hpsg,
    title = "{HPSG}-Style Underspecified {J}apanese Grammar with Wide Coverage",
    author = "Mitsuishi, Yutaka  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2144",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980713",
    pages = "876--880",
}
@inproceedings{mochizuki-etal-1998-text,
    title = "Text Segmentation with Multiple Surface Linguistic Cues",
    author = "Mochizuki, Hajime  and
      Honda, Takeo  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2145",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980714",
    pages = "881--885",
}
@inproceedings{moghrabi-1998-using,
    title = "Using Language Resources in an Intelligent Tutoring System for {F}rench",
    author = "Moghrabi, Chadia",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2146",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980715",
    pages = "886--890",
}
@inproceedings{mohri-pereira-1998-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Compilation of Weighted Context-Free Grammars",
    author = "Mohri, Mehryar  and
      Pereira, Fernando C.N.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2147",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980716",
    pages = "891--897",
}
@inproceedings{mori-nagao-1998-stochastic,
    title = "A Stochastic Language Model using Dependency and its Improvement by Word Clustering",
    author = "Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2148",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980717",
    pages = "898--904",
}
@inproceedings{mouret-rolbert-1998-dealing,
    title = "Dealing with Distinguishing Descriptions in a Guided Composition System",
    author = "Mouret, Pascal  and
      Rolbert, Monique",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2149",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980718",
    pages = "905--911",
}
@inproceedings{murata-nagao-1998-estimate,
    title = "An Estimate of Referent of Noun Phrases in {J}apanese Sentences",
    author = "Murata, Masaki  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2150",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980719",
    pages = "912--916",
}
@inproceedings{nagao-hasida-1998-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Text Summarization Based on the Global Document Annotation",
    author = "Nagao, Katashi  and
      Hasida, Koiti",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2151",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980720",
    pages = "917--921",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-1998-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese {OCR} Error Correction using Character Shape Similarity and Statistical Language Model",
    author = "Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2152",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980721",
    pages = "922--928",
}
@inproceedings{nakagawa-etal-1998-hypertext,
    title = "Hypertext Authoring for Linking Relevant Segments of Related Instruction Manuals",
    author = "Nakagawa, Hiroshi  and
      Mori, Tatsunori  and
      Omori, Nobuyuki  and
      Okamura, Jun",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2153",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980722",
    pages = "929--933",
}
@inproceedings{nakano-shimazu-1998-translating,
    title = "Translating a Unification Grammar with Disjunctions into Logical Constraints",
    author = "Nakano, Mikio  and
      Shimazu, Akira",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2154",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980723",
    pages = "934--938",
}
@inproceedings{nakatani-1998-constituent,
    title = "Constituent-based Accent Prediction",
    author = "Nakatani, Christine H.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2155",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980724",
    pages = "939--945",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-1998-alternative,
    title = "An Alternative {LR} Algorithm for {TAG}s",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2156",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980725",
    pages = "946--952",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-etal-1998-prefix-probabilities,
    title = "Prefix Probabilities from Stochastic Free Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Sarkar, Anoop  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2157",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980726",
    pages = "953--959",
}
@inproceedings{niessen-etal-1998-dp,
    title = "A {DP} based Search Algorithm for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Nie{\ss}en, S.  and
      Vogel, S.  and
      Ney, H.  and
      Tillmann, C.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2158",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980727",
    pages = "960--967",
}
@inproceedings{ninomiya-etal-1998-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Parallel Substrate for Typed Feature Structures on Shared Memory Parallel Machines",
    author = "Ninomiya, Takashi  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2159",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980728",
    pages = "968--974",
}
@inproceedings{nirenburg-raskin-1998-universal,
    title = "Universal Grammar and Lexis for Quick Ramp-Up of {MT} Systems",
    author = "Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Raskin, Victor",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2160",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980729",
    pages = "975--979",
}
@inproceedings{norton-etal-1998-integration,
    title = "Integration of Large-Scale Linguistic Resources in a Natural Language Understanding System",
    author = "Norton, Lewis M.  and
      Dahl, Deborah A.  and
      Li, Li  and
      Beals, Katharine P.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2161",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980730",
    pages = "980--984",
}
@inproceedings{och-weber-1998-improving,
    title = "Improving Statistical Natural Language Translation with Categories and Rules",
    author = "Och, Franz Josef  and
      Weber, Hans",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2162",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980731",
    pages = "985--989",
}
@inproceedings{oishi-matsumoto-1998-recognition,
    title = "Recognition of the Coherence Relation between Te-linked Clauses",
    author = "Oishi, Akira  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2163",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980732",
    pages = "990--996",
}
@inproceedings{padro-marquez-1998-evaluation,
    title = "On the Evaluation and Comparison of Taggers: the Effect of Noise in Testing Corpora",
    author = "Padro, Lluis  and
      Marquez, Lluis",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2164",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980733",
    pages = "997--1002",
}
@inproceedings{pan-mckeown-1998-learning,
    title = "Learning Intonation Rules for Concept to Speech Generation",
    author = "Pan, Shimei  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2165",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980734",
    pages = "1003--1009",
}
@inproceedings{paraboni-de-lima-1998-possessive,
    title = "Possessive Pronominal Anaphor Resolution in {P}ortuguese Written Texts",
    author = "Paraboni, Ivandre  and
      de Lima, Vera Lucia Strube",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2166",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980735",
    pages = "1010--1014",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-1998-machine,
    title = "Machine Aided Error-Correction Environment for {K}orean Morphological Analysis and Part**of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Park, Junsik  and
      Kang, Jung-Goo  and
      Hur, Wook  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2167",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980736",
    pages = "1015--1019",
}
@inproceedings{pautler-quilici-1998-computational,
    title = "A Computational Model of Social Perlocutions",
    author = "Pautler, David  and
      Quilici, Alex",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2168",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980737",
    pages = "1020--1026",
}
@inproceedings{penn-1998-parametric,
    title = "Parametric Types for Typed Attribute-Value Logic",
    author = "Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2169",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980738",
    pages = "1027--1033",
}
@inproceedings{pericliev-valdes-perez-1998-procedure,
    title = "A Procedure for Multi-Class Discrimination and some Linguistic Applications",
    author = "Pericliev, Vladimir  and
      Valdes-Perez, Raul E.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2170",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980739",
    pages = "1034--1040",
}
@inproceedings{pirker-etal-1998-information,
    title = "From Information Structure to Intonation: A Phonolo9ical Interface for Concept-to-Speech",
    author = "Pirker, Hannes  and
      Niklfeld, Georg  and
      Matlagek, Johannes  and
      Trost, Harald",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2171",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980740",
    pages = "1041--1045",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-belis-etal-1998-reference,
    title = "Reference Resolution beyond Coreference: a Conceptual Frame and its Application",
    author = "Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Robba, Isabelle  and
      Sabah, Gerard",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2172",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980741",
    pages = "1046--1052",
}
@inproceedings{power-scott-1998-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Authoring using Feedback Texts",
    author = "Power, Richard  and
      Scott, Donia",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2173",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980742",
    pages = "1053--1059",
}
@inproceedings{poznanski-etal-1998-practical,
    title = "Practical Glossing by Prioritised Tiling",
    author = "Poznanski, Victor  and
      Whitelock, Pete  and
      IJdens, Jan  and
      Corley, Steffan",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2174",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980743",
    pages = "1060--1066",
}
@inproceedings{prbszeky-1998-intelligent,
    title = "An Intelligent Multi-Dictionary Environment",
    author = "Prbszeky, Gabor",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2175",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980744",
    pages = "1067--1071",
}
@inproceedings{radev-1998-learning,
    title = "Learning Correlations between Linguistic Indicators and Semantic Constraints: Reuse of Context-Dependent Descriptions of Entities",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir R.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2176",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980745",
    pages = "1072--1078",
}
@inproceedings{ratnaparkhi-1998-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Models for Unsupervised Prepositional Phrase Attachment",
    author = "Ratnaparkhi, Adwait",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2177",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980746",
    pages = "1079--1085",
}
@inproceedings{read-barcena-1998-jabot,
    title = "{J}a{B}ot: A Multilingual {J}ava-Based Intelligent Agent for Web Sites",
    author = "Read, Tim  and
      Barcena, Elena",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2178",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980747",
    pages = "1086--1090",
}
@inproceedings{reed-long-1998-generating,
    title = "Generating the Structure of Argument",
    author = "Reed, Chris  and
      Long, Derek",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2179",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980748",
    pages = "1091--1097",
}
@inproceedings{richardson-etal-1998-mindnet,
    title = "{M}ind{N}et: Acquiring and Structuring Semantic Information from Text",
    author = "Richardson, Stephen D.  and
      Dolan, William B.  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2180",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980749",
    pages = "1098--1102",
}
@inproceedings{rigau-etal-1998-building,
    title = "Building Accurate Semantic Taxonomies from Monolingual {MRD}s",
    author = "Rigau, German  and
      Rodriguez, Horacio  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2181",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980750",
    pages = "1103--1109",
}
@inproceedings{roark-charniak-1998-noun,
    title = "Noun-Phrase Co-occurrence Statistics for Semi-Automatic Semantic Lexicon Construction",
    author = "Roark, Brian  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2182",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980751",
    pages = "1110--1116",
}
@inproceedings{rogers-1998-descriptive,
    title = "A Descriptive Characterization of Tree-Adjoining Languages",
    author = "Rogers, James",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2183",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980752",
    pages = "1117--1121",
}
@inproceedings{roland-jurafsky-1998-verb,
    title = "How Verb Subcategorization Frequencies are Affected by Corpus Choice",
    author = "Roland, Douglas  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2184",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980753",
    pages = "1122--1128",
}
@inproceedings{rose-levin-1998-interactive,
    title = "An Interactive Domain Independent Approach to Robust Dialogue Interpretation",
    author = "Rose, Carolyn Penstein  and
      Levin, Lori S.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2185",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980754",
    pages = "1129--1135",
}
@inproceedings{roth-zelenko-1998-part,
    title = "Part of Speech Tagging Using a Network of Linear Separators",
    author = "Roth, Dan  and
      Zelenko, Dmitry",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2186",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980755",
    pages = "1136--1142",
}
@inproceedings{saint-dizier-1998-generative,
    title = "A Generative Lexicon Perspective for Adjectival Modification",
    author = "Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2187",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980756",
    pages = "1143--1149",
}
@inproceedings{samuel-etal-1998-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Act Tagging with Transformation-Based Learning",
    author = "Samuel, Ken  and
      Carberry, Sandra  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2188",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980757",
    pages = "1150--1156",
}
@inproceedings{sanfilippo-1998-ranking,
    title = "Ranking Text Units According to Textual Saliency, Connectivity and Topic Aptness",
    author = "Sanfilippo, Antonio",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2189",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980758",
    pages = "1157--1163",
}
@inproceedings{sarkar-1998-conditions,
    title = "Conditions on Consistency of Probabilistic Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2190",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980759",
    pages = "1164--1170",
}
@inproceedings{sato-nakanishi-1998-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Entropy Model Learning of the Translation Rules",
    author = "Sato, Kengo  and
      Nakanishi, Masakazu",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2191",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980760",
    pages = "1171--1175",
}
@inproceedings{satta-schuler-1998-restrictions,
    title = "Restrictions on Tree Adjoining Languages",
    author = "Satta, Giorgio  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2192",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980761",
    pages = "1176--1182",
}
@inproceedings{schiehlen-1998-learning,
    title = "Learning Tense Translation from Bilingual Corpora",
    author = "Schiehlen, Michael",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2193",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980762",
    pages = "1183--1187",
}
@inproceedings{schilder-1998-underspecified,
    title = "An Underspecified Segmented Discourse Representation Theory ({USDRT})",
    author = "Schilder, Frank",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2194",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980763",
    pages = "1188--1192",
}
@inproceedings{schmidt-etal-1998-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Access to Software Applications",
    author = "Schmidt, Paul  and
      Groenendijk, Marius  and
      Phelan, Peter  and
      Schulz, Henrik  and
      Rieder, Sibylle  and
      Theofilidis, Axel  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Bredenkamp, Andrew",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2195",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980764",
    pages = "1193--1197",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-mccoy-1998-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Syntactic Errors in the Writing of Second Language Learners",
    author = "Schneider, David  and
      McCoy, Kathleen F.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2196",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980765",
    pages = "1198--1204",
}
@inproceedings{seligman-etal-1998-transforming,
    title = "Transforming Lattices into Non-deterministic Automata with Optional Null Arcs",
    author = "Seligman, Mark  and
      Boitet, Christian  and
      Meddeb-Hamrouni, Boubaker",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2197",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980766",
    pages = "1205--1211",
}
@inproceedings{senellart-1998-locating,
    title = "Locating Noun Phrases with Finite State Transducers",
    author = "Senellart, Jean",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2198",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980767",
    pages = "1212--1219",
}
@inproceedings{shaw-1998-segregatory,
    title = "Segregatory Coordination and Ellipsis in Text Generation",
    author = "Shaw, James",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2199",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980768",
    pages = "1220--1226",
}
@inproceedings{somers-1998-similarity,
    title = "Similarity Metrics for Aligning Children{'}s Articulation Data",
    author = "Somers, Harold L.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2200",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980769",
    pages = "1227--1232",
}
@inproceedings{sopena-etal-1998-connectionist,
    title = "A Connectionist Approach to Prepositional Phrase Attachment for Real World Texts",
    author = "Sopena, Josep M.  and
      LLoberas, Agusti  and
      Moliner, Joan L.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2201",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980770",
    pages = "1233--1237",
}
@inproceedings{stede-umbach-1998-dimlex,
    title = "{D}i{ML}ex: A Lexicon of Discourse Markers for Text Generation and Understanding",
    author = "Stede, Manfred  and
      Umbach, Carla",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2202",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980771",
    pages = "1238--1242",
}
@inproceedings{steels-kaplan-1998-spontaneous,
    title = "Spontaneous Lexicon Change",
    author = "Steels, Luc  and
      Kaplan, Frederic",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2203",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980772",
    pages = "1243--1250",
}
@inproceedings{strube-1998-never,
    title = "Never Look Back: An Alternative to Centering",
    author = "Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2204",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980773",
    pages = "1251--1257",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-etal-1998-summarization,
    title = "Summarization-based Query Expansion in Information Retrieval",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Wise, Bowden",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2205",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980774",
    pages = "1258--1264",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-1998-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation without Using Lexicon and Hand-crafted Training Data",
    author = "Sun, Maosong  and
      Shen, Dayang  and
      Tsou, Benjamin K.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2206",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980775",
    pages = "1265--1271",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-1998-keyword,
    title = "Keyword Extraction using Term-Domain Interdependence for Dictation of Radio News",
    author = "Suzuki, Yoshimi  and
      Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Sekiguchi, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2207",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980776",
    pages = "1272--1276",
}
@inproceedings{tlir-oflazer-1998-tagging,
    title = "Tagging {E}nglish by Path Voting Constraints",
    author = "Tlir, Gokhan  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2208",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980777",
    pages = "1277--1281",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-ishii-etal-1998-reactive,
    title = "Reactive Content Selection in the Generation of Real-time Soccer Commentary",
    author = "Tanaka-Ishii, Kumiko  and
      Hasida, Koiti  and
      Noda, Itsuki",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2209",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980778",
    pages = "1282--1288",
}
@inproceedings{tapanainen-etal-1998-idiomatic,
    title = "Idiomatic Object Usage and Support Verbs",
    author = "Tapanainen, Pasi  and
      Piitulainen, Jussi  and
      Jarvinen, Timo",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2210",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980779",
    pages = "1289--1293",
}
@inproceedings{tappe-schilder-1998-coherence,
    title = "Coherence in Spoken Discourse",
    author = "Tappe, Heike  and
      Schilder, Frank",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2211",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980780",
    pages = "1294--1298",
}
@inproceedings{turcato-1998-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Creating Bilingual Lexicons for Machine Translation from Bilingual Text",
    author = "Turcato, Davide",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2212",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980781",
    pages = "1299--1306",
}
@inproceedings{uramoto-takeda-1998-method,
    title = "A Method for Relating Multiple Newspaper Articles by Using Graphs, and Its Application to Webcasting",
    author = "Uramoto, Naohiko  and
      Takeda, Koichi",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2213",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980782",
    pages = "1307--1313",
}
@inproceedings{utsuro-etal-1998-general,
    title = "General-to-Specific Model Selection for Subcategorization Preference",
    author = "Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Miyata, Takashi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2214",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980783",
    pages = "1314--1320",
}
@inproceedings{viegas-1998-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Computational Semantic Lexicons in Action: The W {YSINNW} {YG} Approach to {NLP}",
    author = "Viegas, Evelyne",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2215",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980784",
    pages = "1321--1327",
}
@inproceedings{viegas-etal-1998-computational,
    title = "The Computational Lexical Semantics of Syntagmatic Expressions",
    author = "Viegas, Evelyne  and
      Beale, Stephen  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2216",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980785",
    pages = "1328--1332",
}
@inproceedings{villemonte-de-la-clergerie-alonso-pardo-1998-tabular,
    title = "A tabular interpretation of a class of 2-Stack Automata",
    author = "Villemonte de la Clergerie, Eric  and
      Alonso Pardo, Miguel",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2217",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980786",
    pages = "1333--1339",
}
@inproceedings{wakao-1998-project,
    title = "Project for production of closed-caption {TV} programs for the hearing impaired",
    author = "Wakao, Takahiro",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2218",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980787",
    pages = "1340--1344",
}
@inproceedings{walker-1998-learning,
    title = "Learning Optimal Dialogue Strategies: A Case Study of a Spoken Dialogue Agent for Email",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn A.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2219",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980788",
    pages = "1345--1351",
}
@inproceedings{wan-verspoor-1998-automatic,
    title = "Automatic {E}nglish-{C}hinese name transliteration for development of multilingual resources",
    author = "Wan, Stephen  and
      Verspoor, Cornelia Maria",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2220",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980789",
    pages = "1352--1356",
}
@inproceedings{wang-waibel-1998-modeling,
    title = "Modeling with Structures in Statistical Machine translation",
    author = "Wang, Ye-Yi  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2221",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980790",
    pages = "1357--1363",
}
@inproceedings{wasson-1998-using,
    title = "Using Leading Text for News Summaries: Evaluation Results and Implications for Commercial Summarization Applications",
    author = "Wasson, Mark",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2222",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980791",
    pages = "1364--1368",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-takeda-1998-pattern,
    title = "A Pattern-based Machine Translation System Extended by Example-based Processing",
    author = "Watanabe, Hideo  and
      Takeda, Koichi",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2223",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980792",
    pages = "1369--1373",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-nagao-1998-diagram,
    title = "Diagram Understanding Using Integration of Layout Information and Textual Information",
    author = "Watanabe, Yasuhiko  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2224",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980793",
    pages = "1374--1380",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-1998-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Articles in {TV} Newscasts and Newspapers",
    author = "Watanabe, Yasuhiko  and
      Okada, Yoshihiro  and
      kaneji, Kengo  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2225",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980794",
    pages = "1381--1387",
}
@inproceedings{wehrli-1998-translating,
    title = "Translating Idioms",
    author = "Wehrli, Eric",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2226",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980795",
    pages = "1388--1392",
}
@inproceedings{wilcock-1998-head,
    title = "Head-Driven Generation with {HPSG}",
    author = "Wilcock, Graham",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2227",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980796",
    pages = "1393--1397",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-stevenson-1998-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation using Optimised Combinations of Knowledge Sources",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2228",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980797",
    pages = "1398--1402",
}
@inproceedings{worm-1998-model,
    title = "A Model for Robust Processing of Spontaneous Speech by Integrating Viable Fragments",
    author = "Worm, Karsten L.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2229",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980798",
    pages = "1403--1407",
}
@inproceedings{wu-wong-1998-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation with a Stochastic Grammatical Channel",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Wong, Hongsing",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2230",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980799",
    pages = "1408--1415",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-1998-structural,
    title = "Structural Disambiguation Based on Reliable Estimation of Strength of Association",
    author = "Wu, Haodong  and
      de Paiva Alves, Eduardo  and
      Furugori, Teiji",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2231",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980800",
    pages = "1416--1422",
}
@inproceedings{yamaguchi-etal-1998-combination,
    title = "Combination of an Automatic and an Interactive Disambiguation Method",
    author = "Yamaguchi, Masaya  and
      Kojima, Takeyuki  and
      Inui, Nobuo  and
      Kotani, Yoshiyuki  and
      Nisimura, Hirohiko",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2232",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980801",
    pages = "1423--1427",
}
@inproceedings{yamamoto-sumita-1998-feasibility,
    title = "Feasibility Study for Ellipsis Resolution in Dialogues by Machine-Learning Technique",
    author = "Yamamoto, Kazuhide  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2233",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980802",
    pages = "1428--1435",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-vilain-1998-properties,
    title = "Some Properties of Preposition and Subordinate Conjunction Attachments",
    author = "Yeh, Alexander S.  and
      Vilain, Marc B.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2234",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980803",
    pages = "1436--1442",
}
@inproceedings{yoshimi-etal-1998-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Importance of Sentences based on Connectivity to Title",
    author = "Yoshimi, Takehiko  and
      Okunishi, Toshiyuki  and
      Yamaji, Takahiro  and
      Fukumochi, Yoji",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2235",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980804",
    pages = "1443--1447",
}
@inproceedings{zechner-1998-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Construction of Frame Representations for Spontaneous Speech in Unrestricted Domains",
    author = "Zechner, Klaus",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2236",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980805",
    pages = "1448--1452",
}
@inproceedings{zechner-waibel-1998-using,
    title = "Using Chunk Based Partial Parsing of Spontaneous Speech in Unrestricted Domains for Reducing Word Error Rate in Speech Recognition",
    author = "Zechner, Klaus  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2237",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980806",
    pages = "1453--1459",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-1998-dialect,
    title = "Dialect {MT}: A Case Study between {C}antonese and {M}andarin",
    author = "Zhang, Xiaoheng",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2238",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980807",
    pages = "1460--1464",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-lua-1998-word,
    title = "Word Association and {MI} Trigger-based Language Modeling",
    author = "Zhou, GuoDong  and
      Lua, KimTeng",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2239",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980808",
    pages = "1465--1471",
}
@inproceedings{belz-1998-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Phonotactic Finite-State Automata by Genetic Search",
    author = "Belz, Anja",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2240",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980810",
    pages = "1472--1474",
}
@inproceedings{byron-stent-1998-preliminary,
    title = "A Preliminary Model of Centering in Dialog",
    author = "Byron, Donna  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2241",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980811",
    pages = "1475--1477",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-1998-embedding,
    title = "Embedding New Information into Referring Expressions",
    author = "Cheng, Hua",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2242",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980812",
    pages = "1478--1480",
}
@inproceedings{ferret-1998-thematically,
    title = "How to Thematically Segment Texts by using Lexical Cohesion?",
    author = "Ferret, Olivier",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2243",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980813",
    pages = "1481--1483",
}
@inproceedings{heinonen-1998-optimal,
    title = "Optimal Multi-Paragraph Text Segmentation by Dynamic Programming",
    author = "Heinonen, Oskari",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2244",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980814",
    pages = "1484--1486",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-1998-bridging,
    title = "Bridging the Gap between Dictionary and Thesaurus",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2245",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980815",
    pages = "1487--1489",
}
@inproceedings{lewellen-1998-neural,
    title = "Neural Network Recognition of Spelling Errors",
    author = "Lewellen, Mark",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2246",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980816",
    pages = "1490--1492",
}
@inproceedings{mccarthy-korhonen-1998-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Verbal Participation in Diathesis Alternations",
    author = "McCarthy, Diana  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2247",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980817",
    pages = "1493--1495",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-1998-target,
    title = "Target Word Selection as Proximity in Semantic Space",
    author = "McDonald, Scott",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2248",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980818",
    pages = "1496--1498",
}
@inproceedings{smith-1998-cognitive,
    title = "A Cognitive Model of Coherence-Driven Story Comprehension",
    author = "Smith, Elliot",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2249",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980819",
    pages = "1499--1501",
}
@inproceedings{stoianov-1998-tree,
    title = "Tree based Analysis of Simple Recurrent Network Learning",
    author = "Stoianov, Ivelin",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2250",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980820",
    pages = "1502--1504",
}
@inproceedings{thede-1998-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Part-of Speech Information about Unknown Words using Statistical Methods",
    author = "Thede, Scott M.",
    booktitle = "36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P98-2251",
    doi = "10.3115/980691.980821",
    pages = "1505--1507",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2003-2003,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1000",
}
@inproceedings{alshawi-2003-effective,
    title = "Effective Utterance Classification with Unsupervised Phonotactic Models",
    author = "Alshawi, Hiyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1001",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{asahara-matsumoto-2003-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Named Entity Extraction with Redundant Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1002",
    pages = "8--15",
}
@inproceedings{barzilay-lee-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning to Paraphrase: An Unsupervised Approach Using Multiple-Sequence Alignment",
    author = "Barzilay, Regina  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1003",
    pages = "16--23",
}
@inproceedings{chu-carroll-etal-2003-question,
    title = "In Question Answering, Two Heads Are Better Than One",
    author = "Chu-Carroll, Jennifer  and
      Czuba, Krzysztof  and
      Prager, John  and
      Ittycheriah, Abraham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1004",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Names Using Speak and Spell Mode in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Chung, Grace  and
      Seneff, Stephanie  and
      Wang, Chao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1005",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{cucerzan-yarowsky-2003-minimally,
    title = "Minimally Supervised Induction of Grammatical Gender",
    author = "Cucerzan, Silviu  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1006",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{boni-manandhar-2003-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Clarification Dialogue for Question Answering",
    author = "Boni, Marco De  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1007",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{deng-khudanpur-2003-latent,
    title = "Latent Semantic Information in Maximum Entropy Language Models for Conversational Speech Recognition",
    author = "Deng, Yonggang  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1008",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{eisner-2003-simpler,
    title = "Simpler and More General Minimization for Weighted Finite-State Automata",
    author = "Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1009",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{germann-2003-greedy,
    title = "Greedy Decoding for Statistical Machine Translation in Almost Linear Time",
    author = "Germann, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1010",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{girju-etal-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning Semantic Constraints for the Automatic Discovery of Part-Whole Relations",
    author = "Girju, Roxana  and
      Badulescu, Adriana  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1011",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{gurevych-etal-2003-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Coherence Scoring Using an Ontology",
    author = "Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Malaka, Rainer  and
      Porzel, Robert  and
      Zorn, Hans-Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1012",
    pages = "88--95",
}
@inproceedings{habash-dorr-2003-categorial,
    title = "A Categorial Variation Database for {E}nglish",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Dorr, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1013",
    pages = "96--102",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-2003-inducing,
    title = "Inducing History Representations for Broad Coverage Statistical Parsing",
    author = "Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1014",
    pages = "103--110",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-2003-word,
    title = "Word Sense Acquisition from Bilingual Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Kaji, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1015",
    pages = "111--118",
}
@inproceedings{klein-manning-2003-parsing,
    title = "{A}* Parsing: Fast Exact {V}iterbi Parse Selection",
    author = "Klein, Dan  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1016",
    pages = "119--126",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-etal-2003-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Phrase-Based Translation",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Och, Franz J.  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1017",
    pages = "127--133",
}
@inproceedings{kolak-etal-2003-generative,
    title = "A Generative Probabilistic {OCR} Model for {NLP} Applications",
    author = "Kolak, Okan  and
      Byrne, William  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1018",
    pages = "134--141",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-byrne-2003-weighted,
    title = "A Weighted Finite State Transducer Implementation of the Alignment Template Model for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Kumar, Shankar  and
      Byrne, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1019",
    pages = "142--149",
}
@inproceedings{lin-hovy-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation of Summaries Using N-gram Co-occurrence Statistics",
    author = "Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1020",
    pages = "150--157",
}
@inproceedings{melamed-2003-multitext,
    title = "Multitext Grammars and Synchronous Parsers",
    author = "Melamed, I. Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1021",
    pages = "158--165",
}
@inproceedings{moldovan-etal-2003-cogex,
    title = "{COGEX}: A Logic Prover for Question Answering",
    author = "Moldovan, Dan  and
      Clark, Christine  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda  and
      Maiorano, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1022",
    pages = "166--172",
}
@inproceedings{ng-cardie-2003-weakly,
    title = "Weakly Supervised Natural Language Learning Without Redundant Views",
    author = "Ng, Vincent  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1023",
    pages = "173--180",
}
@inproceedings{pang-etal-2003-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-based Alignment of Multiple Translations: Extracting Paraphrases and Generating New Sentences",
    author = "Pang, Bo  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1024",
    pages = "181--188",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2003-language,
    title = "Language and Task Independent Text Categorization with Simple Language Models",
    author = "Peng, Fuchun  and
      Schuurmans, Dale  and
      Wang, Shaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1025",
    pages = "189--196",
}
@inproceedings{riezler-etal-2003-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Sentence Condensation using Ambiguity Packing and Stochastic Disambiguation Methods for Lexical-Functional Grammar",
    author = "Riezler, Stefan  and
      King, Tracy H.  and
      Crouch, Richard  and
      Zaenen, Annie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1026",
    pages = "197--204",
}
@inproceedings{roark-bacchiani-2003-supervised,
    title = "Supervised and unsupervised {PCFG} adaptation to novel domains",
    author = "Roark, Brian  and
      Bacchiani, Michiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1027",
    pages = "205--212",
}
@inproceedings{sha-pereira-2003-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Parsing with Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Sha, Fei  and
      Pereira, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1028",
    pages = "213--220",
}
@inproceedings{shieber-tao-2003-comma,
    title = "Comma Restoration Using Constituency Information",
    author = "Shieber, Stuart M.  and
      Tao, Xiaopeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1029",
    pages = "221--227",
}
@inproceedings{soricut-marcu-2003-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Level Discourse Parsing using Syntactic and Lexical Information",
    author = "Soricut, Radu  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1030",
    pages = "228--235",
}
@inproceedings{steedman-etal-2003-example,
    title = "Example Selection for Bootstrapping Statistical Parsers",
    author = "Steedman, Mark  and
      Hwa, Rebecca  and
      Clark, Stephen  and
      Osborne, Miles  and
      Sarkar, Anoop  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      Ruhlen, Paul  and
      Baker, Steven  and
      Crim, Jeremiah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1031",
    pages = "236--243",
}
@inproceedings{terra-clarke-2003-frequency,
    title = "Frequency Estimates for Statistical Word Similarity Measures",
    author = "Terra, Egidio L.  and
      Clarke, Charles L. A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1032",
    pages = "244--251",
}
@inproceedings{toutanova-etal-2003-feature,
    title = "Feature-Rich Part-of-Speech Tagging with a Cyclic Dependency Network",
    author = "Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Klein, Dan  and
      Manning, Christopher D.  and
      Singer, Yoram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1033",
    pages = "252--259",
}
@inproceedings{voorhees-2003-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Evaluation: A Case Study Using the {TREC} 2002 Question Answering Track",
    author = "Voorhees, Ellen M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1034",
    pages = "260--267",
}
@inproceedings{wacholder-song-2003-toward,
    title = "Toward a Task-based Gold Standard for Evaluation of {NP} Chunks and Technical Terms",
    author = "Wacholder, Nina  and
      Song, Peng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1035",
    pages = "268--275",
}
@inproceedings{widdows-2003-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised methods for developing taxonomies by combining syntactic and statistical information",
    author = "Widdows, Dominic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1036",
    pages = "276--283",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-hovy-2003-web,
    title = "A Web-Trained Extraction Summarization System",
    author = "Zhou, Liang  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1037",
    pages = "284--290",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2003-companion,
    title = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2000",
}
@inproceedings{akhtar-etal-2003-automating,
    title = "Automating {XML} markup of text documents",
    author = "Akhtar, Shazia  and
      Reilly, Ronan G.  and
      Dunnion, John",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2001",
    pages = "1--3",
}
@inproceedings{bilmes-kirchhoff-2003-factored,
    title = "Factored Language Models and Generalized Parallel Backoff",
    author = "Bilmes, Jeff A.  and
      Kirchhoff, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2002",
    pages = "4--6",
}
@inproceedings{bulyko-etal-2003-getting,
    title = "Getting More Mileage from Web Text Sources for Conversational Speech Language Modeling using Class-Dependent Mixtures",
    author = "Bulyko, Ivan  and
      Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Stolcke, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2003",
    pages = "7--9",
}
@inproceedings{burger-henderson-2003-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Diversity for Answering Questions",
    author = "Burger, John  and
      Henderson, John",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2004",
    pages = "10--12",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2003-story,
    title = "Story Link Detection and New Event Detection are Asymmetric",
    author = "Chen, Francine  and
      Farahat, Ayman  and
      Brants, Thorsten",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2005",
    pages = "13--15",
}
@inproceedings{doi-etal-2003-adaptation,
    title = "Adaptation Using Out-of-Domain Corpus within {EBMT}",
    author = "Doi, Takao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Yamamoto, Hirofumi",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2006",
    pages = "16--18",
}
@inproceedings{douglas-2003-active,
    title = "Active Learning for Classifying Phone Sequences from Unsupervised Phonotactic Models",
    author = "Douglas, Shona",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2007",
    pages = "19--21",
}
@inproceedings{fleischman-hovy-2003-maximum,
    title = "A Maximum Entropy Approach to {F}rame{N}et Tagging",
    author = "Fleischman, Michael  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2008",
    pages = "22--24",
}
@inproceedings{hacioglu-ward-2003-target,
    title = "Target Word Detection and Semantic Role Chunking using Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Hacioglu, Kadri  and
      Ward, Wayne",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2009",
    pages = "25--27",
}
@inproceedings{hacioglu-ward-2003-question,
    title = "Question Classification with Support Vector Machines and Error Correcting Codes",
    author = "Hacioglu, Kadri  and
      Ward, Wayne",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2010",
    pages = "28--30",
}
@inproceedings{hanneforth-etal-2003-rhetorical,
    title = "Rhetorical Parsing with Underspecification and Forests",
    author = "Hanneforth, Thomas  and
      Heintze, Silvan  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2011",
    pages = "31--33",
}
@inproceedings{hillard-etal-2003-detection,
    title = "Detection Of Agreement vs. Disagreement In Meetings: Training With Unlabeled Data",
    author = "Hillard, Dustin  and
      Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Shriberg, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2012",
    pages = "34--36",
}
@inproceedings{imamura-etal-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Expansion of Equivalent Sentence Set Based on Syntactic Substitution",
    author = "Imamura, Kenji  and
      Akiba, Yasuhiro  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2013",
    pages = "37--39",
}
@inproceedings{ittycheriah-etal-2003-identifying,
    title = "Identifying and Tracking Entity Mentions in a Maximum Entropy Framework",
    author = "Ittycheriah, Abraham  and
      Lita, Lucian  and
      Kambhatla, Nanda  and
      Nicolov, Nicolas  and
      Roukos, Salim  and
      Stys, Margo",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2014",
    pages = "40--42",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-martin-2003-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Morphology for {E}nglish and {I}nuktitut",
    author = "Johnson, Howard  and
      Martin, Joel",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2015",
    pages = "43--45",
}
@inproceedings{kondrak-etal-2003-cognates,
    title = "Cognates Can Improve Statistical Translation Models",
    author = "Kondrak, Grzegorz  and
      Marcu, Daniel  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2016",
    pages = "46--48",
}
@inproceedings{lin-cherry-2003-word,
    title = "Word Alignment with Cohesion Constraint",
    author = "Lin, Dekang  and
      Cherry, Colin",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2017",
    pages = "49--51",
}
@inproceedings{litman-etal-2003-towards,
    title = "Towards Emotion Prediction in Spoken Tutoring Dialogues",
    author = "Litman, Diane  and
      Forbes, Kate  and
      Silliman, Scott",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2018",
    pages = "52--54",
}
@inproceedings{mani-etal-2003-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Temporal Ordering of Events in News",
    author = "Mani, Inderjeet  and
      Schiffman, Barry  and
      Zhang, Jianping",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2019",
    pages = "55--57",
}
@inproceedings{masuda-etal-2003-robust,
    title = "A Robust Retrieval Engine for Proximal and Structural Search",
    author = "Masuda, Katsuya  and
      Ninomiya, Takashi  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2020",
    pages = "58--60",
}
@inproceedings{melamed-etal-2003-precision,
    title = "Precision and Recall of Machine Translation",
    author = "Melamed, I. Dan  and
      Green, Ryan  and
      Turian, Joseph P.",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2021",
    pages = "61--63",
}
@inproceedings{mohit-narayanan-2003-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Extraction with Wide-Coverage Lexical Resources",
    author = "Mohit, Behrang  and
      Narayanan, Srini",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2022",
    pages = "64--66",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-hearst-2003-category,
    title = "Category-based Pseudowords",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav I.  and
      Hearst, Marti A.",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2023",
    pages = "67--69",
}
@inproceedings{nenkova-mckeown-2003-references,
    title = "References to Named Entities: a Corpus Study",
    author = "Nenkova, Ani  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2024",
    pages = "70--72",
}
@inproceedings{niu-etal-2003-bootstrapping-named,
    title = "Bootstrapping for Named Entity Tagging Using Concept-based Seeds",
    author = "Niu, Cheng  and
      Li, Wei  and
      Ding, Jihong  and
      Srihari, Rohini K.",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2025",
    pages = "73--75",
}
@inproceedings{oard-etal-2003-desparately,
    title = "Desparately Seeking {C}ebuano",
    author = "Oard, Douglas W.  and
      Doermann, David  and
      Dorr, Bonnie  and
      He, Daqing  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Weinberg, Amy  and
      Byrne, William  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev  and
      Yarowsky, David  and
      Leuski, Anton  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2026",
    pages = "76--78",
}
@inproceedings{peshkin-etal-2003-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Nets for Syntactic Categorization of Novel Words",
    author = "Peshkin, Leonid  and
      Pfeffer, Avi  and
      Savova, Virginia",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2027",
    pages = "79--81",
}
@inproceedings{peters-2003-lm,
    title = "{LM} Studies on Filled Pauses in Spontaneous Medical Dictation",
    author = "Peters, Jochen",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2028",
    pages = "82--84",
}
@inproceedings{ravichandran-etal-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Derivation of Surface Text Patterns for a Maximum Entropy Based Question Answering System",
    author = "Ravichandran, Deepak  and
      Ittycheriah, Abraham  and
      Roukos, Salim",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2029",
    pages = "85--87",
}
@inproceedings{rose-etal-2003-hybrid-approach,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach to Content Analysis for Automatic Essay Grading",
    author = "Rose, Carolyn P.  and
      Roque, Antonio  and
      Bhembe, Dumisizwe  and
      VanLehn, Kurt",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2030",
    pages = "88--90",
}
@inproceedings{selouani-etal-2003-auditory,
    title = "Auditory-based Acoustic Distinctive Features and Spectral Cues for Robust Automatic Speech Recognition in Low-{SNR} Car Environments",
    author = "Selouani, Sid-Ahmed  and
      Tolba, Hesham  and
      O{'}Shaughnessy, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2031",
    pages = "91--93",
}
@inproceedings{serafin-etal-2003-latent,
    title = "Latent Semantic Analysis for Dialogue Act Classification",
    author = "Serafin, Riccardo  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Glass, Michael",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2032",
    pages = "94--96",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2003-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Predicting Information Quality in News Documents",
    author = "Tang, Rong  and
      Ng, Kwong Bor  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Kantor, Paul B.",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2033",
    pages = "97--99",
}
@inproceedings{terenzi-di-eugenio-2003-building,
    title = "Building lexical semantic representations for Natural Language instructions",
    author = "Terenzi, Elena  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2034",
    pages = "100--102",
}
@inproceedings{tesprasit-etal-2003-context,
    title = "A Context-Sensitive Homograph Disambiguation in {T}hai Text-to-Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Tesprasit, Virongrong  and
      Charoenpornsawat, Paisarn  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2035",
    pages = "103--105",
}
@inproceedings{tillmann-xia-2003-phrase,
    title = "A Phrase-based Unigram Model for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Tillmann, Christoph  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2036",
    pages = "106--108",
}
@inproceedings{voorhees-2003-evaluating-answers,
    title = "Evaluating Answers to Definition Questions",
    author = "Voorhees, Ellen M.",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2037",
    pages = "109--111",
}
@inproceedings{yu-schultz-2003-implicit,
    title = "Implicit Trajectory Modeling through {G}aussian Transition Models for Speech Recognition",
    author = "Yu, Hua  and
      Schultz, Tanja",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Short Papers",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-2038",
    pages = "112--114",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2003-hlt,
    title = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Student Research Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-3000",
}
@inproceedings{nallapati-2003-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Language Models for Topic Detection and Tracking",
    author = "Nallapati, Ramesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Student Research Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-3001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{borys-2003-importance,
    title = "The Importance of Prosodic Factors in Phoneme Modeling with Applications to Speech Recognition",
    author = "Borys, Sarah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Student Research Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-3002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{williams-2003-language,
    title = "Language choice models for microplanning and readability",
    author = "Williams, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Student Research Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-3003",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{purandare-2003-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating Among Word Senses Using {M}c{Q}uitty{'}s Similarity Analysis",
    author = "Purandare, Amruta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Student Research Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-3004",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{munteanu-2003-indexing,
    title = "Indexing methods for efficient parsing",
    author = "Munteanu, Cosmin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Student Research Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-3005",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-2003-low,
    title = "A low-complexity, broad-coverage probabilistic Dependency Parser for {E}nglish",
    author = "Schneider, Gerold",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Student Research Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-3006",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{liu-2003-word,
    title = "Word Fragments Identification Using Acoustic-Prosodic Features in Conversational Speech",
    author = "Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Student Research Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-3007",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{makkonen-2003-investigations,
    title = "Investigations on Event Evolution on {TDT}",
    author = "Makkonen, Juha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Student Research Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-3008",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{stokes-2003-spoken,
    title = "Spoken and Written News Story Segmentation Using Lexical Chains",
    author = "Stokes, Nicola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Student Research Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-3009",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{feng-2003-cooperative,
    title = "Cooperative model-based language understanding",
    author = "Feng, Donghui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 Student Research Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-3010",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2003-companion-hlt,
    title = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-4000",
}
@inproceedings{al-onaizan-etal-2003-tips,
    title = "{TIPS}: A Translingual Information Processing System",
    author = "Al-Onaizan, Yaser  and
      Florian, Radu  and
      Franz, Martin  and
      Hassan, Hany  and
      Lee, Young-Suk  and
      McCarley, J. Scott  and
      Papineni, Kishore  and
      Roukos, Salim  and
      Sorensen, Jeffrey  and
      Tillmann, Christoph  and
      Ward, Todd  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-4001",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-etal-2003-alias,
    title = "Alias-i Threat Trackers",
    author = "Baldwin, Breck  and
      Carpenter, Bob  and
      Ross, Aaron",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-4002",
    pages = "3--4",
}
@inproceedings{channarukul-etal-2003-doghed,
    title = "{DOGHED}: A Template-Based Generator for Multimodal Dialog Systems Targeting Heterogeneous Devices",
    author = "Channarukul, Songsak  and
      McRoy, Susan W.  and
      Ali, Syed S.",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-4003",
    pages = "5--6",
}
@inproceedings{colbath-kubala-2003-tap,
    title = "{TAP}-{XL}: An Automated Analyst{'}s Assistant",
    author = "Colbath, Sean  and
      Kubala, Francis",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-4004",
    pages = "7--8",
}
@inproceedings{dowding-hieronymus-2003-spoken,
    title = "A Spoken Dialogue Interface to a Geologist{'}s Field Assistant",
    author = "Dowding, John  and
      Hieronymus, James",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-4005",
    pages = "9--10",
}
@inproceedings{dunlavy-etal-2003-qcs,
    title = "{QCS}: A Tool for Querying, Clustering, and Summarizing Documents",
    author = "Dunlavy, Daniel M.  and
      Conroy, John  and
      O{'}Leary, Dianne P.",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-4006",
    pages = "11--12",
}
@inproceedings{karkaletsis-etal-2003-demonstration,
    title = "Demonstration of the {CROSSMARC} System",
    author = "Karkaletsis, Vangelis  and
      Spyropoulos, Constantine D.  and
      Souflis, Dimitris  and
      Grover, Claire  and
      Hachey, Ben  and
      Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Vindigni, Michele  and
      Cartier, Emmanuel  and
      Coch, Jose",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-4007",
    pages = "13--14",
}
@inproceedings{mckeown-etal-2003-columbias,
    title = "{C}olumbia{'}s Newsblaster: New Features and Future Directions",
    author = "McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Chen, John  and
      Elson, David  and
      Evans, David  and
      Klavans, Judith  and
      Nenkova, Ani  and
      Schiffman, Barry  and
      Sigelman, Sergey",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-4008",
    pages = "15--16",
}
@inproceedings{morton-lacivita-2003-wordfreak,
    title = "{W}ord{F}reak: An Open Tool for Linguistic Annotation",
    author = "Morton, Thomas  and
      LaCivita, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-4009",
    pages = "17--18",
}
@inproceedings{nyberg-frederking-2003-javelin,
    title = "{JAVELIN}: A Flexible, Planner-Based Architecture for Question Answering",
    author = "Nyberg, Eric  and
      Frederking, Robert",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-4010",
    pages = "19--20",
}
@inproceedings{pantel-lin-2003-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Discovering Word Senses",
    author = "Pantel, Patrick  and
      Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-4011",
    pages = "21--22",
}
@inproceedings{smith-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Semantic Networks from Text using Leximancer",
    author = "Smith, Andrew E.",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-4012",
    pages = "23--24",
}
@inproceedings{sudo-etal-2003-pre,
    title = "pre-{CODIE}{--}Crosslingual On-Demand Information Extraction",
    author = "Sudo, Kiyoshi  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-4013",
    pages = "25--26",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-2003-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Integration of Distributed Semantic Services: Infrastructure for Process Queries and Question Answering",
    author = "Thompson, Paul",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-4014",
    pages = "27--28",
}
@inproceedings{waibel-etal-2003-speechalator,
    title = "{S}peechalator: Two-Way Speech-to-Speech Translation in Your Hand",
    author = "Waibel, Alex  and
      Badran, Ahmed  and
      Black, Alan W.  and
      Frederking, Robert  and
      Gates, Donna  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Lenzo, Kevin  and
      Tomokiyo, Laura Mayfield  and
      Reichert, Juergen  and
      Schultz, Tanja  and
      Wallace, Dorcas  and
      Woszczyna, Monika  and
      Zhang, Jing",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-4015",
    pages = "29--30",
}
@inproceedings{widdows-cederberg-2003-monolingual,
    title = "Monolingual and Bilingual Concept Visualization from Corpora",
    author = "Widdows, Dominic  and
      Cederberg, Scott",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-4016",
    pages = "31--32",
}
@inproceedings{wilson-etal-2003-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Opinionated Sentences",
    author = "Wilson, Theresa  and
      Pierce, David R.  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-4017",
    pages = "33--34",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2003-companion-hlt-naacl,
    title = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Tutorial Abstracts",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-5000",
}
@inproceedings{hirst-2003-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to Non-Statistical Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Tutorial Abstracts",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-5001",
    pages = "1--1",
}
@inproceedings{oard-2003-information,
    title = "Information Retrieval Systems as Integration Platforms for Language Technologies",
    author = "Oard, Douglas W.",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Tutorial Abstracts",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-5002",
    pages = "2--2",
}
@inproceedings{acero-2003-speech,
    title = "Speech Recognition and Understanding",
    author = "Acero, Alex",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Tutorial Abstracts",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-5003",
    pages = "3--3",
}
@inproceedings{goodman-2003-state,
    title = "The State of the Art in Language Modeling",
    author = "Goodman, Joshua",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Tutorial Abstracts",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-5004",
    pages = "4--4",
}
@inproceedings{knight-koehn-2003-whats,
    title = "What{'}s New in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Knight, Kevin  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Tutorial Abstracts",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-5005",
    pages = "5--5",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-mani-2003-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Temporal and Event Expressions",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Mani, Inderjeet",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Tutorial Abstracts",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-5006",
    pages = "6--6",
}
@inproceedings{wasson-2003-nlp,
    title = "NLP R{\&}D and Commercial Deployment",
    author = "Wasson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Tutorial Abstracts",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-5007",
    pages = "7--7",
}
@inproceedings{manning-klein-2003-optimization,
    title = "Optimization, Maxent Models, and Conditional Estimation without Magic",
    author = "Manning, Christopher  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Tutorial Abstracts",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-5008",
    pages = "8--8",
}
@inproceedings{reynolds-zissman-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Speaker and Language Recognition",
    author = "Reynolds, Doug  and
      Zissman, Marc",
    booktitle = "Companion Volume of the Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003 - Tutorial Abstracts",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-5009",
    pages = "9--9",
}
@proceedings{alta-2003-australasian,
    title = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003",
    author = "Bow, Catherine  and
      Hughes, Baden",
    month = dec,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U03-1000",
    pages = "150",
}
@inproceedings{schwitter-2003-incremental,
    title = "Incremental chart parsing with predictive hints",
    author = "Schwitter, Rolf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003",
    month = dec,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U03-1001",
    pages = "6--13",
}
@inproceedings{dale-2003-one,
    title = "{`}One{'}-anaphora and the case for discourse-driven referring expression generation",
    author = "Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003",
    month = dec,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U03-1002",
    pages = "16--21",
}
@inproceedings{matsumoto-etal-2003-application,
    title = "Application of search algorithms to natural language processing",
    author = "Matsumoto, Takeshi  and
      Powers, David M. W.  and
      Jarrad, Geoff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003",
    month = dec,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U03-1003",
    pages = "22--29",
}
@inproceedings{roh-lee-2003-empirical,
    title = "An empirical study for generating zero pronoun in {K}orean based on Cost-based centering model",
    author = "Roh, Ji-Eun  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003",
    month = dec,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U03-1004",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{kim-lee-2003-clause,
    title = "S-clause segmentation for efficient syntactic analysis using decision trees",
    author = "Kim, Mi-Young  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003",
    month = dec,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U03-1005",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{knott-vlugter-2003-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic disambiguation using presupposition resolution",
    author = "Knott, Alistair  and
      Vlugter, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003",
    month = dec,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U03-1006",
    pages = "46--52",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-van-der-beek-2003-ins,
    title = "The Ins and Outs of {D}utch noun countability classification",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      van der Beek, Leonoor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003",
    month = dec,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U03-1007",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{hughes-etal-2003-encoding,
    title = "Encoding and presenting interlinear text using {XML} technologies",
    author = "Hughes, Baden  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Bow, Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003",
    month = dec,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U03-1008",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@inproceedings{munro-2003-queueing,
    title = "A queueing-theory model of word frequency distributions",
    author = "Munro, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003",
    month = dec,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U03-1009",
    pages = "70--77",
}
@inproceedings{yaghi-etal-2003-code,
    title = "T-code compression for {A}rabic computational morphology",
    author = "Yaghi, Jim  and
      Titchener, Mark R.  and
      Yagi, Sane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003",
    month = dec,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U03-1010",
    pages = "78--85",
}
@inproceedings{cohn-2003-performance,
    title = "Performance metrics for word sense disambiguation",
    author = "Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003",
    month = dec,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U03-1011",
    pages = "86--93",
}
@inproceedings{wan-etal-2003-straight,
    title = "Straight to the point: Discovering themes for summary generation",
    author = "Wan, Stephen  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Paris, Cecile  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003",
    month = dec,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U03-1012",
    pages = "94--101",
}
@inproceedings{chung-lee-2003-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Sense Ambiguity of {K}orean Nouns Based on Concept Co-occurrence Information",
    author = "Chung, You-Jin  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003",
    month = dec,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U03-1013",
    pages = "102--109",
}
@inproceedings{molla-2003-towards,
    title = "Towards semantic-based overlap measures for question-answering",
    author = "Moll{\'a}, Diego",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003",
    month = dec,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U03-1014",
    pages = "110--117",
}
@inproceedings{gaustad-2003-importance,
    title = "The importance of high-quality input for {WSD}: an application-oriented comparison of part-of-speech taggers",
    author = "Gaustad, Tanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003",
    month = dec,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U03-1015",
    pages = "118--125",
}
@inproceedings{kang-etal-2003-conceptual,
    title = "Conceptual Schema Approach to Natural Language Database Access",
    author = "Kang, In-Su  and
      Na, Seung-Hoon  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003",
    month = dec,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U03-1016",
    pages = "126--133",
}
@inproceedings{carr-estival-2003-document,
    title = "Document classification in structured military messages",
    author = "Carr, Oliver  and
      Estival, Dominique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003",
    month = dec,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U03-1017",
    pages = "134--142",
}
@inproceedings{herke-couchman-whitelaw-2003-identifying,
    title = "Identifying interpersonal distance using systemic features",
    author = "Herke-Couchman, Maria  and
      Whitelaw, Casey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003",
    month = dec,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U03-1018",
    pages = "143--150",
}
@proceedings{alta-2017-australasian,
    title = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2017",
    author = "Wong, Jojo Sze-Meng  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U17-1000",
}
@inproceedings{dos-santos-pinheiro-dras-2017-stock,
    title = "Stock Market Prediction with Deep Learning: A Character-based Neural Language Model for Event-based Trading",
    author = "dos Santos Pinheiro, Leonardo  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2017",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U17-1001",
    pages = "6--15",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving End-to-End Memory Networks with Unified Weight Tying",
    author = "Liu, Fei  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2017",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U17-1002",
    pages = "16--24",
}
@inproceedings{subramanian-etal-2017-joint,
    title = "Joint Sentence-Document Model for Manifesto Text Analysis",
    author = "Subramanian, Shivashankar  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Brooke, Julian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2017",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U17-1003",
    pages = "25--33",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2017-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Linguistic Resources for Improving Neural Text Classification",
    author = "Liu, Ming  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Buntine, Wray  and
      Ananda-Rajah, Michelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2017",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U17-1004",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2017-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Model for Quality Assessment of {W}ikipedia Articles",
    author = "Shen, Aili  and
      Qi, Jianzhong  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2017",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U17-1005",
    pages = "43--52",
}
@inproceedings{adams-etal-2017-phonemic,
    title = "Phonemic Transcription of Low-Resource Tonal Languages",
    author = "Adams, Oliver  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Michaud, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2017",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U17-1006",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{ishihara-2017-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of Two Statistical Modelling Approaches for Estimating Multivariate Likelihood Ratios in Forensic Voice Comparison",
    author = "Ishihara, Shunichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2017",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U17-1007",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Negation and Speculation Detection in Veterinary Clinical Text",
    author = "Cheng, Katherine  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2017",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U17-1008",
    pages = "70--78",
}
@inproceedings{dai-etal-2017-medication,
    title = "Medication and Adverse Event Extraction from Noisy Text",
    author = "Dai, Xiang  and
      Karimi, Sarvnaz  and
      Paris, Cecile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2017",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U17-1009",
    pages = "79--87",
}
@inproceedings{kim-2017-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Knowledge Acquisition Approach for Information Extraction on both Semi-Structured and Unstructured Text from the Open Domain Web",
    author = "Kim, Maria Myung Hee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2017",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U17-1010",
    pages = "88--96",
}
@inproceedings{hajiabadi-etal-2017-extending,
    title = "On Extending Neural Networks with Loss Ensembles for Text Classification",
    author = "Hajiabadi, Hamideh  and
      Molla-Aliod, Diego  and
      Monsefi, Reza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2017",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U17-1011",
    pages = "98--102",
}
@inproceedings{molla-aliod-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards the Use of Deep Reinforcement Learning with Global Policy for Query-based Extractive Summarisation",
    author = "Moll{\'a}-Aliod, Diego",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2017",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U17-1012",
    pages = "103--107",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2017-word,
    title = "From Word Segmentation to {POS} Tagging for {V}ietnamese",
    author = "Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Vu, Thanh  and
      Nguyen, Dai Quoc  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2017",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U17-1013",
    pages = "108--113",
}
@inproceedings{molla-aliod-cassidy-2017-overview,
    title = "Overview of the 2017 {ALTA} Shared Task: Correcting {OCR} Errors",
    author = "Moll{\'a}-Aliod, Diego  and
      Cassidy, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2017",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U17-1014",
    pages = "115--118",
}
@inproceedings{khirbat-2017-ocr,
    title = "{OCR} Post-Processing Text Correction using Simulated Annealing ({OPT}e{CA})",
    author = "Khirbat, Gitansh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2017",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U17-1015",
    pages = "119--123",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2017-superocr,
    title = "{S}uper{OCR} for {ALTA} 2017 Shared Task",
    author = "Wang, Yufei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2017",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U17-1016",
    pages = "124--128",
}
@proceedings{eacl-1983-european,
    title = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Zampoili, Antonio",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1000",
}
@inproceedings{cushing-1983-abstract,
    title = "ABSTRACT CONTROL STRUCTURES AND THE SEMANTICS OF QUANTIFIERS",
    author = "Cushing, Steven",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1001",
}
@inproceedings{haduch-1983-lidee,
    title = "L{'}IDEE DE GRAMMAIRE AVEC LE CONTEXTE NATUREL",
    author = "Haduch, Leszek",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1002",
}
@inproceedings{yamada-1983-iterative,
    title = "ITERATIVE OPERATIONS",
    author = "Yamada, Sae",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1003",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-sgall-1983-structure,
    title = "STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE AND INFERENCING IN QUESTION ANSWERING",
    author = "Hajicova, Eva  and
      Sgall, Petr",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1004",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-1983-phonological,
    title = "A Phonological Processor for {I}talian",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1005",
}
@inproceedings{segre-etal-1983-expert,
    title = "AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PHONEME STRINGS FROM UNMARKED ENGLISH TEXT USING MACHINE-INDUCED RULES",
    author = "Segre, Alberto Maria  and
      Sherwood, Bruce Arne  and
      Dickerson, Wayne B.",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1006",
}
@inproceedings{beroule-1983-vocal,
    title = "VOCAL INTERFACE FOR A MAN-MACHINE DIALOG",
    author = "BEROULE, Dominique",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1007",
}
@inproceedings{jappinen-etal-1983-knowledge,
    title = "KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING APPROACH TO MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS",
    author = {J{\"a}ppinen, Harri  and
      Lehtola, Aarno  and
      Nelimarkka, Esa  and
      Ylilammi, Matti},
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1008",
}
@inproceedings{frey-reyle-1983-prolog,
    title = "A PROLOG IMPLEMENTATION OF LEXICAL FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR AS A BASE FOR A NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM",
    author = "Frey, Werner  and
      Reyle, Uwe",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1009",
}
@inproceedings{prodanof-ferrari-1983-extended,
    title = "EXTENDED ACCESS TO THE LEFT CONTEXT IN AN ATN PARSER",
    author = "Prodanof, Irina  and
      Ferrari, Giacomo",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1010",
}
@inproceedings{brodda-1983-experiment,
    title = "AN EXPERIMENT WITH HEURISTIC PARSING OF SWEDISH",
    author = "Brodda, Benny",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1011",
}
@inproceedings{koktova-1983-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS THE SEMANTICS OF SENTENCE ADVERBIALS",
    author = "Koktova, Eva",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1012",
}
@inproceedings{huang-1983-dealing,
    title = "DEALING WITH CONJUNCTIONS IN A MACHINE TRANSLATION ENVIRONMENT",
    author = "Huang, Xiuming",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1013",
}
@inproceedings{sampson-1983-fallible,
    title = "FALLIBLE RATIONALISM AND MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Sampson, Geoffrey",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1014",
}
@inproceedings{mcnaught-1983-generation,
    title = "THE GENERATION OF TERM DEFINITIONS FROM AN ON-LINE TERMINOLOGICAL THESAURUS",
    author = "McNaught, John",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1015",
}
@inproceedings{steinacker-buchberger-1983-relating,
    title = "RELATING SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS: THE SYNTACTICO-SEMANTIC LEXICON OF THE SYSTEM VIE-LANG",
    author = "Steinacker, Ingeborg  and
      Buchberger, Ernst",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1016",
}
@inproceedings{carroll-1983-island,
    title = "AN ISLAND PARSING INTERPRETER FOR THE FULL AUGMENTED TRANSITION NETWORK FORMALISM",
    author = "Carroll, John A.",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1017",
}
@inproceedings{stock-etal-1983-wednesday,
    title = "{WEDNESDAY}: Parsing Flexible Word Order Languages",
    author = "Stock, Oliviero  and
      Castelfranchi, Cristiano  and
      Parisi, Domenico",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1018",
}
@inproceedings{goerz-beckstein-1983-parse,
    title = "How to Parse Gaps in Spoken Utterances",
    author = "Goerz, G.  and
      Beckstein, C.",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1019",
}
@inproceedings{lesmo-torasso-1983-flexible,
    title = "A FLEXIBLE NATURAL LANGUAGE PARSER BASED ON A TWO-LEVEL REPRESENTATION OF SYNTAX",
    author = "Lesmo, Leonardo  and
      Torasso, Pietro",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1020",
}
@inproceedings{cappelli-moretti-1983-approach,
    title = "AN APPROACH TO NATURAL LANGUAGE IN THE SI-NETS PARADIGM",
    author = "Cappelli, Amedeo  and
      Moretti, Lorenzo",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1021",
}
@inproceedings{kononenko-pershina-1983-experiment,
    title = "AN EXPERIMENT ON SYNTHESIS OF RUSSIAN PARAMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONS",
    author = "Kononenko, I.S.  and
      Pershina, E.L.",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1022",
}
@inproceedings{cerri-1983-learning,
    title = "LEARNING TRANSLATION SKILLS WITH A KNOWLEDGE-BASED TUTOR: FRENCH-ITALIAN CONJUNCTIONS IN CONTEXT",
    author = "Cerri, Stefano A.",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1023",
}
@inproceedings{dunin-keplicz-1983-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF ANAPHORA",
    author = "Dunin-Keplicz, Barbara",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1024",
}
@inproceedings{guenthner-lehmann-1983-rules,
    title = "Rules for Pronominalization",
    author = "Guenthner, Franz  and
      Lehmann, Hubert",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1025",
}
@inproceedings{koit-etal-1983-local,
    title = "LOCAL AND GLOBAL STRUCTURES IN DISCOURSE UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "Koit, M.  and
      Litvak, S.  and
      Oim, H.  and
      Roosmaa, T.  and
      Saluveer, M.",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1026",
}
@inproceedings{matthiessen-1983-systemic,
    title = "SYSTEMIC GRAMMAR IN COMPUTATION: THE NIGEL CASE",
    author = "Matthiessen, Christian M.I.M.",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1027",
}
@inproceedings{mann-1983-inquiry,
    title = "Inquiry Semantics: A Functional Semantics of Natural Language Grammar",
    author = "Mann, William C.",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1028",
}
@inproceedings{adorni-manzo-1983-natural,
    title = "NATURAL LANGUAGE INPUT FOR SCENE GENERATION",
    author = "Adorni, Giovanni  and
      Manzo, Mauro Di",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1029",
}
@inproceedings{gehrke-1983-multilevel,
    title = "A MULTILEVEL APPROACH TO HANDLE NON-STANDARD INPUT",
    author = "Gehrke, Manfred",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1030",
}
@inproceedings{marburger-wahlster-1983-case,
    title = "CASE ROLE FILLING AS A SIDE EFFECT OF VISUAL SEARCH",
    author = "Marburger, Heinz  and
      Wahlster, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1031",
}
@inproceedings{bole-etal-1983-natural,
    title = "NATURAL, LANGUAGE INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM DIALOG",
    author = "Bole, L.  and
      Kochut, K.  and
      Lesniewski, A.  and
      Strzalkowski, T.",
    booktitle = "First Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = sep,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E83-1032",
}
@proceedings{emnlp-2008-2008,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Lapata, Mirella  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1000",
}
@inproceedings{jancsary-etal-2008-revealing,
    title = "Revealing the Structure of Medical Dictations with Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Jancsary, Jeremy  and
      Matiasek, Johannes  and
      Trost, Harald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{ritter-etal-2008-contradiction,
    title = "It{'}s a Contradiction {--} no, it{'}s not: {A} Case Study using Functional Relations",
    author = "Ritter, Alan  and
      Soderland, Stephen  and
      Downey, Doug  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1002",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2008-regular,
    title = "Regular Expression Learning for Information Extraction",
    author = "Li, Yunyao  and
      Krishnamurthy, Rajasekar  and
      Raghavan, Sriram  and
      Vaithyanathan, Shivakumar  and
      Jagadish, H. V.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1003",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{zaidan-eisner-2008-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Annotators: {A} Generative Approach to Learning from Annotator Rationales",
    author = "Zaidan, Omar  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1004",
    pages = "31--40",
}
@inproceedings{bekkerman-crammer-2008-one,
    title = "One-Class Clustering in the Text Domain",
    author = "Bekkerman, Ron  and
      Crammer, Koby",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1005",
    pages = "41--50",
}
@inproceedings{sandbank-2008-refining,
    title = "Refining Generative Language Models using Discriminative Learning",
    author = "Sandbank, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1006",
    pages = "51--58",
}
@inproceedings{bergsma-etal-2008-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Learning of Selectional Preference from Unlabeled Text",
    author = "Bergsma, Shane  and
      Lin, Dekang  and
      Goebel, Randy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1007",
    pages = "59--68",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-nugues-2008-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-based Semantic Role Labeling of {P}rop{B}ank",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1008",
    pages = "69--78",
}
@inproceedings{schoenmackers-etal-2008-scaling,
    title = "Scaling Textual Inference to the Web",
    author = "Schoenmackers, Stefan  and
      Etzioni, Oren  and
      Weld, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1009",
    pages = "79--88",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2008-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Entropy based Rule Selection Model for Syntax-based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Liu, Qun  and
      He, Zhongjun  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Lin, Shouxun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1010",
    pages = "89--97",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2008-indirect,
    title = "Indirect-{HMM}-based Hypothesis Alignment for Combining Outputs from Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "He, Xiaodong  and
      Yang, Mei  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Nguyen, Patrick  and
      Moore, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1011",
    pages = "98--107",
}
@inproceedings{petrov-etal-2008-coarse,
    title = "Coarse-to-Fine Syntactic Machine Translation using Language Projections",
    author = "Petrov, Slav  and
      Haghighi, Aria  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1012",
    pages = "108--116",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2008-adding,
    title = "Adding Redundant Features for {CRF}s-based Sentence Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Zhao, Jun  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Wang, Gen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1013",
    pages = "117--126",
}
@inproceedings{banea-etal-2008-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Subjectivity Analysis Using Machine Translation",
    author = "Banea, Carmen  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Hassan, Samer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1014",
    pages = "127--135",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chen-2008-ranking,
    title = "Ranking Reader Emotions Using Pairwise Loss Minimization and Emotional Distribution Regression",
    author = "Lin, Kevin Hsin-Yih  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1015",
    pages = "136--144",
}
@inproceedings{smith-eisner-2008-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing by Belief Propagation",
    author = "Smith, David  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1016",
    pages = "145--156",
}
@inproceedings{torres-martins-etal-2008-stacking,
    title = "Stacking Dependency Parsers",
    author = "Torres Martins, Andr{\'e} Filipe  and
      Das, Dipanjan  and
      Smith, Noah A.  and
      Xing, Eric P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1017",
    pages = "157--166",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2008-better,
    title = "Better Binarization for the {CKY} Parsing",
    author = "Song, Xinying  and
      Ding, Shilin  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1018",
    pages = "167--176",
}
@inproceedings{filippova-strube-2008-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Fusion via Dependency Graph Compression",
    author = "Filippova, Katja  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1019",
    pages = "177--185",
}
@inproceedings{pitler-nenkova-2008-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting Readability: {A} Unified Framework for Predicting Text Quality",
    author = "Pitler, Emily  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1020",
    pages = "186--195",
}
@inproceedings{callison-burch-2008-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Constraints on Paraphrases Extracted from Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1021",
    pages = "196--205",
}
@inproceedings{mi-huang-2008-forest,
    title = "Forest-based Translation Rule Extraction",
    author = "Mi, Haitao  and
      Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1022",
    pages = "206--214",
}
@inproceedings{blunsom-osborne-2008-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Inference for Machine Translation",
    author = "Blunsom, Phil  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1023",
    pages = "215--223",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-etal-2008-online,
    title = "Online Large-Margin Training of Syntactic and Structural Translation Features",
    author = "Chiang, David  and
      Marton, Yuval  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1024",
    pages = "224--233",
}
@inproceedings{levy-2008-noisy,
    title = "A Noisy-Channel Model of Human Sentence Comprehension under Uncertain Input",
    author = "Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1025",
    pages = "234--243",
}
@inproceedings{qu-chai-2008-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Temporal and Semantic Information with Eye Gaze for Automatic Word Acquisition in Multimodal Conversational Systems",
    author = "Qu, Shaolin  and
      Chai, Joyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1026",
    pages = "244--253",
}
@inproceedings{snow-etal-2008-cheap,
    title = "Cheap and Fast {--} But is it Good? Evaluating Non-Expert Annotations for Natural Language Tasks",
    author = "Snow, Rion  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel  and
      Ng, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1027",
    pages = "254--263",
}
@inproceedings{bangalore-smith-2008-hotspots,
    title = "{H}ot{S}pots: {V}isualizing Edits to a Text",
    author = "Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Smith, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1028",
    pages = "264--273",
}
@inproceedings{baron-freedman-2008-experiments,
    title = "{W}ho is {W}ho and {W}hat is {W}hat: {E}xperiments in Cross-Document Co-Reference",
    author = "Baron, Alex  and
      Freedman, Marjorie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1029",
    pages = "274--283",
}
@inproceedings{benajiba-etal-2008-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Named Entity Recognition using Optimized Feature Sets",
    author = "Benajiba, Yassine  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1030",
    pages = "284--293",
}
@inproceedings{bengtson-roth-2008-understanding,
    title = "Understanding the Value of Features for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Bengtson, Eric  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1031",
    pages = "294--303",
}
@inproceedings{chali-joty-2008-selecting,
    title = "Selecting Sentences for Answering Complex Questions",
    author = "Chali, Yllias  and
      Joty, Shafiq",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1032",
    pages = "304--313",
}
@inproceedings{denero-etal-2008-sampling,
    title = "Sampling Alignment Structure under a {B}ayesian Translation Model",
    author = "DeNero, John  and
      Bouchard-C{\^o}t{\'e}, Alexandre  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1033",
    pages = "314--323",
}
@inproceedings{ding-chang-2008-improving,
    title = "Improving {C}hinese Semantic Role Classification with Hierarchical Feature Selection Strategy",
    author = "Ding, Weiwei  and
      Chang, Baobao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1034",
    pages = "324--333",
}
@inproceedings{eisenstein-barzilay-2008-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Unsupervised Topic Segmentation",
    author = "Eisenstein, Jacob  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1035",
    pages = "334--343",
}
@inproceedings{gao-johnson-2008-comparison,
    title = "A comparison of {B}ayesian estimators for unsupervised {H}idden {M}arkov {M}odel {POS} taggers",
    author = "Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1036",
    pages = "344--352",
}
@inproceedings{goldwasser-roth-2008-transliteration,
    title = "Transliteration as Constrained Optimization",
    author = "Goldwasser, Dan  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1037",
    pages = "353--362",
}
@inproceedings{hall-etal-2008-studying,
    title = "Studying the History of Ideas Using Topic Models",
    author = "Hall, David  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1038",
    pages = "363--371",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-etal-2008-triplet,
    title = "Triplet Lexicon Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Hasan, Sa{\v{s}}a  and
      Ganitkevitch, Juri  and
      Ney, Hermann  and
      Andr{\'e}s-Ferrer, Jes{\'u}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1039",
    pages = "372--381",
}
@inproceedings{higuchi-etal-2008-casual,
    title = "A Casual Conversation System Using Modality and Word Associations Retrieved from the Web",
    author = "Higuchi, Shinsuke  and
      Rzepka, Rafal  and
      Araki, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1040",
    pages = "382--390",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2008-harry,
    title = "When Harry Met Harri: {C}ross-lingual Name Spelling Normalization",
    author = "Huang, Fei  and
      Emami, Ahmad  and
      Zitouni, Imed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1041",
    pages = "391--399",
}
@inproceedings{kate-2008-dependency,
    title = "A Dependency-based Word Subsequence Kernel",
    author = "Kate, Rohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1042",
    pages = "400--409",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2008-bridging,
    title = "Bridging Lexical Gaps between Queries and Questions on Large Online Q{\&}A Collections with Compact Translation Models",
    author = "Lee, Jung-Tae  and
      Kim, Sang-Bum  and
      Song, Young-In  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1043",
    pages = "410--418",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2008-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Language Processing Algorithms for the Masses: {A} Case Study in Computing Word Co-occurrence Matrices with {M}ap{R}educe",
    author = "Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1044",
    pages = "419--428",
}
@inproceedings{murawaki-kurohashi-2008-online,
    title = "Online Acquisition of {J}apanese Unknown Morphemes using Morphological Constraints",
    author = "Murawaki, Yugo  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1045",
    pages = "429--437",
}
@inproceedings{nallapati-manning-2008-legal,
    title = "Legal Docket Classification: {W}here Machine Learning Stumbles",
    author = "Nallapati, Ramesh  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1046",
    pages = "438--446",
}
@inproceedings{okazaki-etal-2008-discriminative-candidate,
    title = "A Discriminative Candidate Generator for String Transformations",
    author = "Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1047",
    pages = "447--456",
}
@inproceedings{pennacchiotti-etal-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic induction of {F}rame{N}et lexical units",
    author = "Pennacchiotti, Marco  and
      De Cao, Diego  and
      Basili, Roberto  and
      Croce, Danilo  and
      Roth, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1048",
    pages = "457--465",
}
@inproceedings{raaijmakers-etal-2008-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Subjectivity Analysis of Multiparty Conversation",
    author = "Raaijmakers, Stephan  and
      Truong, Khiet  and
      Wilson, Theresa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1049",
    pages = "466--474",
}
@inproceedings{rimell-clark-2008-adapting,
    title = "Adapting a Lexicalized-Grammar Parser to Contrasting Domains",
    author = "Rimell, Laura  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1050",
    pages = "475--484",
}
@inproceedings{sanchis-trilles-etal-2008-improving,
    title = "Improving Interactive Machine Translation via Mouse Actions",
    author = "Sanchis-Trilles, Germ{\'a}n  and
      Ortiz-Mart{\'\i}nez, Daniel  and
      Civera, Jorge  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco  and
      Vidal, Enrique  and
      Hoang, Hieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1051",
    pages = "485--494",
}
@inproceedings{shen-joshi-2008-ltag,
    title = "{LTAG} Dependency Parsing with Bidirectional Incremental Construction",
    author = "Shen, Libin  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1052",
    pages = "495--504",
}
@inproceedings{shi-zhou-2008-improved,
    title = "Improved Sentence Alignment on Parallel Web Pages Using a Stochastic Tree Alignment Model",
    author = "Shi, Lei  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1053",
    pages = "505--513",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2008-htm,
    title = "{HTM}: {A} Topic Model for Hypertexts",
    author = "Sun, Congkai  and
      Gao, Bin  and
      Cao, Zhenfu  and
      Li, Hang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1054",
    pages = "514--522",
}
@inproceedings{taira-etal-2008-japanese,
    title = "A {J}apanese Predicate Argument Structure Analysis using Decision Lists",
    author = "Taira, Hirotoshi  and
      Fujita, Sanae  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1055",
    pages = "523--532",
}
@inproceedings{vickrey-etal-2008-online,
    title = "Online Word Games for Semantic Data Collection",
    author = "Vickrey, David  and
      Bronzan, Aaron  and
      Choi, William  and
      Kumar, Aman  and
      Turner-Maier, Jason  and
      Wang, Arthur  and
      Koller, Daphne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1056",
    pages = "533--542",
}
@inproceedings{wan-etal-2008-seed,
    title = "Seed and Grow: {A}ugmenting Statistically Generated Summary Sentences using Schematic Word Patterns",
    author = "Wan, Stephen  and
      Dale, Robert  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1057",
    pages = "543--552",
}
@inproceedings{wan-2008-using,
    title = "Using Bilingual Knowledge and Ensemble Techniques for Unsupervised {C}hinese Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1058",
    pages = "553--561",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-clark-2008-tale,
    title = "A Tale of Two Parsers: {I}nvestigating and Combining Graph-based and Transition-based Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Zhang, Yue  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1059",
    pages = "562--571",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-al-onaizan-2008-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing Local and Non-Local Word-Reordering Patterns for Syntax-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhao, Bing  and
      Al-onaizan, Yaser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1060",
    pages = "572--581",
}
@inproceedings{talukdar-etal-2008-weakly,
    title = "Weakly-Supervised Acquisition of Labeled Class Instances using Graph Random Walks",
    author = "Talukdar, Partha Pratim  and
      Reisinger, Joseph  and
      Pa{\c{s}}ca, Marius  and
      Ravichandran, Deepak  and
      Bhagat, Rahul  and
      Pereira, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1061",
    pages = "582--590",
}
@inproceedings{andrews-ramakrishnan-2008-seeded,
    title = "Seeded Discovery of Base Relations in Large Corpora",
    author = "Andrews, Nicholas  and
      Ramakrishnan, Naren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1062",
    pages = "591--599",
}
@inproceedings{zitouni-florian-2008-mention,
    title = "Mention Detection Crossing the Language Barrier",
    author = "Zitouni, Imed  and
      Florian, Radu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1063",
    pages = "600--609",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-etal-2008-decomposability,
    title = "Decomposability of Translation Metrics for Improved Evaluation and Efficient Algorithms",
    author = "Chiang, David  and
      DeNeefe, Steve  and
      Chan, Yee Seng  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1064",
    pages = "610--619",
}
@inproceedings{tromble-etal-2008-lattice,
    title = "Lattice {M}inimum {B}ayes-{R}isk Decoding for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Tromble, Roy  and
      Kumar, Shankar  and
      Och, Franz  and
      Macherey, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1065",
    pages = "620--629",
}
@inproceedings{mylonakis-simaan-2008-phrase,
    title = "Phrase Translation Probabilities with {ITG} Priors and Smoothing as Learning Objective",
    author = "Mylonakis, Markos  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1066",
    pages = "630--639",
}
@inproceedings{ng-2008-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Models for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1067",
    pages = "640--649",
}
@inproceedings{poon-domingos-2008-joint,
    title = "Joint Unsupervised Coreference Resolution with {M}arkov {L}ogic",
    author = "Poon, Hoifung  and
      Domingos, Pedro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1068",
    pages = "650--659",
}
@inproceedings{denis-baldridge-2008-specialized,
    title = "Specialized Models and Ranking for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Denis, Pascal  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1069",
    pages = "660--669",
}
@inproceedings{bunescu-2008-learning,
    title = "Learning with Probabilistic Features for Improved Pipeline Models",
    author = "Bunescu, Razvan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1070",
    pages = "670--679",
}
@inproceedings{daume-iii-2008-cross,
    title = "Cross-Task Knowledge-Constrained Self Training",
    author = "Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1071",
    pages = "680--688",
}
@inproceedings{dredze-crammer-2008-online,
    title = "Online Methods for Multi-Domain Learning and Adaptation",
    author = "Dredze, Mark  and
      Crammer, Koby",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1072",
    pages = "689--697",
}
@inproceedings{chambers-jurafsky-2008-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Combining Implicit Constraints Improves Temporal Ordering",
    author = "Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1073",
    pages = "698--706",
}
@inproceedings{xue-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Inference of the Temporal Location of Situations in {C}hinese Text",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1074",
    pages = "707--714",
}
@inproceedings{morante-etal-2008-learning,
    title = "Learning the Scope of Negation in Biomedical Texts",
    author = "Morante, Roser  and
      Liekens, Anthony  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1075",
    pages = "715--724",
}
@inproceedings{macherey-etal-2008-lattice,
    title = "Lattice-based Minimum Error Rate Training for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Macherey, Wolfgang  and
      Och, Franz  and
      Thayer, Ignacio  and
      Uszkoreit, Jakob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1076",
    pages = "725--734",
}
@inproceedings{menezes-quirk-2008-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Models for Structural Word Insertion and Deletion during Translation",
    author = "Menezes, Arul  and
      Quirk, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1077",
    pages = "735--744",
}
@inproceedings{birch-etal-2008-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Success in Machine Translation",
    author = "Birch, Alexandra  and
      Osborne, Miles  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1078",
    pages = "745--754",
}
@inproceedings{wan-2008-exploration,
    title = "An Exploration of Document Impact on Graph-Based Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1079",
    pages = "755--762",
}
@inproceedings{nastase-2008-topic,
    title = "Topic-Driven Multi-Document Summarization with Encyclopedic Knowledge and Spreading Activation",
    author = "Nastase, Vivi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1080",
    pages = "763--772",
}
@inproceedings{murray-carenini-2008-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Spoken and Written Conversations",
    author = "Murray, Gabriel  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1081",
    pages = "773--782",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2008-generative,
    title = "A Generative Model for Parsing Natural Language to Meaning Representations",
    author = "Lu, Wei  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Lee, Wee Sun  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1082",
    pages = "783--792",
}
@inproceedings{choi-cardie-2008-learning,
    title = "Learning with Compositional Semantics as Structural Inference for Subsentential Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Choi, Yejin  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1083",
    pages = "793--801",
}
@inproceedings{maccartney-etal-2008-phrase,
    title = "A Phrase-Based Alignment Model for Natural Language Inference",
    author = "MacCartney, Bill  and
      Galley, Michel  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1084",
    pages = "802--811",
}
@inproceedings{ravi-knight-2008-attacking,
    title = "Attacking Decipherment Problems Optimally with Low-Order {N}-gram Models",
    author = "Ravi, Sujith  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1085",
    pages = "812--819",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2008-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Multi-level Linguistic Knowledge with a Unified Framework for {M}andarin Speech Recognition",
    author = "Wang, Xinhao  and
      Nie, Jiazhong  and
      Luo, Dingsheng  and
      Wu, Xihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1086",
    pages = "820--828",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-glass-2008-n,
    title = "{N}-gram Weighting: {R}educing Training Data Mismatch in Cross-Domain Language Model Estimation",
    author = "Hsu, Bo-June Paul  and
      Glass, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1087",
    pages = "829--838",
}
@inproceedings{leusch-etal-2008-complexity,
    title = "Complexity of Finding the {BLEU}-optimal Hypothesis in a Confusion Network",
    author = "Leusch, Gregor  and
      Matusov, Evgeny  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1088",
    pages = "839--847",
}
@inproceedings{galley-manning-2008-simple,
    title = "A Simple and Effective Hierarchical Phrase Reordering Model",
    author = "Galley, Michel  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1089",
    pages = "848--856",
}
@inproceedings{snover-etal-2008-language,
    title = "Language and Translation Model Adaptation using Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Snover, Matthew  and
      Dorr, Bonnie  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1090",
    pages = "857--866",
}
@inproceedings{petrov-klein-2008-sparse,
    title = "Sparse Multi-Scale Grammars for Discriminative Latent Variable Parsing",
    author = "Petrov, Slav  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1091",
    pages = "867--876",
}
@inproceedings{burkett-klein-2008-two,
    title = "Two Languages are Better than One (for Syntactic Parsing)",
    author = "Burkett, David  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1092",
    pages = "877--886",
}
@inproceedings{ravi-etal-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Prediction of Parser Accuracy",
    author = "Ravi, Sujith  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Soricut, Radu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1093",
    pages = "887--896",
}
@inproceedings{erk-pado-2008-structured,
    title = "A Structured Vector Space Model for Word Meaning in Context",
    author = "Erk, Katrin  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1094",
    pages = "897--906",
}
@inproceedings{minkov-cohen-2008-learning,
    title = "Learning Graph Walk Based Similarity Measures for Parsed Text",
    author = "Minkov, Einat  and
      Cohen, William W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1095",
    pages = "907--916",
}
@inproceedings{schutze-walsh-2008-graph,
    title = "A Graph-theoretic Model of Lexical Syntactic Acquisition",
    author = {Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich  and
      Walsh, Michael},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1096",
    pages = "917--926",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2008-question,
    title = "Question Classification using Head Words and their Hypernyms",
    author = "Huang, Zhiheng  and
      Thint, Marcus  and
      Qin, Zengchang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1097",
    pages = "927--936",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2008-cocqa,
    title = "{C}o{CQA}: {C}o-{T}raining over Questions and Answers with an Application to Predicting Question Subjectivity Orientation",
    author = "Li, Baoli  and
      Liu, Yandong  and
      Agichtein, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1098",
    pages = "937--946",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Set Expansion for List Question Answering",
    author = "Wang, Richard C.  and
      Schlaefer, Nico  and
      Cohen, William W.  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1099",
    pages = "947--954",
}
@inproceedings{chotimongkol-rudnicky-2008-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Domain-Specific Dialog Information from Task-Oriented Human-Human Interaction through an Unsupervised Learning",
    author = "Chotimongkol, Ananlada  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1100",
    pages = "955--964",
}
@inproceedings{huerta-2008-relative,
    title = "Relative Rank Statistics for Dialog Analysis",
    author = "Huerta, Juan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1101",
    pages = "965--972",
}
@inproceedings{solorio-liu-2008-learning,
    title = "Learning to Predict Code-Switching Points",
    author = "Solorio, Thamar  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1102",
    pages = "973--981",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-etal-2008-computing,
    title = "Computing Word-Pair Antonymy",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Dorr, Bonnie  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1103",
    pages = "982--991",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-kawahara-2008-construction,
    title = "Construction of an Idiom Corpus and its Application to Idiom Identification based on {WSD} Incorporating Idiom-Specific Features",
    author = "Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1104",
    pages = "992--1001",
}
@inproceedings{zhong-etal-2008-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation Using {O}nto{N}otes: {A}n Empirical Study",
    author = "Zhong, Zhi  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Chan, Yee Seng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1105",
    pages = "1002--1010",
}
@inproceedings{komachi-etal-2008-graph,
    title = "Graph-based Analysis of Semantic Drift in {E}spresso-like Bootstrapping Algorithms",
    author = "Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Kudo, Taku  and
      Shimbo, Masashi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1106",
    pages = "1011--1020",
}
@inproceedings{barr-etal-2008-linguistic,
    title = "The Linguistic Structure of {E}nglish Web-Search Queries",
    author = "Barr, Cory  and
      Jones, Rosie  and
      Regelson, Moira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1107",
    pages = "1021--1030",
}
@inproceedings{li-yarowsky-2008-mining,
    title = "Mining and Modeling Relations between Formal and Informal {C}hinese Phrases from Web Corpora",
    author = "Li, Zhifei  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1108",
    pages = "1031--1040",
}
@inproceedings{snyder-etal-2008-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Multilingual Learning for {POS} Tagging",
    author = "Snyder, Benjamin  and
      Naseem, Tahira  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1109",
    pages = "1041--1050",
}
@inproceedings{solorio-liu-2008-part,
    title = "{P}art-of-{S}peech Tagging for {E}nglish-{S}panish Code-Switched Text",
    author = "Solorio, Thamar  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1110",
    pages = "1051--1060",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2008-information,
    title = "Information Retrieval Oriented Word Segmentation based on Character Association Strength Ranking",
    author = "Liu, Yixuan  and
      Wang, Bin  and
      Ding, Fan  and
      Xu, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1111",
    pages = "1061--1069",
}
@inproceedings{settles-craven-2008-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Active Learning Strategies for Sequence Labeling Tasks",
    author = "Settles, Burr  and
      Craven, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1112",
    pages = "1070--1079",
}
@inproceedings{dreyer-etal-2008-latent,
    title = "Latent-Variable Modeling of String Transductions with Finite-State Methods",
    author = "Dreyer, Markus  and
      Smith, Jason  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1113",
    pages = "1080--1089",
}
@inproceedings{subramanya-bilmes-2008-soft,
    title = "Soft-Supervised Learning for Text Classification",
    author = "Subramanya, Amarnag  and
      Bilmes, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1114",
    pages = "1090--1099",
}
@article{cl-2007-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 33, Number 1, March 2007",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "1",
    year = "2007",
}
@article{daelemans-van-den-bosch-2007-letter,
    title = "Letter to the Editor",
    author = "Daelemans, Walter  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "1",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.1.1",
    pages = "1",
}
@article{bayerl-paul-2007-squibs,
    title = "Squibs and Discussions: Identifying Sources of Disagreement: Generalizability Theory in Manual Annotation Studies",
    author = "Bayerl, Petra Saskia  and
      Paul, Karsten Ingmar",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "1",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.1.3",
    pages = "3--8",
}
@article{ueffing-ney-2007-word,
    title = "Word-Level Confidence Estimation for Machine Translation",
    author = "Ueffing, Nicola  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "1",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.1.9",
    pages = "9--40",
}
@article{molla-vicedo-2007-question,
    title = "Question Answering in Restricted Domains: An Overview",
    author = "Moll{\'a}, Diego  and
      Vicedo, Jos{\'e} Luis",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "1",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.1.41",
    pages = "41--61",
}
@article{demner-fushman-lin-2007-answering,
    title = "Answering Clinical Questions with Knowledge-Based and Statistical Techniques",
    author = "Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "1",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.1.63",
    pages = "63--103",
}
@article{hallett-etal-2007-composing,
    title = "Composing Questions through Conceptual Authoring",
    author = "Hallett, Catalina  and
      Scott, Donia  and
      Power, Richard",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "1",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-1006",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.1.105",
    pages = "105--133",
}
@article{karamanis-2007-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Text Mining for Biology and Biomedicine, edited by Sophia Ananiadou and John {M}c{N}aught",
    author = "Karamanis, Nikiforos",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "1",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-1007",
    pages = "135--140",
}
@article{pulman-2007-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Flexible Semantics for Reinterpretation Phenomena, by Markus Egg",
    author = "Pulman, Stephen",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "1",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-1008",
    pages = "141--143",
}
@article{galitsky-2007-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Commonsense Reasoning, by Erik T. Mueller",
    author = "Galitsky, Boris",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "1",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-1009",
    pages = "145--146",
}
@article{kilgarriff-2007-last,
    title = "Last Words: Googleology is Bad Science",
    author = "Kilgarriff, Adam",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "1",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-1010",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.1.147",
    pages = "147--151",
}
@article{cl-2007-linguistics-33,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 33, Number 2, June 2007",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "2",
    year = "2007",
}
@article{malouf-2007-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: Maximal Consistent Subsets",
    author = "Malouf, Robert",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "2",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-2001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.2.153",
    pages = "153--160",
}
@article{pado-lapata-2007-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-Based Construction of Semantic Space Models",
    author = "Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "2",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-2002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.2.161",
    pages = "161--199",
}
@article{chiang-2007-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation",
    author = "Chiang, David",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "2",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-2003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.2.201",
    pages = "201--228",
}
@article{paraboni-etal-2007-generating,
    title = "Generating Referring Expressions: Making Referents Easy to Identify",
    author = "Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}  and
      van Deemter, Kees  and
      Masthoff, Judith",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "2",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-2004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.2.229",
    pages = "229--254",
}
@article{mccarthy-2007-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Word Sense Disambiguation: Algorithms and Applications, edited by Eneko Agirre and Philip Edmonds",
    author = "McCarthy, Diana",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "2",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-2005",
    pages = "255--258",
}
@article{frank-2007-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: From Molecule to Metaphor: A Neural Theory of Language, by Jerome A. Feldman",
    author = "Frank, Stefan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "2",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-2006",
    pages = "259--261",
}
@article{blackburn-2007-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: The Proper Treatment of Events, by Michiel van Lambalgen and Fritz Hamm",
    author = "Blackburn, Patrick",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "2",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-2007",
    pages = "263--265",
}
@article{samuelsson-2007-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Inductive Dependency Parsing, by Joakim {N}ivre",
    author = "Samuelsson, Christer",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "2",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-2008",
    pages = "267--269",
}
@article{roark-2007-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Putting Linguistics into Speech Recognition: The Regulus Grammar Compiler, by Manny Rayner, Beth Ann Hockey, and Pierette Bouillon",
    author = "Roark, Brian",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "2",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-2009",
    pages = "271--273",
}
@article{gamon-2007-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Computing Attitude and Affect in Text: Theory and Applications, edited by {J}ames G. Shanahan, Yan Qu, and Janyce Wiebe",
    author = "Gamon, Michael",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "2",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-2010",
    pages = "275--277",
}
@article{mcshane-2007-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted: Lingvisticeskie problemy komp{'}juternoj morfologii [Linguistic Issues in Computational Morphology], by S. A. Koval{'}",
    author = "McShane, Marjorie",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "2",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-2011",
    pages = "279",
}
@article{nn-2007-publications,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "2",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-2012",
}
@article{reiter-2007-last,
    title = "Last Words: The Shrinking Horizons of Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "2",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-2013",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.2.283",
    pages = "283--287",
}
@article{cl-2007-linguistics-33-number,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 33, Number 3, September 2007",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "3",
    year = "2007",
}
@article{tait-2007-obituary,
    title = {{O}bituary: Karen Sp{\"a}rck {J}ones},
    author = "Tait, John",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "3",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-3001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.3.289",
    pages = "289--291",
}
@article{fraser-marcu-2007-squibs,
    title = "Squibs and Discussions: Measuring Word Alignment Quality for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Fraser, Alexander  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "3",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-3002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.3.293",
    pages = "293--303",
}
@article{li-church-2007-sketch,
    title = "A Sketch Algorithm for Estimating Two-Way and Multi-Way Associations",
    author = "Li, Ping  and
      Church, Kenneth W.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "3",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-3003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.3.305",
    pages = "305--354",
}
@article{hockenmaier-steedman-2007-ccgbank,
    title = "{CCG}bank: A Corpus of {CCG} Derivations and Dependency Structures Extracted from the {P}enn Treebank",
    author = "Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "3",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-3004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.3.355",
    pages = "355--396",
}
@article{fernandez-etal-2007-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Non-Sentential Utterances in Dialogue: A Machine Learning Approach",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel  and
      Ginzburg, Jonathan  and
      Lappin, Shalom",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "3",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-3005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.3.397",
    pages = "397--427",
}
@article{belpaeme-2007-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: The Computational Nature of Language Learning and Evolution, by Partha Niyogi",
    author = "Belpaeme, Tony",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "3",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-3006",
    pages = "429--431",
}
@article{nn-2007-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted/Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "3",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-3007",
}
@article{jones-2007-last,
    title = "Last Words: Computational Linguistics: What About the Linguistics?",
    author = {Jones, Karen Sp{\"a}rck},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "3",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-3008",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.3.437",
    pages = "437--441",
}
@article{cl-2007-linguistics-33-number-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 33, Number 4, {D}ecember 2007",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "4",
    year = "2007",
}
@article{karttunen-2007-acl,
    title = "{ACL} Lifetime Achievement Award: Word Play",
    author = "Karttunen, Lauri",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "4",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-4001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.4.443",
    pages = "443--467",
}
@article{atterer-schutze-2007-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: Prepositional Phrase Attachment without Oracles",
    author = {Atterer, Michaela  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "4",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-4002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.4.469",
    pages = "469--476",
}
@article{smith-johnson-2007-weighted,
    title = "Weighted and Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars Are Equally Expressive",
    author = "Smith, Noah A.  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "4",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-4003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.4.477",
    pages = "477--491",
}
@article{clark-curran-2007-wide,
    title = "Wide-Coverage Efficient Statistical Parsing with {CCG} and Log-Linear Models",
    author = "Clark, Stephen  and
      Curran, James R.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "4",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-4004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.4.493",
    pages = "493--552",
}
@article{mccarthy-etal-2007-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Acquisition of Predominant Word Senses",
    author = "McCarthy, Diana  and
      Koeling, Rob  and
      Weeds, Julie  and
      Carroll, John",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "4",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-4005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.4.553",
    pages = "553--590",
}
@article{knott-2007-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Coherence in Natural Language: Data Stuctures and Applications, by Florian Wolf and Edward {G}ibson",
    author = "Knott, Alistair",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "4",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-4006",
    pages = "591--595",
}
@article{thompson-2007-advances,
    title = "Advances in Open Domain Question Answering, edited by Tomek Strzalkowski and Sanda Harabagiu",
    author = "Thompson, Paul",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "4",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-4007",
    pages = "597--599",
}
@article{nn-2007-briefly-noted,
    title = "Briefly Noted/Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "4",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-4008",
}
@article{webber-2007-last,
    title = "Last Words: Breaking News: Changing Attitudes and Practices",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "4",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-4009",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2007.33.4.607",
    pages = "607--611",
}
@article{nn-2007-reviewers,
    title = "Reviewers for Volume 33",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "33",
    number = "4",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J07-4010",
}
@article{cl-2013-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 39, Issue 1 - March 2013",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "1",
    year = "2013",
}
@article{fellbaum-2013-obituary,
    title = "{O}bituary: {G}eorge A. Miller",
    author = "Fellbaum, Christiane",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00131",
    pages = "1--3",
}
@article{ballesteros-nivre-2013-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: Going to the Roots of Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00132",
    pages = "5--13",
}
@article{tsarfaty-etal-2013-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Morphologically Rich Languages: Introduction to the Special Issue",
    author = {Tsarfaty, Reut  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Nivre, Joakim},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00133",
    pages = "15--22",
}
@article{seeker-kuhn-2013-morphological,
    title = "Morphological and Syntactic Case in Statistical Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Seeker, Wolfgang  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00134",
    pages = "23--55",
}
@article{fraser-etal-2013-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Sources for Constituent Parsing of {G}erman, a Morphologically Rich and Less-Configurational Language",
    author = {Fraser, Alexander  and
      Schmid, Helmut  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      Wang, Renjing  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00135",
    pages = "57--85",
}
@article{kallmeyer-maier-2013-data,
    title = "Data-Driven Parsing using Probabilistic Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Maier, Wolfgang",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-1006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00136",
    pages = "87--119",
}
@article{goldberg-elhadad-2013-word,
    title = "Word Segmentation, Unknown-word Resolution, and Morphological Agreement in a {H}ebrew Parsing System",
    author = "Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-1007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00137",
    pages = "121--160",
}
@article{marton-etal-2013-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing of Modern Standard {A}rabic with Lexical and Inflectional Features",
    author = "Marton, Yuval  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-1008",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00138",
    pages = "161--194",
}
@article{green-etal-2013-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Models for Identifying Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Green, Spence  and
      Marneffe, Marie-Catherine de  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-1009",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00139",
    pages = "195--227",
}
@article{cl-2013-linguistics-39,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 39, Issue 2 - June 2013",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "2",
    year = "2013",
}
@article{chen-etal-2013-joint,
    title = "A Joint Model to Identify and Align Bilingual Named Entities",
    author = "Chen, Yufeng  and
      Zong, Chengqing  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "2",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-2001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00122",
    pages = "229--266",
}
@article{louis-nenkova-2013-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Assessing Machine Summary Content Without a Gold Standard",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "2",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-2002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00123",
    pages = "267--300",
}
@article{shutova-etal-2013-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Metaphor Processing",
    author = "Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Teufel, Simone  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "2",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-2003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00124",
    pages = "301--353",
}
@article{kuhlmann-2013-mildly,
    title = "Mildly Non-Projective Dependency Grammar",
    author = "Kuhlmann, Marco",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "2",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-2004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00125",
    pages = "355--387",
}
@article{liang-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning Dependency-Based Compositional Semantics",
    author = "Liang, Percy  and
      Jordan, Michael I.  and
      Klein, Dan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "2",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-2005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00127",
    pages = "389--446",
}
@article{schneider-tsarfaty-2013-book,
    title = "Book Review: Design Patterns in Fluid Construction Grammar edited by Luc Steels",
    author = "Schneider, Nathan  and
      Tsarfaty, Reut",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "2",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-2006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00154",
}
@article{tenbrink-2013-book,
    title = "Book Review: Interpreting Motion: Grounded Representations for Spatial Language by Inderjeet Mani and {J}ames {P}ustejovsky",
    author = "Tenbrink, Thora",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "2",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-2007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00155",
}
@article{nn-2013-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "2",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-2008",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00156",
}
@article{nn-2013-publications,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "2",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-2009",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00161",
}
@article{cl-2013-linguistics-39-issue,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 39, Issue 3 - September 2013",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "3",
    year = "2013",
}
@article{bhagat-hovy-2013-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: What Is a Paraphrase?",
    author = "Bhagat, Rahul  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "3",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-3001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00166",
    pages = "463--472",
}
@article{johansson-moschitti-2013-relational,
    title = "Relational Features in Fine-Grained Opinion Analysis",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "3",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-3002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00141",
    pages = "473--509",
}
@article{erk-etal-2013-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Word Meaning in Context",
    author = "Erk, Katrin  and
      McCarthy, Diana  and
      Gaylord, Nicholas",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "3",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-3003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00142",
    pages = "511--554",
}
@article{mohammad-etal-2013-computing,
    title = "Computing Lexical Contrast",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif M.  and
      Dorr, Bonnie J.  and
      Hirst, Graeme  and
      Turney, Peter D.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "3",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-3004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00143",
    pages = "555--590",
}
@article{crabbe-etal-2013-xmg,
    title = "{XMG}: e{X}tensible {M}eta{G}rammar",
    author = "Crabb{\'e}, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Duchier, Denys  and
      Gardent, Claire  and
      Roux, Joseph Le  and
      Parmentier, Yannick",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "3",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-3005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00144",
    pages = "591--629",
}
@article{zapirain-etal-2013-selectional,
    title = "Selectional Preferences for Semantic Role Classification",
    author = "Zapirain, Be{\~n}at  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "3",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-3006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00145",
    pages = "631--663",
}
@article{velardi-etal-2013-ontolearn,
    title = "{O}nto{L}earn Reloaded: A Graph-Based Algorithm for Taxonomy Induction",
    author = "Velardi, Paola  and
      Faralli, Stefano  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "3",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-3007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00146",
    pages = "665--707",
}
@article{marco-navigli-2013-clustering,
    title = "Clustering and Diversifying Web Search Results with Graph-Based Word Sense Induction",
    author = "Marco, Antonio Di  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "3",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-3008",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00148",
    pages = "709--754",
}
@article{dhondt-etal-2013-text,
    title = "Text Representations for Patent Classification",
    author = "D{'}hondt, Eva  and
      Verberne, Suzan  and
      Koster, Cornelis  and
      Boves, Lou",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "3",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-3009",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00149",
    pages = "755--775",
}
@article{wiren-2013-book,
    title = "Book Review:",
    author = "Wir{\'e}n, Mats",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "3",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-3010",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00165",
}
@article{cl-2013-linguistics-39-issue-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 39, Issue 4 - {D}ecember 2013",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "4",
    year = "2013",
}
@article{hobbs-2013-acl,
    title = "{ACL} Lifetime Achievement Award: Influences and Inferences",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "4",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-4001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00171",
    pages = "781--798",
}
@article{gomez-rodriguez-nivre-2013-divisible,
    title = "Divisible Transition Systems and Multiplanar Dependency Parsing",
    author = "G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "4",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-4002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00150",
    pages = "799--845",
}
@article{sapena-etal-2013-constraint,
    title = "A Constraint-Based Hypergraph Partitioning Approach to Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Sapena, Emili  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Turmo, Jordi",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "4",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-4003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00151",
    pages = "847--884",
}
@article{lee-etal-2013-deterministic,
    title = "Deterministic Coreference Resolution Based on Entity-Centric, Precision-Ranked Rules",
    author = "Lee, Heeyoung  and
      Chang, Angel  and
      Peirsman, Yves  and
      Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "4",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-4004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00152",
    pages = "885--916",
}
@article{barron-cedeno-etal-2013-plagiarism,
    title = "Plagiarism Meets Paraphrasing: Insights for the Next Generation in Automatic Plagiarism Detection",
    author = "Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto  and
      Vila, Marta  and
      Mart{\'\i}, M. Ant{\`o}nia  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "4",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-4005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00153",
    pages = "917--947",
}
@article{henderson-etal-2013-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Joint Parsing of Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies with a Latent Variable Model",
    author = "Henderson, James  and
      Merlo, Paola  and
      Titov, Ivan  and
      Musillo, Gabriele",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "4",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-4006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00158",
    pages = "949--998",
}
@article{lembersky-etal-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Statistical Machine Translation by Adapting Translation Models to Translationese",
    author = "Lembersky, Gennadi  and
      Ordan, Noam  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "4",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-4007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00159",
    pages = "999--1023",
}
@article{demberg-etal-2013-incremental,
    title = "Incremental, Predictive Parsing with Psycholinguistically Motivated Tree-Adjoining Grammar",
    author = "Demberg, Vera  and
      Keller, Frank  and
      Koller, Alexander",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "4",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-4008",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00160",
    pages = "1025--1066",
}
@article{stymne-etal-2013-generation,
    title = "Generation of Compound Words in Statistical Machine Translation into Compounding Languages",
    author = "Stymne, Sara  and
      Cancedda, Nicola  and
      Ahrenberg, Lars",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "4",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-4009",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00162",
    pages = "1067--1108",
}
@article{nn-2013-reviewers,
    title = "Reviewers for Volume 39",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "39",
    number = "4",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J13-4010",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00172",
}
@article{tacl-2013-transactions,
    title = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Volume 1",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
}
@article{tackstrom-etal-2013-token,
    title = "Token and Type Constraints for Cross-Lingual Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = {T{\"a}ckstr{\"o}m, Oscar  and
      Das, Dipanjan  and
      Petrov, Slav  and
      McDonald, Ryan  and
      Nivre, Joakim},
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00205",
    pages = "1--12",
    abstract = "We consider the construction of part-of-speech taggers for resource-poor languages. Recently, manually constructed tag dictionaries from Wiktionary and dictionaries projected via bitext have been used as type constraints to overcome the scarcity of annotated data in this setting. In this paper, we show that additional token constraints can be projected from a resource-rich source language to a resource-poor target language via word-aligned bitext. We present several models to this end; in particular a partially observed conditional random field model, where coupled token and type constraints provide a partial signal for training. Averaged across eight previously studied Indo-European languages, our model achieves a 25{\%} relative error reduction over the prior state of the art. We further present successful results on seven additional languages from different families, empirically demonstrating the applicability of coupled token and type constraints across a diverse set of languages.",
}
@article{pitler-etal-2013-finding,
    title = "Finding Optimal 1-Endpoint-Crossing Trees",
    author = "Pitler, Emily  and
      Kannan, Sampath  and
      Marcus, Mitchell",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00206",
    pages = "13--24",
    abstract = "Dependency parsing algorithms capable of producing the types of crossing dependencies seen in natural language sentences have traditionally been orders of magnitude slower than algorithms for projective trees. For 95.8{--}99.8{\%} of dependency parses in various natural language treebanks, whenever an edge is crossed, the edges that cross it all have a common vertex. The optimal dependency tree that satisfies this 1-Endpoint-Crossing property can be found with an O(n4) parsing algorithm that recursively combines forests over intervals with one exterior point. 1-Endpoint-Crossing trees also have natural connections to linguistics and another class of graphs that has been studied in NLP.",
}
@article{regneri-etal-2013-grounding,
    title = "Grounding Action Descriptions in Videos",
    author = "Regneri, Michaela  and
      Rohrbach, Marcus  and
      Wetzel, Dominikus  and
      Thater, Stefan  and
      Schiele, Bernt  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00207",
    pages = "25--36",
    abstract = "Recent work has shown that the integration of visual information into text-based models can substantially improve model predictions, but so far only visual information extracted from static images has been used. In this paper, we consider the problem of grounding sentences describing actions in visual information extracted from videos. We present a general purpose corpus that aligns high quality videos with multiple natural language descriptions of the actions portrayed in the videos, together with an annotation of how similar the action descriptions are to each other. Experimental results demonstrate that a text-based model of similarity between actions improves substantially when combined with visual information from videos depicting the described actions.",
}
@article{qian-liu-2013-branch,
    title = "Branch and Bound Algorithm for Dependency Parsing with Non-local Features",
    author = "Qian, Xian  and
      Liu, Yang",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00208",
    pages = "37--48",
    abstract = "Graph based dependency parsing is inefficient when handling non-local features due to high computational complexity of inference. In this paper, we proposed an exact and efficient decoding algorithm based on the Branch and Bound (B{\&}B) framework where non-local features are bounded by a linear combination of local features. Dynamic programming is used to search the upper bound. Experiments are conducted on English PTB and Chinese CTB datasets. We achieved competitive Unlabeled Attachment Score (UAS) when no additional resources are available: 93.17{\%} for English and 87.25{\%} for Chinese. Parsing speed is 177 words per second for English and 97 words per second for Chinese. Our algorithm is general and can be adapted to non-projective dependency parsing or other graphical models.",
}
@article{artzi-zettlemoyer-2013-weakly,
    title = "Weakly Supervised Learning of Semantic Parsers for Mapping Instructions to Actions",
    author = "Artzi, Yoav  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00209",
    pages = "49--62",
    abstract = "The context in which language is used provides a strong signal for learning to recover its meaning. In this paper, we show it can be used within a grounded CCG semantic parsing approach that learns a joint model of meaning and context for interpreting and executing natural language instructions, using various types of weak supervision. The joint nature provides crucial benefits by allowing situated cues, such as the set of visible objects, to directly influence learning. It also enables algorithms that learn while executing instructions, for example by trying to replicate human actions. Experiments on a benchmark navigational dataset demonstrate strong performance under differing forms of supervision, including correctly executing 60{\%} more instruction sets relative to the previous state of the art.",
}
@article{pate-goldwater-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Dependency Parsing with Acoustic Cues",
    author = "Pate, John K  and
      Goldwater, Sharon",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1006",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00210",
    pages = "63--74",
    abstract = "Unsupervised parsing is a difficult task that infants readily perform. Progress has been made on this task using text-based models, but few computational approaches have considered how infants might benefit from acoustic cues. This paper explores the hypothesis that word duration can help with learning syntax. We describe how duration information can be incorporated into an unsupervised Bayesian dependency parser whose only other source of information is the words themselves (without punctuation or parts of speech). Our results, evaluated on both adult-directed and child-directed utterances, show that using word duration can improve parse quality relative to words-only baselines. These results support the idea that acoustic cues provide useful evidence about syntactic structure for language-learning infants, and motivate the use of word duration cues in NLP tasks with speech.",
}
@article{bisk-hockenmaier-2013-hdp,
    title = "An {HDP} Model for Inducing Combinatory Categorial Grammars",
    author = "Bisk, Yonatan  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1007",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00211",
    pages = "75--88",
    abstract = "We introduce a novel nonparametric Bayesian model for the induction of Combinatory Categorial Grammars from POS-tagged text. It achieves state of the art performance on a number of languages, and induces linguistically plausible lexicons.",
}
@article{li-li-2013-novel,
    title = "A Novel Feature-based {B}ayesian Model for Query Focused Multi-document Summarization",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Li, Sujian",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1008",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00212",
    pages = "89--98",
    abstract = "Supervised learning methods and LDA based topic model have been successfully applied in the field of multi-document summarization. In this paper, we propose a novel supervised approach that can incorporate rich sentence features into Bayesian topic models in a principled way, thus taking advantages of both topic model and feature based supervised learning methods. Experimental results on DUC2007, TAC2008 and TAC2009 demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.",
}
@article{beigman-klebanov-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using Pivot-Based Paraphrasing and Sentiment Profiles to Improve a Subjectivity Lexicon for Essay Data",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Madnani, Nitin  and
      Burstein, Jill",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1009",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00213",
    pages = "99--110",
    abstract = "We demonstrate a method of improving a seed sentiment lexicon developed on essay data by using a pivot-based paraphrasing system for lexical expansion coupled with sentiment profile enrichment using crowdsourcing. Profile enrichment alone yields up to 15{\%} improvement in the accuracy of the seed lexicon on 3-way sentence-level sentiment polarity classification of essay data. Using lexical expansion in addition to sentiment profiles provides a further 7{\%} improvement in performance. Additional experiments show that the proposed method is also effective with other subjectivity lexicons and in a different domain of application (product reviews).",
}
@article{sangati-keller-2013-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Tree Substitution Grammar for Parsing and Sentence Prediction",
    author = "Sangati, Federico  and
      Keller, Frank",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1010",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00214",
    pages = "111--124",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present the first incremental parser for Tree Substitution Grammar (TSG). A TSG allows arbitrarily large syntactic fragments to be combined into complete trees; we show how constraints (including lexicalization) can be imposed on the shape of the TSG fragments to enable incremental processing. We propose an efficient Earley-based algorithm for incremental TSG parsing and report an F-score competitive with other incremental parsers. In addition to whole-sentence F-score, we also evaluate the partial trees that the parser constructs for sentence prefixes; partial trees play an important role in incremental interpretation, language modeling, and psycholinguistics. Unlike existing parsers, our incremental TSG parser can generate partial trees that include predictions about the upcoming words in a sentence. We show that it outperforms an n-gram model in predicting more than one upcoming word.",
}
@article{sahakian-snyder-2013-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Child Divergences from Adult Grammar",
    author = "Sahakian, Sam  and
      Snyder, Benjamin",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1011",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00215",
    pages = "125--138",
    abstract = "During the course of first language acquisition, children produce linguistic forms that do not conform to adult grammar. In this paper, we introduce a data set and approach for systematically modeling this child-adult grammar divergence. Our corpus consists of child sentences with corrected adult forms. We bridge the gap between these forms with a discriminatively reranked noisy channel model that translates child sentences into equivalent adult utterances. Our method outperforms MT and ESL baselines, reducing child error by 20{\%}. Our model allows us to chart specific aspects of grammar development in longitudinal studies of children, and investigate the hypothesis that children share a common developmental path in language acquisition.",
}
@article{hayashi-etal-2013-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Stacked Dependency Parsing by Forest Reranking",
    author = "Hayashi, Katsuhiko  and
      Kondo, Shuhei  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1012",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00216",
    pages = "139--150",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a discriminative forest reranking algorithm for dependency parsing that can be seen as a form of efficient stacked parsing. A dynamic programming shift-reduce parser produces a packed derivation forest which is then scored by a discriminative reranker, using the 1-best tree output by the shift-reduce parser as guide features in addition to third-order graph-based features. To improve efficiency and accuracy, this paper also proposes a novel shift-reduce parser that eliminates the spurious ambiguity of arc-standard transition systems. Testing on the English Penn Treebank data, forest reranking gave a state-of-the-art unlabeled dependency accuracy of 93.12.",
}
@article{matuschek-gurevych-2013-dijkstra,
    title = "Dijkstra-{WSA}: A Graph-Based Approach to Word Sense Alignment",
    author = "Matuschek, Michael  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1013",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00217",
    pages = "151--164",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present Dijkstra-WSA, a novel graph-based algorithm for word sense alignment. We evaluate it on four different pairs of lexical-semantic resources with different characteristics (WordNet-OmegaWiki, WordNet-Wiktionary, GermaNet-Wiktionary and WordNet-Wikipedia) and show that it achieves competitive performance on 3 out of 4 datasets. Dijkstra-WSA outperforms the state of the art on every dataset if it is combined with a back-off based on gloss similarity. We also demonstrate that Dijkstra-WSA is not only flexibly applicable to different resources but also highly parameterizable to optimize for precision or recall.",
}
@article{lopez-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning to translate with products of novices: a suite of open-ended challenge problems for teaching {MT}",
    author = "Lopez, Adam  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Weese, Jonathan  and
      Ganitkevitch, Juri  and
      Ahmidi, Narges  and
      Buzek, Olivia  and
      Hanson, Leah  and
      Jamil, Beenish  and
      Lee, Matthias  and
      Lin, Ya-Ting  and
      Pao, Henry  and
      Rivera, Fatima  and
      Shahriyari, Leili  and
      Sinha, Debu  and
      Teichert, Adam  and
      Wampler, Stephen  and
      Weinberger, Michael  and
      Xu, Daguang  and
      Yang, Lin  and
      Zhao, Shang",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1014",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00218",
    pages = "165--178",
    abstract = "Machine translation (MT) draws from several different disciplines, making it a complex subject to teach. There are excellent pedagogical texts, but problems in MT and current algorithms for solving them are best learned by doing. As a centerpiece of our MT course, we devised a series of open-ended challenges for students in which the goal was to improve performance on carefully constrained instances of four key MT tasks: alignment, decoding, evaluation, and reranking. Students brought a diverse set of techniques to the problems, including some novel solutions which performed remarkably well. A surprising and exciting outcome was that student solutions or their combinations fared competitively on some tasks, demonstrating that even newcomers to the field can help improve the state-of-the-art on hard NLP problems while simultaneously learning a great deal. The problems, baseline code, and results are freely available.",
}
@article{lewis-steedman-2013-combined,
    title = "Combined Distributional and Logical Semantics",
    author = "Lewis, Mike  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1015",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00219",
    pages = "179--192",
    abstract = "We introduce a new approach to semantics which combines the benefits of distributional and formal logical semantics. Distributional models have been successful in modelling the meanings of content words, but logical semantics is necessary to adequately represent many function words. We follow formal semantics in mapping language to logical representations, but differ in that the relational constants used are induced by offline distributional clustering at the level of predicate-argument structure. Our clustering algorithm is highly scalable, allowing us to run on corpora the size of Gigaword. Different senses of a word are disambiguated based on their induced types. We outperform a variety of existing approaches on a wide-coverage question answering task, and demonstrate the ability to make complex multi-sentence inferences involving quantifiers on the FraCaS suite.",
}
@article{krishnamurthy-kollar-2013-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Learning to Parse and Perceive: Connecting Natural Language to the Physical World",
    author = "Krishnamurthy, Jayant  and
      Kollar, Thomas",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1016",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00220",
    pages = "193--206",
    abstract = "This paper introduces Logical Semantics with Perception (LSP), a model for grounded language acquisition that learns to map natural language statements to their referents in a physical environment. For example, given an image, LSP can map the statement {``}blue mug on the table{''} to the set of image segments showing blue mugs on tables. LSP learns physical representations for both categorical ({``}blue,{''} {``}mug{''}) and relational ({``}on{''}) language, and also learns to compose these representations to produce the referents of entire statements. We further introduce a weakly supervised training procedure that estimates LSP{'}s parameters using annotated referents for entire statements, without annotated referents for individual words or the parse structure of the statement. We perform experiments on two applications: scene understanding and geographical question answering. We find that LSP outperforms existing, less expressive models that cannot represent relational language. We further find that weakly supervised training is competitive with fully supervised training while requiring significantly less annotation effort.",
}
@article{chang-yih-2013-dual,
    title = "Dual Coordinate Descent Algorithms for Efficient Large Margin Structured Prediction",
    author = "Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Yih, Wen-tau",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1017",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00221",
    pages = "207--218",
    abstract = "Due to the nature of complex NLP problems, structured prediction algorithms have been important modeling tools for a wide range of tasks. While there exists evidence showing that linear Structural Support Vector Machine (SSVM) algorithm performs better than structured Perceptron, the SSVM algorithm is still less frequently chosen in the NLP community because of its relatively slow training speed. In this paper, we propose a fast and easy-to-implement dual coordinate descent algorithm for SSVMs. Unlike algorithms such as Perceptron and stochastic gradient descent, our method keeps track of dual variables and updates the weight vector more aggressively. As a result, this training process is as efficient as existing online learning methods, and yet derives consistently better models, as evaluated on four benchmark NLP datasets for part-of-speech tagging, named-entity recognition and dependency parsing.",
}
@article{lluis-etal-2013-joint,
    title = "Joint Arc-factored Parsing of Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies",
    author = "Llu{\'\i}s, Xavier  and
      Carreras, Xavier  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1018",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00222",
    pages = "219--230",
    abstract = "In this paper we introduce a joint arc-factored model for syntactic and semantic dependency parsing. The semantic role labeler predicts the full syntactic paths that connect predicates with their arguments. This process is framed as a linear assignment task, which allows to control some well-formedness constraints. For the syntactic part, we define a standard arc-factored dependency model that predicts the full syntactic tree. Finally, we employ dual decomposition techniques to produce consistent syntactic and predicate-argument structures while searching over a large space of syntactic configurations. In experiments on the CoNLL-2009 English benchmark we observe very competitive results.",
}
@article{srikumar-roth-2013-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Semantic Relations Expressed by Prepositions",
    author = "Srikumar, Vivek  and
      Roth, Dan",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1019",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00223",
    pages = "231--242",
    abstract = "This paper introduces the problem of predicting semantic relations expressed by prepositions and develops statistical learning models for predicting the relations, their arguments and the semantic types of the arguments. We define an inventory of 32 relations, building on the word sense disambiguation task for prepositions and collapsing related senses across prepositions. Given a preposition in a sentence, our computational task to jointly model the preposition relation and its arguments along with their semantic types, as a way to support the relation prediction. The annotated data, however, only provides labels for the relation label, and not the arguments and types. We address this by presenting two models for preposition relation labeling. Our generalization of latent structure SVM gives close to 90{\%} accuracy on relation labeling. Further, by jointly predicting the relation, arguments, and their types along with preposition sense, we show that we can not only improve the relation accuracy, but also significantly improve sense prediction accuracy.",
}
@article{zhai-etal-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Tree Induction for Tree-based Translation",
    author = "Zhai, Feifei  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zhou, Yu  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1020",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00224",
    pages = "243--254",
    abstract = "In current research, most tree-based translation models are built directly from parse trees. In this study, we go in another direction and build a translation model with an unsupervised tree structure derived from a novel non-parametric Bayesian model. In the model, we utilize synchronous tree substitution grammars (STSG) to capture the bilingual mapping between language pairs. To train the model efficiently, we develop a Gibbs sampler with three novel Gibbs operators. The sampler is capable of exploring the infinite space of tree structures by performing local changes on the tree nodes. Experimental results show that the string-to-tree translation system using our Bayesian tree structures significantly outperforms the strong baseline string-to-tree system using parse trees.",
}
@article{sirts-goldwater-2013-minimally,
    title = "Minimally-Supervised Morphological Segmentation using Adaptor Grammars",
    author = "Sirts, Kairit  and
      Goldwater, Sharon",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1021",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00225",
    pages = "255--266",
    abstract = "This paper explores the use of Adaptor Grammars, a nonparametric Bayesian modelling framework, for minimally supervised morphological segmentation. We compare three training methods: unsupervised training, semi-supervised training, and a novel model selection method. In the model selection method, we train unsupervised Adaptor Grammars using an over-articulated metagrammar, then use a small labelled data set to select which potential morph boundaries identified by the metagrammar should be returned in the final output. We evaluate on five languages and show that semi-supervised training provides a boost over unsupervised training, while the model selection method yields the best average results over all languages and is competitive with state-of-the-art semi-supervised systems. Moreover, this method provides the potential to tune performance according to different evaluation metrics or downstream tasks.",
}
@article{satta-kuhlmann-2013-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Parsing for Head-Split Dependency Trees",
    author = "Satta, Giorgio  and
      Kuhlmann, Marco",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1022",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00226",
    pages = "267--278",
    abstract = "Head splitting techniques have been successfully exploited to improve the asymptotic runtime of parsing algorithms for projective dependency trees, under the arc-factored model. In this article we extend these techniques to a class of non-projective dependency trees, called well-nested dependency trees with block-degree at most 2, which has been previously investigated in the literature. We define a structural property that allows head splitting for these trees, and present two algorithms that improve over the runtime of existing algorithms at no significant loss in coverage.",
}
@article{de-melo-bansal-2013-good,
    title = "Good, Great, Excellent: Global Inference of Semantic Intensities",
    author = "de Melo, Gerard  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1023",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00227",
    pages = "279--290",
    abstract = "Adjectives like good, great, and excellent are similar in meaning, but differ in intensity. Intensity order information is very useful for language learners as well as in several NLP tasks, but is missing in most lexical resources (dictionaries, WordNet, and thesauri). In this paper, we present a primarily unsupervised approach that uses semantics from Web-scale data (e.g., phrases like good but not excellent) to rank words by assigning them positions on a continuous scale. We rely on Mixed Integer Linear Programming to jointly determine the ranks, such that individual decisions benefit from global information. When ranking English adjectives, our global algorithm achieves substantial improvements over previous work on both pairwise and rank correlation metrics (specifically, 70{\%} pairwise accuracy as compared to only 56{\%} by previous work). Moreover, our approach can incorporate external synonymy information (increasing its pairwise accuracy to 78{\%}) and extends easily to new languages. We also make our code and data freely available.",
}
@article{wang-zong-2013-large,
    title = "Large-scale Word Alignment Using Soft Dependency Cohesion Constraints",
    author = "Wang, Zhiguo  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1024",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00228",
    pages = "291--300",
    abstract = "Dependency cohesion refers to the observation that phrases dominated by disjoint dependency subtrees in the source language generally do not overlap in the target language. It has been verified to be a useful constraint for word alignment. However, previous work either treats this as a hard constraint or uses it as a feature in discriminative models, which is ineffective for large-scale tasks. In this paper, we take dependency cohesion as a soft constraint, and integrate it into a generative model for large-scale word alignment experiments. We also propose an approximate EM algorithm and a Gibbs sampling algorithm to estimate model parameters in an unsupervised manner. Experiments on large-scale Chinese-English translation tasks demonstrate that our model achieves improvements in both alignment quality and translation quality.",
}
@article{sun-wan-2013-data,
    title = "Data-driven, {PCFG}-based and Pseudo-{PCFG}-based Models for {C}hinese Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Sun, Weiwei  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1025",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00229",
    pages = "301--314",
    abstract = "We present a comparative study of transition-, graph- and PCFG-based models aimed at illuminating more precisely the likely contribution of CFGs in improving Chinese dependency parsing accuracy, especially by combining heterogeneous models. Inspired by the impact of a constituency grammar on dependency parsing, we propose several strategies to acquire pseudo CFGs only from dependency annotations. Compared to linguistic grammars learned from rich phrase-structure treebanks, well designed pseudo grammars achieve similar parsing accuracy and have equivalent contributions to parser ensemble. Moreover, pseudo grammars increase the diversity of base models; therefore, together with all other models, further improve system combination. Based on automatic POS tagging, our final model achieves a UAS of 87.23{\%}, resulting in a significant improvement of the state of the art.",
}
@article{luong-etal-2013-parsing,
    title = "Parsing entire discourses as very long strings: Capturing topic continuity in grounded language learning",
    author = "Luong, Minh-Thang  and
      Frank, Michael C.  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1026",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00230",
    pages = "315--326",
    abstract = "Grounded language learning, the task of mapping from natural language to a representation of meaning, has attracted more and more interest in recent years. In most work on this topic, however, utterances in a conversation are treated independently and discourse structure information is largely ignored. In the context of language acquisition, this independence assumption discards cues that are important to the learner, e.g., the fact that consecutive utterances are likely to share the same referent (Frank et al., 2013). The current paper describes an approach to the problem of simultaneously modeling grounded language at the sentence and discourse levels. We combine ideas from parsing and grammar induction to produce a parser that can handle long input strings with thousands of tokens, creating parse trees that represent full discourses. By casting grounded language learning as a grammatical inference task, we use our parser to extend the work of Johnson et al. (2012), investigating the importance of discourse continuity in children{'}s language acquisition and its interaction with social cues. Our model boosts performance in a language acquisition task and yields good discourse segmentations compared with human annotators.",
}
@article{bisazza-federico-2013-dynamically,
    title = "Dynamically Shaping the Reordering Search Space of Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1027",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00231",
    pages = "327--340",
    abstract = "Defining the reordering search space is a crucial issue in phrase-based SMT between distant languages. In fact, the optimal trade-off between accuracy and complexity of decoding is nowadays reached by harshly limiting the input permutation space. We propose a method to dynamically shape such space and, thus, capture long-range word movements without hurting translation quality nor decoding time. The space defined by loose reordering constraints is dynamically pruned through a binary classifier that predicts whether a given input word should be translated right after another. The integration of this model into a phrase-based decoder improves a strong Arabic-English baseline already including state-of-the-art early distortion cost (Moore and Quirk, 2007) and hierarchical phrase orientation models (Galley and Manning, 2008). Significant improvements in the reordering of verbs are achieved by a system that is notably faster than the baseline, while bleu and meteor remain stable, or even increase, at a very high distortion limit.",
}
@article{louis-nenkova-2013-makes,
    title = "What Makes Writing Great? First Experiments on Article Quality Prediction in the Science Journalism Domain",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1028",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00232",
    pages = "341--352",
    abstract = "Great writing is rare and highly admired. Readers seek out articles that are beautifully written, informative and entertaining. Yet information-access technologies lack capabilities for predicting article quality at this level. In this paper we present first experiments on article quality prediction in the science journalism domain. We introduce a corpus of great pieces of science journalism, along with typical articles from the genre. We implement features to capture aspects of great writing, including surprising, visual and emotional content, as well as general features related to discourse organization and sentence structure. We show that the distinction between great and typical articles can be detected fairly accurately, and that the entire spectrum of our features contribute to the distinction.",
}
@article{turney-2013-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Semantics Beyond Words: Supervised Learning of Analogy and Paraphrase",
    author = "Turney, Peter D.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1029",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00233",
    pages = "353--366",
    abstract = "There have been several efforts to extend distributional semantics beyond individual words, to measure the similarity of word pairs, phrases, and sentences (briefly, tuples; ordered sets of words, contiguous or noncontiguous). One way to extend beyond words is to compare two tuples using a function that combines pairwise similarities between the component words in the tuples. A strength of this approach is that it works with both relational similarity (analogy) and compositional similarity (paraphrase). However, past work required hand-coding the combination function for different tasks. The main contribution of this paper is that combination functions are generated by supervised learning. We achieve state-of-the-art results in measuring relational similarity between word pairs (SAT analogies and SemEval 2012 Task 2) and measuring compositional similarity between noun-modifier phrases and unigrams (multiple-choice paraphrase questions).",
}
@article{ritter-etal-2013-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Missing Data in Distant Supervision for Information Extraction",
    author = "Ritter, Alan  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke  and
      {Mausam}  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1030",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00234",
    pages = "367--378",
    abstract = "Distant supervision algorithms learn information extraction models given only large readily available databases and text collections. Most previous work has used heuristics for generating labeled data, for example assuming that facts not contained in the database are not mentioned in the text, and facts in the database must be mentioned at least once. In this paper, we propose a new latent-variable approach that models missing data. This provides a natural way to incorporate side information, for instance modeling the intuition that text will often mention rare entities which are likely to be missing in the database. Despite the added complexity introduced by reasoning about missing data, we demonstrate that a carefully designed local search approach to inference is very accurate and scales to large datasets. Experiments demonstrate improved performance for binary and unary relation extraction when compared to learning with heuristic labels, including on average a 27{\%} increase in area under the precision recall curve in the binary case.",
}
@article{li-etal-2013-data,
    title = "Data-Driven Metaphor Recognition and Explanation",
    author = "Li, Hongsong  and
      Zhu, Kenny Q.  and
      Wang, Haixun",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1031",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00235",
    pages = "379--390",
    abstract = "Recognizing metaphors and identifying the source-target mappings is an important task as metaphorical text poses a big challenge for machine reading. To address this problem, we automatically acquire a metaphor knowledge base and an isA knowledge base from billions of web pages. Using the knowledge bases, we develop an inference mechanism to recognize and explain the metaphors in the text. To our knowledge, this is the first purely data-driven approach of probabilistic metaphor acquisition, recognition, and explanation. Our results shows that it significantly outperforms other state-of-the-art methods in recognizing and explaining metaphors.",
}
@article{basu-etal-2013-powergrading,
    title = "{P}owergrading: a Clustering Approach to Amplify Human Effort for Short Answer Grading",
    author = "Basu, Sumit  and
      Jacobs, Chuck  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1032",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00236",
    pages = "391--402",
    abstract = "We introduce a new approach to the machine-assisted grading of short answer questions. We follow past work in automated grading by first training a similarity metric between student responses, but then go on to use this metric to group responses into clusters and subclusters. The resulting groupings allow teachers to grade multiple responses with a single action, provide rich feedback to groups of similar answers, and discover modalities of misunderstanding among students; we refer to this amplification of grader effort as {``}powergrading.{''} We develop the means to further reduce teacher effort by automatically performing actions when an answer key is available. We show results in terms of grading progress with a small {``}budget{''} of human actions, both from our method and an LDA-based approach, on a test corpus of 10 questions answered by 698 respondents.",
}
@article{goldberg-nivre-2013-training,
    title = "Training Deterministic Parsers with Non-Deterministic Oracles",
    author = "Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1033",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00237",
    pages = "403--414",
    abstract = "Greedy transition-based parsers are very fast but tend to suffer from error propagation. This problem is aggravated by the fact that they are normally trained using oracles that are deterministic and incomplete in the sense that they assume a unique canonical path through the transition system and are only valid as long as the parser does not stray from this path. In this paper, we give a general characterization of oracles that are nondeterministic and complete, present a method for deriving such oracles for transition systems that satisfy a property we call arc decomposition, and instantiate this method for three well-known transition systems from the literature. We say that these oracles are dynamic, because they allow us to dynamically explore alternative and nonoptimal paths during training {---} in contrast to oracles that statically assume a unique optimal path. Experimental evaluation on a wide range of data sets clearly shows that using dynamic oracles to train greedy parsers gives substantial improvements in accuracy. Moreover, this improvement comes at no cost in terms of efficiency, unlike other techniques like beam search.",
}
@article{bohnet-etal-2013-joint,
    title = "Joint Morphological and Syntactic Analysis for Richly Inflected Languages",
    author = "Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Boguslavsky, Igor  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1034",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00238",
    pages = "415--428",
    abstract = "Joint morphological and syntactic analysis has been proposed as a way of improving parsing accuracy for richly inflected languages. Starting from a transition-based model for joint part-of-speech tagging and dependency parsing, we explore different ways of integrating morphological features into the model. We also investigate the use of rule-based morphological analyzers to provide hard or soft lexical constraints and the use of word clusters to tackle the sparsity of lexical features. Evaluation on five morphologically rich languages (Czech, Finnish, German, Hungarian, and Russian) shows consistent improvements in both morphological and syntactic accuracy for joint prediction over a pipeline model, with further improvements thanks to lexical constraints and word clusters. The final results improve the state of the art in dependency parsing for all languages.",
}
@article{irvine-etal-2013-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Machine Translation Errors in New Domains",
    author = "Irvine, Ann  and
      Morgan, John  and
      Carpuat, Marine  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Munteanu, Dragos",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "1",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q13-1035",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00239",
    pages = "429--440",
    abstract = "We develop two techniques for analyzing the effect of porting a machine translation system to a new domain. One is a macro-level analysis that measures how domain shift affects corpus-level evaluation; the second is a micro-level analysis for word-level errors. We apply these methods to understand what happens when a Parliament-trained phrase-based machine translation system is applied in four very different domains: news, medical texts, scientific articles and movie subtitles. We present quantitative and qualitative experiments that highlight opportunities for future research in domain adaptation for machine translation.",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1988-rocling,
    title = "Proceedings of Rocling {I} Computational Linguistics Conference {I}",
    author = "Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    month = oct,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{chang-su-1988-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Environment For Scored Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "Chang, Jing-Shin  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {I} Computational Linguistics Conference {I}",
    month = oct,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O88-1001",
    pages = "65--73",
}
@inproceedings{chang-1988-han,
    title = "漢語的時間詞組和語言剖析 (The Temporal Expressions of {M}andarin and Language Parsing) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Li-ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {I} Computational Linguistics Conference {I}",
    month = oct,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O88-1002",
    pages = "73--86",
}
@inproceedings{chen-su-1988-processing,
    title = "The Processing of {E}nglish Compound and Complex Words in an {E}nglish-{C}hinese Machine Translation System",
    author = "Chen, Shu-Chuan  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {I} Computational Linguistics Conference {I}",
    month = oct,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O88-1003",
    pages = "89--98",
}
@inproceedings{fan-tsai-1988-disambiguation,
    title = "Disambiguation of Phonetic {C}hinese Input by Relaxation-Based Word Identification",
    author = "Fan, Charng-Kang  and
      Tsai, Wen-Hsiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {I} Computational Linguistics Conference {I}",
    month = oct,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O88-1004",
    pages = "147--160",
}
@inproceedings{chang-kou-1988-new,
    title = "A New Approach to Quality Text Generation",
    author = "Chang, Jason S.  and
      Kou, Hwei-Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {I} Computational Linguistics Conference {I}",
    month = oct,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O88-1005",
    pages = "163--177",
}
@inproceedings{lee-hwang-1988-functional,
    title = "Functional Representation of Query Sentences and Meaning Determination of Elliptical Sentences",
    author = "Lee, Hsi-Jian  and
      Hwang, Shin-Jiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {I} Computational Linguistics Conference {I}",
    month = oct,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O88-1006",
    pages = "179--210",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-1988-parsing,
    title = "The Parsing Environment for {M}andarin Syntax",
    author = "Lin, I-Peng  and
      Huang, Shuan-fan  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Chui, Ka-Wai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {I} Computational Linguistics Conference {I}",
    month = oct,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O88-1007",
    pages = "211--214",
}
@inproceedings{shiu-su-1988-criteria,
    title = "Criteria for the Classification of Lexical Categories in a Syntax-Oriented Parsing System",
    author = "Shiu, Yu-Ling  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {I} Computational Linguistics Conference {I}",
    month = oct,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O88-1008",
    pages = "217--227",
}
@inproceedings{su-su-1988-descriptive,
    title = "Descriptive Language as a Linguistic Tool",
    author = "Su, Mei-Hui  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {I} Computational Linguistics Conference {I}",
    month = oct,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O88-1009",
    pages = "231--240",
}
@proceedings{hlt-2005-human,
    title = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Mooney, Raymond  and
      Brew, Chris  and
      Chien, Lee-Feng  and
      Kirchhoff, Katrin",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1000",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-etal-2005-improving,
    title = "Improving {LSA}-based Summarization with Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Steinberger, Josef  and
      Kabadjov, Mijail  and
      Poesio, Massimo  and
      Sanchez-Graillet, Olivia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{postolache-etal-2005-data,
    title = "Data-driven Approaches for Information Structure Identification",
    author = "Postolache, Oana  and
      Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana  and
      Kruijff, Geert-Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-2005-using,
    title = "Using Semantic Relations to Refine Coreference Decisions",
    author = "Ji, Heng  and
      Westbrook, David  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1003",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{luo-2005-coreference,
    title = "On Coreference Resolution Performance Metrics",
    author = "Luo, Xiaoqiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1004",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{siddharthan-mckeown-2005-improving,
    title = "Improving Multilingual Summarization: Using Redundancy in the Input to Correct {MT} errors",
    author = "Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1005",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{shi-zhou-2005-error,
    title = "Error Detection Using Linguistic Features",
    author = "Shi, Yongmei  and
      Zhou, Lina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1006",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{inkpen-desilets-2005-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Similarity for Detecting Recognition Errors in Automatic Speech Transcripts",
    author = "Inkpen, Diana  and
      D{\'e}silets, Alain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1007",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{yangarber-jokipii-2005-redundancy,
    title = "Redundancy-based Correction of Automatically Extracted Facts",
    author = "Yangarber, Roman  and
      Jokipii, Lauri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1008",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{ayan-etal-2005-neuralign,
    title = "{N}eur{A}lign: Combining Word Alignments Using Neural Networks",
    author = "Ayan, Necip Fazil  and
      Dorr, Bonnie J.  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1009",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{taskar-etal-2005-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Matching Approach to Word Alignment",
    author = "Taskar, Ben  and
      Lacoste-Julien, Simon  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1010",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{moore-2005-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Framework for Bilingual Word Alignment",
    author = "Moore, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1011",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{ittycheriah-roukos-2005-maximum,
    title = "A Maximum Entropy Word Aligner for {A}rabic-{E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Ittycheriah, Abraham  and
      Roukos, Salim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1012",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{daume-iii-marcu-2005-large,
    title = "A Large-Scale Exploration of Effective Global Features for a Joint Entity Detection and Tracking Model",
    author = "Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1013",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{soboroff-harman-2005-novelty,
    title = "Novelty Detection: The {TREC} Experience",
    author = "Soboroff, Ian  and
      Harman, Donna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1014",
    pages = "105--112",
}
@inproceedings{filatova-prager-2005-tell,
    title = "Tell Me What You Do and {I}{'}ll Tell You What You Are: Learning Occupation-Related Activities for Biographies",
    author = "Filatova, Elena  and
      Prager, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1015",
    pages = "113--120",
}
@inproceedings{kumaran-allan-2005-using,
    title = "Using Names and Topics for New Event Detection",
    author = "Kumaran, Giridhar  and
      Allan, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1016",
    pages = "121--128",
}
@inproceedings{gliozzo-etal-2005-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Unsupervised Learning for Text Categorization Bootstrapping",
    author = "Gliozzo, Alfio  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1017",
    pages = "129--136",
}
@inproceedings{kazama-torisawa-2005-speeding,
    title = "Speeding up Training with Tree Kernels for Node Relation Labeling",
    author = "Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1018",
    pages = "137--144",
}
@inproceedings{hirao-etal-2005-kernel,
    title = "Kernel-based Approach for Automatic Evaluation of Natural Language Generation Technologies: Application to Automatic Summarization",
    author = "Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Okumura, Manabu  and
      Isozaki, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1019",
    pages = "145--152",
}
@inproceedings{roussinov-fan-2005-discretization,
    title = "Discretization Based Learning for Information Retrieval",
    author = "Roussinov, Dmitri  and
      Fan, Weiguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1020",
    pages = "153--160",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-byrne-2005-local,
    title = "Local Phrase Reordering Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Kumar, Shankar  and
      Byrne, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1021",
    pages = "161--168",
}
@inproceedings{deng-byrne-2005-hmm,
    title = "{HMM} Word and Phrase Alignment for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Deng, Yonggang  and
      Byrne, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1022",
    pages = "169--176",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2005-inner,
    title = "Inner-Outer Bracket Models for Word Alignment using Hidden Blocks",
    author = "Zhao, Bing  and
      Ge, Niyu  and
      Papineni, Kishore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1023",
    pages = "177--184",
}
@inproceedings{ayan-etal-2005-alignment,
    title = "Alignment Link Projection Using Transformation-Based Learning",
    author = "Ayan, Necip Fazil  and
      Dorr, Bonnie J.  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1024",
    pages = "185--192",
}
@inproceedings{bickel-etal-2005-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Sentences using N-Gram Language Models",
    author = "Bickel, Steffen  and
      Haider, Peter  and
      Scheffer, Tobias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1025",
    pages = "193--200",
}
@inproceedings{schwenk-gauvain-2005-training,
    title = "Training Neural Network Language Models on Very Large Corpora",
    author = "Schwenk, Holger  and
      Gauvain, Jean-Luc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1026",
    pages = "201--208",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2005-minimum,
    title = "Minimum Sample Risk Methods for Language Modeling",
    author = "Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Yu, Hao  and
      Yuan, Wei  and
      Xu, Peng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1027",
    pages = "209--216",
}
@inproceedings{chai-qu-2005-salience,
    title = "A Salience Driven Approach to Robust Input Interpretation in Multimodal Conversational Systems",
    author = "Chai, Joyce Y.  and
      Qu, Shaolin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1028",
    pages = "217--224",
}
@inproceedings{bohus-rudnicky-2005-error,
    title = "Error Handling in the {R}aven{C}law Dialog Management Architecture",
    author = "Bohus, Dan  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1029",
    pages = "225--232",
}
@inproceedings{kahn-etal-2005-effective,
    title = "Effective Use of Prosody in Parsing Conversational Speech",
    author = "Kahn, Jeremy G.  and
      Lease, Matthew  and
      Charniak, Eugene  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1030",
    pages = "233--240",
}
@inproceedings{nenkova-etal-2005-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Learning Cognitive Status for Multi-Document Summarization of Newswire",
    author = "Nenkova, Ani  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1031",
    pages = "241--248",
}
@inproceedings{nomoto-2005-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Learning in Text Summarization",
    author = "Nomoto, Tadashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1032",
    pages = "249--256",
}
@inproceedings{sporleder-lapata-2005-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Chunking and its Application to Sentence Compression",
    author = "Sporleder, Caroline  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1033",
    pages = "257--264",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-gao-2005-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study on Language Model Adaptation Techniques Using New Evaluation Metrics",
    author = "Suzuki, Hisami  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1034",
    pages = "265--272",
}
@inproceedings{olteanu-moldovan-2005-pp,
    title = "{PP}-attachment Disambiguation using Large Context",
    author = "Olteanu, Marian  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1035",
    pages = "273--280",
}
@inproceedings{eisner-etal-2005-compiling,
    title = "Compiling Comp Ling: Weighted Dynamic Programming and the {D}yna Language",
    author = "Eisner, Jason  and
      Goldlust, Eric  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1036",
    pages = "281--290",
}
@inproceedings{zaragoza-li-2005-learning,
    title = "Learning What to Talk about in Descriptive Games",
    author = "Zaragoza, Hugo  and
      Li, Chi-Ho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1037",
    pages = "291--298",
}
@inproceedings{voorhees-2005-using,
    title = "Using Question Series to Evaluate Question Answering System Effectiveness",
    author = "Voorhees, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1038",
    pages = "299--306",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2005-combining,
    title = "Combining Deep Linguistics Analysis and Surface Pattern Learning: A Hybrid Approach to {C}hinese Definitional Question Answering",
    author = "Peng, Fuchun  and
      Weischedel, Ralph  and
      Licuanan, Ana  and
      Xu, Jinxi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1039",
    pages = "307--314",
}
@inproceedings{krishnan-etal-2005-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced Answer Type Inference from Questions using Sequential Models",
    author = "Krishnan, Vijay  and
      Das, Sujatha  and
      Chakrabarti, Soumen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1040",
    pages = "315--322",
}
@inproceedings{androutsopoulos-galanis-2005-practically,
    title = "A Practically Unsupervised Learning Method to Identify Single-Snippet Answers to Definition Questions on the Web",
    author = "Androutsopoulos, Ion  and
      Galanis, Dimitrios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1041",
    pages = "323--330",
}
@inproceedings{barzilay-lapata-2005-collective,
    title = "Collective Content Selection for Concept-to-Text Generation",
    author = "Barzilay, Regina  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1042",
    pages = "331--338",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-etzioni-2005-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Product Features and Opinions from Reviews",
    author = "Popescu, Ana-Maria  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1043",
    pages = "339--346",
}
@inproceedings{wilson-etal-2005-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Contextual Polarity in Phrase-Level Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Wilson, Theresa  and
      Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Hoffmann, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1044",
    pages = "347--354",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2005-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Sources of Opinions with Conditional Random Fields and Extraction Patterns",
    author = "Choi, Yejin  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Riloff, Ellen  and
      Patwardhan, Siddharth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1045",
    pages = "355--362",
}
@inproceedings{garbin-mani-2005-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating Toponyms in News",
    author = "Garbin, Eric  and
      Mani, Inderjeet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1046",
    pages = "363--370",
}
@inproceedings{tatu-moldovan-2005-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic Approach to Recognizing Textual Entailment",
    author = "Tatu, Marta  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1047",
    pages = "371--378",
}
@inproceedings{hacioglu-etal-2005-detection,
    title = "Detection of Entity Mentions Occuring in {E}nglish and {C}hinese Text",
    author = "Hacioglu, Kadri  and
      Douglas, Benjamin  and
      Chen, Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1048",
    pages = "379--386",
}
@inproceedings{haghighi-etal-2005-robust,
    title = "Robust Textual Inference via Graph Matching",
    author = "Haghighi, Aria  and
      Ng, Andrew  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1049",
    pages = "387--394",
}
@inproceedings{eisner-karakos-2005-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Without the Boot",
    author = "Eisner, Jason  and
      Karakos, Damianos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1050",
    pages = "395--402",
}
@inproceedings{stokoe-2005-differentiating,
    title = "Differentiating Homonymy and Polysemy in Information Retrieval",
    author = "Stokoe, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1051",
    pages = "403--410",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-2005-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Large-Vocabulary Word Sense Disambiguation with Graph-based Algorithms for Sequence Data Labeling",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1052",
    pages = "411--418",
}
@inproceedings{koeling-etal-2005-domain,
    title = "Domain-Specific Sense Distributions and Predominant Sense Acquisition",
    author = "Koeling, Rob  and
      McCarthy, Diana  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1053",
    pages = "419--426",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2005-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Named Entity Recognition with Multiple Features",
    author = "Wu, Youzheng  and
      Zhao, Jun  and
      Xu, Bo  and
      Yu, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1054",
    pages = "427--434",
}
@inproceedings{huang-2005-cluster,
    title = "Cluster-specific Named Entity Transliteration",
    author = "Huang, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1055",
    pages = "435--442",
}
@inproceedings{minkov-etal-2005-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Personal Names from Email: Applying Named Entity Recognition to Informal Text",
    author = "Minkov, Einat  and
      Wang, Richard C.  and
      Cohen, William W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1056",
    pages = "443--450",
}
@inproceedings{raghavan-allan-2005-matching,
    title = "Matching Inconsistently Spelled Names in Automatic Speech Recognizer Output for Information Retrieval",
    author = "Raghavan, Hema  and
      Allan, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1057",
    pages = "451--458",
}
@inproceedings{reynolds-bilmes-2005-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Tagging using Virtual Evidence and Negative Training",
    author = "Reynolds, Sheila M.  and
      Bilmes, Jeff A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1058",
    pages = "459--466",
}
@inproceedings{tsuruoka-tsujii-2005-bidirectional,
    title = "Bidirectional Inference with the Easiest-First Strategy for Tagging Sequence Data",
    author = "Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1059",
    pages = "467--474",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2005-context,
    title = "Context-Based Morphological Disambiguation with Random Fields",
    author = "Smith, Noah A.  and
      Smith, David A.  and
      Tromble, Roy W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1060",
    pages = "475--482",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2005-mining,
    title = "Mining Key Phrase Translations from Web Corpora",
    author = "Huang, Fei  and
      Zhang, Ying  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1061",
    pages = "483--490",
}
@inproceedings{favre-etal-2005-robust,
    title = "Robust Named Entity Extraction from Large Spoken Archives",
    author = "Favre, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Noc{\'e}ra, Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1062",
    pages = "491--498",
}
@inproceedings{roussinov-etal-2005-mining,
    title = "Mining Context Specific Similarity Relationships Using The World Wide Web",
    author = "Roussinov, Dmitri  and
      Zhao, Leon J.  and
      Fan, Weiguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1063",
    pages = "499--506",
}
@inproceedings{koo-collins-2005-hidden,
    title = "Hidden-Variable Models for Discriminative Reranking",
    author = "Koo, Terry  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1064",
    pages = "507--514",
}
@inproceedings{schmid-2005-disambiguation,
    title = "Disambiguation of Morphological Structure using a {PCFG}",
    author = "Schmid, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1065",
    pages = "515--522",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-etal-2005-non,
    title = "Non-Projective Dependency Parsing using Spanning Tree Algorithms",
    author = "McDonald, Ryan  and
      Pereira, Fernando  and
      Ribarov, Kiril  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1066",
    pages = "523--530",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-strapparava-2005-making,
    title = "Making Computers Laugh: Investigations in Automatic Humor Recognition",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1067",
    pages = "531--538",
}
@inproceedings{munson-etal-2005-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing to Arbitrary {NLP} Metrics using Ensemble Selection",
    author = "Munson, Art  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Caruana, Rich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1068",
    pages = "539--546",
}
@inproceedings{wang-carroll-2005-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation Using Sense Examples Automatically Acquired from a Second Language",
    author = "Wang, Xinglong  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1069",
    pages = "547--554",
}
@inproceedings{kepser-2005-using,
    title = "Using {MONA} for Querying Linguistic Treebanks",
    author = "Kepser, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1070",
    pages = "555--562",
}
@inproceedings{cafarella-etal-2005-knowitnow,
    title = "{K}now{I}t{N}ow: Fast, Scalable Information Extraction from the Web",
    author = "Cafarella, Michael J.  and
      Downey, Doug  and
      Soderland, Stephen  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1071",
    pages = "563--570",
}
@inproceedings{fosler-lussier-rytting-2005-cost,
    title = "A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Hybrid Phone-Manner Representations for {ASR}",
    author = "Fosler-Lussier, Eric  and
      Rytting, C. Anton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1072",
    pages = "571--578",
}
@inproceedings{alm-etal-2005-emotions,
    title = "Emotions from Text: Machine Learning for Text-based Emotion Prediction",
    author = "Alm, Cecilia Ovesdotter  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1073",
    pages = "579--586",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-callan-2005-combining,
    title = "Combining Multiple Forms of Evidence While Filtering",
    author = "Zhang, Yi  and
      Callan, Jamie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1074",
    pages = "587--595",
}
@inproceedings{feng-hovy-2005-handling,
    title = "Handling Biographical Questions with Implicature",
    author = "Feng, Donghui  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1075",
    pages = "596--603",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2005-use,
    title = "The Use of Metadata, Web-derived Answer Patterns and Passage Context to Improve Reading Comprehension Performance",
    author = "Du, Yongping  and
      Meng, Helen  and
      Huang, Xuanjing  and
      Wu, Lide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1076",
    pages = "604--611",
}
@inproceedings{schulte-im-walde-melinger-2005-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Semantic Relations and Functional Properties of Human Verb Associations",
    author = "Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Melinger, Alissa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1077",
    pages = "612--619",
}
@inproceedings{merlo-musillo-2005-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Function Parsing",
    author = "Merlo, Paola  and
      Musillo, Gabriele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1078",
    pages = "620--627",
}
@inproceedings{bos-markert-2005-recognising,
    title = "Recognising Textual Entailment with Logical Inference",
    author = "Bos, Johan  and
      Markert, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1079",
    pages = "628--635",
}
@inproceedings{perera-witte-2005-self,
    title = "A Self-Learning Context-Aware Lemmatizer for {G}erman",
    author = "Perera, Praharshana  and
      Witte, Ren{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1080",
    pages = "636--643",
}
@inproceedings{marquez-etal-2005-robust,
    title = "A Robust Combination Strategy for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Comas, Pere  and
      Turmo, Jordi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1081",
    pages = "644--651",
}
@inproceedings{crystal-etal-2005-methodology,
    title = "A Methodology for Extrinsically Evaluating Information Extraction Performance",
    author = "Crystal, Michael  and
      Baron, Alex  and
      Godfrey, Katherine  and
      Micciulla, Linnea  and
      Tenney, Yvette  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1082",
    pages = "652--659",
}
@inproceedings{luo-zitouni-2005-multi,
    title = "Multi-Lingual Coreference Resolution With Syntactic Features",
    author = "Luo, Xiaoqiang  and
      Zitouni, Imed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1083",
    pages = "660--667",
}
@inproceedings{erk-pado-2005-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Models for Semantic Role Assignment using Confusability",
    author = "Erk, Katrin  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1084",
    pages = "668--675",
}
@inproceedings{goldwater-mcclosky-2005-improving,
    title = "Improving Statistical {MT} through Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Goldwater, Sharon  and
      McClosky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1085",
    pages = "676--683",
}
@inproceedings{murdock-croft-2005-translation,
    title = "A Translation Model for Sentence Retrieval",
    author = "Murdock, Vanessa  and
      Croft, W. Bruce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1086",
    pages = "684--691",
}
@inproceedings{jansche-2005-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Expected F-Measure Training of Logistic Regression Models",
    author = "Jansche, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1087",
    pages = "692--699",
}
@inproceedings{sauri-etal-2005-evita,
    title = "{E}vita: A Robust Event Recognizer For {QA} Systems",
    author = "Saur{\'\i}, Roser  and
      Knippen, Robert  and
      Verhagen, Marc  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1088",
    pages = "700--707",
}
@inproceedings{li-church-2005-using,
    title = "Using Sketches to Estimate Associations",
    author = "Li, Ping  and
      Church, Kenneth W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1089",
    pages = "708--715",
}
@inproceedings{schiffman-mckeown-2005-context,
    title = "Context and Learning in Novelty Detection",
    author = "Schiffman, Barry  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1090",
    pages = "716--723",
}
@inproceedings{bunescu-mooney-2005-shortest,
    title = "A Shortest Path Dependency Kernel for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Bunescu, Razvan  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1091",
    pages = "724--731",
}
@inproceedings{rosario-hearst-2005-multi,
    title = "Multi-way Relation Classification: Application to Protein-Protein Interactions",
    author = "Rosario, Barbara  and
      Hearst, Marti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1092",
    pages = "732--739",
}
@inproceedings{lita-etal-2005-blanc,
    title = "{BLANC}: Learning Evaluation Metrics for {MT}",
    author = "Lita, Lucian  and
      Rogati, Monica  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1093",
    pages = "740--747",
}
@inproceedings{sutton-mccallum-2005-composition,
    title = "Composition of Conditional Random Fields for Transfer Learning",
    author = "Sutton, Charles  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1094",
    pages = "748--754",
}
@inproceedings{simard-etal-2005-translating,
    title = "Translating with Non-contiguous Phrases",
    author = "Simard, Michel  and
      Cancedda, Nicola  and
      Cavestro, Bruno  and
      Dymetman, Marc  and
      Gaussier, Eric  and
      Goutte, Cyril  and
      Yamada, Kenji  and
      Langlais, Philippe  and
      Mauser, Arne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1095",
    pages = "755--762",
}
@inproceedings{ueffing-ney-2005-word,
    title = "Word-Level Confidence Estimation for Machine Translation using Phrase-Based Translation Models",
    author = "Ueffing, Nicola  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1096",
    pages = "763--770",
}
@inproceedings{vickrey-etal-2005-word,
    title = "Word-Sense Disambiguation for Machine Translation",
    author = "Vickrey, David  and
      Biewald, Luke  and
      Teyssier, Marc  and
      Koller, Daphne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1097",
    pages = "771--778",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-etal-2005-hiero,
    title = "The {H}iero Machine Translation System: Extensions, Evaluation, and Analysis",
    author = "Chiang, David  and
      Lopez, Adam  and
      Madnani, Nitin  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Subotin, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1098",
    pages = "779--786",
}
@inproceedings{hollingshead-etal-2005-comparing,
    title = "Comparing and Combining Finite-State and Context-Free Parsers",
    author = "Hollingshead, Kristy  and
      Fisher, Seeger  and
      Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1099",
    pages = "787--794",
}
@inproceedings{cowan-collins-2005-morphology,
    title = "Morphology and Reranking for the Statistical Parsing of {S}panish",
    author = "Cowan, Brooke  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1100",
    pages = "795--802",
}
@inproceedings{satta-peserico-2005-computational,
    title = "Some Computational Complexity Results for Synchronous Context-Free Grammars",
    author = "Satta, Giorgio  and
      Peserico, Enoch",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1101",
    pages = "803--810",
}
@inproceedings{shen-joshi-2005-incremental,
    title = "Incremental {LTAG} Parsing",
    author = "Shen, Libin  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1102",
    pages = "811--818",
}
@inproceedings{brown-etal-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Question Generation for Vocabulary Assessment",
    author = "Brown, Jonathan  and
      Frishkoff, Gwen  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1103",
    pages = "819--826",
}
@inproceedings{dubey-etal-2005-parallelism,
    title = "Parallelism in Coordination as an Instance of Syntactic Priming: Evidence from Corpus-based Modeling",
    author = "Dubey, Amit  and
      Sturt, Patrick  and
      Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1104",
    pages = "827--834",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-hearst-2005-using,
    title = "Using the Web as an Implicit Training Set: Application to Structural Ambiguity Resolution",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Hearst, Marti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1105",
    pages = "835--842",
}
@inproceedings{wermter-hahn-2005-paradigmatic,
    title = "Paradigmatic Modifiability Statistics for the Extraction of Complex Multi-Word Terms",
    author = "Wermter, Joachim  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1106",
    pages = "843--850",
}
@inproceedings{xi-hwa-2005-backoff,
    title = "A Backoff Model for Bootstrapping Resources for Non-{E}nglish Languages",
    author = "Xi, Chenhai  and
      Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1107",
    pages = "851--858",
}
@inproceedings{pado-lapata-2005-cross,
    title = "Cross-linguistic Projection of Role-Semantic Information",
    author = "Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1108",
    pages = "859--866",
}
@inproceedings{kolak-resnik-2005-ocr,
    title = "{OCR} Post-Processing for Low Density Languages",
    author = "Kolak, Okan  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1109",
    pages = "867--874",
}
@inproceedings{genzel-2005-inducing,
    title = "Inducing a Multilingual Dictionary from a Parallel Multitext in Related Languages",
    author = "Genzel, Dmitriy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1110",
    pages = "875--882",
}
@inproceedings{swier-stevenson-2005-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting a Verb Lexicon in Automatic Semantic Role Labelling",
    author = "Swier, Robert  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1111",
    pages = "883--890",
}
@inproceedings{moldovan-badulescu-2005-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic Scattering Model for the Automatic Interpretation of Genitives",
    author = "Moldovan, Dan  and
      Badulescu, Adriana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1112",
    pages = "891--898",
}
@inproceedings{venkatapathy-joshi-2005-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Relative Compositionality of Verb-Noun (V-N) Collocations by Integrating Features",
    author = "Venkatapathy, Sriram  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1113",
    pages = "899--906",
}
@inproceedings{niu-etal-2005-semi,
    title = "A Semi-Supervised Feature Clustering Algorithm with Application to Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Niu, Zheng-Yu  and
      Ji, Dong-Hong  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1114",
    pages = "907--914",
}
@inproceedings{otterbacher-etal-2005-using,
    title = "Using Random Walks for Question-focused Sentence Retrieval",
    author = {Otterbacher, Jahna  and
      Erkan, G{\"u}ne{\c{s}}  and
      Radev, Dragomir},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1115",
    pages = "915--922",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanov-etal-2005-multi,
    title = "Multi-Perspective Question Answering Using the {O}p{QA} Corpus",
    author = "Stoyanov, Veselin  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1116",
    pages = "923--930",
}
@inproceedings{lin-demner-fushman-2005-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Evaluating Answers to Definition Questions",
    author = "Lin, Jimmy  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1117",
    pages = "931--938",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-2005-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Linguistic Knowledge in Passage Retrieval for Question Answering",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1118",
    pages = "939--946",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2005-searching,
    title = "Searching the Audio Notebook: Keyword Search in Recorded Conversation",
    author = "Yu, Peng  and
      Chen, Kaijiang  and
      Lu, Lie  and
      Seide, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1119",
    pages = "947--954",
}
@inproceedings{ahmad-kondrak-2005-learning,
    title = "Learning a Spelling Error Model from Search Query Logs",
    author = "Ahmad, Farooq  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1120",
    pages = "955--962",
}
@inproceedings{okabe-etal-2005-query,
    title = "Query Expansion with the Minimum User Feedback by Transductive Learning",
    author = "Okabe, Masayuki  and
      Umemura, Kyoji  and
      Yamada, Seiji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1121",
    pages = "963--970",
}
@inproceedings{olney-cai-2005-orthonormal,
    title = "An Orthonormal Basis for Topic Segmentation in Tutorial Dialogue",
    author = "Olney, Andrew  and
      Cai, Zhiqiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1122",
    pages = "971--978",
}
@inproceedings{marx-etal-2005-generalized,
    title = "A Generalized Framework for Revealing Analogous Themes across Related Topics",
    author = "Marx, Zvika  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Shamir, Eli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1123",
    pages = "979--986",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-etal-2005-flexible,
    title = "Flexible Text Segmentation with Structured Multilabel Classification",
    author = "McDonald, Ryan  and
      Crammer, Koby  and
      Pereira, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1124",
    pages = "987--994",
}
@inproceedings{bilmes-etal-2005-vocal,
    title = "The Vocal Joystick: A Voice-Based Human-Computer Interface for Individuals with Motor Impairments",
    author = "Bilmes, Jeff A.  and
      Li, Xiao  and
      Malkin, Jonathan  and
      Kilanski, Kelley  and
      Wright, Richard  and
      Kirchhoff, Katrin  and
      Subramanya, Amar  and
      Harada, Susumu  and
      Landay, James  and
      Dowden, Patricia  and
      Chizeck, Howard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1125",
    pages = "995--1002",
}
@inproceedings{misu-kawahara-2005-speech,
    title = "Speech-based Information Retrieval System with Clarification Dialogue Strategy",
    author = "Misu, Teruhisa  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1126",
    pages = "1003--1010",
}
@inproceedings{english-heeman-2005-learning,
    title = "Learning Mixed Initiative Dialog Strategies By Using Reinforcement Learning On Both Conversants",
    author = "English, Michael  and
      Heeman, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1127",
    pages = "1011--1018",
}
@proceedings{hlt-2005-hlt,
    title = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    author = "Byron, Donna  and
      Venkataraman, Anand  and
      Zhang, Dell",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2000",
}
@inproceedings{russell-etal-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Translation Errors: The State of the Art",
    author = "Russell, Graham  and
      Foster, George  and
      Nguyen, Ngoc Tran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2001",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{hoeft-etal-2005-bridging,
    title = "Bridging the Gap between Technology and Users: Leveraging Machine",
    author = "Hoeft, Thomas  and
      Cramer, Nick  and
      Gregory, M. L.  and
      Hetzler, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2002",
    pages = "2--3",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2005-classummary,
    title = "{C}lassummary: Introducing Discussion Summarization to Online Classrooms",
    author = "Zhou, Liang  and
      Shaw, Erin  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2003",
    pages = "4--5",
}
@inproceedings{punyakanok-etal-2005-demonstrating,
    title = "Demonstrating an Interactive Semantic Role Labeling System",
    author = "Punyakanok, Vasin  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Sammons, Mark  and
      Yih, Wen-tau",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2004",
    pages = "6--7",
}
@inproceedings{vanderwende-etal-2005-mindnet,
    title = "{M}ind{N}et: An Automatically-Created Lexical Resource",
    author = "Vanderwende, Lucy  and
      Kacmarcik, Gary  and
      Suzuki, Hisami  and
      Menezes, Arul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2005",
    pages = "8--9",
}
@inproceedings{silberztein-2005-nooj,
    title = "Noo{J}: a Linguistic Annotation System for Corpus Processing",
    author = "Silberztein, Max",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2006",
    pages = "10--11",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-resnik-2005-pattern,
    title = "Pattern Visualization for Machine Translation Output",
    author = "Lopez, Adam  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2007",
    pages = "12--13",
}
@inproceedings{hladka-kucera-2005-prague,
    title = "{P}rague Dependency Treebank as an Exercise Book of {C}zech",
    author = "Hladk{\'a}, Barbora  and
      Ku{\v{c}}era, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2008",
    pages = "14--15",
}
@inproceedings{burstein-marcu-2005-translation,
    title = "Translation Exercise Assistant: Automated Generation of Translation",
    author = "Burstein, Jill  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2009",
    pages = "16--17",
}
@inproceedings{hoshino-nakagawa-2005-webexperimenter,
    title = "{W}eb{E}xperimenter for Multiple-Choice Question Generation",
    author = "Hoshino, Ayako  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2010",
    pages = "18--19",
}
@inproceedings{yang-heeman-2005-dialogueview,
    title = "{D}ialogue{V}iew: an Annotation Tool for Dialogue",
    author = "Yang, Fan  and
      Heeman, Peter A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2011",
    pages = "20--21",
}
@inproceedings{yangarber-etal-2005-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Information about Outbreaks of Infectious Epidemics",
    author = "Yangarber, Roman  and
      Jokipii, Lauri  and
      Rauramo, Antti  and
      Huttunen, Silja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2012",
    pages = "22--23",
}
@inproceedings{weng-etal-2005-flexible,
    title = "A Flexible Conversational Dialog System for {MP}3 Player",
    author = "Weng, Fuliang  and
      Cavedon, Lawrence  and
      Raghunathan, Badri  and
      Mirkovic, Danilo  and
      Bei, Ben  and
      Pon-Barry, Heather  and
      Bratt, Harry  and
      Cheng, Hua  and
      Schmidt, Hauke  and
      Mishra, Rohit  and
      Lathrop, Brian  and
      Zhang, Qi  and
      Scheideck, Tobias  and
      Xu, Kui  and
      Hand-Bender, Tess  and
      Peters, Stanley  and
      Shriberg, Liz  and
      Bergmann, Carsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2013",
    pages = "24--25",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-2005-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Speech Understanding using Grammar Specialization",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Chatzichrisafis, Nikos  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Nakao, Yukie  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Kanzaki, Kyoko  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann  and
      Santaholma, Marianne  and
      Starlander, Marianne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2014",
    pages = "26--27",
}
@inproceedings{glass-etal-2005-mit,
    title = "The {M}{I}{T} Spoken Lecture Processing Project",
    author = "Glass, James R.  and
      Hazen, Timothy J.  and
      Cyphers, D. Scott  and
      Schutte, Ken  and
      Park, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2015",
    pages = "28--29",
}
@inproceedings{tajarobi-etal-2005-mboi,
    title = "{M}{B}{O}{I}: Discovery of Business Opportunities on the {I}nternet",
    author = "Tajarobi, Arman  and
      Garneau, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Paradis, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2016",
    pages = "30--31",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-etal-2005-opine,
    title = "{O}{P}{I}{N}{E}: Extracting Product Features and Opinions from Reviews",
    author = "Popescu, Ana-Maria  and
      Nguyen, Bao  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2017",
    pages = "32--33",
}
@inproceedings{wilson-etal-2005-opinionfinder,
    title = "{O}pinion{F}inder: A System for Subjectivity Analysis",
    author = "Wilson, Theresa  and
      Hoffmann, Paul  and
      Somasundaran, Swapna  and
      Kessler, Jason  and
      Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Choi, Yejin  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Riloff, Ellen  and
      Patwardhan, Siddharth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2018",
    pages = "34--35",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2005-posbiotm,
    title = "{P}{O}{S}{B}{I}{O}{T}{M}/{W}: A Development Workbench for Machine Learning Oriented Biomedical Text Mining System",
    author = "Kim, Kyungduk  and
      Song, Yu  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}/{EMNLP} 2005 Interactive Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-2019",
    pages = "36--37",
}
@proceedings{anlp-1997-applied,
    title = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1000",
}
@inproceedings{moore-etal-1997-commandtalk,
    title = "{C}ommand{T}alk: A Spoken-Language Interface for Battlefield Simulations",
    author = "Moore, R. C.  and
      Dowding, J.  and
      Bratt, H.  and
      Gawron, J. M.  and
      Gorfu, Y.  and
      Cheyer, A.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974558",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{wauchope-etal-1997-natural,
    title = "Natural Language in Four Spatial Interfaces",
    author = "Wauchope, Kenneth  and
      Everett, Stephanie  and
      Perzanowski, Dennis  and
      Marsh, Elaine",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974559",
    pages = "8--11",
}
@inproceedings{gavalda-etal-1997-high,
    title = "High Performance Segmentation of Spontaneous Speech Using Part of Speech and Trigger Word Information",
    author = "Gavalda, Marsal  and
      Zechner, Klaus  and
      Aist, Gregory",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974560",
    pages = "12--15",
}
@inproceedings{reynar-ratnaparkhi-1997-maximum,
    title = "A Maximum Entropy Approach to Identifying Sentence Boundaries",
    author = "Reynar, Jeffrey C.  and
      Ratnaparkhi, Adwait",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974561",
    pages = "16--19",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-1997-quickset,
    title = "{Q}uick{S}et: Multimodal Interaction for Simulation Set-up and Control",
    author = "Cohen, Philip R.  and
      Johnston, Michael  and
      McGee, David  and
      Oviatt, Sharon  and
      Pittman, Jay  and
      Smith, Ira  and
      Chen, Liang  and
      Clow, Josh",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974562",
    pages = "20--24",
}
@inproceedings{busemann-etal-1997-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Dialogue Service for Appointment Scheduling Agents",
    author = "Busemann, Stephan  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Diagne, Abdel Kader  and
      Dini, Luca  and
      Klein, Judith  and
      Schmeier, Sven",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974563",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{alexandersson-etal-1997-insights,
    title = "Insights into the Dialogue Processing of {VERBMOBIL}",
    author = "Alexandersson, Jan  and
      Reithinger, Norbert  and
      Maier, Elisabeth",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974564",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{smith-1997-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of Strategies for Selective Utterance Verification for Spoken Natural Language Dialog",
    author = "Smith, Ronnie W.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974565",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{jannedy-mobius-1997-name,
    title = "Name pronunciation in {G}erman text-to-speech synthesis",
    author = "Jannedy, Stefanie  and
      Mobius, Bernd",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974566",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{lee-chen-1997-applying,
    title = "Applying Repair Processing in {C}hinese Homophone Disambiguation",
    author = "Lee, Yue-Shi  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974567",
    pages = "57--63",
}
@inproceedings{tapanainen-jarvinen-1997-non,
    title = "A non-projective dependency parser",
    author = "Tapanainen, Pasi  and
      Jarvinen, Timo",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974568",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{ait-mokhtar-chanod-1997-incremental,
    title = "INCREMENTAL FINITE-STATE PARSING",
    author = "Ait-Mokhtar, Salah  and
      Chanod, Jean-Pierre",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974569",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{voutilainen-padro-1997-developing,
    title = "Developing a hybrid {NP} parser",
    author = "Voutilainen, Atro  and
      Padro, Lluis",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974570",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{skut-etal-1997-annotation,
    title = "An Annotation Scheme for Free Word Order Languages",
    author = "Skut, Wojciech  and
      Krenn, Brigitte  and
      Brants, Thorsten  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974571",
    pages = "88--95",
}
@inproceedings{sekine-1997-domain,
    title = "The Domain Dependence of Parsing",
    author = "Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974572",
    pages = "96--102",
}
@inproceedings{theron-cloete-1997-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Two-Level Morphological Rules",
    author = "Theron, Pieter  and
      Cloete, Ian",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974573",
    pages = "103--110",
}
@inproceedings{hajic-hladka-1997-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic and Rule-Based Tagger of an Inflective Language- a Comparison",
    author = "Hajic, Jan  and
      Hladka, Barbora",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974574",
    pages = "111--118",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-1997-cseg,
    title = "{CS}eg{\&}Tagl.0: A Practical Word Segmenter and {POS} Tagger for {C}hinese Texts",
    author = "Sun, Maosong  and
      Shen, Dayang  and
      Huang, Changning",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974575",
    pages = "119--126",
}
@inproceedings{schoelles-hamburger-1997-nlp,
    title = "The {NLP} Role in Animated Conversation for {CALL}",
    author = "Schoelles, Michael  and
      Hamburger, Henry",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974576",
    pages = "127--134",
}
@inproceedings{nerbonne-etal-1997-reading,
    title = "Reading more into Foreign Languages",
    author = "Nerbonne, John  and
      Karttunen, Lauri  and
      Paskaleva, Elena  and
      Proszeky, Gabor  and
      Roosmaa, Tiit",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974577",
    pages = "135--138",
}
@inproceedings{dorr-1997-large,
    title = "Large-Scale Acquisition of {LCS}-Based Lexicons for Foreign Language Tutoring",
    author = "Dorr, Bonnie J.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974578",
    pages = "139--146",
}
@inproceedings{holan-etal-1997-prototype,
    title = "A Prototype of a Grammar Checker for {C}zech",
    author = "Holan, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Kubo{\v{n}}, Vladislav  and
      Pl{\'a}tek, Martin",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974579",
    pages = "147--154",
}
@inproceedings{oliva-1997-techniques,
    title = "Techniques for Accelerating a Grammar-Checker",
    author = "Oliva, Karel",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974580",
    pages = "155--158",
}
@inproceedings{bernth-1997-easyenglish,
    title = "{E}asy{E}nglish: A Tool for Improving Document Quality",
    author = "Bernth, Arendse",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974581",
    pages = "159--165",
}
@inproceedings{jones-martin-1997-contextual,
    title = "Contextual Spelling Correction Using Latent Semantic Analysis",
    author = "Jones, Michael P.  and
      Martin, James H.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974582",
    pages = "166--173",
}
@inproceedings{burstein-etal-1997-automatic,
    title = "An Automatic Scoring System For Advanced Placement Biology Essays",
    author = "Burstein, Jill  and
      Wolff, Susanne  and
      Lu, Chi  and
      Kaplan, Randy M.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974583",
    pages = "174--181",
}
@inproceedings{spyns-etal-1997-dutch,
    title = "{D}utch Sublanguage Semantic Tagging combined with Mark-Up Technology",
    author = "Spyns, P.  and
      Nh{\`a}n, NT.  and
      Baert, E.  and
      Sager, N.  and
      De Moor, G.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974584",
    pages = "182--189",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-day-1997-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Profile of the Named Entity Task",
    author = "Palmer, David D.  and
      Day, David S.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974585",
    pages = "190--193",
}
@inproceedings{bikel-etal-1997-nymble,
    title = "{N}ymble: a High-Performance Learning Name-finder",
    author = "Bikel, Daniel M.  and
      Miller, Scott  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974586",
    pages = "194--201",
}
@inproceedings{wacholder-etal-1997-disambiguation,
    title = "Disambiguation of Proper Names in Text",
    author = "Wacholder, Nina  and
      Ravin, Yael  and
      Choi, Misook",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974587",
    pages = "202--208",
}
@inproceedings{neumann-etal-1997-information,
    title = "An Information Extraction Core System for Real World {G}erman Text Processing",
    author = "Neumann, Gunter  and
      Backofen, Rolf  and
      Baur, Judith  and
      Becker, Markus  and
      Braun, Christian",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974588",
    pages = "209--216",
}
@inproceedings{hurst-douglas-1997-layout,
    title = "Layout {\&} Language: Preliminary experiments in assigning logical structure to table cells",
    author = "Hurst, Matthew  and
      Douglas, Shona",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974589",
    pages = "217--220",
}
@inproceedings{radev-mckeown-1997-building,
    title = "Building a Generation Knowledge Source using {I}nternet-Accessible Newswire",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir R.  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974590",
    pages = "221--228",
}
@inproceedings{mckelvie-etal-1997-using,
    title = "Using {SGML} as a Basis for Data-Intensive {NLP}",
    author = "McKelvie, David  and
      Brew, Chris  and
      Thompson, Henry",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974591",
    pages = "229--236",
}
@inproceedings{cunningham-etal-1997-software,
    title = "Software Infrastructure for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Humphreys, Kevin  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974592",
    pages = "237--244",
}
@inproceedings{zajac-etal-1997-open,
    title = "An Open Distributed Architecture for Reuse and Integration of Heterogeneous {NLP} Components",
    author = "Zajac, Remi  and
      Casper, Mark  and
      Sharples, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974593",
    pages = "245--252",
}
@inproceedings{lavoie-etal-1997-customizable,
    title = "Customizable Descriptions of Object-Oriented Models",
    author = "Lavoie, Benoit  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Reiter, Ehud",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974594",
    pages = "253--256",
}
@inproceedings{white-caldwell-1997-cogenthelp,
    title = "{C}ogent{H}elp: {NLG} meets {SE} in a tool for authoring dynamically generated on-line help",
    author = "White, Michael  and
      Caldwell, David E.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974595",
    pages = "257--264",
}
@inproceedings{lavoie-rainbow-1997-fast,
    title = "A Fast and Portable Realizer for Text Generation Systems",
    author = "Lavoie, Benoit  and
      Rainbow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974596",
    pages = "265--268",
}
@inproceedings{somers-etal-1997-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Generation and Summarization of Job Adverts: the {TREE} Project",
    author = "Somers, Harold  and
      Black, Bill  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Lager, Torbjorn  and
      Multari, Annarosa  and
      Gilardoni, Luca  and
      Ellman, Jeremy  and
      Rogers, Alex",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974597",
    pages = "269--276",
}
@inproceedings{mckeown-etal-1997-language,
    title = "Language Generation for Multimedia Healthcare Briefings",
    author = "McKeown, Kathleen R.  and
      Jordan, Desmond A.  and
      Pan, Shimei  and
      Shaw, James  and
      Allen, Barry A.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974598",
    pages = "277--282",
}
@inproceedings{lin-hovy-1997-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Topics by Position",
    author = "Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974599",
    pages = "283--290",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-etal-1997-automatic,
    title = "An Automatic Extraction of Key Paragraphs Based on Context Dependency",
    author = "Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Suzuki, Yoshimi  and
      Fukumoto, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974600",
    pages = "291--298",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-etal-1997-building,
    title = "Building Effective Queries In Natural Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Lin, Fang  and
      Perez-Carballo, Jose  and
      Wang, Jin",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974601",
    pages = "299--306",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-tanner-1997-construction,
    title = "Construction and Visualization of Key Term Hierarchies",
    author = "Zhou, Joe  and
      Tanner, Troy",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974602",
    pages = "307--311",
}
@inproceedings{zhai-1997-fast,
    title = "Fast Statistical Parsing of Noun Phrases for Document Indexing",
    author = "Zhai, Chengxiang",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974603",
    pages = "312--319",
}
@inproceedings{turhan-1997-english,
    title = "An {E}nglish to {T}urkish Machine Translation System Using Structural Mapping",
    author = "Turhan, Cigdem Keyder",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974604",
    pages = "320--323",
}
@inproceedings{yamabana-etal-1997-interactive,
    title = "An Interactive Translation Support Facility for Non-Professional Users",
    author = "Yamabana, Kiyoshi  and
      Muraki, Kazunori  and
      Kamei, Shin-ichiro  and
      Satoh, Kenji  and
      Doi, Shinichi  and
      Tamura, Shinko",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974605",
    pages = "324--331",
}
@inproceedings{aone-etal-1997-intelligent,
    title = "An Intelligent Multilingual Information Browsing and Retrieval System Using Information Extraction",
    author = "Aone, Chinatsu  and
      Charocopos, Nicholas  and
      Gorlinsky, James",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974606",
    pages = "332--339",
}
@inproceedings{resnik-melamed-1997-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automatic Acquisition of Domain-Specific Translation Lexicons",
    author = "Resnik, Philip  and
      Melamed, I. Dan",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974607",
    pages = "340--347",
}
@inproceedings{day-etal-1997-mixed,
    title = "Mixed-Initiative Development of Language Processing Systems",
    author = "Day, David  and
      Aberdeen, John  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Kozierok, Robyn  and
      Robinson, Patricia  and
      Vilain, Marc",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974608",
    pages = "348--355",
}
@inproceedings{briscoe-carroll-1997-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Subcategorization from Corpora",
    author = "Briscoe, Ted  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974609",
    pages = "356--363",
}
@inproceedings{utsuro-matsumoto-1997-learning,
    title = "Learning Probabilistic Subcategorization Preference by Identifying Case Dependencies and Optimal Noun Class Generalization Level",
    author = "Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974610",
    pages = "364--371",
}
@inproceedings{mikheev-finch-1997-workbench,
    title = "A Workbench for Finding Structure in Texts",
    author = "Mikheev, Andrei  and
      Finch, Steven",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974611",
    pages = "372--379",
}
@inproceedings{cucchiarelli-velardi-1997-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Selection of Class Labels from a Thesaurus for an Effective Semantic Tagging of Corpora.",
    author = "Cucchiarelli, Alessandro  and
      Velardi, Paola",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974612",
    pages = "380--387",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-etal-1997-sequential,
    title = "Sequential Model Selection for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted  and
      Bruce, Rebecca  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/974557.974613",
    pages = "388--395",
}
@proceedings{anlp-1997-applied-natural,
    title = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2000",
}
@inproceedings{giguet-vergne-1997-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Structures of Sentences from Large Corpora",
    author = "Giguet, Emmanuel  and
      Vergne, Jacques",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2001",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974283",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{rose-1997-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Two Stage Approach to Robust Language Interpretation",
    author = "Rose, Carolyn Penstein",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2002",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974284",
    pages = "3--4",
}
@inproceedings{busemann-1997-automating,
    title = "Automating {NL} Appointment Scheduling with {COSMA}",
    author = "Busemann, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2003",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974285",
    pages = "5--6",
}
@inproceedings{bagga-chai-1997-dukes,
    title = "Duke{'}s Trainable Information and Meaning Extraction System (Duke {TIMES})",
    author = "Bagga, Amit  and
      Chai, Joyce Yue",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2004",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974286",
    pages = "7--8",
}
@inproceedings{jarvinen-tapanainen-1997-dependency,
    title = "Dependency parser demo",
    author = "Jarvinen, Timo  and
      Tapanainen, Pasi",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2005",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974287",
    pages = "9--10",
}
@inproceedings{echizen-ya-etal-1997-improvement,
    title = "An Improvement in the Selection Process of Machine Translation Using Inductive Learning with Genetic Algorithms",
    author = "Echizen-ya, Hiroshi  and
      Araki, Kenji  and
      Miyanaga, Yoshikazu  and
      Tochinai, Koji",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2006",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974288",
    pages = "11--12",
}
@inproceedings{evens-etal-1997-circsim,
    title = "{CIRCSIM}-Tutor: An Intelligent Tutoring System Using Natural Language Dialogue",
    author = "Evens, Martha W.  and
      Chang, Ru-Charn  and
      Lee, Yoon Hee  and
      Shim, Leem Seop  and
      Woo, Chong Woo  and
      Zbang, Yuemei",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2007",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974289",
    pages = "13--14",
}
@inproceedings{isoquest-inc-1997-netowltm,
    title = "{N}et{O}wl{\mbox{$^\mbox{TM}$}} Server",
    author = "{IsoQuest, Inc.}",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2008",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974290",
    pages = "15--16",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1997-logos,
    title = "{L}ogos Machine Translation System",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2009",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974291",
    pages = "17--17",
}
@inproceedings{lin-1997-broad,
    title = "A Broad-Coverage Word Sense Tagger",
    author = "Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2010",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974292",
    pages = "18--19",
}
@inproceedings{richardson-1997-microsoft,
    title = "{M}icrosoft Natural Language Understanding System and Grammar Checker",
    author = "Richardson, Steve",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2011",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974293",
    pages = "20--20",
}
@inproceedings{wauchope-1997-two,
    title = "Two Multimodal Interfaces to Military Simulations",
    author = "Wauchope, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2012",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974294",
    pages = "21--22",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-etal-1997-eagle,
    title = "{EAGLE}: An Extensible Architecture for General Linguistic Engineering",
    author = "Baldwin, Breck  and
      Doran, Christine  and
      Reynar, Jeffrey C.  and
      Niv, Michael  and
      Srinivas, B.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2013",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974295",
    pages = "23--23",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-1997-english,
    title = "An {E}nglish Grammar Checker as a Writing Aid for Students of {E}nglish as a Second Language",
    author = "Park, Jong C.  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Washburn, Clay",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2014",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974296",
    pages = "24--24",
}
@inproceedings{badia-etal-1997-catmorf,
    title = "{CATMORF}: Multi two-level steps for {C}atalan morphology",
    author = "Badia, Toni  and
      Egea, Angels  and
      Tuells, Antoni",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2015",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974297",
    pages = "25--26",
}
@inproceedings{skut-etal-1997-software,
    title = "Software for Annotating Argument Structure",
    author = "Skut, Wojciech  and
      Krenn, Brigitte  and
      Brants, Thorsten  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2016",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974298",
    pages = "27--28",
}
@inproceedings{cunningham-etal-1997-gate,
    title = "{GATE} - a General Architecture for Text Engineering",
    author = "Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Humphreys, Kevin  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2017",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974299",
    pages = "29--30",
}
@inproceedings{sra-international-1997-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual {N}ame{T}ag{\mbox{$^\mbox{TM}$}} Multilingual {I}nternet Surveillance System Multimedia Fusion System",
    author = "{SRA International}",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2018",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974300",
    pages = "31--32",
}
@inproceedings{dahl-etal-1997-nl,
    title = "{NL} Assistant: A Toolkit for Developing Natural Language: Applications",
    author = "Dahl, Deborah A.  and
      Norton, Lewis M.  and
      Bouzid, Ahmed  and
      Li, Li",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2019",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974301",
    pages = "33--34",
}
@inproceedings{bates-bobrow-1997-using,
    title = "Using {BBN} {VALAD}: Speech at the Logistics Anchor Desk",
    author = "Bates, Madeline  and
      Bobrow, Rusty",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2020",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974303",
    pages = "35--35",
}
@inproceedings{everett-etal-1997-spoken,
    title = "A Spoken Language Interface to a Virtual Reality System (Video)",
    author = "Everett, Stephanie S.  and
      Wauchope, Kenneth  and
      Pfirez, Manuel A.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing: Descriptions of System Demonstrations and Videos",
    month = mar,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Washington, DC, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2021",
    doi = "10.3115/974281.974304",
    pages = "36--37",
}
@proceedings{anlp-1983-applied,
    title = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1000",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-1983-domain,
    title = "DOMAIN-INDEPENDENT NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACES: SESSION INTRODUCTION",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974196",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{templeton-burger-1983-problems,
    title = "PROBLEMS IN NATURAL-LANGUAGE INTERFACE TO DSMS WITH EXAMPLES FROM EUFID",
    author = "Templeton, Marjorie  and
      Burger, John",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974197",
    pages = "3--16",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-thompson-1983-introducing,
    title = "INTRODUCING ASK, A SIMPLE KNOWLEDGEABLE SYSTEM",
    author = "Thompson, Bozenn H.  and
      Thompson, Frederick B.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974198",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{ginsparg-1983-robust,
    title = "A Robust Portable Natural Language Data Base Interface",
    author = "Ginsparg, Jerrold M.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974199",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{guida-tasso-1983-ir,
    title = "IR-NLI : AN EXPERT NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACE TO ONLINE DATA BASES",
    author = "Guida, Giovanni  and
      Tasso, Carlo",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974200",
    pages = "31--38",
}
@inproceedings{grosz-1983-team,
    title = "{TEAM}: A TRANSPORTABLE NATURAL-LANGUAGE INTERFACE SYSTEM",
    author = "Grosz, Barbara J.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974201",
    pages = "39--45",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-etal-1983-isolating,
    title = "ISOLATING DOMAIN DEPENDENCIES IN NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACES",
    author = "Grishman, R.  and
      Hirschman, L.  and
      Friedman, C.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974202",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{sag-1983-knowledge,
    title = "KNOWLEDGE-BASED APPROACHES: SESSION INTRODUCTION",
    author = "Sag, Ivan A.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974204",
    pages = "54--54",
}
@inproceedings{montgomery-1983-distinguishing,
    title = "DISTINGUISHING FACT FROM OPINION AND EVENTS FROM META-EVENTS",
    author = "Montgomery, Christine A.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974205",
    pages = "55--61",
}
@inproceedings{finin-palmer-1983-parsing,
    title = "PARSING WITH LOGICAL VARIABLES",
    author = "Finin, Timothy W.  and
      Palmer, Martha Stone",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974206",
    pages = "62--68",
}
@inproceedings{lehnert-shwartz-1983-explorer,
    title = "{EXPLORER}: A Natural Language Processing System for Oil Exploration",
    author = "Lehnert, Wendy G.  and
      Shwartz, Steven P.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974207",
    pages = "69--72",
}
@inproceedings{pazzani-engelman-1983-knowledge,
    title = "KNOWLEDGE BASED QUESTION ANSWERING",
    author = "Pazzani, Michael J.  and
      Engelman, Carl",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974208",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{boguraev-jones-1983-drive,
    title = "HOW TO DRIVE A DATABASE FRONT DID USING GENERAL SEMANTIC INFORMATION",
    author = "Boguraev, B.K.  and
      Jones, K. Sparck",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974209",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-1983-handling,
    title = "HANDLING ILL-FORMED INPUT: SESSION INTRODUCTION",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph M.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974211",
    pages = "89--92",
}
@inproceedings{jensen-heidorn-1983-fitted,
    title = "The Fitted Parse: 100{\%} Parsing Capability in a Syntactic Grammar of {E}nglish",
    author = "Jensen, Karen  and
      Heidorn, George E.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974212",
    pages = "93--98",
}
@inproceedings{marsh-1983-utilizing,
    title = "UTILIZING DOMAIN-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR PROCESSING COMPACT TEXT",
    author = "Marsh, Elaine",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974213",
    pages = "99--103",
}
@inproceedings{granger-etal-1983-scruffy,
    title = "Scruffy Text Understanding: Design and Implementation of the {NOMAD} System",
    author = "Granger, Richard H.  and
      Staros, Chris J.  and
      Taylor, Gregory S.  and
      Yoshii, Rika",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974214",
    pages = "104--106",
}
@inproceedings{walker-1983-text,
    title = "TEXT ANALYSIS: SESSION INTRODUCTION",
    author = "Walker, Donald E.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974216",
    pages = "107--108",
}
@inproceedings{reeker-etal-1983-specialized,
    title = "SPECIALIZED INFORMATION EXTRACTION: AUTOMATIC CHEMICAL REACTION CODING FROM ENGLISH DESCRIPTIONS",
    author = "Reeker, Larry H.  and
      Chmora, Elena M.  and
      Blower, Paul E.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974217",
    pages = "109--116",
}
@inproceedings{cowie-1983-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS OF DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS",
    author = "Cowie, James R.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974218",
    pages = "117--123",
}
@inproceedings{tuttle-etal-1983-expertness,
    title = "{``}Expertness{''} from Structured Text? {RECONSIDER}: A Diagnostic Prompting Program",
    author = "Tuttle, Mark S.  and
      Sherertz, David D.  and
      Blois, Marsden S.  and
      Nelson, Stuart",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974219",
    pages = "124--131",
}
@inproceedings{hafner-joyce-1983-using,
    title = "USING NATURAL LANGUAGE DESCRIPTIONS TO IMPROVE THE USABILITY OF DATABASES",
    author = "Hafner, Carole D.  and
      Joyce, John D.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974220",
    pages = "132--135",
}
@inproceedings{vladutz-1983-natural,
    title = "NATURAL LANGUAGE TEXT SEGMENTATION TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO THE AUTOMATIC COMPILATION OF PRINTED SUBJECT INDEXES AND FOR ONLINE DATABASE ACCESS",
    author = "Vladutz, G.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974221",
    pages = "136--142",
}
@inproceedings{zarri-1983-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS CORRESPONDING TO A FRENCH SURFACE EXPRESSION",
    author = "Zarri, Gian Piero",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974222",
    pages = "143--147",
}
@inproceedings{martins-1983-machine,
    title = "MACHINE TRANSLATION: SESSION INTRODUCTION",
    author = "Martins, Gary R.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974224",
    pages = "148--148",
}
@inproceedings{somers-1983-investigating,
    title = "INVESTIGATING THE POSSIBILITY OF A MICROPROCESSOR-BASED MACHINE TRANSLATTON SYSTEM",
    author = "Somers, Harold L.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974225",
    pages = "149--155",
}
@inproceedings{nishida-doshita-1983-application,
    title = "AN APPLICATION OF MONTAGUE GRAMMAR TO ENGLISH-JAPANESE MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "NISHIDA, Toyoaki  and
      DOSHITA, Shuji",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974226",
    pages = "156--165",
}
@inproceedings{slocum-1983-status,
    title = "A STATUS REPORT ON THE LRC MACHINE",
    author = "Slocum, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974227",
    pages = "166--173",
}
@inproceedings{melby-1983-computer,
    title = "COMPUTER-ASSISTED TRANSLATION SYSTEMS: The Standard Design and A Multi-level Design",
    author = "Melby, Alan K.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974228",
    pages = "174--177",
}
@inproceedings{hogan-1983-speech,
    title = "SPEECH INTERFACES: SESSION INTRODUCTION",
    author = "Hogan, Douglas L.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974230",
    pages = "178--179",
}
@inproceedings{biermann-etal-1983-interactive,
    title = "INTERACTIVE NATURAL LANGUAGE PROBLEM SOLVING: A PRAGMATIC APPROACH",
    author = "Biermann, A.  and
      Rodman, R.  and
      Ballard, B.  and
      Betancourt, T.  and
      Bilbro, G.  and
      Deas, H.  and
      Fineman, L.  and
      Fink, P.  and
      Gilbert, K.  and
      Gregory, D.  and
      Heidlage, F.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974231",
    pages = "180--191",
}
@inproceedings{mcpeters-tharp-1983-application,
    title = "APPLICATION OF THE LIBERMAN-PRINCE STRESS RULES TO COMPUTER SYNTHESIZED SPEECH",
    author = "McPeters, David L.  and
      Tharp, Alan L.",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974232",
    pages = "192--197",
}
@inproceedings{kaplan-1983-impact,
    title = "THE IMPACT OF NATURAL LANGUAGE ACCESS ON DATABASE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION",
    author = "Kaplan, S. Jerrold",
    booktitle = "First Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Santa Monica, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A83-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/974194.974234",
    pages = "198--198",
}
@proceedings{hlt-2001-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
}
@inproceedings{ries-waibel-2001-activity,
    title = "Activity detection for information access to oral communication",
    author = "Ries, Klaus  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1001",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2001-adapting,
    title = "Adapting an Example-Based Translation System to {C}hinese",
    author = "Zhang, Ying  and
      Brown, Ralf D.  and
      Frederking, Robert E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1002",
}
@inproceedings{waibel-etal-2001-advances,
    title = "Advances in meeting recognition",
    author = "Waibel, Alex  and
      Yu, Hua  and
      Schultz, Tanja  and
      Pan, Yue  and
      Bett, Michael  and
      Westphal, Martin  and
      Soltau, Hagen  and
      Schaaf, Thomas  and
      Metze, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1003",
}
@inproceedings{dutton-etal-2001-amount,
    title = "Amount of Information Presented in a Complex List: Effects on User Performance",
    author = "Dutton, Dawn  and
      Walker, Marilyn  and
      Chu, Selina  and
      Hubbell, James  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1004",
}
@inproceedings{maeda-etal-2001-annotation,
    title = "The Annotation Graph Toolkit: Software Components for Building Linguistic Annotation Tools",
    author = "Maeda, Kazuaki  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Ma, Xiaoyi  and
      Lee, Haejoong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1005",
}
@inproceedings{prager-etal-2001-answering,
    title = "Answering What-Is Questions by Virtual Annotation",
    author = "Prager, John  and
      Radev, Dragomir  and
      Czuba, Krzysztof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1006",
}
@inproceedings{lavie-etal-2001-architecture,
    title = "Architecture and Design Considerations in {NESPOLE}!: a Speech Translation System for E-commerce Applications",
    author = "Lavie, Alon  and
      Langley, Chad  and
      Waibel, Alex  and
      Pianesi, Fabio  and
      Lazzari, Gianni  and
      Coletti, Paolo  and
      Taddei, Loredana  and
      Balducci, Franco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1007",
}
@inproceedings{dozier-2001-assigning,
    title = "Assigning Belief Scores to Names in Queries",
    author = "Dozier, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1008",
}
@inproceedings{sudo-etal-2001-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Pattern Acquisition for {J}apanese Information Extraction",
    author = "Sudo, Kiyoshi  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1009",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-etal-2001-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Predicate Argument Analysis of the {P}enn {T}ree{B}ank",
    author = "Palmer, Martha  and
      Rosenzweig, Joseph  and
      Cotton, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1010",
}
@inproceedings{jin-hauptmann-2001-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Title Generation for Spoken Broadcast News",
    author = "Jin, Rong  and
      Hauptmann, Alexander G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1011",
}
@inproceedings{chai-etal-2001-conversational,
    title = "A Conversational Interface for Online Shopping",
    author = "Chai, Joyce  and
      Horvath, Veronika  and
      Kambhatla, Nanda  and
      Nicolov, Nicolas  and
      Stys-Budzikowska, Margo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1012",
}
@inproceedings{budzikowska-etal-2001-conversational,
    title = "Conversational Sales Assistant for Online Shopping",
    author = "Budzikowska, Margo  and
      Chai, Joyce  and
      Govindappa, Sunil  and
      Horvath, Veronika  and
      Kambhatla, Nanda  and
      Nicolov, Nicolas  and
      Zadrozny, Wlodek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1013",
}
@inproceedings{xia-palmer-2001-converting,
    title = "Converting Dependency Structures to Phrase Structures",
    author = "Xia, Fei  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1014",
}
@inproceedings{walker-passonneau-2001-date,
    title = "{DATE}: A Dialogue Act Tagging Scheme for Evaluation of Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1015",
}
@inproceedings{belvin-etal-2001-development,
    title = "Development of the {HRL} Route Navigation Dialogue System",
    author = "Belvin, Robert  and
      Burns, Ron  and
      Hein, Cheryl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1016",
}
@inproceedings{bayer-etal-2001-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Interaction with the {DARPA} Communicator Infrastructure: The Development of Useful Software",
    author = "Bayer, Samuel  and
      Doran, Christine  and
      George, Bryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1017",
}
@inproceedings{lavie-etal-2001-domain,
    title = "Domain Portability in Speech-to-Speech Translation",
    author = "Lavie, Alon  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Schultz, Tanja  and
      Langley, Chad  and
      Han, Benjamin  and
      Tribble, Alicia  and
      Gates, Donna  and
      Wallace, Dorcas  and
      Peterson, Kay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1018",
}
@inproceedings{kwok-etal-2001-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-{C}hinese {CLIR} using a Simplified {PIRCS} System",
    author = "Kwok, K.L.  and
      Dinstl, N.  and
      Deng, P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1019",
}
@inproceedings{gey-etal-2001-entry,
    title = "Entry Vocabulary - a Technology to Enhance Digital Search",
    author = "Gey, Fredric  and
      Buckland, Michael  and
      Chen, Aitao  and
      Larson, Ray",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1020",
}
@inproceedings{li-croft-2001-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Question-Answering Techniques in {C}hinese",
    author = "Li, Xiaoyan  and
      Croft, W. Bruce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1021",
}
@inproceedings{khandelwal-etal-2001-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation Corpus For Temporal Summarization",
    author = "Khandelwal, Vikash  and
      Gupta, Rahul  and
      Allan, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1022",
}
@inproceedings{stallard-2001-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Results for the Talk{'}n{'}Travel System",
    author = "Stallard, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1023",
}
@inproceedings{ramshaw-etal-2001-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Multi-Modal Automatic Content Extraction",
    author = "Ramshaw, Lance  and
      Boschee, Elizabeth  and
      Bratus, Sergey  and
      Miller, Scott  and
      Stone, Rebecca  and
      Weischedel, Ralph  and
      Zamanian, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1024",
}
@inproceedings{bayer-etal-2001-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Speech-Enabled Dialogue with the Galaxy Communicator Infrastructure",
    author = "Bayer, Samuel  and
      Doran, Christine  and
      George, Bryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1025",
}
@inproceedings{chiou-etal-2001-facilitating,
    title = "Facilitating Treebank Annotation Using a Statistical Parser",
    author = "Chiou, Fu-Dong  and
      Chiang, David  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1026",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2001-factbrowser,
    title = "{F}act{B}rowser Demonstration",
    author = "Miller, Scott  and
      Bratus, Sergey  and
      Ramshaw, Lance  and
      Weischedel, Ralph  and
      Zamanian, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1027",
}
@inproceedings{aberdeen-etal-2001-finding,
    title = "Finding Errors Automatically in Semantically Tagged Dialogues",
    author = "Aberdeen, John  and
      Doran, Christine  and
      Damianos, Laurie  and
      Bayer, Samuel  and
      Hirschman, Lynette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1028",
}
@inproceedings{greiff-etal-2001-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Hidden {M}arkov Modeling for Broadcast-News Story Segmentation",
    author = "Greiff, Warren  and
      Morgan, Alex  and
      Fish, Randall  and
      Richards, Marc  and
      Kundu, Amlan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1029",
}
@inproceedings{stokes-carthy-2001-first,
    title = "First Story Detection using a Composite Document Representation",
    author = "Stokes, Nicola  and
      Carthy, Joe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1030",
}
@inproceedings{mani-etal-2001-guidelines,
    title = "Guidelines for Annotating Temporal Information",
    author = "Mani, Inderjeet  and
      Wilson, George  and
      Ferro, Lisa  and
      Sundheim, Beth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1031",
}
@inproceedings{seneff-polifroni-2001-hypothesis,
    title = "Hypothesis Selection and Resolution in the Mercury Flight Reservation System",
    author = "Seneff, Stephanie  and
      Polifroni, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1032",
}
@inproceedings{resnik-etal-2001-improved,
    title = "Improved Cross-Language Retrieval using Backoff Translation",
    author = "Resnik, Philip  and
      Oard, Douglas  and
      Levow, Gina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1033",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-ostendorf-2001-improving,
    title = "Improving Information Extraction by Modeling Errors in Speech Recognizer Output",
    author = "Palmer, David D.  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1034",
}
@inproceedings{yarowsky-etal-2001-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Multilingual Text Analysis Tools via Robust Projection across Aligned Corpora",
    author = "Yarowsky, David  and
      Ngai, Grace  and
      Wicentowski, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1035",
}
@inproceedings{lynam-etal-2001-information,
    title = "Information Extraction with Term Frequencies",
    author = "Lynam, T. R.  and
      Clarke, C. L. A.  and
      Cormack, G. V.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1036",
}
@inproceedings{sears-cross-2001-integrated,
    title = "The Integrated Feasibility Experiment Process",
    author = "Sears, J. Allen  and
      Cross, Stephen E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1037",
}
@inproceedings{hirschman-etal-2001-integrated,
    title = "Integrated Feasibility Experiment for Bio-Security: {IFE}-Bio, A {TIDES} Demonstration",
    author = "Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Concepcion, Kris  and
      Damianos, Laurie  and
      Day, David  and
      Delmore, John  and
      Ferro, Lisa  and
      Griffith, John  and
      Henderson, John  and
      Kurtz, Jeff  and
      Mani, Inderjeet  and
      Mardis, Scott  and
      McEntee, Tom  and
      Miller, Keith  and
      Nunam, Beverly  and
      Ponte, Jay  and
      Reeder, Florence  and
      Wellner, Ben  and
      Wilson, George  and
      Yeh, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1038",
}
@inproceedings{nyberg-daume-2001-integrated,
    title = "Integrated Information Management: An Interactive, Extensible Architecture for Information Retrieval",
    author = "Nyberg, Eric  and
      Daume, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1039",
}
@inproceedings{gaizauskas-etal-2001-intelligent,
    title = "Intelligent Access to Text: Integrating Information Extraction Technology into Text Browsers",
    author = "Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Herring, Patrick  and
      Oakes, Michael  and
      Beaulieu, Michelline  and
      Willett, Peter  and
      Fowkes, Helene  and
      Jonsson, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1040",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2001-interlingua,
    title = "Interlingua-Based Broad-Coverage {K}orean-to-{E}nglish Translation in {CCLINC}",
    author = "Lee, Young-Suk  and
      Yi, Wu Sok  and
      Seneff, Stephanie  and
      Weinstein, Clifford J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1041",
}
@inproceedings{reeder-2001-final,
    title = "Is That Your Final Answer?",
    author = "Reeder, Florence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1042",
}
@inproceedings{kawahara-kurohashi-2001-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Case Frame Construction by Coupling the Verb and its Closest Case Component",
    author = "Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1043",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-ishii-etal-2001-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Text Input System With Digits",
    author = "Tanaka-Ishii, Kumiko  and
      Inutsuka, Yusuke  and
      Takeichi, Masato",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1044",
}
@inproceedings{joho-etal-2001-large,
    title = "Large scale testing of a descriptive phrase finder",
    author = "Joho, Hideo  and
      Liu, Ying Ki  and
      Sanderson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1045",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2001-latat,
    title = "{L}a{T}a{T}: Language and Text Analysis Tools",
    author = "Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1046",
}
@inproceedings{heisterkamp-2001-linguatronic,
    title = "{L}inguatronic: Product-Level Speech System for Mercedes-Benz Car",
    author = "Heisterkamp, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1047",
}
@inproceedings{fugen-etal-2001-lingwear,
    title = "{L}ing{W}ear: A Mobile Tourist Information System",
    author = {F{\"u}gen, Christian  and
      Westphal, Martin  and
      Schneider, Mike  and
      Schultz, Tanja  and
      Waibel, Alex},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1048",
}
@inproceedings{daniels-bell-2001-listen,
    title = "Listen-Communicate-Show: Spoken Language Command of Agent-based Remote Information Access",
    author = "Daniels, Jody J.  and
      Bell, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1049",
}
@inproceedings{meng-etal-2001-mandarin,
    title = "{M}andarin-{E}nglish Information: Investigating Translingual Speech Retrieval",
    author = "Meng, Helen  and
      Chen, Berlin  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev  and
      Levow, Gina-Anne  and
      Lo, Wai-Kit  and
      Oard, Douglas  and
      Shone, Patrick  and
      Tang, Karen  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min  and
      Wang, Jianqiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1050",
}
@inproceedings{morgan-etal-2001-meeting,
    title = "The Meeting Project at {ICSI}",
    author = "Morgan, Nelson  and
      Baron, Don  and
      Edwards, Jane  and
      Ellis, Dan  and
      Gelbart, David  and
      Janin, Adam  and
      Pfau, Thilo  and
      Shriberg, Elizabeth  and
      Stolcke, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1051",
}
@inproceedings{banko-brill-2001-mitigating,
    title = "Mitigating the Paucity-of-Data Problem: Exploring the Effect of Training Corpus Size on Classifier Performance for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Banko, Michele  and
      Brill, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1052",
}
@inproceedings{frey-etal-2001-monitoring,
    title = "Monitoring the News: a {TDT} demonstration system",
    author = "Frey, David  and
      Gupta, Rahul  and
      Khandelwal, Vikas  and
      Lavrenko, Victor  and
      Leuski, Anton  and
      Allan, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1053",
}
@inproceedings{white-etal-2001-multidocument,
    title = "Multidocument Summarization via Information Extraction",
    author = "White, Michael  and
      Korelsky, Tanya  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Ng, Vincent  and
      Pierce, David  and
      Wagstaff, Kiri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1054",
}
@inproceedings{rambow-etal-2001-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Generation in Dialog Systems",
    author = "Rambow, Owen  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1055",
}
@inproceedings{radev-etal-2001-newsinessence,
    title = "{N}ews{I}n{E}ssence: A System For Domain-Independent, Real-Time News Clustering and Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir R.  and
      Blair-Goldensohn, Sasha  and
      Zhang, Zhu  and
      Raghavan, Revathi Sundara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1056",
}
@inproceedings{theeramunkong-usanavasin-2001-non,
    title = "Non-Dictionary-Based {T}hai Word Segmentation Using Decision Trees",
    author = "Theeramunkong, Thanaruk  and
      Usanavasin, Sasiporn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1057",
}
@inproceedings{hacioglu-ward-2001-combining,
    title = "On Combining Language Models: Oracle Approach",
    author = "Hacioglu, Kadri  and
      Ward, Wayne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1058",
}
@inproceedings{lamel-etal-2001-portability,
    title = "Portability Issues for Speech Recognition Technologies",
    author = "Lamel, Lori  and
      Lefevre, Fabrice  and
      Gauvain, Jean-Luc  and
      Adda, Gilles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1059",
}
@inproceedings{levow-etal-2001-rapidly,
    title = "Rapidly Retargetable Interactive Translingual Retrieval",
    author = "Levow, Gina-Anne  and
      Oard, Douglas W.  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1060",
}
@inproceedings{jelinek-etal-2001-robust,
    title = "Robust Knowledge Discovery from Parallel Speech and Text Sources",
    author = "Jelinek, F.  and
      Byrne, W.  and
      Khudanpur, S.  and
      Hladk{\'a}, B.  and
      Ney, H.  and
      Och, F. J.  and
      Cu{\v{r}}{\'\i}n, J.  and
      Psutka, J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1061",
}
@inproceedings{ney-etal-2001-rwth,
    title = "The {RWTH} System for Statistical Translation of Spoken Dialogues",
    author = "Ney, H.  and
      Och, F. J.  and
      Vogel, S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1062",
}
@inproceedings{wai-etal-2001-scalability,
    title = "Scalability and Portability of a Belief Network-based Dialog Model for Different Application Domains",
    author = "Wai, Carmen  and
      Meng, Helen M.  and
      Pieraccini, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1063",
}
@inproceedings{bacchiani-etal-2001-scanmail,
    title = "{SCANM}ail: Audio Navigation in the Voicemail Domain",
    author = "Bacchiani, Michiel  and
      Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Rosenberg, Aaron  and
      Whittaker, Steve  and
      Hindle, Donald  and
      Isenhour, Phil  and
      Jones, Mark  and
      Stark, Litza  and
      Zamchick, Gary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1064",
}
@inproceedings{barzilay-etal-2001-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Ordering in Multidocument Summarization",
    author = "Barzilay, Regina  and
      Elhadad, Noemie  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1065",
}
@inproceedings{brown-2001-server,
    title = "A Server for Real-Time Event Tracking in News",
    author = "Brown, Ralf D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1066",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-romacker-2001-syndikate,
    title = "The {S}yn{D}i{KAT}e Text Knowledge Base Generator",
    author = "Hahn, Udo  and
      Romacker, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1067",
}
@inproceedings{stibler-denny-2001-three,
    title = "A Three-Tiered Evaluation Approach for Interactive Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Stibler, Kathleen  and
      Denny, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1068",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-etal-2001-toward,
    title = "Toward Semantics-Based Answer Pinpointing",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard  and
      Gerber, Laurie  and
      Hermjakob, Ulf  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Ravichandran, Deepak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1069",
}
@inproceedings{potipiti-etal-2001-towards,
    title = "Towards an Intelligent Multilingual Keyboard System",
    author = "Potipiti, Tanapong  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Thanadkran, Kanokwut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1070",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2001-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Sign Translation",
    author = "Yang, Jie  and
      Gao, Jiang  and
      Zhang, Ying  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1071",
}
@inproceedings{kubler-hinrichs-2001-tusbl,
    title = {{T}{\"u}{SBL}: A Similarity-Based Chunk Parser for Robust Syntactic Processing},
    author = {K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard W.},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1072",
}
@inproceedings{pellom-etal-2001-university,
    title = "University of Colorado Dialogue Systems for Travel and Navigation",
    author = "Pellom, B.  and
      Ward, W.  and
      Hansen, J.  and
      Cole, R.  and
      Hacioglu, K.  and
      Zhang, J.  and
      Yu, X.  and
      Pradhan, S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1073",
}
@inproceedings{pack-weinstein-2001-use,
    title = "The Use of Dynamic Segment Scoring for Language-Independent Question Answering",
    author = "Pack, Daniel  and
      Weinstein, Clifford",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1074",
}
@inproceedings{price-julia-2001-using,
    title = "Using Speech and Language Technology to Coach Reading",
    author = "Price, Patti  and
      Julia, Luc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H01-1075",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1998-research,
    title = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XI}",
    author = "Wang, Hsiao-Chuan  and
      Chang, Chao-Huang",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{lin-su-1998-error,
    title = "Error Recovery in Natural Language Parsing With a Level-Synchronous Approach",
    author = "Lin, Yi-Chung  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XI}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-1001",
    pages = "35--46",
}
@inproceedings{bai-etal-1998-yi,
    title = "以語境判定中文未知詞詞類的方法 (Guessing Parts-Of-Speech For {C}hinese Unknown Words Using Context Information) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Bai, Ming-Hong  and
      Chen, Chao-Jan  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XI}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-1002",
    pages = "47--62",
}
@inproceedings{gu-yang-1998-ying,
    title = "應用動態、靜待辭典以加速鍵盤輸入中文之方法 (A Dynamic-and Static-Dictionaries Based Method for Accelerating {C}hinese-Character Inputting with Keyboard) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Gu, Hung-yan  and
      Yang, Chung-Chieh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XI}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-1003",
    pages = "73--86",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-1998-quantitative,
    title = "Quantitative Criteria for Computational {C}hinese Lexicography",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Gao, Zhao-ming  and
      Shen, Claude C.C.  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XI}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-1004",
    pages = "87--108",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-1998-speaker,
    title = "Speaker-Independent Continuous {M}andarin Speech Recognition Under Telephone Environments",
    author = "Shen, Jia-Lin  and
      Tu, Ying-Chieh  and
      Liang, Po-Yu  and
      Lee, Lin-Shan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XI}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-1005",
    pages = "119--137",
}
@inproceedings{lyu-etal-1998-large,
    title = "A Large-Vocabulary {T}aiwanese (Min-nan) Speech Recognition System Based on Inter-syllabic Initial-Final Modeling and Lexicon-Tree Search",
    author = "Lyu, Ren-Yuan  and
      Chiang, Yuang-Jin  and
      Fang, Ren-Jou  and
      Hsieh, Wen-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XI}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-1006",
    pages = "139--149",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-1998-using,
    title = "Using Keyword Spotting and Utterance Verification to a Prank Call Rejection System",
    author = "Lee, Chun-Jen  and
      Huang, Eng-Fong  and
      Chen, Jung-Kuei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XI}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-1007",
    pages = "151--162",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-1998-cpat,
    title = "{CPAT}-Tree-Based Language Models with an Application for Text Verification in {C}hinese",
    author = "Chen, Chun-Liang  and
      Bai, Bo-Ren  and
      Chien, Lee-Feng  and
      Lee, Lin-Shan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XI}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-1008",
    pages = "189--203",
}
@inproceedings{chang-1998-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Evaluation of Language Processing Systems Using Information Restoration Model",
    author = "Chang, Chao-Huang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XI}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-1009",
    pages = "205--216",
}
@inproceedings{yan-etal-1998-ying,
    title = "應用隱藏式馬可夫模型與口述對話系統之研究 (Spoken Dialogue System Using Hidden {M}arkov Model) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yan, Gwo-Lang  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Lin, Jian-Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XI}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-1010",
    pages = "227--241",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-1998-dian,
    title = "電話查詢口語對話系統中語音辨識不確定性之處理 (Dealing with the Uncertainty of Speech Recognition for Spoken Telephone-Number Inquiry System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Jhing-Fa  and
      Wang, Hsien-Chang  and
      Liu, Yi-Nan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XI}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-1011",
    pages = "243--256",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1998-rocling,
    title = "{ROCLING} 1998 Short Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{chen-hsu-1998-jie,
    title = "結合統計與規則的多層次中文斷詞系統 (A hierarchical {C}hinese word segmentation system based on statistical and rule-based methods) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Chung-Chen  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1998 Short Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-2001",
    pages = "63--72",
}
@inproceedings{shih-1998-design,
    title = "The Design of Sem-Syn Initial Grammar in {C}hinese Grammatical Inference",
    author = "Shih, Hsue-Hueh",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1998 Short Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-2002",
    pages = "109--118",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-1998-ying,
    title = "應用於電子商場營業類別查詢之語音辨識系統 (A speech recognition system for electronic shopping mall business category inquiries) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Jian-Hong  and
      Huang, Eng-Fong  and
      Chen, Jung-Kuei",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1998 Short Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-2003",
    pages = "163--172",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-1998-way,
    title = "A Way to Extract Unknown Words Without Dictionary from {C}hinese Corpus and Its Applications",
    author = "Lin, Yih-Jeng  and
      Yu, Ming-Shing  and
      Hwang, Shyh-Yang  and
      Wu, Ming-Jer",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1998 Short Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-2004",
    pages = "217--226",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1998-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 3, Number 1, {F}ebruary 1998: Special Issue on the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
}
@inproceedings{bagga-biermann-1998-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Performance of Message Understanding Systems",
    author = "Bagga, Amit  and
      Biermann, Alan W.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 3, Number 1, {F}ebruary 1998: Special Issue on the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-3001",
    pages = "1--26",
}
@inproceedings{chen-bai-1998-unknown,
    title = "Unknown Word Detection for {C}hinese by a Corpus-based Learning Method",
    author = "Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Bai, Ming-Hong",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 3, Number 1, {F}ebruary 1998: Special Issue on the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-3002",
    pages = "27--44",
}
@inproceedings{ahrens-etal-1998-meaning,
    title = "Meaning Representation and Meaning Instantiation for {C}hinese Nominals",
    author = "Ahrens, Kathleen  and
      Chang, Li-Li  and
      Chen, Ke-Jiann  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 3, Number 1, {F}ebruary 1998: Special Issue on the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-3003",
    pages = "45--60",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-etal-1998-towards,
    title = "Towards a Representation of Verbal Semantics {--} An Approach Based on Near-Synonyms",
    author = "Tsai, Mei-Chih  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Ahrens, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 3, Number 1, {F}ebruary 1998: Special Issue on the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-3004",
    pages = "61--74",
}
@inproceedings{chen-bian-1998-white,
    title = "White Page Construction from Web Pages for Finding People on the {I}nternet",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Bian, Guo-Wei",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 3, Number 1, {F}ebruary 1998: Special Issue on the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-3005",
    pages = "75--100",
}
@inproceedings{tsou-etal-1998-human,
    title = "Human Judgment as a Basis for Evaluation of Discourse-Connective-Based Full-Text Abstraction in {C}hinese",
    author = "T{'}sou, Benjamin K.  and
      Lin, Hing-Lung  and
      Lai, Tom B. Y.  and
      Chan, Samuel W. K.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 3, Number 1, {F}ebruary 1998: Special Issue on the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-3006",
    pages = "101--116",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1998-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 3, Number 2, August 1998",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-1998-senses,
    title = "Senses and Texts",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 3, Number 2, August 1998",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-4001",
    pages = "1--16",
}
@inproceedings{gaizauskas-wilks-1998-information,
    title = "Information Extraction: Beyond Document Retrieval",
    author = "Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 3, Number 2, August 1998",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-4002",
    pages = "17--60",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-1998-assessment,
    title = "An Assessment of Character-based {C}hinese News Filtering Using Latent Semantic Indexing",
    author = "Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Yang, Pey-Ching  and
      Soo, Von-Wun",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 3, Number 2, August 1998",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-4003",
    pages = "61--78",
}
@inproceedings{chang-1998-noisy,
    title = "Noisy Channel Models for Corrupted {C}hinese Text Restoration and {GB}-to-Big5 Conversion",
    author = "Chang, Chao-Huang",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 3, Number 2, August 1998",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-4004",
    pages = "79--92",
}
@inproceedings{wang-1998-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Analysis of {M}andarin Acoustic Units and Automatic Extraction of Phonetically Rich Sentences Based Upon a Very Large {C}hinese Text Corpus",
    author = "Wang, Hsin-min",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 3, Number 2, August 1998",
    month = aug,
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O98-4005",
    pages = "93--114",
}
@article{tacl-2017-transactions,
    title = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Volume 5",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
}
@article{smith-etal-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Visual Representations for Topic Understanding and Their Effects on Manually Generated Topic Labels",
    author = "Smith, Alison  and
      Lee, Tak Yeon  and
      Poursabzi-Sangdeh, Forough  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Elmqvist, Niklas  and
      Findlater, Leah",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00042",
    pages = "1--16",
    abstract = "Probabilistic topic models are important tools for indexing, summarizing, and analyzing large document collections by their themes. However, promoting end-user understanding of topics remains an open research problem. We compare labels generated by users given four topic visualization techniques{---}word lists, word lists with bars, word clouds, and network graphs{---}against each other and against automatically generated labels. Our basis of comparison is participant ratings of how well labels describe documents from the topic. Our study has two phases: a labeling phase where participants label visualized topics and a validation phase where different participants select which labels best describe the topics{'} documents. Although all visualizations produce similar quality labels, simple visualizations such as word lists allow participants to quickly understand topics, while complex visualizations take longer but expose multi-word expressions that simpler visualizations obscure. Automatic labels lag behind user-created labels, but our dataset of manually labeled topics highlights linguistic patterns (e.g., hypernyms, phrases) that can be used to improve automatic topic labeling algorithms.",
}
@article{anderson-etal-2017-visually,
    title = "Visually Grounded and Textual Semantic Models Differentially Decode Brain Activity Associated with Concrete and Abstract Nouns",
    author = "Anderson, Andrew J.  and
      Kiela, Douwe  and
      Clark, Stephen  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00043",
    pages = "17--30",
    abstract = "Important advances have recently been made using computational semantic models to decode brain activity patterns associated with concepts; however, this work has almost exclusively focused on concrete nouns. How well these models extend to decoding abstract nouns is largely unknown. We address this question by applying state-of-the-art computational models to decode functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) activity patterns, elicited by participants reading and imagining a diverse set of both concrete and abstract nouns. One of the models we use is linguistic, exploiting the recent word2vec skipgram approach trained on Wikipedia. The second is visually grounded, using deep convolutional neural networks trained on Google Images. Dual coding theory considers concrete concepts to be encoded in the brain both linguistically and visually, and abstract concepts only linguistically. Splitting the fMRI data according to human concreteness ratings, we indeed observe that both models significantly decode the most concrete nouns; however, accuracy is significantly greater using the text-based models for the most abstract nouns. More generally this confirms that current computational models are sufficiently advanced to assist in investigating the representational structure of abstract concepts in the brain.",
}
@article{modi-etal-2017-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Semantic Expectation: Using Script Knowledge for Referent Prediction",
    author = "Modi, Ashutosh  and
      Titov, Ivan  and
      Demberg, Vera  and
      Sayeed, Asad  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00044",
    pages = "31--44",
    abstract = "Recent research in psycholinguistics has provided increasing evidence that humans predict upcoming content. Prediction also affects perception and might be a key to robustness in human language processing. In this paper, we investigate the factors that affect human prediction by building a computational model that can predict upcoming discourse referents based on linguistic knowledge alone vs. linguistic knowledge jointly with common-sense knowledge in the form of scripts. We find that script knowledge significantly improves model estimates of human predictions. In a second study, we test the highly controversial hypothesis that predictability influences referring expression type but do not find evidence for such an effect.",
}
@article{liu-zhang-2017-shift,
    title = "Shift-Reduce Constituent Parsing with Neural Lookahead Features",
    author = "Liu, Jiangming  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00045",
    pages = "45--58",
    abstract = "Transition-based models can be fast and accurate for constituent parsing. Compared with chart-based models, they leverage richer features by extracting history information from a parser stack, which consists of a sequence of non-local constituents. On the other hand, during incremental parsing, constituent information on the right hand side of the current word is not utilized, which is a relative weakness of shift-reduce parsing. To address this limitation, we leverage a fast neural model to extract lookahead features. In particular, we build a bidirectional LSTM model, which leverages full sentence information to predict the hierarchy of constituents that each word starts and ends. The results are then passed to a strong transition-based constituent parser as lookahead features. The resulting parser gives 1.3{\%} absolute improvement in WSJ and 2.3{\%} in CTB compared to the baseline, giving the highest reported accuracies for fully-supervised parsing.",
}
@article{chang-collins-2017-polynomial,
    title = "A Polynomial-Time Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Phrase-Based Decoding with a Fixed Distortion Limit",
    author = "Chang, Yin-Wen  and
      Collins, Michael",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00046",
    pages = "59--71",
    abstract = "Decoding of phrase-based translation models in the general case is known to be NP-complete, by a reduction from the traveling salesman problem (Knight, 1999). In practice, phrase-based systems often impose a hard distortion limit that limits the movement of phrases during translation. However, the impact on complexity after imposing such a constraint is not well studied. In this paper, we describe a dynamic programming algorithm for phrase-based decoding with a fixed distortion limit. The runtime of the algorithm is O(nd!lhd+1) where n is the sentence length, d is the distortion limit, l is a bound on the number of phrases starting at any position in the sentence, and h is related to the maximum number of target language translations for any source word. The algorithm makes use of a novel representation that gives a new perspective on decoding of phrase-based models.",
}
@article{futrell-etal-2017-generative,
    title = "A Generative Model of Phonotactics",
    author = "Futrell, Richard  and
      Albright, Adam  and
      Graff, Peter  and
      O{'}Donnell, Timothy J.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1006",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00047",
    pages = "73--86",
    abstract = "We present a probabilistic model of phonotactics, the set of well-formed phoneme sequences in a language. Unlike most computational models of phonotactics (Hayes and Wilson, 2008; Goldsmith and Riggle, 2012), we take a fully generative approach, modeling a process where forms are built up out of subparts by phonologically-informed structure building operations. We learn an inventory of subparts by applying stochastic memoization (Johnson et al., 2007; Goodman et al., 2008) to a generative process for phonemes structured as an and-or graph, based on concepts of feature hierarchy from generative phonology (Clements, 1985; Dresher, 2009). Subparts are combined in a way that allows tier-based feature interactions. We evaluate our models{'} ability to capture phonotactic distributions in the lexicons of 14 languages drawn from the WOLEX corpus (Graff, 2012). Our full model robustly assigns higher probabilities to held-out forms than a sophisticated N-gram model for all languages. We also present novel analyses that probe model behavior in more detail.",
}
@article{tu-etal-2017-context,
    title = "Context Gates for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Lu, Zhengdong  and
      Liu, Xiaohua  and
      Li, Hang",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1007",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00048",
    pages = "87--99",
    abstract = "In neural machine translation (NMT), generation of a target word depends on both source and target contexts. We find that source contexts have a direct impact on the adequacy of a translation while target contexts affect the fluency. Intuitively, generation of a content word should rely more on the source context and generation of a functional word should rely more on the target context. Due to the lack of effective control over the influence from source and target contexts, conventional NMT tends to yield fluent but inadequate translations. To address this problem, we propose context gates which dynamically control the ratios at which source and target contexts contribute to the generation of target words. In this way, we can enhance both the adequacy and fluency of NMT with more careful control of the information flow from contexts. Experiments show that our approach significantly improves upon a standard attention-based NMT system by +2.3 BLEU points.",
}
@article{peng-etal-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-Sentence N-ary Relation Extraction with Graph {LSTM}s",
    author = "Peng, Nanyun  and
      Poon, Hoifung  and
      Quirk, Chris  and
      Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Yih, Wen-tau",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1008",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00049",
    pages = "101--115",
    abstract = "Past work in relation extraction has focused on binary relations in single sentences. Recent NLP inroads in high-value domains have sparked interest in the more general setting of extracting n-ary relations that span multiple sentences. In this paper, we explore a general relation extraction framework based on graph long short-term memory networks (graph LSTMs) that can be easily extended to cross-sentence n-ary relation extraction. The graph formulation provides a unified way of exploring different LSTM approaches and incorporating various intra-sentential and inter-sentential dependencies, such as sequential, syntactic, and discourse relations. A robust contextual representation is learned for the entities, which serves as input to the relation classifier. This simplifies handling of relations with arbitrary arity, and enables multi-task learning with related relations. We evaluate this framework in two important precision medicine settings, demonstrating its effectiveness with both conventional supervised learning and distant supervision. Cross-sentence extraction produced larger knowledge bases. and multi-task learning significantly improved extraction accuracy. A thorough analysis of various LSTM approaches yielded useful insight the impact of linguistic analysis on extraction accuracy.",
}
@article{dunietz-etal-2017-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Tagging Constructions of Causation and Their Slot-Fillers",
    author = "Dunietz, Jesse  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1009",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00050",
    pages = "117--133",
    abstract = {This paper explores extending shallow semantic parsing beyond lexical-unit triggers, using causal relations as a test case. Semantic parsing becomes difficult in the face of the wide variety of linguistic realizations that causation can take on. We therefore base our approach on the concept of constructions from the linguistic paradigm known as Construction Grammar (CxG). In CxG, a construction is a form/function pairing that can rely on arbitrary linguistic and semantic features. Rather than codifying all aspects of each construction{'}s form, as some attempts to employ CxG in NLP have done, we propose methods that offload that problem to machine learning. We describe two supervised approaches for tagging causal constructions and their arguments. Both approaches combine automatically induced pattern-matching rules with statistical classifiers that learn the subtler parameters of the constructions. Our results show that these approaches are promising: they significantly outperform na{\"\i}ve baselines for both construction recognition and cause and effect head matches.},
}
@article{bojanowski-etal-2017-enriching,
    title = "Enriching Word Vectors with Subword Information",
    author = "Bojanowski, Piotr  and
      Grave, Edouard  and
      Joulin, Armand  and
      Mikolov, Tomas",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1010",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00051",
    pages = "135--146",
    abstract = "Continuous word representations, trained on large unlabeled corpora are useful for many natural language processing tasks. Popular models that learn such representations ignore the morphology of words, by assigning a distinct vector to each word. This is a limitation, especially for languages with large vocabularies and many rare words. In this paper, we propose a new approach based on the skipgram model, where each word is represented as a bag of character n-grams. A vector representation is associated to each character n-gram; words being represented as the sum of these representations. Our method is fast, allowing to train models on large corpora quickly and allows us to compute word representations for words that did not appear in the training data. We evaluate our word representations on nine different languages, both on word similarity and analogy tasks. By comparing to recently proposed morphological word representations, we show that our vectors achieve state-of-the-art performance on these tasks.",
}
@article{wang-eisner-2017-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Prediction of Syntactic Typology: Discovering Latent Structure with Supervised Learning",
    author = "Wang, Dingquan  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1011",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00052",
    pages = "147--161",
    abstract = "We show how to predict the basic word-order facts of a novel language given only a corpus of part-of-speech (POS) sequences. We predict how often direct objects follow their verbs, how often adjectives follow their nouns, and in general the directionalities of all dependency relations. Such typological properties could be helpful in grammar induction. While such a problem is usually regarded as unsupervised learning, our innovation is to treat it as supervised learning, using a large collection of realistic synthetic languages as training data. The supervised learner must identify surface features of a language{'}s POS sequence (hand-engineered or neural features) that correlate with the language{'}s deeper structure (latent trees). In the experiment, we show: 1) Given a small set of real languages, it helps to add many synthetic languages to the training data. 2) Our system is robust even when the POS sequences include noise. 3) Our system on this task outperforms a grammar induction baseline by a large margin.",
}
@article{teng-zhang-2017-head,
    title = "Head-Lexicalized Bidirectional Tree {LSTM}s",
    author = "Teng, Zhiyang  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1012",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00053",
    pages = "163--177",
    abstract = "Sequential LSTMs have been extended to model tree structures, giving competitive results for a number of tasks. Existing methods model constituent trees by bottom-up combinations of constituent nodes, making direct use of input word information only for leaf nodes. This is different from sequential LSTMs, which contain references to input words for each node. In this paper, we propose a method for automatic head-lexicalization for tree-structure LSTMs, propagating head words from leaf nodes to every constituent node. In addition, enabled by head lexicalization, we build a tree LSTM in the top-down direction, which corresponds to bidirectional sequential LSTMs in structure. Experiments show that both extensions give better representations of tree structures. Our final model gives the best results on the Stanford Sentiment Treebank and highly competitive results on the TREC question type classification task.",
}
@article{fujii-etal-2017-nonparametric,
    title = "Nonparametric {B}ayesian Semi-supervised Word Segmentation",
    author = "Fujii, Ryo  and
      Domoto, Ryo  and
      Mochihashi, Daichi",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1013",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00054",
    pages = "179--189",
    abstract = "This paper presents a novel hybrid generative/discriminative model of word segmentation based on nonparametric Bayesian methods. Unlike ordinary discriminative word segmentation which relies only on labeled data, our semi-supervised model also leverages a huge amounts of unlabeled text to automatically learn new {``}words{''}, and further constrains them by using a labeled data to segment non-standard texts such as those found in social networking services. Specifically, our hybrid model combines a discriminative classifier (CRF; Lafferty et al. (2001) and unsupervised word segmentation (NPYLM; Mochihashi et al. (2009)), with a transparent exchange of information between these two model structures within the semi-supervised framework (JESS-CM; Suzuki and Isozaki (2008)). We confirmed that it can appropriately segment non-standard texts like those in Twitter and Weibo and has nearly state-of-the-art accuracy on standard datasets in Japanese, Chinese, and Thai.",
}
@article{kim-etal-2017-joint,
    title = "Joint Modeling of Topics, Citations, and Topical Authority in Academic Corpora",
    author = "Kim, Jooyeon  and
      Kim, Dongwoo  and
      Oh, Alice",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1014",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00055",
    pages = "191--204",
    abstract = "Much of scientific progress stems from previously published findings, but searching through the vast sea of scientific publications is difficult. We often rely on metrics of scholarly authority to find the prominent authors but these authority indices do not differentiate authority based on research topics. We present Latent Topical-Authority Indexing (LTAI) for jointly modeling the topics, citations, and topical authority in a corpus of academic papers. Compared to previous models, LTAI differs in two main aspects. First, it explicitly models the generative process of the citations, rather than treating the citations as given. Second, it models each author{'}s influence on citations of a paper based on the topics of the cited papers, as well as the citing papers. We fit LTAI into four academic corpora: CORA, Arxiv Physics, PNAS, and Citeseer. We compare the performance of LTAI against various baselines, starting with the latent Dirichlet allocation, to the more advanced models including author-link topic model and dynamic author citation topic model. The results show that LTAI achieves improved accuracy over other similar models when predicting words, citations and authors of publications.",
}
@article{martins-etal-2017-pushing,
    title = "Pushing the Limits of Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.  and
      Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin  and
      Kepler, Fabio N.  and
      Astudillo, Ram{\'o}n  and
      Hokamp, Chris  and
      Grundkiewicz, Roman",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1015",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00056",
    pages = "205--218",
    abstract = "Translation quality estimation is a task of growing importance in NLP, due to its potential to reduce post-editing human effort in disruptive ways. However, this potential is currently limited by the relatively low accuracy of existing systems. In this paper, we achieve remarkable improvements by exploiting synergies between the related tasks of word-level quality estimation and automatic post-editing. First, we stack a new, carefully engineered, neural model into a rich feature-based word-level quality estimation system. Then, we use the output of an automatic post-editing system as an extra feature, obtaining striking results on WMT16: a word-level FMULT1 score of 57.47{\%} (an absolute gain of +7.95{\%} over the current state of the art), and a Pearson correlation score of 65.56{\%} for sentence-level HTER prediction (an absolute gain of +13.36{\%}).",
}
@article{wang-etal-2017-winning,
    title = "Winning on the Merits: The Joint Effects of Content and Style on Debate Outcomes",
    author = "Wang, Lu  and
      Beauchamp, Nick  and
      Shugars, Sarah  and
      Qin, Kechen",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1016",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00057",
    pages = "219--232",
    abstract = "Debate and deliberation play essential roles in politics and government, but most models presume that debates are won mainly via superior style or agenda control. Ideally, however, debates would be won on the merits, as a function of which side has the stronger arguments. We propose a predictive model of debate that estimates the effects of linguistic features and the latent persuasive strengths of different topics, as well as the interactions between the two. Using a dataset of 118 Oxford-style debates, our model{'}s combination of content (as latent topics) and style (as linguistic features) allows us to predict audience-adjudicated winners with 74{\%} accuracy, significantly outperforming linguistic features alone (66{\%}). Our model finds that winning sides employ stronger arguments, and allows us to identify the linguistic features associated with strong or weak arguments.",
}
@article{dalvi-mishra-etal-2017-domain,
    title = "Domain-Targeted, High Precision Knowledge Extraction",
    author = "Dalvi Mishra, Bhavana  and
      Tandon, Niket  and
      Clark, Peter",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1017",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00058",
    pages = "233--246",
    abstract = "Our goal is to construct a domain-targeted, high precision knowledge base (KB), containing general (subject,predicate,object) statements about the world, in support of a downstream question-answering (QA) application. Despite recent advances in information extraction (IE) techniques, no suitable resource for our task already exists; existing resources are either too noisy, too named-entity centric, or too incomplete, and typically have not been constructed with a clear scope or purpose. To address these, we have created a domain-targeted, high precision knowledge extraction pipeline, leveraging Open IE, crowdsourcing, and a novel canonical schema learning algorithm (called CASI), that produces high precision knowledge targeted to a particular domain - in our case, elementary science. To measure the KB{'}s coverage of the target domain{'}s knowledge (its {``}comprehensiveness{''} with respect to science) we measure recall with respect to an independent corpus of domain text, and show that our pipeline produces output with over 80{\%} precision and 23{\%} recall with respect to that target, a substantially higher coverage of tuple-expressible science knowledge than other comparable resources. We have made the KB publicly available.",
}
@article{berend-2017-sparse,
    title = "Sparse Coding of Neural Word Embeddings for Multilingual Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Berend, G{\'a}bor",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1018",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00059",
    pages = "247--261",
    abstract = "In this paper we propose and carefully evaluate a sequence labeling framework which solely utilizes sparse indicator features derived from dense distributed word representations. The proposed model obtains (near) state-of-the art performance for both part-of-speech tagging and named entity recognition for a variety of languages. Our model relies only on a few thousand sparse coding-derived features, without applying any modification of the word representations employed for the different tasks. The proposed model has favorable generalization properties as it retains over 89.8{\%} of its average POS tagging accuracy when trained at 1.2{\%} of the total available training data, i.e. 150 sentences per language.",
}
@article{vieira-eisner-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to Prune: Exploring the Frontier of Fast and Accurate Parsing",
    author = "Vieira, Tim  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1019",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00060",
    pages = "263--278",
    abstract = "Pruning hypotheses during dynamic programming is commonly used to speed up inference in settings such as parsing. Unlike prior work, we train a pruning policy under an objective that measures end-to-end performance: we search for a fast and accurate policy. This poses a difficult machine learning problem, which we tackle with the lols algorithm. lols training must continually compute the effects of changing pruning decisions: we show how to make this efficient in the constituency parsing setting, via dynamic programming and change propagation algorithms. We find that optimizing end-to-end performance in this way leads to a better Pareto frontier{---}i.e., parsers which are more accurate for a given runtime.",
}
@article{rasooli-collins-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Syntactic Transfer with Limited Resources",
    author = "Rasooli, Mohammad Sadegh  and
      Collins, Michael",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1020",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00061",
    pages = "279--293",
    abstract = "We describe a simple but effective method for cross-lingual syntactic transfer of dependency parsers, in the scenario where a large amount of translation data is not available. This method makes use of three steps: 1) a method for deriving cross-lingual word clusters, which can then be used in a multilingual parser; 2) a method for transferring lexical information from a target language to source language treebanks; 3) a method for integrating these steps with the density-driven annotation projection method of Rasooli and Collins (2015). Experiments show improvements over the state-of-the-art in several languages used in previous work, in a setting where the only source of translation data is the Bible, a considerably smaller corpus than the Europarl corpus used in previous work. Results using the Europarl corpus as a source of translation data show additional improvements over the results of Rasooli and Collins (2015). We conclude with results on 38 datasets from the Universal Dependencies corpora.",
}
@article{yang-eisenstein-2017-overcoming,
    title = "Overcoming Language Variation in Sentiment Analysis with Social Attention",
    author = "Yang, Yi  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1021",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00062",
    pages = "295--307",
    abstract = "Variation in language is ubiquitous, particularly in newer forms of writing such as social media. Fortunately, variation is not random; it is often linked to social properties of the author. In this paper, we show how to exploit social networks to make sentiment analysis more robust to social language variation. The key idea is linguistic homophily: the tendency of socially linked individuals to use language in similar ways. We formalize this idea in a novel attention-based neural network architecture, in which attention is divided among several basis models, depending on the author{'}s position in the social network. This has the effect of smoothing the classification function across the social network, and makes it possible to induce personalized classifiers even for authors for whom there is no labeled data or demographic metadata. This model significantly improves the accuracies of sentiment analysis on Twitter and on review data.",
}
@article{mrksic-etal-2017-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Specialization of Distributional Word Vector Spaces using Monolingual and Cross-Lingual Constraints",
    author = "Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      {\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid  and
      Leviant, Ira  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Young, Steve",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1022",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00063",
    pages = "309--324",
    abstract = "We present Attract-Repel, an algorithm for improving the semantic quality of word vectors by injecting constraints extracted from lexical resources. Attract-Repel facilitates the use of constraints from mono- and cross-lingual resources, yielding semantically specialized cross-lingual vector spaces. Our evaluation shows that the method can make use of existing cross-lingual lexicons to construct high-quality vector spaces for a plethora of different languages, facilitating semantic transfer from high- to lower-resource ones. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated with state-of-the-art results on semantic similarity datasets in six languages. We next show that Attract-Repel-specialized vectors boost performance in the downstream task of dialogue state tracking (DST) across multiple languages. Finally, we show that cross-lingual vector spaces produced by our algorithm facilitate the training of multilingual DST models, which brings further performance improvements.",
}
@article{monroe-etal-2017-colors,
    title = "Colors in Context: A Pragmatic Neural Model for Grounded Language Understanding",
    author = "Monroe, Will  and
      Hawkins, Robert X.D.  and
      Goodman, Noah D.  and
      Potts, Christopher",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1023",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00064",
    pages = "325--338",
    abstract = "We present a model of pragmatic referring expression interpretation in a grounded communication task (identifying colors from descriptions) that draws upon predictions from two recurrent neural network classifiers, a speaker and a listener, unified by a recursive pragmatic reasoning framework. Experiments show that this combined pragmatic model interprets color descriptions more accurately than the classifiers from which it is built, and that much of this improvement results from combining the speaker and listener perspectives. We observe that pragmatic reasoning helps primarily in the hardest cases: when the model must distinguish very similar colors, or when few utterances adequately express the target color. Our findings make use of a newly-collected corpus of human utterances in color reference games, which exhibit a variety of pragmatic behaviors. We also show that the embedded speaker model reproduces many of these pragmatic behaviors.",
}
@article{johnson-etal-2017-googles,
    title = "{G}oogle{'}s Multilingual Neural Machine Translation System: Enabling Zero-Shot Translation",
    author = "Johnson, Melvin  and
      Schuster, Mike  and
      Le, Quoc V.  and
      Krikun, Maxim  and
      Wu, Yonghui  and
      Chen, Zhifeng  and
      Thorat, Nikhil  and
      Vi{\'e}gas, Fernanda  and
      Wattenberg, Martin  and
      Corrado, Greg  and
      Hughes, Macduff  and
      Dean, Jeffrey",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1024",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00065",
    pages = "339--351",
    abstract = "We propose a simple solution to use a single Neural Machine Translation (NMT) model to translate between multiple languages. Our solution requires no changes to the model architecture from a standard NMT system but instead introduces an artificial token at the beginning of the input sentence to specify the required target language. Using a shared wordpiece vocabulary, our approach enables Multilingual NMT systems using a single model. On the WMT{'}14 benchmarks, a single multilingual model achieves comparable performance for English→French and surpasses state-of-theart results for English→German. Similarly, a single multilingual model surpasses state-of-the-art results for French→English and German→English on WMT{'}14 and WMT{'}15 benchmarks, respectively. On production corpora, multilingual models of up to twelve language pairs allow for better translation of many individual pairs. Our models can also learn to perform implicit bridging between language pairs never seen explicitly during training, showing that transfer learning and zero-shot translation is possible for neural translation. Finally, we show analyses that hints at a universal interlingua representation in our models and also show some interesting examples when mixing languages.",
}
@article{luo-etal-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Morphological Forests",
    author = "Luo, Jiaming  and
      Narasimhan, Karthik  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1025",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00066",
    pages = "353--364",
    abstract = "This paper focuses on unsupervised modeling of morphological families, collectively comprising a forest over the language vocabulary. This formulation enables us to capture edge-wise properties reflecting single-step morphological derivations, along with global distributional properties of the entire forest. These global properties constrain the size of the affix set and encourage formation of tight morphological families. The resulting objective is solved using Integer Linear Programming (ILP) paired with contrastive estimation. We train the model by alternating between optimizing the local log-linear model and the global ILP objective. We evaluate our system on three tasks: root detection, clustering of morphological families, and segmentation. Our experiments demonstrate that our model yields consistent gains in all three tasks compared with the best published results.",
}
@article{lee-etal-2017-fully,
    title = "Fully Character-Level Neural Machine Translation without Explicit Segmentation",
    author = "Lee, Jason  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Hofmann, Thomas",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1026",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00067",
    pages = "365--378",
    abstract = "Most existing machine translation systems operate at the level of words, relying on explicit segmentation to extract tokens. We introduce a neural machine translation (NMT) model that maps a source character sequence to a target character sequence without any segmentation. We employ a character-level convolutional network with max-pooling at the encoder to reduce the length of source representation, allowing the model to be trained at a speed comparable to subword-level models while capturing local regularities. Our character-to-character model outperforms a recently proposed baseline with a subword-level encoder on WMT{'}15 DE-EN and CS-EN, and gives comparable performance on FI-EN and RU-EN. We then demonstrate that it is possible to share a single character-level encoder across multiple languages by training a model on a many-to-one translation task. In this multilingual setting, the character-level encoder significantly outperforms the subword-level encoder on all the language pairs. We observe that on CS-EN, FI-EN and RU-EN, the quality of the multilingual character-level translation even surpasses the models specifically trained on that language pair alone, both in terms of the BLEU score and human judgment.",
}
@article{zhang-etal-2017-ordinal,
    title = "Ordinal Common-sense Inference",
    author = "Zhang, Sheng  and
      Rudinger, Rachel  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1027",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00068",
    pages = "379--395",
    abstract = "Humans have the capacity to draw common-sense inferences from natural language: various things that are likely but not certain to hold based on established discourse, and are rarely stated explicitly. We propose an evaluation of automated common-sense inference based on an extension of recognizing textual entailment: predicting ordinal human responses on the subjective likelihood of an inference holding in a given context. We describe a framework for extracting common-sense knowledge from corpora, which is then used to construct a dataset for this ordinal entailment task. We train a neural sequence-to-sequence model on this dataset, which we use to score and generate possible inferences. Further, we annotate subsets of previously established datasets via our ordinal annotation protocol in order to then analyze the distinctions between these and what we have constructed.",
}
@article{yamada-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Distributed Representations of Texts and Entities from Knowledge Base",
    author = "Yamada, Ikuya  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Takeda, Hideaki  and
      Takefuji, Yoshiyasu",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1028",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00069",
    pages = "397--411",
    abstract = "We describe a neural network model that jointly learns distributed representations of texts and knowledge base (KB) entities. Given a text in the KB, we train our proposed model to predict entities that are relevant to the text. Our model is designed to be generic with the ability to address various NLP tasks with ease. We train the model using a large corpus of texts and their entity annotations extracted from Wikipedia. We evaluated the model on three important NLP tasks (i.e., sentence textual similarity, entity linking, and factoid question answering) involving both unsupervised and supervised settings. As a result, we achieved state-of-the-art results on all three of these tasks. Our code and trained models are publicly available for further academic research.",
}
@article{liu-zhang-2017-order,
    title = "In-Order Transition-based Constituent Parsing",
    author = "Liu, Jiangming  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1029",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00070",
    pages = "413--424",
    abstract = "Both bottom-up and top-down strategies have been used for neural transition-based constituent parsing. The parsing strategies differ in terms of the order in which they recognize productions in the derivation tree, where bottom-up strategies and top-down strategies take post-order and pre-order traversal over trees, respectively. Bottom-up parsers benefit from rich features from readily built partial parses, but lack lookahead guidance in the parsing process; top-down parsers benefit from non-local guidance for local decisions, but rely on a strong encoder over the input to predict a constituent hierarchy before its construction. To mitigate both issues, we propose a novel parsing system based on in-order traversal over syntactic trees, designing a set of transition actions to find a compromise between bottom-up constituent information and top-down lookahead information. Based on stack-LSTM, our psycholinguistically motivated constituent parsing system achieves 91.8 F1 on the WSJ benchmark. Furthermore, the system achieves 93.6 F1 with supervised reranking and 94.2 F1 with semi-supervised reranking, which are the best results on the WSJ benchmark.",
}
@article{richter-etal-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Low-Level Speech Features Against Human Perceptual Data",
    author = "Richter, Caitlin  and
      Feldman, Naomi H.  and
      Salgado, Harini  and
      Jansen, Aren",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1030",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00071",
    pages = "425--440",
    abstract = "We introduce a method for measuring the correspondence between low-level speech features and human perception, using a cognitive model of speech perception implemented directly on speech recordings. We evaluate two speaker normalization techniques using this method and find that in both cases, speech features that are normalized across speakers predict human data better than unnormalized speech features, consistent with previous research. Results further reveal differences across normalization methods in how well each predicts human data. This work provides a new framework for evaluating low-level representations of speech on their match to human perception, and lays the groundwork for creating more ecologically valid models of speech perception.",
}
@article{kummerfeld-klein-2017-parsing,
    title = "Parsing with Traces: An O(n4) Algorithm and a Structural Representation",
    author = "Kummerfeld, Jonathan K.  and
      Klein, Dan",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1031",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00072",
    pages = "441--454",
    abstract = "General treebank analyses are graph structured, but parsers are typically restricted to tree structures for efficiency and modeling reasons. We propose a new representation and algorithm for a class of graph structures that is flexible enough to cover almost all treebank structures, while still admitting efficient learning and inference. In particular, we consider directed, acyclic, one-endpoint-crossing graph structures, which cover most long-distance dislocation, shared argumentation, and similar tree-violating linguistic phenomena. We describe how to convert phrase structure parses, including traces, to our new representation in a reversible manner. Our dynamic program uniquely decomposes structures, is sound and complete, and covers 97.3{\%} of the Penn English Treebank. We also implement a proof-of-concept parser that recovers a range of null elements and trace types.",
}
@article{brooke-etal-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Acquisition of Comprehensive Multiword Lexicons using Competition in an n-gram Lattice",
    author = "Brooke, Julian  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1032",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00073",
    pages = "455--470",
    abstract = "We present a new model for acquiring comprehensive multiword lexicons from large corpora based on competition among n-gram candidates. In contrast to the standard approach of simple ranking by association measure, in our model n-grams are arranged in a lattice structure based on subsumption and overlap relationships, with nodes inhibiting other nodes in their vicinity when they are selected as a lexical item. We show how the configuration of such a lattice can be optimized tractably, and demonstrate using annotations of sampled n-grams that our method consistently outperforms alternatives by at least 0.05 F-score across several corpora and languages.",
}
@article{dror-etal-2017-replicability,
    title = "Replicability Analysis for Natural Language Processing: Testing Significance with Multiple Datasets",
    author = "Dror, Rotem  and
      Baumer, Gili  and
      Bogomolov, Marina  and
      Reichart, Roi",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1033",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00074",
    pages = "471--486",
    abstract = "With the ever growing amount of textual data from a large variety of languages, domains, and genres, it has become standard to evaluate NLP algorithms on multiple datasets in order to ensure a consistent performance across heterogeneous setups. However, such multiple comparisons pose significant challenges to traditional statistical analysis methods in NLP and can lead to erroneous conclusions. In this paper we propose a Replicability Analysis framework for a statistically sound analysis of multiple comparisons between algorithms for NLP tasks. We discuss the theoretical advantages of this framework over the current, statistically unjustified, practice in the NLP literature, and demonstrate its empirical value across four applications: multi-domain dependency parsing, multilingual POS tagging, cross-domain sentiment classification and word similarity prediction.",
}
@article{marie-fujita-2017-phrase,
    title = "Phrase Table Induction Using In-Domain Monolingual Data for Domain Adaptation in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Marie, Benjamin  and
      Fujita, Atsushi",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1034",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00075",
    pages = "487--500",
    abstract = "We present a new framework to induce an in-domain phrase table from in-domain monolingual data that can be used to adapt a general-domain statistical machine translation system to the targeted domain. Our method first compiles sets of phrases in source and target languages separately and generates candidate phrase pairs by taking the Cartesian product of the two phrase sets. It then computes inexpensive features for each candidate phrase pair and filters them using a supervised classifier in order to induce an in-domain phrase table. We experimented on the language pair English{--}French, both translation directions, in two domains and obtained consistently better results than a strong baseline system that uses an in-domain bilingual lexicon. We also conducted an error analysis that showed the induced phrase tables proposed useful translations, especially for words and phrases unseen in the parallel data used to train the general-domain baseline system.",
}
@article{mansouri-bigvand-etal-2017-joint,
    title = "Joint Prediction of Word Alignment with Alignment Types",
    author = "Mansouri Bigvand, Anahita  and
      Bu, Te  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1035",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00076",
    pages = "501--514",
    abstract = "Current word alignment models do not distinguish between different types of alignment links. In this paper, we provide a new probabilistic model for word alignment where word alignments are associated with linguistically motivated alignment types. We propose a novel task of joint prediction of word alignment and alignment types and propose novel semi-supervised learning algorithms for this task. We also solve a sub-task of predicting the alignment type given an aligned word pair. In our experimental results, the generative models we introduce to model alignment types significantly outperform the models without alignment types.",
}
@article{zhang-etal-2017-aspect,
    title = "Aspect-augmented Adversarial Networks for Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Zhang, Yuan  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Jaakkola, Tommi",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1036",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00077",
    pages = "515--528",
    abstract = "We introduce a neural method for transfer learning between two (source and target) classification tasks or aspects over the same domain. Rather than training on target labels, we use a few keywords pertaining to source and target aspects indicating sentence relevance instead of document class labels. Documents are encoded by learning to embed and softly select relevant sentences in an aspect-dependent manner. A shared classifier is trained on the source encoded documents and labels, and applied to target encoded documents. We ensure transfer through aspect-adversarial training so that encoded documents are, as sets, aspect-invariant. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach outperforms different baselines and model variants on two datasets, yielding an improvement of 27{\%} on a pathology dataset and 5{\%} on a review dataset.",
}
@article{gallagher-etal-2017-anchored,
    title = "Anchored Correlation Explanation: Topic Modeling with Minimal Domain Knowledge",
    author = "Gallagher, Ryan J.  and
      Reing, Kyle  and
      Kale, David  and
      Ver Steeg, Greg",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "5",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q17-1037",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00078",
    pages = "529--542",
    abstract = "While generative models such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) have proven fruitful in topic modeling, they often require detailed assumptions and careful specification of hyperparameters. Such model complexity issues only compound when trying to generalize generative models to incorporate human input. We introduce Correlation Explanation (CorEx), an alternative approach to topic modeling that does not assume an underlying generative model, and instead learns maximally informative topics through an information-theoretic framework. This framework naturally generalizes to hierarchical and semi-supervised extensions with no additional modeling assumptions. In particular, word-level domain knowledge can be flexibly incorporated within CorEx through anchor words, allowing topic separability and representation to be promoted with minimal human intervention. Across a variety of datasets, metrics, and experiments, we demonstrate that CorEx produces topics that are comparable in quality to those produced by unsupervised and semi-supervised variants of LDA.",
}
@article{cl-2017-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 43, Issue 1 - {A}pril 2017",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "1",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
}
@article{gardent-perez-beltrachini-2017-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical, Grammar-Based Approach to Microplanning",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Perez-Beltrachini, Laura",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "1",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00273",
    pages = "1--30",
    abstract = "Although there has been much work in recent years on data-driven natural language generation, little attention has been paid to the fine-grained interactions that arise during microplanning between aggregation, surface realization, and sentence segmentation. In this article, we propose a hybrid symbolic/statistical approach to jointly model the constraints regulating these interactions. Our approach integrates a small handwritten grammar, a statistical hypertagger, and a surface realization algorithm. It is applied to the verbalization of knowledge base queries and tested on 13 knowledge bases to demonstrate domain independence. We evaluate our approach in several ways. A quantitative analysis shows that the hybrid approach outperforms a purely symbolic approach in terms of both speed and coverage. Results from a human study indicate that users find the output of this hybrid statistic/symbolic system more fluent than both a template-based and a purely symbolic grammar-based approach. Finally, we illustrate by means of examples that our approach can account for various factors impacting aggregation, sentence segmentation, and surface realization.",
}
@article{tripodi-pelillo-2017-game,
    title = "A Game-Theoretic Approach to Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Tripodi, Rocco  and
      Pelillo, Marcello",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "1",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00274",
    pages = "31--70",
    abstract = "This article presents a new model for word sense disambiguation formulated in terms of evolutionary game theory, where each word to be disambiguated is represented as a node on a graph whose edges represent word relations and senses are represented as classes. The words simultaneously update their class membership preferences according to the senses that neighboring words are likely to choose. We use distributional information to weigh the influence that each word has on the decisions of the others and semantic similarity information to measure the strength of compatibility among the choices. With this information we can formulate the word sense disambiguation problem as a constraint satisfaction problem and solve it using tools derived from game theory, maintaining the textual coherence. The model is based on two ideas: Similar words should be assigned to similar classes and the meaning of a word does not depend on all the words in a text but just on some of them. The article provides an in-depth motivation of the idea of modeling the word sense disambiguation problem in terms of game theory, which is illustrated by an example. The conclusion presents an extensive analysis on the combination of similarity measures to use in the framework and a comparison with state-of-the-art systems. The results show that our model outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms and can be applied to different tasks and in different scenarios.",
}
@article{shutova-etal-2017-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Metaphor Processing: Experiments with Semi-Supervised and Unsupervised Learning",
    author = "Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Sun, Lin  and
      Dar{\'\i}o Guti{\'e}rrez, Elkin  and
      Lichtenstein, Patricia  and
      Narayanan, Srini",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "1",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00275",
    pages = "71--123",
    abstract = "Highly frequent in language and communication, metaphor represents a significant challenge for Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. Computational work on metaphor has traditionally evolved around the use of hand-coded knowledge, making the systems hard to scale. Recent years have witnessed a rise in statistical approaches to metaphor processing. However, these approaches often require extensive human annotation effort and are predominantly evaluated within a limited domain. In contrast, we experiment with weakly supervised and unsupervised techniques{---}with little or no annotation{---}to generalize higher-level mechanisms of metaphor from distributional properties of concepts. We investigate different levels and types of supervision (learning from linguistic examples vs. learning from a given set of metaphorical mappings vs. learning without annotation) in flat and hierarchical, unconstrained and constrained clustering settings. Our aim is to identify the optimal type of supervision for a learning algorithm that discovers patterns of metaphorical association from text. In order to investigate the scalability and adaptability of our models, we applied them to data in three languages from different language groups{---}English, Spanish, and Russian{---}achieving state-of-the-art results with little supervision. Finally, we demonstrate that statistical methods can facilitate and scale up cross-linguistic research on metaphor.",
}
@article{habernal-gurevych-2017-argumentation,
    title = "Argumentation Mining in User-Generated Web Discourse",
    author = "Habernal, Ivan  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "1",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00276",
    pages = "125--179",
    abstract = "The goal of argumentation mining, an evolving research field in computational linguistics, is to design methods capable of analyzing people{'}s argumentation. In this article, we go beyond the state of the art in several ways. (i) We deal with actual Web data and take up the challenges given by the variety of registers, multiple domains, and unrestricted noisy user-generated Web discourse. (ii) We bridge the gap between normative argumentation theories and argumentation phenomena encountered in actual data by adapting an argumentation model tested in an extensive annotation study. (iii) We create a new gold standard corpus (90k tokens in 340 documents) and experiment with several machine learning methods to identify argument components. We offer the data, source codes, and annotation guidelines to the community under free licenses. Our findings show that argumentation mining in user-generated Web discourse is a feasible but challenging task.",
}
@article{stilo-velardi-2017-hashtag,
    title = "Hashtag Sense Clustering Based on Temporal Similarity",
    author = "Stilo, Giovanni  and
      Velardi, Paola",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "1",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00277",
    pages = "181--200",
    abstract = "Hashtags are creative labels used in micro-blogs to characterize the topic of a message/discussion. Regardless of the use for which they were originally intended, hashtags cannot be used as a means to cluster messages with similar content. First, because hashtags are created in a spontaneous and highly dynamic way by users in multiple languages, the same topic can be associated with different hashtags, and conversely, the same hashtag may refer to different topics in different time periods. Second, contrary to common words, hashtag disambiguation is complicated by the fact that no sense catalogs (e.g., Wikipedia or WordNet) are available; and, furthermore, hashtag labels are difficult to analyze, as they often consist of acronyms, concatenated words, and so forth. A common way to determine the meaning of hashtags has been to analyze their context, but, as we have just pointed out, hashtags can have multiple and variable meanings. In this article, we propose a temporal sense clustering algorithm based on the idea that semantically related hashtags have similar and synchronous usage patterns.",
}
@article{benamara-etal-2017-evaluative,
    title = "Evaluative Language Beyond Bags of Words: Linguistic Insights and Computational Applications",
    author = "Benamara, Farah  and
      Taboada, Maite  and
      Mathieu, Yannick",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "1",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-1006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00278",
    pages = "201--264",
    abstract = "The study of evaluation, affect, and subjectivity is a multidisciplinary enterprise, including sociology, psychology, economics, linguistics, and computer science. A number of excellent computational linguistics and linguistic surveys of the field exist. Most surveys, however, do not bring the two disciplines together to show how methods from linguistics can benefit computational sentiment analysis systems. In this survey, we show how incorporating linguistic insights, discourse information, and other contextual phenomena, in combination with the statistical exploitation of data, can result in an improvement over approaches that take advantage of only one of these perspectives. We first provide a comprehensive introduction to evaluative language from both a linguistic and computational perspective. We then argue that the standard computational definition of the concept of evaluative language neglects the dynamic nature of evaluation, in which the interpretation of a given evaluation depends on linguistic and extra-linguistic contextual factors. We thus propose a dynamic definition that incorporates update functions. The update functions allow for different contextual aspects to be incorporated into the calculation of sentiment for evaluative words or expressions, and can be applied at all levels of discourse. We explore each level and highlight which linguistic aspects contribute to accurate extraction of sentiment. We end the review by outlining what we believe the future directions of sentiment analysis are, and the role that discourse and contextual information need to play.",
}
@article{kim-2017-book,
    title = "Book Review: Biomedical Natural Language Processing by Kevin Bretonnel {C}ohen and Dina Demner-Fushman",
    author = "Kim, Jin-Dong",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "1",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-1007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00281",
    pages = "265--267",
}
@article{keok-lee-2017-book,
    title = "Book Review: Automatic Detection of Verbal Deception by Eileen Fitzpatrick, Joan Bachenko and Tommaso Fornaciari",
    author = "Keok Lee, Yoong",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "1",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-1008",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00282",
    pages = "269--271",
}
@article{cl-2017-linguistics-43,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 43, Issue 2 - June 2017",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2017",
}
@article{irvine-callison-burch-2017-comprehensive,
    title = "A Comprehensive Analysis of Bilingual Lexicon Induction",
    author = "Irvine, Ann  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-2001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00284",
    pages = "273--310",
    abstract = "Bilingual lexicon induction is the task of inducing word translations from monolingual corpora in two languages. In this article we present the most comprehensive analysis of bilingual lexicon induction to date. We present experiments on a wide range of languages and data sizes. We examine translation into English from 25 foreign languages: Albanian, Azeri, Bengali, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Cebuano, Gujarati, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Latvian, Nepali, Romanian, Serbian, Slovak, Somali, Spanish, Swedish, Tamil, Telugu, Turkish, Ukrainian, Uzbek, Vietnamese, and Welsh. We analyze the behavior of bilingual lexicon induction on low-frequency words, rather than testing solely on high-frequency words, as previous research has done. Low-frequency words are more relevant to statistical machine translation, where systems typically lack translations of rare words that fall outside of their training data. We systematically explore a wide range of features and phenomena that affect the quality of the translations discovered by bilingual lexicon induction. We provide illustrative examples of the highest ranking translations for orthogonal signals of translation equivalence like contextual similarity and temporal similarity. We analyze the effects of frequency and burstiness, and the sizes of the seed bilingual dictionaries and the monolingual training corpora. Additionally, we introduce a novel discriminative approach to bilingual lexicon induction. Our discriminative model is capable of combining a wide variety of features that individually provide only weak indications of translation equivalence. When feature weights are discriminatively set, these signals produce dramatically higher translation quality than previous approaches that combined signals in an unsupervised fashion (e.g., using minimum reciprocal rank). We also directly compare our model{'}s performance against a sophisticated generative approach, the matching canonical correlation analysis (MCCA) algorithm used by Haghighi et al. (2008). Our algorithm achieves an accuracy of 42{\%} versus MCCA{'}s 15{\%}.",
}
@article{ballesteros-etal-2017-greedy,
    title = "Greedy Transition-Based Dependency Parsing with Stack {LSTM}s",
    author = "Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-2002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00285",
    pages = "311--347",
    abstract = "We introduce a greedy transition-based parser that learns to represent parser states using recurrent neural networks. Our primary innovation that enables us to do this efficiently is a new control structure for sequential neural networks{---}the stack long short-term memory unit (LSTM). Like the conventional stack data structures used in transition-based parsers, elements can be pushed to or popped from the top of the stack in constant time, but, in addition, an LSTM maintains a continuous space embedding of the stack contents. Our model captures three facets of the parser{'}s state: (i) unbounded look-ahead into the buffer of incoming words, (ii) the complete history of transition actions taken by the parser, and (iii) the complete contents of the stack of partially built tree fragments, including their internal structures. In addition, we compare two different word representations: (i) standard word vectors based on look-up tables and (ii) character-based models of words. Although standard word embedding models work well in all languages, the character-based models improve the handling of out-of-vocabulary words, particularly in morphologically rich languages. Finally, we discuss the use of dynamic oracles in training the parser. During training, dynamic oracles alternate between sampling parser states from the training data and from the model as it is being learned, making the model more robust to the kinds of errors that will be made at test time. Training our model with dynamic oracles yields a linear-time greedy parser with very competitive performance.",
}
@article{sajjad-etal-2017-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Models for Unsupervised, Semi-Supervised Supervised Transliteration Mining",
    author = {Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Schmid, Helmut  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-2003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00286",
    pages = "349--375",
    abstract = "We present a generative model that efficiently mines transliteration pairs in a consistent fashion in three different settings: unsupervised, semi-supervised, and supervised transliteration mining. The model interpolates two sub-models, one for the generation of transliteration pairs and one for the generation of non-transliteration pairs (i.e., noise). The model is trained on noisy unlabeled data using the EM algorithm. During training the transliteration sub-model learns to generate transliteration pairs and the fixed non-transliteration model generates the noise pairs. After training, the unlabeled data is disambiguated based on the posterior probabilities of the two sub-models. We evaluate our transliteration mining system on data from a transliteration mining shared task and on parallel corpora. For three out of four language pairs, our system outperforms all semi-supervised and supervised systems that participated in the NEWS 2010 shared task. On word pairs extracted from parallel corpora with fewer than 2{\%} transliteration pairs, our system achieves up to 86.7{\%} F-measure with 77.9{\%} precision and 97.8{\%} recall.",
}
@article{chinaei-etal-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying and Avoiding Confusion in Dialogue with People with {A}lzheimer{'}s Disease",
    author = "Chinaei, Hamidreza  and
      Currie, Leila Chan  and
      Danks, Andrew  and
      Lin, Hubert  and
      Mehta, Tejas  and
      Rudzicz, Frank",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-2004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00290",
    pages = "377--406",
    abstract = "Alzheimer{'}s disease (AD) is an increasingly prevalent cognitive disorder in which memory, language, and executive function deteriorate, usually in that order. There is a growing need to support individuals with AD and other forms of dementia in their daily lives, and our goal is to do so through speech-based interaction. Given that 33{\%} of conversations with people with middle-stage AD involve a breakdown in communication, it is vital that automated dialogue systems be able to identify those breakdowns and, if possible, avoid them. In this article, we discuss several linguistic features that are verbal indicators of confusion in AD (including vocabulary richness, parse tree structures, and acoustic cues) and apply several machine learning algorithms to identify dialogue-relevant confusion from speech with up to 82{\%} accuracy. We also learn dialogue strategies to avoid confusion in the first place, which is accomplished using a partially observable Markov decision process and which obtains accuracies (up to 96.1{\%}) that are significantly higher than several baselines. This work represents a major step towards automated dialogue systems for individuals with dementia.",
}
@article{jansen-etal-2017-framing,
    title = "Framing {QA} as Building and Ranking Intersentence Answer Justifications",
    author = "Jansen, Peter  and
      Sharp, Rebecca  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Clark, Peter",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-2005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00287",
    pages = "407--449",
    abstract = "We propose a question answering (QA) approach for standardized science exams that both identifies correct answers and produces compelling human-readable justifications for why those answers are correct. Our method first identifies the actual information needed in a question using psycholinguistic concreteness norms, then uses this information need to construct answer justifications by aggregating multiple sentences from different knowledge bases using syntactic and lexical information. We then jointly rank answers and their justifications using a reranking perceptron that treats justification quality as a latent variable. We evaluate our method on 1,000 multiple-choice questions from elementary school science exams, and empirically demonstrate that it performs better than several strong baselines, including neural network approaches. Our best configuration answers 44{\%} of the questions correctly, where the top justifications for 57{\%} of these correct answers contain a compelling human-readable justification that explains the inference required to arrive at the correct answer. We include a detailed characterization of the justification quality for both our method and a strong baseline, and show that information aggregation is key to addressing the information need in complex questions.",
}
@article{paraboni-etal-2017-squib,
    title = "{S}quib: Effects of Cognitive Effort on the Resolution of Overspecified Descriptions",
    author = "Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}  and
      Lan, Alex Gwo Jen  and
      Sant{'}Ana, Matheus Mendes de  and
      Coutinho, Fl{\'a}vio Luiz",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-2006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00288",
    pages = "451--459",
    abstract = "Studies in referring expression generation (REG) have shown different effects of referential overspecification on the resolution of certain descriptions. To further investigate effects of this kind, this article reports two eye-tracking experiments that measure the time required to recognize target objects based on different kinds of information. Results suggest that referential overspecification may be either helpful or detrimental to identification depending on the kind of information that is actually overspecified, an insight that may be useful for the design of more informed hearer-oriented REG algorithms.",
}
@article{ehrmann-2017-book,
    title = "Book Review: Linked Lexical Knowledge Bases Foundations and Applications by Iryna {G}urevych, Judith Eckle-er and {M}ichael Matuschek",
    author = "Ehrmann, Maud",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-2007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00289",
    pages = "461--463",
}
@article{cl-2017-linguistics-43-issue,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 43, Issue 3 - September 2017",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
}
@article{gebhardt-etal-2017-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Grammars for Parsing of Discontinuous Phrase Structures and Non-Projective Dependency Structures",
    author = "Gebhardt, Kilian  and
      Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Vogler, Heiko",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-3001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00291",
    pages = "465--520",
    abstract = "We explore the concept of hybrid grammars, which formalize and generalize a range of existing frameworks for dealing with discontinuous syntactic structures. Covered are both discontinuous phrase structures and non-projective dependency structures. Technically, hybrid grammars are related to synchronous grammars, where one grammar component generates linear structures and another generates hierarchical structures. By coupling lexical elements of both components together, discontinuous structures result. Several types of hybrid grammars are characterized. We also discuss grammar induction from treebanks. The main advantage over existing frameworks is the ability of hybrid grammars to separate discontinuity of the desired structures from time complexity of parsing. This permits exploration of a large variety of parsing algorithms for discontinuous structures, with different properties. This is confirmed by the reported experimental results, which show a wide variety of running time, accuracy, and frequency of parse failures.",
}
@article{deng-xue-2017-translation,
    title = "Translation Divergences in {C}hinese{--}{E}nglish Machine Translation: An Empirical Investigation",
    author = "Deng, Dun  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-3002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00292",
    pages = "521--565",
    abstract = "In this article, we conduct an empirical investigation of translation divergences between Chinese and English relying on a parallel treebank. To do this, we first devise a hierarchical alignment scheme where Chinese and English parse trees are aligned in a way that eliminates conflicts and redundancies between word alignments and syntactic parses to prevent the generation of spurious translation divergences. Using this Hierarchically Aligned Chinese{--}English Parallel Treebank (HACEPT), we are able to semi-automatically identify and categorize the translation divergences between the two languages and quantify each type of translation divergence. Our results show that the translation divergences are much broader than described in previous studies that are largely based on anecdotal evidence and linguistic knowledge. The distribution of the translation divergences also shows that some high-profile translation divergences that motivate previous research are actually very rare in our data, whereas other translation divergences that have previously received little attention actually exist in large quantities. We also show that HACEPT allows the extraction of syntax-based translation rules, most of which are expressive enough to capture the translation divergences, and point out that the syntactic annotation in existing treebanks is not optimal for extracting such translation rules. We also discuss the implications of our study for attempts to bridge translation divergences by devising shared semantic representations across languages. Our quantitative results lend further support to the observation that although it is possible to bridge some translation divergences with semantic representations, other translation divergences are open-ended, thus building a semantic representation that captures all possible translation divergences may be impractical.",
}
@article{nguyen-eisenstein-2017-kernel,
    title = "A Kernel Independence Test for Geographical Language Variation",
    author = "Nguyen, Dong  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-3003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00293",
    pages = "567--592",
    abstract = "Quantifying the degree of spatial dependence for linguistic variables is a key task for analyzing dialectal variation. However, existing approaches have important drawbacks. First, they are based on parametric models of dependence, which limits their power in cases where the underlying parametric assumptions are violated. Second, they are not applicable to all types of linguistic data: Some approaches apply only to frequencies, others to boolean indicators of whether a linguistic variable is present. We present a new method for measuring geographical language variation, which solves both of these problems. Our approach builds on Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS) representations for nonparametric statistics, and takes the form of a test statistic that is computed from pairs of individual geotagged observations without aggregation into predefined geographical bins. We compare this test with prior work using synthetic data as well as a diverse set of real data sets: a corpus of Dutch tweets, a Dutch syntactic atlas, and a data set of letters to the editor in North American newspapers. Our proposed test is shown to support robust inferences across a broad range of scenarios and types of data.",
}
@article{rothe-schutze-2017-autoextend,
    title = "{A}uto{E}xtend: Combining Word Embeddings with Semantic Resources",
    author = {Rothe, Sascha  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-3004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00294",
    pages = "593--617",
    abstract = "We present AutoExtend, a system that combines word embeddings with semantic resources by learning embeddings for non-word objects like synsets and entities and learning word embeddings that incorporate the semantic information from the resource. The method is based on encoding and decoding the word embeddings and is flexible in that it can take any word embeddings as input and does not need an additional training corpus. The obtained embeddings live in the same vector space as the input word embeddings. A sparse tensor formalization guarantees efficiency and parallelizability. We use WordNet, GermaNet, and Freebase as semantic resources. AutoExtend achieves state-of-the-art performance on Word-in-Context Similarity and Word Sense Disambiguation tasks.",
}
@article{stab-gurevych-2017-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Argumentation Structures in Persuasive Essays",
    author = "Stab, Christian  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-3005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00295",
    pages = "619--659",
    abstract = "In this article, we present a novel approach for parsing argumentation structures. We identify argument components using sequence labeling at the token level and apply a new joint model for detecting argumentation structures. The proposed model globally optimizes argument component types and argumentative relations using Integer Linear Programming. We show that our model significantly outperforms challenging heuristic baselines on two different types of discourse. Moreover, we introduce a novel corpus of persuasive essays annotated with argumentation structures. We show that our annotation scheme and annotation guidelines successfully guide human annotators to substantial agreement.",
}
@article{mathet-2017-agreement,
    title = "The Agreement Measure γcat a Complement to γ Focused on Categorization of a Continuum",
    author = "Mathet, Yann",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-3006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00296",
    pages = "661--681",
    abstract = "Agreement on unitizing, where several annotators freely put units of various sizes and categories on a continuum, is difficult to assess because of the simultaneaous discrepancies in positioning and categorizing. The recent agreement measure γ offers an overall solution that simultaneously takes into account positions and categories. In this article, I propose the additional coefficient γcat, which complements γ by assessing the agreement on categorization of a continuum, putting aside positional discrepancies. When applied to pure categorization (with predefined units), γcat behaves the same way as the famous dedicated Krippendorff{'}s α, even with missing values, which proves its consistency. A variation of γcat is also proposed that provides an in-depth assessment of categorizing for each individual category. The entire family of γ coefficients is implemented in free software.",
}
@article{cl-2017-linguistics-43-issue-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 43, Issue 4 - {D}ecember 2017",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
}
@article{joty-etal-2017-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Structure in Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Joty, Shafiq  and
      Guzm{\'a}n, Francisco  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-4001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00298",
    pages = "683--722",
    abstract = "In this article, we explore the potential of using sentence-level discourse structure for machine translation evaluation. We first design discourse-aware similarity measures, which use all-subtree kernels to compare discourse parse trees in accordance with the Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST). Then, we show that a simple linear combination with these measures can help improve various existing machine translation evaluation metrics regarding correlation with human judgments both at the segment level and at the system level. This suggests that discourse information is complementary to the information used by many of the existing evaluation metrics, and thus it could be taken into account when developing richer evaluation metrics, such as the WMT-14 winning combined metric DiscoTKparty. We also provide a detailed analysis of the relevance of various discourse elements and relations from the RST parse trees for machine translation evaluation. In particular, we show that (i) all aspects of the RST tree are relevant, (ii) nuclearity is more useful than relation type, and (iii) the similarity of the translation RST tree to the reference RST tree is positively correlated with translation quality.",
}
@article{rozovskaya-etal-2017-adapting,
    title = "Adapting to Learner Errors with Minimal Supervision",
    author = "Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Sammons, Mark",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-4002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00299",
    pages = "723--760",
    abstract = "This article considers the problem of correcting errors made by English as a Second Language writers from a machine learning perspective, and addresses an important issue of developing an appropriate training paradigm for the task, one that accounts for error patterns of non-native writers using minimal supervision. Existing training approaches present a trade-off between large amounts of cheap data offered by the native-trained models and additional knowledge of learner error patterns provided by the more expensive method of training on annotated learner data. We propose a novel training approach that draws on the strengths offered by the two standard training paradigms{---}of training either on native or on annotated learner data{---}and that outperforms both of these standard methods. Using the key observation that parameters relating to error regularities exhibited by non-native writers are relatively simple, we develop models that can incorporate knowledge about error regularities based on a small annotated sample but that are otherwise trained on native English data. The key contribution of this article is the introduction and analysis of two methods for adapting the learned models to error patterns of non-native writers; one method that applies to generative classifiers and a second that applies to discriminative classifiers. Both methods demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in several text correction competitions. In particular, the Illinois system that implements these methods ranked at the top in two recent CoNLL shared tasks on error correction.1 We conduct further evaluation of the proposed approaches studying the effect of using error data from speakers of the same native language, languages that are closely related linguistically, and unrelated languages.",
}
@article{kadar-etal-2017-representation,
    title = "Representation of Linguistic Form and Function in Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "K{\'a}d{\'a}r, {\'A}kos  and
      Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz  and
      Alishahi, Afra",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-4003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00300",
    pages = "761--780",
    abstract = "We present novel methods for analyzing the activation patterns of recurrent neural networks from a linguistic point of view and explore the types of linguistic structure they learn. As a case study, we use a standard standalone language model, and a multi-task gated recurrent network architecture consisting of two parallel pathways with shared word embeddings: The Visual pathway is trained on predicting the representations of the visual scene corresponding to an input sentence, and the Textual pathway is trained to predict the next word in the same sentence. We propose a method for estimating the amount of contribution of individual tokens in the input to the final prediction of the networks. Using this method, we show that the Visual pathway pays selective attention to lexical categories and grammatical functions that carry semantic information, and learns to treat word types differently depending on their grammatical function and their position in the sequential structure of the sentence. In contrast, the language models are comparatively more sensitive to words with a syntactic function. Further analysis of the most informative n-gram contexts for each model shows that in comparison with the Visual pathway, the language models react more strongly to abstract contexts that represent syntactic constructions.",
}
@article{vulic-etal-2017-hyperlex,
    title = "{H}yper{L}ex: A Large-Scale Evaluation of Graded Lexical Entailment",
    author = "Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Gerz, Daniela  and
      Kiela, Douwe  and
      Hill, Felix  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-4004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00301",
    pages = "781--835",
    abstract = "We introduce HyperLex{---}a data set and evaluation resource that quantifies the extent of the semantic category membership, that is, type-of relation, also known as hyponymy{--}hypernymy or lexical entailment (LE) relation between 2,616 concept pairs. Cognitive psychology research has established that typicality and category/class membership are computed in human semantic memory as a gradual rather than binary relation. Nevertheless, most NLP research and existing large-scale inventories of concept category membership (WordNet, DBPedia, etc.) treat category membership and LE as binary. To address this, we asked hundreds of native English speakers to indicate typicality and strength of category membership between a diverse range of concept pairs on a crowdsourcing platform. Our results confirm that category membership and LE are indeed more gradual than binary. We then compare these human judgments with the predictions of automatic systems, which reveals a huge gap between human performance and state-of-the-art LE, distributional and representation learning models, and substantial differences between the models themselves. We discuss a pathway for improving semantic models to overcome this discrepancy, and indicate future application areas for improved graded LE systems.",
}
@article{constant-etal-2017-survey,
    title = "{S}urvey: Multiword Expression Processing: A {S}urvey",
    author = {Constant, Mathieu  and
      Eryi{\v{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en  and
      Monti, Johanna  and
      Plas, Lonneke van der  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Rosner, Michael  and
      Todirascu, Amalia},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-4005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00302",
    pages = "837--892",
    abstract = "Multiword expressions (MWEs) are a class of linguistic forms spanning conventional word boundaries that are both idiosyncratic and pervasive across different languages. The structure of linguistic processing that depends on the clear distinction between words and phrases has to be re-thought to accommodate MWEs. The issue of MWE handling is crucial for NLP applications, where it raises a number of challenges. The emergence of solutions in the absence of guiding principles motivates this survey, whose aim is not only to provide a focused review of MWE processing, but also to clarify the nature of interactions between MWE processing and downstream applications. We propose a conceptual framework within which challenges and research contributions can be positioned. It offers a shared understanding of what is meant by {``}MWE processing,{''} distinguishing the subtasks of MWE discovery and identification. It also elucidates the interactions between MWE processing and two use cases: Parsing and machine translation. Many of the approaches in the literature can be differentiated according to how MWE processing is timed with respect to underlying use cases. We discuss how such orchestration choices affect the scope of MWE-aware systems. For each of the two MWE processing subtasks and for each of the two use cases, we conclude on open issues and research perspectives.",
}
@article{hadiwinoto-2017-book,
    title = "Book Review: Syntax-Based Statistical Machine Translation by Philip {W}illiams, Rico {S}ennrich, Matt Post and Philipp {K}oehn",
    author = "Hadiwinoto, Christian",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-4006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00303",
    pages = "893--896",
}
@article{nissim-etal-2017-last,
    title = "Last Words: Sharing Is Caring: The Future of Shared Tasks",
    author = "Nissim, Malvina  and
      Abzianidze, Lasha  and
      Evang, Kilian  and
      van der Goot, Rob  and
      Haagsma, Hessel  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      Wieling, Martijn",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-4007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00304",
    pages = "897--904",
}
@article{nn-2017-reviewers,
    title = "Reviewers for Volume 43",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "43",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J17-4008",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_x_00305",
    pages = "905--905",
}
@article{cl-2003-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 29, Number 1, March 2003",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "1",
    year = "2003",
}
@article{ke-etal-2003-optimization,
    title = "Optimization Models of Sound Systems Using Genetic Algorithms",
    author = "Ke, Jinyun  and
      Ogura, Mieko  and
      Wang, William S.-Y.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "1",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103321337412",
    pages = "1--18",
}
@article{och-ney-2003-systematic,
    title = "A Systematic Comparison of Various Statistical Alignment Models",
    author = "Och, Franz Josef  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "1",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103321337421",
    pages = "19--51",
}
@article{krahmer-etal-2003-graph,
    title = "Graph-Based Generation of Referring Expressions",
    author = "Krahmer, Emiel  and
      van Erk, Sebastiaan  and
      Verleg, Andr{\'e}",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "1",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103321337430",
    pages = "53--72",
}
@article{higgins-sadock-2003-machine,
    title = "A Machine Learning Approach to Modeling Scope Preferences",
    author = "Higgins, Derrick  and
      Sadock, Jerrold M.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "1",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103321337449",
    pages = "73--96",
}
@article{tillmann-ney-2003-word,
    title = "Word Reordering and a Dynamic Programming Beam Search Algorithm for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Tillmann, Christoph  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "1",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103321337458",
    pages = "97--133",
}
@article{nederhof-2003-squibs,
    title = "Squibs and Discussions: Weighted Deductive Parsing and {K}nuth{'}s Algorithm",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "1",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-1006",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103321337467",
    pages = "135--143",
}
@article{brew-2003-book,
    title = "Book Review: The {C}ambridge Grammar of the {E}nglish Language by Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum",
    author = "Brew, Chris",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "1",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-1007",
}
@article{nn-2003-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "1",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-1008",
}
@article{nn-2003-publications,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "1",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-1009",
}
@article{cl-2003-linguistics-29,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 29, Number 2, June 2003",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "2",
    year = "2003",
}
@article{ploux-ji-2003-model,
    title = "A Model for Matching Semantic Maps between Languages ({F}rench/{E}nglish, {E}nglish/{F}rench)",
    author = "Ploux, Sabine  and
      Ji, Hyungsuk",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "2",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-2001",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103322145298",
    pages = "155--178",
}
@article{bos-2003-implementing,
    title = "Implementing the Binding and Accommodation Theory for Anaphora Resolution and Presupposition Projection",
    author = "Bos, Johan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "2",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-2002",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103322145306",
    pages = "179--210",
}
@article{power-etal-2003-document,
    title = "Document Structure",
    author = "Power, Richard  and
      Scott, Donia  and
      Bouayad-Agha, Nadjet",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "2",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-2003",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103322145315",
    pages = "211--260",
}
@article{lapata-lascarides-2003-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Account of Logical Metonymy",
    author = "Lapata, Maria  and
      Lascarides, Alex",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "2",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-2004",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103322145324",
    pages = "261--315",
}
@article{haynes-evens-2003-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Lexicography and Natural Language Processing: A Festschrift in Honour of B. T. S. Atkins edited by Marie-H{\'e}l{\`e}ne Corr{\'e}ard",
    author = "Haynes, Woody  and
      Evens, Martha",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "2",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-2005",
}
@article{cl-2003-linguistics-29-number,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 29, Number 3, September 2003: Special Issue on the Web as Corpus",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "3",
    year = "2003",
}
@article{kilgarriff-grefenstette-2003-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to the Special Issue on the Web as Corpus",
    author = "Kilgarriff, Adam  and
      Grefenstette, Gregory",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "3",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-3001",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103322711569",
    pages = "333--348",
}
@article{resnik-smith-2003-web,
    title = "The Web as a Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Resnik, Philip  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "3",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-3002",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103322711578",
    pages = "349--380",
}
@article{kraaij-etal-2003-embedding,
    title = "Embedding Web-Based Statistical Translation Models in Cross-Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Kraaij, Wessel  and
      Nie, Jian-Yun  and
      Simard, Michel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "3",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-3003",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103322711587",
    pages = "381--419",
}
@article{way-gough-2003-webmt,
    title = "w{EBMT}: Developing and Validating an Example-Based Machine Translation System using the World Wide Web",
    author = "Way, Andy  and
      Gough, Nano",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "3",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-3004",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103322711596",
    pages = "421--458",
}
@article{keller-lapata-2003-using,
    title = "Using the Web to Obtain Frequencies for Unseen Bigrams",
    author = "Keller, Frank  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "3",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-3005",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103322711604",
    pages = "459--484",
}
@article{santamaria-etal-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Association of Web Directories with Word Senses",
    author = "Santamar{\'\i}a, Celina  and
      Gonzalo, Julio  and
      Verdejo, Felisa",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "3",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-3006",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103322711613",
    pages = "485--502",
}
@article{arbib-penn-2003-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Linguistic Evolution through Language Acquisition: Formal and Computational Models edited by Ted Briscoe; Implementing Typed Feature Structure Grammars by Ann Copestake",
    author = "Arbib, Michael A.  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "3",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-3007",
}
@article{nn-2003-briefly-noted,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "3",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-3008",
}
@article{nn-2003-publications-received,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "3",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-3009",
}
@article{cl-2003-linguistics-29-number-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 29, Number 4, {D}ecember 2003",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "4",
    year = "2003",
}
@article{oflazer-2003-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing with an Extended Finite-State Approach",
    author = "Oflazer, Kemal",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "4",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-4001",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103322753338",
    pages = "515--544",
}
@article{webber-etal-2003-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora and Discourse Structure",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie  and
      Stone, Matthew  and
      Joshi, Aravind  and
      Knott, Alistair",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "4",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-4002",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103322753347",
    pages = "545--587",
}
@article{collins-2003-head,
    title = "Head-Driven Statistical Models for Natural Language Parsing",
    author = "Collins, Michael",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "4",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-4003",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103322753356",
    pages = "589--637",
}
@article{mccarthy-carroll-2003-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating Nouns, Verbs, and Adjectives Using Automatically Acquired Selectional Preferences",
    author = "McCarthy, Diana  and
      Carroll, John",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "4",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-4004",
    doi = "10.1162/089120103322753365",
    pages = "639--654",
}
@article{basili-strube-2003-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Learning to Classify Text Using Support Vector Machines: Methods, Theory and Algorithms by Thorsten Joachims; Anaphora Resolution by Ruslan Mitkov",
    author = "Basili, Roberto  and
      Strube, Michael",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "4",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-4005",
}
@article{nn-2003-briefly-noted-2,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "4",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-4006",
}
@article{nn-2003-author-index-6,
    title = "Author Index",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "4",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-4007",
}
@article{nn-2003-title,
    title = "Title Index",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "29",
    number = "4",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J03-4008",
}
@proceedings{semeval-2001-senseval,
    title = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    author = "Preiss, Judita  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1000",
}
@inproceedings{edmonds-cotton-2001-senseval,
    title = "{SENSEVAL}-2: Overview",
    author = "Edmonds, Philip  and
      Cotton, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1001",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2001-basque,
    title = "The {B}asque Task: Did Systems Perform in the Upperbound?",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Garcia, Elena  and
      Lersundi, Mikel  and
      Martinez, David  and
      Pociello, Eli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1002",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{hendrickx-van-den-bosch-2001-dutch,
    title = "{D}utch Word Sense Disambiguation: Data and Preliminary Results",
    author = "Hendrickx, Iris  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1003",
    pages = "13--16",
}
@inproceedings{kilgarriff-2001-english,
    title = "{E}nglish Lexical Sample Task Description",
    author = "Kilgarriff, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1004",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-etal-2001-english,
    title = "{E}nglish Tasks: All-Words and Verb Lexical Sample",
    author = "Palmer, Martha  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane  and
      Cotton, Scott  and
      Delfs, Lauren  and
      Dang, Hoa Trang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1005",
    pages = "21--24",
}
@inproceedings{kahusk-etal-2001-sensiting,
    title = "Sensiting Inflectionality: {E}stonian Task for {SENSEVAL}-2",
    author = "Kahusk, Neeme  and
      Orav, Heili  and
      {\~O}im, Haldur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1006",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{bertagna-etal-2001-italian,
    title = "The {I}talian Lexical Sample Task",
    author = "Bertagna, Francesca  and
      Soria, Claudia  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1007",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{shirai-2001-senseval,
    title = "{SENSEVAL}-2 {J}apanese Dictionary Task",
    author = "Shirai, Kiyoaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1008",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@inproceedings{kurohashi-2001-senseval,
    title = "{SENSEVAL}-2 {J}apanese Translation Task",
    author = "Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1009",
    pages = "37--40",
}
@inproceedings{rigau-etal-2001-framework,
    title = "Framework and Results for the {S}panish {SENSEVAL}",
    author = "Rigau, German  and
      Taul{\'e}, Mariona  and
      Fernandez, Ana  and
      Gonzalo, Julio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1010",
    pages = "41--44",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-etal-2001-senseval,
    title = "{SENSEVAL}-2 The {S}wedish Framework",
    author = {Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      J{\"a}rborg, Jerker  and
      Cederholm, Yvonne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1011",
    pages = "45--48",
}
@inproceedings{buitelaar-2001-senseval,
    title = "The {SENSEVAL}-2 Panel on Domains, Topics and Senses",
    author = "Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1012",
    pages = "49--52",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-etal-2001-japanese,
    title = "The {J}apanese Translation Task: Lexical and Structural Perspectives",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Okazaki, Atsushi  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1013",
    pages = "55--58",
}
@inproceedings{cabezas-etal-2001-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Sense Tagging using Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Cabezas, Clara  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Stevens, Jessica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1014",
    pages = "59--62",
}
@inproceedings{chao-dyer-2001-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Network Models for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Chao, Gerald  and
      Dyer, Michael G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1015",
    pages = "63--66",
}
@inproceedings{crestan-etal-2001-improving,
    title = "Improving {WSD} with Multi-Level View of Context Monitored by Similarity Measure",
    author = "Crestan, Eric  and
      El-B{\`e}ze, Marc  and
      de Loupy, Claude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1016",
    pages = "67--70",
}
@inproceedings{escudero-etal-2001-using,
    title = "Using {L}azy{B}oosting for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Escudero, Gerard  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1017",
    pages = "71--74",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-amoros-etal-2001-uned,
    title = "The {UNED} Systems at {SENSEVAL}-2",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez-Amor{\'o}s, David  and
      Gonzalo, Julio  and
      Verdejo, Felisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1018",
    pages = "75--78",
}
@inproceedings{haynes-2001-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Tagging Using {W}ord{N}et Examples",
    author = "Haynes, Sherwood",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1019",
    pages = "79--82",
}
@inproceedings{hoste-etal-2001-classifier,
    title = "Classifier Optimization and Combination in the {E}nglish All Words Task",
    author = "Hoste, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Kool, Anne  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1020",
    pages = "83--86",
}
@inproceedings{ilhan-etal-2001-combining,
    title = "Combining Heterogeneous Classifiers for Word-Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Ilhan, H. Tolga  and
      Kamvar, Sepandar D.  and
      Klein, Dan  and
      Manning, Christopher D.  and
      Toutanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1021",
    pages = "87--90",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-2001-sprakdata,
    title = "The {S}pr{\aa}kdata-{ML} System as Used for {SENSEVAL}-2",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1022",
    pages = "91--94",
}
@inproceedings{kumano-etal-2001-atr,
    title = "{ATR}-{SLT} System for {SENSEVAL}-2 {J}apanese Translation Task",
    author = "Kumano, Tadashi  and
      Kashioka, Hideki  and
      Tanaka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1023",
    pages = "95--98",
}
@inproceedings{lager-zinovjeva-2001-sense,
    title = "Sense and Deduction: The Power of Peewees Applied to the {SENSEVAL}-2 {S}wedish Lexical Sample Task",
    author = {Lager, Torbj{\"o}rn  and
      Zinovjeva, Natalia},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1024",
    pages = "99--102",
}
@inproceedings{lim-etal-2001-primitive,
    title = "Primitive-Based Word Sense Disambiguation for {SENSEVAL}-2",
    author = "Lim, Beng Tat  and
      Yusoff, Zaharin  and
      Tang, Enya Kong  and
      Guo, Cheng Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1025",
    pages = "103--106",
}
@inproceedings{litkowski-2001-use,
    title = "Use of Machine Readable Dictionaries for Word-Sense Disambiguation in {SENSEVAL}-2",
    author = "Litkowski, Kenneth C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1026",
    pages = "107--110",
}
@inproceedings{magnini-etal-2001-using,
    title = "Using Domain Information for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Pezzulo, Giovanni  and
      Gliozzo, Alfio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1027",
    pages = "111--114",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-agirre-2001-decision,
    title = "Decision Lists for {E}nglish and Basque",
    author = "Martinez, David  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1028",
    pages = "115--118",
}
@inproceedings{mccarthy-etal-2001-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating Noun and Verb Senses Using Automatically Acquired Selectional Preferences",
    author = "McCarthy, Diana  and
      Carroll, John  and
      Preiss, Judita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1029",
    pages = "119--122",
}
@inproceedings{merkel-andersson-2001-combination,
    title = "Combination of Contextual Features for Word Sense Disambiguation: {LIU}-{WSD}",
    author = "Merkel, Magnus  and
      Andersson, Mikael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1030",
    pages = "123--126",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-moldovan-2001-pattern,
    title = "Pattern Learning and Active Feature Selection for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada F.  and
      Moldovan, Dan I.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1031",
    pages = "127--130",
}
@inproceedings{montoyo-suarez-2001-university,
    title = "{T}he {U}niversity of {A}licante Word Sense Disambiguation System",
    author = "Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s  and
      Su{\'a}rez, Armando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1032",
    pages = "131--134",
}
@inproceedings{murata-etal-2001-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Word Sense Disambiguation using the Simple {B}ayes and Support Vector Machine Methods",
    author = "Murata, Masaki  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Ma, Qing  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1033",
    pages = "135--138",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-2001-machine,
    title = "Machine Learning with Lexical Features: {T}he {D}uluth Approach to {SENSEVAL}-2",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1034",
    pages = "139--142",
}
@inproceedings{preiss-2001-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora Resolution with Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Preiss, Judita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1035",
    pages = "143--146",
}
@inproceedings{seo-etal-2001-kunlp,
    title = "{KUNLP} system using Classification Information Model at {SENSEVAL}-2",
    author = "Seo, Hee-Cheol  and
      Lee, Sang-Zoo  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang  and
      Lee, Ho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1036",
    pages = "147--150",
}
@inproceedings{tugwell-kilgarriff-2001-wasp,
    title = "{WASP}-{B}ench: a Lexicographic Tool Supporting Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Tugwell, David  and
      Kilgarriff, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1037",
    pages = "151--154",
}
@inproceedings{uchimoto-etal-2001-word,
    title = "Word Translation Based on Machine Learning Models Using Translation Memory and Corpora",
    author = "Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1038",
    pages = "155--158",
}
@inproceedings{vider-kaljurand-2001-automatic,
    title = "Automatic {WSD}: Does it Make Sense of {E}stonian?",
    author = "Vider, Kadri  and
      Kaljurand, Kaarel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1039",
    pages = "159--162",
}
@inproceedings{yarowsky-etal-2001-john,
    title = "{T}he {J}ohn {H}opkins {SENSEVAL}-2 System Descriptions",
    author = "Yarowsky, David  and
      Cucerzan, Silviu  and
      Florian, Radu  and
      Schafer, Charles  and
      Wicentowski, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Toulouse, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1040",
    pages = "163--166",
}
@proceedings{semeval-2015-joint,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    author = "Palmer, Martha  and
      Boleda, Gemma  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2015-neural,
    title = "Neural Networks for Integrating Compositional and Non-compositional Sentiment in Sentiment Composition",
    author = "Zhu, Xiaodan  and
      Guo, Hongyu  and
      Sobhani, Parinaz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{le-zuidema-2015-compositional,
    title = "Compositional Distributional Semantics with Long Short Term Memory",
    author = "Le, Phong  and
      Zuidema, Willem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1002",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{aletras-stevenson-2015-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Distributional and Knowledge-based Model of Lexical Semantics",
    author = "Aletras, Nikolaos  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1003",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{corman-etal-2015-distributional,
    title = "Distributional semantics for ontology verification",
    author = "Corman, Julien  and
      Vieu, Laure  and
      Aussenac-Gilles, Nathalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1004",
    pages = "30--39",
}
@inproceedings{feizabadi-pado-2015-combining,
    title = "Combining Seemingly Incompatible Corpora for Implicit Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Feizabadi, Parvin Sadat  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1005",
    pages = "40--50",
}
@inproceedings{hwang-palmer-2015-identification,
    title = "Identification of Caused Motion Construction",
    author = "Hwang, Jena D.  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1006",
    pages = "51--60",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-de-lacalle-agirre-2015-methodology,
    title = "A Methodology for Word Sense Disambiguation at 90{\%} based on large-scale {C}rowd{S}ourcing",
    author = "Lopez de Lacalle, Oier  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1007",
    pages = "61--70",
}
@inproceedings{prabhakaran-boguraev-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Structures of Negations from Flat Annotations",
    author = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Boguraev, Branimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1008",
    pages = "71--81",
}
@inproceedings{prabhakaran-etal-2015-new,
    title = "A New Dataset and Evaluation for Belief/Factuality",
    author = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      By, Tomas  and
      Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Shaikh, Samira  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Tracey, Jennifer  and
      Arrigo, Michael  and
      Basu, Rupayan  and
      Clark, Micah  and
      Dalton, Adam  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Guthrie, Louise  and
      Prokofieva, Anna  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Werner, Gregory  and
      Wilks, Yorick  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1009",
    pages = "82--91",
}
@inproceedings{aggarwal-etal-2015-non,
    title = "Non-Orthogonal Explicit Semantic Analysis",
    author = "Aggarwal, Nitish  and
      Asooja, Kartik  and
      Bordea, Georgeta  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1010",
    pages = "92--100",
}
@inproceedings{barrena-etal-2015-combining,
    title = "Combining Mention Context and Hyperlinks from {W}ikipedia for Named Entity Disambiguation",
    author = "Barrena, Ander  and
      Soroa, Aitor  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1011",
    pages = "101--105",
}
@inproceedings{burford-etal-2015-collective,
    title = "Collective Document Classification with Implicit Inter-document Semantic Relationships",
    author = "Burford, Clint  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1012",
    pages = "106--116",
}
@inproceedings{danesh-etal-2015-sgrank,
    title = "{SGR}ank: Combining Statistical and Graphical Methods to Improve the State of the Art in Unsupervised Keyphrase Extraction",
    author = "Danesh, Soheil  and
      Sumner, Tamara  and
      Martin, James H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1013",
    pages = "117--126",
}
@inproceedings{eger-etal-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards Semantic Language Classification: Inducing and Clustering Semantic Association Networks from {E}uroparl",
    author = "Eger, Steffen  and
      Schenk, Niko  and
      Mehler, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1014",
    pages = "127--136",
}
@inproceedings{elfardy-etal-2015-ideological,
    title = "Ideological Perspective Detection Using Semantic Features",
    author = "Elfardy, Heba  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1015",
    pages = "137--146",
}
@inproceedings{benamara-taboada-2015-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Different Rhetorical Relation Annotations: A Proposal",
    author = "Benamara, Farah  and
      Taboada, Maite",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1016",
    pages = "147--152",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2015-dissecting,
    title = "Dissecting the Practical Lexical Function Model for Compositional Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Gupta, Abhijeet  and
      Utt, Jason  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1017",
    pages = "153--158",
}
@inproceedings{judea-strube-2015-event,
    title = "Event Extraction as Frame-Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Judea, Alex  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1018",
    pages = "159--164",
}
@inproceedings{kornai-etal-2015-competence,
    title = "Competence in lexical semantics",
    author = "Kornai, Andr{\'a}s  and
      {\'A}cs, Judit  and
      Makrai, M{\'a}rton  and
      Nemeskey, D{\'a}vid M{\'a}rk  and
      Pajkossy, Katalin  and
      Recski, G{\'a}bor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1019",
    pages = "165--175",
}
@inproceedings{marujo-etal-2015-extending,
    title = "Extending a Single-Document Summarizer to Multi-Document: a Hierarchical Approach",
    author = "Marujo, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Ribeiro, Ricardo  and
      Martins de Matos, David  and
      Neto, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Gershman, Anatole  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1020",
    pages = "176--181",
}
@inproceedings{necsulescu-etal-2015-reading,
    title = "Reading Between the Lines: Overcoming Data Sparsity for Accurate Classification of Lexical Relationships",
    author = "Nec{\c{s}}ulescu, Silvia  and
      Mendes, Sara  and
      Jurgens, David  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1021",
    pages = "182--192",
}
@inproceedings{noh-etal-2015-multi,
    title = "Multi-Level Alignments As An Extensible Representation Basis for Textual Entailment Algorithms",
    author = "Noh, Tae-Gil  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Shwartz, Vered  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Nastase, Vivi  and
      Eichler, Kathrin  and
      Kotlerman, Lili  and
      Adler, Meni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1022",
    pages = "193--198",
}
@inproceedings{ritter-etal-2015-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Preposition Ambiguity to Assess Compositional Distributional Models of Semantics",
    author = "Ritter, Samuel  and
      Long, Cotie  and
      Paperno, Denis  and
      Baroni, Marco  and
      Botvinick, Matthew  and
      Goldberg, Adele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1023",
    pages = "199--204",
}
@inproceedings{rudinger-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning to predict script events from domain-specific text",
    author = "Rudinger, Rachel  and
      Demberg, Vera  and
      Modi, Ashutosh  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1024",
    pages = "205--210",
}
@inproceedings{ruiz-poibeau-2015-combining,
    title = "Combining Open Source Annotators for Entity Linking through Weighted Voting",
    author = "Ruiz, Pablo  and
      Poibeau, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1025",
    pages = "211--215",
}
@inproceedings{sanches-duran-aluisio-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of a Lexical Resource to support Semantic Role Labeling in {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Sanches Duran, Magali  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1026",
    pages = "216--221",
}
@inproceedings{wu-palmer-2015-selectional,
    title = "Can Selectional Preferences Help Automatic Semantic Role Labeling?",
    author = "Wu, Shumin  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1027",
    pages = "222--227",
}
@inproceedings{perera-etal-2015-implicit,
    title = "Implicit Entity Recognition in Clinical Documents",
    author = "Perera, Sujan  and
      Mendes, Pablo  and
      Sheth, Amit  and
      Thirunarayan, Krishnaprasad  and
      Alex, Adarsh  and
      Heid, Christopher  and
      Mott, Greg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1028",
    pages = "228--238",
}
@inproceedings{exner-etal-2015-distant,
    title = "A Distant Supervision Approach to Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Exner, Peter  and
      Klang, Marcus  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1029",
    pages = "239--248",
}
@inproceedings{fauconnier-kamel-2015-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Hypernymy Relations using Text Layout",
    author = "Fauconnier, Jean-Philippe  and
      Kamel, Mouna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1030",
    pages = "249--258",
}
@inproceedings{schluter-2015-complexity,
    title = "The complexity of finding the maximum spanning {DAG} and other restrictions for {DAG} parsing of natural language",
    author = "Schluter, Natalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1031",
    pages = "259--268",
}
@inproceedings{kato-matsubara-2015-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Semantic Construction Using Normal Form {CCG} Derivation",
    author = "Kato, Yoshihide  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1032",
    pages = "269--278",
}
@inproceedings{foland-martin-2015-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-Based Semantic Role Labeling using Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Foland, William  and
      Martin, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1033",
    pages = "279--288",
}
@inproceedings{uryupina-moschitti-2015-state,
    title = "A State-of-the-Art Mention-Pair Model for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Uryupina, Olga  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1034",
    pages = "289--298",
}
@inproceedings{jauhar-etal-2015-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Discourse-Deictic Pronouns: A Two-Stage Approach to Do It",
    author = "Jauhar, Sujay Kumar  and
      Guerra, Raul  and
      Gonz{\`a}lez Pellicer, Edgar  and
      Recasens, Marta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1035",
    pages = "299--308",
}
@inproceedings{mesgar-strube-2015-graph,
    title = "Graph-based Coherence Modeling For Assessing Readability",
    author = "Mesgar, Mohsen  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-1036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-1036",
    pages = "309--318",
}
@proceedings{semeval-2015-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Zesch, Torsten  and
      Cer, Daniel  and
      Jurgens, David",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2015-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2015 Task 1: Paraphrase and Semantic Similarity in Twitter ({PIT})",
    author = "Xu, Wei  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Dolan, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2001",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{zarrella-etal-2015-mitre,
    title = "{MITRE}: Seven Systems for Semantic Similarity in Tweets",
    author = "Zarrella, Guido  and
      Henderson, John  and
      Merkhofer, Elizabeth M.  and
      Strickhart, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2002",
    pages = "12--17",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-etal-2015-cicbuapnlp,
    title = "{CICBUAP}nlp: Graph-Based Approach for Answer Selection in Community Question Answering Task",
    author = "Gomez, Helena  and
      Vilari{\~n}o, Darnes  and
      Pinto, David  and
      Sidorov, Grigori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2003",
    pages = "18--22",
}
@inproceedings{bertero-fung-2015-hltc,
    title = "{HLTC}-{HKUST}: A Neural Network Paraphrase Classifier using Translation Metrics, Semantic Roles and Lexical Similarity Features",
    author = "Bertero, Dario  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2004",
    pages = "23--28",
}
@inproceedings{vo-etal-2015-fbk,
    title = "{FBK}-{HLT}: An Effective System for Paraphrase Identification and Semantic Similarity in Twitter",
    author = "Vo, Ngoc Phuoc An  and
      Magnolini, Simone  and
      Popescu, Octavian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2005",
    pages = "29--33",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-lan-2015-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU}: Leveraging Word Embeddings to Boost Performance for Paraphrase in Twitter",
    author = "Zhao, Jiang  and
      Lan, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2006",
    pages = "34--39",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-goot-van-noord-2015-rob,
    title = "{ROB}: Using Semantic Meaning to Recognize Paraphrases",
    author = "van der Goot, Rob  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2007",
    pages = "40--44",
}
@inproceedings{shanumuga-sundaram-etal-2015-amrita,
    title = "{AMRITA}{\_}{CEN}@{S}em{E}val-2015: Paraphrase Detection for Twitter using Unsupervised Feature Learning with Recursive Autoencoders",
    author = "Shanumuga Sundaram, Mahalakshmi  and
      Madasamy, Anand Kumar  and
      Kotti Padannayil, Soman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2008",
    pages = "45--50",
}
@inproceedings{satyapanich-etal-2015-ebiquity,
    title = "{E}biquity: Paraphrase and Semantic Similarity in Twitter using Skipgrams",
    author = "Satyapanich, Taneeya  and
      Gao, Hang  and
      Finin, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2009",
    pages = "51--55",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-2015-rtm,
    title = "{RTM}-{DCU}: Predicting Semantic Similarity with Referential Translation Machines",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2010",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{eyecioglu-keller-2015-twitter,
    title = "Twitter Paraphrase Identification with Simple Overlap Features and {SVM}s",
    author = "Eyecioglu, Asli  and
      Keller, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2011",
    pages = "64--69",
}
@inproceedings{karan-etal-2015-tklbliir,
    title = "{TKLBLIIR}: Detecting Twitter Paraphrases with {T}weeting{J}ay",
    author = "Karan, Mladen  and
      Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      Dalbelo Ba{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Bojana  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2012",
    pages = "70--74",
}
@inproceedings{karampatsis-2015-cdtds,
    title = "{CDTDS}: Predicting Paraphrases in Twitter via Support Vector Regression",
    author = "Karampatsis, Rafael Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2013",
    pages = "75--79",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2015-yigou,
    title = "yi{G}ou: A Semantic Text Similarity Computing System Based on {SVM}",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Sun, Chengjie  and
      Lin, Lei  and
      Wang, Xiaolong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2014",
    pages = "80--84",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2015-usaar,
    title = "{USAAR}-{SHEFFIELD}: Semantic Textual Similarity with Deep Regression and Machine Translation Evaluation Metrics",
    author = "Tan, Liling  and
      Scarton, Carolina  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2015",
    pages = "85--89",
}
@inproceedings{rakib-etal-2015-trwp,
    title = "{T}r{WP}: Text Relatedness using Word and Phrase Relatedness",
    author = "Rakib, Md Rashadul Hasan  and
      Islam, Aminul  and
      Milios, Evangelos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2016",
    pages = "90--95",
}
@inproceedings{bechara-etal-2015-miniexperts,
    title = "{M}ini{E}xperts: An {SVM} Approach for Measuring Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "B{\'e}chara, Hanna  and
      Costa, Hernani  and
      Taslimipoor, Shiva  and
      Gupta, Rohit  and
      Orasan, Constantin  and
      Corpas Pastor, Gloria  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2017",
    pages = "96--101",
}
@inproceedings{vo-etal-2015-fbk-hlt,
    title = "{FBK}-{HLT}: A New Framework for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Vo, Ngoc Phuoc An  and
      Magnolini, Simone  and
      Popescu, Octavian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2018",
    pages = "102--106",
}
@inproceedings{karumuri-etal-2015-umduluth,
    title = "{UMD}uluth-{B}lue{T}eam: {SVCSTS} - A Multilingual and Chunk Level Semantic Similarity System",
    author = "Karumuri, Sakethram  and
      Vuggumudi, Viswanadh Kumar Reddy  and
      Chitirala, Sai Charan Raj",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2019",
    pages = "107--110",
}
@inproceedings{plotnikova-etal-2015-semantiklue,
    title = "{S}emanti{KLUE}: Semantic Textual Similarity with Maximum Weight Matching",
    author = "Plotnikova, Nataliia  and
      Lapesa, Gabriella  and
      Proisl, Thomas  and
      Evert, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2020",
    pages = "111--116",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2015-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU}: Using Traditional Similarity Measurements and Word Embedding for Semantic Textual Similarity Estimation",
    author = "Zhao, Jiang  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Tian, Jun Feng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2021",
    pages = "117--122",
}
@inproceedings{hassanzadeh-etal-2015-uqeresearch,
    title = "{UQ}e{R}esearch: Semantic Textual Similarity Quantification",
    author = "Hassanzadeh, Hamed  and
      Groza, Tudor  and
      Nguyen, Anthony  and
      Hunter, Jane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2022",
    pages = "123--127",
}
@inproceedings{miura-takagi-2015-wsl,
    title = "{WSL}: Sentence Similarity Using Semantic Distance Between Words",
    author = "Miura, Naoko  and
      Takagi, Tomohiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2023",
    pages = "128--131",
}
@inproceedings{buscaldi-etal-2015-sopa,
    title = "{SOPA}: Random Forests Regression for the Semantic Textual Similarity task",
    author = "Buscaldi, Davide  and
      Garc{\'\i}a Flores, Jorge  and
      Meza, Ivan V.  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Isaac",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2024",
    pages = "132--137",
}
@inproceedings{recski-acs-2015-mathlingbudapest,
    title = "{M}ath{L}ing{B}udapest: Concept Networks for Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Recski, G{\'a}bor  and
      {\'A}cs, Judit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2025",
    pages = "138--142",
}
@inproceedings{arora-etal-2015-dcu,
    title = "{DCU}: Using Distributional Semantics and Domain Adaptation for the Semantic Textual Similarity {S}em{E}val-2015 Task 2",
    author = "Arora, Piyush  and
      Hokamp, Chris  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Jones, Gareth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2026",
    pages = "143--147",
}
@inproceedings{sultan-etal-2015-dls,
    title = "{DLS}@{CU}: Sentence Similarity from Word Alignment and Semantic Vector Composition",
    author = "Sultan, Md Arafat  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Sumner, Tamara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2027",
    pages = "148--153",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-etal-2015-fcicu,
    title = "{FCICU}: The Integration between Sense-Based Kernel and Surface-Based Methods to Measure Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Hassan, Basma  and
      AbdelRahman, Samir  and
      Bahgat, Reem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2028",
    pages = "154--158",
}
@inproceedings{jaffe-etal-2015-azmat,
    title = "{AZMAT}: Sentence Similarity Using Associative Matrices",
    author = "Jaffe, Evan  and
      Jin, Lifeng  and
      King, David  and
      van Schijndel, Marten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2029",
    pages = "159--163",
}
@inproceedings{banjade-etal-2015-nerosim,
    title = "{N}e{R}o{S}im: A System for Measuring and Interpreting Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Banjade, Rajendra  and
      Niraula, Nobal Bikram  and
      Maharjan, Nabin  and
      Rus, Vasile  and
      Stefanescu, Dan  and
      Lintean, Mihai  and
      Gautam, Dipesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2030",
    pages = "164--171",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2015-samsung,
    title = "{S}amsung: Align-and-Differentiate Approach to Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Han, Lushan  and
      Martineau, Justin  and
      Cheng, Doreen  and
      Thomas, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2031",
    pages = "172--177",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2015-ubc,
    title = "{UBC}: Cubes for {E}nglish Semantic Textual Similarity and Supervised Approaches for Interpretable {STS}",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Gonzalez-Agirre, Aitor  and
      Lopez-Gazpio, I{\~n}igo  and
      Maritxalar, Montse  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Uria, Larraitz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2032",
    pages = "178--183",
}
@inproceedings{alves-etal-2015-asap,
    title = "{ASAP}-{II}: From the Alignment of Phrases to Textual Similarity",
    author = "Alves, Ana  and
      Sim{\~o}es, David  and
      Oliveira, Hugo Gon{\c{c}}alo  and
      Ferrugento, Adriana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2033",
    pages = "184--189",
}
@inproceedings{vu-etal-2015-tato,
    title = "{TATO}: Leveraging on Multiple Strategies for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Vu, Tu Thanh  and
      Tran, Quan Hung  and
      Pham, Son Bao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2034",
    pages = "190--195",
}
@inproceedings{hou-etal-2015-hitsz,
    title = "{HITSZ}-{ICRC}: Exploiting Classification Approach for Answer Selection in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Hou, Yongshuai  and
      Tan, Cong  and
      Wang, Xiaolong  and
      Zhang, Yaoyun  and
      Xu, Jun  and
      Chen, Qingcai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2035",
    pages = "196--202",
}
@inproceedings{nicosia-etal-2015-qcri,
    title = "{QCRI}: Answer Selection for Community Question Answering - Experiments for {A}rabic and {E}nglish",
    author = "Nicosia, Massimo  and
      Filice, Simone  and
      Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto  and
      Saleh, Iman  and
      Mubarak, Hamdy  and
      Gao, Wei  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Da San Martino, Giovanni  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Darwish, Kareem  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Joty, Shafiq  and
      Magdy, Walid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2036",
    pages = "203--209",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2015-icrc,
    title = "{ICRC}-{HIT}: A Deep Learning based Comment Sequence Labeling System for Answer Selection Challenge",
    author = "Zhou, Xiaoqiang  and
      Hu, Baotian  and
      Lin, Jiaxin  and
      Xiang, Yang  and
      Wang, Xiaolong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2037",
    pages = "210--214",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2015-jaist,
    title = "{JAIST}: Combining multiple features for Answer Selection in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Tran, Quan Hung  and
      Tran, Vu Duc  and
      Vu, Tu Thanh  and
      Nguyen, Minh Le  and
      Pham, Son Bao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2038",
    pages = "215--219",
}
@inproceedings{heydari-alashty-etal-2015-shiraz,
    title = "{S}hiraz: A Proposed List Wise Approach to Answer Validation",
    author = "Heydari Alashty, Amin  and
      Rahmani, Saeed  and
      Roostaee, Meysam  and
      Fakhrahmad, Mostafa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2039",
    pages = "220--225",
}
@inproceedings{mohamed-etal-2015-al,
    title = "Al-Bayan: A Knowledge-based System for {A}rabic Answer Selection",
    author = "Mohamed, Reham  and
      Ragab, Maha  and
      Abdelnasser, Heba  and
      M. El-Makky, Nagwa  and
      Torki, Marwan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2040",
    pages = "226--230",
}
@inproceedings{vo-etal-2015-fbk-hlt-application,
    title = "{FBK}-{HLT}: An Application of Semantic Textual Similarity for Answer Selection in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Vo, Ngoc Phuoc An  and
      Magnolini, Simone  and
      Popescu, Octavian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2041",
    pages = "231--235",
}
@inproceedings{yi-etal-2015-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU}: Using Multiple Sources of {CQA}-based Information for Answers Selection and {YES}/{NO} Response Inference",
    author = "Yi, Liang  and
      Wang, JianXiang  and
      Lan, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2042",
    pages = "236--241",
}
@inproceedings{zamanov-etal-2015-voltron,
    title = "{V}oltron: A Hybrid System For Answer Validation Based On Lexical And Distance Features",
    author = "Zamanov, Ivan  and
      Kraeva, Marina  and
      Hateva, Nelly  and
      Yovcheva, Ivana  and
      Nikolova, Ivelina  and
      Angelova, Galia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2043",
    pages = "242--246",
}
@inproceedings{rudzewitz-ziai-2015-comic,
    title = "{C}o{M}i{C}: Adapting a Short Answer Assessment System for Answer Selection",
    author = {Rudzewitz, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Ziai, Ramon},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2044",
    pages = "247--251",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2015-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2015 Task 2: Semantic Textual Similarity, {E}nglish, {S}panish and Pilot on Interpretability",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Banea, Carmen  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Cer, Daniel  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Gonzalez-Agirre, Aitor  and
      Guo, Weiwei  and
      Lopez-Gazpio, I{\~n}igo  and
      Maritxalar, Montse  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Uria, Larraitz  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2045",
    pages = "252--263",
}
@inproceedings{hanig-etal-2015-exb,
    title = "{E}x{B} Themis: Extensive Feature Extraction from Word Alignments for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = {H{\"a}nig, Christian  and
      Remus, Robert  and
      De La Puente, Xose},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2046",
    pages = "264--268",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-etal-2015-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2015 Task 3: Answer Selection in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Magdy, Walid  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Glass, Jim  and
      Randeree, Bilal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2047",
    pages = "269--281",
}
@inproceedings{belinkov-etal-2015-vectorslu,
    title = "{V}ector{SLU}: A Continuous Word Vector Approach to Answer Selection in Community Question Answering Systems",
    author = "Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      Mohtarami, Mitra  and
      Cyphers, Scott  and
      Glass, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2048",
    pages = "282--287",
}
@inproceedings{moro-navigli-2015-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2015 Task 13: Multilingual All-Words Sense Disambiguation and Entity Linking",
    author = "Moro, Andrea  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2049",
    pages = "288--297",
}
@inproceedings{apidianaki-gong-2015-limsi,
    title = "{LIMSI}: Translations as Source of Indirect Supervision for Multilingual All-Words Sense Disambiguation and Entity Linking",
    author = "Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Gong, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2050",
    pages = "298--302",
}
@inproceedings{elhadad-etal-2015-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2015 Task 14: Analysis of Clinical Text",
    author = "Elhadad, No{\'e}mie  and
      Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Gorman, Sharon  and
      Manandhar, Suresh  and
      Chapman, Wendy  and
      Savova, Guergana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2051",
    pages = "303--310",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2015-uth,
    title = "{UTH}-{CCB}: The Participation of the {S}em{E}val 2015 Challenge {--} Task 14",
    author = "Xu, Jun  and
      Zhang, Yaoyun  and
      Wang, Jingqi  and
      Wu, Yonghui  and
      Jiang, Min  and
      Soysal, Ergin  and
      Xu, Hua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2052",
    pages = "311--314",
}
@inproceedings{baisa-etal-2015-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2015 Task 15: A {CPA} dictionary-entry-building task",
    author = {Baisa, V{\'\i}t  and
      Bradbury, Jane  and
      Cinkov{\'a}, Silvie  and
      El Maarouf, Isma{\"\i}l  and
      Kilgarriff, Adam  and
      Popescu, Octavian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2053",
    pages = "315--324",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2015-blcunlp,
    title = "{BLCUNLP}: Corpus Pattern Analysis for Verbs Based on Dependency Chain",
    author = "Feng, Yukun  and
      Deng, Qiao  and
      Yu, Dong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2054",
    pages = "325--328",
}
@inproceedings{tripodi-pelillo-2015-wsd,
    title = "{WSD}-games: a Game-Theoretic Algorithm for Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Tripodi, Rocco  and
      Pelillo, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2055",
    pages = "329--334",
}
@inproceedings{weissenborn-etal-2015-dfki,
    title = "{DFKI}: Multi-objective Optimization for the Joint Disambiguation of Entities and Nouns {\&} Deep Verb Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Weissenborn, Dirk  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2056",
    pages = "335--339",
}
@inproceedings{ayetiran-boella-2015-ebl,
    title = "{EBL}-Hope: Multilingual Word Sense Disambiguation Using a Hybrid Knowledge-Based Technique",
    author = "Ayetiran, Eniafe Festus  and
      Boella, Guido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2057",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2057",
    pages = "340--344",
}
@inproceedings{postma-etal-2015-vua,
    title = "{VUA}-background : When to Use Background Information to Perform Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Postma, Marten  and
      Izquierdo, Ruben  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2058",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2058",
    pages = "345--349",
}
@inproceedings{fanta-etal-2015-teamufal,
    title = "{T}eam{UFAL}: {WSD}+{EL} as Document Retrieval",
    author = "Fanta, Petr  and
      Sudarikov, Roman  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2059",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2059",
    pages = "350--354",
}
@inproceedings{ruiz-poibeau-2015-el92,
    title = "{EL}92: Entity Linking Combining Open Source Annotators via Weighted Voting",
    author = "Ruiz, Pablo  and
      Poibeau, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2060",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2060",
    pages = "355--359",
}
@inproceedings{basile-etal-2015-uniba,
    title = "{UNIBA}: Combining Distributional Semantic Models and Sense Distribution for Multilingual All-Words Sense Disambiguation and Entity Linking",
    author = "Basile, Pierpaolo  and
      Caputo, Annalina  and
      Semeraro, Giovanni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2061",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2061",
    pages = "360--364",
}
@inproceedings{manion-2015-sudoku,
    title = "{SUDOKU}: Treating Word Sense Disambiguation {\&} Entitiy Linking as a Deterministic Problem - via an Unsupervised {\&} Iterative Approach",
    author = "Manion, Steve L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2062",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2062",
    pages = "365--369",
}
@inproceedings{huynh-ho-2015-teamhcmus,
    title = "{T}eam{HCMUS}: Analysis of Clinical Text",
    author = "Huynh, Nghia  and
      Ho, Quoc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2063",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2063",
    pages = "370--374",
}
@inproceedings{hakala-2015-utu,
    title = "{UTU}: Adapting Biomedical Event Extraction System to Disorder Attribute Detection",
    author = "Hakala, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2064",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2064",
    pages = "375--379",
}
@inproceedings{chernyshevich-stankevitch-2015-ihs,
    title = "{IHS}-{RD}-Belarus: Identification and Normalization of Disorder Concepts in Clinical Notes",
    author = "Chernyshevich, Maryna  and
      Stankevitch, Vadim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2065",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2065",
    pages = "380--384",
}
@inproceedings{ghiasvand-kate-2015-uwm,
    title = "{UWM}: A Simple Baseline Method for Identifying Attributes of Disease and Disorder Mentions in Clinical Text",
    author = "Ghiasvand, Omid  and
      Kate, Rohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2066",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2066",
    pages = "385--388",
}
@inproceedings{glavas-2015-takelab,
    title = "{TAKELAB}: Medical Information Extraction and Linking with {MINERAL}",
    author = "Glava{\v{s}}, Goran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2067",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2067",
    pages = "389--393",
}
@inproceedings{jonnagaddala-etal-2015-tmunsw,
    title = "{TMUNSW}: Identification of Disorders and Normalization to {SNOMED}-{CT} Terminology in Unstructured Clinical Notes",
    author = "Jonnagaddala, Jitendra  and
      Liaw, Siaw-Teng  and
      Ray, Pradeep  and
      Kumar, Manish  and
      Dai, Hong-Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2068",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2068",
    pages = "394--398",
}
@inproceedings{doing-harris-etal-2015-utahpoet,
    title = "{U}tah{POET}: Disorder Mention Identification and Context Slot Filling with Cognitive Inspiration",
    author = "Doing-Harris, Kristina  and
      Igo, Sean  and
      Shi, Jianlin  and
      Hurdle, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2069",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2069",
    pages = "399--405",
}
@inproceedings{leal-etal-2015-ulisboa,
    title = "{UL}isboa: Recognition and Normalization of Medical Concepts",
    author = "Leal, Andr{\'e}  and
      Martins, Bruno  and
      Couto, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2070",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2070",
    pages = "406--411",
}
@inproceedings{pathak-etal-2015-ezdi,
    title = "ez{DI}: A Supervised {NLP} System for Clinical Narrative Analysis",
    author = "Pathak, Parth  and
      Patel, Pinal  and
      Panchal, Vishal  and
      Soni, Sagar  and
      Dani, Kinjal  and
      Patel, Amrish  and
      Choudhary, Narayan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2071",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2071",
    pages = "412--416",
}
@inproceedings{gung-etal-2015-cuab,
    title = "{CUAB}: Supervised Learning of Disorders and their Attributes using Relations",
    author = "Gung, James  and
      Osborne, John  and
      Bethard, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2072",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2072",
    pages = "417--421",
}
@inproceedings{matos-etal-2015-bioinformaticsua,
    title = "{B}ioinformatics{UA}: Machine Learning and Rule-Based Recognition of Disorders and Clinical Attributes from Patient Notes",
    author = "Matos, S{\'e}rgio  and
      Sequeira, Jos{\'e}  and
      Oliveira, Jos{\'e} Lu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2073",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2073",
    pages = "422--426",
}
@inproceedings{ben-abacha-etal-2015-list,
    title = "{LIST}-{LUX}: Disorder Identification from Clinical Texts",
    author = "Ben Abacha, Asma  and
      Karanasiou, Aikaterini  and
      Mrabet, Yassine  and
      Dos Reis, Julio Cesar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2074",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2074",
    pages = "427--432",
}
@inproceedings{mills-levow-2015-cmills,
    title = "{CMILLS}: Adapting Semantic Role Labeling Features to Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Mills, Chad  and
      Levow, Gina-Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2075",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2075",
    pages = "433--437",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-2015-duluth,
    title = "{D}uluth: Word Sense Discrimination in the Service of Lexicography",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2076",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2076",
    pages = "438--442",
}
@inproceedings{russo-etal-2015-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2015 Task 9: {CLIPE}val Implicit Polarity of Events",
    author = "Russo, Irene  and
      Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2077",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2077",
    pages = "443--450",
}
@inproceedings{rosenthal-etal-2015-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2015 Task 10: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Rosenthal, Sara  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Kiritchenko, Svetlana  and
      Mohammad, Saif  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Stoyanov, Veselin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2078",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2078",
    pages = "451--463",
}
@inproceedings{severyn-moschitti-2015-unitn,
    title = "{UNITN}: Training Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Twitter Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Severyn, Aliaksei  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2079",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2079",
    pages = "464--469",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-etal-2015-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2015 Task 11: Sentiment Analysis of Figurative Language in Twitter",
    author = "Ghosh, Aniruddha  and
      Li, Guofu  and
      Veale, Tony  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Barnden, John  and
      Reyes, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2080",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2080",
    pages = "470--478",
}
@inproceedings{ozdemir-bergler-2015-clac,
    title = "CLaC-SentiPipe: SemEval2015 Subtasks 10 B,E, and Task 11",
    author = {{\"O}zdemir, Canberk  and
      Bergler, Sabine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2081",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2081",
    pages = "479--485",
}
@inproceedings{pontiki-etal-2015-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2015 Task 12: Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Pontiki, Maria  and
      Galanis, Dimitris  and
      Papageorgiou, Haris  and
      Manandhar, Suresh  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2082",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2082",
    pages = "486--495",
}
@inproceedings{toh-su-2015-nlangp,
    title = "{NLANGP}: Supervised Machine Learning System for Aspect Category Classification and Opinion Target Extraction",
    author = "Toh, Zhiqiang  and
      Su, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2083",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2083",
    pages = "496--501",
}
@inproceedings{dragoni-2015-shellfbk,
    title = "{SHELLFBK}: An Information Retrieval-based System For Multi-Domain Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Dragoni, Mauro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2084",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2084",
    pages = "502--509",
}
@inproceedings{sarker-etal-2015-diegolab,
    title = "{DIEGOL}ab: An Approach for Message-level Sentiment Classification in Twitter",
    author = "Sarker, Abeed  and
      Nikfarjam, Azadeh  and
      Weissenbacher, Davy  and
      Gonzalez, Graciela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2085",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2085",
    pages = "510--514",
}
@inproceedings{dong-etal-2015-splusplus,
    title = "{S}plusplus: A Feature-Rich Two-stage Classifier for Sentiment Analysis of Tweets",
    author = "Dong, Li  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Yin, Yichun  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Xu, Ke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2086",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2086",
    pages = "515--519",
}
@inproceedings{dalmia-etal-2015-iiit,
    title = "{IIIT}-H at {S}em{E}val 2015: Twitter Sentiment Analysis {--} The Good, the Bad and the Neutral!",
    author = "Dalmia, Ayushi  and
      Gupta, Manish  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2087",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2087",
    pages = "520--526",
}
@inproceedings{ebert-etal-2015-cis,
    title = "{CIS}-positive: A Combination of Convolutional Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines for Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = {Ebert, Sebastian  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2088",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2088",
    pages = "527--532",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-gavilanes-etal-2015-gti,
    title = "{GTI}: An Unsupervised Approach for Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez-Gavilanes, Milagros  and
      {\'A}lvarez-L{\'o}pez, Tamara  and
      Juncal-Mart{\'\i}nez, Jonathan  and
      Costa-Montenegro, Enrique  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-Casta{\~n}o, Francisco Javier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2089",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2089",
    pages = "533--538",
}
@inproceedings{cerezo-costas-celix-salgado-2015-gradiant,
    title = "Gradiant-Analytics: Training Polarity Shifters with {CRF}s for Message Level Polarity Detection",
    author = "Cerezo-Costas, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Celix-Salgado, Diego",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2090",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2090",
    pages = "539--544",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-ioa,
    title = "{IOA}: Improving {SVM} Based Sentiment Classification Through Post Processing",
    author = "Li, Peijia  and
      Xu, Weiqun  and
      Ma, Chenglong  and
      Sun, Jia  and
      Yan, Yonghong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2091",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2091",
    pages = "545--550",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2015-rosemerry,
    title = "{R}ose{M}erry: A Baseline Message-level Sentiment Classification System",
    author = "Liang, Huizhi  and
      Fothergill, Richard  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2092",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2092",
    pages = "551--555",
}
@inproceedings{castillo-etal-2015-udlap,
    title = "{UDLAP}: Sentiment Analysis Using a Graph-Based Representation",
    author = "Castillo, Esteban  and
      Cervantes, Ofelia  and
      Vilari{\~n}o, Darnes  and
      B{\'a}ez, David  and
      S{\'a}nchez, Alfredo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2093",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2093",
    pages = "556--560",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU}: Multi-level Sentiment Analysis on Twitter Using Traditional Linguistic Features and Word Embedding Features",
    author = "Zhang, Zhihua  and
      Wu, Guoshun  and
      Lan, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2094",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2094",
    pages = "561--567",
}
@inproceedings{hamdan-etal-2015-lsislif,
    title = "{L}sislif: Feature Extraction and Label Weighting for Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Hamdan, Hussam  and
      Bellot, Patrice  and
      Bechet, Frederic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2095",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2095",
    pages = "568--573",
}
@inproceedings{gimenez-etal-2015-elirf,
    title = "{EL}i{RF}: A {SVM} Approach for {SA} tasks in Twitter at {S}em{E}val-2015",
    author = "Gim{\'e}nez, Mayte  and
      Pla, Ferran  and
      Hurtado, Llu{\'\i}s-F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2096",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2096",
    pages = "574--581",
}
@inproceedings{hagen-etal-2015-webis,
    title = "{W}ebis: An Ensemble for Twitter Sentiment Detection",
    author = {Hagen, Matthias  and
      Potthast, Martin  and
      B{\"u}chner, Michel  and
      Stein, Benno},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2097",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2097",
    pages = "582--589",
}
@inproceedings{guha-etal-2015-sentibase,
    title = "{S}entibase: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter on a Budget",
    author = "Guha, Satarupa  and
      Joshi, Aditya  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2098",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2098",
    pages = "590--594",
}
@inproceedings{basile-novielli-2015-uniba,
    title = "{UNIBA}: Sentiment Analysis of {E}nglish Tweets Combining Micro-blogging, Lexicon and Semantic Features",
    author = "Basile, Pierpaolo  and
      Novielli, Nicole",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2099",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2099",
    pages = "595--600",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2015-iitpsemeval,
    title = "{IITPS}em{E}val: Sentiment Discovery from 140 Characters",
    author = "Kumar, Ayush  and
      Krishna, Vamsi  and
      Ekbal, Asif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2100",
    pages = "601--607",
}
@inproceedings{uzdilli-etal-2015-swiss,
    title = "Swiss-Chocolate: Combining Flipout Regularization and Random Forests with Artificially Built Subsystems to Boost Text-Classification for Sentiment",
    author = "Uzdilli, Fatih  and
      Jaggi, Martin  and
      Egger, Dominic  and
      Julmy, Pascal  and
      Derczynski, Leon  and
      Cieliebak, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2101",
    pages = "608--612",
}
@inproceedings{amir-etal-2015-inesc,
    title = "{INESC}-{ID}: A Regression Model for Large Scale Twitter Sentiment Lexicon Induction",
    author = "Amir, Silvio  and
      Astudillo, Ramon  and
      Ling, Wang  and
      Martins, Bruno  and
      Silva, Mario J.  and
      Trancoso, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2102",
    pages = "613--618",
}
@inproceedings{plotnikova-etal-2015-klueless,
    title = "{KLUE}less: Polarity Classification and Association",
    author = "Plotnikova, Nataliia  and
      Kohl, Micha  and
      Volkert, Kevin  and
      Evert, Stefan  and
      Lerner, Andreas  and
      Dykes, Natalie  and
      Ermer, Heiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2103",
    pages = "619--625",
}
@inproceedings{talbot-etal-2015-swash,
    title = "{SWASH}: A Naive {B}ayes Classifier for Tweet Sentiment Identification",
    author = "Talbot, Ruth  and
      Acheampong, Chloe  and
      Wicentowski, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2104",
    pages = "626--630",
}
@inproceedings{wicentowski-2015-swatcs65,
    title = "{SWATCS}65: Sentiment Classification Using an Ensemble of Class Projects",
    author = "Wicentowski, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2105",
    pages = "631--635",
}
@inproceedings{alhessi-wicentowski-2015-swatac,
    title = "{SWATAC}: A Sentiment Analyzer using One-Vs-Rest Logistic Regression",
    author = "Alhessi, Yousef  and
      Wicentowski, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2106",
    pages = "636--639",
}
@inproceedings{boag-etal-2015-twitterhawk,
    title = "{T}witter{H}awk: A Feature Bucket Based Approach to Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Boag, William  and
      Potash, Peter  and
      Rumshisky, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2107",
    pages = "640--646",
}
@inproceedings{chikersal-etal-2015-sentu,
    title = "{S}e{NTU}: Sentiment Analysis of Tweets by Combining a Rule-based Classifier with Supervised Learning",
    author = "Chikersal, Prerna  and
      Poria, Soujanya  and
      Cambria, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2108",
    pages = "647--651",
}
@inproceedings{astudillo-etal-2015-inesc,
    title = "{INESC}-{ID}: Sentiment Analysis without Hand-Coded Features or Linguistic Resources using Embedding Subspaces",
    author = "Astudillo, Ramon  and
      Amir, Silvio  and
      Ling, Wang  and
      Martins, Bruno  and
      Silva, Mario J.  and
      Trancoso, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2109",
    pages = "652--656",
}
@inproceedings{townsend-etal-2015-warwickdcs,
    title = "{W}arwick{DCS}: From Phrase-Based to Target-Specific Sentiment Recognition",
    author = "Townsend, Richard  and
      Tsakalidis, Adam  and
      Zhou, Yiwei  and
      Wang, Bo  and
      Liakata, Maria  and
      Zubiaga, Arkaitz  and
      Cristea, Alexandra  and
      Procter, Rob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2110",
    pages = "657--663",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2015-uir,
    title = "{UIR}-{PKU}: Twitter-{O}pin{M}iner System for Sentiment Analysis in Twitter at {S}em{E}val 2015",
    author = "Han, Xu  and
      Li, Binyang  and
      Ma, Jing  and
      Zhang, Yuxiao  and
      Ou, Gaoyan  and
      Wang, Tengjiao  and
      Wong, Kam-fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2111",
    pages = "664--668",
}
@inproceedings{collins-etal-2015-swat,
    title = "{SWAT}-{CMW}: Classification of Twitter Emotional Polarity using a Multiple-Classifier Decision Schema and Enhanced Emotion Tagging",
    author = "Collins, Riley  and
      May, Daniel  and
      Weinthal, Noah  and
      Wicentowski, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2112",
    pages = "669--672",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2015-llt,
    title = "{LLT}-{P}oly{U}: Identifying Sentiment Intensity in Ironic Tweets",
    author = "Xu, Hongzhi  and
      Santus, Enrico  and
      Laszlo, Anna  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2113",
    pages = "673--678",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2015-kelabteam,
    title = "{KEL}ab{T}eam: A Statistical Approach on Figurative Language Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Nguyen, Hoang Long  and
      Nguyen, Trung Duc  and
      Hwang, Dosam  and
      Jung, Jason J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2114",
    pages = "679--683",
}
@inproceedings{van-hee-etal-2015-lt3,
    title = "{LT}3: Sentiment Analysis of Figurative Tweets: piece of cake {\#}{N}ot{R}eally",
    author = "Van Hee, Cynthia  and
      Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2115",
    pages = "684--688",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-gomez-2015-prhlt,
    title = "{PRHLT}: Combination of Deep Autoencoders with Classification and Regression Techniques for {S}em{E}val-2015 Task 11",
    author = "Gupta, Parth  and
      G{\'o}mez, Jon Ander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2116",
    pages = "689--693",
}
@inproceedings{hernandez-farias-etal-2015-valento,
    title = "{V}alen{T}o: Sentiment Analysis of Figurative Language Tweets with Irony and Sarcasm",
    author = "Hern{\'a}ndez Far{\'\i}as, Delia Iraz{\'u}  and
      Sulis, Emilio  and
      Patti, Viviana  and
      Ruffo, Giancarlo  and
      Bosco, Cristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2117",
    pages = "694--698",
}
@inproceedings{mcgillion-etal-2015-cph,
    title = "{CPH}: Sentiment analysis of Figurative Language on Twitter {\#}easypeasy {\#}not",
    author = "McGillion, Sarah  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Plank, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2118",
    pages = "699--703",
}
@inproceedings{barbieri-etal-2015-upf,
    title = "{UPF}-taln: {S}em{E}val 2015 Tasks 10 and 11. Sentiment Analysis of Literal and Figurative Language in Twitter",
    author = "Barbieri, Francesco  and
      Ronzano, Francesco  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2119",
    pages = "704--708",
}
@inproceedings{karanasou-etal-2015-dsunipi,
    title = "{D}s{U}ni{P}i: An {SVM}-based Approach for Sentiment Analysis of Figurative Language on Twitter",
    author = "Karanasou, Maria  and
      Doulkeridis, Christos  and
      Halkidi, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2120",
    pages = "709--713",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-pablos-etal-2015-v3,
    title = "{V}3: Unsupervised Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis for {S}em{E}val2015 Task 12",
    author = "Garc{\'\i}a-Pablos, Aitor  and
      Cuadros, Montse  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2121",
    pages = "714--718",
}
@inproceedings{de-clercq-etal-2015-lt3,
    title = "{LT}3: Applying Hybrid Terminology Extraction to Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "De Clercq, Orph{\'e}e  and
      Van de Kauter, Marjan  and
      Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2122",
    pages = "719--724",
}
@inproceedings{kauer-moreira-2015-ufrgs,
    title = "{UFRGS}: Identifying Categories and Targets in Customer Reviews",
    author = "Kauer, Anderson  and
      Moreira, Viviane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2123",
    pages = "725--729",
}
@inproceedings{jimenez-zafra-etal-2015-sinai,
    title = "{SINAI}: Syntactic Approach for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Jim{\'e}nez-Zafra, Salud M.  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-C{\'a}mara, Eugenio  and
      Mart{\'\i}n-Valdivia, M. Teresa  and
      Ure{\~n}a-L{\'o}pez, L. Alfonso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2124",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2124",
    pages = "730--735",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-lan-2015-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU}: Extracting Effective Features from Multiple Sequential Sentences for Target-dependent Sentiment Analysis in Reviews",
    author = "Zhang, Zhihua  and
      Lan, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2125",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2125",
    pages = "736--741",
}
@inproceedings{repaka-etal-2015-umduluth,
    title = "{UMD}uluth-{CS}8761-12: A Novel Machine Learning Approach for Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Repaka, Ravikanth  and
      Pallelra, Ranga Reddy  and
      Koppula, Akshay Reddy  and
      Movva, Venkata Subhash",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2126",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2126",
    pages = "742--747",
}
@inproceedings{san-vicente-etal-2015-elixa,
    title = "{E}li{X}a: A Modular and Flexible {ABSA} Platform",
    author = "San Vicente, I{\~n}aki  and
      Saralegi, Xabier  and
      Agerri, Rodrigo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2127",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2127",
    pages = "748--752",
}
@inproceedings{hamdan-etal-2015-lsislif-crf,
    title = "{L}sislif: {CRF} and Logistic Regression for Opinion Target Extraction and Sentiment Polarity Analysis",
    author = "Hamdan, Hussam  and
      Bellot, Patrice  and
      Bechet, Frederic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2128",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2128",
    pages = "753--758",
}
@inproceedings{guha-etal-2015-siel,
    title = "{SIEL}: Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis in Reviews",
    author = "Guha, Satarupa  and
      Joshi, Aditya  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2129",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2129",
    pages = "759--766",
}
@inproceedings{saias-2015-sentiue,
    title = "{S}entiue: Target and Aspect based Sentiment Analysis in {S}em{E}val-2015 Task 12",
    author = "Saias, Jos{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2130",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2130",
    pages = "767--771",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-tjudem,
    title = "{TJU}de{M}: A Combination Classifier for Aspect Category Detection and Sentiment Polarity Classification",
    author = "Zhang, Zhifei  and
      Nie, Jian-Yun  and
      Wang, Hongling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2131",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2131",
    pages = "772--777",
}
@inproceedings{minard-etal-2015-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2015 Task 4: {T}ime{L}ine: Cross-Document Event Ordering",
    author = "Minard, Anne-Lyse  and
      Speranza, Manuela  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Aldabe, Itziar  and
      van Erp, Marieke  and
      Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Urizar, Rub{\'e}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2132",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2132",
    pages = "778--786",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-etal-2015-spinoza,
    title = "{SPINOZA}{\_}{VU}: An {NLP} Pipeline for Cross Document {T}ime{L}ines",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Fokkens, Antske  and
      Morante, Roser  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2133",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2133",
    pages = "787--791",
}
@inproceedings{llorens-etal-2015-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2015 Task 5: {QA} {T}emp{E}val - Evaluating Temporal Information Understanding with Question Answering",
    author = "Llorens, Hector  and
      Chambers, Nathanael  and
      UzZaman, Naushad  and
      Mostafazadeh, Nasrin  and
      Allen, James  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2134",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2134",
    pages = "792--800",
}
@inproceedings{mirza-minard-2015-hlt,
    title = "{HLT}-{FBK}: a Complete Temporal Processing System for {QA} {T}emp{E}val",
    author = "Mirza, Paramita  and
      Minard, Anne-Lyse",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2135",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2135",
    pages = "801--805",
}
@inproceedings{bethard-etal-2015-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2015 Task 6: Clinical {T}emp{E}val",
    author = "Bethard, Steven  and
      Derczynski, Leon  and
      Savova, Guergana  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Verhagen, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2136",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2136",
    pages = "806--814",
}
@inproceedings{velupillai-etal-2015-blulab,
    title = "{B}lu{L}ab: Temporal Information Extraction for the 2015 Clinical {T}emp{E}val Challenge",
    author = "Velupillai, Sumithra  and
      Mowery, Danielle L  and
      Abdelrahman, Samir  and
      Christensen, Lee  and
      Chapman, Wendy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2137",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2137",
    pages = "815--819",
}
@inproceedings{navarro-saquete-2015-gplsiua,
    title = "{GPLSIUA}: Combining Temporal Information and Topic Modeling for Cross-Document Event Ordering",
    author = "Navarro, Borja  and
      Saquete, Estela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2138",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2138",
    pages = "820--824",
}
@inproceedings{moulahi-etal-2015-heideltoul,
    title = "{H}eidel{T}oul: A Baseline Approach for Cross-document Event Ordering",
    author = {Moulahi, Bilel  and
      Str{\"o}tgen, Jannik  and
      Gertz, Michael  and
      Tamine, Lynda},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2139",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2139",
    pages = "825--829",
}
@inproceedings{hou-etal-2015-hitsz-icrc,
    title = "{HITSZ}-{ICRC}: An Integration Approach for {QA} {T}emp{E}val Challenge",
    author = "Hou, Yongshuai  and
      Tan, Cong  and
      Chen, Qingcai  and
      Wang, Xiaolong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2140",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2140",
    pages = "830--834",
}
@inproceedings{tissot-etal-2015-ufprsheffield,
    title = "{UFPRS}heffield: Contrasting Rule-based and Support Vector Machine Approaches to Time Expression Identification in Clinical {T}emp{E}val",
    author = "Tissot, Hegler  and
      Gorrell, Genevieve  and
      Roberts, Angus  and
      Derczynski, Leon  and
      Fabro, Marcos Didonet Del",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2141",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2141",
    pages = "835--839",
}
@inproceedings{salaberri-etal-2015-ixagroupehudiac,
    title = "{IXAG}roup{EHUD}iac: A Multiple Approach System towards the Diachronic Evaluation of Texts",
    author = "Salaberri, Haritz  and
      Salaberri, Iker  and
      Arregi, Olatz  and
      Zapirain, Be{\~n}at",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2142",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2142",
    pages = "840--845",
}
@inproceedings{tan-ordan-2015-usaar,
    title = "{USAAR}-{CHRONOS}: Crawling the Web for Temporal Annotations",
    author = "Tan, Liling  and
      Ordan, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2143",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2143",
    pages = "846--850",
}
@inproceedings{zampieri-etal-2015-ambra,
    title = "{AMBRA}: A Ranking Approach to Temporal Text Classification",
    author = "Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Niculae, Vlad  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2144",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2144",
    pages = "851--855",
}
@inproceedings{salaberri-etal-2015-ixagroupehuspaceeval,
    title = "{IXAG}roup{EHUS}pace{E}val: (X-Space) A {W}ord{N}et-based approach towards the Automatic Recognition of Spatial Information following the {ISO}-Space Annotation Scheme",
    author = "Salaberri, Haritz  and
      Arregi, Olatz  and
      Zapirain, Be{\~n}at",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2145",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2145",
    pages = "856--861",
}
@inproceedings{dsouza-ng-2015-utd,
    title = "{UTD}: Ensemble-Based Spatial Relation Extraction",
    author = "D{'}Souza, Jennifer  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2146",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2146",
    pages = "862--869",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-strapparava-2015-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val 2015, Task 7: Diachronic Text Evaluation",
    author = "Popescu, Octavian  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2147",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2147",
    pages = "870--878",
}
@inproceedings{szymanski-lynch-2015-ucd,
    title = "{UCD} : Diachronic Text Classification with Character, Word, and Syntactic N-grams",
    author = "Szymanski, Terrence  and
      Lynch, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2148",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2148",
    pages = "879--883",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-etal-2015-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2015 Task 8: {S}pace{E}val",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Kordjamshidi, Parisa  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine  and
      Levine, Aaron  and
      Dworman, Seth  and
      Yocum, Zachary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2149",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2149",
    pages = "884--894",
}
@inproceedings{nichols-botros-2015-sprl,
    title = "{S}p{RL}-{CWW}: Spatial Relation Classification with Independent Multi-class Models",
    author = "Nichols, Eric  and
      Botros, Fadi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2150",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2150",
    pages = "895--901",
}
@inproceedings{bordea-etal-2015-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2015 Task 17: Taxonomy Extraction Evaluation ({TE}x{E}val)",
    author = "Bordea, Georgeta  and
      Buitelaar, Paul  and
      Faralli, Stefano  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2151",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2151",
    pages = "902--910",
}
@inproceedings{grefenstette-2015-inriasac,
    title = "{INRIASAC}: Simple Hypernym Extraction Methods",
    author = "Grefenstette, Gregory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2152",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2152",
    pages = "911--914",
}
@inproceedings{oepen-etal-2015-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val 2015 Task 18: Broad-Coverage Semantic Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Oepen, Stephan  and
      Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Zeman, Daniel  and
      Cinkov{\'a}, Silvie  and
      Flickinger, Dan  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2153",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2153",
    pages = "915--926",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2015-peking,
    title = "{P}eking: Building Semantic Dependency Graphs with a Hybrid Parser",
    author = "Du, Yantao  and
      Zhang, Fan  and
      Zhang, Xun  and
      Sun, Weiwei  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2154",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2154",
    pages = "927--931",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2015-usaar-wlv,
    title = "{USAAR}-{WLV}: Hypernym Generation with Deep Neural Nets",
    author = "Tan, Liling  and
      Gupta, Rohit  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2155",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2155",
    pages = "932--937",
}
@inproceedings{ceesay-juan-hou-2015-ntnu,
    title = "{NTNU}: An Unsupervised Knowledge Approach for Taxonomy Extraction",
    author = "Ceesay, Bamfa  and
      Juan Hou, Wen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2156",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2156",
    pages = "938--943",
}
@inproceedings{lefever-2015-lt3,
    title = "{LT}3: A Multi-modular Approach to Automatic Taxonomy Construction",
    author = "Lefever, Els",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2157",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2157",
    pages = "944--948",
}
@inproceedings{espinosa-anke-etal-2015-taln,
    title = "{TALN}-{UPF}: Taxonomy Learning Exploiting {CRF}-Based Hypernym Extraction on Encyclopedic Definitions",
    author = "Espinosa-Anke, Luis  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Ronzano, Francesco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2158",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2158",
    pages = "949--954",
}
@inproceedings{cleuziou-etal-2015-qassit,
    title = "{QASSIT}: A Pretopological Framework for the Automatic Construction of Lexical Taxonomies from Raw Texts",
    author = "Cleuziou, Guillaume  and
      Buscaldi, Davide  and
      Dias, Gael  and
      Levorato, Vincent  and
      Largeron, Christine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2159",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2159",
    pages = "955--959",
}
@inproceedings{barzdins-etal-2015-riga,
    title = "{R}iga: from {F}rame{N}et to Semantic Frames with C6.0 Rules",
    author = "Barzdins, Guntis  and
      Paikens, Peteris  and
      Gosko, Didzis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2160",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2160",
    pages = "960--964",
}
@inproceedings{kanerva-etal-2015-turku,
    title = "{T}urku: Semantic Dependency Parsing as a Sequence Classification",
    author = "Kanerva, Jenna  and
      Luotolahti, Juhani  and
      Ginter, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2161",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2161",
    pages = "965--969",
}
@inproceedings{almeida-martins-2015-lisbon,
    title = "{L}isbon: Evaluating {T}urbo{S}emantic{P}arser on Multiple Languages and Out-of-Domain Data",
    author = "Almeida, Mariana S. C.  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2015)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2162",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S15-2162",
    pages = "970--973",
}
@proceedings{emnlp-2018-2018,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Riloff, Ellen  and
      Chiang, David  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1000",
}
@inproceedings{coavoux-etal-2018-privacy,
    title = "Privacy-preserving Neural Representations of Text",
    author = "Coavoux, Maximin  and
      Narayan, Shashi  and
      Cohen, Shay B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "This article deals with adversarial attacks towards deep learning systems for Natural Language Processing (NLP), in the context of privacy protection. We study a specific type of attack: an attacker eavesdrops on the hidden representations of a neural text classifier and tries to recover information about the input text. Such scenario may arise in situations when the computation of a neural network is shared across multiple devices, e.g. some hidden representation is computed by a user{'}s device and sent to a cloud-based model. We measure the privacy of a hidden representation by the ability of an attacker to predict accurately specific private information from it and characterize the tradeoff between the privacy and the utility of neural representations. Finally, we propose several defense methods based on modified training objectives and show that they improve the privacy of neural representations.",
}
@inproceedings{elazar-goldberg-2018-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Removal of Demographic Attributes from Text Data",
    author = "Elazar, Yanai  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1002",
    pages = "11--21",
    abstract = "Recent advances in Representation Learning and Adversarial Training seem to succeed in removing unwanted features from the learned representation. We show that demographic information of authors is encoded in{---}and can be recovered from{---}the intermediate representations learned by text-based neural classifiers. The implication is that decisions of classifiers trained on textual data are not agnostic to{---}and likely condition on{---}demographic attributes. When attempting to remove such demographic information using adversarial training, we find that while the adversarial component achieves chance-level development-set accuracy during training, a post-hoc classifier, trained on the encoded sentences from the first part, still manages to reach substantially higher classification accuracies on the same data. This behavior is consistent across several tasks, demographic properties and datasets. We explore several techniques to improve the effectiveness of the adversarial component. Our main conclusion is a cautionary one: do not rely on the adversarial training to achieve invariant representation to sensitive features.",
}
@inproceedings{popat-etal-2018-declare,
    title = "{D}e{C}lar{E}: Debunking Fake News and False Claims using Evidence-Aware Deep Learning",
    author = "Popat, Kashyap  and
      Mukherjee, Subhabrata  and
      Yates, Andrew  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1003",
    pages = "22--32",
    abstract = "Misinformation such as fake news is one of the big challenges of our society. Research on automated fact-checking has proposed methods based on supervised learning, but these approaches do not consider external evidence apart from labeled training instances. Recent approaches counter this deficit by considering external sources related to a claim. However, these methods require substantial feature modeling and rich lexicons. This paper overcomes these limitations of prior work with an end-to-end model for evidence-aware credibility assessment of arbitrary textual claims, without any human intervention. It presents a neural network model that judiciously aggregates signals from external evidence articles, the language of these articles and the trustworthiness of their sources. It also derives informative features for generating user-comprehensible explanations that makes the neural network predictions transparent to the end-user. Experiments with four datasets and ablation studies show the strength of our method.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-jurgens-2018-going,
    title = "It{'}s going to be okay: Measuring Access to Support in Online Communities",
    author = "Wang, Zijian  and
      Jurgens, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1004",
    pages = "33--45",
    abstract = "People use online platforms to seek out support for their informational and emotional needs. Here, we ask what effect does revealing one{'}s gender have on receiving support. To answer this, we create (i) a new dataset and method for identifying supportive replies and (ii) new methods for inferring gender from text and name. We apply these methods to create a new massive corpus of 102M online interactions with gender-labeled users, each rated by degree of supportiveness. Our analysis shows wide-spread and consistent disparity in support: identifying as a woman is associated with higher rates of support - but also higher rates of disparagement.",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2018-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Gang-Involved Escalation on Social Media Using Context",
    author = "Chang, Serina  and
      Zhong, Ruiqi  and
      Adams, Ethan  and
      Lee, Fei-Tzin  and
      Varia, Siddharth  and
      Patton, Desmond  and
      Frey, William  and
      Kedzie, Chris  and
      McKeown, Kathy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1005",
    pages = "46--56",
    abstract = "Gang-involved youth in cities such as Chicago have increasingly turned to social media to post about their experiences and intents online. In some situations, when they experience the loss of a loved one, their online expression of emotion may evolve into aggression towards rival gangs and ultimately into real-world violence. In this paper, we present a novel system for detecting Aggression and Loss in social media. Our system features the use of domain-specific resources automatically derived from a large unlabeled corpus, and contextual representations of the emotional and semantic content of the user{'}s recent tweets as well as their interactions with other users. Incorporating context in our Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) leads to a significant improvement.",
}
@inproceedings{tandon-etal-2018-reasoning,
    title = "Reasoning about Actions and State Changes by Injecting Commonsense Knowledge",
    author = "Tandon, Niket  and
      Dalvi, Bhavana  and
      Grus, Joel  and
      Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Bosselut, Antoine  and
      Clark, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1006",
    pages = "57--66",
    abstract = "Comprehending procedural text, e.g., a paragraph describing photosynthesis, requires modeling actions and the state changes they produce, so that questions about entities at different timepoints can be answered. Although several recent systems have shown impressive progress in this task, their predictions can be globally inconsistent or highly improbable. In this paper, we show how the predicted effects of actions in the context of a paragraph can be improved in two ways: (1) by incorporating global, commonsense constraints (e.g., a non-existent entity cannot be destroyed), and (2) by biasing reading with preferences from large-scale corpora (e.g., trees rarely move). Unlike earlier methods, we treat the problem as a neural structured prediction task, allowing hard and soft constraints to steer the model away from unlikely predictions. We show that the new model significantly outperforms earlier systems on a benchmark dataset for procedural text comprehension (+8{\%} relative gain), and that it also avoids some of the nonsensical predictions that earlier systems make.",
}
@inproceedings{poliak-etal-2018-collecting,
    title = "Collecting Diverse Natural Language Inference Problems for Sentence Representation Evaluation",
    author = "Poliak, Adam  and
      Haldar, Aparajita  and
      Rudinger, Rachel  and
      Hu, J. Edward  and
      Pavlick, Ellie  and
      White, Aaron Steven  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1007",
    pages = "67--81",
    abstract = "We present a large-scale collection of diverse natural language inference (NLI) datasets that help provide insight into how well a sentence representation captures distinct types of reasoning. The collection results from recasting 13 existing datasets from 7 semantic phenomena into a common NLI structure, resulting in over half a million labeled context-hypothesis pairs in total. We refer to our collection as the DNC: Diverse Natural Language Inference Collection. The DNC is available online at \url{https://www.decomp.net}, and will grow over time as additional resources are recast and added from novel sources.",
}
@inproceedings{lamm-etal-2018-textual,
    title = "Textual Analogy Parsing: What{'}s Shared and What{'}s Compared among Analogous Facts",
    author = "Lamm, Matthew  and
      Chaganty, Arun  and
      Manning, Christopher D.  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1008",
    pages = "82--92",
    abstract = "To understand a sentence like {``}whereas only 10{\%} of White Americans live at or below the poverty line, 28{\%} of African Americans do{''} it is important not only to identify individual facts, e.g., poverty rates of distinct demographic groups, but also the higher-order relations between them, e.g., the disparity between them. In this paper, we propose the task of Textual Analogy Parsing (TAP) to model this higher-order meaning. Given a sentence such as the one above, TAP outputs a frame-style meaning representation which explicitly specifies what is shared (e.g., poverty rates) and what is compared (e.g., White Americans vs. African Americans, 10{\%} vs. 28{\%}) between its component facts. Such a meaning representation can enable new applications that rely on discourse understanding such as automated chart generation from quantitative text. We present a new dataset for TAP, baselines, and a model that successfully uses an ILP to enforce the structural constraints of the problem.",
}
@inproceedings{zellers-etal-2018-swag,
    title = "{SWAG}: A Large-Scale Adversarial Dataset for Grounded Commonsense Inference",
    author = "Zellers, Rowan  and
      Bisk, Yonatan  and
      Schwartz, Roy  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1009",
    pages = "93--104",
    abstract = "Given a partial description like {``}she opened the hood of the car,{''} humans can reason about the situation and anticipate what might come next ({''}then, she examined the engine{''}). In this paper, we introduce the task of grounded commonsense inference, unifying natural language inference and commonsense reasoning. We present SWAG, a new dataset with 113k multiple choice questions about a rich spectrum of grounded situations. To address the recurring challenges of the annotation artifacts and human biases found in many existing datasets, we propose Adversarial Filtering (AF), a novel procedure that constructs a de-biased dataset by iteratively training an ensemble of stylistic classifiers, and using them to filter the data. To account for the aggressive adversarial filtering, we use state-of-the-art language models to massively oversample a diverse set of potential counterfactuals. Empirical results demonstrate that while humans can solve the resulting inference problems with high accuracy (88{\%}), various competitive models struggle on our task. We provide comprehensive analysis that indicates significant opportunities for future research.",
}
@inproceedings{yin-roth-2018-twowingos,
    title = "{T}wo{W}ing{OS}: A Two-Wing Optimization Strategy for Evidential Claim Verification",
    author = "Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1010",
    pages = "105--114",
    abstract = "Determining whether a given claim is supported by evidence is a fundamental NLP problem that is best modeled as Textual Entailment. However, given a large collection of text, finding evidence that could support or refute a given claim is a challenge in itself, amplified by the fact that different evidence might be needed to support or refute a claim. Nevertheless, most prior work decouples evidence finding from determining the truth value of the claim given the evidence. We propose to consider these two aspects jointly. We develop TwoWingOS (two-wing optimization strategy), a system that, while identifying appropriate evidence for a claim, also determines whether or not the claim is supported by the evidence. Given the claim, TwoWingOS attempts to identify a subset of the evidence candidates; given the predicted evidence, it then attempts to determine the truth value of the corresponding claim entailment problem. We treat this problem as coupled optimization problems, training a joint model for it. TwoWingOS offers two advantages: (i) Unlike pipeline systems it facilitates flexible-size evidence set, and (ii) Joint training improves both the claim entailment and the evidence identification. Experiments on a benchmark dataset show state-of-the-art performance.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-associative,
    title = "Associative Multichannel Autoencoder for Multimodal Word Representation",
    author = "Wang, Shaonan  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1011",
    pages = "115--124",
    abstract = "In this paper we address the problem of learning multimodal word representations by integrating textual, visual and auditory inputs. Inspired by the re-constructive and associative nature of human memory, we propose a novel associative multichannel autoencoder (AMA). Our model first learns the associations between textual and perceptual modalities, so as to predict the missing perceptual information of concepts. Then the textual and predicted perceptual representations are fused through reconstructing their original and associated embeddings. Using a gating mechanism our model assigns different weights to each modality according to the different concepts. Results on six benchmark concept similarity tests show that the proposed method significantly outperforms strong unimodal baselines and state-of-the-art multimodal models.",
}
@inproceedings{pasunuru-bansal-2018-game,
    title = "Game-Based Video-Context Dialogue",
    author = "Pasunuru, Ramakanth  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1012",
    pages = "125--136",
    abstract = "Current dialogue systems focus more on textual and speech context knowledge and are usually based on two speakers. Some recent work has investigated static image-based dialogue. However, several real-world human interactions also involve dynamic visual context (similar to videos) as well as dialogue exchanges among multiple speakers. To move closer towards such multimodal conversational skills and visually-situated applications, we introduce a new video-context, many-speaker dialogue dataset based on live-broadcast soccer game videos and chats from Twitch.tv. This challenging testbed allows us to develop visually-grounded dialogue models that should generate relevant temporal and spatial event language from the live video, while also being relevant to the chat history. For strong baselines, we also present several discriminative and generative models, e.g., based on tridirectional attention flow (TriDAF). We evaluate these models via retrieval ranking-recall, automatic phrase-matching metrics, as well as human evaluation studies. We also present dataset analyses, model ablations, and visualizations to understand the contribution of different modalities and model components.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-simnet,
    title = "sim{N}et: Stepwise Image-Topic Merging Network for Generating Detailed and Comprehensive Image Captions",
    author = "Liu, Fenglin  and
      Ren, Xuancheng  and
      Liu, Yuanxin  and
      Wang, Houfeng  and
      Sun, Xu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1013",
    pages = "137--149",
    abstract = "The encode-decoder framework has shown recent success in image captioning. Visual attention, which is good at detailedness, and semantic attention, which is good at comprehensiveness, have been separately proposed to ground the caption on the image. In this paper, we propose the Stepwise Image-Topic Merging Network (simNet) that makes use of the two kinds of attention at the same time. At each time step when generating the caption, the decoder adaptively merges the attentive information in the extracted topics and the image according to the generated context, so that the visual information and the semantic information can be effectively combined. The proposed approach is evaluated on two benchmark datasets and reaches the state-of-the-art performances.",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2018-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Language Analysis with Recurrent Multistage Fusion",
    author = "Liang, Paul Pu  and
      Liu, Ziyin  and
      Bagher Zadeh, AmirAli  and
      Morency, Louis-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1014",
    pages = "150--161",
    abstract = "Computational modeling of human multimodal language is an emerging research area in natural language processing spanning the language, visual and acoustic modalities. Comprehending multimodal language requires modeling not only the interactions within each modality (intra-modal interactions) but more importantly the interactions between modalities (cross-modal interactions). In this paper, we propose the Recurrent Multistage Fusion Network (RMFN) which decomposes the fusion problem into multiple stages, each of them focused on a subset of multimodal signals for specialized, effective fusion. Cross-modal interactions are modeled using this multistage fusion approach which builds upon intermediate representations of previous stages. Temporal and intra-modal interactions are modeled by integrating our proposed fusion approach with a system of recurrent neural networks. The RMFN displays state-of-the-art performance in modeling human multimodal language across three public datasets relating to multimodal sentiment analysis, emotion recognition, and speaker traits recognition. We provide visualizations to show that each stage of fusion focuses on a different subset of multimodal signals, learning increasingly discriminative multimodal representations.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-temporally,
    title = "Temporally Grounding Natural Sentence in Video",
    author = "Chen, Jingyuan  and
      Chen, Xinpeng  and
      Ma, Lin  and
      Jie, Zequn  and
      Chua, Tat-Seng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1015",
    pages = "162--171",
    abstract = "We introduce an effective and efficient method that grounds (i.e., localizes) natural sentences in long, untrimmed video sequences. Specifically, a novel Temporal GroundNet (TGN) is proposed to temporally capture the evolving fine-grained frame-by-word interactions between video and sentence. TGN sequentially scores a set of temporal candidates ended at each frame based on the exploited frame-by-word interactions, and finally grounds the segment corresponding to the sentence. Unlike traditional methods treating the overlapping segments separately in a sliding window fashion, TGN aggregates the historical information and generates the final grounding result in one single pass. We extensively evaluate our proposed TGN on three public datasets with significant improvements over the state-of-the-arts. We further show the consistent effectiveness and efficiency of TGN through an ablation study and a runtime test.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-preco,
    title = "{P}re{C}o: A Large-scale Dataset in Preschool Vocabulary for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Chen, Hong  and
      Fan, Zhenhua  and
      Lu, Hao  and
      Yuille, Alan  and
      Rong, Shu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1016",
    pages = "172--181",
    abstract = "We introduce PreCo, a large-scale English dataset for coreference resolution. The dataset is designed to embody the core challenges in coreference, such as entity representation, by alleviating the challenge of low overlap between training and test sets and enabling separated analysis of mention detection and mention clustering. To strengthen the training-test overlap, we collect a large corpus of 38K documents and 12.5M words which are mostly from the vocabulary of English-speaking preschoolers. Experiments show that with higher training-test overlap, error analysis on PreCo is more efficient than the one on OntoNotes, a popular existing dataset. Furthermore, we annotate singleton mentions making it possible for the first time to quantify the influence that a mention detector makes on coreference resolution performance. The dataset is freely available at \url{https://preschool-lab.github.io/PreCo/}.",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2018-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Transfer Learning for {C}hinese Named Entity Recognition with Self-Attention Mechanism",
    author = "Cao, Pengfei  and
      Chen, Yubo  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Zhao, Jun  and
      Liu, Shengping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1017",
    pages = "182--192",
    abstract = "Named entity recognition (NER) is an important task in natural language processing area, which needs to determine entities boundaries and classify them into pre-defined categories. For Chinese NER task, there is only a very small amount of annotated data available. Chinese NER task and Chinese word segmentation (CWS) task have many similar word boundaries. There are also specificities in each task. However, existing methods for Chinese NER either do not exploit word boundary information from CWS or cannot filter the specific information of CWS. In this paper, we propose a novel adversarial transfer learning framework to make full use of task-shared boundaries information and prevent the task-specific features of CWS. Besides, since arbitrary character can provide important cues when predicting entity type, we exploit self-attention to explicitly capture long range dependencies between two tokens. Experimental results on two different widely used datasets show that our proposed model significantly and consistently outperforms other state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{moosavi-strube-2018-using,
    title = "Using Linguistic Features to Improve the Generalization Capability of Neural Coreference Resolvers",
    author = "Moosavi, Nafise Sadat  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1018",
    pages = "193--203",
    abstract = "Coreference resolution is an intermediate step for text understanding. It is used in tasks and domains for which we do not necessarily have coreference annotated corpora. Therefore, generalization is of special importance for coreference resolution. However, while recent coreference resolvers have notable improvements on the CoNLL dataset, they struggle to generalize properly to new domains or datasets. In this paper, we investigate the role of linguistic features in building more generalizable coreference resolvers. We show that generalization improves only slightly by merely using a set of additional linguistic features. However, employing features and subsets of their values that are informative for coreference resolution, considerably improves generalization. Thanks to better generalization, our system achieves state-of-the-art results in out-of-domain evaluations, e.g., on WikiCoref, our system, which is trained on CoNLL, achieves on-par performance with a system designed for this dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-lu-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Segmental Hypergraphs for Overlapping Mention Recognition",
    author = "Wang, Bailin  and
      Lu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1019",
    pages = "204--214",
    abstract = "In this work, we propose a novel segmental hypergraph representation to model overlapping entity mentions that are prevalent in many practical datasets. We show that our model built on top of such a new representation is able to capture features and interactions that cannot be captured by previous models while maintaining a low time complexity for inference. We also present a theoretical analysis to formally assess how our representation is better than alternative representations reported in the literature in terms of representational power. Coupled with neural networks for feature learning, our model achieves the state-of-the-art performance in three benchmark datasets annotated with overlapping mentions.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-variational,
    title = "Variational Sequential Labelers for Semi-Supervised Learning",
    author = "Chen, Mingda  and
      Tang, Qingming  and
      Livescu, Karen  and
      Gimpel, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1020",
    pages = "215--226",
    abstract = "We introduce a family of multitask variational methods for semi-supervised sequence labeling. Our model family consists of a latent-variable generative model and a discriminative labeler. The generative models use latent variables to define the conditional probability of a word given its context, drawing inspiration from word prediction objectives commonly used in learning word embeddings. The labeler helps inject discriminative information into the latent space. We explore several latent variable configurations, including ones with hierarchical structure, which enables the model to account for both label-specific and word-specific information. Our models consistently outperform standard sequential baselines on 8 sequence labeling datasets, and improve further with unlabeled data.",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2018-joint,
    title = "Joint Representation Learning of Cross-lingual Words and Entities via Attentive Distant Supervision",
    author = "Cao, Yixin  and
      Hou, Lei  and
      Li, Juanzi  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Li, Chengjiang  and
      Chen, Xu  and
      Dong, Tiansi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1021",
    pages = "227--237",
    abstract = "Jointly representation learning of words and entities benefits many NLP tasks, but has not been well explored in cross-lingual settings. In this paper, we propose a novel method for joint representation learning of cross-lingual words and entities. It captures mutually complementary knowledge, and enables cross-lingual inferences among knowledge bases and texts. Our method does not require parallel corpus, and automatically generates comparable data via distant supervision using multi-lingual knowledge bases. We utilize two types of regularizers to align cross-lingual words and entities, and design knowledge attention and cross-lingual attention to further reduce noises. We conducted a series of experiments on three tasks: word translation, entity relatedness, and cross-lingual entity linking. The results, both qualitative and quantitative, demonstrate the significance of our method.",
}
@inproceedings{ziser-reichart-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Pivot-Based Modeling for Cross-language Cross-domain Transfer with Minimal Guidance",
    author = "Ziser, Yftah  and
      Reichart, Roi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1022",
    pages = "238--249",
    abstract = "While cross-domain and cross-language transfer have long been prominent topics in NLP research, their combination has hardly been explored. In this work we consider this problem, and propose a framework that builds on pivot-based learning, structure-aware Deep Neural Networks (particularly LSTMs and CNNs) and bilingual word embeddings, with the goal of training a model on labeled data from one (language, domain) pair so that it can be effectively applied to another (language, domain) pair. We consider two setups, differing with respect to the unlabeled data available for model training. In the full setup the model has access to unlabeled data from both pairs, while in the lazy setup, which is more realistic for truly resource-poor languages, unlabeled data is available for both domains but only for the source language. We design our model for the lazy setup so that for a given target domain, it can train once on the source language and then be applied to any target language without re-training. In experiments with nine English-German and nine English-French domain pairs our best model substantially outperforms previous models even when it is trained in the lazy setup and previous models are trained in the full setup.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-lingual Common Semantic Space Construction via Cluster-consistent Word Embedding",
    author = "Huang, Lifu  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Zhang, Boliang  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1023",
    pages = "250--260",
    abstract = "We construct a multilingual common semantic space based on distributional semantics, where words from multiple languages are projected into a shared space via which all available resources and knowledge can be shared across multiple languages. Beyond word alignment, we introduce multiple cluster-level alignments and enforce the word clusters to be consistently distributed across multiple languages. We exploit three signals for clustering: (1) neighbor words in the monolingual word embedding space; (2) character-level information; and (3) linguistic properties (e.g., apposition, locative suffix) derived from linguistic structure knowledge bases available for thousands of languages. We introduce a new cluster-consistent correlational neural network to construct the common semantic space by aligning words as well as clusters. Intrinsic evaluation on monolingual and multilingual QVEC tasks shows our approach achieves significantly higher correlation with linguistic features which are extracted from manually crafted lexical resources than state-of-the-art multi-lingual embedding learning methods do. Using low-resource language name tagging as a case study for extrinsic evaluation, our approach achieves up to 14.6{\%} absolute F-score gain over the state of the art on cross-lingual direct transfer. Our approach is also shown to be robust even when the size of bilingual dictionary is small.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-cardie-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Multilingual Word Embeddings",
    author = "Chen, Xilun  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1024",
    pages = "261--270",
    abstract = "Multilingual Word Embeddings (MWEs) represent words from multiple languages in a single distributional vector space. Unsupervised MWE (UMWE) methods acquire multilingual embeddings without cross-lingual supervision, which is a significant advantage over traditional supervised approaches and opens many new possibilities for low-resource languages. Prior art for learning UMWEs, however, merely relies on a number of independently trained Unsupervised Bilingual Word Embeddings (UBWEs) to obtain multilingual embeddings. These methods fail to leverage the interdependencies that exist among many languages. To address this shortcoming, we propose a fully unsupervised framework for learning MWEs that directly exploits the relations between all language pairs. Our model substantially outperforms previous approaches in the experiments on multilingual word translation and cross-lingual word similarity. In addition, our model even beats supervised approaches trained with cross-lingual resources.",
}
@inproceedings{chi-chen-2018-cluse,
    title = "{CLUSE}: Cross-Lingual Unsupervised Sense Embeddings",
    author = "Chi, Ta-Chung  and
      Chen, Yun-Nung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1025",
    pages = "271--281",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a modularized sense induction and representation learning model that jointly learns bilingual sense embeddings that align well in the vector space, where the cross-lingual signal in the English-Chinese parallel corpus is exploited to capture the collocation and distributed characteristics in the language pair. The model is evaluated on the Stanford Contextual Word Similarity (SCWS) dataset to ensure the quality of monolingual sense embeddings. In addition, we introduce Bilingual Contextual Word Similarity (BCWS), a large and high-quality dataset for evaluating cross-lingual sense embeddings, which is the first attempt of measuring whether the learned embeddings are indeed aligned well in the vector space. The proposed approach shows the superior quality of sense embeddings evaluated in both monolingual and bilingual spaces.",
}
@inproceedings{ponti-etal-2018-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Propagation and Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer of Word Vector Specialization",
    author = "Ponti, Edoardo Maria  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1026",
    pages = "282--293",
    abstract = "Semantic specialization is a process of fine-tuning pre-trained distributional word vectors using external lexical knowledge (e.g., WordNet) to accentuate a particular semantic relation in the specialized vector space. While post-processing specialization methods are applicable to arbitrary distributional vectors, they are limited to updating only the vectors of words occurring in external lexicons (i.e., seen words), leaving the vectors of all other words unchanged. We propose a novel approach to specializing the full distributional vocabulary. Our adversarial post-specialization method propagates the external lexical knowledge to the full distributional space. We exploit words seen in the resources as training examples for learning a global specialization function. This function is learned by combining a standard L2-distance loss with a adversarial loss: the adversarial component produces more realistic output vectors. We show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method across three languages and on three tasks: word similarity, dialog state tracking, and lexical simplification. We report consistent improvements over distributional word vectors and vectors specialized by other state-of-the-art specialization frameworks. Finally, we also propose a cross-lingual transfer method for zero-shot specialization which successfully specializes a full target distributional space without any lexical knowledge in the target language and without any bilingual data.",
}
@inproceedings{doval-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Cross-Lingual Word Embeddings by Meeting in the Middle",
    author = "Doval, Yerai  and
      Camacho-Collados, Jose  and
      Espinosa-Anke, Luis  and
      Schockaert, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1027",
    pages = "294--304",
    abstract = "Cross-lingual word embeddings are becoming increasingly important in multilingual NLP. Recently, it has been shown that these embeddings can be effectively learned by aligning two disjoint monolingual vector spaces through linear transformations, using no more than a small bilingual dictionary as supervision. In this work, we propose to apply an additional transformation after the initial alignment step, which moves cross-lingual synonyms towards a middle point between them. By applying this transformation our aim is to obtain a better cross-lingual integration of the vector spaces. In addition, and perhaps surprisingly, the monolingual spaces also improve by this transformation. This is in contrast to the original alignment, which is typically learned such that the structure of the monolingual spaces is preserved. Our experiments confirm that the resulting cross-lingual embeddings outperform state-of-the-art models in both monolingual and cross-lingual evaluation tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{faruqui-etal-2018-wikiatomicedits,
    title = "{W}iki{A}tomic{E}dits: A Multilingual Corpus of {W}ikipedia Edits for Modeling Language and Discourse",
    author = "Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Pavlick, Ellie  and
      Tenney, Ian  and
      Das, Dipanjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1028",
    pages = "305--315",
    abstract = "We release a corpus of 43 million atomic edits across 8 languages. These edits are mined from Wikipedia edit history and consist of instances in which a human editor has inserted a single contiguous phrase into, or deleted a single contiguous phrase from, an existing sentence. We use the collected data to show that the language generated during editing differs from the language that we observe in standard corpora, and that models trained on edits encode different aspects of semantics and discourse than models trained on raw text. We release the full corpus as a resource to aid ongoing research in semantics, discourse, and representation learning.",
}
@inproceedings{gerz-etal-2018-relation,
    title = "On the Relation between Linguistic Typology and (Limitations of) Multilingual Language Modeling",
    author = "Gerz, Daniela  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Ponti, Edoardo Maria  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1029",
    pages = "316--327",
    abstract = "A key challenge in cross-lingual NLP is developing general language-independent architectures that are equally applicable to any language. However, this ambition is largely hampered by the variation in structural and semantic properties, i.e. the typological profiles of the world{'}s languages. In this work, we analyse the implications of this variation on the language modeling (LM) task. We present a large-scale study of state-of-the art n-gram based and neural language models on 50 typologically diverse languages covering a wide variety of morphological systems. Operating in the full vocabulary LM setup focused on word-level prediction, we demonstrate that a coarse typology of morphological systems is predictive of absolute LM performance. Moreover, fine-grained typological features such as exponence, flexivity, fusion, and inflectional synthesis are borne out to be responsible for the proliferation of low-frequency phenomena which are organically difficult to model by statistical architectures, or for the meaning ambiguity of character n-grams. Our study strongly suggests that these features have to be taken into consideration during the construction of next-level language-agnostic LM architectures, capable of handling morphologically complex languages such as Tamil or Korean.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-fast-compact,
    title = "A Fast, Compact, Accurate Model for Language Identification of Codemixed Text",
    author = "Zhang, Yuan  and
      Riesa, Jason  and
      Gillick, Daniel  and
      Bakalov, Anton  and
      Baldridge, Jason  and
      Weiss, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1030",
    pages = "328--337",
    abstract = "We address fine-grained multilingual language identification: providing a language code for every token in a sentence, including codemixed text containing multiple languages. Such text is prevalent online, in documents, social media, and message boards. We show that a feed-forward network with a simple globally constrained decoder can accurately and rapidly label both codemixed and monolingual text in 100 languages and 100 language pairs. This model outperforms previously published multilingual approaches in terms of both accuracy and speed, yielding an 800x speed-up and a 19.5{\%} averaged absolute gain on three codemixed datasets. It furthermore outperforms several benchmark systems on monolingual language identification.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-personalized,
    title = "Personalized Microblog Sentiment Classification via Adversarial Cross-lingual Multi-task Learning",
    author = "Wang, Weichao  and
      Feng, Shi  and
      Gao, Wei  and
      Wang, Daling  and
      Zhang, Yifei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1031",
    pages = "338--348",
    abstract = "Sentiment expression in microblog posts can be affected by user{'}s personal character, opinion bias, political stance and so on. Most of existing personalized microblog sentiment classification methods suffer from the insufficiency of discriminative tweets for personalization learning. We observed that microblog users have consistent individuality and opinion bias in different languages. Based on this observation, in this paper we propose a novel user-attention-based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model with adversarial cross-lingual learning framework. The user attention mechanism is leveraged in CNN model to capture user{'}s language-specific individuality from the posts. Then the attention-based CNN model is incorporated into a novel adversarial cross-lingual learning framework, in which with the help of user properties as bridge between languages, we can extract the language-specific features and language-independent features to enrich the user post representation so as to alleviate the data insufficiency problem. Results on English and Chinese microblog datasets confirm that our method outperforms state-of-the-art baseline algorithms with large margins.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-cross-lingual,
    title = "Cross-lingual Knowledge Graph Alignment via Graph Convolutional Networks",
    author = "Wang, Zhichun  and
      Lv, Qingsong  and
      Lan, Xiaohan  and
      Zhang, Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1032",
    pages = "349--357",
    abstract = "Multilingual knowledge graphs (KGs) such as DBpedia and YAGO contain structured knowledge of entities in several distinct languages, and they are useful resources for cross-lingual AI and NLP applications. Cross-lingual KG alignment is the task of matching entities with their counterparts in different languages, which is an important way to enrich the cross-lingual links in multilingual KGs. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for cross-lingual KG alignment via graph convolutional networks (GCNs). Given a set of pre-aligned entities, our approach trains GCNs to embed entities of each language into a unified vector space. Entity alignments are discovered based on the distances between entities in the embedding space. Embeddings can be learned from both the structural and attribute information of entities, and the results of structure embedding and attribute embedding are combined to get accurate alignments. In the experiments on aligning real multilingual KGs, our approach gets the best performance compared with other embedding-based KG alignment approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{qi-etal-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Lexical Sememe Prediction",
    author = "Qi, Fanchao  and
      Lin, Yankai  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Zhu, Hao  and
      Xie, Ruobing  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1033",
    pages = "358--368",
    abstract = "Sememes are defined as the minimum semantic units of human languages. As important knowledge sources, sememe-based linguistic knowledge bases have been widely used in many NLP tasks. However, most languages still do not have sememe-based linguistic knowledge bases. Thus we present a task of cross-lingual lexical sememe prediction, aiming to automatically predict sememes for words in other languages. We propose a novel framework to model correlations between sememes and multi-lingual words in low-dimensional semantic space for sememe prediction. Experimental results on real-world datasets show that our proposed model achieves consistent and significant improvements as compared to baseline methods in cross-lingual sememe prediction. The codes and data of this paper are available at \url{https://github.com/thunlp/CL-SP}.",
}
@inproceedings{xie-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Cross-Lingual Named Entity Recognition with Minimal Resources",
    author = "Xie, Jiateng  and
      Yang, Zhilin  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Smith, Noah A.  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1034",
    pages = "369--379",
    abstract = "For languages with no annotated resources, unsupervised transfer of natural language processing models such as named-entity recognition (NER) from resource-rich languages would be an appealing capability. However, differences in words and word order across languages make it a challenging problem. To improve mapping of lexical items across languages, we propose a method that finds translations based on bilingual word embeddings. To improve robustness to word order differences, we propose to use self-attention, which allows for a degree of flexibility with respect to word order. We demonstrate that these methods achieve state-of-the-art or competitive NER performance on commonly tested languages under a cross-lingual setting, with much lower resource requirements than past approaches. We also evaluate the challenges of applying these methods to Uyghur, a low-resource language.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-stable,
    title = "A Stable and Effective Learning Strategy for Trainable Greedy Decoding",
    author = "Chen, Yun  and
      Li, Victor O.K.  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Bowman, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1035",
    pages = "380--390",
    abstract = "Beam search is a widely used approximate search strategy for neural network decoders, and it generally outperforms simple greedy decoding on tasks like machine translation. However, this improvement comes at substantial computational cost. In this paper, we propose a flexible new method that allows us to reap nearly the full benefits of beam search with nearly no additional computational cost. The method revolves around a small neural network actor that is trained to observe and manipulate the hidden state of a previously-trained decoder. To train this actor network, we introduce the use of a pseudo-parallel corpus built using the output of beam search on a base model, ranked by a target quality metric like BLEU. Our method is inspired by earlier work on this problem, but requires no reinforcement learning, and can be trained reliably on a range of models. Experiments on three parallel corpora and three architectures show that the method yields substantial improvements in translation quality and speed over each base system.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2018-addressing,
    title = "Addressing Troublesome Words in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhao, Yang  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      He, Zhongjun  and
      Zong, Chengqing  and
      Wu, Hua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1036",
    pages = "391--400",
    abstract = "One of the weaknesses of Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is in handling lowfrequency and ambiguous words, which we refer as troublesome words. To address this problem, we propose a novel memoryenhanced NMT method. First, we investigate different strategies to define and detect the troublesome words. Then, a contextual memory is constructed to memorize which target words should be produced in what situations. Finally, we design a hybrid model to dynamically access the contextual memory so as to correctly translate the troublesome words. The extensive experiments on Chinese-to-English and English-to-German translation tasks demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms the strong baseline models in translation quality, especially in handling troublesome words.",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2018-top,
    title = "Top-down Tree Structured Decoding with Syntactic Connections for Neural Machine Translation and Parsing",
    author = "G{\=u}, Jetic  and
      Shavarani, Hassan S.  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1037",
    pages = "401--413",
    abstract = "The addition of syntax-aware decoding in Neural Machine Translation (NMT) systems requires an effective tree-structured neural network, a syntax-aware attention model and a language generation model that is sensitive to sentence structure. Recent approaches resort to sequential decoding by adding additional neural network units to capture bottom-up structural information, or serialising structured data into sequence. We exploit a top-down tree-structured model called DRNN (Doubly-Recurrent Neural Networks) first proposed by Alvarez-Melis and Jaakola (2017) to create an NMT model called Seq2DRNN that combines a sequential encoder with tree-structured decoding augmented with a syntax-aware attention model. Unlike previous approaches to syntax-based NMT which use dependency parsing models our method uses constituency parsing which we argue provides useful information for translation. In addition, we use the syntactic structure of the sentence to add new connections to the tree-structured decoder neural network (Seq2DRNN+SynC). We compare our NMT model with sequential and state of the art syntax-based NMT models and show that our model produces more fluent translations with better reordering. Since our model is capable of doing translation and constituency parsing at the same time we also compare our parsing accuracy against other neural parsing models.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-xl,
    title = "{XL}-{NBT}: A Cross-lingual Neural Belief Tracking Framework",
    author = "Chen, Wenhu  and
      Chen, Jianshu  and
      Su, Yu  and
      Wang, Xin  and
      Yu, Dong  and
      Yan, Xifeng  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1038",
    pages = "414--424",
    abstract = "Task-oriented dialog systems are becoming pervasive, and many companies heavily rely on them to complement human agents for customer service in call centers. With globalization, the need for providing cross-lingual customer support becomes more urgent than ever. However, cross-lingual support poses great challenges{---}it requires a large amount of additional annotated data from native speakers. In order to bypass the expensive human annotation and achieve the first step towards the ultimate goal of building a universal dialog system, we set out to build a cross-lingual state tracking framework. Specifically, we assume that there exists a source language with dialog belief tracking annotations while the target languages have no annotated dialog data of any form. Then, we pre-train a state tracker for the source language as a teacher, which is able to exploit easy-to-access parallel data. We then distill and transfer its own knowledge to the student state tracker in target languages. We specifically discuss two types of common parallel resources: bilingual corpus and bilingual dictionary, and design different transfer learning strategies accordingly. Experimentally, we successfully use English state tracker as the teacher to transfer its knowledge to both Italian and German trackers and achieve promising results.",
}
@inproceedings{platanios-etal-2018-contextual,
    title = "Contextual Parameter Generation for Universal Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Platanios, Emmanouil Antonios  and
      Sachan, Mrinmaya  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1039",
    pages = "425--435",
    abstract = "We propose a simple modification to existing neural machine translation (NMT) models that enables using a single universal model to translate between multiple languages while allowing for language specific parameterization, and that can also be used for domain adaptation. Our approach requires no changes to the model architecture of a standard NMT system, but instead introduces a new component, the contextual parameter generator (CPG), that generates the parameters of the system (e.g., weights in a neural network). This parameter generator accepts source and target language embeddings as input, and generates the parameters for the encoder and the decoder, respectively. The rest of the model remains unchanged and is shared across all languages. We show how this simple modification enables the system to use monolingual data for training and also perform zero-shot translation. We further show it is able to surpass state-of-the-art performance for both the IWSLT-15 and IWSLT-17 datasets and that the learned language embeddings are able to uncover interesting relationships between languages.",
}
@inproceedings{fadaee-monz-2018-back,
    title = "Back-Translation Sampling by Targeting Difficult Words in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Fadaee, Marzieh  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1040",
    pages = "436--446",
    abstract = "Neural Machine Translation has achieved state-of-the-art performance for several language pairs using a combination of parallel and synthetic data. Synthetic data is often generated by back-translating sentences randomly sampled from monolingual data using a reverse translation model. While back-translation has been shown to be very effective in many cases, it is not entirely clear why. In this work, we explore different aspects of back-translation, and show that words with high prediction loss during training benefit most from the addition of synthetic data. We introduce several variations of sampling strategies targeting difficult-to-predict words using prediction losses and frequencies of words. In addition, we also target the contexts of difficult words and sample sentences that are similar in context. Experimental results for the WMT news translation task show that our method improves translation quality by up to 1.7 and 1.2 Bleu points over back-translation using random sampling for German-English and English-German, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{zeng-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Domain Neural Machine Translation with Word-Level Domain Context Discrimination",
    author = "Zeng, Jiali  and
      Su, Jinsong  and
      Wen, Huating  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Xie, Jun  and
      Yin, Yongjing  and
      Zhao, Jianqiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1041",
    pages = "447--457",
    abstract = "With great practical value, the study of Multi-domain Neural Machine Translation (NMT) mainly focuses on using mixed-domain parallel sentences to construct a unified model that allows translation to switch between different domains. Intuitively, words in a sentence are related to its domain to varying degrees, so that they will exert disparate impacts on the multi-domain NMT modeling. Based on this intuition, in this paper, we devote to distinguishing and exploiting word-level domain contexts for multi-domain NMT. To this end, we jointly model NMT with monolingual attention-based domain classification tasks and improve NMT as follows: 1) Based on the sentence representations produced by a domain classifier and an adversarial domain classifier, we generate two gating vectors and use them to construct domain-specific and domain-shared annotations, for later translation predictions via different attention models; 2) We utilize the attention weights derived from target-side domain classifier to adjust the weights of target words in the training objective, enabling domain-related words to have greater impacts during model training. Experimental results on Chinese-English and English-French multi-domain translation tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. Source codes of this paper are available on Github \url{https://github.com/DeepLearnXMU/WDCNMT}.",
}
@inproceedings{ruder-etal-2018-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Latent-Variable Model for Bilingual Lexicon Induction",
    author = "Ruder, Sebastian  and
      Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Kementchedjhieva, Yova  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1042",
    pages = "458--468",
    abstract = "We introduce a novel discriminative latent-variable model for the task of bilingual lexicon induction. Our model combines the bipartite matching dictionary prior of Haghighi et al. (2008) with a state-of-the-art embedding-based approach. To train the model, we derive an efficient Viterbi EM algorithm. We provide empirical improvements on six language pairs under two metrics and show that the prior theoretically and empirically helps to mitigate the hubness problem. We also demonstrate how previous work may be viewed as a similarly fashioned latent-variable model, albeit with a different prior.",
}
@inproceedings{hoshen-wolf-2018-non,
    title = "Non-Adversarial Unsupervised Word Translation",
    author = "Hoshen, Yedid  and
      Wolf, Lior",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1043",
    pages = "469--478",
    abstract = "Unsupervised word translation from non-parallel inter-lingual corpora has attracted much research interest. Very recently, neural network methods trained with adversarial loss functions achieved high accuracy on this task. Despite the impressive success of the recent techniques, they suffer from the typical drawbacks of generative adversarial models: sensitivity to hyper-parameters, long training time and lack of interpretability. In this paper, we make the observation that two sufficiently similar distributions can be aligned correctly with iterative matching methods. We present a novel method that first aligns the second moment of the word distributions of the two languages and then iteratively refines the alignment. Extensive experiments on word translation of European and Non-European languages show that our method achieves better performance than recent state-of-the-art deep adversarial approaches and is competitive with the supervised baseline. It is also efficient, easy to parallelize on CPU and interpretable.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-semi-autoregressive,
    title = "Semi-Autoregressive Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Chunqi  and
      Zhang, Ji  and
      Chen, Haiqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1044",
    pages = "479--488",
    abstract = "Existing approaches to neural machine translation are typically autoregressive models. While these models attain state-of-the-art translation quality, they are suffering from low parallelizability and thus slow at decoding long sequences. In this paper, we propose a novel model for fast sequence generation {---} the semi-autoregressive Transformer (SAT). The SAT keeps the autoregressive property in global but relieves in local and thus are able to produce multiple successive words in parallel at each time step. Experiments conducted on English-German and Chinese-English translation tasks show that the SAT achieves a good balance between translation quality and decoding speed. On WMT{'}14 English-German translation, the SAT achieves 5.58{\mbox{$\times$}} speedup while maintaining 88{\%} translation quality, significantly better than the previous non-autoregressive methods. When produces two words at each time step, the SAT is almost lossless (only 1{\%} degeneration in BLEU score).",
}
@inproceedings{edunov-etal-2018-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Back-Translation at Scale",
    author = "Edunov, Sergey  and
      Ott, Myle  and
      Auli, Michael  and
      Grangier, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1045",
    pages = "489--500",
    abstract = "An effective method to improve neural machine translation with monolingual data is to augment the parallel training corpus with back-translations of target language sentences. This work broadens the understanding of back-translation and investigates a number of methods to generate synthetic source sentences. We find that in all but resource poor settings back-translations obtained via sampling or noised beam outputs are most effective. Our analysis shows that sampling or noisy synthetic data gives a much stronger training signal than data generated by beam or greedy search. We also compare how synthetic data compares to genuine bitext and study various domain effects. Finally, we scale to hundreds of millions of monolingual sentences and achieve a new state of the art of 35 BLEU on the WMT{'}14 English-German test set.",
}
@inproceedings{upadhyay-etal-2018-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Transliteration with Constrained Discovery for Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "Upadhyay, Shyam  and
      Kodner, Jordan  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1046",
    pages = "501--511",
    abstract = "Generating the English transliteration of a name written in a foreign script is an important and challenging step in multilingual knowledge acquisition and information extraction. Existing approaches to transliteration generation require a large ({\textgreater}5000) number of training examples. This difficulty contrasts with transliteration discovery, a somewhat easier task that involves picking a plausible transliteration from a given list. In this work, we present a bootstrapping algorithm that uses constrained discovery to improve generation, and can be used with as few as 500 training examples, which we show can be sourced from annotators in a matter of hours. This opens the task to languages for which large number of training examples are unavailable. We evaluate transliteration generation performance itself, as well the improvement it brings to cross-lingual candidate generation for entity linking, a typical downstream task. We present a comprehensive evaluation of our approach on nine languages, each written in a unique script.",
}
@inproceedings{nakashole-2018-norma,
    title = "{NORMA}: Neighborhood Sensitive Maps for Multilingual Word Embeddings",
    author = "Nakashole, Ndapa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1047",
    pages = "512--522",
    abstract = "Inducing multilingual word embeddings by learning a linear map between embedding spaces of different languages achieves remarkable accuracy on related languages. However, accuracy drops substantially when translating between distant languages. Given that languages exhibit differences in vocabulary, grammar, written form, or syntax, one would expect that embedding spaces of different languages have different structures especially for distant languages. With the goal of capturing such differences, we propose a method for learning neighborhood sensitive maps, NORMA. Our experiments show that NORMA outperforms current state-of-the-art methods for word translation between distant languages.",
}
@inproceedings{geng-etal-2018-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Multi-pass Decoder for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Geng, Xinwei  and
      Feng, Xiaocheng  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1048",
    pages = "523--532",
    abstract = "Although end-to-end neural machine translation (NMT) has achieved remarkable progress in the recent years, the idea of adopting multi-pass decoding mechanism into conventional NMT is not well explored. In this paper, we propose a novel architecture called adaptive multi-pass decoder, which introduces a flexible multi-pass polishing mechanism to extend the capacity of NMT via reinforcement learning. More specifically, we adopt an extra policy network to automatically choose a suitable and effective number of decoding passes, according to the complexity of source sentences and the quality of the generated translations. Extensive experiments on Chinese-English translation demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed adaptive multi-pass decoder upon the conventional NMT with a significant improvement about 1.55 BLEU.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving the Transformer Translation Model with Document-Level Context",
    author = "Zhang, Jiacheng  and
      Luan, Huanbo  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Zhai, Feifei  and
      Xu, Jingfang  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1049",
    pages = "533--542",
    abstract = "Although the Transformer translation model (Vaswani et al., 2017) has achieved state-of-the-art performance in a variety of translation tasks, how to use document-level context to deal with discourse phenomena problematic for Transformer still remains a challenge. In this work, we extend the Transformer model with a new context encoder to represent document-level context, which is then incorporated into the original encoder and decoder. As large-scale document-level parallel corpora are usually not available, we introduce a two-step training method to take full advantage of abundant sentence-level parallel corpora and limited document-level parallel corpora. Experiments on the NIST Chinese-English datasets and the IWSLT French-English datasets show that our approach improves over Transformer significantly.",
}
@inproceedings{michel-neubig-2018-mtnt,
    title = "{MTNT}: A Testbed for Machine Translation of Noisy Text",
    author = "Michel, Paul  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1050",
    pages = "543--553",
    abstract = "Noisy or non-standard input text can cause disastrous mistranslations in most modern Machine Translation (MT) systems, and there has been growing research interest in creating noise-robust MT systems. However, as of yet there are no publicly available parallel corpora of with naturally occurring noisy inputs and translations, and thus previous work has resorted to evaluating on synthetically created datasets. In this paper, we propose a benchmark dataset for Machine Translation of Noisy Text (MTNT), consisting of noisy comments on Reddit (\url{www.reddit.com}) and professionally sourced translations. We commissioned translations of English comments into French and Japanese, as well as French and Japanese comments into English, on the order of 7k-37k sentences per language pair. We qualitatively and quantitatively examine the types of noise included in this dataset, then demonstrate that existing MT models fail badly on a number of noise-related phenomena, even after performing adaptation on a small training set of in-domain data. This indicates that this dataset can provide an attractive testbed for methods tailored to handling noisy text in MT.",
}
@inproceedings{petrochuk-zettlemoyer-2018-simplequestions,
    title = "{S}imple{Q}uestions Nearly Solved: A New Upperbound and Baseline Approach",
    author = "Petrochuk, Michael  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1051",
    pages = "554--558",
    abstract = "The SimpleQuestions dataset is one of the most commonly used benchmarks for studying single-relation factoid questions. In this paper, we present new evidence that this benchmark can be nearly solved by standard methods. First, we show that ambiguity in the data bounds performance at 83.4{\%}; many questions have more than one equally plausible interpretation. Second, we introduce a baseline that sets a new state-of-the-art performance level at 78.1{\%} accuracy, despite using standard methods. Finally, we report an empirical analysis showing that the upperbound is loose; roughly a quarter of the remaining errors are also not resolvable from the linguistic signal. Together, these results suggest that the SimpleQuestions dataset is nearly solved.",
}
@inproceedings{seo-etal-2018-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-Indexed Question Answering: A New Challenge for Scalable Document Comprehension",
    author = "Seo, Minjoon  and
      Kwiatkowski, Tom  and
      Parikh, Ankur  and
      Farhadi, Ali  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1052",
    pages = "559--564",
    abstract = "We formalize a new modular variant of current question answering tasks by enforcing complete independence of the document encoder from the question encoder. This formulation addresses a key challenge in machine comprehension by building a standalone representation of the document discourse. It additionally leads to a significant scalability advantage since the encoding of the answer candidate phrases in the document can be pre-computed and indexed offline for efficient retrieval. We experiment with baseline models for the new task, which achieve a reasonable accuracy but significantly underperform unconstrained QA models. We invite the QA research community to engage in Phrase-Indexed Question Answering (PIQA, pika) for closing the gap. The leaderboard is at: \url{nlp.cs.washington.edu/piqa}",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2018-ranking,
    title = "Ranking Paragraphs for Improving Answer Recall in Open-Domain Question Answering",
    author = "Lee, Jinhyuk  and
      Yun, Seongjun  and
      Kim, Hyunjae  and
      Ko, Miyoung  and
      Kang, Jaewoo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1053",
    pages = "565--569",
    abstract = "Recently, open-domain question answering (QA) has been combined with machine comprehension models to find answers in a large knowledge source. As open-domain QA requires retrieving relevant documents from text corpora to answer questions, its performance largely depends on the performance of document retrievers. However, since traditional information retrieval systems are not effective in obtaining documents with a high probability of containing answers, they lower the performance of QA systems. Simply extracting more documents increases the number of irrelevant documents, which also degrades the performance of QA systems. In this paper, we introduce Paragraph Ranker which ranks paragraphs of retrieved documents for a higher answer recall with less noise. We show that ranking paragraphs and aggregating answers using Paragraph Ranker improves performance of open-domain QA pipeline on the four open-domain QA datasets by 7.8{\%} on average.",
}
@inproceedings{indurthi-etal-2018-cut,
    title = "Cut to the Chase: A Context Zoom-in Network for Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Indurthi, Sathish Reddy  and
      Yu, Seunghak  and
      Back, Seohyun  and
      Cuay{\'a}huitl, Heriberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1054",
    pages = "570--575",
    abstract = "In recent years many deep neural networks have been proposed to solve Reading Comprehension (RC) tasks. Most of these models suffer from reasoning over long documents and do not trivially generalize to cases where the answer is not present as a span in a given document. We present a novel neural-based architecture that is capable of extracting relevant regions based on a given question-document pair and generating a well-formed answer. To show the effectiveness of our architecture, we conducted several experiments on the recently proposed and challenging RC dataset {`}NarrativeQA{'}. The proposed architecture outperforms state-of-the-art results by 12.62{\%} (ROUGE-L) relative improvement.",
}
@inproceedings{kratzwald-feuerriegel-2018-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Document Retrieval for Deep Question Answering",
    author = "Kratzwald, Bernhard  and
      Feuerriegel, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1055",
    pages = "576--581",
    abstract = "State-of-the-art systems in deep question answering proceed as follows: (1)an initial document retrieval selects relevant documents, which (2) are then processed by a neural network in order to extract the final answer. Yet the exact interplay between both components is poorly understood, especially concerning the number of candidate documents that should be retrieved. We show that choosing a static number of documents - as used in prior research - suffers from a noise-information trade-off and yields suboptimal results. As a remedy, we propose an adaptive document retrieval model. This learns the optimal candidate number for document retrieval, conditional on the size of the corpus and the query. We report extensive experimental results showing that our adaptive approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods on multiple benchmark datasets, as well as in the context of corpora with variable sizes.",
}
@inproceedings{hartmann-etal-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Why is unsupervised alignment of {E}nglish embeddings from different algorithms so hard?",
    author = "Hartmann, Mareike  and
      Kementchedjhieva, Yova  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1056",
    pages = "582--586",
    abstract = "This paper presents a challenge to the community: Generative adversarial networks (GANs) can perfectly align independent English word embeddings induced using the same algorithm, based on distributional information alone; but fails to do so, for two different embeddings algorithms. Why is that? We believe understanding why, is key to understand both modern word embedding algorithms and the limitations and instability dynamics of GANs. This paper shows that (a) in all these cases, where alignment fails, there exists a linear transform between the two embeddings (so algorithm biases do not lead to non-linear differences), and (b) similar effects can not easily be obtained by varying hyper-parameters. One plausible suggestion based on our initial experiments is that the differences in the inductive biases of the embedding algorithms lead to an optimization landscape that is riddled with local optima, leading to a very small basin of convergence, but we present this more as a challenge paper than a technical contribution.",
}
@inproceedings{zhuang-etal-2018-quantifying,
    title = "Quantifying Context Overlap for Training Word Embeddings",
    author = "Zhuang, Yimeng  and
      Xie, Jinghui  and
      Zheng, Yinhe  and
      Zhu, Xuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1057",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1057",
    pages = "587--593",
    abstract = "Most models for learning word embeddings are trained based on the context information of words, more precisely first order co-occurrence relations. In this paper, a metric is designed to estimate second order co-occurrence relations based on context overlap. The estimated values are further used as the augmented data to enhance the learning of word embeddings by joint training with existing neural word embedding models. Experimental results show that better word vectors can be obtained for word similarity tasks and some downstream NLP tasks by the enhanced approach.",
}
@inproceedings{washio-kato-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Latent Relational Analysis to Capture Lexical Semantic Relations in a Vector Space",
    author = "Washio, Koki  and
      Kato, Tsuneaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1058",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1058",
    pages = "594--600",
    abstract = "Capturing the semantic relations of words in a vector space contributes to many natural language processing tasks. One promising approach exploits lexico-syntactic patterns as features of word pairs. In this paper, we propose a novel model of this pattern-based approach, neural latent relational analysis (NLRA). NLRA can generalize co-occurrences of word pairs and lexico-syntactic patterns, and obtain embeddings of the word pairs that do not co-occur. This overcomes the critical data sparseness problem encountered in previous pattern-based models. Our experimental results on measuring relational similarity demonstrate that NLRA outperforms the previous pattern-based models. In addition, when combined with a vector offset model, NLRA achieves a performance comparable to that of the state-of-the-art model that exploits additional semantic relational data.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2018-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing Word Embeddings using Bag of Subwords",
    author = "Zhao, Jinman  and
      Mudgal, Sidharth  and
      Liang, Yingyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1059",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1059",
    pages = "601--606",
    abstract = "We approach the problem of generalizing pre-trained word embeddings beyond fixed-size vocabularies without using additional contextual information. We propose a subword-level word vector generation model that views words as bags of character $n$-grams. The model is simple, fast to train and provides good vectors for rare or unseen words. Experiments show that our model achieves state-of-the-art performances in English word similarity task and in joint prediction of part-of-speech tag and morphosyntactic attributes in 23 languages, suggesting our model{'}s ability in capturing the relationship between words{'} textual representations and their embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Metaphor Detection in Context",
    author = "Gao, Ge  and
      Choi, Eunsol  and
      Choi, Yejin  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1060",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1060",
    pages = "607--613",
    abstract = "We present end-to-end neural models for detecting metaphorical word use in context. We show that relatively standard BiLSTM models which operate on complete sentences work well in this setting, in comparison to previous work that used more restricted forms of linguistic context. These models establish a new state-of-the-art on existing verb metaphor detection benchmarks, and show strong performance on jointly predicting the metaphoricity of all words in a running text.",
}
@inproceedings{plank-agic-2018-distant,
    title = "Distant Supervision from Disparate Sources for Low-Resource Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Plank, Barbara  and
      Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1061",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1061",
    pages = "614--620",
    abstract = "a cross-lingual neural part-of-speech tagger that learns from disparate sources of distant supervision, and realistically scales to hundreds of low-resource languages. The model exploits annotation projection, instance selection, tag dictionaries, morphological lexicons, and distributed representations, all in a uniform framework. The approach is simple, yet surprisingly effective, resulting in a new state of the art without access to any gold annotated data.",
}
@inproceedings{dou-etal-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Bilingual Lexicon Induction via Latent Variable Models",
    author = "Dou, Zi-Yi  and
      Zhou, Zhi-Hao  and
      Huang, Shujian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1062",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1062",
    pages = "621--626",
    abstract = "Bilingual lexicon extraction has been studied for decades and most previous methods have relied on parallel corpora or bilingual dictionaries. Recent studies have shown that it is possible to build a bilingual dictionary by aligning monolingual word embedding spaces in an unsupervised way. With the recent advances in generative models, we propose a novel approach which builds cross-lingual dictionaries via latent variable models and adversarial training with no parallel corpora. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we evaluate our approach on several language pairs and the experimental results show that our model could achieve competitive and even superior performance compared with several state-of-the-art models.",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Unsupervised Word Translations Without Adversaries",
    author = "Mukherjee, Tanmoy  and
      Yamada, Makoto  and
      Hospedales, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1063",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1063",
    pages = "627--632",
    abstract = "Word translation, or bilingual dictionary induction, is an important capability that impacts many multilingual language processing tasks. Recent research has shown that word translation can be achieved in an unsupervised manner, without parallel seed dictionaries or aligned corpora. However, state of the art methods unsupervised bilingual dictionary induction are based on generative adversarial models, and as such suffer from their well known problems of instability and hyper-parameter sensitivity. We present a statistical dependency-based approach to bilingual dictionary induction that is unsupervised {--} no seed dictionary or parallel corpora required; and introduces no adversary {--} therefore being much easier to train. Our method performs comparably to adversarial alternatives and outperforms prior non-adversarial methods.",
}
@inproceedings{masumura-etal-2018-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Training for Multi-task and Multi-lingual Joint Modeling of Utterance Intent Classification",
    author = "Masumura, Ryo  and
      Shinohara, Yusuke  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Aono, Yushi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1064",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1064",
    pages = "633--639",
    abstract = "This paper proposes an adversarial training method for the multi-task and multi-lingual joint modeling needed for utterance intent classification. In joint modeling, common knowledge can be efficiently utilized among multiple tasks or multiple languages. This is achieved by introducing both language-specific networks shared among different tasks and task-specific networks shared among different languages. However, the shared networks are often specialized in majority tasks or languages, so performance degradation must be expected for some minor data sets. In order to improve the invariance of shared networks, the proposed method introduces both language-specific task adversarial networks and task-specific language adversarial networks; both are leveraged for purging the task or language dependencies of the shared networks. The effectiveness of the adversarial training proposal is demonstrated using Japanese and English data sets for three different utterance intent classification tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{shankar-etal-2018-surprisingly,
    title = "Surprisingly Easy Hard-Attention for Sequence to Sequence Learning",
    author = "Shankar, Shiv  and
      Garg, Siddhant  and
      Sarawagi, Sunita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1065",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1065",
    pages = "640--645",
    abstract = "In this paper we show that a simple beam approximation of the joint distribution between attention and output is an easy, accurate, and efficient attention mechanism for sequence to sequence learning. The method combines the advantage of sharp focus in hard attention and the implementation ease of soft attention. On five translation tasks we show effortless and consistent gains in BLEU compared to existing attention mechanisms.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-joint,
    title = "Joint Learning for Emotion Classification and Emotion Cause Detection",
    author = "Chen, Ying  and
      Hou, Wenjun  and
      Cheng, Xiyao  and
      Li, Shoushan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1066",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1066",
    pages = "646--651",
    abstract = "We present a neural network-based joint approach for emotion classification and emotion cause detection, which attempts to capture mutual benefits across the two sub-tasks of emotion analysis. Considering that emotion classification and emotion cause detection need different kinds of features (affective and event-based separately), we propose a joint encoder which uses a unified framework to extract features for both sub-tasks and a joint model trainer which simultaneously learns two models for the two sub-tasks separately. Our experiments on Chinese microblogs show that the joint approach is very promising.",
}
@inproceedings{caragea-etal-2018-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Optimism and Pessimism in Twitter Using Deep Learning",
    author = "Caragea, Cornelia  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.  and
      Dumitru, Bogdan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1067",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1067",
    pages = "652--658",
    abstract = "Identifying optimistic and pessimistic viewpoints and users from Twitter is useful for providing better social support to those who need such support, and for minimizing the negative influence among users and maximizing the spread of positive attitudes and ideas. In this paper, we explore a range of deep learning models to predict optimism and pessimism in Twitter at both tweet and user level and show that these models substantially outperform traditional machine learning classifiers used in prior work. In addition, we show evidence that a sentiment classifier would not be sufficient for accurately predicting optimism and pessimism in Twitter. Last, we study the verb tense usage as well as the presence of polarity words in optimistic and pessimistic tweets.",
}
@inproceedings{lamprinidis-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting News Headline Popularity with Syntactic and Semantic Knowledge Using Multi-Task Learning",
    author = "Lamprinidis, Sotiris  and
      Hardt, Daniel  and
      Hovy, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1068",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1068",
    pages = "659--664",
    abstract = "Newspapers need to attract readers with headlines, anticipating their readers{'} preferences. These preferences rely on topical, structural, and lexical factors. We model each of these factors in a multi-task GRU network to predict headline popularity. We find that pre-trained word embeddings provide significant improvements over untrained embeddings, as do the combination of two auxiliary tasks, news-section prediction and part-of-speech tagging. However, we also find that performance is very similar to that of a simple Logistic Regression model over character n-grams. Feature analysis reveals structural patterns of headline popularity, including the use of forward-looking deictic expressions and second person pronouns.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Neural Attention for Agreement/Disagreement Inference in Online Debates",
    author = "Chen, Di  and
      Du, Jiachen  and
      Bing, Lidong  and
      Xu, Ruifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1069",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1069",
    pages = "665--670",
    abstract = "Inferring the agreement/disagreement relation in debates, especially in online debates, is one of the fundamental tasks in argumentation mining. The expressions of agreement/disagreement usually rely on argumentative expressions in text as well as interactions between participants in debates. Previous works usually lack the capability of jointly modeling these two factors. To alleviate this problem, this paper proposes a hybrid neural attention model which combines self and cross attention mechanism to locate salient part from textual context and interaction between users. Experimental results on three (dis)agreement inference datasets show that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art models.",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-fornaciari-2018-increasing,
    title = "Increasing In-Class Similarity by Retrofitting Embeddings with Demographic Information",
    author = "Hovy, Dirk  and
      Fornaciari, Tommaso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1070",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1070",
    pages = "671--677",
    abstract = "Most text-classification approaches represent the input based on textual features, either feature-based or continuous. However, this ignores strong non-linguistic similarities like homophily: people within a demographic group use language more similar to each other than to non-group members. We use homophily cues to retrofit text-based author representations with non-linguistic information, and introduce a trade-off parameter. This approach increases in-class similarity between authors, and improves classification performance by making classes more linearly separable. We evaluate the effect of our method on two author-attribute prediction tasks with various training-set sizes and parameter settings. We find that our method can significantly improve classification performance, especially when the number of labels is large and limited labeled data is available. It is potentially applicable as preprocessing step to any text-classification task.",
}
@inproceedings{li-sun-2018-syntactically,
    title = "A Syntactically Constrained Bidirectional-Asynchronous Approach for Emotional Conversation Generation",
    author = "Li, Jingyuan  and
      Sun, Xiao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1071",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1071",
    pages = "678--683",
    abstract = "Traditional neural language models tend to generate generic replies with poor logic and no emotion. In this paper, a syntactically constrained bidirectional-asynchronous approach for emotional conversation generation (E-SCBA) is proposed to address this issue. In our model, pre-generated emotion keywords and topic keywords are asynchronously introduced into the process of decoding. It is much different from most existing methods which generate replies from the first word to the last. Through experiments, the results indicate that our approach not only improves the diversity of replies, but gains a boost on both logic and emotion compared with baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2018-auto,
    title = "Auto-Dialabel: Labeling Dialogue Data with Unsupervised Learning",
    author = "Shi, Chen  and
      Chen, Qi  and
      Sha, Lei  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Sun, Xu  and
      Wang, Houfeng  and
      Zhang, Lintao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1072",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1072",
    pages = "684--689",
    abstract = "The lack of labeled data is one of the main challenges when building a task-oriented dialogue system. Existing dialogue datasets usually rely on human labeling, which is expensive, limited in size, and in low coverage. In this paper, we instead propose our framework auto-dialabel to automatically cluster the dialogue intents and slots. In this framework, we collect a set of context features, leverage an autoencoder for feature assembly, and adapt a dynamic hierarchical clustering method for intent and slot labeling. Experimental results show that our framework can promote human labeling cost to a great extent, achieve good intent clustering accuracy (84.1{\%}), and provide reasonable and instructive slot labeling results.",
}
@inproceedings{parthasarathi-pineau-2018-extending,
    title = "Extending Neural Generative Conversational Model using External Knowledge Sources",
    author = "Parthasarathi, Prasanna  and
      Pineau, Joelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1073",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1073",
    pages = "690--695",
    abstract = "The use of connectionist approaches in conversational agents has been progressing rapidly due to the availability of large corpora. However current generative dialogue models often lack coherence and are content poor. This work proposes an architecture to incorporate unstructured knowledge sources to enhance the next utterance prediction in chit-chat type of generative dialogue models. We focus on Sequence-to-Sequence (Seq2Seq) conversational agents trained with the Reddit News dataset, and consider incorporating external knowledge from Wikipedia summaries as well as from the NELL knowledge base. Our experiments show faster training time and improved perplexity when leveraging external knowledge.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Temporality of Human Intentions by Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Huang, Xiaolei  and
      Liu, Lixing  and
      Carey, Kate  and
      Woolley, Joshua  and
      Scherer, Stefan  and
      Borsari, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1074",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1074",
    pages = "696--701",
    abstract = "Categorizing patient{'}s intentions in conversational assessment can help decision making in clinical treatments. Many conversation corpora span broaden a series of time stages. However, it is not clear that how the themes shift in the conversation impact on the performance of human intention categorization (eg., patients might show different behaviors during the beginning versus the end). This paper proposes a method that models the temporal factor by using domain adaptation on clinical dialogue corpora, Motivational Interviewing (MI). We deploy Bi-LSTM and topic model jointly to learn language usage change across different time sessions. We conduct experiments on the MI corpora to show the promising improvement after considering temporality in the classification task.",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2018-auto,
    title = "An Auto-Encoder Matching Model for Learning Utterance-Level Semantic Dependency in Dialogue Generation",
    author = "Luo, Liangchen  and
      Xu, Jingjing  and
      Lin, Junyang  and
      Zeng, Qi  and
      Sun, Xu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1075",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1075",
    pages = "702--707",
    abstract = "Generating semantically coherent responses is still a major challenge in dialogue generation. Different from conventional text generation tasks, the mapping between inputs and responses in conversations is more complicated, which highly demands the understanding of utterance-level semantic dependency, a relation between the whole meanings of inputs and outputs. To address this problem, we propose an Auto-Encoder Matching (AEM) model to learn such dependency. The model contains two auto-encoders and one mapping module. The auto-encoders learn the semantic representations of inputs and responses, and the mapping module learns to connect the utterance-level representations. Experimental results from automatic and human evaluations demonstrate that our model is capable of generating responses of high coherence and fluency compared to baseline models.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2018-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset for Document Grounded Conversations",
    author = "Zhou, Kangyan  and
      Prabhumoye, Shrimai  and
      Black, Alan W",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1076",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1076",
    pages = "708--713",
    abstract = "This paper introduces a document grounded dataset for conversations. We define {``}Document Grounded Conversations{''} as conversations that are about the contents of a specified document. In this dataset the specified documents were Wikipedia articles about popular movies. The dataset contains 4112 conversations with an average of 21.43 turns per conversation. This positions this dataset to not only provide a relevant chat history while generating responses but also provide a source of information that the models could use. We describe two neural architectures that provide benchmark performance on the task of generating the next response. We also evaluate our models for engagement and fluency, and find that the information from the document helps in generating more engaging and fluent responses.",
}
@inproceedings{ryu-etal-2018-domain,
    title = "Out-of-domain Detection based on Generative Adversarial Network",
    author = "Ryu, Seonghan  and
      Koo, Sangjun  and
      Yu, Hwanjo  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1077",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1077",
    pages = "714--718",
    abstract = "The main goal of this paper is to develop out-of-domain (OOD) detection for dialog systems. We propose to use only in-domain (IND) sentences to build a generative adversarial network (GAN) of which the discriminator generates low scores for OOD sentences. To improve basic GANs, we apply feature matching loss in the discriminator, use domain-category analysis as an additional task in the discriminator, and remove the biases in the generator. Thereby, we reduce the huge effort of collecting OOD sentences for training OOD detection. For evaluation, we experimented OOD detection on a multi-domain dialog system. The experimental results showed the proposed method was most accurate compared to the existing methods.",
}
@inproceedings{mirkin-etal-2018-listening,
    title = "Listening Comprehension over Argumentative Content",
    author = "Mirkin, Shachar  and
      Moshkowich, Guy  and
      Orbach, Matan  and
      Kotlerman, Lili  and
      Kantor, Yoav  and
      Lavee, Tamar  and
      Jacovi, Michal  and
      Bilu, Yonatan  and
      Aharonov, Ranit  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1078",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1078",
    pages = "719--724",
    abstract = "This paper presents a task for machine listening comprehension in the argumentation domain and a corresponding dataset in English. We recorded 200 spontaneous speeches arguing for or against 50 controversial topics. For each speech, we formulated a question, aimed at confirming or rejecting the occurrence of potential arguments in the speech. Labels were collected by listening to the speech and marking which arguments were mentioned by the speaker. We applied baseline methods addressing the task, to be used as a benchmark for future work over this dataset. All data used in this work is freely available for research.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2018-using,
    title = "Using active learning to expand training data for implicit discourse relation recognition",
    author = "Xu, Yang  and
      Hong, Yu  and
      Ruan, Huibin  and
      Yao, Jianmin  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1079",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1079",
    pages = "725--731",
    abstract = "We tackle discourse-level relation recognition, a problem of determining semantic relations between text spans. Implicit relation recognition is challenging due to the lack of explicit relational clues. The increasingly popular neural network techniques have been proven effective for semantic encoding, whereby widely employed to boost semantic relation discrimination. However, learning to predict semantic relations at a deep level heavily relies on a great deal of training data, but the scale of the publicly available data in this field is limited. In this paper, we follow Rutherford and Xue (2015) to expand the training data set using the corpus of explicitly-related arguments, by arbitrarily dropping the overtly presented discourse connectives. On the basis, we carry out an experiment of sampling, in which a simple active learning approach is used, so as to take the informative instances for data expansion. The goal is to verify whether the selective use of external data not only reduces the time consumption of retraining but also ensures a better system performance. Using the expanded training data, we retrain a convolutional neural network (CNN) based classifer which is a simplified version of Qin et al. (2016){'}s stacking gated relation recognizer. Experimental results show that expanding the training set with small-scale carefully-selected external data yields substantial performance gain, with the improvements of about 4{\%} for accuracy and 3.6{\%} for F-score. This allows a weak classifier to achieve a comparable performance against the state-of-the-art systems.",
}
@inproceedings{botha-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning To Split and Rephrase From {W}ikipedia Edit History",
    author = "Botha, Jan A.  and
      Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Alex, John  and
      Baldridge, Jason  and
      Das, Dipanjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1080",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1080",
    pages = "732--737",
    abstract = "Split and rephrase is the task of breaking down a sentence into shorter ones that together convey the same meaning. We extract a rich new dataset for this task by mining Wikipedia{'}s edit history: WikiSplit contains one million naturally occurring sentence rewrites, providing sixty times more distinct split examples and a ninety times larger vocabulary than the WebSplit corpus introduced by Narayan et al. (2017) as a benchmark for this task. Incorporating WikiSplit as training data produces a model with qualitatively better predictions that score 32 BLEU points above the prior best result on the WebSplit benchmark.",
}
@inproceedings{sulem-etal-2018-bleu,
    title = "{BLEU} is Not Suitable for the Evaluation of Text Simplification",
    author = "Sulem, Elior  and
      Abend, Omri  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1081",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1081",
    pages = "738--744",
    abstract = "BLEU is widely considered to be an informative metric for text-to-text generation, including Text Simplification (TS). TS includes both lexical and structural aspects. In this paper we show that BLEU is not suitable for the evaluation of sentence splitting, the major structural simplification operation. We manually compiled a sentence splitting gold standard corpus containing multiple structural paraphrases, and performed a correlation analysis with human judgments. We find low or no correlation between BLEU and the grammaticality and meaning preservation parameters where sentence splitting is involved. Moreover, BLEU often negatively correlates with simplicity, essentially penalizing simpler sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{pei-li-2018-s2spmn,
    title = "{S}2{SPMN}: A Simple and Effective Framework for Response Generation with Relevant Information",
    author = "Pei, Jiaxin  and
      Li, Chenliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1082",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1082",
    pages = "745--750",
    abstract = "How to generate relevant and informative responses is one of the core topics in response generation area. Following the task formulation of machine translation, previous works mainly consider response generation task as a mapping from a source sentence to a target sentence. To realize this mapping, existing works tend to design intuitive but complex models. However, the relevant information existed in large dialogue corpus is mainly overlooked. In this paper, we propose Sequence to Sequence with Prototype Memory Network (S2SPMN) to exploit the relevant information provided by the large dialogue corpus to enhance response generation. Specifically, we devise two simple approaches in S2SPMN to select the relevant information (named prototypes) from the dialogue corpus. These prototypes are then saved into prototype memory network (PMN). Furthermore, a hierarchical attention mechanism is devised to extract the semantic information from the PMN to assist the response generation process. Empirical studies reveal the advantage of our model over several classical and strong baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Reinforcement Learning Based Image Captioning with Natural Language Prior",
    author = "Guo, Tszhang  and
      Chang, Shiyu  and
      Yu, Mo  and
      Bai, Kun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1083",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1083",
    pages = "751--756",
    abstract = "Recently, Reinforcement Learning (RL) approaches have demonstrated advanced performance in image captioning by directly optimizing the metric used for testing. However, this shaped reward introduces learning biases, which reduces the readability of generated text. In addition, the large sample space makes training unstable and slow.To alleviate these issues, we propose a simple coherent solution that constrains the action space using an n-gram language prior. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations on benchmarks show that RL with the simple add-on module performs favorably against its counterpart in terms of both readability and speed of convergence. Human evaluation results show that our model is more human readable and graceful. The implementation will become publicly available upon the acceptance of the paper.",
}
@inproceedings{melas-kyriazi-etal-2018-training,
    title = "Training for Diversity in Image Paragraph Captioning",
    author = "Melas-Kyriazi, Luke  and
      Rush, Alexander  and
      Han, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1084",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1084",
    pages = "757--761",
    abstract = "Image paragraph captioning models aim to produce detailed descriptions of a source image. These models use similar techniques as standard image captioning models, but they have encountered issues in text generation, notably a lack of diversity between sentences, that have limited their effectiveness. In this work, we consider applying sequence-level training for this task. We find that standard self-critical training produces poor results, but when combined with an integrated penalty on trigram repetition produces much more diverse paragraphs. This simple training approach improves on the best result on the Visual Genome paragraph captioning dataset from 16.9 to 30.6 CIDEr, with gains on METEOR and BLEU as well, without requiring any architectural changes.",
}
@inproceedings{shafieibavani-etal-2018-graph,
    title = "A Graph-theoretic Summary Evaluation for {ROUGE}",
    author = "ShafieiBavani, Elaheh  and
      Ebrahimi, Mohammad  and
      Wong, Raymond  and
      Chen, Fang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1085",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1085",
    pages = "762--767",
    abstract = "ROUGE is one of the first and most widely used evaluation metrics for text summarization. However, its assessment merely relies on surface similarities between peer and model summaries. Consequently, ROUGE is unable to fairly evaluate summaries including lexical variations and paraphrasing. We propose a graph-based approach adopted into ROUGE to evaluate summaries based on both lexical and semantic similarities. Experiment results over TAC AESOP datasets show that exploiting the lexico-semantic similarity of the words used in summaries would significantly help ROUGE correlate better with human judgments.",
}
@inproceedings{hardy-vlachos-2018-guided,
    title = "Guided Neural Language Generation for Abstractive Summarization using Abstract Meaning Representation",
    author = "Hardy, Hardy  and
      Vlachos, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1086",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1086",
    pages = "768--773",
    abstract = "Recent work on abstractive summarization has made progress with neural encoder-decoder architectures. However, such models are often challenged due to their lack of explicit semantic modeling of the source document and its summary. In this paper, we extend previous work on abstractive summarization using Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) with a neural language generation stage which we guide using the source document. We demonstrate that this guidance improves summarization results by 7.4 and 10.5 points in ROUGE-2 using gold standard AMR parses and parses obtained from an off-the-shelf parser respectively. We also find that the summarization performance on later parses is 2 ROUGE-2 points higher than that of a well-established neural encoder-decoder approach trained on a larger dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{shapira-etal-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Multiple System Summary Lengths: A Case Study",
    author = "Shapira, Ori  and
      Gabay, David  and
      Ronen, Hadar  and
      Bar-Ilan, Judit  and
      Amsterdamer, Yael  and
      Nenkova, Ani  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1087",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1087",
    pages = "774--778",
    abstract = "Practical summarization systems are expected to produce summaries of varying lengths, per user needs. While a couple of early summarization benchmarks tested systems across multiple summary lengths, this practice was mostly abandoned due to the assumed cost of producing reference summaries of multiple lengths. In this paper, we raise the research question of whether reference summaries of a single length can be used to reliably evaluate system summaries of multiple lengths. For that, we have analyzed a couple of datasets as a case study, using several variants of the ROUGE metric that are standard in summarization evaluation. Our findings indicate that the evaluation protocol in question is indeed competitive. This result paves the way to practically evaluating varying-length summaries with simple, possibly existing, summarization benchmarks.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Latent Extractive Document Summarization",
    author = "Zhang, Xingxing  and
      Lapata, Mirella  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1088",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1088",
    pages = "779--784",
    abstract = "Extractive summarization models need sentence level labels, which are usually created with rule-based methods since most summarization datasets only have document summary pairs. These labels might be suboptimal. We propose a latent variable extractive model, where sentences are viewed as latent variables and sentences with activated variables are used to infer gold summaries. During training, the loss can come directly from gold summaries. Experiments on CNN/Dailymail dataset show our latent extractive model outperforms a strong extractive baseline trained on rule-based labels and also performs competitively with several recent models.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-abstractiveness,
    title = "On the Abstractiveness of Neural Document Summarization",
    author = "Zhang, Fangfang  and
      Yao, Jin-ge  and
      Yan, Rui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1089",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1089",
    pages = "785--790",
    abstract = "Many modern neural document summarization systems based on encoder-decoder networks are designed to produce abstractive summaries. We attempted to verify the degree of abstractiveness of modern neural abstractive summarization systems by calculating overlaps in terms of various types of units. Upon the observation that many abstractive systems tend to be near-extractive in practice, we also implemented a pure copy system, which achieved comparable results as abstractive summarizers while being far more computationally efficient. These findings suggest the possibility for future efforts towards more efficient systems that could better utilize the vocabulary in the original document.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Essay Scoring Incorporating Rating Schema via Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Wang, Yucheng  and
      Wei, Zhongyu  and
      Zhou, Yaqian  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1090",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1090",
    pages = "791--797",
    abstract = "Automatic essay scoring (AES) is the task of assigning grades to essays without human interference. Existing systems for AES are typically trained to predict the score of each single essay at a time without considering the rating schema. In order to address this issue, we propose a reinforcement learning framework for essay scoring that incorporates quadratic weighted kappa as guidance to optimize the scoring system. Experiment results on benchmark datasets show the effectiveness of our framework.",
}
@inproceedings{faruqui-das-2018-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Well-formed Natural Language Questions",
    author = "Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Das, Dipanjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1091",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1091",
    pages = "798--803",
    abstract = "Understanding search queries is a hard problem as it involves dealing with {``}word salad{''} text ubiquitously issued by users. However, if a query resembles a well-formed question, a natural language processing pipeline is able to perform more accurate interpretation, thus reducing downstream compounding errors. Hence, identifying whether or not a query is well formed can enhance query understanding. Here, we introduce a new task of identifying a well-formed natural language question. We construct and release a dataset of 25,100 publicly available questions classified into well-formed and non-wellformed categories and report an accuracy of 70.7{\%} on the test set. We also show that our classifier can be used to improve the performance of neural sequence-to-sequence models for generating questions for reading comprehension.",
}
@inproceedings{ravi-kozareva-2018-self,
    title = "Self-Governing Neural Networks for On-Device Short Text Classification",
    author = "Ravi, Sujith  and
      Kozareva, Zornitsa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1092",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1092",
    pages = "804--810",
    abstract = "Deep neural networks reach state-of-the-art performance for wide range of natural language processing, computer vision and speech applications. Yet, one of the biggest challenges is running these complex networks on devices such as mobile phones or smart watches with tiny memory footprint and low computational capacity. We propose on-device Self-Governing Neural Networks (SGNNs), which learn compact projection vectors with local sensitive hashing. The key advantage of SGNNs over existing work is that they surmount the need for pre-trained word embeddings and complex networks with huge parameters. We conduct extensive evaluation on dialog act classification and show significant improvement over state-of-the-art results. Our findings show that SGNNs are effective at capturing low-dimensional semantic text representations, while maintaining high accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{shimura-etal-2018-hft,
    title = "{HFT}-{CNN}: Learning Hierarchical Category Structure for Multi-label Short Text Categorization",
    author = "Shimura, Kazuya  and
      Li, Jiyi  and
      Fukumoto, Fumiyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1093",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1093",
    pages = "811--816",
    abstract = "We focus on the multi-label categorization task for short texts and explore the use of a hierarchical structure (HS) of categories. In contrast to the existing work using non-hierarchical flat model, the method leverages the hierarchical relations between the pre-defined categories to tackle the data sparsity problem. The lower the HS level, the less the categorization performance. Because the number of training data per category in a lower level is much smaller than that in an upper level. We propose an approach which can effectively utilize the data in the upper levels to contribute the categorization in the lower levels by applying the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with a fine-tuning technique. The results using two benchmark datasets show that proposed method, Hierarchical Fine-Tuning based CNN (HFT-CNN) is competitive with the state-of-the-art CNN based methods.",
}
@inproceedings{sinha-etal-2018-hierarchical,
    title = "A Hierarchical Neural Attention-based Text Classifier",
    author = "Sinha, Koustuv  and
      Dong, Yue  and
      Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit  and
      Ruths, Derek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1094",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1094",
    pages = "817--823",
    abstract = "Deep neural networks have been displaying superior performance over traditional supervised classifiers in text classification. They learn to extract useful features automatically when sufficient amount of data is presented. However, along with the growth in the number of documents comes the increase in the number of categories, which often results in poor performance of the multiclass classifiers. In this work, we use external knowledge in the form of topic category taxonomies to aide the classification by introducing a deep hierarchical neural attention-based classifier. Our model performs better than or comparable to state-of-the-art hierarchical models at significantly lower computational cost while maintaining high interpretability.",
}
@inproceedings{lund-etal-2018-labeled,
    title = "Labeled Anchors and a Scalable, Transparent, and Interactive Classifier",
    author = "Lund, Jeffrey  and
      Cowley, Stephen  and
      Fearn, Wilson  and
      Hales, Emily  and
      Seppi, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1095",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1095",
    pages = "824--829",
    abstract = "We propose Labeled Anchors, an interactive and supervised topic model based on the anchor words algorithm (Arora et al., 2013). Labeled Anchors is similar to Supervised Anchors (Nguyen et al., 2014) in that it extends the vector-space representation of words to include document labels. However, our formulation also admits a classifier which requires no training beyond inferring topics, which means our approach is also fast enough to be interactive. We run a small user study that demonstrates that untrained users can interactively update topics in order to improve classification accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2018-coherence,
    title = "Coherence-Aware Neural Topic Modeling",
    author = "Ding, Ran  and
      Nallapati, Ramesh  and
      Xiang, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1096",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1096",
    pages = "830--836",
    abstract = "Topic models are evaluated based on their ability to describe documents well (i.e. low perplexity) and to produce topics that carry coherent semantic meaning. In topic modeling so far, perplexity is a direct optimization target. However, topic coherence, owing to its challenging computation, is not optimized for and is only evaluated after training. In this work, under a neural variational inference framework, we propose methods to incorporate a topic coherence objective into the training process. We demonstrate that such a coherence-aware topic model exhibits a similar level of perplexity as baseline models but achieves substantially higher topic coherence.",
}
@inproceedings{watson-etal-2018-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing Character and Word Embeddings for Text Normalization with Sequence-to-Sequence Models",
    author = "Watson, Daniel  and
      Zalmout, Nasser  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1097",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1097",
    pages = "837--843",
    abstract = "Text normalization is an important enabling technology for several NLP tasks. Recently, neural-network-based approaches have outperformed well-established models in this task. However, in languages other than English, there has been little exploration in this direction. Both the scarcity of annotated data and the complexity of the language increase the difficulty of the problem. To address these challenges, we use a sequence-to-sequence model with character-based attention, which in addition to its self-learned character embeddings, uses word embeddings pre-trained with an approach that also models subword information. This provides the neural model with access to more linguistic information especially suitable for text normalization, without large parallel corpora. We show that providing the model with word-level features bridges the gap for the neural network approach to achieve a state-of-the-art F1 score on a standard Arabic language correction shared task dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{bhatia-etal-2018-topic,
    title = "Topic Intrusion for Automatic Topic Model Evaluation",
    author = "Bhatia, Shraey  and
      Lau, Jey Han  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1098",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1098",
    pages = "844--849",
    abstract = "Topic coherence is increasingly being used to evaluate topic models and filter topics for end-user applications. Topic coherence measures how well topic words relate to each other, but offers little insight on the utility of the topics in describing the documents. In this paper, we explore the topic intrusion task {---} the task of guessing an outlier topic given a document and a few topics {---} and propose a method to automate it. We improve upon the state-of-the-art substantially, demonstrating its viability as an alternative method for topic model evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{mysore-gopinath-etal-2018-supervised,
    title = "Supervised and Unsupervised Methods for Robust Separation of Section Titles and Prose Text in Web Documents",
    author = "Mysore Gopinath, Abhijith Athreya  and
      Wilson, Shomir  and
      Sadeh, Norman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1099",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1099",
    pages = "850--855",
    abstract = "The text in many web documents is organized into a hierarchy of section titles and corresponding prose content, a structure which provides potentially exploitable information on discourse structure and topicality. However, this organization is generally discarded during text collection, and collecting it is not straightforward: the same visual organization can be implemented in a myriad of different ways in the underlying HTML. To remedy this, we present a flexible system for automatically extracting the hierarchical section titles and prose organization of web documents irrespective of differences in HTML representation. This system uses features from syntax, semantics, discourse and markup to build two models which classify HTML text into section titles and prose text. When tested on three different domains of web text, our domain-independent system achieves an overall precision of 0.82 and a recall of 0.98. The domain-dependent variation produces very high precision (0.99) at the expense of recall (0.75). These results exhibit a robust level of accuracy suitable for enhancing question answering, information extraction, and summarization.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-switchout,
    title = "{S}witch{O}ut: an Efficient Data Augmentation Algorithm for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Xinyi  and
      Pham, Hieu  and
      Dai, Zihang  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1100",
    pages = "856--861",
    abstract = "In this work, we examine methods for data augmentation for text-based tasks such as neural machine translation (NMT). We formulate the design of a data augmentation policy with desirable properties as an optimization problem, and derive a generic analytic solution. This solution not only subsumes some existing augmentation schemes, but also leads to an extremely simple data augmentation strategy for NMT: randomly replacing words in both the source sentence and the target sentence with other random words from their corresponding vocabularies. We name this method SwitchOut. Experiments on three translation datasets of different scales show that SwitchOut yields consistent improvements of about 0.5 BLEU, achieving better or comparable performances to strong alternatives such as word dropout (Sennrich et al., 2016a). Code to implement this method is included in the appendix.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Unsupervised Word-by-Word Translation with Language Model and Denoising Autoencoder",
    author = "Kim, Yunsu  and
      Geng, Jiahui  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1101",
    pages = "862--868",
    abstract = "Unsupervised learning of cross-lingual word embedding offers elegant matching of words across languages, but has fundamental limitations in translating sentences. In this paper, we propose simple yet effective methods to improve word-by-word translation of cross-lingual embeddings, using only monolingual corpora but without any back-translation. We integrate a language model for context-aware search, and use a novel denoising autoencoder to handle reordering. Our system surpasses state-of-the-art unsupervised translation systems without costly iterative training. We also analyze the effect of vocabulary size and denoising type on the translation performance, which provides better understanding of learning the cross-lingual word embedding and its usage in translation.",
}
@inproceedings{kambhatla-etal-2018-decipherment,
    title = "Decipherment of Substitution Ciphers with Neural Language Models",
    author = "Kambhatla, Nishant  and
      Mansouri Bigvand, Anahita  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1102",
    pages = "869--874",
    abstract = "Decipherment of homophonic substitution ciphers using language models is a well-studied task in NLP. Previous work in this topic scores short local spans of possible plaintext decipherments using n-gram language models. The most widely used technique is the use of beam search with n-gram language models proposed by Nuhn et al.(2013). We propose a beam search algorithm that scores the entire candidate plaintext at each step of the decipherment using a neural language model. We augment beam search with a novel rest cost estimation that exploits the prediction power of a neural language model. We compare against the state of the art n-gram based methods on many different decipherment tasks. On challenging ciphers such as the Beale cipher we provide significantly better error rates with much smaller beam sizes.",
}
@inproceedings{neubig-hu-2018-rapid,
    title = "Rapid Adaptation of Neural Machine Translation to New Languages",
    author = "Neubig, Graham  and
      Hu, Junjie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1103",
    pages = "875--880",
    abstract = "This paper examines the problem of adapting neural machine translation systems to new, low-resourced languages (LRLs) as effectively and rapidly as possible. We propose methods based on starting with massively multilingual {``}seed models{''}, which can be trained ahead-of-time, and then continuing training on data related to the LRL. We contrast a number of strategies, leading to a novel, simple, yet effective method of {``}similar-language regularization{''}, where we jointly train on both a LRL of interest and a similar high-resourced language to prevent over-fitting to small LRL data. Experiments demonstrate that massively multilingual models, even without any explicit adaptation, are surprisingly effective, achieving BLEU scores of up to 15.5 with no data from the LRL, and that the proposed similar-language regularization method improves over other adaptation methods by 1.7 BLEU points average over 4 LRL settings.",
}
@inproceedings{wuebker-etal-2018-compact,
    title = "Compact Personalized Models for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Wuebker, Joern  and
      Simianer, Patrick  and
      DeNero, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1104",
    pages = "881--886",
    abstract = "We propose and compare methods for gradient-based domain adaptation of self-attentive neural machine translation models. We demonstrate that a large proportion of model parameters can be frozen during adaptation with minimal or no reduction in translation quality by encouraging structured sparsity in the set of offset tensors during learning via group lasso regularization. We evaluate this technique for both batch and incremental adaptation across multiple data sets and language pairs. Our system architecture{--}combining a state-of-the-art self-attentive model with compact domain adaptation{--}provides high quality personalized machine translation that is both space and time efficient.",
}
@inproceedings{ravi-kozareva-2018-self-governing,
    title = "Self-Governing Neural Networks for On-Device Short Text Classification",
    author = "Ravi, Sujith  and
      Kozareva, Zornitsa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1105",
    pages = "887--893",
    abstract = "Deep neural networks reach state-of-the-art performance for wide range of natural language processing, computer vision and speech applications. Yet, one of the biggest challenges is running these complex networks on devices such as mobile phones or smart watches with tiny memory footprint and low computational capacity. We propose on-device Self-Governing Neural Networks (SGNNs), which learn compact projection vectors with local sensitive hashing. The key advantage of SGNNs over existing work is that they surmount the need for pre-trained word embeddings and complex networks with huge parameters. We conduct extensive evaluation on dialog act classification and show significant improvement over state-of-the-art results. Our findings show that SGNNs are effective at capturing low-dimensional semantic text representations, while maintaining high accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-kim-2018-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Domain Enablement Attention for Personalized Domain Classification",
    author = "Kim, Joo-Kyung  and
      Kim, Young-Bum",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1106",
    pages = "894--899",
    abstract = "In large-scale domain classification for natural language understanding, leveraging each user{'}s domain enablement information, which refers to the preferred or authenticated domains by the user, with attention mechanism has been shown to improve the overall domain classification performance. In this paper, we propose a supervised enablement attention mechanism, which utilizes sigmoid activation for the attention weighting so that the attention can be computed with more expressive power without the weight sum constraint of softmax attention. The attention weights are explicitly encouraged to be similar to the corresponding elements of the output one-hot vector, and self-distillation is used to leverage the attention information of the other enabled domains. By evaluating on the actual utterances from a large-scale IPDA, we show that our approach significantly improves domain classification performance",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "A Deep Neural Network Sentence Level Classification Method with Context Information",
    author = "Song, Xingyi  and
      Petrak, Johann  and
      Roberts, Angus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1107",
    pages = "900--904",
    abstract = "In the sentence classification task, context formed from sentences adjacent to the sentence being classified can provide important information for classification. This context is, however, often ignored. Where methods do make use of context, only small amounts are considered, making it difficult to scale. We present a new method for sentence classification, Context-LSTM-CNN, that makes use of potentially large contexts. The method also utilizes long-range dependencies within the sentence being classified, using an LSTM, and short-span features, using a stacked CNN. Our experiments demonstrate that this approach consistently improves over previous methods on two different datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{niculae-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Dynamic Computation Graphs via Sparse Latent Structure",
    author = "Niculae, Vlad  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1108",
    pages = "905--911",
    abstract = "Deep NLP models benefit from underlying structures in the data{---}e.g., parse trees{---}typically extracted using off-the-shelf parsers. Recent attempts to jointly learn the latent structure encounter a tradeoff: either make factorization assumptions that limit expressiveness, or sacrifice end-to-end differentiability. Using the recently proposed SparseMAP inference, which retrieves a sparse distribution over latent structures, we propose a novel approach for end-to-end learning of latent structure predictors jointly with a downstream predictor. To the best of our knowledge, our method is the first to enable unrestricted dynamic computation graph construction from the global latent structure, while maintaining differentiability.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-2018-convolutional,
    title = "Convolutional Neural Networks with Recurrent Neural Filters",
    author = "Yang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1109",
    pages = "912--917",
    abstract = "We introduce a class of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that utilize recurrent neural networks (RNNs) as convolution filters. A convolution filter is typically implemented as a linear affine transformation followed by a non-linear function, which fails to account for language compositionality. As a result, it limits the use of high-order filters that are often warranted for natural language processing tasks. In this work, we model convolution filters with RNNs that naturally capture compositionality and long-term dependencies in language. We show that simple CNN architectures equipped with recurrent neural filters (RNFs) achieve results that are on par with the best published ones on the Stanford Sentiment Treebank and two answer sentence selection datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2018-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Rich Syntactic Information for Semantic Parsing with Graph-to-Sequence Model",
    author = "Xu, Kun  and
      Wu, Lingfei  and
      Wang, Zhiguo  and
      Yu, Mo  and
      Chen, Liwei  and
      Sheinin, Vadim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1110",
    pages = "918--924",
    abstract = "Existing neural semantic parsers mainly utilize a sequence encoder, i.e., a sequential LSTM, to extract word order features while neglecting other valuable syntactic information such as dependency or constituent trees. In this paper, we first propose to use the syntactic graph to represent three types of syntactic information, i.e., word order, dependency and constituency features; then employ a graph-to-sequence model to encode the syntactic graph and decode a logical form. Experimental results on benchmark datasets show that our model is comparable to the state-of-the-art on Jobs640, ATIS, and Geo880. Experimental results on adversarial examples demonstrate the robustness of the model is also improved by encoding more syntactic information.",
}
@inproceedings{hayati-etal-2018-retrieval,
    title = "Retrieval-Based Neural Code Generation",
    author = "Hayati, Shirley Anugrah  and
      Olivier, Raphael  and
      Avvaru, Pravalika  and
      Yin, Pengcheng  and
      Tomasic, Anthony  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1111",
    pages = "925--930",
    abstract = "In models to generate program source code from natural language, representing this code in a tree structure has been a common approach. However, existing methods often fail to generate complex code correctly due to a lack of ability to memorize large and complex structures. We introduce RECODE, a method based on subtree retrieval that makes it possible to explicitly reference existing code examples within a neural code generation model. First, we retrieve sentences that are similar to input sentences using a dynamic-programming-based sentence similarity scoring method. Next, we extract n-grams of action sequences that build the associated abstract syntax tree. Finally, we increase the probability of actions that cause the retrieved n-gram action subtree to be in the predicted code. We show that our approach improves the performance on two code generation tasks by up to +2.6 BLEU.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2018-sql,
    title = "{SQL}-to-Text Generation with Graph-to-Sequence Model",
    author = "Xu, Kun  and
      Wu, Lingfei  and
      Wang, Zhiguo  and
      Feng, Yansong  and
      Sheinin, Vadim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1112",
    pages = "931--936",
    abstract = "Previous work approaches the SQL-to-text generation task using vanilla Seq2Seq models, which may not fully capture the inherent graph-structured information in SQL query. In this paper, we propose a graph-to-sequence model to encode the global structure information into node embeddings. This model can effectively learn the correlation between the SQL query pattern and its interpretation. Experimental results on the WikiSQL dataset and Stackoverflow dataset show that our model outperforms the Seq2Seq and Tree2Seq baselines, achieving the state-of-the-art performance.",
}
@inproceedings{colin-gardent-2018-generating,
    title = "Generating Syntactic Paraphrases",
    author = "Colin, Emilie  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1113",
    pages = "937--943",
    abstract = "We study the automatic generation of syntactic paraphrases using four different models for generation: data-to-text generation, text-to-text generation, text reduction and text expansion, We derive training data for each of these tasks from the WebNLG dataset and we show (i) that conditioning generation on syntactic constraints effectively permits the generation of syntactically distinct paraphrases for the same input and (ii) that exploiting different types of input (data, text or data+text) further increases the number of distinct paraphrases that can be generated for a given input.",
}
@inproceedings{rudinger-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural-Davidsonian Semantic Proto-role Labeling",
    author = "Rudinger, Rachel  and
      Teichert, Adam  and
      Culkin, Ryan  and
      Zhang, Sheng  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1114",
    pages = "944--955",
    abstract = "We present a model for semantic proto-role labeling (SPRL) using an adapted bidirectional LSTM encoding strategy that we call NeuralDavidsonian: predicate-argument structure is represented as pairs of hidden states corresponding to predicate and argument head tokens of the input sequence. We demonstrate: (1) state-of-the-art results in SPRL, and (2) that our network naturally shares parameters between attributes, allowing for learning new attribute types with limited added supervision.",
}
@inproceedings{bak-oh-2018-conversational,
    title = "Conversational Decision-Making Model for Predicting the King{'}s Decision in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty",
    author = "Bak, JinYeong  and
      Oh, Alice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1115",
    pages = "956--961",
    abstract = "Styles of leaders when they make decisions in groups vary, and the different styles affect the performance of the group. To understand the key words and speakers associated with decisions, we initially formalize the problem as one of predicting leaders{'} decisions from discussion with group members. As a dataset, we introduce conversational meeting records from a historical corpus, and develop a hierarchical RNN structure with attention and pre-trained speaker embedding in the form of a, Conversational Decision Making Model (CDMM). The CDMM outperforms other baselines to predict leaders{'} final decisions from the data. We explain why CDMM works better than other methods by showing the key words and speakers discovered from the attentions as evidence.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-toward,
    title = "Toward Fast and Accurate Neural Discourse Segmentation",
    author = "Wang, Yizhong  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Yang, Jingfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1116",
    pages = "962--967",
    abstract = "Discourse segmentation, which segments texts into Elementary Discourse Units, is a fundamental step in discourse analysis. Previous discourse segmenters rely on complicated hand-crafted features and are not practical in actual use. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end neural segmenter based on BiLSTM-CRF framework. To improve its accuracy, we address the problem of data insufficiency by transferring a word representation model that is trained on a large corpus. We also propose a restricted self-attention mechanism in order to capture useful information within a neighborhood. Experiments on the RST-DT corpus show that our model is significantly faster than previous methods, while achieving new state-of-the-art performance.",
}
@inproceedings{gella-etal-2018-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset for Telling the Stories of Social Media Videos",
    author = "Gella, Spandana  and
      Lewis, Mike  and
      Rohrbach, Marcus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1117",
    pages = "968--974",
    abstract = "Video content on social media platforms constitutes a major part of the communication between people, as it allows everyone to share their stories. However, if someone is unable to consume video, either due to a disability or network bandwidth, this severely limits their participation and communication. Automatically telling the stories using multi-sentence descriptions of videos would allow bridging this gap. To learn and evaluate such models, we introduce VideoStory a new large-scale dataset for video description as a new challenge for multi-sentence video description. Our VideoStory captions dataset is complementary to prior work and contains 20k videos posted publicly on a social media platform amounting to 396 hours of video with 123k sentences, temporally aligned to the video.",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2018-cascaded,
    title = "Cascaded Mutual Modulation for Visual Reasoning",
    author = "Yao, Yiqun  and
      Xu, Jiaming  and
      Wang, Feng  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1118",
    pages = "975--980",
    abstract = "Visual reasoning is a special visual question answering problem that is multi-step and compositional by nature, and also requires intensive text-vision interactions. We propose CMM: Cascaded Mutual Modulation as a novel end-to-end visual reasoning model. CMM includes a multi-step comprehension process for both question and image. In each step, we use a Feature-wise Linear Modulation (FiLM) technique to enable textual/visual pipeline to mutually control each other. Experiments show that CMM significantly outperforms most related models, and reach state-of-the-arts on two visual reasoning benchmarks: CLEVR and NLVR, collected from both synthetic and natural languages. Ablation studies confirm the effectiveness of CMM to comprehend natural language logics under the guidence of images. Our code is available at \url{https://github.com/FlamingHorizon/CMM-VR}.",
}
@inproceedings{bouchacourt-baroni-2018-agents,
    title = "How agents see things: On visual representations in an emergent language game",
    author = "Bouchacourt, Diane  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1119",
    pages = "981--985",
    abstract = "There is growing interest in the language developed by agents interacting in emergent-communication settings. Earlier studies have focused on the agents{'} symbol usage, rather than on their representation of visual input. In this paper, we consider the referential games of Lazaridou et al. (2017), and investigate the representations the agents develop during their evolving interaction. We find that the agents establish successful communication by inducing visual representations that almost perfectly align with each other, but, surprisingly, do not capture the conceptual properties of the objects depicted in the input images. We conclude that, if we care about developing language-like communication systems, we must pay more attention to the visual semantics agents associate to the symbols they use.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-attention,
    title = "Attention-Based Capsule Networks with Dynamic Routing for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Zhang, Ningyu  and
      Deng, Shumin  and
      Sun, Zhanling  and
      Chen, Xi  and
      Zhang, Wei  and
      Chen, Huajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1120",
    pages = "986--992",
    abstract = "A capsule is a group of neurons, whose activity vector represents the instantiation parameters of a specific type of entity. In this paper, we explore the capsule networks used for relation extraction in a multi-instance multi-label learning framework and propose a novel neural approach based on capsule networks with attention mechanisms. We evaluate our method with different benchmarks, and it is demonstrated that our method improves the precision of the predicted relations. Particularly, we show that capsule networks improve multiple entity pairs relation extraction.",
}
@inproceedings{xin-etal-2018-put,
    title = "Put It Back: Entity Typing with Language Model Enhancement",
    author = "Xin, Ji  and
      Zhu, Hao  and
      Han, Xu  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1121",
    pages = "993--998",
    abstract = "Entity typing aims to classify semantic types of an entity mention in a specific context. Most existing models obtain training data using distant supervision, and inevitably suffer from the problem of noisy labels. To address this issue, we propose entity typing with language model enhancement. It utilizes a language model to measure the compatibility between context sentences and labels, and thereby automatically focuses more on context-dependent labels. Experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate that our method is capable of enhancing the entity typing model with information from the language model, and significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art baseline. Code and data for this paper can be found from \url{https://github.com/thunlp/LME}.",
}
@inproceedings{orr-etal-2018-event,
    title = "Event Detection with Neural Networks: A Rigorous Empirical Evaluation",
    author = "Orr, Walker  and
      Tadepalli, Prasad  and
      Fern, Xiaoli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1122",
    pages = "999--1004",
    abstract = "Detecting events and classifying them into predefined types is an important step in knowledge extraction from natural language texts. While the neural network models have generally led the state-of-the-art, the differences in performance between different architectures have not been rigorously studied. In this paper we present a novel GRU-based model that combines syntactic information along with temporal structure through an attention mechanism. We show that it is competitive with other neural network architectures through empirical evaluations under different random initializations and training-validation-test splits of ACE2005 dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-pubse,
    title = "{P}ub{SE}: A Hierarchical Model for Publication Extraction from Academic Homepages",
    author = "Zhang, Yiqing  and
      Qi, Jianzhong  and
      Zhang, Rui  and
      Yin, Chuandong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1123",
    pages = "1005--1010",
    abstract = "Publication information in a researcher{'}s academic homepage provides insights about the researcher{'}s expertise, research interests, and collaboration networks. We aim to extract all the publication strings from a given academic homepage. This is a challenging task because the publication strings in different academic homepages may be located at different positions with different structures. To capture the positional and structural diversity, we propose an end-to-end hierarchical model named PubSE based on Bi-LSTM-CRF. We further propose an alternating training method for training the model. Experiments on real data show that PubSE outperforms the state-of-the-art models by up to 11.8{\%} in F1-score.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-neural-transition,
    title = "A Neural Transition-based Model for Nested Mention Recognition",
    author = "Wang, Bailin  and
      Lu, Wei  and
      Wang, Yu  and
      Jin, Hongxia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1124",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1124",
    pages = "1011--1017",
    abstract = "It is common that entity mentions can contain other mentions recursively. This paper introduces a scalable transition-based method to model the nested structure of mentions. We first map a sentence with nested mentions to a designated forest where each mention corresponds to a constituent of the forest. Our shift-reduce based system then learns to construct the forest structure in a bottom-up manner through an action sequence whose maximal length is guaranteed to be three times of the sentence length. Based on Stack-LSTM which is employed to efficiently and effectively represent the states of the system in a continuous space, our system is further incorporated with a character-based component to capture letter-level patterns. Our model gets the state-of-the-art performances in ACE datasets, showing its effectiveness in detecting nested mentions.",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2018-genre,
    title = "Genre Separation Network with Adversarial Training for Cross-genre Relation Extraction",
    author = "Shi, Ge  and
      Feng, Chong  and
      Huang, Lifu  and
      Zhang, Boliang  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Liao, Lejian  and
      Huang, Heyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1125",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1125",
    pages = "1018--1023",
    abstract = "Relation Extraction suffers from dramatical performance decrease when training a model on one genre and directly applying it to a new genre, due to the distinct feature distributions. Previous studies address this problem by discovering a shared space across genres using manually crafted features, which requires great human effort. To effectively automate this process, we design a genre-separation network, which applies two encoders, one genre-independent and one genre-shared, to explicitly extract genre-specific and genre-agnostic features. Then we train a relation classifier using the genre-agnostic features on the source genre and directly apply to the target genre. Experiment results on three distinct genres of the ACE dataset show that our approach achieves up to 6.1{\%} absolute F1-score gain compared to previous methods. By incorporating a set of external linguistic features, our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art by 1.7{\%} absolute F1 gain. We make all programs of our model publicly available for research purpose",
}
@inproceedings{mueller-durrett-2018-effective,
    title = "Effective Use of Context in Noisy Entity Linking",
    author = "Mueller, David  and
      Durrett, Greg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1126",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1126",
    pages = "1024--1029",
    abstract = "To disambiguate between closely related concepts, entity linking systems need to effectively distill cues from their context, which may be quite noisy. We investigate several techniques for using these cues in the context of noisy entity linking on short texts. Our starting point is a state-of-the-art attention-based model from prior work; while this model{'}s attention typically identifies context that is topically relevant, it fails to identify some of the most indicative surface strings, especially those exhibiting lexical overlap with the true title. Augmenting the model with convolutional networks over characters still leaves it largely unable to pick up on these cues compared to sparse features that target them directly, indicating that automatically learning how to identify relevant character-level context features is a hard problem. Our final system outperforms past work on the WikilinksNED test set by 2.8{\%} absolute.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-exploiting-contextual,
    title = "Exploiting Contextual Information via Dynamic Memory Network for Event Detection",
    author = "Liu, Shaobo  and
      Cheng, Rui  and
      Yu, Xiaoming  and
      Cheng, Xueqi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1127",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1127",
    pages = "1030--1035",
    abstract = "The task of event detection involves identifying and categorizing event triggers. Contextual information has been shown effective on the task. However, existing methods which utilize contextual information only process the context once. We argue that the context can be better exploited by processing the context multiple times, allowing the model to perform complex reasoning and to generate better context representation, thus improving the overall performance. Meanwhile, dynamic memory network (DMN) has demonstrated promising capability in capturing contextual information and has been applied successfully to various tasks. In light of the multi-hop mechanism of the DMN to model the context, we propose the trigger detection dynamic memory network (TD-DMN) to tackle the event detection problem. We performed a five-fold cross-validation on the ACE-2005 dataset and experimental results show that the multi-hop mechanism does improve the performance and the proposed model achieves best F1 score compared to the state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{chandrasekaran-etal-2018-explanations,
    title = "Do explanations make {VQA} models more predictable to a human?",
    author = "Chandrasekaran, Arjun  and
      Prabhu, Viraj  and
      Yadav, Deshraj  and
      Chattopadhyay, Prithvijit  and
      Parikh, Devi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1128",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1128",
    pages = "1036--1042",
    abstract = "A rich line of research attempts to make deep neural networks more transparent by generating human-interpretable {`}explanations{'} of their decision process, especially for interactive tasks like Visual Question Answering (VQA). In this work, we analyze if existing explanations indeed make a VQA model {---} its responses as well as failures {---} more predictable to a human. Surprisingly, we find that they do not. On the other hand, we find that human-in-the-loop approaches that treat the model as a black-box do.",
}
@inproceedings{ponza-etal-2018-facts,
    title = "Facts That Matter",
    author = "Ponza, Marco  and
      Del Corro, Luciano  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1129",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1129",
    pages = "1043--1048",
    abstract = "This work introduces fact salience: The task of generating a machine-readable representation of the most prominent information in a text document as a set of facts. We also present SalIE, the first fact salience system. SalIE is unsupervised and knowledge agnostic, based on open information extraction to detect facts in natural language text, PageRank to determine their relevance, and clustering to promote diversity. We compare SalIE with several baselines (including positional, standard for saliency tasks), and in an extrinsic evaluation, with state-of-the-art automatic text summarizers. SalIE outperforms baselines and text summarizers showing that facts are an effective way to compress information.",
}
@inproceedings{hoang-etal-2018-entity,
    title = "Entity Tracking Improves Cloze-style Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Hoang, Luong  and
      Wiseman, Sam  and
      Rush, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1130",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1130",
    pages = "1049--1055",
    abstract = "Recent work has improved on modeling for reading comprehension tasks with simple approaches such as the Attention Sum-Reader; however, automatic systems still significantly trail human performance. Analysis suggests that many of the remaining hard instances are related to the inability to track entity-references throughout documents. This work focuses on these hard entity tracking cases with two extensions: (1) additional entity features, and (2) training with a multi-task tracking objective. We show that these simple modifications improve performance both independently and in combination, and we outperform the previous state of the art on the LAMBADA dataset by 8 pts, particularly on difficult entity examples. We also effectively match the performance of more complicated models on the named entity portion of the CBT dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{shah-etal-2018-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Domain Adaptation for Duplicate Question Detection",
    author = "Shah, Darsh  and
      Lei, Tao  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Romeo, Salvatore  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1131",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1131",
    pages = "1056--1063",
    abstract = "We address the problem of detecting duplicate questions in forums, which is an important step towards automating the process of answering new questions. As finding and annotating such potential duplicates manually is very tedious and costly, automatic methods based on machine learning are a viable alternative. However, many forums do not have annotated data, i.e., questions labeled by experts as duplicates, and thus a promising solution is to use domain adaptation from another forum that has such annotations. Here we focus on adversarial domain adaptation, deriving important findings about when it performs well and what properties of the domains are important in this regard. Our experiments with StackExchange data show an average improvement of 5.6{\%} over the best baseline across multiple pairs of domains.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-translating,
    title = "Translating a Math Word Problem to a Expression Tree",
    author = "Wang, Lei  and
      Wang, Yan  and
      Cai, Deng  and
      Zhang, Dongxiang  and
      Liu, Xiaojiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1132",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1132",
    pages = "1064--1069",
    abstract = "Sequence-to-sequence (SEQ2SEQ) models have been successfully applied to automatic math word problem solving. Despite its simplicity, a drawback still remains: a math word problem can be correctly solved by more than one equations. This non-deterministic transduction harms the performance of maximum likelihood estimation. In this paper, by considering the uniqueness of expression tree, we propose an equation normalization method to normalize the duplicated equations. Moreover, we analyze the performance of three popular SEQ2SEQ models on the math word problem solving. We find that each model has its own specialty in solving problems, consequently an ensemble model is then proposed to combine their advantages. Experiments on dataset Math23K show that the ensemble model with equation normalization significantly outperforms the previous state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{nicosia-moschitti-2018-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Linking in Convolutional Neural Networks for Answer Sentence Selection",
    author = "Nicosia, Massimo  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1133",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1133",
    pages = "1070--1076",
    abstract = "State-of-the-art networks that model relations between two pieces of text often use complex architectures and attention. In this paper, instead of focusing on architecture engineering, we take advantage of small amounts of labelled data that model semantic phenomena in text to encode matching features directly in the word representations. This greatly boosts the accuracy of our reference network, while keeping the model simple and fast to train. Our approach also beats a tree kernel model that uses similar input encodings, and neural models which use advanced attention and compare-aggregate mechanisms.",
}
@inproceedings{elgohary-etal-2018-dataset,
    title = "A dataset and baselines for sequential open-domain question answering",
    author = "Elgohary, Ahmed  and
      Zhao, Chen  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1134",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1134",
    pages = "1077--1083",
    abstract = "Previous work on question-answering systems mainly focuses on answering individual questions, assuming they are independent and devoid of context. Instead, we investigate sequential question answering, asking multiple related questions. We present QBLink, a new dataset of fully human-authored questions. We extend existing strong question answering frameworks to include previous questions to improve the overall question-answering accuracy in open-domain question answering. The dataset is publicly available at \url{http://sequential.qanta.org}.",
}
@inproceedings{ionescu-butnaru-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving the results of string kernels in sentiment analysis and {A}rabic dialect identification by adapting them to your test set",
    author = "Ionescu, Radu Tudor  and
      Butnaru, Andrei M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1135",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1135",
    pages = "1084--1090",
    abstract = "Recently, string kernels have obtained state-of-the-art results in various text classification tasks such as Arabic dialect identification or native language identification. In this paper, we apply two simple yet effective transductive learning approaches to further improve the results of string kernels. The first approach is based on interpreting the pairwise string kernel similarities between samples in the training set and samples in the test set as features. Our second approach is a simple self-training method based on two learning iterations. In the first iteration, a classifier is trained on the training set and tested on the test set, as usual. In the second iteration, a number of test samples (to which the classifier associated higher confidence scores) are added to the training set for another round of training. However, the ground-truth labels of the added test samples are not necessary. Instead, we use the labels predicted by the classifier in the first training iteration. By adapting string kernels to the test set, we report significantly better accuracy rates in English polarity classification and Arabic dialect identification.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-carley-2018-parameterized,
    title = "Parameterized Convolutional Neural Networks for Aspect Level Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Huang, Binxuan  and
      Carley, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1136",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1136",
    pages = "1091--1096",
    abstract = "We introduce a novel parameterized convolutional neural network for aspect level sentiment classification. Using parameterized filters and parameterized gates, we incorporate aspect information into convolutional neural networks (CNN). Experiments demonstrate that our parameterized filters and parameterized gates effectively capture the aspect-specific features, and our CNN-based models achieve excellent results on SemEval 2014 datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Multi-label Emotion Classification via Sentiment Classification with Dual Attention Transfer Network",
    author = "Yu, Jianfei  and
      Marujo, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Jiang, Jing  and
      Karuturi, Pradeep  and
      Brendel, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1137",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1137",
    pages = "1097--1102",
    abstract = "In this paper, we target at improving the performance of multi-label emotion classification with the help of sentiment classification. Specifically, we propose a new transfer learning architecture to divide the sentence representation into two different feature spaces, which are expected to respectively capture the general sentiment words and the other important emotion-specific words via a dual attention mechanism. Experimental results on two benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Sentiment Memories for Sentiment Modification without Parallel Data",
    author = "Zhang, Yi  and
      Xu, Jingjing  and
      Yang, Pengcheng  and
      Sun, Xu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1138",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1138",
    pages = "1103--1108",
    abstract = "The task of sentiment modification requires reversing the sentiment of the input and preserving the sentiment-independent content. However, aligned sentences with the same content but different sentiments are usually unavailable. Due to the lack of such parallel data, it is hard to extract sentiment independent content and reverse the sentiment in an unsupervised way. Previous work usually can not reconcile sentiment transformation and content preservation. In this paper, motivated by the fact the non-emotional context (e.g., {``}staff{''}) provides strong cues for the occurrence of emotional words (e.g., {``}friendly{''}), we propose a novel method that automatically extracts appropriate sentiment information from learned sentiment memories according to the specific context. Experiments show that our method substantially improves the content preservation degree and achieves the state-of-the-art performance.",
}
@inproceedings{schmitt-etal-2018-joint,
    title = "Joint Aspect and Polarity Classification for Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis with End-to-End Neural Networks",
    author = "Schmitt, Martin  and
      Steinheber, Simon  and
      Schreiber, Konrad  and
      Roth, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1139",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1139",
    pages = "1109--1114",
    abstract = "In this work, we propose a new model for aspect-based sentiment analysis. In contrast to previous approaches, we jointly model the detection of aspects and the classification of their polarity in an end-to-end trainable neural network. We conduct experiments with different neural architectures and word representations on the recent GermEval 2017 dataset. We were able to show considerable performance gains by using the joint modeling approach in all settings compared to pipeline approaches. The combination of a convolutional neural network and fasttext embeddings outperformed the best submission of the shared task in 2017, establishing a new state of the art.",
}
@inproceedings{kolchinski-potts-2018-representing,
    title = "Representing Social Media Users for Sarcasm Detection",
    author = "Kolchinski, Y. Alex  and
      Potts, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1140",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1140",
    pages = "1115--1121",
    abstract = "We explore two methods for representing authors in the context of textual sarcasm detection: a Bayesian approach that directly represents authors{'} propensities to be sarcastic, and a dense embedding approach that can learn interactions between the author and the text. Using the SARC dataset of Reddit comments, we show that augmenting a bidirectional RNN with these representations improves performance; the Bayesian approach suffices in homogeneous contexts, whereas the added power of the dense embeddings proves valuable in more diverse ones.",
}
@inproceedings{verma-etal-2018-syntactical,
    title = "Syntactical Analysis of the Weaknesses of Sentiment Analyzers",
    author = "Verma, Rohil  and
      Kim, Samuel  and
      Walter, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1141",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1141",
    pages = "1122--1127",
    abstract = "We carry out a syntactic analysis of two state-of-the-art sentiment analyzers, Google Cloud Natural Language and Stanford CoreNLP, to assess their classification accuracy on sentences with negative polarity items. We were motivated by the absence of studies investigating sentiment analyzer performance on sentences with polarity items, a common construct in human language. Our analysis focuses on two sentential structures: downward entailment and non-monotone quantifiers; and demonstrates weaknesses of Google Natural Language and CoreNLP in capturing polarity item information. We describe the particular syntactic phenomenon that these analyzers fail to understand that any ideal sentiment analyzer must. We also provide a set of 150 test sentences that any ideal sentiment analyzer must be able to understand.",
}
@inproceedings{moorthy-etal-2018-nike,
    title = "Is {N}ike female? Exploring the role of sound symbolism in predicting brand name gender",
    author = "Moorthy, Sridhar  and
      Pogacar, Ruth  and
      Khan, Samin  and
      Xu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1142",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1142",
    pages = "1128--1132",
    abstract = "Are brand names such as Nike female or male? Previous research suggests that the sound of a person{'}s first name is associated with the person{'}s gender, but no research has tried to use this knowledge to assess the gender of brand names. We present a simple computational approach that uses sound symbolism to address this open issue. Consistent with previous research, a model trained on various linguistic features of name endings predicts human gender with high accuracy. Applying this model to a data set of over a thousand commercially-traded brands in 17 product categories, our results reveal an overall bias toward male names, cutting across both male-oriented product categories as well as female-oriented categories. In addition, we find variation within categories, suggesting that firms might be seeking to imbue their brands with differentiating characteristics as part of their competitive strategy.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Large-Scale Fact-Checking using Decomposable Attention Models and Lexical Tagging",
    author = "Lee, Nayeon  and
      Wu, Chien-Sheng  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1143",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1143",
    pages = "1133--1138",
    abstract = "Fact-checking of textual sources needs to effectively extract relevant information from large knowledge bases. In this paper, we extend an existing pipeline approach to better tackle this problem. We propose a neural ranker using a decomposable attention model that dynamically selects sentences to achieve promising improvement in evidence retrieval F1 by 38.80{\%}, with (x65) speedup compared to a TF-IDF method. Moreover, we incorporate lexical tagging methods into our pipeline framework to simplify the tasks and render the model more generalizable. As a result, our framework achieves promising performance on a large-scale fact extraction and verification dataset with speedup.",
}
@inproceedings{kano-etal-2018-harnessing,
    title = "Harnessing Popularity in Social Media for Extractive Summarization of Online Conversations",
    author = "Kano, Ryuji  and
      Miura, Yasuhide  and
      Taniguchi, Motoki  and
      Chen, Yan-Ying  and
      Chen, Francine  and
      Ohkuma, Tomoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1144",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1144",
    pages = "1139--1145",
    abstract = "We leverage a popularity measure in social media as a distant label for extractive summarization of online conversations. In social media, users can vote, share, or bookmark a post they prefer. The number of these actions is regarded as a measure of popularity. However, popularity is not determined solely by content of a post, e.g., a text or an image it contains, but is highly based on its contexts, e.g., timing, and authority. We propose Disjunctive model that computes the contribution of content and context separately. For evaluation, we build a dataset where the informativeness of comments is annotated. We evaluate the results with ranking metrics, and show that our model outperforms the baseline models which directly use popularity as a measure of informativeness.",
}
@inproceedings{rouhizadeh-etal-2018-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Locus of Control in Social Media Language",
    author = "Rouhizadeh, Masoud  and
      Jaidka, Kokil  and
      Smith, Laura  and
      Schwartz, H. Andrew  and
      Buffone, Anneke  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1145",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1145",
    pages = "1146--1152",
    abstract = "Individuals express their locus of control, or {``}control{''}, in their language when they identify whether or not they are in control of their circumstances. Although control is a core concept underlying rhetorical style, it is not clear whether control is expressed by how or by what authors write. We explore the roles of syntax and semantics in expressing users{'} sense of control {--}i.e. being {``}controlled by{''} or {``}in control of{''} their circumstances{--} in a corpus of annotated Facebook posts. We present rich insights into these linguistic aspects and find that while the language signaling control is easy to identify, it is more challenging to label it is internally or externally controlled, with lexical features outperforming syntactic features at the task. Our findings could have important implications for studying self-expression in social media.",
}
@inproceedings{hu-2018-somm,
    title = "{S}omm: Into the Model",
    author = "Hu, Shengli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1146",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1146",
    pages = "1153--1159",
    abstract = "To what extent could the sommelier profession, or wine stewardship, be displaced by machine leaning algorithms? There are at least three essential skills that make a qualified sommelier: wine theory, blind tasting, and beverage service, as exemplified in the rigorous certification processes of certified sommeliers and above (advanced and master) with the most authoritative body in the industry, the Court of Master Sommelier (hereafter CMS). We propose and train corresponding machine learning models that match these skills, and compare algorithmic results with real data collected from a large group of wine professionals. We find that our machine learning models outperform human sommeliers on most tasks {---} most notably in the section of blind tasting, where hierarchically supervised Latent Dirichlet Allocation outperforms sommeliers{'} judgment calls by over 6{\%} in terms of F1-score; and in the section of beverage service, especially wine and food pairing, a modified Siamese neural network based on BiLSTM achieves better results than sommeliers by 2{\%}. This demonstrates, contrary to popular opinion in the industry, that the sommelier profession is at least to some extent automatable, barring economic (Kleinberg et al., 2017) and psychological (Dietvorst et al., 2015) complications.",
}
@inproceedings{khanpour-caragea-2018-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Emotion Detection in Health-Related Online Posts",
    author = "Khanpour, Hamed  and
      Caragea, Cornelia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1147",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1147",
    pages = "1160--1166",
    abstract = "Detecting fine-grained emotions in online health communities provides insightful information about patients{'} emotional states. However, current computational approaches to emotion detection from health-related posts focus only on identifying messages that contain emotions, with no emphasis on the emotion type, using a set of handcrafted features. In this paper, we take a step further and propose to detect fine-grained emotion types from health-related posts and show how high-level and abstract features derived from deep neural networks combined with lexicon-based features can be employed to detect emotions.",
}
@inproceedings{giorgi-etal-2018-remarkable,
    title = "The Remarkable Benefit of User-Level Aggregation for Lexical-based Population-Level Predictions",
    author = "Giorgi, Salvatore  and
      Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Buffone, Anneke  and
      Rieman, Daniel  and
      Ungar, Lyle  and
      Schwartz, H. Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1148",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1148",
    pages = "1167--1172",
    abstract = "Nowcasting based on social media text promises to provide unobtrusive and near real-time predictions of community-level outcomes. These outcomes are typically regarding people, but the data is often aggregated without regard to users in the Twitter populations of each community. This paper describes a simple yet effective method for building community-level models using Twitter language aggregated by user. Results on four different U.S. county-level tasks, spanning demographic, health, and psychological outcomes show large and consistent improvements in prediction accuracies (e.g. from Pearson r=.73 to .82 for median income prediction or r=.37 to .47 for life satisfaction prediction) over the standard approach of aggregating all tweets. We make our aggregated and anonymized community-level data, derived from 37 billion tweets {--} over 1 billion of which were mapped to counties, available for research.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2018-deterministic,
    title = "Deterministic Non-Autoregressive Neural Sequence Modeling by Iterative Refinement",
    author = "Lee, Jason  and
      Mansimov, Elman  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1149",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1149",
    pages = "1173--1182",
    abstract = "We propose a conditional non-autoregressive neural sequence model based on iterative refinement. The proposed model is designed based on the principles of latent variable models and denoising autoencoders, and is generally applicable to any sequence generation task. We extensively evaluate the proposed model on machine translation (En-De and En-Ro) and image caption generation, and observe that it significantly speeds up decoding while maintaining the generation quality comparable to the autoregressive counterpart.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2018-large,
    title = "Large Margin Neural Language Model",
    author = "Huang, Jiaji  and
      Li, Yi  and
      Ping, Wei  and
      Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1150",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1150",
    pages = "1183--1191",
    abstract = "We propose a large margin criterion for training neural language models. Conventionally, neural language models are trained by minimizing perplexity (PPL) on grammatical sentences. However, we demonstrate that PPL may not be the best metric to optimize in some tasks, and further propose a large margin formulation. The proposed method aims to enlarge the margin between the {``}good{''} and {``}bad{''} sentences in a task-specific sense. It is trained end-to-end and can be widely applied to tasks that involve re-scoring of generated text. Compared with minimum-PPL training, our method gains up to 1.1 WER reduction for speech recognition and 1.0 BLEU increase for machine translation.",
}
@inproceedings{marvin-linzen-2018-targeted,
    title = "Targeted Syntactic Evaluation of Language Models",
    author = "Marvin, Rebecca  and
      Linzen, Tal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1151",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1151",
    pages = "1192--1202",
    abstract = "We present a data set for evaluating the grammaticality of the predictions of a language model. We automatically construct a large number of minimally different pairs of English sentences, each consisting of a grammatical and an ungrammatical sentence. The sentence pairs represent different variations of structure-sensitive phenomena: subject-verb agreement, reflexive anaphora and negative polarity items. We expect a language model to assign a higher probability to the grammatical sentence than the ungrammatical one. In an experiment using this data set, an LSTM language model performed poorly on many of the constructions. Multi-task training with a syntactic objective (CCG supertagging) improved the LSTM{'}s accuracy, but a large gap remained between its performance and the accuracy of human participants recruited online. This suggests that there is considerable room for improvement over LSTMs in capturing syntax in a language model.",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2018-rational,
    title = "Rational Recurrences",
    author = "Peng, Hao  and
      Schwartz, Roy  and
      Thomson, Sam  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1152",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1152",
    pages = "1203--1214",
    abstract = "Despite the tremendous empirical success of neural models in natural language processing, many of them lack the strong intuitions that accompany classical machine learning approaches. Recently, connections have been shown between convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and weighted finite state automata (WFSAs), leading to new interpretations and insights. In this work, we show that some recurrent neural networks also share this connection to WFSAs. We characterize this connection formally, defining rational recurrences to be recurrent hidden state update functions that can be written as the Forward calculation of a finite set of WFSAs. We show that several recent neural models use rational recurrences. Our analysis provides a fresh view of these models and facilitates devising new neural architectures that draw inspiration from WFSAs. We present one such model, which performs better than two recent baselines on language modeling and text classification. Our results demonstrate that transferring intuitions from classical models like WFSAs can be an effective approach to designing and understanding neural models.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Contextualized Representation: Language Model Pruning for Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Liu, Liyuan  and
      Ren, Xiang  and
      Shang, Jingbo  and
      Gu, Xiaotao  and
      Peng, Jian  and
      Han, Jiawei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1153",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1153",
    pages = "1215--1225",
    abstract = "Many efforts have been made to facilitate natural language processing tasks with pre-trained language models (LMs), and brought significant improvements to various applications. To fully leverage the nearly unlimited corpora and capture linguistic information of multifarious levels, large-size LMs are required; but for a specific task, only parts of these information are useful. Such large-sized LMs, even in the inference stage, may cause heavy computation workloads, making them too time-consuming for large-scale applications. Here we propose to compress bulky LMs while preserving useful information with regard to a specific task. As different layers of the model keep different information, we develop a layer selection method for model pruning using sparsity-inducing regularization. By introducing the dense connectivity, we can detach any layer without affecting others, and stretch shallow and wide LMs to be deep and narrow. In model training, LMs are learned with layer-wise dropouts for better robustness. Experiments on two benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-automatic-event,
    title = "Automatic Event Salience Identification",
    author = "Liu, Zhengzhong  and
      Xiong, Chenyan  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1154",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1154",
    pages = "1226--1236",
    abstract = "Identifying the salience (i.e. importance) of discourse units is an important task in language understanding. While events play important roles in text documents, little research exists on analyzing their saliency status. This paper empirically studies Event Salience and proposes two salience detection models based on discourse relations. The first is a feature based salience model that incorporates cohesion among discourse units. The second is a neural model that captures more complex interactions between discourse units. In our new large-scale event salience corpus, both methods significantly outperform the strong frequency baseline, while our neural model further improves the feature based one by a large margin. Our analyses demonstrate that our neural model captures interesting connections between salience and discourse unit relations (e.g., scripts and frame structures).",
}
@inproceedings{leeuwenberg-moens-2018-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Information Extraction by Predicting Relative Time-lines",
    author = "Leeuwenberg, Artuur  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1155",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1155",
    pages = "1237--1246",
    abstract = "The current leading paradigm for temporal information extraction from text consists of three phases: (1) recognition of events and temporal expressions, (2) recognition of temporal relations among them, and (3) time-line construction from the temporal relations. In contrast to the first two phases, the last phase, time-line construction, received little attention and is the focus of this work. In this paper, we propose a new method to construct a linear time-line from a set of (extracted) temporal relations. But more importantly, we propose a novel paradigm in which we directly predict start and end-points for events from the text, constituting a time-line without going through the intermediate step of prediction of temporal relations as in earlier work. Within this paradigm, we propose two models that predict in linear complexity, and a new training loss using TimeML-style annotations, yielding promising results.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Multiple Events Extraction via Attention-based Graph Information Aggregation",
    author = "Liu, Xiao  and
      Luo, Zhunchen  and
      Huang, Heyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1156",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1156",
    pages = "1247--1256",
    abstract = "Event extraction is of practical utility in natural language processing. In the real world, it is a common phenomenon that multiple events existing in the same sentence, where extracting them are more difficult than extracting a single event. Previous works on modeling the associations between events by sequential modeling methods suffer a lot from the low efficiency in capturing very long-range dependencies. In this paper, we propose a novel Jointly Multiple Events Extraction (JMEE) framework to jointly extract multiple event triggers and arguments by introducing syntactic shortcut arcs to enhance information flow and attention-based graph convolution networks to model graph information. The experiment results demonstrate that our proposed framework achieves competitive results compared with state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{vashishth-etal-2018-reside,
    title = "{RESIDE}: Improving Distantly-Supervised Neural Relation Extraction using Side Information",
    author = "Vashishth, Shikhar  and
      Joshi, Rishabh  and
      Prayaga, Sai Suman  and
      Bhattacharyya, Chiranjib  and
      Talukdar, Partha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1157",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1157",
    pages = "1257--1266",
    abstract = "Distantly-supervised Relation Extraction (RE) methods train an extractor by automatically aligning relation instances in a Knowledge Base (KB) with unstructured text. In addition to relation instances, KBs often contain other relevant side information, such as aliases of relations (e.g., founded and co-founded are aliases for the relation founderOfCompany). RE models usually ignore such readily available side information. In this paper, we propose RESIDE, a distantly-supervised neural relation extraction method which utilizes additional side information from KBs for improved relation extraction. It uses entity type and relation alias information for imposing soft constraints while predicting relations. RESIDE employs Graph Convolution Networks (GCN) to encode syntactic information from text and improves performance even when limited side information is available. Through extensive experiments on benchmark datasets, we demonstrate RESIDE{'}s effectiveness. We have made RESIDE{'}s source code available to encourage reproducible research.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-collective,
    title = "Collective Event Detection via a Hierarchical and Bias Tagging Networks with Gated Multi-level Attention Mechanisms",
    author = "Chen, Yubo  and
      Yang, Hang  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Zhao, Jun  and
      Jia, Yantao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1158",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1158",
    pages = "1267--1276",
    abstract = "Traditional approaches to the task of ACE event detection primarily regard multiple events in one sentence as independent ones and recognize them separately by using sentence-level information. However, events in one sentence are usually interdependent and sentence-level information is often insufficient to resolve ambiguities for some types of events. This paper proposes a novel framework dubbed as Hierarchical and Bias Tagging Networks with Gated Multi-level Attention Mechanisms (HBTNGMA) to solve the two problems simultaneously. Firstly, we propose a hierachical and bias tagging networks to detect multiple events in one sentence collectively. Then, we devise a gated multi-level attention to automatically extract and dynamically fuse the sentence-level and document-level information. The experimental results on the widely used ACE 2005 dataset show that our approach significantly outperforms other state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{shi-lee-2018-valency,
    title = "Valency-Augmented Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Shi, Tianze  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1159",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1159",
    pages = "1277--1291",
    abstract = "We present a complete, automated, and efficient approach for utilizing valency analysis in making dependency parsing decisions. It includes extraction of valency patterns, a probabilistic model for tagging these patterns, and a joint decoding process that explicitly considers the number and types of each token{'}s syntactic dependents. On 53 treebanks representing 41 languages in the Universal Dependencies data, we find that incorporating valency information yields higher precision and F1 scores on the core arguments (subjects and complements) and functional relations (e.g., auxiliaries) that we employ for valency analysis. Precision on core arguments improves from 80.87 to 85.43. We further show that our approach can be applied to an ostensibly different formalism and dataset, Tree Adjoining Grammar as extracted from the Penn Treebank; there, we outperform the previous state-of-the-art labeled attachment score by 0.7. Finally, we explore the potential of extending valency patterns beyond their traditional domain by confirming their helpfulness in improving PP attachment decisions.",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Syntactic Structure with Invertible Neural Projections",
    author = "He, Junxian  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1160",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1160",
    pages = "1292--1302",
    abstract = "Unsupervised learning of syntactic structure is typically performed using generative models with discrete latent variables and multinomial parameters. In most cases, these models have not leveraged continuous word representations. In this work, we propose a novel generative model that jointly learns discrete syntactic structure and continuous word representations in an unsupervised fashion by cascading an invertible neural network with a structured generative prior. We show that the invertibility condition allows for efficient exact inference and marginal likelihood computation in our model so long as the prior is well-behaved. In experiments we instantiate our approach with both Markov and tree-structured priors, evaluating on two tasks: part-of-speech (POS) induction, and unsupervised dependency parsing without gold POS annotation. On the Penn Treebank, our Markov-structured model surpasses state-of-the-art results on POS induction. Similarly, we find that our tree-structured model achieves state-of-the-art performance on unsupervised dependency parsing for the difficult training condition where neither gold POS annotation nor punctuation-based constraints are available.",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-gonzalez-gomez-rodriguez-2018-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Oracles for Top-Down and In-Order Shift-Reduce Constituent Parsing",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez-Gonz{\'a}lez, Daniel  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1161",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1161",
    pages = "1303--1313",
    abstract = "We introduce novel dynamic oracles for training two of the most accurate known shift-reduce algorithms for constituent parsing: the top-down and in-order transition-based parsers. In both cases, the dynamic oracles manage to notably increase their accuracy, in comparison to that obtained by performing classic static training. In addition, by improving the performance of the state-of-the-art in-order shift-reduce parser, we achieve the best accuracy to date (92.0 F1) obtained by a fully-supervised single-model greedy shift-reduce constituent parser on the WSJ benchmark.",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-rodriguez-vilares-2018-constituent,
    title = "Constituent Parsing as Sequence Labeling",
    author = "G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos  and
      Vilares, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1162",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1162",
    pages = "1314--1324",
    abstract = "We introduce a method to reduce constituent parsing to sequence labeling. For each word $w_t$, it generates a label that encodes: (1) the number of ancestors in the tree that the words $w_t$ and $w_{t+1}$ have in common, and (2) the nonterminal symbol at the lowest common ancestor. We first prove that the proposed encoding function is injective for any tree without unary branches. In practice, the approach is made extensible to all constituency trees by collapsing unary branches. We then use the PTB and CTB treebanks as testbeds and propose a set of fast baselines. We achieve 90{\%} F-score on the PTB test set, outperforming the Vinyals et al. (2015) sequence-to-sequence parser. In addition, sacrificing some accuracy, our approach achieves the fastest constituent parsing speeds reported to date on PTB by a wide margin.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-eisner-2018-synthetic,
    title = "Synthetic Data Made to Order: The Case of Parsing",
    author = "Wang, Dingquan  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1163",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1163",
    pages = "1325--1337",
    abstract = "To approximately parse an unfamiliar language, it helps to have a treebank of a similar language. But what if the closest available treebank still has the wrong word order? We show how to (stochastically) permute the constituents of an existing dependency treebank so that its surface part-of-speech statistics approximately match those of the target language. The parameters of the permutation model can be evaluated for quality by dynamic programming and tuned by gradient descent (up to a local optimum). This optimization procedure yields trees for a new artificial language that resembles the target language. We show that delexicalized parsers for the target language can be successfully trained using such {``}made to order{''} artificial languages.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-tell,
    title = "Tell-and-Answer: Towards Explainable Visual Question Answering using Attributes and Captions",
    author = "Li, Qing  and
      Fu, Jianlong  and
      Yu, Dongfei  and
      Mei, Tao  and
      Luo, Jiebo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1164",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1164",
    pages = "1338--1346",
    abstract = "In Visual Question Answering, most existing approaches adopt the pipeline of representing an image via pre-trained CNNs, and then using the uninterpretable CNN features in conjunction with the question to predict the answer. Although such end-to-end models might report promising performance, they rarely provide any insight, apart from the answer, into the VQA process. In this work, we propose to break up the end-to-end VQA into two steps: explaining and reasoning, in an attempt towards a more explainable VQA by shedding light on the intermediate results between these two steps. To that end, we first extract attributes and generate descriptions as explanations for an image. Next, a reasoning module utilizes these explanations in place of the image to infer an answer. The advantages of such a breakdown include: (1) the attributes and captions can reflect what the system extracts from the image, thus can provide some insights for the predicted answer; (2) these intermediate results can help identify the inabilities of the image understanding or the answer inference part when the predicted answer is wrong. We conduct extensive experiments on a popular VQA dataset and our system achieves comparable performance with the baselines, yet with added benefits of explanability and the inherent ability to further improve with higher quality explanations.",
}
@inproceedings{padmakumar-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning a Policy for Opportunistic Active Learning",
    author = "Padmakumar, Aishwarya  and
      Stone, Peter  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1165",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1165",
    pages = "1347--1357",
    abstract = "Active learning identifies data points to label that are expected to be the most useful in improving a supervised model. Opportunistic active learning incorporates active learning into interactive tasks that constrain possible queries during interactions. Prior work has shown that opportunistic active learning can be used to improve grounding of natural language descriptions in an interactive object retrieval task. In this work, we use reinforcement learning for such an object retrieval task, to learn a policy that effectively trades off task completion with model improvement that would benefit future tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{yagcioglu-etal-2018-recipeqa,
    title = "{R}ecipe{QA}: A Challenge Dataset for Multimodal Comprehension of Cooking Recipes",
    author = "Yagcioglu, Semih  and
      Erdem, Aykut  and
      Erdem, Erkut  and
      Ikizler-Cinbis, Nazli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1166",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1166",
    pages = "1358--1368",
    abstract = "Understanding and reasoning about cooking recipes is a fruitful research direction towards enabling machines to interpret procedural text. In this work, we introduce RecipeQA, a dataset for multimodal comprehension of cooking recipes. It comprises of approximately 20K instructional recipes with multiple modalities such as titles, descriptions and aligned set of images. With over 36K automatically generated question-answer pairs, we design a set of comprehension and reasoning tasks that require joint understanding of images and text, capturing the temporal flow of events and making sense of procedural knowledge. Our preliminary results indicate that RecipeQA will serve as a challenging test bed and an ideal benchmark for evaluating machine comprehension systems. The data and leaderboard are available at \url{http://hucvl.github.io/recipeqa}.",
}
@inproceedings{lei-etal-2018-tvqa,
    title = "{TVQA}: Localized, Compositional Video Question Answering",
    author = "Lei, Jie  and
      Yu, Licheng  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Berg, Tamara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1167",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1167",
    pages = "1369--1379",
    abstract = "Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in image-based question-answering (QA) tasks. However, due to data limitations, there has been much less work on video-based QA. In this paper, we present TVQA, a large-scale video QA dataset based on 6 popular TV shows. TVQA consists of 152,545 QA pairs from 21,793 clips, spanning over 460 hours of video. Questions are designed to be compositional in nature, requiring systems to jointly localize relevant moments within a clip, comprehend subtitle-based dialogue, and recognize relevant visual concepts. We provide analyses of this new dataset as well as several baselines and a multi-stream end-to-end trainable neural network framework for the TVQA task. The dataset is publicly available at \url{http://tvqa.cs.unc.edu}.",
}
@inproceedings{hendricks-etal-2018-localizing,
    title = "Localizing Moments in Video with Temporal Language",
    author = "Hendricks, Lisa Anne  and
      Wang, Oliver  and
      Shechtman, Eli  and
      Sivic, Josef  and
      Darrell, Trevor  and
      Russell, Bryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1168",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1168",
    pages = "1380--1390",
    abstract = "Localizing moments in a longer video via natural language queries is a new, challenging task at the intersection of language and video understanding. Though moment localization with natural language is similar to other language and vision tasks like natural language object retrieval in images, moment localization offers an interesting opportunity to model temporal dependencies and reasoning in text. We propose a new model that explicitly reasons about different temporal segments in a video, and shows that temporal context is important for localizing phrases which include temporal language. To benchmark whether our model, and other recent video localization models, can effectively reason about temporal language, we collect the novel TEMPOral reasoning in video and language (TEMPO) dataset. Our dataset consists of two parts: a dataset with real videos and template sentences (TEMPO - Template Language) which allows for controlled studies on temporal language, and a human language dataset which consists of temporal sentences annotated by humans (TEMPO - Human Language).",
}
@inproceedings{pilehvar-etal-2018-card,
    title = "Card-660: {C}ambridge Rare Word Dataset - a Reliable Benchmark for Infrequent Word Representation Models",
    author = "Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Kartsaklis, Dimitri  and
      Prokhorov, Victor  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1169",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1169",
    pages = "1391--1401",
    abstract = "Rare word representation has recently enjoyed a surge of interest, owing to the crucial role that effective handling of infrequent words can play in accurate semantic understanding. However, there is a paucity of reliable benchmarks for evaluation and comparison of these techniques. We show in this paper that the only existing benchmark (the Stanford Rare Word dataset) suffers from low-confidence annotations and limited vocabulary; hence, it does not constitute a solid comparison framework. In order to fill this evaluation gap, we propose Cambridge Rare word Dataset (Card-660), an expert-annotated word similarity dataset which provides a highly reliable, yet challenging, benchmark for rare word representation techniques. Through a set of experiments we show that even the best mainstream word embeddings, with millions of words in their vocabularies, are unable to achieve performances higher than 0.43 (Pearson correlation) on the dataset, compared to a human-level upperbound of 0.90. We release the dataset and the annotation materials at \url{https://pilehvar.github.io/card-660/}.",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2018-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Gloss Knowledge in Neural Word Sense Disambiguation by Hierarchical Co-Attention",
    author = "Luo, Fuli  and
      Liu, Tianyu  and
      He, Zexue  and
      Xia, Qiaolin  and
      Sui, Zhifang  and
      Chang, Baobao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1170",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1170",
    pages = "1402--1411",
    abstract = "The goal of Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is to identify the correct meaning of a word in the particular context. Traditional supervised methods only use labeled data (context), while missing rich lexical knowledge such as the gloss which defines the meaning of a word sense. Recent studies have shown that incorporating glosses into neural networks for WSD has made significant improvement. However, the previous models usually build the context representation and gloss representation separately. In this paper, we find that the learning for the context and gloss representation can benefit from each other. Gloss can help to highlight the important words in the context, thus building a better context representation. Context can also help to locate the key words in the gloss of the correct word sense. Therefore, we introduce a co-attention mechanism to generate co-dependent representations for the context and gloss. Furthermore, in order to capture both word-level and sentence-level information, we extend the attention mechanism in a hierarchical fashion. Experimental results show that our model achieves the state-of-the-art results on several standard English all-words WSD test datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{do-dinh-etal-2018-weeding,
    title = "Weeding out Conventionalized Metaphors: A Corpus of Novel Metaphor Annotations",
    author = "Do Dinh, Erik-L{\^a}n  and
      Wieland, Hannah  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1171",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1171",
    pages = "1412--1424",
    abstract = "We encounter metaphors every day, but only a few jump out on us and make us stumble. However, little effort has been devoted to investigating more novel metaphors in comparison to general metaphor detection efforts. We attribute this gap primarily to the lack of larger datasets that distinguish between conventionalized, i.e., very common, and novel metaphors. The goal of this paper is to alleviate this situation by introducing a crowdsourced novel metaphor annotation layer for an existing metaphor corpus. Further, we analyze our corpus and investigate correlations between novelty and features that are typically used in metaphor detection, such as concreteness ratings and more semantic features like the Potential for Metaphoricity. Finally, we present a baseline approach to assess novelty in metaphors based on our annotations.",
}
@inproceedings{gornerup-gillblad-2018-streaming,
    title = "Streaming word similarity mining on the cheap",
    author = {G{\"o}rnerup, Olof  and
      Gillblad, Daniel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1172",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1172",
    pages = "1425--1434",
    abstract = "Accurately and efficiently estimating word similarities from text is fundamental in natural language processing. In this paper, we propose a fast and lightweight method for estimating similarities from streams by explicitly counting second-order co-occurrences. The method rests on the observation that words that are highly correlated with respect to such counts are also highly similar with respect to first-order co-occurrences. Using buffers of co-occurred words per word to count second-order co-occurrences, we can then estimate similarities in a single pass over data without having to do prohibitively expensive similarity calculations. We demonstrate that this approach is scalable, converges rapidly, behaves robustly under parameter changes, and that it captures word similarities on par with those given by state-of-the-art word embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2018-memory,
    title = "Memory, Show the Way: Memory Based Few Shot Word Representation Learning",
    author = "Sun, Jingyuan  and
      Wang, Shaonan  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1173",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1173",
    pages = "1435--1444",
    abstract = "Distributional semantic models (DSMs) generally require sufficient examples for a word to learn a high quality representation. This is in stark contrast with human who can guess the meaning of a word from one or a few referents only. In this paper, we propose Mem2Vec, a memory based embedding learning method capable of acquiring high quality word representations from fairly limited context. Our method directly adapts the representations produced by a DSM with a longterm memory to guide its guess of a novel word. Based on a pre-trained embedding space, the proposed method delivers impressive performance on two challenging few-shot word similarity tasks. Embeddings learned with our method also lead to considerable improvements over strong baselines on NER and sentiment classification.",
}
@inproceedings{grzegorczyk-kurdziel-2018-disambiguated,
    title = "Disambiguated skip-gram model",
    author = "Grzegorczyk, Karol  and
      Kurdziel, Marcin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1174",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1174",
    pages = "1445--1454",
    abstract = "We present disambiguated skip-gram: a neural-probabilistic model for learning multi-sense distributed representations of words. Disambiguated skip-gram jointly estimates a skip-gram-like context word prediction model and a word sense disambiguation model. Unlike previous probabilistic models for learning multi-sense word embeddings, disambiguated skip-gram is end-to-end differentiable and can be interpreted as a simple feed-forward neural network. We also introduce an effective pruning strategy for the embeddings learned by disambiguated skip-gram. This allows us to control the granularity of representations learned by our model. In experimental evaluation disambiguated skip-gram improves state-of-the are results in several word sense induction benchmarks.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-picking,
    title = "Picking Apart Story Salads",
    author = "Wang, Su  and
      Holgate, Eric  and
      Durrett, Greg  and
      Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1175",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1175",
    pages = "1455--1465",
    abstract = "During natural disasters and conflicts, information about what happened is often confusing and messy, and distributed across many sources. We would like to be able to automatically identify relevant information and assemble it into coherent narratives of what happened. To make this task accessible to neural models, we introduce \textit{Story Salads}, mixtures of multiple documents that can be generated at scale. By exploiting the Wikipedia hierarchy, we can generate salads that exhibit challenging inference problems. Story salads give rise to a novel, challenging clustering task, where the objective is to group sentences from the same narratives. We demonstrate that simple bag-of-words similarity clustering falls short on this task, and that it is necessary to take into account global context and coherence.",
}
@inproceedings{kiela-etal-2018-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Meta-Embeddings for Improved Sentence Representations",
    author = "Kiela, Douwe  and
      Wang, Changhan  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1176",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1176",
    pages = "1466--1477",
    abstract = "While one of the first steps in many NLP systems is selecting what pre-trained word embeddings to use, we argue that such a step is better left for neural networks to figure out by themselves. To that end, we introduce dynamic meta-embeddings, a simple yet effective method for the supervised learning of embedding ensembles, which leads to state-of-the-art performance within the same model class on a variety of tasks. We subsequently show how the technique can be used to shed new light on the usage of word embeddings in NLP systems.",
}
@inproceedings{ailem-etal-2018-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Model for Joint Learning of Word Embeddings from Texts and Images",
    author = "Ailem, Melissa  and
      Zhang, Bowen  and
      Bellet, Aurelien  and
      Denis, Pascal  and
      Sha, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1177",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1177",
    pages = "1478--1487",
    abstract = "Several recent studies have shown the benefits of combining language and perception to infer word embeddings. These multimodal approaches either simply combine pre-trained textual and visual representations (e.g. features extracted from convolutional neural networks), or use the latter to bias the learning of textual word embeddings. In this work, we propose a novel probabilistic model to formalize how linguistic and perceptual inputs can work in concert to explain the observed word-context pairs in a text corpus. Our approach learns textual and visual representations jointly: latent visual factors couple together a skip-gram model for co-occurrence in linguistic data and a generative latent variable model for visual data. Extensive experimental studies validate the proposed model. Concretely, on the tasks of assessing pairwise word similarity and image/caption retrieval, our approach attains equally competitive or stronger results when compared to other state-of-the-art multimodal models.",
}
@inproceedings{fares-etal-2018-transfer,
    title = "Transfer and Multi-Task Learning for Noun{--}Noun Compound Interpretation",
    author = "Fares, Murhaf  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Velldal, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1178",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1178",
    pages = "1488--1498",
    abstract = "In this paper, we empirically evaluate the utility of transfer and multi-task learning on a challenging semantic classification task: semantic interpretation of noun{--}noun compounds. Through a comprehensive series of experiments and in-depth error analysis, we show that transfer learning via parameter initialization and multi-task learning via parameter sharing can help a neural classification model generalize over a highly skewed distribution of relations. Further, we demonstrate how dual annotation with two distinct sets of relations over the same set of compounds can be exploited to improve the overall accuracy of a neural classifier and its F1 scores on the less frequent, but more difficult relations.",
}
@inproceedings{peters-etal-2018-dissecting,
    title = "Dissecting Contextual Word Embeddings: Architecture and Representation",
    author = "Peters, Matthew  and
      Neumann, Mark  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke  and
      Yih, Wen-tau",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1179",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1179",
    pages = "1499--1509",
    abstract = "Contextual word representations derived from pre-trained bidirectional language models (biLMs) have recently been shown to provide significant improvements to the state of the art for a wide range of NLP tasks. However, many questions remain as to how and why these models are so effective. In this paper, we present a detailed empirical study of how the choice of neural architecture (e.g. LSTM, CNN, or self attention) influences both end task accuracy and qualitative properties of the representations that are learned. We show there is a tradeoff between speed and accuracy, but all architectures learn high quality contextual representations that outperform word embeddings for four challenging NLP tasks. Additionally, all architectures learn representations that vary with network depth, from exclusively morphological based at the word embedding layer through local syntax based in the lower contextual layers to longer range semantics such coreference at the upper layers. Together, these results suggest that unsupervised biLMs, independent of architecture, are learning much more about the structure of language than previously appreciated.",
}
@inproceedings{gong-etal-2018-preposition,
    title = "Preposition Sense Disambiguation and Representation",
    author = "Gong, Hongyu  and
      Mu, Jiaqi  and
      Bhat, Suma  and
      Viswanath, Pramod",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1180",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1180",
    pages = "1510--1521",
    abstract = "Prepositions are highly polysemous, and their variegated senses encode significant semantic information. In this paper we match each preposition{'}s left- and right context, and their interplay to the geometry of the word vectors to the left and right of the preposition. Extracting these features from a large corpus and using them with machine learning models makes for an efficient preposition sense disambiguation (PSD) algorithm, which is comparable to and better than state-of-the-art on two benchmark datasets. Our reliance on no linguistic tool allows us to scale the PSD algorithm to a large corpus and learn sense-specific preposition representations. The crucial abstraction of preposition senses as word representations permits their use in downstream applications{--}phrasal verb paraphrasing and preposition selection{--}with new state-of-the-art results.",
}
@inproceedings{bosc-vincent-2018-auto,
    title = "Auto-Encoding Dictionary Definitions into Consistent Word Embeddings",
    author = "Bosc, Tom  and
      Vincent, Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1181",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1181",
    pages = "1522--1532",
    abstract = "Monolingual dictionaries are widespread and semantically rich resources. This paper presents a simple model that learns to compute word embeddings by processing dictionary definitions and trying to reconstruct them. It exploits the inherent recursivity of dictionaries by encouraging consistency between the representations it uses as inputs and the representations it produces as outputs. The resulting embeddings are shown to capture semantic similarity better than regular distributional methods and other dictionary-based methods. In addition, our method shows strong performance when trained exclusively on dictionary data and generalizes in one shot.",
}
@inproceedings{stanovsky-hopkins-2018-spot,
    title = "Spot the Odd Man Out: Exploring the Associative Power of Lexical Resources",
    author = "Stanovsky, Gabriel  and
      Hopkins, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1182",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1182",
    pages = "1533--1542",
    abstract = "We propose Odd-Man-Out, a novel task which aims to test different properties of word representations. An Odd-Man-Out puzzle is composed of 5 (or more) words, and requires the system to choose the one which does not belong with the others. We show that this simple setup is capable of teasing out various properties of different popular lexical resources (like WordNet and pre-trained word embeddings), while being intuitive enough to annotate on a large scale. In addition, we propose a novel technique for training multi-prototype word representations, based on unsupervised clustering of ELMo embeddings, and show that it surpasses all other representations on all Odd-Man-Out collections.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Multitask Learning for Simile Recognition",
    author = "Liu, Lizhen  and
      Hu, Xiao  and
      Song, Wei  and
      Fu, Ruiji  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Hu, Guoping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1183",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1183",
    pages = "1543--1553",
    abstract = "Simile is a special type of metaphor, where comparators such as like and as are used to compare two objects. Simile recognition is to recognize simile sentences and extract simile components, i.e., the tenor and the vehicle. This paper presents a study of simile recognition in Chinese. We construct an annotated corpus for this research, which consists of 11.3k sentences that contain a comparator. We propose a neural network framework for jointly optimizing three tasks: simile sentence classification, simile component extraction and language modeling. The experimental results show that the neural network based approaches can outperform all rule-based and feature-based baselines. Both simile sentence classification and simile component extraction can benefit from multitask learning. The former can be solved very well, while the latter is more difficult.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-structured,
    title = "Structured Alignment Networks for Matching Sentences",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Gardner, Matt  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1184",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1184",
    pages = "1554--1564",
    abstract = "Many tasks in natural language processing involve comparing two sentences to compute some notion of relevance, entailment, or similarity. Typically this comparison is done either at the word level or at the sentence level, with no attempt to leverage the inherent structure of the sentence. When sentence structure is used for comparison, it is obtained during a non-differentiable pre-processing step, leading to propagation of errors. We introduce a model of structured alignments between sentences, showing how to compare two sentences by matching their latent structures. Using a structured attention mechanism, our model matches candidate spans in the first sentence to candidate spans in the second sentence, simultaneously discovering the tree structure of each sentence. Our model is fully differentiable and trained only on the matching objective. We evaluate this model on two tasks, natural entailment detection and answer sentence selection, and find that modeling latent tree structures results in superior performance. Analysis of the learned sentence structures shows they can reflect some syntactic phenomena.",
}
@inproceedings{tay-etal-2018-compare,
    title = "Compare, Compress and Propagate: Enhancing Neural Architectures with Alignment Factorization for Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Tay, Yi  and
      Luu, Anh Tuan  and
      Hui, Siu Cheung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1185",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1185",
    pages = "1565--1575",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new deep learning architecture for Natural Language Inference (NLI). Firstly, we introduce a new architecture where alignment pairs are compared, compressed and then propagated to upper layers for enhanced representation learning. Secondly, we adopt factorization layers for efficient and expressive compression of alignment vectors into scalar features, which are then used to augment the base word representations. The design of our approach is aimed to be conceptually simple, compact and yet powerful. We conduct experiments on three popular benchmarks, SNLI, MultiNLI and SciTail, achieving competitive performance on all. A lightweight parameterization of our model also enjoys a 3 times reduction in parameter size compared to the existing state-of-the-art models, e.g., ESIM and DIIN, while maintaining competitive performance. Additionally, visual analysis shows that our propagated features are highly interpretable.",
}
@inproceedings{gong-etal-2018-convolutional,
    title = "Convolutional Interaction Network for Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Gong, Jingjing  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Chen, Xinchi  and
      Liang, Dong  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1186",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1186",
    pages = "1576--1585",
    abstract = "Attention-based neural models have achieved great success in natural language inference (NLI). In this paper, we propose the Convolutional Interaction Network (CIN), a general model to capture the interaction between two sentences, which can be an alternative to the attention mechanism for NLI. Specifically, CIN encodes one sentence with the filters dynamically generated based on another sentence. Since the filters may be designed to have various numbers and sizes, CIN can capture more complicated interaction patterns. Experiments on three large datasets demonstrate CIN{'}s efficacy.",
}
@inproceedings{romanov-shivade-2018-lessons,
    title = "Lessons from Natural Language Inference in the Clinical Domain",
    author = "Romanov, Alexey  and
      Shivade, Chaitanya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1187",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1187",
    pages = "1586--1596",
    abstract = "State of the art models using deep neural networks have become very good in learning an accurate mapping from inputs to outputs. However, they still lack generalization capabilities in conditions that differ from the ones encountered during training. This is even more challenging in specialized, and knowledge intensive domains, where training data is limited. To address this gap, we introduce MedNLI - a dataset annotated by doctors, performing a natural language inference task (NLI), grounded in the medical history of patients. We present strategies to: 1) leverage transfer learning using datasets from the open domain, (e.g. SNLI) and 2) incorporate domain knowledge from external data and lexical sources (e.g. medical terminologies). Our results demonstrate performance gains using both strategies.",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2018-question,
    title = "Question Generation from {SQL} Queries Improves Neural Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Guo, Daya  and
      Sun, Yibo  and
      Tang, Duyu  and
      Duan, Nan  and
      Yin, Jian  and
      Chi, Hong  and
      Cao, James  and
      Chen, Peng  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1188",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1188",
    pages = "1597--1607",
    abstract = "In this paper, we study how to learn a semantic parser of state-of-the-art accuracy with less supervised training data. We conduct our study on WikiSQL, the largest hand-annotated semantic parsing dataset to date. First, we demonstrate that question generation is an effective method that empowers us to learn a state-of-the-art neural network based semantic parser with thirty percent of the supervised training data. Second, we show that applying question generation to the full supervised training data further improves the state-of-the-art model. In addition, we observe that there is a logarithmic relationship between the accuracy of a semantic parser and the amount of training data.",
}
@inproceedings{zhong-etal-2018-semregex,
    title = "{S}em{R}egex: A Semantics-Based Approach for Generating Regular Expressions from Natural Language Specifications",
    author = "Zhong, Zexuan  and
      Guo, Jiaqi  and
      Yang, Wei  and
      Peng, Jian  and
      Xie, Tao  and
      Lou, Jian-Guang  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Zhang, Dongmei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1189",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1189",
    pages = "1608--1618",
    abstract = "Recent research proposes syntax-based approaches to address the problem of generating programs from natural language specifications. These approaches typically train a sequence-to-sequence learning model using a syntax-based objective: maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). Such syntax-based approaches do not effectively address the goal of generating semantically correct programs, because these approaches fail to handle Program Aliasing, i.e., semantically equivalent programs may have many syntactically different forms. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a semantics-based approach named SemRegex. SemRegex provides solutions for a subtask of the program-synthesis problem: generating regular expressions from natural language. Different from the existing syntax-based approaches, SemRegex trains the model by maximizing the expected semantic correctness of the generated regular expressions. The semantic correctness is measured using the DFA-equivalence oracle, random test cases, and distinguishing test cases. The experiments on three public datasets demonstrate the superiority of SemRegex over the existing state-of-the-art approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{herzig-berant-2018-decoupling,
    title = "Decoupling Structure and Lexicon for Zero-Shot Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Herzig, Jonathan  and
      Berant, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1190",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1190",
    pages = "1619--1629",
    abstract = "Building a semantic parser quickly in a new domain is a fundamental challenge for conversational interfaces, as current semantic parsers require expensive supervision and lack the ability to generalize to new domains. In this paper, we introduce a zero-shot approach to semantic parsing that can parse utterances in unseen domains while only being trained on examples in other source domains. First, we map an utterance to an abstract, domain independent, logical form that represents the structure of the logical form, but contains slots instead of KB constants. Then, we replace slots with KB constants via lexical alignment scores and global inference. Our model reaches an average accuracy of 53.4{\%} on 7 domains in the OVERNIGHT dataset, substantially better than other zero-shot baselines, and performs as good as a parser trained on over 30{\%} of the target domain examples.",
}
@inproceedings{ouchi-etal-2018-span,
    title = "A Span Selection Model for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Ouchi, Hiroki  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1191",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1191",
    pages = "1630--1642",
    abstract = "We present a simple and accurate span-based model for semantic role labeling (SRL). Our model directly takes into account all possible argument spans and scores them for each label. At decoding time, we greedily select higher scoring labeled spans. One advantage of our model is to allow us to design and use span-level features, that are difficult to use in token-based BIO tagging approaches. Experimental results demonstrate that our ensemble model achieves the state-of-the-art results, 87.4 F1 and 87.0 F1 on the CoNLL-2005 and 2012 datasets, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{iyer-etal-2018-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Language to Code in Programmatic Context",
    author = "Iyer, Srinivasan  and
      Konstas, Ioannis  and
      Cheung, Alvin  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1192",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1192",
    pages = "1643--1652",
    abstract = "Source code is rarely written in isolation. It depends significantly on the programmatic context, such as the class that the code would reside in. To study this phenomenon, we introduce the task of generating class member functions given English documentation and the programmatic context provided by the rest of the class. This task is challenging because the desired code can vary greatly depending on the functionality the class provides (e.g., a sort function may or may not be available when we are asked to {``}return the smallest element{''} in a particular member variable list). We introduce CONCODE, a new large dataset with over 100,000 examples consisting of Java classes from online code repositories, and develop a new encoder-decoder architecture that models the interaction between the method documentation and the class environment. We also present a detailed error analysis suggesting that there is significant room for future work on this task.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2018-syntaxsqlnet,
    title = "{S}yntax{SQLN}et: Syntax Tree Networks for Complex and Cross-Domain Text-to-{SQL} Task",
    author = "Yu, Tao  and
      Yasunaga, Michihiro  and
      Yang, Kai  and
      Zhang, Rui  and
      Wang, Dongxu  and
      Li, Zifan  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1193",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1193",
    pages = "1653--1663",
    abstract = "Most existing studies in text-to-SQL tasks do not require generating complex SQL queries with multiple clauses or sub-queries, and generalizing to new, unseen databases. In this paper we propose SyntaxSQLNet, a syntax tree network to address the complex and cross-domain text-to-SQL generation task. SyntaxSQLNet employs a SQL specific syntax tree-based decoder with SQL generation path history and table-aware column attention encoders. We evaluate SyntaxSQLNet on a new large-scale text-to-SQL corpus containing databases with multiple tables and complex SQL queries containing multiple SQL clauses and nested queries. We use a database split setting where databases in the test set are unseen during training. Experimental results show that SyntaxSQLNet can handle a significantly greater number of complex SQL examples than prior work, outperforming the previous state-of-the-art model by 9.5{\%} in exact matching accuracy. To our knowledge, we are the first to study this complex text-to-SQL task. Our task and models with the latest updates are available at \url{https://yale-lily.github.io/seq2sql/spider}.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Decompositional Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Zhang, Sheng  and
      Ma, Xutai  and
      Rudinger, Rachel  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1194",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1194",
    pages = "1664--1675",
    abstract = "We introduce the task of cross-lingual decompositional semantic parsing: mapping content provided in a source language into a decompositional semantic analysis based on a target language. We present: (1) a form of decompositional semantic analysis designed to allow systems to target varying levels of structural complexity (shallow to deep analysis), (2) an evaluation metric to measure the similarity between system output and reference semantic analysis, (3) an end-to-end model with a novel annotating mechanism that supports intra-sentential coreference, and (4) an evaluation dataset on which our model outperforms strong baselines by at least 1.75 F1 score.",
}
@inproceedings{labutov-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning to Learn Semantic Parsers from Natural Language Supervision",
    author = "Labutov, Igor  and
      Yang, Bishan  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1195",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1195",
    pages = "1676--1690",
    abstract = "As humans, we often rely on language to learn language. For example, when corrected in a conversation, we may learn from that correction, over time improving our language fluency. Inspired by this observation, we propose a learning algorithm for training semantic parsers from supervision (feedback) expressed in natural language. Our algorithm learns a semantic parser from users{'} corrections such as {``}no, what I really meant was before his job, not after{''}, by also simultaneously learning to parse this natural language feedback in order to leverage it as a form of supervision. Unlike supervision with gold-standard logical forms, our method does not require the user to be familiar with the underlying logical formalism, and unlike supervision from denotation, it does not require the user to know the correct answer to their query. This makes our learning algorithm naturally scalable in settings where existing conversational logs are available and can be leveraged as training data. We construct a novel dataset of natural language feedback in a conversational setting, and show that our method is effective at learning a semantic parser from such natural language supervision.",
}
@inproceedings{dunietz-etal-2018-deepcx,
    title = "{D}eep{C}x: A transition-based approach for shallow semantic parsing with complex constructional triggers",
    author = "Dunietz, Jesse  and
      Carbonell, Jaime  and
      Levin, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1196",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1196",
    pages = "1691--1701",
    abstract = "This paper introduces the surface construction labeling (SCL) task, which expands the coverage of Shallow Semantic Parsing (SSP) to include frames triggered by complex constructions. We present DeepCx, a neural, transition-based system for SCL. As a test case for the approach, we apply DeepCx to the task of tagging causal language in English, which relies on a wider variety of constructions than are typically addressed in SSP. We report substantial improvements over previous tagging efforts on a causal language dataset. We also propose ways DeepCx could be extended to still more difficult constructions and to other semantic domains once appropriate datasets become available.",
}
@inproceedings{yavuz-etal-2018-takes,
    title = "What It Takes to Achieve 100{\%} Condition Accuracy on {W}iki{SQL}",
    author = "Yavuz, Semih  and
      Gur, Izzeddin  and
      Su, Yu  and
      Yan, Xifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1197",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1197",
    pages = "1702--1711",
    abstract = "WikiSQL is a newly released dataset for studying the natural language sequence to SQL translation problem. The SQL queries in WikiSQL are simple: Each involves one relation and does not have any join operation. Despite of its simplicity, none of the publicly reported structured query generation models can achieve an accuracy beyond 62{\%}, which is still far from enough for practical use. In this paper, we ask two questions, {``}Why is the accuracy still low for such simple queries?{''} and {``}What does it take to achieve 100{\%} accuracy on WikiSQL?{''} To limit the scope of our study, we focus on the WHERE clause in SQL. The answers will help us gain insights about the directions we should explore in order to further improve the translation accuracy. We will then investigate alternative solutions to realize the potential ceiling performance on WikiSQL. Our proposed solution can reach up to 88.6{\%} condition accuracy on the WikiSQL dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{guo-lu-2018-better,
    title = "Better Transition-Based {AMR} Parsing with a Refined Search Space",
    author = "Guo, Zhijiang  and
      Lu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1198",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1198",
    pages = "1712--1722",
    abstract = "This paper introduces a simple yet effective transition-based system for Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) parsing. We argue that a well-defined search space involved in a transition system is crucial for building an effective parser. We propose to conduct the search in a refined search space based on a new compact AMR graph and an improved oracle. Our end-to-end parser achieves the state-of-the-art performance on various datasets with minimal additional information.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-hwa-2018-heuristically,
    title = "Heuristically Informed Unsupervised Idiom Usage Recognition",
    author = "Liu, Changsheng  and
      Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1199",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1199",
    pages = "1723--1731",
    abstract = "Many idiomatic expressions can be interpreted figuratively or literally depending on their contexts. This paper proposes an unsupervised learning method for recognizing the intended usages of idioms. We treat the usages as a latent variable in probabilistic models and train them in a linguistically motivated feature space. Crucially, we show that distributional semantics is a helpful heuristic for distinguishing the literal usage of idioms, giving us a way to formulate a literal usage metric to estimate the likelihood that the idiom is intended literally. This information then serves as a form of distant supervision to guide the unsupervised training process for the probabilistic models. Experiments show that our overall model performs competitively against supervised methods.",
}
@inproceedings{dubossarsky-etal-2018-coming,
    title = "Coming to Your Senses: on Controls and Evaluation Sets in Polysemy Research",
    author = "Dubossarsky, Haim  and
      Grossman, Eitan  and
      Weinshall, Daphna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1200",
    pages = "1732--1740",
    abstract = "The point of departure of this article is the claim that sense-specific vectors provide an advantage over normal vectors due to the polysemy that they presumably represent. This claim is based on performance gains observed in gold standard evaluation tests such as word similarity tasks. We demonstrate that this claim, at least as it is instantiated in prior art, is unfounded in two ways. Furthermore, we provide empirical data and an analytic discussion that may account for the previously reported improved performance. First, we show that ground-truth polysemy degrades performance in word similarity tasks. Therefore word similarity tasks are not suitable as an evaluation test for polysemy representation. Second, random assignment of words to senses is shown to improve performance in the same task. This and additional results point to the conclusion that performance gains as reported in previous work may be an artifact of random sense assignment, which is equivalent to sub-sampling and multiple estimation of word vector representations. Theoretical analysis shows that this may on its own be beneficial for the estimation of word similarity, by reducing the bias in the estimation of the cosine distance.",
}
@inproceedings{pinter-eisenstein-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Semantic Relations using Global Graph Properties",
    author = "Pinter, Yuval  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1201",
    pages = "1741--1751",
    abstract = "Semantic graphs, such as WordNet, are resources which curate natural language on two distinguishable layers. On the local level, individual relations between synsets (semantic building blocks) such as hypernymy and meronymy enhance our understanding of the words used to express their meanings. Globally, analysis of graph-theoretic properties of the entire net sheds light on the structure of human language as a whole. In this paper, we combine global and local properties of semantic graphs through the framework of Max-Margin Markov Graph Models (M3GM), a novel extension of Exponential Random Graph Model (ERGM) that scales to large multi-relational graphs. We demonstrate how such global modeling improves performance on the local task of predicting semantic relations between synsets, yielding new state-of-the-art results on the WN18RR dataset, a challenging version of WordNet link prediction in which {``}easy{''} reciprocal cases are removed. In addition, the M3GM model identifies multirelational motifs that are characteristic of well-formed lexical semantic ontologies.",
}
@inproceedings{cocos-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Scalar Adjective Intensity from Paraphrases",
    author = "Cocos, Anne  and
      Wharton, Veronica  and
      Pavlick, Ellie  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1202",
    pages = "1752--1762",
    abstract = "Adjectives like {``}warm{''}, {``}hot{''}, and {``}scalding{''} all describe temperature but differ in intensity. Understanding these differences between adjectives is a necessary part of reasoning about natural language. We propose a new paraphrase-based method to automatically learn the relative intensity relation that holds between a pair of scalar adjectives. Our approach analyzes over 36k adjectival pairs from the Paraphrase Database under the assumption that, for example, paraphrase pair {``}really hot{''} {\textless}{--}{\textgreater} {``}scalding{''} suggests that {``}hot{''} {\textless} {``}scalding{''}. We show that combining this paraphrase evidence with existing, complementary pattern- and lexicon-based approaches improves the quality of systems for automatically ordering sets of scalar adjectives and inferring the polarity of indirect answers to {``}yes/no{''} questions.",
}
@inproceedings{yokoi-etal-2018-pointwise,
    title = "Pointwise {HSIC}: A Linear-Time Kernelized Co-occurrence Norm for Sparse Linguistic Expressions",
    author = "Yokoi, Sho  and
      Kobayashi, Sosuke  and
      Fukumizu, Kenji  and
      Suzuki, Jun  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1203",
    pages = "1763--1775",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a new kernel-based co-occurrence measure that can be applied to sparse linguistic expressions (e.g., sentences) with a very short learning time, as an alternative to pointwise mutual information (PMI). As well as deriving PMI from mutual information, we derive this new measure from the Hilbert{--}Schmidt independence criterion (HSIC); thus, we call the new measure the pointwise HSIC (PHSIC). PHSIC can be interpreted as a smoothed variant of PMI that allows various similarity metrics (e.g., sentence embeddings) to be plugged in as kernels. Moreover, PHSIC can be estimated by simple and fast (linear in the size of the data) matrix calculations regardless of whether we use linear or nonlinear kernels. Empirically, in a dialogue response selection task, PHSIC is learned thousands of times faster than an RNN-based PMI while outperforming PMI in accuracy. In addition, we also demonstrate that PHSIC is beneficial as a criterion of a data selection task for machine translation owing to its ability to give high (low) scores to a consistent (inconsistent) pair with other pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-neural-related,
    title = "Neural Related Work Summarization with a Joint Context-driven Attention Mechanism",
    author = "Wang, Yongzhen  and
      Liu, Xiaozhong  and
      Gao, Zheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1204",
    pages = "1776--1786",
    abstract = "Conventional solutions to automatic related work summarization rely heavily on human-engineered features. In this paper, we develop a neural data-driven summarizer by leveraging the seq2seq paradigm, in which a joint context-driven attention mechanism is proposed to measure the contextual relevance within full texts and a heterogeneous bibliography graph simultaneously. Our motivation is to maintain the topic coherency between a related work section and its target document, where both the textual and graphic contexts play a big role in characterizing the relationship among scientific publications accurately. Experimental results on a large dataset show that our approach achieves a considerable improvement over a typical seq2seq summarizer and five classical summarization baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Neural Abstractive Document Summarization with Explicit Information Selection Modeling",
    author = "Li, Wei  and
      Xiao, Xinyan  and
      Lyu, Yajuan  and
      Wang, Yuanzhuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1205",
    pages = "1787--1796",
    abstract = "Information selection is the most important component in document summarization task. In this paper, we propose to extend the basic neural encoding-decoding framework with an information selection layer to explicitly model and optimize the information selection process in abstractive document summarization. Specifically, our information selection layer consists of two parts: gated global information filtering and local sentence selection. Unnecessary information in the original document is first globally filtered, then salient sentences are selected locally while generating each summary sentence sequentially. To optimize the information selection process directly, distantly-supervised training guided by the golden summary is also imported. Experimental results demonstrate that the explicit modeling and optimizing of the information selection process improves document summarization performance significantly, which enables our model to generate more informative and concise summaries, and thus significantly outperform state-of-the-art neural abstractive methods.",
}
@inproceedings{narayan-etal-2018-dont,
    title = "Don{'}t Give Me the Details, Just the Summary! Topic-Aware Convolutional Neural Networks for Extreme Summarization",
    author = "Narayan, Shashi  and
      Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1206",
    pages = "1797--1807",
    abstract = "We introduce {``}extreme summarization{''}, a new single-document summarization task which does not favor extractive strategies and calls for an abstractive modeling approach. The idea is to create a short, one-sentence news summary answering the question {``}What is the article about?{''}. We collect a real-world, large-scale dataset for this task by harvesting online articles from the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). We propose a novel abstractive model which is conditioned on the article{'}s topics and based entirely on convolutional neural networks. We demonstrate experimentally that this architecture captures long-range dependencies in a document and recognizes pertinent content, outperforming an oracle extractive system and state-of-the-art abstractive approaches when evaluated automatically and by humans.",
}
@inproceedings{kryscinski-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Abstraction in Text Summarization",
    author = "Kry{\'s}ci{\'n}ski, Wojciech  and
      Paulus, Romain  and
      Xiong, Caiming  and
      Socher, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1207",
    pages = "1808--1817",
    abstract = "Abstractive text summarization aims to shorten long text documents into a human readable form that contains the most important facts from the original document. However, the level of actual abstraction as measured by novel phrases that do not appear in the source document remains low in existing approaches. We propose two techniques to improve the level of abstraction of generated summaries. First, we decompose the decoder into a contextual network that retrieves relevant parts of the source document, and a pretrained language model that incorporates prior knowledge about language generation. Second, we propose a novelty metric that is optimized directly through policy learning to encourage the generation of novel phrases. Our model achieves results comparable to state-of-the-art models, as determined by ROUGE scores and human evaluations, while achieving a significantly higher level of abstraction as measured by n-gram overlap with the source document.",
}
@inproceedings{kedzie-etal-2018-content,
    title = "Content Selection in Deep Learning Models of Summarization",
    author = "Kedzie, Chris  and
      McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1208",
    pages = "1818--1828",
    abstract = "We carry out experiments with deep learning models of summarization across the domains of news, personal stories, meetings, and medical articles in order to understand how content selection is performed. We find that many sophisticated features of state of the art extractive summarizers do not improve performance over simpler models. These results suggest that it is easier to create a summarizer for a new domain than previous work suggests and bring into question the benefit of deep learning models for summarization for those domains that do have massive datasets (i.e., news). At the same time, they suggest important questions for new research in summarization; namely, new forms of sentence representations or external knowledge sources are needed that are better suited to the sumarization task.",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2018-improved,
    title = "Improved Semantic-Aware Network Embedding with Fine-Grained Word Alignment",
    author = "Shen, Dinghan  and
      Zhang, Xinyuan  and
      Henao, Ricardo  and
      Carin, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1209",
    pages = "1829--1838",
    abstract = "Network embeddings, which learns low-dimensional representations for each vertex in a large-scale network, have received considerable attention in recent years. For a wide range of applications, vertices in a network are typically accompanied by rich textual information such as user profiles, paper abstracts, etc. In this paper, we propose to incorporate semantic features into network embeddings by matching important words between text sequences for all pairs of vertices. We introduce an word-by-word alignment framework that measures the compatibility of embeddings between word pairs, and then adaptively accumulates these alignment features with a simple yet effective aggregation function. In experiments, we evaluate the proposed framework on three real-world benchmarks for downstream tasks, including link prediction and multi-label vertex classification. The experimental results demonstrate that our model outperforms state-of-the-art network embedding methods by a large margin.",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Context-Sensitive Convolutional Filters for Text Processing",
    author = "Shen, Dinghan  and
      Min, Martin Renqiang  and
      Li, Yitong  and
      Carin, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1210",
    pages = "1839--1848",
    abstract = "Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have recently emerged as a popular building block for natural language processing (NLP). Despite their success, most existing CNN models employed in NLP share the same learned (and static) set of filters for all input sentences. In this paper, we consider an approach of using a small meta network to learn context-sensitive convolutional filters for text processing. The role of meta network is to abstract the contextual information of a sentence or document into a set of input-sensitive filters. We further generalize this framework to model sentence pairs, where a bidirectional filter generation mechanism is introduced to encapsulate co-dependent sentence representations. In our benchmarks on four different tasks, including ontology classification, sentiment analysis, answer sentence selection, and paraphrase identification, our proposed model, a modified CNN with context-sensitive filters, consistently outperforms the standard CNN and attention-based CNN baselines. By visualizing the learned context-sensitive filters, we further validate and rationalize the effectiveness of proposed framework.",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Relevance Ranking Using Enhanced Document-Query Interactions",
    author = "McDonald, Ryan  and
      Brokos, George  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1211",
    pages = "1849--1860",
    abstract = "We explore several new models for document relevance ranking, building upon the Deep Relevance Matching Model (DRMM) of Guo et al. (2016). Unlike DRMM, which uses context-insensitive encodings of terms and query-document term interactions, we inject rich context-sensitive encodings throughout our models, inspired by PACRR{'}s (Hui et al., 2017) convolutional n-gram matching features, but extended in several ways including multiple views of query and document inputs. We test our models on datasets from the BIOASQ question answering challenge (Tsatsaronis et al., 2015) and TREC ROBUST 2004 (Voorhees, 2005), showing they outperform BM25-based baselines, DRMM, and PACRR.",
}
@inproceedings{li-cheng-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Neural Representation for {CLIR} with Adversarial Framework",
    author = "Li, Bo  and
      Cheng, Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1212",
    pages = "1861--1870",
    abstract = "The existing studies in cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) mostly rely on general text representation models (e.g., vector space model or latent semantic analysis). These models are not optimized for the target retrieval task. In this paper, we follow the success of neural representation in natural language processing (NLP) and develop a novel text representation model based on adversarial learning, which seeks a task-specific embedding space for CLIR. Adversarial learning is implemented as an interplay between the generator process and the discriminator process. In order to adapt adversarial learning to CLIR, we design three constraints to direct representation learning, which are (1) a matching constraint capturing essential characteristics of cross-language ranking, (2) a translation constraint bridging language gaps, and (3) an adversarial constraint forcing both language and media invariant to be reached more efficiently and effectively. Through the joint exploitation of these constraints in an adversarial manner, the underlying cross-language semantics relevant to retrieval tasks are better preserved in the embedding space. Standard CLIR experiments show that our model significantly outperforms state-of-the-art continuous space models and is better than the strong machine translation baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{ray-etal-2018-ad3,
    title = "{AD}3: Attentive Deep Document Dater",
    author = "Ray, Swayambhu Nath  and
      Dasgupta, Shib Sankar  and
      Talukdar, Partha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1213",
    pages = "1871--1880",
    abstract = "Knowledge of the creation date of documents facilitates several tasks such as summarization, event extraction, temporally focused information extraction etc. Unfortunately, for most of the documents on the Web, the time-stamp metadata is either missing or can{'}t be trusted. Thus, predicting creation time from document content itself is an important task. In this paper, we propose Attentive Deep Document Dater (AD3), an attention-based neural document dating system which utilizes both context and temporal information in documents in a flexible and principled manner. We perform extensive experimentation on multiple real-world datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness of AD3 over neural and non-neural baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{alvarez-melis-jaakkola-2018-gromov,
    title = "{G}romov-{W}asserstein Alignment of Word Embedding Spaces",
    author = "Alvarez-Melis, David  and
      Jaakkola, Tommi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1214",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1214",
    pages = "1881--1890",
    abstract = "Cross-lingual or cross-domain correspondences play key roles in tasks ranging from machine translation to transfer learning. Recently, purely unsupervised methods operating on monolingual embeddings have become effective alignment tools. Current state-of-the-art methods, however, involve multiple steps, including heuristic post-hoc refinement strategies. In this paper, we cast the correspondence problem directly as an optimal transport (OT) problem, building on the idea that word embeddings arise from metric recovery algorithms. Indeed, we exploit the Gromov-Wasserstein distance that measures how similarities between pairs of words relate across languages. We show that our OT objective can be estimated efficiently, requires little or no tuning, and results in performance comparable with the state-of-the-art in various unsupervised word translation tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-poon-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Probabilistic Logic: A Unifying Framework for Indirect Supervision",
    author = "Wang, Hai  and
      Poon, Hoifung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1215",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1215",
    pages = "1891--1902",
    abstract = "Deep learning has emerged as a versatile tool for a wide range of NLP tasks, due to its superior capacity in representation learning. But its applicability is limited by the reliance on annotated examples, which are difficult to produce at scale. Indirect supervision has emerged as a promising direction to address this bottleneck, either by introducing labeling functions to automatically generate noisy examples from unlabeled text, or by imposing constraints over interdependent label decisions. A plethora of methods have been proposed, each with respective strengths and limitations. Probabilistic logic offers a unifying language to represent indirect supervision, but end-to-end modeling with probabilistic logic is often infeasible due to intractable inference and learning. In this paper, we propose deep probabilistic logic (DPL) as a general framework for indirect supervision, by composing probabilistic logic with deep learning. DPL models label decisions as latent variables, represents prior knowledge on their relations using weighted first-order logical formulas, and alternates between learning a deep neural network for the end task and refining uncertain formula weights for indirect supervision, using variational EM. This framework subsumes prior indirect supervision methods as special cases, and enables novel combination via infusion of rich domain and linguistic knowledge. Experiments on biomedical machine reading demonstrate the promise of this approach.",
}
@inproceedings{bao-etal-2018-deriving,
    title = "Deriving Machine Attention from Human Rationales",
    author = "Bao, Yujia  and
      Chang, Shiyu  and
      Yu, Mo  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1216",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1216",
    pages = "1903--1913",
    abstract = "Attention-based models are successful when trained on large amounts of data. In this paper, we demonstrate that even in the low-resource scenario, attention can be learned effectively. To this end, we start with discrete human-annotated rationales and map them into continuous attention. Our central hypothesis is that this mapping is general across domains, and thus can be transferred from resource-rich domains to low-resource ones. Our model jointly learns a domain-invariant representation and induces the desired mapping between rationales and attention. Our empirical results validate this hypothesis and show that our approach delivers significant gains over state-of-the-art baselines, yielding over 15{\%} average error reduction on benchmark datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{clark-etal-2018-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Sequence Modeling with Cross-View Training",
    author = "Clark, Kevin  and
      Luong, Minh-Thang  and
      Manning, Christopher D.  and
      Le, Quoc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1217",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1217",
    pages = "1914--1925",
    abstract = "Unsupervised representation learning algorithms such as word2vec and ELMo improve the accuracy of many supervised NLP models, mainly because they can take advantage of large amounts of unlabeled text. However, the supervised models only learn from task-specific labeled data during the main training phase. We therefore propose Cross-View Training (CVT), a semi-supervised learning algorithm that improves the representations of a Bi-LSTM sentence encoder using a mix of labeled and unlabeled data. On labeled examples, standard supervised learning is used. On unlabeled examples, CVT teaches auxiliary prediction modules that see restricted views of the input (e.g., only part of a sentence) to match the predictions of the full model seeing the whole input. Since the auxiliary modules and the full model share intermediate representations, this in turn improves the full model. Moreover, we show that CVT is particularly effective when combined with multi-task learning. We evaluate CVT on five sequence tagging tasks, machine translation, and dependency parsing, achieving state-of-the-art results.",
}
@inproceedings{paun-etal-2018-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Annotation Model for Crowdsourcing Coreference",
    author = "Paun, Silviu  and
      Chamberlain, Jon  and
      Kruschwitz, Udo  and
      Yu, Juntao  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1218",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1218",
    pages = "1926--1937",
    abstract = "The availability of large scale annotated corpora for coreference is essential to the development of the field. However, creating resources at the required scale via expert annotation would be too expensive. Crowdsourcing has been proposed as an alternative; but this approach has not been widely used for coreference. This paper addresses one crucial hurdle on the way to make this possible, by introducing a new model of annotation for aggregating crowdsourced anaphoric annotations. The model is evaluated along three dimensions: the accuracy of the inferred mention pairs, the quality of the post-hoc constructed silver chains, and the viability of using the silver chains as an alternative to the expert-annotated chains in training a state of the art coreference system. The results suggest that our model can extract from crowdsourced annotations coreference chains of comparable quality to those obtained with expert annotation.",
}
@inproceedings{hou-2018-deterministic,
    title = "A Deterministic Algorithm for Bridging Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Hou, Yufang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1219",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1219",
    pages = "1938--1948",
    abstract = "Previous work on bridging anaphora resolution (Poesio et al., 2004; Hou et al., 2013) use syntactic preposition patterns to calculate word relatedness. However, such patterns only consider NPs{'} head nouns and hence do not fully capture the semantics of NPs. Recently, Hou (2018) created word embeddings (embeddings{\_}PP) to capture associative similarity (i.e., relatedness) between nouns by exploring the syntactic structure of noun phrases. But embeddings{\_}PP only contains word representations for nouns. In this paper, we create new word vectors by combining embeddings{\_}PP with GloVe. This new word embeddings (embeddings{\_}bridging) are a more general lexical knowledge resource for bridging and allow us to represent the meaning of an NP beyond its head easily. We therefore develop a deterministic approach for bridging anaphora resolution, which represents the semantics of an NP based on its head noun and modifications. We show that this simple approach achieves the competitive results compared to the best system in Hou et al. (2013) which explores Markov Logic Networks to model the problem. Additionally, we further improve the results for bridging anaphora resolution reported in Hou (2018) by combining our simple deterministic approach with Hou et al. (2013){'}s best system MLN II.",
}
@inproceedings{emami-etal-2018-knowledge,
    title = "A Knowledge Hunting Framework for Common Sense Reasoning",
    author = "Emami, Ali  and
      De La Cruz, Noelia  and
      Trischler, Adam  and
      Suleman, Kaheer  and
      Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1220",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1220",
    pages = "1949--1958",
    abstract = "We introduce an automatic system that achieves state-of-the-art results on the Winograd Schema Challenge (WSC), a common sense reasoning task that requires diverse, complex forms of inference and knowledge. Our method uses a knowledge hunting module to gather text from the web, which serves as evidence for candidate problem resolutions. Given an input problem, our system generates relevant queries to send to a search engine, then extracts and classifies knowledge from the returned results and weighs them to make a resolution. Our approach improves F1 performance on the full WSC by 0.21 over the previous best and represents the first system to exceed 0.5 F1. We further demonstrate that the approach is competitive on the Choice of Plausible Alternatives (COPA) task, which suggests that it is generally applicable.",
}
@inproceedings{kartsaklis-etal-2018-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Text to Knowledge Graph Entities using Multi-Sense {LSTM}s",
    author = "Kartsaklis, Dimitri  and
      Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1221",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1221",
    pages = "1959--1970",
    abstract = "This paper addresses the problem of mapping natural language text to knowledge base entities. The mapping process is approached as a composition of a phrase or a sentence into a point in a multi-dimensional entity space obtained from a knowledge graph. The compositional model is an LSTM equipped with a dynamic disambiguation mechanism on the input word embeddings (a Multi-Sense LSTM), addressing polysemy issues. Further, the knowledge base space is prepared by collecting random walks from a graph enhanced with textual features, which act as a set of semantic bridges between text and knowledge base entities. The ideas of this work are demonstrated on large-scale text-to-entity mapping and entity classification tasks, with state of the art results.",
}
@inproceedings{lv-etal-2018-differentiating,
    title = "Differentiating Concepts and Instances for Knowledge Graph Embedding",
    author = "Lv, Xin  and
      Hou, Lei  and
      Li, Juanzi  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1222",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1222",
    pages = "1971--1979",
    abstract = "Concepts, which represent a group of different instances sharing common properties, are essential information in knowledge representation. Most conventional knowledge embedding methods encode both entities (concepts and instances) and relations as vectors in a low dimensional semantic space equally, ignoring the difference between concepts and instances. In this paper, we propose a novel knowledge graph embedding model named TransC by differentiating concepts and instances. Specifically, TransC encodes each concept in knowledge graph as a sphere and each instance as a vector in the same semantic space. We use the relative positions to model the relations between concepts and instances (i.e.,instanceOf), and the relations between concepts and sub-concepts (i.e., subClassOf). We evaluate our model on both link prediction and triple classification tasks on the dataset based on YAGO. Experimental results show that TransC outperforms state-of-the-art methods, and captures the semantic transitivity for instanceOf and subClassOf relation. Our codes and datasets can be obtained from \url{https://github.com/davidlvxin/TransC}.",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-etal-2018-one,
    title = "One-Shot Relational Learning for Knowledge Graphs",
    author = "Xiong, Wenhan  and
      Yu, Mo  and
      Chang, Shiyu  and
      Guo, Xiaoxiao  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1223",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1223",
    pages = "1980--1990",
    abstract = "Knowledge graphs (KG) are the key components of various natural language processing applications. To further expand KGs{'} coverage, previous studies on knowledge graph completion usually require a large number of positive examples for each relation. However, we observe long-tail relations are actually more common in KGs and those newly added relations often do not have many known triples for training. In this work, we aim at predicting new facts under a challenging setting where only one training instance is available. We propose a one-shot relational learning framework, which utilizes the knowledge distilled by embedding models and learns a matching metric by considering both the learned embeddings and one-hop graph structures. Empirically, our model yields considerable performance improvements over existing embedding models, and also eliminates the need of re-training the embedding models when dealing with newly added relations.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-regular,
    title = "Regular Expression Guided Entity Mention Mining from Noisy Web Data",
    author = "Zhang, Shanshan  and
      He, Lihong  and
      Vucetic, Slobodan  and
      Dragut, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1224",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1224",
    pages = "1991--2000",
    abstract = "Many important entity types in web documents, such as dates, times, email addresses, and course numbers, follow or closely resemble patterns that can be described by Regular Expressions (REs). Due to a vast diversity of web documents and ways in which they are being generated, even seemingly straightforward tasks such as identifying mentions of date in a document become very challenging. It is reasonable to claim that it is impossible to create a RE that is capable of identifying such entities from web documents with perfect precision and recall. Rather than abandoning REs as a go-to approach for entity detection, this paper explores ways to combine the expressive power of REs, ability of deep learning to learn from large data, and human-in-the loop approach into a new integrated framework for entity identification from web data. The framework starts by creating or collecting the existing REs for a particular type of an entity. Those REs are then used over a large document corpus to collect weak labels for the entity mentions and a neural network is trained to predict those RE-generated weak labels. Finally, a human expert is asked to label a small set of documents and the neural network is fine tuned on those documents. The experimental evaluation on several entity identification problems shows that the proposed framework achieves impressive accuracy, while requiring very modest human effort.",
}
@inproceedings{dasgupta-etal-2018-hyte,
    title = "{H}y{TE}: Hyperplane-based Temporally aware Knowledge Graph Embedding",
    author = "Dasgupta, Shib Sankar  and
      Ray, Swayambhu Nath  and
      Talukdar, Partha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1225",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1225",
    pages = "2001--2011",
    abstract = "Knowledge Graph (KG) embedding has emerged as an active area of research resulting in the development of several KG embedding methods. Relational facts in KG often show temporal dynamics, e.g., the fact (Cristiano{\_}Ronaldo, playsFor, Manchester{\_}United) is valid only from 2003 to 2009. Most of the existing KG embedding methods ignore this temporal dimension while learning embeddings of the KG elements. In this paper, we propose HyTE, a temporally aware KG embedding method which explicitly incorporates time in the entity-relation space by associating each timestamp with a corresponding hyperplane. HyTE not only performs KG inference using temporal guidance, but also predicts temporal scopes for relational facts with missing time annotations. Through extensive experimentation on temporal datasets extracted from real-world KGs, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our model over both traditional as well as temporal KG embedding methods.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-lu-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Adaptation Layers for Cross-domain Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Lin, Bill Yuchen  and
      Lu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1226",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1226",
    pages = "2012--2022",
    abstract = "Recent research efforts have shown that neural architectures can be effective in conventional information extraction tasks such as named entity recognition, yielding state-of-the-art results on standard newswire datasets. However, despite significant resources required for training such models, the performance of a model trained on one domain typically degrades dramatically when applied to a different domain, yet extracting entities from new emerging domains such as social media can be of significant interest. In this paper, we empirically investigate effective methods for conveniently adapting an existing, well-trained neural NER model for a new domain. Unlike existing approaches, we propose lightweight yet effective methods for performing domain adaptation for neural models. Specifically, we introduce adaptation layers on top of existing neural architectures, where no re-training using the source domain data is required. We conduct extensive empirical studies and show that our approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{dai-etal-2018-entity,
    title = "Entity Linking within a Social Media Platform: A Case Study on Yelp",
    author = "Dai, Hongliang  and
      Song, Yangqiu  and
      Qiu, Liwei  and
      Liu, Rijia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1227",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1227",
    pages = "2023--2032",
    abstract = "In this paper, we study a new entity linking problem where both the entity mentions and the target entities are within a same social media platform. Compared with traditional entity linking problems that link mentions to a knowledge base, this new problem have less information about the target entities. However, if we can successfully link mentions to entities within a social media platform, we can improve a lot of applications such as comparative study in business intelligence and opinion leader finding. To study this problem, we constructed a dataset called Yelp-EL, where the business mentions in Yelp reviews are linked to their corresponding businesses on the platform. We conducted comprehensive experiments and analysis on this dataset with a learning to rank model that takes different types of features as input, as well as a few state-of-the-art entity linking approaches. Our experimental results show that two types of features that are not available in traditional entity linking: social features and location features, can be very helpful for this task.",
}
@inproceedings{patel-etal-2018-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of a Large Clinical Entity Corpus",
    author = "Patel, Pinal  and
      Davey, Disha  and
      Panchal, Vishal  and
      Pathak, Parth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1228",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1228",
    pages = "2033--2042",
    abstract = "Having an entity annotated corpus of the clinical domain is one of the basic requirements for detection of clinical entities using machine learning (ML) approaches. Past researches have shown the superiority of statistical/ML approaches over the rule based approaches. But in order to take full advantage of the ML approaches, an accurately annotated corpus becomes an essential requirement. Though there are a few annotated corpora available either on a small data set, or covering a narrower domain (like cancer patients records, lab reports), annotation of a large data set representing the entire clinical domain has not been created yet. In this paper, we have described in detail the annotation guidelines, annotation process and our approaches in creating a CER (clinical entity recognition) corpus of 5,160 clinical documents from forty different clinical specialities. The clinical entities range across various types such as diseases, procedures, medications, medical devices and so on. We have classified them into eleven categories for annotation. Our annotation also reflects the relations among the group of entities that constitute larger concepts altogether.",
}
@inproceedings{berger-etal-2018-visual,
    title = "Visual Supervision in Bootstrapped Information Extraction",
    author = "Berger, Matthew  and
      Nagesh, Ajay  and
      Levine, Joshua  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Zhang, Helen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1229",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1229",
    pages = "2043--2053",
    abstract = "We challenge a common assumption in active learning, that a list-based interface populated by informative samples provides for efficient and effective data annotation. We show how a 2D scatterplot populated with diverse and representative samples can yield improved models given the same time budget. We consider this for bootstrapping-based information extraction, in particular named entity classification, where human and machine jointly label data. To enable effective data annotation in a scatterplot, we have developed an embedding-based bootstrapping model that learns the distributional similarity of entities through the patterns that match them in a large data corpus, while being discriminative with respect to human-labeled and machine-promoted entities. We conducted a user study to assess the effectiveness of these different interfaces, and analyze bootstrapping performance in terms of human labeling accuracy, label quantity, and labeling consensus across multiple users. Our results suggest that supervision acquired from the scatterplot interface, despite being noisier, yields improvements in classification performance compared with the list interface, due to a larger quantity of supervision acquired.",
}
@inproceedings{shang-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Named Entity Tagger using Domain-Specific Dictionary",
    author = "Shang, Jingbo  and
      Liu, Liyuan  and
      Gu, Xiaotao  and
      Ren, Xiang  and
      Ren, Teng  and
      Han, Jiawei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1230",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1230",
    pages = "2054--2064",
    abstract = "Recent advances in deep neural models allow us to build reliable named entity recognition (NER) systems without handcrafting features. However, such methods require large amounts of manually-labeled training data. There have been efforts on replacing human annotations with distant supervision (in conjunction with external dictionaries), but the generated noisy labels pose significant challenges on learning effective neural models. Here we propose two neural models to suit noisy distant supervision from the dictionary. First, under the traditional sequence labeling framework, we propose a revised fuzzy CRF layer to handle tokens with multiple possible labels. After identifying the nature of noisy labels in distant supervision, we go beyond the traditional framework and propose a novel, more effective neural model AutoNER with a new Tie or Break scheme. In addition, we discuss how to refine distant supervision for better NER performance. Extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets demonstrate that AutoNER achieves the best performance when only using dictionaries with no additional human effort, and delivers competitive results with state-of-the-art supervised benchmarks.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2018-zero,
    title = "Zero-Shot Open Entity Typing as Type-Compatible Grounding",
    author = "Zhou, Ben  and
      Khashabi, Daniel  and
      Tsai, Chen-Tse  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1231",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1231",
    pages = "2065--2076",
    abstract = "The problem of entity-typing has been studied predominantly as a supervised learning problems, mostly with task-specific annotations (for coarse types) and sometimes with distant supervision (for fine types). While such approaches have strong performance within datasets they often lack the flexibility to transfer across text genres and to generalize to new type taxonomies. In this work we propose a zero-shot entity typing approach that requires no annotated data and can flexibly identify newly defined types. Given a type taxonomy, the entries of which we define as Boolean functions of freebase {``}types,{''} we ground a given mention to a set of \textit{type-compatible} Wikipedia entries, and then infer the target mention{'}s type using an inference algorithm that makes use of the types of these entries. We evaluate our system on a broad range of datasets, including standard fine-grained and coarse-grained entity typing datasets, and on a dataset in the biological domain. Our system is shown to be competitive with state-of-the-art supervised NER systems, and to outperform them on out-of-training datasets. We also show that our system significantly outperforms other zero-shot fine typing systems.",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2018-attention,
    title = "Attention-Guided Answer Distillation for Machine Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Hu, Minghao  and
      Peng, Yuxing  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Huang, Zhen  and
      Li, Dongsheng  and
      Yang, Nan  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1232",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1232",
    pages = "2077--2086",
    abstract = "Despite that current reading comprehension systems have achieved significant advancements, their promising performances are often obtained at the cost of making an ensemble of numerous models. Besides, existing approaches are also vulnerable to adversarial attacks. This paper tackles these problems by leveraging knowledge distillation, which aims to transfer knowledge from an ensemble model to a single model. We first demonstrate that vanilla knowledge distillation applied to answer span prediction is effective for reading comprehension systems. We then propose two novel approaches that not only penalize the prediction on confusing answers but also guide the training with alignment information distilled from the ensemble. Experiments show that our best student model has only a slight drop of 0.4{\%} F1 on the SQuAD test set compared to the ensemble teacher, while running 12x faster during inference. It even outperforms the teacher on adversarial SQuAD datasets and NarrativeQA benchmark.",
}
@inproceedings{saeidi-etal-2018-interpretation,
    title = "Interpretation of Natural Language Rules in Conversational Machine Reading",
    author = {Saeidi, Marzieh  and
      Bartolo, Max  and
      Lewis, Patrick  and
      Singh, Sameer  and
      Rockt{\"a}schel, Tim  and
      Sheldon, Mike  and
      Bouchard, Guillaume  and
      Riedel, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1233",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1233",
    pages = "2087--2097",
    abstract = "Most work in machine reading focuses on question answering problems where the answer is directly expressed in the text to read. However, many real-world question answering problems require the reading of text not because it contains the literal answer, but because it contains a recipe to derive an answer together with the reader{'}s background knowledge. One example is the task of interpreting regulations to answer {``}Can I...?{''} or {``}Do I have to...?{''} questions such as {``}I am working in Canada. Do I have to carry on paying UK National Insurance?{''} after reading a UK government website about this topic. This task requires both the interpretation of rules and the application of background knowledge. It is further complicated due to the fact that, in practice, most questions are underspecified, and a human assistant will regularly have to ask clarification questions such as {``}How long have you been working abroad?{''} when the answer cannot be directly derived from the question and text. In this paper, we formalise this task and develop a crowd-sourcing strategy to collect 37k task instances based on real-world rules and crowd-generated questions and scenarios. We analyse the challenges of this task and assess its difficulty by evaluating the performance of rule-based and machine-learning baselines. We observe promising results when no background knowledge is necessary, and substantial room for improvement whenever background knowledge is needed.",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2018-state,
    title = "A State-transition Framework to Answer Complex Questions over Knowledge Base",
    author = "Hu, Sen  and
      Zou, Lei  and
      Zhang, Xinbo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1234",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1234",
    pages = "2098--2108",
    abstract = "Although natural language question answering over knowledge graphs have been studied in the literature, existing methods have some limitations in answering complex questions. To address that, in this paper, we propose a State Transition-based approach to translate a complex natural language question N to a semantic query graph (SQG), which is used to match the underlying knowledge graph to find the answers to question N. In order to generate SQG, we propose four primitive operations (expand, fold, connect and merge) and a learning-based state transition approach. Extensive experiments on several benchmarks (such as QALD, WebQuestions and ComplexQuestions) with two knowledge bases (DBpedia and Freebase) confirm the superiority of our approach compared with state-of-the-arts.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "A Multi-answer Multi-task Framework for Real-world Machine Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Liu, Jiahua  and
      Wei, Wan  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Chen, Hao  and
      Du, Yantao  and
      Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1235",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1235",
    pages = "2109--2118",
    abstract = "The task of machine reading comprehension (MRC) has evolved from answering simple questions from well-edited text to answering real questions from users out of web data. In the real-world setting, full-body text from multiple relevant documents in the top search results are provided as context for questions from user queries, including not only questions with a single, short, and factual answer, but also questions about reasons, procedures, and opinions. In this case, multiple answers could be equally valid for a single question and each answer may occur multiple times in the context, which should be taken into consideration when we build MRC system. We propose a multi-answer multi-task framework, in which different loss functions are used for multiple reference answers. Minimum Risk Training is applied to solve the multi-occurrence problem of a single answer. Combined with a simple heuristic passage extraction strategy for overlong documents, our model increases the ROUGE-L score on the DuReader dataset from 44.18, the previous state-of-the-art, to 51.09.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2018-logician,
    title = "Logician and Orator: Learning from the Duality between Language and Knowledge in Open Domain",
    author = "Sun, Mingming  and
      Li, Xu  and
      Li, Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1236",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1236",
    pages = "2119--2130",
    abstract = "We propose the task of Open-Domain Information Narration (OIN) as the reverse task of Open Information Extraction (OIE), to implement the dual structure between language and knowledge in the open domain. Then, we develop an agent, called Orator, to accomplish the OIN task, and assemble the Orator and the recently proposed OIE agent {---} Logician into a dual system to utilize the duality structure with a reinforcement learning paradigm. Experimental results reveal the dual structure between OIE and OIN tasks helps to build better both OIE agents and OIN agents.",
}
@inproceedings{back-etal-2018-memoreader,
    title = "{M}emo{R}eader: Large-Scale Reading Comprehension through Neural Memory Controller",
    author = "Back, Seohyun  and
      Yu, Seunghak  and
      Indurthi, Sathish Reddy  and
      Kim, Jihie  and
      Choo, Jaegul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1237",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1237",
    pages = "2131--2140",
    abstract = "Machine reading comprehension helps machines learn to utilize most of the human knowledge written in the form of text. Existing approaches made a significant progress comparable to human-level performance, but they are still limited in understanding, up to a few paragraphs, failing to properly comprehend lengthy document. In this paper, we propose a novel deep neural network architecture to handle a long-range dependency in RC tasks. In detail, our method has two novel aspects: (1) an advanced memory-augmented architecture and (2) an expanded gated recurrent unit with dense connections that mitigate potential information distortion occurring in the memory. Our proposed architecture is widely applicable to other models. We have performed extensive experiments with well-known benchmark datasets such as TriviaQA, QUASAR-T, and SQuAD. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing methods, especially for lengthy documents.",
}
@inproceedings{tay-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Granular Sequence Encoding via Dilated Compositional Units for Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Tay, Yi  and
      Luu, Anh Tuan  and
      Hui, Siu Cheung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1238",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1238",
    pages = "2141--2151",
    abstract = "Sequence encoders are crucial components in many neural architectures for learning to read and comprehend. This paper presents a new compositional encoder for reading comprehension (RC). Our proposed encoder is not only aimed at being fast but also expressive. Specifically, the key novelty behind our encoder is that it explicitly models across multiple granularities using a new dilated composition mechanism. In our approach, gating functions are learned by modeling relationships and reasoning over multi-granular sequence information, enabling compositional learning that is aware of both long and short term information. We conduct experiments on three RC datasets, showing that our proposed encoder demonstrates very promising results both as a standalone encoder as well as a complementary building block. Empirical results show that simple Bi-Attentive architectures augmented with our proposed encoder not only achieves state-of-the-art / highly competitive results but is also considerably faster than other published works.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-lewis-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Compositional Denotational Semantics for Question Answering",
    author = "Gupta, Nitish  and
      Lewis, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1239",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1239",
    pages = "2152--2161",
    abstract = "Answering compositional questions requiring multi-step reasoning is challenging. We introduce an end-to-end differentiable model for interpreting questions about a knowledge graph (KG), which is inspired by formal approaches to semantics. Each span of text is represented by a denotation in a KG and a vector that captures ungrounded aspects of meaning. Learned composition modules recursively combine constituent spans, culminating in a grounding for the complete sentence which answers the question. For example, to interpret {``}not green{''}, the model represents {``}green{''} as a set of KG entities and {``}not{''} as a trainable ungrounded vector{---}and then uses this vector to parameterize a composition function that performs a complement operation. For each sentence, we build a parse chart subsuming all possible parses, allowing the model to jointly learn both the composition operators and output structure by gradient descent from end-task supervision. The model learns a variety of challenging semantic operators, such as quantifiers, disjunctions and composed relations, and infers latent syntactic structure. It also generalizes well to longer questions than seen in its training data, in contrast to RNN, its tree-based variants, and semantic parsing baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{tymoshenko-moschitti-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-Pair Text Representations for Answer Sentence Selection",
    author = "Tymoshenko, Kateryna  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1240",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1240",
    pages = "2162--2173",
    abstract = "High-level semantics tasks, e.g., paraphrasing, textual entailment or question answering, involve modeling of text pairs. Before the emergence of neural networks, this has been mostly performed using intra-pair features, which incorporate similarity scores or rewrite rules computed between the members within the same pair. In this paper, we compute scalar products between vectors representing similarity between members of different pairs, in place of simply using a single vector for each pair. This allows us to obtain a representation specific to any pair of pairs, which delivers the state of the art in answer sentence selection. Most importantly, our approach can outperform much more complex algorithms based on neural networks.",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2018-quac,
    title = "{Q}u{AC}: Question Answering in Context",
    author = "Choi, Eunsol  and
      He, He  and
      Iyyer, Mohit  and
      Yatskar, Mark  and
      Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Choi, Yejin  and
      Liang, Percy  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1241",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1241",
    pages = "2174--2184",
    abstract = "We present QuAC, a dataset for Question Answering in Context that contains 14K information-seeking QA dialogs (100K questions in total). The dialogs involve two crowd workers: (1) a student who poses a sequence of freeform questions to learn as much as possible about a hidden Wikipedia text, and (2) a teacher who answers the questions by providing short excerpts from the text. QuAC introduces challenges not found in existing machine comprehension datasets: its questions are often more open-ended, unanswerable, or only meaningful within the dialog context, as we show in a detailed qualitative evaluation. We also report results for a number of reference models, including a recently state-of-the-art reading comprehension architecture extended to model dialog context. Our best model underperforms humans by 20 F1, suggesting that there is significant room for future work on this data. Dataset, baseline, and leaderboard available at \url{http://quac.ai}.",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2018-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Base Question Answering via Encoding of Complex Query Graphs",
    author = "Luo, Kangqi  and
      Lin, Fengli  and
      Luo, Xusheng  and
      Zhu, Kenny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1242",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1242",
    pages = "2185--2194",
    abstract = "Answering complex questions that involve multiple entities and multiple relations using a standard knowledge base is an open and challenging task. Most existing KBQA approaches focus on simpler questions and do not work very well on complex questions because they were not able to simultaneously represent the question and the corresponding complex query structure. In this work, we encode such complex query structure into a uniform vector representation, and thus successfully capture the interactions between individual semantic components within a complex question. This approach consistently outperforms existing methods on complex questions while staying competitive on simple questions.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-neural-relation,
    title = "Neural Relation Extraction via Inner-Sentence Noise Reduction and Transfer Learning",
    author = "Liu, Tianyi  and
      Zhang, Xinsong  and
      Zhou, Wanhao  and
      Jia, Weijia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1243",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1243",
    pages = "2195--2204",
    abstract = "Extracting relations is critical for knowledge base completion and construction in which distant supervised methods are widely used to extract relational facts automatically with the existing knowledge bases. However, the automatically constructed datasets comprise amounts of low-quality sentences containing noisy words, which is neglected by current distant supervised methods resulting in unacceptable precisions. To mitigate this problem, we propose a novel word-level distant supervised approach for relation extraction. We first build Sub-Tree Parse(STP) to remove noisy words that are irrelevant to relations. Then we construct a neural network inputting the sub-tree while applying the entity-wise attention to identify the important semantic features of relational words in each instance. To make our model more robust against noisy words, we initialize our network with a priori knowledge learned from the relevant task of entity classification by transfer learning. We conduct extensive experiments using the corpora of New York Times(NYT) and Freebase. Experiments show that our approach is effective and improves the area of Precision/Recall(PR) from 0.35 to 0.39 over the state-of-the-art work.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-graph,
    title = "Graph Convolution over Pruned Dependency Trees Improves Relation Extraction",
    author = "Zhang, Yuhao  and
      Qi, Peng  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1244",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1244",
    pages = "2205--2215",
    abstract = "Dependency trees help relation extraction models capture long-range relations between words. However, existing dependency-based models either neglect crucial information (e.g., negation) by pruning the dependency trees too aggressively, or are computationally inefficient because it is difficult to parallelize over different tree structures. We propose an extension of graph convolutional networks that is tailored for relation extraction, which pools information over arbitrary dependency structures efficiently in parallel. To incorporate relevant information while maximally removing irrelevant content, we further apply a novel pruning strategy to the input trees by keeping words immediately around the shortest path between the two entities among which a relation might hold. The resulting model achieves state-of-the-art performance on the large-scale TACRED dataset, outperforming existing sequence and dependency-based neural models. We also show through detailed analysis that this model has complementary strengths to sequence models, and combining them further improves the state of the art.",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Level Structured Self-Attentions for Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction",
    author = "Du, Jinhua  and
      Han, Jingguang  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Wan, Dadong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1245",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1245",
    pages = "2216--2225",
    abstract = "Attention mechanism is often used in deep neural networks for distantly supervised relation extraction (DS-RE) to distinguish valid from noisy instances. However, traditional 1-D vector attention model is insufficient for learning of different contexts in the selection of valid instances to predict the relationship for an entity pair. To alleviate this issue, we propose a novel multi-level structured (2-D matrix) self-attention mechanism for DS-RE in a multi-instance learning (MIL) framework using bidirectional recurrent neural networks (BiRNN). In the proposed method, a structured word-level self-attention learns a 2-D matrix where each row vector represents a weight distribution for different aspects of an instance regarding two entities. Targeting the MIL issue, the structured sentence-level attention learns a 2-D matrix where each row vector represents a weight distribution on selection of different valid instances. Experiments conducted on two publicly available DS-RE datasets show that the proposed framework with multi-level structured self-attention mechanism significantly outperform baselines in terms of PR curves, P@N and F1 measures.",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2018-n,
    title = "N-ary Relation Extraction using Graph-State {LSTM}",
    author = "Song, Linfeng  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Wang, Zhiguo  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1246",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1246",
    pages = "2226--2235",
    abstract = "Cross-sentence $n$-ary relation extraction detects relations among $n$ entities across multiple sentences. Typical methods formulate an input as a \textit{document graph}, integrating various intra-sentential and inter-sentential dependencies. The current state-of-the-art method splits the input graph into two DAGs, adopting a DAG-structured LSTM for each. Though being able to model rich linguistic knowledge by leveraging graph edges, important information can be lost in the splitting procedure. We propose a graph-state LSTM model, which uses a parallel state to model each word, recurrently enriching state values via message passing. Compared with DAG LSTMs, our graph LSTM keeps the original graph structure, and speeds up computation by allowing more parallelization. On a standard benchmark, our model shows the best result in the literature.",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2018-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Relation Extraction with Coarse-to-Fine Grained Attention",
    author = "Han, Xu  and
      Yu, Pengfei  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Li, Peng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1247",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1247",
    pages = "2236--2245",
    abstract = "Distantly supervised relation extraction employs existing knowledge graphs to automatically collect training data. While distant supervision is effective to scale relation extraction up to large-scale corpora, it inevitably suffers from the wrong labeling problem. Many efforts have been devoted to identifying valid instances from noisy data. However, most existing methods handle each relation in isolation, regardless of rich semantic correlations located in relation hierarchies. In this paper, we aim to incorporate the hierarchical information of relations for distantly supervised relation extraction and propose a novel hierarchical attention scheme. The multiple layers of our hierarchical attention scheme provide coarse-to-fine granularity to better identify valid instances, which is especially effective for extracting those long-tail relations. The experimental results on a large-scale benchmark dataset demonstrate that our models are capable of modeling the hierarchical information of relations and significantly outperform other baselines. The source code of this paper can be obtained from \url{https://github.com/thunlp/HNRE}.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-label,
    title = "Label-Free Distant Supervision for Relation Extraction via Knowledge Graph Embedding",
    author = "Wang, Guanying  and
      Zhang, Wen  and
      Wang, Ruoxu  and
      Zhou, Yalin  and
      Chen, Xi  and
      Zhang, Wei  and
      Zhu, Hai  and
      Chen, Huajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1248",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1248",
    pages = "2246--2255",
    abstract = "Distant supervision is an effective method to generate large scale labeled data for relation extraction, which assumes that if a pair of entities appears in some relation of a Knowledge Graph (KG), all sentences containing those entities in a large unlabeled corpus are then labeled with that relation to train a relation classifier. However, when the pair of entities has multiple relationships in the KG, this assumption may produce noisy relation labels. This paper proposes a label-free distant supervision method, which makes no use of the relation labels under this inadequate assumption, but only uses the prior knowledge derived from the KG to supervise the learning of the classifier directly and softly. Specifically, we make use of the type information and the translation law derived from typical KG embedding model to learn embeddings for certain sentence patterns. As the supervision signal is only determined by the two aligned entities, neither hard relation labels nor extra noise-reduction model for the bag of sentences is needed in this way. The experiments show that the approach performs well in current distant supervision dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2018-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Entities and Relations with Joint Minimum Risk Training",
    author = "Sun, Changzhi  and
      Wu, Yuanbin  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Sun, Shiliang  and
      Wang, Wenting  and
      Lee, Kuang-Chih  and
      Wu, Kewen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1249",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1249",
    pages = "2256--2265",
    abstract = "We investigate the task of joint entity relation extraction. Unlike prior efforts, we propose a new lightweight joint learning paradigm based on minimum risk training (MRT). Specifically, our algorithm optimizes a global loss function which is flexible and effective to explore interactions between the entity model and the relation model. We implement a strong and simple neural network where the MRT is executed. Experiment results on the benchmark ACE05 and NYT datasets show that our model is able to achieve state-of-the-art joint extraction performances.",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2018-large,
    title = "Large-scale Exploration of Neural Relation Classification Architectures",
    author = "Le, Hoang-Quynh  and
      Can, Duy-Cat  and
      Vu, Sinh T.  and
      Dang, Thanh Hai  and
      Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1250",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1250",
    pages = "2266--2277",
    abstract = "Experimental performance on the task of relation classification has generally improved using deep neural network architectures. One major drawback of reported studies is that individual models have been evaluated on a very narrow range of datasets, raising questions about the adaptability of the architectures, while making comparisons between approaches difficult. In this work, we present a systematic large-scale analysis of neural relation classification architectures on six benchmark datasets with widely varying characteristics. We propose a novel multi-channel LSTM model combined with a CNN that takes advantage of all currently popular linguistic and architectural features. Our {`}Man for All Seasons{'} approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on two datasets. More importantly, in our view, the model allowed us to obtain direct insights into the continued challenges faced by neural language models on this task.",
}
@inproceedings{chinnappa-blanco-2018-possessors,
    title = "Possessors Change Over Time: A Case Study with Artworks",
    author = "Chinnappa, Dhivya  and
      Blanco, Eduardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1251",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1251",
    pages = "2278--2287",
    abstract = "This paper presents a corpus and experimental results to extract possession relations over time. We work with Wikipedia articles about artworks, and extract possession relations along with temporal information indicating when these relations are true. The annotation scheme yields many possessors over time for a given artwork, and experimental results show that an LSTM ensemble can automate the task.",
}
@inproceedings{shore-skantze-2018-using,
    title = "Using Lexical Alignment and Referring Ability to Address Data Sparsity in Situated Dialog Reference Resolution",
    author = "Shore, Todd  and
      Skantze, Gabriel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1252",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1252",
    pages = "2288--2297",
    abstract = "Referring to entities in situated dialog is a collaborative process, whereby interlocutors often expand, repair and/or replace referring expressions in an iterative process, converging on conceptual pacts of referring language use in doing so. Nevertheless, much work on exophoric reference resolution (i.e. resolution of references to entities outside of a given text) follows a literary model, whereby individual referring expressions are interpreted as unique identifiers of their referents given the state of the dialog the referring expression is initiated. In this paper, we address this collaborative nature to improve dialogic reference resolution in two ways: First, we trained a words-as-classifiers logistic regression model of word semantics and incrementally adapt the model to idiosyncratic language between dyad partners during evaluation of the dialog. We then used these semantic models to learn the general referring ability of each word, which is independent of referent features. These methods facilitate accurate automatic reference resolution in situated dialog without annotation of referring expressions, even with little background data.",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2018-subgoal,
    title = "Subgoal Discovery for Hierarchical Dialogue Policy Learning",
    author = "Tang, Da  and
      Li, Xiujun  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Wang, Chong  and
      Li, Lihong  and
      Jebara, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1253",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1253",
    pages = "2298--2309",
    abstract = "Developing agents to engage in complex goal-oriented dialogues is challenging partly because the main learning signals are very sparse in long conversations. In this paper, we propose a divide-and-conquer approach that discovers and exploits the hidden structure of the task to enable efficient policy learning. First, given successful example dialogues, we propose the Subgoal Discovery Network (SDN) to divide a complex goal-oriented task into a set of simpler subgoals in an unsupervised fashion. We then use these subgoals to learn a multi-level policy by hierarchical reinforcement learning. We demonstrate our method by building a dialogue agent for the composite task of travel planning. Experiments with simulated and real users show that our approach performs competitively against a state-of-the-art method that requires human-defined subgoals. Moreover, we show that the learned subgoals are often human comprehensible.",
}
@inproceedings{haponchyk-etal-2018-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Clustering of Questions into Intents for Dialog System Applications",
    author = "Haponchyk, Iryna  and
      Uva, Antonio  and
      Yu, Seunghak  and
      Uryupina, Olga  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1254",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1254",
    pages = "2310--2321",
    abstract = "Modern automated dialog systems require complex dialog managers able to deal with user intent triggered by high-level semantic questions. In this paper, we propose a model for automatically clustering questions into user intents to help the design tasks. Since questions are short texts, uncovering their semantics to group them together can be very challenging. We approach the problem by using powerful semantic classifiers from question duplicate/matching research along with a novel idea of supervised clustering methods based on structured output. We test our approach on two intent clustering corpora, showing an impressive improvement over previous methods for two languages/domains.",
}
@inproceedings{moghe-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Exploiting Background Knowledge for Building Conversation Systems",
    author = "Moghe, Nikita  and
      Arora, Siddhartha  and
      Banerjee, Suman  and
      Khapra, Mitesh M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1255",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1255",
    pages = "2322--2332",
    abstract = "Existing dialog datasets contain a sequence of utterances and responses without any explicit background knowledge associated with them. This has resulted in the development of models which treat conversation as a sequence-to-sequence generation task (i.e., given a sequence of utterances generate the response sequence). This is not only an overly simplistic view of conversation but it is also emphatically different from the way humans converse by heavily relying on their background knowledge about the topic (as opposed to simply relying on the previous sequence of utterances). For example, it is common for humans to (involuntarily) produce utterances which are copied or suitably modified from background articles they have read about the topic. To facilitate the development of such natural conversation models which mimic the human process of conversing, we create a new dataset containing movie chats wherein each response is explicitly generated by copying and/or modifying sentences from unstructured background knowledge such as plots, comments and reviews about the movie. We establish baseline results on this dataset (90K utterances from 9K conversations) using three different models: (i) pure generation based models which ignore the background knowledge (ii) generation based models which learn to copy information from the background knowledge when required and (iii) span prediction based models which predict the appropriate response span in the background knowledge.",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2018-decoupling,
    title = "Decoupling Strategy and Generation in Negotiation Dialogues",
    author = "He, He  and
      Chen, Derek  and
      Balakrishnan, Anusha  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1256",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1256",
    pages = "2333--2343",
    abstract = "We consider negotiation settings in which two agents use natural language to bargain on goods. Agents need to decide on both high-level strategy (e.g., proposing {\$}50) and the execution of that strategy (e.g., generating {``}The bike is brand new. Selling for just {\$}50!{''}). Recent work on negotiation trains neural models, but their end-to-end nature makes it hard to control their strategy, and reinforcement learning tends to lead to degenerate solutions. In this paper, we propose a modular approach based on coarse dialogue acts (e.g., propose(price=50)) that decouples strategy and generation. We show that we can flexibly set the strategy using supervised learning, reinforcement learning, or domain-specific knowledge without degeneracy, while our retrieval-based generation can maintain context-awareness and produce diverse utterances. We test our approach on the recently proposed DEALORNODEAL game, and we also collect a richer dataset based on real items on Craigslist. Human evaluation shows that our systems achieve higher task success rate and more human-like negotiation behavior than previous approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{xie-etal-2018-large,
    title = "Large-scale Cloze Test Dataset Created by Teachers",
    author = "Xie, Qizhe  and
      Lai, Guokun  and
      Dai, Zihang  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1257",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1257",
    pages = "2344--2356",
    abstract = "Cloze tests are widely adopted in language exams to evaluate students{'} language proficiency. In this paper, we propose the first large-scale human-created cloze test dataset CLOTH, containing questions used in middle-school and high-school language exams. With missing blanks carefully created by teachers and candidate choices purposely designed to be nuanced, CLOTH requires a deeper language understanding and a wider attention span than previously automatically-generated cloze datasets. We test the performance of dedicatedly designed baseline models including a language model trained on the One Billion Word Corpus and show humans outperform them by a significant margin. We investigate the source of the performance gap, trace model deficiencies to some distinct properties of CLOTH, and identify the limited ability of comprehending the long-term context to be the key bottleneck.",
}
@inproceedings{pampari-etal-2018-emrqa,
    title = "emr{QA}: A Large Corpus for Question Answering on Electronic Medical Records",
    author = "Pampari, Anusri  and
      Raghavan, Preethi  and
      Liang, Jennifer  and
      Peng, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1258",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1258",
    pages = "2357--2368",
    abstract = "We propose a novel methodology to generate domain-specific large-scale question answering (QA) datasets by re-purposing existing annotations for other NLP tasks. We demonstrate an instance of this methodology in generating a large-scale QA dataset for electronic medical records by leveraging existing expert annotations on clinical notes for various NLP tasks from the community shared i2b2 datasets. The resulting corpus (emrQA) has 1 million questions-logical form and 400,000+ question-answer evidence pairs. We characterize the dataset and explore its learning potential by training baseline models for question to logical form and question to answer mapping.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2018-hotpotqa,
    title = "{H}otpot{QA}: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answering",
    author = "Yang, Zhilin  and
      Qi, Peng  and
      Zhang, Saizheng  and
      Bengio, Yoshua  and
      Cohen, William  and
      Salakhutdinov, Ruslan  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1259",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1259",
    pages = "2369--2380",
    abstract = "Existing question answering (QA) datasets fail to train QA systems to perform complex reasoning and provide explanations for answers. We introduce HotpotQA, a new dataset with 113k Wikipedia-based question-answer pairs with four key features: (1) the questions require finding and reasoning over multiple supporting documents to answer; (2) the questions are diverse and not constrained to any pre-existing knowledge bases or knowledge schemas; (3) we provide sentence-level supporting facts required for reasoning, allowing QA systems to reason with strong supervision and explain the predictions; (4) we offer a new type of factoid comparison questions to test QA systems{'} ability to extract relevant facts and perform necessary comparison. We show that HotpotQA is challenging for the latest QA systems, and the supporting facts enable models to improve performance and make explainable predictions.",
}
@inproceedings{mihaylov-etal-2018-suit,
    title = "Can a Suit of Armor Conduct Electricity? A New Dataset for Open Book Question Answering",
    author = "Mihaylov, Todor  and
      Clark, Peter  and
      Khot, Tushar  and
      Sabharwal, Ashish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1260",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1260",
    pages = "2381--2391",
    abstract = "We present a new kind of question answering dataset, OpenBookQA, modeled after open book exams for assessing human understanding of a subject. The open book that comes with our questions is a set of 1326 elementary level science facts. Roughly 6000 questions probe an understanding of these facts and their application to novel situations. This requires combining an open book fact (e.g., metals conduct electricity) with broad common knowledge (e.g., a suit of armor is made of metal) obtained from other sources. While existing QA datasets over documents or knowledge bases, being generally self-contained, focus on linguistic understanding, OpenBookQA probes a deeper understanding of both the topic{---}in the context of common knowledge{---}and the language it is expressed in. Human performance on OpenBookQA is close to 92{\%}, but many state-of-the-art pre-trained QA methods perform surprisingly poorly, worse than several simple neural baselines we develop. Our oracle experiments designed to circumvent the knowledge retrieval bottleneck demonstrate the value of both the open book and additional facts. We leave it as a challenge to solve the retrieval problem in this multi-hop setting and to close the large gap to human performance.",
}
@inproceedings{nematzadeh-etal-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Theory of Mind in Question Answering",
    author = "Nematzadeh, Aida  and
      Burns, Kaylee  and
      Grant, Erin  and
      Gopnik, Alison  and
      Griffiths, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1261",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1261",
    pages = "2392--2400",
    abstract = "We propose a new dataset for evaluating question answering models with respect to their capacity to reason about beliefs. Our tasks are inspired by theory-of-mind experiments that examine whether children are able to reason about the beliefs of others, in particular when those beliefs differ from reality. We evaluate a number of recent neural models with memory augmentation. We find that all fail on our tasks, which require keeping track of inconsistent states of the world; moreover, the models{'} accuracy decreases notably when random sentences are introduced to the tasks at test.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-unified,
    title = "A Unified Syntax-aware Framework for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Li, Zuchao  and
      He, Shexia  and
      Cai, Jiaxun  and
      Zhang, Zhuosheng  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Liu, Gongshen  and
      Li, Linlin  and
      Si, Luo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1262",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1262",
    pages = "2401--2411",
    abstract = "Semantic role labeling (SRL) aims to recognize the predicate-argument structure of a sentence. Syntactic information has been paid a great attention over the role of enhancing SRL. However, the latest advance shows that syntax would not be so important for SRL with the emerging much smaller gap between syntax-aware and syntax-agnostic SRL. To comprehensively explore the role of syntax for SRL task, we extend existing models and propose a unified framework to investigate more effective and more diverse ways of incorporating syntax into sequential neural networks. Exploring the effect of syntactic input quality on SRL performance, we confirm that high-quality syntactic parse could still effectively enhance syntactically-driven SRL. Using empirically optimized integration strategy, we even enlarge the gap between syntax-aware and syntax-agnostic SRL. Our framework achieves state-of-the-art results on CoNLL-2009 benchmarks both for English and Chinese, substantially outperforming all previous models.",
}
@inproceedings{stanovsky-dagan-2018-semantics,
    title = "Semantics as a Foreign Language",
    author = "Stanovsky, Gabriel  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1263",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1263",
    pages = "2412--2421",
    abstract = "We propose a novel approach to semantic dependency parsing (SDP) by casting the task as an instance of multi-lingual machine translation, where each semantic representation is a different foreign dialect. To that end, we first generalize syntactic linearization techniques to account for the richer semantic dependency graph structure. Following, we design a neural sequence-to-sequence framework which can effectively recover our graph linearizations, performing almost on-par with previous SDP state-of-the-art while requiring less parallel training annotations. Beyond SDP, our linearization technique opens the door to integration of graph-based semantic representations as features in neural models for downstream applications.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-amr,
    title = "An {AMR} Aligner Tuned by Transition-based Parser",
    author = "Liu, Yijia  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Zheng, Bo  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1264",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1264",
    pages = "2422--2430",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a new rich resource enhanced AMR aligner which produces multiple alignments and a new transition system for AMR parsing along with its oracle parser. Our aligner is further tuned by our oracle parser via picking the alignment that leads to the highest-scored achievable AMR graph. Experimental results show that our aligner outperforms the rule-based aligner in previous work by achieving higher alignment F1 score and consistently improving two open-sourced AMR parsers. Based on our aligner and transition system, we develop a transition-based AMR parser that parses a sentence into its AMR graph directly. An ensemble of our parsers with only words and POS tags as input leads to 68.4 Smatch F1 score, which outperforms the current state-of-the-art parser.",
}
@inproceedings{jie-lu-2018-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-based Hybrid Trees for Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Jie, Zhanming  and
      Lu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1265",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1265",
    pages = "2431--2441",
    abstract = "We propose a novel dependency-based hybrid tree model for semantic parsing, which converts natural language utterance into machine interpretable meaning representations. Unlike previous state-of-the-art models, the semantic information is interpreted as the latent dependency between the natural language words in our joint representation. Such dependency information can capture the interactions between the semantics and natural language words. We integrate a neural component into our model and propose an efficient dynamic-programming algorithm to perform tractable inference. Through extensive experiments on the standard multilingual GeoQuery dataset with eight languages, we demonstrate that our proposed approach is able to achieve state-of-the-art performance across several languages. Analysis also justifies the effectiveness of using our new dependency-based representation.",
}
@inproceedings{misra-etal-2018-policy,
    title = "Policy Shaping and Generalized Update Equations for Semantic Parsing from Denotations",
    author = "Misra, Dipendra  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Yih, Wen-tau",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1266",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1266",
    pages = "2442--2452",
    abstract = "Semantic parsing from denotations faces two key challenges in model training: (1) given only the denotations (e.g., answers), search for good candidate semantic parses, and (2) choose the best model update algorithm. We propose effective and general solutions to each of them. Using policy shaping, we bias the search procedure towards semantic parses that are more compatible to the text, which provide better supervision signals for training. In addition, we propose an update equation that generalizes three different families of learning algorithms, which enables fast model exploration. When experimented on a recently proposed sequential question answering dataset, our framework leads to a new state-of-the-art model that outperforms previous work by 5.0{\%} absolute on exact match accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{mallinson-etal-2018-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Compression for Arbitrary Languages via Multilingual Pivoting",
    author = "Mallinson, Jonathan  and
      Sennrich, Rico  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1267",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1267",
    pages = "2453--2464",
    abstract = "In this paper we advocate the use of bilingual corpora which are abundantly available for training sentence compression models. Our approach borrows much of its machinery from neural machine translation and leverages bilingual pivoting: compressions are obtained by translating a source string into a foreign language and then back-translating it into the source while controlling the translation length. Our model can be trained for any language as long as a bilingual corpus is available and performs arbitrary rewrites without access to compression specific data. We release. Moss, a new parallel Multilingual Compression dataset for English, German, and French which can be used to evaluate compression models across languages and genres.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2018-unsupervised-cross,
    title = "Unsupervised Cross-lingual Transfer of Word Embedding Spaces",
    author = "Xu, Ruochen  and
      Yang, Yiming  and
      Otani, Naoki  and
      Wu, Yuexin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1268",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1268",
    pages = "2465--2474",
    abstract = "Cross-lingual transfer of word embeddings aims to establish the semantic mappings among words in different languages by learning the transformation functions over the corresponding word embedding spaces. Successfully solving this problem would benefit many downstream tasks such as to translate text classification models from resource-rich languages (e.g. English) to low-resource languages. Supervised methods for this problem rely on the availability of cross-lingual supervision, either using parallel corpora or bilingual lexicons as the labeled data for training, which may not be available for many low resource languages. This paper proposes an unsupervised learning approach that does not require any cross-lingual labeled data. Given two monolingual word embedding spaces for any language pair, our algorithm optimizes the transformation functions in both directions simultaneously based on distributional matching as well as minimizing the back-translation losses. We use a neural network implementation to calculate the Sinkhorn distance, a well-defined distributional similarity measure, and optimize our objective through back-propagation. Our evaluation on benchmark datasets for bilingual lexicon induction and cross-lingual word similarity prediction shows stronger or competitive performance of the proposed method compared to other state-of-the-art supervised and unsupervised baseline methods over many language pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{conneau-etal-2018-xnli,
    title = "{XNLI}: Evaluating Cross-lingual Sentence Representations",
    author = "Conneau, Alexis  and
      Rinott, Ruty  and
      Lample, Guillaume  and
      Williams, Adina  and
      Bowman, Samuel  and
      Schwenk, Holger  and
      Stoyanov, Veselin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1269",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1269",
    pages = "2475--2485",
    abstract = "State-of-the-art natural language processing systems rely on supervision in the form of annotated data to learn competent models. These models are generally trained on data in a single language (usually English), and cannot be directly used beyond that language. Since collecting data in every language is not realistic, there has been a growing interest in cross-lingual language understanding (XLU) and low-resource cross-language transfer. In this work, we construct an evaluation set for XLU by extending the development and test sets of the Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference Corpus (MultiNLI) to 14 languages, including low-resource languages such as Swahili and Urdu. We hope that our dataset, dubbed XNLI, will catalyze research in cross-lingual sentence understanding by providing an informative standard evaluation task. In addition, we provide several baselines for multilingual sentence understanding, including two based on machine translation systems, and two that use parallel data to train aligned multilingual bag-of-words and LSTM encoders. We find that XNLI represents a practical and challenging evaluation suite, and that directly translating the test data yields the best performance among available baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{upadhyay-etal-2018-joint,
    title = "Joint Multilingual Supervision for Cross-lingual Entity Linking",
    author = "Upadhyay, Shyam  and
      Gupta, Nitish  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1270",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1270",
    pages = "2486--2495",
    abstract = "Cross-lingual Entity Linking (XEL) aims to ground entity mentions written in any language to an English Knowledge Base (KB), such as Wikipedia. XEL for most languages is challenging, owing to limited availability of resources as supervision. We address this challenge by developing the first XEL approach that combines supervision from multiple languages jointly. This enables our approach to: (a) augment the limited supervision in the target language with additional supervision from a high-resource language (like English), and (b) train a single entity linking model for multiple languages, improving upon individually trained models for each language. Extensive evaluation on three benchmark datasets across 8 languages shows that our approach significantly improves over the current state-of-the-art. We also provide analyses in two limited resource settings: (a) zero-shot setting, when no supervision in the target language is available, and in (b) low-resource setting, when some supervision in the target language is available. Our analysis provides insights into the limitations of zero-shot XEL approaches in realistic scenarios, and shows the value of joint supervision in low-resource settings.",
}
@inproceedings{ge-etal-2018-fine,
    title = "Fine-grained Coordinated Cross-lingual Text Stream Alignment for Endless Language Knowledge Acquisition",
    author = "Ge, Tao  and
      Dou, Qing  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Cui, Lei  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Sui, Zhifang  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1271",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1271",
    pages = "2496--2506",
    abstract = "This paper proposes to study fine-grained coordinated cross-lingual text stream alignment through a novel information network decipherment paradigm. We use Burst Information Networks as media to represent text streams and present a simple yet effective network decipherment algorithm with diverse clues to decipher the networks for accurate text stream alignment. Experiments on Chinese-English news streams show our approach not only outperforms previous approaches on bilingual lexicon extraction from coordinated text streams but also can harvest high-quality alignments from large amounts of streaming data for endless language knowledge mining, which makes it promising to be a new paradigm for automatic language knowledge acquisition.",
}
@inproceedings{diao-etal-2018-weca,
    title = "{WECA}: A {W}ord{N}et-Encoded Collocation-Attention Network for Homographic Pun Recognition",
    author = "Diao, Yufeng  and
      Lin, Hongfei  and
      Wu, Di  and
      Yang, Liang  and
      Xu, Kan  and
      Yang, Zhihao  and
      Wang, Jian  and
      Zhang, Shaowu  and
      Xu, Bo  and
      Zhang, Dongyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1272",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1272",
    pages = "2507--2516",
    abstract = "Homographic puns have a long history in human writing, widely used in written and spoken literature, which usually occur in a certain syntactic or stylistic structure. How to recognize homographic puns is an important research. However, homographic pun recognition does not solve very well in existing work. In this work, we first use WordNet to understand and expand word embedding for settling the polysemy of homographic puns, and then propose a WordNet-Encoded Collocation-Attention network model (WECA) which combined with the context weights for recognizing the puns. Our experiments on the SemEval2017 Task7 and Pun of the Day demonstrate that the proposed model is able to distinguish between homographic pun and non-homographic pun texts. We show the effectiveness of the model to present the capability of choosing qualitatively informative words. The results show that our model achieves the state-of-the-art performance on homographic puns recognition.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach to Automatic Corpus Generation for {C}hinese Spelling Check",
    author = "Wang, Dingmin  and
      Song, Yan  and
      Li, Jing  and
      Han, Jialong  and
      Zhang, Haisong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1273",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1273",
    pages = "2517--2527",
    abstract = "Chinese spelling check (CSC) is a challenging yet meaningful task, which not only serves as a preprocessing in many natural language processing(NLP) applications, but also facilitates reading and understanding of running texts in peoples{'} daily lives. However, to utilize data-driven approaches for CSC, there is one major limitation that annotated corpora are not enough in applying algorithms and building models. In this paper, we propose a novel approach of constructing CSC corpus with automatically generated spelling errors, which are either visually or phonologically resembled characters, corresponding to the OCR- and ASR-based methods, respectively. Upon the constructed corpus, different models are trained and evaluated for CSC with respect to three standard test sets. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the corpus, therefore confirm the validity of our approach.",
}
@inproceedings{chollampatt-ng-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Quality Estimation of Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Chollampatt, Shamil  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1274",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1274",
    pages = "2528--2539",
    abstract = "Grammatical error correction (GEC) systems deployed in language learning environments are expected to accurately correct errors in learners{'} writing. However, in practice, they often produce spurious corrections and fail to correct many errors, thereby misleading learners. This necessitates the estimation of the quality of output sentences produced by GEC systems so that instructors can selectively intervene and re-correct the sentences which are poorly corrected by the system and ensure that learners get accurate feedback. We propose the first neural approach to automatic quality estimation of GEC output sentences that does not employ any hand-crafted features. Our system is trained in a supervised manner on learner sentences and corresponding GEC system outputs with quality score labels computed using human-annotated references. Our neural quality estimation models for GEC show significant improvements over a strong feature-based baseline. We also show that a state-of-the-art GEC system can be improved when quality scores are used as features for re-ranking the N-best candidates.",
}
@inproceedings{gui-etal-2018-transferring,
    title = "Transferring from Formal Newswire Domain with Hypernet for Twitter {POS} Tagging",
    author = "Gui, Tao  and
      Zhang, Qi  and
      Gong, Jingjing  and
      Peng, Minlong  and
      Liang, Di  and
      Ding, Keyu  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1275",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1275",
    pages = "2540--2549",
    abstract = "Part-of-Speech (POS) tagging for Twitter has received considerable attention in recent years. Because most POS tagging methods are based on supervised models, they usually require a large amount of labeled data for training. However, the existing labeled datasets for Twitter are much smaller than those for newswire text. Hence, to help POS tagging for Twitter, most domain adaptation methods try to leverage newswire datasets by learning the shared features between the two domains. However, from a linguistic perspective, Twitter users not only tend to mimic the formal expressions of traditional media, like news, but they also appear to be developing linguistically informal styles. Therefore, POS tagging for the formal Twitter context can be learned together with the newswire dataset, while POS tagging for the informal Twitter context should be learned separately. To achieve this task, in this work, we propose a hypernetwork-based method to generate different parameters to separately model contexts with different expression styles. Experimental results on three different datasets show that our approach achieves better performance than state-of-the-art methods in most cases.",
}
@inproceedings{krishna-etal-2018-free,
    title = "Free as in Free Word Order: An Energy Based Model for Word Segmentation and Morphological Tagging in {S}anskrit",
    author = "Krishna, Amrith  and
      Santra, Bishal  and
      Bandaru, Sasi Prasanth  and
      Sahu, Gaurav  and
      Sharma, Vishnu Dutt  and
      Satuluri, Pavankumar  and
      Goyal, Pawan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1276",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1276",
    pages = "2550--2561",
    abstract = "The configurational information in sentences of a free word order language such as Sanskrit is of limited use. Thus, the context of the entire sentence will be desirable even for basic processing tasks such as word segmentation. We propose a structured prediction framework that jointly solves the word segmentation and morphological tagging tasks in Sanskrit. We build an energy based model where we adopt approaches generally employed in graph based parsing techniques (McDonald et al., 2005a; Carreras, 2007). Our model outperforms the state of the art with an F-Score of 96.92 (percentage improvement of 7.06{\%}) while using less than one tenth of the task-specific training data. We find that the use of a graph based approach instead of a traditional lattice-based sequential labelling approach leads to a percentage gain of 12.6{\%} in F-Score for the segmentation task.",
}
@inproceedings{elkahky-etal-2018-challenge,
    title = "A Challenge Set and Methods for Noun-Verb Ambiguity",
    author = "Elkahky, Ali  and
      Webster, Kellie  and
      Andor, Daniel  and
      Pitler, Emily",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1277",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1277",
    pages = "2562--2572",
    abstract = "English part-of-speech taggers regularly make egregious errors related to noun-verb ambiguity, despite having achieved 97{\%}+ accuracy on the WSJ Penn Treebank since 2002. These mistakes have been difficult to quantify and make taggers less useful to downstream tasks such as translation and text-to-speech synthesis. This paper creates a new dataset of over 30,000 naturally-occurring non-trivial examples of noun-verb ambiguity. Taggers within 1{\%} of each other when measured on the WSJ have accuracies ranging from 57{\%} to 75{\%} accuracy on this challenge set. Enhancing the strongest existing tagger with contextual word embeddings and targeted training data improves its accuracy to 89{\%}, a 14{\%} absolute (52{\%} relative) improvement. Downstream, using just this enhanced tagger yields a 28{\%} reduction in error over the prior best learned model for homograph disambiguation for textto-speech synthesis.",
}
@inproceedings{vania-etal-2018-character,
    title = "What do character-level models learn about morphology? The case of dependency parsing",
    author = "Vania, Clara  and
      Grivas, Andreas  and
      Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1278",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1278",
    pages = "2573--2583",
    abstract = "When parsing morphologically-rich languages with neural models, it is beneficial to model input at the character level, and it has been claimed that this is because character-level models learn morphology. We test these claims by comparing character-level models to an oracle with access to explicit morphological analysis on twelve languages with varying morphological typologies. Our results highlight many strengths of character-level models, but also show that they are poor at disambiguating some words, particularly in the face of case syncretism. We then demonstrate that explicitly modeling morphological case improves our best model, showing that character-level models can benefit from targeted forms of explicit morphological modeling.",
}
@inproceedings{xin-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Better Internal Structure of Words for Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Xin, Yingwei  and
      Hart, Ethan  and
      Mahajan, Vibhuti  and
      Ruvini, Jean-David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1279",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1279",
    pages = "2584--2593",
    abstract = "Character-based neural models have recently proven very useful for many NLP tasks. However, there is a gap of sophistication between methods for learning representations of sentences and words. While, most character models for learning representations of sentences are deep and complex, models for learning representations of words are shallow and simple. Also, in spite of considerable research on learning character embeddings, it is still not clear which kind of architecture is the best for capturing character-to-word representations. To address these questions, we first investigate the gaps between methods for learning word and sentence representations. We conduct detailed experiments and comparisons on different state-of-the-art convolutional models, and also investigate the advantages and disadvantages of their constituents. Furthermore, we propose IntNet, a funnel-shaped wide convolutional neural architecture with no down-sampling for learning representations of the internal structure of words by composing their characters from limited, supervised training corpora. We evaluate our proposed model on six sequence labeling datasets, including named entity recognition, part-of-speech tagging, and syntactic chunking. Our in-depth analysis shows that IntNet significantly outperforms other character embedding models and obtains new state-of-the-art performance without relying on any external knowledge or resources.",
}
@inproceedings{hazarika-etal-2018-icon,
    title = "{ICON}: Interactive Conversational Memory Network for Multimodal Emotion Detection",
    author = "Hazarika, Devamanyu  and
      Poria, Soujanya  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Cambria, Erik  and
      Zimmermann, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1280",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1280",
    pages = "2594--2604",
    abstract = "Emotion recognition in conversations is crucial for building empathetic machines. Present works in this domain do not explicitly consider the inter-personal influences that thrive in the emotional dynamics of dialogues. To this end, we propose Interactive COnversational memory Network (ICON), a multimodal emotion detection framework that extracts multimodal features from conversational videos and hierarchically models the self- and inter-speaker emotional influences into global memories. Such memories generate contextual summaries which aid in predicting the emotional orientation of utterance-videos. Our model outperforms state-of-the-art networks on multiple classification and regression tasks in two benchmark datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{hinami-satoh-2018-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Learning of Open-Vocabulary Object Retrieval and Localization by Negative Phrase Augmentation",
    author = "Hinami, Ryota  and
      Satoh, Shin{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1281",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1281",
    pages = "2605--2615",
    abstract = "Thanks to the success of object detection technology, we can retrieve objects of the specified classes even from huge image collections. However, the current state-of-the-art object detectors (such as Faster R-CNN) can only handle pre-specified classes. In addition, large amounts of positive and negative visual samples are required for training. In this paper, we address the problem of open-vocabulary object retrieval and localization, where the target object is specified by a textual query (e.g., a word or phrase). We first propose Query-Adaptive R-CNN, a simple extension of Faster R-CNN adapted to open-vocabulary queries, by transforming the text embedding vector into an object classifier and localization regressor. Then, for discriminative training, we then propose negative phrase augmentation (NPA) to mine hard negative samples which are visually similar to the query and at the same time semantically mutually exclusive of the query. The proposed method can retrieve and localize objects specified by a textual query from one million images in only 0.5 seconds with high precision.",
}
@inproceedings{silberer-pinkal-2018-grounding,
    title = "Grounding Semantic Roles in Images",
    author = "Silberer, Carina  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1282",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1282",
    pages = "2616--2626",
    abstract = "We address the task of visual semantic role labeling (vSRL), the identification of the participants of a situation or event in a visual scene, and their labeling with their semantic relations to the event or situation. We render candidate participants as image regions of objects, and train a model which learns to ground roles in the regions which depict the corresponding participant. Experimental results demonstrate that we can train a vSRL model without reliance on prohibitive image-based role annotations, by utilizing noisy data which we extract automatically from image captions using a linguistic SRL system. Furthermore, our model induces frame{---}semantic visual representations, and their comparison to previous work on supervised visual verb sense disambiguation yields overall better results.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2018-commonsense,
    title = "Commonsense Justification for Action Explanation",
    author = "Yang, Shaohua  and
      Gao, Qiaozi  and
      Sadiya, Sari  and
      Chai, Joyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1283",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1283",
    pages = "2627--2637",
    abstract = "To enable collaboration and communication between humans and agents, this paper investigates learning to acquire commonsense evidence for action justification. In particular, we have developed an approach based on the generative Conditional Variational Autoencoder(CVAE) that models object relations/attributes of the world as latent variables and jointly learns a performer that predicts actions and an explainer that gathers commonsense evidence to justify the action. Our empirical results have shown that, compared to a typical attention-based model, CVAE achieves significantly higher performance in both action prediction and justification. A human subject study further shows that the commonsense evidence gathered by CVAE can be communicated to humans to achieve a significantly higher common ground between humans and agents.",
}
@inproceedings{chu-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Personas from Dialogue with Attentive Memory Networks",
    author = "Chu, Eric  and
      Vijayaraghavan, Prashanth  and
      Roy, Deb",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1284",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1284",
    pages = "2638--2646",
    abstract = "The ability to infer persona from dialogue can have applications in areas ranging from computational narrative analysis to personalized dialogue generation. We introduce neural models to learn persona embeddings in a supervised character trope classification task. The models encode dialogue snippets from IMDB into representations that can capture the various categories of film characters. The best-performing models use a multi-level attention mechanism over a set of utterances. We also utilize prior knowledge in the form of textual descriptions of the different tropes. We apply the learned embeddings to find similar characters across different movies, and cluster movies according to the distribution of the embeddings. The use of short conversational text as input, and the ability to learn from prior knowledge using memory, suggests these methods could be applied to other domains.",
}
@inproceedings{ross-etal-2018-grounding,
    title = "Grounding language acquisition by training semantic parsers using captioned videos",
    author = "Ross, Candace  and
      Barbu, Andrei  and
      Berzak, Yevgeni  and
      Myanganbayar, Battushig  and
      Katz, Boris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1285",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1285",
    pages = "2647--2656",
    abstract = "We develop a semantic parser that is trained in a grounded setting using pairs of videos captioned with sentences. This setting is both data-efficient, requiring little annotation, and similar to the experience of children where they observe their environment and listen to speakers. The semantic parser recovers the meaning of English sentences despite not having access to any annotated sentences. It does so despite the ambiguity inherent in vision where a sentence may refer to any combination of objects, object properties, relations or actions taken by any agent in a video. For this task, we collected a new dataset for grounded language acquisition. Learning a grounded semantic parser {---} turning sentences into logical forms using captioned videos {---} can significantly expand the range of data that parsers can be trained on, lower the effort of training a semantic parser, and ultimately lead to a better understanding of child language acquisition.",
}
@inproceedings{zang-etal-2018-translating,
    title = "Translating Navigation Instructions in Natural Language to a High-Level Plan for Behavioral Robot Navigation",
    author = "Zang, Xiaoxue  and
      Pokle, Ashwini  and
      V{\'a}zquez, Marynel  and
      Chen, Kevin  and
      Niebles, Juan Carlos  and
      Soto, Alvaro  and
      Savarese, Silvio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1286",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1286",
    pages = "2657--2666",
    abstract = "We propose an end-to-end deep learning model for translating free-form natural language instructions to a high-level plan for behavioral robot navigation. We use attention models to connect information from both the user instructions and a topological representation of the environment. We evaluate our model{'}s performance on a new dataset containing 10,050 pairs of navigation instructions. Our model significantly outperforms baseline approaches. Furthermore, our results suggest that it is possible to leverage the environment map as a relevant knowledge base to facilitate the translation of free-form navigational instruction.",
}
@inproceedings{misra-etal-2018-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Instructions to Actions in 3{D} Environments with Visual Goal Prediction",
    author = "Misra, Dipendra  and
      Bennett, Andrew  and
      Blukis, Valts  and
      Niklasson, Eyvind  and
      Shatkhin, Max  and
      Artzi, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1287",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1287",
    pages = "2667--2678",
    abstract = "We propose to decompose instruction execution to goal prediction and action generation. We design a model that maps raw visual observations to goals using LINGUNET, a language-conditioned image generation network, and then generates the actions required to complete them. Our model is trained from demonstration only without external resources. To evaluate our approach, we introduce two benchmarks for instruction following: LANI, a navigation task; and CHAI, where an agent executes household instructions. Our evaluation demonstrates the advantages of our model decomposition, and illustrates the challenges posed by our new benchmarks.",
}
@inproceedings{shain-schuler-2018-deconvolutional,
    title = "Deconvolutional Time Series Regression: A Technique for Modeling Temporally Diffuse Effects",
    author = "Shain, Cory  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1288",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1288",
    pages = "2679--2689",
    abstract = "Researchers in computational psycholinguistics frequently use linear models to study time series data generated by human subjects. However, time series may violate the assumptions of these models through temporal diffusion, where stimulus presentation has a lingering influence on the response as the rest of the experiment unfolds. This paper proposes a new statistical model that borrows from digital signal processing by recasting the predictors and response as convolutionally-related signals, using recent advances in machine learning to fit latent impulse response functions (IRFs) of arbitrary shape. A synthetic experiment shows successful recovery of true latent IRFs, and psycholinguistic experiments reveal plausible, replicable, and fine-grained estimates of latent temporal dynamics, with comparable or improved prediction quality to widely-used alternatives.",
}
@inproceedings{brunato-etal-2018-sentence,
    title = "Is this Sentence Difficult? Do you Agree?",
    author = "Brunato, Dominique  and
      De Mattei, Lorenzo  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Iavarone, Benedetta  and
      Venturi, Giulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1289",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1289",
    pages = "2690--2699",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a crowdsourcing-based approach to model the human perception of sentence complexity. We collect a large corpus of sentences rated with judgments of complexity for two typologically-different languages, Italian and English. We test our approach in two experimental scenarios aimed to investigate the contribution of a wide set of lexical, morpho-syntactic and syntactic phenomena in predicting i) the degree of agreement among annotators independently from the assigned judgment and ii) the perception of sentence complexity.",
}
@inproceedings{malca-reichart-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Transition Based Parsing of Web Queries: An Entity Based Approach",
    author = "Malca, Rivka  and
      Reichart, Roi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1290",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1290",
    pages = "2700--2710",
    abstract = "Web queries with question intent manifest a complex syntactic structure and the processing of this structure is important for their interpretation. Pinter et al. (2016) has formalized the grammar of these queries and proposed semi-supervised algorithms for the adaptation of parsers originally designed to parse according to the standard dependency grammar, so that they can account for the unique forest grammar of queries. However, their algorithms rely on resources typically not available outside of big web corporates. We propose a new BiLSTM query parser that: (1) Explicitly accounts for the unique grammar of web queries; and (2) Utilizes named entity (NE) information from a BiLSTM NE tagger, that can be jointly trained with the parser. In order to train our model we annotate the query treebank of Pinter et al. (2016) with NEs. When trained on 2500 annotated queries our parser achieves UAS of 83.5{\%} and segmentation F1-score of 84.5, substantially outperforming existing state-of-the-art parsers.",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2018-investigation,
    title = "An Investigation of the Interactions Between Pre-Trained Word Embeddings, Character Models and {POS} Tags in Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Smith, Aaron  and
      de Lhoneux, Miryam  and
      Stymne, Sara  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1291",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1291",
    pages = "2711--2720",
    abstract = "We provide a comprehensive analysis of the interactions between pre-trained word embeddings, character models and POS tags in a transition-based dependency parser. While previous studies have shown POS information to be less important in the presence of character models, we show that in fact there are complex interactions between all three techniques. In isolation each produces large improvements over a baseline system using randomly initialised word embeddings only, but combining them quickly leads to diminishing returns. We categorise words by frequency, POS tag and language in order to systematically investigate how each of the techniques affects parsing quality. For many word categories, applying any two of the three techniques is almost as good as the full combined system. Character models tend to be more important for low-frequency open-class words, especially in morphologically rich languages, while POS tags can help disambiguate high-frequency function words. We also show that large character embedding sizes help even for languages with small character sets, especially in morphologically rich languages.",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2018-depth,
    title = "Depth-bounding is effective: Improvements and evaluation of unsupervised {PCFG} induction",
    author = "Jin, Lifeng  and
      Doshi-Velez, Finale  and
      Miller, Timothy  and
      Schuler, William  and
      Schwartz, Lane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1292",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1292",
    pages = "2721--2731",
    abstract = "There have been several recent attempts to improve the accuracy of grammar induction systems by bounding the recursive complexity of the induction model. Modern depth-bounded grammar inducers have been shown to be more accurate than early unbounded PCFG inducers, but this technique has never been compared against unbounded induction within the same system, in part because most previous depth-bounding models are built around sequence models, the complexity of which grows exponentially with the maximum allowed depth. The present work instead applies depth bounds within a chart-based Bayesian PCFG inducer, where bounding can be switched on and off, and then samples trees with or without bounding. Results show that depth-bounding is indeed significantly effective in limiting the search space of the inducer and thereby increasing accuracy of resulting parsing model, independent of the contribution of modern Bayesian induction techniques. Moreover, parsing results on English, Chinese and German show that this bounded model is able to produce parse trees more accurately than or competitively with state-of-the-art constituency grammar induction models.",
}
@inproceedings{cognetta-etal-2018-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Computation of Infix Probabilities for Probabilistic Finite Automata",
    author = "Cognetta, Marco  and
      Han, Yo-Sub  and
      Kwon, Soon Chan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1293",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1293",
    pages = "2732--2741",
    abstract = "In natural language processing, a common task is to compute the probability of a phrase appearing in a document or to calculate the probability of all phrases matching a given pattern. For instance, one computes affix (prefix, suffix, infix, etc.) probabilities of a string or a set of strings with respect to a probability distribution of patterns. The problem of computing infix probabilities of strings when the pattern distribution is given by a probabilistic context-free grammar or by a probabilistic finite automaton is already solved, yet it was open to compute the infix probabilities in an incremental manner. The incremental computation is crucial when a new query is built from a previous query. We tackle this problem and suggest a method that computes infix probabilities incrementally for probabilistic finite automata by representing all the probabilities of matching strings as a series of transition matrix calculations. We show that the proposed approach is theoretically faster than the previous method and, using real world data, demonstrate that our approach has vastly better performance in practice.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-syntax,
    title = "Syntax Encoding with Application in Authorship Attribution",
    author = "Zhang, Richong  and
      Hu, Zhiyuan  and
      Guo, Hongyu  and
      Mao, Yongyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1294",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1294",
    pages = "2742--2753",
    abstract = "We propose a novel strategy to encode the syntax parse tree of sentence into a learnable distributed representation. The proposed syntax encoding scheme is provably information-lossless. In specific, an embedding vector is constructed for each word in the sentence, encoding the path in the syntax tree corresponding to the word. The one-to-one correspondence between these {``}syntax-embedding{''} vectors and the words (hence their embedding vectors) in the sentence makes it easy to integrate such a representation with all word-level NLP models. We empirically show the benefits of the syntax embeddings on the Authorship Attribution domain, where our approach improves upon the prior art and achieves new performance records on five benchmarking data sets.",
}
@inproceedings{hellwig-nehrdich-2018-sanskrit,
    title = "{S}anskrit Word Segmentation Using Character-level Recurrent and Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Hellwig, Oliver  and
      Nehrdich, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1295",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1295",
    pages = "2754--2763",
    abstract = "The paper introduces end-to-end neural network models that tokenize Sanskrit by jointly splitting compounds and resolving phonetic merges (Sandhi). Tokenization of Sanskrit depends on local phonetic and distant semantic features that are incorporated using convolutional and recurrent elements. Contrary to most previous systems, our models do not require feature engineering or extern linguistic resources, but operate solely on parallel versions of raw and segmented text. The models discussed in this paper clearly improve over previous approaches to Sanskrit word segmentation. As they are language agnostic, we will demonstrate that they also outperform the state of the art for the related task of German compound splitting.",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-etal-2018-session,
    title = "Session-level Language Modeling for Conversational Speech",
    author = "Xiong, Wayne  and
      Wu, Lingfeng  and
      Zhang, Jun  and
      Stolcke, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1296",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1296",
    pages = "2764--2768",
    abstract = "We propose to generalize language models for conversational speech recognition to allow them to operate across utterance boundaries and speaker changes, thereby capturing conversation-level phenomena such as adjacency pairs, lexical entrainment, and topical coherence. The model consists of a long-short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent network that reads the entire word-level history of a conversation, as well as information about turn taking and speaker overlap, in order to predict each next word. The model is applied in a rescoring framework, where the word history prior to the current utterance is approximated with preliminary recognition results. In experiments in the conversational telephone speech domain (Switchboard) we find that such a model gives substantial perplexity reductions over a standard LSTM-LM with utterance scope, as well as improvements in word error rate.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-towards-less,
    title = "Towards Less Generic Responses in Neural Conversation Models: A Statistical Re-weighting Method",
    author = "Liu, Yahui  and
      Bi, Wei  and
      Gao, Jun  and
      Liu, Xiaojiang  and
      Yao, Jian  and
      Shi, Shuming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1297",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1297",
    pages = "2769--2774",
    abstract = "Sequence-to-sequence neural generation models have achieved promising performance on short text conversation tasks. However, they tend to generate generic/dull responses, leading to unsatisfying dialogue experience. We observe that in the conversation tasks, each query could have multiple responses, which forms a 1-to-n or m-to-n relationship in the view of the total corpus. The objective function used in standard sequence-to-sequence models will be dominated by loss terms with generic patterns. Inspired by this observation, we introduce a statistical re-weighting method that assigns different weights for the multiple responses of the same query, and trains the common neural generation model with the weights. Experimental results on a large Chinese dialogue corpus show that our method improves the acceptance rate of generated responses compared with several baseline models and significantly reduces the number of generated generic responses.",
}
@inproceedings{mazare-etal-2018-training,
    title = "Training Millions of Personalized Dialogue Agents",
    author = "Mazar{\'e}, Pierre-Emmanuel  and
      Humeau, Samuel  and
      Raison, Martin  and
      Bordes, Antoine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1298",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1298",
    pages = "2775--2779",
    abstract = "Current dialogue systems fail at being engaging for users, especially when trained end-to-end without relying on proactive reengaging scripted strategies. Zhang et al. (2018) showed that the engagement level of end-to-end dialogue models increases when conditioning them on text personas providing some personalized back-story to the model. However, the dataset used in Zhang et al. (2018) is synthetic and only contains around 1k different personas. In this paper we introduce a new dataset providing 5 million personas and 700 million persona-based dialogues. Our experiments show that, at this scale, training using personas still improves the performance of end-to-end systems. In addition, we show that other tasks benefit from the wide coverage of our dataset by fine-tuning our model on the data from Zhang et al. (2018) and achieving state-of-the-art results.",
}
@inproceedings{ren-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Universal Dialogue State Tracking",
    author = "Ren, Liliang  and
      Xie, Kaige  and
      Chen, Lu  and
      Yu, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1299",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1299",
    pages = "2780--2786",
    abstract = "Dialogue state tracker is the core part of a spoken dialogue system. It estimates the beliefs of possible user{'}s goals at every dialogue turn. However, for most current approaches, it{'}s difficult to scale to large dialogue domains. They have one or more of following limitations: (a) Some models don{'}t work in the situation where slot values in ontology changes dynamically; (b) The number of model parameters is proportional to the number of slots; (c) Some models extract features based on hand-crafted lexicons. To tackle these challenges, we propose StateNet, a universal dialogue state tracker. It is independent of the number of values, shares parameters across all slots, and uses pre-trained word vectors instead of explicit semantic dictionaries. Our experiments on two datasets show that our approach not only overcomes the limitations, but also significantly outperforms the performance of state-of-the-art approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2018-semantic-parsing,
    title = "Semantic Parsing for Task Oriented Dialog using Hierarchical Representations",
    author = "Gupta, Sonal  and
      Shah, Rushin  and
      Mohit, Mrinal  and
      Kumar, Anuj  and
      Lewis, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1300",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1300",
    pages = "2787--2792",
    abstract = "Task oriented dialog systems typically first parse user utterances to semantic frames comprised of intents and slots. Previous work on task oriented intent and slot-filling work has been restricted to one intent per query and one slot label per token, and thus cannot model complex compositional requests. Alternative semantic parsing systems have represented queries as logical forms, but these are challenging to annotate and parse. We propose a hierarchical annotation scheme for semantic parsing that allows the representation of compositional queries, and can be efficiently and accurately parsed by standard constituency parsing models. We release a dataset of 44k annotated queries (\url{http://fb.me/semanticparsingdialog}), and show that parsing models outperform sequence-to-sequence approaches on this dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{schluter-2018-glass,
    title = "The glass ceiling in {NLP}",
    author = "Schluter, Natalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1301",
    pages = "2793--2798",
    abstract = "In this paper, we provide empirical evidence based on a rigourously studied mathematical model for bi-populated networks, that a glass ceiling within the field of NLP has developed since the mid 2000s.",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2018-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Gender Bias in Abusive Language Detection",
    author = "Park, Ji Ho  and
      Shin, Jamin  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1302",
    pages = "2799--2804",
    abstract = "Abusive language detection models tend to have a problem of being biased toward identity words of a certain group of people because of imbalanced training datasets. For example, {``}You are a good woman{''} was considered {``}sexist{''} when trained on an existing dataset. Such model bias is an obstacle for models to be robust enough for practical use. In this work, we measure them on models trained with different datasets, while analyzing the effect of different pre-trained word embeddings and model architectures. We also experiment with three mitigation methods: (1) debiased word embeddings, (2) gender swap data augmentation, and (3) fine-tuning with a larger corpus. These methods can effectively reduce model bias by 90-98{\%} and can be extended to correct model bias in other scenarios.",
}
@inproceedings{karlekar-bansal-2018-safecity,
    title = "{S}afe{C}ity: Understanding Diverse Forms of Sexual Harassment Personal Stories",
    author = "Karlekar, Sweta  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1303",
    pages = "2805--2811",
    abstract = "With the recent rise of {\#}MeToo, an increasing number of personal stories about sexual harassment and sexual abuse have been shared online. In order to push forward the fight against such harassment and abuse, we present the task of automatically categorizing and analyzing various forms of sexual harassment, based on stories shared on the online forum SafeCity. For the labels of groping, ogling, and commenting, our single-label CNN-RNN model achieves an accuracy of 86.5{\%}, and our multi-label model achieves a Hamming score of 82.5{\%}. Furthermore, we present analysis using LIME, first-derivative saliency heatmaps, activation clustering, and embedding visualization to interpret neural model predictions and demonstrate how this helps extract features that can help automatically fill out incident reports, identify unsafe areas, avoid unsafe practices, and {`}pin the creeps{'}.",
}
@inproceedings{pou-prom-rudzicz-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning multiview embeddings for assessing dementia",
    author = "Pou-Prom, Chlo{\'e}  and
      Rudzicz, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1304",
    pages = "2812--2817",
    abstract = "As the incidence of Alzheimer{'}s Disease (AD) increases, early detection becomes crucial. Unfortunately, datasets for AD assessment are often sparse and incomplete. In this work, we leverage the multiview nature of a small AD dataset, DementiaBank, to learn an embedding that captures different modes of cognitive impairment. We apply generalized canonical correlation analysis (GCCA) to our dataset and demonstrate the added benefit of using multiview embeddings in two downstream tasks: identifying AD and predicting clinical scores. By including multiview embeddings, we obtain an F1 score of 0.82 in the classification task and a mean absolute error of 3.42 in the regression task. Furthermore, we show that multiview embeddings can be obtained from other datasets as well.",
}
@inproceedings{hua-etal-2018-wikiconv,
    title = "{W}iki{C}onv: A Corpus of the Complete Conversational History of a Large Online Collaborative Community",
    author = "Hua, Yiqing  and
      Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian  and
      Taraborelli, Dario  and
      Thain, Nithum  and
      Sorensen, Jeffery  and
      Dixon, Lucas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1305",
    pages = "2818--2823",
    abstract = "We present a corpus that encompasses the complete history of conversations between contributors to Wikipedia, one of the largest online collaborative communities. By recording the intermediate states of conversations - including not only comments and replies, but also their modifications, deletions and restorations - this data offers an unprecedented view of online conversation. Our framework is designed to be language agnostic, and we show that it extracts high quality data in both Chinese and English. This level of detail supports new research questions pertaining to the process (and challenges) of large-scale online collaboration. We illustrate the corpus{'} potential with two case studies on English Wikipedia that highlight new perspectives on earlier work. First, we explore how a person{'}s conversational behavior depends on how they relate to the discussion{'}s venue. Second, we show that community moderation of toxic behavior happens at a higher rate than previously estimated.",
}
@inproceedings{greenberg-etal-2018-marginal,
    title = "Marginal Likelihood Training of {B}i{LSTM}-{CRF} for Biomedical Named Entity Recognition from Disjoint Label Sets",
    author = "Greenberg, Nathan  and
      Bansal, Trapit  and
      Verga, Patrick  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1306",
    pages = "2824--2829",
    abstract = "Extracting typed entity mentions from text is a fundamental component to language understanding and reasoning. While there exist substantial labeled text datasets for multiple subsets of biomedical entity types{---}such as genes and proteins, or chemicals and diseases{---}it is rare to find large labeled datasets containing labels for all desired entity types together. This paper presents a method for training a single CRF extractor from multiple datasets with disjoint or partially overlapping sets of entity types. Our approach employs marginal likelihood training to insist on labels that are present in the data, while filling in {``}missing labels{''}. This allows us to leverage all the available data within a single model. In experimental results on the Biocreative V CDR (chemicals/diseases), Biocreative VI ChemProt (chemicals/proteins) and MedMentions (19 entity types) datasets, we show that joint training on multiple datasets improves NER F1 over training in isolation, and our methods achieve state-of-the-art results.",
}
@inproceedings{bekoulis-etal-2018-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial training for multi-context joint entity and relation extraction",
    author = "Bekoulis, Giannis  and
      Deleu, Johannes  and
      Demeester, Thomas  and
      Develder, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1307",
    pages = "2830--2836",
    abstract = "Adversarial training (AT) is a regularization method that can be used to improve the robustness of neural network methods by adding small perturbations in the training data. We show how to use AT for the tasks of entity recognition and relation extraction. In particular, we demonstrate that applying AT to a general purpose baseline model for jointly extracting entities and relations, allows improving the state-of-the-art effectiveness on several datasets in different contexts (i.e., news, biomedical, and real estate data) and for different languages (English and Dutch).",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2018-structured,
    title = "Structured Multi-Label Biomedical Text Tagging via Attentive Neural Tree Decoding",
    author = "Singh, Gaurav  and
      Thomas, James  and
      Marshall, Iain  and
      Shawe-Taylor, John  and
      Wallace, Byron C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1308",
    pages = "2837--2842",
    abstract = "We propose a model for tagging unstructured texts with an arbitrary number of terms drawn from a tree-structured vocabulary (i.e., an ontology). We treat this as a special case of sequence-to-sequence learning in which the decoder begins at the root node of an ontological tree and recursively elects to expand child nodes as a function of the input text, the current node, and the latent decoder state. We demonstrate that this method yields state-of-the-art results on the important task of assigning MeSH terms to biomedical abstracts.",
}
@inproceedings{sohrab-miwa-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Exhaustive Model for Nested Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Sohrab, Mohammad Golam  and
      Miwa, Makoto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1309",
    pages = "2843--2849",
    abstract = "We propose a simple deep neural model for nested named entity recognition (NER). Most NER models focused on flat entities and ignored nested entities, which failed to fully capture underlying semantic information in texts. The key idea of our model is to enumerate all possible regions or spans as potential entity mentions and classify them with deep neural networks. To reduce the computational costs and capture the information of the contexts around the regions, the model represents the regions using the outputs of shared underlying bidirectional long short-term memory. We evaluate our exhaustive model on the GENIA and JNLPBA corpora in biomedical domain, and the results show that our model outperforms state-of-the-art models on nested and flat NER, achieving 77.1{\%} and 78.4{\%} respectively in terms of F-score, without any external knowledge resources.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Utility of Hand-crafted Features in Sequence Labelling",
    author = "Wu, Minghao  and
      Liu, Fei  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1310",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1310",
    pages = "2850--2856",
    abstract = "Conventional wisdom is that hand-crafted features are redundant for deep learning models, as they already learn adequate representations of text automatically from corpora. In this work, we test this claim by proposing a new method for exploiting handcrafted features as part of a novel hybrid learning approach, incorporating a feature auto-encoder loss component. We evaluate on the task of named entity recognition (NER), where we show that including manual features for part-of-speech, word shapes and gazetteers can improve the performance of a neural CRF model. We obtain a F 1 of 91.89 for the CoNLL-2003 English shared task, which significantly outperforms a collection of highly competitive baseline models. We also present an ablation study showing the importance of auto-encoding, over using features as either inputs or outputs alone, and moreover, show including the autoencoder components reduces training requirements to 60{\%}, while retaining the same predictive accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-improved,
    title = "Improved Dependency Parsing using Implicit Word Connections Learned from Unlabeled Data",
    author = "Wang, Wenhui  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Mansur, Mairgup",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1311",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1311",
    pages = "2857--2863",
    abstract = "Pre-trained word embeddings and language model have been shown useful in a lot of tasks. However, both of them cannot directly capture word connections in a sentence, which is important for dependency parsing given its goal is to establish dependency relations between words. In this paper, we propose to implicitly capture word connections from unlabeled data by a word ordering model with self-attention mechanism. Experiments show that these implicit word connections do improve our parsing model. Furthermore, by combining with a pre-trained language model, our model gets state-of-the-art performance on the English PTB dataset, achieving 96.35{\%} UAS and 95.25{\%} LAS.",
}
@inproceedings{dehouck-denis-2018-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Understanding the Role of Morphology in Universal Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Dehouck, Mathieu  and
      Denis, Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1312",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1312",
    pages = "2864--2870",
    abstract = "This paper presents a simple framework for characterizing morphological complexity and how it encodes syntactic information. In particular, we propose a new measure of morpho-syntactic complexity in terms of governor-dependent preferential attachment that explains parsing performance. Through experiments on dependency parsing with data from Universal Dependencies (UD), we show that representations derived from morphological attributes deliver important parsing performance improvements over standard word form embeddings when trained on the same datasets. We also show that the new morpho-syntactic complexity measure is predictive of the gains provided by using morphological attributes over plain forms on parsing scores, making it a tool to distinguish languages using morphology as a syntactic marker from others.",
}
@inproceedings{bisazza-tump-2018-lazy,
    title = "The Lazy Encoder: A Fine-Grained Analysis of the Role of Morphology in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Tump, Clara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1313",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1313",
    pages = "2871--2876",
    abstract = "Neural sequence-to-sequence models have proven very effective for machine translation, but at the expense of model interpretability. To shed more light into the role played by linguistic structure in the process of neural machine translation, we perform a fine-grained analysis of how various source-side morphological features are captured at different levels of the NMT encoder while varying the target language. Differently from previous work, we find no correlation between the accuracy of source morphology encoding and translation quality. We do find that morphological features are only captured in context and only to the extent that they are directly transferable to the target words.",
}
@inproceedings{makarov-clematide-2018-imitation,
    title = "Imitation Learning for Neural Morphological String Transduction",
    author = "Makarov, Peter  and
      Clematide, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1314",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1314",
    pages = "2877--2882",
    abstract = "We employ imitation learning to train a neural transition-based string transducer for morphological tasks such as inflection generation and lemmatization. Previous approaches to training this type of model either rely on an external character aligner for the production of gold action sequences, which results in a suboptimal model due to the unwarranted dependence on a single gold action sequence despite spurious ambiguity, or require warm starting with an MLE model. Our approach only requires a simple expert policy, eliminating the need for a character aligner or warm start. It also addresses familiar MLE training biases and leads to strong and state-of-the-art performance on several benchmarks.",
}
@inproceedings{silfverberg-hulden-2018-encoder,
    title = "An Encoder-Decoder Approach to the Paradigm Cell Filling Problem",
    author = "Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1315",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1315",
    pages = "2883--2889",
    abstract = "The Paradigm Cell Filling Problem in morphology asks to complete word inflection tables from partial ones. We implement novel neural models for this task, evaluating them on 18 data sets in 8 languages, showing performance that is comparable with previous work with far less training data. We also publish a new dataset for this task and code implementing the system described in this paper.",
}
@inproceedings{alzantot-etal-2018-generating,
    title = "Generating Natural Language Adversarial Examples",
    author = "Alzantot, Moustafa  and
      Sharma, Yash  and
      Elgohary, Ahmed  and
      Ho, Bo-Jhang  and
      Srivastava, Mani  and
      Chang, Kai-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1316",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1316",
    pages = "2890--2896",
    abstract = "Deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to adversarial examples, perturbations to correctly classified examples which can cause the model to misclassify. In the image domain, these perturbations can often be made virtually indistinguishable to human perception, causing humans and state-of-the-art models to disagree. However, in the natural language domain, small perturbations are clearly perceptible, and the replacement of a single word can drastically alter the semantics of the document. Given these challenges, we use a black-box population-based optimization algorithm to generate semantically and syntactically similar adversarial examples that fool well-trained sentiment analysis and textual entailment models with success rates of 97{\%} and 70{\%}, respectively. We additionally demonstrate that 92.3{\%} of the successful sentiment analysis adversarial examples are classified to their original label by 20 human annotators, and that the examples are perceptibly quite similar. Finally, we discuss an attempt to use adversarial training as a defense, but fail to yield improvement, demonstrating the strength and diversity of our adversarial examples. We hope our findings encourage researchers to pursue improving the robustness of DNNs in the natural language domain.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-multi-head,
    title = "Multi-Head Attention with Disagreement Regularization",
    author = "Li, Jian  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Yang, Baosong  and
      Lyu, Michael R.  and
      Zhang, Tong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1317",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1317",
    pages = "2897--2903",
    abstract = "Multi-head attention is appealing for the ability to jointly attend to information from different representation subspaces at different positions. In this work, we introduce a disagreement regularization to explicitly encourage the diversity among multiple attention heads. Specifically, we propose three types of disagreement regularization, which respectively encourage the subspace, the attended positions, and the output representation associated with each attention head to be different from other heads. Experimental results on widely-used WMT14 English-German and WMT17 Chinese-English translation tasks demonstrate the effectiveness and universality of the proposed approach.",
}
@inproceedings{siddhant-lipton-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep {B}ayesian Active Learning for Natural Language Processing: Results of a Large-Scale Empirical Study",
    author = "Siddhant, Aditya  and
      Lipton, Zachary C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1318",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1318",
    pages = "2904--2909",
    abstract = "Several recent papers investigate Active Learning (AL) for mitigating the data dependence of deep learning for natural language processing. However, the applicability of AL to real-world problems remains an open question. While in supervised learning, practitioners can try many different methods, evaluating each against a validation set before selecting a model, AL affords no such luxury. Over the course of one AL run, an agent annotates its dataset exhausting its labeling budget. Thus, given a new task, we have no opportunity to compare models and acquisition functions. This paper provides a large-scale empirical study of deep active learning, addressing multiple tasks and, for each, multiple datasets, multiple models, and a full suite of acquisition functions. We find that across all settings, Bayesian active learning by disagreement, using uncertainty estimates provided either by Dropout or Bayes-by-Backprop significantly improves over i.i.d. baselines and usually outperforms classic uncertainty sampling.",
}
@inproceedings{chirkova-etal-2018-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Compression for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Chirkova, Nadezhda  and
      Lobacheva, Ekaterina  and
      Vetrov, Dmitry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1319",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1319",
    pages = "2910--2915",
    abstract = "In natural language processing, a lot of the tasks are successfully solved with recurrent neural networks, but such models have a huge number of parameters. The majority of these parameters are often concentrated in the embedding layer, which size grows proportionally to the vocabulary length. We propose a Bayesian sparsification technique for RNNs which allows compressing the RNN dozens or hundreds of times without time-consuming hyperparameters tuning. We also generalize the model for vocabulary sparsification to filter out unnecessary words and compress the RNN even further. We show that the choice of the kept words is interpretable.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2018-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal neural pronunciation modeling for spoken languages with logographic origin",
    author = "Nguyen, Minh  and
      Ngo, Gia H.  and
      Chen, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1320",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1320",
    pages = "2916--2922",
    abstract = "Graphemes of most languages encode pronunciation, though some are more explicit than others. Languages like Spanish have a straightforward mapping between its graphemes and phonemes, while this mapping is more convoluted for languages like English. Spoken languages such as Cantonese present even more challenges in pronunciation modeling: (1) they do not have a standard written form, (2) the closest graphemic origins are logographic Han characters, of which only a subset of these logographic characters implicitly encodes pronunciation. In this work, we propose a multimodal approach to predict the pronunciation of Cantonese logographic characters, using neural networks with a geometric representation of logographs and pronunciation of cognates in historically related languages. The proposed framework improves performance by 18.1{\%} and 25.0{\%} respective to unimodal and multimodal baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-zhao-2018-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Pinyin Aided {IME}, Input What You Have Not Keystroked Yet",
    author = "Huang, Yafang  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1321",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1321",
    pages = "2923--2929",
    abstract = "Chinese pinyin input method engine (IME) converts pinyin into character so that Chinese characters can be conveniently inputted into computer through common keyboard. IMEs work relying on its core component, pinyin-to-character conversion (P2C). Usually Chinese IMEs simply predict a list of character sequences for user choice only according to user pinyin input at each turn. However, Chinese inputting is a multi-turn online procedure, which can be supposed to be exploited for further user experience promoting. This paper thus for the first time introduces a sequence-to-sequence model with gated-attention mechanism for the core task in IMEs. The proposed neural P2C model is learned by encoding previous input utterance as extra context to enable our IME capable of predicting character sequence with incomplete pinyin input. Our model is evaluated in different benchmark datasets showing great user experience improvement compared to traditional models, which demonstrates the first engineering practice of building Chinese aided IME.",
}
@inproceedings{noraset-etal-2018-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Marginal Probabilities of n-grams for Recurrent Neural Language Models",
    author = "Noraset, Thanapon  and
      Downey, Doug  and
      Bing, Lidong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1322",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1322",
    pages = "2930--2935",
    abstract = "Recurrent neural network language models (RNNLMs) are the current standard-bearer for statistical language modeling. However, RNNLMs only estimate probabilities for complete sequences of text, whereas some applications require context-independent phrase probabilities instead. In this paper, we study how to compute an RNNLM{'}s em marginal probability: the probability that the model assigns to a short sequence of text when the preceding context is not known. We introduce a simple method of altering the RNNLM training to make the model more accurate at marginal estimation. Our experiments demonstrate that the technique is effective compared to baselines including the traditional RNNLM probability and an importance sampling approach. Finally, we show how we can use the marginal estimation to improve an RNNLM by training the marginals to match n-gram probabilities from a larger corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{gulordava-etal-2018-represent,
    title = "How to represent a word and predict it, too: Improving tied architectures for language modelling",
    author = "Gulordava, Kristina  and
      Aina, Laura  and
      Boleda, Gemma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1323",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1323",
    pages = "2936--2941",
    abstract = "Recent state-of-the-art neural language models share the representations of words given by the input and output mappings. We propose a simple modification to these architectures that decouples the hidden state from the word embedding prediction. Our architecture leads to comparable or better results compared to previous tied models and models without tying, with a much smaller number of parameters. We also extend our proposal to word2vec models, showing that tying is appropriate for general word prediction tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{ford-etal-2018-importance,
    title = "The Importance of Generation Order in Language Modeling",
    author = "Ford, Nicolas  and
      Duckworth, Daniel  and
      Norouzi, Mohammad  and
      Dahl, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1324",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1324",
    pages = "2942--2946",
    abstract = "Neural language models are a critical component of state-of-the-art systems for machine translation, summarization, audio transcription, and other tasks. These language models are almost universally autoregressive in nature, generating sentences one token at a time from left to right. This paper studies the influence of token generation order on model quality via a novel two-pass language model that produces partially-filled sentence {``}templates{''} and then fills in missing tokens. We compare various strategies for structuring these two passes and observe a surprisingly large variation in model quality. We find the most effective strategy generates function words in the first pass followed by content words in the second. We believe these experimental results justify a more extensive investigation of the generation order for neural language models.",
}
@inproceedings{miculicich-etal-2018-document,
    title = "Document-Level Neural Machine Translation with Hierarchical Attention Networks",
    author = "Miculicich, Lesly  and
      Ram, Dhananjay  and
      Pappas, Nikolaos  and
      Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1325",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1325",
    pages = "2947--2954",
    abstract = "Neural Machine Translation (NMT) can be improved by including document-level contextual information. For this purpose, we propose a hierarchical attention model to capture the context in a structured and dynamic manner. The model is integrated in the original NMT architecture as another level of abstraction, conditioning on the NMT model{'}s own previous hidden states. Experiments show that hierarchical attention significantly improves the BLEU score over a strong NMT baseline with the state-of-the-art in context-aware methods, and that both the encoder and decoder benefit from context in complementary ways.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-three,
    title = "Three Strategies to Improve One-to-Many Multilingual Translation",
    author = "Wang, Yining  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zhai, Feifei  and
      Xu, Jingfang  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1326",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1326",
    pages = "2955--2960",
    abstract = "Due to the benefits of model compactness, multilingual translation (including many-to-one, many-to-many and one-to-many) based on a universal encoder-decoder architecture attracts more and more attention. However, previous studies show that one-to-many translation based on this framework cannot perform on par with the individually trained models. In this work, we introduce three strategies to improve one-to-many multilingual translation by balancing the shared and unique features. Within the architecture of one decoder for all target languages, we first exploit the use of unique initial states for different target languages. Then, we employ language-dependent positional embeddings. Finally and especially, we propose to divide the hidden cells of the decoder into shared and language-dependent ones. The extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed methods can obtain remarkable improvements over the strong baselines. Moreover, our strategies can achieve comparable or even better performance than the individually trained translation models.",
}
@inproceedings{currey-heafield-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Source Syntactic Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Currey, Anna  and
      Heafield, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1327",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1327",
    pages = "2961--2966",
    abstract = "We introduce a novel multi-source technique for incorporating source syntax into neural machine translation using linearized parses. This is achieved by employing separate encoders for the sequential and parsed versions of the same source sentence; the resulting representations are then combined using a hierarchical attention mechanism. The proposed model improves over both seq2seq and parsed baselines by over 1 BLEU on the WMT17 English-German task. Further analysis shows that our multi-source syntactic model is able to translate successfully without any parsed input, unlike standard parsed methods. In addition, performance does not deteriorate as much on long sentences as for the baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{pham-etal-2018-fixing,
    title = "Fixing Translation Divergences in Parallel Corpora for Neural {MT}",
    author = "Pham, MinhQuang  and
      Crego, Josep  and
      Senellart, Jean  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1328",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1328",
    pages = "2967--2973",
    abstract = "Corpus-based approaches to machine translation rely on the availability of clean parallel corpora. Such resources are scarce, and because of the automatic processes involved in their preparation, they are often noisy. This paper describes an unsupervised method for detecting translation divergences in parallel sentences. We rely on a neural network that computes cross-lingual sentence similarity scores, which are then used to effectively filter out divergent translations. Furthermore, similarity scores predicted by the network are used to identify and fix some partial divergences, yielding additional parallel segments. We evaluate these methods for English-French and English-German machine translation tasks, and show that using filtered/corrected corpora actually improves MT performance.",
}
@inproceedings{elliott-2018-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Evaluation of Multimodal Machine Translation",
    author = "Elliott, Desmond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1329",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1329",
    pages = "2974--2978",
    abstract = "The promise of combining language and vision in multimodal machine translation is that systems will produce better translations by leveraging the image data. However, the evidence surrounding whether the images are useful is unconvincing due to inconsistencies between text-similarity metrics and human judgements. We present an adversarial evaluation to directly examine the utility of the image data in this task. Our evaluation tests whether systems perform better when paired with congruent images or incongruent images. This evaluation shows that only one out of three publicly available systems is sensitive to this perturbation of the data. We recommend that multimodal translation systems should be able to pass this sanity check in the future.",
}
@inproceedings{joulin-etal-2018-loss,
    title = "Loss in Translation: Learning Bilingual Word Mapping with a Retrieval Criterion",
    author = "Joulin, Armand  and
      Bojanowski, Piotr  and
      Mikolov, Tomas  and
      J{\'e}gou, Herv{\'e}  and
      Grave, Edouard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1330",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1330",
    pages = "2979--2984",
    abstract = "Continuous word representations learned separately on distinct languages can be aligned so that their words become comparable in a common space. Existing works typically solve a quadratic problem to learn a orthogonal matrix aligning a bilingual lexicon, and use a retrieval criterion for inference. In this paper, we propose an unified formulation that directly optimizes a retrieval criterion in an end-to-end fashion. Our experiments on standard benchmarks show that our approach outperforms the state of the art on word translation, with the biggest improvements observed for distant language pairs such as English-Chinese.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning When to Concentrate or Divert Attention: Self-Adaptive Attention Temperature for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Lin, Junyang  and
      Sun, Xu  and
      Ren, Xuancheng  and
      Li, Muyu  and
      Su, Qi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1331",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1331",
    pages = "2985--2990",
    abstract = "Most of the Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models are based on the sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) model with an encoder-decoder framework equipped with the attention mechanism. However, the conventional attention mechanism treats the decoding at each time step equally with the same matrix, which is problematic since the softness of the attention for different types of words (e.g. content words and function words) should differ. Therefore, we propose a new model with a mechanism called Self-Adaptive Control of Temperature (SACT) to control the softness of attention by means of an attention temperature. Experimental results on the Chinese-English translation and English-Vietnamese translation demonstrate that our model outperforms the baseline models, and the analysis and the case study show that our model can attend to the most relevant elements in the source-side contexts and generate the translation of high quality.",
}
@inproceedings{bogoychev-etal-2018-accelerating,
    title = "Accelerating Asynchronous Stochastic Gradient Descent for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Bogoychev, Nikolay  and
      Heafield, Kenneth  and
      Aji, Alham Fikri  and
      Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1332",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1332",
    pages = "2991--2996",
    abstract = "In order to extract the best possible performance from asynchronous stochastic gradient descent one must increase the mini-batch size and scale the learning rate accordingly. In order to achieve further speedup we introduce a technique that delays gradient updates effectively increasing the mini-batch size. Unfortunately with the increase of mini-batch size we worsen the stale gradient problem in asynchronous stochastic gradient descent (SGD) which makes the model convergence poor. We introduce local optimizers which mitigate the stale gradient problem and together with fine tuning our momentum we are able to train a shallow machine translation system 27{\%} faster than an optimized baseline with negligible penalty in BLEU.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning to Jointly Translate and Predict Dropped Pronouns with a Shared Reconstruction Mechanism",
    author = "Wang, Longyue  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1333",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1333",
    pages = "2997--3002",
    abstract = "Pronouns are frequently omitted in pro-drop languages, such as Chinese, generally leading to significant challenges with respect to the production of complete translations. Recently, Wang et al. (2018) proposed a novel reconstruction-based approach to alleviating dropped pronoun (DP) translation problems for neural machine translation models. In this work, we improve the original model from two perspectives. First, we employ a shared reconstructor to better exploit encoder and decoder representations. Second, we jointly learn to translate and predict DPs in an end-to-end manner, to avoid the errors propagated from an external DP prediction model. Experimental results show that our approach significantly improves both translation performance and DP prediction accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{vanmassenhove-etal-2018-getting,
    title = "Getting Gender Right in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Vanmassenhove, Eva  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1334",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1334",
    pages = "3003--3008",
    abstract = "Speakers of different languages must attend to and encode strikingly different aspects of the world in order to use their language correctly (Sapir, 1921; Slobin, 1996). One such difference is related to the way gender is expressed in a language. Saying {``}I am happy{''} in English, does not encode any additional knowledge of the speaker that uttered the sentence. However, many other languages do have grammatical gender systems and so such knowledge would be encoded. In order to correctly translate such a sentence into, say, French, the inherent gender information needs to be retained/recovered. The same sentence would become either {``}Je suis heureux{''}, for a male speaker or {``}Je suis heureuse{''} for a female one. Apart from morphological agreement, demographic factors (gender, age, etc.) also influence our use of language in terms of word choices or syntactic constructions (Tannen, 1991; Pennebaker et al., 2003). We integrate gender information into NMT systems. Our contribution is two-fold: (1) the compilation of large datasets with speaker information for 20 language pairs, and (2) a simple set of experiments that incorporate gender information into NMT for multiple language pairs. Our experiments show that adding a gender feature to an NMT system significantly improves the translation quality for some language pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{bahar-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Two-Dimensional Sequence to Sequence Model in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Bahar, Parnia  and
      Brix, Christopher  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1335",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1335",
    pages = "3009--3015",
    abstract = "This work investigates an alternative model for neural machine translation (NMT) and proposes a novel architecture, where we employ a multi-dimensional long short-term memory (MDLSTM) for translation modelling. In the state-of-the-art methods, source and target sentences are treated as one-dimensional sequences over time, while we view translation as a two-dimensional (2D) mapping using an MDLSTM layer to define the correspondence between source and target words. We extend beyond the current sequence to sequence backbone NMT models to a 2D structure in which the source and target sentences are aligned with each other in a 2D grid. Our proposed topology shows consistent improvements over attention-based sequence to sequence model on two WMT 2017 tasks, German{\textless}-{\textgreater}English.",
}
@inproceedings{libovicky-helcl-2018-end,
    title = "End-to-End Non-Autoregressive Neural Machine Translation with Connectionist Temporal Classification",
    author = "Libovick{\'y}, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Helcl, Jind{\v{r}}ich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1336",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1336",
    pages = "3016--3021",
    abstract = "Autoregressive decoding is the only part of sequence-to-sequence models that prevents them from massive parallelization at inference time. Non-autoregressive models enable the decoder to generate all output symbols independently in parallel. We present a novel non-autoregressive architecture based on connectionist temporal classification and evaluate it on the task of neural machine translation. Unlike other non-autoregressive methods which operate in several steps, our model can be trained end-to-end. We conduct experiments on the WMT English-Romanian and English-German datasets. Our models achieve a significant speedup over the autoregressive models, keeping the translation quality comparable to other non-autoregressive models.",
}
@inproceedings{alinejad-etal-2018-prediction,
    title = "Prediction Improves Simultaneous Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Alinejad, Ashkan  and
      Siahbani, Maryam  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1337",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1337",
    pages = "3022--3027",
    abstract = "Simultaneous speech translation aims to maintain translation quality while minimizing the delay between reading input and incrementally producing the output. We propose a new general-purpose prediction action which predicts future words in the input to improve quality and minimize delay in simultaneous translation. We train this agent using reinforcement learning with a novel reward function. Our agent with prediction has better translation quality and less delay compared to an agent-based simultaneous translation system without prediction.",
}
@inproceedings{bapna-etal-2018-training,
    title = "Training Deeper Neural Machine Translation Models with Transparent Attention",
    author = "Bapna, Ankur  and
      Chen, Mia  and
      Firat, Orhan  and
      Cao, Yuan  and
      Wu, Yonghui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1338",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1338",
    pages = "3028--3033",
    abstract = "While current state-of-the-art NMT models, such as RNN seq2seq and Transformers, possess a large number of parameters, they are still shallow in comparison to convolutional models used for both text and vision applications. In this work we attempt to train significantly (2-3x) deeper Transformer and Bi-RNN encoders for machine translation. We propose a simple modification to the attention mechanism that eases the optimization of deeper models, and results in consistent gains of 0.7-1.1 BLEU on the benchmark WMT{'}14 English-German and WMT{'}15 Czech-English tasks for both architectures.",
}
@inproceedings{knowles-koehn-2018-context,
    title = "Context and Copying in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Knowles, Rebecca  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1339",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1339",
    pages = "3034--3041",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation systems with subword vocabularies are capable of translating or copying unknown words. In this work, we show that they learn to copy words based on both the context in which the words appear as well as features of the words themselves. In contexts that are particularly copy-prone, they even copy words that they have already learned they should translate. We examine the influence of context and subword features on this and other types of copying behavior.",
}
@inproceedings{cao-xiong-2018-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Gated Translation Memory into Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Cao, Qian  and
      Xiong, Deyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1340",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1340",
    pages = "3042--3047",
    abstract = "Translation memories (TM) facilitate human translators to reuse existing repetitive translation fragments. In this paper, we propose a novel method to combine the strengths of both TM and neural machine translation (NMT) for high-quality translation. We treat the target translation of a TM match as an additional reference input and encode it into NMT with an extra encoder. A gating mechanism is further used to balance the impact of the TM match on the NMT decoder. Experiment results on the UN corpus demonstrate that when fuzzy matches are higher than 50{\%}, the quality of NMT translation can be significantly improved by over 10 BLEU points.",
}
@inproceedings{vu-haffari-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Post-Editing of Machine Translation: A Neural Programmer-Interpreter Approach",
    author = "Vu, Thuy-Trang  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1341",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1341",
    pages = "3048--3053",
    abstract = "Automated Post-Editing (PE) is the task of automatically correct common and repetitive errors found in machine translation (MT) output. In this paper, we present a neural programmer-interpreter approach to this task, resembling the way that human perform post-editing using discrete edit operations, wich we refer to as programs. Our model outperforms previous neural models for inducing PE programs on the WMT17 APE task for German-English up to +1 BLEU score and -0.7 TER scores.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2018-breaking,
    title = "Breaking the Beam Search Curse: A Study of (Re-)Scoring Methods and Stopping Criteria for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Yang, Yilin  and
      Huang, Liang  and
      Ma, Mingbo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1342",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1342",
    pages = "3054--3059",
    abstract = "Beam search is widely used in neural machine translation, and usually improves translation quality compared to greedy search. It has been widely observed that, however, beam sizes larger than 5 hurt translation quality. We explain why this happens, and propose several methods to address this problem. Furthermore, we discuss the optimal stopping criteria for these methods. Results show that our hyperparameter-free methods outperform the widely-used hyperparameter-free heuristic of length normalization by +2.0 BLEU, and achieve the best results among all methods on Chinese-to-English translation.",
}
@inproceedings{yaghoobzadeh-schutze-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Multi-View Learning: Multilingual and Multi-Representation Entity Typing",
    author = {Yaghoobzadeh, Yadollah  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1343",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1343",
    pages = "3060--3066",
    abstract = "Accurate and complete knowledge bases (KBs) are paramount in NLP. We employ mul-itiview learning for increasing the accuracy and coverage of entity type information in KBs. We rely on two metaviews: language and representation. For language, we consider high-resource and low-resource languages from Wikipedia. For representation, we consider representations based on the context distribution of the entity (i.e., on its embedding), on the entity{'}s name (i.e., on its surface form) and on its description in Wikipedia. The two metaviews language and representation can be freely combined: each pair of language and representation (e.g., German embedding, English description, Spanish name) is a distinct view. Our experiments on entity typing with fine-grained classes demonstrate the effectiveness of multiview learning. We release MVET, a large multiview {---} and, in particular, multilingual {---} entity typing dataset we created. Mono- and multilingual fine-grained entity typing systems can be evaluated on this dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{pratapa-etal-2018-word,
    title = "Word Embeddings for Code-Mixed Language Processing",
    author = "Pratapa, Adithya  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Sitaram, Sunayana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1344",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1344",
    pages = "3067--3072",
    abstract = "We compare three existing bilingual word embedding approaches, and a novel approach of training skip-grams on synthetic code-mixed text generated through linguistic models of code-mixing, on two tasks - sentiment analysis and POS tagging for code-mixed text. Our results show that while CVM and CCA based embeddings perform as well as the proposed embedding technique on semantic and syntactic tasks respectively, the proposed approach provides the best performance for both tasks overall. Thus, this study demonstrates that existing bilingual embedding techniques are not ideal for code-mixed text processing and there is a need for learning multilingual word embedding from the code-mixed text.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2018-strength,
    title = "On the Strength of Character Language Models for Multilingual Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Yu, Xiaodong  and
      Mayhew, Stephen  and
      Sammons, Mark  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1345",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1345",
    pages = "3073--3077",
    abstract = "Character-level patterns have been widely used as features in English Named Entity Recognition (NER) systems. However, to date there has been no direct investigation of the inherent differences between name and nonname tokens in text, nor whether this property holds across multiple languages. This paper analyzes the capabilities of corpus-agnostic Character-level Language Models (CLMs) in the binary task of distinguishing name tokens from non-name tokens. We demonstrate that CLMs provide a simple and powerful model for capturing these differences, identifying named entity tokens in a diverse set of languages at close to the performance of full NER systems. Moreover, by adding very simple CLM-based features we can significantly improve the performance of an off-the-shelf NER system for multiple languages.",
}
@inproceedings{garg-etal-2018-code,
    title = "Code-switched Language Models Using Dual {RNN}s and Same-Source Pretraining",
    author = "Garg, Saurabh  and
      Parekh, Tanmay  and
      Jyothi, Preethi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1346",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1346",
    pages = "3078--3083",
    abstract = "This work focuses on building language models (LMs) for code-switched text. We propose two techniques that significantly improve these LMs: 1) A novel recurrent neural network unit with dual components that focus on each language in the code-switched text separately 2) Pretraining the LM using synthetic text from a generative model estimated using the training data. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed techniques by reporting perplexities on a Mandarin-English task and derive significant reductions in perplexity.",
}
@inproceedings{ball-garrette-2018-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Tagging for Code-Switched, Transliterated Texts without Explicit Language Identification",
    author = "Ball, Kelsey  and
      Garrette, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1347",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1347",
    pages = "3084--3089",
    abstract = "Code-switching, the use of more than one language within a single utterance, is ubiquitous in much of the world, but remains a challenge for NLP largely due to the lack of representative data for training models. In this paper, we present a novel model architecture that is trained exclusively on monolingual resources, but can be applied to unseen code-switched text at inference time. The model accomplishes this by jointly maintaining separate word representations for each of the possible languages, or scripts in the case of transliteration, allowing each to contribute to inferences without forcing the model to commit to a language. Experiments on Hindi-English part-of-speech tagging demonstrate that our approach outperforms standard models when training on monolingual text without transliteration, and testing on code-switched text with alternate scripts.",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2018-zero,
    title = "Zero-shot User Intent Detection via Capsule Neural Networks",
    author = "Xia, Congying  and
      Zhang, Chenwei  and
      Yan, Xiaohui  and
      Chang, Yi  and
      Yu, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1348",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1348",
    pages = "3090--3099",
    abstract = "User intent detection plays a critical role in question-answering and dialog systems. Most previous works treat intent detection as a classification problem where utterances are labeled with predefined intents. However, it is labor-intensive and time-consuming to label users{'} utterances as intents are diversely expressed and novel intents will continually be involved. Instead, we study the zero-shot intent detection problem, which aims to detect emerging user intents where no labeled utterances are currently available. We propose two capsule-based architectures: IntentCapsNet that extracts semantic features from utterances and aggregates them to discriminate existing intents, and IntentCapsNet-ZSL which gives IntentCapsNet the zero-shot learning ability to discriminate emerging intents via knowledge transfer from existing intents. Experiments on two real-world datasets show that our model not only can better discriminate diversely expressed existing intents, but is also able to discriminate emerging intents when no labeled utterances are available.",
}
@inproceedings{jin-szolovits-2018-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Neural Networks for Sequential Sentence Classification in Medical Scientific Abstracts",
    author = "Jin, Di  and
      Szolovits, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1349",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1349",
    pages = "3100--3109",
    abstract = "Prevalent models based on artificial neural network (ANN) for sentence classification often classify sentences in isolation without considering the context in which sentences appear. This hampers the traditional sentence classification approaches to the problem of sequential sentence classification, where structured prediction is needed for better overall classification performance. In this work, we present a hierarchical sequential labeling network to make use of the contextual information within surrounding sentences to help classify the current sentence. Our model outperforms the state-of-the-art results by 2{\%}-3{\%} on two benchmarking datasets for sequential sentence classification in medical scientific abstracts.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2018-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Capsule Networks with Dynamic Routing for Text Classification",
    author = "Yang, Min  and
      Zhao, Wei  and
      Ye, Jianbo  and
      Lei, Zeyang  and
      Zhao, Zhou  and
      Zhang, Soufei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1350",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1350",
    pages = "3110--3119",
    abstract = "In this study, we explore capsule networks with dynamic routing for text classification. We propose three strategies to stabilize the dynamic routing process to alleviate the disturbance of some noise capsules which may contain {``}background{''} information or have not been successfully trained. A series of experiments are conducted with capsule networks on six text classification benchmarks. Capsule networks achieve state of the art on 4 out of 6 datasets, which shows the effectiveness of capsule networks for text classification. We additionally show that capsule networks exhibit significant improvement when transfer single-label to multi-label text classification over strong baseline methods. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that capsule networks have been empirically investigated for text modeling.",
}
@inproceedings{zeng-etal-2018-topic,
    title = "Topic Memory Networks for Short Text Classification",
    author = "Zeng, Jichuan  and
      Li, Jing  and
      Song, Yan  and
      Gao, Cuiyun  and
      Lyu, Michael R.  and
      King, Irwin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1351",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1351",
    pages = "3120--3131",
    abstract = "Many classification models work poorly on short texts due to data sparsity. To address this issue, we propose topic memory networks for short text classification with a novel topic memory mechanism to encode latent topic representations indicative of class labels. Different from most prior work that focuses on extending features with external knowledge or pre-trained topics, our model jointly explores topic inference and text classification with memory networks in an end-to-end manner. Experimental results on four benchmark datasets show that our model outperforms state-of-the-art models on short text classification, meanwhile generates coherent topics.",
}
@inproceedings{rios-kavuluru-2018-shot,
    title = "Few-Shot and Zero-Shot Multi-Label Learning for Structured Label Spaces",
    author = "Rios, Anthony  and
      Kavuluru, Ramakanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1352",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1352",
    pages = "3132--3142",
    abstract = "Large multi-label datasets contain labels that occur thousands of times (frequent group), those that occur only a few times (few-shot group), and labels that never appear in the training dataset (zero-shot group). Multi-label few- and zero-shot label prediction is mostly unexplored on datasets with large label spaces, especially for text classification. In this paper, we perform a fine-grained evaluation to understand how state-of-the-art methods perform on infrequent labels. Furthermore, we develop few- and zero-shot methods for multi-label text classification when there is a known structure over the label space, and evaluate them on two publicly available medical text datasets: MIMIC II and MIMIC III. For few-shot labels we achieve improvements of 6.2{\%} and 4.8{\%} in R@10 for MIMIC II and MIMIC III, respectively, over prior efforts; the corresponding R@10 improvements for zero-shot labels are 17.3{\%} and 19{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{yi-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Poetry Generation with Mutual Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Yi, Xiaoyuan  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Li, Ruoyu  and
      Li, Wenhao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1353",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1353",
    pages = "3143--3153",
    abstract = "Poetry is one of the most beautiful forms of human language art. As a crucial step towards computer creativity, automatic poetry generation has drawn researchers{'} attention for decades. In recent years, some neural models have made remarkable progress in this task. However, they are all based on maximum likelihood estimation, which only learns common patterns of the corpus and results in loss-evaluation mismatch. Human experts evaluate poetry in terms of some specific criteria, instead of word-level likelihood. To handle this problem, we directly model the criteria and use them as explicit rewards to guide gradient update by reinforcement learning, so as to motivate the model to pursue higher scores. Besides, inspired by writing theories, we propose a novel mutual reinforcement learning schema. We simultaneously train two learners (generators) which learn not only from the teacher (rewarder) but also from each other to further improve performance. We experiment on Chinese poetry. Based on a strong basic model, our method achieves better results and outperforms the current state-of-the-art method.",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2018-variational,
    title = "Variational Autoregressive Decoder for Neural Response Generation",
    author = "Du, Jiachen  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      He, Yulan  and
      Xu, Ruifeng  and
      Bing, Lidong  and
      Wang, Xuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1354",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1354",
    pages = "3154--3163",
    abstract = "Combining the virtues of probability graphic models and neural networks, Conditional Variational Auto-encoder (CVAE) has shown promising performance in applications such as response generation. However, existing CVAE-based models often generate responses from a single latent variable which may not be sufficient to model high variability in responses. To solve this problem, we propose a novel model that sequentially introduces a series of latent variables to condition the generation of each word in the response sequence. In addition, the approximate posteriors of these latent variables are augmented with a backward Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), which allows the latent variables to capture long-term dependencies of future tokens in generation. To facilitate training, we supplement our model with an auxiliary objective that predicts the subsequent bag of words. Empirical experiments conducted on Opensubtitle and Reddit datasets show that the proposed model leads to significant improvement on both relevance and diversity over state-of-the-art baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2018-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Transformer and Paraphrase Rules for Sentence Simplification",
    author = "Zhao, Sanqiang  and
      Meng, Rui  and
      He, Daqing  and
      Saptono, Andi  and
      Parmanto, Bambang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1355",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1355",
    pages = "3164--3173",
    abstract = "Sentence simplification aims to reduce the complexity of a sentence while retaining its original meaning. Current models for sentence simplification adopted ideas from machine translation studies and implicitly learned simplification mapping rules from normal-simple sentence pairs. In this paper, we explore a novel model based on a multi-layer and multi-head attention architecture and we propose two innovative approaches to integrate the Simple PPDB (A Paraphrase Database for Simplification), an external paraphrase knowledge base for simplification that covers a wide range of real-world simplification rules. The experiments show that the integration provides two major benefits: (1) the integrated model outperforms multiple state-of-the-art baseline models for sentence simplification in the literature (2) through analysis of the rule utilization, the model seeks to select more accurate simplification rules. The code and models used in the paper are available at \url{https://github.com/Sanqiang/text_simplification}.",
}
@inproceedings{wiseman-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Neural Templates for Text Generation",
    author = "Wiseman, Sam  and
      Shieber, Stuart  and
      Rush, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1356",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1356",
    pages = "3174--3187",
    abstract = "While neural, encoder-decoder models have had significant empirical success in text generation, there remain several unaddressed problems with this style of generation. Encoder-decoder models are largely (a) uninterpretable, and (b) difficult to control in terms of their phrasing or content. This work proposes a neural generation system using a hidden semi-markov model (HSMM) decoder, which learns latent, discrete templates jointly with learning to generate. We show that this model learns useful templates, and that these templates make generation both more interpretable and controllable. Furthermore, we show that this approach scales to real data sets and achieves strong performance nearing that of encoder-decoder text generation models.",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Reference Training with Pseudo-References for Neural Translation and Text Generation",
    author = "Zheng, Renjie  and
      Ma, Mingbo  and
      Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1357",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1357",
    pages = "3188--3197",
    abstract = "Neural text generation, including neural machine translation, image captioning, and summarization, has been quite successful recently. However, during training time, typically only one reference is considered for each example, even though there are often multiple references available, e.g., 4 references in NIST MT evaluations, and 5 references in image captioning data. We first investigate several different ways of utilizing multiple human references during training. But more importantly, we then propose an algorithm to generate exponentially many pseudo-references by first compressing existing human references into lattices and then traversing them to generate new pseudo-references. These approaches lead to substantial improvements over strong baselines in both machine translation (+1.5 BLEU) and image captioning (+3.1 BLEU / +11.7 CIDEr).",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Graph Embedding with Hierarchical Relation Structure",
    author = "Zhang, Zhao  and
      Zhuang, Fuzhen  and
      Qu, Meng  and
      Lin, Fen  and
      He, Qing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1358",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1358",
    pages = "3198--3207",
    abstract = "The rapid development of knowledge graphs (KGs), such as Freebase and WordNet, has changed the paradigm for AI-related applications. However, even though these KGs are impressively large, most of them are suffering from incompleteness, which leads to performance degradation of AI applications. Most existing researches are focusing on knowledge graph embedding (KGE) models. Nevertheless, those models simply embed entities and relations into latent vectors without leveraging the rich information from the relation structure. Indeed, relations in KGs conform to a three-layer hierarchical relation structure (HRS), i.e., semantically similar relations can make up relation clusters and some relations can be further split into several fine-grained sub-relations. Relation clusters, relations and sub-relations can fit in the top, the middle and the bottom layer of three-layer HRS respectively. To this end, in this paper, we extend existing KGE models TransE, TransH and DistMult, to learn knowledge representations by leveraging the information from the HRS. Particularly, our approach is capable to extend other KGE models. Finally, the experiment results clearly validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach against baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{pezeshkpour-etal-2018-embedding,
    title = "Embedding Multimodal Relational Data for Knowledge Base Completion",
    author = "Pezeshkpour, Pouya  and
      Chen, Liyan  and
      Singh, Sameer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1359",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1359",
    pages = "3208--3218",
    abstract = "Representing entities and relations in an embedding space is a well-studied approach for machine learning on relational data. Existing approaches, however, primarily focus on simple link structure between a finite set of entities, ignoring the variety of data types that are often used in knowledge bases, such as text, images, and numerical values. In this paper, we propose multimodal knowledge base embeddings (MKBE) that use different neural encoders for this variety of observed data, and combine them with existing relational models to learn embeddings of the entities and multimodal data. Further, using these learned embedings and different neural decoders, we introduce a novel multimodal imputation model to generate missing multimodal values, like text and images, from information in the knowledge base. We enrich existing relational datasets to create two novel benchmarks that contain additional information such as textual descriptions and images of the original entities. We demonstrate that our models utilize this additional information effectively to provide more accurate link prediction, achieving state-of-the-art results with a considerable gap of 5-7{\%} over existing methods. Further, we evaluate the quality of our generated multimodal values via a user study.",
}
@inproceedings{luan-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Task Identification of Entities, Relations, and Coreference for Scientific Knowledge Graph Construction",
    author = "Luan, Yi  and
      He, Luheng  and
      Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1360",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1360",
    pages = "3219--3232",
    abstract = "We introduce a multi-task setup of identifying entities, relations, and coreference clusters in scientific articles. We create SciERC, a dataset that includes annotations for all three tasks and develop a unified framework called SciIE with shared span representations. The multi-task setup reduces cascading errors between tasks and leverages cross-sentence relations through coreference links. Experiments show that our multi-task model outperforms previous models in scientific information extraction without using any domain-specific features. We further show that the framework supports construction of a scientific knowledge graph, which we use to analyze information in scientific literature.",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2018-playing,
    title = "Playing 20 Question Game with Policy-Based Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Hu, Huang  and
      Wu, Xianchao  and
      Luo, Bingfeng  and
      Tao, Chongyang  and
      Xu, Can  and
      Wu, Wei  and
      Chen, Zhan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1361",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1361",
    pages = "3233--3242",
    abstract = "The 20 Questions (Q20) game is a well known game which encourages deductive reasoning and creativity. In the game, the answerer first thinks of an object such as a famous person or a kind of animal. Then the questioner tries to guess the object by asking 20 questions. In a Q20 game system, the user is considered as the answerer while the system itself acts as the questioner which requires a good strategy of question selection to figure out the correct object and win the game. However, the optimal policy of question selection is hard to be derived due to the complexity and volatility of the game environment. In this paper, we propose a novel policy-based Reinforcement Learning (RL) method, which enables the questioner agent to learn the optimal policy of question selection through continuous interactions with users. To facilitate training, we also propose to use a reward network to estimate the more informative reward. Compared to previous methods, our RL method is robust to noisy answers and does not rely on the Knowledge Base of objects. Experimental results show that our RL method clearly outperforms an entropy-based engineering system and has competitive performance in a noisy-free simulation environment.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Hop Knowledge Graph Reasoning with Reward Shaping",
    author = "Lin, Xi Victoria  and
      Socher, Richard  and
      Xiong, Caiming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1362",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1362",
    pages = "3243--3253",
    abstract = "Multi-hop reasoning is an effective approach for query answering (QA) over incomplete knowledge graphs (KGs). The problem can be formulated in a reinforcement learning (RL) setup, where a policy-based agent sequentially extends its inference path until it reaches a target. However, in an incomplete KG environment, the agent receives low-quality rewards corrupted by false negatives in the training data, which harms generalization at test time. Furthermore, since no golden action sequence is used for training, the agent can be misled by spurious search trajectories that incidentally lead to the correct answer. We propose two modeling advances to address both issues: (1) we reduce the impact of false negative supervision by adopting a pretrained one-hop embedding model to estimate the reward of unobserved facts; (2) we counter the sensitivity to spurious paths of on-policy RL by forcing the agent to explore a diverse set of paths using randomly generated edge masks. Our approach significantly improves over existing path-based KGQA models on several benchmark datasets and is comparable or better than embedding-based models.",
}
@inproceedings{kann-schutze-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Transductive Learning and Beyond: Morphological Generation in the Minimal-Resource Setting",
    author = {Kann, Katharina  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1363",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1363",
    pages = "3254--3264",
    abstract = "Neural state-of-the-art sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models often do not perform well for small training sets. We address paradigm completion, the morphological task of, given a partial paradigm, generating all missing forms. We propose two new methods for the minimal-resource setting: (i) Paradigm transduction: Since we assume only few paradigms available for training, neural seq2seq models are able to capture relationships between paradigm cells, but are tied to the idiosyncracies of the training set. Paradigm transduction mitigates this problem by exploiting the input subset of inflected forms at test time. (ii) Source selection with high precision (SHIP): Multi-source models which learn to automatically select one or multiple sources to predict a target inflection do not perform well in the minimal-resource setting. SHIP is an alternative to identify a reliable source if training data is limited. On a 52-language benchmark dataset, we outperform the previous state of the art by up to 9.71{\%} absolute accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{magri-2018-implicational,
    title = "Implicational Universals in Stochastic Constraint-Based Phonology",
    author = "Magri, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1364",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1364",
    pages = "3265--3274",
    abstract = "This paper focuses on the most basic implicational universals in phonological theory, called T-orders after Anttila and Andrus (2006). It shows that the T-orders predicted by stochastic (and partial order) Optimality Theory coincide with those predicted by categorical OT. Analogously, the T-orders predicted by stochastic Harmonic Grammar coincide with those predicted by categorical HG. In other words, these stochastic constraint-based frameworks do not tamper with the typological structure induced by the original categorical frameworks.",
}
@inproceedings{godin-etal-2018-explaining,
    title = "Explaining Character-Aware Neural Networks for Word-Level Prediction: Do They Discover Linguistic Rules?",
    author = "Godin, Fr{\'e}deric  and
      Demuynck, Kris  and
      Dambre, Joni  and
      De Neve, Wesley  and
      Demeester, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1365",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1365",
    pages = "3275--3284",
    abstract = "Character-level features are currently used in different neural network-based natural language processing algorithms. However, little is known about the character-level patterns those models learn. Moreover, models are often compared only quantitatively while a qualitative analysis is missing. In this paper, we investigate which character-level patterns neural networks learn and if those patterns coincide with manually-defined word segmentations and annotations. To that end, we extend the contextual decomposition technique (Murdoch et al. 2018) to convolutional neural networks which allows us to compare convolutional neural networks and bidirectional long short-term memory networks. We evaluate and compare these models for the task of morphological tagging on three morphologically different languages and show that these models implicitly discover understandable linguistic rules.",
}
@inproceedings{chaudhary-etal-2018-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Word Embeddings to New Languages with Morphological and Phonological Subword Representations",
    author = "Chaudhary, Aditi  and
      Zhou, Chunting  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Mortensen, David R.  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1366",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1366",
    pages = "3285--3295",
    abstract = "Much work in Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been for resource-rich languages, making generalization to new, less-resourced languages challenging. We present two approaches for improving generalization to low-resourced languages by adapting continuous word representations using linguistically motivated subword units: phonemes, morphemes and graphemes. Our method requires neither parallel corpora nor bilingual dictionaries and provides a significant gain in performance over previous methods relying on these resources. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approaches on Named Entity Recognition for four languages, namely Uyghur, Turkish, Bengali and Hindi, of which Uyghur and Bengali are low resource languages, and also perform experiments on Machine Translation. Exploiting subwords with transfer learning gives us a boost of +15.2 NER F1 for Uyghur and +9.7 F1 for Bengali. We also show improvements in the monolingual setting where we achieve (avg.) +3 F1 and (avg.) +1.35 BLEU.",
}
@inproceedings{troiano-etal-2018-computational,
    title = "A Computational Exploration of Exaggeration",
    author = {Troiano, Enrica  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      {\"O}zbal, G{\"o}zde  and
      Tekiro{\u{g}}lu, Serra Sinem},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1367",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1367",
    pages = "3296--3304",
    abstract = "Several NLP studies address the problem of figurative language, but among non-literal phenomena, they have neglected exaggeration. This paper presents a first computational approach to this figure of speech. We explore the possibility to automatically detect exaggerated sentences. First, we introduce HYPO, a corpus containing overstatements (or hyperboles) collected on the web and validated via crowdsourcing. Then, we evaluate a number of models trained on HYPO, and bring evidence that the task of hyperbole identification can be successfully performed based on a small set of semantic features.",
}
@inproceedings{dai-huang-2018-building,
    title = "Building Context-aware Clause Representations for Situation Entity Type Classification",
    author = "Dai, Zeyu  and
      Huang, Ruihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1368",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1368",
    pages = "3305--3315",
    abstract = "Capabilities to categorize a clause based on the type of situation entity (e.g., events, states and generic statements) the clause introduces to the discourse can benefit many NLP applications. Observing that the situation entity type of a clause depends on discourse functions the clause plays in a paragraph and the interpretation of discourse functions depends heavily on paragraph-wide contexts, we propose to build context-aware clause representations for predicting situation entity types of clauses. Specifically, we propose a hierarchical recurrent neural network model to read a whole paragraph at a time and jointly learn representations for all the clauses in the paragraph by extensively modeling context influences and inter-dependencies of clauses. Experimental results show that our model achieves the state-of-the-art performance for clause-level situation entity classification on the genre-rich MASC+Wiki corpus, which approaches human-level performance.",
}
@inproceedings{seonwoo-etal-2018-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical {D}irichlet {G}aussian Marked {H}awkes Process for Narrative Reconstruction in Continuous Time Domain",
    author = "Seonwoo, Yeon  and
      Oh, Alice  and
      Park, Sungjoon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1369",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1369",
    pages = "3316--3325",
    abstract = "In news and discussions, many articles and posts are provided without their related previous articles or posts. Hence, it is difficult to understand the context from which the articles and posts have occurred. In this paper, we propose the Hierarchical Dirichlet Gaussian Marked Hawkes process (HD-GMHP) for reconstructing the narratives and thread structures of news articles and discussion posts. HD-GMHP unifies three modeling strategies in previous research: temporal characteristics, triggering event relations, and meta information of text in news articles and discussion threads. To show the effectiveness of the model, we perform experiments in narrative reconstruction and thread reconstruction with real world datasets: articles from the New York Times and a corpus of Wikipedia conversations. The experimental results show that HD-GMHP outperforms the baselines of LDA, HDP, and HDHP for both tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{lauscher-etal-2018-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the Role of Argumentation in the Rhetorical Analysis of Scientific Publications with Neural Multi-Task Learning Models",
    author = "Lauscher, Anne  and
      Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo  and
      Eckert, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1370",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1370",
    pages = "3326--3338",
    abstract = "Exponential growth in the number of scientific publications yields the need for effective automatic analysis of rhetorical aspects of scientific writing. Acknowledging the argumentative nature of scientific text, in this work we investigate the link between the argumentative structure of scientific publications and rhetorical aspects such as discourse categories or citation contexts. To this end, we (1) augment a corpus of scientific publications annotated with four layers of rhetoric annotations with argumentation annotations and (2) investigate neural multi-task learning architectures combining argument extraction with a set of rhetorical classification tasks. By coupling rhetorical classifiers with the extraction of argumentative components in a joint multi-task learning setting, we obtain significant performance gains for different rhetorical analysis tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-xue-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Ranking Models for Temporal Dependency Structure Parsing",
    author = "Zhang, Yuchen  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1371",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1371",
    pages = "3339--3349",
    abstract = "We design and build the first neural temporal dependency parser. It utilizes a neural ranking model with minimal feature engineering, and parses time expressions and events in a text into a temporal dependency tree structure. We evaluate our parser on two domains: news reports and narrative stories. In a parsing-only evaluation setup where gold time expressions and events are provided, our parser reaches 0.81 and 0.70 f-score on unlabeled and labeled parsing respectively, a result that is very competitive against alternative approaches. In an end-to-end evaluation setup where time expressions and events are automatically recognized, our parser beats two strong baselines on both data domains. Our experimental results and discussions shed light on the nature of temporal dependency structures in different domains and provide insights that we believe will be valuable to future research in this area.",
}
@inproceedings{son-etal-2018-causal,
    title = "Causal Explanation Analysis on Social Media",
    author = "Son, Youngseo  and
      Bayas, Nipun  and
      Schwartz, H. Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1372",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1372",
    pages = "3350--3359",
    abstract = "Understanding causal explanations - reasons given for happenings in one{'}s life - has been found to be an important psychological factor linked to physical and mental health. Causal explanations are often studied through manual identification of phrases over limited samples of personal writing. Automatic identification of causal explanations in social media, while challenging in relying on contextual and sequential cues, offers a larger-scale alternative to expensive manual ratings and opens the door for new applications (e.g. studying prevailing beliefs about causes, such as climate change). Here, we explore automating causal explanation analysis, building on discourse parsing, and presenting two novel subtasks: causality detection (determining whether a causal explanation exists at all) and causal explanation identification (identifying the specific phrase that is the explanation). We achieve strong accuracies for both tasks but find different approaches best: an SVM for causality prediction (F1 = 0.791) and a hierarchy of Bidirectional LSTMs for causal explanation identification (F1 = 0.853). Finally, we explore applications of our complete pipeline (F1 = 0.868), showing demographic differences in mentions of causal explanation and that the association between a word and sentiment can change when it is used within a causal explanation.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-lrmm,
    title = "{LRMM}: Learning to Recommend with Missing Modalities",
    author = "Wang, Cheng  and
      Niepert, Mathias  and
      Li, Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1373",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1373",
    pages = "3360--3370",
    abstract = "Multimodal learning has shown promising performance in content-based recommendation due to the auxiliary user and item information of multiple modalities such as text and images. However, the problem of incomplete and missing modality is rarely explored and most existing methods fail in learning a recommendation model with missing or corrupted modalities. In this paper, we propose LRMM, a novel framework that mitigates not only the problem of missing modalities but also more generally the cold-start problem of recommender systems. We propose modality dropout (m-drop) and a multimodal sequential autoencoder (m-auto) to learn multimodal representations for complementing and imputing missing modalities. Extensive experiments on real-world Amazon data show that LRMM achieves state-of-the-art performance on rating prediction tasks. More importantly, LRMM is more robust to previous methods in alleviating data-sparsity and the cold-start problem.",
}
@inproceedings{lukasik-zens-2018-content,
    title = "Content Explorer: Recommending Novel Entities for a Document Writer",
    author = "Lukasik, Michal  and
      Zens, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1374",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1374",
    pages = "3371--3380",
    abstract = "Background research is an essential part of document writing. Search engines are great for retrieving information once we know what to look for. However, the bigger challenge is often identifying topics for further research. Automated tools could help significantly in this discovery process and increase the productivity of the writer. In this paper, we formulate the problem of recommending topics to a writer. We consider this as a supervised learning problem and run a user study to validate this approach. We propose an evaluation metric and perform an empirical comparison of state-of-the-art models for extreme multi-label classification on a large data set. We demonstrate how a simple modification of the cross-entropy loss function leads to improved results of the deep learning models.",
}
@inproceedings{maharjan-etal-2018-genre,
    title = "A Genre-Aware Attention Model to Improve the Likability Prediction of Books",
    author = "Maharjan, Suraj  and
      Montes, Manuel  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez, Fabio A.  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1375",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1375",
    pages = "3381--3391",
    abstract = "Likability prediction of books has many uses. Readers, writers, as well as the publishing industry, can all benefit from automatic book likability prediction systems. In order to make reliable decisions, these systems need to assimilate information from different aspects of a book in a sensible way. We propose a novel multimodal neural architecture that incorporates genre supervision to assign weights to individual feature types. Our proposed method is capable of dynamically tailoring weights given to feature types based on the characteristics of each book. Our architecture achieves competitive results and even outperforms state-of-the-art for this task.",
}
@inproceedings{chan-king-2018-thread,
    title = "Thread Popularity Prediction and Tracking with a Permutation-invariant Model",
    author = "Chan, Hou Pong  and
      King, Irwin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1376",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1376",
    pages = "3392--3401",
    abstract = "The task of thread popularity prediction and tracking aims to recommend a few popular comments to subscribed users when a batch of new comments arrive in a discussion thread. This task has been formulated as a reinforcement learning problem, in which the reward of the agent is the sum of positive responses received by the recommended comments. In this work, we propose a novel approach to tackle this problem. First, we propose a deep neural network architecture to model the expected cumulative reward (Q-value) of a recommendation (action). Unlike the state-of-the-art approach, which treats an action as a sequence, our model uses an attention mechanism to integrate information from a set of comments. Thus, the prediction of Q-value is invariant to the permutation of the comments, which leads to a more consistent agent behavior. Second, we employ a greedy procedure to approximate the action that maximizes the predicted Q-value from a combinatorial action space. Different from the state-of-the-art approach, this procedure does not require an additional pre-trained model to generate candidate actions. Experiments on five real-world datasets show that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art.",
}
@inproceedings{majumder-etal-2018-iarm,
    title = "{IARM}: Inter-Aspect Relation Modeling with Memory Networks in Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Majumder, Navonil  and
      Poria, Soujanya  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander  and
      Akhtar, Md. Shad  and
      Cambria, Erik  and
      Ekbal, Asif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1377",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1377",
    pages = "3402--3411",
    abstract = "Sentiment analysis has immense implications in e-commerce through user feedback mining. Aspect-based sentiment analysis takes this one step further by enabling businesses to extract aspect specific sentimental information. In this paper, we present a novel approach of incorporating the neighboring aspects related information into the sentiment classification of the target aspect using memory networks. We show that our method outperforms the state of the art by 1.6{\%} on average in two distinct domains: restaurant and laptop.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-singh-2018-limbic,
    title = "{L}imbic: Author-Based Sentiment Aspect Modeling Regularized with Word Embeddings and Discourse Relations",
    author = "Zhang, Zhe  and
      Singh, Munindar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1378",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1378",
    pages = "3412--3422",
    abstract = "We propose Limbic, an unsupervised probabilistic model that addresses the problem of discovering aspects and sentiments and associating them with authors of opinionated texts. Limbic combines three ideas, incorporating authors, discourse relations, and word embeddings. For discourse relations, Limbic adopts a generative process regularized by a Markov Random Field. To promote words with high semantic similarity into the same topic, Limbic captures semantic regularities from word embeddings via a generalized P{\'o}lya Urn process. We demonstrate that Limbic (1) discovers aspects associated with sentiments with high lexical diversity; (2) outperforms state-of-the-art models by a substantial margin in topic cohesion and sentiment classification.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2018-interpretable,
    title = "An Interpretable Neural Network with Topical Information for Relevant Emotion Ranking",
    author = "Yang, Yang  and
      Zhou, Deyu  and
      He, Yulan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1379",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1379",
    pages = "3423--3432",
    abstract = "Text might express or evoke multiple emotions with varying intensities. As such, it is crucial to predict and rank multiple relevant emotions by their intensities. Moreover, as emotions might be evoked by hidden topics, it is important to unveil and incorporate such topical information to understand how the emotions are evoked. We proposed a novel interpretable neural network approach for relevant emotion ranking. Specifically, motivated by transfer learning, the neural network is initialized to make the hidden layer approximate the behavior of topic models. Moreover, a novel error function is defined to optimize the whole neural network for relevant emotion ranking. Experimental results on three real-world corpora show that the proposed approach performs remarkably better than the state-of-the-art emotion detection approaches and multi-label learning methods. Moreover, the extracted emotion-associated topic words indeed represent emotion-evoking events and are in line with our common-sense knowledge.",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-grained Attention Network for Aspect-Level Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Fan, Feifan  and
      Feng, Yansong  and
      Zhao, Dongyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1380",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1380",
    pages = "3433--3442",
    abstract = "We propose a novel multi-grained attention network (MGAN) model for aspect level sentiment classification. Existing approaches mostly adopt coarse-grained attention mechanism, which may bring information loss if the aspect has multiple words or larger context. We propose a fine-grained attention mechanism, which can capture the word-level interaction between aspect and context. And then we leverage the fine-grained and coarse-grained attention mechanisms to compose the MGAN framework. Moreover, unlike previous works which train each aspect with its context separately, we design an aspect alignment loss to depict the aspect-level interactions among the aspects that have the same context. We evaluate the proposed approach on three datasets: laptop and restaurant are from SemEval 2014, and the last one is a twitter dataset. Experimental results show that the multi-grained attention network consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on all three datasets. We also conduct experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of aspect alignment loss, which indicates the aspect-level interactions can bring extra useful information and further improve the performance.",
}
@inproceedings{tay-etal-2018-attentive,
    title = "Attentive Gated Lexicon Reader with Contrastive Contextual Co-Attention for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Tay, Yi  and
      Luu, Anh Tuan  and
      Hui, Siu Cheung  and
      Su, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1381",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1381",
    pages = "3443--3453",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a new neural architecture that exploits readily available sentiment lexicon resources. The key idea is that that incorporating a word-level prior can aid in the representation learning process, eventually improving model performance. To this end, our model employs two distinctly unique components, i.e., (1) we introduce a lexicon-driven contextual attention mechanism to imbue lexicon words with long-range contextual information and (2), we introduce a contrastive co-attention mechanism that models contrasting polarities between all positive and negative words in a sentence. Via extensive experiments, we show that our approach outperforms many other neural baselines on sentiment classification tasks on multiple benchmark datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{ghosal-etal-2018-contextual,
    title = "Contextual Inter-modal Attention for Multi-modal Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Ghosal, Deepanway  and
      Akhtar, Md Shad  and
      Chauhan, Dushyant  and
      Poria, Soujanya  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1382",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1382",
    pages = "3454--3466",
    abstract = "Multi-modal sentiment analysis offers various challenges, one being the effective combination of different input modalities, namely text, visual and acoustic. In this paper, we propose a recurrent neural network based multi-modal attention framework that leverages the contextual information for utterance-level sentiment prediction. The proposed approach applies attention on multi-modal multi-utterance representations and tries to learn the contributing features amongst them. We evaluate our proposed approach on two multi-modal sentiment analysis benchmark datasets, viz. CMU Multi-modal Opinion-level Sentiment Intensity (CMU-MOSI) corpus and the recently released CMU Multi-modal Opinion Sentiment and Emotion Intensity (CMU-MOSEI) corpus. Evaluation results show the effectiveness of our proposed approach with the accuracies of 82.31{\%} and 79.80{\%} for the MOSI and MOSEI datasets, respectively. These are approximately 2 and 1 points performance improvement over the state-of-the-art models for the datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2018-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Semi-supervised Learning for Cross-domain Sentiment Classification",
    author = "He, Ruidan  and
      Lee, Wee Sun  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Dahlmeier, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1383",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1383",
    pages = "3467--3476",
    abstract = "We consider the cross-domain sentiment classification problem, where a sentiment classifier is to be learned from a source domain and to be generalized to a target domain. Our approach explicitly minimizes the distance between the source and the target instances in an embedded feature space. With the difference between source and target minimized, we then exploit additional information from the target domain by consolidating the idea of semi-supervised learning, for which, we jointly employ two regularizations {---} entropy minimization and self-ensemble bootstrapping {---} to incorporate the unlabeled target data for classifier refinement. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can better leverage unlabeled data from the target domain and achieve substantial improvements over baseline methods in various experimental settings.",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2018-extra,
    title = "{E}xt{RA}: Extracting Prominent Review Aspects from Customer Feedback",
    author = "Luo, Zhiyi  and
      Huang, Shanshan  and
      Xu, Frank F.  and
      Lin, Bill Yuchen  and
      Shi, Hanyuan  and
      Zhu, Kenny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1384",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1384",
    pages = "3477--3486",
    abstract = "Many existing systems for analyzing and summarizing customer reviews about products or service are based on a number of prominent review aspects. Conventionally, the prominent review aspects of a product type are determined manually. This costly approach cannot scale to large and cross-domain services such as Amazon.com, Taobao.com or Yelp.com where there are a large number of product types and new products emerge almost every day. In this paper, we propose a novel framework, for extracting the most prominent aspects of a given product type from textual reviews. The proposed framework, ExtRA, extracts K most prominent aspect terms or phrases which do not overlap semantically automatically without supervision. Extensive experiments show that ExtRA is effective and achieves the state-of-the-art performance on a dataset consisting of different product types.",
}
@inproceedings{wen-etal-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Cross-Platform Rumor Verification Pivoting on Multimedia Content",
    author = "Wen, Weiming  and
      Su, Songwen  and
      Yu, Zhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1385",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1385",
    pages = "3487--3496",
    abstract = "With the increasing popularity of smart devices, rumors with multimedia content become more and more common on social networks. The multimedia information usually makes rumors look more convincing. Therefore, finding an automatic approach to verify rumors with multimedia content is a pressing task. Previous rumor verification research only utilizes multimedia as input features. We propose not to use the multimedia content but to find external information in other news platforms pivoting on it. We introduce a new features set, cross-lingual cross-platform features that leverage the semantic similarity between the rumors and the external information. When implemented, machine learning methods utilizing such features achieved the state-of-the-art rumor verification results.",
}
@inproceedings{carton-etal-2018-extractive,
    title = "Extractive Adversarial Networks: High-Recall Explanations for Identifying Personal Attacks in Social Media Posts",
    author = "Carton, Samuel  and
      Mei, Qiaozhu  and
      Resnick, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1386",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1386",
    pages = "3497--3507",
    abstract = "We introduce an adversarial method for producing high-recall explanations of neural text classifier decisions. Building on an existing architecture for extractive explanations via hard attention, we add an adversarial layer which scans the residual of the attention for remaining predictive signal. Motivated by the important domain of detecting personal attacks in social media comments, we additionally demonstrate the importance of manually setting a semantically appropriate {``}default{''} behavior for the model by explicitly manipulating its bias term. We develop a validation set of human-annotated personal attacks to evaluate the impact of these changes.",
}
@inproceedings{lebanoff-liu-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Vague Words and Sentences in Privacy Policies",
    author = "Lebanoff, Logan  and
      Liu, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1387",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1387",
    pages = "3508--3517",
    abstract = "Website privacy policies represent the single most important source of information for users to gauge how their personal data are collected, used and shared by companies. However, privacy policies are often vague and people struggle to understand the content. Their opaqueness poses a significant challenge to both users and policy regulators. In this paper, we seek to identify vague content in privacy policies. We construct the first corpus of human-annotated vague words and sentences and present empirical studies on automatic vagueness detection. In particular, we investigate context-aware and context-agnostic models for predicting vague words, and explore auxiliary-classifier generative adversarial networks for characterizing sentence vagueness. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed approaches. Finally, we provide suggestions for resolving vagueness and improving the usability of privacy policies.",
}
@inproceedings{kulkarni-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-view Models for Political Ideology Detection of News Articles",
    author = "Kulkarni, Vivek  and
      Ye, Junting  and
      Skiena, Steve  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1388",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1388",
    pages = "3518--3527",
    abstract = "A news article{'}s title, content and link structure often reveal its political ideology. However, most existing works on automatic political ideology detection only leverage textual cues. Drawing inspiration from recent advances in neural inference, we propose a novel attention based multi-view model to leverage cues from all of the above views to identify the ideology evinced by a news article. Our model draws on advances in representation learning in natural language processing and network science to capture cues from both textual content and the network structure of news articles. We empirically evaluate our model against a battery of baselines and show that our model outperforms state of the art by 10 percentage points F1 score.",
}
@inproceedings{baly-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Factuality of Reporting and Bias of News Media Sources",
    author = "Baly, Ramy  and
      Karadzhov, Georgi  and
      Alexandrov, Dimitar  and
      Glass, James  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1389",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1389",
    pages = "3528--3539",
    abstract = "We present a study on predicting the factuality of reporting and bias of news media. While previous work has focused on studying the veracity of claims or documents, here we are interested in characterizing entire news media. This is an under-studied, but arguably important research problem, both in its own right and as a prior for fact-checking systems. We experiment with a large list of news websites and with a rich set of features derived from (i) a sample of articles from the target news media, (ii) its Wikipedia page, (iii) its Twitter account, (iv) the structure of its URL, and (v) information about the Web traffic it attracts. The experimental results show sizable performance gains over the baseline, and reveal the importance of each feature type.",
}
@inproceedings{zhong-etal-2018-legal,
    title = "Legal Judgment Prediction via Topological Learning",
    author = "Zhong, Haoxi  and
      Guo, Zhipeng  and
      Tu, Cunchao  and
      Xiao, Chaojun  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1390",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1390",
    pages = "3540--3549",
    abstract = "Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) aims to predict the judgment result based on the facts of a case and becomes a promising application of artificial intelligence techniques in the legal field. In real-world scenarios, legal judgment usually consists of multiple subtasks, such as the decisions of applicable law articles, charges, fines, and the term of penalty. Moreover, there exist topological dependencies among these subtasks. While most existing works only focus on a specific subtask of judgment prediction and ignore the dependencies among subtasks, we formalize the dependencies among subtasks as a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) and propose a topological multi-task learning framework, TopJudge, which incorporates multiple subtasks and DAG dependencies into judgment prediction. We conduct experiments on several real-world large-scale datasets of criminal cases in the civil law system. Experimental results show that our model achieves consistent and significant improvements over baselines on all judgment prediction tasks. The source code can be obtained from \url{https://github.com/thunlp/TopJudge}.",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2018-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical {CVAE} for Fine-Grained Hate Speech Classification",
    author = "Qian, Jing  and
      ElSherief, Mai  and
      Belding, Elizabeth  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1391",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1391",
    pages = "3550--3559",
    abstract = "Existing work on automated hate speech detection typically focuses on binary classification or on differentiating among a small set of categories. In this paper, we propose a novel method on a fine-grained hate speech classification task, which focuses on differentiating among 40 hate groups of 13 different hate group categories. We first explore the Conditional Variational Autoencoder (CVAE) as a discriminative model and then extend it to a hierarchical architecture to utilize the additional hate category information for more accurate prediction. Experimentally, we show that incorporating the hate category information for training can significantly improve the classification performance and our proposed model outperforms commonly-used discriminative models.",
}
@inproceedings{zamani-etal-2018-residualized,
    title = "Residualized Factor Adaptation for Community Social Media Prediction Tasks",
    author = "Zamani, Mohammadzaman  and
      Schwartz, H. Andrew  and
      Lynn, Veronica  and
      Giorgi, Salvatore  and
      Balasubramanian, Niranjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1392",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1392",
    pages = "3560--3569",
    abstract = "Predictive models over social media language have shown promise in capturing community outcomes, but approaches thus far largely neglect the socio-demographic context (e.g. age, education rates, race) of the community from which the language originates. For example, it may be inaccurate to assume people in Mobile, Alabama, where the population is relatively older, will use words the same way as those from San Francisco, where the median age is younger with a higher rate of college education. In this paper, we present residualized factor adaptation, a novel approach to community prediction tasks which both (a) effectively integrates community attributes, as well as (b) adapts linguistic features to community attributes (factors). We use eleven demographic and socioeconomic attributes, and evaluate our approach over five different community-level predictive tasks, spanning health (heart disease mortality, percent fair/poor health), psychology (life satisfaction), and economics (percent housing price increase, foreclosure rate). Our evaluation shows that residualized factor adaptation significantly improves 4 out of 5 community-level outcome predictions over prior state-of-the-art for incorporating socio-demographic contexts.",
}
@inproceedings{field-etal-2018-framing,
    title = "Framing and Agenda-setting in {R}ussian News: a Computational Analysis of Intricate Political Strategies",
    author = "Field, Anjalie  and
      Kliger, Doron  and
      Wintner, Shuly  and
      Pan, Jennifer  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Tsvetkov, Yulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1393",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1393",
    pages = "3570--3580",
    abstract = "Amidst growing concern over media manipulation, NLP attention has focused on overt strategies like censorship and {``}fake news{''}. Here, we draw on two concepts from political science literature to explore subtler strategies for government media manipulation: agenda-setting (selecting what topics to cover) and framing (deciding how topics are covered). We analyze 13 years (100K articles) of the Russian newspaper Izvestia and identify a strategy of distraction: articles mention the U.S. more frequently in the month directly following an economic downturn in Russia. We introduce embedding-based methods for cross-lingually projecting English frames to Russian, and discover that these articles emphasize U.S. moral failings and threats to the U.S. Our work offers new ways to identify subtle media manipulation strategies at the intersection of agenda-setting and framing.",
}
@inproceedings{kleinberg-etal-2018-identifying,
    title = "Identifying the sentiment styles of {Y}ou{T}ube{'}s vloggers",
    author = "Kleinberg, Bennett  and
      Mozes, Maximilian  and
      van der Vegt, Isabelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1394",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1394",
    pages = "3581--3590",
    abstract = "Vlogs provide a rich public source of data in a novel setting. This paper examined the continuous sentiment styles employed in 27,333 vlogs using a dynamic intra-textual approach to sentiment analysis. Using unsupervised clustering, we identified seven distinct continuous sentiment trajectories characterized by fluctuations of sentiment throughout a vlog{'}s narrative time. We provide a taxonomy of these seven continuous sentiment styles and found that vlogs whose sentiment builds up towards a positive ending are the most prevalent in our sample. Gender was associated with preferences for different continuous sentiment trajectories. This paper discusses the findings with respect to previous work and concludes with an outlook towards possible uses of the corpus, method and findings of this paper for related areas of research.",
}
@inproceedings{goldin-etal-2018-native,
    title = "Native Language Identification with User Generated Content",
    author = "Goldin, Gili  and
      Rabinovich, Ella  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1395",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1395",
    pages = "3591--3601",
    abstract = "We address the task of native language identification in the context of social media content, where authors are highly-fluent, advanced nonnative speakers (of English). Using both linguistically-motivated features and the characteristics of the social media outlet, we obtain high accuracy on this challenging task. We provide a detailed analysis of the features that sheds light on differences between native and nonnative speakers, and among nonnative speakers with different backgrounds.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Error Propagation in Neural Machine Translation: Characteristics of Language Also Matter",
    author = "Wu, Lijun  and
      Tan, Xu  and
      He, Di  and
      Tian, Fei  and
      Qin, Tao  and
      Lai, Jianhuang  and
      Liu, Tie-Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1396",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1396",
    pages = "3602--3611",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation usually adopts autoregressive models and suffers from exposure bias as well as the consequent error propagation problem. Many previous works have discussed the relationship between error propagation and the \textit{accuracy drop} (i.e., the left part of the translated sentence is often better than its right part in left-to-right decoding models) problem. In this paper, we conduct a series of analyses to deeply understand this problem and get several interesting findings. (1) The role of error propagation on accuracy drop is overstated in the literature, although it indeed contributes to the accuracy drop problem. (2) Characteristics of a language play a more important role in causing the accuracy drop: the left part of the translation result in a right-branching language (e.g., English) is more likely to be more accurate than its right part, while the right part is more accurate for a left-branching language (e.g., Japanese). Our discoveries are confirmed on different model structures including Transformer and RNN, and in other sequence generation tasks such as text summarization.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-study,
    title = "A Study of Reinforcement Learning for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Wu, Lijun  and
      Tian, Fei  and
      Qin, Tao  and
      Lai, Jianhuang  and
      Liu, Tie-Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1397",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1397",
    pages = "3612--3621",
    abstract = "Recent studies have shown that reinforcement learning (RL) is an effective approach for improving the performance of neural machine translation (NMT) system. However, due to its instability, successfully RL training is challenging, especially in real-world systems where deep models and large datasets are leveraged. In this paper, taking several large-scale translation tasks as testbeds, we conduct a systematic study on how to train better NMT models using reinforcement learning. We provide a comprehensive comparison of several important factors (e.g., baseline reward, reward shaping) in RL training. Furthermore, to fill in the gap that it remains unclear whether RL is still beneficial when monolingual data is used, we propose a new method to leverage RL to further boost the performance of NMT systems trained with source/target monolingual data. By integrating all our findings, we obtain competitive results on WMT14 English-German, WMT17 English-Chinese, and WMT17 Chinese-English translation tasks, especially setting a state-of-the-art performance on WMT17 Chinese-English translation task.",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2018-meta,
    title = "Meta-Learning for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Gu, Jiatao  and
      Wang, Yong  and
      Chen, Yun  and
      Li, Victor O. K.  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1398",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1398",
    pages = "3622--3631",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose to extend the recently introduced model-agnostic meta-learning algorithm (MAML, Finn, et al., 2017) for low-resource neural machine translation (NMT). We frame low-resource translation as a meta-learning problem where we learn to adapt to low-resource languages based on multilingual high-resource language tasks. We use the universal lexical representation (Gu et al., 2018b) to overcome the input-output mismatch across different languages. We evaluate the proposed meta-learning strategy using eighteen European languages (Bg, Cs, Da, De, El, Es, Et, Fr, Hu, It, Lt, Nl, Pl, Pt, Sk, Sl, Sv and Ru) as source tasks and five diverse languages (Ro,Lv, Fi, Tr and Ko) as target tasks. We show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms the multilingual, transfer learning based approach (Zoph et al., 2016) and enables us to train a competitive NMT system with only a fraction of training examples. For instance, the proposed approach can achieve as high as 22.04 BLEU on Romanian-English WMT{'}16 by seeing only 16,000 translated words ({\textasciitilde}600 parallel sentences)",
}
@inproceedings{artetxe-etal-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Artetxe, Mikel  and
      Labaka, Gorka  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1399",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1399",
    pages = "3632--3642",
    abstract = "While modern machine translation has relied on large parallel corpora, a recent line of work has managed to train Neural Machine Translation (NMT) systems from monolingual corpora only (Artetxe et al., 2018c; Lample et al., 2018). Despite the potential of this approach for low-resource settings, existing systems are far behind their supervised counterparts, limiting their practical interest. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach based on phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) that significantly closes the gap with supervised systems. Our method profits from the modular architecture of SMT: we first induce a phrase table from monolingual corpora through cross-lingual embedding mappings, combine it with an n-gram language model, and fine-tune hyperparameters through an unsupervised MERT variant. In addition, iterative backtranslation improves results further, yielding, for instance, 14.08 and 26.22 BLEU points in WMT 2014 English-German and English-French, respectively, an improvement of more than 7-10 BLEU points over previous unsupervised systems, and closing the gap with supervised SMT (Moses trained on Europarl) down to 2-5 BLEU points. Our implementation is available at \url{https://github.com/artetxem/monoses}.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2018-visual,
    title = "A Visual Attention Grounding Neural Model for Multimodal Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhou, Mingyang  and
      Cheng, Runxiang  and
      Lee, Yong Jae  and
      Yu, Zhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1400",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1400",
    pages = "3643--3653",
    abstract = "We introduce a novel multimodal machine translation model that utilizes parallel visual and textual information. Our model jointly optimizes the learning of a shared visual-language embedding and a translator. The model leverages a visual attention grounding mechanism that links the visual semantics with the corresponding textual semantics. Our approach achieves competitive state-of-the-art results on the Multi30K and the Ambiguous COCO datasets. We also collected a new multilingual multimodal product description dataset to simulate a real-world international online shopping scenario. On this dataset, our visual attention grounding model outperforms other methods by a large margin.",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2018-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Classification towards Question-Answering with Hierarchical Matching Network",
    author = "Shen, Chenlin  and
      Sun, Changlong  and
      Wang, Jingjing  and
      Kang, Yangyang  and
      Li, Shoushan  and
      Liu, Xiaozhong  and
      Si, Luo  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1401",
    pages = "3654--3663",
    abstract = "In an e-commerce environment, user-oriented question-answering (QA) text pair could carry rich sentiment information. In this study, we propose a novel task/method to address QA sentiment analysis. In particular, we create a high-quality annotated corpus with specially-designed annotation guidelines for QA-style sentiment classification. On the basis, we propose a three-stage hierarchical matching network to explore deep sentiment information in a QA text pair. First, we segment both the question and answer text into sentences and construct a number of [Q-sentence, A-sentence] units in each QA text pair. Then, by leveraging a QA bidirectional matching layer, the proposed approach can learn the matching vectors of each [Q-sentence, A-sentence] unit. Finally, we characterize the importance of the generated matching vectors via a self-matching attention layer. Experimental results, comparing with a number of state-of-the-art baselines, demonstrate the impressive effectiveness of the proposed approach for QA-style sentiment classification.",
}
@inproceedings{stab-etal-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-topic Argument Mining from Heterogeneous Sources",
    author = "Stab, Christian  and
      Miller, Tristan  and
      Schiller, Benjamin  and
      Rai, Pranav  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1402",
    pages = "3664--3674",
    abstract = "Argument mining is a core technology for automating argument search in large document collections. Despite its usefulness for this task, most current approaches are designed for use only with specific text types and fall short when applied to heterogeneous texts. In this paper, we propose a new sentential annotation scheme that is reliably applicable by crowd workers to arbitrary Web texts. We source annotations for over 25,000 instances covering eight controversial topics. We show that integrating topic information into bidirectional long short-term memory networks outperforms vanilla BiLSTMs by more than 3 percentage points in F1 in two- and three-label cross-topic settings. We also show that these results can be further improved by leveraging additional data for topic relevance using multi-task learning.",
}
@inproceedings{angelidis-lapata-2018-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Opinions: Aspect Extraction Meets Sentiment Prediction and They Are Both Weakly Supervised",
    author = "Angelidis, Stefanos  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1403",
    pages = "3675--3686",
    abstract = "We present a neural framework for opinion summarization from online product reviews which is knowledge-lean and only requires light supervision (e.g., in the form of product domain labels and user-provided ratings). Our method combines two weakly supervised components to identify salient opinions and form extractive summaries from multiple reviews: an aspect extractor trained under a multi-task objective, and a sentiment predictor based on multiple instance learning. We introduce an opinion summarization dataset that includes a training set of product reviews from six diverse domains and human-annotated development and test sets with gold standard aspect annotations, salience labels, and opinion summaries. Automatic evaluation shows significant improvements over baselines, and a large-scale study indicates that our opinion summaries are preferred by human judges according to multiple criteria.",
}
@inproceedings{saravia-etal-2018-carer,
    title = "{CARER}: Contextualized Affect Representations for Emotion Recognition",
    author = "Saravia, Elvis  and
      Liu, Hsien-Chi Toby  and
      Huang, Yen-Hao  and
      Wu, Junlin  and
      Chen, Yi-Shin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1404",
    pages = "3687--3697",
    abstract = "Emotions are expressed in nuanced ways, which varies by collective or individual experiences, knowledge, and beliefs. Therefore, to understand emotion, as conveyed through text, a robust mechanism capable of capturing and modeling different linguistic nuances and phenomena is needed. We propose a semi-supervised, graph-based algorithm to produce rich structural descriptors which serve as the building blocks for constructing contextualized affect representations from text. The pattern-based representations are further enriched with word embeddings and evaluated through several emotion recognition tasks. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art techniques on emotion recognition tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{ma-collins-2018-noise,
    title = "Noise Contrastive Estimation and Negative Sampling for Conditional Models: Consistency and Statistical Efficiency",
    author = "Ma, Zhuang  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1405",
    pages = "3698--3707",
    abstract = "Noise Contrastive Estimation (NCE) is a powerful parameter estimation method for log-linear models, which avoids calculation of the partition function or its derivatives at each training step, a computationally demanding step in many cases. It is closely related to negative sampling methods, now widely used in NLP. This paper considers NCE-based estimation of conditional models. Conditional models are frequently encountered in practice; however there has not been a rigorous theoretical analysis of NCE in this setting, and we will argue there are subtle but important questions when generalizing NCE to the conditional case. In particular, we analyze two variants of NCE for conditional models: one based on a classification objective, the other based on a ranking objective. We show that the ranking-based variant of NCE gives consistent parameter estimates under weaker assumptions than the classification-based method; we analyze the statistical efficiency of the ranking-based and classification-based variants of NCE; finally we describe experiments on synthetic data and language modeling showing the effectiveness and tradeoffs of both methods.",
}
@inproceedings{yavuz-etal-2018-calcs,
    title = "{C}a{L}cs: Continuously Approximating Longest Common Subsequence for Sequence Level Optimization",
    author = "Yavuz, Semih  and
      Chiu, Chung-Cheng  and
      Nguyen, Patrick  and
      Wu, Yonghui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1406",
    pages = "3708--3718",
    abstract = "Maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) is one of the most widely used approaches for training structured prediction models for text-generation based natural language processing applications. However, besides exposure bias, models trained with MLE suffer from wrong objective problem where they are trained to maximize the word-level correct next step prediction, but are evaluated with respect to sequence-level discrete metrics such as ROUGE and BLEU. Several variants of policy-gradient methods address some of these problems by optimizing for final discrete evaluation metrics and showing improvements over MLE training for downstream tasks like text summarization and machine translation. However, policy-gradient methods suffers from high sample variance, making the training process very difficult and unstable. In this paper, we present an alternative direction towards mitigating this problem by introducing a new objective (CaLcs) based on a differentiable surrogate of longest common subsequence (LCS) measure that captures sequence-level structure similarity. Experimental results on abstractive summarization and machine translation validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2018-pathologies,
    title = "Pathologies of Neural Models Make Interpretations Difficult",
    author = "Feng, Shi  and
      Wallace, Eric  and
      Grissom II, Alvin  and
      Iyyer, Mohit  and
      Rodriguez, Pedro  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1407",
    pages = "3719--3728",
    abstract = "One way to interpret neural model predictions is to highlight the most important input features{---}for example, a heatmap visualization over the words in an input sentence. In existing interpretation methods for NLP, a word{'}s importance is determined by either input perturbation{---}measuring the decrease in model confidence when that word is removed{---}or by the gradient with respect to that word. To understand the limitations of these methods, we use input reduction, which iteratively removes the least important word from the input. This exposes pathological behaviors of neural models: the remaining words appear nonsensical to humans and are not the ones determined as important by interpretation methods. As we confirm with human experiments, the reduced examples lack information to support the prediction of any label, but models still make the same predictions with high confidence. To explain these counterintuitive results, we draw connections to adversarial examples and confidence calibration: pathological behaviors reveal difficulties in interpreting neural models trained with maximum likelihood. To mitigate their deficiencies, we fine-tune the models by encouraging high entropy outputs on reduced examples. Fine-tuned models become more interpretable under input reduction, without accuracy loss on regular examples.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-level Self-Attention Networks for Universal Sentence Encoding",
    author = "Wu, Wei  and
      Wang, Houfeng  and
      Liu, Tianyu  and
      Ma, Shuming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1408",
    pages = "3729--3738",
    abstract = "Universal sentence encoding is a hot topic in recent NLP research. Attention mechanism has been an integral part in many sentence encoding models, allowing the models to capture context dependencies regardless of the distance between the elements in the sequence. Fully attention-based models have recently attracted enormous interest due to their highly parallelizable computation and significantly less training time. However, the memory consumption of their models grows quadratically with the sentence length, and the syntactic information is neglected. To this end, we propose Phrase-level Self-Attention Networks (PSAN) that perform self-attention across words inside a phrase to capture context dependencies at the phrase level, and use the gated memory updating mechanism to refine each word{'}s representation hierarchically with longer-term context dependencies captured in a larger phrase. As a result, the memory consumption can be reduced because the self-attention is performed at the phrase level instead of the sentence level. At the same time, syntactic information can be easily integrated in the model. Experiment results show that PSAN can achieve the state-of-the-art performance across a plethora of NLP tasks including binary and multi-class classification, natural language inference and sentence similarity.",
}
@inproceedings{dong-etal-2018-banditsum,
    title = "{B}andit{S}um: Extractive Summarization as a Contextual Bandit",
    author = "Dong, Yue  and
      Shen, Yikang  and
      Crawford, Eric  and
      van Hoof, Herke  and
      Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1409",
    pages = "3739--3748",
    abstract = "In this work, we propose a novel method for training neural networks to perform single-document extractive summarization without heuristically-generated extractive labels. We call our approach BanditSum as it treats extractive summarization as a contextual bandit (CB) problem, where the model receives a document to summarize (the context), and chooses a sequence of sentences to include in the summary (the action). A policy gradient reinforcement learning algorithm is used to train the model to select sequences of sentences that maximize ROUGE score. We perform a series of experiments demonstrating that BanditSum is able to achieve ROUGE scores that are better than or comparable to the state-of-the-art for extractive summarization, and converges using significantly fewer update steps than competing approaches. In addition, we show empirically that BanditSum performs significantly better than competing approaches when good summary sentences appear late in the source document.",
}
@inproceedings{maddela-xu-2018-word,
    title = "A Word-Complexity Lexicon and A Neural Readability Ranking Model for Lexical Simplification",
    author = "Maddela, Mounica  and
      Xu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1410",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1410",
    pages = "3749--3760",
    abstract = "Current lexical simplification approaches rely heavily on heuristics and corpus level features that do not always align with human judgment. We create a human-rated word-complexity lexicon of 15,000 English words and propose a novel neural readability ranking model with a Gaussian-based feature vectorization layer that utilizes these human ratings to measure the complexity of any given word or phrase. Our model performs better than the state-of-the-art systems for different lexical simplification tasks and evaluation datasets. Additionally, we also produce SimplePPDB++, a lexical resource of over 10 million simplifying paraphrase rules, by applying our model to the Paraphrase Database (PPDB).",
}
@inproceedings{qin-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Latent Semantic Annotations for Grounding Natural Language to Structured Data",
    author = "Qin, Guanghui  and
      Yao, Jin-Ge  and
      Wang, Xuening  and
      Wang, Jinpeng  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1411",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1411",
    pages = "3761--3771",
    abstract = "Previous work on grounded language learning did not fully capture the semantics underlying the correspondences between structured world state representations and texts, especially those between numerical values and lexical terms. In this paper, we attempt at learning explicit latent semantic annotations from paired structured tables and texts, establishing correspondences between various types of values and texts. We model the joint probability of data fields, texts, phrasal spans, and latent annotations with an adapted semi-hidden Markov model, and impose a soft statistical constraint to further improve the performance. As a by-product, we leverage the induced annotations to extract templates for language generation. Experimental results suggest the feasibility of the setting in this study, as well as the effectiveness of our proposed framework.",
}
@inproceedings{swayamdipta-etal-2018-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Scaffolds for Semantic Structures",
    author = "Swayamdipta, Swabha  and
      Thomson, Sam  and
      Lee, Kenton  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1412",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1412",
    pages = "3772--3782",
    abstract = "We introduce the syntactic scaffold, an approach to incorporating syntactic information into semantic tasks. Syntactic scaffolds avoid expensive syntactic processing at runtime, only making use of a treebank during training, through a multitask objective. We improve over strong baselines on PropBank semantics, frame semantics, and coreference resolution, achieving competitive performance on all three tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{weber-etal-2018-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Quantized Representations for Script Generation",
    author = "Weber, Noah  and
      Shekhar, Leena  and
      Balasubramanian, Niranjan  and
      Chambers, Nathanael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1413",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1413",
    pages = "3783--3792",
    abstract = "Scripts define knowledge about how everyday scenarios (such as going to a restaurant) are expected to unfold. One of the challenges to learning scripts is the hierarchical nature of the knowledge. For example, a suspect arrested might plead innocent or guilty, and a very different track of events is then expected to happen. To capture this type of information, we propose an autoencoder model with a latent space defined by a hierarchy of categorical variables. We utilize a recently proposed vector quantization based approach, which allows continuous embeddings to be associated with each latent variable value. This permits the decoder to softly decide what portions of the latent hierarchy to condition on by attending over the value embeddings for a given setting. Our model effectively encodes and generates scripts, outperforming a recent language modeling-based method on several standard tasks, and allowing the autoencoder model to achieve substantially lower perplexity scores compared to the previous language modeling-based method.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2018-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling for Learner {C}hinese: the Importance of Syntactic Parsing and {L}2-{L}1 Parallel Data",
    author = "Lin, Zi  and
      Duan, Yuguang  and
      Zhao, Yuanyuan  and
      Sun, Weiwei  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1414",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1414",
    pages = "3793--3802",
    abstract = "This paper studies semantic parsing for interlanguage (L2), taking semantic role labeling (SRL) as a case task and learner Chinese as a case language. We first manually annotate the semantic roles for a set of learner texts to derive a gold standard for automatic SRL. Based on the new data, we then evaluate three off-the-shelf SRL systems, i.e., the PCFGLA-parser-based, neural-parser-based and neural-syntax-agnostic systems, to gauge how successful SRL for learner Chinese can be. We find two non-obvious facts: 1) the L1-sentence-trained systems performs rather badly on the L2 data; 2) the performance drop from the L1 data to the L2 data of the two parser-based systems is much smaller, indicating the importance of syntactic parsing in SRL for interlanguages. Finally, the paper introduces a new agreement-based model to explore the semantic coherency information in the large-scale L2-L1 parallel data. We then show such information is very effective to enhance SRL for learner texts. Our model achieves an F-score of 72.06, which is a 2.02 point improvement over the best baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-teacher,
    title = "A Teacher-Student Framework for Maintainable Dialog Manager",
    author = "Wang, Weikang  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zhang, Han  and
      Hwang, Mei-Yuh  and
      Zong, Chengqing  and
      Li, Zhifei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1415",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1415",
    pages = "3803--3812",
    abstract = "Reinforcement learning (RL) is an attractive solution for task-oriented dialog systems. However, extending RL-based systems to handle new intents and slots requires a system redesign. The high maintenance cost makes it difficult to apply RL methods to practical systems on a large scale. To address this issue, we propose a practical teacher-student framework to extend RL-based dialog systems without retraining from scratch. Specifically, the {``}student{''} is an extended dialog manager based on a new ontology, and the {``}teacher{''} is existing resources used for guiding the learning process of the {``}student{''}. By specifying constraints held in the new dialog manager, we transfer knowledge of the {``}teacher{''} to the {``}student{''} without additional resources. Experiments show that the performance of the extended system is comparable to the system trained from scratch. More importantly, the proposed framework makes no assumption about the unsupported intents and slots, which makes it possible to improve RL-based systems incrementally.",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2018-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Deep {D}yna-Q: Robust Planning for Dialogue Policy Learning",
    author = "Su, Shang-Yu  and
      Li, Xiujun  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Liu, Jingjing  and
      Chen, Yun-Nung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1416",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1416",
    pages = "3813--3823",
    abstract = "This paper presents a Discriminative Deep Dyna-Q (D3Q) approach to improving the effectiveness and robustness of Deep Dyna-Q (DDQ), a recently proposed framework that extends the Dyna-Q algorithm to integrate planning for task-completion dialogue policy learning. To obviate DDQ{'}s high dependency on the quality of simulated experiences, we incorporate an RNN-based discriminator in D3Q to differentiate simulated experience from real user experience in order to control the quality of training data. Experiments show that D3Q significantly outperforms DDQ by controlling the quality of simulated experience used for planning. The effectiveness and robustness of D3Q is further demonstrated in a domain extension setting, where the agent{'}s capability of adapting to a changing environment is tested.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-self,
    title = "A Self-Attentive Model with Gate Mechanism for Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Li, Changliang  and
      Li, Liang  and
      Qi, Ji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1417",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1417",
    pages = "3824--3833",
    abstract = "Spoken Language Understanding (SLU), which typically involves intent determination and slot filling, is a core component of spoken dialogue systems. Joint learning has shown to be effective in SLU given that slot tags and intents are supposed to share knowledge with each other. However, most existing joint learning methods only consider joint learning by sharing parameters on surface level rather than semantic level. In this work, we propose a novel self-attentive model with gate mechanism to fully utilize the semantic correlation between slot and intent. Our model first obtains intent-augmented embeddings based on neural network with self-attention mechanism. And then the intent semantic representation is utilized as the gate for labelling slot tags. The objectives of both tasks are optimized simultaneously via joint learning in an end-to-end way. We conduct experiment on popular benchmark ATIS. The results show that our model achieves state-of-the-art and outperforms other popular methods by a large margin in terms of both intent detection error rate and slot filling F1-score. This paper gives a new perspective for research on SLU.",
}
@inproceedings{rajendran-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning End-to-End Goal-Oriented Dialog with Multiple Answers",
    author = "Rajendran, Janarthanan  and
      Ganhotra, Jatin  and
      Singh, Satinder  and
      Polymenakos, Lazaros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1418",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1418",
    pages = "3834--3843",
    abstract = "In a dialog, there could be multiple valid next utterances at any point. The present end-to-end neural methods for dialog do not take this into account. They learn with the assumption that at any time there is only one correct next utterance. In this work, we focus on this problem in the goal-oriented dialog setting where there are different paths to reach a goal. We propose a new method, that uses a combination of supervised learning and reinforcement learning approaches to address this issue. We also propose a new and more effective testbed, permuted-bAbI dialog tasks, by introducing multiple valid next utterances to the original-bAbI dialog tasks, which allows evaluation of end-to-end goal-oriented dialog systems in a more realistic setting. We show that there is a significant drop in performance of existing end-to-end neural methods from 81.5{\%} per-dialog accuracy on original-bAbI dialog tasks to 30.3{\%} on permuted-bAbI dialog tasks. We also show that our proposed method improves the performance and achieves 47.3{\%} per-dialog accuracy on permuted-bAbI dialog tasks. We also release permuted-bAbI dialog tasks, our proposed testbed, to the community for evaluating dialog systems in a goal-oriented setting.",
}
@inproceedings{wei-etal-2018-airdialogue,
    title = "{A}ir{D}ialogue: An Environment for Goal-Oriented Dialogue Research",
    author = "Wei, Wei  and
      Le, Quoc  and
      Dai, Andrew  and
      Li, Jia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1419",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1419",
    pages = "3844--3854",
    abstract = "Recent progress in dialogue generation has inspired a number of studies on dialogue systems that are capable of accomplishing tasks through natural language interactions. A promising direction among these studies is the use of reinforcement learning techniques, such as self-play, for training dialogue agents. However, current datasets are limited in size, and the environment for training agents and evaluating progress is relatively unsophisticated. We present AirDialogue, a large dataset that contains 301,427 goal-oriented conversations. To collect this dataset, we create a context-generator which provides travel and flight restrictions. We then ask human annotators to play the role of a customer or an agent and interact with the goal of successfully booking a trip given the restrictions. Key to our environment is the ease of evaluating the success of the dialogue, which is achieved by using ground-truth states (e.g., the flight being booked) generated by the restrictions. Any dialogue agent that does not generate the correct states is considered to fail. Our experimental results indicate that state-of-the-art dialogue models can only achieve a score of 0.17 while humans can reach a score of 0.91, which suggests significant opportunities for future improvement.",
}
@inproceedings{liao-etal-2018-quase,
    title = "{Q}ua{SE}: Sequence Editing under Quantifiable Guidance",
    author = "Liao, Yi  and
      Bing, Lidong  and
      Li, Piji  and
      Shi, Shuming  and
      Lam, Wai  and
      Zhang, Tong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1420",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1420",
    pages = "3855--3864",
    abstract = "We propose the task of Quantifiable Sequence Editing (QuaSE): editing an input sequence to generate an output sequence that satisfies a given numerical outcome value measuring a certain property of the sequence, with the requirement of keeping the main content of the input sequence. For example, an input sequence could be a word sequence, such as review sentence and advertisement text. For a review sentence, the outcome could be the review rating; for an advertisement, the outcome could be the click-through rate. The major challenge in performing QuaSE is how to perceive the outcome-related wordings, and only edit them to change the outcome. In this paper, the proposed framework contains two latent factors, namely, outcome factor and content factor, disentangled from the input sentence to allow convenient editing to change the outcome and keep the content. Our framework explores the pseudo-parallel sentences by modeling their content similarity and outcome differences to enable a better disentanglement of the latent factors, which allows generating an output to better satisfy the desired outcome and keep the content. The dual reconstruction structure further enhances the capability of generating expected output by exploiting the couplings of latent factors of pseudo-parallel sentences. For evaluation, we prepared a dataset of Yelp review sentences with the ratings as outcome. Extensive experimental results are reported and discussed to elaborate the peculiarities of our framework.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-paraphrase,
    title = "Paraphrase Generation with Deep Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Li, Zichao  and
      Jiang, Xin  and
      Shang, Lifeng  and
      Li, Hang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1421",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1421",
    pages = "3865--3878",
    abstract = "Automatic generation of paraphrases from a given sentence is an important yet challenging task in natural language processing (NLP). In this paper, we present a deep reinforcement learning approach to paraphrase generation. Specifically, we propose a new framework for the task, which consists of a generator and an evaluator, both of which are learned from data. The generator, built as a sequence-to-sequence learning model, can produce paraphrases given a sentence. The evaluator, constructed as a deep matching model, can judge whether two sentences are paraphrases of each other. The generator is first trained by deep learning and then further fine-tuned by reinforcement learning in which the reward is given by the evaluator. For the learning of the evaluator, we propose two methods based on supervised learning and inverse reinforcement learning respectively, depending on the type of available training data. Experimental results on two datasets demonstrate the proposed models (the generators) can produce more accurate paraphrases and outperform the state-of-the-art methods in paraphrase generation in both automatic evaluation and human evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{nie-etal-2018-operation,
    title = "Operation-guided Neural Networks for High Fidelity Data-To-Text Generation",
    author = "Nie, Feng  and
      Wang, Jinpeng  and
      Yao, Jin-Ge  and
      Pan, Rong  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1422",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1422",
    pages = "3879--3889",
    abstract = "Recent neural models for data-to-text generation are mostly based on data-driven end-to-end training over encoder-decoder networks. Even though the generated texts are mostly fluent and informative, they often generate descriptions that are not consistent with the input structured data. This is a critical issue especially in domains that require inference or calculations over raw data. In this paper, we attempt to improve the fidelity of neural data-to-text generation by utilizing pre-executed symbolic operations. We propose a framework called Operation-guided Attention-based sequence-to-sequence network (OpAtt), with a specifically designed gating mechanism as well as a quantization module for operation results to utilize information from pre-executed operations. Experiments on two sports datasets show our proposed method clearly improves the fidelity of the generated texts to the input structured data.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-generating-classical,
    title = "Generating Classical {C}hinese Poems via Conditional Variational Autoencoder and Adversarial Training",
    author = "Li, Juntao  and
      Song, Yan  and
      Zhang, Haisong  and
      Chen, Dongmin  and
      Shi, Shuming  and
      Zhao, Dongyan  and
      Yan, Rui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1423",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1423",
    pages = "3890--3900",
    abstract = "It is a challenging task to automatically compose poems with not only fluent expressions but also aesthetic wording. Although much attention has been paid to this task and promising progress is made, there exist notable gaps between automatically generated ones with those created by humans, especially on the aspects of term novelty and thematic consistency. Towards filling the gap, in this paper, we propose a conditional variational autoencoder with adversarial training for classical Chinese poem generation, where the autoencoder part generates poems with novel terms and a discriminator is applied to adversarially learn their thematic consistency with their titles. Experimental results on a large poetry corpus confirm the validity and effectiveness of our model, where its automatic and human evaluation scores outperform existing models.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2018-paragraph,
    title = "Paragraph-level Neural Question Generation with Maxout Pointer and Gated Self-attention Networks",
    author = "Zhao, Yao  and
      Ni, Xiaochuan  and
      Ding, Yuanyuan  and
      Ke, Qifa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1424",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1424",
    pages = "3901--3910",
    abstract = "Question generation, the task of automatically creating questions that can be answered by a certain span of text within a given passage, is important for question-answering and conversational systems in digital assistants such as Alexa, Cortana, Google Assistant and Siri. Recent sequence to sequence neural models have outperformed previous rule-based systems. Existing models mainly focused on using one or two sentences as the input. Long text has posed challenges for sequence to sequence neural models in question generation {--} worse performances were reported if using the whole paragraph (with multiple sentences) as the input. In reality, however, it often requires the whole paragraph as context in order to generate high quality questions. In this paper, we propose a maxout pointer mechanism with gated self-attention encoder to address the challenges of processing long text inputs for question generation. With sentence-level inputs, our model outperforms previous approaches with either sentence-level or paragraph-level inputs. Furthermore, our model can effectively utilize paragraphs as inputs, pushing the state-of-the-art result from 13.9 to 16.3 (BLEU{\_}4).",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2018-spider,
    title = "{S}pider: A Large-Scale Human-Labeled Dataset for Complex and Cross-Domain Semantic Parsing and Text-to-{SQL} Task",
    author = "Yu, Tao  and
      Zhang, Rui  and
      Yang, Kai  and
      Yasunaga, Michihiro  and
      Wang, Dongxu  and
      Li, Zifan  and
      Ma, James  and
      Li, Irene  and
      Yao, Qingning  and
      Roman, Shanelle  and
      Zhang, Zilin  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1425",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1425",
    pages = "3911--3921",
    abstract = "We present \textit{Spider}, a large-scale complex and cross-domain semantic parsing and text-to-SQL dataset annotated by 11 college students. It consists of 10,181 questions and 5,693 unique complex SQL queries on 200 databases with multiple tables covering 138 different domains. We define a new complex and cross-domain semantic parsing and text-to-SQL task so that different complicated SQL queries and databases appear in train and test sets. In this way, the task requires the model to generalize well to both new SQL queries and new database schemas. Therefore, Spider is distinct from most of the previous semantic parsing tasks because they all use a single database and have the exact same program in the train set and the test set. We experiment with various state-of-the-art models and the best model achieves only 9.7{\%} exact matching accuracy on a database split setting. This shows that Spider presents a strong challenge for future research. Our dataset and task with the most recent updates are publicly available at \url{https://yale-lily.github.io/seq2sql/spider}.",
}
@inproceedings{freitag-roy-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Natural Language Generation with Denoising Autoencoders",
    author = "Freitag, Markus  and
      Roy, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1426",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1426",
    pages = "3922--3929",
    abstract = "Generating text from structured data is important for various tasks such as question answering and dialog systems. We show that in at least one domain, without any supervision and only based on unlabeled text, we are able to build a Natural Language Generation (NLG) system with higher performance than supervised approaches. In our approach, we interpret the structured data as a corrupt representation of the desired output and use a denoising auto-encoder to reconstruct the sentence. We show how to introduce noise into training examples that do not contain structured data, and that the resulting denoising auto-encoder generalizes to generate correct sentences when given structured data.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2018-answer,
    title = "Answer-focused and Position-aware Neural Question Generation",
    author = "Sun, Xingwu  and
      Liu, Jing  and
      Lyu, Yajuan  and
      He, Wei  and
      Ma, Yanjun  and
      Wang, Shi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1427",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1427",
    pages = "3930--3939",
    abstract = "In this paper, we focus on the problem of question generation (QG). Recent neural network-based approaches employ the sequence-to-sequence model which takes an answer and its context as input and generates a relevant question as output. However, we observe two major issues with these approaches: (1) The generated interrogative words (or question words) do not match the answer type. (2) The model copies the context words that are far from and irrelevant to the answer, instead of the words that are close and relevant to the answer. To address these two issues, we propose an answer-focused and position-aware neural question generation model. (1) By answer-focused, we mean that we explicitly model question word generation by incorporating the answer embedding, which can help generate an interrogative word matching the answer type. (2) By position-aware, we mean that we model the relative distance between the context words and the answer. Hence the model can be aware of the position of the context words when copying them to generate a question. We conduct extensive experiments to examine the effectiveness of our model. The experimental results show that our model significantly improves the baseline and outperforms the state-of-the-art system.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2018-diversity,
    title = "Diversity-Promoting {GAN}: A Cross-Entropy Based Generative Adversarial Network for Diversified Text Generation",
    author = "Xu, Jingjing  and
      Ren, Xuancheng  and
      Lin, Junyang  and
      Sun, Xu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1428",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1428",
    pages = "3940--3949",
    abstract = "Existing text generation methods tend to produce repeated and {''}boring{''} expressions. To tackle this problem, we propose a new text generation model, called Diversity-Promoting Generative Adversarial Network (DP-GAN). The proposed model assigns low reward for repeatedly generated text and high reward for {''}novel{''} and fluent text, encouraging the generator to produce diverse and informative text. Moreover, we propose a novel language-model based discriminator, which can better distinguish novel text from repeated text without the saturation problem compared with existing classifier-based discriminators. The experimental results on review generation and dialogue generation tasks demonstrate that our model can generate substantially more diverse and informative text than existing baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{nema-khapra-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards a Better Metric for Evaluating Question Generation Systems",
    author = "Nema, Preksha  and
      Khapra, Mitesh M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1429",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1429",
    pages = "3950--3959",
    abstract = "There has always been criticism for using $n$-gram based similarity metrics, such as BLEU, NIST, \textit{etc}, for evaluating the performance of NLG systems. However, these metrics continue to remain popular and are recently being used for evaluating the performance of systems which automatically generate questions from documents, knowledge graphs, images, \textit{etc}. Given the rising interest in such automatic question generation (AQG) systems, it is important to objectively examine whether these metrics are suitable for this task. In particular, it is important to verify whether such metrics used for evaluating AQG systems focus on \textit{answerability} of the generated question by preferring questions which contain all relevant information such as question type (Wh-types), entities, relations, \textit{etc}. In this work, we show that current automatic evaluation metrics based on $n$-gram similarity do not always correlate well with human judgments about \textit{answerability} of a question. To alleviate this problem and as a first step towards better evaluation metrics for AQG, we introduce a scoring function to capture \textit{answerability} and show that when this scoring function is integrated with existing metrics, they correlate significantly better with human judgments. The scripts and data developed as a part of this work are made publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2018-stylistic,
    title = "Stylistic {C}hinese Poetry Generation via Unsupervised Style Disentanglement",
    author = "Yang, Cheng  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Yi, Xiaoyuan  and
      Li, Wenhao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1430",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1430",
    pages = "3960--3969",
    abstract = "The ability to write diverse poems in different styles under the same poetic imagery is an important characteristic of human poetry writing. Most previous works on automatic Chinese poetry generation focused on improving the coherency among lines. Some work explored style transfer but suffered from expensive expert labeling of poem styles. In this paper, we target on stylistic poetry generation in a fully unsupervised manner for the first time. We propose a novel model which requires no supervised style labeling by incorporating mutual information, a concept in information theory, into modeling. Experimental results show that our model is able to generate stylistic poems without losing fluency and coherency.",
}
@inproceedings{baheti-etal-2018-generating,
    title = "Generating More Interesting Responses in Neural Conversation Models with Distributional Constraints",
    author = "Baheti, Ashutosh  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Li, Jiwei  and
      Dolan, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1431",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1431",
    pages = "3970--3980",
    abstract = "Neural conversation models tend to generate safe, generic responses for most inputs. This is due to the limitations of likelihood-based decoding objectives in generation tasks with diverse outputs, such as conversation. To address this challenge, we propose a simple yet effective approach for incorporating side information in the form of distributional constraints over the generated responses. We propose two constraints that help generate more content rich responses that are based on a model of syntax and topics (Griffiths et al., 2005) and semantic similarity (Arora et al., 2016). We evaluate our approach against a variety of competitive baselines, using both automatic metrics and human judgments, showing that our proposed approach generates responses that are much less generic without sacrificing plausibility. A working demo of our code can be found at \url{https://github.com/abaheti95/DC-NeuralConversation}.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2018-better,
    title = "Better Conversations by Modeling, Filtering, and Optimizing for Coherence and Diversity",
    author = "Xu, Xinnuo  and
      Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Konstas, Ioannis  and
      Rieser, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1432",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1432",
    pages = "3981--3991",
    abstract = "We present three enhancements to existing encoder-decoder models for open-domain conversational agents, aimed at effectively modeling coherence and promoting output diversity: (1) We introduce a measure of coherence as the GloVe embedding similarity between the dialogue context and the generated response, (2) we filter our training corpora based on the measure of coherence to obtain topically coherent and lexically diverse context-response pairs, (3) we then train a response generator using a conditional variational autoencoder model that incorporates the measure of coherence as a latent variable and uses a context gate to guarantee topical consistency with the context and promote lexical diversity. Experiments on the OpenSubtitles corpus show a substantial improvement over competitive neural models in terms of BLEU score as well as metrics of coherence and diversity.",
}
@inproceedings{whitehead-etal-2018-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Background Knowledge into Video Description Generation",
    author = "Whitehead, Spencer  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Chang, Shih-Fu  and
      Voss, Clare",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1433",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1433",
    pages = "3992--4001",
    abstract = "Most previous efforts toward video captioning focus on generating generic descriptions, such as, {``}A man is talking.{''} We collect a news video dataset to generate enriched descriptions that include important background knowledge, such as named entities and related events, which allows the user to fully understand the video content. We develop an approach that uses video meta-data to retrieve topically related news documents for a video and extracts the events and named entities from these documents. Then, given the video as well as the extracted events and entities, we generate a description using a Knowledge-aware Video Description network. The model learns to incorporate entities found in the topically related documents into the description via an entity pointer network and the generation procedure is guided by the event and entity types from the topically related documents through a knowledge gate, which is a gating mechanism added to the model{'}s decoder that takes a one-hot vector of these types. We evaluate our approach on the new dataset of news videos we have collected, establishing the first benchmark for this dataset as well as proposing a new metric to evaluate these descriptions.",
}
@inproceedings{patro-etal-2018-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Differential Network for Visual Question Generation",
    author = "Patro, Badri Narayana  and
      Kumar, Sandeep  and
      Kurmi, Vinod Kumar  and
      Namboodiri, Vinay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1434",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1434",
    pages = "4002--4012",
    abstract = "Generating natural questions from an image is a semantic task that requires using visual and language modality to learn multimodal representations. Images can have multiple visual and language contexts that are relevant for generating questions namely places, captions, and tags. In this paper, we propose the use of exemplars for obtaining the relevant context. We obtain this by using a Multimodal Differential Network to produce natural and engaging questions. The generated questions show a remarkable similarity to the natural questions as validated by a human study. Further, we observe that the proposed approach substantially improves over state-of-the-art benchmarks on the quantitative metrics (BLEU, METEOR, ROUGE, and CIDEr).",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2018-entity,
    title = "Entity-aware Image Caption Generation",
    author = "Lu, Di  and
      Whitehead, Spencer  and
      Huang, Lifu  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Chang, Shih-Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1435",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1435",
    pages = "4013--4023",
    abstract = "Current image captioning approaches generate descriptions which lack specific information, such as named entities that are involved in the images. In this paper we propose a new task which aims to generate informative image captions, given images and hashtags as input. We propose a simple but effective approach to tackle this problem. We first train a convolutional neural networks - long short term memory networks (CNN-LSTM) model to generate a template caption based on the input image. Then we use a knowledge graph based collective inference algorithm to fill in the template with specific named entities retrieved via the hashtags. Experiments on a new benchmark dataset collected from Flickr show that our model generates news-style image descriptions with much richer information. Our model outperforms unimodal baselines significantly with various evaluation metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{jhamtani-berg-kirkpatrick-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning to Describe Differences Between Pairs of Similar Images",
    author = "Jhamtani, Harsh  and
      Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1436",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1436",
    pages = "4024--4034",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce the task of automatically generating text to describe the differences between two similar images. We collect a new dataset by crowd-sourcing difference descriptions for pairs of image frames extracted from video-surveillance footage. Annotators were asked to succinctly describe all the differences in a short paragraph. As a result, our novel dataset provides an opportunity to explore models that align language and vision, and capture visual salience. The dataset may also be a useful benchmark for coherent multi-sentence generation. We perform a first-pass visual analysis that exposes clusters of differing pixels as a proxy for object-level differences. We propose a model that captures visual salience by using a latent variable to align clusters of differing pixels with output sentences. We find that, for both single-sentence generation and as well as multi-sentence generation, the proposed model outperforms the models that use attention alone.",
}
@inproceedings{rohrbach-etal-2018-object,
    title = "Object Hallucination in Image Captioning",
    author = "Rohrbach, Anna  and
      Hendricks, Lisa Anne  and
      Burns, Kaylee  and
      Darrell, Trevor  and
      Saenko, Kate",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1437",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1437",
    pages = "4035--4045",
    abstract = "Despite continuously improving performance, contemporary image captioning models are prone to {``}hallucinating{''} objects that are not actually in a scene. One problem is that standard metrics only measure similarity to ground truth captions and may not fully capture image relevance. In this work, we propose a new image relevance metric to evaluate current models with veridical visual labels and assess their rate of object hallucination. We analyze how captioning model architectures and learning objectives contribute to object hallucination, explore when hallucination is likely due to image misclassification or language priors, and assess how well current sentence metrics capture object hallucination. We investigate these questions on the standard image captioning benchmark, MSCOCO, using a diverse set of models. Our analysis yields several interesting findings, including that models which score best on standard sentence metrics do not always have lower hallucination and that models which hallucinate more tend to make errors driven by language priors.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-zhuge-2018-abstractive,
    title = "Abstractive Text-Image Summarization Using Multi-Modal Attentional Hierarchical {RNN}",
    author = "Chen, Jingqiang  and
      Zhuge, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1438",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1438",
    pages = "4046--4056",
    abstract = "Rapid growth of multi-modal documents on the Internet makes multi-modal summarization research necessary. Most previous research summarizes texts or images separately. Recent neural summarization research shows the strength of the Encoder-Decoder model in text summarization. This paper proposes an abstractive text-image summarization model using the attentional hierarchical Encoder-Decoder model to summarize a text document and its accompanying images simultaneously, and then to align the sentences and images in summaries. A multi-modal attentional mechanism is proposed to attend original sentences, images, and captions when decoding. The DailyMail dataset is extended by collecting images and captions from the Web. Experiments show our model outperforms the neural abstractive and extractive text summarization methods that do not consider images. In addition, our model can generate informative summaries of images.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-keyphrase,
    title = "Keyphrase Generation with Correlation Constraints",
    author = "Chen, Jun  and
      Zhang, Xiaoming  and
      Wu, Yu  and
      Yan, Zhao  and
      Li, Zhoujun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1439",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1439",
    pages = "4057--4066",
    abstract = "In this paper, we study automatic keyphrase generation. Although conventional approaches to this task show promising results, they neglect correlation among keyphrases, resulting in duplication and coverage issues. To solve these problems, we propose a new sequence-to-sequence architecture for keyphrase generation named CorrRNN, which captures correlation among multiple keyphrases in two ways. First, we employ a coverage vector to indicate whether the word in the source document has been summarized by previous phrases to improve the coverage for keyphrases. Second, preceding phrases are taken into account to eliminate duplicate phrases and improve result coherence. Experiment results show that our model significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art method on benchmark datasets in terms of both accuracy and diversity.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-bansal-2018-closed,
    title = "Closed-Book Training to Improve Summarization Encoder Memory",
    author = "Jiang, Yichen  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1440",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1440",
    pages = "4067--4077",
    abstract = "A good neural sequence-to-sequence summarization model should have a strong encoder that can distill and memorize the important information from long input texts so that the decoder can generate salient summaries based on the encoder{'}s memory. In this paper, we aim to improve the memorization capabilities of the encoder of a pointer-generator model by adding an additional {`}closed-book{'} decoder without attention and pointer mechanisms. Such a decoder forces the encoder to be more selective in the information encoded in its memory state because the decoder can{'}t rely on the extra information provided by the attention and possibly copy modules, and hence improves the entire model. On the CNN/Daily Mail dataset, our 2-decoder model outperforms the baseline significantly in terms of ROUGE and METEOR metrics, for both cross-entropy and reinforced setups (and on human evaluation). Moreover, our model also achieves higher scores in a test-only DUC-2002 generalizability setup. We further present a memory ability test, two saliency metrics, as well as several sanity-check ablations (based on fixed-encoder, gradient-flow cut, and model capacity) to prove that the encoder of our 2-decoder model does in fact learn stronger memory representations than the baseline encoder.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-improving-neural,
    title = "Improving Neural Abstractive Document Summarization with Structural Regularization",
    author = "Li, Wei  and
      Xiao, Xinyan  and
      Lyu, Yajuan  and
      Wang, Yuanzhuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1441",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1441",
    pages = "4078--4087",
    abstract = "Recent neural sequence-to-sequence models have shown significant progress on short text summarization. However, for document summarization, they fail to capture the long-term structure of both documents and multi-sentence summaries, resulting in information loss and repetitions. In this paper, we propose to leverage the structural information of both documents and multi-sentence summaries to improve the document summarization performance. Specifically, we import both structural-compression and structural-coverage regularization into the summarization process in order to capture the information compression and information coverage properties, which are the two most important structural properties of document summarization. Experimental results demonstrate that the structural regularization improves the document summarization performance significantly, which enables our model to generate more informative and concise summaries, and thus significantly outperforms state-of-the-art neural abstractive methods.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-iterative,
    title = "Iterative Document Representation Learning Towards Summarization with Polishing",
    author = "Chen, Xiuying  and
      Gao, Shen  and
      Tao, Chongyang  and
      Song, Yan  and
      Zhao, Dongyan  and
      Yan, Rui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1442",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1442",
    pages = "4088--4097",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce Iterative Text Summarization (ITS), an iteration-based model for supervised extractive text summarization, inspired by the observation that it is often necessary for a human to read an article multiple times in order to fully understand and summarize its contents. Current summarization approaches read through a document only once to generate a document representation, resulting in a sub-optimal representation. To address this issue we introduce a model which iteratively polishes the document representation on many passes through the document. As part of our model, we also introduce a selective reading mechanism that decides more accurately the extent to which each sentence in the model should be updated. Experimental results on the CNN/DailyMail and DUC2002 datasets demonstrate that our model significantly outperforms state-of-the-art extractive systems when evaluated by machines and by humans.",
}
@inproceedings{gehrmann-etal-2018-bottom,
    title = "Bottom-Up Abstractive Summarization",
    author = "Gehrmann, Sebastian  and
      Deng, Yuntian  and
      Rush, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1443",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1443",
    pages = "4098--4109",
    abstract = "Neural summarization produces outputs that are fluent and readable, but which can be poor at content selection, for instance often copying full sentences from the source document. This work explores the use of data-efficient content selectors to over-determine phrases in a source document that should be part of the summary. We use this selector as a bottom-up attention step to constrain the model to likely phrases. We show that this approach improves the ability to compress text, while still generating fluent summaries. This two-step process is both simpler and higher performing than other end-to-end content selection models, leading to significant improvements on ROUGE for both the CNN-DM and NYT corpus. Furthermore, the content selector can be trained with as little as 1,000 sentences making it easy to transfer a trained summarizer to a new domain.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-controlling,
    title = "Controlling Length in Abstractive Summarization Using a Convolutional Neural Network",
    author = "Liu, Yizhu  and
      Luo, Zhiyi  and
      Zhu, Kenny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1444",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1444",
    pages = "4110--4119",
    abstract = "Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have met great success in abstractive summarization, but they cannot effectively generate summaries of desired lengths. Because generated summaries are used in difference scenarios which may have space or length constraints, the ability to control the summary length in abstractive summarization is an important problem. In this paper, we propose an approach to constrain the summary length by extending a convolutional sequence to sequence model. The results show that this approach generates high-quality summaries with user defined length, and outperforms the baselines consistently in terms of ROUGE score, length variations and semantic similarity.",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2018-april,
    title = "{APRIL}: Interactively Learning to Summarise by Combining Active Preference Learning and Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Gao, Yang  and
      Meyer, Christian M.  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1445",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1445",
    pages = "4120--4130",
    abstract = "We propose a method to perform automatic document summarisation without using reference summaries. Instead, our method interactively learns from users{'} preferences. The merit of preference-based interactive summarisation is that preferences are easier for users to provide than reference summaries. Existing preference-based interactive learning methods suffer from high sample complexity, i.e. they need to interact with the oracle for many rounds in order to converge. In this work, we propose a new objective function, which enables us to leverage active learning, preference learning and reinforcement learning techniques in order to reduce the sample complexity. Both simulation and real-user experiments suggest that our method significantly advances the state of the art. Our source code is freely available at \url{https://github.com/UKPLab/emnlp2018-april}.",
}
@inproceedings{lebanoff-etal-2018-adapting,
    title = "Adapting the Neural Encoder-Decoder Framework from Single to Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Lebanoff, Logan  and
      Song, Kaiqiang  and
      Liu, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1446",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1446",
    pages = "4131--4141",
    abstract = "Generating a text abstract from a set of documents remains a challenging task. The neural encoder-decoder framework has recently been exploited to summarize single documents, but its success can in part be attributed to the availability of large parallel data automatically acquired from the Web. In contrast, parallel data for multi-document summarization are scarce and costly to obtain. There is a pressing need to adapt an encoder-decoder model trained on single-document summarization data to work with multiple-document input. In this paper, we present an initial investigation into a novel adaptation method. It exploits the maximal marginal relevance method to select representative sentences from multi-document input, and leverages an abstractive encoder-decoder model to fuse disparate sentences to an abstractive summary. The adaptation method is robust and itself requires no training data. Our system compares favorably to state-of-the-art extractive and abstractive approaches judged by automatic metrics and human assessors.",
}
@inproceedings{ye-wang-2018-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Learning for Neural Keyphrase Generation",
    author = "Ye, Hai  and
      Wang, Lu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1447",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1447",
    pages = "4142--4153",
    abstract = "We study the problem of generating keyphrases that summarize the key points for a given document. While sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models have achieved remarkable performance on this task (Meng et al., 2017), model training often relies on large amounts of labeled data, which is only applicable to resource-rich domains. In this paper, we propose semi-supervised keyphrase generation methods by leveraging both labeled data and large-scale unlabeled samples for learning. Two strategies are proposed. First, unlabeled documents are first tagged with synthetic keyphrases obtained from unsupervised keyphrase extraction methods or a self-learning algorithm, and then combined with labeled samples for training. Furthermore, we investigate a multi-task learning framework to jointly learn to generate keyphrases as well as the titles of the articles. Experimental results show that our semi-supervised learning-based methods outperform a state-of-the-art model trained with labeled data only.",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2018-msmo,
    title = "{MSMO}: Multimodal Summarization with Multimodal Output",
    author = "Zhu, Junnan  and
      Li, Haoran  and
      Liu, Tianshang  and
      Zhou, Yu  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1448",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1448",
    pages = "4154--4164",
    abstract = "Multimodal summarization has drawn much attention due to the rapid growth of multimedia data. The output of the current multimodal summarization systems is usually represented in texts. However, we have found through experiments that multimodal output can significantly improve user satisfaction for informativeness of summaries. In this paper, we propose a novel task, multimodal summarization with multimodal output (MSMO). To handle this task, we first collect a large-scale dataset for MSMO research. We then propose a multimodal attention model to jointly generate text and select the most relevant image from the multimodal input. Finally, to evaluate multimodal outputs, we construct a novel multimodal automatic evaluation (MMAE) method which considers both intra-modality salience and inter-modality relevance. The experimental results show the effectiveness of MMAE.",
}
@inproceedings{kobayashi-2018-frustratingly,
    title = "Frustratingly Easy Model Ensemble for Abstractive Summarization",
    author = "Kobayashi, Hayato",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1449",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1449",
    pages = "4165--4176",
    abstract = "Ensemble methods, which combine multiple models at decoding time, are now widely known to be effective for text-generation tasks. However, they generally increase computational costs, and thus, there have been many studies on compressing or distilling ensemble models. In this paper, we propose an alternative, simple but effective unsupervised ensemble method, \textit{post-ensemble}, that combines multiple models by selecting a majority-like output in post-processing. We theoretically prove that our method is closely related to kernel density estimation based on the von Mises-Fisher kernel. Experimental results on a news-headline-generation task show that the proposed method performs better than the current ensemble methods.",
}
@inproceedings{hirao-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Pyramid Evaluation Exploiting {EDU}-based Extractive Reference Summaries",
    author = "Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Kamigaito, Hidetaka  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1450",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1450",
    pages = "4177--4186",
    abstract = "This paper tackles automation of the pyramid method, a reliable manual evaluation framework. To construct a pyramid, we transform human-made reference summaries into extractive reference summaries that consist of Elementary Discourse Units (EDUs) obtained from source documents and then weight every EDU by counting the number of extractive reference summaries that contain the EDU. A summary is scored by the correspondences between EDUs in the summary and those in the pyramid. Experiments on DUC and TAC data sets show that our methods strongly correlate with various manual evaluations.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-lee-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning to Encode Text as Human-Readable Summaries using Generative Adversarial Networks",
    author = "Wang, Yaushian  and
      Lee, Hung-Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1451",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1451",
    pages = "4187--4195",
    abstract = "Auto-encoders compress input data into a latent-space representation and reconstruct the original data from the representation. This latent representation is not easily interpreted by humans. In this paper, we propose training an auto-encoder that encodes input text into human-readable sentences, and unpaired abstractive summarization is thereby achieved. The auto-encoder is composed of a generator and a reconstructor. The generator encodes the input text into a shorter word sequence, and the reconstructor recovers the generator input from the generator output. To make the generator output human-readable, a discriminator restricts the output of the generator to resemble human-written sentences. By taking the generator output as the summary of the input text, abstractive summarization is achieved without document-summary pairs as training data. Promising results are shown on both English and Chinese corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{joty-etal-2018-joint,
    title = "Joint Multitask Learning for Community Question Answering Using Task-Specific Embeddings",
    author = "Joty, Shafiq  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1452",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1452",
    pages = "4196--4207",
    abstract = "We address jointly two important tasks for Question Answering in community forums: given a new question, (i) find related existing questions, and (ii) find relevant answers to this new question. We further use an auxiliary task to complement the previous two, i.e., (iii) find good answers with respect to the thread question in a question-comment thread. We use deep neural networks (DNNs) to learn meaningful task-specific embeddings, which we then incorporate into a conditional random field (CRF) model for the multitask setting, performing joint learning over a complex graph structure. While DNNs alone achieve competitive results when trained to produce the embeddings, the CRF, which makes use of the embeddings and the dependencies between the tasks, improves the results significantly and consistently across a variety of evaluation metrics, thus showing the complementarity of DNNs and structured learning.",
}
@inproceedings{sugawara-etal-2018-makes,
    title = "What Makes Reading Comprehension Questions Easier?",
    author = "Sugawara, Saku  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1453",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1453",
    pages = "4208--4219",
    abstract = "A challenge in creating a dataset for machine reading comprehension (MRC) is to collect questions that require a sophisticated understanding of language to answer beyond using superficial cues. In this work, we investigate what makes questions easier across recent 12 MRC datasets with three question styles (answer extraction, description, and multiple choice). We propose to employ simple heuristics to split each dataset into easy and hard subsets and examine the performance of two baseline models for each of the subsets. We then manually annotate questions sampled from each subset with both validity and requisite reasoning skills to investigate which skills explain the difference between easy and hard questions. From this study, we observed that (i) the baseline performances for the hard subsets remarkably degrade compared to those of entire datasets, (ii) hard questions require knowledge inference and multiple-sentence reasoning in comparison with easy questions, and (iii) multiple-choice questions tend to require a broader range of reasoning skills than answer extraction and description questions. These results suggest that one might overestimate recent advances in MRC.",
}
@inproceedings{bauer-etal-2018-commonsense,
    title = "Commonsense for Generative Multi-Hop Question Answering Tasks",
    author = "Bauer, Lisa  and
      Wang, Yicheng  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1454",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1454",
    pages = "4220--4230",
    abstract = "Reading comprehension QA tasks have seen a recent surge in popularity, yet most works have focused on fact-finding extractive QA. We instead focus on a more challenging multi-hop generative task (NarrativeQA), which requires the model to reason, gather, and synthesize disjoint pieces of information within the context to generate an answer. This type of multi-step reasoning also often requires understanding implicit relations, which humans resolve via external, background commonsense knowledge. We first present a strong generative baseline that uses a multi-attention mechanism to perform multiple hops of reasoning and a pointer-generator decoder to synthesize the answer. This model performs substantially better than previous generative models, and is competitive with current state-of-the-art span prediction models. We next introduce a novel system for selecting grounded multi-hop relational commonsense information from ConceptNet via a pointwise mutual information and term-frequency based scoring function. Finally, we effectively use this extracted commonsense information to fill in gaps of reasoning between context hops, using a selectively-gated attention mechanism. This boosts the model{'}s performance significantly (also verified via human evaluation), establishing a new state-of-the-art for the task. We also show that our background knowledge enhancements are generalizable and improve performance on QAngaroo-WikiHop, another multi-hop reasoning dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2018-open,
    title = "Open Domain Question Answering Using Early Fusion of Knowledge Bases and Text",
    author = "Sun, Haitian  and
      Dhingra, Bhuwan  and
      Zaheer, Manzil  and
      Mazaitis, Kathryn  and
      Salakhutdinov, Ruslan  and
      Cohen, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1455",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1455",
    pages = "4231--4242",
    abstract = "Open Domain Question Answering (QA) is evolving from complex pipelined systems to end-to-end deep neural networks. Specialized neural models have been developed for extracting answers from either text alone or Knowledge Bases (KBs) alone. In this paper we look at a more practical setting, namely QA over the combination of a KB and entity-linked text, which is appropriate when an incomplete KB is available with a large text corpus. Building on recent advances in graph representation learning we propose a novel model, GRAFT-Net, for extracting answers from a question-specific subgraph containing text and KB entities and relations. We construct a suite of benchmark tasks for this problem, varying the difficulty of questions, the amount of training data, and KB completeness. We show that GRAFT-Net is competitive with the state-of-the-art when tested using either KBs or text alone, and vastly outperforms existing methods in the combined setting.",
}
@inproceedings{kundu-ng-2018-nil,
    title = "A Nil-Aware Answer Extraction Framework for Question Answering",
    author = "Kundu, Souvik  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1456",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1456",
    pages = "4243--4252",
    abstract = "Recently, there has been a surge of interest in reading comprehension-based (RC) question answering (QA). However, current approaches suffer from an impractical assumption that every question has a valid answer in the associated passage. A practical QA system must possess the ability to determine whether a valid answer exists in a given text passage. In this paper, we focus on developing QA systems that can extract an answer for a question if and only if the associated passage contains an answer. If the associated passage does not contain any valid answer, the QA system will correctly return Nil. We propose a novel nil-aware answer span extraction framework that is capable of returning Nil or a text span from the associated passage as an answer in a single step. We show that our proposed framework can be easily integrated with several recently proposed QA models developed for reading comprehension and can be trained in an end-to-end fashion. Our proposed nil-aware answer extraction neural network decomposes pieces of evidence into relevant and irrelevant parts and then combines them to infer the existence of any answer. Experiments on the NewsQA dataset show that the integration of our proposed framework significantly outperforms several strong baseline systems that use pipeline or threshold-based approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{dou-etal-2018-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Deep Representations for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Dou, Zi-Yi  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Wang, Xing  and
      Shi, Shuming  and
      Zhang, Tong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1457",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1457",
    pages = "4253--4262",
    abstract = "Advanced neural machine translation (NMT) models generally implement encoder and decoder as multiple layers, which allows systems to model complex functions and capture complicated linguistic structures. However, only the top layers of encoder and decoder are leveraged in the subsequent process, which misses the opportunity to exploit the useful information embedded in other layers. In this work, we propose to simultaneously expose all of these signals with layer aggregation and multi-layer attention mechanisms. In addition, we introduce an auxiliary regularization term to encourage different layers to capture diverse information. Experimental results on widely-used WMT14 English-German and WMT17 Chinese-English translation data demonstrate the effectiveness and universality of the proposed approach.",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2018-self,
    title = "Why Self-Attention? A Targeted Evaluation of Neural Machine Translation Architectures",
    author = {Tang, Gongbo  and
      M{\"u}ller, Mathias  and
      Rios, Annette  and
      Sennrich, Rico},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1458",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1458",
    pages = "4263--4272",
    abstract = "Recently, non-recurrent architectures (convolutional, self-attentional) have outperformed RNNs in neural machine translation. CNNs and self-attentional networks can connect distant words via shorter network paths than RNNs, and it has been speculated that this improves their ability to model long-range dependencies. However, this theoretical argument has not been tested empirically, nor have alternative explanations for their strong performance been explored in-depth. We hypothesize that the strong performance of CNNs and self-attentional networks could also be due to their ability to extract semantic features from the source text, and we evaluate RNNs, CNNs and self-attention networks on two tasks: subject-verb agreement (where capturing long-range dependencies is required) and word sense disambiguation (where semantic feature extraction is required). Our experimental results show that: 1) self-attentional networks and CNNs do not outperform RNNs in modeling subject-verb agreement over long distances; 2) self-attentional networks perform distinctly better than RNNs and CNNs on word sense disambiguation.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-simplifying,
    title = "Simplifying Neural Machine Translation with Addition-Subtraction Twin-Gated Recurrent Networks",
    author = "Zhang, Biao  and
      Xiong, Deyi  and
      Su, Jinsong  and
      Lin, Qian  and
      Zhang, Huiji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1459",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1459",
    pages = "4273--4283",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose an additionsubtraction twin-gated recurrent network (ATR) to simplify neural machine translation. The recurrent units of ATR are heavily simplified to have the smallest number of weight matrices among units of all existing gated RNNs. With the simple addition and subtraction operation, we introduce a twin-gated mechanism to build input and forget gates which are highly correlated. Despite this simplification, the essential non-linearities and capability of modeling long-distance dependencies are preserved. Additionally, the proposed ATR is more transparent than LSTM/GRU due to the simplification. Forward self-attention can be easily established in ATR, which makes the proposed network interpretable. Experiments on WMT14 translation tasks demonstrate that ATR-based neural machine translation can yield competitive performance on English-German and English-French language pairs in terms of both translation quality and speed. Further experiments on NIST Chinese-English translation, natural language inference and Chinese word segmentation verify the generality and applicability of ATR on different natural language processing tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-speeding,
    title = "Speeding Up Neural Machine Translation Decoding by Cube Pruning",
    author = "Zhang, Wen  and
      Huang, Liang  and
      Feng, Yang  and
      Shen, Lei  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1460",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1460",
    pages = "4284--4294",
    abstract = "Although neural machine translation has achieved promising results, it suffers from slow translation speed. The direct consequence is that a trade-off has to be made between translation quality and speed, thus its performance can not come into full play. We apply cube pruning, a popular technique to speed up dynamic programming, into neural machine translation to speed up the translation. To construct the equivalence class, similar target hidden states are combined, leading to less RNN expansion operations on the target side and less softmax operations over the large target vocabulary. The experiments show that, at the same or even better translation quality, our method can translate faster compared with naive beam search by 3.3x on GPUs and 3.5x on CPUs.",
}
@inproceedings{cherry-etal-2018-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting Character-Based Neural Machine Translation with Capacity and Compression",
    author = "Cherry, Colin  and
      Foster, George  and
      Bapna, Ankur  and
      Firat, Orhan  and
      Macherey, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1461",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1461",
    pages = "4295--4305",
    abstract = "Translating characters instead of words or word-fragments has the potential to simplify the processing pipeline for neural machine translation (NMT), and improve results by eliminating hyper-parameters and manual feature engineering. However, it results in longer sequences in which each symbol contains less information, creating both modeling and computational challenges. In this paper, we show that the modeling problem can be solved by standard sequence-to-sequence architectures of sufficient depth, and that deep models operating at the character level outperform identical models operating over word fragments. This result implies that alternative architectures for handling character input are better viewed as methods for reducing computation time than as improved ways of modeling longer sequences. From this perspective, we evaluate several techniques for character-level NMT, verify that they do not match the performance of our deep character baseline model, and evaluate the performance versus computation time tradeoffs they offer. Within this framework, we also perform the first evaluation for NMT of conditional computation over time, in which the model learns which timesteps can be skipped, rather than having them be dictated by a fixed schedule specified before training begins.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2018-skeleton,
    title = "A Skeleton-Based Model for Promoting Coherence Among Sentences in Narrative Story Generation",
    author = "Xu, Jingjing  and
      Ren, Xuancheng  and
      Zhang, Yi  and
      Zeng, Qi  and
      Cai, Xiaoyan  and
      Sun, Xu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1462",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1462",
    pages = "4306--4315",
    abstract = "Narrative story generation is a challenging problem because it demands the generated sentences with tight semantic connections, which has not been well studied by most existing generative models. To address this problem, we propose a skeleton-based model to promote the coherence of generated stories. Different from traditional models that generate a complete sentence at a stroke, the proposed model first generates the most critical phrases, called skeleton, and then expands the skeleton to a complete and fluent sentence. The skeleton is not manually defined, but learned by a reinforcement learning method. Compared to the state-of-the-art models, our skeleton-based model can generate significantly more coherent text according to human evaluation and automatic evaluation. The G-score is improved by 20.1{\%} in human evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2018-nexus,
    title = "{NEXUS} Network: Connecting the Preceding and the Following in Dialogue Generation",
    author = "Shen, Xiaoyu  and
      Su, Hui  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1463",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1463",
    pages = "4316--4327",
    abstract = "Sequence-to-Sequence (seq2seq) models have become overwhelmingly popular in building end-to-end trainable dialogue systems. Though highly efficient in learning the backbone of human-computer communications, they suffer from the problem of strongly favoring short generic responses. In this paper, we argue that a good response should smoothly connect both the preceding dialogue history and the following conversations. We strengthen this connection by mutual information maximization. To sidestep the non-differentiability of discrete natural language tokens, we introduce an auxiliary continuous code space and map such code space to a learnable prior distribution for generation purpose. Experiments on two dialogue datasets validate the effectiveness of our model, where the generated responses are closely related to the dialogue context and lead to more interactive conversations.",
}
@inproceedings{mesgar-strube-2018-neural,
    title = "A Neural Local Coherence Model for Text Quality Assessment",
    author = "Mesgar, Mohsen  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1464",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1464",
    pages = "4328--4339",
    abstract = "We propose a local coherence model that captures the flow of what semantically connects adjacent sentences in a text. We represent the semantics of a sentence by a vector and capture its state at each word of the sentence. We model what relates two adjacent sentences based on the two most similar semantic states, each of which is in one of the sentences. We encode the perceived coherence of a text by a vector, which represents patterns of changes in salient information that relates adjacent sentences. Our experiments demonstrate that our approach is beneficial for two downstream tasks: Readability assessment, in which our model achieves new state-of-the-art results; and essay scoring, in which the combination of our coherence vectors and other task-dependent features significantly improves the performance of a strong essay scorer.",
}
@inproceedings{cui-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Attentive Sentence Ordering Network",
    author = "Cui, Baiyun  and
      Li, Yingming  and
      Chen, Ming  and
      Zhang, Zhongfei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1465",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1465",
    pages = "4340--4349",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a novel deep attentive sentence ordering network (referred as ATTOrderNet) which integrates self-attention mechanism with LSTMs in the encoding of input sentences. It enables us to capture global dependencies among sentences regardless of their input order and obtains a reliable representation of the sentence set. With this representation, a pointer network is exploited to generate an ordered sequence. The proposed model is evaluated on Sentence Ordering and Order Discrimination tasks. The extensive experimental results demonstrate its effectiveness and superiority to the state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{staliunaite-etal-2018-getting,
    title = "Getting to {``}Hearer-old{''}: Charting Referring Expressions Across Time",
    author = "Stali{\=u}nait{\.e}, Ieva  and
      Rohde, Hannah  and
      Webber, Bonnie  and
      Louis, Annie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1466",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1466",
    pages = "4350--4359",
    abstract = "When a reader is first introduced to an entity, its referring expression must describe the entity. For entities that are widely known, a single word or phrase often suffices. This paper presents the first study of how expressions that refer to the same entity develop over time. We track thousands of person and organization entities over 20 years of New York Times (NYT). As entities move from hearer-new (first introduction to the NYT audience) to hearer-old (common knowledge) status, we show empirically that the referring expressions along this trajectory depend on the type of the entity, and exhibit linguistic properties related to becoming common knowledge (e.g., shorter length, less use of appositives, more definiteness). These properties can also be used to build a model to predict how long it will take for an entity to reach hearer-old status. Our results reach 10-30{\%} absolute improvement over a majority-class baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{stewart-eisenstein-2018-making,
    title = "Making {``}fetch{''} happen: The influence of social and linguistic context on nonstandard word growth and decline",
    author = "Stewart, Ian  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1467",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1467",
    pages = "4360--4370",
    abstract = "In an online community, new words come and go: today{'}s {``}haha{''} may be replaced by tomorrow{'}s {``}lol.{''} Changes in online writing are usually studied as a social process, with innovations diffusing through a network of individuals in a speech community. But unlike other types of innovation, language change is shaped and constrained by the grammatical system in which it takes part. To investigate the role of social and structural factors in language change, we undertake a large-scale analysis of the frequencies of non-standard words in Reddit. Dissemination across many linguistic contexts is a predictor of success: words that appear in more linguistic contexts grow faster and survive longer. Furthermore, social dissemination plays a less important role in explaining word growth and decline than previously hypothesized.",
}
@inproceedings{murawaki-2018-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Correlated Evolution of Multiple Features Using Latent Representations",
    author = "Murawaki, Yugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1468",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1468",
    pages = "4371--4382",
    abstract = "Statistical phylogenetic models have allowed the quantitative analysis of the evolution of a single categorical feature and a pair of binary features, but correlated evolution involving multiple discrete features is yet to be explored. Here we propose latent representation-based analysis in which (1) a sequence of discrete surface features is projected to a sequence of independent binary variables and (2) phylogenetic inference is performed on the latent space. In the experiments, we analyze the features of linguistic typology, with a special focus on the order of subject, object and verb. Our analysis suggests that languages sharing the same word order are not necessarily a coherent group but exhibit varying degrees of diachronic stability depending on other features.",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-purschke-2018-capturing,
    title = "Capturing Regional Variation with Distributed Place Representations and Geographic Retrofitting",
    author = "Hovy, Dirk  and
      Purschke, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1469",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1469",
    pages = "4383--4394",
    abstract = "Dialects are one of the main drivers of language variation, a major challenge for natural language processing tools. In most languages, dialects exist along a continuum, and are commonly discretized by combining the extent of several preselected linguistic variables. However, the selection of these variables is theory-driven and itself insensitive to change. We use Doc2Vec on a corpus of 16.8M anonymous online posts in the German-speaking area to learn continuous document representations of cities. These representations capture continuous regional linguistic distinctions, and can serve as input to downstream NLP tasks sensitive to regional variation. By incorporating geographic information via retrofitting and agglomerative clustering with structure, we recover dialect areas at various levels of granularity. Evaluating these clusters against an existing dialect map, we achieve a match of up to 0.77 V-score (harmonic mean of cluster completeness and homogeneity). Our results show that representation learning with retrofitting offers a robust general method to automatically expose dialectal differences and regional variation at a finer granularity than was previously possible.",
}
@inproceedings{rashid-blanco-2018-characterizing,
    title = "Characterizing Interactions and Relationships between People",
    author = "Rashid, Farzana  and
      Blanco, Eduardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1470",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1470",
    pages = "4395--4404",
    abstract = "This paper presents a set of dimensions to characterize the association between two people. We distinguish between interactions (when somebody refers to somebody in a conversation) and relationships (a sequence of interactions). We work with dialogue scripts from the TV show Friends, and do not impose any restrictions on the interactions and relationships. We introduce and analyze a new corpus, and present experimental results showing that the task can be automated.",
}
@inproceedings{holgate-etal-2018-swear,
    title = "Why Swear? Analyzing and Inferring the Intentions of Vulgar Expressions",
    author = "Holgate, Eric  and
      Cachola, Isabel  and
      Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Li, Junyi Jessy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1471",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1471",
    pages = "4405--4414",
    abstract = "Vulgar words are employed in language use for several different functions, ranging from expressing aggression to signaling group identity or the informality of the communication. This versatility of usage of a restricted set of words is challenging for downstream applications and has yet to be studied quantitatively or using natural language processing techniques. We introduce a novel data set of 7,800 tweets from users with known demographic traits where all instances of vulgar words are annotated with one of the six categories of vulgar word use. Using this data set, we present the first analysis of the pragmatic aspects of vulgarity and how they relate to social factors. We build a model able to predict the category of a vulgar word based on the immediate context it appears in with 67.4 macro F1 across six classes. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of modeling the type of vulgar word use in context by using this information to achieve state-of-the-art performance in hate speech detection on a benchmark data set.",
}
@inproceedings{eger-etal-2018-time,
    title = "Is it Time to Swish? Comparing Deep Learning Activation Functions Across {NLP} tasks",
    author = "Eger, Steffen  and
      Youssef, Paul  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1472",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1472",
    pages = "4415--4424",
    abstract = "Activation functions play a crucial role in neural networks because they are the nonlinearities which have been attributed to the success story of deep learning. One of the currently most popular activation functions is ReLU, but several competitors have recently been proposed or {`}discovered{'}, including LReLU functions and swish. While most works compare newly proposed activation functions on few tasks (usually from image classification) and against few competitors (usually ReLU), we perform the first largescale comparison of 21 activation functions across eight different NLP tasks. We find that a largely unknown activation function performs most stably across all tasks, the so-called penalized tanh function. We also show that it can successfully replace the sigmoid and tanh gates in LSTM cells, leading to a 2 percentage point (pp) improvement over the standard choices on a challenging NLP task.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-hard,
    title = "Hard Non-Monotonic Attention for Character-Level Transduction",
    author = "Wu, Shijie  and
      Shapiro, Pamela  and
      Cotterell, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1473",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1473",
    pages = "4425--4438",
    abstract = "Character-level string-to-string transduction is an important component of various NLP tasks. The goal is to map an input string to an output string, where the strings may be of different lengths and have characters taken from different alphabets. Recent approaches have used sequence-to-sequence models with an attention mechanism to learn which parts of the input string the model should focus on during the generation of the output string. Both soft attention and hard monotonic attention have been used, but hard non-monotonic attention has only been used in other sequence modeling tasks and has required a stochastic approximation to compute the gradient. In this work, we introduce an exact, polynomial-time algorithm for marginalizing over the exponential number of non-monotonic alignments between two strings, showing that hard attention models can be viewed as neural reparameterizations of the classical IBM Model 1. We compare soft and hard non-monotonic attention experimentally and find that the exact algorithm significantly improves performance over the stochastic approximation and outperforms soft attention.",
}
@inproceedings{fu-ma-2018-speed,
    title = "Speed Reading: Learning to Read {F}or{B}ackward via Shuttle",
    author = "Fu, Tsu-Jui  and
      Ma, Wei-Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1474",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1474",
    pages = "4439--4448",
    abstract = "We present LSTM-Shuttle, which applies human speed reading techniques to natural language processing tasks for accurate and efficient comprehension. In contrast to previous work, LSTM-Shuttle not only reads shuttling forward but also goes back. Shuttling forward enables high efficiency, and going backward gives the model a chance to recover lost information, ensuring better prediction. We evaluate LSTM-Shuttle on sentiment analysis, news classification, and cloze on IMDB, Rotten Tomatoes, AG, and Children{'}s Book Test datasets. We show that LSTM-Shuttle predicts both better and more quickly. To demonstrate how LSTM-Shuttle actually behaves, we also analyze the shuttling operation and present a case study.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Localness for Self-Attention Networks",
    author = "Yang, Baosong  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Meng, Fandong  and
      Chao, Lidia S.  and
      Zhang, Tong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1475",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1475",
    pages = "4449--4458",
    abstract = "Self-attention networks have proven to be of profound value for its strength of capturing global dependencies. In this work, we propose to model localness for self-attention networks, which enhances the ability of capturing useful local context. We cast localness modeling as a learnable Gaussian bias, which indicates the central and scope of the local region to be paid more attention. The bias is then incorporated into the original attention distribution to form a revised distribution. To maintain the strength of capturing long distance dependencies while enhance the ability of capturing short-range dependencies, we only apply localness modeling to lower layers of self-attention networks. Quantitative and qualitative analyses on Chinese-English and English-German translation tasks demonstrate the effectiveness and universality of the proposed approach.",
}
@inproceedings{katti-etal-2018-chargrid,
    title = "{C}hargrid: Towards Understanding 2{D} Documents",
    author = {Katti, Anoop R  and
      Reisswig, Christian  and
      Guder, Cordula  and
      Brarda, Sebastian  and
      Bickel, Steffen  and
      H{\"o}hne, Johannes  and
      Faddoul, Jean Baptiste},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1476",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1476",
    pages = "4459--4469",
    abstract = "We introduce a novel type of text representation that preserves the 2D layout of a document. This is achieved by encoding each document page as a two-dimensional grid of characters. Based on this representation, we present a generic document understanding pipeline for structured documents. This pipeline makes use of a fully convolutional encoder-decoder network that predicts a segmentation mask and bounding boxes. We demonstrate its capabilities on an information extraction task from invoices and show that it significantly outperforms approaches based on sequential text or document images.",
}
@inproceedings{lei-etal-2018-simple,
    title = "Simple Recurrent Units for Highly Parallelizable Recurrence",
    author = "Lei, Tao  and
      Zhang, Yu  and
      Wang, Sida I.  and
      Dai, Hui  and
      Artzi, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1477",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1477",
    pages = "4470--4481",
    abstract = "Common recurrent neural architectures scale poorly due to the intrinsic difficulty in parallelizing their state computations. In this work, we propose the Simple Recurrent Unit (SRU), a light recurrent unit that balances model capacity and scalability. SRU is designed to provide expressive recurrence, enable highly parallelized implementation, and comes with careful initialization to facilitate training of deep models. We demonstrate the effectiveness of SRU on multiple NLP tasks. SRU achieves 5{---}9x speed-up over cuDNN-optimized LSTM on classification and question answering datasets, and delivers stronger results than LSTM and convolutional models. We also obtain an average of 0.7 BLEU improvement over the Transformer model (Vaswani et al., 2017) on translation by incorporating SRU into the architecture.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-nprf,
    title = "{NPRF}: A Neural Pseudo Relevance Feedback Framework for Ad-hoc Information Retrieval",
    author = "Li, Canjia  and
      Sun, Yingfei  and
      He, Ben  and
      Wang, Le  and
      Hui, Kai  and
      Yates, Andrew  and
      Sun, Le  and
      Xu, Jungang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1478",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1478",
    pages = "4482--4491",
    abstract = "Pseudo relevance feedback (PRF) is commonly used to boost the performance of traditional information retrieval (IR) models by using top-ranked documents to identify and weight new query terms, thereby reducing the effect of query-document vocabulary mismatches. While neural retrieval models have recently demonstrated strong results for ad-hoc retrieval, combining them with PRF is not straightforward due to incompatibilities between existing PRF approaches and neural architectures. To bridge this gap, we propose an end-to-end neural PRF framework that can be used with existing neural IR models by embedding different neural models as building blocks. Extensive experiments on two standard test collections confirm the effectiveness of the proposed NPRF framework in improving the performance of two state-of-the-art neural IR models.",
}
@inproceedings{tay-etal-2018-co,
    title = "Co-Stack Residual Affinity Networks with Multi-level Attention Refinement for Matching Text Sequences",
    author = "Tay, Yi  and
      Luu, Anh Tuan  and
      Hui, Siu Cheung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1479",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1479",
    pages = "4492--4502",
    abstract = "Learning a matching function between two text sequences is a long standing problem in NLP research. This task enables many potential applications such as question answering and paraphrase identification. This paper proposes Co-Stack Residual Affinity Networks (CSRAN), a new and universal neural architecture for this problem. CSRAN is a deep architecture, involving stacked (multi-layered) recurrent encoders. Stacked/Deep architectures are traditionally difficult to train, due to the inherent weaknesses such as difficulty with feature propagation and vanishing gradients. CSRAN incorporates two novel components to take advantage of the stacked architecture. Firstly, it introduces a new bidirectional alignment mechanism that learns affinity weights by fusing sequence pairs across stacked hierarchies. Secondly, it leverages a multi-level attention refinement component between stacked recurrent layers. The key intuition is that, by leveraging information across all network hierarchies, we can not only improve gradient flow but also improve overall performance. We conduct extensive experiments on six well-studied text sequence matching datasets, achieving state-of-the-art performance on all.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-durrett-2018-spherical,
    title = "Spherical Latent Spaces for Stable Variational Autoencoders",
    author = "Xu, Jiacheng  and
      Durrett, Greg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1480",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1480",
    pages = "4503--4513",
    abstract = "A hallmark of variational autoencoders (VAEs) for text processing is their combination of powerful encoder-decoder models, such as LSTMs, with simple latent distributions, typically multivariate Gaussians. These models pose a difficult optimization problem: there is an especially bad local optimum where the variational posterior always equals the prior and the model does not use the latent variable at all, a kind of {``}collapse{''} which is encouraged by the KL divergence term of the objective. In this work, we experiment with another choice of latent distribution, namely the von Mises-Fisher (vMF) distribution, which places mass on the surface of the unit hypersphere. With this choice of prior and posterior, the KL divergence term now only depends on the variance of the vMF distribution, giving us the ability to treat it as a fixed hyperparameter. We show that doing so not only averts the KL collapse, but consistently gives better likelihoods than Gaussians across a range of modeling conditions, including recurrent language modeling and bag-of-words document modeling. An analysis of the properties of our vMF representations shows that they learn richer and more nuanced structures in their latent representations than their Gaussian counterparts.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-learning-universal,
    title = "Learning Universal Sentence Representations with Mean-Max Attention Autoencoder",
    author = "Zhang, Minghua  and
      Wu, Yunfang  and
      Li, Weikang  and
      Li, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1481",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1481",
    pages = "4514--4523",
    abstract = "In order to learn universal sentence representations, previous methods focus on complex recurrent neural networks or supervised learning. In this paper, we propose a mean-max attention autoencoder (mean-max AAE) within the encoder-decoder framework. Our autoencoder rely entirely on the MultiHead self-attention mechanism to reconstruct the input sequence. In the encoding we propose a mean-max strategy that applies both mean and max pooling operations over the hidden vectors to capture diverse information of the input. To enable the information to steer the reconstruction process dynamically, the decoder performs attention over the mean-max representation. By training our model on a large collection of unlabelled data, we obtain high-quality representations of sentences. Experimental results on a broad range of 10 transfer tasks demonstrate that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art unsupervised single methods, including the classical skip-thoughts and the advanced skip-thoughts+LN model. Furthermore, compared with the traditional recurrent neural network, our mean-max AAE greatly reduce the training time.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-word,
    title = "Word Mover{'}s Embedding: From {W}ord2{V}ec to Document Embedding",
    author = "Wu, Lingfei  and
      Yen, Ian En-Hsu  and
      Xu, Kun  and
      Xu, Fangli  and
      Balakrishnan, Avinash  and
      Chen, Pin-Yu  and
      Ravikumar, Pradeep  and
      Witbrock, Michael J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1482",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1482",
    pages = "4524--4534",
    abstract = "While the celebrated Word2Vec technique yields semantically rich representations for individual words, there has been relatively less success in extending to generate unsupervised sentences or documents embeddings. Recent work has demonstrated that a distance measure between documents called Word Mover{'}s Distance (WMD) that aligns semantically similar words, yields unprecedented KNN classification accuracy. However, WMD is expensive to compute, and it is hard to extend its use beyond a KNN classifier. In this paper, we propose the Word Mover{'}s Embedding (WME), a novel approach to building an unsupervised document (sentence) embedding from pre-trained word embeddings. In our experiments on 9 benchmark text classification datasets and 22 textual similarity tasks, the proposed technique consistently matches or outperforms state-of-the-art techniques, with significantly higher accuracy on problems of short length.",
}
@inproceedings{miranda-etal-2018-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Clustering of Streaming News",
    author = "Miranda, Sebasti{\~a}o  and
      Znoti{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Art{\=u}rs  and
      Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Barzdins, Guntis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1483",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1483",
    pages = "4535--4544",
    abstract = "Clustering news across languages enables efficient media monitoring by aggregating articles from multilingual sources into coherent stories. Doing so in an online setting allows scalable processing of massive news streams. To this end, we describe a novel method for clustering an incoming stream of multilingual documents into monolingual and crosslingual clusters. Unlike typical clustering approaches that report results on datasets with a small and known number of labels, we tackle the problem of discovering an ever growing number of cluster labels in an online fashion, using real news datasets in multiple languages. In our formulation, the monolingual clusters group together documents while the crosslingual clusters group together monolingual clusters, one per language that appears in the stream. Our method is simple to implement, computationally efficient and produces state-of-the-art results on datasets in German, English and Spanish.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Task Label Embedding for Text Classification",
    author = "Zhang, Honglun  and
      Xiao, Liqiang  and
      Chen, Wenqing  and
      Wang, Yongkun  and
      Jin, Yaohui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1484",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1484",
    pages = "4545--4553",
    abstract = "Multi-task learning in text classification leverages implicit correlations among related tasks to extract common features and yield performance gains. However, a large body of previous work treats labels of each task as independent and meaningless one-hot vectors, which cause a loss of potential label information. In this paper, we propose Multi-Task Label Embedding to convert labels in text classification into semantic vectors, thereby turning the original tasks into vector matching tasks. Our model utilizes semantic correlations among tasks and makes it convenient to scale or transfer when new tasks are involved. Extensive experiments on five benchmark datasets for text classification show that our model can effectively improve the performances of related tasks with semantic representations of labels and additional information from each other.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2018-semantic-unit,
    title = "Semantic-Unit-Based Dilated Convolution for Multi-Label Text Classification",
    author = "Lin, Junyang  and
      Su, Qi  and
      Yang, Pengcheng  and
      Ma, Shuming  and
      Sun, Xu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1485",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1485",
    pages = "4554--4564",
    abstract = "We propose a novel model for multi-label text classification, which is based on sequence-to-sequence learning. The model generates higher-level semantic unit representations with multi-level dilated convolution as well as a corresponding hybrid attention mechanism that extracts both the information at the word-level and the level of the semantic unit. Our designed dilated convolution effectively reduces dimension and supports an exponential expansion of receptive fields without loss of local information, and the attention-over-attention mechanism is able to capture more summary relevant information from the source context. Results of our experiments show that the proposed model has significant advantages over the baseline models on the dataset RCV1-V2 and Ren-CECps, and our analysis demonstrates that our model is competitive to the deterministic hierarchical models and it is more robust to classifying low-frequency labels",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2018-mcapsnet,
    title = "{MC}aps{N}et: Capsule Network for Text with Multi-Task Learning",
    author = "Xiao, Liqiang  and
      Zhang, Honglun  and
      Chen, Wenqing  and
      Wang, Yongkun  and
      Jin, Yaohui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1486",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1486",
    pages = "4565--4574",
    abstract = "Multi-task learning has an ability to share the knowledge among related tasks and implicitly increase the training data. However, it has long been frustrated by the interference among tasks. This paper investigates the performance of capsule network for text, and proposes a capsule-based multi-task learning architecture, which is unified, simple and effective. With the advantages of capsules for feature clustering, proposed task routing algorithm can cluster the features for each task in the network, which helps reduce the interference among tasks. Experiments on six text classification datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our models and their characteristics for feature clustering.",
}
@inproceedings{keith-oconnor-2018-uncertainty,
    title = "Uncertainty-aware generative models for inferring document class prevalence",
    author = "Keith, Katherine  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1487",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1487",
    pages = "4575--4585",
    abstract = "Prevalence estimation is the task of inferring the relative frequency of classes of unlabeled examples in a group{---}for example, the proportion of a document collection with positive sentiment. Previous work has focused on aggregating and adjusting discriminative individual classifiers to obtain prevalence point estimates. But imperfect classifier accuracy ought to be reflected in uncertainty over the predicted prevalence for scientifically valid inference. In this work, we present (1) a generative probabilistic modeling approach to prevalence estimation, and (2) the construction and evaluation of prevalence confidence intervals; in particular, we demonstrate that an off-the-shelf discriminative classifier can be given a generative re-interpretation, by backing out an implicit individual-level likelihood function, which can be used to conduct fast and simple group-level Bayesian inference. Empirically, we demonstrate our approach provides better confidence interval coverage than an alternative, and is dramatically more robust to shifts in the class prior between training and testing.",
}
@inproceedings{wood-doughty-etal-2018-challenges,
    title = "Challenges of Using Text Classifiers for Causal Inference",
    author = "Wood-Doughty, Zach  and
      Shpitser, Ilya  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1488",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1488",
    pages = "4586--4598",
    abstract = "Causal understanding is essential for many kinds of decision-making, but causal inference from observational data has typically only been applied to structured, low-dimensional datasets. While text classifiers produce low-dimensional outputs, their use in causal inference has not previously been studied. To facilitate causal analyses based on language data, we consider the role that text classifiers can play in causal inference through established modeling mechanisms from the causality literature on missing data and measurement error. We demonstrate how to conduct causal analyses using text classifiers on simulated and Yelp data, and discuss the opportunities and challenges of future work that uses text data in causal inference.",
}
@inproceedings{takase-etal-2018-direct,
    title = "Direct Output Connection for a High-Rank Language Model",
    author = "Takase, Sho  and
      Suzuki, Jun  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1489",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1489",
    pages = "4599--4609",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a state-of-the-art recurrent neural network (RNN) language model that combines probability distributions computed not only from a final RNN layer but also middle layers. This method raises the expressive power of a language model based on the matrix factorization interpretation of language modeling introduced by Yang et al. (2018). Our proposed method improves the current state-of-the-art language model and achieves the best score on the Penn Treebank and WikiText-2, which are the standard benchmark datasets. Moreover, we indicate our proposed method contributes to application tasks: machine translation and headline generation.",
}
@inproceedings{jamshid-lou-etal-2018-disfluency,
    title = "Disfluency Detection using Auto-Correlational Neural Networks",
    author = "Jamshid Lou, Paria  and
      Anderson, Peter  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1490",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1490",
    pages = "4610--4619",
    abstract = "In recent years, the natural language processing community has moved away from task-specific feature engineering, i.e., researchers discovering ad-hoc feature representations for various tasks, in favor of general-purpose methods that learn the input representation by themselves. However, state-of-the-art approaches to disfluency detection in spontaneous speech transcripts currently still depend on an array of hand-crafted features, and other representations derived from the output of pre-existing systems such as language models or dependency parsers. As an alternative, this paper proposes a simple yet effective model for automatic disfluency detection, called an auto-correlational neural network (ACNN). The model uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) and augments it with a new auto-correlation operator at the lowest layer that can capture the kinds of {``}rough copy{''} dependencies that are characteristic of repair disfluencies in speech. In experiments, the ACNN model outperforms the baseline CNN on a disfluency detection task with a 5{\%} increase in f-score, which is close to the previous best result on this task.",
}
@inproceedings{mehta-etal-2018-pyramidal,
    title = "Pyramidal Recurrent Unit for Language Modeling",
    author = "Mehta, Sachin  and
      Koncel-Kedziorski, Rik  and
      Rastegari, Mohammad  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1491",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1491",
    pages = "4620--4630",
    abstract = "LSTMs are powerful tools for modeling contextual information, as evidenced by their success at the task of language modeling. However, modeling contexts in very high dimensional space can lead to poor generalizability. We introduce the Pyramidal Recurrent Unit (PRU), which enables learning representations in high dimensional space with more generalization power and fewer parameters. PRUs replace the linear transformation in LSTMs with more sophisticated interactions such as pyramidal or grouped linear transformations. This architecture gives strong results on word-level language modeling while reducing parameters significantly. In particular, PRU improves the perplexity of a recent state-of-the-art language model by up to 1.3 points while learning 15-20{\%} fewer parameters. For similar number of model parameters, PRU outperforms all previous RNN models that exploit different gating mechanisms and transformations. We provide a detailed examination of the PRU and its behavior on the language modeling tasks. Our code is open-source and available at \url{https://sacmehta.github.io/PRU/}.",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2018-tree,
    title = "On Tree-Based Neural Sentence Modeling",
    author = "Shi, Haoyue  and
      Zhou, Hao  and
      Chen, Jiaze  and
      Li, Lei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1492",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1492",
    pages = "4631--4641",
    abstract = "Neural networks with tree-based sentence encoders have shown better results on many downstream tasks. Most of existing tree-based encoders adopt syntactic parsing trees as the explicit structure prior. To study the effectiveness of different tree structures, we replace the parsing trees with trivial trees (i.e., binary balanced tree, left-branching tree and right-branching tree) in the encoders. Though trivial trees contain no syntactic information, those encoders get competitive or even better results on all of the ten downstream tasks we investigated. This surprising result indicates that explicit syntax guidance may not be the main contributor to the superior performances of tree-based neural sentence modeling. Further analysis show that tree modeling gives better results when crucial words are closer to the final representation. Additional experiments give more clues on how to design an effective tree-based encoder. Our code is open-source and available at \url{https://github.com/ExplorerFreda/TreeEnc}.",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2018-language,
    title = "Language Modeling with Sparse Product of Sememe Experts",
    author = "Gu, Yihong  and
      Yan, Jun  and
      Zhu, Hao  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Xie, Ruobing  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Lin, Fen  and
      Lin, Leyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1493",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1493",
    pages = "4642--4651",
    abstract = "Most language modeling methods rely on large-scale data to statistically learn the sequential patterns of words. In this paper, we argue that words are atomic language units but not necessarily atomic semantic units. Inspired by HowNet, we use sememes, the minimum semantic units in human languages, to represent the implicit semantics behind words for language modeling, named Sememe-Driven Language Model (SDLM). More specifically, to predict the next word, SDLM first estimates the sememe distribution given textual context. Afterwards, it regards each sememe as a distinct semantic expert, and these experts jointly identify the most probable senses and the corresponding word. In this way, SDLM enables language models to work beyond word-level manipulation to fine-grained sememe-level semantics, and offers us more powerful tools to fine-tune language models and improve the interpretability as well as the robustness of language models. Experiments on language modeling and the downstream application of headline generation demonstrate the significant effectiveness of SDLM.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2018-siamese,
    title = "{S}iamese Network-Based Supervised Topic Modeling",
    author = "Huang, Minghui  and
      Rao, Yanghui  and
      Liu, Yuwei  and
      Xie, Haoran  and
      Wang, Fu Lee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1494",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1494",
    pages = "4652--4662",
    abstract = "Label-specific topics can be widely used for supporting personality psychology, aspect-level sentiment analysis, and cross-domain sentiment classification. To generate label-specific topics, several supervised topic models which adopt likelihood-driven objective functions have been proposed. However, it is hard for them to get a precise estimation on both topic discovery and supervised learning. In this study, we propose a supervised topic model based on the Siamese network, which can trade off label-specific word distributions with document-specific label distributions in a uniform framework. Experiments on real-world datasets validate that our model performs competitive in topic discovery quantitatively and qualitatively. Furthermore, the proposed model can effectively predict categorical or real-valued labels for new documents by generating word embeddings from a label-specific topical space.",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2018-graphbtm,
    title = "{G}raph{BTM}: Graph Enhanced Autoencoded Variational Inference for Biterm Topic Model",
    author = "Zhu, Qile  and
      Feng, Zheng  and
      Li, Xiaolin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1495",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1495",
    pages = "4663--4672",
    abstract = "Discovering the latent topics within texts has been a fundamental task for many applications. However, conventional topic models suffer different problems in different settings. The Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) may not work well for short texts due to the data sparsity (i.e. the sparse word co-occurrence patterns in short documents). The Biterm Topic Model (BTM) learns topics by modeling the word-pairs named biterms in the whole corpus. This assumption is very strong when documents are long with rich topic information and do not exhibit the transitivity of biterms. In this paper, we propose a novel way called GraphBTM to represent biterms as graphs and design a Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) with residual connections to extract transitive features from biterms. To overcome the data sparsity of LDA and the strong assumption of BTM, we sample a fixed number of documents to form a mini-corpus as a sample. We also propose a dataset called All News extracted from 15 news publishers, in which documents are much longer than 20 Newsgroups. We present an amortized variational inference method for GraphBTM. Our method generates more coherent topics compared with previous approaches. Experiments show that the sampling strategy improves performance by a large margin.",
}
@inproceedings{srivatsan-etal-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Online Discourse with Coupled Distributed Topics",
    author = "Srivatsan, Akshay  and
      Wojtowicz, Zachary  and
      Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1496",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1496",
    pages = "4673--4682",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a deep, globally normalized topic model that incorporates structural relationships connecting documents in socially generated corpora, such as online forums. Our model (1) captures discursive interactions along observed reply links in addition to traditional topic information, and (2) incorporates latent distributed representations arranged in a deep architecture, which enables a GPU-based mean-field inference procedure that scales efficiently to large data. We apply our model to a new social media dataset consisting of 13M comments mined from the popular internet forum Reddit, a domain that poses significant challenges to models that do not account for relationships connecting user comments. We evaluate against existing methods across multiple metrics including perplexity and metadata prediction, and qualitatively analyze the learned interaction patterns.",
}
@inproceedings{jain-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Disentangled Representations of Texts with Application to Biomedical Abstracts",
    author = "Jain, Sarthak  and
      Banner, Edward  and
      van de Meent, Jan-Willem  and
      Marshall, Iain J.  and
      Wallace, Byron C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1497",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1497",
    pages = "4683--4693",
    abstract = "We propose a method for learning disentangled representations of texts that code for distinct and complementary aspects, with the aim of affording efficient model transfer and interpretability. To induce disentangled embeddings, we propose an adversarial objective based on the (dis)similarity between triplets of documents with respect to specific aspects. Our motivating application is embedding biomedical abstracts describing clinical trials in a manner that disentangles the populations, interventions, and outcomes in a given trial. We show that our method learns representations that encode these clinically salient aspects, and that these can be effectively used to perform aspect-specific retrieval. We demonstrate that the approach generalizes beyond our motivating application in experiments on two multi-aspect review corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Source Domain Adaptation with Mixture of Experts",
    author = "Guo, Jiang  and
      Shah, Darsh  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1498",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1498",
    pages = "4694--4703",
    abstract = "We propose a mixture-of-experts approach for unsupervised domain adaptation from multiple sources. The key idea is to explicitly capture the relationship between a target example and different source domains. This relationship, expressed by a point-to-set metric, determines how to combine predictors trained on various domains. The metric is learned in an unsupervised fashion using meta-training. Experimental results on sentiment analysis and part-of-speech tagging demonstrate that our approach consistently outperforms multiple baselines and can robustly handle negative transfer.",
}
@inproceedings{van-schijndel-linzen-2018-neural,
    title = "A Neural Model of Adaptation in Reading",
    author = "van Schijndel, Marten  and
      Linzen, Tal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1499",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1499",
    pages = "4704--4710",
    abstract = "It has been argued that humans rapidly adapt their lexical and syntactic expectations to match the statistics of the current linguistic context. We provide further support to this claim by showing that the addition of a simple adaptation mechanism to a neural language model improves our predictions of human reading times compared to a non-adaptive model. We analyze the performance of the model on controlled materials from psycholinguistic experiments and show that it adapts not only to lexical items but also to abstract syntactic structures.",
}
@inproceedings{lalor-etal-2018-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Deep Learning Performance through an Examination of Test Set Difficulty: A Psychometric Case Study",
    author = "Lalor, John  and
      Wu, Hao  and
      Munkhdalai, Tsendsuren  and
      Yu, Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1500",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1500",
    pages = "4711--4716",
    abstract = "Interpreting the performance of deep learning models beyond test set accuracy is challenging. Characteristics of individual data points are often not considered during evaluation, and each data point is treated equally. In this work we examine the impact of a test set question{'}s difficulty to determine if there is a relationship between difficulty and performance. We model difficulty using well-studied psychometric methods on human response patterns. Experiments on Natural Language Inference (NLI) and Sentiment Analysis (SA) show that the likelihood of answering a question correctly is impacted by the question{'}s difficulty. In addition, as DNNs are trained on larger datasets easy questions start to have a higher probability of being answered correctly than harder questions.",
}
@inproceedings{white-etal-2018-lexicosyntactic,
    title = "Lexicosyntactic Inference in Neural Models",
    author = "White, Aaron Steven  and
      Rudinger, Rachel  and
      Rawlins, Kyle  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1501",
    pages = "4717--4724",
    abstract = "We investigate neural models{'} ability to capture lexicosyntactic inferences: inferences triggered by the interaction of lexical and syntactic information. We take the task of event factuality prediction as a case study and build a factuality judgment dataset for all English clause-embedding verbs in various syntactic contexts. We use this dataset, which we make publicly available, to probe the behavior of current state-of-the-art neural systems, showing that these systems make certain systematic errors that are clearly visible through the lens of factuality prediction.",
}
@inproceedings{watcharawittayakul-etal-2018-dual,
    title = "Dual Fixed-Size Ordinally Forgetting Encoding ({FOFE}) for Competitive Neural Language Models",
    author = "Watcharawittayakul, Sedtawut  and
      Xu, Mingbin  and
      Jiang, Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1502",
    pages = "4725--4730",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a new approach to employ the fixed-size ordinally-forgetting encoding (FOFE) (Zhang et al., 2015b) in neural languages modelling, called dual-FOFE. The main idea of dual-FOFE is that it allows to use two different forgetting factors so that it can avoid the trade-off in choosing either a small or large values for the single forgetting factor. In our experiments, we have compared the dual-FOFE based neural network language models (NNLM) against the original FOFE counterparts and various traditional NNLMs. Our results on the challenging Google Billion word corpus show that both FOFE and dual FOFE yield very strong performance while significantly reducing the computational complexity over other NNLMs. Furthermore, the proposed dual-FOFE method further gives over 10{\%} improvement in perplexity over the original FOFE model.",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2018-importance,
    title = "The Importance of Being Recurrent for Modeling Hierarchical Structure",
    author = "Tran, Ke  and
      Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1503",
    pages = "4731--4736",
    abstract = "Recent work has shown that recurrent neural networks (RNNs) can implicitly capture and exploit hierarchical information when trained to solve common natural language processing tasks (Blevins et al., 2018) such as language modeling (Linzen et al., 2016; Gulordava et al., 2018) and neural machine translation (Shi et al., 2016). In contrast, the ability to model structured data with non-recurrent neural networks has received little attention despite their success in many NLP tasks (Gehring et al., 2017; Vaswani et al., 2017). In this work, we compare the two architectures{---}recurrent versus non-recurrent{---}with respect to their ability to model hierarchical structure and find that recurrency is indeed important for this purpose. The code and data used in our experiments is available at \url{https://github.com/ ketranm/fan_vs_rnn}",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2018-joint,
    title = "Joint Learning for Targeted Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Ma, Dehong  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1504",
    pages = "4737--4742",
    abstract = "Targeted sentiment analysis (TSA) aims at extracting targets and classifying their sentiment classes. Previous works only exploit word embeddings as features and do not explore more potentials of neural networks when jointly learning the two tasks. In this paper, we carefully design the hierarchical stack bidirectional gated recurrent units (HSBi-GRU) model to learn abstract features for both tasks, and we propose a HSBi-GRU based joint model which allows the target label to have influence on their sentiment label. Experimental results on two datasets show that our joint learning model can outperform other baselines and demonstrate the effectiveness of HSBi-GRU in learning abstract features.",
}
@inproceedings{krishna-etal-2018-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting the Importance of Encoding Logic Rules in Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Krishna, Kalpesh  and
      Jyothi, Preethi  and
      Iyyer, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1505",
    pages = "4743--4751",
    abstract = "We analyze the performance of different sentiment classification models on syntactically complex inputs like A-but-B sentences. The first contribution of this analysis addresses reproducible research: to meaningfully compare different models, their accuracies must be averaged over far more random seeds than what has traditionally been reported. With proper averaging in place, we notice that the distillation model described in Hu et al. (2016), which incorporates explicit logic rules for sentiment classification, is ineffective. In contrast, using contextualized ELMo embeddings (Peters et al., 2018a) instead of logic rules yields significantly better performance. Additionally, we provide analysis and visualizations that demonstrate ELMo{'}s ability to implicitly learn logic rules. Finally, a crowdsourced analysis reveals how ELMo outperforms baseline models even on sentences with ambiguous sentiment labels.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-co,
    title = "A Co-Attention Neural Network Model for Emotion Cause Analysis with Emotional Context Awareness",
    author = "Li, Xiangju  and
      Song, Kaisong  and
      Feng, Shi  and
      Wang, Daling  and
      Zhang, Yifei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1506",
    pages = "4752--4757",
    abstract = "Emotion cause analysis has been a key topic in natural language processing. Existing methods ignore the contexts around the emotion word which can provide an emotion cause clue. Meanwhile, the clauses in a document play different roles on stimulating a certain emotion, depending on their content relevance. Therefore, we propose a co-attention neural network model for emotion cause analysis with emotional context awareness. The method encodes the clauses with a co-attention based bi-directional long short-term memory into high-level input representations, which are further fed into a convolutional layer for emotion cause analysis. Experimental results show that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art baseline methods.",
}
@inproceedings{buechel-etal-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Empathy and Distress in Reaction to News Stories",
    author = "Buechel, Sven  and
      Buffone, Anneke  and
      Slaff, Barry  and
      Ungar, Lyle  and
      Sedoc, Jo{\~a}o",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1507",
    pages = "4758--4765",
    abstract = "Computational detection and understanding of empathy is an important factor in advancing human-computer interaction. Yet to date, text-based empathy prediction has the following major limitations: It underestimates the psychological complexity of the phenomenon, adheres to a weak notion of ground truth where empathic states are ascribed by third parties, and lacks a shared corpus. In contrast, this contribution presents the first publicly available gold standard for empathy prediction. It is constructed using a novel annotation methodology which reliably captures empathy assessments by the writer of a statement using multi-item scales. This is also the first computational work distinguishing between multiple forms of empathy, empathic concern, and personal distress, as recognized throughout psychology. Finally, we present experimental results for three different predictive models, of which a CNN performs the best.",
}
@inproceedings{barbieri-etal-2018-interpretable,
    title = "Interpretable Emoji Prediction via Label-Wise Attention {LSTM}s",
    author = "Barbieri, Francesco  and
      Espinosa-Anke, Luis  and
      Camacho-Collados, Jose  and
      Schockaert, Steven  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1508",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1508",
    pages = "4766--4771",
    abstract = "Human language has evolved towards newer forms of communication such as social media, where emojis (i.e., ideograms bearing a visual meaning) play a key role. While there is an increasing body of work aimed at the computational modeling of emoji semantics, there is currently little understanding about what makes a computational model represent or predict a given emoji in a certain way. In this paper we propose a label-wise attention mechanism with which we attempt to better understand the nuances underlying emoji prediction. In addition to advantages in terms of interpretability, we show that our proposed architecture improves over standard baselines in emoji prediction, and does particularly well when predicting infrequent emojis.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-tree,
    title = "A Tree-based Decoder for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Xinyi  and
      Pham, Hieu  and
      Yin, Pengcheng  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1509",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1509",
    pages = "4772--4777",
    abstract = "Recent advances in Neural Machine Translation (NMT) show that adding syntactic information to NMT systems can improve the quality of their translations. Most existing work utilizes some specific types of linguistically-inspired tree structures, like constituency and dependency parse trees. This is often done via a standard RNN decoder that operates on a linearized target tree structure. However, it is an open question of what specific linguistic formalism, if any, is the best structural representation for NMT. In this paper, we (1) propose an NMT model that can naturally generate the topology of an arbitrary tree structure on the target side, and (2) experiment with various target tree structures. Our experiments show the surprising result that our model delivers the best improvements with balanced binary trees constructed without any linguistic knowledge; this model outperforms standard seq2seq models by up to 2.1 BLEU points, and other methods for incorporating target-side syntax by up to 0.7 BLEU.",
}
@inproceedings{shao-etal-2018-greedy,
    title = "Greedy Search with Probabilistic N-gram Matching for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Shao, Chenze  and
      Chen, Xilin  and
      Feng, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1510",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1510",
    pages = "4778--4784",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation (NMT) models are usually trained with the word-level loss using the teacher forcing algorithm, which not only evaluates the translation improperly but also suffers from exposure bias. Sequence-level training under the reinforcement framework can mitigate the problems of the word-level loss, but its performance is unstable due to the high variance of the gradient estimation. On these grounds, we present a method with a differentiable sequence-level training objective based on probabilistic n-gram matching which can avoid the reinforcement framework. In addition, this method performs greedy search in the training which uses the predicted words as context just as at inference to alleviate the problem of exposure bias. Experiment results on the NIST Chinese-to-English translation tasks show that our method significantly outperforms the reinforcement-based algorithms and achieves an improvement of 1.5 BLEU points on average over a strong baseline system.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Recombination for Efficient Decoding of Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Zhisong  and
      Wang, Rui  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1511",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1511",
    pages = "4785--4790",
    abstract = "In Neural Machine Translation (NMT), the decoder can capture the features of the entire prediction history with neural connections and representations. This means that partial hypotheses with different prefixes will be regarded differently no matter how similar they are. However, this might be inefficient since some partial hypotheses can contain only local differences that will not influence future predictions. In this work, we introduce recombination in NMT decoding based on the concept of the {``}equivalence{''} of partial hypotheses. Heuristically, we use a simple n-gram suffix based equivalence function and adapt it into beam search decoding. Through experiments on large-scale Chinese-to-English and English-to-Germen translation tasks, we show that the proposed method can obtain similar translation quality with a smaller beam size, making NMT decoding more efficient.",
}
@inproceedings{laubli-etal-2018-machine,
    title = "Has Machine Translation Achieved Human Parity? A Case for Document-level Evaluation",
    author = {L{\"a}ubli, Samuel  and
      Sennrich, Rico  and
      Volk, Martin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1512",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1512",
    pages = "4791--4796",
    abstract = "Recent research suggests that neural machine translation achieves parity with professional human translation on the WMT Chinese{--}English news translation task. We empirically test this claim with alternative evaluation protocols, contrasting the evaluation of single sentences and entire documents. In a pairwise ranking experiment, human raters assessing adequacy and fluency show a stronger preference for human over machine translation when evaluating documents as compared to isolated sentences. Our findings emphasise the need to shift towards document-level evaluation as machine translation improves to the degree that errors which are hard or impossible to spot at the sentence-level become decisive in discriminating quality of different translation outputs.",
}
@inproceedings{guillou-hardmeier-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Reference-Based Evaluation of Pronoun Translation Misses the Point",
    author = "Guillou, Liane  and
      Hardmeier, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1513",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1513",
    pages = "4797--4802",
    abstract = "We compare the performance of the APT and AutoPRF metrics for pronoun translation against a manually annotated dataset comprising human judgements as to the correctness of translations of the PROTEST test suite. Although there is some correlation with the human judgements, a range of issues limit the performance of the automated metrics. Instead, we recommend the use of semi-automatic metrics and test suites in place of fully automatic metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2018-fewrel,
    title = "{F}ew{R}el: A Large-Scale Supervised Few-Shot Relation Classification Dataset with State-of-the-Art Evaluation",
    author = "Han, Xu  and
      Zhu, Hao  and
      Yu, Pengfei  and
      Wang, Ziyun  and
      Yao, Yuan  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1514",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1514",
    pages = "4803--4809",
    abstract = "We present a Few-Shot Relation Classification Dataset (dataset), consisting of 70, 000 sentences on 100 relations derived from Wikipedia and annotated by crowdworkers. The relation of each sentence is first recognized by distant supervision methods, and then filtered by crowdworkers. We adapt the most recent state-of-the-art few-shot learning methods for relation classification and conduct thorough evaluation of these methods. Empirical results show that even the most competitive few-shot learning models struggle on this task, especially as compared with humans. We also show that a range of different reasoning skills are needed to solve our task. These results indicate that few-shot relation classification remains an open problem and still requires further research. Our detailed analysis points multiple directions for future research.",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-etal-2018-strong,
    title = "A strong baseline for question relevancy ranking",
    author = "Gonzalez, Ana  and
      Augenstein, Isabelle  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1515",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1515",
    pages = "4810--4815",
    abstract = "The best systems at the SemEval-16 and SemEval-17 community question answering shared tasks {--} a task that amounts to question relevancy ranking {--} involve complex pipelines and manual feature engineering. Despite this, many of these still fail at beating the IR baseline, i.e., the rankings provided by Google{'}s search engine. We present a strong baseline for question relevancy ranking by training a simple multi-task feed forward network on a bag of 14 distance measures for the input question pair. This baseline model, which is fast to train and uses only language-independent features, outperforms the best shared task systems on the task of retrieving relevant previously asked questions.",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-duran-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Sequence Encoders for Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion",
    author = "Garc{\'\i}a-Dur{\'a}n, Alberto  and
      Duman{\v{c}}i{\'c}, Sebastijan  and
      Niepert, Mathias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1516",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1516",
    pages = "4816--4821",
    abstract = "Research on link prediction in knowledge graphs has mainly focused on static multi-relational data. In this work we consider temporal knowledge graphs where relations between entities may only hold for a time interval or a specific point in time. In line with previous work on static knowledge graphs, we propose to address this problem by learning latent entity and relation type representations. To incorporate temporal information, we utilize recurrent neural networks to learn time-aware representations of relation types which can be used in conjunction with existing latent factorization methods. The proposed approach is shown to be robust to common challenges in real-world KGs: the sparsity and heterogeneity of temporal expressions. Experiments show the benefits of our approach on four temporal KGs. The data sets are available under a permissive BSD-3 license.",
}
@inproceedings{lu-nguyen-2018-similar,
    title = "Similar but not the Same: Word Sense Disambiguation Improves Event Detection via Neural Representation Matching",
    author = "Lu, Weiyi  and
      Nguyen, Thien Huu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1517",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1517",
    pages = "4822--4828",
    abstract = "Event detection (ED) and word sense disambiguation (WSD) are two similar tasks in that they both involve identifying the classes (i.e. event types or word senses) of some word in a given sentence. It is thus possible to extract the knowledge hidden in the data for WSD, and utilize it to improve the performance on ED. In this work, we propose a method to transfer the knowledge learned on WSD to ED by matching the neural representations learned for the two tasks. Our experiments on two widely used datasets for ED demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.",
}
@inproceedings{luo-glass-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Word Representations with Cross-Sentence Dependency for End-to-End Co-reference Resolution",
    author = "Luo, Hongyin  and
      Glass, Jim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1518",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1518",
    pages = "4829--4833",
    abstract = "In this work, we present a word embedding model that learns cross-sentence dependency for improving end-to-end co-reference resolution (E2E-CR). While the traditional E2E-CR model generates word representations by running long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks on each sentence of an input article or conversation separately, we propose linear sentence linking and attentional sentence linking models to learn cross-sentence dependency. Both sentence linking strategies enable the LSTMs to make use of valuable information from context sentences while calculating the representation of the current input word. With this approach, the LSTMs learn word embeddings considering knowledge not only from the current sentence but also from the entire input document. Experiments show that learning cross-sentence dependency enriches information contained by the word representations, and improves the performance of the co-reference resolution model compared with our baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-word,
    title = "Word Relation Autoencoder for Unseen Hypernym Extraction Using Word Embeddings",
    author = "Chen, Hong-You  and
      Lee, Cheng-Syuan  and
      Liao, Keng-Te  and
      Lin, Shou-De",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1519",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1519",
    pages = "4834--4839",
    abstract = "Lexicon relation extraction given distributional representation of words is an important topic in NLP. We observe that the state-of-the-art projection-based methods cannot be generalized to handle unseen hypernyms. We propose to analyze it in the perspective of pollution and construct the corresponding indicator to measure it. We propose a word relation autoencoder (WRAE) model to address the challenge. Experiments on several hypernym-like lexicon datasets show that our model outperforms the competitors significantly.",
}
@inproceedings{utsumi-2018-refining,
    title = "Refining Pretrained Word Embeddings Using Layer-wise Relevance Propagation",
    author = "Utsumi, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1520",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1520",
    pages = "4840--4846",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a simple method for refining pretrained word embeddings using layer-wise relevance propagation. Given a target semantic representation one would like word vectors to reflect, our method first trains the mapping between the original word vectors and the target representation using a neural network. Estimated target values are then propagated backward toward word vectors, and a relevance score is computed for each dimension of word vectors. Finally, the relevance score vectors are used to refine the original word vectors so that they are projected into the subspace that reflects the information relevant to the target representation. The evaluation experiment using binary classification of word pairs demonstrates that the refined vectors by our method achieve the higher performance than the original vectors.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Gender-Neutral Word Embeddings",
    author = "Zhao, Jieyu  and
      Zhou, Yichao  and
      Li, Zeyu  and
      Wang, Wei  and
      Chang, Kai-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1521",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1521",
    pages = "4847--4853",
    abstract = "Word embedding models have become a fundamental component in a wide range of Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. However, embeddings trained on human-generated corpora have been demonstrated to inherit strong gender stereotypes that reflect social constructs. To address this concern, in this paper, we propose a novel training procedure for learning gender-neutral word embeddings. Our approach aims to preserve gender information in certain dimensions of word vectors while compelling other dimensions to be free of gender influence. Based on the proposed method, we generate a Gender-Neutral variant of GloVe (GN-GloVe). Quantitative and qualitative experiments demonstrate that GN-GloVe successfully isolates gender information without sacrificing the functionality of the embedding model.",
}
@inproceedings{rabinovich-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Concept Abstractness Using Weak Supervision",
    author = "Rabinovich, Ella  and
      Sznajder, Benjamin  and
      Spector, Artem  and
      Shnayderman, Ilya  and
      Aharonov, Ranit  and
      Konopnicki, David  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1522",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1522",
    pages = "4854--4859",
    abstract = "We introduce a weakly supervised approach for inferring the property of abstractness of words and expressions in the complete absence of labeled data. Exploiting only minimal linguistic clues and the contextual usage of a concept as manifested in textual data, we train sufficiently powerful classifiers, obtaining high correlation with human labels. The results imply the applicability of this approach to additional properties of concepts, additional languages, and resource-scarce scenarios.",
}
@inproceedings{amrami-goldberg-2018-word,
    title = "Word Sense Induction with Neural bi{LM} and Symmetric Patterns",
    author = "Amrami, Asaf  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1523",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1523",
    pages = "4860--4867",
    abstract = "An established method for Word Sense Induction (WSI) uses a language model to predict probable substitutes for target words, and induces senses by clustering these resulting substitute vectors. We replace the ngram-based language model (LM) with a recurrent one. Beyond being more accurate, the use of the recurrent LM allows us to effectively query it in a creative way, using what we call dynamic symmetric patterns. The combination of the RNN-LM and the dynamic symmetric patterns results in strong substitute vectors for WSI, allowing to surpass the current state-of-the-art on the SemEval 2013 WSI shared task by a large margin.",
}
@inproceedings{kiros-chan-2018-inferlite,
    title = "{I}nfer{L}ite: Simple Universal Sentence Representations from Natural Language Inference Data",
    author = "Kiros, Jamie  and
      Chan, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1524",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1524",
    pages = "4868--4874",
    abstract = "Natural language inference has been shown to be an effective supervised task for learning generic sentence embeddings. In order to better understand the components that lead to effective representations, we propose a lightweight version of InferSent, called InferLite, that does not use any recurrent layers and operates on a collection of pre-trained word embeddings. We show that a simple instance of our model that makes no use of context, word ordering or position can still obtain competitive performance on the majority of downstream prediction tasks, with most performance gaps being filled by adding local contextual information through temporal convolutions. Our models can be trained in under 1 hour on a single GPU and allows for fast inference of new representations. Finally we describe a semantic hashing layer that allows our model to learn generic binary codes for sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{kovaleva-etal-2018-similarity,
    title = "Similarity-Based Reconstruction Loss for Meaning Representation",
    author = "Kovaleva, Olga  and
      Rumshisky, Anna  and
      Romanov, Alexey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1525",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1525",
    pages = "4875--4880",
    abstract = "This paper addresses the problem of representation learning. Using an autoencoder framework, we propose and evaluate several loss functions that can be used as an alternative to the commonly used cross-entropy reconstruction loss. The proposed loss functions use similarities between words in the embedding space, and can be used to train any neural model for text generation. We show that the introduced loss functions amplify semantic diversity of reconstructed sentences, while preserving the original meaning of the input. We test the derived autoencoder-generated representations on paraphrase detection and language inference tasks and demonstrate performance improvement compared to the traditional cross-entropy loss.",
}
@inproceedings{abdou-etal-2018-learn,
    title = "What can we learn from Semantic Tagging?",
    author = "Abdou, Mostafa  and
      Kulmizev, Artur  and
      Ravishankar, Vinit  and
      Abzianidze, Lasha  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1526",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1526",
    pages = "4881--4889",
    abstract = "We investigate the effects of multi-task learning using the recently introduced task of semantic tagging. We employ semantic tagging as an auxiliary task for three different NLP tasks: part-of-speech tagging, Universal Dependency parsing, and Natural Language Inference. We compare full neural network sharing, partial neural network sharing, and what we term the learning what to share setting where negative transfer between tasks is less likely. Our findings show considerable improvements for all tasks, particularly in the learning what to share setting which shows consistent gains across all tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2018-conditional,
    title = "Conditional Word Embedding and Hypothesis Testing via {B}ayes-by-Backprop",
    author = "Han, Rujun  and
      Gill, Michael  and
      Spirling, Arthur  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1527",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1527",
    pages = "4890--4895",
    abstract = "Conventional word embedding models do not leverage information from document meta-data, and they do not model uncertainty. We address these concerns with a model that incorporates document covariates to estimate conditional word embedding distributions. Our model allows for (a) hypothesis tests about the meanings of terms, (b) assessments as to whether a word is near or far from another conditioned on different covariate values, and (c) assessments as to whether estimated differences are statistically significant.",
}
@inproceedings{yaneva-etal-2018-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Referential and Non-referential It Using Gaze",
    author = "Yaneva, Victoria  and
      Ha, Le An  and
      Evans, Richard  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1528",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1528",
    pages = "4896--4901",
    abstract = "When processing a text, humans and machines must disambiguate between different uses of the pronoun it, including non-referential, nominal anaphoric or clause anaphoric ones. In this paper we use eye-tracking data to learn how humans perform this disambiguation and use this knowledge to improve the automatic classification of it. We show that by using gaze data and a POS-tagger we are able to significantly outperform a common baseline and classify between three categories of it with an accuracy comparable to that of linguistic-based approaches. In addition, the discriminatory power of specific gaze features informs the way humans process the pronoun, which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been explored using data from a natural reading task.",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2018-state,
    title = "State-of-the-art {C}hinese Word Segmentation with Bi-{LSTM}s",
    author = "Ma, Ji  and
      Ganchev, Kuzman  and
      Weiss, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1529",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1529",
    pages = "4902--4908",
    abstract = "A wide variety of neural-network architectures have been proposed for the task of Chinese word segmentation. Surprisingly, we find that a bidirectional LSTM model, when combined with standard deep learning techniques and best practices, can achieve better accuracy on many of the popular datasets as compared to models based on more complex neuralnetwork architectures. Furthermore, our error analysis shows that out-of-vocabulary words remain challenging for neural-network models, and many of the remaining errors are unlikely to be fixed through architecture changes. Instead, more effort should be made on exploring resources for further improvement.",
}
@inproceedings{aralikatte-etal-2018-sanskrit,
    title = "{S}anskrit Sandhi Splitting using seq2(seq)2",
    author = "Aralikatte, Rahul  and
      Gantayat, Neelamadhav  and
      Panwar, Naveen  and
      Sankaran, Anush  and
      Mani, Senthil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1530",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1530",
    pages = "4909--4914",
    abstract = "In Sanskrit, small words (morphemes) are combined to form compound words through a process known as Sandhi. Sandhi splitting is the process of splitting a given compound word into its constituent morphemes. Although rules governing word splitting exists in the language, it is highly challenging to identify the location of the splits in a compound word. Though existing Sandhi splitting systems incorporate these pre-defined splitting rules, they have a low accuracy as the same compound word might be broken down in multiple ways to provide syntactically correct splits. In this research, we propose a novel deep learning architecture called Double Decoder RNN (DD-RNN), which (i) predicts the location of the split(s) with 95{\%} accuracy, and (ii) predicts the constituent words (learning the Sandhi splitting rules) with 79.5{\%} accuracy, outperforming the state-of-art by 20{\%}. Additionally, we show the generalization capability of our deep learning model, by showing competitive results in the problem of Chinese word segmentation, as well.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-deng-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Neural Word Segmentation for {C}hinese via Segmental Language Modeling",
    author = "Sun, Zhiqing  and
      Deng, Zhi-Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1531",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1531",
    pages = "4915--4920",
    abstract = "Previous traditional approaches to unsupervised Chinese word segmentation (CWS) can be roughly classified into discriminative and generative models. The former uses the carefully designed goodness measures for candidate segmentation, while the latter focuses on finding the optimal segmentation of the highest generative probability. However, while there exists a trivial way to extend the discriminative models into neural version by using neural language models, those of generative ones are non-trivial. In this paper, we propose the segmental language models (SLMs) for CWS. Our approach explicitly focuses on the segmental nature of Chinese, as well as preserves several properties of language models. In SLMs, a context encoder encodes the previous context and a segment decoder generates each segment incrementally. As far as we know, we are the first to propose a neural model for unsupervised CWS and achieve competitive performance to the state-of-the-art statistical models on four different datasets from SIGHAN 2005 bakeoff.",
}
@inproceedings{kondratyuk-etal-2018-lemmatag,
    title = "{L}emma{T}ag: Jointly Tagging and Lemmatizing for Morphologically Rich Languages with {BRNN}s",
    author = "Kondratyuk, Daniel  and
      Gaven{\v{c}}iak, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Straka, Milan  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1532",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1532",
    pages = "4921--4928",
    abstract = "We present LemmaTag, a featureless neural network architecture that jointly generates part-of-speech tags and lemmas for sentences by using bidirectional RNNs with character-level and word-level embeddings. We demonstrate that both tasks benefit from sharing the encoding part of the network, predicting tag subcategories, and using the tagger output as an input to the lemmatizer. We evaluate our model across several languages with complex morphology, which surpasses state-of-the-art accuracy in both part-of-speech tagging and lemmatization in Czech, German, and Arabic.",
}
@inproceedings{shillingford-parker-jones-2018-recovering,
    title = "Recovering Missing Characters in Old {H}awaiian Writing",
    author = "Shillingford, Brendan  and
      Parker Jones, Oiwi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1533",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1533",
    pages = "4929--4934",
    abstract = "In contrast to the older writing system of the 19th century, modern Hawaiian orthography employs characters for long vowels and glottal stops. These extra characters account for about one-third of the phonemes in Hawaiian, so including them makes a big difference to reading comprehension and pronunciation. However, transliterating between older and newer texts is a laborious task when performed manually. We introduce two related methods to help solve this transliteration problem automatically. One approach is implemented, end-to-end, using finite state transducers (FSTs). The other is a hybrid deep learning approach, which approximately composes an FST with a recurrent neural network language model.",
}
@inproceedings{schluter-varab-2018-data,
    title = "When data permutations are pathological: the case of neural natural language inference",
    author = "Schluter, Natalie  and
      Varab, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1534",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1534",
    pages = "4935--4939",
    abstract = "Consider two competitive machine learning models, one of which was considered state-of-the art, and the other a competitive baseline. Suppose that by just permuting the examples of the training set, say by reversing the original order, by shuffling, or by mini-batching, you could report substantially better/worst performance for the system of your choice, by multiple percentage points. In this paper, we illustrate this scenario for a trending NLP task: Natural Language Inference (NLI). We show that for the two central NLI corpora today, the learning process of neural systems is far too sensitive to permutations of the data. In doing so we reopen the question of how to judge a good neural architecture for NLI, given the available dataset and perhaps, further, the soundness of the NLI task itself in its current state.",
}
@inproceedings{kang-etal-2018-bridging,
    title = "Bridging Knowledge Gaps in Neural Entailment via Symbolic Models",
    author = "Kang, Dongyeop  and
      Khot, Tushar  and
      Sabharwal, Ashish  and
      Clark, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1535",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1535",
    pages = "4940--4945",
    abstract = "Most textual entailment models focus on lexical gaps between the premise text and the hypothesis, but rarely on knowledge gaps. We focus on filling these knowledge gaps in the Science Entailment task, by leveraging an external structured knowledge base (KB) of science facts. Our new architecture combines standard neural entailment models with a knowledge lookup module. To facilitate this lookup, we propose a fact-level decomposition of the hypothesis, and verifying the resulting sub-facts against both the textual premise and the structured KB. Our model, NSNet, learns to aggregate predictions from these heterogeneous data formats. On the SciTail dataset, NSNet outperforms a simpler combination of the two predictions by 3{\%} and the base entailment model by 5{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-bq,
    title = "The {BQ} Corpus: A Large-scale Domain-specific {C}hinese Corpus For Sentence Semantic Equivalence Identification",
    author = "Chen, Jing  and
      Chen, Qingcai  and
      Liu, Xin  and
      Yang, Haijun  and
      Lu, Daohe  and
      Tang, Buzhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1536",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1536",
    pages = "4946--4951",
    abstract = "This paper introduces the Bank Question (BQ) corpus, a Chinese corpus for sentence semantic equivalence identification (SSEI). The BQ corpus contains 120,000 question pairs from 1-year online bank custom service logs. To efficiently process and annotate questions from such a large scale of logs, this paper proposes a clustering based annotation method to achieve questions with the same intent. First, the deduplicated questions with the same answer are clustered into stacks by the Word Mover{'}s Distance (WMD) based Affinity Propagation (AP) algorithm. Then, the annotators are asked to assign the clustered questions into different intent categories. Finally, the positive and negative question pairs for SSEI are selected in the same intent category and between different intent categories respectively. We also present six SSEI benchmark performance on our corpus, including state-of-the-art algorithms. As the largest manually annotated public Chinese SSEI corpus in the bank domain, the BQ corpus is not only useful for Chinese question semantic matching research, but also a significant resource for cross-lingual and cross-domain SSEI research. The corpus is available in public.",
}
@inproceedings{ghaeini-etal-2018-interpreting,
    title = "Interpreting Recurrent and Attention-Based Neural Models: a Case Study on Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Ghaeini, Reza  and
      Fern, Xiaoli  and
      Tadepalli, Prasad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1537",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1537",
    pages = "4952--4957",
    abstract = "Deep learning models have achieved remarkable success in natural language inference (NLI) tasks. While these models are widely explored, they are hard to interpret and it is often unclear how and why they actually work. In this paper, we take a step toward explaining such deep learning based models through a case study on a popular neural model for NLI. In particular, we propose to interpret the intermediate layers of NLI models by visualizing the saliency of attention and LSTM gating signals. We present several examples for which our methods are able to reveal interesting insights and identify the critical information contributing to the model decisions.",
}
@inproceedings{mehta-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Semi-Supervised Learning for Deep Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Mehta, Sanket Vaibhav  and
      Lee, Jay Yoon  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1538",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1538",
    pages = "4958--4963",
    abstract = "Neural models have shown several state-of-the-art performances on Semantic Role Labeling (SRL). However, the neural models require an immense amount of semantic-role corpora and are thus not well suited for low-resource languages or domains. The paper proposes a semi-supervised semantic role labeling method that outperforms the state-of-the-art in limited SRL training corpora. The method is based on explicitly enforcing syntactic constraints by augmenting the training objective with a syntactic-inconsistency loss component and uses SRL-unlabeled instances to train a joint-objective LSTM. On CoNLL-2012 English section, the proposed semi-supervised training with 1{\%}, 10{\%} SRL-labeled data and varying amounts of SRL-unlabeled data achieves +1.58, +0.78 F1, respectively, over the pre-trained models that were trained on SOTA architecture with ELMo on the same SRL-labeled data. Additionally, by using the syntactic-inconsistency loss on inference time, the proposed model achieves +3.67, +2.1 F1 over pre-trained model on 1{\%}, 10{\%} SRL-labeled data, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{ferguson-etal-2018-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Domain Adjacent Instances for Semantic Parsers",
    author = "Ferguson, James  and
      Christensen, Janara  and
      Li, Edward  and
      Gonz{\`a}lez, Edgar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1539",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1539",
    pages = "4964--4969",
    abstract = "When the semantics of a sentence are not representable in a semantic parser{'}s output schema, parsing will inevitably fail. Detection of these instances is commonly treated as an out-of-domain classification problem. However, there is also a more subtle scenario in which the test data is drawn from the same domain. In addition to formalizing this problem of domain-adjacency, we present a comparison of various baselines that could be used to solve it. We also propose a new simple sentence representation that emphasizes words which are unexpected. This approach improves the performance of a downstream semantic parser run on in-domain and domain-adjacent instances.",
}
@inproceedings{pasupat-etal-2018-mapping,
    title = "Mapping natural language commands to web elements",
    author = "Pasupat, Panupong  and
      Jiang, Tian-Shun  and
      Liu, Evan  and
      Guu, Kelvin  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1540",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1540",
    pages = "4970--4976",
    abstract = "The web provides a rich, open-domain environment with textual, structural, and spatial properties. We propose a new task for grounding language in this environment: given a natural language command (e.g., {``}click on the second article{''}), choose the correct element on the web page (e.g., a hyperlink or text box). We collected a dataset of over 50,000 commands that capture various phenomena such as functional references (e.g. {``}find who made this site{''}), relational reasoning (e.g. {``}article by john{''}), and visual reasoning (e.g. {``}top-most article{''}). We also implemented and analyzed three baseline models that capture different phenomena present in the dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{kasewa-etal-2018-wronging,
    title = "Wronging a Right: Generating Better Errors to Improve Grammatical Error Detection",
    author = "Kasewa, Sudhanshu  and
      Stenetorp, Pontus  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1541",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1541",
    pages = "4977--4983",
    abstract = "Grammatical error correction, like other machine learning tasks, greatly benefits from large quantities of high quality training data, which is typically expensive to produce. While writing a program to automatically generate realistic grammatical errors would be difficult, one could learn the distribution of naturally-occurring errors and attempt to introduce them into other datasets. Initial work on inducing errors in this way using statistical machine translation has shown promise; we investigate cheaply constructing synthetic samples, given a small corpus of human-annotated data, using an off-the-rack attentive sequence-to-sequence model and a straight-forward post-processing procedure. Our approach yields error-filled artificial data that helps a vanilla bi-directional LSTM to outperform the previous state of the art at grammatical error detection, and a previously introduced model to gain further improvements of over 5{\%} F0.5 score. When attempting to determine if a given sentence is synthetic, a human annotator at best achieves 39.39 F1 score, indicating that our model generates mostly human-like instances.",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-goot-van-noord-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Input Uncertainty in Neural Network Dependency Parsing",
    author = "van der Goot, Rob  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1542",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1542",
    pages = "4984--4991",
    abstract = "Recently introduced neural network parsers allow for new approaches to circumvent data sparsity issues by modeling character level information and by exploiting raw data in a semi-supervised setting. Data sparsity is especially prevailing when transferring to non-standard domains. In this setting, lexical normalization has often been used in the past to circumvent data sparsity. In this paper, we investigate whether these new neural approaches provide similar functionality as lexical normalization, or whether they are complementary. We provide experimental results which show that a separate normalization component improves performance of a neural network parser even if it has access to character level information as well as external word embeddings. Further improvements are obtained by a straightforward but novel approach in which the top-N best candidates provided by the normalization component are available to the parser.",
}
@inproceedings{de-lhoneux-etal-2018-parameter,
    title = "Parameter sharing between dependency parsers for related languages",
    author = "de Lhoneux, Miryam  and
      Bjerva, Johannes  and
      Augenstein, Isabelle  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1543",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1543",
    pages = "4992--4997",
    abstract = "Previous work has suggested that parameter sharing between transition-based neural dependency parsers for related languages can lead to better performance, but there is no consensus on what parameters to share. We present an evaluation of 27 different parameter sharing strategies across 10 languages, representing five pairs of related languages, each pair from a different language family. We find that sharing transition classifier parameters always helps, whereas the usefulness of sharing word and/or character LSTM parameters varies. Based on this result, we propose an architecture where the transition classifier is shared, and the sharing of word and character parameters is controlled by a parameter that can be tuned on validation data. This model is linguistically motivated and obtains significant improvements over a monolingually trained baseline. We also find that sharing transition classifier parameters helps when training a parser on unrelated language pairs, but we find that, in the case of unrelated languages, sharing too many parameters does not help.",
}
@inproceedings{htut-etal-2018-grammar,
    title = "Grammar Induction with Neural Language Models: An Unusual Replication",
    author = "Htut, Phu Mon  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Bowman, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1544",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1544",
    pages = "4998--5003",
    abstract = "A substantial thread of recent work on latent tree learning has attempted to develop neural network models with parse-valued latent variables and train them on non-parsing tasks, in the hope of having them discover interpretable tree structure. In a recent paper, Shen et al. (2018) introduce such a model and report near-state-of-the-art results on the target task of language modeling, and the first strong latent tree learning result on constituency parsing. In an attempt to reproduce these results, we discover issues that make the original results hard to trust, including tuning and even training on what is effectively the test set. Here, we attempt to reproduce these results in a fair experiment and to extend them to two new datasets. We find that the results of this work are robust: All variants of the model under study outperform all latent tree learning baselines, and perform competitively with symbolic grammar induction systems. We find that this model represents the first empirical success for latent tree learning, and that neural network language modeling warrants further study as a setting for grammar induction.",
}
@inproceedings{sahin-steedman-2018-data,
    title = "Data Augmentation via Dependency Tree Morphing for Low-Resource Languages",
    author = {{\c{S}}ahin, G{\"o}zde G{\"u}l  and
      Steedman, Mark},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1545",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1545",
    pages = "5004--5009",
    abstract = "Neural NLP systems achieve high scores in the presence of sizable training dataset. Lack of such datasets leads to poor system performances in the case low-resource languages. We present two simple text augmentation techniques using dependency trees, inspired from image processing. We {``}crop{''} sentences by removing dependency links, and we {``}rotate{''} sentences by moving the tree fragments around the root. We apply these techniques to augment the training sets of low-resource languages in Universal Dependencies project. We implement a character-level sequence tagging model and evaluate the augmented datasets on part-of-speech tagging task. We show that crop and rotate provides improvements over the models trained with non-augmented data for majority of the languages, especially for languages with rich case marking systems.",
}
@inproceedings{kaushik-lipton-2018-much,
    title = "How Much Reading Does Reading Comprehension Require? A Critical Investigation of Popular Benchmarks",
    author = "Kaushik, Divyansh  and
      Lipton, Zachary C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1546",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1546",
    pages = "5010--5015",
    abstract = "Many recent papers address reading comprehension, where examples consist of (question, passage, answer) tuples. Presumably, a model must combine information from both questions and passages to predict corresponding answers. However, despite intense interest in the topic, with hundreds of published papers vying for leaderboard dominance, basic questions about the difficulty of many popular benchmarks remain unanswered. In this paper, we establish sensible baselines for the bAbI, SQuAD, CBT, CNN, and Who-did-What datasets, finding that question- and passage-only models often perform surprisingly well. On 14 out of 20 bAbI tasks, passage-only models achieve greater than 50{\%} accuracy, sometimes matching the full model. Interestingly, while CBT provides 20-sentence passages, only the last is needed for accurate prediction. By comparison, SQuAD and CNN appear better-constructed.",
}
@inproceedings{budzianowski-etal-2018-multiwoz,
    title = "{M}ulti{WOZ} - A Large-Scale Multi-Domain Wizard-of-{O}z Dataset for Task-Oriented Dialogue Modelling",
    author = "Budzianowski, Pawe{\l}  and
      Wen, Tsung-Hsien  and
      Tseng, Bo-Hsiang  and
      Casanueva, I{\~n}igo  and
      Ultes, Stefan  and
      Ramadan, Osman  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1547",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1547",
    pages = "5016--5026",
    abstract = "Even though machine learning has become the major scene in dialogue research community, the real breakthrough has been blocked by the scale of data available.To address this fundamental obstacle, we introduce the Multi-Domain Wizard-of-Oz dataset (MultiWOZ), a fully-labeled collection of human-human written conversations spanning over multiple domains and topics.At a size of 10k dialogues, it is at least one order of magnitude larger than all previous annotated task-oriented corpora.The contribution of this work apart from the open-sourced dataset is two-fold:firstly, a detailed description of the data collection procedure along with a summary of data structure and analysis is provided. The proposed data-collection pipeline is entirely based on crowd-sourcing without the need of hiring professional annotators;secondly, a set of benchmark results of belief tracking, dialogue act and response generation is reported, which shows the usability of the data and sets a baseline for future studies.",
}
@inproceedings{strubell-etal-2018-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically-Informed Self-Attention for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Strubell, Emma  and
      Verga, Patrick  and
      Andor, Daniel  and
      Weiss, David  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1548",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1548",
    pages = "5027--5038",
    abstract = "Current state-of-the-art semantic role labeling (SRL) uses a deep neural network with no explicit linguistic features. However, prior work has shown that gold syntax trees can dramatically improve SRL decoding, suggesting the possibility of increased accuracy from explicit modeling of syntax. In this work, we present linguistically-informed self-attention (LISA): a neural network model that combines multi-head self-attention with multi-task learning across dependency parsing, part-of-speech tagging, predicate detection and SRL. Unlike previous models which require significant pre-processing to prepare linguistic features, LISA can incorporate syntax using merely raw tokens as input, encoding the sequence only once to simultaneously perform parsing, predicate detection and role labeling for all predicates. Syntax is incorporated by training one attention head to attend to syntactic parents for each token. Moreover, if a high-quality syntactic parse is already available, it can be beneficially injected at test time without re-training our SRL model. In experiments on CoNLL-2005 SRL, LISA achieves new state-of-the-art performance for a model using predicted predicates and standard word embeddings, attaining 2.5 F1 absolute higher than the previous state-of-the-art on newswire and more than 3.5 F1 on out-of-domain data, nearly 10{\%} reduction in error. On ConLL-2012 English SRL we also show an improvement of more than 2.5 F1. LISA also out-performs the state-of-the-art with contextually-encoded (ELMo) word representations, by nearly 1.0 F1 on news and more than 2.0 F1 on out-of-domain text.",
}
@inproceedings{lample-etal-2018-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-Based {\&} Neural Unsupervised Machine Translation",
    author = "Lample, Guillaume  and
      Ott, Myle  and
      Conneau, Alexis  and
      Denoyer, Ludovic  and
      Ranzato, Marc{'}Aurelio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1549",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1549",
    pages = "5039--5049",
    abstract = "Machine translation systems achieve near human-level performance on some languages, yet their effectiveness strongly relies on the availability of large amounts of parallel sentences, which hinders their applicability to the majority of language pairs. This work investigates how to learn to translate when having access to only large monolingual corpora in each language. We propose two model variants, a neural and a phrase-based model. Both versions leverage a careful initialization of the parameters, the denoising effect of language models and automatic generation of parallel data by iterative back-translation. These models are significantly better than methods from the literature, while being simpler and having fewer hyper-parameters. On the widely used WMT{'}14 English-French and WMT{'}16 German-English benchmarks, our models respectively obtain 28.1 and 25.2 BLEU points without using a single parallel sentence, outperforming the state of the art by more than 11 BLEU points. On low-resource languages like English-Urdu and English-Romanian, our methods achieve even better results than semi-supervised and supervised approaches leveraging the paucity of available bitexts. Our code for NMT and PBSMT is publicly available.",
}
@proceedings{emnlp-2018-2018-empirical,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    author = "Blanco, Eduardo  and
      Lu, Wei",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2000",
}
@inproceedings{tanveer-ture-2018-syntaviz,
    title = "{S}ynta{V}iz: Visualizing Voice Queries through a Syntax-Driven Hierarchical Ontology",
    author = "Tanveer, Md Iftekhar  and
      Ture, Ferhan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2001",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "This paper describes SyntaViz, a visualization interface specifically designed for analyzing natural-language queries that were created by users of a voice-enabled product. SyntaViz provides a platform for browsing the ontology of user queries from a syntax-driven perspective, providing quick access to high-impact failure points of the existing intent understanding system and evidence for data-driven decisions in the development cycle. A case study on Xfinity X1 (a voice-enabled entertainment platform from Comcast) reveals that SyntaViz helps developers identify multiple action items in a short amount of time without any special training. SyntaViz has been open-sourced for the benefit of the community.",
}
@inproceedings{yin-neubig-2018-tranx,
    title = "{TRANX}: A Transition-based Neural Abstract Syntax Parser for Semantic Parsing and Code Generation",
    author = "Yin, Pengcheng  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2002",
    pages = "7--12",
    abstract = "We present TRANX, a transition-based neural semantic parser that maps natural language (NL) utterances into formal meaning representations (MRs). TRANX uses a transition system based on the abstract syntax description language for the target MR, which gives it two major advantages: (1) it is highly accurate, using information from the syntax of the target MR to constrain the output space and model the information flow, and (2) it is highly generalizable, and can easily be applied to new types of MR by just writing a new abstract syntax description corresponding to the allowable structures in the MR. Experiments on four different semantic parsing and code generation tasks show that our system is generalizable, extensible, and effective, registering strong results compared to existing neural semantic parsers.",
}
@inproceedings{dou-etal-2018-data2text,
    title = "{D}ata2{T}ext Studio: Automated Text Generation from Structured Data",
    author = "Dou, Longxu  and
      Qin, Guanghui  and
      Wang, Jinpeng  and
      Yao, Jin-Ge  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2003",
    pages = "13--18",
    abstract = "Data2Text Studio is a platform for automated text generation from structured data. It is equipped with a Semi-HMMs model to extract high-quality templates and corresponding trigger conditions from parallel data automatically, which improves the interactivity and interpretability of the generated text. In addition, several easy-to-use tools are provided for developers to edit templates of pre-trained models, and APIs are released for developers to call the pre-trained model to generate texts in third-party applications. We conduct experiments on RotoWire datasets for template extraction and text generation. The results show that our model achieves improvements on both tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{mamou-etal-2018-term,
    title = "Term Set Expansion based {NLP} Architect by Intel {AI} Lab",
    author = "Mamou, Jonathan  and
      Pereg, Oren  and
      Wasserblat, Moshe  and
      Eirew, Alon  and
      Green, Yael  and
      Guskin, Shira  and
      Izsak, Peter  and
      Korat, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2004",
    pages = "19--24",
    abstract = "We present SetExpander, a corpus-based system for expanding a seed set of terms into a more complete set of terms that belong to the same semantic class. SetExpander implements an iterative end-to-end workflow. It enables users to easily select a seed set of terms, expand it, view the expanded set, validate it, re-expand the validated set and store it, thus simplifying",
}
@inproceedings{ozenc-etal-2018-moraz,
    title = "{M}or{A}z: an Open-source Morphological Analyzer for {A}zerbaijani {T}urkish",
    author = {{\"O}zen{\c{c}}, Berke  and
      Ehsani, Razieh  and
      Solak, Ercan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2005",
    pages = "25--29",
    abstract = "MorAz is an open-source morphological analyzer for Azerbaijani Turkish. The analyzer is available through both as a website for interactive exploration and as a RESTful web service for integration into a natural language processing pipeline. MorAz implements the morphology of Azerbaijani Turkish in two-level using Helsinki finite-state transducer and wraps the analyzer with python scripts in a Django instance.",
}
@inproceedings{loginova-neumann-2018-interactive,
    title = "An Interactive Web-Interface for Visualizing the Inner Workings of the Question Answering {LSTM}",
    author = {Loginova, Ekaterina  and
      Neumann, G{\"u}nter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2006",
    pages = "30--35",
    abstract = "We present a visualisation tool which aims to illuminate the inner workings of an LSTM model for question answering. It plots heatmaps of neurons{'} firings and allows a user to check the dependency between neurons and manual features. The system possesses an interactive web-interface and can be adapted to other models and domains.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-visual,
    title = "Visual Interrogation of Attention-Based Models for Natural Language Inference and Machine Comprehension",
    author = "Liu, Shusen  and
      Li, Tao  and
      Li, Zhimin  and
      Srikumar, Vivek  and
      Pascucci, Valerio  and
      Bremer, Peer-Timo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2007",
    pages = "36--41",
    abstract = "Neural networks models have gained unprecedented popularity in natural language processing due to their state-of-the-art performance and the flexible end-to-end training scheme. Despite their advantages, the lack of interpretability hinders the deployment and refinement of the models. In this work, we present a flexible visualization library for creating customized visual analytic environments, in which the user can investigate and interrogate the relationships among the input, the model internals (i.e., attention), and the output predictions, which in turn shed light on the model decision-making process.",
}
@inproceedings{adel-etal-2018-dere,
    title = "{DERE}: A Task and Domain-Independent Slot Filling Framework for Declarative Relation Extraction",
    author = "Adel, Heike  and
      Bostan, Laura Ana Maria  and
      Papay, Sean  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Klinger, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2008",
    pages = "42--47",
    abstract = "Most machine learning systems for natural language processing are tailored to specific tasks. As a result, comparability of models across tasks is missing and their applicability to new tasks is limited. This affects end users without machine learning experience as well as model developers. To address these limitations, we present DERE, a novel framework for declarative specification and compilation of template-based information extraction. It uses a generic specification language for the task and for data annotations in terms of spans and frames. This formalism enables the representation of a large variety of natural language processing challenges. The backend can be instantiated by different models, following different paradigms. The clear separation of frame specification and model backend will ease the implementation of new models and the evaluation of different models across different tasks. Furthermore, it simplifies transfer learning, joint learning across tasks and/or domains as well as the assessment of model generalizability. DERE is available as open-source software.",
}
@inproceedings{yimam-biemann-2018-demonstrating,
    title = "Demonstrating {P}ar4{S}em - A Semantic Writing Aid with Adaptive Paraphrasing",
    author = "Yimam, Seid Muhie  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2009",
    pages = "48--53",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present Par4Sem, a semantic writing aid tool based on adaptive paraphrasing. Unlike many annotation tools that are primarily used to collect training examples, Par4Sem is integrated into a real word application, in this case a writing aid tool, in order to collect training examples from usage data. Par4Sem is a tool, which supports an adaptive, iterative, and interactive process where the underlying machine learning models are updated for each iteration using new training examples from usage data. After motivating the use of ever-learning tools in NLP applications, we evaluate Par4Sem by adopting it to a text simplification task through mere usage.",
}
@inproceedings{tolmachev-etal-2018-juman,
    title = "{J}uman++: A Morphological Analysis Toolkit for Scriptio Continua",
    author = "Tolmachev, Arseny  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2010",
    pages = "54--59",
    abstract = "We present a three-part toolkit for developing morphological analyzers for languages without natural word boundaries. The first part is a C++11/14 lattice-based morphological analysis library that uses a combination of linear and recurrent neural net language models for analysis. The other parts are a tool for exposing problems in the trained model and a partial annotation tool. Our morphological analyzer of Japanese achieves new SOTA on Jumandic-based corpora while being 250 times faster than the previous one. We also perform a small experiment and quantitive analysis and experience of using development tools. All components of the toolkit is open source and available under a permissive Apache 2 License.",
}
@inproceedings{ajjour-etal-2018-visualization,
    title = "Visualization of the Topic Space of Argument Search Results in args.me",
    author = {Ajjour, Yamen  and
      Wachsmuth, Henning  and
      Kiesel, Dora  and
      Riehmann, Patrick  and
      Fan, Fan  and
      Castiglia, Giuliano  and
      Adejoh, Rosemary  and
      Fr{\"o}hlich, Bernd  and
      Stein, Benno},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2011",
    pages = "60--65",
    abstract = "In times of fake news and alternative facts, pro and con arguments on controversial topics are of increasing importance. Recently, we presented args.me as the first search engine for arguments on the web. In its initial version, args.me ranked arguments solely by their relevance to a topic queried for, making it hard to learn about the diverse topical aspects covered by the search results. To tackle this shortcoming, we integrated a visualization interface for result exploration in args.me that provides an instant overview of the main aspects in a barycentric coordinate system. This topic space is generated ad-hoc from controversial issues on Wikipedia and argument-specific LDA models. In two case studies, we demonstrate how individual arguments can be found easily through interactions with the visualization, such as highlighting and filtering.",
}
@inproceedings{kudo-richardson-2018-sentencepiece,
    title = "{S}entence{P}iece: A simple and language independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer for Neural Text Processing",
    author = "Kudo, Taku  and
      Richardson, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2012",
    pages = "66--71",
    abstract = "This paper describes SentencePiece, a language-independent subword",
}
@inproceedings{ning-etal-2018-cogcomptime,
    title = "{C}og{C}omp{T}ime: A Tool for Understanding Time in Natural Language",
    author = "Ning, Qiang  and
      Zhou, Ben  and
      Feng, Zhili  and
      Peng, Haoruo  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2013",
    pages = "72--77",
    abstract = "Automatic extraction of temporal information is important for natural language understanding. It involves two basic tasks: (1) Understanding time expressions that are mentioned explicitly in text (e.g., February 27, 1998 or tomorrow), and (2) Understanding temporal information that is conveyed implicitly via relations. This paper introduces CogCompTime, a system that has these two important functionalities. It incorporates the most recent progress, achieves state-of-the-art performance, and is publicly available at \url{http://cogcomp.org/page/publication_view/844}.",
}
@inproceedings{wiedemann-etal-2018-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual Information Extraction Pipeline for Investigative Journalism",
    author = "Wiedemann, Gregor  and
      Yimam, Seid Muhie  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2014",
    pages = "78--83",
    abstract = "We introduce an advanced information extraction pipeline to automatically process very large collections of unstructured textual data for the purpose of investigative journalism. The pipeline serves as a new input processor for the upcoming major release of our New/s/leak 2.0 software, which we develop in cooperation with a large German news organization. The use case is that journalists receive a large collection of files up to several Gigabytes containing unknown contents. Collections may originate either from official disclosures of documents, e.g. Freedom of Information Act requests, or unofficial data leaks.",
}
@inproceedings{peter-etal-2018-sisyphus,
    title = "Sisyphus, a Workflow Manager Designed for Machine Translation and Automatic Speech Recognition",
    author = "Peter, Jan-Thorsten  and
      Beck, Eugen  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2015",
    pages = "84--89",
    abstract = "Training and testing many possible parameters or model architectures of state-of-the-art machine translation or automatic speech recognition system is a cumbersome task. They usually require a long pipeline of commands reaching from pre-processing the training data to post-processing and evaluating the output.",
}
@inproceedings{lakomkin-etal-2018-kt,
    title = "{KT}-Speech-Crawler: Automatic Dataset Construction for Speech Recognition from {Y}ou{T}ube Videos",
    author = "Lakomkin, Egor  and
      Magg, Sven  and
      Weber, Cornelius  and
      Wermter, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2016",
    pages = "90--95",
    abstract = "We describe KT-Speech-Crawler: an approach for automatic dataset construction for speech recognition by crawling YouTube videos. We outline several filtering and post-processing steps, which extract samples that can be used for training end-to-end neural speech recognition systems. In our experiments, we demonstrate that a single-core version of the crawler can obtain around 150 hours of transcribed speech within a day, containing an estimated 3.5{\%} word error rate in the transcriptions. Automatically collected samples contain reading and spontaneous speech recorded in various conditions including background noise and music, distant microphone recordings, and a variety of accents and reverberation. When training a deep neural network on speech recognition, we observed around 40{\%} word error rate reduction on the Wall Street Journal dataset by integrating 200 hours of the collected samples into the training set.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-visualizing,
    title = "Visualizing Group Dynamics based on Multiparty Meeting Understanding",
    author = "Zhang, Ni  and
      Zhang, Tongtao  and
      Bhattacharya, Indrani  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Radke, Rich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2017",
    pages = "96--101",
    abstract = "Group discussions are usually aimed at sharing opinions, reaching consensus and making good decisions based on group knowledge. During a discussion, participants might adjust their own opinions as well as tune their attitudes towards others{'} opinions, based on the unfolding interactions. In this paper, we demonstrate a framework to visualize such dynamics; at each instant of a conversation, the participants{'} opinions and potential influence on their counterparts is easily visualized. We use multi-party meeting opinion mining based on bipartite graphs to extract opinions and calculate mutual influential factors, using the Lunar Survival Task as a study case.",
}
@inproceedings{boratko-etal-2018-interface,
    title = "An Interface for Annotating Science Questions",
    author = "Boratko, Michael  and
      Padigela, Harshit  and
      Mikkilineni, Divyendra  and
      Yuvraj, Pritish  and
      Das, Rajarshi  and
      McCallum, Andrew  and
      Chang, Maria  and
      Fokoue, Achille  and
      Kapanipathi, Pavan  and
      Mattei, Nicholas  and
      Musa, Ryan  and
      Talamadupula, Kartik  and
      Witbrock, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2018",
    pages = "102--107",
    abstract = "Recent work introduces the AI2 Reasoning Challenge (ARC) and the associated ARC dataset that partitions open domain, complex science questions into an Easy Set and a Challenge Set. That work includes an analysis of 100 questions with respect to the types of knowledge and reasoning required to answer them. However, it does not include clear definitions of these types, nor does it offer information about the quality of the labels or the annotation process used. In this paper, we introduce a novel interface for human annotation of science question-answer pairs with their respective knowledge and reasoning types, in order that the classification of new questions may be improved. We build on the classification schema proposed by prior work on the ARC dataset, and evaluate the effectiveness of our interface with a preliminary study involving 10 participants.",
}
@inproceedings{nghiem-ananiadou-2018-aplenty,
    title = "{APL}enty: annotation tool for creating high-quality datasets using active and proactive learning",
    author = "Nghiem, Minh-Quoc  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2019",
    pages = "108--113",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present APLenty, an annotation tool for creating high-quality sequence labeling datasets using active and proactive learning.",
}
@inproceedings{sorokin-gurevych-2018-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Instance-based Evaluation of Knowledge Base Question Answering",
    author = "Sorokin, Daniil  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2020",
    pages = "114--119",
    abstract = "Most approaches to Knowledge Base Question Answering are based on semantic parsing. In this paper, we present a tool that aids in debugging of question answering systems that construct a structured semantic representation for the input question. Previous work has largely focused on building question answering interfaces or evaluation frameworks that unify multiple data sets. The primary objective of our system is to enable interactive debugging of model predictions on individual instances (questions) and to simplify manual error analysis. Our interactive interface helps researchers to understand the shortcomings of a particular model, qualitatively analyze the complete pipeline and compare different models. A set of sit-by sessions was used to validate our interface design.",
}
@inproceedings{patel-etal-2018-magnitude,
    title = "{M}agnitude: A Fast, Efficient Universal Vector Embedding Utility Package",
    author = "Patel, Ajay  and
      Sands, Alexander  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2021",
    pages = "120--126",
    abstract = "Vector space embedding models like word2vec, GloVe, and fastText are extremely popular representations in natural language processing (NLP) applications. We present Magnitude, a fast, lightweight tool for utilizing and processing embeddings. Magnitude is an open source Python package with a compact vector storage file format that allows for efficient manipulation of huge numbers of embeddings. Magnitude performs common operations up to 60 to 6,000 times faster than Gensim. Magnitude introduces several novel features for improved robustness like out-of-vocabulary lookups.",
}
@inproceedings{boullosa-etal-2018-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Knowledge-Supported Search into the {INCE}p{TION} Annotation Platform",
    author = "Boullosa, Beto  and
      Eckart de Castilho, Richard  and
      Kumar, Naveen  and
      Klie, Jan-Christoph  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2022",
    pages = "127--132",
    abstract = "Annotating entity mentions and linking them to a knowledge resource are essential tasks in many domains. It disambiguates mentions, introduces cross-document coreferences, and the resources contribute extra information, e.g. taxonomic relations. Such tasks benefit from text annotation tools that integrate a search which covers the text, the annotations, as well as the knowledge resource. However, to the best of our knowledge, no current tools integrate knowledge-supported search as well as entity linking support. We address this gap by introducing knowledge-supported search functionality into the INCEpTION text annotation platform. In our approach, cross-document references are created by linking entity mentions to a knowledge base in the form of a structured hierarchical vocabulary. The resulting annotations are then indexed to enable fast and yet complex queries taking into account the text, the annotations, and the vocabulary structure.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-cytonmt,
    title = "{C}yton{MT}: an Efficient Neural Machine Translation Open-source Toolkit Implemented in {C}++",
    author = "Wang, Xiaolin  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2023",
    pages = "133--138",
    abstract = "This paper presents an open-source neural machine translation toolkit named CytonMT. The toolkit is built from scratch only using C++ and NVIDIA{'}s GPU-accelerated libraries. The toolkit features training efficiency, code simplicity and translation quality. Benchmarks show that cytonMT accelerates the training speed by 64.5{\%} to 110.8{\%} on neural networks of various sizes, and achieves competitive translation quality.",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2018-openke,
    title = "{O}pen{KE}: An Open Toolkit for Knowledge Embedding",
    author = "Han, Xu  and
      Cao, Shulin  and
      Lv, Xin  and
      Lin, Yankai  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Li, Juanzi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2024",
    pages = "139--144",
    abstract = "We release an open toolkit for knowledge embedding (OpenKE), which provides a unified framework and various fundamental models to embed knowledge graphs into a continuous low-dimensional space. OpenKE prioritizes operational efficiency to support quick model validation and large-scale knowledge representation learning. Meanwhile, OpenKE maintains sufficient modularity and extensibility to easily incorporate new models into the framework. Besides the toolkit, the embeddings of some existing large-scale knowledge graphs pre-trained by OpenKE are also available, which can be directly applied for many applications including information retrieval, personalized recommendation and question answering. The toolkit, documentation, and pre-trained embeddings are all released on \url{http://openke.thunlp.org/}.",
}
@inproceedings{labutov-etal-2018-lia,
    title = "{LIA}: A Natural Language Programmable Personal Assistant",
    author = "Labutov, Igor  and
      Srivastava, Shashank  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2025",
    pages = "145--150",
    abstract = "We present LIA, an intelligent personal assistant that can be programmed using natural language. Our system demonstrates multiple competencies towards learning from human-like interactions. These include the ability to be taught reusable conditional procedures, the ability to be taught new knowledge about the world (concepts in an ontology) and the ability to be taught how to ground that knowledge in a set of sensors and effectors. Building such a system highlights design questions regarding the overall architecture that such an agent should have, as well as questions about parsing and grounding language in situational contexts. We outline key properties of this architecture, and demonstrate a prototype that embodies them in the form of a personal assistant on an Android device.",
}
@inproceedings{raux-etal-2018-pizzapal,
    title = "{P}izza{P}al: Conversational Pizza Ordering using a High-Density Conversational {AI} Platform",
    author = "Raux, Antoine  and
      Ma, Yi  and
      Yang, Paul  and
      Wong, Felicia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2026",
    pages = "151--156",
    abstract = "This paper describes PizzaPal, a voice-only agent for ordering pizza, as well as the Conversational AI architecture built at b4.ai. Based on the principles of high-density conversational AI, it supports natural and flexible interactions through neural conversational language understanding, robust dialog state tracking, and hierarchical task decomposition.",
}
@inproceedings{raghuvanshi-etal-2018-developing,
    title = "Developing Production-Level Conversational Interfaces with Shallow Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Raghuvanshi, Arushi  and
      Carroll, Lucien  and
      Raghunathan, Karthik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2027",
    pages = "157--162",
    abstract = "We demonstrate an end-to-end approach for building conversational interfaces from prototype to production that has proven to work well for a number of applications across diverse verticals. Our architecture improves on the standard domain-intent-entity classification hierarchy and dialogue management architecture by leveraging shallow semantic parsing. We observe that NLU systems for industry applications often require more structured representations of entity relations than provided by the standard hierarchy, yet without requiring full semantic parses which are often inaccurate on real-world conversational data. We distinguish two kinds of semantic properties that can be provided through shallow semantic parsing: entity groups and entity roles. We also provide live demos of conversational apps built for two different use cases: food ordering and meeting control.",
}
@inproceedings{vadapalli-etal-2018-science,
    title = "When science journalism meets artificial intelligence : An interactive demonstration",
    author = "Vadapalli, Raghuram  and
      Syed, Bakhtiyar  and
      Prabhu, Nishant  and
      Srinivasan, Balaji Vasan  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2028",
    pages = "163--168",
    abstract = "We present an online interactive tool that generates titles of blog titles and thus take the first step toward automating science journalism. Science journalism aims to transform jargon-laden scientific articles into a form that",
}
@inproceedings{cer-etal-2018-universal,
    title = "Universal Sentence Encoder for {E}nglish",
    author = "Cer, Daniel  and
      Yang, Yinfei  and
      Kong, Sheng-yi  and
      Hua, Nan  and
      Limtiaco, Nicole  and
      St. John, Rhomni  and
      Constant, Noah  and
      Guajardo-Cespedes, Mario  and
      Yuan, Steve  and
      Tar, Chris  and
      Strope, Brian  and
      Kurzweil, Ray",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-2029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-2029",
    pages = "169--174",
    abstract = "We present easy-to-use TensorFlow Hub sentence embedding models having good task transfer performance. Model variants allow for trade-offs between accuracy and compute resources. We report the relationship between model complexity, resources, and transfer performance. Comparisons are made with baselines without transfer learning and to baselines that incorporate word-level transfer. Transfer learning using sentence-level embeddings is shown to outperform models without transfer learning and often those that use only word-level transfer. We show good transfer task performance with minimal training data and obtain encouraging results on word embedding association tests (WEAT) of model bias.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-2018-joint,
    title = "Joint models for NLP",
    author = "Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Joint models have received much research attention in NLP, allowing relevant tasks to share common information while avoiding error propagation in multi-stage pepelines. Several main approaches have been taken by statistical joint modeling, while neural models allow parameter sharing and adversarial training. This tutorial reviews main approaches to joint modeling for both statistical and neural methods.",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-gilroy-2018-graph,
    title = "Graph Formalisms for Meaning Representations",
    author = "Lopez, Adam  and
      Gilroy, Sorcha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "In this tutorial we will focus on Hyperedge Replacement Languages (HRL; Drewes et al. 1997), a context-free graph rewriting system. HRL are one of the most popular graph formalisms to be studied in NLP (Chiang et al., 2013; Peng et al., 2015; Bauer and Rambow, 2016). We will discuss HRL by formally defining them, studying several examples, discussing their properties, and providing exercises for the tutorial. While HRL have been used in NLP in the past, there is some speculation that they are more expressive than is necessary for graphs representing natural language (Drewes, 2017). Part of our own research has been exploring what restrictions of HRL could yield languages that are more useful for NLP and also those that have desirable properties for NLP models, such as being closed under intersection. With that in mind, we also plan to discuss Regular Graph Languages (RGL; Courcelle 1991), a subfamily of HRL which are closed under intersection. The definition of RGL is relatively simple after being introduced to HRL. We do not plan on discussing any proofs of why RGL are also a subfamily of MSOL, as described in Gilroy et al. (2017b). We will briefly mention the other formalisms shown in Figure 1 such as MSOL and DAGAL but this will focus on their properties rather than any formal definitions.",
}
@inproceedings{gardner-etal-2018-writing,
    title = "Writing Code for NLP Research",
    author = "Gardner, Matt  and
      Neumann, Mark  and
      Grus, Joel  and
      Lourie, Nicholas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Doing modern NLP research requires writing code. Good code enables fast prototyping, easy debugging, controlled experiments, and accessible visualizations that help researchers understand what a model is doing. Bad code leads to research that is at best hard to reproduce and extend, and at worst simply incorrect. Indeed, there is a growing recognition of the importance of having good tools to assist good research in our field, as the upcoming workshop on open source software for NLP demonstrates. This tutorial aims to share best practices for writing code for NLP research, drawing on the instructors' experience designing the recently-released AllenNLP toolkit, a PyTorch-based library for deep learning NLP research. We will explain how a library with the right abstractions and components enables better code and better science, using models implemented in AllenNLP as examples. Participants will learn how to write research code in a way that facilitates good science and easy experimentation, regardless of what framework they use.",
}
@inproceedings{rush-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Latent Variable Models of Natural Language",
    author = "Rush, Alexander  and
      Kim, Yoon  and
      Wiseman, Sam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "The proposed tutorial will cover deep latent variable models both in the case where exact inference over the latent variables is tractable and when it is not. The former case includes neural extensions of unsupervised tagging and parsing models. Our discussion of the latter case, where inference cannot be performed tractably, will restrict itself to continuous latent variables. In particular, we will discuss recent developments both in neural variational inference (e.g., relating to Variational Auto-encoders) and in implicit density modeling (e.g., relating to Generative Adversarial Networks). We will highlight the challenges of applying these families of methods to NLP problems, and discuss recent successes and best practices.",
}
@inproceedings{sachan-etal-2018-standardized,
    title = "Standardized Tests as benchmarks for Artificial Intelligence",
    author = "Sachan, Mrinmaya  and
      Seo, Minjoon  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh  and
      Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Standardized tests have recently been proposed as replacements to the Turing test as a driver for progress in AI (Clark, 2015). These include tests on understanding passages and stories and answering questions about them (Richardson et al., 2013; Rajpurkar et al., 2016a, inter alia), science question answering (Schoenick et al., 2016, inter alia), algebra word problems (Kushman et al., 2014, inter alia), geometry problems (Seo et al., 2015; Sachan et al., 2016), visual question answering (Antol et al., 2015), etc. Many of these tests require sophisticated understanding of the world, aiming to push the boundaries of AI. For this tutorial, we broadly categorize these tests into two categories: open domain tests such as reading comprehensions and elementary school tests where the goal is to find the support for an answer from the student curriculum, and closed domain tests such as intermediate level math and science tests (algebra, geometry, Newtonian physics problems, etc.). Unlike open domain tests, closed domain tests require the system to have significant domain knowledge and reasoning capabilities. For example, geometry questions typically involve a number of geometry primitives (lines, quadrilaterals, circles, etc) and require students to use axioms and theorems of geometry (Pythagoras theorem, alternating angles, etc) to solve them. These closed domains often have a formal logical basis and the question can be mapped to a formal language by semantic parsing. The formal question representation can then provided as an input to an expert system to solve the question.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-yan-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Chit-Chat: Deep Learning for ChatBots",
    author = "Wu, Wei  and
      Yan, Rui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = oct # "-" # nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "The tutorial is based on the long-term efforts on building conversational models with deep learning approaches for chatbots. We will summarize the fundamental challenges in modeling open domain dialogues, clarify the difference from modeling goal-oriented dialogues, and give an overview of state-of-the-art methods for open domain conversation including both retrieval-based methods and generation-based methods. In addition to these, our tutorial will also cover some new trends of research of chatbots, such as how to design a reasonable evaluation system and how to ``control'' conversations from a chatbot with some specific information such as personas, styles, and emotions, etc.",
}
@proceedings{eacl-1987-european,
    title = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Maegaard, Bente",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1000",
}
@inproceedings{danlos-1987-linguistic,
    title = "The Linguistic Basis of Text Generation",
    author = "Danlos, Laurence",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1001",
}
@inproceedings{kay-1987-nonconcatenative,
    title = "Nonconcatenative Finite-State Morphology",
    author = "Kay, Martin",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1002",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-1987-formalisms,
    title = "FORMALISMS FOR MORPHOGRAPHEMIC DESCRIPTION",
    author = "Black, Alan  and
      Ritchie, Graeme  and
      Pulman, Steve  and
      Russell, Graham",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1003",
}
@inproceedings{lau-perschke-1987-morphology,
    title = "MORPHOLOGY in the EUROTRA BASE LEVEL CONCEPT",
    author = "Lau, Peter  and
      Perschke, Sergei",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1004",
}
@inproceedings{ralli-galiotou-1987-morphological,
    title = "A MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSOR FOR MODERN GREEK",
    author = "Ralli, Angela  and
      Galiotou, Eleni",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1005",
}
@inproceedings{russo-1987-generative,
    title = "A GENERATIVE GRAMMAR APPROACH FOR THE MORPHOLOGIC AND MORPHOSYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF ITALIAN",
    author = "Russo, Marina",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1006",
}
@inproceedings{atwell-1987-detect,
    title = "HOW TO DETECT GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN A TEXT WITHOUT PARSING IT",
    author = "Atwell, Eric Steven",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1007",
}
@inproceedings{menzel-1987-automated,
    title = "AUTOMATED REASONING ABOUT NATURAL LANGUAGE CORRECTNESS",
    author = "Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1008",
}
@inproceedings{casajuana-etal-1987-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENT FOR SPANISH DOCUMENT VERIFICATION AND COMPOSITION",
    author = "Casajuana, R.  and
      Rodriguez, C.  and
      Sopena, L.  and
      Villar, C.",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1009",
}
@inproceedings{atwell-drakos-1987-pattern,
    title = "PATTERN RECOGNITION APPLIED TO THE ACQUISITION OF A GRAMMATICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FROM UNRESTRICTED ENGLISH TEXT",
    author = "Atwell, Eric Steven  and
      Drakos, Nicos Frixou",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1010",
}
@inproceedings{boguraev-etal-1987-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Purpose Interface to an On-line Dictionary",
    author = "Boguraev, Branimir  and
      Carter, David  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1011",
}
@inproceedings{daelemans-1987-tool,
    title = "A TOOL FOR THE AUTOMATIC CREATION, EXTENSION AND UPDATING OF LEXICAL KNOWLEDGE BASES",
    author = "Daelemans, Walter M.P.",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1012",
}
@inproceedings{costantini-etal-1987-text,
    title = "TEXT UNDERSTANDING WITH MULTIPLE KNOWLEDGE SOURCES: AN EXPERIMENT IN DISTRIBUTED PARSING",
    author = "Costantini, Cinzia  and
      Fum, Danilo  and
      Guida, Giovanni",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1013",
}
@inproceedings{dorta-etal-1987-automatic,
    title = "AN AUTOMATIC SPEECH RECOGNITION SYSTEM FOR THE ITALIAN LANGUAGE",
    author = "D{'}Orta, Paolo  and
      Ferretti, Marco  and
      Martelli, Alessandro  and
      Scarci, Stefano",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1014",
}
@inproceedings{ehrlich-1987-multilevel,
    title = "MULTILEVEL SEMANTIC ANALYSIS IN AN AUTOMATIC SPEECH UNDERSTANDING AND DIALOG SYSTEM",
    author = "Ehrlich, Ute",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1015",
}
@inproceedings{martelli-1987-stochastic,
    title = "STOCHASTIC MODELING OF LANGUAGE VIA SENTENCE SPACE PARTITIONING",
    author = "Martelli, Alex",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1016",
}
@inproceedings{wood-etal-1987-dictionary,
    title = "DICTIONARY ORGANIZATION FOR MACHINE TRANSLATION: THE EXPERIENCE AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE UMIST JAPANESE PROJECT",
    author = "Wood, Mary McGee  and
      Pollard, Elaine  and
      Horsfall, Heather  and
      Holden, Natsuko  and
      Chandler, Brian  and
      Carroll, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1017",
}
@inproceedings{sgall-panevova-1987-machine,
    title = "MACHINE TRANSLATION, LINGUISTICS, AND INTERLINGUA",
    author = "Sgall, Petr  and
      Panevova, Jarmila",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1018",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-kirschner-1987-fail,
    title = "FAIL-SOFT ({``}EMERGENCY{''}) MEASURES IN A PRODUCTION-ORIENTED MT SYSTEM",
    author = "Hajicova, Eva  and
      Kirschner, Zdenek",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1019",
}
@inproceedings{kjaersgaard-1987-reftex,
    title = "REFTEX - A CONTEXT-BASED TRANSLATION AID",
    author = "Kjaersgaard, Poul Soren",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1020",
}
@inproceedings{hajic-1987-ruslan,
    title = "RUSLAN - AN MT SYSTEM BETWEEN CLOSELY BELATED LANGUAGES",
    author = "Hajic, Jan",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1021",
}
@inproceedings{appelo-etal-1987-subgrammars,
    title = "Subgrammars, Rule Classes and Control in the Rosetta Translation System",
    author = "Appelo, Lisette  and
      Fellinger, Carel  and
      Landsbergen, Jan",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1022",
}
@inproceedings{petitpierre-etal-1987-model,
    title = "A MODEL FOR PREFERENCE",
    author = "Petitpierre, Dominique  and
      Krauwer, Steven  and
      des Tombe, Louis  and
      Arnold, Doug  and
      Varile, Giovanni B.",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1023",
}
@inproceedings{ahrenberg-1987-parsing,
    title = "Parsing into Discourse Object Descriptions",
    author = "Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1024",
}
@inproceedings{hess-1987-descriptional,
    title = "DESCRIPTIONAL ANAPHORA IN DISCOURSE REPRESENTATION THEORY",
    author = "Hess, Michael",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1025",
}
@inproceedings{kilbury-1987-proposal,
    title = "A PROPOSAL FOR MODIFICATIONS IN THE FORMALISM OF GPSG",
    author = "Kilbury, James",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1026",
}
@inproceedings{yusoff-1987-string,
    title = "STRING-TREE CORRESPONDENCE GRAMMAR: A DECLARATIVE GRAMMAR FORMALISM FOR DEFINING THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN STRINGS OF TERMS AND TREE STRUCTURES",
    author = "Yusoff, Zaharin",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1027",
}
@inproceedings{rue-1987-danish,
    title = "DANISH FIELD GRAMMAR IN TYPED PROLOG",
    author = "Rue, Henrik",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1028",
}
@inproceedings{baschung-etal-1987-auxiliaries,
    title = "AUXILIARIES AND CLITICS IN FRENCH UCG GRAMMAR",
    author = "BASCHUNG, K.  and
      BES, G.G.  and
      CORLUY, A.  and
      GUILLOTIN, T.",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1029",
}
@inproceedings{schmauks-1987-natural,
    title = "NATURAL AND SIMULATED POINTING",
    author = "Schmauks, Dagmar",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1030",
}
@inproceedings{decitre-etal-1987-planning,
    title = "PLANNING FOR PROBLEM FORMULATION IN ADVICE-GIVING DIALOGUE",
    author = "Decitre, Paul  and
      Grossi, Thomas  and
      Jullien, Cl{\'e}o  and
      Solvay, Jean-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1031",
}
@inproceedings{bienkowski-1987-modeling,
    title = "MODELING EXTEMPORANEOUS ELABORATION",
    author = "Bienkowski, Marie A.",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1032",
}
@inproceedings{marino-etal-1987-efficient,
    title = "AN EFFICIENT CONTEXT-FREE PARSER FOR AUGMENTED PHRASE-STRUCTURE GRAMMARS",
    author = "Marino, Massimo  and
      Spiezio, Antonella  and
      Ferrari, Giacomo  and
      Prodanof, Irina",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1033",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-etal-1987-discontinuous,
    title = "DISCONTINUOUS CONSTITUENTS IN TREES, RULES, AND PARSING",
    author = "Bunt, Harry  and
      Thesingh, Jan  and
      van der Sloot, Ko",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1034",
}
@inproceedings{briscoe-1987-deterministic,
    title = "DETERMINISTIC PARSING AND UNBOUNDED DEPENDENCIES",
    author = "Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1035",
}
@inproceedings{valkonen-etal-1987-declarative,
    title = "DECLARATIVE MODEL FOR DEPENDENCY PARSING - A VIEW INTO BLACKBOARD METHODOLOGY",
    author = {Valkonen, K.  and
      J{\"a}ppinen, H.  and
      Lehtola, A.  and
      Ylilammi, M.},
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1036",
}
@inproceedings{wiren-1987-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Rule-Invocation Strategies in Context-Free Chart Parsing",
    author = "Wiren, Mats",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1037",
}
@inproceedings{stock-1987-coping,
    title = "COPING WITH DYNAMIC SYNTACTIC STRATEGIES: AN EXPERIMENTAL ENVIRONMENT FOR AN EXPERIMENTAL PARSER",
    author = "Stock, Oliviero",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1038",
}
@inproceedings{black-1987-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of Conceptual Data Models from Natural Language Descriptions",
    author = "Black, William J.",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1039",
}
@inproceedings{pazienza-velardi-1987-structured,
    title = "A STRUCTURED REPRESENTATION OF WORD-SENSES FOR SEMANTIC ANALYSIS.",
    author = "Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Velardi, Paola",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1040",
}
@inproceedings{colban-fenstad-1987-situations,
    title = "SITUATIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES",
    author = "Colban, Erik  and
      Fenstad, Jens Erik",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1041",
}
@inproceedings{nakhimovsky-1987-temporal,
    title = "TEMPORAL REASONING IN NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING: THE TEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF THE NARRATIVE",
    author = "Nakhimovsky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1042",
}
@inproceedings{van-eynde-1987-iteration,
    title = "ITERATION, HABITUALITY AND VERB FORM SEMANTICS",
    author = "van Eynde, Frank",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1043",
}
@inproceedings{daniele-etal-1987-integrating,
    title = "INTEGRATING SEHANTICS AND FLEXIBLE SYNTAX BY EXPLOITING ISOMORPHISM BETWEEN GRAMNATICAL AND SENANTICAL RELATIONS",
    author = "Daniele, Morens  and
      Ferrara, Franco  and
      Gemello, Roberto  and
      Rullent, Claudio",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1044",
}
@inproceedings{binot-1987-fragmentation,
    title = "FRAGMENTATION AND PART OF SPEECH DISAMBIGUATION",
    author = "Binot, Jean-Louis",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1045",
}
@inproceedings{gibbon-1987-finite,
    title = "FINITE STATE PROCESSING OF TONE SYSTEMS",
    author = "Gibbon, Dafydd",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1046",
}
@inproceedings{kalman-1987-representation,
    title = "REPRESENTATION OF FEATURE SYSTEMS IN A NON-CONNECTIONIST MOLECULAR MACHINE",
    author = "Kalman, Laszlo",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1047",
}
@inproceedings{kunze-1987-remrks,
    title = "SOME REMRKS ON CASE RELATIONS",
    author = "Kunze, Jurgen",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1048",
}
@inproceedings{pulman-1987-passives,
    title = "PASSIVES",
    author = "Pulman, Steve",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1049",
}
@inproceedings{reimann-1987-dealing,
    title = "DEALING WITH THE NOTION {``}OBLIGATORY{''} IN SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS",
    author = "Reimann, Dorothee",
    booktitle = "Third Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E87-1050",
}
@proceedings{eacl-1993-european,
    title = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Krauwer, Steven  and
      Moortgat, Michael  and
      des Tombe, Louis",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1000",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1993-contributed,
    title = "Contributed Papers",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1001",
}
@inproceedings{abb-etal-1993-incremental,
    title = "The Incremental Generation of Passive Sentences",
    author = "Abb, Bernd  and
      Herweg, Michael  and
      Lebeth, Kai",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1002",
}
@inproceedings{arnold-etal-1993-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Reusability of Grammatical Resources",
    author = "Arnold, Doug  and
      Badia, Toni  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Markantonatou, Stella  and
      Momma, Stefan  and
      Sadler, Louisa  and
      Schmidt, Paul",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1003",
}
@inproceedings{blackburn-etal-1993-talking,
    title = "Talking About Trees",
    author = "Blackburn, Patrick  and
      Gardent, Claire  and
      Meyer-Viol, Wilfried",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1004",
}
@inproceedings{blackburn-spaan-1993-decidability,
    title = "Decidability and Undecidability in stand-alone Feature Logics",
    author = "Blackburn, Patrick  and
      Spaan, Edith",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1005",
}
@inproceedings{bod-1993-using,
    title = "Using an Annotated Corpus as a Stochastic Grammar",
    author = "Bod, Rens",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1006",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-bosch-daelemans-1993-data,
    title = "Data-Oriented Methods for Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion",
    author = "van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1007",
}
@inproceedings{bottcher-1993-disjunctions,
    title = "Disjunctions and Inheritance in the Context Feature Structure System",
    author = "Bottcher, Martin",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1008",
}
@inproceedings{bouche-etal-1993-strategy,
    title = "A Strategy for Dynamic Interpretation: a Fragment and an Implementation",
    author = "Bouche, Olivier  and
      van Eijck, Jan  and
      Istace, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1009",
}
@inproceedings{bouma-van-noord-1993-head,
    title = "Head-driven Parsing for Lexicalist Grammars: Experimental Results",
    author = "Bouma, Gosse  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1010",
}
@inproceedings{bourigault-1993-endogeneous,
    title = "An Endogeneous Corpus-Based Method for Structural Noun Phrase Disambiguation",
    author = "Bourigault, Didier",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1011",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-1993-morphonology,
    title = "Morphonology in the Lexicon",
    author = "Cahill, Lynne J.",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1012",
}
@inproceedings{dalrymple-etal-1993-lfg,
    title = "{LFG} Semantics via Constraints",
    author = "Dalrymple, Mary  and
      Lamping, John  and
      Saraswat, Vijay",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1013",
}
@inproceedings{dorrepaal-1993-notion,
    title = "On the notion of uniqueness",
    author = "Dorrepaal, Joke",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1014",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-eijk-1993-automating,
    title = "Automating the Acquisition of Bilingual Terminology",
    author = "van der Eijk, Pim",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1015",
}
@inproceedings{emms-1993-parsing,
    title = "Parsing with polymorphism",
    author = "Emms, Martin",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1016",
}
@inproceedings{fernando-1993-donkey,
    title = "The donkey strikes back: Extending the dynamic interpretation {``}constructively{''}",
    author = "Fernando, Tim",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1017",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-1993-unification,
    title = "A unification-based approach to multiple {VP} Ellipsis resolution",
    author = "Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1018",
}
@inproceedings{gates-shell-1993-rule,
    title = "Rule-based Acquisition and Maintenance of Lexical and Semantic Knowledge",
    author = "Gates, Donna M.  and
      Shell, Peter",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1019",
}
@inproceedings{glasbey-1993-computational,
    title = "A Computational Treatment of Sentence-Final {`}then{'}",
    author = "Glasbey, Sheila",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1020",
}
@inproceedings{godard-jayez-1993-towards,
    title = "Towards a proper treatment of coercion phenomena",
    author = "Godard, Daniele  and
      Jayez, Jacques",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1021",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-etal-1993-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Topic and Focus by an Automatic Procedure",
    author = "Hajicova, Eva  and
      Sgall, Petr  and
      Skonmalovla, Hana",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1022",
}
@inproceedings{heemskerk-1993-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Context-free Grammar for Disambiguation in Morphological Parsing",
    author = "Heemskerk, Josee S.",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1023",
}
@inproceedings{kaplan-1993-restriction,
    title = "Restriction and Correspondence-based Translation",
    author = "Kaplan, Ronald M.",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1024",
}
@inproceedings{kehler-1993-discourse,
    title = "A Discourse Copying Algorithm for Ellipsis and Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Kehler, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1025",
}
@inproceedings{kilgarriff-1993-inheriting,
    title = "Inheriting Verb Alternations",
    author = "Kilgarriff, Adam",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1026",
}
@inproceedings{kiyono-tsujii-1993-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Knowledge Acquisition from Parsing Failures",
    author = "KIYONO, Masaki  and
      TSUJII, Jun-ichi",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1027",
}
@inproceedings{kozima-1993-similarity,
    title = "Similarity between Words Computed by Spreading Activation on an {E}nglish Dictionary",
    author = "Kozima, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1028",
}
@inproceedings{kracht-ii-1993-mathematical,
    title = "Mathematical Aspects of Command Relations",
    author = "Kracht II, Marcus",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1029",
}
@inproceedings{lascarides-lascarides-1993-semantics,
    title = "A Semantics and Pragmatics for the Pluperfect",
    author = "Lascarides, Alex  and
      Lascarides, Alex",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1030",
}
@inproceedings{lascarides-oberlander-1993-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Connectives in a Discourse Context",
    author = "Lascarides, Alex  and
      Oberlander, Jon",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1031",
}
@inproceedings{lecomte-1993-towards,
    title = "Towards efficient parsing with proof-nets",
    author = "Lecomte, Alain",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1032",
}
@inproceedings{mcroy-hirst-1993-abductive,
    title = "Abductive Explanation of Dialogue Misunderstandings",
    author = "McRoy, Susan  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1033",
}
@inproceedings{morrill-soliast-1993-tuples,
    title = "Tuples, Discontinuity, and Gapping in Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Morrill, Glyn  and
      Soliast, Teresa",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1034",
}
@inproceedings{narayanan-hashem-1993-abstract,
    title = "On Abstract Finite-State Morphology",
    author = "Narayanan, Ajit  and
      Hashem, Lama",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1035",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-1993-generalized,
    title = "Generalized Left-Corner Parsing",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1036",
}
@inproceedings{nomoto-nitta-1993-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Zero Anaphora in {J}apanese",
    author = "Nomoto, Tadashi  and
      Nitta, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1037",
}
@inproceedings{van-oostendorp-1993-formal,
    title = "Formal Properties of Metrical Structure",
    author = "van Oostendorp, Marc",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1038",
}
@inproceedings{prevost-steedman-1993-generating,
    title = "Generating Contextually Appropriate Intonation",
    author = "Prevost, Scott  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1039",
}
@inproceedings{schabes-etal-1993-parsing,
    title = "Parsing the Wall Street Journal with the Inside-Outside Algorithm",
    author = "Schabes, Yves  and
      Roth, Michal  and
      Osborne, Randy",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1040",
}
@inproceedings{simmons-1993-tradeoff,
    title = "A Tradeoff between Compositionality and Complexity in the Semantics of Dimensional Adjectives",
    author = "Simmons, Geoffrey",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1041",
}
@inproceedings{staudacher-1993-new,
    title = "NEW FRONTIERS BEYOND CONTEXT-FREENESS: DI-GRAMMARS AND DI-AUTOMATA.",
    author = "Staudacher, Peter",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1042",
}
@inproceedings{trost-1993-coping,
    title = "Coping With Derivation in a Morphological Component",
    author = "Trost, Harald",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1043",
}
@inproceedings{versmissen-1993-categorial,
    title = "Categorial grammar, modalities and algebraic semantics",
    author = "Versmissen, Koen",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1044",
}
@inproceedings{vijay-shanker-1993-use,
    title = "The Use of Shared Forests in Tree Adjoining Grammar Parsing",
    author = "Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1045",
}
@inproceedings{voutilainen-tapanainen-1993-ambiguity,
    title = "Ambiguity resolution in a reductionistic parser",
    author = "Voutilainen, Atro  and
      Tapanainen, Pasi",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1046",
}
@inproceedings{wedekind-kaplan-1993-type,
    title = "Type-Driven Semantic Interpretation of f-Structures",
    author = "Wedekind, Jurgen  and
      Kaplan, Ronald M.",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1047",
}
@inproceedings{white-1993-delimitedness,
    title = "DELIMITEDNESS AND TRAJECTORY-OF-MOTION EVENTS",
    author = "White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1048",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1993-student,
    title = "Student Session",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1049",
}
@inproceedings{bas-1993-vp,
    title = "{VP} Ellipsis in a {DRT}-implementation",
    author = "Bas, Johan",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1050",
}
@inproceedings{demetriou-1993-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Disambiguation Using Constraint Handling In Prolog ({CHIP})",
    author = "Demetriou, George C.",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1051",
}
@inproceedings{monachesi-1993-object,
    title = "Object clitics and clitic climbing in {I}talian {HPSG} grammar",
    author = "Monachesi, Paola",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1052",
}
@inproceedings{schiehlen-1993-localising,
    title = "Localising Barriers Theory",
    author = "Schiehlen, Michael",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1053",
}
@inproceedings{shemtov-1993-text,
    title = "Text Alignment in a Tool for Translating Revised Documents",
    author = "Shemtov, Hadar",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1054",
}
@inproceedings{stede-1993-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Choice Criteria in Language Generation",
    author = "Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1055",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1993-poster,
    title = "Poster Session",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1056",
}
@inproceedings{aduriz-etal-1993-morphological,
    title = "A Morphological Analysis Based Method for Spelling Correction",
    author = "Aduriz, I.  and
      Agirre, E.  and
      Alegria, I.  and
      Arregi, X.  and
      Arriola, J.M  and
      Artola, X.  and
      Diaz de Ilarraza, A.  and
      Ezeiza, N.  and
      Maritxalar, M.  and
      Sarasola, K.  and
      Urkia, M.",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1057",
}
@inproceedings{bianchi-etal-1993-undestanding,
    title = "Undestanding Stories in Different Languages with {GETA}-{RUN}",
    author = "Bianchi, Dario  and
      Delmonte, Rodolfo  and
      Pianta, Emanuele",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1058",
}
@inproceedings{clemenceau-roche-1993-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing a large scale dictionary with a two-level system",
    author = "Clemenceau, David  and
      Roche, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1059",
}
@inproceedings{doi-etal-1993-long,
    title = "Long Sentence Analysis by Domain-Specific Pattern Grammar",
    author = "Doi, Shinichi  and
      Muraki, Kazunori  and
      Kamei, Shinichiro  and
      Yamabana, Kiyoshi",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1060",
}
@inproceedings{dybkjaer-etal-1993-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge acquisition for a constrained speech system using {W}o{Z}",
    author = "Dybkjaer, Laila  and
      Bernsen, Niels Ole  and
      Dybkjaer, Hans",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1061",
}
@inproceedings{frederking-etal-1993-paivgloss,
    title = "The PAIVGLOSS MARK {I} MAT system",
    author = "Frederking, Robert  and
      Cohen, Ariel  and
      Grannes, Dean  and
      Cousseau, Peter  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1062",
}
@inproceedings{heylen-etal-1993-constraint,
    title = "A Constraint-based Representation Scheme of Collocational Structures",
    author = "Heylen, Dirk  and
      Schenk, Andre  and
      Verhagen, Marc",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1063",
}
@inproceedings{kallgren-eriksson-1993-linguistic,
    title = "The Linguistic Annotation System of the Stockholm - Umea",
    author = {K{\"a}llgren, Gunnel  and
      Eriksson, Gunnar},
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1064",
}
@inproceedings{light-etal-1993-insyst,
    title = "{INSYST}.- An Automatic Inserter System for Hierarchical Lexica",
    author = "Light, Marc  and
      Reinhard, Sabine  and
      Boyle-Hinrichs, Marie",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1065",
}
@inproceedings{oflazer-1993-two,
    title = "Two-level Description of {T}urkish Morphology",
    author = "Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1066",
}
@inproceedings{proszeky-tihanyi-1993-helyette,
    title = "{H}elyette: Inflectional Thesaurus for Agglutinative Languages",
    author = "Proszeky, Gabor  and
      Tihanyi, Laszlo",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1067",
}
@inproceedings{roeck-1993-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Front-Ends to Databases: Design and the Customisation Bottleneck",
    author = "Roeck, Anne De",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1068",
}
@inproceedings{tapanainen-voutilainen-1993-ambiguity,
    title = "Ambiguity resolution in a reductionistic parser",
    author = "Tapanainen, Pasi  and
      Voutilainen, Atro",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1069",
}
@inproceedings{wehrli-ramluckun-1993-2,
    title = "{ITS}-2 : an interactive personal translation system",
    author = "Wehrli, Eric  and
      Ramluckun, Mira",
    booktitle = "Sixth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E93-1070",
}
@proceedings{alta-2013-australasian,
    title = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    author = "Karimi, Sarvnaz  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1000",
}
@inproceedings{steedman-2013-robust,
    title = "Robust Computational Semantics",
    author = "Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1001",
    pages = "2--2",
}
@inproceedings{webber-2013-concurrent,
    title = "Concurrent Discourse Relations",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1002",
    pages = "3--3",
}
@inproceedings{lui-cook-2013-classifying,
    title = "Classifying {E}nglish Documents by National Dialect",
    author = "Lui, Marco  and
      Cook, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1003",
    pages = "5--15",
}
@inproceedings{graham-etal-2013-crowd,
    title = "Crowd-Sourcing of Human Judgments of Machine Translation Fluency",
    author = "Graham, Yvette  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Moffat, Alistair  and
      Zobel, Justin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1004",
    pages = "16--24",
}
@inproceedings{ishihara-2013-effect,
    title = "The Effect of the Within-speaker Sample Size on the Performance of Likelihood Ratio Based Forensic Voice Comparison: Monte {C}arlo Simulations",
    author = "Ishihara, Shunichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1005",
    pages = "25--33",
}
@inproceedings{suominen-ferraro-2013-noise,
    title = "Noise in Speech-to-Text Voice: Analysis of Errors and Feasibility of Phonetic Similarity for Their Correction",
    author = "Suominen, Hanna  and
      Ferraro, Gabriela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1006",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{okeefe-etal-2013-examining,
    title = "Examining the Impact of Coreference Resolution on Quote Attribution",
    author = "O{'}Keefe, Tim  and
      Webster, Kellie  and
      Curran, James R.  and
      Koprinska, Irena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1007",
    pages = "43--52",
}
@inproceedings{ekbal-etal-2013-multi,
    title = "Multi-Objective Optimization for Clustering of Medical Publications",
    author = "Ekbal, Asif  and
      Saha, Sriparna  and
      Moll{\'a}, Diego  and
      Ravikumar, K",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1008",
    pages = "53--61",
}
@inproceedings{dianat-etal-2013-study,
    title = "A Study: From Electronic Laboratory Notebooks to Generated Queries for Literature Recommendation",
    author = "Dianat, Oldooz  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile  and
      Wan, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1009",
    pages = "62--70",
}
@inproceedings{ishihara-2013-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of Likelihood Ratio Based Forensic Text Comparison in Procedures: Multivariate Kernel Density vs. {G}aussian Mixture Model-Universal Background Model",
    author = "Ishihara, Shunichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1010",
    pages = "71--79",
}
@inproceedings{power-etal-2013-finding,
    title = "Finding Fires with Twitter",
    author = "Power, Robert  and
      Robinson, Bella  and
      Ratcliffe, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1011",
    pages = "80--89",
}
@inproceedings{shmanina-etal-2013-impact,
    title = "Impact of Corpus Diversity and Complexity on {NER} Performance",
    author = "Shmanina, Tatyana  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      Jimeno Yepes, Antonio  and
      Cavedon, Lawrence  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1012",
    pages = "91--95",
}
@inproceedings{puurula-2013-cumulative,
    title = "Cumulative Progress in Language Models for Information Retrieval",
    author = "Puurula, Antti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1013",
    pages = "96--100",
}
@inproceedings{zavareh-etal-2013-error,
    title = "Error Detection in Automatic Speech Recognition",
    author = "Zavareh, Farshid  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      Kim, Su Nam  and
      Kleinbauer, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1014",
    pages = "101--105",
}
@inproceedings{schwitter-2013-working,
    title = "Working with Defaults in a Controlled Natural Language",
    author = "Schwitter, Rolf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1015",
    pages = "106--110",
}
@inproceedings{brown-mandal-2013-rhythm,
    title = "Rhythm, Metrics, and the Link to Phonology",
    author = "Brown, Jason  and
      Mandal, Sam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1016",
    pages = "112--117",
}
@inproceedings{ishihara-2013-differences,
    title = "Differences in Speaker Individualising Information between Case Particles and Fillers in Spoken {J}apanese",
    author = "Ishihara, Shunichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1017",
    pages = "118--122",
}
@inproceedings{willett-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Climate Classification of Environmental Science Literature",
    author = "Willett, Jared  and
      Martinez, David  and
      Webb, J. Angus  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1018",
    pages = "123--130",
}
@inproceedings{molla-2013-overview,
    title = "Overview of the 2013 {ALTA} Shared Task",
    author = "Molla, Diego",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1019",
    pages = "132--136",
}
@inproceedings{lui-wang-2013-recovering,
    title = "Recovering Casing and Punctuation using Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Lui, Marco  and
      Wang, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1020",
    pages = "137--141",
}
@inproceedings{verspoor-nicholson-2013-e,
    title = "e-Learning with {K}aggle in Class: Adapting the {ALTA} Shared Task 2013 to a Class Project",
    author = "Verspoor, Karin  and
      Nicholson, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 ({ALTA} 2013)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Brisbane, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U13-1021",
    pages = "142--145",
}
@proceedings{alta-2007-australasian,
    title = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    author = "Colineau, Nathalie  and
      Dras, Mark",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1000",
}
@inproceedings{ananiadou-2007-text,
    title = "Text Mining Techniques for Building a Biolexicon",
    author = "Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1001",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{thieberger-2007-language,
    title = "Does Language Technology Offer Anything to Small Languages?",
    author = "Thieberger, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1002",
    pages = "2",
}
@inproceedings{zobel-2007-measures,
    title = "Measures of Measurements: Robust Evaluation of Search Systems",
    author = "Zobel, Justin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1003",
    pages = "3",
}
@inproceedings{akhmatova-dras-2007-entailment,
    title = "Entailment due to Syntactically Encoded Semantic Relationships",
    author = "Akhmatova, Elena  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1004",
    pages = "4--12",
}
@inproceedings{chanen-patrick-2007-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Correlation Between Linguist{'}s Judgments and Latent {D}irichlet Allocation Topics",
    author = "Chanen, Ari  and
      Patrick, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1005",
    pages = "13--20",
}
@inproceedings{estival-etal-2007-tat,
    title = "{TAT}: An Author Profiling Tool with Application to {A}rabic Emails",
    author = "Estival, Dominique  and
      Gaustad, Tanja  and
      Pham, Son Bao  and
      Radford, Will  and
      Hutchinson, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1006",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{gardiner-dras-2007-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Approaches to Discriminating among Near-Synonyms",
    author = "Gardiner, Mary  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1007",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{hawker-etal-2007-practical,
    title = "Practical Queries of a Massive n-gram Database",
    author = "Hawker, Tobias  and
      Gardiner, Mary  and
      Bennetts, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1008",
    pages = "40--48",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2007-extending,
    title = "Extending Sense Collocations in Interpreting Noun Compounds",
    author = "Kim, Su Nam  and
      Mistica, Meladel  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1009",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{molla-etal-2007-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition in Question Answering of Speech Data",
    author = "Moll{\'a}, Diego  and
      van Zaanen, Menno  and
      Cassidy, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1010",
    pages = "57--65",
}
@inproceedings{murphy-curran-2007-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Mutual Exclusion Bootstrapping",
    author = "Murphy, Tara  and
      Curran, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1011",
    pages = "66--74",
}
@inproceedings{nowson-dale-2007-charting,
    title = "Charting Democracy Across Parsers",
    author = "Nowson, Scott  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1012",
    pages = "75--82",
}
@inproceedings{ofoghi-etal-2007-two,
    title = "Two-Step Comprehensive Open Domain Text Annotation with Frame Semantics",
    author = "Ofoghi, Bahadorreza  and
      Yearwood, John  and
      Ma, Liping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1013",
    pages = "83--91",
}
@inproceedings{pizzato-molla-2007-question,
    title = "Question Prediction Language Model",
    author = "Pizzato, Luiz Augusto  and
      Moll{\'a}, Diego",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1014",
    pages = "92--99",
}
@inproceedings{stokes-etal-2007-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Abbreviation Expansion for Genomic Information Retrieval",
    author = "Stokes, Nicola  and
      Li, Yi  and
      Cavedon, Lawrence  and
      Zobel, Justin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1015",
    pages = "100--108",
}
@inproceedings{vadas-curran-2007-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Internal Noun Phrase Structure with Collins{'} Models",
    author = "Vadas, David  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1016",
    pages = "109--116",
}
@inproceedings{yang-powers-2007-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Investigation into Grammatically Constrained Contexts in Predicting Distributional Similarity",
    author = "Yang, Dongqiang  and
      Powers, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1017",
    pages = "117--124",
}
@inproceedings{yap-baldwin-2007-dictionary,
    title = "Dictionary Alignment for Context-sensitive Word Glossing",
    author = "Yap, Willy  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1018",
    pages = "125--133",
}
@inproceedings{zwarts-dras-2007-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation of {A}ustralian Aboriginal Languages: Morphological Analysis with Languages of Differing Morphological Richness",
    author = "Zwarts, Simon  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1019",
    pages = "134--142",
}
@inproceedings{goudey-etal-2007-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Extensions to Machine-learning based Gene Normalisation",
    author = "Goudey, Benjamin  and
      Stokes, Nicola  and
      Martinez, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1020",
    pages = "143--145",
}
@inproceedings{ingram-curran-2007-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Similarity of Multi-Word Expressions",
    author = "Ingram, Laura  and
      Curran, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1021",
    pages = "146--148",
}
@inproceedings{tse-curran-2007-extending,
    title = "Extending {CCG}bank with Quotes and Multi-modal {CCG}",
    author = "Tse, Daniel  and
      Curran, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2007",
    month = dec,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U07-1022",
    pages = "149--151",
}
@proceedings{acl-1988-association,
    title = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1000",
}
@inproceedings{byrd-tzoukermann-1988-adapting,
    title = "ADAPTING AN ENGLISH MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYZER FOR FRENCH",
    author = "Byrd, Roy J.  and
      Tzoukermann, Evelyne",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982024",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{linebarger-etal-1988-sentence,
    title = "SENTENCE FRAGMENTS REGULAR STRUCTURES",
    author = "Linebarger, Marcia C.  and
      Dahl, Deborah A.  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca J.",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982025",
    pages = "7--16",
}
@inproceedings{scha-stallard-1988-multi,
    title = "MULTI-LEVEL PLURALS AND DISTRIBUTIVITY",
    author = "Scha, Remko  and
      Stallard, David",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982026",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{de-bruin-scha-1988-interpretation,
    title = "THE INTERPRETATION OF RELATIONAL NOUNS",
    author = "de Bruin, Jos  and
      Scha, Remko",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982027",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{moran-1988-quantifier,
    title = "QUANTIFIER SLOPING IN THE SRI CORE LANGUAGE ENGINE",
    author = "Moran, Douglas B.",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982028",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{ballard-1988-general,
    title = "A General Computational Treatment of Comparatives for Natural Language Question Answering",
    author = "Ballard, Bruce W.",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982029",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-banks-1988-parsing,
    title = "PARSING AND INTERPRETING COMPARATIVES",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Banks, Amelie",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982030",
    pages = "49--60",
}
@inproceedings{karlin-1988-defining,
    title = "Defining the Semantics of Verbal Modifiers in the Domain of Cooking Tasks",
    author = "Karlin, Robin F.",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982031",
    pages = "61--67",
}
@inproceedings{dalrymple-1988-interpretation,
    title = "THE INTERPRETATION OF TENSE AND ASPECT IN ENGLISH",
    author = "Dalrymple, Mary",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982032",
    pages = "68--74",
}
@inproceedings{pollack-pereira-1988-integrated,
    title = "An Integrated Framework for Semantic and Pragmatic Interpretation",
    author = "Pollack, Martha E.  and
      Pereira, Fernando C.N.",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982033",
    pages = "75--86",
}
@inproceedings{charniak-goldman-1988-logic,
    title = "A Logic for Semantic Interpretation",
    author = "Charniak, Eugene  and
      Goldman, Robert",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982034",
    pages = "87--94",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-etal-1988-interpretation,
    title = "Interpretation as Abduction",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Stickel, Mark  and
      Martin, Paul  and
      Edwards, Douglas",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982035",
    pages = "95--103",
}
@inproceedings{haigh-etal-1988-project,
    title = "PROJECT APRIL A PROGRESS REPORT",
    author = "Haigh, Robin  and
      Sampson, Geoffrey  and
      Atwell, Eric",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982036",
    pages = "104--112",
}
@inproceedings{webber-1988-discourse,
    title = "DISCOURSE DEIXIS: REFERENCE TO DISCOURSE SEGMENTS",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie Lynn",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982037",
    pages = "113--122",
}
@inproceedings{whittaker-stenton-1988-cues,
    title = "Cues and control in Expert-Client Dialogues",
    author = "Whittaker, Steve  and
      Stenton, Phil",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982038",
    pages = "123--130",
}
@inproceedings{wiebe-rapaport-1988-computational,
    title = "A COMPUTATIONAL THEORY OF PERSPECTIVE AND REFERENCE IN NARRATIVE",
    author = "Wiebe, Janyce M.  and
      Rapaport, William J.",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982039",
    pages = "131--138",
}
@inproceedings{maeda-etal-1988-parsing,
    title = "PARSING JAPANESE HONORIFICS IN UNIFICATION-BASED GRAMMAR",
    author = "Maeda, Hiroyuki  and
      Kato, Susumu  and
      Kogure, Kiyoshi  and
      Iida, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982040",
    pages = "139--146",
}
@inproceedings{bateman-1988-aspects,
    title = "ASPECTS OF CLAUSE POLITENESS IN JAPANESE: AN EXTENDED INQUIRY SEMANTICS TREATMENT",
    author = "Bateman, John A.",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982041",
    pages = "147--154",
}
@inproceedings{miike-etal-1988-experiences,
    title = "EXPERIENCES WITH AN ON-LINE TRANSLATING DIALOGUE SYSTEM",
    author = "Miike, Seiji  and
      Hasebe, Koichi  and
      Somers, Harold  and
      Amano, Shin-ya",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982042",
    pages = "155--162",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-1988-planning,
    title = "PLANNING COHERENT MULTISENTENTIAL TEXT",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard H.",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982043",
    pages = "163--169",
}
@inproceedings{appelt-konolige-1988-practical,
    title = "A Practical Nonmonotonic Theory for Reasoning about Speech Acts",
    author = "Appelt, Douglas  and
      Konolige, Kurt",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982044",
    pages = "170--178",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-1988-two,
    title = "TWO TYPES OF PLANNING IN LANGUAGE GENERATION",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard H.",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982045",
    pages = "179--186",
}
@inproceedings{davis-hirschberg-1988-assigning,
    title = "Assigning Intonational Features in Synthesized Spoken Directions",
    author = "Davis, James Raymond  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982046",
    pages = "187--193",
}
@inproceedings{kameyama-1988-atomization,
    title = "ATOMIZATION IN GRAMMAR SHARING",
    author = "Kameyama, Megumi",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982047",
    pages = "194--203",
}
@inproceedings{salton-1988-syntactic,
    title = "SYNTACTIC APPROACHES TO AUTOMATIC BOOK INDEXING",
    author = "Salton, Gerard",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982048",
    pages = "204--210",
}
@inproceedings{beale-1988-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon and grammar in probabilistic tagging of written {E}nglish.",
    author = "Beale, Andrew David",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982049",
    pages = "211--216",
}
@inproceedings{ahlswede-evens-1988-parsing,
    title = "PARSING VS. TEXT PROCESSING IN THE ANALYSIS OF DICTIONARY DEFINITIONS",
    author = "Ahlswede, Thomas  and
      Evens, Martha",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982050",
    pages = "217--224",
}
@inproceedings{abe-1988-polynomial,
    title = "Polynomial Learnability and Locality of Formal Grammars",
    author = "Abe, Naoki",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982051",
    pages = "225--232",
}
@inproceedings{kasper-1988-conditional,
    title = "Conditional Descriptions in Functional Unification Grammar",
    author = "Kasper, Robert T.",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982052",
    pages = "233--240",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-1988-deductive,
    title = "DEDUCTIVE PARSING WITH MULTIPLE LEVELS OF REPRESENTATION.",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982053",
    pages = "241--248",
}
@inproceedings{tomita-1988-graph,
    title = "Graph-structured Stack and Natural Language Parsing",
    author = "Tomita, Masaru",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982054",
    pages = "249--257",
}
@inproceedings{schabes-joshi-1988-earley,
    title = "AN EARLEY-TYPE PARSING ALGORITHM FOR TREE ADJOINING GRAMMARS",
    author = "Schabes, Yves  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982055",
    pages = "258--269",
}
@inproceedings{pareschi-1988-definite,
    title = "A DEFINITE CLAUSE VERSION OF CATEGORIAL GRAMMAR",
    author = "Pareschi, Remo",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982056",
    pages = "270--277",
}
@inproceedings{weir-joshi-1988-combinatory,
    title = "COMBINATORY CATEGORIAL GRAMMARS: GENERATIVE POWER AND RELATIONSHIP TO LINEAR CONTEXT-FREE REWRITING SYSTEMS",
    author = "Weir, David J.  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982057",
    pages = "278--285",
}
@inproceedings{eisele-dorre-1988-unification,
    title = "Unification of Disjunctive Feature Descriptions",
    author = "Eisele, Andreas  and
      Dorre, Jochen",
    booktitle = "26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Buffalo, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P88-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/982023.982058",
    pages = "286--294",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2007-human,
    title = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    author = "Sidner, Candace  and
      Schultz, Tanja  and
      Stone, Matthew  and
      Zhai, ChengXiang",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1000",
}
@inproceedings{rangarajan-sridhar-etal-2007-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Acoustic and Syntactic Features for Prosody Labeling in a Maximum Entropy Framework",
    author = "Rangarajan Sridhar, Vivek Kumar  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{nenkova-etal-2007-memorize,
    title = "To Memorize or to Predict: Prominence labeling in Conversational Speech",
    author = "Nenkova, Ani  and
      Brenier, Jason  and
      Kothari, Anubha  and
      Calhoun, Sasha  and
      Whitton, Laura  and
      Beaver, David  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{yang-heeman-2007-avoiding,
    title = "Avoiding and Resolving Initiative Conflicts in Dialogue",
    author = "Yang, Fan  and
      Heeman, Peter A.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1003",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{hsueh-moore-2007-decisions,
    title = "What Decisions Have You Made?: Automatic Decision Detection in Meeting Conversations",
    author = "Hsueh, Pei-Yun  and
      Moore, Johanna D.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1004",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{uchimoto-etal-2007-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation Based on Rate of Accomplishment of Sub-Goals",
    author = "Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Kotani, Katsunori  and
      Zhang, Yujie  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1005",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{liu-gildea-2007-source,
    title = "Source-Language Features and Maximum Correlation Training for Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Liu, Ding  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1006",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{toutanova-suzuki-2007-generating,
    title = "Generating Case Markers in Machine Translation",
    author = "Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Suzuki, Hisami",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1007",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{ittycheriah-roukos-2007-direct,
    title = "Direct Translation Model 2",
    author = "Ittycheriah, Abraham  and
      Roukos, Salim",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1008",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{choi-cardie-2007-structured,
    title = "Structured Local Training and Biased Potential Functions for Conditional Random Fields with Application to Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Choi, Yejin  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1009",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{luo-2007-coreference,
    title = "Coreference or Not: A Twin Model for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Luo, Xiaoqiang",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1010",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{culotta-etal-2007-first,
    title = "First-Order Probabilistic Models for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Culotta, Aron  and
      Wick, Michael  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1011",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{lavrenko-etal-2007-information,
    title = "Information Retrieval On Empty Fields",
    author = "Lavrenko, Victor  and
      Yi, Xing  and
      Allan, James",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1012",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2007-improving,
    title = "Improving Diversity in Ranking using Absorbing Random Walks",
    author = "Zhu, Xiaojin  and
      Goldberg, Andrew  and
      Van Gael, Jurgen  and
      Andrzejewski, David",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1013",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{biemann-2007-random,
    title = "A Random Text Model for the Generation of Statistical Language Invariants",
    author = "Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1014",
    pages = "105--112",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-zhai-2007-systematic,
    title = "A Systematic Exploration of the Feature Space for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Jiang, Jing  and
      Zhai, ChengXiang",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1015",
    pages = "113--120",
}
@inproceedings{yates-etzioni-2007-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Resolution of Objects and Relations on the Web",
    author = "Yates, Alexander  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1016",
    pages = "121--130",
}
@inproceedings{gliozzo-etal-2007-domain,
    title = "The Domain Restriction Hypothesis: Relating Term Similarity and Semantic Consistency",
    author = "Gliozzo, Alfio Massimiliano  and
      Pennacchiotti, Marco  and
      Pantel, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1017",
    pages = "131--138",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-etal-2007-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Inference for {PCFG}s via {M}arkov Chain {M}onte {C}arlo",
    author = "Johnson, Mark  and
      Griffiths, Thomas  and
      Goldwater, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1018",
    pages = "139--146",
}
@inproceedings{gildea-stefankovic-2007-worst,
    title = "Worst-Case Synchronous Grammar Rules",
    author = "Gildea, Daniel  and
      {\v{S}}tefankovi{\v{c}}, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1019",
    pages = "147--154",
}
@inproceedings{dasgupta-ng-2007-high,
    title = "High-Performance, Language-Independent Morphological Segmentation",
    author = "Dasgupta, Sajib  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1020",
    pages = "155--163",
}
@inproceedings{belz-2007-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Generation of Weather Forecast Texts",
    author = "Belz, Anja",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1021",
    pages = "164--171",
}
@inproceedings{wong-mooney-2007-generation,
    title = "Generation by Inverting a Semantic Parser that Uses Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Wong, Yuk Wah  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1022",
    pages = "172--179",
}
@inproceedings{galley-mckeown-2007-lexicalized,
    title = "Lexicalized {M}arkov Grammars for Sentence Compression",
    author = "Galley, Michel  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1023",
    pages = "180--187",
}
@inproceedings{lu-2007-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Models for Semantic Classification of {C}hinese Unknown Words",
    author = "Lu, Xiaofei",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1024",
    pages = "188--195",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-2007-using,
    title = "Using {W}ikipedia for Automatic Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1025",
    pages = "196--203",
}
@inproceedings{alexandrescu-kirchhoff-2007-data,
    title = "Data-Driven Graph Construction for Semi-Supervised Graph-Based Learning in {NLP}",
    author = "Alexandrescu, Andrei  and
      Kirchhoff, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1026",
    pages = "204--211",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2007-question,
    title = "Is Question Answering Better than Information Retrieval? Towards a Task-Based Evaluation Framework for Question Series",
    author = "Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1027",
    pages = "212--219",
}
@inproceedings{kumaran-allan-2007-case,
    title = "A Case For Shorter Queries, and Helping Users Create Them",
    author = "Kumaran, Giridhar  and
      Allan, James",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1028",
    pages = "220--227",
}
@inproceedings{rosti-etal-2007-combining,
    title = "Combining Outputs from Multiple Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "Rosti, Antti-Veikko  and
      Ayan, Necip Fazil  and
      Xiang, Bing  and
      Matsoukas, Spyros  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Dorr, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1029",
    pages = "228--235",
}
@inproceedings{denis-baldridge-2007-joint,
    title = "Joint Determination of Anaphoricity and Coreference Resolution using Integer Programming",
    author = "Denis, Pascal  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1030",
    pages = "236--243",
}
@inproceedings{stoica-etal-2007-automating,
    title = "Automating Creation of Hierarchical Faceted Metadata Structures",
    author = "Stoica, Emilia  and
      Hearst, Marti  and
      Richardson, Megan",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1031",
    pages = "244--251",
}
@inproceedings{karakos-etal-2007-cross,
    title = "Cross-Instance Tuning of Unsupervised Document Clustering Algorithms",
    author = "Karakos, Damianos  and
      Eisner, Jason  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev  and
      Priebe, Carey",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1032",
    pages = "252--259",
}
@inproceedings{zaidan-etal-2007-using,
    title = "Using {``}Annotator Rationales{''} to Improve Machine Learning for Text Categorization",
    author = "Zaidan, Omar  and
      Eisner, Jason  and
      Piatko, Christine",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1033",
    pages = "260--267",
}
@inproceedings{heeman-2007-combining,
    title = "Combining Reinformation Learning with Information-State Update Rules",
    author = "Heeman, Peter",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1034",
    pages = "268--275",
}
@inproceedings{tetreault-etal-2007-estimating,
    title = "Estimating the Reliability of {MDP} Policies: a Confidence Interval Approach",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel  and
      Bohus, Dan  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1035",
    pages = "276--283",
}
@inproceedings{qu-chai-2007-exploration,
    title = "An Exploration of Eye Gaze in Spoken Language Processing for Multimodal Conversational Interfaces",
    author = "Qu, Shaolin  and
      Chai, Joyce",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1036",
    pages = "284--291",
}
@inproceedings{takamura-etal-2007-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Semantic Orientations of Phrases from Dictionary",
    author = "Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Inui, Takashi  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1037",
    pages = "292--299",
}
@inproceedings{snyder-barzilay-2007-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Aspect Ranking Using the Good Grief Algorithm",
    author = "Snyder, Benjamin  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1038",
    pages = "300--307",
}
@inproceedings{bloom-etal-2007-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Appraisal Expressions",
    author = "Bloom, Kenneth  and
      Garg, Navendu  and
      Argamon, Shlomo",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1039",
    pages = "308--315",
}
@inproceedings{siddharthan-teufel-2007-whose,
    title = "Whose Idea Was This, and Why Does it Matter? Attributing Scientific Work to Citations",
    author = "Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Teufel, Simone",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1040",
    pages = "316--323",
}
@inproceedings{bennett-carbonell-2007-combining,
    title = "Combining Probability-Based Rankers for Action-Item Detection",
    author = "Bennett, Paul N.  and
      Carbonell, Jaime G.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1041",
    pages = "324--331",
}
@inproceedings{mann-2007-multi,
    title = "Multi-Document Relationship Fusion via Constraints on Probabilistic Databases",
    author = "Mann, Gideon",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1042",
    pages = "332--339",
}
@inproceedings{bollegala-etal-2007-integrated,
    title = "An Integrated Approach to Measuring Semantic Similarity between Words Using Information Available on the Web",
    author = "Bollegala, Danushka  and
      Matsuo, Yutaka  and
      Ishizuka, Mitsuru",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1043",
    pages = "340--347",
}
@inproceedings{lapata-keller-2007-information,
    title = "An Information Retrieval Approach to Sense Ranking",
    author = "Lapata, Mirella  and
      Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1044",
    pages = "348--355",
}
@inproceedings{inkpen-2007-near,
    title = "Near-Synonym Choice in an Intelligent Thesaurus",
    author = "Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1045",
    pages = "356--363",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2007-log,
    title = "A Log-Linear Block Transliteration Model based on Bi-Stream {HMM}s",
    author = "Zhao, Bing  and
      Bach, Nguyen  and
      Lane, Ian  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1046",
    pages = "364--371",
}
@inproceedings{jiampojamarn-etal-2007-applying,
    title = "Applying Many-to-Many Alignments and Hidden {M}arkov Models to Letter-to-Phoneme Conversion",
    author = "Jiampojamarn, Sittichai  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz  and
      Sherif, Tarek",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1047",
    pages = "372--379",
}
@inproceedings{creutz-etal-2007-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Morph-Based Speech Recognition and the Modeling of Out-of-Vocabulary Words Across Languages",
    author = {Creutz, Mathias  and
      Hirsim{\"a}ki, Teemu  and
      Kurimo, Mikko  and
      Puurula, Antti  and
      Pylkk{\"o}nen, Janne  and
      Siivola, Vesa  and
      Varjokallio, Matti  and
      Arisoy, Ebru  and
      Sara{\c{c}}lar, Murat  and
      Stolcke, Andreas},
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1048",
    pages = "380--387",
}
@inproceedings{attardi-ciaramita-2007-tree,
    title = "Tree Revision Learning for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Attardi, Giuseppe  and
      Ciaramita, Massimiliano",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1049",
    pages = "388--395",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-2007-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Non-Projective Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1050",
    pages = "396--403",
}
@inproceedings{petrov-klein-2007-improved,
    title = "Improved Inference for Unlexicalized Parsing",
    author = "Petrov, Slav  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1051",
    pages = "404--411",
}
@inproceedings{haghighi-etal-2007-approximate,
    title = "Approximate Factoring for {A}* Search",
    author = "Haghighi, Aria  and
      DeNero, John  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1052",
    pages = "412--419",
}
@inproceedings{ahn-etal-2007-cascaded,
    title = "A Cascaded Machine Learning Approach to Interpreting Temporal Expressions",
    author = "Ahn, David  and
      van Rantwijk, Joris  and
      de Rijke, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1053",
    pages = "420--427",
}
@inproceedings{blair-goldensohn-etal-2007-building,
    title = "Building and Refining Rhetorical-Semantic Relation Models",
    author = "Blair-Goldensohn, Sasha  and
      McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1054",
    pages = "428--435",
}
@inproceedings{elsner-etal-2007-unified,
    title = "A Unified Local and Global Model for Discourse Coherence",
    author = "Elsner, Micha  and
      Austerweil, Joseph  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1055",
    pages = "436--443",
}
@inproceedings{deshpande-etal-2007-randomized,
    title = "Randomized Decoding for Selection-and-Ordering Problems",
    author = "Deshpande, Pawan  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Karger, David",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1056",
    pages = "444--451",
}
@inproceedings{xia-lewis-2007-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Structural Projection across Interlinear Text",
    author = "Xia, Fei  and
      Lewis, William",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1057",
    pages = "452--459",
}
@inproceedings{heilman-etal-2007-combining,
    title = "Combining Lexical and Grammatical Features to Improve Readability Measures for First and Second Language Texts",
    author = "Heilman, Michael  and
      Collins-Thompson, Kevyn  and
      Callan, Jamie  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1058",
    pages = "460--467",
}
@inproceedings{wang-seneff-2007-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Assessment of Student Translations for Foreign Language Tutoring",
    author = "Wang, Chao  and
      Seneff, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1059",
    pages = "468--475",
}
@inproceedings{collins-thompson-callan-2007-automatic,
    title = "Automatic and Human Scoring of Word Definition Responses",
    author = "Collins-Thompson, Kevyn  and
      Callan, Jamie",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1060",
    pages = "476--483",
}
@inproceedings{utiyama-isahara-2007-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Pivot Methods for Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Utiyama, Masao  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1061",
    pages = "484--491",
}
@inproceedings{zens-ney-2007-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Phrase-Table Representation for Machine Translation with Applications to Online {MT} and Speech Translation",
    author = "Zens, Richard  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1062",
    pages = "492--499",
}
@inproceedings{venugopal-etal-2007-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Two-Pass Approach to Synchronous-{CFG} Driven Statistical {MT}",
    author = "Venugopal, Ashish  and
      Zollmann, Andreas  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1063",
    pages = "500--507",
}
@inproceedings{simard-etal-2007-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Phrase-Based Post-Editing",
    author = "Simard, Michel  and
      Goutte, Cyril  and
      Isabelle, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1064",
    pages = "508--515",
}
@inproceedings{pinchak-bergsma-2007-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Answer Typing for How-Questions",
    author = "Pinchak, Christopher  and
      Bergsma, Shane",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1065",
    pages = "516--523",
}
@inproceedings{ko-etal-2007-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Framework for Answer Selection in Question Answering",
    author = "Ko, Jeongwoo  and
      Si, Luo  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1066",
    pages = "524--531",
}
@inproceedings{schiffman-etal-2007-question,
    title = "Question Answering Using Integrated Information Retrieval and Information Extraction",
    author = "Schiffman, Barry  and
      McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      Allan, James",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1067",
    pages = "532--539",
}
@inproceedings{wu-yang-2007-toward,
    title = "Toward Multimedia: A String Pattern-Based Passage Ranking Model for Video Question Answering",
    author = "Wu, Yu-Chieh  and
      Yang, Jie-Chi",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1068",
    pages = "540--547",
}
@inproceedings{yi-etal-2007-semantic,
    title = "Can Semantic Roles Generalize Across Genres?",
    author = "Yi, Szu-ting  and
      Loper, Edward  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1069",
    pages = "548--555",
}
@inproceedings{pradhan-etal-2007-towards,
    title = "Towards Robust Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Ward, Wayne  and
      Martin, James",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1070",
    pages = "556--563",
}
@inproceedings{pantel-etal-2007-isp,
    title = "{ISP}: Learning Inferential Selectional Preferences",
    author = "Pantel, Patrick  and
      Bhagat, Rahul  and
      Coppola, Bonaventura  and
      Chklovski, Timothy  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1071",
    pages = "564--571",
}
@inproceedings{pan-farrell-2007-computing,
    title = "Computing Semantic Similarity between Skill Statements for Approximate Matching",
    author = "Pan, Feng  and
      Farrell, Robert",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1072",
    pages = "572--579",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2007-human-language,
    title = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    author = "Sidner, Candace  and
      Schultz, Tanja  and
      Stone, Matthew  and
      Zhai, ChengXiang",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2000",
}
@inproceedings{ai-etal-2007-comparing,
    title = "Comparing User Simulation Models For Dialog Strategy Learning",
    author = "Ai, Hua  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2001",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{bel-etal-2007-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Grammatical Types for Nouns",
    author = "Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Espeja, Sergio  and
      Marimon, Montserrat",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2002",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{bohus-etal-2007-conquest,
    title = "{C}onquest{---}{A}n Open-Source Dialog System for Conferences",
    author = "Bohus, Dan  and
      Grau Puerto, Sergio  and
      Huggins-Daines, David  and
      Keri, Venkatesh  and
      Krishna, Gopala  and
      Kumar, Rohit  and
      Raux, Antoine  and
      Tomko, Stefanie",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2003",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{bromberg-etal-2007-joint,
    title = "Joint Versus Independent Phonological Feature Models within {CRF} Phone Recognition",
    author = "Bromberg, Ilana  and
      Morris, Jeremy  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2004",
    pages = "13--16",
}
@inproceedings{church-etal-2007-k,
    title = "{K}-Best Suffix Arrays",
    author = "Church, Kenneth  and
      Thiesson, Bo  and
      Ragno, Robert",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2005",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@inproceedings{eck-etal-2007-translation,
    title = "Translation Model Pruning via Usage Statistics for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Eck, Matthias  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2006",
    pages = "21--24",
}
@inproceedings{elming-habash-2007-combination,
    title = "Combination of Statistical Word Alignments Based on Multiple Preprocessing Schemes",
    author = "Elming, Jakob  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2007",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{enright-kondrak-2007-fast,
    title = "A Fast Method for Parallel Document Identification",
    author = "Enright, Jessica  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2008",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{filali-bilmes-2007-generalized,
    title = "Generalized Graphical Abstractions for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Filali, Karim  and
      Bilmes, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2009",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@inproceedings{fleischman-roy-2007-situated,
    title = "Situated Models of Meaning for Sports Video Retrieval",
    author = "Fleischman, Michael  and
      Roy, Deb",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2010",
    pages = "37--40",
}
@inproceedings{forbes-riley-etal-2007-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Affect-Context Dependencies for Adaptive System Development",
    author = "Forbes-Riley, Kate  and
      Rotaru, Mihai  and
      Litman, Diane  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2011",
    pages = "41--44",
}
@inproceedings{fuentes-etal-2007-filter,
    title = "A Filter-Based Approach to Detect End-of-Utterances from Prosody in Dialog Systems",
    author = "Fuentes, Olac  and
      Vera, David  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2012",
    pages = "45--48",
}
@inproceedings{gurevich-deane-2007-document,
    title = "Document Similarity Measures to Distinguish Native vs. Non-Native Essay Writers",
    author = "Gurevich, Olga  and
      Deane, Paul",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2013",
    pages = "49--52",
}
@inproceedings{habash-rambow-2007-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Diacritization through Full Morphological Tagging",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2014",
    pages = "53--56",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-etal-2007-large,
    title = "Are Very Large {N}-Best Lists Useful for {SMT}?",
    author = "Hasan, Sa{\v{s}}a  and
      Zens, Richard  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2015",
    pages = "57--60",
}
@inproceedings{havelka-2007-relationship,
    title = "Relationship between Non-Projective Edges, Their Level Types, and Well-Nestedness",
    author = "Havelka, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2016",
    pages = "61--64",
}
@inproceedings{hillard-etal-2007-irover,
    title = "i{ROVER}: Improving System Combination with Classification",
    author = "Hillard, Dustin  and
      Hoffmeister, Bjoern  and
      Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Schlueter, Ralf  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2017",
    pages = "65--68",
}
@inproceedings{huang-wilks-2007-clustered,
    title = "Clustered Sub-Matrix Singular Value Decomposition",
    author = "Huang, Fang  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2018",
    pages = "69--72",
}
@inproceedings{huggins-daines-rudnicky-2007-implicitly,
    title = "Implicitly Supervised Language Model Adaptation for Meeting Transcription",
    author = "Huggins-Daines, David  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander I.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2019",
    pages = "73--76",
}
@inproceedings{jones-etal-2007-ilr,
    title = "{ILR}-Based {MT} Comprehension Test with Multi-Level Questions",
    author = "Jones, Douglas  and
      Herzog, Martha  and
      Ibrahim, Hussny  and
      Jairam, Arvind  and
      Shen, Wade  and
      Gibson, Edward  and
      Emonts, Michael",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2020",
    pages = "77--80",
}
@inproceedings{kate-mooney-2007-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Learning for Semantic Parsing using Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Kate, Rohit  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2021",
    pages = "81--84",
}
@inproceedings{lambert-etal-2007-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Alignment Training without Annotated Data for Machine Translation",
    author = "Lambert, Patrik  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Crego, Josep M.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2022",
    pages = "85--88",
}
@inproceedings{laskowski-schultz-2007-geometric,
    title = "A Geometric Interpretation of Non-Target-Normalized Maximum Cross-Channel Correlation for Vocal Activity Detection in Meetings",
    author = "Laskowski, Kornel  and
      Schultz, Tanja",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2023",
    pages = "89--92",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2007-detection,
    title = "Detection of Non-Native Sentences Using Machine-Translated Training Data",
    author = "Lee, John  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Liu, Xiaohua",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2024",
    pages = "93--96",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2007-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Rich Syntactic Information for Relationship Extraction from Biomedical Articles",
    author = "Liu, Yudong  and
      Shi, Zhongmin  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2025",
    pages = "97--100",
}
@inproceedings{liu-liu-2007-look,
    title = "Look Who is Talking: Soundbite Speaker Name Recognition in Broadcast News Speech",
    author = "Liu, Feifan  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2026",
    pages = "101--104",
}
@inproceedings{loftsson-2007-tagging,
    title = "Tagging {I}celandic Text using a Linguistic and a Statistical Tagger",
    author = "Loftsson, Hrafn",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2027",
    pages = "105--108",
}
@inproceedings{mann-mccallum-2007-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Computation of Entropy Gradient for Semi-Supervised Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Mann, Gideon  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2028",
    pages = "109--112",
}
@inproceedings{matveeva-levow-2007-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Document Indexing with Spectral Embedding",
    author = "Matveeva, Irina  and
      Levow, Gina-Anne",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2029",
    pages = "113--116",
}
@inproceedings{metze-2007-using,
    title = "On using Articulatory Features for Discriminative Speaker Adaptation",
    author = "Metze, Florian",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2030",
    pages = "117--120",
}
@inproceedings{newman-2007-rh,
    title = "{RH}: A Retro-Hybrid Parser",
    author = "Newman, Paula",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2031",
    pages = "121--124",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2007-subtree,
    title = "Subtree Mining for Relation Extraction from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Nguyen, Dat P.T.  and
      Matsuo, Yutaka  and
      Ishizuka, Mitsuru",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2032",
    pages = "125--128",
}
@inproceedings{noamany-etal-2007-advances,
    title = "Advances in the {CMU}/{I}nteract {A}rabic {GALE} Transcription System",
    author = "Noamany, Mohamed  and
      Schaaf, Thomas  and
      Schultz, Tanja",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2033",
    pages = "129--132",
}
@inproceedings{perez-etal-2007-integrated,
    title = "An Integrated Architecture for Speech-Input Multi-Target Machine Translation",
    author = "P{\'e}rez, Alicia  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez, M. Teresa  and
      Torres, M. In{\'e}s  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2034",
    pages = "133--136",
}
@inproceedings{r-costa-jussa-etal-2007-analysis,
    title = "Analysis and System Combination of Phrase- and {N}-Gram-Based Statistical Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "R. Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta  and
      Crego, Josep M.  and
      Vilar, David  and
      R. Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A.  and
      Mari{\~n}o, Jos{\'e} B.  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2035",
    pages = "137--140",
}
@inproceedings{rubin-2007-stating,
    title = "Stating with Certainty or Stating with Doubt: Intercoder Reliability Results for Manual Annotation of Epistemically Modalized Statements",
    author = "Rubin, Victoria L.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2036",
    pages = "141--144",
}
@inproceedings{sarikaya-deng-2007-joint,
    title = "Joint Morphological-Lexical Language Modeling for Machine Translation",
    author = "Sarikaya, Ruhi  and
      Deng, Yonggang",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2037",
    pages = "145--148",
}
@inproceedings{schatzmann-etal-2007-agenda,
    title = "Agenda-Based User Simulation for Bootstrapping a {POMDP} Dialogue System",
    author = "Schatzmann, Jost  and
      Thomson, Blaise  and
      Weilhammer, Karl  and
      Ye, Hui  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2038",
    pages = "149--152",
}
@inproceedings{seneff-2007-reversible,
    title = "Reversible Sound-to-Letter/Letter-to-Sound Modeling Based on Syllable Structure",
    author = "Seneff, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2039",
    pages = "153--156",
}
@inproceedings{shi-zhou-2007-speech,
    title = "Are Some Speech Recognition Errors Easier to Detect than Others?",
    author = "Shi, Yongmei  and
      Zhou, Lina",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2040",
    pages = "157--160",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2007-simultaneous,
    title = "Simultaneous Identification of Biomedical Named-Entity and Functional Relation Using Statistical Parsing Techniques",
    author = "Shi, Zhongmin  and
      Sarkar, Anoop  and
      Popowich, Fred",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2041",
    pages = "161--164",
}
@inproceedings{subramanya-bilmes-2007-virtual,
    title = "Virtual Evidence for Training Speech Recognizers Using Partially Labeled Data",
    author = "Subramanya, Amarnag  and
      Bilmes, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2042",
    pages = "165--168",
}
@inproceedings{tratz-sanfilippo-2007-high,
    title = "A High Accuracy Method for Semi-Supervised Information Extraction",
    author = "Tratz, Stephen  and
      Sanfilippo, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2043",
    pages = "169--172",
}
@inproceedings{trnka-etal-2007-effects,
    title = "The Effects of Word Prediction on Communication Rate for {AAC}",
    author = "Trnka, Keith  and
      Yarrington, Debra  and
      McCaw, John  and
      McCoy, Kathleen F.  and
      Pennington, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2044",
    pages = "173--176",
}
@inproceedings{turner-charniak-2007-language,
    title = "Language Modeling for Determiner Selection",
    author = "Turner, Jenine  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2045",
    pages = "177--180",
}
@inproceedings{vilain-etal-2007-entity,
    title = "Entity Extraction is a Boring Solved {P}roblem{---}{O}r is it?",
    author = "Vilain, Marc  and
      Su, Jennifer  and
      Lubar, Suzi",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2046",
    pages = "181--184",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2007-kernel,
    title = "Kernel Regression Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Zhuoran  and
      Shawe-Taylor, John  and
      Szedmak, Sandor",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2047",
    pages = "185--188",
}
@inproceedings{wang-araki-2007-modifying,
    title = "Modifying {SO}-{PMI} for {J}apanese Weblog Opinion Mining by Using a Balancing Factor and Detecting Neutral Expressions",
    author = "Wang, Guangwei  and
      Araki, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2048",
    pages = "189--192",
}
@inproceedings{xie-etal-2007-combined,
    title = "Combined Use of Speaker- and Tone-Normalized Pitch Reset with Pause Duration for Automatic Story Segmentation in {M}andarin Broadcast News",
    author = "Xie, Lei  and
      Liu, Chuan  and
      Meng, Helen",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2049",
    pages = "193--196",
}
@inproceedings{yu-2007-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Named Entity Recognition with Cascaded Hybrid Model",
    author = "Yu, Xiaofeng",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2050",
    pages = "197--200",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2007-three,
    title = "A Three-Step Deterministic Parser for {C}hinese Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Yu, Kun  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Liu, Hao",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2051",
    pages = "201--204",
}
@inproceedings{zesch-etal-2007-comparing,
    title = "Comparing {W}ikipedia and {G}erman {W}ordnet by Evaluating Semantic Relatedness on Multiple Datasets",
    author = {Zesch, Torsten  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      M{\"u}hlh{\"a}user, Max},
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2052",
    pages = "205--208",
}
@inproceedings{zettlemoyer-moore-2007-selective,
    title = "Selective Phrase Pair Extraction for Improved Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zettlemoyer, Luke  and
      Moore, Robert",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2053",
    pages = "209--212",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-fung-2007-speech,
    title = "Speech Summarization Without Lexical Features for {M}andarin Broadcast News",
    author = "Zhang, Jian  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2054",
    pages = "213--216",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2007-semi,
    title = "A Semi-Automatic Evaluation Scheme: Automated Nuggetization for Manual Annotation",
    author = "Zhou, Liang  and
      Kwon, Namhee  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-2055",
    pages = "217--220",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2007-naacl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 Doctoral Consortium",
    author = "Liscombe, Jackson  and
      Michalak, Phillip",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-3000",
}
@inproceedings{friberg-2007-query,
    title = "Query Expansion Using Domain Information in Compounds",
    author = "Friberg, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 Doctoral Consortium",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-3001",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2007-learning,
    title = "Learning Structured Classifiers for Statistical Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Wang, Qin Iris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 Doctoral Consortium",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-3002",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{ponzetto-2007-creating,
    title = "Creating a Knowledge Base from a Collaboratively Generated Encyclopedia",
    author = "Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 Doctoral Consortium",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-3003",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{tribble-2007-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-Based Labeling of Semantic Relationships in {E}nglish",
    author = "Tribble, Alicia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 Doctoral Consortium",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-3004",
    pages = "13--16",
}
@inproceedings{goulet-2007-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Summarization Evaluation Experiments",
    author = "Goulet, Marie-Jos{\'e}e",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 Doctoral Consortium",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-3005",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@inproceedings{subba-2007-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Event Semantics to Parse the Rhetorical Structure of Natural Language Text",
    author = "Subba, Rajen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 Doctoral Consortium",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-3006",
    pages = "21--24",
}
@inproceedings{pardal-2007-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Use of Ontologies in Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Pardal, Joana Paulo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 Doctoral Consortium",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-3007",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{trandabat-2007-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Frames in {R}omanian Natural Language Processing Systems",
    author = "Trandab{\u{a}}{\c{t}}, Diana Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 Doctoral Consortium",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-3008",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{olsson-2007-combining,
    title = "Combining Evidence for Improved Speech Retrieval",
    author = "Olsson, J. Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 Doctoral Consortium",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-3009",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@inproceedings{biemann-2007-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Natural Language Processing Using Graph Models",
    author = "Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 Doctoral Consortium",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-3010",
    pages = "37--40",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2007-human-language-technologies,
    title = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({NAACL}-{HLT})",
    author = "Carpenter, Bob  and
      Stent, Amanda  and
      Williams, Jason D.",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-4000",
}
@inproceedings{allen-etal-2007-demonstration,
    title = "Demonstration of {PLOW}: A Dialogue System for One-Shot Task Learning",
    author = "Allen, James  and
      Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Ferguson, George  and
      Galescu, Lucian  and
      Jung, Hyuckchul  and
      Swift, Mary  and
      Taysom, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({NAACL}-{HLT})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-4001",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{burstein-etal-2007-automated,
    title = "The Automated Text Adaptation Tool",
    author = "Burstein, Jill  and
      Shore, Jane  and
      Sabatini, John  and
      Lee, Yong-Won  and
      Ventura, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({NAACL}-{HLT})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-4002",
    pages = "3--4",
}
@inproceedings{dzikovska-etal-2007-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Tutorial Dialogue Systems Using Deep {NLP} Techniques",
    author = "Dzikovska, Myroslava O.  and
      Callaway, Charles B.  and
      Farrow, Elaine  and
      Marques-Pita, Manuel  and
      Matheson, Colin  and
      Moore, Johanna D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({NAACL}-{HLT})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-4003",
    pages = "5--6",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2007-posslt,
    title = "{POSSLT}: A {K}orean to {E}nglish Spoken Language Translation System",
    author = "Lee, Donghyeon  and
      Lee, Jonghoon  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({NAACL}-{HLT})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-4004",
    pages = "7--8",
}
@inproceedings{murray-etal-2007-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Segmentation and Summarization of Meeting Speech",
    author = "Murray, Gabriel  and
      Hsueh, Pei-Yun  and
      Tucker, Simon  and
      Kilgour, Jonathan  and
      Carletta, Jean  and
      Moore, Johanna D.  and
      Renals, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({NAACL}-{HLT})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-4005",
    pages = "9--10",
}
@inproceedings{novak-2007-cedit,
    title = "{C}edit {--} Semantic Networks Manual Annotation Tool",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, V{\'a}clav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({NAACL}-{HLT})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-4006",
    pages = "11--12",
}
@inproceedings{seneff-etal-2007-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Dialogue Systems for Language Learning",
    author = "Seneff, Stephanie  and
      Wang, Chao  and
      Chao, Chih-yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({NAACL}-{HLT})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-4007",
    pages = "13--14",
}
@inproceedings{stenchikova-etal-2007-ravencalendar,
    title = "{R}aven{C}alendar: A Multimodal Dialog System for Managing a Personal Calendar",
    author = "Stenchikova, Svetlana  and
      Mucha, Basia  and
      Hoffman, Sarah  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({NAACL}-{HLT})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-4008",
    pages = "15--16",
}
@inproceedings{voss-ehlen-2007-calo,
    title = "The {CALO} Meeting Assistant",
    author = "Voss, L. Lynn  and
      Ehlen, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({NAACL}-{HLT})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-4009",
    pages = "17--18",
}
@inproceedings{wang-araki-2007-oms,
    title = "{OMS}-{J}: An Opinion Mining System for {J}apanese Weblog Reviews Using a Combination of Supervised and Unsupervised Approaches",
    author = "Wang, Guangwei  and
      Araki, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({NAACL}-{HLT})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-4010",
    pages = "19--20",
}
@inproceedings{wu-chang-2007-learning,
    title = "Learning to Find Transliteration on the Web",
    author = "Wu, Chien-Cheng  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({NAACL}-{HLT})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-4011",
    pages = "21--22",
}
@inproceedings{yan-etal-2007-conversational,
    title = "A Conversational In-Car Dialog System",
    author = "Yan, Baoshi  and
      Weng, Fuliang  and
      Feng, Zhe  and
      Ratiu, Florin  and
      Raya, Madhuri  and
      Meng, Yao  and
      Varges, Sebastian  and
      Purver, Matthew  and
      Lien, Annie  and
      Scheideck, Tobias  and
      Raghunathan, Badri  and
      Lin, Feng  and
      Mishra, Rohit  and
      Lathrop, Brian  and
      Zhang, Zhaoxia  and
      Bratt, Harry  and
      Peters, Stanley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({NAACL}-{HLT})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-4012",
    pages = "23--24",
}
@inproceedings{yates-etal-2007-textrunner,
    title = "{T}ext{R}unner: Open Information Extraction on the Web",
    author = "Yates, Alexander  and
      Banko, Michele  and
      Broadhead, Matthew  and
      Cafarella, Michael  and
      Etzioni, Oren  and
      Soderland, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({NAACL}-{HLT})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-4013",
    pages = "25--26",
}
@inproceedings{young-etal-2007-hidden,
    title = "The Hidden Information State Dialogue Manager: A Real-World {POMDP}-Based System",
    author = "Young, Steve  and
      Schatzmann, Jost  and
      Thomson, Blaise  and
      Weilhammer, Karl  and
      Ye, Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({NAACL}-{HLT})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-4014",
    pages = "27--28",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-2007-text,
    title = "Text Comparison Using Machine-Generated Nuggets",
    author = "Zhou, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({NAACL}-{HLT})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-4015",
    pages = "29--30",
}
@inproceedings{zweig-etal-2007-voice,
    title = "{V}oice-{R}ate: A Dialog System for Consumer Ratings",
    author = "Zweig, Geoffrey  and
      Ju, Y.C.  and
      Nguyen, Patrick  and
      Yu, Dong  and
      Wang, Ye-Yi  and
      Acero, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics ({NAACL}-{HLT})",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-4016",
    pages = "31--32",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2007-human-language-technology,
    title = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    author = "Hearst, Marti  and
      Levow, Gina-Anne  and
      Allan, James",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-5000",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-2007-bionlp,
    title = "{B}io{NLP}",
    author = "Cohen, K. Bretonnel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-5001",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{zhai-2007-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Language Models for Information Retrieval",
    author = "Zhai, ChengXiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-5002",
    pages = "3--4",
}
@inproceedings{diab-habash-2007-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Dialect Processing Tutorial",
    author = "Diab, Mona  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-5003",
    pages = "5--6",
}
@inproceedings{klein-2007-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to Classification: Likelihoods, Margins, Features, and Kernels",
    author = "Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-5004",
    pages = "7",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2013-2013,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    author = "Vanderwende, Lucy  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Kirchhoff, Katrin",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1000",
}
@inproceedings{durrani-etal-2013-model,
    title = "Model With Minimal Translation Units, But Decode With Phrases",
    author = "Durrani, Nadir  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Schmid, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1001",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2013-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Left-to-Right: Multiple Decomposition Structures for {SMT}",
    author = "Zhang, Hui  and
      Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Quirk, Chris  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1002",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{cherry-2013-improved,
    title = "Improved Reordering for Phrase-Based Translation using Sparse Features",
    author = "Cherry, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1003",
    pages = "22--31",
}
@inproceedings{eyigoz-etal-2013-simultaneous,
    title = "Simultaneous Word-Morpheme Alignment for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = {Eyig{\"o}z, Elif  and
      Gildea, Daniel  and
      Oflazer, Kemal},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1004",
    pages = "32--40",
}
@inproceedings{huang-riloff-2013-multi,
    title = "Multi-faceted Event Recognition with Bootstrapped Dictionaries",
    author = "Huang, Ruihong  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1005",
    pages = "41--51",
}
@inproceedings{che-etal-2013-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition with Bilingual Constraints",
    author = "Che, Wanxiang  and
      Wang, Mengqiu  and
      Manning, Christopher D.  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1006",
    pages = "52--62",
}
@inproceedings{yan-etal-2013-minimally,
    title = "Minimally Supervised Method for Multilingual Paraphrase Extraction from Definition Sentences on the Web",
    author = "Yan, Yulan  and
      Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Kawai, Takao  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Saeger, Stijn De",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1007",
    pages = "63--73",
}
@inproceedings{riedel-etal-2013-relation,
    title = "Relation Extraction with Matrix Factorization and Universal Schemas",
    author = "Riedel, Sebastian  and
      Yao, Limin  and
      McCallum, Andrew  and
      Marlin, Benjamin M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1008",
    pages = "74--84",
}
@inproceedings{swanson-charniak-2013-extracting,
    title = "Extracting the Native Language Signal for Second Language Acquisition",
    author = "Swanson, Ben  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1009",
    pages = "85--94",
}
@inproceedings{van-schijndel-schuler-2013-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Frequency- and Memory-Based Processing Costs",
    author = "van Schijndel, Marten  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1010",
    pages = "95--105",
}
@inproceedings{vulic-moens-2013-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Semantic Similarity of Words as the Similarity of Their Semantic Word Responses",
    author = "Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1011",
    pages = "106--116",
}
@inproceedings{doyle-levy-2013-combining,
    title = "Combining multiple information types in {B}ayesian word segmentation",
    author = "Doyle, Gabriel  and
      Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1012",
    pages = "117--126",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-2013-training,
    title = "Training Parsers on Incompatible Treebanks",
    author = "Johansson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1013",
    pages = "127--137",
}
@inproceedings{garrette-baldridge-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning a Part-of-Speech Tagger from Two Hours of Annotation",
    author = "Garrette, Dan  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1014",
    pages = "138--147",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-2013-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with Spectral Learning of Latent-Variable {PCFG}s",
    author = "Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Stratos, Karl  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Foster, Dean P.  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1015",
    pages = "148--157",
}
@inproceedings{aletras-stevenson-2013-representing,
    title = "Representing Topics Using Images",
    author = "Aletras, Nikolaos  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1016",
    pages = "158--167",
}
@inproceedings{paul-dredze-2013-drug,
    title = "Drug Extraction from the Web: Summarizing Drug Experiences with Multi-Dimensional Topic Models",
    author = "Paul, Michael J.  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1017",
    pages = "168--178",
}
@inproceedings{mehdad-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Topic Labeling with Phrase Entailment and Aggregation",
    author = "Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Ng, Raymond T.  and
      Joty, Shafiq",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1018",
    pages = "179--189",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2013-topic,
    title = "Topic Segmentation with a Structured Topic Model",
    author = "Du, Lan  and
      Buntine, Wray  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1019",
    pages = "190--200",
}
@inproceedings{naim-etal-2013-text,
    title = "Text Alignment for Real-Time Crowd Captioning",
    author = "Naim, Iftekhar  and
      Gildea, Daniel  and
      Lasecki, Walter  and
      Bigham, Jeffrey P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1020",
    pages = "201--210",
}
@inproceedings{lehr-etal-2013-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Joint Modeling of Lexical Variation and Acoustic Confusion for Automated Narrative Retelling Assessment",
    author = "Lehr, Maider  and
      Shafran, Izhak  and
      Prud{'}hommeaux, Emily  and
      Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1021",
    pages = "211--220",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using Out-of-Domain Data for Lexical Addressee Detection in Human-Human-Computer Dialog",
    author = "Lee, Heeyoung  and
      Stolcke, Andreas  and
      Shriberg, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1022",
    pages = "221--229",
}
@inproceedings{rangarajan-sridhar-etal-2013-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation Strategies for Streaming Speech Translation",
    author = "Rangarajan Sridhar, Vivek Kumar  and
      Chen, John  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Ljolje, Andrej  and
      Chengalvarayan, Rathinavelu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1023",
    pages = "230--238",
}
@inproceedings{mirroshandel-etal-2013-enforcing,
    title = "Enforcing Subcategorization Constraints in a Parser Using Sub-parses Recombining",
    author = "Mirroshandel, Seyed Abolghasem  and
      Nasr, Alexis  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1024",
    pages = "239--247",
}
@inproceedings{flanigan-etal-2013-large,
    title = "Large-Scale Discriminative Training for Statistical Machine Translation Using Held-Out Line Search",
    author = "Flanigan, Jeffrey  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1025",
    pages = "248--258",
}
@inproceedings{wu-giles-2013-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Term Informativeness in Context",
    author = "Wu, Zhaohui  and
      Giles, C. Lee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1026",
    pages = "259--269",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning Summarization Templates from Concise Summaries",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1027",
    pages = "270--279",
}
@inproceedings{zulu-2013-classification,
    title = "Classification of South {A}frican languages using text and acoustic based methods: A case of six selected languages",
    author = "Zulu, Peleira Nicholas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1028",
    pages = "280--287",
}
@inproceedings{hanneman-lavie-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Syntax-Augmented Machine Translation by Coarsening the Label Set",
    author = "Hanneman, Greg  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1029",
    pages = "288--297",
}
@inproceedings{boudin-morin-2013-keyphrase,
    title = "Keyphrase Extraction for N-best Reranking in Multi-Sentence Compression",
    author = "Boudin, Florian  and
      Morin, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1030",
    pages = "298--305",
}
@inproceedings{rasooli-etal-2013-development,
    title = "Development of a {P}ersian Syntactic Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Rasooli, Mohammad Sadegh  and
      Kouhestani, Manouchehr  and
      Moloodi, Amirsaeid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1031",
    pages = "306--314",
}
@inproceedings{khapra-etal-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving reordering performance using higher order and structural features",
    author = "Khapra, Mitesh M.  and
      Ramanathan, Ananthakrishnan  and
      Visweswariah, Karthik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1032",
    pages = "315--324",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2013-massively,
    title = "Massively Parallel Suffix Array Queries and On-Demand Phrase Extraction for Statistical Machine Translation Using {GPU}s",
    author = "He, Hua  and
      Lin, Jimmy  and
      Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1033",
    pages = "325--334",
}
@inproceedings{setiawan-zhou-2013-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Training of 150 Million Translation Parameters and Its Application to Pruning",
    author = "Setiawan, Hendra  and
      Zhou, Bowen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1034",
    pages = "335--341",
}
@inproceedings{haddow-2013-applying,
    title = "Applying Pairwise Ranked Optimisation to Improve the Interpolation of Translation Models",
    author = "Haddow, Barry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1035",
    pages = "342--347",
}
@inproceedings{salloum-habash-2013-dialectal,
    title = "Dialectal {A}rabic to {E}nglish Machine Translation: Pivoting through Modern Standard {A}rabic",
    author = "Salloum, Wael  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1036",
    pages = "348--358",
}
@inproceedings{eisenstein-2013-bad,
    title = "What to do about bad language on the internet",
    author = "Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1037",
    pages = "359--369",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-huang-2013-minibatch,
    title = "Minibatch and Parallelization for Online Large Margin Structured Learning",
    author = "Zhao, Kai  and
      Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1038",
    pages = "370--379",
}
@inproceedings{owoputi-etal-2013-improved,
    title = "Improved Part-of-Speech Tagging for Online Conversational Text with Word Clusters",
    author = "Owoputi, Olutobi  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1039",
    pages = "380--390",
}
@inproceedings{rei-briscoe-2013-parser,
    title = "Parser lexicalisation through self-learning",
    author = "Rei, Marek  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1040",
    pages = "391--400",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-etal-2013-mining,
    title = "Mining User Relations from Online Discussions using Sentiment Analysis and Probabilistic Matrix Factorization",
    author = "Qiu, Minghui  and
      Yang, Liu  and
      Jiang, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1041",
    pages = "401--410",
}
@inproceedings{mckenzie-2013-focused,
    title = "Focused training sets to reduce noise in {NER} feature models",
    author = "McKenzie, Amber",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1042",
    pages = "411--415",
}
@inproceedings{yatskar-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning to Relate Literal and Sentimental Descriptions of Visual Properties",
    author = "Yatskar, Mark  and
      Volkova, Svitlana  and
      Celikyilmaz, Asli  and
      Dolan, Bill  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1043",
    pages = "416--425",
}
@inproceedings{habash-etal-2013-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Analysis and Disambiguation for Dialectal {A}rabic",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Roth, Ryan  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Eskander, Ramy  and
      Tomeh, Nadi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1044",
    pages = "426--432",
}
@inproceedings{ma-mckeown-2013-using,
    title = "Using a Supertagged Dependency Language Model to Select a Good Translation in System Combination",
    author = "Ma, Wei-Yun  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1045",
    pages = "433--438",
}
@inproceedings{azab-etal-2013-dudley,
    title = "Dudley North visits North {L}ondon: Learning When to Transliterate to {A}rabic",
    author = "Azab, Mahmoud  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Mohit, Behrang  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1046",
    pages = "439--444",
}
@inproceedings{judd-kalita-2013-better,
    title = "Better Twitter Summaries?",
    author = "Judd, Joel  and
      Kalita, Jugal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1047",
    pages = "445--449",
}
@inproceedings{gao-he-2013-training,
    title = "Training {MRF}-Based Phrase Translation Models using Gradient Ascent",
    author = "Gao, Jianfeng  and
      He, Xiaodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1048",
    pages = "450--459",
}
@inproceedings{alkuhlani-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Morphological Enrichment of a Morphologically Underspecified Treebank",
    author = "Alkuhlani, Sarah  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Roth, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1049",
    pages = "460--470",
}
@inproceedings{wang-ng-2013-beam,
    title = "A Beam-Search Decoder for Normalization of Social Media Text with Application to Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Pidong  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1050",
    pages = "471--481",
}
@inproceedings{materna-2013-parameter,
    title = "Parameter Estimation for {LDA}-Frames",
    author = "Materna, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1051",
    pages = "482--486",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-2013-approximate,
    title = "Approximate {PCFG} Parsing Using Tensor Decomposition",
    author = "Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Satta, Giorgio  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1052",
    pages = "487--496",
}
@inproceedings{ott-etal-2013-negative,
    title = "Negative Deceptive Opinion Spam",
    author = "Ott, Myle  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Hancock, Jeffrey T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1053",
    pages = "497--501",
}
@inproceedings{violante-etal-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving speech synthesis quality by reducing pitch peaks in the source recordings",
    author = "Violante, Luisina  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez Zivic, Pablo  and
      Gravano, Agust{\'\i}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1054",
    pages = "502--506",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-etal-2013-robust,
    title = "Robust Systems for Preposition Error Correction Using {W}ikipedia Revisions",
    author = "Cahill, Aoife  and
      Madnani, Nitin  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Napolitano, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1055",
    pages = "507--517",
}
@inproceedings{irvine-callison-burch-2013-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Bilingual Lexicon Induction with Multiple Monolingual Signals",
    author = "Irvine, Ann  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1056",
    pages = "518--523",
}
@inproceedings{lam-kalita-2013-creating,
    title = "Creating Reverse Bilingual Dictionaries",
    author = "Lam, Khang Nhut  and
      Kalita, Jugal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1057",
    pages = "524--528",
}
@inproceedings{silcox-tomai-2013-identification,
    title = "Identification of Temporal Event Relationships in Biographical Accounts",
    author = "Silcox, Lucian  and
      Tomai, Emmett",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1058",
    pages = "529--533",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-etal-2013-predicative,
    title = "Predicative Adjectives: An Unsupervised Criterion to Extract Subjective Adjectives",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1059",
    pages = "534--539",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Syntactic and Semantic Structures in Hierarchical Phrase-based Translation",
    author = "Li, Junhui  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1060",
    pages = "540--549",
}
@inproceedings{kulick-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using Derivation Trees for Informative Treebank Inter-Annotator Agreement Evaluation",
    author = "Kulick, Seth  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Mott, Justin  and
      Maamouri, Mohamed  and
      Santorini, Beatrice  and
      Kroch, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1061",
    pages = "550--555",
}
@inproceedings{jurgens-2013-embracing,
    title = "Embracing Ambiguity: A Comparison of Annotation Methodologies for Crowdsourcing Word Sense Labels",
    author = "Jurgens, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1062",
    pages = "556--562",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2013-compound,
    title = "Compound Embedding Features for Semi-supervised Learning",
    author = "Yu, Mo  and
      Zhao, Tiejun  and
      Dong, Daxiang  and
      Tian, Hao  and
      Yu, Dianhai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1063",
    pages = "563--568",
}
@inproceedings{ultes-etal-2013-quality,
    title = "On Quality Ratings for Spoken Dialogue Systems {--} Experts vs. Users",
    author = "Ultes, Stefan  and
      Schmitt, Alexander  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1064",
    pages = "569--578",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2013-overcoming,
    title = "Overcoming the Memory Bottleneck in Distributed Training of Latent Variable Models of Text",
    author = "Yang, Yi  and
      Yates, Alexander  and
      Downey, Doug",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1065",
    pages = "579--584",
}
@inproceedings{eskander-etal-2013-processing,
    title = "Processing Spontaneous Orthography",
    author = "Eskander, Ramy  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Tomeh, Nadi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1066",
    pages = "585--595",
}
@inproceedings{abu-jbara-etal-2013-purpose,
    title = "Purpose and Polarity of Citation: Towards {NLP}-based Bibliometrics",
    author = "Abu-Jbara, Amjad  and
      Ezra, Jefferson  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1067",
    pages = "596--606",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2013-estimating,
    title = "Estimating effect size across datasets",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1068",
    pages = "607--611",
}
@inproceedings{zbib-etal-2013-systematic,
    title = "Systematic Comparison of Professional and Crowdsourced Reference Translations for Machine Translation",
    author = "Zbib, Rabih  and
      Markiewicz, Gretchen  and
      Matsoukas, Spyros  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Makhoul, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1069",
    pages = "612--616",
}
@inproceedings{elming-etal-2013-stream,
    title = "Down-stream effects of tree-to-dependency conversions",
    author = "Elming, Jakob  and
      Johannsen, Anders  and
      Klerke, Sigrid  and
      Lapponi, Emanuele  and
      Martinez Alonso, Hector  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1070",
    pages = "617--626",
}
@inproceedings{recasens-etal-2013-life,
    title = "The Life and Death of Discourse Entities: Identifying Singleton Mentions",
    author = "Recasens, Marta  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Potts, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1071",
    pages = "627--633",
}
@inproceedings{hauer-kondrak-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of {E}nglish Respellings",
    author = "Hauer, Bradley  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1072",
    pages = "634--643",
}
@inproceedings{dyer-etal-2013-simple,
    title = "A Simple, Fast, and Effective Reparameterization of {IBM} Model 2",
    author = "Dyer, Chris  and
      Chahuneau, Victor  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1073",
    pages = "644--648",
}
@inproceedings{mansour-ney-2013-phrase,
    title = "Phrase Training Based Adaptation for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Mansour, Saab  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1074",
    pages = "649--654",
}
@inproceedings{andrade-etal-2013-translation,
    title = "Translation Acquisition Using Synonym Sets",
    author = "Andrade, Daniel  and
      Tsuchida, Masaaki  and
      Onishi, Takashi  and
      Ishikawa, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1075",
    pages = "655--660",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-etal-2013-supersense,
    title = "Supersense Tagging for {A}rabic: the {MT}-in-the-Middle Attack",
    author = "Schneider, Nathan  and
      Mohit, Behrang  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1076",
    pages = "661--667",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2013-zipfian,
    title = "{Z}ipfian corruptions for robust {POS} tagging",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1077",
    pages = "668--672",
}
@inproceedings{brooke-hirst-2013-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Dimensional {B}ayesian Approach to Lexical Style",
    author = "Brooke, Julian  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1078",
    pages = "673--679",
}
@inproceedings{preiss-stevenson-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Domain Tuning to Improve Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Preiss, Judita  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1079",
    pages = "680--684",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2013-whats,
    title = "What{'}s in a Domain? Multi-Domain Learning for Multi-Attribute Data",
    author = "Joshi, Mahesh  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Cohen, William W.  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1080",
    pages = "685--690",
}
@inproceedings{sayeed-2013-opinion,
    title = "An opinion about opinions about opinions: subjectivity and the aggregate reader",
    author = "Sayeed, Asad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1081",
    pages = "691--696",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2013-examination,
    title = "An Examination of Regret in Bullying Tweets",
    author = "Xu, Jun-Ming  and
      Burchfiel, Benjamin  and
      Zhu, Xiaojin  and
      Bellmore, Amy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1082",
    pages = "697--702",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-cross,
    title = "A Cross-language Study on Automatic Speech Disfluency Detection",
    author = "Wang, Wen  and
      Stolcke, Andreas  and
      Yuan, Jiahong  and
      Liberman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1083",
    pages = "703--708",
}
@inproceedings{rouhizadeh-etal-2013-distributional,
    title = "Distributional semantic models for the evaluation of disordered language",
    author = "Rouhizadeh, Masoud  and
      Prud{'}hommeaux, Emily  and
      Roark, Brian  and
      van Santen, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1084",
    pages = "709--714",
}
@inproceedings{medero-ostendorf-2013-atypical,
    title = "Atypical Prosodic Structure as an Indicator of Reading Level and Text Difficulty",
    author = "Medero, Julie  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1085",
    pages = "715--720",
}
@inproceedings{wei-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using Document Summarization Techniques for Speech Data Subset Selection",
    author = "Wei, Kai  and
      Liu, Yuzong  and
      Kirchhoff, Katrin  and
      Bilmes, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1086",
    pages = "721--726",
}
@inproceedings{celebi-saraclar-2013-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Discriminative Language Modeling with Out-of-Domain Text Data",
    author = "{\c{C}}elebi, Arda  and
      Sara{\c{c}}lar, Murat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1087",
    pages = "727--732",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2013-meets,
    title = "More than meets the eye: Study of Human Cognition in Sense Annotation",
    author = "Joshi, Salil  and
      Kanojia, Diptesh  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1088",
    pages = "733--738",
}
@inproceedings{guo-diab-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Lexical Semantics for Sentential Semantics: Modeling Selectional Preference and Similar Words in a Latent Variable Model",
    author = "Guo, Weiwei  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1089",
    pages = "739--745",
}
@inproceedings{mikolov-etal-2013-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Regularities in Continuous Space Word Representations",
    author = "Mikolov, Tomas  and
      Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Zweig, Geoffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1090",
    pages = "746--751",
}
@inproceedings{lotan-etal-2013-truthteller,
    title = "{T}ruth{T}eller: Annotating Predicate Truth",
    author = "Lotan, Amnon  and
      Stern, Asher  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1091",
    pages = "752--757",
}
@inproceedings{ganitkevitch-etal-2013-ppdb,
    title = "{PPDB}: The Paraphrase Database",
    author = "Ganitkevitch, Juri  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1092",
    pages = "758--764",
}
@inproceedings{chowdhury-lavelli-2013-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting the Scope of Negations and Heterogeneous Features for Relation Extraction: A Case Study for Drug-Drug Interaction Extraction",
    author = "Chowdhury, Md. Faisal Mahbub  and
      Lavelli, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1093",
    pages = "765--771",
}
@inproceedings{lang-henderson-2013-graph,
    title = "Graph-Based Seed Set Expansion for Relation Extraction Using Random Walk Hitting Times",
    author = "Lang, Joel  and
      Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1094",
    pages = "772--776",
}
@inproceedings{min-etal-2013-distant,
    title = "Distant Supervision for Relation Extraction with an Incomplete Knowledge Base",
    author = "Min, Bonan  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      Wan, Li  and
      Wang, Chang  and
      Gondek, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1095",
    pages = "777--782",
}
@inproceedings{kokhlikyan-etal-2013-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Structural Importance through Rhetorical Structure Index",
    author = "Kokhlikyan, Narine  and
      Waibel, Alex  and
      Zhang, Yuqi  and
      Zhang, Joy Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1096",
    pages = "783--788",
}
@inproceedings{lamb-etal-2013-separating,
    title = "Separating Fact from Fear: Tracking Flu Infections on Twitter",
    author = "Lamb, Alex  and
      Paul, Michael J.  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1097",
    pages = "789--795",
}
@inproceedings{thomason-litman-2013-differences,
    title = "Differences in User Responses to a Wizard-of-{O}z versus Automated System",
    author = "Thomason, Jesse  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1098",
    pages = "796--801",
}
@inproceedings{omuya-etal-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving the Quality of Minority Class Identification in Dialog Act Tagging",
    author = "Omuya, Adinoyi  and
      Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1099",
    pages = "802--807",
}
@inproceedings{trivedi-eisenstein-2013-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Connectors for Latent Subjectivity in Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Trivedi, Rakshit  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1100",
    pages = "808--813",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-coherence,
    title = "Coherence Modeling for the Automated Assessment of Spontaneous Spoken Responses",
    author = "Wang, Xinhao  and
      Evanini, Keelan  and
      Zechner, Klaus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1101",
    pages = "814--819",
}
@inproceedings{qian-liu-2013-disfluency,
    title = "Disfluency Detection Using Multi-step Stacked Learning",
    author = "Qian, Xian  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1102",
    pages = "820--825",
}
@inproceedings{kushman-barzilay-2013-using,
    title = "Using Semantic Unification to Generate Regular Expressions from Natural Language",
    author = "Kushman, Nate  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1103",
    pages = "826--836",
}
@inproceedings{cheung-etal-2013-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Frame Induction",
    author = "Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit  and
      Poon, Hoifung  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1104",
    pages = "837--846",
}
@inproceedings{blacoe-etal-2013-quantum,
    title = "A Quantum-Theoretic Approach to Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Blacoe, William  and
      Kashefi, Elham  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1105",
    pages = "847--857",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2013-answer,
    title = "Answer Extraction as Sequence Tagging with Tree Edit Distance",
    author = "Yao, Xuchen  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Clark, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1106",
    pages = "858--867",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2013-open,
    title = "Open Information Extraction with Tree Kernels",
    author = "Xu, Ying  and
      Kim, Mi-Young  and
      Quinn, Kevin  and
      Goebel, Randy  and
      Barbosa, Denilson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1107",
    pages = "868--877",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2013-finding,
    title = "Finding What Matters in Questions",
    author = "Luo, Xiaoqiang  and
      Raghavan, Hema  and
      Castelli, Vittorio  and
      Maskey, Sameer  and
      Florian, Radu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1108",
    pages = "878--887",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2013-just,
    title = "A Just-In-Time Keyword Extraction from Meeting Transcripts",
    author = "Song, Hyun-Je  and
      Go, Junho  and
      Park, Seong-Bae  and
      Park, Se-Young",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1109",
    pages = "888--896",
}
@inproceedings{recasens-etal-2013-referent,
    title = "Same Referent, Different Words: Unsupervised Mining of Opaque Coreferent Mentions",
    author = "Recasens, Marta  and
      Can, Matthew  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1110",
    pages = "897--906",
}
@inproceedings{hou-etal-2013-global,
    title = "Global Inference for Bridging Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Hou, Yufang  and
      Markert, Katja  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1111",
    pages = "907--917",
}
@inproceedings{dsouza-ng-2013-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Temporal Relations with Rich Linguistic Knowledge",
    author = "D{'}Souza, Jennifer  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1112",
    pages = "918--927",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2013-improved,
    title = "Improved Information Structure Analysis of Scientific Documents Through Discourse and Lexical Constraints",
    author = "Guo, Yufan  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1113",
    pages = "928--937",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2013-adaptation,
    title = "Adaptation of Reordering Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Chen, Boxing  and
      Foster, George  and
      Kuhn, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1114",
    pages = "938--946",
}
@inproceedings{sankaran-etal-2013-multi,
    title = "Multi-Metric Optimization Using Ensemble Tuning",
    author = "Sankaran, Baskaran  and
      Sarkar, Anoop  and
      Duh, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1115",
    pages = "947--957",
}
@inproceedings{heafield-etal-2013-grouping,
    title = "Grouping Language Model Boundary Words to Speed K{--}Best Extraction from Hypergraphs",
    author = "Heafield, Kenneth  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1116",
    pages = "958--968",
}
@inproceedings{gal-blunsom-2013-systematic,
    title = "A Systematic {B}ayesian Treatment of the {IBM} Alignment Models",
    author = "Gal, Yarin  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1117",
    pages = "969--977",
}
@inproceedings{shutova-sun-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Metaphor Identification Using Hierarchical Graph Factorization Clustering",
    author = "Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Sun, Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1118",
    pages = "978--988",
}
@inproceedings{remus-biemann-2013-three,
    title = "Three Knowledge-Free Methods for Automatic Lexical Chain Extraction",
    author = "Remus, Steffen  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1119",
    pages = "989--999",
}
@inproceedings{zhila-etal-2013-combining,
    title = "Combining Heterogeneous Models for Measuring Relational Similarity",
    author = "Zhila, Alisa  and
      Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Meek, Christopher  and
      Zweig, Geoffrey  and
      Mikolov, Tomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1120",
    pages = "1000--1009",
}
@inproceedings{bergsma-etal-2013-broadly,
    title = "Broadly Improving User Classification via Communication-Based Name and Location Clustering on Twitter",
    author = "Bergsma, Shane  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Wilson, Theresa  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1121",
    pages = "1010--1019",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2013-link,
    title = "To Link or Not to Link? A Study on End-to-End Tweet Entity Linking",
    author = "Guo, Stephen  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Kiciman, Emre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1122",
    pages = "1020--1030",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-jiang-2013-latent,
    title = "A Latent Variable Model for Viewpoint Discovery from Threaded Forum Posts",
    author = "Qiu, Minghui  and
      Jiang, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1123",
    pages = "1031--1040",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2013-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Intention Posts in Discussion Forums",
    author = "Chen, Zhiyuan  and
      Liu, Bing  and
      Hsu, Meichun  and
      Castellanos, Malu  and
      Ghosh, Riddhiman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1124",
    pages = "1041--1050",
}
@inproceedings{xue-yang-2013-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-based empty category detection via phrase structure trees",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen  and
      Yang, Yaqin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1125",
    pages = "1051--1060",
}
@inproceedings{tackstrom-etal-2013-target,
    title = "Target Language Adaptation of Discriminative Transfer Parsers",
    author = {T{\"a}ckstr{\"o}m, Oscar  and
      McDonald, Ryan  and
      Nivre, Joakim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1126",
    pages = "1061--1071",
}
@inproceedings{vogel-etal-2013-emergence,
    title = "Emergence of {G}ricean Maxims from Multi-Agent Decision Theory",
    author = "Vogel, Adam  and
      Bodoia, Max  and
      Potts, Christopher  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1127",
    pages = "1072--1081",
}
@inproceedings{hixon-passonneau-2013-open,
    title = "Open Dialogue Management for Relational Databases",
    author = "Hixon, Ben  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1128",
    pages = "1082--1091",
}
@inproceedings{devault-traum-2013-method,
    title = "A method for the approximation of incremental understanding of explicit utterance meaning using predictive models in finite domains",
    author = "DeVault, David  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1129",
    pages = "1092--1099",
}
@inproceedings{pilehvar-navigli-2013-paving,
    title = "Paving the Way to a Large-scale Pseudosense-annotated Dataset",
    author = "Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1130",
    pages = "1100--1109",
}
@inproceedings{king-abney-2013-labeling,
    title = "Labeling the Languages of Words in Mixed-Language Documents using Weakly Supervised Methods",
    author = "King, Ben  and
      Abney, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1131",
    pages = "1110--1119",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning Whom to Trust with {MACE}",
    author = "Hovy, Dirk  and
      Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor  and
      Vaswani, Ashish  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1132",
    pages = "1120--1130",
}
@inproceedings{szarvas-etal-2013-supervised,
    title = "Supervised All-Words Lexical Substitution using Delexicalized Features",
    author = {Szarvas, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Gurevych, Iryna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1133",
    pages = "1131--1141",
}
@inproceedings{van-de-cruys-etal-2013-tensor,
    title = "A Tensor-based Factorization Model of Semantic Compositionality",
    author = "Van de Cruys, Tim  and
      Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1134",
    pages = "1142--1151",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2013-participant,
    title = "A Participant-based Approach for Event Summarization Using Twitter Streams",
    author = "Shen, Chao  and
      Liu, Fei  and
      Weng, Fuliang  and
      Li, Tao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1135",
    pages = "1152--1162",
}
@inproceedings{christensen-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Coherent Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Christensen, Janara  and
      {Mausam}  and
      Soderland, Stephen  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1136",
    pages = "1163--1173",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-etal-2013-generating,
    title = "Generating Expressions that Refer to Visible Objects",
    author = "Mitchell, Margaret  and
      van Deemter, Kees  and
      Reiter, Ehud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1137",
    pages = "1174--1184",
}
@inproceedings{durrett-denero-2013-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Learning of Complete Morphological Paradigms",
    author = "Durrett, Greg  and
      DeNero, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1138",
    pages = "1185--1195",
}
@inproceedings{kim-snyder-2013-optimal,
    title = "Optimal Data Set Selection: An Application to Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion",
    author = "Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Snyder, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1139",
    pages = "1196--1205",
}
@inproceedings{chahuneau-etal-2013-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-Rich Morphological Priors for {B}ayesian Language Models",
    author = "Chahuneau, Victor  and
      Smith, Noah A.  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1140",
    pages = "1206--1215",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2013-2013-naacl,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Student Research Workshop",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Socher, Richard  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      Ringger, Eric K.",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-2000",
}
@inproceedings{holen-2013-critical,
    title = "Critical Reflections on Evaluation Practices in Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Holen, Gordana Ili{\'c}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-2001",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2013-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Annotation Effort on Unbalanced Corpus based on Cost Matrix",
    author = "Luo, Wencan  and
      Litman, Diane  and
      Chan, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-2002",
    pages = "8--15",
}
@inproceedings{conrado-etal-2013-machine,
    title = "A Machine Learning Approach to Automatic Term Extraction using a Rich Feature Set",
    author = "Conrado, Merley  and
      Pardo, Thiago  and
      Rezende, Solange",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-2003",
    pages = "16--23",
}
@inproceedings{franky-2013-rule,
    title = "A Rule-based Approach for Karmina Generation",
    author = "Franky, Franky",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-2004",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{stolerman-etal-2013-language,
    title = "From Language to Family and Back: Native Language and Language Family Identification from {E}nglish Text",
    author = "Stolerman, Ariel  and
      Caliskan, Aylin  and
      Greenstadt, Rachel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-2005",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{arcan-buitelaar-2013-ontology,
    title = "Ontology Label Translation",
    author = "Arcan, Mihael  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-2006",
    pages = "40--46",
}
@inproceedings{salameh-etal-2013-reversing,
    title = "Reversing Morphological Tokenization in {E}nglish-to-{A}rabic {SMT}",
    author = "Salameh, Mohammad  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-2007",
    pages = "47--53",
}
@inproceedings{irvine-2013-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation in Low Resource Settings",
    author = "Irvine, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-2008",
    pages = "54--61",
}
@inproceedings{ganitkevitch-2013-large,
    title = "Large-Scale Paraphrasing for Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Ganitkevitch, Juri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-2009",
    pages = "62--68",
}
@inproceedings{mason-2013-domain,
    title = "Domain-Independent Captioning of Domain-Specific Images",
    author = "Mason, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-2010",
    pages = "69--76",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-2013-helpfulness,
    title = "Helpfulness-Guided Review Summarization",
    author = "Xiong, Wenting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-2011",
    pages = "77--83",
}
@inproceedings{levitan-2013-entrainment,
    title = "Entrainment in Spoken Dialogue Systems: Adopting, Predicting and Influencing User Behavior",
    author = "Levitan, Rivka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-2012",
    pages = "84--90",
}
@inproceedings{ma-2013-user,
    title = "User Goal Change Model for Spoken Dialog State Tracking",
    author = "Ma, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-2013",
    pages = "91--97",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2013-2013-naacl-hlt,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Demonstration Session",
    author = "Dyer, Chris  and
      Higgins, Derrick",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-3000",
}
@inproceedings{preiss-stevenson-2013-dale,
    title = "{DALE}: A Word Sense Disambiguation System for Biomedical Documents Trained using Automatically Labeled Examples",
    author = "Preiss, Judita  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-3001",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{snyder-etal-2013-topic,
    title = "Topic Models and Metadata for Visualizing Text Corpora",
    author = "Snyder, Justin  and
      Knowles, Rebecca  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Gormley, Matthew  and
      Wolfe, Travis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-3002",
    pages = "5--9",
}
@inproceedings{dara-etal-2013-tmtprime,
    title = "{TMT}prime: A Recommender System for {MT} and {TM} Integration",
    author = "Dara, Aswarth Abhilash  and
      Dandapat, Sandipan  and
      Groves, Declan  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-3003",
    pages = "10--13",
}
@inproceedings{chen-styler-2013-anafora,
    title = "{A}nafora: A Web-based General Purpose Annotation Tool",
    author = "Chen, Wei-Te  and
      Styler, Will",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-3004",
    pages = "14--19",
}
@inproceedings{toral-etal-2013-web,
    title = "A Web Application for the Diagnostic Evaluation of Machine Translation over Specific Linguistic Phenomena",
    author = "Toral, Antonio  and
      Kumar Naskar, Sudip  and
      Vreeke, Joris  and
      Gaspari, Federico  and
      Groves, Declan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-3005",
    pages = "20--23",
}
@inproceedings{hagiwara-masuko-2013-koosho,
    title = "{K}oo{SHO}: {J}apanese Text Input Environment based on Aerial Hand Writing",
    author = "Hagiwara, Masato  and
      Masuko, Soh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-3006",
    pages = "24--27",
}
@inproceedings{mcinnes-etal-2013-umls,
    title = "{UMLS}::{S}imilarity: Measuring the Relatedness and Similarity of Biomedical Concepts",
    author = "McInnes, Bridget  and
      Pedersen, Ted  and
      Pakhomov, Serguei  and
      Liu, Ying  and
      Melton-Meaux, Genevieve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-3007",
    pages = "28--31",
}
@inproceedings{mcnamee-etal-2013-kelvin,
    title = "{KELVIN}: a tool for automated knowledge base construction",
    author = "McNamee, Paul  and
      Mayfield, James  and
      Finin, Tim  and
      Oates, Tim  and
      Lawrie, Dawn  and
      Xu, Tan  and
      Oard, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-3008",
    pages = "32--35",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2013-argviz,
    title = "{A}rgviz: Interactive Visualization of Topic Dynamics in Multi-party Conversations",
    author = "Nguyen, Viet-An  and
      Hu, Yuening  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 {NAACL} {HLT} Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-3009",
    pages = "36--39",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2013-naacl,
    title = "NAACL HLT 2013 Tutorial Abstracts",
    author = "Lin, Jimmy  and
      Erk, Katrin",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-4000",
}
@inproceedings{socher-manning-2013-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning for {NLP} (without Magic)",
    author = "Socher, Richard  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "NAACL HLT 2013 Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-4001",
    pages = "1--3",
}
@inproceedings{stede-2013-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Processing",
    author = "Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "NAACL HLT 2013 Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-4002",
    pages = "4--6",
}
@inproceedings{mehta-subramaniam-2013-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} for uncertain data at scale",
    author = "Mehta, Sameep  and
      Subramaniam, L. V.",
    booktitle = "NAACL HLT 2013 Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-4003",
    pages = "7--9",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-etal-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Palmer, Martha  and
      Titov, Ivan  and
      Wu, Shumin",
    booktitle = "NAACL HLT 2013 Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-4004",
    pages = "10--12",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-2013-spectral,
    title = "Spectral Learning Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Cohen, Shay  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Foster, Dean  and
      Stratos, Karl  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "NAACL HLT 2013 Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-4005",
    pages = "13--15",
}
@inproceedings{ruiz-costa-jussa-quirk-2013-morphological,
    title = "Morphological, Syntactical and Semantic Knowledge in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Ruiz Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta  and
      Quirk, Chris",
    booktitle = "NAACL HLT 2013 Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-4006",
    pages = "16--18",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    author = "Bos, Johan  and
      Pulman, Stephen",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0100",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-2011-semantics,
    title = "The Semantics of Dialogue Acts",
    author = "Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0101",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-2011-new,
    title = "A New Semantics: Merging Propositional and Distributional Information",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0102",
}
@inproceedings{alshawi-etal-2011-deterministic,
    title = "Deterministic Statistical Mapping of Sentences to Underspecified Semantics",
    author = "Alshawi, Hiyan  and
      Chang, Pi-Chuan  and
      Ringgaard, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0103",
}
@inproceedings{banea-mihalcea-2011-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation with Multilingual Features",
    author = "Banea, Carmen  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0104",
}
@inproceedings{baral-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using Inverse lambda and Generalization to Translate {E}nglish to Formal Languages",
    author = "Baral, Chitta  and
      Dzifcak, Juraj  and
      Gonzalez, Marcos Alvarez  and
      Zhou, Jiayu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0105",
}
@inproceedings{blanco-moldovan-2011-model,
    title = "A Model for Composing Semantic Relations",
    author = "Blanco, Eduardo  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0106",
}
@inproceedings{blythe-etal-2011-implementing,
    title = "Implementing Weighted Abduction in {M}arkov Logic",
    author = "Blythe, James  and
      Hobbs, Jerry  and
      Domingos, Pedro  and
      Kate, Rohit  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0107",
}
@inproceedings{bonfante-etal-2011-modular,
    title = "Modular Graph Rewriting to Compute Semantics",
    author = "Bonfante, Guillaume  and
      Guillaume, Bruno  and
      Morey, Mathieu  and
      Perrier, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0108",
}
@inproceedings{bott-etal-2011-interpreting,
    title = "Interpreting tractable versus intractable reciprocal sentences",
    author = "Bott, Oliver  and
      Schlotterbeck, Fabian  and
      Szymanik, Jakub",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0109",
}
@inproceedings{brown-etal-2011-verbnet,
    title = "{V}erb{N}et Class Assignment as a {WSD} Task",
    author = "Brown, Susan Windisch  and
      Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0110",
}
@inproceedings{faruqui-pado-2011-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring entailment pairs across languages and domains: A Data Analysis",
    author = "Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0111",
}
@inproceedings{garrette-etal-2011-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Logical Representations with Probabilistic Information using {M}arkov Logic",
    author = "Garrette, Dan  and
      Erk, Katrin  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0112",
}
@inproceedings{gotsoulia-2011-abstract,
    title = "An Abstract Schema for Representing Semantic Roles and Modelling the Syntax-Semantics Interface",
    author = "Gotsoulia, Voula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0113",
}
@inproceedings{grefenstette-etal-2011-concrete,
    title = "Concrete Sentence Spaces for Compositional Distributional Models of Meaning",
    author = "Grefenstette, Edward  and
      Sadrzadeh, Mehrnoosh  and
      Clark, Stephen  and
      Coecke, Bob  and
      Pulman, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0114",
}
@inproceedings{guevara-2011-computing,
    title = "Computing Semantic Compositionality in Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Guevara, Emiliano Raul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0115",
}
@inproceedings{gusev-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using Query Patterns to Learn the Duration of Events",
    author = "Gusev, Andrey  and
      Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Khilnani, Divye Raj  and
      Khaitan, Pranav  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0116",
}
@inproceedings{hayashi-2011-representation,
    title = "A Representation Framework for Cross-lingual/Interlingual Lexical Semantic Correspondences",
    author = "Hayashi, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0117",
}
@inproceedings{herbelot-copestake-2011-formalising,
    title = "Formalising and specifying underquantification",
    author = "Herbelot, Aurelie  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0118",
}
@inproceedings{howald-katz-2011-exploitation,
    title = "The Exploitation of Spatial Information in Narrative Discourse",
    author = "Howald, Blake Stephen  and
      Katz, E. Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0119",
}
@inproceedings{leong-mihalcea-2011-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the semantic relatedness between words and images",
    author = "Leong, Chee Wee  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0120",
}
@inproceedings{montazeri-hobbs-2011-elaborating,
    title = "Elaborating a Knowledge Base for Deep Lexical Semantics",
    author = "Montazeri, Niloofar  and
      Hobbs, Jerry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0121",
}
@inproceedings{niemann-gurevych-2011-peoples,
    title = "The People{'}s Web meets Linguistic Knowledge: Automatic Sense Alignment of {W}ikipedia and {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Niemann, Elisabeth  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0122",
}
@inproceedings{ohki-etal-2011-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Confinement in Web Texts",
    author = "Ohki, Megumi  and
      Nichols, Eric  and
      Matsuyoshi, Suguru  and
      Murakami, Koji  and
      Mizuno, Junta  and
      Masuda, Shouko  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0123",
}
@inproceedings{ovchinnikova-etal-2011-abductive,
    title = "Abductive Reasoning with a Large Knowledge Base for Discourse Processing",
    author = "Ovchinnikova, Ekaterina  and
      Montazeri, Niloofar  and
      Alexandrov, Theodore  and
      Hobbs, Jerry  and
      McCord, Michael C.  and
      Mulkar-Mehta, Rutu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0124",
}
@inproceedings{petukhova-bunt-2011-incremental,
    title = "Incremental dialogue act understanding",
    author = "Petukhova, Volha  and
      Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0125",
}
@inproceedings{reckman-etal-2011-extracting,
    title = "Extracting aspects of determiner meaning from dialogue in a virtual world environment",
    author = "Reckman, Hilke  and
      Orkin, Jeff  and
      Roy, Deb",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0126",
}
@inproceedings{robaldo-2011-maximalization,
    title = "On the Maximalization of the witness sets in Independent Set readings",
    author = "Robaldo, Livio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0127",
}
@inproceedings{utt-pado-2011-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-based Distinction between Polysemy and Homonymy",
    author = "Utt, Jason  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0128",
}
@inproceedings{verdezoto-vieu-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards semi-automatic methods for improving {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Verdezoto, Nervo  and
      Vieu, Laure",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0129",
}
@inproceedings{washtell-2011-compositional,
    title = "Compositional Expectation: A Purely Distributional Model of Compositional Semantics",
    author = "Washtell, Justin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0130",
}
@inproceedings{wu-schuler-2011-structured,
    title = "Structured Composition of Semantic Vectors",
    author = "Wu, Stephen  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0131",
}
@inproceedings{ahmed-butt-2011-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Semantic Classes for {U}rdu N-V Complex Predicates",
    author = "Ahmed, Tafseer  and
      Butt, Miriam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0132",
}
@inproceedings{becker-etal-2011-discuss,
    title = "{DISCUSS}: A dialogue move taxonomy layered over semantic representations",
    author = "Becker, Lee  and
      Ward, Wayne  and
      Vuuren, Sarel van  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0133",
}
@inproceedings{boussidan-ploux-2011-using,
    title = "Using Topic Salience and Connotational Drifts to Detect Candidates to Semantic Change",
    author = "Boussidan, Armelle  and
      Ploux, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0134",
}
@inproceedings{cabrio-magnini-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards Component-Based Textual Entailment",
    author = "Cabrio, Elena  and
      Magnini, Bernardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0135",
}
@inproceedings{clarke-etal-2011-algebraic,
    title = "Algebraic Approaches to Compositional Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Clarke, Daoud  and
      Weir, David  and
      Lutz, Rudi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0136",
}
@inproceedings{cotterill-2011-question,
    title = "Question Classification for Email",
    author = "Cotterill, Rachel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0137",
}
@inproceedings{gruzitis-barzdins-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards a More Natural Multilingual Controlled Language Interface to {OWL}",
    author = "Gruzitis, Normunds  and
      Barzdins, Guntis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0138",
}
@inproceedings{keshet-etal-2011-ballgame,
    title = "{BALLGAME}: A Corpus for Computational Semantics",
    author = "Keshet, Ezra  and
      Szymanski, Terrence  and
      Tyndall, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0139",
}
@inproceedings{lesmo-etal-2011-ontology,
    title = "An Ontology Based Architecture for Translation",
    author = "Lesmo, Leonardo  and
      Mazzei, Alessandro  and
      Radicioni, Daniele P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0140",
}
@inproceedings{morante-etal-2011-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based approaches to processing the scope of negation cues: an evaluation of the state of the art",
    author = "Morante, Roser  and
      Schrauwen, Sarah  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0141",
}
@inproceedings{mousser-2011-classifying,
    title = "Classifying {A}rabic Verbs Using Sibling Classes",
    author = "Mousser, Jaouad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0142",
}
@inproceedings{mulkar-mehta-etal-2011-granularity,
    title = "Granularity in Natural Language Discourse",
    author = "Mulkar-Mehta, Rutu  and
      Hobbs, Jerry  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0143",
}
@inproceedings{purver-etal-2011-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Semantic Construction in a Dialogue System",
    author = "Purver, Matthew  and
      Eshghi, Arash  and
      Hough, Julian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0144",
}
@inproceedings{reschke-anand-2011-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Contextual Evaluativity",
    author = "Reschke, Kevin  and
      Anand, Pranav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0145",
}
@inproceedings{rojas-barahona-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using {MMIL} for the High Level Semantic Annotation of the {F}rench {MEDIA} Dialogue Corpus",
    author = "Rojas-Barahona, Lina Maria  and
      Bazillon, Thierry  and
      Quignard, Matthieu  and
      Lefevre, Fabrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0146",
}
@inproceedings{rouhizadeh-etal-2011-collecting,
    title = "Collecting Semantic Data from Mechanical Turk for a Lexical Knowledge Resource in a Text to Picture Generating System",
    author = "Rouhizadeh, Masoud  and
      Bowler, Margit  and
      Sproat, Richard  and
      Coyne, Bob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0147",
}
@inproceedings{spagnola-lagoze-2011-edge,
    title = "Edge dependent pathway scoring for calculating semantic similarity in {C}oncept{N}et",
    author = "Spagnola, Steve  and
      Lagoze, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0148",
}
@inproceedings{wojtinnek-pulman-2011-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Relatedness from Automatically Generated Semantic Networks",
    author = "Wojtinnek, Pia-Ramona  and
      Pulman, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0149",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-he-2011-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing for Biomedical Event Extraction",
    author = "Zhou, Deyu  and
      He, Yulan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2011)",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0150",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-bionlp,
    title = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    author = "Cohen, Kevin Bretonnel  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Pestian, John  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0200",
}
@inproceedings{thomas-etal-2011-links,
    title = "Not all links are equal: Exploiting Dependency Types for the Extraction of Protein-Protein Interactions from Text",
    author = "Thomas, Philippe  and
      Pietschmann, Stefan  and
      Solt, Ill{\'e}s  and
      Tikk, Domonkos  and
      Leser, Ulf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0201",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{rei-briscoe-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Entailment Detection between Dependency Graph Fragments",
    author = "Rei, Marek  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0202",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning Phenotype Mapping for Integrating Large Genetic Data",
    author = "Hsu, Chun-Nan  and
      Kuo, Cheng-Ju  and
      Cai, Congxing  and
      Pendergrass, Sarah  and
      Ritchie, Marylyn  and
      Ambite, Jose Luis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0203",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{van-landeghem-etal-2011-evex,
    title = "{EVEX}: A {P}ub{M}ed-Scale Resource for Homology-Based Generalization of Text Mining Predictions",
    author = "Van Landeghem, Sofie  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Van de Peer, Yves  and
      Salakoski, Tapio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0204",
    pages = "28--37",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-2011-fast,
    title = "Fast and simple semantic class assignment for biomedical text",
    author = "Cohen, K. Bretonnel  and
      Christiansen, Thomas  and
      Baumgartner Jr., William  and
      Verspoor, Karin  and
      Hunter, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0205",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{pokkunuri-etal-2011-role,
    title = "The Role of Information Extraction in the Design of a Document Triage Application for Biocuration",
    author = "Pokkunuri, Sandeep  and
      Ramakrishnan, Cartic  and
      Riloff, Ellen  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Burns, Gully",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0206",
    pages = "46--55",
}
@inproceedings{ben-abacha-zweigenbaum-2011-medical,
    title = "Medical Entity Recognition: A Comparaison of Semantic and Statistical Methods",
    author = "Ben Abacha, Asma  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0207",
    pages = "56--64",
}
@inproceedings{usami-etal-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Huge Training Data for Bio-Medical Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Usami, Yu  and
      Cho, Han-Cheol  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0208",
    pages = "65--73",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2011-building,
    title = "Building frame-based corpus on the basis of ontological domain knowledge",
    author = "Tan, He  and
      Kaliyaperumal, Rajaram  and
      Benis, Nirupama",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0209",
    pages = "74--82",
}
@inproceedings{batista-navarro-ananiadou-2011-building,
    title = "Building a Coreference-Annotated Corpus from the Domain of Biochemistry",
    author = "Batista-Navarro, Riza Theresa  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0210",
    pages = "83--91",
}
@inproceedings{marciniak-mykowiecka-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards Morphologically Annotated Corpus of Hospital Discharge Reports in Polish",
    author = "Marciniak, Malgorzata  and
      Mykowiecka, Agnieszka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0211",
    pages = "92--100",
}
@inproceedings{blake-zheng-2011-search,
    title = "In Search of Protein Locations",
    author = "Blake, Catherine  and
      Zheng, Wu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0212",
    pages = "101--102",
}
@inproceedings{neveol-etal-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic extraction of data deposition statements: where do the research results go?",
    author = "N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Wilbur, W. John  and
      Lu, Zhiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0213",
    pages = "103--104",
}
@inproceedings{ohta-etal-2011-pathways,
    title = "From Pathways to Biomolecular Events: Opportunities and Challenges",
    author = "Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0214",
    pages = "105--113",
}
@inproceedings{pyysalo-etal-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards Exhaustive Event Extraction for Protein Modifications",
    author = "Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Miwa, Makoto  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0215",
    pages = "114--123",
}
@inproceedings{chowdhury-etal-2011-study,
    title = "A Study on Dependency Tree Kernels for Automatic Extraction of Protein-Protein Interaction",
    author = "Chowdhury, Faisal Md.  and
      Lavelli, Alberto  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0216",
    pages = "124--133",
}
@inproceedings{white-etal-2011-hypothesis,
    title = "Hypothesis and Evidence Extraction from Full-Text Scientific Journal Articles",
    author = "White, Elizabeth  and
      Cohen, K. Bretonnel  and
      Hunter, Larry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0217",
    pages = "134--135",
}
@inproceedings{stenetorp-etal-2011-simsem,
    title = "{S}im{S}em: Fast Approximate String Matching in Relation to Semantic Category Disambiguation",
    author = "Stenetorp, Pontus  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0218",
    pages = "136--145",
}
@inproceedings{jung-etal-2011-building,
    title = "Building Timelines from Narrative Clinical Records: Initial Results Based-on Deep Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Jung, Hyuckchul  and
      Allen, James  and
      Blaylock, Nate  and
      de Beaumont, William  and
      Galescu, Lucian  and
      Swift, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0219",
    pages = "146--154",
}
@inproceedings{yeganova-etal-2011-text,
    title = "Text Mining Techniques for Leveraging Positively Labeled Data",
    author = "Yeganova, Lana  and
      Comeau, Donald C.  and
      Kim, Won  and
      Wilbur, W. John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0220",
    pages = "155--163",
}
@inproceedings{hara-etal-2011-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Natural Language Queries for Life Science Knowledge",
    author = "Hara, Tadayoshi  and
      Tateisi, Yuka  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0221",
    pages = "164--173",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2011-unlocking,
    title = "Unlocking Medical Ontologies for Non-Ontology Experts",
    author = "Liang, Shao Fen  and
      Scott, Donia  and
      Stevens, Robert  and
      Rector, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0222",
    pages = "174--181",
}
@inproceedings{jimeno-yepes-aronson-2011-self,
    title = "Self-training and co-training in biomedical word sense disambiguation",
    author = "Jimeno-Yepes, Antonio  and
      Aronson, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0223",
    pages = "182--183",
}
@inproceedings{verhagen-pustejovsky-2011-medstract,
    title = "Medstract - The Next Generation",
    author = "Verhagen, Marc  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0224",
    pages = "184--185",
}
@inproceedings{haruechaiyasak-etal-2011-thaiherbminer,
    title = "{T}hai{H}erb{M}iner: A {T}hai Herbal Medicine Mining and Visualizing Tool",
    author = "Haruechaiyasak, Choochart  and
      Pailai, Jaruwat  and
      Viratyosin, Wasna  and
      Kongkachandra, Rachada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0225",
    pages = "186--187",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    author = "Goldwater, Sharon  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0300",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2011-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Syntactic Context Improves Morphological Segmentation",
    author = "Lee, Yoong Keok  and
      Haghighi, Aria  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0301",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{mohamed-2011-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Automatic Tokenization, Vocalization, Stemming, and {POS} Tagging on {A}rabic Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Mohamed, Emad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0302",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{spitkovsky-etal-2011-punctuation,
    title = "{P}unctuation: Making a Point in Unsupervised Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Spitkovsky, Valentin I.  and
      Alshawi, Hiyan  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0303",
    pages = "19--28",
}
@inproceedings{lignos-2011-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Infant Word Segmentation",
    author = "Lignos, Constantine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0304",
    pages = "29--38",
}
@inproceedings{hewlett-cohen-2011-word,
    title = "Word Segmentation as General Chunking",
    author = "Hewlett, Daniel  and
      Cohen, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0305",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{hayes-2011-invited,
    title = "(Invited talk) Computational Linguistics for Studying Language in People: Principles, Applications and Research Problems",
    author = "Hayes, Bruce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0306",
    pages = "48",
}
@inproceedings{vlachos-craven-2011-search,
    title = "Search-based Structured Prediction applied to Biomedical Event Extraction",
    author = "Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Craven, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0307",
    pages = "49--57",
}
@inproceedings{mukund-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using Sequence Kernels to identify Opinion Entities in {U}rdu",
    author = "Mukund, Smruthi  and
      Ghosh, Debanjan  and
      Srihari, Rohini",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0308",
    pages = "58--67",
}
@inproceedings{munro-2011-subword,
    title = "Subword and Spatiotemporal Models for Identifying Actionable Information in {H}aitian {K}reyol",
    author = "Munro, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0309",
    pages = "68--77",
}
@inproceedings{sarawgi-etal-2011-gender,
    title = "Gender Attribution: Tracing Stylometric Evidence Beyond Topic and Genre",
    author = "Sarawgi, Ruchita  and
      Gajulapalli, Kailash  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0310",
    pages = "78--86",
}
@inproceedings{akkaya-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving the Impact of Subjectivity Word Sense Disambiguation on Contextual Opinion Analysis",
    author = "Akkaya, Cem  and
      Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Conrad, Alexander  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0311",
    pages = "87--96",
}
@inproceedings{angluin-becerra-bonache-2011-effects,
    title = "Effects of Meaning-Preserving Corrections on Language Learning",
    author = "Angluin, Dana  and
      Becerra-Bonache, Leonor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0312",
    pages = "97--105",
}
@inproceedings{arora-nyberg-2011-assessing,
    title = "Assessing Benefit from Feature Feedback in Active Learning for Text Classification",
    author = "Arora, Shilpa  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0313",
    pages = "106--114",
}
@inproceedings{dellorletta-etal-2011-ulisse,
    title = "{ULISSE}: an Unsupervised Algorithm for Detecting Reliable Dependency Parses",
    author = "Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Venturi, Giulia  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0314",
    pages = "115--124",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2011-language,
    title = "Language Models as Representations for Weakly Supervised {NLP} Tasks",
    author = "Huang, Fei  and
      Yates, Alexander  and
      Ahuja, Arun  and
      Downey, Doug",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0315",
    pages = "125--134",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Keyphrase Extraction by Bridging Vocabulary Gap",
    author = "Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Chen, Xinxiong  and
      Zheng, Yabin  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0316",
    pages = "135--144",
}
@inproceedings{mcinnes-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using Second-order Vectors in a Knowledge-based Method for Acronym Disambiguation",
    author = "McInnes, Bridget T.  and
      Pedersen, Ted  and
      Liu, Ying  and
      Pakhomov, Serguei V.  and
      Melton, Genevieve B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0317",
    pages = "145--153",
}
@inproceedings{ozaki-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using the Mutual k-Nearest Neighbor Graphs for Semi-supervised Classification on Natural Language Data",
    author = "Ozaki, Kohei  and
      Shimbo, Masashi  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0318",
    pages = "154--162",
}
@inproceedings{pennacchiotti-pantel-2011-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Building Training Examples for Entity Extraction",
    author = "Pennacchiotti, Marco  and
      Pantel, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0319",
    pages = "163--171",
}
@inproceedings{schoenemann-2011-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Word Alignment under the $L_0$-norm",
    author = "Schoenemann, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0320",
    pages = "172--180",
}
@inproceedings{seroussi-etal-2011-authorship,
    title = "Authorship Attribution with Latent {D}irichlet Allocation",
    author = "Seroussi, Yanir  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      Bohnert, Fabian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0321",
    pages = "181--189",
}
@inproceedings{szumlanski-gomez-2011-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating a Semantic Network Automatically Constructed from Lexical Co-occurrence on a Word Sense Disambiguation Task",
    author = "Szumlanski, Sean  and
      Gomez, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0322",
    pages = "190--199",
}
@inproceedings{yu-kubler-2011-filling,
    title = "Filling the Gap: Semi-Supervised Learning for Opinion Detection Across Domains",
    author = {Yu, Ning  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0323",
    pages = "200--209",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-2011-normalized,
    title = "A Normalized-Cut Alignment Model for Mapping Hierarchical Semantic Structures onto Spoken Documents",
    author = "Zhu, Xiaodan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0324",
    pages = "210--218",
}
@inproceedings{teh-2011-invited,
    title = "(Invited talk) {B}ayesian Tools for Natural Language Learning",
    author = "Teh, Yee Whye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0325",
    pages = "219",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2011-composing,
    title = "Composing Simple Image Descriptions using Web-scale N-grams",
    author = "Li, Siming  and
      Kulkarni, Girish  and
      Berg, Tamara L  and
      Berg, Alexander C  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0326",
    pages = "220--228",
}
@inproceedings{kundu-roth-2011-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Text instead of the Model: An Open Domain Approach",
    author = "Kundu, Gourab  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0327",
    pages = "229--237",
}
@inproceedings{tsuruoka-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning with Lookahead: Can History-Based Models Rival Globally Optimized Models?",
    author = "Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0328",
    pages = "238--246",
}
@inproceedings{yih-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning Discriminative Projections for Text Similarity Measures",
    author = "Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Platt, John C.  and
      Meek, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0329",
    pages = "247--256",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-linguistic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Meyers, Adam  and
      Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Tomanek, Katrin",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0400",
}
@inproceedings{da-cunha-etal-2011-development,
    title = "On the Development of the {RST} {S}panish Treebank",
    author = "da Cunha, Iria  and
      Torres-Moreno, Juan-Manuel  and
      Sierra, Gerardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0401",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-erjavec-2011-owl,
    title = "{OWL}/{DL} formalization of the {MULTEXT}-East morphosyntactic specifications",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0402",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{vaidya-etal-2011-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of the {H}indi Proposition Bank using Dependency Structure",
    author = "Vaidya, Ashwini  and
      Choi, Jinho  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Narasimhan, Bhuvana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0403",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{hong-baker-2011-good,
    title = "How Good is the Crowd at {``}real{''} {WSD}?",
    author = "Hong, Jisup  and
      Baker, Collin F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0404",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{jung-kwon-2011-consistency,
    title = "Consistency Maintenance in Prosodic Labeling for Reliable Prediction of Prosodic Breaks",
    author = "Jung, Youngim  and
      Kwon, Hyuk-Chul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0405",
    pages = "38--46",
}
@inproceedings{herzig-etal-2011-annotation,
    title = "An Annotation Scheme for Automated Bias Detection in {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Herzig, Livnat  and
      Nunes, Alex  and
      Snir, Batia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0406",
    pages = "47--55",
}
@inproceedings{iwasawa-etal-2011-collaborative,
    title = "A Collaborative Annotation between Human Annotators and a Statistical Parser",
    author = "Iwasawa, Shun{'}ya  and
      Hanaoka, Hiroki  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0407",
    pages = "56--64",
}
@inproceedings{dligach-palmer-2011-reducing,
    title = "Reducing the Need for Double Annotation",
    author = "Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0408",
    pages = "65--73",
}
@inproceedings{rumshisky-2011-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing Word Sense Definition",
    author = "Rumshisky, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0409",
    pages = "74--81",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-2011-scaleable,
    title = "A scaleable automated quality assurance technique for semantic representations and proposition banks",
    author = "Cohen, K. Bretonnel  and
      Hunter, Lawrence  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0410",
    pages = "82--91",
}
@inproceedings{grouin-etal-2011-proposal,
    title = "Proposal for an Extension of Traditional Named Entities: From Guidelines to Evaluation, an Overview",
    author = {Grouin, Cyril  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Galibert, Olivier  and
      Quintard, Ludovic},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0411",
    pages = "92--100",
}
@inproceedings{chowdhury-lavelli-2011-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the practical usability of an automatically annotated corpus",
    author = "Chowdhury, Md. Faisal Mahbub  and
      Lavelli, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0412",
    pages = "101--109",
}
@inproceedings{abdul-mageed-diab-2011-subjectivity,
    title = "Subjectivity and Sentiment Annotation of Modern Standard {A}rabic Newswire",
    author = "Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0413",
    pages = "110--118",
}
@inproceedings{rachakonda-sharma-2011-creating,
    title = "Creating an Annotated {T}amil Corpus as a Discourse Resource",
    author = "Rachakonda, Ravi Teja  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0414",
    pages = "119--123",
}
@inproceedings{scheible-etal-2011-gold,
    title = "A Gold Standard Corpus of Early Modern {G}erman",
    author = "Scheible, Silke  and
      Whitt, Richard J.  and
      Durrell, Martin  and
      Bennett, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0415",
    pages = "124--128",
}
@inproceedings{stubbs-2011-mae,
    title = "{MAE} and {MAI}: Lightweight Annotation and Adjudication Tools",
    author = "Stubbs, Amber",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0416",
    pages = "129--133",
}
@inproceedings{gsk-etal-2011-empty,
    title = "Empty Categories in {H}indi Dependency Treebank: Analysis and Recovery",
    author = "GSK, Chaitanya  and
      Husain, Samar  and
      Mannem, Prashanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0417",
    pages = "134--142",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-etal-2011-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Events, Temporal Expressions and Relations in {I}talian: the It-Timeml Experience for the Ita-{T}ime{B}ank",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Bartalesi Lenzi, Valentina  and
      Sprugnoli, Rachele  and
      Pianta, Emanuele  and
      Prodanof, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0418",
    pages = "143--151",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-stubbs-2011-increasing,
    title = "Increasing Informativeness in Temporal Annotation",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Stubbs, Amber",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0419",
    pages = "152--160",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-xue-2011-discourse,
    title = "Discourse-constrained Temporal Annotation",
    author = "Zhou, Yuping  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0420",
    pages = "161--169",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-automatic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Automatic Summarization for Different Genres, Media, and Languages",
    author = "Nenkova, Ani  and
      Hirchberg, Julia  and
      Liu, Yang",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0500",
}
@inproceedings{uthus-aha-2011-plans,
    title = "Plans Toward Automated Chat Summarization",
    author = "Uthus, David C.  and
      Aha, David W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Automatic Summarization for Different Genres, Media, and Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0501",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards Multi-Document Summarization of Scientific Articles:Making Interesting Comparisons with {S}ci{S}umm",
    author = "Agarwal, Nitin  and
      Reddy, Ravi Shankar  and
      Gvr, Kiran  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn Penstein",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Automatic Summarization for Different Genres, Media, and Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0502",
    pages = "8--15",
}
@inproceedings{wang-cardie-2011-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Decisions in Spoken Meetings",
    author = "Wang, Lu  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Automatic Summarization for Different Genres, Media, and Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0503",
    pages = "16--24",
}
@inproceedings{owczarzak-dang-2011-wrote,
    title = "Who wrote What Where: Analyzing the content of human and automatic summaries",
    author = "Owczarzak, Karolina  and
      Dang, Hoa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Automatic Summarization for Different Genres, Media, and Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0504",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{ahn-etal-2011-wikitopics,
    title = "{W}iki{T}opics: What is Popular on {W}ikipedia and Why",
    author = "Ahn, Byung Gyu  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Automatic Summarization for Different Genres, Media, and Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0505",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{greenbacker-etal-2011-abstractive,
    title = "Abstractive Summarization of Line Graphs from Popular Media",
    author = "Greenbacker, Charles  and
      Wu, Peng  and
      Carberry, Sandra  and
      McCoy, Kathleen  and
      Elzer, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Automatic Summarization for Different Genres, Media, and Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0506",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{mason-charniak-2011-extractive,
    title = "Extractive Multi-Document Summaries Should Explicitly Not Contain Document Specific Content",
    author = "Mason, Rebecca  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Automatic Summarization for Different Genres, Media, and Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0507",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-cognitive,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Keller, Frank  and
      Reitter, David",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0600",
}
@inproceedings{boruta-etal-2011-testing,
    title = "Testing the Robustness of Online Word Segmentation: Effects of Linguistic Diversity and Phonetic Variation",
    author = "Boruta, Luc  and
      Peperkamp, Sharon  and
      Crabb{\'e}, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Dupoux, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0601",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{kleinschmidt-jaeger-2011-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Belief Updating Model of Phonetic Recalibration and Selective Adaptation",
    author = "Kleinschmidt, Dave  and
      Jaeger, T. Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0602",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{pate-goldwater-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Syntactic Chunking with Acoustic Cues: Computational Models for Prosodic Bootstrapping",
    author = "Pate, John  and
      Goldwater, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0603",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{yang-2011-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Test for Grammar",
    author = "Yang, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0604",
    pages = "30--38",
}
@inproceedings{stabler-2011-top,
    title = "Top-Down Recognizers for {MCFG}s and {MG}s",
    author = "Stabler, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0605",
    pages = "39--48",
}
@inproceedings{rafferty-etal-2011-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Relationship Between Learnability and Linguistic Universals",
    author = "Rafferty, Anna N.  and
      Griffiths, Thomas L.  and
      Ettlinger, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0606",
    pages = "49--57",
}
@inproceedings{lenci-2011-composing,
    title = "Composing and Updating Verb Argument Expectations: A Distributional Semantic Model",
    author = "Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0607",
    pages = "58--66",
}
@inproceedings{van-rij-etal-2011-wm,
    title = "{WM} Load Influences the Interpretation of Referring Expressions",
    author = "van Rij, Jacolien  and
      van Rijn, Hedderik  and
      Hendriks, Petra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0608",
    pages = "67--75",
}
@inproceedings{danescu-niculescu-mizil-lee-2011-chameleons,
    title = "Chameleons in Imagined Conversations: A New Approach to Understanding Coordination of Linguistic Style in Dialogs",
    author = "Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0609",
    pages = "76--87",
}
@inproceedings{prudhommeaux-etal-2011-classification,
    title = "Classification of Atypical Language in Autism",
    author = "Prud{'}hommeaux, Emily T.  and
      Roark, Brian  and
      Black, Lois M.  and
      van Santen, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0610",
    pages = "88--96",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-2011-colourful,
    title = "Colourful Language: Measuring Word-Colour Associations",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0611",
    pages = "97--106",
}
@inproceedings{nilsson-nivre-2011-survival,
    title = "A Survival Analysis of Fixation Times in Reading",
    author = "Nilsson, Mattias  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0612",
    pages = "107--115",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language in Social Media ({LSM} 2011)",
    author = "Nagarajan, Meenakshi  and
      Gamon, Michael",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0700",
}
@inproceedings{herring-2011-automating,
    title = "Automating Analysis of Social Media Communication: Insights from {CMDA}",
    author = "Herring, Susan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language in Social Media ({LSM} 2011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0701",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{abbott-etal-2011-say,
    title = "How can you say such things?!?: Recognizing Disagreement in Informal Political Argument",
    author = "Abbott, Rob  and
      Walker, Marilyn  and
      Anand, Pranav  and
      Fox Tree, Jean E.  and
      Bowmani, Robeson  and
      King, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language in Social Media ({LSM} 2011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0702",
    pages = "2--11",
}
@inproceedings{balasubramanyan-etal-2011-pushes,
    title = "What pushes their buttons? Predicting comment polarity from the content of political blog posts",
    author = "Balasubramanyan, Ramnath  and
      Cohen, William W.  and
      Pierce, Doug  and
      Redlawsk, David P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language in Social Media ({LSM} 2011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0703",
    pages = "12--19",
}
@inproceedings{gouws-etal-2011-contextual,
    title = "Contextual Bearing on Linguistic Variation in Social Media",
    author = "Gouws, Stephan  and
      Metzler, Donald  and
      Cai, Congxing  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language in Social Media ({LSM} 2011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0704",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2011-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis of Twitter Data",
    author = "Agarwal, Apoorv  and
      Xie, Boyi  and
      Vovsha, Ilia  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language in Social Media ({LSM} 2011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0705",
    pages = "30--38",
}
@inproceedings{marin-etal-2011-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Forum Authority Claims in Online Discussions",
    author = "Marin, Alex  and
      Zhang, Bin  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language in Social Media ({LSM} 2011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0706",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{bender-etal-2011-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Social Acts: Authority Claims and Alignment Moves in {W}ikipedia Talk Pages",
    author = "Bender, Emily M.  and
      Morgan, Jonathan T.  and
      Oxley, Meghan  and
      Zachry, Mark  and
      Hutchinson, Brian  and
      Marin, Alex  and
      Zhang, Bin  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language in Social Media ({LSM} 2011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0707",
    pages = "48--57",
}
@inproceedings{cunha-etal-2011-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Dynamic Evolution of Hashtags on Twitter: a Language-Based Approach",
    author = "Cunha, Evandro  and
      Magno, Gabriel  and
      Comarela, Giovanni  and
      Almeida, Virgilio  and
      Gon{\c{c}}alves, Marcos Andr{\'e}  and
      Benevenuto, Fabr{\'\i}cio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language in Social Media ({LSM} 2011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0708",
    pages = "58--65",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2011-sxsw,
    title = "Why is {``}{SXSW}{''} trending? Exploring Multiple Text Sources for Twitter Topic Summarization",
    author = "Liu, Fei  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Weng, Fuliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language in Social Media ({LSM} 2011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0709",
    pages = "66--75",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-p-rose-2011-language,
    title = "Language use as a reflection of socialization in online communities",
    author = "Nguyen, Dong  and
      P. Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language in Social Media ({LSM} 2011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0710",
    pages = "76--85",
}
@inproceedings{peterson-etal-2011-email,
    title = "Email Formality in the Workplace: A Case Study on the {E}nron Corpus",
    author = "Peterson, Kelly  and
      Hohensee, Matt  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language in Social Media ({LSM} 2011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0711",
    pages = "86--95",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-multiword,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    author = "Kordoni, Valia  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0800",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-2011-mwes,
    title = "{MWE}s and Topic Modelling: Enhancing Machine Learning with Linguistics",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0801",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{gurrutxaga-alegria-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of {NV} Expressions in Basque: Basic Issues on Cooccurrence Techniques",
    author = "Gurrutxaga, Antton  and
      Alegria, I{\~n}aki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0802",
    pages = "2--7",
}
@inproceedings{chakraborty-etal-2011-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Clustering: an Attempt to Identify Multiword Expressions in {B}engali",
    author = "Chakraborty, Tanmoy  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0803",
    pages = "8--13",
}
@inproceedings{hogan-etal-2011-decreasing,
    title = "Decreasing Lexical Data Sparsity in Statistical Syntactic Parsing - Experiments with Named Entities",
    author = "Hogan, Deirdre  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0804",
    pages = "14--19",
}
@inproceedings{finlayson-kulkarni-2011-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Multi-Word Expressions Improves Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Finlayson, Mark  and
      Kulkarni, Nidhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0805",
    pages = "20--24",
}
@inproceedings{schuler-joshi-2011-tree,
    title = "Tree-Rewriting Models of Multi-Word Expressions",
    author = "Schuler, William  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0806",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{tu-roth-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning {E}nglish Light Verb Constructions: Contextual or Statistical",
    author = "Tu, Yuancheng  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0807",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2011-two,
    title = "Two Types of {K}orean Light Verb Constructions in a Typed Feature Structure Grammar",
    author = "Lee, Juwon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0808",
    pages = "40--48",
}
@inproceedings{constant-sigogne-2011-mwu,
    title = "{MWU}-Aware Part-of-Speech Tagging with a {CRF} Model and Lexical Resources",
    author = "Constant, Matthieu  and
      Sigogne, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0809",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{krovetz-etal-2011-web,
    title = "The Web is not a {PERSON}, Berners-Lee is not an {ORGANIZATION}, and {A}frican-{A}mericans are not {LOCATIONS}: An Analysis of the Performance of Named-Entity Recognition",
    author = "Krovetz, Robert  and
      Deane, Paul  and
      Madnani, Nitin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0810",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{crysmann-2011-machine,
    title = "A Machine Learning Approach to Relational Noun Mining in {G}erman",
    author = "Crysmann, Berthold",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0811",
    pages = "65--73",
}
@inproceedings{sanches-duran-etal-2011-identifying,
    title = "Identifying and Analyzing {B}razilian {P}ortuguese Complex Predicates",
    author = "Sanches Duran, Magali  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra Maria  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0812",
    pages = "74--82",
}
@inproceedings{watrin-francois-2011-n,
    title = "An N-gram Frequency Database Reference to Handle {MWE} Extraction in {NLP} Applications",
    author = "Watrin, Patrick  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0813",
    pages = "83--91",
}
@inproceedings{haugereid-bond-2011-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Transfer Rules for Multiword Expressions from Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Haugereid, Petter  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0814",
    pages = "92--100",
}
@inproceedings{acosta-etal-2011-identification,
    title = "Identification and Treatment of Multiword Expressions Applied to Information Retrieval",
    author = "Acosta, Otavio  and
      Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Moreira, Viviane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0815",
    pages = "101--109",
}
@inproceedings{sinha-2011-stepwise,
    title = "Stepwise Mining of Multi-Word Expressions in {H}indi",
    author = "Sinha, Rai Mahesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0816",
    pages = "110--115",
}
@inproceedings{vincze-etal-2011-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Noun Compounds and Light Verb Constructions: a Contrastive Study",
    author = "Vincze, Veronika  and
      Nagy T., Istv{\'a}n  and
      Berend, G{\'a}bor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0817",
    pages = "116--121",
}
@inproceedings{kulkarni-finlayson-2011-jmwe,
    title = "j{MWE}: A {J}ava Toolkit for Detecting Multi-Word Expressions",
    author = "Kulkarni, Nidhi  and
      Finlayson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0818",
    pages = "122--124",
}
@inproceedings{seretan-wehrli-2011-fipscoview,
    title = "{F}ips{C}o{V}iew: On-line Visualisation of Collocations Extracted from Multilingual Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Seretan, Violeta  and
      Wehrli, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0819",
    pages = "125--127",
}
@inproceedings{wible-tsao-2011-stringnet,
    title = "The {S}tring{N}et Lexico-Grammatical Knowledgebase and its Applications",
    author = "Wible, David  and
      Tsao, Nai-Lung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0820",
    pages = "128--130",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-etal-2011-ngram,
    title = "The Ngram Statistics Package (Text::{NSP}) : A Flexible Tool for Identifying Ngrams, Collocations, and Word Associations",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted  and
      Banerjee, Satanjeev  and
      McInnes, Bridget  and
      Kohli, Saiyam  and
      Joshi, Mahesh  and
      Liu, Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0821",
    pages = "131--133",
}
@inproceedings{de-araujo-etal-2011-fast,
    title = "Fast and Flexible {MWE} Candidate Generation with the mwetoolkit",
    author = "De Araujo, Vitor  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0822",
    pages = "134--136",
}
@inproceedings{church-2011-many,
    title = "How Many Multiword Expressions do People Know?",
    author = "Church, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0823",
    pages = "137--144",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Workshop on Relational Models of Semantics",
    author = "Kim, Su Nam  and
      Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      {\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0900",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-2011-going,
    title = "Going Beyond Shallow Semantics",
    author = "Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Workshop on Relational Models of Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0901",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{surdeanu-etal-2011-customizing,
    title = "Customizing an Information Extraction System to a New Domain",
    author = "Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      McClosky, David  and
      Smith, Mason  and
      Gusev, Andrey  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Workshop on Relational Models of Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0902",
    pages = "2--10",
}
@inproceedings{ayse-etal-2011-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Semantic Word Relations in {T}urkish from Dictionary Definitions",
    author = "Ay{\c{s}}e, {\c{S}}erbet{\c{c}}i  and
      Zeynep, Orhan  and
      {\.I}lknur, Pehlivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Workshop on Relational Models of Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0903",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{kolya-etal-2011-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Event-Sentiment Association using Lexical Equivalence and Co-reference Approaches",
    author = "Kolya, Anup  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Workshop on Relational Models of Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0904",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{coyne-etal-2011-vignet,
    title = "{V}ig{N}et: Grounding Language in Graphics using Frame Semantics",
    author = "Coyne, Bob  and
      Bauer, Daniel  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Workshop on Relational Models of Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0905",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{choi-palmer-2011-transition,
    title = "Transition-based Semantic Role Labeling Using Predicate Argument Clustering",
    author = "Choi, Jinho D.  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Workshop on Relational Models of Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0906",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{jamison-2011-using,
    title = "Using Grammar Rule Clusters for Semantic Relation Classification",
    author = "Jamison, Emily",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Workshop on Relational Models of Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0907",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{tonelli-delmonte-2011-desperately,
    title = "Desperately Seeking Implicit Arguments in Text",
    author = "Tonelli, Sara  and
      Delmonte, Rodolfo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Workshop on Relational Models of Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0908",
    pages = "54--62",
}
@inproceedings{gerber-etal-2011-joint,
    title = "A Joint Model of Implicit Arguments for Nominal Predicates",
    author = "Gerber, Matthew  and
      Chai, Joyce  and
      Bart, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Workshop on Relational Models of Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0909",
    pages = "63--71",
}
@inproceedings{bonial-etal-2011-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Coercive Constructions into a Verb Lexicon",
    author = "Bonial, Claire  and
      Brown, Susan Windisch  and
      Hwang, Jena D.  and
      Parisien, Christopher  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2011 Workshop on Relational Models of Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-0910",
    pages = "72--80",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-syntax,
    title = "Proceedings of Fifth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Carpuat, Marine  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1000",
}
@inproceedings{pighin-marquez-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Projection of Semantic Structures: an Application to Pairwise Translation Ranking",
    author = "Pighin, Daniele  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Fifth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{lo-wu-2011-structured,
    title = "Structured vs. Flat Semantic Role Representations for Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Fifth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1002",
    pages = "10--20",
}
@inproceedings{wu-palmer-2011-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Mapping Using Automatic Word Alignment and Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Wu, Shumin  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Fifth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1003",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2011-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Source-Language Paraphrases into Phrase-Based {SMT} with Confusion Networks",
    author = "Jiang, Jie  and
      Du, Jinhua  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Fifth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1004",
    pages = "31--40",
}
@inproceedings{na-lee-2011-multi,
    title = "Multi-Word Unit Dependency Forest-based Translation Rule Extraction",
    author = "Na, Hwidong  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Fifth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1005",
    pages = "41--51",
}
@inproceedings{lefever-hoste-2011-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation and Possible Improvement Path for Current {SMT} Behavior on Ambiguous Nouns",
    author = "Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Fifth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1006",
    pages = "52--60",
}
@inproceedings{xiang-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving Reordering for Statistical Machine Translation with Smoothed Priors and Syntactic Features",
    author = "Xiang, Bing  and
      Ge, Niyu  and
      Ittycheriah, Abraham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Fifth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1007",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@inproceedings{saers-wu-2011-reestimation,
    title = "Reestimation of Reified Rules in Semiring Parsing and Biparsing",
    author = "Saers, Markus  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Fifth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1008",
    pages = "70--78",
}
@inproceedings{attardi-etal-2011-dependency,
    title = "A Dependency Based Statistical Translation Model",
    author = "Attardi, Giuseppe  and
      Chanev, Atanas  and
      Miceli Barone, Antonio Valerio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Fifth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1009",
    pages = "79--87",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving {MT} Word Alignment Using Aligned Multi-Stage Parses",
    author = "Meyers, Adam  and
      Kosaka, Michiko  and
      Liao, Shasha  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Fifth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1010",
    pages = "88--97",
}
@inproceedings{hanneman-lavie-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Category Label Coarsening for Syntax-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Hanneman, Greg  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Fifth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1011",
    pages = "98--106",
}
@inproceedings{gao-vogel-2011-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing Target-Side Semantic Role Labels to Assist Hierarchical Phrase-based Machine Translation",
    author = "Gao, Qin  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Fifth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1012",
    pages = "107--115",
}
@inproceedings{mccrae-etal-2011-combining,
    title = "Combining statistical and semantic approaches to the translation of ontologies and taxonomies",
    author = "McCrae, John  and
      Espinoza, Mauricio  and
      Montiel-Ponsoda, Elena  and
      Aguado-de-Cea, Guadalupe  and
      Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Fifth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1013",
    pages = "116--125",
}
@inproceedings{banchs-costa-jussa-2011-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic Feature for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Fifth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1014",
    pages = "126--134",
}
@inproceedings{hanneman-etal-2011-general,
    title = "A General-Purpose Rule Extractor for {SCFG}-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Hanneman, Greg  and
      Burroughs, Michelle  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Fifth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1015",
    pages = "135--144",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-textgraphs,
    title = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-6: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Matveeva, Irina  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Massimo Zanzotto, Fabio",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1100",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2011-combination,
    title = "A Combination of Topic Models with Max-margin Learning for Relation Detection",
    author = "Li, Dingcheng  and
      Somasundaran, Swapna  and
      Chakraborty, Amit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-6: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1101",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{yao-van-durme-2011-nonparametric,
    title = "Nonparametric {B}ayesian Word Sense Induction",
    author = "Yao, Xuchen  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-6: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1102",
    pages = "10--14",
}
@inproceedings{gaillard-etal-2011-invariants,
    title = "Invariants and Variability of Synonymy Networks: Self Mediated Agreement by Confluence",
    author = "Gaillard, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Gaume, Bruno  and
      Navarro, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-6: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1103",
    pages = "15--23",
}
@inproceedings{jurgens-2011-word,
    title = "Word Sense Induction by Community Detection",
    author = "Jurgens, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-6: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1104",
    pages = "24--28",
}
@inproceedings{yazdani-popescu-belis-2011-using,
    title = "Using a {W}ikipedia-based Semantic Relatedness Measure for Document Clustering",
    author = "Yazdani, Majid  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-6: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1105",
    pages = "29--36",
}
@inproceedings{tannier-etal-2011-grawltcq,
    title = "{G}rawl{TCQ}: Terminology and Corpora Building by Ranking Simultaneously Terms, Queries and Documents using Graph Random Walks",
    author = "Tannier, Xavier  and
      Couto, Javier  and
      de Groc, Cl{\'e}ment",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-6: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1106",
    pages = "37--41",
}
@inproceedings{muthukrishnan-etal-2011-simultaneous,
    title = "Simultaneous Similarity Learning and Feature-Weight Learning for Document Clustering",
    author = "Muthukrishnan, Pradeep  and
      Radev, Dragomir  and
      Mei, Qiaozhu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-6: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1107",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{manshadi-allen-2011-unrestricted,
    title = "Unrestricted Quantifier Scope Disambiguation",
    author = "Manshadi, Mehdi  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-6: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1108",
    pages = "51--59",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2011-ranked,
    title = "From ranked words to dependency trees: two-stage unsupervised non-projective dependency parsing",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-6: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1109",
    pages = "60--68",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-building,
    title = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    author = "Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Rapp, Reinhard  and
      Sharoff, Serge",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1200",
}
@inproceedings{knight-2011-putting,
    title = "Putting a Value on Comparable Data",
    author = "Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1201",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{knight-etal-2011-copiale,
    title = "The Copiale Cipher",
    author = "Knight, Kevin  and
      Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta  and
      Schaefer, Christiane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1202",
    pages = "2--9",
}
@inproceedings{andrade-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning the Optimal Use of Dependency-parsing Information for Finding Translations with Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Andrade, Daniel  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1203",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{fiser-etal-2011-building,
    title = "Building and Using Comparable Corpora for Domain-Specific Bilingual Lexicon Extraction",
    author = "Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Vintar, {\v{S}}pela  and
      Pollak, Senja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1204",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{morin-prochasson-2011-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Lexicon Extraction from Comparable Corpora Enhanced with Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Morin, Emmanuel  and
      Prochasson, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1205",
    pages = "27--34",
}
@inproceedings{hazem-etal-2011-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Lexicon Extraction from Comparable Corpora as Metasearch",
    author = "Hazem, Amir  and
      Morin, Emmanuel  and
      Pe{\~n}a Saldarriaga, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1206",
    pages = "35--43",
}
@inproceedings{gahbiche-braham-etal-2011-two,
    title = "Two Ways to Use a Noisy Parallel News Corpus for Improving Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Gahbiche-Braham, Souhir  and
      Bonneau-Maynard, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1207",
    pages = "44--51",
}
@inproceedings{wang-callison-burch-2011-paraphrase,
    title = "Paraphrase Fragment Extraction from Monolingual Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1208",
    pages = "52--60",
}
@inproceedings{hewavitharana-vogel-2011-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Parallel Phrases from Comparable Data",
    author = "Hewavitharana, Sanjika  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1209",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{ambati-etal-2011-active,
    title = "Active Learning with Multiple Annotations for Comparable Data Classification Task",
    author = "Ambati, Vamshi  and
      Hewavitharana, Sanjika  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1210",
    pages = "69--77",
}
@inproceedings{cartoni-etal-2011-comparable,
    title = "How Comparable are Parallel Corpora? Measuring the Distribution of General Vocabulary and Connectives",
    author = "Cartoni, Bruno  and
      Zufferey, Sandrine  and
      Meyer, Thomas  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1211",
    pages = "78--86",
}
@inproceedings{patry-langlais-2011-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Parallel Documents from a Large Bilingual Collection of Texts: Application to Parallel Article Extraction in {W}ikipedia.",
    author = "Patry, Alexandre  and
      Langlais, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1212",
    pages = "87--95",
}
@inproceedings{spoustova-spousta-2011-comparable,
    title = "Comparable Fora",
    author = "Spoustov{\'a}, Johanka  and
      Spousta, Miroslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1213",
    pages = "96--101",
}
@inproceedings{belz-kow-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Alignment of Comparable Data and Text Resources",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Kow, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1214",
    pages = "102--109",
}
@inproceedings{snover-etal-2011-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Slot Filling from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Snover, Matthew  and
      Li, Xiang  and
      Lin, Wen-Pin  and
      Chen, Zheng  and
      Tamang, Suzanne  and
      Ge, Mingmin  and
      Lee, Adam  and
      Li, Qi  and
      Li, Hao  and
      Anzaroot, Sam  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1215",
    pages = "110--119",
}
@inproceedings{abney-bird-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards a Data Model for the Universal Corpus",
    author = "Abney, Steven  and
      Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1216",
    pages = "120--127",
}
@inproceedings{ion-etal-2011-expectation,
    title = "An Expectation Maximization Algorithm for Textual Unit Alignment",
    author = "Ion, Radu  and
      Ceau{\c{s}}u, Alexandru  and
      Irimia, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1217",
    pages = "128--135",
}
@inproceedings{antonova-misyurev-2011-building,
    title = "Building a Web-Based Parallel Corpus and Filtering Out Machine-Translated Text",
    author = "Antonova, Alexandra  and
      Misyurev, Alexey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1218",
    pages = "136--144",
}
@inproceedings{bharadwaj-g-varma-2011-language,
    title = "Language-Independent Context Aware Query Translation using {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Bharadwaj G, Rohit  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: Comparable Corpora and the Web",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1219",
    pages = "145--150",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-distributional,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Distributional Semantics and Compositionality",
    author = "Biemann, Chris  and
      Giesbrecht, Eugenie",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1300",
}
@inproceedings{vecchi-etal-2011-linear,
    title = "(Linear) Maps of the Impossible: Capturing Semantic Anomalies in Distributional Space",
    author = "Vecchi, Eva Maria  and
      Baroni, Marco  and
      Zamparelli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Distributional Semantics and Compositionality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1301",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{zanzotto-dellarciprete-2011-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Structures and Distributional Meaning",
    author = "Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo  and
      Dell{'}Arciprete, Lorenzo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Distributional Semantics and Compositionality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1302",
    pages = "10--15",
}
@inproceedings{van-de-cruys-2011-two,
    title = "Two Multivariate Generalizations of Pointwise Mutual Information",
    author = "Van de Cruys, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Distributional Semantics and Compositionality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1303",
    pages = "16--20",
}
@inproceedings{biemann-giesbrecht-2011-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Semantics and Compositionality 2011: Shared Task Description and Results",
    author = "Biemann, Chris  and
      Giesbrecht, Eugenie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Distributional Semantics and Compositionality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1304",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{johannsen-etal-2011-shared,
    title = "Shared Task System Description: Frustratingly Hard Compositionality Prediction",
    author = "Johannsen, Anders  and
      Martinez, Hector  and
      Rish{\o}j, Christian  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Distributional Semantics and Compositionality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1305",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-2011-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Collocations to Measure Compositionality: Shared Task System Description",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Distributional Semantics and Compositionality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1306",
    pages = "33--37",
}
@inproceedings{chakraborty-etal-2011-shared,
    title = "Shared Task System Description: Measuring the Compositionality of Bigrams using Statistical Methodologies",
    author = "Chakraborty, Tanmoy  and
      Pal, Santanu  and
      Mondal, Tapabrata  and
      Saikh, Tanik  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaju",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Distributional Semantics and Compositionality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1307",
    pages = "38--42",
}
@inproceedings{garrido-penas-2011-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Compositionality Using Semantic Vector Space Models Based on Syntactic Context. Shared Task System Description",
    author = "Garrido, Guillermo  and
      Pe{\~n}as, Anselmo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Distributional Semantics and Compositionality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1308",
    pages = "43--47",
}
@inproceedings{maldonado-guerra-emms-2011-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Compositionality of Collocations via Word Co-occurrence Vectors: Shared Task System Description",
    author = "Maldonado-Guerra, Alfredo  and
      Emms, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Distributional Semantics and Compositionality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1309",
    pages = "48--53",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-etal-2011-exemplar,
    title = "Exemplar-Based Word-Space Model for Compositionality Detection: Shared Task System Description",
    author = "Reddy, Siva  and
      McCarthy, Diana  and
      Manandhar, Suresh  and
      Gella, Spandana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Distributional Semantics and Compositionality",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1310",
    pages = "54--60",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-innovative,
    title = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Leacock, Claudia",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1400",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Question Generation using Discourse Cues",
    author = "Agarwal, Manish  and
      Shah, Rakshit  and
      Mannem, Prashanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1401",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-litman-2011-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Differences in Perceived Peer-Review Helpfulness using Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Xiong, Wenting  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1402",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{theune-etal-2011-generating,
    title = "Generating Varied Narrative Probability Exercises",
    author = {Theune, Mari{\"e}t  and
      Boer Rookhuiszen, Roan  and
      op den Akker, Rieks  and
      Geerlings, Hanneke},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1403",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{cook-etal-2011-elicited,
    title = "Elicited Imitation for Prediction of {OPI} Test Scores",
    author = "Cook, Kevin  and
      McGhee, Jeremiah  and
      Lonsdale, Deryle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1404",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{chen-yoon-2011-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Structural Events for Assessing Non-Native Speech",
    author = "Chen, Lei  and
      Yoon, Su-Youn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1405",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{downey-etal-2011-performance,
    title = "Performance of Automated Scoring for Children{'}s Oral Reading",
    author = "Downey, Ryan  and
      Rubin, David  and
      Cheng, Jian  and
      Bernstein, Jared",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1406",
    pages = "46--55",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-mannem-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Gap-fill Question Generation from Text Books",
    author = "Agarwal, Manish  and
      Mannem, Prashanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1407",
    pages = "56--64",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2011-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Effective Dialogue Act Sequences in One-on-one Computer Science Tutoring Dialogues",
    author = "Chen, Lin  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Fossati, Davide  and
      Ohlsson, Stellan  and
      Cosejo, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1408",
    pages = "65--75",
}
@inproceedings{dela-rosa-eskenazi-2011-effect,
    title = "Effect of Word Complexity on {L}2 Vocabulary Learning",
    author = "Dela Rosa, Kevin  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1409",
    pages = "76--80",
}
@inproceedings{dickinson-etal-2011-developing,
    title = "Developing Methodology for {K}orean Particle Error Detection",
    author = "Dickinson, Markus  and
      Israel, Ross  and
      Lee, Sun-Hee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1410",
    pages = "81--86",
}
@inproceedings{hassanali-liu-2011-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Language Development in Early Childhood Education: A Case Study of Grammar Checking in Child Language Transcripts",
    author = "Hassanali, Khairun-nisa  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1411",
    pages = "87--95",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2011-grasp,
    title = "{GRASP}: Grammar- and Syntax-based Pattern-Finder in {CALL}",
    author = "Huang, Chung-Chi  and
      Chen, Mei-Hua  and
      Huang, Shih-Ting  and
      Liou, Hsien-Chin  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1412",
    pages = "96--104",
}
@inproceedings{mostow-duan-2011-generating,
    title = "Generating Example Contexts to Illustrate a Target Word Sense",
    author = "Mostow, Jack  and
      Duan, Weisi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1413",
    pages = "105--110",
}
@inproceedings{olney-etal-2011-generating,
    title = "Generating Concept Map Exercises from Textbooks",
    author = "Olney, Andrew  and
      Cade, Whitney  and
      Williams, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1414",
    pages = "111--119",
}
@inproceedings{van-oosten-hoste-2011-readability,
    title = "Readability Annotation: Replacing the Expert by the Crowd",
    author = "van Oosten, Philip  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1415",
    pages = "120--129",
}
@inproceedings{ward-crowley-2011-story,
    title = "Story Assembly in a Dyslexia Fluency Tutor",
    author = "Ward, Arthur  and
      Crowley, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1416",
    pages = "130--135",
}
@inproceedings{ward-etal-2011-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Change in Student Motivation by Measuring Cohesion between Tutor and Student",
    author = "Ward, Arthur  and
      Litman, Diane  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1417",
    pages = "136--141",
}
@inproceedings{yang-heines-2011-using,
    title = "Using Semantic Distance to Automatically Suggest Transfer Course Equivalencies",
    author = "Yang, Beibei  and
      Heines, Jesse M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1418",
    pages = "142--151",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-etal-2011-non,
    title = "Non-scorable Response Detection for Automated Speaking Proficiency Assessment",
    author = "Yoon, Su-Youn  and
      Evanini, Keelan  and
      Zechner, Klaus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1419",
    pages = "152--160",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-higgins-2011-non,
    title = "Non-{E}nglish Response Detection Method for Automated Proficiency Scoring System",
    author = "Yoon, Su-Youn  and
      Higgins, Derrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1420",
    pages = "161--169",
}
@inproceedings{west-etal-2011-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Random Walk Models for Automated Grammar Correction of {ESL} Author-Produced Text",
    author = "West, Randy  and
      Park, Y. Albert  and
      Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1421",
    pages = "170--179",
}
@inproceedings{gamon-2011-high,
    title = "High-Order Sequence Modeling for Language Learner Error Detection",
    author = "Gamon, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1422",
    pages = "180--189",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-acl-hlt,
    title = "Proceedings of the 5th {ACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    author = "Zervanou, Kalliopi  and
      Lendvai, Piroska",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1500",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-marco-etal-2011-extending,
    title = "Extending the tool, or how to annotate historical language varieties",
    author = "S{\'a}nchez-Marco, Cristina  and
      Boleda, Gemma  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {ACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1501",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{hana-etal-2011-low,
    title = "A low-budget tagger for Old {C}zech",
    author = "Hana, Jirka  and
      Feldman, Anna  and
      Aharodnik, Katsiaryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {ACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1502",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{scheible-etal-2011-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating an {`}off-the-shelf{'} {POS}-tagger on Early Modern {G}erman text",
    author = "Scheible, Silke  and
      Whitt, Richard J.  and
      Durrell, Martin  and
      Bennett, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {ACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1503",
    pages = "19--23",
}
@inproceedings{beermann-mihaylov-2011-e,
    title = "e-Research for Linguists",
    author = "Beermann, Dorothee  and
      Mihaylov, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {ACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1504",
    pages = "24--32",
}
@inproceedings{erjavec-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic linguistic annotation of historical language: {T}o{T}r{T}a{L}e and {XIX} century {S}lovene",
    author = "Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {ACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1505",
    pages = "33--38",
}
@inproceedings{cybulska-vossen-2011-historical,
    title = "Historical Event Extraction from Text",
    author = "Cybulska, Agata Katarzyna  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {ACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1506",
    pages = "39--43",
}
@inproceedings{zervanou-etal-2011-enrichment,
    title = "Enrichment and Structuring of Archival Description Metadata",
    author = "Zervanou, Kalliopi  and
      Korkontzelos, Ioannis  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {ACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1507",
    pages = "44--53",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-etal-2011-structure,
    title = "Structure-Preserving Pipelines for Digital Libraries",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo  and
      Barbu, Eduard  and
      Stemle, Egon  and
      Girardi, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {ACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1508",
    pages = "54--62",
}
@inproceedings{hollingsworth-etal-2011-arc,
    title = "The {ARC} Project: Creating logical models of Gothic cathedrals using natural language processing",
    author = "Hollingsworth, Charles  and
      Van Liefferinge, Stefaan  and
      Smith, Rebecca A.  and
      Covington, Michael A.  and
      Potter, Walter D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {ACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1509",
    pages = "63--68",
}
@inproceedings{sayeed-etal-2011-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing syntactic relatedness judgements for opinion mining in the study of information technology adoption",
    author = "Sayeed, Asad B.  and
      Rusk, Bryan  and
      Petrov, Martin  and
      Nguyen, Hieu C.  and
      Meyer, Timothy J.  and
      Weinberg, Amy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {ACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1510",
    pages = "69--77",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-knight-2011-know,
    title = "What We Know About The Voynich Manuscript",
    author = "Reddy, Sravana  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {ACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1511",
    pages = "78--86",
}
@inproceedings{pettersson-nivre-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Verb Extraction from Historical {S}wedish Texts",
    author = "Pettersson, Eva  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {ACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1512",
    pages = "87--95",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2011-topic,
    title = "Topic Modeling on Historical Newspapers",
    author = "Yang, Tze-I  and
      Torget, Andrew  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {ACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1513",
    pages = "96--104",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-2011-upon,
    title = "From Once Upon a Time to Happily Ever After: Tracking Emotions in Novels and Fairy Tales",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {ACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1514",
    pages = "105--114",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2011-author,
    title = "Author Age Prediction from Text using Linear Regression",
    author = "Nguyen, Dong  and
      Smith, Noah A.  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {ACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1515",
    pages = "115--123",
}
@inproceedings{johri-etal-2011-study,
    title = "A Study of Academic Collaborations in Computational Linguistics using a Latent Mixture of Authors Model",
    author = "Johri, Nikhil  and
      Ramage, Daniel  and
      McFarland, Daniel  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {ACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, OR, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1516",
    pages = "124--132",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-monolingual,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Monolingual Text-To-Text Generation",
    author = "Filippova, Katja  and
      Wan, Stephen",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1600",
}
@inproceedings{coster-kauchak-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning to Simplify Sentences Using {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Coster, Will  and
      Kauchak, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Monolingual Text-To-Text Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1601",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2011-web,
    title = "Web-based Validation for Contextual Targeted Paraphrasing",
    author = "Bouamor, Houda  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Illouz, Gabriel  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Monolingual Text-To-Text Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1602",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{bott-saggion-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Alignment Algorithm for Text Simplification Corpus Construction",
    author = "Bott, Stefan  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Monolingual Text-To-Text Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1603",
    pages = "20--26",
}
@inproceedings{wubben-etal-2011-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Phrase-based and Syntax-based Paraphrase Generation",
    author = "Wubben, Sander  and
      Marsi, Erwin  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Monolingual Text-To-Text Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1604",
    pages = "27--33",
}
@inproceedings{louis-nenkova-2011-text,
    title = "Text Specificity and Impact on Quality of News Summaries",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Monolingual Text-To-Text Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1605",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{thadani-mckeown-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards Strict Sentence Intersection: Decoding and Evaluation Strategies",
    author = "Thadani, Kapil  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Monolingual Text-To-Text Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1606",
    pages = "43--53",
}
@inproceedings{elsner-santhanam-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning to Fuse Disparate Sentences",
    author = "Elsner, Micha  and
      Santhanam, Deepak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Monolingual Text-To-Text Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1607",
    pages = "54--63",
}
@inproceedings{genest-lapalme-2011-framework,
    title = "Framework for Abstractive Summarization using Text-to-Text Generation",
    author = "Genest, Pierre-Etienne  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Monolingual Text-To-Text Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1608",
    pages = "64--73",
}
@inproceedings{martin-white-2011-creating,
    title = "Creating Disjunctive Logical Forms from Aligned Sentences for Grammar-Based Paraphrase Generation",
    author = "Martin, Scott  and
      White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Monolingual Text-To-Text Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1609",
    pages = "74--83",
}
@inproceedings{napoles-etal-2011-paraphrastic,
    title = "Paraphrastic Sentence Compression with a Character-based Metric: Tightening without Deletion",
    author = "Napoles, Courtney  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Ganitkevitch, Juri  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Monolingual Text-To-Text Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1610",
    pages = "84--90",
}
@inproceedings{napoles-etal-2011-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Sentence Compression: Pitfalls and Suggested Remedies",
    author = "Napoles, Courtney  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Monolingual Text-To-Text Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1611",
    pages = "91--97",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-approaches,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Boldrini, Ester  and
      Montoyo, Andres  and
      Martinez-Barco, Patricio",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1700",
}
@inproceedings{anand-etal-2011-cats,
    title = "Cats Rule and Dogs Drool!: Classifying Stance in Online Debate",
    author = "Anand, Pranav  and
      Walker, Marilyn  and
      Abbott, Rob  and
      Fox Tree, Jean E.  and
      Bowmani, Robeson  and
      Minor, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1701",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{maks-vossen-2011-verb,
    title = "A verb lexicon model for deep sentiment analysis and opinion mining applications",
    author = "Maks, Isa  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1702",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-stefanescu-2011-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with a Differential Semantics Annotation for {W}ord{N}et 3.0",
    author = "Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan  and
      {\c{S}}tef{\u{a}}nescu, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1703",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-etal-2011-creating,
    title = "Creating Sentiment Dictionaries via Triangulation",
    author = "Steinberger, Josef  and
      Lenkova, Polina  and
      Ebrahim, Mohamed  and
      Ehrmann, Maud  and
      Hurriyetoglu, Ali  and
      Kabadjov, Mijail  and
      Steinberger, Ralf  and
      Tanev, Hristo  and
      Zavarella, Vanni  and
      V{\'a}zquez, Silvia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1704",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-daume-2011-generating,
    title = "Generating Semantic Orientation Lexicon using Large Data and Thesaurus",
    author = "Goyal, Amit  and
      Daum{\'e}, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1705",
    pages = "37--43",
}
@inproceedings{clarke-etal-2011-developing,
    title = "Developing Robust Models for Favourability Analysis",
    author = "Clarke, Daoud  and
      Lane, Peter  and
      Hender, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1706",
    pages = "44--52",
}
@inproceedings{balahur-etal-2011-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Implicit Expressions of Sentiment in Text Based on Commonsense Knowledge",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Hermida, Jes{\'u}s M.  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1707",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{van-de-camp-van-den-bosch-2011-link,
    title = "A Link to the Past: Constructing Historical Social Networks",
    author = "van de Camp, Matje  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1708",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-yang-2011-tracking,
    title = "Tracking Sentiment in Mail: How Genders Differ on Emotional Axes",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Yang, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1709",
    pages = "70--79",
}
@inproceedings{torii-etal-2011-developing,
    title = "Developing {J}apanese {W}ord{N}et Affect for Analyzing Emotions",
    author = "Torii, Yoshimitsu  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1710",
    pages = "80--86",
}
@inproceedings{kumamoto-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving a Method for Quantifying Readers{'} Impressions of News Articles with a Regression Equation",
    author = "Kumamoto, Tadahiko  and
      Kawai, Yukiko  and
      Tanaka, Katsumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1711",
    pages = "87--95",
}
@inproceedings{duric-song-2011-feature,
    title = "Feature Selection for Sentiment Analysis Based on Content and Syntax Models",
    author = "Duric, Adnan  and
      Song, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1712",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@inproceedings{vaassen-daelemans-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Emotion Classification for Interpersonal Communication",
    author = "Vaassen, Frederik  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1713",
    pages = "104--110",
}
@inproceedings{tchalakova-etal-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Sentiment Classification of Product Reviews Using Maximal Phrases Based Analysis",
    author = "Tchalakova, Maria  and
      Gerdemann, Dale  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1714",
    pages = "111--117",
}
@inproceedings{reyes-rosso-2011-mining,
    title = "Mining Subjective Knowledge from Customer Reviews: A Specific Case of Irony Detection",
    author = "Reyes, Antonio  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1715",
    pages = "118--124",
}
@inproceedings{cruz-etal-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Expansion of Feature-Level Opinion Lexicons",
    author = "Cruz, Ferm{\'\i}n L.  and
      Troyano, Jos{\'e} A.  and
      Ortega, F. Javier  and
      Enr{\'\i}quez, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1716",
    pages = "125--131",
}
@inproceedings{ar-etal-2011-robust,
    title = "Robust Sense-based Sentiment Classification",
    author = "AR, Balamurali  and
      Joshi, Aditya  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1717",
    pages = "132--138",
}
@inproceedings{gutierrez-etal-2011-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Classification Using Semantic Features Extracted from {W}ord{N}et-based Resources",
    author = "Guti{\'e}rrez, Yoan  and
      V{\'a}zquez, Sonia  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1718",
    pages = "139--145",
}
@inproceedings{perez-tellez-etal-2011-difficulty,
    title = "On the Difficulty of Clustering Microblog Texts for Online Reputation Management",
    author = "Perez-Tellez, Fernando  and
      Pinto, David  and
      Cardiff, John  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1719",
    pages = "146--152",
}
@inproceedings{russo-etal-2011-emocause,
    title = "{EMOC}ause: An Easy-adaptable Approach to Extract Emotion Cause Contexts",
    author = "Russo, Irene  and
      Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Rubino, Francesco  and
      Boldrini, Ester  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Barco, Patricio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1720",
    pages = "153--160",
}
@inproceedings{wang-liu-2011-cross,
    title = "A Cross-corpus Study of Unsupervised Subjectivity Identification based on Calibrated {EM}",
    author = "Wang, Dong  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1721",
    pages = "161--167",
}
@inproceedings{lloret-etal-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards a Unified Approach for Opinion Question Answering and Summarization",
    author = "Lloret, Elena  and
      Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Palomar, Manuel  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1722",
    pages = "168--174",
}
@inproceedings{haider-mehrotra-2011-corporate,
    title = "Corporate News Classification and Valence Prediction: A Supervised Approach",
    author = "Haider, Syed Aqueel  and
      Mehrotra, Rishabh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1723",
    pages = "175--181",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2011-instance,
    title = "Instance Level Transfer Learning for Cross Lingual Opinion Analysis",
    author = "Xu, Ruifeng  and
      Xu, Jun  and
      Wang, Xiaolong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1724",
    pages = "182--188",
}
@inproceedings{ginsca-etal-2011-sentimatrix,
    title = "Sentimatrix {--} Multilingual Sentiment Analysis Service",
    author = "G{\^\i}nsc{\u{a}}, Alexandru-Lucian  and
      Boro{\textcommabelow{s}}, Emanuela  and
      Iftene, Adrian  and
      Trandab{\u{a}}{\textcommabelow{t}}, Diana  and
      Toader, Mihai  and
      Cor{\^\i}ci, Marius  and
      Perez, Cenel-Augusto  and
      Cristea, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis ({WASSA} 2.011)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1725",
    pages = "189--195",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-bionlp-shared,
    title = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    author = "Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1800",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2011-overview,
    title = "Overview of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011",
    author = "Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Bossy, Robert  and
      Nguyen, Ngan  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1801",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2011-overview-genia,
    title = "Overview of {G}enia Event Task in {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011",
    author = "Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Wang, Yue  and
      Takagi, Toshihisa  and
      Yonezawa, Akinori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1802",
    pages = "7--15",
}
@inproceedings{ohta-etal-2011-overview,
    title = "Overview of the Epigenetics and Post-translational Modifications ({EPI}) task of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011",
    author = "Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1803",
    pages = "16--25",
}
@inproceedings{pyysalo-etal-2011-overview,
    title = "Overview of the Infectious Diseases ({ID}) task of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011",
    author = "Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Rak, Rafal  and
      Sullivan, Dan  and
      Mao, Chunhong  and
      Wang, Chunxia  and
      Sobral, Bruno  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1804",
    pages = "26--35",
}
@inproceedings{vlachos-craven-2011-biomedical,
    title = "Biomedical Event Extraction from Abstracts and Full Papers using Search-based Structured Prediction",
    author = "Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Craven, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1805",
    pages = "36--40",
}
@inproceedings{mcclosky-etal-2011-event-extraction,
    title = "Event Extraction as Dependency Parsing for {B}io{NLP} 2011",
    author = "McClosky, David  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1806",
    pages = "41--45",
}
@inproceedings{riedel-mccallum-2011-robust,
    title = "Robust Biomedical Event Extraction with Dual Decomposition and Minimal Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Riedel, Sebastian  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1807",
    pages = "46--50",
}
@inproceedings{riedel-etal-2011-model,
    title = "Model Combination for Event Extraction in {B}io{NLP} 2011",
    author = "Riedel, Sebastian  and
      McClosky, David  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      McCallum, Andrew  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1808",
    pages = "51--55",
}
@inproceedings{bossy-etal-2011-bionlp,
    title = "{B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 - Bacteria Biotope",
    author = "Bossy, Robert  and
      Jourde, Julien  and
      Bessi{\`e}res, Philippe  and
      van de Guchte, Maarten  and
      N{\'e}dellec, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1809",
    pages = "56--64",
}
@inproceedings{jourde-etal-2011-bionlp,
    title = "{B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 {--} Bacteria Gene Interactions and Renaming",
    author = {Jourde, Julien  and
      Manine, Alain-Pierre  and
      Veber, Philippe  and
      Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Bossy, Robert  and
      Alphonse, Erick  and
      Bessi{\`e}res, Philippe},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1810",
    pages = "65--73",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2011-overview,
    title = "Overview of {B}io{NLP} 2011 Protein Coreference Shared Task",
    author = "Nguyen, Ngan  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1811",
    pages = "74--82",
}
@inproceedings{pyysalo-etal-2011-overview-entity,
    title = "Overview of the Entity Relations ({REL}) supporting task of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011",
    author = "Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1812",
    pages = "83--88",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2011-taming,
    title = "The Taming of Reconcile as a Biomedical Coreference Resolver",
    author = "Kim, Youngjun  and
      Riloff, Ellen  and
      Gilbert, Nathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1813",
    pages = "89--93",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-tsuruoka-2011-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Bacteria Biotopes with Semi-supervised Named Entity Recognition and Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Nguyen, Nhung T. H.  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1814",
    pages = "94--101",
}
@inproceedings{ratkovic-etal-2011-bionlp,
    title = "{B}io{NLP} 2011 Task Bacteria Biotope {--} The Alvis system",
    author = "Ratkovic, Zorana  and
      Golik, Wiktoria  and
      Warnier, Pierre  and
      Veber, Philippe  and
      N{\'e}dellec, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1815",
    pages = "102--111",
}
@inproceedings{stenetorp-etal-2011-bionlp,
    title = "{B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011: Supporting Resources",
    author = "Stenetorp, Pontus  and
      Topi{\'c}, Goran  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1816",
    pages = "112--120",
}
@inproceedings{warnier-nedellec-2011-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Filtering for {B}io{NLP}: Searching for Renaming Acts",
    author = "Warnier, Pierre  and
      N{\'e}dellec, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1817",
    pages = "121--129",
}
@inproceedings{mcgrath-etal-2011-complex,
    title = "Complex Biological Event Extraction from Full Text using Signatures of Linguistic and Semantic Features",
    author = "McGrath, Liam R.  and
      Domico, Kelly  and
      Corley, Courtney D.  and
      Webb-Robertson, Bobbie-Jo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1818",
    pages = "130--137",
}
@inproceedings{casillas-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using Kybots for Extracting Events in Biomedical Texts",
    author = "Casillas, Arantza  and
      D{\'\i}az de Ilarraza, Arantza  and
      Gojenola, Koldo  and
      Oronoz, Maite  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1819",
    pages = "138--142",
}
@inproceedings{bui-sloot-2011-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Biological Events from Text Using Simple Syntactic Patterns",
    author = "Bui, Quoc-Chinh  and
      Sloot, Peter M.A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1820",
    pages = "143--146",
}
@inproceedings{van-landeghem-etal-2011-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Entity Relations as a Supporting Task for Bio-Molecular Event Extraction",
    author = "Van Landeghem, Sofie  and
      Abeel, Thomas  and
      De Baets, Bernard  and
      Van de Peer, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1821",
    pages = "147--148",
}
@inproceedings{le-minh-etal-2011-pattern,
    title = "A Pattern Approach for Biomedical Event Annotation",
    author = "Le Minh, Quang  and
      Nguyen Truong, Son  and
      Ho Bao, Quoc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1822",
    pages = "149--150",
}
@inproceedings{tuggener-etal-2011-incremental,
    title = "An Incremental Model for the Coreference Resolution Task of {B}io{NLP} 2011",
    author = "Tuggener, Don  and
      Klenner, Manfred  and
      Schneider, Gerold  and
      Clematide, Simon  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1823",
    pages = "151--152",
}
@inproceedings{emadzadeh-etal-2011-double,
    title = "Double Layered Learning for Biological Event Extraction from Text",
    author = "Emadzadeh, Ehsan  and
      Nikfarjam, Azadeh  and
      Gonzalez, Graciela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1824",
    pages = "153--154",
}
@inproceedings{quirk-etal-2011-msr,
    title = "{MSR}-{NLP} Entry in {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011",
    author = "Quirk, Chris  and
      Choudhury, Pallavi  and
      Gamon, Michael  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1825",
    pages = "155--163",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2011-graphs,
    title = "From Graphs to Events: A Subgraph Matching Approach for Information Extraction from Biomedical Text",
    author = "Liu, Haibin  and
      Komandur, Ravikumar  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1826",
    pages = "164--172",
}
@inproceedings{kilicoglu-bergler-2011-adapting,
    title = "Adapting a General Semantic Interpretation Approach to Biological Event Extraction",
    author = "Kilicoglu, Halil  and
      Bergler, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1827",
    pages = "173--182",
}
@inproceedings{bjorne-salakoski-2011-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing Biomedical Event Extraction",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rne, Jari  and
      Salakoski, Tapio},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2011 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1828",
    pages = "183--191",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-natural-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    author = "Pradhan, Sameer",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1900",
}
@inproceedings{pradhan-etal-2011-conll,
    title = "{C}o{NLL}-2011 Shared Task: Modeling Unrestricted Coreference in {O}nto{N}otes",
    author = "Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Ramshaw, Lance  and
      Marcus, Mitchell  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Weischedel, Ralph  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1901",
    pages = "1--27",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2011-stanfords,
    title = "{S}tanford{'}s Multi-Pass Sieve Coreference Resolution System at the {C}o{NLL}-2011 Shared Task",
    author = "Lee, Heeyoung  and
      Peirsman, Yves  and
      Chang, Angel  and
      Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1902",
    pages = "28--34",
}
@inproceedings{sapena-etal-2011-relaxcor,
    title = "{R}elax{C}or Participation in {C}o{NLL} Shared Task on Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Sapena, Emili  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Turmo, Jordi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1903",
    pages = "35--39",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2011-inference,
    title = "Inference Protocols for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Chang, Kai-Wei  and
      Samdani, Rajhans  and
      Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Rizzolo, Nick  and
      Sammons, Mark  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1904",
    pages = "40--44",
}
@inproceedings{bjorkelund-nugues-2011-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Lexicalized Features for Coreference Resolution",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rkelund, Anders  and
      Nugues, Pierre},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1905",
    pages = "45--50",
}
@inproceedings{nogueira-dos-santos-lopes-carvalho-2011-rule,
    title = "Rule and Tree Ensembles for Unrestricted Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Nogueira dos Santos, Cicero  and
      Lopes Carvalho, Davi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1906",
    pages = "51--55",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2011-unrestricted,
    title = "Unrestricted Coreference Resolution via Global Hypergraph Partitioning",
    author = "Cai, Jie  and
      M{\'u}jdricza-Maydt, {\'E}va  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1907",
    pages = "56--60",
}
@inproceedings{uryupina-etal-2011-multi,
    title = "Multi-metric optimization for coreference: The {U}ni{TN} / {IITP} / Essex submission to the 2011 {CONLL} Shared Task",
    author = "Uryupina, Olga  and
      Saha, Sriparna  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1908",
    pages = "61--65",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2011-combining,
    title = "Combining Syntactic and Semantic Features by {SVM} for Unrestricted Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Zhou, Huiwei  and
      Li, Yao  and
      Huang, Degen  and
      Zhang, Yan  and
      Wu, Chunlong  and
      Yang, Yuansheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1909",
    pages = "66--70",
}
@inproceedings{kobdani-schuetze-2011-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Coreference Resolution with {SUCRE}",
    author = "Kobdani, Hamidreza  and
      Schuetze, Hinrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1910",
    pages = "71--75",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-etal-2011-ets,
    title = "{ETS}: An Error Tolerable System for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Xiong, Hao  and
      Song, Linfeng  and
      Meng, Fandong  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Lv, Yajuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1911",
    pages = "76--80",
}
@inproceedings{klenner-tuggener-2011-incremental-model,
    title = "An Incremental Model for Coreference Resolution with Restrictive Antecedent Accessibility",
    author = "Klenner, Manfred  and
      Tuggener, Don",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1912",
    pages = "81--85",
}
@inproceedings{irwin-etal-2011-narrative,
    title = "Narrative Schema as World Knowledge for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Irwin, Joseph  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1913",
    pages = "86--92",
}
@inproceedings{sobha-etal-2011-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Approach for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Sobha, Lalitha Devi  and
      Rao, Pattabhi RK  and
      Ram, R. Vijay Sundar  and
      Malarkodi, CS.  and
      Akilandeswari, A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1914",
    pages = "93--96",
}
@inproceedings{charton-gagnon-2011-poly,
    title = "Poly-co: a multilayer perceptron approach for coreference detection",
    author = "Charton, Eric  and
      Gagnon, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1915",
    pages = "97--101",
}
@inproceedings{kummerfeld-etal-2011-mention,
    title = "Mention Detection: Heuristics for the {O}nto{N}otes annotations",
    author = "Kummerfeld, Jonathan K.  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Burkett, David  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1916",
    pages = "102--106",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2011-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution with Loose Transitivity Constraints",
    author = "Li, Xinxin  and
      Wang, Xuan  and
      Qi, Shuhan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1917",
    pages = "107--111",
}
@inproceedings{zhekova-kubler-2011-ubiu,
    title = "{UBIU}: A Robust System for Resolving Unrestricted Coreference",
    author = {Zhekova, Desislava  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1918",
    pages = "112--116",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2011-machine,
    title = "A Machine Learning-Based Coreference Detection System for {O}nto{N}otes",
    author = "Yang, Yaqin  and
      Xue, Nianwen  and
      Anick, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1919",
    pages = "117--121",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanov-etal-2011-reconciling,
    title = "Reconciling {O}nto{N}otes: Unrestricted Coreference Resolution in {O}nto{N}otes with Reconcile.",
    author = "Stoyanov, Veselin  and
      Babbar, Uday  and
      Gupta, Pracheer  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1920",
    pages = "122--126",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2011-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution System using Maximum Entropy Classifier",
    author = "Chen, Weipeng  and
      Zhang, Muyu  and
      Qin, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1921",
    pages = "127--130",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2011-link,
    title = "Link Type Based Pre-Cluster Pair Model for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Song, Yang  and
      Wang, Houfeng  and
      Jiang, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-1922",
    pages = "131--135",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-sigdial,
    title = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    author = "Chai, Joyce Y.  and
      Moore, Johanna D.  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca J.  and
      Traum, David R.",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2000",
}
@inproceedings{lascarides-2011-strategic,
    title = "Strategic Conversation",
    author = "Lascarides, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2001",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-2011-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Dialog Challenge 2010: Comparison of Live and Control Test Results",
    author = "Black, Alan W  and
      Burger, Susanne  and
      Conkie, Alistair  and
      Hastie, Helen  and
      Keizer, Simon  and
      Lemon, Oliver  and
      Merigaud, Nicolas  and
      Parent, Gabriel  and
      Schubiner, Gabriel  and
      Thomson, Blaise  and
      Williams, Jason D.  and
      Yu, Kai  and
      Young, Steve  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2002",
    pages = "2--7",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-brenes-mostow-2011-system,
    title = "Which System Differences Matter? Using {L}1/{L}2 Regularization to Compare Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez-Brenes, Jos{\'e}  and
      Mostow, Jack",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2003",
    pages = "8--17",
}
@inproceedings{nakano-etal-2011-two,
    title = "A Two-Stage Domain Selection Framework for Extensible Multi-Domain Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Nakano, Mikio  and
      Sato, Shun  and
      Komatani, Kazunori  and
      Matsuyama, Kyoko  and
      Funakoshi, Kotaro  and
      Okuno, Hiroshi G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2004",
    pages = "18--29",
}
@inproceedings{chaudhuri-raj-2011-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Latent Variable Models For Conversation Analysis",
    author = "Chaudhuri, Sourish  and
      Raj, Bhiksha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2005",
    pages = "30--38",
}
@inproceedings{devault-etal-2011-toward,
    title = "Toward Learning and Evaluation of Dialogue Policies with Text Examples",
    author = "DeVault, David  and
      Leuski, Anton  and
      Sagae, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2006",
    pages = "39--48",
}
@inproceedings{boyer-etal-2011-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Task-Oriented Feature Sets on {HMM}s for Dialogue Modeling",
    author = "Boyer, Kristy  and
      Ha, Eun Young  and
      Phillips, Robert  and
      Lester, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2007",
    pages = "49--58",
}
@inproceedings{yoshino-etal-2011-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Dialogue System based on Information Extraction using Similarity of Predicate Argument Structures",
    author = "Yoshino, Koichiro  and
      Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2008",
    pages = "59--66",
}
@inproceedings{tanenhaus-2011-common,
    title = "Common Ground and Perspective-taking in Real-time Language Processing",
    author = "Tanenhaus, Michael K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2009",
    pages = "67",
}
@inproceedings{benotti-denis-2011-giving,
    title = "Giving instructions in virtual environments by corpus based selection",
    author = "Benotti, Luciana  and
      Denis, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2010",
    pages = "68--77",
}
@inproceedings{dethlefs-etal-2011-optimising,
    title = "Optimising Natural Language Generation Decision Making For Situated Dialogue",
    author = "Dethlefs, Nina  and
      Cuay{\'a}huitl, Heriberto  and
      Viethen, Jette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2011",
    pages = "78--87",
}
@inproceedings{bergmann-etal-2011-regulating,
    title = "Regulating Dialogue with Gestures - Towards an Empirically Grounded Simulation with Conversational Agents",
    author = "Bergmann, Kirsten  and
      Rieser, Hannes  and
      Kopp, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2012",
    pages = "88--97",
}
@inproceedings{bohus-horvitz-2011-multiparty,
    title = "Multiparty Turn Taking in Situated Dialog: Study, Lessons, and Directions",
    author = "Bohus, Dan  and
      Horvitz, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2013",
    pages = "98--109",
}
@inproceedings{selfridge-etal-2011-stability,
    title = "Stability and Accuracy in Incremental Speech Recognition",
    author = "Selfridge, Ethan  and
      Arizmendi, Iker  and
      Heeman, Peter  and
      Williams, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2014",
    pages = "110--119",
}
@inproceedings{baumann-schlangen-2011-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Micro-Timing of User Input for an Incremental Spoken Dialogue System that Completes a User{'}s Ongoing Turn",
    author = "Baumann, Timo  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2015",
    pages = "120--129",
}
@inproceedings{williams-2011-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Evaluation of a Statistical Dialog System in Public Use",
    author = "Williams, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2016",
    pages = "130--141",
}
@inproceedings{janarthanam-etal-2011-day,
    title = "{``}The day after the day after tomorrow?{''} A machine learning approach to adaptive temporal expression generation: training and evaluation with real users",
    author = "Janarthanam, Srinivasan  and
      Hastie, Helen  and
      Lemon, Oliver  and
      Liu, Xingkun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2017",
    pages = "142--151",
}
@inproceedings{wang-hirschberg-2011-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Levels of Interest from Spoken Dialog with Multistream Prediction Feedback and Similarity Based Hierarchical Fusion Learning",
    author = "Wang, William Yang  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2018",
    pages = "152--161",
}
@inproceedings{dzikovska-etal-2011-exploring,
    title = "Exploring User Satisfaction in a Tutorial Dialogue System",
    author = "Dzikovska, Myroslava O.  and
      Moore, Johanna D.  and
      Steinhauser, Natalie  and
      Campbell, Gwendolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2019",
    pages = "162--172",
}
@inproceedings{schmitt-etal-2011-modeling,
    title = "Modeling and Predicting Quality in Spoken Human-Computer Interaction",
    author = "Schmitt, Alexander  and
      Schatz, Benjamin  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2020",
    pages = "173--184",
}
@inproceedings{winter-etal-2011-topics,
    title = "Topics as Contextual Indicators for Word Choice in {SMS} Conversations",
    author = "Winter, Ute  and
      Ben-Aharon, Roni  and
      Chernobrov, Daniel  and
      Hecht, Ron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2021",
    pages = "185--193",
}
@inproceedings{meyer-etal-2011-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Annotation and Disambiguation of Discourse Connectives for Machine Translation",
    author = "Meyer, Thomas  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Zufferey, Sandrine  and
      Cartoni, Bruno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2022",
    pages = "194--203",
}
@inproceedings{cadilhac-etal-2011-commitments,
    title = "Commitments to Preferences in Dialogue",
    author = "Cadilhac, Anais  and
      Asher, Nicholas  and
      Benamara, Farah  and
      Lascarides, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2023",
    pages = "204--215",
}
@inproceedings{forbes-riley-litman-2011-using,
    title = "Using Performance Trajectories to Analyze the Immediate Impact of User State Misclassification in an Adaptive Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Forbes-Riley, Kate  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2024",
    pages = "216--226",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-rose-2011-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Triggering Policies for Social Behaviors",
    author = "Kumar, Rohit  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2025",
    pages = "227--238",
}
@inproceedings{briggs-scheutz-2011-facilitating,
    title = "Facilitating Mental Modeling in Collaborative Human-Robot Interaction through Adverbial Cues",
    author = "Briggs, Gordon  and
      Scheutz, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2026",
    pages = "239--247",
}
@inproceedings{passonneau-etal-2011-embedded,
    title = "Embedded Wizardry",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca J.  and
      Epstein, Susan L.  and
      Ligorio, Tiziana  and
      Gordon, Joshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2027",
    pages = "248--258",
}
@inproceedings{misu-etal-2011-toward,
    title = "Toward Construction of Spoken Dialogue System that Evokes Users{'} Spontaneous Backchannels",
    author = "Misu, Teruhisa  and
      Mizukami, Etsuo  and
      Shiga, Yoshinori  and
      Kawamoto, Shinichi  and
      Kawai, Hisashi  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2028",
    pages = "259--265",
}
@inproceedings{gordon-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning to Balance Grounding Rationales for Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Gordon, Joshua  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca J.  and
      Epstein, Susan L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2029",
    pages = "266--271",
}
@inproceedings{georgila-etal-2011-annotation,
    title = "An Annotation Scheme for Cross-Cultural Argumentation and Persuasion Dialogues",
    author = "Georgila, Kallirroi  and
      Artstein, Ron  and
      Nazarian, Angela  and
      Rushforth, Michael  and
      Traum, David  and
      Sycara, Katia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2030",
    pages = "272--278",
}
@inproceedings{margaretha-devault-2011-approach,
    title = "An Approach to the Automated Evaluation of Pipeline Architectures in Natural Language Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Margaretha, Eliza  and
      DeVault, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2031",
    pages = "279--285",
}
@inproceedings{makatchev-simmons-2011-perception,
    title = "Perception of Personality and Naturalness through Dialogues by Native Speakers of {A}merican {E}nglish and {A}rabic",
    author = "Makatchev, Maxim  and
      Simmons, Reid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2032",
    pages = "286--293",
}
@inproceedings{lison-2011-multi,
    title = "Multi-Policy Dialogue Management",
    author = "Lison, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2033",
    pages = "294--300",
}
@inproceedings{lomas-etal-2011-robotic,
    title = "A Robotic World Model Framework Designed to Facilitate Human-robot Communication",
    author = "Lomas, Meghann  and
      Cross, Ernest  and
      Darvill, Jonathan  and
      Garrett, Robert  and
      Kopack, Michael  and
      Whitebread, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2034",
    pages = "301--306",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving Pronominal and Deictic Co-Reference Resolution with Multi-Modal Features",
    author = "Chen, Lin  and
      Wang, Anruo  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2035",
    pages = "307--311",
}
@inproceedings{drummond-litman-2011-examining,
    title = "Examining the Impacts of Dialogue Content and System Automation on Affect Models in a Spoken Tutorial Dialogue System",
    author = "Drummond, Joanna  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2036",
    pages = "312--318",
}
@inproceedings{artstein-2011-error,
    title = "Error Return Plots",
    author = "Artstein, Ron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2037",
    pages = "319--324",
}
@inproceedings{passonneau-etal-2011-paradise,
    title = "{PARADISE}-style Evaluation of a Human-Human Library Corpus",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca J.  and
      Alvarado, Irene  and
      Crone, Phil  and
      Jerome, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2038",
    pages = "325--331",
}
@inproceedings{rojas-barahona-quignard-2011-incremental,
    title = "An Incremental Architecture for the Semantic Annotation of Dialogue Corpora with High-Level Structures. A case of study for the {MEDIA} corpus.",
    author = "Rojas-Barahona, Lina Maria  and
      Quignard, Matthieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2039",
    pages = "332--334",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanchev-piwek-2011-coda,
    title = "The {CODA} System for Monologue-to-Dialogue Generation",
    author = "Stoyanchev, Svetlana  and
      Piwek, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2040",
    pages = "335--337",
}
@inproceedings{dzikovska-etal-2011-beetle,
    title = "Beetle {II}: an adaptable tutorial dialogue system",
    author = "Dzikovska, Myroslava  and
      Isard, Amy  and
      Bell, Peter  and
      Moore, Johanna  and
      Steinhauser, Natalie  and
      Campbell, Gwendolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2041",
    pages = "338--340",
}
@inproceedings{klotz-etal-2011-engagement,
    title = "Engagement-based Multi-party Dialog with a Humanoid Robot",
    author = "Klotz, David  and
      Wienke, Johannes  and
      Peltason, Julia  and
      Wrede, Britta  and
      Wrede, Sebastian  and
      Khalidov, Vasil  and
      Odobez, Jean-Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2042",
    pages = "341--343",
}
@inproceedings{noh-etal-2011-pomy,
    title = "{POMY}: A Conversational Virtual Environment for Language Learning in {POSTECH}",
    author = "Noh, Hyungjong  and
      Lee, Kyusong  and
      Lee, Sungjin  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2043",
    pages = "344--346",
}
@inproceedings{gandhe-etal-2011-rapid,
    title = "Rapid Development of Advanced Question-Answering Characters by Non-experts",
    author = "Gandhe, Sudeep  and
      Taylor, Alysa  and
      Gerten, Jillian  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2044",
    pages = "347--349",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-belis-etal-2011-just,
    title = "A Just-in-Time Document Retrieval System for Dialogues or Monologues",
    author = "Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Yazdani, Majid  and
      Nanchen, Alexandre  and
      Garner, Philip N.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2011 Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2045",
    pages = "350--352",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-statistical,
    title = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Zaidan, Omar F.",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2100",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2011-grain,
    title = "A Grain of Salt for the {WMT} Manual Evaluation",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Ercegov{\v{c}}evi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Zaidan, Omar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2101",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{talbot-etal-2011-lightweight,
    title = "A Lightweight Evaluation Framework for Machine Translation Reordering",
    author = "Talbot, David  and
      Kazawa, Hideto  and
      Ichikawa, Hiroshi  and
      Katz-Brown, Jason  and
      Seno, Masakazu  and
      Och, Franz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2102",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{callison-burch-etal-2011-findings,
    title = "Findings of the 2011 Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Zaidan, Omar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2103",
    pages = "22--64",
}
@inproceedings{avramidis-etal-2011-evaluate,
    title = "Evaluate with Confidence Estimation: Machine ranking of translation outputs using grammatical features",
    author = "Avramidis, Eleftherios  and
      Popovic, Maja  and
      Vilar, David  and
      Burchardt, Aljoscha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2104",
    pages = "65--70",
}
@inproceedings{chen-kuhn-2011-amber,
    title = "{AMBER}: A Modified BLEU, Enhanced Ranking Metric",
    author = "Chen, Boxing  and
      Kuhn, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2105",
    pages = "71--77",
}
@inproceedings{dahlmeier-etal-2011-tesla,
    title = "{TESLA} at {WMT} 2011: Translation Evaluation and Tunable Metric",
    author = "Dahlmeier, Daniel  and
      Liu, Chang  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2106",
    pages = "78--84",
}
@inproceedings{denkowski-lavie-2011-meteor,
    title = "Meteor 1.3: Automatic Metric for Reliable Optimization and Evaluation of Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "Denkowski, Michael  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2107",
    pages = "85--91",
}
@inproceedings{machacek-bojar-2011-approximating,
    title = "Approximating a Deep-Syntactic Metric for {MT} Evaluation and Tuning",
    author = "Mach{\'a}{\v{c}}ek, Matou{\v{s}}  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2108",
    pages = "92--98",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-etal-2011-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation without references: {IBM}1 scores as evaluation metrics",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Vilar, David  and
      Avramidis, Eleftherios  and
      Burchardt, Aljoscha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2109",
    pages = "99--103",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-2011-morphemes,
    title = "Morphemes and {POS} tags for n-gram based evaluation metrics",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2110",
    pages = "104--107",
}
@inproceedings{parton-etal-2011-e,
    title = "E-rating Machine Translation",
    author = "Parton, Kristen  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Madnani, Nitin  and
      Chodorow, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2111",
    pages = "108--115",
}
@inproceedings{rios-etal-2011-tine,
    title = "{TINE}: A Metric to Assess {MT} Adequacy",
    author = "Rios, Miguel  and
      Aziz, Wilker  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2112",
    pages = "116--122",
}
@inproceedings{song-cohn-2011-regression,
    title = "Regression and Ranking based Optimisation for Sentence Level {MT} Evaluation",
    author = "Song, Xingyi  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2113",
    pages = "123--129",
}
@inproceedings{zaidan-2011-maise,
    title = "{MAISE}: A Flexible, Configurable, Extensible Open Source Package for Mass {AI} System Evaluation",
    author = "Zaidan, Omar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2114",
    pages = "130--134",
}
@inproceedings{barrault-2011-many,
    title = "MANY improvements for WMT{'}11",
    author = {Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2115",
    pages = "135--139",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-rubio-casacuberta-2011-upv,
    title = "The {UPV}-{PRHLT} combination system for {WMT} 2011",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez-Rubio, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2116",
    pages = "140--144",
}
@inproceedings{heafield-lavie-2011-cmu,
    title = "{CMU} System Combination in {WMT} 2011",
    author = "Heafield, Kenneth  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2117",
    pages = "145--151",
}
@inproceedings{leusch-etal-2011-rwth,
    title = "The {RWTH} System Combination System for {WMT} 2011",
    author = "Leusch, Gregor  and
      Freitag, Markus  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2118",
    pages = "152--158",
}
@inproceedings{rosti-etal-2011-expected,
    title = "Expected {BLEU} Training for Graphs: {BBN} System Description for {WMT}11 System Combination Task",
    author = "Rosti, Antti-Veikko  and
      Zhang, Bing  and
      Matsoukas, Spyros  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2119",
    pages = "159--165",
}
@inproceedings{sennrich-2011-uzh,
    title = "The {UZH} System Combination System for {WMT} 2011",
    author = "Sennrich, Rico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2120",
    pages = "166--170",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2011-description,
    title = "Description of the {JHU} System Combination Scheme for {WMT} 2011",
    author = "Xu, Daguang  and
      Cao, Yuan  and
      Karakos, Damianos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2121",
    pages = "171--176",
}
@inproceedings{levenberg-etal-2011-multiple,
    title = "Multiple-stream Language Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Levenberg, Abby  and
      Osborne, Miles  and
      Matthews, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2122",
    pages = "177--186",
}
@inproceedings{heafield-2011-kenlm,
    title = "{K}en{LM}: Faster and Smaller Language Model Queries",
    author = "Heafield, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2123",
    pages = "187--197",
}
@inproceedings{niehues-etal-2011-wider,
    title = "Wider Context by Using Bilingual Language Models in Machine Translation",
    author = "Niehues, Jan  and
      Herrmann, Teresa  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2124",
    pages = "198--206",
}
@inproceedings{krstovski-smith-2011-minimally,
    title = "A Minimally Supervised Approach for Detecting and Ranking Document Translation Pairs",
    author = "Krstovski, Kriste  and
      Smith, David A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2125",
    pages = "207--216",
}
@inproceedings{williams-koehn-2011-agreement,
    title = "Agreement Constraints for Statistical Machine Translation into {G}erman",
    author = "Williams, Philip  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2126",
    pages = "217--226",
}
@inproceedings{andreas-etal-2011-fuzzy,
    title = "Fuzzy Syntactic Reordering for Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Andreas, Jacob  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2127",
    pages = "227--236",
}
@inproceedings{marton-etal-2011-filtering,
    title = "Filtering Antonymous, Trend-Contrasting, and Polarity-Dissimilar Distributional Paraphrases for Improving Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Marton, Yuval  and
      El Kholy, Ahmed  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2128",
    pages = "237--249",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-cancedda-2011-productive,
    title = "Productive Generation of Compound Words in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Stymne, Sara  and
      Cancedda, Nicola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2129",
    pages = "250--260",
}
@inproceedings{haddow-etal-2011-samplerank,
    title = "{S}ample{R}ank Training for Phrase-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Haddow, Barry  and
      Arun, Abhishek  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2130",
    pages = "261--271",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-yuret-2011-instance,
    title = "Instance Selection for Machine Translation using Feature Decay Algorithms",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun  and
      Yuret, Deniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2131",
    pages = "272--283",
}
@inproceedings{lambert-etal-2011-investigations,
    title = "Investigations on Translation Model Adaptation Using Monolingual Data",
    author = "Lambert, Patrik  and
      Schwenk, Holger  and
      Servan, Christophe  and
      Abdul-Rauf, Sadaf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2132",
    pages = "284--293",
}
@inproceedings{ruiz-federico-2011-topic,
    title = "Topic Adaptation for Lecture Translation through Bilingual Latent Semantic Models",
    author = "Ruiz, Nick  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2133",
    pages = "294--302",
}
@inproceedings{aleksic-thurmair-2011-personal,
    title = "Personal Translator at {WMT}2011",
    author = "Aleksi{\'c}, Vera  and
      Thurmair, Gregor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2134",
    pages = "303--308",
}
@inproceedings{allauzen-etal-2011-limsi,
    title = "LIMSI @ WMT11",
    author = "Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Bonneau-Maynard, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Le, Hai-Son  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Adda, Gilles  and
      Crego, Josep Maria  and
      Lardilleux, Adrien  and
      Lavergne, Thomas  and
      Sokolov, Artem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2135",
    pages = "309--315",
}
@inproceedings{aziz-etal-2011-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Semantic Trees for {SMT}",
    author = "Aziz, Wilker  and
      Rios, Miguel  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2136",
    pages = "316--322",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-yuret-2011-regmt,
    title = "{R}eg{MT} System for Machine Translation, System Combination, and Evaluation",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun  and
      Yuret, Deniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2137",
    pages = "323--329",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-tamchyna-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving Translation Model by Monolingual Data",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2138",
    pages = "330--336",
}
@inproceedings{dyer-etal-2011-cmu,
    title = "The {CMU}-{ARK} {G}erman-{E}nglish Translation System",
    author = "Dyer, Chris  and
      Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Clark, Jonathan H.  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2139",
    pages = "337--343",
}
@inproceedings{eidelman-etal-2011-noisy,
    title = "Noisy {SMS} Machine Translation in Low-Density Languages",
    author = "Eidelman, Vladimir  and
      Hollingshead, Kristy  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2140",
    pages = "344--350",
}
@inproceedings{federmann-hunsicker-2011-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Parse Tree Selection for an Existing {RBMT} System",
    author = "Federmann, Christian  and
      Hunsicker, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2141",
    pages = "351--357",
}
@inproceedings{freitag-etal-2011-joint,
    title = "Joint {WMT} Submission of the {QUAERO} Project",
    author = "Freitag, Markus  and
      Leusch, Gregor  and
      Wuebker, Joern  and
      Peitz, Stephan  and
      Ney, Hermann  and
      Herrmann, Teresa  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Waibel, Alex  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Adda, Gilles  and
      Crego, Josep Maria  and
      Buschbeck, Bianka  and
      Wandmacher, Tonio  and
      Senellart, Jean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2142",
    pages = "358--364",
}
@inproceedings{hanneman-lavie-2011-cmu,
    title = "{CMU} Syntax-Based Machine Translation at {WMT} 2011",
    author = "Hanneman, Greg  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2143",
    pages = "365--371",
}
@inproceedings{hardmeier-etal-2011-uppsala,
    title = "The {U}ppsala-{FBK} systems at {WMT} 2011",
    author = {Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Saers, Markus  and
      Federico, Marcello  and
      Mathur, Prashant},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2144",
    pages = "372--378",
}
@inproceedings{herrmann-etal-2011-karlsruhe,
    title = "The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Translation Systems for the {WMT} 2011",
    author = "Herrmann, Teresa  and
      Mediani, Mohammed  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2145",
    pages = "379--385",
}
@inproceedings{hewavitharana-etal-2011-cmu,
    title = "{CMU} {H}aitian Creole-{E}nglish Translation System for {WMT} 2011",
    author = "Hewavitharana, Sanjika  and
      Bach, Nguyen  and
      Gao, Qin  and
      Ambati, Vamshi  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2146",
    pages = "386--392",
}
@inproceedings{holmqvist-etal-2011-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with word alignment, normalization and clause reordering for {SMT} between {E}nglish and {G}erman",
    author = "Holmqvist, Maria  and
      Stymne, Sara  and
      Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2147",
    pages = "393--398",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2011-value,
    title = "The Value of Monolingual Crowdsourcing in a Real-World Translation Scenario: Simulation using {H}aitian Creole Emergency {SMS} Messages",
    author = "Hu, Chang  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Kronrod, Yakov  and
      Eidelman, Vladimir  and
      Buzek, Olivia  and
      Bederson, Benjamin B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2148",
    pages = "399--404",
}
@inproceedings{huck-etal-2011-rwth,
    title = "The {RWTH} Aachen Machine Translation System for {WMT} 2011",
    author = "Huck, Matthias  and
      Wuebker, Joern  and
      Schmidt, Christoph  and
      Freitag, Markus  and
      Peitz, Stephan  and
      Stein, Daniel  and
      Dagnelies, Arnaud  and
      Mansour, Saab  and
      Leusch, Gregor  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2149",
    pages = "405--412",
}
@inproceedings{khalilov-simaan-2011-illc,
    title = "{ILLC}-{U}v{A} translation system for {EMNLP}-{WMT} 2011",
    author = "Khalilov, Maxim  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2150",
    pages = "413--419",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-ludena-san-segundo-2011-upm,
    title = "{UPM} system for the translation task",
    author = "L{\'o}pez-Lude{\~n}a, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      San-Segundo, Rub{\'e}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2151",
    pages = "420--425",
}
@inproceedings{marecek-etal-2011-two,
    title = "Two-step translation with grammatical post-processing",
    author = "Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      Rosa, Rudolf  and
      Galu{\v{s}}{\v{c}}{\'a}kov{\'a}, Petra  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2152",
    pages = "426--432",
}
@inproceedings{popel-etal-2011-influence,
    title = "Influence of Parser Choice on Dependency-Based {MT}",
    author = "Popel, Martin  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      Green, Nathan  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2153",
    pages = "433--439",
}
@inproceedings{potet-etal-2011-liga,
    title = "The LIGA (LIG/LIA) Machine Translation System for WMT 2011",
    author = {Potet, Marion  and
      Rubino, Rapha{\"e}l  and
      Lecouteux, Benjamin  and
      Huet, St{\'e}phane  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Blanchon, Herv{\'e}  and
      Lef{\`e}vre, Fabrice},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2154",
    pages = "440--446",
}
@inproceedings{rishoj-sogaard-2011-factored,
    title = "Factored Translation with Unsupervised Word Clusters",
    author = "Rish{\o}j, Christian  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2155",
    pages = "447--451",
}
@inproceedings{r-costa-jussa-banchs-2011-bm,
    title = "The {BM}-{I}2{R} {H}aitian-Cr{\'e}ole-to-{E}nglish translation system description for the {WMT} 2011 evaluation campaign",
    author = "R. Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2156",
    pages = "452--456",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-cartagena-etal-2011-universitat,
    title = "The {U}niversitat d{'}Alacant hybrid machine translation system for {WMT} 2011",
    author = "S{\'a}nchez-Cartagena, V{\'\i}ctor M.  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Mart{\'\i}nez, Felipe  and
      P{\'e}rez-Ortiz, Juan Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2157",
    pages = "457--463",
}
@inproceedings{schwenk-etal-2011-liums,
    title = "{LIUM}{'}s {SMT} Machine Translation Systems for {WMT} 2011",
    author = {Schwenk, Holger  and
      Lambert, Patrik  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Servan, Christophe  and
      Abdul-Rauf, Sadaf  and
      Afli, Haithem  and
      Shah, Kashif},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2158",
    pages = "464--469",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-2011-spell,
    title = "Spell Checking Techniques for Replacement of Unknown Words and Data Cleaning for {H}aitian Creole {SMS} Translation",
    author = "Stymne, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2159",
    pages = "470--477",
}
@inproceedings{weese-etal-2011-joshua,
    title = "Joshua 3.0: Syntax-based Machine Translation with the Thrax Grammar Extractor",
    author = "Weese, Jonathan  and
      Ganitkevitch, Juri  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2160",
    pages = "478--484",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2011-dfki,
    title = "{DFKI} Hybrid Machine Translation System for {WMT} 2011 - On the Integration of {SMT} and {RBMT}",
    author = "Xu, Jia  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Kennington, Casey  and
      Vilar, David  and
      Zhang, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2161",
    pages = "485--489",
}
@inproceedings{zamora-martinez-castro-bleda-2011-ceu,
    title = "{CEU}-{UPV} {E}nglish-{S}panish system for {WMT}11",
    author = "Zamora-Mart{\'\i}nez, Francisco  and
      Castro-Bleda, Maria Jose",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2162",
    pages = "490--495",
}
@inproceedings{zeman-2011-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Phrase-Based {MT} at the {C}harles University for the {WMT} 2011 Shared Task",
    author = "Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2163",
    pages = "496--500",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-etal-2011-crisis,
    title = "Crisis {MT}: Developing A Cookbook for {MT} in Crisis Situations",
    author = "Lewis, William  and
      Munro, Robert  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2164",
    pages = "501--511",
}
@inproceedings{gimpel-smith-2011-generative,
    title = "Generative Models of Monolingual and Bilingual Gappy Patterns",
    author = "Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2165",
    pages = "512--522",
}
@inproceedings{hopkins-etal-2011-extraction,
    title = "Extraction Programs: A Unified Approach to Translation Rule Extraction",
    author = "Hopkins, Mark  and
      Langmead, Greg  and
      Vo, Tai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2166",
    pages = "523--532",
}
@inproceedings{sankaran-etal-2011-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Extraction of Minimal {SCFG} Rules for Hierarchical Phrase-based Translation",
    author = "Sankaran, Baskaran  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2167",
    pages = "533--541",
}
@inproceedings{lavergne-etal-2011-n,
    title = "From n-gram-based to {CRF}-based Translation Models",
    author = "Lavergne, Thomas  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Crego, Josep Maria  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2168",
    pages = "542--553",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Proceedings of the First workshop on Unsupervised Learning in {NLP}",
    author = "Abend, Omri  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Rappoport, Ari  and
      Reichart, Roi",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2200",
}
@inproceedings{goldwater-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised {NLP} and Human Language Acquisition: Making Connections to Make Progress",
    author = "Goldwater, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First workshop on Unsupervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2201",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{eisenstein-etal-2011-structured,
    title = "Structured Databases of Named Entities from {B}ayesian Nonparametrics",
    author = "Eisenstein, Jacob  and
      Yano, Tae  and
      Cohen, William  and
      Smith, Noah  and
      Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First workshop on Unsupervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2202",
    pages = "2--12",
}
@inproceedings{apidianaki-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Lexical Substitution",
    author = "Apidianaki, Marianna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First workshop on Unsupervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2203",
    pages = "13--23",
}
@inproceedings{teichmann-2011-reducing,
    title = "Reducing the Size of the Representation for the u{DOP}-Estimate",
    author = "Teichmann, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First workshop on Unsupervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2204",
    pages = "24--34",
}
@inproceedings{vlachos-2011-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating unsupervised learning for natural language processing tasks",
    author = "Vlachos, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First workshop on Unsupervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2205",
    pages = "35--42",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Language-Independent Name Translation Mining from {W}ikipedia Infoboxes",
    author = "Lin, Wen-Pin  and
      Snover, Matthew  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First workshop on Unsupervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2206",
    pages = "43--52",
}
@inproceedings{speriosu-etal-2011-twitter,
    title = "Twitter Polarity Classification with Label Propagation over Lexical Links and the Follower Graph",
    author = "Speriosu, Michael  and
      Sudan, Nikita  and
      Upadhyay, Sid  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First workshop on Unsupervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2207",
    pages = "53--63",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Bilingual {POS} Tagging with {M}arkov Random Fields",
    author = "Chen, Desai  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Cohen, Shay  and
      Smith, Noah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First workshop on Unsupervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2208",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{camelin-etal-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Concept Annotation using Latent {D}irichlet Allocation and Segmental Methods",
    author = "Camelin, Nathalie  and
      Detienne, Boris  and
      Huet, St{\'e}phane  and
      Quadri, Dominique  and
      Lef{\`e}vre, Fabrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First workshop on Unsupervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2209",
    pages = "72--81",
}
@inproceedings{gouws-etal-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Mining of Lexical Variants from Noisy Text",
    author = "Gouws, Stephan  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      Metzler, Donald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First workshop on Unsupervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2210",
    pages = "82--90",
}
@inproceedings{huck-etal-2011-lightly,
    title = "Lightly-Supervised Training for Hierarchical Phrase-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Huck, Matthias  and
      Vilar, David  and
      Stein, Daniel  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First workshop on Unsupervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2211",
    pages = "91--96",
}
@inproceedings{huet-lefevre-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Alignment for Segmental-based Language Understanding",
    author = "Huet, St{\'e}phane  and
      Lef{\`e}vre, Fabrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First workshop on Unsupervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2212",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{kozareva-ravi-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Name Ambiguity Resolution Using A Generative Model",
    author = "Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Ravi, Sujith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First workshop on Unsupervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2213",
    pages = "105--112",
}
@inproceedings{jurgens-stevens-2011-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Impact of Sense Similarity on Word Sense Induction",
    author = "Jurgens, David  and
      Stevens, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First workshop on Unsupervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2214",
    pages = "113--123",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-speech,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    author = "Alm, Norman",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2300",
}
@inproceedings{pompili-etal-2011-line,
    title = "An on-line system for remote treatment of aphasia",
    author = "Pompili, Anna  and
      Abad, Alberto  and
      Trancoso, Isabel  and
      Fonseca, Jos{\'e}  and
      Pav{\~a}o Martins, Isabel  and
      Leal, Gabriela  and
      Farrajota, Luisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2301",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{rudzicz-2011-acoustic,
    title = "Acoustic transformations to improve the intelligibility of dysarthric speech",
    author = "Rudzicz, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2302",
    pages = "11--21",
}
@inproceedings{roark-etal-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards technology-assisted co-construction with communication partners",
    author = "Roark, Brian  and
      Fowler, Andrew  and
      Sproat, Richard  and
      Gibbons, Christopher  and
      Fried-Oken, Melanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2303",
    pages = "22--31",
}
@inproceedings{reddington-coles-kemp-2011-trap,
    title = "Trap Hunting: Finding Personal Data Management Issues in Next Generation {AAC} Devices",
    author = "Reddington, Joseph  and
      Coles-Kemp, Lizzie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2304",
    pages = "32--42",
}
@inproceedings{beckley-roark-2011-asynchronous,
    title = "Asynchronous fixed-grid scanning with dynamic codes",
    author = "Beckley, Russ  and
      Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2305",
    pages = "43--51",
}
@inproceedings{greenbacker-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving the Accessibility of Line Graphs in Multimodal Documents",
    author = "Greenbacker, Charles F.  and
      Wu, Peng  and
      Carberry, Sandra  and
      McCoy, Kathleen F.  and
      Elzer, Stephanie  and
      McDonald, David D.  and
      Chester, Daniel  and
      Demir, Seniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2306",
    pages = "52--62",
}
@inproceedings{kurian-etal-2011-indian,
    title = "{I}ndian Language Screen Readers and Syllable Based Festival Text-to-Speech Synthesis System",
    author = "Kurian, Anila Susan  and
      Narayan, Badri  and
      Madasamy, Nagarajan  and
      Bellur, Ashwin  and
      Krishnan, Raghava  and
      G., Kasthuri  and
      Vishwanath, Vinodh M.  and
      Prahallad, Kishore  and
      Murthy, Hema A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2307",
    pages = "63--72",
}
@inproceedings{dellorletta-etal-2011-read,
    title = "{READ}{--}{IT}: Assessing Readability of {I}talian Texts with a View to Text Simplification",
    author = "Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Venturi, Giulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2308",
    pages = "73--83",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-ludena-etal-2011-source,
    title = "Source Language Categorization for improving a Speech into Sign Language Translation System",
    author = "L{\'o}pez-Lude{\~n}a, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      San-Segundo, Rub{\'e}n  and
      Lufti, Syaheerah  and
      Lucas-Cuesta, Juan Manuel  and
      Echevarry, Juli{\'a}n David  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Gonz{\'a}lez, Beatriz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2309",
    pages = "84--93",
}
@inproceedings{wulfing-hoffmann-2011-mean,
    title = "What does it mean to communicate (not) emotionally?",
    author = {W{\"u}lfing, Jan-Oliver  and
      Hoffmann, Lisa},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2310",
    pages = "94--100",
}
@inproceedings{almohimeed-etal-2011-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Text to {A}rabic Sign Language Translation System for the Deaf and Hearing-Impaired Community",
    author = "Almohimeed, Abdulaziz  and
      Wald, Mike  and
      Damper, R.I.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2311",
    pages = "101--109",
}
@inproceedings{ljunglof-etal-2011-lekbot,
    title = "{L}ekbot: A talking and playing robot for children with disabilities",
    author = {Ljungl{\"o}f, Peter  and
      Claesson, Britt  and
      Mattsson M{\"u}ller, Ingrid  and
      Ericsson, Stina  and
      Ottesj{\"o}, Cajsa  and
      Berman, Alexander  and
      Kronlid, Fredrik},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2312",
    pages = "110--119",
}
@inproceedings{heimann-muhlenbock-lundalv-2011-using,
    title = "Using lexical and corpus resources for augmenting the {AAC}-lexicon",
    author = {Heimann M{\"u}hlenbock, Katarina  and
      Lund{\"a}lv, Mats},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2313",
    pages = "120--127",
}
@inproceedings{bautista-etal-2011-experimental,
    title = "Experimental Identification of the Use of Hedges in the Simplification of Numerical Expressions",
    author = "Bautista, Susana  and
      Herv{\'a}s, Raquel  and
      Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo  and
      Power, Richard  and
      Williams, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2314",
    pages = "128--136",
}
@inproceedings{candido-jr-etal-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards an on-demand Simple {P}ortuguese {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Candido Jr, Arnaldo  and
      Copestake, Ann  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2315",
    pages = "137--147",
}
@inproceedings{waller-2011-slpat,
    title = "{SLPAT} Demo Session",
    editor = "Waller, Annalu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2316",
    pages = "148--149",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-textinfer,
    title = "Proceedings of the {T}ext{I}nfer 2011 Workshop on Textual Entailment",
    author = "Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Thater, Stefan",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scottland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2400",
}
@inproceedings{meurers-etal-2011-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Answers to Reading Comprehension Questions in Context: Results for {G}erman and the Role of Information Structure",
    author = "Meurers, Detmar  and
      Ziai, Ramon  and
      Ott, Niels  and
      Kopp, Janina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {T}ext{I}nfer 2011 Workshop on Textual Entailment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scottland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2401",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{shnarch-etal-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards a Probabilistic Model for Lexical Entailment",
    author = "Shnarch, Eyal  and
      Goldberger, Jacob  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {T}ext{I}nfer 2011 Workshop on Textual Entailment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scottland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2402",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{mirkin-etal-2011-classification,
    title = "Classification-based Contextual Preferences",
    author = "Mirkin, Shachar  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Kotlerman, Lili  and
      Szpektor, Idan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {T}ext{I}nfer 2011 Workshop on Textual Entailment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scottland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2403",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{kouylekov-etal-2011-worth,
    title = "Is it Worth Submitting this Run? Assess your {RTE} System with a Good Sparring Partner",
    author = "Kouylekov, Milen  and
      Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Negri, Matteo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {T}ext{I}nfer 2011 Workshop on Textual Entailment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scottland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2404",
    pages = "30--34",
}
@inproceedings{shima-mitamura-2011-diversity,
    title = "Diversity-aware Evaluation for Paraphrase Patterns",
    author = "Shima, Hideki  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {T}ext{I}nfer 2011 Workshop on Textual Entailment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scottland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2405",
    pages = "35--39",
}
@inproceedings{unger-cimiano-2011-representing,
    title = "Representing and resolving ambiguities in ontology-based question answering",
    author = "Unger, Christina  and
      Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {T}ext{I}nfer 2011 Workshop on Textual Entailment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scottland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2406",
    pages = "40--49",
}
@inproceedings{fernando-2011-strings,
    title = "Strings over intervals",
    author = "Fernando, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {T}ext{I}nfer 2011 Workshop on Textual Entailment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scottland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2407",
    pages = "50--58",
}
@inproceedings{gordon-schubert-2011-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Commonsense Entailment Rules Implicit in Sentences",
    author = "Gordon, Jonathan  and
      Schubert, Lenhart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {T}ext{I}nfer 2011 Workshop on Textual Entailment",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scottland, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2408",
    pages = "59--63",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-gems,
    title = "Proceedings of the {GEMS} 2011 Workshop on {GE}ometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    author = "Pado, Sebastian  and
      Peirsman, Yves",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2500",
}
@inproceedings{baroni-lenci-2011-blessed,
    title = "How we {BLESS}ed distributional semantic evaluation",
    author = "Baroni, Marco  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {GEMS} 2011 Workshop on {GE}ometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2501",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{panchenko-2011-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of the Baseline Knowledge-, Corpus-, and Web-based Similarity Measures for Semantic Relations Extraction",
    author = "Panchenko, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {GEMS} 2011 Workshop on {GE}ometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2502",
    pages = "11--21",
}
@inproceedings{bruni-etal-2011-distributional,
    title = "Distributional semantics from text and images",
    author = "Bruni, Elia  and
      Tran, Giang Binh  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {GEMS} 2011 Workshop on {GE}ometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2503",
    pages = "22--32",
}
@inproceedings{chan-etal-2011-reranking,
    title = "Reranking Bilingually Extracted Paraphrases Using Monolingual Distributional Similarity",
    author = "Chan, Tsz Ping  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {GEMS} 2011 Workshop on {GE}ometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2504",
    pages = "33--42",
}
@inproceedings{basile-etal-2011-encoding,
    title = "Encoding syntactic dependencies by vector permutation",
    author = "Basile, Pierpaolo  and
      Caputo, Annalina  and
      Semeraro, Giovanni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {GEMS} 2011 Workshop on {GE}ometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2505",
    pages = "43--51",
}
@inproceedings{hartung-frank-2011-assessing,
    title = "Assessing Interpretable, Attribute-related Meaning Representations for Adjective-Noun Phrases in a Similarity Prediction Task",
    author = "Hartung, Matthias  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {GEMS} 2011 Workshop on {GE}ometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2506",
    pages = "52--61",
}
@inproceedings{grefenstette-sadrzadeh-2011-experimenting,
    title = "Experimenting with transitive verbs in a {D}is{C}o{C}at",
    author = "Grefenstette, Edward  and
      Sadrzadeh, Mehrnoosh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {GEMS} 2011 Workshop on {GE}ometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2507",
    pages = "62--66",
}
@inproceedings{gulordava-baroni-2011-distributional,
    title = "A distributional similarity approach to the detection of semantic change in the {G}oogle Books Ngram corpus.",
    author = "Gulordava, Kristina  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {GEMS} 2011 Workshop on {GE}ometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2508",
    pages = "67--71",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-algorithms,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Algorithms and Resources for Modelling of Dialects and Language Varieties",
    author = "Jancsary, Jeremy  and
      Neubarth, Friedrich  and
      Trost, Harald",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2600",
}
@inproceedings{paul-etal-2011-dialect,
    title = "Dialect Translation: Integrating {B}ayesian Co-segmentation Models with Pivot-based {SMT}",
    author = "Paul, Michael  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Dixon, Paul R.  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Algorithms and Resources for Modelling of Dialects and Language Varieties",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2601",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{salloum-habash-2011-dialectal,
    title = "Dialectal to Standard {A}rabic Paraphrasing to Improve {A}rabic-{E}nglish Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Salloum, Wael  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Algorithms and Resources for Modelling of Dialects and Language Varieties",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2602",
    pages = "10--21",
}
@inproceedings{murphy-stemle-2011-paddywac,
    title = "{P}addy{W}a{C}: A Minimally-Supervised Web-Corpus of Hiberno-{E}nglish",
    author = "Murphy, Brian  and
      Stemle, Egon W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Algorithms and Resources for Modelling of Dialects and Language Varieties",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2603",
    pages = "22--29",
}
@inproceedings{scherrer-2011-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic transformations for Swiss {G}erman dialects",
    author = "Scherrer, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Algorithms and Resources for Modelling of Dialects and Language Varieties",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2604",
    pages = "30--38",
}
@inproceedings{hulden-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning word-level dialectal variation as phonological replacement rules using a limited parallel corpus",
    author = "Hulden, Mans  and
      Alegria, I{\~n}aki  and
      Etxeberria, Izaskun  and
      Maritxalar, Montse",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Algorithms and Resources for Modelling of Dialects and Language Varieties",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2605",
    pages = "39--48",
}
@inproceedings{gianfortoni-etal-2011-modeling,
    title = "Modeling of Stylistic Variation in Social Media with Stretchy Patterns",
    author = "Gianfortoni, Philip  and
      Adamson, David  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Algorithms and Resources for Modelling of Dialects and Language Varieties",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2606",
    pages = "49--59",
}
@inproceedings{benus-etal-2011-adapting,
    title = "Adapting {S}lovak {ASR} for native Germans speaking {S}lovak",
    author = "Be{\v{n}}u{\v{s}}, {\v{S}}tefan  and
      Cer{\v{n}}ak, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Darjaa, Sakhia  and
      Rusko, Milan  and
      Trnka, Mari{\'a}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Algorithms and Resources for Modelling of Dialects and Language Varieties",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2607",
    pages = "60--64",
}
@inproceedings{pucher-etal-2011-phone,
    title = "Phone set selection for {HMM}-based dialect speech synthesis",
    author = "Pucher, Michael  and
      Kerschhofer-Puhalo, Nadja  and
      Schabus, Dietmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Algorithms and Resources for Modelling of Dialects and Language Varieties",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2608",
    pages = "65--69",
}
@inproceedings{marrafa-etal-2011-wordnet,
    title = "{W}ord{N}et.{PT} global {--} Extending {W}ord{N}et.{PT} to {P}ortuguese varieties",
    author = "Marrafa, Palmira  and
      Amaro, Raquel  and
      Mendes, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Algorithms and Resources for Modelling of Dialects and Language Varieties",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2609",
    pages = "70--74",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-ucnlg,
    title = "Proceedings of the {UCNLG}+{E}val: Language Generation and Evaluation Workshop",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Evans, Roger  and
      Gatt, Albert  and
      Striegnitz, Kristina",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2700",
}
@inproceedings{galanis-androutsopoulos-2011-new,
    title = "A New Sentence Compression Dataset and Its Use in an Abstractive Generate-and-Rank Sentence Compressor",
    author = "Galanis, Dimitrios  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {UCNLG}+{E}val: Language Generation and Evaluation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2701",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{viethen-dale-2011-gre3d7,
    title = "{GRE}3{D}7: A Corpus of Distinguishing Descriptions for Objects in Visual Scenes",
    author = "Viethen, Jette  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {UCNLG}+{E}val: Language Generation and Evaluation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2702",
    pages = "12--22",
}
@inproceedings{greenbacker-etal-2011-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Human-written Summaries of Line Graphs",
    author = "Greenbacker, Charles  and
      Carberry, Sandra  and
      McCoy, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {UCNLG}+{E}val: Language Generation and Evaluation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2703",
    pages = "23--27",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-2011-task,
    title = "Task-Based Evaluation of {NLG} Systems: Control vs Real-World Context",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {UCNLG}+{E}val: Language Generation and Evaluation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2704",
    pages = "28--32",
}
@inproceedings{curto-etal-2011-exploring,
    title = "Exploring linguistically-rich patterns for question generation",
    author = "Curto, S{\'e}rgio  and
      Mendes, Ana Cristina  and
      Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {UCNLG}+{E}val: Language Generation and Evaluation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2705",
    pages = "33--38",
}
@inproceedings{rajkumar-white-2011-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically Motivated Complementizer Choice in Surface Realization",
    author = "Rajkumar, Rajakrishnan  and
      White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {UCNLG}+{E}val: Language Generation and Evaluation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2706",
    pages = "39--44",
}
@inproceedings{copestake-herbelot-2011-exciting,
    title = "Exciting and interesting: issues in the generation of binomials",
    author = "Copestake, Ann  and
      Herbelot, Aur{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {UCNLG}+{E}val: Language Generation and Evaluation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2707",
    pages = "45--53",
}
@inproceedings{de-kok-2011-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative features in reversible stochastic attribute-value grammars",
    author = {de Kok, Dani{\"e}l},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {UCNLG}+{E}val: Language Generation and Evaluation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2708",
    pages = "54--63",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-european,
    title = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Striegnitz, Kristina",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2800",
}
@inproceedings{lemon-2011-talkin,
    title = "Talkin{'} bout a revolution (statistically speaking) [Invited Talk]",
    author = "Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2801",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{siddharthan-2011-text,
    title = "Text Simplification using Typed Dependencies: A Comparision of the Robustness of Different Generation Strategies",
    author = "Siddharthan, Advaith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2802",
    pages = "2--11",
}
@inproceedings{mahamood-reiter-2011-generating,
    title = "Generating Affective Natural Language for Parents of Neonatal Infants",
    author = "Mahamood, Saad  and
      Reiter, Ehud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2803",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{sambaraju-etal-2011-text,
    title = "What is in a text and what does it do: Qualitative Evaluations of an {NLG} system {--} the {BT}-Nurse {--} using content analysis and discourse analysis",
    author = "Sambaraju, Rahul  and
      Reiter, Ehud  and
      Logie, Robert  and
      Mckinlay, Andy  and
      McVittie, Chris  and
      Gatt, Albert  and
      Sykes, Cindy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2804",
    pages = "22--31",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-2011-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Salience Metrics for the Context-Adequate Realization of Discourse Referents",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2805",
    pages = "32--43",
}
@inproceedings{viethen-etal-2011-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Visual Context on the Content of Referring Expressions",
    author = "Viethen, Henriette  and
      Dale, Robert  and
      Guhe, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2806",
    pages = "44--52",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-sluis-luz-2011-cross,
    title = "A Cross-Linguistic Study on the Production of Multimodal Referring Expressions in Dialogue",
    author = "van der Sluis, Ielka  and
      Luz, Saturnino",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2807",
    pages = "53--62",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-etal-2011-two,
    title = "Two Approaches for Generating Size Modifiers",
    author = "Mitchell, Margaret  and
      van Deemter, Kees  and
      Reiter, Ehud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2808",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{orkin-2011-using,
    title = "Using Online Games to Capture, Generate, and Understand Natural Language [Invited Talk]",
    author = "Orkin, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2809",
    pages = "71",
}
@inproceedings{bouayad-agha-etal-2011-content,
    title = "Content selection from an ontology-based knowledge base for the generation of football summaries",
    author = "Bouayad-Agha, Nadjet  and
      Casamayor, Gerard  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2810",
    pages = "72--81",
}
@inproceedings{power-2011-deriving,
    title = "Deriving rhetorical relationships from semantic content",
    author = "Power, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2811",
    pages = "82--90",
}
@inproceedings{gatt-portet-2011-may,
    title = "If it may have happened before, it happened, but not necessarily before",
    author = "Gatt, Albert  and
      Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2812",
    pages = "91--101",
}
@inproceedings{rieser-etal-2011-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Information Presentation for Spoken Dialogue Systems: Evaluation with real users",
    author = "Rieser, Verena  and
      Keizer, Simon  and
      Lemon, Oliver  and
      Liu, Xingkun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2813",
    pages = "102--109",
}
@inproceedings{dethlefs-cuayahuitl-2011-combining,
    title = "Combining Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning and {B}ayesian Networks for Natural Language Generation in Situated Dialogue",
    author = "Dethlefs, Nina  and
      Cuay{\'a}huitl, Heriberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2814",
    pages = "110--120",
}
@inproceedings{garoufi-koller-2011-combining,
    title = "Combining symbolic and corpus-based approaches for the generation of successful referring expressions",
    author = "Garoufi, Konstantina  and
      Koller, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2815",
    pages = "121--131",
}
@inproceedings{moore-2011-language,
    title = "Language Generation for Spoken Dialogue Systems [Invited Talk]",
    author = "Moore, Johanna D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2816",
    pages = "132",
}
@inproceedings{bollmann-2011-adapting,
    title = "Adapting {S}imple{NLG} to {G}erman",
    author = "Bollmann, Marcel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2817",
    pages = "133--138",
}
@inproceedings{danlos-etal-2011-easytext,
    title = "{E}asy{T}ext: an Operational {NLG} System",
    author = "Danlos, Laurence  and
      Meunier, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Combet, Vanessa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2818",
    pages = "139--144",
}
@inproceedings{basile-bos-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards Generating Text from Discourse Representation Structures",
    author = "Basile, Valerio  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2819",
    pages = "145--150",
}
@inproceedings{bouttaz-etal-2011-policy,
    title = "A Policy-Based Approach to Context Dependent Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Bouttaz, Thomas  and
      Pignotti, Edoardo  and
      Mellish, Chris  and
      Edwards, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2820",
    pages = "151--157",
}
@inproceedings{williams-etal-2011-levels,
    title = "Levels of organisation in ontology verbalisation",
    author = "Williams, Sandra  and
      Third, Allan  and
      Power, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2821",
    pages = "158--163",
}
@inproceedings{trandabat-2011-using,
    title = "Using semantic roles to improve summaries",
    author = "Trandab{\u{a}}{\textcommabelow{t}}, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2822",
    pages = "164--169",
}
@inproceedings{mazzei-2011-building,
    title = "Building a Generator for {I}talian Sign Language",
    author = "Mazzei, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2823",
    pages = "170--175",
}
@inproceedings{walker-etal-2011-investigation,
    title = "Investigation into Human Preference between Common and Unambiguous Lexical Substitutions",
    author = "Walker, Andrew  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Starkey, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2824",
    pages = "176--180",
}
@inproceedings{luz-van-der-sluis-2011-production,
    title = "Production of Demonstratives in {D}utch, {E}nglish and {P}ortuguese Dialogues",
    author = "Luz, Saturnino  and
      van der Sluis, Ielka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2825",
    pages = "181--186",
}
@inproceedings{abu-sheikha-inkpen-2011-generation,
    title = "Generation of Formal and Informal Sentences",
    author = "Abu Sheikha, Fadi  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2826",
    pages = "187--193",
}
@inproceedings{white-2011-glue,
    title = "Glue Rules for Robust Chart Realization",
    author = "White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2827",
    pages = "194--199",
}
@inproceedings{lareau-etal-2011-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Interesting Event Sequences for Sports Reporting",
    author = "Lareau, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2828",
    pages = "200--205",
}
@inproceedings{belz-etal-2011-generation,
    title = "Generation Challenges 2011 Preface",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Gatt, Albert  and
      Koller, Alexander  and
      Striegnitz, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2829",
    pages = "206--207",
}
@inproceedings{janarthanam-lemon-2011-gruve,
    title = "The {GRUVE} Challenge: Generating Routes under Uncertainty in Virtual Environments",
    author = "Janarthanam, Srini  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2830",
    pages = "208--211",
}
@inproceedings{gervas-ballesteros-2011-proposal,
    title = "A Proposal for a {S}panish Surface Realization Shared Task",
    author = "Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2831",
    pages = "212--216",
}
@inproceedings{belz-etal-2011-first,
    title = "The First Surface Realisation Shared Task: Overview and Evaluation Results",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      White, Mike  and
      Espinosa, Dominic  and
      Kow, Eric  and
      Hogan, Deirdre  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2832",
    pages = "217--226",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2011-dcu,
    title = "{DCU} at Generation Challenges 2011 Surface Realisation Track",
    author = "Guo, Yuqing  and
      Hogan, Deirdre  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2833",
    pages = "227--229",
}
@inproceedings{stent-2011-att,
    title = "{ATT}-0: Submission to Generation Challenges 2011 Surface Realization Shared Task",
    author = "Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2834",
    pages = "230--231",
}
@inproceedings{bohnet-etal-2011-stumaba,
    title = "{\textless}{S}tu{M}a{B}a{\textgreater}: From Deep Representation to Surface",
    author = "Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Mille, Simon  and
      Favre, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2835",
    pages = "232--235",
}
@inproceedings{rajkumar-etal-2011-osu,
    title = "The {OSU} System for Surface Realization at Generation Challenges 2011",
    author = "Rajkumar, Rajakrishnan  and
      Espinosa, Dominic  and
      White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2836",
    pages = "236--238",
}
@inproceedings{gervas-2011-ucm,
    title = "{UCM} Submission to the Surface Realization Challenge",
    author = "Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2837",
    pages = "239--241",
}
@inproceedings{dale-kilgarriff-2011-helping,
    title = "Helping Our Own: The {HOO} 2011 Pilot Shared Task",
    author = "Dale, Robert  and
      Kilgarriff, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2838",
    pages = "242--249",
}
@inproceedings{bhaskar-etal-2011-may,
    title = "May {I} check the {E}nglish of your paper!!!",
    author = "Bhaskar, Pinaki  and
      Ghosh, Aniruddha  and
      Pal, Santanu  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2839",
    pages = "250--253",
}
@inproceedings{ivanova-etal-2011-handling,
    title = "Handling Outlandish Occurrences: Using Rules and Lexicons for Correcting {NLP} Articles",
    author = "Ivanova, Elitza  and
      Bernhard, Delphine  and
      Grouin, Cyril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2840",
    pages = "254--256",
}
@inproceedings{dahlmeier-etal-2011-nus,
    title = "{NUS} at the {HOO} 2011 Pilot Shared Task",
    author = "Dahlmeier, Daniel  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Tran, Thanh Phu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2841",
    pages = "257--259",
}
@inproceedings{zesch-2011-helping,
    title = "Helping Our Own 2011: {UKP} Lab System Description",
    author = "Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2842",
    pages = "260--262",
}
@inproceedings{rozovskaya-etal-2011-university,
    title = "University of {I}llinois System in {HOO} Text Correction Shared Task",
    author = "Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Sammons, Mark  and
      Gioja, Joshua  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2843",
    pages = "263--266",
}
@inproceedings{boyd-meurers-2011-data,
    title = "Data-Driven Correction of {F}unction{W}ords in Non-Native {E}nglish",
    author = "Boyd, Adriane  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2844",
    pages = "267--269",
}
@inproceedings{striegnitz-etal-2011-report,
    title = "Report on the Second Second Challenge on Generating Instructions in Virtual Environments ({GIVE}-2.5)",
    author = {Striegnitz, Kristina  and
      Denis, Alexandre  and
      Gargett, Andrew  and
      Garoufi, Konstantina  and
      Koller, Alexander  and
      Theune, Mari{\"e}t},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2845",
    pages = "270--279",
}
@inproceedings{duncan-van-deemter-2011-direction,
    title = "Direction giving: an attempt to increase user engagement",
    author = "Duncan, Bob  and
      van Deemter, Kees",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2846",
    pages = "280--283",
}
@inproceedings{dethlefs-2011-bremen,
    title = "The Bremen System for the {GIVE}-2.5 Challenge",
    author = "Dethlefs, Nina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2847",
    pages = "284--289",
}
@inproceedings{racca-etal-2011-give,
    title = "The {GIVE}-2.5 C Generation System",
    author = "Racca, David Nicol{\'a}s  and
      Benotti, Luciana  and
      Duboue, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2848",
    pages = "290--295",
}
@inproceedings{benotti-denis-2011-cl,
    title = "{CL} system: Giving instructions by corpus based selection",
    author = "Benotti, Luciana  and
      Denis, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2849",
    pages = "296--301",
}
@inproceedings{denis-2011-loria,
    title = "The Loria Instruction Generation System L in {GIVE} 2.5",
    author = "Denis, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2850",
    pages = "302--306",
}
@inproceedings{garoufi-koller-2011-potsdam,
    title = "The {P}otsdam {NLG} systems at the {GIVE}-2.5 Challenge",
    author = "Garoufi, Konstantina  and
      Koller, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2851",
    pages = "307--311",
}
@inproceedings{akkersdijk-etal-2011-thumbs,
    title = "The Thumbs Up! Twente system for {GIVE} 2.5",
    author = {Akkersdijk, Saskia  and
      Langenbach, Marin  and
      Loch, Frieder  and
      Theune, Mari{\"e}t},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2852",
    pages = "312--317",
}
@inproceedings{rus-etal-2011-question,
    title = "Question Generation Shared Task and Evaluation Challenge {--} Status Report",
    author = "Rus, Vasile  and
      Wyse, Brendan  and
      Piwek, Paul  and
      Lintean, Mihai  and
      Stoyanchev, Svetlana  and
      Moldovan, Cristian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Nancy, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2853",
    pages = "318--320",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-international-parsing,
    title = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    author = {Bunt, Harry  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      {\c{C}}etinoglu, {\"O}zlem},
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2900",
}
@inproceedings{steedman-2011-computing,
    title = "Computing Scope in a {CCG} Parser",
    author = "Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2901",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{koller-kuhlmann-2011-generalized,
    title = "A Generalized View on Parsing and Translation",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Kuhlmann, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2902",
    pages = "2--13",
}
@inproceedings{buchse-etal-2011-tree,
    title = "Tree Parsing with Synchronous Tree-Adjoining Grammars",
    author = {B{\"u}chse, Matthias  and
      Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Vogler, Heiko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2903",
    pages = "14--25",
}
@inproceedings{de-la-higuera-oncina-2011-finding,
    title = "Finding the Most Probable String and the Consensus String: an Algorithmic Study",
    author = "de la Higuera, Colin  and
      Oncina, Jose",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2904",
    pages = "26--36",
}
@inproceedings{candito-etal-2011-word,
    title = "A Word Clustering Approach to Domain Adaptation: Effective Parsing of Biomedical Texts",
    author = "Candito, Marie  and
      Henestroza Anguiano, Enrique  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2905",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-haulrich-2011-sentence,
    title = "Sentence-Level Instance-Weighting for Graph-Based and Transition-Based Dependency Parsing",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      Haulrich, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2906",
    pages = "43--47",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2011-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of the Difficulties in {C}hinese Deep Parsing",
    author = "Yu, Kun  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Wang, Xiangli  and
      Tsujii, Junichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2907",
    pages = "48--57",
}
@inproceedings{seeker-kuhn-2011-role,
    title = "On the Role of Explicit Morphological Feature Representation in Syntactic Dependency Parsing for {G}erman",
    author = "Seeker, Wolfgang  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2908",
    pages = "58--62",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-2011-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Network Automata for Modelling Unbounded Structures",
    author = "Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2909",
    pages = "63--74",
}
@inproceedings{duchier-etal-2011-model,
    title = "Model-Theory of Property Grammars with Features",
    author = "Duchier, Denys  and
      Dao, Thi-Bich-Hanh  and
      Parmentier, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2910",
    pages = "75--79",
}
@inproceedings{deoskar-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning Structural Dependencies of Words in the {Z}ipfian Tail",
    author = "Deoskar, Tejaswini  and
      Mylonakis, Markos  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2911",
    pages = "80--91",
}
@inproceedings{dukes-habash-2011-one,
    title = "One-Step Statistical Parsing of Hybrid Dependency-Constituency Syntactic Representations",
    author = "Dukes, Kais  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2912",
    pages = "92--103",
}
@inproceedings{evang-kallmeyer-2011-plcfrs,
    title = "{PLCFRS} Parsing of {E}nglish Discontinuous Constituents",
    author = "Evang, Kilian  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2913",
    pages = "104--116",
}
@inproceedings{bornkessel-schlesewsky-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards a Neurobiologically Plausible Model of Human Sentence Comprehension Across Languages",
    author = "Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Ina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2914",
    pages = "117",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2011-minimally,
    title = "Minimally Supervised Domain-Adaptive Parse Reranking for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Xu, Feiyu  and
      Li, Hong  and
      Zhang, Yi  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Krause, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2915",
    pages = "118--128",
}
@inproceedings{coppola-etal-2011-simple,
    title = "Simple Semi-Supervised Learning for Prepositional Phrase Attachment",
    author = "Coppola, Gregory F.  and
      Birch, Alexandra  and
      Deoskar, Tejaswini  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2916",
    pages = "129--139",
}
@inproceedings{mirroshandel-nasr-2011-active,
    title = "Active Learning for Dependency Parsing Using Partially Annotated Sentences",
    author = "Mirroshandel, Seyed Abolghasem  and
      Nasr, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2917",
    pages = "140--149",
}
@inproceedings{collins-2011-lagrangian,
    title = "{L}agrangian Relaxation for Inference in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2918",
    pages = "150",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-satta-2011-prefix-probabilities,
    title = "Prefix Probabilities for Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2919",
    pages = "151--162",
}
@inproceedings{dunlop-etal-2011-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Matrix-Encoded Grammars and Low Latency Parallelization Strategies for {CYK}",
    author = "Dunlop, Aaron  and
      Bodenstab, Nathan  and
      Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2920",
    pages = "163--174",
}
@inproceedings{yi-etal-2011-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Parallel {CKY} Parsing on {GPU}s",
    author = "Yi, Youngmin  and
      Lai, Chao-Yue  and
      Petrov, Slav  and
      Keutzer, Kurt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2921",
    pages = "175--185",
}
@inproceedings{ytrestol-2011-cuteforce,
    title = "{C}ute{F}orce {--} Deep Deterministic {HPSG} Parsing",
    author = "Ytrest{\o}l, Gisle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2922",
    pages = "186--197",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-krieger-2011-large,
    title = "Large-Scale Corpus-Driven {PCFG} Approximation of an {HPSG}",
    author = "Zhang, Yi  and
      Krieger, Hans-Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2923",
    pages = "198--208",
}
@inproceedings{farkas-etal-2011-features,
    title = "Features for Phrase-Structure Reranking from Dependency Parses",
    author = "Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Schmid, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2924",
    pages = "209--214",
}
@inproceedings{foster-etal-2011-comparing,
    title = "Comparing the Use of Edited and Unedited Text in Parser Self-Training",
    author = {Foster, Jennifer  and
      {\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem  and
      Wagner, Joachim  and
      van Genabith, Josef},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2925",
    pages = "215--219",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2011-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Chart Parsing: An Analytic Comparison of Dependency Chart Parsing Algorithms",
    author = "Jin, Meixun  and
      Na, Hwidong  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2926",
    pages = "220--224",
}
@inproceedings{dridan-oepen-2011-parser,
    title = "Parser Evaluation Using Elementary Dependency Matching",
    author = "Dridan, Rebecca  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2927",
    pages = "225--230",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-sanchez-saez-2011-parsing,
    title = "Parsing of Partially Bracketed Structures for Parse Selection",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      S{\'a}nchez-S{\'a}ez, Ricardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2928",
    pages = "231--240",
}
@inproceedings{dickinson-smith-2011-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Dependency Parse Errors with Minimal Resources",
    author = "Dickinson, Markus  and
      Smith, Amber",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2929",
    pages = "241--252",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-south,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on South Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP})",
    author = "Sangal, Rajeev  and
      Malik, M. G. Abbas",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3000",
}
@inproceedings{suba-etal-2011-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Inflectional Stemmer and Rule-based Derivational Stemmer for {G}ujarati",
    author = "Suba, Kartik  and
      Jiandani, Dipti  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on South Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{mohaghegh-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving {P}ersian-{E}nglish Statistical Machine Translation:Experiments in Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Mohaghegh, Mahsa  and
      Sarrafzadeh, Abdolhossein  and
      Moir, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on South Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3002",
    pages = "9--15",
}
@inproceedings{klaithin-etal-2011-thai,
    title = "{T}hai Word Segmentation Verification Tool",
    author = "Klaithin, Supon  and
      Kriengket, Kanyanut  and
      Phaholphinyo, Sitthaa  and
      Kosawat, Krit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on South Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3003",
    pages = "16--22",
}
@inproceedings{yamasaki-etal-2011-semi,
    title = "The Semi-Automatic Construction of Part-Of-Speech Taggers for Specific Languages by Statistical Methods",
    author = "YAMASAKI, Tomohiro  and
      WAKAKI, Hiromi  and
      SUZUKI, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on South Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3004",
    pages = "23--29",
}
@inproceedings{sulaiman-etal-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards a {M}alay Derivational Lexicon: Learning Affixes Using Expectation Maximization",
    author = "Sulaiman, Suriani  and
      Gasser, Michael  and
      Kuebler, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on South Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3005",
    pages = "30--34",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-lehal-2011-punjabi,
    title = "{P}unjabi Language Stemmer for nouns and proper names",
    author = "Gupta, Vishal  and
      Lehal, Gurpreet Singh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on South Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3006",
    pages = "35--39",
}
@inproceedings{rehman-etal-2011-challenges,
    title = "Challenges in {U}rdu Text Tokenization and Sentence Boundary Disambiguation",
    author = "Rehman, Zobia  and
      Anwar, Waqas  and
      Bajwa, Usama Ijaz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on South Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3007",
    pages = "40--45",
}
@inproceedings{khan-etal-2011-challenges,
    title = "Challenges in Developing a Rule based {U}rdu Stemmer",
    author = "Khan, Sajjad Ahmad  and
      Anwar, Waqas  and
      Bajwa, Usama Ijaz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on South Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3008",
    pages = "46--51",
}
@inproceedings{gridach-chenfour-2011-developing,
    title = "Developing a New System for {A}rabic Morphological Analysis and Generation",
    author = "Gridach, Mourad  and
      Chenfour, Noureddine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on South Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing ({WSSANLP})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3009",
    pages = "52--57",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-kraq11,
    title = "Proceedings of the {KRAQ}11 workshop",
    author = "Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3100",
}
@inproceedings{canitrot-etal-2011-komodo,
    title = "The {KOMODO} System: getting Recommendations on how to realize an action via Question-Answering",
    author = "Canitrot, Marc  and
      Roger, Pierre-Yves  and
      de Filippo, Thomas  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {KRAQ}11 workshop",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3101",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{quarteroni-2011-question,
    title = "Question Answering, Semantic Search and Data Service Querying",
    author = "Quarteroni, Silvia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {KRAQ}11 workshop",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3102",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{kojima-etal-2011-analysis-questions,
    title = "An Analysis of Questions in a Q{\&}A Site Resubmitted Based on Indications of Unclear Points of Original Questions",
    author = "Kojima, Masahiro  and
      Watanabe, Yasuhiko  and
      Okada, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {KRAQ}11 workshop",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3103",
    pages = "18--21",
}
@inproceedings{bakhtyar-kawtrakul-2011-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Knowledge Resources and Shallow Language Processing for Question Classification",
    author = "Bakhtyar, Maheen  and
      Kawtrakul, Asanee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {KRAQ}11 workshop",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3104",
    pages = "22--28",
}
@inproceedings{pal-etal-2011-rule,
    title = "A Rule Based Approach for Analysis of Comparative or Evaluative Questions in Tourism Domain",
    author = "Pal, Bidhan Chandra  and
      Bhaskar, Pinaki  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {KRAQ}11 workshop",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3105",
    pages = "29--37",
}
@inproceedings{kongthon-etal-2011-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic Based Question Answering System for Thailand Tourism Information",
    author = "Kongthon, Alisa  and
      Kongyoung, Sarawoot  and
      Haruechaiyasak, Choochart  and
      Palingoon, Pornpimon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {KRAQ}11 workshop",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3106",
    pages = "38--42",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-named,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd Named Entities Workshop ({NEWS} 2011)",
    author = "Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou  and
      Kumaran, A",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3200",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2011-report,
    title = "Report of {NEWS} 2011 Machine Transliteration Shared Task",
    author = "Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou  and
      Kumaran, A  and
      Liu, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Named Entities Workshop ({NEWS} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3201",
    pages = "1--13",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2011-whitepaper,
    title = "Whitepaper of {NEWS} 2011 Shared Task on Machine Transliteration",
    author = "Zhang, Min  and
      Kumaran, A  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Named Entities Workshop ({NEWS} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3202",
    pages = "14--22",
}
@inproceedings{finch-etal-2011-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Models Derived from non-Parametric {B}ayesian Co-segmentation into a Statistical Machine Transliteration System",
    author = "Finch, Andrew  and
      Dixon, Paul  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Named Entities Workshop ({NEWS} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3203",
    pages = "23--27",
}
@inproceedings{kruengkrai-etal-2011-simple,
    title = "Simple Discriminative Training for Machine Transliteration",
    author = "Kruengkrai, Canasai  and
      Charoenporn, Thatsanee  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Named Entities Workshop ({NEWS} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3204",
    pages = "28--31",
}
@inproceedings{wang-tsai-2011-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-{K}orean Named Entity Transliteration Using Statistical Substring-based and Rule-based Approaches",
    author = "Wang, Yu-Chun  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Named Entities Workshop ({NEWS} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3205",
    pages = "32--35",
}
@inproceedings{bhargava-etal-2011-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Transliterations from Multiple Languages",
    author = "Bhargava, Aditya  and
      Hauer, Bradley  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Named Entities Workshop ({NEWS} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3206",
    pages = "36--40",
}
@inproceedings{banchs-2011-comparative,
    title = "Comparative Evaluation of {S}panish Segmentation Strategies for {S}panish-{C}hinese Transliteration",
    author = "Banchs, Rafael E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Named Entities Workshop ({NEWS} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3207",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{fukunishi-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using Features from a Bilingual Alignment Model in Transliteration Mining",
    author = "Fukunishi, Takaaki  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Yamamoto, Seiichi  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Named Entities Workshop ({NEWS} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3208",
    pages = "49--57",
}
@inproceedings{lertcheva-aroonmanakun-2011-product,
    title = "Product Name Identification and Classification in {T}hai Economic News",
    author = "Lertcheva, Nattadaporn  and
      Aroonmanakun, Wirote",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Named Entities Workshop ({NEWS} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3209",
    pages = "58--64",
}
@inproceedings{bhole-etal-2011-mining,
    title = "Mining Multi-word Named Entity Equivalents from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Bhole, Abhijit  and
      Tholpadi, Goutham  and
      Udupa, Raghavendra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Named Entities Workshop ({NEWS} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3210",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{mousavi-nejad-khadivi-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Alignment Model for Sequence Labeling: Application to Name Transliteration",
    author = "Mousavi Nejad, Najmeh  and
      Khadivi, Shahram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Named Entities Workshop ({NEWS} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3211",
    pages = "73--81",
}
@inproceedings{qin-chen-2011-forward,
    title = "Forward-backward Machine Transliteration between {E}nglish and {C}hinese Based on Combined {CRF}s",
    author = "Qin, Ying  and
      Chen, GuoHua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Named Entities Workshop ({NEWS} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3212",
    pages = "82--85",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2011-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-to-{C}hinese Machine Transliteration using Accessor Variety Features of Source Graphemes",
    author = "Jiang, Mike Tian-Jian  and
      Kuo, Chan-Hung  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Named Entities Workshop ({NEWS} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3213",
    pages = "86--90",
}
@inproceedings{mousavi-nejad-etal-2011-amirkabir,
    title = "The Amirkabir Machine Transliteration System for {NEWS} 2011: {F}arsi-to-{E}nglish Task",
    author = "Mousavi Nejad, Najmeh  and
      Khadivi, Shahram  and
      Taghipour, Kaveh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Named Entities Workshop ({NEWS} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3214",
    pages = "91--95",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-2011-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-{C}hinese Personal Name Transliteration by Syllable-Based Maximum Matching",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Named Entities Workshop ({NEWS} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3215",
    pages = "96--100",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2011-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Transliteration with Multi-to-Multi Joint Source Channel Model",
    author = "Chen, Yu  and
      Wang, Rui  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Named Entities Workshop ({NEWS} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3216",
    pages = "101--105",
}
@inproceedings{dasigi-diab-2011-named,
    title = "Named Entity Transliteration Generation Leveraging Statistical Machine Translation Technology",
    author = "Dasigi, Pradeep  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Named Entities Workshop ({NEWS} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3217",
    pages = "106--111",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-language-resources,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Resources, Technology and Services in the Sharing Paradigm",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Ishida, Toru  and
      Piperidis, Stelios  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3300",
}
@inproceedings{hayashi-2011-prospects,
    title = "Prospects for an Ontology-Grounded Language Service Infrastructure",
    author = "Hayashi, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Resources, Technology and Services in the Sharing Paradigm",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3301",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{bel-etal-2011-method,
    title = "A Method Towards the Fully Automatic Merging of Lexical Resources",
    author = "Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Padr{\'o}, Muntsa  and
      Necsulescu, Silvia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Resources, Technology and Services in the Sharing Paradigm",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3302",
    pages = "8--15",
}
@inproceedings{chanyachatchawan-etal-2011-service,
    title = "Service Quality Improvement in Web Service Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Chanyachatchawan, Sapa  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Charoenporn, Thatsanee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Resources, Technology and Services in the Sharing Paradigm",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3303",
    pages = "16--23",
}
@inproceedings{andra-schutz-2011-semantically,
    title = "The Semantically-enriched Translation Interoperability Protocol",
    author = {Andr{\"a}, Sven Christian  and
      Sch{\"u}tz, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Resources, Technology and Services in the Sharing Paradigm",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3304",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{poch-bel-2011-interoperability,
    title = "Interoperability and Technology for a Language Resources Factory",
    author = "Poch, Marc  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Resources, Technology and Services in the Sharing Paradigm",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3305",
    pages = "32--40",
}
@inproceedings{calzolari-etal-2011-interoperability,
    title = "Interoperability Framework: The {FL}a{R}e{N}et Action Plan Proposal",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Quochi, Valeria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Resources, Technology and Services in the Sharing Paradigm",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3306",
    pages = "41--49",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-etal-2011-promoting,
    title = "Promoting Interoperability of Resources in {META}-{SHARE}",
    author = "Thompson, Paul  and
      Kano, Yoshinobu  and
      McNaught, John  and
      Pettifer, Steve  and
      Attwood, Teresa  and
      Keane, John  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Resources, Technology and Services in the Sharing Paradigm",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3307",
    pages = "50--58",
}
@inproceedings{ishida-etal-2011-federated,
    title = "Federated Operation Model for the Language Grid",
    author = "Ishida, Toru  and
      Murakami, Yohei  and
      Kubota, Yoko  and
      Inaba, Rieko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Resources, Technology and Services in the Sharing Paradigm",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3308",
    pages = "59--66",
}
@inproceedings{murakami-etal-2011-open,
    title = "Open-Source Platform for Language Service Sharing",
    author = "Murakami, Yohei  and
      Tanaka, Masahiro  and
      Lin, Donghui  and
      Ishida, Toru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Resources, Technology and Services in the Sharing Paradigm",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3309",
    pages = "67--74",
}
@inproceedings{choukri-etal-2011-proposal,
    title = "Proposal for the International Standard Language Resource Number",
    author = "Choukri, Khalid  and
      Park, Jungyeul  and
      Hamon, Olivier  and
      Arranz, Victoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Resources, Technology and Services in the Sharing Paradigm",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3310",
    pages = "75--83",
}
@inproceedings{gavrilidou-etal-2011-metadata,
    title = "A Metadata Schema for the Description of Language Resources ({LR}s)",
    author = "Gavrilidou, Maria  and
      Labropoulou, Penny  and
      Piperidis, Stelios  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Frontini, Francesca  and
      Francopoulo, Gil  and
      Arranz, Victoria  and
      Mapelli, Val{\'e}rie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Resources, Technology and Services in the Sharing Paradigm",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3311",
    pages = "84--92",
}
@inproceedings{calzolari-etal-2011-language,
    title = "The Language Library: Many Layers, More Knowledge",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Del Gratta, Riccardo  and
      Frontini, Francesca  and
      Russo, Irene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Resources, Technology and Services in the Sharing Paradigm",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3312",
    pages = "93--97",
}
@inproceedings{odijk-van-hessen-2011-sharing,
    title = "Sharing Resources in {CLARIN}-{NL}",
    author = "Odijk, Jan  and
      van Hessen, Arjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Resources, Technology and Services in the Sharing Paradigm",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3313",
    pages = "98--106",
}
@inproceedings{skadina-etal-2011-meta,
    title = "{META}-{NORD}: Towards Sharing of Language Resources in Nordic and Baltic Countries",
    author = {Skadi{\c{n}}a, Inguna  and
      Vasi{\c{l}}jevs, Andrejs  and
      Borin, Lars  and
      De Smedt, Koenraad  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister  and
      R{\"o}gnvaldsson, Eir{\'\i}kur},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Resources, Technology and Services in the Sharing Paradigm",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3314",
    pages = "107--114",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-asian,
    title = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    author = "Roxas, Rachel Edita O.  and
      Hussain, Sarmad  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3400",
}
@inproceedings{sornlertlamvanich-2011-participation,
    title = "Participation in Language Resource Development and Sharing",
    author = "Sornlertlamvanich, Virach",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3401",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{oco-borra-2011-grammar,
    title = "A Grammar Checker for {T}agalog using {L}anguage{T}ool",
    author = "Oco, Nathaniel  and
      Borra, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3402",
    pages = "2--9",
}
@inproceedings{ilao-etal-2011-bantay,
    title = "Bantay-Wika: towards a better understanding of the dynamics of {F}ilipino culture and linguistic change",
    author = "Ilao, Joel  and
      Guevara, Rowena Cristina  and
      Llenaresas, Virgilio  and
      Narvaez, Eilene Antoinette  and
      Peregrino, Jovy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3403",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2011-engineering,
    title = "Engineering a Deep {HPSG} for {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Zhang, Yi  and
      Wang, Rui  and
      Chen, Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3404",
    pages = "18--22",
}
@inproceedings{ambati-etal-2011-error,
    title = "Error Detection for Treebank Validation",
    author = "Ambati, Bharat Ram  and
      Agarwal, Rahul  and
      Gupta, Mridul  and
      Husain, Samar  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3405",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{adeeba-hussain-2011-experiences,
    title = "Experiences in Building {U}rdu {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Adeeba, Farah  and
      Hussain, Sarmad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3406",
    pages = "31--35",
}
@inproceedings{diab-kamboj-2011-feasibility,
    title = "Feasibility of Leveraging Crowd Sourcing for the Creation of a Large Scale Annotated Resource for {H}indi {E}nglish Code Switched Data: A Pilot Annotation",
    author = "Diab, Mona  and
      Kamboj, Ankit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3407",
    pages = "36--40",
}
@inproceedings{beale-allman-2011-linguists,
    title = "Linguist{'}s Assistant: A Resource For Linguists",
    author = "Beale, Stephen  and
      Allman, Tod",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3408",
    pages = "41--49",
}
@inproceedings{tongtep-theeramunkong-2011-multi,
    title = "Multi-stage Annotation using Pattern-based and Statistical-based Techniques for Automatic {T}hai Annotated Corpus Construction",
    author = "Tongtep, Nattapong  and
      Theeramunkong, Thanaruk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3409",
    pages = "50--58",
}
@inproceedings{dita-roxas-2011-philippine,
    title = "{P}hilippine Languages Online Corpora: Status, issues, and prospects",
    author = "Dita, Shirley  and
      Roxas, Rachel Edita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3410",
    pages = "59--62",
}
@inproceedings{ishino-etal-2011-providing,
    title = "Providing Ad Links to Travel Blog Entries Based on Link Types",
    author = "Ishino, Aya  and
      Nanba, Hidetsugu  and
      Takezawa, Toshiyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3411",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{hautli-butt-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards a Computational Semantic Analyzer for {U}rdu",
    author = "Hautli, Annette  and
      Butt, Miriam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3412",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@inproceedings{saini-lehal-2011-word,
    title = "Word Disambiguation in Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi Transliteration",
    author = "Saini, Tejinder Singh  and
      Lehal, Gurpreet Singh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3413",
    pages = "79--87",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-advances,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods ({WTIM} 2011)",
    author = "Kazawa, Hideto  and
      Suzuki, Hisami  and
      Kudo, Taku",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3500",
}
@inproceedings{ahmed-etal-2011-challenges,
    title = "Challenges in Designing Input Method Editors for {I}ndian Lan-guages: The Role of Word-Origin and Context",
    author = "Ahmed, Umair Z  and
      Bali, Kalika  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      VB, Sowmya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods ({WTIM} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3501",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{tokunaga-etal-2011-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Method for {J}apanese Kana-Kanji Input Method",
    author = "Tokunaga, Hiroyuki  and
      Okanohara, Daisuke  and
      Mori, Shinsuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods ({WTIM} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3502",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{kudo-etal-2011-efficient,
    title = "Efficient dictionary and language model compression for input method editors",
    author = "Kudo, Taku  and
      Hanaoka, Toshiyuki  and
      Mukai, Jun  and
      Tabata, Yusuke  and
      Komatsu, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods ({WTIM} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3503",
    pages = "19--25",
}
@inproceedings{habib-etal-2011-different,
    title = "Different Input Systems for Different Devices",
    author = "Habib, Asad  and
      Iwatate, Masakazu  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods ({WTIM} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3504",
    pages = "26--30",
}
@inproceedings{okadome-etal-2011-accessible,
    title = "An Accessible Coded Input Method for {J}apanese Extensive Writing",
    author = "Okadome, Takeshi  and
      Nakajima, Junya  and
      Ito, Sho  and
      Kakusho, Koh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods ({WTIM} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3505",
    pages = "31--37",
}
@inproceedings{kasahara-etal-2011-error,
    title = "Error Correcting Romaji-kana Conversion for {J}apanese Language Education",
    author = "Kasahara, Seiji  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Nagata, Masaaki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods ({WTIM} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3506",
    pages = "38--42",
}
@inproceedings{choudhury-etal-2011-pecher,
    title = "From \textit{pecher} to \textit{p{\^e}cher}... or \textit{p{\'e}cher}: Simplifying {F}rench Input by Accent Prediction",
    author = "Choudhury, Pallavi  and
      Quirk, Chris  and
      Suzuki, Hisami",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods ({WTIM} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3507",
    pages = "43--47",
}
@inproceedings{okuno-2011-phrase,
    title = "Phrase Extraction for {J}apanese Predictive Input Method as Post-Processing",
    author = "Okuno, Yoh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods ({WTIM} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3508",
    pages = "48--52",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2011-robustness,
    title = "Robustness Analysis of Adaptive {C}hinese Input Methods",
    author = "Jiang, Mike Tian-Jian  and
      Lee, Cheng-Wei  and
      Liu, Chad  and
      Chang, Yung-Chun  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods ({WTIM} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3509",
    pages = "53--61",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-international-cross,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop On Cross Lingual Information Access",
    author = "Ekbal, Asif  and
      Xiong, Deyi",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3600",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2011-web,
    title = "Web-based Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Haifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop On Cross Lingual Information Access",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3601",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{knoth-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using Explicit Semantic Analysis for Cross-Lingual Link Discovery",
    author = "Knoth, Petr  and
      Zilka, Lukas  and
      Zdrahal, Zdenek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop On Cross Lingual Information Access",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3602",
    pages = "2--10",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-sharoff-2011-cross,
    title = "Cross Language {POS} Taggers (and other Tools) for {I}ndian Languages: An Experiment with {K}annada using {T}elugu Resources",
    author = "Reddy, Siva  and
      Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop On Cross Lingual Information Access",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3603",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{ding-2011-integrate,
    title = "Integrate Multilingual Web Search Results using Cross-Lingual Topic Models",
    author = "Ding, Duo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop On Cross Lingual Information Access",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3604",
    pages = "20--24",
}
@inproceedings{faruqui-etal-2011-soundex,
    title = "Soundex-based Translation Correction in {U}rdu{--}{E}nglish Cross-Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Majumder, Prasenjit  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop On Cross Lingual Information Access",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3605",
    pages = "25--29",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2011-unsupervised-russian,
    title = "Unsupervised {R}ussian {POS} Tagging with Appropriate Context",
    author = "Yang, Li  and
      Peterson, Erik  and
      Chen, John  and
      Petrova, Yana  and
      Srihari, Rohini",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop On Cross Lingual Information Access",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3606",
    pages = "30--34",
}
@inproceedings{knopp-2011-extending,
    title = "Extending a multilingual Lexical Resource by bootstrapping Named Entity Classification using {W}ikipedia{'}s Category System",
    author = "Knopp, Johannes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop On Cross Lingual Information Access",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3607",
    pages = "35--43",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-sentiment,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology ({SAAIP} 2011)",
    author = "Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3700",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-2011-invited,
    title = "Invited Keynote: What are Subjectivity, Sentiment, and Affect?",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology ({SAAIP} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3701",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{bermingham-smeaton-2011-using,
    title = "On Using Twitter to Monitor Political Sentiment and Predict Election Results",
    author = "Bermingham, Adam  and
      Smeaton, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology ({SAAIP} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3702",
    pages = "2--10",
}
@inproceedings{tang-chen-2011-emotion,
    title = "Emotion Modeling from Writer/Reader Perspectives Using a Microblog Dataset",
    author = "Tang, Yi-jie  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology ({SAAIP} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3703",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{munezero-etal-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards automatic detection of antisocial behavior from texts",
    author = "Munezero, Myriam  and
      Kakkonen, Tuomo  and
      Montero, Calkin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology ({SAAIP} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3704",
    pages = "20--27",
}
@inproceedings{amgoud-etal-2011-introducing,
    title = "Introducing Argumention in Opinion Analysis: Language and Reasoning Challenges",
    author = "Amgoud, Leila  and
      Bannay, Florence  and
      Costedoat, Charlotte  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick  and
      Albert, Camille",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology ({SAAIP} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3705",
    pages = "28--34",
}
@inproceedings{cambria-etal-2011-taking,
    title = "Taking Refuge in Your Personal Sentic Corner",
    author = "Cambria, Erik  and
      Hussain, Amir  and
      Eckl, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology ({SAAIP} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3706",
    pages = "35--43",
}
@inproceedings{banea-etal-2011-sense,
    title = "Sense-level Subjectivity in a Multilingual Setting",
    author = "Banea, Carmen  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology ({SAAIP} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3707",
    pages = "44--50",
}
@inproceedings{inui-yamamoto-2011-applying,
    title = "Applying Sentiment-oriented Sentence Filtering to Multilingual Review Classification",
    author = "Inui, Takashi  and
      Yamamoto, Mikio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology ({SAAIP} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3708",
    pages = "51--58",
}
@inproceedings{das-bandyopadhyay-2011-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Emotional Statements {--} Roles of General and Physiological Variables",
    author = "Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology ({SAAIP} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3709",
    pages = "59--67",
}
@inproceedings{chandra-etal-2011-enriching,
    title = "Enriching Social Communication through Semantics and Sentics",
    author = "Chandra, Praphul  and
      Cambria, Erik  and
      Pradeep, Alvin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology ({SAAIP} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3710",
    pages = "68--72",
}
@inproceedings{roshchina-etal-2011-user,
    title = "User Profile Construction in the {TWIN} Personality-based Recommender System",
    author = "Roshchina, Alexandra  and
      Cardiff, John  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology ({SAAIP} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3711",
    pages = "73--79",
}
@inproceedings{ahmad-etal-2011-new,
    title = "What is new? News media, General Elections, Sentiment, and Named Entities",
    author = "Ahmad, Khurshid  and
      Daly, Nicholas  and
      Liston, Vanessa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology ({SAAIP} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3712",
    pages = "80--88",
}
@inproceedings{lee-renganathan-2011-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Sentiment Analysis Using Maximum Entropy",
    author = "Lee, Huey Yee  and
      Renganathan, Hemnaath",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology ({SAAIP} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3713",
    pages = "89--93",
}
@inproceedings{fang-chen-2011-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Lexicon Knowledge into {SVM} Learning to Improve Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Fang, Ji  and
      Chen, Bi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology ({SAAIP} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3714",
    pages = "94--100",
}
@inproceedings{bakliwal-etal-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards Enhanced Opinion Classification using {NLP} Techniques.",
    author = "Bakliwal, Akshat  and
      Arora, Piyush  and
      Patil, Ankit  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology ({SAAIP} 2011)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Chiang Mai, Thailand",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3715",
    pages = "101--107",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-statistical-parsing,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = "Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      Tsarfaty, Reut  and
      Foster, Jennifer",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3800",
}
@inproceedings{choi-palmer-2011-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Dependency Parsing in {K}orean: From Corpus Generation To Automatic Parsing",
    author = "Choi, Jinho D.  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3801",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{dehdari-etal-2011-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Features for Parsing Morphologically-rich Languages: A Case of {A}rabic",
    author = "Dehdari, Jon  and
      Tounsi, Lamia  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3802",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{sigogne-etal-2011-french,
    title = "{F}rench parsing enhanced with a word clustering method based on a syntactic lexicon",
    author = "Sigogne, Anthony  and
      Constant, Matthieu  and
      Laporte, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3803",
    pages = "22--27",
}
@inproceedings{bengoetxea-etal-2011-testing,
    title = "Testing the Effect of Morphological Disambiguation in Dependency Parsing of Basque",
    author = "Bengoetxea, Kepa  and
      Casillas, Arantza  and
      Gojenola, Koldo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3804",
    pages = "28--33",
}
@inproceedings{van-cranenburgh-etal-2011-discontinuous,
    title = "Discontinuous Data-Oriented Parsing: A mildly context-sensitive all-fragments grammar",
    author = "van Cranenburgh, Andreas  and
      Scha, Remko  and
      Sangati, Federico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3805",
    pages = "34--44",
}
@inproceedings{eryigit-etal-2011-multiword,
    title = "Multiword Expressions in Statistical Dependency Parsing",
    author = {Eryi{\u{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en  and
      {\.I}lbay, Tugay  and
      Can, Ozan Arkan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3806",
    pages = "45--55",
}
@inproceedings{husain-etal-2011-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically Rich Graph Based Data Driven Parsing For {H}indi",
    author = "Husain, Samar  and
      Gade, Raghu Pujitha  and
      Sangal, Rajeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3807",
    pages = "56--61",
}
@inproceedings{rehbein-2011-data,
    title = "Data point selection for self-training",
    author = "Rehbein, Ines",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3808",
    pages = "62--67",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-robust,
    title = "Proceedings of Workshop on Robust Unsupervised and Semisupervised Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Biemann, Chris  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3900",
}
@inproceedings{marecek-zabokrtsky-2011-gibbs,
    title = "{G}ibbs Sampling with Treeness Constraint in Unsupervised Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Robust Unsupervised and Semisupervised Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3901",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{drury-etal-2011-guided,
    title = "Guided Self Training for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Drury, Brett  and
      Torgo, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Almeida, Jose Joao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Robust Unsupervised and Semisupervised Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3902",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{atalla-etal-2011-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the Applicability of current Machine-Learning based Subjectivity Detection Algorithms on {G}erman Texts",
    author = "Atalla, Malik  and
      Scheel, Christian  and
      De Luca, Ernesto William  and
      Albayrak, Sahin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Robust Unsupervised and Semisupervised Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3903",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{thomas-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning Protein{--}Protein Interaction Extraction using Distant Supervision",
    author = "Thomas, Philippe  and
      Solt, Ill{\'e}s  and
      Klinger, Roman  and
      Leser, Ulf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Robust Unsupervised and Semisupervised Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3904",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{kobayashi-etal-2011-topic,
    title = "Topic Models with Logical Constraints on Words",
    author = "Kobayashi, Hayato  and
      Wakaki, Hiromi  and
      Yamasaki, Tomohiro  and
      Suzuki, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Robust Unsupervised and Semisupervised Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3905",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{samad-zadeh-kaljahi-baba-2011-investigation,
    title = "Investigation of Co-training Views and Variations for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Samad Zadeh Kaljahi, Rasoul  and
      Baba, Mohd Sapiyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Robust Unsupervised and Semisupervised Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-3906",
    pages = "41--49",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-ranlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the {RANLP} 2011 Workshop on Information Extraction and Knowledge Acquisition",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Ganchev, Kuzman  and
      Hobbs, Jerry",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4000",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-2011-invited,
    title = "{INVITED} {TALK} 1: The Knowledge Base Population Task: Challenges for Information Extraction",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {RANLP} 2011 Workshop on Information Extraction and Knowledge Acquisition",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4001",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{min-grishman-2011-fine,
    title = "Fine-grained Entity Set Refinement with User Feedback",
    author = "Min, Bonan  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {RANLP} 2011 Workshop on Information Extraction and Knowledge Acquisition",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4002",
    pages = "2--6",
}
@inproceedings{chetviorkin-loukachevitch-2011-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Domain-specific Opinion Words for Similar Domains",
    author = "Chetviorkin, Ilia  and
      Loukachevitch, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {RANLP} 2011 Workshop on Information Extraction and Knowledge Acquisition",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4003",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-klakow-2011-role,
    title = "The Role of Predicates in Opinion Holder Extraction",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {RANLP} 2011 Workshop on Information Extraction and Knowledge Acquisition",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4004",
    pages = "13--20",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-gamallo-2011-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-Based Text Compression for Semantic Relation Extraction",
    author = "Garcia, Marcos  and
      Gamallo, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {RANLP} 2011 Workshop on Information Extraction and Knowledge Acquisition",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4005",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{grundkiewicz-gralinski-2011-distinguish,
    title = "How to Distinguish a Kidney Theft from a Death Car? Experiments in Clustering Urban-Legend Texts",
    author = "Grundkiewicz, Roman  and
      Grali{\'n}ski, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {RANLP} 2011 Workshop on Information Extraction and Knowledge Acquisition",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4006",
    pages = "29--36",
}
@inproceedings{sil-yates-2011-machine,
    title = "Machine Reading Between the Lines: A Simple Evaluation Framework for Extracted Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Sil, Avirup  and
      Yates, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {RANLP} 2011 Workshop on Information Extraction and Knowledge Acquisition",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4007",
    pages = "37--40",
}
@inproceedings{weiser-etal-2011-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Expressions Extraction in {SMS} messages",
    author = "Weiser, St{\'e}phanie  and
      Cougnon, Louis-Am{\'e}lie  and
      Watrin, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {RANLP} 2011 Workshop on Information Extraction and Knowledge Acquisition",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4008",
    pages = "41--44",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-2011-invited,
    title = "{INVITED} {TALK} 2: Bringing Multilingual Information Extraction to the User",
    author = "Steinberger, Ralf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {RANLP} 2011 Workshop on Information Extraction and Knowledge Acquisition",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4009",
    pages = "45",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-language-technologies,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technologies for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage",
    author = "Vertan, Cristina  and
      Slavcheva, Milena  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4100",
}
@inproceedings{proszeky-2011-endangered,
    title = "Endangered Uralic Languages and Language Technologies",
    author = "Pr{\'o}sz{\'e}ky, G{\'a}bor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technologies for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4101",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{dannells-etal-2011-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Improved Access to Museum Databases in the Semantic Web",
    author = "Dann{\'e}lls, Dana  and
      Damova, Mariana  and
      Enache, Ramona  and
      Chechev, Milen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technologies for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4102",
    pages = "3--10",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2011-query,
    title = "Query classification via Topic Models for an art image archive",
    author = "Le, Dieu-Thu  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella  and
      Vald, Ed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technologies for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4103",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{stehouwer-auer-2011-unlocking,
    title = "Unlocking Language Archives Using Search",
    author = "Stehouwer, Herman  and
      Auer, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technologies for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4104",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{ogrodniczuk-gruszczyski-2011-digital,
    title = "Digital Library of Poland-related Old Ephemeral Prints: Preserving Multilingual Cultural Heritage",
    author = "Ogrodniczuk, Maciej  and
      Gruszczyski, Wlodzimierz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technologies for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4105",
    pages = "27--33",
}
@inproceedings{bollmann-etal-2011-rule,
    title = "Rule-Based Normalization of Historical Texts",
    author = "Bollmann, Marcel  and
      Petran, Florian  and
      Dipper, Stefanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technologies for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4106",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{dimitrova-etal-2011-survey,
    title = "Survey on Current State of {B}ulgarian-Polish Online Dictionary",
    author = "Dimitrova, Ludmila  and
      Dutsova, Ralitsa  and
      Panova, Rumiana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technologies for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4107",
    pages = "41--50",
}
@inproceedings{staykova-etal-2011-language,
    title = "Language Technology Support for Semantic Annotation of Icono-graphic Descriptions",
    author = "Staykova, Kamenka  and
      Agre, Gennady  and
      Simov, Kiril  and
      Osenova, Petya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technologies for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4108",
    pages = "51--56",
}
@inproceedings{eckhoff-etal-2011-tenth,
    title = "The Tenth-Century {C}yrillic Manuscript Codex Suprasliensis: the creation of an electronic corpus. {UNESCO} project (2010{--}2011)",
    author = "Eckhoff, Hanne Martine  and
      Birnbaum, David  and
      Miltenova, Anissava  and
      Dimitrova, Tsvetana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technologies for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4109",
    pages = "57--61",
}
@inproceedings{kakkonen-galic-kakkonen-2011-sentiprofiler,
    title = "{S}enti{P}rofiler: Creating Comparable Visual Profiles of Sentimental Content in Texts",
    author = "Kakkonen, Tuomo  and
      Gali{\'c} Kakkonen, Gordana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technologies for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4110",
    pages = "62--69",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-malm-2011-character,
    title = "Character Profiling in 19th Century Fiction",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Malm, Mats",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technologies for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4111",
    pages = "70--77",
}
@inproceedings{stajner-mitkov-2011-diachronic,
    title = "Diachronic Stylistic Changes in {B}ritish and {A}merican Varieties of 20th Century Written {E}nglish Language",
    author = "{\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technologies for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4112",
    pages = "78--85",
}
@inproceedings{tschopel-etal-2011-avatech,
    title = "{AVAT}ec{H}: Audio/Video Technology for Humanities Research",
    author = {Tsch{\"o}pel, Sebastian  and
      Schneider, Daniel  and
      Bardeli, Rolf  and
      Schreer, Oliver  and
      Masneri, Stefano  and
      Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Sloetjes, Han  and
      Lenkiewicz, Przemek  and
      Auer, Eric},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technologies for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4113",
    pages = "86--89",
}
@inproceedings{romero-etal-2011-handwritten,
    title = "Handwritten Text Recognition for Historical Documents",
    author = "Romero, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      Serrano, Nicol{\'a}s  and
      Toselli, Alejandro H.  and
      S{\'a}nchez, Joan Andreu  and
      Vidal, Enrique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technologies for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4114",
    pages = "90--96",
}
@inproceedings{furrer-volk-2011-reducing,
    title = "Reducing {OCR} Errors in Gothic-Script Documents",
    author = "Furrer, Lenz  and
      Volk, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technologies for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4115",
    pages = "97--103",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-biomedical,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Savova, Guergana  and
      Cohen, Kevin Bretonnel  and
      Angelova, Galia",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4200",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-2011-assignment,
    title = "Assignment of Ontology-based Broad Semantic Classes to Biomedical Text",
    author = "Cohen, Kevin Bretonnel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4201",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{henriksson-hassel-2011-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Structured Data, Negation Detection and {SNOMED} {CT} Terms in a Random Indexing Approach to Clinical Coding",
    author = "Henriksson, Aron  and
      Hassel, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4202",
    pages = "3--10",
}
@inproceedings{boytcheva-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Matching of {ICD}-10 codes to Diagnoses in Discharge Letters",
    author = "Boytcheva, Svetla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4203",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{sokolova-2011-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Measures for Detection of Personal Health Information",
    author = "Sokolova, Marina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4204",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{georgiev-etal-2011-building,
    title = "Building a Named Entity Recognizer in Three Days: Application to Disease Name Recognition in {B}ulgarian Epicrises",
    author = "Georgiev, Georgi  and
      Zhikov, Valentin  and
      Popov, Borislav  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4205",
    pages = "27--34",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-2011-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Complexity in Parsing Scientific Medical Data, a Diabetes Case Study",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4206",
    pages = "35--42",
}
@inproceedings{proux-etal-2011-architecture,
    title = "Architecture and Systems for Monitoring Hospital Acquired Infections inside Hospital Information Workflows",
    author = "Proux, Denys  and
      Hag{\`e}ge, Caroline  and
      Gicquel, Quentin  and
      Pereira, Suzanne  and
      Darmoni, Stefan  and
      Segond, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}rique  and
      Metzger, Marie-H{\'e}l{\`e}ne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4207",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{angelova-boytcheva-2011-towards,
    title = "Towards Temporal Segmentation of Patient History in Discharge Letters",
    author = "Angelova, Galia  and
      Boytcheva, Svetla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4208",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-annotation,
    title = "Proceedings of The Second Workshop on Annotation and Exploitation of Parallel Corpora",
    author = {Simov, Kiril  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Garabik, Radovan},
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4300",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-2011-reusing,
    title = "Reusing Parallel Corpora between Related Languages",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Second Workshop on Annotation and Exploitation of Parallel Corpora",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4301",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{amoia-etal-2011-discontinuous,
    title = "Discontinuous Constituents: a Problematic Case for Parallel Corpora Annotation and Querying",
    author = "Amoia, Marilisa  and
      Kunz, Kerstin  and
      Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Second Workshop on Annotation and Exploitation of Parallel Corpora",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4302",
    pages = "2--10",
}
@inproceedings{lecuit-etal-2011-tagged,
    title = "A tagged and aligned corpus for the study of Proper Names in translation",
    author = "Lecuit, Emeline  and
      Maurel, Denis  and
      Vitas, Du{\v{s}}ko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Second Workshop on Annotation and Exploitation of Parallel Corpora",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4303",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{sanguinetti-bosco-2011-building,
    title = "Building the multilingual {TUT} parallel treebank",
    author = "Sanguinetti, Manuela  and
      Bosco, Cristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Second Workshop on Annotation and Exploitation of Parallel Corpora",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4304",
    pages = "19--28",
}
@inproceedings{simov-etal-2011-bulgarian,
    title = "{B}ulgarian-{E}nglish Parallel Treebank: Word and Semantic Level Alignment",
    author = "Simov, Kiril  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Laskova, Laska  and
      Savkov, Aleksandar  and
      Kancheva, Stanislava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Second Workshop on Annotation and Exploitation of Parallel Corpora",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4305",
    pages = "29--38",
}
@inproceedings{stambolieva-2011-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Corpora in Aspectual Studies of Non-Aspect Languages",
    author = "Stambolieva, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Second Workshop on Annotation and Exploitation of Parallel Corpora",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4306",
    pages = "39--42",
}
@inproceedings{tsoumari-petasis-2011-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Annotator - A new annotation tool for aligned bilingual corpora",
    author = "Tsoumari, Mara  and
      Petasis, Georgios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Second Workshop on Annotation and Exploitation of Parallel Corpora",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4307",
    pages = "43--52",
}
@inproceedings{vertan-gavrila-2011-using,
    title = "Using Manual and Parallel Aligned Corpora for Machine Translation Services within an On-line Content Management System",
    author = "Vertan, Cristina  and
      Gavrila, Monica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Second Workshop on Annotation and Exploitation of Parallel Corpora",
    month = sep,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4308",
    pages = "53--58",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-international-finite,
    title = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Maletti, Andreas  and
      Constant, Matthieu",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Blois, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4400",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-2011-intersection,
    title = "Intersection for Weighted Formalisms",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Blois, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4401",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{wurm-2011-modularization,
    title = "Modularization of Regular Growth Automata",
    author = "Wurm, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Blois, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4402",
    pages = "3--11",
}
@inproceedings{fernando-2011-finite,
    title = "Finite-state Representations Embodying Temporal Relations",
    author = "Fernando, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Blois, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4403",
    pages = "12--20",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2011-supervised,
    title = "Supervised and Semi-Supervised Sequence Learning for Recognition of Requisite Part and Effectuation Part in Law Sentences",
    author = "Nguyen, Le-Minh  and
      Bach, Ngo Xuan  and
      Shimazu, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Blois, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4404",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{yli-jyra-2011-compiling,
    title = "Compiling Simple Context Restrictions with Nondeterministic Automata",
    author = {Yli-Jyr{\"a}, Anssi},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Blois, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4405",
    pages = "30--38",
}
@inproceedings{hulden-2011-constraint,
    title = "Constraint Grammar Parsing with Left and Right Sequential Finite Transducers",
    author = "Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Blois, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4406",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{krstev-etal-2011-e,
    title = "{E}-Dictionaries and Finite-State Automata for the Recognition of Named Entities",
    author = "Krstev, Cvetana  and
      Vitas, Du{\v{s}}ko  and
      Obradovi{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Utvi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Blois, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4407",
    pages = "48--56",
}
@inproceedings{hanneforth-2011-practical,
    title = "A Practical Algorithm for Intersecting Weighted Context-free Grammars with Finite-State Automata",
    author = "Hanneforth, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Blois, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4408",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{novak-etal-2011-open,
    title = "Open Source {WFST} Tools for {LVCSR} Cascade Development",
    author = "Novak, Josef R.  and
      Minematsu, Nobuaki  and
      Hirose, Keikichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Blois, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4409",
    pages = "65--73",
}
@inproceedings{barthelemy-rosmorduc-2011-intersection,
    title = "Intersection of Multitape Transducers vs. Cascade of Binary Transducers: The Example of {E}gyptian Hieroglyphs Transliteration",
    author = "Barth{\'e}lemy, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Rosmorduc, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Blois, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4410",
    pages = "74--82",
}
@inproceedings{schmitz-2011-note,
    title = "A Note on Sequential Rule-Based {POS} Tagging",
    author = "Schmitz, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Blois, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4411",
    pages = "83--87",
}
@inproceedings{kilbury-etal-2011-ftrace,
    title = "{FT}race: A Tool for Finite-State Morphology",
    author = "Kilbury, James  and
      Bontcheva, Katina  and
      Samih, Younes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Blois, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4412",
    pages = "88--92",
}
@inproceedings{bensch-etal-2011-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Construction of {M}illstream Configurations Using Graph Transformation",
    author = {Bensch, Suna  and
      Drewes, Frank  and
      J{\"u}rgensen, Helmut  and
      van der Merwe, Brink},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Blois, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4413",
    pages = "93--97",
}
@inproceedings{torres-casacuberta-2011-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic {K}-{TSS} Bi-Languages for Machine Translation",
    author = "Torres, M. In{\'e}s  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Blois, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4414",
    pages = "98--106",
}
@inproceedings{karanasou-etal-2011-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Confusability of Pronunciations in Speech Recognition",
    author = "Karanasou, Panagiota  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Lamel, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Blois, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4415",
    pages = "107--115",
}
@inproceedings{altantawy-etal-2011-fast,
    title = "Fast Yet Rich Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Altantawy, Mohamed  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Blois, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4416",
    pages = "116--124",
}
@inproceedings{attia-etal-2011-open,
    title = "An Open-Source Finite State Morphological Transducer for Modern Standard {A}rabic",
    author = "Attia, Mohammed  and
      Pecina, Pavel  and
      Toral, Antonio  and
      Tounsi, Lamia  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Blois, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4417",
    pages = "125--133",
}
@inproceedings{fehri-etal-2011-recognition,
    title = "Recognition and Translation of {A}rabic Named Entities with {N}oo{J} Using a New Representation Model",
    author = "Fehri, H{\'e}la  and
      Haddar, Kais  and
      Ben Hamadou, Abdelmajid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Blois, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4418",
    pages = "134--142",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-brazilian,
    title = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4500",
}
@inproceedings{maziero-pardo-2011-multi,
    title = "Multi-Document Discourse Parsing Using Traditional and Hierarchical Machine Learning",
    author = "Maziero, Erick Galani  and
      Pardo, Thiago Alexandre Salgueiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4501",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-szasz-2011-multi,
    title = "Multi-domain Cross-lingual Information Extraction from Clean and Noisy Texts",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio  and
      Szasz, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4502",
}
@inproceedings{scarton-2011-verbnet,
    title = "{V}erb{N}et.{B}r: constru{\c{c}}{\~a}o semiautom{\'a}tica de um l{\'e}xico computacional de verbos para o portugu{\^e}s do Brasil ({V}erb{N}et.{B}r: semiautomatic construction of a computational verb lexicon for {B}razilian {P}ortuguese) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Scarton, Carolina Evaristo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4503",
}
@inproceedings{pasqualini-etal-2011-comparando,
    title = "Comparando Avalia{\c{c}}{\~o}es de Inteligibilidade Textual entre Originais e Tradu{\c{c}}{\~o}es de Textos Liter{\'a}rios (Comparing Textual Intelligibility Evaluations among Literary Source Texts and their Translations) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Pasqualini, Bianca Franco  and
      Scarton, Carolina Evaristo  and
      Finatto, Maria Jos{\'e} B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4504",
}
@inproceedings{pinheiro-etal-2011-aquisicao,
    title = "Aquisi{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Conhecimento de Senso Comum e Inferencialista (Acquisition of Common Sense and Inferentialist Knowledge [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Pinheiro, Vl{\'a}dia  and
      Furtado, Vasco  and
      Pequeno, Tarc{\'\i}sio  and
      Franco, Wellington",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4505",
}
@inproceedings{finatto-etal-2011-caracteristicas,
    title = "Caracter{\'\i}sticas do jornalismo popular: avalia{\c{c}}{\~a}o da inteligibilidade e aux{\'\i}lio {\`a} descri{\c{c}}{\~a}o do g{\^e}nero (Characteristics of Popular News: the Evaluation of Intelligibility and Support to the Genre Description) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Finatto, Maria Jos{\'e} B.  and
      Scarton, Carolina Evaristo  and
      Rocha, Amanda  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4506",
}
@inproceedings{souza-etal-2011-construction,
    title = "Construction of a {P}ortuguese Opinion Lexicon from multiple resources",
    author = "Souza, Marlo  and
      Vieira, Renata  and
      Busetti, D{\'e}bora  and
      Chishman, Rove  and
      Alves, Isa Mara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4507",
}
@inproceedings{torres-aluisio-2011-using,
    title = "Using machine learning methods to avoid the pitfall of cognates and false friends in {S}panish-{P}ortuguese word pairs",
    author = "Torres, Lianet Sep{\'u}lveda  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4508",
}
@inproceedings{de-souza-feltrim-2011-analise,
    title = "An{\'a}lise autom{\'a}tica de aspectos relacionados a coer{\^e}ncia sem{\^a}ntica em resumos acad{\^e}micos (Automatic Analysis of Semantic Coherence Aspects in Academic Abstracts) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "de Souza, Vin{\'\i}cius Mour{\~a}o Alves  and
      Feltrim, Val{\'e}ria Delisandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4509",
}
@inproceedings{bertoldi-2011-os,
    title = "Os Limites da Cria{\c{c}}{\~a}o Autom{\'a}tica de L{\'e}xicos Computacionais Baseados em Frames: Um Estudo Contrastivo do Frame Criminal{\_}process (The Limits of the Automatic Creation of Frame-based Computational Lexicons: a Contrastive Study of the Criminal{\_}process Frame) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Bertoldi, Anderson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4510",
}
@inproceedings{schreiner-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving Lexical Alignment Using Hybrid Discriminative and Post-Processing Techniques",
    author = "Schreiner, Paulo  and
      Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Zilio, Leonardo  and
      Caseli, Helena M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4511",
}
@inproceedings{dantas-etal-2011-um,
    title = "Um Sistema para Melhorar a Usabilidade de um Gerenciador de Correio Eletr{\^o}nico Baseado em Reconhecimento de Fala (A System for Improving the Usability of a E-mail Management Tool with Speech Recognition) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Dantas, Josu{\'e}  and
      Oliveira, Rafael  and
      Santos, Hugo  and
      Neto, Nelson  and
      Klautau, Aldebaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4512",
}
@inproceedings{wendt-vieira-2011-extracao,
    title = "Extra{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Contextos Definit{\'o}rios a partir de Textos em L{\'\i}ngua Portuguesa (Extraction of Defining Contexts from Texts in {P}ortuguese) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Wendt, Igor S.  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4513",
}
@inproceedings{duque-etal-2011-um,
    title = "Um Processo Baseado em Par{\'a}grafos para a Extra{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Tratamentos em Artigos Cient{\'\i}ficos do Dom{\'\i}nio Biom{\'e}dico (A Paragraph-based Process to Extraction of Treatments from Biomedical Scientific Papers) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Duque, Juliana Lilian  and
      Matos, Pablo Freire  and
      de Aguiar Ciferri, Cristina Dutra  and
      Pardo, Thiago Alexandre Salgueiro  and
      Ciferri, Ricardo Rodrigues",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4514",
}
@inproceedings{duarte-etal-2011-minimizacao,
    title = "Minimiza{\c{c}}{\~a}o do Impacto do Problema de Desvio de Conceito por Meio de Acoplamento em Ambiente de Aprendizado Sem Fim (Minimizing the Impact of the Concept Drift Problem by Using a Framework of Endless Learning) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Duarte, Maisa Cristina  and
      Hruschka Jr., Estevam R.  and
      do Carmo Nicoletti, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4515",
}
@inproceedings{veiga-etal-2011-generating,
    title = "Generating a Pronunciation Dictionary for {E}uropean {P}ortuguese Using a Joint-Sequence Model with Embedded Stress Assignment",
    author = "Veiga, Arlindo  and
      Candeias, Sara  and
      Perdig{\~a}o, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4516",
}
@inproceedings{marquiafavel-zavaglia-2011-transcricao,
    title = "Transcri{\c{c}}{\~a}o fon{\'e}tica autom{\'a}tica para lemas em verbetes de dicion{\'a}rios do Portugu{\^e}s do Brasil (Automatic Phonetic Transcription of Lemmas for Entries in {B}razilian {P}ortuguese Dictionaries) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Marquiaf{\'a}vel, Vanessa  and
      Zavaglia, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4517",
}
@inproceedings{de-holanda-maia-xexeo-2011-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Tagging of {P}ortuguese Using Hidden {M}arkov Models with Character Language Model Emissions",
    author = "de Holanda Maia, Marcelo Rodrigues  and
      Xex{\'e}o, Geraldo Bonorino",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4518",
}
@inproceedings{duran-aluisio-2011-propbank,
    title = "{P}ropbank-Br: a {B}razilian {P}ortuguese corpus annotated with semantic role labels",
    author = "Duran, Magali Sanches  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4519",
}
@inproceedings{araujo-caseli-2011-combining,
    title = "Combining Models for the Alignment of Parallel Syntactic Trees",
    author = "Ara{\'u}jo, Josue G.  and
      Caseli, Helena M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4520",
}
@inproceedings{varela-etal-2011-identificacao,
    title = "Identifica{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Autoria de Textos atrav{\'e}s do uso de Classes Lingu{\'\i}sticas da L{\'\i}ngua Portuguesa (Authorship Identification Using Linguistic Classes for {P}ortuguese) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Varela, Paulo J{\'u}nior  and
      Justino, Edson J. R.  and
      Oliveira, Luiz E. S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4521",
}
@inproceedings{vieira-de-medeiros-caseli-2011-portal,
    title = "{P}or{TA}l: Recursos e Ferramentas de Tradu{\c{c}}{\~a}o Autom{\'a}tica para o Portugu{\^e}s do Brasil ({P}or{TA}l: Resources and Tools for Machine Translation of {B}razilian {P}ortuguese) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Vieira, Thiago Lima  and
      de Medeiros Caseli, Helena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4522",
}
@inproceedings{mosquera-moreda-2011-use,
    title = "The Use of Metrics for Measuring Informality Levels in Web 2.0 Texts",
    author = "Mosquera, Alejandro  and
      Moreda, Paloma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4523",
}
@inproceedings{goncalves-branco-2011-uma,
    title = "Uma abordagem de classifica{\c{c}}{\~a}o autom{\'a}tica para Tipo de Pergunta e Tipo de Resposta (An Automatic Approach for Classification of Question Type and Answer Type) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Gon{\c{c}}alves, Patricia Nunes  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio Horta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4524",
}
@inproceedings{molina-steinberger-elias-2011-criando,
    title = "Criando um corpus sobre desastres clim{\'a}ticos com apoio da ferramenta {NLTK} (Creating a Corpus about Climate Disasters with the Support of the {NLTK} Tool) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Molina, Rafael Antonangelo  and
      Steinberger-Elias, Margarethe Born",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4525",
}
@inproceedings{filocomo-etal-2011-resolucao,
    title = "Resolu{\c{c}}{\~a}o da Heterogeneidade na Identifica{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Pacientes (Resolution of Heterogeneity in the Identification of Patients) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Filocomo, F{\'a}bio  and
      Finger, Marcelo  and
      Patr{\~a}o, Diogo F. C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4526",
}
@inproceedings{fernandes-etal-2011-quotation,
    title = "Quotation Extraction for {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Fernandes, William Paulo Ducca  and
      Motta, Eduardo  and
      Milidi{\'u}, Ruy Luiz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4527",
}
@inproceedings{feitosa-etal-2011-cc,
    title = "{CC}/{SBTVD} e Reconhecimento de Fala para Portugu{\^e}s Brasileiro: tentando preencher uma lacuna de Corpus de Fala ({CC}/{SBTVD} and Speech Recognition for {B}razilian {P}ortuguese: Trying to Fill the Lack of a Speech Corpus) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Feitosa, Rafael Martins  and
      Barone, Dante A. C.  and
      Adami, Andr{\'e} G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4528",
}
@inproceedings{zilio-etal-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic extraction and evaluation of {MWE}",
    author = "Zilio, Leonardo  and
      Svoboda, Luiz  and
      Rossi, Luiz Henrique Longhi  and
      Feitosa, Rafael Martins",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4529",
}
@inproceedings{saias-quaresma-2011-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Networks and Spreading Activation Process for {QA} improvement on text answers",
    author = "Saias, Jos{\'e}  and
      Quaresma, Paulo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4530",
}
@inproceedings{jorge-pardo-2011-generative,
    title = "A Generative Approach for Multi-Document Summarization using Semantic-Discursive information",
    author = "Jorge, Maria Luc{\'\i}a Castro  and
      Pardo, Thiago Alexandre Salgueiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4531",
}
@inproceedings{da-rosa-alves-de-oliveira-chishman-2011-uma,
    title = "Uma proposta de representa{\c{c}}{\~a}o das rela{\c{c}}{\~o}es de polissemia em wordnets (A Proposal for the Representation of Polysemy Relations in Wordnets) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "da Rosa Alves, Isa Mara  and
      de Oliveira Chishman, Rove Luiza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4532",
}
@inproceedings{aziz-specia-2011-fully,
    title = "Fully Automatic Compilation of {P}ortuguese-{E}nglish and {P}ortuguese-{S}panish Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Aziz, Wilker  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4533",
}
@proceedings{ws-2011-nordic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    author = "Pedersen, Bolette Sandford  and
      Ne{\v{s}}pore, Gunta  and
      Skadi{\c{n}}a, Inguna",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4600",
}
@inproceedings{barzdins-2011-invited,
    title = "Invited Paper: When {F}rame{N}et meets a Controlled Natural Language",
    author = "B{\=a}rzdi{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Guntis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4601",
    pages = "2--5",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-2011-invited,
    title = "Invited Paper: Bare-Bones Dependency Parsing {--} A Case for Occam{'}s Razor?",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4602",
    pages = "6--11",
}
@inproceedings{webber-2011-invited,
    title = "Invited Paper: Discourse Structures and Language Technologies",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4603",
    pages = "12--16",
}
@inproceedings{alonso-etal-2011-identification,
    title = "Identification of sense selection in regular polysemy using shallow features",
    author = "Alonso, H{\'e}ctor Mart{\'\i}nez  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Sandford Pedersen, Bolette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4604",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{beuck-etal-2011-decision,
    title = "Decision Strategies for Incremental {POS} Tagging",
    author = {Beuck, Niels  and
      K{\"o}hn, Arne  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4605",
    pages = "26--33",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2011-framenet,
    title = "A {F}rame{N}et for {D}anish",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4606",
    pages = "34--41",
}
@inproceedings{bjerre-2011-extraction,
    title = "Extraction from relative and embedded interrogative clauses in {D}anish",
    author = "Bjerre, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4607",
    pages = "42--49",
}
@inproceedings{boizou-2011-formal,
    title = "The Formal Patterns of the {L}ithuanian Verb Forms",
    author = {Boizou, Lo{\"\i}c},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4608",
    pages = "50--57",
}
@inproceedings{borin-etal-2011-semantic,
    title = "Semantic search in literature as an e-Humanities research tool: {CONPLISIT} {--} Consumption patterns and life-style in 19th century {S}wedish literature",
    author = "Borin, Lars  and
      Forsberg, Markus  and
      Ahlberger, Christer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4609",
    pages = "58--65",
}
@inproceedings{delpech-2011-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of terminologies acquired from comparable corpora: an application perspective",
    author = "Delpech, Estelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4610",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@inproceedings{florou-konstantopoulos-2011-quantitative,
    title = "A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Nordic Surnames",
    author = "Florou, Eirini  and
      Konstantopoulos, Stasinos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4611",
    pages = "74--81",
}
@inproceedings{grigonyte-etal-2011-experiments,
    title = "Experiments on {L}ithuanian Term Extraction",
    author = "Grigonyt{\.e}, Gintar{\.e}  and
      Rimkut{\.e}, Erika  and
      Utka, Andrius  and
      Boizou, Loic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4612",
    pages = "82--89",
}
@inproceedings{henrichsen-2011-fishing,
    title = "Fishing in a Speech Stream {--} Angling for a Lexicon",
    author = "Henrichsen, Peter Juel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4613",
    pages = "90--97",
}
@inproceedings{hjalmstad-etal-2011-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Part-of-Speech Filtering on Generation of a {S}wedish-{J}apanese Dictionary Using {E}nglish as Pivot Language",
    author = {Hj{\"a}lmstad, Ingemar  and
      Duneld, Martin  and
      Skeppstedt, Maria},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4614",
    pages = "98--105",
}
@inproceedings{holmqvist-ahrenberg-2011-gold,
    title = "A Gold Standard for {E}nglish-{S}wedish Word Alignment",
    author = "Holmqvist, Maria  and
      Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4615",
    pages = "106--113",
}
@inproceedings{huttunen-etal-2011-relevance,
    title = "Relevance Prediction in Information Extraction using Discourse and Lexical Features",
    author = "Huttunen, Silja  and
      Vihavainen, Arto  and
      von Etter, Peter  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4616",
    pages = "114--121",
}
@inproceedings{johannessen-guevara-2011-kind,
    title = "What kind of corpus is a web corpus?",
    author = "Johannessen, Janne Bondi  and
      Guevara, Emiliano Raul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4617",
    pages = "122--129",
}
@inproceedings{kaalep-muischnek-2011-morphological,
    title = "Morphological analysis of a non-standard language variety",
    author = "Kaalep, Heiki-Jaan  and
      Muischnek, Kadri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4618",
    pages = "130--137",
}
@inproceedings{ljunglof-2011-editing,
    title = "Editing Syntax Trees on the Surface",
    author = {Ljungl{\"o}f, Peter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4619",
    pages = "138--145",
}
@inproceedings{muhonen-linden-2011-wordnets,
    title = "Do wordnets also improve human performance on {NLP} tasks?",
    author = "Muhonen, Kristiina  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4620",
    pages = "146--152",
}
@inproceedings{navarretta-etal-2011-creating,
    title = "Creating Comparable Multimodal Corpora for Nordic Languages",
    author = "Navarretta, Costanza  and
      Ahls{\'e}n, Elisabeth  and
      Allwood, Jens  and
      Jokinen, Kristiina  and
      Paggio, Patrizia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4621",
    pages = "153--160",
}
@inproceedings{rama-borin-2011-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Language Relationships from a Parallel Corpus. A Study of the {E}uroparl Corpus",
    author = "Rama, Taraka  and
      Borin, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4622",
    pages = "161--167",
}
@inproceedings{remus-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving Sentence-level Subjectivity Classification through Readability Measurement",
    author = "Remus, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4623",
    pages = "168--174",
}
@inproceedings{sennrich-volk-2011-iterative,
    title = "Iterative, {MT}-based Sentence Alignment of Parallel Texts",
    author = "Sennrich, Rico  and
      Volk, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4624",
    pages = "175--182",
}
@inproceedings{silfverberg-linden-2011-combining,
    title = "Combining Statistical Models for {POS} Tagging using Finite-State Calculus",
    author = "Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4625",
    pages = "183--190",
}
@inproceedings{skadins-etal-2011-toponym,
    title = "Toponym Disambiguation in an {E}nglish-{L}ithuanian {SMT} System with Spatial Knowledge",
    author = "Skadi{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Raivis  and
      Gornostay, Tatiana  and
      {\v{S}}ics, Valters",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4626",
    pages = "191--197",
}
@inproceedings{smith-jonsson-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic summarization as means of simplifying texts, an evaluation for {S}wedish",
    author = {Smith, Christian  and
      J{\"o}nsson, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4627",
    pages = "198--205",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2011-using,
    title = "Using graphical models for {PP} attachment",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4628",
    pages = "206--213",
}
@inproceedings{strombergsson-2011-corrective,
    title = "Corrective re-synthesis of deviant speech using unit selection",
    author = {Str{\"o}mbergsson, Sofia},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4629",
    pages = "214--217",
}
@inproceedings{valkenier-etal-2011-psycho,
    title = "Psycho-acoustically motivated formant feature extraction",
    author = "Valkenier, Bea  and
      Krijnders, Dirkjan  and
      van Elburg, Ronald A.J.  and
      Andringa, Tjeerd C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4630",
    pages = "218--223",
}
@inproceedings{velldal-2011-random,
    title = "Random Indexing Re-Hashed",
    author = "Velldal, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4631",
    pages = "224--229",
}
@inproceedings{virpioja-etal-2011-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the effect of word frequencies in a probabilistic generative model of morphology",
    author = "Virpioja, Sami  and
      Kohonen, Oskar  and
      Lagus, Krista",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4632",
    pages = "230--237",
}
@inproceedings{volk-sennrich-2011-disambiguation,
    title = "Disambiguation of {E}nglish Contractions for Machine Translation of {TV} Subtitles",
    author = "Volk, Martin  and
      Sennrich, Rico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4633",
    pages = "238--245",
}
@inproceedings{wettig-yangarber-2011-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Models for Alignment of Etymological Data",
    author = "Wettig, Hannes  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4634",
    pages = "246--253",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-klakow-2011-convolution,
    title = "Convolution Kernels for Subjectivity Detection",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4635",
    pages = "254--261",
}
@inproceedings{yli-jyra-2011-explorations,
    title = "Explorations on Positionwise Flag Diacritics in Finite-State Morphology",
    author = {Yli-Jyr{\"a}, Anssi},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4636",
    pages = "262--269",
}
@inproceedings{almquist-karlgren-2011-experiments,
    title = "Experiments to investigate the utility of nearest neighbour metrics based on linguistically informed features for detecting textual plagiarism",
    author = "Almquist, Per  and
      Karlgren, Jussi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4637",
    pages = "271--274",
}
@inproceedings{deksne-skadins-2011-cfg,
    title = "{CFG} based grammar checker for {L}atvian",
    author = "Deksne, Daiga  and
      Skadi{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Raivis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4638",
    pages = "275--278",
}
@inproceedings{eklund-2011-query,
    title = "Query Constraining Aspects of Knowledge{--}A Case Study",
    author = "Eklund, Ann-Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4639",
    pages = "279--282",
}
@inproceedings{foo-2011-first,
    title = "A First Effort to Create A Categorization Scheme for Analyzing a Handbook of {S}wedish Writing Rules",
    author = "Foo, Jody",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4640",
    pages = "283--286",
}
@inproceedings{duneld-etal-2011-something,
    title = "Something Old, Something New {--} Applying a Pre-trained Parsing Model to Clinical {S}wedish",
    author = "Duneld, Martin  and
      Henriksson, Aron  and
      Velupillai, Sumithra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4641",
    pages = "287--290",
}
@inproceedings{hanig-2011-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-free Verb Detection through Tag Sequence Alignment",
    author = {H{\"a}nig, Christian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4642",
    pages = "291--294",
}
@inproceedings{johannsen-sandford-pedersen-2011-andre,
    title = "{``}Andre ord{''} {--} a wordnet browser for the {D}anish wordnet, {D}an{N}et",
    author = "Johannsen, Anders  and
      Sandford Pedersen, Bolette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4643",
    pages = "295--298",
}
@inproceedings{pirinen-2011-modularisation,
    title = "Modularisation of {F}innish Finite-State Language Description {--} Towards Wide Collaboration in Open Source Development of a Morphological Analyser",
    author = "Pirinen, Tommi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4644",
    pages = "299--302",
}
@inproceedings{pretkalnina-etal-2011-prague,
    title = "A {P}rague Markup Language profile for the {S}em{T}i-Kamols grammar model",
    author = "Pretkalni{\c{n}}a, Lauma  and
      Ne{\v{s}}pore, Gunta  and
      Lev{\=a}ne-Petrova, Krist{\=\i}ne  and
      Saul{\=\i}te, Baiba",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4645",
    pages = "303--306",
}
@inproceedings{saxena-borin-2011-dialect,
    title = "Dialect classification in the Himalayas: a computational approach",
    author = "Saxena, Anju  and
      Borin, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4646",
    pages = "307--310",
}
@inproceedings{schumann-2011-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Knowledge-Rich Contexts in {R}ussian {--} A Study in the Automotive Domain",
    author = "Schumann, Anne-Kathrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4647",
    pages = "311--314",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-2011-iterative,
    title = "Iterative reordering and word alignment for statistical {MT}",
    author = "Stymne, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4648",
    pages = "315--318",
}
@inproceedings{voutilainen-purtonen-2011-double,
    title = "A double-blind experiment on interannotator agreement: the case of dependency syntax and {F}innish",
    author = "Voutilainen, Atro  and
      Purtonen, Tanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4649",
    pages = "319--322",
}
@inproceedings{wilhelmsson-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Question Generation from {S}wedish Documents as a Tool for Information Extraction",
    author = "Wilhelmsson, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4650",
    pages = "323--326",
}
@inproceedings{genov-iliev-2011-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Motivation in Automatic Sentence Alignment of Parallel Corpora: the Case of {D}anish-{B}ulgarian and {E}nglish-{B}ulgarian",
    author = "Genov, Angel  and
      Iliev, Georgi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4651",
    pages = "328--331",
}
@inproceedings{kotze-2011-finding,
    title = "Finding statistically motivated features influencing subtree alignment performance",
    author = "Kotz{\'e}, Gideon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4652",
    pages = "332--335",
}
@inproceedings{olaussen-2011-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the speech quality of the {N}orwegian synthetic voice Brage",
    author = "Olaussen, Marius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4653",
    pages = "336--339",
}
@inproceedings{seraji-2011-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Part-of-Speech Tagger for {P}ersian",
    author = "Seraji, Mojgan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4654",
    pages = "340--343",
}
@inproceedings{shimorina-grachkova-2011-identification,
    title = "Identification of context markers for {R}ussian nouns",
    author = "Shimorina, Anastasia  and
      Grachkova, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2011)",
    month = may,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Riga, Latvia",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-4655",
    pages = "344--347",
}
@proceedings{ws-2005-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second {ACL} Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    author = "Brew, Chris  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0100",
}
@inproceedings{hearst-2005-teaching,
    title = "Teaching Applied Natural Language Processing: Triumphs and Tribulations",
    author = "Hearst, Marti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {ACL} Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0101",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{cassell-stone-2005-teaching,
    title = "Teaching Dialogue to Interdisciplinary Teams through Toolkits",
    author = "Cassell, Justine  and
      Stone, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {ACL} Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0102",
    pages = "9--14",
}
@inproceedings{brew-etal-2005-language,
    title = "{``}Language and {C}omputers{''}: Creating an Introduction for a General Undergraduate Audience",
    author = "Brew, Chris  and
      Dickinson, Markus  and
      Meurers, W. Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {ACL} Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0103",
    pages = "15--22",
}
@inproceedings{klein-2005-core,
    title = "A Core-Tools Statistical {NLP} Course",
    author = "Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {ACL} Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0104",
    pages = "23--27",
}
@inproceedings{light-etal-2005-web,
    title = "Web-Based Interfaces for Natural Language Processing Tools",
    author = "Light, Marc  and
      Arens, Robert  and
      Lu, Xin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {ACL} Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0105",
    pages = "28--31",
}
@inproceedings{lincoln-light-2005-making,
    title = "Making Hidden {M}arkov Models More Transparent",
    author = "Lincoln, Nashira  and
      Light, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {ACL} Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0106",
    pages = "32--36",
}
@inproceedings{freedman-2005-concrete,
    title = "Concrete Assignments for Teaching {NLP} in an {M}.{S}. Program",
    author = "Freedman, Reva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {ACL} Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0107",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{uszkoreit-etal-2005-language,
    title = "Language Technology from a {E}uropean Perspective",
    author = "Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Kordoni, Valia  and
      Kubon, Vladislav  and
      Rosner, Michael  and
      Kirchmeier-Andersen, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {ACL} Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0108",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{gamback-etal-2005-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Processing at the {S}chool of {I}nformation {S}tudies for {A}frica",
    author = {Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Eriksson, Gunnar  and
      Fourla, Athanassia},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {ACL} Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0109",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{pilon-etal-2005-teaching,
    title = "Teaching Language Technology at the {N}orth-{W}est {U}niversity",
    author = "Pilon, Sul{\'e}ne  and
      van Huyssteen, Gerhard B  and
      van Rooy, Bertus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {ACL} Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0110",
    pages = "57--61",
}
@inproceedings{liddy-mccracken-2005-hands,
    title = "Hands-On {NLP} for an Interdisciplinary Audience",
    author = "Liddy, Elizabeth  and
      McCracken, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {ACL} Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0111",
    pages = "62--68",
}
@proceedings{ws-2005-building,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    author = "Burstein, Jill  and
      Leacock, Claudia",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0200",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2005-applications,
    title = "Applications of Lexical Information for Algorithmically Composing Multiple-Choice Cloze Items",
    author = "Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Wang, Chun-Hung  and
      Gao, Zhao-Ming  and
      Huang, Shang-Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0201",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{pulman-sukkarieh-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Short Answer Marking",
    author = "Pulman, Stephen G.  and
      Sukkarieh, Jana Z.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0202",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{hoshino-nakagawa-2005-real,
    title = "A Real-Time Multiple-Choice Question Generation For Language Testing: A Preliminary Study",
    author = "Hoshino, Ayako  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0203",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@inproceedings{ward-litman-2005-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Learning in Tutoring with the Landscape Model of Memory",
    author = "Ward, Arthur  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0204",
    pages = "21--24",
}
@inproceedings{xuan-zhang-2005-towards,
    title = "Towards Intelligent Search Assistance for Inquiry-Based Learning",
    author = "Xuan, Weijian  and
      Zhang, Meilan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0205",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{kakkonen-etal-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Essay Grading with Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis",
    author = "Kakkonen, Tuomo  and
      Myller, Niko  and
      Timonen, Jari  and
      Sutinen, Erkki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0206",
    pages = "29--36",
}
@inproceedings{uzuner-etal-2005-using,
    title = "Using Syntactic Information to Identify Plagiarism",
    author = {Uzuner, {\"O}zlem  and
      Katz, Boris  and
      Nahnsen, Thade},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0207",
    pages = "37--44",
}
@inproceedings{gweon-etal-2005-towards,
    title = "Towards a Prototyping Tool for Behavior Oriented Authoring of Conversational Agents for Educational Applications",
    author = "Gweon, Gahgene  and
      Arguello, Jaime  and
      Pai, Carol  and
      Carey, Regan  and
      Zaiss, Zachary  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0208",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{granfeldt-etal-2005-direkt,
    title = "{D}irekt {P}rofil: A System for Evaluating Texts of Second Language Learners of {F}rench Based on Developmental Sequences",
    author = "Granfeldt, Jonas  and
      Nugues, Pierre  and
      Persson, Emil  and
      Persson, Lisa  and
      Kostadinov, Fabian  and
      {\AA}gren, Malin  and
      Schlyter, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0209",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{sumita-etal-2005-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Non-native Speakers{'} Proficiency of {E}nglish by Using a Test with Automatically-Generated Fill-in-the-Blank Questions",
    author = "Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Sugaya, Fumiaki  and
      Yamamoto, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0210",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{hempelmann-etal-2005-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating State-of-the-Art {T}reebank-style Parsers for {C}oh-{M}etrix and Other Learning Technology Environments",
    author = "Hempelmann, Christian F.  and
      Rus, Vasile  and
      Graesser, Arthur C.  and
      McNamara, Danielle S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0211",
    pages = "69--76",
}
@inproceedings{macchi-kahn-2005-software,
    title = "A Software Tool for Teaching Reading Based on Text-to-Speech Letter-to-Phoneme Rules",
    author = "Macchi, Marian  and
      Kahn, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0212",
    pages = "77--84",
}
@inproceedings{segond-etal-2005-situational,
    title = "Situational Language Training for Hotel Receptionists",
    author = "Segond, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}rique  and
      Parmentier, Thibault  and
      Stock, Roberta  and
      Rosner, Ran  and
      Usteran Muela, Mariola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0213",
    pages = "85--92",
}
@proceedings{ws-2005-frontiers,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Corpus Annotations {II}: Pie in the Sky",
    author = "Meyers, Adam",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0300",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-2005-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to {F}rontiers in {C}orpus {A}nnotation {II}: {P}ie in the {S}ky",
    author = "Meyers, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Corpus Annotations {II}: Pie in the Sky",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0301",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-etal-2005-merging,
    title = "Merging {P}rop{B}ank, {N}om{B}ank, {T}ime{B}ank, {P}enn {D}iscourse {T}reebank and Coreference",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Meyers, Adam  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Corpus Annotations {II}: Pie in the Sky",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0302",
    pages = "5--12",
}
@inproceedings{hinrichs-etal-2005-unified,
    title = "A Unified Representation for Morphological, Syntactic, Semantic, and Referential Annotations",
    author = {Hinrichs, Erhard W.  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Naumann, Karin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Corpus Annotations {II}: Pie in the Sky",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0303",
    pages = "13--20",
}
@inproceedings{bies-etal-2005-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Entity and Treebank Annotation",
    author = "Bies, Ann  and
      Kulick, Seth  and
      Mandel, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Corpus Annotations {II}: Pie in the Sky",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0304",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{dinesh-etal-2005-attribution,
    title = "Attribution and the (Non-)Alignment of Syntactic and Discourse Arguments of Connectives",
    author = "Dinesh, Nikhil  and
      Lee, Alan  and
      Miltsakaki, Eleni  and
      Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Joshi, Aravind  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Corpus Annotations {II}: Pie in the Sky",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0305",
    pages = "29--36",
}
@inproceedings{inui-okumura-2005-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the Characteristics of Causal Relations in {J}apanese Text",
    author = "Inui, Takashi  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Corpus Annotations {II}: Pie in the Sky",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0306",
    pages = "37--44",
}
@inproceedings{calhoun-etal-2005-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Annotating Information Structure in Discourse",
    author = "Calhoun, Sasha  and
      Nissim, Malvina  and
      Steedman, Mark  and
      Brenier, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Corpus Annotations {II}: Pie in the Sky",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0307",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{wilson-wiebe-2005-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Attributions and Private States",
    author = "Wilson, Theresa  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Corpus Annotations {II}: Pie in the Sky",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0308",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-etal-2005-parallel,
    title = "A Parallel {P}roposition {B}ank {II} for {C}hinese and {E}nglish",
    author = "Palmer, Martha  and
      Xue, Nianwen  and
      Babko-Malaya, Olga  and
      Chen, Jinying  and
      Snyder, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Corpus Annotations {II}: Pie in the Sky",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0309",
    pages = "61--67",
}
@inproceedings{mcshane-etal-2005-semantically,
    title = "Semantically Rich Human-Aided Machine Annotation",
    author = "McShane, Marjorie  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Beale, Stephen  and
      O{'}Hara, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Corpus Annotations {II}: Pie in the Sky",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0310",
    pages = "68--75",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-artstein-2005-reliability,
    title = "The Reliability of Anaphoric Annotation, Reconsidered: Taking Ambiguity into Account",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo  and
      Artstein, Ron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Corpus Annotations {II}: Pie in the Sky",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0311",
    pages = "76--83",
}
@inproceedings{xue-2005-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Discourse Connectives in the {C}hinese Treebank",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Corpus Annotations {II}: Pie in the Sky",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0312",
    pages = "84--91",
}
@proceedings{ws-2005-acl-feature,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Feature Engineering for Machine Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Ringger, Eric",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0400",
}
@inproceedings{yao-uszkoreit-2005-novel,
    title = "A Novel Machine Learning Approach for the Identification of Named Entity Relations",
    author = "Yao, Tianfang  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Feature Engineering for Machine Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0401",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{fissaha-adafre-de-rijke-2005-feature,
    title = "Feature Engineering and Post-Processing for Temporal Expression Recognition Using Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Fissaha Adafre, Sisay  and
      de Rijke, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Feature Engineering for Machine Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0402",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{liebscher-belew-2005-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Feature Modification for Retrospective Categorization",
    author = "Liebscher, Robert  and
      Belew, Richard K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Feature Engineering for Machine Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0403",
    pages = "17--23",
}
@inproceedings{hakkani-tur-etal-2005-using,
    title = "Using Semantic and Syntactic Graphs for Call Classification",
    author = {Hakkani-T{\"u}r, Dilek  and
      Tur, Gokhan  and
      Chotimongkol, Ananlada},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Feature Engineering for Machine Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0404",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{kauchak-chen-2005-feature,
    title = "Feature-Based Segmentation of Narrative Documents",
    author = "Kauchak, David  and
      Chen, Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Feature Engineering for Machine Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0405",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{boyd-etal-2005-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Non-Referential it: A Machine Learning Approach Incorporating Linguistically Motivated Patterns",
    author = "Boyd, Adriane  and
      Gegg-Harrison, Whitney  and
      Byron, Donna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Feature Engineering for Machine Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0406",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{moschitti-etal-2005-engineering,
    title = "Engineering of Syntactic Features for Shallow Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Coppola, Bonaventura  and
      Pighin, Daniele  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Feature Engineering for Machine Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0407",
    pages = "48--56",
}
@inproceedings{gamon-aue-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Sentiment Vocabulary: Exploiting Low Association with Known Sentiment Terms",
    author = "Gamon, Michael  and
      Aue, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Feature Engineering for Machine Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0408",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2005-studying,
    title = "Studying Feature Generation from Various Data Representations for Answer Extraction",
    author = "Shen, Dan  and
      Kruijff, Geert-Jan M.  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Feature Engineering for Machine Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0409",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@proceedings{ws-2005-psychocomputational,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psychocomputational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    author = "Sakas, William Gregory  and
      Clark, Alexander  and
      Holloway, Royal  and
      Cussens, James  and
      Xanthos, Aris",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0500",
}
@inproceedings{pearl-2005-input,
    title = "The Input for Syntactic Acquisition: Solutions from Language Change Modeling",
    author = "Pearl, Lisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psychocomputational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0501",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{mitchener-2005-simulating,
    title = "Simulating Language Change in the Presence of Non-Idealized Syntax",
    author = "Mitchener, W. Garrett",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psychocomputational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0502",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2005-using,
    title = "Using Morphology and Syntax Together in Unsupervised Learning",
    author = "Hu, Yu  and
      Matveeva, Irina  and
      Goldsmith, John  and
      Sprague, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psychocomputational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0503",
    pages = "20--27",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2005-refining,
    title = "Refining the {SED} Heuristic for Morpheme Discovery: Another Look at {S}wahili",
    author = "Hu, Yu  and
      Matveeva, Irina  and
      Goldsmith, John  and
      Sprague, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psychocomputational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0504",
    pages = "28--35",
}
@inproceedings{mayberry-etal-2005-connectionist-model,
    title = "A Connectionist Model of Language-Scene Interaction",
    author = "Mayberry, Marshall R.  and
      Crocker, Matthew W.  and
      Knoeferle, Pia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psychocomputational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0505",
    pages = "36--44",
}
@inproceedings{rappoport-sheinman-2005-second,
    title = "A Second Language Acquisition Model Using Example Generalization and Concept Categories",
    author = "Rappoport, Ari  and
      Sheinman, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psychocomputational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0506",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{macwhinney-2005-item,
    title = "Item Based Constructions and the Logical Problem",
    author = "MacWhinney, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psychocomputational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0507",
    pages = "53--68",
}
@inproceedings{kam-etal-2005-statistics,
    title = "Statistics vs. {UG} in Language Acquisition: Does a Bigram Analysis Predict Auxiliary Inversion?",
    author = "Kam, Xu{\^a}n-Nga Cao  and
      Stoyneshka, Iglika  and
      Tornyova, Lidiya  and
      Sakas, William Gregory  and
      Fodor, Janet Dean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psychocomputational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0508",
    pages = "69--71",
}
@inproceedings{dellorletta-etal-2005-climbing,
    title = "Climbing the Path to Grammar: A Maximum Entropy Model of Subject/Object Learning",
    author = "Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Pirrelli, Vito",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psychocomputational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0509",
    pages = "72--81",
}
@inproceedings{alishahi-stevenson-2005-acquisition,
    title = "The Acquisition and Use of Argument Structure Constructions: A {B}ayesian Model",
    author = "Alishahi, Afra  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psychocomputational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0510",
    pages = "82--90",
}
@inproceedings{niyogi-2005-steps,
    title = "Steps Toward Deep Lexical Acquisition",
    author = "Niyogi, Sourabh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psychocomputational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0511",
    pages = "91--99",
}
@proceedings{ws-2005-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    author = "Dagan, Ido  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0600",
}
@inproceedings{basili-etal-2005-effective,
    title = "Effective use of {W}ord{N}et Semantics via Kernel-Based Learning",
    author = "Basili, Roberto  and
      Cammisa, Marco  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0601",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{ge-mooney-2005-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Semantic Parser that Integrates Syntax and Semantics",
    author = "Ge, Ruifang  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0602",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-hearst-2005-search,
    title = "Search Engine Statistics Beyond the n-Gram: Application to Noun Compound Bracketing",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Hearst, Marti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0603",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{freitag-etal-2005-new,
    title = "New Experiments in Distributional Representations of Synonymy",
    author = "Freitag, Dayne  and
      Blume, Matthias  and
      Byrnes, John  and
      Chow, Edmond  and
      Kapadia, Sadik  and
      Rohwer, Richard  and
      Wang, Zhiqiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0604",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{niu-etal-2005-word-independent,
    title = "Word Independent Context Pair Classification Model for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Niu, Cheng  and
      Li, Wei  and
      Srihari, Rohini K.  and
      Li, Huifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0605",
    pages = "33--39",
}
@inproceedings{mackay-kondrak-2005-computing,
    title = "Computing Word Similarity and Identifying Cognates with Pair Hidden {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Mackay, Wesley  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0606",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{sarkar-etal-2005-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Mixture Model for Term Re-occurrence and Burstiness",
    author = "Sarkar, Avik  and
      Garthwaite, Paul H  and
      De Roeck, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0607",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{gliozzo-strapparava-2005-domain,
    title = "Domain Kernels for Text Categorization",
    author = "Gliozzo, Alfio  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0608",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{li-roth-2005-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Training of Clustering Functions: Theory and Experiments with Entity Identification",
    author = "Li, Xin  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0609",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2005-using,
    title = "Using Uneven Margins {SVM} and Perceptron for Information Extraction",
    author = "Li, Yaoyong  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Cunningham, Hamish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0610",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-bosch-daelemans-2005-improving,
    title = "Improving Sequence Segmentation Learning by Predicting Trigrams",
    author = "van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0611",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{cherry-bergsma-2005-expectation,
    title = "An {E}xpectation {M}aximization Approach to Pronoun Resolution",
    author = "Cherry, Colin  and
      Bergsma, Shane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0612",
    pages = "88--95",
}
@inproceedings{baldridge-lascarides-2005-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Head-Driven Parsing for Discourse Structure",
    author = "Baldridge, Jason  and
      Lascarides, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0613",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@inproceedings{fleischman-roy-2005-intentional,
    title = "Intentional Context in Situated Natural Language Learning",
    author = "Fleischman, Michael  and
      Roy, Deb",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0614",
    pages = "104--111",
}
@inproceedings{goldwater-johnson-2005-representational,
    title = "Representational Bias in Unsupervised Learning of Syllable Structure",
    author = "Goldwater, Sharon  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0615",
    pages = "112--119",
}
@inproceedings{stroppa-yvon-2005-analogical,
    title = "An Analogical Learner for Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Stroppa, Nicolas  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0616",
    pages = "120--127",
}
@inproceedings{freitag-2005-morphology,
    title = "Morphology Induction from Term Clusters",
    author = "Freitag, Dayne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0617",
    pages = "128--135",
}
@inproceedings{marciniak-strube-2005-beyond,
    title = "Beyond the Pipeline: Discrete Optimization in {NLP}",
    author = "Marciniak, Tomasz  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0618",
    pages = "136--143",
}
@inproceedings{hachey-etal-2005-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the Effects of Selective Sampling on the Annotation Task",
    author = "Hachey, Ben  and
      Alex, Beatrice  and
      Becker, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0619",
    pages = "144--151",
}
@inproceedings{carreras-marquez-2005-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to the {C}o{NLL}-2005 Shared Task: Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Carreras, Xavier  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0620",
    pages = "152--164",
}
@inproceedings{bharati-etal-2005-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Semantic Roles Using Sub-Categorization Frames and Maximum Entropy Model",
    author = "Bharati, Akshar  and
      Venkatapathy, Sriram  and
      Reddy, Prashanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0621",
    pages = "165--168",
}
@inproceedings{cohn-blunsom-2005-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labelling with Tree Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Cohn, Trevor  and
      Blunsom, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0622",
    pages = "169--172",
}
@inproceedings{haghighi-etal-2005-joint,
    title = "A Joint Model for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Haghighi, Aria  and
      Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0623",
    pages = "173--176",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-nugues-2005-sparse,
    title = "Sparse {B}ayesian Classification of Predicate Arguments",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0624",
    pages = "177--180",
}
@inproceedings{koomen-etal-2005-generalized,
    title = "Generalized Inference with Multiple Semantic Role Labeling Systems",
    author = "Koomen, Peter  and
      Punyakanok, Vasin  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Yih, Wen-tau",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0625",
    pages = "181--184",
}
@inproceedings{lin-smith-2005-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling via Consensus in Pattern-Matching",
    author = "Lin, Chi-San  and
      Smith, Tony C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0626",
    pages = "185--188",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2005-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling System Using Maximum Entropy Classifier",
    author = "Liu, Ting  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Li, Sheng  and
      Hu, Yuxuan  and
      Liu, Huaijun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0627",
    pages = "189--192",
}
@inproceedings{marquez-etal-2005-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling as Sequential Tagging",
    author = "M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Comas, Pere  and
      Gim{\'e}nez, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Catal{\`a}, Neus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0628",
    pages = "193--196",
}
@inproceedings{mitsumori-etal-2005-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling Using Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Mitsumori, Tomohiro  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Fukuda, Yasushi  and
      Doi, Kouichi  and
      Doi, Hirohumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0629",
    pages = "197--200",
}
@inproceedings{moschitti-etal-2005-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Giuglea, Ana-Maria  and
      Coppola, Bonaventura  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0630",
    pages = "201--204",
}
@inproceedings{ozgencil-mccracken-2005-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling Using lib{SVM}",
    author = "Ozgencil, Necati Ercan  and
      McCracken, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0631",
    pages = "205--208",
}
@inproceedings{park-rim-2005-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Entropy Based Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Park, Kyung-Mi  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0632",
    pages = "209--212",
}
@inproceedings{ponzetto-strube-2005-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling Using Lexical Statistical Information",
    author = "Ponzetto, Simone Paolo  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0633",
    pages = "213--216",
}
@inproceedings{pradhan-etal-2005-semantic-role,
    title = "Semantic Role Chunking Combining Complementary Syntactic Views",
    author = "Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Hacioglu, Kadri  and
      Ward, Wayne  and
      Martin, James H.  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0634",
    pages = "217--220",
}
@inproceedings{surdeanu-turmo-2005-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling Using Complete Syntactic Analysis",
    author = "Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Turmo, Jordi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0635",
    pages = "221--224",
}
@inproceedings{sutton-mccallum-2005-joint,
    title = "Joint Parsing and Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Sutton, Charles  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0636",
    pages = "225--228",
}
@inproceedings{tjong-kim-sang-etal-2005-applying,
    title = "Applying Spelling Error Correction Techniques for Improving Semantic Role Labelling",
    author = "Tjong Kim Sang, Erik  and
      Canisius, Sander  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Bogers, Toine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0637",
    pages = "229--232",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-etal-2005-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Full Parsing Information to Label Semantic Roles Using an Ensemble of {ME} and {SVM} via Integer Linear Programming",
    author = "Tsai, Tzong-Han  and
      Wu, Chia-Wei  and
      Lin, Yu-Chun  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0638",
    pages = "233--236",
}
@inproceedings{yi-palmer-2005-integration,
    title = "The Integration of Syntactic Parsing and Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Yi, Szu-ting  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2005)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0639",
    pages = "237--240",
}
@proceedings{ws-2005-acl-approaches,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    author = "Darwish, Kareem  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0700",
}
@inproceedings{marsi-etal-2005-memory,
    title = "Memory-Based Morphological Analysis Generation and Part-of-Speech Tagging of {A}rabic",
    author = "Marsi, Erwin  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Soudi, Abdelhadi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0701",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{yona-wintner-2005-finite,
    title = "A Finite-State Morphological Grammar of {H}ebrew",
    author = "Yona, Shlomo  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0702",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{habash-etal-2005-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Analysis and Generation for {A}rabic Dialects",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Kiraz, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0703",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{darwish-etal-2005-examining,
    title = "Examining the Effect of Improved Context Sensitive Morphology on {A}rabic Information Retrieval",
    author = "Darwish, Kareem  and
      Hassan, Hany  and
      Emam, Ossama",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0704",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{grefenstette-etal-2005-modifying,
    title = "Modifying a Natural Language Processing System for {E}uropean Languages to Treat {A}rabic in Information Processing and Information Retrieval Applications",
    author = {Grefenstette, Gregory  and
      Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Elkateb-Gara, Fa{\"\i}za},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0705",
    pages = "31--38",
}
@inproceedings{bar-haim-etal-2005-choosing,
    title = "Choosing an Optimal Architecture for Segmentation and {POS}-Tagging of {M}odern {H}ebrew",
    author = "Bar-Haim, Roy  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil  and
      Winter, Yoad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0706",
    pages = "39--46",
}
@inproceedings{fissaha-adafre-2005-part,
    title = "Part of Speech Tagging for {A}mharic using Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Fissaha Adafre, Sisay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0707",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{duh-kirchhoff-2005-pos,
    title = "{POS} Tagging of Dialectal {A}rabic: A Minimally Supervised Approach",
    author = "Duh, Kevin  and
      Kirchhoff, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0708",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{zitouni-etal-2005-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Morphological Stemming on {A}rabic Mention Detection and Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Zitouni, Imed  and
      Sorensen, Jeffrey  and
      Luo, Xiaoqiang  and
      Florian, Radu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0709",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{eyassu-gamback-2005-classifying,
    title = "Classifying {A}mharic News Text Using Self-Organizing Maps",
    author = {Eyassu, Samuel  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0710",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@inproceedings{nelken-shieber-2005-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Diacritization Using Weighted Finite-State Transducers",
    author = "Nelken, Rani  and
      Shieber, Stuart M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0711",
    pages = "79--86",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-sorensen-2005-integrated,
    title = "An Integrated Approach for {A}rabic-{E}nglish Named Entity Translation",
    author = "Hassan, Hany  and
      Sorensen, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0712",
    pages = "87--93",
}
@proceedings{ws-2005-acl-building,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Martin, Joel  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0800",
}
@inproceedings{moore-2005-association,
    title = "Association-Based Bilingual Word Alignment",
    author = "Moore, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0801",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{gliozzo-strapparava-2005-cross,
    title = "Cross Language Text Categorization by Acquiring Multilingual Domain Models from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Gliozzo, Alfio  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0802",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{kuhn-2005-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Word-Aligned Parallel Corpora in a Grammar Induction Context",
    author = "Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0803",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2005-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Word Spectral Clustering for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhao, Bing  and
      Xing, Eric P.  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0804",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{muller-2005-revealing,
    title = "Revealing Phonological Similarities between Related Languages from Automatically Generated Parallel Corpora",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Karin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0805",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-etal-2005-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting a Small Parallel Text with Morpho-Syntactic Language",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Vilar, David  and
      Ney, Hermann  and
      Jovi{\v{c}}i{\'c}, Slobodan  and
      {\v{S}}ari{\'c}, Zoran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0806",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{drabek-yarowsky-2005-induction,
    title = "Induction of Fine-Grained Part-of-Speech Taggers via Classifier Combination and Crosslingual Projection",
    author = "Dr{\'a}bek, Elliott  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0807",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{aswani-gaizauskas-2005-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach to Align Sentences and Words in {E}nglish-{H}indi Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Aswani, Niraj  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0808",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{martin-etal-2005-word,
    title = "Word Alignment for Languages with Scarce Resources",
    author = "Martin, Joel  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0809",
    pages = "65--74",
}
@inproceedings{langlais-etal-2005-nukti,
    title = "{NUKTI}: {E}nglish-{I}nuktitut Word Alignment System Description",
    author = "Langlais, Philippe  and
      Gotti, Fabrizio  and
      Cao, Guihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0810",
    pages = "75--78",
}
@inproceedings{schafer-drabek-2005-models,
    title = "Models for {I}nuktitut-{E}nglish Word Alignment",
    author = "Schafer, Charles  and
      Dr{\'a}bek, Elliott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0811",
    pages = "79--82",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-resnik-2005-improved,
    title = "Improved {HMM} Alignment Models for Languages with Scarce Resources",
    author = "Lopez, Adam  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0812",
    pages = "83--86",
}
@inproceedings{brown-etal-2005-symmetric,
    title = "Symmetric Probabilistic Alignment",
    author = "Brown, Ralf D.  and
      Kim, Jae Dong  and
      Jansen, Peter J.  and
      Carbonell, Jaime G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0813",
    pages = "87--90",
}
@inproceedings{fraser-marcu-2005-isis,
    title = "{ISI}{`}s Participation in the {R}omanian-{E}nglish Alignment Task",
    author = "Fraser, Alexander  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0814",
    pages = "91--94",
}
@inproceedings{vilar-2005-experiments,
    title = "Experiments Using {MAR} for Aligning Corpora",
    author = "Vilar, Juan Miguel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0815",
    pages = "95--98",
}
@inproceedings{singh-husain-2005-comparison,
    title = "Comparison, Selection and Use of Sentence Alignment Algorithms for New Language Pairs",
    author = "Singh, Anil Kumar  and
      Husain, Samar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0816",
    pages = "99--106",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-etal-2005-combined,
    title = "Combined Word Alignments",
    author = "Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan  and
      Ion, Radu  and
      Ceau{\c{s}}u, Alexandru  and
      {\c{S}}tef{\u{a}}nescu, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0817",
    pages = "107--110",
}
@inproceedings{caseli-etal-2005-lihla,
    title = "{LIHLA}: Shared Task System Description",
    author = "Caseli, Helena M.  and
      Nunes, Maria G. V.  and
      Forcada, Mikel L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0818",
    pages = "111--114",
}
@inproceedings{aswani-gaizauskas-2005-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Words in {E}nglish-{H}indi Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Aswani, Niraj  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0819",
    pages = "115--118",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-monz-2005-shared,
    title = "Shared Task: Statistical Machine Translation between {E}uropean Languages",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0820",
    pages = "119--124",
}
@inproceedings{kirchhoff-yang-2005-improved,
    title = "Improved Language Modeling for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Kirchhoff, Katrin  and
      Yang, Mei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0821",
    pages = "125--128",
}
@inproceedings{sadat-etal-2005-portage,
    title = "{PORTAGE}: A Phrase-Based Machine Translation System",
    author = "Sadat, Fatiha  and
      Johnson, Howard  and
      Agbago, Akakpo  and
      Foster, George  and
      Kuhn, Roland  and
      Martin, Joel  and
      Tikuisis, Aaron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0822",
    pages = "129--132",
}
@inproceedings{banchs-etal-2005-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation of {E}uparl Data by using Bilingual N-grams",
    author = "Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Crego, Josep M.  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Lambert, Patrik  and
      Mari{\~n}o, Jos{\'e} B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0823",
    pages = "133--136",
}
@inproceedings{langlais-etal-2005-rali,
    title = "{RALI}: {SMT} Shared Task System Description",
    author = "Langlais, Philippe  and
      Cao, Guihong  and
      Gotti, Fabrizio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0824",
    pages = "137--140",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-vogel-2005-generalized,
    title = "A Generalized Alignment-Free Phrase Extraction",
    author = "Zhao, Bing  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0825",
    pages = "141--144",
}
@inproceedings{gimenez-marquez-2005-combining,
    title = "Combining Linguistic Data Views for Phrase-based {SMT}",
    author = "Gim{\'e}nez, Jes{\'u}s  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0826",
    pages = "145--148",
}
@inproceedings{ruiz-costa-jussa-fonollosa-2005-improving,
    title = "Improving Phrase-Based Statistical Translation by Modifying Phrase Extraction and Including Several Features",
    author = "Ruiz Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0827",
    pages = "149--154",
}
@inproceedings{eisele-2005-first,
    title = "First Steps towards Multi-Engine Machine Translation",
    author = "Eisele, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0828",
    pages = "155--158",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-vogel-2005-competitive,
    title = "Competitive Grouping in Integrated Phrase Segmentation and Alignment Model",
    author = "Zhang, Ying  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0829",
    pages = "159--162",
}
@inproceedings{lioma-ounis-2005-deploying,
    title = "Deploying Part-of-Speech Patterns to Enhance Statistical Phrase-Based Machine Translation Resources",
    author = "Lioma, Christina  and
      Ounis, Iadh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0830",
    pages = "163--166",
}
@inproceedings{kanthak-etal-2005-novel,
    title = "Novel Reordering Approaches in Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Kanthak, Stephan  and
      Vilar, David  and
      Matusov, Evgeny  and
      Zens, Richard  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0831",
    pages = "167--174",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-morgan-2005-gaming,
    title = "Gaming Fluency: Evaluating the Bounds and Expectations of Segment-based Translation Memory",
    author = "Henderson, John  and
      Morgan, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0832",
    pages = "175--182",
}
@inproceedings{groves-way-2005-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Example-Based {SMT}: the Best of Both Worlds?",
    author = "Groves, Declan  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0833",
    pages = "183--190",
}
@inproceedings{zens-ney-2005-word,
    title = "Word Graphs for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zens, Richard  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0834",
    pages = "191--198",
}
@inproceedings{vilar-vidal-2005-recursive,
    title = "A Recursive Statistical Translation Model",
    author = "Vilar, Juan Miguel  and
      Vidal, Enrique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0835",
    pages = "199--207",
}
@inproceedings{venugopal-etal-2005-training,
    title = "Training and Evaluating Error Minimization Decision Rules for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Venugopal, Ashish  and
      Zollmann, Andreas  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0836",
    pages = "208--215",
}
@proceedings{ws-2005-acl-intrinsic,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evaluation Measures for Machine Translation and/or Summarization",
    author = "Goldstein, Jade  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Voss, Clare",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0900",
}
@inproceedings{dorr-etal-2005-methodology,
    title = "A Methodology for Extrinsic Evaluation of Text Summarization: Does {ROUGE} Correlate?",
    author = "Dorr, Bonnie  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      President, Stacy  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Zajic, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evaluation Measures for Machine Translation and/or Summarization",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0901",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{kolluru-gotoh-2005-subjectivity,
    title = "On the Subjectivity of Human Authored Summaries",
    author = "Kolluru, BalaKrishna  and
      Gotoh, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evaluation Measures for Machine Translation and/or Summarization",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0902",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{leusch-etal-2005-preprocessing,
    title = "Preprocessing and Normalization for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation",
    author = "Leusch, Gregor  and
      Ueffing, Nicola  and
      Vilar, David  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evaluation Measures for Machine Translation and/or Summarization",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0903",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{liu-gildea-2005-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Features for Evaluation of Machine Translation",
    author = "Liu, Ding  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evaluation Measures for Machine Translation and/or Summarization",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0904",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{murray-etal-2005-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Automatic Summaries of Meeting Recordings",
    author = "Murray, Gabriel  and
      Renals, Steve  and
      Carletta, Jean  and
      Moore, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evaluation Measures for Machine Translation and/or Summarization",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0905",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{lin-demner-fushman-2005-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Summaries and Answers: Two Sides of the Same Coin?",
    author = "Lin, Jimmy  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evaluation Measures for Machine Translation and/or Summarization",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0906",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{amigo-etal-2005-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating {DUC} 2004 Tasks with the {QARLA} Framework",
    author = "Amig{\'o}, Enrique  and
      Gonzalo, Julio  and
      Pe{\~n}as, Anselmo  and
      Verdejo, Felisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evaluation Measures for Machine Translation and/or Summarization",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0907",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{riezler-maxwell-2005-pitfalls,
    title = "On Some Pitfalls in Automatic Evaluation and Significance Testing for {MT}",
    author = "Riezler, Stefan  and
      Maxwell, John T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evaluation Measures for Machine Translation and/or Summarization",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0908",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{banerjee-lavie-2005-meteor,
    title = "{METEOR}: An Automatic Metric for {MT} Evaluation with Improved Correlation with Human Judgments",
    author = "Banerjee, Satanjeev  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evaluation Measures for Machine Translation and/or Summarization",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-0909",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@proceedings{ws-2005-acl-siglex,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{SIGLEX} Workshop on Deep Lexical Acquisition",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1000",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-tsou-2005-data,
    title = "Data Homogeneity and Semantic Role Tagging in {C}hinese",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee  and
      Tsou, Benjamin K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{SIGLEX} Workshop on Deep Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{moschitti-basili-2005-verb,
    title = "Verb Subcategorization Kernels for Automatic Semantic Labeling",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{SIGLEX} Workshop on Deep Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1002",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-almuhareb-2005-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Concept Attributes Using a Classifier",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo  and
      Almuhareb, Abdulrahman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{SIGLEX} Workshop on Deep Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1003",
    pages = "18--27",
}
@inproceedings{cimiano-wenderoth-2005-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Learning Qualia Structures from the Web",
    author = "Cimiano, Philipp  and
      Wenderoth, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{SIGLEX} Workshop on Deep Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1004",
    pages = "28--37",
}
@inproceedings{fazly-etal-2005-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Distinguishing Literal and Figurative Usages of Highly Polysemous Verbs",
    author = "Fazly, Afsaneh  and
      North, Ryan  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{SIGLEX} Workshop on Deep Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1005",
    pages = "38--47",
}
@inproceedings{widdows-dorow-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Idioms using Graph Analysis and Asymmetric Lexicosyntactic Patterns",
    author = "Widdows, Dominic  and
      Dorow, Beate",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{SIGLEX} Workshop on Deep Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1006",
    pages = "48--56",
}
@inproceedings{green-dorr-2005-frame,
    title = "Frame Semantic Enhancement of Lexical-Semantic Resources",
    author = "Green, Rebecca  and
      Dorr, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{SIGLEX} Workshop on Deep Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1007",
    pages = "57--66",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-2005-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Deep Lexical Resources: Resources for Courses",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{SIGLEX} Workshop on Deep Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1008",
    pages = "67--76",
}
@inproceedings{boleda-etal-2005-morphology,
    title = "Morphology vs. Syntax in Adjective Class Acquisition",
    author = "Boleda, Gemma  and
      Badia, Toni  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{SIGLEX} Workshop on Deep Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1009",
    pages = "77--86",
}
@inproceedings{echizen-ya-etal-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Bilingual Rules for Extraction of Bilingual Word Pairs from Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Echizen-ya, Hiroshi  and
      Araki, Kenji  and
      Momouchi, Yoshio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{SIGLEX} Workshop on Deep Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1010",
    pages = "87--96",
}
@inproceedings{gorman-curran-2005-approximate,
    title = "Approximate Searching for Distributional Similarity",
    author = "Gorman, James  and
      Curran, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{SIGLEX} Workshop on Deep Lexical Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1011",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@proceedings{ws-2005-software,
    title = "Proceedings of Workshop on Software",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1100",
}
@inproceedings{newman-2005-texttree,
    title = "{T}ext{T}ree Construction for Parser and Treebank Development",
    author = "Newman, Paula S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Software",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1101",
    pages = "1--13",
}
@inproceedings{clegg-shepherd-2005-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating and Integrating Treebank Parsers on a Biomedical Corpus",
    author = "Clegg, Andrew B.  and
      Shepherd, Adrian J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Software",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1102",
    pages = "14--33",
}
@inproceedings{foster-2005-interleaved,
    title = "Interleaved Preparation and Output in the {COMIC} Fission Module",
    author = "Foster, Mary Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Software",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1103",
    pages = "34--46",
}
@inproceedings{white-2005-designing,
    title = "Designing an Extensible {API} for Integrating Language Modeling and Realization",
    author = "White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Software",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1104",
    pages = "47--64",
}
@inproceedings{koller-thater-2005-evolution,
    title = "The Evolution of Dominance Constraint Solvers",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Thater, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Software",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1105",
    pages = "65--76",
}
@inproceedings{tron-etal-2005-hunmorph,
    title = "{H}unmorph: Open Source Word Analysis",
    author = {Tr{\'o}n, Viktor  and
      Gyepesi, Gy{\"o}gy  and
      Hal{\'a}csky, P{\'e}ter  and
      Kornai, Andr{\'a}s  and
      N{\'e}meth, L{\'a}szl{\'o}  and
      Varga, D{\'a}niel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Software",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1106",
    pages = "77--85",
}
@inproceedings{carpenter-2005-scaling,
    title = "Scaling High-Order Character Language Models to Gigabytes",
    author = "Carpenter, Bob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Software",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1107",
    pages = "86--99",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-sygal-wintner-2005-xfst2fsa,
    title = "{XFST}2{FSA}: Comparing Two Finite-State Toolboxes",
    author = "Cohen-Sygal, Yael  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Software",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1108",
    pages = "100--117",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2005-author-index-7,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Software",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1109",
}
@proceedings{ws-2005-acl-empirical,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Empirical Modeling of Semantic Equivalence and Entailment",
    author = "Dolan, Bill  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1200",
}
@inproceedings{marsi-krahmer-2005-classification,
    title = "Classification of Semantic Relations by Humans and Machines",
    author = "Marsi, Erwin  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Empirical Modeling of Semantic Equivalence and Entailment",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1201",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{weeds-etal-2005-distributional,
    title = "The Distributional Similarity of Sub-Parses",
    author = "Weeds, Julie  and
      Weir, David  and
      Keller, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Empirical Modeling of Semantic Equivalence and Entailment",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1202",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{corley-mihalcea-2005-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Semantic Similarity of Texts",
    author = "Corley, Courtney  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Empirical Modeling of Semantic Equivalence and Entailment",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1203",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{kashioka-2005-training,
    title = "Training Data Modification for {SMT} Considering Groups of Synonymous Sentences",
    author = "Kashioka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Empirical Modeling of Semantic Equivalence and Entailment",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1204",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{wu-2005-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Paraphrases and Textual Entailment Using Inversion Transduction Grammars",
    author = "Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Empirical Modeling of Semantic Equivalence and Entailment",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1205",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{zaenen-etal-2005-local,
    title = "Local Textual Inference: Can it be Defined or Circumscribed?",
    author = "Zaenen, Annie  and
      Karttunen, Lauri  and
      Crouch, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Empirical Modeling of Semantic Equivalence and Entailment",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1206",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{zanzotto-etal-2005-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Entailment Relations Using {``}Textual Entailment Patterns{''}",
    author = "Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo  and
      Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Pennacchiotti, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Empirical Modeling of Semantic Equivalence and Entailment",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1207",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{glickman-dagan-2005-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Setting and Lexical Coocurrence Model for Textual Entailment",
    author = "Glickman, Oren  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Empirical Modeling of Semantic Equivalence and Entailment",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1208",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{burger-ferro-2005-generating,
    title = "Generating an Entailment Corpus from News Headlines",
    author = "Burger, John  and
      Ferro, Lisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Empirical Modeling of Semantic Equivalence and Entailment",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1209",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{bar-haim-etal-2005-definition,
    title = "Definition and Analysis of Intermediate Entailment Levels",
    author = "Bar-Haim, Roy  and
      Szpektor, Idan  and
      Glickman, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} Workshop on Empirical Modeling of Semantic Equivalence and Entailment",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1210",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@proceedings{ws-2005-acl-ismb,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{ISMB} Workshop on Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases: Mining Biological Semantics",
    author = "Cohen, K. Bretonnel  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Shatkay, Hagit  and
      Blaschke, Christian",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Detroit",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1300",
}
@inproceedings{wellner-2005-weakly,
    title = "Weakly Supervised Learning Methods for Improving the Quality of Gene Name Normalization Data",
    author = "Wellner, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{ISMB} Workshop on Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases: Mining Biological Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Detroit",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1301",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{wellner-etal-2005-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive String Similarity Metrics for Biomedical Reference Resolution",
    author = "Wellner, Ben  and
      Casta{\~n}o, Jos{\'e}  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{ISMB} Workshop on Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases: Mining Biological Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Detroit",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1302",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-2005-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Gene/Protein Named Entity Normalization Using Automatically Extracted Dictionaries",
    author = "Cohen, Aaron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{ISMB} Workshop on Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases: Mining Biological Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Detroit",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1303",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{tsuruoka-etal-2005-machine,
    title = "A Machine Learning Approach to Acronym Generation",
    author = "Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{ISMB} Workshop on Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases: Mining Biological Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Detroit",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1304",
    pages = "25--31",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2005-medtag,
    title = "{M}ed{T}ag: A Collection of Biomedical Annotations",
    author = "Smith, Lawrence H.  and
      Tanabe, Lorraine  and
      Rindflesch, Thomas  and
      Wilbur, W. John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{ISMB} Workshop on Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases: Mining Biological Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Detroit",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1305",
    pages = "32--37",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-2005-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Design for Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Cohen, K. Bretonnel  and
      Fox, Lynne  and
      Ogren, Philip V.  and
      Hunter, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{ISMB} Workshop on Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases: Mining Biological Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Detroit",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1306",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{ramani-etal-2005-using,
    title = "Using Biomedical Literature Mining to Consolidate the Set of Known Human Protein-Protein Interactions",
    author = "Ramani, Arun  and
      Bunescu, Razvan  and
      Mooney, Raymond  and
      Marcotte, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{ISMB} Workshop on Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases: Mining Biological Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Detroit",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1307",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{ahmed-etal-2005-intex,
    title = "{I}nt{E}x: A Syntactic Role Driven Protein-Protein Interaction Extractor for Bio-Medical Text",
    author = "Ahmed, Syed Toufeeq  and
      Chidambaram, Deepthi  and
      Davulcu, Hasan  and
      Baral, Chitta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{ISMB} Workshop on Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases: Mining Biological Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Detroit",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1308",
    pages = "54--61",
}
@proceedings{ws-2005-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    author = "Bunt, Harry  and
      Malouf, Robert",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1500",
}
@inproceedings{boullier-sagot-2005-efficient,
    title = "Efficient and Robust {LFG} Parsing: {S}x{LFG}",
    author = "Boullier, Pierre  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1501",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{burden-ljunglof-2005-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems",
    author = {Burden, H{\aa}kan  and
      Ljungl{\"o}f, Peter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1502",
    pages = "11--17",
}
@inproceedings{carpenter-morrill-2005-switch,
    title = "Switch Graphs for Parsing Type Logical Grammars",
    author = "Carpenter, Bob  and
      Morrill, Glyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1503",
    pages = "18--29",
}
@inproceedings{eisner-smith-2005-parsing,
    title = "Parsing with Soft and Hard Constraints on Dependency Length",
    author = "Eisner, Jason  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1504",
    pages = "30--41",
}
@inproceedings{hall-novak-2005-corrective,
    title = "Corrective Modeling for Non-Projective Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Hall, Keith  and
      Nov{\'a}k, V{\'a}clav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1505",
    pages = "42--52",
}
@inproceedings{huang-chiang-2005-better,
    title = "Better k-best Parsing",
    author = "Huang, Liang  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1506",
    pages = "53--64",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2005-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation as Lexicalized Parsing with Hooks",
    author = "Huang, Liang  and
      Zhang, Hao  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1507",
    pages = "65--73",
}
@inproceedings{jansche-2005-treebank,
    title = "Treebank transfer",
    author = "Jansche, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1508",
    pages = "74--82",
}
@inproceedings{musillo-merlo-2005-lexical,
    title = "Lexical and Structural Biases for Function Parsing",
    author = "Musillo, Gabriele  and
      Merlo, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1509",
    pages = "83--92",
}
@inproceedings{nakanishi-etal-2005-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Models for Disambiguation of an {HPSG}-Based Chart Generator",
    author = "Nakanishi, Hiroko  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1510",
    pages = "93--102",
}
@inproceedings{ninomiya-etal-2005-efficacy,
    title = "Efficacy of Beam Thresholding, Unification Filtering and Hybrid Parsing in Probabilistic {HPSG} Parsing",
    author = "Ninomiya, Takashi  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1511",
    pages = "103--114",
}
@inproceedings{prescher-2005-head,
    title = "Head-Driven {PCFG}s with Latent-Head Statistics",
    author = "Prescher, Detlef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1512",
    pages = "115--124",
}
@inproceedings{sagae-lavie-2005-classifier,
    title = "A Classifier-Based Parser with Linear Run-Time Complexity",
    author = "Sagae, Kenji  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1513",
    pages = "125--132",
}
@inproceedings{tsuruoka-tsujii-2005-chunk,
    title = "Chunk Parsing Revisited",
    author = "Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1514",
    pages = "133--140",
}
@inproceedings{turian-melamed-2005-constituent,
    title = "Constituent Parsing by Classification",
    author = "Turian, Joseph  and
      Melamed, I. Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1515",
    pages = "141--151",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2005-strictly,
    title = "Strictly Lexical Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Wang, Qin Iris  and
      Schuurmans, Dale  and
      Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1516",
    pages = "152--159",
}
@inproceedings{watson-etal-2005-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Extraction of Grammatical Relations",
    author = "Watson, Rebecca  and
      Carroll, John  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1517",
    pages = "160--170",
}
@inproceedings{zeman-zabokrtsky-2005-improving,
    title = "Improving Parsing Accuracy by Combining Diverse Dependency Parsers",
    author = "Zeman, Daniel  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1518",
    pages = "171--178",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-weng-2005-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Features for Identifying Edited Regions in Disfluent Sentences",
    author = "Zhang, Qi  and
      Weng, Fuliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1519",
    pages = "179--185",
}
@inproceedings{bhagat-etal-2005-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Shallow Semantic Parsing despite Little Training Data",
    author = "Bhagat, Rahul  and
      Leuski, Anton  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1520",
    pages = "186--187",
}
@inproceedings{ciortuz-2005-quick,
    title = "The Quick Check Pre-unification Filter for Typed Grammars: Extensions",
    author = "Ciortuz, Liviu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1521",
    pages = "188--189",
}
@inproceedings{villemonte-de-la-clergerie-2005-metagrammars,
    title = "From metagrammars to factorized {TAG}/{TIG} parsers",
    author = "Villemonte de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1522",
    pages = "190--191",
}
@inproceedings{daniels-2005-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Generalized {ID}/{LP} Grammars",
    author = "Daniels, Michael W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1523",
    pages = "192--193",
}
@inproceedings{dzikovska-rose-2005-tflex,
    title = "{TFLEX}: Speeding Up Deep Parsing with Strategic Pruning",
    author = "Dzikovska, Myroslava O.  and
      Rose, Carolyn P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1524",
    pages = "194--195",
}
@inproceedings{dzikovska-etal-2005-generic,
    title = "Generic Parsing for Multi-Domain Semantic Interpretation",
    author = "Dzikovska, Myroslava  and
      Swift, Mary  and
      Allen, James  and
      de Beaumont, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1525",
    pages = "196--197",
}
@inproceedings{elsner-etal-2005-online,
    title = "Online Statistics for a Unification-Based Dialogue Parser",
    author = "Elsner, Micha  and
      Swift, Mary  and
      Allen, James  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1526",
    pages = "198--199",
}
@inproceedings{gaizauskas-etal-2005-supple,
    title = "{SUPPLE}: A Practical Parser for Natural Language Engineering Applications",
    author = "Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Greenwood, Mark A.  and
      Humphreys, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1527",
    pages = "200--201",
}
@inproceedings{hogan-2005-k,
    title = "k-{NN} for Local Probability Estimation in Generative Parsing Models",
    author = "Hogan, Deirdre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1528",
    pages = "202--203",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2005-robust,
    title = "Robust Extraction of Subcategorization Data from Spoken Language",
    author = "Li, Jianguo  and
      Brew, Chris  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1529",
    pages = "204--205",
}
@proceedings{ws-2005-european,
    title = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1600",
}
@inproceedings{belz-2005-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Generation: Three Methods Compared and Evaluated",
    author = "Belz, Anja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1601",
}
@inproceedings{biller-etal-2005-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Authoring of Logical Forms for Multilingual Generation",
    author = "Biller, Ofer  and
      Elhadad, Michael  and
      Netzer, Yael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1602",
}
@inproceedings{busemann-2005-ten,
    title = "Ten Years After: An Update on {TG}/2 (and {F}riends)",
    author = "Busemann, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1603",
}
@inproceedings{chambers-2005-real,
    title = "Real-Time Stochastic Language Generation for Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Chambers, Nathanael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1604",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-kow-2005-generating,
    title = "Generating and Selecting Grammatical Paraphrases",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Kow, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1605",
}
@inproceedings{horacek-2005-generating,
    title = "Generating Referential Descriptions Under Conditions of Uncertainty",
    author = "Horacek, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1606",
}
@inproceedings{kelleher-kruijff-2005-context,
    title = "A Context-dependent Algorithm for Generating Locative Expressions in Physically Situated Environments",
    author = "Kelleher, John  and
      Kruijff, Geert-Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1607",
}
@inproceedings{kranstedt-wachsmuth-2005-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Generation of Multimodal Deixis Referring to Objects",
    author = "Kranstedt, Alfred  and
      Wachsmuth, Ipke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1608",
}
@inproceedings{kruijff-2005-context,
    title = "Context-sensitive Utterance Planning for {CCG}",
    author = "Kruijff, Geert-Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1609",
}
@inproceedings{lonneker-2005-narratological,
    title = "Narratological Knowledge for Natural Language Generation",
    author = {L{\"o}nneker, Birte},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1610",
}
@inproceedings{marciniak-strube-2005-discrete,
    title = "Discrete Optimization as an Alternative to Sequential Processing in {NLG}",
    author = "Marciniak, Tomasz  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1611",
}
@inproceedings{marsi-krahmer-2005-explorations,
    title = "Explorations in Sentence Fusion",
    author = "Marsi, Erwin  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1612",
}
@inproceedings{mellish-sun-2005-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Directed Inference in the Presentation of Ontologies",
    author = "Mellish, Chris  and
      Sun, Xiantang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1613",
}
@inproceedings{ritchie-2005-computational,
    title = "Computational Mechanisms for Pun Generation",
    author = "Ritchie, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1614",
}
@inproceedings{sripada-etal-2005-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of an {NLG} System using Post-Edit Data: Lessons Learnt",
    author = "Sripada, Somayajulu  and
      Reiter, Ehud  and
      Hawizy, Lezan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1615",
}
@inproceedings{williams-reiter-2005-generating,
    title = "Generating Readable Texts for Readers with Low Basic Skills",
    author = "Williams, Sandra  and
      Reiter, Ehud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1616",
}
@inproceedings{androutsopoulos-etal-2005-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting {OWL} Ontologies in the Multilingual Generation of Object Descriptions",
    author = "Androutsopoulos, Ion  and
      Kallonis, Spyros  and
      Karkaletsis, Vangelis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1617",
}
@inproceedings{aouladomar-saint-dizier-2005-towards,
    title = "Towards Generating Procedural Texts: An Exploration of their Rhetorical and Argumentative Structure",
    author = "Aouladomar, Farida  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1618",
}
@inproceedings{callaway-2005-types,
    title = "The Types and Distributions of Errors in a Wide Coverage Surface Realizer Evaluation",
    author = "Callaway, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1619",
}
@inproceedings{hervas-gervas-2005-evolutionary,
    title = "An Evolutionary Approach to Referring Expression Generation and Aggregation",
    author = "Herv{\'a}s, Raquel  and
      Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1620",
}
@inproceedings{karamanis-mellish-2005-using,
    title = "Using a Corpus of Sentence Orderings Defined by Many Experts to Evaluate Metrics of Coherence for Text Structuring",
    author = "Karamanis, Nikiforos  and
      Mellish, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1621",
}
@inproceedings{klabunde-2005-must,
    title = "When must Should Be Chosen",
    author = "Klabunde, Ralf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1622",
}
@inproceedings{klarner-2005-reversibility,
    title = "Reversibility and Re-usability of Resources in {NLG} and Natural Language Dialog Systems",
    author = "Klarner, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1623",
}
@inproceedings{kruijff-korbayova-etal-2005-experiment,
    title = "An Experiment Setup for Collecting Data for Adaptive Output Planning in a Multimodal Dialogue System",
    author = "Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana  and
      Blaylock, Nate  and
      Gerstenberger, Ciprian  and
      Rieser, Verena  and
      Becker, Tilman  and
      Kaisser, Michael  and
      Poller, Peter  and
      Schehl, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1624",
}
@inproceedings{moriceau-2005-answer,
    title = "Answer Generation with Temporal Data Integration",
    author = "Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1625",
}
@inproceedings{varges-2005-chart,
    title = "Chart Generation Using Production Systems",
    author = "Varges, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1626",
}
@inproceedings{varges-2005-spatial,
    title = "Spatial Descriptions as Referring Expressions in the {M}ap{T}ask Domain",
    author = "Varges, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1627",
}
@inproceedings{wan-etal-2005-searching,
    title = "Searching for Grammaticality: Propagating Dependencies in the {V}iterbi Algorithm",
    author = "Wan, Stephen  and
      Dale, Robert  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG}-05)",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1628",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-nordic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    author = "Werner, Stefan",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1700",
}
@inproceedings{ailomaa-etal-2006-robust,
    title = "Robust stochastic parsing: Comparing and combining two approaches for processing extra-grammatical sentences",
    author = "Ailomaa, Marita  and
      Kadlec, Vladim{\'\i}r  and
      Rajman, Martin  and
      Chappelier, Jean-C{\'e}dric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1701",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{altintas-etal-2006-new,
    title = "A new semantic similarity measure evaluated in word sense disambiguation",
    author = "Altintas, Ergin  and
      Karsligil, Elif  and
      Coskun, Vedat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1702",
    pages = "8--11",
}
@inproceedings{aunimo-kuuskoski-2006-reformulations,
    title = "Reformulations of {F}innish questions for question answering",
    author = "Aunimo, Lili  and
      Kuuskoski, Reeta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1703",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{biemann-quasthoff-2006-dictionary,
    title = "Dictionary acquisition using parallel text and co-occurrence statistics",
    author = "Biemann, Chris  and
      Quasthoff, Uwe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1704",
    pages = "22--29",
}
@inproceedings{broseth-2006-influence,
    title = "The influence of written task descriptions in Wizard of {O}z experiments",
    author = "Br{\o}seth, Heidi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1705",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{dalianis-2006-improving,
    title = "Improving search engine retrieval using a compound splitter for {S}wedish",
    author = "Dalianis, Hercules",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1706",
    pages = "38--42",
}
@inproceedings{hagen-nygaard-2006-improbable,
    title = "Improbable morphological forms in a computational lexicon",
    author = "Hagen, Kristin  and
      Nygaard, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1707",
    pages = "43--46",
}
@inproceedings{hall-nivre-2006-generic,
    title = "A generic architecture for data-driven dependency parsing",
    author = "Hall, Johan  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1708",
    pages = "47--56",
}
@inproceedings{hellan-beermann-2006-specifier,
    title = "The {`}Specifier{'} in an {HPSG} grammar implementation of {N}orwegian",
    author = "Hellan, Lars  and
      Beermann, Dorothee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1709",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{hjelm-schwarz-2006-lisa,
    title = "{L}i{S}a{--}morphological analysis for information retrieval",
    author = "Hjelm, Hans  and
      Schwarz, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1710",
    pages = "65--70",
}
@inproceedings{holmlund-etal-2006-creating,
    title = "Creating bilingual lexica using reference wordlists for alignment of monolingual semantic vector spaces",
    author = "Holmlund, Jon  and
      Sahlgren, Magnus  and
      Karlgren, Jussi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1711",
    pages = "71--77",
}
@inproceedings{hovold-2006-naive,
    title = "Naive {B}ayes spam filtering using word-position-based attributes and length-sensitive classification thresholds",
    author = "Hovold, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1712",
    pages = "78--87",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-johnsen-2006-analytical,
    title = "An analytical relation between analogical modeling and memory based learning",
    author = "Johansson, Christer  and
      Johnsen, Lars G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1713",
    pages = "88--93",
}
@inproceedings{kakkonen-2006-dependency,
    title = "Dependency treebanks: methods, annotation schemes and tools",
    author = "Kakkonen, Tuomo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1714",
    pages = "94--104",
}
@inproceedings{kann-rosell-2006-free,
    title = "Free construction of a free {S}wedish dictionary of synonyms",
    author = "Kann, Viggo  and
      Rosell, Magnus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1715",
    pages = "105--110",
}
@inproceedings{karlgren-2006-compound,
    title = "Compound terms and their constituent elements in information retrieval",
    author = "Karlgren, Jussi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1716",
    pages = "111--115",
}
@inproceedings{kyst-henrichsen-2006-synthetic,
    title = "Synthetic regional {D}anish",
    author = "Kyst, Bodil  and
      Henrichsen, Peter Juel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1717",
    pages = "116--123",
}
@inproceedings{moa-2006-compounds,
    title = "Compounds and other oddities in machine translation",
    author = "Moa, Hanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1718",
    pages = "124--132",
}
@inproceedings{niemi-carlson-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards modeling the semantics of calendar expressions as extended regular expressions",
    author = "Niemi, Jyrki  and
      Carlson, Lauri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1719",
    pages = "133--138",
}
@inproceedings{nilsson-etal-2006-suis,
    title = "{SU}i{S}{--}cross-language ontology-driven information retrieval in a restricted domain",
    author = "Nilsson, Kristina  and
      Hjelm, Hans  and
      Oxhammar, Henrik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1720",
    pages = "139--145",
}
@inproceedings{nilsson-malmgren-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards automatic recognition of product names: an exploratory study of brand names in economic texts",
    author = "Nilsson, Kristina  and
      Malmgren, Aisha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1721",
    pages = "146--155",
}
@inproceedings{noklestad-johansson-2006-detecting,
    title = "Detecting reference chains in {N}orwegian",
    author = "N{\o}klestad, Anders  and
      Johansson, Christer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1722",
    pages = "156--162",
}
@inproceedings{oxhammar-2006-mapping,
    title = "Mapping product descriptions to a large ontology",
    author = "Oxhammar, Henrik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1723",
    pages = "163--172",
}
@inproceedings{rosell-velupillai-2006-impact,
    title = "The impact of phrases in document clustering for {S}wedish",
    author = "Rosell, Magnus  and
      Velupillai, Sumithra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1724",
    pages = "173--179",
}
@inproceedings{sjobergh-2006-chunking,
    title = "{C}hunking: an unsupervised method to find errors in text",
    author = {Sj{\"o}bergh, Jonas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1725",
    pages = "180--185",
}
@inproceedings{rossen-skadhauge-henrichsen-2006-danpo,
    title = "{D}an{PO}{--}a transcription-based dictionary for {D}anish speech technology",
    author = "Rossen Skadhauge, Peter  and
      Henrichsen, Peter Juel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1726",
    pages = "186--192",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-haugereid-2006-functionality,
    title = "Functionality in grammar design",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      Haugereid, Petter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1727",
    pages = "193--202",
}
@inproceedings{uibo-2006-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing the finite-state description of {E}stonian morphology",
    author = "Uibo, Heli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1728",
    pages = "203--209",
}
@inproceedings{witschel-biemann-2006-rigorous,
    title = "Rigorous dimensionality reduction through linguistically motivated feature selection for text categorization",
    author = "Witschel, Hans Friedrich  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2005)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Joensuu, Finland",
    publisher = "University of Joensuu, Finland",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1729",
    pages = "210--217",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology: Current Themes in Computational Phonology and Morphology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0100",
}
@inproceedings{wedel-2004-category,
    title = "Category competition drives contrast maintenance within an exemplar-based production/perception loop",
    author = "Wedel, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology: Current Themes in Computational Phonology and Morphology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0101",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{pirrelli-etal-2004-non,
    title = "Non-locality all the way through: Emergent Global Constraints in the {I}talian Morphological Lexicon",
    author = "Pirrelli, Vito  and
      Calderone, Basilio  and
      Herreros, Ivan  and
      Virgilio, Michele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology: Current Themes in Computational Phonology and Morphology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0102",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{choudhury-etal-2004-diachronic,
    title = "A Diachronic Approach for Schwa Deletion in {I}ndo {A}ryan Languages",
    author = "Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Basu, Anupam  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology: Current Themes in Computational Phonology and Morphology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0103",
    pages = "20--26",
}
@inproceedings{carson-berndsen-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Feature-Based Phonotactic Resources",
    author = "Carson-Berndsen, Julie  and
      Kelly, Robert  and
      Neugebauer, Moritz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology: Current Themes in Computational Phonology and Morphology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0104",
    pages = "27--34",
}
@inproceedings{goldwater-johnson-2004-priors,
    title = "Priors in {B}ayesian Learning of Phonological Rules",
    author = "Goldwater, Sharon  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology: Current Themes in Computational Phonology and Morphology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0105",
    pages = "35--42",
}
@inproceedings{creutz-lagus-2004-induction,
    title = "Induction of a Simple Morphology for Highly-Inflecting Languages",
    author = "Creutz, Mathias  and
      Lagus, Krista",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology: Current Themes in Computational Phonology and Morphology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0106",
    pages = "43--51",
}
@inproceedings{monson-etal-2004-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Induction of Natural Language Morphology Inflection Classes",
    author = "Monson, Christian  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Carbonell, Jaime  and
      Levin, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology: Current Themes in Computational Phonology and Morphology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0107",
    pages = "52--61",
}
@inproceedings{de-pauw-etal-2004-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Two Different Approaches to Morphological Analysis of {D}utch",
    author = "De Pauw, Guy  and
      Laureys, Tom  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Van hamme, Hugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology: Current Themes in Computational Phonology and Morphology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0108",
    pages = "62--69",
}
@inproceedings{wicentowski-2004-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Noise-Robust Supervised Morphological Analysis using the {W}ord{F}rame Model",
    author = "Wicentowski, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology: Current Themes in Computational Phonology and Morphology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0109",
    pages = "70--77",
}
@inproceedings{rytting-2004-segment,
    title = "Segment Predictability as a Cue in Word Segmentation: Application to Modern {G}reek",
    author = "Rytting, C. Anton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology: Current Themes in Computational Phonology and Morphology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0110",
    pages = "78--85",
}
@inproceedings{oflazer-yilmaz-2004-vi,
    title = "Vi-xfst: A Visual Regular Expression Development Environment for Xerox Finite State Tool",
    author = "Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Y{\i}lmaz, Yasin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology: Current Themes in Computational Phonology and Morphology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0111",
    pages = "86--93",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-discourse,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Annotation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0200",
}
@inproceedings{alonso-alemany-etal-2004-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Feature based Description of Low level Discourse",
    author = "Alonso Alemany, Laura  and
      Hinojosa, Ezequiel Andujar  and
      Salvatierra, Robert Sola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Annotation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0201",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{benamara-etal-2004-coopml,
    title = "{COOPML}: Towards Annotating Cooperative Discourse",
    author = "Benamara, Farah  and
      Moriceau, Veronique  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Annotation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0202",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{creswell-2004-using,
    title = "Using a Probabilistic Model of Discourse Relations to Investigate Word Order Variation",
    author = "Creswell, Cassandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Annotation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0203",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{degand-etal-2004-use,
    title = "On the Use of Automatic Tools for Large-scale Semantic Analyses of Causal Connectives",
    author = "Degand, Liesbeth  and
      Spooren, Wilbert  and
      Bestgen, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Annotation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0204",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{han-2004-korean,
    title = "{K}orean Null Pronouns: Classification and Annotation",
    author = "Han, Na-Rae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Annotation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0205",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{kruijff-korbayova-kruijff-2004-discourse,
    title = "Discourse-level Annotation for Investigating Information Structure",
    author = "Kruijff-Korbayova, Ivana  and
      Kruijff, Geert-Jan M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Annotation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0206",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{langer-etal-2004-text,
    title = "Text Type Structure and Logical Document Structure",
    author = "Langer, Hagen  and
      Lungen, Harald  and
      Bayerl, Petra Saskia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Annotation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0207",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{mani-pustejovsky-2004-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Discourse Models for Narrative Structure",
    author = "Mani, Inderjeet  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Annotation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0208",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{navarro-etal-2004-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Semantic Information for Manual Anaphoric Annotation in {C}ast3{LB} Corpus",
    author = "Navarro, Borja  and
      Izquierdo, Ruben  and
      Saiz-Noeda, Maximiliano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Annotation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0209",
    pages = "65--71",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-2004-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Annotation and Semantic Annotation in the {GNOME} corpus",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Annotation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0210",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{polanyi-etal-2004-sentential,
    title = "Sentential Structure and Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Polanyi, Livia  and
      Culy, Chris  and
      van den Berg, Martin  and
      Thione, Gian Lorenzo  and
      Ahn, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Annotation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0211",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{prasad-etal-2004-annotation,
    title = "Annotation and Data Mining of the {P}enn Discourse {T}ree{B}ank",
    author = "Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Miltsakaki, Eleni  and
      Joshi, Aravind  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Annotation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0212",
    pages = "88--95",
}
@inproceedings{stede-2004-potsdam,
    title = "The {P}otsdam Commentary Corpus",
    author = "Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Annotation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0213",
    pages = "96--102",
}
@inproceedings{tetreault-etal-2004-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Annotation in the Monroe Corpus",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel  and
      Swift, Mary  and
      Prithviraj, Preethum  and
      Dzikovska, Myroslava  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Annotation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0214",
    pages = "103--109",
}
@inproceedings{thione-etal-2004-livetree,
    title = "{L}ive{T}ree: An Integrated Workbench for Discourse Processing",
    author = "Thione, Gian Lorenzo  and
      van den Berg, Martin  and
      Culy, Chris  and
      Polanyi, Livia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Annotation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0215",
    pages = "110--117",
}
@inproceedings{zaenen-etal-2004-animacy,
    title = "{A}nimacy Encoding in {E}nglish: Why and How",
    author = "Zaenen, Annie  and
      Carletta, Jean  and
      Garretson, Gregory  and
      Bresnan, Joan  and
      Koontz-Garboden, Andrew  and
      Nikitina, Tatiana  and
      O{'}Connor, M. Catherine  and
      Wasow, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Annotation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0216",
    pages = "118--125",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-incremental,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Incremental Parsing: Bringing Engineering and Cognition Together",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0300",
}
@inproceedings{lombardo-etal-2004-competence,
    title = "Competence and Performance Grammar in Incremental Processing",
    author = "Lombardo, Vincenzo  and
      Mazzei, Alessandro  and
      Sturt, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Incremental Parsing: Bringing Engineering and Cognition Together",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0301",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{kato-etal-2004-stochastically,
    title = "Stochastically Evaluating the Validity of Partial Parse Trees in Incremental Parsing",
    author = "Kato, Yoshihide  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki  and
      Inagaki, Yasuyoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Incremental Parsing: Bringing Engineering and Cognition Together",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0302",
    pages = "9--15",
}
@inproceedings{roark-2004-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Incremental Beam-Search Parsing with Generative and Discriminative Models",
    author = "Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Incremental Parsing: Bringing Engineering and Cognition Together",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0303",
    pages = "16--17",
}
@inproceedings{stoness-etal-2004-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Parsing with Reference Interaction",
    author = "Stoness, Scott C.  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Incremental Parsing: Bringing Engineering and Cognition Together",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0304",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-2004-lookahead,
    title = "Lookahead in Deterministic Left-Corner Parsing",
    author = "Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Incremental Parsing: Bringing Engineering and Cognition Together",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0305",
    pages = "26--33",
}
@inproceedings{wu-shen-2004-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Algorithm to Induce Minimum Average Lookahead Grammars for Incremental {LR} Parsing",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Shen, Yihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Incremental Parsing: Bringing Engineering and Cognition Together",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0306",
    pages = "34--41",
}
@inproceedings{wang-harper-2004-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Constraint Dependency Grammar ({CDG}) Parser",
    author = "Wang, Wen  and
      Harper, Mary P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Incremental Parsing: Bringing Engineering and Cognition Together",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0307",
    pages = "42--49",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-2004-incrementality,
    title = "Incrementality in Deterministic Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Incremental Parsing: Bringing Engineering and Cognition Together",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0308",
    pages = "50--57",
}
@inproceedings{hale-2004-information,
    title = "The Information-Processing Difficulty of Incremental Parsing",
    author = "Hale, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Incremental Parsing: Bringing Engineering and Cognition Together",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0309",
    pages = "58--65",
}
@inproceedings{sturt-2004-incrementality,
    title = "Incrementality in Syntactic Processing: Computational Models and Experimental Evidence",
    author = "Sturt, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Incremental Parsing: Bringing Engineering and Cognition Together",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0310",
    pages = "66--66",
}
@inproceedings{daum-2004-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Daum, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Incremental Parsing: Bringing Engineering and Cognition Together",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0311",
    pages = "67--73",
}
@inproceedings{purver-kempson-2004-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Parsing, or Incremental Grammar?",
    author = "Purver, Matthew  and
      Kempson, Ruth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Incremental Parsing: Bringing Engineering and Cognition Together",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0312",
    pages = "74--81",
}
@inproceedings{vasishth-lewis-2004-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Sentence Processing in {ACT}-R",
    author = "Vasishth, Shravan  and
      Lewis, Richard L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Incremental Parsing: Bringing Engineering and Cognition Together",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0313",
    pages = "82--87",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-multiword,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Integrating Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0400",
}
@inproceedings{stevenson-etal-2004-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Measures of the Semi-Productivity of Light Verb Constructions",
    author = "Stevenson, Suzanne  and
      Fazly, Afsaneh  and
      North, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Integrating Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0401",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{fujita-etal-2004-paraphrasing,
    title = "Paraphrasing of {J}apanese Light-verb Constructions Based on Lexical Conceptual Structure",
    author = "Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Furihata, Kentaro  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji  and
      Takeuchi, Koichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Integrating Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0402",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{sharoff-2004-stake,
    title = "What is at Stake: a Case Study of {R}ussian Expressions Starting with a Preposition",
    author = "Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Integrating Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0403",
    pages = "17--23",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-tanaka-2004-translation,
    title = "Translation by Machine of Complex Nominals: Getting it Right",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Tanaka, Takaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Integrating Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0404",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{shudo-etal-2004-mwes,
    title = "{MWE}s as Non-propositional Content Indicators",
    author = "Shudo, Kosho  and
      Tanabe, Toshifumi  and
      Takahashi, Masahito  and
      Yoshimura, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Integrating Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0405",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{venkatsubramanyan-perez-carballo-2004-multiword,
    title = "Multiword Expression Filtering for Building Knowledge",
    author = "Venkatsubramanyan, Shailaja  and
      Perez-Carballo, Jose",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Integrating Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0406",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{alegria-etal-2004-representation,
    title = "Representation and Treatment of Multiword Expressions in Basque",
    author = "Alegria, I{\~n}aki  and
      Ansa, Olatz  and
      Artola, Xabier  and
      Ezeiza, Nerea  and
      Gojenola, Koldo  and
      Urizar, Ruben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Integrating Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0407",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{debusmann-2004-multiword,
    title = "Multiword Expressions as Dependency Subgraphs",
    author = "Debusmann, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Integrating Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0408",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{oflazer-etal-2004-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Morphology with Multi-word Expression Processing in {T}urkish",
    author = {Oflazer, Kemal  and
      {\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem  and
      Say, Bilge},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Integrating Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0409",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{baptista-etal-2004-frozen,
    title = "Frozen Sentences of {P}ortuguese: Formal Descriptions for {NLP}",
    author = "Baptista, Jorge  and
      Correia, Anabela  and
      Fernandes, Gra{\c{c}}a",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Integrating Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0410",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{villavicencio-etal-2004-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Encoding of {MWE}s",
    author = "Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Copestake, Ann  and
      Waldron, Benjamin  and
      Lambeau, Fabre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Integrating Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0411",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{doucet-ahonen-myka-2004-non,
    title = "Non-Contiguous Word Sequences for Information Retrieval",
    author = "Doucet, Antoine  and
      Ahonen-Myka, Helana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Integrating Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0412",
    pages = "88--95",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-etal-2004-np,
    title = "{NP}-External Arguments: A Study of Argument Sharing in {E}nglish",
    author = "Meyers, Adam  and
      Reeves, Ruth  and
      Macleod, Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Integrating Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0413",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-question,
    title = "Proceedings of the Conference on Question Answering in Restricted Domains",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0500",
}
@inproceedings{marcu-2004-invited,
    title = "(Invited presentation) The Perils and Rewards of Developing Restricted Domain Applications",
    author = "Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Question Answering in Restricted Domains",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0501",
    pages = "1--1",
}
@inproceedings{diekema-etal-2004-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Restricted Domain Question-Answering Systems",
    author = "Diekema, Anne R.  and
      Yilmazel, Ozgur  and
      Liddy, Elizabeth D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Question Answering in Restricted Domains",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0502",
    pages = "2--7",
}
@inproceedings{doan-nguyen-kosseim-2004-problem,
    title = "The Problem of Precision in Restricted-Domain Question Answering. Some Proposed Methods of Improvement",
    author = "Doan-Nguyen, Hai  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Question Answering in Restricted Domains",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0503",
    pages = "8--15",
}
@inproceedings{gabbay-sutcliffe-2004-qualitative,
    title = "A Qualitative Comparison of Scientific and Journalistic Texts from the Perspective of Extracting Definitions",
    author = "Gabbay, Igal  and
      Sutcliffe, Richard F.E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Question Answering in Restricted Domains",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0504",
    pages = "16--22",
}
@inproceedings{tsur-etal-2004-biographer,
    title = "{B}io{G}rapher: Biography Questions as a Restricted Domain Question Answering Task",
    author = "Tsur, Oren  and
      de Rijke, Maarten  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Question Answering in Restricted Domains",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0505",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{benamara-2004-cooperative,
    title = "Cooperative Question Answering in Restricted Domains: the {WEBCOOP} Experiment",
    author = "Benamara, Farah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Question Answering in Restricted Domains",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0506",
    pages = "31--38",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2004-practical,
    title = "A Practical {QA} System in Restricted Domains",
    author = "Chung, Hoojung  and
      Song, Young-In  and
      Han, Kyoung-Soo  and
      Yoon, Do-Sang  and
      Lee, Joo-Young  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang  and
      Kim, Soo-Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Question Answering in Restricted Domains",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0507",
    pages = "39--45",
}
@inproceedings{rinaldi-etal-2004-answering,
    title = "Answering Questions in the Genomics Domain",
    author = "Rinaldi, Fabio  and
      Dowdall, James  and
      Schneider, Gerold  and
      Persidis, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Question Answering in Restricted Domains",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0508",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{niu-hirst-2004-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Semantic Classes in Medical Text for Question Answering",
    author = "Niu, Yun  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Question Answering in Restricted Domains",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0509",
    pages = "54--61",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-proceeedings,
    title = "Proceeedings of the Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2004): {RDF}/{RDFS} and {OWL} in Language Technology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0600",
}
@inproceedings{foster-white-2004-techniques,
    title = "Techniques for Text Planning with {XSLT}",
    author = "Foster, Mary Ellen  and
      White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceeedings of the Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2004): {RDF}/{RDFS} and {OWL} in Language Technology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0601",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{wittenburg-etal-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards Metadata Interoperability",
    author = "Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Broeder, Daan  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceeedings of the Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2004): {RDF}/{RDFS} and {OWL} in Language Technology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0602",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2004-web,
    title = "A Web Application using {RDF}/{RDFS} for Metadata Navigation",
    author = "Guo, Xi  and
      Chaudhary, Mark  and
      Dozier, Christopher  and
      Arumainayagam, Yogi  and
      Subramanian, Venkatesan",
    booktitle = "Proceeedings of the Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2004): {RDF}/{RDFS} and {OWL} in Language Technology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0603",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{simons-etal-2004-semantics,
    title = "The Semantics of Markup: Mapping Legacy Markup Schemas to a Common Semantics",
    author = "Simons, Gary  and
      Lewis, William  and
      Farrar, Scott  and
      Langendoen, Terence  and
      Fitzsimons, Brian  and
      Gonzalez, Hector",
    booktitle = "Proceeedings of the Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2004): {RDF}/{RDFS} and {OWL} in Language Technology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0604",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{froumentin-2004-extensible,
    title = "Extensible {M}ulti{M}odal Annotation ({EMMA})",
    author = "Froumentin, Max",
    booktitle = "Proceeedings of the Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2004): {RDF}/{RDFS} and {OWL} in Language Technology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0605",
    pages = "33--34",
}
@inproceedings{beltran-ferruz-etal-2004-converting,
    title = "Converting Mikrokosmos Frames into Description Logics",
    author = "Beltr{\'a}n-Ferruz, Pablo  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-Calero, P.A.  and
      Gerv{\'a}s, P.",
    booktitle = "Proceeedings of the Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2004): {RDF}/{RDFS} and {OWL} in Language Technology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0606",
    pages = "35--42",
}
@inproceedings{schlangen-etal-2004-feeding,
    title = "Feeding {OWL}: Extracting and Representing the Content of Pathology Reports",
    author = "Schlangen, David  and
      Stede, Manfred  and
      Paslaru Bontas, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceeedings of the Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2004): {RDF}/{RDFS} and {OWL} in Language Technology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0607",
    pages = "43--50",
}
@inproceedings{meena-etal-2004-extensible,
    title = "An Extensible Framework for Efficient Document Management using {RDF} and {OWL}",
    author = "Meena, Erica  and
      Kumar, Ashwani  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceeedings of the Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2004): {RDF}/{RDFS} and {OWL} in Language Technology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0608",
    pages = "51--58",
}
@inproceedings{estival-etal-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards Ontology-based Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Estival, Dominique  and
      Nowak, Chris  and
      Zschorn, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceeedings of the Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2004): {RDF}/{RDFS} and {OWL} in Language Technology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0609",
    pages = "59--66",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-reference,
    title = "Proceedings of the Conference on Reference Resolution and Its Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0700",
}
@inproceedings{fleischman-hovy-2004-multi,
    title = "Multi-Document Person Name Resolution",
    author = "Fleischman, Michael  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Reference Resolution and Its Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0701",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{dozier-zielund-2004-cross,
    title = "Cross Document Co-Reference Resolution Applications for People in the Legal Domain",
    author = "Dozier, Christopher  and
      Zielund, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Reference Resolution and Its Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0702",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{kuo-chen-2004-event,
    title = "Event Clustering on Streaming News Using Co-Reference Chains and Event Words",
    author = "Kuo, June-Jei  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Reference Resolution and Its Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0703",
    pages = "17--23",
}
@inproceedings{zelenko-etal-2004-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution for Information Extraction",
    author = "Zelenko, Dmitry  and
      Aone, Chinatsu  and
      Tibbetts, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Reference Resolution and Its Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0704",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{ji-grishman-2004-applying,
    title = "Applying Coreference to Improve Name Recognition",
    author = "Ji, Heng  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Reference Resolution and Its Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0705",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{gasperin-vieira-2004-using,
    title = "Using Word Similarity Lists for Resolving Indirect Anaphora",
    author = "Gasperin, Caroline  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Reference Resolution and Its Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0706",
    pages = "40--46",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-etal-2004-discourse,
    title = "Discourse-New Detectors for Definite Description Resolution: A Survey and a Preliminary Proposal",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo  and
      Uryupina, Olga  and
      Vieira, Renata  and
      Alexandrov-Kabadjov, Mijail  and
      Goulart, Rodrigo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Reference Resolution and Its Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0707",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{hardt-2004-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Centering",
    author = "Hardt, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Reference Resolution and Its Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0708",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{nariyama-2004-ellipsis,
    title = "Ellipsis Resolution for Disguised Agent",
    author = "Nariyama, Shigeko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Reference Resolution and Its Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0709",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-belis-lalanne-2004-reference,
    title = "Reference Resolution over a Restricted Domain: References to Documents",
    author = "Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Lalanne, Denis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Reference Resolution and Its Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0710",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@inproceedings{kim-park-2004-bioar,
    title = "{B}io{AR}: Anaphora Resolution for Relating Protein Names to Proteome Database Entries",
    author = "Kim, Jung-Jae  and
      Park, Jong C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Reference Resolution and Its Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0711",
    pages = "79--86",
}
@inproceedings{streit-krieger-2004-ellipsis,
    title = "Ellipsis Resolution by Controlled Default Unification for Multi-modal and Speech Dialog Systems",
    author = "Streit, Michael  and
      Krieger, HansUlrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Reference Resolution and Its Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0712",
    pages = "87--94",
}
@inproceedings{navarretta-2004-algorithm,
    title = "An Algorithm for Resolving Individual and Abstract Anaphora in {D}anish Texts and Dialogues",
    author = "Navarretta, Costanza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Reference Resolution and Its Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0713",
    pages = "95--102",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-chen-2004-topic,
    title = "Topic Identification in {C}hinese Based on Centering Model",
    author = "Yeh, Ching-Long  and
      Chen, Yi-Chun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Reference Resolution and Its Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0714",
    pages = "103--109",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-senseval,
    title = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0800",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2004-basque,
    title = "The Basque lexical-sample task",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Aldabe, Itziar  and
      Lersundi, Mikel  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, David  and
      Pociello, Eli  and
      Uria, Larraitz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0801",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{chklovski-etal-2004-senseval,
    title = "The Senseval-3 Multilingual {E}nglish-{H}indi lexical sample task",
    author = "Chklovski, Timothy  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Pedersen, Ted  and
      Purandare, Amruta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0802",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{litkowski-2004-senseval,
    title = "Senseval-3 task: Automatic labeling of semantic roles",
    author = "Litkowski, Ken",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0803",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{litkowski-2004-senseval-3,
    title = "Senseval-3 task: Word Sense Disambiguation of {W}ord{N}et glosses",
    author = "Litkowski, Ken",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0804",
    pages = "13--16",
}
@inproceedings{magnini-etal-2004-italian,
    title = "The {I}talian lexical sample task at Senseval-3",
    author = "Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Giampiccolo, Danilo  and
      Vallin, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0805",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@inproceedings{marquez-etal-2004-senseval,
    title = "Senseval-3: The {S}panish lexical sample task",
    author = "M{\`a}rquez, Lluis  and
      Taul{\'e}, Mariona  and
      Mart{\'\i}, Antonia  and
      Artigas, N{\'u}ria  and
      Garc{\'\i}a, Mar  and
      Real, Francis  and
      Ferr{\'e}s, Dani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0806",
    pages = "21--24",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-etal-2004-senseval,
    title = "The Senseval-3 {E}nglish lexical sample task",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Chklovski, Timothy  and
      Kilgarriff, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0807",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-etal-2004-evaluation,
    title = "An evaluation exercise for {R}omanian Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      N{\u{a}}stase, Vivi  and
      Chklovski, Timothy  and
      T{\u{a}}tar, Doina  and
      Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan  and
      Hristea, Florentina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0808",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{preiss-korhonen-2004-wsd,
    title = "{WSD} for subcategorization acquisition task description",
    author = "Preiss, Judita  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0809",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@inproceedings{rus-2004-first,
    title = "A first evaluation of logic form identification systems",
    author = "Rus, Vasile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0810",
    pages = "37--40",
}
@inproceedings{snyder-palmer-2004-english,
    title = "The {E}nglish all-words task",
    author = "Snyder, Benjamin  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0811",
    pages = "41--43",
}
@inproceedings{ulivieri-etal-2004-senseval,
    title = "Senseval-3: The {I}talian all-words task",
    author = "Ulivieri, Marisa  and
      Guazzini, Elisabetta  and
      Bertagna, Francesca  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0812",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-martinez-2004-basque,
    title = "The Basque Country University system: {E}nglish and Basque tasks",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0813",
    pages = "44--48",
}
@inproceedings{ahn-etal-2004-university,
    title = "The University of {A}msterdam at Senseval-3: Semantic roles and Logic forms",
    author = "Ahn, David  and
      Fissaha, Sisay  and
      Jijkoun, Valentin  and
      De Rijke, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0814",
    pages = "49--53",
}
@inproceedings{anthony-patrick-2004-dependency,
    title = "Dependency based logical form transformations",
    author = "Anthony, Stephen  and
      Patrick, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0815",
    pages = "54--57",
}
@inproceedings{artiles-etal-2004-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation based on term to term similarity in a context space",
    author = "Artiles, Javier  and
      Penas, Anselmo  and
      Verdejo, Felisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0816",
    pages = "58--63",
}
@inproceedings{baldewein-etal-2004-semantic,
    title = "Semantic role labelling with similarity-based generalization using {EM}-based clustering",
    author = "Baldewein, Ulrike  and
      Erk, Katrin  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Prescher, Detlef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0817",
    pages = "64--68",
}
@inproceedings{bayer-etal-2004-mitre,
    title = "The {MITRE} logical form generation system",
    author = "Bayer, Samuel  and
      Burger, John  and
      Greiff, John  and
      Wellner, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0818",
    pages = "69--72",
}
@inproceedings{bejan-etal-2004-semantic,
    title = "Semantic parsing based on {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Bejan, Cosmin Adrian  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Mor{\u{a}}rescu, Paul  and
      Nicolae, Gabriel  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0819",
    pages = "73--76",
}
@inproceedings{buscaldi-etal-2004-upv,
    title = "The upv-unige-{CIAOSENSO} {WSD} system",
    author = "Buscaldi, Davide  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Masulli, Francesco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0820",
    pages = "77--82",
}
@inproceedings{cabezas-etal-2004-university,
    title = "The University of {M}aryland Senseval-3 system descriptions",
    author = "Cabezas, Clara  and
      Bhattacharya, Indrajit  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0821",
    pages = "83--87",
}
@inproceedings{carpuat-etal-2004-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting ensemble classification for Word Sense Disambiguation with a kernel {PCA} model",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine  and
      Su, Weifeng  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0822",
    pages = "88--92",
}
@inproceedings{castillo-etal-2004-talp,
    title = "The {TALP} systems for disambiguating {W}ord{N}et glosses",
    author = "Castillo, Mauro  and
      Real, Francis  and
      Asterias, Jordi  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0823",
    pages = "93--96",
}
@inproceedings{ciaramita-johnson-2004-multi,
    title = "Multi-component Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Ciaramita, Massimiliano  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0824",
    pages = "97--100",
}
@inproceedings{crestan-2004-contextual,
    title = "Contextual semantics for {WSD}",
    author = "Crestan, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0825",
    pages = "101--104",
}
@inproceedings{csomai-2004-ubbnbc,
    title = "{UBBNBC} {WSD} system description",
    author = "Csomai, Andr{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0826",
    pages = "105--107",
}
@inproceedings{decadt-etal-2004-gambl,
    title = "{GAMBL}, genetic algorithm optimization of memory-based {WSD}",
    author = "Decadt, Bart  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0827",
    pages = "108--112",
}
@inproceedings{escudero-etal-2004-talp,
    title = "{TALP} system for the {E}nglish lexical sample task",
    author = "Escudero, Gerard  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Lluis  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0828",
    pages = "113--116",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-amoros-2004-wsd,
    title = "{WSD} based on mutual information and syntactic patterns",
    author = "F{\'e}rnandez-Amor{\'o}s, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0829",
    pages = "117--120",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-vega-etal-2004-university,
    title = "The University of Ja{\'e}n Word Sense Disambiguation system",
    author = "Garc{\'\i}a-Vega, Manuel  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Cumbreras, Miguel  and
      Mart{\'\i}n-Valdivia, M. Teresa  and
      Urena-L{\'o}pez, L. Alfonso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0830",
    pages = "121--124",
}
@inproceedings{grozea-2004-finding,
    title = "Finding optimal parameter settings for high performance word sense disambiguation",
    author = "Grozea, Cristian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0831",
    pages = "125--128",
}
@inproceedings{kwon-etal-2004-senseval,
    title = "Senseval automatic labeling of semantic roles using Maximum Entropy models",
    author = "Kwon, Namhee  and
      Fleischman, Michael  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0832",
    pages = "129--132",
}
@inproceedings{lamjiri-etal-2004-simple,
    title = "Simple features for statistical Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Lamjiri, Abolfazl  and
      El Demerdash, Osama  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0833",
    pages = "133--136",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2004-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Word Sense Disambiguation with Support Vector Machines and multiple knowledge sources",
    author = "Lee, Yoong Keok  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Chia, Tee Kiah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0834",
    pages = "137--140",
}
@inproceedings{litkowski-2004-explorations,
    title = "Explorations in disambiguation using {XML} text representation",
    author = "Litkowski, Ken",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0835",
    pages = "141--146",
}
@inproceedings{marquez-etal-2004-senseval-3,
    title = "Senseval-3: The {C}atalan lexical sample task",
    author = "M{\`a}rquez, Lluis  and
      Taul{\'e}, Mariona  and
      Mart{\'\i}, Antonia  and
      Garc{\'\i}a, Mar  and
      Real, Francis  and
      Ferr{\'e}s, Dani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0836",
    pages = "147--150",
}
@inproceedings{mccarthy-etal-2004-using,
    title = "Using automatically acquired predominant senses for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "McCarthy, Diana  and
      Koeling, Rob  and
      Weeds, Julie  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0837",
    pages = "151--154",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-faruque-2004-senselearner,
    title = "{S}ense{L}earner: Minimally supervised Word Sense Disambiguation for all words in open text",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Faruque, Ehsanul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0838",
    pages = "155--158",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-pedersen-2004-complementarity,
    title = "Complementarity of lexical and simple syntactic features: The {S}ynta{L}ex approach to Senseval-3",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0839",
    pages = "159--162",
}
@inproceedings{mohammed-etal-2004-senseval,
    title = "Senseval-3 logic forms: A system and possible improvements",
    author = "Mohammed, Altaf  and
      Moldovan, Dan  and
      Parker, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0840",
    pages = "163--166",
}
@inproceedings{moldovan-etal-2004-svm,
    title = "{SVM} classification of {F}rame{N}et semantic roles",
    author = "Moldovan, Dan  and
      G{\^\i}rju, Roxana  and
      Olteanu, Marian  and
      Fortu, Ovidiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0841",
    pages = "167--170",
}
@inproceedings{molina-etal-2004-wsd,
    title = "{WSD} system based on specialized Hidden {M}arkov Model (upv-shmm-eaw)",
    author = "Molina, Antonio  and
      Pla, Ferran  and
      Segarra, Encarna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0842",
    pages = "171--174",
}
@inproceedings{moreau-de-montcheuil-etal-2004-using,
    title = "Using a Word Sense Disambiguation system for translation disambiguation: the {LIA}-{LIDILEM} team experiment",
    author = "Moreau de Montcheuil, Gr{\'e}goire  and
      El-B{\`e}ze, Marc  and
      Chen, Boxing  and
      Kraif, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0843",
    pages = "175--178",
}
@inproceedings{navigli-velardi-2004-structural,
    title = "Structural semantic interconnection: a knowledge-based approach to Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Navigli, Roberto  and
      Velardi, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0844",
    pages = "179--182",
}
@inproceedings{ngai-etal-2004-semantic,
    title = "Semantic role labeling with Boosting, {SVM}s, Maximum Entropy, {SNOW}, and Decision Lists",
    author = "Ngai, Grace  and
      Wu, Dekai  and
      Carpuat, Marine  and
      Wang, Chi-Shing  and
      Wang, Chi-Yung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0845",
    pages = "183--186",
}
@inproceedings{niu-etal-2004-context,
    title = "Context clustering for Word Sense Disambiguation based on modeling pairwise context similarities",
    author = "Niu, Cheng  and
      Li, Wei  and
      Srihari, Rohini K.  and
      Li, Huifeng  and
      Crist, Laurie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0846",
    pages = "187--190",
}
@inproceedings{niu-etal-2004-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing feature set for {C}hinese Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Niu, Zheng-Yu  and
      Ji, Dong-Hong  and
      Tan, Chew-Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0847",
    pages = "191--194",
}
@inproceedings{novischi-etal-2004-lccs,
    title = "{LCC}{'}s {WSD} systems for Senseval-3",
    author = "Novischi, Adrian  and
      Moldovan, Dan  and
      Parker, Paul  and
      B{\u{a}}dulescu, Adriana  and
      Hauser, Bob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0848",
    pages = "195--198",
}
@inproceedings{ohara-etal-2004-class,
    title = "Class-based collocations for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "O{'}Hara, Tom  and
      Bruce, Rebecca  and
      Donner, Jeff  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0849",
    pages = "199--202",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-2004-duluth,
    title = "The {D}uluth lexical sample systems in Senseval-3",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0850",
    pages = "203--208",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-2004-regularized,
    title = "Regularized Least-Squares classification for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Popescu, Marius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0851",
    pages = "209--212",
}
@inproceedings{preiss-2004-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic {WSD} in Senseval-3",
    author = "Preiss, Judita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0852",
    pages = "213--216",
}
@inproceedings{ramakrishnan-etal-2004-gloss,
    title = "A gloss-centered algorithm for disambiguation",
    author = "Ramakrishnan, Ganesh  and
      Prithviraj, B.  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0853",
    pages = "217--221",
}
@inproceedings{seo-etal-2004-kunlp,
    title = "{KUNLP} system in Senseval-3",
    author = "Seo, Hee-Cheol  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang  and
      Kim, Soo-Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0854",
    pages = "222--225",
}
@inproceedings{serban-tatar-2004-ubb,
    title = "{UBB} system at Senseval-3",
    author = "{\c{S}}erban, Gabriela  and
      T{\u{a}}tar, Doina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0855",
    pages = "226--228",
}
@inproceedings{strapparava-etal-2004-pattern,
    title = "Pattern abstraction and term similarity for Word Sense Disambiguation: {IRST} at Senseval-3",
    author = "Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Gliozzo, Alfio  and
      Giuliano, Claudio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0856",
    pages = "229--234",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-etal-2004-generative,
    title = "Generative models for semantic role labeling",
    author = "Thompson, Cynthia A.  and
      Patwardhan, Siddharth  and
      Arnold, Carolin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0857",
    pages = "235--238",
}
@inproceedings{turney-2004-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation by Web mining for word co-occurrence probabilities",
    author = "Turney, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0858",
    pages = "239--242",
}
@inproceedings{vazquez-etal-2004-university,
    title = "The University of {A}licante systems at Senseval-3",
    author = "V{\'a}zquez, Sonia  and
      Romero, Rafael  and
      Su{\'a}rez, Armando  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s  and
      Nica, Iulia  and
      Mart{\'\i}, Antonia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0859",
    pages = "243--247",
}
@inproceedings{vazquez-etal-2004-r2d2,
    title = "The {R}2{D}2 team at Senseval-3",
    author = "V{\'a}zquez, Sonia  and
      Romero, Rafael  and
      Su{\'a}rez, Armando  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s  and
      Garc{\'\i}a, Manuel  and
      Mart{\'\i}n, M. Teresa  and
      Garc{\'\i}a, M. {\'A}ngel  and
      Urena, L. Alfonso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0860",
    pages = "248--252",
}
@inproceedings{villarejo-etal-2004-meaning,
    title = "The {``}Meaning{''} system on the {E}nglish all-words task",
    author = "Villarejo, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Lluis  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, David  and
      Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      McCarthy, Diana  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s  and
      Su{\'a}rez, Armando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0861",
    pages = "253--256",
}
@inproceedings{wicentowski-etal-2004-swarthmore,
    title = "The Swarthmore College Senseval-3 system",
    author = "Wicentowski, Richard  and
      Thomforde, Emily  and
      Packel, Adrian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0862",
    pages = "257--261",
}
@inproceedings{wicentowski-etal-2004-joining,
    title = "Joining forces to resolve lexical ambiguity: East meets West in Barcelona",
    author = "Wicentowski, Richard  and
      Ngai, Grace  and
      Wu, Dekai  and
      Carpuat, Marine  and
      Thomforde, Emily  and
      Packel, Adrian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0863",
    pages = "262--264",
}
@inproceedings{yuret-2004-experiments,
    title = "Some experiments with a Naive {B}ayes {WSD} system",
    author = "Yuret, Deniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SENSEVAL}-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0864",
    pages = "265--268",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-text,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Text Meaning and Interpretation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0900",
}
@inproceedings{paredes-frigolett-2004-interpretation,
    title = "Interpretation in a cognitive architecture",
    author = "Paredes-Frigolett, Harold",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Text Meaning and Interpretation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0901",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{lev-etal-2004-solving,
    title = "Solving logic puzzles: From robust processing to precise semantics",
    author = "Lev, Iddo  and
      MacCartney, Bill  and
      Manning, Christopher  and
      Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Text Meaning and Interpretation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0902",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{winnemoller-2004-constructing,
    title = "Constructing text sense representations",
    author = {Winnem{\"o}ller, Ronald},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Text Meaning and Interpretation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0903",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{mcshane-etal-2004-ontosem,
    title = "{O}nto{S}em and {SIMPLE}: Two multi-lingual world views",
    author = "McShane, Marjorie  and
      Zabludowski, Margalit  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Beale, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Text Meaning and Interpretation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0904",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{nirenburg-etal-2004-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the performance of the {O}nto{S}em semantic analyzer",
    author = "Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Beale, Stephen  and
      McShane, Marjorie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Text Meaning and Interpretation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0905",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{beale-etal-2004-question,
    title = "Question answering using ontological semantics",
    author = "Beale, Stephen  and
      Lavoie, Benoit  and
      McShane, Marjorie  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Korelsky, Tanya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Text Meaning and Interpretation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0906",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-2004-making,
    title = "Making sense of {J}apanese relative clause constructions",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Text Meaning and Interpretation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0907",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-etal-2004-carsim,
    title = "{C}arsim: A system to visualize written road accident reports as animated 3{D} scenes",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Williams, David  and
      Berglund, Anders  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Text Meaning and Interpretation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0908",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{green-dorr-2004-inducing,
    title = "Inducing a semantic frame lexicon from {W}ord{N}et data",
    author = "Green, Rebecca  and
      Dorr, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Text Meaning and Interpretation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0909",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-etal-2004-paraphrastic,
    title = "Paraphrastic grammars",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Amoia, Marilisa  and
      Jacquey, Evelyne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Text Meaning and Interpretation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0910",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{wolska-etal-2004-lexical,
    title = "Lexical-semantic interpretation of language input in mathematical dialogs",
    author = "Wolska, Magdalena  and
      Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana  and
      Horacek, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Text Meaning and Interpretation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0911",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{sonnenhauser-2004-underspecification,
    title = "Underspecification of {`}meaning{'}: The case of {R}ussian imperfective aspect",
    author = "Sonnenhauser, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Text Meaning and Interpretation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0912",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-2004-text,
    title = "Text Understanding with {GETARUNS} for Q/A and Summarization",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Text Meaning and Interpretation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0913",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{raskin-etal-2004-semantic,
    title = "Semantic forensics: An application of ontological semantics to information assurance",
    author = "Raskin, Victor  and
      Hempelmann, Christian F.  and
      Triezenberg, Katrina E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Text Meaning and Interpretation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0914",
    pages = "105--112",
}
@inproceedings{max-2004-interpreting,
    title = "Interpreting communicative goals in constrained domains using generation and interactive negotiation",
    author = "Max, Aur{\'e}lien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Text Meaning and Interpretation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0915",
    pages = "113--120",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-text-summarization,
    title = "Text Summarization Branches Out",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1000",
}
@inproceedings{mani-2004-invited,
    title = "Invited Lecture: Narrative Summarization",
    author = "Mani, Inderjeet",
    booktitle = "Text Summarization Branches Out",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1001",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{carberry-etal-2004-extending,
    title = "Extending Document Summarization to Information Graphics",
    author = "Carberry, Sandra  and
      Elzer, Stephanie  and
      Green, Nancy  and
      McCoy, Kathleen  and
      Chester, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Text Summarization Branches Out",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1002",
    pages = "3--9",
}
@inproceedings{harman-over-2004-effects,
    title = "The Effects of Human Variation in {DUC} Summarization Evaluation",
    author = "Harman, Donna  and
      Over, Paul",
    booktitle = "Text Summarization Branches Out",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1003",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{wolf-gibson-2004-paragraph-word,
    title = "Paragraph-, Word- and Coherence-Based Approaches to Sentence Ranking: A Comparison of Algorithm and Human Performance",
    author = "Wolf, Florian  and
      Gibson, Edward",
    booktitle = "Text Summarization Branches Out",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1004",
    pages = "18--18",
}
@inproceedings{copeck-szpakowicz-2004-vocabulary,
    title = "Vocabulary Usage in Newswire Summaries",
    author = "Copeck, Terry  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "Text Summarization Branches Out",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1005",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{farzindar-lapalme-2004-legal,
    title = "Legal Text Summarization by Exploration of the Thematic Structure and Argumentative Roles",
    author = "Farzindar, Atefeh  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "Text Summarization Branches Out",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1006",
    pages = "27--34",
}
@inproceedings{hachey-grover-2004-rhetorical,
    title = "A Rhetorical Status Classifier for Legal Text Summarisation",
    author = "Hachey, Ben  and
      Grover, Claire",
    booktitle = "Text Summarization Branches Out",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1007",
    pages = "35--42",
}
@inproceedings{corston-oliver-etal-2004-task,
    title = "Task-Focused Summarization of Email",
    author = "Corston-Oliver, Simon  and
      Ringger, Eric  and
      Gamon, Michael  and
      Campbell, Richard",
    booktitle = "Text Summarization Branches Out",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1008",
    pages = "43--50",
}
@inproceedings{thione-etal-2004-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Text Summarization: Combining External Relevance Measures with Structural Analysis",
    author = "Thione, Gian Lorenzo  and
      van den Berg, Martin  and
      Polanyi, Livia  and
      Culy, Chris",
    booktitle = "Text Summarization Branches Out",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1009",
    pages = "51--55",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-hovy-2004-template,
    title = "Template-Filtered Headline Summarization",
    author = "Zhou, Liang  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Text Summarization Branches Out",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1010",
    pages = "56--60",
}
@inproceedings{futrelle-2004-handling,
    title = "Handling Figures in Document Summarization",
    author = "Futrelle, Robert P.",
    booktitle = "Text Summarization Branches Out",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1011",
    pages = "61--65",
}
@inproceedings{santos-jr-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation of Summaries Using Document Graphs",
    author = "Santos Jr., Eugen  and
      Mohamed, Ahmed A.  and
      Zhao, Qunhua",
    booktitle = "Text Summarization Branches Out",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1012",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2004-rouge,
    title = "{ROUGE}: A Package for Automatic Evaluation of Summaries",
    author = "Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Text Summarization Branches Out",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1013",
    pages = "74--81",
}
@inproceedings{hori-etal-2004-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Measures Considering Sentence Concatenation for Automatic Summarization by Sentence or Word Extraction",
    author = "Hori, Chiori  and
      Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Isozaki, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Text Summarization Branches Out",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1014",
    pages = "82--88",
}
@inproceedings{vandeghinste-pan-2004-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Compression for Automated Subtitling: A Hybrid Approach",
    author = "Vandeghinste, Vincent  and
      Pan, Yi",
    booktitle = "Text Summarization Branches Out",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1015",
    pages = "89--95",
}
@inproceedings{daume-iii-marcu-2004-generic,
    title = "Generic Sentence Fusion is an Ill-Defined Summarization Task",
    author = "Daume III, Hal  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Text Summarization Branches Out",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1016",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@inproceedings{filatova-hatzivassiloglou-2004-event,
    title = "Event-Based Extractive Summarization",
    author = "Filatova, Elena  and
      Hatzivassiloglou, Vasileios",
    booktitle = "Text Summarization Branches Out",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1017",
    pages = "104--111",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2004-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Text Summarization Based on Thematic Area Detection",
    author = "Hu, Po  and
      He, Tingting  and
      Ji, Donghong",
    booktitle = "Text Summarization Branches Out",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1018",
    pages = "112--119",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-sighan,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1100",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2004-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation of {C}hinese Long Sentences Using Commas",
    author = "Jin, Meixun  and
      Kim, Mi-Young  and
      Kim, Dongil  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1101",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{chang-lai-2004-preliminary,
    title = "A Preliminary Study on Probabilistic Models for {C}hinese Abbreviations",
    author = "Chang, Jing-Shin  and
      Lai, Yu-Tso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1102",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2004-document,
    title = "Document Re-ranking based on Global and Local Terms",
    author = "Yang, Lingpeng  and
      Ji, DongHong  and
      Tang, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1103",
    pages = "17--23",
}
@inproceedings{huang-powers-2004-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Compression-based Approach for {C}hinese Pinyin Input",
    author = "Huang, JinHu  and
      Powers, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1104",
    pages = "24--27",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2004-enhanced,
    title = "An Enhanced Model for {C}hinese Word Segmentation and Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Jiang, Feng  and
      Liu, Hui  and
      Chen, Yuquan  and
      Lu, Ruzhan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1105",
    pages = "28--32",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2004-character,
    title = "Character-Sense Association and Compounding Template Similarity: Automatic Semantic Classification of {C}hinese Compounds",
    author = "Chen, Chao-Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1106",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2004-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Chunking with Another Type of Spec",
    author = "Li, Hongqiao  and
      Huang, Changning  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Fan, Xiaozhong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1107",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2004-combining,
    title = "Combining Neural Networks and Statistics for {C}hinese Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Lu, Zhimao  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1108",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{goh-etal-2004-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation by Classification of Characters",
    author = "GOH, Chooi-Ling  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1109",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-etal-2004-automated,
    title = "Automated Alignment and Extraction of Bilingual Domain Ontology for Medical Domain Web Search",
    author = "Yeh, Jui-Feng  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Chen, Ming-Jun  and
      Yu, Liang-chih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1110",
    pages = "65--71",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2004-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Model for Hangeul-Hanja Conversion in Terminology Domain",
    author = "Huang, Jin-Xia  and
      Bae, Sun-Mee  and
      Choi, Key-sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1111",
    pages = "72--78",
}
@inproceedings{nakagawa-etal-2004-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Term Extraction from Web Pages Based on Compound Term Productivity",
    author = "Nakagawa, Hiroshi  and
      Kojima, Hiroyuki  and
      Maeda, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1112",
    pages = "79--85",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2004-using,
    title = "Using Synonym Relations in {C}hinese Collocation Extraction",
    author = "Li, Wanyin  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Xu, Ruifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1113",
    pages = "86--93",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2004-construction,
    title = "The Construction of A {C}hinese Shallow Treebank",
    author = "Xu, Ruifeng  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Li, Yin  and
      Li, Wanyin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1114",
    pages = "94--101",
}
@inproceedings{levow-2004-combining,
    title = "Combining Prosodic and Text Features for Segmentation of {M}andarin Broadcast News",
    author = "Levow, Gina-Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1115",
    pages = "102--108",
}
@inproceedings{you-chen-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Semantic Role Assignment for a Tree Structure",
    author = "You, Jia-Ming  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1116",
    pages = "109--115",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2004-large,
    title = "A Large-Scale Semantic Structure for {C}hinese Sentences",
    author = "Tang, Li  and
      Ji, Donghong  and
      Yang, Lingpeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1117",
    pages = "116--121",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2004-need,
    title = "Do We Need {C}hinese Word Segmentation for Statistical Machine Translation?",
    author = "Xu, Jia  and
      Zens, Richard  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1118",
    pages = "122--128",
}
@inproceedings{fang-etal-2004-semi,
    title = "A Semi-Supervised Approach to Build Annotated Corpus for {C}hinese Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Fang, Xiaoshan  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Sheng, Huanye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1119",
    pages = "129--133",
}
@inproceedings{che-etal-2004-new,
    title = "A New {C}hinese Natural Language Understanding Architecture Based on Multilayer Search Mechanism",
    author = "Che, Wanxiang  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1120",
    pages = "134--140",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2004-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Bilingual Corpora Using Sentences Location Information",
    author = "Li, Weigang  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Wang, Zhen  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1121",
    pages = "141--147",
}
@inproceedings{luo-song-2004-integrated,
    title = "An Integrated Method for {C}hinese Unknown Word Extraction",
    author = "Luo, Zhiyong  and
      Song, Rou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1122",
    pages = "148--154",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1200",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-2004-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Names in Biomedical Texts using Hidden {M}arkov Model and {SVM} plus Sigmoid",
    author = "Zhou, GuoDong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1201",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{tbahriti-etal-2004-using,
    title = "Using Argumentation to Retrieve Articles with Similar Citations from {MEDLINE}",
    author = "Tbahriti, Imad  and
      Chichester, Christine  and
      Lisacek, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}rique  and
      Ruch, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1202",
    pages = "8--14",
}
@inproceedings{pyysalo-etal-2004-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Link Grammar on Biomedical Dependency Corpus Targeted at Protein-Protein Interactions",
    author = {Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Pahikkala, Tapio  and
      Boberg, Jorma  and
      J{\"a}rvinen, Jouni  and
      Salakoski, Tapio  and
      Koivula, Jeppe},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1203",
    pages = "15--21",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2004-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Patterns to Extract Protein-Protein Interactions from Full Biomedical Texts",
    author = "Huang, Minlie  and
      Zhu, Xiaoyan  and
      Payan, Donald G.  and
      Qu, Kunbin  and
      Li, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1204",
    pages = "22--28",
}
@inproceedings{mizuta-collier-2004-zone,
    title = "Zone Identification in Biology Articles as a Basis for Information Extraction",
    author = "Mizuta, Yoko  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1205",
    pages = "29--35",
}
@inproceedings{krallinger-etal-2004-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Correlation between Contextual Patterns and Biological Entity Tagging",
    author = "Krallinger, M.  and
      Padr{\'o}n, M.  and
      Blaschke, C.  and
      Valencia, A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1206",
    pages = "36--42",
}
@inproceedings{alphonse-etal-2004-event,
    title = "Event-Based Information Extraction for the Biomedical Domain: the Caderige Project",
    author = "Alphonse, Erick  and
      Aubin, Sophie  and
      Bessi{\`e}res, Philippe  and
      Bisson, Gilles  and
      Hamon, Thierry  and
      Lagarrigue, Sandrine  and
      Nazarenko, Adeline  and
      Manine, Alain-Pierre  and
      N{\'e}dellec, Claire  and
      Vetah, Mohamed Ould Abdel  and
      Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Weissenbacher, Davy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1207",
    pages = "43--49",
}
@inproceedings{kirsch-rebholz-schuhmann-2004-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Modules for Text Annotation and {IE} Applied to the Biomedical Domain",
    author = "Kirsch, Harald  and
      Rebholz-Schuhmann, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1208",
    pages = "50--56",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2004-support,
    title = "Support Vector Machine Approach to Extracting Gene References into Function from Biological Documents",
    author = "Lee, Chih  and
      Hou, Wen-Juan  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1209",
    pages = "57--60",
}
@inproceedings{clemente-litran-etal-2004-improving,
    title = "Improving the Identification of Non-Anaphoric it using Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Clemente Litr{\'a}n, Jos{\'e} Carlos  and
      Satou, Kenji  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1210",
    pages = "61--64",
}
@inproceedings{pakhomov-etal-2004-creating,
    title = "Creating a Test Corpus of Clinical Notes Manually Tagged for Part-of-Speech Information",
    author = "Pakhomov, Serguei  and
      Coden, Anni  and
      Chute, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1211",
    pages = "65--68",
}
@inproceedings{sinclair-webber-2004-classification,
    title = "Classification from Full Text: A Comparison of Canonical Sections of Scientific Papers",
    author = "Sinclair, Gail  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1212",
    pages = "69--72",
}
@inproceedings{collier-kim-2004-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to the Bio-entity Recognition Task at {JNLPBA}",
    author = "Collier, Nigel  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1213",
    pages = "73--78",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2004-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Lexical Knowledge into Biomedical {NE} Recognition",
    author = "Park, Kyung-Mi  and
      Kim, Seon-Ho  and
      Lee, Ki-Joong  and
      Lee, Do-Gil  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1214",
    pages = "79--82",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2004-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Multiple Types of Biomedical Entities: A Single Word Classification Approach",
    author = "Lee, Chih  and
      Hou, Wen-Juan  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1215",
    pages = "83--86",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-2004-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition in Biomedical Texts using an {HMM} Model",
    author = "Zhao, Shaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1216",
    pages = "87--90",
}
@inproceedings{finkel-etal-2004-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Context for Biomedical Entity Recognition: From Syntax to the Web",
    author = "Finkel, Jenny  and
      Dingare, Shipra  and
      Nguyen, Huy  and
      Nissim, Malvina  and
      Manning, Christopher  and
      Sinclair, Gail",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1217",
    pages = "91--94",
}
@inproceedings{rossler-2004-adapting,
    title = "Adapting an {NER}-System for {G}erman to the Biomedical Domain",
    author = {R{\"o}ssler, Marc},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1218",
    pages = "95--98",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-su-2004-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Deep Knowledge Resources in Biomedical Name Recognition",
    author = "Zhou, GuoDong  and
      Su, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1219",
    pages = "99--102",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2004-posbiotm,
    title = "{POSBIOTM}-{NER} in the Shared Task of {B}io{NLP}/{NLPBA}2004",
    author = "Song, Yu  and
      Kim, Eunju  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae  and
      Yi, Byoung-kee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1220",
    pages = "103--106",
}
@inproceedings{settles-2004-biomedical,
    title = "Biomedical Named Entity Recognition using Conditional Random Fields and Rich Feature Sets",
    author = "Settles, Burr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications ({NLPBA}/{B}io{NLP})",
    month = aug # " 28th and 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1221",
    pages = "107--110",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-psycho,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psycho-Computational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    author = "Sakas, William Gregory",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1300",
}
@inproceedings{buttery-2004-quantitative,
    title = "A Quantitative Evaluation of Naturalistic Models of Language Acquisition; the Efficiency of the Triggering Learning Algorithm Compared to a Categorial Grammar Learner",
    author = "Buttery, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psycho-Computational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1301",
    pages = "3--10",
}
@inproceedings{cavar-etal-2004-statistical,
    title = "On Statistical Parameter Setting",
    author = "{\'C}avar, Damir  and
      Herring, Joshua  and
      Ikuta, Toshikazu  and
      Rodrigues, Paul  and
      Schrementi, Giancarlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psycho-Computational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1302",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{chang-2004-putting,
    title = "Putting Meaning into Grammar Learning",
    author = "Chang, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psycho-Computational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1303",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{clark-2004-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Inference and First Language Acquisition",
    author = "Clark, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psycho-Computational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1304",
    pages = "27--34",
}
@inproceedings{dominey-inui-2004-developmental,
    title = "A Developmental Model of Syntax Acquisition in the Construction Grammar Framework with Cross-Linguistic Validation in {E}nglish and {J}apanese",
    author = "Dominey, Peter Ford  and
      Inui, Toshio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psycho-Computational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1305",
    pages = "35--42",
}
@inproceedings{dresher-2004-acquisition,
    title = "On the Acquisition of Phonological Representations",
    author = "Dresher, Elan B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psycho-Computational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1306",
    pages = "43--50",
}
@inproceedings{gambell-yang-2004-statistics,
    title = "Statistics Learning and Universal Grammar: Modeling Word Segmentation",
    author = "Gambell, Timothy  and
      Yang, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psycho-Computational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1307",
    pages = "51--54",
}
@inproceedings{gobet-etal-2004-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Syntactic Development in a Cross-Linguistic Context",
    author = "Gobet, Fernand  and
      Freudenthal, Daniel  and
      Pine, Julian M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psycho-Computational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1308",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{jack-etal-2004-computational,
    title = "A Computational Model of Emergent Simple Syntax: Supporting the Natural Transition from the One-Word Stage to the Two-Word Stage",
    author = "Jack, Kris  and
      Reed, Chris  and
      Waller, Annalu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psycho-Computational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1309",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{laakso-smith-2004-possible,
    title = "On a Possible Role for Pronouns in the Acquisition of Verbs",
    author = "Laakso, Aarre  and
      Smith, Linda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psycho-Computational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1310",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-etal-2004-tests,
    title = "Some Tests of an Unsupervised Model of Language Acquisition",
    author = "Pedersen, Bo  and
      Edelman, Shimon  and
      Solan, Zach  and
      Horn, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psycho-Computational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1311",
    pages = "79--86",
}
@inproceedings{thomas-redington-2004-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Atypical Syntax Processing",
    author = "Thomas, Michael S. C.  and
      Redington, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psycho-Computational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1312",
    pages = "87--94",
}
@inproceedings{xanthos-2004-combining,
    title = "Combining Utterance-Boundary and Predictability Approaches to Speech Segmentation",
    author = "Xanthos, Aris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Psycho-Computational Models of Human Language Acquisition",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1313",
    pages = "95--102",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-international-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Language Resources for Translation Work, Research and Training",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1400",
}
@inproceedings{yuste-2004-corporate,
    title = "Corporate Language Resources in Multilingual Content Creation, Maintenance and Leverage",
    author = "Yuste, Elia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Language Resources for Translation Work, Research and Training",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1401",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{mustafa-el-hadi-etal-2004-cesta,
    title = "{CESTA}: Machine Translation Evaluation Campaign [Work-in-Progress Project Report]",
    author = {Mustafa El Hadi, Widad  and
      Dabbadie, Marianne  and
      Timimi, Isma{\"\i}l  and
      Rajman, Martin  and
      Langlais, Philippe  and
      Hartley, Antony  and
      Popescu Belis, Andrei},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Language Resources for Translation Work, Research and Training",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1402",
    pages = "8--17",
}
@inproceedings{schaler-2004-language,
    title = "Language Resources and Localisation",
    author = {Sch{\"a}ler, Reinhard},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Language Resources for Translation Work, Research and Training",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1403",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{vertan-2004-language,
    title = "Language Resources for the Semantic Web {--} perspectives for Machine Translation {--}",
    author = "Vertan, Cristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Language Resources for Translation Work, Research and Training",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1404",
    pages = "26--30",
}
@inproceedings{fictumova-2004-technology,
    title = "Technology-enhanced Translator Training",
    author = "Fictumova, Jarmila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Language Resources for Translation Work, Research and Training",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1405",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{fulford-granell-zafra-2004-uptake,
    title = "The uptake of online tools and web-based language resources by freelance translators: implications for translator training, professional development, and research",
    author = "Fulford, Heather  and
      Granell Zafra, Joaqu{\'\i}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Language Resources for Translation Work, Research and Training",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1406",
    pages = "37--44",
}
@inproceedings{zerfass-2004-teaching,
    title = "Teaching Translation Tools over the Web",
    author = "Zerfass, Angelika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Language Resources for Translation Work, Research and Training",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1407",
    pages = "45--51",
}
@inproceedings{bowker-barlow-2004-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual concordancers and translation memories: A comparative evaluation",
    author = "Bowker, Lynne  and
      Barlow, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Language Resources for Translation Work, Research and Training",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1408",
    pages = "52--61",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-recent,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Recent Advances in Dependency Grammar",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1500",
}
@inproceedings{bosco-lombardo-2004-dependency,
    title = "Dependency and relational structure in treebank annotation",
    author = "Bosco, Cristina  and
      Lombardo, Vincenzo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Recent Advances in Dependency Grammar",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1501",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-etal-2004-relative,
    title = "Relative clauses in {H}indi and {A}rabic: A Paninian Dependency Grammar Analysis",
    author = "Pedersen, Mark  and
      Eades, Domenyk  and
      Amin, Samir K.  and
      Prakash, Lakshmi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Recent Advances in Dependency Grammar",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1502",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{nasr-rambow-2004-simple,
    title = "A Simple String-Rewriting Formalism for Dependency Grammar",
    author = "Nasr, Alexis  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Recent Advances in Dependency Grammar",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1503",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{yli-jyra-2004-axiomatization,
    title = "Axiomatization of Restricted Non-Projective Dependency Trees through Finite-State Constraints that Analyse Crossing Bracketings",
    author = {Yli-Jyr{\"a}, Anssi},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Recent Advances in Dependency Grammar",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1504",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-etal-2004-fast,
    title = "Fast, Deep-Linguistic Statistical Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Schneider, Gerold  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio  and
      Dowdall, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Recent Advances in Dependency Grammar",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1505",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{aranzabe-etal-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards a Dependency Parser for Basque",
    author = "Aranzabe, M.J.  and
      Arriola, J.M.  and
      Diaz de Ilarraza, A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Recent Advances in Dependency Grammar",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1506",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{bernardi-etal-2004-categorial,
    title = "Categorial Type Logic meets Dependency Grammar to annotate an {I}talian corpus",
    author = "Bernardi, R.  and
      Bolognesi, A.  and
      Tamburini, F.  and
      Moortgat, M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Recent Advances in Dependency Grammar",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1507",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{obrebski-gralinski-2004-notes,
    title = "Some Notes on Generative Capacity of Dependency Grammar",
    author = "Obrebski, Tomasz  and
      Gralinski, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Recent Advances in Dependency Grammar",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1508",
    pages = "57--63",
}
@inproceedings{by-2004-english,
    title = "{E}nglish Dependency Grammar",
    author = "By, Tomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Recent Advances in Dependency Grammar",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1509",
    pages = "64--69",
}
@inproceedings{debusmann-etal-2004-extensible,
    title = "Extensible Dependency Grammar: A New Methodology",
    author = "Debusmann, Ralph  and
      Duchier, Denys  and
      Kruijff, Geert-Jan M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Recent Advances in Dependency Grammar",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1510",
    pages = "70--76",
}
@inproceedings{coheur-etal-2004-surface,
    title = "From a Surface Analysis to a Dependency Structure",
    author = "Coheur, Luisa  and
      Mamede, Nuno  and
      Bes, Gabriel G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Recent Advances in Dependency Grammar",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1511",
    pages = "77--81",
}
@inproceedings{dikovsky-2004-dependencies,
    title = "Dependencies as Categories",
    author = "Dikovsky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Recent Advances in Dependency Grammar",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1512",
    pages = "82--89",
}
@inproceedings{ding-palmer-2004-synchronous,
    title = "Synchronous Dependency Insertion Grammars: A Grammar Formalism for Syntax Based Statistical {MT}",
    author = "Ding, Yuan  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Recent Advances in Dependency Grammar",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1513",
    pages = "90--97",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-approaches,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to {A}rabic Script-based Languages",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1600",
}
@inproceedings{farghaly-2004-computer,
    title = "Computer Processing of {A}rabic Script-based Languages. Current State and Future Directions",
    author = "Farghaly, Ali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to {A}rabic Script-based Languages",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1601",
    pages = "1--1",
}
@inproceedings{maamouri-bies-2004-developing,
    title = "Developing an {A}rabic Treebank: Methods, Guidelines, Procedures, and Tools",
    author = "Maamouri, Mohamed  and
      Bies, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to {A}rabic Script-based Languages",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1602",
    pages = "2--9",
}
@inproceedings{diekema-2004-preliminary,
    title = "Preliminary Lexical Framework for {E}nglish-{A}rabic Semantic Resource Construction",
    author = "Diekema, Anne R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to {A}rabic Script-based Languages",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1603",
    pages = "10--14",
}
@inproceedings{abbes-etal-2004-architecture,
    title = "The Architecture of a Standard {A}rabic Lexical Database. Some Figures, Ratios and Categories from the {DIINAR}.1 Source Program",
    author = "Abb{\`e}s, Ramzi  and
      Dichy, Joseph  and
      Hassoun, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to {A}rabic Script-based Languages",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1604",
    pages = "15--22",
}
@inproceedings{yaghi-yagi-2004-systematic,
    title = "Systematic Verb Stem Generation for {A}rabic",
    author = "Yaghi, Jim  and
      Yagi, Sane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to {A}rabic Script-based Languages",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1605",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{buckwalter-2004-issues,
    title = "Issues in {A}rabic Orthography and Morphology Analysis",
    author = "Buckwalter, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to {A}rabic Script-based Languages",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1606",
    pages = "31--34",
}
@inproceedings{megerdoomian-2004-finite,
    title = "Finite-State Morphological Analysis of {P}ersian",
    author = "Megerdoomian, Karine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to {A}rabic Script-based Languages",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1607",
    pages = "35--41",
}
@inproceedings{kay-2004-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Script-Based Languages Deserve to be Studied Linguistically",
    author = "Kay, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to {A}rabic Script-based Languages",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1608",
    pages = "42--42",
}
@inproceedings{diab-2004-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Approach for Bootstrapping {A}rabic Sense Tagging",
    author = "Diab, Mona T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to {A}rabic Script-based Languages",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1609",
    pages = "43--50",
}
@inproceedings{el-kourdi-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = {Automatic {A}rabic Document Categorization Based on the Na{\"\i}ve {B}ayes Algorithm},
    author = "El Kourdi, Mohamed  and
      Bensaid, Amine  and
      Rachidi, Tajje-eddine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to {A}rabic Script-based Languages",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1610",
    pages = "51--58",
}
@inproceedings{ganjavi-etal-2004-transcription,
    title = "A Transcription Scheme for Languages Employing the {A}rabic Script Motivated by Speech Processing Applications",
    author = "Ganjavi, Shadi  and
      Georgiou, Panayiotis G.  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to {A}rabic Script-based Languages",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1611",
    pages = "59--65",
}
@inproceedings{vergyri-kirchhoff-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Diacritization of {A}rabic for Acoustic Modeling in Speech Recognition",
    author = "Vergyri, Dimitra  and
      Kirchhoff, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to {A}rabic Script-based Languages",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1612",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@inproceedings{hussain-2004-letter,
    title = "Letter-to-Sound Conversion for {U}rdu Text-to-Speech System",
    author = "Hussain, Sarmad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to {A}rabic Script-based Languages",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1613",
    pages = "74--79",
}
@inproceedings{hussain-2004-urdu,
    title = "{U}rdu Localization Project",
    author = "Hussain, Sarmad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to {A}rabic Script-based Languages",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1614",
    pages = "80--81",
}
@inproceedings{hassel-mazdak-2004-farsisum,
    title = "{F}arsi{S}um - A {P}ersian Text Summarizer",
    author = "Hassel, Martin  and
      Mazdak, Nima",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to {A}rabic Script-based Languages",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1615",
    pages = "82--84",
}
@inproceedings{thabet-2004-stemming,
    title = "Stemming the Qur{'}an",
    author = "Thabet, Naglaa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to {A}rabic Script-based Languages",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1616",
    pages = "85--88",
}
@inproceedings{marcu-etal-2004-language,
    title = "Language Weaver {A}rabic-{\textgreater}{E}nglish {MT}",
    author = "Marcu, Daniel  and
      Fraser, Alex  and
      Wong, William  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to {A}rabic Script-based Languages",
    month = aug # " 28th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1617",
    pages = "89--89",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-elearning,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on e{L}earning for Computational Linguistics and Computational Linguistics for e{L}earning",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1700",
}
@inproceedings{smrz-2004-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Natural Language Processing into E-Learning - A Case of {C}zech",
    author = "Smr{\v{z}}, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on e{L}earning for Computational Linguistics and Computational Linguistics for e{L}earning",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1701",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{segond-parmentier-2004-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} serving the cause of language learning",
    author = "Segond, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}rique  and
      Parmentier, Thibault",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on e{L}earning for Computational Linguistics and Computational Linguistics for e{L}earning",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1702",
    pages = "11--17",
}
@inproceedings{antoniadis-etal-2004-nlp,
    title = "{NLP}-based scripting for {CALL} activities",
    author = "Antoniadis, G.  and
      Echinard, S.  and
      Kraif, O.  and
      Lebarb{\'e}, T.  and
      Loiseau, M.  and
      Ponton, C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on e{L}earning for Computational Linguistics and Computational Linguistics for e{L}earning",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1703",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{levison-lessard-2004-generated,
    title = "Generated Narratives for Computer-aided Language Teaching",
    author = "Levison, Michael  and
      Lessard, Greg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on e{L}earning for Computational Linguistics and Computational Linguistics for e{L}earning",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1704",
    pages = "26--31",
}
@inproceedings{burek-etal-2004-indexing,
    title = "Indexing Student Essays Paragraphs Using {LSA} Over an Integrated Ontological Space",
    author = "Burek, Gaston G.  and
      Vargas-Vera, Maria  and
      Moreale, Emanuela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on e{L}earning for Computational Linguistics and Computational Linguistics for e{L}earning",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1705",
    pages = "32--37",
}
@inproceedings{thomas-etal-2004-e,
    title = "E-Assessment using Latent Semantic Analysis in the Computer Science Domain: A Pilot Study",
    author = "Thomas, Pete  and
      Haley, Debra  and
      deRoeck, Anne  and
      Petre, Marian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on e{L}earning for Computational Linguistics and Computational Linguistics for e{L}earning",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1706",
    pages = "38--44",
}
@inproceedings{angelova-etal-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards deeper understanding and personalisation in {CALL}",
    author = "Angelova, Galia  and
      Strupchanska, Albena  and
      Kalaydijev, Ognyan  and
      Yankova, Milena  and
      Boytcheva, Svetla  and
      Vitanova, Irena  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on e{L}earning for Computational Linguistics and Computational Linguistics for e{L}earning",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1707",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{yasuda-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Measuring of {E}nglish Language Proficiency using {MT} Evaluation Technology",
    author = "Yasuda, Keiji  and
      Sugaya, Fumiaki  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Takezawa, Toshiyuki  and
      Kikui, Genichiro  and
      Yamamoto, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on e{L}earning for Computational Linguistics and Computational Linguistics for e{L}earning",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1708",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{mahlow-hess-2004-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Completion Tests for Training and Assessment in a Computational Linguistics Curriculum",
    author = "Mahlow, Cerstin  and
      Hess, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on e{L}earning for Computational Linguistics and Computational Linguistics for e{L}earning",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1709",
    pages = "61--70",
}
@inproceedings{max-2004-syntax,
    title = "he Syntax Student{'}s Companion: an e{L}earning Tool designed for (Computational) Linguistics Students",
    author = "Max, Aur{\'e}lien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on e{L}earning for Computational Linguistics and Computational Linguistics for e{L}earning",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1710",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@inproceedings{keogh-etal-2004-cl,
    title = "{CL} for {CALL} in the Primary School",
    author = "Keogh, Katrina  and
      Koller, Thomas  and
      Ward, Monica  and
      U{\'\i} Dhonnchadha, Elaine  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on e{L}earning for Computational Linguistics and Computational Linguistics for e{L}earning",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1711",
    pages = "79--85",
}
@inproceedings{saito-etal-2004-new,
    title = "A New E-Learning Paradigm through Annotating Operations",
    author = "Saito, Hiroaki  and
      Ohara, Kyoko  and
      Sato, Kengo  and
      Ito, Kazunari  and
      Okamoto, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on e{L}earning for Computational Linguistics and Computational Linguistics for e{L}earning",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1712",
    pages = "86--89",
}
@inproceedings{mei-hu-2004-text,
    title = "From Text to Exhibitions: A New Approach for E-Learning on Language and Literature based on Text Mining",
    author = "Mei, Qiaozhu  and
      Hu, Junfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on e{L}earning for Computational Linguistics and Computational Linguistics for e{L}earning",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1713",
    pages = "90--96",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-computerm,
    title = "Proceedings of {C}ompu{T}erm 2004: 3rd International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    month = aug # " 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1800",
}
@inproceedings{lhomme-2004-lexico,
    title = "A Lexico-semantic Approach to the Structuring of Terminology",
    author = "L{'}Homme, Marie-Claude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {C}ompu{T}erm 2004: 3rd International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    month = aug # " 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1801",
    pages = "7--14",
}
@inproceedings{rodriguez-penagos-2004-metalinguistic,
    title = "Metalinguistic Information Extraction for Terminology",
    author = "Rodr{\'\i}guez Penagos, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {C}ompu{T}erm 2004: 3rd International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    month = aug # " 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1802",
    pages = "15--22",
}
@inproceedings{tsuji-kageura-2004-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Low-frequency Translation Pairs from {J}apanese-{E}nglish Bilingual Corpora",
    author = "Tsuji, Keita  and
      Kageura, Kyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {C}ompu{T}erm 2004: 3rd International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    month = aug # " 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1803",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2004-dependence,
    title = "Dependence Relationships between Gene Ontology Terms based on {TIGR} Gene Product Annotations",
    author = "Kumar, Anand  and
      Smith, Barry  and
      Borgelt, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {C}ompu{T}erm 2004: 3rd International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    month = aug # " 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1804",
    pages = "31--38",
}
@inproceedings{claveau-lhomme-2004-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Specific Semantic Relationships between Nouns and Verbs in a Specialized {F}rench Corpus",
    author = "Claveau, Vincent  and
      L{'}Homme, Marie-Claude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {C}ompu{T}erm 2004: 3rd International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    month = aug # " 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1805",
    pages = "39--46",
}
@inproceedings{mani-etal-2004-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Inducing Ontologies from Corpora",
    author = "Mani, Inderjeet  and
      Samuel, Ken  and
      Concepcion, Kris  and
      Vogel, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {C}ompu{T}erm 2004: 3rd International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    month = aug # " 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1806",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{malaise-etal-2004-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Semantic Relations between Terms in Definitions",
    author = "Malais{\'e}, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Bachimont, Bruno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {C}ompu{T}erm 2004: 3rd International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    month = aug # " 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1807",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{linden-piitulainen-2004-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Synonyms and Other Related Words",
    author = "Lind{\'e}n, Krister  and
      Piitulainen, Jussi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {C}ompu{T}erm 2004: 3rd International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    month = aug # " 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1808",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{fujii-etal-2004-term,
    title = "Term Extraction from {K}orean Corpora via {J}apanese",
    author = "Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Ishikawa, Tetsuya  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {C}ompu{T}erm 2004: 3rd International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    month = aug # " 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1809",
    pages = "71--74",
}
@inproceedings{kageura-2004-quantitative,
    title = "Quantitative Portraits of Lexical Elements",
    author = "Kageura, Kyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {C}ompu{T}erm 2004: 3rd International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    month = aug # " 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1810",
    pages = "75--78",
}
@inproceedings{koyama-kageura-2004-term,
    title = "Term Extraction Using Verb Co-occurrence",
    author = "Koyama, Teruo  and
      Kageura, Kyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {C}ompu{T}erm 2004: 3rd International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    month = aug # " 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1811",
    pages = "79--82",
}
@inproceedings{mima-etal-2004-design,
    title = "Design and Implementation of a Terminology-based Literature Mining and Knowledge Structuring System",
    author = "Mima, Hideki  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Matsushima, Katsumori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {C}ompu{T}erm 2004: 3rd International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    month = aug # " 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1812",
    pages = "83--86",
}
@inproceedings{ryu-choi-2004-determining,
    title = "Determining the Specificity of Terms based on Information Theoretic Measures",
    author = "Ryu, Pum-Mo  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {C}ompu{T}erm 2004: 3rd International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    month = aug # " 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1813",
    pages = "87--90",
}
@inproceedings{takeuchi-etal-2004-construction,
    title = "Construction of Grammar Based Term Extraction Model for {J}apanese",
    author = "Takeuchi, Koichi  and
      Kageura, Kyo  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {C}ompu{T}erm 2004: 3rd International Workshop on Computational Terminology",
    month = aug # " 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1814",
    pages = "91--94",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-international-linguistically,
    title = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    author = "Hansen-Schirra, Silvia  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    month = "aug 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1900",
}
@inproceedings{bond-etal-2004-hinoki,
    title = "The Hinoki Treebank. Working Toward Text Understanding",
    author = "Bond, Francis  and
      Fujita, Sanae  and
      Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Kasahara, Kaname  and
      Nariyama, Shigeko  and
      Nichols, Eric  and
      Ohtani, Akira  and
      Tanaka, Takaaki  and
      Amano, Shigeaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = "aug 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1901",
    pages = "7--10",
}
@inproceedings{brown-etal-2004-inflectional,
    title = "Inflectional Syncretism and Corpora",
    author = "Brown, Dunstan  and
      Tiberius, Carole  and
      Corbett, Greville G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = "aug 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1902",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{csendes-etal-2004-szeged,
    title = "The {S}zeged Corpus. A {POS} Tagged and Syntactically Annotated {H}ungarian Natural Language Corpus",
    author = "Csendes, D{\'o}ra  and
      Csirik, J{\'a}nos  and
      Gyim{\'o}thy, Tibor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = "aug 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1903",
    pages = "19--22",
}
@inproceedings{dipper-etal-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards User-Adaptive Annotation Guidelines",
    author = {Dipper, Stefanie  and
      G{\"o}tze, Michael  and
      Skopeteas, Stavros},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = "aug 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1904",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{forst-etal-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards a Dependency-Based Gold Standard for {G}erman Parsers. The {TIGER} Dependency Bank",
    author = "Forst, Martin  and
      Bertomeu, N{\'u}ria  and
      Crysmann, Berthold  and
      Fouvry, Frederik  and
      Hansen-Schirra, Silvia  and
      Kordoni, Valia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = "aug 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1905",
    pages = "31--38",
}
@inproceedings{frank-semecky-2004-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based Induction of an {LFG} Syntax-Semantics Interface for Frame Semantic Processing",
    author = "Frank, Anette  and
      Semecky, Jir{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = "aug 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1906",
    pages = "39--46",
}
@inproceedings{grover-etal-2004-holj,
    title = "The {HOLJ} Corpus. Supporting Summarisation of Legal Texts",
    author = "Grover, Claire  and
      Hachey, Ben  and
      Hughson, Ian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = "aug 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1907",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-etal-2004-automated,
    title = "Automated Induction of Sense in Context",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Hanks, Patrick  and
      Rumshisky, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = "aug 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1908",
    pages = "55--58",
}
@inproceedings{da-silva-etal-2004-mining,
    title = "Mining Linguistically Interpreted Texts",
    author = "da Silva, Cassiana Fagundes  and
      Vieira, Renata  and
      Os{\'o}rio, Fernando Santos  and
      Quaresma, Paulo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = "aug 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1909",
    pages = "59--62",
}
@inproceedings{volk-samuelsson-2004-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Parallel Treebanks",
    author = "Volk, Martin  and
      Samuelsson, Yvonne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = "aug 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1910",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{weber-muller-2004-word,
    title = "Word Order Variation in {G}erman Main Clauses. A Corpus Analysis",
    author = {Weber, Andrea  and
      M{\"u}ller, Karin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora",
    month = "aug 29",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-1911",
    pages = "71--77",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-robust,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on {RO}bust Methods in Analysis of Natural Language Data ({ROMAND} 2004)",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2000",
}
@inproceedings{pallotta-todirascu-2004-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to {ROMAND} 2004",
    author = "Pallotta, Vincenzo  and
      Todirascu, Amalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on {RO}bust Methods in Analysis of Natural Language Data ({ROMAND} 2004)",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2001",
    pages = "7--10",
}
@inproceedings{keller-2004-robust,
    title = "Robust models of human parsing",
    author = "Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on {RO}bust Methods in Analysis of Natural Language Data ({ROMAND} 2004)",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2002",
    pages = "11--13",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-etal-2004-robust,
    title = "A robust and hybrid deep-linguistic theory applied to large-scale parsing",
    author = "Schneider, Gerold  and
      Dowdall, James  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on {RO}bust Methods in Analysis of Natural Language Data ({ROMAND} 2004)",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2003",
    pages = "14--23",
}
@inproceedings{brunet-manquat-2004-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic parser combination for improved dependency analysis",
    author = "Brunet-Manquat, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on {RO}bust Methods in Analysis of Natural Language Data ({ROMAND} 2004)",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2004",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-2004-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating {GETARUNS} parser with {GREVAL} test suite",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on {RO}bust Methods in Analysis of Natural Language Data ({ROMAND} 2004)",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2005",
    pages = "32--41",
}
@inproceedings{coheur-etal-2004-step,
    title = "A step towards incremental generation of logical forms",
    author = "Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa  and
      Mamede, Nuno  and
      B{\`e}s, Gabriel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on {RO}bust Methods in Analysis of Natural Language Data ({ROMAND} 2004)",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2006",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{gala-2004-using,
    title = "Using an incremental robust parser to automatically generate semantic {UNL} graphs",
    author = "Gala, Nuria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on {RO}bust Methods in Analysis of Natural Language Data ({ROMAND} 2004)",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2007",
    pages = "51--58",
}
@inproceedings{shi-mihalcea-2004-algorithm,
    title = "An algorithm for open text semantic parsing",
    author = "Shi, Lei  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on {RO}bust Methods in Analysis of Natural Language Data ({ROMAND} 2004)",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2008",
    pages = "59--67",
}
@inproceedings{bryant-2004-recovering,
    title = "Recovering coherent interpretations using semantic integration of partial parses",
    author = "Bryant, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on {RO}bust Methods in Analysis of Natural Language Data ({ROMAND} 2004)",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2009",
    pages = "68--75",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-paskaleva-2004-robust,
    title = "Robust ending guessing rules with application to slavonic languages",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Paskaleva, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on {RO}bust Methods in Analysis of Natural Language Data ({ROMAND} 2004)",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2010",
    pages = "76--85",
}
@inproceedings{dragoni-etal-2004-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge extraction using dynamical updating of representation",
    author = "Dragoni, Aldo  and
      Tascini, Guido  and
      Lella, Luigi  and
      Giordano, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on {RO}bust Methods in Analysis of Natural Language Data ({ROMAND} 2004)",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2011",
    pages = "86--94",
}
@inproceedings{tonoike-etal-2004-answer,
    title = "Answer validation by keyword association",
    author = "Tonoike, Masatsugu  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Sato, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on {RO}bust Methods in Analysis of Natural Language Data ({ROMAND} 2004)",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2012",
    pages = "95--103",
}
@inproceedings{sedding-kazakov-2004-wordnet,
    title = "{W}ord{N}et-based text document clustering",
    author = "Sedding, Julian  and
      Kazakov, Dimitar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on {RO}bust Methods in Analysis of Natural Language Data ({ROMAND} 2004)",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2013",
    pages = "104--113",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-enhancing,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2100",
}
@inproceedings{breen-2004-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Indexing in an Electronic Kanji Dictionary",
    author = "Breen, Jim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2101",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{huet-2004-design,
    title = "Design of a Lexical Database for {S}anskrit",
    author = "Huet, G{\'e}rard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2102",
    pages = "8--14",
}
@inproceedings{pekar-2004-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Preprocessing for Distributional Classification of Words",
    author = "Pekar, Viktor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2103",
    pages = "15--21",
}
@inproceedings{romary-etal-2004-standards,
    title = "Standards going concrete : from {LMF} to Morphalou",
    author = "Romary, Laurent  and
      Salmon-Alt, Susanne  and
      Francopoulo, Gil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2104",
    pages = "22--28",
}
@inproceedings{zock-bilac-2004-word,
    title = "Word Lookup on the Basis of Associations : from an Idea to a Roadmap",
    author = "Zock, Michael  and
      Bilac, Slaven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2105",
    pages = "29--35",
}
@inproceedings{apel-quint-2004-building,
    title = "Building a Graphetic Dictionary for {J}apanese kanji - Character Look-up Based on Brush Strokes or Stroke Groups, and the Display of Kanji as Path Data",
    author = "Apel, Ulrich  and
      Quint, Julien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2106",
    pages = "36--39",
}
@inproceedings{bernard-etal-2004-computerized,
    title = "A Computerized Dictionary : Le tr{\'e}sor de la langue fran{\c{c}}aise informatis{\'e} ({TLF}i)",
    author = "Bernard, Pascale  and
      Dendien, Jacques  and
      Pierrel, Jean-Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2107",
    pages = "40--43",
}
@inproceedings{jacquemin-2004-dictionaries,
    title = "Dictionaries Merger for Text Expansion in Question Answering",
    author = "Jacquemin, Bernard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2108",
    pages = "44--47",
}
@inproceedings{neumann-etal-2004-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-based Lexical Resource of {G}erman Idioms",
    author = {Neumann, Gerald  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane  and
      Geyken, Alexander  and
      Herold, Axel  and
      H{\"u}mmer, Christiane  and
      K{\"o}rner, Fabian  and
      Kramer, Undine  and
      Krell, Kerstin  and
      Sokirko, Alexey  and
      Stantcheva, Diana  and
      Stathi, Ekatherini},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2109",
    pages = "48--52",
}
@inproceedings{bolshakov-gelbukh-2004-large,
    title = "A Very Large Dictionary with Paradigmatic, Syntagmatic, and Paronymic",
    author = "Bolshakov, Igor  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2110",
    pages = "53--56",
}
@inproceedings{dura-2004-concordance,
    title = "Concordance of Snippet",
    author = "Dura, El{\.z}bieta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2111",
    pages = "57--60",
}
@inproceedings{keselj-etal-2004-r,
    title = "R{j}ecnik.com : {E}nglish - {S}erbo-{C}roatian Electronic Dictionary",
    author = "Ke{\v{s}}elj, Vlado  and
      Ke{\v{s}}elj, Tanja  and
      Zlati{\'c}, Larisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2112",
    pages = "61--64",
}
@inproceedings{maxwell-poser-2004-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Interfaces to Dictionaries",
    author = "Maxwell, Michael  and
      Poser, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2113",
    pages = "65--68",
}
@inproceedings{mccracken-2004-rebuilding,
    title = "Rebuilding the {O}xford Dictionary of {E}nglish as a Semantic Network",
    author = "McCracken, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2114",
    pages = "69--72",
}
@inproceedings{mota-etal-2004-multiword,
    title = "Multiword Lexical Acquisition and Dictionary Formalization",
    author = "Mota, Cristina  and
      Carvalho, Paula  and
      Ranchhod, Elisabete",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2115",
    pages = "73--76",
}
@inproceedings{ohara-wiebe-2004-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Acquisition of Differentiating Relations from Definitions",
    author = "O{'}Hara, Tom  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2116",
    pages = "77--80",
}
@inproceedings{reuer-2004-language,
    title = "Language Resources for a Network-based Dictionary",
    author = "Reuer, Veit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2117",
    pages = "81--84",
}
@inproceedings{schulte-im-walde-2004-identification,
    title = "Identification, Quantitative Description, and Preliminary Distributional Analysis of {G}erman Particle Verbs",
    author = "Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2118",
    pages = "85--88",
}
@inproceedings{sheremetyeva-2004-application,
    title = "Application Adaptive Electronic Dictionary with Intelligent Interface",
    author = "Sheremetyeva, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries",
    month = aug # " 29th",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2119",
    pages = "89--92",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-multilingual,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Linguistic Resources",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2200",
}
@inproceedings{boguslavsky-etal-2004-multilinguality,
    title = "Multilinguality in {ETAP}-3: Reuse of Lexical Resources",
    author = "Boguslavsky, Igor  and
      Iomdin, Leonid  and
      Sizov, Victor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Linguistic Resources",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2201",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{cyrus-feddes-2004-model,
    title = "A Model for Fine-Grained Alignment of Multilingual Texts",
    author = "Cyrus, Lea  and
      Feddes, Hendrik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Linguistic Resources",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2202",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{teeraparbseree-2004-qualitative,
    title = "Qualitative Evaluation of Automatically Calculated Acception Based {MLDB}",
    author = "Teeraparbseree, Aree",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Linguistic Resources",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2203",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{paik-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Construction of a Transfer Dictionary Considering Directionality",
    author = "Paik, Kyonghee  and
      Shirai, Satoshi  and
      Nakaiwa, Hiromi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Linguistic Resources",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2204",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{fafiotte-2004-building,
    title = "Building and Sharing Multilingual Speech Resources Using {ERIM} Generic Platforms",
    author = "Fafiotte, Georges",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Linguistic Resources",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2205",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{fujita-bond-2004-method,
    title = "A Method of Creating New Bilingual Valency Entries using Alternations",
    author = "Fujita, Sanae  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Linguistic Resources",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2206",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{ozdowska-2004-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Correspondences Between Words: an Approach Based on a Bilingual Syntactic Analysis of {F}rench/{E}nglish Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Ozdowska, Sylwia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Linguistic Resources",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2207",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{uchimoto-etal-2004-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Aligned Parallel Treebank Corpus Reflecting Contextual Information and Its Applications",
    author = "Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Zhang, Yujie  and
      Sudo, Kiyoshi  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Linguistic Resources",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2208",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{breen-2004-jmdict,
    title = "{JM}dict: a {J}apanese-Multilingual Dictionary",
    author = "Breen, Jim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Linguistic Resources",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2209",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{serasset-2004-generic,
    title = "A Generic Collaborative Platform for Multilingual Lexical Database Development",
    author = "S{\'e}rasset, Gilles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Linguistic Resources",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2210",
    pages = "73--79",
}
@inproceedings{hong-etal-2004-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automatic Construction of {K}orean-{C}hinese Verb Patterns Based on Translation Equivalency",
    author = "Hong, Munpyo  and
      Kim, Young-Kil  and
      Park, Sang-Kyu  and
      Lee, Young-Jik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Linguistic Resources",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2211",
    pages = "80--85",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2004-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Sign Language Dictionary to Learn the Second Sign Language without Learning a Target Spoken Language",
    author = "Suzuki, Emiko  and
      Horikoshi, Mariko  and
      Kakihana, Kyoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Linguistic Resources",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2212",
    pages = "86--89",
}
@inproceedings{gavrilidou-etal-2004-building,
    title = "Building Parallel Corpora for e{C}ontent Professionals",
    author = "Gavrilidou, M.  and
      Labropoulou, P.  and
      Desipri, E.  and
      Giouli, V.  and
      Antonopoulos, V.  and
      Piperidis, S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Linguistic Resources",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2213",
    pages = "90--93",
}
@inproceedings{bentivogli-etal-2004-revising,
    title = "Revising the {W}ordnet Domains Hierarchy: semantics, coverage and balancing",
    author = "Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Forner, Pamela  and
      Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Pianta, Emanuele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Linguistic Resources",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2214",
    pages = "94--101",
}
@inproceedings{hajlaoui-boitet-2004-polyphraz,
    title = "{P}olyphra{Z}: a Tool for the Management of Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Hajlaoui, Najeh  and
      Boitet, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Linguistic Resources",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2215",
    pages = "102--109",
}
@inproceedings{reynaert-2004-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Text Induced Spelling Correction",
    author = "Reynaert, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Linguistic Resources",
    month = aug # " 28",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "COLING",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2216",
    pages = "110--117",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-sigdial,
    title = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2300",
}
@inproceedings{guinn-etal-2004-usability,
    title = "Usability and Acceptability Studies of Conversational Virtual Human Technology",
    author = "Guinn, Curry  and
      Hubal, Robert  and
      Frank, Geoffrey  and
      Schwetzke, Henry  and
      Zimmer, James  and
      Backus, Sarah  and
      Deterding, Robin  and
      Link, Michael  and
      Armsby, Polly  and
      Caspar, Rachel  and
      Flicker, Laura  and
      Visscher, Wendy  and
      Meehan, Amanda  and
      Zelon, Harvey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2301",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{chambers-allen-2004-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Language Generation in a Dialogue System: Toward a Domain Independent Generator",
    author = "Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2302",
    pages = "9--18",
}
@inproceedings{robinson-etal-2004-conversational,
    title = "Conversational Dialogue Management in the {FAS}i{L} project",
    author = "Robinson, Kerry  and
      Horowitz, David  and
      Bobadilla, Emilio  and
      Lascelles, Mark  and
      Suarez, Ana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2303",
    pages = "19--22",
}
@inproceedings{gustafson-etal-2004-nice,
    title = "The {NICE} Fairy-tale Game System",
    author = {Gustafson, Joakim  and
      Bell, Linda  and
      Boye, Johan  and
      Lindstr{\"o}m, Anders  and
      Wir{\'e}n, Mats},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2304",
    pages = "23--26",
}
@inproceedings{gabsdil-2004-combining,
    title = "Combining Acoustic Confidences and Pragmatic Plausibility for Classifying Spoken Chess Move Instructions",
    author = "Gabsdil, Malte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2305",
    pages = "27--30",
}
@inproceedings{hamerich-etal-2004-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automatic Generation of Dialogue Applications in the {GEMINI} Project",
    author = "Hamerich, Stefan  and
      Schubert, Volker  and
      Schless, Volker  and
      de C{\'o}rdoba, Ricardo  and
      Pardo, Jos{\'e} M.  and
      d{'}Haro, Luis F.  and
      Kladis, Basilis  and
      Kocsis, Otilia  and
      Igel, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2306",
    pages = "31--34",
}
@inproceedings{tsovaltzi-karagjosova-2004-view,
    title = "A View on Dialogue Move Taxonomies for Tutorial Dialogues",
    author = "Tsovaltzi, Dimitra  and
      Karagjosova, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2307",
    pages = "35--38",
}
@inproceedings{gerassimenko-etal-2004-initiated,
    title = "Other-Initiated Self-Repairs in {E}stonian Information Dialogues: Solving Communication Problems in Cooperation",
    author = {Gerassimenko, Olga  and
      Hennoste, Tiit  and
      Koit, Mare  and
      R{\"a}{\"a}bis, Andriela},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2308",
    pages = "39--42",
}
@inproceedings{thomas-2004-mean,
    title = "But What Do They Mean? An Exploration Into the Range of Cross-Turn Expectations Denied by {``}But{''}",
    author = "Thomas, Kavita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2309",
    pages = "43--46",
}
@inproceedings{jain-etal-2004-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora Resolution in Multi-Person Dialogues",
    author = "Jain, Prateek  and
      Mital, Manav Ratan  and
      Kumar, Sumit  and
      Mukerjee, Amitabha  and
      Raina, Achla M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2310",
    pages = "47--50",
}
@inproceedings{creswell-kaiser-2004-importance,
    title = "The Importance of Discourse Context for Statistical Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Creswell, Cassandre  and
      Kaiser, Elsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2311",
    pages = "51--54",
}
@inproceedings{loos-porzel-2004-resolution,
    title = "Resolution of Lexical Ambiguities in Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Loos, Berenike  and
      Porzel, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2312",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{zufferey-popescu-belis-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Identification of Discourse Markers in Dialogs: The Case of Like",
    author = "Zufferey, Sandrine  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2313",
    pages = "63--71",
}
@inproceedings{fabbrizio-etal-2004-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Spoken Dialog Systems with Data Reuse",
    author = {Fabbrizio, Guiseppe Di  and
      Tur, Gokhan  and
      Hakkani-T{\"u}r, Dilek},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2314",
    pages = "72--80",
}
@inproceedings{tomko-rosenfeld-2004-speech,
    title = "Speech Graffiti Habitability: What Do Users Really Say?",
    author = "Tomko, Stefanie  and
      Rosenfeld, Roni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2315",
    pages = "81--84",
}
@inproceedings{ward-etal-2004-acknowledgment,
    title = "Acknowledgment Use with Synthesized and Recorded Prompts",
    author = "Ward, Karen  and
      Hollingsed, Tasha  and
      Aldaz Salmon, Javier A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2316",
    pages = "85--88",
}
@inproceedings{jovanovic-op-den-akker-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Addressee Identification in Multi-party Dialogues",
    author = "Jovanovic, Natasa  and
      op den Akker, Rieks",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2317",
    pages = "89--92",
}
@inproceedings{levow-2004-prosodic,
    title = "Prosodic Cues to Discourse Segment Boundaries in Human-Computer Dialogue",
    author = "Levow, Gina-Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2318",
    pages = "93--96",
}
@inproceedings{shriberg-etal-2004-icsi,
    title = "The {ICSI} Meeting Recorder Dialog Act ({MRDA}) Corpus",
    author = "Shriberg, Elizabeth  and
      Dhillon, Raj  and
      Bhagat, Sonali  and
      Ang, Jeremy  and
      Carvey, Hannah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2319",
    pages = "97--100",
}
@inproceedings{cassell-2004-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Systems that Can Handle Face-to-Face Joint Reference to Actions in Space",
    author = "Cassell, Justine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2320",
    pages = "101--101",
}
@inproceedings{raymond-etal-2004-use,
    title = "On the Use of Confidence for Statistical Decision in Dialogue Strategies",
    author = "Raymond, Christian  and
      B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      De Mori, Renato  and
      Damnati, G{\'e}raldine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2321",
    pages = "102--107",
}
@inproceedings{polanyi-etal-2004-rule,
    title = "A Rule Based Approach to Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Polanyi, Livia  and
      Culy, Chris  and
      van den Berg, Martin  and
      Thione, Gian Lorenzo  and
      Ahn, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2322",
    pages = "108--117",
}
@inproceedings{carbone-etal-2004-unifying,
    title = "Unifying Annotated Discourse Hierarchies to Create a Gold Standard",
    author = "Carbone, Marco  and
      Gal, Ya{'}akov  and
      Shieber, Stuart  and
      Grosz, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2323",
    pages = "118--126",
}
@inproceedings{danlos-2004-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Dependency Structures as Constrained {DAG}s",
    author = "Danlos, Laurence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2324",
    pages = "127--135",
}
@inproceedings{schlangen-2004-causes,
    title = "Causes and Strategies for Requesting Clarification in Dialogue",
    author = "Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2325",
    pages = "136--143",
}
@inproceedings{litman-forbes-riley-2004-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Student Emotional States in Spoken Tutoring Dialogues",
    author = "Litman, Diane J.  and
      Forbes-Riley, Kate",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2326",
    pages = "144--153",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-2004-mate,
    title = "The {MATE}/{GNOME} Proposals for Anaphoric Annotation, Revisited",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2327",
    pages = "154--162",
}
@inproceedings{clark-popescu-belis-2004-multi,
    title = "Multi-level Dialogue Act Tags",
    author = "Clark, Alexander  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = apr # " 30 - " # may # " 1",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2328",
    pages = "163--170",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2400",
}
@inproceedings{roth-yih-2004-linear,
    title = "A Linear Programming Formulation for Global Inference in Natural Language Tasks",
    author = "Roth, Dan  and
      Yih, Wen-tau",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2401",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{ando-2004-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Lexicon Construction: Learning from Unlabeled Data via Spectral Analysis",
    author = "Ando, Rie Kubota",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2402",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{moschitti-bejan-2004-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic Kernel for Predicate Argument Classification",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Bejan, Cosmin Adrian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2403",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-pedersen-2004-combining,
    title = "Combining Lexical and Syntactic Features for Supervised Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2404",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-2004-co,
    title = "Co-training and Self-training for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2405",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{purandare-pedersen-2004-word,
    title = "Word Sense Discrimination by Clustering Contexts in Vector and Similarity Spaces",
    author = "Purandare, Amruta  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2406",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-etal-2004-memory,
    title = "Memory-Based Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim  and
      Hall, Johan  and
      Nilsson, Jens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2407",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{takamura-etal-2004-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Category Structures with a Kernel Function",
    author = "Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji  and
      Yamada, Hiroyasu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2408",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-suzuki-2004-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Manual and Automatic Constructions of Category Hierarchy for Classifying Large Corpora",
    author = "Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Suzuki, Yoshimi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2409",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{mclauchlan-2004-thesauruses,
    title = "Thesauruses for Prepositional Phrase Attachment",
    author = "McLauchlan, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2410",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{tsang-stevenson-2004-calculating,
    title = "Calculating Semantic Distance between Word Sense Probability Distributions",
    author = "Tsang, Vivian  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2411",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{carreras-marquez-2004-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to the {C}o{NLL}-2004 Shared Task: Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Carreras, Xavier  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2412",
    pages = "89--97",
}
@inproceedings{baldewein-etal-2004-semantic-role,
    title = "Semantic Role Labelling With Chunk Sequences",
    author = "Baldewein, Ulrike  and
      Erk, Katrin  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Prescher, Detlef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2413",
    pages = "98--101",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-bosch-etal-2004-memory,
    title = "Memory-based semantic role labeling: Optimizing features, algorithm, and output",
    author = "van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Canisius, Sander  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Tjong Kim Sang, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2414",
    pages = "102--105",
}
@inproceedings{carreras-etal-2004-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Recognition of Propositional Arguments with Perceptrons",
    author = "Carreras, Xavier  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2415",
    pages = "106--109",
}
@inproceedings{hacioglu-etal-2004-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling by Tagging Syntactic Chunks",
    author = "Hacioglu, Kadri  and
      Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Ward, Wayne  and
      Martin, James H.  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2416",
    pages = "110--113",
}
@inproceedings{higgins-2004-transformation,
    title = "A transformation-based approach to argument labeling",
    author = "Higgins, Derrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2417",
    pages = "114--117",
}
@inproceedings{kouchnir-2004-memory,
    title = "A Memory-Based Approach for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Kouchnir, Beata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2418",
    pages = "118--121",
}
@inproceedings{lim-etal-2004-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling using Maximum Entropy Model",
    author = "Lim, Joon-Ho  and
      Hwang, Young-Sook  and
      Park, So-Young  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2419",
    pages = "122--125",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2004-two,
    title = "Two-Phase Semantic Role Labeling based on Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Park, Kyung-Mi  and
      Hwang, Young-Sook  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2420",
    pages = "126--129",
}
@inproceedings{punyakanok-etal-2004-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling Via Generalized Inference Over Classifiers",
    author = "Punyakanok, Vasin  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Zimak, Dav  and
      Tu, Yuancheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2421",
    pages = "130--133",
}
@inproceedings{williams-etal-2004-learning,
    title = "Learning Transformation Rules for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Williams, Ken  and
      Dozier, Christopher  and
      McCulloh, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2422",
    pages = "134--137",
}
@inproceedings{manning-2004-language,
    title = "Language Learning: Beyond Thunderdome",
    author = "Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2423",
    pages = "138--138",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-2004-putting,
    title = "Putting Meaning into Your Trees",
    author = "Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2424",
    pages = "139--139",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-pragmatics,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Pragmatics of Question Answering at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2500",
}
@inproceedings{harabagiu-lacatusu-2004-strategies,
    title = "Strategies for Advanced Question Answering",
    author = "Harabagiu, Sanda  and
      Lacatusu, Finley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Pragmatics of Question Answering at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2501",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{narayanan-harabagiu-2004-answering,
    title = "Answering Questions Using Advanced Semantics and Probabilistic Inference",
    author = "Narayanan, Srini  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Pragmatics of Question Answering at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2502",
    pages = "10--16",
}
@inproceedings{baral-etal-2004-using,
    title = "Using answer set programming to answer complex queries",
    author = "Baral, Chitta  and
      Gelfond, Michael  and
      Scherl, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Pragmatics of Question Answering at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2503",
    pages = "17--22",
}
@inproceedings{chai-jin-2004-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Structure for Context Question Answering",
    author = "Chai, Joyce Y.  and
      Jin, Rong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Pragmatics of Question Answering at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2504",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{harabagiu-etal-2004-intentions,
    title = "Intentions, Implicatures and Processing of Complex Questions",
    author = "Harabagiu, Sanda  and
      Maiorano, Steven  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Bejan, Cosmin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Pragmatics of Question Answering at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2505",
    pages = "31--42",
}
@inproceedings{moschitti-harabagiu-2004-novel,
    title = "A Novel Approach to Focus Identification in Question/Answering Systems",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Pragmatics of Question Answering at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2506",
    pages = "43--51",
}
@inproceedings{small-etal-2004-hitiqa,
    title = "{HITIQA}: Scenario Based Question Answering",
    author = "Small, Sharon  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Ryan, Sean  and
      Salkin, Robert  and
      Shimizu, Nobuyuki  and
      Kantor, Paul  and
      Kelly, Diane  and
      Rittman, Robert  and
      Wacholder, Nina  and
      Yamrom, Boris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Pragmatics of Question Answering at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2507",
    pages = "52--59",
}
@inproceedings{hickl-etal-2004-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with Interactive Question Answering in Complex Scenarios",
    author = "Hickl, Andrew  and
      Lehmann, John  and
      Williams, John  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Pragmatics of Question Answering at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2508",
    pages = "60--69",
}
@inproceedings{kato-etal-2004-handling,
    title = "Handling Information Access Dialogue through {QA} Technologies - A novel challenge for open-domain question answering",
    author = "Kato, Tsuneaki  and
      Fukumoto, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Masui, Fumito  and
      Kando, Noriko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Pragmatics of Question Answering at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2509",
    pages = "70--77",
}
@inproceedings{basili-etal-2004-ontological,
    title = "Ontological resources and question answering",
    author = "Basili, Roberto  and
      Hansen, Dorte H.  and
      Paggio, Patrizia  and
      Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Pragmatics of Question Answering at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2510",
    pages = "78--84",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-lexical,
    title = "Proceedings of the Computational Lexical Semantics Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2600",
}
@inproceedings{mcshane-etal-2004-ontosem-methods,
    title = "{O}nto{S}em Methods for Processing Semantic Ellipsis",
    author = "McShane, Marjorie  and
      Beale, Stephen  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computational Lexical Semantics Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2601",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{rohwer-freitag-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards Full Automation of Lexicon Construction",
    author = "Rohwer, Richard  and
      Freitag, Dayne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computational Lexical Semantics Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2602",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{means-etal-2004-powerful,
    title = "A Powerful and General Approach to Context Exploitation in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Means, Robert W.  and
      Nemat-Nasser, Syrus C.  and
      Fan, Adrian T.  and
      Hecht-Nielsen, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computational Lexical Semantics Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2603",
    pages = "17--22",
}
@inproceedings{kipper-etal-2004-using,
    title = "Using prepositions to extend a verb lexicon",
    author = "Kipper, Karin  and
      Snyder, Benjamin  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computational Lexical Semantics Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2604",
    pages = "23--29",
}
@inproceedings{tsang-stevenson-2004-using,
    title = "Using Selectional Profile Distance to Detect Verb Alternations",
    author = "Tsang, Vivian  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computational Lexical Semantics Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2605",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{korhonen-briscoe-2004-extended,
    title = "Extended Lexical-Semantic Classification of {E}nglish Verbs",
    author = "Korhonen, Anna  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computational Lexical Semantics Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2606",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{morris-hirst-2004-non,
    title = "Non-Classical Lexical Semantic Relations",
    author = "Morris, Jane  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computational Lexical Semantics Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2607",
    pages = "46--51",
}
@inproceedings{alam-2004-decision,
    title = "Decision Trees for Sense Disambiguation of Prepositions: Case of Over",
    author = "Alam, Yukiko Sasaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computational Lexical Semantics Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2608",
    pages = "52--59",
}
@inproceedings{moldovan-etal-2004-models,
    title = "Models for the Semantic Classification of Noun Phrases",
    author = "Moldovan, Dan  and
      Badulescu, Adriana  and
      Tatu, Marta  and
      Antohe, Daniel  and
      Girju, Roxana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computational Lexical Semantics Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2609",
    pages = "60--67",
}
@inproceedings{girju-etal-2004-support,
    title = "Support Vector Machines Applied to the Classification of Semantic Relations in Nominalized Noun Phrases",
    author = "Girju, Roxana  and
      Giuglea, Ana-Maria  and
      Olteanu, Marian  and
      Fortu, Ovidiu  and
      Bolohan, Orest  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computational Lexical Semantics Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2610",
    pages = "68--75",
}
@inproceedings{fiszman-etal-2004-abstraction,
    title = "Abstraction Summarization for Managing the Biomedical Research Literature",
    author = "Fiszman, Marcelo  and
      Rindflesch, Thomas C.  and
      Kilicoglu, Halil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computational Lexical Semantics Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2611",
    pages = "76--83",
}
@inproceedings{iwanska-2004-comparing,
    title = "Comparing, Integrating Lexical Definitional Knowledge From Multiple Sources",
    author = "Iwanska, Lucja M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computational Lexical Semantics Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2612",
    pages = "84--91",
}
@inproceedings{hornsby-hall-2004-generating,
    title = "Generating Linear Orders of Text-Based Events",
    author = "Hornsby, Kathleen  and
      Hall, Suzannah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computational Lexical Semantics Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2613",
    pages = "92--99",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2004-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Lexical Semantic Representations and Compositionally-Derived Events in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Computational Lexical Semantics Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2614",
    pages = "100--107",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-frontiers,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop Frontiers in Corpus Annotation at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2700",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-2004-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to Frontiers in Corpus Annotation",
    author = "Meyers, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Frontiers in Corpus Annotation at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2701",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{alcantara-moreno-2004-syntax,
    title = "Syntax to Semantics Transformation: Application to Treebanking",
    author = "Alc{\'a}ntara, Manuel  and
      Moreno, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Frontiers in Corpus Annotation at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2702",
    pages = "3--8",
}
@inproceedings{miltsakaki-etal-2004-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Discourse Connectives and Their Arguments",
    author = "Miltsakaki, Eleni  and
      Joshi, Aravind  and
      Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Frontiers in Corpus Annotation at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2703",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{babko-malaya-etal-2004-proposition,
    title = "Proposition Bank {II}: Delving Deeper",
    author = "Babko-Malaya, Olga  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Xue, Nianwen  and
      Joshi, Aravind  and
      Kulick, Seth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Frontiers in Corpus Annotation at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2704",
    pages = "17--23",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-etal-2004-nombank,
    title = "The {N}om{B}ank Project: An Interim Report",
    author = "Meyers, Adam  and
      Reeves, Ruth  and
      Macleod, Catherine  and
      Szekely, Rachel  and
      Zielinska, Veronika  and
      Young, Brian  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Frontiers in Corpus Annotation at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2705",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{sgall-etal-2004-deep,
    title = "Deep Syntactic Annotation: Tectogrammatical Representation and Beyond",
    author = "Sgall, Petr  and
      Panevov{\'a}, Jarmila  and
      Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Frontiers in Corpus Annotation at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2706",
    pages = "32--38",
}
@inproceedings{baumann-etal-2004-multi,
    title = "Multi-dimensional annotation of linguistic corpora for investigating information structure",
    author = "Baumann, Stefan  and
      Brinckmann, Caren  and
      Hansen-Schirra, Silvia  and
      Kruijff, Geert-Jan  and
      Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana  and
      Neumann, Stella  and
      Teich, Elke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Frontiers in Corpus Annotation at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2707",
    pages = "39--46",
}
@inproceedings{cmejrek-etal-2004-prague,
    title = "{P}rague {C}zech-{E}nglish Dependency Treebank: Any Hopes for a Common Annotation Scheme?",
    author = "{\v{C}}mejrek, Martin  and
      Cu{\v{r}}{\'\i}n, Jan  and
      Havelka, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Frontiers in Corpus Annotation at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2708",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{helmreich-etal-2004-interlingual,
    title = "Interlingual Annotation of Multilingual Text Corpora",
    author = "Helmreich, Stephen  and
      Farwell, David  and
      Dorr, Bonnie  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Reeder, Florence  and
      Miller, Keith  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Frontiers in Corpus Annotation at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2709",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{langone-etal-2004-annotating,
    title = "Annotating {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Langone, Helen  and
      Haskell, Benjamin R.  and
      Miller, George A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Frontiers in Corpus Annotation at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2710",
    pages = "63--69",
}
@inproceedings{zabokrtsky-lopatkova-2004-valency,
    title = "Valency Frames of {C}zech Verbs in {VALLEX} 1.0",
    author = "{\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k  and
      Lopatkov{\'a}, Mark{\'e}ta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Frontiers in Corpus Annotation at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2711",
    pages = "70--77",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-international-scalable,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding ({S}ca{N}a{LU} 2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2800",
}
@inproceedings{core-moore-2004-robustness,
    title = "Robustness versus Fidelity in Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Core, Mark G.  and
      Moore, Johanna D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding ({S}ca{N}a{LU} 2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2801",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{porzel-malaka-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards Measuring Scalability in Natural Language Understanding Tasks",
    author = "Porzel, Robert  and
      Malaka, Rainer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding ({S}ca{N}a{LU} 2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2802",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{rose-hall-2004-little,
    title = "A Little Goes a Long Way: Quick Authoring of Semantic Knowledge Sources for Interpretation",
    author = "Ros{\'e}, Carolyn Penstein  and
      Hall, Brian S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding ({S}ca{N}a{LU} 2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2803",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{alexandersson-etal-2004-ends,
    title = "Ends-based Dialogue Processing",
    author = {Alexandersson, Jan  and
      Becker, Tilman  and
      Engel, Ralf  and
      L{\"o}ckelt, Markus  and
      Pecourt, Elsa  and
      Poller, Peter  and
      Pfleger, Norbert  and
      Reithinger, Norbert},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding ({S}ca{N}a{LU} 2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2804",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{bryant-2004-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Construction-Based Parsing and Semantic Analysis",
    author = "Bryant, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding ({S}ca{N}a{LU} 2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2805",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{mok-etal-2004-scaling,
    title = "Scaling Understanding up to Mental Spaces",
    author = "Mok, Eva  and
      Bryant, John  and
      Feldman, Jerome",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding ({S}ca{N}a{LU} 2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2806",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-etal-2004-different,
    title = "Different Sense Granularities for Different Applications",
    author = "Palmer, Martha  and
      Babko-Malaya, Olga  and
      Dang, Hoa Trang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding ({S}ca{N}a{LU} 2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2807",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{porzel-etal-2004-making,
    title = "Making Relative Sense: From Word-graphs to Semantic Frames",
    author = "Porzel, Robert  and
      Loos, Berenike  and
      Micelli, Vanessa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding ({S}ca{N}a{LU} 2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2808",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{klarner-2004-hyperbug,
    title = "{HYPERBUG}: A Scalable Natural Language Generation Approach",
    author = "Klarner, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding ({S}ca{N}a{LU} 2004) at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2809",
    pages = "65--71",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-interdisciplinary,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interdisciplinary Approaches to Speech Indexing and Retrieval at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2900",
}
@inproceedings{begeja-etal-2004-system,
    title = "A System for Searching and Browsing Spoken Communications",
    author = "Begeja, Lee  and
      Renger, Bernard  and
      Saraclar, Murat  and
      Gibbon, David  and
      Liu, Zhu  and
      Shahraray, Behzad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interdisciplinary Approaches to Speech Indexing and Retrieval at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2901",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{glass-etal-2004-analysis,
    title = "Analysis and Processing of Lecture Audio Data: Preliminary Investigations",
    author = "Glass, James  and
      Hazen, Timothy J.  and
      Hetherington, Lee  and
      Wang, Chao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interdisciplinary Approaches to Speech Indexing and Retrieval at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2902",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2004-audio,
    title = "Audio Hot Spotting and Retrieval using Multiple Features",
    author = "Hu, Qian  and
      Goodman, Fred  and
      Boykin, Stanley  and
      Fish, Randy  and
      Greiff, Warren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interdisciplinary Approaches to Speech Indexing and Retrieval at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2903",
    pages = "13--17",
}
@inproceedings{morris-etal-2004-scoring,
    title = "Scoring Algorithms for Wordspotting Systems",
    author = "Morris, Robert W.  and
      Arrowood, Jon A.  and
      Cardillo, Peter S.  and
      Clements, Mark A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interdisciplinary Approaches to Speech Indexing and Retrieval at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2904",
    pages = "18--21",
}
@inproceedings{raghavan-allan-2004-using,
    title = "Using Soundex Codes for Indexing Names in {ASR} Documents",
    author = "Raghavan, Hema  and
      Allan, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interdisciplinary Approaches to Speech Indexing and Retrieval at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2905",
    pages = "22--27",
}
@inproceedings{levow-2004-assessing,
    title = "Assessing Prosodic and Text Features for Segmentation of {M}andarin Broadcast News",
    author = "Levow, Gina-Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interdisciplinary Approaches to Speech Indexing and Retrieval at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2906",
    pages = "28--32",
}
@inproceedings{allauzen-etal-2004-general,
    title = "General Indexation of Weighted Automata - Application to Spoken Utterance Retrieval",
    author = "Allauzen, Cyril  and
      Mohri, Mehryar  and
      Saraclar, Murat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Interdisciplinary Approaches to Speech Indexing and Retrieval at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-2907",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-hlt,
    title = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop on Spoken Language Understanding for Conversational Systems and Higher Level Linguistic Information for Speech Processing",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3000",
}
@inproceedings{de-mori-2004-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: Sentence Interpretation using Stochastic Finite State Transducers",
    author = "De Mori, Renato",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop on Spoken Language Understanding for Conversational Systems and Higher Level Linguistic Information for Speech Processing",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3001",
    pages = "1--1",
}
@inproceedings{wutiwiwatchai-furui-2004-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Statistical and Structural Semantic Modeling for {T}hai Multi-Stage Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Wutiwiwatchai, Chai  and
      Furui, Sadaoki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop on Spoken Language Understanding for Conversational Systems and Higher Level Linguistic Information for Speech Processing",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3002",
    pages = "2--9",
}
@inproceedings{begeja-etal-2004-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Machine Learning Techniques for Improving {SLU} Models",
    author = "Begeja, Lee  and
      Renger, Bernard  and
      Gibbon, David  and
      Liu, Zhu  and
      Shahraray, Behzad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop on Spoken Language Understanding for Conversational Systems and Higher Level Linguistic Information for Speech Processing",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3003",
    pages = "10--16",
}
@inproceedings{boda-filisko-2004-virtual,
    title = "Virtual Modality: a Framework for Testing and Building Multimodal Applications",
    author = "Boda, P{\'e}ter P{\'a}l  and
      Filisko, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop on Spoken Language Understanding for Conversational Systems and Higher Level Linguistic Information for Speech Processing",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3004",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{huang-cox-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Call Routing with Multiple Language Models",
    author = "Huang, Qiang  and
      Cox, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop on Spoken Language Understanding for Conversational Systems and Higher Level Linguistic Information for Speech Processing",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3005",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{filisko-seneff-2004-error,
    title = "Error Detection and Recovery in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Filisko, Edward  and
      Seneff, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop on Spoken Language Understanding for Conversational Systems and Higher Level Linguistic Information for Speech Processing",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3006",
    pages = "31--38",
}
@inproceedings{he-young-2004-robustness,
    title = "Robustness Issues in a Data-Driven Spoken Language Understanding System",
    author = "He, Yulan  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop on Spoken Language Understanding for Conversational Systems and Higher Level Linguistic Information for Speech Processing",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3007",
    pages = "39--46",
}
@inproceedings{pieraccini-2004-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: Spoken Language Understanding: The Research/Industry Chasm",
    author = "Pieraccini, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop on Spoken Language Understanding for Conversational Systems and Higher Level Linguistic Information for Speech Processing",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3008",
    pages = "47--47",
}
@inproceedings{jeong-etal-2004-using,
    title = "Using Higher-level Linguistic Knowledge for Speech Recognition Error Correction in a Spoken Q/A Dialog",
    author = "Jeong, Minwoo  and
      Kim, Byeongchang  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop on Spoken Language Understanding for Conversational Systems and Higher Level Linguistic Information for Speech Processing",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3009",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{hasegawa-johnson-etal-2004-speech,
    title = "Speech Recognition Models of the Interdependence Among Syntax, Prosody, and Segmental Acoustics",
    author = "Hasegawa-Johnson, Mark  and
      Cole, Jennifer  and
      Shih, Chilin  and
      Chen, Ken  and
      Cohen, Aaron  and
      Chavarria, Sandra  and
      Kim, Heejin  and
      Yoon, Taejin  and
      Borys, Sarah  and
      Choi, Jeung-Yoon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop on Spoken Language Understanding for Conversational Systems and Higher Level Linguistic Information for Speech Processing",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3010",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{pusateri-glass-2004-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Prosodic Consistency for Automatic Speech Recognition: Preliminary Investigations",
    author = "Pusateri, Ernest{\textgreater}  and
      Glass, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop on Spoken Language Understanding for Conversational Systems and Higher Level Linguistic Information for Speech Processing",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3011",
    pages = "64--69",
}
@inproceedings{ruggenmann-gurevych-2004-assigning,
    title = "Assigning Domains to Speech Recognition Hypotheses",
    author = {R{\"u}ggenmann, Klaus  and
      Gurevych, Iryna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop on Spoken Language Understanding for Conversational Systems and Higher Level Linguistic Information for Speech Processing",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3012",
    pages = "70--77",
}
@inproceedings{eagle-singh-2004-context,
    title = "Context {S}ensing using Speech and Common Sense",
    author = "Eagle, Nathan  and
      Singh, Push",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop on Spoken Language Understanding for Conversational Systems and Higher Level Linguistic Information for Speech Processing",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3013",
    pages = "78--84",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-hlt-naacl,
    title = "{HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop: Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3100",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-2004-resource,
    title = "A Resource for Constructing Customized Test Suites for Molecular Biology Entity Identification Systems",
    author = "Cohen, K. Bretonnel  and
      Tanabe, Lorraine  and
      Kinoshita, Shuhei  and
      Hunter, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "{HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop: Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3101",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{koike-takagi-2004-gene,
    title = "Gene/Protein/Family Name Recognition in Biomedical Literature",
    author = "Koike, Asako  and
      Takagi, Toshihisa",
    booktitle = "{HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop: Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3102",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{light-etal-2004-language,
    title = "The Language of Bioscience: Facts, Speculations, and Statements In Between",
    author = "Light, Marc  and
      Qiu, Xin Ying  and
      Srinivasan, Padmini",
    booktitle = "{HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop: Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3103",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{liu-wu-2004-study,
    title = "A Study of Text Categorization for Model Organism Databases",
    author = "Liu, Hongfang  and
      Wu, Cathy",
    booktitle = "{HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop: Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3104",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{srinivasan-etal-2004-mining,
    title = "Mining {MEDLINE}: Postulating a Beneficial Role for Curcumin Longa in Retinal Diseases",
    author = "Srinivasan, Padmini  and
      Libbus, Bisharah  and
      Sehgal, Aditya Kumar",
    booktitle = "{HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop: Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3105",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{struble-dharmanolla-2004-clustering,
    title = "Clustering {M}e{SH} Representations of Biomedical Literature",
    author = "Struble, Craig A.  and
      Dharmanolla, Chitti",
    booktitle = "{HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop: Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3106",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{hayes-2004-text,
    title = "Text Mining - Next Steps for Drug Discovery",
    author = "Hayes, William S.",
    booktitle = "{HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop: Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3107",
    pages = "49--49",
}
@inproceedings{donaldson-2004-text,
    title = "Text-mining Needs and Solutions for the Biomolecular Interaction Network Database ({BIND})",
    author = "Donaldson, Ian",
    booktitle = "{HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop: Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3108",
    pages = "50--51",
}
@inproceedings{hayes-2004-publisher,
    title = "Publisher Perspective on Broad Full-text Literature Access for Text Mining in Academic and Corporate Endeavors",
    author = "Hayes, William S.",
    booktitle = "{HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop: Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3109",
    pages = "52--52",
}
@inproceedings{harkema-etal-2004-large,
    title = "A Large Scale Terminology Resource for Biomedical Text Processing",
    author = "Harkema, Henk  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Roberts, Angus  and
      Roberts, Ian  and
      Davis, Neil  and
      Guo, Yikun",
    booktitle = "{HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop: Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3110",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{kulick-etal-2004-integrated,
    title = "Integrated Annotation for Biomedical Information Extraction",
    author = "Kulick, Seth  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Liberman, Mark  and
      Mandel, Mark  and
      McDonald, Ryan  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Schein, Andrew  and
      Ungar, Lyle  and
      Winters, Scott  and
      White, Pete",
    booktitle = "{HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop: Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3111",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{libbus-etal-2004-using,
    title = "Using Natural Language Processing, {L}ocus{L}ink and the Gene Ontology to Compare {OMIM} to {MEDLINE}",
    author = "Libbus, Bisharah  and
      Kilicoglu, Halil  and
      Rindflesch, Thomas C.  and
      Mork, James G.  and
      Aronson, Alan R.",
    booktitle = "{HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop: Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3112",
    pages = "69--76",
}
@inproceedings{mercer-di-marco-2004-design,
    title = "A Design Methodology for a Biomedical Literature Indexing Tool Using the Rhetoric of Science",
    author = "Mercer, Robert E.  and
      Di Marco, Chrysanne",
    booktitle = "{HLT}-{NAACL} 2004 Workshop: Linking Biological Literature, Ontologies and Databases",
    month = may # " 6",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3113",
    pages = "77--84",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-2004,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3200",
}
@inproceedings{taskar-etal-2004-max,
    title = "Max-Margin Parsing",
    author = "Taskar, Ben  and
      Klein, Dan  and
      Collins, Mike  and
      Koller, Daphne  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3201",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{baldridge-osborne-2004-active,
    title = "Active Learning and the Total Cost of Annotation",
    author = "Baldridge, Jason  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3202",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{kalt-2004-induction,
    title = "Induction of Greedy Controllers for Deterministic Treebank Parsers",
    author = "Kalt, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3203",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-martinez-2004-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised {WSD} based on Automatically Retrieved Examples: The Importance of Bias",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Martinez, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3204",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{chklovski-pantel-2004-verbocean,
    title = "{V}erb{O}cean: Mining the Web for Fine-Grained Semantic Verb Relations",
    author = "Chklovski, Timothy  and
      Pantel, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3205",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{szpektor-etal-2004-scaling,
    title = "Scaling Web-based Acquisition of Entailment Relations",
    author = "Szpektor, Idan  and
      Tanev, Hristo  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Coppola, Bonaventura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3206",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{smith-smith-2004-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Parsing with Factored Estimation: Using {E}nglish to Parse {K}orean",
    author = "Smith, David A.  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3207",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{fung-cheung-2004-mining,
    title = "Mining Very-Non-Parallel Corpora: Parallel Sentence and Lexicon Extraction via Bootstrapping and E",
    author = "Fung, Pascale  and
      Cheung, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3208",
    pages = "57--63",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2004-comparing,
    title = "Comparing and Combining Generative and Posterior Probability Models: Some Advances in Sentence Boundary Detection in Speech",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Stolcke, Andreas  and
      Shriberg, Elizabeth  and
      Harper, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3209",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{sporleder-lapata-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Paragraph Identification: A Study across Languages and Domains",
    author = "Sporleder, Caroline  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3210",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{nielsen-pradhan-2004-mixing,
    title = "Mixing Weak Learners in Semantic Parsin",
    author = "Nielsen, Rodney D.  and
      Pradhan, Sameer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3211",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{xue-palmer-2004-calibrating,
    title = "Calibrating Features for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3212",
    pages = "88--94",
}
@inproceedings{swier-stevenson-2004-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Semantic Role Labellin",
    author = "Swier, Robert S.  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3213",
    pages = "95--102",
}
@inproceedings{pado-boleda-2004-influence,
    title = "The Influence of Argument Structure on Semantic Role Assignment",
    author = "Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Boleda, Gemma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3214",
    pages = "103--110",
}
@inproceedings{clark-etal-2004-object,
    title = "Object-Extraction and Question-Parsing using {CCG}",
    author = "Clark, Stephen  and
      Steedman, Mark  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3215",
    pages = "111--118",
}
@inproceedings{daume-iii-marcu-2004-phrase,
    title = "A Phrase-Based {HMM} Approach to Document/Abstract Alignment",
    author = "Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3216",
    pages = "119--126",
}
@inproceedings{halpin-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Analysis of Plot for Story Rewriting",
    author = "Halpin, Harry  and
      Moore, Johanna D.  and
      Robertson, Judy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3217",
    pages = "127--133",
}
@inproceedings{bechet-etal-2004-mining,
    title = "Mining Spoken Dialogue Corpora for System Evaluation and Modelin",
    author = "Bechet, Frederic  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe  and
      Hakkani-Tur, Dilek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3218",
    pages = "134--141",
}
@inproceedings{quirk-etal-2004-monolingual,
    title = "Monolingual Machine Translation for Paraphrase Generation",
    author = "Quirk, Chris  and
      Brockett, Chris  and
      Dolan, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3219",
    pages = "142--149",
}
@inproceedings{andrew-etal-2004-verb,
    title = "Verb Sense and Subcategorization: Using Joint Inference to Improve Performance on Complementary Task",
    author = "Andrew, Galen  and
      Grenager, Trond  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3220",
    pages = "150--157",
}
@inproceedings{almuhareb-poesio-2004-attribute,
    title = "Attribute-Based and Value-Based Clustering: An Evaluation",
    author = "Almuhareb, Abdulrahman  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3221",
    pages = "158--165",
}
@inproceedings{toutanova-etal-2004-leaf,
    title = "The Leaf Path Projection View of Parse Trees: Exploring String Kernels for {HPSG} Parse Selection",
    author = "Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Markova, Penka  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3222",
    pages = "166--173",
}
@inproceedings{riezler-vasserman-2004-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Feature Selection and l1 Regularization for Relaxed Maximum-Entropy Modeling",
    author = "Riezler, Stefan  and
      Vasserman, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3223",
    pages = "174--181",
}
@inproceedings{bikel-2004-distributional,
    title = "A Distributional Analysis of a Lexicalized Statistical Parsing Model",
    author = "Bikel, Daniel M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3224",
    pages = "182--189",
}
@inproceedings{nepveu-etal-2004-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Language and Translation Models for Interactive Machine Translation",
    author = "Nepveu, Laurent  and
      Lapalme, Guy  and
      Langlais, Philippe  and
      Foster, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3225",
    pages = "190--197",
}
@inproceedings{wang-zhou-2004-improving,
    title = "Improving Word Alignment Models using Structured Monolingual Corpora",
    author = "Wang, Wei  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3226",
    pages = "198--205",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2004-phrase,
    title = "Phrase Pair Rescoring with Term Weighting for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhao, Bing  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Eck, Matthias  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3227",
    pages = "206--213",
}
@inproceedings{gildea-2004-dependencies,
    title = "Dependencies vs. Constituents for Tree-Based Alignment",
    author = "Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3228",
    pages = "214--221",
}
@inproceedings{hana-etal-2004-resource,
    title = "A Resource-light Approach to {R}ussian Morphology: Tagging {R}ussian using {C}zech resources",
    author = "Hana, Jiri  and
      Feldman, Anna  and
      Brew, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3229",
    pages = "222--229",
}
@inproceedings{kudo-etal-2004-applying,
    title = "Applying Conditional Random Fields to {J}apanese Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Kudo, Taku  and
      Yamamoto, Kaoru  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3230",
    pages = "230--237",
}
@inproceedings{trushkina-hinrichs-2004-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Model for Morpho-Syntactic Annotation of {G}erman with a Large Tagset",
    author = "Trushkina, Julia  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3231",
    pages = "238--245",
}
@inproceedings{goweder-etal-2004-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Broken Plurals in Unvowelised {A}rabic Tex",
    author = "Goweder, Abduelbaset  and
      Poesio, Massimo  and
      Roeck, Anne De  and
      Reynolds, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3232",
    pages = "246--253",
}
@inproceedings{daume-iii-marcu-2004-np,
    title = "{NP} Bracketing by Maximum Entropy Tagging and {SVM} Reranking",
    author = "Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3233",
    pages = "254--261",
}
@inproceedings{freitag-2004-trained,
    title = "Trained Named Entity Recognition using Distributional Clusters",
    author = "Freitag, Dayne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3234",
    pages = "262--269",
}
@inproceedings{ney-etal-2004-error,
    title = "Error Measures and {B}ayes Decision Rules Revisited with Applications to {POS} Tagging",
    author = {Ney, Hermann  and
      Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      S{\"u}ndermann, David},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3235",
    pages = "270--276",
}
@inproceedings{ng-low-2004-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Part-of-Speech Tagging: One-at-a-Time or All-at-Once? Word-Based or Character-Based?",
    author = "Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Low, Jin Kiat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3236",
    pages = "277--284",
}
@inproceedings{chelba-acero-2004-adaptation,
    title = "Adaptation of Maximum Entropy Capitalizer: Little Data Can Help a Lo",
    author = "Chelba, Ciprian  and
      Acero, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3237",
    pages = "285--292",
}
@inproceedings{cucerzan-brill-2004-spelling,
    title = "Spelling Correction as an Iterative Process that Exploits the Collective Knowledge of Web Users",
    author = "Cucerzan, Silviu  and
      Brill, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3238",
    pages = "293--300",
}
@inproceedings{kudo-matsumoto-2004-boosting,
    title = "A Boosting Algorithm for Classification of Semi-Structured Text",
    author = "Kudo, Taku  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3239",
    pages = "301--308",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-2004-learning,
    title = "Learning to Classify Email into {``}Speech Acts{''}",
    author = "Cohen, William W.  and
      Carvalho, Vitor R.  and
      Mitchell, Tom M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3240",
    pages = "309--316",
}
@inproceedings{keller-2004-entropy,
    title = "The Entropy Rate Principle as a Predictor of Processing Effort: An Evaluation against Eye-tracking Data",
    author = "Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3241",
    pages = "317--324",
}
@inproceedings{xu-jelinek-2004-random,
    title = "Random Forests in Language Modelin",
    author = "Xu, Peng  and
      Jelinek, Frederick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3242",
    pages = "325--332",
}
@inproceedings{moore-2004-log,
    title = "On Log-Likelihood-Ratios and the Significance of Rare Events",
    author = "Moore, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3243",
    pages = "333--340",
}
@inproceedings{mochihashi-etal-2004-learning,
    title = "Learning Nonstructural Distance Metric by Minimum Cluster Distortion",
    author = "Mochihashi, Daichi  and
      Kikui, Genichiro  and
      Kita, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3244",
    pages = "341--348",
}
@inproceedings{civera-etal-2004-machine,
    title = "From Machine Translation to Computer Assisted Translation using Finite-State Models",
    author = "Civera, Jorge  and
      Cubel, Elsa  and
      Lagarda, Antonio L.  and
      Pic{\'o}, David  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez, Jorge  and
      Vidal, Enrique  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco  and
      Vilar, Juan M.  and
      Barrachina, Sergio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3245",
    pages = "349--356",
}
@inproceedings{daya-etal-2004-learning,
    title = "Learning {H}ebrew Roots: Machine Learning with Linguistic Constraints",
    author = "Daya, Ezra  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3246",
    pages = "357--364",
}
@inproceedings{erkan-radev-2004-lexpagerank,
    title = "{L}ex{P}age{R}ank: Prestige in Multi-Document Text Summarization",
    author = {Erkan, G{\"u}ne{\c{s}}  and
      Radev, Dragomir R.},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3247",
    pages = "365--371",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2004-new,
    title = "A New Approach for {E}nglish-{C}hinese Named Entity Alignment",
    author = "Feng, Donghui  and
      Lv, Yajuan  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3248",
    pages = "372--379",
}
@inproceedings{gliozzo-etal-2004-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Domain Relevance Estimation for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Gliozzo, Alfio  and
      Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3249",
    pages = "380--387",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-2004-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Significance Tests for Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3250",
    pages = "388--395",
}
@inproceedings{lita-carbonell-2004-instance,
    title = "Instance-Based Question Answering: A Data-Driven Approach",
    author = "Lita, Lucian Vlad  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3251",
    pages = "396--403",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-tarau-2004-textrank,
    title = "{T}ext{R}ank: Bringing Order into Text",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Tarau, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3252",
    pages = "404--411",
}
@inproceedings{mullen-collier-2004-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis using Support Vector Machines with Diverse Information Sources",
    author = "Mullen, Tony  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3253",
    pages = "412--418",
}
@inproceedings{teufel-van-halteren-2004-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Information Content by Factoid Analysis: Human annotation and stability",
    author = "Teufel, Simone  and
      van Halteren, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3254",
    pages = "419--426",
}
@inproceedings{tsukada-nagata-2004-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Decoding for Statistical Machine Translation with a Fully Expanded {WFST} Model",
    author = "Tsukada, Hajime  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3255",
    pages = "427--433",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2004-multi,
    title = "Multi-Document Biography Summarization",
    author = "Zhou, Liang  and
      Ticrea, Miruna  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3256",
    pages = "434--441",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2004-author-index,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3257",
}
@proceedings{ws-2004-international-tree,
    title = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    author = "Rambow, Owen  and
      Stone, Matthew",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3300",
}
@inproceedings{babko-malaya-2004-ltag,
    title = "{LTAG} Semantics of Focus",
    author = "Babko-Malaya, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3301",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-2004-uses,
    title = "Uses and abuses of intersected languages",
    author = "Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3302",
    pages = "9--15",
}
@inproceedings{fujiyoshi-2004-epsilon,
    title = "Epsilon-Free Grammars and Lexicalized Grammars that Generate the Class of the Mildly Context-Sensitive Languages",
    author = "Fujiyoshi, Akio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3303",
    pages = "16--23",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-harbusch-2004-n,
    title = "N-Best Hidden {M}arkov Model Supertagging to Improve Typing on an Ambiguous Keyboard",
    author = "Hasan, Sa{\v{s}}a  and
      Harbusch, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3304",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{kallmeyer-scheffler-2004-ltag,
    title = "{LTAG} Analysis for Pied-Piping and Stranding of wh-Phrases",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Scheffler, Tatjana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3305",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{kallmeyer-yoon-2004-tree,
    title = "Tree-local {MCTAG} with Shared Nodes: Word Order Variation in {G}erman and {K}orean",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Yoon, SinWon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3306",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{kato-etal-2004-subclasses,
    title = "Subclasses of Tree Adjoining Grammar for {RNA} Secondary Structure",
    author = "Kato, Yuki  and
      Seki, Hiroyuki  and
      Kasami, Tadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3307",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{nasr-rambow-2004-supertagging,
    title = "{S}uper{T}agging and Full Parsing",
    author = "Nasr, Alexis  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3308",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{pogodalla-2004-computing,
    title = "Computing Semantic Representation: Towards {ACG} Abstract Terms as Derivation Trees",
    author = "Pogodalla, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3309",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{savova-frank-2004-tree,
    title = "Tree-adjoining Grammars for Optimality Theory Syntax",
    author = "Savova, Virginia  and
      Frank, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3310",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{scheffler-2004-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Reconstruction for how many-Questions in {LTAG}",
    author = "Scheffler, Tatjana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3311",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{shieber-2004-synchronous,
    title = "Synchronous Grammars as Tree Transducers",
    author = "Shieber, Stuart M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3312",
    pages = "88--95",
}
@inproceedings{toussenel-2004-supertagging,
    title = "Why Supertagging Is Hard",
    author = "Toussenel, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3313",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@inproceedings{yoshinaga-tsujii-2004-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing Subcategorization Frames Acquired from Corpora Using Lexicalized Grammars",
    author = "Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3314",
    pages = "104--110",
}
@inproceedings{babko-malaya-2004-ltag-semantics,
    title = "{LTAG} Semantics of {NP}-Coordination",
    author = "Babko-Malaya, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3315",
    pages = "111--117",
}
@inproceedings{banik-2004-semantics,
    title = "Semantics of {VP} coordination in {LTAG}",
    author = "Banik, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3316",
    pages = "118--125",
}
@inproceedings{barr-siefring-2004-verification,
    title = "Verification of Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Barr, Valerie  and
      Siefring, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3317",
    pages = "126--131",
}
@inproceedings{barrier-barrier-2004-metagrammars,
    title = "{M}etagrammars: a new implementation for {FTAG}",
    author = "Barrier, S{\'e}bastien  and
      Barrier, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3318",
    pages = "132--139",
}
@inproceedings{danlos-2004-sentences,
    title = "Sentences with Two Subordinate Clauses: Syntactic and Semantic Analyses, Underspecified Semantic Representation",
    author = "Danlos, Laurence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3319",
    pages = "140--147",
}
@inproceedings{debusmann-etal-2004-tag,
    title = "{TAG} Parsing as Model Enumeration",
    author = "Debusmann, Ralph  and
      Duchier, Denys  and
      Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      Thater, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3320",
    pages = "148--154",
}
@inproceedings{kallmeyer-romero-2004-ltag,
    title = "{LTAG} Semantics with Semantic Unification",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Romero, Maribel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3321",
    pages = "155--162",
}
@inproceedings{millett-lonsdale-2004-expanding,
    title = "Expanding Tree Adjoining Grammar to create Junction Grammar trees",
    author = "Millett, Ronald  and
      Lonsdale, Deryle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3322",
    pages = "163--170",
}
@inproceedings{oouchida-etal-2004-context,
    title = "Context-free Approximation of {LTAG} towards {CFG} Filtering",
    author = "Oouchida, Kenta  and
      Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3323",
    pages = "171--177",
}
@inproceedings{rogers-2004-scrambling,
    title = "On Scrambling, Another Perspective",
    author = "Rogers, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3324",
    pages = "178--185",
}
@inproceedings{romero-etal-2004-ltag,
    title = "{LTAG} Semantics for Questions",
    author = "Romero, Maribel  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Babko-Malaya, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3325",
    pages = "186--193",
}
@inproceedings{ryant-kipper-2004-assigning,
    title = "Assigning {XTAG} Trees to {V}erb{N}et",
    author = "Ryant, Neville  and
      Kipper, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3326",
    pages = "194--198",
}
@inproceedings{shen-2004-nondeterministic,
    title = "Nondeterministic {LTAG} Derivation Tree Extraction",
    author = "Shen, Libin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3327",
    pages = "199--203",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-2004-deriving,
    title = "Deriving Syntactic Structure inside Ellipsis",
    author = "Thompson, Will",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3328",
    pages = "204--210",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-2004-using,
    title = "Using a Meta-Grammar for {LTAG} {K}orean Grammar",
    author = "Yoon, SinWon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Simon Fraser University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-3329",
    pages = "211--218",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-naacl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Active Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Settles, Burr  and
      Small, Kevin  and
      Tomanek, Katrin",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0100",
}
@inproceedings{ghayoomi-2010-using,
    title = "Using Variance as a Stopping Criterion for Active Learning of Frame Assignment",
    author = "Ghayoomi, Masood",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Active Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0101",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{ambati-etal-2010-active-semi,
    title = "Active Semi-Supervised Learning for Improving Word Alignment",
    author = "Ambati, Vamshi  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Active Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0102",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{escudeiro-jorge-2010-confidence,
    title = "D-Confidence: An Active Learning Strategy which Efficiently Identifies Small Classes",
    author = "Escudeiro, Nuno  and
      Jorge, Al{\'\i}pio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Active Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0103",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{rai-etal-2010-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation meets Active Learning",
    author = "Rai, Piyush  and
      Saha, Avishek  and
      Daum{\'e}, Hal  and
      Venkatasubramanian, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Active Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0104",
    pages = "27--32",
}
@inproceedings{haertel-etal-2010-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Active Learning: Eliminating Wait Time with Minimal Staleness",
    author = "Haertel, Robbie  and
      Felt, Paul  and
      Ringger, Eric K.  and
      Seppi, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Active Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0105",
    pages = "33--41",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-naacl-hlt,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text",
    author = "Inkpen, Diana  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0200",
}
@inproceedings{bellegarda-2010-emotion,
    title = "Emotion Analysis Using Latent Affective Folding and Embedding",
    author = "Bellegarda, Jerome",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0201",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2010-emotion,
    title = "Emotion Detection in Email Customer Care",
    author = "Gupta, Narendra  and
      Gilbert, Mazin  and
      Di Fabbrizio, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0202",
    pages = "10--16",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-etal-2010-toward,
    title = "Toward Plot Units: Automatic Affect State Analysis",
    author = "Goyal, Amit  and
      Riloff, Ellen  and
      Daume III, Hal  and
      Gilbert, Nathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0203",
    pages = "17--25",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-turney-2010-emotions,
    title = "Emotions Evoked by Common Words and Phrases: Using Mechanical Turk to Create an Emotion Lexicon",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Turney, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0204",
    pages = "26--34",
}
@inproceedings{keshtkar-inkpen-2010-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-based Method for Extracting Paraphrases of Emotion Terms",
    author = "Keshtkar, Fazel  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0205",
    pages = "35--44",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2010-text,
    title = "A Text-driven Rule-based System for Emotion Cause Detection",
    author = "Lee, Sophia Yat Mei  and
      Chen, Ying  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0206",
    pages = "45--53",
}
@inproceedings{ramanand-etal-2010-wishful,
    title = "Wishful Thinking - Finding suggestions and {'}buy{'} wishes from product reviews",
    author = "Ramanand, J.  and
      Bhavsar, Krishna  and
      Pedanekar, Niranjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0207",
    pages = "54--61",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2010-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Unsupervised Emotion Models to Textual Affect Recognition",
    author = "Kim, Sunghwan Mac  and
      Valitutti, Alessandro  and
      Calvo, Rafael A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0208",
    pages = "62--70",
}
@inproceedings{pearl-steyvers-2010-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Emotions, Intentions, and Attitudes in Text Using a Game with a Purpose",
    author = "Pearl, Lisa  and
      Steyvers, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0209",
    pages = "71--79",
}
@inproceedings{neviarouskaya-etal-2010-textual,
    title = "@{AM}: Textual Attitude Analysis Model",
    author = "Neviarouskaya, Alena  and
      Prendinger, Helmut  and
      Ishizuka, Mitsuru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0210",
    pages = "80--88",
}
@inproceedings{whitehead-cavedon-2010-generating,
    title = "Generating Shifting Sentiment for a Conversational Agent",
    author = "Whitehead, Simon  and
      Cavedon, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0211",
    pages = "89--97",
}
@inproceedings{volkova-etal-2010-emotional,
    title = "Emotional Perception of Fairy Tales: Achieving Agreement in Emotion Annotation of Text",
    author = {Volkova, Ekaterina P.  and
      Mohler, Betty  and
      Meurers, Detmar  and
      Gerdemann, Dale  and
      B{\"u}lthoff, Heinrich H.},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0212",
    pages = "98--106",
}
@inproceedings{lloret-etal-2010-experiments,
    title = "Experiments on Summary-based Opinion Classification",
    author = "Lloret, Elena  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Palomar, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0213",
    pages = "107--115",
}
@inproceedings{somasundaran-wiebe-2010-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Stances in Ideological On-Line Debates",
    author = "Somasundaran, Swapna  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0214",
    pages = "116--124",
}
@inproceedings{hanser-etal-2010-newsviz,
    title = "{N}ews{V}iz: Emotional Visualization of News Stories",
    author = "Hanser, Eva  and
      Mc Kevitt, Paul  and
      Lunney, Tom  and
      Condell, Joan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0215",
    pages = "125--130",
}
@inproceedings{arora-etal-2010-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Classification using Automatically Extracted Subgraph Features",
    author = "Arora, Shilpa  and
      Mayfield, Elijah  and
      Penstein-Ros{\'e}, Carolyn  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0216",
    pages = "131--139",
}
@inproceedings{ghazi-etal-2010-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical versus Flat Classification of Emotions in Text",
    author = "Ghazi, Diman  and
      Inkpen, Diana  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0217",
    pages = "140--146",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-naacl-hlt-2010,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    author = "Cook, Paul  and
      Feldman, Anna",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0300",
}
@inproceedings{rello-basterrechea-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic conjugation and identification of regular and irregular verb neologisms in {S}panish",
    author = "Rello, Luz  and
      Basterrechea, Eduardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0301",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{megerdoomian-hadjarian-2010-mining,
    title = "Mining and Classification of Neologisms in {P}ersian Blogs",
    author = "Megerdoomian, Karine  and
      Hadjarian, Ali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0302",
    pages = "6--13",
}
@inproceedings{baumer-etal-2010-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Semantic Role Labeling with Typed Dependency Parsing in Computational Metaphor Identification",
    author = "Baumer, Eric P. S.  and
      White, James P.  and
      Tomlinson, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0303",
    pages = "14--22",
}
@inproceedings{gervas-2010-engineering,
    title = "Engineering Linguistic Creativity: Bird Flight and Jet Planes",
    author = "Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0304",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{ramakrishnan-a-lalitha-devi-2010-alternate,
    title = "An alternate approach towards meaningful lyric generation in {T}amil",
    author = "Ramakrishnan A, Ananth  and
      Lalitha Devi, Sobha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0305",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{cua-etal-2010-representing,
    title = "Representing Story Plans in {SUMO}",
    author = "Cua, Jeffrey  and
      Manurung, Ruli  and
      Ong, Ethel  and
      Pease, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0306",
    pages = "40--48",
}
@inproceedings{settles-2010-computational,
    title = "Computational Creativity Tools for Songwriters",
    author = "Settles, Burr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0307",
    pages = "49--57",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-naacl-hlt-2010-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Writing: Writing Processes and Authoring Aids",
    author = "Piotrowski, Michael  and
      Mahlow, Cerstin  and
      Dale, Robert",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0400",
}
@inproceedings{rosener-2010-computational,
    title = "Computational Linguistics in the Translator{'}s {W}orkflow{---}{C}ombining Authoring Tools and Translation Memory Systems",
    author = {R{\"o}sener, Christoph},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Writing: Writing Processes and Authoring Aids",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0401",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{schafer-kasterka-2010-scientific,
    title = "Scientific Authoring Support: A Tool to Navigate in Typed Citation Graphs",
    author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Ulrich  and
      Kasterka, Uwe},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Writing: Writing Processes and Authoring Aids",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0402",
    pages = "7--14",
}
@inproceedings{renaud-etal-2010-grammaticality,
    title = "Grammaticality Judgement in a Word Completion Task",
    author = "Renaud, Alfred  and
      Shein, Fraser  and
      Tsang, Vivian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Writing: Writing Processes and Authoring Aids",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0403",
    pages = "15--23",
}
@inproceedings{mudge-2010-design,
    title = "The Design of a Proofreading Software Service",
    author = "Mudge, Raphael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Writing: Writing Processes and Authoring Aids",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0404",
    pages = "24--32",
}
@inproceedings{milton-cheng-2010-toolkit,
    title = "A Toolkit to Assist {L}2 Learners Become Independent Writers",
    author = "Milton, John  and
      Cheng, Vivying S.Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Writing: Writing Processes and Authoring Aids",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0405",
    pages = "33--41",
}
@inproceedings{napoles-dredze-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Simple {W}ikipedia: A Cogitation in Ascertaining Abecedarian Language",
    author = "Napoles, Courtney  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Writing: Writing Processes and Authoring Aids",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0406",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{gere-aull-2010-questions,
    title = "Questions Worth Asking: Intersections between Writing Research and Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Gere, Anne Ruggles  and
      Aull, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Writing: Writing Processes and Authoring Aids",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0407",
    pages = "51--55",
}
@inproceedings{goth-etal-2010-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Individual Differences in Student Writing with a Narrative Composition Support Environment",
    author = "Goth, Julius  and
      Baikadi, Alok  and
      Ha, Eun Young  and
      Rowe, Jonathan  and
      Mott, Bradford  and
      Lester, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Writing: Writing Processes and Authoring Aids",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0408",
    pages = "56--64",
}
@inproceedings{newbold-gillam-2010-linguistics,
    title = "The Linguistics of Readability: The Next Step for Word Processing",
    author = "Newbold, Neil  and
      Gillam, Lee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Writing: Writing Processes and Authoring Aids",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0409",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-naacl-hlt-2010-linguistics-world,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics in a World of Social Media",
    author = "Hachey, Ben  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0500",
}
@inproceedings{aji-agichtein-2010-nays,
    title = "The {``}Nays{''} Have It: Exploring Effects of Sentiment in Collaborative Knowledge Sharing",
    author = "Aji, Ablimit  and
      Agichtein, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics in a World of Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0501",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{schumaker-2010-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Verbs in Financial News Articles and their Impact on Stock Price",
    author = "Schumaker, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics in a World of Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0502",
    pages = "3--4",
}
@inproceedings{liu-2010-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Word Misuse in {C}hinese",
    author = "Liu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics in a World of Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0503",
    pages = "5--6",
}
@inproceedings{huerta-2010-information,
    title = "An Information-Retrieval Approach to Language Modeling: Applications to Social Data",
    author = "Huerta, Juan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics in a World of Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0504",
    pages = "7--8",
}
@inproceedings{hao-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Question Answering over Social Media by Learning Question Equivalence Patterns",
    author = "Hao, Tianyong  and
      Liu, Wenyin  and
      Agichtein, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics in a World of Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0505",
    pages = "9--10",
}
@inproceedings{kang-kim-2010-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Message Roles and Influence in Q{\&}A Forums",
    author = "Kang, Jeonhyung  and
      Kim, Jihie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics in a World of Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0506",
    pages = "11--12",
}
@inproceedings{kim-galstyan-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards Modeling Social and Content Dynamics in Discussion Forums",
    author = "Kim, Jihie  and
      Galstyan, Aram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics in a World of Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0507",
    pages = "13--14",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-etal-2010-intelligent,
    title = "Intelligent Linux Information Access by Data Mining: the {ILIAD} Project",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Martinez, David  and
      Penman, Richard  and
      Kim, Su Nam  and
      Lui, Marco  and
      Wang, Li  and
      MacKinlay, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics in a World of Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0508",
    pages = "15--16",
}
@inproceedings{jijkoun-etal-2010-mining,
    title = "Mining User Experiences from Online Forums: An Exploration",
    author = "Jijkoun, Valentin  and
      Weerkamp, Wouter  and
      de Rijke, Maarten  and
      Ackermans, Paul  and
      Geleijnse, Gijs",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics in a World of Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0509",
    pages = "17--18",
}
@inproceedings{puniyani-etal-2010-social,
    title = "Social Links from Latent Topics in Microblogs",
    author = "Puniyani, Kriti  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob  and
      Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics in a World of Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0510",
    pages = "19--20",
}
@inproceedings{hassanali-hatzivassiloglou-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Tags for Political Blogs",
    author = "Hassanali, Khairun-nisa  and
      Hatzivassiloglou, Vasileios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics in a World of Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0511",
    pages = "21--22",
}
@inproceedings{corvey-etal-2010-twitter,
    title = "Twitter in Mass Emergency: What {NLP} Can Contribute",
    author = "Corvey, William J.  and
      Vieweg, Sarah  and
      Rood, Travis  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics in a World of Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0512",
    pages = "23--24",
}
@inproceedings{petrovic-etal-2010-edinburgh,
    title = "The {E}dinburgh Twitter Corpus",
    author = "Petrovi{\'c}, Sa{\v{s}}a  and
      Osborne, Miles  and
      Lavrenko, Victor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics in a World of Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0513",
    pages = "25--26",
}
@inproceedings{alex-grover-2010-labelling,
    title = "Labelling and Spatio-Temporal Grounding of News Events",
    author = "Alex, Bea  and
      Grover, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics in a World of Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0514",
    pages = "27--28",
}
@inproceedings{radford-etal-2010-tracking,
    title = "Tracking Information Flow between Primary and Secondary News Sources",
    author = "Radford, Will  and
      Hachey, Ben  and
      Curran, James  and
      Milosavljevic, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics in a World of Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0515",
    pages = "29--30",
}
@inproceedings{pennacchiotti-popescu-2010-detecting,
    title = "Detecting controversies in Twitter: a first study",
    author = "Pennacchiotti, Marco  and
      Popescu, Ana-Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Computational Linguistics in a World of Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0516",
    pages = "31--32",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-naacl-hlt-2010-neurolinguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Computational Neurolinguistics",
    author = "Murphy, Brian  and
      Chang, Kai-min Kevin  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0600",
}
@inproceedings{pereira-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning semantic features for f{MRI} data from definitional text",
    author = "Pereira, Francisco  and
      Botvinick, Matthew  and
      Detre, Greg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Computational Neurolinguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0601",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{van-gerven-simanova-2010-concept,
    title = "Concept Classification with {B}ayesian Multi-task Learning",
    author = "van Gerven, Marcel  and
      Simanova, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Computational Neurolinguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0602",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{babaeian-jelodar-etal-2010-wordnet,
    title = "{W}ord{N}et Based Features for Predicting Brain Activity associated with meanings of nouns",
    author = "Babaeian Jelodar, Ahmad  and
      Alizadeh, Mehrdad  and
      Khadivi, Shahram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Computational Neurolinguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0603",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{jung-etal-2010-network,
    title = "Network Analysis of {K}orean Word Associations",
    author = "Jung, Jaeyoung  and
      Li, Na  and
      Akama, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Computational Neurolinguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0604",
    pages = "27--35",
}
@inproceedings{murphy-poesio-2010-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Semantic Category in Simultaneous {EEG}/{MEG} Recordings",
    author = "Murphy, Brian  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Computational Neurolinguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0605",
    pages = "36--44",
}
@inproceedings{huang-lee-2010-hemispheric,
    title = "Hemispheric processing of {C}hinese polysemy in the disyllabic verb/ noun compounds: an event-related potential study",
    author = "Huang, Chih-ying  and
      Lee, Chia-ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Computational Neurolinguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0606",
    pages = "45--51",
}
@inproceedings{germann-etal-2010-investigation,
    title = "An Investigation on Polysemy and Lexical Organization of Verbs",
    author = "Germann, Daniel Cerato  and
      Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Siqueira, Maity",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Computational Neurolinguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0607",
    pages = "52--60",
}
@inproceedings{kelly-etal-2010-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Human-like Feature-Based Conceptual Representations from Corpora",
    author = "Kelly, Colin  and
      Devereux, Barry  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Computational Neurolinguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0608",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@inproceedings{devereux-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using f{MRI} activation to conceptual stimuli to evaluate methods for extracting conceptual representations from corpora",
    author = "Devereux, Barry  and
      Kelly, Colin  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Computational Neurolinguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0609",
    pages = "70--78",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-naacl-hlt-2010-creating,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0700",
}
@inproceedings{callison-burch-dredze-2010-creating,
    title = "Creating Speech and Language Data With {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0701",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{jha-etal-2010-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Creation for New Genres: A Crowdsourced Approach to {PP} Attachment",
    author = "Jha, Mukund  and
      Andreas, Jacob  and
      Thadani, Kapil  and
      Rosenthal, Sara  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0702",
    pages = "13--20",
}
@inproceedings{parent-eskenazi-2010-clustering,
    title = "Clustering dictionary definitions using {A}mazon Mechanical Turk",
    author = "Parent, Gabriel  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0703",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{gao-vogel-2010-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Word Alignment with Mechanical Turk",
    author = "Gao, Qin  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0704",
    pages = "30--34",
}
@inproceedings{heilman-smith-2010-rating,
    title = "Rating Computer-Generated Questions with Mechanical Turk",
    author = "Heilman, Michael  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0705",
    pages = "35--40",
}
@inproceedings{novotney-callison-burch-2010-crowdsourced,
    title = "Crowdsourced Accessibility: Elicitation of {W}ikipedia Articles",
    author = "Novotney, Scott  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0706",
    pages = "41--44",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2010-document,
    title = "Document Image Collection Using {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    author = "Le, Audrey  and
      Ajot, Jerome  and
      Przybocki, Mark  and
      Strassel, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0707",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{evanini-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using {A}mazon Mechanical Turk for Transcription of Non-Native Speech",
    author = "Evanini, Keelan  and
      Higgins, Derrick  and
      Zechner, Klaus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0708",
    pages = "53--56",
}
@inproceedings{denkowski-lavie-2010-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Normalization Techniques for Human Judgments of Machine Translation Adequacy Collected Using {A}mazon Mechanical Turk",
    author = "Denkowski, Michael  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0709",
    pages = "57--61",
}
@inproceedings{ambati-vogel-2010-crowds,
    title = "Can Crowds Build parallel corpora for Machine Translation Systems?",
    author = "Ambati, Vamshi  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0710",
    pages = "62--65",
}
@inproceedings{denkowski-etal-2010-turker,
    title = "Turker-Assisted Paraphrasing for {E}nglish-{A}rabic Machine Translation",
    author = "Denkowski, Michael  and
      Al-Haj, Hassan  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0711",
    pages = "66--70",
}
@inproceedings{lawson-etal-2010-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Large Email Datasets for Named Entity Recognition with Mechanical Turk",
    author = "Lawson, Nolan  and
      Eustice, Kevin  and
      Perkowitz, Mike  and
      Yetisgen-Yildiz, Meliha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0712",
    pages = "71--79",
}
@inproceedings{finin-etal-2010-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Named Entities in Twitter Data with Crowdsourcing",
    author = "Finin, Tim  and
      Murnane, William  and
      Karandikar, Anand  and
      Keller, Nicholas  and
      Martineau, Justin  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0713",
    pages = "80--88",
}
@inproceedings{higgins-etal-2010-mturk,
    title = "{MT}urk Crowdsourcing: A Viable Method for Rapid Discovery of {A}rabic Nicknames?",
    author = "Higgins, Chiara  and
      McGrath, Elizabeth  and
      Moretto, Laila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0714",
    pages = "89--92",
}
@inproceedings{zaidan-ganitkevitch-2010-enriched,
    title = "An Enriched {MT} Grammar for Under {\$}100",
    author = "Zaidan, Omar F.  and
      Ganitkevitch, Juri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0715",
    pages = "93--98",
}
@inproceedings{marge-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using the {A}mazon Mechanical Turk to Transcribe and Annotate Meeting Speech for Extractive Summarization",
    author = "Marge, Matthew  and
      Banerjee, Satanjeev  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0716",
    pages = "99--107",
}
@inproceedings{irvine-klementiev-2010-using,
    title = "Using Mechanical Turk to Annotate Lexicons for Less Commonly Used Languages",
    author = "Irvine, Ann  and
      Klementiev, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0717",
    pages = "108--113",
}
@inproceedings{mellebeek-etal-2010-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Mining of {S}panish Customer Comments with Non-Expert Annotations on Mechanical Turk",
    author = "Mellebeek, Bart  and
      Benavent, Francesc  and
      Grivolla, Jens  and
      Codina, Joan  and
      R. Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta  and
      Banchs, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0718",
    pages = "114--121",
}
@inproceedings{munro-etal-2010-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing and language studies: the new generation of linguistic data",
    author = "Munro, Robert  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Kuperman, Victor  and
      Lai, Vicky Tzuyin  and
      Melnick, Robin  and
      Potts, Christopher  and
      Schnoebelen, Tyler  and
      Tily, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0719",
    pages = "122--130",
}
@inproceedings{chang-2010-latent,
    title = "Not-So-Latent {D}irichlet Allocation: Collapsed {G}ibbs Sampling Using Human Judgments",
    author = "Chang, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0720",
    pages = "131--138",
}
@inproceedings{rashtchian-etal-2010-collecting,
    title = "Collecting Image Annotations Using {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    author = "Rashtchian, Cyrus  and
      Young, Peter  and
      Hodosh, Micah  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0721",
    pages = "139--147",
}
@inproceedings{gillick-liu-2010-non,
    title = "Non-Expert Evaluation of Summarization Systems is Risky",
    author = "Gillick, Dan  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0722",
    pages = "148--151",
}
@inproceedings{yano-etal-2010-shedding,
    title = "Shedding (a Thousand Points of) Light on Biased Language",
    author = "Yano, Tae  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0723",
    pages = "152--158",
}
@inproceedings{gordon-etal-2010-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Commonsense Knowledge with Mechanical Turk",
    author = "Gordon, Jonathan  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Schubert, Lenhart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0724",
    pages = "159--162",
}
@inproceedings{wang-callison-burch-2010-cheap,
    title = "Cheap Facts and Counter-Facts",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0725",
    pages = "163--167",
}
@inproceedings{kunath-weinberger-2010-wisdom,
    title = "The Wisdom of the Crowd{'}s Ear: Speech Accent Rating and Annotation with {A}mazon Mechanical Turk",
    author = "Kunath, Stephen  and
      Weinberger, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0726",
    pages = "168--171",
}
@inproceedings{grady-lease-2010-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing Document Relevance Assessment with Mechanical Turk",
    author = "Grady, Catherine  and
      Lease, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0727",
    pages = "172--179",
}
@inproceedings{yetisgen-yildiz-etal-2010-preliminary,
    title = "Preliminary Experiments with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk for Annotating Medical Named Entities",
    author = "Yetisgen-Yildiz, Meliha  and
      Solti, Imre  and
      Xia, Fei  and
      Halgrim, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0728",
    pages = "180--183",
}
@inproceedings{lane-etal-2010-tools,
    title = "Tools for Collecting Speech Corpora via Mechanical-Turk",
    author = "Lane, Ian  and
      Eck, Matthias  and
      Rottmann, Kay  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0729",
    pages = "184--187",
}
@inproceedings{madnani-etal-2010-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Transitivity Using Untrained Annotators",
    author = "Madnani, Nitin  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0730",
    pages = "188--194",
}
@inproceedings{akkaya-etal-2010-amazon,
    title = "{A}mazon Mechanical Turk for Subjectivity Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Akkaya, Cem  and
      Conrad, Alexander  and
      Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0731",
    pages = "195--203",
}
@inproceedings{gormley-etal-2010-non,
    title = "Non-Expert Correction of Automatically Generated Relation Annotations",
    author = "Gormley, Matthew R.  and
      Gerber, Adam  and
      Harper, Mary  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0732",
    pages = "204--207",
}
@inproceedings{bloodgood-callison-burch-2010-using,
    title = "Using Mechanical Turk to Build Machine Translation Evaluation Sets",
    author = "Bloodgood, Michael  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0733",
    pages = "208--211",
}
@inproceedings{negri-mehdad-2010-creating,
    title = "Creating a Bi-lingual Entailment Corpus through Translations with Mechanical Turk: {\$}100 for a 10-day Rush",
    author = "Negri, Matteo  and
      Mehdad, Yashar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0734",
    pages = "212--216",
}
@inproceedings{buzek-etal-2010-error,
    title = "Error Driven Paraphrase Annotation using Mechanical Turk",
    author = "Buzek, Olivia  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Bederson, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0735",
    pages = "217--221",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-naacl-hlt-extracting,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} Workshop on Extracting and Using Constructions in Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Sahlgren, Magnus  and
      Knutsson, Ola",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0800",
}
@inproceedings{hwang-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards a Domain Independent Semantics: Enhancing Semantic Representation with Construction Grammar",
    author = "Hwang, Jena D.  and
      Nielsen, Rodney D.  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} Workshop on Extracting and Using Constructions in Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0801",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{odonnell-ellis-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards an Inventory of {E}nglish Verb Argument Constructions",
    author = "O{'}Donnell, Matthew  and
      Ellis, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} Workshop on Extracting and Using Constructions in Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0802",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{duffield-etal-2010-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Assertions in Text and Discourse: The Presentational Relative Clause Construction",
    author = "Duffield, Cecily Jill  and
      Hwang, Jena D.  and
      Michaelis, Laura A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} Workshop on Extracting and Using Constructions in Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0803",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{wible-tsao-2010-stringnet,
    title = "{S}tring{N}et as a Computational Resource for Discovering and Investigating Linguistic Constructions",
    author = "Wible, David  and
      Tsao, Nai-Lung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} Workshop on Extracting and Using Constructions in Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0804",
    pages = "25--31",
}
@inproceedings{paul-etal-2010-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Construct : An Aid for translating {E}nglish Nominal Compound into {H}indi",
    author = "Paul, Soma  and
      Mathur, Prashant  and
      Kishore, Sushant",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} Workshop on Extracting and Using Constructions in Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0805",
    pages = "32--38",
}
@inproceedings{van-huyssteen-davel-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Constructional Schemas",
    author = "van Huyssteen, Gerhard  and
      Davel, Marelie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} Workshop on Extracting and Using Constructions in Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0806",
    pages = "39--46",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-naacl-hlt-2010-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First International Workshop on Formalisms and Methodology for Learning by Reading",
    author = "Mulkar-Mehta, Rutu  and
      Allen, James  and
      Hobbs, Jerry  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Manning, Chris",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0900",
}
@inproceedings{clark-harrison-2010-machine,
    title = "Machine Reading as a Process of Partial Question-Answering",
    author = "Clark, Peter  and
      Harrison, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First International Workshop on Formalisms and Methodology for Learning by Reading",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0901",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2010-building,
    title = "Building an end-to-end text reading system based on a packed representation",
    author = "Kim, Doo Soon  and
      Barker, Ken  and
      Porter, Bruce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First International Workshop on Formalisms and Methodology for Learning by Reading",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0902",
    pages = "10--14",
}
@inproceedings{penas-hovy-2010-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Enrichment of Text with Background Knowledge",
    author = "Pe{\~n}as, Anselmo  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First International Workshop on Formalisms and Methodology for Learning by Reading",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0903",
    pages = "15--23",
}
@inproceedings{welty-etal-2010-large,
    title = "Large Scale Relation Detection",
    author = "Welty, Chris  and
      Fan, James  and
      Gondek, David  and
      Schlaikjer, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First International Workshop on Formalisms and Methodology for Learning by Reading",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0904",
    pages = "24--33",
}
@inproceedings{kasch-oates-2010-mining,
    title = "Mining Script-Like Structures from the Web",
    author = "Kasch, Niels  and
      Oates, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First International Workshop on Formalisms and Methodology for Learning by Reading",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0905",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{gerber-etal-2010-open,
    title = "Open-domain Commonsense Reasoning Using Discourse Relations from a Corpus of Weblog Stories",
    author = "Gerber, Matthew  and
      Gordon, Andrew  and
      Sagae, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First International Workshop on Formalisms and Methodology for Learning by Reading",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0906",
    pages = "43--51",
}
@inproceedings{christensen-etal-2010-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling for Open Information Extraction",
    author = "Christensen, Janara  and
      {Mausam}  and
      Soderland, Stephen  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First International Workshop on Formalisms and Methodology for Learning by Reading",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0907",
    pages = "52--60",
}
@inproceedings{freedman-etal-2010-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Studies in Learning to Read",
    author = "Freedman, Marjorie  and
      Loper, Edward  and
      Boschee, Elizabeth  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First International Workshop on Formalisms and Methodology for Learning by Reading",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0908",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@inproceedings{doppa-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Rules from Incomplete Examples: A Pragmatic Approach",
    author = "Doppa, Janardhan Rao  and
      NasrEsfahani, Mohammad  and
      Sorower, Mohammad  and
      Dietterich, Thomas G.  and
      Fern, Xiaoli  and
      Tadepalli, Prasad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First International Workshop on Formalisms and Methodology for Learning by Reading",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0909",
    pages = "70--77",
}
@inproceedings{syed-finin-2010-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised techniques for discovering ontology elements from {W}ikipedia article links",
    author = "Syed, Zareen  and
      Finin, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First International Workshop on Formalisms and Methodology for Learning by Reading",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0910",
    pages = "78--86",
}
@inproceedings{poon-etal-2010-machine,
    title = "Machine Reading at the University of {W}ashington",
    author = "Poon, Hoifung  and
      Christensen, Janara  and
      Domingos, Pedro  and
      Etzioni, Oren  and
      Hoffmann, Raphael  and
      Kiddon, Chloe  and
      Lin, Thomas  and
      Ling, Xiao  and
      {Mausam}  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Schoenmackers, Stefan  and
      Soderland, Stephen  and
      Weld, Dan  and
      Wu, Fei  and
      Zhang, Congle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First International Workshop on Formalisms and Methodology for Learning by Reading",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0911",
    pages = "87--95",
}
@inproceedings{barbella-forbus-2010-analogical,
    title = "Analogical Dialogue Acts: Supporting Learning by Reading Analogies",
    author = "Barbella, David  and
      Forbus, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First International Workshop on Formalisms and Methodology for Learning by Reading",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0912",
    pages = "96--104",
}
@inproceedings{syed-viegas-2010-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach to Unsupervised Relation Discovery Based on Linguistic Analysis and Semantic Typing",
    author = "Syed, Zareen  and
      Viegas, Evelyne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First International Workshop on Formalisms and Methodology for Learning by Reading",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0913",
    pages = "105--113",
}
@inproceedings{zaenen-etal-2010-supporting,
    title = "Supporting rule-based representations with corpus-derived lexical information.",
    author = "Zaenen, Annie  and
      Condoravdi, Cleo  and
      Bobrow, Daniel  and
      Hoffmann, Raphael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First International Workshop on Formalisms and Methodology for Learning by Reading",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0914",
    pages = "114--121",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2010-prismatic,
    title = "{PRISMATIC}: Inducing Knowledge from a Large Scale Lexicalized Relation Resource",
    author = "Fan, James  and
      Ferrucci, David  and
      Gondek, David  and
      Kalyanpur, Aditya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First International Workshop on Formalisms and Methodology for Learning by Reading",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-0915",
    pages = "122--127",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-naacl-hlt-2010-innovative,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Leacock, Claudia",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1000",
}
@inproceedings{aluisio-etal-2010-readability,
    title = "Readability Assessment for Text Simplification",
    author = "Aluisio, Sandra  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Gasperin, Caroline  and
      Scarton, Carolina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{meurers-etal-2010-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Authentic Web Pages for Language Learners",
    author = "Meurers, Detmar  and
      Ziai, Ramon  and
      Amaral, Luiz  and
      Boyd, Adriane  and
      Dimitrov, Aleksandar  and
      Metcalf, Vanessa  and
      Ott, Niels",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1002",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{quixal-etal-2010-autolearns,
    title = "{A}uto{L}earn{'}s authoring tool: a piece of cake for teachers",
    author = "Quixal, Mart{\'\i}  and
      Preu{\ss}, Susanne  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Narbona, David  and
      Boullosa, Beto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1003",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{rozovskaya-roth-2010-annotating,
    title = "Annotating {ESL} Errors: Challenges and Rewards",
    author = "Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1004",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{gamon-leacock-2010-search,
    title = "Search right and thou shalt find ... Using Web Queries for Learner Error Detection",
    author = "Gamon, Michael  and
      Leacock, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1005",
    pages = "37--44",
}
@inproceedings{tetreault-etal-2010-rethinking,
    title = "Rethinking Grammatical Error Annotation and Evaluation with the {A}mazon Mechanical Turk",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel  and
      Filatova, Elena  and
      Chodorow, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1006",
    pages = "45--48",
}
@inproceedings{skory-eskenazi-2010-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Cloze Task Quality for Vocabulary Training",
    author = "Skory, Adam  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1007",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{perry-shan-2010-generating,
    title = "Generating Quantifiers and Negation to Explain Homework Testing",
    author = "Perry, Jason  and
      Shan, Chung-chieh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1008",
    pages = "57--65",
}
@inproceedings{boyer-etal-2010-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Hidden Dialogue State to Select Tutorial Moves",
    author = "Boyer, Kristy  and
      Phillips, Rob  and
      Ha, Eun Young  and
      Wallis, Michael  and
      Vouk, Mladen  and
      Lester, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1009",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards Using Structural Events To Assess Non-native Speech",
    author = "Chen, Lei  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Xi, Xiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1010",
    pages = "74--79",
}
@inproceedings{kim-lee-2010-human,
    title = "A Human-Computer Collaboration Approach to Improve Accuracy of an Automated {E}nglish Scoring System",
    author = "Kim, Jee Eun  and
      Lee, Kong Joo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1011",
    pages = "80--83",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards Identifying Unresolved Discussions in Student Online Forums",
    author = "Kim, Jihie  and
      Li, Jia  and
      Kim, Taehwan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1012",
    pages = "84--91",
}
@inproceedings{louis-higgins-2010-topic,
    title = "Off-topic essay detection using short prompt texts",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Higgins, Derrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1013",
    pages = "92--95",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-naacl-hlt-2010-louhi,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Louhi Workshop on Text and Data Mining of Health Documents",
    author = "Dalianis, Hercules  and
      Hassel, Martin  and
      Nilsson, Gunnar",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1100",
}
@inproceedings{friberg-heppin-2010-medeval,
    title = "{M}ed{E}val- A {S}wedish Medical Test Collection with Doctors and Patients User Groups",
    author = "Friberg Heppin, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Louhi Workshop on Text and Data Mining of Health Documents",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1101",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{bhatia-etal-2010-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Information for Generating A Diabetes Report Card from Free Text in Physicians Notes",
    author = "Bhatia, Ramanjot Singh  and
      Graystone, Amber  and
      Davies, Ross A  and
      McClinton, Susan  and
      Morin, Jason  and
      Davies, Richard F",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Louhi Workshop on Text and Data Mining of Health Documents",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1102",
    pages = "8--14",
}
@inproceedings{skeppstedt-2010-negation,
    title = "Negation Detection in {S}wedish Clinical Text",
    author = "Skeppstedt, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Louhi Workshop on Text and Data Mining of Health Documents",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1103",
    pages = "15--21",
}
@inproceedings{schreitter-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using Domain Knowledge about Medications to Correct Recognition Errors in Medical Report Creation",
    author = "Schreitter, Stephanie  and
      Klein, Alexandra  and
      Matiasek, Johannes  and
      Trost, Harald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Louhi Workshop on Text and Data Mining of Health Documents",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1104",
    pages = "22--28",
}
@inproceedings{von-etter-etal-2010-assessment,
    title = "Assessment of Utility in Web Mining for the Domain of Public Health",
    author = "von Etter, Peter  and
      Huttunen, Silja  and
      Vihavainen, Arto  and
      Vuorinen, Matti  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Louhi Workshop on Text and Data Mining of Health Documents",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1105",
    pages = "29--37",
}
@inproceedings{martin-2010-reliability,
    title = "Reliability and Type of Consumer Health Documents on the World Wide Web: an Annotation Study",
    author = "Martin, Melanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Louhi Workshop on Text and Data Mining of Health Documents",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1106",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{melton-etal-2010-automated,
    title = "Automated Identification of Synonyms in Biomedical Acronym Sense Inventories",
    author = "Melton, Genevieve B.  and
      Moon, SungRim  and
      McInnes, Bridget  and
      Pakhomov, Serguei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Louhi Workshop on Text and Data Mining of Health Documents",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1107",
    pages = "46--52",
}
@inproceedings{allvin-etal-2010-characteristics,
    title = "Characteristics and Analysis of {F}innish and {S}wedish Clinical Intensive Care Nursing Narratives",
    author = {Allvin, Helen  and
      Carlsson, Elin  and
      Dalianis, Hercules  and
      Danielsson-Ojala, Riitta  and
      Daudaravicius, Vidas  and
      Hassel, Martin  and
      Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Lundgren-Laine, Helj{\"a}  and
      Nilsson, Gunnar  and
      Nytr{\o}, {\O}ystein  and
      Salanter{\"a}, Sanna  and
      Skeppstedt, Maria  and
      Suominen, Hanna  and
      Velupillai, Sumithra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Louhi Workshop on Text and Data Mining of Health Documents",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1108",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{halgrim-etal-2010-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Medication Information from Discharge Summaries",
    author = {Halgrim, Scott  and
      Xia, Fei  and
      Solti, Imre  and
      Cadag, Eithon  and
      Uzuner, {\"O}zlem},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Louhi Workshop on Text and Data Mining of Health Documents",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1109",
    pages = "61--67",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-toporowska-gronostaj-2010-linking,
    title = "Linking {S}we{FN}++ with Medical Resources, towards a {M}ed{F}rame{N}et for {S}wedish",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Toporowska Gronostaj, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Louhi Workshop on Text and Data Mining of Health Documents",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1110",
    pages = "68--71",
}
@inproceedings{hirschman-aberdeen-2010-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Risk and Information Preservation: Toward New Metrics for De-identification of Clinical Texts",
    author = "Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Aberdeen, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Louhi Workshop on Text and Data Mining of Health Documents",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1111",
    pages = "72--75",
}
@inproceedings{roque-etal-2010-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Several Key Information Visualization Systems for Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record Content",
    author = "Roque, Francisco  and
      Slaughter, Laura  and
      Tkat{\v{s}}enko, Aleksandr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Louhi Workshop on Text and Data Mining of Health Documents",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1112",
    pages = "76--83",
}
@inproceedings{medori-fairon-2010-machine,
    title = "Machine learning and features selection for semi-automatic {ICD}-9-{CM} encoding",
    author = "Medori, Julia  and
      Fairon, C{\'e}drick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Louhi Workshop on Text and Data Mining of Health Documents",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1113",
    pages = "84--89",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2010-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Formulaic and Free Text Clinical Research Articles Metadata using Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Lin, Sein  and
      Ng, Jun-Ping  and
      Pradhan, Shreyasee  and
      Shah, Jatin  and
      Pietrobon, Ricardo  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Second Louhi Workshop on Text and Data Mining of Health Documents",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1114",
    pages = "90--95",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-naacl-hlt-2010-semantic,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Semantic Search",
    author = "Feng, Donghui  and
      Callan, Jamie  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Pasca, Marius",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1200",
}
@inproceedings{celikyilmaz-etal-2010-lda,
    title = "{LDA} Based Similarity Modeling for Question Answering",
    author = "Celikyilmaz, Asli  and
      Hakkani-Tur, Dilek  and
      Tur, Gokhan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Semantic Search",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1201",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{johri-etal-2010-experts,
    title = "Experts{'} Retrieval with Multiword-Enhanced Author Topic Model",
    author = "Johri, Nikhil  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Tu, Yuancheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Semantic Search",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1202",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{chin-etal-2010-query,
    title = "Query-based Text Normalization Selection Models for Enhanced Retrieval Accuracy",
    author = "Chin, Si-Chi  and
      DeCook, Rhonda  and
      Street, W. Nick  and
      Eichmann, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Semantic Search",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1203",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{celikyilmaz-hakkani-tur-2010-graph,
    title = "A Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning for Question Semantic Labeling",
    author = "Celikyilmaz, Asli  and
      Hakkani-Tur, Dilek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Semantic Search",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1204",
    pages = "27--35",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2010-capturing,
    title = "Capturing the Stars: Predicting Ratings for Service and Product Reviews",
    author = "Gupta, Narendra  and
      Di Fabbrizio, Giuseppe  and
      Haffner, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Semantic Search",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1205",
    pages = "36--43",
}
@inproceedings{pham-etal-2010-object,
    title = "Object Search: Supporting Structured Queries in Web Search Engines",
    author = "Pham, Kim  and
      Rizzolo, Nicholas  and
      Small, Kevin  and
      Chang, Kevin Chen-Chuan  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Semantic Search",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1206",
    pages = "44--52",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-naacl-hlt-2010-speech,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    author = "Fried-Oken, Melanie  and
      McCoy, Kathleen F.  and
      Roark, Brian",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1300",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using {NLG} and Sensors to Support Personal Narrative for Children with Complex Communication Needs",
    author = "Black, Rolf  and
      Reddington, Joseph  and
      Reiter, Ehud  and
      Tintarev, Nava  and
      Waller, Annalu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1301",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{dempster-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic generation of conversational utterances and narrative for Augmentative and Alternative Communication: a prototype system",
    author = "Dempster, Martin  and
      Alm, Norman  and
      Reiter, Ehud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1302",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{mccoy-etal-2010-implications,
    title = "Implications of Pragmatic and Cognitive Theories on the Design of Utterance-Based {AAC} Systems",
    author = "McCoy, Kathleen F.  and
      Bedrosian, Jan  and
      Hoag, Linda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1303",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{roark-etal-2010-scanning,
    title = "Scanning methods and language modeling for binary switch typing",
    author = "Roark, Brian  and
      de Villiers, Jacques  and
      Gibbons, Christopher  and
      Fried-Oken, Melanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1304",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{boyce-etal-2010-platform,
    title = "A Platform for Automated Acoustic Analysis for Assistive Technology",
    author = "Boyce, Suzanne  and
      Fell, Harriet  and
      MacAuslan, Joel  and
      Wilde, Lorin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1305",
    pages = "37--43",
}
@inproceedings{dawkins-gilbert-2010-approach,
    title = "An Approach for Anonymous Spelling for Voter Write-Ins Using Speech Interaction",
    author = "Dawkins, Shane{\'e}  and
      Gilbert, Juan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1306",
    pages = "44--52",
}
@inproceedings{lunsford-heeman-2010-using,
    title = "Using Reinforcement Learning to Create Communication Channel Management Strategies for Diverse Users",
    author = "Lunsford, Rebecca  and
      Heeman, Peter A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1307",
    pages = "53--61",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2010-multimodal,
    title = "A Multimodal Vocabulary for Augmentative and Alternative Communication from Sound/Image Label Datasets",
    author = "Ma, Xiaojuan  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane  and
      Cook, Perry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1308",
    pages = "62--70",
}
@inproceedings{roark-2010-demo,
    title = "Demo Session Abstracts",
    author = "Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1309",
    pages = "71",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-hasegawa-johnson-2010-state,
    title = "State-Transition Interpolation and {MAP} Adaptation for {HMM}-based Dysarthric Speech Recognition",
    author = "Sharma, Harsh Vardhan  and
      Hasegawa-Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1310",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{rudzicz-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards a noisy-channel model of dysarthria in speech recognition",
    author = "Rudzicz, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1311",
    pages = "80--88",
}
@inproceedings{lu-huenerfauth-2010-collecting,
    title = "Collecting a Motion-Capture Corpus of {A}merican Sign Language for Data-Driven Generation Research",
    author = "Lu, Pengfei  and
      Huenerfauth, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1312",
    pages = "89--97",
}
@inproceedings{yarrington-mccoy-2010-automated,
    title = "Automated Skimming System in Response to Questions for {N}on{V}isual Readers",
    author = "Yarrington, Debra  and
      McCoy, Kathleen F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1313",
    pages = "98--106",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-naacl-hlt-2010-statistical,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    author = "Seddah, Djame  and
      Koebler, Sandra  and
      Tsarfaty, Reut",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1400",
}
@inproceedings{tsarfaty-etal-2010-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages ({SPMRL}) What, How and Whither",
    author = "Tsarfaty, Reut  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Kuebler, Sandra  and
      Versley, Yannick  and
      Candito, Marie  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Rehbein, Ines  and
      Tounsi, Lamia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1401",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{marton-etal-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving {A}rabic Dependency Parsing with Lexical and Inflectional Morphological Features",
    author = "Marton, Yuval  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1402",
    pages = "13--21",
}
@inproceedings{ambati-etal-2010-two,
    title = "Two Methods to Incorporate {'}Local Morphosyntactic{'} Features in {H}indi Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Ambati, Bharat Ram  and
      Husain, Samar  and
      Jain, Sambhav  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra  and
      Sangal, Rajeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1403",
    pages = "22--30",
}
@inproceedings{bengoetxea-gojenola-2010-application,
    title = "Application of Different Techniques to Dependency Parsing of Basque",
    author = "Bengoetxea, Kepa  and
      Gojenola, Koldo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1404",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{tsarfaty-simaan-2010-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Morphosyntactic Agreement in Constituency-Based Parsing of Modern {H}ebrew",
    author = "Tsarfaty, Reut  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1405",
    pages = "40--48",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2010-factors,
    title = "Factors Affecting the Accuracy of {K}orean Parsing",
    author = "Chung, Tagyoung  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1406",
    pages = "49--57",
}
@inproceedings{maier-2010-direct,
    title = "Direct Parsing of Discontinuous Constituents in {G}erman",
    author = "Maier, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1407",
    pages = "58--66",
}
@inproceedings{attia-etal-2010-handling,
    title = "Handling Unknown Words in Statistical Latent-Variable Parsing Models for {A}rabic, {E}nglish and {F}rench",
    author = "Attia, Mohammed  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Hogan, Deirdre  and
      Le Roux, Joseph  and
      Tounsi, Lamia  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1408",
    pages = "67--75",
}
@inproceedings{candito-seddah-2010-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Word Clusters",
    author = "Candito, Marie  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1409",
    pages = "76--84",
}
@inproceedings{seddah-etal-2010-lemmatization,
    title = "Lemmatization and Lexicalized Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages: the Case of {F}rench",
    author = {Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz  and
      {\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Candito, Marie},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1410",
    pages = "85--93",
}
@inproceedings{ambati-etal-2010-role,
    title = "On the Role of Morphosyntactic Features in {H}indi Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Ambati, Bharat Ram  and
      Husain, Samar  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Sangal, Rajeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1411",
    pages = "94--102",
}
@inproceedings{goldberg-elhadad-2010-easy,
    title = "Easy-First Dependency Parsing of Modern {H}ebrew",
    author = "Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 First Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1412",
    pages = "103--107",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-naacl-hlt-2010-web,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Sixth Web as Corpus Workshop",
    author = "Kilgarriff, Adam  and
      Lin, Dekang",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "NAACL-HLT, Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1500",
}
@inproceedings{guevara-2010-nowac,
    title = "{N}o{W}a{C}: a large web-based corpus for {N}orwegian",
    author = "Guevara, Emiliano Raul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Sixth Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "NAACL-HLT, Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1501",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{dickinson-etal-2010-building,
    title = "Building a {K}orean Web Corpus for Analyzing Learner Language",
    author = "Dickinson, Markus  and
      Israel, Ross  and
      Lee, Sun-Hee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Sixth Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "NAACL-HLT, Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1502",
    pages = "8--16",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-etal-2010-sketching,
    title = "Sketching Techniques for Large Scale {NLP}",
    author = "Goyal, Amit  and
      Jagarlamudi, Jagadeesh  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Venkatasubramanian, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Sixth Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "NAACL-HLT, Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1503",
    pages = "17--25",
}
@inproceedings{dillon-2010-building,
    title = "Building Webcorpora of Academic Prose with {B}oot{C}a{T}",
    author = "Dillon, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Sixth Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "NAACL-HLT, Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1504",
    pages = "26--31",
}
@inproceedings{evert-2010-google,
    title = "{G}oogle Web 1{T} 5-Grams Made Easy (but not for the computer)",
    author = "Evert, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Sixth Web as Corpus Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "NAACL-HLT, Los Angeles",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1505",
    pages = "32--40",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-naacl-hlt-2010-young,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    author = "Solorio, Thamar  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1600",
}
@inproceedings{pardo-etal-2010-computational,
    title = "Computational Linguistics in Brazil: An Overview",
    author = "Pardo, Thiago  and
      Gasperin, Caroline  and
      Caseli, Helena de Medeiros  and
      Nunes, Maria das Gra{\c{c}}as",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1601",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{alonso-alemany-infante-lopez-2010-data,
    title = "Data-driven computational linguistics at {F}a{MAF}-{UNC}, {A}rgentina",
    author = "Alonso Alemany, Laura  and
      Infante-Lopez, Gabriel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1602",
    pages = "8--14",
}
@inproceedings{kepler-finger-2010-variable,
    title = "Variable-Length {M}arkov Models and Ambiguous Words in {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Kepler, Fabio Natanael  and
      Finger, Marcelo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1603",
    pages = "15--23",
}
@inproceedings{caseli-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using Common Sense to generate culturally contextualized Machine Translation",
    author = "Caseli, Helena de Medeiros  and
      Sugiyama, Bruno Akio  and
      Anacleto, Junia Coutinho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1604",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-etal-2010-human,
    title = "Human Language Technology for Text-based Analysis of Psychotherapy Sessions in the {S}panish Language",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio  and
      Stein-Sparvieri, Elena  and
      Maldavsky, David  and
      Szasz, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1605",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{leoni-de-leon-2010-computational,
    title = "Computational Linguistics in Costa Rica: an overview",
    author = "Leoni de Le{\'o}n, Jorge Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1606",
    pages = "40--45",
}
@inproceedings{aluisio-gasperin-2010-fostering,
    title = "Fostering Digital Inclusion and Accessibility: The {P}or{S}imples project for Simplification of {P}ortuguese Texts",
    author = "Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra  and
      Gasperin, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1607",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{rosa-etal-2010-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Identification in {S}panish Texts",
    author = "Ros{\'a}, Aiala  and
      Wonsever, Dina  and
      Minel, Jean-Luc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1608",
    pages = "54--61",
}
@inproceedings{castillo-2010-machine,
    title = "A Machine Learning Approach for Recognizing Textual Entailment in {S}panish",
    author = "Castillo, Julio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1609",
    pages = "62--67",
}
@inproceedings{raskovsky-etal-2010-emergence,
    title = "The emergence of the modern concept of introspection: a quantitative linguistic analysis",
    author = "Raskovsky, Iv{\'a}n  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez Slezak, Diego  and
      Diuk, Carlos  and
      Cecchi, Guillermo A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1610",
    pages = "68--75",
}
@inproceedings{burgos-2010-combining,
    title = "Combining {CBIR} and {NLP} for Multilingual Terminology Alignment and Cross-Language Image Indexing",
    author = "Burgos, Diego",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1611",
    pages = "76--83",
}
@inproceedings{altamirano-alonso-alemany-2010-irasubcat,
    title = "{IRAS}ubcat, a highly parametrizable, language independent tool for the acquisition of verbal subcategorization information from corpus",
    author = "Altamirano, Ivana Romina  and
      Alonso Alemany, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1612",
    pages = "84--91",
}
@inproceedings{di-felippo-2010-terminet,
    title = "The {T}ermi{N}et Project: an Overview",
    author = "Di Felippo, Ariani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1613",
    pages = "92--99",
}
@inproceedings{berrocal-rojas-barrantes-sliesarieva-2010-automated,
    title = "Automated Detection of Language Issues Affecting Accuracy, Ambiguity and Verifiability in Software Requirements Written in Natural Language",
    author = "Berrocal Rojas, Allan  and
      Barrantes Sliesarieva, Elena Gabriela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1614",
    pages = "100--108",
}
@inproceedings{aguilar-etal-2010-recognition,
    title = "Recognition and extraction of definitional contexts in {S}panish for sketching a lexical network",
    author = "Aguilar, C{\'e}sar  and
      Acosta, Olga  and
      Sierra, Gerardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1615",
    pages = "109--116",
}
@inproceedings{zapata-jaramillo-2010-computational,
    title = "Computational Linguistics for helping Requirements Elicitation: a dream about Automated Software Development",
    author = "Zapata Jaramillo, Carlos Mario",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1616",
    pages = "117--124",
}
@inproceedings{novais-etal-2010-text,
    title = "Text Generation for {B}razilian {P}ortuguese: the Surface Realization Task",
    author = "Novais, Eder  and
      Tadeu, Thiago  and
      Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1617",
    pages = "125--131",
}
@inproceedings{benotti-etal-2010-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Systems for Virtual Environments",
    author = "Benotti, Luciana  and
      Estrella, Paula  and
      Areces, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1618",
    pages = "132--140",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-joint,
    title = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Peterson, Kay  and
      Zaidan, Omar",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1700",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2010-semi,
    title = "A Semi-Supervised Word Alignment Algorithm with Partial Manual Alignments",
    author = "Gao, Qin  and
      Bach, Nguyen  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1701",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2010-fast,
    title = "Fast Consensus Hypothesis Regeneration for Machine Translation",
    author = "Chen, Boxing  and
      Foster, George  and
      Kuhn, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1702",
    pages = "11--16",
}
@inproceedings{callison-burch-etal-2010-findings,
    title = "Findings of the 2010 Joint Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and Metrics for Machine Translation",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Peterson, Kay  and
      Przybocki, Mark  and
      Zaidan, Omar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1703",
    pages = "17--53",
}
@inproceedings{allauzen-etal-2010-limsis,
    title = "{LIMSI}{'}s Statistical Translation Systems for {WMT}{'}10",
    author = "Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Crego, Josep M.  and
      Durgar El-Kahlout, {\.I}lknur  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1704",
    pages = "54--59",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-kos-2010-2010,
    title = "2010 Failures in {E}nglish-{C}zech Phrase-Based {MT}",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Kos, Kamil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1705",
    pages = "60--66",
}
@inproceedings{hui-etal-2010-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study on Development Set Selection Strategy for Machine Translation Learning",
    author = "Hui, Cong  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Lu, Bao-Liang  and
      Song, Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1706",
    pages = "67--71",
}
@inproceedings{eidelman-etal-2010-university,
    title = "The University of {M}aryland Statistical Machine Translation System for the Fifth Workshop on Machine Translation",
    author = "Eidelman, Vladimir  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1707",
    pages = "72--76",
}
@inproceedings{federmann-etal-2010-experiments,
    title = "Further Experiments with Shallow Hybrid {MT} Systems",
    author = "Federmann, Christian  and
      Eisele, Andreas  and
      Chen, Yu  and
      Hunsicker, Sabine  and
      Xu, Jia  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1708",
    pages = "77--81",
}
@inproceedings{hanneman-etal-2010-improved,
    title = "Improved Features and Grammar Selection for Syntax-Based {MT}",
    author = "Hanneman, Greg  and
      Clark, Jonathan  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1709",
    pages = "82--87",
}
@inproceedings{hardmeier-etal-2010-fbk,
    title = "{FBK} at {WMT} 2010: Word Lattices for Morphological Reduction and Chunk-Based Reordering",
    author = "Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1710",
    pages = "88--92",
}
@inproceedings{heger-etal-2010-rwth,
    title = "The {RWTH} Aachen Machine Translation System for {WMT} 2010",
    author = "Heger, Carmen  and
      Wuebker, Joern  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Leusch, Gregor  and
      Mansour, Saab  and
      Stein, Daniel  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1711",
    pages = "93--97",
}
@inproceedings{henriquez-q-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using Collocation Segmentation to Augment the Phrase Table",
    author = "Henr{\'\i}quez Q., Carlos A.  and
      Ruiz Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta  and
      Daudaravicius, Vidas  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Mari{\~n}o, Jos{\'e} B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1712",
    pages = "98--102",
}
@inproceedings{huet-etal-2010-rali,
    title = "The {RALI} Machine Translation System for {WMT} 2010",
    author = "Huet, St{\'e}phane  and
      Bourdaillet, Julien  and
      Patry, Alexandre  and
      Langlais, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1713",
    pages = "103--109",
}
@inproceedings{jellinghaus-etal-2010-exodus,
    title = "Exodus - Exploring {SMT} for {EU} Institutions",
    author = "Jellinghaus, Michael  and
      Poulis, Alexandros  and
      Kolovratn{\'\i}k, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1714",
    pages = "110--114",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-etal-2010-linguistic,
    title = "More Linguistic Annotation for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Williams, Philip  and
      Hoang, Hieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1715",
    pages = "115--120",
}
@inproceedings{lambert-etal-2010-lium,
    title = "{LIUM} {SMT} Machine Translation System for {WMT} 2010",
    author = "Lambert, Patrik  and
      Abdul-Rauf, Sadaf  and
      Schwenk, Holger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1716",
    pages = "121--126",
}
@inproceedings{larkin-etal-2010-lessons,
    title = "Lessons from {NRC}{'}s Portage System at {WMT} 2010",
    author = "Larkin, Samuel  and
      Chen, Boxing  and
      Foster, George  and
      Germann, Ulrich  and
      Joanis, Eric  and
      Johnson, Howard  and
      Kuhn, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1717",
    pages = "127--132",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-joshua,
    title = "Joshua 2.0: A Toolkit for Parsing-Based Machine Translation with Syntax, Semirings, Discriminative Training and Other Goodies",
    author = "Li, Zhifei  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Ganitkevitch, Juri  and
      Irvine, Ann  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev  and
      Schwartz, Lane  and
      Thornton, Wren  and
      Wang, Ziyuan  and
      Weese, Jonathan  and
      Zaidan, Omar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1718",
    pages = "133--137",
}
@inproceedings{niehues-etal-2010-karlsruhe,
    title = "The Karlsruhe Institute for Technology Translation System for the {ACL}-{WMT} 2010",
    author = "Niehues, Jan  and
      Herrmann, Teresa  and
      Mediani, Mohammed  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1719",
    pages = "138--142",
}
@inproceedings{penkale-etal-2010-matrex,
    title = "{MATREX}: The DCU MT System for WMT 2010",
    author = "Penkale, Sergio  and
      Haque, Rejwanul  and
      Dandapat, Sandipan  and
      Banerjee, Pratyush  and
      Srivastava, Ankit K.  and
      Du, Jinhua  and
      Pecina, Pavel  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      Forcada, Mikel L.  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1720",
    pages = "143--148",
}
@inproceedings{phillips-2010-cunei,
    title = "The Cunei Machine Translation Platform for {WMT} {'}10",
    author = "Phillips, Aaron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1721",
    pages = "149--154",
}
@inproceedings{pino-etal-2010-cued,
    title = "The {CUED} {H}i{FST} System for the {WMT}10 Translation Shared Task",
    author = "Pino, Juan  and
      Iglesias, Gonzalo  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Blackwood, Graeme  and
      Brunning, Jamie  and
      Byrne, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1722",
    pages = "155--160",
}
@inproceedings{potet-etal-2010-lig,
    title = "The {LIG} Machine Translation System for {WMT} 2010",
    author = "Potet, Marion  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Blanchon, Herv{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1723",
    pages = "161--166",
}
@inproceedings{saers-etal-2010-linear,
    title = "Linear Inversion Transduction Grammar Alignments as a Second Translation Path",
    author = "Saers, Markus  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1724",
    pages = "167--171",
}
@inproceedings{sanchis-trilles-etal-2010-upv,
    title = "{UPV}-{PRHLT} {E}nglish{--}{S}panish System for {WMT}10",
    author = "Sanchis-Trilles, Germ{\'a}n  and
      Andr{\'e}s-Ferrer, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Gasc{\'o}, Guillem  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-Rubio, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-G{\'o}mez, Pascual  and
      Rocha, Martha-Alicia  and
      S{\'a}nchez, Joan-Andreu  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1725",
    pages = "172--176",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-2010-reproducible,
    title = "Reproducible Results in Parsing-Based Machine Translation: The {JHU} Shared Task Submission",
    author = "Schwartz, Lane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1726",
    pages = "177--182",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-etal-2010-vs,
    title = "Vs and {OOV}s: Two Problems for Translation between {G}erman and {E}nglish",
    author = "Stymne, Sara  and
      Holmqvist, Maria  and
      Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1727",
    pages = "183--188",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-2010-cache,
    title = "To Cache or Not To Cache? Experiments with Adaptive Models in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1728",
    pages = "189--194",
}
@inproceedings{virpioja-etal-2010-applying,
    title = "Applying Morphological Decompositions to Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = {Virpioja, Sami  and
      V{\"a}yrynen, Jaakko  and
      Mansikkaniemi, Andr{\'e}  and
      Kurimo, Mikko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1729",
    pages = "195--200",
}
@inproceedings{zabokrtsky-etal-2010-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Entropy Translation Model in Dependency-Based {MT} Framework",
    author = "{\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1730",
    pages = "201--206",
}
@inproceedings{zamora-martinez-sanchis-trilles-2010-uch,
    title = "{UCH}-{UPV} {E}nglish{--}{S}panish System for {WMT}10",
    author = "Zamora-Mart{\'\i}nez, Francisco  and
      Sanchis-Trilles, Germ{\'a}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1731",
    pages = "207--211",
}
@inproceedings{zeman-2010-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Phrase-Based {MT} at the {C}harles University for the {WMT} 2010 Shared Task",
    author = "Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1732",
    pages = "212--215",
}
@inproceedings{sankaran-etal-2010-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Decoding for Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Sankaran, Baskaran  and
      Grewal, Ajeet  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1733",
    pages = "216--223",
}
@inproceedings{fritzinger-fraser-2010-avoid,
    title = "How to Avoid Burning Ducks: Combining Linguistic Analysis and Corpus Statistics for {G}erman Compound Processing",
    author = "Fritzinger, Fabienne  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1734",
    pages = "224--234",
}
@inproceedings{bisazza-federico-2010-chunk,
    title = "Chunk-Based Verb Reordering in {VSO} Sentences for {A}rabic-{E}nglish Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1735",
    pages = "235--243",
}
@inproceedings{isozaki-etal-2010-head,
    title = "Head Finalization: A Simple Reordering Rule for {SOV} Languages",
    author = "Isozaki, Hideki  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Tsukada, Hajime  and
      Duh, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1736",
    pages = "244--251",
}
@inproceedings{le-nagard-koehn-2010-aiding,
    title = "Aiding Pronoun Translation with Co-Reference Resolution",
    author = "Le Nagard, Ronan  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1737",
    pages = "252--261",
}
@inproceedings{vilar-etal-2010-jane,
    title = "{J}ane: Open Source Hierarchical Translation, Extended with Reordering and Lexicon Models",
    author = "Vilar, David  and
      Stein, Daniel  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1738",
    pages = "262--270",
}
@inproceedings{barrault-2010-many,
    title = "{MANY}: Open Source MT System Combination at WMT{'}10",
    author = {Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1739",
    pages = "271--275",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-kozat-2010-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Model Weighting and Transductive Regression for Predicting Best System Combinations",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun  and
      Kozat, S. Serdar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1740",
    pages = "276--281",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-yuret-2010-l1,
    title = "{L}1 Regularized Regression for Reranking and System Combination in Machine Translation",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun  and
      Yuret, Deniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1741",
    pages = "282--289",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2010-augmented,
    title = "An Augmented Three-Pass System Combination Framework: {DCU} Combination System for {WMT} 2010",
    author = "Du, Jinhua  and
      Pecina, Pavel  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1742",
    pages = "290--295",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-rubio-etal-2010-upv,
    title = "The {UPV}-{PRHLT} Combination System for {WMT} 2010",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez-Rubio, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Sanchis-Trilles, Germ{\'a}n  and
      S{\'a}nchez, Joan-Andreu  and
      Andr{\'e}s-Ferrer, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Gasc{\'o}, Guillem  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-G{\'o}mez, Pascual  and
      Rocha, Martha-Alicia  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1743",
    pages = "296--300",
}
@inproceedings{heafield-lavie-2010-cmu,
    title = "{CMU} Multi-Engine Machine Translation for {WMT} 2010",
    author = "Heafield, Kenneth  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1744",
    pages = "301--306",
}
@inproceedings{hildebrand-vogel-2010-cmu,
    title = "{CMU} System Combination via Hypothesis Selection for {WMT}{'}10",
    author = "Hildebrand, Almut Silja  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1745",
    pages = "307--310",
}
@inproceedings{narsale-2010-jhu,
    title = "{JHU} System Combination Scheme for {WMT} 2010",
    author = "Narsale, Sushant",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1746",
    pages = "311--314",
}
@inproceedings{leusch-ney-2010-rwth,
    title = "The {RWTH} System Combination System for {WMT} 2010",
    author = "Leusch, Gregor  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1747",
    pages = "315--320",
}
@inproceedings{rosti-etal-2010-bbn,
    title = "{BBN} System Description for {WMT}10 System Combination Task",
    author = "Rosti, Antti-Veikko  and
      Zhang, Bing  and
      Matsoukas, Spyros  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1748",
    pages = "321--326",
}
@inproceedings{birch-osborne-2010-lrscore,
    title = "{LR}score for Evaluating Lexical and Reordering Quality in {MT}",
    author = "Birch, Alexandra  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1749",
    pages = "327--332",
}
@inproceedings{comelles-etal-2010-document,
    title = "Document-Level Automatic {MT} Evaluation based on Discourse Representations",
    author = "Comelles, Elisabet  and
      Gim{\'e}nez, Jes{\'u}s  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Castell{\'o}n, Irene  and
      Arranz, Victoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1750",
    pages = "333--338",
}
@inproceedings{denkowski-lavie-2010-meteor,
    title = "{METEOR}-{NEXT} and the {METEOR} Paraphrase Tables: Improved Evaluation Support for Five Target Languages",
    author = "Denkowski, Michael  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1751",
    pages = "339--342",
}
@inproceedings{dobrinkat-etal-2010-normalized,
    title = "Normalized Compression Distance Based Measures for {M}etrics{MATR} 2010",
    author = {Dobrinkat, Marcus  and
      Tapiovaara, Tero  and
      V{\"a}yrynen, Jaakko  and
      Kettunen, Kimmo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1752",
    pages = "343--348",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2010-dcu,
    title = "The {DCU} Dependency-Based Metric in {WMT}-{M}etrics{MATR} 2010",
    author = "He, Yifan  and
      Du, Jinhua  and
      Way, Andy  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1753",
    pages = "349--353",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2010-tesla,
    title = "{TESLA}: Translation Evaluation of Sentences with Linear-Programming-Based Analysis",
    author = "Liu, Chang  and
      Dahlmeier, Daniel  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1754",
    pages = "354--359",
}
@inproceedings{wong-kit-2010-parameter,
    title = "The Parameter-Optimized {ATEC} Metric for {MT} Evaluation",
    author = "Wong, Billy  and
      Kit, Chunyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1755",
    pages = "360--364",
}
@inproceedings{arun-etal-2010-unified,
    title = "A Unified Approach to Minimum Risk Training and Decoding",
    author = "Arun, Abhishek  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1756",
    pages = "365--374",
}
@inproceedings{duh-etal-2010-n,
    title = "N-Best Reranking by Multitask Learning",
    author = "Duh, Kevin  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Tsukada, Hajime  and
      Isozaki, Hideki  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1757",
    pages = "375--383",
}
@inproceedings{brown-2010-taming,
    title = "Taming Structured Perceptrons on Wild Feature Vectors",
    author = "Brown, Ralf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1758",
    pages = "384--391",
}
@inproceedings{shah-etal-2010-translation,
    title = "Translation Model Adaptation by Resampling",
    author = {Shah, Kashif  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Schwenk, Holger},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1759",
    pages = "392--399",
}
@inproceedings{paul-etal-2010-integration,
    title = "Integration of Multiple Bilingually-Learned Segmentation Schemes into Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Paul, Michael  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1760",
    pages = "400--408",
}
@inproceedings{hoang-koehn-2010-improved,
    title = "Improved Translation with Source Syntax Labels",
    author = "Hoang, Hieu  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1761",
    pages = "409--417",
}
@inproceedings{sudoh-etal-2010-divide,
    title = "Divide and Translate: Improving Long Distance Reordering in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Tsukada, Hajime  and
      Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1762",
    pages = "418--427",
}
@inproceedings{zbib-etal-2010-decision,
    title = "Decision Trees for Lexical Smoothing in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zbib, Rabih  and
      Matsoukas, Spyros  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Makhoul, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and {M}etrics{MATR}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1763",
    pages = "428--437",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-linguistic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1800",
}
@inproceedings{boldrini-etal-2010-emotiblog,
    title = "{E}moti{B}log: A Finer-Grained and More Precise Learning of Subjectivity Expression Models",
    author = "Boldrini, Ester  and
      Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Barco, Patricio  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1801",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{hana-etal-2010-error,
    title = "Error-Tagged Learner Corpus of {C}zech",
    author = "Hana, Jirka  and
      Rosen, Alexandr  and
      {\v{S}}kodov{\'a}, Svatava  and
      {\v{S}}tindlov{\'a}, Barbora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1802",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2010-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Scheme for Social Network Extraction from Text",
    author = "Agarwal, Apoorv  and
      Rambow, Owen C.  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1803",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{alex-etal-2010-agile,
    title = "Agile Corpus Annotation in Practice: An Overview of Manual and Automatic Annotation of {CV}s",
    author = "Alex, Bea  and
      Grover, Claire  and
      Shen, Rongzhou  and
      Kabadjov, Mijail",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1804",
    pages = "29--37",
}
@inproceedings{dickinson-samuelsson-2010-consistency,
    title = "Consistency Checking for Treebank Alignment",
    author = "Dickinson, Markus  and
      Samuelsson, Yvonne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1805",
    pages = "38--46",
}
@inproceedings{bhardwaj-etal-2010-anveshan,
    title = "{A}nveshan: A Framework for Analysis of Multiple Annotators{'} Labeling Behavior",
    author = "Bhardwaj, Vikas  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca  and
      Salleb-Aouissi, Ansaf  and
      Ide, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1806",
    pages = "47--55",
}
@inproceedings{fort-sagot-2010-influence,
    title = "Influence of Pre-Annotation on {POS}-Tagged Corpus Development",
    author = {Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1807",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{dligach-etal-2010-annotate,
    title = "To Annotate More Accurately or to Annotate More",
    author = "Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Nielsen, Rodney  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1808",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{herbelot-copestake-2010-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Underquantification",
    author = "Herbelot, Aurelie  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1809",
    pages = "73--81",
}
@inproceedings{hwang-etal-2010-propbank,
    title = "{P}rop{B}ank Annotation of Multilingual Light Verb Constructions",
    author = "Hwang, Jena D.  and
      Bhatia, Archna  and
      Bonial, Claire  and
      Mansouri, Aous  and
      Vaidya, Ashwini  and
      Xue, Nianwen  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1810",
    pages = "82--90",
}
@inproceedings{choi-palmer-2010-retrieving,
    title = "Retrieving Correct Semantic Boundaries in Dependency Structure",
    author = "Choi, Jinho  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1811",
    pages = "91--99",
}
@inproceedings{hendrickx-etal-2010-complex,
    title = "Complex Predicates Annotation in a Corpus of {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Mendes, Am{\'a}lia  and
      Pereira, S{\'\i}lvia  and
      Gon{\c{c}}alves, Anabela  and
      Duarte, In{\^e}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1812",
    pages = "100--108",
}
@inproceedings{ogie-2010-using,
    title = "Using an Online Tool for the Documentation of Edo Language",
    author = "Ogie, Ota",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1813",
    pages = "109--112",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-plas-etal-2010-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Validity of {P}rop{B}ank in the Manual Annotation of {F}rench",
    author = "van der Plas, Lonneke  and
      Samardz̆i{\'c}, Tanja  and
      Merlo, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1814",
    pages = "113--117",
}
@inproceedings{alm-2010-characteristics,
    title = "Characteristics of High Agreement Affect Annotation in Text",
    author = "Alm, Cecilia Ovesdotter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1815",
    pages = "118--122",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2010-deep,
    title = "The Deep Re-Annotation in a {C}hinese Scientific Treebank",
    author = "Yu, Kun  and
      Wang, Xiangli  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Tsujii, Junichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1816",
    pages = "123--126",
}
@inproceedings{buch-kromann-korzen-2010-unified,
    title = "The Unified Annotation of Syntax and Discourse in the Copenhagen Dependency Treebanks",
    author = "Buch-Kromann, Matthias  and
      Korzen, I{\o}rn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1817",
    pages = "127--131",
}
@inproceedings{white-2010-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Sources of Inter-Annotator Variation: Evaluating Two Models of Argument Analysis",
    author = "White, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1818",
    pages = "132--136",
}
@inproceedings{haverinen-etal-2010-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-Based {P}rop{B}anking of Clinical {F}innish",
    author = "Haverinen, Katri  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Viljanen, Timo  and
      Laippala, Veronika  and
      Salakoski, Tapio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1819",
    pages = "137--141",
}
@inproceedings{mazziotta-2010-building,
    title = "Building the Syntactic Reference Corpus of Medieval {F}rench Using {N}ota{B}ene {RDF} Annotation Tool",
    author = "Mazziotta, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1820",
    pages = "142--146",
}
@inproceedings{kubler-etal-2010-chunking,
    title = "Chunking {G}erman: An Unsolved Problem",
    author = {K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Beck, Kathrin  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      Telljohann, Heike},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1821",
    pages = "147--151",
}
@inproceedings{hendrickx-etal-2010-proposal,
    title = "Proposal for {MWE} Annotation in Running Text",
    author = "Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Mendes, Am{\'a}lia  and
      Antunes, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1822",
    pages = "152--156",
}
@inproceedings{lebani-pianta-2010-feature,
    title = "A Feature Type Classification for Therapeutic Purposes: A Preliminary Evaluation with Non-Expert Speakers",
    author = "Lebani, Gianluca E.  and
      Pianta, Emanuele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1823",
    pages = "157--161",
}
@inproceedings{lee-song-2010-annotating,
    title = "Annotating {K}orean Demonstratives",
    author = "Lee, Sun-Hee  and
      Song, Jae-young",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1824",
    pages = "162--165",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-etal-2010-creating,
    title = "Creating and Exploiting a Resource of Parallel Parses",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Eckart, Kerstin  and
      Ritz, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1825",
    pages = "166--171",
}
@inproceedings{hellan-2010-descriptive,
    title = "From Descriptive Annotation to Grammar Specification",
    author = "Hellan, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1826",
    pages = "172--176",
}
@inproceedings{muller-etal-2010-annotation,
    title = "An Annotation Schema for Preposition Senses in {G}erman",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Antje  and
      H{\"u}lscher, Olaf  and
      Roch, Claudia  and
      Ke{\ss}elmeier, Katja  and
      Stadtfeld, Tobias  and
      Strunk, Jan  and
      Kiss, Tibor},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1827",
    pages = "177--181",
}
@inproceedings{dipper-etal-2010-otto,
    title = "{OTTO}: A Transcription and Management Tool for Historical Texts",
    author = "Dipper, Stefanie  and
      Kresse, Lara  and
      Schnurrenberger, Martin  and
      Cho, Seong-Eun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1828",
    pages = "182--185",
}
@inproceedings{blache-etal-2010-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Annotation of Conversational Data",
    author = "Blache, Philippe  and
      Bertrand, Roxane  and
      Bruno, Emmanuel  and
      Bigi, Brigitte  and
      Espesser, Robert  and
      Ferr{\'e}, Gaelle  and
      Guardiola, Mathilde  and
      Hirst, Daniel  and
      Tan, Ning  and
      Cela, Edlira  and
      Martin, Jean-Claude  and
      Rauzy, St{\'e}phane  and
      Morel, Mary-Annick  and
      Murisasco, Elisabeth  and
      Nesterenko, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1829",
    pages = "186--191",
}
@inproceedings{volk-etal-2010-combining,
    title = "Combining Parallel Treebanks and Geo-Tagging",
    author = "Volk, Martin  and
      Goehring, Anne  and
      Marek, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1830",
    pages = "192--196",
}
@inproceedings{hana-feldman-2010-challenges,
    title = "Challenges of Cheap Resource Creation",
    author = "Hana, Jirka  and
      Feldman, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1831",
    pages = "197--201",
}
@inproceedings{aktas-etal-2010-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Relation Configurations in {T}urkish and an Annotation Environment",
    author = "Akta{\c{s}}, Berfin  and
      Bozsahin, Cem  and
      Zeyrek, Deniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1832",
    pages = "202--206",
}
@inproceedings{bada-etal-2010-overview,
    title = "An Overview of the {CRAFT} Concept Annotation Guidelines",
    author = "Bada, Michael  and
      Eckert, Miriam  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Hunter, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1833",
    pages = "207--211",
}
@inproceedings{bouma-2010-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Tree Queries in Prolog",
    author = "Bouma, Gerlof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1834",
    pages = "212--216",
}
@inproceedings{faria-etal-2010-integrated,
    title = "An Integrated Tool for Annotating Historical Corpora",
    author = "Faria, Pablo Picasso Feliciano de  and
      Kepler, Fabio Natanael  and
      Paix{\~a}o de Sousa, Maria Clara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1835",
    pages = "217--221",
}
@inproceedings{zaghouani-etal-2010-revised,
    title = "The Revised {A}rabic {P}rop{B}ank",
    author = "Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Mansouri, Aous  and
      Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1836",
    pages = "222--226",
}
@inproceedings{green-etal-2010-packplay,
    title = "{P}ack{P}lay: Mining Semantic Data in Collaborative Games",
    author = "Green, Nathan  and
      Breimyer, Paul  and
      Kumar, Vinay  and
      Samatova, Nagiza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1837",
    pages = "227--234",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-etal-2010-proposal,
    title = "A Proposal for a Configurable Silver Standard",
    author = "Hahn, Udo  and
      Tomanek, Katrin  and
      Beisswanger, Elena  and
      Faessler, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1838",
    pages = "235--242",
}
@inproceedings{voyer-etal-2010-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Model for Annotating Named Entity Training Corpora",
    author = "Voyer, Robert  and
      Nygaard, Valerie  and
      Fitzgerald, Will  and
      Copperman, Hannah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1839",
    pages = "243--246",
}
@inproceedings{ide-bunt-2010-anatomy,
    title = "Anatomy of Annotation Schemes: Mapping to {G}r{AF}",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1840",
    pages = "247--255",
}
@inproceedings{niekrasz-moore-2010-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Participant Reference in {E}nglish Spoken Conversation",
    author = "Niekrasz, John  and
      Moore, Johanna D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1841",
    pages = "256--264",
}
@inproceedings{lacheret-dujour-etal-2010-design,
    title = "Design and Evaluation of Shared Prosodic Annotation for Spontaneous {F}rench Speech: From Expert Knowledge to Non-Expert Annotation",
    author = "Lacheret-Dujour, Anne  and
      Obin, Nicolas  and
      Avanzi, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1842",
    pages = "265--273",
}
@inproceedings{deulofeu-etal-2010-depends,
    title = "Depends on What the {F}rench Say - Spoken Corpus Annotation with and beyond Syntactic Functions",
    author = "Deulofeu, Jos{\'e}  and
      Duffort, Lucie  and
      Gerdes, Kim  and
      Kahane, Sylvain  and
      Pietrandrea, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1843",
    pages = "274--281",
}
@inproceedings{zeyrek-etal-2010-annotation,
    title = "The Annotation Scheme of the {T}urkish Discourse Bank and an Evaluation of Inconsistent Annotations",
    author = {Zeyrek, Deniz  and
      Demir{\c{s}}ahin, I{\c{s}}in  and
      Sevdik-{\c{C}}alli, Ayi{\c{s}}i{\u{g}}i  and
      {\"O}gel Balaban, Hale  and
      Yal{\c{c}}inkaya, {\.I}hsan  and
      Turan, {\"U}mit Deniz},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1844",
    pages = "282--289",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-2010,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Cohen, K. Bretonnel  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Pestian, John  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1900",
}
@inproceedings{vlachos-2010-two,
    title = "Two Strong Baselines for the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Event Extraction Task",
    author = "Vlachos, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1901",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2010-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Biomedical Named Entities Using Skip-Chain Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Liu, Jingchen  and
      Huang, Minlie  and
      Zhu, Xiaoyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1902",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{ohta-etal-2010-event,
    title = "Event Extraction for Post-Translational Modifications",
    author = "Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Miwa, Makoto  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1903",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{bjorne-etal-2010-scaling,
    title = "Scaling up Biomedical Event Extraction to the Entire {P}ub{M}ed",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rne, Jari  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Salakoski, Tapio},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1904",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{miwa-etal-2010-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of Syntactic Parsers for Event Extraction",
    author = "Miwa, Makoto  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Hara, Tadayoshi  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1905",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{kilicoglu-etal-2010-arguments,
    title = "Arguments of Nominals in Semantic Interpretation of Biomedical Text",
    author = "Kilicoglu, Halil  and
      Fiszman, Marcelo  and
      Rosemblat, Graciela  and
      Marimpietri, Sean  and
      Rindflesch, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1906",
    pages = "46--54",
}
@inproceedings{plaza-etal-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving Summarization of Biomedical Documents Using Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Plaza, Laura  and
      Stevenson, Mark  and
      D{\'\i}az, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1907",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{jha-elhadad-2010-cancer,
    title = "Cancer Stage Prediction Based on Patient Online Discourse",
    author = "Jha, Mukund  and
      Elhadad, No{\'e}mie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1908",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{gerner-etal-2010-exploration,
    title = "An Exploration of Mining Gene Expression Mentions and Their Anatomical Locations from Biomedical Text",
    author = "Gerner, Martin  and
      Nenadic, Goran  and
      Bergman, Casey M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1909",
    pages = "72--80",
}
@inproceedings{apostolova-tomuro-2010-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Surface-Level Heuristics for Negation and Speculation Discovery in Clinical Texts",
    author = "Apostolova, Emilia  and
      Tomuro, Noriko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1910",
    pages = "81--82",
}
@inproceedings{chowdhury-lavelli-2010-disease,
    title = "Disease Mention Recognition with Specific Features",
    author = "Chowdhury, Md. Faisal Mahbub  and
      Lavelli, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1911",
    pages = "83--90",
}
@inproceedings{frunza-inkpen-2010-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Disease-Treatment Semantic Relations from Biomedical Sentences",
    author = "Frunza, Oana  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1912",
    pages = "91--98",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2010-identifying,
    title = "Identifying the Information Structure of Scientific Abstracts: An Investigation of Three Different Schemes",
    author = "Guo, Yufan  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Liakata, Maria  and
      Silins, Ilona  and
      Sun, Lin  and
      Stenius, Ulla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1913",
    pages = "99--107",
}
@inproceedings{heimonen-etal-2010-reconstruction,
    title = "Reconstruction of Semantic Relationships from Their Projections in Biomolecular Domain",
    author = {Heimonen, Juho  and
      Bj{\"o}rne, Jari  and
      Salakoski, Tapio},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1914",
    pages = "108--116",
}
@inproceedings{leaman-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards {I}nternet-Age Pharmacovigilance: Extracting Adverse Drug Reactions from User Posts in Health-Related Social Networks",
    author = "Leaman, Robert  and
      Wojtulewicz, Laura  and
      Sullivan, Ryan  and
      Skariah, Annie  and
      Yang, Jian  and
      Gonzalez, Graciela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1915",
    pages = "117--125",
}
@inproceedings{morante-2010-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling of Gene Regulation Events: Preliminary Results",
    author = "Morante, Roser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1916",
    pages = "126--127",
}
@inproceedings{naderi-witte-2010-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-Based Extraction and Summarization of Protein Mutation Impact Information",
    author = "Naderi, Nona  and
      Witte, Ren{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1917",
    pages = "128--129",
}
@inproceedings{park-choi-2010-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Distinctive Features of Swine ({H}1{N}1) Flu through Data Mining Clinical Documents",
    author = "Park, Heekyong  and
      Choi, Jinwook",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1918",
    pages = "130--131",
}
@inproceedings{pyysalo-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards Event Extraction from Full Texts on Infectious Diseases",
    author = "Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Cho, Han-Cheol  and
      Sullivan, Dan  and
      Mao, Chunhong  and
      Sobral, Bruno  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1919",
    pages = "132--140",
}
@inproceedings{stubbs-harshfield-2010-applying,
    title = "Applying the {TARSQI} Toolkit to Augment Text Mining of {EHR}s",
    author = "Stubbs, Amber  and
      Harshfield, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1920",
    pages = "141--143",
}
@inproceedings{van-landeghem-etal-2010-integration,
    title = "Integration of Static Relations to Enhance Event Extraction from Text",
    author = "Van Landeghem, Sofie  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Van de Peer, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1921",
    pages = "144--152",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-2010-cognitive,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Hale, John T.",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2000",
}
@inproceedings{frank-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using Sentence Type Information for Syntactic Category Acquisition",
    author = "Frank, Stella  and
      Goldwater, Sharon  and
      Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{reitter-lebiere-2010-social,
    title = "Did Social Networks Shape Language Evolution? A Multi-Agent Cognitive Simulation",
    author = "Reitter, David  and
      Lebiere, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2002",
    pages = "9--17",
}
@inproceedings{fine-etal-2010-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Adaptation in Language Comprehension",
    author = "Fine, Alex  and
      Qian, Ting  and
      Jaeger, T. Florian  and
      Jacobs, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2003",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{miller-schuler-2010-hhmm,
    title = "{HHMM} Parsing with Limited Parallelism",
    author = "Miller, Tim  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2004",
    pages = "27--35",
}
@inproceedings{boston-2010-role,
    title = "The Role of Memory in Superiority Violation Gradience",
    author = "Boston, Marisa Ferrara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2005",
    pages = "36--44",
}
@inproceedings{qian-jaeger-2010-close,
    title = "Close = Relevant? The Role of Context in Efficient Language Production",
    author = "Qian, Ting  and
      Jaeger, T. Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2006",
    pages = "45--53",
}
@inproceedings{kremer-baroni-2010-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Cognitively Salient Modifiers of the Constitutive Parts of Concepts",
    author = "Kremer, Gerhard  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2007",
    pages = "54--62",
}
@inproceedings{nilsson-nivre-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards a Data-Driven Model of Eye Movement Control in Reading",
    author = "Nilsson, Mattias  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2008",
    pages = "63--71",
}
@inproceedings{brouwer-etal-2010-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the Noun Phrase versus Sentence Coordination Ambiguity in {D}utch: Evidence from Surprisal Theory",
    author = "Brouwer, Harm  and
      Fitz, Hartmut  and
      Hoeks, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2009",
    pages = "72--80",
}
@inproceedings{frank-2010-uncertainty,
    title = "Uncertainty Reduction as a Measure of Cognitive Processing Effort",
    author = "Frank, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2010",
    pages = "81--89",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-2010-nlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {NLP} and Linguistics: Finding the Common Ground",
    author = "Xia, Fei  and
      Lewis, William  and
      Levin, Lori",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2100",
}
@inproceedings{poornima-good-2010-modeling,
    title = "Modeling and Encoding Traditional Wordlists for Machine Applications",
    author = "Poornima, Shakthi  and
      Good, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {NLP} and Linguistics: Finding the Common Ground",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2101",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2010-evidentiality,
    title = "Evidentiality for Text Trustworthiness Detection",
    author = "Su, Qi  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chen, Kai-yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {NLP} and Linguistics: Finding the Common Ground",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2102",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-2010-role,
    title = "On the Role of {NLP} in Linguistics",
    author = "Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {NLP} and Linguistics: Finding the Common Ground",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2103",
    pages = "18--21",
}
@inproceedings{dimitriadis-2010-matching,
    title = "Matching Needs and Resources: How {NLP} Can Help Theoretical Linguistics",
    author = "Dimitriadis, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {NLP} and Linguistics: Finding the Common Ground",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2104",
    pages = "22--24",
}
@inproceedings{plank-van-noord-2010-grammar,
    title = "Grammar-Driven versus Data-Driven: Which Parsing System Is More Affected by Domain Shifts?",
    author = "Plank, Barbara  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {NLP} and Linguistics: Finding the Common Ground",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2105",
    pages = "25--33",
}
@inproceedings{zarriess-etal-2010-cross,
    title = "A Cross-Lingual Induction Technique for {G}erman Adverbial Participles",
    author = "Zarrie{\ss}, Sina  and
      Cahill, Aoife  and
      Kuhn, Jonas  and
      Rohrer, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {NLP} and Linguistics: Finding the Common Ground",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2106",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{caines-buttery-2010-talking,
    title = "You Talking to Me? A Predictive Model for Zero Auxiliary Constructions",
    author = "Caines, Andrew  and
      Buttery, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {NLP} and Linguistics: Finding the Common Ground",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2107",
    pages = "43--51",
}
@inproceedings{samardzic-merlo-2010-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Variation of Light Verb Constructions: Using Parallel Corpora and Automatic Alignment for Linguistic Research",
    author = "Samard{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Tanja  and
      Merlo, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {NLP} and Linguistics: Finding the Common Ground",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2108",
    pages = "52--60",
}
@inproceedings{cook-stevenson-2010-sentence,
    title = "No Sentence Is Too Confusing To Ignore",
    author = "Cook, Paul  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {NLP} and Linguistics: Finding the Common Ground",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2109",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@inproceedings{mayer-etal-2010-consonant,
    title = "Consonant Co-Occurrence in Stems across Languages: Automatic Analysis and Visualization of a Phonotactic Constraint",
    author = "Mayer, Thomas  and
      Rohrdantz, Christian  and
      Plank, Frans  and
      Bak, Peter  and
      Butt, Miriam  and
      Keim, Daniel A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {NLP} and Linguistics: Finding the Common Ground",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2110",
    pages = "70--78",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-2010-injecting,
    title = "Injecting Linguistics into {NLP} through Annotation",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {NLP} and Linguistics: Finding the Common Ground",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2111",
    pages = "79",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    author = "Heinz, Jeffrey  and
      Cahill, Lynne  and
      Wicentowski, Richard",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2200",
}
@inproceedings{mailhot-2010-instance,
    title = "Instance-Based Acquisition of Vowel Harmony",
    author = "Mailhot, Fred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2201",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{finley-2010-verifying,
    title = "Verifying Vowel Harmony Typologies",
    author = "Finley, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2202",
    pages = "9--18",
}
@inproceedings{magri-2010-complexity,
    title = "Complexity of the Acquisition of Phonotactics in Optimality Theory",
    author = "Magri, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2203",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{heinz-koirala-2010-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Feature-Based Distributions",
    author = "Heinz, Jeffrey  and
      Koirala, Cesar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2204",
    pages = "28--37",
}
@inproceedings{koskenniemi-silfverberg-2010-method,
    title = "A Method for Compiling Two-Level Rules with Multiple Contexts",
    author = "Koskenniemi, Kimmo  and
      Silfverberg, Miikka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2205",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{prokic-van-de-cruys-2010-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Dialect Phonetic Variation Using {PARAFAC}",
    author = "Proki{\'c}, Jelena  and
      Van de Cruys, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2206",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{shaw-gafos-2010-quantitative,
    title = "Quantitative Evaluation of Competing Syllable Parses",
    author = "Shaw, Jason A.  and
      Gafos, Adamantios I.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2207",
    pages = "54--62",
}
@inproceedings{mayer-2010-toward,
    title = "Toward a Totally Unsupervised, Language-Independent Method for the Syllabification of Written Texts",
    author = "Mayer, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2208",
    pages = "63--71",
}
@inproceedings{jurish-2010-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Canonicalizations of Historical {G}erman Text",
    author = "Jurish, Bryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2209",
    pages = "72--77",
}
@inproceedings{kohonen-etal-2010-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Learning of Concatenative Morphology",
    author = "Kohonen, Oskar  and
      Virpioja, Sami  and
      Lagus, Krista",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2210",
    pages = "78--86",
}
@inproceedings{kurimo-etal-2010-morpho,
    title = "Morpho Challenge 2005-2010: Evaluations and Results",
    author = "Kurimo, Mikko  and
      Virpioja, Sami  and
      Turunen, Ville  and
      Lagus, Krista",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2211",
    pages = "87--95",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-textgraphs,
    title = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-5 - 2010 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Banea, Carmen  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Somasundaran, Swapna  and
      Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2300",
}
@inproceedings{chen-ji-2010-graph,
    title = "Graph-Based Clustering for Computational Linguistics: A Survey",
    author = "Chen, Zheng  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-5 - 2010 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2301",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{goncalo-oliveira-gomes-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards the Automatic Creation of a {W}ordnet from a Term-Based Lexical Network",
    author = "Gon{\c{c}}alo Oliveira, Hugo  and
      Gomes, Paulo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-5 - 2010 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2302",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{germann-etal-2010-investigation-influence,
    title = "An Investigation on the Influence of Frequency on the Lexical Organization of Verbs",
    author = "Germann, Daniel Cerato  and
      Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Siqueira, Maity",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-5 - 2010 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2303",
    pages = "19--23",
}
@inproceedings{de-cao-etal-2010-robust,
    title = "Robust and Efficient Page Rank for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "De Cao, Diego  and
      Basili, Roberto  and
      Luciani, Matteo  and
      Mesiano, Francesco  and
      Rossi, Riccardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-5 - 2010 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2304",
    pages = "24--32",
}
@inproceedings{wieling-nerbonne-2010-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Spectral Partitioning of Bipartite Graphs to Cluster Dialects and Identify Distinguishing Features",
    author = "Wieling, Martijn  and
      Nerbonne, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-5 - 2010 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2305",
    pages = "33--41",
}
@inproceedings{enright-2010-character,
    title = "A Character-Based Intersection Graph Approach to Linguistic Phylogeny",
    author = "Enright, Jessica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-5 - 2010 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2306",
    pages = "42--46",
}
@inproceedings{hancock-2010-spectral,
    title = "Spectral Approaches to Learning in the Graph Domain",
    author = "Hancock, Edwin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-5 - 2010 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2307",
    pages = "47",
}
@inproceedings{gornerup-karlgren-2010-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Comparison between Distributionally Determined Word Similarity Networks",
    author = {G{\"o}rnerup, Olof  and
      Karlgren, Jussi},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-5 - 2010 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2308",
    pages = "48--54",
}
@inproceedings{biemann-2010-co,
    title = "Co-Occurrence Cluster Features for Lexical Substitutions in Context",
    author = "Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-5 - 2010 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2309",
    pages = "55--59",
}
@inproceedings{ambwani-davis-2010-contextually,
    title = "Contextually-Mediated Semantic Similarity Graphs for Topic Segmentation",
    author = "Ambwani, Geetu  and
      Davis, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-5 - 2010 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2310",
    pages = "60--68",
}
@inproceedings{archer-2010-mulling,
    title = "{M}u{LL}in{G}: {M}ulti{L}evel Linguistic Graphs for Knowledge Extraction",
    author = "Archer, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-5 - 2010 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2311",
    pages = "69--73",
}
@inproceedings{castro-jorge-pardo-2010-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with {CST}-Based Multidocument Summarization",
    author = "Castro Jorge, Maria Luc{\'\i}a  and
      Pardo, Thiago",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-5 - 2010 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2312",
    pages = "74--82",
}
@inproceedings{amancio-etal-2010-distinguishing,
    title = "Distinguishing between Positive and Negative Opinions with Complex Network Features",
    author = "Amancio, Diego Raphael  and
      Fabbri, Renato  and
      Oliveira Jr., Osvaldo Novais  and
      Nunes, Maria das Gra{\c{c}}as Volpe  and
      Costa, Luciano da Fontoura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-5 - 2010 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2313",
    pages = "83--87",
}
@inproceedings{zontone-etal-2010-image,
    title = "Image and Collateral Text in Support of Auto-Annotation and Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Zontone, Pamela  and
      Boato, Giulia  and
      Hare, Jonathon  and
      Lewis, Paul  and
      Siersdorfer, Stefan  and
      Minack, Enrico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-5 - 2010 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2314",
    pages = "88--92",
}
@inproceedings{tatzl-waldhauser-2010-aggregating,
    title = "Aggregating Opinions: Explorations into Graphs and Media Content Analysis",
    author = "Tatzl, Gabriele  and
      Waldhauser, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-5 - 2010 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2315",
    pages = "93--97",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-etal-2010-eliminating,
    title = "Eliminating Redundancy by Spectral Relaxation for Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Sakai, Akina  and
      Suzuki, Yoshimi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-5 - 2010 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2316",
    pages = "98--102",
}
@inproceedings{fagerlund-etal-2010-computing,
    title = "Computing Word Senses by Semantic Mirroring and Spectral Graph Partitioning",
    author = "Fagerlund, Martin  and
      Merkel, Magnus  and
      Eld{\'e}n, Lars  and
      Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-5 - 2010 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2317",
    pages = "103--107",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-2010-named,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    author = "Kumaran, A  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2400",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-report,
    title = "Report of {NEWS} 2010 Transliteration Generation Shared Task",
    author = "Li, Haizhou  and
      Kumaran, A  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Pervouchine, Vladimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2401",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-whitepaper,
    title = "Whitepaper of {NEWS} 2010 Shared Task on Transliteration Generation",
    author = "Li, Haizhou  and
      Kumaran, A  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Pervouchine, Vladimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2402",
    pages = "12--20",
}
@inproceedings{kumaran-etal-2010-report,
    title = "Report of {NEWS} 2010 Transliteration Mining Shared Task",
    author = "Kumaran, A  and
      M. Khapra, Mitesh  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2403",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{kumaran-etal-2010-whitepaper,
    title = "Whitepaper of {NEWS} 2010 Shared Task on Transliteration Mining",
    author = "Kumaran, A  and
      M. Khapra, Mitesh  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2404",
    pages = "29--38",
}
@inproceedings{jiampojamarn-etal-2010-transliteration,
    title = "Transliteration Generation and Mining with Limited Training Resources",
    author = "Jiampojamarn, Sittichai  and
      Dwyer, Kenneth  and
      Bergsma, Shane  and
      Bhargava, Aditya  and
      Dou, Qing  and
      Kim, Mi-Young  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2405",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{finch-sumita-2010-transliteration,
    title = "Transliteration Using a Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation System to Re-Score the Output of a Joint Multigram Model",
    author = "Finch, Andrew  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2406",
    pages = "48--52",
}
@inproceedings{darwish-2010-transliteration,
    title = "Transliteration Mining with Phonetic Conflation and Iterative Training",
    author = "Darwish, Kareem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2407",
    pages = "53--56",
}
@inproceedings{noeman-madkour-2010-language,
    title = "Language Independent Transliteration Mining System Using Finite State Automata Framework",
    author = "Noeman, Sara  and
      Madkour, Amgad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2408",
    pages = "57--61",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2010-reranking,
    title = "Reranking with Multiple Features for Better Transliteration",
    author = "Song, Yan  and
      Kit, Chunyu  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2409",
    pages = "62--65",
}
@inproceedings{wutiwiwatchai-thangthai-2010-syllable,
    title = "Syllable-Based {T}hai-{E}nglish Machine Transliteration",
    author = "Wutiwiwatchai, Chai  and
      Thangthai, Ausdang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2410",
    pages = "66--70",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2010-english,
    title = "{E}nglish to {I}ndian Languages Machine Transliteration System at {NEWS} 2010",
    author = "Das, Amitava  and
      Saikh, Tanik  and
      Mondal, Tapabrata  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2411",
    pages = "71--75",
}
@inproceedings{nabende-2010-mining,
    title = "Mining Transliterations from {W}ikipedia Using Pair {HMM}s",
    author = "Nabende, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2412",
    pages = "76--80",
}
@inproceedings{pvs-parikh-2010-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-Based Transliteration with Simple Heuristics",
    author = "PVS, Avinesh  and
      Parikh, Ankur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2413",
    pages = "81--84",
}
@inproceedings{saleh-etal-2010-classifying,
    title = "Classifying {W}ikipedia Articles into {NE}{'}s Using {SVM}{'}s with Threshold Adjustment",
    author = "Saleh, Iman  and
      Darwish, Kareem  and
      Fahmy, Aly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2414",
    pages = "85--92",
}
@inproceedings{ekbal-etal-2010-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Challenge of Fine-Grained Named Entity Recognition and Classification",
    author = "Ekbal, Asif  and
      Sourjikova, Eva  and
      Frank, Anette  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2415",
    pages = "93--101",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using Deep Belief Nets for {C}hinese Named Entity Categorization",
    author = "Chen, Yu  and
      Ouyang, You  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Zheng, Dequan  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2416",
    pages = "102--109",
}
@inproceedings{abdul-hamid-darwish-2010-simplified,
    title = "Simplified Feature Set for {A}rabic Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Abdul-Hamid, Ahmed  and
      Darwish, Kareem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2417",
    pages = "110--115",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-bhattacharyya-2010-think,
    title = "Think Globally, Apply Locally: Using Distributional Characteristics for {H}indi Named Entity Identification",
    author = "Gupta, Shalini  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2418",
    pages = "116--125",
}
@inproceedings{riaz-2010-rule,
    title = "Rule-Based Named Entity Recognition in {U}rdu",
    author = "Riaz, Kashif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2419",
    pages = "126--135",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2010-cone,
    title = "{CONE}: Metrics for Automatic Evaluation of Named Entity Co-Reference Resolution",
    author = "Lin, Bo  and
      Shah, Rushin  and
      Frederking, Robert  and
      Gershman, Anatole",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2420",
    pages = "136--144",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-2010-applications,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Applications of Tree Automata in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Drewes, Frank  and
      Kuhlmann, Marco",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2500",
}
@inproceedings{fulop-etal-2010-preservation,
    title = "Preservation of Recognizability for Synchronous Tree Substitution Grammars",
    author = {F{\"u}l{\"o}p, Zolt{\'a}n  and
      Maletti, Andreas  and
      Vogler, Heiko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Applications of Tree Automata in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2501",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{deneefe-etal-2010-decoder,
    title = "A Decoder for Probabilistic Synchronous Tree Insertion Grammars",
    author = "DeNeefe, Steve  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Vogler, Heiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Applications of Tree Automata in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2502",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{maletti-satta-2010-parsing,
    title = "Parsing and Translation Algorithms Based on Weighted Extended Tree Transducers",
    author = "Maletti, Andreas  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Applications of Tree Automata in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2503",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{bensch-drewes-2010-millstream,
    title = "Millstream Systems {--} a Formal Model for Linking Language Modules by Interfaces",
    author = "Bensch, Suna  and
      Drewes, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Applications of Tree Automata in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2504",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-2010-transforming,
    title = "Transforming Lexica as Trees",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Applications of Tree Automata in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2505",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{buchse-etal-2010-n,
    title = "n-Best Parsing Revisited",
    author = {B{\"u}chse, Matthias  and
      Geisler, Daniel  and
      St{\"u}ber, Torsten  and
      Vogler, Heiko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Applications of Tree Automata in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2506",
    pages = "46--54",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-2010-domain,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Domain Adaptation for Natural Language Processing",
    author = {Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Deoskar, Tejaswini  and
      McClosky, David  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2600",
}
@inproceedings{ciaramita-chapelle-2010-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Parameters for Entity Recognition with Perceptron {HMM}s",
    author = "Ciaramita, Massimiliano  and
      Chapelle, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Domain Adaptation for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2601",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-2010-context,
    title = "Context Adaptation in Statistical Machine Translation Using Models with Exponentially Decaying Cache",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Domain Adaptation for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2602",
    pages = "8--15",
}
@inproceedings{sandu-etal-2010-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation to Summarize Human Conversations",
    author = "Sandu, Oana  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Murray, Gabriel  and
      Ng, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Domain Adaptation for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2603",
    pages = "16--22",
}
@inproceedings{huang-yates-2010-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Representation-Learning Approaches to Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Huang, Fei  and
      Yates, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Domain Adaptation for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2604",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{van-asch-daelemans-2010-using,
    title = "Using Domain Similarity for Performance Estimation",
    author = "Van Asch, Vincent  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Domain Adaptation for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2605",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{sagae-2010-self,
    title = "Self-Training without Reranking for Parser Domain Adaptation and Its Impact on Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Sagae, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Domain Adaptation for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2606",
    pages = "37--44",
}
@inproceedings{margolis-etal-2010-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation with Unlabeled Data for Dialog Act Tagging",
    author = "Margolis, Anna  and
      Livescu, Karen  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Domain Adaptation for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2607",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{daume-iii-etal-2010-frustratingly,
    title = "Frustratingly Easy Semi-Supervised Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Kumar, Abhishek  and
      Saha, Avishek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Domain Adaptation for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2608",
    pages = "53--59",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-2010-companionable,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Companionable Dialogue Systems",
    author = {Wilks, Yorick  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Danieli, Morena},
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2700",
}
@inproceedings{sieber-krenn-2010-episodic,
    title = "Episodic Memory for Companion Dialogue",
    author = "Sieber, Gregor  and
      Krenn, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Companionable Dialogue Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2701",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{powers-etal-2010-mana,
    title = "{MANA} for the Ageing",
    author = "Powers, David M W  and
      Luerssen, Martin H  and
      Lewis, Trent W  and
      Leibbrandt, Richard E  and
      Milne, Marissa  and
      Pashalis, John  and
      Treharne, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Companionable Dialogue Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2702",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-2010-companion,
    title = "Is a Companion a Distinctive Kind of Relationship with a Machine?",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Companionable Dialogue Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2703",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{adam-etal-2010-hello,
    title = "{``}Hello Emily, How Are You Today?{''} - Personalised Dialogue in a Toy to Engage Children.",
    author = "Adam, Carole  and
      Cavedon, Lawrence  and
      Padgham, Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Companionable Dialogue Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2704",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{wallis-2010-robot,
    title = "A Robot in the Kitchen",
    author = "Wallis, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Companionable Dialogue Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2705",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{konstantopoulos-2010-embodied,
    title = "An Embodied Dialogue System with Personality and Emotions",
    author = "Konstantopoulos, Stasinos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Companionable Dialogue Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2706",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{pulman-etal-2010-day,
    title = "How Was Your Day?",
    author = "Pulman, Stephen  and
      Boye, Johan  and
      Cavazza, Marc  and
      Smith, Cameron  and
      Santos de la C{\'a}mara, Ra{\'u}l",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Companionable Dialogue Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2707",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{shaikh-etal-2010-vca,
    title = "{VCA}: An Experiment with a Multiparty Virtual Chat Agent",
    author = "Shaikh, Samira  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Taylor, Sarah  and
      Webb, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Companionable Dialogue Systems",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2708",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-2010-geometrical,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {GE}ometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    author = "Basili, Roberto  and
      Pennacchiotti, Marco",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2800",
}
@inproceedings{jurgens-stevens-2010-capturing,
    title = "Capturing Nonlinear Structure in Word Spaces through Dimensionality Reduction",
    author = "Jurgens, David  and
      Stevens, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {GE}ometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2801",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{croce-previtali-2010-manifold,
    title = "Manifold Learning for the Semi-Supervised Induction of {F}rame{N}et Predicates: An Empirical Investigation",
    author = "Croce, Danilo  and
      Previtali, Daniele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {GE}ometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2802",
    pages = "7--16",
}
@inproceedings{erk-2010-word,
    title = "What Is Word Meaning, Really? (And How Can Distributional Models Help Us Describe It?)",
    author = "Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {GE}ometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2803",
    pages = "17--26",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-chrupala-2010-relatedness,
    title = "Relatedness Curves for Acquiring Paraphrases",
    author = "Dinu, Georgiana  and
      Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {GE}ometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2804",
    pages = "27--32",
}
@inproceedings{guevara-2010-regression,
    title = "A Regression Model of Adjective-Noun Compositionality in Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Guevara, Emiliano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {GE}ometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2805",
    pages = "33--37",
}
@inproceedings{clarke-etal-2010-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Composition with Quotient Algebras",
    author = "Clarke, Daoud  and
      Lutz, Rudi  and
      Weir, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {GE}ometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2806",
    pages = "38--44",
}
@inproceedings{washtell-2010-expectation,
    title = "Expectation Vectors: A Semiotics Inspired Approach to Geometric Lexical-Semantic Representation",
    author = "Washtell, Justin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {GE}ometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2807",
    pages = "45--50",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-etal-2010-sketch,
    title = "Sketch Techniques for Scaling Distributional Similarity to the Web",
    author = "Goyal, Amit  and
      Jagarlamudi, Jagadeesh  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Venkatasubramanian, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {GE}ometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2808",
    pages = "51--56",
}
@inproceedings{vlachos-etal-2010-active,
    title = "Active Learning for Constrained {D}irichlet Process Mixture Models",
    author = "Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Ghahramani, Zoubin  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on {GE}ometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2809",
    pages = "57--61",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    author = "Lapata, Mirella  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2900",
}
@inproceedings{hanig-2010-improvements,
    title = "Improvements in Unsupervised Co-Occurrence Based Parsing",
    author = {H{\"a}nig, Christian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2901",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{spitkovsky-etal-2010-viterbi,
    title = "{V}iterbi Training Improves Unsupervised Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Spitkovsky, Valentin I.  and
      Alshawi, Hiyan  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2902",
    pages = "9--17",
}
@inproceedings{clarke-etal-2010-driving,
    title = "Driving Semantic Parsing from the World{'}s Response",
    author = "Clarke, James  and
      Goldwasser, Dan  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2903",
    pages = "18--27",
}
@inproceedings{clark-2010-efficient,
    title = "Efficient, Correct, Unsupervised Learning for Context-Sensitive Languages",
    author = "Clark, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2904",
    pages = "28--37",
}
@inproceedings{santamaria-araujo-2010-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Patterns for Unsupervised Grammar Induction",
    author = "Santamar{\'\i}a, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Araujo, Lourdes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2905",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{burkett-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Better Monolingual Models with Unannotated Bilingual Text",
    author = "Burkett, David  and
      Petrov, Slav  and
      Blitzer, John  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2906",
    pages = "46--54",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2010-invited,
    title = "(Invited Talk) Clueless: Explorations in Unsupervised, Knowledge-Lean Extraction of Lexical-Semantic Information",
    author = "Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2907",
    pages = "55",
}
@inproceedings{ghahramani-2010-invited,
    title = "(Invited Talk) {B}ayesian Hidden {M}arkov Models and Extensions",
    author = "Ghahramani, Zoubin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2908",
    pages = "56",
}
@inproceedings{reichart-etal-2010-improved,
    title = "Improved Unsupervised {POS} Induction Using Intrinsic Clustering Quality and a {Z}ipfian Constraint",
    author = "Reichart, Roi  and
      Fattal, Raanan  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2909",
    pages = "57--66",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-moschitti-2010-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic and Semantic Structure for Opinion Expression Detection",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2910",
    pages = "67--76",
}
@inproceedings{reichart-etal-2010-type,
    title = "Type Level Clustering Evaluation: New Measures and a {POS} Induction Case Study",
    author = "Reichart, Roi  and
      Abend, Omri  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2911",
    pages = "77--87",
}
@inproceedings{lignos-yang-2010-recession,
    title = "Recession Segmentation: Simpler Online Word Segmentation Using Limited Resources",
    author = "Lignos, Constantine  and
      Yang, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2912",
    pages = "88--97",
}
@inproceedings{schoenemann-2010-computing,
    title = "Computing Optimal Alignments for the {IBM}-3 Translation Model",
    author = "Schoenemann, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2913",
    pages = "98--106",
}
@inproceedings{davidov-etal-2010-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Recognition of Sarcasm in Twitter and {A}mazon",
    author = "Davidov, Dmitry  and
      Tsur, Oren  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2914",
    pages = "107--116",
}
@inproceedings{mylonakis-simaan-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Probabilistic Synchronous {CFG}s for Phrase-Based Translation",
    author = "Mylonakis, Markos  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2915",
    pages = "117--125",
}
@inproceedings{ananthakrishnan-etal-2010-semi,
    title = "A Semi-Supervised Batch-Mode Active Learning Strategy for Improved Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Ananthakrishnan, Sankaranarayanan  and
      Prasad, Rohit  and
      Stallard, David  and
      Natarajan, Prem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2916",
    pages = "126--134",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving Word Alignment by Semi-Supervised Ensemble",
    author = "Huang, Shujian  and
      Li, Kangxi  and
      Dai, Xinyu  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2917",
    pages = "135--143",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2010-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of {B}ayesian Models for Unsupervised Sentiment Detection",
    author = "Lin, Chenghua  and
      He, Yulan  and
      Everson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2918",
    pages = "144--152",
}
@inproceedings{carrillo-de-albornoz-etal-2010-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach to Emotional Sentence Polarity and Intensity Classification",
    author = "Carrillo de Albornoz, Jorge  and
      Plaza, Laura  and
      Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2919",
    pages = "153--161",
}
@inproceedings{hodosh-etal-2010-cross,
    title = "Cross-Caption Coreference Resolution for Automatic Image Understanding",
    author = "Hodosh, Micah  and
      Young, Peter  and
      Rashtchian, Cyrus  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2920",
    pages = "162--171",
}
@inproceedings{bergsma-etal-2010-improved,
    title = "Improved Natural Language Learning via Variance-Regularization Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Bergsma, Shane  and
      Lin, Dekang  and
      Schuurmans, Dale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2921",
    pages = "172--181",
}
@inproceedings{chrupala-alishahi-2010-online,
    title = "Online Entropy-Based Model of Lexical Category Acquisition",
    author = "Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz  and
      Alishahi, Afra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2922",
    pages = "182--191",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2010-tagging,
    title = "Tagging and Linking Web Forum Posts",
    author = "Kim, Su Nam  and
      Wang, Li  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2923",
    pages = "192--202",
}
@inproceedings{kate-mooney-2010-joint,
    title = "Joint Entity and Relation Extraction Using Card-Pyramid Parsing",
    author = "Kate, Rohit J.  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2924",
    pages = "203--212",
}
@inproceedings{gimpel-etal-2010-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Asynchronous Online Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Das, Dipanjan  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2925",
    pages = "213--222",
}
@inproceedings{pighin-moschitti-2010-reverse,
    title = "On Reverse Feature Engineering of Syntactic Tree Kernels",
    author = "Pighin, Daniele  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2926",
    pages = "223--233",
}
@inproceedings{goldberg-elhadad-2010-inspecting,
    title = "Inspecting the Structural Biases of Dependency Parsing Algorithms",
    author = "Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-2927",
    pages = "234--242",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-natural-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    author = {Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      Vincze, Veronika  and
      Szarvas, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      M{\'o}ra, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Csirik, J{\'a}nos},
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3000",
}
@inproceedings{farkas-etal-2010-conll,
    title = "The {C}o{NLL}-2010 Shared Task: Learning to Detect Hedges and their Scope in Natural Language Text",
    author = {Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      Vincze, Veronika  and
      M{\'o}ra, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Csirik, J{\'a}nos  and
      Szarvas, Gy{\"o}rgy},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3001",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2010-cascade,
    title = "A Cascade Method for Detecting Hedges and their Scope in Natural Language Text",
    author = "Tang, Buzhou  and
      Wang, Xiaolong  and
      Wang, Xuan  and
      Yuan, Bo  and
      Fan, Shixi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3002",
    pages = "13--17",
}
@inproceedings{vlachos-craven-2010-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Speculative Language Using Syntactic Dependencies and Logistic Regression",
    author = "Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Craven, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3003",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{georgescul-2010-hedgehop,
    title = "A Hedgehop over a Max-Margin Framework Using Hedge Cues",
    author = "Georgescul, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3004",
    pages = "26--31",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-2010-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Hedge Cues and their Scopes with Average Perceptron",
    author = "Ji, Feng  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3005",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{morante-etal-2010-memory,
    title = "Memory-Based Resolution of In-Sentence Scopes of Hedge Cues",
    author = "Morante, Roser  and
      Van Asch, Vincent  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3006",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{velldal-etal-2010-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Speculation: {M}ax{E}nt Cue Classification and Dependency-Based Scope Rules",
    author = "Velldal, Erik  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3007",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{rei-briscoe-2010-combining,
    title = "Combining Manual Rules and Supervised Learning for Hedge Cue and Scope Detection",
    author = "Rei, Marek  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3008",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{fernandes-etal-2010-hedge,
    title = "Hedge Detection Using the {R}el{H}unter Approach",
    author = "Fernandes, Eraldo  and
      Crestana, Carlos  and
      Milidi{\'u}, Ruy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3009",
    pages = "64--69",
}
@inproceedings{kilicoglu-bergler-2010-high,
    title = "A High-Precision Approach to Detecting Hedges and their Scopes",
    author = "Kilicoglu, Halil  and
      Bergler, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3010",
    pages = "70--77",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Rich Features for Detecting Hedges and their Scope",
    author = "Li, Xinxin  and
      Shen, Jianping  and
      Gao, Xiang  and
      Wang, Xuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3011",
    pages = "78--83",
}
@inproceedings{tackstrom-etal-2010-uncertainty,
    title = "Uncertainty Detection as Approximate Max-Margin Sequence Labelling",
    author = {T{\"a}ckstr{\"o}m, Oscar  and
      Velupillai, Sumithra  and
      Hassel, Martin  and
      Eriksson, Gunnar  and
      Dalianis, Hercules  and
      Karlgren, Jussi},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3012",
    pages = "84--91",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-hedge,
    title = "Hedge Detection and Scope Finding by Sequence Labeling with Procedural Feature Selection",
    author = "Zhang, Shaodian  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Lu, Bao-Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3013",
    pages = "92--99",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning to Detect Hedges and their Scope Using {CRF}",
    author = "Zhao, Qi  and
      Sun, Chengjie  and
      Liu, Bingquan  and
      Cheng, Yong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3014",
    pages = "100--105",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2010-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Multi-Features to Detect Hedges and their Scope in Biomedical Texts",
    author = "Zhou, Huiwei  and
      Li, Xiaoyan  and
      Huang, Degen  and
      Li, Zezhong  and
      Yang, Yuansheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3015",
    pages = "106--113",
}
@inproceedings{chen-di-eugenio-2010-lucene,
    title = "A Lucene and Maximum Entropy Model Based Hedge Detection System",
    author = "Chen, Lin  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3016",
    pages = "114--119",
}
@inproceedings{clausen-2010-hedgehunter,
    title = "{H}edge{H}unter: A System for Hedge Detection and Uncertainty Classification",
    author = "Clausen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3017",
    pages = "120--125",
}
@inproceedings{mamani-sanchez-etal-2010-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting {CCG} Structures with Tree Kernels for Speculation Detection",
    author = "Mamani S{\'a}nchez, Liliana  and
      Li, Baoli  and
      Vogel, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3018",
    pages = "126--131",
}
@inproceedings{prabhakaran-2010-uncertainty,
    title = "Uncertainty Learning Using {SVM}s and {CRF}s",
    author = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3019",
    pages = "132--137",
}
@inproceedings{shimizu-nakagawa-2010-features,
    title = "Features for Detecting Hedge Cues",
    author = "Shimizu, Nobuyuki  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3020",
    pages = "138--143",
}
@inproceedings{szidarovszky-etal-2010-simple,
    title = "A Simple Ensemble Method for Hedge Identification",
    author = "Szidarovszky, Ferenc  and
      Solt, Ill{\'e}s  and
      Tikk, Domonkos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3021",
    pages = "144--147",
}
@inproceedings{tjong-kim-sang-2010-baseline,
    title = "A Baseline Approach for Detecting Sentences Containing Uncertainty",
    author = "Tjong Kim Sang, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3022",
    pages = "148--150",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-etal-2010-hedge,
    title = "Hedge Classification with Syntactic Dependency Features Based on an Ensemble Classifier",
    author = "Zheng, Yi  and
      Dai, Qifeng  and
      Luo, Qiming  and
      Chen, Enhong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning {--} Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3023",
    pages = "151--156",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-negation,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Negation and Speculation in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Morante, Roser  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "University of Antwerp",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3100",
}
@inproceedings{liakata-2010-zones,
    title = "Zones of conceptualisation in scientific papers: a window to negative and speculative statements",
    author = "Liakata, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Negation and Speculation in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "University of Antwerp",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3101",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{dalianis-skeppstedt-2010-creating,
    title = "Creating and evaluating a consensus for negated and speculative words in a {S}wedish clinical corpus",
    author = "Dalianis, Hercules  and
      Skeppstedt, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Negation and Speculation in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "University of Antwerp",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3102",
    pages = "5--13",
}
@inproceedings{velupillai-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards a better understanding of uncertainties and speculations in {S}wedish clinical text {--} Analysis of an initial annotation trial",
    author = "Velupillai, Sumithra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Negation and Speculation in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "University of Antwerp",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3103",
    pages = "14--22",
}
@inproceedings{goldstein-uzuner-2010-negation,
    title = "Does negation really matter?",
    author = {Goldstein, Ira  and
      Uzuner, {\"O}zlem},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Negation and Speculation in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "University of Antwerp",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3104",
    pages = "23--27",
}
@inproceedings{vincze-2010-speculation,
    title = "Speculation and negation annotation in natural language texts: what the case of {B}io{S}cope might (not) reveal",
    author = "Vincze, Veronika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Negation and Speculation in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "University of Antwerp",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3105",
    pages = "28--31",
}
@inproceedings{descles-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic annotation of speculation in biomedical texts: new perspectives and large-scale evaluation",
    author = "Descl{\'e}s, Julien  and
      Makkaoui, Olfa  and
      Hac{\`e}ne, Taouise",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Negation and Speculation in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "University of Antwerp",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3106",
    pages = "32--40",
}
@inproceedings{henriksson-velupillai-2010-levels,
    title = "Levels of certainty in knowledge-intensive corpora: an initial annotation study",
    author = "Henriksson, Aron  and
      Velupillai, Sumithra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Negation and Speculation in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "University of Antwerp",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3107",
    pages = "41--45",
}
@inproceedings{krallinger-2010-importance,
    title = "Importance of negations and experimental qualifiers in biomedical literature",
    author = "Krallinger, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Negation and Speculation in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "University of Antwerp",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3108",
    pages = "46--49",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-2010-negation,
    title = "Negation and modality in distributional semantics",
    author = "Hovy, Ed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Negation and Speculation in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "University of Antwerp",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3109",
    pages = "50",
}
@inproceedings{councill-etal-2010-great,
    title = "What's great and what's not: learning to classify the scope of negation for improved sentiment analysis",
    author = "Councill, Isaac  and
      McDonald, Ryan  and
      Velikovich, Leonid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Negation and Speculation in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "University of Antwerp",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3110",
    pages = "51--59",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-etal-2010-survey,
    title = "A survey on the role of negation in sentiment analysis",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Roth, Benjamin  and
      Klakow, Dietrich  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Negation and Speculation in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "University of Antwerp",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3111",
    pages = "60--68",
}
@inproceedings{nawaz-etal-2010-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating a meta-knowledge annotation scheme for bio-events",
    author = "Nawaz, Raheel  and
      Thompson, Paul  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Negation and Speculation in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "University of Antwerp",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3112",
    pages = "69--77",
}
@inproceedings{sarafraz-nenadic-2010-using,
    title = "Using {SVM}s with the Command Relation features to identify negated events in biomedical literature",
    author = "Sarafraz, Farzaneh  and
      Nenadic, Goran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Negation and Speculation in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "University of Antwerp",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3113",
    pages = "78--85",
}
@inproceedings{magnini-cabrio-2010-contradiction,
    title = "Contradiction-focused qualitative evaluation of textual entailment",
    author = "Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Cabrio, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Negation and Speculation in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = "University of Antwerp",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3114",
    pages = "86--94",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-asian,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    author = "Hussain, Sarmad  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Riza, Hammam",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3200",
}
@inproceedings{takeuchi-etal-2010-thesaurus,
    title = "A Thesaurus of Predicate-Argument Structure for {J}apanese Verbs to Deal with Granularity of Verb Meanings",
    author = "Takeuchi, Koichi  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Takeuchi, Nao  and
      Fujita, Atsushi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3201",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{riza-etal-2010-collaborative,
    title = "Collaborative Work on {I}ndonesian {W}ord{N}et through {A}sian {W}ord{N}et ({AWN})",
    author = "Riza, Hammam  and
      {Budiono}  and
      Hakim, Chairil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3202",
    pages = "9--13",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2010-considerations,
    title = "Considerations on Automatic Mapping Large-Scale Heterogeneous Language Resources: {S}ejong Semantic Classes and {K}or{L}ex",
    author = "Park, Heum  and
      Yoon, Ae sun  and
      Park, Woo Chul  and
      Kwon, Hyuk-Chul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3203",
    pages = "14--21",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-sequential,
    title = "Sequential Tagging of Semantic Roles on {C}hinese {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "LI, Jihong  and
      WANG, Ruibo  and
      GAO, Yahui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3204",
    pages = "22--29",
}
@inproceedings{tsunakawa-kaji-2010-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting a Bilingual Lexicon with Information for Word Translation Disambiguation",
    author = "Tsunakawa, Takashi  and
      Kaji, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3205",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{tokunaga-etal-2010-construction,
    title = "Construction of bilingual multimodal corpora of referring expressions in collaborative problem solving",
    author = "Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Iida, Ryu  and
      Yasuhara, Masaaki  and
      Terai, Asuka  and
      Morris, David  and
      Belz, Anja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3206",
    pages = "38--46",
}
@inproceedings{das-bandyopadhyay-2010-labeling,
    title = "Labeling Emotion in {B}engali Blog Corpus {--} A Fine Grained Tagging at Sentence Level",
    author = "Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3207",
    pages = "47--55",
}
@inproceedings{das-bandyopadhyay-2010-sentiwordnet,
    title = "{S}enti{W}ord{N}et for {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Das, Amitava  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3208",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{haruechaiyasak-etal-2010-constructing,
    title = "Constructing {T}hai Opinion Mining Resource: A Case Study on Hotel Reviews",
    author = "Haruechaiyasak, Choochart  and
      Kongthon, Alisa  and
      Palingoon, Pornpimon  and
      Sangkeettrakarn, Chatchawal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3209",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{zou-etal-2010-annotation,
    title = "The Annotation of Event Schema in {C}hinese",
    author = "Zou, Hongjian  and
      Yang, Erhong  and
      Gao, Yan  and
      Zeng, Qingqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3210",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{van-kameyama-2010-query,
    title = "Query Expansion for {K}hmer Information Retrieval",
    author = "Van, Channa  and
      Kameyama, Wataru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3211",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{akram-hussain-2010-word,
    title = "Word Segmentation for {U}rdu {OCR} System",
    author = "Akram, Misbah  and
      Hussain, Sarmad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3212",
    pages = "88--94",
}
@inproceedings{norbu-etal-2010-dzongkha,
    title = "Dzongkha Word Segmentation",
    author = "Norbu, Sithar  and
      Choejey, Pema  and
      Dendup, Tenzin  and
      Hussain, Sarmad  and
      Muaz, Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3213",
    pages = "95--102",
}
@inproceedings{chungku-etal-2010-building,
    title = "Building {NLP} resources for Dzongkha: A Tagset and A Tagged Corpus",
    author = "Chungku, Chungku  and
      Rabgay, Jurmey  and
      Faa{\ss}, Gertrud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3214",
    pages = "103--110",
}
@inproceedings{acarturk-zeyrek-2010-unaccusative,
    title = "Unaccusative/Unergative Distinction in {T}urkish: A Connectionist Approach",
    author = {Acart{\"u}rk, Cengiz  and
      Zeyrek, Deniz},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3215",
    pages = "111--119",
}
@inproceedings{begum-sharma-2010-preliminary,
    title = "A Preliminary Work on {H}indi Causatives",
    author = "Begum, Rafiya  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3216",
    pages = "120--128",
}
@inproceedings{supnithi-etal-2010-supervised,
    title = "A Supervised Learning based Chunking in {T}hai using Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Supnithi, Thepchai  and
      Onman, Chanon  and
      Porkaew, Peerachet  and
      Ruangrajitpakorn, Taneth  and
      Trakultaweekool, Kanokorn  and
      Kawtrakul, Asanee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3217",
    pages = "129--136",
}
@inproceedings{ali-hussain-2010-hybrid,
    title = "A hybrid approach to {U}rdu verb phrase chunking",
    author = "Ali, Wajid  and
      Hussain, Sarmad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3218",
    pages = "137--143",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2010-development,
    title = "Development of the {K}orean Resource Grammar: Towards Grammar Customization",
    author = "Song, Sanghoun  and
      Kim, Jong-Bok  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Yang, Jaehyung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3219",
    pages = "144--152",
}
@inproceedings{virk-etal-2010-open,
    title = "An Open Source {U}rdu Resource Grammar",
    author = "Virk, Shafqat Mumtaz  and
      Humayoun, Muhammad  and
      Ranta, Aarne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3220",
    pages = "153--160",
}
@inproceedings{ruangrajitpakorn-supnithi-2010-current,
    title = "A Current Status of {T}hai Categorial Grammars and Their Applications",
    author = "Ruangrajitpakorn, Taneth  and
      Supnithi, Thepchai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3221",
    pages = "161--168",
}
@inproceedings{wen-etal-2010-chained,
    title = "Chained Machine Translation Using Morphemes as Pivot Language",
    author = "Wen, Li  and
      Lei, Chen  and
      Wudabala, Han  and
      Miao, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on {A}sian Language Resouces",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3222",
    pages = "169--177",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-ontologies,
    title = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {O}ntologies and {L}exical {R}esources",
    author = "Oltramari, Alessandro  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Lu, Qin",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3300",
}
@inproceedings{vossen-etal-2010-kyoto,
    title = "{KYOTO}: an open platform for mining facts",
    author = "Vossen, Piek  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Soroa, Aitor  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Bartolini, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {O}ntologies and {L}exical {R}esources",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3301",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using Goi-Taikei as an Upper Ontology to Build a Large-Scale {J}apanese Ontology from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Nagata, Masaaki  and
      Shibaki, Yumi  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {O}ntologies and {L}exical {R}esources",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3302",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{daoud-etal-2010-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Lexical Network from the Archives of the Digital Silk Road",
    author = "Daoud, Hans-Mohammad  and
      Kageura, Kyo  and
      Boitet, Christian  and
      Kitamoto, Asanobu  and
      Mangeot, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {O}ntologies and {L}exical {R}esources",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3303",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-plas-tiedemann-2010-finding,
    title = "Finding Medical Term Variations using Parallel Corpora and Distributional Similarity",
    author = {van der Plas, Lonneke  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {O}ntologies and {L}exical {R}esources",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3304",
    pages = "28--37",
}
@inproceedings{vor-der-bruck-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Semantic Network Patterns for Hypernymy Extraction",
    author = {vor der Br{\"u}ck, Tim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {O}ntologies and {L}exical {R}esources",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3305",
    pages = "38--47",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2010-intrinsic,
    title = "Intrinsic Property-based Taxonomic Relation Extraction from Category Structure",
    author = "Choi, DongHyun  and
      Kim, Eun-Kyung  and
      Shim, Sang-Ah  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {O}ntologies and {L}exical {R}esources",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3306",
    pages = "48--57",
}
@inproceedings{conway-etal-2010-developing,
    title = "Developing a Biosurveillance Application Ontology for Influenza-Like-Illness",
    author = "Conway, Mike  and
      Dowling, John  and
      Chapman, Wendy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {O}ntologies and {L}exical {R}esources",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3307",
    pages = "58--66",
}
@inproceedings{boguslavsky-etal-2010-interfacing,
    title = "Interfacing the Lexicon and the Ontology in a Semantic Analyzer",
    author = "Boguslavsky, Igor  and
      Iomdin, Leonid  and
      Sizov, Victor  and
      Timoshenko, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {O}ntologies and {L}exical {R}esources",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3308",
    pages = "67--76",
}
@inproceedings{cadilhac-etal-2010-ontolexical,
    title = "Ontolexical resources for feature-based opinion mining: a case-study",
    author = {Cadilhac, Ana{\"\i}s  and
      Benamara, Farah  and
      Aussenac-Gilles, Nathalie},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on {O}ntologies and {L}exical {R}esources",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3309",
    pages = "77--86",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-cognitive,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    author = "Zock, Michael  and
      Rapp, Reinhard",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3400",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-2010-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Semantics and the Lexicon",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3401",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{das-bandyopadhyay-2010-semanticnet,
    title = "{S}emantic{N}et-Perception of Human Pragmatics",
    author = "Das, Amitava  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3402",
    pages = "2--11",
}
@inproceedings{lebani-pianta-2010-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Lexical Resources for Therapeutic Purposes: the Case of {W}ord{N}et and {ST}a{RS}.sys",
    author = "Lebani, Gianluca E.  and
      Pianta, Emanuele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3403",
    pages = "12--17",
}
@inproceedings{muramatsu-etal-2010-textual,
    title = "Textual Entailmaint Recognition using Word Overlap, Mutual Information and Subpath Set",
    author = "Muramatsu, Yuki  and
      Uduka, Kunihiro  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3404",
    pages = "18--27",
}
@inproceedings{strapparava-ozbal-2010-color,
    title = "The Color of Emotions in Texts",
    author = "Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Ozbal, Gozde",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3405",
    pages = "28--32",
}
@inproceedings{bechet-roche-2010-expand,
    title = "How to Expand Dictionaries by Web-Mining Techniques",
    author = "B{\'e}chet, Nicolas  and
      Roche, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3406",
    pages = "33--37",
}
@inproceedings{curteanu-etal-2010-optimal,
    title = "An Optimal and Portable Parsing Method for {R}omanian, {F}rench, and {G}erman Large Dictionaries",
    author = "Curteanu, Neculai  and
      Moruz, Alex  and
      Trandab{\u{a}}{\c{t}}, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3407",
    pages = "38--47",
}
@inproceedings{lavagnino-park-2010-conceptual,
    title = "Conceptual Structure of Automatically Extracted Multi-Word Terms from Domain Specific Corpora: a Case Study for {I}talian",
    author = "Lavagnino, Elisa  and
      Park, Jungyeul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3408",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{gao-2010-computational,
    title = "Computational Lexicography: A Feature-based Approach in Designing an E-dictionary of {C}hinese Classifiers",
    author = "Gao, Helena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3409",
    pages = "56--65",
}
@inproceedings{markantonatou-etal-2010-search,
    title = "In Search of the {'}Right{'} Word",
    author = "Markantonatou, Stella  and
      Fotopoulou, Aggeliki  and
      Alexopoulou, Maria  and
      Mini, Marianna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3410",
    pages = "66--74",
}
@inproceedings{zock-etal-2010-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Access, a Search-Problem",
    author = "Zock, Michael  and
      Schwab, Didier  and
      Rakotonanahary, Nirina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3411",
    pages = "75--84",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-peoples,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {T}he {P}eople{'}s {W}eb {M}eets {NLP}: {C}ollaboratively {C}onstructed {S}emantic {R}esources",
    author = "Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3500",
}
@inproceedings{shibaki-etal-2010-constructing,
    title = "Constructing Large-Scale Person Ontology from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Shibaki, Yumi  and
      Nagata, Masaaki  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {T}he {P}eople{'}s {W}eb {M}eets {NLP}: {C}ollaboratively {C}onstructed {S}emantic {R}esources",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3501",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{pateman-johnson-2010-using,
    title = "Using the {W}ikipedia Link Structure to Correct the {W}ikipedia Link Structure",
    author = "Pateman, Benjamin Mark  and
      Johnson, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {T}he {P}eople{'}s {W}eb {M}eets {NLP}: {C}ollaboratively {C}onstructed {S}emantic {R}esources",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3502",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{bentivogli-etal-2010-extending,
    title = "Extending {E}nglish {ACE} 2005 Corpus Annotation with Ground-truth Links to {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Forner, Pamela  and
      Giuliano, Claudio  and
      Marchetti, Alessandro  and
      Pianta, Emanuele  and
      Tymoshenko, Kateryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {T}he {P}eople{'}s {W}eb {M}eets {NLP}: {C}ollaboratively {C}onstructed {S}emantic {R}esources",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3503",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{zanzotto-pennacchiotti-2010-expanding,
    title = "Expanding textual entailment corpora from{W}ikipedia using co-training",
    author = "Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo  and
      Pennacchiotti, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {T}he {P}eople{'}s {W}eb {M}eets {NLP}: {C}ollaboratively {C}onstructed {S}emantic {R}esources",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3504",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{fang-etal-2010-pruning,
    title = "Pruning Non-Informative Text Through Non-Expert Annotations to Improve Aspect-Level Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Fang, Ji  and
      Price, Bob  and
      Price, Lotti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {T}he {P}eople{'}s {W}eb {M}eets {NLP}: {C}ollaboratively {C}onstructed {S}emantic {R}esources",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3505",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{gouws-etal-2010-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Conceptual Similarity by Spreading Activation over {W}ikipedia{'}s Hyperlink Structure",
    author = "Gouws, Stephan  and
      van Rooyen, G-J  and
      Engelbrecht, Herman A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {T}he {P}eople{'}s {W}eb {M}eets {NLP}: {C}ollaboratively {C}onstructed {S}emantic {R}esources",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3506",
    pages = "46--54",
}
@inproceedings{qureshi-etal-2010-identifying,
    title = "Identifying and Ranking Topic Clusters in the Blogosphere",
    author = "Qureshi, M. Atif  and
      Younus, Arjumand  and
      Saeed, Muhammad  and
      Touheed, Nasir  and
      Pianta, Emanuele  and
      Tymoshenko, Kateryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {T}he {P}eople{'}s {W}eb {M}eets {NLP}: {C}ollaboratively {C}onstructed {S}emantic {R}esources",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3507",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{utiyama-etal-2010-helping,
    title = "Helping Volunteer Translators, Fostering Language Resources",
    author = "Utiyama, Masao  and
      Abekawa, Takeshi  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Kageura, Kyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on {T}he {P}eople{'}s {W}eb {M}eets {NLP}: {C}ollaboratively {C}onstructed {S}emantic {R}esources",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3508",
    pages = "63--66",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-south,
    title = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Joshi, Aravin K.",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3600",
}
@inproceedings{abate-etal-2010-boosting,
    title = "Boosting N-gram Coverage for Unsegmented Languages Using Multiple Text Segmentation Approach",
    author = "Abate, Solomon Teferra  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Seng, Sopheap",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3601",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{slayden-etal-2010-thai,
    title = "{T}hai Sentence-Breaking for Large-Scale {SMT}",
    author = "Slayden, Glenn  and
      Hwang, Mei-Yuh  and
      Schwartz, Lee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3602",
    pages = "8--16",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-etal-2010-clause,
    title = "Clause Identification and Classification in {B}engali",
    author = "Ghosh, Aniruddha  and
      Das, Amitava  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3603",
    pages = "17--25",
}
@inproceedings{bapat-etal-2010-paradigm,
    title = "A Paradigm-Based Finite State Morphological Analyzer for {M}arathi",
    author = "Bapat, Mugdha  and
      Gune, Harshada  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3604",
    pages = "26--34",
}
@inproceedings{singh-bandyopadhyay-2010-web,
    title = "Web Based {M}anipuri Corpus for Multiword {NER} and Reduplicated {MWE}s Identification using {SVM}",
    author = "Singh, Thoudam Doren  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3605",
    pages = "35--42",
}
@inproceedings{lehal-2010-word,
    title = "A Word Segmentation System for Handling Space Omission Problem in {U}rdu Script",
    author = "Lehal, Gurpreet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3606",
    pages = "43--50",
}
@inproceedings{patel-etal-2010-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Stemmer for {G}ujarati",
    author = "Patel, Pratikkumar  and
      Popat, Kashyap  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3607",
    pages = "51--55",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-2010-multiword,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Theory to Applications",
    author = "Laporte, {\'E}ric  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3700",
}
@inproceedings{kageura-2010-theoretical,
    title = "Being Theoretical is Being Practical: Multiword Units and Terminological Structure Revitalised",
    author = "Kageura, Kyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Theory to Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3701",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{gralinski-etal-2010-computational,
    title = "Computational Lexicography of Multi-Word Units. How Efficient Can It Be?",
    author = "Grali{\'n}ski, Filip  and
      Savary, Agata  and
      Czerepowicka, Monika  and
      Makowiecki, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Theory to Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3702",
    pages = "2--10",
}
@inproceedings{wang-yu-2010-construction,
    title = "Construction of {C}hinese Idiom Knowledge-base and Its Applications",
    author = "Wang, Lei  and
      Yu, Shiwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Theory to Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3703",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{attia-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of {A}rabic Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Attia, Mohammed  and
      Toral, Antonio  and
      Tounsi, Lamia  and
      Pecina, Pavel  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Theory to Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3704",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{wehrli-etal-2010-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Analysis and Collocation Identification",
    author = "Wehrli, Eric  and
      Seretan, Violeta  and
      Nerima, Luka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Theory to Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3705",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Complex Predicates in {B}engali",
    author = "Das, Dipankar  and
      Pal, Santanu  and
      Mondal, Tapabrata  and
      Chakraborty, Tanmoy  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Theory to Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3706",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{pal-etal-2010-handling,
    title = "Handling Named Entities and Compound Verbs in Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Pal, Santanu  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      Pecina, Pavel  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Theory to Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3707",
    pages = "46--54",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2010-application,
    title = "Application of the Tightness Continuum Measure to {C}hinese Information Retrieval",
    author = "Xu, Ying  and
      Goebel, Randy  and
      Ringlstetter, Christoph  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Theory to Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3708",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{izumi-etal-2010-standardizing,
    title = "Standardizing Complex Functional Expressions in {J}apanese Predicates: Applying Theoretically-Based Paraphrasing Rules",
    author = "Izumi, Tomoko  and
      Imamura, Kenji  and
      Kikui, Genichiro  and
      Sato, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Theory to Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3709",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{chakraborty-bandyopadhyay-2010-identification,
    title = "Identification of Reduplication in {B}engali Corpus and their Semantic Analysis: A Rule Based Approach",
    author = "Chakraborty, Tanmoy  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Theory to Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3710",
    pages = "73--76",
}
@inproceedings{bonin-etal-2010-contrastive,
    title = "Contrastive Filtering of Domain-Specific Multi-Word Terms from Different Types of Corpora",
    author = "Bonin, Francesca  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Venturi, Giulia  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Theory to Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3711",
    pages = "77--80",
}
@inproceedings{hazelbeck-saito-2010-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach for Functional Expression Identification in a {J}apanese Reading Assistant",
    author = "Hazelbeck, Gregory  and
      Saito, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Theory to Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3712",
    pages = "81--84",
}
@inproceedings{martens-vandeghinste-2010-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient, Generic Approach to Extracting Multi-Word Expressions from Dependency Trees",
    author = "Martens, Scott  and
      Vandeghinste, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Theory to Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3713",
    pages = "85--88",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-2010-multiword,
    title = "Multiword Expressions as Discourse Relation Markers ({DRM}s)",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Theory to Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3714",
    pages = "89",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-syntax,
    title = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    author = "Wu, Dekai",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3800",
}
@inproceedings{dymetman-cancedda-2010-intersecting,
    title = "Intersecting Hierarchical and Phrase-Based Models of Translation: Formal Aspects and Algorithms",
    author = "Dymetman, Marc  and
      Cancedda, Nicola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3801",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{saers-etal-2010-systematic,
    title = "A Systematic Comparison between Inversion Transduction Grammar and Linear Transduction Grammar for Word Alignment",
    author = "Saers, Markus  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3802",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2010-source,
    title = "Source-side Syntactic Reordering Patterns with Functional Words for Improved Phrase-based {SMT}",
    author = "Jiang, Jie  and
      Du, Jinhua  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3803",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2010-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Constraints on Phrase Extraction for Phrase-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Cao, Hailong  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3804",
    pages = "28--33",
}
@inproceedings{kolachina-etal-2010-phrase,
    title = "Phrase Based Decoding using a Discriminative Model",
    author = "Kolachina, Prasanth  and
      Venkatapathy, Sriram  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Kolachina, Sudheer  and
      PVS, Avinesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3805",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{zhechev-van-genabith-2010-seeding,
    title = "Seeding Statistical Machine Translation with Translation Memory Output through Tree-Based Structural Alignment",
    author = "Zhechev, Ventsislav  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3806",
    pages = "43--51",
}
@inproceedings{lo-wu-2010-semantic,
    title = "Semantic vs. Syntactic vs. N-gram Structure for Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3807",
    pages = "52--60",
}
@inproceedings{turki-khemakhem-etal-2010-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic morpho-syntactic feature disambiguation in a translation context",
    author = "Turki Khemakhem, Ines  and
      Jamoussi, Salma  and
      Ben Hamadou, Abdelmajid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3808",
    pages = "61--65",
}
@inproceedings{venkatapathy-etal-2010-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Approach for Dependency Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Venkatapathy, Sriram  and
      Sangal, Rajeev  and
      Joshi, Aravind  and
      Gali, Karthik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3809",
    pages = "66--74",
}
@inproceedings{mohaghegh-etal-2010-improved,
    title = "Improved Language Modeling for {E}nglish-{P}ersian Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Mohaghegh, Mahsa  and
      Sarrafzadeh, Abdolhossein  and
      Moir, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3810",
    pages = "75--82",
}
@inproceedings{singh-bandyopadhyay-2010-manipuri,
    title = "{M}anipuri-{E}nglish Bidirectional Statistical Machine Translation Systems using Morphology and Dependency Relations",
    author = "Singh, Thoudam Doren  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3811",
    pages = "83--91",
}
@inproceedings{khalilov-simaan-2010-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Syntactic Model for Source Permutation via Tree Transduction",
    author = "Khalilov, Maxim  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3812",
    pages = "92--100",
}
@inproceedings{ma-way-2010-hmm,
    title = "{HMM} Word-to-Phrase Alignment with Dependency Constraints",
    author = "Ma, Yanjun  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3813",
    pages = "101--109",
}
@inproceedings{zollmann-vogel-2010-new,
    title = "New Parameterizations and Features for {PSCFG}-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Zollmann, Andreas  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3814",
    pages = "110--117",
}
@inproceedings{graham-van-genabith-2010-deep,
    title = "Deep Syntax Language Models and Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Graham, Yvette  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3815",
    pages = "118--126",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-nlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} Challenges in the Information Explosion Era ({NLPIX} 2010)",
    author = "Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Utsuro, Takehito",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3900",
}
@inproceedings{li-2010-query,
    title = "Query Understanding in Web Search - by Large Scale Log Data Mining and Statistical Learning",
    author = "Li, Hang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} Challenges in the Information Explosion Era ({NLPIX} 2010)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3901",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{shinzato-kurohashi-2010-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Term Importance Categories and Dependency Relations for Natural Language Search",
    author = "Shinzato, Keiji  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} Challenges in the Information Explosion Era ({NLPIX} 2010)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3902",
    pages = "2--11",
}
@inproceedings{harashima-kurohashi-2010-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Search Results using {PLSI}",
    author = "Harashima, Jun  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} Challenges in the Information Explosion Era ({NLPIX} 2010)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3903",
    pages = "12--20",
}
@inproceedings{murakami-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Classification of Semantic Relations between Facts and Opinions",
    author = "Murakami, Koji  and
      Nichols, Eric  and
      Mizuno, Junta  and
      Watanabe, Yotaro  and
      Goto, Hayato  and
      Ohki, Megumi  and
      Matsuyoshi, Suguru  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} Challenges in the Information Explosion Era ({NLPIX} 2010)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3904",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{poon-2010-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Relational Learning for Knowledge Extraction from the Web",
    author = "Poon, Hoifung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} Challenges in the Information Explosion Era ({NLPIX} 2010)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3905",
    pages = "31",
}
@inproceedings{yamamoto-asakura-2010-even,
    title = "Even Unassociated Features Can Improve Lexical Distributional Similarity",
    author = "Yamamoto, Kazuhide  and
      Asakura, Takeshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} Challenges in the Information Explosion Era ({NLPIX} 2010)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3906",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{kuroda-etal-2010-look,
    title = "A Look inside the Distributionally Similar Terms",
    author = "Kuroda, Kow  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} Challenges in the Information Explosion Era ({NLPIX} 2010)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3907",
    pages = "40--49",
}
@inproceedings{rapp-zock-2010-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing Citations of Foreign Words in Corpus-Based Dictionary Generation",
    author = "Rapp, Reinhard  and
      Zock, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} Challenges in the Information Explosion Era ({NLPIX} 2010)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3908",
    pages = "50--59",
}
@inproceedings{liao-grishman-2010-large,
    title = "Large Corpus-based Semantic Feature Extraction for Pronoun Coreference",
    author = "Liao, Shasha  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} Challenges in the Information Explosion Era ({NLPIX} 2010)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3909",
    pages = "60--68",
}
@inproceedings{nghiem-quoc-etal-2010-mining,
    title = "Mining Coreference Relations between Formulas and Text using {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Nghiem Quoc, Minh  and
      Yokoi, Keisuke  and
      Matsubayashi, Yuichiroh  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} Challenges in the Information Explosion Era ({NLPIX} 2010)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3910",
    pages = "69--74",
}
@inproceedings{miura-etal-2010-adverse,
    title = "Adverse-Effect Relations Extraction from Massive Clinical Records",
    author = "Miura, Yasuhide  and
      Aramaki, Eiji  and
      Ohkuma, Tomoko  and
      Tonoike, Masatsugu  and
      Sugihara, Daigo  and
      Masuichi, Hiroshi  and
      Ohe, Kazuhiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {NLP} Challenges in the Information Explosion Era ({NLPIX} 2010)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-3911",
    pages = "75--83",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-cross,
    title = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access",
    author = "Sarkar, Sudeshna  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Lopez, Adam  and
      Udupa, Raghavendra",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4000",
}
@inproceedings{bhattacharyya-2010-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation and {IR}",
    author = "Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4001",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{sakai-2010-multiliguality,
    title = "Multiliguality at {NTCIR}, and moving on ...",
    author = "Sakai, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4002",
    pages = "2",
}
@inproceedings{lejeune-etal-2010-filtering,
    title = "Filtering news for epidemic surveillance: towards processing more languages with fewer resources",
    author = {Lejeune, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Doucet, Antoine  and
      Yangarber, Roman  and
      Lucas, Nadine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4003",
    pages = "3--10",
}
@inproceedings{r-k-rao-lalitha-devi-2010-get,
    title = "How to Get the Same News from Different Language News Papers",
    author = "R. K Rao, T. Pattabhi  and
      Lalitha Devi, Sobha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4004",
    pages = "11--15",
}
@inproceedings{rapp-etal-2010-noisier,
    title = "The Noisier the Better: Identifying Multilingual Word Translations Using a Single Monolingual Corpus",
    author = "Rapp, Reinhard  and
      Zock, Michael  and
      Trotman, Andrew  and
      Xu, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4005",
    pages = "16--25",
}
@inproceedings{okita-etal-2010-multi,
    title = "Multi-Word Expression-Sensitive Word Alignment",
    author = "Okita, Tsuyoshi  and
      Maldonado Guerra, Alfredo  and
      Graham, Yvette  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4006",
    pages = "26--34",
}
@inproceedings{chatterjee-etal-2010-co,
    title = "Co-occurrence Graph Based Iterative Bilingual Lexicon Extraction From Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Chatterjee, Diptesh  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna  and
      Mishra, Arpit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4007",
    pages = "35--42",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2010-voting,
    title = "A Voting Mechanism for Named Entity Translation in {E}nglish{--}{C}hinese Question Answering",
    author = "Tang, Ling-Xiang  and
      Geva, Shlomo  and
      Trotman, Andrew  and
      Xu, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4008",
    pages = "43--51",
}
@inproceedings{falaise-etal-2010-ontology,
    title = "Ontology driven content extraction using interlingual annotation of texts in the {OMNIA} project",
    author = "Falaise, Achille  and
      Rouquet, David  and
      Schwab, Didier  and
      Blanchon, Herv{\'e}  and
      Boitet, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4009",
    pages = "52--60",
}
@inproceedings{litvak-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards multi-lingual summarization: A comparative analysis of sentence extraction methods on {E}nglish and {H}ebrew corpora",
    author = "Litvak, Marina  and
      Last, Mark  and
      Kisilevich, Slava  and
      Keim, Daniel  and
      Lipman, Hagay  and
      Ben Gur, Assaf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4010",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@inproceedings{vachhani-etal-2010-languages,
    title = "More Languages, More {MAP}?: A Study of Multiple Assisting Languages in Multilingual {PRF}",
    author = "Vachhani, Vishal  and
      Chinnakotla, Manoj  and
      Khapra, Mitesh  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4011",
    pages = "70--78",
}
@inproceedings{hajlaoui-boitet-2010-multilinguization,
    title = "Multilinguization and Personalization of {NL}-based Systems",
    author = "Hajlaoui, Najeh  and
      Boitet, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access",
    month = aug,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Beijing, China",
    publisher = "Coling 2010 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4012",
    pages = "79--87",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-cips,
    title = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4100",
}
@inproceedings{dong-etal-2010-word,
    title = "Word Segmentation needs change- From a linguist{'}s view",
    author = "Dong, Zhendong  and
      Dong, Qiang  and
      Hao, Changling",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4101",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2010-textual,
    title = "Textual Emotion Processing From Event Analysis",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chen, Ying  and
      Lee, Sophia Yat Mei",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4102",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2010-classical,
    title = "Classical {C}hinese Sentence Segmentation",
    author = "Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Sun, Chuen-Tsai  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4103",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2010-generalized,
    title = "On Generalized-Topic-Based {C}hinese Discourse Structure",
    author = "Song, Rou  and
      Jiang, Yuru  and
      Wang, Jingyi",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4104",
}
@inproceedings{wang-yu-2010-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Computing and Language Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Wang, Lei  and
      Yu, Shiwen",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4105",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-semantic,
    title = "Semantic class induction and its application for a {C}hinese voice search system",
    author = "Li, Yali  and
      Xu, Weiqun  and
      Yan, Yonghong",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4106",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2010-reducing,
    title = "Reducing the False Alarm Rate of {C}hinese Character Error Detection and Correction",
    author = "Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Chen, Yong-Zhi  and
      Yang, Ping-che  and
      Ku, Tsun  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4107",
}
@inproceedings{chen-zhou-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of {C}hinese Event Descriptive Clause",
    author = "Chen, Liou  and
      Zhou, Qiang",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4108",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-bigram,
    title = "Bigram {HMM} with Context Distribution Clustering for Unsupervised {C}hinese Part-of-Speech tagging",
    author = "Zhang, Lidan  and
      Chan, Kwok-Ping  and
      Kit, Chunyu  and
      Cai, Dongfeng",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4109",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2010-mining,
    title = "Mining Large-scale Parallel Corpora from Multilingual Patents: An {E}nglish-{C}hinese example and its application to {SMT}",
    author = "Lu, Bin  and
      Tsou, Benjamin K.  and
      Jiang, Tao  and
      Kwong, Oi Yee  and
      Zhu, Jingbo",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4110",
}
@inproceedings{zan-etal-2010-studies,
    title = "Studies on Automatic Recognition of Common {C}hinese Adverb{'}s usages Based on Statistics Methods",
    author = "Zan, Hongying  and
      Zhang, Junhui  and
      Zhu, Xuefeng  and
      Yu, Shiwen",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4111",
}
@inproceedings{ren-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Predicate Heads in {C}hinese Sentences",
    author = "Ren, Xiaona  and
      Zhou, Qiaoli  and
      Kit, Chunyu  and
      Cai, Dongfeng",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4112",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2010-selecting,
    title = "Selecting Optimal Feature Template Subset for {CRF}s",
    author = "Xu, Xingjun  and
      Sun, Guanglu  and
      Guan, Yi  and
      Dong, Xishuang  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4113",
}
@inproceedings{hai-etal-2010-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical {NLP} Approach for Feature and Sentiment Identification from {C}hinese Reviews",
    author = "Hai, Zhen  and
      Chang, Kuiyu  and
      Song, Qinbao  and
      Kim, Jung-jae",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4114",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2010-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Deep Belief Network for {C}hinese Relation Extraction",
    author = "Chen, Yu  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Liu, Yan  and
      Zheng, Dequan  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4115",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2010-exploring,
    title = "Exploring {E}nglish Lexicon Knowledge for {C}hinese Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "He, Yulan  and
      Alani, Harith  and
      Zhou, Deyu",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4116",
}
@inproceedings{wu-hisashi-2010-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Social Q{\&}A Collection in Answering Complex Questions",
    author = "Wu, Youzheng  and
      Hisashi, Kawai",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4117",
}
@inproceedings{wu-2010-treebank,
    title = "Treebank of {C}hinese {B}ible Translations",
    author = "Wu, Andi",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4118",
}
@inproceedings{yang-hou-2010-using,
    title = "Using Topic Sentiment Sentences to Recognize Sentiment Polarity in {C}hinese Reviews",
    author = "Yang, Jiang  and
      Hou, Min",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4119",
}
@inproceedings{chan-yamana-2010-method,
    title = "The Method of Improving the Specific Language Focused Crawler",
    author = "Chan, Shan-Bin  and
      Yamana, Hayato",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4120",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2010-active,
    title = "Active Learning Based Corpus Annotation",
    author = "Song, Hongyan  and
      Yao, Tianfang  and
      Kit, Chunyu  and
      Cai, Dongfeng",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4121",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving {C}hinese Word Segmentation by Adopting Self-Organized Maps of Character N-gram",
    author = "Zhang, Chongyang  and
      Chen, Zhigang  and
      Hu, Guoping",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4122",
}
@inproceedings{hou-etal-2010-cmdmc,
    title = "{CMDMC}: A Diachronic Digital Museum of {C}hinese {M}andarin",
    author = "Hou, Min  and
      Zou, Yu  and
      Teng, Yonglin  and
      He, Wei  and
      Wang, Yan  and
      Liu, Jun  and
      Wu, Jiyuan",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4123",
}
@inproceedings{altenbek-wang-2010-kazakh,
    title = "{K}azakh Segmentation System of Inflectional Affixes",
    author = "Altenbek, Gulila  and
      Wang, Xiao-long",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4124",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2010-space,
    title = "Space characters in {C}hinese semi-structured texts",
    author = "Shen, Rongzhou  and
      Grover, Claire  and
      Klein, Ewan",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4125",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-liu-2010-cips,
    title = "The {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} {CLP}2010 {C}hinese Word Segmentation Backoff",
    author = "Zhao, Hongmei  and
      Liu, Qiu",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4126",
}
@inproceedings{gao-vogel-2010-multi,
    title = "A Multi-layer {C}hinese Word Segmentation System Optimized for Out-of-domain Tasks",
    author = "Gao, Qin  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4127",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2010-hmm,
    title = "{HMM} Revises Low Marginal Probability by {CRF} for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Huang, Degen  and
      Tong, Deqin  and
      Luo, Yanyan",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4128",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-chinese,
    title = "A {C}hinese Word Segmentation System Based on Structured Support Vector Machine Utilization of Unlabeled Text Corpus",
    author = "Zhang, Chongyang  and
      Chen, Zhigang  and
      Hu, Guoping",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4129",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2010-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation with Conditional Support Vector Inspired {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Wu, Yu-Chieh  and
      Yang, Jie-Chi  and
      Lee, Yue-Shi",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4130",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2010-boundary,
    title = "A Boundary-Oriented {C}hinese Segmentation Method Using N-Gram Mutual Information",
    author = "Tang, Ling-Xiang  and
      Geva, Shlomo  and
      Trotman, Andrew  and
      Xu, Yue",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4131",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2010-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive {C}hinese Word Segmentation with Online Passive-Aggressive Algorithm",
    author = "Gao, Wenjun  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4132",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2010-character,
    title = "A Character-Based Joint Model for {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Word Segmentation Bakeoff 2010",
    author = "Wang, Kun  and
      Zong, Chengqing  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4133",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating New Words Detection with {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Zhang, Hua-Ping  and
      Gao, Jian  and
      Mo, Qian  and
      Huang, He-Yan",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4134",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2010-high,
    title = "High {OOV}-Recall {C}hinese Word Segmenter",
    author = "Xu, Xiaoming  and
      Zhu, Muhua  and
      Fei, Xiaoxu  and
      Zhu, Jingbo",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4135",
}
@inproceedings{chang-mairgup-2010-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese word segmentation model using bootstrapping",
    author = "Chang, Baobao  and
      Mairgup, Mansur",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4136",
}
@inproceedings{qin-etal-2010-crf,
    title = "{CRF}-based Experiments for Cross-Domain {C}hinese Word Segmentation at {CIPS}-{SIGHAN}-2010",
    author = "Qin, Xiao  and
      Zong, Liang  and
      Wu, Yuqian  and
      Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Yang, Jianwu",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4137",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2010-term-contributed,
    title = "Term Contributed Boundary Tagging by Conditional Random Fields for {SIGHAN} 2010 {C}hinese Word Segmentation Bakeoff",
    author = "Jiang, Tian-Jian  and
      Liu, Shih-Hung  and
      Sung, Cheng-Lung  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4138",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2010-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation based on Mixing Multiple Preprocessor and {CRF}",
    author = "Shen, Jianping  and
      Wang, Xuan  and
      Zhao, Hainan  and
      Zhang, Wenxiao",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4139",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2010-domain,
    title = "A domain adaption Word Segmenter For Sighan Backoff 2010",
    author = "Guo, Jiang  and
      Su, Wenjie  and
      Zhang, Yangsen",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4140",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-dong-2010-double,
    title = "An Double Hidden {HMM} and an {CRF} for Segmentation Tasks with Pinyin{'}s Finals",
    author = "Jiang, Huixing  and
      Dong, Zhe",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4141",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2010-combining,
    title = "Combining Character-Based and Subsequence-Based Tagging for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Yu, Jiangde  and
      Gu, Chuan  and
      Ge, Wenying",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4142",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-zhu-2010-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Syntactic Parsing Evaluation",
    author = "Zhou, Qiang  and
      Zhu, Jingbo",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4143",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2010-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Parse Reranking for {C}hinese with Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Annotations",
    author = "Sun, Weiwei  and
      Wang, Rui  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4144",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2010-sau,
    title = "The {SAU} Report for the 1st {CIPS}-{SIGHAN}-{P}ars{E}val-2010",
    author = "Zhou, Qiaoli  and
      Lang, Wenjing  and
      Wang, Yingying  and
      Wang, Yan  and
      Cai, Dongfeng",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4145",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2010-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parser for {C}hinese Constituent Parsing",
    author = "Ma, Xuezhe  and
      Zhang, Xiaotian  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Lu, Bao-Liang",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4146",
}
@inproceedings{sun-2010-technical,
    title = "Technical Report of the {CCID} System for the 2th Evaluation on {C}hinese Parsing",
    author = "Sun, Guangfan",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4147",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2010-crf,
    title = "{CRF} tagging for head recognition based on {S}tanford parser",
    author = "Cheng, Yong  and
      Sun, Chengjie  and
      Liu, Bingquan  and
      Lin, Lei",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4148",
}
@inproceedings{wang-zong-2010-treebank,
    title = "Treebank Conversion based Self-training Strategy for Parsing",
    author = "Wang, Zhiguo  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4149",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2010-chinese,
    title = "A {C}hinese {LPCFG} Parser with Hybrid Character Information",
    author = "Xu, Wenzhi  and
      Sun, Chaobo  and
      Yuan, Caixia",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4150",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2010-complete,
    title = "Complete Syntactic Analysis Bases on Multi-level Chunking",
    author = "Jiang, Zhipeng  and
      Zhao, Yu  and
      Guan, Yi  and
      Li, Chao  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4151",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2010-chinese,
    title = "The {C}hinese Persons Name Diambiguation Evaluation: Exploration of Personal Name Disambiguation in {C}hinese News",
    author = "Chen, Ying  and
      Jin, Peng  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4152",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2010-multi,
    title = "A Multi-stage Clustering Framework for {C}hinese Personal Name Disambiguation",
    author = "Wang, Huizhen  and
      Ding, Haibo  and
      Shi, Yingchao  and
      Ma, Ji  and
      Zhou, Xiao  and
      Zhu, Jingbo",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4153",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2010-combine,
    title = "Combine Person Name and Person Identity Recognition and Document Clustering for {C}hinese Person Name Disambiguation",
    author = "Xu, Ruifeng  and
      Xu, Jun  and
      Dai, Xiangying  and
      Kit, Chunyu",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4154",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2010-pipeline,
    title = "A Pipeline Approach to {C}hinese Personal Name Disambiguation",
    author = "Song, Yang  and
      He, Zhengyan  and
      Chen, Chen  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4155",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2010-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Personal Name Disambiguation: Technical Report of Natural Language Processing Lab of {X}iamen University",
    author = "Zhu, Xiang  and
      Shi, Xiaodong  and
      Liu, Ningfeng  and
      Guo, YingMei  and
      Chen, Yidong",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4156",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-chinese-personal,
    title = "{C}hinese Personal Name Disambiguation Based on Person Modeling",
    author = "Zhang, Hua-Ping  and
      Liu, Zhi-Hua  and
      Mo, Qian  and
      Huang, He-Yan",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4157",
}
@inproceedings{hong-etal-2010-jumping,
    title = "Jumping Distance based {C}hinese Person Name Disambiguation",
    author = "Hong, Yu  and
      Pei, Fei  and
      Yang, Yue-hui  and
      Yao, Jian-min  and
      Zhu, Qiao-ming",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4158",
}
@inproceedings{ma-liu-2010-research,
    title = "Research of People Disambiguation by Combining Multiple knowledges",
    author = "Ma, Erlei  and
      Liu, Yuanchao",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4159",
}
@inproceedings{wang-huang-2010-dlut,
    title = "{DLUT}: {C}hinese Personal Name Disambiguation with Rich Features",
    author = "Wang, Dongliang  and
      Huang, Degen",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4160",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2010-person,
    title = "Person Name Disambiguation based on Topic Model",
    author = "Sun, Jiashen  and
      Wang, Tianmin  and
      Li, Li  and
      Wu, Xing",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4161",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-pris,
    title = "{PRIS} at {C}hinese Language Processing",
    author = "Zhang, Jiayue  and
      Cai, Yichao  and
      Li, Si  and
      Xu, Weiran  and
      Guo, Jun",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4162",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2010-overview,
    title = "Overview of the {C}hinese Word Sense Induction Task at {CLP}2010",
    author = "Sun, Le  and
      Zhang, Zhenzhong  and
      Dong, Qiang",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4163",
}
@inproceedings{jia-etal-2010-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Sense Induction with Basic Clustering Algorithms",
    author = "Jia, Yuxiang  and
      Yu, Shiwen  and
      Chen, Zhengyan",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4164",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2010-triplet,
    title = "Triplet-Based {C}hinese Word Sense Induction",
    author = "Liu, Zhao  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4165",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-sun-2010-word,
    title = "Word Sense Induction using Cluster Ensemble",
    author = "Zhang, Bichuan  and
      Sun, Jiashen",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4166",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2010-lstc,
    title = "{LSTC} System for {C}hinese Word Sense Induction",
    author = "Jin, Peng  and
      Zhang, Yihao  and
      Sun, Rui",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4167",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-neunlplab,
    title = "{NEUNLPL}ab {C}hinese Word Sense Induction System for {SIGHAN} Bakeoff 2010",
    author = "Zhang, Hao  and
      Xiao, Tong  and
      Zhu, Jingbo",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4168",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2010-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Sense Induction based on Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm",
    author = "Cai, Ke  and
      Shi, Xiaodong  and
      Chen, Yidong  and
      Huang, Zhehuang  and
      Gao, Yan",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4169",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-iscas,
    title = "{ISCAS}: A System for {C}hinese Word Sense Induction Based on K-means Algorithm",
    author = "Zhang, Zhenzhong  and
      Sun, Le  and
      Li, Wenbo",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4170",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2010-soochow,
    title = "Soochow University: Description and Analysis of the {C}hinese Word Sense Induction System for {CLP}2010",
    author = "Xu, Hua  and
      Liu, Bing  and
      Qian, Longhua  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4171",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2010-k,
    title = "K-means and Graph-based Approaches for {C}hinese Word Sense Induction Task",
    author = "Wang, Lisha  and
      Dou, Yanzhao  and
      Sun, Xiaoling  and
      Lin, Hongfei",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4172",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2010-applying,
    title = "Applying Spectral Clustering for {C}hinese Word Sense Induction",
    author = "He, Zhengyan  and
      Song, Yang  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "{CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4173",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4200",
}
@inproceedings{belz-kow-2010-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Rating Scales and Preference Judgements in Language Evaluation",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Kow, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4201",
}
@inproceedings{demir-etal-2010-discourse,
    title = "A Discourse-Aware Graph-Based Content-Selection Framework",
    author = "Demir, Seniz  and
      Carberry, Sandra  and
      McCoy, Kathleen F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4202",
}
@inproceedings{denis-2010-generating,
    title = "Generating Referring Expressions with Reference Domain Theory",
    author = "Denis, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4203",
}
@inproceedings{dethlefs-cuayahuitl-2010-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning for Adaptive Text Generation",
    author = "Dethlefs, Nina  and
      Cuay{\'a}huitl, Heriberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4204",
}
@inproceedings{elson-mckeown-2010-tense,
    title = "Tense and Aspect Assignment in Narrative Discourse",
    author = "Elson, David  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4205",
}
@inproceedings{gatt-portet-2010-textual,
    title = "Textual Properties and Task-based Evaluation: Investigating the Role of Surface Properties, Structure and Content",
    author = "Gatt, Albert  and
      Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4206",
}
@inproceedings{giuliani-etal-2010-situated,
    title = "Situated Reference in a Hybrid Human-Robot Interaction System",
    author = "Giuliani, Manuel  and
      Foster, Mary Ellen  and
      Isard, Amy  and
      Matheson, Colin  and
      Oberlander, Jon  and
      Knoll, Alois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4207",
}
@inproceedings{mellish-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards a Programmable Instrumented Generator",
    author = "Mellish, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4208",
}
@inproceedings{mellish-2010-using,
    title = "Using Semantic Web Technology to Support {NLG}. Case Study: {OWL} finds {RAGS}",
    author = "Mellish, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4209",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-etal-2010-natural,
    title = "Natural Reference to Objects in a Visual Domain",
    author = "Mitchell, Margaret  and
      van Deemter, Kees  and
      Reiter, Ehud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4210",
}
@inproceedings{murray-etal-2010-generating,
    title = "Generating and Validating Abstracts of Meeting Conversations: a User Study",
    author = "Murray, Gabriel  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Ng, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4211",
}
@inproceedings{ren-etal-2010-charting,
    title = "Charting the Potential of Description Logic for the Generation of Referring Expressions",
    author = "Ren, Yuan  and
      van Deemter, Kees  and
      Pan, Jeff Z.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4212",
}
@inproceedings{siddharthan-2010-complex,
    title = "Complex Lexico-syntactic Reformulation of Sentences Using Typed Dependency Representations",
    author = "Siddharthan, Advaith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4213",
}
@inproceedings{spanger-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards an Extrinsic Evaluation of Referring Expressions in Situated Dialogs",
    author = "Spanger, Philipp  and
      Iida, Ryu  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Terai, Asuka  and
      Kuriyama, Naoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4214",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanchev-piwek-2010-harvesting,
    title = "Harvesting Re-usable High-level Rules for Expository Dialogue Generation",
    author = "Stoyanchev, Svetlana  and
      Piwek, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4215",
}
@inproceedings{de-kok-2010-feature,
    title = "Feature Selection for Fluency Ranking",
    author = {de Kok, Dani{\"e}l},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4216",
}
@inproceedings{belz-kow-2010-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Parallel Fragments from Comparable Corpora for Data-to-text Generation",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Kow, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4217",
}
@inproceedings{cristia-pluss-2010-generating,
    title = "Generating Natural Language Descriptions of Z Test Cases",
    author = {Cristi{\'a}, Maximiliano  and
      Pl{\"u}ss, Brian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4218",
}
@inproceedings{dannells-2010-applying,
    title = "Applying Semantic Frame Theory to Automate Natural Language Template Generation From Ontology Statements",
    author = "Dann{\'e}lls, Dana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4219",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-greenbacker-2010-youve,
    title = "{`}If you{'}ve heard it, you can say it{'} - Towards an Account of Expressibility",
    author = "McDonald, David D.  and
      Greenbacker, Charlie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4220",
}
@inproceedings{theune-etal-2010-cross,
    title = "Cross-linguistic Attribute Selection for {REG}: Comparing {D}utch and {E}nglish",
    author = {Theune, Mari{\"e}t  and
      Koolen, Ruud  and
      Krahmer, Emiel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4221",
}
@inproceedings{williams-power-2010-grouping,
    title = "Grouping Axioms for More Coherent Ontology Descriptions",
    author = "Williams, Sandra  and
      Power, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4222",
}
@inproceedings{wubben-etal-2010-paraphrase,
    title = "Paraphrase Generation as Monolingual Translation: Data and Evaluation",
    author = "Wubben, Sander  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4223",
}
@inproceedings{zender-etal-2010-anchor,
    title = "Anchor-Progression in Spatially Situated Discourse: a Production Experiment",
    author = "Zender, Hendrik  and
      Koppermann, Christopher  and
      Greeve, Fai  and
      Kruijff, Geert-Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4224",
}
@inproceedings{belz-etal-2010-generation,
    title = "Generation Challenges 2010 Preface",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Gatt, Albert  and
      Koller, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4225",
}
@inproceedings{belz-kow-2010-grec,
    title = "The {GREC} Challenges 2010: Overview and Evaluation Results",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Kow, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4226",
}
@inproceedings{bouchard-2010-named,
    title = "Named Entity Generation Using Sampling-based Structured Prediction",
    author = "Bouchard, Guillaume",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4227",
}
@inproceedings{charton-etal-2010-poly,
    title = "Poly-co: An Unsupervised Co-reference Detection System",
    author = "Charton, {\'E}ric  and
      Gagnon, Michel  and
      Ozell, Benoit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4228",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2010-ju,
    title = "{JU}{\_}{CSE}{\_}{GREC}10: Named Entity Generation at {GREC} 2010",
    author = "Das, Amitava  and
      Saikh, Tanik  and
      Mondal, Tapabrata  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4229",
}
@inproceedings{favre-bohnet-2010-umus,
    title = "The {UMUS} System for Named Entity Generation at {GREC} 2010",
    author = "Favre, Benoit  and
      Bohnet, Bernd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4230",
}
@inproceedings{greenbacker-etal-2010-udel,
    title = "{UD}el: Refining a Method of Named Entity Generation",
    author = "Greenbacker, Charles  and
      Sparks, Nicole  and
      McCoy, Kathleen  and
      Kuo, Che-Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4231",
}
@inproceedings{sparks-etal-2010-udel,
    title = "{UD}el: Named Entity Recognition and Reference Regeneration from Surface Text",
    author = "Sparks, Nicole  and
      Greenbacker, Charles  and
      McCoy, Kathleen  and
      Kuo, Che-Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4232",
}
@inproceedings{koller-etal-2010-report,
    title = "Report on the Second {NLG} Challenge on Generating Instructions in Virtual Environments ({GIVE}-2)",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Striegnitz, Kristina  and
      Gargett, Andrew  and
      Byron, Donna  and
      Cassell, Justine  and
      Dale, Robert  and
      Moore, Johanna  and
      Oberlander, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4233",
}
@inproceedings{rus-etal-2010-first,
    title = "The First Question Generation Shared Task Evaluation Challenge",
    author = "Rus, Vasile  and
      Wyse, Brendan  and
      Piwek, Paul  and
      Lintean, Mihai  and
      Stoyanchev, Svetlana  and
      Moldovan, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4234",
}
@inproceedings{lemon-etal-2010-generation,
    title = "Generation Under Uncertainty",
    author = "Lemon, Oliver  and
      Janarthanam, Srini  and
      Rieser, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4235",
}
@inproceedings{dale-kilgarriff-2010-helping,
    title = "Helping Our Own: Text Massaging for Computational Linguistics as a New Shared Task",
    author = "Dale, Robert  and
      Kilgarriff, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4236",
}
@inproceedings{belz-etal-2010-finding,
    title = "Finding Common Ground: Towards a Surface Realisation Shared Task",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      White, Mike  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Hogan, Deirdre  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4237",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2010-author,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4238",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-sigdial,
    title = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    author = "Katagiri, Yasuhiro  and
      Nakano, Mikio",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4300",
}
@inproceedings{skantze-hjalmarsson-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards Incremental Speech Generation in Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Skantze, Gabriel  and
      Hjalmarsson, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4301",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{heintze-etal-2010-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Local and Sequential Models for Statistical Incremental Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Heintze, Silvan  and
      Baumann, Timo  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4302",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{walker-2010-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Adaptation in Dialog Systems",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4303",
    pages = "17",
}
@inproceedings{higashinaka-etal-2010-modeling,
    title = "Modeling User Satisfaction Transitions in Dialogues from Overall Ratings",
    author = "Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Minami, Yasuhiro  and
      Dohsaka, Kohji  and
      Meguro, Toyomi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4304",
    pages = "18--27",
}
@inproceedings{cai-strube-2010-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Metrics For End-to-End Coreference Resolution Systems",
    author = "Cai, Jie  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4305",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{mehta-etal-2010-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Ontology Trees for Belief Tracking in Dialog Systems",
    author = "Mehta, Neville  and
      Gupta, Rakesh  and
      Raux, Antoine  and
      Ramachandran, Deepak  and
      Krawczyk, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4306",
    pages = "37--46",
}
@inproceedings{santos-de-la-camara-etal-2010-day,
    title = "{`}How was your day?{'} An architecture for multimodal {ECA} systems",
    author = "Santos de la C{\'a}mara, Ra{\'u}l  and
      Turunen, Markku  and
      Hakulinen, Jaakko  and
      Field, Debora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4307",
    pages = "47--50",
}
@inproceedings{schlangen-etal-2010-middleware,
    title = "Middleware for Incremental Processing in Conversational Agents",
    author = "Schlangen, David  and
      Baumann, Timo  and
      Buschmeier, Hendrik  and
      Bu{\ss}, Okko  and
      Kopp, Stefan  and
      Skantze, Gabriel  and
      Yaghoubzadeh, Ramin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4308",
    pages = "51--54",
}
@inproceedings{hernault-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards Semi-Supervised Classification of Discourse Relations using Feature Correlations",
    author = "Hernault, Hugo  and
      Bollegala, Danushka  and
      Ishizuka, Mitsuru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4309",
    pages = "55--58",
}
@inproceedings{louis-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using entity features to classify implicit discourse relations",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Joshi, Aravind  and
      Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4310",
    pages = "59--62",
}
@inproceedings{borisova-redeker-2010-elaboration,
    title = "Same and Elaboration Relations in the Discourse Graphbank",
    author = "Borisova, Irina  and
      Redeker, Gisela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4311",
    pages = "63--66",
}
@inproceedings{benotti-blackburn-2010-negotiating,
    title = "Negotiating causal implicatures",
    author = "Benotti, Luciana  and
      Blackburn, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4312",
    pages = "67--70",
}
@inproceedings{de-groote-lebedeva-2010-presupposition,
    title = "Presupposition Accommodation as Exception Handling",
    author = "de Groote, Philippe  and
      Lebedeva, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4313",
    pages = "71--74",
}
@inproceedings{ha-etal-2010-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Effectiveness of Lexical Ontologies for Modeling Temporal Relations with {M}arkov Logic",
    author = "Ha, Eun Y.  and
      Baikadi, Alok  and
      Licata, Carlyle  and
      Mott, Bradford  and
      Lester, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4314",
    pages = "75--78",
}
@inproceedings{denis-2010-reference,
    title = "Reference reversibility with Reference Domain Theory",
    author = "Denis, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4315",
    pages = "79--82",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2010-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing Review Summarization in a Spoken Recommendation System",
    author = "Liu, Jingjing  and
      Seneff, Stephanie  and
      Zue, Victor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4316",
    pages = "83--86",
}
@inproceedings{xu-seneff-2010-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Management Based on Entities and Constraints",
    author = "Xu, Yushi  and
      Seneff, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4317",
    pages = "87--90",
}
@inproceedings{marge-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards Improving the Naturalness of Social Conversations with Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Marge, Matthew  and
      Miranda, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Black, Alan  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4318",
    pages = "91--94",
}
@inproceedings{koulouri-lauria-2010-route,
    title = "Route Communication in Dialogue: a Matter of Principles",
    author = "Koulouri, Theodora  and
      Lauria, Stanislao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4319",
    pages = "95--98",
}
@inproceedings{mast-etal-2010-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Dimensionality on Natural Language Route Directions in Unconstrained Dialogue",
    author = "Mast, Vivien  and
      Smeddinck, Jan  and
      Strotseva, Anna  and
      Tenbrink, Thora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4320",
    pages = "99--102",
}
@inproceedings{georgila-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Dialogue Strategies from Older and Younger Simulated Users",
    author = "Georgila, Kallirroi  and
      Wolters, Maria  and
      Moore, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4321",
    pages = "103--106",
}
@inproceedings{chandramohan-etal-2010-sparse,
    title = "Sparse Approximate Dynamic Programming for Dialog Management",
    author = "Chandramohan, Senthilkumar  and
      Geist, Matthieu  and
      Pietquin, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4322",
    pages = "107--115",
}
@inproceedings{keizer-etal-2010-parameter,
    title = "Parameter estimation for agenda-based user simulation",
    author = "Keizer, Simon  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Jur{\v{c}}{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Filip  and
      Mairesse, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Thomson, Blaise  and
      Yu, Kai  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4323",
    pages = "116--123",
}
@inproceedings{janarthanam-lemon-2010-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Referring Expression Generation in Spoken Dialogue Systems: Evaluation with Real Users",
    author = "Janarthanam, Srinivasan  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4324",
    pages = "124--131",
}
@inproceedings{egg-2010-unified,
    title = "A unified account of the semantics of discourse particles",
    author = "Egg, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4325",
    pages = "132--138",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2010-effects,
    title = "The Effects of Discourse Connectives Prediction on Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition",
    author = "Zhou, Zhi Min  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Niu, Zheng Yu  and
      Xu, Yu  and
      Su, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4326",
    pages = "139--146",
}
@inproceedings{louis-etal-2010-discourse,
    title = "Discourse indicators for content selection in summarization",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Joshi, Aravind  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4327",
    pages = "147--156",
}
@inproceedings{marge-rudnicky-2010-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Spoken Language Route Instructions for Robots across Environment Representations",
    author = "Marge, Matthew  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4328",
    pages = "157--164",
}
@inproceedings{raux-nakano-2010-dynamics,
    title = "The Dynamics of Action Corrections in Situated Interaction",
    author = "Raux, Antoine  and
      Nakano, Mikio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4329",
    pages = "165--174",
}
@inproceedings{ishiguro-2010-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Humans by Building Androids",
    author = "Ishiguro, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4330",
    pages = "175",
}
@inproceedings{funakoshi-etal-2010-non,
    title = "Non-humanlike Spoken Dialogue: A Design Perspective",
    author = "Funakoshi, Kotaro  and
      Nakano, Mikio  and
      Kobayashi, Kazuki  and
      Komatsu, Takanori  and
      Yamada, Seiji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4331",
    pages = "176--184",
}
@inproceedings{putois-etal-2010-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced Monitoring Tools and Online Dialogue Optimisation Merged into a New Spoken Dialogue System Design Experience",
    author = "Putois, Ghislain  and
      Laroche, Romain  and
      Bretier, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4332",
    pages = "185--192",
}
@inproceedings{brusk-etal-2010-dont,
    title = "Don{'}t tell anyone! Two Experiments on Gossip Conversations",
    author = "Brusk, Jenny  and
      Artstein, Ron  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4333",
    pages = "193--200",
}
@inproceedings{gasic-etal-2010-gaussian,
    title = "{G}aussian Processes for Fast Policy Optimisation of {POMDP}-based Dialogue Managers",
    author = "Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Jur{\v{c}}{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Filip  and
      Keizer, Simon  and
      Mairesse, Francois  and
      Thomson, Blaise  and
      Yu, Kai  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4334",
    pages = "201--204",
}
@inproceedings{kamiya-etal-2010-coherent,
    title = "Coherent Back-Channel Feedback Tagging of In-Car Spoken Dialogue Corpus",
    author = "Kamiya, Yuki  and
      Ohno, Tomohiro  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4335",
    pages = "205--208",
}
@inproceedings{crook-lemon-2010-representing,
    title = "Representing Uncertainty about Complex User Goals in Statistical Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Crook, Paul A.  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4336",
    pages = "209--212",
}
@inproceedings{varges-etal-2010-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Clarification Strategies in a Hybrid {POMDP} Dialog Manager",
    author = "Varges, Sebastian  and
      Quarteroni, Silvia  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe  and
      Ivanov, Alexei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4337",
    pages = "213--216",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-etal-2010-cooperative,
    title = "Cooperative User Models in Statistical Dialog Simulators",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez, Meritxell  and
      Quarteroni, Silvia  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe  and
      Varges, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4338",
    pages = "217--220",
}
@inproceedings{misu-etal-2010-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Spoken Decision Making Dialogue and Optimization of its Dialogue Strategy",
    author = "Misu, Teruhisa  and
      Sugiura, Komei  and
      Ohtake, Kiyonori  and
      Hori, Chiori  and
      Kashioka, Hideki  and
      Kawai, Hisashi  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4339",
    pages = "221--224",
}
@inproceedings{hjalmarsson-2010-vocal,
    title = "The vocal intensity of turn-initial cue phrases in dialogue",
    author = "Hjalmarsson, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4340",
    pages = "225--228",
}
@inproceedings{peltason-wrede-2010-pamini,
    title = "{P}amini: A framework for assembling mixed-initiative human-robot interaction from generic interaction patterns",
    author = "Peltason, Julia  and
      Wrede, Britta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4341",
    pages = "229--232",
}
@inproceedings{buss-etal-2010-collaborating,
    title = "Collaborating on Utterances with a Spoken Dialogue System Using an {ISU}-based Approach to Incremental Dialogue Management",
    author = "Bu{\ss}, Okko  and
      Baumann, Timo  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4342",
    pages = "233--236",
}
@inproceedings{georgila-etal-2010-cross,
    title = "Cross-Domain Speech Disfluency Detection",
    author = "Georgila, Kallirroi  and
      Wang, Ning  and
      Gratch, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4343",
    pages = "237--240",
}
@inproceedings{sagae-etal-2010-validation,
    title = "Validation of a Dialog System for Language Learners",
    author = "Sagae, Alicia  and
      Johnson, W. Lewis  and
      Bodnar, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4344",
    pages = "241--244",
}
@inproceedings{gandhe-traum-2010-ive,
    title = "{I}{'}ve said it before, and {I}{'}ll say it again: An empirical investigation of the upper bound of the selection approach to dialogue",
    author = "Gandhe, Sudeep  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4345",
    pages = "245--248",
}
@inproceedings{heeman-etal-2010-autism,
    title = "Autism and Interactional Aspects of Dialogue",
    author = "Heeman, Peter  and
      Lunsford, Rebecca  and
      Selfridge, Ethan  and
      Black, Lois  and
      van Santen, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4346",
    pages = "249--252",
}
@inproceedings{frampton-etal-2010-detection,
    title = "Detection of time-pressure induced stress in speech via acoustic indicators",
    author = "Frampton, Matthew  and
      Sripada, Sandeep  and
      Bion, Ricardo Augusto Hoffmann  and
      Peters, Stanley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4347",
    pages = "253--256",
}
@inproceedings{suendermann-etal-2010-drink,
    title = "How to Drink from a Fire Hose: One Person Can Annoscribe One Million Utterances in One Month",
    author = "Suendermann, David  and
      Liscombe, Jackson  and
      Pieraccini, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4348",
    pages = "257--260",
}
@inproceedings{schmitt-etal-2010-advances,
    title = "Advances in the Witchcraft Workbench Project",
    author = "Schmitt, Alexander  and
      Minker, Wolfgang  and
      Sharaf, Nada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4349",
    pages = "261--264",
}
@inproceedings{laurent-bretier-2010-mpowers,
    title = "{MPOWERS}: a Multi Points Of {V}ie{W} Evaluation Refine Studio",
    author = "Laurent, Marianne  and
      Bretier, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4350",
    pages = "265--268",
}
@inproceedings{griol-etal-2010-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Dialog Management Methodologies for Real Applications",
    author = "Griol, David  and
      Callejas, Zoraida  and
      L{\'o}pez-C{\'o}zar, Ram{\'o}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4351",
    pages = "269--272",
}
@inproceedings{takegata-tanaka-ishii-2010-youbot,
    title = "{Y}ou{B}ot: A Simple Framework for Building Virtual Networking Agents",
    author = "Takegata, Seiji  and
      Tanaka-Ishii, Kumiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4352",
    pages = "273--276",
}
@inproceedings{cavazza-etal-2010-day,
    title = "{`}How was your day?{'} An affective companion {ECA} prototype",
    author = "Cavazza, Marc  and
      Santos de la C{\'a}mara, Ra{\'u}l  and
      Turunen, Markku  and
      Rela{\~n}o Gil, Jos{\'e}  and
      Hakulinen, Jaakko  and
      Crook, Nigel  and
      Field, Debora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4353",
    pages = "277--280",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-cozar-etal-2010-f2,
    title = "$F^2$ - New Technique for Recognition of User Emotional States in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "L{\'o}pez-C{\'o}zar, Ram{\'o}n  and
      Silovsky, Jan  and
      Griol, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4354",
    pages = "281--288",
}
@inproceedings{komatani-okuno-2010-online,
    title = "Online Error Detection of Barge-In Utterances by Using Individual Users{'} Utterance Histories in Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Komatani, Kazunori  and
      Okuno, Hiroshi G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4355",
    pages = "289--296",
}
@inproceedings{boyer-etal-2010-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Act Modeling in a Complex Task-Oriented Domain",
    author = "Boyer, Kristy  and
      Ha, Eun Y.  and
      Phillips, Robert  and
      Wallis, Michael  and
      Vouk, Mladen  and
      Lester, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4356",
    pages = "297--305",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-etal-2010-hand,
    title = "Hand Gestures in Disambiguating Types of You Expressions in Multiparty Meetings",
    author = "Baldwin, Tyler  and
      Chai, Joyce  and
      Kirchhoff, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4357",
    pages = "306--313",
}
@inproceedings{dohsaka-etal-2010-user,
    title = "User-adaptive Coordination of Agent Communicative Behavior in Spoken Dialogue",
    author = "Dohsaka, Kohji  and
      Kanemoto, Atsushi  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Minami, Yasuhiro  and
      Maeda, Eisaku",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4358",
    pages = "314--321",
}
@inproceedings{kirschner-bernardi-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards an Empirically Motivated Typology of Follow-Up Questions: The Role of Dialogue Context",
    author = "Kirschner, Manuel  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4359",
    pages = "322--331",
}
@inproceedings{luz-su-2010-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the effectiveness of conversational features for dialogue segmentation in medical team meetings and in the {AMI} corpus",
    author = "Luz, Saturnino  and
      Su, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2010 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4360",
    pages = "332--339",
}
@proceedings{ws-2010-international-tree,
    title = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    author = "Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Frank, Robert  and
      Romero, Maribel",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4400",
}
@inproceedings{schuler-2010-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Parsing in Bounded Memory",
    author = "Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4401",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2010-non,
    title = "Non-local Right Node Raising: an Analysis using Delayed Tree-Local {MC}-{TAG}",
    author = "Han, Chung-hye  and
      Potter, David  and
      Storoshenko, Dennis Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4402",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{hunter-2010-unifying,
    title = "Unifying Adjunct Islands and Freezing Effects in Minimalist Grammars",
    author = "Hunter, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4403",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{little-2010-reevaluating,
    title = "Reevaluating Gapping in {CCG}: Evidence from {E}nglish {\&} {C}hinese",
    author = "Little, Nathaniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4404",
    pages = "25--34",
}
@inproceedings{monnich-2010-well,
    title = "Well-Nested Tree Languages and Attributed Tree Transducers",
    author = {M{\"o}nnich, Uwe},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4405",
    pages = "35--44",
}
@inproceedings{morrill-valentin-2010-calculus,
    title = "On Calculus of Displacement",
    author = "Morrill, Glyn  and
      Valent{\'\i}n, Oriol",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4406",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{chen-main-joshi-2010-unavoidable,
    title = "Unavoidable Ill-nestedness in Natural Language and the Adequacy of Tree Local-{MCTAG} Induced Dependency Structures",
    author = "Chen-Main, Joan  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4407",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{unger-etal-2010-generating,
    title = "Generating {LTAG} grammars from a lexicon/ontology interface",
    author = "Unger, Christina  and
      Hieber, Felix  and
      Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4408",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{freedman-frank-2010-restricting,
    title = "Restricting Inverse Scope in {STAG}",
    author = "Freedman, Michael  and
      Frank, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4409",
    pages = "69--76",
}
@inproceedings{grove-2010-surprisal,
    title = "Surprisal Derives the Recent Filler Heuristic in Mildly Context Sensitive Grammars",
    author = "Grove, Kyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4410",
    pages = "77--84",
}
@inproceedings{lichte-2010-partial,
    title = "From Partial {VP} Fronting towards Spinal {TT}-{MCTAG}",
    author = "Lichte, Timm",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4411",
    pages = "85--92",
}
@inproceedings{lichte-kallmeyer-2010-gapping,
    title = "Gapping through {TAG} derivation trees",
    author = "Lichte, Timm  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4412",
    pages = "93--100",
}
@inproceedings{seddah-etal-2010-control,
    title = "Control Verb, Argument Cluster Coordination and Multi Component {TAG}",
    author = "Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      Sagot, Benoit  and
      Danlos, Laurence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4413",
    pages = "101--110",
}
@inproceedings{villemonte-de-la-clergerie-2010-building,
    title = "Building factorized {TAG}s with meta-grammars",
    author = "Villemonte de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4414",
    pages = "111--118",
}
@inproceedings{maier-kallmeyer-2010-discontinuity,
    title = "Discontinuity and Non-Projectivity: Using Mildly Context-Sensitive Formalisms for Data-Driven Parsing",
    author = "Maier, Wolfgang  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4415",
    pages = "119--126",
}
@inproceedings{bauer-koller-2010-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Generation as Planning with Probabilistic {LTAG}",
    author = "Bauer, Daniel  and
      Koller, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4416",
    pages = "127--134",
}
@inproceedings{barker-2010-cosubstitution,
    title = "Cosubstitution, Derivational Locality, and Quantifier Scope",
    author = "Barker, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4417",
    pages = "135--142",
}
@inproceedings{storoshenko-han-2010-binding,
    title = "Binding Variables in {E}nglish: An Analysis Using Delayed Tree Locality",
    author = "Storoshenko, Dennis Ryan  and
      Han, Chung-hye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4418",
    pages = "143--150",
}
@inproceedings{eyigoz-2010-tag,
    title = "{TAG} Analysis of {T}urkish Long Distance Dependencies",
    author = {Eyig{\"o}z, Elif},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4419",
    pages = "151--156",
}
@inproceedings{kulick-bies-2010-tag,
    title = "A {TAG}-derived Database for Treebank Search and Parser Analysis",
    author = "Kulick, Seth  and
      Bies, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4420",
    pages = "157--164",
}
@inproceedings{le-hong-etal-2010-automated,
    title = "Automated Extraction of Tree Adjoining Grammars from a Treebank for {V}ietnamese",
    author = "Le-Hong, Phuong  and
      Nguyen, Thi Minh Huyen  and
      Nguyen, Phuong Thai  and
      Roussanaly, Azim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+10)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Yale University",
    publisher = "Linguistic Department, Yale University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-4421",
    pages = "165--174",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2012-2012,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    author = "Fosler-Lussier, Eric  and
      Riloff, Ellen  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1000",
}
@inproceedings{wallace-2012-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Narrative Disentanglement: Unraveling Infinite Jest",
    author = "Wallace, Byron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{levitan-etal-2012-acoustic,
    title = "Acoustic-Prosodic Entrainment and Social Behavior",
    author = "Levitan, Rivka  and
      Gravano, Agust{\'\i}n  and
      Willson, Laura  and
      Ben̆us̆, S̆tefan  and
      Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1002",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{madnani-etal-2012-identifying,
    title = "Identifying High-Level Organizational Elements in Argumentative Discourse",
    author = "Madnani, Nitin  and
      Heilman, Michael  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Chodorow, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1003",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{burkett-klein-2012-fast,
    title = "Fast Inference in Phrase Extraction Models with Belief Propagation",
    author = "Burkett, David  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1004",
    pages = "29--38",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2012-continuous,
    title = "Continuous Space Translation Models with Neural Networks",
    author = "Le, Hai Son  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1005",
    pages = "39--48",
}
@inproceedings{zbib-etal-2012-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation of {A}rabic Dialects",
    author = "Zbib, Rabih  and
      Malchiodi, Erika  and
      Devlin, Jacob  and
      Stallard, David  and
      Matsoukas, Spyros  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Makhoul, John  and
      Zaidan, Omar F.  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1006",
    pages = "49--59",
}
@inproceedings{green-etal-2012-entity,
    title = "Entity Clustering Across Languages",
    author = "Green, Spence  and
      Andrews, Nicholas  and
      Gormley, Matthew R.  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1007",
    pages = "60--69",
}
@inproceedings{reichart-barzilay-2012-multi,
    title = "Multi-Event Extraction Guided by Global Constraints",
    author = "Reichart, Roi  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1008",
    pages = "70--79",
}
@inproceedings{abu-jbara-radev-2012-reference,
    title = "Reference Scope Identification in Citing Sentences",
    author = "Abu-Jbara, Amjad  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1009",
    pages = "80--90",
}
@inproceedings{forbes-riley-etal-2012-intrinsic,
    title = "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evaluation of an Automatic User Disengagement Detector for an Uncertainty-Adaptive Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Forbes-Riley, Kate  and
      Litman, Diane  and
      Friedberg, Heather  and
      Drummond, Joanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1010",
    pages = "91--102",
}
@inproceedings{xie-etal-2012-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Content Features for Automated Speech Scoring",
    author = "Xie, Shasha  and
      Evanini, Keelan  and
      Zechner, Klaus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1011",
    pages = "103--111",
}
@inproceedings{stark-etal-2012-hello,
    title = "Hello, Who is Calling?: Can Words Reveal the Social Nature of Conversations?",
    author = "Stark, Anthony  and
      Shafran, Izhak  and
      Kaye, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1012",
    pages = "112--119",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanov-eisner-2012-minimum,
    title = "Minimum-Risk Training of Approximate {CRF}-Based {NLP} Systems",
    author = "Stoyanov, Veselin  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1013",
    pages = "120--130",
}
@inproceedings{smith-eisner-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning on an Approximate Corpus",
    author = "Smith, Jason  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1014",
    pages = "131--141",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2012-structured,
    title = "Structured Perceptron with Inexact Search",
    author = "Huang, Liang  and
      Fayong, Suphan  and
      Guo, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1015",
    pages = "142--151",
}
@inproceedings{fournier-inkpen-2012-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation Similarity and Agreement",
    author = "Fournier, Chris  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1016",
    pages = "152--161",
}
@inproceedings{dreyer-marcu-2012-hyter,
    title = "{H}y{TER}: Meaning-Equivalent Semantics for Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Dreyer, Markus  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1017",
    pages = "162--171",
}
@inproceedings{mason-charniak-2012-apples,
    title = "Apples to Oranges: Evaluating Image Annotations from Natural Language Processing Systems",
    author = "Mason, Rebecca  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1018",
    pages = "172--181",
}
@inproceedings{madnani-etal-2012-examining,
    title = "Re-examining Machine Translation Metrics for Paraphrase Identification",
    author = "Madnani, Nitin  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Chodorow, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1019",
    pages = "182--190",
}
@inproceedings{lee-kong-2012-dependency,
    title = "A Dependency Treebank of Classical {C}hinese Poems",
    author = "Lee, John  and
      Kong, Yin Hei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1020",
    pages = "191--199",
}
@inproceedings{dzikovska-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards Effective Tutorial Feedback for Explanation Questions: A Dataset and Baselines",
    author = "Dzikovska, Myroslava O.  and
      Nielsen, Rodney D.  and
      Brew, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1021",
    pages = "200--210",
}
@inproceedings{kazantseva-szpakowicz-2012-topical,
    title = "Topical Segmentation: a Study of Human Performance and a New Measure of Quality.",
    author = "Kazantseva, Anna  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1022",
    pages = "211--220",
}
@inproceedings{gimpel-smith-2012-structured,
    title = "Structured Ramp Loss Minimization for Machine Translation",
    author = "Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1023",
    pages = "221--231",
}
@inproceedings{paul-eisner-2012-implicitly,
    title = "Implicitly Intersecting Weighted Automata using Dual Decomposition",
    author = "Paul, Michael J.  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1024",
    pages = "232--242",
}
@inproceedings{el-kahki-etal-2012-transliteration,
    title = "Transliteration Mining Using Large Training and Test Sets",
    author = "El Kahki, Ali  and
      Darwish, Kareem  and
      Abdul-Wahab, Mohamed  and
      Taei, Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1025",
    pages = "243--252",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-2012-optimized,
    title = "Optimized Online Rank Learning for Machine Translation",
    author = "Watanabe, Taro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1026",
    pages = "253--262",
}
@inproceedings{maletti-2012-every,
    title = "Every sensible extended top-down tree transducer is a multi bottom-up tree transducer",
    author = "Maletti, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1027",
    pages = "263--273",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-etal-2012-nomit,
    title = "{NOMIT}: Automatic Titling by Nominalizing",
    author = "Lopez, C{\'e}dric  and
      Prince, Violaine  and
      Roche, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1028",
    pages = "274--283",
}
@inproceedings{israel-etal-2012-correcting,
    title = "Correcting Comma Errors in Learner Essays, and Restoring Commas in Newswire Text",
    author = "Israel, Ross  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Chodorow, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1029",
    pages = "284--294",
}
@inproceedings{tse-curran-2012-challenges,
    title = "The Challenges of Parsing {C}hinese with Combinatory Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Tse, Daniel  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1030",
    pages = "295--304",
}
@inproceedings{kulick-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using Supertags and Encoded Annotation Principles for Improved Dependency to Phrase Structure Conversion",
    author = "Kulick, Seth  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Mott, Justin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1031",
    pages = "305--314",
}
@inproceedings{hohensee-bender-2012-getting,
    title = "Getting More from Morphology in Multilingual Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Hohensee, Matt  and
      Bender, Emily M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1032",
    pages = "315--326",
}
@inproceedings{bergsma-etal-2012-stylometric,
    title = "Stylometric Analysis of Scientific Articles",
    author = "Bergsma, Shane  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1033",
    pages = "327--337",
}
@inproceedings{petrovic-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using paraphrases for improving first story detection in news and Twitter",
    author = "Petrovi{\'c}, Sa{\v{s}}a  and
      Osborne, Miles  and
      Lavrenko, Victor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1034",
    pages = "338--346",
}
@inproceedings{huck-ney-2012-insertion,
    title = "Insertion and Deletion Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Huck, Matthias  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1035",
    pages = "347--351",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2012-transahead,
    title = "{T}rans{A}head: A Computer-Assisted Translation and Writing Tool",
    author = "Huang, Chung-chi  and
      Yang, Ping-che  and
      Chen, Keh-jiann  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1036",
    pages = "352--356",
}
@inproceedings{swanson-yamangil-2012-correction,
    title = "Correction Detection and Error Type Selection as an {ESL} Educational Aid",
    author = "Swanson, Ben  and
      Yamangil, Elif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1037",
    pages = "357--361",
}
@inproceedings{scaiano-inkpen-2012-getting,
    title = "Getting More from Segmentation Evaluation",
    author = "Scaiano, Martin  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1038",
    pages = "362--366",
}
@inproceedings{waxmonsky-reddy-2012-g2p,
    title = "{G}2{P} Conversion of Proper Names Using Word Origin Information",
    author = "Waxmonsky, Sonjia  and
      Reddy, Sravana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1039",
    pages = "367--371",
}
@inproceedings{nicholson-etal-2012-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating a Morphological Analyser of {I}nuktitut",
    author = "Nicholson, Jeremy  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1040",
    pages = "372--376",
}
@inproceedings{chen-metze-2012-intra,
    title = "Intra-Speaker Topic Modeling for Improved Multi-Party Meeting Summarization with Integrated Random Walk",
    author = "Chen, Yun-Nung  and
      Metze, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1041",
    pages = "377--381",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards Using {EEG} to Improve {ASR} Accuracy",
    author = "Chen, Yun-Nung  and
      Chang, Kai-Min  and
      Mostow, Jack",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1042",
    pages = "382--385",
}
@inproceedings{mueller-etal-2012-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Investigation of Morphological Language Modeling for the Languages of the {E}uropean Union",
    author = "Mueller, Thomas  and
      Schuetze, Hinrich  and
      Schmid, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1043",
    pages = "386--395",
}
@inproceedings{bhargava-kondrak-2012-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging supplemental representations for sequential transduction",
    author = "Bhargava, Aditya  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1044",
    pages = "396--406",
}
@inproceedings{sirts-alumae-2012-hierarchical,
    title = "A Hierarchical {D}irichlet Process Model for Joint Part-of-Speech and Morphology Induction",
    author = {Sirts, Kairit  and
      Alum{\"a}e, Tanel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1045",
    pages = "407--416",
}
@inproceedings{ture-etal-2012-encouraging,
    title = "Encouraging Consistent Translation Choices",
    author = "Ture, Ferhan  and
      Oard, Douglas W.  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1046",
    pages = "417--426",
}
@inproceedings{cherry-foster-2012-batch,
    title = "Batch Tuning Strategies for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Cherry, Colin  and
      Foster, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1047",
    pages = "427--436",
}
@inproceedings{bangalore-etal-2012-real,
    title = "Real-time Incremental Speech-to-Speech Translation of Dialogs",
    author = "Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Rangarajan Sridhar, Vivek Kumar  and
      Kolan, Prakash  and
      Golipour, Ladan  and
      Jimenez, Aura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1048",
    pages = "437--445",
}
@inproceedings{angeli-etal-2012-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Time: Learning to Interpret Time Expressions",
    author = "Angeli, Gabor  and
      Manning, Christopher  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1049",
    pages = "446--455",
}
@inproceedings{blanco-moldovan-2012-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Focus for Pinpointing Positive Implicit Meaning from Negated Statements",
    author = "Blanco, Eduardo  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1050",
    pages = "456--465",
}
@inproceedings{fountain-lapata-2012-taxonomy,
    title = "Taxonomy Induction Using Hierarchical Random Graphs",
    author = "Fountain, Trevor  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1051",
    pages = "466--476",
}
@inproceedings{tackstrom-etal-2012-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Word Clusters for Direct Transfer of Linguistic Structure",
    author = {T{\"a}ckstr{\"o}m, Oscar  and
      McDonald, Ryan  and
      Uszkoreit, Jakob},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1052",
    pages = "477--487",
}
@inproceedings{mejer-crammer-2012-training,
    title = "Training Dependency Parser Using Light Feedback",
    author = "Mejer, Avihai  and
      Crammer, Koby",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1053",
    pages = "488--497",
}
@inproceedings{rush-petrov-2012-vine,
    title = "Vine Pruning for Efficient Multi-Pass Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Rush, Alexander  and
      Petrov, Slav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1054",
    pages = "498--507",
}
@inproceedings{laws-etal-2012-active,
    title = "Active Learning for Coreference Resolution",
    author = {Laws, Florian  and
      Heimerl, Florian  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1055",
    pages = "508--512",
}
@inproceedings{kjersten-van-durme-2012-space,
    title = "Space Efficiencies in Discourse Modeling via Conditional Random Sampling",
    author = "Kjersten, Brian  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1056",
    pages = "513--517",
}
@inproceedings{prabhakaran-etal-2012-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Overt Display of Power in Written Dialogs",
    author = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1057",
    pages = "518--522",
}
@inproceedings{chen-di-eugenio-2012-co,
    title = "Co-reference via Pointing and Haptics in Multi-Modal Dialogues",
    author = "Chen, Lin  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1058",
    pages = "523--527",
}
@inproceedings{devlin-matsoukas-2012-trait,
    title = "Trait-Based Hypothesis Selection For Machine Translation",
    author = "Devlin, Jacob  and
      Matsoukas, Spyros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1059",
    pages = "528--532",
}
@inproceedings{sankaran-sarkar-2012-improved,
    title = "Improved Reordering for Shallow-n Grammar based Hierarchical Phrase-based Translation",
    author = "Sankaran, Baskaran  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1060",
    pages = "533--537",
}
@inproceedings{riesa-marcu-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Parallel Fragment Extraction from Noisy Data",
    author = "Riesa, Jason  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1061",
    pages = "538--542",
}
@inproceedings{bazrafshan-etal-2012-tuning,
    title = "Tuning as Linear Regression",
    author = "Bazrafshan, Marzieh  and
      Chung, Tagyoung  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1062",
    pages = "543--547",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2012-ranking,
    title = "Ranking-based readability assessment for early primary children{'}s literature",
    author = "Ma, Yi  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric  and
      Lofthus, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1063",
    pages = "548--552",
}
@inproceedings{riedl-biemann-2012-text,
    title = "How Text Segmentation Algorithms Gain from Topic Models",
    author = "Riedl, Martin  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1064",
    pages = "553--557",
}
@inproceedings{preiss-2012-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Comparable Corpora Using {LDA}",
    author = "Preiss, Judita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1065",
    pages = "558--562",
}
@inproceedings{settles-zhu-2012-behavioral,
    title = "Behavioral Factors in Interactive Training of Text Classifiers",
    author = "Settles, Burr  and
      Zhu, Xiaojin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1066",
    pages = "563--567",
}
@inproceedings{dahlmeier-ng-2012-better,
    title = "Better Evaluation for Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Dahlmeier, Daniel  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1067",
    pages = "568--572",
}
@inproceedings{mejer-crammer-2012-sure,
    title = "Are You Sure? Confidence in Prediction of Dependency Tree Edges",
    author = "Mejer, Avihai  and
      Crammer, Koby",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1068",
    pages = "573--576",
}
@inproceedings{gimpel-smith-2012-concavity,
    title = "Concavity and Initialization for Unsupervised Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1069",
    pages = "577--581",
}
@inproceedings{alahverdzhieva-etal-2012-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Grammar Implementation",
    author = "Alahverdzhieva, Katya  and
      Flickinger, Dan  and
      Lascarides, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1070",
    pages = "582--586",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-2012-portable,
    title = "Portable Features for Classifying Emotional Text",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1071",
    pages = "587--591",
}
@inproceedings{walker-etal-2012-stance,
    title = "Stance Classification using Dialogic Properties of Persuasion",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn  and
      Anand, Pranav  and
      Abbott, Rob  and
      Grant, Ricky",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1072",
    pages = "592--596",
}
@inproceedings{athar-teufel-2012-context,
    title = "Context-Enhanced Citation Sentiment Detection",
    author = "Athar, Awais  and
      Teufel, Simone",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1073",
    pages = "597--601",
}
@inproceedings{artzi-etal-2012-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Responses to Microblog Posts",
    author = "Artzi, Yoav  and
      Pantel, Patrick  and
      Gamon, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1074",
    pages = "602--606",
}
@inproceedings{carvalho-etal-2012-intelius,
    title = "The Intelius Nickname Collection: Quantitative Analyses from Billions of Public Records",
    author = "Carvalho, Vitor  and
      Kiran, Yigit  and
      Borthwick, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1075",
    pages = "607--610",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-etal-2012-comparison,
    title = "A comparison of models of word meaning in context",
    author = "Dinu, Georgiana  and
      Thater, Stefan  and
      Laue, Soeren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1076",
    pages = "611--615",
}
@inproceedings{yih-qazvinian-2012-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Word Relatedness Using Heterogeneous Vector Space Models",
    author = "Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Qazvinian, Vahed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1077",
    pages = "616--620",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2012-expectations,
    title = "Expectations of Word Sense in Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Yao, Xuchen  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1078",
    pages = "621--625",
}
@inproceedings{ture-lin-2012-grab,
    title = "Why Not Grab a Free Lunch? Mining Large Corpora for Parallel Sentences to Improve Translation Modeling",
    author = "Ture, Ferhan  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1079",
    pages = "626--630",
}
@inproceedings{gung-kalita-2012-summarization,
    title = "Summarization of Historical Articles Using Temporal Event Clustering",
    author = "Gung, James  and
      Kalita, Jugal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1080",
    pages = "631--635",
}
@inproceedings{dethlefs-cuayahuitl-2012-comparing,
    title = "Comparing {HMM}s and {B}ayesian Networks for Surface Realisation",
    author = "Dethlefs, Nina  and
      Cuay{\'a}huitl, Heriberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1081",
    pages = "636--640",
}
@inproceedings{pacheco-etal-2012-feasibility,
    title = "On The Feasibility of Open Domain Referring Expression Generation Using Large Scale Folksonomies",
    author = "Pacheco, Fabi{\'a}n  and
      Duboue, Pablo  and
      Dom{\'\i}nguez, Mart{\'\i}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1082",
    pages = "641--645",
}
@inproceedings{metzler-etal-2012-structured,
    title = "Structured Event Retrieval over Microblog Archives",
    author = "Metzler, Donald  and
      Cai, Congxing  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1083",
    pages = "646--655",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning from Bullying Traces in Social Media",
    author = "Xu, Jun-Ming  and
      Jun, Kwang-Sung  and
      Zhu, Xiaojin  and
      Bellmore, Amy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1084",
    pages = "656--666",
}
@inproceedings{sayeed-etal-2012-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical structures for word-level sentiment detection",
    author = "Sayeed, Asad  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Rusk, Bryan  and
      Weinberg, Amy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1085",
    pages = "667--676",
}
@inproceedings{das-smith-2012-graph,
    title = "Graph-Based Lexicon Expansion with Sparsity-Inducing Penalties",
    author = "Das, Dipanjan  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1086",
    pages = "677--687",
}
@inproceedings{samdani-etal-2012-unified,
    title = "Unified Expectation Maximization",
    author = "Samdani, Rajhans  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1087",
    pages = "688--698",
}
@inproceedings{jagarlamudi-daume-iii-2012-low,
    title = "Low-Dimensional Discriminative Reranking",
    author = "Jagarlamudi, Jagadeesh  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1088",
    pages = "699--709",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-chai-2012-autonomous,
    title = "Autonomous Self-Assessment of Autocorrections: Exploring Text Message Dialogues",
    author = "Baldwin, Tyler  and
      Chai, Joyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1089",
    pages = "710--719",
}
@inproceedings{rahman-ng-2012-translation,
    title = "Translation-Based Projection for Multilingual Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Rahman, Altaf  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1090",
    pages = "720--730",
}
@inproceedings{raghavan-etal-2012-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Semi-Supervised Coreference Resolution of Medical Concepts using Semantic and Temporal Features",
    author = "Raghavan, Preethi  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric  and
      Lai, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1091",
    pages = "731--741",
}
@inproceedings{becker-etal-2012-mind,
    title = "Mind the Gap: Learning to Choose Gaps for Question Generation",
    author = "Becker, Lee  and
      Basu, Sumit  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1092",
    pages = "742--751",
}
@inproceedings{konstas-lapata-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Concept-to-text Generation with Hypergraphs",
    author = "Konstas, Ioannis  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1093",
    pages = "752--761",
}
@inproceedings{dodge-etal-2012-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Visual Text",
    author = "Dodge, Jesse  and
      Goyal, Amit  and
      Han, Xufeng  and
      Mensch, Alyssa  and
      Mitchell, Margaret  and
      Stratos, Karl  and
      Yamaguchi, Kota  and
      Choi, Yejin  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Berg, Alex  and
      Berg, Tamara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1094",
    pages = "762--772",
}
@inproceedings{bansal-etal-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Translation Sense Clustering",
    author = "Bansal, Mohit  and
      DeNero, John  and
      Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1095",
    pages = "773--782",
}
@inproceedings{gormley-etal-2012-shared,
    title = "Shared Components Topic Models",
    author = "Gormley, Matthew R.  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1096",
    pages = "783--792",
}
@inproceedings{yano-etal-2012-textual,
    title = "Textual Predictors of Bill Survival in Congressional Committees",
    author = "Yano, Tae  and
      Smith, Noah A.  and
      Wilkerson, John D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-1097",
    pages = "793--802",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2012-naacl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    author = "Levitan, Rivka  and
      Ott, Myle  and
      Levy, Roger  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-2000",
}
@inproceedings{alarfaj-etal-2012-finding,
    title = "Finding the Right Supervisor: Expert-Finding in a University Domain",
    author = "Alarfaj, Fawaz  and
      Kruschwitz, Udo  and
      Hunter, David  and
      Fox, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-2001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{bowman-chopra-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic {A}nimacy Classification",
    author = "Bowman, Samuel R.  and
      Chopra, Harshit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-2002",
    pages = "7--10",
}
@inproceedings{hill-2012-beauty,
    title = "Beauty Before Age? Applying Subjectivity to Automatic {E}nglish Adjective Ordering",
    author = "Hill, Felix",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-2003",
    pages = "11--16",
}
@inproceedings{kaldager-2012-indexing,
    title = "Indexing {G}oogle 1{T} for low-turnaround wildcarded frequency queries",
    author = "Kaldager, Steinar Vitters{\o}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-2004",
    pages = "17--22",
}
@inproceedings{nikolova-2012-unified,
    title = "Unified Extraction of Health Condition Descriptions",
    author = "Nikolova, Ivelina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-2005",
    pages = "23--28",
}
@inproceedings{packard-2012-choosing,
    title = "Choosing an Evaluation Metric for Parser Design",
    author = "Packard, Woodley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-2006",
    pages = "29--34",
}
@inproceedings{yang-heines-2012-domain,
    title = "Domain-Specific Semantic Relatedness From {W}ikipedia: Can A Course Be Transferred?",
    author = "Yang, Beibei  and
      Heines, Jesse M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-2007",
    pages = "35--40",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2012-using,
    title = "Using Ontology-based Approaches to Representing Speech Transcripts for Automated Speech Scoring",
    author = "Chen, Miao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-2008",
    pages = "41--47",
}
@inproceedings{gouws-2012-deep,
    title = "Deep Unsupervised Feature Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Gouws, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-2009",
    pages = "48--53",
}
@inproceedings{louis-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Metrics for Genre-specific Text Quality",
    author = "Louis, Annie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-2010",
    pages = "54--59",
}
@inproceedings{merhav-2012-weighting,
    title = "A Weighting Scheme for Open Information Extraction",
    author = "Merhav, Yuval",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-2011",
    pages = "60--65",
}
@inproceedings{raz-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Humor Classification on Twitter",
    author = "Raz, Yishay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-2012",
    pages = "66--70",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2012-demonstration,
    title = "Proceedings of the Demonstration Session at the Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    author = "Haghighi, Aria  and
      Al-Onaizan, Yaser",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-3000",
}
@inproceedings{flores-etal-2012-desocore,
    title = "{D}e{S}o{C}o{R}e: Detecting Source Code Re-Use across Programming Languages",
    author = "Flores, Enrique  and
      Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Moreno, Lidia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstration Session at the Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-3001",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{balage-filho-etal-2012-graphical,
    title = "A Graphical User Interface for Feature-Based Opinion Mining",
    author = "Balage Filho, Pedro Paulo  and
      Brun, Caroline  and
      Rondeau, Gilbert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstration Session at the Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-3002",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{doran-etal-2012-navigating,
    title = "Navigating Large Comment Threads with {C}o{F}i",
    author = "Doran, Christine  and
      Zarrella, Guido  and
      Henderson, John C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstration Session at the Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-3003",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{stankiewicz-sekine-2012-surfshop,
    title = "{S}urf{S}hop: combing a product ontology with topic model results for online window-shopping.",
    author = "Stankiewicz, Zofia  and
      Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstration Session at the Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-3004",
    pages = "13--16",
}
@inproceedings{cuayahuitl-kruijff-korbayova-2012-interactive,
    title = "An Interactive Humanoid Robot Exhibiting Flexible Sub-Dialogues",
    author = "Cuay{\'a}huitl, Heriberto  and
      Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstration Session at the Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-3005",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@inproceedings{quirk-etal-2012-msr,
    title = "{MSR} {SPLAT}, a language analysis toolkit",
    author = "Quirk, Chris  and
      Choudhury, Pallavi  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Suzuki, Hisami  and
      Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Gamon, Michael  and
      Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstration Session at the Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-3006",
    pages = "21--24",
}
@inproceedings{devault-traum-2012-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Speech Understanding in a Multi-Party Virtual Human Dialogue System",
    author = "DeVault, David  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstration Session at the Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-3007",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2012-robust,
    title = "A Robust Shallow Temporal Reasoning System",
    author = "Zhao, Ran  and
      Do, Quang  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstration Session at the Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-3008",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{abu-jbara-etal-2012-attitudeminer,
    title = "{A}ttitude{M}iner: Mining Attitude from Online Discussions",
    author = "Abu-Jbara, Amjad  and
      Hassan, Ahmed  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstration Session at the Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-3009",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2012-tutorial,
    title = "Tutorial Abstracts at the Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    author = "Florian, Radu  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}
@inproceedings{bender-2012-100,
    title = "100 Things You Always Wanted to Know about Linguistics But Were Afraid to Ask*",
    author = "Bender, Emily M.",
    booktitle = "Tutorial Abstracts at the Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-4001",
}
@inproceedings{martins-etal-2012-structured,
    title = "Structured Sparsity in Natural Language Processing: Models, Algorithms and Applications",
    author = "Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.  and
      Figueiredo, M{\'a}rio A. T.  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Tutorial Abstracts at the Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-4002",
}
@inproceedings{diab-habash-2012-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Dialect Processing Tutorial",
    author = "Diab, Mona  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Tutorial Abstracts at the Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-4003",
}
@inproceedings{gliozzo-etal-2012-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Processing in {W}atson",
    author = "Gliozzo, Alfio M.  and
      Kalyanpur, Aditya  and
      Fan, James",
    booktitle = "Tutorial Abstracts at the Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-4004",
}
@inproceedings{burkett-klein-2012-variational,
    title = "Variational Inference for Structured {NLP} Models",
    author = "Burkett, David  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Tutorial Abstracts at the Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-4005",
}
@inproceedings{morante-2012-processing,
    title = "Processing modality and negation",
    author = "Morante, Roser",
    booktitle = "Tutorial Abstracts at the Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-4006",
}
@inproceedings{marton-2012-demand,
    title = "On-Demand Distributional Semantic Distance and Paraphrasing",
    author = "Marton, Yuval",
    booktitle = "Tutorial Abstracts at the Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-4007",
}
@inproceedings{goldwasser-etal-2012-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Structures in {NLP}: Constrained Conditional Models and Integer Linear Programming in {NLP}",
    author = "Goldwasser, Dan  and
      Srikumar, Vivek  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Tutorial Abstracts at the Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N12-4008",
}
@proceedings{acl-1989-association,
    title = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1000",
}
@inproceedings{zajac-1989-transfer,
    title = "A TRANSFER MODEL USING A TYPED FEATURE STRUCTURE REWRITING SYSTEM WITH INHERITANCE",
    author = "Zajac, Mini",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981624",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{shieber-etal-1989-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic-Head-Driven Generation Algorithm for Unification-Based Formalisms",
    author = "Shieber, Stuart M.  and
      van Noord, Gertjan  and
      Moore, Robert C.  and
      Pereira, Fernando C. N.",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981625",
    pages = "7--17",
}
@inproceedings{dawar-vijay-shanker-1989-three,
    title = "A THREE-VALUED INTERPRETATION OF NEGATION IN FEATURE STRUCTURE DESCRIPTIONS",
    author = "Dawar, Anuj  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981626",
    pages = "18--24",
}
@inproceedings{alshawi-van-eijck-1989-logical,
    title = "LOGICAL FORMS IN THE CORE LANGUAGE ENGINE",
    author = "Alshawi, Hiyan  and
      van Eijck, Jan",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981627",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{moore-1989-unification,
    title = "Unification-Based Semantic Interpretation",
    author = "Moore, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981628",
    pages = "33--41",
}
@inproceedings{creary-etal-1989-reference,
    title = "REFERENCE TO LOCATIONS",
    author = "Creary, Lewis G.  and
      Gawron, J. Mark  and
      Nerbonne, John",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981629",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{passonneau-1989-getting,
    title = "GETTING AT DISCOURSE REFERENTS",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca J.",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981630",
    pages = "51--59",
}
@inproceedings{kronfeld-1989-conversationally,
    title = "CONVERSATIONALLY RELEVANT DESCRIPTIONS",
    author = "Kronfeld, Amichai",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981631",
    pages = "60--67",
}
@inproceedings{dale-1989-cooking,
    title = "COOKING UP REFERRING EXPRESSIONS",
    author = "Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981632",
    pages = "68--75",
}
@inproceedings{church-hanks-1989-word,
    title = "Word Association Norms, Mutual Information, and Lexicography",
    author = "Church, Kenneth Ward  and
      Hanks, Patrick",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981633",
    pages = "76--83",
}
@inproceedings{briscoe-1989-lexical,
    title = "LEXICAL ACCESS IN CONNECTED SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981634",
    pages = "84--90",
}
@inproceedings{neff-boguraev-1989-dictionaries,
    title = "DICTIONARIES, DICTIONARY GRAMMARS AND DICTIONARY ENTRY PARSING",
    author = "Neff, Mary S.  and
      Boguraev, Branimir K.",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981635",
    pages = "91--101",
}
@inproceedings{mellish-1989-chart,
    title = "SOME CHART-BASED TECHNIQUES FOR PARSING ILL-FORMED INPUT",
    author = "Mellish, Chris S.",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981636",
    pages = "102--109",
}
@inproceedings{blejer-etal-1989-representing,
    title = "ON REPRESENTING GOVERNED PREPOSITIONS AND HANDLING {``}INCORRECT{''} AND NOVEL PREPOSITIONS",
    author = "Blejer, Hatte R.  and
      Flank, Sharon  and
      Kehler, Andrew",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981637",
    pages = "110--117",
}
@inproceedings{hindle-1989-acquiring,
    title = "ACQUIRING DISAMBIGUATION RULES FROM TEXT",
    author = "Hindle, Donald",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981638",
    pages = "118--125",
}
@inproceedings{oviatt-cohen-1989-effects,
    title = "THE EFFECTS OF INTERACTION ON SPOKEN DISCOURSE",
    author = "Oviatt, Sharon L.  and
      Cohen, Philip R.",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981639",
    pages = "126--134",
}
@inproceedings{leermakers-1989-cover,
    title = "How to cover a grammar",
    author = "Leermakers, Rene",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981640",
    pages = "135--142",
}
@inproceedings{billott-lang-1989-structure,
    title = "The Structure of Shared Forests in Ambiguous Parsing",
    author = "Billott, Sylvie  and
      Lang, Bernard",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981641",
    pages = "143--151",
}
@inproceedings{pereira-1989-calculus,
    title = "A Calculus for Semantic Composition and Scoping",
    author = "Pereira, Fernando C.N.",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981642",
    pages = "152--160",
}
@inproceedings{friedman-1989-general,
    title = "A General Computational Treatment Of The Comparative",
    author = "Friedman, Carol",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981643",
    pages = "161--168",
}
@inproceedings{olawsky-1989-lexical,
    title = "THE LEXICAL SEMANTICS OF COMPARATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN A MULTI-LEVEL SEMANTIC PROCESSOR",
    author = "Olawsky, Duane E.",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981644",
    pages = "169--176",
}
@inproceedings{webster-marcus-1989-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC ACQUISITION OF THE LEXICAL SEMANTICS OF VERBS FROM SENTENCE FRAMES{`}",
    author = "Webster, Mort  and
      Marcus, Mitch",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981645",
    pages = "177--184",
}
@inproceedings{velardi-pazienza-1989-computer,
    title = "COMPUTER AIDED INTERPRETATION OF LEXICAL COOCCURRENCES",
    author = "Velardi, Paola  and
      Pazienza, Maria Teresa",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981646",
    pages = "185--192",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-1989-hybrid,
    title = "A HYBRID APPROACH TO REPRESENTATION IN THE JANUS NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSOR",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph M.",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981647",
    pages = "193--202",
}
@inproceedings{moore-paris-1989-planning,
    title = "PLANNING TEXT FOR ADVISORY DIALOGUES",
    author = "Moore, Johanna D.  and
      Paris, Cecile L.",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981648",
    pages = "203--211",
}
@inproceedings{hinkelman-allen-1989-two,
    title = "Two Constraints on Speech Act Ambiguity",
    author = "Hinkelman, Elizabeth A.  and
      Allen, James F.",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981649",
    pages = "212--219",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-vijay-shanker-1989-treatment,
    title = "TREATMENT OF LONG DISTANCE DEPENDENCIES IN LFG AND TAG: FUNCTIONAL UNCERTAINTY IN LFG IS A COROLLARY IN TAG",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981650",
    pages = "220--227",
}
@inproceedings{popowich-1989-tree,
    title = "TREE UNIFICATION GRAMMAR",
    author = "Popowich, Fred",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981651",
    pages = "228--236",
}
@inproceedings{haas-1989-generalizationnof,
    title = "A GENERALIZATIONNOF THE OFFLINE PARSABLE GRAMMARS",
    author = "Haas, Andrew",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981652",
    pages = "237--242",
}
@inproceedings{ayuso-1989-discourse,
    title = "DISCOURSE ENTITIES IN JANUS",
    author = "Ayuso, Damaris M.",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981653",
    pages = "243--250",
}
@inproceedings{walker-1989-evaluating,
    title = "EVALUATING DISCOURSE PROCESSING ALGORITHMS",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn A.",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981654",
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}
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    title = "A COMPUTATIONAL MECHANISM FOR PRONOMINAL REFERENCE",
    author = "Ingria, Robert J. P.  and
      Stallard, David",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1032",
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    pages = "262--271",
}
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    title = "PARSING AS NATURAL DEDUCTION",
    author = "Konig, Esther",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1033",
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    pages = "272--279",
}
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    title = "EFFICIENT PARSING FOR FRENCH",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Bias, Gabriel G.  and
      Jurie, Pierre-Frangois  and
      Baschung, Karine",
    booktitle = "27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P89-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/981623.981657",
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}
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    title = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
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      Chu-Carroll, Jennifer  and
      Sanderson, Mark",
    month = jun,
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    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
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}
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    title = "Capitalizing Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Wei  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
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    month = jun,
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    address = "New York City, USA",
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    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1001",
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}
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    title = "Do we need phrases? Challenging the conventional wisdom in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Quirk, Chris  and
      Menezes, Arul",
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    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
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    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1002",
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    title = "Improved Statistical Machine Translation Using Paraphrases",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1003",
    pages = "17--24",
}
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    title = "Segment Choice Models: Feature-Rich Models for Global Distortion in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Kuhn, Roland  and
      Yuen, Denis  and
      Simard, Michel  and
      Paul, Patrick  and
      Foster, George  and
      Joanis, Eric  and
      Johnson, Howard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1004",
    pages = "25--32",
}
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    title = "Effectively Using Syntax for Recognizing False Entailment",
    author = "Snow, Rion  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy  and
      Menezes, Arul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1005",
    pages = "33--40",
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@inproceedings{maccartney-etal-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning to recognize features of valid textual entailments",
    author = "MacCartney, Bill  and
      Grenager, Trond  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Cer, Daniel  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1006",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{pekar-2006-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of Verb Entailment from Text",
    author = "Pekar, Viktor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1007",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{torisawa-2006-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Inference Rules with Temporal Constraints by Using {J}apanese Coordinated Sentences and Noun-Verb Co-occurrences",
    author = "Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1008",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{sibanda-etal-2006-role,
    title = "Role of Local Context in Automatic Deidentification of Ungrammatical, Fragmented Text",
    author = "Sibanda, Tawanda  and
      Uzuner, Ozlem  and
      Uzuner, Ozlem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1009",
    pages = "65--73",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-zhai-2006-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Domain Structure for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Jiang, Jing  and
      Zhai, ChengXiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1010",
    pages = "74--81",
}
@inproceedings{klementiev-roth-2006-named,
    title = "Named Entity Transliteration and Discovery from Multilingual Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Klementiev, Alexandre  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1011",
    pages = "82--88",
}
@inproceedings{sutton-etal-2006-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Weight Undertraining in Structured Discriminative Learning",
    author = "Sutton, Charles  and
      Sindelar, Michael  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1012",
    pages = "89--95",
}
@inproceedings{ayan-dorr-2006-maximum,
    title = "A Maximum Entropy Approach to Combining Word Alignments",
    author = "Ayan, Necip Fazil  and
      Dorr, Bonnie J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1013",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2006-alignment,
    title = "Alignment by Agreement",
    author = "Liang, Percy  and
      Taskar, Ben  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1014",
    pages = "104--111",
}
@inproceedings{lacoste-julien-etal-2006-word,
    title = "Word Alignment via Quadratic Assignment",
    author = "Lacoste-Julien, Simon  and
      Taskar, Ben  and
      Klein, Dan  and
      Jordan, Michael I.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1015",
    pages = "112--119",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2006-empirical-study,
    title = "An Empirical Study of the Behavior of Active Learning for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Chen, Jinying  and
      Schein, Andrew  and
      Ungar, Lyle  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1016",
    pages = "120--127",
}
@inproceedings{erk-2006-unknown,
    title = "Unknown word sense detection as outlier detection",
    author = "Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1017",
    pages = "128--135",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2006-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Temporal Expressions in Emails",
    author = "Han, Benjamin  and
      Gates, Donna  and
      Levin, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1018",
    pages = "136--143",
}
@inproceedings{clark-curran-2006-partial,
    title = "Partial Training for a Lexicalized-Grammar Parser",
    author = "Clark, Stephen  and
      Curran, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1019",
    pages = "144--151",
}
@inproceedings{mcclosky-etal-2006-effective,
    title = "Effective Self-Training for Parsing",
    author = "McClosky, David  and
      Charniak, Eugene  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1020",
    pages = "152--159",
}
@inproceedings{corston-oliver-etal-2006-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Dependency Parsing using {B}ayes Point Machines",
    author = "Corston-Oliver, Simon  and
      Aue, Anthony  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Ringger, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1021",
    pages = "160--167",
}
@inproceedings{charniak-etal-2006-multilevel,
    title = "Multilevel Coarse-to-Fine {PCFG} Parsing",
    author = "Charniak, Eugene  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Elsner, Micha  and
      Austerweil, Joseph  and
      Ellis, David  and
      Haxton, Isaac  and
      Hill, Catherine  and
      Shrivaths, R.  and
      Moore, Jeremy  and
      Pozar, Michael  and
      Vu, Theresa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1022",
    pages = "168--175",
}
@inproceedings{kawahara-kurohashi-2006-fully,
    title = "A Fully-Lexicalized Probabilistic Model for {J}apanese Syntactic and Case Structure Analysis",
    author = "Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1023",
    pages = "176--183",
}
@inproceedings{gabbard-etal-2006-fully,
    title = "Fully Parsing the {P}enn Treebank",
    author = "Gabbard, Ryan  and
      Kulick, Seth  and
      Marcus, Mitchell",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1024",
    pages = "184--191",
}
@inproceedings{ponzetto-strube-2006-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Semantic Role Labeling, {W}ord{N}et and {W}ikipedia for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Ponzetto, Simone Paolo  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1025",
    pages = "192--199",
}
@inproceedings{kim-hovy-2006-identifying,
    title = "Identifying and Analyzing Judgment Opinions",
    author = "Kim, Soo-Min  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1026",
    pages = "200--207",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning to Detect Conversation Focus of Threaded Discussions",
    author = "Feng, Donghui  and
      Shaw, Erin  and
      Kim, Jihie  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1027",
    pages = "208--215",
}
@inproceedings{zechner-bejar-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Scoring of Non-Native Spontaneous Speech",
    author = "Zechner, Klaus  and
      Bejar, Isaac",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1028",
    pages = "216--223",
}
@inproceedings{levow-2006-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised and Semi-supervised Learning of Tone and Pitch Accent",
    author = "Levow, Gina-Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1029",
    pages = "224--231",
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@inproceedings{kominek-black-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning Pronunciation Dictionaries: Language Complexity and Word Selection Strategies",
    author = "Kominek, John  and
      Black, Alan W",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1030",
    pages = "232--239",
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@inproceedings{huang-knight-2006-relabeling,
    title = "Relabeling Syntax Trees to Improve Syntax-Based Machine Translation Quality",
    author = "Huang, Bryant  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1031",
    pages = "240--247",
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@inproceedings{riezler-maxwell-iii-2006-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Machine Translation",
    author = "Riezler, Stefan  and
      Maxwell III, John T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1032",
    pages = "248--255",
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@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2006-synchronous,
    title = "Synchronous Binarization for Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Hao  and
      Huang, Liang  and
      Gildea, Daniel  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1033",
    pages = "256--263",
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@inproceedings{forbes-riley-litman-2006-modelling,
    title = "Modelling User Satisfaction and Student Learning in a Spoken Dialogue Tutoring System with Generic, Tutoring, and User Affect Parameters",
    author = "Forbes-Riley, Kate  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1034",
    pages = "264--271",
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@inproceedings{tetreault-litman-2006-comparing,
    title = "Comparing the Utility of State Features in Spoken Dialogue Using Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1035",
    pages = "272--279",
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@inproceedings{ji-bilmes-2006-backoff,
    title = "Backoff Model Training using Partially Observed Data: Application to Dialog Act Tagging",
    author = "Ji, Gang  and
      Bilmes, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1036",
    pages = "280--287",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2006-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Syntactic Features for Relation Extraction using a Convolution Tree Kernel",
    author = "Zhang, Min  and
      Zhang, Jie  and
      Su, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1037",
    pages = "288--295",
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    title = "Integrating Probabilistic Extraction Models and Data Mining to Discover Relations and Patterns in Text",
    author = "Culotta, Aron  and
      McCallum, Andrew  and
      Betz, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1038",
    pages = "296--303",
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@inproceedings{shinyama-sekine-2006-preemptive,
    title = "Preemptive Information Extraction using Unrestricted Relation Discovery",
    author = "Shinyama, Yusuke  and
      Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1039",
    pages = "304--311",
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    title = "Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar Induction Based on Structural Zeros",
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      Roark, Brian",
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    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1040",
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    title = "Prototype-Driven Learning for Sequence Models",
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      Klein, Dan",
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    year = "2006",
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    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
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    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
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    title = "Cross-Entropy and Estimation of Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars",
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      Satta, Giorgio",
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    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1043",
    pages = "335--342",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-satta-2006-estimation,
    title = "Estimation of Consistent Probabilistic Context-free Grammars",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1044",
    pages = "343--350",
}
@inproceedings{may-knight-2006-better,
    title = "A Better N-Best List: Practical Determinization of Weighted Finite Tree Automata",
    author = "May, Jonathan  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1045",
    pages = "351--358",
}
@inproceedings{barzilay-lapata-2006-aggregation,
    title = "Aggregation via Set Partitioning for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Barzilay, Regina  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1046",
    pages = "359--366",
}
@inproceedings{murray-etal-2006-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Speaker and Discourse Features into Speech Summarization",
    author = "Murray, Gabriel  and
      Renals, Steve  and
      Carletta, Jean  and
      Moore, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1047",
    pages = "367--374",
}
@inproceedings{marton-radul-2006-nuggeteer,
    title = "{N}uggeteer: Automatic Nugget-Based Evaluation using Descriptions and Judgements",
    author = "Marton, Gregory  and
      Radul, Alexey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1048",
    pages = "375--382",
}
@inproceedings{lin-demner-fushman-2006-will,
    title = "Will Pyramids Built of Nuggets Topple Over?",
    author = "Lin, Jimmy  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1049",
    pages = "383--390",
}
@inproceedings{ritchie-etal-2006-creating,
    title = "Creating a Test Collection for Citation-based {IR} Experiments",
    author = "Ritchie, Anna  and
      Teufel, Simone  and
      Robertson, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1050",
    pages = "391--398",
}
@inproceedings{vu-gallinari-2006-machine,
    title = "A Machine Learning based Approach to Evaluating Retrieval Systems",
    author = "Vu, Huyen-Trang  and
      Gallinari, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1051",
    pages = "399--406",
}
@inproceedings{tao-etal-2006-language,
    title = "Language Model Information Retrieval with Document Expansion",
    author = "Tao, Tao  and
      Wang, Xuanhui  and
      Mei, Qiaozhu  and
      Zhai, ChengXiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1052",
    pages = "407--414",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards Spoken-Document Retrieval for the {I}nternet: Lattice Indexing For Large-Scale Web-Search Architectures",
    author = "Zhou, Zheng-Yu  and
      Yu, Peng  and
      Chelba, Ciprian  and
      Seide, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1053",
    pages = "415--422",
}
@inproceedings{tromble-eisner-2006-fast,
    title = "A fast finite-state relaxation method for enforcing global constraints on sequence decoding",
    author = "Tromble, Roy  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1054",
    pages = "423--430",
}
@inproceedings{xue-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic role labeling of nominalized predicates in {C}hinese",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1055",
    pages = "431--438",
}
@inproceedings{wong-mooney-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning for Semantic Parsing with Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Wong, Yuk Wah  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1056",
    pages = "439--446",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2006-paraeval,
    title = "{P}ara{E}val: Using Paraphrases to Evaluate Summaries Automatically",
    author = "Zhou, Liang  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Munteanu, Dragos Stefan  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1057",
    pages = "447--454",
}
@inproceedings{kauchak-barzilay-2006-paraphrasing,
    title = "Paraphrasing for Automatic Evaluation",
    author = "Kauchak, David  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1058",
    pages = "455--462",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2006-information,
    title = "An Information-Theoretic Approach to Automatic Evaluation of Summaries",
    author = "Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Cao, Guihong  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Nie, Jian-Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1059",
    pages = "463--470",
}
@inproceedings{freeman-etal-2006-cross,
    title = "Cross Linguistic Name Matching in {E}nglish and {A}rabic",
    author = "Freeman, Andrew  and
      Condon, Sherri  and
      Ackerman, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1060",
    pages = "471--478",
}
@inproceedings{erkan-2006-language,
    title = "Language Model-Based Document Clustering Using Random Walks",
    author = {Erkan, G{\"u}ne{\c{s}}},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1061",
    pages = "479--486",
}
@inproceedings{kurimo-etal-2006-unlimited,
    title = "Unlimited vocabulary speech recognition for agglutinative languages",
    author = {Kurimo, Mikko  and
      Puurula, Antti  and
      Arisoy, Ebru  and
      Siivola, Vesa  and
      Hirsim{\"a}ki, Teemu  and
      Pylkk{\"o}nen, Janne  and
      Alum{\"a}e, Tanel  and
      Saraclar, Murat},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Main Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1062",
    pages = "487--494",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2006-human-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    author = "Moore, Robert C.  and
      Bilmes, Jeff  and
      Chu-Carroll, Jennifer  and
      Sanderson, Mark",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2000",
}
@inproceedings{alexandrescu-kirchhoff-2006-factored,
    title = "Factored Neural Language Models",
    author = "Alexandrescu, Andrei  and
      Kirchhoff, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2001",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{alvarez-etal-2006-mile,
    title = "The {MILE} Corpus for Less Commonly Taught Languages",
    author = "Alvarez, Alison  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Frederking, Robert  and
      Fung, Simon  and
      Gates, Donna  and
      Good, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2002",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{arguello-rose-2006-museli,
    title = "{M}useli: A Multi-Source Evidence Integration Approach to Topic Segmentation of Spontaneous Dialogue",
    author = "Arguello, Jaime  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2003",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-2006-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Semantic Relatedness Using People and {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2004",
    pages = "13--16",
}
@inproceedings{charoenpornsawat-etal-2006-thai,
    title = "{T}hai Grapheme-Based Speech Recognition",
    author = "Charoenpornsawat, Paisarn  and
      Hewavitharana, Sanjika  and
      Schultz, Tanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2005",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@inproceedings{chatain-etal-2006-class,
    title = "Class Model Adaptation for Speech Summarisation",
    author = "Chatain, Pierre  and
      Whittaker, Edward  and
      Mrozinski, Joanna  and
      Furui, Sadaoki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2006",
    pages = "21--24",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2006-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Relation Extraction with Label Propagation",
    author = "Chen, Jinxiu  and
      Ji, Donghong  and
      Tan, Chew Lim  and
      Niu, Zhengyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2007",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{dalli-2006-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Classification of Text and Automatic Document Dating",
    author = "Dalli, Angelo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2008",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{duboue-chu-carroll-2006-answering,
    title = "Answering the question you wish they had asked: The impact of paraphrasing for Question Answering",
    author = "Duboue, Pablo  and
      Chu-Carroll, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2009",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@inproceedings{eisenstein-davis-2006-gesture,
    title = "Gesture Improves Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Eisenstein, Jacob  and
      Davis, Randall",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2010",
    pages = "37--40",
}
@inproceedings{gangadharaiah-etal-2006-spectral,
    title = "Spectral Clustering for Example Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Gangadharaiah, Rashmi  and
      Brown, Ralf  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2011",
    pages = "41--44",
}
@inproceedings{gurevich-2006-finite,
    title = "A Finite-State Model of Georgian Verbal Morphology",
    author = "Gurevich, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2012",
    pages = "45--48",
}
@inproceedings{habash-sadat-2006-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Preprocessing Schemes for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Sadat, Fatiha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2013",
    pages = "49--52",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-etal-2006-agreement,
    title = "Agreement/Disagreement Classification: Exploiting Unlabeled Data using Contrast Classifiers",
    author = "Hahn, Sangyun  and
      Ladner, Richard  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2014",
    pages = "53--56",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-etal-2006-ontonotes,
    title = "{O}nto{N}otes: The 90{\%} Solution",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard  and
      Marcus, Mitchell  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Ramshaw, Lance  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2015",
    pages = "57--60",
}
@inproceedings{inkpen-etal-2006-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Cross-Language Speech Retrieval for a Spontaneous Conversational Speech Collection",
    author = "Inkpen, Diana  and
      Alzghool, Muath  and
      Jones, Gareth  and
      Oard, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2016",
    pages = "61--64",
}
@inproceedings{karamanis-2006-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Centering for Sentence Ordering in Two New Domains",
    author = "Karamanis, Nikiforos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2017",
    pages = "65--68",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2006-mmr,
    title = "{MMR}-based Active Machine Learning for Bio Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Kim, Seokhwan  and
      Song, Yu  and
      Kim, Kyungduk  and
      Cha, Jeong-Won  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2018",
    pages = "69--72",
}
@inproceedings{lease-johnson-2006-early,
    title = "Early Deletion of Fillers In Processing Conversational Speech",
    author = "Lease, Matthew  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2019",
    pages = "73--76",
}
@inproceedings{levin-etal-2006-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Utility of {LSA} for Word Sense Discrimination",
    author = "Levin, Esther  and
      Sharifi, Mehrbod  and
      Ball, Jerry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2020",
    pages = "77--80",
}
@inproceedings{liu-2006-initial,
    title = "Initial Study on Automatic Identification of Speaker Role in Broadcast News Speech",
    author = "Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2021",
    pages = "81--84",
}
@inproceedings{mairesse-walker-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Recognition of Personality in Conversation",
    author = "Mairesse, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2022",
    pages = "85--88",
}
@inproceedings{maskey-hirschberg-2006-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Speech Without Text Using Hidden {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Maskey, Sameer  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2023",
    pages = "89--92",
}
@inproceedings{minkov-etal-2006-ner,
    title = "{NER} Systems that Suit User{'}s Preferences: Adjusting the Recall-Precision Trade-off for Entity Extraction",
    author = "Minkov, Einat  and
      Wang, Richard  and
      Tomasic, Anthony  and
      Cohen, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2024",
    pages = "93--96",
}
@inproceedings{moschitti-2006-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Kernels for Natural Language Learning: the Semantic Role Labeling Case",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2025",
    pages = "97--100",
}
@inproceedings{musillo-merlo-2006-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Parsing of the Proposition Bank",
    author = "Musillo, Gabriele  and
      Merlo, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2026",
    pages = "101--104",
}
@inproceedings{netzer-elhadad-2006-using,
    title = "Using Semantic Authoring for Blissymbols Communication Boards",
    author = "Netzer, Yael  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2027",
    pages = "105--108",
}
@inproceedings{park-li-2006-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Salient Keywords from Instructional Videos Using Joint Text, Audio and Visual Cues",
    author = "Park, Youngja  and
      Li, Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2028",
    pages = "109--112",
}
@inproceedings{paul-sumita-2006-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Variant Corpora for Machine Translation",
    author = "Paul, Michael  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2029",
    pages = "113--116",
}
@inproceedings{penn-choma-2006-quantitative,
    title = "Quantitative Methods for Classifying Writing Systems",
    author = "Penn, Gerald  and
      Choma, Travis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2030",
    pages = "117--120",
}
@inproceedings{reitter-etal-2006-computational,
    title = "Computational Modelling of Structural Priming in Dialogue",
    author = "Reitter, David  and
      Keller, Frank  and
      Moore, Johanna D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2031",
    pages = "121--124",
}
@inproceedings{rosenberg-hirschberg-2006-story,
    title = "Story Segmentation of Broadcast News in {E}nglish, {M}andarin and {A}rabic",
    author = "Rosenberg, Andrew  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2032",
    pages = "125--128",
}
@inproceedings{sagae-lavie-2006-parser,
    title = "Parser Combination by Reparsing",
    author = "Sagae, Kenji  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2033",
    pages = "129--132",
}
@inproceedings{saito-etal-2006-using,
    title = "Using Phrasal Patterns to Identify Discourse Relations",
    author = "Saito, Manami  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide  and
      Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2034",
    pages = "133--136",
}
@inproceedings{salvetti-nicolov-2006-weblog,
    title = "Weblog Classification for Fast Splog Filtering: A {URL} Language Model Segmentation Approach",
    author = "Salvetti, Franco  and
      Nicolov, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2035",
    pages = "137--140",
}
@inproceedings{sanfilippo-etal-2006-word,
    title = "Word Domain Disambiguation via Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Sanfilippo, Antonio  and
      Tratz, Stephen  and
      Gregory, Michelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2036",
    pages = "141--144",
}
@inproceedings{sethy-etal-2006-selecting,
    title = "Selecting relevant text subsets from web-data for building topic specific language models",
    author = "Sethy, Abhinav  and
      Georgiou, Panayiotis  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2037",
    pages = "145--148",
}
@inproceedings{siefkes-2006-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Tagging Strategies for Statistical Information Extraction",
    author = "Siefkes, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2038",
    pages = "149--152",
}
@inproceedings{snider-diab-2006-unsupervised-induction,
    title = "Unsupervised Induction of Modern Standard {A}rabic Verb Classes",
    author = "Snider, Neal  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2039",
    pages = "153--156",
}
@inproceedings{stoia-etal-2006-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Planning for Realtime Navigational Instruction",
    author = "Stoia, Laura  and
      Byron, Donna  and
      Shockley, Darla  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2040",
    pages = "157--160",
}
@inproceedings{sumita-sugaya-2006-using,
    title = "Using the Web to Disambiguate Acronyms",
    author = "Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Sugaya, Fumiaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2041",
    pages = "161--164",
}
@inproceedings{sumita-sugaya-2006-word,
    title = "Word Pronunciation Disambiguation using the Web",
    author = "Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Sugaya, Fumiaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2042",
    pages = "165--168",
}
@inproceedings{symonenko-etal-2006-illuminating,
    title = "Illuminating Trouble Tickets with Sublanguage Theory",
    author = "Symonenko, Svetlana  and
      Rowe, Steven  and
      Liddy, Elizabeth D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2043",
    pages = "169--172",
}
@inproceedings{toney-etal-2006-evolving,
    title = "Evolving optimal inspectable strategies for spoken dialogue systems",
    author = "Toney, Dave  and
      Moore, Johanna  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2044",
    pages = "173--176",
}
@inproceedings{ulicny-2006-lycos,
    title = "Lycos Retriever: An Information Fusion Engine",
    author = "Ulicny, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2045",
    pages = "177--180",
}
@inproceedings{wan-yang-2006-improved,
    title = "Improved Affinity Graph Based Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Yang, Jianwu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2046",
    pages = "181--184",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2006-maximum,
    title = "A Maximum Entropy Framework that Integrates Word Dependencies and Grammatical Relations for Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Xu, Kui  and
      Meng, Helen  and
      Weng, Fuliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2047",
    pages = "185--188",
}
@inproceedings{yu-lee-2006-bioex,
    title = "{B}io{E}x: A Novel User-Interface that Accesses Images from Abstract Sentences",
    author = "Yu, Hong  and
      Lee, Minsuk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2048",
    pages = "189--192",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2006-subword-based,
    title = "Subword-based Tagging by Conditional Random Fields for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Zhang, Ruiqiang  and
      Kikui, Genichiro  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2049",
    pages = "193--196",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-penn-2006-comparing,
    title = "Comparing the roles of textual, acoustic and spoken-language features on spontaneous-conversation summarization",
    author = "Zhu, Xiaodan  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2050",
    pages = "197--200",
}
@inproceedings{zollmann-etal-2006-bridging,
    title = "Bridging the Inflection Morphology Gap for {A}rabic Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zollmann, Andreas  and
      Venugopal, Ashish  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-2051",
    pages = "201--204",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2006-human-language-technology,
    title = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Doctoral Consortium",
    author = "Huenerfauth, Matt  and
      Pang, Bo  and
      Marcus, Mitch",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-3000",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2006-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Gesture and Gaze into Multimodal Models of Human-to-Human Communication",
    author = "Chen, Lei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-3001",
    pages = "211--214",
}
@inproceedings{eisenstein-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Back-Pointers from Gesture",
    author = "Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-3002",
    pages = "215--218",
}
@inproceedings{font-llitjos-2006-internet,
    title = "Can the {I}nternet help improve Machine Translation?",
    author = "Font Llitj{\'o}s, Ariadna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-3003",
    pages = "219--222",
}
@inproceedings{huang-2006-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Algorithms for Richer Formalisms: Parsing and Machine Translation",
    author = "Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-3004",
    pages = "223--226",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2006-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Perspectives at the Document and Sentence Levels Using Statistical Models",
    author = "Lin, Wei-Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-3005",
    pages = "227--230",
}
@inproceedings{liscombe-2006-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Emotion in Speech: Experiments in Three Domains",
    author = "Liscombe, Jackson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-3006",
    pages = "231--234",
}
@inproceedings{matveeva-2006-document,
    title = "Document Representation and Multilevel Measures of Document Similarity",
    author = "Matveeva, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-3007",
    pages = "235--238",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2006-logical,
    title = "Logical investigations on the adequacy of certain feature-based theories of natural language",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-3008",
    pages = "239--242",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-2006-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach to Biomedical Named Entity Recognition and Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-3009",
    pages = "243--246",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-2006-supporting,
    title = "Supporting Multiple Information-Seeking Strategies in a Single System Framework",
    author = "Yuan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-3010",
    pages = "247--249",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2006-human-language-technology-naacl,
    title = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Demonstrations",
    author = "Rudnicky, Alex  and
      Dowding, John  and
      Milic-Frayling, Natasa",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-4000",
}
@inproceedings{arguello-rose-2006-infomagnets,
    title = "{I}nfo{M}agnets: Making Sense of Corpus Data",
    author = "Arguello, Jaime  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-4001",
    pages = "253--256",
}
@inproceedings{baker-pugliese-2006-pipedreams,
    title = "From Pipedreams to Products, and Promise!",
    author = "Baker, Janet M.  and
      Pugliese, Patri J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-4002",
    pages = "257--260",
}
@inproceedings{banerjee-rudnicky-2006-smartnotes,
    title = "{S}mart{N}otes: Implicit Labeling of Meeting Data through User Note-Taking and Browsing",
    author = "Banerjee, Satanjeev  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander I.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-4003",
    pages = "261--264",
}
@inproceedings{deng-byrne-2006-mttk,
    title = "{MTTK}: An Alignment Toolkit for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Deng, Yonggang  and
      Byrne, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-4004",
    pages = "265--268",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-etal-2006-aqualog,
    title = "{A}qua{L}og: An ontology-driven Question Answering System to interface the Semantic Web",
    author = "Garcia, Vanessa Lopez  and
      Motta, Enrico  and
      Uren, Victoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-4005",
    pages = "269--272",
}
@inproceedings{ogren-2006-knowtator,
    title = "{K}nowtator: A Prot{\'e}g{\'e} plug-in for annotated corpus construction",
    author = "Ogren, Philip V.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-4006",
    pages = "273--275",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-kulkarni-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Cluster Stopping with Criterion Functions and the Gap Statistic",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted  and
      Kulkarni, Anagha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-4007",
    pages = "276--279",
}
@inproceedings{surendran-2006-automating,
    title = "Automating the Creation of Interactive Glyph-supplemented Scatterplots for Visualizing Algorithm Results",
    author = "Surendran, Dinoj",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-4008",
    pages = "280--283",
}
@inproceedings{tribble-etal-2006-sconeedit,
    title = "{S}cone{E}dit: A Text-guided Domain Knowledge Editor",
    author = "Tribble, Alicia  and
      Lambert, Benjamin  and
      Fahlman, Scott E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-4009",
    pages = "284--287",
}
@inproceedings{whittaker-etal-2006-factoid,
    title = "Factoid Question Answering with Web, Mobile and Speech Interfaces",
    author = "Whittaker, E.W.D.  and
      Mrozinski, J.  and
      Furui, S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-4010",
    pages = "288--291",
}
@inproceedings{zweig-etal-2006-automated,
    title = "Automated Quality Monitoring for Call Centers using Speech and {NLP} Technologies",
    author = "Zweig, G.  and
      Siohan, O.  and
      Saon, G.  and
      Ramabhadran, B.  and
      Povey, D.  and
      Mangu, L.  and
      Kingsbury, B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-4011",
    pages = "292--295",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2006-human-language-technology-naacl-companion,
    title = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    author = "Manning, Chris  and
      Oard, Doug  and
      Glass, Jim",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-5000",
}
@inproceedings{condon-miller-2006-whats,
    title = "What{`}s in a Name: Current Methods, Applications, and Evaluation in Multilingual Name Search and Matching",
    author = "Condon, Sherri  and
      Miller, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-5001",
    pages = "299--300",
}
@inproceedings{daume-iii-2006-beyond,
    title = "Beyond {EM}: {B}ayesian Techniques for Human Language Technology Researchers",
    author = "Daume III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-5002",
    pages = "301--302",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-radev-2006-graph,
    title = "Graph-based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-5003",
    pages = "303--304",
}
@inproceedings{chelba-hazen-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Spoken Document Processing for Retrieval and Browsing",
    author = "Chelba, Ciprian  and
      Hazen, T. J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-5004",
    pages = "305--306",
}
@inproceedings{sarkar-haffari-2006-tutorial,
    title = "Tutorial on Inductive Semi-supervised Learning Methods: with Applicability to Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Sarkar, Anoop  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-5005",
    pages = "307--308",
}
@inproceedings{yih-toutanova-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Yih, Scott Wen-tau  and
      Toutanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the {NAACL}, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-5006",
    pages = "309--310",
}
@proceedings{alta-2006-australasian,
    title = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    author = "Cavedon, Lawrence  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1000",
}
@inproceedings{johnston-2006-robust,
    title = "Robust multimodal understanding for interactive systems",
    author = "Johnston, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1001",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{kay-2006-user,
    title = "User modelling for language technologists",
    author = "Kay, Judy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1002",
    pages = "2",
}
@inproceedings{djordjevic-curran-2006-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Combinatory Categorial Grammar Parsing",
    author = "Djordjevic, Bojan  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1003",
    pages = "3--10",
}
@inproceedings{hawker-honnibal-2006-improved,
    title = "Improved Default Sense Selection for{W}ord Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Hawker, Tobias  and
      Honnibal, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1004",
    pages = "11--17",
}
@inproceedings{khoo-etal-2006-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with Sentence Classification",
    author = "Khoo, Anthony  and
      Marom, Yuval  and
      Albrecht, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1005",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{klein-2006-computational,
    title = "Computational Semantics in the Natural Language Toolkit",
    author = "Klein, Ewan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1006",
    pages = "26--33",
}
@inproceedings{lampert-etal-2006-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Speech Acts using Verbal Response Modes",
    author = "Lampert, Andrew  and
      Dale, Robert  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1007",
    pages = "34--41",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-etal-2006-word,
    title = "Word Relatives in Context for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Martinez, David  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Wang, Xinglong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1008",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{molla-etal-2006-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition for Question Answering",
    author = "Moll{\'a}, Diego  and
      van Zaanen, Menno  and
      Smith, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1009",
    pages = "51--58",
}
@inproceedings{murphy-etal-2006-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition for Astronomy Literature",
    author = "Murphy, Tara  and
      McIntosh, Tara  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1010",
    pages = "59--66",
}
@inproceedings{nicholson-etal-2006-die,
    title = "Die Morphologie (f): Targeted Lexical Acquisition for Languages other than {E}nglish",
    author = "Nicholson, Jeremy  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1011",
    pages = "67--74",
}
@inproceedings{patrick-etal-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Mapping Clinical Notes to Medical Terminologies",
    author = "Patrick, Jon  and
      Wang, Yefeng  and
      Budd, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1012",
    pages = "75--82",
}
@inproceedings{pizzato-etal-2006-pseudo,
    title = "Pseudo Relevance Feedback Using Named Entities for Question Answering",
    author = "Pizzato, Luiz Augusto  and
      Moll{\'a}, Diego  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1013",
    pages = "83--90",
}
@inproceedings{rose-2006-evidence,
    title = "Evidence for Gradient Salience: What Happens with Competing Non-salient Referents during Pronoun Resolution?",
    author = "Rose, Ralph L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1014",
    pages = "91--98",
}
@inproceedings{uitdenbogerd-2006-web,
    title = "Web Readability and Computer-Assisted Language Learning",
    author = "Uitdenbogerd, Alexandra L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1015",
    pages = "99--106",
}
@inproceedings{vermaat-2006-questions,
    title = "Questions require an answer: A deductive perspective on questions and answers",
    author = "Vermaat, Willemijn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1016",
    pages = "107--114",
}
@inproceedings{viethen-dale-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards the Evaluation of Referring Expression Generation",
    author = "Viethen, Jette  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1017",
    pages = "115--122",
}
@inproceedings{vlugter-etal-2006-error,
    title = "Error correction using utterance disambiguation techniques",
    author = "Vlugter, Peter  and
      van der Ham, Edwin  and
      Knott, Alistair",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1018",
    pages = "123--130",
}
@inproceedings{wan-etal-2006-using,
    title = "Using Dependency-Based Features to Take the {'}Para-farce{'} out of Paraphrase",
    author = "Wan, Stephen  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Dale, Robert  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1019",
    pages = "131--138",
}
@inproceedings{ye-baldwin-2006-verb,
    title = "Verb Sense Disambiguation Using Selectional Preferences Extracted with a State-of-the-art Semantic Role Labeler",
    author = "Ye, Patrick  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1020",
    pages = "139--148",
}
@inproceedings{zwarts-dras-2006-phrase,
    title = "This Phrase-Based {SMT} System is Out of Order: Generalised Word Reordering in Machine Translation",
    author = "Zwarts, Simon  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1021",
    pages = "149--156",
}
@inproceedings{grieser-etal-2006-analysis,
    title = "Analysis and Prediction of User Behaviour in a Museum Environment",
    author = "Grieser, Karl  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1022",
    pages = "157--158",
}
@inproceedings{ivanovic-2006-using,
    title = "Using Dialogue Acts to Suggest Responses in Support Services via Instant Messaging",
    author = "Ivanovic, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1023",
    pages = "159--160",
}
@inproceedings{parker-jones-2006-probabilities,
    title = "Probabilities improve stress-prediction in a {CFG} of {H}awaiian phonology",
    author = "Parker Jones, {`}{\=O}iwi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1024",
    pages = "161--162",
}
@inproceedings{treharne-etal-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards Cognitive Optimisation of a Search Engine Interface",
    author = "Treharne, Kenneth  and
      Pfitzner, Darius  and
      Powers, David M W",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1025",
    pages = "163--164",
}
@inproceedings{woodley-etal-2006-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Processing and {XML} Retrieval",
    author = "Woodley, Alan  and
      Tannier, Xavier  and
      Hassler, Marcus  and
      Geva, Shlomo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1026",
    pages = "165--166",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-patrick-2006-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Patient Clinical Profiles from Case Reports",
    author = "Zhang, Yitao  and
      Patrick, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2006",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U06-1027",
    pages = "167--168",
}
@proceedings{alta-2012-australasian,
    title = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    author = "Cook, Paul  and
      Nowson, Scott",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1000",
}
@inproceedings{hay-2012-using,
    title = "Using a large annotated historical corpus to study word-specific effects in sound change",
    author = "Hay, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1001",
    pages = "2--2",
}
@inproceedings{brockett-2012-diverse,
    title = "Diverse Words, Shared Meanings: Statistical Machine Translation for Paraphrase, Grounding, and Intent",
    author = "Brockett, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1002",
    pages = "3--3",
}
@inproceedings{m-a-etal-2012-citation,
    title = "A Citation Centric Annotation Scheme for Scientific Articles",
    author = "M.A., Angrosh  and
      Cranefield, Stephen  and
      Stanger, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1003",
    pages = "5--14",
}
@inproceedings{symonds-etal-2012-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Judgement of Medical Concepts: Combining Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Information with the Tensor Encoding Model",
    author = "Symonds, Michael  and
      Zuccon, Guido  and
      Koopman, Bevan  and
      Bruza, Peter  and
      Nguyen, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1004",
    pages = "15--22",
}
@inproceedings{lynn-etal-2012-active,
    title = "Active Learning and the Irish Treebank",
    author = "Lynn, Teresa  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      U{\'\i} Dhonnchadha, Elaine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1005",
    pages = "23--32",
}
@inproceedings{lui-etal-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Estimation of Word Usage Similarity",
    author = "Lui, Marco  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      McCarthy, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1006",
    pages = "33--41",
}
@inproceedings{gardiner-dras-2012-valence,
    title = "Valence Shifting: Is It A Valid Task?",
    author = "Gardiner, Mary  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1007",
    pages = "42--51",
}
@inproceedings{cao-zukerman-2012-experimental,
    title = "Experimental Evaluation of a Lexicon- and Corpus-based Ensemble for Multi-way Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Cao, Minh Duc  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1008",
    pages = "52--60",
}
@inproceedings{breen-etal-2012-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation and Translation of {J}apanese Multi-word Loanwords",
    author = "Breen, James  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1009",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@inproceedings{graham-etal-2012-measurement,
    title = "Measurement of Progress in Machine Translation",
    author = "Graham, Yvette  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Harwood, Aaron  and
      Moffat, Alistair  and
      Zobel, Justin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1010",
    pages = "70--78",
}
@inproceedings{sarker-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards Two-step Multi-document Summarisation for Evidence Based Medicine: A Quantitative Analysis",
    author = "Sarker, Abeed  and
      Moll{\'a}-Aliod, Diego  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1011",
    pages = "79--87",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2012-eyes,
    title = "In Your Eyes: Identifying Clich{\'e}s in Song Lyrics",
    author = "Smith, Alex G.  and
      Zee, Christopher X. S.  and
      Uitdenbogerd, Alexandra L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1012",
    pages = "88--96",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-etal-2012-free,
    title = "Free-text input vs menu selection: exploring the difference with a tutorial dialogue system.",
    author = "Mcdonald, Jenny  and
      Knott, Alistair  and
      Zeng, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1013",
    pages = "97--105",
}
@inproceedings{cook-lui-2012-langid,
    title = "langid.py for better language modelling",
    author = "Cook, Paul  and
      Lui, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1014",
    pages = "107--112",
}
@inproceedings{fromont-hay-2012-labb,
    title = "{L}a{BB}-{CAT}: an Annotation Store",
    author = "Fromont, Robert  and
      Hay, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1015",
    pages = "113--117",
}
@inproceedings{willett-etal-2012-classification,
    title = "Classification of Study Region in Environmental Science Abstracts",
    author = "Willett, Jared  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Martinez, David  and
      Webb, Angus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1016",
    pages = "118--122",
}
@inproceedings{amini-etal-2012-overview,
    title = "Overview of the {ALTA} 2012 Shared Task",
    author = "Amini, Iman  and
      Martinez, David  and
      Molla, Diego",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1017",
    pages = "124--129",
}
@inproceedings{gella-duong-thanh-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic sentence classifier using sentence ordering features for Event Based Medicine: Shared task system description",
    author = "Gella, Spandana  and
      Duong Thanh, Long",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1018",
    pages = "130--133",
}
@inproceedings{lui-2012-feature,
    title = "Feature Stacking for Sentence Classification in Evidence-Based Medicine",
    author = "Lui, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1019",
    pages = "134--138",
}
@inproceedings{molla-2012-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with Clustering-based Features for Sentence Classification in Medical Publications: {M}acquarie Test{'}s participation in the {ALTA} 2012 shared task.",
    author = "Moll{\'a}, Diego",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U12-1020",
    pages = "139--142",
}
@proceedings{lrec-2010-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Maegaard, Bente  and
      Mariani, Joseph  and
      Odijk, Jan  and
      Piperidis, Stelios  and
      Rosner, Mike  and
      Tapias, Daniel",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
}
@inproceedings{dalianis-etal-2010-creating,
    title = "Creating a Reusable {E}nglish-{C}hinese Parallel Corpus for Bilingual Dictionary Construction",
    author = "Dalianis, Hercules  and
      Xing, Hao-chun  and
      Zhang, Xin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/13_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{padro-etal-2010-freeling,
    title = "{F}ree{L}ing 2.1: Five Years of Open-source Language Processing Tools",
    author = "Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Collado, Miquel  and
      Reese, Samuel  and
      Lloberes, Marina  and
      Castell{\'o}n, Irene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/14_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kirschenbaum-wintner-2010-general,
    title = "A General Method for Creating a Bilingual Transliteration Dictionary",
    author = "Kirschenbaum, Amit  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/16_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kao-chen-2010-comment,
    title = "Comment Extraction from Blog Posts and Its Applications to Opinion Mining",
    author = "Kao, Huan-An  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/17_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schmidt-schutte-2010-folker,
    title = "{FOLKER}: An Annotation Tool for Efficient Transcription of Natural, Multi-party Interaction",
    author = {Schmidt, Thomas  and
      Sch{\"u}tte, Wilfried},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/18_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{navigli-etal-2010-annotated,
    title = "An Annotated Dataset for Extracting Definitions and Hypernyms from the Web",
    author = "Navigli, Roberto  and
      Velardi, Paola  and
      Ruiz-Mart{\'\i}nez, Juana Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/20_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{khokhlova-zakharov-2010-studying,
    title = "Studying Word Sketches for {R}ussian",
    author = "Khokhlova, Maria  and
      Zakharov, Victor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/21_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{costa-jussa-fonollosa-2010-using,
    title = "Using Linear Interpolation and Weighted Reordering Hypotheses in the {M}oses System",
    author = "Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/23_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{crasborn-2010-sign,
    title = "The Sign Linguistics Corpora Network: Towards Standards for Signed Language Resources",
    author = "Crasborn, Onno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/25_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hawayek-etal-2010-bilingual,
    title = "A Bilingual Dictionary {M}exican Sign Language-{S}panish/{S}panish-{M}exican Sign Language",
    author = "Hawayek, Antoinette  and
      Gratta, Riccardo Del  and
      Cappelli, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/27_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sharoff-etal-2010-web,
    title = "The Web Library of Babel: evaluating genre collections",
    author = "Sharoff, Serge  and
      Wu, Zhili  and
      Markert, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/28_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{krieger-2010-general,
    title = "A General Methodology for Equipping Ontologies with Time",
    author = "Krieger, Hans-Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/29_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2010-python,
    title = "A Python Toolkit for Universal Transliteration",
    author = "Qian, Ting  and
      Hollingshead, Kristy  and
      Yoon, Su-youn  and
      Kim, Kyoung-young  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/30_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-2010-test,
    title = "Test Suite Design for Biomedical Ontology Concept Recognition Systems",
    author = "Cohen, K. Bretonnel  and
      Roeder, Christophe  and
      Baumgartner Jr., William A.  and
      Hunter, Lawrence E.  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/31_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lefever-hoste-2010-construction,
    title = "Construction of a Benchmark Data Set for Cross-lingual Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/34_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{barron-cedeno-etal-2010-corpus,
    title = "Corpus and Evaluation Measures for Automatic Plagiarism Detection",
    author = "Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto  and
      Potthast, Martin  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/35_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zinn-etal-2010-evolving,
    title = "An Evolving e{S}cience Environment for Research Data in Linguistics",
    author = "Zinn, Claus  and
      Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Ringersma, Jacquelijn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/36_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{scerri-etal-2010-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Action Items for Semantic Email",
    author = "Scerri, Simon  and
      Gossen, Gerhard  and
      Davis, Brian  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/39_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tsvetkov-wintner-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Parallel Corpora from Websites with Dynamic Content",
    author = "Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/40_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rentoumi-etal-2010-united,
    title = "United we Stand: Improving Sentiment Analysis by Joining Machine Learning and Rule Based Methods",
    author = "Rentoumi, Vassiliki  and
      Petrakis, Stefanos  and
      Klenner, Manfred  and
      Vouros, George A.  and
      Karkaletsis, Vangelis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/41_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bel-2010-handling,
    title = "Handling of Missing Values in Lexical Acquisition",
    author = "Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/45_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{carlsson-dalianis-2010-influence,
    title = "Influence of Module Order on Rule-Based De-identification of Personal Names in Electronic Patient Records Written in {S}wedish",
    author = "Carlsson, Elin  and
      Dalianis, Hercules",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/46_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{costa-jussa-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic and Human Evaluation Study of a Rule-based and a Statistical {C}atalan-{S}panish Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Farr{\'u}s, Mireia  and
      Mari{\~n}o, Jos{\'e} B.  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/47_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{singh-ambati-2010-integrated,
    title = "An Integrated Digital Tool for Accessing Language Resources",
    author = "Singh, Anil Kumar  and
      Ambati, Bharat Ram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/48_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-larsen-2010-speech,
    title = "A Speech Corpus for Dyslexic Reading Training",
    author = "Pedersen, Jakob Schou  and
      Larsen, Lars Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/52_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{benajiba-zitouni-2010-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Word Segmentation for Better Unit of Analysis",
    author = "Benajiba, Yassine  and
      Zitouni, Imed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/54_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-etal-2010-iso,
    title = "{ISO}-{T}ime{ML}: An International Standard for Semantic Annotation",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Lee, Kiyong  and
      Bunt, Harry  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/55_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{stankovic-etal-2010-gis,
    title = "{GIS} Application Improvement with Multilingual Lexical and Terminological Resources",
    author = "Stankovi{\'c}, Ranka  and
      Obradovi{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Kitanovi{\'c}, Olivera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/57_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chambers-jurafsky-2010-database,
    title = "A Database of Narrative Schemas",
    author = "Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/58_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-gerdin-2010-swedish,
    title = "A {S}wedish Scientific Medical Corpus for Terminology Management and Linguistic Exploration",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Gerdin, Ulla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/60_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{proisl-kabashi-2010-using,
    title = "Using High-Quality Resources in {NLP}: The Valency Dictionary of {E}nglish as a Resource for Left-Associative Grammars",
    author = "Proisl, Thomas  and
      Kabashi, Besim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/62_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{saralegi-de-lacalle-2010-dictionary,
    title = "Dictionary and Monolingual Corpus-based Query Translation for Basque-{E}nglish {CLIR}",
    author = "Saralegi, Xabier  and
      de Lacalle, Maddalen Lopez",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/63_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lux-pogodalla-etal-2010-fastkwic,
    title = "{F}ast{K}wic, an {``}Intelligent{``} Concordancer Using {FASTR}",
    author = {Lux-Pogodalla, V{\'e}ronika  and
      Besagni, Dominique  and
      Fort, Kar{\"e}n},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/65_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{krstev-etal-2010-description,
    title = "A Description of Morphological Features of {S}erbian: a Revision using Feature System Declaration",
    author = "Krstev, Cvetana  and
      Stankovi{\'c}, Ranka  and
      Vitas, Du{\v{s}}ko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/66_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bhowmick-etal-2010-determining,
    title = "Determining Reliability of Subjective and Multi-label Emotion Annotation through Novel Fuzzy Agreement Measure",
    author = "Bhowmick, Plaban Kr.  and
      Basu, Anupam  and
      Mitra, Pabitra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/67_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tannier-moriceau-2010-fidji,
    title = "{FIDJI}: Web Question-Answering at Quaero 2009",
    author = "Tannier, Xavier  and
      Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/68_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{worner-2010-tool,
    title = "A Tool for Feature-Structure Stand-Off-Annotation on Transcriptions of Spoken Discourse",
    author = {W{\"o}rner, Kai},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/69_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{odijk-2010-clarin,
    title = "The {CLARIN}-{NL} Project",
    author = "Odijk, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/70_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sornlertlamvanich-etal-2010-language,
    title = "Language Resource Management System for {A}sian {W}ord{N}et Collaboration and Its Web Service Application",
    author = "Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Charoenporn, Thatsanee  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/71_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2010-propbank,
    title = "{P}ropbank Frameset Annotation Guidelines Using a Dedicated Editor, Cornerstone",
    author = "Choi, Jinho D.  and
      Bonial, Claire  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/73_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{handl-weber-2010-multilayered,
    title = "A Multilayered Declarative Approach to Cope with Morphotactics and Allomorphy in Derivational Morphology",
    author = "Handl, Johannes  and
      Weber, Carsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/76_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lyashevskaya-2010-bank,
    title = "Bank of {R}ussian Constructions and Valencies",
    author = "Lyashevskaya, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/77_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{syed-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Discovery of Semantic Relations using {M}ind{N}et",
    author = "Syed, Zareen  and
      Viegas, Evelyne  and
      Parastatidis, Savas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/78_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kilgarriff-etal-2010-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus Factory for Many Languages",
    author = "Kilgarriff, Adam  and
      Reddy, Siva  and
      Pomik{\'a}lek, Jan  and
      PVS, Avinesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/79_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-moschitti-2010-flexible,
    title = "A Flexible Representation of Heterogeneous Annotation Data",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/80_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{galibert-etal-2010-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Citation Extraction from Patents",
    author = "Galibert, Olivier  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Tannier, Xavier  and
      Grandry, Fanny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/81_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dini-mazzini-2010-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Grammar Enhancement on Semantic Resources Induction",
    author = "Dini, Luca  and
      Mazzini, Giampaolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/82_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2010-adapting,
    title = "Adapting {C}hinese Word Segmentation for Machine Translation Based on Short Units",
    author = "Wang, Yiou  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Kruengkrai, Canasai  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/83_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ovchinnikova-etal-2010-data,
    title = "Data-Driven and Ontological Analysis of {F}rame{N}et for Natural Language Reasoning",
    author = "Ovchinnikova, Ekaterina  and
      Vieu, Laure  and
      Oltramari, Alessandro  and
      Borgo, Stefano  and
      Alexandrov, Theodore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/84_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shaikh-etal-2010-mpc,
    title = "{MPC}: A Multi-Party Chat Corpus for Modeling Social Phenomena in Discourse",
    author = "Shaikh, Samira  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Broadwell, Aaron  and
      Stromer-Galley, Jennifer  and
      Taylor, Sarah  and
      Webb, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/85_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sun-2010-mining,
    title = "Mining the Correlation between Human and Automatic Evaluation at Sentence Level",
    author = "Sun, Yanli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/87_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{simoes-etal-2010-processing,
    title = "Processing and Extracting Data from Dicion{\'a}rio Aberto",
    author = "Sim{\~o}es, Alberto  and
      Almeida, Jos{\'e} Jo{\~a}o  and
      Farinha, Rita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/90_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{waltinger-2010-germanpolarityclues,
    title = "{G}erman{P}olarity{C}lues: A Lexical Resource for {G}erman Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Waltinger, Ulli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/91_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pareja-lora-de-cea-2010-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-based Interoperation of Linguistic Tools for an Improved Lemma Annotation in {S}panish",
    author = "Pareja-Lora, Antonio  and
      de Cea, Guadalupe Aguado",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/92_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zesch-gurevych-2010-better,
    title = "The More the Better? Assessing the Influence of {W}ikipedia{'}s Growth on Semantic Relatedness Measures",
    author = "Zesch, Torsten  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/93_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{campbell-tabata-2010-software,
    title = "A Software Toolkit for Viewing Annotated Multimodal Data Interactively over the Web",
    author = "Campbell, Nick  and
      Tabata, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/96_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mendes-etal-2010-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition in Questions: Towards a Golden Collection",
    author = "Mendes, Ana Cristina  and
      Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa  and
      Lobo, Paula Vaz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/97_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{paggio-etal-2010-nomco,
    title = "The {NOMCO} Multimodal Nordic Resource - Goals and Characteristics",
    author = "Paggio, Patrizia  and
      Allwood, Jens  and
      Ahls{\'e}n, Elisabeth  and
      Jokinen, Kristiina  and
      Navarretta, Costanza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/98_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maekawa-etal-2010-design,
    title = "Design, Compilation, and Preliminary Analyses of Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written {J}apanese",
    author = "Maekawa, Kikuo  and
      Yamazaki, Makoto  and
      Maruyama, Takehiko  and
      Yamaguchi, Masaya  and
      Ogura, Hideki  and
      Kashino, Wakako  and
      Ogiso, Toshinobu  and
      Koiso, Hanae  and
      Den, Yasuharu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/99_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{macken-2010-annotation,
    title = "An Annotation Scheme and Gold Standard for {D}utch-{E}nglish Word Alignment",
    author = "Macken, Lieve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/100_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{scherer-etal-2010-developing,
    title = "Developing an Expressive Speech Labeling Tool Incorporating the Temporal Characteristics of Emotion",
    author = "Scherer, Stefan  and
      Siegert, Ingo  and
      Bigalke, Lutz  and
      Meudt, Sascha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/101_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{aker-gaizauskas-2010-model,
    title = "Model Summaries for Location-related Images",
    author = "Aker, Ahmet  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/102_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{roux-etal-2010-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Speech Synthesis in the Development of a Mobile Platform for e-learning.",
    author = "Roux, Justus  and
      Scholtz, Pieter  and
      Klop, Daleen  and
      Povlsen, Claus  and
      Jongejan, Bart  and
      Magnusdottir, Asta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/103_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jacquemin-2010-derivational,
    title = "A Derivational Rephrasing Experiment for Question Answering",
    author = "Jacquemin, Bernard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/104_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{condon-etal-2010-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Machine Translation Errors in {E}nglish and Iraqi {A}rabic",
    author = "Condon, Sherri  and
      Parvaz, Dan  and
      Aberdeen, John  and
      Doran, Christy  and
      Freeman, Andrew  and
      Awad, Marwan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/106_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mohseni-minaei-bidgoli-2010-persian,
    title = "A {P}ersian Part-Of-Speech Tagger Based on Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Mohseni, Mahdi  and
      Minaei-bidgoli, Behrouz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/107_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{babko-malaya-etal-2010-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Document Citations in Phase 2 Gale Distillation",
    author = "Babko-Malaya, Olga  and
      Hunter, Dan  and
      Fournelle, Connie  and
      White, Jim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/108_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{coltekin-2010-freely,
    title = "A Freely Available Morphological Analyzer for {T}urkish",
    author = {{\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/109_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{volk-etal-2010-challenges,
    title = "Challenges in Building a Multilingual Alpine Heritage Corpus",
    author = "Volk, Martin  and
      Bubenhofer, Noah  and
      Althaus, Adrian  and
      Bangerter, Maya  and
      Furrer, Lenz  and
      Ruef, Beni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/110_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pareti-prodanof-2010-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Attribution Relations: Towards an {I}talian Discourse Treebank",
    author = "Pareti, Silvia  and
      Prodanof, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/111_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{webb-etal-2010-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Human-Machine Conversation for Appropriateness",
    author = "Webb, Nick  and
      Benyon, David  and
      Hansen, Preben  and
      Mival, Oil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/115_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{megyesi-etal-2010-english,
    title = "The {E}nglish-{S}wedish-{T}urkish Parallel Treebank",
    author = "Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta  and
      Dahlqvist, Bengt  and
      Csat{\'o}, {\'E}va {\'A}.  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/116_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dantuluri-etal-2010-use,
    title = "A Use Case for Controlled Languages as Interfaces to Semantic Web Applications",
    author = "Dantuluri, Pradeep  and
      Davis, Brian  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/117_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{teissedre-etal-2010-resources,
    title = "Resources for Calendar Expressions Semantic Tagging and Temporal Navigation through Texts",
    author = "Teiss{\`e}dre, Charles  and
      Battistelli, Delphine  and
      Minel, Jean-Luc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/118_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{saz-etal-2010-alborada,
    title = "The Alborada-{I}3{A} Corpus of Disordered Speech",
    author = "Saz, Oscar  and
      Lleida, Eduardo  and
      Vaquero, Carlos  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, W.-Ricardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/119_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ananiadou-etal-2010-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating a Text Mining Based Educational Search Portal",
    author = "Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      McNaught, John  and
      Thomas, James  and
      Rickinson, Mark  and
      Oliver, Sandy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/121_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pedler-mitton-2010-large,
    title = "A Large List of Confusion Sets for Spellchecking Assessed Against a Corpus of Real-word Errors",
    author = "Pedler, Jennifer  and
      Mitton, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/122_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schmitt-etal-2010-witchcraft,
    title = "{WIT}c{HCR}af{T}: A Workbench for Intelligent explora{T}ion of Human {C}ompute{R} conversa{T}ions",
    author = "Schmitt, Alexander  and
      Bertrand, Gregor  and
      Heinroth, Tobias  and
      Minker, Wolfgang  and
      Liscombe, Jackson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/123_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanchev-piwek-2010-constructing,
    title = "Constructing the {CODA} Corpus: A Parallel Corpus of Monologues and Expository Dialogues",
    author = "Stoyanchev, Svetlana  and
      Piwek, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/127_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kaplan-etal-2010-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Process Management Revisited",
    author = "Kaplan, Dain  and
      Iida, Ryu  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/129_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{paci-etal-2010-wikipedia,
    title = "{W}ikipedia-based Approach for Linking Ontology Concepts to their Realisations in Text",
    author = "Paci, Giulio  and
      Pedrazzi, Giorgio  and
      Turra, Roberta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/132_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{laurent-etal-2010-ad,
    title = "Ad-hoc Evaluations Along the Lifecycle of Industrial Spoken Dialogue Systems: Heading to Harmonisation?",
    author = "Laurent, Marianne  and
      Bretier, Philippe  and
      Manquillet, Carole",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/133_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nakano-etal-2010-construction,
    title = "Construction of Text Summarization Corpus for the Credibility of Information on the Web",
    author = "Nakano, Masahiro  and
      Shibuki, Hideyuki  and
      Miyazaki, Rintaro  and
      Ishioroshi, Madoka  and
      Kaneko, Koichi  and
      Mori, Tatsunori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/135_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{silva-etal-2010-top,
    title = "Top-Performing Robust Constituency Parsing of {P}ortuguese: Freely Available in as Many Ways as you Can Get it",
    author = "Silva, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Gon{\c{c}}alves, Patricia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/136_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cardey-etal-2010-resources,
    title = "Resources for Controlled Languages for Alert Messages and Protocols in the {E}uropean Perspective",
    author = "Cardey, Sylviane  and
      Bogacki, Krzysztof  and
      Blanco, Xavier  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/137_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{erjavec-2010-multext,
    title = "{MULTEXT}-East Version 4: Multilingual Morphosyntactic Specifications, Lexicons and Corpora",
    author = "Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/138_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{erjavec-etal-2010-jos,
    title = "The {JOS} Linguistically Tagged Corpus of {S}lovene",
    author = "Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja  and
      Krek, Simon  and
      Ledinek, Nina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/139_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{robaldo-etal-2010-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based Semantics of Concession: Where do Expectations Come from?",
    author = "Robaldo, Livio  and
      Miltsakaki, Eleni  and
      Bianchini, Alessia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/140_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fiser-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning to Mine Definitions from {S}lovene Structured and Unstructured Knowledge-Rich Resources",
    author = "Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja  and
      Pollak, Senja  and
      Vintar, {\v{S}}pela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/141_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-stefanescu-2010-differential,
    title = "A Differential Semantics Approach to the Annotation of Synsets in {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan  and
      {\c{S}}tef{\u{a}}nescu, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/142_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{grishina-2010-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal {R}ussian Corpus ({MURCO}): First Steps",
    author = "Grishina, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/143_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-2010-lingua,
    title = "Lingua-Align: An Experimental Toolbox for Automatic Tree-to-Tree Alignment",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/144_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{grivaz-2010-human,
    title = "Human Judgements on Causation in {F}rench Texts",
    author = "Grivaz, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/145_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{marinelli-etal-2010-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Semantic Resources in a Terminological Network",
    author = "Marinelli, Rita  and
      Roventini, Adriana  and
      Spadoni, Giovanni  and
      Cucurullo, Sebastiana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/147_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wawer-2010-sentiment,
    title = "Is Sentiment a Property of Synsets? Evaluating Resources for Sentiment Classification using Machine Learning",
    author = "Wawer, Aleksander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/149_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alegria-etal-2010-morphological,
    title = "A Morphological Processor Based on Foma for Biscayan (a Basque dialect)",
    author = "Alegria, I{\~n}aki  and
      Aranbarri, Garbi{\~n}e  and
      Ceberio, Klara  and
      Labaka, Gorka  and
      Laskurain, Bittor  and
      Urizar, Ruben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/150_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{przepiorkowski-etal-2010-recent,
    title = "Recent Developments in the National Corpus of Polish",
    author = "Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam  and
      G{\'o}rski, Rafa{\l} L.  and
      {\L}azi{\'n}ski, Marek  and
      P{\k{e}}zik, Piotr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/152_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{branco-etal-2010-developing,
    title = "Developing a Deep Linguistic Databank Supporting a Collection of Treebanks: the {CINTIL} {D}eep{G}ram{B}ank",
    author = "Branco, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Costa, Francisco  and
      Silva, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Silveira, Sara  and
      Castro, S{\'e}rgio  and
      Avel{\~a}s, Mariana  and
      Pinto, Clara  and
      Gra{\c{c}}a, Jo{\~a}o",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/154_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{borin-etal-2010-diabase,
    title = "{D}iabase: Towards a Diachronic {BLARK} in Support of Historical Studies",
    author = "Borin, Lars  and
      Forsberg, Markus  and
      Kokkinakis, Dimitrios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/156_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{abeille-godard-2010-grande,
    title = "The Grande Grammaire du Fran{\c{c}}ais Project",
    author = "Abeill{\'e}, Anne  and
      Godard, Dani{\`e}le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/157_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sekine-dalwani-2010-ngram,
    title = "Ngram Search Engine with Patterns Combining Token, {POS}, Chunk and {NE} Information",
    author = "Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Dalwani, Kapil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/158_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schmitt-etal-2010-influence,
    title = "The Influence of the Utterance Length on the Recognition of Aged Voices",
    author = "Schmitt, Alexander  and
      Polzehl, Tim  and
      Minker, Wolfgang  and
      Liscombe, Jackson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/159_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{recasens-etal-2010-typology,
    title = "A Typology of Near-Identity Relations for Coreference ({NIDENT})",
    author = "Recasens, Marta  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Mart{\'\i}, M. Ant{\`o}nia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/160_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schuurman-etal-2010-interacting,
    title = "Interacting Semantic Layers of Annotation in {S}o{N}a{R}, a Reference Corpus of Contemporary Written {D}utch",
    author = "Schuurman, Ineke  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Monachesi, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/162_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{broeder-etal-2010-data,
    title = "A Data Category Registry- and Component-based Metadata Framework",
    author = "Broeder, Daan  and
      Kemps-Snijders, Marc  and
      Uytvanck, Dieter Van  and
      Windhouwer, Menzo  and
      Withers, Peter  and
      Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Zinn, Claus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/163_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maks-vossen-2010-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Scheme and Gold Standard for {D}utch Subjective Adjectives",
    author = "Maks, Isa  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/165_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{arehart-2010-indexing,
    title = "Indexing Methods for Faster and More Effective Person Name Search",
    author = "Arehart, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/166_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shinnou-sasaki-2010-detection,
    title = "Detection of Peculiar Examples using {LOF} and One Class {SVM}",
    author = "Shinnou, Hiroyuki  and
      Sasaki, Minoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/167_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{uzzaman-allen-2010-trios,
    title = "{TRIOS}-{T}ime{B}ank Corpus: Extended {T}ime{B}ank Corpus with Help of Deep Understanding of Text",
    author = "UzZaman, Naushad  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/169_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{funk-bontcheva-2010-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-Based Categorization of Web Services with Machine Learning",
    author = "Funk, Adam  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/170_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{murawaki-kurohashi-2010-online,
    title = "Online {J}apanese Unknown Morpheme Detection using Orthographic Variation",
    author = "Murawaki, Yugo  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/171_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nir-etal-2010-morphologically,
    title = "A Morphologically-Analyzed {CHILDES} Corpus of {H}ebrew",
    author = "Nir, Bracha  and
      MacWhinney, Brian  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/172_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jokinen-2010-non,
    title = "Non-verbal Signals for Turn-taking and Feedback",
    author = "Jokinen, Kristiina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/173_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{abejon-etal-2010-study,
    title = "A Study of the Influence of Speech Type on Automatic Language Recognition Performance",
    author = "Abej{\'o}n, Alejandro  and
      Toledano, Doroteo T.  and
      Spada, Danilo  and
      Victor, Gonz{\'a}lez  and
      L{\'o}pez, Daniel Hern{\'a}ndez",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/174_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bouma-2010-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Ontology Alignment using {E}uro{W}ord{N}et and {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Bouma, Gosse",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/175_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lefebvre-albaret-dalle-2010-video,
    title = "Video Retrieval in Sign Language Videos : How to Model and Compare Signs?",
    author = "Lefebvre-Albaret, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Dalle, Patrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/176_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-lorenzo-2010-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Sources of Weakness in Syntactic Lexicon Extraction",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Lorenzo, Alejandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/177_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{passarotti-dellorletta-2010-improvements,
    title = "Improvements in Parsing the Index {T}homisticus Treebank. Revision, Combination and a Feature Model for Medieval {L}atin",
    author = "Passarotti, Marco  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/178_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schuurman-vandeghinste-2010-cultural,
    title = "Cultural Aspects of Spatiotemporal Analysis in Multilingual Applications",
    author = "Schuurman, Ineke  and
      Vandeghinste, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/180_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{teraoka-etal-2010-associative,
    title = "An Associative Concept Dictionary for Verbs and its Application to Elliptical Word Estimation",
    author = "Teraoka, Takehiro  and
      Okamoto, Jun  and
      Ishizaki, Shun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/181_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{b-etal-2010-resource,
    title = "Resource Creation for Training and Testing of Transliteration Systems for {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "B., Sowmya V.  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Bali, Kalika  and
      Dasgupta, Tirthankar  and
      Basu, Anupam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/182_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{balvet-etal-2010-building,
    title = "Building a Lexicon of {F}rench Deverbal Nouns from a Semantically Annotated Corpus",
    author = "Balvet, Antonio  and
      Barque, Lucie  and
      Mar{\'\i}n, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/183_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tonelli-etal-2010-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Discourse Relations for Conversational Spoken Dialogs",
    author = "Tonelli, Sara  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe  and
      Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/184_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{williams-power-2010-fact,
    title = "A Fact-aligned Corpus of Numerical Expressions",
    author = "Williams, Sandra  and
      Power, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/185_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{quintard-etal-2010-question,
    title = "Question Answering on Web Data: The {QA} Evaluation in Qu{\ae}ro",
    author = "Quintard, Ludovic  and
      Galibert, Olivier  and
      Adda, Gilles  and
      Grau, Brigitte  and
      Laurent, Dominique  and
      Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Tannier, Xavier  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/186_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{quarteroni-moschitti-2010-comprehensive,
    title = "A Comprehensive Resource to Evaluate Complex Open Domain Question Answering",
    author = "Quarteroni, Silvia  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/188_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{galibert-etal-2010-named,
    title = "Named and Specific Entity Detection in Varied Data: The Qu{\ae}ro Named Entity Baseline Evaluation",
    author = "Galibert, Olivier  and
      Quintard, Ludovic  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      N{\'e}dellec, Claire  and
      Aubin, Sophie  and
      Gillard, Laurent  and
      Raysz, Jean-Pierre  and
      Pois, Delphine  and
      Tannier, Xavier  and
      Del{\'e}ger, Louise  and
      Laurent, Dominique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/191_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tsutsumida-etal-2010-study,
    title = "Study of Word Sense Disambiguation System that uses Contextual Features - Approach of Combining Associative Concept Dictionary and Corpus -",
    author = "Tsutsumida, Kyota  and
      Okamoto, Jun  and
      Ishizaki, Shun  and
      Nakatsuji, Makoto  and
      Tanaka, Akimichi  and
      Uchiyama, Tadasu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/192_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ahrenberg-2010-alignment,
    title = "Alignment-based Profiling of {E}uroparl Data in an {E}nglish-{S}wedish Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/193_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{malik-etal-2010-transliterating,
    title = "Transliterating {U}rdu for a Broad-Coverage {U}rdu/{H}indi {LFG} Grammar",
    author = {Malik, Muhammad Kamran  and
      Ahmed, Tafseer  and
      Sulger, Sebastian  and
      B{\"o}gel, Tina  and
      Gulzar, Atif  and
      Raza, Ghulam  and
      Hussain, Sarmad  and
      Butt, Miriam},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/194_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{petukhova-bunt-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards an Integrated Scheme for Semantic Annotation of Multimodal Dialogue Data",
    author = "Petukhova, Volha  and
      Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/195_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bosco-etal-2010-comparing,
    title = "Comparing the Influence of Different Treebank Annotations on Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Bosco, Cristina  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Mazzei, Alessandro  and
      Lombardo, Vincenzo  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Lesmo, Leonardo  and
      Attardi, Giuseppe  and
      Simi, Maria  and
      Lavelli, Alberto  and
      Hall, Johan  and
      Nilsson, Jens  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/196_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{federmann-2010-appraise,
    title = "{A}ppraise: An Open-Source Toolkit for Manual Phrase-Based Evaluation of Translations",
    author = "Federmann, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/197_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2010-large,
    title = "How Large a Corpus Do We Need: Statistical Method Versus Rule-based Method",
    author = "Zhao, Hai  and
      Song, Yan  and
      Kit, Chunyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/199_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-etal-2010-merging,
    title = "Merging Specialist Taxonomies and Folk Taxonomies in Wordnets - A case Study of Plants, Animals and Foods in the {D}anish {W}ordnet",
    author = "Pedersen, Bolette S.  and
      Nimb, Sanni  and
      Braasch, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/200_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tatu-moldovan-2010-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Ontologies from Folksonomies using Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Tatu, Marta  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/203_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{clercq-perez-2010-data,
    title = "Data Collection and {IPR} in Multilingual Parallel Corpora. {D}utch Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Clercq, Orph{\'e}e De  and
      Perez, Maribel Montero",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/204_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cybulska-vossen-2010-event,
    title = "Event Models for Historical Perspectives: Determining Relations between High and Low Level Events in Text, Based on the Classification of Time, Location and Participants.",
    author = "Cybulska, Agata  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/205_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{scheible-2010-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of Predicate Argument Clustering using Pseudo-Disambiguation",
    author = "Scheible, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/206_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{venant-2010-meaning,
    title = "Meaning Representation: From Continuity to Discreteness",
    author = "Venant, Fabienne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/207_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vernier-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Subjectivity Phrases missing from Resources through a Large Set of Semantic Tests",
    author = "Vernier, Matthieu  and
      Monceaux, Laura  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/208_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{guerini-etal-2010-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Metrics for Persuasive {NLP} with {G}oogle {A}d{W}ords",
    author = "Guerini, Marco  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Stock, Oliviero",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/209_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{desmet-hoste-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards a Balanced Named Entity Corpus for {D}utch",
    author = "Desmet, Bart  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/210_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{senay-etal-2010-transcriber,
    title = "Transcriber Driving Strategies for Transcription Aid System",
    author = "Senay, Gr{\'e}gory  and
      Linar{\`e}s, Georges  and
      Lecouteux, Benjamin  and
      Oger, Stanislas  and
      Michel, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/211_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-etal-2010-building,
    title = "Building a Gold Standard for Event Detection in {C}roatian",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Lauc, Tomislava  and
      Boras, Damir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/213_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-improving-domain,
    title = "Improving Domain-specific Entity Recognition with Automatic Term Recognition and Feature Extraction",
    author = "Zhang, Ziqi  and
      Iria, Jos{\'e}  and
      Ciravegna, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/214_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{strakova-pecina-2010-czech,
    title = "{C}zech Information Retrieval with Syntax-based Language Models",
    author = "Strakov{\'a}, Jana  and
      Pecina, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/215_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{attardi-etal-2010-resource,
    title = "A Resource and Tool for Super-sense Tagging of {I}talian Texts",
    author = "Attardi, Giuseppe  and
      Rossi, Stefano Dei  and
      Pietro, Giulia Di  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Simi, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/216_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{aldezabal-etal-2010-building,
    title = "Building the Basque {P}rop{B}ank",
    author = "Aldezabal, Izaskun  and
      Aranzabe, Mar{\'\i}a Jes{\'u}s  and
      D{\'\i}az de Ilarraza, Arantza  and
      Estarrona, Ainara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/217_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bigi-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Syllable Boundaries in Spontaneous Speech",
    author = "Bigi, Brigitte  and
      Meunier, Christine  and
      Nesterenko, Irina  and
      Bertrand, Roxane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/219_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tsourakis-etal-2010-examining,
    title = "Examining the Effects of Rephrasing User Input on Two Mobile Spoken Language Systems",
    author = "Tsourakis, Nikos  and
      Lisowska, Agnes  and
      Rayner, Manny  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/220_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{reese-etal-2010-wikicorpus,
    title = "{W}ikicorpus: A Word-Sense Disambiguated Multilingual {W}ikipedia Corpus",
    author = "Reese, Samuel  and
      Boleda, Gemma  and
      Cuadros, Montse  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/222_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dickinson-jochim-2010-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Distributional Properties of Tagsets",
    author = "Dickinson, Markus  and
      Jochim, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/227_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{khalilov-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards Improving {E}nglish-{L}atvian Translation: A System Comparison and a New Rescoring Feature",
    author = "Khalilov, Maxim  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.  and
      Skadin̨a, Inguna  and
      Br{\=a}l{\=\i}tis, Edgars  and
      Pretkalnin̨a, Lauma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/228_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sidorov-etal-2010-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-{S}panish Large Statistical Dictionary of Inflectional Forms",
    author = "Sidorov, Grigori  and
      Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/229_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-martinez-etal-2010-hifi,
    title = "{HIFI}-{AV}: An Audio-visual Corpus for Spoken Language Human-Machine Dialogue Research in {S}panish",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez-Mart{\'\i}nez, Fernando  and
      Lucas-Cuesta, Juan Manuel  and
      Chicote, Roberto Barra  and
      Ferreiros, Javier  and
      Mac{\'\i}as-Guarasa, Javier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/230_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hois-2010-inter,
    title = "Inter-Annotator Agreement on a Linguistic Ontology for Spatial Language - A Case Study for {GUM}-Space",
    author = "Hois, Joana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/231_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2010-new,
    title = "New Tools for Web-Scale N-grams",
    author = "Lin, Dekang  and
      Church, Kenneth  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Yarowsky, David  and
      Bergsma, Shane  and
      Patil, Kailash  and
      Pitler, Emily  and
      Lathbury, Rachel  and
      Rao, Vikram  and
      Dalwani, Kapil  and
      Narsale, Sushant",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/233_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{auer-etal-2010-elan,
    title = "{ELAN} as Flexible Annotation Framework for Sound and Image Processing Detectors",
    author = {Auer, Eric  and
      Russel, Albert  and
      Sloetjes, Han  and
      Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Schreer, Oliver  and
      Masnieri, S.  and
      Schneider, Daniel  and
      Tsch{\"o}pel, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/234_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vlaj-etal-2010-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition and Annotation of {S}lovenian Lombard Speech Database",
    author = {Vlaj, Damjan  and
      Marku{\v{s}}, Aleksandra Z{\"o}gling  and
      Kos, Marko  and
      Ka{\v{c}}i{\v{c}}, Zdravko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/235_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cartoni-lefer-2010-mulexfor,
    title = "The {M}u{L}e{XF}o{R} Database: Representing Word-Formation Processes in a Multilingual Lexicographic Environment",
    author = "Cartoni, Bruno  and
      Lefer, Marie-Aude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/236_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{xu-klakow-2010-paragraph,
    title = "Paragraph Acquisition and Selection for List Question Using {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    author = "Xu, Fang  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/241_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ku-etal-2010-construction,
    title = "Construction of a {C}hinese Opinion Treebank",
    author = "Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Huang, Ting-Hao  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/242_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{abekawa-etal-2010-community,
    title = "Community-based Construction of Draft and Final Translation Corpus Through a Translation Hosting Site Minna no Hon{'}yaku ({MNH})",
    author = "Abekawa, Takeshi  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Kageura, Kyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/243_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ambati-etal-2010-active-learning,
    title = "Active Learning and Crowd-Sourcing for Machine Translation",
    author = "Ambati, Vamshi  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/244_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dalianis-velupillai-2010-certain,
    title = "How Certain are Clinical Assessments? Annotating {S}wedish Clinical Text for (Un)certainties, Speculations and Negations",
    author = "Dalianis, Hercules  and
      Velupillai, Sumithra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/245_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{anderson-etal-2010-base,
    title = "Base Concepts in the {A}frican Languages Compared to Upper Ontologies and the {W}ord{N}et Top Ontology",
    author = "Anderson, Winston  and
      Pretorius, Laurette  and
      Kotz{\'e}, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/247_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2010-casia,
    title = "{CASIA}-{CASSIL}: a {C}hinese Telephone Conversation Corpus in Real Scenarios with Multi-leveled Annotation",
    author = "Zhou, Keyan  and
      Li, Aijun  and
      Yin, Zhigang  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/248_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{saykham-etal-2010-online,
    title = "Online Temporal Language Model Adaptation for a {T}hai Broadcast News Transcription System",
    author = "Saykham, Kwanchiva  and
      Chotimongkol, Ananlada  and
      Wutiwiwatchai, Chai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/249_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{koolen-krahmer-2010-tuna,
    title = "The D-{TUNA} Corpus: A {D}utch Dataset for the Evaluation of Referring Expression Generation Algorithms",
    author = "Koolen, Ruud  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/251_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{peris-etal-2010-adn,
    title = "{ADN}-Classifier:Automatically Assigning Denotation Types to Nominalizations",
    author = "Peris, Aina  and
      Taul{\'e}, Mariona  and
      Boleda, Gemma  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/252_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{antonsen-etal-2010-reusing,
    title = "Reusing Grammatical Resources for New Languages",
    author = "Antonsen, Lene  and
      Trosterud, Trond  and
      Wiechetek, Linda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/254_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{adde-svendsen-2010-namedat,
    title = "{N}ame{D}at: A Database of {E}nglish Proper Names Spoken by Native Norwegians",
    author = "Adde, Line  and
      Svendsen, Torbj{\o}rn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/255_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{snoeren-etal-2010-study,
    title = "The Study of Writing Variants in an Under-resourced Language: Some Evidence from Mobile N-Deletion in Luxembourgish",
    author = "Snoeren, Natalie D.  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine  and
      Adda, Gilles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/258_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{glowinska-przepiorkowski-2010-design,
    title = "The Design of Syntactic Annotation Levels in the National Corpus of Polish",
    author = "G{\l}owi{\'n}ska, Katarzyna  and
      Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/259_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kamiya-etal-2010-construction,
    title = "Construction of Back-Channel Utterance Corpus for Responsive Spoken Dialogue System Development",
    author = "Kamiya, Yuki  and
      Ohno, Tomohiro  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki  and
      Kashioka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/260_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ruiter-etal-2010-human,
    title = "Human Language Technology and Communicative Disabilities: Requirements and Possibilities for the Future",
    author = "Ruiter, Marina B.  and
      Rietveld, Toni C. M.  and
      Cucchiarini, Catia  and
      Krahmer, Emiel J.  and
      Strik, Helmer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/261_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{burkhardt-etal-2010-database,
    title = "A Database of Age and Gender Annotated Telephone Speech",
    author = "Burkhardt, Felix  and
      Eckert, Martin  and
      Johannsen, Wiebke  and
      Stegmann, Joachim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/262_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{marx-schuth-2010-dutchparl,
    title = "{D}utch{P}arl. The Parliamentary Documents in {D}utch",
    author = "Marx, Maarten  and
      Schuth, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/263_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{henrich-hinrichs-2010-gernedit-germanet,
    title = "{G}ern{E}di{T} - The {G}erma{N}et Editing Tool",
    author = "Henrich, Verena  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/264_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hinrichs-etal-2010-sustainability,
    title = "Sustainability of Linguistic Data and Analysis in the Context of a Collaborative e{S}cience Environment",
    author = "Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      Henrich, Verena  and
      Zastrow, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/266_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fritzinger-etal-2010-pattern,
    title = "Pattern-Based Extraction of Negative Polarity Items from Dependency-Parsed Text",
    author = "Fritzinger, Fabienne  and
      Richter, Frank  and
      Weller, Marion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/267_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gorog-vossen-2010-computer,
    title = "Computer Assisted Semantic Annotation in the {D}utch{S}em{C}or Project",
    author = {G{\"o}r{\"o}g, Attila  and
      Vossen, Piek},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/269_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hinrichs-etal-2010-weblicht-web,
    title = "{W}eb{L}icht: Web-based {LRT} Services in a Distributed e{S}cience Infrastructure",
    author = "Hinrichs, Marie  and
      Zastrow, Thomas  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/270_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{torreira-ernestus-2010-nijmegen,
    title = "The Nijmegen Corpus of Casual {S}panish",
    author = "Torreira, Francisco  and
      Ernestus, Mirjam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/271_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{santos-etal-2010-gikiclef,
    title = "{G}iki{CLEF}: Crosscultural Issues in Multilingual Information Access",
    author = "Santos, Diana  and
      Cabral, Lu{\'\i}s Miguel  and
      Forascu, Corina  and
      Forner, Pamela  and
      Gey, Fredric  and
      Lamm, Katrin  and
      Mandl, Thomas  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Pe{\~n}as, Anselmo  and
      Rodrigo, {\'A}lvaro  and
      Schulz, Julia  and
      Skalban, Yvonne  and
      Tjong Kim Sang, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/272_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{uytvanck-etal-2010-virtual,
    title = "Virtual Language Observatory: The Portal to the Language Resources and Technology Universe",
    author = "Uytvanck, Dieter Van  and
      Zinn, Claus  and
      Broeder, Daan  and
      Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Gardellini, Mariano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/273_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{skrelin-etal-2010-fully,
    title = "A Fully Annotated Corpus of {R}ussian Speech",
    author = "Skrelin, Pavel  and
      Volskaya, Nina  and
      Kocharov, Daniil  and
      Evgrafova, Karina  and
      Glotova, Olga  and
      Evdokimova, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/274_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{spiegl-etal-2010-fau,
    title = "{FAU} {IISAH} Corpus {--} A {G}erman Speech Database Consisting of Human-Machine and Human-Human Interaction Acquired by Close-Talking and Far-Distance Microphones",
    author = {Spiegl, Werner  and
      Riedhammer, Korbinian  and
      Steidl, Stefan  and
      N{\"o}th, Elmar},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/275_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dukes-habash-2010-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Annotation of Quranic {A}rabic",
    author = "Dukes, Kais  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/276_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schiel-2010-bastat,
    title = "{BAS}tat : New Statistical Resources at the {B}avarian Archive for Speech Signals",
    author = "Schiel, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/277_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dukes-etal-2010-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Annotation Guidelines for the Quranic {A}rabic Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Dukes, Kais  and
      Atwell, Eric  and
      Sharaf, Abdul-Baquee M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/278_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vatanen-etal-2010-language,
    title = "Language Identification of Short Text Segments with N-gram Models",
    author = {Vatanen, Tommi  and
      V{\"a}yrynen, Jaakko J.  and
      Virpioja, Sami},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/279_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{polifroni-etal-2010-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Named Entity Extraction for the Creation of Mobile Services",
    author = "Polifroni, Joseph  and
      Kiss, Imre  and
      Adler, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/280_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{reveil-etal-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving Proper Name Recognition by Adding Automatically Learned Pronunciation Variants to the Lexicon",
    author = "R{\'e}veil, Bert  and
      Martens, Jean-Pierre  and
      van den Heuvel, Henk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/281_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sawalha-atwell-2010-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grain Morphological Analyzer and Part-of-Speech Tagger for {A}rabic Text",
    author = "Sawalha, Majdi  and
      Atwell, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/282_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{perinan-pascual-arcas-tunez-2010-architecture,
    title = "The Architecture of {F}un{G}ram{KB}",
    author = "Peri{\~n}{\'a}n-Pascual, Carlos  and
      Arcas-T{\'u}nez, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/284_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bauer-etal-2010-wtimit,
    title = "{WTIMIT}: The {TIMIT} Speech Corpus Transmitted Over The 3{G} {AMR} Wideband Mobile Network",
    author = "Bauer, Patrick  and
      Scheler, David  and
      Fingscheidt, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/285_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{van-oosten-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards an Improved Methodology for Automated Readability Prediction",
    author = "van Oosten, Philip  and
      Tanghe, Dries  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/286_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sawalha-atwell-2010-constructing,
    title = "Constructing and Using Broad-coverage Lexical Resource for Enhancing Morphological Analysis of {A}rabic",
    author = "Sawalha, Majdi  and
      Atwell, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/287_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{urbain-etal-2010-avlaughtercycle,
    title = "The {AVL}aughter{C}ycle Database",
    author = {Urbain, J{\'e}r{\^o}me  and
      Bevacqua, Elisabetta  and
      Dutoit, Thierry  and
      Moinet, Alexis  and
      Niewiadomski, Radoslaw  and
      Pelachaud, Catherine  and
      Picart, Benjamin  and
      Tilmanne, Jo{\"e}lle  and
      Wagner, Johannes},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/289_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bouma-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards a Large Parallel Corpus of Cleft Constructions",
    author = "Bouma, Gerlof  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/291_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-random,
    title = "A Random Graph Walk based Approach to Computing Semantic Relatedness Using Knowledge from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Zhang, Ziqi  and
      Gentile, Anna Lisa  and
      Xia, Lei  and
      Iria, Jos{\'e}  and
      Chapman, Sam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/292_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lardilleux-etal-2010-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Lexicon Induction: Effortless Evaluation of Word Alignment Tools and Production of Resources for Improbable Language Pairs",
    author = "Lardilleux, Adrien  and
      Gosme, Julien  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/293_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schraagen-bloothooft-2010-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Repetitions, or how to Improve your Multilingual {ASR} System by doing Nothing",
    author = "Schraagen, Marijn  and
      Bloothooft, Gerrit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/295_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{utsumi-2010-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Relationship between Semantic Spaces and Semantic Relations",
    author = "Utsumi, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/296_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{leitner-etal-2010-example,
    title = "Example-Based Automatic Phonetic Transcription",
    author = "Leitner, Christina  and
      Schickbichler, Martin  and
      Petrik, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/299_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-fernandez-etal-2010-macaq,
    title = "{MACAQ} : A Multi Annotated Corpus to Study how we Adapt Answers to Various Questions",
    author = "Garcia-Fernandez, Anne  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/301_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-hinarejos-etal-2010-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of {HMM}-based Models for the Annotation of Unsegmented Dialogue Turns",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez-Hinarejos, Carlos-D.  and
      Tamarit, Vicent  and
      Bened{\'\i}, Jos{\'e}-M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/303_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nawaz-etal-2010-meta,
    title = "Meta-Knowledge Annotation of Bio-Events",
    author = "Nawaz, Raheel  and
      Thompson, Paul  and
      McNaught, John  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/306_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kano-etal-2010-u,
    title = "U-Compare: An Integrated Language Resource Evaluation Platform Including a Comprehensive {UIMA} Resource Library",
    author = "Kano, Yoshinobu  and
      Dorado, Ruben  and
      McCrohon, Luke  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/307_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{johannessen-etal-2010-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Language Resources with Maps",
    author = "Johannessen, Janne Bondi  and
      Hagen, Kristin  and
      N{\o}klestad, Anders  and
      Priestley, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/308_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sukkarieh-bolge-2010-building,
    title = "Building a Textual Entailment Suite for the Evaluation of Automatic Content Scoring Technologies",
    author = "Sukkarieh, Jana Z.  and
      Bolge, Eleanor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/310_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zargayouna-nazarenko-2010-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Textual Knowledge Acquisition Tools: a Challenging Task",
    author = {Zargayouna, Ha{\"\i}fa  and
      Nazarenko, Adeline},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/311_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{de-melo-weikum-2010-providing,
    title = "Providing Multilingual, Multimodal Answers to Lexical Database Queries",
    author = "de Melo, Gerard  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/312_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lenci-etal-2010-building,
    title = "Building an {I}talian {F}rame{N}et through Semi-automatic Corpus Analysis",
    author = "Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Johnson, Martina  and
      Lapesa, Gabriella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/313_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sikveland-etal-2010-spontal,
    title = "Spontal-N: A Corpus of Interactional Spoken {N}orwegian",
    author = {Sikveland, Rein Ove  and
      {\"O}ttl, Anton  and
      Amdal, Ingunn  and
      Ernestus, Mirjam  and
      Svendsen, Torbj{\o}rn  and
      Edlund, Jens},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/314_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{koeva-etal-2010-bulgarian,
    title = "{B}ulgarian National Corpus Project",
    author = "Koeva, Svetla  and
      Blagoeva, Diana  and
      Kolkovska, Siya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/316_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2010-composing,
    title = "Composing Human and Machine Translation Services: Language Grid for Improving Localization Processes",
    author = "Lin, Donghui  and
      Murakami, Yoshiaki  and
      Ishida, Toru  and
      Murakami, Yohei  and
      Tanaka, Masahiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/317_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{haselbach-heid-2010-development,
    title = "The Development of a Morphosyntactic Tagset for {A}frikaans and its Use with Statistical Tagging",
    author = "Haselbach, Boris  and
      Heid, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/318_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2010-emotion,
    title = "Emotion Cause Events: Corpus Construction and Analysis",
    author = "Lee, Sophia Yat Mei  and
      Chen, Ying  and
      Li, Shoushan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/322_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{navarretta-2010-dad,
    title = "The {DAD} Parallel Corpora and their Uses",
    author = "Navarretta, Costanza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/325_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{thwaites-etal-2010-lips,
    title = "{LIPS}: A Tool for Predicting the Lexical Isolation Point of a Word",
    author = "Thwaites, Andrew  and
      Geertzen, Jeroen  and
      Marslen-Wilson, William D.  and
      Buttery, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/326_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{williams-etal-2010-cambridge,
    title = "The {C}ambridge Cookie-Theft Corpus: A Corpus of Directed and Spontaneous Speech of Brain-Damaged Patients and Healthy Individuals",
    author = "Williams, Caroline  and
      Thwaites, Andrew  and
      Buttery, Paula  and
      Geertzen, Jeroen  and
      Randall, Billi  and
      Shafto, Meredith  and
      Devereux, Barry  and
      Tyler, Lorraine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/327_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-heuvel-etal-2010-veterantapes,
    title = "The {V}eteran{T}apes: Research Corpus, Fragment Processing Tool, and Enhanced Publications for the e-Humanities",
    author = "van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      van Horik, Ren{\'e}  and
      Scagliola, Stef  and
      Sanders, Eric  and
      Witkamp, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/328_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bernardi-etal-2010-context,
    title = "Context Fusion: The Role of Discourse Structure and Centering Theory",
    author = "Bernardi, Raffaella  and
      Kirschner, Manuel  and
      Ratkovic, Zorana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/330_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{okamoto-ishizaki-2010-homographic,
    title = "Homographic Ideogram Understanding Using Contextual Dynamic Network",
    author = "Okamoto, Jun  and
      Ishizaki, Shun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/331_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dione-etal-2010-design,
    title = "Design and Development of Part-of-Speech-Tagging Resources for Wolof (Niger-Congo, spoken in Senegal)",
    author = "Dione, Cheikh M. Bamba  and
      Kuhn, Jonas  and
      Zarrie{\ss}, Sina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/333_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{morante-2010-descriptive,
    title = "Descriptive Analysis of Negation Cues in Biomedical Texts",
    author = "Morante, Roser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/335_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2010-pdtb,
    title = "{PDTB} {XML}: the {XML}ization of the {P}enn Discourse {T}ree{B}ank 2.0",
    author = "Yao, Xuchen  and
      Borisova, Irina  and
      Alam, Mehwish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/336_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mykowiecka-etal-2010-domain,
    title = "Domain-related Annotation of Polish Spoken Dialogue Corpus {LUNA}.{PL}",
    author = "Mykowiecka, Agnieszka  and
      G{\l}owi{\'n}ska, Katarzyna  and
      Rabiega-Wi{\'s}niewska, Joanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/337_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{otrusina-smrz-2010-new,
    title = "A New Approach to Pseudoword Generation",
    author = "Otrusina, Lubomir  and
      Smrz, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/339_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-etal-2010-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} Resources for the Analysis of Patient/Therapist Interviews",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio  and
      Stein-Sparvieri, Elena  and
      Maldavsky, David  and
      Szasz, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/341_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gibbon-etal-2010-medefaidrin,
    title = "{M}edefaidrin: Resources Documenting the Birth and Death Language Life-cycle",
    author = "Gibbon, Dafydd  and
      Ekpenyong, Moses  and
      Urua, Eno-Abasi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/342_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sato-kaide-2010-person,
    title = "A Person-Name Filter for Automatic Compilation of Bilingual Person-Name Lexicons",
    author = "Sato, Satoshi  and
      Kaide, Sayoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/343_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{al-sabbagh-girju-2010-mining,
    title = "Mining the Web for the Induction of a Dialectical {A}rabic Lexicon",
    author = "Al-Sabbagh, Rania  and
      Girju, Roxana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/344_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{heinroth-etal-2010-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Spoken Dialogue Domain Representation and Interpretation",
    author = "Heinroth, Tobias  and
      Denich, Dan  and
      Schmitt, Alexander  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/345_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dreuw-etal-2010-signspeak,
    title = "The {S}ign{S}peak Project - Bridging the Gap Between Signers and Speakers",
    author = "Dreuw, Philippe  and
      Ney, Hermann  and
      Martinez, Gregorio  and
      Crasborn, Onno  and
      Piater, Justus  and
      Moya, Jose Miguel  and
      Wheatley, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/346_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kubo-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Term Recognition Based on the Statistical Differences of Relative Frequencies in Different Corpora",
    author = "Kubo, Junko  and
      Tsuji, Keita  and
      Sugimoto, Shigeo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/347_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{seretan-etal-2010-fipsromanian,
    title = "{F}ips{R}omanian: Towards a {R}omanian Version of the Fips Syntactic Parser",
    author = "Seretan, Violeta  and
      Wehrli, Eric  and
      Nerima, Luka  and
      Soare, Gabriela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/350_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{edlund-etal-2010-spontal,
    title = "{S}pontal: A {S}wedish Spontaneous Dialogue Corpus of Audio, Video and Motion Capture",
    author = {Edlund, Jens  and
      Beskow, Jonas  and
      Elenius, Kjell  and
      Hellmer, Kahl  and
      Str{\"o}nbergsson, Sofia  and
      House, David},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/352_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{magdy-etal-2010-building,
    title = "Building a Domain-specific Document Collection for Evaluating Metadata Effects on Information Retrieval",
    author = "Magdy, Walid  and
      Min, Jinming  and
      Leveling, Johannes  and
      Jones, Gareth J. F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/353_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-funk-2010-interpreting,
    title = "Interpreting {S}enti{W}ord{N}et for Opinion Classification",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio  and
      Funk, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/354_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{baum-etal-2010-disco,
    title = "{D}i{SC}o - A {G}erman Evaluation Corpus for Challenging Problems in the Broadcast Domain",
    author = {Baum, Doris  and
      Schneider, Daniel  and
      Bardeli, Rolf  and
      Schwenninger, Jochen  and
      Samlowski, Barbara  and
      Winkler, Thomas  and
      K{\"o}hler, Joachim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/355_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{balvet-etal-2010-creagest,
    title = "The Creagest Project: a Digitized and Annotated Corpus for {F}rench Sign Language ({LSF}) and Natural Gestural Languages",
    author = "Balvet, Antonio  and
      Courtin, Cyril  and
      Boutet, Dominique  and
      Cuxac, Christian  and
      Fusellier-Souza, Ivani  and
      Garcia, Brigitte  and
      L{'}Huillier, Marie-Th{\'e}r{\`e}se  and
      Sallandre, Marie-Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/356_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tomas-etal-2010-speech,
    title = "Speech Translation in Pedagogical Environment Using Additional Sources of Knowledge",
    author = "Tom{\'a}s, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Canovas, Alejandro  and
      Lloret, Jaime  and
      Pineda, Miguel Garc{\'\i}a  and
      Abad, Jose L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/357_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{grishina-etal-2010-design,
    title = "Design and Data Collection for the Accentological Corpus of the {R}ussian Language",
    author = "Grishina, Elena  and
      Savchuk, Svetlana  and
      Poljakov, Alexej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/358_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{felt-etal-2010-ccash,
    title = "{CCASH}: A Web Application Framework for Efficient, Distributed Language Resource Development",
    author = "Felt, Paul  and
      Merkling, Owen  and
      Carmen, Marc  and
      Ringger, Eric  and
      Lemmon, Warren  and
      Seppi, Kevin  and
      Haertel, Robbie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/360_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pucher-etal-2010-resources,
    title = "Resources for Speech Synthesis of Viennese Varieties",
    author = {Pucher, Michael  and
      Neubarth, Friedrich  and
      Strom, Volker  and
      Moosm{\"u}ller, Sylvia  and
      Hofer, Gregor  and
      Kranzler, Christian  and
      Schuchmann, Gudrun  and
      Schabus, Dietmar},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/361_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-klakow-2010-predictive,
    title = "Predictive Features for Detecting Indefinite Polar Sentences",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/362_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{heid-etal-2010-term,
    title = "Term and Collocation Extraction by Means of Complex Linguistic Web Services",
    author = "Heid, Ulrich  and
      Fritzinger, Fabienne  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      Hinrichs, Marie  and
      Zastrow, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/363_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{calzolari-soria-2010-preparing,
    title = "Preparing the field for an Open Resource Infrastructure: the role of the {FL}a{R}e{N}et Network of Excellence",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Soria, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/369_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{calzolari-etal-2010-lrec,
    title = "The {LREC} Map of Language Resources and Technologies",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Soria, Claudia  and
      Gratta, Riccardo Del  and
      Goggi, Sara  and
      Quochi, Valeria  and
      Russo, Irene  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Mariani, Joseph  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/370_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moreau-etal-2010-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Protocol and Tools for Question-Answering on Speech Transcripts",
    author = "Moreau, Nicolas  and
      Hamon, Olivier  and
      Mostefa, Djamel  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Galibert, Olivier  and
      Lamel, Lori  and
      Turmo, Jordi  and
      Comas, Pere R.  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Buscaldi, Davide  and
      Choukri, Khalid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/372_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sanroma-boleda-2010-database,
    title = "The Database of {C}atalan Adjectives",
    author = "Sanrom{\`a}, Roser  and
      Boleda, Gemma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/373_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zouaq-etal-2010-syntactic,
    title = "Can Syntactic and Logical Graphs help Word Sense Disambiguation?",
    author = "Zouaq, Amal  and
      Gagnon, Michel  and
      Ozell, Benoit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/374_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of {C}hinese Novel Noun Compounds",
    author = "Wang, Meng  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Yu, Shiwen  and
      Sun, Weiwei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/377_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{oostdijk-etal-2010-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a Broad-coverage Lexicon for Text Mining in the Patent Domain",
    author = "Oostdijk, Nelleke  and
      Verberne, Suzan  and
      Koster, Cornelis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/378_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bedaride-gardent-2010-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Testsuites and Textual Entailment Recognition",
    author = "Bedaride, Paul  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/379_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{stepanek-pajas-2010-querying,
    title = "Querying Diverse Treebanks in a Uniform Way",
    author = "{\v{S}}t{\v{e}}p{\'a}nek, Jan  and
      Pajas, Petr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/381_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-etal-2010-deep,
    title = "Deep Linguistic Processing with {GETARUNS} for Spoken Dialogue Understanding",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo  and
      Bristot, Antonella  and
      Pallotta, Vincenzo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/383_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mohamed-kubler-2010-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Part of Speech Tagging",
    author = {Mohamed, Emad  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/384_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pak-paroubek-2010-twitter-corpus,
    title = "Twitter as a Corpus for Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining",
    author = "Pak, Alexander  and
      Paroubek, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/385_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nemoto-etal-2010-word,
    title = "Word Boundaries in {F}rench: Evidence from Large Speech Corpora",
    author = "Nemoto, Rena  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine  and
      Durand, Jacques",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/386_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sagot-etal-2010-lexicon,
    title = "A Lexicon of {F}rench Quotation Verbs for Automatic Quotation Extraction",
    author = "Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Danlos, Laurence  and
      Stern, Rosa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/387_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mikulova-stepanek-2010-ways,
    title = "Ways of Evaluation of the Annotators in Building the {P}rague {C}zech-{E}nglish Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Mikulov{\'a}, Marie  and
      {\v{S}}t{\v{e}}p{\'a}nek, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/388_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vanopstal-etal-2010-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Impact of {E}nglish Language Skills and Education Level on {P}ub{M}ed Searches by {D}utch-speaking Users",
    author = "Vanopstal, Klaar  and
      Stichele, Robert Vander  and
      Laureys, Godelieve  and
      Buysschaert, Joost",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/389_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{den-etal-2010-two,
    title = "Two-level Annotation of Utterance-units in {J}apanese Dialogs: An Empirically Emerged Scheme",
    author = "Den, Yasuharu  and
      Koiso, Hanae  and
      Maruyama, Takehiko  and
      Maekawa, Kikuo  and
      Takanashi, Katsuya  and
      Enomoto, Mika  and
      Yoshida, Nao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/391_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{candito-etal-2010-statistical,
    title = "Statistical {F}rench Dependency Parsing: Treebank Conversion and First Results",
    author = "Candito, Marie  and
      Crabb{\'e}, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Denis, Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/392_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2010-formal,
    title = "Formal Description of Resources for Ontology-based Semantic Annotation",
    author = "Ma, Yue  and
      Nazarenko, Adeline  and
      Audibert, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/393_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rodriguez-fuentes-etal-2010-kalaka,
    title = "{KALAKA}: A {TV} Broadcast Speech Database for the Evaluation of Language Recognition Systems",
    author = "Rodr{\'\i}guez-Fuentes, Luis Javier  and
      Penagarikano, Mikel  and
      Bordel, Germ{\'a}n  and
      Varona, Amparo  and
      D{\'\i}ez, Mireia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/394_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{panevova-sevcikova-2010-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Morphological Meanings of Verbs Revisited",
    author = "Panevov{\'a}, Jarmila  and
      {\v{S}}ev{\v{c}}{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Magda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/395_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hickl-harabagiu-2010-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Discovery of Collective Action Frames for Socio-Cultural Analysis",
    author = "Hickl, Andrew  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/396_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2010-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Morphological Types of {C}hinese Bi-Character Words by Machine Learning Approaches",
    author = "Huang, Ting-Hao  and
      Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/397_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{novielli-strapparava-2010-studying,
    title = "Studying the Lexicon of Dialogue Acts",
    author = "Novielli, Nicole  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/399_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vivaldi-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Summarization Using Terminological and Semantic Resources",
    author = "Vivaldi, Jorge  and
      da Cunha, Iria  and
      Torres-Moreno, Juan-Manuel  and
      Vel{\'a}zquez-Morales, Patricia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/400_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hamon-2010-judge,
    title = "Is my Judge a good One?",
    author = "Hamon, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/402_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brendel-etal-2010-building,
    title = "Building a System for Emotions Detection from Speech to Control an Affective Avatar",
    author = "Brendel, M{\'a}ty{\'a}s  and
      Zaccarelli, Riccardo  and
      Devillers, Laurence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/403_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{segers-vossen-2010-facilitating,
    title = "Facilitating Non-expert Users of the {KYOTO} Platform: the {TMEKO} Editing Protocol for Synset to Ontology Mappings",
    author = "Segers, Roxane  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/406_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{buyko-etal-2010-genereg,
    title = "The {G}ene{R}eg Corpus for Gene Expression Regulation Events {---} An Overview of the Corpus and its In-Domain and Out-of-Domain Interoperability",
    author = "Buyko, Ekaterina  and
      Beisswanger, Elena  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/407_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{neubig-mori-2010-word,
    title = "Word-based Partial Annotation for Efficient Corpus Construction",
    author = "Neubig, Graham  and
      Mori, Shinsuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/408_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{faass-etal-2010-design,
    title = "Design and Application of a Gold Standard for Morphological Analysis: {SMOR} as an Example of Morphological Evaluation",
    author = "Faa{\ss}, Gertrud  and
      Heid, Ulrich  and
      Schmid, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/409_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schwarz-etal-2010-identification,
    title = "Identification of Rare {\&} Novel Senses Using Translations in a Parallel Corpus",
    author = {Schwarz, Richard  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich  and
      Martin, Fabienne  and
      Stein, Achim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/411_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{freitas-etal-2010-second,
    title = "Second {HAREM}: Advancing the State of the Art of Named Entity Recognition in {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Freitas, Cl{\'a}udia  and
      Mota, Cristina  and
      Santos, Diana  and
      Oliveira, Hugo Gon{\c{c}}alo  and
      Carvalho, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/412_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kupietz-etal-2010-german,
    title = "The {G}erman Reference Corpus {D}e{R}e{K}o: A Primordial Sample for Linguistic Research",
    author = "Kupietz, Marc  and
      Belica, Cyril  and
      Keibel, Holger  and
      Witt, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/414_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sassolini-cinini-2010-cultural,
    title = "Cultural Heritage: Knowledge Extraction from Web Documents",
    author = "Sassolini, Eva  and
      Cinini, Alessandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/415_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{villegas-etal-2010-case,
    title = "A Case Study on Interoperability for Language Resources and Applications",
    author = "Villegas, Marta  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Bel, Santiago  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, V{\'\i}ctor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/418_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cartoni-zweigenbaum-2010-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automated Extension of a Specialized Medical Lexicon for {F}rench",
    author = "Cartoni, Bruno  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/420_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{duarte-gibet-2010-heterogeneous,
    title = "Heterogeneous Data Sources for Signed Language Analysis and Synthesis: The {S}ign{C}om Project",
    author = "Duarte, Kyle  and
      Gibet, Sylvie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/421_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{paroubek-etal-2010-annotations,
    title = "Annotations for Opinion Mining Evaluation in the Industrial Context of the {DOXA} project",
    author = "Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Pak, Alexander  and
      Mostefa, Djamel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/422_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kouylekov-etal-2010-mining,
    title = "Mining {W}ikipedia for Large-scale Repositories of Context-Sensitive Entailment Rules",
    author = "Kouylekov, Milen  and
      Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Negri, Matteo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/425_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-ahrenberg-2010-using,
    title = "Using a Grammar Checker for Evaluation and Postprocessing of Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Stymne, Sara  and
      Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/426_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{weller-heid-2010-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of {G}erman Multiword Expressions from Parsed Corpora Using Context Features",
    author = "Weller, Marion  and
      Heid, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/428_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{paroubek-etal-2010-second,
    title = "The Second Evaluation Campaign of {PASSAGE} on Parsing of {F}rench",
    author = "Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Hamon, Olivier  and
      de La Clergerie, Eric  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/430_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rodriguez-etal-2010-anaphoric,
    title = "Anaphoric Annotation of {W}ikipedia and Blogs in the Live Memories Corpus",
    author = "Rodr{\'\i}guez, Kepa Joseba  and
      Delogu, Francesca  and
      Versley, Yannick  and
      Stemle, Egon W.  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/431_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{flickinger-etal-2010-wikiwoods,
    title = "{W}iki{W}oods: Syntacto-Semantic Annotation for {E}nglish {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Flickinger, Dan  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Ytrest{\o}l, Gisle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/432_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ruppenhofer-etal-2010-speaker,
    title = "Speaker Attribution in Cabinet Protocols",
    author = "Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Sporleder, Caroline  and
      Shirokov, Fabian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/434_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{webb-etal-2010-wizard,
    title = "Wizard of {O}z Experiments for a Companion Dialogue System: Eliciting Companionable Conversation",
    author = "Webb, Nick  and
      Benyon, David  and
      Bradley, Jay  and
      Hansen, Preben  and
      Mival, Oil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/435_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gallo-etal-2010-database,
    title = "A Database for the Exploration of {S}panish Planning",
    author = "Gallo, Carlos G{\'o}mez  and
      Jaeger, T. Florian  and
      Furth, Katrina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/436_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{temnikova-2010-cognitive,
    title = "Cognitive Evaluation Approach for a Controlled Language Post-Editing Experiment",
    author = "Temnikova, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/437_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{allwood-etal-2010-work,
    title = "Work on Spoken (Multimodal) Language Corpora in South {A}frica",
    author = {Allwood, Jens  and
      Hammarstr{\"o}m, Harald  and
      Hendrikse, Andries  and
      Ngcobo, Mtholeni N.  and
      Nomdebevana, Nozibele  and
      Pretorius, Laurette  and
      van der Merwe, Mac},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/438_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using {NLP} Methods for the Analysis of Rituals",
    author = "Reiter, Nils  and
      Hellwig, Oliver  and
      Mishra, Anand  and
      Frank, Anette  and
      Burkhardt, Jens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/439_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rytting-etal-2010-error,
    title = "Error Correction for {A}rabic Dictionary Lookup",
    author = "Rytting, C. Anton  and
      Rodrigues, Paul  and
      Buckwalter, Tim  and
      Zajic, David  and
      Hirsch, Bridget  and
      Carnes, Jeff  and
      Lynn, Nathanael  and
      Wayland, Sarah  and
      Taylor, Chris  and
      White, Jason  and
      Blake III, Charles  and
      Browne, Evelyn  and
      Miller, Corey  and
      Purvis, Tristan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/440_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{walker-copperman-2010-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Complex Semantic Artifacts",
    author = "Walker, Christopher R  and
      Copperman, Hannah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/441_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{altantawy-etal-2010-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Analysis and Generation of {A}rabic Nouns: A Morphemic Functional Approach",
    author = "Altantawy, Mohamed  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Saleh, Ibrahim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/442_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using Comparable Corpora to Adapt a Translation Model to Domains",
    author = "Kaji, Hiroyuki  and
      Tsunakawa, Takashi  and
      Okada, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/443_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{copperman-walker-2010-freds,
    title = "Fred{'}s Reusable Evaluation Device: Providing Support for Quick and Reliable Linguistic Annotation",
    author = "Copperman, Hannah  and
      Walker, Christopher R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/444_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{baird-walker-2010-creation,
    title = "The Creation of a Large-Scale {LFG}-Based Gold Parsebank",
    author = "Baird, Alexis  and
      Walker, Christopher R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/445_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{baker-etal-2010-modality,
    title = "A Modality Lexicon and its use in Automatic Tagging",
    author = "Baker, Kathryn  and
      Bloodgood, Michael  and
      Dorr, Bonnie  and
      Filardo, Nathaniel W.  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Piatko, Christine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/446_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tanenblatt-etal-2010-conceptmapper,
    title = "The {C}oncept{M}apper Approach to Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Tanenblatt, Michael  and
      Coden, Anni  and
      Sominsky, Igor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/448_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hayashi-etal-2010-laf,
    title = "{LAF}/{G}r{AF}-grounded Representation of Dependency Structures",
    author = "Hayashi, Yoshihiko  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Narawa, Chiharu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/449_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{carmen-etal-2010-tag,
    title = "Tag Dictionaries Accelerate Manual Annotation",
    author = "Carmen, Marc  and
      Felt, Paul  and
      Haertel, Robbie  and
      Lonsdale, Deryle  and
      McClanahan, Peter  and
      Merkling, Owen  and
      Ringger, Eric  and
      Seppi, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/451_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{konstantopoulos-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Language Identification Models: A Comparative Analysis of the Distinctive Features of Names and Common Words",
    author = "Konstantopoulos, Stasinos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/452_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{davis-moldovan-2010-feasibility,
    title = "Feasibility of Automatically Bootstrapping a {P}ersian {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Davis, Chris Irwin  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/453_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{grover-etal-2010-south,
    title = "The South {A}frican Human Language Technologies Audit",
    author = "Grover, Aditi Sharma  and
      van Huyssteen, Gerhard B.  and
      Pretorius, Marthinus W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/454_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-etal-2010-babyexp,
    title = "{B}aby{E}xp: Constructing a Huge Multimodal Resource to Acquire Commonsense Knowledge Like Children Do",
    author = {Poesio, Massimo  and
      Baroni, Marco  and
      Lanz, Oswald  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Surian, Luca},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/455_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sainz-etal-2010-tts,
    title = "{TTS} Evaluation Campaign with a Common {S}panish Database",
    author = "Sainz, I{\~n}aki  and
      Navas, Eva  and
      Hern{\'a}ez, Inma  and
      Bonafonte, Antonio  and
      Campillo, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/456_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{santos-mota-2010-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Human-computer Cooperation for the Semantic Annotation of {P}ortuguese Corpora",
    author = "Santos, Diana  and
      Mota, Cristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/457_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{honda-akiba-2010-language,
    title = "Language Modeling Approach for Retrieving Passages in Lecture Audio Data",
    author = "Honda, Koichiro  and
      Akiba, Tomoyosi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/462_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{forner-etal-2010-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Multilingual Question Answering Systems at {CLEF}",
    author = "Forner, Pamela  and
      Giampiccolo, Danilo  and
      Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Pe{\~n}as, Anselmo  and
      Rodrigo, {\'A}lvaro  and
      Sutcliffe, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/464_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vincze-etal-2010-hungarian,
    title = "{H}ungarian Dependency Treebank",
    author = {Vincze, Veronika  and
      Szauter, D{\'o}ra  and
      Alm{\'a}si, Attila  and
      M{\'o}ra, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Alexin, Zolt{\'a}n  and
      Csirik, J{\'a}nos},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/465_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fallucchi-etal-2010-generic,
    title = "Generic Ontology Learners on Application Domains",
    author = "Fallucchi, Francesca  and
      Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/466_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{oltramari-etal-2010-senso,
    title = "Senso Comune",
    author = "Oltramari, Alessandro  and
      Vetere, Guido  and
      Lenzerini, Maurizio  and
      Gangemi, Aldo  and
      Guarino, Nicola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/468_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nazar-janssen-2010-combining,
    title = "Combining Resources: Taxonomy Extraction from Multiple Dictionaries",
    author = "Nazar, Rogelio  and
      Janssen, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/469_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-van-noord-2010-pos,
    title = "{POS} Multi-tagging Based on Combined Models",
    author = "Zhao, Yan  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/470_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{saratxaga-etal-2010-ahotransf,
    title = "{A}ho{T}ransf: A Tool for Multiband Excitation Based Speech Analysis and Modification",
    author = "Saratxaga, Ibon  and
      Hern{\'a}ez, Inmaculada  and
      Navas, Eva  and
      Sainz, I{\~n}aki  and
      Luengo, Iker  and
      S{\'a}nchez, Jon  and
      Odriozola, Igor  and
      Erro, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/471_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{deleger-zweigenbaum-2010-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Paraphrases between Technical and Lay Corpora",
    author = "Del{\'e}ger, Louise  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/472_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ntalampiras-etal-2010-heterogeneous,
    title = "Heterogeneous Sensor Database in Support of Human Behaviour Analysis in Unrestricted Environments: The Audio Part",
    author = "Ntalampiras, Stavros  and
      Ganchev, Todor  and
      Potamitis, Ilyas  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/474_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dahab-belz-2010-game,
    title = "A Game-based Approach to Transcribing Images of Text",
    author = "Dahab, Khalil  and
      Belz, Anja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/476_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{serrano-etal-2010-rodrigo,
    title = "The {RODRIGO} Database",
    author = "Serrano, Nicolas  and
      Castro, Francisco  and
      Juan, Alfons",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/477_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bentivogli-etal-2010-building,
    title = "Building Textual Entailment Specialized Data Sets: a Methodology for Isolating Linguistic Phenomena Relevant to Inference",
    author = "Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Cabrio, Elena  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Giampiccolo, Danilo  and
      Leggio, Medea Lo  and
      Magnini, Bernardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/478_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{al-saif-markert-2010-leeds,
    title = "The Leeds {A}rabic Discourse Treebank: Annotating Discourse Connectives for {A}rabic",
    author = "Al-Saif, Amal  and
      Markert, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/479_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vasilescu-etal-2010-role,
    title = "On the Role of Discourse Markers in Interactive Spoken Question Answering Systems",
    author = "Vasilescu, Ioana  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/481_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schuller-etal-2010-cinemo,
    title = "{CINEMO} {---} A {F}rench Spoken Language Resource for Complex Emotions: Facts and Baselines",
    author = {Schuller, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Zaccarelli, Riccardo  and
      Rollet, Nicolas  and
      Devillers, Laurence},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/483_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{romano-cutugno-2010-new,
    title = "New Features in Spoken Language Search Hawk ({S}p{L}a{SH}): Query Language and Query Sequence",
    author = "Romano, Sara  and
      Cutugno, Francesco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/484_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mouton-etal-2010-framenet,
    title = "{F}rame{N}et Translation Using Bilingual Dictionaries with Evaluation on the {E}nglish-{F}rench Pair",
    author = {Mouton, Claire  and
      de Chalendar, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Richert, Benoit},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/485_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mirovsky-etal-2010-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Tool for Extended Textual Coreference and Bridging Anaphora",
    author = "M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      Pajas, Petr  and
      Nedoluzhko, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/487_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{abad-etal-2010-resource,
    title = "A Resource for Investigating the Impact of Anaphora and Coreference on Inference.",
    author = "Abad, Azad  and
      Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Giampiccolo, Danilo  and
      Mirkin, Shachar  and
      Pianta, Emanuele  and
      Stern, Asher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/488_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{remus-etal-2010-sentiws,
    title = "{S}enti{WS} - A Publicly Available {G}erman-language Resource for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Remus, Robert  and
      Quasthoff, Uwe  and
      Heyer, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/490_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{panicheva-etal-2010-personal,
    title = "Personal Sense and Idiolect: Combining Authorship Attribution and Opinion Analysis",
    author = "Panicheva, Polina  and
      Cardiff, John  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/491_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{goldhahn-quasthoff-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Annotation of Co-Occurrence Relations",
    author = "Goldhahn, Dirk  and
      Quasthoff, Uwe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/492_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jakob-etal-2010-mapping,
    title = "Mapping between Dependency Structures and Compositional Semantic Representations",
    author = "Jakob, Max  and
      Lopatkov{\'a}, Mark{\'e}ta  and
      Kordoni, Valia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/493_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ben-gera-etal-2010-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Feature Engineering for Enhancing Disambiguation Performance in Deep Linguistic Processing",
    author = "Ben-Gera, Danielle  and
      Zhang, Yi  and
      Kordoni, Valia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/494_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gala-etal-2010-tool,
    title = "A Tool for Linking Stems and Conceptual Fragments to Enhance word Access",
    author = "Gala, Nuria  and
      Rey, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Zock, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/497_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kordoni-zhang-2010-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating Compound Nouns for a Dynamic {HPSG} Treebank of Wall Street Journal Texts",
    author = "Kordoni, Valia  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/498_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{michelbacher-etal-2010-building,
    title = "Building a Cross-lingual Relatedness Thesaurus using a Graph Similarity Measure",
    author = {Michelbacher, Lukas  and
      Laws, Florian  and
      Dorow, Beate  and
      Heid, Ulrich  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/499_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{broscheit-etal-2010-extending,
    title = "Extending {BART} to Provide a Coreference Resolution System for {G}erman",
    author = "Broscheit, Samuel  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo  and
      Versley, Yannick  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/500_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{heid-etal-2010-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus Representation Format for Linguistic Web Services: The D-{SPIN} Text Corpus Format and its Relationship with {ISO} Standards",
    author = "Heid, Ulrich  and
      Schmid, Helmut  and
      Eckart, Kerstin  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/503_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{specia-etal-2010-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset for Assessing Machine Translation Evaluation Metrics",
    author = "Specia, Lucia  and
      Cancedda, Nicola  and
      Dymetman, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/504_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{halskov-etal-2010-quality,
    title = "Quality Indicators of {LSP} Texts {---} Selection and Measurements Measuring the Terminological Usefulness of Documents for an {LSP} Corpus",
    author = "Halskov, Jakob  and
      Hansen, Dorte Haltrup  and
      Braasch, Anna  and
      Olsen, Sussi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/505_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bertrand-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards Investigating Effective Affective Dialogue Strategies",
    author = "Bertrand, Gregor  and
      Nothdurft, Florian  and
      Walter, Steffen  and
      Scheck, Andreas  and
      Kessler, Henrik  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/506_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gleim-mehler-2010-computational,
    title = "Computational Linguistics for Mere Mortals - Powerful but Easy-to-use Linguistic Processing for Scientists in the Humanities",
    author = {Gleim, R{\"u}diger  and
      Mehler, Alexander},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/507_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{holmqvist-2010-heuristic,
    title = "Heuristic Word Alignment with Parallel Phrases",
    author = "Holmqvist, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/508_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{goudbeek-broersma-2010-demo,
    title = "The Demo / Kemo Corpus: A Principled Approach to the Study of Cross-cultural Differences in the Vocal Expression and Perception of Emotion",
    author = "Goudbeek, Martijn  and
      Broersma, Mirjam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/511_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{stellato-etal-2010-maskkot,
    title = "{M}askkot {---} An Entity-centric Annotation Platform",
    author = "Stellato, Armando  and
      Stoermer, Heiko  and
      Bortoli, Stefano  and
      Scarpato, Noemi  and
      Turbati, Andrea  and
      Bouquet, Paolo  and
      Pazienza, Maria Teresa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/515_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pollak-rajnoha-2010-multi,
    title = "Multi-Channel Database of Spontaneous {C}zech with Synchronization of Channels Recorded by Independent Devices",
    author = "Poll{\'a}k, Petr  and
      Rajnoha, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/516_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bernard-etal-2010-question,
    title = "A Question-answer Distance Measure to Investigate {QA} System Progress",
    author = "Bernard, Guillaume  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine  and
      Galibert, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/518_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{blessing-schutze-2010-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Geographical Relation Extraction from {W}ikipedia",
    author = {Blessing, Andre  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/519_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ayari-etal-2010-fine,
    title = "Fine-grained Linguistic Evaluation of Question Answering Systems",
    author = "Ayari, Sarra El  and
      Grau, Brigitte  and
      Ligozat, Anne-Laure",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/520_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tatsumi-etal-2010-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Semantic Relations and Distances in the Associative Concept Dictionary using {NIRS}-imaging",
    author = "Tatsumi, Nao  and
      Okamoto, Jun  and
      Ishizaki, Shun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/521_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{damljanovic-etal-2010-identification,
    title = "Identification of the Question Focus: Combining Syntactic Analysis and Ontology-based Lookup through the User Interaction",
    author = "Damljanovic, Danica  and
      Agatonovic, Milan  and
      Cunningham, Hamish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/524_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{grappy-etal-2010-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus for Studying Full Answer Justification",
    author = "Grappy, Arnaud  and
      Grau, Brigitte  and
      Ferret, Olivier  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Robba, Isabelle  and
      Tannier, Xavier  and
      Vilnat, Anne  and
      Barbier, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/529_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{biggio-etal-2010-entity,
    title = "Entity Mention Detection using a Combination of Redundancy-Driven Classifiers",
    author = "Biggio, Silvana Marianela Bernaola  and
      Speranza, Manuela  and
      Zanoli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/530_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{recski-etal-2010-np,
    title = "{NP} Alignment in Bilingual Corpora",
    author = "Recski, G{\'a}bor  and
      Rung, Andr{\'a}s  and
      Zs{\'e}der, Attila  and
      Kornai, Andr{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/531_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gargett-etal-2010-give,
    title = "The {GIVE}-2 Corpus of Giving Instructions in Virtual Environments",
    author = "Gargett, Andrew  and
      Garoufi, Konstantina  and
      Koller, Alexander  and
      Striegnitz, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/532_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vorwerk-etal-2010-wapusk20,
    title = "{WAPUSK}20 - A Database for Robust Audiovisual Speech Recognition",
    author = "Vorwerk, Alexander  and
      Wang, Xiaohui  and
      Kolossa, Dorothea  and
      Zeiler, Steffen  and
      Orglmeister, Reinhold",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/533_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2010-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Knowledge Bases for Similarity",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Cuadros, Montse  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Soroa, Aitor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/534_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-marco-etal-2010-annotation,
    title = "Annotation and Representation of a Diachronic Corpus of {S}panish",
    author = "S{\'a}nchez-Marco, Cristina  and
      Boleda, Gemma  and
      Fontana, Josep Maria  and
      Domingo, Judith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/535_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{raza-2010-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Subcat Frames of Verbs in {U}rdu",
    author = "Raza, Ghulam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/536_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{besancon-etal-2010-lima,
    title = "{LIMA} : A Multilingual Framework for Linguistic Analysis and Linguistic Resources Development and Evaluation",
    author = {Besan{\c{c}}on, Romaric  and
      de Chalendar, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Ferret, Olivier  and
      Gara, Faiza  and
      Mesnard, Olivier  and
      La{\"\i}b, Meriama  and
      Semmar, Nasredine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/537_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chrupala-klakow-2010-named,
    title = "A Named Entity Labeler for {G}erman: Exploiting {W}ikipedia and Distributional Clusters",
    author = "Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/538_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rosell-2010-text,
    title = "Text Cluster Trimming for Better Descriptions and Improved Quality",
    author = "Rosell, Magnus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/540_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-rubio-etal-2010-saturnalia,
    title = "{S}aturnalia: A {L}atin-{C}atalan Parallel Corpus for Statistical {MT}",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez-Rubio, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Civera, Jorge  and
      Juan, Alfons  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/541_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{apostolova-etal-2010-djangology,
    title = "{D}jangology: A Light-weight Web-based Tool for Distributed Collaborative Text Annotation",
    author = "Apostolova, Emilia  and
      Neilan, Sean  and
      An, Gary  and
      Tomuro, Noriko  and
      Lytinen, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/543_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{derczynski-gaizauskas-2010-analysing,
    title = "Analysing Temporally Annotated Corpora with {CAV}a{T}",
    author = "Derczynski, Leon  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/546_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{reynaert-etal-2010-balancing,
    title = "Balancing {S}o{N}a{R}: {IPR} versus Processing Issues in a 500-Million-Word Written {D}utch Reference Corpus",
    author = "Reynaert, Martin  and
      Oostdijk, Nelleke  and
      Clercq, Orph{\'e}e De  and
      van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      de Jong, Franciska",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/549_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cruz-lara-etal-2010-mlif,
    title = "{MLIF} : A Metamodel to Represent and Exchange Multilingual Textual Information",
    author = "Cruz-Lara, Samuel  and
      Francopoulo, Gil  and
      Romary, Laurent  and
      Semmar, Nasredine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/550_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ruppenhofer-etal-2010-generating,
    title = "Generating {F}rame{N}ets of Various Granularities: The {F}rame{N}et Transformer",
    author = "Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Sunde, Jonas  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/552_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bonin-etal-2010-contrastive-approach,
    title = "A Contrastive Approach to Multi-word Extraction from Domain-specific Corpora",
    author = "Bonin, Francesca  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Venturi, Giulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/553_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{blanc-etal-2010-partial,
    title = "Partial Parsing of Spontaneous Spoken {F}rench",
    author = "Blanc, Olivier  and
      Constant, Matthieu  and
      Dister, Anne  and
      Watrin, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/554_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{braffort-etal-2010-sign,
    title = "Sign Language Corpora for Analysis, Processing and Evaluation",
    author = "Braffort, Annelies  and
      Bolot, Laurence  and
      Ch{\'e}telat-Pel{\'e}, Emilie  and
      Choisier, Annick  and
      Delorme, Maxime  and
      Filhol, Michael  and
      Segouat, J{\'e}r{\'e}mie  and
      Verrecchia, Cyril  and
      Badin, Flora  and
      Devos, Nad{\`e}ge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/555_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tonelli-etal-2010-venpro,
    title = "{V}en{P}ro: A Morphological Analyzer for Venetan",
    author = "Tonelli, Sara  and
      Pianta, Emanuele  and
      Delmonte, Rodolfo  and
      Brunelli, Michele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/556_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maamouri-etal-2010-speech,
    title = "From Speech to Trees: Applying Treebank Annotation to {A}rabic Broadcast News",
    author = "Maamouri, Mohamed  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Kulick, Seth  and
      Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Graff, Dave  and
      Ciul, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/558_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{heja-2010-role,
    title = "The Role of Parallel Corpora in Bilingual Lexicography",
    author = "H{\'e}ja, Enik{\H{o}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/559_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards an {ISO} Standard for Dialogue Act Annotation",
    author = "Bunt, Harry  and
      Alexandersson, Jan  and
      Carletta, Jean  and
      Choe, Jae-Woong  and
      Fang, Alex Chengyu  and
      Hasida, Koiti  and
      Lee, Kiyong  and
      Petukhova, Volha  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Romary, Laurent  and
      Soria, Claudia  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/560_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bhatia-etal-2010-empty,
    title = "Empty Categories in a {H}indi Treebank",
    author = "Bhatia, Archna  and
      Bhatt, Rajesh  and
      Narasimhan, Bhuvana  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra  and
      Tepper, Michael  and
      Vaidya, Ashwini  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/561_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lloberes-etal-2010-spanish,
    title = "{S}panish {F}ree{L}ing Dependency Grammar",
    author = "Lloberes, Marina  and
      Castell{\'o}n, Irene  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/562_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{duran-etal-2010-assigning,
    title = "Assigning Wh-Questions to Verbal Arguments: Annotation Tools Evaluation and Corpus Building",
    author = "Duran, Magali Sanches  and
      Am{\^a}ncio, Marcelo Adriano  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/564_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-2010-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Task and Corpus on Event Extraction Systems",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/565_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kulick-etal-2010-consistent,
    title = "Consistent and Flexible Integration of Morphological Annotation in the {A}rabic Treebank",
    author = "Kulick, Seth  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Maamouri, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/566_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zaninello-nissim-2010-creation,
    title = "Creation of Lexical Resources for a Characterisation of Multiword Expressions in {I}talian",
    author = "Zaninello, Andrea  and
      Nissim, Malvina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/567_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sindlerova-bojar-2010-building,
    title = "Building a Bilingual {V}al{L}ex Using Treebank Token Alignment: First Observations",
    author = "{\v{S}}indlerov{\'a}, Jana  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/568_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{diaz-etal-2010-development,
    title = "Development and Use of an Evaluation Collection for Personalisation of Digital Newspapers",
    author = "D{\'\i}az, Alberto  and
      Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo  and
      Garc{\'\i}a, Antonio  and
      Plaza, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/569_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{clark-lavie-2010-loonybin,
    title = "{L}oony{B}in: Keeping Language Technologists Sane through Automated Management of Experimental (Hyper)Workflows",
    author = "Clark, Jonathan H.  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/570_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving Personal Name Search in the {TIGR} System",
    author = "Miller, Keith J.  and
      McLeod, Sarah  and
      Schroeder, Elizabeth  and
      Arehart, Mark  and
      Samuel, Kenneth  and
      Finley, James  and
      Jurica, Vanesa  and
      Polk, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/571_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{laskowski-edlund-2010-snack,
    title = "A Snack Implementation and Tcl/Tk Interface to the Fundamental Frequency Variation Spectrum Algorithm",
    author = "Laskowski, Kornel  and
      Edlund, Jens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/576_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{viethen-etal-2010-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Reference in a Visual Domain",
    author = "Viethen, Jette  and
      Zwarts, Simon  and
      Dale, Robert  and
      Guhe, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/578_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hara-etal-2010-estimation,
    title = "Estimation Method of User Satisfaction Using N-gram-based Dialog History Model for Spoken Dialog System",
    author = "Hara, Sunao  and
      Kitaoka, Norihide  and
      Takeda, Kazuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/579_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2010-language,
    title = "A Language Approach to Modeling Human Behaviors",
    author = "Chen, Peng-Wen  and
      Chennuru, Snehal Kumar  and
      Zhang, Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/580_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{murata-etal-2010-construction,
    title = "Construction of Chunk-Aligned Bilingual Lecture Corpus for Simultaneous Machine Translation",
    author = "Murata, Masaki  and
      Ohno, Tomohiro  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki  and
      Inagaki, Yasuyoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/581_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{afantenos-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Recursive Segments for Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Afantenos, Stergos  and
      Denis, Pascal  and
      Muller, Philippe  and
      Danlos, Laurence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/582_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Product Features and Sentiments from {C}hinese Customer Reviews",
    author = "Zhang, Shu  and
      Jia, Wenjie  and
      Xia, Yingju  and
      Meng, Yao  and
      Yu, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/583_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bohnet-wanner-2010-open,
    title = "Open Soucre Graph Transducer Interpreter and Grammar Development Environment",
    author = "Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/585_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kwon-etal-2010-linking,
    title = "Linking {K}orean Words with an Ontology",
    author = "Kwon, Min-Jae  and
      Lee, Hae-Yun  and
      Chae, Hee-Rahk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/586_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ploux-etal-2010-semantic,
    title = "The Semantic Atlas: an Interactive Model of Lexical Representation",
    author = "Ploux, Sabine  and
      Boussidan, Armelle  and
      Ji, Hyungsuk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/592_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{araujo-etal-2010-sinotas,
    title = "{SIN}otas: the Evaluation of a {NLG} Application",
    author = "Araujo, Roberto P. A.  and
      de Oliveira, Rafael L.  and
      de Novais, Eder M.  and
      Tadeu, Thiago D.  and
      Pereira, Daniel B.  and
      Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/593_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{poggi-etal-2010-types,
    title = "Types of Nods. The Polysemy of a Social Signal",
    author = "Poggi, Isabella  and
      D{'}Errico, Francesca  and
      Vincze, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/596_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{altosaar-etal-2010-speech,
    title = "A Speech Corpus for Modeling Language Acquisition: {CAREGIVER}",
    author = "Altosaar, Toomas  and
      ten Bosch, Louis  and
      Aimetti, Guillaume  and
      Koniaris, Christos  and
      Demuynck, Kris  and
      van den Heuvel, Henk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/597_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{seljan-etal-2010-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Aligner ({C}or{A}l) Evaluation on {E}nglish-{C}roatian Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Seljan, Sanja  and
      Tadi{\'c}, Marko  and
      Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      Ba{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Bojana Dalbelo  and
      Osmann, Vjekoslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/599_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{orasmaa-etal-2010-information,
    title = "Information Retrieval of Word Form Variants in Spoken Language Corpora Using Generalized Edit Distance",
    author = {Orasmaa, Siim  and
      K{\"a}{\"a}rik, Reina  and
      Vilo, Jaak  and
      Hennoste, Tiit},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/600_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{marimon-2010-spanish,
    title = "The {S}panish Resource Grammar",
    author = "Marimon, Montserrat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/602_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vilnat-etal-2010-passage,
    title = "{PASSAGE} Syntactic Representation: a Minimal Common Ground for Evaluation",
    author = "Vilnat, Anne  and
      Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Villemonte de la Clergerie, Eric  and
      Francopoulo, Gil  and
      Gu{\'e}not, Marie-Laure",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/603_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fishel-kirik-2010-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically Motivated Unsupervised Segmentation for Machine Translation",
    author = "Fishel, Mark  and
      Kirik, Harri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/604_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{strapparava-etal-2010-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Persuasiveness in Political Discourses",
    author = "Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Guerini, Marco  and
      Stock, Oliviero",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/607_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cadic-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards Optimal {TTS} Corpora",
    author = "Cadic, Didier  and
      Boidin, C{\'e}dric  and
      d{'}Alessandro, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/608_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{borg-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Grammar Rule Extraction and Ranking for Definitions",
    author = "Borg, Claudia  and
      Rosner, Mike  and
      Pace, Gordon J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/609_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-2010-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual {CALL} Game Based on Speech Translation",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Tsourakis, Nikos  and
      Gerlach, Johanna  and
      Georgescul, Maria  and
      Nakao, Yukie  and
      Baur, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/610_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{adolphs-etal-2010-question,
    title = "Question Answering Biographic Information and Social Network Powered by the Semantic Web",
    author = {Adolphs, Peter  and
      Cheng, Xiwen  and
      Kl{\"u}wer, Tina  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Xu, Feiyu},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/611_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shutova-teufel-2010-metaphor,
    title = "Metaphor Corpus Annotated for Source - Target Domain Mappings",
    author = "Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Teufel, Simone",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/612_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sangati-etal-2010-efficiently,
    title = "Efficiently Extract Rrecurring Tree Fragments from Large Treebanks",
    author = "Sangati, Federico  and
      Zuidema, Willem  and
      Bod, Rens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/613_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lazaridis-etal-2010-vergina,
    title = "{V}ergina: A Modern {G}reek Speech Database for Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Lazaridis, Alexandros  and
      Kostoulas, Theodoros  and
      Ganchev, Todor  and
      Mporas, Iosif  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/614_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nastase-etal-2010-wikinet,
    title = "{W}iki{N}et: A Very Large Scale Multi-Lingual Concept Network",
    author = "Nastase, Vivi  and
      Strube, Michael  and
      Boerschinger, Benjamin  and
      Zirn, Caecilia  and
      Elghafari, Anas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/615_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{aswani-gaizauskas-2010-developing,
    title = "Developing Morphological Analysers for South {A}sian Languages: Experimenting with the {H}indi and {G}ujarati Languages",
    author = "Aswani, Niraj  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/616_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hanaoka-etal-2010-japanese,
    title = "A {J}apanese Particle Corpus Built by Example-Based Annotation",
    author = "Hanaoka, Hiroki  and
      Mima, Hideki  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/617_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sporleder-etal-2010-idioms,
    title = "Idioms in Context: The {IDIX} Corpus",
    author = "Sporleder, Caroline  and
      Li, Linlin  and
      Gorinski, Philip  and
      Koch, Xaver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/618_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kostoulas-etal-2010-playmancer,
    title = "The {P}lay{M}ancer Database: A Multimodal Affect Database in Support of Research and Development Activities in Serious Game Environment",
    author = "Kostoulas, Theodoros  and
      Kocsis, Otilia  and
      Ganchev, Todor  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez-Aranda, Fernando  and
      Santamar{\'\i}a, Juan J.  and
      Jim{\'e}nez-Murcia, Susana  and
      Moussa, Maher Ben  and
      Magnenat-Thalmann, Nadia  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/619_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lata-kumar-2010-development,
    title = "Development of Linguistic Resources and Tools for Providing Multilingual Solutions in {I}ndian Languages {---} A Report on National Initiative",
    author = "Lata, Swaran  and
      Kumar, Somnath Chandra Vijay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/620_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nicolae-etal-2010-c,
    title = "C-3: Coherence and Coreference Corpus",
    author = "Nicolae, Cristina  and
      Nicolae, Gabriel  and
      Roberts, Kirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/622_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{boxwell-brew-2010-pilot,
    title = "A Pilot {A}rabic {CCG}bank",
    author = "Boxwell, Stephen A.  and
      Brew, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/623_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fougeron-etal-2010-despho,
    title = "The {D}es{P}ho-{AP}a{D}y Project: Developing an Acoustic-phonetic Characterization of Dysarthric Speech in {F}rench",
    author = "Fougeron, C{\'e}cile  and
      Crevier-Buchman, Lise  and
      Fredouille, Corinne  and
      Ghio, Alain  and
      Meunier, Christine  and
      Chevrie-Muller, Claude  and
      Bonastre, Jean-Francois  and
      Colazo Simon, Antonia  and
      Delooze, C{\'e}line  and
      Duez, Danielle  and
      Gendrot, C{\'e}dric  and
      Legou, Thierry  and
      Lev{\`e}que, Nathalie  and
      Pillot-Loiseau, Claire  and
      Pinto, Serge  and
      Pouchoulin, Gilles  and
      Robert, Dani{\`e}le  and
      Vaissiere, Jacqueline  and
      Viallet, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Vincent, Coralie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/626_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{balakrishna-etal-2010-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automatic Domain Ontology Creation from Text Resources",
    author = "Balakrishna, Mithun  and
      Moldovan, Dan  and
      Tatu, Marta  and
      Olteanu, Marian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/627_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{melero-etal-2010-language,
    title = "Language Technology Challenges of a {`}Small{'} Language ({C}atalan)",
    author = "Melero, Maite  and
      Boleda, Gemma  and
      Cuadros, Montse  and
      Espa{\~n}a-Bonet, Cristina  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Quixal, Mart{\'\i}  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos  and
      Saur{\'\i}, Roser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/628_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lee-haug-2010-porting,
    title = "Porting an Ancient {G}reek and {L}atin Treebank",
    author = "Lee, John  and
      Haug, Dag",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/631_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schulte-im-walde-2010-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Computational Models of Selectional Preferences - Second-order Co-Occurrence vs. Latent Semantic Clusters",
    author = "Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/632_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mcnamee-etal-2010-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of Technologies for Knowledge Base Population",
    author = "McNamee, Paul  and
      Dang, Hoa Trang  and
      Simpson, Heather  and
      Schone, Patrick  and
      Strassel, Stephanie M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/634_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ferrandez-etal-2010-aligning,
    title = "Aligning {F}rame{N}et and {W}ord{N}et based on Semantic Neighborhoods",
    author = "Ferr{\'a}ndez, {\'O}scar  and
      Ellsworth, Michael  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael  and
      Baker, Collin F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/636_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{aliane-etal-2010-al,
    title = "Al {---}{K}halil : The {A}rabic Linguistic Ontology Project",
    author = "Aliane, Hassina  and
      Alimazighi, Zaia  and
      Mazari, Ahmed Cherif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/638_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kemps-snijders-etal-2010-lat,
    title = "{LAT} Bridge: Bridging Tools for Annotation and Exploration of Rich Linguistic Data",
    author = "Kemps-Snijders, Marc  and
      Koller, Thomas  and
      Sloetjes, Han  and
      Verwey, Huib",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/639_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2010-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Utility of Data Sources in a Large Parallel {C}zech-{E}nglish Corpus {C}z{E}ng 0.9",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Li{\v{s}}ka, Adam  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/642_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{liakata-etal-2010-corpora,
    title = "Corpora for the Conceptualisation and Zoning of Scientific Papers",
    author = "Liakata, Maria  and
      Teufel, Simone  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Batchelor, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/644_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tretti-di-eugenio-2010-analysis,
    title = "Analysis and Presentation of Results for Mobile Local Search",
    author = "Tretti, Alberto  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/647_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{esteve-etal-2010-epac,
    title = "The {EPAC} Corpus: Manual and Automatic Annotations of Conversational Speech in {F}rench Broadcast News",
    author = "Est{\`e}ve, Yannick  and
      Bazillon, Thierry  and
      Antoine, Jean-Yves  and
      B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Farinas, J{\'e}r{\^o}me",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/650_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tomanek-hahn-2010-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Time Stamps {---} Temporal Metadata from the Linguistic Annotation Process",
    author = "Tomanek, Katrin  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/652_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moore-etal-2010-annotating,
    title = "Annotating the {E}nron Email Corpus with Number Senses",
    author = "Moore, Stuart  and
      Buchholz, Sabine  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/653_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lendvai-etal-2010-integration,
    title = "Integration of Linguistic Markup into Semantic Models of Folk Narratives: The Fairy Tale Use Case",
    author = "Lendvai, Piroska  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Dar{\'a}nyi, S{\'a}ndor  and
      Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo  and
      Herv{\'a}s, Raquel  and
      Malec, Scott  and
      Peinado, Federico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/654_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{savas-etal-2010-lmf,
    title = "An {LMF}-based Web Service for Accessing {W}ord{N}et-type Semantic Lexicons",
    author = "Savas, Bora  and
      Hayashi, Yoshihiko  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Soria, Claudia  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/655_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{atserias-etal-2010-active,
    title = "Active Learning for Building a Corpus of Questions for Parsing",
    author = "Atserias, Jordi  and
      Attardi, Giuseppe  and
      Simi, Maria  and
      Zaragoza, Hugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/656_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cook-stevenson-2010-automatically-identifying,
    title = "Automatically Identifying Changes in the Semantic Orientation of Words",
    author = "Cook, Paul  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/657_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{leuski-traum-2010-npceditor,
    title = "{NPCE}ditor: A Tool for Building Question-Answering Characters",
    author = "Leuski, Anton  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/660_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{quan-ren-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Annotation of Word Emotion in Sentences Based on {R}en-{CEC}ps",
    author = "Quan, Changqin  and
      Ren, Fuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/662_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zablotskaya-etal-2010-speech,
    title = "Speech Data Corpus for Verbal Intelligence Estimation",
    author = "Zablotskaya, Kseniya  and
      Walter, Steffen  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/663_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2010-large,
    title = "A Very Large Scale {M}andarin {C}hinese Broadcast Corpus for {GALE} Project",
    author = "Liu, Yi  and
      Fung, Pascale  and
      Yang, Yongsheng  and
      DiPersio, Denise  and
      Glenn, Meghan  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Cieri, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/664_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-2010-building,
    title = "Building a Generative Lexicon for {R}omanian",
    author = "Dinu, Anca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/665_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{francom-etal-2010-specialized,
    title = "How Specialized are Specialized Corpora? Behavioral Evaluation of Corpus Representativeness for {M}altese.",
    author = "Francom, Jerid  and
      LaCross, Amy  and
      Ussishkin, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/666_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{walker-etal-2010-large,
    title = "Large Scale Multilingual Broadcast Data Collection to Support Machine Translation and Distillation Technology Development",
    author = "Walker, Kevin  and
      Caruso, Christopher  and
      DiPersio, Denise",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/667_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{street-etal-2010-like,
    title = "Like Finding a Needle in a Haystack: Annotating the {A}merican National Corpus for Idiomatic Expressions",
    author = "Street, Laura  and
      Michalov, Nathan  and
      Silverstein, Rachel  and
      Reynolds, Michael  and
      Ruela, Lurdes  and
      Flowers, Felicia  and
      Talucci, Angela  and
      Pereira, Priscilla  and
      Morgon, Gabriella  and
      Siegel, Samantha  and
      Barousse, Marci  and
      Anderson, Antequa  and
      Carroll, Tashom  and
      Feldman, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/668_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zaghouani-etal-2010-adapting,
    title = "Adapting a resource-light highly multilingual Named Entity Recognition system to {A}rabic",
    author = "Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Pouliquen, Bruno  and
      Ebrahim, Mohamed  and
      Steinberger, Ralf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/669_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-enriching,
    title = "Enriching Word Alignment with Linguistic Tags",
    author = "Li, Xuansong  and
      Ge, Niyu  and
      Grimes, Stephen  and
      Strassel, Stephanie M.  and
      Maeda, Kazuaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/670_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{eberhard-etal-2010-indiana,
    title = "The Indiana {``}Cooperative Remote Search Task{''} ({CR}e{ST}) Corpus",
    author = {Eberhard, Kathleen  and
      Nicholson, Hannele  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Gundersen, Susan  and
      Scheutz, Matthias},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/671_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{christensen-etal-2010-principled,
    title = "Principled Construction of Elicited Imitation Tests",
    author = "Christensen, Carl  and
      Hendrickson, Ross  and
      Lonsdale, Deryle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/672_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ambati-etal-2010-high,
    title = "A High Recall Error Identification Tool for {H}indi Treebank Validation",
    author = "Ambati, Bharat Ram  and
      Gupta, Mridul  and
      Husain, Samar  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/673_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{robinson-etal-2010-dialogues,
    title = "Dialogues in Context: An Objective User-Oriented Evaluation Approach for Virtual Human Dialogue",
    author = "Robinson, Susan  and
      Roque, Antonio  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/674_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2010-practical,
    title = "Practical Evaluation of Speech Recognizers for Virtual Human Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Yao, Xuchen  and
      Bhutada, Pravin  and
      Georgila, Kallirroi  and
      Sagae, Kenji  and
      Artstein, Ron  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/675_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ohtake-etal-2010-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Acts Annotation for {NICT} {K}yoto Tour Dialogue Corpus to Construct Statistical Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Ohtake, Kiyonori  and
      Misu, Teruhisa  and
      Hori, Chiori  and
      Kashioka, Hideki  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/676_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bal-saint-dizier-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards Building Annotated Resources for Analyzing Opinions and Argumentation in News Editorials",
    author = "Bal, Bal Krishna  and
      Saint Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/677_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{eshkol-etal-2010-eslo,
    title = "{E}slo: From Transcription to Speakers{'} Personal Information Annotation",
    author = "Eshkol, Iris  and
      Maurel, Denis  and
      Friburger, Nathalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/678_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wittenburg-etal-2010-resource,
    title = "Resource and Service Centres as the Backbone for a Sustainable Service Infrastructure",
    author = "Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Bel, Nuria  and
      Borin, Lars  and
      Budin, Gerhard  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Hajicova, Eva  and
      Koskenniemi, Kimmo  and
      Lemnitzer, Lothar  and
      Maegaard, Bente  and
      Piasecki, Maciej  and
      Pierrel, Jean-Marie  and
      Piperidis, Stelios  and
      Skadina, Inguna  and
      Tufis, Dan  and
      van Veenendaal, Remco  and
      V{\'a}radi, Tamas  and
      Wynne, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/679_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{spina-2010-dictionary,
    title = "The Dictionary of {I}talian Collocations: Design and Integration in an Online Learning Environment",
    author = "Spina, Stefania",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/681_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{matsuyoshi-etal-2010-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Event Mentions in Text with Modality, Focus, and Source Information",
    author = "Matsuyoshi, Suguru  and
      Eguchi, Megumi  and
      Sao, Chitose  and
      Murakami, Koji  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/682_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{adugna-eisele-2010-english,
    title = "{E}nglish {---} {O}romo Machine Translation: An Experiment Using a Statistical Approach",
    author = "Adugna, Sisay  and
      Eisele, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/683_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fujii-2010-modeling,
    title = "Modeling {W}ikipedia Articles to Enhance Encyclopedic Search",
    author = "Fujii, Atsushi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/684_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hartung-frank-2010-semi,
    title = "A Semi-supervised Type-based Classification of Adjectives: Distinguishing Properties and Relations",
    author = "Hartung, Matthias  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/685_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{eisele-chen-2010-multiun,
    title = "{M}ulti{UN}: A Multilingual Corpus from United Nation Documents",
    author = "Eisele, Andreas  and
      Chen, Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/686_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rakho-constant-2010-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Impact of Some Linguistic Information on the Performances of a Similarity-based and Translation-oriented Word-Sense Disambiguation Method",
    author = "Rakho, Myriam  and
      Constant, Matthieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/687_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2010-frag,
    title = "{F}r{AG}, a Hybrid Constraint Grammar Parser for {F}rench",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/688_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schulz-etal-2010-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Corpus Development for Opinion Mining",
    author = "Schulz, Julia Maria  and
      Womser-Hacker, Christa  and
      Mandl, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/689_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{broda-etal-2010-building,
    title = "Building a Node of the Accessible Language Technology Infrastructure",
    author = "Broda, Bartosz  and
      Marci{\'n}czuk, Micha{\l}  and
      Piasecki, Maciej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/690_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{trojahn-etal-2010-api,
    title = "An {API} for Multi-lingual Ontology Matching",
    author = "Trojahn, C{\'a}ssia  and
      Quaresma, Paulo  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/691_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fritzsch-etal-2010-open,
    title = "An Open Source Process Engine Framework for Realtime Pattern Recognition and Information Fusion Tasks",
    author = "Fritzsch, Volker  and
      Scherer, Stefan  and
      Schwenker, Friedhelm",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/693_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{aswani-gaizauskas-2010-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-{H}indi Transliteration using Multiple Similarity Metrics",
    author = "Aswani, Niraj  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/694_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{agerri-garcia-serrano-2010-q,
    title = "Q-{W}ord{N}et: Extracting Polarity from {W}ord{N}et Senses",
    author = "Agerri, Rodrigo  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Serrano, Ana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/695_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nagasaka-etal-2010-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing Semantic Equivalence Classes of {J}apanese Functional Expressions in Translation Rule Acquisition from Parallel Patent Sentences",
    author = "Nagasaka, Taiji  and
      Shimanouchi, Ran  and
      Sakamoto, Akiko  and
      Suzuki, Takafumi  and
      Morishita, Yohei  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Matsuyoshi, Suguru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/696_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mille-wanner-2010-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Dependencies for Multilingual and Multilevel Corpus Annotation",
    author = "Mille, Simon  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/697_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sato-2010-framesql,
    title = "How {F}rame{SQL} Shows the {J}apanese {F}rame{N}et Data",
    author = "Sato, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/698_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nishikawa-etal-2010-context,
    title = "A Context Sensitive Variant Dictionary for Supporting Variant Selection",
    author = "Nishikawa, Aya  and
      Nishimura, Ryo  and
      Watanabe, Yasuhiko  and
      Okada, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/699_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sagot-walther-2010-morphological,
    title = "A Morphological Lexicon for the {P}ersian Language",
    author = "Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Walther, G{\'e}raldine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/700_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sagot-2010-lefff,
    title = "The Lefff, a Freely Available and Large-coverage Morphological and Syntactic Lexicon for {F}rench",
    author = "Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/701_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cuadros-etal-2010-integrating,
    title = "Integrating a Large Domain Ontology of Species into {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Cuadros, Montse  and
      Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Bosma, Wauter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/703_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rouas-etal-2010-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of Spectral Properties of Read, Prepared and Casual Speech in {F}rench",
    author = "Rouas, Jean-Luc  and
      Beppu, Mayumi  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/704_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{koeva-2010-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon and Grammar in {B}ulgarian {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Koeva, Svetla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/705_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{spyns-dhalleweyn-2010-flemish,
    title = "Flemish-{D}utch {HLT} Policy: Evolving to New Forms of Collaboration",
    author = "Spyns, Peter  and
      D{'}Halleweyn, Elisabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/707_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jezek-quochi-2010-capturing,
    title = "Capturing Coercions in Texts: a First Annotation Exercise",
    author = "Jezek, Elisabetta  and
      Quochi, Valeria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/713_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jorg-etal-2010-lt,
    title = "{LT} World: Ontology and Reference Information Portal",
    author = {J{\"o}rg, Brigitte  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Burt, Alastair},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/714_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tadeu-etal-2010-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Surface Realisation Templates from Corpora",
    author = "Tadeu, Thiago D.  and
      de Novais, Eder M.  and
      Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/715_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bramantoro-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards an Integrated Architecture for Composite Language Services and Multiple Linguistic Processing Components",
    author = {Bramantoro, Arif  and
      Sch{\"a}fer, Ulrich  and
      Ishida, Toru},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/717_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ekbal-saha-2010-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Entropy Classifier Ensembling using Genetic Algorithm for {NER} in {B}engali",
    author = "Ekbal, Asif  and
      Saha, Sriparna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/718_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{belgacem-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of {A}rabic Dialects",
    author = "Belgacem, Mohamed  and
      Antoniadis, Georges  and
      Besacier, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/719_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pammi-etal-2010-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Voice Creation Toolkit for the {MARY} {TTS} Platform",
    author = {Pammi, Sathish  and
      Charfuelan, Marcela  and
      Schr{\"o}der, Marc},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/720_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{osenova-etal-2010-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Co-Reference Chains for Concept Annotation of Domain Texts",
    author = "Osenova, Petya  and
      Laskova, Laska  and
      Simov, Kiril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/721_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{spreyer-etal-2010-training,
    title = "Training Parsers on Partial Trees: A Cross-language Comparison",
    author = "Spreyer, Kathrin  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/722_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{menke-mehler-2010-ariadne,
    title = "The Ariadne System: A Flexible and Extensible Framework for the Modeling and Storage of Experimental Data in the Humanities.",
    author = "Menke, Peter  and
      Mehler, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/723_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{giordani-moschitti-2010-corpora,
    title = "Corpora for Automatically Learning to Map Natural Language Questions into {SQL} Queries",
    author = "Giordani, Alessandra  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/724_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ishikawa-etal-2010-detection,
    title = "Detection of submitters suspected of pretending to be someone else in a community site",
    author = "Ishikawa, Naoki  and
      Nishimura, Ryo  and
      Watanabe, Yasuhiko  and
      Okada, Yoshihiro  and
      Murata, Masaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/727_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fritzinger-etal-2010-survey,
    title = "A Survey of Idiomatic Preposition-Noun-Verb Triples on Token Level",
    author = "Fritzinger, Fabienne  and
      Weller, Marion  and
      Heid, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/728_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cer-etal-2010-parsing,
    title = "Parsing to {S}tanford Dependencies: Trade-offs between Speed and Accuracy",
    author = "Cer, Daniel  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Manning, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/730_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{reyes-etal-2010-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Humour Features on Web Comments",
    author = "Reyes, Antonio  and
      Potthast, Martin  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/731_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kawahara-kurohashi-2010-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Reliable Predicate-argument Structures from Raw Corpora for Case Frame Compilation",
    author = "Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/733_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{giovannetti-2010-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Approach for Semantic Relation Interpretation",
    author = "Giovannetti, Emiliano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/734_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-2010-constructing,
    title = "Constructing an Annotated Story Corpus: Some Observations and Issues",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/736_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vanopstal-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards a Learning Approach for Abbreviation Detection and Resolution.",
    author = "Vanopstal, Klaar  and
      Desmet, Bart  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/737_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{magro-2010-cordial,
    title = "When {CORDIAL} Becomes Friendly: Endowing the {CORDIAL} Corpus with a Syntactic Annotation Layer",
    author = "Magro, Catarina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/738_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2010-partial,
    title = "Partial Parsing as a Method to Expedite Dependency Annotation of a {H}indi Treebank",
    author = "Gupta, Mridul  and
      Yadav, Vineet  and
      Husain, Samar  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/739_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{verhagen-2010-brandeis,
    title = "The Brandeis Annotation Tool",
    author = "Verhagen, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/740_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{luengo-etal-2010-modified,
    title = "Modified {LTSE}-{VAD} Algorithm for Applications Requiring Reduced Silence Frame Misclassification",
    author = "Luengo, Iker  and
      Navas, Eva  and
      Odriozola, Igor  and
      Saratxaga, Ibon  and
      Hernaez, Inmaculada  and
      Sainz, I{\~n}aki  and
      Erro, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/741_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ide-etal-2010-anc2go,
    title = "{ANC}2{G}o: A Web Application for Customized Corpus Creation",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Suderman, Keith  and
      Simms, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/745_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kozawa-etal-2010-collection,
    title = "Collection of Usage Information for Language Resources from Academic Articles",
    author = "Kozawa, Shunsuke  and
      Tohyama, Hitomi  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/746_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rizzolo-roth-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Based {J}ava for Rapid Development of {NLP} Systems",
    author = "Rizzolo, Nick  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/747_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vivaldi-rodriguez-2010-finding,
    title = "Finding Domain Terms using {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Vivaldi, Jorge  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/748_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brierley-atwell-2010-proposec,
    title = "{P}ro{POSEC}: A Prosody and {P}o{S} Annotated Spoken {E}nglish Corpus",
    author = "Brierley, Claire  and
      Atwell, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/749_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ramos-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards a Motivated Annotation Schema of Collocation Errors in Learner Corpora",
    author = "Ramos, Margarita Alonso  and
      Wanner, Leo  and
      Vincze, Orsolya  and
      del Bosque, Gerard Casamayor  and
      Veiga, Nancy V{\'a}zquez  and
      Su{\'a}rez, Estela Mosqueira  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez, Sabela Prieto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/751_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lo-wu-2010-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Machine Translation Utility via Semantic Role Labels",
    author = "Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/752_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chen-eisele-2010-integrating,
    title = "Integrating a Rule-based with a Hierarchical Translation System",
    author = "Chen, Yu  and
      Eisele, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/754_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-etal-2010-creating,
    title = "Creating a Coreference Resolution System for {I}talian",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo  and
      Uryupina, Olga  and
      Versley, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/755_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2010-data,
    title = "Data Issues in {E}nglish-to-{H}indi Machine Translation",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Stra{\v{n}}{\'a}k, Pavel  and
      Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/756_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vanallemeersch-2010-belgisch,
    title = "Belgisch Staatsblad Corpus: Retrieving {F}rench-{D}utch Sentences from Official Documents",
    author = "Vanallemeersch, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/758_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zikanova-etal-2010-typical,
    title = "Typical Cases of Annotators{'} Disagreement in Discourse Annotations in {P}rague Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Zik{\'a}nov{\'a}, {\v{S}}{\'a}rka  and
      Mladov{\'a}, Lucie  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      J{\'\i}nov{\'a}, Pavl{\'\i}na",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/762_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fu-etal-2010-determining,
    title = "Determining the Origin and Structure of Person Names",
    author = "Fu, Yu  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/763_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{riester-etal-2010-recursive,
    title = "A Recursive Annotation Scheme for Referential Information Status",
    author = "Riester, Arndt  and
      Lorenz, David  and
      Seemann, Nina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/764_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mousser-2010-large,
    title = "A Large Coverage Verb Taxonomy for {A}rabic",
    author = "Mousser, Jaouad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/766_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{spilkova-etal-2010-kachna,
    title = "The Kachna {L}1/{L}2 Picture Replication Corpus",
    author = {Spilkov{\'a}, Helena  and
      Brenner, Daniel  and
      {\"O}ttl, Anton  and
      Vond{\v{r}}i{\v{c}}ka, Pavel  and
      van Dommelen, Wim  and
      Ernestus, Mirjam},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/768_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{baccianella-etal-2010-sentiwordnet,
    title = "{S}enti{W}ord{N}et 3.0: An Enhanced Lexical Resource for Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining",
    author = "Baccianella, Stefano  and
      Esuli, Andrea  and
      Sebastiani, Fabrizio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/769_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tirilly-etal-2010-news,
    title = "News Image Annotation on a Large Parallel Text-image Corpus",
    author = "Tirilly, Pierre  and
      Claveau, Vincent  and
      Gros, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/772_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2010-extensive,
    title = "Extensive Evaluation of a {F}rame{N}et-{W}ord{N}et mapping resource",
    author = "Cao, Diego De  and
      Croce, Danilo  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/773_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{seddah-2010-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Spinal-{STIG} Model for Parsing {F}rench",
    author = "Seddah, Djam{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/775_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-prodanof-2010-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Event Anaphora: A Case Study",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Prodanof, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/776_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maegaard-etal-2010-cooperation,
    title = "Cooperation for {A}rabic Language Resources and Tools {---} The {MEDAR} Project",
    author = "Maegaard, Bente  and
      Attia, Mohamed  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Hamon, Olivier  and
      Krauwer, Steven  and
      Yaseen, Mustafa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/777_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pastra-etal-2010-poeticon,
    title = "The {POETICON} Corpus: Capturing Language Use and Sensorimotor Experience in Everyday Interaction",
    author = "Pastra, Katerina  and
      Wallraven, Christian  and
      Schultze, Michael  and
      Vataki, Argyro  and
      Kaulard, Kathrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/778_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{blache-etal-2010-otim,
    title = "The {OTIM} Formal Annotation Model: A Preliminary Step before Annotation Scheme",
    author = "Blache, Philippe  and
      Bertrand, Roxane  and
      Guardiola, Mathilde  and
      Gu{\'e}not, Marie-Laure  and
      Meunier, Christine  and
      Nesterenko, Irina  and
      Pallaud, Berthille  and
      Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent  and
      Priego-Valverde, B{\'e}atrice  and
      Rauzy, St{\'e}phane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/781_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jabbari-etal-2010-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Lexical Substitution: Analysis and New Measures",
    author = "Jabbari, Sanaz  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Guthrie, Louise",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/782_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shamsfard-etal-2010-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Lexico-conceptual Knowledge for Developing {P}ersian {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Shamsfard, Mehrnoush  and
      Fadaei, Hakimeh  and
      Fekri, Elham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/784_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lobo-de-matos-2010-fairy,
    title = "Fairy Tale Corpus Organization Using Latent Semantic Mapping and an Item-to-item Top-n Recommendation Algorithm",
    author = "Lobo, Paula Vaz  and
      de Matos, David Martins",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/786_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{willis-etal-2010-xml,
    title = "From {XML} to {XML}: The Why and How of Making the Biodiversity Literature Accessible to Researchers",
    author = "Willis, Alistair  and
      King, David  and
      Morse, David  and
      Dil, Anton  and
      Lyal, Chris  and
      Roberts, Dave",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/787_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brandschain-etal-2010-greybeard,
    title = "Greybeard Longitudinal Speech Study",
    author = "Brandschain, Linda  and
      Graff, David  and
      Cieri, Christopher  and
      Walker, Kevin  and
      Caruso, Chris  and
      Neely, Abby",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/789_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{campillo-etal-2010-building,
    title = "Building High Quality Databases for Minority Languages such as {G}alician",
    author = "Campillo, Francisco  and
      Braga, Daniela  and
      Mour{\'\i}n, Ana Bel{\'e}n  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Mateo, Carmen  and
      Silva, Pedro  and
      Dias, Miguel Sales  and
      M{\'e}ndez, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/790_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-etal-2010-achieving,
    title = "Achieving Domain Specificity in {SMT} without Overt Siloing",
    author = "Lewis, William D.  and
      Wendt, Chris  and
      Bullock, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/791_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brandschain-etal-2010-mixer,
    title = "Mixer 6",
    author = "Brandschain, Linda  and
      Graff, David  and
      Cieri, Chris  and
      Walker, Kevin  and
      Caruso, Chris  and
      Neely, Abby",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/792_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{egg-redeker-2010-complex,
    title = "How Complex is Discourse Structure?",
    author = "Egg, Markus  and
      Redeker, Gisela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/796_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{attia-etal-2010-automatically,
    title = "An Automatically Built Named Entity Lexicon for {A}rabic",
    author = "Attia, Mohammed  and
      Toral, Antonio  and
      Tounsi, Lamia  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/797_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2010-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced Infrastructure for Creation and Collection of Translation Resources",
    author = "Song, Zhiyi  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Krug, Gary  and
      Maeda, Kazuaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/798_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{laparra-rigau-2010-extended,
    title = "e{X}tended {W}ord{F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/799_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{plank-2010-improved,
    title = "Improved Statistical Measures to Assess Natural Language Parser Performance across Domains",
    author = "Plank, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/801_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-2010-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Event Chains for Carbon Sequestration Literature",
    author = "Ji, Heng  and
      Li, Xiang  and
      Lucia, Angelo  and
      Zhang, Jianting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/802_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ramisch-etal-2010-mwetoolkit,
    title = "mwetoolkit: a Framework for Multiword Expression Identification",
    author = "Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Boitet, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/803_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rehbein-ruppenhofer-2010-theres,
    title = "There{'}s no Data like More Data? Revisiting the Impact of Data Size on a Classification Task",
    author = "Rehbein, Ines  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/806_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hana-feldman-2010-positional,
    title = "A Positional Tagset for {R}ussian",
    author = "Hana, Jirka  and
      Feldman, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/807_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{petasis-petasis-2010-blogbuster,
    title = "{B}log{B}uster: A Tool for Extracting Corpora from the Blogosphere",
    author = "Petasis, Georgios  and
      Petasis, Dimitrios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/808_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shamsfard-etal-2010-step,
    title = "{ST}e{P}-1: A Set of Fundamental Tools for {P}ersian Text Processing",
    author = "Shamsfard, Mehrnoush  and
      Jafari, Hoda Sadat  and
      Ilbeygi, Mahdi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/809_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{spoustova-etal-2010-building,
    title = "Building a Web Corpus of {C}zech",
    author = "Spoustov{\'a}, Drahom{\'\i}ra „johanka{``}  and
      Spousta, Miroslav  and
      Pecina, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/810_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vertan-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards the Integration of Language Tools Within Historical Digital Libraries",
    author = "Vertan, Cristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/811_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{boyd-2010-eagle,
    title = "{EAGLE}: an Error-Annotated Corpus of Beginning Learner {G}erman",
    author = "Boyd, Adriane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/812_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ferret-2010-testing,
    title = "Testing Semantic Similarity Measures for Extracting Synonyms from a Corpus",
    author = "Ferret, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/815_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{luca-2010-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus for Evaluating Semantic Multilingual Web Retrieval Systems: The Sense Folder Corpus",
    author = "Luca, Ernesto William De",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/816_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{catizone-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using Dialogue Corpora to Extend Information Extraction Patterns for Natural Language Understanding of Dialogue",
    author = "Catizone, Roberta  and
      Dingli, Alexiei  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/818_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tounsi-van-genabith-2010-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Parsing Using Grammar Transforms",
    author = "Tounsi, Lamia  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/819_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wang-sporleder-2010-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a Textual Semantic Relation Corpus Using a Discourse Treebank",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/820_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using an Error-Annotated Learner Corpus to Develop an {ESL}/{EFL} Error Correction System",
    author = "Han, Na-Rae  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Lee, Soo-Hwa  and
      Ha, Jin-Young",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/821_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mcgraw-etal-2010-collecting,
    title = "Collecting Voices from the Cloud",
    author = "McGraw, Ian  and
      Lee, Chia-ying  and
      Hetherington, Lee  and
      Seneff, Stephanie  and
      Glass, Jim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/822_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{max-etal-2010-contrastive,
    title = "Contrastive Lexical Evaluation of Machine Translation",
    author = "Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Crego, Josep Maria  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/823_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ui-dhonnchadha-van-genabith-2010-partial,
    title = "Partial Dependency Parsing for Irish",
    author = "U{\'\i} Dhonnchadha, Elaine  and
      Van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/824_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{monachesi-markus-2010-socially,
    title = "Socially Driven Ontology Enrichment for e{L}earning",
    author = "Monachesi, Paola  and
      Markus, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/826_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{max-wisniewski-2010-mining,
    title = "Mining Naturally-occurring Corrections and Paraphrases from {W}ikipedia{'}s Revision History",
    author = "Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Wisniewski, Guillaume",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/827_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rosenthal-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards Semi-Automated Annotation for Prepositional Phrase Attachment",
    author = "Rosenthal, Sara  and
      Lipovsky, William  and
      McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Thadani, Kapil  and
      Andreas, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/828_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-romary-2010-grisp,
    title = "{GRISP}: A Massive Multilingual Terminological Database for Scientific and Technical Domains",
    author = "Lopez, Patrice  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/829_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{marinelli-2010-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Resources and Ontological Classifications for the Recognition of Proper Names Sense Extension",
    author = "Marinelli, Rita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/830_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-lendvai-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards a Standardized Linguistic Annotation of the Textual Content of Labels in Knowledge Representation Systems",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry  and
      Lendvai, Piroska",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/832_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{murakami-etal-2010-language,
    title = "Language Service Management with the Language Grid",
    author = "Murakami, Yohei  and
      Lin, Donghui  and
      Tanaka, Masahiro  and
      Nakaguchi, Takao  and
      Ishida, Toru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/833_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vuckovic-etal-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving Chunking Accuracy on {C}roatian Texts by Morphosyntactic Tagging",
    author = "Vu{\v{c}}kovi{\'c}, Kristina  and
      Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Tadi{\'c}, Marko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/834_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{elson-mckeown-2010-building,
    title = "Building a Bank of Semantically Encoded Narratives",
    author = "Elson, David K.  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/835_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wong-2010-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Evaluation of Machine Translation",
    author = "Wong, Billy Tak-Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/837_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dias-da-silva-di-felippo-2010-rebeca,
    title = "{REBECA}: Turning {W}ord{N}et Databases into {``}Ontolexicons{''}",
    author = "Dias-da-Silva, Bento Carlos  and
      Di Felippo, Ariani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/838_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{karasimos-petropoulou-2010-crash,
    title = "A Crash Test with Linguistica in Modern {G}reek: The Case of Derivational Affixes and Bound Stems",
    author = "Karasimos, Athanasios  and
      Petropoulou, Evanthia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/841_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{federmann-declerck-2010-extraction,
    title = "Extraction, Merging, and Monitoring of Company Data from Heterogeneous Sources",
    author = "Federmann, Christian  and
      Declerck, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/842_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wang-zhang-2010-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Constituent and Dependency Parsing with Tsinghua {C}hinese Treebank",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/844_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kordjamshidi-etal-2010-spatial,
    title = "Spatial Role Labeling: Task Definition and Annotation Scheme",
    author = "Kordjamshidi, Parisa  and
      Otterlo, Martijn Van  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/846_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{russo-2010-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Polarity for Ambiguous and Objective Adjectives through Adverbial Modification",
    author = "Russo, Irene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/847_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{simov-osenova-2010-constructing,
    title = "Constructing of an Ontology-based Lexicon for {B}ulgarian",
    author = "Simov, Kiril  and
      Osenova, Petya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/848_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{glenn-etal-2010-transcription,
    title = "Transcription Methods for Consistency, Volume and Efficiency",
    author = "Glenn, Meghan Lammie  and
      Strassel, Stephanie M.  and
      Lee, Haejoong  and
      Maeda, Kazuaki  and
      Zakhary, Ramez  and
      Li, Xuansong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/849_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mihaila-etal-2010-romanian,
    title = "{R}omanian Zero Pronoun Distribution: A Comparative Study",
    author = "Mih{\u{a}}il{\u{a}}, Claudiu  and
      Ilisei, Iustina  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/851_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{savy-2010-pr,
    title = "{P}r.{A}.{T}i.{D}: A Coding Scheme for Pragmatic Annotation of Dialogues.",
    author = "Savy, Renata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/852_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kolachina-etal-2010-grammar,
    title = "Grammar Extraction from Treebanks for {H}indi and {T}elugu",
    author = "Kolachina, Prasanth  and
      Kolachina, Sudheer  and
      Singh, Anil Kumar  and
      Husain, Samar  and
      Naidu, Viswanath  and
      Sangal, Rajeev  and
      Bharati, Akshar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/854_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vasiljevs-balodis-2010-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Based Analysis for Multilingual Terminology Entry Compounding",
    author = "Vasiljevs, Andrejs  and
      Balodis, Kaspars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/855_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maeda-etal-2010-technical,
    title = "Technical Infrastructure at Linguistic Data Consortium: Software and Hardware Resources for Linguistic Data Creation",
    author = "Maeda, Kazuaki  and
      Lee, Haejoong  and
      Grimes, Stephen  and
      Wright, Jonathan  and
      Parker, Robert  and
      Lee, David  and
      Mazzucchi, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/857_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-miguel-etal-2010-adesse,
    title = "{ADESSE}, a Database with Syntactic and Semantic Annotation of a Corpus of {S}panish",
    author = "Garc{\'\i}a-Miguel, Jos{\'e} M.  and
      Vaamonde, Gael  and
      Dom{\'\i}nguez, Fita Gonz{\'a}lez",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/859_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{guthrie-etal-2010-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Minimal Perfect Hash Language Models",
    author = "Guthrie, David  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Liu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/860_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{strassel-etal-2010-darpa,
    title = "The {DARPA} Machine Reading Program - Encouraging Linguistic and Reasoning Research with a Series of Reading Tasks",
    author = "Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Adams, Dan  and
      Goldberg, Henry  and
      Herr, Jonathan  and
      Keesing, Ron  and
      Oblinger, Daniel  and
      Simpson, Heather  and
      Schrag, Robert  and
      Wright, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/862_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{simpson-etal-2010-wikipedia,
    title = "{W}ikipedia and the Web of Confusable Entities: Experience from Entity Linking Query Creation for {TAC} 2009 Knowledge Base Population",
    author = "Simpson, Heather  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Parker, Robert  and
      McNamee, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/864_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nouvel-etal-2010-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of the Performances of the {C}as{EN} Named Entities Recognition System in the Ester2 Evaluation Campaign",
    author = "Nouvel, Damien  and
      Antoine, Jean-Yves  and
      Friburger, Nathalie  and
      Maurel, Denis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/865_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{materna-pala-2010-using,
    title = "Using Ontologies for Semi-automatic Linking {V}erba{L}ex with {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Materna, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      Pala, Karel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/867_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{supnithi-etal-2010-autotagtcg,
    title = "{A}uto{T}ag{TCG} : A Framework for Automatic {T}hai {CG} Tagging",
    author = "Supnithi, Thepchai  and
      Ruangrajitpakorn, Taneth  and
      Trakultaweekool, Kanokorn  and
      Porkaew, Peerachet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/868_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{blancafort-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Morphology of Romance, Germanic and {S}lavic Languages with the Tool Linguistica",
    author = "Blancafort, Helena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/872_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{loukil-etal-2010-syntactic,
    title = "A Syntactic Lexicon for {A}rabic Verbs",
    author = "Loukil, Noureddine  and
      Haddar, Kais  and
      Benhamadou, Abdelmajid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/873_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jha-2010-tdil,
    title = "The {TDIL} Program and the {I}ndian Langauge Corpora Intitiative ({ILCI})",
    author = "Jha, Girish Nath",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/874_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{agic-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards Sentiment Analysis of Financial Texts in {C}roatian",
    author = "Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Tadi{\'c}, Marko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/876_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ozdowska-claveau-2010-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Syntactic Rules for Word Alignment through Inductive Logic Programming",
    author = "Ozdowska, Sylwia  and
      Claveau, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/878_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{savary-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards the Annotation of Named Entities in the National Corpus of Polish",
    author = "Savary, Agata  and
      Waszczuk, Jakub  and
      Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/879_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{stewart-etal-2010-cross,
    title = "Cross-Corpus Textual Entailment for Sublanguage Analysis in Epidemic Intelligence",
    author = "Stewart, Avar{\'e}  and
      Denecke, Kerstin  and
      Nejdl, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/881_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{couto-etal-2010-oal,
    title = "{OAL}: A {NLP} Architecture to Improve the Development of Linguistic Resources for {NLP}",
    author = "Couto, Javier  and
      Blancafort, Helena  and
      Seng, Somara  and
      Kuchmann-Beauger, Nicolas  and
      Talby, Anass  and
      de Loupy, Claude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/882_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pala-etal-2010-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Resources for Noun Compounds in {C}zech, {E}nglish and {Z}ulu",
    author = "Pala, Karel  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane  and
      Bosch, Sonja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/883_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rebholz-schuhmann-etal-2010-calbc,
    title = "The {CALBC} Silver Standard Corpus for Biomedical Named Entities {---} A Study in Harmonizing the Contributions from Four Independent Named Entity Taggers",
    author = "Rebholz-Schuhmann, Dietrich  and
      Jimeno Yepes, Antonio Jos{\'e}  and
      van Mulligen, Erik M.  and
      Kang, Ning  and
      Kors, Jan  and
      Milward, David  and
      Corbett, Peter  and
      Buyko, Ekaterina  and
      Tomanek, Katrin  and
      Beisswanger, Elena  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/888_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{melli-2010-concept,
    title = "Concept Mentions within {KDD}-2009 Abstracts (kdd09cma1) Linked to a {KDD} Ontology (kddo1)",
    author = "Melli, Gabor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/889_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{strauss-etal-2010-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of the {PIT} Corpus Or What a Difference a Face Makes?",
    author = "Strau{\ss}, Petra-Maria  and
      Scherer, Stefan  and
      Layher, Georg  and
      Hoffmann, Holger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/890_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nerima-etal-2010-recursive,
    title = "A Recursive Treatment of Collocations",
    author = "Nerima, Luka  and
      Wehrli, Eric  and
      Seretan, Violeta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/891_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{coppola-moschitti-2010-general,
    title = "A General Purpose {F}rame{N}et-based Shallow Semantic Parser",
    author = "Coppola, Bonaventura  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/893_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sowa-etal-2010-dicit,
    title = "{DICIT}: Evaluation of a Distant-talking Speech Interface for Television",
    author = "Sowa, Timo  and
      Arisio, Fiorenza  and
      Cristoforetti, Luca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/894_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{reimerink-etal-2010-ecolexicon,
    title = "{E}co{L}exicon: An Environmental {TKB}",
    author = "Reimerink, Arianne  and
      Ara{\'u}z, Pilar Le{\'o}n  and
      Redondo, Pedro J. Maga{\~n}a",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/895_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{almeida-etal-2010-bigorna,
    title = "Bigorna {--} A Toolkit for Orthography Migration Challenges",
    author = "Almeida, Jos{\'e} Jo{\~a}o  and
      Santos, Andr{\'e}  and
      Sim{\~o}es, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/898_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{javorsek-erjavec-2010-experimental,
    title = "Experimental Deployment of a Grid Virtual Organization for Human Language Technologies",
    author = "Javor{\v{s}}ek, Jan Jona  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/899_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{charton-torres-moreno-2010-nlgbase,
    title = "{NLG}b{A}se: A Free Linguistic Resource for Natural Language Processing Systems",
    author = "Charton, Eric  and
      Torres-Moreno, Juan-Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/900_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bosma-vossen-2010-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Language Neutral Term Extraction",
    author = "Bosma, Wauter  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/902_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2010-propbank-instance,
    title = "{P}ropbank Instance Annotation Guidelines Using a Dedicated Editor, Jubilee",
    author = "Choi, Jinho D.  and
      Bonial, Claire  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/903_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{swampillai-stevenson-2010-inter,
    title = "Inter-sentential Relations in Information Extraction Corpora",
    author = "Swampillai, Kumutha  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/905_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nabende-2010-applying,
    title = "Applying a Dynamic {B}ayesian Network Framework to Transliteration Identification",
    author = "Nabende, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/906_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{balahur-etal-2010-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis in the News",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Steinberger, Ralf  and
      Kabadjov, Mijail  and
      Zavarella, Vanni  and
      van der Goot, Erik  and
      Halkia, Matina  and
      Pouliquen, Bruno  and
      Belyaeva, Jenya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/909_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sonntag-sacaleanu-2010-speech,
    title = "Speech Grammars for Textual Entailment Patterns in Multimodal Question Answering",
    author = "Sonntag, Daniel  and
      Sacaleanu, Bogdan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/911_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{strunk-2010-enriching,
    title = "Enriching a Treebank to Investigate Relative Clause Extraposition in {G}erman",
    author = "Strunk, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/917_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{de-loupy-etal-2010-french,
    title = "A {F}rench Human Reference Corpus for Multi-Document Summarization and Sentence Compression",
    author = "de Loupy, Claude  and
      Gu{\'e}gan, Marie  and
      Ayache, Christelle  and
      Seng, Somara  and
      Moreno, Juan-Manuel Torres",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/919_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2010-problems,
    title = "The Problems of Language Identification within Hugely Multilingual Data Sets",
    author = "Xia, Fei  and
      Lewis, Carrie  and
      Lewis, William D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/921_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{passonneau-etal-2010-word,
    title = "Word Sense Annotation of Polysemous Words by Multiple Annotators",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca J.  and
      Salleb-Aoussi, Ansaf  and
      Bhardwaj, Vikas  and
      Ide, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/922_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gasser-2010-expanding,
    title = "Expanding the Lexicon for a Resource-Poor Language Using a Morphological Analyzer and a Web Crawler",
    author = "Gasser, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/926_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brown-etal-2010-number,
    title = "Number or Nuance: Which Factors Restrict Reliable Word Sense Annotation?",
    author = "Brown, Susan Windisch  and
      Rood, Travis  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/927_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gordon-passonneau-2010-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation Framework for Natural Language Understanding in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Gordon, Joshua B.  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/928_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hickl-etal-2010-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Question Generation",
    author = "Hickl, Andrew  and
      Jung, Arnold  and
      Shi, Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/930_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{witte-etal-2010-flexible,
    title = "Flexible Ontology Population from Text: The {O}wl{E}xporter",
    author = "Witte, Ren{\'e}  and
      Khamis, Ninus  and
      Rilling, Juergen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/932_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{prasad-etal-2010-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Scope for Shallow Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Joshi, Aravind  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/935_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bhattacharyya-2010-indowordnet,
    title = "{I}ndo{W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/939_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-etal-2010-linguistic,
    title = "A Linguistic Resource for Semantic Parsing of Motion Events",
    author = "Roberts, Kirk  and
      Gullapalli, Srikanth  and
      Bejan, Cosmin Adrian  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/941_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{decamp-2010-language,
    title = "Language Technology Resource Center",
    author = "DeCamp, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/942_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sassi-etal-2010-digital,
    title = "A Digital Archive of Research Papers in Computer Science",
    author = "Sassi, Manuela  and
      Pardelli, Gabriella  and
      Biagioni, Stefania  and
      Carlesi, Carlo  and
      Goggi, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/945_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vetulani-etal-2010-polnet,
    title = "{P}ol{N}et {---} Polish {W}ord{N}et: Data and Tools",
    author = "Vetulani, Zygmunt  and
      Kubis, Marek  and
      Obr{\k{e}}bski, Tomasz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/947_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{arranz-choukri-2010-elras,
    title = "{ELRA}{'}s Services 15 Years on...Sharing and Anticipating the Community",
    author = "Arranz, Victoria  and
      Choukri, Khalid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/948_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ouguengay-bouhjar-2010-standardised,
    title = "For Standardised Amazigh Linguistic Resources",
    author = {Ouguengay, Youssef A{\"\i}t  and
      Bouhjar, A{\"\i}cha},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/949_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-etal-2010-road,
    title = "A Road Map for Interoperable Language Resource Metadata",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Langendoen, D. Terence  and
      Leveling, Johannes  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Ide, Nancy  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/951_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-kipp-2010-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Human Gesture using 3{D} Skeleton Controls",
    author = "Nguyen, Quan  and
      Kipp, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/952_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gishri-etal-2010-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon Design for Transcription of Spontaneous Voice Messages",
    author = "Gishri, Michal  and
      Silber-Varod, Vered  and
      Moyal, Ami",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/953_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-liberman-2010-adapting,
    title = "Adapting to Trends in Language Resource Development: A Progress Report on {LDC} Activities",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      Liberman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}10)",
    month = may,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Valletta, Malta",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/954_Paper.pdf",
}
@proceedings{lrec-2004-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    author = "Lino, Maria Teresa  and
      Xavier, Maria Francisca  and
      Ferreira, F{\'a}tima  and
      Costa, Rute  and
      Silva, Raquel",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
}
@inproceedings{walker-2004-talk,
    title = "Can We Talk? Prospects for Automatically Training Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/kII.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{uszkoreit-2004-strategic,
    title = "Strategic Directions of National and International Research Funding",
    author = "Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/III.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{thurmair-2004-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Content Processing",
    author = "Thurmair, Gregor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/kIV.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{macwhinney-2004-collaborative,
    title = "Collaborative Commentary: Opening Up Spoken Language Databases",
    author = "MacWhinney, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/II.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{campbell-2004-getting,
    title = "Getting to the Heart of the Matter; Speech is More than Just the Expression of Text or Language",
    author = "Campbell, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/kIII.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maegaard-2004-industrial,
    title = "Industrial Needs for Language Resources",
    author = "Maegaard, Bente",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/I.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tsujii-2004-thesaurus,
    title = "Thesaurus or Logical Ontology, Which do we Need for Mining Text?",
    author = "Tsujii, Junichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/kI.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dutta-etal-2004-information,
    title = "Information Extraction from {H}indi Texts",
    author = "Dutta, Kamlesh  and
      Kaushik, Saroj  and
      Prakash, Nupur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/1.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{koster-gradmann-2004-language,
    title = "The Language Belongs to the People!",
    author = "Koster, Cornelis H.A.  and
      Gradmann, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/2.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schmidt-etal-2004-alles,
    title = "{ALLES}: Integrating NLP in ICALL Applications",
    author = "Schmidt, Paul  and
      Garnier, Sandrine  and
      Sharwood, Mike  and
      Badia, Toni  and
      D{\'\i}az, Lourdes  and
      Quixal, Mart{\'\i}  and
      Ruggia, Ana  and
      Valderrabanos, Antonio S.  and
      Cruz, Alberto J.  and
      Torrejon, Enrique  and
      Rico, Celia  and
      Jimenez, Jorge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/3.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{doddington-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "The Automatic Content Extraction ({ACE}) Program {--} Tasks, Data, and Evaluation",
    author = "Doddington, George  and
      Mitchell, Alexis  and
      Przybocki, Mark  and
      Ramshaw, Lance  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/5.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-aikawa-2004-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Corpus-based Approach to the Resolution of {E}nglish {--}ing",
    author = "Schwartz, Lee  and
      Aikawa, Takako",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/8.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{santos-barreiro-2004-problems,
    title = "On the Problems of Creating a Golden Standard of Inflected Forms in {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Santos, Diana  and
      Barreiro, Anabela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/9.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moller-etal-2004-inspire,
    title = "{INSPIRE}: Evaluation of a Smart-Home System for Infotainment Management and Device Control",
    author = {M{\"o}ller, Sebastian  and
      Krebber, Jan  and
      Raake, Alexander  and
      Smeele, Paula  and
      Rajman, Martin  and
      Melichar, Mirek  and
      Pallotta, Vincenzo  and
      Tsakou, Gianna  and
      Kladis, Basilis  and
      Vovos, Anestis  and
      Hoonhout, Jettie  and
      Schuchardt, Dietmar  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos  and
      Ganchev, Todor  and
      Potamitis, Ilyas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/12.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-sluis-krahmer-2004-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Multimodal {NLG} Using Production Experiments",
    author = "van der Sluis, Ielka  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/14.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{seco-etal-2004-concept,
    title = "Concept Creation in Lexical Ontologies",
    author = "Seco, Nuno  and
      Veale, Tony  and
      Hayes, Jer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/15.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{veale-2004-polysemy,
    title = "Polysemy and Category Structure in {W}ord{N}et: An Evidential Approach",
    author = "Veale, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/16.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{salmon-alt-romary-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards a Reference Annotation Framework",
    author = "Salmon-Alt, Susanne  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/17.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moller-2004-new,
    title = "A New {ITU}-T Recommendation on the Evaluation of Telephone-Based Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = {M{\"o}ller, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/18.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2004-raising,
    title = "Raising the Bar: Stacked Conservative Error Correction Beyond Boosting",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Ngai, Grace  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/19.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{debole-sebastiani-2004-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of the Relative Difficulty of {R}euters-21578 Subsets",
    author = "Debole, Franca  and
      Sebastiani, Fabrizio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/21.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bhaskarabhatla-madhvanath-2004-experiences,
    title = "Experiences in Collection of Handwriting Data for Online Handwriting Recognition in Indic Scripts",
    author = "Bhaskarabhatla, Ajay S.  and
      Madhvanath, Sriganesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/23.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2004-collocation,
    title = "Collocation Extraction Using Web Statistics",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Yu, Yi-Cheng  and
      Lin, Chih-Long",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/24.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bhaskarabhatla-madhvanath-2004-xml,
    title = "An {XML} Representation for Annotated Handwriting Datasets for Online Handwriting Recognition",
    author = "Bhaskarabhatla, Ajay S.  and
      Madhvanath, Sriganesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/26.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alexandris-fotinea-2004-reusing,
    title = "Reusing Language Resources for Speech Applications involving Emotion",
    author = "Alexandris, Christina  and
      Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/27.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{navas-etal-2004-designing,
    title = "Designing and Recording an Audiovisual Database of Emotional Speech in Basque",
    author = "Navas, Eva  and
      Castelruiz, Amaia  and
      Luengo, Iker  and
      S{\'a}nchez, Jon  and
      Hern{\'a}ez, Inmaculada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/28.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dias-nunes-2004-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Different Similarity Measures for the Extraction of Multiword Units in a Reinforcement Learning Environment",
    author = {Dias, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Nunes, S{\'e}rgio},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/29.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nakagawa-etal-2004-terminal,
    title = "Terminal Device Oriented Comparable Corpora and its Alignment- Towards Extracting Paraphrasing Patterns",
    author = "Nakagawa, Hiroshi  and
      Masuda, Hidetaka  and
      Sato, Dai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/30.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sharoff-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards Basic Categories for Describing Properties of Texts in a Corpus",
    author = "Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/32.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{carl-etal-2004-using,
    title = "Using Weighted Abduction to Align Term Variant Translations in Bilingual Texts",
    author = "Carl, Michael  and
      Rascu, Ecaterina  and
      Haller, Johann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/34.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bordoni-2004-investigation,
    title = "Investigation on Semantics to Improve the {COVAX} System",
    author = "Bordoni, Luciana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/35.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{peters-2004-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Knowledge Acquisition from {W}ord{N}et and {E}uro{W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Peters, Wim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/36.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nastase-mihalcea-2004-finding,
    title = "Finding Semantic Associations on Express Lane",
    author = "N{\u{a}}stase, Vivi  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/38.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gronroos-miettinen-2004-infrastructure,
    title = "Infrastructure for Collaborative Annotation of Speech",
    author = {Gr{\"o}nroos, Mickel  and
      Miettinen, Manne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/39.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maynard-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Language-Independent Induction of Gazetteer Lists",
    author = "Maynard, Diana  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Cunningham, Hamish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/40.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fakotakis-2004-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Design, Recording and Phonetic Analysis of {G}reek Emotional Database",
    author = "Fakotakis, Nikos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/41.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-etal-2004-human,
    title = "Human Dialogue Modelling Using Annotated Corpora",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick  and
      Webb, Nick  and
      Setzer, Andrea  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Catizone, Roberta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/42.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schaden-2004-crosstowns,
    title = "{C}ross{T}owns: Automatically Generated Phonetic Lexicons of Cross-lingual Pronunciation Variants of {E}uropean City Names",
    author = "Schaden, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/43.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chu-2004-pattern,
    title = "Pattern Discovery in Named Organization Corpus",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Chu, Yi-Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/46.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{narita-etal-2004-connector,
    title = "Connector Usage in the {E}nglish Essay Writing of {J}apanese {EFL} Learners",
    author = "Narita, Masumi  and
      Sato, Chieko  and
      Sugiura, Masatoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/48.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{drouin-2004-detection,
    title = "Detection of Domain Specific Terminology Using Corpora Comparison",
    author = "Drouin, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/49.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{minker-2004-comparative,
    title = "Comparative Evaluation of a Stochastic Parser on Semantic and Syntactic-semantic Labels",
    author = "Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/51.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2004-sinica,
    title = "Sinica {BOW} (Bilingual Ontological {W}ordnet): Integration of Bilingual {W}ord{N}et and {SUMO}",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chang, Ru-Yng  and
      Lee, Hsiang-Pin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/53.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bopp-etal-2004-disassemble,
    title = "How to Disassemble Alphabetical Processions - Morphological Treatment of Unknown Words",
    author = "Bopp, Stephan  and
      Pedrazzini, Sandro  and
      Maier, Elisabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/54.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{verdonik-etal-2004-creating,
    title = "Creating {S}lovenian Language Resources for Development of Speech-to-speech Translation Components",
    author = "Verdonik, Darinka  and
      Rojc, Matej  and
      Ka{\v{c}}i{\v{c}}, Zdravko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/57.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sahlgren-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Bilingual Lexicon Acquisition Using Random Indexing of Aligned Bilingual Data",
    author = "Sahlgren, Magnus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/58.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kotnik-etal-2004-development,
    title = "The Development and Integration of the {LDA}-Toolkit Into {COST}249 {S}peech{D}at({II}) {SIG} Reference Recognizer",
    author = "Kotnik, Bojan  and
      Ka{\v{c}}i{\v{c}}, Zdravko  and
      Horvat, Bogomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/59.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ozturk-etal-2004-duration,
    title = "Duration Modeling For {T}urkish Text-to-Speech Synthesis System",
    author = {{\"O}zt{\"u}rk, {\"O}zlem  and
      Salor, {\"O}zgul  and
      {\c{C}}ilo{\u{g}}lu, Tolga  and
      Demirekler, Mubeccel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/60.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cimiano-etal-2004-clustering,
    title = "Clustering Concept Hierarchies from Text",
    author = "Cimiano, Philipp  and
      Hotho, Andreas  and
      Staab, Steffen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/62.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{martin-etal-2004-nist,
    title = "{NIST} Language Technology Evaluation Cookbook",
    author = "Martin, Alvin F.  and
      Garofolo, John S.  and
      Fiscus, Jonathan C.  and
      Le, Audrey N.  and
      Pallett, David S.  and
      Przybocki, Mark A.  and
      Sanders, Gregory A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/64.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sekine-nobata-2004-definition,
    title = "Definition, Dictionaries and Tagger for Extended Named Entity Hierarchy",
    author = "Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Nobata, Chikashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/65.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kang-kim-2004-sejong,
    title = "{S}ejong {K}orean Corpora in the Making",
    author = "Kang, Beom-mo  and
      Kim, Hunggyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/66.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2004-creation,
    title = "Creation and Assessment of {K}orean Speech and Noise {DB} in Car Environment",
    author = "Lee, Yong-Ju  and
      Kim, Bong-Wan  and
      Kim, Young-Il  and
      Choi, Dae-Lim  and
      Lee, Kwang-Hyun  and
      Um, Yongnam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/68.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cucchiarelli-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of Glosses in the {O}nto{L}earn System",
    author = "Cucchiarelli, Alessandro  and
      Navigli, Roberto  and
      Neri, Francesca  and
      Velardi, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/69.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vandecatseye-etal-2004-cost278,
    title = "The {COST}278 Pan-{E}uropean Broadcast News Database",
    author = "Vandecatseye, An  and
      Martens, Jean-Pierre  and
      Neto, Joao  and
      Meinedo, Hugo  and
      Garcia-Mateo, Carmen  and
      Dieguez, Javier  and
      Mihelic, France  and
      Zibert, Janez  and
      Nouza, Jan  and
      David, Petr  and
      Pleva, Matus  and
      Cizmar, Anton  and
      Papageorgiou, Harris  and
      Alexandris, Christina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/70.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wissing-etal-2004-spoken,
    title = "A Spoken {A}frikaans Language Resource Designed for Research on Pronunciation Variations",
    author = "Wissing, Daan  and
      Martens, Jean-Pierre  and
      Janke, Ulrike  and
      Goedertier, Wim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/71.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ellbogen-etal-2004-bits,
    title = "The {BITS} Speech Synthesis Corpus for {G}erman",
    author = "Ellbogen, Tania  and
      Schiel, Florian  and
      Steffen, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/72.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schiel-2004-maus,
    title = "{MAUS} Goes Iterative",
    author = "Schiel, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/73.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{stevenson-clough-2004-eurowordnet,
    title = "{E}uro{W}ord{N}et as a Resource for Cross-language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Stevenson, Mark  and
      Clough, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/76.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sjobergh-kann-2004-finding,
    title = "Finding the Correct Interpretation of {S}wedish Compounds, a Statistical Approach",
    author = {Sj{\"o}bergh, Jonas  and
      Kann, Viggo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/79.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ando-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Hyponyms from {J}apanese Newspapers. Using Lexico-syntactic Patterns",
    author = "Ando, Maya  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Ishizaki, Shun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/80.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kipper-etal-2004-extending,
    title = "Extending a Verb-lexicon Using a Semantically Annotated Corpus",
    author = "Kipper, Karin  and
      Snyder, Benjamin  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/84.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{beeken-van-der-kamp-2004-centre,
    title = "The Centre for {D}utch Language and Speech Technology ({TST} Centre)",
    author = "Beeken, J.C.T.  and
      van der Kamp, P.H.J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/85.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wright-2004-global,
    title = "A Global Data Category Registry for Interoperable Language Resources",
    author = "Wright, Sue Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/87.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kruyt-2004-integrated,
    title = "The Integrated Language Database of 8th - 21st-Century {D}utch",
    author = "Kruyt, J. G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/88.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dybkjaer-dybkjaer-2004-acts,
    title = "From Acts and Topics to Transactions and Dialogue Smoothness",
    author = "Dybkj{\ae}r, Hans  and
      Dybkj{\ae}r, Laila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/92.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kashioka-2004-grouping,
    title = "Grouping Synonymous Sentences from a Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Kashioka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/93.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ahmad-musacchio-2004-discovery,
    title = "Discovery of (New) Knowledge and the Analysis of Text Corpora",
    author = "Ahmad, Khurshid  and
      Musacchio, Maria Teresa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/95.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hoge-etal-2004-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Microphone Array Front-Ends for {ASR} - an Extension of the {AURORA} Framework",
    author = {H{\"o}ge, Harald  and
      Bauer, Josef G.  and
      Gei{\ss}ler, Christian  and
      Setiawan, Panji  and
      Steinert, Kai},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/96.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zibert-mihelic-2004-development,
    title = "Development of {S}lovenian Broadcast News Speech Database",
    author = "{\v{Z}}ibert, Janez  and
      Miheli{\v{c}}, France",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/98.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2004-named,
    title = "A Named Entity Recognizer for {D}anish",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/99.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cabre-etal-2004-genoma,
    title = "The {GENOMA}-{KB} Project: Towards the Integration of Concepts, Terms, Textual Corpora and Entities",
    author = "Cabr{\'e}, M. Teresa  and
      Bach, Carme  and
      Estop{\`a}, Rosa  and
      Feliu, Judit  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Gemma  and
      Vivaldi, Jorge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/100.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ranchhod-etal-2004-portuguese,
    title = "{P}ortuguese Large-scale Language Resources for {NLP} Applications",
    author = "Ranchhod, Elisabete  and
      Carvalho, Paula  and
      Mota, Cristina  and
      Barreiro, Anabela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/102.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ozge-say-2004-development,
    title = "Development of a Corpus Workbench for the {METU} {T}urkish Corpus",
    author = {{\"O}zge, Umut  and
      Say, Bilge},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/103.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{araya-vivaldi-2004-mercedes,
    title = "Mercedes, a Term-in-Context Highlighter",
    author = "Araya, Ra{\'u}l  and
      Vivaldi, Jordi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/104.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sorensen-2004-bilingual,
    title = "The Bilingual Web Dictionary on Demand",
    author = "S{\o}rensen, Henrik Sels{\o}e",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/106.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{erjavec-etal-2004-making,
    title = "Making an {XML}-based {J}apanese-{S}lovene Learners{'} Dictionary",
    author = "Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Sangawa, Kristina Hmeljak  and
      Srdanovi{\'c}, Irena  and
      ml. Vah{\v{c}}i{\v{c}}, Anton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/107.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{erjavec-2004-multext,
    title = "{MULTEXT}-East Version 3: Multilingual Morphosyntactic Specifications, Lexicons and Corpora",
    author = "Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/109.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pereiro-etal-2004-galician,
    title = "A {G}alician Textual Corpus for Morphosyntactic Tagging with Application to Text-to-Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Pereiro, Lorena Seijo  and
      {\'I}nsua, Ana Mart{\'\i}nez  and
      Paz{\'o}, Francisco M{\'e}ndez  and
      D{\'\i}az, Francisco Campillo  and
      Banga, Eduardo Rodr{\'\i}guez",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/111.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{espana-etal-2004-spartacus,
    title = "The {SPARTACUS}-Database: a {S}panish Sentence Database for Offline Handwriting Recognition",
    author = "Espa{\~n}a, Salvador  and
      Castro, Mar{\'\i}a Jos{\'e}  and
      Hidalgo, Jos{\'e} Luis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/112.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{stamou-etal-2004-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Balkanet Shared Ontology for Multilingual Conceptual Indexing",
    author = "Stamou, Sofia  and
      Nenadic, Goran  and
      Christodoulakis, Dimitris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/113.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shimohata-etal-2004-building,
    title = "Building a Paraphrase Corpus for Speech Translation",
    author = "Shimohata, Mitsuo  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/114.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{akiba-etal-2004-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Methods to Select Test Sentences for Evaluating Translation Ability",
    author = "Akiba, Yasuhiro  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Nakaiwa, Hiromi  and
      Yamamoto, Seiichi  and
      Okuno, Hiroshi G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/115.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{odijk-2004-reusable,
    title = "Reusable Lexical Representations for Idioms",
    author = "Odijk, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/116.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tihelka-matousek-2004-design,
    title = "The Design of {C}zech Language Formal Listening Tests for the Evaluation of {TTS} Systems",
    author = "Tihelka, Daniel  and
      Matou{\v{s}}ek, Jind{\v{r}}ich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/119.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{stergar-etal-2004-data,
    title = "A Data-driven Adaptation of Prosody in a Multilingual {TTS}",
    author = "Stergar, Janez  and
      Erdem, Caglayan  and
      Horvat, Bogomir  and
      Ka{\v{c}}i{\v{c}}, Zdravko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/130.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{taule-etal-2004-minicors,
    title = "{M}ini{C}ors and {C}ast3{LB}: Two Semantically Tagged {S}panish Corpora",
    author = "Taul{\'e}, M.  and
      Civit, M.  and
      Artigas, N.  and
      Garc{\'\i}a, M.  and
      M{\`a}rquez, L.  and
      Mart{\'\i}, M.A.  and
      Navarro, B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/121.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bigert-2004-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Detection of Context-Sensitive Spelling Errors",
    author = "Bigert, Johnny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/122.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zgank-etal-2004-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition and Annotation of {S}lovenian Broadcast News Database",
    author = "{\v{Z}}gank, Andrej  and
      Rotovnik, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Mau{\v{c}}ec, Mirjam Sepesy  and
      Verdonik, Darinka  and
      Kitak, Janez  and
      Vlaj, Damjan  and
      Hozjan, Vladimir  and
      Ka{\v{c}}i{\v{c}}, Zdravko  and
      Horvat, Bogomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/123.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zgank-etal-2004-cost,
    title = "The {COST} 278 {MASPER} Initiative - Crosslingual Speech Recognition with Large Telephone Databases",
    author = "{\v{Z}}gank, Andrej  and
      Ka{\v{c}}i{\v{c}}, Zdravko  and
      Diehl, Frank  and
      Vicsi, Klara  and
      Szaszak, Gyorgy  and
      Juhar, Jozef  and
      Lihan, Slavomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/124.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rapp-2004-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing the One-Sense-per-Discourse Constraint for Fully Unsupervised Word Sense Induction and Disambiguation",
    author = "Rapp, Reinhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/125.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rapp-2004-freely,
    title = "A Freely Available Automatically Generated Thesaurus of Related Words",
    author = "Rapp, Reinhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/127.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vandeghinste-tjong-kim-sang-2004-using,
    title = "Using a Parallel Transcript/Subtitle Corpus for Sentence Compression",
    author = "Vandeghinste, Vincent  and
      Tjong Kim Sang, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/128.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{stamou-christodoulakis-2004-handling,
    title = "Handling Subtle Sense Distinctions Through {W}ordnet Semantic Types",
    author = "Stamou, Sofia  and
      Christodoulakis, Dimitris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/133.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{karasimos-isard-2004-multi,
    title = "Multi-lingual Evaluation of a Natural Language Generation System",
    author = "Karasimos, Athanasios  and
      Isard, Amy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/134.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{telljohann-etal-2004-tuba,
    title = {The T{\"u}ba-D/Z Treebank: Annotating {G}erman with a Context-Free Backbone},
    author = {Telljohann, Heike  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/135.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{garofolo-etal-2004-nist,
    title = "The {NIST} Meeting Room Pilot Corpus",
    author = "Garofolo, John S.  and
      Laprun, Christophe D.  and
      Michel, Martial  and
      Stanford, Vincent M.  and
      Tabassi, Elham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/137.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gibbon-etal-2004-securing,
    title = "Securing Interpretability: The Case of Ega Language Documentation",
    author = "Gibbon, Dafydd  and
      Bow, Catherine  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Hughes, Baden",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/138.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{takezawa-kikui-2004-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study on Human Communication Behaviors and Linguistic Characteristics for Speech-to-Speech Translation",
    author = "Takezawa, Toshiyuki  and
      Kikui, Genichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/139.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bel-etal-2004-cost,
    title = "Cost-effective Cross-lingual Document Classification",
    author = "Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Koster, Cornelis H.A.  and
      Villegas, Marta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/201.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{erk-pado-2004-powerful,
    title = "A Powerful and Versatile {XML} Format for Representing Role-semantic Annotation",
    author = "Erk, Katrin  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/202.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{baumann-etal-2004-muli,
    title = "The {MULI} Project: Annotation and Analysis of Information Structure in {G}erman and {E}nglish",
    author = "Baumann, Stefan  and
      Brinckmann, Caren  and
      Hansen-Schirra, Silvia  and
      Kruijff, Geert-Jan  and
      Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana  and
      Neumann, Stella  and
      Steiner, Erich  and
      Teich, Elke  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/204.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-kamp-kruyt-2004-putting,
    title = "Putting the {D}utch {PAROLE} Corpus to Work",
    author = "van der Kamp, P. H. J.  and
      Kruyt, J. G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/207.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{carson-berndsen-kelly-2004-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Reusable Multilingual Phonotactic Resources",
    author = "Carson-Berndsen, Julie  and
      Kelly, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/208.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{neugebauer-wilson-2004-phonological,
    title = "Phonological Treebanks. Issues in Generation and Application",
    author = "Neugebauer, Moritz  and
      Wilson, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/209.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cerezo-etal-2004-methodology,
    title = "Methodology for Rapid Prototyping and Testing of {ASR} Based User Interfaces",
    author = "Cerezo, Pedro Concejero  and
      Soler, Juan Jos{\'e} Rodr{\'\i}guez  and
      Merino, Daniel Tapias  and
      Garc{\'\i}a, Alberto J. S{\'a}nchez",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/210.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{degerstedt-jonsson-2004-open,
    title = "Open Resources for Language Technology",
    author = {Degerstedt, Lars  and
      J{\"o}nsson, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/211.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{reinberger-daelemans-2004-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Text Mining for Ontology Extraction: An Evaluation of Statistical Measures",
    author = "Reinberger, Marie-Laure  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/212.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{aioanei-etal-2004-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual Phonological Resource Toolkit for Ubiquitous Speech Technology",
    author = "Aioanei, Daniel  and
      Carson-Berndsen, Julie  and
      Geumann, Anja  and
      Kelly, Robert  and
      Neugebauer, Moritz  and
      Wilson, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/213.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{corcho-etal-2004-benchmarking,
    title = "Benchmarking Ontology Tools. A Case Study for the {W}eb{ODE} Platform.",
    author = "Corcho, Oscar  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Castro, Ra{\'u}l  and
      G{\'o}mez-P{\'e}rez, Asunci{\'o}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/217.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shawar-atwell-2004-chatbot,
    title = "A Chatbot as a Novel Corpus Visualization Tool",
    author = "Shawar, Bayan Abu  and
      Atwell, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/218.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vasilescu-etal-2004-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Variants of the {L}esk Approach for Disambiguating Words",
    author = "Vasilescu, Florentina  and
      Langlais, Philippe  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/219.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nirenburg-etal-2004-rationale,
    title = "The Rationale for Building an Ontology Expressly for {NLP}",
    author = "Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      McShane, Marjorie  and
      Beale, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/223.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mcshane-etal-2004-meaning,
    title = "Some Meaning Procedures of Ontological Semantics",
    author = "McShane, Marjorie  and
      Beale, Stephen  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/224.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ringger-etal-2004-using,
    title = "Using the {P}enn Treebank to Evaluate Non-Treebank Parsers",
    author = "Ringger, Eric K.  and
      Moore, Robert C.  and
      Charniak, Eugene  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy  and
      Suzuki, Hisami",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/226.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nanba-okumura-2004-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of Some Automatic and Manual Methods for Summary Evaluation Based on the Text Summarization Challenge 2",
    author = "Nanba, Hidetsugu  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/229.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mcenery-xiao-2004-lancaster,
    title = "The Lancaster Corpus of {M}andarin {C}hinese: A Corpus for Monolingual and Contrastive Language Study",
    author = "McEnery, Anthony  and
      Xiao, Zhonghua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/231.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{folch-etal-2004-highlighting,
    title = "Highlighting Latent Structure in Documents",
    author = "Folch, H.  and
      Habert, B.  and
      Jardino, M.  and
      Pernelle, N.  and
      Rousset, M.C.  and
      Termier, A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/232.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-etal-2004-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation as a Wordnets{'} Validation Method in Balkanet",
    author = "Tufis, Dan  and
      Ion, Radu  and
      Ide, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/234.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-2004-term,
    title = "Term Translations in Parallel Corpora: Discovery and Consistency Check",
    author = "Tufis, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/235.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sarmento-etal-2004-corpografo,
    title = "The Corp{\'o}grafo {--} a Web-based Environment for Corpora Research",
    author = "Sarmento, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Maia, Belinda  and
      Santos, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/236.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ferres-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Classification of Geographic Named Entities",
    author = "Ferr{\'e}s, Daniel  and
      Massot, Marc  and
      Padr{\'o}, Muntsa  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Horacio  and
      Turmo, Jordi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/237.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-graillet-poesio-2004-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring {B}ayesian Networks from Text",
    author = "Sanchez-Graillet, Olivia  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/240.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2004-developping,
    title = "Developping Tools and Building Linguistic Resources for {V}ietnamese Morpho-syntactic Processing",
    author = "Nguyen, Thanh Bon  and
      Nguyen, Thi Minh Huyen  and
      Romary, Laurent  and
      Vu, Xuan Luong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/241.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{draxler-jansch-2004-speechrecorder,
    title = "{S}peech{R}ecorder - a Universal Platform Independent Multi-Channel Audio Recording Software",
    author = {Draxler, Christoph  and
      J{\"a}nsch, Klaus},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/242.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{quatrain-etal-2004-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation Protocol for Text Mining Tools : {ALCESTE}, {SAS} Text Miner, {SPAD}-{CRM} and Temis Text Mining Solutions Testing",
    author = "Quatrain, Yasmina  and
      Nugier, Sylvaine  and
      Peradotto, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/244.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{panunzi-etal-2004-using,
    title = "Using {P}i{T}agger for Lemmatization and {P}o{S} Tagging of a Spontaneous Speech Corpus: C-Oral-Rom {I}talian",
    author = "Panunzi, Alessandro  and
      Picchi, Eugenio  and
      Moneglia, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/246.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{baroni-etal-2004-introducing,
    title = "Introducing the La Repubblica Corpus: A Large, Annotated, {TEI}({XML})-compliant Corpus of Newspaper {I}talian",
    author = "Baroni, Marco  and
      Bernardini, Silvia  and
      Comastri, Federica  and
      Piccioni, Lorenzo  and
      Volpi, Alessandra  and
      Aston, Guy  and
      Mazzoleni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/247.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ide-woolner-2004-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Semantic Web Technologies for Intelligent Access to Historical Documents",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Woolner, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/248.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{baroni-bisi-2004-using,
    title = "Using Cooccurrence Statistics and the Web to Discover Synonyms in a Technical Language",
    author = "Baroni, Marco  and
      Bisi, Sabrina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/249.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shinnou-sasaki-2004-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Learning by Fuzzy Clustering and Ensemble Learning",
    author = "Shinnou, Hiroyuki  and
      Sasaki, Minoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/253.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{campbell-2004-speech,
    title = "Speech {\&} Expression; the Value of a Longitudinal Corpus",
    author = "Campbell, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/254.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jamoussi-etal-2004-complete,
    title = "A Complete Understanding Speech System Based on Semantic Concepts",
    author = {Jamoussi, Salma  and
      Sma{\"\i}li, Kamel  and
      Fohr, Dominique  and
      Haton, Jean-Paul},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/255.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{simov-etal-2004-clark,
    title = "The {CL}a{RK} System: {XML}-based Corpora Development System for Rapid Prototyping",
    author = "Simov, Kiril  and
      Simov, Alexander  and
      Ganev, Hristo  and
      Ivanova, Krasimira  and
      Grigorov, Ilko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/258.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{badia-etal-2004-nlp,
    title = "{NLP}-enhanced Error Checking for {C}atalan Unrestricted Text",
    author = "Badia, Toni  and
      Gil, {\`A}ngel  and
      Quixal, Mart{\'\i}  and
      Valent{\'\i}n, Oriol",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/260.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bontcheva-2004-open,
    title = "Open-source Tools for Creation, Maintenance, and Storage of Lexical Resources for Language Generation from Ontologies",
    author = "Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/264.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lisowska-etal-2004-user,
    title = "User Query Analysis for the Specification and Evaluation of a Dialogue Processing and Retrieval System",
    author = "Lisowska, Agnes  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Armstrong, Susan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/266.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{popov-etal-2004-creation,
    title = "Creation of Reusable Components and Language Resources for Named Entity Recognition in {R}ussian",
    author = "Popov, Borislav  and
      Kirilov, Angel  and
      Maynard, Diana  and
      Manov, Dimitar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/267.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-belis-2004-abstracting,
    title = "Abstracting a Dialog Act Tagset for Meeting Processing",
    author = "Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/268.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-belis-etal-2004-online,
    title = "Online Evaluation of Coreference Resolution",
    author = {Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Rigouste, Lo{\"\i}s  and
      Salmon-Alt, Susanne  and
      Romary, Laurent},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/270.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{carreras-etal-2004-freeling,
    title = "{F}ree{L}ing: An Open-Source Suite of Language Analyzers",
    author = "Carreras, Xavier  and
      Chao, Isaac  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Padr{\'o}, Muntsa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/271.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-2004-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-Based Dependency Evaluation of a {J}apanese Parser",
    author = "Suzuki, Hisami",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/272.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hughes-etal-2004-functional,
    title = "Functional Requirements for an Interlinear Text Editor",
    author = "Hughes, Baden  and
      Bow, Catherine  and
      Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/273.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hughes-etal-2004-management,
    title = "Management of Metadata in Linguistic Fieldwork: Experience from the {ACLA} Project",
    author = "Hughes, Baden  and
      Penton, David  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Bow, Catherine  and
      Wigglesworth, Gillian  and
      McConvell, Patrick  and
      Simpson, Jane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/274.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{przepiorkowski-etal-2004-search,
    title = "A Search Tool for Corpora with Positional Tagsets and Ambiguities",
    author = "Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam  and
      Krynicki, Zygmunt  and
      D{\k{e}}bowski, {\L}ukasz  and
      Woli{\'n}ski, Marcin  and
      Janus, Daniel  and
      Ba{\'n}ski, Piotr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/275.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{heeman-2004-american,
    title = "The {A}merican {E}nglish {SALA}-{II} Data Collection",
    author = "Heeman, Peter A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/276.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{finch-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "How Does Automatic Machine Translation Evaluation Correlate with Human Scoring as the Number of Reference Translations Increases?",
    author = "Finch, Andrew  and
      Akiba, Yasuhiro  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/277.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bilac-etal-2004-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the {FOKS} Error Model",
    author = "Bilac, Slaven  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/278.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gibert-etal-2004-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of a Speech Cuer: From Motion Capture to a Concatenative Text-to-cued Speech System",
    author = "Gibert, Guillaume  and
      Bailly, G{\'e}rard  and
      Elis{\'e}i, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Beautemps, Denis  and
      Brun, R{\'e}mi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/282.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nanas-etal-2004-beyond,
    title = "Beyond {TREC}{'}s Filtering Track",
    author = "Nanas, Nikolaos  and
      Uren, Victoria  and
      de Roeck, Anne  and
      Domingue, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/283.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nimb-2004-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-based Syntactic Lexicon for Adverbs",
    author = "Nimb, Sanni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/284.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{peters-etal-2004-future,
    title = "The Future of Evaluation for Cross-Language Information Retrieval Systems",
    author = "Peters, Carol  and
      Braschler, Martin  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Gonzalo, Julio  and
      Kluck, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/285.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-heuvel-etal-2004-sala,
    title = "{SALA} {II} Across the Finish Line: A Large Collection of Mobile Telephone Speech Databases from North and {L}atin America completed",
    author = {van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      Hall, Phil  and
      H{\"o}ge, Harald  and
      Moreno, Asunci{\'o}n  and
      Rincon, Antonio  and
      Senia, Francesco},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/288.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-guinovart-fontenla-2004-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Corpora for the {G}alician Language: Building and Processing of the {CLUVI} (Linguistic Corpus of the University of Vigo)",
    author = "G{\'o}mez-Guinovart, Xavier  and
      Fontenla, Elena Sacau",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/290.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hosaka-etal-2004-pbie,
    title = "{PBIE}: A Data Preparation Toolkit Toward Developing a Parsing-Based Information Extraction System",
    author = "Hosaka, Junko  and
      Kurochkin, Igor V.  and
      Konagaya, Akihiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/292.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wagner-zeisler-2004-syntactically,
    title = "A Syntactically Annotated Corpus of {T}ibetan",
    author = "Wagner, Andreas  and
      Zeisler, Bettina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/293.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{marimon-bel-2004-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Entry Templates for Robust Deep Parsing",
    author = "Marimon, Montserrat  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/295.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-dragomirescu-2004-tiered,
    title = "Tiered Tagging Revisited",
    author = "Tufis, Dan  and
      Dragomirescu, Liviu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/296.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-barbu-2004-methodology,
    title = "A Methodology and Associated Tools for Building Interlingual Wordnets",
    author = "Tufis, Dan  and
      Barbu, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/298.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{samy-etal-2004-construction,
    title = "Construction of a Bilingual {A}rabic-{S}panish Lexicon of Verbs Based on a Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Samy, Doaa  and
      Moreno-Sandoval, Antonio  and
      Guirao, Jos{\'e} M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/299.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alegria-etal-2004-xml,
    title = "A {XML}-Based Term Extraction Tool for Basque",
    author = "Alegria, I.  and
      Gurrutxaga, A.  and
      Lizaso, P.  and
      Saralegi, X.  and
      Ugartetxea, S.  and
      Urizar, R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/301.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maragoudakis-etal-2004-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Model for Shallow Syntactic Parsing of Natural Language Texts",
    author = "Maragoudakis, Manolis  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos  and
      Kokkinakis, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/302.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{barreto-amaro-2004-multifunctional,
    title = "Multifunctional Computational Lexicon of Contemporary {P}ortuguese: An Available Resource for Multitype Applications",
    author = "Barreto, Florbela  and
      Amaro, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/303.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{duchateau-etal-2004-use,
    title = "Use and Evaluation of Prosodic Annotations in {D}utch",
    author = "Duchateau, Jacques  and
      Ceyssens, Tim  and
      hamme, Hugo Van",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/304.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{busemann-krieger-2004-resources,
    title = "Resources and Techniques for Multilingual Information Extraction",
    author = "Busemann, Stephan  and
      Krieger, Hans-Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/306.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2004-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Factors Impacting the Accuracy of Forced Alignments in a Multimodal Corpus",
    author = "Chen, Lei  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Harper, Mary  and
      Maia, Eduardo  and
      McRoy, Susan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/307.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{barras-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Audio and Manual Transcripts Alignment, Time-code Transfer and Selection of Exact Transcripts",
    author = {Barras, C.  and
      Adda, G.  and
      Adda-Decker, M.  and
      Habert, B.  and
      de Mare{\"u}il, P. Boula  and
      Paroubek, P.},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/308.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{guijarrubia-etal-2004-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of a Spoken Phonetic Database in Basque Language",
    author = "Guijarrubia, V.  and
      Torres, I.  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, L.J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/309.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lepage-peralta-2004-using,
    title = "Using Paradigm Tables to Generate New Utterances Similar to those Existing in Linguistic Resources",
    author = "Lepage, Yves  and
      Peralta, Guilhem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/314.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{afify-emam-2004-collection,
    title = "Collection and Evaluation of Broadcast News Data for {A}rabic",
    author = "Afify, Mohamed  and
      Emam, Ossama",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/315.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{simov-etal-2004-language,
    title = "A Language Resources Infrastructure for {B}ulgarian",
    author = "Simov, Kiril  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Kolkovska, Sia  and
      Balabanova, Elisaveta  and
      Doikoff, Dimitar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/316.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{batliner-etal-2004-stupid,
    title = "{``}You Stupid Tin Box{''} - Children Interacting with the {AIBO} Robot: A Cross-linguistic Emotional Speech Corpus",
    author = {Batliner, A.  and
      Hacker, C.  and
      Steidl, S.  and
      N{\"o}th, E.  and
      D{'}Arcy, S.  and
      Russell, M.  and
      Wong, M.},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/317.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dowdall-etal-2004-role,
    title = "The Role of {M}ulti{W}ord Terminology in Knowledge Management",
    author = "Dowdall, James  and
      Lowe, Will  and
      Ellman, Jeremy  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio  and
      Hess, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/319.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-nygaard-2004-opus,
    title = "The {OPUS} Corpus - Parallel and Free: \url{http://logos.uio.no/opus}",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Nygaard, Lars},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/320.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{farreres-rodriguez-2004-selecting,
    title = "Selecting the Correct {E}nglish Synset for a {S}panish Sense",
    author = "Farreres, Javier  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/324.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moreno-etal-2004-collection,
    title = "Collection of {SLR} in the {A}sian-Pacific Area",
    author = "Moreno, Asunci{\'o}n  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Hall, Phil  and
      van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      Sanders, Eric  and
      Senia, Francesco  and
      Tropf, Herbert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/325.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hlavacova-klimova-2004-derivational,
    title = "Derivational Relations in Flectional Languages - {C}zech Case",
    author = "Hlav{\'a}{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Jaroslava  and
      Kl{\'\i}mov{\'a}, Jana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/326.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dalby-etal-2004-standards,
    title = "Standards for Language Codes: developing {ISO} 639",
    author = "Dalby, David  and
      Gillam, Lee  and
      Cox, Christopher  and
      Garside, Debbie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/327.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-heuvel-etal-2004-slr,
    title = "{SLR} Validation: Current Trends and Developments",
    author = "van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      Iskra, Dorota  and
      Sanders, Eric  and
      de Vriend, Folkert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/328.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-2004-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Definitions in Text Collections for Question Answering",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/331.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alonso-etal-2004-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Sequence Alignment for Characterizing the Lineal Structure of Revision",
    author = "Alonso, Laura  and
      Castell{\'o}n, Irene  and
      Escribano, Jordi  and
      Messeguer, Xavier  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/332.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hutchinson-2004-mining,
    title = "Mining the Web for Discourse Markers",
    author = "Hutchinson, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/333.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{merkel-lange-2004-pattern,
    title = "A Pattern Extraction Workbench Combining Multiple Linguistic Levels",
    author = "Merkel, Magnus  and
      Lange, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/336.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{holler-etal-2004-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Coreference Annotations for Text-to-Hypertext Conversion",
    author = "Holler, Anke  and
      Maas, Jan Frederik  and
      Storrer, Angelika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/337.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hasler-2004-ignore,
    title = "{``}Why do you Ignore me?{''} - Proof that not all Direct Speech is Bad",
    author = "Hasler, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/338.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{navarretta-etal-2004-human,
    title = "{``}Human Language Technology Elements in a Knowledge Organisation System - The {VID} Project{''}",
    author = "Navarretta, Costanza  and
      Pedersen, Bolette Sandford  and
      Hansen, Dorte Haltrup",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/339.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bellare-etal-2004-generic,
    title = "Generic Text Summarization Using {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Bellare, Kedar  and
      Sarma, Anish Das  and
      Sarma, Atish Das  and
      Loiwal, Navneet  and
      Mehta, Vaibhav  and
      Ramakrishnan, Ganesh  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/342.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{loukachevitch-dobrov-2004-development,
    title = "Development of Bilingual Domain-Specific Ontology for Automatic Conceptual Indexing",
    author = "Loukachevitch, Natalia V.  and
      Dobrov, Boris V.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/343.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{loukachevitch-dobrov-2004-development-ontologies,
    title = "Development of Ontologies with Minimal Set of Conceptual Relations",
    author = "Loukachevitch, Natalia V.  and
      Dobrov, Boris V.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/345.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{do-nascimento-etal-2004-providing,
    title = "Providing On-line Access to {P}ortuguese Language Resources: Corpora and Lexicons",
    author = "do Nascimento, Maria Fernanda Bacelar  and
      Mendes, Am{\'a}lia  and
      Pereira, Lu{\'\i}sa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/346.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cartoni-etal-2004-automatisation,
    title = "Automatisation of the Activity of Term Collection in Different Languages",
    author = "Cartoni, Bruno  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Alphonse, Yalina  and
      Lehmann, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/294.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vivaldi-rodriguez-2004-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Selecting Domain Markers for Terminology Extraction",
    author = "Vivaldi, Jorge  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/348.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vilnat-etal-2004-ongoing,
    title = "The Ongoing Evaluation Campaign of Syntactic Parsing of {F}rench: {EASY}",
    author = "Vilnat, Anne  and
      Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Monceaux, Laura  and
      Robba, Isabelle  and
      Gendner, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Illouz, Gabriel  and
      Jardino, Mich{\`e}le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/349.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vesela-etal-2004-annotators,
    title = "Annotators{'} Agreement: The Case of Topic-Focus Articulation",
    author = "Vesel{\'a}, Kate{\v{r}}ina  and
      Havelka, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/350.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{piao-etal-2004-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Lexical Resources for a Semantic Tagger",
    author = "Piao, Scott S. L.  and
      Rayson, Paul  and
      Archer, Dawn  and
      McEnery, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/351.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{landragin-etal-2004-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Meaning Representation for Generic Dialogue Systems Architectures",
    author = "Landragin, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Denis, Alexandre  and
      Ricci, Annalisa  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/352.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{braasch-olsen-2004-sto,
    title = "{STO}: A {D}anish Lexicon Resource - Ready for Applications",
    author = "Braasch, Anna  and
      Olsen, Sussi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/354.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zervanou-mcnaught-2004-domain,
    title = "A Domain-Independent Approach to {IE} Rule Development",
    author = "Zervanou, Kalliopi  and
      McNaught, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/355.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{devillers-etal-2004-french,
    title = "The {F}rench {MEDIA}/{EVALDA} Project: the Evaluation of the Understanding Capability of Spoken Language Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Devillers, Laurence  and
      Maynard, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Paroubek, Patrick  and
      McTait, Kevin  and
      Mostefa, D.  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Charnay, Laurent  and
      Bousquet, Caroline  and
      Vigouroux, Nadine  and
      B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Romary, Laurent  and
      Antoine, Jean-Yves  and
      Villaneau, J.  and
      Vergnes, Myriam  and
      Goulian, J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/356.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cresti-etal-2004-c,
    title = "The C-{ORAL}-{ROM} {CORPUS}. A Multilingual Resource of Spontaneous Speech for Romance Languages",
    author = "Cresti, Emanuela  and
      do Nascimento, Fernanda Bacelar  and
      Sandoval, Antonio Moreno  and
      Veronis, Jean  and
      Martin, Philippe  and
      Choukri, Khalid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/357.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{madsen-etal-2004-principles,
    title = "Principles of a System for Terminological Concept Modelling",
    author = "Madsen, Bodil Nistrup  and
      Thomsen, Hanne Erdman  and
      Vikner, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/358.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bael-etal-2004-usefulness,
    title = "On the Usefulness of Large Spoken Language Corpora for Linguistic Research",
    author = "Bael, Christophe Van  and
      Strik, Helmer  and
      van den Heuvel, Henk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/359.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gibbon-etal-2004-wala,
    title = "{WALA}: A Multilingual Resource Repository for West {A}frican Languages",
    author = "Gibbon, Dafydd  and
      Ahoua, Firmin  and
      Gb{\'e}ry, Eddi  and
      Urua, Eno-Abasi  and
      Ekpenyong, Moses",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/360.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bartsch-2004-annotating,
    title = "Annotating a Corpus for Building a Domain-specific Knowledge Base",
    author = "Bartsch, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/361.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{orasan-etal-2004-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Summarisation Methods Based on Term Specificity Estimation",
    author = "Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin  and
      Pekar, Viktor  and
      Hasler, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/362.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moneglia-2004-measurements,
    title = "Measurements of Spoken Language Variability in a Multilingual Corpus. Predictable Aspects",
    author = "Moneglia, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/363.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{devillers-vasilescu-2004-reliability,
    title = "Reliability of Lexical and Prosodic Cues in Two Real-life Spoken Dialog Corpora",
    author = "Devillers, L.  and
      Vasilescu, I.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/366.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{strapparava-valitutti-2004-wordnet,
    title = "{W}ord{N}et Affect: an Affective Extension of {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Valitutti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/369.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hospedales-rodriguez-2004-genoma,
    title = "The {GENOMA}-{KB} Platform: Queries over Integrated Linguistic Resources",
    author = "Hospedales, Margarita  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Manel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/370.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{danieli-etal-2004-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Consensus on the Annotation of Prosodic Breaks in the Romance Corpus of Spontaneous Speech {``}C-{ORAL}-{ROM}{''}",
    author = "Danieli, Morena  and
      Garrido, Juan Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Moneglia, Massimo  and
      Panizza, Andrea  and
      Quazza, Silvia  and
      Swerts, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/371.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-ney-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards the Use of Word Stems and Suffixes for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/372.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{eck-etal-2004-language,
    title = "Language Model Adaptation for Statistical Machine Translation Based on Information Retrieval",
    author = "Eck, Matthias  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/374.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{uryupina-2004-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Name-Matching for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Uryupina, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/376.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{amaral-etal-2004-design,
    title = "Design and Implementation of a Semantic Search Engine for {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Amaral, Carlos  and
      Laurent, Dominique  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e}  and
      Mendes, Afonso  and
      Pinto, Cl{\'a}udia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/378.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{campbell-ringger-2004-converting,
    title = "Converting Treebank Annotations to Language Neutral Syntax",
    author = "Campbell, Richard  and
      Ringger, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/380.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alphonse-bouillon-2004-methodology,
    title = "Methodology For Building Thematic Indexes In Medicine For {F}rench",
    author = "Alphonse, Yalina  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/381.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-mateo-etal-2004-transcrigal,
    title = "{T}ranscrigal: A Bilingual System for Automatic Indexing of Broadcast News",
    author = "Garcia-Mateo, Carmen  and
      Dieguez-Tirado, Javier  and
      Docio-Fernandez, Laura  and
      Cardenal-Lopez, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/382.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{diaz-de-ilarraza-etal-2004-abar,
    title = "Abar-Hitz: An Annotation Tool for the Basque Dependency Treebank",
    author = "D{\'\i}az de Ilarraza, Arantza  and
      Garmendia, Aitzpea  and
      Oronoz, Maite",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/383.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kordoni-neu-2004-creating,
    title = "Creating Multi-purpose Linguistic Resources for Modern {G}reek: a Deep Modern {G}reek Grammar",
    author = "Kordoni, Valia  and
      Neu, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/384.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wanner-etal-2004-enriching,
    title = "Enriching the {S}panish {E}uro{W}ord{N}et by Collocations",
    author = "Wanner, Leo  and
      Ramos, Margarita Alonso  and
      Mart{\'\i}, Antonia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/386.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fillmore-etal-2004-framenet,
    title = "{F}rame{N}et as a {``}Net{''}",
    author = "Fillmore, Charles J.  and
      Baker, Collin F.  and
      Sato, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/388.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ortega-etal-2004-av,
    title = "{AV}@{CAR}: A {S}panish Multichannel Multimodal Corpus for In-Vehicle Automatic Audio-Visual Speech Recognition",
    author = "Ortega, Alfonso  and
      Sukno, Federico  and
      LLeida, Eduardo  and
      Frangi, Alejandro  and
      Miguel, Antonio  and
      Buera, Luis  and
      Zacur, Ernesto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/389.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{melvin-etal-2004-creation,
    title = "Creation of a Doctor-Patient Dialogue Corpus Using Standardized Patients",
    author = "Melvin, Robert S.  and
      May, Win  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth  and
      Georgiou, Panayiotis  and
      Ganjavi, Shadi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/391.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{macwhinney-etal-2004-talkbank,
    title = "{T}alkbank: Building an Open Unified Multimodal Database of Communicative Interaction",
    author = "MacWhinney, Brian  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Cieri, Christopher  and
      Martell, Craig",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/392.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{belvin-etal-2004-fine,
    title = "A Fine-Grained Evaluation Method for Speech-to-Speech Machine Translation Using Concept Annotations",
    author = "Belvin, Robert S.  and
      Riehemann, Susanne  and
      Precoda, Kristin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/394.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{de-matos-etal-2004-rethinking,
    title = "Rethinking Reusable Resources",
    author = "de Matos, David M.  and
      Ribeiro, Ricardo  and
      Mamede, Nuno J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/395.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-etal-2004-cross,
    title = "The Cross-Breeding of Dictionaries",
    author = "Meyers, Adam  and
      Reeves, Ruth  and
      Macleod, Catherine  and
      Szekely, Rachel  and
      Zielinska, Veronika  and
      Young, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/397.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-etal-2004-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Noun Argument Structure for {N}om{B}ank",
    author = "Meyers, Adam  and
      Reeves, Ruth  and
      Macleod, Catherine  and
      Szekely, Rachel  and
      Zielinska, Veronika  and
      Young, Brian  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/398.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sasaki-etal-2004-concept,
    title = "Concept-based Queries: Combining and Reusing Linguistic Corpus Formats and Query Languages",
    author = "Sasaki, Felix  and
      Witt, Andreas  and
      Gibbon, Dafydd  and
      Trippel, Thorsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/399.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sasaki-witt-2004-co,
    title = "Co-reference in {J}apanese Task-oriented Dialogues: A Contribution to the Development of Language-specific and Language-general Annotation Schemes and Resources",
    author = "Sasaki, Felix  and
      Witt, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/400.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-imaichi-2004-constructing,
    title = "Constructing Word-Sense Association Networks from Bilingual Dictionary and Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Kaji, Hiroyuki  and
      Imaichi, Osamu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/401.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-etal-2004-utilization,
    title = "Utilization of Multiple Language Resources for Robust Grammar-Based Tense and Aspect Classification",
    author = "Palmer, Alexis  and
      Kuhn, Jonas  and
      Smith, Carlota",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/402.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{yoshida-etal-2004-retrieving,
    title = "Retrieving Annotated Corpora for Corpus Annotation",
    author = "Yoshida, Ky{\^o}suke  and
      Hashimoto, Taiichi  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/403.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tokunaga-etal-2004-classification,
    title = "Classification of {J}apanese Spatial Nouns",
    author = "Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Koyama, Tomofumi  and
      Saito, Suguru  and
      Nakajima, Masayuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/405.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sanfilippo-etal-2004-meaningful,
    title = "Meaningful Clusters",
    author = "Sanfilippo, Antonio  and
      Calapristi, Gus  and
      Crow, Vernon  and
      Hetzler, Beth  and
      Turner, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/406.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lacatusu-etal-2004-multi,
    title = "Multi-Document Summarization Using Multiple-Sequence Alignment",
    author = "Lacatusu, V. Finley  and
      Maiorano, Steven J.  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/408.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{otterbacher-radev-2004-revisionbank,
    title = "{R}evision{B}ank: A Resource for Revision-based Multi-document Summarization and Evaluation",
    author = "Otterbacher, Jahna  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/409.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{aluisio-etal-2004-lacio,
    title = "The L{\'a}cio-Web: Corpora and Tools to Advance {B}razilian {P}ortuguese Language Investigations and Computational Linguistic Tools",
    author = "Aluisio, Sandra  and
      Pinheiro, Gisele Montilha  and
      Manfrin, Aline M. P.  and
      de Oliveira, Leandro H. M.  and
      Genoves, Jr., Luiz C.  and
      Tagnin, Stella E. O.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/410.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{radev-etal-2004-cst,
    title = "{CST} Bank: A Corpus for the Study of Cross-document Structural Relationships",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir  and
      Otterbacher, Jahna  and
      Zhang, Zhu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/411.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kuhn-mateo-toledo-2004-applying,
    title = "Applying Computational Linguistic Techniques in a Documentary Project for Q{'}anjob{'}al (Mayan, Guatemala)",
    author = "Kuhn, Jonas  and
      Mateo-Toledo, B{'}alam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/412.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sasaki-shinnou-2004-information,
    title = "Information Retrieval System Using Latent Contextual Relevance",
    author = "Sasaki, Minoru  and
      Shinnou, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/413.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kawahara-etal-2004-toward,
    title = "Toward Text Understanding: Integrating Relevance-tagged Corpus and Automatically Constructed Case Frames",
    author = "Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Sasano, Ryohei  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/414.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bae-choi-2004-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Analysis of Agglutinative Languages Using a Dictionary of Lemmas and Lexical Transducers",
    author = "Bae, Sun-Mee  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/417.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nuebel-2004-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation and Adaptation of a Specialised Language Checking Tool for Non-specialised Machine Translation and Non-expert {MT} Users for Multi-lingual Telecooperation",
    author = {N{\"u}ebel, Rita},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/418.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lavelli-etal-2004-critical,
    title = "A Critical Survey of the Methodology for {IE} Evaluation",
    author = "Lavelli, A.  and
      Califf, M. E.  and
      Ciravegna, F.  and
      Freitag, D.  and
      Giuliano, C.  and
      Kushmerick, N.  and
      Romano, L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/416.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hayes-etal-2004-enriching,
    title = "Enriching {W}ord{N}et Via Generative Metonymy and Creative Polysemy",
    author = "Hayes, Jer  and
      Veale, Tony  and
      Seco, Nuno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/419.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{laureys-etal-2004-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation and Adaptation of the Celex {D}utch Morphological Database",
    author = "Laureys, Tom  and
      Pauw, Guy De  and
      hamme, Hugo Van  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Compernolle, Dirk Van",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/421.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2004-model,
    title = "A Model of Semantic Representations Analysis for {C}hinese Sentences",
    author = "Tang, Li  and
      Ji, Donghong  and
      Yang, Lingpeng  and
      Nie, Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/422.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{paik-etal-2004-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Two Variant Corpora: The Same Content with Different Source",
    author = "Paik, Kyonghee  and
      Ohtake, Kiyonori  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/424.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{quirk-2004-training,
    title = "Training a Sentence-Level Machine Translation Confidence Measure",
    author = "Quirk, Christopher B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/426.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bosch-pretorius-2004-software,
    title = "Software Tools for Morphological Tagging of {Z}ulu Corpora and Lexicon Development",
    author = "Bosch, Sonja E.  and
      Pretorius, Laurette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/427.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wible-etal-2004-improving,
    title = "Improving Collocation Extraction for High Frequency Words",
    author = "Wible, David  and
      Kuo, Chin-Hwa  and
      Tsao, Nai-Lung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/429.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kawazoe-etal-2004-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Coreference Relations Among Linguistic Expressions and Images in Biological Articles",
    author = "Kawazoe, Ai  and
      Kitamoto, Asanobu  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/431.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kluck-2004-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Cross-Language Information Retrieval Using the Domain-Specific {GIRT} Data as Parallel {G}erman-{E}nglish Corpus",
    author = "Kluck, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/432.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{manuelian-2004-generating,
    title = "Generating Coreferential Descriptions from a Structured Model of the Context",
    author = "Manu{\'e}lian, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/433.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{charoenporn-etal-2004-open,
    title = "Open Collaborative Development of the {T}hai Language Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Charoenporn, Thatsanee  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Kasuriya, Sawit  and
      Hansakunbuntheung, Chatchawarn  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/434.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kranias-samiotou-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Translation Memory Fuzzy Match Post-Editing: A Step Beyond Traditional {TM}/{MT} Integration",
    author = "Kranias, Lambros  and
      Samiotou, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/435.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schuurman-etal-2004-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Annotation of the Spoken {D}utch Corpus: If We Had To Do It All Over Again",
    author = "Schuurman, Ineke  and
      Goedertier, Wim  and
      Hoekstra, Heleen  and
      Oostdijk, Nelleke  and
      Piepenbrock, Richard  and
      Schouppe, Machteld",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/437.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{novak-etal-2004-combining,
    title = "Combining Symbolic and Statistical Methods in Morphological Analysis and Unknown Word Guessing",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, Attila  and
      Nagy, Viktor  and
      Oravecz, Csaba",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/438.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kis-etal-2004-new,
    title = "A New Approach to the Corpus-based Statistical Investigation of {H}ungarian Multi-word Lexemes",
    author = "Kis, Bal{\'a}zs  and
      Villada, Bego{\~n}a  and
      Bouma, Gosse  and
      Ugray, G{\'a}bor  and
      B{\'\i}r{\'o}, Tam{\'a}s  and
      Pohl, G{\'a}bor  and
      Nerbonne, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/441.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moiron-2004-discarding,
    title = "Discarding Noise in an Automatically Acquired Lexicon of Support verb Constructions",
    author = "Moir{\'o}n, M. Bego{\~n}a Villada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/442.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nevado-etal-2004-translation,
    title = "Translation Memories Enrichment by Statistical Bilingual Segmentation",
    author = "Nevado, Francisco  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco  and
      Landa, Josu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/443.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{roux-etal-2004-african,
    title = "The {A}frican Speech Technology Project: An Assessment",
    author = "Roux, J. C.  and
      Louw, P. H.  and
      Niesler, T. R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/445.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{demuynck-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Phonemic Labeling and Segmentation of Spoken {D}utch",
    author = "Demuynck, Kris  and
      Laureys, Tom  and
      Wambacq, Patrick  and
      Compernolle, Dirk Van",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/447.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{oostdijk-boves-2004-using,
    title = "Using Large Multi-purpose Corpora for Specific Research Questions: Discourse Phenomena Related to Wh-questions in the Spoken {D}utch Corpus",
    author = "Oostdijk, Nelleke  and
      Boves, Lou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/449.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mariani-badii-2004-methods,
    title = "Methods of Digital Access for Legal Language Documentation",
    author = "Mariani, Paola  and
      Badii, Costanza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/450.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wittenburg-etal-2004-architecture,
    title = "Architecture for Distributed Language Resource Management and Archiving",
    author = "Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Johnson, Heidi  and
      Buchhorn, Markus  and
      Brugman, Hennie  and
      Broeder, Daan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/451.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fersoe-etal-2004-creation,
    title = "Creation and Validation of Large Lexica for Speech-to-Speech Translation Purposes",
    author = "Fers{\o}e, Hanne  and
      Hartikainen, Elviira  and
      van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      Maltese, Giulio  and
      Moreno, Asunc{\'\i}on  and
      Shammass, Shaunie  and
      Ziegenhain, Ute",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/452.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{oliver-tadic-2004-enlarging,
    title = "Enlarging the {C}roatian Morphological Lexicon by Automatic Lexical Acquisition from Raw Corpora",
    author = "Oliver, Antoni  and
      Tadi{\'c}, Marko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/457.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zervas-etal-2004-learning,
    title = "Learning to Predict Pitch Accents Using {B}ayesian Belief Networks for {G}reek Language",
    author = "Zervas, Panagiotis  and
      Maragoudakis, Manolis  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos  and
      Kokkinakis, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/458.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{more-etal-2004-grammar,
    title = "A Grammar and Style Checker Based on {I}nternet Searches",
    author = "Mor{\'e}, Joaquim  and
      Climent, Salvador  and
      Oliver, Antoni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/461.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wittenburg-etal-2004-cross,
    title = "Cross-Disciplinary Integration of Metadata Descriptions",
    author = "Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Gulrajani, Greg  and
      Broeder, Daan  and
      Uneson, Marcus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/462.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{quochi-2004-representing,
    title = "Representing {I}talian Complex Nominals: A Pilot Study",
    author = "Quochi, Valeria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/463.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{traboulsi-etal-2004-text,
    title = "Text Corpora, Local Grammars and Prediction",
    author = "Traboulsi, Hayssam  and
      Cheng, David  and
      Ahmad, Khurshid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/464.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schmid-etal-2004-smor,
    title = "{SMOR}: A {G}erman Computational Morphology Covering Derivation, Composition and Inflection",
    author = "Schmid, Helmut  and
      Fitschen, Arne  and
      Heid, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/468.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{izumi-etal-2004-overview,
    title = "The Overview of the {SST} Speech Corpus of {J}apanese Learner {E}nglish and Evaluation Through the Experiment on Automatic Detection of Learners{'} Errors",
    author = "Izumi, Emi  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/470.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gevaudan-wiebel-2004-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Lexicographic Data Modelling. A Diachronic Dictionary Development Report",
    author = "G{\'e}vaudan, Paul  and
      Wiebel, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/471.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alonso-etal-2004-using,
    title = "Re-using High-quality Resources for Continued Evaluation of Automated Summarization Systems",
    author = "Alonso, Laura  and
      Fuentes, Maria  and
      Massot, Marc  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/472.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rossler-2004-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based Learning of Lexical Resources for {G}erman Named Entity Recognition",
    author = {R{\"o}ssler, Marc},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/373.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brugman-etal-2004-collaborative,
    title = "Collaborative Annotation of Sign Language Data with Peer-to-Peer Technology",
    author = "Brugman, Hennie  and
      Crasborn, Onno  and
      Russel, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/473.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vazquez-etal-2004-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Categorization of {S}panish Se-constructions",
    author = "V{\'a}zquez, Gl{\`o}ria  and
      Montraveta, Ana Fern{\'a}ndez  and
      Castell{\'o}n, Irene  and
      Alonso, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/474.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dalli-etal-2004-web,
    title = "Web Services Architecture for Language Resources",
    author = "Dalli, Angelo  and
      Tablan, Valentin  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Wilks, Yorick  and
      Broeder, Daan  and
      Brugman, Hennie  and
      Wittenburg, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/475.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{broeder-etal-2004-large,
    title = "A Large Metadata Domain of Language Resources",
    author = {Broeder, Daan  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Romary, Laurent  and
      Uneson, Markus  and
      Str{\"o}mqvist, Sven  and
      Wittenburg, Peter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/478.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{grobler-etal-2004-metamorpho,
    title = "{M}eta{M}orpho {TM}: A Rule-Based Translation Corpus",
    author = {Gr{\"o}bler, Tam{\'a}s  and
      Hod{\'a}sz, G{\'a}bor  and
      Kis, Bal{\'a}zs},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/479.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brugman-russel-2004-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Multi-media/Multi-modal Resources with {ELAN}",
    author = "Brugman, Hennie  and
      Russel, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/480.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tutin-etal-2004-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Anaphoric Expressions in an Aligned Bilingual Corpus",
    author = "Tutin, Agn{\`e}s  and
      Haddara, Meriam  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan  and
      Orasan, Constantin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/482.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ule-simov-2004-unexpected,
    title = "Unexpected Productions May Well be Errors",
    author = "Ule, Tylman  and
      Simov, Kiril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/483.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sarkar-roeck-2004-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Evaluating the Suitability of Non-{E}nglish Corpora for Language Engineering",
    author = "Sarkar, Avik  and
      Roeck, Anne De",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/485.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{samiotou-etal-2004-intelligent,
    title = "Intelligent Building of Language Resources for {HLT} Applications",
    author = "Samiotou, Anna  and
      Kranias, Lambros  and
      Kokkinakis, Dimitrios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/486.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{akiba-etal-2004-collecting,
    title = "Collecting Spontaneously Spoken Queries for Information Retrieval",
    author = "Akiba, Tomoyosi  and
      Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Itou, Katunobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/487.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tanev-etal-2004-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Pattern Libraries for Question Answering: a Case Study for Definition Questions",
    author = "Tanev, Hristo  and
      Kouylekov, Milen  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Coppola, Bonaventura  and
      Magnini, Bernardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/488.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{daum-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Transformation of Phrase Treebanks to Dependency Trees",
    author = "Daum, Michael  and
      Foth, Kilian A.  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/489.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ceccotti-sassi-2004-computational,
    title = "Computational Lexicography and {C}arlo Emilio Gadda, Principe dell{'}Analisi e Duca della Buona Cognizione",
    author = "Ceccotti, Maria Luigia  and
      Sassi, Manuela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/490.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mizuta-collier-2004-annotation,
    title = "An Annotation Scheme for a Rhetorical Analysis of Biology Articles",
    author = "Mizuta, Yoko  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/494.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{renouf-kehoe-2004-textual,
    title = "Textual Distraction as a Basis for Evaluating Automatic Summarisers",
    author = "Renouf, Antoinette  and
      Kehoe, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/495.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{slavcheva-2004-verb,
    title = "Verb Valency Descriptors for a Syntactic Treebank",
    author = "Slavcheva, Milena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/496.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kasper-etal-2004-integrated,
    title = "Integrated Language Technologies for Multilingual Information Services in the {MEMPHIS} Project",
    author = {Kasper, Walter  and
      Steffen, J{\"o}rg  and
      Piskorski, Jakub  and
      Buitelaar, Paul},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/498.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{deepa-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of Compound Word Lexicon for {H}indi Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Deepa, S.R.  and
      Bali, Kalika  and
      Ramakrishnan, A.G.  and
      Talukdar, Partha Pratim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/501.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ahmad-etal-2004-summarization,
    title = "Summarization of Multimodal Information",
    author = "Ahmad, Saif  and
      de Oliveira, Paulo C. F.  and
      Ahmad, Khurshid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/502.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{altosaar-karjalainen-2004-design,
    title = "Design of an Interactive Web-based User Interface for Speech Database Query Formation",
    author = "Altosaar, Toomas  and
      Karjalainen, Matti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/503.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bauman-etal-2004-migrating,
    title = "Migrating Language Resources from {SGML} to {XML}: The Text Encoding Initiative Recommendations",
    author = "Bauman, Syd  and
      Bia, Alejandro  and
      Burnard, Lou  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Ruotolo, Christine  and
      Schreibman, Susan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/504.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bernsen-etal-2004-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Conversation with Hans Christian Andersen",
    author = "Bernsen, Niels Ole  and
      Dybkj{\ae}r, Laila  and
      Kiilerich, Svend",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/505.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cucchiarini-dhalleweyn-2004-new,
    title = "The New {D}utch-Flemish {HLT} Programme: a Concerted Effort to Stimulate the {HLT} Sector",
    author = "Cucchiarini, Catia  and
      D{'}Halleweyn, Elisabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/506.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{yamamoto-umemura-2004-related,
    title = "Related Word-pairs Extraction Without Dictionaries",
    author = "Yamamoto, Eiko  and
      Umemura, Kyoji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/507.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{aires-etal-2004-style,
    title = "What is my Style? Using Stylistic Features of {P}ortuguese Web Texts to Classify Web Pages According to Users{'} Needs",
    author = "Aires, Rachel  and
      Manfrin, Aline  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra  and
      Santos, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/508.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{baroni-bernardini-2004-bootcat,
    title = "{B}oot{C}a{T}: Bootstrapping Corpora and Terms from the Web",
    author = "Baroni, Marco  and
      Bernardini, Silvia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/509.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{steffen-2004-n,
    title = "N-Gram Language Modeling for Robust Multi-Lingual Document Classification",
    author = {Steffen, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/510.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{barbu-2004-word,
    title = "A Word Alignment System Based on a Translation Equivalence Extractor",
    author = "Barbu, Ana-Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/512.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{broeder-etal-2004-using,
    title = "Using Profiles for {IMDI} Metadata Creation",
    author = "Broeder, Daan  and
      Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Crasborn, Onno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/513.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{morth-2004-rethinking,
    title = "Rethinking Readability of Digital Editions {---} The Case of the {AAC}{'}s {``}Digital Brenner{''}",
    author = {M{\"o}rth, Karlheinz},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/515.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ferres-etal-2004-automatic-building,
    title = "Automatic Building Gazetteers of Co-referring Named Entities",
    author = "Ferr{\'e}s, Daniel  and
      Massot, Marc  and
      Padr{\'o}, Muntsa  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Horacio  and
      Turmo, Jordi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/516.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ruimy-etal-2004-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automatic Derivation of a {F}rench Lexicon from {CLIPS}",
    author = "Ruimy, Nilda  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Cartoni, Bruno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/517.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ide-suderman-2004-american,
    title = "The {A}merican National Corpus First Release",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Suderman, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/518.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{evert-etal-2004-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Morphosyntactic Preferences in Collocations",
    author = "Evert, Stefan  and
      Heid, Ulrich  and
      Spranger, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/519.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dybkjaer-bernse-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards General-Purpose Annotation Tools {--} How Far Are We Today?",
    author = "Dybkj{\ae}r, Laila  and
      Bernse, Niels Ole",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/520.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{reichel-weilhammer-2004-automated,
    title = "Automated Morphological Segmentation and Evaluation",
    author = "Reichel, Uwe D.  and
      Weilhammer, Karl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/521.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ide-romary-2004-registry,
    title = "A Registry of Standard Data Categories for Linguistic Annotation",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/522.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hippisley-karavasili-2004-natural,
    title = "A Natural Language Approach to Information Management: Tracking Scientific Advances Through the Structure of Words",
    author = "Hippisley, Andrew  and
      Karavasili, Chara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/523.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{marinelli-etal-2004-building,
    title = "Building a Maritime Domain Lexicon: a Few Considerations on the Database Structure and the Semantic Coding",
    author = "Marinelli, Rita  and
      Roventini, Adriana  and
      Enea, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/524.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{halacsy-etal-2004-creating,
    title = "Creating Open Language Resources for {H}ungarian",
    author = "Hal{\'a}csy, P{\'e}ter  and
      Kornai, Andr{\'a}s  and
      N{\'e}meth, L{\'a}szl{\'o}  and
      Rung, Andr{\'a}s  and
      Szakad{\'a}t, Istv{\'a}n  and
      Tr{\'o}n, Viktor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/525.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fujii-etal-2004-test,
    title = "Test Collections for Patent-to-Patent Retrieval and Patent Map Generation in {NTCIR}-4 Workshop",
    author = "Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Iwayama, Makoto  and
      Kando, Noriko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/526.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tateisi-tsujii-2004-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Annotation of Biology Research Abstracts",
    author = "Tateisi, Yuka  and
      Tsujii, Jun-ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/528.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bekavac-etal-2004-making,
    title = "Making Monolingual Corpora Comparable: a Case Study of {B}ulgarian and {C}roatian",
    author = "Bekavac, Bo{\v{z}}o  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Simov, Kiril  and
      Tadi{\'c}, Marko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/529.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{henriksen-etal-2004-corporate,
    title = "Corporate Voice, Tone of Voice and Controlled Language Techniques",
    author = "Henriksen, Lina  and
      Jongejan, Bart  and
      Maegaard, Bente",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/530.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fakotakis-2004-cypriot,
    title = "Cypriot Speech Database: Data Collection and {G}reek to Cypriot Dialect Adaptation",
    author = "Fakotakis, Nikos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/531.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{navarro-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Syntactic Semantic Patterns for Multilingual Resources",
    author = "Navarro, Borja  and
      Palomar, Manuel  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Barco, Patricio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/532.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dutoit-etal-2004-integral,
    title = "The Integral Dictionary: An Ontological Resource for the Semantic Web: Integration of {E}uro{W}ord{N}et, Balkanet, {TID}, and {SUMO}",
    author = "Dutoit, Dominique  and
      Nugues, Pierre  and
      de Torcy, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/533.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pekar-etal-2004-categorizing,
    title = "Categorizing Web Pages as a Preprocessing Step for Information Extraction",
    author = "Pekar, Viktor  and
      Evans, Richard  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/534.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{weiss-2004-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Data-driven Video-realistic Audio-visual Speech-synthesis",
    author = "Weiss, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/535.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kunze-rosner-2004-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Based Enrichment of {G}erma{N}et Verb Frames",
    author = {Kunze, Manuela  and
      R{\"o}sner, Dietmar},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/536.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{poibeau-goujon-2004-semi,
    title = "Semi-automatic Acquisition of Command Grammar",
    author = "Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Goujon, B{\'e}n{\'e}dicte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/538.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-etal-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards a Language Infrastructure for the Semantic Web",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry  and
      Buitelaar, Paul  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/541.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{martin-etal-2004-conversational,
    title = "Conversational Telephone Speech Corpus Collection for the {NIST} Speaker Recognition Evaluation 2004",
    author = "Martin, Alvin  and
      Miller, David  and
      Przybocki, Mark  and
      Campbell, Joseph  and
      Nakasone, Hirotaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/542.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vogel-monson-2004-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting Manual Dictionaries for Statistical Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "Vogel, Stephan  and
      Monson, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/543.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{biemann-etal-2004-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Corpus Search",
    author = "Biemann, Christian  and
      Quasthoff, Uwe  and
      Wolff, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/546.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{calzolari-etal-2004-enabler,
    title = "{ENABLER} Thematic Network of National Projects: Technical, Strategic and Political Issues of {LR}s",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Gavrilidou, Maria  and
      Maegaard, Bente  and
      Baroni, Paola  and
      Fers{\o}e, Hanne  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Mapelli, Val{\'e}rie  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/545.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cousse-etal-2004-influence,
    title = "The Influence of the Labeller{'}s Regional Background on Phonetic Transcriptions: Implications for the Evaluation of Spoken Language Resources",
    author = "Couss{\'e}, Evie  and
      Gillis, Steven  and
      Kloots, Hanne  and
      Swerts, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/547.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{buitelaar-etal-2004-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Resources for Concept-based Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval in the Medical Domain",
    author = "Buitelaar, Paul  and
      Steffen, Diana  and
      Volk, Martin  and
      Widdows, Dominic  and
      Sacaleanu, Bogdan  and
      Vintar, {\v{S}}pela  and
      Peters, Stanley  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/548.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{biemann-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Paradigmatic Relations Using Iterated Co-occurrences",
    author = "Biemann, Chris  and
      Bordag, Stefan  and
      Quasthoff, Uwe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/549.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{buitelaar-etal-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards Ontology Engineering Based on Linguistic Analysis",
    author = "Buitelaar, Paul  and
      Olejnik, Daniel  and
      Hutanu, Mihaela  and
      Schutz, Alexander  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Sintek, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/550.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{iskra-etal-2004-orientel,
    title = "{O}rien{T}el - Telephony Databases Across Northern {A}frica and the Middle East",
    author = "Iskra, Dorota  and
      Siemund, Rainer  and
      Borno, Jamal  and
      Moreno, Asuncion  and
      Emam, Ossama  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Gedge, Oren  and
      Tropf, Herbert  and
      Nogueiras, Albino  and
      Zitouni, Imed  and
      Tsopanoglou, Anastasios  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/552.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fersoe-monachini-2004-elra,
    title = "{ELRA} Validation Methodology and Standard Promotion for Linguistic Resources",
    author = "Fers{\o}e, Hanne  and
      Monachini, Monica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/553.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{biber-breiteneder-2004-aac,
    title = "The {AAC} [{A}ustrian Academy Corpus] {--} An Enterprise to Develop Large Electronic Text Corpora",
    author = "Biber, Hanno  and
      Breiteneder, Evelyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/554.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{binnenpoorte-etal-2004-improving,
    title = "Improving Automatic Phonetic Transcription of Spontaneous Speech Through Variant-Based Pronunciation Variation Modelling",
    author = "Binnenpoorte, Diana  and
      Cucchiarini, Catia  and
      Strik, Helmer  and
      Boves, Lou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/558.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-kabadjov-2004-general,
    title = "A General-Purpose, Off-the-shelf Anaphora Resolution Module: Implementation and Preliminary Evaluation",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo  and
      Kabadjov, Mijail A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/559.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-2004-building,
    title = "Building a Conceptual Graph Bank for {C}hinese Language",
    author = "Ji, Donghong  and
      Tang, Li  and
      Yang, Lingpeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/561.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{abeille-barrier-2004-enriching,
    title = "Enriching a {F}rench Treebank",
    author = "Abeill{\'e}, Anne  and
      Barrier, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/562.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{daille-etal-2004-french,
    title = "{F}rench-{E}nglish Multi-word Term Alignment Based on Lexical Context Analysis",
    author = "Daille, B{\'e}atrice  and
      Dufour-Kowalski, Samuel  and
      Morin, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/563.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pallotta-etal-2004-argumentative,
    title = "An Argumentative Annotation Schema for Meeting Discussions",
    author = "Pallotta, Vincenzo  and
      Ghorbel, Hatem  and
      Ruch, Patrick  and
      Coray, Giovanni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/564.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{trommer-kallulli-2004-morphological,
    title = "A morphological Analyzer for Standard {A}lbanian",
    author = "Trommer, Jochen  and
      Kallulli, Dalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/566.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{soudi-eisele-2004-generating,
    title = "Generating an {A}rabic Full-form Lexicon for Bidirectional Morphology Lookup",
    author = "Soudi, Abdelhadi  and
      Eisele, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/567.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pollak-cernocky-2004-orthographic,
    title = "Orthographic and Phonetic Annotation of Very Large {C}zech Corpora with Quality Assessment",
    author = "Poll{\'a}k, Petr  and
      {\v{C}}ernock{\'y}, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/568.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ribeiro-etal-2004-inquer,
    title = "{INQUER}: A {W}ord{N}et-based Question-Answering Application",
    author = "Ribeiro, Catarina  and
      Santos, Ricardo  and
      Correia, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Chaves, Rui Pedro  and
      Marrafa, Palmira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/571.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{branco-silva-2004-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Solutions for the Rapid Development of State-of-the-Art {POS} Taggers for {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Branco, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Silva, Jo{\~a}o",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/572.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{klatt-2004-high,
    title = "A High Quality Partial Parser for Annotating {G}erman Text Corpora",
    author = "Klatt, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/575.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maragoudakis-fakotakis-2004-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Semantics Incorporation to Web Content for Natural Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Maragoudakis, Manolis  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/576.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{larsen-2004-usability,
    title = "Usability Evaluation of Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Larsen, Lars Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/578.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nica-etal-2004-enriching,
    title = "Enriching {EWN} with Syntagmatic Information by Means of {WSD}",
    author = "Nica, Iulia  and
      Mart{\'\i}, Mª Ant{\`o}nia  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s  and
      V{\'a}zquez, Sonia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/579.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{marinelli-2004-proper,
    title = "Proper Names and Polysemy: From a Lexicographic Experience",
    author = "Marinelli, Rita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/580.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{heid-etal-2004-tools,
    title = "Tools for Upgrading Printed Dictionaries by Means of Corpus-based Lexical Acquisition",
    author = {Heid, Ulrich  and
      S{\"a}uberlich, Bettina  and
      Debus-Gregor, Esther  and
      Scholze-Stubenrecht, Werner},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/581.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{piskorski-2004-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Polish Named-Entities",
    author = "Piskorski, Jakub",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/582.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Sense Examples Using {E}x{R}etriever",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez, Juan  and
      Castillo, Mauro  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Atserias, Jordi  and
      Turmo, Jordi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/583.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{krstev-etal-2004-combining,
    title = "Combining Heterogeneous Lexical Resources",
    author = "Krstev, Cvetana  and
      Vitas, Du{\v{s}}ko  and
      Stankovi{\ae}, Ranka  and
      Obradovi{\ae}, Ivan  and
      Pavlovi{\ae}-La{\v{z}}eti{\ae}, Gordana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/584.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2004-spoken,
    title = "Spoken and Written Language Resources for {V}ietnamese",
    author = "Le, Viet-Bac  and
      Tran, Do-Dat  and
      Castelli, Eric  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Serignat, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/586.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-belis-etal-2004-building,
    title = "Building and Using a Corpus of Shallow Dialogue Annotated Meetings",
    author = "Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Georgescul, Maria  and
      Clark, Alexander  and
      Armstrong, Susan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/587.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{piccioni-zanchetta-2004-xterm,
    title = "{XTERM}: A Flexible Standard-Compliant {XML}-Based Termbase Management System",
    author = "Piccioni, Lorenzo  and
      Zanchetta, Eros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/588.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mihaltz-2004-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation Using Random Indexing",
    author = "Mih{\'a}ltz, M{\'a}rton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/589.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{heid-etal-2004-querying,
    title = "Querying Both Time-aligned and Hierarchical Corpora with {NXT} Search",
    author = "Heid, Ulrich  and
      Voormann, Holger  and
      Milde, Jan-Torsten  and
      Gut, Ulrike  and
      Erk, Katrin  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/590.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chalamandaris-etal-2004-bypassing,
    title = "Bypassing Greeklish!",
    author = "Chalamandaris, A.  and
      Tsiakoulis, P.  and
      Raptis, S.  and
      Giannopoulos, G.  and
      Carayannis, G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/593.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ribeiro-etal-2004-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automatic {UNL} Dictionary Generation Using {W}ord{N}et.{PT}",
    author = "Ribeiro, Catarina  and
      Santos, Ricardo  and
      Chaves, Rui Pedro  and
      Marrafa, Palmira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/594.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{geyken-2004-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping a Database of {G}erman Multi-word Expressions",
    author = "Geyken, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/595.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ha-2004-practical,
    title = "A Practical Comparison of Different Filters Used in Automatic Term Extraction",
    author = "Ha, Le An",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/596.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gimenez-marquez-2004-svmtool,
    title = "{SVMT}ool: A general {POS} Tagger Generator Based on Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Gim{\'e}nez, Jes{\'u}s  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/597.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{herrmann-etal-2004-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Modal Documentation System for Warao",
    author = "Herrmann, Stefanie  and
      Keck, Hartmut  and
      Kepser, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/599.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{callmeier-etal-2004-deepthought,
    title = "The {D}eep{T}hought Core Architecture Framework",
    author = {Callmeier, Ulrich  and
      Eisele, Andreas  and
      Sch{\"a}fer, Ulrich  and
      Siegel, Melanie},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/603.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{atserias-etal-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards the Meaning Top Ontology: Sources of Ontological Meaning",
    author = "Atserias, Jordi  and
      Climent, Salvador  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/604.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vetulani-2004-environment,
    title = "An Environment for Dialogue Corpora Collection ({ENDIACC})",
    author = "Vetulani, Zygmunt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/605.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bordel-etal-2004-development,
    title = "Development of Resources for a Bilingual Automatic Index System of Broadcast News in Basque and {S}panish",
    author = "Bordel, G.  and
      Ezeiza, A.  and
      Lopez de Ipina, K.  and
      M{\'e}ndez, M.  and
      Pe{\~n}agarikano, M.  and
      Rico, T.  and
      Tovar, C.  and
      Zulueta, E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/609.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{teixeira-etal-2004-acoustic,
    title = "An Acoustic Corpus Contemplating Regional Variation for Studies of {E}uropean {P}ortuguese Nasals",
    author = "Teixeira, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Ferreira, Liliana  and
      Moutinho, Lurdes  and
      Coimbra, Rosa L{\'\i}dia  and
      Lisboa, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/610.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{romary-etal-2004-experiments,
    title = "Experiments on Building Language Resources for Multi-Modal Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Romary, Laurent  and
      Todirascu, Amalia  and
      Langlois, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/611.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{day-etal-2004-callisto,
    title = "{C}allisto: A Configurable Annotation Workbench",
    author = "Day, David  and
      McHenry, Chad  and
      Kozierok, Robyn  and
      Riek, Laurel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/612.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{clifford-etal-2004-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Text Difficulty on Machine Translation Performance {--} A Pilot Study with {ILR}-Rated Texts in {S}panish, {F}arsi, {A}rabic, {R}ussian and {K}orean",
    author = "Clifford, Ray  and
      Granoien, Neil  and
      Jones, Douglas  and
      Shen, Wade  and
      Weinstein, Clifford",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/613.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wermter-hahn-2004-annotated,
    title = "An Annotated {G}erman-Language Medical Text Corpus as Language Resource",
    author = "Wermter, Joachim  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/614.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{perez-etal-2004-application,
    title = "Application of the {BLEU} Method for Evaluating Free-text Answers in an E-learning Environment",
    author = "P{\'e}rez, Diana  and
      Alfonseca, Enrique  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Pilar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/615.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kanzaki-etal-2004-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Hyperonymy of Adjectives from Large Corpora by Using the Neural Network Model",
    author = "Kanzaki, Kyoko  and
      Ma, Qing  and
      Yamamoto, Eiko  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/616.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{miltsakaki-etal-2004-penn,
    title = "The {P}enn Discourse Treebank",
    author = "Miltsakaki, Eleni  and
      Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Joshi, Aravind  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/618.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{seretan-etal-2004-using,
    title = "Using the Web as a Corpus for the Syntactic-Based Collocation Identification",
    author = "Seretan, Violeta  and
      Nerima, Luka  and
      Wehrli, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/619.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schiehlen-spranger-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Methods to Supplement Broad-Coverage Subcategorization Lexicons",
    author = "Schiehlen, Michael  and
      Spranger, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/620.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{harkema-etal-2004-large-scale,
    title = "A Large-Scale Resource for Storing and Recognizing Technical Terminology",
    author = "Harkema, Henk  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Davis, Neil  and
      Guo, Yikun  and
      Roberts, Angus  and
      Roberts, Ian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/621.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hemsen-2004-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of a Multimodal Dialogue System for Small-screen Devices",
    author = "Hemsen, Holmer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/622.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{biemann-etal-2004-web,
    title = "Web Services for Language Resources and Language Technology Applications",
    author = "Biemann, Christian  and
      Bordag, Stefan  and
      Quasthoff, Uwe  and
      Wolff, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/624.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pinto-etal-2004-development,
    title = "Development of New Telephone Speech Databases for {F}rench: the {NEOLOGOS} Project",
    author = {Pinto, Elisabeth  and
      Charlet, Delphine  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Mostefa, Djamel  and
      Bo{\"e}ffard, Olivier  and
      Fohr, Dominique  and
      Mella, Odile  and
      Bimbot, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Philip, Yann  and
      Charpentier, Francis},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/625.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pala-smrz-2004-top,
    title = "Top Ontology as a Tool for Semantic Role Tagging",
    author = "Pala, Karel  and
      Smrz, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/626.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vasilakopoulos-etal-2004-suite,
    title = "A Suite of Tools for Marking Up Textual Data for Temporal Text Mining Scenarios",
    author = "Vasilakopoulos, Argyrios  and
      Bersani, Michele  and
      Black, William J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/627.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{roeck-etal-2004-frequent,
    title = "Frequent Term Distribution Measures for Dataset Profiling",
    author = "Roeck, Anne De  and
      Sarkar, Avik  and
      Garthwaite, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/629.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{psutka-etal-2004-issues,
    title = "Issues in Annotation of the {C}zech Spontaneous Speech Corpus in the {MALACH} project",
    author = "Psutka, Josef  and
      Ircing, Pavel  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Radov{\'a}, Vlasta  and
      Psutka, Josef V.  and
      Byrne, William J.  and
      Gustman, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/630.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-perez-suarez-figueroa-2004-ontology,
    title = "Ontology Evaluation Functionalities of {RDF}(S),{DAML}+{OIL}, and {OWL} Parsers and Ontology Platforms",
    author = "G{\'o}mez-P{\'e}rez, Asunci{\'o}n  and
      Su{\'a}rez-Figueroa, M. Carmen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/631.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sinopalnikova-smrz-2004-word,
    title = "Word Association Norms as a Unique Supplement of Traditional Language Resources",
    author = "Sinopalnikova, Anna  and
      Smrz, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/632.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{aldinger-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards a Dynamic Lexicon: Predicting the Syntactic Argument Structure of Complex Verbs",
    author = "Aldinger, Nadine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/633.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kral-2004-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Annotating of {C}zech Corpus via {WSD}",
    author = "Kr{\'a}l, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/635.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{carletta-etal-2004-using,
    title = "Using the {NITE} {XML} Toolkit on the Switchboard Corpus to Study Syntactic Choice: a Case Study",
    author = "Carletta, Jean  and
      Dingare, Shipra  and
      Nissim, Malvina  and
      Nikitina, Tatiana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/636.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nissim-etal-2004-annotation,
    title = "An Annotation Scheme for Information Status in Dialogue",
    author = "Nissim, Malvina  and
      Dingare, Shipra  and
      Carletta, Jean  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/638.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{trutnev-etal-2004-speech,
    title = "Speech Recognition Simulation and its Application for Wizard-of-{O}z Experiments",
    author = "Trutnev, Alex  and
      Rozenknop, Antoine  and
      Rajman, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/639.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{deviren-etal-2004-language,
    title = "Language Modeling Using Dynamic {B}ayesian Networks",
    author = {Deviren, Murat  and
      Daoudi, Khalid  and
      Sma{\"\i}li, Kamel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/640.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-wermter-2004-pumping,
    title = "Pumping Documents Through a Domain and Genre Classification Pipeline",
    author = "Hahn, Udo  and
      Wermter, Joachim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/641.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{simov-osenova-2004-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Strategy For Regular Grammar Parsing",
    author = "Simov, Kiril  and
      Osenova, Petya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/642.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{atserias-etal-2004-cross,
    title = "Cross-Language Acquisition of Semantic Models for Verbal Predicates",
    author = "Atserias, Jordi  and
      Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Popescu, Octavian  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Atutxa, Aitziber  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Carroll, John  and
      Koeling, Rob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/643.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sanso-2004-med,
    title = "{MED}-{TYP}: A Typological Database for Mediterranean Languages",
    author = "Sans{\`o}, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/644.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{georgila-etal-2004-graphical,
    title = "A graphical Tool for Handling Rule Grammars in {J}ava Speech Grammar Format",
    author = "Georgila, Kallirroi  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos  and
      Kokkinakis, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/645.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sheremetyeva-2004-flexible,
    title = "A Flexible Language Acquisition Tool Kit for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Sheremetyeva, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/647.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-agirre-2004-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Bias on an Automatically-built Word Sense Corpus",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez, David  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/648.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{arranz-etal-2004-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Connections for Trilingual Corpora: An {XML} Approach",
    author = "Arranz, Victoria  and
      Castell, N{\'u}ria  and
      Crego, Josep Maria  and
      Gim{\'e}nez, Jes{\'u}s  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Lambert, Patrik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/649.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{trippel-etal-2004-cogest,
    title = "{C}o{G}es{T}: a Formal Transcription System for Conversational Gesture",
    author = "Trippel, Thorsten  and
      Gibbon, Dafydd  and
      Thies, Alexandra  and
      Milde, Jan-Torsten  and
      Looks, Karin  and
      Hell, Benjamin  and
      Gut, Ulrike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/650.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{noklestad-2004-memory,
    title = "Memory-based Classification of Proper Names in {N}orwegian",
    author = "N{\o}klestad, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/652.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{trutnev-rajman-2004-comparative,
    title = "Comparative Evaluations in the Domain of Automatic Speech Recognition",
    author = "Trutnev, Alex  and
      Rajman, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/654.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{trippel-etal-2004-consistent,
    title = "Consistent Storage of Metadata in Inference Lexica: the {M}eta{L}ex Approach",
    author = "Trippel, Thorsten  and
      Sasaki, Felix  and
      Gibbon, Dafydd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/655.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{marques-goncalves-2004-applying,
    title = "Applying a Part-of-Speech Tagger to Postal Address Detection on the Web",
    author = "Marques, Nuno Cavalheiro  and
      Gon{\c{c}}alves, S{\'e}rgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/656.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{monachini-etal-2004-unifying,
    title = "Unifying Lexicons in view of a Phonological and Morphological Lexical {DB}",
    author = "Monachini, Monica  and
      Calzolari, Federico  and
      Mammini, Michele  and
      Rossi, Sergio  and
      Ulivieri, Marisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/657.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{braffort-etal-2004-toward,
    title = "Toward an Annotation Software for Video of Sign Language, Including Image Processing Tools and Signing Space Modelling",
    author = "Braffort, A.  and
      Choisier, A.  and
      Collet, C.  and
      Dalle, P.  and
      Gianni, F.  and
      Lenseigne, F.  and
      Segouat, J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/660.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tamburini-2004-building,
    title = "Building Distributed Language Resources By Grid Computing",
    author = "Tamburini, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/661.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bohnet-seniv-2004-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Dependency Structures to Phrase Structures and the Automatic Acquisition of Mapping Rules",
    author = "Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Seniv, Halyna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/663.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{puscasu-2004-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Temporal Resolution",
    author = "Pu{\c{s}}ca{\c{s}}u, Georgiana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/664.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{busemann-2004-egram,
    title = "{EGRAM} {--} A Grammar Development Environment and its Usage for Language Generation",
    author = "Busemann, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/665.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{guthrie-etal-2004-large,
    title = "Large Scale Experiments for Semantic Labeling of Noun Phrases in Raw Text",
    author = "Guthrie, Louise  and
      Basili, Roberto  and
      Zanzotto, Fabio  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Guthrie, David  and
      Cui, Jia  and
      Cammisa, Marco  and
      Liu, Jerry Cheng-Chieh  and
      Martin, Cassia Farria  and
      Haralambiev, Kristiyan  and
      Holub, Martin  and
      Macherey, Klaus  and
      Jelinek, Fredrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/666.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2004-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Portability of Syntactic Information from {E}nglish to Basque",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Atutxa, Aitziber  and
      Gojenola, Koldo  and
      Sarasola, Kepa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/667.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{atserias-etal-2004-spanish,
    title = "{S}panish {W}ord{N}et 1.6: Porting the {S}panish {W}ordnet Across {P}rinceton Versions",
    author = "Atserias, Jordi  and
      Villarejo, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/668.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wolska-etal-2004-annotated,
    title = "An Annotated Corpus of Tutorial Dialogs on Mathematical Theorem Proving",
    author = {Wolska, Magdalena  and
      Vo, Bao Quoc  and
      Tsovaltzi, Dimitra  and
      Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana  and
      Karagjosova, Elena  and
      Horacek, Helmut  and
      Fiedler, Armin  and
      Benzm{\"u}ller, Christoph},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/669.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-plas-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Keyword Extraction from Spoken Text. A Comparison of Two Lexical Resources: {EDR} and {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "van der Plas, Lonneke  and
      Pallotta, Vincenzo  and
      Rajman, Martin  and
      Ghorbel, Hatem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/670.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kupsc-etal-2004-pronominal,
    title = "Pronominal Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Text",
    author = "Kup{\'s}{\'c}, Anna  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Durme, Benjamin Van  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/671.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gravier-etal-2004-ester,
    title = "The {ESTER} Evaluation Campaign for the Rich Transcription of {F}rench Broadcast News",
    author = "Gravier, G.  and
      Bonastre, J-F.  and
      Geoffrois, E.  and
      Galliano, S.  and
      McTait, K.  and
      Choukri, K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/672.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{klenner-etal-2004-steps,
    title = "Steps Towards Semantically Annotated Language Resources",
    author = "Klenner, Manfred  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio  and
      Hess, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/673.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wacholder-etal-2004-designing,
    title = "Designing a Realistic Evaluation of an End-to-end Interactive Question Answering System",
    author = "Wacholder, Nina  and
      Small, Sharon  and
      Bai, Bing  and
      Kelly, Diane  and
      Rittman, Robert  and
      Ryan, Sean  and
      Salkin, Robert  and
      Song, Peng  and
      Sun, Ying  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Kantor, Paul  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/675.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{muller-2004-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automatic Construction of a Question Treebank",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Karin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/677.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{babych-etal-2004-calibrating,
    title = "Calibrating Resource-light Automatic {MT} Evaluation: a Cheap Approach to Ranking {MT} Systems by the Usability of Their Output",
    author = "Babych, Bogdan  and
      Elliott, Debbie  and
      Hartley, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/678.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{piperidis-etal-2004-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal, Multilingual Resources in the Subtitling Process",
    author = "Piperidis, Stelios  and
      Demiros, Iason  and
      Prokopidis, Prokopis  and
      Vanroose, Peter  and
      Hoethker, Anja  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Sklavounou, Elsa  and
      Konstantinou, Manos  and
      Karavidas, Yannis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/680.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{adachi-etal-2004-perceptual,
    title = "Perceptual Evaluation of Quality Deterioration Owing to Prosody Modification",
    author = "Adachi, Kazuki  and
      Toda, Tomoki  and
      Kawanami, Hiromichi  and
      Saruwatari, Hiroshi  and
      Shikano, Kiyohiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/681.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{yablonsky-2004-integration,
    title = "Integration of {R}ussian Language Resources",
    author = "Yablonsky, Serge A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/682.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{basili-etal-2004-a2q,
    title = "{A}2{Q}: An Agent-based Architecure for Multilingual Q{\&}A",
    author = "Basili, Roberto  and
      Lorusso, Nicola  and
      Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/683.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{de-cea-etal-2004-ontotags,
    title = "{O}nto{T}ag{'}s Linguistic Ontologies: Enhancing Higher Level and Semantic Web Annotations",
    author = "de Cea, Guadalupe Aguado  and
      {\'A}lvarez-de-Mon, Inmaculada  and
      Pareja-Lora, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/684.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kaljurand-etal-2004-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Language Resources for Semantic Web Annotations",
    author = "Kaljurand, Kaarel  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio  and
      Dowdall, James  and
      Hess, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/686.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards an International Standard on Feature Structure Representation",
    author = "Lee, Kiyong  and
      Burnard, Lou  and
      Romary, Laurent  and
      de la Clergerie, Eric  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Bauman, Syd  and
      Bunt, Harry  and
      Cl{\'e}ment, Lionel  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Roussanaly, Azim  and
      Roux, Claude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/687.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{llitjos-carbonell-2004-translation,
    title = "The Translation Correction Tool: {E}nglish-{S}panish User Studies",
    author = "Llitj{\'o}s, Ariadna Font  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/688.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-gaizauskas-2004-labelled,
    title = "A Labelled Corpus for Prepositional Phrase Attachment",
    author = "Mitchell, Brian  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/690.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{infante-lopez-de-rijke-2004-comparing,
    title = "Comparing the Ambiguity Reduction Abilities of Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars",
    author = "Infante-Lopez, Gabriel  and
      de Rijke, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/692.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{morarescu-harabagiu-2004-namenet,
    title = "{N}ame{N}et: a Self-Improving Resource for Name Classification",
    author = "Morarescu, Paul  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/693.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pastra-wilks-2004-image,
    title = "Image-Language Multimodal Corpora: Needs, Lacunae and an {AI} Synergy for Annotation",
    author = "Pastra, Katerina  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/694.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2004-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Errors in {E}nglish Article Usage with a Maximum Entropy Classifier Trained on a Large, Diverse Corpus",
    author = "Han, Na-Rae  and
      Chodorow, Martin  and
      Leacock, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/695.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sedlacek-2004-core,
    title = "The Core of the {C}zech Derivational Dictionary",
    author = "Sedl{\'a}{\v{c}}ek, Radek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/696.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{daelemans-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Sentence Simplification for Subtitling in {D}utch and {E}nglish",
    author = {Daelemans, Walter  and
      H{\"o}thker, Anja  and
      Tjong Kim Sang, Erik},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/697.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kruengkrai-etal-2004-enriching,
    title = "Enriching a {T}hai Lexical Database with Selectional Preferences",
    author = "Kruengkrai, Canasai  and
      Charoenporn, Thatsanee  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/698.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fiscus-2004-results,
    title = "Results of the 2003 Topic Detection and Tracking Evaluation",
    author = "Fiscus, Jonathan G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/702.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{foster-2004-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Ungrammatical Input: an Evaluation Procedure",
    author = "Foster, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/703.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{degeratu-hatzivassiloglou-2004-automatic,
    title = "An Automatic Method for Constructing Domain-Specific Ontology Resources",
    author = "Degeratu, Melania  and
      Hatzivassiloglou, Vasileios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/705.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{copestake-etal-2004-lexicon,
    title = "A Lexicon Module for a Grammar Development Environment",
    author = "Copestake, Ann  and
      Lambeau, Fabre  and
      Waldron, Benjamin  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Flickinger, Dan  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/706.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{babych-hartley-2004-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Legitimate Translation Variation for Automatic Evaluation of {MT} Quality",
    author = "Babych, Bogdan  and
      Hartley, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/707.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bartolini-etal-2004-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Mark-up of {I}talian Legal Texts Through {NLP}-based Techniques",
    author = "Bartolini, Roberto  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Pirrelli, Vito  and
      Soria, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/709.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{clement-etal-2004-morphology,
    title = "Morphology Based Automatic Acquisition of Large-coverage Lexica",
    author = "Cl{\'e}ment, Lionel  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Lang, Bernard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/711.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ribarov-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards Intelligent Written Cultural Heritage Processing - Lexical processing",
    author = "Ribarov, Kiril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/712.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cavalli-sforza-etal-2004-developing,
    title = "Developing Language Resources for a Transnational Digital Government System",
    author = "Cavalli-Sforza, Violetta  and
      Carbonell, Jaime G.  and
      Jansen, Peter J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/713.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{swift-etal-2004-semi,
    title = "Semi-automatic Syntactic and Semantic Corpus Annotation with a Deep Parser",
    author = "Swift, Mary D.  and
      Dzikovska, Myroslava O.  and
      Tetreault, Joel R.  and
      Allen, James F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/714.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fafiotte-etal-2004-collecting,
    title = "Collecting and Sharing Bilingual Spontaneous Speech Corpora: the {C}hin{F}a{D}ial Experiment",
    author = "Fafiotte, Georges  and
      Boitet, Christian  and
      Seligman, Mark  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/715.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{preiss-etal-2004-anaphoric,
    title = "Can Anaphoric Definite Descriptions be Replaced by Pronouns?",
    author = "Preiss, Judita  and
      Gasperin, Caroline  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/718.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bartolini-etal-2004-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Constraints for Robust Parsing: First Experiments and Evaluation",
    author = "Bartolini, Roberto  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Pirrelli, Vito",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/719.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{auberge-etal-2004-e,
    title = "E-Wiz: a Trapper Protocol for Hunting the Expressive Speech Corpora in Lab",
    author = "Auberg{\'e}, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Audibert, Nicolas  and
      Rilliard, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/721.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{teufel-van-halteren-2004-agreement,
    title = "Agreement in Human Factoid Annotation for Summarization Evaluation",
    author = "Teufel, Simone  and
      van Halteren, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/723.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rilliard-etal-2004-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating an Authentic Audio-Visual Expressive Speech Corpus",
    author = "Rilliard, Albert  and
      Auberg{\'e}, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Audibert, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/724.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mana-etal-2004-italian,
    title = "The {I}talian {NESPOLE}! Corpus: a Multilingual Database with Interlingua Annotation in Tourism and Medical Domains",
    author = "Mana, Nadia  and
      Cattoni, Roldano  and
      Pianta, Emanuele  and
      Rossi, Franca  and
      Pianesi, Fabio  and
      Burger, Susanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/725.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{picchi-etal-2004-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Miner: An {I}talian Linguistic Knowledge System",
    author = "Picchi, Eugenio  and
      Ceccotti, Maria Luigia  and
      Cucurullo, Sebastiana  and
      Sassi, Manuela  and
      Sassolini, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/726.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alonge-lonneker-2004-metaphors,
    title = "Metaphors in Wordnets: From Theory to Practice",
    author = {Alonge, Antonietta  and
      L{\"o}nneker, Birte},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/728.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-romary-2004-standardization,
    title = "Standardization in Multimodal Content Representation: Some Methodological Issues",
    author = "Bunt, Harry  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/729.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{basili-etal-2004-similarity,
    title = "A Similarity Measure for Unsupervised Semantic Disambiguation",
    author = "Basili, Roberto  and
      Cammisa, Marco  and
      Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/732.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dybkjaer-etal-2004-usability,
    title = "Usability Evaluation of Multimodal and Domain-Oriented Spoken Language Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Dybkj{\ae}r, Laila  and
      Bernsen, Niels Ole  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/733.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kamps-etal-2004-using,
    title = "Using {W}ord{N}et to Measure Semantic Orientations of Adjectives",
    author = "Kamps, Jaap  and
      Marx, Maarten  and
      Mokken, Robert J.  and
      de Rijke, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/734.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{weijnitz-etal-2004-mt,
    title = "{MT} Goes Farming: Comparing Two Machine Translation Approaches on a New Domain",
    author = {Weijnitz, Per  and
      Forsbom, Eva  and
      Gustavii, Ebba  and
      Pettersson, Eva  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/735.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{uraga-gamboa-2004-voxmex,
    title = "{VOXMEX} Speech Database: Design of a Phonetically Balanced Corpus",
    author = "Uraga, Esmeralda  and
      Gamboa, C{\'e}sar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/736.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brewster-etal-2004-data,
    title = "Data Driven Ontology Evaluation",
    author = "Brewster, Christopher  and
      Alani, Harith  and
      Dasmahapatra, Srinandan  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/737.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schonefeld-milde-2004-embedding,
    title = "Embedding {IMDI} Metadata into a Large Phonetic Corpus",
    author = "Schonefeld, Oliver  and
      Milde, Jan-Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/738.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bertagna-2004-using,
    title = "Using Semantic Language Resources to Support Textual Inference for Question Answering",
    author = "Bertagna, Francesca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/741.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pedro-etal-2004-information,
    title = "An Information Repository Model for Advanced Question Answering Systems",
    author = "Pedro, Vasco Calais  and
      Ko, Jeongwoo  and
      Nyberg, Eric  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/742.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bertagna-etal-2004-content,
    title = "Content Interoperability of Lexical Resources: Open Issues and {``}{MILE}{''} Perspectives",
    author = "Bertagna, Francesca  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/743.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cmejrek-etal-2004-prague-czech,
    title = "{P}rague {C}zech-{E}nglish Dependency Treebank. Syntactically Annotated Resources for Machine Translation",
    author = "{\v{C}}mejrek, Martin  and
      Cu{\v{r}}{\'\i}n, Jan  and
      Havelka, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Kubo{\v{n}}, Vladislav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/745.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{monson-etal-2004-data,
    title = "Data Collection and Analysis of Mapudungun Morphology for Spelling Correction",
    author = "Monson, Christian  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Vega, Rodolfo  and
      Brown, Ralf  and
      Llitjos, Ariadna Font  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Carbonell, Jaime  and
      Ca{\~n}ulef, Eliseo  and
      Huisca, Rosendo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/747.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{veiga-perdigao-2004-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Word Confidence Measure Using Likelihood Ratio Scores",
    author = "Veiga, Arlindo O.  and
      Perdig{\~a}o, Fernando S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/748.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sagae-etal-2004-adding,
    title = "Adding Syntactic Annotations to Transcripts of Parent-Child Dialogs",
    author = "Sagae, Kenji  and
      MacWhinney, Brian  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/749.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2004-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Consistency: As a General Method for Defining a Core Lexicon",
    author = "Zhang, Huarui  and
      Huang, Churen  and
      Yu, Shiwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/750.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{passonneau-2004-computing,
    title = "Computing Reliability for Coreference Annotation",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/752.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-de-lacalle-2004-publicly,
    title = "Publicly Available Topic Signatures for all {W}ord{N}et Nominal Senses",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      de Lacalle, Oier Lopez",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/753.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-etal-2004-road,
    title = "Road-testing the {E}nglish Resource Grammar Over the {B}ritish National Corpus",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Bender, Emily M.  and
      Flickinger, Dan  and
      Kim, Ara  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/754.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2004-interpreting,
    title = "Interpreting {BLEU}/{NIST} Scores: How Much Improvement do We Need to Have a Better System?",
    author = "Zhang, Ying  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/755.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{anick-2004-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Anchor Text as a Lexical Resource",
    author = "Anick, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/756.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{radev-etal-2004-mead,
    title = "{MEAD} - A Platform for Multidocument Multilingual Text Summarization",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir  and
      Allison, Timothy  and
      Blair-Goldensohn, Sasha  and
      Blitzer, John  and
      {\c{C}}elebi, Arda  and
      Dimitrov, Stanko  and
      Drabek, Elliott  and
      Hakim, Ali  and
      Lam, Wai  and
      Liu, Danyu  and
      Otterbacher, Jahna  and
      Qi, Hong  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Teufel, Simone  and
      Topper, Michael  and
      Winkel, Adam  and
      Zhang, Zhu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/757.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{garg-etal-2004-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Transcription and Annotation Tools for a Multi-modal, Multi-party Dialogue Corpus",
    author = "Garg, Saurabh  and
      Martinovski, Bilyana  and
      Robinson, Susan  and
      Stephan, Jens  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Traum, David R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/758.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{emonts-2004-current,
    title = "Current Projects in Languages of Military Interest at the Defense Language Institute",
    author = "Emonts, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/759.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{villavicencio-etal-2004-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual Database of Idioms",
    author = "Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Waldron, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/760.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maeda-strassel-2004-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Tools for Large-Scale Corpus Development: Using {AGTK} at the Linguistic Data Consortium",
    author = "Maeda, Kazuaki  and
      Strassel, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/761.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{strassel-2004-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Resources for Effective, Affordable, Reusable Speech-to-Text",
    author = "Strassel, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/762.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vilain-2004-building,
    title = "Building part-of-speech Corpora Through Histogram Hopping",
    author = "Vilain, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/763.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{monaco-soudi-2004-emerging,
    title = "An Emerging Transcontinental Collaborative Research and Education Agenda in Human Language Technologies",
    author = "Monaco, Gregory Ernest  and
      Soudi, Abdelhadi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/765.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{robinson-etal-2004-issues,
    title = "Issues in Corpus Development for Multi-party Multi-modal Task-oriented Dialogue",
    author = "Robinson, Susan  and
      Martinovski, Bilyana  and
      Garg, Saurabh  and
      Stephan, Jens  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/766.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-etal-2004-fisher,
    title = "The Fisher Corpus: a Resource for the Next Generations of Speech-to-Text",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      Miller, David  and
      Walker, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/767.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{traum-etal-2004-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Multi-party Virtual Reality Dialogue Interaction",
    author = "Traum, David R.  and
      Robinson, Susan  and
      Stephan, Jens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/768.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-etal-2004-mixer,
    title = "The Mixer Corpus of Multilingual, Multichannel Speaker Recognition Data",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      Campbell, Joseph P.  and
      Nakasone, Hirotaka  and
      Miller, David  and
      Walker, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/771.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mazzei-lombardo-2004-building,
    title = "Building a Large Grammar for {I}talian",
    author = "Mazzei, Alessandro  and
      Lombardo, Vincenzo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/772.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kitazawa-etal-2004-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese {MULTEXT}: a Prosodic Corpus",
    author = "Kitazawa, Shigeyoshi  and
      Kiriyama, Shinya  and
      Itoh, Toshihiko  and
      Campbell, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/774.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cappelli-alberto-2004-olissipo,
    title = "The {OLISSIPO} and {LECTIO} Projects",
    author = "Cappelli, Giuseppe  and
      Alberto, Paulo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/776.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-etal-2004-public,
    title = "A Public Reference Implementation of the {RAP} Anaphora Resolution Algorithm",
    author = "Qiu, Long  and
      Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Chua, Tat-Seng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/778.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hepple-etal-2004-nlp,
    title = "{NLP}-enhanced Content Filtering Within the {POESIA} Project",
    author = "Hepple, Mark  and
      Ireson, Neil  and
      Allegrini, Paolo  and
      Marchi, Simone  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Hidalgo, Jose Maria Gomez",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/779.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{martin-2004-winpitch,
    title = "{W}in{P}itch Corpus, a Text to Speech Alignment Tool for Multimodal Corpora",
    author = "Martin, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/780.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{evert-2004-statistical,
    title = "The Statistical Analysis of Morphosyntactic Distributions",
    author = "Evert, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/781.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bordoni-etal-2004-chem,
    title = "{CH}e{M}: A System for the Automatic Analysis of e-mails in the Restoration and Conservation Domain",
    author = "Bordoni, Luciana  and
      Pasqualini, Leonardo  and
      Sciarrone, Filippo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/784.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{irie-sundheim-2004-resources,
    title = "Resources for Place Name Analysis",
    author = "Irie, Robert  and
      Sundheim, Beth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/785.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maegaard-2004-nemlar,
    title = "{NEMLAR} - An {A}rabic Language Resources Project",
    author = "Maegaard, Bente",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/786.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2004-korean,
    title = "{K}orean-{C}hinese-{J}apanese Multilingual {W}ordnet with Shared Semantic Hierarchy",
    author = "Choi, Key-Sun  and
      Bae, Hee-Sook  and
      Kang, Wonseok  and
      Lee, Juho  and
      Kim, Eunhe  and
      Kim, Hekyeong  and
      Kim, Donghee  and
      Song, Youngbin  and
      Shin, Hyosik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/787.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jouis-ferru-2004-intranet,
    title = "Intranet Try To Find Project ({ITTF}): An Approach for the Search of Relevant Information Inside an Organization",
    author = "Jouis, Christophe  and
      Ferru, Jean-Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/788.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-liberman-2004-progress,
    title = "A Progress Report from the Linguistic Data Consortium: Recent Activities in Resource Creation and Distribution and the Development of Tools and Standards",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      Liberman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/789.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{choukri-2004-recent,
    title = "Recent Activities within the {E}uropean Language Resources Association: Issues on Sharing Language Resources and Evaluation",
    author = "Choukri, Khalid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/791.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hadi-etal-2004-evalda,
    title = "{EVALDA}-{CESART} Project: Terminological Resources Acquisition Tools Evaluation Campaign",
    author = "Hadi, Widad Mustafa El  and
      Timimi, Ismail  and
      Dabbadie, Marianne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/792.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pardelli-etal-2004-weaver,
    title = "From Weaver to the {ALPAC} Report",
    author = "Pardelli, Gabriella  and
      Sassi, Manuela  and
      Goggi, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/794.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{costa-silva-2004-verb,
    title = "The Verb in the Terminological Collocations. Contribution to the Development of a Morphological Analyser: {M}orpho{C}om",
    author = "Costa, Rute  and
      Silva, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/795.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{da-silva-etal-2004-cluster,
    title = "Cluster Analysis and Classification of Named Entities",
    author = "da Silva, Joaquim F. Ferreira  and
      Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Lopes, Jos{\'e} Gabriel Pereira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/796.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{choukri-etal-2004-network,
    title = "Network of Data Centres ({N}et{DC}): {BNSC} - An {A}rabic Broadcast News Speech Corpus",
    author = "Choukri, Khalid  and
      Nikkhou, Mahtab  and
      Paulsson, Niklas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/797.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mapelli-etal-2004-technolangue,
    title = "{T}echnolangue: A Permanent Evaluation and Information Infrastructure",
    author = "Mapelli, Val{\'e}rie  and
      Nava, Maria  and
      Surcin, Sylvain  and
      Mostefa, Djamel  and
      Choukri, Khalid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/798.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{marrafa-2004-extending,
    title = "Extending Wordnets To Implicit Information",
    author = "Marrafa, Palmira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/800.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dobrov-etal-2004-russian,
    title = "{R}ussian Information Retrieval Evaluation Seminar",
    author = "Dobrov, Boris  and
      Kuralenok, Igor  and
      Loukachevitch, Natalia  and
      Nekrestyanov, Igor  and
      Segalovich, Ilya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}04)",
    month = may,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/802.pdf",
}
@proceedings{semeval-2014-joint,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    author = "Bos, Johan  and
      Frank, Anette  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1",
}
@inproceedings{johannsen-etal-2014-less,
    title = "More or less supervised supersense tagging of Twitter",
    author = "Johannsen, Anders  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1001",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{bandhakavi-etal-2014-generating,
    title = "Generating a Word-Emotion Lexicon from {\#}Emotional Tweets",
    author = "Bandhakavi, Anil  and
      Wiratunga, Nirmalie  and
      P, Deepak  and
      Massie, Stewart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1002",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{kramer-gordon-2014-improvement,
    title = "Improvement of a Naive {B}ayes Sentiment Classifier Using {MRS}-Based Features",
    author = "Kramer, Jared  and
      Gordon, Clara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1003",
    pages = "22--29",
}
@inproceedings{erbs-etal-2014-sense,
    title = "Sense and Similarity: A Study of Sense-level Similarity Measures",
    author = "Erbs, Nicolai  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1004",
    pages = "30--39",
}
@inproceedings{manion-sainudiin-2014-iterative,
    title = "An Iterative {`}Sudoku Style{'} Approach to Subgraph-based Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Manion, Steve L.  and
      Sainudiin, Raazesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1005",
    pages = "40--50",
}
@inproceedings{aggarwal-etal-2014-exploring,
    title = "Exploring {ESA} to Improve Word Relatedness",
    author = "Aggarwal, Nitish  and
      Asooja, Kartik  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1006",
    pages = "51--56",
}
@inproceedings{bernier-colborne-2014-identifying,
    title = "Identifying semantic relations in a specialized corpus through distributional analysis of a cooccurrence tensor",
    author = "Bernier-Colborne, Gabriel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1007",
    pages = "57--62",
}
@inproceedings{dahlmeier-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning the Peculiar Value of Actions",
    author = "Dahlmeier, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1008",
    pages = "63--68",
}
@inproceedings{eichler-etal-2014-analysis,
    title = "An analysis of textual inference in {G}erman customer emails",
    author = {Eichler, Kathrin  and
      Gabryszak, Aleksandra  and
      Neumann, G{\"u}nter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1009",
    pages = "69--74",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2014-text,
    title = "Text Summarization through Entailment-based Minimum Vertex Cover",
    author = "Gupta, Anand  and
      Kaur, Manpreet  and
      Mirkin, Shachar  and
      Singh, Adarsh  and
      Goyal, Aseem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1010",
    pages = "75--80",
}
@inproceedings{jaworski-przepiorkowski-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Roles in Grammar Engineering",
    author = "Jaworski, Wojciech  and
      Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1011",
    pages = "81--86",
}
@inproceedings{kaljahi-etal-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labelling with minimal resources: Experiments with {F}rench",
    author = "Kaljahi, Rasoul  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Roturier, Johann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1012",
    pages = "87--92",
}
@inproceedings{pham-etal-2014-compositional,
    title = "Compositional Distributional Semantics Models in Chunk-based Smoothed Tree Kernels",
    author = "Pham, Nghia The  and
      Ferrone, Lorenzo  and
      Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1013",
    pages = "93--98",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-krishnaswamy-2014-generating,
    title = "Generating Simulations of Motion Events from Verbal Descriptions",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Krishnaswamy, Nikhil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1014",
    pages = "99--109",
}
@inproceedings{yatskar-etal-2014-see,
    title = "See No Evil, Say No Evil: Description Generation from Densely Labeled Images",
    author = "Yatskar, Mark  and
      Galley, Michel  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1015",
    pages = "110--120",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Latent Attributes from Video Scenes Using Text as Background Knowledge",
    author = "Tran, Anh  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Cohen, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1016",
    pages = "121--131",
}
@inproceedings{ozmen-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using Text Segmentation Algorithms for the Automatic Generation of E-Learning Courses",
    author = {{\"O}zmen, Can  and
      Streicher, Alexander  and
      Zielinski, Andrea},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1017",
    pages = "132--140",
}
@inproceedings{schuler-wheeler-2014-cognitive,
    title = "Cognitive Compositional Semantics using Continuation Dependencies",
    author = "Schuler, William  and
      Wheeler, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1018",
    pages = "141--150",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-larsson-2014-vagueness,
    title = "Vagueness and Learning: A Type-Theoretic Approach",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel  and
      Larsson, Staffan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1019",
    pages = "151--159",
}
@inproceedings{lapesa-etal-2014-contrasting,
    title = "Contrasting Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Relations: Insights from Distributional Semantic Models",
    author = "Lapesa, Gabriella  and
      Evert, Stefan  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1020",
    pages = "160--170",
}
@inproceedings{kruszewski-baroni-2014-dead,
    title = "Dead parrots make bad pets: Exploring modifier effects in noun phrases",
    author = "Kruszewski, Germ{\'a}n  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1021",
    pages = "171--181",
}
@inproceedings{bott-schulte-im-walde-2014-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Transfer Patterns of {G}erman Particle Verbs and their Impact on Lexical Semantics",
    author = "Bott, Stefan  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-1022",
    pages = "182--192",
}
@proceedings{semeval-2014-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2",
}
@inproceedings{marelli-etal-2014-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2014 Task 1: Evaluation of Compositional Distributional Semantic Models on Full Sentences through Semantic Relatedness and Textual Entailment",
    author = "Marelli, Marco  and
      Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Baroni, Marco  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella  and
      Menini, Stefano  and
      Zamparelli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{klasinas-etal-2014-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2014 Task 2: Grammar Induction for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Klasinas, Ioannis  and
      Iosif, Elias  and
      Louka, Katerina  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{jurgens-etal-2014-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2014 Task 3: Cross-Level Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Jurgens, David  and
      Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2003",
    pages = "17--26",
}
@inproceedings{pontiki-etal-2014-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2014 Task 4: Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Pontiki, Maria  and
      Galanis, Dimitris  and
      Pavlopoulos, John  and
      Papageorgiou, Harris  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2004",
    pages = "27--35",
}
@inproceedings{van-gompel-etal-2014-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val 2014 Task 5 - {L}2 Writing Assistant",
    author = "van Gompel, Maarten  and
      Hendrickx, Iris  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2005",
    pages = "36--44",
}
@inproceedings{dukes-2014-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2014 Task 6: Supervised Semantic Parsing of Robotic Spatial Commands",
    author = "Dukes, Kais",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2006",
    pages = "45--53",
}
@inproceedings{pradhan-etal-2014-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2014 Task 7: Analysis of Clinical Text",
    author = "Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Elhadad, No{\'e}mie  and
      Chapman, Wendy  and
      Manandhar, Suresh  and
      Savova, Guergana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2007",
    pages = "54--62",
}
@inproceedings{oepen-etal-2014-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val 2014 Task 8: Broad-Coverage Semantic Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Oepen, Stephan  and
      Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Zeman, Daniel  and
      Flickinger, Dan  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Ivanova, Angelina  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2008",
    pages = "63--72",
}
@inproceedings{rosenthal-etal-2014-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2014 Task 9: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Rosenthal, Sara  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Stoyanov, Veselin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2009",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2014-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2014 Task 10: Multilingual Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Banea, Carmen  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Cer, Daniel  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Gonzalez-Agirre, Aitor  and
      Guo, Weiwei  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2010",
    pages = "81--91",
}
@inproceedings{baskaya-2014-ai,
    title = "{AI}-{KU}: Using Co-Occurrence Modeling for Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Ba{\c{s}}kaya, Osman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2011",
    pages = "92--96",
}
@inproceedings{ribeyre-etal-2014-alpage,
    title = "{A}lpage: Transition-based Semantic Graph Parsing with Syntactic Features",
    author = "Ribeyre, Corentin  and
      Villemonte de la Clergerie, Eric  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2012",
    pages = "97--103",
}
@inproceedings{alves-etal-2014-asap,
    title = "{ASAP}: Automatic Semantic Alignment for Phrases",
    author = "Alves, Ana  and
      Ferrugento, Adriana  and
      Louren{\c{c}}o, Mariana  and
      Rodrigues, Filipe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2013",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2013",
    pages = "104--108",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanchev-etal-2014-tag,
    title = "{AT}{\&}T: The Tag{\&}Parse Approach to Semantic Parsing of Robot Spatial Commands",
    author = "Stoyanchev, Svetlana  and
      Jung, Hyuckchul  and
      Chen, John  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2014",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2014",
    pages = "109--113",
}
@inproceedings{karampatsis-etal-2014-aueb,
    title = "{AUEB}: Two Stage Sentiment Analysis of Social Network Messages",
    author = "Karampatsis, Rafael Michael  and
      Pavlopoulos, John  and
      Malakasiotis, Prodromos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2015",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2015",
    pages = "114--118",
}
@inproceedings{mccrae-cimiano-2014-bielefeld,
    title = "Bielefeld {SC}: Orthonormal Topic Modelling for Grammar Induction",
    author = "McCrae, John Philip  and
      Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2016",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2016",
    pages = "119--122",
}
@inproceedings{silva-etal-2014-biocom,
    title = "Biocom Usp: Tweet Sentiment Analysis with Adaptive Boosting Ensemble",
    author = "Silva, N{\'a}dia  and
      Hruschka, Estevam  and
      Hruschka, Eduardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2017",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2017",
    pages = "123--128",
}
@inproceedings{silva-etal-2014-biocom-usp,
    title = "Biocom Usp: Tweet Sentiment Analysis with Adaptive Boosting Ensemble",
    author = "Silva, N{\'a}dia  and
      Hruschka, Estevam  and
      Hruschka, Eduardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2018",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2018",
    pages = "129--134",
}
@inproceedings{matos-etal-2014-bioinformaticsua,
    title = "{B}ioinformatics{UA}: Concept Recognition in Clinical Narratives Using a Modular and Highly Efficient Text Processing Framework",
    author = "Matos, S{\'e}rgio  and
      Nunes, Tiago  and
      Oliveira, Jos{\'e} Lu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2019",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2019",
    pages = "135--139",
}
@inproceedings{blinov-kotelnikov-2014-blinov,
    title = "{B}linov: Distributed Representations of Words for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis at {S}em{E}val 2014",
    author = "Blinov, Pavel  and
      Kotelnikov, Eugeny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2020",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2020",
    pages = "140--144",
}
@inproceedings{leon-etal-2014-buap,
    title = "{BUAP}: Evaluating Compositional Distributional Semantic Models on Full Sentences through Semantic Relatedness and Textual Entailment",
    author = "Le{\'o}n, Sa{\'u}l  and
      Vilari{\~n}o, Darnes  and
      Pinto, David  and
      Tovar, Mireya  and
      Beltr{\'a}n, Beatriz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2021",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2021",
    pages = "145--148",
}
@inproceedings{vilarino-etal-2014-buap,
    title = "{BUAP}: Evaluating Features for Multilingual and Cross-Level Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Vilari{\~n}o, Darnes  and
      Pinto, David  and
      Le{\'o}n, Sa{\'u}l  and
      Tovar, Mireya  and
      Beltr{\'a}n, Beatriz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2022",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2022",
    pages = "149--153",
}
@inproceedings{pinto-etal-2014-buap,
    title = "{BUAP}: Polarity Classification of Short Texts",
    author = "Pinto, David  and
      Vilari{\~n}o, Darnes  and
      Le{\'o}n, Saul  and
      Jasso, Miguel  and
      Lucero, Cupertino",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2023",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2023",
    pages = "154--159",
}
@inproceedings{bestgen-2014-cecl,
    title = "{CECL}: a New Baseline and a Non-Compositional Approach for the Sick Benchmark",
    author = "Bestgen, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2024",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2024",
    pages = "160--165",
}
@inproceedings{leal-etal-2014-cisuc,
    title = "{CISUC}-{KIS}: Tackling Message Polarity Classification with a Large and Diverse Set of Features",
    author = "Leal, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Pinto, Sara  and
      Bento, Ana  and
      Gon{\c{c}}alo Oliveira, Hugo  and
      Gomes, Paulo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2025",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2025",
    pages = "166--170",
}
@inproceedings{gamallo-garcia-2014-citius,
    title = "{C}itius: A Naive-{B}ayes Strategy for Sentiment Analysis on {E}nglish Tweets",
    author = "Gamallo, Pablo  and
      Garcia, Marcos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2026",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2026",
    pages = "171--175",
}
@inproceedings{thomson-etal-2014-cmu,
    title = "{CMU}: Arc-Factored, Discriminative Semantic Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Thomson, Sam  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan  and
      Flanigan, Jeffrey  and
      Bamman, David  and
      Dodge, Jesse  and
      Swayamdipta, Swabha  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2027",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2027",
    pages = "176--180",
}
@inproceedings{al-mannai-etal-2014-cmuq,
    title = "{CMUQ}-Hybrid: Sentiment Classification By Feature Engineering and Parameter Tuning",
    author = "Al-Mannai, Kamla  and
      Alshikhabobakr, Hanan  and
      Bin Wasi, Sabih  and
      Neyaz, Rukhsar  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Mohit, Behrang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2028",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2028",
    pages = "181--185",
}
@inproceedings{bin-wasi-etal-2014-cmuq,
    title = "{CMUQ}@Qatar:Using Rich Lexical Features for Sentiment Analysis on Twitter",
    author = "Bin Wasi, Sabih  and
      Neyaz, Rukhsar  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Mohit, Behrang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2029",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2029",
    pages = "186--191",
}
@inproceedings{goutte-etal-2014-cnrc,
    title = "{CNRC}-{TMT}: Second Language Writing Assistant System Description",
    author = "Goutte, Cyril  and
      Simard, Michel  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2030",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2030",
    pages = "192--197",
}
@inproceedings{rosenthal-etal-2014-columbia,
    title = "{C}olumbia {NLP}: Sentiment Detection of Sentences and Subjective Phrases in Social Media",
    author = "Rosenthal, Sara  and
      McKeown, Kathy  and
      Agarwal, Apoorv",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2031",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2031",
    pages = "198--202",
}
@inproceedings{schouten-etal-2014-commit,
    title = "{COMMIT}-{P}1{WP}3: A Co-occurrence Based Approach to Aspect-Level Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Schouten, Kim  and
      Frasincar, Flavius  and
      de Jong, Franciska",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2032",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2032",
    pages = "203--207",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2014-coooolll,
    title = "{C}oooolll: A Deep Learning System for Twitter Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Tang, Duyu  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2033",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2033",
    pages = "208--212",
}
@inproceedings{schluter-etal-2014-copenhagen,
    title = {Copenhagen-Malm{\"o}: Tree Approximations of Semantic Parsing Problems},
    author = "Schluter, Natalie  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      Elming, Jakob  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Johanssen, Anders  and
      Klerke, Sigrid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2034",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2034",
    pages = "213--217",
}
@inproceedings{villena-roman-etal-2014-daedalus,
    title = "{DAEDALUS} at {S}em{E}val-2014 Task 9: Comparing Approaches for Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Villena-Rom{\'a}n, Julio  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Morera, Janine  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-Crist{\'o}bal, Jos{\'e} Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2035",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2035",
    pages = "218--222",
}
@inproceedings{wagner-etal-2014-dcu,
    title = "{DCU}: Aspect-based Polarity Classification for {S}em{E}val Task 4",
    author = "Wagner, Joachim  and
      Arora, Piyush  and
      Cortes, Santiago  and
      Barman, Utsab  and
      Bogdanova, Dasha  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Tounsi, Lamia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2036",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2036",
    pages = "223--229",
}
@inproceedings{kacmajor-kelleher-2014-dit,
    title = "{DIT}: Summarisation and Semantic Expansion in Evaluating Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Kacmajor, Magdalena  and
      Kelleher, John D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2037",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2037",
    pages = "230--234",
}
@inproceedings{toh-wang-2014-dlirec,
    title = "{DLIREC}: Aspect Term Extraction and Term Polarity Classification System",
    author = "Toh, Zhiqiang  and
      Wang, Wenting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2038",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2038",
    pages = "235--240",
}
@inproceedings{sultan-etal-2014-dls,
    title = "{DLS}@{CU}: Sentence Similarity from Word Alignment",
    author = "Sultan, Md Arafat  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Sumner, Tamara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2039",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2039",
    pages = "241--246",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-2014-duluth,
    title = "{D}uluth : Measuring Cross-Level Semantic Similarity with First and Second Order Dictionary Overlaps",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2040",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2040",
    pages = "247--251",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU}: A Combination Method and Multiple Features for Aspect Extraction and Sentiment Polarity Classification",
    author = "Zhang, Fangxi  and
      Zhang, Zhihua  and
      Lan, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2041",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2041",
    pages = "252--258",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2014-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU}: Expression- and Message-level Sentiment Orientation Classification in Twitter Using Multiple Effective Features",
    author = "Zhao, Jiang  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Zhu, Tiantian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2042",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2042",
    pages = "259--264",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-lan-2014-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU}: Leveraging on Ensemble of Heterogeneous Features and Information Enrichment for Cross Level Semantic Similarity Estimation",
    author = "Zhu, Tiantian  and
      Lan, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2043",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2043",
    pages = "265--270",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2014-ecnu-one,
    title = "{ECNU}: One Stone Two Birds: Ensemble of Heterogenous Measures for Semantic Relatedness and Textual Entailment",
    author = "Zhao, Jiang  and
      Zhu, Tiantian  and
      Lan, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2044",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2044",
    pages = "271--277",
}
@inproceedings{pathak-etal-2014-ezdi,
    title = "ez{DI}: A Hybrid {CRF} and {SVM} based Model for Detecting and Encoding Disorder Mentions in Clinical Notes",
    author = "Pathak, Parth  and
      Patel, Pinal  and
      Panchal, Vishal  and
      Choudhary, Narayan  and
      Patel, Amrish  and
      Joshi, Gautam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2045",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2045",
    pages = "278--283",
}
@inproceedings{vo-etal-2014-fbk,
    title = "{FBK}-{TR}: Applying {SVM} with Multiple Linguistic Features for Cross-Level Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Vo, Ngoc Phuoc An  and
      Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Popescu, Octavian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2046",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2046",
    pages = "284--288",
}
@inproceedings{vo-etal-2014-fbk-tr,
    title = "{FBK}-{TR}: {SVM} for Semantic Relatedeness and Corpus Patterns for {RTE}",
    author = "Vo, Ngoc Phuoc An  and
      Popescu, Octavian  and
      Caselli, Tommaso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2047",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2047",
    pages = "289--293",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-etal-2014-gplsi,
    title = "{GPLSI}: Supervised Sentiment Analysis in Twitter using Skipgrams",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez, Javi  and
      Guti{\'e}rrez, Yoan  and
      G{\'o}mez, Jose Manuel  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Barco, Patricio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2048",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2048",
    pages = "294--299",
}
@inproceedings{ferrone-zanzotto-2014-half,
    title = "ha{LF}: Comparing a Pure {CDSM} Approach with a Standard Machine Learning System for {RTE}",
    author = "Ferrone, Lorenzo  and
      Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2049",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2049",
    pages = "300--304",
}
@inproceedings{moreno-etal-2014-hultech,
    title = "{H}ul{T}ech: A General Purpose System for Cross-Level Semantic Similarity based on Anchor Web Counts",
    author = {Moreno, Jose G.  and
      Moraliyski, Rumen  and
      Berrezoug, Asma  and
      Dias, Ga{\"e}l},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2050",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2050",
    pages = "305--308",
}
@inproceedings{chernyshevich-2014-ihs,
    title = "{IHS} R{\&}D Belarus: Cross-domain extraction of product features using {CRF}",
    author = "Chernyshevich, Maryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2051",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2051",
    pages = "309--313",
}
@inproceedings{sikdar-etal-2014-iitp,
    title = "{IITP}: A Supervised Approach for Disorder Mention Detection and Disambiguation",
    author = "Sikdar, Utpal Kumar  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Saha, Sriparna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2052",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2052",
    pages = "314--318",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-ekbal-2014-iitp,
    title = "{IITP}: Supervised Machine Learning for Aspect based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Gupta, Deepak Kumar  and
      Ekbal, Asif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2053",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2053",
    pages = "319--323",
}
@inproceedings{selvarajan-ekbal-2014-iitpatna,
    title = "{IITP}atna: Supervised Approach for Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Selvarajan, Raja  and
      Ekbal, Asif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2054",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2054",
    pages = "324--328",
}
@inproceedings{lai-hockenmaier-2014-illinois,
    title = "{I}llinois-{LH}: A Denotational and Distributional Approach to Semantics",
    author = "Lai, Alice  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2055",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2055",
    pages = "329--334",
}
@inproceedings{miyao-etal-2014-house,
    title = "In-House: An Ensemble of Pre-Existing Off-the-Shelf Parsers",
    author = "Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2056",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2056",
    pages = "335--340",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2014-indian,
    title = "{I}ndian Institute of Technology-Patna: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Singh, Vikram  and
      Khan, Arif Md.  and
      Ekbal, Asif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2057",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2057",
    pages = "341--345",
}
@inproceedings{negi-buitelaar-2014-insight,
    title = "{INSIGHT} Galway: Syntactic and Lexical Features for Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Negi, Sapna  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2058",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2058",
    pages = "346--350",
}
@inproceedings{bornebusch-etal-2014-itac,
    title = "i{T}ac: Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis using Sentiment Trees and Dictionaries",
    author = "Bornebusch, Fritjof  and
      Cancino, Glaucia  and
      Diepenbeck, Melanie  and
      Drechsler, Rolf  and
      Djomkam, Smith  and
      Nzeungang Fanseu, Alvine  and
      Jalali, Maryam  and
      Michael, Marc  and
      Mohsen, Jamal  and
      Nitze, Max  and
      Plump, Christina  and
      Soeken, Mathias  and
      Tchambo, Fred  and
      {Toni}  and
      Ziegler, Henning",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2059",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2059",
    pages = "351--355",
}
@inproceedings{rudnick-etal-2014-iucl,
    title = "{IUCL}: Combining Information Sources for {S}em{E}val Task 5",
    author = {Rudnick, Alex  and
      King, Levi  and
      Liu, Can  and
      Dickinson, Markus  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2060",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2060",
    pages = "356--360",
}
@inproceedings{gojenola-etal-2014-ixamed,
    title = "{I}xa{M}ed: Applying Freeling and a Perceptron Sequential Tagger at the Shared Task on Analyzing Clinical Texts",
    author = "Gojenola, Koldo  and
      Oronoz, Maite  and
      P{\'e}rez, Alicia  and
      Casillas, Arantza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2061",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2061",
    pages = "361--365",
}
@inproceedings{durr-etal-2014-joint,
    title = "{JOINT}{\_}{FORCES}: Unite Competing Sentiment Classifiers with Random Forest",
    author = {D{\"u}rr, Oliver  and
      Uzdilli, Fatih  and
      Cieliebak, Mark},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2062",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2062",
    pages = "366--369",
}
@inproceedings{patra-etal-2014-ju,
    title = "{JU}{\_}{CSE}: A Conditional Random Field ({CRF}) Based Approach to Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Patra, Braja Gopal  and
      Mandal, Soumik  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2063",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2063",
    pages = "370--374",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-etal-2014-ju,
    title = "{JU}-Evora: A Graph Based Cross-Level Semantic Similarity Analysis using Discourse Information",
    author = "Ghosh, Swarnendu  and
      Das, Nibaran  and
      Gon{\c{c}}alves, Teresa  and
      Quaresma, Paulo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2064",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2064",
    pages = "375--379",
}
@inproceedings{agrawal-an-2014-kea,
    title = "{K}ea: Sentiment Analysis of Phrases Within Short Texts",
    author = "Agrawal, Ameeta  and
      An, Aijun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2065",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2065",
    pages = "380--384",
}
@inproceedings{mattelaer-etal-2014-kul,
    title = "{KUL}-Eval: A Combinatory Categorial Grammar Approach for Improving Semantic Parsing of Robot Commands using Spatial Context",
    author = "Mattelaer, Willem  and
      Verbeke, Mathias  and
      Nitti, Davide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2066",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2066",
    pages = "385--390",
}
@inproceedings{assefa-2014-kunlplab,
    title = "{KUNLPL}ab:Sentiment Analysis on Twitter Data",
    author = "Assefa, Beakal Gizachew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2067",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2067",
    pages = "391--394",
}
@inproceedings{kuhlmann-2014-linkoping,
    title = {{L}ink{\"o}ping: Cubic-Time Graph Parsing with a Simple Scoring Scheme},
    author = "Kuhlmann, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2068",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2068",
    pages = "395--399",
}
@inproceedings{buscaldi-etal-2014-lipn,
    title = "{LIPN}: Introducing a new Geographical Context Similarity Measure and a Statistical Similarity Measure based on the Bhattacharyya coefficient",
    author = "Buscaldi, Davide  and
      Garc{\'\i}a Flores, Jorge  and
      Le Roux, Joseph  and
      Tomeh, Nadi  and
      Priego Sanchez, Bel{\'e}m",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2069",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2069",
    pages = "400--405",
}
@inproceedings{van-hee-etal-2014-lt3,
    title = "{LT}3: Sentiment Classification in User-Generated Content Using a Rich Feature Set",
    author = "Van Hee, Cynthia  and
      Van de Kauter, Marjan  and
      De Clercq, Orph{\'e}e  and
      Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2070",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2070",
    pages = "406--410",
}
@inproceedings{vilares-etal-2014-lys,
    title = "{L}y{S}: Porting a Twitter Sentiment Analysis Approach from {S}panish to {E}nglish",
    author = "Vilares, David  and
      Hermo, Miguel  and
      Alonso, Miguel A.  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos  and
      Doval, Yerai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2071",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2071",
    pages = "411--415",
}
@inproceedings{kashyap-etal-2014-meerkat,
    title = "Meerkat Mafia: Multilingual and Cross-Level Semantic Textual Similarity Systems",
    author = "Kashyap, Abhay  and
      Han, Lushan  and
      Yus, Roberto  and
      Sleeman, Jennifer  and
      Satyapanich, Taneeya  and
      Gandhi, Sunil  and
      Finin, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2072",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2072",
    pages = "416--423",
}
@inproceedings{riveros-etal-2014-mindlab,
    title = "{M}ind{L}ab-{UNAL}: Comparing Metamap and T-mapper for Medical Concept Extraction in {S}em{E}val 2014 Task 7",
    author = {Riveros, Alejandro  and
      De-Arteaga, Maria  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez, Fabio  and
      Jimenez, Sergio  and
      M{\"u}ller, Henning},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2073",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2073",
    pages = "424--427",
}
@inproceedings{balage-filho-etal-2014-nilc,
    title = "{NILC}{\_}{USP}: An Improved Hybrid System for Sentiment Analysis in Twitter Messages",
    author = "Balage Filho, Pedro  and
      Avan{\c{c}}o, Lucas  and
      Pardo, Thiago  and
      Volpe Nunes, Maria das Gra{\c{c}}as",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2074",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2074",
    pages = "428--432",
}
@inproceedings{balage-filho-pardo-2014-nilc,
    title = "{NILC}{\_}{USP}: Aspect Extraction using Semantic Labels",
    author = "Balage Filho, Pedro  and
      Pardo, Thiago",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2075",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2075",
    pages = "433--436",
}
@inproceedings{kiritchenko-etal-2014-nrc,
    title = "{NRC}-Canada-2014: Detecting Aspects and Sentiment in Customer Reviews",
    author = "Kiritchenko, Svetlana  and
      Zhu, Xiaodan  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Mohammad, Saif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2076",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2076",
    pages = "437--442",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2014-nrc,
    title = "{NRC}-Canada-2014: Recent Improvements in the Sentiment Analysis of Tweets",
    author = "Zhu, Xiaodan  and
      Kiritchenko, Svetlana  and
      Mohammad, Saif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2077",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2077",
    pages = "443--447",
}
@inproceedings{lynum-etal-2014-ntnu,
    title = "{NTNU}: Measuring Semantic Similarity with Sublexical Feature Representations and Soft Cardinality",
    author = {Lynum, Andr{\'e}  and
      Pakray, Partha  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Jimenez, Sergio},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2078",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2078",
    pages = "448--453",
}
@inproceedings{kozlowski-2014-opi,
    title = "{OPI}: {S}emeval-2014 Task 3 System Description",
    author = "Kozlowski, Marek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2079",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2079",
    pages = "454--458",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2014-peking,
    title = "{P}eking: Profiling Syntactic Tree Parsing Techniques for Semantic Graph Parsing",
    author = "Du, Yantao  and
      Zhang, Fan  and
      Sun, Weiwei  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2080",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2080",
    pages = "459--464",
}
@inproceedings{agic-koller-2014-potsdam,
    title = "{P}otsdam: Semantic Dependency Parsing by Bidirectional Graph-Tree Transformations and Syntactic Parsing",
    author = "Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Koller, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2081",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2081",
    pages = "465--470",
}
@inproceedings{martins-almeida-2014-priberam,
    title = "{P}riberam: A Turbo Semantic Parser with Second Order Features",
    author = "Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.  and
      Almeida, Mariana S. C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2082",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2082",
    pages = "471--476",
}
@inproceedings{ramanan-nathan-2014-relagent,
    title = "{R}el{A}gent: Entity Detection and Normalization for Diseases in Clinical Records: a Linguistically Driven Approach",
    author = "Ramanan, Sv  and
      Nathan, Senthil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2083",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2083",
    pages = "477--481",
}
@inproceedings{evang-bos-2014-robox,
    title = "{R}o{B}ox: {CCG} with Structured Perceptron for Supervised Semantic Parsing of Robotic Spatial Commands",
    author = "Evang, Kilian  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2084",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2084",
    pages = "482--486",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-way-2014-rtm,
    title = "{RTM}-{DCU}: Referential Translation Machines for Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2085",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2085",
    pages = "487--496",
}
@inproceedings{gunther-etal-2014-rtrgo,
    title = "{RTRGO}: Enhancing the {GU}-{MLT}-{LT} System for Sentiment Analysis of Short Messages",
    author = {G{\"u}nther, Tobias  and
      Vancoppenolle, Jean  and
      Johansson, Richard},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2086",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2086",
    pages = "497--502",
}
@inproceedings{hollenstein-etal-2014-sa,
    title = "{SA}-{UZH}: Verb-based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Hollenstein, Nora  and
      Amsler, Michael  and
      Bachmann, Martina  and
      Klenner, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2087",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2087",
    pages = "503--507",
}
@inproceedings{zervanou-etal-2014-sail,
    title = "{SAIL}-{GRS}: Grammar Induction for Spoken Dialogue Systems using {CF}-{IRF} Rule Similarity",
    author = "Zervanou, Kalliopi  and
      Malandrakis, Nikolaos  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2088",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2088",
    pages = "508--511",
}
@inproceedings{malandrakis-etal-2014-sail,
    title = "{SAIL}: Sentiment Analysis using Semantic Similarity and Contrast Features",
    author = "Malandrakis, Nikolaos  and
      Falcone, Michael  and
      Vaz, Colin  and
      Bisogni, Jesse James  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2089",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2089",
    pages = "512--516",
}
@inproceedings{nandan-etal-2014-sap,
    title = "{SAP}-{RI}: A Constrained and Supervised Approach for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Nandan, Naveen  and
      Dahlmeier, Daniel  and
      Vij, Akriti  and
      Malhotra, Nishtha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2090",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2090",
    pages = "517--521",
}
@inproceedings{vij-etal-2014-sap,
    title = "{SAP}-{RI}: Twitter Sentiment Analysis in Two Days",
    author = "Vij, Akriti  and
      Malhotra, Nishta  and
      Nandan, Naveen  and
      Dahlmeier, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2091",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2091",
    pages = "522--526",
}
@inproceedings{liu-meng-2014-seemgo,
    title = "{S}eem{G}o: Conditional Random Fields Labeling and Maximum Entropy Classification for Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Liu, Pengfei  and
      Meng, Helen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2092",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2092",
    pages = "527--531",
}
@inproceedings{proisl-etal-2014-semantiklue,
    title = "{S}emanti{KLUE}: Robust Semantic Similarity at Multiple Levels Using Maximum Weight Matching",
    author = "Proisl, Thomas  and
      Evert, Stefan  and
      Greiner, Paul  and
      Kabashi, Besim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2093",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2093",
    pages = "532--540",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2014-sensible,
    title = "{S}ensible: {L}2 Translation Assistance by Emulating the Manual Post-Editing Process",
    author = "Tan, Liling  and
      Schumann, Anne-Kathrin  and
      Martinez, Jose M.M.  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2094",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2094",
    pages = "541--545",
}
@inproceedings{saias-2014-senti,
    title = "{S}enti.ue: Tweet Overall Sentiment Classification Approach for {S}em{E}val-2014 Task 9",
    author = "Saias, Jos{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2095",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2095",
    pages = "546--550",
}
@inproceedings{evert-etal-2014-sentiklue,
    title = "{S}enti{KLUE}: Updating a Polarity Classifier in 48 Hours",
    author = "Evert, Stefan  and
      Proisl, Thomas  and
      Greiner, Paul  and
      Kabashi, Besim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2096",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2096",
    pages = "551--555",
}
@inproceedings{ljunglof-2014-shrdlite,
    title = "{S}hrd{L}ite: Semantic Parsing Using a Handmade Grammar",
    author = {Ljungl{\"o}f, Peter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2097",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2097",
    pages = "556--559",
}
@inproceedings{banea-etal-2014-simcompass,
    title = "{S}im{C}ompass: Using Deep Learning Word Embeddings to Assess Cross-level Similarity",
    author = "Banea, Carmen  and
      Chen, Di  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2098",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2098",
    pages = "560--565",
}
@inproceedings{jimenez-zafra-etal-2014-sinai,
    title = "{SINAI}: Voting System for Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Jim{\'e}nez-Zafra, Salud Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-C{\'a}mara, Eugenio  and
      Martin, Maite  and
      Ure{\~n}a-L{\'o}pez, L. Alfonso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2099",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2099",
    pages = "566--571",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-camara-etal-2014-sinai,
    title = "{SINAI}: Voting System for Twitter Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez-C{\'a}mara, Eugenio  and
      Jim{\'e}nez-Zafra, Salud Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Martin, Maite  and
      Ure{\~n}a-L{\'o}pez, L. Alfonso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2100",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2100",
    pages = "572--577",
}
@inproceedings{schulze-wettendorf-etal-2014-snap,
    title = "{SNAP}: A Multi-Stage {XML}-Pipeline for Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = {Schulze Wettendorf, Clemens  and
      Jegan, Robin  and
      K{\"o}rner, Allan  and
      Zerche, Julia  and
      Plotnikova, Nataliia  and
      Moreth, Julian  and
      Schertl, Tamara  and
      Obermeyer, Verena  and
      Streil, Susanne  and
      Willacker, Tamara  and
      Evert, Stefan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2101",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2101",
    pages = "578--584",
}
@inproceedings{huang-chang-2014-ssmt,
    title = "{SSMT}:A Machine Translation Evaluation View To Paragraph-to-Sentence Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Huang, Pingping  and
      Chang, Baobao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2102",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2102",
    pages = "585--589",
}
@inproceedings{velichkov-etal-2014-su,
    title = "{SU}-{FMI}: System Description for {S}em{E}val-2014 Task 9 on Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Velichkov, Boris  and
      Kapukaranov, Borislav  and
      Grozev, Ivan  and
      Karanesheva, Jeni  and
      Mihaylov, Todor  and
      Kiprov, Yasen  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Koychev, Ivan  and
      Georgiev, Georgi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2103",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2103",
    pages = "590--595",
}
@inproceedings{hamdan-etal-2014-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Methods for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Hamdan, Hussam  and
      Bellot, Patrice  and
      B{\'e}chet, Frederic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2104",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2104",
    pages = "596--600",
}
@inproceedings{jaggi-etal-2014-swiss,
    title = "Swiss-Chocolate: Sentiment Detection using Sparse {SVM}s and Part-Of-Speech n-Grams",
    author = "Jaggi, Martin  and
      Uzdilli, Fatih  and
      Cieliebak, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2105",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2105",
    pages = "601--604",
}
@inproceedings{denis-etal-2014-synalp,
    title = "Synalp-Empathic: A Valence Shifting Hybrid System for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Denis, Alexandre  and
      Cruz-Lara, Samuel  and
      Bellalem, Nadia  and
      Bellalem, Lotfi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2106",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2106",
    pages = "605--609",
}
@inproceedings{hangya-etal-2014-szte,
    title = "{SZTE}-{NLP}: Aspect level opinion mining exploiting syntactic cues",
    author = "Hangya, Viktor  and
      Berend, G{\'a}bor  and
      Varga, Istv{\'a}n  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2107",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2107",
    pages = "610--614",
}
@inproceedings{katona-farkas-2014-szte,
    title = "{SZTE}-{NLP}: Clinical Text Analysis with Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Katona, Melinda  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2108",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2108",
    pages = "615--618",
}
@inproceedings{jayapal-etal-2014-tcdscss,
    title = "{TCDSCSS}: Dimensionality Reduction to Evaluate Texts of Varying Lengths - an {IR} Approach",
    author = "Jayapal, Arun Kumar  and
      Emms, Martin  and
      Kelleher, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2109",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2109",
    pages = "619--623",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-2014-team,
    title = "Team Z: {W}iktionary as a {L}2 Writing Assistant",
    author = "Gupta, Anubhav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2110",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2110",
    pages = "624--627",
}
@inproceedings{miura-etal-2014-teamx,
    title = "{T}eam{X}: A Sentiment Analyzer with Enhanced Lexicon Mapping and Weighting Scheme for Unbalanced Data",
    author = "Miura, Yasuhide  and
      Sakaki, Shigeyuki  and
      Hattori, Keigo  and
      Ohkuma, Tomoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2111",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2111",
    pages = "628--632",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-2014-teamz,
    title = "{T}eam{Z}: Measuring Semantic Textual Similarity for {S}panish Using an Overlap-Based Approach",
    author = "Gupta, Anubhav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2112",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2112",
    pages = "633--635",
}
@inproceedings{hamdan-etal-2014-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Z{\_}score on Twitter Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Hamdan, Hussam  and
      Bellot, Patrice  and
      B{\'e}chet, Frederic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2113",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2113",
    pages = "636--641",
}
@inproceedings{bjerva-etal-2014-meaning,
    title = "The Meaning Factory: Formal Semantics for Recognizing Textual Entailment and Determining Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Bjerva, Johannes  and
      Bos, Johan  and
      van der Goot, Rob  and
      Nissim, Malvina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2114",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2114",
    pages = "642--646",
}
@inproceedings{dos-santos-2014-think,
    title = "Think Positive: Towards Twitter Sentiment Analysis from Scratch",
    author = "dos Santos, C{\'\i}cero",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2115",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2115",
    pages = "647--651",
}
@inproceedings{parikh-etal-2014-thinkminers,
    title = "{T}hink{M}iners: Disorder Recognition using Conditional Random Fields and Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Parikh, Ankur  and
      PVS, Avinesh  and
      Mustafi, Joy  and
      Agarwalla, Lalit  and
      Mungi, Ashish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2116",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2116",
    pages = "652--656",
}
@inproceedings{chalothorn-ellman-2014-tjp,
    title = "{TJP}: Identifying the Polarity of Tweets from Contexts",
    author = "Chalothorn, Tawunrat  and
      Ellman, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2117",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2117",
    pages = "657--662",
}
@inproceedings{jonnagaddala-etal-2014-tmunsw,
    title = "{TMUNSW}: Disorder Concept Recognition and Normalization in Clinical Notes for {S}em{E}val-2014 Task 7",
    author = "Jonnagaddala, Jitendra  and
      Kumar, Manish  and
      Dai, Hong-Jie  and
      Rachmani, Enny  and
      Hsu, Chien-Yeh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2118",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2118",
    pages = "663--667",
}
@inproceedings{chorianopoulou-etal-2014-tucsage,
    title = "tuc{S}age: Grammar Rule Induction for Spoken Dialogue Systems via Probabilistic Candidate Selection",
    author = "Chorianopoulou, Arodami  and
      Athanasopoulou, Georgia  and
      Iosif, Elias  and
      Klasinas, Ioannis  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2119",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2119",
    pages = "668--672",
}
@inproceedings{amir-etal-2014-tugas,
    title = "{TUGAS}: Exploiting unlabelled data for Twitter sentiment analysis",
    author = "Amir, Silvio  and
      Almeida, Miguel B.  and
      Martins, Bruno  and
      Filgueiras, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Silva, M{\'a}rio J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2120",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2120",
    pages = "673--677",
}
@inproceedings{kanerva-etal-2014-turku,
    title = "{T}urku: Broad-Coverage Semantic Parsing with Rich Features",
    author = "Kanerva, Jenna  and
      Luotolahti, Juhani  and
      Ginter, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2121",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2121",
    pages = "678--682",
}
@inproceedings{pekar-etal-2014-ubham,
    title = "{UB}ham: Lexical Resources and Dependency Parsing for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Pekar, Viktor  and
      Afzal, Naveed  and
      Bohnet, Bernd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2122",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2122",
    pages = "683--687",
}
@inproceedings{hasler-2014-uedin,
    title = "{UE}din: Translating {L}1 Phrases in {L}2 Context using Context-Sensitive {SMT}",
    author = "Hasler, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2123",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2123",
    pages = "688--693",
}
@inproceedings{veselovska-tamchyna-2014-ufal,
    title = "{{\'U}FAL}: Using Hand-crafted Rules in Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis on Parsed Data",
    author = "Veselovsk{\'a}, Kate{\v{r}}ina  and
      Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2124",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2124",
    pages = "694--698",
}
@inproceedings{lien-kouylekov-2014-uio,
    title = "{UIO}-Lien: Entailment Recognition using Minimal Recursion Semantics",
    author = "Lien, Elisabeth  and
      Kouylekov, Milen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2125",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2125",
    pages = "699--703",
}
@inproceedings{flekova-etal-2014-ukpdipf,
    title = "{UKPDIPF}: Lexical Semantic Approach to Sentiment Polarity Prediction in Twitter Data",
    author = "Flekova, Lucie  and
      Ferschke, Oliver  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2126",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2126",
    pages = "704--710",
}
@inproceedings{leal-etal-2014-ulisboa,
    title = "{UL}isboa: Identification and Classification of Medical Concepts",
    author = "Leal, Andr{\'e}  and
      Gon{\c{c}}alves, Diogo  and
      Martins, Bruno  and
      Couto, Francisco M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2127",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2127",
    pages = "711--715",
}
@inproceedings{chavez-etal-2014-umcc,
    title = "{UMCC}{\_}{DLSI}{\_}{S}em{S}im: Multilingual System for Measuring Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Ch{\'a}vez, Alexander  and
      D{\'a}vila, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Guti{\'e}rrez, Yoan  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez-Orqu{\'\i}n, Antonio  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2128",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2128",
    pages = "716--721",
}
@inproceedings{castaneda-etal-2014-umcc,
    title = "{UMCC}{\_}{DLSI}: A Probabilistic Automata for Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Casta{\~n}eda, Yenier  and
      Collazo, Armando  and
      Crego, Elvis  and
      Garcia, Jorge L.  and
      Guti{\'e}rrez, Yoan  and
      Tom{\'a}s, David  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2129",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2129",
    pages = "722--726",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-mirabal-etal-2014-umcc,
    title = "{UMCC}{\_}{DLSI}: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter using Polirity Lexicons and Tweet Similarity",
    author = "S{\'a}nchez-Mirabal, Pedro Aniel  and
      Ruano Torres, Yarelis  and
      Hern{\'a}ndez Alvarado, Suilen  and
      Guti{\'e}rrez, Yoan  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2130",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2130",
    pages = "727--731",
}
@inproceedings{jimenez-etal-2014-unal,
    title = "{UNAL}-{NLP}: Combining Soft Cardinality Features for Semantic Textual Similarity, Relatedness and Entailment",
    author = "Jimenez, Sergio  and
      Due{\~n}as, George  and
      Baquero, Julia  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2131",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2131",
    pages = "732--742",
}
@inproceedings{silva-schlenker-etal-2014-unal,
    title = "{UNAL}-{NLP}: Cross-Lingual Phrase Sense Disambiguation with Syntactic Dependency Trees",
    author = "Silva-Schlenker, Emilio  and
      Jimenez, Sergio  and
      Baquero, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2132",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2132",
    pages = "743--747",
}
@inproceedings{basile-etal-2014-uniba,
    title = "{UNIBA}: Combining Distributional Semantic Models and Word Sense Disambiguation for Textual Similarity",
    author = "Basile, Pierpaolo  and
      Caputo, Annalina  and
      Semeraro, Giovanni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2133",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2133",
    pages = "748--753",
}
@inproceedings{attardi-etal-2014-unipi,
    title = "{U}ni{P}i: Recognition of Mentions of Disorders in Clinical Text",
    author = "Attardi, Giuseppe  and
      Cozza, Vittoria  and
      Sartiano, Daniele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2134",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2134",
    pages = "754--760",
}
@inproceedings{castellucci-etal-2014-unitor,
    title = "{UNITOR}: Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis with Structured Learning",
    author = "Castellucci, Giuseppe  and
      Filice, Simone  and
      Croce, Danilo  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2135",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2135",
    pages = "761--767",
}
@inproceedings{townsend-etal-2014-university,
    title = "{U}niversity{\_}of{\_}{W}arwick: {SENTIADAPTRON} - A Domain Adaptable Sentiment Analyser for Tweets - Meets {S}em{E}val",
    author = "Townsend, Richard  and
      Kalair, Aaron  and
      Kulkarni, Ojas  and
      Procter, Rob  and
      Liakata, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2136",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2136",
    pages = "768--772",
}
@inproceedings{ortega-bueno-etal-2014-uo,
    title = "{UO}{\_}{UA}: Using Latent Semantic Analysis to Build a Domain-Dependent Sentiment Resource",
    author = "Ortega Bueno, Reynier  and
      Fonseca Bruz{\'o}n, Adrian  and
      Mu{\~n}iz Cuza, Carlos  and
      Guti{\'e}rrez, Yoan  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2137",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2137",
    pages = "773--778",
}
@inproceedings{rios-2014-uow,
    title = "{U}o{W}: Multi-task Learning {G}aussian Process for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Rios, Miguel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2138",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2138",
    pages = "779--784",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2014-uow,
    title = "{U}o{W}: {NLP} techniques developed at the University of Wolverhampton for Semantic Similarity and Textual Entailment",
    author = "Gupta, Rohit  and
      B{\'e}chara, Hanna  and
      El Maarouf, Ismail  and
      Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2139",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2139",
    pages = "785--789",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-2014-usf,
    title = "{USF}: Chunking for Aspect-term Identification {\&} Polarity Classification",
    author = "Thompson, Cindi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2140",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2140",
    pages = "790--795",
}
@inproceedings{beltagy-etal-2014-utexas,
    title = "{UT}exas: Natural Language Semantics using Distributional Semantics and Probabilistic Logic",
    author = "Beltagy, Islam  and
      Roller, Stephen  and
      Boleda, Gemma  and
      Erk, Katrin  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2141",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2141",
    pages = "796--801",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-uth,
    title = "{UTH}{\_}{CCB}: A report for {S}em{E}val 2014 {--} Task 7 Analysis of Clinical Text",
    author = "Zhang, Yaoyun  and
      Wang, Jingqi  and
      Tang, Buzhou  and
      Wu, Yonghui  and
      Jiang, Min  and
      Chen, Yukun  and
      Xu, Hua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2142",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2142",
    pages = "802--806",
}
@inproceedings{kaewphan-etal-2014-utu,
    title = "{UTU}: Disease Mention Recognition and Normalization with {CRF}s and Vector Space Representations",
    author = "Kaewphan, Suwisa  and
      Hakala, Kai  and
      Ginter, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2143",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2143",
    pages = "807--811",
}
@inproceedings{packard-2014-uw,
    title = "{UW}-{MRS}: Leveraging a Deep Grammar for Robotic Spatial Commands",
    author = "Packard, Woodley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2144",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2144",
    pages = "812--816",
}
@inproceedings{brychcin-etal-2014-uwb,
    title = "{UWB}: Machine Learning Approach to Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Brychc{\'\i}n, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Konkol, Michal  and
      Steinberger, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2145",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2145",
    pages = "817--822",
}
@inproceedings{kate-2014-uwm,
    title = "{UWM}: Applying an Existing Trainable Semantic Parser to Parse Robotic Spatial Commands",
    author = "Kate, Rohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2146",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2146",
    pages = "823--827",
}
@inproceedings{ghiasvand-kate-2014-uwm,
    title = "{UWM}: Disorder Mention Extraction from Clinical Text Using {CRF}s and Normalization Using Learned Edit Distance Patterns",
    author = "Ghiasvand, Omid  and
      Kate, Rohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2147",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2147",
    pages = "828--832",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-pablos-etal-2014-v3,
    title = "{V}3: Unsupervised Generation of Domain Aspect Terms for Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Garc{\'\i}a-Pablos, Aitor  and
      Cuadros, Montse  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2148",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2148",
    pages = "833--837",
}
@inproceedings{brun-etal-2014-xrce,
    title = "{XRCE}: Hybrid Classification for Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Brun, Caroline  and
      Popa, Diana Nicoleta  and
      Roux, Claude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val 2014)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S14-2149",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/S14-2149",
    pages = "838--842",
}
@article{cl-2002-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 28, Number 1, March 2002",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "1",
    year = "2002",
}
@article{branco-2002-binding,
    title = "Binding Machines",
    author = "Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "1",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102317341747",
    pages = "1--18",
}
@article{pevzner-hearst-2002-critique,
    title = "A Critique and Improvement of an Evaluation Metric for Text Segmentation",
    author = "Pevzner, Lev  and
      Hearst, Marti A.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "1",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102317341756",
    pages = "19--36",
}
@article{van-deemter-2002-generating,
    title = "Generating Referring Expressions: {B}oolean Extensions of the Incremental Algorithm",
    author = "van Deemter, Kees",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "1",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102317341765",
    pages = "37--52",
}
@article{lee-etal-2002-syllable,
    title = "Syllable-Pattern-Based Unknown-Morpheme Segmentation and Estimation for Hybrid Part-of-Speech Tagging of {K}orean",
    author = "Lee, Gary Geunbae  and
      Cha, Jeongwon  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "1",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102317341774",
    pages = "53--70",
}
@article{johnson-2002-squibs,
    title = "Squibs and Discussions: The {DOP} Estimation Method is Biased and Inconsistent",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "1",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102317341783",
    pages = "71--76",
}
@article{nn-2002-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Tree Adjoining Grammars: Formalisms, Linguistic Analysis and Processing edited by Anne Abeille and Owen Rambow, Reviewed by Geoffrey K. Pullum; The Theory and Practice of Discourse Parsing and Summarization by Daniel {M}arcu, Reviewed by Udo Hahn; Natural Language Semantics by {K}eith Allan, Reviewed by {R}odger Kibble; Intonation: Analysis, Modelling and Technology edited by Antonis Botinis, Reviewed by Martine Grice; Polysemy: Theoretical and Computational Approaches edited by Yael Ravin and Claudia Leacock, Reviewed by Jean V{\'e}ronis; Abduction, Belief and Context in Dialogue: Studies in Computational Pragmatics edited by Harry Bunt and William Black, Reviewed by Matthew Stone; Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge edited by Carol A. Bean and Rebecca Green, Reviewed by Gregory {G}refenstette",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "1",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-1006",
}
@article{nn-2002-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "1",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-1007",
}
@article{cl-2002-linguistics-28,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 28, Number 2, June 2002",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "2",
    year = "2002",
}
@article{edmonds-hirst-2002-near,
    title = "Near-Synonymy and Lexical Choice",
    author = "Edmonds, Philip  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "2",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-2001",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102760173625",
    pages = "105--144",
}
@article{bozsahin-2002-combinatory,
    title = "The Combinatory Morphemic Lexicon",
    author = "Bozsahin, Cem",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "2",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-2002",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102760173634",
    pages = "145--186",
}
@article{clark-weir-2002-class,
    title = "Class-Based Probability Estimation Using a Semantic Hierarchy",
    author = "Clark, Stephen  and
      Weir, David",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "2",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-2003",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102760173643",
    pages = "187--206",
}
@article{carrasco-forcada-2002-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Construction and Maintenance of Minimal Finite-State Automata",
    author = "Carrasco, Rafael C.  and
      Forcada, Mikel L.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "2",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-2004",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102760173652",
    pages = "207--216",
}
@article{nn-2002-book-reviews,
    title = "Book Reviews: Spotting and Discovering Terms through Natural Language Processing by Christian Jacquemin, Reviewed by Sophia Ananiadou; Automatic Summarization by Inderjeet Mani, Reviewed by Chris D. Paice; Efficient Processing with Constraint-Logic Grammars Using Grammar Compilation by Guido Minnen, Reviewed by Suresh Manandhar; The Language of Word Meaning edited by Pierrette Bouillon and Federica Busa, Reviewed by Mari Broman Olsen; Empirical Methods for Exploiting Parallel Texts by I. Dan Melamed, Reviewed by Ted {P}edersen; Sentence Comprehension: The Integration of Habits and Rules by {D}avid J. Townsend and {T}homas G. Bever, Reviewed by Matthew W. Crocker",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "2",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-2005",
}
@article{nn-2002-publications,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "2",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-2006",
}
@article{cl-2002-linguistics-28-number,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 28, Number 3, September 2002",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "3",
    year = "2002",
}
@article{gildea-jurafsky-2002-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Labeling of Semantic Roles",
    author = "Gildea, Daniel  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "3",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-3001",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102760275983",
    pages = "245--288",
}
@article{mikheev-2002-periods,
    title = "Periods, Capitalized Words, etc.",
    author = "Mikheev, Andrei",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "3",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-3002",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102760275992",
    pages = "289--318",
}
@article{miltsakaki-2002-toward,
    title = "Toward an Aposynthesis of Topic Continuity and Intrasentential Anaphora",
    author = "Miltsakaki, Eleni",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "3",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-3003",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102760276009",
    pages = "319--355",
}
@article{lapata-2002-disambiguation,
    title = "The Disambiguation of Nominalizations",
    author = "Lapata, Maria",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "3",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-3004",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102760276018",
    pages = "357--388",
}
@article{wintner-sarkar-2002-squibs,
    title = "Squibs and Discussions: A Note on Typing Feature Structures",
    author = "Wintner, Shuly  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "3",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-3005",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102760276027",
    pages = "389--397",
}
@article{cl-2002-linguistics-28-number-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 28, Number 4, {D}ecember 2002",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "4",
    year = "2002",
}
@article{radev-etal-2002-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to the Special Issue on Summarization",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir R.  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "4",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-4001",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102762671927",
    pages = "399--408",
}
@article{teufel-moens-2002-articles,
    title = "Articles Summarizing Scientific Articles: Experiments with Relevance and Rhetorical Status",
    author = "Teufel, Simone  and
      Moens, Marc",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "4",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-4002",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102762671936",
    pages = "409--445",
}
@article{zechner-2002-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Summarization of Open-Domain Multiparty Dialogues in Diverse Genres",
    author = "Zechner, Klaus",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "4",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-4003",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102762671945",
    pages = "447--485",
}
@article{silber-mccoy-2002-efficiently,
    title = "Efficiently Computed Lexical Chains as an Intermediate Representation for Automatic Text Summarization",
    author = "Silber, H. Gregory  and
      McCoy, Kathleen F.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "4",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-4004",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102762671954",
    pages = "487--496",
}
@article{saggion-lapalme-2002-generating,
    title = "Generating Indicative-Informative Summaries with {S}um{UM}",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "4",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-4005",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102762671963",
    pages = "497--526",
}
@article{jing-2002-using,
    title = "Using Hidden {M}arkov Modeling to Decompose Human-Written Summaries",
    author = "Jing, Hongyan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "4",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-4006",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102762671972",
    pages = "527--543",
}
@article{reiter-sripada-2002-squibs,
    title = "Squibs and Discussions: Human Variation and Lexical Choice",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud  and
      Sripada, Somayajulu",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "4",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-4007",
    doi = "10.1162/089120102762671981",
    pages = "545--553",
}
@article{nn-2002-book-reviews-early,
    title = "Book Reviews: Early Years in Machine Translation: Memoirs and Biographies of Pioneers edited by W. John Hutchins, Reviewed by Warren J. Plath; Patterns of Text: In Honour of {M}ichael Hoey edited by Mike Scott and Geoff {T}hompson, Reviewed by Graeme Hirst; Word Frequency Distributions by R. Harald Baayen, Reviewed by Geoffrey Sampson; Data-Driven Techniques in Speech Synthesis edited by R. I. Damper, Reviewed by Thierry Dutoit; Empirical Linguistics by Geoffrey Sampson, Reviewed by Steven Abney; Computational Nonlinear Morphology with Emphasis on {S}emitic Languages by {G}eorge Anton Kiraz, Reviewed by Markus Walther",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "4",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-4008",
}
@article{nn-2002-briefly-noted,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "4",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-4009",
}
@article{nn-2002-publications-received,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "4",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-4010",
}
@article{nn-2002-author,
    title = "Author Index",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "4",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-4011",
}
@article{nn-2002-title,
    title = "Title Index",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "28",
    number = "4",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J02-4012",
}
@article{cl-2016-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 42, Issue 1 - March 2016",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "42",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2016",
}
@article{neubig-watanabe-2016-optimization,
    title = "Optimization for Statistical Machine Translation: A Survey",
    author = "Neubig, Graham  and
      Watanabe, Taro",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "42",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00241",
    pages = "1--54",
}
@article{mirroshandel-nasr-2016-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Selectional Constraints and Subcategorization Frames in a Dependency Parser",
    author = "Mirroshandel, Seyed Abolghasem  and
      Nasr, Alexis",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "42",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00242",
    pages = "55--90",
}
@article{ruokolainen-etal-2016-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of Minimally Supervised Morphological Segmentation",
    author = {Ruokolainen, Teemu  and
      Kohonen, Oskar  and
      Sirts, Kairit  and
      Gr{\"o}nroos, Stig-Arne  and
      Kurimo, Mikko  and
      Virpioja, Sami},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "42",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00243",
    pages = "91--120",
}
@article{ortiz-martinez-2016-online,
    title = "Online Learning for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Ortiz-Mart{\'\i}nez, Daniel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
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    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00244",
    pages = "121--161",
}
@article{cl-2016-linguistics-42,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 42, Issue 2 - June 2016",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
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    year = "2016",
}
@article{bisazza-federico-2016-surveys,
    title = "{S}urveys: A Survey of Word Reordering in Statistical Machine Translation: Computational Models and Language Phenomena",
    author = "Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Federico, Marcello",
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    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00245",
    pages = "163--205",
}
@article{gildea-satta-2016-synchronous,
    title = "Synchronous Context-Free Grammars and Optimal Parsing Strategies",
    author = "Gildea, Daniel  and
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    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00246",
    pages = "207--243",
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@article{mccarthy-etal-2016-word,
    title = "Word Sense Clustering and Clusterability",
    author = "McCarthy, Diana  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
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@article{wang-etal-2016-source,
    title = "Source Language Adaptation Approaches for Resource-Poor Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Pidong  and
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}
@article{ling-etal-2016-mining,
    title = "Mining Parallel Corpora from Sina {W}eibo and Twitter",
    author = "Ling, Wang  and
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    title = "{S}quibs: When the Whole Is Less Than the Sum of Its Parts: How Composition Affects {PMI} Values in Distributional Semantic Vectors",
    author = "Paperno, Denis  and
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    pages = "345--350",
}
@article{bouillon-etal-2016-obituary,
    title = "{O}bituary: In Memoriam: Susan Armstrong",
    author = "Bouillon, Pierrette  and
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    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00251",
    pages = "351--352",
}
@article{cl-2016-linguistics-42-issue,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 42, Issue 3 - September 2016",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
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@article{zhang-etal-2016-transition-based,
    title = "Transition-Based Parsing for Deep Dependency Structures",
    author = "Zhang, Xun  and
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    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
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    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00252",
    pages = "353--389",
}
@article{sun-wan-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Accurate and Efficient {C}hinese Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Sun, Weiwei  and
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    volume = "42",
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    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00253",
    pages = "391--419",
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@article{cohen-gildea-2016-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems with Fast Matrix Multiplication",
    author = "Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
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    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00254",
    pages = "421--455",
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@article{de-clercq-hoste-2016-mixed,
    title = "All Mixed Up? Finding the Optimal Feature Set for General Readability Prediction and Its Application to {E}nglish and {D}utch",
    author = "De Clercq, Orph{\'e}e  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
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    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-3004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00255",
    pages = "457--490",
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@article{ionescu-etal-2016-string,
    title = "String Kernels for Native Language Identification: Insights from Behind the Curtains",
    author = "Ionescu, Radu Tudor  and
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    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00256",
    pages = "491--525",
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@article{bos-2016-squib,
    title = "{S}quib: Expressive Power of Abstract Meaning Representations",
    author = "Bos, Johan",
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    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-3006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00257",
    pages = "527--535",
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@article{nguyen-etal-2016-survey,
    title = "{S}urvey: Computational Sociolinguistics: A {S}urvey",
    author = {Nguyen, Dong  and
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      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn P.  and
      de Jong, Franciska},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
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    number = "3",
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    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-3007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00258",
    pages = "537--593",
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@article{zhao-etal-2016-book,
    title = "Book Review: Sentiment Analysis: Mining Opinions, Sentiments, and Emotions by Bing {L}iu",
    author = "Zhao, Jun  and
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    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-3008",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00259",
    pages = "595--598",
}
@article{cl-2016-linguistics-42-issue-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 42, Issue 4 - {D}ecember 2016",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "42",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
}
@article{bresnan-2016-lifetime,
    title = "Lifetime Achievement Award: Linguistics: The Garden and the Bush",
    author = "Bresnan, Joan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
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    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-4001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00260",
    pages = "599--617",
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@article{boleda-herbelot-2016-formal,
    title = "Formal Distributional Semantics: Introduction to the Special Issue",
    author = "Boleda, Gemma  and
      Herbelot, Aur{\'e}lie",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "42",
    number = "4",
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    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-4002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00261",
    pages = "619--635",
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@article{kruszewski-etal-2016-logical,
    title = "There Is No Logical Negation Here, But There Are Alternatives: Modeling Conversational Negation with Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Kruszewski, Germ{\'a}n  and
      Paperno, Denis  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "42",
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    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-4003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00262",
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@article{rimell-etal-2016-relpron,
    title = "{RELPRON}: A Relative Clause Evaluation Data Set for Compositional Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Rimell, Laura  and
      Maillard, Jean  and
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      Clark, Stephen",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "42",
    number = "4",
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    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-4004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00263",
    pages = "661--701",
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@article{asher-etal-2016-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Type Theory and Distributional Semantics: A Case Study on Adjective{--}Noun Compositions",
    author = "Asher, Nicholas  and
      Cruys, Tim Van de  and
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      Abrus{\'a}n, M{\'a}rta",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "42",
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    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-4005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00264",
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@article{weir-etal-2016-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Packed Dependency Trees: A Theory of Composition for Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Weir, David  and
      Weeds, Julie  and
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      Kober, Thomas",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "42",
    number = "4",
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    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-4006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00265",
    pages = "727--761",
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@article{beltagy-etal-2016-representing,
    title = "Representing Meaning with a Combination of Logical and Distributional Models",
    author = "Beltagy, I.  and
      Roller, Stephen  and
      Cheng, Pengxiang  and
      Erk, Katrin  and
      Mooney, Raymond J.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "42",
    number = "4",
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    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-4007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00266",
    pages = "763--808",
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@article{gomez-rodriguez-2016-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: Restricted Non-Projectivity: Coverage vs. Efficiency",
    author = "G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "42",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-4008",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00267",
    pages = "809--817",
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@article{kuhlmann-oepen-2016-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: Towards a Catalogue of Linguistic Graph {B}anks",
    author = "Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "42",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-4009",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00268",
    pages = "819--827",
}
@article{xiong-2016-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Semantic Similarity from Natural Language and Ontology Analysis by S{\'e}bastien Harispe, Sylvie Ranwez, Stefan Janaqi, and Jacky Montmain",
    author = "Xiong, Deyi",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "42",
    number = "4",
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    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-4010",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00269",
    pages = "829--831",
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@article{louis-2016-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Natural Language Processing for Social Media by Atefeh Farzindar and Diana Inkpen",
    author = "Louis, Annie",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "42",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-4011",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00270",
    pages = "833--836",
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@article{erlewine-2016-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Elements of Formal Semantics: An Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Meaning in Natural Language by Yoad Winter",
    author = "Erlewine, Michael Yoshitaka",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "42",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-4012",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00271",
    pages = "837--839",
}
@article{nn-2016-reviewers,
    title = "Reviewers for Volume 42",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "42",
    number = "4",
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    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J16-4013",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_x_00272",
    pages = "841--841",
}
@proceedings{coling-1980-coling,
    title = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
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    title = "MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECT OF JAPANESE LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Shudo, Kosho  and
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    year = "1980",
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@inproceedings{binot-etal-1980-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC PROCESSING OF WRITTEN FRENCH LANGUAGE",
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    title = "A SYNTAX PARSER BASED ON THE CASE DEPENDENCY GRAMMAR AND ITS EFFICIENCY",
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    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
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    title = "{SGS}: A SYSTEM FOR MECHANICAL GENERATION OF JAPANESE SENTENCES",
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    title = "COMPUTER-AIDED GRAMMATICAL TAGGING OF SPOKEN ENGLISH",
    author = "Svartvik, Jan",
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    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1005",
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    title = "COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF PREDICATIONAL STRUCTURES IN ENGLISH",
    author = "Kucera, Henry",
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    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1006",
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@inproceedings{salkoff-1980-context,
    title = "A CONTEXT-FREE GRAMMAR OF FRENCH",
    author = "Salkoff, Morris",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1007",
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@inproceedings{sondheimer-weischedel-1980-rule,
    title = "A RULE-BASED APPROACH TO ILL-FORMED INPUT",
    author = "Sondheimer, Norman K.  and
      Weischedel, Ralph M.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1008",
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@inproceedings{pulman-1980-parsing,
    title = "PARSING AND SYNTACTIC THEORY",
    author = "Pulman, S.G.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1009",
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@inproceedings{prideaux-1980-role,
    title = "THE ROLE OF PERCEPTUAL STRATEGIES IN THE PROCESSING OF ENGLISH RELATIVE CLAUSE STRUCTURES",
    author = "Prideaux, Gary D.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1010",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-sgall-1980-linguistic,
    title = "LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE",
    author = "Hajicova, Eva  and
      Sgall, Petr",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1011",
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@inproceedings{rieger-1980-fuzzy,
    title = "FUZZY WORD MEANING ANALYSIS AND REPRESENTATION IN LINGUISTIC SEMANTICS. AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH TO THE RECONSTRUCTION OF LEXICAL MEANINGS IN EAST- AND WEST-GERMAN NEWSPAPER TEXTS.",
    author = "Rieger, Burghard B.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1012",
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@inproceedings{nishida-doshita-1980-hierarchical,
    title = "HIERARCHICAL MEANING REPRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF NATURAL LANGUAGE DOCUMENTS",
    author = "NISHIDA, Toyo-aki  and
      DOSHITA, Shuji",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1013",
}
@inproceedings{uchinami-tezuka-1980-linguistic,
    title = "LINGUISTIC MODEL BASED ON THE GENERATIVE TOPOLOGICAL INFORMATION SPACE",
    author = "Uchinami, Seiichi  and
      Tezuka, Yoshikazu",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1014",
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@inproceedings{kusanagi-1980-model,
    title = "A MODEL OF NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING OF TIME-RELATED EXPRESSIONS",
    author = "Kusanagi, Yutaka",
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    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1015",
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@inproceedings{momouchi-1980-control,
    title = "CONTROL STRUCTURES FOR ACTIONS IN PROCEDURAL TEXTS AND PT-CHART",
    author = "Momouchi, Yoshio",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1016",
}
@inproceedings{ralph-1980-relative,
    title = "RELATIVE SEMANTIC COMPLEXITY IN LEXICAL UNITS",
    author = "Ralph, Bo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1017",
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@inproceedings{rohrer-1980-lanalyse,
    title = "L{'}ANALYSE LOGIQUE DES TEMPS DU PASSE EN {F}RANCAIS: Comment on peut appliquer la distinction entre nom de matiere et nom comptable aux temps du verbe",
    author = "Rohrer, Christian",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1018",
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@inproceedings{okada-1980-conceptual,
    title = "CONCEPTUAL TAXONOMY OF JAPANESE VERBS FOR UDERSTANDING NATURAL LANGUAGE AND PICTURE PATTERNS",
    author = "Okada, Naoyuki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1019",
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@inproceedings{mizoguchi-yamamoto-1980-approach,
    title = "AN APPROACH TO A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF METAPHOR",
    author = "MIZOGUCHI, Fumio  and
      YAMAMOTO, Akihiko",
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    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1020",
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@inproceedings{wahlster-1980-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL FOR THE SEMANTICS OF WHY-QUESTIONS",
    author = "Wahlster, W.",
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    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1021",
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@inproceedings{ogawa-etal-1980-knowledge,
    title = "THE KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION FOR A STORY UNDERSTANDING AND SIMULATION SYSTEM",
    author = "OGAWA, HITOSHI  and
      NISHI, JUNICHIRO  and
      TANAKA, KOKICHI",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1022",
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    title = "A FORMAL GRAMMAR OF EXPRESSIVENESS FOR SACRED LEGENDS",
    author = "Dreizin, F.  and
      Shenhar, A.  and
      Bar-Itzhak, H.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1023",
}
@inproceedings{smith-1980-efficiency,
    title = "EFFICIENCY TOOLS IN THE SPEECHES OF MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.",
    author = "Smith, M. Cassandra Foster",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1024",
}
@inproceedings{shalyapina-1980-problems,
    title = "PROBLEMS OF FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF TEXT STRUCTURE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF AUTOMATIC TRANSLATION",
    author = "Shalyapina, Z.M.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1025",
}
@inproceedings{langley-1980-production,
    title = "A PRODUCTION SYSTEM MODEL OF FIRST LANGUAGE ACQUISITION",
    author = "Langley, Pat",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1026",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-1980-linguistic,
    title = "LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF NATURAL LANGUAGE COMMUNICATION WITH COMPUTERS",
    author = "Thompson, Bozena Henisz",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1027",
}
@inproceedings{zifonun-1980-levels,
    title = "LEVELS OF REPRESENTATION IN NATURAL LANGUAGE BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE METHODOLOGY OF COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS",
    author = "ZIFONUN, G.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1028",
}
@inproceedings{kittredge-1980-embedded,
    title = "EMBEDDED SUBLANGUAGES AND NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Kittredge, Richard",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1029",
}
@inproceedings{landsbergen-1980-adaptation,
    title = "ADAPTATION OF MONTAGUE GRAMMAR TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF QUESTION-ANSWERING",
    author = "Landsbergen, S.P.J.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1030",
}
@inproceedings{andreka-etal-1980-model,
    title = "MODEL THEORETIC SEMANTICS FOR MANY-PURPOSE LANGUAGES AND LANGUAGE HIERARCHIES",
    author = "Andreka, H.  and
      Gergely, T.  and
      Gergely, T.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1031",
}
@inproceedings{yonezaki-enomoto-1980-database,
    title = "DATABASE SYSTEM BASED ON INTENSIONAL LOGIC",
    author = "Yonezaki, Naoki  and
      Enomoto, Hajime",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1032",
}
@inproceedings{berthelin-1980-connotation,
    title = "CONNOTATION AS A FORM OF INFERENCE",
    author = "BERTHELIN, JB",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1033",
}
@inproceedings{hofmann-1980-derivation,
    title = "ON THE DERIVATION OF A CONVERSATIONAL MAXIM",
    author = "Hofmann, Th. R.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1034",
}
@inproceedings{kiefer-1980-topic,
    title = "TOPIC-COMMENT STRUCTURE OF TEXTS (AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE AUTOMATIC PROCESSING OF TEXTS)",
    author = "Kiefer, Ferenc",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1035",
}
@inproceedings{hiraga-etal-1980-analysis,
    title = "AN ANALYSIS OF THE STANDARD ENGLISH KEYBOARD",
    author = "Hiraga, Yuzuru  and
      Ono, Yoshihiko  and
      Yamada, Hisao",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1036",
}
@inproceedings{hiraga-etal-1980-assignment,
    title = "AN ASSIGNMENT OF KEY-CODES FOR A JAPANESE CHARACTER KEYBOARD",
    author = "Hiraga, Yuzuru  and
      Ono, Yoshihiko  and
      Yamada, Hisao",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1037",
}
@inproceedings{kawada-etal-1980-linguistic,
    title = "LINGUISTIC ERROR CORRECTION OF JAPANESE SENTENCES",
    author = "Kawada, Tsutomu  and
      Amano, Shin-ya  and
      Sakai, Kunio",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1038",
}
@inproceedings{abe-etal-1980-froff,
    title = "ON FROFF: A TEXT PROCESSING SYSTEM FOR ENGLISH TEXTS AND FIGURES",
    author = "Abe, Norihiro  and
      Uemura, Nobutaka  and
      Higashide, Masahiro  and
      Tsuji, Saburo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1039",
}
@inproceedings{shimomura-1980-science,
    title = "SCIENCE OF THE STROKE SEQUENCE OF KANJI",
    author = "SHIMOMURA, Takeshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1040",
}
@inproceedings{chan-1980-chinese,
    title = "A CHINESE CHARACTERS CODING SCHEME FOR COMPUTER INPUT AND INTERNAL STOPAGE",
    author = "Chan, Chorkin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1041",
}
@inproceedings{king-1980-human,
    title = "HUMAN FACTORS AND LINGUISTIC CONSIDERATIONS: KEYS TO HIGH-SPEED CHINESE CHARACTER INPUT",
    author = "King, Paul L.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1042",
}
@inproceedings{grimes-1980-system,
    title = "SYSTEM SUPPORT IN CHINESE DATA ENTRY",
    author = "Grimes, Joseph E.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1043",
}
@inproceedings{seppanen-1980-soft,
    title = "SOFT DISPLAY KEY FOR KANJI INPUT",
    author = "Seppanen, Jouko J.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1044",
}
@inproceedings{makino-kizawa-1980-automatic,
    title = "AN AUTOMATIC TRANSLATION SYSTEM OF NON-SEGMENTED KANA SENTENCES INTO KANJI-KANA SENTENCES",
    author = "Makino, Hiroshi  and
      Kizawa, Makoto",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1045",
}
@inproceedings{devadason-1980-generation,
    title = "GENERATION OF THESAURUS IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES A COMPUTER BASED SYSTEM",
    author = "DEVADASON, F. J.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1046",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-1980-statistical,
    title = "STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF JAPANESE CHARACTERS",
    author = "Tanaka, Takushi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1047",
}
@inproceedings{uemura-etal-1980-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC COMPILATION OF MODERN CHINESE CONCORDANCES",
    author = "UEMURA, Syunsuke  and
      SUGAWARA, Yasuo  and
      HASHIMOTO, Mantaro J.  and
      FURUYA, Akihiro",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1048",
}
@inproceedings{sugita-1980-text,
    title = "TEXT PROCESSING OF THAI LANGUAGE {``}THE THREE SEALS LAW{''}",
    author = "Sugita, Shigeharu",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1049",
}
@inproceedings{nakano-etal-1980-automatic,
    title = "AN AUTOMATIC PROCESSING OF THE NATURAL LANGUAGE IN THE WORD COUNT SYSTEM",
    author = "NAKANO, HIROSHI  and
      TSUCHIYA, SHIN{'}ICHI  and
      TSURUOKA, AKIO",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1050",
}
@inproceedings{bien-etal-1980-parsing,
    title = "PARSING FREE WORD ORDER LANGUAGES IN PROLOG",
    author = "Bien, Janusz Stanislaw  and
      Laus-Maczyniska, Krystyna  and
      Szpakowicz, Stanislaw",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1051",
}
@inproceedings{milne-1980-parsing,
    title = "PARSING AGAINST LEXICAL AMBIGUITY",
    author = "Milne, Rob",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1052",
}
@inproceedings{plante-1980-text,
    title = "TEXT ANALYSIS LEARNING STRATEGIES",
    author = "PLANTE, Pierre",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1053",
}
@inproceedings{meunier-1980-semantic,
    title = "SEMANTIC FOR TEXT PROCESSING",
    author = "Meunier, Jean-Guy",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1054",
}
@inproceedings{laubsch-roesner-1980-active,
    title = "ACTIVE SCHEMATA AND THEIR ROLE IN SEMANTIC PARSING",
    author = "Laubsch, Joachim H.  and
      Roesner, Dietmar F.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1055",
}
@inproceedings{sirai-1980-deal,
    title = "HOW TO DEAL WITH AMBIGUITIES WHILE PARSING: EXAM - A SEMANTIC PROCESSING SYSTEM FOR JAPANESE LANGUAGE",
    author = "Sirai, Hidetosi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1056",
}
@inproceedings{michiels-etal-1980-exploiting,
    title = "EXPLOITING A LARGE DATA BASE BY LONGMAN",
    author = "MICHIELS, A.  and
      MULLENDERS, J.  and
      NOEL, J.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1057",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-1980-unit,
    title = "UNIT-TO-UNIT INTERACTION AS A BASIS FOR SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION OF JAPANESE SENTENCES",
    author = "TANAKA, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1058",
}
@inproceedings{yamauchi-1980-processing,
    title = "PROCESSING OF SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS OF NATURAL LANGUAGE BY PREDICATE LOGIC OF PREDICATE LOGIC",
    author = "Yamauchi, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1059",
}
@inproceedings{dilger-1980-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC TRANSLATION WITH ATTRIBUTE GRAMMARS",
    author = "Dilger, Werner",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1060",
}
@inproceedings{wang-1980-computational,
    title = "ON COMPUTATIONAL SENTENCE GENERATION FROM LOGICAL FORM",
    author = "Wang, Juen-tin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1061",
}
@inproceedings{pelletier-1980-formal,
    title = "FORMAL PROPERTIES OF RULE ORDERINGS IN LINGUISTICS",
    author = "Pelletier, Francis Jeffry",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1062",
}
@inproceedings{nagao-etal-1980-machine,
    title = "A MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM FROM {J}APANESE INTO {E}NGLISH - ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE OF {MT} SYSTEMS -",
    author = "Nagao, M.  and
      Tsujii, J.  and
      Mitamura, K.  and
      Hirakawa, H.  and
      Kume, M.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1063",
}
@inproceedings{melby-etal-1980-interactive,
    title = "{ITS}: INTERACTIVE TRANSLATION SYSTEM",
    author = "Melby, Alan K.  and
      Smith, Melvin R.  and
      Peterson, Jill",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1064",
}
@inproceedings{boitet-etal-1980-present,
    title = "PRESENT AND FUTURE PARADIGMS IN THE AUTOMATIZED TRANSLATION OF NATURAL LANGUAGES.",
    author = "BOITET, Ch.  and
      CHATELIN, P.  and
      FRAGA, P. DAUN",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1065",
}
@inproceedings{boitet-nedobejkine-1980-russian,
    title = "RUSSIAN-FRENCH AT GETA: OUTLINE OF THE METHOD AND DETAILED EXAMPLE",
    author = "BOITET, Ch.  and
      NEDOBEJKINE, N.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1066",
}
@inproceedings{nishida-etal-1980-english,
    title = "ENGLISH-JAPANESE TRANSLATION THROUGH CASE-STRUCTURE CONVERSION",
    author = "Nishida, Fujio  and
      Takamatsu, Shinobu  and
      Kuroki, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1067",
}
@inproceedings{uchida-sugiyama-1980-machine,
    title = "A MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM FROM JAPANESE INTO ENGLISH BASED ON CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE",
    author = "Uchida, Hiroshi  and
      Sugiyama, Kenji",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1068",
}
@inproceedings{brinkmann-1980-terminology,
    title = "TERMINOLOGY DATA BANKS AS A BASIS FOR HIGH-QUALITY TRANSLATION",
    author = "Brinkmann, Karl-Heinz",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1069",
}
@inproceedings{shirai-etal-1980-trial,
    title = "A TRIAL OF JAPANESE TEXT INPUT SYSTEM USING SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Shirai, K.  and
      Fukazawa, Y.  and
      Matzui, T.  and
      Matzuura, H.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1070",
}
@inproceedings{shigenaga-etal-1980-speech,
    title = "SPEECH RECOGNITION SYSTEM FOR SPOKEN JAPANESE SENTENCES",
    author = "Shigenaga, Minoru  and
      Sekiguchi, Yoshihiro  and
      Lai, Chia-horng",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1071",
}
@inproceedings{phillips-hendler-1980-impatient,
    title = "THE IMPATIENT TUTOR: AN INTEGRATED LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING SYSTEM",
    author = "Phillips, Brian  and
      Hendler, James",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1072",
}
@inproceedings{metzing-1980-atns,
    title = "ATNS USED AS A PROCEDURAL DIALOG MODEL",
    author = "Metzing, D.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1073",
}
@inproceedings{endo-tamati-1980-decomposition,
    title = "DECOMPOSITION OF JAPANESE SENTENCES INTO NORMAL FORMS BASED ON HUMAN LINGUISTIC PROCESS",
    author = "Endo, Tsutomu  and
      Tamati, Tuneo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1074",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-1980-conjunctions,
    title = "CONJUNCTIONS AND MODULARITY IN LANGUAGE ANALYSIS PROCEDURES",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1075",
}
@inproceedings{hanakata-1980-intelligent,
    title = "An intelligent digester for interactive text processings",
    author = "Hanakata, K.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1076",
}
@inproceedings{grandjean-veillon-1980-une,
    title = "UNE EXPERIENCE PRATIQUE D{'}UTILISATION DE L{'}ANALYSE LINGUISTIQUE EN RECHERCHE D{'}INFORMATION: BILAN {\&} PERSPECTIVES",
    author = "GRANDJEAN, Ernest  and
      VEILLON, Gerard",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1077",
}
@inproceedings{kinukawa-etal-1980-japanese,
    title = "JAPANESE SENTENCE ANALYSIS FOR AUTOMATIC INDEXING",
    author = "Kinukawa, Hiroshi  and
      Matsuoka, Hiroshi  and
      Kimura, Mutsuko",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1078",
}
@inproceedings{bailes-reeker-1980-experimental,
    title = "AN EXPERIMENTAL APPLICATIVE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE FOR LINGUISTICS AND STRING PROCESSING",
    author = "Bailes, P.A.C.  and
      Reeker, L.H.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1079",
}
@inproceedings{witten-1980-translating,
    title = "TRANSLATING INTERACTIVE COMPUTER DIALOGUES FROM IDEOGRAPHIC TO ALPHABETIC LANGUAGES",
    author = "Witten, Ian H.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1080",
}
@inproceedings{nagao-etal-1980-attempt,
    title = "AN ATTEMPT TO COMPUTERIZED DICTIONARY DATA BASES",
    author = "Nagao, M.  and
      Tsujii, J.  and
      Ueda, Y.  and
      Takiyama, M.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1081",
}
@inproceedings{aizawa-hatada-1980-using,
    title = "USING A NATURAL-ARTIFICIAL HYBRID LANGUAGE FOR DATABASE ACCESS",
    author = "AIZAWA, Teruaki  and
      HATADA, Nobuko",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1082",
}
@inproceedings{guida-1980-goal,
    title = "GOAL ORIENTED PARSING: IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF NATURAL LANGUAGE ACCESS TO RELATIONAL DATA BASES",
    author = "Guida, Giovanni",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1083",
}
@inproceedings{zimmermann-1980-naturlichsprachige,
    title = "NATURLICHSPRACHIGE PROBLEMBESCHREIBUNG ALS EIN VERFAHREN FUR DEN BURGERNAHEN ZUGANG ZU DOKUMENTATIONSSYSTEMEN",
    author = "Zimmermann, Harald H.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1084",
}
@inproceedings{kummel-1980-content,
    title = "CONTENT GUIDED ANSWER SEARCH SYSTEM FOR NATURAL LANGUAGES",
    author = "Kummel, Peter",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1085",
}
@inproceedings{narinyani-1980-interaction,
    title = "INTERACTION WITH A LIMITED OBJECT DOMAIN - ZAPSIB PROJECT",
    author = "Narin{'}yani, A.S.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1086",
}
@inproceedings{fischer-1980-integrated,
    title = "INTEGRATED INFORMATION MANIPULATION SYSTEMS (IMS) - A COGNITIVE VIEW",
    author = "Fischer, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1087",
}
@inproceedings{see-1980-morphological,
    title = "THE MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BAHASA MALAYSIA",
    author = "See, Chang May",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1088",
}
@inproceedings{bruandet-1980-conceptual,
    title = "A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR AUTOMATIC AND DYNAMIC THESAURUS UPDATING IN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS",
    author = "BRUANDET, M.F.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1089",
}
@inproceedings{pozzi-etal-1980-method,
    title = "A METHOD TO REDUCE LARGE NUMBER OF CONCORDANCES",
    author = "Pozzi, Maria  and
      Becerra, Javier  and
      Rangel, Jaime  and
      Lara, Luis Fernando",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1090",
}
@inproceedings{tuldava-1980-mathematical,
    title = "A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE VOCABULARY-TEXT RELATION",
    author = "Tuldava, Juhan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1091",
}
@inproceedings{ogino-1980-computational,
    title = "COMPUTATIONAL DIALECTOLOGY USING {GLAPS} - Automated Processing of Field Survey Data -",
    author = "Ogino, Tsunao",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1092",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1980-author,
    title = "AUTHOR INDEX",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1980 Volume 1: The 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C80-1093",
}
@proceedings{coling-1994-coling,
    title = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1000",
}
@inproceedings{kinoshita-etal-1994-improvement,
    title = "IMPROVEMENT IN CUSTOMIZABILITY USING TRANSLATION TEMPLATES",
    author = "Kinoshita, Satoshi  and
      Kumano, Akira  and
      Hirakawa, Hideki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1001",
}
@inproceedings{bond-etal-1994-countability,
    title = "Countability and Number in {J}apanese to {E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Bond, Francis  and
      Ogura, Kentaro  and
      Ikehara, Satoru",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1002",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-1994-method,
    title = "A Method for Distinguishing Exceptional and General Examples in Example-based Transfer Systems",
    author = "Watanabe, Hideo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1003",
}
@inproceedings{gawronska-etal-1994-interpreting,
    title = "INTERPRETING COMPOUNDS FOR MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Gawronska, Barbara  and
      Nordner, Anders  and
      Johansson, Christer  and
      Willners, Caroline",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1004",
}
@inproceedings{cornish-etal-1994-towards,
    title = "Towards Machine Translation Using Contextual Information",
    author = "Cornish, Tim  and
      Fujita, Kimikazu  and
      Sugimura, Ryochi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1005",
}
@inproceedings{allmuallim-etal-1994-two,
    title = "Two Methods for Learning {ALT}-J/E Translation Rules from Examples and a Semantic Hierarchy",
    author = "Allmuallim, Ilussein  and
      Akiba, Yasuhiro  and
      Yamazaki, Takefumi  and
      Yokoo, Akio  and
      Kaneda, Shigeo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1006",
}
@inproceedings{sobashima-etal-1994-bidirectional,
    title = "A BIDIRECTIONAL, TRANSFER-DRIVEN MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM FOR SPOKEN DIALOGUES",
    author = "Sobashima, Yasuhiro  and
      Furuse, Osamu  and
      Akamine, Susumu  and
      Kawai, Jun  and
      Iida, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1007",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-1994-treating,
    title = "Treating {`}Free Word Order{'} in Machine Translation",
    author = "Steinberger, Ralf",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1008",
}
@inproceedings{kumano-hirakawa-1994-building,
    title = "BUILDING AN MT DICTIONARY FROM PARALLEL TEXTS BASED ON LINGUISTIC AND STATISTICAL INFORMATION",
    author = "Kumano, Akira  and
      Hirakawa, Hideki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1009",
}
@inproceedings{karlgren-etal-1994-dilemma,
    title = "DILEMMA - AN INSTANT LEXICOGRAPIIER",
    author = "Karlgren, Hans  and
      Karlgren, Jussi  and
      Nordstrom, Magnus  and
      Pettersson, Paul  and
      Wahrolen, Bengt",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1010",
}
@inproceedings{takeda-1994-portable,
    title = "Portable Knowledge Sources for Machine Translation",
    author = "Takeda, Koichi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1011",
}
@inproceedings{baker-etal-1994-coping,
    title = "Coping With Ambiguity in a Large-Scale Machine Translation System",
    author = "Baker, Kathryn L.  and
      Franz, Alexander M.  and
      Jordan, Pamela W.  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Nyberg, Eric H.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1012",
}
@inproceedings{nyberg-3rd-etal-1994-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Metrics for Knowledge-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Nyberg, 3rd, Eric H.  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Carbonell, Jaime G.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1013",
}
@inproceedings{cranias-etal-1994-matching,
    title = "A MATCHING TECHNIQUE IN EXAMPLE-BASED MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Cranias, Lambros  and
      Papageorgiou, Harris  and
      Piperdis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1014",
}
@inproceedings{furuse-iida-1994-constituent,
    title = "Constituent Boundary Parsing for Example-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Furuse, Osamu  and
      Iida, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1015",
}
@inproceedings{modina-shalyapina-1994-jarap,
    title = "THE {J}a{RAP} EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM OF {J}APANESE-{R}USSIAN AUTOMATIC TRANSLATION",
    author = "Modina, Larisa S.  and
      Shalyapina, Zoya M.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1016",
}
@inproceedings{blanchon-1994-perspectives,
    title = "Perspectives of {DBMT} for monolingual authors on the basis of {LIDIA}-1, an implemented mock-up",
    author = "Blanchon, Herve",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1017",
}
@inproceedings{sigurd-gawronska-1994-modals,
    title = "MODALS AS A PROBLEM FOR MT",
    author = "Sigurd, Bengt  and
      Gawronska, Barbara",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1018",
}
@inproceedings{nirenburg-etal-1994-two,
    title = "Two Types of Adaptive {MT} Environments",
    author = "Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Frederking, Robert  and
      Farwell, David  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1019",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-1994-english,
    title = "AN ENGLISH-TO-KOREAN MACHINE TRANSLATOR: MATES/EK",
    author = "Choi, Key-Sun  and
      Lee, Seungmi  and
      Kim, Hiongun  and
      Kim, Deok-bong  and
      Kweon, Cheoljung  and
      Kim, Gilchang",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1020",
}
@inproceedings{ro-1994-interlanguage,
    title = "INTERLANGUAGE SIGNS AND LEXICAL TRANSFER ERRORS",
    author = "Ro, Atle",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1021",
}
@inproceedings{trost-matiasek-1994-morphology,
    title = "Morphology with a Null-Interface",
    author = "Trost, Harald  and
      Matiasek, Johannes",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1022",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-1994-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC MODEL REFINEMENT - with an application to tagging",
    author = "Lin, Yi-Chung  and
      Chiang, Tung-Hui  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1023",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-srinivas-1994-disambiguation,
    title = "Disambiguation of Super Parts of Speech (or Supertags): Almost Parsing",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.  and
      Srinivas, B.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1024",
}
@inproceedings{kempe-1994-probabilistic,
    title = "PROBABILISTIC TAGGING WITH FEATURE STRUCTURES",
    author = "Kempe, Andre",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1025",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chen-1994-part,
    title = "A Part-of-Speech-Based Alignment Algorithm",
    author = "Chen, Kuang-hua  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1026",
}
@inproceedings{schmid-1994-part,
    title = "PART-OF-SPEECH TAGGING WITH NEURAL NETWORKS",
    author = "Schmid, Helmut",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1027",
}
@inproceedings{kanovich-shalyapina-1994-rumors,
    title = "THE RUMORS SYSTEM OF RUSSIAN SYNTHESIS",
    author = "Kanovich, Max I.  and
      Shalyapina, Zoyn M.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1028",
}
@inproceedings{kiraz-1994-multi,
    title = "MULTI-TAPE TWO-LEVEL MORPHOLOGY: A Case Study in {S}emitic Non-linear Morphology",
    author = "Kiraz, George Anton",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1029",
}
@inproceedings{araki-etal-1994-evaluation,
    title = "AN EVALUATION TO DETECT AND CORRECT ERRONEOUS CHARACTERS WRONGLY SUBSTITUTED, DELETED AND INSERTED IN JAPANESE AND ENGLISH SENTENCES USING MARKOV MODELS",
    author = "Araki, Tetsuo  and
      Ikehara, Satoru  and
      Tsukahara, Nobuyuki  and
      Komatsu, Yasunori",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1030",
}
@inproceedings{hisamitsu-nitta-1994-efficient,
    title = "AN EFFICIENT TREATMENT OF JAPANESE VERB INFLECTION FOR MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS",
    author = "Hisamitsu, Toru  and
      Nitta, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1031",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-1994-stochastic,
    title = "A Stochastic {J}apanese Morphological Analyzer Using a Forward-{DP} Backward-{A}* N-Best Search Algorithm",
    author = "Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1032",
}
@inproceedings{maruyama-1994-backtracking,
    title = "Backtracking-Free Dictionary Access Method for {J}apanese Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Maruyama, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1033",
}
@inproceedings{gasser-1994-modularity,
    title = "MODULARITY IN A CONNECTIONIST MODEL OF MORPHOLOGY ACQUISITION",
    author = "Gasser, Michael",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1034",
}
@inproceedings{kang-kim-1994-syllable,
    title = "SYLLABLE-BASED MODEL FOR TIIE KOREAN MORPIIOLOGY",
    author = "Kang, Seung-Shik  and
      Kim, Yung Taek",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1035",
}
@inproceedings{nobesawa-etal-1994-segmenting,
    title = "SEGMENTING A SENTENCE INTO MORPIIEMES USING STATISTIC INFORMATION BETWEEN WORDS",
    author = "Nobesawa, Shilm  and
      Tsutsumi, Junya  and
      Nitta, Tomoaki  and
      Ono, Kotaro  and
      Jiang, Sun Da  and
      Nakanishi, Masakazu",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1036",
}
@inproceedings{pirrelli-federici-1994-derivational,
    title = "{``}DERIVATIONAL{''} PARADIGMS IN MORPHONOLOGY",
    author = "Pirrelli, Vito  and
      Federici, Stefano",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1037",
}
@inproceedings{nomura-etal-1994-architecture,
    title = "AN ARCHITECTURE FOR A UNIVERSAL LEXICON: A Case Study on Shared Syntactic Information in {J}apanese, {H}indi, {B}engali, {G}reek, and {E}nglish",
    author = "Nomura, Naoyuki  and
      Jones, Douglas A.  and
      Berwick, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1038",
}
@inproceedings{van-noord-bouma-1994-adjuncts,
    title = "Adjuncts and the Processing of Lexical Rules",
    author = "van Noord, Gertjan  and
      Bouma, Gosse",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1039",
}
@inproceedings{koizumi-etal-1994-noun,
    title = "Noun Phrasal Entries in the {EDR} {E}nglish Word Dictionary",
    author = "Koizumi, A.  and
      Arioka, M.  and
      Harada, C.  and
      Sugimoto, M.  and
      Guthrie, L.  and
      Watts, C.  and
      Catizone, R.  and
      Wilks, Y.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1040",
}
@inproceedings{hernert-1994-kassys,
    title = "{KASSYS}: A DEFINITION ACQUISITION SYSTEM IN NATURAL LANGUAGE",
    author = "Hernert, Patrice",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1041",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-etal-1994-comlex,
    title = "Comlex Syntax: Building a Computational Lexicon",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Macleod, Catherine  and
      Meyers, Adam",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1042",
}
@inproceedings{sanfilippo-1994-word,
    title = "Word Knowledge Acquisition, Lexicon Construction and Dictionary Compilation",
    author = "Sanfilippo, Antonio",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1043",
}
@inproceedings{serasset-1994-lnterlinguai,
    title = "lnterlinguai Lexical Organisation for Multilingual Lexical Databases in {NADIA}",
    author = "Serasset, Gilles",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1044",
}
@inproceedings{gaschler-lafourcade-1994-manipulating,
    title = "Manipulating human-oriented dictionaries with very simple tools",
    author = "Gaschler, Jean  and
      Lafourcade, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1045",
}
@inproceedings{fafiotte-tcheou-1994-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY ASSISTANTS: APPLICATION TO LEARNING LEXICAL PROPERTIES OF CHINESE CHARACTERS",
    author = "Fafiotte, Georges  and
      Tcheou, Francois",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1046",
}
@inproceedings{meddeb-hamrouni-1994-logic,
    title = "LOGIC COMPRESSION OF DICTIONARIES FOR MULTILINGUAL SPELLING CHECKERS",
    author = "Meddeb Hamrouni, Boubaker",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1047",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-umemura-1994-construction,
    title = "Construction of a Bilingual Dictionary Intermediated by a Third Language",
    author = "Tanaka, Kumiko  and
      Umemura, Kyoji",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1048",
}
@inproceedings{niwa-nitta-1994-co,
    title = "CO-OCCURRENCE VECTORS FROM CORPORA VS. DISTANCE VECTORS FROM DICTIONARIES",
    author = "Niwa, Yoshiki  and
      Nitta, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1049",
}
@inproceedings{tsunoda-tanaka-1994-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Scene Identification Ability of Associative Memory with Pictorial Dictionary",
    author = "Tsunoda, Tatsuhiko  and
      Tanaka, Hidehiko",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1050",
}
@inproceedings{lenke-1994-anticipating,
    title = "Anticipating the Reader{'}s Problems and the Automatic Generation of Paraphrases",
    author = "Lenke, Nils",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1051",
}
@inproceedings{ageno-etal-1994-tge,
    title = "{TGE}: Tlinks Generation Environment",
    author = "Ageno, Alicia  and
      Ribas, Francesc  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Rodriguez, Horacio  and
      Samiotou, Anna",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1052",
}
@inproceedings{huang-1994-planning,
    title = "Planning Argumentative Texts",
    author = "Huang, Xiaorong",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1053",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-shadbolt-1994-hybrid,
    title = "A HYBRID APPROACH TO THE AUTOMATIC PLANNING OF TEXTUAL STRUCTURES",
    author = "Zhu, Gang  and
      Shadbolt, Nigel",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1054",
}
@inproceedings{rosner-stede-1994-generating,
    title = "Generating Multilingual Documents from a Knowledge Base The {TECHDOC} Project",
    author = "Rosner, Dietmar  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1055",
}
@inproceedings{ono-etal-1994-abstract,
    title = "ABSTRACT GENERATION BASED ON RHETORICAL STRUCTURE EXTRACTION",
    author = "Ono, Kenji  and
      Sumita, Kazuo  and
      Miike, Seiji",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1056",
}
@inproceedings{levin-nirenburg-1994-correct,
    title = "The Correct Place of Lexical Semantics in Interlingual {MT}",
    author = "Levin, Lori  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1057",
}
@inproceedings{harbusch-etal-1994-default,
    title = "DEFAULT HANDLING IN INCREMENTAL GENERATION",
    author = "Harbusch, Karin  and
      Kikui, Gen-ichiro  and
      Kilger, Anne",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1058",
}
@inproceedings{komatsu-etal-1994-english,
    title = "ENGLISH GENERATION FROM INTERLINGUA BY EXAMPLE-BASED METHOD",
    author = "Komatsu, Eiji  and
      Cui, Jin  and
      Yasuhara, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1059",
}
@inproceedings{wanner-1994-lexically,
    title = "ON LEXICALLY BIASED DISCOURSE ORGANIZATION IN TEXT GENERATION",
    author = "Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1060",
}
@inproceedings{broker-etal-1994-concurrent,
    title = "CONCURRENT LEXICALIZED DEPENDENCY PARSING: THE ParseTalk MODEL",
    author = "Broker, Norbert  and
      Hahn, Udo  and
      Schacht, Susanne",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1061",
}
@inproceedings{samuelsson-1994-notes,
    title = "NOTES ON LR PARSER DESIGN",
    author = "Samuelsson, Christer",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1062",
}
@inproceedings{pericliev-grigorov-1994-parsing,
    title = "PARSING A FLEXIBLE WORD ORDER LANGUAGE",
    author = "Pericliev, Vladimir  and
      Grigorov, Alexander",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1063",
}
@inproceedings{gerdemann-1994-parsing,
    title = "PARSING AS TREE TRAVERSAL",
    author = "Gerdemann, Dale",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1064",
}
@inproceedings{pitsch-1994-lr,
    title = "{LR}(k)-Parsing of Coupled-Context-Free Grammars",
    author = "Pitsch, Gisela",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1065",
}
@inproceedings{karttunen-1994-constructing,
    title = "CONSTRUCTING LEXICAL TRANSDUCERS",
    author = "Karttunen, Lauri",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1066",
}
@inproceedings{quantz-1994-hpsg,
    title = "An {HPSG} Parser Based on Description Logics",
    author = "Quantz, J. Joachim",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1067",
}
@inproceedings{ishii-etal-1994-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Parser Generator for Natural Language",
    author = "Ishii, Masayuki  and
      Ohta, Kazuhisa  and
      Saito, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1068",
}
@inproceedings{jones-1994-exploring,
    title = "EXPLORING THE ROLE OF PUNCTUATION IN PARSING NATURAL TEXT",
    author = "Jones, Bernard E. M.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1069",
}
@inproceedings{boitet-seligman-1994-whiteboard,
    title = "THE {``}WHITEBOARD{''} ARCHITECTURE: A WAY TO INTEGRATE HETEROGENEOUS COMPONENTS OF NLP SYSTEMS",
    author = "Boitet, Christian  and
      Seligman, Mark",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1070",
}
@inproceedings{roche-1994-two,
    title = "Two Parsing Algorithms by Means of Finite State Transducers",
    author = "Roche, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1071",
}
@inproceedings{uszkoreit-etal-1994-disco,
    title = "{DISCO}-An {HPSG}-based {NLP} System and its Application for Appointment Scheduling Project Note",
    author = "Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Backofen, Rolf  and
      Busemann, Stephan  and
      Diagne, Abdel Kader  and
      Hinkelman, Elizabeth A.  and
      Kasper, Walter  and
      Kiefer, Bernd  and
      Krieger, Hans-Ulrich  and
      Netter, Klaus  and
      Neumann, Gunter  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Spackman, Stephen P.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1072",
}
@inproceedings{liu-soo-1994-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-Based Learning Technique for Building A Self-Extensible Parser",
    author = "Liu, Rey-Long  and
      Soo, Von-Wun",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1073",
}
@inproceedings{basili-etal-1994-shallow,
    title = "A {``}not-so-shallow{''} parser for collocational analysis",
    author = "Basili, R.  and
      Pazienza, M.T.  and
      Velardi, P.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1074",
}
@inproceedings{barthelemy-rouaix-1994-modular,
    title = "A MODULAR ARCHITECTURE FOR CONSTRAINT-BASED PARSING",
    author = "Barthelemy, Francois  and
      Rouaix, Francois",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1075",
}
@inproceedings{wiren-1994-minimal,
    title = "Minimal Change and Bounded Incremental Parsing",
    author = "Wiren, Mats",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1076",
}
@inproceedings{hasida-1994-emergent,
    title = "Emergent Parsing and Generation with Generalized Chart",
    author = "HASIDA, Koiti",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1077",
}
@inproceedings{konig-1994-syntactic,
    title = "SYNTACTIC-HEAD-DRIVEN GENERATION",
    author = "Konig, Esther",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1078",
}
@inproceedings{lin-1994-principar,
    title = "{PRINCIPAR} - An Efficient, Broad-coverage, Principle-based Parser",
    author = "Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1079",
}
@inproceedings{schacht-etal-1994-concurrent,
    title = "CONCURRENT LEXICALIZED DEPENDENCY PARSING: A BEHAVIORAL VIEW ON ParseTalk EVENTS",
    author = "Schacht, Susanne  and
      Hahn, Udo  and
      Broker, Norbert",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1080",
}
@inproceedings{gungordu-oflazer-1994-parsing,
    title = "PARSING TURKISH USING THE LEXICAL FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR FORMALISM",
    author = "Gungordu, Zelal  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1081",
}
@inproceedings{ballim-russell-1994-lhip,
    title = "{LHIP}: Extended {DCG}s for Configurable Robust Parsing",
    author = "Ballim, Afzal  and
      Russell, Graham",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1082",
}
@inproceedings{muskens-1994-categorial,
    title = "CATEGORIAL GRAMMAR AND DISCOURSE REPRESENTATION THEORY",
    author = "Muskens, Reinhard",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1083",
}
@inproceedings{daille-etal-1994-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Extraction of Monolingual and Bilingual Terminology",
    author = "Daille, Beatrice  and
      Gaussier, Eric  and
      Lange, Jean-Marc",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1084",
}
@inproceedings{church-etal-1994-fax,
    title = "{F}ax: An Alternative to {SGML}",
    author = "Church, Kenneth W.  and
      Gale, William A.  and
      Helfman, Jonathan I.  and
      Lewis, David D.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1085",
}
@inproceedings{andre-rist-1994-referring,
    title = "REFERRING TO WORLD OBJECTS WITH TEXT AND PICTURES",
    author = "Andre, Elisabeth  and
      Rist, Thomas",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1086",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-1994-two,
    title = "A TWO-LEVEL MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF KOREAN",
    author = "Kim, Deok-Bong  and
      Lee, Sung-Jin  and
      Choi, Key-Sun  and
      Kim, Gil-Chang",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1087",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-1994-character,
    title = "Character-based Collocation for {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chen, Keh-jiann  and
      Yang, Yun-yan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1088",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-1994-lexical,
    title = "LEXICAL, KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AN INTELLIGENT DICTIONARY HELP SYSTEM",
    author = "Agirre, E.  and
      Arregi, X.  and
      Artola, X.  and
      Diaz de Ilarraza, A.  and
      Sarasola, K.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1089",
}
@inproceedings{hurst-1994-reversible,
    title = "REVERSIBLE RESOLUTION WITH AN APPLICATION TO PARAPHRASING",
    author = "Hurst, Matthew",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1090",
}
@inproceedings{sornlertlamvanich-etal-1994-classifier,
    title = "CLASSIFIER ASSIGNMENT BY CORPUS-BASED APPROACH",
    author = "Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Pantachat, Wantanee  and
      Meknavin, Surapant",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1091",
}
@inproceedings{jarvinen-1994-annotating,
    title = "ANNOTATING 200 MILLION WORDS: THE BANK OF ENGLISH PROJECT",
    author = "Jarvinen, Timo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1092",
}
@inproceedings{tashiro-etal-1994-restructuring,
    title = "Restructuring Tagged Corpora with Morpheme Adjustment Rules",
    author = "Tashiro, Toshihisa  and
      Uratani, Noriyoshi  and
      Morimoto, Tsuyoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1093",
}
@inproceedings{ide-1994-encoding,
    title = "Encoding standards for large text resources: The {T}ext {E}ncoding {I}nitiative",
    author = "Ide, Nancy",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1094",
}
@inproceedings{silberztein-1994-intex,
    title = "{INTEX}: A CORPUS PROCESSING SYSTEM",
    author = "Silberztein, Max D.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1095",
}
@inproceedings{luk-1994-ibm,
    title = "AN {IBM}-{PC} ENVIRONMENT FOR {C}HINESE CORPUS ANALYSIS",
    author = "Luk, Robert Wing Pong",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1096",
}
@inproceedings{ide-veronis-1994-multext,
    title = "{MULTEXT}: Multilingual Text Tools and Corpora",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Veronis, Jean",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1097",
}
@inproceedings{sagawa-etal-1994-parser,
    title = "A PARSER COPING WITH SELF-REPAIRED JAPANESE UTTERANCES AND LARGE CORPUS-BASED EVALUATION",
    author = "Sagawa, Yuji  and
      Ohnishi, Noboru  and
      Sugie, Noboru",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1098",
}
@inproceedings{andry-etal-1994-tool,
    title = "A TOOL FOR COLLECTING DOMAIN DEPENDENT SORTAL CONSTRAINTS FROM CORPORA",
    author = "Andry, Francois  and
      Gawron, Mark  and
      Dowding, John  and
      Moore, Robert",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1099",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-1994-building,
    title = "BUILDING A LEXICAL DOMAIN MAP FROM TEXT CORPORA",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1100",
}
@inproceedings{nagao-mori-1994-new,
    title = "A New Method of N-gram Statistics for Large Number of n and Automatic Extraction of Words and Phrases from Large Text Data of {J}apanese",
    author = "Nagao, Makoto  and
      Mori, Shinsuke",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1101",
}
@inproceedings{lepage-1994-non,
    title = "Non-directionality and Self-Assessment in an Example-based System Using Genetic Algorithms",
    author = "Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1102",
}
@inproceedings{leech-etal-1994-claws4,
    title = "{CLAWS}4: THE TAGGING OF THE {B}RITISH {N}ATIONAL {C}ORPUS",
    author = "Leech, Geoffrey  and
      Garside, Roger  and
      Bryant, Michael",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1103",
}
@inproceedings{tapanainen-jarvinen-1994-syntactic,
    title = "SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF NATURAL LANGUAGE USING LINGUISTIC RULES AND CORPUS-BASED PATTERNS",
    author = "Tapanainen, Pasi  and
      Jarvinen, Timo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 1: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-1104",
}
@proceedings{coling-1994-coling-1994,
    title = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2000",
}
@inproceedings{jacobs-1994-word,
    title = "WORD SENSE ACQUISITION FOR MULTILINGUAL TEXT INTERPRETATION",
    author = "Jacobs, Paul S.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2105",
}
@inproceedings{nakaiwa-etal-1994-system,
    title = "A System of Verbal Semantic Attributes Focused on the Syntactic Correspondence between {J}apanese and {E}nglish",
    author = "Nakaiwa, Hiromi  and
      Yokoo, Akio  and
      Ikehara, Satoru",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2106",
}
@inproceedings{nakagawa-nishizawa-1994-semantics,
    title = "Semantics of Complex Sentences in {J}apanese",
    author = "Nakagawa, Hiroshi  and
      Nishizawa, Shin-ichiro",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2107",
}
@inproceedings{sibun-farrar-1994-content,
    title = "CONTENT CHARACTERIZATION USING WORD SHAPE TOKENS",
    author = "Sibun, Penelope  and
      Farrar, David S.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2108",
}
@inproceedings{dimarco-1994-nature,
    title = "THE NATURE OF NEAR-SYNONYMIC RELATIONS",
    author = "DiMarco, Chrysanne",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2109",
}
@inproceedings{sanfilippo-etal-1994-virtual,
    title = "Virtual Polysemy",
    author = "Sanfilippo, Antonio  and
      Benkerimi, Kerima  and
      Dwehus, Dagmar",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2110",
}
@inproceedings{webster-1994-building,
    title = "BUILDING A WINDOWS-BASED BILINGUAL FUNCTIONAL SEMANTIC PROCESSOR",
    author = "Webster, Jonathan J.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2111",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-bouillon-1994-proper,
    title = "On the Proper Role of Coercion in Semantic Typing",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2112",
}
@inproceedings{dolan-1994-word,
    title = "WORD SENSE AMBIGUATION: CLUSTERING RELATED SENSES",
    author = "Dolan, William B.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2113",
}
@inproceedings{uramoto-1994-best,
    title = "A Best-Match Algorithm for Broad-Coverage Example-Based Disambiguation",
    author = "Uramoto, Naohiko",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2114",
}
@inproceedings{hiyoshi-shimazu-1994-drawing,
    title = "Drawing Pictures with Natural Language and Direct Manipulation",
    author = "Hiyoshi, Mayumi  and
      Shimazu, Hideo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2115",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-1994-verbal,
    title = "VERBAL CASE FRAME ACQUISITION FROM A BILINGUAL CORPUS: GRADUAL KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION",
    author = "Tanaka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2116",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-mellish-1994-empirical,
    title = "AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON THE GENERATION OF ZERO ANAPHORS IN CHINESE",
    author = "Yeh, Ching-Long  and
      Mellish, Chris",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2117",
}
@inproceedings{chakravarthy-1994-representing,
    title = "Representing Information Need with Semantic Relations",
    author = "Chakravarthy, Anil S.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2118",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-sterling-1994-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing Automatically Generated Selectional Patterns",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Sterling, John",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2119",
}
@inproceedings{milward-cooper-1994-incremental,
    title = "INCREMENTAL INTERPRETATION: APPLICATIONS, THEORY, AND RELATIONSHIP TO DYNAMIC SEMANTICS",
    author = "Milward, David  and
      Cooper, Robin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2120",
}
@inproceedings{okumura-honda-1994-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation and Text Segmentation Based on Lexical Cohesion",
    author = "Okumura, Manabu  and
      Honda, Takeo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2121",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-tsujii-1994-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Recognition of Verbal Polysemy",
    author = "Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2122",
}
@inproceedings{framis-1994-experiment,
    title = "AN EXPERIMENT ON LEARNING APPROPRIATE SELECTIONAL RESTRICTIONS FROM A PARSED CORPUS",
    author = "Framis, Francesc Ribas",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2123",
}
@inproceedings{kamei-muraki-1994-discrete,
    title = "A DISCRETE MODEL OF DEGREE CONCEPT IN NATURAL LANGUAGE",
    author = "Kamei, Shin-ichiro  and
      Muraki, Kazunori",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2124",
}
@inproceedings{vanderwende-1994-algorithm,
    title = "ALGORITHM FOR AUTOMATIC INTERPRETATION OF NOUN SEQUENCES",
    author = "Vanderwende, Lucy",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2125",
}
@inproceedings{wada-1994-treatment,
    title = "A TREATMENT OF FUNCTIONAL DEFINITE DESCRIPTIONS",
    author = "Wada, Hajime",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2126",
}
@inproceedings{erbach-1994-bottom,
    title = "Bottom-Up Earley Deduction",
    author = "Erbach, Gregor",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2127",
}
@inproceedings{henschel-bateman-1994-merged,
    title = "THE MERGED UPPER MODEL: A LINGUISTIC ONTOLOGY FOR GERMAN AND ENGLISH",
    author = "Henschel, Renate  and
      Bateman, John",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2128",
}
@inproceedings{aizpuru-jones-1994-modeling,
    title = "MODELING DIALOGUE BY FUNCTIONAL SUB CATEGORIZATION",
    author = "Aizpuru, J. R. Zubizarreta  and
      Jones, Craig",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2129",
}
@inproceedings{rentier-1994-dutch,
    title = "{D}utch Cross Serial Dependencies in {HPSG}",
    author = "Rentier, Gerrit",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2130",
}
@inproceedings{oliva-1994-hpsg,
    title = "HPSG LEXICON WITHOUT LEXICAL RULES",
    author = "Oliva, Karel",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2131",
}
@inproceedings{sutcliffe-etal-1994-lexicon,
    title = "A LEXICON OF DISTRIBUTED NOUN REPRESENTATIONS CONSTRUCTED BY TAXONOMIC TRAVERSAL",
    author = "Sutcliffe, Richard F.E.  and
      O{'}Sullivan, Donie  and
      Meharg, Fergus",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2132",
}
@inproceedings{shimazu-etal-1994-multi,
    title = "Multi-Modal Definite Clause Grammar",
    author = "Shimazu, Hideo  and
      Arita, Seigo  and
      Takashima, Yosuke",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2133",
}
@inproceedings{kiyono-tsujii-1994-hypothesis,
    title = "Hypothesis Selection in Grammar Acquisition",
    author = "Kiyono, Masaki  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2134",
}
@inproceedings{stromback-1994-achieving,
    title = "ACHIEVING FLEXIBILITY IN UNIFICATION FORMALISMS",
    author = "Stromback, Lena",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2135",
}
@inproceedings{muraki-etal-1994-twp,
    title = "{TWP}: How to Assist {E}nglish Production on {J}apanese Word Processor",
    author = "Muraki, Kazunori  and
      Akamine, Susumu  and
      Satoh, Kenji  and
      Ando, Sinichi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2136",
}
@inproceedings{shaumyan-1994-long,
    title = "Long-Distance Dependencies and Applicative Universal Grammar",
    author = "Shaumyan, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2137",
}
@inproceedings{han-choi-1994-reestimation,
    title = "A Reestimation Algorithm for Probabilistic ttecursive Transition Network",
    author = "Han, Young S.  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2138",
}
@inproceedings{kobayasi-etal-1994-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of {J}apanese Compound Nouns using Collocational Information",
    author = "Kobayasi, Yosiyuki  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2139",
}
@inproceedings{tojo-1994-free,
    title = "Free-ordered {CUG} on Chemical Abstract Machine",
    author = "Tojo, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2140",
}
@inproceedings{trujillo-1994-computing,
    title = "COMPUTING FIRST AND FOLLOW FUNCTIONS FOR FEATURE-THEORETIC GRAMMARS",
    author = "Trujillo, Arturo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2141",
}
@inproceedings{ramsay-1994-focus,
    title = "FOCUS ON {``}ONLY{''} AND {``}NOT{''}",
    author = "Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2142",
}
@inproceedings{kogure-1994-structure,
    title = "STRUCTURE SHARING PROBLEM AND ITS SOLUTION IN GRAPH UNIFICATION",
    author = "Kogure, Kiyoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2143",
}
@inproceedings{krieger-schafer-1994-tdl,
    title = "{TDL}-A Type Description Language for Constraint-Based Grammars",
    author = "Krieger, Hans-Ulrich  and
      Schafer, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2144",
}
@inproceedings{rupp-johnson-1994-portability,
    title = "ON THE PORTABILITY OF COMPLEX CONSTRAINT-BASED GRAMMARS",
    author = "Rupp, C.J.  and
      Johnson, Rod",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2145",
}
@inproceedings{kubon-platek-1994-grammar,
    title = "A GRAMMAR BASED APPROACH TO A GRAMMAR CHECKING OF FREE WORD ORDER LANGUAGES",
    author = "Kubon, Vladislav  and
      Platek, Martin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2146",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-1994-table,
    title = "Table-driven Neural Syntactic Analysis of Spoken {K}orean",
    author = "Lee, Wonll  and
      Lee, Geunbae  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2147",
}
@inproceedings{martinovic-1994-universal,
    title = "UNIVERSAL GUIDES AND FINITENESS AND SYMMETRY OF GRAMMAR PROCESSING ALGORITHMS",
    author = "Martinovi{\'c}, Miroslav",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2148",
}
@inproceedings{doran-etal-1994-xtag,
    title = "{XTAG} System - A Wide Coverage Grammar for {E}nglish",
    author = "Doran, Christy  and
      Egedi, Dania  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann  and
      Srinivas, B.  and
      Zaidel, Martin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2149",
}
@inproceedings{op-den-akker-ter-doest-1994-weakly,
    title = "Weakly Restricted Stochastic Grammars",
    author = "op den Akker, Rieks  and
      ter Doest, Hugo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2150",
}
@inproceedings{milward-1994-non,
    title = "NON-CONSTITUENT COORDINATION: THEORY AND PRACTICE",
    author = "Milward, David",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2151",
}
@inproceedings{lin-soo-1994-hypothesis,
    title = "Hypothesis Scoring over Theta Grids Information in Parsing {C}hinese Sentences with Serial Verb Constructions",
    author = "Lin, Koong H. C.  and
      Soo, Von-Wun",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2152",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-huang-1994-efficient,
    title = "AN EFFICIENT SYNTACTIC TAGGING TOOL FOR CORPORA",
    author = "Zhou, Ming  and
      Huang, Changning",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2153",
}
@inproceedings{gerdemann-king-1994-correct,
    title = "THE CORRECT AND EFFICIENT IMPLEMENTATION OF APPROPRIATENESS SPECIFICATIONS FOR TYPED FEATURE STRUCTURES",
    author = "Gerdemann, Dale  and
      King, Paul John",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2154",
}
@inproceedings{adachi-kamata-1994-classification,
    title = "A CLASSIFICATION METHOD FOR JAPANESE SIGNS USING MANUAL MOTION DESCRIPTIONS",
    author = "Adachi, Hisahiro  and
      Kamata, Kazuo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2155",
}
@inproceedings{klavans-tzoukermann-1994-machine,
    title = "Machine-Readable Dictionaries in Text-to-Speech Systems",
    author = "Klavans, Judith L.  and
      Tzoukermann, Evelyne",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2156",
}
@inproceedings{tzoukermann-1994-issues,
    title = "ISSUES IN TEXT-TO-SPEECH FOR FRENCH",
    author = "Tzoukermann, Evelyne",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2157",
}
@inproceedings{black-taylor-1994-chatr,
    title = "{CHATR}: a generic speech synthesis system",
    author = "Black, Alan W.  and
      Taylor, Paul",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2158",
}
@inproceedings{hosaka-etal-1994-pause,
    title = "PAUSE AS A PHRASE DEMARCATOR FOR SPEECH AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Hosaka, Junko  and
      Seligman, Mark  and
      Singer, Harald",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2159",
}
@inproceedings{minnis-1994-parsody,
    title = "THE PARSODY SYSTEM: AUTOMATIC PREDICTION OF PROSODIC BOUNDARIES FOR TEXT-TO-SPEECH",
    author = "Minnis, Stephen",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2160",
}
@inproceedings{gorz-kesseler-1994-anytime,
    title = "Anytime Algorithms for Speech Parsing?",
    author = "Gorz, Gunther  and
      Kesseler, Marcus",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2161",
}
@inproceedings{fong-1994-towards,
    title = "Towards a Proper Linguistic and Computational Treatment of Scrambling: An Analysis of {J}apanese",
    author = "Fong, Sandiway",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2162",
}
@inproceedings{ellison-1994-phonological,
    title = "Phonological Derivation in Optimality Theory",
    author = "Ellison, T. Mark",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2163",
}
@inproceedings{nakano-etal-1994-grammar,
    title = "A GRAMMAR AND A PARSER FOR SPONTANEOUS SPEECH",
    author = "Nakano, Mikio  and
      Shimazu, Akira  and
      Kogure, Kiyoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2164",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-1994-catching,
    title = "CATCHING THE CHESHIRE CAT",
    author = "Johansson, Christer",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2165",
}
@inproceedings{speelman-adriaens-1994-dutch,
    title = "A {D}utch to {SQL} database interface using Generalized Quantifier Theory",
    author = "Speelman, Dirk  and
      Adriaens, Geert",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2166",
}
@inproceedings{ananiadou-1994-methodology,
    title = "A METHODOLOGY FOR AUTOMATIC TERM RECOGNITION",
    author = "Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2167",
}
@inproceedings{pugeault-etal-1994-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Extraction from Texts: a method for extracting predicate-argument structures from texts",
    author = "Pugeault, Florence  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick  and
      Monteil, Marie-Gaelle",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2168",
}
@inproceedings{utsuro-etal-1994-thesaurus,
    title = "Thesaurus-based Efficient Example Retrieval by Generating Retrieval Queries from Similarities",
    author = "Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Matsumoto, Mitsutaka  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2169",
}
@inproceedings{ogonowski-etal-1994-tools,
    title = "Tools for Extracting and Structuring Knowledge from Texts",
    author = "Ogonowski, Antoine  and
      Herviou, Marie Luce  and
      Dauphin, Eva",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2170",
}
@inproceedings{collier-1994-n,
    title = "N-GRAM CLUSTER IDENTIFICATION DURING EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION GENERATION",
    author = "Collier, Robin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2171",
}
@inproceedings{guthrie-walker-1994-document,
    title = "DOCUMENT CLASSIFICATION BY MACHINE:Theory and Practice",
    author = "Guthrie, Louise  and
      Walker, Elbert",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2172",
}
@inproceedings{kitani-etal-1994-pattern,
    title = "PATTERN MATCHING IN THE TEXTRACT INFORMATION EXTRACTION SYSTEM",
    author = "Kitani, Tsuyoshi  and
      Eriguchi, Yoshio  and
      Hara, Masami",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2173",
}
@inproceedings{karlgren-cutting-1994-recognizing,
    title = "RECOGNIZING TEXT GENRES WITH SIMPLE METRICS USING DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS",
    author = "Karlgren, Jussi  and
      Cutting, Douglass",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2174",
}
@inproceedings{utsuro-etal-1994-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Text, Matching using Bilingual Dictionary and Statistics",
    author = "Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Ikeda, Hiroshi  and
      Yamane, Masaya  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2175",
}
@inproceedings{genthial-etal-1994-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS A MORE USER-FRIENDLY CORRECTION",
    author = "Genthial, Damien  and
      Courtin, Jacques  and
      Menezo, Jacques",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2176",
}
@inproceedings{langer-1994-reverse,
    title = "Reverse Queries in {DATR}",
    author = "Langer, Hagen",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2177",
}
@inproceedings{fung-church-1994-k,
    title = "K-vec: A New Approach for Aligning Parallel Texts",
    author = "Fung, Pascale  and
      Church, Kenneth Ward",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2178",
}
@inproceedings{uetake-1994-formal,
    title = "A FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF THE THEMATIC-RHEMATIC STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES BASED ON A TYPED A-CALCULUS",
    author = "Uetake, Yoichi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2179",
}
@inproceedings{aone-1994-customizing,
    title = "CUSTOMIZING AND EVALUATING A MULTILINGUAL DISCOURSE MODULE",
    author = "Aone, Chinatsu",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2180",
}
@inproceedings{akama-nakayama-1994-consequence,
    title = "CONSEQUENCE RELATIONS IN DRT",
    author = "Akama, Seiki  and
      Nakayama, Yotaro",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2181",
}
@inproceedings{edmonds-1994-collaboration,
    title = "COLLABORATION ON REFERENCE TO OBJECTS THAT ARE NOT MUTUALLY KNOWN",
    author = "Edmonds, Philip G.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2182",
}
@inproceedings{kurohashi-nagao-1994-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Discourse Structure by Checking Surface Information in Sentences",
    author = "Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2183",
}
@inproceedings{abracos-lopes-1994-extending,
    title = "EXTENDING DRT WITH A FOCUSING MECHANISM FOR PRONOMINAL ANAPHORA AND ELLIPSIS RESOLUTION",
    author = "Abracos, Jose  and
      Lopes, Jose Gabriel",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2184",
}
@inproceedings{wakao-1994-reference,
    title = "REFERENCE RESOLUTION USING SEMANTIC PATTERNS IN JAPANESE NEWSPAPER ARTICLES",
    author = "Wakao, Takahiro",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2185",
}
@inproceedings{dohsaka-1994-exploiting,
    title = "EXPLOITING REFERENCE INTERACTION IN RESOLVING TEMPORAL REFERENCE",
    author = "Dohsaka, Kohji",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2186",
}
@inproceedings{nomoto-nitta-1994-grammatico,
    title = "A GRAMMATICO-STATISTICAL APPROACH TO DISCOURSE PARTITIONING",
    author = "Nomoto, Tadashi  and
      Nitta, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2187",
}
@inproceedings{takada-doi-1994-centering,
    title = "Centering in {J}apanese: A Step Towards Better Interpretation of Pronouns and Zero-Pronouns",
    author = "Takada, Shingo  and
      Doi, Norihisa",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2188",
}
@inproceedings{nasukawa-1994-robust,
    title = "ROBUST METHOD OF PRONOUN RESOLUTION USING FULL-TEXT INFORMATION",
    author = "Nasukawa, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2189",
}
@inproceedings{komatsu-etal-1994-towards,
    title = "Towards a Dynamic Theory of Belief-Sharing in Cooperative Dialogues",
    author = "Komatsu, Hisashi  and
      Ogata, Norihiro  and
      Ishikawa, Akira",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2190",
}
@inproceedings{mitkov-1994-integrated,
    title = "AN INTEGRATED MODEL FOR ANAPHORA RESOLUTION",
    author = "Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2191",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-tsujii-1994-breaking,
    title = "Breaking Down Rhetorical Relations for the purpose of Analysing Discourse Structures",
    author = "Fukumoto, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2192",
}
@inproceedings{bos-1994-presupposition,
    title = "PRESUPPOSITION {\&} VP-ELLIPSIS",
    author = "Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2193",
}
@inproceedings{hinkelman-spackman-1994-communicating,
    title = "COMMUNICATING WITH MULTIPLE AGENTS",
    author = "Hinkelman, Elizabeth A.  and
      Spackman, Stephen P.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2194",
}
@inproceedings{brill-resnik-1994-rule,
    title = "A Rule-Based Approach to Prepositional Phrase Attachment Disambiguation",
    author = "Brill, Eric  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2195",
}
@inproceedings{walker-1994-discourse,
    title = "Discourse and Deliberation: Testing a Collaborative Strategy",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn A.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2196",
}
@inproceedings{akiba-tanaka-1994-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Approach for User Modeling in Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Akiba, Tomoyosi  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2197",
}
@inproceedings{chang-1994-word,
    title = "WORD CLASS DISCOVERY FOR POSTPROCESSING CHINESE HANDWRITING RECOGNITION",
    author = "Chang, Chao-Huang",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2198",
}
@inproceedings{dymetman-1994-simple,
    title = "A Simple Transformation for Offline-Parsable Grammars and its Termination Properties",
    author = "Dymetman, Marc",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2199",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-1994-evolution,
    title = "THE EVOLUTION OF MACHINE-TRACTABLE DICTIONARIES",
    author = "Guo, Cheng-ming  and
      Huang, Chang-ning  and
      Gong, Jun-ping  and
      Li, Jin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2200",
}
@inproceedings{hepple-1994-discontinuity,
    title = "DISCONTINUITY AND THE LAMBEK CALCULUS",
    author = "Hepple, Mark",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2201",
}
@inproceedings{heylen-etal-1994-lexical,
    title = "LEXICAL FUNCTIONS AND MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Heylen, Dirk  and
      Maxwell, Kerry G.  and
      Verhagen, Marc",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2202",
}
@inproceedings{jin-1994-chinese,
    title = "CHINESE SEGMENTATION DISAMBIGUATION",
    author = "Jin, Wanying",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2203",
}
@inproceedings{king-1994-typed,
    title = "TYPED FEATURE STRUCTURES AS DESCRIPTIONS",
    author = "King, Paul John",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2204",
}
@inproceedings{kipper-de-lima-1994-portuguese,
    title = "{P}ortuguese Analysis with Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Kipper, Karin Christine  and
      de Lima, Vera Lucia Strube",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2205",
}
@inproceedings{kwon-karttunen-1994-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Construction of a Lexical Transducer for {K}orean",
    author = "Kwon, Hyuk-Chul  and
      Karttunen, Lauri",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2206",
}
@inproceedings{lu-1994-dynamic,
    title = "DYNAMIC LOGIC WITH POSSIBLE WORLD",
    author = "Lu, Ruzhan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2207",
}
@inproceedings{proszeky-etal-1994-humor,
    title = "HUMOR-BASED APPLICATIONS",
    author = "Proszeky, Gabor  and
      Pal, Miklos  and
      Tihanyi, Laszlo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2208",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-yu-1994-blending,
    title = "BLENDING SEGMENTATION WITH TAGGING IN CHINESE LANGUAGE CORPUS PROCESSING",
    author = "Zhou, Qiang  and
      Yu, Shiwen",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2209",
}
@inproceedings{sharman-1994-syllable,
    title = "Syllable-based Phonetic transcription by Maximum Likelihood Methods",
    author = "Sharman, R.A.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2210",
}
@inproceedings{ten-hacken-etal-1994-knowledge,
    title = "A Knowledge Acquisition and Management System for Morphological Dictionaries",
    author = "ten Hacken, Pius  and
      Bopp, Stephan  and
      Domenig, Marc  and
      Holz, Dieter  and
      Hsiung, Alain  and
      Pedrazzini, Sandro",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2211",
}
@inproceedings{zadrozny-etal-1994-nl,
    title = "{NL} Understanding with a Grammar of Constructions",
    author = "Zadrozny, Wlodek  and
      Szummer, Marcin  and
      Jarecki, Stanislaw  and
      Johnson, David E.  and
      Morgenstern, Leora",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1994 Volume 2: The 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1994",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C94-2212",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1999-research,
    title = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XII}",
    author = "Chen, Sin-Horng  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{sher-etal-1999-tai,
    title = "台語多聲調音節合成單元資料庫暨文字轉語音雛形系統之發展 (Establish {T}aiwanese 7-Tones Syllable-based Synthesis Units Database for the Prototype Development of Text-To-Speech System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Sher, Yung-Ji  and
      Chung, Kao-Chi  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-1001",
    pages = "15--35",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-1999-guo,
    title = "國語文句翻台語語音系統之研究 (A Study for {M}andarin Text to {T}aiwanese speech System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Jhing-Fa  and
      Whang, Bau-Jang  and
      Lin, Shun-Chieh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-1002",
    pages = "37--53",
}
@inproceedings{hwang-etal-1999-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Classification for Patterns Containing Non-Text Symbols in {M}andarin Text",
    author = "Hwang, Feng-Long  and
      Yu, Ming-shing  and
      Wu, Ming-Jer  and
      Hwang, Shyh-Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-1003",
    pages = "55--66",
}
@inproceedings{chang-chen-1999-dong,
    title = "動詞詞構與語法功能互動初探 (An Explorative Study on the Interaction Between Verb Compound Constructions and Syntactic Functions) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Li-Li  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-1004",
    pages = "67--85",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-1999-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Representation of Verbal Information {--} A Case from {M}andarin Verbs of Judging",
    author = "Liu, Mei-Chun  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Lee, Jia-Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-1005",
    pages = "87--100",
}
@inproceedings{ker-chen-1999-jie,
    title = "階層式文件自動分類之特徵選取研究 (A Study on Feature Selection in Hierarchical Text Classification) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Ker, Su-Jin  and
      Chen, Jen-Nan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-1006",
    pages = "137--149",
}
@inproceedings{chen-wu-1999-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Controlled-Vocabulary Indexing for Text Retrieval",
    author = "Chen, Kuang-Hua  and
      Wu, Chien-Tin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-1007",
    pages = "171--185",
}
@inproceedings{wang-1999-new,
    title = "A New Syllable-based Approach for Retrieving {M}andarin Spoken Documents Using Short Speech Queries",
    author = "Wang, Hsin-min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-1008",
    pages = "187--202",
}
@inproceedings{chien-etal-1999-recent,
    title = "Recent Results on Domain-Specific Term Extraction from Online {C}hinese Text Resources",
    author = "Chien, Lee-Feng  and
      Chen, Chung-Liang  and
      Lu, Wen-Hsiang  and
      Chang, Yuan-Lu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-1009",
    pages = "203--218",
}
@inproceedings{huang-wang-1999-guo,
    title = "國語電話語音辨認之強健性特徵參數及其調整方法 (Robust Feature Parameters and Their Adaptation Methods for Telephone {M}andarin Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Huang, Yi-Fen  and
      Wang, Hsiao-Chuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-1010",
    pages = "219--237",
}
@inproceedings{chien-lin-1999-yin,
    title = "音框同步之雜訊補償方法在汽車語音辨識之應用 (Frame Synchronous Noise Compensation for Car Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chien, Jen-Tzung  and
      Lin, Ming-Shun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Research on Computational Linguistics Conference {XII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-1011",
    pages = "239--251",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1999-rocling,
    title = "{ROCLING} 1999 Short Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{meng-ip-1999-analytical,
    title = "An Analytical Study of Transformational Tagging for {C}hinese Text",
    author = "Meng, Helen  and
      Ip, Chun Wah",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1999 Short Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-2001",
    pages = "101--122",
}
@inproceedings{lai-wu-1999-modeling,
    title = "On Modeling Remote and Local Dependencies in Language",
    author = "Lai, Yu-Sheng  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1999 Short Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-2002",
    pages = "123--136",
}
@inproceedings{tsay-wang-1999-term,
    title = "Term Selection with Distributional Clustering for {C}hinese Text Categorization using N-grams",
    author = "Tsay, Jyh-Jong  and
      Wang, Jing-Doo",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1999 Short Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-2003",
    pages = "151--170",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1999-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 4, Number 1, {F}ebruary 1999",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-1999-telephony,
    title = "Telephony Based Speaker-Independent Continuous {M}andarin Syllable Recognition",
    author = "Shen, Jia-lin  and
      Tu, Ying-chieh  and
      Liang, Po-yu  and
      Lee, Lin-shan",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 4, Number 1, {F}ebruary 1999",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-3001",
    pages = "1--24",
}
@inproceedings{lin-su-1999-level,
    title = "A Level-Synchronous Approach to Ill-formed Sentence Parsing and Error Recovery",
    author = "Lin, Yi-Chung  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 4, Number 1, {F}ebruary 1999",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-3002",
    pages = "25--58",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chen-1999-mandarin,
    title = "A {M}andarin to {T}aiwanese Min Nan Machine Translation System with Speech Synthesis of {T}aiwanese Min Nan",
    author = "Lin, Chuan-Jie  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 4, Number 1, {F}ebruary 1999",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-3003",
    pages = "59--84",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-1999-approach,
    title = "An Approach Towards {E}nglish Automatic Abstraction",
    author = "Wu, Yan  and
      Liu, James N.K.  and
      Wang, Kaizhu",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 4, Number 1, {F}ebruary 1999",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-3004",
    pages = "85--102",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1999-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 4, Number 2, August 1999",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
}
@inproceedings{li-huang-1999-model,
    title = "A Model for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Li, Juanzi  and
      Huang, Changning",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 4, Number 2, August 1999",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-4001",
    pages = "1--20",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-1999-resolving-translation,
    title = "Resolving Translation Ambiguity and Target Polysemy in Cross-Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Bian, Guo-Wei  and
      Lin, Wen-Cheng",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 4, Number 2, August 1999",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-4002",
    pages = "21--38",
}
@inproceedings{gan-tham-1999-ji,
    title = "基於知網的常識知識標注 (General Knowledge Annotation Based on How-net) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Gan, Kok Wee  and
      Tham, Wai Mun",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 4, Number 2, August 1999",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-4003",
    pages = "39--86",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-1999-zhong,
    title = "中文句結構樹資料庫的構建 (Sinica Treebank) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Feng-Yi  and
      Tsai, Pi-Fang  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Hunag, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 4, Number 2, August 1999",
    month = aug,
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O99-4004",
    pages = "87--104",
}
@article{tacl-2016-transactions,
    title = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Volume 4",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
}
@article{faruqui-etal-2016-morpho,
    title = "Morpho-syntactic Lexicon Generation Using Graph-based Semi-supervised Learning",
    author = "Faruqui, Manaal  and
      McDonald, Ryan  and
      Soricut, Radu",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00079",
    pages = "1--16",
    abstract = "Morpho-syntactic lexicons provide information about the morphological and syntactic roles of words in a language. Such lexicons are not available for all languages and even when available, their coverage can be limited. We present a graph-based semi-supervised learning method that uses the morphological, syntactic and semantic relations between words to automatically construct wide coverage lexicons from small seed sets. Our method is language-independent, and we show that we can expand a 1000 word seed lexicon to more than 100 times its size with high quality for 11 languages. In addition, the automatically created lexicons provide features that improve performance in two downstream tasks: morphological tagging and dependency parsing.",
}
@article{hill-etal-2016-learning-understand,
    title = "Learning to Understand Phrases by Embedding the Dictionary",
    author = "Hill, Felix  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Bengio, Yoshua",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00080",
    pages = "17--30",
    abstract = "Distributional models that learn rich semantic word representations are a success story of recent NLP research. However, developing models that learn useful representations of phrases and sentences has proved far harder. We propose using the definitions found in everyday dictionaries as a means of bridging this gap between lexical and phrasal semantics. Neural language embedding models can be effectively trained to map dictionary definitions (phrases) to (lexical) representations of the words defined by those definitions. We present two applications of these architectures: reverse dictionaries that return the name of a concept given a definition or description and general-knowledge crossword question answerers. On both tasks, neural language embedding models trained on definitions from a handful of freely-available lexical resources perform as well or better than existing commercial systems that rely on significant task-specific engineering. The results highlight the effectiveness of both neural embedding architectures and definition-based training for developing models that understand phrases and sentences.",
}
@article{frermann-lapata-2016-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Model of Diachronic Meaning Change",
    author = "Frermann, Lea  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00081",
    pages = "31--45",
    abstract = "Word meanings change over time and an automated procedure for extracting this information from text would be useful for historical exploratory studies, information retrieval or question answering. We present a dynamic Bayesian model of diachronic meaning change, which infers temporal word representations as a set of senses and their prevalence. Unlike previous work, we explicitly model language change as a smooth, gradual process. We experimentally show that this modeling decision is beneficial: our model performs competitively on meaning change detection tasks whilst inducing discernible word senses and their development over time. Application of our model to the SemEval-2015 temporal classification benchmark datasets further reveals that it performs on par with highly optimized task-specific systems.",
}
@article{gutierrez-etal-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Cross-Cultural Differences Using a Multilingual Topic Model",
    author = "Guti{\'e}rrez, E.D.  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Lichtenstein, Patricia  and
      de Melo, Gerard  and
      Gilardi, Luca",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00082",
    pages = "47--60",
    abstract = "Understanding cross-cultural differences has important implications for world affairs and many aspects of the life of society. Yet, the majority of text-mining methods to date focus on the analysis of monolingual texts. In contrast, we present a statistical model that simultaneously learns a set of common topics from multilingual, non-parallel data and automatically discovers the differences in perspectives on these topics across linguistic communities. We perform a behavioural evaluation of a subset of the differences identified by our model in English and Spanish to investigate their psychological validity.",
}
@article{pavlick-tetreault-2016-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Analysis of Formality in Online Communication",
    author = "Pavlick, Ellie  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00083",
    pages = "61--74",
    abstract = "This paper presents an empirical study of linguistic formality. We perform an analysis of humans{'} perceptions of formality in four different genres. These findings are used to develop a statistical model for predicting formality, which is evaluated under different feature settings and genres. We apply our model to an investigation of formality in online discussion forums, and present findings consistent with theories of formality and linguistic coordination.",
}
@article{hauer-kondrak-2016-decoding,
    title = "Decoding Anagrammed Texts Written in an Unknown Language and Script",
    author = "Hauer, Bradley  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1006",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00084",
    pages = "75--86",
    abstract = "Algorithmic decipherment is a prime example of a truly unsupervised problem. The first step in the decipherment process is the identification of the encrypted language. We propose three methods for determining the source language of a document enciphered with a monoalphabetic substitution cipher. The best method achieves 97{\%} accuracy on 380 languages. We then present an approach to decoding anagrammed substitution ciphers, in which the letters within words have been arbitrarily transposed. It obtains the average decryption word accuracy of 93{\%} on a set of 50 ciphertexts in 5 languages. Finally, we report the results on the Voynich manuscript, an unsolved fifteenth century cipher, which suggest Hebrew as the language of the document.",
}
@article{jardine-heinz-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Tier-based Strictly 2-Local Languages",
    author = "Jardine, Adam  and
      Heinz, Jeffrey",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1007",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00085",
    pages = "87--98",
    abstract = "The Tier-based Strictly 2-Local (TSL2) languages are a class of formal languages which have been shown to model long-distance phonotactic generalizations in natural language (Heinz et al., 2011). This paper introduces the Tier-based Strictly 2-Local Inference Algorithm (2TSLIA), the first nonenumerative learner for the TSL2 languages. We prove the 2TSLIA is guaranteed to converge in polynomial time on a data sample whose size is bounded by a constant.",
}
@article{cuong-etal-2016-adapting,
    title = "Adapting to All Domains at Once: Rewarding Domain Invariance in {SMT}",
    author = "Cuong, Hoang  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil  and
      Titov, Ivan",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1008",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00086",
    pages = "99--112",
    abstract = "Existing work on domain adaptation for statistical machine translation has consistently assumed access to a small sample from the test distribution (target domain) at training time. In practice, however, the target domain may not be known at training time or it may change to match user needs. In such situations, it is natural to push the system to make safer choices, giving higher preference to domain-invariant translations, which work well across domains, over risky domain-specific alternatives. We encode this intuition by (1) inducing latent subdomains from the training data only; (2) introducing features which measure how specialized phrases are to individual induced sub-domains; (3) estimating feature weights on out-of-domain data (rather than on the target domain). We conduct experiments on three language pairs and a number of different domains. We observe consistent improvements over a baseline which does not explicitly reward domain invariance.",
}
@article{sultan-etal-2016-joint,
    title = "A Joint Model for Answer Sentence Ranking and Answer Extraction",
    author = "Sultan, Md Arafat  and
      Castelli, Vittorio  and
      Florian, Radu",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1009",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00087",
    pages = "113--125",
    abstract = "Answer sentence ranking and answer extraction are two key challenges in question answering that have traditionally been treated in isolation, i.e., as independent tasks. In this article, we (1) explain how both tasks are related at their core by a common quantity, and (2) propose a simple and intuitive joint probabilistic model that addresses both via joint computation but task-specific application of that quantity. In our experiments with two TREC datasets, our joint model substantially outperforms state-of-the-art systems in both tasks.",
}
@article{reddy-etal-2016-transforming,
    title = "Transforming Dependency Structures to Logical Forms for Semantic Parsing",
    author = {Reddy, Siva  and
      T{\"a}ckstr{\"o}m, Oscar  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Kwiatkowski, Tom  and
      Das, Dipanjan  and
      Steedman, Mark  and
      Lapata, Mirella},
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1010",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00088",
    pages = "127--140",
    abstract = "The strongly typed syntax of grammar formalisms such as CCG, TAG, LFG and HPSG offers a synchronous framework for deriving syntactic structures and semantic logical forms. In contrast{---}partly due to the lack of a strong type system{---}dependency structures are easy to annotate and have become a widely used form of syntactic analysis for many languages. However, the lack of a type system makes a formal mechanism for deriving logical forms from dependency structures challenging. We address this by introducing a robust system based on the lambda calculus for deriving neo-Davidsonian logical forms from dependency trees. These logical forms are then used for semantic parsing of natural language to Freebase. Experiments on the Free917 and Web-Questions datasets show that our representation is superior to the original dependency trees and that it outperforms a CCG-based representation on this task. Compared to prior work, we obtain the strongest result to date on Free917 and competitive results on WebQuestions.",
}
@article{tsai-roth-2016-concept,
    title = "Concept Grounding to Multiple Knowledge Bases via Indirect Supervision",
    author = "Tsai, Chen-Tse  and
      Roth, Dan",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1011",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00089",
    pages = "141--154",
    abstract = "We consider the problem of disambiguating concept mentions appearing in documents and grounding them in multiple knowledge bases, where each knowledge base addresses some aspects of the domain. This problem poses a few additional challenges beyond those addressed in the popular Wikification problem. Key among them is that most knowledge bases do not contain the rich textual and structural information Wikipedia does; consequently, the main supervision signal used to train Wikification rankers does not exist anymore. In this work we develop an algorithmic approach that, by carefully examining the relations between various related knowledge bases, generates an indirect supervision signal it uses to train a ranking model that accurately chooses knowledge base entries for a given mention; moreover, it also induces prior knowledge that can be used to support a global coherent mapping of all the concepts in a given document to the knowledge bases. Using the biomedical domain as our application, we show that our indirectly supervised ranking model outperforms other unsupervised baselines and that the quality of this indirect supervision scheme is very close to a supervised model. We also show that considering multiple knowledge bases together has an advantage over grounding concepts to each knowledge base individually.",
}
@article{richardson-kuhn-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning to Make Inferences in a Semantic Parsing Task",
    author = "Richardson, Kyle  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1012",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00090",
    pages = "155--168",
    abstract = "We introduce a new approach to training a semantic parser that uses textual entailment judgements as supervision. These judgements are based on high-level inferences about whether the meaning of one sentence follows from another. When applied to an existing semantic parsing task, they prove to be a useful tool for revealing semantic distinctions and background knowledge not captured in the target representations. This information is used to improve the quality of the semantic representations being learned and to acquire generic knowledge for reasoning. Experiments are done on the benchmark Sportscaster corpus (Chen and Mooney, 2008), and a novel RTE-inspired inference dataset is introduced. On this new dataset our method strongly outperforms several strong baselines. Separately, we obtain state-of-the-art results on the original Sportscaster semantic parsing task.",
}
@article{sakaguchi-etal-2016-reassessing,
    title = "Reassessing the Goals of Grammatical Error Correction: Fluency Instead of Grammaticality",
    author = "Sakaguchi, Keisuke  and
      Napoles, Courtney  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1013",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00091",
    pages = "169--182",
    abstract = "The field of grammatical error correction (GEC) has grown substantially in recent years, with research directed at both evaluation metrics and improved system performance against those metrics. One unvisited assumption, however, is the reliance of GEC evaluation on error-coded corpora, which contain specific labeled corrections. We examine current practices and show that GEC{'}s reliance on such corpora unnaturally constrains annotation and automatic evaluation, resulting in (a) sentences that do not sound acceptable to native speakers and (b) system rankings that do not correlate with human judgments. In light of this, we propose an alternate approach that jettisons costly error coding in favor of unannotated, whole-sentence rewrites. We compare the performance of existing metrics over different gold-standard annotations, and show that automatic evaluation with our new annotation scheme has very strong correlation with expert rankings (ρ = 0.82). As a result, we advocate for a fundamental and necessary shift in the goal of GEC, from correcting small, labeled error types, to producing text that has native fluency.",
}
@article{vaswani-sagae-2016-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Structured Inference for Transition-Based Parsing with Neural Networks and Error States",
    author = "Vaswani, Ashish  and
      Sagae, Kenji",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1014",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00092",
    pages = "183--196",
    abstract = "Transition-based approaches based on local classification are attractive for dependency parsing due to their simplicity and speed, despite producing results slightly below the state-of-the-art. In this paper, we propose a new approach for approximate structured inference for transition-based parsing that produces scores suitable for global scoring using local models. This is accomplished with the introduction of error states in local training, which add information about incorrect derivation paths typically left out completely in locally-trained models. Using neural networks for our local classifiers, our approach achieves 93.61{\%} accuracy for transition-based dependency parsing in English.",
}
@article{hartmann-etal-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating Training Data for Semantic Role Labeling based on Label Transfer from Linked Lexical Resources",
    author = "Hartmann, Silvana  and
      Eckle-Kohler, Judith  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1015",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00093",
    pages = "197--213",
    abstract = "We present a new approach for generating role-labeled training data using Linked Lexical Resources, i.e., integrated lexical resources that combine several resources (e.g., Word-Net, FrameNet, Wiktionary) by linking them on the sense or on the role level. Unlike resource-based supervision in relation extraction, we focus on complex linguistic annotations, more specifically FrameNet senses and roles. The automatically labeled training data (www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de/knowledge-based-srl/) are evaluated on four corpora from different domains for the tasks of word sense disambiguation and semantic role classification. Results show that classifiers trained on our generated data equal those resulting from a standard supervised setting.",
}
@article{nguyen-etal-2016-j,
    title = "J-{NERD}: Joint Named Entity Recognition and Disambiguation with Rich Linguistic Features",
    author = "Nguyen, Dat Ba  and
      Theobald, Martin  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1016",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00094",
    pages = "215--229",
    abstract = "Methods for Named Entity Recognition and Disambiguation (NERD) perform NER and NED in two separate stages. Therefore, NED may be penalized with respect to precision by NER false positives, and suffers in recall from NER false negatives. Conversely, NED does not fully exploit information computed by NER such as types of mentions. This paper presents J-NERD, a new approach to perform NER and NED jointly, by means of a probabilistic graphical model that captures mention spans, mention types, and the mapping of mentions to entities in a knowledge base. We present experiments with different kinds of texts from the CoNLL{'}03, ACE{'}05, and ClueWeb{'}09-FACC1 corpora. J-NERD consistently outperforms state-of-the-art competitors in end-to-end NERD precision, recall, and F1.",
}
@article{marcheggiani-titov-2016-discrete,
    title = "Discrete-State Variational Autoencoders for Joint Discovery and Factorization of Relations",
    author = "Marcheggiani, Diego  and
      Titov, Ivan",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1017",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00095",
    pages = "231--244",
    abstract = "We present a method for unsupervised open-domain relation discovery. In contrast to previous (mostly generative and agglomerative clustering) approaches, our model relies on rich contextual features and makes minimal independence assumptions. The model is composed of two parts: a feature-rich relation extractor, which predicts a semantic relation between two entities, and a factorization model, which reconstructs arguments (i.e., the entities) relying on the predicted relation. The two components are estimated jointly so as to minimize errors in recovering arguments. We study factorization models inspired by previous work in relation factorization and selectional preference modeling. Our models substantially outperform the generative and agglomerative-clustering counterparts and achieve state-of-the-art performance.",
}
@article{stratos-etal-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Part-Of-Speech Tagging with Anchor Hidden {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Stratos, Karl  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Hsu, Daniel",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1018",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00096",
    pages = "245--257",
    abstract = "We tackle unsupervised part-of-speech (POS) tagging by learning hidden Markov models (HMMs) that are particularly well-suited for the problem. These HMMs, which we call anchor HMMs, assume that each tag is associated with at least one word that can have no other tag, which is a relatively benign condition for POS tagging (e.g., {``}the{''} is a word that appears only under the determiner tag). We exploit this assumption and extend the non-negative matrix factorization framework of Arora et al. (2013) to design a consistent estimator for anchor HMMs. In experiments, our algorithm is competitive with strong baselines such as the clustering method of Brown et al. (1992) and the log-linear model of Berg-Kirkpatrick et al. (2010). Furthermore, it produces an interpretable model in which hidden states are automatically lexicalized by words.",
}
@article{yin-etal-2016-abcnn,
    title = "{ABCNN}: Attention-Based Convolutional Neural Network for Modeling Sentence Pairs",
    author = {Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich  and
      Xiang, Bing  and
      Zhou, Bowen},
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1019",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00097",
    pages = "259--272",
    abstract = "How to model a pair of sentences is a critical issue in many NLP tasks such as answer selection (AS), paraphrase identification (PI) and textual entailment (TE). Most prior work (i) deals with one individual task by fine-tuning a specific system; (ii) models each sentence{'}s representation separately, rarely considering the impact of the other sentence; or (iii) relies fully on manually designed, task-specific linguistic features. This work presents a general Attention Based Convolutional Neural Network (ABCNN) for modeling a pair of sentences. We make three contributions. (i) The ABCNN can be applied to a wide variety of tasks that require modeling of sentence pairs. (ii) We propose three attention schemes that integrate mutual influence between sentences into CNNs; thus, the representation of each sentence takes into consideration its counterpart. These interdependent sentence pair representations are more powerful than isolated sentence representations. (iii) ABCNNs achieve state-of-the-art performance on AS, PI and TE tasks. We release code at: https://github.com/yinwenpeng/Answer{\_}Selection.",
}
@article{hashimoto-etal-2016-word,
    title = "Word Embeddings as Metric Recovery in Semantic Spaces",
    author = "Hashimoto, Tatsunori B.  and
      Alvarez-Melis, David  and
      Jaakkola, Tommi S.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1020",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00098",
    pages = "273--286",
    abstract = "Continuous word representations have been remarkably useful across NLP tasks but remain poorly understood. We ground word embeddings in semantic spaces studied in the cognitive-psychometric literature, taking these spaces as the primary objects to recover. To this end, we relate log co-occurrences of words in large corpora to semantic similarity assessments and show that co-occurrences are indeed consistent with an Euclidean semantic space hypothesis. Framing word embedding as metric recovery of a semantic space unifies existing word embedding algorithms, ties them to manifold learning, and demonstrates that existing algorithms are consistent metric recovery methods given co-occurrence counts from random walks. Furthermore, we propose a simple, principled, direct metric recovery algorithm that performs on par with the state-of-the-art word embedding and manifold learning methods. Finally, we complement recent focus on analogies by constructing two new inductive reasoning datasets{---}series completion and classification{---}and demonstrate that word embeddings can be used to solve them as well.",
}
@article{schofield-mimno-2016-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Apples to Apple: The Effects of Stemmers on Topic Models",
    author = "Schofield, Alexandra  and
      Mimno, David",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1021",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00099",
    pages = "287--300",
    abstract = "Rule-based stemmers such as the Porter stemmer are frequently used to preprocess English corpora for topic modeling. In this work, we train and evaluate topic models on a variety of corpora using several different stemming algorithms. We examine several different quantitative measures of the resulting models, including likelihood, coherence, model stability, and entropy. Despite their frequent use in topic modeling, we find that stemmers produce no meaningful improvement in likelihood and coherence and in fact can degrade topic stability.",
}
@article{agic-etal-2016-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Projection for Parsing Truly Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Johannsen, Anders  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Schluter, Natalie  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1022",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00100",
    pages = "301--312",
    abstract = "We propose a novel approach to cross-lingual part-of-speech tagging and dependency parsing for truly low-resource languages. Our annotation projection-based approach yields tagging and parsing models for over 100 languages. All that is needed are freely available parallel texts, and taggers and parsers for resource-rich languages. The empirical evaluation across 30 test languages shows that our method consistently provides top-level accuracies, close to established upper bounds, and outperforms several competitive baselines.",
}
@article{kiperwasser-goldberg-2016-simple,
    title = "Simple and Accurate Dependency Parsing Using Bidirectional {LSTM} Feature Representations",
    author = "Kiperwasser, Eliyahu  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1023",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00101",
    pages = "313--327",
    abstract = "We present a simple and effective scheme for dependency parsing which is based on bidirectional-LSTMs (BiLSTMs). Each sentence token is associated with a BiLSTM vector representing the token in its sentential context, and feature vectors are constructed by concatenating a few BiLSTM vectors. The BiLSTM is trained jointly with the parser objective, resulting in very effective feature extractors for parsing. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach by applying it to a greedy transition-based parser as well as to a globally optimized graph-based parser. The resulting parsers have very simple architectures, and match or surpass the state-of-the-art accuracies on English and Chinese.",
}
@article{pelemans-etal-2016-sparse,
    title = "Sparse Non-negative Matrix Language Modeling",
    author = "Pelemans, Joris  and
      Shazeer, Noam  and
      Chelba, Ciprian",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1024",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00102",
    pages = "329--342",
    abstract = "We present Sparse Non-negative Matrix (SNM) estimation, a novel probability estimation technique for language modeling that can efficiently incorporate arbitrary features. We evaluate SNM language models on two corpora: the One Billion Word Benchmark and a subset of the LDC English Gigaword corpus. Results show that SNM language models trained with n-gram features are a close match for the well-established Kneser-Ney models. The addition of skip-gram features yields a model that is in the same league as the state-of-the-art recurrent neural network language models, as well as complementary: combining the two modeling techniques yields the best known result on the One Billion Word Benchmark. On the Gigaword corpus further improvements are observed using features that cross sentence boundaries. The computational advantages of SNM estimation over both maximum entropy and neural network estimation are probably its main strength, promising an approach that has large flexibility in combining arbitrary features and yet scales gracefully to large amounts of data.",
}
@article{gulordava-merlo-2016-multi,
    title = "Multi-lingual Dependency Parsing Evaluation: a Large-scale Analysis of Word Order Properties using Artificial Data",
    author = "Gulordava, Kristina  and
      Merlo, Paola",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1025",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00103",
    pages = "343--356",
    abstract = "The growing work in multi-lingual parsing faces the challenge of fair comparative evaluation and performance analysis across languages and their treebanks. The difficulty lies in teasing apart the properties of treebanks, such as their size or average sentence length, from those of the annotation scheme, and from the linguistic properties of languages. We propose a method to evaluate the effects of word order of a language on dependency parsing performance, while controlling for confounding treebank properties. The method uses artificially-generated treebanks that are minimal permutations of actual treebanks with respect to two word order properties: word order variation and dependency lengths. Based on these artificial data on twelve languages, we show that longer dependencies and higher word order variability degrade parsing performance. Our method also extends to minimal pairs of individual sentences, leading to a finer-grained understanding of parsing errors.",
}
@article{chiu-nichols-2016-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition with Bidirectional {LSTM}-{CNN}s",
    author = "Chiu, Jason P.C.  and
      Nichols, Eric",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1026",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00104",
    pages = "357--370",
    abstract = "Named entity recognition is a challenging task that has traditionally required large amounts of knowledge in the form of feature engineering and lexicons to achieve high performance. In this paper, we present a novel neural network architecture that automatically detects word- and character-level features using a hybrid bidirectional LSTM and CNN architecture, eliminating the need for most feature engineering. We also propose a novel method of encoding partial lexicon matches in neural networks and compare it to existing approaches. Extensive evaluation shows that, given only tokenized text and publicly available word embeddings, our system is competitive on the CoNLL-2003 dataset and surpasses the previously reported state of the art performance on the OntoNotes 5.0 dataset by 2.13 F1 points. By using two lexicons constructed from publicly-available sources, we establish new state of the art performance with an F1 score of 91.62 on CoNLL-2003 and 86.28 on OntoNotes, surpassing systems that employ heavy feature engineering, proprietary lexicons, and rich entity linking information.",
}
@article{zhou-etal-2016-deep,
    title = "Deep Recurrent Models with Fast-Forward Connections for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhou, Jie  and
      Cao, Ying  and
      Wang, Xuguang  and
      Li, Peng  and
      Xu, Wei",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1027",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00105",
    pages = "371--383",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation (NMT) aims at solving machine translation (MT) problems using neural networks and has exhibited promising results in recent years. However, most of the existing NMT models are shallow and there is still a performance gap between a single NMT model and the best conventional MT system. In this work, we introduce a new type of linear connections, named fast-forward connections, based on deep Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and an interleaved bi-directional architecture for stacking the LSTM layers. Fast-forward connections play an essential role in propagating the gradients and building a deep topology of depth 16. On the WMT{'}14 English-to-French task, we achieve BLEU=37.7 with a single attention model, which outperforms the corresponding single shallow model by 6.2 BLEU points. This is the first time that a single NMT model achieves state-of-the-art performance and outperforms the best conventional model by 0.7 BLEU points. We can still achieve BLEU=36.3 even without using an attention mechanism. After special handling of unknown words and model ensembling, we obtain the best score reported to date on this task with BLEU=40.4. Our models are also validated on the more difficult WMT{'}14 English-to-German task.",
}
@article{arora-etal-2016-latent,
    title = "A Latent Variable Model Approach to {PMI}-based Word Embeddings",
    author = "Arora, Sanjeev  and
      Li, Yuanzhi  and
      Liang, Yingyu  and
      Ma, Tengyu  and
      Risteski, Andrej",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1028",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00106",
    pages = "385--399",
    abstract = "Semantic word embeddings represent the meaning of a word via a vector, and are created by diverse methods. Many use nonlinear operations on co-occurrence statistics, and have hand-tuned hyperparameters and reweighting methods. This paper proposes a new generative model, a dynamic version of the log-linear topic model of Mnih and Hinton (2007). The methodological novelty is to use the prior to compute closed form expressions for word statistics. This provides a theoretical justification for nonlinear models like PMI, word2vec, and GloVe, as well as some hyperparameter choices. It also helps explain why low-dimensional semantic embeddings contain linear algebraic structure that allows solution of word analogies, as shown by Mikolov et al. (2013a) and many subsequent papers. Experimental support is provided for the generative model assumptions, the most important of which is that latent word vectors are fairly uniformly dispersed in space.",
}
@article{xu-etal-2016-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Statistical Machine Translation for Text Simplification",
    author = "Xu, Wei  and
      Napoles, Courtney  and
      Pavlick, Ellie  and
      Chen, Quanze  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1029",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00107",
    pages = "401--415",
    abstract = "Most recent sentence simplification systems use basic machine translation models to learn lexical and syntactic paraphrases from a manually simplified parallel corpus. These methods are limited by the quality and quantity of manually simplified corpora, which are expensive to build. In this paper, we conduct an in-depth adaptation of statistical machine translation to perform text simplification, taking advantage of large-scale paraphrases learned from bilingual texts and a small amount of manual simplifications with multiple references. Our work is the first to design automatic metrics that are effective for tuning and evaluating simplification systems, which will facilitate iterative development for this task.",
}
@article{osborne-etal-2016-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Prior Knowledge with Eigenword Embeddings",
    author = "Osborne, Dominique  and
      Narayan, Shashi  and
      Cohen, Shay B.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1030",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00108",
    pages = "417--430",
    abstract = "Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is a method for reducing the dimension of data represented using two views. It has been previously used to derive word embeddings, where one view indicates a word, and the other view indicates its context. We describe a way to incorporate prior knowledge into CCA, give a theoretical justification for it, and test it by deriving word embeddings and evaluating them on a myriad of datasets.",
}
@article{ammar-etal-2016-many,
    title = "Many Languages, One Parser",
    author = "Ammar, Waleed  and
      Mulcaire, George  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1031",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00109",
    pages = "431--444",
    abstract = "We train one multilingual model for dependency parsing and use it to parse sentences in several languages. The parsing model uses (i) multilingual word clusters and embeddings; (ii) token-level language information; and (iii) language-specific features (fine-grained POS tags). This input representation enables the parser not only to parse effectively in multiple languages, but also to generalize across languages based on linguistic universals and typological similarities, making it more effective to learn from limited annotations. Our parser{'}s performance compares favorably to strong baselines in a range of data scenarios, including when the target language has a large treebank, a small treebank, or no treebank for training.",
}
@article{kiperwasser-goldberg-2016-easy,
    title = "Easy-First Dependency Parsing with Hierarchical Tree {LSTM}s",
    author = "Kiperwasser, Eliyahu  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1032",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00110",
    pages = "445--461",
    abstract = "We suggest a compositional vector representation of parse trees that relies on a recursive combination of recurrent-neural network encoders. To demonstrate its effectiveness, we use the representation as the backbone of a greedy, bottom-up dependency parser, achieving very strong accuracies for English and Chinese, without relying on external word embeddings. The parser{'}s implementation is available for download at the first author{'}s webpage.",
}
@article{althoff-etal-2016-large,
    title = "Large-scale Analysis of Counseling Conversations: An Application of Natural Language Processing to Mental Health",
    author = "Althoff, Tim  and
      Clark, Kevin  and
      Leskovec, Jure",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1033",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00111",
    pages = "463--476",
    abstract = "Mental illness is one of the most pressing public health issues of our time. While counseling and psychotherapy can be effective treatments, our knowledge about how to conduct successful counseling conversations has been limited due to lack of large-scale data with labeled outcomes of the conversations. In this paper, we present a large-scale, quantitative study on the discourse of text-message-based counseling conversations. We develop a set of novel computational discourse analysis methods to measure how various linguistic aspects of conversations are correlated with conversation outcomes. Applying techniques such as sequence-based conversation models, language model comparisons, message clustering, and psycholinguistics-inspired word frequency analyses, we discover actionable conversation strategies that are associated with better conversation outcomes.",
}
@article{shareghi-etal-2016-fast,
    title = "Fast, Small and Exact: Infinite-order Language Modelling with Compressed Suffix Trees",
    author = "Shareghi, Ehsan  and
      Petri, Matthias  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1034",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00112",
    pages = "477--490",
    abstract = "Efficient methods for storing and querying are critical for scaling high-order m-gram language models to large corpora. We propose a language model based on compressed suffix trees, a representation that is highly compact and can be easily held in memory, while supporting queries needed in computing language model probabilities on-the-fly. We present several optimisations which improve query runtimes up to 2500{\mbox{$\times$}}, despite only incurring a modest increase in construction time and memory usage. For large corpora and high Markov orders, our method is highly competitive with the state-of-the-art KenLM package. It imposes much lower memory requirements, often by orders of magnitude, and has runtimes that are either similar (for training) or comparable (for querying).",
}
@article{wang-eisner-2016-galactic,
    title = "The Galactic Dependencies Treebanks: Getting More Data by Synthesizing New Languages",
    author = "Wang, Dingquan  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1035",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00113",
    pages = "491--505",
    abstract = "We release Galactic Dependencies 1.0{---}a large set of synthetic languages not found on Earth, but annotated in Universal Dependencies format. This new resource aims to provide training and development data for NLP methods that aim to adapt to unfamiliar languages. Each synthetic treebank is produced from a real treebank by stochastically permuting the dependents of nouns and/or verbs to match the word order of other real languages. We discuss the usefulness, realism, parsability, perplexity, and diversity of the synthetic languages. As a simple demonstration of the use of Galactic Dependencies, we consider single-source transfer, which attempts to parse a real target language using a parser trained on a {``}nearby{''} source language. We find that including synthetic source languages somewhat increases the diversity of the source pool, which significantly improves results for most target languages.",
}
@article{gorman-sproat-2016-minimally,
    title = "Minimally Supervised Number Normalization",
    author = "Gorman, Kyle  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1036",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00114",
    pages = "507--519",
    abstract = "We propose two models for verbalizing numbers, a key component in speech recognition and synthesis systems. The first model uses an end-to-end recurrent neural network. The second model, drawing inspiration from the linguistics literature, uses finite-state transducers constructed with a minimal amount of training data. While both models achieve near-perfect performance, the latter model can be trained using several orders of magnitude less data than the former, making it particularly useful for low-resource languages.",
}
@article{linzen-etal-2016-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Ability of {LSTM}s to Learn Syntax-Sensitive Dependencies",
    author = "Linzen, Tal  and
      Dupoux, Emmanuel  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1037",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00115",
    pages = "521--535",
    abstract = "The success of long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks in language processing is typically attributed to their ability to capture long-distance statistical regularities. Linguistic regularities are often sensitive to syntactic structure; can such dependencies be captured by LSTMs, which do not have explicit structural representations? We begin addressing this question using number agreement in English subject-verb dependencies. We probe the architecture{'}s grammatical competence both using training objectives with an explicit grammatical target (number prediction, grammaticality judgments) and using language models. In the strongly supervised settings, the LSTM achieved very high overall accuracy (less than 1{\%} errors), but errors increased when sequential and structural information conflicted. The frequency of such errors rose sharply in the language-modeling setting. We conclude that LSTMs can capture a non-trivial amount of grammatical structure given targeted supervision, but stronger architectures may be required to further reduce errors; furthermore, the language modeling signal is insufficient for capturing syntax-sensitive dependencies, and should be supplemented with more direct supervision if such dependencies need to be captured.",
}
@article{goldwasser-zhang-2016-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Satirical Articles Using Common-Sense",
    author = "Goldwasser, Dan  and
      Zhang, Xiao",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1038",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00116",
    pages = "537--549",
    abstract = "Automatic satire detection is a subtle text classification task, for machines and at times, even for humans. In this paper we argue that satire detection should be approached using common-sense inferences, rather than traditional text classification methods. We present a highly structured latent variable model capturing the required inferences. The model abstracts over the specific entities appearing in the articles, grouping them into generalized categories, thus allowing the model to adapt to previously unseen situations.",
}
@article{tuan-etal-2016-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing Temporal Information for Taxonomy Construction",
    author = "Tuan, Luu Anh  and
      Hui, Siu Cheung  and
      Ng, See Kiong",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1039",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00117",
    pages = "551--564",
    abstract = "Taxonomies play an important role in many applications by organizing domain knowledge into a hierarchy of {`}is-a{'} relations between terms. Previous work on automatic construction of taxonomies from text documents either ignored temporal information or used fixed time periods to discretize the time series of documents. In this paper, we propose a time-aware method to automatically construct and effectively maintain a taxonomy from a given series of documents preclustered for a domain of interest. The method extracts temporal information from the documents and uses a timestamp contribution function to score the temporal relevance of the evidence from source texts when identifying the taxonomic relations for constructing the taxonomy. Experimental results show that our proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods by increasing F-measure up to 7{\%}{--}20{\%}. Furthermore, the proposed method can incrementally update the taxonomy by adding fresh relations from new data and removing outdated relations using an information decay function. It thus avoids rebuilding the whole taxonomy from scratch for every update and keeps the taxonomy effectively up-to-date in order to track the latest information trends in the rapidly evolving domain.",
}
@proceedings{anlp-1994-applied,
    title = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1000",
}
@inproceedings{caldwell-korelsky-1994-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Generation of Job from Quasi-Conceptual Descriptions Forms",
    author = "Caldwell, David E.  and
      Korelsky, Tatiana",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974360",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{mckeown-etal-1994-practical,
    title = "Practical Issues in Automatic Documentation Generation",
    author = "McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Kukich, Karen  and
      Shaw, James",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974361",
    pages = "7--14",
}
@inproceedings{sibun-spitz-1994-language,
    title = "Language Determination: Natural Language Processing from Scanned Document Images",
    author = "Sibun, Penelope  and
      Spitz, A. Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974363",
    pages = "15--21",
}
@inproceedings{nakayama-1994-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Content Identification from Document Images",
    author = "Nakayama, Takehiro",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974364",
    pages = "22--27",
}
@inproceedings{katoh-aizawa-1994-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation of Sentences with Fixed Expressions",
    author = "Katoh, Naoto  and
      Aizawa, Teruaki",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974366",
    pages = "28--33",
}
@inproceedings{dagan-church-1994-termight,
    title = "{T}ermight: Identifying and Translating Technical Terminology",
    author = "Dagan, Ido  and
      Church, Ken",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974367",
    pages = "34--40",
}
@inproceedings{okumura-muraki-1994-symmetric,
    title = "Symmetric Pattern Matching Analysis for {E}nglish Coordinate Structures",
    author = "Okumura, Akitoshi  and
      Muraki, Kazunori",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974368",
    pages = "41--46",
}
@inproceedings{tapanainen-voutilainen-1994-tagging,
    title = "Tagging accurately - Don{'}t guess if you know",
    author = "Tapanainen, Pasi  and
      Voutilainen, Atro",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974370",
    pages = "47--52",
}
@inproceedings{elworthy-1994-baum,
    title = "Does {B}aum-{W}elch Re-estimation Help Taggers?",
    author = "Elworthy, David",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974371",
    pages = "53--58",
}
@inproceedings{carter-1994-improving,
    title = "Improving Language Models by Clustering Training Sentences",
    author = "Carter, David",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974372",
    pages = "59--64",
}
@inproceedings{finch-1994-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Sophisticated Representations for Document Retrieval",
    author = "Finch, Steven",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974374",
    pages = "65--71",
}
@inproceedings{kiyono-tsujii-1994-combination,
    title = "Combination of Symbolic and Statistical Approaches for Grammatical Knowledge Acquisition",
    author = "Kiyono, Masaki  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974375",
    pages = "72--77",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-hearst-1994-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Sentence Boundary Disambiguation",
    author = "Palmer, David D.  and
      Hearst, Marti A.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974376",
    pages = "78--83",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-etal-1994-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Knowledge From Encyclopedic Texts",
    author = "Gomez, Fernando  and
      Hull, Richard  and
      Segami, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974377",
    pages = "84--90",
}
@inproceedings{filgueiras-1994-successful,
    title = "A Successful Case of Computer Aided Translation",
    author = "Filgueiras, Miguel",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974379",
    pages = "91--94",
}
@inproceedings{frederking-nirenburg-1994-three,
    title = "Three Heads are Better than One",
    author = "Frederking, Robert  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974380",
    pages = "95--100",
}
@inproceedings{oi-etal-1994-real,
    title = "Real-Time Spoken Language Translation Using Associative Processors",
    author = "Oi, Kozo  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Furuse, Osamu  and
      Iida, Hitoshi  and
      Higuchi, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974381",
    pages = "101--106",
}
@inproceedings{kato-1994-yet,
    title = "Yet Another Chart-Based Technique for Parsing Ill-Formed Input",
    author = "Kato, Tsuneaki",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974383",
    pages = "107--112",
}
@inproceedings{jacquemin-1994-recycling,
    title = "Recycling Terms into a Partial Parser",
    author = "Jacquemin, Christian",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974384",
    pages = "113--118",
}
@inproceedings{barros-deroeck-1994-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Anaphora in a Portable Natural Language Front End to Databases",
    author = "Barros, Flavia A.  and
      DeRoeck, Anne",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974386",
    pages = "119--124",
}
@inproceedings{gertner-etal-1994-upholding,
    title = "Upholding the Maxim of Relevance during Patient-Centered Activities",
    author = "Gertner, Abigail S.  and
      Webber, Bonnie L.  and
      Clarke, John R.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974387",
    pages = "125--131",
}
@inproceedings{bates-etal-1994-delphi,
    title = "The Delphi Natural Language Understanding System",
    author = "Bates, Madeleine  and
      Bobrow, Robert  and
      Ingria, Robert  and
      Stallard, David",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974388",
    pages = "132--137",
}
@inproceedings{chin-etal-1994-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Location Descriptions in the {LEI} System",
    author = "Chin, David N.  and
      McGranaghan, Matthew  and
      Chen, Tung-Tse",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974389",
    pages = "138--143",
}
@inproceedings{oflazer-kuruoz-1994-tagging,
    title = "Tagging and Morphological Disambiguation of {T}urkish Text",
    author = "Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Kuruoz, Ilker",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974391",
    pages = "144--149",
}
@inproceedings{spyns-1994-robust,
    title = "A robust category guesser for {D}utch medical language",
    author = "Spyns, Peter",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974392",
    pages = "150--155",
}
@inproceedings{oku-1994-handling,
    title = "Handling {J}apanese Homophone Errors in Revision Support System for {J}apanese Texts; {REVISE}",
    author = "Oku, Masahiro",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974393",
    pages = "156--161",
}
@inproceedings{iwayama-tokunaga-1994-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Model for Text Categorization: Based on a Single Random Variable with Multiple Values",
    author = "Iwayama, Makoto  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974395",
    pages = "162--167",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-1994-robust,
    title = "Robust Text Processing in Automated Information Retrieval",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974396",
    pages = "168--173",
}
@inproceedings{basili-etal-1994-might,
    title = "Might a semantic lexicon support hypertextual authoring?",
    author = "Basili, Roberto  and
      Grisoli, Fabrizio  and
      Pazienza, Maria Teresa",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974397",
    pages = "174--179",
}
@inproceedings{wu-fung-1994-improving,
    title = "IMPROVING CHINESE TOKENIZATION WITH LINGUISTIC FILTERS ON STATISTICAL LEXICAL ACQUISITION",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974399",
    pages = "180--181",
}
@inproceedings{hong-hull-1994-degraded,
    title = "Degraded Text Recognition Using Word Collocation and Visual Inter-Word Constraints",
    author = "Hong, Tao  and
      Hull, Jonathan J.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974400",
    pages = "182--183",
}
@inproceedings{ikehara-etal-1994-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Aquisition of Semantic Attributes for User Defined Words m {J}apanese to {E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Ikehara, Satoru  and
      Shirai, Satoshi  and
      Yokoo, Akio  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Omi, Yoshie",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974401",
    pages = "184--185",
}
@inproceedings{hong-hull-1994-degraded-text,
    title = "Degraded Text Recognition Using Word Collocation and Visual Inter-Word Constraints",
    author = "Hong, Tao  and
      Hull, Jonathan J.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974402",
    pages = "186--187",
}
@inproceedings{debili-etal-1994-using,
    title = "USING SYNTACTIC DEPENDENCIES FOR WORD ALIGNMENT",
    author = "Debili, Fathi  and
      Sammouda, Elyes  and
      Zribi, Adnane",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974403",
    pages = "188--189",
}
@inproceedings{ogura-etal-1994-english,
    title = "{E}nglish Adverb Generation in {J}apanese to {E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Ogura, Kentaro  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Ikehara, Satoru",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974404",
    pages = "190--191",
}
@inproceedings{schaler-1994-practical,
    title = "A Practical Evaluation of an Integrated Translation Tool during a Large Scale Localisation Project",
    author = "Schaler, Reinhard",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974405",
    pages = "192--193",
}
@inproceedings{oflazer-guzey-1994-spelling,
    title = "Spelling Correction in Agglutinative Languages",
    author = "Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Guzey, Cemaleddin",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974406",
    pages = "194--195",
}
@inproceedings{akamine-etal-1994-integration,
    title = "Integration of example-based transfer and rule-based generation",
    author = "Akamine, Susumu  and
      Furuse, Osamu  and
      Iida, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974407",
    pages = "196--197",
}
@inproceedings{araki-etal-1994-evaluation-method,
    title = "An Evaluation of a Method to Detect and Correct Erroneous Characters in {J}apanese input through an {OCR} using {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Araki, Tetsuo  and
      Ikehara, Satoru  and
      Tsukahara, Nobuyuki  and
      Komatsu, Yasunori",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974408",
    pages = "198--199",
}
@inproceedings{bolshakov-1994-multifunction,
    title = "MULTIFUNCTION THESAURUS FOR RUSSIAN WORD PROCESSING",
    author = "Bolshakov, Igor A.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974409",
    pages = "200--202",
}
@inproceedings{coch-david-1994-representing,
    title = "Representing Knowledge for Planning Multisentential Text",
    author = "Coch, Jose  and
      David, Raphael",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974410",
    pages = "203--204",
}
@inproceedings{pasero-etal-1994-guided,
    title = "Guided Sentences Composition for Disabled People",
    author = "Pasero, Robert  and
      Richardet, Nathalie  and
      Sabatier, Paul",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974411",
    pages = "205--206",
}
@inproceedings{hirakawa-etal-1994-interactive,
    title = "An Interactive Rewriting Tool for Machine Acceptable Sentences",
    author = "Hirakawa, Hideki  and
      Nomura, Kouichi  and
      Nakamura, Mariko",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974412",
    pages = "207--208",
}
@inproceedings{rosner-stede-1994-techdoc,
    title = "{TECHDOC}: Multilingual generation of online and offline instructional text",
    author = "Rosner, Dietmar  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974413",
    pages = "209--210",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-1994-inheritance,
    title = "An Inheritance-based Lexicon for Message Understanding Systems",
    author = "Cahill, Lynne J.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974414",
    pages = "211--212",
}
@inproceedings{proszeky-1994-industrial,
    title = "Industrial Applications of Unification Morphology",
    author = "Proszeky, Gabor",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974415",
    pages = "213--214",
}
@inproceedings{kittredge-etal-1994-sublanguage,
    title = "SUBLANGUAGE ENGINEERING IN THE FOG SYSTEM",
    author = "Kittredge, Richard  and
      Goldberg, Eli  and
      Kim, Myunghee  and
      Polguere, Alain",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Stuttgart, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A94-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/974358.974416",
    pages = "215--216",
}
@article{tacl-2014-transactions,
    title = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Volume 2",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
}
@article{king-etal-2014-heterogeneous,
    title = "Heterogeneous Networks and Their Applications: Scientometrics, Name Disambiguation, and Topic Modeling",
    author = "King, Ben  and
      Jha, Rahul  and
      Radev, Dragomir R.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00161",
    pages = "1--14",
    abstract = "We present heterogeneous networks as a way to unify lexical networks with relational data. We build a unified ACL Anthology network, tying together the citation, author collaboration, and term-cooccurence networks with affiliation and venue relations. This representation proves to be convenient and allows problems such as name disambiguation, topic modeling, and the measurement of scientific impact to be easily solved using only this network and off-the-shelf graph algorithms.",
}
@article{schnabel-schutze-2014-flors,
    title = "{FLORS}: Fast and Simple Domain Adaptation for Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = {Schnabel, Tobias  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00162",
    pages = "15--26",
    abstract = "We present FLORS, a new part-of-speech tagger for domain adaptation. FLORS uses robust representations that work especially well for unknown words and for known words with unseen tags. FLORS is simpler and faster than previous domain adaptation methods, yet it has significantly better accuracy than several baselines.",
}
@article{lui-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection and Language Identification of Multilingual Documents",
    author = "Lui, Marco  and
      Lau, Jey Han  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00163",
    pages = "27--40",
    abstract = "Language identification is the task of automatically detecting the language(s) present in a document based on the content of the document. In this work, we address the problem of detecting documents that contain text from more than one language (multilingual documents). We introduce a method that is able to detect that a document is multilingual, identify the languages present, and estimate their relative proportions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method over synthetic data, as well as real-world multilingual documents collected from the web.",
}
@article{pitler-2014-crossing,
    title = "A Crossing-Sensitive Third-Order Factorization for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Pitler, Emily",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00164",
    pages = "41--54",
    abstract = "Parsers that parametrize over wider scopes are generally more accurate than edge-factored models. For graph-based non-projective parsers, wider factorizations have so far implied large increases in the computational complexity of the parsing problem. This paper introduces a {``}crossing-sensitive{''} generalization of a third-order factorization that trades off complexity in the model structure (i.e., scoring with features over multiple edges) with complexity in the output structure (i.e., producing crossing edges). Under this model, the optimal 1-Endpoint-Crossing tree can be found in O(n4) time, matching the asymptotic run-time of both the third-order projective parser and the edge-factored 1-Endpoint-Crossing parser. The crossing-sensitive third-order parser is significantly more accurate than the third-order projective parser under many experimental settings and significantly less accurate on none.",
}
@article{wang-manning-2014-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Projected Expectation Regularization for Weakly Supervised Learning",
    author = "Wang, Mengqiu  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00165",
    pages = "55--66",
    abstract = "We consider a multilingual weakly supervised learning scenario where knowledge from annotated corpora in a resource-rich language is transferred via bitext to guide the learning in other languages. Past approaches project labels across bitext and use them as features or gold labels for training. We propose a new method that projects model expectations rather than labels, which facilities transfer of model uncertainty across language boundaries. We encode expectations as constraints and train a discriminative CRF model using Generalized Expectation Criteria (Mann and McCallum, 2010). Evaluated on standard Chinese-English and German-English NER datasets, our method demonstrates F1 scores of 64{\%} and 60{\%} when no labeled data is used. Attaining the same accuracy with supervised CRFs requires 12k and 1.5k labeled sentences. Furthermore, when combined with labeled examples, our method yields significant improvements over state-of-the-art supervised methods, achieving best reported numbers to date on Chinese OntoNotes and German CoNLL-03 datasets.",
}
@article{young-etal-2014-image,
    title = "From image descriptions to visual denotations: New similarity metrics for semantic inference over event descriptions",
    author = "Young, Peter  and
      Lai, Alice  and
      Hodosh, Micah  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1006",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00166",
    pages = "67--78",
    abstract = "We propose to use the visual denotations of linguistic expressions (i.e. the set of images they describe) to define novel denotational similarity metrics, which we show to be at least as beneficial as distributional similarities for two tasks that require semantic inference. To compute these denotational similarities, we construct a denotation graph, i.e. a subsumption hierarchy over constituents and their denotations, based on a large corpus of 30K images and 150K descriptive captions.",
}
@article{pavlick-etal-2014-language,
    title = "The Language Demographics of {A}mazon Mechanical Turk",
    author = "Pavlick, Ellie  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Irvine, Ann  and
      Kachaev, Dmitry  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1007",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00167",
    pages = "79--92",
    abstract = "We present a large scale study of the languages spoken by bilingual workers on Mechanical Turk (MTurk). We establish a methodology for determining the language skills of anonymous crowd workers that is more robust than simple surveying. We validate workers{'} self-reported language skill claims by measuring their ability to correctly translate words, and by geolocating workers to see if they reside in countries where the languages are likely to be spoken. Rather than posting a one-off survey, we posted paid tasks consisting of 1,000 assignments to translate a total of 10,000 words in each of 100 languages. Our study ran for several months, and was highly visible on the MTurk crowdsourcing platform, increasing the chances that bilingual workers would complete it. Our study was useful both to create bilingual dictionaries and to act as census of the bilingual speakers on MTurk. We use this data to recommend languages with the largest speaker populations as good candidates for other researchers who want to develop crowdsourced, multilingual technologies. To further demonstrate the value of creating data via crowdsourcing, we hire workers to create bilingual parallel corpora in six Indian languages, and use them to train statistical machine translation systems.",
}
@article{borschinger-johnson-2014-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Role of Stress in {B}ayesian Word Segmentation using Adaptor Grammars",
    author = {B{\"o}rschinger, Benjamin  and
      Johnson, Mark},
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1008",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00168",
    pages = "93--104",
    abstract = "Stress has long been established as a major cue in word segmentation for English infants. We show that enabling a current state-of-the-art Bayesian word segmentation model to take advantage of stress cues noticeably improves its performance. We find that the improvements range from 10 to 4{\%}, depending on both the use of phonotactic cues and, to a lesser extent, the amount of evidence available to the learner. We also find that in particular early on, stress cues are much more useful for our model than phonotactic cues by themselves, consistent with the finding that children do seem to use stress cues before they use phonotactic cues. Finally, we study how the model{'}s knowledge about stress patterns evolves over time. We not only find that our model correctly acquires the most frequent patterns relatively quickly but also that the Unique Stress Constraint that is at the heart of a previously proposed model does not need to be built in but can be acquired jointly with word segmentation.",
}
@article{ravi-etal-2014-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Algorithms for Unsupervised Tagging",
    author = "Ravi, Sujith  and
      Vassilivitskii, Sergei  and
      Rastogi, Vibhor",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1009",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00169",
    pages = "105--118",
    abstract = "We propose a new method for unsupervised tagging that finds minimal models which are then further improved by Expectation Maximization training. In contrast to previous approaches that rely on manually specified and multi-step heuristics for model minimization, our approach is a simple greedy approximation algorithm DMLC (Distributed-Minimum-Label-Cover) that solves this objective in a single step. We extend the method and show how to efficiently parallelize the algorithm on modern parallel computing platforms while preserving approximation guarantees. The new method easily scales to large data and grammar sizes, overcoming the memory bottleneck in previous approaches. We demonstrate the power of the new algorithm by evaluating on various sequence labeling tasks: Part-of-Speech tagging for multiple languages (including low-resource languages), with complete and incomplete dictionaries, and supertagging, a complex sequence labeling task, where the grammar size alone can grow to millions of entries. Our results show that for all of these settings, our method achieves state-of-the-art scalable performance that yields high quality tagging outputs.",
}
@article{goldberg-etal-2014-tabular,
    title = "A Tabular Method for Dynamic Oracles in Transition-Based Parsing",
    author = "Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Sartorio, Francesco  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1010",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00170",
    pages = "119--130",
    abstract = "We develop parsing oracles for two transition-based dependency parsers, including the arc-standard parser, solving a problem that was left open in (Goldberg and Nivre, 2013). We experimentally show that using these oracles during training yields superior parsing accuracies on many languages.",
}
@article{honnibal-johnson-2014-joint,
    title = "Joint Incremental Disfluency Detection and Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Honnibal, Matthew  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1011",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00171",
    pages = "131--142",
    abstract = "We present an incremental dependency parsing model that jointly performs disfluency detection. The model handles speech repairs using a novel non-monotonic transition system, and includes several novel classes of features. For comparison, we evaluated two pipeline systems, using state-of-the-art disfluency detectors. The joint model performed better on both tasks, with a parse accuracy of 90.5{\%} and 84.0{\%} accuracy at disfluency detection. The model runs in expected linear time, and processes over 550 tokens a second.",
}
@article{styler-iv-etal-2014-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Annotation in the Clinical Domain",
    author = "Styler IV, William F.  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Finan, Sean  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Pradhan, Sameer  and
      de Groen, Piet C  and
      Erickson, Brad  and
      Miller, Timothy  and
      Lin, Chen  and
      Savova, Guergana  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1012",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00172",
    pages = "143--154",
    abstract = "This article discusses the requirements of a formal specification for the annotation of temporal information in clinical narratives. We discuss the implementation and extension of ISO-TimeML for annotating a corpus of clinical notes, known as the THYME corpus. To reflect the information task and the heavily inference-based reasoning demands in the domain, a new annotation guideline has been developed, {``}the THYME Guidelines to ISO-TimeML (THYME-TimeML){''}. To clarify what relations merit annotation, we distinguish between linguistically-derived and inferentially-derived temporal orderings in the text. We also apply a top performing TempEval 2013 system against this new resource to measure the difficulty of adapting systems to the clinical domain. The corpus is available to the community and has been proposed for use in a SemEval 2015 task.",
}
@article{qu-etal-2014-senti,
    title = "Senti-{LSSVM}: Sentiment-Oriented Multi-Relation Extraction with Latent Structural {SVM}",
    author = "Qu, Lizhen  and
      Zhang, Yi  and
      Wang, Rui  and
      Jiang, Lili  and
      Gemulla, Rainer  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1013",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00173",
    pages = "155--168",
    abstract = "Extracting instances of sentiment-oriented relations from user-generated web documents is important for online marketing analysis. Unlike previous work, we formulate this extraction task as a structured prediction problem and design the corresponding inference as an integer linear program. Our latent structural SVM based model can learn from training corpora that do not contain explicit annotations of sentiment-bearing expressions, and it can simultaneously recognize instances of both binary (polarity) and ternary (comparative) relations with regard to entity mentions of interest. The empirical evaluation shows that our approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art systems across domains (cameras and movies) and across genres (reviews and forum posts). The gold standard corpus that we built will also be a valuable resource for the community.",
}
@article{sperber-etal-2014-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation for Efficient Supervised Language Annotation with an Explicit Cost-Utility Tradeoff",
    author = "Sperber, Matthias  and
      Simantzik, Mirjam  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1014",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00174",
    pages = "169--180",
    abstract = "In this paper, we study the problem of manually correcting automatic annotations of natural language in as efficient a manner as possible. We introduce a method for automatically segmenting a corpus into chunks such that many uncertain labels are grouped into the same chunk, while human supervision can be omitted altogether for other segments. A tradeoff must be found for segment sizes. Choosing short segments allows us to reduce the number of highly confident labels that are supervised by the annotator, which is useful because these labels are often already correct and supervising correct labels is a waste of effort. In contrast, long segments reduce the cognitive effort due to context switches. Our method helps find the segmentation that optimizes supervision efficiency by defining user models to predict the cost and utility of supervising each segment and solving a constrained optimization problem balancing these contradictory objectives. A user study demonstrates noticeable gains over pre-segmented, confidence-ordered baselines on two natural language processing tasks: speech transcription and word segmentation.",
}
@article{yogatama-etal-2014-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Language Models for Streaming Text",
    author = "Yogatama, Dani  and
      Wang, Chong  and
      Routledge, Bryan R.  and
      Smith, Noah A.  and
      Xing, Eric P.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1015",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00175",
    pages = "181--192",
    abstract = "We present a probabilistic language model that captures temporal dynamics and conditions on arbitrary non-linguistic context features. These context features serve as important indicators of language changes that are otherwise difficult to capture using text data by itself. We learn our model in an efficient online fashion that is scalable for large, streaming data. With five streaming datasets from two different genres{---}economics news articles and social media{---}we evaluate our model on the task of sequential language modeling. Our model consistently outperforms competing models.",
}
@article{schneider-etal-2014-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Lexical Semantic Segmentation with Gaps: Running the {MWE} Gamut",
    author = "Schneider, Nathan  and
      Danchik, Emily  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1016",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00176",
    pages = "193--206",
    abstract = "We present a novel representation, evaluation measure, and supervised models for the task of identifying the multiword expressions (MWEs) in a sentence, resulting in a lexical semantic segmentation. Our approach generalizes a standard chunking representation to encode MWEs containing gaps, thereby enabling efficient sequence tagging algorithms for feature-rich discriminative models. Experiments on a new dataset of English web text offer the first linguistically-driven evaluation of MWE identification with truly heterogeneous expression types. Our statistical sequence model greatly outperforms a lookup-based segmentation procedure, achieving nearly 60{\%} F1 for MWE identification.",
}
@article{socher-etal-2014-grounded,
    title = "Grounded Compositional Semantics for Finding and Describing Images with Sentences",
    author = "Socher, Richard  and
      Karpathy, Andrej  and
      Le, Quoc V.  and
      Manning, Christopher D.  and
      Ng, Andrew Y.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1017",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00177",
    pages = "207--218",
    abstract = "Previous work on Recursive Neural Networks (RNNs) shows that these models can produce compositional feature vectors for accurately representing and classifying sentences or images. However, the sentence vectors of previous models cannot accurately represent visually grounded meaning. We introduce the DT-RNN model which uses dependency trees to embed sentences into a vector space in order to retrieve images that are described by those sentences. Unlike previous RNN-based models which use constituency trees, DT-RNNs naturally focus on the action and agents in a sentence. They are better able to abstract from the details of word order and syntactic expression. DT-RNNs outperform other recursive and recurrent neural networks, kernelized CCA and a bag-of-words baseline on the tasks of finding an image that fits a sentence description and vice versa. They also give more similar representations to sentences that describe the same image.",
}
@article{sultan-etal-2014-back,
    title = "Back to Basics for Monolingual Alignment: Exploiting Word Similarity and Contextual Evidence",
    author = "Sultan, Md Arafat  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Sumner, Tamara",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1018",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00178",
    pages = "219--230",
    abstract = "We present a simple, easy-to-replicate monolingual aligner that demonstrates state-of-the-art performance while relying on almost no supervision and a very small number of external resources. Based on the hypothesis that words with similar meanings represent potential pairs for alignment if located in similar contexts, we propose a system that operates by finding such pairs. In two intrinsic evaluations on alignment test data, our system achieves F1 scores of 88{--}92{\%}, demonstrating 1{--}3{\%} absolute improvement over the previous best system. Moreover, in two extrinsic evaluations our aligner outperforms existing aligners, and even a naive application of the aligner approaches state-of-the-art performance in each extrinsic task.",
}
@article{moro-etal-2014-entity,
    title = "Entity Linking meets Word Sense Disambiguation: a Unified Approach",
    author = "Moro, Andrea  and
      Raganato, Alessandro  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1019",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00179",
    pages = "231--244",
    abstract = "Entity Linking (EL) and Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) both address the lexical ambiguity of language. But while the two tasks are pretty similar, they differ in a fundamental respect: in EL the textual mention can be linked to a named entity which may or may not contain the exact mention, while in WSD there is a perfect match between the word form (better, its lemma) and a suitable word sense. In this paper we present Babelfy, a unified graph-based approach to EL and WSD based on a loose identification of candidate meanings coupled with a densest subgraph heuristic which selects high-coherence semantic interpretations. Our experiments show state-of-the-art performances on both tasks on 6 different datasets, including a multilingual setting. Babelfy is online at http://babelfy.org",
}
@article{utt-pado-2014-crosslingual,
    title = "Crosslingual and Multilingual Construction of Syntax-Based Vector Space Models",
    author = "Utt, Jason  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1020",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00180",
    pages = "245--258",
    abstract = "Syntax-based distributional models of lexical semantics provide a flexible and linguistically adequate representation of co-occurrence information. However, their construction requires large, accurately parsed corpora, which are unavailable for most languages. In this paper, we develop a number of methods to overcome this obstacle. We describe (a) a crosslingual approach that constructs a syntax-based model for a new language requiring only an English resource and a translation lexicon; and (b) multilingual approaches that combine crosslingual with monolingual information, subject to availability. We evaluate on two lexical semantic benchmarks in German and Croatian. We find that the models exhibit complementary profiles: crosslingual models yield higher accuracies while monolingual models provide better coverage. In addition, we show that simple multilingual models can successfully combine their strengths.",
}
@article{fang-chang-2014-entity,
    title = "Entity Linking on Microblogs with Spatial and Temporal Signals",
    author = "Fang, Yuan  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1021",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00181",
    pages = "259--272",
    abstract = "Microblogs present an excellent opportunity for monitoring and analyzing world happenings. Given that words are often ambiguous, entity linking becomes a crucial step towards understanding microblogs. In this paper, we re-examine the problem of entity linking on microblogs. We first observe that spatiotemporal (i.e., spatial and temporal) signals play a key role, but they are not utilized in existing approaches. Thus, we propose a novel entity linking framework that incorporates spatiotemporal signals through a weakly supervised process. Using entity annotations on real-world data, our experiments show that the spatiotemporal model improves F1 by more than 10 points over existing systems. Finally, we present a qualitative study to visualize the effectiveness of our approach.",
}
@article{chambers-etal-2014-dense,
    title = "Dense Event Ordering with a Multi-Pass Architecture",
    author = "Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Cassidy, Taylor  and
      McDowell, Bill  and
      Bethard, Steven",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1022",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00182",
    pages = "273--284",
    abstract = "The past 10 years of event ordering research has focused on learning partial orderings over document events and time expressions. The most popular corpus, the TimeBank, contains a small subset of the possible ordering graph. Many evaluations follow suit by only testing certain pairs of events (e.g., only main verbs of neighboring sentences). This has led most research to focus on specific learners for partial labelings. This paper attempts to nudge the discussion from identifying some relations to all relations. We present new experiments on strongly connected event graphs that contain ∼10 times more relations per document than the TimeBank. We also describe a shift away from the single learner to a sieve-based architecture that naturally blends multiple learners into a precision-ranked cascade of sieves. Each sieve adds labels to the event graph one at a time, and earlier sieves inform later ones through transitive closure. This paper thus describes innovations in both approach and task. We experiment on the densest event graphs to date and show a 14{\%} gain over state-of-the-art.",
}
@article{hill-etal-2014-multi,
    title = "Multi-Modal Models for Concrete and Abstract Concept Meaning",
    author = "Hill, Felix  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1023",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00183",
    pages = "285--296",
    abstract = "Multi-modal models that learn semantic representations from both linguistic and perceptual input outperform language-only models on a range of evaluations, and better reflect human concept acquisition. Most perceptual input to such models corresponds to concrete noun concepts and the superiority of the multi-modal approach has only been established when evaluating on such concepts. We therefore investigate which concepts can be effectively learned by multi-modal models. We show that concreteness determines both which linguistic features are most informative and the impact of perceptual input in such models. We then introduce ridge regression as a means of propagating perceptual information from concrete nouns to more abstract concepts that is more robust than previous approaches. Finally, we present weighted gram matrix combination, a means of combining representations from distinct modalities that outperforms alternatives when both modalities are sufficiently rich.",
}
@article{west-etal-2014-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Social Network Structure for Person-to-Person Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "West, Robert  and
      Paskov, Hristo S.  and
      Leskovec, Jure  and
      Potts, Christopher",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1024",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00184",
    pages = "297--310",
    abstract = "Person-to-person evaluations are prevalent in all kinds of discourse and important for establishing reputations, building social bonds, and shaping public opinion. Such evaluations can be analyzed separately using signed social networks and textual sentiment analysis, but this misses the rich interactions between language and social context. To capture such interactions, we develop a model that predicts individual A{'}s opinion of individual B by synthesizing information from the signed social network in which A and B are embedded with sentiment analysis of the evaluative texts relating A to B. We prove that this problem is NP-hard but can be relaxed to an efficiently solvable hinge-loss Markov random field, and we show that this implementation outperforms text-only and network-only versions in two very different datasets involving community-level decision-making: the Wikipedia Requests for Adminship corpus and the Convote U.S. Congressional speech corpus.",
}
@article{passonneau-carpenter-2014-benefits,
    title = "The Benefits of a Model of Annotation",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca J.  and
      Carpenter, Bob",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1025",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00185",
    pages = "311--326",
    abstract = "Standard agreement measures for interannotator reliability are neither necessary nor sufficient to ensure a high quality corpus. In a case study of word sense annotation, conventional methods for evaluating labels from trained annotators are contrasted with a probabilistic annotation model applied to crowdsourced data. The annotation model provides far more information, including a certainty measure for each gold standard label; the crowdsourced data was collected at less than half the cost of the conventional approach.",
}
@article{lewis-steedman-2014-improved,
    title = "Improved {CCG} Parsing with Semi-supervised Supertagging",
    author = "Lewis, Mike  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1026",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00186",
    pages = "327--338",
    abstract = "Current supervised parsers are limited by the size of their labelled training data, making improving them with unlabelled data an important goal. We show how a state-of-the-art CCG parser can be enhanced, by predicting lexical categories using unsupervised vector-space embeddings of words. The use of word embeddings enables our model to better generalize from the labelled data, and allows us to accurately assign lexical categories without depending on a POS-tagger. Our approach leads to substantial improvements in dependency parsing results over the standard supervised CCG parser when evaluated on Wall Street Journal (0.8{\%}), Wikipedia (1.8{\%}) and biomedical (3.4{\%}) text. We compare the performance of two recently proposed approaches for classification using a wide variety of word embeddings. We also give a detailed error analysis demonstrating where using embeddings outperforms traditional feature sets, and showing how including POS features can decrease accuracy.",
}
@article{qian-liu-2014-2,
    title = "2-Slave Dual Decomposition for Generalized Higher Order {CRF}s",
    author = "Qian, Xian  and
      Liu, Yang",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1027",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00187",
    pages = "339--350",
    abstract = "We show that the decoding problem in generalized Higher Order Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) can be decomposed into two parts: one is a tree labeling problem that can be solved in linear time using dynamic programming; the other is a supermodular quadratic pseudo-Boolean maximization problem, which can be solved in cubic time using a minimum cut algorithm. We use dual decomposition to force their agreement. Experimental results on Twitter named entity recognition and sentence dependency tagging tasks show that our method outperforms spanning tree based dual decomposition.",
}
@article{kuznetsova-etal-2014-treetalk,
    title = "{T}ree{T}alk: Composition and Compression of Trees for Image Descriptions",
    author = "Kuznetsova, Polina  and
      Ordonez, Vicente  and
      Berg, Tamara L.  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1028",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00188",
    pages = "351--362",
    abstract = "We present a new tree based approach to composing expressive image descriptions that makes use of naturally occuring web images with captions. We investigate two related tasks: image caption generalization and generation, where the former is an optional subtask of the latter. The high-level idea of our approach is to harvest expressive phrases (as tree fragments) from existing image descriptions, then to compose a new description by selectively combining the extracted (and optionally pruned) tree fragments. Key algorithmic components are tree composition and compression, both integrating tree structure with sequence structure. Our proposed system attains significantly better performance than previous approaches for both image caption generalization and generation. In addition, our work is the first to show the empirical benefit of automatically generalized captions for composing natural image descriptions.",
}
@article{bamman-smith-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Discovery of Biographical Structure from Text",
    author = "Bamman, David  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1029",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00189",
    pages = "363--376",
    abstract = "We present a method for discovering abstract event classes in biographies, based on a probabilistic latent-variable model. Taking as input timestamped text, we exploit latent correlations among events to learn a set of event classes (such as Born, Graduates High School, and Becomes Citizen), along with the typical times in a person{'}s life when those events occur. In a quantitative evaluation at the task of predicting a person{'}s age for a given event, we find that our generative model outperforms a strong linear regression baseline, along with simpler variants of the model that ablate some features. The abstract event classes that we learn allow us to perform a large-scale analysis of 242,970 Wikipedia biographies. Though it is known that women are greatly underrepresented on Wikipedia{---}not only as editors (Wikipedia, 2011) but also as subjects of articles (Reagle and Rhue, 2011){---}we find that there is a bias in their characterization as well, with biographies of women containing significantly more emphasis on events of marriage and divorce than biographies of men.",
}
@article{reddy-etal-2014-large,
    title = "Large-scale Semantic Parsing without Question-Answer Pairs",
    author = "Reddy, Siva  and
      Lapata, Mirella  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1030",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00190",
    pages = "377--392",
    abstract = "In this paper we introduce a novel semantic parsing approach to query Freebase in natural language without requiring manual annotations or question-answer pairs. Our key insight is to represent natural language via semantic graphs whose topology shares many commonalities with Freebase. Given this representation, we conceptualize semantic parsing as a graph matching problem. Our model converts sentences to semantic graphs using CCG and subsequently grounds them to Freebase guided by denotations as a form of weak supervision. Evaluation experiments on a subset of the Free917 and WebQuestions benchmark datasets show our semantic parser improves over the state of the art.",
}
@article{clark-etal-2014-locally,
    title = "Locally Non-Linear Learning for Statistical Machine Translation via Discretization and Structured Regularization",
    author = "Clark, Jonathan H.  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1031",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00191",
    pages = "393--404",
    abstract = "Linear models, which support efficient learning and inference, are the workhorses of statistical machine translation; however, linear decision rules are less attractive from a modeling perspective. In this work, we introduce a technique for learning arbitrary, rule-local, non-linear feature transforms that improve model expressivity, but do not sacrifice the efficient inference and learning associated with linear models. To demonstrate the value of our technique, we discard the customary log transform of lexical probabilities and drop the phrasal translation probability in favor of raw counts. We observe that our algorithm learns a variation of a log transform that leads to better translation quality compared to the explicit log transform. We conclude that non-linear responses play an important role in SMT, an observation that we hope will inform the efforts of feature engineers.",
}
@article{kuhlmann-satta-2014-new,
    title = "A New Parsing Algorithm for Combinatory Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1032",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00192",
    pages = "405--418",
    abstract = "We present a polynomial-time parsing algorithm for CCG, based on a new decomposition of derivations into small, shareable parts. Our algorithm has the same asymptotic complexity, O(n6), as a previous algorithm by Vijay-Shanker and Weir (1993), but is easier to understand, implement, and prove correct.",
}
@article{rozovskaya-roth-2014-building,
    title = "Building a State-of-the-Art Grammatical Error Correction System",
    author = "Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Roth, Dan",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1033",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00193",
    pages = "419--434",
    abstract = "This paper identifies and examines the key principles underlying building a state-of-the-art grammatical error correction system. We do this by analyzing the Illinois system that placed first among seventeen teams in the recent CoNLL-2013 shared task on grammatical error correction. The system focuses on five different types of errors common among non-native English writers. We describe four design principles that are relevant for correcting all of these errors, analyze the system along these dimensions, and show how each of these dimensions contributes to the performance.",
}
@article{xu-etal-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Lexically Divergent Paraphrases from Twitter",
    author = "Xu, Wei  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Dolan, William B.  and
      Ji, Yangfeng",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1034",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00194",
    pages = "435--448",
    abstract = "We present MultiP (Multi-instance Learning Paraphrase Model), a new model suited to identify paraphrases within the short messages on Twitter. We jointly model paraphrase relations between word and sentence pairs and assume only sentence-level annotations during learning. Using this principled latent variable model alone, we achieve the performance competitive with a state-of-the-art method which combines a latent space model with a feature-based supervised classifier. Our model also captures lexically divergent paraphrases that differ from yet complement previous methods; combining our model with previous work significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art. In addition, we present a novel annotation methodology that has allowed us to crowdsource a paraphrase corpus from Twitter. We make this new dataset available to the research community.",
}
@article{jurgens-navigli-2014-fun,
    title = "It{'}s All Fun and Games until Someone Annotates: Video Games with a Purpose for Linguistic Annotation",
    author = "Jurgens, David  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1035",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00195",
    pages = "449--464",
    abstract = "Annotated data is prerequisite for many NLP applications. Acquiring large-scale annotated corpora is a major bottleneck, requiring significant time and resources. Recent work has proposed turning annotation into a game to increase its appeal and lower its cost; however, current games are largely text-based and closely resemble traditional annotation tasks. We propose a new linguistic annotation paradigm that produces annotations from playing graphical video games. The effectiveness of this design is demonstrated using two video games: one to create a mapping from WordNet senses to images, and a second game that performs Word Sense Disambiguation. Both games produce accurate results. The first game yields annotation quality equal to that of experts and a cost reduction of 73{\%} over equivalent crowdsourcing; the second game provides a 16.3{\%} improvement in accuracy over current state-of-the-art sense disambiguation games with WordNet.",
}
@article{zhai-etal-2014-online,
    title = "Online Adaptor Grammars with Hybrid Inference",
    author = "Zhai, Ke  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Cohen, Shay B.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1036",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00196",
    pages = "465--476",
    abstract = "Adaptor grammars are a flexible, powerful formalism for defining nonparametric, unsupervised models of grammar productions. This flexibility comes at the cost of expensive inference. We address the difficulty of inference through an online algorithm which uses a hybrid of Markov chain Monte Carlo and variational inference. We show that this inference strategy improves scalability without sacrificing performance on unsupervised word segmentation and topic modeling tasks.",
}
@article{durrett-klein-2014-joint,
    title = "A Joint Model for Entity Analysis: Coreference, Typing, and Linking",
    author = "Durrett, Greg  and
      Klein, Dan",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1037",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00197",
    pages = "477--490",
    abstract = "We present a joint model of three core tasks in the entity analysis stack: coreference resolution (within-document clustering), named entity recognition (coarse semantic typing), and entity linking (matching to Wikipedia entities). Our model is formally a structured conditional random field. Unary factors encode local features from strong baselines for each task. We then add binary and ternary factors to capture cross-task interactions, such as the constraint that coreferent mentions have the same semantic type. On the ACE 2005 and OntoNotes datasets, we achieve state-of-the-art results for all three tasks. Moreover, joint modeling improves performance on each task over strong independent baselines.",
}
@article{chandlee-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Strictly Local Subsequential Functions",
    author = "Chandlee, Jane  and
      Eyraud, R{\'e}mi  and
      Heinz, Jeffrey",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1038",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00198",
    pages = "491--504",
    abstract = "We define two proper subclasses of subsequential functions based on the concept of Strict Locality (McNaughton and Papert, 1971; Rogers and Pullum, 2011; Rogers et al., 2013) for formal languages. They are called Input and Output Strictly Local (ISL and OSL). We provide an automata-theoretic characterization of the ISL class and theorems establishing how the classes are related to each other and to Strictly Local languages. We give evidence that local phonological and morphological processes belong to these classes. Finally we provide a learning algorithm which provably identifies the class of ISL functions in the limit from positive data in polynomial time and data. We demonstrate this learning result on appropriately synthesized artificial corpora. We leave a similar learning result for OSL functions for future work and suggest future directions for addressing non-local phonological processes.",
}
@article{yang-cardie-2014-joint,
    title = "Joint Modeling of Opinion Expression Extraction and Attribute Classification",
    author = "Yang, Bishan  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1039",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00199",
    pages = "505--516",
    abstract = "In this paper, we study the problems of opinion expression extraction and expression-level polarity and intensity classification. Traditional fine-grained opinion analysis systems address these problems in isolation and thus cannot capture interactions among the textual spans of opinion expressions and their opinion-related properties. We present two types of joint approaches that can account for such interactions during 1) both learning and inference or 2) only during inference. Extensive experiments on a standard dataset demonstrate that our approaches provide substantial improvements over previously published results. By analyzing the results, we gain some insight into the advantages of different joint models.",
}
@article{beinborn-etal-2014-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Difficulty of Language Proficiency Tests",
    author = "Beinborn, Lisa  and
      Zesch, Torsten  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1040",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00200",
    pages = "517--530",
    abstract = "Language proficiency tests are used to evaluate and compare the progress of language learners. We present an approach for automatic difficulty prediction of C-tests that performs on par with human experts. On the basis of detailed analysis of newly collected data, we develop a model for C-test difficulty introducing four dimensions: solution difficulty, candidate ambiguity, inter-gap dependency, and paragraph difficulty. We show that cues from all four dimensions contribute to C-test difficulty.",
}
@article{lapesa-evert-2014-large,
    title = "A Large Scale Evaluation of Distributional Semantic Models: Parameters, Interactions and Model Selection",
    author = "Lapesa, Gabriella  and
      Evert, Stefan",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1041",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00201",
    pages = "531--546",
    abstract = "This paper presents the results of a large-scale evaluation study of window-based Distributional Semantic Models on a wide variety of tasks. Our study combines a broad coverage of model parameters with a model selection methodology that is robust to overfitting and able to capture parameter interactions. We show that our strategy allows us to identify parameter configurations that achieve good performance across different datasets and tasks.",
}
@article{vlachos-clark-2014-new,
    title = "A New Corpus and Imitation Learning Framework for Context-Dependent Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1042",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00202",
    pages = "547--560",
    abstract = "Semantic parsing is the task of translating natural language utterances into a machine-interpretable meaning representation. Most approaches to this task have been evaluated on a small number of existing corpora which assume that all utterances must be interpreted according to a database and typically ignore context. In this paper we present a new, publicly available corpus for context-dependent semantic parsing. The MRL used for the annotation was designed to support a portable, interactive tourist information system. We develop a semantic parser for this corpus by adapting the imitation learning algorithm DAgger without requiring alignment information during training. DAgger improves upon independently trained classifiers by 9.0 and 4.8 points in F-score on the development and test sets respectively.",
}
@article{belinkov-etal-2014-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Compositional Architectures and Word Vector Representations for Prepositional Phrase Attachment",
    author = "Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      Lei, Tao  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Globerson, Amir",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "2",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1043",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00203",
    pages = "561--572",
    abstract = "Prepositional phrase (PP) attachment disambiguation is a known challenge in syntactic parsing. The lexical sparsity associated with PP attachments motivates research in word representations that can capture pertinent syntactic and semantic features of the word. One promising solution is to use word vectors induced from large amounts of raw text. However, state-of-the-art systems that employ such representations yield modest gains in PP attachment accuracy. In this paper, we show that word vector representations can yield significant PP attachment performance gains. This is achieved via a non-linear architecture that is discriminatively trained to maximize PP attachment accuracy. The architecture is initialized with word vectors trained from unlabeled data, and relearns those to maximize attachment accuracy. We obtain additional performance gains with alternative representations such as dependency-based word vectors. When tested on both English and Arabic datasets, our method outperforms both a strong SVM classifier and state-of-the-art parsers. For instance, we achieve 82.6{\%} PP attachment accuracy on Arabic, while the Turbo and Charniak self-trained parsers obtain 76.7{\%} and 80.8{\%} respectively.",
}
@proceedings{tipster-1996-tipster,
    title = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1000",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1996-welcome,
    title = "Welcome to {TIPSTER}",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119020",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{altomari-currier-1996-focus,
    title = "FOCUS OF TIPSTER PHASES {I} and I{I}",
    author = "Altomari, Patrick J.  and
      Currier, Patricia A.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119021",
    pages = "9--11",
}
@inproceedings{prange-1996-evaluation,
    title = "EVALUATION DRIVEN RESEARCH: The Foundation of the {TIPSTER} Text Program",
    author = "Prange, John D.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119022",
    pages = "13--22",
}
@inproceedings{taylor-1996-technology,
    title = "Technology Transfer: Observations from the {TIPSTER} Text Program",
    author = "Taylor, Sarah M.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119023",
    pages = "23--32",
}
@inproceedings{tipster-se-cm-1996-architecture,
    title = "ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW",
    author = "{TIPSTER SE/CM}",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119024",
    pages = "33--34",
}
@inproceedings{sundheim-1996-message,
    title = "THE MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCES",
    author = "Sundheim, Beth M.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119025",
    pages = "35--37",
}
@inproceedings{harman-1996-text,
    title = "The {T}ext {RE}trieval {C}onferences ({TREC}s)",
    author = "Harman, Donna",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119026",
    pages = "39--39",
}
@inproceedings{gee-1996-tipster,
    title = "TIPSTER PHASE III GOALS",
    author = "Gee, F. Ruth",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119027",
    pages = "41--41",
}
@inproceedings{ilgen-rushall-1996-tipster,
    title = "TIPSTER II ACTIVITIES AT HNC",
    author = "Ilgen, Marc R.  and
      Rushall, David A.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119029",
    pages = "45--46",
}
@inproceedings{maiorano-1996-lockheed,
    title = "THE LOCKHEED MARTIN TIPSTER II PROJECT",
    author = "Maiorano, Steven",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119030",
    pages = "47--48",
}
@inproceedings{cowie-1996-cervantes,
    title = "CERVANTES - A SYSTEM SUPPORTING TEXT ANALYSIS",
    author = "Cowie, Jim",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119031",
    pages = "49--49",
}
@inproceedings{taylor-1996-nyu,
    title = "THE NYU TIPSTER II PROJECT",
    author = "Taylor, Sarah M.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119032",
    pages = "51--51",
}
@inproceedings{rau-1996-sra,
    title = "SRA PARTICIPATION IN TIPSTER PHASE II",
    author = "Rau, Lisa",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119033",
    pages = "53--53",
}
@inproceedings{maiorano-1996-sri,
    title = "THE SRI TIPSTER II PROJECT",
    author = "Maiorano, Steven",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119034",
    pages = "55--56",
}
@inproceedings{otsubo-1996-spot,
    title = "{SPOT}: TRW{'}S MULTI-LINGUAL TEXT SEARCH TOOL",
    author = "Otsubo, Peggy",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119035",
    pages = "57--58",
}
@inproceedings{kielty-sider-1996-advanced,
    title = "ADVANCED DATA EXTRACTION AND PREPARATION VIA TIPSTER (ADEPT)",
    author = "Kielty, John  and
      Sider, Ira",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119037",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{sider-etal-1996-cable,
    title = "Cable Abstracting and {IN}dexing S{\_}ystem ({CANIS}) Prototype",
    author = "Sider, Ira  and
      Baker, Jeffrey  and
      Brady, Deborah  and
      Higbie, Lynne  and
      Howard, Tom",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119038",
    pages = "69--76",
}
@inproceedings{pruett-kinsella-1996-management,
    title = "Management of Free Text for {NDIC}: An Overview of the {FTM} Project",
    author = "Pruett, Nancy J.  and
      Kinsella, Thomas",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119039",
    pages = "77--78",
}
@inproceedings{barclay-etal-1996-hookah,
    title = "THE HOOKAH INFORMATION EXTRACTION SYSTEM",
    author = "Barclay, Chris  and
      Boisen, Sean  and
      Hyde, Clinton  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119040",
    pages = "79--82",
}
@inproceedings{flank-1996-message,
    title = "Message Handler",
    author = "Flank, Steven",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119041",
    pages = "83--83",
}
@inproceedings{ogden-bernick-1996-oleada,
    title = "{O}leada: User-Centered {TIPSTER} Technology for Language Instruction",
    author = "Ogden, William C.  and
      Bernick, Philip",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119042",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@inproceedings{cevasco-1996-overview,
    title = "AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROTOTYPE INFORMATION DISSEMINATION SYSTEM (PRIDES)",
    author = "Cevasco, Virginia",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119043",
    pages = "91--93",
}
@inproceedings{otsubo-1996-spot-trws,
    title = "{SPOT}: TRW{'}S MULTI-LINGUAL TEXT SEARCH TOOL",
    author = "Otsubo, Peggy",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119044",
    pages = "95--100",
}
@inproceedings{vanni-zajac-1996-temple,
    title = "The Temple Translator{'}s Workstation Project",
    author = "Vanni, Michelle  and
      Zajac, Remi",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119045",
    pages = "101--106",
}
@inproceedings{oppenheimer-1996-sra,
    title = "SRA PROJECT FOR ARPA / USACOM",
    author = "Oppenheimer, David",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119046",
    pages = "107--107",
}
@inproceedings{boisen-etal-1996-chinese,
    title = "CHINESE INFORMATION EXTRACTION AND RETRIEVAL",
    author = "Boisen, Sean  and
      Crystal, Michael  and
      Peterson, Erik  and
      Weischedel, Ralph  and
      Broglio, John  and
      Callan, Jamie  and
      Croft, Bruce  and
      Hand, Theresa  and
      Keenan, Thomas  and
      Okurowski, Mary Ellen",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119047",
    pages = "109--119",
}
@inproceedings{cunningham-etal-1996-tipster,
    title = "TIPSTER-COMPATIBLE PROJECTS AT SHEFFIELD",
    author = "Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Humphreys, Kevin  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119048",
    pages = "121--123",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-etal-1996-progress,
    title = "PROGRESS IN INFORMATION EXTRACTION",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph  and
      Boisen, Sean  and
      Bikel, Daniel  and
      Bobrow, Robert  and
      Crystal, Michael  and
      Ferguson, William  and
      Wechsler, Allan  and
      {The PLUM Research Group}",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119050",
    pages = "127--138",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-1996-role,
    title = "THE ROLE OF SYNTAX IN INFORMATION EXTRACTION",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119051",
    pages = "139--142",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-1996-natural,
    title = "NATURAL LANGUAGE INFORMATION RETRIEVAL: TIPSTER-2 FINAL REPORT",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119052",
    pages = "143--148",
}
@inproceedings{ilgen-rushall-1996-recent,
    title = "RECENT ADVANCES IN HNC{'}S CONTEXT VECTOR INFORMATION RETRIEVAL TECHNOLOGY",
    author = "Ilgen, Marc R.  and
      Rushall, David A.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119053",
    pages = "149--158",
}
@inproceedings{rushall-ilgen-1996-context,
    title = "A CONTEXT VECTOR-BASED SELF ORGANIZING MAP FOR INFORMATION VISUALIZATION",
    author = "Rushall, David A.  and
      Ilgen, Marc R.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119054",
    pages = "159--166",
}
@inproceedings{guthrie-leistensnider-1996-simple,
    title = "A SIMPLE PROBABILISTIC APPROACH TO CLASSIFICATION AND ROUTING",
    author = "Guthrie, Louise  and
      Leistensnider, James",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119055",
    pages = "167--177",
}
@inproceedings{childs-1996-evaluation,
    title = "AN EVALUATION OF COREFERENCE RESOLUTION STRATEGIES FOR ACQUIRING ASSOCIATED INFORMATION",
    author = "Childs, Lois C.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119056",
    pages = "179--184",
}
@inproceedings{davis-1996-advances,
    title = "ADVANCES IN MULTILINGUAL TEXT RETRIEVAL",
    author = "Davis, Mark",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119057",
    pages = "185--194",
}
@inproceedings{guthrie-etal-1996-integration,
    title = "Integration of Document Detection and Information Extraction",
    author = "Guthrie, Louise  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Lin, Fang",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119058",
    pages = "195--199",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-etal-1996-sris,
    title = "{SRI}{'}s Tipster {II} Project",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Appelt, Douglas  and
      Bear, John  and
      Israel, David  and
      Kameyama, Megumi  and
      Kehler, Andrew  and
      Stickel, Mark  and
      Tyson, Mabry",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119059",
    pages = "201--208",
}
@inproceedings{tipster-se-cm-1996-overview,
    title = "OVERVIEW AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS THE SE/CM PERSPECTIVE",
    author = "{TIPSTER SE/CM}",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119061",
    pages = "211--212",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-1996-building,
    title = "BUILDING AN ARCHITECTURE: A CAWG SAGA",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119062",
    pages = "213--215",
}
@inproceedings{tipster-se-cm-1996-architecture-demonstration,
    title = "THE ARCHITECTURE DEMONSTRATION SYSTEM",
    author = "{TIPSTER SE/CM}",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119063",
    pages = "217--218",
}
@inproceedings{ogden-1996-tuit,
    title = "{TUIT}: A TOOLKIT FOR CONSTRUCTING MULTILINGUAL TIPSTER USER INTERFACES",
    author = "Ogden, William C.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119064",
    pages = "219--220",
}
@inproceedings{architecture-committee-1996-tipster,
    title = "{TIPSTER} Text Phase {II} Architecture Concept Version 1.1.1p 3 June 1996",
    author = "{Architecture Committee}",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119065",
    pages = "221--247",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-1996-tipster,
    title = "{TIPSTER} Text Phase {II} Architecture Design Version 2.1p 19 June 1996",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119066",
    pages = "249--305",
}
@inproceedings{architecture-committee-1996-tipster-text,
    title = "{TIPSTER} Text Phase {II} Architecture Requirements Version 2.0p 3 June 1996",
    author = "{Architecture Committee}",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119067",
    pages = "307--343",
}
@inproceedings{architecture-committee-1996-tipster-text-phase,
    title = "{TIPSTER} Text Phase {II} Configuration Management Plan Version 1.2p 3{J}une 1996",
    author = "{Architecture Committee}",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119068",
    pages = "345--370",
}
@inproceedings{harman-1996-text-retrieval,
    title = "The Text {RE}trieval Conferences ({TREC}s)",
    author = "Harman, Donna",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119070",
    pages = "373--410",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-sundheim-1996-design,
    title = "DESIGN OF THE MUC-6 EVALUATION",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Sundheim, Beth",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119072",
    pages = "413--422",
}
@inproceedings{sundheim-1996-overview,
    title = "OVERVIEW OF RESULTS OF THE MUC-6 EVALUATION",
    author = "Sundheim, Beth M.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119073",
    pages = "423--442",
}
@inproceedings{merchant-etal-1996-multilingual,
    title = "THE MULTILINGUAL ENTITY TASK (MET) OVERVIEW",
    author = "Merchant, Roberta  and
      Okurowski, Mary Ellen  and
      Chinchor, Nancy",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119075",
    pages = "445--447",
}
@inproceedings{maiorano-wilson-1996-multilingual,
    title = "MULTILINGUAL ENTITY TASK (MET): JAPANESE RESULTS",
    author = "Maiorano, Steven  and
      Wilson, Terry",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119076",
    pages = "449--451",
}
@inproceedings{keenan-1996-interpretative,
    title = "AN INTERPRETATIVE DATA ANALYSIS OF CHINESE NAMED ENTITY SUBTYPES",
    author = "Keenan, Thomas A.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119077",
    pages = "453--455",
}
@inproceedings{anderson-1996-multilingual,
    title = "THE MULTILINGUAL ENTITY TASK A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENAMEX IN SPANISH",
    author = "Anderson, Don D.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119078",
    pages = "457--459",
}
@inproceedings{aberdeen-etal-1996-mitre,
    title = "{MITRE}: DESCRIPTION OF THE ALEMBIC SYSTEM AS USED IN MET",
    author = "Aberdeen, John  and
      Burger, John  and
      Day, David  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Palmer, David  and
      Robinson, Patricia  and
      Vilain, Marc",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119079",
    pages = "461--462",
}
@inproceedings{aone-1996-nametagtm,
    title = "{N}ame{T}ag{\mbox{$^\mbox{TM}$}} {J}apanese and {S}panish Systems as Used for {MET}",
    author = "Aone, Chinatsu",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119080",
    pages = "463--464",
}
@inproceedings{ayuso-etal-1996-approaches,
    title = "APPROACHES IN MET (MULTI-LINGUAL ENTITY TASK)",
    author = "Ayuso, Damaris  and
      Bikel, Daniel  and
      Hall, Tasha  and
      Peterson, Erik  and
      Weischedel, Ralph  and
      Jost, Patrick",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119081",
    pages = "465--466",
}
@inproceedings{cowie-1996-crls,
    title = "CRL{'}s APPROACH TO MET",
    author = "Cowie, Jim",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119082",
    pages = "467--468",
}
@inproceedings{eriguchi-kitani-1996-ntt,
    title = "NTT DATA: DESCRIPTION OF THE ERIE SYSTEM USED FOR MUC-6",
    author = "Eriguchi, Yoshio  and
      Kitani, Tsuyoshi",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1057",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119083",
    pages = "469--470",
}
@inproceedings{kameyama-1996-met,
    title = "{MET} Name Recognition with {J}apanese {FASTUS}",
    author = "Kameyama, Megumi",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1058",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119084",
    pages = "471--474",
}
@inproceedings{takemoto-etal-1996-nec,
    title = "{NEC} Corporation and University of {S}heffield: {``}Description of {NEC}/Sheffleld System Used For {MET} {J}apanese{''}",
    author = "Takemoto, Yoshikazu  and
      Wakao, Takahiro  and
      Yamada, Hiroshi  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1059",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119085",
    pages = "475--476",
}
@inproceedings{tipster-se-cm-1996-get,
    title = "HOW TO GET INFORMATION ABOUT TIPSTER",
    author = "{TIPSTER SE/CM}",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1060",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119087",
    pages = "479--479",
}
@inproceedings{tipster-se-cm-1996-list,
    title = "LIST OF AVAILABLE DOCUMENTS",
    author = "{TIPSTER SE/CM}",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE II: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996",
    month = may,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Vienna, Virginia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X96-1061",
    doi = "10.3115/1119018.1119088",
    pages = "481--481",
}
@proceedings{coling-1982-coling,
    title = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1000",
}
@inproceedings{abe-tsujl-1982-learning,
    title = "A learning of object structures by verbalism",
    author = "Abe, Norihiro  and
      TsuJl, Saburo",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1001",
}
@inproceedings{adorni-etal-1982-cognitive,
    title = "COGNITIVE MODELS FOR COMPUTER VISION",
    author = "Adorni, G.  and
      Boccalatte, A.  and
      Di Manzo, M.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1002",
}
@inproceedings{begier-1982-knowledge,
    title = "KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION METHOD BASED ON PREDICATE CALCULUS IN AN INTELLIGENT CAI SYSTEM",
    author = "Begier, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1003",
}
@inproceedings{boitet-etal-1982-implementation,
    title = "IMPLEMENTATION AND CONVERSATIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF ARIANE 78.4, AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATED TRANSLATION AND HUMAN REVISION",
    author = "BOITET, Ch.  and
      GUILLAUME, P.  and
      QUEZEL-AMBRUNAZ, M.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1004",
}
@inproceedings{bolc-strzalkowskl-1982-transformation,
    title = "TRANSFORMATION OF NATURAL LANGUAGE INTO LOGICAL FORMULAS",
    author = "Bolc, Leonard  and
      Strzalkowskl, Tomasz",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1005",
}
@inproceedings{borghesi-favareto-1982-flexible,
    title = "FLEXIBLE PARSING OF DISCRETELY UTTERED SENTENCES",
    author = "Borghesi, Luigi  and
      Favareto, Chiara",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1006",
}
@inproceedings{bradford-1982-metric,
    title = "A METRIC SPACE DEFINED ON ENGLISH AND ITS RELATION TO ERROR CORRECTION",
    author = "Bradford, James",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1007",
}
@inproceedings{brietzmann-1982-pragmatics,
    title = "PRAGMATICS IN SPEECH UNDERSTANDING - REVISITED",
    author = "Brietzmann, Astrid",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1008",
}
@inproceedings{chouraqui-1982-recherches,
    title = "RECHERCHES SUR LA REPRESENTATION DES CONNAISSANCES LE SYSTEME ARCHES",
    author = "Chouraqui, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1009",
}
@inproceedings{coelho-1982-formalism,
    title = "A FORMALISM FOR THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF DIALOGUES",
    author = "Coelho, Helder",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1010",
}
@inproceedings{critz-1982-frame,
    title = "FRAME BASED RECOGNITION OF THEME CONTINUITY",
    author = "Critz, James T.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1011",
}
@inproceedings{dilger-1982-tree,
    title = "TREE DIRECTED GRAMMARS",
    author = "Dilger, Werner",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1012",
}
@inproceedings{fum-etal-1982-forward,
    title = "FORWARD AND BACKWARD REASONING IN AUTOMATIC ABSTRACTING",
    author = "FUM, Danilo  and
      GUIDA, Giovanni  and
      TASSO, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1013",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-etal-1982-natural,
    title = "NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACES USING LIMITED SEMANTIC INFORMATION",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Friedman, Carol",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1014",
}
@inproceedings{grosz-etal-1982-dialogic,
    title = "{DIALOGIC}: A CORE NATURAL-LANGUAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM",
    author = "Grosz, Barbara  and
      Haas, Norman  and
      Hendrix, Gary  and
      Hobbs, Jerry  and
      Martin, Paul  and
      Moore, Robert  and
      Robinson, Jane  and
      Rosenschein, Stanley",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1015",
}
@inproceedings{habel-1982-referential,
    title = "REFERENTIAL NETS WITH ATTRIBUTES",
    author = "Habel, Christopher U.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1016",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-vrbova-1982-role,
    title = "THE ROLE OF THE HIERARCHY OF ACTIVATION IN THE PROCESS OF NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "Hajicova, Eva  and
      Vrbova, Jarka",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1017",
}
@inproceedings{halvorsen-1982-lexical,
    title = "Lexical-Functional Grammar and Order-Free Semantic Composition",
    author = "Halvorsen, Per-Kristian",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1018",
}
@inproceedings{hein-1982-experimental,
    title = "AN EXPERIMENTAL PARSER",
    author = "Hein, Anna Sagvall",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1019",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-etal-1982-natural,
    title = "NATURAL LANGUAGE ACCESS TO STRUCTURED TEXT",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Walker, Donald E.  and
      Amsler, Robert A.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1020",
}
@inproceedings{hoeppner-1982-multilayered,
    title = "A MULTILAYERED APPROACH TO THE HANDLING OF WORD FORMATION",
    author = "Hoeppner, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1021",
}
@inproceedings{ishimoto-1982-lesniewskian,
    title = "A {L}ESNIEWSKIAN VERSION OF {M}ONTAGUE GRAMMAR",
    author = "ISHIMOTO, Arata",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1022",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-1982-processing,
    title = "PROCESSING OF SENTENCES WITH INTRA-SENTENTIAL CODE-SWITCHING",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1023",
}
@inproceedings{kempen-hoenkamp-1982-incremental,
    title = "INCREMENTAL SENTENCE GENERATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE STRUCTURE OF A SYNTACTIC PROCESSOR",
    author = "Kempen, Gerard  and
      Hoenkamp, Edward",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1024",
}
@inproceedings{kirschner-1982-device,
    title = "ON A DEVICE IN DICTIONARY OPERATIONS IN MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Kirschner, Zdenek",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1025",
}
@inproceedings{knorz-1982-recognition,
    title = "RECOGNITION OF ABSTRACT OBJECTS - A DECISION THEORY APPROACH WITHIN NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Knorz, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1026",
}
@inproceedings{kucera-1982-markedness,
    title = "MARKEDNESS AND FREQUENCY: A COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS",
    author = "Kucera, Henry",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1027",
}
@inproceedings{landsbergen-1982-machine,
    title = "MACHINE TRANSLATION BASED ON LOGICALLY ISOMORPHIC MONTAGUE GRAMMARS",
    author = "Landsbergen, Jan",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1028",
}
@inproceedings{leon-1982-conversion,
    title = "CONVERSION OF A FRENCH SURFACE EXPRESSION INTO ITS SEMANTIC REPRESENTATION ACCORDING TO THE RESEDA METALANGUAGE",
    author = "Leon, Jacqueline",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1029",
}
@inproceedings{malkovsky-1982-tulips,
    title = "TULIPS-2 - NATURAL LANGUAGE LEARNING SYSTEM",
    author = "Malkovsky, Michael G.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1030",
}
@inproceedings{mann-1982-anatomy,
    title = "The Anatomy of a Systemic Choice",
    author = "Mann, William C.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1031",
}
@inproceedings{marsh-sager-1982-analysis,
    title = "ANALYSIS AND PROCESSING OF COMPACT TEXT",
    author = "Marsh, Elaine  and
      Sager, Naomi",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1032",
}
@inproceedings{mazlack-feinauer-1982-surface,
    title = "SURFACE ANALYSIS OF QUERIES DIRECTED TOWARD A DATABASE",
    author = "Mazlack, Lawrence J.  and
      Feinauer, Richard A.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1033",
}
@inproceedings{melby-1982-multi,
    title = "MULTI-LEVEL TRANSLATION AIDS IN A DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM",
    author = "Melby, Alan K.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1034",
}
@inproceedings{memmi-mariani-1982-arbus,
    title = "ARBUS, A TOOL FOR DEVELOPING APPLICATION GRAMMARS",
    author = "MEMMI, D.  and
      MARIANI, J.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1035",
}
@inproceedings{michiels-noel-1982-approaches,
    title = "APPROACHES TO THESAURUS PRODUCTION",
    author = "Michiels, A.  and
      Noel, J.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1036",
}
@inproceedings{mizoguchi-kondo-1982-software,
    title = "A SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT FOR DEVELOPING NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING SYSTEM",
    author = "Mizoguchi, Fumio  and
      Kondo, Shozo",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1037",
}
@inproceedings{muraki-1982-semantic,
    title = "ON A SEMANTIC MODEL FOR MULTI-LINGUAL PARAPHRASING",
    author = "Muraki, Kazunori",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1038",
}
@inproceedings{nagao-etal-1982-english,
    title = "AN ENGLISH JAPANESE MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM OF THE TITLES OF SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING PAPERS",
    author = "Nagao, Makoto  and
      Tsujii, Jun-ichi  and
      Yada, Koji  and
      Kakimoto, Toshihiro",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1039",
}
@inproceedings{nagao-nakamura-1982-parser,
    title = "Parser Which Learns the Application Order of Rewriting Rules",
    author = "Nagao, Makoto  and
      Nakamura, Jun-ichi",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1040",
}
@inproceedings{neubert-1982-zum,
    title = "ZUM WIEDERAUFFINDEN VON INFORMATIONEN IN AUTOMATISCHEN WORTERBOCHERN",
    author = "Neubert, Gunter",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1041",
}
@inproceedings{nikolova-nenova-1982-termservice,
    title = "TERMSERVICE - AN AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR TERMINOLOGY SERVICES",
    author = "Nikolova, Bonka  and
      Nenova, Irina",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1042",
}
@inproceedings{nishida-takamatsu-1982-japanese,
    title = "JAPANESE-ENGLISH TRANSLATION THROUGH INTERNAL EXPRESSIONS",
    author = "Nishida, Fujio  and
      Takamatsu, Shinobu",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1043",
}
@inproceedings{nishida-doshita-1982-english,
    title = "AN ENGLISH-JAPANESE MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM BASED ON FORMAL SEMANTICS OF NATURAL LANGUAGE",
    author = "NISHIDA, Toyo-aki  and
      DOSHITA, Shuji",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1044",
}
@inproceedings{nitta-etal-1982-heuristic,
    title = "A HEURISTIC APPROACH TO ENGLISH-INTO-JAPANESE MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Nitta, Yoshihiko  and
      Okajima, Atsushi  and
      Yamano, Fumiyuki  and
      Ishihara, Koichiro",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1045",
}
@inproceedings{oubine-tikhomirov-1982-machine,
    title = "MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEMS AND COMPUTER DICTIONARIES IN THE INFORMATION SERVICE. WAYS OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION",
    author = "Oubine, Ivan I.  and
      Tikhomirov, Boris D.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1046",
}
@inproceedings{panevova-1982-random,
    title = "RANDOM GENERATION OF CZECH SENTENCES",
    author = "Panevova, Jarmila",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1047",
}
@inproceedings{papp-1982-empirical,
    title = "EMPIRICAL DATA AND AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS",
    author = "Papp, Ferenc",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1048",
}
@inproceedings{phillips-hendler-1982-message,
    title = "A MESSAGE-PASSING CONTROL STRUCTURE FOR TEXT UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "Phillips, Brian  and
      Hendler, James A.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1049",
}
@inproceedings{platek-1982-composition,
    title = "Composition of Translation Schemes with D-Trees",
    author = "Platek, Martin",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1050",
}
@inproceedings{rieger-1982-procedural,
    title = "PROCEDURAL MEANING REPRESENTATION BY CONNOTATIVE DEPENDENCY STRUCTURES. AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH TO WORD SEMANTICS FOR ANALOGICAL REFERENCING",
    author = "Rieger, Burghard B.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1051",
}
@inproceedings{roesner-laubsch-1982-formalization,
    title = "FORMALIZATION OF ARGUMENTATION STRUCTURES IN NEWSPAPER TEXTS",
    author = "Roesner, Dietmar F.  and
      Laubsch, Joachim H.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1052",
}
@inproceedings{rohrer-1982-towards,
    title = "Towards a mechanical analysis of {F}rench tense forms in texts.",
    author = "Rohrer, Christian",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1053",
}
@inproceedings{ross-1982-improved,
    title = "AN IMPROVED LEFT-CORNER PARSING ALGORITHM",
    author = "Ross, Kenneth M.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1054",
}
@inproceedings{sakamoto-okamoto-1982-lexical,
    title = "LEXICAL PARALLELISM IN TEXT STRUCTURE DETERMINATION AND CONTENT ANALYSIS",
    author = "Sakamoto, Yoshiyuki  and
      Okamoto, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1055",
}
@inproceedings{salveter-maier-1982-natural,
    title = "NATURAL LAGUAGE UPDATES",
    author = "Salveter, Sharon C.  and
      Maier, David",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1056",
}
@inproceedings{sawai-etal-1982-knowledge,
    title = "KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION AND MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Sawai, Susumu  and
      Fukushima, Hiromichi  and
      Sugimoto, Masakatsu  and
      Ukai, Naoya",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1057",
}
@inproceedings{sgall-1982-natural,
    title = "NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING AND THE PERSPECTIVES OF QUESTION ANSWERING",
    author = "Sgall, Petr",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1058",
}
@inproceedings{steinacker-trost-1982-parsing,
    title = "PARSING GERMAN",
    author = "Steinacker, Ingeborg  and
      Trost, Harald",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1059",
}
@inproceedings{suen-1982-computational,
    title = "COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF MANDARIN SOUNDS WITH REFERENCE TO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE",
    author = "Suen, Ching Y.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1060",
}
@inproceedings{tesitelova-1982-quantification,
    title = "QUANTIFICATION OF MEANING AND THE COMPUTER",
    author = "Tesitelova, Marie",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1061",
}
@inproceedings{tsujii-1982-transfer,
    title = "The Transfer Phase In an {E}nglish-{J}apanese Translation System",
    author = "TSUJII, Jun-ichi",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1062",
}
@inproceedings{uhlihova-etal-1982-computational,
    title = "COMPUTATIONAL DATA ANALYSIS FOR SYNTAX",
    author = "Uhlihova, Ludmila  and
      Nebeska, Iva  and
      Kralik, Jan",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1063",
}
@inproceedings{verastegui-carvajal-1982-utilisation,
    title = "UTILISATION DU PARALLELISME EN TRADUCTION AUTOMATISEE PAR ORDINATEUR",
    author = "VERASTEGUI-CARVAJAL, J.N.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1064",
}
@inproceedings{walker-1982-natural,
    title = "NATURAL-LANGUAGE-ACCESS SYSTEMS AND THE ORGANIZATION AND USE OF INFORMATION",
    author = "Walker, Donald E.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1065",
}
@inproceedings{webber-joshi-1982-taking,
    title = "Taking the Initiative in Natural Language Data Base Interactions: Justifying Why",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1066",
}
@inproceedings{yoshida-etal-1982-man,
    title = "MAN-ASSISTED MACHINE CONSTRUCTION OF A SEMANTIC DICTIONARY FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Yoshida, Sho  and
      Tsurumaru, Hiroaki  and
      Hitaka, Tooru",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1067",
}
@inproceedings{zadeh-1982-test,
    title = "TEST-SCORE SEMANTICS FOR NATURAL LANGUAGES",
    author = "Zadeh, Lotfi A.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1068",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1982-author,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-1069",
}
@proceedings{coling-1982-coling-1982,
    title = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2000",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1982-preface,
    title = "Preface",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2001",
}
@inproceedings{andreewsky-etal-1982-methodes,
    title = "METHODES D{'}APPRENTISSAGE POUR L{'}ANALYSE AUTOMATIQUE MORPHOSYNTAXIQUE ET LEXICALE-SEMANTIQUE DE LA LANGUE ESPAGNOLE",
    author = "Andreewsky, A.  and
      Desi, M.  and
      Fluhr, C.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2002",
}
@inproceedings{andrewshtshenko-1982-linguistic,
    title = "A LINGUISTIC APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF A LANGUAGE FOR COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS",
    author = "Andrewshtshenko, V.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2003",
}
@inproceedings{araki-etal-1982-development,
    title = "DEVELOPMENT OF BASIC PRACTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR JAPANESE LETTER STRING PROCESSING - AUTOMATIC KEYWORD EXTRACTION AND AUTOMATIC READING",
    author = "Araki, K.  and
      Hinatsu, K.  and
      Itayama, K.  and
      Sahara, T.  and
      Sakagami, Y.  and
      Takano, F.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2004",
}
@inproceedings{batori-1982-subordinate,
    title = "SUBORDINATE CLAUSES AND BELIEF - DOMAINS IN VERBAL INFORMATION PROCESSING",
    author = "Batori, Istvan",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2005",
}
@inproceedings{bennett-1982-lrc,
    title = "THE LRC MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW OF THE LINGUISTIC COMPONENT OF METAL",
    author = "Bennett, Winfield S.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2006",
}
@inproceedings{berry-rogghe-1982-modes,
    title = "ON MODES OF DEFINITE REFERENCE: AN APPLICATION TO THE INTERACTION WITH DATABASE SYSTEMS",
    author = "Berry-Rogghe, Genevieve",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2007",
}
@inproceedings{bien-szpakowicz-1982-toward,
    title = "TOWARD A PARSING METHOD FOR FREE WORD ORDER LANGUAGES",
    author = "Bie{\'n}, Janusz S.  and
      Szpakowicz, Stanis{\l}aw",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2008",
}
@inproceedings{bily-sigurd-1982-developing,
    title = "DEVELOPING THE COMMENTATOR, A COMPUTER SYSTEM SIMULATING VERBAL PRODUCTION",
    author = "Bily, Milan  and
      Sigurd, Bengt",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2009",
}
@inproceedings{boot-1982-developing,
    title = "DEVELOPING A READING MACHINE FOR THE BLIND",
    author = "Boot, M.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2010",
}
@inproceedings{borkowsky-1982-generalized,
    title = "GENERALIZED SYNTACTIC RELATIONS AND SUBSTANTIONAL ATTRIBUTES",
    author = "Borkowsky, Arcady",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2011",
}
@inproceedings{briabrin-1982-adaptive,
    title = "ADAPTIVE DIALOGUE - THE BASIS FOR PERSONAL COMPUTER SYSTEM",
    author = "Briabrin, Victor",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2012",
}
@inproceedings{calzolari-1982-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS THE ORGANIZATION OF LEXICAL DEFINITIONS ON A DATABASE STRUCTURE",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2013",
}
@inproceedings{castelfranchi-etal-1982-free,
    title = "{``}FREE{''} ORDER LANGUAGES: AN EXPERIMENTAL LEXICON BASED PARSER",
    author = "Castelfranchi, Cristiano  and
      Parisi, Domenico  and
      Stock, Oliviero",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2014",
}
@inproceedings{chrz-1982-application,
    title = "APPLICATION OF INTENSIONAL LOGIC TO KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION",
    author = "Chrz, Tomas",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2015",
}
@inproceedings{chytil-1982-computational,
    title = "COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS AND ITS ROLE IN MECHANIZED OR MAN-MACHINE COGNITIVE PROBLEM SOLVING",
    author = "Chytil, M. K.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2016",
}
@inproceedings{conrad-1982-ein,
    title = "EIN SPEZIELLES PROBLEM DER FRAGE - ANTWORT-BEZIEHUNGEN: FRAGEN MIT PLURALISCHEN NP",
    author = "Conrad, Rudi",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2017",
}
@inproceedings{canto-etal-1982-semantic,
    title = "A SEMANTIC ANALYSER OF NATURAL ITALIAN SENTENCES",
    author = "Canto, M. Del  and
      Fusconi, F.  and
      Stringa, L.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2018",
}
@inproceedings{drewek-erni-1982-ldvlib,
    title = "LDVLIB(LEM): A SYSTEM FOR INTERACTIVE LEMMATIZING AND ITS APPLICATION",
    author = "Drewek, R.  and
      Erni, M.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2019",
}
@inproceedings{engelberg-1982-proposals,
    title = "PROPOSALS FOR A HIERARCHY OF FORMAL TRANSLATION MODELS",
    author = "Engelberg, Klaus-Jurgen",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2020",
}
@inproceedings{eynde-1982-merging,
    title = "MERGING - THE ART OF REPRESENTING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE IN A SINGLE ANALYSIS TREE",
    author = "Eynde, Frank Van",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2021",
}
@inproceedings{ferrari-prodanof-1982-revising,
    title = "REVISING AN ATN PARSER",
    author = "Ferrari, Giacomo  and
      Prodanof, Irina",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2022",
}
@inproceedings{ford-smith-1982-collocational,
    title = "COLLOCATIONAL GRAMMAR AS A MODEL FOR HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION",
    author = "Ford, W. Randolph  and
      Smith, Raoul N.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2023",
}
@inproceedings{gallais-hamonno-1982-contrastive,
    title = "A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF DEFINITE ARTICLES IN ENGLISH SCIENTIFIC TEXTS AND IN ENGLISH LITERATURE",
    author = "Gallais-Hamonno, Janine",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2024",
}
@inproceedings{gobeil-1982-experiences,
    title = "EXPERIENCES ET REALISATIONS DU BUREAU CANADIEN DES TRADUCTIONS DANS LE DOMAINE DE L{'}AUTOMATISATION DE LA TRADUCTION",
    author = "Gobeil, Fernand",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2025",
}
@inproceedings{gust-reddig-1982-logic,
    title = "A {LOGIC}-{ORIENTED} {ATN} Grammar Knowledge as Part of the System{'}s Knowledge",
    author = "Gust, Helmar  and
      Reddig, Carola",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2026",
}
@inproceedings{hauenschild-1982-pragmatic,
    title = "A PRAGMATIC CONCEPT OF THEME AND RHEME FOR MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Hauenschild, Christa",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2027",
}
@inproceedings{hesse-etal-1982-zum,
    title = "ZUM AMBIGUITATENPROBLEM BEI DER ANALYSE KOORDINATIVER VERBINDUNGEN",
    author = "Hesse, H.  and
      Kustner, A.  and
      Lang, E.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2028",
}
@inproceedings{hirschman-1982-constraints,
    title = "CONSTRAINTS ON NOUN PHRASE CONJUNCTION: A DOMAIN-INDEPENDENT MECHANISM",
    author = "Hirschman, Lynette",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2029",
}
@inproceedings{hofmann-1982-must,
    title = "WHY THERE MUST BE A SEMANTIC REPRESENTATION (OVER AND ABOVE ANY COGNITIVE NETWORK)",
    author = "Hofmann, Th. R.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2030",
}
@inproceedings{jaspaert-1982-deep,
    title = "DEEP CASES FOR ADVERBIAL AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES",
    author = "Jaspaert, Lieven",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2031",
}
@inproceedings{jirku-hajic-1982-inferencing,
    title = "INFERENCING AND SEARCH FOR AN ANSWER IN TIBAQ",
    author = "Jirku, Petr  and
      Hajic, Jan",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2032",
}
@inproceedings{jirku-havranek-1982-verbosity,
    title = "ON VERBOSITY LEVELS IN COGNITIVE PROBLEM SOLVERS",
    author = "Jirku, P.  and
      Havranek, T.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2033",
}
@inproceedings{jurkiewicz-1982-rule,
    title = "RULE-BASED INFLEXIONAL ANALYSIS",
    author = "Jurkiewicz, Zbigniew",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2034",
}
@inproceedings{kac-1982-syntactic,
    title = "SYNTACTIC PRIVILEGE",
    author = "Kac, Michael B.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2035",
}
@inproceedings{kibrik-1982-components,
    title = "COMPONENTS OF SEMANTIC REPRESENTATION",
    author = "Kibrik, A. E.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2036",
}
@inproceedings{koch-etal-1982-procedure,
    title = "A PROCEDURE OF AN AUTOMATIC GRAPHEME-TO-PHONEME TRANSFORNATION OF GERMAN",
    author = "Koch, Sabine  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang  and
      Starke, Ingrid",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2037",
}
@inproceedings{koenitz-1982-stratifikative,
    title = "STRATIFIKATIVE SFRACHBESCHREIBUNG MIT {``}INKORPORIERENDER{''} BEDEUTUNGSKOMPONENTE - ELEMENTE EINES ENTWURFS",
    author = "Koenitz, Bernd",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2038",
}
@inproceedings{kunze-1982-problems,
    title = "SOME PROBLEMS OF LINGUISTIC DATA BASES",
    author = "Kunze, Jurgen",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2039",
}
@inproceedings{lehnert-shwartz-1982-natural,
    title = "NATURAL LANGUAGE DATA BASE ACCESS WITH PEARL",
    author = "Lehnert, Wendy  and
      Shwartz, Steve",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2040",
}
@inproceedings{leinfellner-etal-1982-reference,
    title = "REFERENCE RESOLUTION AND SEMANTIC COHERENCE",
    author = "Leinfellner, Elisabeth  and
      Steinacker, Ingeborg  and
      Trost, Harald",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2041",
}
@inproceedings{lenders-1982-representation,
    title = "THE REPRESENTATION OF SEMANTIC INFORMATION IN GERMAN MACHINE READABLE DICTIONARIES",
    author = "Lenders, Winfried",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2042",
}
@inproceedings{leonteva-1982-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC TRANSLATION THROUGH UNDERSTANDING AND SUMMARIZING",
    author = "Leont{'}eva, N. N.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2043",
}
@inproceedings{lewandowska-1982-meaning,
    title = "MEANING NEGOTIATION IN DIALOGUE",
    author = "Lewandowska, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2044",
}
@inproceedings{lozinskii-nirenburg-1982-locality,
    title = "THE LOCALITY PHENOMENON AND PARALLEL PROCESSING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE",
    author = "Lozinskii, E. L.  and
      Nirenburg, S.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2045",
}
@inproceedings{maegaard-1982-transfer,
    title = "THE TRANSFER OF FINITE VERB FORMS IN A MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM",
    author = "Maegaard, Bente",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2046",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1982-english,
    title = "No {E}nglish Translation Available",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2047",
}
@inproceedings{materna-1982-nature,
    title = "THE NATURE OF UNDERSTANDING FROM THE LOGICAL POINT OF VIEW",
    author = "Materna, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2048",
}
@inproceedings{nalbach-etal-1982-conversations,
    title = "CONVERSATIONS WITH A COMPUTER - AN EXAMPLE OF NETWORK PROGRAMMING IN RELATIONAL DATA BASE ENVIRONMENT",
    author = "Nalbach, M.  and
      Studzinski, K.  and
      Waligorski, S.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2049",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1982-english-translation,
    title = "No {E}nglish Translation Available",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2050",
}
@inproceedings{okada-miura-1982-conceptual,
    title = "CONCEPTUAL TAXONOMY OF JAPANESE ADJECTIVES FOR UNDERSTANDING NATURAL LANGUAGE AND PICTURE PATTERNS",
    author = "OKADA, Naoyuki  and
      MIURA, Aiko",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2051",
}
@inproceedings{oppacher-1982-pet,
    title = "{PET}: PROCESSING ENGLISH TEXT",
    author = "Oppacher, F.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2052",
}
@inproceedings{paskaleva-bulgaria-1982-formal,
    title = "A FORMAL PROCEDURE FOR BULGARIAN WORD FORM GENERATION",
    author = "Paskaleva, Elena  and
      Bulgaria, Sofia",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2053",
}
@inproceedings{pavlov-angelova-1982-approach,
    title = "ON AN APPROACH FOR DESIGNING LINGUISTIC PROCESSORS",
    author = "Pavlov, Radoslav  and
      Angelova, Galia",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2054",
}
@inproceedings{penchev-pericliev-1982-meaning,
    title = "ON MEANING THEORETICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SEMANTICS",
    author = "Penchev, Jordan  and
      Pericliev, Vladimir",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2055",
}
@inproceedings{percova-1982-types,
    title = "ON THE TYPES OF SEMANTIC COMPRESSION OF TEXT",
    author = "Percova, N. N.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2056",
}
@inproceedings{pitha-1982-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS AND EXPLICIT DESCRIPTION OF POSSESSIVITY",
    author = "Pitha, Petr",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2057",
}
@inproceedings{polak-polakova-1982-operation,
    title = "OPERATION LOGIC - A DATABASE MANAGEMENT OPERATION SYSTEM OF HUMAN-LIKE INFORMATION PROCESSING",
    author = "Polak, Vaclav  and
      Polakova, Nadezda",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2058",
}
@inproceedings{qian-1982-chinese,
    title = "CHINESE INPUT SYSTEM WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE",
    author = "Qian, Fang",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2059",
}
@inproceedings{reimann-1982-bundles,
    title = "BUNDLES AND SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS",
    author = "Reimann, Dorothee",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2060",
}
@inproceedings{saluveer-1982-adverbs,
    title = "ADVERBS AND SEMANTIC INFERENCES",
    author = "Saluveer, Madis",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2061",
}
@inproceedings{seppanen-1982-recursive,
    title = "RECURSIVE FUNCTIONS FOR COMPUTATION OF NATURAL SECRET LANGUAGES",
    author = "Seppanen, Jouko J.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2062",
}
@inproceedings{shalyapina-1982-grammatic,
    title = "GRAMMATIC AND SEMANTIC NORMATIVITY OF LINGUISTIC UNITS AND FEATURES AS A FACTOR OF AUTOMATIC TEXT PROCESSING",
    author = "Shalyapina, Z. M.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2063",
}
@inproceedings{shirai-etal-1982-japanese,
    title = "JAPANESE SENTENCE ANALYSIS SYSTEM ESSAY - EVALUATION OF DICTIONARY DERIVED FROM REAL TEXT DATA",
    author = "Shirai, K.  and
      Kubota, J.  and
      Hayashi, Y.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2064",
}
@inproceedings{skuce-1982-lesk,
    title = "{LESK}: A LANGUAGE SYNTHETIZING NATURAL LANGUAGE, COMPUTER LANGUAGE AND LOGIC",
    author = "Skuce, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2065",
}
@inproceedings{somers-johnson-1982-bede,
    title = "{BEDE}: A MICROPROCESSOR-BASED MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM",
    author = "Somers, H.L.  and
      Johnson, R.L.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2066",
}
@inproceedings{studnioki-etal-1982-research,
    title = "THE RESEARCH PROJECT {``}ANAPHORA{''} (IN ITS PRESENT STATE OF ADVANCEMENT)",
    author = "Studnioki, F.  and
      Polanowska, B.  and
      Stabrawa, E.  and
      Fall, J. M.  and
      Zachwa, A.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2067",
}
@inproceedings{sabrsula-etal-1982-informational,
    title = "SOME {``}INFORMATIONAL{''} LANGUAGES AND MODELS. - A SEMANTIC VIEW",
    author = "Sabrsula, Jan  and
      Svobodova, Jitka  and
      Svoboda, Jaroslav",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2068",
}
@inproceedings{tait-1982-topic,
    title = "TOPIC IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES FOR PREDICTIVE LANGUAGE ANALYSERS",
    author = "Tait, J.I.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2069",
}
@inproceedings{tenney-russell-1982-pooling,
    title = "POOLING AND THREADING IN TRANSLATION TERM BANKS",
    author = "Tenney, Merle D.  and
      Russell, Robert A.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2070",
}
@inproceedings{tomic-1982-relationship,
    title = "THE RELATIONSHIP OF UNDERLYING AND SURFACE STRUCTURE IN GENERATIVE DESCRIPTION OF LANGUAGE",
    author = "Tomic, Olga Miseska",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2071",
}
@inproceedings{wilensky-1982-phran,
    title = "PHRAN AND PHRED: ANALYSIS AND PRODUCTION USING A COMMON KNOWLEDGE BASE",
    author = "Wilensky, Robert",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2072",
}
@inproceedings{zuber-1982-explicit,
    title = "EXPLICIT SENTENCES AND SYNTACTIC COMPLEXITY",
    author = "Zuber, R.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2073",
}
@inproceedings{zvenoev-1982-introducing,
    title = "INTRODUCING COGITOLOGY",
    author = "Zvenoev, V. I.",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2074",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1982-authors,
    title = "AUTHORS INDEX",
    booktitle = "Coling 1982 {ABSTRACTS}: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics Abstracts",
    year = "1982",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C82-2075",
}
@proceedings{coling-1996-coling,
    title = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1000",
}
@inproceedings{grosz-1996-discovering,
    title = "Discovering the Sounds of Discourse Structure Extended Abstract",
    author = "Grosz, Barbara J.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1001",
}
@inproceedings{levelt-1996-theory,
    title = "A THEORY OF LEXICAL ACCESS IN SPEECH PRODUCTION",
    author = "Levelt, Willem J.M.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1002",
}
@inproceedings{li-abe-1996-clustering,
    title = "Clustering Words with the {MDL} Principle",
    author = "Li, Hang  and
      Abe, Naoki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1003",
}
@inproceedings{li-abe-1996-learning,
    title = "Learning Dependencies between Case Frame Slots",
    author = "Li, Hang  and
      Abe, Naoki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1004",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-rigau-1996-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation using Conceptual Density",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1005",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-aizono-1996-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Word Correspondences from Bilingual Corpora Based on Word Co-occurrence Information",
    author = "Kaji, Hiroyuki  and
      Aizono, Toshiko",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1006",
}
@inproceedings{amsili-hathout-1996-computational,
    title = "Computational Semantics of Time/Negation Interaction",
    author = "Amsili, Pascal  and
      Hathout, Nabil",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1007",
}
@inproceedings{amtrup-benra-1996-communication,
    title = "Communication in large distributed {AI} Systems for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Amtrup, Jan W.  and
      Benra, Jorg",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1008",
}
@inproceedings{frantzi-ananiadou-1996-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Nested Collocations",
    author = "Frantzi, Katerina T.  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1009",
}
@inproceedings{antoine-1996-parsing,
    title = "Parsing spoken language without syntax",
    author = "Antoine, Jean-Yves",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1010",
}
@inproceedings{aone-hausman-1996-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of a Rule-based {S}panish Part of Speech Tagger",
    author = "Aone, Chinatsu  and
      Hausman, Kevin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1011",
}
@inproceedings{fujii-etal-1996-extent,
    title = "To what extent does case contribute to verb sense disambiguation?",
    author = "Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1012",
}
@inproceedings{barriere-popowich-1996-concept,
    title = "Concept clustering and knowledge integration from a children{'}s dictionary",
    author = "Barri{\`e}re, Caroline  and
      Popowich, Fred",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1013",
}
@inproceedings{batliner-etal-1996-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Syntactic and Prosodic Information for the Efficient Detection of Empty Categories",
    author = "Batliner, Anton  and
      Feldhaus, Anke  and
      Geifiler, Stefan  and
      Kieflling, Andreas  and
      Kiss, Tibor  and
      Kompe, Ralf  and
      Noth, Elmar",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1014",
}
@inproceedings{pirrelli-battista-1996-monotonic,
    title = "Monotonic Paradigmatic Schemata in {I}talian Verb Inflection",
    author = "Pirrelli, Vito  and
      Battista, Marco",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1015",
}
@inproceedings{nirenburg-etal-1996-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Semantic Coverage",
    author = "Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Mahesh, Kavi  and
      Beale, Stephen",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1016",
}
@inproceedings{beesley-1996-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Finite-State Morphological Analysis and Generation",
    author = "Beesley, Kenneth R.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1017",
}
@inproceedings{daelemans-etal-1996-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Discovery of Phonological Categories through Supervised Learning of Morphological Rules",
    author = "Daelemans, Walter  and
      Berck, Peter  and
      Gillis, Steven",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1018",
}
@inproceedings{trujillo-berry-1996-connectivity,
    title = "Connectivity in Bag Generation",
    author = "Trujillo, Arturo  and
      Berry, Simon",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1019",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-1996-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Skeleton Parsing: Producing a Comprehensive Large-Scale General-{E}nglish Treebank With Full Grammatical Analysis",
    author = "Black, Ezra  and
      Eubank, Stephen  and
      Kashioka, Hideki  and
      Magerman, David  and
      Garside, Roger  and
      Leech, Geoffrey",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1020",
}
@inproceedings{kennedy-boguraev-1996-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora for Everyone: Pronominal Anaphora Resolution without a Parser",
    author = "Kennedy, Christopher  and
      Boguraev, Branimir",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1021",
}
@inproceedings{boitet-tomokiyo-1996-theory,
    title = "Theory and practice of ambiguity labelling with a view to interactive disambiguation in text and speech {MT}",
    author = "Boitet, Christian  and
      Tomokiyo, Mutsuko",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1022",
}
@inproceedings{bond-etal-1996-classifiers,
    title = "Classifiers in {J}apanese-to-{E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Bond, Francis  and
      Ogura, Kentaro  and
      Ikehara, Satoru",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1023",
}
@inproceedings{bos-etal-1996-compositional,
    title = "Compositional Semantics in Verbmobil",
    author = "Bos, Johan  and
      Gamback, Bjorn  and
      Lieske, Christian  and
      Mori, Yoshiki  and
      Pinkal, Manfred  and
      Worm, Karsten",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1024",
}
@inproceedings{bouaud-etal-1996-processing,
    title = "Processing Metonymy- a Domain-Model Heuristic Graph Traversal Approach",
    author = "Bouaud, Jacques  and
      Bachimont, Bruno  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1025",
}
@inproceedings{bouillon-1996-mental,
    title = "Mental State Adjectives: the Perspective of Generative Lexicon",
    author = "Bouillon, Pierrette",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1026",
}
@inproceedings{branco-1996-branching,
    title = "Branching Split Obliqueness at the Syntax-Semantics Interface",
    author = "Branco, Antonio H.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1027",
}
@inproceedings{vogel-etal-1996-cross,
    title = "Cross-Serial Dependencies Are Not Hard to Process",
    author = "Vogel, Carl  and
      Hahn, Ulrike  and
      Branigan, Holly",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1028",
}
@inproceedings{bredenkamp-etal-1996-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Rules: What are they?",
    author = "Bredenkamp, Andrew  and
      Markantonatou, Stella  and
      Sadler, Louisa",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1029",
}
@inproceedings{brown-1996-example,
    title = "Example-Based Machine Translation in the Pangloss System",
    author = "Brown, Ralf D.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1030",
}
@inproceedings{bustamante-leon-1996-gramcheck,
    title = "{G}ram{C}heck: A Grammar and Style Checker",
    author = "Bustamante, Flora Ram{\'\i}rez  and
      Le{\'o}n, Fernando S{\'a}nchez",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1031",
}
@inproceedings{butt-etal-1996-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Analyses for Parallel Grammars: Auxiliaries and Genitive {NP}s",
    author = "Butt, Miriam  and
      Fortmann, Christian  and
      Rohrer, Christian",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1032",
}
@inproceedings{buo-waibel-1996-feaspar,
    title = "{F}eas{P}ar - A Feature Structure Parser Learning to Parse Spoken Language",
    author = "Buo, Finn Dag  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1033",
}
@inproceedings{candito-1996-principle,
    title = "A principle-based hierarchical representation of {LTAG}s",
    author = "Candito, Marie-Helene",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1034",
}
@inproceedings{wong-chan-1996-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation based on Maximum Matching and Word Binding Force",
    author = "Wong, Pak-kwong  and
      Chan, Chorkin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1035",
}
@inproceedings{law-chan-1996-n,
    title = "N-th Order Ergodic Multigram {HMM} for Modeling of Languages without Marked Word Boundaries",
    author = "Law, Hubert Hin-Cheung  and
      Chan, Chorkin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1036",
}
@inproceedings{ker-chang-1996-aligning,
    title = "Aligning More Words with High Precision for Small Bilingual Corpora",
    author = "Ker, Sur-Jin  and
      Chang, Jason J. S.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1037",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chen-1996-rule,
    title = "A Rule-Based and {MT}-Oriented Approach to Prepositional Phrase Attachment",
    author = "Chen, Kuang-hua  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1038",
}
@inproceedings{chen-lee-1996-identification,
    title = "Identification and Classification of Proper Nouns in {C}hinese Texts",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Lee, Jen-Chang",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1039",
}
@inproceedings{shin-etal-1996-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Knowledge Acquisition from {K}orean-{E}nglish Parallel Corpus Using Alignment",
    author = "Shin, Jung H.  and
      Han, Young S.  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1040",
}
@inproceedings{jung-etal-1996-markov,
    title = "{M}arkov random field based {E}nglish Part-Of-Speech tagging system",
    author = "Jung, Sung-Young  and
      Park, Young C.  and
      Choi, Key-Sun  and
      Kim, Youngwhan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1041",
}
@inproceedings{climent-1996-semantics,
    title = "Semantics of Portions and Partitive Nouns for {NLP}",
    author = "Climent, Salvador",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1042",
}
@inproceedings{coch-1996-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating and comparing three text-production techniques",
    author = "Coch, Jose",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1043",
}
@inproceedings{dymetman-copperman-1996-extended,
    title = "Extended Dependency Structures and their Formal Interpretation",
    author = "Dymetman, Marc  and
      Copperman, Max",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1044",
}
@inproceedings{van-genabith-crouch-1996-direct,
    title = "Direct and Underspecified Interpretations of {LFG} f-structures",
    author = "van Genabith, Josef  and
      Crouch, Dick",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1045",
}
@inproceedings{damper-eastmond-1996-pronouncing,
    title = "Pronouncing Text by Analogy",
    author = "Damper, Robert I.  and
      Eastmond, John EG.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1046",
}
@inproceedings{vilain-day-1996-finite,
    title = "Finite-state phrase parsing by rule sequences",
    author = "Vilain, Marc  and
      Day, David",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1047",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-1996-dealing,
    title = "Dealing with Cross-Sentential Anaphora Resolution in {ALEP}",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1048",
}
@inproceedings{schmidt-etal-1996-lean,
    title = "Lean Formalisms, Linguistic Theory and Applications. Grammar Development in {ALEP}.",
    author = "Schmidt, Paul  and
      Theofilidis, Axel  and
      Rieder, Sibylle  and
      Declerck, Thierry",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1049",
}
@inproceedings{delin-etal-1996-language,
    title = "Language-Specific Mappings from Semantics to Syntax",
    author = "Delin, Judy  and
      Scott, Donia R.  and
      Hartley, Anthony",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1050",
}
@inproceedings{gros-etal-1996-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation and Labelling of {S}lovenian Diphone Inventories",
    author = "Gros, Jerneja  and
      Ipsic, Ivo  and
      Dobrisek, Simon  and
      Mihelic, France  and
      Pavesic, Nikola",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1051",
}
@inproceedings{dohsaka-shimazu-1996-computational,
    title = "A Computational Model of Incremental Utterance Production in Task-Oriented Dialogues",
    author = "Dohsaka, Kohji  and
      Shimazu, Akira",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1052",
}
@inproceedings{kamei-etal-1996-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Information for Determining {J}apanese Unbounded Dependency",
    author = "Kamei, Shin-ichiro  and
      Muraki, Kazunori  and
      Doi, Shin{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1053",
}
@inproceedings{dorna-emele-1996-semantic,
    title = "Semantic-based Transfer",
    author = "Dorna, Michael  and
      Emele, Martin C.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1054",
}
@inproceedings{dorr-jones-1996-role,
    title = "Role of Word Sense Disalnbiguation in Lexical Acquisition: Predicting Semantics from Syntactic Cues",
    author = "Dorr, Bonnie J.  and
      Jones, Doug",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1055",
}
@inproceedings{dybkjaer-etal-1996-grice,
    title = "{G}RICE INCORPORATED: Cooperativity in Spoken Dialogue",
    author = "Dybkjaer, Laila  and
      Bernsen, Niels Ole  and
      Dybkjaer, Hans",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1056",
}
@inproceedings{eberle-1996-disambiguation,
    title = "Disambiguation by Information Structure in {DRT}",
    author = "Eberle, Kurt",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1057",
}
@inproceedings{eisner-1996-three,
    title = "Three New Probabilistic Models for Dependency Parsing: An Exploration",
    author = "Eisner, Jason M.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1058",
}
@inproceedings{linden-di-eugenio-1996-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus Study of Negative Imperatives in Natural Language Instructions",
    author = "Linden, Keith Vander  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1059",
}
@inproceedings{di-eugenio-1996-discourse,
    title = "The discourse functions of {I}talian subjects: a centering approach",
    author = "Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1060",
}
@inproceedings{qu-etal-1996-using,
    title = "Using Discourse Predictions for Ambiguity Resolution",
    author = "Qu, Yan  and
      Rose, Carolyn P.  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1061",
}
@inproceedings{fabre-1996-interpretation,
    title = "Interpretation of Nominal Compounds: Combining Domain-Independent and Domain-Specific Information",
    author = "Fabre, Cecile",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1062",
}
@inproceedings{fais-1996-lexical,
    title = "LEXICAL ACCOMMODATION IN MACHINE-MEDIATED INTERACTIONS",
    author = "Fais, Laurel",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1063",
}
@inproceedings{montemagni-etal-1996-resolving,
    title = "Resolving syntactic ambiguities with lexico-semantic patterns: an analogy-based approach",
    author = "Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Federici, Stefano  and
      Pirrelli, Vito",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1064",
}
@inproceedings{firzlaff-kunz-1996-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Semantics Meets Lexical Field Semantics",
    author = "Firzlaff, Beate  and
      Kunz, Daniela S.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1065",
}
@inproceedings{fischer-keil-1996-parsing,
    title = "Parsing decomposable idioms",
    author = "Fischer, Ingrid  and
      Keil, Martina",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1066",
}
@inproceedings{foster-etal-1996-word,
    title = "Word Completion- A First Step Toward Target-Text Mediated {IMT}",
    author = "Foster, George  and
      Isabelle, Pierre  and
      Plamondon, Pierre",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1067",
}
@inproceedings{sakai-etal-1996-cd,
    title = "A {CD}-{ROM} Retrieval System with Multiple Dialogue Agents",
    author = "Sakai, Keiichi  and
      Yagisawa, Tsuyoshi  and
      Fujita, Minoru",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1068",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-suzuki-1996-automatic,
    title = "An Automatic Clustering of Articles Using Dictionary Definitions",
    author = "Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Suzuki, Yoshimi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1069",
}
@inproceedings{furuse-iida-1996-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Translation Utilizing Constituent Boundary Patterns",
    author = "Furuse, Osamu  and
      Iida, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1070",
}
@inproceedings{wakao-etal-1996-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of an Algorithm for the Recognition and Classification of Proper Names",
    author = "Wakao, Takahiro  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1071",
}
@inproceedings{gallippi-1996-learning,
    title = "Learning to Recognize Names Across Languages",
    author = "Gallippi, Anthony F.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1072",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-kohlhase-1996-focus,
    title = "Focus and Higher-Order Unification",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Kohlhase, Michael",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1073",
}
@inproceedings{short-etal-1996-distributedness,
    title = "Distributedness and Non-Linearity of {LOLITA}{'}s Semantic Network",
    author = "Short, S.  and
      Shiu, S.  and
      Garigliano, R.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1074",
}
@inproceedings{lavie-etal-1996-multi,
    title = "Multi-lingual Translation of Spontaneously Spoken Language in a Limited Domain",
    author = "Lavie, Alon  and
      Gates, Donna  and
      Gavalda, Marsal  and
      Mayfield, Laura  and
      Waibel, Alex  and
      Levin, Lori",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1075",
}
@inproceedings{griffith-1996-modularizing,
    title = "Modularizing Contexted Constraints",
    author = "Griffith, John",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1076",
}
@inproceedings{grimley-evans-etal-1996-compiling,
    title = "Compiling a Partition-Based Two-Level Formalism",
    author = "Grimley-Evans, Edmund  and
      Kiraz, George Anton  and
      Pulman, Stephen G.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1077",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-etal-1996-alignment,
    title = "Alignment of Shared Forests for Bilingual Corpora",
    author = "Meyers, Adam  and
      Yangarber, Roman  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1078",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-sundheim-1996-message,
    title = "Message Understanding Conference- 6: A Brief History",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Sundheim, Beth",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1079",
}
@inproceedings{macleod-etal-1996-influence,
    title = "The Influence of Tagging on the Classification of Lexical Complements",
    author = "Macleod, Catherine  and
      Meyers, Adam  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1080",
}
@inproceedings{gulla-moshagen-1996-sign,
    title = "A Sign Expansion Approach to Dynamic, Multi-Purpose Lexicons",
    author = "Gulla, Jon Atle  and
      Moshagen, Sjur N{\o}rsteb{\o}",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1081",
}
@inproceedings{gorz-etal-1996-research,
    title = "Research on Architectures for Integrated Speech/Language Systems in Verbmobil",
    author = "Gorz, Gunther  and
      Kesseler, Marcus  and
      Spilker, Jorg  and
      Weber, Hans",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1082",
}
@inproceedings{habert-etal-1996-symbolic,
    title = "Symbolic word clustering for medium-size corpora",
    author = "Habert, Benoit  and
      Naulleau, Elie  and
      Nazarenko, Adeline",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1083",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-etal-1996-bridging,
    title = "Bridging Textual Ellipses",
    author = "Hahn, Udo  and
      Strube, Michael  and
      Markert, Katja",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1084",
}
@inproceedings{neuhaus-hahn-1996-restricted,
    title = "Restricted Parallelism in Object-Oriented Lexical Parsing",
    author = "Neuhaus, Peter  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1085",
}
@inproceedings{hirakawa-etal-1996-inherited,
    title = "Inherited Feature-based Similarity Measure Based on Large Semantic Hierarchy and Large Text Corpus",
    author = "Hirakawa, Hideki  and
      Xu, Zhonghui  and
      Haase, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1086",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-1996-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Approach to Compound Noun Indexing in {K}orean Texts",
    author = "Park, Hyouk R.  and
      Han, Young S.  and
      Lee, Kang H.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1087",
}
@inproceedings{hardt-1996-centering,
    title = "Centering in Dynamic Semantics",
    author = "Hardt, Daniel",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1088",
}
@inproceedings{haruno-etal-1996-learning,
    title = "Learning Bilingual Collocations by Word-Level Sorting",
    author = "Haruno, Masahiko  and
      Ikehara, Satoru  and
      Yamazaki, Takefumi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1089",
}
@inproceedings{hasida-1996-issues,
    title = "Issues in Communication Game",
    author = "Hasida, Koiti",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1090",
}
@inproceedings{hepple-1996-compilation,
    title = "A Compilation-Chart Method for Linear Categorial Deduction",
    author = "Hepple, Mark",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1091",
}
@inproceedings{hinrichs-nakazawa-1996-applying,
    title = "Applying Lexical Rules Under Subsumption",
    author = "Hinrichs, Erhard W.  and
      Nakazawa, Tsuneko",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1092",
}
@inproceedings{hisamitsu-nitta-1996-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of {J}apanese Compound Nouns by Direct Text Scanning",
    author = "Hisamitsu, Toru  and
      Nitta, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1093",
}
@inproceedings{hoffman-1996-translating,
    title = "Translating into Free Word Order Languages",
    author = "Hoffman, Beryl",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1094",
}
@inproceedings{hogenhout-matsumoto-1996-towards,
    title = "Towards a More Careful Evaluation of Broad Coverage Parsing Systems",
    author = "Hogenhout, Wide R.  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1095",
}
@inproceedings{hurskainen-1996-disambiguation,
    title = "Disambiguation of morphological analysis in {B}antu languages",
    author = "Hurskainen, Arvi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1096",
}
@inproceedings{ikehara-etal-1996-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Method for Extracting Uninterrupted and Interrupted Collocations from Very Large Corpora",
    author = "Ikehara, Satoru  and
      Shirai, Satoshi  and
      Uchino, Hajime",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 1: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1097",
}
@proceedings{coling-1996-coling-1996,
    title = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2000",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-iwasaki-1996-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Lexical Translations from Non-Aligned Corpora",
    author = "Tanaka, Kumiko  and
      Iwasaki, Hideya",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2098",
}
@inproceedings{nobesawa-etal-1996-segmenting,
    title = "Segmenting Sentences into Linky Strings Using D-bigram Statistics",
    author = "Nobesawa, Shiho  and
      Tsutsumi, Junya  and
      Jiang, Sun Da  and
      Sano, Tomohisa  and
      Sato, Kengo  and
      Nakanishi, Masakazu",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2099",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-1996-good,
    title = "Good Bigrams",
    author = "Johansson, Christer",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2100",
}
@inproceedings{jokinen-1996-goal,
    title = "Goal Formulation based on Communicative Principles",
    author = "Jokinen, Kristiina",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2101",
}
@inproceedings{jones-1996-towards,
    title = "Towards a Syntactic Account of Punctuation",
    author = "Jones, Bernard",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2102",
}
@inproceedings{sarkar-joshi-1996-coordination,
    title = "Coordination in Tree Adjoining Grammars: Formalization and Implementation",
    author = "Sarkar, Anoop  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2103",
}
@inproceedings{kameda-1996-portable,
    title = "A Portable {\&} Quick {J}apanese Parser: {QJP}",
    author = "Kameda, Masayuki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2104",
}
@inproceedings{kempe-karttunen-1996-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Replacement in Finite State Calculus",
    author = "Kempe, Andre  and
      Karttunen, Lauri",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2105",
}
@inproceedings{kasper-krieger-1996-modularizing,
    title = "Modularizing Codescriptive Grammars for Efficient Parsing",
    author = "Kasper, Walter  and
      Krieger, Hans-Ulrich",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2106",
}
@inproceedings{katoh-morimoto-1996-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Method of Recognizing Local Cohesion",
    author = "Katoh, Naoto  and
      Morimoto, Tsuyoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2107",
}
@inproceedings{nomura-muraki-1996-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Architecture for Verb Subcategorization Frame - a Lexicon for a Real-world Scale {J}apanese-{E}nglish Interlingual {MT}",
    author = "Nomura, Naoyuki  and
      Muraki, Kazunori",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2108",
}
@inproceedings{keller-1996-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation Semantics for {DATR} Theories",
    author = "Keller, Bill",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2109",
}
@inproceedings{kikui-1996-identifying,
    title = "Identifying the Coding System and Language of On-line Documents on the {I}nternet",
    author = "Kikui, Gen-itiro",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2110",
}
@inproceedings{kilbury-1996-top,
    title = "Top-Down Predictive Linking and Complex-Feature-Based Formalisms",
    author = "Kilbury, James",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2111",
}
@inproceedings{kiraz-1996-computing,
    title = "Computing Prosodic Morphology",
    author = "Kiraz, George Anton",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2112",
}
@inproceedings{kuhn-1996-underspecified,
    title = "An Underspecified {HPSG} Representation for Information Structure",
    author = "Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2113",
}
@inproceedings{kallgren-1996-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Indeterminacy as a Source of Errors in Tagging",
    author = "Kallgren, Gunnel",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2114",
}
@inproceedings{laenzlinger-etal-1996-arguments,
    title = "Arguments desperately seeking Interpretation: Parsing {G}erman Infinitives",
    author = "Laenzlinger, Christopher  and
      Ulmann, Martin S.  and
      Wehrli, Eric",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2115",
}
@inproceedings{lappin-shih-1996-generalized,
    title = "A GENERALIZED RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHM FOR ELLIPSIS RESOLUTION",
    author = "Lappin, Shalom  and
      Shih, Hsue-Hueh",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2116",
}
@inproceedings{lee-1996-computation,
    title = "Computation of Relative Social Status on the Basis of Honorification in {K}orean",
    author = "Lee, Done-Young",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2117",
}
@inproceedings{lee-wilks-1996-ascription,
    title = "An ascription-based approach to Speech Acts",
    author = "Lee, Mark  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2118",
}
@inproceedings{weinstein-etal-1996-automatic,
    title = "Automatic {E}nglish-to-{K}orean Text Translation of Telegraphic Messages in a Limited Domain",
    author = "Weinstein, Clifford  and
      Tummala, Dinesh  and
      Lee, Young-Suk  and
      Seneff, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2119",
}
@inproceedings{lehmann-etal-1996-tsnlp,
    title = "{TSNLP} - Test Suites for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Lehmann, Sabine  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Regnier-Prost, Sylvie  and
      Netter, Klaus  and
      Lux, Veronika  and
      Klein, Judith  and
      Falkedal, Kirsten  and
      Fouvry, Frederik  and
      Estival, Dominique  and
      Dauphin, Eva  and
      Compagnion, Herve  and
      Baur, Judith  and
      Balkan, Lorna  and
      Arnold, Doug",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2120",
}
@inproceedings{lepage-ando-1996-saussurian,
    title = "Saussurian analogy: a theoretical account and its application",
    author = "Lepage, Yves  and
      Ando, Shin-ichi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2121",
}
@inproceedings{lombardo-lesmo-1996-earley,
    title = "An Earley-type recognizer for dependency grammar",
    author = "Lombardo, Vincenzo  and
      Lesmo, Leonardo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2122",
}
@inproceedings{lin-1996-structural,
    title = "On the Structural Complexity of Natural Language Sentences",
    author = "Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2123",
}
@inproceedings{paris-linden-1996-building,
    title = "Building Knowledge Bases for the Generation of Software Documentation",
    author = "Paris, Cecile  and
      Linden, Keith Vander",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2124",
}
@inproceedings{wermter-lochel-1996-learning,
    title = "Learning dialog act processing",
    author = "Wermter, Stefan  and
      Lochel, Matthias",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2125",
}
@inproceedings{maks-martin-1996-multitale,
    title = "{MULTITALE}: linking medical concepts by means of frames",
    author = "Maks, Isa  and
      Martin, Willy",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2126",
}
@inproceedings{matiasek-trost-1996-hpsg,
    title = "An {HPSG}-Based Generator for {G}erman An Experiment in the Reusability of Linguistic Resources",
    author = "Matiasek, Johannes  and
      Trost, Harald",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2127",
}
@inproceedings{wilcock-matsumoto-1996-reversible,
    title = "Reversible delayed lexical choice in a bidirectional framework",
    author = "Wilcock, Graham  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2128",
}
@inproceedings{melamed-1996-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Omissions in Translations",
    author = "Melamed, I. Dan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2129",
}
@inproceedings{mikheev-1996-learning,
    title = "Learning Part-of-Speech Guessing Rules from Lexicon: Extension to Non-Concatenative Operations",
    author = "Mikheev, Andrei",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2130",
}
@inproceedings{mitjushin-1996-agreement,
    title = "An Agreement Corrector for {R}ussian",
    author = "Mitjushin, Leonid",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2131",
}
@inproceedings{mori-nakagawa-1996-zero,
    title = "Zero Pronouns and Conditionals in {J}apanese Instruction Manuals",
    author = "Mori, Tatsunori  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2132",
}
@inproceedings{mori-1996-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Discourse Relations on the Sentential Level in {J}apanese",
    author = "Mori, Yoshiki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2133",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-1996-document,
    title = "Document Classification Using Domain Specific Kanji Characters Extracted by X2 Method",
    author = "Watanabe, Yasuhiko  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Takeuchi, Masahito  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2134",
}
@inproceedings{muller-1996-yet,
    title = "Yet Another Paper about Partial Verb Phrase Fronting in {G}erman",
    author = "Muller, Stefan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2135",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-1996-context,
    title = "Context-Based Spelling Correction for {J}apanese {OCR}",
    author = "NAGATA, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2136",
}
@inproceedings{nakaiwa-shirai-1996-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora Resolution of {J}apanese Zero Pronouns with Deictic Reference",
    author = "Nakaiwa, Hiromi  and
      Shirai, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2137",
}
@inproceedings{nakayama-1996-content,
    title = "Content-Oriented Categorization of Document Images",
    author = "Nakayama, Takehiro",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2138",
}
@inproceedings{nasukawa-1996-full,
    title = "Full-text processing: improving a practical {NLP} system based on surface information within the context",
    author = "Nasukawa, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2139",
}
@inproceedings{nerbonne-smit-1996-glosser,
    title = "{GLOSSER}-{R}u{G}: in Support of Reading",
    author = "Nerbonne, John  and
      Smit, Petra",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2140",
}
@inproceedings{vogel-etal-1996-hmm,
    title = "{HMM}-Based Word Alignment in Statistical Translation",
    author = "Vogel, Stephan  and
      Ney, Hermann  and
      Tillmann, Christoph",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2141",
}
@inproceedings{raskin-nirenburg-1996-adjectival,
    title = "Adjectival Modification in Text Meaning Representation",
    author = "Raskin, Victor  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2142",
}
@inproceedings{not-1996-computational,
    title = "A Computational Model for Generating Referring Expressions in a Multilingual Application Domain",
    author = "Not, Elena",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2143",
}
@inproceedings{oflazer-yllmaz-1996-constraint,
    title = "A Constraint-based Case Frame Lexicon",
    author = "Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Yllmaz, Okan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2144",
}
@inproceedings{oflazer-1996-error,
    title = "Error-tolerant Tree Matching",
    author = "Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2145",
}
@inproceedings{oku-1996-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing {J}apanese Double-Subject Construction having an Adjective Predicate",
    author = "Oku, Masahiro",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2146",
}
@inproceedings{okumura-tamura-1996-zero,
    title = "Zero Pronoun Resolution in {J}apanese Discourse Based on Centering Theory",
    author = "Okumura, Manabu  and
      Tamura, Kouji",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2147",
}
@inproceedings{padro-1996-pos,
    title = "{POS} Tagging Using Relaxation Labelling",
    author = "Padro, Lluis",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2148",
}
@inproceedings{pericliev-1996-learning,
    title = "Learning Linear Precedence Rules",
    author = "Pericliev, Vladimir",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2149",
}
@inproceedings{ramsay-1996-aspect,
    title = "Aspect and Aktionsart: Fighting or Cooperating?",
    author = "Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2150",
}
@inproceedings{samuelsson-1996-handling,
    title = "Handling Sparse Data by Successive Abstraction",
    author = "Samuelsson, Christer",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2151",
}
@inproceedings{satoh-1996-disambiguation,
    title = "Disambiguation by Prioritized Circumscription",
    author = "Satoh, Ken",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2152",
}
@inproceedings{schiehlen-1996-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Construction from Parse Forests",
    author = "Schiehlen, Michael",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2153",
}
@inproceedings{sekine-1996-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Topic Coherence for Speech Recognition",
    author = "Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2154",
}
@inproceedings{shemtov-1996-generation,
    title = "Generation of Paraphrases from Ambiguous Logical Forms",
    author = "Shemtov, Hadar",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2155",
}
@inproceedings{shimazu-takashima-1996-multi,
    title = "Multi-Modal-Method: A Design Method for Building Multi-Modal Systems",
    author = "Shimazu, Hideo  and
      Takashima, Yosuke",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2156",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-wang-1996-self,
    title = "A Self-Learning Universal Concept Spotter",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Wang, Jin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2157",
}
@inproceedings{stuckardt-1996-anaphor,
    title = "Anaphor Resolution and the Scope of Syntactic Constraints",
    author = "Stuckardt, Roland",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2158",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-1996-decision,
    title = "Decision Tree Learning Algorithm with Structured Attributes: Application to Verbal Case Frame Acquisition",
    author = "Tanaka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2159",
}
@inproceedings{torisawa-tsujii-1996-computing,
    title = "Computing Phrasal-signs in {HPSG} prior to Parsing",
    author = "Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2160",
}
@inproceedings{uramoto-1996-positioning,
    title = "Positioning Unknown Words in a Thesaurus by Using Information Extracted from a Corpus",
    author = "Uramoto, Naohiko",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2161",
}
@inproceedings{utsumi-1996-unified,
    title = "A Unified Theory of Irony and Its Computational Formalization",
    author = "Utsumi, Akira",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2162",
}
@inproceedings{utsuro-1996-sense,
    title = "Sense Classification of Verbal Polysemy based-on Bilingual Class/Class Association",
    author = "Utsuro, Takehito",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2163",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-1996-method,
    title = "A Method for Abstracting Newspaper Articles by Using Surface Clues",
    author = "Watanabe, Hideo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2164",
}
@inproceedings{wedekind-1996-inference,
    title = "On Inference-Based Procedures for Lexical Disambiguation",
    author = "Wedekind, Jurgen",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2165",
}
@inproceedings{zechner-1996-fast,
    title = "Fast Generation of Abstracts from General Domain Text Corpora by Extracting Relevant Sentences",
    author = "Zechner, Klaus",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2166",
}
@inproceedings{zock-1996-power,
    title = "The Power of Words in Message Planning",
    author = "Zock, Michael",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2167",
}
@inproceedings{mariani-krauwer-1996-speech,
    title = "{``}Is Speech Language?{''}",
    author = "Mariani, Joseph  and
      Krauwer, Steven",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2168",
}
@inproceedings{karlgren-1996-distortion,
    title = "DISTORTION OR IMPROVEMENT - Effects of information technology on the development of natural languages",
    author = "Karlgren, Hans",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2169",
}
@inproceedings{maegaard-1996-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of {NLP} systems",
    author = "Maegaard, Bente",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2170",
}
@inproceedings{zock-1996-computational,
    title = "Computational Linguistics and its Use in Real World: the Case of Computer Assisted-Language Learning",
    author = "Zock, Michael",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2171",
}
@inproceedings{kempen-1996-human,
    title = "Human Language Technology can modernize writing and grammar instruction",
    author = "Kempen, Gerard",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2172",
}
@inproceedings{hamburger-1996-yes,
    title = "Yes! {NLP}-based {FL}-{ITS} will be Important",
    author = "Hamburger, Henry",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2173",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-1996-call,
    title = "{CALL}: THE POTENTIAL OF LINGWARE AND THE USE OF EMPIRICAL LINGUISTIC DATA",
    author = "Tufis, Dan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2174",
}
@inproceedings{inui-1996-internet,
    title = "The {I}nternet a {``}natural{''} channel for language learning",
    author = "Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2175",
}
@inproceedings{inui-1996-internet-natural,
    title = "The {I}nternet a {``}natural{''} channel for language learning",
    author = "Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2176",
}
@inproceedings{angelova-bontcheva-1996-nl,
    title = "{NL} Domain Explanations in Knowledge Based {MAT}",
    author = "Angelova, Galia  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2177",
}
@inproceedings{echizen-ya-etal-1996-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation Method Using Inductive Learning with Genetic Algorithms",
    author = "Echizen-ya, Hiroshi  and
      Araki, Kenji  and
      Momouchi, Yoshio  and
      Tochinai, Koji",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2178",
}
@inproceedings{emirkanian-etal-1996-implementation,
    title = "The implementation of a computational grammar of {F}rench using the Grammar Development Environment",
    author = "Emirkanian, Louisette  and
      Da Sylva, Lyne  and
      Bouchard, Lorne H.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2179",
}
@inproceedings{bredenkamp-etal-1996-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Integrated Tagging of Word Constructs",
    author = "Bredenkamp, Andrew  and
      Fouvry, Frederik  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Music, Bradley",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2180",
}
@inproceedings{zarri-1996-nkrl,
    title = "{NKRL}, a Knowledge Representation Language for Narrative Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Zarri, Gian Piero",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2181",
}
@inproceedings{breidt-etal-1996-formal,
    title = "Formal Description of Multi-Word Lexemes with the Finite-State Formalism {IDAREX}",
    author = "Breidt, Elisabeth  and
      Segond, Frederique  and
      Valetto, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2182",
}
@inproceedings{chandrasekar-etal-1996-motivations,
    title = "Motivations and Methods for Text Simplification",
    author = "Chandrasekar, R.  and
      Doran, Christine  and
      Srinivas, B.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2183",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-1996-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation Standard for {C}hinese Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chen, Keh-jiann  and
      Chang, Li-Li",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2184",
}
@inproceedings{kim-choi-1996-korean,
    title = "{K}orean Language Engineering: Current Status of the Information Platform",
    author = "Kim, Seongyong  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2185",
}
@inproceedings{genthial-etal-1996-distributing,
    title = "Distributing and Porting General Linguistic Tools",
    author = "Genthial, Damien  and
      Courtin, Jacques  and
      Menezo, Jacques",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2186",
}
@inproceedings{cunningham-etal-1996-gate,
    title = "{GATE}-a General Architecture for Text Engineering",
    author = "Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Wilks, Yorick  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert J.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2187",
}
@inproceedings{dauphin-lux-1996-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based annotated test set for Machine Translation evaluation by an Industrial User",
    author = "Dauphin, Eva  and
      Lux, Veronika",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2188",
}
@inproceedings{visser-fuji-1996-using,
    title = "Using sentence connectors for evaluating {MT} output",
    author = "Visser, Eric M.  and
      Fuji, Masaru",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2189",
}
@inproceedings{wu-furugori-1996-prepositional,
    title = "Prepositional Phrase Attachment Through A Hybrid Disambiguation Model",
    author = "Wu, Haodong  and
      Furugori, Teiji",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2190",
}
@inproceedings{iida-etal-1996-spoken,
    title = "Spoken-Language Translation Method Using Examples",
    author = "Iida, Hitoshi  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Furuse, Osamu",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2191",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-etal-1996-tagging,
    title = "Tagging Spoken Language Using Written Language Statistics",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim  and
      Gronqvist, Leif  and
      Gustafsson, Malin  and
      Lager, TorbjSrn  and
      Sofkova, Sylvana",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2192",
}
@inproceedings{kuwahata-hasimoto-1996-senses,
    title = "Senses of Polysemous Nouns: Building a Computational Lexicon of Basic {J}apanese Nouns",
    author = "KUWAHATA, Wakako  and
      HASIMOTO, Minako",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2193",
}
@inproceedings{kawtrakul-etal-1996-gradual,
    title = "A Gradual Refinement Model for A Robust {T}hai Morphological Analyzer",
    author = "Kawtrakul, Asanee  and
      Thumkanon, Chalatip  and
      Jamjanya, Thitima  and
      Muangyunnan, Parinee  and
      Poolwan, Kritsada",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2194",
}
@inproceedings{miyoshi-etal-1996-overview,
    title = "An Overview of the {EDR} Electronic Dictionary and the Current Status of Its Utilization",
    author = "Miyoshi, Hideo  and
      Sugiyama, Kenji  and
      Kobayashi, Masahiro  and
      Ogino, Takano",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2195",
}
@inproceedings{kogure-etal-1996-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Plans Situation-Dependently in Dialogues",
    author = "Kogure, Kiyoshi  and
      Shimazu, Akira  and
      Nakano, Mikio",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2196",
}
@inproceedings{konrad-etal-1996-education,
    title = "An Education and Research Tool for Computational Semantics",
    author = "Konrad, Karsten  and
      Maier, Holger  and
      Milward, David  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2197",
}
@inproceedings{kuusik-1996-learning,
    title = "Learning Morphology: Algorithms for the Identification of the Stem Changes",
    author = "Kuusik, Evelin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2198",
}
@inproceedings{lafourcade-1996-structured,
    title = "Structured lexical data: how to make them widely available, useful and reasonably protected? A practicalexample with a trilingual dictionary",
    author = "Lafourcade, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2199",
}
@inproceedings{luk-1996-chinese,
    title = "CHINESE STRING SEARCHING USING THE KMP ALGORITHM",
    author = "Luk, Robert W.P.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2200",
}
@inproceedings{orsnes-etal-1996-patrans,
    title = "{P}a{T}rans- A Patent Translation System",
    author = "Orsnes, Bjarne  and
      Music, Bradley  and
      Maegaard, Bente",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2201",
}
@inproceedings{mori-nagao-1996-word,
    title = "Word Extraction from Corpora and Its Part-of-Speech Estimation Using Distributional Analysis",
    author = "Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2202",
}
@inproceedings{proszeky-1996-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Analyzer as Syntactic Parser",
    author = "Pr{\'o}sz{\'e}ky, G{\'a}bor",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2203",
}
@inproceedings{saint-dizier-1996-constructing,
    title = "Constructing Verb Semantic Classes for {F}rench: Methods and Evaluation",
    author = "Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2204",
}
@inproceedings{shinnou-1996-redefining,
    title = "Redefining similarity in a thesaurus by using corpora",
    author = "Shinnou, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2205",
}
@inproceedings{takahashi-etal-1996-processing,
    title = "Processing Homonyms in the Kana-to-Kanji Conversion",
    author = "Takahashi, Masahito  and
      Shinchu, Tsuyoshi  and
      Yoshimura, Kenji  and
      Shudo, Kosho",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2206",
}
@inproceedings{si-ameur-rouault-1996-linguistic,
    title = "HOW THE LINGUISTIC NEGATION CAN HAVE AN EFFECT IN OBJECT-BASED KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION MODEL",
    author = "Si Ameur, Lahcene  and
      Rouault, Jacques",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2207",
}
@inproceedings{sornlertlamvanich-tanaka-1996-automatic,
    title = "The Automatic Extraction of Open Compounds from Text Corpora",
    author = "Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2208",
}
@inproceedings{spyns-1996-tagger,
    title = "A tagger/lemmatiser for {D}utch medical language",
    author = "Spyns, Peter",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2209",
}
@inproceedings{stefanini-warren-1996-distributed,
    title = "A DISTRIBUTED ARCHITECTURE FOR TEXT ANALYSIS IN FRENCH: AN APPLICATION TO COMPLEX LINGUISTIC PHENOMENA PROCESSING",
    author = "Stefanini, Marie-Helene  and
      Warren, Karine",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2210",
}
@inproceedings{takeda-1996-pattern,
    title = "Pattern-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Takeda, Koichi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2211",
}
@inproceedings{ushioda-1996-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Clustering of Words",
    author = "Ushioda, Akira",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2212",
}
@inproceedings{wilms-1996-using,
    title = "Using a Hybrid System of Corpus- and Knowledge-Based Techniques to Automate the Induction of a Lexical Sublanguage Grammar",
    author = "Wilms, Geert Jan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2213",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1996-author,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2214",
}
@inproceedings{simaan-1996-computational,
    title = "Computational Complexity of Probabilistic Disambiguation by means of Tree-Grammars",
    author = "Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1996 Volume 2: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2215",
}
@article{cl-2000-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 26, Number 1, March 2000",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "1",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-1000",
}
@article{karttunen-oflazer-2000-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to the Special issue on finite state methods in {NLP}",
    author = "Karttunen, Lauri  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "1",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-1001",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@article{daciuk-etal-2000-incremental,
    title = "Incremental construction of minimal acyclic finite state automata",
    author = "Daciuk, Jan  and
      Mihov, Stoyan  and
      Watson, Bruce W.  and
      Watson, Richard E.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "1",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-1002",
    pages = "3--16",
}
@article{nederhof-2000-practical,
    title = "Practical Experiments with Regular Approximation of Context-Free Languages",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "1",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-1003",
    pages = "17--44",
}
@article{alsawi-etal-2000-learning,
    title = "Learning dependency translation models as collections of finite state head transducers",
    author = "Alsawi, Hiyan  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Douglas, Shona",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "1",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-1004",
    pages = "45--60",
}
@article{van-noord-2000-treatment,
    title = "Treatment of epsilon moves in subset construction",
    author = "van Noord, Gertjan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "1",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-1005",
    pages = "61--76",
}
@article{kiraz-2000-multitiered,
    title = "Multitiered nonlinear morphology using multitape finite automata: a case study on {S}yriac and {A}rabic",
    author = "Kiraz, George Anton",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "1",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-1006",
    pages = "77--105",
}
@article{nn-2000-advertisements,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "1",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-1007",
}
@article{cl-2000-linguistics-26,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 26, Number 2, June 2000",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "2",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-2000",
}
@article{rubinoff-2000-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Text planning and linguistic choice without abandoning modularity: the {IGEN} generator",
    author = "Rubinoff, Robert",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "2",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-2001",
    pages = "107--138",
}
@article{pineda-garza-2000-model,
    title = "A model for multimodal reference resolution",
    author = "Pineda, Luis  and
      Garza, Gabriela",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "2",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-2002",
    pages = "139--194",
}
@article{marchand-damper-2000-multistrategy,
    title = "A multistrategy approach to improving pronunciation by analogy",
    author = "Marchand, Yannick  and
      Damper, Robert I.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "2",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-2003",
    pages = "195--220",
}
@article{melamed-2000-models,
    title = "Models of translation equivalence among words",
    author = "Melamed, I. Dan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "2",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-2004",
    pages = "221--250",
}
@article{reiter-2000-pipelines,
    title = "Pipelines and size constraints",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "2",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-2005",
    pages = "251--259",
}
@article{maxwell-2000-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: A Grammar Writer{'}s Cookbook",
    author = "Maxwell, Michael",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "2",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-2006",
}
@article{zaenen-2000-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Local Constraints vs. Economy",
    author = "Zaenen, Annie",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "2",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-2007",
}
@article{stede-2000-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Predicative Forms in Natural Language and in Lexical Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Stede, Manfred",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "2",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-2008",
}
@article{di-eugenio-2000-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Lexical Semantics and Knowledge Representation in Multilingual Text Generation",
    author = "Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "2",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-2009",
}
@article{penn-2000-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: The Mathematics of Syntactic Structure: Trees and their Logics",
    author = "Penn, Gerald",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "2",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-2010",
}
@article{lee-2000-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Lee, Lillian",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "2",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-2011",
}
@article{sanderson-2000-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Advances in Automatic Text Summarization",
    author = "Sanderson, Mark",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "2",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-2012",
}
@article{kaiser-2000-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Extended Finite State Models of Language",
    author = "Kaiser, Ed",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "2",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-2013",
}
@article{eisner-2000-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Optimality Theory",
    author = "Eisner, Jason",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "2",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-2014",
}
@article{wilcock-2000-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Systemic Functional Grammar in Natural Language Generation: Linguistic Description and Computational Representation",
    author = "Wilcock, Graham",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "2",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-2015",
}
@article{nn-2000-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "2",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-2016",
}
@article{nn-2000-publications,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "2",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-2017",
}
@article{nn-2000-advertisements-2,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "2",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-2018",
}
@article{cl-2000-linguistics-26-number,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 26, Number 3, September 2000",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "3",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-3000",
}
@article{weeber-etal-2000-extracting,
    title = "Extracting the lowest-frequency words: pitfalls and possibilities",
    author = "Weeber, Marc  and
      Vos, Rein  and
      Baayen, R. Harald",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "3",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-3001",
    pages = "301--318",
}
@article{morrill-2000-incremental,
    title = "Incremental processing and acceptability",
    author = "Morrill, Glyn",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "3",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-3002",
    pages = "319--338",
}
@article{stolcke-etal-2000-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue act modeling for automatic tagging and recognition of conversational speech",
    author = "Stolcke, Andreas  and
      Ries, Klaus  and
      Coccaro, Noah  and
      Shriberg, Elizabeth  and
      Bates, Rebecca  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel  and
      Taylor, Paul  and
      Martin, Rachel  and
      Ess-Dykema, Carol Van  and
      Meteer, Marie",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "3",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-3003",
    pages = "339--374",
}
@article{teahan-etal-2000-compression,
    title = "A compression based algorithm for {C}hinese word segmentation",
    author = "Teahan, W. J.  and
      Wen, Yingying  and
      McNab, Rodger  and
      Witten, Ian H.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "3",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-3004",
    pages = "375--394",
}
@article{marcu-2000-rhetorical,
    title = "The rhetorical parsing of unrestricted texts: a surface-based approach",
    author = "Marcu, Daniel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "3",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-3005",
    pages = "395--448",
}
@article{gelbukh-2000-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Foundations of Computational Linguistics: Man-Machine Communication in Natural Language",
    author = "Gelbukh, Alexander F.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "3",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-3006",
}
@article{ratnaparkhi-2000-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Syntactic Wordclass Tagging",
    author = "Ratnaparkhi, Adwait",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "3",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-3007",
}
@article{corston-oliver-2000-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Natural Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Corston-Oliver, Simon",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "3",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-3008",
}
@article{nerbonne-2000-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: The {MIT} Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences",
    author = "Nerbonne, John",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "3",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-3009",
}
@article{nn-2000-publications-received,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "3",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-3010",
}
@article{nn-2000-erratum,
    title = "Erratum",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "3",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-3011",
}
@article{nn-2000-advertisements-3,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "3",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-3012",
}
@article{cl-2000-linguistics-26-number-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 26, Number 4, {D}ecember 2000",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "4",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-4000",
}
@article{stamatatos-etal-2000-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Text Categorization In Terms Of Genre and Author",
    author = "Stamatatos, Efstathios  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos  and
      Kokkinakis, George",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "4",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-4001",
    pages = "471--495",
}
@article{pulman-2000-bidirectional,
    title = "Bidirectional Contextual Resolution",
    author = "Pulman, Stephen G.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "4",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-4002",
    doi = "10.1162/089120100750105939",
    pages = "497--537",
}
@article{vieira-poesio-2000-empirically,
    title = "An Empirically-based System for Processing Definite Descriptions",
    author = "Vieira, Renata  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "4",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-4003",
    doi = "10.1162/089120100750105948",
    pages = "539--593",
}
@article{siegel-mckeown-2000-learning,
    title = "Learning Methods to Combine Linguistic Indicators:Improving Aspectual Classification and Revealing Linguistic Insights",
    author = "Siegel, Eric V.  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "4",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-4004",
    pages = "595--627",
}
@article{van-deemter-kibble-2000-coreferring,
    title = "On Coreferring: Coreference in {MUC} and Related Annotation Schemes",
    author = "van Deemter, Kees  and
      Kibble, Rodger",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "4",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-4005",
    pages = "629--637",
}
@article{teller-2000-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition",
    author = "Teller, Virginia",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "4",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-4006",
}
@article{de-sousa-2000-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Artificial Intelligence and Literary Creativity: Inside the Mind of {BRUTUS}, a Storytelling Machine",
    author = "de Sousa, Ronald",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "4",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-4007",
}
@article{weinberg-2000-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing",
    author = "Weinberg, Amy",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "4",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-4008",
}
@article{white-2000-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons",
    author = "White, John S.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "4",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-4009",
}
@article{nn-2000-briefly-noted,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "4",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-4010",
}
@article{nn-2000-publications-received-2,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "4",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-4011",
}
@article{nn-2000-author-index-volume,
    title = "Author Index: Volume 26",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "4",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-4012",
}
@article{nn-2000-title,
    title = "Title Index: Volume 2",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "4",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-4013",
}
@article{nn-2000-advertisements-4,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "26",
    number = "4",
    year = "2000",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J00-4014",
}
@article{cl-2014-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 40, Issue 1 - March 2014",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2014",
}
@article{bender-2014-obituary,
    title = "{O}bituary: Ivan A. Sag",
    author = "Bender, Emily M.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00179",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@article{das-etal-2014-frame,
    title = "Frame-Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Das, Dipanjan  and
      Chen, Desai  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00163",
    pages = "9--56",
}
@article{agirre-etal-2014-random,
    title = "Random Walks for Knowledge-Based Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Lacalle, Oier L{\'o}pez de  and
      Soroa, Aitor",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00164",
    pages = "57--84",
}
@article{huang-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Representations for Weakly Supervised Natural Language Processing Tasks",
    author = "Huang, Fei  and
      Ahuja, Arun  and
      Downey, Doug  and
      Yang, Yi  and
      Guo, Yuhong  and
      Yates, Alexander",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00167",
    pages = "85--120",
}
@article{kuhn-2014-survey,
    title = "A Survey and Classification of Controlled Natural Languages",
    author = "Kuhn, Tobias",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00168",
    pages = "121--170",
}
@article{zaidan-callison-burch-2014-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Dialect Identification",
    author = "Zaidan, Omar F.  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-1006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00169",
    pages = "171--202",
}
@article{chung-etal-2014-sampling,
    title = "Sampling Tree Fragments from Forests",
    author = "Chung, Tagyoung  and
      Fang, Licheng  and
      Gildea, Daniel  and
      {\v{S}}tefankovi{\v{c}}, Daniel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-1007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00170",
    pages = "203--229",
}
@article{romary-2014-book,
    title = "Book Review: Natural Language Processing for Historical Texts by {M}ichael Piotrowski",
    author = "Romary, Laurent",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-1008",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00180",
    pages = "231--233",
}
@article{riezler-2014-last,
    title = "Last Words: On the Problem of Theoretical Terms in Empirical Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Riezler, Stefan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-1009",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00182",
    pages = "235--245",
}
@article{nn-2014-publications,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-1010",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_x_00181",
    pages = "247--248",
}
@article{cl-2014-linguistics-40,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 40, Issue 2 - June 2014",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
}
@article{nivre-etal-2014-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: Constrained Arc-Eager Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      McDonald, Ryan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-2001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00184",
    pages = "249--257",
}
@article{nivre-fernandez-gonzalez-2014-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: Arc-Eager Parsing with the Tree Constraint",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez-Gonz{\'a}lez, Daniel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-2002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00185",
    pages = "259--267",
}
@article{seroussi-etal-2014-authorship,
    title = "Authorship Attribution with Topic Models",
    author = "Seroussi, Yanir  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      Bohnert, Fabian",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-2003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00173",
    pages = "269--310",
}
@article{adrian-bejan-harabagiu-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Event Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Adrian Bejan, Cosmin  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-2004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00174",
    pages = "311--347",
}
@article{gimpel-smith-2014-phrase,
    title = "Phrase Dependency Machine Translation with Quasi-Synchronous Tree-to-Tree Features",
    author = "Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-2005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00175",
    pages = "349--401",
}
@article{chang-clark-2014-practical,
    title = "Practical Linguistic Steganography using Contextual Synonym Substitution and a Novel Vertex Coding Method",
    author = "Chang, Ching-Yun  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-2006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00176",
    pages = "403--448",
}
@article{tsvetkov-wintner-2014-identification,
    title = "Identification of Multiword Expressions by Combining Multiple Linguistic Information Sources",
    author = "Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-2007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00177",
    pages = "449--468",
}
@article{shaalan-2014-survey,
    title = "A Survey of {A}rabic Named Entity Recognition and Classification",
    author = "Shaalan, Khaled",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-2008",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00178",
    pages = "469--510",
}
@article{cardie-2014-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining by Bing {L}iu",
    author = "Cardie, Claire",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-2009",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00186",
    pages = "511--513",
}
@article{vanderwende-2014-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Semantic Relations Between Nominals by Vivi Nastase, Preslav {N}akov, Diarmuid {\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, and Stan Szpakowicz",
    author = "Vanderwende, Lucy",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-2010",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00187",
    pages = "515--517",
}
@article{foster-2014-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Semi-Supervised Learning and Domain Adaptation in Natural Language Processing by Anders S{\o}gaard",
    author = "Foster, George",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-2011",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00188",
    pages = "519--522",
}
@article{cl-2014-linguistics-40-issue,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 40, Issue 3 - September 2014",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2014",
}
@article{marimon-etal-2014-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: Automatic Selection of {HPSG}-Parsed Sentences for Treebank Construction",
    author = "Marimon, Montserrat  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-3001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00190",
    pages = "523--531",
}
@article{wedekind-2014-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: On the Universal Generation Problem for Unification Grammars",
    author = {Wedekind, J{\"u}rgen},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-3002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00191",
    pages = "533--538",
}
@article{hassan-etal-2014-random,
    title = "A Random Walk{--}Based Model for Identifying Semantic Orientation",
    author = "Hassan, Ahmed  and
      Abu-Jbara, Amjad  and
      Lu, Wanchen  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-3003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00192",
    pages = "539--562",
}
@article{sun-etal-2014-feature,
    title = "Feature-Frequency{--}Adaptive On-line Training for Fast and Accurate Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Sun, Xu  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Wang, Houfeng  and
      Lu, Qin",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-3004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00193",
    pages = "563--586",
}
@article{o-seaghdha-korhonen-2014-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Distributional Semantics with Latent Variable Models",
    author = "{\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-3005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00194",
    pages = "587--631",
}
@article{lang-lapata-2014-similarity,
    title = "Similarity-Driven Semantic Role Induction via Graph Partitioning",
    author = "Lang, Joel  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-3006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00195",
    pages = "633--669",
}
@article{li-etal-2014-improved,
    title = "Improved Estimation of Entropy for Evaluation of Word Sense Induction",
    author = "Li, Linlin  and
      Titov, Ivan  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-3007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00196",
    pages = "671--685",
}
@article{allauzen-etal-2014-pushdown,
    title = "Pushdown Automata in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Allauzen, Cyril  and
      Byrne, Bill  and
      Gispert, Adri{\`a} de  and
      Iglesias, Gonzalo  and
      Riley, Michael",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-3008",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00197",
    pages = "687--723",
}
@article{jurafsky-2014-obituary,
    title = "{O}bituary: {C}harles J. {F}illmore",
    author = "Jurafsky, Dan",
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    volume = "40",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-3009",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00201",
    pages = "725--731",
}
@article{cl-2014-linguistics-40-issue-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 40, Issue 4 - {D}ecember 2014",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
}
@article{nn-2014-erratum,
    title = "Erratum",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-4001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_x_00205",
    pages = "1--1",
}
@article{sproat-etal-2014-applications,
    title = "Applications of Lexicographic Semirings to Problems in Speech and Language Processing",
    author = "Sproat, Richard  and
      Yarmohammadi, Mahsa  and
      Shafran, Izhak  and
      Roark, Brian",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-4002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00198",
    pages = "733--761",
}
@article{mairesse-young-2014-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Language Generation in Dialogue using Factored Language Models",
    author = "Mairesse, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Young, Steve",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "4",
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    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-4003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00199",
    pages = "763--799",
}
@article{fernandes-etal-2014-latent,
    title = "Latent Trees for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Fernandes, Eraldo Rezende  and
      dos Santos, C{\'\i}cero Nogueira  and
      Milidi{\'u}, Ruy Luiz",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-4004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00200",
    pages = "801--835",
}
@article{pilehvar-navigli-2014-large,
    title = "A Large-Scale Pseudoword-Based Evaluation Framework for State-of-the-Art Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
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    volume = "40",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
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    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00202",
    pages = "837--881",
}
@article{janarthanam-lemon-2014-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Generation in Dialogue Systems Using Dynamic User Modeling",
    author = "Janarthanam, Srinivasan  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-4006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00203",
    pages = "883--920",
}
@article{prasad-etal-2014-reflections,
    title = "Reflections on the {P}enn Discourse {T}ree{B}ank, Comparable Corpora, and Complementary Annotation",
    author = "Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Webber, Bonnie  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "40",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-4007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00204",
    pages = "921--950",
}
@proceedings{semeval-2016-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    author = "Bethard, Steven  and
      Carpuat, Marine  and
      Cer, Daniel  and
      Jurgens, David  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-etal-2016-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Rosenthal, Sara  and
      Sebastiani, Fabrizio  and
      Stoyanov, Veselin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1001",
    pages = "1--18",
}
@inproceedings{pontiki-etal-2016-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = {Pontiki, Maria  and
      Galanis, Dimitris  and
      Papageorgiou, Haris  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion  and
      Manandhar, Suresh  and
      AL-Smadi, Mohammad  and
      Al-Ayyoub, Mahmoud  and
      Zhao, Yanyan  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      De Clercq, Orph{\'e}e  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Tannier, Xavier  and
      Loukachevitch, Natalia  and
      Kotelnikov, Evgeniy  and
      Bel, Nuria  and
      Jim{\'e}nez-Zafra, Salud Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Eryi{\u{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1002",
    pages = "19--30",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-etal-2016-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2016 Task 6: Detecting Stance in Tweets",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Kiritchenko, Svetlana  and
      Sobhani, Parinaz  and
      Zhu, Xiaodan  and
      Cherry, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1003",
    pages = "31--41",
}
@inproceedings{kiritchenko-etal-2016-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2016 Task 7: Determining Sentiment Intensity of {E}nglish and {A}rabic Phrases",
    author = "Kiritchenko, Svetlana  and
      Mohammad, Saif  and
      Salameh, Mohammad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1004",
    pages = "42--51",
}
@inproceedings{nabil-etal-2016-cufe,
    title = "{CUFE} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: A Gated Recurrent Model for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Nabil, Mahmoud  and
      Atyia, Amir  and
      Aly, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1005",
    pages = "52--57",
}
@inproceedings{da-san-martino-etal-2016-qcri,
    title = "{QCRI} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Probabilistic Methods for Binary and Ordinal Quantification",
    author = "Da San Martino, Giovanni  and
      Gao, Wei  and
      Sebastiani, Fabrizio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1006",
    pages = "58--63",
}
@inproceedings{rabiger-etal-2016-stem,
    title = "{S}te{M} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Applying Active Learning to Improve Sentiment Classification",
    author = {R{\"a}biger, Stefan  and
      Kazmi, Mishal  and
      Sayg{\i}n, Y{\"u}cel  and
      Sch{\"u}ller, Peter  and
      Spiliopoulou, Myra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1007",
    pages = "64--70",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-i2rntu,
    title = "{I}2{RNTU} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Classifier Fusion for Polarity Classification in Twitter",
    author = "Zhang, Zhengchen  and
      Zhang, Chen  and
      Wu, Fuxiang  and
      Huang, Dong-Yan  and
      Lin, Weisi  and
      Dong, Minghui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1008",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@inproceedings{vilares-etal-2016-lys,
    title = "{L}y{S} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Exploiting Neural Activation Values for Twitter Sentiment Classification and Quantification",
    author = "Vilares, David  and
      Doval, Yerai  and
      Alonso, Miguel A.  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1009",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{balikas-amini-2016-twise,
    title = "{T}wi{SE} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Twitter Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Balikas, Georgios  and
      Amini, Massih-Reza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1010",
    pages = "85--91",
}
@inproceedings{esuli-2016-isti,
    title = "{ISTI}-{CNR} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Quantification on an Ordinal Scale",
    author = "Esuli, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1011",
    pages = "92--95",
}
@inproceedings{giorgis-etal-2016-aueb,
    title = "aueb.twitter.sentiment at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: A Weighted Ensemble of {SVM}s for Twitter Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Giorgis, Stavros  and
      Rousas, Apostolos  and
      Pavlopoulos, John  and
      Malakasiotis, Prodromos  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1012",
    pages = "96--99",
}
@inproceedings{yadav-2016-thecerealkiller,
    title = "thecerealkiller at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Deep Learning based System for Classifying Sentiment of Tweets on Two Point Scale",
    author = "Yadav, Vikrant",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1013",
    pages = "100--102",
}
@inproceedings{jahren-etal-2016-ntnusenteval,
    title = "{NTNUS}ent{E}val at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Combining General Classifiers for Fast Twitter Sentiment Analysis",
    author = {Jahren, Brage Ekroll  and
      Fredriksen, Valerij  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Bungum, Lars},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1014",
    pages = "103--108",
}
@inproceedings{castillo-etal-2016-udlap,
    title = "{UDLAP} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Sentiment Quantification Using a Graph Based Representation",
    author = "Castillo, Esteban  and
      Cervantes, Ofelia  and
      Vilari{\~n}o, Darnes  and
      B{\'a}ez, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1015",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{juncal-martinez-etal-2016-gti,
    title = "{GTI} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Training a Naive {B}ayes Classifier using Features of an Unsupervised System",
    author = "Juncal-Mart{\'\i}nez, Jonathan  and
      {\'A}lvarez-L{\'o}pez, Tamara  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez-Gavilanes, Milagros  and
      Costa-Montenegro, Enrique  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-Casta{\~n}o, Francisco Javier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1016",
    pages = "115--119",
}
@inproceedings{du-zhang-2016-aicyber,
    title = "Aicyber at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: i-vector based sentence representation",
    author = "Du, Steven  and
      Zhang, Xi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1017",
    pages = "120--125",
}
@inproceedings{lango-etal-2016-put,
    title = "{PUT} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: The {ABC} of Twitter Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Lango, Mateusz  and
      Brzezinski, Dariusz  and
      Stefanowski, Jerzy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1018",
    pages = "126--132",
}
@inproceedings{cozza-petrocchi-2016-mib,
    title = "mib at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4a: Exploiting lexicon based features for Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Cozza, Vittoria  and
      Petrocchi, Marinella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1019",
    pages = "133--138",
}
@inproceedings{gao-oates-2016-mdsent,
    title = "{MDSENT} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: A Supervised System for Message Polarity Classification",
    author = "Gao, Hang  and
      Oates, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1020",
    pages = "139--144",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-etal-2016-cicbuapnlp,
    title = "{CICBUAP}nlp at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4-A: Discovering Twitter Polarity using Enhanced Embeddings",
    author = "Gomez, Helena  and
      Vilari{\~n}o, Darnes  and
      Sidorov, Grigori  and
      Pinto Avenda{\~n}o, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1021",
    pages = "145--148",
}
@inproceedings{stojanovski-etal-2016-finki,
    title = "Finki at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Deep Learning Architecture for Twitter Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Stojanovski, Dario  and
      Strezoski, Gjorgji  and
      Madjarov, Gjorgji  and
      Dimitrovski, Ivica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1022",
    pages = "149--154",
}
@inproceedings{palogiannidi-etal-2016-tweester,
    title = "Tweester at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter Using Semantic-Affective Model Adaptation",
    author = "Palogiannidi, Elisavet  and
      Kolovou, Athanasia  and
      Christopoulou, Fenia  and
      Kokkinos, Filippos  and
      Iosif, Elias  and
      Malandrakis, Nikolaos  and
      Papageorgiou, Haris  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1023",
    pages = "155--163",
}
@inproceedings{abdelwahab-elmaghraby-2016-uofl,
    title = "{U}of{L} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Multi Domain word2vec for Twitter Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Abdelwahab, Omar  and
      Elmaghraby, Adel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1024",
    pages = "164--170",
}
@inproceedings{karpov-etal-2016-nru,
    title = "{NRU}-{HSE} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Comparative Analysis of Two Iterative Methods Using Quantification Library",
    author = "Karpov, Nikolay  and
      Porshnev, Alexander  and
      Rudakov, Kirill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1025",
    pages = "171--177",
}
@inproceedings{ruder-etal-2016-insight,
    title = "{INSIGHT}-1 at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Convolutional Neural Networks for Sentiment Classification and Quantification",
    author = "Ruder, Sebastian  and
      Ghaffari, Parsa  and
      Breslin, John G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1026",
    pages = "178--182",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2016-unimelb,
    title = "{UNIMELB} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Tasks 4{A} and 4{B}: An Ensemble of Neural Networks and a {W}ord2{V}ec Based Model for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Xu, Steven  and
      Liang, HuiZhi  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1027",
    pages = "183--189",
}
@inproceedings{hamdan-2016-sentisys,
    title = "{S}enti{S}ys at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Feature-Based System for Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Hamdan, Hussam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1028",
    pages = "190--197",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-morant-etal-2016-dsic,
    title = "{DSIC}-{ELIRF} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Message Polarity Classification in Twitter using a Support Vector Machine Approach",
    author = "Martinez Morant, V{\'\i}ctor  and
      Hurtado, LLu{\'\i}s-F.  and
      Pla, Ferran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1029",
    pages = "198--201",
}
@inproceedings{rouvier-favre-2016-sensei,
    title = "{SENSEI}-{LIF} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Polarity embedding fusion for robust sentiment analysis",
    author = "Rouvier, Mickael  and
      Favre, Benoit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1030",
    pages = "202--208",
}
@inproceedings{sarker-gonzalez-2016-diegolab16,
    title = "{D}iego{L}ab16 at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter using Centroids, Clusters, and Sentiment Lexicons",
    author = "Sarker, Abeed  and
      Gonzalez, Graciela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1031",
    pages = "209--214",
}
@inproceedings{briones-etal-2016-vcu,
    title = "{VCU}-{TSA} at {S}emeval-2016 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Briones, Gerard  and
      Amarasinghe, Kasun  and
      McInnes, Bridget",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1032",
    pages = "215--219",
}
@inproceedings{attardi-sartiano-2016-unipi,
    title = "{U}ni{PI} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Convolutional Neural Networks for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Attardi, Giuseppe  and
      Sartiano, Daniele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1033",
    pages = "220--224",
}
@inproceedings{friedrichs-2016-iip,
    title = "{IIP} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Prioritizing Classes in Ensemble Classification for Sentiment Analysis of Tweets",
    author = "Friedrichs, Jasper",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1034",
    pages = "225--229",
}
@inproceedings{sidarenka-2016-potts-semeval,
    title = "{P}ot{TS} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis of Twitter Using Character-level Convolutional Neural Networks.",
    author = "Sidarenka, Uladzimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1035",
    pages = "230--237",
}
@inproceedings{amir-etal-2016-inesc,
    title = "{INESC}-{ID} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4-A: Reducing the Problem of Out-of-Embedding Words",
    author = "Amir, Silvio  and
      Astudillo, Ramon  and
      Ling, Wang  and
      Silva, M{\'a}rio J.  and
      Trancoso, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1036",
    pages = "238--242",
}
@inproceedings{florean-etal-2016-sentimentalitsts,
    title = "{S}entimental{IT}sts at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: building a Twitter sentiment analyzer in your backyard",
    author = "Florean, Cosmin  and
      Bejenaru, Oana  and
      Apostol, Eduard  and
      Ciobanu, Octavian  and
      Iftene, Adrian  and
      Trandab{\u{a}}{\c{t}}, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1037",
    pages = "243--246",
}
@inproceedings{ciubotariu-etal-2016-minions,
    title = "Minions at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: or how to build a sentiment analyzer using off-the-shelf resources?",
    author = "Ciubotariu, C{\u{a}}lin-Cristian  and
      Hri{\c{s}}ca, Marius-Valentin  and
      Gliga, Mihail  and
      Daraban{\u{a}}, Diana  and
      Trandab{\u{a}}{\c{t}}, Diana  and
      Iftene, Adrian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1038",
    pages = "247--250",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2016-yzu,
    title = "{YZU}-{NLP} Team at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Ordinal Sentiment Classification Using a Recurrent Convolutional Network",
    author = "He, Yunchao  and
      Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Yang, Chin-Sheng  and
      Lai, K. Robert  and
      Liu, Weiyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1039",
    pages = "251--255",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2016-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: An Empirical Investigation of Traditional {NLP} Features and Word Embedding Features for Sentence-level and Topic-level Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Zhou, Yunxiao  and
      Zhang, Zhihua  and
      Lan, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1040",
    pages = "256--261",
}
@inproceedings{balahur-2016-opal,
    title = "{OPAL} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: the Challenge of Porting a Sentiment Analysis System to the {``}Real{''} World",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1041",
    pages = "262--265",
}
@inproceedings{falk-etal-2016-know,
    title = "Know-Center at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Using Word Vectors with Typed Dependencies for Opinion Target Expression Extraction",
    author = "Falk, Stefan  and
      Rexha, Andi  and
      Kern, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1042",
    pages = "266--270",
}
@inproceedings{khalil-el-beltagy-2016-niletmrg,
    title = "{N}ile{TMRG} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Aspect Category and Sentiment Extraction",
    author = "Khalil, Talaat  and
      El-Beltagy, Samhaa R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1043",
    pages = "271--276",
}
@inproceedings{brun-etal-2016-xrce,
    title = "{XRCE} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Feedbacked Ensemble Modeling on Syntactico-Semantic Knowledge for Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Brun, Caroline  and
      Perez, Julien  and
      Roux, Claude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1044",
    pages = "277--281",
}
@inproceedings{toh-su-2016-nlangp,
    title = "{NLANGP} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Improving Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis using Neural Network Features",
    author = "Toh, Zhiqiang  and
      Su, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1045",
    pages = "282--288",
}
@inproceedings{yanase-etal-2016-bunji,
    title = "bunji at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Neural and Syntactic Models of Entity-Attribute Relationship for Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Yanase, Toshihiko  and
      Yanai, Kohsuke  and
      Sato, Misa  and
      Miyoshi, Toshinori  and
      Niwa, Yoshiki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1046",
    pages = "289--295",
}
@inproceedings{chernyshevich-2016-ihs,
    title = "{IHS}-{RD}-Belarus at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Detecting Sentiment Polarity Using the Heatmap of Sentence",
    author = "Chernyshevich, Maryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1047",
    pages = "296--300",
}
@inproceedings{machacek-2016-butknot,
    title = "{BUT}knot at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Supervised Machine Learning with Term Substitution Approach in Aspect Category Detection",
    author = "Mach{\'a}{\v{c}}ek, Jakub",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1048",
    pages = "301--305",
}
@inproceedings{alvarez-lopez-etal-2016-gti,
    title = "{GTI} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: {SVM} and {CRF} for Aspect Detection and Unsupervised Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "{\'A}lvarez-L{\'o}pez, Tamara  and
      Juncal-Mart{\'\i}nez, Jonathan  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez-Gavilanes, Milagros  and
      Costa-Montenegro, Enrique  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-Casta{\~n}o, Francisco Javier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1049",
    pages = "306--311",
}
@inproceedings{xenos-etal-2016-aueb,
    title = "{AUEB}-{ABSA} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Ensembles of Classifiers and Embeddings for Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Xenos, Dionysios  and
      Theodorakakos, Panagiotis  and
      Pavlopoulos, John  and
      Malakasiotis, Prodromos  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1050",
    pages = "312--317",
}
@inproceedings{pateria-choubey-2016-aktski,
    title = "{AKTSKI} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis for Consumer Reviews",
    author = "Pateria, Shubham  and
      Choubey, Prafulla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1051",
    pages = "318--324",
}
@inproceedings{mayorov-andrianov-2016-mayand,
    title = "{M}ay{A}nd at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Syntactic and word2vec-based approach to aspect-based polarity detection in {R}ussian",
    author = "Mayorov, Vladimir  and
      Andrianov, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1052",
    pages = "325--329",
}
@inproceedings{ruder-etal-2016-insight-1,
    title = "{INSIGHT}-1 at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Deep Learning for Multilingual Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Ruder, Sebastian  and
      Ghaffari, Parsa  and
      Breslin, John G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1053",
    pages = "330--336",
}
@inproceedings{cetin-etal-2016-tgb,
    title = "{TGB} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Multi-Lingual Constraint System for Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = {{\c{C}}etin, Fatih Samet  and
      Y{\i}ld{\i}r{\i}m, Ezgi  and
      {\"O}zbey, Can  and
      Eryi{\u{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1054",
    pages = "337--341",
}
@inproceedings{hercig-etal-2016-uwb,
    title = "{UWB} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Hercig, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Brychc{\'\i}n, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Svoboda, Luk{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Konkol, Michal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1055",
    pages = "342--349",
}
@inproceedings{hamdan-2016-sentisys-semeval,
    title = "{S}enti{S}ys at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Opinion Target Extraction and Sentiment Polarity Detection",
    author = "Hamdan, Hussam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1056",
    pages = "350--355",
}
@inproceedings{schouten-frasincar-2016-commit,
    title = "{COMMIT} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Sentiment Analysis with Rhetorical Structure Theory",
    author = "Schouten, Kim  and
      Frasincar, Flavius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1057",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1057",
    pages = "356--360",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2016-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Extracting Effective Features from Relevant Fragments in Sentence for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis in Reviews",
    author = "Jiang, Mengxiao  and
      Zhang, Zhihua  and
      Lan, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1058",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1058",
    pages = "361--366",
}
@inproceedings{tamchyna-veselovska-2016-ufal,
    title = "{UFAL} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Recurrent Neural Networks for Sentence Classification",
    author = "Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}  and
      Veselovsk{\'a}, Kate{\v{r}}ina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1059",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1059",
    pages = "367--371",
}
@inproceedings{vechtomova-he-2016-uwaterloo,
    title = "{UW}aterloo at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Minimally Supervised Approaches to Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Vechtomova, Olga  and
      He, Anni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1060",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1060",
    pages = "372--377",
}
@inproceedings{dias-becker-2016-inf,
    title = "{INF}-{UFRGS}-{OPINION}-{MINING} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 6: Automatic Generation of a Training Corpus for Unsupervised Identification of Stance in Tweets",
    author = "Dias, Marcelo  and
      Becker, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1061",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1061",
    pages = "378--383",
}
@inproceedings{wei-etal-2016-pkudblab,
    title = "pkudblab at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 6 : A Specific Convolutional Neural Network System for Effective Stance Detection",
    author = "Wei, Wan  and
      Zhang, Xiao  and
      Liu, Xuqin  and
      Chen, Wei  and
      Wang, Tengjiao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1062",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1062",
    pages = "384--388",
}
@inproceedings{augenstein-etal-2016-usfd,
    title = "{USFD} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 6: Any-Target Stance Detection on Twitter with Autoencoders",
    author = "Augenstein, Isabelle  and
      Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1063",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1063",
    pages = "389--393",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-iucl,
    title = "{IUCL} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 6: An Ensemble Model for Stance Detection in Twitter",
    author = {Liu, Can  and
      Li, Wen  and
      Demarest, Bradford  and
      Chen, Yue  and
      Couture, Sara  and
      Dakota, Daniel  and
      Haduong, Nikita  and
      Kaufman, Noah  and
      Lamont, Andrew  and
      Pancholi, Manan  and
      Steimel, Kenneth  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1064",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1064",
    pages = "394--400",
}
@inproceedings{igarashi-etal-2016-tohoku,
    title = "Tohoku at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 6: Feature-based Model versus Convolutional Neural Network for Stance Detection",
    author = "Igarashi, Yuki  and
      Komatsu, Hiroya  and
      Kobayashi, Sosuke  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1065",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1065",
    pages = "401--407",
}
@inproceedings{krejzl-steinberger-2016-uwb,
    title = "{UWB} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 6: Stance Detection",
    author = "Krejzl, Peter  and
      Steinberger, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1066",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1066",
    pages = "408--412",
}
@inproceedings{vijayaraghavan-etal-2016-deepstance,
    title = "{D}eep{S}tance at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 6: Detecting Stance in Tweets Using Character and Word-Level {CNN}s",
    author = "Vijayaraghavan, Prashanth  and
      Sysoev, Ivan  and
      Vosoughi, Soroush  and
      Roy, Deb",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1067",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1067",
    pages = "413--419",
}
@inproceedings{misra-etal-2016-nlds,
    title = "{NLDS}-{UCSC} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 6: A Semi-Supervised Approach to Detecting Stance in Tweets",
    author = "Misra, Amita  and
      Ecker, Brian  and
      Handleman, Theodore  and
      Hahn, Nicolas  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1068",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1068",
    pages = "420--427",
}
@inproceedings{wojatzki-zesch-2016-ltl,
    title = "ltl.uni-due at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 6: Stance Detection in Social Media Using Stacked Classifiers",
    author = "Wojatzki, Michael  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1069",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1069",
    pages = "428--433",
}
@inproceedings{elfardy-diab-2016-cu,
    title = "{CU}-{GWU} Perspective at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 6: Ideological Stance Detection in Informal Text",
    author = "Elfardy, Heba  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1070",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1070",
    pages = "434--439",
}
@inproceedings{patra-etal-2016-ju,
    title = "{JU}{\_}{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 6: Detecting Stance in Tweets using Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Patra, Braja Gopal  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1071",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1071",
    pages = "440--444",
}
@inproceedings{bohler-etal-2016-idi,
    title = "{IDI}@{NTNU} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 6: Detecting Stance in Tweets Using Shallow Features and {G}lo{V}e Vectors for Word Representation",
    author = "B{\o}hler, Henrik  and
      Asla, Petter  and
      Marsi, Erwin  and
      S{\ae}tre, Rune",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1072",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1072",
    pages = "445--450",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-lan-2016-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU} at {S}em{E}val 2016 Task 6: Relevant or Not? Supportive or Not? A Two-step Learning System for Automatic Detecting Stance in Tweets",
    author = "Zhang, Zhihua  and
      Lan, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1073",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1073",
    pages = "451--457",
}
@inproceedings{zarrella-marsh-2016-mitre,
    title = "{MITRE} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 6: Transfer Learning for Stance Detection",
    author = "Zarrella, Guido  and
      Marsh, Amy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1074",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1074",
    pages = "458--463",
}
@inproceedings{tutek-etal-2016-takelab,
    title = "{T}ake{L}ab at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 6: Stance Classification in Tweets Using a Genetic Algorithm Based Ensemble",
    author = "Tutek, Martin  and
      Sekuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Gombar, Paula  and
      Paljak, Ivan  and
      {\v{C}}ulinovi{\'c}, Filip  and
      Boltu{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Filip  and
      Karan, Mladen  and
      Alagi{\'c}, Domagoj  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1075",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1075",
    pages = "464--468",
}
@inproceedings{htait-etal-2016-lsis,
    title = "{LSIS} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 7: Using Web Search Engines for {E}nglish and {A}rabic Unsupervised Sentiment Intensity Prediction",
    author = "Htait, Amal  and
      Fournier, Sebastien  and
      Bellot, Patrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1076",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1076",
    pages = "469--473",
}
@inproceedings{refaee-rieser-2016-ilab,
    title = "i{L}ab-{E}dinburgh at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 7: A Hybrid Approach for Determining Sentiment Intensity of {A}rabic Twitter Phrases",
    author = "Refaee, Eshrag  and
      Rieser, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1077",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1077",
    pages = "474--480",
}
@inproceedings{lenc-etal-2016-uwb,
    title = "{UWB} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 7: Novel Method for Automatic Sentiment Intensity Determination",
    author = "Lenc, Ladislav  and
      Kr{\'a}l, Pavel  and
      Rajtmajer, V{\'a}clav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1078",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1078",
    pages = "481--485",
}
@inproceedings{el-beltagy-2016-niletmrg,
    title = "{N}ile{TMRG} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 7: Deriving Prior Polarities for {A}rabic Sentiment Terms",
    author = "El-Beltagy, Samhaa R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1079",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1079",
    pages = "486--490",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 7: An Enhanced Supervised Learning Method for Lexicon Sentiment Intensity Ranking",
    author = "Wang, Feixiang  and
      Zhang, Zhihua  and
      Lan, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1080",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1080",
    pages = "491--496",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2016-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity, Monolingual and Cross-Lingual Evaluation",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Banea, Carmen  and
      Cer, Daniel  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Gonzalez-Agirre, Aitor  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1081",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1081",
    pages = "497--511",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2016-semeval-2016,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2016 Task 2: Interpretable Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Gonzalez-Agirre, Aitor  and
      Lopez-Gazpio, I{\~n}igo  and
      Maritxalar, Montse  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Uria, Larraitz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1082",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1082",
    pages = "512--524",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-etal-2016-semeval-2016,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2016 Task 3: Community Question Answering",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Magdy, Walid  and
      Mubarak, Hamdy  and
      Freihat, Abed Alhakim  and
      Glass, Jim  and
      Randeree, Bilal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1083",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1083",
    pages = "525--545",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-etal-2016-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2016 Task 10: Detecting Minimal Semantic Units and their Meanings ({D}i{MSUM})",
    author = "Schneider, Nathan  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      Johannsen, Anders  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1084",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1084",
    pages = "546--559",
}
@inproceedings{paetzold-specia-2016-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val 2016 Task 11: Complex Word Identification",
    author = "Paetzold, Gustavo  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1085",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1085",
    pages = "560--569",
}
@inproceedings{ataman-etal-2016-fbk,
    title = "{FBK} {HLT}-{MT} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Cross-lingual Semantic Similarity Measurement Using Quality Estimation Features and Compositional Bilingual Word Embeddings",
    author = "Ataman, Duygu  and
      C. de Souza, Jos{\'e} G.  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Negri, Matteo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1086",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1086",
    pages = "570--576",
}
@inproceedings{henry-sands-2016-vrep,
    title = "{VR}ep at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1 and Task 2: A System for Interpretable Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Henry, Sam  and
      Sands, Allison",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1087",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1087",
    pages = "577--583",
}
@inproceedings{li-huang-2016-uta,
    title = "{UTA} {DLNLP} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity: A Unified Framework for Semantic Processing and Evaluation",
    author = "Li, Peng  and
      Huang, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1088",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1088",
    pages = "584--587",
}
@inproceedings{brychcin-svoboda-2016-uwb,
    title = "{UWB} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity using Lexical, Syntactic, and Semantic Information",
    author = "Brychc{\'\i}n, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Svoboda, Luk{\'a}{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1089",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1089",
    pages = "588--594",
}
@inproceedings{liebeck-etal-2016-hhu,
    title = "{HHU} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Multiple Approaches to Measuring Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Liebeck, Matthias  and
      Pollack, Philipp  and
      Modaresi, Pashutan  and
      Conrad, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1090",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1090",
    pages = "595--601",
}
@inproceedings{rychalska-etal-2016-samsung,
    title = "{S}amsung Poland {NLP} Team at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Necessity for diversity; combining recursive autoencoders, {W}ord{N}et and ensemble methods to measure semantic similarity.",
    author = "Rychalska, Barbara  and
      Pakulska, Katarzyna  and
      Chodorowska, Krystyna  and
      Walczak, Wojciech  and
      Andruszkiewicz, Piotr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1091",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1091",
    pages = "602--608",
}
@inproceedings{aker-etal-2016-usfd,
    title = "{USFD} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Putting different State-of-the-Arts into a Box",
    author = "Aker, Ahmet  and
      Blain, Frederic  and
      Duque, Andres  and
      Fomicheva, Marina  and
      Seva, Jurica  and
      Shah, Kashif  and
      Beck, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1092",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1092",
    pages = "609--613",
}
@inproceedings{przybyla-etal-2016-nactem,
    title = "{N}a{CT}e{M} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Inferring sentence-level semantic similarity from an ensemble of complementary lexical and sentence-level features",
    author = "Przyby{\l}a, Piotr  and
      Nguyen, Nhung T. H.  and
      Shardlow, Matthew  and
      Kontonatsios, Georgios  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1093",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1093",
    pages = "614--620",
}
@inproceedings{tian-lan-2016-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Leveraging Word Embedding From Macro and Micro Views to Boost Performance for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Tian, Junfeng  and
      Lan, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1094",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1094",
    pages = "621--627",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2016-saarsheff,
    title = "{SAARSHEFF} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity with Machine Translation Evaluation Metrics and (e{X}treme) Boosted Tree Ensembles",
    author = "Tan, Liling  and
      Scarton, Carolina  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1095",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1095",
    pages = "628--633",
}
@inproceedings{bechara-etal-2016-wolvesaar,
    title = "{WOLVESAAR} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Replicating the Success of Monolingual Word Alignment and Neural Embeddings for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Bechara, Hannah  and
      Gupta, Rohit  and
      Tan, Liling  and
      Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1096",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1096",
    pages = "634--639",
}
@inproceedings{banjade-etal-2016-dtsim,
    title = "{DTS}im at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Semantic Similarity Model Including Multi-Level Alignment and Vector-Based Compositional Semantics",
    author = "Banjade, Rajendra  and
      Maharjan, Nabin  and
      Gautam, Dipesh  and
      Rus, Vasile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1097",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1097",
    pages = "640--644",
}
@inproceedings{fu-etal-2016-iscas,
    title = "{ISCAS}{\_}{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Sentence Similarity Based on Support Vector Regression using Multiple Features",
    author = "Fu, Cheng  and
      An, Bo  and
      Han, Xianpei  and
      Sun, Le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1098",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1098",
    pages = "645--649",
}
@inproceedings{sultan-etal-2016-dls,
    title = "{DLS}@{CU} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Supervised Models of Sentence Similarity",
    author = "Sultan, Md Arafat  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Sumner, Tamara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1099",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1099",
    pages = "650--655",
}
@inproceedings{hokamp-arora-2016-dcu,
    title = "{DCU}-{SEM}aniacs at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Synthetic Paragram Embeddings for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Hokamp, Chris  and
      Arora, Piyush",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1100",
    pages = "656--662",
}
@inproceedings{aldarmaki-diab-2016-gwu,
    title = "{GWU} {NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Shared Task 1: Matrix Factorization for Crosslingual {STS}",
    author = "Aldarmaki, Hanan  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1101",
    pages = "663--667",
}
@inproceedings{lo-etal-2016-cnrc,
    title = "{CNRC} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Experiments in Crosslingual Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Goutte, Cyril  and
      Simard, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1102",
    pages = "668--673",
}
@inproceedings{afzal-etal-2016-mayonlp,
    title = "{M}ayo{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity based on Lexical Semantic Net and Deep Learning Semantic Model",
    author = "Afzal, Naveed  and
      Wang, Yanshan  and
      Liu, Hongfang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1103",
    pages = "674--679",
}
@inproceedings{tayyar-madabushi-etal-2016-uob,
    title = "{U}o{B}-{UK} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: A Flexible and Extendable System for Semantic Text Similarity using Types, Surprise and Phrase Linking",
    author = "Tayyar Madabushi, Harish  and
      Buhagiar, Mark  and
      Lee, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1104",
    pages = "680--685",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2016-bit,
    title = "{BIT} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Sentence Similarity Based on Alignments and Vector with the Weight of Information Content",
    author = "Wu, Hao  and
      Huang, Heyan  and
      Lu, Wenpeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1105",
    pages = "686--690",
}
@inproceedings{itoh-2016-ricoh,
    title = "{RICOH} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: {IR}-based Semantic Textual Similarity Estimation",
    author = "Itoh, Hideo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1106",
    pages = "691--695",
}
@inproceedings{beliuha-chernyshevich-2016-ihs,
    title = "{IHS}-{RD}-Belarus at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Multistage Approach for Measuring Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Beliuha, Maryna  and
      Chernyshevich, Maryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1107",
    pages = "696--701",
}
@inproceedings{sarkar-etal-2016-junitmz,
    title = "{JUNITMZ} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Identifying Semantic Similarity Using {L}evenshtein Ratio",
    author = "Sarkar, Sandip  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Pakray, Partha  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1108",
    pages = "702--705",
}
@inproceedings{ganesh-hb-etal-2016-amrita,
    title = "{A}mrita{\_}{CEN} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Semantic Relation from Word Embeddings in Higher Dimension",
    author = "Ganesh HB, Barathi  and
      M, Anand Kumar  and
      KP, Soman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1109",
    pages = "706--711",
}
@inproceedings{mccrae-etal-2016-nuig,
    title = "{NUIG}-{UNLP} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Soft Alignment and Deep Learning for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "McCrae, John Philip  and
      Asooja, Kartik  and
      Aggarwal, Nitish  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1110",
    pages = "712--717",
}
@inproceedings{adebayo-etal-2016-normas,
    title = "{NORMAS} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: {SEMSIM}: A Multi-Feature Approach to Semantic Text Similarity",
    author = "Adebayo, Kolawole  and
      Di Caro, Luigi  and
      Boella, Guido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1111",
    pages = "718--725",
}
@inproceedings{lightgow-serrano-etal-2016-lipn,
    title = "{LIPN}-{IIMAS} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Random Forest Regression Experiments on Align-and-Differentiate and Word Embeddings penalizing strategies",
    author = "Lightgow Serrano, Oscar William  and
      Meza Ruiz, Ivan Vladimir  and
      Orozco Camacho, Albert Manuel  and
      Garcia Flores, Jorge  and
      Buscaldi, Davide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1112",
    pages = "726--731",
}
@inproceedings{king-etal-2016-unbnlp,
    title = "{UNBNLP} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity: A Unified Framework for Semantic Processing and Evaluation",
    author = "King, Milton  and
      Gharbieh, Waseem  and
      Park, SoHyun  and
      Cook, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1113",
    pages = "732--735",
}
@inproceedings{eyecioglu-keller-2016-asobek,
    title = "{ASOBEK} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Sentence Representation with Character N-gram Embeddings for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Eyecioglu, Asli  and
      Keller, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1114",
    pages = "736--740",
}
@inproceedings{potash-etal-2016-simihawk,
    title = "{S}imi{H}awk at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: A Deep Ensemble System for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Potash, Peter  and
      Boag, William  and
      Romanov, Alexey  and
      Ramanishka, Vasili  and
      Rumshisky, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1115",
    pages = "741--748",
}
@inproceedings{jimenez-2016-sergiojimenez,
    title = "{SERGIOJIMENEZ} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Effectively Combining Paraphrase Database, String Matching, {W}ord{N}et, and Word Embedding for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Jimenez, Sergio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1116",
    pages = "749--757",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-2016-rtm,
    title = "{RTM} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Predicting Semantic Similarity with Referential Translation Machines and Related Statistics",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1117",
    pages = "758--764",
}
@inproceedings{mei-etal-2016-dalgtm,
    title = "{D}al{GTM} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Importance-Aware Compositional Approach to Short Text Similarity",
    author = "Mei, Jie  and
      Islam, Aminul  and
      Milios, Evangelos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1118",
    pages = "765--770",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-gazpio-etal-2016-iubc,
    title = "i{UBC} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 2: {RNN}s and {LSTM}s for interpretable {STS}",
    author = "Lopez-Gazpio, I{\~n}igo  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Maritxalar, Montse",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1119",
    pages = "771--776",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2016-rev,
    title = "Rev at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 2: Aligning Chunks by Lexical, Part of Speech and Semantic Equivalence",
    author = "Tan, Ping  and
      Verspoor, Karin  and
      Miller, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1120",
    pages = "777--782",
}
@inproceedings{magnolini-etal-2016-fbk,
    title = "{FBK}-{HLT}-{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 2: A Multitask, Deep Learning Approach for Interpretable Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Magnolini, Simone  and
      Feltracco, Anna  and
      Magnini, Bernardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1121",
    pages = "783--789",
}
@inproceedings{tekumalla-jat-2016-iiscnlp,
    title = "{IISCNLP} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 2: Interpretable {STS} with {ILP} based Multiple Chunk Aligner",
    author = "Tekumalla, Lavanya  and
      Jat, Sharmistha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1122",
    pages = "790--795",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-2016-venseseval,
    title = "{VENSESEVAL} at {S}emeval-2016 Task 2 i{STS} - with a full-fledged rule-based approach",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1123",
    pages = "796--802",
}
@inproceedings{konopik-etal-2016-uwb,
    title = "{UWB} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 2: Interpretable Semantic Textual Similarity with Distributional Semantics for Chunks",
    author = "Konop{\'\i}k, Miloslav  and
      Pra{\v{z}}{\'a}k, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Steinberger, David  and
      Brychc{\'\i}n, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1124",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1124",
    pages = "803--808",
}
@inproceedings{banjade-etal-2016-dtsim-semeval,
    title = "{DTS}im at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 2: Interpreting Similarity of Texts Based on Automated Chunking, Chunk Alignment and Semantic Relation Prediction",
    author = "Banjade, Rajendra  and
      Maharjan, Nabin  and
      Niraula, Nobal Bikram  and
      Rus, Vasile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1125",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1125",
    pages = "809--813",
}
@inproceedings{franco-salvador-etal-2016-uh,
    title = "{UH}-{PRHLT} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 3: Combining Lexical and Semantic-based Features for Community Question Answering",
    author = "Franco-Salvador, Marc  and
      Kar, Sudipta  and
      Solorio, Thamar  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1126",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1126",
    pages = "814--821",
}
@inproceedings{magooda-etal-2016-rdi,
    title = "{RDI}{\_}{T}eam at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 3: {RDI} Unsupervised Framework for Text Ranking",
    author = "Magooda, Ahmed  and
      Gomaa, Amr  and
      Mahgoub, Ashraf  and
      Ahmed, Hany  and
      Rashwan, Mohsen  and
      Raafat, Hazem  and
      Kamal, Eslam  and
      Al Sallab, Ahmad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1127",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1127",
    pages = "822--827",
}
@inproceedings{mohtarami-etal-2016-sls,
    title = "{SLS} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 3: Neural-based Approaches for Ranking in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Mohtarami, Mitra  and
      Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      Hsu, Wei-Ning  and
      Zhang, Yu  and
      Lei, Tao  and
      Bar, Kfir  and
      Cyphers, Scott  and
      Glass, Jim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1128",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1128",
    pages = "828--835",
}
@inproceedings{mihaylova-etal-2016-super,
    title = "{SU}per Team at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 3: Building a Feature-Rich System for Community Question Answering",
    author = "Mihaylova, Tsvetomila  and
      Gencheva, Pepa  and
      Boyanov, Martin  and
      Yovcheva, Ivana  and
      Mihaylov, Todor  and
      Hardalov, Momchil  and
      Kiprov, Yasen  and
      Balchev, Daniel  and
      Koychev, Ivan  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Nikolova, Ivelina  and
      Angelova, Galia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1129",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1129",
    pages = "836--843",
}
@inproceedings{balchev-etal-2016-pmi,
    title = "{PMI}-cool at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 3: Experiments with {PMI} and Goodness Polarity Lexicons for Community Question Answering",
    author = "Balchev, Daniel  and
      Kiprov, Yasen  and
      Koychev, Ivan  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1130",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1130",
    pages = "844--850",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-etal-2016-unimelb,
    title = "{U}ni{M}elb at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 3: Identifying Similar Questions by combining a {CNN} with String Similarity Measures",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Liang, Huizhi  and
      Salehi, Bahar  and
      Hoogeveen, Doris  and
      Li, Yitong  and
      Duong, Long",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1131",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1131",
    pages = "851--856",
}
@inproceedings{wu-zhang-2016-icl00,
    title = "{ICL}00 at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 3: Translation-Based Method for {CQA} System",
    author = "Wu, Yunfang  and
      Zhang, Minghua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1132",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1132",
    pages = "857--860",
}
@inproceedings{wang-poupart-2016-overfitting,
    title = "Overfitting at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 3: Detecting Semantically Similar Questions in Community Question Answering Forums with Word Embeddings",
    author = "Wang, Hujie  and
      Poupart, Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1133",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1133",
    pages = "861--865",
}
@inproceedings{malhas-etal-2016-qu,
    title = "{QU}-{IR} at {S}em{E}val 2016 Task 3: Learning to Rank on {A}rabic Community Question Answering Forums with Word Embedding",
    author = "Malhas, Rana  and
      Torki, Marwan  and
      Elsayed, Tamer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1134",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1134",
    pages = "866--871",
}
@inproceedings{wu-lan-2016-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 3: Exploring Traditional Method and Deep Learning Method for Question Retrieval and Answer Ranking in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Wu, Guoshun  and
      Lan, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1135",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1135",
    pages = "872--878",
}
@inproceedings{mihaylov-nakov-2016-semanticz,
    title = "{S}emantic{Z} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 3: Ranking Relevant Answers in Community Question Answering Using Semantic Similarity Based on Fine-tuned Word Embeddings",
    author = "Mihaylov, Todor  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1136",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1136",
    pages = "879--886",
}
@inproceedings{guzman-etal-2016-mte,
    title = "{MTE}-{NN} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 3: Can Machine Translation Evaluation Help Community Question Answering?",
    author = "Guzm{\'a}n, Francisco  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1137",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1137",
    pages = "887--895",
}
@inproceedings{barron-cedeno-etal-2016-convkn,
    title = "{C}onv{KN} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 3: Answer and Question Selection for Question Answering on {A}rabic and {E}nglish Fora",
    author = "Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto  and
      Da San Martino, Giovanni  and
      Joty, Shafiq  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Al Obaidli, Fahad  and
      Romeo, Salvatore  and
      Tymoshenko, Kateryna  and
      Uva, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1138",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1138",
    pages = "896--903",
}
@inproceedings{jia-2016-itnlp,
    title = "{ITNLP}-{A}i{KF} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 3 a quesiton answering system using community {QA} repository",
    author = "Jia, Chang{'}e",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1139",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1139",
    pages = "904--909",
}
@inproceedings{cordeiro-etal-2016-ufrgs,
    title = "{UFRGS}{\&}{LIF} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 10: Rule-Based {MWE} Identification and Predominant-Supersense Tagging",
    author = "Cordeiro, Silvio  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1140",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1140",
    pages = "910--917",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2016-whunlp,
    title = "{WHUN}lp at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task {D}i{MSUM}: A Pilot Study in Detecting Minimal Semantic Units and their Meanings using Supervised Models",
    author = "Tang, Xin  and
      Li, Fei  and
      Ji, Donghong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1141",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1141",
    pages = "918--924",
}
@inproceedings{bjorne-salakoski-2016-utu,
    title = "{UTU} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 10: Binary Classification for Expression Detection ({BCED})",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rne, Jari  and
      Salakoski, Tapio},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1142",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1142",
    pages = "925--930",
}
@inproceedings{hosseini-etal-2016-uw,
    title = "{UW}-{CSE} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 10: Detecting Multiword Expressions and Supersenses using Double-Chained Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Hosseini, Mohammad Javad  and
      Smith, Noah A.  and
      Lee, Su-In",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1143",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1143",
    pages = "931--936",
}
@inproceedings{kirilin-etal-2016-icl,
    title = "{ICL}-{HD} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 10: Improving the Detection of Minimal Semantic Units and their Meanings with an Ontology and Word Embeddings",
    author = "Kirilin, Angelika  and
      Krauss, Felix  and
      Versley, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1144",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1144",
    pages = "937--945",
}
@inproceedings{scherbakov-etal-2016-vectorweavers,
    title = "{V}ector{W}eavers at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 10: From Incremental Meaning to Semantic Unit (phrase by phrase)",
    author = "Scherbakov, Andreas  and
      Vylomova, Ekaterina  and
      Liu, Fei  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1145",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1145",
    pages = "946--952",
}
@inproceedings{wrobel-2016-plujagh,
    title = "{PLUJAGH} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 11: Simple System for Complex Word Identification",
    author = "Wr{\'o}bel, Krzysztof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1146",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1146",
    pages = "953--957",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-martinez-tan-2016-usaar,
    title = "{USAAR} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 11: Complex Word Identification with Sense Entropy and Sentence Perplexity",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez Mart{\'\i}nez, Jos{\'e} Manuel  and
      Tan, Liling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1147",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1147",
    pages = "958--962",
}
@inproceedings{nat-2016-sensible,
    title = "Sensible at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 11: Neural Nonsense Mangled in Ensemble Mess",
    author = "Nat, Gillin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1148",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1148",
    pages = "963--968",
}
@inproceedings{paetzold-specia-2016-sv000gg,
    title = "{SV}000gg at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 11: Heavy Gauge Complex Word Identification with System Voting",
    author = "Paetzold, Gustavo  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1149",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1149",
    pages = "969--974",
}
@inproceedings{brooke-etal-2016-melbourne,
    title = "{M}elbourne at {S}em{E}val 2016 Task 11: Classifying Type-level Word Complexity using Random Forests with Corpus and Word List Features",
    author = "Brooke, Julian  and
      Uitdenbogerd, Alexandra  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1150",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1150",
    pages = "975--981",
}
@inproceedings{davoodi-kosseim-2016-clac,
    title = "{CL}a{C} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 11: Exploring linguistic and psycho-linguistic Features for Complex Word Identification",
    author = "Davoodi, Elnaz  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1151",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1151",
    pages = "982--985",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-etal-2016-ju,
    title = "{JU}{\_}{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 11: Identifying Complex Words in a Sentence",
    author = "Mukherjee, Niloy  and
      Patra, Braja Gopal  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1152",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1152",
    pages = "986--990",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-zampieri-2016-maza,
    title = "{MAZA} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 11: Detecting Lexical Complexity Using a Decision Stump Meta-Classifier",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Zampieri, Marcos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1153",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1153",
    pages = "991--995",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-etal-2016-ltg,
    title = "{LTG} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 11: Complex Word Identification with Classifier Ensembles",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Zampieri, Marcos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1154",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1154",
    pages = "996--1000",
}
@inproceedings{zampieri-etal-2016-macsaar,
    title = "{M}ac{S}aar at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 11: {Z}ipfian and Character Features for {C}omplex{W}ord Identification",
    author = "Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Tan, Liling  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1155",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1155",
    pages = "1001--1005",
}
@inproceedings{choubey-pateria-2016-garuda,
    title = "Garuda {\&} {B}hasha at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 11: Complex Word Identification Using Aggregated Learning Models",
    author = "Choubey, Prafulla  and
      Pateria, Shubham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1156",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1156",
    pages = "1006--1010",
}
@inproceedings{ronzano-etal-2016-taln,
    title = "{TALN} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 11: Modelling Complex Words by Contextual, Lexical and Semantic Features",
    author = "Ronzano, Francesco  and
      Abura{'}ed, Ahmed  and
      Espinosa-Anke, Luis  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1157",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1157",
    pages = "1011--1016",
}
@inproceedings{palakurthi-mamidi-2016-iiit,
    title = "{IIIT} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 11: Complex Word Identification using Nearest Centroid Classification",
    author = "Palakurthi, Ashish  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1158",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1158",
    pages = "1017--1021",
}
@inproceedings{s-p-etal-2016-amritacen,
    title = "{A}mrita{CEN} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 11: Complex Word Identification using Word Embedding",
    author = "S.P, Sanjay  and
      Kumar M, Anand  and
      K P, Soman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1159",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1159",
    pages = "1022--1027",
}
@inproceedings{bingel-etal-2016-coastalcph,
    title = "{C}oastal{CPH} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 11: The importance of designing your Neural Networks right",
    author = "Bingel, Joachim  and
      Schluter, Natalie  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1160",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1160",
    pages = "1028--1033",
}
@inproceedings{quijada-medero-2016-hmc,
    title = "{HMC} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 11: Identifying Complex Words Using Depth-limited Decision Trees",
    author = "Quijada, Maury  and
      Medero, Julie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1161",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1161",
    pages = "1034--1037",
}
@inproceedings{konkol-2016-uwb,
    title = "{UWB} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 11: Exploring Features for Complex Word Identification",
    author = "Konkol, Michal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1162",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1162",
    pages = "1038--1041",
}
@inproceedings{kuru-2016-ai,
    title = "{AI}-{KU} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 11: Word Embeddings and Substring Features for Complex Word Identification",
    author = "Kuru, Onur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1163",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1163",
    pages = "1042--1046",
}
@inproceedings{kauchak-2016-pomona,
    title = "Pomona at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 11: Predicting Word Complexity Based on Corpus Frequency",
    author = "Kauchak, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1164",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1164",
    pages = "1047--1051",
}
@inproceedings{bethard-etal-2016-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2016 Task 12: Clinical {T}emp{E}val",
    author = "Bethard, Steven  and
      Savova, Guergana  and
      Chen, Wei-Te  and
      Derczynski, Leon  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Verhagen, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1165",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1165",
    pages = "1052--1062",
}
@inproceedings{may-2016-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2016 Task 8: Meaning Representation Parsing",
    author = "May, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1166",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1166",
    pages = "1063--1073",
}
@inproceedings{che-etal-2016-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2016 Task 9: {C}hinese Semantic Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Che, Wanxiang  and
      Shao, Yanqiu  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Ding, Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1167",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1167",
    pages = "1074--1080",
}
@inproceedings{bordea-etal-2016-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2016 Task 13: Taxonomy Extraction Evaluation ({TE}x{E}val-2)",
    author = "Bordea, Georgeta  and
      Lefever, Els  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1168",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1168",
    pages = "1081--1091",
}
@inproceedings{jurgens-pilehvar-2016-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2016 Task 14: Semantic Taxonomy Enrichment",
    author = "Jurgens, David  and
      Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1169",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1169",
    pages = "1092--1102",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2016-umd,
    title = "{UMD}-{TTIC}-{UW} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 1: Attention-Based Multi-Perspective Convolutional Neural Networks for Textual Similarity Measurement",
    author = "He, Hua  and
      Wieting, John  and
      Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Rao, Jinfeng  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1170",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1170",
    pages = "1103--1108",
}
@inproceedings{kazmi-schuller-2016-inspire,
    title = "Inspire at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 2: Interpretable Semantic Textual Similarity Alignment based on Answer Set Programming",
    author = {Kazmi, Mishal  and
      Sch{\"u}ller, Peter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1171",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1171",
    pages = "1109--1115",
}
@inproceedings{filice-etal-2016-kelp,
    title = "{K}e{LP} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 3: Learning Semantic Relations between Questions and Answers",
    author = "Filice, Simone  and
      Croce, Danilo  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1172",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1172",
    pages = "1116--1123",
}
@inproceedings{deriu-etal-2016-swisscheese,
    title = "{S}wiss{C}heese at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 4: Sentiment Classification Using an Ensemble of Convolutional Neural Networks with Distant Supervision",
    author = "Deriu, Jan  and
      Gonzenbach, Maurice  and
      Uzdilli, Fatih  and
      Lucchi, Aurelien  and
      De Luca, Valeria  and
      Jaggi, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1173",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1173",
    pages = "1124--1128",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2016-iit,
    title = "{IIT}-{TUDA} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 5: Beyond Sentiment Lexicon: Combining Domain Dependency and Distributional Semantics Features for Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Kumar, Ayush  and
      Kohail, Sarah  and
      Kumar, Amit  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1174",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1174",
    pages = "1129--1135",
}
@inproceedings{tourille-etal-2016-limsi,
    title = "{LIMSI}-{COT} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 12: Temporal relation identification using a pipeline of classifiers",
    author = "Tourille, Julien  and
      Ferret, Olivier  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Tannier, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1175",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1175",
    pages = "1136--1142",
}
@inproceedings{barzdins-gosko-2016-riga,
    title = "{RIGA} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 8: Impact of {S}match Extensions and Character-Level Neural Translation on {AMR} Parsing Accuracy",
    author = "Barzdins, Guntis  and
      Gosko, Didzis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1176",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1176",
    pages = "1143--1147",
}
@inproceedings{butler-2016-dynamicpower,
    title = "{D}ynamic{P}ower at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 8: Processing syntactic parse trees with a Dynamic Semantics core",
    author = "Butler, Alastair",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1177",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1177",
    pages = "1148--1153",
}
@inproceedings{puzikov-etal-2016-m2l,
    title = "{M}2{L} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 8: {AMR} Parsing with Neural Networks",
    author = "Puzikov, Yevgeniy  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1178",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1178",
    pages = "1154--1159",
}
@inproceedings{brandt-etal-2016-icl,
    title = "{ICL}-{HD} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 8: Meaning Representation Parsing - Augmenting {AMR} Parsing with a Preposition Semantic Role Labeling Neural Network",
    author = "Brandt, Lauritz  and
      Grimm, David  and
      Zhou, Mengfei  and
      Versley, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1179",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1179",
    pages = "1160--1166",
}
@inproceedings{goodman-etal-2016-ucl,
    title = "{UCL}+{S}heffield at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 8: Imitation learning for {AMR} parsing with an alpha-bound",
    author = "Goodman, James  and
      Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Naradowsky, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1180",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1180",
    pages = "1167--1172",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-camr,
    title = "{CAMR} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 8: An Extended Transition-based {AMR} Parser",
    author = "Wang, Chuan  and
      Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Pan, Xiaoman  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1181",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1181",
    pages = "1173--1178",
}
@inproceedings{bjerva-etal-2016-meaning,
    title = "The Meaning Factory at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 8: Producing {AMR}s with Boxer",
    author = "Bjerva, Johannes  and
      Bos, Johan  and
      Haagsma, Hessel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1182",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1182",
    pages = "1179--1184",
}
@inproceedings{peng-gildea-2016-uofr,
    title = "{U}of{R} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 8: Learning Synchronous Hyperedge Replacement Grammar for {AMR} Parsing",
    author = "Peng, Xiaochang  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1183",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1183",
    pages = "1185--1189",
}
@inproceedings{rao-etal-2016-clip,
    title = "{CLIP}@{UMD} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 8: Parser for Abstract Meaning Representation using Learning to Search",
    author = "Rao, Sudha  and
      Vyas, Yogarshi  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1184",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1184",
    pages = "1190--1196",
}
@inproceedings{foland-martin-2016-cu,
    title = "{CU}-{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 8: {AMR} Parsing using {LSTM}-based Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Foland, William  and
      Martin, James H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1185",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1185",
    pages = "1197--1201",
}
@inproceedings{flanigan-etal-2016-cmu,
    title = "{CMU} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 8: Graph-based {AMR} Parsing with Infinite Ramp Loss",
    author = "Flanigan, Jeffrey  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Smith, Noah A.  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1186",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1186",
    pages = "1202--1206",
}
@inproceedings{artsymenia-etal-2016-ihs,
    title = "{IHS}-{RD}-Belarus at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 9: Transition-based {C}hinese Semantic Dependency Parsing with Online Reordering and Bootstrapping.",
    author = "Artsymenia, Artsiom  and
      Dounar, Palina  and
      Yermakovich, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1187",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1187",
    pages = "1207--1211",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2016-oclsp,
    title = "{OCLSP} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 9: Multilayered {LSTM} as a Neural Semantic Dependency Parser",
    author = "Jin, Lifeng  and
      Duan, Manjuan  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1188",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1188",
    pages = "1212--1217",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2016-osu,
    title = "{OSU}{\_}{CHGCG} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 9 : {C}hinese Semantic Dependency Parsing with Generalized Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Duan, Manjuan  and
      Jin, Lifeng  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1189",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1189",
    pages = "1218--1224",
}
@inproceedings{grouin-moriceau-2016-limsi,
    title = "{LIMSI} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 12: machine-learning and temporal information to identify clinical events and time expressions",
    author = "Grouin, Cyril  and
      Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1190",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1190",
    pages = "1225--1230",
}
@inproceedings{p-r-etal-2016-hitachi,
    title = "Hitachi at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 12: A Hybrid Approach for Temporal Information Extraction from Clinical Notes",
    author = "P R, Sarath  and
      R, Manikandan  and
      Niwa, Yoshiki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1191",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1191",
    pages = "1231--1236",
}
@inproceedings{chikka-2016-cde,
    title = "{CDE}-{IIITH} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 12: Extraction of Temporal Information from Clinical documents using Machine Learning techniques",
    author = "Chikka, Veera Raghavendra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1192",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1192",
    pages = "1237--1240",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-morante-2016-vuacltl,
    title = "{VUACLTL} at {S}em{E}val 2016 Task 12: A {CRF} Pipeline to Clinical {T}emp{E}val",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Morante, Roser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1193",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1193",
    pages = "1241--1247",
}
@inproceedings{cohan-etal-2016-guir,
    title = "{GUIR} at {S}em{E}val-2016 task 12: Temporal Information Processing for Clinical Narratives",
    author = "Cohan, Arman  and
      Meurer, Kevin  and
      Goharian, Nazli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1194",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1194",
    pages = "1248--1255",
}
@inproceedings{khalifa-etal-2016-utahbmi,
    title = "{U}tah{BMI} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 12: Extracting Temporal Information from Clinical Text",
    author = "Khalifa, Abdulrahman  and
      Velupillai, Sumithra  and
      Meystre, Stephane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1195",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1195",
    pages = "1256--1262",
}
@inproceedings{barros-etal-2016-ulisboa,
    title = "{ULISBOA} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 12: Extraction of temporal expressions, clinical events and relations using {IBE}nt",
    author = "Barros, Marcia  and
      Lamurias, Andre  and
      Figueiro, Gon{\c{c}}alo  and
      Antunes, Marta  and
      Teixeira, Joana  and
      Pinheiro, Alexandre  and
      Couto, Francisco M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1196",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1196",
    pages = "1263--1267",
}
@inproceedings{li-huang-2016-uta-dlnlp,
    title = "{UTA} {DLNLP} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 12: Deep Learning Based Natural Language Processing System for Clinical Information Identification from Clinical Notes and Pathology Reports",
    author = "Li, Peng  and
      Huang, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1197",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1197",
    pages = "1268--1273",
}
@inproceedings{fries-2016-brundlefly,
    title = "Brundlefly at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 12: Recurrent Neural Networks vs. Joint Inference for Clinical Temporal Information Extraction",
    author = "Fries, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1198",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1198",
    pages = "1274--1279",
}
@inproceedings{leeuwenberg-moens-2016-kuleuven,
    title = "{KUL}euven-{LIIR} at {S}em{E}val 2016 Task 12: Detecting Narrative Containment in Clinical Records",
    author = "Leeuwenberg, Artuur  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1199",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1199",
    pages = "1280--1285",
}
@inproceedings{hansart-etal-2016-cental,
    title = "{CENTAL} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 12: a linguistically fed {CRF} model for medical and temporal information extraction",
    author = "Hansart, Charlotte  and
      De Meyere, Damien  and
      Watrin, Patrick  and
      Bittar, Andr{\'e}  and
      Fairon, C{\'e}drick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1200",
    pages = "1286--1291",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2016-uthealth,
    title = "{UTH}ealth at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 12: an End-to-End System for Temporal Information Extraction from Clinical Notes",
    author = "Lee, Hee-Jin  and
      Xu, Hua  and
      Wang, Jingqi  and
      Zhang, Yaoyun  and
      Moon, Sungrim  and
      Xu, Jun  and
      Wu, Yonghui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1201",
    pages = "1292--1297",
}
@inproceedings{pocostales-2016-nuig,
    title = "{NUIG}-{UNLP} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 13: A Simple Word Embedding-based Approach for Taxonomy Extraction",
    author = "Pocostales, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1202",
    pages = "1298--1302",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2016-usaar,
    title = "{USAAR} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 13: Hyponym Endocentricity",
    author = "Tan, Liling  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1203",
    pages = "1303--1309",
}
@inproceedings{maitra-das-2016-junlp,
    title = "{JUNLP} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 13: A Language Independent Approach for Hypernym Identification",
    author = "Maitra, Promita  and
      Das, Dipankar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1204",
    pages = "1310--1314",
}
@inproceedings{cleuziou-moreno-2016-qassit,
    title = "{QASSIT} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 13: On the integration of Semantic Vectors in Pretopological Spaces for Lexical Taxonomy Acquisition",
    author = "Cleuziou, Guillaume  and
      Moreno, Jose G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1205",
    pages = "1315--1319",
}
@inproceedings{panchenko-etal-2016-taxi,
    title = "{TAXI} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 13: a Taxonomy Induction Method based on Lexico-Syntactic Patterns, Substrings and Focused Crawling",
    author = "Panchenko, Alexander  and
      Faralli, Stefano  and
      Ruppert, Eugen  and
      Remus, Steffen  and
      Naets, Hubert  and
      Fairon, C{\'e}drick  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1206",
    pages = "1320--1327",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-2016-duluth,
    title = "{D}uluth at {S}em{E}val 2016 Task 14: Extending Gloss Overlaps to Enrich Semantic Taxonomies",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1207",
    pages = "1328--1331",
}
@inproceedings{espinosa-anke-etal-2016-taln,
    title = "{TALN} at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 14: Semantic Taxonomy Enrichment Via Sense-Based Embeddings",
    author = "Espinosa-Anke, Luis  and
      Ronzano, Francesco  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1208",
    pages = "1332--1336",
}
@inproceedings{schlichtkrull-martinez-alonso-2016-msejrku,
    title = "{MS}ejr{K}u at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 14: Taxonomy Enrichment by Evidence Ranking",
    author = "Schlichtkrull, Michael  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1209",
    pages = "1337--1341",
}
@inproceedings{tanev-rotondi-2016-deftor,
    title = "Deftor at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 14: Taxonomy enrichment using definition vectors",
    author = "Tanev, Hristo  and
      Rotondi, Agata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1210",
    pages = "1342--1345",
}
@inproceedings{rusert-pedersen-2016-umnduluth,
    title = "{UMND}uluth at {S}em{E}val-2016 Task 14: {W}ord{N}et{'}s Missing Lemmas",
    author = "Rusert, Jon  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1211",
    pages = "1346--1350",
}
@inproceedings{mcinnes-2016-vcu,
    title = "{VCU} at {S}emeval-2016 Task 14: Evaluating definitional-based similarity measure for semantic taxonomy enrichment",
    author = "McInnes, Bridget",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2016)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2016",
    address = "San Diego, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-1212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-1212",
    pages = "1351--1355",
}
@proceedings{semeval-2016-joint,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella  and
      Titov, Ivan",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2",
}
@inproceedings{linzen-etal-2016-quantificational,
    title = "Quantificational features in distributional word representations",
    author = "Linzen, Tal  and
      Dupoux, Emmanuel  and
      Spector, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2001",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{falk-martin-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Aspectual Classes across Verbal Readings",
    author = "Falk, Ingrid  and
      Martin, Fabienne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2002",
    pages = "12--22",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-etal-2016-metaphor,
    title = "Metaphor as a Medium for Emotion: An Empirical Study",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Turney, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2003",
    pages = "23--33",
}
@inproceedings{kim-schubert-2016-high,
    title = "High-Fidelity Lexical Axiom Construction from Verb Glosses",
    author = "Kim, Gene  and
      Schubert, Lenhart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2004",
    pages = "34--44",
}
@inproceedings{sikos-etal-2016-implicit,
    title = "Implicit Semantic Roles in a Multilingual Setting",
    author = "Sikos, Jennifer  and
      Versley, Yannick  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2005",
    pages = "45--54",
}
@inproceedings{beloucif-wu-2016-driving,
    title = "Driving inversion transduction grammar induction with semantic evaluation",
    author = "Beloucif, Meriem  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2006",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{abzianidze-2016-natural,
    title = "Natural Solution to {F}ra{C}a{S} Entailment Problems",
    author = "Abzianidze, Lasha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2007",
    pages = "64--74",
}
@inproceedings{klenner-clematide-2016-factuality,
    title = "How Factuality Determines Sentiment Inferences",
    author = "Klenner, Manfred  and
      Clematide, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2008",
    pages = "75--84",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2016-sense,
    title = "Sense Embedding Learning for Word Sense Induction",
    author = "Song, Linfeng  and
      Wang, Zhiguo  and
      Mi, Haitao  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2009",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@inproceedings{koper-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Zero-Shot-Learning for {G}erman Particle Verbs by using Training-Space Restrictions and Local Scaling",
    author = {K{\"o}per, Maximilian  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Kisselew, Max  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2010",
    pages = "91--96",
}
@inproceedings{krebs-paperno-2016-hyperparameters,
    title = "When Hyperparameters Help: Beneficial Parameter Combinations in Distributional Semantic Models",
    author = "Krebs, Alicia  and
      Paperno, Denis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2011",
    pages = "97--101",
}
@inproceedings{peterson-etal-2016-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging {V}erb{N}et to build Corpus-Specific Verb Clusters",
    author = "Peterson, Daniel  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2012",
    pages = "102--107",
}
@inproceedings{shwartz-dagan-2016-adding,
    title = "Adding Context to Semantic Data-Driven Paraphrasing",
    author = "Shwartz, Vered  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2013",
    pages = "108--113",
}
@inproceedings{pavlick-callison-burch-2016-called,
    title = "So-Called Non-Subsective Adjectives",
    author = "Pavlick, Ellie  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2014",
    pages = "114--119",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-pol-etal-2016-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Style Accommodation in Disagreements",
    author = "van der Pol, Elise  and
      Gieske, Sharon  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2015",
    pages = "120--124",
}
@inproceedings{glavas-etal-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Text Segmentation Using Semantic Relatedness Graphs",
    author = "Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      Nanni, Federico  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2016",
    pages = "125--130",
}
@inproceedings{sevens-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Text-to-Pictograph Translation Through Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Sevens, Leen  and
      Jacobs, Gilles  and
      Vandeghinste, Vincent  and
      Schuurman, Ineke  and
      Van Eynde, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2017",
    pages = "131--135",
}
@inproceedings{abad-moschitti-2016-taking,
    title = "Taking the best from the Crowd:Learning Question Passage Classification from Noisy Data",
    author = "Abad, Azad  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2018",
    pages = "136--141",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2016-orthogonality,
    title = "Orthogonality regularizer for question answering",
    author = "Xiao, Chunyang  and
      Bouchard, Guillaume  and
      Dymetman, Marc  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2019",
    pages = "142--147",
}
@inproceedings{schulte-im-walde-etal-2016-role,
    title = "The Role of Modifier and Head Properties in Predicting the Compositionality of {E}nglish and {G}erman Noun-Noun Compounds: A Vector-Space Perspective",
    author = {Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      H{\"a}tty, Anna  and
      Bott, Stefan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2020",
    pages = "148--158",
}
@inproceedings{sobhani-etal-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Stance in Tweets And Analyzing its Interaction with Sentiment",
    author = "Sobhani, Parinaz  and
      Mohammad, Saif  and
      Kiritchenko, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2021",
    pages = "159--169",
}
@inproceedings{negi-etal-2016-study,
    title = "A Study of Suggestions in Opinionated Texts and their Automatic Detection",
    author = "Negi, Sapna  and
      Asooja, Kartik  and
      Mehrotra, Shubham  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2022",
    pages = "170--178",
}
@inproceedings{herbelot-qasemizadeh-2016-vector,
    title = "You and me... in a vector space: modelling individual speakers with distributional semantics",
    author = "Herbelot, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      QasemiZadeh, Behrang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2023",
    pages = "179--188",
}
@inproceedings{qasemizadeh-kallmeyer-2016-random,
    title = "Random Positive-Only Projections: {PPMI}-Enabled Incremental Semantic Space Construction",
    author = "QasemiZadeh, Behrang  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2024",
    pages = "189--198",
}
@inproceedings{sales-etal-2016-compositional,
    title = "A Compositional-Distributional Semantic Model for Searching Complex Entity Categories",
    author = "Sales, Juliano Efson  and
      Freitas, Andr{\'e}  and
      Davis, Brian  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2025",
    pages = "199--208",
}
@inproceedings{ziai-etal-2016-approximating,
    title = "Approximating Givenness in Content Assessment through Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Ziai, Ramon  and
      De Kuthy, Kordula  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2026",
    pages = "209--218",
}
@inproceedings{perez-beltrachini-gardent-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Embeddings to lexicalise {RDF} Properties",
    author = "Perez-Beltrachini, Laura  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S16-2027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S16-2027",
    pages = "219--228",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 1",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-0100",
}
@inproceedings{melcuk-gladky-1969-tree,
    title = "TREE GRAMMARS (= Δ-GRAMMARS)",
    author = "Mel{'}{\v{c}}uk, I. A.  and
      Gladky, A. V.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 1",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-0101",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 2",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-0200",
}
@inproceedings{schank-tesler-1969-conceptual,
    title = "A CONCEPTUAL DEPENDENCY PARSER FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE",
    author = "Schank, Roger C.  and
      Tesler, Larry",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 2",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-0201",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 3",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-0300",
}
@inproceedings{benson-1969-nexus,
    title = "NEXUS A LINGUISTIC TECHNIQUE FOR PRECOORDINATION",
    author = "Benson, R. A.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 3",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-0301",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 4",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-0400",
}
@inproceedings{salton-1969-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Processing of Foreign Language Documents",
    author = "Salton, G.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 4",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-0401",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 5",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-0500",
}
@inproceedings{durham-rogers-1969-application,
    title = "AN APPLICATION OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING TO THE RECONSTRUCTION OF A PROTO-LANGUAGE",
    author = "Durham, Stanton P.  and
      Rogers, David Ellis",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 5",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-0501",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-6,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 6",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-0600",
}
@inproceedings{braun-1969-formal,
    title = "Some formal properties of phonological redundancy rules",
    author = "Braun, Stephan",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 6",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-0601",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-7,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 7",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-0700",
}
@inproceedings{szanser-1969-automatic,
    title = "Automatic error-correction in natural languages",
    author = "Szanser, A.J.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 7",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-0701",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-8,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 8",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-0800",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-1969-interactive,
    title = "INTERACTIVE SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PARAGRAPHS",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 8",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-0801",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-9,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 9",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-0900",
}
@inproceedings{smith-1969-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC SIMULATION OF HISTORICAL CHANGE",
    author = "Smith, Raoul N.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 9",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-0901",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-10,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 10",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1000",
}
@inproceedings{fujimura-kagaya-1969-structural,
    title = "STRUCTURAL PATTERNS OF CHINESE CHARACTERS",
    author = "Fujimura, Osamu  and
      Kagaya, Ryohei",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 10",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1001",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-11,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 11",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1100",
}
@inproceedings{pratt-pacak-1969-automated,
    title = "AUTOMATED PROCESSING OF MEDICAL ENGLISH",
    author = "Pratt, Arnold W.  and
      Pacak, Milos G.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 11",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1101",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-12,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 12",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1200",
}
@inproceedings{gammon-1969-quantitative,
    title = "QUANTITATIVE APPROXIMATIONS TO THE WORD",
    author = "Gammon, Edward",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 12",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1201",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-13,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 13",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1300",
}
@inproceedings{su-harper-1969-directed,
    title = "A DIRECTED RANDOM PARAGRAPH GENERATOR",
    author = "Su, Stanley Y.W.  and
      Harper, Kenneth E.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 13",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1301",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-14,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 14",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1400",
}
@inproceedings{friedman-1969-applications,
    title = "Applications of a Computer System for Transformational Grammar",
    author = "Friedman, Joyce",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 14",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1401",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-15,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 15",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1500",
}
@inproceedings{leunbach-1969-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Analysis by Alternating Computation and Inspection",
    author = "Leunbach, Gustav",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 15",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1501",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-16,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 16",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1600",
}
@inproceedings{skalmowski-overbeke-1969-computational,
    title = "COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF INTERFERENCE PHENOMENA ON THE LEXICAL LEVEL",
    author = "Skalmowski, W.  and
      Overbeke, M. Van",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 16",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1601",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-17,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 17",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1700",
}
@inproceedings{vauquois-etal-1969-une,
    title = "UNE NOTATION DES TEXTES HORS DES CONTRAINTES MORPHOLOGIQUES ET SYNTAXIQUES DE L{'}EXPRESSION",
    author = "Vauquois, B.  and
      Veillon, G.  and
      Nedobejkine, N.  and
      Bourguignon, C.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 17",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1701",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-18,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 18",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1800",
}
@inproceedings{binnick-1969-application,
    title = "An Application of an Extended Generative Semantic Model of Language to Man-machine Interaction",
    author = "Binnick, Robert I.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 18",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1801",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-19,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 19",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1900",
}
@inproceedings{wood-1969-dialectology,
    title = "DIALECTOLOGY BY COMPUTER",
    author = "Wood, Gordon R.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 19",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-1901",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-20,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 20",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2000",
}
@inproceedings{mey-1969-preservation,
    title = "ON THE PRESERVATION OF CONTEXT-FREE LANGUAGES IN A LEVEL-BASED SYSTEM",
    author = "Mey, Jacob",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 20",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2001",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-21,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 21",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2100",
}
@inproceedings{klein-etal-1969-monte,
    title = "MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF LANGUAGE CHANGE IN TIKOPIA {\&} MAORI",
    author = "Klein, Sheldon  and
      Kuppin, Michael A.  and
      Meives, Kirby A.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 21",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2101",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-22,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 22",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2200",
}
@inproceedings{von-glasersfeld-1969-semantics,
    title = "Semantics and the Syntactic Classification of Words",
    author = "von Glasersfeld, Ernst",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 22",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2201",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-23,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 23",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2300",
}
@inproceedings{wunderlich-1969-uber,
    title = "UBER ZEITKEFERENZ UND TEMPUS",
    author = "Wunderlich, Dieter",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 23",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2301",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-24,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 24",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2400",
}
@inproceedings{laffal-1969-total,
    title = "Total or Selected Content Analysis",
    author = "Laffal, Julius",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 24",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2401",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-25,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 25",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2500",
}
@inproceedings{pisani-1969-organization,
    title = "ORGANIZATION AND PROGRAMMING OF THE MULTISTORE PARSER",
    author = "Pisani, Pier Paolo",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 25",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2501",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-26,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 26",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2600",
}
@inproceedings{bujas-1969-computers,
    title = "Computers in the Yugoslav {S}erbo-Croat/{E}nglish Contrastive Analysis Project",
    author = "Bujas, Zeljko",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 26",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2601",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-27,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 27",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2700",
}
@inproceedings{rouault-1969-quelques,
    title = "QUELQUES APPLICATIONS DE LA LOGIQUE A LA SEMANTIQUE DES LANGUES NATURELLES",
    author = "ROUAULT, J.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 27",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2701",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-28,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 28",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2800",
}
@inproceedings{bellert-1969-use,
    title = "On the Use of Linguistic Quantifying Operators in the Logico-Semantic Structure Representation of Utterances",
    author = "Bellert, Irena",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 28",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2801",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-29,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 29",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2900",
}
@inproceedings{schwarcz-1969-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS A COMPUTATIONAL FORMALIZATION OF NATURAL LANGUAGE SEMANTICS",
    author = "Schwarcz, Robert M.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 29",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-2901",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-30,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 30",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3000",
}
@inproceedings{bunting-1969-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Investigation of {G}erman Word Derivation with the Aid of a Computer",
    author = "Bunting, Karl Dieter",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 30",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3001",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-31,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 31",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3100",
}
@inproceedings{batori-1969-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating Verbs with Multiple Meaning in the {MT}-System of {IBM} {G}ermany",
    author = "Batori, I.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 31",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3101",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-32,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 32",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3200",
}
@inproceedings{woyna-1969-semantics,
    title = "SEMANTICS OF PREPOSITIONAL CONSTRUCTS IN RUSSIAN: TENTATIVE APPROACH",
    author = "Woyna, Adam G.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 32",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3201",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-33,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 33",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3300",
}
@inproceedings{iivonen-1969-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION OF SPEECH SOUNDS BY A DIGITAL COMPUTER",
    author = "Iivonen, A.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 33",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3301",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-34,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 34",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3400",
}
@inproceedings{lockemann-thompson-1969-rapidly,
    title = "A Rapidly Extensible Language System (The Rel Language Processor)",
    author = "Lockemann, Peter C.  and
      Thompson, Frederick B.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 34",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3401",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-35,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 35",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3500",
}
@inproceedings{dostert-thompson-1969-rapidly,
    title = "A RAPIDLY EXTENSIBLE LANGUAGE SYSTEM (REL ENGLISH)",
    author = "Dostert, Bozena  and
      Thompson, Frederick B.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 35",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3501",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-36,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 36",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3600",
}
@inproceedings{josselson-1969-lexicon,
    title = "THE LEXICON: A SYSTEM OF MATRICES OF LEXICAL UNITS AND THEIR PROPERTIES",
    author = "JOSSELSON, HARRY H.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 36",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3601",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-37,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 37",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3700",
}
@inproceedings{woolley-1969-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC TEXT GENERATION",
    author = "Woolley, G. H.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 37",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3701",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-38,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 38",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3800",
}
@inproceedings{dougherty-1969-pragmatic,
    title = "A PRAGMATIC APPROACH TO MACHINE TRANSLATION FROM CHINESE TO ENGLISH",
    author = "Dougherty, Ching-Yi",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 38",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3801",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-39,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 39",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3900",
}
@inproceedings{verburg-1969-hobbes,
    title = "HOBBES{'} CALCULUS OF WORDS",
    author = "Verburg, P. A.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 39",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-3901",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-40,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 40",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4000",
}
@inproceedings{moyne-1969-progress,
    title = "A PROGRESS REPORT ON THE USE OF ENGLISH IN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL",
    author = "MOYNE, J. A.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 40",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4001",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-41,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 41",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4100",
}
@inproceedings{montgomery-1969-linguistics,
    title = "LINGUISTICS AND AUTOMATED LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Montgomery, Christine A.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 41",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4101",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-42,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 42",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4200",
}
@inproceedings{yang-yang-1969-universal,
    title = "A UNIVERSAL GRAPHIC CHARACTER WRITER",
    author = "Yang, Shou-chuan  and
      Yang, Charlotte W.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 42",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4201",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-43,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 43",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4300",
}
@inproceedings{querido-1969-grammaire,
    title = "GRAMMAIRE {I} DESCRIPTION TRANSFORMATIONNELLE D{'} UN SOUS-ENSEMBLE DU FRANCAIS",
    author = "Querido, Antonio A.M.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 43",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4301",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-44,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 44",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4400",
}
@inproceedings{streeter-1969-syntactic,
    title = "SYNTACTIC PATTERNS IN A SAMPLE OF TECHNICAL ENGLISH",
    author = "Streeter, Victor J.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 44",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4401",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-45,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 45",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4500",
}
@inproceedings{peters-1969-use,
    title = "THE USE OF CONTEXT-SENSITIVE RULES IN IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS",
    author = "Peters, Stanley",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 45",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4501",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-46,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 46",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4600",
}
@inproceedings{borkowski-1969-structure,
    title = "STRUCTURE, EFFECTIVENESS, AND USES OF THE CITATION IDENTIFIER",
    author = "Borkowski, Casimir",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 46",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4601",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-47,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 47",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4700",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-1969-properties,
    title = "PROPERTIES OF FORMAL GRAMMARS WITH MIXED TYPE OF RULES AND THEIR LINGUISTIC RELEVANCE",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 47",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4701",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-48,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 48",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4800",
}
@inproceedings{marcus-1969-contextual,
    title = "CONTEXTUAL GRAMMARS",
    author = "Marcus, Solomon",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 48",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4801",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-49,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 49",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4900",
}
@inproceedings{sankoff-1969-simulation,
    title = "SIMULATION OF WORD-MEANING STOCHASTIC PROCESSES",
    author = "Sankoff, David",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 49",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-4901",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-50,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 50",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5000",
}
@inproceedings{petofi-1969-problems,
    title = "ON THE PROBLEMS OF CO-TEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF TEXTS",
    author = "Petofi, Janos S.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 50",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5001",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-51,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 51",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5100",
}
@inproceedings{yang-1969-search,
    title = "A SEARCH ALGORITHM AND DATA STRUCTURE FOR AN EFFICIENT INFORMATION SYSTEM",
    author = "Yang, Shou-chuan",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 51",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5101",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-52,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 52",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5200",
}
@inproceedings{francis-etal-1969-computer,
    title = "COMPUTER-PRODUCED REPRESENTATION OF DIALECTAL VARIATION: INITLAL FRICATIVES IN SOUTHERN BRITISH ENGLISH",
    author = "Francis, W. Nelson  and
      Svartvik, Jan  and
      Rubin, Gerald M.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 52",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5201",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-53,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 53",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5300",
}
@inproceedings{fromkin-rice-1969-interactive,
    title = "AN INTERACTIVE PHONOLOGICAL RULE TESTING SYSTEM",
    author = "Fromkin, Victoria A.  and
      Rice, D. Lloyd",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 53",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5301",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-54,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 54",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5400",
}
@inproceedings{birbanescu-1969-network,
    title = "NETWORK OF BINARY RELATIONS IN NATURAL LANGUAGE",
    author = "Birbanescu, Adrian",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 54",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5401",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-55,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 55",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5500",
}
@inproceedings{dugas-etal-1969-le,
    title = "LE PROJET DE TRADUCTION AUTOMATIQUE A L{'}UNIVERSITE DE MONTREAL",
    author = "Dugas, Andre  and
      Gopnik, Myrna  and
      Harris, Brian  and
      Paillet, Jean-Pierre",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 55",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5501",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-56,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 56",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5600",
}
@inproceedings{afendras-1969-mathematical,
    title = "MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR BALKAN PHONOLOGICAL CONVERGENCE",
    author = "Afendras, Evangelos A.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 56",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5601",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-57,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 57",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5700",
}
@inproceedings{ladefoged-1969-measurement,
    title = "THE MEASUREMENT OF PHONETIC SIMILARITY",
    author = "Ladefoged, Peter",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 57",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5701",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-58,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 58",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5800",
}
@inproceedings{edmundson-epstein-1969-computer,
    title = "COMPUTER AIDED RESEARCH ON SYNONYMY AND ANTONYMY",
    author = "Edmundson, H. P.  and
      Epstein, Martin N.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 58",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5801",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-59,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 59",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5900",
}
@inproceedings{zoltan-1969-problems,
    title = "SOME PROBLEMS OF WORD-FORMATION WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF A GENERATIVE GRAMMAR",
    author = "Zoltan, Szabo",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 59",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-5901",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-60,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 60",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6000",
}
@inproceedings{vasiliu-1969-time,
    title = "THE {`}TIME CATEGORY{'} IN NATURAL LANGUAGES AND ITS SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION",
    author = "Vasiliu, E.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 60",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6001",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-61,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 61",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6100",
}
@inproceedings{varga-1969-problem,
    title = "PROBLEM OF IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF PARSING SYSTEMS",
    author = "Varga, D.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 61",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6101",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-62,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 62: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6200",
}
@inproceedings{dyer-1969-constructional,
    title = "Constructional Potentiality: Priscianic grammar as a disambiguation technique in the automatic recognition of {L}atin syntax",
    author = "Dyer, R. R.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 62: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6201",
}
@inproceedings{solomon-1969-saturated,
    title = "ON SATURATED PARTITIONS",
    author = "Solomon, Stephan-Ylan",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 62: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6202",
}
@inproceedings{samuelsdorff-1969-problems,
    title = "Problems of {G}erman-{E}nglish Automatic Translation",
    author = "Samuelsdorff, Paul O.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 62: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6203",
}
@inproceedings{fairley-1969-stylistic,
    title = "Stylistic Analysis of Poetry",
    author = "Fairley, Irene R.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 62: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6204",
}
@inproceedings{arsentyeva-1969-machine,
    title = "The machine realization of the periphrasing system and the results of the experiment",
    author = "Arsentyeva, N. G.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 62: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6205",
}
@inproceedings{dasher-1969-new,
    title = "A NEW APPROACH TO SYNTAX",
    author = "Dasher, B. J.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 62: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6206",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-1969-semantics,
    title = "On Semantics of Some Verbal Categories in {E}nglish",
    author = "Hajicova, Eva",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 62: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6207",
}
@inproceedings{ludskanov-1969-sur,
    title = "Sur quelques preprietes communes des catagories semantiques et des procedures generatrices de trois modeles de synthese dans le processus de la {TA} (resume)",
    author = "Ludskanov, A.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 62: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6208",
}
@inproceedings{kock-bossaert-1969-towards,
    title = "Towards an automatic morphological segmentation",
    author = "Kock, Josse De  and
      Bossaert, Walter",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 62: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6209",
}
@inproceedings{mathe-1969-structure,
    title = "The structure, and semantics of the verbal government",
    author = "Mathe, Jacob",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 62: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6210",
}
@inproceedings{hofmann-harris-1969-machine,
    title = "Machine Transcoding",
    author = "Hofmann, T. R.  and
      Harris, Brian",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 62: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6211",
}
@inproceedings{moessner-1969-analyse,
    title = "Analyse structurelle automatique de grouses nominaux anglais",
    author = "Moessner, L.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 62: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6212",
}
@inproceedings{detering-1969-ein,
    title = "Ein Programm zur automatischen Synthese englischer Satze",
    author = "Detering, Klaus",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 62: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6213",
}
@inproceedings{khubohandani-glover-1969-application,
    title = "AN APPLICATION OF COMPUTER TECHNIQUES TO ANALYSIS OF THE VERB PHRASE IN HINDI AND ENGLISH: A Preliminary Report",
    author = "Khubohandani, L. M.  and
      Glover, W. W.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 62: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6214",
}
@inproceedings{herzog-1969-computational,
    title = "Computational Studies in Terminology",
    author = "Herzog, Reinhart",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 62: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6215",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-63,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 63",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6300",
}
@inproceedings{walker-1969-computational,
    title = "COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTIC TECHNIQUES IN AN ON-LINE SYSTEM FOR TEXTUAL ANALYSIS",
    author = "Walker, Donald E.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 63",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6301",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-64,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 64",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6400",
}
@inproceedings{kiefer-1969-progress,
    title = "A PROGRESS REPORT ON THE USE OF SLANT GRAMMAR CALCULUS FOR AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS",
    author = "Kiefer, Ferenc",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 64",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6401",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-65,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 65",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6500",
}
@inproceedings{eggers-etal-1969-diskontinuierliche,
    title = "DISKONTINUIERLICHE KONSTITUENTEN",
    author = "Eggers, H.  and
      Rothkegel-Schramm, A.  and
      Klein, W.  and
      Weber, H-J.  and
      Zimmermann, H.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 65",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6501",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-66,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 66",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6600",
}
@inproceedings{kalmar-1969-intuitve,
    title = "AN INTUITVE REPRESENTATION OF CONTEXT-FREE LANGUAGES",
    author = "Kalmar, Laszlo",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 66",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6601",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-67,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 67",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6700",
}
@inproceedings{hoppe-1969-die,
    title = "DIE SEMANTISCHE SYNTAX DER KOMMUNIKATIVEN GRAMMATIK AUF EDV-ANLAGEN",
    author = "Hoppe, Alfred",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 67",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6701",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-68,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 68",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6800",
}
@inproceedings{karlgren-1969-multi,
    title = "MULTI-INDEX SYNTACTICAL CALCULUS",
    author = "Karlgren, Hans",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 68",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6801",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-69,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 69: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6900",
}
@inproceedings{kasher-1969-book,
    title = "The Book of Isaiah: Morphological Clustering and Disputed Authorship",
    author = "Kasher, Asa",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 69: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6901",
}
@inproceedings{karttunen-1969-discourse,
    title = "DISCOURSE REFERENTS",
    author = "Karttunen, Lauri",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 69: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6902",
}
@inproceedings{schveiger-1969-adout,
    title = "ADOUT THE VECTORIAL CALCULUS OF THE RELATION BETWEEN THE SEMANTIC AND SYTACTIC MARKERS OF THE LEXICAL ENTRY",
    author = "Schveiger, Paul",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 69: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6903",
}
@inproceedings{wang-1969-project,
    title = "Project {DOC}",
    author = "Wang, William S-Y.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 69: COLLECTION OF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-6904",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-70,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 70",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7000",
}
@inproceedings{karttunen-1969-discourse-referents,
    title = "DISCOURSE REFERENTS",
    author = "Karttunen, Lauri",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 70",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7001",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-preprint-71,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 71",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7100",
}
@inproceedings{wang-1969-project-doc,
    title = "PROJECT DOC: ITS METHODOLOGICAL BASIS",
    author = "Wang, William S-Y.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Preprint No. 71",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7101",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-2,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7200",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1969-die,
    title = "DIE MALARINSELN UND IHRE SEHENSWURDIGKEITEN",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7201",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-3,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7300",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1969-program,
    title = "{PROGRAM} Declarations and Instructions",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7301",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-4,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7400",
}
@inproceedings{minow-1969-half,
    title = "Half COMPUTERIZED LINGUISTICS: A Half COMMENTARY",
    author = "Minow, Martin",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7401",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-5,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7500",
}
@inproceedings{sgall-hajicova-1969-remarks,
    title = "SOME REMARKS ON J. L. MEY{'}s PAPER (Preprint No. 20)",
    author = "Sgall, P.  and
      Hajicova, E.",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7501",
}
@proceedings{coling-1969-international-linguistics-coling-1969-post,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Post-print {I}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7600",
}
@inproceedings{kartunnen-1969-note,
    title = "A Note on Morpheme Structure in Generative Phonology",
    author = "Kartunnen, Frances",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Post-print {I}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7601",
}
@inproceedings{minow-1969-metaprint,
    title = "METAPRINT 3 (METAPRINT 1) Responses to {``}COMPUTERIZED LINGUISTICS: HALF A COMMENTARY{''}",
    author = "Minow, Martin",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Post-print {I}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7602",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1969-alphabetic,
    title = "Alphabetic List of Contributors of papers to the Conference and Identification Code",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Post-print {I}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7603",
}
@inproceedings{radzin-1969-statistical,
    title = "STATISTICAL METHODS IN LEXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE BALTIC STATES",
    author = "RADZIN, HILDA",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Post-print {I}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7604",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1969-diverse,
    title = "Diverse corrigenda and addenda to the pre-prints",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Post-print {I}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7605",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1969-international,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Index to Preprints",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: Index to Preprints",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7701",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1969-international-conference,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: BULLETIN MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1969",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: BULLETIN MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1969",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7801",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1969-international-conference-computational,
    title = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: BULLETIN WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 3, 1969",
    booktitle = "INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS COLING 1969: BULLETIN WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 3, 1969",
    month = sep,
    year = "1969",
    address = {S{\aa}nga S{\"a}by, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C69-7901",
}
@proceedings{lrec-2012-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur  and
      Maegaard, Bente  and
      Mariani, Joseph  and
      Odijk, Jan  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
}
@inproceedings{jokinen-tenjes-2012-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Engagement - intercultural and technological aspects of the collection, analysis, and use of the {E}stonian Multiparty Conversational video data",
    author = "Jokinen, Kristiina  and
      Tenjes, Silvi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/106_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2764--2769",
}
@inproceedings{burkhardt-2012-seem,
    title = "{``}You Seem Aggressive!{''} Monitoring Anger in a Practical Application",
    author = "Burkhardt, Felix",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/108_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1221--1225",
}
@inproceedings{burkhardt-2012-fast,
    title = "Fast Labeling and Transcription with the Speechalyzer Toolkit",
    author = "Burkhardt, Felix",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/110_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "196--200",
}
@inproceedings{spyns-dhalleweyn-2012-smooth,
    title = "Smooth Sailing for {STEVIN}",
    author = "Spyns, Peter  and
      D{'}Halleweyn, Elisabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/112_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1021--1028",
}
@inproceedings{stein-usabaev-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Speech Recognition on a Firefighter {TETRA} Broadcast Channel",
    author = "Stein, Daniel  and
      Usabaev, Bela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/113_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "119--124",
}
@inproceedings{saralegi-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building a Basque-{C}hinese Dictionary by Using {E}nglish as Pivot",
    author = "Saralegi, Xabier  and
      Manterola, Iker  and
      San Vicente, I{\~n}aki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/114_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1443--1447",
}
@inproceedings{tang-chen-2012-mining,
    title = "Mining Sentiment Words from Microblogs for Predicting Writer-Reader Emotion Transition",
    author = "Tang, Yi-jie  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/117_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1226--1229",
}
@inproceedings{spoustova-spousta-2012-high,
    title = "A High-Quality Web Corpus of {C}zech",
    author = "Spoustov{\'a}, Johanka  and
      Spousta, Miroslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/120_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "311--315",
}
@inproceedings{luder-2012-german,
    title = "{G}erman Verb Patterns and Their Implementation in an Electronic Dictionary",
    author = "Luder, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/121_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "693--697",
}
@inproceedings{maynard-greenwood-2012-large,
    title = "Large Scale Semantic Annotation, Indexing and Search at The National Archives",
    author = "Maynard, Diana  and
      Greenwood, Mark A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/122_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3487--3494",
}
@inproceedings{sharaf-atwell-2012-qurana,
    title = "{Q}ur{A}na: Corpus of the Quran annotated with Pronominal Anaphora",
    author = "Sharaf, Abdul-Baquee  and
      Atwell, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/123_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "130--137",
}
@inproceedings{scheible-schutze-2012-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Sentiment Labels For Unannotated Documents With Polarity {P}age{R}ank",
    author = {Scheible, Christian  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/124_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1230--1234",
}
@inproceedings{clematide-etal-2012-mlsa,
    title = "{MLSA} {---} A Multi-layered Reference Corpus for {G}erman Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Clematide, Simon  and
      Gindl, Stefan  and
      Klenner, Manfred  and
      Petrakis, Stefanos  and
      Remus, Robert  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Waltinger, Ulli  and
      Wiegand, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/125_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3551--3556",
}
@inproceedings{sainz-etal-2012-versatile,
    title = "Versatile Speech Databases for High Quality Synthesis for Basque",
    author = "Sainz, I{\~n}aki  and
      Erro, Daniel  and
      Navas, Eva  and
      Hern{\'a}ez, Inma  and
      Sanchez, Jon  and
      Saratxaga, Ibon  and
      Odriozola, Igor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/126_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3308--3312",
}
@inproceedings{llorens-etal-2012-timen,
    title = "{TIMEN}: An Open Temporal Expression Normalisation Resource",
    author = "Llorens, Hector  and
      Derczynski, Leon  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Saquete, Estela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/128_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3044--3051",
}
@inproceedings{brooke-hirst-2012-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Interlanguage: Native Language Identification with {L}1-influence Metrics",
    author = "Brooke, Julian  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/129_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "779--784",
}
@inproceedings{saint-dizier-2012-dislog,
    title = "{DISLOG}: A logic-based language for processing discourse structures",
    author = "Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/130_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2770--2777",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-etal-2012-gold,
    title = "A Gold Standard for Relation Extraction in the Food Domain",
    author = {Wiegand, Michael  and
      Roth, Benjamin  and
      Lasarcyk, Eva  and
      K{\"o}ser, Stephanie  and
      Klakow, Dietrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/136_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "507--514",
}
@inproceedings{bourse-saint-dizier-2012-repository,
    title = "A Repository of Rules and Lexical Resources for Discourse Structure Analysis: the Case of Explanation Structures",
    author = "Bourse, Sarah  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/137_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2778--2785",
}
@inproceedings{barcellini-etal-2012-risk,
    title = "Risk Analysis and Prevention: {LELIE}, a Tool dedicated to Procedure and Requirement Authoring",
    author = "Barcellini, Flore  and
      Albert, Camille  and
      Grosse, Corinne  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/139_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "698--705",
}
@inproceedings{tannier-2012-webannotator,
    title = "{W}eb{A}nnotator, an Annotation Tool for Web Pages",
    author = "Tannier, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/148_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "316--319",
}
@inproceedings{ogrodniczuk-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards a comprehensive open repository of Polish language resources",
    author = "Ogrodniczuk, Maciej  and
      P{\k{e}}zik, Piotr  and
      Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/149_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3593--3597",
}
@inproceedings{patejuk-przepiorkowski-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards an {LFG} parser for Polish: An exercise in parasitic grammar development",
    author = "Patejuk, Agnieszka  and
      Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/150_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3849--3852",
}
@inproceedings{jokinen-wilcock-2012-constructive,
    title = "Constructive Interaction for Talking about Interesting Topics",
    author = "Jokinen, Kristiina  and
      Wilcock, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/151_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "404--410",
}
@inproceedings{pereira-etal-2012-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based Referring Expressions Generation",
    author = "Pereira, Hilder  and
      Novais, Eder  and
      Mariotti, Andr{\'e}  and
      Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/152_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4004--4009",
}
@inproceedings{novais-etal-2012-portuguese,
    title = "{P}ortuguese Text Generation from Large Corpora",
    author = "Novais, Eder  and
      Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}  and
      Silva, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/153_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4010--4014",
}
@inproceedings{petukhova-etal-2012-sumat,
    title = "{SUMAT}: Data Collection and Parallel Corpus Compilation for Machine Translation of Subtitles",
    author = "Petukhova, Volha  and
      Agerri, Rodrigo  and
      Fishel, Mark  and
      Penkale, Sergio  and
      del Pozo, Arantza  and
      Mau{\v{c}}ec, Mirjam Sepesy  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Georgakopoulou, Panayota  and
      Volk, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/154_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{cambria-etal-2012-affective,
    title = "Affective Common Sense Knowledge Acquisition for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Cambria, Erik  and
      Xia, Yunqing  and
      Hussain, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/159_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3580--3585",
}
@inproceedings{heracleous-etal-2012-body,
    title = "Body-conductive acoustic sensors in human-robot communication",
    author = "Heracleous, Panikos  and
      Ishi, Carlos  and
      Miyashita, Takahiro  and
      Hagita, Norihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/160_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3340--3344",
}
@inproceedings{macken-etal-2012-keystrokes,
    title = "From keystrokes to annotated process data: Enriching the output of Inputlog with linguistic information",
    author = {Macken, Lieve  and
      Hoste, Veronique  and
      Leijten, Mari{\"e}lle  and
      Waes, Luuk Van},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/161_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2224--2229",
}
@inproceedings{henrich-hinrichs-2012-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Evaluation of Word Sense Disambiguation Algorithms for {G}erman",
    author = "Henrich, Verena  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/164_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "576--583",
}
@inproceedings{varges-etal-2012-semscribe,
    title = "{S}em{S}cribe: Natural Language Generation for Medical Reports",
    author = "Varges, Sebastian  and
      Bieler, Heike  and
      Stede, Manfred  and
      Faulstich, Lukas C.  and
      Irsig, Kristin  and
      Atalla, Malik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/165_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2674--2681",
}
@inproceedings{hinrichs-zastrow-2012-automatic,
    title = {Automatic Annotation and Manual Evaluation of the Diachronic {G}erman Corpus {T}{\"u}{B}a-D/{DC}},
    author = "Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      Zastrow, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/166_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1622--1627",
}
@inproceedings{joubert-lafourcade-2012-new,
    title = "A new dynamic approach for lexical networks evaluation",
    author = "Joubert, Alain  and
      Lafourcade, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/167_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3687--3691",
}
@inproceedings{seo-etal-2012-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Error Annotation for {K}orean Learners of Spoken {E}nglish",
    author = "Seo, Hongsuck  and
      Lee, Kyusong  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae  and
      Kweon, Soo-Ok  and
      Kim, Hae-Ri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/168_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1628--1631",
}
@inproceedings{heinroth-etal-2012-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Speech Understanding for Intuitive Model-based Spoken Dialogues",
    author = "Heinroth, Tobias  and
      Grotz, Maximilian  and
      Nothdurft, Florian  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/169_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1281--1288",
}
@inproceedings{passarotti-mambrini-2012-first,
    title = "First Steps towards the Semi-automatic Development of a Wordformation-based Lexicon of {L}atin",
    author = "Passarotti, Marco  and
      Mambrini, Francesco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/170_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "852--859",
}
@inproceedings{dipper-etal-2012-use,
    title = "The Use of Parallel and Comparable Data for Analysis of Abstract Anaphora in {G}erman and {E}nglish",
    author = "Dipper, Stefanie  and
      Seiss, Melanie  and
      Zinsmeister, Heike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/172_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "138--145",
}
@inproceedings{tatu-moldovan-2012-tool,
    title = "A Tool for Extracting Conversational Implicatures",
    author = "Tatu, Marta  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/175_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2708--2715",
}
@inproceedings{moldovan-blanco-2012-polaris,
    title = "{P}olaris: Lymba{'}s Semantic Parser",
    author = "Moldovan, Dan  and
      Blanco, Eduardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/176_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "66--72",
}
@inproceedings{vincze-2012-light,
    title = "Light Verb Constructions in the {S}zeged{P}aralell{FX} {E}nglish{--}{H}ungarian Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Vincze, Veronika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/177_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2381--2388",
}
@inproceedings{fohr-mella-2012-coalt,
    title = "{C}o{ALT}: A Software for Comparing Automatic Labelling Tools",
    author = "Fohr, Dominique  and
      Mella, Odile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/178_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "325--332",
}
@inproceedings{valkova-etal-2012-balanced,
    title = "Balanced data repository of spontaneous spoken {C}zech",
    author = "V{\'a}lkov{\'a}, Lucie  and
      Waclawi{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Martina  and
      K{\v{r}}en, Michal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/179_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3345--3349",
}
@inproceedings{petukhova-bunt-2012-coding,
    title = "The coding and annotation of multimodal dialogue acts",
    author = "Petukhova, Volha  and
      Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/180_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1293--1300",
}
@inproceedings{schlaf-remus-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning Categories and their Instances by Contextual Features",
    author = "Schlaf, Antje  and
      Remus, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/181_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1235--1239",
}
@inproceedings{bank-etal-2012-textual,
    title = "Textual Characteristics for Language Engineering",
    author = "Bank, Mathias  and
      Remus, Robert  and
      Schierle, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/182_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "515--519",
}
@inproceedings{bank-schierle-2012-survey,
    title = "A Survey of Text Mining Architectures and the {UIMA} Standard",
    author = "Bank, Mathias  and
      Schierle, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/183_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3479--3486",
}
@inproceedings{seiss-2012-rule,
    title = "A Rule-based Morphological Analyzer for Murrinh-Patha",
    author = "Seiss, Melanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/184_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "751--758",
}
@inproceedings{vossen-etal-2012-dutchsemcor,
    title = "{D}utch{S}em{C}or: Targeting the ideal sense-tagged corpus",
    author = {Vossen, Piek  and
      G{\"o}r{\"o}g, Attila  and
      Izquierdo, Rub{\'e}n  and
      van den Bosch, Antal},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/187_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "584--589",
}
@inproceedings{cartoni-meyer-2012-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Directional and Comparable Corpora from a Multilingual Corpus for Translation Studies",
    author = "Cartoni, Bruno  and
      Meyer, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/188_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2132--2137",
}
@inproceedings{sharaf-atwell-2012-qursim,
    title = "{Q}ur{S}im: A corpus for evaluation of relatedness in short texts",
    author = "Sharaf, Abdul-Baquee  and
      Atwell, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/190_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2295--2302",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-etal-2012-eye,
    title = "Eye Tracking as a Tool for Machine Translation Error Analysis",
    author = "Stymne, Sara  and
      Danielsson, Henrik  and
      Bremin, Sofia  and
      Hu, Hongzhan  and
      Karlsson, Johanna  and
      Lillkull, Anna Prytz  and
      Wester, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/192_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1121--1126",
}
@inproceedings{jongejan-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic annotation of head velocity and acceleration in Anvil",
    author = "Jongejan, Bart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/193_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "201--208",
}
@inproceedings{niemi-linden-2012-representing,
    title = "Representing the Translation Relation in a Bilingual {W}ordnet",
    author = "Niemi, Jyrki  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/194_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2439--2446",
}
@inproceedings{martindale-2012-statistical,
    title = "Can Statistical Post-Editing with a Small Parallel Corpus Save a Weak {MT} Engine?",
    author = "Martindale, Marianna J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/196_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2138--2142",
}
@inproceedings{eryigit-2012-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Automatic Morphological Analysis {\&} Disambiguation on Dependency Parsing of {T}urkish",
    author = {Eryi{\u{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/198_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1960--1965",
}
@inproceedings{gavrilov-etal-2012-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Reduplication in Videos of {A}merican Sign Language",
    author = "Gavrilov, Zoya  and
      Sclaroff, Stan  and
      Neidle, Carol  and
      Dickinson, Sven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/199_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3767--3773",
}
@inproceedings{rosen-vavrin-2012-building,
    title = "Building a multilingual parallel corpus for human users",
    author = "Rosen, Alexandr  and
      Vav{\v{r}}{\'\i}n, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/200_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2447--2452",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-etal-2012-empatweet,
    title = "{E}mpa{T}weet: Annotating and Detecting Emotions on Twitter",
    author = "Roberts, Kirk  and
      Roach, Michael A.  and
      Johnson, Joseph  and
      Guthrie, Josh  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/201_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3806--3813",
}
@inproceedings{feilmayr-etal-2012-evaliex,
    title = "{EVALIEX} {---} A Proposal for an Extended Evaluation Methodology for Information Extraction Systems",
    author = {Feilmayr, Christina  and
      Pr{\"o}ll, Birgit  and
      Linsmayr, Elisabeth},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/204_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2303--2310",
}
@inproceedings{ivanova-eriksen-2012-bibikit,
    title = "{B}i{B}i{K}it - A Bilingual Bimodal Reading and Writing Tool for Sign Language Users",
    author = "Ivanova, Nedelina  and
      Eriksen, Olle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/205_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3774--3778",
}
@inproceedings{leuski-etal-2012-blademistress,
    title = "The {B}lade{M}istress Corpus: From Talk to Action in Virtual Worlds",
    author = "Leuski, Anton  and
      Eickhoff, Carsten  and
      Ganis, James  and
      Lavrenko, Victor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/206_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4060--4067",
}
@inproceedings{arnulphy-etal-2012-event,
    title = "Event Nominals: Annotation Guidelines and a Manually Annotated Corpus in {F}rench",
    author = "Arnulphy, B{\'e}atrice  and
      Tannier, Xavier  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/207_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1505--1510",
}
@inproceedings{caelen-haumont-sam-2012-comparison,
    title = "Comparison between two models of language for the automatic phonetic labeling of an undocumented language of the South-Asia: the case of Mo Piu",
    author = "Caelen-Haumont, Genevi{\`e}ve  and
      Sam, Sethserey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/208_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "956--962",
}
@inproceedings{bosco-etal-2012-parallel,
    title = "The Parallel-{TUT}: a multilingual and multiformat treebank",
    author = "Bosco, Cristina  and
      Sanguinetti, Manuela  and
      Lesmo, Leonardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/209_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1932--1938",
}
@inproceedings{scharl-etal-2012-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging the Wisdom of the Crowds for the Acquisition of Multilingual Language Resources",
    author = "Scharl, Arno  and
      Sabou, Marta  and
      Gindl, Stefan  and
      Rafelsberger, Walter  and
      Weichselbraun, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/210_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "379--383",
}
@inproceedings{nothdurft-minker-2012-using,
    title = "Using multimodal resources for explanation approaches in intelligent systems",
    author = "Nothdurft, Florian  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/211_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "411--415",
}
@inproceedings{forsberg-lager-2012-cloud,
    title = "Cloud Logic Programming for Integrating Language Technology Resources",
    author = {Forsberg, Markus  and
      Lager, Torbj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/212_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2935--2940",
}
@inproceedings{tamburini-melandri-2012-anita,
    title = "{A}n{I}ta: a powerful morphological analyser for {I}talian",
    author = "Tamburini, Fabio  and
      Melandri, Matias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/213_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "941--947",
}
@inproceedings{springorum-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic classification of {G}erman \textit{an} particle verbs",
    author = "Springorum, Sylvia  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Ro{\ss}deutscher, Antje",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/214_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{catizone-etal-2012-lie,
    title = "{LIE}: Leadership, Influence and Expertise",
    author = "Catizone, Roberta  and
      Guthrie, Louise  and
      Thomas, Arthur  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/215_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3692--3696",
}
@inproceedings{bartalesi-lenzi-etal-2012-cat,
    title = "{CAT}: the {CELCT} Annotation Tool",
    author = "Bartalesi Lenzi, Valentina  and
      Moretti, Giovanni  and
      Sprugnoli, Rachele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/216_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "333--338",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2012-quantising,
    title = "Quantising Opinions for Political Tweets Analysis",
    author = "He, Yulan  and
      Saif, Hassan  and
      Wei, Zhongyu  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/217_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3901--3906",
}
@inproceedings{ion-etal-2012-rombac,
    title = "{ROMBAC}: The {R}omanian Balanced Annotated Corpus",
    author = "Ion, Radu  and
      Irimia, Elena  and
      {\c{S}}tef{\u{a}}nescu, Dan  and
      Tufi{\textcommabelow{s}}, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/218_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "339--344",
}
@inproceedings{konstantopoulos-etal-2012-task,
    title = "Task-Driven Linguistic Analysis based on an Underspecified Features Representation",
    author = "Konstantopoulos, Stasinos  and
      Kordoni, Valia  and
      Cancedda, Nicola  and
      Karkaletsis, Vangelis  and
      Klakow, Dietrich  and
      Renders, Jean-Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/219_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1966--1970",
}
@inproceedings{el-maarouf-villaneau-2012-french,
    title = "A {F}rench Fairy Tale Corpus syntactically and semantically annotated",
    author = {El Maarouf, Isma{\"\i}l  and
      Villaneau, Jeanne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/220_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "345--350",
}
@inproceedings{morante-daelemans-2012-conandoyle,
    title = "{C}onan{D}oyle-neg: Annotation of negation cues and their scope in Conan Doyle stories",
    author = "Morante, Roser  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/221_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1563--1568",
}
@inproceedings{ploch-etal-2012-gerned,
    title = "{G}er{NED}: A {G}erman Corpus for Named Entity Disambiguation",
    author = "Ploch, Danuta  and
      Hennig, Leonhard  and
      Duka, Angelina  and
      Luca, Ernesto William De  and
      Albayrak, Sahin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/222_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3886--3893",
}
@inproceedings{vazquez-bel-2012-classification,
    title = "A Classification of Adjectives for Polarity Lexicons Enhancement",
    author = "V{\'a}zquez, Silvia  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/223_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3557--3561",
}
@inproceedings{alonso-etal-2012-voting,
    title = "A voting scheme to detect semantic underspecification",
    author = "Alonso, H{\'e}ctor Mart{\'\i}nez  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Pedersen, Bolette Sandford",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/225_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "569--575",
}
@inproceedings{grover-etal-2012-aspects,
    title = "Aspects of a Legal Framework for Language Resource Management",
    author = "Grover, Aditi Sharma  and
      Nieman, Annamart  and
      Huyssteen, Gerhard Van  and
      Roux, Justus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/226_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1035--1039",
}
@inproceedings{polakova-etal-2012-interplay,
    title = "Interplay of Coreference and Discourse Relations: Discourse Connectives with a Referential Component",
    author = "Pol{\'a}kov{\'a}, Lucie  and
      J{\'\i}nov{\'a}, Pavl{\'\i}na  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/228_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "146--153",
}
@inproceedings{kaalep-muischnek-2012-robust,
    title = "Robust clause boundary identification for corpus annotation",
    author = "Kaalep, Heiki-Jaan  and
      Muischnek, Kadri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/229_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1632--1636",
}
@inproceedings{clapham-etal-2012-nki,
    title = "{NKI}-{CCRT} Corpus - Speech Intelligibility Before and After Advanced Head and Neck Cancer Treated with Concomitant Chemoradiotherapy",
    author = "Clapham, R.P.  and
      van der Molen, L.  and
      van Son, R.J.J.H.  and
      van den Brekel, M.  and
      Hilgers, F.J.M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/230_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3350--3355",
}
@inproceedings{san-vicente-manterola-2012-paco2,
    title = "{P}a{C}o2: A Fully Automated tool for gathering Parallel Corpora from the Web",
    author = "San Vicente, I{\~n}aki  and
      Manterola, Iker",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/231_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{fernando-stevenson-2012-mapping,
    title = "Mapping {W}ord{N}et synsets to {W}ikipedia articles",
    author = "Fernando, Samuel  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/232_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "590--596",
}
@inproceedings{seljan-etal-2012-bleu,
    title = "{BLEU} Evaluation of Machine-Translated {E}nglish-{C}roatian Legislation",
    author = "Seljan, Sanja  and
      Brki{\'c}, Marija  and
      Vi{\v{c}}i{\'c}, Tomislav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/233_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2143--2148",
}
@inproceedings{seeker-kuhn-2012-making,
    title = "Making Ellipses Explicit in Dependency Conversion for a {G}erman Treebank",
    author = "Seeker, Wolfgang  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/235_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3132--3139",
}
@inproceedings{de-albornoz-etal-2012-sentisense,
    title = "{S}enti{S}ense: An easily scalable concept-based affective lexicon for sentiment analysis",
    author = "de Albornoz, Jorge Carrillo  and
      Plaza, Laura  and
      Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/236_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3562--3567",
}
@inproceedings{noecker-jr-ryan-2012-distractorless,
    title = "Distractorless Authorship Verification",
    author = "Noecker Jr, John  and
      Ryan, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/238_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "785--789",
}
@inproceedings{sawalha-etal-2012-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Phrase Breaks in Classical and Modern Standard {A}rabic Text",
    author = "Sawalha, Majdi  and
      Brierley, Claire  and
      Atwell, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/239_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3868--3872",
}
@inproceedings{brierley-etal-2012-open,
    title = "Open-Source Boundary-Annotated Corpus for {A}rabic Speech and Language Processing",
    author = "Brierley, Claire  and
      Sawalha, Majdi  and
      Atwell, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/240_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1011--1016",
}
@inproceedings{matsushita-lonsdale-2012-item,
    title = "Item Development and Scoring for {J}apanese Oral Proficiency Testing",
    author = "Matsushita, Hitokazu  and
      Lonsdale, Deryle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/241_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2682--2689",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Extracting Procedural Knowledge from Instructional Texts using Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Zhang, Ziqi  and
      Webster, Philip  and
      Uren, Victoria  and
      Varga, Andrea  and
      Ciravegna, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/244_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "520--527",
}
@inproceedings{pimentel-2012-identifying,
    title = "Identifying equivalents of specialized verbs in a bilingual comparable corpus of judgments: A frame-based methodology",
    author = "Pimentel, Janine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/245_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1791--1798",
}
@inproceedings{costa-branco-2012-timebankpt,
    title = "{T}ime{B}ank{PT}: A {T}ime{ML} Annotated Corpus of {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Costa, Francisco  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/246_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3727--3734",
}
@inproceedings{nimb-pedersen-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards a richer wordnet representation of properties",
    author = "Nimb, Sanni  and
      Pedersen, Bolette Sandford",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/247_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3452--3456",
}
@inproceedings{borin-etal-2012-korp,
    title = {{K}orp {---} the corpus infrastructure of Spr{\"a}kbanken},
    author = "Borin, Lars  and
      Forsberg, Markus  and
      Roxendal, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/248_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "474--478",
}
@inproceedings{borin-etal-2012-open,
    title = {The open lexical infrastructure of Spr{\"a}kbanken},
    author = {Borin, Lars  and
      Forsberg, Markus  and
      Olsson, Leif-J{\"o}ran  and
      Uppstr{\"o}m, Jonatan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/249_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3598--3602",
}
@inproceedings{kulick-etal-2012-developments,
    title = "Further Developments in Treebank Error Detection Using Derivation Trees",
    author = "Kulick, Seth  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Mott, Justin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/251_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1840--1847",
}
@inproceedings{biemann-2012-turk,
    title = "Turk Bootstrap Word Sense Inventory 2.0: A Large-Scale Resource for Lexical Substitution",
    author = "Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/252_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4038--4042",
}
@inproceedings{alazard-etal-2012-multiphonia,
    title = "{MULTIPHONIA}: a {MULTI}modal database of {PHON}etics teaching methods in classroom {I}nter{A}ctions.",
    author = "Alazard, Charlotte  and
      Ast{\'e}sano, Corine  and
      Billi{\`e}res, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/254_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2578--2583",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-belis-etal-2012-discourse,
    title = "Discourse-level Annotation over {E}uroparl for Machine Translation: Connectives and Pronouns",
    author = "Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Meyer, Thomas  and
      Liyanapathirana, Jeevanthi  and
      Cartoni, Bruno  and
      Zufferey, Sandrine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/255_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2716--2720",
}
@inproceedings{min-grishman-2012-challenges,
    title = "Challenges in the Knowledge Base Population Slot Filling Task",
    author = "Min, Bonan  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/256_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1137--1142",
}
@inproceedings{zarcone-rued-2012-logical,
    title = "Logical metonymies and qualia structures: an annotated database of logical metonymies for {G}erman",
    author = "Zarcone, Alessandra  and
      Rued, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/259_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1799--1804",
}
@inproceedings{szabo-etal-2012-hunor,
    title = "{H}un{O}r: A {H}ungarian{---}{R}ussian Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Szab{\'o}, Martina Katalin  and
      Vincze, Veronika  and
      Nagy T., Istv{\'a}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/262_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2453--2458",
}
@inproceedings{wolinski-etal-2012-polimorf,
    title = "{P}oli{M}orf: a (not so) new open morphological dictionary for Polish",
    author = "Woli{\'n}ski, Marcin  and
      Mi{\l}kowski, Marcin  and
      Ogrodniczuk, Maciej  and
      Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/263_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "860--864",
}
@inproceedings{volodina-kokkinakis-2012-introducing,
    title = "Introducing the {S}wedish Kelly-list, a new lexical e-resource for {S}wedish",
    author = "Volodina, Elena  and
      Kokkinakis, Sofie Johansson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/264_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1040--1046",
}
@inproceedings{spitkovsky-chang-2012-cross,
    title = "A Cross-Lingual Dictionary for {E}nglish {W}ikipedia Concepts",
    author = "Spitkovsky, Valentin I.  and
      Chang, Angel X.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/266_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3168--3175",
}
@inproceedings{majlis-zabokrtsky-2012-language,
    title = "Language Richness of the Web",
    author = "Majli{\v{s}}, Martin  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/267_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2927--2934",
}
@inproceedings{degaetano-ortlieb-etal-2012-feature,
    title = "Feature Discovery for Diachronic Register Analysis: a Semi-Automatic Approach",
    author = "Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania  and
      Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina  and
      Teich, Elke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/268_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2786--2790",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-kordoni-2012-using,
    title = "Using Verb Subcategorization for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Roberts, Will  and
      Kordoni, Valia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/269_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "829--832",
}
@inproceedings{klerke-sogaard-2012-dsim,
    title = "{DS}im, a {D}anish Parallel Corpus for Text Simplification",
    author = "Klerke, Sigrid  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/270_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4015--4018",
}
@inproceedings{duran-aluisio-2012-propbank,
    title = "{P}ropbank-Br: a {B}razilian Treebank annotated with semantic role labels",
    author = "Duran, Magali Sanches  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/272_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1862--1867",
}
@inproceedings{petrov-etal-2012-universal,
    title = "A Universal Part-of-Speech Tagset",
    author = "Petrov, Slav  and
      Das, Dipanjan  and
      McDonald, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/274_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2089--2096",
}
@inproceedings{villavicencio-etal-2012-large,
    title = "A large scale annotated child language construction database",
    author = "Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Yankama, Beracah  and
      Idiart, Marco  and
      Berwick, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/276_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2370--2374",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Aligned Treebanks at {LDC}: New Challenges Interfacing Existing Infrastructures",
    author = "Li, Xuansong  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Grimes, Stephen  and
      Ismael, Safa  and
      Maamouri, Mohamed  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/277_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1848--1855",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Resources for Entity Linking Evaluation: from Monolingual to Cross-lingual",
    author = "Li, Xuansong  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Griffitt, Kira  and
      Ellis, Joe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/278_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3098--3105",
}
@inproceedings{sadamitsu-etal-2012-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a Class-Based Lexical Dictionary using Interactive Topic Models",
    author = "Sadamitsu, Kugatsu  and
      Saito, Kuniko  and
      Imamura, Kenji  and
      Matsuo, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/279_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2590--2595",
}
@inproceedings{yamasaki-etal-2012-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Corpus of Multi-party Conversations in Second Language",
    author = "Yamasaki, Shota  and
      Furukawa, Hirohisa  and
      Nishida, Masafumi  and
      Jokinen, Kristiina  and
      Yamamoto, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/280_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "416--421",
}
@inproceedings{sato-2012-dictionary,
    title = "Dictionary Look-up with Katakana Variant Recognition",
    author = "Sato, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/282_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "249--255",
}
@inproceedings{chang-manning-2012-sutime,
    title = "{SUT}ime: A library for recognizing and normalizing time expressions",
    author = "Chang, Angel X.  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/284_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3735--3740",
}
@inproceedings{metaxas-etal-2012-recognition,
    title = "Recognition of Nonmanual Markers in {A}merican Sign Language ({ASL}) Using Non-Parametric Adaptive 2{D}-3{D} Face Tracking",
    author = "Metaxas, Dimitris  and
      Liu, Bo  and
      Yang, Fei  and
      Yang, Peng  and
      Michael, Nicholas  and
      Neidle, Carol",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/287_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2414--2420",
}
@inproceedings{clark-araki-2012-two,
    title = "Two Database Resources for Processing Social Media {E}nglish Text",
    author = "Clark, Eleanor  and
      Araki, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/288_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3790--3793",
}
@inproceedings{agosti-etal-2012-curated,
    title = "A Curated Database for Linguistic Research: The Test Case of Cimbrian Varieties",
    author = "Agosti, Maristella  and
      Alber, Birgit  and
      Nunzio, Giorgio Maria Di  and
      Dussin, Marco  and
      Rabanus, Stefan  and
      Tomaselli, Alessandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/290_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2230--2236",
}
@inproceedings{papangelis-etal-2012-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Online Dialogue Policy Learning Techniques",
    author = "Papangelis, Alexandros  and
      Karkaletsis, Vangelis  and
      Makedon, Fillia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/291_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1410--1415",
}
@inproceedings{kunchukuttan-etal-2012-experiences,
    title = "Experiences in Resource Generation for Machine Translation through Crowdsourcing",
    author = "Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Roy, Shourya  and
      Patel, Pratik  and
      Ladha, Kushal  and
      Gupta, Somya  and
      Khapra, Mitesh M.  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/292_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "384--391",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-agirre-etal-2012-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Central Repository version 3.0",
    author = "Gonzalez-Agirre, Aitor  and
      Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/293_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2525--2529",
}
@inproceedings{avramidis-etal-2012-involving,
    title = "Involving Language Professionals in the Evaluation of Machine Translation",
    author = "Avramidis, Eleftherios  and
      Burchardt, Aljoscha  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Tscherwinka, Cindy  and
      Vilar, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/294_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1127--1130",
}
@inproceedings{velardi-etal-2012-new,
    title = "A New Method for Evaluating Automatically Learned Terminological Taxonomies",
    author = "Velardi, Paola  and
      Navigli, Roberto  and
      Faralli, Stefano  and
      Ruiz Martinez, Juana Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/295_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1498--1504",
}
@inproceedings{gagliardi-etal-2012-topologic,
    title = "A topologic view of Topic and Focus marking in {I}talian",
    author = "Gagliardi, Gloria  and
      Vallauri, Edoardo Lombardi  and
      Tamburini, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/296_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "948--955",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-etal-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving the Recall of a Discourse Parser by Constraint-based Postprocessing",
    author = "Ghosh, Sucheta  and
      Johansson, Richard  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe  and
      Tonelli, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/297_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2791--2794",
}
@inproceedings{mititelu-2012-adding,
    title = "Adding Morpho-semantic Relations to the {R}omanian {W}ordnet",
    author = "Mititelu, Verginica Barbu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/299_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2596--2601",
}
@inproceedings{vasilescu-etal-2012-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual studies of {ASR} errors: paradigms for perceptual evaluations",
    author = "Vasilescu, Ioana  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine  and
      Lamel, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/300_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3511--3518",
}
@inproceedings{heppin-gronostaj-2012-rocky,
    title = "The Rocky Road towards a {S}wedish {F}rame{N}et - Creating {S}we{FN}",
    author = "Heppin, Karin Friberg  and
      Gronostaj, Maria Toporowska",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/301_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "256--261",
}
@inproceedings{schabus-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building a synchronous corpus of acoustic and 3{D} facial marker data for adaptive audio-visual speech synthesis",
    author = "Schabus, Dietmar  and
      Pucher, Michael  and
      Hofer, Gregor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/302_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3313--3316",
}
@inproceedings{lenkiewicz-etal-2012-avatech,
    title = "{AVAT}ec{H} {---} automated annotation through audio and video analysis",
    author = {Lenkiewicz, Przemyslaw  and
      Gebre, Binyam Gebrekidan  and
      Schreer, Oliver  and
      Masneri, Stefano  and
      Schneider, Daniel  and
      Tsch{\"o}pel, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/303_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "209--214",
}
@inproceedings{seretan-2012-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of Syntactic Simplification Rules for {F}rench",
    author = "Seretan, Violeta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/304_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4019--4026",
}
@inproceedings{saravanan-etal-2012-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of the Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Named Entities in Natural Language Corpora",
    author = "Saravanan, K  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Udupa, Raghavendra  and
      Kumaran, A",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/305_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3118--3125",
}
@inproceedings{chu-etal-2012-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Characters Mapping Table of {J}apanese, Traditional {C}hinese and Simplified {C}hinese",
    author = "Chu, Chenhui  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/306_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2149--2152",
}
@inproceedings{morell-etal-2012-iula2standoff,
    title = "{I}ula2{S}tandoff: a tool for creating standoff documents for the {IULACT}",
    author = "Morell, Carlos  and
      Vivaldi, Jorge  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/307_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "351--356",
}
@inproceedings{bittar-etal-2012-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Annotation: A Proposal for Guidelines and an Experiment with Inter-annotator Agreement",
    author = "Bittar, Andr{\'e}  and
      Hag{\`e}ge, Caroline  and
      Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Tannier, Xavier  and
      Teiss{\`e}dre, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/308_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3741--3745",
}
@inproceedings{genereux-etal-2012-introducing,
    title = "Introducing the Reference Corpus of Contemporary {P}ortuguese Online",
    author = "G{\'e}n{\'e}reux, Michel  and
      Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Mendes, Am{\'a}lia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/309_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2237--2244",
}
@inproceedings{ziering-etal-2012-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-based Study of the {G}erman Recipient Passive",
    author = "Ziering, Patrick  and
      Zarrie{\ss}, Sina  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/311_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1637--1644",
}
@inproceedings{smedt-daelemans-2012-vreselijk,
    title = "{``}Vreselijk mooi!{''} (terribly beautiful): A Subjectivity Lexicon for {D}utch Adjectives.",
    author = "Smedt, Tom De  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/312_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3568--3572",
}
@inproceedings{muhonen-purtonen-2012-rule,
    title = "Rule-Based Detection of Clausal Coordinate Ellipsis",
    author = "Muhonen, Kristiina  and
      Purtonen, Tanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/313_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1955--1959",
}
@inproceedings{tannier-etal-2012-evolution,
    title = "Evolution of Event Designation in Media: Preliminary Study",
    author = "Tannier, Xavier  and
      Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Arnulphy, B{\'e}atrice  and
      He, Ruixin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/314_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "528--531",
}
@inproceedings{penas-etal-2012-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Machine Reading Systems through Comprehension Tests",
    author = "Pe{\~n}as, Anselmo  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Forner, Pamela  and
      Rodrigo, {\'A}lvaro  and
      Sutcliffe, Richard  and
      Forascu, Corina  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/315_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1143--1147",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-biomedical,
    title = "Biomedical {C}hinese-{E}nglish {CLIR} Using an Extended {CM}e{SH} Resource to Expand Queries",
    author = "Wang, Xinkai  and
      Thompson, Paul  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/316_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1148--1155",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-agirre-etal-2012-proposal,
    title = "A proposal for improving {W}ord{N}et Domains",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez-Agirre, Aitor  and
      Castillo, Mauro  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/319_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3457--3462",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-heuvel-etal-2012-oral,
    title = "An Oral History Annotation Tool for {INTER}-{VIEW}s",
    author = "van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      Sanders, Eric  and
      Rutten, Robin  and
      Scagliola, Stef  and
      Witkamp, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/320_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "215--218",
}
@inproceedings{karppa-etal-2012-comparing,
    title = "Comparing computer vision analysis of signed language video with motion capture recordings",
    author = "Karppa, Matti  and
      Jantunen, Tommi  and
      Viitaniemi, Ville  and
      Laaksonen, Jorma  and
      Burger, Birgitta  and
      Weerdt, Danny De",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/321_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2421--2425",
}
@inproceedings{cortes-etal-2012-free,
    title = "Free/Open Source Shallow-Transfer Based Machine Translation for {S}panish and Aragonese",
    author = "Cort{\'e}s, Juan Pablo Mart{\'\i}nez  and
      O{'}Regan, Jim  and
      Tyers, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/326_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2153--2157",
}
@inproceedings{goldhahn-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building Large Monolingual Dictionaries at the Leipzig Corpora Collection: From 100 to 200 Languages",
    author = "Goldhahn, Dirk  and
      Eckart, Thomas  and
      Quasthoff, Uwe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/327_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "759--765",
}
@inproceedings{christiansen-henrichsen-2012-sense,
    title = "Sense Meets Nonsense - Sense Meets Nonsense - a dual-layer {D}anish speech corpus for perception studies",
    author = "Christiansen, Thomas Ulrich  and
      Henrichsen, Peter Juel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/330_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3356--3361",
}
@inproceedings{hurtado-etal-2012-acquisition,
    title = "The acquisition and dialog act labeling of the {EDECAN}-{SPORTS} corpus",
    author = "Hurtado, Llu{\'\i}s-F.  and
      Garc{\'\i}a, Fernando  and
      Sanchis, Emilio  and
      Segarra, Encarna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/331_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1416--1420",
}
@inproceedings{schmitt-etal-2012-parameterized,
    title = "A Parameterized and Annotated Spoken Dialog Corpus of the {CMU} Let{'}s Go Bus Information System",
    author = "Schmitt, Alexander  and
      Ultes, Stefan  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/333_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3369--3373",
}
@inproceedings{robaldo-szymanik-2012-pragmatic,
    title = "Pragmatic identification of the witness sets",
    author = "Robaldo, Livio  and
      Szymanik, Jakub",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/334_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "81--87",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2012-good,
    title = "A good space: Lexical predictors in word space evaluation",
    author = {Smith, Christian  and
      Danielsson, Henrik  and
      J{\"o}nsson, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/335_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2530--2535",
}
@inproceedings{berka-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic {MT} Error Analysis: Hjerson Helping Addicter",
    author = "Berka, Jan  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Fishel, Mark  and
      Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/336_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2158--2163",
}
@inproceedings{pighin-etal-2012-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis (and an Annotated Corpus) of User Responses to Machine Translation Output",
    author = "Pighin, Daniele  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      May, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/337_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1131--1136",
}
@inproceedings{seraji-etal-2012-basic,
    title = "A Basic Language Resource Kit for {P}ersian",
    author = "Seraji, Mojgan  and
      Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/338_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2245--2252",
}
@inproceedings{sangodkar-damani-2012-ordering,
    title = "Re-ordering Source Sentences for {SMT}",
    author = "Sangodkar, Amit  and
      Damani, Om",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/340_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2164--2171",
}
@inproceedings{judea-etal-2012-concept,
    title = "Concept-based Selectional Preferences and Distributional Representations from {W}ikipedia Articles",
    author = "Judea, Alex  and
      Nastase, Vivi  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/341_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2985--2990",
}
@inproceedings{qasemizadeh-etal-2012-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Technical Term Tagging With Minimal User Feedback",
    author = "QasemiZadeh, Behrang  and
      Buitelaar, Paul  and
      Chen, Tianqi  and
      Bordea, Georgeta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/342_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "617--621",
}
@inproceedings{galibert-etal-2012-extended,
    title = "Extended Named Entities Annotation on {OCR}ed Documents: From Corpus Constitution to Evaluation Campaign",
    author = "Galibert, Olivier  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Quintard, Ludovic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/343_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3126--3131",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-joint,
    title = "Joint Grammar and Treebank Development for {M}andarin {C}hinese with {HPSG}",
    author = "Zhang, Yi  and
      Wang, Rui  and
      Chen, Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/345_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1868--1873",
}
@inproceedings{vetulani-2012-wordnet,
    title = "{W}ordnet Based Lexicon Grammar for Polish",
    author = "Vetulani, Zygmunt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/347_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1645--1649",
}
@inproceedings{rios-gohring-2012-tree,
    title = "A tree is a {B}aum is an {\'a}rbol is a sach{'}a: Creating a trilingual treebank",
    author = {Rios, Annette  and
      G{\"o}hring, Anne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/350_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1874--1879",
}
@inproceedings{zablotskaya-etal-2012-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Verbal Intelligence Using the {TF}-{IDF} Approach",
    author = "Zablotskaya, Kseniya  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Fernando Fern{\'a}ndez  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/352_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1573--1576",
}
@inproceedings{zablotskaya-etal-2012-relating,
    title = "Relating Dominance of Dialogue Participants with their Verbal Intelligence Scores",
    author = "Zablotskaya, Kseniya  and
      Rahim, Umair  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Fernando Fern{\'a}ndez  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/354_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1289--1292",
}
@inproceedings{stajner-mitkov-2012-diachronic,
    title = "Diachronic Changes in Text Complexity in 20th Century {E}nglish Language: An {NLP} Approach",
    author = "{\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/355_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1577--1584",
}
@inproceedings{costa-etal-2012-english,
    title = "An {E}nglish-{P}ortuguese parallel corpus of questions: translation guidelines and application in {SMT}",
    author = "Costa, {\^A}ngela  and
      Lu{\'\i}s, Tiago  and
      Ribeiro, Joana  and
      Mendes, Ana Cristina  and
      Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/356_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2172--2176",
}
@inproceedings{henrichsen-uneson-2012-smallworlds,
    title = "{SMALLW}orlds {--} Multilingual Content-Controlled Monologues",
    author = "Henrichsen, Peter Juel  and
      Uneson, Marcus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/357_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3362--3368",
}
@inproceedings{cinkova-etal-2012-database,
    title = "A database of semantic clusters of verb usages",
    author = "Cinkov{\'a}, Silvie  and
      Holub, Martin  and
      Rambousek, Adam  and
      Smejkalov{\'a}, Lenka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/359_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3176--3183",
}
@inproceedings{ahlberg-enache-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining Language Resources Into A Grammar-Driven {S}wedish Parser",
    author = "Ahlberg, Malin  and
      Enache, Ramona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/360_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1971--1976",
}
@inproceedings{baran-etal-2012-annotating,
    title = "Annotating dropped pronouns in {C}hinese newswire text",
    author = "Baran, Elizabeth  and
      Yang, Yaqin  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/361_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2795--2799",
}
@inproceedings{aloni-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building a Corpus of Indefinite Uses Annotated with Fine-grained Semantic Functions",
    author = "Aloni, Maria  and
      van Cranenburgh, Andreas  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel  and
      Sznajder, Marta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/362_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1511--1515",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2012-mining,
    title = "Mining {H}indi-{E}nglish Transliteration Pairs from Online {H}indi Lyrics",
    author = "Gupta, Kanika  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Bali, Kalika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/365_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2459--2465",
}
@inproceedings{lhomme-pimentel-2012-capturing,
    title = "Capturing syntactico-semantic regularities among terms: An application of the {F}rame{N}et methodology to terminology",
    author = "L{'}Homme, Marie-Claude  and
      Pimentel, Janine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/366_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "262--268",
}
@inproceedings{pighin-etal-2012-faust,
    title = "The {FAUST} Corpus of Adequacy Assessments for Real-World Machine Translation Output",
    author = "Pighin, Daniele  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Formiga, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/370_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "29--35",
}
@inproceedings{bethard-etal-2012-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Story Timelines as Temporal Dependency Structures",
    author = "Bethard, Steven  and
      Kolomiyets, Oleksandr  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/371_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2721--2726",
}
@inproceedings{seinturier-etal-2012-ontological,
    title = "An ontological approach to model and query multimodal concurrent linguistic annotations",
    author = "Seinturier, Julien  and
      Murisasco, Elisabeth  and
      Bruno, Emmanuel  and
      Blache, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/372_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2602--2605",
}
@inproceedings{branco-etal-2012-propbank,
    title = "A {P}rop{B}ank for {P}ortuguese: the {CINTIL}-{P}rop{B}ank",
    author = "Branco, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Carvalheiro, Catarina  and
      Pereira, S{\'\i}lvia  and
      Silveira, Sara  and
      Silva, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Castro, S{\'e}rgio  and
      Gra{\c{c}}a, Jo{\~a}o",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/373_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1516--1521",
}
@inproceedings{cuadros-etal-2012-highlighting,
    title = "Highlighting relevant concepts from Topic Signatures",
    author = "Cuadros, Montse  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/374_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3841--3848",
}
@inproceedings{stankovic-etal-2012-tool,
    title = "A tool for enhanced search of multilingual digital libraries of e-journals",
    author = "Stankovi{\'c}, Ranka  and
      Krstev, Cvetana  and
      Obradovi{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Trtovac, Aleksandra  and
      Utvi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/375_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1710--1717",
}
@inproceedings{fialho-etal-2012-extending,
    title = "Extending a wordnet framework for simplicity and scalability",
    author = "Fialho, Pedro  and
      Curto, S{\'e}rgio  and
      Mendes, Ana Cristina  and
      Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/376_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3701--3705",
}
@inproceedings{fornaciari-poesio-2012-decour,
    title = "{D}e{C}our: a corpus of {DE}ceptive statements in {I}talian {COUR}ts",
    author = "Fornaciari, Tommaso  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/377_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1585--1590",
}
@inproceedings{lynn-etal-2012-irish,
    title = "Irish Treebanking and Parsing: A Preliminary Evaluation",
    author = {Lynn, Teresa  and
      {\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      U{\'\i} Dhonnchadha, Elaine  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      van Genabith, Josef},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/378_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1939--1946",
}
@inproceedings{bordea-etal-2012-expertise,
    title = "Expertise Mining for Enterprise Content Management",
    author = "Bordea, Georgeta  and
      Kirrane, Sabrina  and
      Buitelaar, Paul  and
      Pereira, Bianca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/379_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3495--3498",
}
@inproceedings{cakmak-etal-2012-word,
    title = "Word Alignment for {E}nglish-{T}urkish Language Pair",
    author = {{\c{C}}akmak, Mehmet Talha  and
      Acar, S{\"u}leyman  and
      Eryi{\u{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/380_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2177--2180",
}
@inproceedings{barbot-etal-2012-comparing,
    title = "Comparing performance of different set-covering strategies for linguistic content optimization in speech corpora",
    author = "Barbot, Nelly  and
      Boeffard, Olivier  and
      Delhay, Arnaud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/381_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "969--974",
}
@inproceedings{ion-2012-pexacc,
    title = "{PEXACC}: A Parallel Sentence Mining Algorithm from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Ion, Radu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/382_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2181--2188",
}
@inproceedings{sheykholeslam-etal-2012-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Spelling Correction in {P}ersian Language Using Noisy Channel Model",
    author = "Sheykholeslam, Mohammad Hoseyn  and
      Minaei-Bidgoli, Behrouz  and
      Juzi, Hossein",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/384_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "706--710",
}
@inproceedings{serasset-2012-dbnary,
    title = "{D}bnary: {W}iktionary as a {LMF} based Multilingual {RDF} network",
    author = "S{\'e}rasset, Gilles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/387_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2466--2472",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2012-dysarthric,
    title = "Dysarthric Speech Database for Development of {Q}o{LT} Software Technology",
    author = "Choi, Dae-Lim  and
      Kim, Bong-Wan  and
      Kim, Yeon-Whoa  and
      Lee, Yong-Ju  and
      Um, Yongnam  and
      Chung, Minhwa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/388_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3378--3381",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2012-cltc,
    title = "{CLTC}: A {C}hinese-{E}nglish Cross-lingual Topic Corpus",
    author = "Xia, Yunqing  and
      Tang, Guoyu  and
      Jin, Peng  and
      Yang, Xia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/389_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "532--537",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-etal-2012-customizable,
    title = "Customizable {SCF} Acquisition in {I}talian",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Rubino, Francesco  and
      Frontini, Francesca  and
      Russo, Irene  and
      Quochi, Valeria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/390_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2842--2848",
}
@inproceedings{merkus-schiel-2012-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Evaluation of Pronunciation Encoding",
    author = "Merkus, Iris  and
      Schiel, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/391_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "981--985",
}
@inproceedings{voutilainen-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving corpus annotation productivity: a method and experiment with interactive tagging",
    author = "Voutilainen, Atro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/393_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2097--2102",
}
@inproceedings{maroto-etal-2012-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Relations Established by Specialized Processes Expressed by Nouns and Verbs: Identification in a Corpus by means of Syntactico-semantic Annotation",
    author = "Maroto, Nava  and
      L{'}Homme, Marie-Claude  and
      Alcina, Amparo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/394_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3814--3819",
}
@inproceedings{gratta-etal-2012-language,
    title = "The Language Library: supporting community effort for collective resource production",
    author = "Gratta, Riccardo Del  and
      Frontini, Francesca  and
      Rubino, Francesco  and
      Russo, Irene  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/396_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "43--49",
}
@inproceedings{weber-etal-2012-mistral,
    title = "{MISTRAL}+: A Melody Intonation Speaker Tonal Range semi-automatic Analysis using variable Levels",
    author = "Weber, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Caelen-Haumont, Genevi{\`e}ve  and
      Pham, Binh Hai  and
      Tran, Do-Dat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/397_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "963--968",
}
@inproceedings{kaeshammer-demberg-2012-german,
    title = "{G}erman and {E}nglish Treebanks and Lexica for Tree-Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Kaeshammer, Miriam  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/398_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1880--1887",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2012-annotating,
    title = "Annotating a corpus of human interaction with prosodic profiles {---} focusing on {M}andarin repair/disfluency",
    author = "Chen, Helen Kaiyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/399_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "986--990",
}
@inproceedings{cassidy-etal-2012-australian,
    title = "The {A}ustralian National Corpus: National Infrastructure for Language Resources",
    author = "Cassidy, Steve  and
      Haugh, Michael  and
      Peters, Pam  and
      Fallu, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/400_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3295--3299",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2012-grammar,
    title = "A Grammar-informed Corpus-based Sentence Database for Linguistic and Computational Studies",
    author = "Xu, Hongzhi  and
      Chen, Helen Kaiyun  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Shi, Dingxu  and
      Chiu, Tin-Shing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/401_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3140--3144",
}
@inproceedings{sloetjes-somasundaram-2012-elan,
    title = "{ELAN} development, keeping pace with communities{'} needs",
    author = "Sloetjes, Han  and
      Somasundaram, Aarthy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/402_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "219--223",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2012-revealing,
    title = "Revealing Contentious Concepts Across Social Groups",
    author = "Lin, Ching-Sheng  and
      Akcam, Zumrut  and
      Shaikh, Samira  and
      Small, Sharon  and
      Stahl, Ken  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Webb, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/403_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2838--2841",
}
@inproceedings{borgia-etal-2012-resource,
    title = "Resource production of written forms of Sign Languages by a user-centered editor, {SW}ift ({S}ign{W}riting improved fast transcriber)",
    author = "Borgia, Fabrizio  and
      Bianchini, Claudia S.  and
      Dalle, Patrice  and
      Marsico, Maria De",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/404_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3779--3784",
}
@inproceedings{ar-etal-2012-cost,
    title = "Cost and Benefit of Using {W}ord{N}et Senses for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "AR, Balamurali  and
      Joshi, Aditya  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/405_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3090--3097",
}
@inproceedings{cardoso-2012-rembrandt,
    title = "Rembrandt - a named-entity recognition framework",
    author = "Cardoso, Nuno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/409_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1240--1243",
}
@inproceedings{sacaleanu-neumann-2012-adaptive,
    title = "An Adaptive Framework for Named Entity Combination",
    author = {Sacaleanu, Bogdan  and
      Neumann, G{\"u}nter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/411_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1244--1249",
}
@inproceedings{langlais-etal-2012-texto4science,
    title = "{T}exto4{S}cience: a Quebec {F}rench Database of Annotated Short Text Messages",
    author = "Langlais, Philippe  and
      Drouin, Patrick  and
      Paulus, Am{\'e}lie  and
      Brodeur, Eug{\'e}nie Rompr{\'e}  and
      Cottin, Florent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/413_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1047--1054",
}
@inproceedings{sanders-2012-collecting,
    title = "Collecting and Analysing Chats and Tweets in {S}o{N}a{R}",
    author = "Sanders, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/416_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2253--2256",
}
@inproceedings{rysova-2012-alternative,
    title = "Alternative Lexicalizations of Discourse Connectives in {C}zech",
    author = "Rysov{\'a}, Magdal{\'e}na",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/420_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2800--2807",
}
@inproceedings{maekawa-2012-prediction,
    title = "Prediction of Non-Linguistic Information of Spontaneous Speech from the Prosodic Annotation: Evaluation of the X-{JT}o{BI} system",
    author = "Maekawa, Kikuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/422_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "991--996",
}
@inproceedings{pazienza-etal-2012-pearl,
    title = "{PEARL}: {P}roj{E}ction of Annotations Rule Language, a Language for Projecting ({UIMA}) Annotations over {RDF} Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Stellato, Armando  and
      Turbati, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/424_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3828--3835",
}
@inproceedings{strotgen-gertz-2012-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Tagging on Different Domains: Challenges, Strategies, and Gold Standards",
    author = {Str{\"o}tgen, Jannik  and
      Gertz, Michael},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/425_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3746--3753",
}
@inproceedings{paramita-etal-2012-correlation,
    title = "Correlation between Similarity Measures for Inter-Language Linked {W}ikipedia Articles",
    author = "Paramita, Monica Lestari  and
      Clough, Paul  and
      Aker, Ahmet  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/426_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "790--797",
}
@inproceedings{buendia-castro-sanchez-cardenas-2012-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic knowledge for specialized text production",
    author = "Buend{\'\i}a-Castro, Miriam  and
      S{\'a}nchez-C{\'a}rdenas, Beatriz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/427_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "622--626",
}
@inproceedings{moneglia-etal-2012-imagact,
    title = "The {IMAGACT} Cross-linguistic Ontology of Action. A new infrastructure for natural language disambiguation",
    author = "Moneglia, Massimo  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Calabrese, Omar  and
      Panunzi, Alessandro  and
      Frontini, Francesca  and
      Gagliardi, Gloria  and
      Russo, Irene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/428_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2606--2613",
}
@inproceedings{zeman-etal-2012-hamledt,
    title = "{H}amle{DT}: To Parse or Not to Parse?",
    author = "Zeman, Daniel  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Ramasamy, Loganathan  and
      {\v{S}}t{\v{e}}p{\'a}nek, Jan  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/429_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2735--2741",
}
@inproceedings{padro-stanilovsky-2012-freeling,
    title = "{F}ree{L}ing 3.0: Towards Wider Multilinguality",
    author = "Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Stanilovsky, Evgeny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/430_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2473--2479",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-2012-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Appropriateness Of System Responses In A Spoken {CALL} Game",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Gerlach, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/434_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2690--2694",
}
@inproceedings{fuchs-etal-2012-scalable,
    title = "A Scalable Architecture For Web Deployment of Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Fuchs, Matthew  and
      Tsourakis, Nikos  and
      Rayner, Manny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/436_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1309--1314",
}
@inproceedings{van-uytvanck-etal-2012-semantic,
    title = "Semantic metadata mapping in practice: the Virtual Language Observatory",
    author = "Van Uytvanck, Dieter  and
      Stehouwer, Herman  and
      Lampen, Lari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/437_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1029--1034",
}
@inproceedings{rognvaldsson-etal-2012-icelandic,
    title = "The {I}celandic Parsed Historical Corpus ({I}ce{P}a{HC})",
    author = {R{\"o}gnvaldsson, Eir{\'\i}kur  and
      Ingason, Anton Karl  and
      Sigur{\dh}sson, Einar Freyr  and
      Wallenberg, Joel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/440_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1977--1984",
}
@inproceedings{vaidya-etal-2012-empty,
    title = "Empty Argument Insertion in the {H}indi {P}rop{B}ank",
    author = "Vaidya, Ashwini  and
      Choi, Jinho D.  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Narasimhan, Bhuvana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/442_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1522--1526",
}
@inproceedings{paroubek-tannier-2012-rough,
    title = "A Rough Set Formalization of Quantitative Evaluation with Ambiguity",
    author = "Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Tannier, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/443_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2311--2317",
}
@inproceedings{avramidis-etal-2012-richly,
    title = "A Richly Annotated, Multilingual Parallel Corpus for Hybrid Machine Translation",
    author = "Avramidis, Eleftherios  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Melero, Maite  and
      Pecina, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/444_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2189--2193",
}
@inproceedings{erjavec-2012-goo300k,
    title = "The goo300k corpus of historical {S}lovene",
    author = "Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/445_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2257--2260",
}
@inproceedings{marcinczuk-etal-2012-inforex,
    title = "{I}nforex {--} a web-based tool for text corpus management and semantic annotation",
    author = "Marci{\'n}czuk, Micha{\l}  and
      Koco{\'n}, Jan  and
      Broda, Bartosz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/446_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "224--230",
}
@inproceedings{rakho-etal-2012-new,
    title = "A new semantically annotated corpus with syntactic-semantic and cross-lingual senses",
    author = "Rakho, Myriam  and
      Laporte, {\'E}ric  and
      Constant, Matthieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/447_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "597--600",
}
@inproceedings{odijk-2012-recent,
    title = "Recent Developments in {CLARIN}-{NL}",
    author = "Odijk, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/448_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1055--1060",
}
@inproceedings{nicolas-etal-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised acquisition of concatenative morphology",
    author = "Nicolas, Lionel  and
      Farr{\'e}, Jacques  and
      Darme, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/450_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "865--872",
}
@inproceedings{derczynski-etal-2012-massively,
    title = "Massively Increasing {TIMEX}3 Resources: A Transduction Approach",
    author = "Derczynski, Leon  and
      Llorens, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Saquete, Estela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/451_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3754--3761",
}
@inproceedings{exner-nugues-2012-constructing,
    title = "Constructing Large Proposition Databases",
    author = "Exner, Peter  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/452_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3836--3840",
}
@inproceedings{sundberg-etal-2012-visualizing,
    title = "Visualizing Sentiment Analysis on a User Forum",
    author = "Sundberg, Rasmus  and
      Eriksson, Anders  and
      Bini, Johan  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/453_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3573--3579",
}
@inproceedings{gebre-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Gesture Stroke Detection",
    author = "Gebre, Binyam Gebrekidan  and
      Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Lenkiewicz, Przemyslaw",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/454_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "231--235",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-etal-2012-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling with the {S}wedish {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Heppin, Karin Friberg  and
      Kokkinakis, Dimitrios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/455_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3697--3700",
}
@inproceedings{ramasamy-zabokrtsky-2012-prague,
    title = "{P}rague Dependency Style Treebank for {T}amil",
    author = "Ramasamy, Loganathan  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/456_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1888--1894",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-etal-2012-distributed,
    title = "A Distributed Resource Repository for Cloud-Based Machine Translation",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Hansen, Dorte Haltrup  and
      Offersgaard, Lene  and
      Olsen, Sussi  and
      Zumpe, Matthias},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/457_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2207--2213",
}
@inproceedings{goncalves-etal-2012-treebanking,
    title = "Treebanking by Sentence and Tree Transformation: Building a Treebank to support Question Answering in {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Gon{\c{c}}alves, Patr{\'\i}cia  and
      Santos, Rita  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/460_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1895--1901",
}
@inproceedings{graff-maamouri-2012-developing,
    title = "Developing {LMF}-{XML} Bilingual Dictionaries for Colloquial {A}rabic Dialects",
    author = "Graff, David  and
      Maamouri, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/461_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "269--274",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-2012-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Data, Tools and Interfaces in {OPUS}",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/463_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2214--2218",
}
@inproceedings{iosif-potamianos-2012-semsim,
    title = "{S}em{S}im: Resources for Normalized Semantic Similarity Computation Using Lexical Networks",
    author = "Iosif, Elias  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/464_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3499--3504",
}
@inproceedings{mohamed-etal-2012-annotating,
    title = "Annotating and Learning Morphological Segmentation of {E}gyptian Colloquial {A}rabic",
    author = "Mohamed, Emad  and
      Mohit, Behrang  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/465_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "873--877",
}
@inproceedings{schulz-etal-2012-resource,
    title = "A Resource-light Approach to Phrase Extraction for {E}nglish and {G}erman Documents from the Patent Domain and User Generated Content",
    author = "Schulz, Julia Maria  and
      Becks, Daniela  and
      Womser-Hacker, Christa  and
      Mandl, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/466_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "538--543",
}
@inproceedings{falco-etal-2012-kitten,
    title = "{K}itten: a tool for normalizing {HTML} and extracting its textual content",
    author = "Falco, Mathieu-Henri  and
      Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/467_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2261--2267",
}
@inproceedings{dima-etal-2012-metadata,
    title = "A Metadata Editor to Support the Description of Linguistic Resources",
    author = "Dima, Emanuel  and
      Hoppermann, Christina  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      Trippel, Thorsten  and
      Zinn, Claus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/468_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1061--1066",
}
@inproceedings{rello-gayo-2012-portuguese,
    title = "A {P}ortuguese-{S}panish Corpus Annotated for Subject Realization and Referentiality",
    author = "Rello, Luz  and
      Gayo, Iria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/469_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "154--157",
}
@inproceedings{dima-etal-2012-repository,
    title = "A Repository for the Sustainable Management of Research Data",
    author = "Dima, Emanuel  and
      Henrich, Verena  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      Hinrichs, Marie  and
      Hoppermann, Christina  and
      Trippel, Thorsten  and
      Zastrow, Thomas  and
      Zinn, Claus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/470_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3586--3592",
}
@inproceedings{arza-etal-2012-galician,
    title = "A {G}alician Syntactic Corpus with Application to Intonation Modeling",
    author = "Arza, Montserrat  and
      Garc{\'\i}a Miguel, Jos{\'e} M.  and
      Campillo, Francisco  and
      Alonso, Miguel Cuevas -",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/471_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1650--1654",
}
@inproceedings{ahmed-etal-2012-reference,
    title = "A Reference Dependency Bank for Analyzing Complex Predicates",
    author = "Ahmed, Tafseer  and
      Butt, Miriam  and
      Hautli, Annette  and
      Sulger, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/474_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3145--3152",
}
@inproceedings{eckle-kohler-etal-2012-uby,
    title = "{UBY}-{LMF} {--} A Uniform Model for Standardizing Heterogeneous Lexical-Semantic Resources in {ISO}-{LMF}",
    author = "Eckle-Kohler, Judith  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Hartmann, Silvana  and
      Matuschek, Michael  and
      Meyer, Christian M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/475_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "275--282",
}
@inproceedings{eckart-etal-2012-influence,
    title = "The Influence of Corpus Quality on Statistical Measurements on Language Resources",
    author = "Eckart, Thomas  and
      Quasthoff, Uwe  and
      Goldhahn, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/476_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2318--2321",
}
@inproceedings{apidianaki-sagot-2012-applying,
    title = "Applying cross-lingual {WSD} to wordnet development",
    author = "Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/478_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "833--840",
}
@inproceedings{bouillon-etal-2012-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Qualia Relations in {I}talian and {F}rench Complex Nominals",
    author = "Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Jezek, Elisabetta  and
      Melloni, Chiara  and
      Picton, Aur{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/480_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1527--1532",
}
@inproceedings{fishel-etal-2012-terra,
    title = "{T}erra: a Collection of Translation Error-Annotated Corpora",
    author = "Fishel, Mark  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Popovi{\'c}, Maja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/481_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "7--14",
}
@inproceedings{babko-malaya-etal-2012-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Nuggets of Information in {GALE} Distillation Evaluation",
    author = "Babko-Malaya, Olga  and
      Milette, Greg  and
      Schneider, Michael  and
      Scogin, Sarah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/482_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2322--2327",
}
@inproceedings{topkaya-erdogan-2012-sutav,
    title = "{SUTAV}: A {T}urkish Audio-Visual Database",
    author = "Topkaya, Ibrahim Saygin  and
      Erdogan, Hakan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/483_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2334--2337",
}
@inproceedings{zablotskiy-etal-2012-speech,
    title = "Speech and Language Resources for {LVCSR} of {R}ussian",
    author = "Zablotskiy, Sergey  and
      Shvets, Alexander  and
      Sidorov, Maxim  and
      Semenkin, Eugene  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/485_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3374--3377",
}
@inproceedings{rodriguez-fuentes-etal-2012-kalaka,
    title = "{KALAKA}-2: a {TV} Broadcast Speech Database for the Recognition of {I}berian Languages in Clean and Noisy Environments",
    author = "Rodr{\'\i}guez-Fuentes, Luis Javier  and
      Penagarikano, Mikel  and
      Varona, Amparo  and
      Diez, Mireia  and
      Bordel, Germ{\'a}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/486_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "99--105",
}
@inproceedings{grimes-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic word alignment tools to scale production of manually aligned parallel texts",
    author = "Grimes, Stephen  and
      Peterson, Katherine  and
      Li, Xuansong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/487_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2194--2198",
}
@inproceedings{bachan-2012-developing,
    title = "Developing and evaluating an emergency scenario dialogue corpus",
    author = "Bachan, Jolanta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/488_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1421--1427",
}
@inproceedings{dale-narroway-2012-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Evaluating Text Correction",
    author = "Dale, Robert  and
      Narroway, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/490_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3015--3018",
}
@inproceedings{thurmair-etal-2012-large,
    title = "Large Scale Lexical Analysis",
    author = "Thurmair, Gregor  and
      Aleksi{\'c}, Vera  and
      Schwarz, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/493_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2849--2855",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-ntusocialrec,
    title = "{NTUS}ocial{R}ec: An Evaluation Dataset Constructed from Microblogs for Recommendation Applications in Social Networks",
    author = "Wang, Chieh-Jen  and
      Cheng, Shuk-Man  and
      Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Liu, Wen-shen  and
      Huang, Pei-Wen  and
      Lin, Shih-Peng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/494_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2328--2332",
}
@inproceedings{gravier-etal-2012-etape,
    title = "The {ETAPE} corpus for the evaluation of speech-based {TV} content processing in the {F}rench language",
    author = "Gravier, Guillaume  and
      Adda, Gilles  and
      Paulsson, Niklas  and
      Carr{\'e}, Matthieu  and
      Giraudel, Aude  and
      Galibert, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/495_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "114--118",
}
@inproceedings{bel-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic lexical semantic classification of nouns",
    author = "Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Romeo, Lauren  and
      Padr{\'o}, Muntsa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/496_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1448--1455",
}
@inproceedings{luca-2012-useful,
    title = "Is it Useful to Support Users with Lexical Resources? A User Study.",
    author = "Luca, Ernesto William De",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/502_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3184--3189",
}
@inproceedings{marinelli-cignoni-2012-boat,
    title = "In the same boat and other idiomatic seafaring expressions",
    author = "Marinelli, Rita  and
      Cignoni, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/503_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "627--631",
}
@inproceedings{andersen-etal-2012-creation,
    title = "Creation and use of Language Resources in a Question-Answering e{H}ealth System",
    author = {Andersen, Ulrich  and
      Braasch, Anna  and
      Henriksen, Lina  and
      Huszka, Csaba  and
      Johannsen, Anders  and
      Kayser, Lars  and
      Maegaard, Bente  and
      Norgaard, Ole  and
      Schulz, Stefan  and
      Wedekind, J{\"u}rgen},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/504_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2536--2542",
}
@inproceedings{rojas-barahona-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building and Exploiting a Corpus of Dialog Interactions between {F}rench Speaking Virtual and Human Agents",
    author = "Rojas-Barahona, Lina M.  and
      Lorenzo, Alejandra  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/505_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1428--1435",
}
@inproceedings{potet-etal-2012-collection,
    title = "Collection of a Large Database of {F}rench-{E}nglish {SMT} Output Corrections",
    author = "Potet, Marion  and
      Esperan{\c{c}}a-Rodier, Emmanuelle  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Blanchon, Herv{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/506_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4043--4048",
}
@inproceedings{haselbach-etal-2012-german,
    title = "{G}erman \textit{nach}-Particle Verbs in Semantic Theory and Corpus Data",
    author = "Haselbach, Boris  and
      Seeker, Wolfgang  and
      Eckart, Kerstin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/507_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3706--3711",
}
@inproceedings{lefever-etal-2012-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Missing {W}ikipedia Inter-language Links by means of Cross-lingual Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Cock, Martine De",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/508_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "841--846",
}
@inproceedings{mansour-ney-2012-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic-Segmentation Combination Strategies for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Mansour, Saab  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/509_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3915--3920",
}
@inproceedings{hajic-etal-2012-announcing,
    title = "Announcing {P}rague {C}zech-{E}nglish Dependency Treebank 2.0",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Panevov{\'a}, Jarmila  and
      Sgall, Petr  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Cinkov{\'a}, Silvie  and
      Fu{\v{c}}{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Mikulov{\'a}, Marie  and
      Pajas, Petr  and
      Popelka, Jan  and
      Semeck{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      {\v{S}}indlerov{\'a}, Jana  and
      {\v{S}}t{\v{e}}p{\'a}nek, Jan  and
      Toman, Josef  and
      Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/510_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3153--3160",
}
@inproceedings{felt-etal-2012-first,
    title = "First Results in a Study Evaluating Pre-annotation and Correction Propagation for Machine-Assisted Syriac Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Felt, Paul  and
      Ringger, Eric  and
      Seppi, Kevin  and
      Heal, Kristian  and
      Haertel, Robbie  and
      Lonsdale, Deryle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/511_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "878--885",
}
@inproceedings{kurtic-etal-2012-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Spontaneous Multi-party Conversation in {B}osnian {S}erbo-{C}roatian and {B}ritish {E}nglish",
    author = "Kurti{\'c}, Emina  and
      Wells, Bill  and
      Brown, Guy J.  and
      Kempton, Timothy  and
      Aker, Ahmet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/513_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1323--1327",
}
@inproceedings{gurrutxaga-alegria-2012-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the compositionality of {NV} expressions in Basque by means of distributional similarity techniques",
    author = "Gurrutxaga, Antton  and
      Alegria, I{\~n}aki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/514_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2389--2394",
}
@inproceedings{vivaldi-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using {W}ikipedia to Validate the Terminology found in a Corpus of Basic Textbooks",
    author = "Vivaldi, Jorge  and
      Cabrera-Diego, Luis Adri{\'a}n  and
      Sierra, Gerardo  and
      Pozzi, Mar{\'\i}a",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/515_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3820--3827",
}
@inproceedings{caminero-etal-2012-serenoa,
    title = "The {SERENOA} Project: Multidimensional Context-Aware Adaptation of Service Front-Ends",
    author = "Caminero, Javier  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Mari Carmen  and
      Vanderdonckt, Jean  and
      Patern{\`o}, Fabio  and
      Rett, Joerg  and
      Raggett, Dave  and
      Comeliau, Jean-Loup  and
      Mar{\'\i}n, Ignacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/516_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2977--2984",
}
@inproceedings{todirascu-etal-2012-french,
    title = "{F}rench and {G}erman Corpora for Audience-based Text Type Classification",
    author = "Todirascu, Amalia  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Krisch, Jennifer  and
      Kisselew, Max  and
      Heid, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/518_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1591--1597",
}
@inproceedings{marimon-etal-2012-iula,
    title = "The {IULA} Treebank",
    author = "Marimon, Montserrat  and
      Fisas, Beatriz  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Villegas, Marta  and
      Vivaldi, Jorge  and
      Torner, Sergi  and
      Lorente, Merc{\`e}  and
      V{\'a}zquez, Silvia  and
      Villegas, Marta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/519_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1920--1926",
}
@inproceedings{hendrickx-etal-2012-modality,
    title = "Modality in Text: a Proposal for Corpus Annotation",
    author = "Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Mendes, Am{\'a}lia  and
      Mencarelli, Silvia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/520_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1805--1812",
}
@inproceedings{skeppstedt-etal-2012-rule,
    title = "Rule-based Entity Recognition and Coverage of {SNOMED} {CT} in {S}wedish Clinical Text",
    author = "Skeppstedt, Maria  and
      Kvist, Maria  and
      Dalianis, Hercules",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/521_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1250--1257",
}
@inproceedings{chowdhury-lavelli-2012-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of the Effect of Automatic Preprocessing on Syntactic Parsing for Biomedical Relation Extraction",
    author = "Chowdhury, Md. Faisal Mahbub  and
      Lavelli, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/522_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "544--551",
}
@inproceedings{stehouwer-etal-2012-federated,
    title = "Federated Search: Towards a Common Search Infrastructure",
    author = "Stehouwer, Herman  and
      Durco, Matej  and
      Auer, Eric  and
      Broeder, Daan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/524_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3255--3259",
}
@inproceedings{tolone-etal-2012-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating and improving syntactic lexica by plugging them within a parser",
    author = "Tolone, Elsa  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Villemonte de La Clergerie, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/525_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2742--2749",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2012-herme,
    title = "The Herme Database of Spontaneous Multimodal Human-Robot Dialogues",
    author = "Han, Jing Guang  and
      Gilmartin, Emer  and
      De Looze, Celine  and
      Vaughan, Brian  and
      Campbell, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/526_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1328--1331",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-cartagena-etal-2012-source,
    title = "Source-Language Dictionaries Help Non-Expert Users to Enlarge Target-Language Dictionaries for Machine Translation",
    author = "S{\'a}nchez-Cartagena, V{\'\i}ctor M.  and
      Espl{\`a}-Gomis, Miquel  and
      P{\'e}rez-Ortiz, Juan Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/527_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3422--3429",
}
@inproceedings{schmidt-2012-exmaralda,
    title = "{EXMAR}a{LDA} and the {FOLK} tools {---} two toolsets for transcribing and annotating spoken language",
    author = "Schmidt, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/529_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "236--240",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-etal-2012-iso,
    title = "{ISO} 24617-2: A semantically-based standard for dialogue annotation",
    author = "Bunt, Harry  and
      Alexandersson, Jan  and
      Choe, Jae-Woong  and
      Fang, Alex Chengyu  and
      Hasida, Koiti  and
      Petukhova, Volha  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/530_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "430--437",
}
@inproceedings{gheorghita-pierrel-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards a methodology for automatic identification of hypernyms in the definitions of large-scale dictionary",
    author = "Gheorghita, Inga  and
      Pierrel, Jean-Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/531_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2614--2618",
}
@inproceedings{konstantinova-etal-2012-review,
    title = "A review corpus annotated for negation, speculation and their scope",
    author = "Konstantinova, Natalia  and
      de Sousa, Sheila C.M.  and
      Cruz, Noa P.  and
      Ma{\~n}a, Manuel J.  and
      Taboada, Maite  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/533_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3190--3195",
}
@inproceedings{basile-etal-2012-developing,
    title = "Developing a large semantically annotated corpus",
    author = "Basile, Valerio  and
      Bos, Johan  and
      Evang, Kilian  and
      Venhuizen, Noortje",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/534_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3196--3200",
}
@inproceedings{kemps-snijders-etal-2012-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic web service deployment in a cloud environment",
    author = "Kemps-Snijders, Marc  and
      Brouwer, Matthijs  and
      Kunst, Jan Pieter  and
      Visser, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/535_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2941--2944",
}
@inproceedings{iosif-etal-2012-associative,
    title = "Associative and Semantic Features Extracted From Web-Harvested Corpora",
    author = "Iosif, Elias  and
      Giannoudaki, Maria  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/536_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2991--2998",
}
@inproceedings{treurniet-etal-2012-collection,
    title = "Collection of a corpus of {D}utch {SMS}",
    author = "Treurniet, Maaske  and
      Clercq, Orph{\'e}e De  and
      van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      Oostdijk, Nelleke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/537_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2268--2273",
}
@inproceedings{marzi-etal-2012-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Hebbian Self-Organizing Memories for Lexical Representation and Access",
    author = "Marzi, Claudia  and
      Ferro, Marcello  and
      Caudai, Claudia  and
      Pirrelli, Vito",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/538_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "886--893",
}
@inproceedings{tsourakis-rayner-2012-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus for a Gesture-Controlled Mobile Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Tsourakis, Nikos  and
      Rayner, Manny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/539_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1315--1322",
}
@inproceedings{poch-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards a User-Friendly Platform for Building Language Resources based on Web Services",
    author = "Poch, Marc  and
      Toral, Antonio  and
      Hamon, Olivier  and
      Quochi, Valeria  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/543_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1156--1163",
}
@inproceedings{mccrae-etal-2012-collaborative,
    title = "Collaborative semantic editing of linked data lexica",
    author = "McCrae, John  and
      Montiel-Ponsoda, Elena  and
      Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/544_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2619--2625",
}
@inproceedings{mendes-etal-2012-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Impact of Phrase Recognition on Concept Tagging",
    author = "Mendes, Pablo  and
      Daiber, Joachim  and
      Rajapakse, Rohana  and
      Sasaki, Felix  and
      Bizer, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/545_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1277--1280",
}
@inproceedings{elbers-etal-2012-proper,
    title = "Proper Language Resource Centers",
    author = "Elbers, Willem  and
      Broeder, Daan  and
      van Uytvanck, Dieter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/547_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3260--3263",
}
@inproceedings{panunzi-etal-2012-ridire,
    title = "{RIDIRE}-{CPI}: an Open Source Crawling and Processing Infrastructure for Supervised Web-Corpora Building",
    author = "Panunzi, Alessandro  and
      Fabbri, Marco  and
      Moneglia, Massimo  and
      Gregori, Lorenzo  and
      Paladini, Samuele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/548_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2274--2279",
}
@inproceedings{fort-etal-2012-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Impact of Prevalence on the Evaluation of a Manual Annotation Campaign",
    author = {Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, Claire  and
      Galibert, Olivier  and
      Ghribi, Maha},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/549_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1474--1480",
}
@inproceedings{rosner-etal-2012-last,
    title = "{LAST} {MINUTE}: a Multimodal Corpus of Speech-based User-Companion Interactions",
    author = {R{\"o}sner, Dietmar  and
      Frommer, J{\"o}rg  and
      Friesen, Rafael  and
      Haase, Matthias  and
      Lange, Julia  and
      Otto, Mirko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/550_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2559--2566",
}
@inproceedings{thuilier-danlos-2012-semantic,
    title = "Semantic annotation of {F}rench corpora: animacy and verb semantic classes",
    author = "Thuilier, Juliette  and
      Danlos, Laurence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/552_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1533--1537",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Unsupervised Information Extraction",
    author = "Wang, Wei  and
      Besan{\c{c}}on, Romaric  and
      Ferret, Olivier  and
      Grau, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/553_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "552--558",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2012-contrastive,
    title = "A contrastive review of paraphrase acquisition techniques",
    author = "Bouamor, Houda  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Illouz, Gabriel  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/555_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2653--2658",
}
@inproceedings{maamouri-etal-2012-expanding,
    title = "Expanding {A}rabic Treebank to Speech: Results from Broadcast News",
    author = "Maamouri, Mohamed  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Kulick, Seth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/557_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1856--1861",
}
@inproceedings{rodrigues-rytting-2012-typing,
    title = "Typing Race Games as a Method to Create Spelling Error Corpora",
    author = "Rodrigues, Paul  and
      Rytting, C. Anton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/559_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3019--3024",
}
@inproceedings{alicante-etal-2012-treebank,
    title = "A treebank-based study on the influence of {I}talian word order on parsing performance",
    author = "Alicante, Anita  and
      Bosco, Cristina  and
      Corazza, Anna  and
      Lavelli, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/561_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1985--1992",
}
@inproceedings{georgila-etal-2012-practical,
    title = "Practical Evaluation of Human and Synthesized Speech for Virtual Human Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Georgila, Kallirroi  and
      Black, Alan  and
      Sagae, Kenji  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/562_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3519--3526",
}
@inproceedings{sato-2012-search,
    title = "A Search Tool for {F}rame{N}et Constructicon",
    author = "Sato, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/563_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1655--1658",
}
@inproceedings{weiser-watrin-2012-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of unmarked quotations in Newspapers",
    author = "Weiser, St{\'e}phanie  and
      Watrin, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/566_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "559--562",
}
@inproceedings{roche-2012-ontoterminology,
    title = "{O}ntoterminology: How to unify terminology and ontology into a single paradigm",
    author = "Roche, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/567_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2626--2630",
}
@inproceedings{scott-etal-2012-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Annotation as a Scientific Task",
    author = "Scott, Donia  and
      Barone, Rossano  and
      Koeling, Rob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/569_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1481--1485",
}
@inproceedings{mendes-etal-2012-dbpedia,
    title = "{DB}pedia: A Multilingual Cross-domain Knowledge Base",
    author = "Mendes, Pablo  and
      Jakob, Max  and
      Bizer, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/570_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1813--1817",
}
@inproceedings{dione-2012-morphological,
    title = "A Morphological Analyzer For Wolof Using Finite-State Techniques",
    author = "Dione, Cheikh M. Bamba",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/572_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "894--901",
}
@inproceedings{llanos-2012-designing,
    title = "Designing a search interface for a {S}panish learner spoken corpus: the end-user{'}s evaluation",
    author = "Llanos, Leonardo Campillos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/574_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "241--248",
}
@inproceedings{escartin-2012-design,
    title = "Design and compilation of a specialized {S}panish-{G}erman parallel corpus",
    author = "Escart{\'\i}n, Carla Parra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/577_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2199--2206",
}
@inproceedings{sasaki-shinnou-2012-detection,
    title = "Detection of Peculiar Word Sense by Distance Metric Learning with Labeled Examples",
    author = "Sasaki, Minoru  and
      Shinnou, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/578_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "601--604",
}
@inproceedings{habash-etal-2012-conventional,
    title = "Conventional Orthography for Dialectal {A}rabic",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/579_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "711--718",
}
@inproceedings{broeder-etal-2012-standardizing,
    title = "Standardizing a Component Metadata Infrastructure",
    author = "Broeder, Daan  and
      van Uytvanck, Dieter  and
      Gavrilidou, Maria  and
      Trippel, Thorsten  and
      Windhouwer, Menzo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/581_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1387--1390",
}
@inproceedings{aker-etal-2012-assessing,
    title = "Assessing Crowdsourcing Quality through Objective Tasks",
    author = "Aker, Ahmet  and
      El-Haj, Mahmoud  and
      Albakour, M-Dyaa  and
      Kruschwitz, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/583_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1456--1461",
}
@inproceedings{schulte-im-walde-etal-2012-association,
    title = "Association Norms of {G}erman Noun Compounds",
    author = "Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Borgwaldt, Susanne  and
      Jauch, Ronny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/584_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "632--639",
}
@inproceedings{ambati-etal-2012-word,
    title = "Word Sketches for {T}urkish",
    author = "Ambati, Bharat Ram  and
      Reddy, Siva  and
      Kilgarriff, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/585_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2945--2950",
}
@inproceedings{bick-etal-2012-annotation,
    title = "The annotation of the C-{ORAL}-{BRASIL} oral through the implementation of the Palavras Parser",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard  and
      Mello, Heliana  and
      Panunzi, Alessandro  and
      Raso, Tommaso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/586_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3382--3386",
}
@inproceedings{koeva-etal-2012-bulgarian,
    title = "{B}ulgarian X-language Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Koeva, Svetla  and
      Stoyanova, Ivelina  and
      Dekova, Rositsa  and
      Rizov, Borislav  and
      Genov, Angel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/587_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2480--2486",
}
@inproceedings{passonneau-etal-2012-masc,
    title = "The {MASC} Word Sense Corpus",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca J.  and
      Baker, Collin F.  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane  and
      Ide, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/589_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3025--3030",
}
@inproceedings{mota-etal-2012-pagico,
    title = "{P}{\'a}gico: Evaluating {W}ikipedia-based information retrieval in {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Mota, Cristina  and
      Sim{\~o}es, Alberto  and
      Freitas, Cl{\'a}udia  and
      Costa, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Santos, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/590_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2015--2022",
}
@inproceedings{denis-etal-2012-representation,
    title = "Representation of linguistic and domain knowledge for second language learning in virtual worlds",
    author = "Denis, Alexandre  and
      Falk, Ingrid  and
      Gardent, Claire  and
      Perez-Beltrachini, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/593_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2631--2635",
}
@inproceedings{zuo-etal-2012-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual Natural Stress Emotion Database",
    author = "Zuo, Xin  and
      Li, Tian  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/594_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1174--1178",
}
@inproceedings{aggarwal-etal-2012-twins,
    title = "The Twins Corpus of Museum Visitor Questions",
    author = "Aggarwal, Priti  and
      Artstein, Ron  and
      Gerten, Jillian  and
      Katsamanis, Athanasios  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth  and
      Nazarian, Angela  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/595_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2355--2361",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2012-development,
    title = "Development of a Web-Scale {C}hinese Word N-gram Corpus with Parts of Speech Information",
    author = "Yu, Chi-Hsin  and
      Tang, Yi-jie  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/596_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "320--324",
}
@inproceedings{samy-etal-2012-medical,
    title = "Medical Term Extraction in an {A}rabic Medical Corpus",
    author = "Samy, Doaa  and
      Moreno-Sandoval, Antonio  and
      Bueno-D{\'\i}az, Conchi  and
      Garrote-Salazar, Marta  and
      Guirao, Jos{\'e} M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/597_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "640--645",
}
@inproceedings{kipp-2012-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Facilities for the Reliable Analysis of Human Motion",
    author = "Kipp, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/598_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4103--4107",
}
@inproceedings{fiser-etal-2012-addressing,
    title = "Addressing polysemy in bilingual lexicon extraction from comparable corpora",
    author = "Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Kubelka, Ozren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/601_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3031--3035",
}
@inproceedings{shaalan-etal-2012-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Word Generation and Modelling for Spell Checking",
    author = "Shaalan, Khaled  and
      Attia, Mohammed  and
      Pecina, Pavel  and
      Samih, Younes  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/603_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "719--725",
}
@inproceedings{den-etal-2012-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of response tokens and their triggering expressions in {J}apanese multi-party conversations",
    author = "Den, Yasuharu  and
      Koiso, Hanae  and
      Takanashi, Katsuya  and
      Yoshida, Nao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/605_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1332--1337",
}
@inproceedings{heja-takacs-2012-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Generated Online Dictionaries",
    author = "H{\'e}ja, Enik{\H{o}}  and
      Tak{\'a}cs, D{\'a}vid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/606_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2487--2493",
}
@inproceedings{miyajima-etal-2012-method,
    title = "Method for Collection of Acted Speech Using Various Situation Scripts",
    author = "Miyajima, Takahiro  and
      Kikuchi, Hideaki  and
      Shirai, Katsuhiko  and
      Okawa, Shigeki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/607_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1179--1182",
}
@inproceedings{broeder-etal-2012-citing,
    title = "Citing on-line Language Resources",
    author = "Broeder, Daan  and
      van Uytvanck, Dieter  and
      Senft, Gunter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/608_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1391--1394",
}
@inproceedings{attia-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction and Evaluation of {A}rabic {LFG} Resources",
    author = "Attia, Mohammed  and
      Shaalan, Khaled  and
      Tounsi, Lamia  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/609_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1947--1954",
}
@inproceedings{constant-tellier-2012-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Impact of External Lexical Resources into a {CRF}-based Multiword Segmenter and Part-of-Speech Tagger",
    author = "Constant, Matthieu  and
      Tellier, Isabelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/610_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "646--650",
}
@inproceedings{drury-almeida-2012-minho,
    title = "The Minho Quotation Resource",
    author = "Drury, Brett  and
      Almeida, Jos{\'e} Jo{\~a}o",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/611_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2280--2285",
}
@inproceedings{carl-2012-translog,
    title = "Translog-{II}: a Program for Recording User Activity Data for Empirical Reading and Writing Research",
    author = "Carl, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/614_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4108--4112",
}
@inproceedings{macwhinney-2012-morphosyntactic,
    title = "Morphosyntactic Analysis of the {CHILDES} and {T}alk{B}ank Corpora",
    author = "MacWhinney, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/616_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2375--2380",
}
@inproceedings{rygl-horak-2012-similarity,
    title = "Similarity Ranking as Attribute for Machine Learning Approach to Authorship Identification",
    author = "Rygl, Jan  and
      Hor{\'a}k, Ale{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/618_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "726--729",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-2012-challenges,
    title = "Challenges in the development of annotated corpora of computer-mediated communication in {I}ndian Languages: A Case of {H}indi",
    author = "Kumar, Ritesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/619_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "299--302",
}
@inproceedings{lenci-etal-2012-lexit,
    title = "{L}ex{I}t: A Computational Resource on {I}talian Argument Structure",
    author = "Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Lapesa, Gabriella  and
      Bonansinga, Giulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/622_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3712--3718",
}
@inproceedings{fort-claveau-2012-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Football Matches: Influence of the Source Medium on Manual Annotation",
    author = {Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Claveau, Vincent},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/623_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2567--2572",
}
@inproceedings{raso-etal-2012-c,
    title = "The C-{ORAL}-{BRASIL} {I}: Reference Corpus for Spoken {B}razilian {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Raso, Tommaso  and
      Mello, Heliana  and
      Mittmann, Maryual{\^e} Malvessi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/624_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "106--113",
}
@inproceedings{aker-etal-2012-light,
    title = "A light way to collect comparable corpora from the Web",
    author = "Aker, Ahmet  and
      Kanoulas, Evangelos  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/626_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "15--20",
}
@inproceedings{melero-etal-2012-holaaa,
    title = "Holaaa!! writin like u talk is kewl but kinda hard 4 {NLP}",
    author = "Melero, Maite  and
      Costa-Juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Domingo, Judith  and
      Marquina, Montse  and
      Quixal, Mart{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/627_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3794--3800",
}
@inproceedings{damljanovic-etal-2012-applying,
    title = "Applying Random Indexing to Structured Data to Find Contextually Similar Words",
    author = "Damljanovi{\'c}, Danica  and
      Kruschwitz, Udo  and
      Albakour, M-Dyaa  and
      Petrak, Johann  and
      Lupu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/628_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2023--2030",
}
@inproceedings{amoia-etal-2012-coreference,
    title = "Coreference in Spoken vs. Written Texts: a Corpus-based Analysis",
    author = "Amoia, Marilisa  and
      Kunz, Kerstin  and
      Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/629_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "158--164",
}
@inproceedings{boeffard-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards Fully Automatic Annotation of Audio Books for {TTS}",
    author = "Boeffard, Olivier  and
      Charonnat, Laure  and
      Maguer, S{\'e}bastien Le  and
      Lolive, Damien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/632_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "975--980",
}
@inproceedings{lewin-etal-2012-centroids,
    title = "{C}entroids: Gold standards with distributional variation",
    author = "Lewin, Ian  and
      Kafkas, {\c{S}}enay  and
      Rebholz-Schuhmann, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/633_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3894--3900",
}
@inproceedings{navarretta-paggio-2012-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Behaviour and Feedback in Different Types of Interaction",
    author = "Navarretta, Costanza  and
      Paggio, Patrizia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/635_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2338--2342",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-etal-2012-using,
    title = "On Using Linked Data for Language Resource Sharing in the Long Tail of the Localisation Market",
    author = {Lewis, David  and
      O{'}Connor, Alexander  and
      Zydro{\'n}, Andrzej  and
      Sj{\"o}gren, Gerd  and
      Choudhury, Rahzeb},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/636_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1403--1409",
}
@inproceedings{tanasijevic-etal-2012-multimedia,
    title = "Multimedia database of the cultural heritage of the Balkans",
    author = "Tanasijevi{\'c}, Ivana  and
      Sikimi{\'c}, Biljana  and
      Pavlovi{\'c}-La{\v{z}}eti{\'c}, Gordana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/637_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2874--2881",
}
@inproceedings{landragin-etal-2012-analec,
    title = "{ANALEC}: a New Tool for the Dynamic Annotation of Textual Data",
    author = "Landragin, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Victorri, Bernard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/638_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "357--362",
}
@inproceedings{navarretta-etal-2012-feedback,
    title = "Feedback in Nordic First-Encounters: a Comparative Study",
    author = "Navarretta, Costanza  and
      Ahls{\'e}n, Elisabeth  and
      Allwood, Jens  and
      Jokinen, Kristiina  and
      Paggio, Patrizia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/639_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2494--2499",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Opinions in {G}erman Political News",
    author = "Li, Hong  and
      Cheng, Xiwen  and
      Adson, Kristina  and
      Kirshboim, Tal  and
      Xu, Feiyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/640_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1183--1188",
}
@inproceedings{chen-eisele-2012-multiun,
    title = "{M}ulti{UN} v2: {UN} Documents with Multilingual Alignments",
    author = "Chen, Yu  and
      Eisele, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/641_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2500--2504",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-szasz-2012-concisus,
    title = "The {CONCISUS} Corpus of Event Summaries",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio  and
      Szasz, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/642_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2031--2037",
}
@inproceedings{carvalho-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building and Exploring Semantic Equivalences Resources",
    author = "Carvalho, Gracinda  and
      de Matos, David Martins  and
      Rocio, Vitor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/643_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2038--2042",
}
@inproceedings{larasati-2012-identic,
    title = "{IDENTIC} Corpus: Morphologically Enriched {I}ndonesian-{E}nglish Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Larasati, Septina Dian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/644_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "902--906",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2012-joy,
    title = "The Joy of Parallelism with {C}z{E}ng 1.0",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k  and
      Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Galu{\v{s}}{\v{c}}{\'a}kov{\'a}, Petra  and
      Majli{\v{s}}, Martin  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      Mar{\v{s}}{\'\i}k, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      Nov{\'a}k, Michal  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/645_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3921--3928",
}
@inproceedings{dukes-atwell-2012-lamp,
    title = "{LAMP}: A Multimodal Web Platform for Collaborative Linguistic Analysis",
    author = "Dukes, Kais  and
      Atwell, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/646_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3268--3275",
}
@inproceedings{ogrodniczuk-lenart-2012-web,
    title = "Web Service integration platform for Polish linguistic resources",
    author = "Ogrodniczuk, Maciej  and
      Lenart, Micha{\l}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/648_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1164--1168",
}
@inproceedings{kennington-etal-2012-suffix,
    title = "Suffix Trees as Language Models",
    author = "Kennington, Casey Redd  and
      Kay, Martin  and
      Friedrich, Annemarie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/649_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "446--453",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-etal-2012-romanian,
    title = "The {R}omanian Neuter Examined Through A Two-Gender N-Gram Classification System",
    author = "Dinu, Liviu P.  and
      Niculae, Vlad  and
      {\c{S}}ulea, Octavia-Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/651_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "907--910",
}
@inproceedings{eom-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using semi-experts to derive judgments on word sense alignment: a pilot study",
    author = "Eom, Soojeong  and
      Dickinson, Markus  and
      Katz, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/652_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "605--611",
}
@inproceedings{ogrodniczuk-2012-polish,
    title = "The Polish Sejm Corpus",
    author = "Ogrodniczuk, Maciej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/653_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2219--2223",
}
@inproceedings{lawrie-etal-2012-creating,
    title = "Creating and Curating a Cross-Language Person-Entity Linking Collection",
    author = "Lawrie, Dawn  and
      Mayfield, James  and
      McNamee, Paul  and
      Oard, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/655_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3106--3110",
}
@inproceedings{verhagen-pustejovsky-2012-tarsqi,
    title = "The {TARSQI} Toolkit",
    author = "Verhagen, Marc  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/656_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2043--2048",
}
@inproceedings{louis-nenkova-2012-corpus,
    title = "A corpus of general and specific sentences from news",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/657_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1818--1821",
}
@inproceedings{wright-etal-2012-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Trees: {LDC}{'}s customizable, extensible, scalable, annotation infrastructure",
    author = "Wright, Jonathan  and
      Griffitt, Kira  and
      Ellis, Joe  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Callahan, Brendan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/658_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "479--485",
}
@inproceedings{filatova-2012-irony,
    title = "Irony and Sarcasm: Corpus Generation and Analysis Using Crowdsourcing",
    author = "Filatova, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/661_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "392--398",
}
@inproceedings{al-sabbagh-girju-2012-yadac,
    title = "{YADAC}: Yet another Dialectal {A}rabic Corpus",
    author = "Al-Sabbagh, Rania  and
      Girju, Roxana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/663_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2882--2889",
}
@inproceedings{clarke-etal-2012-nlp,
    title = "An {NLP} Curator (or: How {I} Learned to Stop Worrying and Love {NLP} Pipelines)",
    author = "Clarke, James  and
      Srikumar, Vivek  and
      Sammons, Mark  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/664_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3276--3283",
}
@inproceedings{marujo-etal-2012-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Topical Key Phrase Extraction of News Stories using Crowdsourcing, Light Filtering and Co-reference Normalization",
    author = "Marujo, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Gershman, Anatole  and
      Carbonell, Jaime  and
      Frederking, Robert  and
      Neto, Jo{\~a}o P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/672_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "399--403",
}
@inproceedings{bakliwal-etal-2012-hindi,
    title = "{H}indi Subjective Lexicon: A Lexical Resource for {H}indi Adjective Polarity Classification",
    author = "Bakliwal, Akshat  and
      Arora, Piyush  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/673_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1189--1196",
}
@inproceedings{recasens-etal-2012-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Near-Identity from Coreference Disagreements",
    author = "Recasens, Marta  and
      Mart{\'\i}, M. Ant{\`o}nia  and
      Orasan, Constantin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/674_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "165--172",
}
@inproceedings{tokunaga-etal-2012-rex,
    title = "The {REX} corpora: A collection of multimodal corpora of referring expressions in collaborative problem solving dialogues",
    author = "Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Iida, Ryu  and
      Terai, Asuka  and
      Kuriyama, Naoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/676_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "422--429",
}
@inproceedings{kusumoto-akiba-2012-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation without Source-side Parallel Corpus Using Word Lattice and Phrase Extension",
    author = "Kusumoto, Takanori  and
      Akiba, Tomoyosi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/677_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3929--3932",
}
@inproceedings{schumann-2012-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-Rich Context Extraction and Ranking with {K}now{P}ipe",
    author = "Schumann, Anne-Kathrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/678_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3626--3630",
}
@inproceedings{ozbal-etal-2012-brand,
    title = "Brand Pitt: A Corpus to Explore the Art of Naming",
    author = {{\"O}zbal, G{\"o}zde  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Guerini, Marco},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/679_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1822--1828",
}
@inproceedings{clercq-etal-2012-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating automatic cross-domain {D}utch semantic role annotation",
    author = "Clercq, Orph{\'e}e De  and
      Hoste, Veronique  and
      Monachesi, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/680_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "88--93",
}
@inproceedings{bazillon-etal-2012-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic annotation of spontaneous speech: application to call-center conversation data",
    author = "Bazillon, Thierry  and
      Deplano, Melanie  and
      Bechet, Frederic  and
      Nasr, Alexis  and
      Favre, Benoit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/682_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1338--1342",
}
@inproceedings{hong-etal-2012-korean,
    title = "{K}orean Children{'}s Spoken {E}nglish Corpus and an Analysis of its Pronunciation Variability",
    author = "Hong, Hyejin  and
      Kim, Sunhee  and
      Chung, Minhwa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/683_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2362--2365",
}
@inproceedings{bechet-etal-2012-decoda,
    title = "{DECODA}: a call-centre human-human spoken conversation corpus",
    author = "Bechet, Frederic  and
      Maza, Benjamin  and
      Bigouroux, Nicolas  and
      Bazillon, Thierry  and
      El-B{\`e}ze, Marc  and
      Mori, Renato De  and
      Arbillot, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/684_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1343--1347",
}
@inproceedings{scherrer-cartoni-2012-trilingual,
    title = "The Trilingual {ALLEGRA} Corpus: Presentation and Possible Use for Lexicon Induction",
    author = "Scherrer, Yves  and
      Cartoni, Bruno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/685_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2890--2896",
}
@inproceedings{costantini-etal-2012-intelligibility,
    title = "Intelligibility assessment in forensic applications",
    author = "Costantini, Giovanni  and
      Paoloni, Andrea  and
      Todisco, Massimiliano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/686_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4113--4116",
}
@inproceedings{pardelli-etal-2012-medical,
    title = "From medical language processing to {B}io{NLP} domain",
    author = "Pardelli, Gabriella  and
      Sassi, Manuela  and
      Goggi, Sara  and
      Biagioni, Stefania",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/687_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2049--2055",
}
@inproceedings{akiba-etal-2012-designing,
    title = "Designing an Evaluation Framework for Spoken Term Detection and Spoken Document Retrieval at the {NTCIR}-9 {S}poken{D}oc Task",
    author = "Akiba, Tomoyosi  and
      Nishizaki, Hiromitsu  and
      Aikawa, Kiyoaki  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya  and
      Matsui, Tomoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/693_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3527--3534",
}
@inproceedings{moreno-sandoval-etal-2012-spontaneous,
    title = "Spontaneous Speech Corpora for language learners of {S}panish, {C}hinese and {J}apanese",
    author = "Moreno-Sandoval, Antonio  and
      Llanos, Leonardo Campillos  and
      Dong, Yang  and
      Takamori, Emi  and
      Guirao, Jos{\'e} M.  and
      Gozalo, Paula  and
      Kimura, Chieko  and
      Matsui, Kengo  and
      Garrote-Salazar, Marta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/697_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2695--2701",
}
@inproceedings{rousseau-etal-2012-ted,
    title = "{TED}-{LIUM}: an Automatic Speech Recognition dedicated corpus",
    author = "Rousseau, Anthony  and
      Del{\'e}glise, Paul  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/698_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "125--129",
}
@inproceedings{petasis-2012-sync3,
    title = "The {SYNC}3 Collaborative Annotation Tool",
    author = "Petasis, Georgios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/700_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "363--370",
}
@inproceedings{mapelli-etal-2012-elra,
    title = "{ELRA} in the heart of a cooperative {HLT} world",
    author = "Mapelli, Val{\'e}rie  and
      Arranz, Victoria  and
      Carr{\'e}, Matthieu  and
      Mazo, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Mostefa, Djamel  and
      Choukri, Khalid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/701_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "55--59",
}
@inproceedings{lambert-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Translation of Scientific Documents in the {HAL} Archive",
    author = "Lambert, Patrik  and
      Schwenk, Holger  and
      Blain, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/703_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3933--3936",
}
@inproceedings{sluban-etal-2012-irregularity,
    title = "Irregularity Detection in Categorized Document Corpora",
    author = "Sluban, Borut  and
      Pollak, Senja  and
      Coesemans, Roel  and
      Lavra{\v{c}}, Nada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/706_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1598--1603",
}
@inproceedings{giraudel-etal-2012-repere,
    title = "The {REPERE} Corpus : a multimodal corpus for person recognition",
    author = "Giraudel, Aude  and
      Carr{\'e}, Matthieu  and
      Mapelli, Val{\'e}rie  and
      Kahn, Juliette  and
      Galibert, Olivier  and
      Quintard, Ludovic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/707_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1102--1107",
}
@inproceedings{gesmundo-samardzic-2012-lemmatising,
    title = "Lemmatising {S}erbian as Category Tagging with Bidirectional Sequence Classification",
    author = "Gesmundo, Andrea  and
      Samard{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Tanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/708_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2103--2106",
}
@inproceedings{proisl-uhrig-2012-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Dependency Graph Matching with the {IMS} Open Corpus Workbench",
    author = "Proisl, Thomas  and
      Uhrig, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/709_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2750--2756",
}
@inproceedings{tavarez-etal-2012-strategies,
    title = "Strategies to Improve a Speaker Diarisation Tool",
    author = "Tavarez, David  and
      Navas, Eva  and
      Erro, Daniel  and
      Saratxaga, Ibon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/711_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4117--4121",
}
@inproceedings{fujii-etal-2012-effects,
    title = "Effects of Document Clustering in Modeling {W}ikipedia-style Term Descriptions",
    author = "Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Fujii, Yuya  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/714_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2543--2546",
}
@inproceedings{ballesteros-nivre-2012-maltoptimizer,
    title = "{M}alt{O}ptimizer: A System for {M}alt{P}arser Optimization",
    author = "Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/715_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2757--2763",
}
@inproceedings{conkie-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building Text-To-Speech Voices in the Cloud",
    author = "Conkie, Alistair  and
      Okken, Thomas  and
      Kim, Yeon-Jun  and
      Fabbrizio, Giuseppe Di",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/716_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3317--3321",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-ahrenberg-2012-practice,
    title = "On the practice of error analysis for machine translation evaluation",
    author = "Stymne, Sara  and
      Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/717_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1785--1790",
}
@inproceedings{berovic-etal-2012-croatian,
    title = "{C}roatian Dependency Treebank: Recent Development and Initial Experiments",
    author = "Berovi{\'c}, Da{\v{s}}a  and
      Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Tadi{\'c}, Marko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/719_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1902--1906",
}
@inproceedings{kluewer-etal-2012-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of the {K}om{P}arse Conversational Non-Player Characters in a Commercial Virtual World",
    author = "Kluewer, Tina  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Adolphs, Peter  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/721_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3535--3542",
}
@inproceedings{villegas-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using Language Resources in Humanities research",
    author = "Villegas, Marta  and
      Bel, Nuria  and
      Gonzalo, Carlos  and
      Moreno, Amparo  and
      Simelio, Nuria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/722_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3284--3288",
}
@inproceedings{osenova-etal-2012-treebank,
    title = "A Treebank-driven Creation of an {O}nto{V}alence Verb lexicon for {B}ulgarian",
    author = "Osenova, Petya  and
      Simov, Kiril  and
      Laskova, Laska  and
      Kancheva, Stanislava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/724_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2636--2640",
}
@inproceedings{rubino-etal-2012-integrating,
    title = "Integrating {NLP} Tools in a Distributed Environment: A Case Study Chaining a Tagger with a Dependency Parser",
    author = "Rubino, Francesco  and
      Frontini, Francesca  and
      Quochi, Valeria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/726_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2125--2131",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2012-spell,
    title = "Spell Checking for {C}hinese",
    author = "Yang, Shaohua  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Wang, Xiaolin  and
      Lu, Bao-liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/727_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "730--736",
}
@inproceedings{islam-mehler-2012-customization,
    title = "Customization of the {E}uroparl Corpus for Translation Studies",
    author = "Islam, Zahurul  and
      Mehler, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/729_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2505--2510",
}
@inproceedings{strapparava-etal-2012-parallel,
    title = "A Parallel Corpus of Music and Lyrics Annotated with Emotions",
    author = "Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Battocchi, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/730_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2343--2346",
}
@inproceedings{bianchi-etal-2012-creation,
    title = "Creation of a bottom-up corpus-based ontology for {I}talian Linguistics",
    author = "Bianchi, Elisa  and
      Tavosanis, Mirko  and
      Giovannetti, Emiliano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/732_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2641--2647",
}
@inproceedings{nordhoff-hammarstrom-2012-glottolog,
    title = "Glottolog/Langdoc:Increasing the visibility of grey literature for low-density languages",
    author = {Nordhoff, Sebastian  and
      Hammarstr{\"o}m, Harald},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/733_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3289--3294",
}
@inproceedings{dayrell-etal-2012-rhetorical,
    title = "Rhetorical Move Detection in {E}nglish Abstracts: Multi-label Sentence Classifiers and their Annotated Corpora",
    author = "Dayrell, Carmen  and
      Candido Jr., Arnaldo  and
      Lima, Gabriel  and
      Machado Jr., Danilo  and
      Copestake, Ann  and
      Feltrim, Val{\'e}ria  and
      Tagnin, Stella  and
      Aluisio, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/734_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1604--1609",
}
@inproceedings{aleksandrov-strapparava-2012-ngramquery,
    title = "{N}gram{Q}uery - Smart Information Extraction from {G}oogle N-gram using External Resources",
    author = "Aleksandrov, Martin  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/735_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "563--568",
}
@inproceedings{weiss-ahrenberg-2012-error,
    title = "Error profiling for evaluation of machine-translated text: a Polish-{E}nglish case study",
    author = "Weiss, Sandra  and
      Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/736_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1764--1770",
}
@inproceedings{lis-2012-polish,
    title = "Polish Multimodal Corpus {---} a collection of referential gestures",
    author = "Lis, Magdalena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/737_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1108--1113",
}
@inproceedings{braffort-boutora-2012-degels1,
    title = "{DEGELS}1: A comparable corpus of {F}rench Sign Language and co-speech gestures",
    author = {Braffort, Annelies  and
      Boutora, Le{\"\i}la},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/740_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2426--2429",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-etal-2012-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automatic Sign Language Corpora Annotation using Lexical Representations of Signs",
    author = "Gonzalez, Matilde  and
      Filhol, Michael  and
      Collet, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/741_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2430--2434",
}
@inproceedings{iliev-genov-2012-expanding,
    title = "Expanding Parallel Resources for Medium-Density Languages for Free",
    author = "Iliev, Georgi  and
      Genov, Angel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/743_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3937--3943",
}
@inproceedings{vasiljevs-etal-2012-creation,
    title = "Creation of an Open Shared Language Resource Repository in the Nordic and Baltic Countries",
    author = {Vasi{\c{l}}jevs, Andrejs  and
      Forsberg, Markus  and
      Gornostay, Tatiana  and
      Hansen, Dorte Haltrup  and
      J{\'o}hannsd{\'o}ttir, Krist{\'\i}n  and
      Lyse, Gunn  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister  and
      Offersgaard, Lene  and
      Olsen, Sussi  and
      Pedersen, Bolette  and
      R{\"o}gnvaldsson, Eir{\'\i}kur  and
      Skadi{\c{n}}a, Inguna  and
      Smedt, Koenraad De  and
      Oksanen, Ville  and
      Rozis, Roberts},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/744_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1076--1083",
}
@inproceedings{gojun-etal-2012-adapting,
    title = "Adapting and evaluating a generic term extraction tool",
    author = "Gojun, Anita  and
      Heid, Ulrich  and
      Wei{\ss}bach, Bernd  and
      Loth, Carola  and
      Mingers, Insa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/746_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "651--656",
}
@inproceedings{reynaert-etal-2012-beyond,
    title = "Beyond {S}o{N}a{R}: towards the facilitation of large corpus building efforts",
    author = "Reynaert, Martin  and
      Schuurman, Ineke  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Oostdijk, Nelleke  and
      van Gompel, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/748_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2897--2904",
}
@inproceedings{lefevre-etal-2012-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging study of robustness and portability of spoken language understanding systems across languages and domains: the {PORTMEDIA} corpora",
    author = "Lef{\`e}vre, Fabrice  and
      Mostefa, Djamel  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick  and
      Quignard, Matthieu  and
      Camelin, Nathalie  and
      Favre, Benoit  and
      Jabaian, Bassam  and
      Rojas-Barahona, Lina M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/751_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1436--1442",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2012-gui,
    title = "A {GUI} to Detect and Correct Errors in {H}indi Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Agarwal, Rahul  and
      Ambati, Bharat Ram  and
      Singh, Anil Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/753_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1907--1911",
}
@inproceedings{atserias-etal-2012-spell,
    title = "Spell Checking in {S}panish: The Case of Diacritic Accents",
    author = "Atserias, Jordi  and
      Fuentes, Maria  and
      Nazar, Rogelio  and
      Renau, Irene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/754_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "737--742",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-etal-2012-iterative,
    title = "Iterative Refinement and Quality Checking of Annotation Guidelines {---} How to Deal Effectively with Semantically Sloppy Named Entity Types, such as Pathological Phenomena",
    author = {Hahn, Udo  and
      Beisswanger, Elena  and
      Buyko, Ekaterina  and
      Faessler, Erik  and
      Traum{\"u}ller, Jenny  and
      Schr{\"o}der, Susann  and
      Hornbostel, Kerstin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/755_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3881--3885",
}
@inproceedings{augustinus-etal-2012-example,
    title = "Example-Based Treebank Querying",
    author = "Augustinus, Liesbeth  and
      Vandeghinste, Vincent  and
      Eynde, Frank Van",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/756_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3161--3167",
}
@inproceedings{grissom-ii-miyao-2012-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Factive Verbs",
    author = "Grissom II, Alvin  and
      Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/757_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4068--4072",
}
@inproceedings{dickinson-ledbetter-2012-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Errors in a {H}ungarian Learner Corpus",
    author = "Dickinson, Markus  and
      Ledbetter, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/758_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1659--1664",
}
@inproceedings{besancon-etal-2012-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of a Complex Information Extraction Application in Specific Domain",
    author = "Besan{\c{c}}on, Romaric  and
      Ferret, Olivier  and
      Jean-Louis, Ludovic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/761_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2056--2063",
}
@inproceedings{bott-etal-2012-text,
    title = "Text Simplification Tools for {S}panish",
    author = "Bott, Stefan  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Mille, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/762_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1665--1671",
}
@inproceedings{comelles-etal-2012-verta,
    title = "{VERT}a: Linguistic features in {MT} evaluation",
    author = "Comelles, Elisabet  and
      Atserias, Jordi  and
      Arranz, Victoria  and
      Castell{\'o}n, Irene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/763_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3944--3950",
}
@inproceedings{voutilainen-etal-2012-specifying,
    title = "Specifying Treebanks, Outsourcing Parsebanks: {F}inn{T}ree{B}ank 3",
    author = "Voutilainen, Atro  and
      Muhonen, Kristiina  and
      Purtonen, Tanja  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/766_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1927--1931",
}
@inproceedings{cutugno-etal-2012-w,
    title = "W-{P}h{AMT}: A web tool for phonetic multilevel timeline visualization",
    author = "Cutugno, Francesco  and
      Leano, Vincenza Anna  and
      Origlia, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/767_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4127--4131",
}
@inproceedings{calzolari-etal-2012-lre,
    title = "The {LRE} Map. Harmonising Community Descriptions of Resources",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Gratta, Riccardo Del  and
      Francopoulo, Gil  and
      Mariani, Joseph  and
      Rubino, Francesco  and
      Russo, Irene  and
      Soria, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/769_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1084--1089",
}
@inproceedings{forascu-tufis-2012-romanian,
    title = "{R}omanian {T}ime{B}ank: An Annotated Parallel Corpus for Temporal Information",
    author = "For{\u{a}}scu, Corina  and
      Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/770_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3762--3766",
}
@inproceedings{negri-etal-2012-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Whispers: Cooperative Paraphrase Acquisition",
    author = "Negri, Matteo  and
      Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Marchetti, Alessandro  and
      Giampiccolo, Danilo  and
      Bentivogli, Luisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/772_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2659--2665",
}
@inproceedings{johannessen-etal-2012-nordic,
    title = "The Nordic Dialect Corpus",
    author = "Johannessen, Janne Bondi  and
      Priestley, Joel  and
      Hagen, Kristin  and
      N{\o}klestad, Anders  and
      Lynum, Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/773_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3387--3391",
}
@inproceedings{read-etal-2012-wesearch,
    title = "The {W}e{S}earch Corpus, Treebank, and Treecache {--} A Comprehensive Sample of User-Generated Content",
    author = "Read, Jonathon  and
      Flickinger, Dan  and
      Dridan, Rebecca  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/774_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1829--1835",
}
@inproceedings{cvrcek-etal-2012-legal,
    title = "Legal electronic dictionary for {C}zech",
    author = "Cvr{\v{c}}ek, Franti{\v{s}}ek  and
      Pala, Karel  and
      Rychl{\'y}, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/775_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "283--287",
}
@inproceedings{kaspersson-etal-2012-also,
    title = "This also affects the context - Errors in extraction based summaries",
    author = {Kaspersson, Thomas  and
      Smith, Christian  and
      Danielsson, Henrik  and
      J{\"o}nsson, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/776_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "173--178",
}
@inproceedings{soria-etal-2012-flarenet,
    title = "The {FL}a{R}e{N}et Strategic Language Resource Agenda",
    author = "Soria, Claudia  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Mariani, Joseph  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Odijk, Jan  and
      Piperidis, Stelios  and
      Quochi, Valeria  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/777_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1379--1386",
}
@inproceedings{ruppenhofer-rehbein-2012-yes,
    title = "Yes we can!? Annotating {E}nglish modal verbs",
    author = "Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Rehbein, Ines",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/778_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1538--1545",
}
@inproceedings{suarez-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building a Multimodal Laughter Database for Emotion Recognition",
    author = "Suarez, Merlin Teodosia  and
      Cu, Jocelynn  and
      Maria, Madelene Sta.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/779_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2347--2350",
}
@inproceedings{frommer-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards Emotion and Affect Detection in the Multimodal {LAST} {MINUTE} Corpus",
    author = {Frommer, J{\"o}rg  and
      Michaelis, Bernd  and
      R{\"o}sner, Dietmar  and
      Wendemuth, Andreas  and
      Friesen, Rafael  and
      Haase, Matthias  and
      Kunze, Manuela  and
      Andrich, Rico  and
      Lange, Julia  and
      Panning, Axel  and
      Siegert, Ingo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/782_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3064--3069",
}
@inproceedings{zseder-etal-2012-rapid,
    title = "Rapid creation of large-scale corpora and frequency dictionaries",
    author = "Zs{\'e}der, Attila  and
      Recski, G{\'a}bor  and
      Varga, D{\'a}niel  and
      Kornai, Andr{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/783_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1462--1465",
}
@inproceedings{hazem-morin-2012-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Dictionary for Bilingual Lexicon Extraction from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Hazem, Amir  and
      Morin, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/784_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "288--292",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2012-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Resources for Handwriting Recognition and Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Song, Zhiyi  and
      Ismael, Safa  and
      Grimes, Stephen  and
      Doermann, David  and
      Strassel, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/785_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3951--3955",
}
@inproceedings{origlia-alfano-2012-prosomarker,
    title = "{P}rosomarker: a prosodic analysis tool based on optimal pitch stylization and automatic syllabi fication",
    author = "Origlia, Antonio  and
      Alfano, Iolanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/786_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "997--1002",
}
@inproceedings{strik-etal-2012-disco,
    title = "The {DISCO} {ASR}-based {CALL} system: practicing {L}2 oral skills and beyond",
    author = "Strik, Helmer  and
      Colpaert, Jozef  and
      van Doremalen, Joost  and
      Cucchiarini, Catia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/787_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2702--2707",
}
@inproceedings{sirin-etal-2012-metu,
    title = "{METU} {T}urkish Discourse Bank Browser",
    author = "{\c{S}}irin, Utku  and
      {\c{C}}ak{\i}c{\i}, Ruket  and
      Zeyrek, Deniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/788_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2808--2812",
}
@inproceedings{banski-etal-2012-new,
    title = "The New {IDS} Corpus Analysis Platform: Challenges and Prospects",
    author = "Ba{\'n}ski, Piotr  and
      Fischer, Peter M.  and
      Frick, Elena  and
      Ketzan, Erik  and
      Kupietz, Marc  and
      Schnober, Carsten  and
      Schonefeld, Oliver  and
      Witt, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/789_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2905--2911",
}
@inproceedings{quarteroni-etal-2012-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Multi-focus Natural Language Queries over Data Services",
    author = "Quarteroni, Silvia  and
      Guerrisi, Vincenzo  and
      Torre, Pietro La",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/790_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2547--2552",
}
@inproceedings{pazienza-etal-2012-application,
    title = "Application of a Semantic Search Algorithm to Semi-Automatic {GUI} Generation",
    author = "Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Scarpato, Noemi  and
      Stellato, Armando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/794_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3631--3638",
}
@inproceedings{karan-etal-2012-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Classification Algorithms and Features for Collocation Extraction in {C}roatian",
    author = "Karan, Mladen  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      Ba{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Bojana Dalbelo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/796_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "657--662",
}
@inproceedings{frick-etal-2012-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Query Languages for a Corpus Processing System",
    author = "Frick, Elena  and
      Schnober, Carsten  and
      Ba{\'n}ski, Piotr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/800_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2286--2294",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2012-two,
    title = "Two Phase Evaluation for Selecting Machine Translation Services",
    author = "Shi, Chunqi  and
      Lin, Donghui  and
      Shimada, Masahiko  and
      Ishida, Toru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/802_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1771--1778",
}
@inproceedings{su-babych-2012-development,
    title = "Development and Application of a Cross-language Document Comparability Metric",
    author = "Su, Fangzhong  and
      Babych, Bogdan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/804_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3956--3962",
}
@inproceedings{weitz-schafer-2012-graphical,
    title = "A Graphical Citation Browser for the {ACL} Anthology",
    author = {Weitz, Benjamin  and
      Sch{\"a}fer, Ulrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/805_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1718--1722",
}
@inproceedings{wattam-etal-2012-document,
    title = "Document Attrition in Web Corpora: an Exploration",
    author = "Wattam, Stephen  and
      Rayson, Paul  and
      Berridge, Damon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/806_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1486--1489",
}
@inproceedings{belz-gatt-2012-repository,
    title = "A Repository of Data and Evaluation Resources for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Gatt, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/807_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4027--4032",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2012-service,
    title = "Service Composition Scenarios for Task-Oriented Translation",
    author = "Shi, Chunqi  and
      Lin, Donghui  and
      Ishida, Toru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/808_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2951--2958",
}
@inproceedings{kano-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards automation in using multi-modal language resources: compatibility and interoperability for multi-modal features in {K}achako",
    author = "Kano, Yoshinobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/810_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1098--1101",
}
@inproceedings{mondary-etal-2012-quaero,
    title = "The Quaero Evaluation Initiative on Term Extraction",
    author = {Mondary, Thibault  and
      Nazarenko, Adeline  and
      Zargayouna, Ha{\"\i}fa  and
      Barreaux, Sabine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/812_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "663--669",
}
@inproceedings{russo-etal-2012-italian,
    title = "{I}talian and {S}panish Null Subjects. A Case Study Evaluation in an {MT} Perspective.",
    author = "Russo, Lorenza  and
      Lo{\'a}iciga, Sharid  and
      Gulati, Asheesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/813_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1779--1784",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-etal-2012-dgt,
    title = "{DGT}-{TM}: A freely available Translation Memory in 22 languages",
    author = {Steinberger, Ralf  and
      Eisele, Andreas  and
      Klocek, Szymon  and
      Pilos, Spyridon  and
      Schl{\"u}ter, Patrick},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/814_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "454--459",
}
@inproceedings{elfardy-diab-2012-simplified,
    title = "Simplified guidelines for the creation of Large Scale Dialectal {A}rabic Annotations",
    author = "Elfardy, Heba  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/815_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "371--378",
}
@inproceedings{federmann-etal-2012-meta,
    title = "{META}-{SHARE} v2: An Open Network of Repositories for Language Resources including Data and Tools",
    author = {Federmann, Christian  and
      Giannopoulou, Ioanna  and
      Girardi, Christian  and
      Hamon, Olivier  and
      Mavroeidis, Dimitris  and
      Minutoli, Salvatore  and
      Schr{\"o}der, Marc},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/816_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3300--3303",
}
@inproceedings{weller-heid-2012-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing and Aligning {G}erman compound nouns",
    author = "Weller, Marion  and
      Heid, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/817_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2395--2400",
}
@inproceedings{nawaz-etal-2012-identification,
    title = "Identification of Manner in Bio-Events",
    author = "Nawaz, Raheel  and
      Thompson, Paul  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/818_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3505--3510",
}
@inproceedings{eberle-etal-2012-tool,
    title = "A Tool/Database Interface for Multi-Level Analyses",
    author = "Eberle, Kurt  and
      Eckart, Kerstin  and
      Heid, Ulrich  and
      Haselbach, Boris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/819_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2912--2916",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-etal-2012-accessing,
    title = "Accessing and standardizing {W}iktionary lexical entries for the translation of labels in Cultural Heritage taxonomies",
    author = {Declerck, Thierry  and
      M{\"o}rth, Karlheinz  and
      Lendvai, Piroska},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/820_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2511--2514",
}
@inproceedings{odriozola-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using an {ASR} database to design a pronunciation evaluation system in Basque",
    author = "Odriozola, Igor  and
      Navas, Eva  and
      Hernaez, Inma  and
      Sainz, I{\~n}aki  and
      Saratxaga, Ibon  and
      S{\'a}nchez, Jon  and
      Erro, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/822_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4122--4126",
}
@inproceedings{bongelli-etal-2012-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Scientific Biomedical Texts Spanning over 168 Years Annotated for Uncertainty",
    author = "Bongelli, Ramona  and
      Canestrari, Carla  and
      Riccioni, Ilaria  and
      Zuczkowski, Andrzej  and
      Buldorini, Cinzia  and
      Pietrobon, Ricardo  and
      Lavelli, Alberto  and
      Magnini, Bernardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/823_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2009--2014",
}
@inproceedings{mostefa-etal-2012-new,
    title = "New language resources for the {P}ashto language",
    author = "Mostefa, Djamel  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Brunessaux, Sylvie  and
      Boudahmane, Karim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/824_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2917--2922",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2012-extending,
    title = "Extending the {MPC} corpus to {C}hinese and {U}rdu - A Multiparty Multi-Lingual Chat Corpus for Modeling Social Phenomena in Language",
    author = "Liu, Ting  and
      Shaikh, Samira  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Broadwell, Aaron  and
      Stromer-Galley, Jennifer  and
      Taylor, Sarah  and
      Boz, Umit  and
      Ren, Xiaoai  and
      Wu, Jingsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/825_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2868--2873",
}
@inproceedings{kafkas-etal-2012-calbc,
    title = "{CALBC}: Releasing the Final Corpora",
    author = "Kafkas, {\c{S}}enay  and
      Lewin, Ian  and
      Milward, David  and
      van Mulligen, Erik  and
      Kors, Jan  and
      Hahn, Udo  and
      Rebholz-Schuhmann, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/827_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2923--2926",
}
@inproceedings{adell-etal-2012-buceador,
    title = "{BUCEADOR}, a multi-language search engine for digital libraries",
    author = "Adell, Jordi  and
      Bonafonte, Antonio  and
      Cardenal, Antonio  and
      Costa-Juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.  and
      Moreno, Asunci{\'o}n  and
      Navas, Eva  and
      Banga, Eduardo R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/828_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1705--1709",
}
@inproceedings{savkov-etal-2012-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Analysis Processing Line for {B}ulgarian",
    author = "Savkov, Aleksandar  and
      Laskova, Laska  and
      Kancheva, Stanislava  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Simov, Kiril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/829_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2959--2964",
}
@inproceedings{hana-hladka-2012-getting,
    title = "Getting more data {--} Schoolkids as annotators",
    author = "Hana, Jirka  and
      Hladk{\'a}, Barbora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/830_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4049--4054",
}
@inproceedings{abrate-bacciu-2012-visualizing,
    title = "Visualizing word senses in {W}ord{N}et Atlas",
    author = "Abrate, Matteo  and
      Bacciu, Clara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/831_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2648--2652",
}
@inproceedings{schafer-bildhauer-2012-building,
    title = "Building Large Corpora from the Web Using a New Efficient Tool Chain",
    author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Roland  and
      Bildhauer, Felix},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/834_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "486--493",
}
@inproceedings{afantenos-etal-2012-empirical,
    title = "An empirical resource for discovering cognitive principles of discourse organisation: the {ANNODIS} corpus",
    author = "Afantenos, Stergos  and
      Asher, Nicholas  and
      Benamara, Farah  and
      Bras, Myriam  and
      Fabre, C{\'e}cile  and
      Ho-dac, Mai  and
      Draoulec, Anne Le  and
      Muller, Philippe  and
      P{\'e}ry-Woodley, Marie-Paule  and
      Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent  and
      Rebeyrolles, Josette  and
      Tanguy, Ludovic  and
      Vergez-Couret, Marianne  and
      Vieu, Laure",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/836_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2727--2734",
}
@inproceedings{zahra-carson-berndsen-2012-english,
    title = "{E}nglish to {I}ndonesian Transliteration to Support {E}nglish Pronunciation Practice",
    author = "Zahra, Amalia  and
      Carson-Berndsen, Julie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/838_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4132--4135",
}
@inproceedings{gabor-etal-2012-boosting,
    title = "Boosting the Coverage of a Semantic Lexicon by Automatically Extracted Event Nominalizations",
    author = "G{\'a}bor, Kata  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Villemonte de La Clergerie, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/839_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1466--1473",
}
@inproceedings{choukri-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using the International Standard Language Resource Number: Practical and Technical Aspects",
    author = "Choukri, Khalid  and
      Arranz, Victoria  and
      Hamon, Olivier  and
      Park, Jungyeul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/842_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "50--54",
}
@inproceedings{jaja-etal-2012-assessing,
    title = "Assessing Divergence Measures for Automated Document Routing in an Adaptive {MT} System",
    author = "Jaja, Claire  and
      Briesch, Douglas  and
      Laoudi, Jamal  and
      Voss, Clare",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/843_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3963--3970",
}
@inproceedings{forster-etal-2012-rwth,
    title = "{RWTH}-{PHOENIX}-Weather: A Large Vocabulary Sign Language Recognition and Translation Corpus",
    author = "Forster, Jens  and
      Schmidt, Christoph  and
      Hoyoux, Thomas  and
      Koller, Oscar  and
      Zelle, Uwe  and
      Piater, Justus  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/844_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3785--3789",
}
@inproceedings{cattoni-etal-2012-knowledgestore,
    title = "The {K}nowledge{S}tore: an Entity-Based Storage System",
    author = "Cattoni, Roldano  and
      Corcoglioniti, Francesco  and
      Girardi, Christian  and
      Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Serafini, Luciano  and
      Zanoli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/845_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3639--3646",
}
@inproceedings{choukri-arranz-2012-analytical,
    title = "An Analytical Model of Language Resource Sustainability",
    author = "Choukri, Khalid  and
      Arranz, Victoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/846_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1395--1402",
}
@inproceedings{fokkens-etal-2012-climb,
    title = "{CLIMB} grammars: three projects using metagrammar engineering",
    author = "Fokkens, Antske  and
      Avgustinova, Tania  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/848_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1672--1679",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2012-annotated,
    title = "Annotated Bibliographical Reference Corpora in Digital Humanities",
    author = "Kim, Young-Min  and
      Bellot, Patrice  and
      Faath, Elodie  and
      Dacos, Marin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/850_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "494--501",
}
@inproceedings{tahon-etal-2012-corpus,
    title = "Corpus of Children Voices for Mid-level Markers and Affect Bursts Analysis",
    author = "Tahon, Marie  and
      Delaborde, Agnes  and
      Devillers, Laurence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/853_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2366--2369",
}
@inproceedings{gahbiche-braham-etal-2012-joint,
    title = "Joint Segmentation and {POS} Tagging for {A}rabic Using a {CRF}-based Classifier",
    author = "Gahbiche-Braham, Souhir  and
      Bonneau-Maynard, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Lavergne, Thomas  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/855_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2107--2113",
}
@inproceedings{biber-breiteneder-2012-fivehundredmillionandone,
    title = "Fivehundredmillionandone Tokens. Loading the {AAC} Container with Text Resources for Text Studies.",
    author = "Biber, Hanno  and
      Breiteneder, Evelyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/857_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1067--1070",
}
@inproceedings{nakagawa-den-2012-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of anaphoric relations and topic continuity in {J}apanese conversation",
    author = "Nakagawa, Natsuko  and
      Den, Yasuharu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/860_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "179--186",
}
@inproceedings{hayashi-narawa-2012-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Standard Linguistic Processing Functionalities based on Fundamental Data Operation Types",
    author = "Hayashi, Yoshihiko  and
      Narawa, Chiharu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/863_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1169--1173",
}
@inproceedings{szekely-etal-2012-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating expressive speech synthesis from audiobook corpora for conversational phrases",
    author = "Sz{\'e}kely, {\'E}va  and
      Cabral, Joao Paulo  and
      Abou-Zleikha, Mohamed  and
      Cahill, Peter  and
      Carson-Berndsen, Julie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/864_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3335--3339",
}
@inproceedings{garrido-etal-2012-i3media,
    title = "The {I}3{MEDIA} speech database: a trilingual annotated corpus for the analysis and synthesis of emotional speech",
    author = "Garrido, Juan Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Laplaza, Yesika  and
      Marquina, Montse  and
      Pearman, Andrea  and
      Escalada, Jos{\'e} Gregorio  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Miguel {\'A}ngel  and
      Armenta, Ana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/865_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1197--1202",
}
@inproceedings{elson-2012-dramabank,
    title = "{D}rama{B}ank: Annotating Agency in Narrative Discourse",
    author = "Elson, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/866_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2813--2819",
}
@inproceedings{bosca-etal-2012-linguagrid,
    title = "{L}inguagrid: a network of Linguistic and Semantic Services for the {I}talian Language.",
    author = "Bosca, Alessio  and
      Dini, Luca  and
      Kouylekov, Milen  and
      Trevisan, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/867_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3304--3307",
}
@inproceedings{taslimipoor-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using Noun Similarity to Adapt an Acceptability Measure for {P}ersian Light Verb Constructions",
    author = "Taslimipoor, Shiva  and
      Fazly, Afsaneh  and
      Hamzeh, Ali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/868_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "670--673",
}
@inproceedings{arranz-hamon-2012-way,
    title = "On the Way to a Legal Sharing of Web Applications in {NLP}",
    author = "Arranz, Victoria  and
      Hamon, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/872_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2965--2970",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-etal-2012-jrc,
    title = "{JRC} Eurovoc Indexer {JEX} - A freely available multi-label categorisation tool",
    author = "Steinberger, Ralf  and
      Ebrahim, Mohamed  and
      Turchi, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/875_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "798--805",
}
@inproceedings{doukhan-etal-2012-designing,
    title = "Designing {F}rench Tale Corpora for Entertaining Text To Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Doukhan, David  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Rilliard, Albert  and
      d{'}Alessandro, Christophe  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/876_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1003--1010",
}
@inproceedings{aristar-dry-etal-2012-rendering,
    title = "{``}Rendering Endangered Lexicons Interoperable through Standards Harmonization{''}: the {RELISH} project",
    author = "Aristar-Dry, Helen  and
      Drude, Sebastian  and
      Windhouwer, Menzo  and
      Gippert, Jost  and
      Nevskaya, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/878_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "766--770",
}
@inproceedings{martins-2012-le,
    title = "Le Petit Prince in {UNL}",
    author = "Martins, Ronaldo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/879_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3201--3204",
}
@inproceedings{varga-etal-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised document zone identification using probabilistic graphical models",
    author = "Varga, Andrea  and
      Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Ciravegna, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/881_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1610--1617",
}
@inproceedings{fuentes-etal-2012-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing a multimodal set of documents in a Smart Room",
    author = "Fuentes, Maria  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Horacio  and
      Turmo, Jordi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/882_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2553--2558",
}
@inproceedings{de-melo-etal-2012-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Comparisons of {MASC} Word Sense Annotations",
    author = "de Melo, Gerard  and
      Baker, Collin F.  and
      Ide, Nancy  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca J.  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/884_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3036--3043",
}
@inproceedings{strassel-etal-2012-creating,
    title = "Creating {HAVIC}: Heterogeneous Audio Visual {I}nternet Collection",
    author = "Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Morris, Amanda  and
      Fiscus, Jonathan  and
      Caruso, Christopher  and
      Lee, Haejoong  and
      Over, Paul  and
      Fiumara, James  and
      Shaw, Barbara  and
      Antonishek, Brian  and
      Michel, Martial",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/885_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2573--2577",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2012-identifying,
    title = "Identifying bilingual Multi-Word Expressions for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Bouamor, Dhouha  and
      Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/886_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "674--679",
}
@inproceedings{redeker-etal-2012-multi,
    title = "Multi-Layer Discourse Annotation of a {D}utch Text Corpus",
    author = "Redeker, Gisela  and
      Berzl{\'a}novich, Ildik{\'o}  and
      van der Vliet, Nynke  and
      Bouma, Gosse  and
      Egg, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/887_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2820--2825",
}
@inproceedings{rapp-etal-2012-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Word Translations from Comparable Documents Without a Seed Lexicon",
    author = "Rapp, Reinhard  and
      Sharoff, Serge  and
      Babych, Bogdan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/888_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "460--466",
}
@inproceedings{drude-etal-2012-language,
    title = "The Language Archive {---} a new hub for language resources",
    author = "Drude, Sebastian  and
      Broeder, Daan  and
      Trilsbeek, Paul  and
      Wittenburg, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/891_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3264--3267",
}
@inproceedings{khademian-etal-2012-holistic,
    title = "A Holistic Approach to Bilingual Sentence Fragment Extraction from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Khademian, Mahdi  and
      Taghipour, Kaveh  and
      Mansour, Saab  and
      Khadivi, Shahram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/892_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4073--4079",
}
@inproceedings{loukachevitch-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Term Recognition Needs Multiple Evidence",
    author = "Loukachevitch, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/893_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2401--2407",
}
@inproceedings{kolachina-etal-2012-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Discourse Relation Annotation in the {H}indi Discourse Relation Bank",
    author = "Kolachina, Sudheer  and
      Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/894_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "823--828",
}
@inproceedings{kermes-2012-methodology,
    title = "A methodology for the extraction of information about the usage of formulaic expressions in scientific texts",
    author = "Kermes, Hannah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/895_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2064--2068",
}
@inproceedings{temnikova-etal-2012-clcm,
    title = "{CLCM} - A Linguistic Resource for Effective Simplification of Instructions in the Crisis Management Domain and its Evaluations",
    author = "Temnikova, Irina  and
      Orasan, Constantin  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/898_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3007--3014",
}
@inproceedings{ghayoomi-2012-grammar,
    title = "From Grammar Rule Extraction to Treebanking: A Bootstrapping Approach",
    author = "Ghayoomi, Masood",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/900_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1912--1919",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2012-detecting,
    title = "Detecting {J}apanese Compound Functional Expressions using Canonical/Derivational Relation",
    author = "Suzuki, Takafumi  and
      Abe, Yusuke  and
      Toyota, Itsuki  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Matsuyoshi, Suguru  and
      Tsuchiya, Masatoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/902_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{elahimanesh-etal-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving K-Nearest Neighbor Efficacy for {F}arsi Text Classification",
    author = "Elahimanesh, Mohammad Hossein  and
      Minaei, Behrouz  and
      Malekinezhad, Hossein",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/903_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1618--1621",
}
@inproceedings{gibbon-2012-ulex,
    title = "{UL}ex: new data models and a mobile environment for corpus enrichment.",
    author = "Gibbon, Dafydd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/905_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3392--3398",
}
@inproceedings{ogiso-etal-2012-unidic,
    title = "{U}ni{D}ic for Early Middle {J}apanese: a Dictionary for Morphological Analysis of Classical {J}apanese",
    author = "Ogiso, Toshinobu  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Den, Yasuharu  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/906_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "911--915",
}
@inproceedings{shoaib-etal-2012-platform,
    title = "A platform-independent user-friendly dictionary from {I}talian to {LIS}",
    author = "Shoaib, Umar  and
      Ahmad, Nadeem  and
      Prinetto, Paolo  and
      Tiotto, Gabriele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/907_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2435--2438",
}
@inproceedings{laparra-etal-2012-mapping,
    title = "Mapping {W}ord{N}et to the {K}yoto ontology",
    author = "Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/908_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2584--2589",
}
@inproceedings{broda-etal-2012-tools,
    title = "Tools for pl{W}ord{N}et Development. Presentation and Perspectives",
    author = "Broda, Bartosz  and
      Maziarz, Marek  and
      Piasecki, Maciej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/909_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3647--3652",
}
@inproceedings{eskevich-etal-2012-creating,
    title = "Creating a Data Collection for Evaluating Rich Speech Retrieval",
    author = "Eskevich, Maria  and
      Jones, Gareth J.F.  and
      Larson, Martha  and
      Ordelman, Roeland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/910_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1736--1743",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-2012-ontologies,
    title = "Ontologies of Linguistic Annotation: Survey and perspectives",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/911_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "303--310",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-etal-2012-open,
    title = "The Open Linguistics Working Group",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Hellmann, Sebastian  and
      Nordhoff, Sebastian  and
      Moran, Steven  and
      Littauer, Richard  and
      Eckle-Kohler, Judith  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Hartmann, Silvana  and
      Matuschek, Michael  and
      Meyer, Christian M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/912_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3603--3610",
}
@inproceedings{manshadi-etal-2012-annotation,
    title = "An Annotation Scheme for Quantifier Scope Disambiguation",
    author = "Manshadi, Mehdi  and
      Allen, James  and
      Swift, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/914_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1546--1553",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-2012-generic,
    title = "A generic formalism to represent linguistic corpora in {RDF} and {OWL}/{DL}",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/915_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3205--3212",
}
@inproceedings{ahtaridis-etal-2012-ldc,
    title = "{LDC} Language Resource Database: Building a Bibliographic Database",
    author = "Ahtaridis, Eleftheria  and
      Cieri, Christopher  and
      DiPersio, Denise",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/916_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1723--1728",
}
@inproceedings{giannoulis-potamianos-2012-hierarchical,
    title = "A hierarchical approach with feature selection for emotion recognition from speech",
    author = "Giannoulis, Panagiotis  and
      Potamianos, Gerasimos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/917_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1203--1206",
}
@inproceedings{singh-2012-concise,
    title = "A Concise Query Language with Search and Transform Operations for Corpora with Multiple Levels of Annotation",
    author = "Singh, Anil Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/919_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1490--1497",
}
@inproceedings{ramanathan-visweswariah-2012-study,
    title = "A Study of Word-Classing for {MT} Reordering",
    author = "Ramanathan, Ananthakrishnan  and
      Visweswariah, Karthik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/921_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3971--3976",
}
@inproceedings{kotze-etal-2012-large,
    title = "Large aligned treebanks for syntax-based machine translation",
    author = {Kotz{\'e}, Gideon  and
      Vandeghinste, Vincent  and
      Martens, Scott  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/924_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "467--473",
}
@inproceedings{skadina-etal-2012-collecting,
    title = "Collecting and Using Comparable Corpora for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Skadi{\c{n}}a, Inguna  and
      Aker, Ahmet  and
      Mastropavlos, Nikos  and
      Su, Fangzhong  and
      Tufis, Dan  and
      Verlic, Mateja  and
      Vasi{\c{l}}jevs, Andrejs  and
      Babych, Bogdan  and
      Clough, Paul  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Glaros, Nikos  and
      Paramita, Monica Lestari  and
      Pinnis, M{\=a}rcis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/925_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "438--445",
}
@inproceedings{piasecki-etal-2012-recognition,
    title = "Recognition of Polish Derivational Relations Based on Supervised Learning Scheme",
    author = "Piasecki, Maciej  and
      Ramocki, Radoslaw  and
      Maziarz, Marek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/926_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "916--922",
}
@inproceedings{moraes-lima-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining Formal Concept Analysis and semantic information for building ontological structures from texts : an exploratory study",
    author = "Moraes, S{\'\i}lvia  and
      Lima, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/931_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3653--3660",
}
@inproceedings{shima-mitamura-2012-diversifiable,
    title = "Diversifiable Bootstrapping for Acquiring High-Coverage Paraphrase Resource",
    author = "Shima, Hideki  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/934_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2666--2673",
}
@inproceedings{kestemont-etal-2012-netlog,
    title = "The Netlog Corpus. A Resource for the Study of Flemish {D}utch {I}nternet Language",
    author = "Kestemont, Mike  and
      Peersman, Claudia  and
      Decker, Benny De  and
      Pauw, Guy De  and
      Luyckx, Kim  and
      Morante, Roser  and
      Vaassen, Frederik  and
      van de Loo, Janneke  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/938_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1569--1572",
}
@inproceedings{keskes-etal-2012-clause,
    title = "Clause-based Discourse Segmentation of {A}rabic Texts",
    author = "Keskes, Iskandar  and
      Benamara, Farah  and
      Belguith, Lamia Hadrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/939_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2826--2832",
}
@inproceedings{matsubayashi-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building {J}apanese Predicate-argument Structure Corpus using Lexical Conceptual Structure",
    author = "Matsubayashi, Yuichiroh  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/941_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1554--1558",
}
@inproceedings{elahi-monachesi-2012-examination,
    title = "An Examination of Cross-Cultural Similarities and Differences from Social Media Data with respect to Language Use",
    author = "Elahi, Mohammad Fazleh  and
      Monachesi, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/942_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4080--4086",
}
@inproceedings{uryupina-poesio-2012-domain,
    title = "Domain-specific vs. Uniform Modeling for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Uryupina, Olga  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/944_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "187--191",
}
@inproceedings{balahur-hermida-2012-extending,
    title = "Extending the {E}moti{N}et Knowledge Base to Improve the Automatic Detection of Implicitly Expressed Emotions from Text",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Hermida, Jes{\'u}s M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/945_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1207--1214",
}
@inproceedings{tolone-etal-2012-extending,
    title = "Extending the adverbial coverage of a {F}rench morphological lexicon",
    author = "Tolone, Elsa  and
      Voyatzi, Stavroula  and
      Martineau, Claude  and
      Constant, Matthieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/946_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2856--2862",
}
@inproceedings{cristea-etal-2012-reconstructing,
    title = "Reconstructing the Diachronic Morphology of {R}omanian from Dictionary Citations",
    author = "Cristea, Dan  and
      Simionescu, Radu  and
      Haja, Gabriela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/947_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "923--927",
}
@inproceedings{pinnis-2012-latvian,
    title = "{L}atvian and {L}ithuanian Named Entity Recognition with {T}ilde{NER}",
    author = "Pinnis, M{\=a}rcis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/948_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1258--1265",
}
@inproceedings{inoue-akagi-2012-collecting,
    title = "Collecting humorous expressions from a community-based question-answering-service corpus",
    author = "Inoue, Masashi  and
      Akagi, Toshiki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/951_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1836--1839",
}
@inproceedings{windhouwer-2012-relcat,
    title = "{REL}cat: a Relation Registry for {ISO}cat data categories",
    author = "Windhouwer, Menzo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/954_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3661--3664",
}
@inproceedings{osenova-simov-2012-political,
    title = "The Political Speech Corpus of {B}ulgarian",
    author = "Osenova, Petya  and
      Simov, Kiril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/956_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1744--1747",
}
@inproceedings{kow-belz-2012-lg,
    title = "{LG}-Eval: A Toolkit for Creating Online Language Evaluation Experiments",
    author = "Kow, Eric  and
      Belz, Anja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/957_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4033--4037",
}
@inproceedings{pareti-2012-database,
    title = "A Database of Attribution Relations",
    author = "Pareti, Silvia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/958_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3213--3217",
}
@inproceedings{rak-etal-2012-collaborative,
    title = "Collaborative Development and Evaluation of Text-processing Workflows in a {UIMA}-supported Web-based Workbench",
    author = "Rak, Rafal  and
      Rowley, Andrew  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/960_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2971--2976",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-mandarin,
    title = "A {M}andarin-{E}nglish Code-Switching Corpus",
    author = "Li, Ying  and
      Yu, Yue  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/964_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2515--2519",
}
@inproceedings{broda-etal-2012-kpwr,
    title = "{KPW}r: Towards a Free Corpus of Polish",
    author = "Broda, Bartosz  and
      Marci{\'n}czuk, Micha{\l}  and
      Maziarz, Marek  and
      Radziszewski, Adam  and
      Wardy{\'n}ski, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/965_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3218--3222",
}
@inproceedings{fernandes-etal-2012-fast,
    title = "A Fast, Memory Efficient, Scalable and Multilingual Dictionary Retriever",
    author = "Fernandes, Paulo  and
      Lopes, Lucelene  and
      Prolo, Carlos A.  and
      Sales, Afonso  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/966_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2520--2524",
}
@inproceedings{santos-etal-2012-structural,
    title = "Structural alignment of plain text books",
    author = "Santos, Andr{\'e}  and
      Almeida, Jos{\'e} Jo{\~a}o  and
      Carvalho, Nuno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/967_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2069--2074",
}
@inproceedings{demir-etal-2012-turkish,
    title = "{T}urkish Paraphrase Corpus",
    author = "Demir, Seniz  and
      El-Kahlout, {\.I}lknur Durgar  and
      Unal, Erdem  and
      Kaya, Hamza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/968_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4087--4091",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2012-international,
    title = "International Multicultural Name Matching Competition: Design, Execution, Results, and Lessons Learned",
    author = "Miller, Keith J.  and
      Richerson, Elizabeth Schroeder  and
      McLeod, Sarah  and
      Finley, James  and
      Schein, Aaron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/970_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3111--3117",
}
@inproceedings{georgi-etal-2012-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Divergence of Dependency Structures Cross-Linguistically to Improve Syntactic Projection Algorithms",
    author = "Georgi, Ryan  and
      Xia, Fei  and
      Lewis, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/971_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "771--778",
}
@inproceedings{song-xia-2012-using,
    title = "Using a Goodness Measurement for Domain Adaptation: A Case Study on {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Song, Yan  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/973_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3853--3860",
}
@inproceedings{cabral-etal-2012-rapidly,
    title = "Rapidly Testing the Interaction Model of a Pronunciation Training System via Wizard-of-{O}z",
    author = {Cabral, Joao Paulo  and
      Kane, Mark  and
      Ahmed, Zeeshan  and
      Abou-Zleikha, Mohamed  and
      Sz{\'e}kely, {\'E}va  and
      Zahra, Amalia  and
      Ogbureke, Kalu  and
      Cahill, Peter  and
      Carson-Berndsen, Julie  and
      Schl{\"o}gl, Stephan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/974_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4136--4142",
}
@inproceedings{paikens-gruzitis-2012-implementation,
    title = "An implementation of a {L}atvian resource grammar in Grammatical Framework",
    author = "Paikens, P{\=e}teris  and
      Gr{\=u}z{\=\i}tis, Normunds",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/976_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1680--1685",
}
@inproceedings{stavropoulou-etal-2012-resource,
    title = "Resource Evaluation for Usable Speech Interfaces: Utilizing Human-Human Dialogue",
    author = "Stavropoulou, Pepi  and
      Spiliotopoulos, Dimitris  and
      Kouroupetroglou, Georgios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/977_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1348--1353",
}
@inproceedings{scheible-etal-2012-gatetogermanc,
    title = "{GATE}to{G}er{M}an{C}: A {GATE}-based Annotation Pipeline for Historical {G}erman",
    author = "Scheible, Silke  and
      Whitt, Richard J.  and
      Durrell, Martin  and
      Bennett, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/978_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3611--3617",
}
@inproceedings{silva-etal-2012-dealing,
    title = "Dealing with unknown words in statistical machine translation",
    author = "Silva, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa  and
      Costa, {\^A}ngela  and
      Trancoso, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/980_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3911--3981",
}
@inproceedings{charton-gagnon-2012-disambiguation,
    title = "A disambiguation resource extracted from {W}ikipedia for semantic annotation",
    author = "Charton, Eric  and
      Gagnon, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/983_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3665--3671",
}
@inproceedings{aziz-etal-2012-pet,
    title = "{PET}: a Tool for Post-editing and Assessing Machine Translation",
    author = "Aziz, Wilker  and
      Castilho, Sheila  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/985_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3982--3987",
}
@inproceedings{lenci-etal-2012-enriching,
    title = "Enriching the {ISST}-{TANL} Corpus with Semantic Frames",
    author = "Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Venturi, Giulia  and
      Cutrull{\`a}, Maria Grazia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/986_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3719--3726",
}
@inproceedings{ohta-etal-2012-developing,
    title = "Developing Partially-Transcribed Speech Corpus from Edited Transcriptions",
    author = "Ohta, Kengo  and
      Tsuchiya, Masatoshi  and
      Nakagawa, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/987_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3399--3404",
}
@inproceedings{aksan-etal-2012-construction,
    title = "Construction of the {T}urkish National Corpus ({TNC})",
    author = {Aksan, Ye{\c{s}}im  and
      Aksan, Mustafa  and
      Koltuksuz, Ahmet  and
      Sezer, Taner  and
      Mersinli, {\"U}mit  and
      Demirhan, Umut Ufuk  and
      Y{\i}lmazer, Hakan  and
      Atasoy, G{\"u}ls{\"u}m  and
      {\"O}z, Seda  and
      Y{\i}ld{\i}z, {\.I}pek  and
      Kurto{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/991_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3223--3227",
}
@inproceedings{hana-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building a learner corpus",
    author = {Hana, Jirka  and
      Rosen, Alexandr  and
      {\v{S}}tindlov{\'a}, Barbora  and
      J{\"a}ger, Petr},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/992_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3228--3232",
}
@inproceedings{federmann-etal-2012-ml4hmt,
    title = "The {ML}4{HMT} Workshop on Optimising the Division of Labour in Hybrid Machine Translation",
    author = "Federmann, Christian  and
      Avramidis, Eleftherios  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Melero, Maite  and
      Pecina, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/996_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3430--3435",
}
@inproceedings{gavrilidou-etal-2012-meta,
    title = "The {META}-{SHARE} Metadata Schema for the Description of Language Resources",
    author = "Gavrilidou, Maria  and
      Labropoulou, Penny  and
      Desipri, Elina  and
      Piperidis, Stelios  and
      Papageorgiou, Haris  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Frontini, Francesca  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Francopoulo, Gil  and
      Arranz, Victoria  and
      Mapelli, Valerie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/998_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1090--1097",
}
@inproceedings{momtazi-2012-fine,
    title = "Fine-grained {G}erman Sentiment Analysis on Social Media",
    author = "Momtazi, Saeedeh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/999_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1215--1220",
}
@inproceedings{holmqvist-etal-2012-alignment,
    title = "Alignment-based reordering for {SMT}",
    author = "Holmqvist, Maria  and
      Stymne, Sara  and
      Ahrenberg, Lars  and
      Merkel, Magnus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1000_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3436--3440",
}
@inproceedings{gavrila-etal-2012-domain,
    title = "Same domain different discourse style - A case study on Language Resources for data-driven Machine Translation",
    author = "Gavrila, Monica  and
      v. Hahn, Walther  and
      Vertan, Cristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1003_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3441--3446",
}
@inproceedings{prabhakaran-etal-2012-annotations,
    title = "Annotations for Power Relations on Email Threads",
    author = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Neralwala, Huzaifa  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1006_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "806--811",
}
@inproceedings{corvey-etal-2012-foundations,
    title = "Foundations of a Multilayer Annotation Framework for Twitter Communications During Crisis Events",
    author = "Corvey, William J.  and
      Verma, Sudha  and
      Vieweg, Sarah  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Martin, James H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1008_Paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{poggi-etal-2012-pedagogical,
    title = "Pedagogical stances and their multimodal signals.",
    author = "Poggi, Isabella  and
      D{'}Errico, Francesca  and
      Leone, Giovanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1010_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3233--3240",
}
@inproceedings{scherer-etal-2012-audiovisual,
    title = "An audiovisual political speech analysis incorporating eye-tracking and perception data",
    author = "Scherer, Stefan  and
      Layher, Georg  and
      Kane, John  and
      Neumann, Heiko  and
      Campbell, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1011_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1114--1120",
}
@inproceedings{davis-2012-tajik,
    title = "{T}ajik-{F}arsi {P}ersian Transliteration Using Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Davis, Chris Irwin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1012_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3988--3995",
}
@inproceedings{bagherbeygi-shamsfard-2012-corpus,
    title = "Corpus based Semi-Automatic Extraction of {P}ersian Compound Verbs and their Relations",
    author = "Bagherbeygi, Somayeh  and
      Shamsfard, Mehrnoush",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1013_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2863--2867",
}
@inproceedings{rumshisky-etal-2012-word,
    title = "Word Sense Inventories by Non-Experts.",
    author = "Rumshisky, Anna  and
      Botchan, Nick  and
      Kushkuley, Sophie  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1014_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4055--4059",
}
@inproceedings{bruning-etal-2012-pamocat,
    title = "{PAMOCAT}: Automatic retrieval of specified postures",
    author = {Br{\"u}ning, Bernhard  and
      Schnier, Christian  and
      Pitsch, Karola  and
      Wasmuth, Sven},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1015_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4143--4148",
}
@inproceedings{tepper-etal-2012-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Section Segmentation in Free-Text Clinical Records",
    author = "Tepper, Michael  and
      Capurro, Daniel  and
      Xia, Fei  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy  and
      Yetisgen-Yildiz, Meliha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1016_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2001--2008",
}
@inproceedings{wang-li-2012-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a Question Corpus for Textual Semantic Relations",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Li, Shuguang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1017_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4092--4097",
}
@inproceedings{maks-vossen-2012-building,
    title = "Building a fine-grained subjectivity lexicon from a web corpus",
    author = "Maks, Isa  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1018_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3070--3076",
}
@inproceedings{grezka-poudat-2012-building,
    title = "Building a database of {F}rench frozen adverbial phrases",
    author = "Grezka, Aude  and
      Poudat, C{\'e}line",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1020_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "685--692",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2012-matching,
    title = "Matching Cultural Heritage items to {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Barrena, Ander  and
      de Lacalle, Oier Lopez  and
      Soroa, Aitor  and
      Fernando, Samuel  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1021_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1729--1735",
}
@inproceedings{vogel-etal-2012-atlis,
    title = "{ATLIS}: Identifying Locational Information in Text Automatically",
    author = "Vogel, John  and
      Verhagen, Marc  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1022_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "612--616",
}
@inproceedings{anastasiou-2012-speech,
    title = "A Speech and Gesture Spatial Corpus in Assisted Living",
    author = "Anastasiou, Dimitra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1024_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2351--2354",
}
@inproceedings{edlund-etal-2012-3rd,
    title = "3rd party observer gaze as a continuous measure of dialogue flow",
    author = "Edlund, Jens  and
      Alexandersson, Simon  and
      Beskow, Jonas  and
      Gustavsson, Lisa  and
      Heldner, Mattias  and
      Hjalmarsson, Anna  and
      Kallionen, Petter  and
      Marklund, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1026_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1354--1358",
}
@inproceedings{kurc-etal-2012-constraint,
    title = "Constraint Based Description of Polish Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Kurc, Roman  and
      Piasecki, Maciej  and
      Broda, Bartosz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1027_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2408--2413",
}
@inproceedings{virk-abolahrar-2012-open,
    title = "An Open Source {P}ersian Computational Grammar",
    author = "Virk, Shafqat Mumtaz  and
      Abolahrar, Elnaz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1028_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1686--1693",
}
@inproceedings{gomes-etal-2012-project,
    title = "Project {FLY}: a multidisciplinary project within Linguistics",
    author = "Gomes, Mariana  and
      Guilherme, Ana  and
      Tavares, Leonor  and
      Marquilhas, Rita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1031_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2833--2837",
}
@inproceedings{ferreira-etal-2012-common,
    title = "The Common Orthographic Vocabulary of the {P}ortuguese Language: a set of open lexical resources for a pluricentric language",
    author = {Ferreira, Jos{\'e} Pedro  and
      Janssen, Maarten  and
      de Oliveira, Gladis Barcellos  and
      Correia, Margarita  and
      de Oliveira, Gilvan M{\"u}ller},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1034_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1071--1075",
}
@inproceedings{boella-etal-2012-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} Challenges for Eunomos a Tool to Build and Manage Legal Knowledge",
    author = "Boella, Guido  and
      di Caro, Luigi  and
      Humphreys, Llio  and
      Robaldo, Livio  and
      van der Torre, Leon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1035_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3672--3678",
}
@inproceedings{tomlinson-etal-2012-pursing,
    title = "Pursing power in {A}rabic on-line discussion forums",
    author = "Tomlinson, Marc  and
      Bracewell, David  and
      Draper, Mary  and
      Almissour, Zewar  and
      Shi, Ying  and
      Bensley, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1036_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1359--1364",
}
@inproceedings{bauer-etal-2012-dependency,
    title = "The Dependency-Parsed {F}rame{N}et Corpus",
    author = {Bauer, Daniel  and
      F{\"u}rstenau, Hagen  and
      Rambow, Owen},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1037_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3861--3867",
}
@inproceedings{rosner-etal-2012-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating an Error Corpus into a Spellchecker for {M}altese",
    author = "Rosner, Michael  and
      Gatt, Albert  and
      Attard, Andrew  and
      Joachimsen, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1040_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "743--750",
}
@inproceedings{casademont-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building Synthetic Voices in the {META}-{NET} Framework",
    author = "Casademont, Em{\'\i}lia Garcia  and
      Bonafonte, Antonio  and
      Moreno, Asunci{\'o}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1042_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3322--3326",
}
@inproceedings{nanba-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Translation of Scholarly Terms into Patent Terms Using Synonym Extraction Techniques",
    author = "Nanba, Hidetsugu  and
      Takezawa, Toshiyuki  and
      Uchiyama, Kiyoko  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1043_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3447--3451",
}
@inproceedings{dinarelli-rosset-2012-tree,
    title = "Tree-Structured Named Entity Recognition on {OCR} Data: Analysis, Processing and Results",
    author = "Dinarelli, Marco  and
      Rosset, Sophie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1046_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1266--1272",
}
@inproceedings{pomikalek-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building a 70 billion word corpus of {E}nglish from {C}lue{W}eb",
    author = "Pomik{\'a}lek, Jan  and
      Jakub{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Rychl{\'y}, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1047_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "502--506",
}
@inproceedings{wang-xia-2012-effort,
    title = "Effort of Genre Variation and Prediction of System Performance",
    author = "Wang, Dong  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1049_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1993--2000",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-etal-2012-dependency,
    title = "Dependency parsing for interaction detection in pharmacogenomics",
    author = "Schneider, Gerold  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio  and
      Clematide, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1052_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2075--2082",
}
@inproceedings{ohara-2012-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Annotations in {J}apanese {F}rame{N}et: Comparing Frames in {J}apanese and {E}nglish",
    author = "Ohara, Kyoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1053_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1559--1562",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-2012-buildind,
    title = "Buildind a Resource of Patterns Using Semantic Types",
    author = "Popescu, Octavian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1055_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2999--3006",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-2012-data,
    title = "A data and analysis resource for an experiment in text mining a collection of micro-blogs on a political topic.",
    author = "Black, William  and
      Procter, Rob  and
      Gray, Steven  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1056_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2083--2088",
}
@inproceedings{abdul-mageed-diab-2012-awatif,
    title = "{AWATIF}: A Multi-Genre Corpus for Modern Standard {A}rabic Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1057_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3907--3914",
}
@inproceedings{hara-etal-2012-causal,
    title = "Causal analysis of task completion errors in spoken music retrieval interactions",
    author = "Hara, Sunao  and
      Kitaoka, Norihide  and
      Takeda, Kazuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1059_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1365--1372",
}
@inproceedings{sojat-etal-2012-generation,
    title = "Generation of Verbal Stems in Derivationally Rich Language",
    author = "{\v{S}}ojat, Kre{\v{s}}imir  and
      Preradovi{\'c}, Nives Mikeli{\'c}  and
      Tadi{\'c}, Marko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1061_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "928--933",
}
@inproceedings{castilho-etal-2012-corpus,
    title = "{C}orpus+{W}ord{N}et thesaurus generation for ontology enriching",
    author = "Castilho, Fernando  and
      Granada, Roger  and
      Meneghetti, Breno  and
      Carvalho, Leonardo  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1062_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3463--3467",
}
@inproceedings{buttery-caines-2012-reclassifying,
    title = "Reclassifying subcategorization frames for experimental analysis and stimulus generation",
    author = "Buttery, Paula  and
      Caines, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1063_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1694--1698",
}
@inproceedings{kopec-ogrodniczuk-2012-creating,
    title = "Creating a Coreference Resolution System for Polish",
    author = "Kope{\'c}, Mateusz  and
      Ogrodniczuk, Maciej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1064_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "192--195",
}
@inproceedings{ma-2012-ldc,
    title = "{LDC} Forced Aligner",
    author = "Ma, Xiaoyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1065_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3405--3408",
}
@inproceedings{barker-gaizauskas-2012-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Comparability of News Texts",
    author = "Barker, Emma  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1069_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3996--4003",
}
@inproceedings{samsudin-lee-2012-building,
    title = "Building Text-to-Speech Systems for Resource Poor Languages",
    author = "Samsudin, Nur-Hana  and
      Lee, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1070_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3327--3334",
}
@inproceedings{speer-havasi-2012-representing,
    title = "Representing General Relational Knowledge in {C}oncept{N}et 5",
    author = "Speer, Robyn  and
      Havasi, Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1072_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3679--3686",
}
@inproceedings{hulden-francom-2012-boosting,
    title = "Boosting statistical tagger accuracy with simple rule-based grammars",
    author = "Hulden, Mans  and
      Francom, Jerid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1075_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2114--2117",
}
@inproceedings{williams-katz-2012-new,
    title = "A New Twitter Verb Lexicon for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Williams, Jennifer  and
      Katz, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1076_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "293--298",
}
@inproceedings{washington-etal-2012-finite,
    title = "A finite-state morphological transducer for Kyrgyz",
    author = "Washington, Jonathan  and
      Ipasov, Mirlan  and
      Tyers, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1077_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "934--940",
}
@inproceedings{walker-etal-2012-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus for Research on Deliberation and Debate",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn  and
      Tree, Jean Fox  and
      Anand, Pranav  and
      Abbott, Rob  and
      King, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1078_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "812--817",
}
@inproceedings{roshchina-etal-2012-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Similarity Estimator component of the {TWIN} Personality-based Recommender System",
    author = "Roshchina, Alexandra  and
      Cardiff, John  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1080_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4098--4102",
}
@inproceedings{perez-rosas-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning Sentiment Lexicons in {S}panish",
    author = "P{\'e}rez-Rosas, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      Banea, Carmen  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1081_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3077--3081",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-ordonez-etal-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation with Multilingual Representations",
    author = "Fernandez-Ordo{\~n}ez, Erwin  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Hassan, Samer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1082_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "847--851",
}
@inproceedings{piperidis-2012-meta,
    title = "The {META}-{SHARE} Language Resources Sharing Infrastructure: Principles, Challenges, Solutions",
    author = "Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1086_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "36--42",
}
@inproceedings{caines-buttery-2012-annotating,
    title = "Annotating progressive aspect constructions in the spoken section of the {B}ritish National Corpus",
    author = "Caines, Andrew  and
      Buttery, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1087_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1699--1704",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-etal-2012-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Spatial Containment Relations Between Events",
    author = "Roberts, Kirk  and
      Goodwin, Travis  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1091_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3052--3059",
}
@inproceedings{andreas-etal-2012-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Agreement and Disagreement in Threaded Discussion",
    author = "Andreas, Jacob  and
      Rosenthal, Sara  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1095_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "818--822",
}
@inproceedings{robichaud-2012-logic,
    title = "Logic Based Methods for Terminological Assessment",
    author = "Robichaud, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1096_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "94--98",
}
@inproceedings{kolachina-kolachina-2012-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Any Domain {E}nglish text to {C}o{NLL} dependencies",
    author = "Kolachina, Sudheer  and
      Kolachina, Prasanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1097_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3873--3880",
}
@inproceedings{janssen-2012-neotag,
    title = "{N}eo{T}ag: a {POS} Tagger for Grammatical Neologism Detection",
    author = "Janssen, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1098_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2118--2124",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using {D}i{AML} and {ANVIL} for multimodal dialogue annotations",
    author = "Bunt, Harry  and
      Kipp, Michael  and
      Petukhova, Volha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1107_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1301--1308",
}
@inproceedings{okita-2012-annotated,
    title = "Annotated Corpora for Word Alignment between {J}apanese and {E}nglish and its Evaluation with {MAP}-based Word Aligner",
    author = "Okita, Tsuyoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1109_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3241--3248",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-etal-2012-assigning,
    title = "Assigning Connotation Values to Events",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Russo, Irene  and
      Rubino, Francesco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1111_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3082--3089",
}
@inproceedings{walker-etal-2012-annotated,
    title = "An Annotated Corpus of Film Dialogue for Learning and Characterizing Character Style",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn  and
      Lin, Grace  and
      Sawyer, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1114_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1373--1378",
}
@inproceedings{bigi-2012-sppas,
    title = "{SPPAS}: a tool for the phonetic segmentation of speech",
    author = "Bigi, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1116_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1748--1755",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-etal-2012-twenty,
    title = "Twenty Years of Language Resource Development and Distribution: A Progress Report on {LDC} Activities",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      Reed, Marian  and
      DiPersio, Denise  and
      Liberman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1117_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "60--65",
}
@inproceedings{boruta-jastrzebska-2012-phonemic,
    title = "A Phonemic Corpus of Polish Child-Directed Speech",
    author = "Boruta, Luc  and
      Jastrzebska, Justyna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1120_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1017--1020",
}
@inproceedings{stuker-etal-2012-kit,
    title = "The {KIT} Lecture Corpus for Speech Translation",
    author = {St{\"u}ker, Sebastian  and
      Kraft, Florian  and
      Mohr, Christian  and
      Herrmann, Teresa  and
      Cho, Eunah  and
      Waibel, Alex},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1121_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3409--3414",
}
@inproceedings{bigi-etal-2012-orthographic,
    title = "Orthographic Transcription: which enrichment is required for phonetization?",
    author = "Bigi, Brigitte  and
      P{\'e}ri, Pauline  and
      Bertrand, Roxane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1122_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1756--1763",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-moszkowicz-2012-role,
    title = "The Role of Model Testing in Standards Development: The Case of {ISO}-Space",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Moszkowicz, Jessica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1123_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3060--3063",
}
@inproceedings{sagot-stern-2012-aleda,
    title = "Aleda, a free large-scale entity database for {F}rench",
    author = "Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Stern, Rosa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1124_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "1273--1276",
}
@inproceedings{federico-etal-2012-iwslt,
    title = "The {IWSLT} 2011 Evaluation Campaign on Automatic Talk Translation",
    author = {Federico, Marcello  and
      St{\"u}ker, Sebastian  and
      Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Paul, Michael  and
      Cettolo, Mauro  and
      Herrmann, Teresa  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Moretti, Giovanni},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1126_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3543--3550",
}
@inproceedings{sagot-fiser-2012-cleaning,
    title = "Cleaning noisy wordnets",
    author = "Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1127_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3468--3472",
}
@inproceedings{hernandez-2012-tackling,
    title = "Tackling interoperability issues within {UIMA} work flows",
    author = "Hernandez, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1129_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3618--3625",
}
@inproceedings{seddah-etal-2012-ubiquitous,
    title = "Ubiquitous Usage of a Broad Coverage {F}rench Corpus: Processing the Est Republicain corpus",
    author = "Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      Candito, Marie  and
      Crabb{\'e}, Benoit  and
      Anguiano, Enrique Henestroza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1130_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3249--3254",
}
@inproceedings{hanoka-sagot-2012-wordnet,
    title = "{W}ordnet extension made simple: A multilingual lexicon-based approach using wiki resources",
    author = "Hanoka, Val{\'e}rie  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1131_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3473--3478",
}
@inproceedings{agrawal-etal-2012-development,
    title = "Development of Text and Speech database for {H}indi and {I}ndian {E}nglish specific to Mobile Communication environment",
    author = "Agrawal, Shyam  and
      Sinha, Shweta  and
      Singh, Pooja  and
      Olson, Jesper",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2012)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1132_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3415--3421",
}
@proceedings{lrec-2006-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Gangemi, Aldo  and
      Maegaard, Bente  and
      Mariani, Joseph  and
      Odijk, Jan  and
      Tapias, Daniel",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
}
@inproceedings{gronnum-2006-danpass,
    title = "{D}an{PASS} - A {D}anish Phonetically Annotated Spontaneous Speech Corpus",
    author = "Gr{\o}nnum, Nina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/4_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wu-lowery-2006-hebrew,
    title = "A {H}ebrew Tree Bank Based on Cantillation Marks",
    author = "Wu, Andi  and
      Lowery, Kirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/6_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chaudiron-mariani-2006-techno,
    title = "Techno-langue: The {F}rench National Initiative for Human Language Technologies ({HLT})",
    author = "Chaudiron, St{\'e}phane  and
      Mariani, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/8_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-2006-regulus,
    title = "{REGULUS}: A Generic Multilingual Open Source Platform for Grammar-Based Speech Applications",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann  and
      Chatzichrisafis, Nikos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/9_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{berglund-etal-2006-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Temporal Information from Texts in {S}wedish",
    author = "Berglund, Anders  and
      Johansson, Richard  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/10_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hlavacova-2006-new,
    title = "New Approach to Frequency Dictionaries - {C}zech Example",
    author = "Hlav{\'a}{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Jaroslava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/11_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bustamante-etal-2006-spell,
    title = "A Spell Checker for a World Language: The New {M}icrosoft{'}s {S}panish Spell Checker",
    author = "Bustamante, Flora Ram{\'\i}rez  and
      Arnaiz, Alfredo  and
      Gin{\'e}s, Mar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/12_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{macklovitch-2006-transtype2,
    title = "{T}rans{T}ype2 : The Last Word",
    author = "Macklovitch, Elliott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/14_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{saratxaga-etal-2006-designing,
    title = "Designing and Recording an Emotional Speech Database for Corpus Based Synthesis in Basque",
    author = "Saratxaga, Ibon  and
      Navas, Eva  and
      Hern{\'a}ez, Inmaculada  and
      Aholab, Iker",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/19_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-2006-collection,
    title = "Collection, Encoding and Linguistic Processing of a {S}wedish Medical Corpus - The {MEDLEX} Experience",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/23_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{noguchi-etal-2006-new,
    title = "A new approach to syntactic annotation",
    author = "Noguchi, Masaki  and
      Ichikawa, Hiroshi  and
      Hashimoto, Taiichi  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/29_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tan-besacier-2006-french,
    title = "A {F}rench Non-Native Corpus for Automatic Speech Recognition",
    author = "Tan, Tien-Ping  and
      Besacier, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/33_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sanso-2006-documenting,
    title = "Documenting variation across {E}urope and the Mediterranean: the Pavia Typological Database",
    author = "Sans{\`o}, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/35_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bahrani-etal-2006-building,
    title = "Building and Incorporating Language Models for {P}ersian Continuous Speech Recognition Systems",
    author = "Bahrani, M.  and
      Sameti, H.  and
      Hafezi, N.  and
      Movasagh, H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/36_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tongchim-etal-2006-blind,
    title = "Blind Evaluation for {T}hai Search Engines",
    author = "Tongchim, Shisanu  and
      Srichaivattana, Prapass  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/37_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{matsumoto-etal-2006-annotated,
    title = "An Annotated Corpus Management Tool: {C}ha{K}i",
    author = "Matsumoto, Yuji  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Hashimoto, Kiyota  and
      Tono, Yukio  and
      Ohtani, Akira  and
      Morita, Toshio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/39_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jouis-2006-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Relationships {``}is-a{''}: Distinguishing Belonging, Inclusion and Part/of Relationships.",
    author = "Jouis, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/43_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{berlocher-etal-2006-morphological,
    title = "Morphological annotation of {K}orean with Directly Maintainable Resources",
    author = "Berlocher, Ivan  and
      Huh, Hyun-gue  and
      Laporte, Eric  and
      Nam, Jee-sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/44_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{saint-dizier-2006-prepnet,
    title = "{P}rep{N}et: a Multilingual Lexical Description of Prepositions",
    author = "Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/45_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lhomme-bae-2006-methodology,
    title = "A Methodology for Developing Multilingual Resources for Terminology",
    author = "L{'}Homme, Marie-Claude  and
      Bae, Hee Sook",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/48_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{raidt-etal-2006-virtual,
    title = "Does a Virtual Talking Face Generate Proper Multimodal Cues to Draw User{'}s Attention to Points of Interest?",
    author = "Raidt, Stephan  and
      Bailly, G{\'e}rard  and
      Elisei, Frederic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/49_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wong-2006-skeleton,
    title = "Skeleton Parsing in {C}hinese: Annotation Scheme and Guidelines",
    author = "Wong, May Lai-Yin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/50_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{orasan-hasler-2006-computer,
    title = "Computer-aided summarisation {--} what the user really wants",
    author = "Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin  and
      Hasler, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/52_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{xue-2006-annotating,
    title = "Annotating the Predicate-Argument Structure of {C}hinese Nominalizations",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/54_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kageura-kikui-2006-self,
    title = "A Self-Referring Quantitative Evaluation of the {ATR} Basic Travel Expression Corpus ({BTEC})",
    author = "Kageura, Kyo  and
      Kikui, Genichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/55_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ozaku-etal-2006-features,
    title = "Features of Terms in Actual Nursing Activities",
    author = "Ozaku, Hiromi itoh  and
      Abe, Akinori  and
      Sagara, Kaoru  and
      Kuwahara, Noriaki  and
      Kogure, Kiyoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/58_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{santos-etal-2006-harem,
    title = "{HAREM}: An Advanced {NER} Evaluation Contest for {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Santos, Diana  and
      Seco, Nuno  and
      Cardoso, Nuno  and
      Vilela, Rui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/59_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{banchs-etal-2006-acceptance,
    title = "Acceptance Testing of a Spoken Language Translation System",
    author = "Banchs, Rafael  and
      Bonafonte, Antonio  and
      P{\'e}rez, Javier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/60_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tablan-etal-2006-creating,
    title = "Creating Tools for Morphological Analysis of {S}umerian",
    author = "Tablan, Valentin  and
      Peters, Wim  and
      Maynard, Diana  and
      Cunningham, Hamish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/64_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{amdal-svendsen-2006-fondat1,
    title = "{F}on{D}at1: A Speech Synthesis Corpus for {N}orwegian",
    author = "Amdal, Ingunn  and
      Svendsen, Torbj{\o}rn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/66_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{itai-etal-2006-computational,
    title = "A Computational Lexicon of Contemporary {H}ebrew",
    author = "Itai, Alon  and
      Wintner, Shuly  and
      Yona, Shlomo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/67_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ivanovska-naskova-2006-development,
    title = "Development of the First {LR}s for {M}acedonian: Current Projects",
    author = "Ivanovska-Naskova, Ruska",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/68_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rapp-vide-2006-example,
    title = "Example-Based Machine Translation Using a Dictionary of Word Pairs",
    author = "Rapp, Reinhard  and
      Vide, Carlos Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/74_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{el-hadi-etal-2006-terminological,
    title = "Terminological Resources Acquisition Tools: Toward a User-oriented Evaluation Model",
    author = "El Hadi, Widad Mustafa  and
      Timimi, Ismail  and
      Dabbadie, Marianne  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Hamon, Olivier  and
      Chiao, Yun-Chuang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/75_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bel-etal-2006-new,
    title = "New tools for the encoding of lexical data extracted from corpus",
    author = "Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Espeja, Sergio  and
      Marimon, Montserrat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/76_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{braga-etal-2006-progmatica,
    title = "{P}rogmatica: A Prosodic Database for {E}uropean {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Braga, Daniela  and
      Coelho, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Teixeira, Jo{\~a}o P.  and
      Freitas, Diamantino",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/77_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gimenez-amigo-2006-iqmt,
    title = "{I}qmt: A Framework for Automatic Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Gim{\'e}nez, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Amig{\'o}, Enrique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/79_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-prodanof-2006-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Bridging Anaphors in {I}talian: in Search of Reliability",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Prodanof, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/80_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{heuvel-etal-2006-tc,
    title = "{TC}-{STAR}: New language resources for {ASR} and {SLT} purposes",
    author = "Heuvel, Henk van den  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Gollan, Christian  and
      Moreno, Asuncion  and
      Mostefa, Djamel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/81_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2006-constructing,
    title = "Constructing A {C}hinese Chat Language Corpus with A Two-Stage Incremental Annotation Approach",
    author = "Xia, Yunqing  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai  and
      Li, Wenjie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/86_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hughes-2006-searching,
    title = "Searching for Language Resources on the Web: User Behaviour in the Open Language Archives Community",
    author = "Hughes, Baden",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/87_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ohishi-etal-2006-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Analysis for Thesaurus Construction using an Encyclopedic Corpus",
    author = "Ohishi, Yasunori  and
      Itou, Katunobu  and
      Takeda, Kazuya  and
      Fujii, Atsushi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/88_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{havasi-etal-2006-bulb,
    title = "{BULB}: A Unified Lexical Browser",
    author = "Havasi, Catherine  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Verhagen, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/89_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schafer-beck-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Testing and Evaluation of Multilingual Language Technology Resources and Components",
    author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Ulrich  and
      Beck, Daniel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/91_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{grishina-2006-spoken,
    title = "Spoken {R}ussian in the {R}ussian National Corpus ({RNC})",
    author = "Grishina, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/92_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{buitelaar-etal-2006-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-based Information Extraction with {SOBA}",
    author = "Buitelaar, Paul  and
      Cimiano, Philipp  and
      Racioppa, Stefania  and
      Siegel, Melanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/93_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dutoit-2006-alexandria,
    title = "{A}lexandria: A Powerful Multilingual Resource for Web",
    author = "Dutoit, Dominique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/94_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maas-wrede-2006-bitt,
    title = "{BITT}: A Corpus for Topic Tracking Evaluation on Multimodal Human-Robot-Interaction",
    author = "Maas, Jan Frederik  and
      Wrede, Britta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/96_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dalianis-jongejan-2006-hand,
    title = "Hand-crafted versus Machine-learned Inflectional Rules: The Euroling-{S}ite{S}eeker Stemmer and {CST}{'}s Lemmatiser",
    author = "Dalianis, Hercules  and
      Jongejan, Bart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/97_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rohrer-forst-2006-improving,
    title = "Improving coverage and parsing quality of a large-scale {LFG} for {G}erman",
    author = "Rohrer, Christian  and
      Forst, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/99_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schrader-2006-non,
    title = "Non-probabilistic alignment of rare {G}erman and {E}nglish nominal expressions",
    author = "Schrader, Bettina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/100_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chesley-salmon-alt-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic extraction of subcategorization frames for {F}rench",
    author = "Chesley, Paula  and
      Salmon-Alt, Susanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/101_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{irie-etal-2006-layered,
    title = "Layered Speech-Act Annotation for Spoken Dialogue Corpus",
    author = "Irie, Yuki  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki  and
      Kawaguchi, Nobuo  and
      Yamaguchi, Yukiko  and
      Inagaki, Yasuyoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/103_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ahmad-etal-2006-visual,
    title = "Visual Surveillance and Video Annotation and Description",
    author = "Ahmad, Khurshid  and
      Bennett, Craig  and
      Oliver, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/104_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mangeot-chalvin-2006-dictionary,
    title = "Dictionary Building with the Jibiki Platform: the {GDEF} case",
    author = "Mangeot, Mathieu  and
      Chalvin, Antoine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/105_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ohno-etal-2006-syntactically,
    title = "A Syntactically Annotated Corpus of {J}apanese Spoken Monologue",
    author = "Ohno, Tomohiro  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki  and
      Kashioka, Hideki  and
      Kato, Naoto  and
      Inagaki, Yasuyoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/106_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gros-etal-2006-si,
    title = "{SI}-{PRON}: A Pronunciation Lexicon for {S}lovenian",
    author = "Gros, Jerneja {\v{Z}}ganec  and
      Cvetko-Ore{\v{s}}nik, Varja  and
      Jakopin, Primo{\v{z}}  and
      Miheli{\v{c}}, Ale{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/111_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cinkova-2006-propbank,
    title = "From {P}rop{B}ank to {E}ng{V}al{L}ex: Adapting the {P}rop{B}ank-Lexicon to the Valency Theory of the Functional Generative Description",
    author = "Cinkov{\'a}, Silvie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/112_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wandmacher-antoine-2006-training,
    title = "Training Language Models without Appropriate Language Resources: Experiments with an {AAC} System for Disabled People",
    author = "Wandmacher, Tonio  and
      Antoine, Jean-Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/113_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{roark-etal-2006-sparseval,
    title = "{SP}arseval: Evaluation Metrics for Parsing Speech",
    author = "Roark, Brian  and
      Harper, Mary  and
      Charniak, Eugene  and
      Dorr, Bonnie  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Kahn, Jeremy  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Hale, John  and
      Krasnyanskaya, Anna  and
      Lease, Matthew  and
      Shafran, Izhak  and
      Snover, Matthew  and
      Stewart, Robin  and
      Yung, Lisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/116_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chen-2006-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a Named Entity Ontology from Web Corpora",
    author = "Lin, Ming-Shun  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/118_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bustamante-diaz-2006-spelling,
    title = "Spelling Error Patterns in {S}panish for Word Processing Applications",
    author = "Bustamante, Flora Ram{\'\i}rez  and
      D{\'\i}az, Enrique L{\'o}pez",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/119_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{noklestad-etal-2006-developing,
    title = "Developing a re-usable web-demonstrator for automatic anaphora resolution with support for manual editing of coreference chains",
    author = "N{\o}klestad, Anders  and
      Reigem, {\O}ystein  and
      Johansson, Christer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/124_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tohyama-matsubara-2006-collection,
    title = "Collection of Simultaneous Interpreting Patterns by Using Bilingual Spoken Monologue Corpus",
    author = "Tohyama, Hitomi  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/125_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{itahashi-etal-2006-oriental,
    title = "Oriental {COCOSDA}: Past, Present and Future",
    author = "Itahashi, Shuichi  and
      Tseng, Chiu-yu  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/127_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{storrer-wellinghoff-2006-automated,
    title = "Automated detection and annotation of term definitions in {G}erman text corpora",
    author = "Storrer, Angelika  and
      Wellinghoff, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/128_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{yaseen-etal-2006-building,
    title = "Building Annotated Written and Spoken {A}rabic {LR}s in {NEMLAR} Project",
    author = "Yaseen, M.  and
      Attia, M.  and
      Maegaard, B.  and
      Choukri, K.  and
      Paulsson, N.  and
      Haamid, S.  and
      Krauwer, S.  and
      Bendahman, C.  and
      Fers{\o}e, H.  and
      Rashwan, M.  and
      Haddad, B.  and
      Mukbel, C.  and
      Mouradi, A.  and
      Al-Kufaishi, A.  and
      Shahin, M.  and
      Chenfour, N.  and
      Ragheb, A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/131_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dzeroski-etal-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards a {S}lovene Dependency Treebank",
    author = "D{\v{z}}eroski, Sa{\v{s}}o  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Ledinek, Nina  and
      Pajas, Petr  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsky, Zdenek  and
      {\v{Z}}ele, Andreja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/133_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kruengkrai-etal-2006-conditional,
    title = "A Conditional Random Field Framework for {T}hai Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Kruengkrai, Canasai  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/137_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kato-etal-2006-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus Search System Utilizing Lexical Dependency Structure",
    author = "Kato, Yoshihide  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki  and
      Inagaki, Yasuyoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/138_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{berck-russel-2006-annex,
    title = "{ANNEX} - a web-based Framework for Exploiting Annotated Media Resources",
    author = "Berck, Peter  and
      Russel, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/139_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{erjavec-2006-english,
    title = "The {E}nglish-{S}lovene {ACQUIS} corpus",
    author = "Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/140_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{broeder-etal-2006-lamus,
    title = "{LAMUS}: the Language Archive Management and Upload System",
    author = "Broeder, Daan  and
      Claus, Andreas  and
      Offenga, Freddy  and
      Skiba, Romuald  and
      Trilsbeek, Paul  and
      Wittenburg, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/141_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{broeder-etal-2006-technologies,
    title = "Technologies for a Federation of Language Resource Archives",
    author = {Broeder, Daan  and
      Offenga, Freddy  and
      Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Kamp, Peter van der  and
      Nathan, David  and
      Str{\"o}mqvist, Sven},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/142_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kemps-snijders-etal-2006-api,
    title = "An {API} for accessing the Data Category Registry",
    author = "Kemps-Snijders, Marc  and
      Ducret, Julien  and
      Romary, Laurent  and
      Wittenburg, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/146_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wittenburg-etal-2006-foundations,
    title = "Foundations of Modern Language Resource Archives",
    author = "Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Broeder, Daan  and
      Klein, Wolfgang  and
      Levinson, Stephen  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/147_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{offenga-etal-2006-metadata,
    title = "Metadata Profile in the {ISO} Data Category Registry",
    author = "Offenga, Freddy  and
      Broeder, Daan  and
      Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Ducret, Julien  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/148_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kemps-snijders-etal-2006-lexus,
    title = "{LEXUS}, a web-based tool for manipulating lexical resources lexicon",
    author = "Kemps-Snijders, Marc  and
      Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Wittenburg, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/149_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{erjavec-fiser-2006-building,
    title = "Building {S}lovene {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/150_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bordoni-mazzoli-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards an Ontology for Art and Colours",
    author = "Bordoni, Luciana  and
      Mazzoli, Tiziana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/151_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-nugues-2006-construction,
    title = "Construction of a {F}rame{N}et Labeler for {S}wedish Text",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/152_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wittenburg-etal-2006-elan,
    title = "{ELAN}: a Professional Framework for Multimodality Research",
    author = "Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Brugman, Hennie  and
      Russel, Albert  and
      Klassmann, Alex  and
      Sloetjes, Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/153_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{berck-etal-2006-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-based Language Archive Utilization",
    author = {Berck, Peter  and
      Bibiko, Hans-J{\"o}rg  and
      Kemps-Snijders, Marc  and
      Russel, Albert  and
      Wittenburg, Peter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/154_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-etal-2006-maltparser,
    title = "{M}alt{P}arser: A Data-Driven Parser-Generator for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim  and
      Hall, Johan  and
      Nilsson, Jens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/162_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zgank-etal-2006-sinod,
    title = "{SINOD} - {S}lovenian non-native speech database",
    author = {{\v{Z}}gank, Andrej  and
      Verdonik, Darinka  and
      Marku{\v{s}}, Aleksandra Z{\"o}gling  and
      Ka{\v{c}}i{\v{c}}, Zdravko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/163_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{assem-etal-2006-conversion,
    title = "Conversion of {W}ord{N}et to a standard {RDF}/{OWL} representation",
    author = "Assem, Mark van  and
      Gangemi, Aldo  and
      Schreiber, Guus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/165_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bosch-etal-2006-transferring,
    title = "Transferring {P}o{S}-tagging and lemmatization tools from spoken to written {D}utch corpus development",
    author = "Bosch, Antal van den  and
      Schuurman, Ineke  and
      Vandeghinste, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/167_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{przybocki-etal-2006-edit,
    title = "Edit Distance: A Metric for Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Przybocki, Mark  and
      Sanders, Gregory  and
      Le, Audrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/168_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bernsen-etal-2006-h,
    title = "H. C. Andersen Conversation Corpus",
    author = "Bernsen, Niels Ole  and
      Dybkj{\ae}r, Laila  and
      Kiilerich, Svend",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/169_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sahlgren-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards pertinent evaluation methodologies for word-space models",
    author = "Sahlgren, Magnus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/170_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-belis-etal-2006-model,
    title = "A Model for Context-Based Evaluation of Language Processing Systems and its Application to Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Estrella, Paula  and
      King, Margaret  and
      Underwood, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/171_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{forst-kaplan-2006-importance,
    title = "The importance of precise tokenizing for deep grammars",
    author = "Forst, Martin  and
      Kaplan, Ronald M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/172_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sandrelli-bendazzoli-2006-tagging,
    title = "Tagging a Corpus of Interpreted Speeches: the {E}uropean Parliament Interpreting Corpus ({EPIC})",
    author = "Sandrelli, Annalisa  and
      Bendazzoli, Claudio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/174_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-kacmarcik-2006-refref,
    title = "{R}ef{R}ef: A Tool for Viewing and Exploring Coreference Space",
    author = "Suzuki, Hisami  and
      Kacmarcik, Gary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/178_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{andrassy-hoege-2006-human,
    title = "Human and machine recognition as a function of {SNR}",
    author = "Andrassy, Bernt  and
      Hoege, Harald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/179_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{manurung-etal-2006-building,
    title = "Building a Lexical Database for an Interactive Joke-Generator",
    author = "Manurung, R.  and
      O{'}Mara, D.  and
      Pain, H.  and
      Ritchie, G.  and
      Waller, A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/180_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cartoni-2006-dealing,
    title = "Dealing with unknown words by simple decomposition: feasibility studies with {I}talian prefixes.",
    author = "Cartoni, Bruno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/182_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sharoff-2006-uniform,
    title = "A Uniform Interface to Large-Scale Linguistic Resources",
    author = "Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/184_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{strapparava-etal-2006-affective,
    title = "The Affective Weight of Lexicon",
    author = "Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Valitutti, Alessandro  and
      Stock, Oliviero",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/186_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lisowska-underwood-2006-rote,
    title = "{ROTE}: A Tool to Support Users in Defining the Relative Importance of Quality Characteristics",
    author = "Lisowska, Agnes  and
      Underwood, Nancy L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/187_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sharoff-etal-2006-using-collocations,
    title = "Using collocations from comparable corpora to find translation equivalents",
    author = "Sharoff, Serge  and
      Babych, Bogdan  and
      Hartley, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/190_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vriend-etal-2006-unified,
    title = "A Unified Structure for {D}utch Dialect Dictionary Data",
    author = "Vriend, Folkert de  and
      Boves, Lou  and
      Heuvel, Henk van den  and
      Hout, Roeland van  and
      Kruijsen, Joep  and
      Swanenberg, Jos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/192_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ui-dhonnchadha-van-genabith-2006-part,
    title = "A Part-of-speech tagger for Irish using Finite-State Morphology and Constraint Grammar Disambiguation",
    author = "U{\'\i} Dhonnchadha, E.  and
      Van Genabith, J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/193_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moriceau-2006-language,
    title = "Language Challenges for Data Fusion in Question-Answering",
    author = "Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/194_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sarmento-2006-baco,
    title = "{BACO} - A large database of text and co-occurrences",
    author = "Sarmento, Lu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/195_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schafer-2006-ontonerdie,
    title = "{O}nto{NER}d{IE} {--} Mapping and Linking Ontologies to Named Entity Recognition and Information Extraction Resources",
    author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Ulrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/196_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fiscus-etal-2006-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Dimension {L}evenshtein Edit Distance Calculations for Evaluating Automatic Speech Recognition Systems During Simultaneous Speech",
    author = "Fiscus, Jonathan G.  and
      Ajot, Jerome  and
      Radde, Nicolas  and
      Laprun, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/197_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{atserias-etal-2006-freeling,
    title = "{F}ree{L}ing 1.3: Syntactic and semantic services in an open-source {NLP} library",
    author = "Atserias, J.  and
      Casas, B.  and
      Comelles, E.  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez, M.  and
      Padr{\'o}, L.  and
      Padr{\'o}, M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/198_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{semecky-2006-automatic,
    title = "On Automatic Assignment of Verb Valency Frames in {C}zech",
    author = "Semeck{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/199_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{medlock-2006-introduction,
    title = "An Introduction to {NLP}-based Textual Anonymisation",
    author = "Medlock, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/200_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brugman-etal-2006-web,
    title = "A Web Based General Thesaurus Browser to Support Indexing of Television and Radio Programs",
    author = "Brugman, Hennie  and
      Malais{\'e}, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Gazendam, Luit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/201_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{feliu-etal-2006-skeleton,
    title = "{SKELETON}: Specialised knowledge retrieval on the basis of terms and conceptual relations",
    author = "Feliu, Judit  and
      Vivaldi, Jorge  and
      Cabr{\'e}, M. Teresa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/203_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cramer-etal-2006-building,
    title = "Building an Evaluation Corpus for {G}erman Question Answering by Harvesting {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Cramer, Irene  and
      Leidner, Jochen L.  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/206_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fliedner-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards Natural Interactive Question Answering",
    author = "Fliedner, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/210_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{waldron-etal-2006-preprocessing,
    title = "Preprocessing and Tokenisation Standards in {DELPH}-{IN} Tools",
    author = {Waldron, Benjamin  and
      Copestake, Ann  and
      Sch{\"a}fer, Ulrich  and
      Kiefer, Bernd},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/214_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{apresjan-etal-2006-syntactically,
    title = "A Syntactically and Semantically Tagged Corpus of {R}ussian: State of the Art and Prospects",
    author = "Apresjan, Juri  and
      Boguslavsky, Igor  and
      Iomdin, Boris  and
      Iomdin, Leonid  and
      Sannikov, Andrei  and
      Sizov, Victor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/216_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hassel-sjobergh-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards Holistic Summarization {--} Selecting Summaries, Not Sentences",
    author = {Hassel, Martin  and
      Sj{\"o}bergh, Jonas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/218_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schaden-jekosch-2006-casselberveetovallarga,
    title = "{``}Casselberveetovallarga{''} and other Unpronounceable Places: The {C}ross{T}owns Corpus",
    author = "Schaden, Stefan  and
      Jekosch, Ute",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/219_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-dannells-2006-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Acronyms and their Definitions in {S}wedish Medical Texts",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Dann{\'e}lls, Dana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/220_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ku-etal-2006-tagging,
    title = "Tagging Heterogeneous Evaluation Corpora for Opinionated Tasks",
    author = "Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Liang, Yu-Ting  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/222_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-etal-2006-talbanken05,
    title = "{T}albanken05: A {S}wedish Treebank with Phrase Structure and Dependency Annotation",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim  and
      Nilsson, Jens  and
      Hall, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/223_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{postolache-etal-2006-transferring,
    title = "Transferring Coreference Chains through Word Alignment",
    author = "Postolache, Oana  and
      Cristea, Dan  and
      Orasan, Constantin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/224_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tummarello-etal-2006-novel,
    title = "A novel Textual Encoding paradigm based on Semantic Web tools and semantics",
    author = "Tummarello, G.  and
      Morbidoni, C.  and
      Kepler, F.  and
      Piazza, F.  and
      Puliti, P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/225_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bogacka-etal-2006-general,
    title = "General and Task-Specific Corpus Resources for Polish Adult Learners of {E}nglish",
    author = "Bogacka, Anna  and
      Dziubalska-Ko{\l}aczyk, Katarzyna  and
      Krynicki, Grzegorz  and
      Pietrala, Dawid  and
      Wypych, Miko{\l}aj",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/227_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{medelyan-etal-2006-language,
    title = "Language Specific and Topic Focused Web Crawling",
    author = "Medelyan, Olena  and
      Schulz, Stefan  and
      Paetzold, Jan  and
      Poprat, Michael  and
      Mark{\'o}, Korn{\'e}l",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/228_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{reynaert-2006-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Induced Corpus Clean-up",
    author = "Reynaert, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/229_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-belis-georgescul-2006-tqb,
    title = "{TQB}: Accessing Multimodal Data Using a Transcript-based Query and Browsing Interface",
    author = "Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Georgescul, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/233_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pan-etal-2006-annotated,
    title = "An Annotated Corpus of Typical Durations of Events",
    author = "Pan, Feng  and
      Mulkar, Rutu  and
      Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/234_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{patel-radev-2006-lexical,
    title = "Lexical similarity can distinguish between automatic and manual translations",
    author = "Patel, Agam  and
      Radev, Dragomir R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/235_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{campbell-etal-2006-multimedia,
    title = "Multimedia Database of Meetings and Informal Interactions for Tracking Participant Involvement and Discourse Flow",
    author = "Campbell, Nick  and
      Sadanobu, Toshiyuki  and
      Imura, Masataka  and
      Iwahashi, Naoto  and
      Noriko, Suzuki  and
      Douxchamps, Damien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/236_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards Unified {C}hinese Segmentation Algorithm",
    author = "Wang, Fu Lee  and
      Deng, Xiaotie  and
      Zou, Feng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/237_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{samy-etal-2006-building,
    title = "Building a Parallel Multilingual Corpus ({A}rabic-{S}panish-{E}nglish)",
    author = "Samy, Doaa  and
      Sandoval, Antonio Moreno  and
      Guirao, Jos{\'e} M.  and
      Alfonseca, Enrique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/238_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{byron-fosler-lussier-2006-osu,
    title = "The {OSU} Quake 2004 corpus of two-party situated problem-solving dialogs",
    author = "Byron, Donna K.  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/241_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{islam-inkpen-2006-second,
    title = "Second Order Co-occurrence {PMI} for Determining the Semantic Similarity of Words",
    author = "Islam, Md. Aminul  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/242_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kiyota-nakagawa-2006-domain,
    title = "A Domain Ontology Production Tool Kit Based on Automatically Constructed Case Frames",
    author = "Kiyota, Yoji  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/243_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{taib-ruiz-2006-tangible,
    title = "Tangible Objects for the Acquisition of Multimodal Interaction Patterns",
    author = "Taib, Ronnie  and
      Ruiz, Natalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/244_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{novak-hajic-2006-perspectives,
    title = "Perspectives of Turning {P}rague Dependency Treebank into a Knowledge Base",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, V{\'a}clav  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/245_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{granfeldt-etal-2006-cefle,
    title = "{CEFLE} and Direkt Profil: a New Computer Learner Corpus in {F}rench {L}2 and a System for Grammatical Profiling",
    author = "Granfeldt, Jonas  and
      Nugues, Pierre  and
      {\AA}gren, Malin  and
      Thulin, Jonas  and
      Persson, Emil  and
      Schlyter, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/246_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2006-development,
    title = "Development of a phoneme-to-phoneme (p2p) converter to improve the grapheme-to-phoneme (g2p) conversion of names",
    author = "Yang, Qian  and
      Martens, Jean-Pierre  and
      Konings, Nanneke  and
      Heuvel, Henk van den",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/248_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jung-etal-2006-recurrent,
    title = "Recurrent {M}arkov Cluster ({RMCL}) Algorithm for the Refinement of the Semantic Network",
    author = "Jung, Jaeyoung  and
      Miyake, Maki  and
      Akam, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/249_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cucchiarini-etal-2006-jasmin,
    title = "{JASMIN}-{CGN}: Extension of the Spoken {D}utch Corpus with Speech of Elderly People, Children and Non-natives in the Human-Machine Interaction Modality",
    author = "Cucchiarini, Catia  and
      Van hamme, Hugo  and
      Herwijnen, Olga van  and
      Smits, Felix",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/254_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fairon-paumier-2006-framework,
    title = "A framework for real-time dictionary updating",
    author = "Fairon, C{\'e}drick  and
      Paumier, S{\'e}bastien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/255_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alabau-martinez-2006-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual speech corpus in two phonetically similar languages",
    author = "Alabau, Vicente  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Carlos D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/256_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vandeghinste-etal-2006-metis,
    title = "{METIS}-{II}: Machine Translation for Low Resource Languages",
    author = "Vandeghinste, Vincent  and
      Schuurman, Ineke  and
      Carl, Michael  and
      Markantonatou, Stella  and
      Badia, Toni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/258_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dhalleweyn-etal-2006-dutch,
    title = "The {D}utch-Flemish {HLT} Programme {STEVIN}: Essential Speech and Language Technology Resources",
    author = "D{'}Halleweyn, Elisabeth  and
      Odijk, Jan  and
      Teunissen, Lisanne  and
      Cucchiarini, Catia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/259_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2006-web,
    title = "On the Web Trilingual Sign Language Dictionary to Learn the foreign Sign Language without Learning a Target Spoken Language",
    author = "Suzuki, Emiko  and
      Suzuki, Tomomi  and
      Kakihana, Kyoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/262_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{goecke-witt-2006-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting logical document structure for anaphora resolution",
    author = "Goecke, Daniela  and
      Witt, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/266_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fairon-paumier-2006-translated,
    title = "A translated corpus of 30,000 {F}rench {SMS}",
    author = "Fairon, C{\'e}drick  and
      Paumier, S{\'e}bastien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/270_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zou-etal-2006-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Stop Word Lists in {C}hinese Language",
    author = "Zou, Feng  and
      Wang, Fu Lee  and
      Deng, Xiaotie  and
      Han, Song",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/273_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sinopalnikova-smrz-2006-intelligent,
    title = "Intelligent Dictionary Interfaces: Usability Evaluation of Access-Supporting Enhancements",
    author = "Sinopalnikova, Anna  and
      Smr{\v{z}}, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/275_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mogele-etal-2006-smartweb,
    title = "{S}mart{W}eb {UMTS} Speech Data Collection: The {S}mart{W}eb Handheld Corpus",
    author = {M{\"o}gele, Hannes  and
      Kaiser, Moritz  and
      Schiel, Florian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/277_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lopatkova-etal-2006-valency,
    title = "Valency Lexicon of {C}zech Verbs: Alternation-Based Model",
    author = "Lopatkov{\'a}, Mark{\'e}ta  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k  and
      Skwarska, Karolina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/278_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{verdonik-rojc-2006-ready,
    title = "Are you ready for a call? - Spontaneous conversations in tourism for speech-to-speech translation systems",
    author = "Verdonik, Darinka  and
      Rojc, Matej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/279_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kaiser-etal-2006-bikers,
    title = "Bikers Accessing the Web: The {S}mart{W}eb Motorbike Corpus",
    author = {Kaiser, Moritz  and
      M{\"o}gele, Hannes  and
      Schiel, Florian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/280_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kawtrakul-etal-2006-ontology,
    title = "Ontology Driven K-Portal Construction and K-Service Provision",
    author = "Kawtrakul, Asanee  and
      Pechsiri, Chaveevan  and
      Permpool, Trakul  and
      Thamvijit, Dussadee  and
      Sornprasert, Phukao  and
      Yingsaeree, Chaiyakorn  and
      Suktarachan, Mukda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/281_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{forascu-etal-2006-temporality,
    title = "Temporality in relation with discourse structure",
    author = "For{\u{a}}scu, Corina  and
      Pistol, Ionu{\textcommabelow{t}} Cristian  and
      Cristea, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/282_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-sgall-2006-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Annotation as a Test of a Linguistic Theory",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Sgall, Petr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/283_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-prokopova-2006-czech,
    title = "{C}zech-{E}nglish Word Alignment",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Prokopov{\'a}, Magdelena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/285_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{guevara-etal-2006-morbo,
    title = "{MORBO}/{COMP}: a multilingual database of compound words",
    author = "Guevara, Emiliano  and
      Scalise, Sergio  and
      Bisetto, Antonietta  and
      Melloni, Chiara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/286_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sonntag-romanelli-2006-multimodal,
    title = "A Multimodal Result Ontology for Integrated Semantic Web Dialogue Applications",
    author = "Sonntag, Daniel  and
      Romanelli, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/288_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gregoire-2006-elaborating,
    title = "Elaborating the parameterized Equivalence Class Method for {D}utch",
    author = "Gr{\'e}goire, Nicole",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/292_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{green-etal-2006-developing,
    title = "Developing a {C}ontextualized{M}ultimodal Corpus for Human-Robot Interaction",
    author = {Green, Anders  and
      H{\"u}ttenrauch, Helge  and
      Topp, Elin Anna  and
      Severinson, Kerstin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/293_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ma-huang-2006-uniform,
    title = "Uniform and Effective Tagging of a Heterogeneous Giga-word Corpus",
    author = "Ma, Wei-Yun  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/294_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{barbu-etal-2006-romanian,
    title = "{R}omanian Valence Dictionary in {XML} Format",
    author = "Barbu, Ana-Maria  and
      Ionescu, Emil  and
      Mititelu, Verginica Barbu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/295_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bernsen-etal-2006-field,
    title = "Field Evaluation of a Single-Word Pronunciation Training System",
    author = "Bernsen, Niels Ole  and
      Hansen, Thomas K.  and
      Kiilerich, Svend  and
      Madsen, Torben Kruchov",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/296_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2006-mining,
    title = "Mining Implicit Entities in Queries",
    author = "Li, Wei  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Lu, Qin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/297_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{uchimoto-etal-2006-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-structure Annotation to Corpus of Spontaneous {J}apanese",
    author = "Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Hamabe, Ryoji  and
      Maruyama, Takehiko  and
      Takanashi, Katsuya  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/298_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{areta-etal-2006-structure,
    title = "Structure, Annotation and Tools in the Basque {ZT} Corpus",
    author = "Areta, N.  and
      Gurrutxaga, A.  and
      Leturia, I.  and
      Polin, Z.  and
      Saiz, R.  and
      Alegria, I.  and
      Artola, X.  and
      Diaz de Ilarraza, A.  and
      Ezeiza, N.  and
      Sologaistoa, A.  and
      Soroa, A.  and
      Valverde, A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/299_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{polifroni-walker-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning Database Content for Spoken Dialogue System Design",
    author = "Polifroni, Joseph  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/301_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{civera-juan-2006-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Machine-Aided Indexing",
    author = "Civera, Jorge  and
      Juan, Alfons",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/304_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{panunzi-etal-2006-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Methods and {LR}s for Automatic Keyword Extraction from Open Domain Texts",
    author = "Panunzi, Alessandro  and
      Fabbri, Marco  and
      Moneglia, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/305_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{costa-sarmento-2006-component,
    title = "Component Evaluation in a Question Answering System",
    author = "Costa, Lu{\'\i}s Fernando  and
      Sarmento, Lu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/306_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{breuer-etal-2006-set,
    title = "Set-up of a Unit-Selection Synthesis with a Prominent Voice",
    author = {Breuer, Stefan  and
      Bergmann, Sven  and
      Dragon, Ralf  and
      M{\"o}ller, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/307_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{semmar-etal-2006-deep,
    title = "A Deep Linguistic Analysis for Cross-language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Laib, Meriama  and
      Fluhr, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/308_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{santos-inacio-2006-annotating,
    title = "Annotating {COMPARA}, a Grammar-aware Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Santos, Diana  and
      In{\'a}cio, Susana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/309_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{henriksen-etal-2006-eurotermbank,
    title = "{E}uro{T}erm{B}ank - a Terminology Resource based on Best Practice",
    author = "Henriksen, Lina  and
      Povlsen, Claus  and
      Vasiljevs, Andrejs",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/310_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{barreto-etal-2006-open,
    title = "Open Resources and Tools for the Shallow Processing of {P}ortuguese: The {T}ag{S}hare Project",
    author = "Barreto, Florbela  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Ferreira, Eduardo  and
      Mendes, Am{\'a}lia  and
      Nascimento, Maria Fernanda Bacelar do  and
      Nunes, Filipe  and
      Silva, Jo{\~a}o Ricardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/311_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sarmento-etal-2006-corpografo,
    title = "Corp{\'o}grafo V3 - From Terminological Aid to Semi-automatic Knowledge Engineering",
    author = "Sarmento, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Maia, Belinda  and
      Santos, Diana  and
      Pinto, Ana  and
      Cabral, Lu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/312_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-dinu-2006-data,
    title = "On the data base of {R}omanian syllables and some of its quantitative and cryptographic aspects",
    author = "Dinu, Liviu  and
      Dinu, Anca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/313_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shehata-zanzotto-2006-dependency,
    title = "A Dependency-based Algorithm for Grammar Conversion",
    author = "Shehata, Alessandro Bahgat  and
      Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/314_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ahmad-etal-2006-ontological,
    title = "Ontological and Terminological Commitments and the Discourse of Specialist Communities",
    author = "Ahmad, Khurshid  and
      Musacchio, Maria Teresa  and
      Palumbo, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/315_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{oltramari-2006-lexipass,
    title = "{L}exi{P}ass methodology: a conceptual path from frames to senses and back",
    author = "Oltramari, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/318_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{clavel-etal-2006-fear,
    title = "Fear-type emotions of the {SAFE} Corpus: annotation issues",
    author = {Clavel, Chlo{\'e}  and
      Vasilescu, Ioana  and
      Devillers, Laurence  and
      Ehrette, Thibaut  and
      Richard, Ga{\"e}l},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/319_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mauser-etal-2006-training,
    title = "Training a Statistical Machine Translation System without {GIZA}++",
    author = "Mauser, Arne  and
      Matusov, Evgeny  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/320_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cousse-gillis-2006-regional,
    title = "Regional Bias in the Broad Phonetic Transcriptions of the Spoken {D}utch Corpus",
    author = "Couss{\'e}, Evie  and
      Gillis, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/323_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fujii-etal-2006-test,
    title = "Test Collections for Patent Retrieval and Patent Classification in the Fifth {NTCIR} Workshop",
    author = "Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Iwayama, Makoto  and
      Kando, Noriko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/324_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{agic-tadic-2006-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Morphosyntactic Tagging of {C}roatian Texts",
    author = "Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Tadi{\'c}, Marko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/326_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rajman-etal-2006-extending,
    title = "Extending the Wizard of {O}z Methodologie for Multimodal Language-enabled Systems",
    author = "Rajman, Martin  and
      Ailomaa, Marita  and
      Lisowska, Agnes  and
      Melichar, Miroslav  and
      Armstrong, Susan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/328_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{noord-etal-2006-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Annotation of Large Corpora in {STEVIN}",
    author = "Noord, Gertjan van  and
      Schuurman, Ineke  and
      Vandeghinste, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/329_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{buscaldi-rosso-2006-mining,
    title = "Mining Knowledge from{W}ikipedia for the Question Answering task",
    author = "Buscaldi, Davide  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/332_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schulte-im-walde-2006-human,
    title = "Human Verb Associations as the Basis for Gold Standard Verb Classes: Validation against {G}erma{N}et and {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/333_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wagacha-etal-2006-grapheme,
    title = "A Grapheme-Based Approach for Accent Restoration in Gikuyu",
    author = "Wagacha, Peter W.  and
      De Pauw, Guy  and
      Githinji, Pauline W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/336_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{soler-etal-2006-medusa,
    title = "{MEDUSA}: User-Centred Design and usability evaluation of Automatic Speech Recognition telephone services in Telef{\'o}nica M{\'o}viles Espa{\~n}a",
    author = "Soler, Juan Jos{\'e} Rodr{\'\i}guez  and
      Cerezo, Pedro Concejero  and
      Merino, Daniel Tapias  and
      S{\'a}nchez, Jos{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/338_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{burchardt-etal-2006-salsa,
    title = "The {SALSA} Corpus: a {G}erman Corpus Resource for Lexical Semantics",
    author = "Burchardt, Aljoscha  and
      Erk, Katrin  and
      Frank, Anette  and
      Kowalski, Andrea  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/339_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-etal-2006-jrc,
    title = "The {JRC}-{A}cquis: A Multilingual Aligned Parallel Corpus with 20+ Languages",
    author = "Steinberger, Ralf  and
      Pouliquen, Bruno  and
      Widiger, Anna  and
      Ignat, Camelia  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan  and
      Varga, D{\'a}niel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/340_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{burchardt-etal-2006-salto,
    title = "{SALTO} - A Versatile Multi-Level Annotation Tool",
    author = "Burchardt, Aljoscha  and
      Erk, Katrin  and
      Frank, Anette  and
      Kowalski, Andrea  and
      Pado, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/341_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hoste-pauw-2006-knack,
    title = "{KNACK}-2002: a Richly Annotated Corpus of {D}utch Written Text",
    author = "Hoste, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Pauw, Guy De",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/342_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cimiano-etal-2006-finding,
    title = "Finding the Appropriate Generalization Level for Binary Ontological Relations Extracted from the {G}enia Corpus",
    author = "Cimiano, P.  and
      Hartung, M.  and
      Ratsch, E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/343_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kato-etal-2006-transcription,
    title = "Transcription Cost Reduction for Constructing Acoustic Models Using Acoustic Likelihood Selection Criteria",
    author = "Kato, Tomoyuki  and
      Toda, Tomiki  and
      Saruwatari, Hiroshi  and
      Shikano, Kiyohiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/344_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mieskes-strube-2006-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Tagging of Transcribed Speech",
    author = "Mieskes, Margot  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/345_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{boguraev-ando-2006-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of {T}ime{B}ank as a Resource for {T}ime{ML} Parsing",
    author = "Boguraev, Branimir  and
      Ando, Rie Kubota",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/346_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kawahara-kurohashi-2006-case,
    title = "Case Frame Compilation from the Web using High-Performance Computing",
    author = "Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/347_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{paroubek-etal-2006-data,
    title = "Data, Annotations and Measures in {EASY} the Evaluation Campaign for Parsers of {F}rench.",
    author = "Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Robba, Isabelle  and
      Vilnat, Anne  and
      Ayache, Christelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/348_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kanamaru-etal-2006-creation,
    title = "Creation of a {J}apanese Adverb Dictionary that Includes Information on the Speaker{'}s Communicative Intention Using Machine Learning",
    author = "Kanamaru, Toshiyuki  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/349_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{grefenstette-etal-2006-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting text for extracting image processing resources",
    author = "Grefenstette, Gregory  and
      Debili, Fathi  and
      Fluhr, Christian  and
      Zinger, Svitlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/350_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{okazaki-ananiadou-2006-clustering,
    title = "Clustering acronyms in biomedical text for disambiguation",
    author = "Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/351_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nenadic-etal-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards a terminological resource for biomedical text mining",
    author = "Nenadic, Goran  and
      Okazaki, Naoki  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/352_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hjelm-2006-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Cross Language Term Correspondences",
    author = "Hjelm, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/356_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{guthrie-etal-2006-closer,
    title = "A Closer Look at Skip-gram Modelling",
    author = "Guthrie, David  and
      Allison, Ben  and
      Liu, Wei  and
      Guthrie, Louise  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/357_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dobrov-loukachevitch-2006-development,
    title = "Development of Linguistic Ontology on Natural Sciences and Technology",
    author = "Dobrov, B.  and
      Loukachevitch, N.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/359_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bilotti-nyberg-2006-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation for Scenario Question Answering Systems",
    author = "Bilotti, Matthew W.  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/360_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{buhler-minker-2006-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Spoken Natural Language Parsing in the Framework of the {F}rench {MEDIA} Evaluation Campaign",
    author = {B{\"u}hler, Dirk  and
      Minker, Wolfgang},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/363_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{oepen-lonning-2006-discriminant,
    title = "Discriminant-Based {MRS} Banking",
    author = "Oepen, Stephan  and
      L{\o}nning, Jan Tore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/364_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{szarvas-etal-2006-highly,
    title = "A highly accurate Named Entity corpus for {H}ungarian",
    author = {Szarvas, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      Felf{\"o}ldi, L{\'a}szl{\'o}  and
      Kocsor, Andr{\'a}s  and
      Csirik, J{\'a}nos},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/365_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-vela-2006-generic,
    title = "Generic {NLP} Tools for Supporting Shallow Ontology Building",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry  and
      Vela, Mihaela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/366_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ritz-heid-2006-extraction,
    title = "Extraction tools for collocations and their morphosyntactic specificities",
    author = "Ritz, Julia  and
      Heid, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/367_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nezda-etal-2006-world,
    title = "What in the world is a Shahab?: Wide Coverage Named Entity Recognition for {A}rabic",
    author = "Nezda, Luke  and
      Hickl, Andrew  and
      Lehmann, John  and
      Fayyaz, Sarmad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/368_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-etal-2006-anaphora,
    title = "An Anaphora Resolution-Based Anonymization Module",
    author = "Poesio, M.  and
      Kabadjov, M. A.  and
      Goux, P.  and
      Kruschwitz, U.  and
      Bishop, E.  and
      Corti, L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/372_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sailer-trawinski-2006-collection,
    title = "The Collection of Distributionally Idiosyncratic Items: A Multilingual Resource for Linguistic Research",
    author = "Sailer, Manfred  and
      Trawi{\'n}ski, Beata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/375_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{heid-etal-2006-grammar,
    title = "Grammar-based tools for the creation of tagging resources for an unresourced language: the case of Northern Sotho",
    author = "Heid, Ulrich  and
      Taljard, Elsab{\'e}  and
      Prinsloo, Danie J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/376_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sousa-trippel-2006-building,
    title = "Building a historical corpus for Classical {P}ortuguese: some technological aspects",
    author = "Sousa, Maria Clara Paix{\~a}o de  and
      Trippel, Thorsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/378_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pazienza-etal-2006-mixing,
    title = "Mixing {W}ord{N}et, {V}erb{N}et and {P}rop{B}ank for studying verb relations",
    author = "Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Pennacchiotti, Marco  and
      Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/379_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wanner-ramos-2006-local,
    title = "Local Document Relevance Clustering in {IR} Using Collocation Information",
    author = "Wanner, Leo  and
      Ramos, Margarita Alonso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/381_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{esuli-sebastiani-2006-sentiwordnet,
    title = "{SENTIWORDNET}: A Publicly Available Lexical Resource for Opinion Mining",
    author = "Esuli, Andrea  and
      Sebastiani, Fabrizio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/384_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{denis-etal-2006-deep,
    title = "A Deep-Parsing Approach to Natural Language Understanding in Dialogue System: Results of a Corpus-Based Evaluation",
    author = "Denis, Alexandre  and
      Quignard, Matthieu  and
      Pitel, Guillaume",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/386_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sasaki-2006-work,
    title = "Work within the {W}3{C} Internationalization Activity and its Benefit for the Creation and Manipulation of Language Resources",
    author = "Sasaki, Felix",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/388_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{king-underwood-2006-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Symbiotic Systems: the challenge",
    author = "King, Margaret  and
      Underwood, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/389_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chalamandaris-etal-2006-greek,
    title = "All {G}reek to me! An automatic Greeklish to {G}reek transliteration system",
    author = "Chalamandaris, Aimilios  and
      Protopapas, Athanassios  and
      Tsiakoulis, Pirros  and
      Raptis, Spyros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/390_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vogt-andre-2006-improving,
    title = "Improving Automatic Emotion Recognition from Speech via Gender Differentiaion",
    author = "Vogt, Thurid  and
      Andr{\'e}, Elisabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/392_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ahmad-etal-2006-sentiments,
    title = "Sentiments on a Grid: Analysis of Streaming News and Views",
    author = "Ahmad, Khurshid  and
      Gillam, Lee  and
      Cheng, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/394_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{williams-etal-2006-tools,
    title = "Tools and resources for speech synthesis arising from a Welsh {TTS} project",
    author = "Williams, Briony  and
      Jones, Rhys James  and
      Uemlianin, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/395_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-etal-2006-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Lexical Semantic Resources for Ontology Translation",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry  and
      P{\'e}rez, Asunci{\'o}n G{\'o}mez  and
      Vela, Ovidiu  and
      Gantner, Zeno  and
      Manzano-Macho, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/397_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alex-etal-2006-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Annotation on the Performance of Protein Tagging in Biomedical Text",
    author = "Alex, Beatrice  and
      Nissim, Malvina  and
      Grover, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/398_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wellner-vilain-2006-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Machine Readable Dictionaries in Discriminative Sequence Models",
    author = "Wellner, Ben  and
      Vilain, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/404_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-etal-2006-creating,
    title = "Creating a Large-Scale {A}rabic to {F}rench Statistical {M}achine{T}ranslation System",
    author = "Hasan, Sa{\v{s}}a  and
      Isbihani, Anas El  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/405_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2006-study,
    title = "A Study on Terminology Extraction Based on Classified Corpora",
    author = "Chen, Yirong  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Sui, Zhifang  and
      Ji, Luning",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/407_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{estelles-etal-2006-retrieving,
    title = "Retrieving Terminological Data from the {T}xt{C}eram Tagged Domain Corpus: A First Step towards a Terminological Ontology",
    author = "Estell{\'e}s, Anna  and
      Alcina, Amparo  and
      Soler, Victoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/408_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cavalli-sforza-soudi-2006-imorphe,
    title = "{IMORPH{\=E}}: An Inheritance and Equivalence Based Morphology Description Compiler",
    author = "Cavalli-Sforza, Violetta  and
      Soudi, Abdelhadi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/409_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sitbon-bellot-2006-tools,
    title = "Tools and methods for objective or contextual evaluation of topic segmentation",
    author = "Sitbon, Laurianne  and
      Bellot, Patrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/410_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{devillers-etal-2006-real,
    title = "Real life emotions in {F}rench and {E}nglish {TV} video clips: an integrated annotation protocol combining continuous and discrete approaches",
    author = "Devillers, L.  and
      Cowie, R.  and
      Martin, J-C.  and
      Douglas-Cowie, E.  and
      Abrilian, S.  and
      McRorie, M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/411_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-ney-2006-pos,
    title = "{POS}-based Word Reorderings for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/412_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vilar-etal-2006-error,
    title = "Error Analysis of Statistical Machine Translation Output",
    author = "Vilar, David  and
      Xu, Jia  and
      D{'}Haro, Luis Fernando  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/413_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{castellon-etal-2006-sensem,
    title = "The Sensem Corpus: a Corpus Annotated at the Syntactic and Semantic Level",
    author = "Castell{\'o}n, Irene  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez-Montraveta, Ana  and
      V{\'a}zquez, Gloria  and
      Alonso Alemany, Laura  and
      Capilla, Joan Antoni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/414_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{perez-bonafonte-2006-gaia,
    title = "{GAIA}: Common Framework for the Development of Speech Translation Technologies",
    author = "P{\'e}rez, Javier  and
      Bonafonte, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/415_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{novak-2006-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Tools for Six Small Uralic Languages",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, Attila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/416_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{perez-etal-2006-ecess,
    title = "{ECESS} Inter-Module Interface Specification for Speech Synthesis",
    author = "P{\'e}rez, Javier  and
      Bonafonte, Antonio  and
      Hain, Horst-Udo  and
      Keller, Eric  and
      Breuer, Stefan  and
      Tian, Jilei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/417_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nemec-2006-tree,
    title = "Tree Searching/Rewriting Formalism",
    author = "N{\v{e}}mec, Petr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/418_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{taboada-etal-2006-methods,
    title = "Methods for Creating Semantic Orientation Dictionaries",
    author = "Taboada, Maite  and
      Anthony, Caroline  and
      Voll, Kimberly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/420_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{itagaki-etal-2006-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Inter-domain Semantic Shift using Syntactic Similarity",
    author = "Itagaki, Masaki  and
      Aue, Anthony  and
      Aikawa, Takako",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/423_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{boril-etal-2006-methodology,
    title = "Methodology of Lombard Speech Database Acquisition: Experiences with {CLSD}",
    author = "Bo{\v{r}}il, Hynek  and
      Bo{\v{r}}il, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Poll{\'a}k, Petr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/427_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-2006-dimensions,
    title = "Dimensions in Dialogue Act Annotation",
    author = "Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/428_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{baude-etal-2006-interoperability,
    title = "Interoperability of audio corpora : the case of the {F}rench corpora",
    author = "Baude, Olivier  and
      Jacobson, Michel  and
      Tchobanov, Atanas  and
      Walter, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/430_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bernardi-etal-2006-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Search in Libraries. The case-study of the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano",
    author = "Bernardi, R.  and
      Calvanese, D.  and
      Dini, L.  and
      Di Tomaso, V.  and
      Frasnelli, E.  and
      Kugler, U.  and
      Plank, B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/433_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{langkilde-geary-betteridge-2006-factored,
    title = "A Factored Functional Dependency Transformation of the {E}nglish {P}enn Treebank for Probabilistic Surface Generation",
    author = "Langkilde-Geary, Irene  and
      Betteridge, Justin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/435_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{talley-2006-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping New Language {ASR} Capabilities: Achieving Best Letter-to-Sound Performance under Resource Constraints",
    author = "Talley, Jim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/436_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-etal-2006-automated,
    title = "Automated Summarization Evaluation with Basic Elements.",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Zhou, Liang  and
      Fukumoto, Junichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/438_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-watanabe-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Construction of {J}apanese {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Kaji, Hiroyuki  and
      Watanabe, Mariko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/439_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{de-marneffe-etal-2006-generating,
    title = "Generating Typed Dependency Parses from Phrase Structure Parses",
    author = "de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      MacCartney, Bill  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/440_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{frota-etal-2006-frep,
    title = "{F}re{P}: An electronic tool for extracting frequency information of phonological units from {P}ortuguese written text",
    author = "Frota, S.  and
      Vig{\'a}rio, M.  and
      Martins, F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/441_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{petersen-2006-querying,
    title = "Querying Both Parallel And Treebank Corpora: Evaluation Of A Corpus Query System",
    author = "Petersen, Ulrik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/442_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2006-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Answers for Complicated Questions",
    author = "Zhou, Liang  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/443_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{monachini-etal-2006-unified,
    title = "Unified Lexicon and Unified Morphosyntactic Specifications for Written and Spoken {I}talian",
    author = "Monachini, Monica  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Friedrich, Jochen  and
      Maltese, Giulio  and
      Mammini, Michele  and
      Odijk, Jan  and
      Ulivieri, Marisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/445_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{melz-etal-2006-compiling,
    title = "Compiling large language resources using lexical similarity metrics for domain taxonomy learning",
    author = "Melz, Ronny  and
      Ryu, Pum-Mo  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/446_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pirvan-tufis-2006-tagset,
    title = "Tagset Mapping and Statistical Training Data Cleaning-up",
    author = "P{\^\i}rvan, Felix  and
      Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/448_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-irimia-2006-roco,
    title = "{R}o{C}o-News: A Hand Validated Journalistic Corpus of {R}omanian",
    author = "Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan  and
      Irimia, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/451_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2006-turning,
    title = "Turning a Dependency Treebank into a {PSG}-style Constituent Treebank",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/452_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{stefanescu-tufis-2006-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Multilingual Thesauri",
    author = "{\c{S}}tef{\u{a}}nescu, Dan  and
      Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/453_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ion-etal-2006-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-Based Phrase Alignment",
    author = "Ion, Radu  and
      Ceau{\c{s}}u, Alexandru  and
      Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/454_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ceausu-etal-2006-acquis,
    title = "{A}cquis {C}ommunautaire Sentence Alignment using Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Ceau{\c{s}}u, Alexandru  and
      {\c{S}}tef{\u{a}}nescu, Dan  and
      Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/456_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{grover-tobin-2006-rule,
    title = "Rule-Based Chunking and Reusability",
    author = "Grover, Claire  and
      Tobin, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/457_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hughes-etal-2006-reconsidering,
    title = "Reconsidering Language Identification for Written Language Resources",
    author = "Hughes, Baden  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Nicholson, Jeremy  and
      MacKinlay, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/459_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{senda-etal-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Terminology Intelligibility Estimation for Readership-oriented Technical Writing",
    author = "Senda, Yasuko  and
      Sinohara, Yasusi  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/461_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lundalv-etal-2006-symbered,
    title = "{SYMBERED} - a Symbol-Concept Editing Tool",
    author = {Lund{\"a}lv, Mats  and
      M{\"u}hlenbock, Katarina  and
      Farre, Bengt  and
      Br{\"a}nnstr{\"o}m, Annika},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/463_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-kordoni-2006-automated,
    title = "Automated Deep Lexical Acquisition for Robust Open Texts Processing",
    author = "Zhang, Yi  and
      Kordoni, Valia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/464_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{martin-etal-2006-manual,
    title = "Manual Annotation and Automatic Image Processing of Multimodal Emotional Behaviours: Validating the Annotation of {TV} Interviews",
    author = "Martin, J.-C.  and
      Caridakis, G.  and
      Devillers, L.  and
      Karpouzis, K.  and
      Abrilian, S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/465_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{krstev-etal-2006-ws4lr,
    title = "{WS}4{LR}: A Workstation for Lexical Resources",
    author = "Krstev, Cvetana  and
      Stankovi{\'c}, Ranka  and
      Vitas, Du{\v{s}}ko  and
      Obradovi{\'c}, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/467_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kipper-etal-2006-extending,
    title = "Extending {V}erb{N}et with Novel Verb Classes",
    author = "Kipper, Karin  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Ryant, Neville  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/468_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-etal-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards a Generative Lexical Resource: The Brandeis Semantic Ontology",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Havasi, Catherine  and
      Littman, Jessica  and
      Rumshisky, Anna  and
      Verhagen, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/469_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dybkjaer-dybkjaer-2006-act,
    title = "Act-Topic Patterns for Automatically Checking Dialogue Models",
    author = "Dybkj{\ae}r, Hans  and
      Dybkj{\ae}r, Laila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/471_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rojas-aikawa-2006-predicting,
    title = "Predicting {MT} Quality as a Function of the Source Language",
    author = "Rojas, David M.  and
      Aikawa, Takako",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/472_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mazur-dale-2006-named,
    title = "Named Entity Extraction with Conjunction Disambiguation",
    author = "Mazur, Pawe{\l}  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/473_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{boekestein-etal-2006-functioning,
    title = "Functioning of the Centre for {D}utch Language and Speech Technology",
    author = "Boekestein, Michel  and
      Depoorter, Griet  and
      Veenendaal, Remco van",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/478_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maegaard-etal-2006-mulinco,
    title = "The {MULINCO} corpus and corpus platform",
    author = "Maegaard, Bente  and
      Offersgaard, Lene  and
      Henriksen, Lina  and
      Jansen, Hanne  and
      Lepetit, Xavier  and
      Navarretta, Costanza  and
      Povlsen, Claus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/480_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{soria-etal-2006-moving,
    title = "Moving to dynamic computational lexicons with {L}e{XF}low",
    author = "Soria, Claudia  and
      Tesconi, Maurizio  and
      Bertagna, Francesca  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Marchetti, Andrea  and
      Monachini, Monica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/481_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sporleder-etal-2006-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Named Entities in Text Databases from the Natural History Domain",
    author = "Sporleder, Caroline  and
      Erp, Marieke van  and
      Porcelijn, Tijn  and
      Bosch, Antal van den  and
      Arntzen, Pim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/482_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{somers-etal-2006-developing,
    title = "Developing Speech Synthesis for Under-Resourced Languages by {``}Faking it{''}: An Experiment with {S}omali",
    author = "Somers, Harold  and
      Evans, Gareth  and
      Mohamed, Zeinab",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/483_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ciobanu-etal-2006-using,
    title = "Using Richly Annotated Trilingual Language Resources for Acquiring Reading Skills in a Foreign Language",
    author = "Ciobanu, Drago{\c{s}}  and
      Hartley, Tony  and
      Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/484_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ajani-etal-2006-development,
    title = "A Development Tool For Multilingual Ontology-based Conceptual",
    author = "Ajani, G.  and
      Boella, G.  and
      Lesmo, L.  and
      Martin, M.  and
      Mazzei, A  and
      Rossi, P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/485_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maegaard-etal-2006-kunsti,
    title = "{KUNSTI} - Knowledge Generation for {N}orwegian Language Technology",
    author = {Maegaard, Bente  and
      Fenstad, Jens-Erik  and
      Ahrenberg, Lars  and
      Kvale, Knut  and
      M{\"u}hlenbock, Katarina  and
      Heid, Bernt-Erik},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/487_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{halacsy-etal-2006-using,
    title = "Using a morphological analyzer in high precision {POS} tagging of {H}ungarian",
    author = "Hal{\'a}csy, P{\'e}ter  and
      Kornai, Andr{\'a}s  and
      Oravecz, Csaba  and
      Tr{\'o}n, Viktor  and
      Varga, D{\'a}niel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/488_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{widdows-etal-2006-ongoing,
    title = "Ongoing Developments in Automatically Adapting Lexical Resources to the Biomedical Domain",
    author = "Widdows, Dominic  and
      Toumouh, Adil  and
      Dorow, Beate  and
      Lehireche, Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/489_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{savy-etal-2006-multilevel,
    title = "Multilevel corpus analysis: generating and querying an {AG}set of spoken {I}talian ({S}p{I}t-{MD}b).",
    author = "Savy, Renata  and
      Cutugno, Francesco  and
      Crocco, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/492_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hughes-etal-2006-feature,
    title = "Feature-based Encoding and Querying Language Resources with Character Semantics",
    author = "Hughes, Baden  and
      Gibbon, Dafydd  and
      Trippel, Thorsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/493_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{subba-etal-2006-building,
    title = "Building lexical resources for {P}rinc{P}ar, a large coverage parser that generates principled semantic representations",
    author = "Subba, Rajen  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Terenzi, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/495_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{uchimoto-etal-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection and Semi-Automatic Revision of Non-Machine-Translatable Parts of a Sentence",
    author = "Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Hayashida, Naoko  and
      Ishida, Toru  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/496_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maks-boelhouwer-2006-exploring,
    title = "Exploring opportunities for Comparability and Enrichment by Linking lexical databases",
    author = "Maks, Isa  and
      Boelhouwer, Bob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/497_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-2006-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Multidocument Summarization Tools and Evaluation",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/498_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ferret-2006-building,
    title = "Building a network of topical relations from a corpus",
    author = "Ferret, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/500_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bouquet-etal-2006-role,
    title = "The role of lexical resources in matching classification schemas",
    author = "Bouquet, P.  and
      Serafini, L.  and
      Zanobini, S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/501_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maragoudakis-etal-2006-dealing,
    title = "Dealing with Imbalanced Data using {B}ayesian Techniques",
    author = "Maragoudakis, Manolis  and
      Kermanidis, Katia  and
      Garbis, Aristogiannis  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/503_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{benedi-etal-2006-design,
    title = "Design and acquisition of a telephone spontaneous speech dialogue corpus in {S}panish: {DIHANA}",
    author = "Bened{\'\i}, Jos{\'e}-Miguel  and
      Lleida, Eduardo  and
      Varona, Amparo  and
      Castro, Mar{\'\i}a-Jos{\'e}  and
      Galiano, Isabel  and
      Justo, Raquel  and
      L{\'o}pez de Letona, I{\~n}igo  and
      Miguel, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/504_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{osswald-etal-2006-representation,
    title = "The Representation of {G}erman Prepositional Verbs in a Semantically Based Computer Lexicon",
    author = "Osswald, Rainer  and
      Helbig, Hermann  and
      Hartrumpf, Sven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/505_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chiao-etal-2006-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of multilingual text alignment systems: the {ARCADE} {II} project",
    author = "Chiao, Yun-Chuang  and
      Kraif, Olivier  and
      Laurent, Dominique  and
      Nguyen, Thi Minh Huyen  and
      Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Stuck, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      V{\'e}ronis, Jean  and
      Zaghouani, Wajdi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/506_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bertagna-2006-representation,
    title = "Representation and Inference for Open-Domain {QA}: Strength and Limits of two {I}talian Semantic Lexicons",
    author = "Bertagna, Francesca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/508_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{abdelsapor-etal-2006-building,
    title = "Building a Heterogeneous Information Retrieval Collection of Printed {A}rabic Documents",
    author = "Abdelsapor, Abdelrahim  and
      Adly, Noha  and
      Darwish, Kareem  and
      Emam, Ossama  and
      Magdy, Walid  and
      Nagi, Magdi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/509_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{luz-etal-2006-gathering,
    title = "Gathering a corpus of multimodal computer-mediated meetings",
    author = "Luz, Saturnino  and
      Bouamrane, Matt-Mouley  and
      Masoodian, Masood",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/510_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{athanassia-lida-aimilios-2006-language,
    title = "Language identification from suprasegmental cues: Speech synthesis of {G}reek utterances from different dialectal variations.",
    author = "Athanassia Lida, Dimou  and
      Aimilios, Chalamandaris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/511_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{levy-andrew-2006-tregex,
    title = "Tregex and Tsurgeon: tools for querying and manipulating tree data structures",
    author = "Levy, Roger  and
      Andrew, Galen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/513_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gillard-etal-2006-question,
    title = "Question Answering Evaluation Survey",
    author = "Gillard, L.  and
      Bellot, P.  and
      El-B{\`e}ze, M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/515_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{magnini-etal-2006-cab,
    title = "{I}-{CAB}: the {I}talian Content Annotation Bank",
    author = "Magnini, B.  and
      Pianta, E.  and
      Girardi, C.  and
      Negri, M.  and
      Romano, L.  and
      Speranza, M.  and
      Bartalesi Lenzi, V.  and
      Sprugnoli, R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/518_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maegaard-etal-2006-blark,
    title = "The {BLARK} concept and {BLARK} for {A}rabic",
    author = "Maegaard, Bente  and
      Krauwer, Steven  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      J{\o}rgensen, Lise Damsgaard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/521_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pardelli-etal-2006-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Processing: A Terminological and Statistical Approach",
    author = "Pardelli, Gabriella  and
      Sassi, Manuela  and
      Goggi, Sara  and
      Orsolini, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/524_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{verberne-etal-2006-data,
    title = "Data for question answering: The case of why",
    author = "Verberne, Suzan  and
      Boves, Lou  and
      Oostdijk, Nelleke  and
      Coppen, Peter-Arno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/525_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{simov-osenova-2006-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Semantic Annotation of {B}ulgarian",
    author = "Simov, Kiril  and
      Osenova, Petya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/527_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-etal-2006-mixer,
    title = "The Mixer and Transcript Reading Corpora: Resources for Multilingual, Crosschannel Speaker Recognition Research",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      Andrews, Walt  and
      Campbell, Joseph P.  and
      Doddington, George  and
      Godfrey, Jack  and
      Huang, Shudong  and
      Liberman, Mark  and
      Martin, Alvin  and
      Nakasone, Hirotaka  and
      Przybocki, Mark  and
      Walker, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/530_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{abrilian-etal-2006-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Emotions in Real-Life Video Interviews: Variability between Coders",
    author = "Abrilian, S.  and
      Devillers, L.  and
      Martin, J-C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/531_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chou-huang-2006-hantology,
    title = "Hantology-A Linguistic Resource for {C}hinese Language Processing and Studying",
    author = "Chou, Ya-Min  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/532_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gavrilidou-etal-2006-language,
    title = "Language Resources Production Models: the Case of the {INTERA} Multilingual Corpus and Terminology",
    author = "Gavrilidou, Maria  and
      Labropoulou, Penny  and
      Piperidis, Stelios  and
      Giouli, Voula  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Soria, Claudia  and
      Choukri, Khalid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/534_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kanzaki-etal-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Analysis of Abstract Nouns to Compile a Thesaurus of Adjectives",
    author = "Kanzaki, Kyoko  and
      Ma, Qing  and
      Yamamoto, Eiko  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/535_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{erk-pado-2006-shalmaneser,
    title = "Shalmaneser - A Toolchain For Shallow Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Erk, Katrin  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/537_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tablan-etal-2006-user,
    title = "User-friendly ontology authoring using a controlled language",
    author = "Tablan, Valentin  and
      Polajnar, Tamara  and
      Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/538_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hasler-etal-2006-nps,
    title = "{NP}s for Events: Experiments in Coreference Annotation",
    author = "Hasler, Laura  and
      Orasan, Constantin  and
      Naumann, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/539_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mendes-etal-2006-combina,
    title = "{COMBINA}-{PT}: A Large Corpus-extracted and Hand-checked Lexical Database of {P}ortuguese Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Mendes, Am{\'a}lia  and
      Antunes, Sandra  and
      Nascimento, Maria Fernanda Bacelar do  and
      Casteleiro, Jo{\~a}o Miguel  and
      Pereira, Lu{\'\i}sa  and
      S{\'a}, Tiago",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/540_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{graff-etal-2006-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon Development for Varieties of Spoken Colloquial {A}rabic",
    author = "Graff, David  and
      Buckwalter, Tim  and
      Maamouri, Mohamed  and
      Jin, Hubert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/541_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{patry-etal-2006-mood,
    title = "{MOOD}: A Modular Object-Oriented Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Patry, Alexandre  and
      Gotti, Fabrizio  and
      Langlais, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/542_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maamouri-etal-2006-developing,
    title = "Developing and Using a Pilot Dialectal {A}rabic Treebank",
    author = "Maamouri, Mohamed  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Buckwalter, Tim  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Tabessi, Dalila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/543_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{megyesi-etal-2006-building,
    title = "Building a {S}wedish-{T}urkish Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta Bandmann  and
      Hein, Anna S{\aa}gvall  and
      Johanson, {\'E}va Csat{\'o}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/544_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-gaizauskas-2006-language,
    title = "Language Resources for Background Gathering",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/545_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{medero-etal-2006-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Approach to Gold-Standard Annotation: Decision Points for Complex Tasks",
    author = "Medero, Julie  and
      Maeda, Kazuaki  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Walker, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/550_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{klatt-2006-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-based Approach to the Interpretation of Unknown Words with an Application to {G}erman",
    author = "Klatt, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/552_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rosset-petel-2006-ritel,
    title = "The Ritel Corpus - An annotated Human-Machine open-domain question answering spoken dialog corpus",
    author = "Rosset, Sophie  and
      Petel, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/553_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{feldman-etal-2006-cross,
    title = "A Cross-language Approach to Rapid Creation of New Morpho-syntactically Annotated Resources",
    author = "Feldman, Anna  and
      Hana, Jirka  and
      Brew, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/554_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{michailidis-etal-2006-greek,
    title = "{G}reek Named Entity Recognition using Support Vector Machines, Maximum Entropy and Onetime",
    author = "Michailidis, Ionas  and
      Diamantaras, Konstantinos  and
      Vasileiadis, Spiros  and
      Fr{\`e}re, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/557_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{korhonen-etal-2006-large,
    title = "A Large Subcategorization Lexicon for Natural Language Processing Applications",
    author = "Korhonen, Anna  and
      Krymolowski, Yuval  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/558_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ide-suderman-2006-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Linguistic Resources: The {A}merican National Corpus Model",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Suderman, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/560_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ide-romary-2006-representing,
    title = "Representing Linguistic Corpora and Their Annotations",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/562_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2006-open,
    title = "An Open Source Prosodic Feature Extraction Tool",
    author = "Huang, Zhongqiang  and
      Chen, Lei  and
      Harper, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/565_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{andreevskaia-bergler-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Tag Extraction from {W}ord{N}et Glosses",
    author = "Andreevskaia, Alina  and
      Bergler, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/566_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kuroda-etal-2006-getting,
    title = "Getting Deeper Semantics than {B}erkeley {F}rame{N}et with {MSFA}",
    author = "Kuroda, Kow  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/567_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alfonseca-etal-2006-wraetlic,
    title = "The wraetlic {NLP} suite",
    author = "Alfonseca, Enrique  and
      Moreno-Sandoval, Antonio  and
      Guirao, Jos{\'e} Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Ruiz-Casado, Mar{\'\i}a",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/569_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ohta-etal-2006-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic and Biological Annotations of Biological Interaction Events",
    author = "Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Tateisi, Yuka  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Yakushiji, Akane  and
      Tsujii, Jun-ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/570_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tenfjord-etal-2006-ask,
    title = "The {ASK} Corpus - a Language Learner Corpus of {N}orwegian as a Second Language",
    author = "Tenfjord, Kari  and
      Meurer, Paul  and
      Hofland, Knut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/573_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kruijff-korbayova-etal-2006-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Guidelines for {C}zech-{E}nglish Word Alignment",
    author = "Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana  and
      Chv{\'a}talov{\'a}, Kl{\'a}ra  and
      Postolache, Oana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/575_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{segouat-etal-2006-sign,
    title = "Sign Language corpus analysis: Synchronisation of linguistic annotation and numerical data",
    author = "Segouat, J{\'e}r{\'e}mie  and
      Braffort, Annelies  and
      Martin, Emilie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/576_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{francopoulo-etal-2006-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Markup Framework ({LMF})",
    author = "Francopoulo, Gil  and
      George, Monte  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Bel, Nuria  and
      Pet, Mandy  and
      Soria, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/577_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pouliquen-etal-2006-geocoding,
    title = "Geocoding Multilingual Texts: Recognition, Disambiguation and Visualisation",
    author = "Pouliquen, Bruno  and
      Kimler, Marco  and
      Steinberger, Ralf  and
      Ignat, Camelia  and
      Oellinger, Tamara  and
      Blackler, Ken  and
      Fluart, Flavio  and
      Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Widiger, Anna  and
      Forslund, Ann-Charlotte  and
      Best, Clive",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/578_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-2006-query,
    title = "Query Expansion on Compounds",
    author = "Pedersen, Bolette Sandford",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/580_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{charoenporn-etal-2006-word,
    title = "Word Knowledge Acquisition for Computational Lexicon Construction",
    author = "Charoenporn, Thatsanee  and
      Kruengkrai, Canasai  and
      Theeramunkong, Thanaruk  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/581_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{peters-etal-2006-lois,
    title = "The {LOIS} Project",
    author = "Peters, Wim  and
      Sagri, Maria Teresa  and
      Tiscornia, Daniela  and
      Castagnoli, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/582_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vaneyghen-etal-2006-mixed,
    title = "A mixed word / morphological approach for extending {CELEX} for high coverage on contemporary large corpora",
    author = "Vaneyghen, Joris  and
      Pauw, Guy De  and
      Compernolle, Dirk Van  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/583_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{roventini-2006-linking,
    title = "Linking Verbal Entries of Different Lexical Resources",
    author = "Roventini, Adriana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/584_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hamon-etal-2006-cesta,
    title = "{CESTA}: First Conclusions of the Technolangue {MT} Evaluation Campaign",
    author = "Hamon, O.  and
      Popescu-Belis, A.  and
      Choukri, K.  and
      Dabbadie, M.  and
      Hartley, A.  and
      Mustafa El Hadi, W.  and
      Rajman, M.  and
      Timimi, I.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/586_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{meur-derouin-2006-lemma,
    title = "Lemma-oriented dictionaries, concept-oriented terminology and translation memories",
    author = "Meur, Andr{\'e} Le  and
      Derouin, Marie-Jeanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/589_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{umbert-etal-2006-spanish,
    title = "{S}panish Synthesis Corpora",
    author = {Umbert, Mart{\'\i}  and
      Moreno, Asunci{\'o}n  and
      Ag{\"u}ero, Pablo  and
      Bonafonte, Antonio},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/590_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ircing-etal-2006-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Linguistic Knowledge in Language Modeling of {C}zech Spontaneous Speech",
    author = "Ircing, Pavel  and
      Hoidekr, Jan  and
      Psutka, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/591_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{slavcheva-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Descriptors: The Case of Reflexive Verbs",
    author = "Slavcheva, Milena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/593_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{neumann-crysmann-2006-exploring,
    title = "Exploring {HPSG}-based Treebanks for Probabilistic Parsing {HPSG} grammar extraction",
    author = {Neumann, G{\"u}nter  and
      Crysmann, Berthold},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/595_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{marinelli-bindi-2006-proper,
    title = "Proper Names and Linguistic Dynamics",
    author = "Marinelli, Rita  and
      Bindi, Remo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/596_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bosch-etal-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards machine-readable lexicons for South {A}frican {B}antu languages",
    author = "Bosch, Sonja E.  and
      Pretorius, Laurette  and
      Jones, Jackie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/597_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lechenadec-etal-2006-creation,
    title = "Creation of a corpus of multimodal spontaneous expressions of emotions in Human-Machine Interaction",
    author = "Lechenadec, G.  and
      Maffiolo, V.  and
      Chateau, N.  and
      Colletta, J.M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/599_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hayashi-ishida-2006-dictionary,
    title = "A Dictionary Model for Unifying Machine Readable Dictionaries and Computational Concept Lexicons",
    author = "Hayashi, Yoshihiko  and
      Ishida, Toru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/600_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{marinelli-etal-2006-using,
    title = "Using Core Ontology for Domain Lexicon Structuring",
    author = "Marinelli, Rita  and
      Roventini, Adriana  and
      Spadoni, Giovanni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/602_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{abramowicz-etal-2006-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Suite for Polish Cadastral System",
    author = "Abramowicz, Witold  and
      Filipowska, Agata  and
      Piskorski, Jakub  and
      W{\k{e}}cel, Krzysztof  and
      Wieloch, Karol",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/603_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kawanami-etal-2006-long,
    title = "Long-term Analysis of Prosodic Features of Spoken Guidance System User Speech",
    author = "Kawanami, Hiromichi  and
      Kitamura, Takahiro  and
      Shikano, Kiyohiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/604_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{novacek-etal-2006-text,
    title = "Text Mining for Semantic Relations as a Support Base of a Scientific Portal Generator",
    author = "Nov{\'a}{\v{c}}ek, V{\'\i}t  and
      Smr{\v{z}}, Pavel  and
      Pomik{\'a}lek, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/606_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bernardi-etal-2006-pos,
    title = "{POS} tagset design for {I}talian",
    author = "Bernardi, Raffaella  and
      Bolognesi, Andrea  and
      Seidenari, Corrado  and
      Tamburini, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/608_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{inui-etal-2006-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting a Semantic Verb Lexicon with a Large Scale Collection of Example Sentences",
    author = "Inui, Kentaro  and
      Hirano, Toru  and
      Iida, Ryu  and
      Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/610_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{onelli-etal-2006-diacoris,
    title = "The {D}ia{CORIS} project: a diachronic corpus of written {I}talian",
    author = "Onelli, C.  and
      Proietti, D.  and
      Seidenari, C.  and
      Tamburini, F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/611_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2006-preliminary,
    title = "A Preliminary Study for Building the Basque {P}rop{B}ank",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Aldezabal, Izaskun  and
      Etxeberria, Jone  and
      Pociello, Eli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/612_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{yamamoto-etal-2006-detection,
    title = "Detection of inconsistencies in concept classifications in a large dictionary {---} Toward an improvement of the {EDR} electronic dictionary {---}",
    author = "Yamamoto, Eiko  and
      Kanzaki, Kyoko  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/613_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2006-methodology,
    title = "A methodology for the joint development of the Basque {W}ord{N}et and Semcor",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Aldezabal, Izaskun  and
      Etxeberria, Jone  and
      Izagirre, Eli  and
      Mendizabal, Karmele  and
      Pociello, Eli  and
      Quintian, Mikel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/614_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hoidekr-etal-2006-benefit,
    title = "Benefit of a Class-based Language Model for Real-time Closed-captioning of {TV} Ice-hockey Commentaries",
    author = "Hoidekr, Jan  and
      Psutka, J.V.  and
      Pra{\v{z}}{\'a}k, Ale{\v{s}}  and
      Psutka, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/615_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{anstein-etal-2006-identifying,
    title = "Identifying and Classifying Terms in the Life Sciences: The Case of Chemical Terminology",
    author = "Anstein, Stefanie  and
      Kremer, Gerhard  and
      Reyle, Uwe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/617_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lafourcade-2006-conceptual,
    title = "Conceptual Vector Learning - Comparing Bootstrapping from a Thesaurus or Induction by Emergence",
    author = "Lafourcade, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/618_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{luca-nurnberger-2006-rebuilding,
    title = "Rebuilding Lexical Resources for Information Retrieval using Sense Folder Detection and Merging Methods",
    author = {Luca, Ernesto William De  and
      N{\"u}rnberger, Andreas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/620_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{smrz-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Semantics-Extraction Patterns",
    author = "Smr{\v{z}}, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/621_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cyrus-2006-building,
    title = "Building a resource for studying translation shifts",
    author = "Cyrus, Lea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/622_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{draxler-jansch-2006-speech,
    title = "Speech Recordings in Public Schools in {G}ermany - the Perfect Show Case for Web-based Recordings and Annotation",
    author = {Draxler, Christoph  and
      J{\"a}nsch, Klaus},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/623_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tsou-etal-2006-court,
    title = "Court Stenography-To-Text ({``}{STT}{''}) in Hong {K}ong: A Jurilinguistic Engineering Effort",
    author = "Tsou, Benjamin K.  and
      Lai, Tom B.Y.  and
      Sin, K.K.  and
      Cheung, Lawrence Y.L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/624_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{beermann-hellan-2006-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation and Semantic Disambiguation for Construction Types in Deep Processing Grammars",
    author = "Beermann, Dorothee  and
      Hellan, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/625_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{reidsma-etal-2006-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Emotions in Meetings",
    author = "Reidsma, Dennis  and
      Heylen, Dirk  and
      Ordelman, Roeland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/626_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bonneau-maynard-etal-2006-results,
    title = "Results of the {F}rench Evalda-Media evaluation campaign for literal understanding",
    author = "Bonneau-Maynard, H.  and
      Ayache, C.  and
      Bechet, F.  and
      Denis, A.  and
      Kuhn, A.  and
      Lefevre, F.  and
      Mostefa, D.  and
      Quignard, M.  and
      Rosset, S.  and
      Servan, C.  and
      Villaneau, J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/627_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kuhn-jellinghaus-2006-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual parallel treebanking: a lean and flexible approach",
    author = "Kuhn, Jonas  and
      Jellinghaus, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/629_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mauclair-etal-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Well Recognized Words in Automatic Speech Transcriptions",
    author = "Mauclair, Julie  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick  and
      Petit-Renaud, Simon  and
      Del{\'e}glise, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/630_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{calzolari-etal-2006-next,
    title = "Next Generation Language Resources using Grid",
    author = "Calzolari, Federico  and
      Sassolini, Eva  and
      Sassi, Manuela  and
      Cucurullo, Sebastiana  and
      Picchi, Eugenio  and
      Bertagna, Francesca  and
      Enea, Alessandro  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Soria, Claudia  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/631_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nimb-2006-lexadv,
    title = "{LEXADV} - a multilingual semantic Lexicon for Adverbs",
    author = "Nimb, Sanni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/632_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{giouli-etal-2006-multi,
    title = "Multi-domain Multi-lingual Named Entity Recognition: Revisiting {\&} Grounding the resources issue",
    author = "Giouli, Voula  and
      Konstandinidis, Alexis  and
      Desypri, Elina  and
      Papageorgiou, Harris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/633_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{passonneau-etal-2006-inter,
    title = "Inter-annotator Agreement on a Multilingual Semantic Annotation Task",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/634_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{passonneau-2006-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Agreement on Set-valued Items ({MASI}) for Semantic and Pragmatic Annotation",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/636_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{akiba-2006-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Dynamic Passage Retrieval for Spoken Question Recognition and Context Processing towards Speech-driven Information Access Dialogue",
    author = "Akiba, Tomoyosi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/637_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{verhagen-etal-2006-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Temporal Relations with Tango",
    author = "Verhagen, Marc  and
      Knippen, Robert  and
      Mani, Inderjeet  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/638_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{paggio-2006-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Information Structure in a Corpus of Spoken {D}anish",
    author = "Paggio, Patrizia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/639_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{quasthoff-etal-2006-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Portal for Search in Monolingual Corpora",
    author = "Quasthoff, Uwe  and
      Richter, Matthias  and
      Biemann, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/641_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vanrullen-etal-2006-constraint,
    title = "Constraint-Based Parsing as an Efficient Solution: Results from the Parsing Evaluation Campaign {EAS}y",
    author = "Vanrullen, Tristan  and
      Blache, Philippe  and
      Balfourier, Jean-Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/642_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{eisele-2006-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Corpora and Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation for New Language Pairs via Multiple Intermediaries",
    author = "Eisele, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/643_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rambow-etal-2006-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Syntactic Annotation of Multiple Languages",
    author = "Rambow, Owen  and
      Dorr, Bonnie  and
      Farwell, David  and
      Green, Rebecca  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Helmreich, Stephen  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Miller, Keith J.  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Reeder, Florence  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/645_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{galliano-etal-2006-corpus,
    title = "Corpus description of the {ESTER} Evaluation Campaign for the Rich Transcription of {F}rench Broadcast News",
    author = "Galliano, S.  and
      Geoffrois, E.  and
      Gravier, G.  and
      Bonastre, J.-F.  and
      Mostefa, D.  and
      Choukri, K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/646_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{soler-etal-2006-usability,
    title = "Usability evaluation of 3{G} multimodal services in Telef{\'o}nica M{\'o}viles Espa{\~n}a",
    author = "Soler, Juan Jos{\'e} Rodr{\'\i}guez  and
      Cerezo, Pedro Concejero  and
      {\'A}vila, Carlos L{\'a}zaro  and
      Merino, Daniel Tapias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/647_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mihaltz-pohl-2006-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Parallel Corpora for Supervised Word-Sense Disambiguation in {E}nglish-{H}ungarian Machine Translation",
    author = "Mih{\'a}ltz, M{\'a}rton  and
      Pohl, G{\'a}bor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/649_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{filipe-mamede-2006-framework,
    title = "A Framework to Integrate Ubiquitous Knowledge Modeling",
    author = "Filipe, Porf{\'\i}rio  and
      Mamede, Nuno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/650_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dellorletta-etal-2006-searching,
    title = "Searching treebanks for functional constraints: cross-lingual experiments in grammatical relation assignment",
    author = "Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Pirrelli, Vito",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/651_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-2006-synaf,
    title = "{S}yn{AF}: Towards a Standard for Syntactic Annotation",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/652_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ayache-etal-2006-equer,
    title = "{EQ}ue{R}: the {F}rench Evaluation campaign of Question-Answering Systems",
    author = "Ayache, Christelle  and
      Grau, Brigitte  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/653_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nascimento-etal-2006-african,
    title = "The {A}frican Varieties of {P}ortuguese: Compiling Comparable Corpora and Analyzing Data-Derived Lexicon",
    author = "Nascimento, Maria Fernanda Bacelar do  and
      Gon{\c{c}}alves, Jos{\'e} Bettencourt  and
      Pereira, Lu{\'\i}sa  and
      Estrela, Ant{\'o}nia  and
      Pereira, Afonso  and
      Santos, Rui  and
      Oliveira, Sancho M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/654_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tsou-kwong-2006-toward,
    title = "Toward a Pan-{C}hinese Thesaurus",
    author = "Tsou, Benjamin K.  and
      Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/656_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{oostdijk-boves-2006-user,
    title = "User requirements analysis for the design of a reference corpus of written {D}utch",
    author = "Oostdijk, Nelleke  and
      Boves, Lou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/657_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{grau-etal-2006-frasques,
    title = "{FRASQUES}: A Question Answering system in the {EQ}ue{R} evaluation campaign",
    author = "Grau, Brigitte  and
      Ligozat, Anne-Laure  and
      Robba, Isabelle  and
      Vilnat, Anne  and
      Monceaux, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/658_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hodasz-2006-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Methods of a Linguistically Enriched Translation Memory System",
    author = "Hod{\'a}sz, G{\'a}bor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/661_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{simoes-almeida-2006-t2o,
    title = "{T}2{O} - Recycling Thesauri into a Multilingual Ontology",
    author = "Sim{\~o}es, Alberto  and
      Almeida, Jos{\'e} Jo{\~a}o",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/664_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{amsalu-2006-data,
    title = "Data-driven {A}mharic-{E}nglish Bilingual Lexicon Acquisition",
    author = "Amsalu, Saba",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/666_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-2006-isa,
    title = "{ISA} {\&} {ICA} - Two Web Interfaces for Interactive Alignment of Bitexts alignment of parallel texts",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/667_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{strauss-etal-2006-wizard,
    title = "Wizard-of-{O}z Data Collection for Perception and Interaction in Multi-User Environments",
    author = {Strau{\ss}, Petra-Maria  and
      Hoffman, Holger  and
      Minker, Wolfgang  and
      Neumann, Heiko  and
      Palm, G{\"u}nther  and
      Scherer, Stefan  and
      Schwenker, Friedhelm  and
      Traue, Harald  and
      Walter, Welf  and
      Weidenbacher, Ulrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/669_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{underwood-lisowska-2006-evolution,
    title = "The Evolution of an Evaluation Framework for a Text Mining System",
    author = "Underwood, Nancy L.  and
      Lisowska, Agnes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/670_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{westerhout-monachesi-2006-pilot,
    title = "A pilot study for a Corpus of {D}utch Aphasic Speech ({C}o{DAS})",
    author = "Westerhout, Eline  and
      Monachesi, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/672_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bungeroth-etal-2006-german,
    title = "A {G}erman Sign Language Corpus of the Domain Weather Report",
    author = "Bungeroth, Jan  and
      Stein, Daniel  and
      Dreuw, Philippe  and
      Zahedi, Morteza  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/673_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bartolini-etal-2006-creation,
    title = "Creation and Use of Lexicons and Ontologies for {NL} Interfaces to Databases",
    author = "Bartolini, Roberto  and
      Caracciolo, Caterina  and
      Giovanetti, Emiliano  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Marchi, Simone  and
      Pirrelli, Vito  and
      Renso, Chiara  and
      Spinsanti, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/674_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mulloni-pekar-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Orthographics Cues for Cognate Recognition",
    author = "Mulloni, Andrea  and
      Pekar, Viktor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/676_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-awab-2006-open,
    title = "Open Source Corpus Analysis Tools for {M}alay",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Awab, Su{'}ad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/677_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ibekwe-sanjuan-2006-task,
    title = "A task-oriented framework for evaluating theme detection systems: A discussion paper",
    author = "Ibekwe-Sanjuan, Fidelia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/678_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moreno-etal-2006-generation,
    title = "Generation of Language Resources for the Development of Speech Technologies in {C}atalan",
    author = "Moreno, A.  and
      Febrer, Albert  and
      M{\'a}rquez, Lluis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/679_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{puscasu-mitkov-2006-establishing,
    title = "If {``}it{''} were {``}then{''}, then when was {``}it{''}? Establishing the anaphoric role of {``}then{''}",
    author = "Pu{\c{s}}ca{\c{s}}u, Georgiana  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/680_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tron-etal-2006-morphdb,
    title = "{M}orphdb.hu: {H}ungarian lexical database and morphological grammar",
    author = "Tr{\'o}n, Viktor  and
      Hal{\'a}csy, P{\'e}ter  and
      Rebrus, P{\'e}ter  and
      Rung, Andr{\'a}s  and
      Vajda, P{\'e}ter  and
      Simon, Eszter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/683_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2006-lexicalized,
    title = "A Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining Grammar for {V}ietnamese",
    author = "Le, H. Phuong  and
      Nguyen, T. M. Huyen  and
      Romary, Laurent  and
      Roussanaly, Azim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/685_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cinkova-etal-2006-semi,
    title = "Semi-automatic Building of {S}wedish Collocation Lexicon",
    author = "Cinkov{\'a}, Silvie  and
      Pecina, Pavel  and
      Podvesk{\'y}, Petr  and
      Schlesinger, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/687_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{oliver-szklanny-2006-creation,
    title = "Creation and analysis of a Polish speech database for use in unit selection synthesis",
    author = "Oliver, Dominika  and
      Szklanny, Krzysztof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/688_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kinoshita-etal-2006-cogroo,
    title = "{C}o{G}r{OO}: a {B}razilian-{P}ortuguese Grammar Checker based on the {CETENFOLHA} Corpus",
    author = "Kinoshita, Jorge  and
      Salvador, La{\'\i}s do Nascimento  and
      Menezes, Carlos Eduardo Dantas de",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/689_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schaden-2006-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Automatically Generated Transcriptions of Non-Native Pronunciations using a Phonetic Distance Measure",
    author = "Schaden, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/691_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chiari-2006-slips,
    title = "Slips and errors in spoken data transcription",
    author = "Chiari, Isabella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/692_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ueyama-2006-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Web-based Corpora: Effects of Seed Selection and Time Interval",
    author = "Ueyama, Motoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/697_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{iria-etal-2006-incremental,
    title = "An Incremental Tri-Partite Approach To Ontology Learning",
    author = "Iria, Jos{\'e}  and
      Brewster, Christopher  and
      Ciravegna, Fabio  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/700_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pellegrini-lamel-2006-experimental,
    title = "Experimental detection of vowel pronunciation variants in {A}mharic",
    author = "Pellegrini, Thomas  and
      Lamel, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/701_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{catizone-etal-2006-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Automatically Generated Timelines from the Web",
    author = "Catizone, Roberta  and
      Dalli, Angelo  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/702_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kruijff-korbayova-etal-2006-sammie,
    title = "The {SAMMIE} Corpus of Multimodal Dialogues with an {MP}3 Player",
    author = "Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana  and
      Becker, Tilman  and
      Blaylock, Nate  and
      Gerstenberger, Ciprian  and
      Kai{\ss}er, Michael  and
      Poller, Peter  and
      Rieser, Verena  and
      Schehl, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/704_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{passonneau-etal-2006-climb,
    title = "{CL}i{MB} {T}ool{K}it: A Case Study of Iterative Evaluation in a Multidisciplinary Project",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca  and
      Blitz, Roberta  and
      Elson, David  and
      Giral, Angela  and
      Klavans, Judith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/705_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rumshisky-pustejovsky-2006-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Sense-Discriminating Context Patterns from Sense-Tagged Corpora",
    author = "Rumshisky, Anna  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/706_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kouylekov-magnini-2006-building,
    title = "Building a Large-Scale Repository of Textual Entailment Rules",
    author = "Kouylekov, Milen  and
      Magnini, Bernardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/707_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moschitti-basili-2006-tree,
    title = "A Tree Kernel approach to Question and Answer Classification in Question Answering Systems",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/708_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mareuil-etal-2006-joint,
    title = "A joint intelligibility evaluation of {F}rench text-to-speech synthesis systems: the {E}va{S}y {SUS}/{ACR} campaign",
    author = {Mare{\"u}il, Philippe Boula de  and
      d{'}Alessandro, Christophe  and
      Raake, Alexander  and
      Bailly, G{\'e}rard  and
      Garcia, Marie-Neige  and
      Morel, Michel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/709_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{anderson-kotze-2006-finite,
    title = "Finite state tokenisation of an orthographical disjunctive agglutinative language: The verbal segment of Northern Sotho",
    author = "Anderson, Winston N  and
      Kotz{\'e}, Petronella M",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/710_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{couturier-etal-2006-applying,
    title = "Applying Lexical Constraints on Morpho-Syntactic Patterns for the Identification of Conceptual-Relational Content in Specialized Texts",
    author = "Couturier, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Neuvel, Sylvain  and
      Drouin, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/711_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pastra-2006-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Multimedia Integration: corpora and annotations for cross-media decision mechanisms",
    author = "Pastra, Katerina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/712_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nitta-etal-2006-building,
    title = "Building Carefully Tagged Bilingual Corpora to Cope with Linguistic Idiosyncrasy",
    author = "Nitta, Yoshihiko  and
      Saraki, Masashi  and
      Ikehara, Satoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/715_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sauri-etal-2006-slinket,
    title = "{S}link{ET}: A Partial Modal Parser for Events",
    author = "Saur{\'\i}, Roser  and
      Verhagen, Marc  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/716_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-liberman-2006-data,
    title = "More Data and Tools for More Languages and Research Areas: A Progress Report on {LDC} Activities",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      Liberman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/717_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bonafonte-etal-2006-tc,
    title = "{TC}-{STAR}:Specifications of Language Resources and Evaluation for Speech Synthesis",
    author = {Bonafonte, A.  and
      H{\"o}ge, H.  and
      Kiss, I.  and
      Moreno, A.  and
      Ziegenhain, U.  and
      van den Heuvel, H.  and
      Hain, H.-U.  and
      Wang, X. S.  and
      Garcia, M. N.},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/719_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{voghera-cutugno-2006-observatory,
    title = "An observatory on Spoken {I}talian linguistic resources and descriptive standards.",
    author = "Voghera, Miriam  and
      Cutugno, Francesco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/720_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{smaili-etal-2006-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic features modeling based on Partial New Cache",
    author = {Sma{\"\i}li, Kamel  and
      Lavecchia, Caroline  and
      Haton, Jean-Paul},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/721_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schulz-etal-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Atomicity and Multilinguality in the Medical Domain: Design Considerations for the {M}orpho{S}aurus Subword Lexicon",
    author = "Schulz, Stefan  and
      Mark{\'o}, Korn{\'e}l  and
      Daumke, Philipp  and
      Hahn, Udo  and
      Hanser, Susanne  and
      Nohama, Percy  and
      Andrade, Roosewelt Leite de  and
      Pacheco, Edson  and
      Romacker, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/724_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{salmenkivi-2006-finding,
    title = "Finding representative sets of dialect words for geographical regions",
    author = "Salmenkivi, Marko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/725_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{uryupina-2006-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution with and without Linguistic Knowledge",
    author = "Uryupina, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/726_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{miller-vanni-2006-formal,
    title = "Formal v. Informal: Register-Differentiated {A}rabic {MT} Evaluation in the {PLATO} Paradigm",
    author = "Miller, Keith J.  and
      Vanni, Michelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/727_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hamon-rajman-2006-x,
    title = "X-Score: Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation Grammaticality",
    author = "Hamon, O.  and
      Rajman, M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/729_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{navigli-2006-reducing,
    title = "Reducing the Granularity of a Computational Lexicon via an Automatic Mapping to a Coarse-Grained Sense Inventory",
    author = "Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/733_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gibbon-etal-2006-blark,
    title = "A {BLARK} extension for temporal annotation mining",
    author = "Gibbon, Dafydd  and
      Fernandes, Flaviane Romani  and
      Trippel, Thorsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/735_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schiehlen-spranger-2006-mass,
    title = "The Mass-Count Distinction: Acquisition and Disambiguation",
    author = "Schiehlen, Michael  and
      Spranger, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/736_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cole-2006-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Development and Publication",
    author = "Cole, Andrew W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/738_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gibbon-tseng-2006-discourse,
    title = "Discourse functions of duration in {M}andarin: resource design and implementation",
    author = "Gibbon, Dafydd  and
      Tseng, Shu-Chuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/739_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lesmo-robaldo-2006-natural,
    title = "From Natural Language to Databases via Ontologies",
    author = "Lesmo, Leonardo  and
      Robaldo, Livio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/740_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nazarenko-etal-2006-alvis,
    title = "The {ALVIS} Format for Linguistically Annotated Documents",
    author = "Nazarenko, A.  and
      Alphonse, E.  and
      Derivi{\`e}re, J.  and
      Hamon, T.  and
      Vauvert, G.  and
      Weissenbacher, D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/742_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{raake-katz-2006-us,
    title = "{US}-based Method for Speech Reception Threshold Measurement in {F}rench",
    author = "Raake, Alexander  and
      Katz, Brian FG",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/744_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{strassel-etal-2006-integrated,
    title = "Integrated Linguistic Resources for Language Exploitation Technologies",
    author = "Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Cieri, Christopher  and
      Cole, Andrew  and
      Dipersio, Denise  and
      Liberman, Mark  and
      Ma, Xiaoyi  and
      Maamouri, Mohamed  and
      Maeda, Kazuaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/745_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ma-2006-champollion,
    title = "{C}hampollion: A Robust Parallel Text Sentence Aligner",
    author = "Ma, Xiaoyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/746_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{behrens-milde-2006-eclipse,
    title = "The Eclipse Annotator: an extensible system for multimodal corpus creation",
    author = "Behrens, Fabian  and
      Milde, Jan-Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/748_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{papageorgiou-etal-2006-adding,
    title = "Adding multi-layer semantics to the {G}reek Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Papageorgiou, Harris  and
      Desipri, Elina  and
      Koutsombogera, Maria  and
      Pouli, Kanella  and
      Prokopidis, Prokopis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/749_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bosco-lombardo-2006-comparing,
    title = "Comparing linguistic information in treebank annotations",
    author = "Bosco, Cristina  and
      Lombardo, Vincenzo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/750_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cucurullo-etal-2006-dialectal,
    title = "Dialectal resources on-line: the {ALT}-Web experience",
    author = "Cucurullo, Nella  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Paoli, Matilde  and
      Picchi, Eugenio  and
      Sassolini, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/752_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ma-cieri-2006-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Support for Machine Translation at {LDC}",
    author = "Ma, Xiaoyi  and
      Cieri, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/754_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bies-etal-2006-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Resources for Speech Parsing",
    author = "Bies, Ann  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Lee, Haejoong  and
      Maeda, Kazuaki  and
      Kulick, Seth  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Harper, Mary  and
      Lease, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/755_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{obrebski-stolarski-2006-uam,
    title = "{UAM} Text Tools - a flexible {NLP} architecture",
    author = "Obr{\k{e}}bski, Tomasz  and
      Stolarski, Micha{\l}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/756_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{geilfuss-milde-2006-sam,
    title = "{SAM} - an annotation editor for parallel texts",
    author = "Geilfuss, Markus  and
      Milde, Jan-Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/757_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{uszkoreit-etal-2006-pragmatic,
    title = "The pragmatic combination of different crosslingual resources",
    author = {Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Steffen, J{\"o}rg  and
      Aslan, Ilhan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/758_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{habash-etal-2006-design,
    title = "Design, Construction and Validation of an {A}rabic-{E}nglish Conceptual Interlingua for Cross-lingual Information Retrieval",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Mah, Clinton  and
      Imran, Sabiha  and
      Calistri-Yeh, Randy  and
      Sheridan, P{\'a}raic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/759_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vetulani-etal-2006-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Lexicon of Polish Predicative Nouns",
    author = "Vetulani, Gra{\.z}yna  and
      Vetulani, Zygmunt  and
      Obr{\k{e}}bski, Tomasz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/760_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alonge-2006-italian,
    title = "The {I}talian Metaphor Database",
    author = "Alonge, Antonietta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/762_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{iria-ciravegna-2006-methodology,
    title = "A Methodology and Tool for Representing Language Resources for Information Extraction",
    author = "Iria, Jos{\'e}  and
      Ciravegna, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/765_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{halpin-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation and Composition of {NLP} Pipelines with Web Services",
    author = "Halpin, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/767_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-schiffrin-2006-methodological,
    title = "Methodological Aspects of Semantic Annotation",
    author = "Bunt, Harry  and
      Schiffrin, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/769_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gegg-harrison-byron-2006-pycot,
    title = "{PYCOT}: An Optimality Theory-based Pronoun Resolution Toolkit",
    author = "Gegg-Harrison, Whitney  and
      Byron, Donna K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/770_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{barker-etal-2006-simulating,
    title = "Simulating Cub Reporter Dialogues: The collection of naturalistic human-human dialogues for information access to text archives",
    author = "Barker, Emma  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Mairesse, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Walker, Marilyn  and
      Foster, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/772_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ko-etal-2006-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Multiple Semantic Resources for Answer Selection",
    author = "Ko, Jeongwoo  and
      Hiyakumoto, Laurie  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/774_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maeda-etal-2006-low,
    title = "Low-cost Customized Speech Corpus Creation for Speech Technology Applications",
    author = "Maeda, Kazuaki  and
      Cieri, Christopher  and
      Walker, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/776_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{niekrasz-gruenstein-2006-nomos,
    title = "{NOMOS}: A Semantic Web Software Framework for Annotation of Multimodal Corpora",
    author = "Niekrasz, John  and
      Gruenstein, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/777_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{benzmuller-etal-2006-corpus,
    title = "A corpus of tutorial dialogs on theorem proving; the influence of the presentation of the study-material",
    author = {Benzm{\"u}ller, Christoph  and
      Horacek, Helmut  and
      Lesourd, Henri  and
      Kruijff-Korbayova, Ivana  and
      Schiller, Marvin  and
      Wolska, Magdalena},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/778_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{laoudi-etal-2006-task,
    title = "Task-based {MT} Evaluation: From Who/When/Where Extraction to Event Understanding",
    author = "Laoudi, Jamal  and
      Tate, Calandra R.  and
      Voss, Clare R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/779_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maeda-etal-2006-new,
    title = "A New Phase in Annotation Tool Development at the Linguistic Data Consortium: The Evolution of the Annotation Graph Toolkit",
    author = "Maeda, Kazuaki  and
      Lee, Haejoong  and
      Medero, Julie  and
      Strassel, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/780_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shima-etal-2006-modular,
    title = "Modular Approach to Error Analysis and Evaluation for Multilingual Question Answering",
    author = "Shima, Hideki  and
      Wang, Mengqiu  and
      Lin, Frank  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/782_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ko-etal-2006-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Effects of Spoken Dialog Systems on Driving Behavior",
    author = "Ko, Jeongwoo  and
      Murase, Fumihiko  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Nyberg, Eric  and
      Tateishi, Masahiko  and
      Akahori, Ichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/783_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{balasubramanya-etal-2006-collaborative,
    title = "Collaborative Annotation that Lasts Forever: Using Peer-to-Peer Technology for Disseminating Corpora and Language Resources",
    author = "Balasubramanya, Magesh  and
      Higgins, Michael  and
      Lucas, Peter  and
      Senn, Jeff  and
      Widdows, Dominic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/787_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rus-graesser-2006-look,
    title = "The Look and Feel of a Confident Entailer",
    author = "Rus, Vasile  and
      Graesser, Art",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/788_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{marton-katz-2006-using,
    title = "Using Semantic Overlap Scoring in Answering {TREC} Relationship Questions",
    author = "Marton, Gregory  and
      Katz, Boris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/790_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lacatusu-etal-2006-impact,
    title = "Impact of Question Decomposition on the Quality of Answer Summaries",
    author = "Lacatusu, Finley  and
      Hickl, Andrew  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/792_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{harabagiu-bejan-2006-answer,
    title = "An Answer Bank for Temporal Inference",
    author = "Harabagiu, Sanda  and
      Bejan, Cosmin Adrian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/794_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{morarescu-2006-principles,
    title = "Principles for annotating and reasoning with spatial information",
    author = "Mor{\u{a}}rescu, Paul C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/795_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2006-interaction,
    title = "Interaction between Lexical Base and Ontology with Formal Concept Analysis",
    author = "Li, Sujian  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Xu, Ruifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/796_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kongkachandra-chamnongthai-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic-Based Keyword Recovery Function for Keyword Extraction System",
    author = "Kongkachandra, Rachada  and
      Chamnongthai, Kosin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/798_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2006-design,
    title = "The Design and Construction of A {C}hinese Collocation Bank",
    author = "Xu, Ruifeng  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Li, Sujian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/799_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ruimy-2006-merging,
    title = "Merging two Ontology-based Lexical Resources",
    author = "Ruimy, Nilda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/800_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nimaan-etal-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards automatic transcription of {S}omali language",
    author = "Nimaan, Abdillahi  and
      Nocera, Pascal  and
      Bonastre, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/801_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{burger-etal-2006-competitive,
    title = "Competitive Evaluation of Commercially Available Speech Recognizers in Multiple Languages",
    author = "Burger, Susanne  and
      Sloane, Zachary A.  and
      Yang, Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/802_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{laskowski-burger-2006-annotation,
    title = "Annotation and Analysis of Emotionally Relevant Behavior in the {ISL} Meeting Corpus",
    author = "Laskowski, Kornel  and
      Burger, Susanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/803_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{elkateb-etal-2006-building,
    title = "Building a {W}ord{N}et for {A}rabic",
    author = "Elkateb, Sabri  and
      Black, William  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Horacio  and
      Alkhalifa, Musa  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Pease, Adam  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/805_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sagot-boullier-2006-deep,
    title = "Deep non-probabilistic parsing of large corpora",
    author = "Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Boullier, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/806_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brekke-etal-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Term Extraction from Knowledge Bank of Economics",
    author = "Brekke, Magnar  and
      Innselset, Kai  and
      Kristiansen, Marita  and
      {\O}vsthus, Kari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/807_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{klassmann-etal-2006-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of Resource Discovery Methods",
    author = "Klassmann, Alex  and
      Offenga, Freddy  and
      Broeder, Daan  and
      Skiba, Romuald  and
      Wittenburg, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/808_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lucas-etal-2006-information,
    title = "The Information Commons Gazetteer",
    author = "Lucas, Peter  and
      Balasubramanya, Magesh  and
      Widdows, Dominic  and
      Higgins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/809_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sagot-etal-2006-lefff,
    title = "The Lefff 2 syntactic lexicon for {F}rench: architecture, acquisition, use",
    author = "Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Cl{\'e}ment, Lionel  and
      Villemonte de La Clergerie, {\'E}ric  and
      Boullier, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/810_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ruimy-2006-structuring,
    title = "Structuring a Domain Vocabulary in a General Knowledge Environment",
    author = "Ruimy, Nilda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/811_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{geyken-schrader-2006-lexikonet,
    title = "{L}exiko{N}et - a lexical database based on type and role hierarchies",
    author = "Geyken, Alexander  and
      Schrader, Norbert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/812_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mostefa-etal-2006-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Automatic Speech Recognition and Speech Language Translation within {TC}-{STAR}:Results from the first evaluation campaign",
    author = "Mostefa, Djamel  and
      Hamon, Olivier  and
      Choukri, Khalid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/813_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mostefa-etal-2006-evaluation-multimodal,
    title = "Evaluation of multimodal components within {CHIL}: The evaluation packages and results",
    author = "Mostefa, Djamel  and
      Garcia, Marie-Neige  and
      Choukri, Khalid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/814_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{peters-2006-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Evaluation on Multilingual Information Retrieval System Development",
    author = "Peters, Carol",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/815_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{magnini-etal-2006-multilingual,
    title = "The Multilingual Question Answering Track at {CLEF}",
    author = "Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Giampiccolo, Danilo  and
      Aunimo, Lili  and
      Ayache, Christelle  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Pe{\~n}as, Anselmo  and
      Rijke, Maarten de  and
      Sacaleanu, Bogdan  and
      Santos, Diana  and
      Sutcliffe, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/816_pdf.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-etal-2006-joint,
    title = "A joint prosody evaluation of {F}rench text-to-speech synthesis systems",
    author = {Garcia, Marie-Neige  and
      d{'}Alessandro, Christophe  and
      Bailly, G{\'e}rard  and
      Boula de Mare{\"u}il, Philippe  and
      Morel, Michel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2006/pdf/817_pdf.pdf",
}
@proceedings{alta-2004-australasian,
    title = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    author = "Asudeh, Ash  and
      Paris, Cecile  and
      Wan, Stephen",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1000",
}
@inproceedings{chanen-patrick-2004-complex,
    title = "Complex, Corpus-Driven, Syntactic Features for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Chanen, Ari  and
      Patrick, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{molla-gardiner-2004-answerfinder,
    title = "{A}nswerfinder: Question Answering by Combining Lexical, Syntactic and Semantic Information",
    author = "Molla, Diego  and
      Gardiner, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{bell-patrick-2004-using,
    title = "Using {W}ord{N}et Domains In A Supervised Learning Word Sense Disambiguation System",
    author = "Bell, David  and
      Patrick, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1003",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{pizzato-2004-using,
    title = "Using a Trie-based Structure for Question Analysis",
    author = "Pizzato, Luiz Augusto Sangoi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1004",
    pages = "25--31",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2004-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation on Query-biased Summarisation for the Question Answering Task",
    author = "Wu, Mingfang  and
      Wilkinson, Ross  and
      Paris, Cecile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1005",
    pages = "32--38",
}
@inproceedings{patrick-nguyen-2004-thin,
    title = "Thin Parsing: A Balance between Wide Scale Parsing and Chunking",
    author = "Patrick, Jon  and
      Nguyen, Pham Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1006",
    pages = "39--46",
}
@inproceedings{lakeland-knott-2004-implementing,
    title = "Implementing a lexicalised statistical parser",
    author = "Lakeland, Corrin  and
      Knott, Alistair",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1007",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{schwitter-tilbrook-2004-controlled,
    title = "Controlled Natural Language meets the {S}emantic{W}eb",
    author = "Schwitter, Rolf  and
      Tilbrook, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1008",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{lampert-paris-2004-information,
    title = "Information Assembly for Automatic Content Adaptation",
    author = "Lampert, Andrew  and
      Paris, Cecile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1009",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{bohnet-dale-2004-referring,
    title = "Referring Expression Generation as a Search Problem",
    author = "Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1010",
    pages = "71--77",
}
@inproceedings{foreman-mcmichael-2004-meta,
    title = "A Meta-grammar for {CCG}",
    author = "Foreman, Mark  and
      McMichael, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1011",
    pages = "78--84",
}
@inproceedings{paris-etal-2004-intelligent,
    title = "Intelligent Multi Media Presentation of information in a semi-immersive Command and Control environment",
    author = "Paris, Cecile  and
      Colineau, Nathalie  and
      Estival, Dominique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1012",
    pages = "85--92",
}
@inproceedings{whitelaw-patrick-2004-selecting,
    title = "Selecting Systemic Features for Text Classification",
    author = "Whitelaw, Casey  and
      Patrick, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1013",
    pages = "93--100",
}
@inproceedings{lurcock-etal-2004-framework,
    title = "A framework for utterance disambiguation in dialogue",
    author = "Lurcock, Pont  and
      Vlugter, Peter  and
      Knott, Alistair",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1014",
    pages = "101--108",
}
@inproceedings{blunsom-2004-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Entropy {M}arkov Models for Semantic Role Labelling",
    author = "Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1015",
    pages = "109--116",
}
@inproceedings{wang-hoffmann-2004-new,
    title = "A New Measure for Extracting Semantically Related Words",
    author = "Wang, Yuanyong  and
      Hoffmann, Achim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1016",
    pages = "117--122",
}
@inproceedings{penton-bird-2004-representing,
    title = "Representing and Rendering Linguistic Paradigms",
    author = "Penton, David  and
      Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1017",
    pages = "123--130",
}
@inproceedings{van-schagen-knott-2004-tauira,
    title = "{T}auira: A tool for acquiring unknown words in a dialogue context",
    author = "van Schagen, Maarten  and
      Knott, Alistair",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1018",
    pages = "131--138",
}
@inproceedings{lai-bird-2004-querying,
    title = "Querying and Updating Treebanks: A Critical Survey and Requirements Analysis",
    author = "Lai, Catherine  and
      Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1019",
    pages = "139--146",
}
@inproceedings{honnibal-2004-converting,
    title = "Converting the {P}enn Treebank to Systemic Functional Grammar",
    author = "Honnibal, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1020",
    pages = "147--154",
}
@inproceedings{ye-2004-selection,
    title = "Selection Preference Basede Verb Sense Disambiguation Using {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Ye, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1021",
    pages = "155--162",
}
@inproceedings{patrick-fletcher-2004-differentiating,
    title = "Differentiating Types of Verb Particle Constructions",
    author = "Patrick, Jon  and
      Fletcher, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U04-1022",
    pages = "163--170",
}
@proceedings{alta-2010-australasian,
    title = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2010",
    author = "Indurkhya, Nitin  and
      Zwarts, Simon",
    month = dec,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U10-1000",
    pages = "106",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-2010-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Mining, Subjectivity and Factuality",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2010",
    month = dec,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U10-1001",
    pages = "2--2",
}
@inproceedings{whitelaw-2010-language,
    title = "Language Technology: A View From The Trenches",
    author = "Whitelaw, Casey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2010",
    month = dec,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U10-1002",
    pages = "3--3",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-lui-2010-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Language Identification: {ALTW} 2010 Shared Task Data",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Lui, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2010",
    month = dec,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U10-1003",
    pages = "4--7",
}
@inproceedings{ishihara-2010-variability,
    title = "Variability and Consistency in the Idiosyncratic Selection of Fillers in {J}apanese Monologues: Gender Differences",
    author = "Ishihara, Shunichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2010",
    month = dec,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U10-1004",
    pages = "9--17",
}
@inproceedings{curtotti-mccreath-2010-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Based Classification of Text in {A}ustralian Contracts",
    author = "Curtotti, Michael  and
      McCreath, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2010",
    month = dec,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U10-1005",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2010-thread,
    title = "Thread-level Analysis over Technical User Forum Data",
    author = "Wang, Li  and
      Kim, Su Nam  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2010",
    month = dec,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U10-1006",
    pages = "27--31",
}
@inproceedings{howlett-dras-2010-dual,
    title = "Dual-Path Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Howlett, Susan  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2010",
    month = dec,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U10-1007",
    pages = "32--40",
}
@inproceedings{li-martinez-2010-information,
    title = "Information Extraction of Multiple Categories from Pathology Reports",
    author = "Li, Yue  and
      Martinez, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2010",
    month = dec,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U10-1008",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{lui-baldwin-2010-classifying,
    title = "Classifying User Forum Participants: Separating the Gurus from the Hacks, and Other Tales of the {I}nternet",
    author = "Lui, Marco  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2010",
    month = dec,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U10-1009",
    pages = "49--57",
}
@inproceedings{uitdenbogerd-2010-fun,
    title = "Fun with Filtering {F}rench",
    author = "Uitdenbogerd, Alexandra L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2010",
    month = dec,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U10-1010",
    pages = "58--66",
}
@inproceedings{wong-dras-2010-parser,
    title = "Parser Features for Sentence Grammaticality Classification",
    author = "Wong, Sze-Meng Jojo  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2010",
    month = dec,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U10-1011",
    pages = "67--75",
}
@inproceedings{molla-2010-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus for Evidence Based Medicine Summarisation",
    author = "Molla, Diego",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2010",
    month = dec,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U10-1012",
    pages = "76--80",
}
@inproceedings{viethen-dale-2010-speaker,
    title = "Speaker-Dependent Variation in Content Selection for Referring Expression Generation",
    author = "Viethen, Jette  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2010",
    month = dec,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U10-1013",
    pages = "81--89",
}
@inproceedings{ng-etal-2010-reranking,
    title = "Reranking a wide-coverage ccg parser",
    author = "Ng, Dominick  and
      Honnibal, Matthew  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2010",
    month = dec,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U10-1014",
    pages = "90--98",
}
@inproceedings{zwarts-etal-2010-repurposing,
    title = "Repurposing Corpora for Speech Repair Detection: Two Experiments",
    author = "Zwarts, Simon  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2010",
    month = dec,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U10-1015",
    pages = "99--106",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2009-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    author = "Kwong, Olivia",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1000",
}
@inproceedings{chen-huang-2009-step,
    title = "A Step toward Compositional Semantics: E-{H}ow{N}et a Lexical Semantic Representation System",
    author = "Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Huang, Shu-Ling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{gibbon-2009-gesture,
    title = "Gesture Theory is Linguistics: On Modelling Multimodality as Prosody",
    author = "Gibbon, Dafydd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1002",
    pages = "9--18",
}
@inproceedings{korhonen-2009-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Lexical Classification {--} Balancing between Machine Learning and Linguistics",
    author = "Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1003",
    pages = "19--28",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2009-resultatives,
    title = "Resultatives as Causal Relations between Events",
    author = "Lee, Ik-Hwan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1004",
    pages = "29--39",
}
@inproceedings{meng-2009-developing,
    title = "Developing Speech Recognition and Synthesis Technologies to Support Computer-Aided Pronunciation Training for {C}hinese Learners of {E}nglish",
    author = "Meng, Helen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1005",
    pages = "40--42",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2009-generating,
    title = "Generating {C}hinese Couplets and Quatrain Using a Statistical Approach",
    author = "Zhou, Ming  and
      Jiang, Long  and
      He, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1006",
    pages = "43--52",
}
@inproceedings{apidianaki-etal-2009-capturing,
    title = "Capturing Lexical Variation in {MT} Evaluation Using Automatically Built Sense-Cluster Inventories",
    author = "Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      He, Yifan  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1007",
    pages = "53--62",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2009-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Grammar Based {E}nglish Subject-Verb Agreement Evaluation",
    author = "Cai, Dongfeng  and
      Hu, Yonghua  and
      Miao, Xuelei  and
      Song, Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1008",
    pages = "63--71",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2009-wikisense,
    title = "{W}iki{S}ense: Supersense Tagging of {W}ikipedia Named Entities Based {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Chang, Joseph  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1009",
    pages = "72--81",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2009-integrated,
    title = "An Integrated Approach to Heterogeneous Data for Information Extraction",
    author = "Chen, Ying  and
      Lee, Sophia Y. M.  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1010",
    pages = "82--91",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2009-emotions,
    title = "Are Emotions Enumerable or Decomposable? And its Implications for Emotion Processing",
    author = "Chen, Ying  and
      Lee, Sophia Y. M.  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1011",
    pages = "92--100",
}
@inproceedings{chung-lee-2009-scope,
    title = "Scope and Anaphoric Links in Dynamic Discourse Representation Theory",
    author = "Chung, So-Woo  and
      Lee, Jungmin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1012",
    pages = "101--109",
}
@inproceedings{denis-sagot-2009-coupling,
    title = "Coupling an Annotated Corpus and a Morphosyntactic Lexicon for State-of-the-Art {POS} Tagging with Less Human Effort",
    author = "Denis, Pascal  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1013",
    pages = "110--119",
}
@inproceedings{ekbal-etal-2009-voted,
    title = "Voted Approach for Part of Speech Tagging in {B}engali",
    author = "Ekbal, Asif  and
      Hasanuzzaman, Md.  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1014",
    pages = "120--129",
}
@inproceedings{fang-cao-2009-adjective,
    title = "Adjective Density as a Text Formality Characteristic for Automatic Text Classification: A Study Based on the {B}ritish National Corpus",
    author = "Fang, Alex Chengyu  and
      Cao, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1015",
    pages = "130--139",
}
@inproceedings{garnier-etal-2009-correcting,
    title = "Correcting Errors Using the Framework of Argumentation: Towards Generating Argumentative Correction Propositions from Error Annotation Schemas",
    author = "Garnier, Marie  and
      Rykner, Arnaud  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1016",
    pages = "140--149",
}
@inproceedings{ghalibaf-etal-2009-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Semantic Parsing of {P}ersian Sentences",
    author = "Ghalibaf, Azadeh Kamel  and
      Rahati, Saeed  and
      Estaji, Azam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1017",
    pages = "150--159",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2009-logisticlda,
    title = "{L}ogistic{LDA}: Regularizing Latent {D}irichlet Allocation by Logistic Regression",
    author = "Guo, Jia-Cheng  and
      Lu, Bao-Liang  and
      Li, Zhiwei  and
      Zhang, Lei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1018",
    pages = "160--169",
}
@inproceedings{haque-etal-2009-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Relations as Source Context in Phrase-Based {SMT}",
    author = "Haque, Rejwanul  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1019",
    pages = "170--179",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2009-multi,
    title = "Multi-Task Learning in Conditional Random Fields for Chunking in Shallow Semantic Parsing",
    author = "He, Saike  and
      Wang, Xiaojie  and
      Dong, Yuan  and
      Zhang, Taozheng  and
      Bai, Xue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1020",
    pages = "180--189",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2009-query,
    title = "Query-Focused Multi-Document Summarization Using Co-Training Based Semi-Supervised Learning",
    author = "Hu, Po  and
      Ji, Donghong  and
      Wang, Hai  and
      Teng, Chong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1021",
    pages = "190--199",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2009-review,
    title = "Review Classification Using Semantic Features and Run-Time Weighting",
    author = "Huang, Chung-chi  and
      Lee, Meng-chiech  and
      Lin, Zhe-nan  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1022",
    pages = "200--209",
}
@inproceedings{jeon-choe-2009-key,
    title = "A Key Word Analysis of {E}nglish Intensifying Adverbs in Male and Female Speech in {ICE}-{GB}",
    author = "Jeon, Jieun  and
      Choe, Jae-Woong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1023",
    pages = "210--219",
}
@inproceedings{ji-lin-2009-gender,
    title = "Gender and {A}nimacy Knowledge Discovery from Web-Scale N-Grams for Unsupervised Person Mention Detection",
    author = "Ji, Heng  and
      Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1024",
    pages = "220--229",
}
@inproceedings{jian-zong-2009-layer,
    title = "Layer-Based Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Jian, Ping  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1025",
    pages = "230--239",
}
@inproceedings{kaneko-etal-2009-mediatory,
    title = "Mediatory Summary Generation: Summary-Passage Extraction for Information Credibility on the Web",
    author = "Kaneko, Koichi  and
      Shibuki, Hideyuki  and
      Nakano, Masahiro  and
      Miyazaki, Rintaro  and
      Ishioroshi, Madoka  and
      Mori, Tatsunori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1026",
    pages = "240--249",
}
@inproceedings{kim-yoon-2009-experimental,
    title = "An Experimental Syntactic Study of Binding: A Case Study of {K}orean Long-Distance Anaphor caki",
    author = "Kim, Ji-Hye  and
      Yoon, James H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1027",
    pages = "250--259",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2009-method,
    title = "Method of Extracting Is-A and Part-Of Relations Using Pattern Pairs in Mass Corpus",
    author = "Kim, Se-Jong  and
      Lee, Yong-Hun  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1028",
    pages = "260--268",
}
@inproceedings{kobayashi-nakamura-2009-scope,
    title = "On the Scope Interaction of {J}apanese Indefinites: An Epsilon Calculus Approach",
    author = "Kobayashi, Masahiro  and
      Nakamura, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1029",
    pages = "269--277",
}
@inproceedings{kuroda-2009-pattern,
    title = "Pattern Lattice as a Model for Linguistic Knowledge and Performance",
    author = "Kuroda, Kow",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1030",
    pages = "278--287",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2009-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese {W}ord{N}et Domains: Bootstrapping {C}hinese {W}ord{N}et with Semantic Domain Labels",
    author = "Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Yu, Yu-Ting  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1031",
    pages = "288--296",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2009-cause,
    title = "Cause Event Representations for Happiness and Surprise",
    author = "Lee, Sophia Yat Mei  and
      Chen, Ying  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1032",
    pages = "297--306",
}
@inproceedings{li-huang-2009-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Classification Considering Negation and Contrast Transition",
    author = "Li, Shoushan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1033",
    pages = "307--316",
}
@inproceedings{liao-liao-2009-modal,
    title = "Modal Verbs for the Advice Move in Advice Columns",
    author = "Liao, Ying-shu  and
      Liao, Ting-gen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1034",
    pages = "317--324",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2009-approach,
    title = "Approach to Selecting Best Development Set for Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Liu, Peng  and
      Zhou, Yu  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1035",
    pages = "325--334",
}
@inproceedings{magistry-etal-2009-using,
    title = "Using Extra-Linguistic Material for {M}andarin-{F}rench Verbal Constructions Comparison",
    author = "Magistry, Pierre  and
      Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent  and
      Cheung, Hintat  and
      Shiao, Chien-yun  and
      Desalle, Yann  and
      Gaume, Bruno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1036",
    pages = "335--344",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-hinarejos-etal-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving Unsegmented Dialogue Turns Annotation with N-gram Transducers",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez-Hinarejos, Carlos-D.  and
      Tamarit, Vicent  and
      Bened{\'\i}, Jos{\'e}-Miguel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1037",
    pages = "345--354",
}
@inproceedings{mirroshandel-etal-2009-using,
    title = "Using Tree Kernels for Classifying Temporal Relations between Events",
    author = "Mirroshandel, Seyed Abolghasem  and
      Ghassem-Sani, Gholamreza  and
      Khayyamian, Mahdy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1038",
    pages = "355--364",
}
@inproceedings{mondal-2009-language,
    title = "How Language Processing Constrains (Computational) Natural Language Processing: A Cognitive Perspective",
    author = "Mondal, Prakash",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1039",
    pages = "365--374",
}
@inproceedings{nien-etal-2009-extending,
    title = "Extending Bilingual {W}ord{N}et via Hierarchical Word Translation Classification",
    author = "Nien, Tzu-yi  and
      Ku, Tsun  and
      Huang, Chung-chi  and
      Chen, Mei-hua  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1040",
    pages = "375--384",
}
@inproceedings{nishiguchi-2009-extended,
    title = "Extended {GL} and {J}apanese Postposition No",
    author = "Nishiguchi, Sumiyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1041",
    pages = "385--394",
}
@inproceedings{ohtani-steedman-2009-note,
    title = "Note on {J}apanese Epistemic Verb Constructions: A Surface-Compositional Analysis",
    author = "Ohtani, Akira  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1042",
    pages = "395--404",
}
@inproceedings{oshima-2009-called,
    title = "On the So-Called Thematic Use of Wa: Reconsideration and Reconciliation",
    author = "Oshima, David Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1043",
    pages = "405--414",
}
@inproceedings{pang-etal-2009-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Semantic Class Learning from Web Based on Concept-Level Characteristics",
    author = "Pang, Wenbo  and
      Fan, Xiaozhong  and
      Yu, Jiangde  and
      Jia, Yuxiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1044",
    pages = "415--424",
}
@inproceedings{park-2009-pseudogapping,
    title = "On Pseudogapping in {HPSG}",
    author = "Park, Dong-woo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 1",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1045",
    pages = "425--434",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2009-pacific-asia,
    title = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    author = "Kwong, Olivia",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2000",
}
@inproceedings{park-2009-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Multiple Wh-Fragments: A Syntax-Pragmatics Approach",
    author = "Park, Sang-Hee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2001",
    pages = "435--443",
}
@inproceedings{potisuk-2009-lexicalized,
    title = "A Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar for {T}hai",
    author = "Potisuk, Siripong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2002",
    pages = "444--453",
}
@inproceedings{qiao-sun-2009-incorporate,
    title = "Incorporate Web Search Technology to Solve Out-of-Vocabulary Words in {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Qiao, Wei  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2003",
    pages = "454--463",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-etal-2009-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Model for Sense Guessing of {C}hinese Unknown Words",
    author = "Qiu, Likun  and
      Zhao, Kai  and
      Hu, Changjian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2004",
    pages = "464--473",
}
@inproceedings{qu-chen-2009-collaborative,
    title = "Collaborative Summarization: When Collaborative Filtering Meets Document Summarization",
    author = "Qu, Yang  and
      Chen, Qunxiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2005",
    pages = "474--483",
}
@inproceedings{ren-etal-2009-finding,
    title = "Finding Answers to Definition Questions Using Web Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Ren, Han  and
      Ji, Donghong  and
      Wan, Jing  and
      Teng, Chong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2006",
    pages = "484--492",
}
@inproceedings{roh-etal-2009-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Statistical Information of Lexical Dependency into a Rule-Based Parser",
    author = "Roh, Yoon-Hyung  and
      Lee, Ki-Young  and
      Kim, Young-Gil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2007",
    pages = "493--500",
}
@inproceedings{samson-etal-2009-automated,
    title = "An Automated Thematic Role Labeler and Generalizer for {F}ilipino Verb Arguments",
    author = "Samson, Briane Paul  and
      Alcera, Bianca Pamela  and
      Go, Ed Oswald  and
      Gonzales, Czarina Meg  and
      Lim, Nathalie Rose",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2008",
    pages = "501--510",
}
@inproceedings{shin-you-2009-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid N-gram Probability Estimation in Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = "Shin, Hyopil  and
      You, Hyunjo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2009",
    pages = "511--520",
}
@inproceedings{sripada-jagarlamudi-2009-summarization,
    title = "Summarization Approaches Based on Document Probability Distributions",
    author = "Sripada, Sandeep  and
      Jagarlamudi, Jagadeesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2010",
    pages = "521--529",
}
@inproceedings{sun-sui-2009-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Function Tag Labeling",
    author = "Sun, Weiwei  and
      Sui, Zhifang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2011",
    pages = "530--539",
}
@inproceedings{tamaji-2009-l2,
    title = "What {L}2 Processing Strategy Reveals about the Prototypical Relationship: A Case of {J}apanese Modal Markers of Possibility",
    author = "Tamaji, Mizuho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2012",
    pages = "540--548",
}
@inproceedings{turdakov-lizorkin-2009-hmm,
    title = "{HMM} Expanded to Multiple Interleaved Chains as a Model for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Turdakov, Denis  and
      Lizorkin, Dmitry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2013",
    pages = "549--558",
}
@inproceedings{veeravalli-varma-2009-passage,
    title = "Passage Retrieval Using Answer Type Profiles in Question Answering",
    author = "Veeravalli, Surya Ganesh  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2014",
    pages = "559--568",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2009-continuum,
    title = "A Continuum-Based Approach for Tightness Analysis of {C}hinese Semantic Units",
    author = "Xu, Ying  and
      Ringlstetter, Christoph  and
      Goebel, Randy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2015",
    pages = "569--578",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-zong-2009-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Effectively Integrating Hard and Soft Syntactic Rules into Phrase Based Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2016",
    pages = "579--588",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2009-bootstrapping,
    title = "A Bootstrapping Method for Finer-Grained Opinion Mining Using Graph Model",
    author = "Zhang, Shu  and
      Xia, Yingju  and
      Meng, Yao  and
      Yu, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2017",
    pages = "589--595",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2009-sess,
    title = "{SESS}: A Self-Supervised and Syntax-Based Method for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Zhang, Weishi  and
      Zhao, Kai  and
      Qiu, Likun  and
      Hu, Changjian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2018",
    pages = "596--605",
}
@inproceedings{balahur-etal-2009-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Opinions in Blog Threads",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Kabadjov, Mijail  and
      Steinberger, Josef  and
      Steinberger, Ralf  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2019",
    pages = "606--613",
}
@inproceedings{bharati-etal-2009-constraint,
    title = "Constraint Based Hybrid Approach to Parsing {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Bharati, Akshar  and
      Husain, Samar  and
      Vijay, Meher  and
      Deepak, Kalyan  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra  and
      Sangal, Rajeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2020",
    pages = "614--621",
}
@inproceedings{calvo-etal-2009-interpolated,
    title = "Interpolated {PLSI} for Learning Plausible Verb Arguments",
    author = "Calvo, Hiram  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2021",
    pages = "622--629",
}
@inproceedings{chang-chiou-2009-em,
    title = "An {EM} Algorithm for Context-Based Searching and Disambiguation with Application to Synonym Term Alignment",
    author = "Chang, Jing-Shin  and
      Chiou, Shih-Jay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2022",
    pages = "630--637",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2009-vocabanalyzer,
    title = "{V}ocab{A}nalyzer: A Referred Word List Analyzing Tool with Keyword, Concordancing and N-gram Functions",
    author = "Chung, Siaw-Fong  and
      Chao, F.Y. August  and
      Hsieh, Yi-Chen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2023",
    pages = "638--645",
}
@inproceedings{dita-etal-2009-building,
    title = "Building Online Corpora of {P}hilippine Languages",
    author = "Dita, Shirley N.  and
      Roxas, Rachel Edita O.  and
      Inventado, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2024",
    pages = "646--653",
}
@inproceedings{edelman-solan-2009-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation Using Automatically Inferred Construction-Based Correspondence and Language Models",
    author = "Edelman, Shimon  and
      Solan, Zach",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2025",
    pages = "654--661",
}
@inproceedings{fang-etal-2009-latin,
    title = "{L}atin Etymologies as Features on {BNC} Text Categorization",
    author = "Fang, Alex Chengyu  and
      Li, Wanyin  and
      Ide, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2026",
    pages = "662--669",
}
@inproceedings{haque-etal-2009-experiments,
    title = "Experiments on Domain Adaptation for {E}nglish{--}{H}indi {SMT}",
    author = "Haque, Rejwanul  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2027",
    pages = "670--677",
}
@inproceedings{hasebe-kuroda-2009-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of {E}nglish Ditransitive Constructions Using Formal Concept Analysis",
    author = "Hasebe, Yoichiro  and
      Kuroda, Kow",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2028",
    pages = "678--685",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2009-bridging,
    title = "Bridging the Gap between Graph Modeling and Developmental Psycholinguistics: An Experiment on Measuring Lexical Proximity in {C}hinese Semantic Space",
    author = "Hsieh, Shu-Kai  and
      Chang, Chun-Han  and
      Kuo, Ivy  and
      Cheung, Hintat  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Gaume, Bruno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2029",
    pages = "686--693",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2009-effective,
    title = "Effective Use of {C}hinese Structural Auxiliaries for {C}hinese Parsing",
    author = "Jin, Yun  and
      Li, Qing  and
      Wu, Yingshun  and
      Kim, Young-Gil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2030",
    pages = "694--701",
}
@inproceedings{kawaba-etal-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards Conceptual Indexing of the Blogosphere through {W}ikipedia Topic Hierarchy",
    author = "Kawaba, Mariko  and
      Yokomoto, Daisuke  and
      Nakasaki, Hiroyuki  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Fukuhara, Tomohiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2031",
    pages = "702--709",
}
@inproceedings{kim-2009-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Category Prediction for Improving Translation Quality in {E}nglish-{K}orean Machine Translation",
    author = "Kim, Sung-Dong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2032",
    pages = "710--717",
}
@inproceedings{kwon-etal-2009-customizing,
    title = "Customizing an {E}nglish-{K}orean Machine Translation System for Patent/Technical Documents Translation",
    author = "Kwon, Oh-Woog  and
      Choi, Sung-Kwon  and
      Lee, Ki-Young  and
      Roh, Yoon-Hyung  and
      Kim, Young-Gil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2033",
    pages = "718--725",
}
@inproceedings{li-huang-2009-word,
    title = "Word Boundary Decision with {CRF} for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Li, Shoushan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2034",
    pages = "726--732",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2009-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Keyphrases from {C}hinese News Articles Using {T}ext{R}ank and Query Log Knowledge",
    author = "Liang, Weiming  and
      Huang, Chang-Ning  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Lu, Bao-Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2035",
    pages = "733--740",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2009-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the Relationship among Linguistic Typological Features with Hierarchical {D}irichlet Process",
    author = "Lin, Chu-Cheng  and
      Wang, Yu-Chun  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2036",
    pages = "741--747",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2009-document,
    title = "Document Re-ranking via {W}ikipedia Articles for Definition/Biography Type Questions",
    author = "Liu, Maofu  and
      Fang, Fang  and
      Ji, Donghong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2037",
    pages = "748--754",
}
@inproceedings{lu-tsou-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards Bilingual Term Extraction in Comparable Patents",
    author = "Lu, Bin  and
      Tsou, Benjamin K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2038",
    pages = "755--762",
}
@inproceedings{manguilimotan-matsumoto-2009-factors,
    title = "Factors Affecting Part-of-Speech Tagging for {T}agalog",
    author = "Manguilimotan, Erlyn  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2039",
    pages = "763--770",
}
@inproceedings{oouchida-etal-2009-guidelink,
    title = "{G}uide{L}ink: A Corpus Annotation System that Integrates the Management of Annotation Guidelines",
    author = "Oouchida, Kenta  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Takagi, Toshihisa  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2040",
    pages = "771--778",
}
@inproceedings{pappu-2009-using,
    title = "Using {W}ikipedia for Hierarchical Finer Categorization of Named Entities",
    author = "Pappu, Aasish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2041",
    pages = "779--786",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2009-novel,
    title = "A Novel Method of Sentence Ordering Based on Support Vector Machine",
    author = "Peng, Gongfu  and
      He, Yanxiang  and
      Tian, Ye  and
      Tian, Yingsheng  and
      Wen, Weidong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2042",
    pages = "787--794",
}
@inproceedings{ramanujam-baldridge-2009-supertagging,
    title = "Supertagging with Factorial Hidden {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Ramanujam, Srivatsan  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2043",
    pages = "795--802",
}
@inproceedings{sakamoto-etal-2009-identifying,
    title = "Identifying and Utilizing the Class of Monosemous {J}apanese Functional Expressions in Machine Translation",
    author = "Sakamoto, Akiko  and
      Nagasaka, Taiji  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Matsuyoshi, Suguru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2044",
    pages = "803--810",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2009-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition for {M}anipuri Using Support Vector Machine",
    author = "Singh, Thoudam Doren  and
      Nongmeikapam, Kishorjit  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2045",
    pages = "811--818",
}
@inproceedings{taira-etal-2009-basenp,
    title = "{B}ase{NP} Supersense Tagging for {J}apanese Texts",
    author = "Taira, Hirotoshi  and
      Yoshida, Sen  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2046",
    pages = "819--826",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2009-suitable,
    title = "Which is More Suitable for {C}hinese Word Segmentation, the Generative Model or the Discriminative One?",
    author = "Wang, Kun  and
      Zong, Chengqing  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2047",
    pages = "827--834",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2009-design,
    title = "Design of {C}hinese {HPSG} Framework for Data-Driven Parsing",
    author = "Wang, Xiangli  and
      Iwasawa, Shunya  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Yu, Kun  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2048",
    pages = "835--842",
}
@inproceedings{wang-tsai-2009-rule,
    title = "Rule-based {K}orean Grapheme to Phoneme Conversion Using Sound Patterns",
    author = "Wang, Yu-Chun  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2049",
    pages = "843--850",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2009-discovery,
    title = "Discovery of Dependency Tree Patterns for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Xu, Hongzhi  and
      Hu, Changjian  and
      Shen, Guoyang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2050",
    pages = "851--858",
}
@inproceedings{yang-2009-generalizable,
    title = "Generalizable Features Help Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Yang, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2051",
    pages = "859--866",
}
@inproceedings{yoshida-nagata-2009-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing Features of Verbs in Statistical Zero Pronoun Resolution for {J}apanese Speech",
    author = "Yoshida, Sen  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2052",
    pages = "867--874",
}
@inproceedings{yoshimoto-etal-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards Establishing a Hierarchy in the {J}apanese Sentence Structure",
    author = "Yoshimoto, Kei  and
      Nakamura, Chidori  and
      Butler, Alastair",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Volume 2",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-2053",
    pages = "875--882",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2010-human,
    title = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Kaplan, Ron  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Harper, Mary  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1000",
}
@inproceedings{renals-2010-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: Recognition and Understanding of Meetings",
    author = "Renals, Steve",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-chart,
    title = "Chart Mining-based Lexical Acquisition with Precision Grammars",
    author = "Zhang, Yi  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Kordoni, Valia  and
      Martinez, David  and
      Nicholson, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1002",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{petrov-2010-products,
    title = "Products of Random Latent Variable Grammars",
    author = "Petrov, Slav",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1003",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{mcclosky-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Domain Adaptation for Parsing",
    author = "McClosky, David  and
      Charniak, Eugene  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1004",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{huang-harper-2010-appropriately,
    title = "Appropriately Handled Prosodic Breaks Help {PCFG} Parsing",
    author = "Huang, Zhongqiang  and
      Harper, Mary",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1005",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{xie-liu-2010-using,
    title = "Using Confusion Networks for Speech Summarization",
    author = "Xie, Shasha  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1006",
    pages = "46--54",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-bangalore-2010-qme,
    title = "Qme! : A Speech-based Question-Answering system on Mobile Devices",
    author = "Mishra, Taniya  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1007",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2010-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue-Oriented Review Summary Generation for Spoken Dialogue Recommendation Systems",
    author = "Liu, Jingjing  and
      Seneff, Stephanie  and
      Zue, Victor",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1008",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2010-minimally,
    title = "Minimally-Supervised Extraction of Entities from Text Advertisements",
    author = "Singh, Sameer  and
      Hillard, Dustin  and
      Leggetter, Chris",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1009",
    pages = "73--81",
}
@inproceedings{klapaftis-manandhar-2010-taxonomy,
    title = "Taxonomy Learning Using Word Sense Induction",
    author = "Klapaftis, Ioannis P.  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1010",
    pages = "82--90",
}
@inproceedings{feng-lapata-2010-visual,
    title = "Visual Information in Semantic Representation",
    author = "Feng, Yansong  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1011",
    pages = "91--99",
}
@inproceedings{newman-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation of Topic Coherence",
    author = "Newman, David  and
      Lau, Jey Han  and
      Grieser, Karl  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1012",
    pages = "100--108",
}
@inproceedings{reisinger-mooney-2010-multi,
    title = "Multi-Prototype Vector-Space Models of Word Meaning",
    author = "Reisinger, Joseph  and
      Mooney, Raymond J.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1013",
    pages = "109--117",
}
@inproceedings{pauls-etal-2010-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Syntactic Alignment with Inversion Transduction Grammars",
    author = "Pauls, Adam  and
      Klein, Dan  and
      Chiang, David  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1014",
    pages = "118--126",
}
@inproceedings{burkett-etal-2010-joint,
    title = "Joint Parsing and Alignment with Weakly Synchronized Grammars",
    author = "Burkett, David  and
      Blitzer, John  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1015",
    pages = "127--135",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Translation Boundaries for Phrase-Based Decoding",
    author = "Xiong, Deyi  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1016",
    pages = "136--144",
}
@inproceedings{kok-brockett-2010-hitting,
    title = "Hitting the Right Paraphrases in Good Time",
    author = "Kok, Stanley  and
      Brockett, Chris",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1017",
    pages = "145--153",
}
@inproceedings{rozovskaya-roth-2010-training,
    title = "Training Paradigms for Correcting Errors in Grammar and Usage",
    author = "Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1018",
    pages = "154--162",
}
@inproceedings{gamon-2010-using,
    title = "Using Mostly Native Data to Correct Errors in Learners{'} Writing",
    author = "Gamon, Michael",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1019",
    pages = "163--171",
}
@inproceedings{ritter-etal-2010-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Modeling of Twitter Conversations",
    author = "Ritter, Alan  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Dolan, Bill",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1020",
    pages = "172--180",
}
@inproceedings{petrovic-etal-2010-streaming,
    title = "Streaming First Story Detection with application to Twitter",
    author = "Petrovi{\'c}, Sa{\v{s}}a  and
      Osborne, Miles  and
      Lavrenko, Victor",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1021",
    pages = "181--189",
}
@inproceedings{rastrow-etal-2010-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Model Adaptation using Information-Theoretic Criterion",
    author = "Rastrow, Ariya  and
      Jelinek, Frederick  and
      Sethy, Abhinav  and
      Ramabhadran, Bhuvana",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1022",
    pages = "190--197",
}
@inproceedings{shugrina-2010-formatting,
    title = "Formatting Time-Aligned {ASR} Transcripts for Readability",
    author = "Shugrina, Maria",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1023",
    pages = "198--206",
}
@inproceedings{novotney-callison-burch-2010-cheap,
    title = "Cheap, Fast and Good Enough: Automatic Speech Recognition with Non-Expert Transcription",
    author = "Novotney, Scott  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1024",
    pages = "207--215",
}
@inproceedings{parada-etal-2010-contextual,
    title = "Contextual Information Improves {OOV} Detection in Speech",
    author = "Parada, Carolina  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Filimonov, Denis  and
      Jelinek, Frederick",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1025",
    pages = "216--224",
}
@inproceedings{ahuja-downey-2010-improved,
    title = "Improved Extraction Assessment through Better Language Models",
    author = "Ahuja, Arun  and
      Downey, Doug",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1026",
    pages = "225--228",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-lui-2010-language,
    title = "Language Identification: The Long and the Short of the Matter",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Lui, Marco",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1027",
    pages = "229--237",
}
@inproceedings{blunsom-cohn-2010-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Synchronous Grammars with Slice Sampling",
    author = "Blunsom, Phil  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1028",
    pages = "238--241",
}
@inproceedings{carpuat-diab-2010-task,
    title = "Task-based Evaluation of Multiword Expressions: a Pilot Study in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1029",
    pages = "242--245",
}
@inproceedings{che-etal-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving Semantic Role Labeling with Word Sense",
    author = "Che, Wanxiang  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Li, Yongqiang",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1030",
    pages = "246--249",
}
@inproceedings{denkowski-lavie-2010-extending,
    title = "Extending the {METEOR} Machine Translation Evaluation Metric to the Phrase Level",
    author = "Denkowski, Michael  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1031",
    pages = "250--253",
}
@inproceedings{drellishak-2010-testing,
    title = "Testing a Grammar Customization System with Sahaptin",
    author = "Drellishak, Scott",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1032",
    pages = "254--262",
}
@inproceedings{dyer-2010-two,
    title = "Two monolingual parses are better than one (synchronous parse)",
    author = "Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1033",
    pages = "263--266",
}
@inproceedings{ghodke-bird-2010-fast,
    title = "Fast Query for Large Treebanks",
    author = "Ghodke, Sumukh  and
      Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1034",
    pages = "267--275",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-rodriguez-etal-2010-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Parsing of Well-Nested Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems",
    author = "G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos  and
      Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1035",
    pages = "276--284",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-2010-utility,
    title = "Utility Evaluation of Cross-document Information Extraction",
    author = "Ji, Heng  and
      Chen, Zheng  and
      Feldman, Jonathan  and
      Gonzalez, Antonio  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      Upadhyay, Vivek",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1036",
    pages = "285--288",
}
@inproceedings{jabbari-etal-2010-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Metrics for the Lexical Substitution Task",
    author = "Jabbari, Sanaz  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Guthrie, Louise",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1037",
    pages = "289--292",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2010-movie,
    title = "Movie Reviews and Revenues: An Experiment in Text Regression",
    author = "Joshi, Mahesh  and
      Das, Dipanjan  and
      Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1038",
    pages = "293--296",
}
@inproceedings{li-sporleder-2010-using,
    title = "Using {G}aussian Mixture Models to Detect Figurative Language in Context",
    author = "Li, Linlin  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1039",
    pages = "297--300",
}
@inproceedings{liberato-etal-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving Phrase-Based Translation with Prototypes of Short Phrases",
    author = "Liberato, Frank  and
      Mohit, Behrang  and
      Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1040",
    pages = "301--304",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2010-putting,
    title = "Putting the User in the Loop: Interactive Maximal Marginal Relevance for Query-Focused Summarization",
    author = "Lin, Jimmy  and
      Madnani, Nitin  and
      Dorr, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1041",
    pages = "305--308",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2010-improving-blog,
    title = "Improving Blog Polarity Classification via Topic Analysis and Adaptive Methods",
    author = "Liu, Feifan  and
      Wang, Dong  and
      Li, Bin  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1042",
    pages = "309--312",
}
@inproceedings{louis-nenkova-2010-creating,
    title = "Creating Local Coherence: An Empirical Assessment",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1043",
    pages = "313--316",
}
@inproceedings{mckeown-etal-2010-time,
    title = "Time-Efficient Creation of an Accurate Sentence Fusion Corpus",
    author = "McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Rosenthal, Sara  and
      Thadani, Kapil  and
      Moore, Coleman",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1044",
    pages = "317--320",
}
@inproceedings{mehdad-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards Cross-Lingual Textual Entailment",
    author = "Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1045",
    pages = "321--324",
}
@inproceedings{momtazi-etal-2010-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of Word Co-occurrence for Term Clustering in Language Model-based Sentence Retrieval",
    author = "Momtazi, Saeedeh  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1046",
    pages = "325--328",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-2010-information,
    title = "Information Content Measures of Semantic Similarity Perform Better Without Sense-Tagged Text",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1047",
    pages = "329--332",
}
@inproceedings{piwek-stoyanchev-2010-generating,
    title = "Generating Expository Dialogue from Monologue: Motivation, Corpus and Preliminary Rules",
    author = "Piwek, Paul  and
      Stoyanchev, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1048",
    pages = "333--336",
}
@inproceedings{rambow-2010-simple,
    title = "The Simple Truth about Dependency and Phrase Structure Representations: An Opinion Piece",
    author = "Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1049",
    pages = "337--340",
}
@inproceedings{saers-etal-2010-word,
    title = "Word Alignment with Stochastic Bracketing Linear Inversion Transduction Grammar",
    author = "Saers, Markus  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1050",
    pages = "341--344",
}
@inproceedings{sayeed-etal-2010-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing the evaluation of a domain-adapted named entity recognition system",
    author = "Sayeed, Asad B.  and
      Meyer, Timothy J.  and
      Nguyen, Hieu C.  and
      Buzek, Olivia  and
      Weinberg, Amy",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1051",
    pages = "345--348",
}
@inproceedings{setiawan-resnik-2010-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing Hierarchical Phrase-based Translation using Rules with Adjacent Nonterminals",
    author = "Setiawan, Hendra  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1052",
    pages = "349--352",
}
@inproceedings{stevenson-guo-2010-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Ambiguity on the Automated Acquisition of {WSD} Examples",
    author = "Stevenson, Mark  and
      Guo, Yikun",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1053",
    pages = "353--356",
}
@inproceedings{su-markert-2010-word,
    title = "Word Sense Subjectivity for Cross-lingual Lexical Substitution",
    author = "Su, Fangzhong  and
      Markert, Katja",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1054",
    pages = "357--360",
}
@inproceedings{wang-agichtein-2010-query,
    title = "Query Ambiguity Revisited: Clickthrough Measures for Distinguishing Informational and Ambiguous Queries",
    author = "Wang, Yu  and
      Agichtein, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1055",
    pages = "361--364",
}
@inproceedings{yatskar-etal-2010-sake,
    title = "For the sake of simplicity: Unsupervised extraction of lexical simplifications from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Yatskar, Mark  and
      Pang, Bo  and
      Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1056",
    pages = "365--368",
}
@inproceedings{zaidan-callison-burch-2010-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Human-Targeted Translation Edit Rate via Untrained Human Annotators",
    author = "Zaidan, Omar F.  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1057",
    pages = "369--372",
}
@inproceedings{zapirain-etal-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving Semantic Role Classification with Selectional Preferences",
    author = "Zapirain, Be{\~n}at  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1058",
    pages = "373--376",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2010-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing Syntactic Structures for Product Attribute Candidate Extraction",
    author = "Zhao, Yanyan  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Hu, Shen  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1059",
    pages = "377--380",
}
@inproceedings{foster-2010-cba,
    title = "{``}cba to check the spelling{''}: Investigating Parser Performance on Discussion Forum Posts",
    author = "Foster, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1060",
    pages = "381--384",
}
@inproceedings{haghighi-klein-2010-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution in a Modular, Entity-Centered Model",
    author = "Haghighi, Aria  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1061",
    pages = "385--393",
}
@inproceedings{levenberg-etal-2010-stream,
    title = "Stream-based Translation Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Levenberg, Abby  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1062",
    pages = "394--402",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2010-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Parallel Sentences from Comparable Corpora using Document Level Alignment",
    author = "Smith, Jason R.  and
      Quirk, Chris  and
      Toutanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1063",
    pages = "403--411",
}
@inproceedings{bertoldi-etal-2010-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation of Texts with Misspelled Words",
    author = "Bertoldi, Nicola  and
      Cettolo, Mauro  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1064",
    pages = "412--419",
}
@inproceedings{khapra-etal-2010-everybody,
    title = "Everybody loves a rich cousin: An empirical study of transliteration through bridge languages",
    author = "Khapra, Mitesh M.  and
      Kumaran, A  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1065",
    pages = "420--428",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2010-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Learning over Constrained Latent Representations",
    author = "Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Goldwasser, Dan  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Srikumar, Vivek",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1066",
    pages = "429--437",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-beigman-2010-empirical,
    title = "Some Empirical Evidence for Annotation Noise in a Benchmarked Dataset",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Beigman, Eyal",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1067",
    pages = "438--446",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-etal-2010-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Inference for Finite-State Transducers",
    author = "Chiang, David  and
      Graehl, Jonathan  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Pauls, Adam  and
      Ravi, Sujith",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1068",
    pages = "447--455",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-etal-2010-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Training Strategies for the Structured Perceptron",
    author = "McDonald, Ryan  and
      Hall, Keith  and
      Mann, Gideon",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1069",
    pages = "456--464",
}
@inproceedings{wilson-chew-2010-term,
    title = "Term Weighting Schemes for Latent {D}irichlet Allocation",
    author = "Wilson, Andrew T.  and
      Chew, Peter A.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1070",
    pages = "465--473",
}
@inproceedings{de-bona-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Dense Models of Query Similarity from User Click Logs",
    author = "De Bona, Fabio  and
      Riezler, Stefan  and
      Hall, Keith  and
      Ciaramita, Massimiliano  and
      Herda{\v{g}}delen, Ama{\c{c}}  and
      Holmqvist, Maria",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1071",
    pages = "474--482",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning to Link Entities with Knowledge Base",
    author = "Zheng, Zhicheng  and
      Li, Fangtao  and
      Huang, Minlie  and
      Zhu, Xiaoyan",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1072",
    pages = "483--491",
}
@inproceedings{udupa-khapra-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving the Multilingual User Experience of {W}ikipedia Using Cross-Language Name Search",
    author = "Udupa, Raghavendra  and
      Khapra, Mitesh M.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1073",
    pages = "492--500",
}
@inproceedings{jones-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Words and Their Meanings from Unsegmented Child-directed Speech",
    author = "Jones, Bevan K.  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Frank, Michael C.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1074",
    pages = "501--509",
}
@inproceedings{munro-manning-2010-subword,
    title = "Subword Variation in Text Message Classification",
    author = "Munro, Robert  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1075",
    pages = "510--518",
}
@inproceedings{haertel-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Diacritization for Low-Resource Languages Using a Hybrid Word and Consonant {CMM}",
    author = "Haertel, Robbie  and
      McClanahan, Peter  and
      Ringger, Eric K.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1076",
    pages = "519--527",
}
@inproceedings{durrani-hussain-2010-urdu,
    title = "{U}rdu Word Segmentation",
    author = "Durrani, Nadir  and
      Hussain, Sarmad",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1077",
    pages = "528--536",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-2010-enabling,
    title = "Enabling Monolingual Translators: Post-Editing vs. Options",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1078",
    pages = "537--545",
}
@inproceedings{ortiz-martinez-etal-2010-online,
    title = "Online Learning for Interactive Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Ortiz-Mart{\'\i}nez, Daniel  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Varea, Ismael  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1079",
    pages = "546--554",
}
@inproceedings{cer-etal-2010-best,
    title = "The Best Lexical Metric for Phrase-Based Statistical {MT} System Optimization",
    author = "Cer, Daniel  and
      Manning, Christopher D.  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1080",
    pages = "555--563",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-2010-variational,
    title = "Variational Inference for Adaptor Grammars",
    author = "Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Blei, David M.  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1081",
    pages = "564--572",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2010-type,
    title = "Type-Based {MCMC}",
    author = "Liang, Percy  and
      Jordan, Michael I.  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1082",
    pages = "573--581",
}
@inproceedings{berg-kirkpatrick-etal-2010-painless,
    title = "Painless Unsupervised Learning with Features",
    author = "Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor  and
      Bouchard-C{\^o}t{\'e}, Alexandre  and
      DeNero, John  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1083",
    pages = "582--590",
}
@inproceedings{chang-clark-2010-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Steganography Using Automatically Generated Paraphrases",
    author = "Chang, Ching-Yun  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1084",
    pages = "591--599",
}
@inproceedings{dunlop-etal-2010-prenominal,
    title = "Prenominal Modifier Ordering via Multiple Sequence Alignment",
    author = "Dunlop, Aaron  and
      Mitchell, Margaret  and
      Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1085",
    pages = "600--608",
}
@inproceedings{heilman-smith-2010-good,
    title = "Good Question! Statistical Ranking for Question Generation",
    author = "Heilman, Michael  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1086",
    pages = "609--617",
}
@inproceedings{kozareva-hovy-2010-seeds,
    title = "Not All Seeds Are Equal: Measuring the Quality of Text Mining Seeds",
    author = "Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1087",
    pages = "618--626",
}
@inproceedings{duan-yates-2010-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Glosses to Disambiguate Word Senses",
    author = "Duan, Weisi  and
      Yates, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1088",
    pages = "627--635",
}
@inproceedings{korkontzelos-manandhar-2010-recognising,
    title = "Can Recognising Multiword Expressions Improve Shallow Parsing?",
    author = "Korkontzelos, Ioannis  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1089",
    pages = "636--644",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-simple,
    title = "A Simple Approach for {HPSG} Supertagging Using Dependency Information",
    author = "Zhang, Yao-zhong  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1090",
    pages = "645--648",
}
@inproceedings{surdeanu-manning-2010-ensemble,
    title = "Ensemble Models for Dependency Parsing: Cheap and Good?",
    author = "Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1091",
    pages = "649--652",
}
@inproceedings{gasco-etal-2010-enlarged,
    title = "Enlarged Search Space for {SITG} Parsing",
    author = "Gasc{\'o}, Guillem  and
      S{\'a}nchez, Joan-Andreu  and
      Bened{\'\i}, Jos{\'e}-Miguel",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1092",
    pages = "653--656",
}
@inproceedings{gadde-etal-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving Data Driven Dependency Parsing using Clausal Information",
    author = "Gadde, Phani  and
      Jindal, Karan  and
      Husain, Samar  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra  and
      Sangal, Rajeev",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1093",
    pages = "657--660",
}
@inproceedings{kulick-bies-2010-treebank,
    title = "A Treebank Query System Based on an Extracted Tree Grammar",
    author = "Kulick, Seth  and
      Bies, Ann",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1094",
    pages = "661--664",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-ural-2010-reranking,
    title = "Reranking the {B}erkeley and Brown Parsers",
    author = "Johnson, Mark  and
      Ural, Ahmet Engin",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1095",
    pages = "665--668",
}
@inproceedings{cade-etal-2010-exploration,
    title = "An Exploration of Off Topic Conversation",
    author = "Cade, Whitney L.  and
      Lehman, Blair A.  and
      Olney, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1096",
    pages = "669--672",
}
@inproceedings{wang-rose-2010-making,
    title = "Making Conversational Structure Explicit: Identification of Initiation-response Pairs within Online Discussions",
    author = "Wang, Yi-Chia  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn P.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1097",
    pages = "673--676",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-rose-2010-engaging,
    title = "Engaging learning groups using Social Interaction Strategies",
    author = "Kumar, Rohit  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn P.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1098",
    pages = "677--680",
}
@inproceedings{burstein-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using Entity-Based Features to Model Coherence in Student Essays",
    author = "Burstein, Jill  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Andreyev, Slava",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1099",
    pages = "681--684",
}
@inproceedings{sharifi-etal-2010-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Microblogs Automatically",
    author = "Sharifi, Beaux  and
      Hutton, Mark-Anthony  and
      Kalita, Jugal",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1100",
    pages = "685--688",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2010-automatic-generation,
    title = "Automatic Generation of Personalized Annotation Tags for Twitter Users",
    author = "Wu, Wei  and
      Zhang, Bin  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1101",
    pages = "689--692",
}
@inproceedings{bhargava-kondrak-2010-language,
    title = "Language identification of names with {SVM}s",
    author = "Bhargava, Aditya  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1102",
    pages = "693--696",
}
@inproceedings{jiampojamarn-etal-2010-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Joint n-gram Features into a Discriminative Training Framework",
    author = "Jiampojamarn, Sittichai  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1103",
    pages = "697--700",
}
@inproceedings{el-desoky-etal-2010-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Morphologically Decomposed Factored Language Models for {A}rabic {LVCSR}",
    author = {El-Desoky, Amr  and
      Schl{\"u}ter, Ralf  and
      Ney, Hermann},
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1104",
    pages = "701--704",
}
@inproceedings{mohamed-kubler-2010-arabic-part,
    title = "Is {A}rabic Part of Speech Tagging Feasible Without Word Segmentation?",
    author = {Mohamed, Emad  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1105",
    pages = "705--708",
}
@inproceedings{benajiba-zitouni-2010-arabic-mention,
    title = "{A}rabic Mention Detection: Toward Better Unit of Analysis",
    author = "Benajiba, Yassine  and
      Zitouni, Imed",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1106",
    pages = "709--712",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-goldsmith-2010-mdl,
    title = "An {MDL}-based approach to extracting subword units for grapheme-to-phoneme conversion",
    author = "Reddy, Sravana  and
      Goldsmith, John",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1107",
    pages = "713--716",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-extracting-phrase,
    title = "Extracting Phrase Patterns with Minimum Redundancy for Unsupervised Speaker Role Classification",
    author = "Zhang, Bin  and
      Hutchinson, Brian  and
      Wu, Wei  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1108",
    pages = "717--720",
}
@inproceedings{rosenberg-2010-classification,
    title = "Classification of Prosodic Events using Quantized Contour Modeling",
    author = "Rosenberg, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1109",
    pages = "721--724",
}
@inproceedings{prabhavalkar-etal-2010-investigations,
    title = "Investigations into the Crandem Approach to Word Recognition",
    author = "Prabhavalkar, Rohit  and
      Jyothi, Preethi  and
      Hartmann, William  and
      Morris, Jeremy  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1110",
    pages = "725--728",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2010-constraint,
    title = "Constraint-Driven Rank-Based Learning for Information Extraction",
    author = "Singh, Sameer  and
      Yao, Limin  and
      Riedel, Sebastian  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1111",
    pages = "729--732",
}
@inproceedings{gimpel-smith-2010-softmax,
    title = "Softmax-Margin {CRF}s: Training Log-Linear Models with Cost Functions",
    author = "Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1112",
    pages = "733--736",
}
@inproceedings{schwarck-etal-2010-bitext,
    title = "Bitext-Based Resolution of {G}erman Subject-Object Ambiguities",
    author = {Schwarck, Florian  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1113",
    pages = "737--740",
}
@inproceedings{temperley-2010-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: Music, Language, and Computational Modeling: Lessons from the Key-Finding Problem",
    author = "Temperley, David",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1114",
    pages = "741",
}
@inproceedings{goldberg-elhadad-2010-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Algorithm for Easy-First Non-Directional Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1115",
    pages = "742--750",
}
@inproceedings{spitkovsky-etal-2010-baby,
    title = "From Baby Steps to Leapfrog: How {``}Less is More{''} in Unsupervised Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Spitkovsky, Valentin I.  and
      Alshawi, Hiyan  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1116",
    pages = "751--759",
}
@inproceedings{riedel-smith-2010-relaxed,
    title = "Relaxed Marginal Inference and its Application to Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Riedel, Sebastian  and
      Smith, David A.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1117",
    pages = "760--768",
}
@inproceedings{gildea-2010-optimal,
    title = "Optimal Parsing Strategies for Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems",
    author = "Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1118",
    pages = "769--776",
}
@inproceedings{velikovich-etal-2010-viability,
    title = "The viability of web-derived polarity lexicons",
    author = "Velikovich, Leonid  and
      Blair-Goldensohn, Sasha  and
      Hannan, Kerry  and
      McDonald, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1119",
    pages = "777--785",
}
@inproceedings{nakagawa-etal-2010-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Tree-based Sentiment Classification using {CRF}s with Hidden Variables",
    author = "Nakagawa, Tetsuji  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1120",
    pages = "786--794",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-klakow-2010-convolution,
    title = "Convolution Kernels for Opinion Holder Extraction",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1121",
    pages = "795--803",
}
@inproceedings{brody-elhadad-2010-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Aspect-Sentiment Model for Online Reviews",
    author = "Brody, Samuel  and
      Elhadad, Noemie",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1122",
    pages = "804--812",
}
@inproceedings{poon-vanderwende-2010-joint,
    title = "Joint Inference for Knowledge Extraction from Biomedical Literature",
    author = "Poon, Hoifung  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1123",
    pages = "813--821",
}
@inproceedings{boudin-etal-2010-clinical,
    title = "Clinical Information Retrieval using Document and {PICO} Structure",
    author = "Boudin, Florian  and
      Nie, Jian-Yun  and
      Dawes, Martin",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1124",
    pages = "822--830",
}
@inproceedings{feng-lapata-2010-topic,
    title = "Topic Models for Image Annotation and Text Illustration",
    author = "Feng, Yansong  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1125",
    pages = "831--839",
}
@inproceedings{passonneau-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning about Voice Search for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca  and
      Epstein, Susan L.  and
      Ligorio, Tiziana  and
      Gordon, Joshua B.  and
      Bhutada, Pravin",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1126",
    pages = "840--848",
}
@inproceedings{ge-2010-direct,
    title = "A Direct Syntax-Driven Reordering Model for Phrase-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Ge, Niyu",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1127",
    pages = "849--857",
}
@inproceedings{dyer-resnik-2010-context,
    title = "Context-free reordering, finite-state translation",
    author = "Dyer, Chris  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1128",
    pages = "858--866",
}
@inproceedings{green-etal-2010-improved,
    title = "Improved Models of Distortion Cost for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Green, Spence  and
      Galley, Michel  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1129",
    pages = "867--875",
}
@inproceedings{maletti-2010-synchronous,
    title = "Why Synchronous Tree Substitution Grammars?",
    author = "Maletti, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1130",
    pages = "876--884",
}
@inproceedings{galanis-androutsopoulos-2010-extractive,
    title = "An extractive supervised two-stage method for sentence compression",
    author = "Galanis, Dimitrios  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1131",
    pages = "885--893",
}
@inproceedings{murray-etal-2010-interpretation,
    title = "Interpretation and Transformation for Abstracting Conversations",
    author = "Murray, Gabriel  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Ng, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1132",
    pages = "894--902",
}
@inproceedings{ceylan-etal-2010-quantifying,
    title = "Quantifying the Limits and Success of Extractive Summarization Systems Across Domains",
    author = {Ceylan, Hakan  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      {\"O}zertem, Umut  and
      Lloret, Elena  and
      Palomar, Manuel},
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1133",
    pages = "903--911",
}
@inproceedings{lin-bilmes-2010-multi,
    title = "Multi-document Summarization via Budgeted Maximization of Submodular Functions",
    author = "Lin, Hui  and
      Bilmes, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1134",
    pages = "912--920",
}
@inproceedings{peirsman-pado-2010-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Induction of Selectional Preferences with Bilingual Vector Spaces",
    author = "Peirsman, Yves  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1135",
    pages = "921--929",
}
@inproceedings{lang-lapata-2010-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Induction of Semantic Roles",
    author = "Lang, Joel  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1137",
    pages = "939--947",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2010-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Frame-Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Das, Dipanjan  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Chen, Desai  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1138",
    pages = "948--956",
}
@inproceedings{allauzen-etal-2010-expected,
    title = "Expected Sequence Similarity Maximization",
    author = "Allauzen, Cyril  and
      Kumar, Shankar  and
      Macherey, Wolfgang  and
      Mohri, Mehryar  and
      Riley, Michael",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1139",
    pages = "957--965",
}
@inproceedings{galley-manning-2010-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Non-Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation",
    author = "Galley, Michel  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1140",
    pages = "966--974",
}
@inproceedings{denero-etal-2010-model,
    title = "Model Combination for Machine Translation",
    author = "DeNero, John  and
      Kumar, Shankar  and
      Chelba, Ciprian  and
      Och, Franz",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1141",
    pages = "975--983",
}
@inproceedings{lampert-etal-2010-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Emails Containing Requests for Action",
    author = "Lampert, Andrew  and
      Dale, Robert  and
      Paris, Cecile",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1142",
    pages = "984--992",
}
@inproceedings{carroll-2010-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Hierarchical Discourse Segmentation",
    author = "Carroll, Lucien",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1143",
    pages = "993--1001",
}
@inproceedings{siddharthan-katsos-2010-reformulating,
    title = "Reformulating Discourse Connectives for Non-Expert Readers",
    author = "Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Katsos, Napoleon",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1144",
    pages = "1002--1010",
}
@inproceedings{heilman-smith-2010-tree,
    title = "Tree Edit Models for Recognizing Textual Entailments, Paraphrases, and Answers to Questions",
    author = "Heilman, Michael  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1145",
    pages = "1011--1019",
}
@inproceedings{mehdad-etal-2010-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic/Semantic Structures for Textual Entailment Recognition",
    author = "Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1146",
    pages = "1020--1028",
}
@inproceedings{shutova-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Metaphor Interpretation as a Paraphrasing Task",
    author = "Shutova, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1147",
    pages = "1029--1037",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2010-naacl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Demonstration Session",
    author = "Ros{\'e}, Carolyn Penstein",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-2000",
}
@inproceedings{briscoe-etal-2010-camtology,
    title = "{C}amtology: Intelligent Information Access for Science",
    author = "Briscoe, Ted  and
      Harrison, Karl  and
      Naish-Guzman, Andrew  and
      Parker, Andy  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Sinclair, David  and
      Slater, Mark  and
      Watson, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-2001",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{cai-hovy-2010-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Textual Information about Locations In a Geo-Spatial Information Display System",
    author = "Cai, Congxing  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-2002",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{cer-etal-2010-phrasal,
    title = "{P}hrasal: A Statistical Machine Translation Toolkit for Exploring New Model Features",
    author = "Cer, Daniel  and
      Galley, Michel  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-2003",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2010-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual {P}ropbank Annotation Tools: Cornerstone and Jubilee",
    author = "Choi, Jinho  and
      Bonial, Claire  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-2004",
    pages = "13--16",
}
@inproceedings{kersey-etal-2010-ksc,
    title = "{KSC}-{P}a{L}: A Peer Learning Agent that Encourages Students to take the Initiative",
    author = "Kersey, Cynthia  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Jordan, Pamela  and
      Katz, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-2005",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@inproceedings{kilgarriff-2010-detailed,
    title = "A Detailed, Accurate, Extensive, Available {E}nglish Lexical Database",
    author = "Kilgarriff, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-2006",
    pages = "21--24",
}
@inproceedings{mayfield-penstein-rose-2010-interactive,
    title = "An Interactive Tool for Supporting Error Analysis for Text Mining",
    author = "Mayfield, Elijah  and
      Penstein-Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-2007",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{sagae-etal-2010-serious,
    title = "Serious Game Environments for Language and Culture Education",
    author = "Sagae, Alicia  and
      Johnson, W. Lewis  and
      Row, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-2008",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{sagae-etal-2010-interpretation,
    title = "Interpretation of Partial Utterances in Virtual Human Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Sagae, Kenji  and
      DeVault, David  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-2009",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-saez-etal-2010-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Predictive Parsing using a Web-based Architecture",
    author = "S{\'a}nchez-S{\'a}ez, Ricardo  and
      Leiva, Luis A.  and
      S{\'a}nchez, Joan-Andreu  and
      Bened{\'\i}, Jos{\'e}-Miguel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-2010",
    pages = "37--40",
}
@inproceedings{scarton-etal-2010-simplifica,
    title = "{SIMPLIFICA}: a tool for authoring simplified texts in {B}razilian {P}ortuguese guided by readability assessments",
    author = "Scarton, Carolina  and
      Oliveira, Matheus  and
      Candido Jr., Arnaldo  and
      Gasperin, Caroline  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-2011",
    pages = "41--44",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2010-overview,
    title = "An Overview of {M}icrosoft Web N-gram Corpus and Applications",
    author = "Wang, Kuansan  and
      Thrasher, Chris  and
      Viegas, Evelyne  and
      Li, Xiaolong  and
      Hsu, Bo-june Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-2012",
    pages = "45--48",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2010-naacl-hlt,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    author = "Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      Litman, Diane  and
      Boyd, Adriane  and
      Joshi, Mahesh  and
      Rudzicz, Frank",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-3000",
}
@inproceedings{ogren-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving Syntactic Coordination Resolution using Language Modeling",
    author = "Ogren, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-3001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{vadlapudi-katragadda-2010-automated,
    title = "On Automated Evaluation of Readability of Summaries: Capturing Grammaticality, Focus, Structure and Coherence",
    author = "Vadlapudi, Ravikiran  and
      Katragadda, Rahul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-3002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{bysani-2010-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Novelty in the context of Progressive Summarization",
    author = "Bysani, Praveen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-3003",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{goss-grubbs-2010-extrinsic,
    title = "Extrinsic Parse Selection",
    author = "Goss-Grubbs, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-3004",
    pages = "19--22",
}
@inproceedings{giesbrecht-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards a Matrix-based Distributional Model of Meaning",
    author = "Giesbrecht, Eugenie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-3005",
    pages = "23--28",
}
@inproceedings{wilson-2010-distinguishing,
    title = "Distinguishing Use and Mention in Natural Language",
    author = "Wilson, Shomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-3006",
    pages = "29--33",
}
@inproceedings{juneja-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "A Learning-based Sampling Approach to Extractive Summarization",
    author = "Juneja, Vishal  and
      Germesin, Sebastian  and
      Kleinbauer, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-3007",
    pages = "34--39",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2010-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Relation Identification with Endpoints",
    author = "Lee, Chong Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-3008",
    pages = "40--45",
}
@inproceedings{lu-2010-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Opinion Holders and Targets with Dependency Parser in {C}hinese News Texts",
    author = "Lu, Bin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-3009",
    pages = "46--51",
}
@inproceedings{pvs-2010-data,
    title = "A Data Mining Approach to Learn Reorder Rules for {SMT}",
    author = "PVS, Avinesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-3010",
    pages = "52--57",
}
@inproceedings{silva-2010-fine,
    title = "Fine-Tuning in {B}razilian {P}ortuguese-{E}nglish Statistical Transfer Machine Translation: Verbal Tenses",
    author = "Silva, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-3011",
    pages = "58--63",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2010-naacl-hlt-2010,
    title = "NAACL HLT 2010 Tutorial Abstracts",
    author = "Baldwin, Jason  and
      Clark, Peter  and
      Tur, Gokhan",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-4000",
}
@inproceedings{lin-dyer-2010-data,
    title = "Data-Intensive Text Processing with {M}ap{R}educe",
    author = "Lin, Jimmy  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "NAACL HLT 2010 Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-4001",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{poon-2010-markov,
    title = "{M}arkov Logic in Natural Language Processing: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications",
    author = "Poon, Hoifung",
    booktitle = "NAACL HLT 2010 Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-4002",
    pages = "3--4",
}
@inproceedings{subramaniam-2010-noisy,
    title = "Noisy Text Analytics",
    author = "Subramaniam, L. Venkata",
    booktitle = "NAACL HLT 2010 Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-4003",
    pages = "5--6",
}
@inproceedings{wang-zhang-2010-recent,
    title = "Recent Advances in Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Wang, Qin Iris  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "NAACL HLT 2010 Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-4004",
    pages = "7--8",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2010-integer,
    title = "Integer Linear Programming in {NLP} - Constrained Conditional Models",
    author = "Wang, Ming-Wei  and
      Rizzolo, Nicholas  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "NAACL HLT 2010 Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-4005",
    pages = "9--14",
}
@inproceedings{evert-2010-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Semantic Models",
    author = "Evert, Stefan",
    booktitle = "NAACL HLT 2010 Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-4006",
    pages = "15--18",
}
@inproceedings{levy-etal-2010-computational,
    title = "Computational psycholinguistics",
    author = "Levy, Roger  and
      Bicknell, Klinton  and
      Smith, Nathaniel",
    booktitle = "NAACL HLT 2010 Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-4007",
    pages = "19--20",
}
@inproceedings{sammons-etal-2010-textual,
    title = "Textual Entailment",
    author = "Sammons, Mark  and
      Szpektor, Idan  and
      Vydiswaran, V.G.Vinod",
    booktitle = "NAACL HLT 2010 Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-4008",
    pages = "21--24",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2004-human,
    title = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1000",
}
@inproceedings{florian-etal-2004-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Model for Multilingual Entity Detection and Tracking",
    author = "Florian, R  and
      Hassan, H  and
      Ittycheriah, A  and
      Jing, H  and
      Kambhatla, N  and
      Luo, X  and
      Nicolov, N  and
      Roukos, S",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{gooi-allan-2004-cross,
    title = "Cross-Document Coreference on a Large Scale Corpus",
    author = "Gooi, Chung Heong  and
      Allan, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2004-robust,
    title = "Robust Reading: Identification and Tracing of Ambiguous Names",
    author = "Li, Xin  and
      Morie, Paul  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1003",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{eisenstein-christoudias-2004-salience,
    title = "A Salience-Based Approach to Gesture-Speech Alignment",
    author = "Eisenstein, Jacob  and
      Christoudias, C. Mario",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1004",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{bangalore-johnston-2004-balancing,
    title = "Balancing data-driven and rule-based approaches in the context of a Multimodal Conversational System",
    author = "Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Johnston, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1005",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{paek-horvitz-2004-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Automated Call Routing by Integrating Spoken Dialog Models with Queuing Models",
    author = "Paek, Tim  and
      Horvitz, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1006",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{hildebrandt-etal-2004-answering,
    title = "Answering Definition Questions with Multiple Knowledge Sources",
    author = "Hildebrandt, Wesley  and
      Katz, Boris  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1007",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{soricut-brill-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Question Answering: Beyond the Factoid",
    author = "Soricut, Radu  and
      Brill, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1008",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{lange-etal-2004-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Rasch Analysis of Question Answering Evaluations",
    author = "Lange, Rense  and
      Moran, Juan  and
      Greiff, Warren R.  and
      Ferro, Lisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1009",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{shinzato-torisawa-2004-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Hyponymy Relations from Web Documents",
    author = "Shinzato, Keiji  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1010",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{gregory-etal-2004-sentence,
    title = "Sentence-Internal Prosody Does not Help Parsing the Way Punctuation Does",
    author = "Gregory, Michelle  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1011",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{osborne-baldridge-2004-ensemble,
    title = "Ensemble-based Active Learning for Parse Selection",
    author = "Osborne, Miles  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1012",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{kaplan-etal-2004-speed,
    title = "Speed and Accuracy in Shallow and Deep Stochastic Parsing",
    author = "Kaplan, Ron  and
      Riezler, Stefan  and
      King, Tracy H.  and
      Maxwell III, John T.  and
      Vasserman, Alex  and
      Crouch, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1013",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{graehl-knight-2004-training,
    title = "Training Tree Transducers",
    author = "Graehl, Jonathan  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1014",
    pages = "105--112",
}
@inproceedings{barzilay-lee-2004-catching,
    title = "Catching the Drift: Probabilistic Content Models, with Applications to Generation and Summarization",
    author = "Barzilay, Regina  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1015",
    pages = "113--120",
}
@inproceedings{lapata-keller-2004-web,
    title = "The Web as a Baseline: Evaluating the Performance of Unsupervised Web-based Models for a Range of {NLP} Tasks",
    author = "Lapata, Mirella  and
      Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1016",
    pages = "121--128",
}
@inproceedings{saraclar-sproat-2004-lattice,
    title = "Lattice-Based Search for Spoken Utterance Retrieval",
    author = "Saraclar, Murat  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1017",
    pages = "129--136",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2004-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Structural Metadata with Decision Trees and Transformation-Based Learning",
    author = "Kim, Joungbum  and
      Schwarm, Sarah E.  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1018",
    pages = "137--144",
}
@inproceedings{nenkova-passonneau-2004-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Content Selection in Summarization: The Pyramid Method",
    author = "Nenkova, Ani  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1019",
    pages = "145--152",
}
@inproceedings{lapata-lascarides-2004-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Sentence-internal Temporal Relations",
    author = "Lapata, Mirella  and
      Lascarides, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1020",
    pages = "153--160",
}
@inproceedings{och-etal-2004-smorgasbord,
    title = "A Smorgasbord of Features for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Och, Franz Josef  and
      Gildea, Daniel  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev  and
      Sarkar, Anoop  and
      Yamada, Kenji  and
      Fraser, Alex  and
      Kumar, Shankar  and
      Shen, Libin  and
      Smith, David  and
      Eng, Katherine  and
      Jain, Viren  and
      Jin, Zhen  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1021",
    pages = "161--168",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-byrne-2004-minimum,
    title = "Minimum {B}ayes-Risk Decoding for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Kumar, Shankar  and
      Byrne, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1022",
    pages = "169--176",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2004-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Reranking for Machine Translation",
    author = "Shen, Libin  and
      Sarkar, Anoop  and
      Och, Franz Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1023",
    pages = "177--184",
}
@inproceedings{higgins-etal-2004-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Multiple Aspects of Coherence in Student Essays",
    author = "Higgins, Derrick  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Marcu, Daniel  and
      Gentile, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1024",
    pages = "185--192",
}
@inproceedings{collins-thompson-callan-2004-language,
    title = "A Language Modeling Approach to Predicting Reading Difficulty",
    author = "Collins-Thompson, Kevyn  and
      Callan, James P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1025",
    pages = "193--200",
}
@inproceedings{forbes-riley-litman-2004-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Emotion in Spoken Dialogue from Multiple Knowledge Sources",
    author = "Forbes-Riley, Kate  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1026",
    pages = "201--208",
}
@inproceedings{porzel-baudis-2004-tao,
    title = "The Tao of {CHI}: Towards Effective Human-Computer Interaction",
    author = "Porzel, Robert  and
      Baudis, Manja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1027",
    pages = "209--216",
}
@inproceedings{raux-eskenazi-2004-non,
    title = "Non-Native Users in the Let{'}s Go!! Spoken Dialogue System: Dealing with Linguistic Mismatch",
    author = "Raux, Antoine  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1028",
    pages = "217--224",
}
@inproceedings{vechtomova-karamuftuoglu-2004-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of two interactive search refinement techniques",
    author = "Vechtomova, Olga  and
      Karamuftuoglu, Murat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1029",
    pages = "225--232",
}
@inproceedings{pradhan-etal-2004-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Semantic Parsing using Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Pradhan, Sameer S.  and
      Ward, Wayne H.  and
      Hacioglu, Kadri  and
      Martin, James H.  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1030",
    pages = "233--240",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-etal-2004-paraphrasing,
    title = "Paraphrasing Predicates from Written Language to Spoken Language Using the Web",
    author = "Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Okamoto, Masashi  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1031",
    pages = "241--248",
}
@inproceedings{sun-jurafsky-2004-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Semantc Parsing of {C}hinese",
    author = "Sun, Honglin  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1032",
    pages = "249--256",
}
@inproceedings{zens-ney-2004-improvements,
    title = "Improvements in Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zens, Richard  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1033",
    pages = "257--264",
}
@inproceedings{munteanu-etal-2004-improved,
    title = "Improved Machine Translation Performance via Parallel Sentence Extraction from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Munteanu, Dragos Stefan  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1034",
    pages = "265--272",
}
@inproceedings{galley-etal-2004-whats,
    title = "What{'}s in a translation rule?",
    author = "Galley, Michel  and
      Hopkins, Mark  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1035",
    pages = "273--280",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2004-improving,
    title = "Improving Named Entity Translation Combining Phonetic and Semantic Similarities",
    author = "Huang, Fei  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1036",
    pages = "281--288",
}
@inproceedings{kehler-etal-2004-non,
    title = "The (Non)Utility of Predicate-Argument Frequencies for Pronoun Interpretation",
    author = "Kehler, Andrew  and
      Appelt, Douglas  and
      Taylor, Lara  and
      Simma, Aleksandr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1037",
    pages = "289--296",
}
@inproceedings{bean-riloff-2004-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Contextual Role Knowledge for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Bean, David  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1038",
    pages = "297--304",
}
@inproceedings{goodman-2004-exponential,
    title = "Exponential Priors for Maximum Entropy Models",
    author = "Goodman, Joshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1039",
    pages = "305--312",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2004-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Similarity Measures and Source-Pair Information in Story Link Detection",
    author = "Chen, Francine  and
      Farahat, Ayman  and
      Brants, Thorsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1040",
    pages = "313--320",
}
@inproceedings{pantel-ravichandran-2004-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Labeling Semantic Classes",
    author = "Pantel, Patrick  and
      Ravichandran, Deepak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1041",
    pages = "321--328",
}
@inproceedings{peng-mccallum-2004-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Information Extraction from Research Papers using Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Peng, Fuchun  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1042",
    pages = "329--336",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2004-name,
    title = "Name Tagging with Word Clusters and Discriminative Training",
    author = "Miller, Scott  and
      Guinness, Jethran  and
      Zamanian, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1043",
    pages = "337--342",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2004-student,
    title = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-2000",
}
@inproceedings{udhaykumar-etal-2004-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Speech Recognition for Information Retrieval in {I}ndian Context",
    author = "Udhaykumar, N.  and
      Ramakrishnan, S.K.  and
      Swaminathan, R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-2001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{vasserman-2004-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Chemical Names in Biomedical Text: an Investigation of Substring Co-occurrence Based Approaches",
    author = "Vasserman, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-2002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{cui-guthrie-2004-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Entropy Modeling in Sparse Semantic Tagging",
    author = "Cui, Jia  and
      Guthrie, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-2003",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2004-computational,
    title = "A Computational Framework for Non-Lexicalist Semantics",
    author = "Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-2004",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{huenerfauth-2004-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Path Architecture for Machine Translation of {E}nglish Text into {A}merican Sign Language Animation",
    author = "Huenerfauth, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-2005",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Article Restoration",
    author = "Lee, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-2006",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{arens-2004-preliminary,
    title = "A Preliminary Look into the Use of Named Entity Information for Bioscience Text Tokenization",
    author = "Arens, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-2007",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{rytting-2004-greek,
    title = "{G}reek Word Segmentation Using Minimal Information",
    author = "Rytting, C. Anton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-2008",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{hensman-2004-construction,
    title = "Construction of Conceptual Graph Representation of Texts",
    author = "Hensman, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-2009",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{boulis-2004-speaker,
    title = "Speaker Recognition with Mixtures of {G}aussians with Sparse Regression Matrices",
    author = "Boulis, Constantinos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-2010",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2004-demonstration,
    title = "Demonstration Papers at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-3000",
}
@inproceedings{evans-etal-2004-columbia,
    title = "{C}olumbia Newsblaster: Multilingual News Summarization on the Web",
    author = "Evans, David Kirk  and
      Klavans, Judith L.  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "Demonstration Papers at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-3001",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{litman-silliman-2004-itspoke,
    title = "{ITSPOKE}: An Intelligent Tutoring Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Litman, Diane J.  and
      Silliman, Scott",
    booktitle = "Demonstration Papers at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-3002",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{precoda-etal-2004-limited,
    title = "Limited-Domain Speech-to-Speech Translation between {E}nglish and {P}ashto",
    author = "Precoda, Kristin  and
      Franco, Horacio  and
      Dost, Ascander  and
      Frandsen, Michael  and
      Fry, John  and
      Kathol, Andreas  and
      Richey, Colleen  and
      Riehemann, Susanne  and
      Vergyri, Dimitra  and
      Zheng, Jing  and
      Culy, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Demonstration Papers at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-3003",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{damianos-etal-2004-mitap,
    title = "{M}i{TAP} for {SARS} Detection",
    author = "Damianos, Laurie E.  and
      Bayer, Samuel  and
      Chisholm, Michael A.  and
      Henderson, John  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Morgan, William  and
      Ubaldino, Marc  and
      Zarrella, Guido  and
      Wilson V, James M.  and
      Polyak, Marat G.",
    booktitle = "Demonstration Papers at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-3004",
    pages = "13--16",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-etal-2004-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Video and Audio News Alerting",
    author = "Palmer, David D.  and
      Bray, Patrick  and
      Reichman, Marc  and
      Rhodes, Katherine  and
      White, Noah  and
      Merlino, Andrew  and
      Kubala, Francis",
    booktitle = "Demonstration Papers at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-3005",
    pages = "17--18",
}
@inproceedings{shi-mihalcea-2004-open,
    title = "Open Text Semantic Parsing Using {F}rame{N}et and {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Shi, Lei  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Demonstration Papers at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-3006",
    pages = "19--22",
}
@inproceedings{radev-etal-2004-scaleable,
    title = "A Scaleable Multi-document Centroid-based Summarizer",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir  and
      Allison, Timothy  and
      Craig, Matthew  and
      Dimitrov, Stanko  and
      Omer, Kareem  and
      Topper, Michael  and
      Winkel, Adam  and
      Yi, Jin",
    booktitle = "Demonstration Papers at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-3007",
    pages = "23--25",
}
@inproceedings{purandare-pedersen-2004-senseclusters,
    title = "{S}ense{C}lusters - Finding Clusters that Represent Word Senses",
    author = "Purandare, Amruta  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Demonstration Papers at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-3008",
    pages = "26--29",
}
@inproceedings{bratt-etal-2004-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Dialogue for Simulation Control and Conversational Tutoring",
    author = "Bratt, Elizabeth Owen  and
      Schultz, Karl  and
      Clark, Brady",
    booktitle = "Demonstration Papers at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-3009",
    pages = "30--33",
}
@inproceedings{schultz-etal-2004-thai,
    title = "A {T}hai Speech Translation System for Medical Dialogs",
    author = "Schultz, Tanja  and
      Alexander, Dorcas  and
      Black, Alan W.  and
      Peterson, Kay  and
      Suebvisai, Sinaporn  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Demonstration Papers at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-3010",
    pages = "34--35",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2004-use,
    title = "Use and Acquisition of Semantic Language Model",
    author = "Wang, Kuansan  and
      Wang, Ye-Yi  and
      Acero, Alex",
    booktitle = "Demonstration Papers at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-3011",
    pages = "36--37",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-etal-2004-wordnet,
    title = "{W}ord{N}et::{S}imilarity - Measuring the Relatedness of Concepts",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted  and
      Patwardhan, Siddharth  and
      Michelizzi, Jason",
    booktitle = "Demonstration Papers at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-3012",
    pages = "38--41",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2004-hlt,
    title = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4000",
}
@inproceedings{banko-vanderwende-2004-using,
    title = "Using N-Grams To Understand the Nature of Summaries",
    author = "Banko, Michele  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4001",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{lee-lee-2004-mmr,
    title = "{MMR}-based Feature Selection for Text Categorization",
    author = "Lee, Changki  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4002",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{paul-etal-2004-example,
    title = "Example-based Rescoring of Statistical Machine Translation Output",
    author = "Paul, Michael  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Yamamoto, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4003",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{utsuro-etal-2004-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study on Multiple {LVCSR} Model Combination by Machine Learning",
    author = "Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Kodama, Yasuhiro  and
      Watanabe, Tomohiro  and
      Nishizaki, Hiromitsu  and
      Nakagawa, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4004",
    pages = "13--16",
}
@inproceedings{hulth-2004-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Linguistically Oriented Automatic Keyword Extraction",
    author = "Hulth, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4005",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@inproceedings{bacchiani-etal-2004-language,
    title = "Language Model Adaptation with {MAP} Estimation and the Perceptron Algorithm",
    author = "Bacchiani, Michiel  and
      Roark, Brian  and
      Saraclar, Murat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4006",
    pages = "21--24",
}
@inproceedings{hagen-etal-2004-advances,
    title = "Advances in Children{'}s Speech Recognition within an Interactive Literacy Tutor",
    author = "Hagen, Andreas  and
      Pellom, Bryan  and
      van Vuuren, Sarel  and
      Cole, Ronald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4007",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{chen-fung-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Construction of an {E}nglish-{C}hinese Bilingual {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Chen, Benfeng  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4008",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{kehler-etal-2004-competitive,
    title = "Competitive Self-Trained Pronoun Interpretation",
    author = "Kehler, Andrew  and
      Appelt, Douglas  and
      Taylor, Lara  and
      Simma, Aleksandr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4009",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@inproceedings{zhai-etal-2004-using,
    title = "Using N-best lists for Named Entity Recognition from {C}hinese Speech",
    author = "Zhai, Lufeng  and
      Fung, Pascale  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Carpuat, Marine  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4010",
    pages = "37--40",
}
@inproceedings{chai-etal-2004-performance,
    title = "Performance Evaluation and Error Analysis for Multimodal Reference Resolution in a Conversation System",
    author = "Chai, Joyce Y.  and
      Prasov, Zahar  and
      Hong, Pengyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4011",
    pages = "41--44",
}
@inproceedings{reitter-etal-2004-ui,
    title = "{UI} on the Fly: Generating a Multimodal User Interface",
    author = "Reitter, David  and
      Panttaja, Erin  and
      Cummins, Fred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4012",
    pages = "45--48",
}
@inproceedings{daume-iii-brill-2004-web,
    title = "Web Search Intent Induction via Automatic Query Reformulation",
    author = "Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Brill, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4013",
    pages = "49--52",
}
@inproceedings{small-strzalkowski-2004-hitiqa,
    title = "{HITIQA}: A Data Driven Approach to Interactive Analytical Question Answering",
    author = "Small, Sharon  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4014",
    pages = "53--56",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2004-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Analysis for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Lee, Young-Suk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4015",
    pages = "57--60",
}
@inproceedings{sagawa-etal-2004-correction,
    title = "Correction Grammars for Error Handling in a Speech Dialog System",
    author = "Sagawa, Hirohiko  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4016",
    pages = "61--64",
}
@inproceedings{srikaya-etal-2004-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Rule{--}Based and Statistical Methods for Semantic Language Modeling and Confidence Measurement",
    author = "Srikaya, Ruhi  and
      Gao, Yuqing  and
      Picheny, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4017",
    pages = "65--68",
}
@inproceedings{hillard-etal-2004-improving,
    title = "Improving Automatic Sentence Boundary Detection with Confusion Networks",
    author = "Hillard, D.  and
      Ostendorf, M.  and
      Stolcke, A.  and
      Liu, Y.  and
      Shriberg, E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4018",
    pages = "69--72",
}
@inproceedings{tomko-rosenfeld-2004-speech-graffiti,
    title = "Speech Graffiti vs. Natural Language: Assessing the User Experience",
    author = "Tomko, Stefanie  and
      Rosenfeld, Roni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4019",
    pages = "73--76",
}
@inproceedings{rosenberg-binkowski-2004-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting the kappa statistic to determine interannotator reliability for multiply labeled data points",
    author = "Rosenberg, Andrew  and
      Binkowski, Ed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4020",
    pages = "77--80",
}
@inproceedings{livescu-glass-2004-feature,
    title = "Feature-based Pronunciation Modeling for Speech Recognition",
    author = "Livescu, Karen  and
      Glass, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4021",
    pages = "81--84",
}
@inproceedings{sarma-palmer-2004-context,
    title = "Context-based Speech Recognition Error Detection and Correction",
    author = "Sarma, Arup  and
      Palmer, David D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4022",
    pages = "85--88",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-etal-2004-feature,
    title = "Feature Selection for Trainable Multilingual Broadcast News Segmentation",
    author = "Palmer, David D.  and
      Reichman, Marc  and
      Yaich, Elyes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4023",
    pages = "89--92",
}
@inproceedings{morgan-etal-2004-direct,
    title = "Direct Maximization of Average Precision by Hill-Climbing, with a Comparison to a Maximum Entropy Approach",
    author = "Morgan, William  and
      Greiff, Warren  and
      Henderson, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4024",
    pages = "93--96",
}
@inproceedings{martin-foltz-2004-automated,
    title = "Automated Team Discourse Annotation and Performance Prediction Using {LSA}",
    author = "Martin, Melanie J.  and
      Foltz, Peter W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4025",
    pages = "97--100",
}
@inproceedings{tillmann-2004-unigram,
    title = "A Unigram Orientation Model for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Tillmann, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4026",
    pages = "101--104",
}
@inproceedings{rambow-etal-2004-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Email Threads",
    author = "Rambow, Owen  and
      Shrestha, Lokesh  and
      Chen, John  and
      Laurdisen, Christy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4027",
    pages = "105--108",
}
@inproceedings{culotta-mccallum-2004-confidence,
    title = "Confidence Estimation for Information Extraction",
    author = "Culotta, Aron  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4028",
    pages = "109--112",
}
@inproceedings{divi-etal-2004-speech,
    title = "A Speech-in List-out Approach to Spoken User Interfaces",
    author = "Divi, Vijay  and
      Forlines, C.  and
      Van Gemert, Jan  and
      Raj, Bhiksha  and
      Schmidt-Nielsen, B.  and
      Wittenburg, Kent  and
      Woelfel, Joseph  and
      Zhang, Fang-Fang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4029",
    pages = "113--116",
}
@inproceedings{stoica-hearst-2004-nearly,
    title = "Nearly-Automated Metadata Hierarchy Creation",
    author = "Stoica, Emilia  and
      Hearst, Marti A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4030",
    pages = "117--120",
}
@inproceedings{radev-etal-2004-computational,
    title = "Computational Linkuistics: Word Triggers across Hyperlinks",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir  and
      Qi, Hong  and
      Winkel, Adam  and
      Tam, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4031",
    pages = "121--124",
}
@inproceedings{kahn-etal-2004-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Conversational Speech Using Enhanced Segmentation",
    author = "Kahn, Jeremy G.  and
      Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Chelba, Ciprian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4032",
    pages = "125--128",
}
@inproceedings{shan-2004-polarity,
    title = "Polarity Sensitivity and Evaluation Order in Type-Logical Grammar",
    author = "Shan, Chung-chieh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4033",
    pages = "129--132",
}
@inproceedings{ji-bilmes-2004-multi,
    title = "Multi-Speaker Language Modeling",
    author = "Ji, Gang  and
      Bilmes, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4034",
    pages = "133--136",
}
@inproceedings{levow-2004-prosody,
    title = "Prosody-based Topic Segmentation for {M}andarin Broadcast News",
    author = "Levow, Gina-Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4035",
    pages = "137--140",
}
@inproceedings{pradhan-etal-2004-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Arguments of Nominalizations in {E}nglish and {C}hinese",
    author = "Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Sun, Honglin  and
      Ward, Wayne  and
      Martin, James H.  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4036",
    pages = "141--144",
}
@inproceedings{hacioglu-2004-lightweight,
    title = "A Lightweight Semantic Chunker Based on Tagging",
    author = "Hacioglu, Kadri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4037",
    pages = "145--148",
}
@inproceedings{diab-etal-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Tagging of {A}rabic Text: From Raw Text to Base Phrase Chunks",
    author = "Diab, Mona  and
      Hacioglu, Kadri  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4038",
    pages = "149--152",
}
@inproceedings{nakano-etal-2004-converting,
    title = "Converting Text into Agent Animations: Assigning Gestures to Text",
    author = "Nakano, Yukiko I.  and
      Okamoto, Masashi  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Li, Qing  and
      Nishida, Toyoaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4039",
    pages = "153--156",
}
@inproceedings{snover-etal-2004-lexically,
    title = "A Lexically-Driven Algorithm for Disfluency Detection",
    author = "Snover, Matthew  and
      Dorr, Bonnie  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {HLT}-{NAACL} 2004: Short Papers",
    month = may # " 2 - " # may # " 7",
    year = "2004",
    address = "Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-4040",
    pages = "157--160",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-sighan,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    author = "Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Kwong, Olivia O.Y.",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0100",
}
@inproceedings{you-chen-2006-improving,
    title = "Improving Context Vector Models by Feature Clustering for Automatic Thesaurus Construction",
    author = "You, Jia-Ming  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0101",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-tsou-2006-regional,
    title = "Regional Variation of Domain-Specific Lexical Items: Toward a Pan-{C}hinese Lexical Resource",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee  and
      Tsou, Benjamin K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0102",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{chang-teng-2006-mining,
    title = "Mining Atomic {C}hinese Abbreviation Pairs: A Probabilistic Model for Single Character Word Recovery",
    author = "Chang, Jing-Shin  and
      Teng, Wei-Lun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0103",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{xia-cheung-2006-features,
    title = "Features, Bagging, and System Combination for the {C}hinese {POS} Tagging Task",
    author = "Xia, Fei  and
      Cheung, Lap",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0104",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{jin-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Analysis of {C}hinese Garden-Path Sentences",
    author = "Jin, Yaohong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0105",
    pages = "33--39",
}
@inproceedings{wang-ngai-2006-clustering,
    title = "A Clustering Approach for Unsupervised {C}hinese Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Wang, Chi-shing  and
      Ngai, Grace",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0106",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{ye-etal-2006-latent,
    title = "Latent Features in Automatic Tense Translation between {C}hinese and {E}nglish",
    author = "Ye, Yang  and
      Fossum, Victoria Li  and
      Abney, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0107",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2006-cluster,
    title = "Cluster-Based Language Model for Sentence Retrieval in {C}hinese Question Answering",
    author = "Wu, Youzheng  and
      Zhao, Jun  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0108",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{halpern-2006-role,
    title = "The Role of Lexical Resources in {CJK} Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Halpern, Jack",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0109",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2006-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Models for {C}hinese Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Li, Lishuang  and
      Mao, Tingting  and
      Huang, Degen  and
      Yang, Yuansheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0110",
    pages = "72--78",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2006-realization,
    title = "Realization of the {C}hinese {BA}-construction in an {E}nglish-{C}hinese Machine Translation System",
    author = "Wu, Xiaohong  and
      Cardey, Sylviane  and
      Greenfield, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0111",
    pages = "79--86",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2006-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach to {C}hinese Base Noun Phrase Chunking",
    author = "Xu, Fang  and
      Zong, Chengqing  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0112",
    pages = "87--93",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-zhou-2006-svm,
    title = "A {SVM}-Based Model for {C}hinese Functional Chunk Parsing",
    author = "Zhao, Yingze  and
      Zhou, Qiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0113",
    pages = "94--101",
}
@inproceedings{zou-etal-2006-broadcast,
    title = "Broadcast Audio and Video Bimodal Corpus Exploitation and Application",
    author = "Zou, Yu  and
      Hou, Min  and
      Chen, Yudong  and
      Hu, Fengguo  and
      Fu, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0114",
    pages = "102--107",
}
@inproceedings{levow-2006-third,
    title = "The Third International {C}hinese Language Processing Bakeoff: Word Segmentation and Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Levow, Gina-Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0115",
    pages = "108--117",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2006-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Named Entity Recognition with Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Chen, Wenliang  and
      Zhang, Yujie  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0116",
    pages = "118--121",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2006-france,
    title = "France Telecom R{\&}D Beijing Word Segmenter for Sighan Bakeoff 2006",
    author = "Liu, Wu  and
      Li, Heng  and
      Dong, Yuan  and
      He, Nan  and
      Luo, Haitao  and
      Wang, Haila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0117",
    pages = "122--125",
}
@inproceedings{song-sarkar-2006-voting,
    title = "Voting between Dictionary-Based and Subword Tagging Models for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Song, Dong  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0118",
    pages = "126--129",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-2006-bmm,
    title = "{BMM}-Based {C}hinese Word Segmentor with Word Support Model for the {SIGHAN} Bakeoff 2006",
    author = "Tsai, Jia-Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0119",
    pages = "130--133",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-etal-2006-closed,
    title = "On Closed Task of {C}hinese Word Segmentation: An Improved {CRF} Model Coupled with Character Clustering and Automatically Generated Template Matching",
    author = "Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han  and
      Hung, Hsieh-Chuan  and
      Sung, Cheng-Lung  and
      Dai, Hong-Jie  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0120",
    pages = "134--137",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2006-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation with Maximum Entropy and N-gram Language Model",
    author = "Wang, Xinhao  and
      Lin, Xiaojun  and
      Yu, Dianhai  and
      Tian, Hao  and
      Wu, Xihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0121",
    pages = "138--141",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2006-using,
    title = "On Using Ensemble Methods for {C}hinese Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Wu, Chia-Wei  and
      Jan, Shyh-Yi  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0122",
    pages = "142--145",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2006-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation and Named Entity Recognition by Character Tagging",
    author = "Yu, Kun  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Liu, Hao  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0123",
    pages = "146--149",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2006-boosting,
    title = "Boosting for {C}hinese Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Yu, Xiaofeng  and
      Carpuat, Marine  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0124",
    pages = "150--153",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2006-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation and Named Entity Recognition Based on a Context-Dependent Mutual Information Independence Model",
    author = "Zhang, Min  and
      Zhou, GuoDong  and
      Yang, LingPeng  and
      Ji, DongHong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0125",
    pages = "154--157",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2006-word,
    title = "Word Segmentation and Named Entity Recognition for {SIGHAN} Bakeoff3",
    author = "Zhang, Suxiang  and
      Qin, Ying  and
      Wen, Juan  and
      Wang, Xiaojie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0126",
    pages = "158--161",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2006-improved,
    title = "An Improved {C}hinese Word Segmentation System with Conditional Random Field",
    author = "Zhao, Hai  and
      Huang, Chang-Ning  and
      Li, Mu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0127",
    pages = "162--165",
}
@inproceedings{bian-2006-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation Using Various Dictionaries",
    author = "Bian, Guo-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0128",
    pages = "166--168",
}
@inproceedings{carpenter-2006-character,
    title = "Character Language Models for {C}hinese Word Segmentation and Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Carpenter, Bob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0129",
    pages = "169--172",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2006-chinese-named,
    title = "{C}hinese Named Entity Recognition with Conditional Probabilistic Models",
    author = "Chen, Aitao  and
      Peng, Fuchun  and
      Shan, Roy  and
      Sun, Gordon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0130",
    pages = "173--176",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2006-poc,
    title = "{POC}-{NLW} Template for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Chen, Bo  and
      Xu, Weiran  and
      Peng, Tao  and
      Guo, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0131",
    pages = "177--180",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2006-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation and Named Entity Recognition Based on Conditional Random Fields Models",
    author = "Feng, Yuanyong  and
      Sun, Le  and
      Lv, Yuanhua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0132",
    pages = "181--184",
}
@inproceedings{jacobs-wong-2006-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Entropy Word Segmentation of {C}hinese Text",
    author = "Jacobs, Aaron J.  and
      Wong, Yuk Wah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0133",
    pages = "185--188",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2006-pragmatic-chinese,
    title = "A Pragmatic {C}hinese Word Segmentation System",
    author = "Jiang, Wei  and
      Guan, Yi  and
      Wang, Xiao-Long",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0134",
    pages = "189--192",
}
@inproceedings{li-dai-2006-netease,
    title = "{N}et{E}ase Automatic {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Li, Xin  and
      Dai, Shuaixiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0135",
    pages = "193--196",
}
@inproceedings{lim-etal-2006-n,
    title = "N-gram Based Two-Step Algorithm for Word Segmentation",
    author = "Lim, Dong-Hee  and
      Hwang, Kyu-Baek  and
      Kang, Seung-Shik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0136",
    pages = "197--200",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2006-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation Based on an Approach of Maximum Entropy Modeling",
    author = "Song, Yan  and
      Guo, Jiaqing  and
      Cai, Dongfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0137",
    pages = "201--204",
}
@inproceedings{wang-shi-2006-using,
    title = "Using Part-of-Speech Reranking to Improve {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Wang, Mengqiu  and
      Shi, Yanxin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0138",
    pages = "205--208",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2006-description,
    title = "Description of the {NCU} {C}hinese Word Segmentation and Named Entity Recognition System for {SIGHAN} Bakeoff 2006",
    author = "Wu, Yu-Chieh  and
      Yang, Jie-Chi  and
      Lin, Qian-Xiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0139",
    pages = "209--212",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2006-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Named Entity Recognition with a Multi-Phase Model",
    author = "Zhou, Junsheng  and
      He, Liang  and
      Dai, Xinyu  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0140",
    pages = "213--216",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2006-designing,
    title = "Designing Special Post-Processing Rules for {SVM}-Based {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Zhu, Muhua  and
      Wang, Yilin  and
      Wang, Zhenxing  and
      Wang, Huizhen  and
      Zhu, Jingbo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0141",
    pages = "217--220",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-information,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Information Extraction Beyond The Document",
    author = "Califf, Mary Elaine  and
      Greenwood, Mark A.  and
      Stevenson, Mark  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0200",
}
@inproceedings{murata-etal-2006-development,
    title = "Development of an Automatic Trend Exploration System using the {M}u{ST} Data Collection",
    author = "Murata, Masaki  and
      Ichii, Koji  and
      Ma, Qing  and
      Shirado, Tamotsu  and
      Kanamaru, Toshiyuki  and
      Tsukawaki, Sachiyo  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Information Extraction Beyond The Document",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0201",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{stevenson-greenwood-2006-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Information Extraction Pattern Models",
    author = "Stevenson, Mark  and
      Greenwood, Mark A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Information Extraction Beyond The Document",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0202",
    pages = "12--19",
}
@inproceedings{walter-pinkal-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Definitions from {G}erman Court Decisions",
    author = "Walter, Stephan  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Information Extraction Beyond The Document",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0203",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{greenwood-stevenson-2006-improving,
    title = "Improving Semi-supervised Acquisition of Relation Extraction Patterns",
    author = "Greenwood, Mark A.  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Information Extraction Beyond The Document",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0204",
    pages = "29--35",
}
@inproceedings{dias-etal-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Knowledge Representation using a Graph-based Algorithm for Language-Independent Lexical Chaining",
    author = {Dias, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Santos, Cl{\'a}udia  and
      Cleuziou, Guillaume},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Information Extraction Beyond The Document",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0205",
    pages = "36--47",
}
@inproceedings{ji-grishman-2006-data,
    title = "Data Selection in Semi-supervised Learning for Name Tagging",
    author = "Ji, Heng  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Information Extraction Beyond The Document",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0206",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{almas-ahmad-2006-lolo,
    title = "{L}o{L}o: A System based on Terminology for Multilingual Extraction",
    author = "Almas, Yousif  and
      Ahmad, Khurshid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Information Extraction Beyond The Document",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0207",
    pages = "56--65",
}
@inproceedings{patwardhan-riloff-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning Domain-Specific Information Extraction Patterns from the Web",
    author = "Patwardhan, Siddharth  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Information Extraction Beyond The Document",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0208",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-sentiment,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment and Subjectivity in Text",
    author = "Gamon, Michael  and
      Aue, Anthony",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0300",
}
@inproceedings{kim-hovy-2006-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Opinions, Opinion Holders, and Topics Expressed in Online News Media Text",
    author = "Kim, Soo-Min  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment and Subjectivity in Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0301",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanov-cardie-2006-toward,
    title = "Toward Opinion Summarization: Linking the Sources",
    author = "Stoyanov, Veselin  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment and Subjectivity in Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0302",
    pages = "9--14",
}
@inproceedings{fujii-ishikawa-2006-system,
    title = "A System for Summarizing and Visualizing Arguments in Subjective Documents: Toward Supporting Decision Making",
    author = "Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Ishikawa, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment and Subjectivity in Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0303",
    pages = "15--22",
}
@inproceedings{gregory-etal-2006-user,
    title = "User-directed Sentiment Analysis: Visualizing the Affective Content of Documents",
    author = "Gregory, Michelle L.  and
      Chinchor, Nancy  and
      Whitney, Paul  and
      Carter, Richard  and
      Hetzler, Elizabeth  and
      Turner, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment and Subjectivity in Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0304",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{prasad-etal-2006-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Attribution in the {P}enn Discourse {T}ree{B}ank",
    author = "Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Dinesh, Nikhil  and
      Lee, Alan  and
      Joshi, Aravind  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment and Subjectivity in Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0305",
    pages = "31--38",
}
@inproceedings{hiroshima-etal-2006-searching,
    title = "Searching for Sentences Expressing Opinions by using Declaratively Subjective Clues",
    author = "Hiroshima, Nobuaki  and
      Yamada, Setsuo  and
      Furuse, Osamu  and
      Kataoka, Ryoji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment and Subjectivity in Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0306",
    pages = "39--46",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2006-exploitation,
    title = "Exploitation in Affect Detection in Open-Ended Improvisational Text",
    author = "Zhang, Li  and
      Barnden, John A.  and
      Hendley, Robert J.  and
      Wallington, Alan M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment and Subjectivity in Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0307",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{genereux-evans-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards a validated model for affective classification of texts",
    author = "G{\'e}n{\'e}reux, Michel  and
      Evans, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Sentiment and Subjectivity in Text",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0308",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-constraints,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Constraints and Language Processing",
    author = "Blache, Philippe  and
      Christiansen, Henning  and
      Dahl, Veronica  and
      Prost, Jean-Philippe",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0400",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-feen-etal-2006-constraints,
    title = "Constraints in Language Processing: Do Grammars Count?",
    author = "van der Feen, Marieke  and
      Hendriks, Petra  and
      Hoeks, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Constraints and Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0401",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{penn-etal-2006-control,
    title = "Control Strategies for Parsing with Freer Word-Order Languages",
    author = "Penn, Gerald  and
      Banjevic, Stefan  and
      Demko, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Constraints and Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0402",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{prost-2006-numbat,
    title = "{N}umbat: Abolishing Privileges when Licensing New Constituents in Constraint-Oriented Parsing",
    author = "Prost, Jean-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Constraints and Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0403",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{al-raheb-2006-pragmatic,
    title = "Pragmatic Constraints on Semantic Presupposition",
    author = "Al-Raheb, Yafa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Constraints and Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0404",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{roux-2006-coupling,
    title = "Coupling a Linguistic Formalism and a Script Language",
    author = "Roux, Claude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Constraints and Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0405",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{marques-pelizzoni-volpe-nunes-2006-capturing,
    title = "Capturing Disjunction in Lexicalization with Extensible Dependency Grammar",
    author = "Marques Pelizzoni, Jorge  and
      Volpe Nunes, Maria das Gra{\c{c}}as",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Constraints and Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0406",
    pages = "41--50",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-ontology,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Ontology Learning and Population: Bridging the Gap between Text and Knowledge",
    author = "Buitelaar, Paul  and
      Cimiano, Philipp  and
      Loos, Berenike",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0500",
}
@inproceedings{navigli-velardi-2006-enriching,
    title = "Enriching a Formal Ontology with a Thesaurus: an Application in the Cultural Heritage Domain",
    author = "Navigli, Roberto  and
      Velardi, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Ontology Learning and Population: Bridging the Gap between Text and Knowledge",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0501",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{nichols-etal-2006-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Ontology Acquisition from Multiple {MRD}s",
    author = "Nichols, Eric  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Tanaka, Takaaki  and
      Fujita, Sanae  and
      Flickinger, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Ontology Learning and Population: Bridging the Gap between Text and Knowledge",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0502",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{suchanek-etal-2006-leila,
    title = "{LEILA}: Learning to Extract Information by Linguistic Analysis",
    author = "Suchanek, Fabian M.  and
      Ifrim, Georgiana  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Ontology Learning and Population: Bridging the Gap between Text and Knowledge",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0503",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{magnini-etal-2006-ontology,
    title = "Ontology Population from Textual Mentions: Task Definition and Benchmark",
    author = "Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Pianta, Emanuele  and
      Popescu, Octavian  and
      Speranza, Manuela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Ontology Learning and Population: Bridging the Gap between Text and Knowledge",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0504",
    pages = "26--32",
}
@inproceedings{deschacht-moens-2006-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Hierarchical Entity Classifier Using Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Deschacht, Koen  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Ontology Learning and Population: Bridging the Gap between Text and Knowledge",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0505",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{ryu-choi-2006-taxonomy,
    title = "Taxonomy Learning using Term Specificity and Similarity",
    author = "Ryu, Pum-Mo  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Ontology Learning and Population: Bridging the Gap between Text and Knowledge",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0506",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{alfonseca-etal-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards Large-scale Non-taxonomic Relation Extraction: Estimating the Precision of Rote Extractors",
    author = "Alfonseca, Enrique  and
      Ruiz-Casado, Maria  and
      Okumura, Manabu  and
      Castells, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Ontology Learning and Population: Bridging the Gap between Text and Knowledge",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0507",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{specia-motta-2006-hybrid,
    title = "A hybrid approach for extracting semantic relations from texts",
    author = "Specia, Lucia  and
      Motta, Enrico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Ontology Learning and Population: Bridging the Gap between Text and Knowledge",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0508",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-frontiers,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Linguistically Annotated Corpora 2006",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Meyers, Adam  and
      Nariyama, Shigeko",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0600",
}
@inproceedings{alm-etal-2006-challenges,
    title = "Challenges for Annotating Images for Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Alm, Cecilia Ovesdotter  and
      Loeff, Nicolas  and
      Forsyth, David A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Linguistically Annotated Corpora 2006",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0601",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{chou-etal-2006-semi,
    title = "A Semi-Automatic Method for Annotating a Biomedical Proposition Bank",
    author = "Chou, Wen-Chi  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han  and
      Su, Ying-Shan  and
      Ku, Wei  and
      Sung, Ting-Yi  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Linguistically Annotated Corpora 2006",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0602",
    pages = "5--12",
}
@inproceedings{ye-abney-2006-people,
    title = "How and Where do People Fail with Time: Temporal Reference Mapping Annotation by {C}hinese and {E}nglish Bilinguals",
    author = "Ye, Yang  and
      Abney, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Linguistically Annotated Corpora 2006",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0603",
    pages = "13--20",
}
@inproceedings{dellorletta-etal-2006-probing,
    title = "Probing the Space of Grammatical Variation: Induction of Cross-Lingual Grammatical Constraints from Treebanks",
    author = "Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Pirrelli, Vito",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Linguistically Annotated Corpora 2006",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0604",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{maxwell-hughes-2006-frontiers,
    title = "Frontiers in Linguistic Annotation for Lower-Density Languages",
    author = "Maxwell, Mike  and
      Hughes, Baden",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Linguistically Annotated Corpora 2006",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0605",
    pages = "29--37",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-2006-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Compatibility Working Group Report",
    author = "Meyers, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Linguistically Annotated Corpora 2006",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0606",
    pages = "38--53",
}
@inproceedings{somasundaran-etal-2006-manual,
    title = "Manual Annotation of Opinion Categories in Meetings",
    author = "Somasundaran, Swapna  and
      Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Hoffmann, Paul  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Linguistically Annotated Corpora 2006",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0607",
    pages = "54--61",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-etal-2006-hinoki,
    title = "The Hinoki Sensebank {---} A Large-Scale Word Sense Tagged Corpus of {J}apanese {---}",
    author = "Tanaka, Takaaki  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Fujita, Sanae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Linguistically Annotated Corpora 2006",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0608",
    pages = "62--69",
}
@inproceedings{babko-malaya-etal-2006-issues,
    title = "Issues in Synchronizing the {E}nglish Treebank and {P}rop{B}ank",
    author = "Babko-Malaya, Olga  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Taylor, Ann  and
      Yi, Szuting  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Marcus, Mitch  and
      Kulick, Seth  and
      Shen, Libin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Linguistically Annotated Corpora 2006",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0609",
    pages = "70--77",
}
@inproceedings{novak-2006-distance,
    title = "On Distance between Deep Syntax and Semantic Representation",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, V{\'a}clav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Linguistically Annotated Corpora 2006",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0610",
    pages = "78--85",
}
@inproceedings{teich-etal-2006-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Annotation by Generation",
    author = "Teich, Elke  and
      Bateman, John A.  and
      Eckart, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Linguistically Annotated Corpora 2006",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0611",
    pages = "86--93",
}
@inproceedings{semecky-cinkova-2006-constructing,
    title = "Constructing an {E}nglish Valency Lexicon",
    author = "Semeck{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      Cinkov{\'a}, Silvie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Linguistically Annotated Corpora 2006",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0612",
    pages = "94--97",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-task,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Task-Focused Summarization and Question Answering",
    author = "Chua, Tat-Seng  and
      Goldstein, Jade  and
      Teufel, Simone  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0700",
}
@inproceedings{hachey-etal-2006-dimensionality,
    title = "Dimensionality Reduction Aids Term Co-Occurrence Based Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Hachey, Ben  and
      Murray, Gabriel  and
      Reitter, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Task-Focused Summarization and Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0701",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{kazantseva-szpakowicz-2006-challenges,
    title = "Challenges in Evaluating Summaries of Short Stories",
    author = "Kazantseva, Anna  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Task-Focused Summarization and Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0702",
    pages = "8--15",
}
@inproceedings{lin-cho-2006-question,
    title = "Question Pre-Processing in a {QA} System on {I}nternet Discussion Groups",
    author = "Lin, Chuan-Jie  and
      Cho, Chun-Hung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Task-Focused Summarization and Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0703",
    pages = "16--23",
}
@inproceedings{demner-fushman-lin-2006-situated,
    title = "Situated Question Answering in the Clinical Domain: Selecting the Best Drug Treatment for Diseases",
    author = "Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Task-Focused Summarization and Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0704",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{harabagiu-hickl-2006-using,
    title = "Using Scenario Knowledge in Automatic Question Answering",
    author = "Harabagiu, Sanda  and
      Hickl, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Task-Focused Summarization and Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0705",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{marom-zukerman-2006-automating,
    title = "Automating Help-desk Responses: A Comparative Study of Information-gathering Approaches",
    author = "Marom, Yuval  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Task-Focused Summarization and Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0706",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{dang-2006-duc,
    title = "{DUC} 2005: Evaluation of Question-Focused Summarization Systems",
    author = "Dang, Hoa Trang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Task-Focused Summarization and Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0707",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on How Can Computational Linguistics Improve Information Retrieval?",
    author = "Tait, John  and
      Oakes, Michael",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0800",
}
@inproceedings{purwarianti-etal-2006-indonesian,
    title = "{I}ndonesian-{J}apanese {CLIR} Using Only Limited Resource",
    author = "Purwarianti, Ayu  and
      Tsuchiya, Masatoshi  and
      Nakagawa, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on How Can Computational Linguistics Improve Information Retrieval?",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0801",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-2006-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Systems for Information Extraction and Question Answering",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on How Can Computational Linguistics Improve Information Retrieval?",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0802",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{bollegala-etal-2006-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Key Phrases to Disambiguate Personal Name Queries in Web Search",
    author = "Bollegala, Danushka  and
      Matsuo, Yutaka  and
      Ishizuka, Mitsuru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on How Can Computational Linguistics Improve Information Retrieval?",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0803",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{ritchie-etal-2006-find,
    title = "How to Find Better Index Terms Through Citations",
    author = "Ritchie, Anna  and
      Teufel, Simone  and
      Robertson, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on How Can Computational Linguistics Improve Information Retrieval?",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0804",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2006-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Semantic Constraints for Document Retrieval",
    author = "Cheng, Hua  and
      Qu, Yan  and
      Montgomery, Jesse  and
      Evans, David A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on How Can Computational Linguistics Improve Information Retrieval?",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0805",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-annotating,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Annotating and Reasoning about Time and Events",
    author = "Boguraev, Branimir  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0900",
}
@inproceedings{ahn-2006-stages,
    title = "The stages of event extraction",
    author = "Ahn, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Annotating and Reasoning about Time and Events",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0901",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{dale-mazur-2006-local,
    title = "Local Semantics in the Interpretation of Temporal Expressions",
    author = "Dale, Robert  and
      Mazur, Pawe{\l}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Annotating and Reasoning about Time and Events",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0902",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{dalli-wilks-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Dating of Documents and Temporal Text Classification",
    author = "Dalli, Angelo  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Annotating and Reasoning about Time and Events",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0903",
    pages = "17--22",
}
@inproceedings{mani-wellner-2006-pilot,
    title = "A Pilot Study on Acquiring Metric Temporal Constraints for Events",
    author = "Mani, Inderjeet  and
      Wellner, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Annotating and Reasoning about Time and Events",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0904",
    pages = "23--29",
}
@inproceedings{negri-etal-2006-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Knowledge-based Approaches to the Multilingual Extension of a Temporal Expression Normalizer",
    author = "Negri, Matteo  and
      Saquete, Estela  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Barco, Patricio  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Annotating and Reasoning about Time and Events",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0905",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{pan-etal-2006-extending,
    title = "Extending {T}ime{ML} with Typical Durations of Events",
    author = "Pan, Feng  and
      Mulkar, Rutu  and
      Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Annotating and Reasoning about Time and Events",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0906",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{sinclair-etal-2006-marking,
    title = "Marking Time in Developmental Biology: Annotating Developmental Events and their Links with Molecular Events",
    author = "Sinclair, Gail  and
      Webber, Bonnie  and
      Davidson, Duncan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Annotating and Reasoning about Time and Events",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-0907",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-multilingual,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Language Resources and Interoperability",
    author = "Witt, Andreas  and
      S{\'e}rasset, Gilles  and
      Armstrong, Susan  and
      Breen, Jim  and
      Heid, Ulrich  and
      Sasaki, Felix",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1000",
}
@inproceedings{francopoulo-etal-2006-lexical-markup,
    title = "Lexical Markup Framework ({LMF}) for {NLP} Multilingual Resources",
    author = "Francopoulo, Gil  and
      Bel, Nuria  and
      George, Monte  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Pet, Mandy  and
      Soria, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Language Resources and Interoperability",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{halpern-2006-role-lexical,
    title = "The Role of Lexical Resources in {CJK} Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Halpern, Jack",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Language Resources and Interoperability",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{soria-etal-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards Agent-based Cross-Lingual Interoperability of Distributed Lexical Resources",
    author = "Soria, Claudia  and
      Tesconi, Maurizio  and
      Marchetti, Andrea  and
      Bertagna, Francesca  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Language Resources and Interoperability",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1003",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{lyding-etal-2006-lexalp,
    title = "The {L}ex{ALP} Information System: Term Bank and Corpus for Multilingual Legal Terminology Consolidated",
    author = "Lyding, Verena  and
      Chiocchetti, Elena  and
      S{\'e}rasset, Gilles  and
      Brunet-Manquat, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Language Resources and Interoperability",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1004",
    pages = "25--31",
}
@inproceedings{cardey-etal-2006-development,
    title = "The Development of a Multilingual Collocation Dictionary",
    author = "Cardey, Sylviane  and
      Chan, Rosita  and
      Greenfield, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Language Resources and Interoperability",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1005",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{seretan-wehrli-2006-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Collocation Extraction: Issues and Solutions",
    author = "Seretan, Violeta  and
      Wehrli, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Language Resources and Interoperability",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1006",
    pages = "40--49",
}
@inproceedings{polguere-2006-structural,
    title = "Structural Properties of Lexical Systems: Monolingual and Multilingual Perspectives",
    author = "Polgu{\`e}re, Alain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Language Resources and Interoperability",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1007",
    pages = "50--59",
}
@inproceedings{fukushima-etal-2006-fast,
    title = "A Fast and Accurate Method for Detecting {E}nglish-{J}apanese Parallel Texts",
    author = "Fukushima, Ken{'}ichi  and
      Taura, Kenjiro  and
      Chikayama, Takashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Language Resources and Interoperability",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1008",
    pages = "60--67",
}
@inproceedings{chew-etal-2006-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of the {B}ible as a Resource for Cross-Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Chew, Peter A.  and
      Verzi, Steve J.  and
      Bauer, Travis L.  and
      McClain, Jonathan T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Language Resources and Interoperability",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1009",
    pages = "68--74",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-linguistic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Distances",
    author = "Nerbonne, John  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1100",
}
@inproceedings{nerbonne-hinrichs-2006-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Distances",
    author = "Nerbonne, John  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Distances",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1101",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{dagan-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Similarity: What for?",
    author = "Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Distances",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1102",
    pages = "7",
}
@inproceedings{st-jacques-barriere-2006-similarity,
    title = "Similarity Judgments: Philosophical, Psychological and Mathematical Investigations",
    author = "St-Jacques, Claude  and
      Barri{\`e}re, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Distances",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1103",
    pages = "8--15",
}
@inproceedings{zesch-gurevych-2006-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Creating Datasets for Measures of Semantic Relatedness",
    author = "Zesch, Torsten  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Distances",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1104",
    pages = "16--24",
}
@inproceedings{hachey-2006-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of Similarity Models for the Relation Discovery Task",
    author = "Hachey, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Distances",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1105",
    pages = "25--34",
}
@inproceedings{dridan-bond-2006-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Comparison Using Robust Minimal Recursion Semantics and an Ontology",
    author = "Dridan, Rebecca  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Distances",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1106",
    pages = "35--42",
}
@inproceedings{kondrak-sherif-2006-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Several Phonetic Similarity Algorithms on the Task of Cognate Identification",
    author = "Kondrak, Grzegorz  and
      Sherif, Tarek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Distances",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1107",
    pages = "43--50",
}
@inproceedings{heeringa-etal-2006-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of String Distance Algorithms for Dialectology",
    author = "Heeringa, Wilbert  and
      Kleiweg, Peter  and
      Gooskens, Charlotte  and
      Nerbonne, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Distances",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1108",
    pages = "51--62",
}
@inproceedings{singh-2006-study,
    title = "Study of Some Distance Measures for Language and Encoding Identification",
    author = "Singh, Anil Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Distances",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1109",
    pages = "63--72",
}
@inproceedings{kubler-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards Case-Based Parsing: Are Chunks Reliable Indicators for Syntax Trees?",
    author = {K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Distances",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1110",
    pages = "73--81",
}
@inproceedings{nerbonne-wiersma-2006-measure,
    title = "A Measure of Aggregate Syntactic Distance",
    author = "Nerbonne, John  and
      Wiersma, Wybo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Distances",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1111",
    pages = "82--90",
}
@inproceedings{homola-kubon-2006-structural,
    title = "A Structural Similarity Measure",
    author = "Homola, Petr  and
      Kubo{\v{n}}, Vladislav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Distances",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1112",
    pages = "91--99",
}
@inproceedings{emms-2006-variants,
    title = "Variants of Tree Similarity in a Question Answering Task",
    author = "Emms, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Distances",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1113",
    pages = "100--108",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-dinu-2006-total,
    title = "Total Rank Distance and Scaled Total Rank Distance: Two Alternative Metrics in Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Dinu, Anca  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Distances",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1114",
    pages = "109--116",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-multiword,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identifying and Exploiting Underlying Properties",
    author = "Moir{\'o}n, Bego{\~n}a Villada  and
      Villavicencio, Aline  and
      McCarthy, Diana  and
      Evert, Stefan  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1200",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-2006-compositionality,
    title = "Compositionality and Multiword Expressions: Six of One, Half a Dozen of the Other?",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identifying and Exploiting Underlying Properties",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1201",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{piao-etal-2006-measuring,
    title = "Measuring {MWE} Compositionality Using Semantic Annotation",
    author = "Piao, Scott S.L.  and
      Rayson, Paul  and
      Mudraya, Olga  and
      Wilson, Andrew  and
      Garside, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identifying and Exploiting Underlying Properties",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1202",
    pages = "2--11",
}
@inproceedings{katz-giesbrecht-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Non-Compositional Multi-Word Expressions using Latent Semantic Analysis",
    author = "Katz, Graham  and
      Giesbrecht, Eugenie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identifying and Exploiting Underlying Properties",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1203",
    pages = "12--19",
}
@inproceedings{venkatapathy-joshi-2006-using,
    title = "Using Information about Multi-word Expressions for the Word-Alignment Task",
    author = "Venkatapathy, Sriram  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identifying and Exploiting Underlying Properties",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1204",
    pages = "20--27",
}
@inproceedings{mukerjee-etal-2006-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Complex Predicates in {H}indi using {POS} Projection across Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Mukerjee, Amitabha  and
      Soni, Ankit  and
      Raina, Achla M",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identifying and Exploiting Underlying Properties",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1205",
    pages = "28--35",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2006-automated,
    title = "Automated Multiword Expression Prediction for Grammar Engineering",
    author = "Zhang, Yi  and
      Kordoni, Valia  and
      Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Idiart, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identifying and Exploiting Underlying Properties",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1206",
    pages = "36--44",
}
@inproceedings{cook-stevenson-2006-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Particle Semantics in {E}nglish Verb-Particle Constructions",
    author = "Cook, Paul  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identifying and Exploiting Underlying Properties",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1207",
    pages = "45--53",
}
@inproceedings{nicholson-baldwin-2006-interpretation,
    title = "Interpretation of Compound Nominalisations using Corpus and Web Statistics",
    author = "Nicholson, Jeremy  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identifying and Exploiting Underlying Properties",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1208",
    pages = "54--61",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-sigdial,
    title = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    author = "Alexandersson, Jan  and
      Knott, Alistair",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1300",
}
@inproceedings{hof-etal-2006-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Help for Speech Dialogue Systems Based on Learning and Forgetting of Speech Commands",
    author = "Hof, Alexander  and
      Hagen, Eli  and
      Huber, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1301",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{komatani-etal-2006-multi,
    title = "Multi-Domain Spoken Dialogue System with Extensibility and Robustness against Speech Recognition Errors",
    author = "Komatani, Kazunori  and
      Kanda, Naoyuki  and
      Nakano, Mikio  and
      Nakadai, Kazuhiro  and
      Tsujino, Hiroshi  and
      Ogata, Tetsuya  and
      Okuno, Hiroshi G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1302",
    pages = "9--17",
}
@inproceedings{leuski-etal-2006-building,
    title = "Building Effective Question Answering Characters",
    author = "Leuski, Anton  and
      Patel, Ronakkumar  and
      Traum, David  and
      Kennedy, Brandon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1303",
    pages = "18--27",
}
@inproceedings{varges-etal-2006-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Question Answering and Constraint Relaxation in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Varges, Sebastian  and
      Weng, Fuliang  and
      Pon-Barry, Heather",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1304",
    pages = "28--35",
}
@inproceedings{ginzburg-2006-content,
    title = "Content Recognition in Dialogue",
    author = "Ginzburg, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1305",
    pages = "36",
}
@inproceedings{keizer-bunt-2006-multidimensional,
    title = "Multidimensional Dialogue Management",
    author = "Keizer, Simon  and
      Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1306",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{al-raheb-2006-drt,
    title = "{DRT} Representation of Degrees of Belief",
    author = "Al-Raheb, Yafa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1307",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{denis-etal-2006-resolution,
    title = "Resolution of Referents Groupings in Practical Dialogues",
    author = "Denis, Alexandre  and
      Pitel, Guillaume  and
      Quignard, Matthieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1308",
    pages = "54--59",
}
@inproceedings{ludwig-2006-tracing,
    title = "Tracing Actions Helps in Understanding Interactions",
    author = "Ludwig, Bernd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1309",
    pages = "60--67",
}
@inproceedings{al-raheb-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic and Pragmatic Presupposition in Discourse Representation Theory",
    author = "Al-Raheb, Yafa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1310",
    pages = "68--75",
}
@inproceedings{vieira-etal-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic tagging for resolution of indirect anaphora",
    author = "Vieira, R.  and
      Bick, E.  and
      Coelho, J.  and
      Muller, V.  and
      Collovini, S.  and
      Souza, J.  and
      Rino, L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1311",
    pages = "76--79",
}
@inproceedings{teufel-etal-2006-annotation,
    title = "An annotation scheme for citation function",
    author = "Teufel, Simone  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Tidhar, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1312",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{roque-traum-2006-information,
    title = "An Information State-Based Dialogue Manager for Call for Fire Dialogues",
    author = "Roque, Antonio  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1313",
    pages = "88--95",
}
@inproceedings{morgan-etal-2006-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Detecting Action Items in Audio Meeting Recordings",
    author = "Morgan, William  and
      Chang, Pi-Chuan  and
      Gupta, Surabhi  and
      Brenier, Jason M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1314",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@inproceedings{midgley-etal-2006-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Verification of Adjacency Pairs Using Dialogue Segmentation",
    author = "Midgley, T. Daniel  and
      Harrison, Shelly  and
      MacNish, Cara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1315",
    pages = "104--108",
}
@inproceedings{araki-tachibana-2006-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Dialog Description Language for Rapid System Development",
    author = "Araki, Masahiro  and
      Tachibana, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1316",
    pages = "109--116",
}
@inproceedings{wellner-etal-2006-classification,
    title = "Classification of Discourse Coherence Relations: An Exploratory Study using Multiple Knowledge Sources",
    author = "Wellner, Ben  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Havasi, Catherine  and
      Rumshisky, Anna  and
      Saur{\'\i}, Roser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1317",
    pages = "117--125",
}
@inproceedings{geertzen-bunt-2006-measuring,
    title = "Measuring annotator agreement in a complex hierarchical dialogue act annotation scheme",
    author = "Geertzen, Jeroen  and
      Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1318",
    pages = "126--133",
}
@inproceedings{zukerman-etal-2006-balancing,
    title = "Balancing Conflicting Factors in Argument Interpretation",
    author = "Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      Niemann, Michael  and
      George, Sarah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1319",
    pages = "134--143",
}
@inproceedings{georgescul-etal-2006-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Quantitative Aspects in the Evaluation of Thematic Segmentation Algorithms",
    author = "Georgescul, Maria  and
      Clark, Alexander  and
      Armstrong, Susan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1320",
    pages = "144--151",
}
@inproceedings{litman-2006-discourse,
    title = "Discourse and Dialogue Processing in Spoken Intelligent Tutoring Systems",
    author = "Litman, Diane J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1321",
    pages = "152",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2006-computational,
    title = "A computational model of multi-modal grounding for human robot interaction",
    author = "Li, Shuyin  and
      Wrede, Britta  and
      Sagerer, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1322",
    pages = "153--160",
}
@inproceedings{tokuhisa-terashima-2006-relationship,
    title = "Relationship between Utterances and {``}Enthusiasm{''} in Non-task-oriented Conversational Dialogue",
    author = "Tokuhisa, Ryoko  and
      Terashima, Ryuta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1323",
    pages = "161--167",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    author = "Colineau, Nathalie  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile  and
      Wan, Stephen  and
      Dale, Robert",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1400",
}
@inproceedings{mckeown-2006-lessons,
    title = "Lessons Learned from Large Scale Evaluation of Systems that Produce Text: Nightmares and Pleasant Surprises",
    author = "McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1401",
    pages = "3--5",
}
@inproceedings{harbusch-etal-2006-generation,
    title = "A Generation-Oriented Workbench for Performance Grammar: Capturing Linear Order Variability in {G}erman and {D}utch",
    author = "Harbusch, Karin  and
      Kempen, Gerard  and
      van Breugel, Camiel  and
      Koch, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1402",
    pages = "9--11",
}
@inproceedings{white-2006-ccg,
    title = "{CCG} Chart Realization from Disjunctive Inputs",
    author = "White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1403",
    pages = "12--19",
}
@inproceedings{varges-2006-overgeneration,
    title = "Overgeneration and Ranking for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Varges, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1404",
    pages = "20--22",
}
@inproceedings{isard-etal-2006-individuality,
    title = "Individuality and Alignment in Generated Dialogues",
    author = "Isard, Amy  and
      Brockmann, Carsten  and
      Oberlander, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1405",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2006-using,
    title = "Using Distributional Similarity to Identify Individual Verb Choice",
    author = "Lin, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1406",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{fujita-etal-2006-adjective,
    title = "Adjective-to-Verb Paraphrasing in {J}apanese Based on Lexical Constraints of Verbs",
    author = "Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Masuno, Naruaki  and
      Sato, Satoshi  and
      Utsuro, Takehito",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1407",
    pages = "41--43",
}
@inproceedings{horacek-2006-generating,
    title = "Generating References to Parts of Recursively Structured Objects",
    author = "Horacek, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1408",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{paraboni-etal-2006-overspecified,
    title = "Overspecified Reference in Hierarchical Domains: Measuring the Benefits for Readers",
    author = "Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}  and
      Masthoff, Judith  and
      van Deemter, Kees",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1409",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{viethen-dale-2006-algorithms,
    title = "Algorithms for Generating Referring Expressions: Do They Do What People Do?",
    author = "Viethen, Jette  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1410",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{funakoshi-etal-2006-group,
    title = "Group-Based Generation of Referring Expressions",
    author = "Funakoshi, Kotaro  and
      Watanabe, Satoru  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1411",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{stoia-etal-2006-noun,
    title = "Noun Phrase Generation for Situated Dialogs",
    author = "Stoia, Laura  and
      Shockley, Darla Magdalene  and
      Byron, Donna K.  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1412",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{khan-etal-2006-clarity,
    title = "The Clarity-Brevity Trade-off in Generating Referring Expressions",
    author = "Khan, Imtiaz Hussain  and
      Ritchie, Graeme  and
      van Deemter, Kees",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1413",
    pages = "89--91",
}
@inproceedings{hallett-2006-generic,
    title = "Generic Querying of Relational Databases using Natural Language Generation Techniques",
    author = "Hallett, Catalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1414",
    pages = "95--102",
}
@inproceedings{moriceau-2006-generating,
    title = "Generating Intelligent Numerical Answers in a Question-Answering System",
    author = "Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1415",
    pages = "103--110",
}
@inproceedings{karamanis-etal-2006-generating,
    title = "Generating Multiple-Choice Test Items from Medical Text: A Pilot Study",
    author = "Karamanis, Nikiforos  and
      Ha, Le An  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1416",
    pages = "111--113",
}
@inproceedings{green-2006-generation,
    title = "Generation of Biomedical Arguments for Lay Readers",
    author = "Green, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1417",
    pages = "114--121",
}
@inproceedings{belz-dale-2006-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to the {INLG}{'}06 Special Session on Sharing Data and Comparative Evaluation",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1418",
    pages = "125--126",
}
@inproceedings{paris-etal-2006-evaluations,
    title = "Evaluations of {NLG} Systems: Common Corpus and Tasks or Common Dimensions and Metrics?",
    author = "Paris, C{\'e}cile  and
      Colineau, Nathalie  and
      Wilkinson, Ross",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1419",
    pages = "127--129",
}
@inproceedings{van-deemter-etal-2006-building,
    title = "Building a Semantically Transparent Corpus for the Generation of Referring Expressions.",
    author = "van Deemter, Kees  and
      van der Sluis, Ielka  and
      Gatt, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1420",
    pages = "130--132",
}
@inproceedings{belz-kilgarriff-2006-shared,
    title = "Shared-Task Evaluations in {HLT}: Lessons for {NLG}",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Kilgarriff, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1421",
    pages = "133--135",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-belz-2006-geneval,
    title = "{GENEVAL}: A Proposal for Shared-task Evaluation in {NLG}",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud  and
      Belz, Anja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1422",
    pages = "136--138",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-international-tree,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    author = "Becker, Tilman  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1500",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-rambow-2006-hidden,
    title = "The Hidden {TAG} Model: Synchronous Grammars for Parsing Resource-Poor Languages",
    author = "Chiang, David  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1501",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{le-roux-etal-2006-constraint,
    title = "A Constraint Driven Metagrammar",
    author = "Le Roux, Joseph  and
      Crabb{\'e}, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Parmentier, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1502",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{kinyon-etal-2006-metagrammar,
    title = "The Metagrammar Goes Multilingual: A Cross-Linguistic Look at the V2-Phenomenon",
    author = "Kinyon, Alexandra  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Scheffler, Tatjana  and
      Yoon, SinWon  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1503",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-2006-weak,
    title = "The Weak Generative Capacity of Linear {T}ree-{A}djoining {G}rammars",
    author = "Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1504",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{han-hedberg-2006-tree,
    title = "A {T}ree {A}djoining {G}rammar Analysis of the Syntax and Semantics of \textit{It}-Clefts",
    author = "Han, Chung-hye  and
      Hedberg, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1505",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{han-2006-pied,
    title = "Pied-Piping in Relative Clauses: Syntax and Compositional Semantics Based on {S}ynchronous {T}ree {A}djoining {G}rammar",
    author = "Han, Chung-hye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1506",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{hoyt-2006-negative,
    title = "Negative Concord and Restructuring in Palestinian {A}rabic: A Comparison of {TAG} and {CCG} Analyses",
    author = "Hoyt, Frederick M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1507",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{kato-etal-2006-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Multiple {C}ontext-{F}ree {G}rammar for {RNA} Pseudoknot Modeling",
    author = "Kato, Yuki  and
      Seki, Hiroyuki  and
      Kasami, Tadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1508",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{ryant-scheffler-2006-binding,
    title = "Binding of Anaphors in {LTAG}",
    author = "Ryant, Neville  and
      Scheffler, Tatjana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1509",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{kallmeyer-romero-2006-quantifier,
    title = "Quantifier Scope in {G}erman: An {MCTAG} Analysis",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Romero, Maribel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1510",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{lichte-kallmeyer-2006-licensing,
    title = "Licensing {G}erman Negative Polarity Items in {LTAG}",
    author = "Lichte, Timm  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1511",
    pages = "81--90",
}
@inproceedings{babko-malaya-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Interpretation of Unrealized Syntactic Material in {LTAG}",
    author = "Babko-Malaya, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1512",
    pages = "91--96",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-kow-2006-three,
    title = "Three Reasons to Adopt {TAG}-Based Surface Realisation",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Kow, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1513",
    pages = "97--102",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-rodriguez-etal-2006-generating,
    title = "Generating {XTAG} Parsers from Algebraic Specifications",
    author = "G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos  and
      Alonso, Miguel A.  and
      Vilares, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1514",
    pages = "103--108",
}
@inproceedings{kallmeyer-richter-2006-constraint,
    title = "Constraint-Based Computational Semantics: A Comparison between {LTAG} and {LRS}",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Richter, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1515",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{kow-etal-2006-semtag,
    title = "{S}em{TAG}, the {LORIA} toolbox for {TAG}-based Parsing and Generation",
    author = "Kow, Eric  and
      Parmentier, Yannick  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1516",
    pages = "115--120",
}
@inproceedings{kuhlmann-mohl-2006-extended,
    title = "Extended Cross-Serial Dependencies in {T}ree {A}djoining {G}rammars",
    author = {Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      M{\"o}hl, Mathias},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1517",
    pages = "121--126",
}
@inproceedings{liu-sarkar-2006-using,
    title = "Using {LTAG}-Based Features for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Liu, Yudong  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1518",
    pages = "127--132",
}
@inproceedings{park-2006-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Syntactic Features from a {K}orean Treebank",
    author = "Park, Jungyeul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1519",
    pages = "133--136",
}
@inproceedings{prolo-2006-handling,
    title = "Handling Unlike Coordinated Phrases in {TAG} by Mixing Syntactic Category and Grammatical Function",
    author = "Prolo, Carlos A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1520",
    pages = "137--140",
}
@inproceedings{salvati-2006-parsing,
    title = "Parsing {TAG} with {A}bstract {C}ategorial {G}rammar",
    author = "Salvati, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1521",
    pages = "141--146",
}
@inproceedings{seddah-sagot-2006-modeling,
    title = "Modeling and Analysis of Elliptic Coordination by Dynamic Exploitation of Derivation Forests in {LTAG} Parsing",
    author = "Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1522",
    pages = "147--152",
}
@inproceedings{stepanov-2006-single,
    title = "{`}Single Cycle{'} Languages: Empirical Evidence for {TAG}-Adjoining",
    author = "Stepanov, Arthur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1523",
    pages = "153--158",
}
@inproceedings{storoshenko-2006-reconsidering,
    title = "Reconsidering Raising and Experiencers in {E}nglish",
    author = "Storoshenko, Dennis Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1524",
    pages = "159--164",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-2006,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Gaussier, Eric",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1600",
}
@inproceedings{grenager-manning-2006-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Discovery of a Statistical Verb Lexicon",
    author = "Grenager, Trond  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1601",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{bos-nissim-2006-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Approach to the Interpretation of Superlatives",
    author = "Bos, Johan  and
      Nissim, Malvina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1602",
    pages = "9--17",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-etal-2006-paraphrase,
    title = "Paraphrase Recognition via Dissimilarity Significance Classification",
    author = "Qiu, Long  and
      Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Chua, Tat-Seng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1603",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{yates-etal-2006-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Parser Errors Using Web-based Semantic Filters",
    author = "Yates, Alexander  and
      Schoenmackers, Stefan  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1604",
    pages = "27--34",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-hirst-2006-distributional,
    title = "Distributional measures of concept-distance: A task-oriented evaluation",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1605",
    pages = "35--43",
}
@inproceedings{marcu-etal-2006-spmt,
    title = "{SPMT}: Statistical Machine Translation with Syntactified Target Language Phrases",
    author = "Marcu, Daniel  and
      Wang, Wei  and
      Echihabi, Abdessamad  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1606",
    pages = "44--52",
}
@inproceedings{foster-etal-2006-phrasetable,
    title = "Phrasetable Smoothing for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Foster, George  and
      Kuhn, Roland  and
      Johnson, Howard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1607",
    pages = "53--61",
}
@inproceedings{quirk-corston-oliver-2006-impact,
    title = "The impact of parse quality on syntactically-informed statistical machine translation",
    author = "Quirk, Chris  and
      Corston-Oliver, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1608",
    pages = "62--69",
}
@inproceedings{costa-jussa-fonollosa-2006-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Reordering",
    author = "Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1609",
    pages = "70--76",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2006-evaluating,
    title = "Re-evaluating Machine Translation Results with Paraphrase Support",
    author = "Zhou, Liang  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1610",
    pages = "77--84",
}
@inproceedings{rotaru-litman-2006-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Discourse Structure for Spoken Dialogue Performance Analysis",
    author = "Rotaru, Mihai  and
      Litman, Diane J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1611",
    pages = "85--93",
}
@inproceedings{nissim-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning Information Status of Discourse Entities",
    author = "Nissim, Malvina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1612",
    pages = "94--102",
}
@inproceedings{teufel-etal-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic classification of citation function",
    author = "Teufel, Simone  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Tidhar, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1613",
    pages = "103--110",
}
@inproceedings{kubler-etal-2006-really,
    title = "Is it Really that Difficult to Parse {G}erman?",
    author = {K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard W.  and
      Maier, Wolfgang},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1614",
    pages = "111--119",
}
@inproceedings{blitzer-etal-2006-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation with Structural Correspondence Learning",
    author = "Blitzer, John  and
      McDonald, Ryan  and
      Pereira, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1615",
    pages = "120--128",
}
@inproceedings{riedel-clarke-2006-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Integer Linear Programming for Non-projective Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Riedel, Sebastian  and
      Clarke, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1616",
    pages = "129--137",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-ng-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling of {N}om{B}ank: A Maximum Entropy Approach",
    author = "Jiang, Zheng Ping  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1617",
    pages = "138--145",
}
@inproceedings{bethard-martin-2006-identification,
    title = "Identification of Event Mentions and their Semantic Class",
    author = "Bethard, Steven  and
      Martin, James H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1618",
    pages = "146--154",
}
@inproceedings{ninomiya-etal-2006-extremely,
    title = "Extremely Lexicalized Models for Accurate and Fast {HPSG} Parsing",
    author = "Ninomiya, Takashi  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1619",
    pages = "155--163",
}
@inproceedings{blunsom-baldwin-2006-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Deep Lexical Acquisition for {HPSG}s via Supertagging",
    author = "Blunsom, Phil  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1620",
    pages = "164--171",
}
@inproceedings{glickman-etal-2006-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Reference: a Semantic Matching Subtask",
    author = "Glickman, Oren  and
      Shnarch, Eyal  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1621",
    pages = "172--179",
}
@inproceedings{lin-smith-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling via Instance-Based Learning",
    author = "Lin, Chi-San Althon  and
      Smith, Tony C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1622",
    pages = "180--188",
}
@inproceedings{bramsen-etal-2006-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Temporal Graphs",
    author = "Bramsen, Philip  and
      Deshpande, Pawan  and
      Lee, Yoong Keok  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1623",
    pages = "189--198",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2006-weakly,
    title = "A Weakly Supervised Learning Approach for Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Wu, Wei-Lin  and
      Lu, Ru-Zhan  and
      Duan, Jian-Yong  and
      Liu, Hui  and
      Gao, Feng  and
      Chen, Yu-Quan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1624",
    pages = "199--207",
}
@inproceedings{purandare-litman-2006-humor,
    title = "{H}umor: Prosody Analysis and Automatic Recognition for {F}*{R}*{I}*{E}*{N}*{D}*{S}*",
    author = "Purandare, Amruta  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1625",
    pages = "208--215",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2006-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Language Modeling for $N$-best List Re-ranking",
    author = "Zhang, Ying  and
      Hildebrand, Almut Silja  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1626",
    pages = "216--223",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-gildea-2006-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Search for Inversion Transduction Grammar",
    author = "Zhang, Hao  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1627",
    pages = "224--231",
}
@inproceedings{cowan-etal-2006-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Model for Tree-to-Tree Translation",
    author = "Cowan, Brooke  and
      Kuc̆erov{\'a}, Ivona  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1628",
    pages = "232--241",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2006-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Impression in Probabilistic Transliteration into {C}hinese",
    author = "Xu, LiLi  and
      Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Ishikawa, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1629",
    pages = "242--249",
}
@inproceedings{tao-etal-2006-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Named Entity Transliteration Using Temporal and Phonetic Correlation",
    author = "Tao, Tao  and
      Yoon, Su-Youn  and
      Fister, Andrew  and
      Sproat, Richard  and
      Zhai, ChengXiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1630",
    pages = "250--257",
}
@inproceedings{nwesri-etal-2006-capturing,
    title = "Capturing Out-of-Vocabulary Words in {A}rabic Text",
    author = "Nwesri, Abdusalam F.A.  and
      Tahaghoghi, S.M.M.  and
      Scholer, Falk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1631",
    pages = "258--266",
}
@inproceedings{filippova-strube-2006-using,
    title = "Using linguistically motivated features for paragraph boundary identification",
    author = "Filippova, Katja  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1632",
    pages = "267--274",
}
@inproceedings{nicolae-nicolae-2006-bestcut,
    title = "{BESTCUT}: A Graph Algorithm for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Nicolae, Cristina  and
      Nicolae, Gabriel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1633",
    pages = "275--283",
}
@inproceedings{yakushiji-etal-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Construction of Predicate-argument Structure Patterns for Biomedical Information Extraction",
    author = "Yakushiji, Akane  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Tateisi, Yuka  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1634",
    pages = "284--292",
}
@inproceedings{hockenmaier-etal-2006-protein,
    title = "Protein folding and chart parsing",
    author = "Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.  and
      Dill, Ken A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1635",
    pages = "293--300",
}
@inproceedings{headden-iii-etal-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning Phrasal Categories",
    author = "Headden III, William P.  and
      Charniak, Eugene  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1636",
    pages = "301--307",
}
@inproceedings{reitter-etal-2006-priming,
    title = "Priming Effects in Combinatory Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Reitter, David  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1637",
    pages = "308--316",
}
@inproceedings{dreyer-eisner-2006-better,
    title = "Better Informed Training of Latent Syntactic Features",
    author = "Dreyer, Markus  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1638",
    pages = "317--326",
}
@inproceedings{thomas-etal-2006-get,
    title = "Get out the vote: Determining support or opposition from Congressional floor-debate transcripts",
    author = "Thomas, Matt  and
      Pang, Bo  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1639",
    pages = "327--335",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanov-cardie-2006-partially,
    title = "Partially Supervised Coreference Resolution for Opinion Summarization through Structured Rule Learning",
    author = "Stoyanov, Veselin  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1640",
    pages = "336--344",
}
@inproceedings{eguchi-lavrenko-2006-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Retrieval using Generative Models",
    author = "Eguchi, Koji  and
      Lavrenko, Victor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1641",
    pages = "345--354",
}
@inproceedings{kanayama-nasukawa-2006-fully,
    title = "Fully Automatic Lexicon Expansion for Domain-oriented Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Kanayama, Hiroshi  and
      Nasukawa, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1642",
    pages = "355--363",
}
@inproceedings{galley-2006-skip,
    title = "A Skip-Chain Conditional Random Field for Ranking Meeting Utterances by Importance",
    author = "Galley, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1643",
    pages = "364--372",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-glass-2006-style,
    title = "Style {\&} Topic Language Model Adaptation Using {HMM}-{LDA}",
    author = "Hsu, Bo-June Paul  and
      Glass, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1644",
    pages = "373--381",
}
@inproceedings{sethy-etal-2006-text,
    title = "Text data acquisition for domain-specific language models",
    author = "Sethy, Abhinav  and
      Georgiou, Panayiotis G.  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1645",
    pages = "382--389",
}
@inproceedings{shafran-hall-2006-corrective,
    title = "Corrective Models for Speech Recognition of Inflected Languages",
    author = "Shafran, Izhak  and
      Hall, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1646",
    pages = "390--398",
}
@inproceedings{duh-kirchhoff-2006-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon Acquisition for Dialectal {A}rabic Using Transductive Learning",
    author = "Duh, Kevin  and
      Kirchhoff, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1647",
    pages = "399--407",
}
@inproceedings{magdy-darwish-2006-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic {OCR} Error Correction Using Character Segment Correction, Language Modeling, and Shallow Morphology",
    author = "Magdy, Walid  and
      Darwish, Kareem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1648",
    pages = "408--414",
}
@inproceedings{niu-etal-2006-partially,
    title = "Partially Supervised Sense Disambiguation by Learning Sense Number from Tagged and Untagged Corpora",
    author = "Niu, Zheng-Yu  and
      Ji, Dong-Hong  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1649",
    pages = "415--422",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2006-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Assessing Review Helpfulness",
    author = "Kim, Soo-Min  and
      Pantel, Patrick  and
      Chklovski, Tim  and
      Pennacchiotti, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1650",
    pages = "423--430",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2006-joint,
    title = "Joint Extraction of Entities and Relations for Opinion Recognition",
    author = "Choi, Yejin  and
      Breck, Eric  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1651",
    pages = "431--439",
}
@inproceedings{riloff-etal-2006-feature,
    title = "Feature Subsumption for Opinion Analysis",
    author = "Riloff, Ellen  and
      Patwardhan, Siddharth  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1652",
    pages = "440--448",
}
@inproceedings{utiyama-yamamoto-2006-relevance,
    title = "Relevance Feedback Models for Recommendation",
    author = "Utiyama, Masao  and
      Yamamoto, Mikio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1653",
    pages = "449--456",
}
@inproceedings{gorman-curran-2006-random,
    title = "Random Indexing using Statistical Weight Functions",
    author = "Gorman, James  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1654",
    pages = "457--464",
}
@inproceedings{andrew-2006-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid {M}arkov/Semi-{M}arkov Conditional Random Field for Sequence Segmentation",
    author = "Andrew, Galen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1655",
    pages = "465--472",
}
@inproceedings{feldman-rosenfeld-2006-boosting,
    title = "Boosting Unsupervised Relation Extraction by Using {NER}",
    author = "Feldman, Ronen  and
      Rosenfeld, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1656",
    pages = "473--481",
}
@inproceedings{sanderson-guenter-2006-short,
    title = "Short Text Authorship Attribution via Sequence Kernels, {M}arkov Chains and Author Unmasking: An Investigation",
    author = "Sanderson, Conrad  and
      Guenter, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1657",
    pages = "482--491",
}
@inproceedings{ramakrishnan-etal-2006-entity,
    title = "Entity Annotation based on Inverse Index Operations",
    author = "Ramakrishnan, Ganesh  and
      Balakrishnan, Sreeram  and
      Joshi, Sachindra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1658",
    pages = "492--500",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-etal-2006-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Information Extraction Approach Using Graph Mutual Reinforcement",
    author = "Hassan, Hany  and
      Hassan, Ahmed  and
      Emam, Ossama",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1659",
    pages = "501--508",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2006-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Study on the Performance Stability of Named Entity Recognition Model across Domains",
    author = "Guo, Hong Lei  and
      Zhang, Li  and
      Su, Zhong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1660",
    pages = "509--516",
}
@inproceedings{velldal-oepen-2006-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Ranking in Tactical Generation",
    author = "Velldal, Erik  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1661",
    pages = "517--525",
}
@inproceedings{ji-pulman-2006-sentence,
    title = "Sentence ordering with manifold-based classification in multi-document summarization",
    author = "Ji, Paul D  and
      Pulman, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1662",
    pages = "526--533",
}
@inproceedings{cuadros-rigau-2006-quality,
    title = "Quality Assessment of Large Scale Knowledge Resources",
    author = "Cuadros, Montse  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1663",
    pages = "534--541",
}
@inproceedings{matsuo-etal-2006-graph,
    title = "Graph-based Word Clustering using a Web Search Engine",
    author = "Matsuo, Yutaka  and
      Sakaki, Takeshi  and
      Uchiyama, K{\^o}ki  and
      Ishizuka, Mitsuru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1664",
    pages = "542--550",
}
@inproceedings{bai-etal-2006-context,
    title = "Context-Dependent Term Relations for Information Retrieval",
    author = "Bai, Jing  and
      Nie, Jian-Yun  and
      Cao, Guihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1665",
    pages = "551--559",
}
@inproceedings{titov-henderson-2006-loss,
    title = "Loss Minimization in Parse Reranking",
    author = "Titov, Ivan  and
      Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1666",
    pages = "560--567",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2006-unsupervised-relation,
    title = "Unsupervised Relation Disambiguation with Order Identification Capabilities",
    author = "Chen, Jinxiu  and
      Ji, Donghong  and
      Tan, Chew Lim  and
      Niu, Zhengyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1667",
    pages = "568--575",
}
@inproceedings{toutanova-2006-competitive,
    title = "Competitive generative models with structure learning for {NLP} classification tasks",
    author = "Toutanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1668",
    pages = "576--584",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2006-two,
    title = "Two graph-based algorithms for state-of-the-art {WSD}",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, David  and
      L{\'o}pez de Lacalle, Oier  and
      Soroa, Aitor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1669",
    pages = "585--593",
}
@inproceedings{ciaramita-altun-2006-broad,
    title = "Broad-Coverage Sense Disambiguation and Information Extraction with a Supersense Sequence Tagger",
    author = "Ciaramita, Massimiliano  and
      Altun, Yasemin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1670",
    pages = "594--602",
}
@inproceedings{wick-etal-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning Field Compatibilities to Extract Database Records from Unstructured Text",
    author = "Wick, Michael  and
      Culotta, Aron  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1671",
    pages = "603--611",
}
@inproceedings{zelenko-aone-2006-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Methods for Transliteration",
    author = "Zelenko, Dmitry  and
      Aone, Chinatsu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1672",
    pages = "612--617",
}
@inproceedings{finkel-etal-2006-solving,
    title = "Solving the Problem of Cascading Errors: Approximate {B}ayesian Inference for Linguistic Annotation Pipelines",
    author = "Finkel, Jenny Rose  and
      Manning, Christopher D.  and
      Ng, Andrew Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1673",
    pages = "618--626",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-international-web,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Web as Corpus",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1700",
}
@inproceedings{kornai-etal-2006-web,
    title = "Web-based frequency dictionaries for medium density languages",
    author = "Kornai, Andr{\'a}s  and
      Hal{\'a}csy, P{\'e}ter  and
      Nagy, Viktor  and
      Oravecz, Csaba  and
      Tr{\'o}n, Viktor  and
      Varga, D{\'a}niel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Web as Corpus",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1701",
}
@inproceedings{cafarella-etzioni-2006-search,
    title = "{BE}: A search engine for {NLP} research",
    author = "Cafarella, Mike  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Web as Corpus",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1702",
}
@inproceedings{tonoike-etal-2006-comparative,
    title = "A comparative study on compositional translation estimation using a domain/topic-specific corpus collected from the Web",
    author = "Tonoike, Masatsugu  and
      Kida, Mitsuhiro  and
      Takagi, Toshihiro  and
      Sasaki, Yasuhiro  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Sato, S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Web as Corpus",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1703",
}
@inproceedings{boleda-etal-2006-cucweb,
    title = "{CUCW}eb: A {C}atalan corpus built from the Web",
    author = "Boleda, Gemma  and
      Bott, Stefan  and
      Meza, Rodrigo  and
      Castillo, Carlos  and
      Badia, Toni  and
      L{\'o}pez, Vicente",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Web as Corpus",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1704",
}
@inproceedings{rayson-etal-2006-annotated,
    title = "Annotated Web as corpus",
    author = "Rayson, Paul  and
      Walkerdine, James  and
      Fletcher, William H.  and
      Kilgarriff, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Web as Corpus",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1705",
}
@inproceedings{scharl-weichselbraun-2006-web,
    title = "Web coverage of the 2004 {US} Presidential election",
    author = "Scharl, Arno  and
      Weichselbraun, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Web as Corpus",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1706",
}
@inproceedings{fairon-2006-corporator,
    title = "{C}orporator: A tool for creating {RSS}-based specialized corpora",
    author = "Fairon, C{\'e}drick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Web as Corpus",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1707",
}
@inproceedings{fossati-etal-2006-problem,
    title = "The problem of ontology alignment on the Web: A first report",
    author = "Fossati, Davide  and
      Ghidoni, Gabriele  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Cruz, Isabel  and
      Xiao, Huiyong  and
      Subba, Rajen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Web as Corpus",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1708",
}
@inproceedings{zuraw-2006-using,
    title = "Using the Web as a phonological corpus: A case study from {T}agalog",
    author = "Zuraw, Kie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Web as Corpus",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1709",
}
@inproceedings{gleim-etal-2006-web,
    title = "Web corpus mining by instance of {W}ikipedia",
    author = {Gleim, R{\"u}diger  and
      Mehler, Alexander  and
      Dehmer, Matthias},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Web as Corpus",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1710",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-kraq06,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop {KRAQ}{'}06: Knowledge and Reasoning for Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1800",
}
@inproceedings{benamara-2006-language,
    title = "Language and Reasoning for Question Answering: State of the Artand Future Directions",
    author = "Benamara, Farah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop {KRAQ}{'}06: Knowledge and Reasoning for Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1801",
}
@inproceedings{bouma-2006-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Knowledge and Question Answering",
    author = "Bouma, Gosse",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop {KRAQ}{'}06: Knowledge and Reasoning for Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1802",
}
@inproceedings{dzikovska-etal-2006-interpretation,
    title = "Interpretation and Generation in a Knowledge-Based {T}utorial{S}ystem",
    author = "Dzikovska, Myroslava O.  and
      Callaway, Charles B.  and
      Farrow, Elaine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop {KRAQ}{'}06: Knowledge and Reasoning for Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1803",
}
@inproceedings{gatius-gonzales-2006-using,
    title = "Using Application-Specific Ontologies To Improve Performancein a Bottom-up Parser",
    author = "Gatius, Matra  and
      Gonz{\'a}les, Maritxell",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop {KRAQ}{'}06: Knowledge and Reasoning for Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1804",
}
@inproceedings{amoia-gardent-2006-adjective,
    title = "Adjective based inference",
    author = "Amoia, Marilisa  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop {KRAQ}{'}06: Knowledge and Reasoning for Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1805",
}
@inproceedings{magnusson-2006-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Understanding using Temporal Action Logic",
    author = "Magnusson, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop {KRAQ}{'}06: Knowledge and Reasoning for Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1806",
}
@inproceedings{mcneill-etal-2006-merging,
    title = "Merging Stories with Shallow Semantics",
    author = "McNeill, Fiona  and
      Halpin, Harry  and
      Klein, Ewan  and
      Bundy, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop {KRAQ}{'}06: Knowledge and Reasoning for Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1807",
}
@inproceedings{moriceau-2006-numerical,
    title = "Numerical Data Integration for Cooperative Question-Answering",
    author = "Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop {KRAQ}{'}06: Knowledge and Reasoning for Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1808",
}
@inproceedings{quarteroni-manandhar-2006-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating User Models in Question Answering to {I}mprove{R}eadability",
    author = "Quarteroni, Silvia  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop {KRAQ}{'}06: Knowledge and Reasoning for Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1809",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-multilingual-question,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Question Answering - {MLQA} {`}06",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1900",
}
@inproceedings{laurent-etal-2006-qa,
    title = "QA better than IR ?",
    author = "Laurent, Dominique  and
      S{\'e}gu{\'e}la, Patrick  and
      N{\`e}gre, Sophie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Question Answering - {MLQA} {`}06",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1901",
}
@inproceedings{al-maskari-sanderson-2006-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Machine Translation on the Performance of {A}rabic-{E}nglish{QA} System",
    author = "Al-Maskari, Azzah  and
      Sanderson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Question Answering - {MLQA} {`}06",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1902",
}
@inproceedings{sacaleanu-neumann-2006-cross,
    title = "Cross-Cutting Aspects of Cross-Language Question Answering Systems",
    author = {Sacaleanu, Bogdan  and
      Neumann, G{\"u}nter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Question Answering - {MLQA} {`}06",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1903",
}
@inproceedings{ligozat-etal-2006-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation and Improvement of Cross-Lingual Question {A}nswering{S}trategies",
    author = "Ligozat, Anne-Laure  and
      Grau, Brigitte  and
      Robba, Isabelle  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Question Answering - {MLQA} {`}06",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1904",
}
@inproceedings{mitamura-etal-2006-keyword,
    title = "Keyword Translation Accuracy and Cross-Lingual Question Answering in{C}hinese and {J}apanese",
    author = "Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Wang, Mengqiu  and
      Shima, Hideki  and
      Lin, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Question Answering - {MLQA} {`}06",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1905",
}
@inproceedings{a-garcia-cumbreras-etal-2006-bruja,
    title = "{BRUJA}: Question Classification for {S}panish. Using Machine Translationand an {E}nglish Classifier",
    author = "{\'A}. Garc{\'\i}a Cumbreras, Miguel  and
      Ure{\~n}a L{\'o}pez, L. Alfonso  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Santiago, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Question Answering - {MLQA} {`}06",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1906",
}
@inproceedings{whittaker-etal-2006-monolingual,
    title = "Monolingual Web-based Factoid Question Answering in {C}hinese, {S}wedish, {E}nglish and {J}apanese",
    author = "Whittaker, E.W.D.  and
      Hamonic, J.  and
      Yang, D.  and
      Klingberg, T.  and
      Furui, S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Question Answering - {MLQA} {`}06",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1907",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-etal-2006-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue based Question Answering System in {T}elugu",
    author = "Reddy, Rami  and
      Reddy, Nandi  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Question Answering - {MLQA} {`}06",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1908",
}
@inproceedings{hartrumpf-2006-adapting,
    title = "Adapting a Semantic Question Answering System to the Web",
    author = "Hartrumpf, Sven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Question Answering - {MLQA} {`}06",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1909",
}
@inproceedings{ferres-rodriguez-2006-experiments,
    title = "Experiments Adapting an Open-Domain Question Answering System to the Geographical Domain Using Scope-Based Resources",
    author = "Ferr{\'e}s, Daniel  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Question Answering - {MLQA} {`}06",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1910",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-cross,
    title = "Proceedings of the Cross-Language Knowledge Induction Workshop",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2000",
}
@inproceedings{saquete-etal-2006-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Extension of a Temporal Expression Normalizer using Annotated Corpora",
    author = "Saquete, E.  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Barco, P.  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, R.  and
      Negri, M.  and
      Speranza, M.  and
      Sprugnoli, R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Cross-Language Knowledge Induction Workshop",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2001",
}
@inproceedings{hopkins-kuhn-2006-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Incorporating Alignment Information in Parsing",
    author = "Hopkins, Mark  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Cross-Language Knowledge Induction Workshop",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2002",
}
@inproceedings{rappoport-levent-levi-2006-induction,
    title = "Induction of cross-language affix and letter sequence correspondence",
    author = "Rappoport, Ari  and
      Levent-Levi, Tsahi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Cross-Language Knowledge Induction Workshop",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2003",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-etal-2006-improving,
    title = "Improving Name Discrimination: A Language Salad Approach",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted  and
      Kulkarni, Anagha  and
      Angheluta, Roxana  and
      Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Cross-Language Knowledge Induction Workshop",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2004",
}
@inproceedings{hana-etal-2006-tagging,
    title = "Tagging {P}ortuguese with a {S}panish Tagger",
    author = "Hana, Jirka  and
      Feldman, Anna  and
      Amaral, Luiz  and
      Brew, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Cross-Language Knowledge Induction Workshop",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2005",
}
@inproceedings{ahn-frampton-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of Translation Dictionaries Using Intermediary Languages",
    author = "Ahn, Kisuh  and
      Frampton, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Cross-Language Knowledge Induction Workshop",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2006",
}
@inproceedings{wang-martinez-2006-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation Using Automatically Translated Sense Examples",
    author = "Wang, Xinglong  and
      Martinez, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Cross-Language Knowledge Induction Workshop",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2007",
}
@inproceedings{ozdowska-2006-projecting,
    title = "Projecting {POS} tags and syntactic dependencies from {E}nglish and {F}rench to Polish in aligned corpora",
    author = "Ozdowska, Sylwia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Cross-Language Knowledge Induction Workshop",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2008",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2100",
}
@inproceedings{costello-kelleher-2006-spatial,
    title = "Spatial Prepositions in Context: The Semantics of near in the Presence of Distractor Objects",
    author = "Costello, Fintan J.  and
      Kelleher, John D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2101",
}
@inproceedings{knas-2006-polish,
    title = "Polish Equivalents of Spatial at",
    author = "Kna{\'s}, Iwona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2102",
}
@inproceedings{trawinski-2006-quantitative,
    title = "A Quantitative Approach to Preposition-Pronoun Contraction in Polish",
    author = "Trawi{\'n}ski, Beata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2103",
}
@inproceedings{lestrade-2006-marked,
    title = "Marked Adpositions",
    author = "Lestrade, Sander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2104",
}
@inproceedings{hartrumpf-etal-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Interpretation of Prepositions for {NLP} Applications",
    author = "Hartrumpf, Sven  and
      Helbig, Hermann  and
      Osswald, Rainer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2105",
}
@inproceedings{litkowski-hargraves-2006-coverage,
    title = "Coverage and Inheritance in The Preposition Project",
    author = "Litkowski, Kenneth C.  and
      Hargraves, Orin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2106",
}
@inproceedings{lassen-2006-ontology,
    title = "An Ontology-based View on Prepositional Senses",
    author = "Lassen, Tine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2107",
}
@inproceedings{kawtrakul-etal-2006-conceptual,
    title = "A Conceptual Analysis of the Notion of Instrumentality via a Multilingual Analysis",
    author = "Kawtrakul, Asanee  and
      Suktarachan, Mukda  and
      Ranaivo-Malancon, Bali  and
      Kuan, Pek  and
      Raina, Achla  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna  and
      Mari, Alda  and
      Zarriess, Sina  and
      Murguia, Elixabete  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2108",
}
@inproceedings{rehbein-van-genabith-2006-german,
    title = "{G}erman Particle Verbs and Pleonastic Prepositions",
    author = "Rehbein, Ines  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2109",
}
@inproceedings{kim-baldwin-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of {E}nglish Verb Particle Constructions using Linguistic Features",
    author = "Kim, Su Nam  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2110",
}
@inproceedings{eynde-2006-prepositions,
    title = "On the Prepositions which Introduce an Adjunct of Duration",
    author = "Eynde, Frank Van",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2111",
}
@inproceedings{volk-2006-bad,
    title = "How Bad is the Problem of {PP}-Attachment? A Comparison of {E}nglish, {G}erman and {S}wedish",
    author = "Volk, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2112",
}
@inproceedings{naskar-bandyopadhyay-2006-handling,
    title = "Handling of Prepositions in {E}nglish to {B}engali Machine Translation",
    author = "Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2113",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-adaptive,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptive Text Extraction and Mining ({ATEM} 2006)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2200",
}
@inproceedings{geleijnse-korst-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning Effective Surface Text Patterns for Information Extraction",
    author = "Geleijnse, Gijs  and
      Korst, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptive Text Extraction and Mining ({ATEM} 2006)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2201",
}
@inproceedings{giuliano-etal-2006-simple,
    title = "Simple Information Extraction ({SIE}): A Portable and Effective {IE} System",
    author = "Giuliano, Claudio  and
      Lavelli, Alberto  and
      Romano, Lorenza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptive Text Extraction and Mining ({ATEM} 2006)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2202",
}
@inproceedings{iria-etal-2006-experimental,
    title = "An Experimental Study on Boundary Classification Algorithms for Information Extraction using {SVM}",
    author = "Iria, Jose  and
      Ireson, Neil  and
      Ciravegna, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptive Text Extraction and Mining ({ATEM} 2006)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2203",
}
@inproceedings{mclernon-kushmerick-2006-transductive,
    title = "Transductive Pattern Learning for Information Extraction",
    author = "McLernon, Brian  and
      Kushmerick, Nicholas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptive Text Extraction and Mining ({ATEM} 2006)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2204",
}
@inproceedings{siniakov-2006-recognition,
    title = "Recognition of synonyms by a lexical graph",
    author = "Siniakov, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptive Text Extraction and Mining ({ATEM} 2006)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2205",
}
@inproceedings{sporleder-etal-2006-spotting,
    title = "Spotting the {`}Odd-one-out{'}: Data-Driven Error Detection and Correction in Textual Databases",
    author = "Sporleder, Caroline  and
      van Erp, Marieke  and
      Porcelijn, Tijn  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptive Text Extraction and Mining ({ATEM} 2006)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2206",
}
@inproceedings{surdeanu-etal-2006-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach for the Acquisition of Information Extraction Patterns",
    author = "Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Turmo, Jordi  and
      Ageno, Alicia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptive Text Extraction and Mining ({ATEM} 2006)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2207",
}
@inproceedings{tomita-etal-2006-expanding,
    title = "Expanding the Recall of Relation Extraction by Bootstrapping",
    author = "Tomita, Junji  and
      Soderland, Stephen  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptive Text Extraction and Mining ({ATEM} 2006)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2208",
}
@inproceedings{vlachos-2006-active,
    title = "Active Annotation",
    author = "Vlachos, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptive Text Extraction and Mining ({ATEM} 2006)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2209",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-romand,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {ROMAND} 2006:Robust Methods in Analysis of Natural language Data",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2300",
}
@inproceedings{van-noord-2006-robust,
    title = "Robust Parsing, Error Mining, Automated Lexical Acquisition, and Evaluation",
    author = "van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {ROMAND} 2006:Robust Methods in Analysis of Natural language Data",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2301",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-etal-2006-another,
    title = "Another Evaluation of Anaphora Resolution Algorithms and a Comparison with {GETARUNS}{'} Knowledge Rich Approach",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo  and
      Bristot, Antonella  and
      Boniforti, Marco Aldo Piccolino  and
      Tonelli, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {ROMAND} 2006:Robust Methods in Analysis of Natural language Data",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2302",
}
@inproceedings{musillo-merlo-2006-robust,
    title = "Robust Parsing of the Proposition Bank",
    author = "Musillo, Gabriele  and
      Merlo, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {ROMAND} 2006:Robust Methods in Analysis of Natural language Data",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2303",
}
@inproceedings{blache-2006-robust,
    title = "A Robust and Efficient Parser for Non-Canonical Inputs",
    author = "Blache, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {ROMAND} 2006:Robust Methods in Analysis of Natural language Data",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2304",
}
@inproceedings{foth-menzel-2006-robust,
    title = "Robust Parsing: More with Less",
    author = "Foth, Kilian  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {ROMAND} 2006:Robust Methods in Analysis of Natural language Data",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2305",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-multi,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multi-word-expressions in a multilingual context",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2400",
}
@inproceedings{alegria-etal-2006-named,
    title = "Named Entities Translation Based on Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Alegria, I{\~n}aki  and
      Ezeiza, Nerea  and
      Fernandez, Izaskun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multi-word-expressions in a multilingual context",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2401",
}
@inproceedings{lambert-banchs-2006-grouping,
    title = "Grouping Multi-word Expressions According to Part-Of-Speech in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Lambert, Patrik  and
      Banchs, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multi-word-expressions in a multilingual context",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2402",
}
@inproceedings{piao-etal-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of {C}hinese Multiword Expressions with a Statistical Tool",
    author = "Piao, Scott S.L.  and
      Sun, Guangfan  and
      Rayson, Paul  and
      Yuan, Qi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multi-word-expressions in a multilingual context",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2403",
}
@inproceedings{tsuchiya-etal-2006-chunking,
    title = "Chunking {J}apanese Compound Functional Expressions by Machine Learning",
    author = "Tsuchiya, Masatoshi  and
      Shime, Takao  and
      Takagi, Toshihiro  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Matsuyoshi, Suguru  and
      Sato, Satoshi  and
      Nakagawa, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multi-word-expressions in a multilingual context",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2404",
}
@inproceedings{moiron-tiedemann-2006-identifying,
    title = "Identifying idiomatic expressions using automatic word-alignment",
    author = {Moir{\'o}n, Bego{\~n}a Villada  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multi-word-expressions in a multilingual context",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2405",
}
@inproceedings{ritz-2006-collocation,
    title = "Collocation Extraction: Needs, Feeds and Results of an Extraction System for {G}erman",
    author = "Ritz, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multi-word-expressions in a multilingual context",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2406",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2006-extending,
    title = "Extending corpus-based identification of light verb constructions using a supervised learning framework",
    author = "Tan, Yee Fan  and
      Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Cui, Hang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multi-word-expressions in a multilingual context",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2407",
}
@inproceedings{kaalep-muischnek-2006-multi,
    title = "Multi-word verbs in a flective language: the case of {E}stonian",
    author = "Kaalep, Heiki-Jaan  and
      Muischnek, Kadri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multi-word-expressions in a multilingual context",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2408",
}
@inproceedings{spohr-heid-2006-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Monolingual and Bilingual Collocation Dictionaries in Description Logics",
    author = "Spohr, Dennis  and
      Heid, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multi-word-expressions in a multilingual context",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2409",
}
@inproceedings{varadi-2006-multiword,
    title = "Multiword Units in an {MT} Lexicon",
    author = "V{\'a}radi, Tam{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multi-word-expressions in a multilingual context",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2410",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-making,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Making Sense of Sense: Bringing Psycholinguistics and Computational Linguistics Together",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2500",
}
@inproceedings{patwardhan-pedersen-2006-using,
    title = "Using {W}ord{N}et-based Context Vectors to Estimate the Semantic Relatedness of Concepts",
    author = "Patwardhan, Siddharth  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Making Sense of Sense: Bringing Psycholinguistics and Computational Linguistics Together",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2501",
}
@inproceedings{savova-etal-2006-cluster,
    title = "Cluster Stopping Rules for Word Sense Discrimination",
    author = "Savova, Guergana  and
      Therneau, Terry  and
      Chute, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Making Sense of Sense: Bringing Psycholinguistics and Computational Linguistics Together",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2502",
}
@inproceedings{mccarthy-2006-relating,
    title = "Relating {W}ord{N}et Senses for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "McCarthy, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Making Sense of Sense: Bringing Psycholinguistics and Computational Linguistics Together",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2503",
}
@inproceedings{peirsman-2006-whats,
    title = "Whats in a Name? The Automatic Recognition of Metonymical Location Names",
    author = "Peirsman, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Making Sense of Sense: Bringing Psycholinguistics and Computational Linguistics Together",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2504",
}
@inproceedings{specia-etal-2006-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual versus Monolingual {WSD}",
    author = "Specia, Lucia  and
      das Gra{\c{c}}asVolpe Nunes, Maria  and
      Stevenson, Mark  and
      Ribeiro, Gabriela Castelo Branco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Making Sense of Sense: Bringing Psycholinguistics and Computational Linguistics Together",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2505",
}
@inproceedings{melinger-etal-2006-characterizing,
    title = "Characterizing Response Types and Revealing Noun Ambiguity in {G}erman Association Norms",
    author = "Melinger, Alissa  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Weber, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Making Sense of Sense: Bringing Psycholinguistics and Computational Linguistics Together",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2506",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-learning,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Learning Structured Information in Natural Language Applications",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2600",
}
@inproceedings{sandrini-etal-2006-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Entropy Tagging with Binary and Real-Valued Features",
    author = "Sandrini, Vanessa  and
      Federico, Marcello  and
      Cettolo, Mauro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Learning Structured Information in Natural Language Applications",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2601",
}
@inproceedings{canisius-etal-2006-constraint,
    title = "Constraint Satisfaction Inference: Non-probabilistic Global Inference for Sequence Labelling",
    author = "Canisius, Sander  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Learning Structured Information in Natural Language Applications",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2602",
}
@inproceedings{costa-etal-2006-decomposition,
    title = "Decomposition Kernels for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Costa, Fabrizio  and
      Menchetti, Sauro  and
      Ceroni, Alessio  and
      Passerini, Andrea  and
      Frasconi, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Learning Structured Information in Natural Language Applications",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2603",
}
@inproceedings{zelaia-etal-2006-multiclassifier,
    title = "A Multiclassifier based Document Categorization System: profiting from the Singular Value Decomposition Dimensionality Reduction Technique",
    author = "Zelaia, Ana  and
      Alegria, I{\~n}aki  and
      Arregi, Olatz  and
      Sierra, Basilio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Learning Structured Information in Natural Language Applications",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2604",
}
@inproceedings{subba-etal-2006-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Parsing: Learning {FOL} Rules based on Rich Verb Semantic Representations to automatically label Rhetorical Relations",
    author = "Subba, Rajen  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Kim, Su Nam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Learning Structured Information in Natural Language Applications",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2605",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-etal-2006-reranking,
    title = "Reranking Translation Hypotheses Using Structural Properties",
    author = "Hasan, Sa{\v{s}}a  and
      Bender, Oliver  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Learning Structured Information in Natural Language Applications",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2606",
}
@inproceedings{moschitti-etal-2006-tree,
    title = "Tree Kernel Engineering in Semantic Role Labeling Systems",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Pighin, Daniele  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Learning Structured Information in Natural Language Applications",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2607",
}
@inproceedings{giuliano-etal-2006-syntagmatic,
    title = "Syntagmatic Kernels: a Word Sense Disambiguation Case Study",
    author = "Giuliano, Claudio  and
      Gliozzo, Alfio  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Learning Structured Information in Natural Language Applications",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2608",
}
@inproceedings{fahmi-bouma-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning to Identify Definitions using Syntactic Features",
    author = "Fahmi, Ismail  and
      Bouma, Gosse",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Learning Structured Information in Natural Language Applications",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2609",
}
@inproceedings{lassen-terney-2006-ontology,
    title = "An Ontology-Based Approach to Disambiguation of Semantic Relations",
    author = "Lassen, Tine  and
      Terney, Thomas Vestskov",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Learning Structured Information in Natural Language Applications",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2610",
}
@inproceedings{giuglea-moschitti-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards Free-text Semantic Parsing: A Unified Framework Based on {F}rame{N}et, {V}erb{N}et and {P}rop{B}ank",
    author = "Giuglea, Ana-Maria  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Learning Structured Information in Natural Language Applications",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2611",
}
@inproceedings{snae-2006-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a Rule Based Naming System for {T}hai Names Using the Concept of Ontologies",
    author = "Snae, Chakkrit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Learning Structured Information in Natural Language Applications",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2612",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-nlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2006): Multi-Dimensional Markup in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2700",
}
@inproceedings{alink-etal-2006-representing,
    title = "Representing and Querying Multi-dimensional Markup for Question Answering",
    author = "Alink, Wouter  and
      Jijkoun, Valentin  and
      Ahn, David  and
      de Rijke, Maarten  and
      Boncz, Peter  and
      de Vries, Arjen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2006): Multi-Dimensional Markup in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2701",
}
@inproceedings{rebholz-schuhmann-etal-2006-annotation,
    title = "Annotation and Disambiguation of Semantic Types in Biomedical Text: A Cascaded Approach to Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Rebholz-Schuhmann, Dietrich  and
      Kirsch, Harald  and
      Gaudan, Sylvain  and
      Arregui, Miguel  and
      Nenadic, Goran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2006): Multi-Dimensional Markup in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2702",
}
@inproceedings{grover-etal-2006-tools,
    title = "Tools to Address the Interdependence between Tokenisation and Standoff Annotation",
    author = "Grover, Claire  and
      Matthews, Michael  and
      Tobin, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2006): Multi-Dimensional Markup in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2703",
}
@inproceedings{mayo-etal-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards an Alternative Implementation of {NXT}s Query Language via {XQ}uery",
    author = "Mayo, Neil  and
      Kilgour, Jonathan  and
      Carletta, Jean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2006): Multi-Dimensional Markup in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2704",
}
@inproceedings{hansen-schirra-etal-2006-multi,
    title = "Multi-dimensional Annotation and Alignment in an {E}nglish-{G}erman Translation Corpus",
    author = "Hansen-Schirra, Silvia  and
      Neumann, Stella  and
      Vela, Mihaela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2006): Multi-Dimensional Markup in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2705",
}
@inproceedings{siniakov-2006-querying,
    title = "Querying {XML} documents with multi-dimensional markup",
    author = "Siniakov, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2006): Multi-Dimensional Markup in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2706",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-etal-2006-annotating,
    title = "Annotating text using the Linguistic Description Scheme of {MPEG}-7: The {DIRECT}-{INFO} Scenario",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry  and
      Busemann, Stephan  and
      Rehatschek, Herwig  and
      Kienast, Gert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2006): Multi-Dimensional Markup in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2707",
}
@inproceedings{dzikovska-etal-2006-tools,
    title = "Tools for hierarchical annotation of typed dialogue",
    author = "Dzikovska, Myroslava  and
      Callaway, Charles  and
      Farrow, Elaine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2006): Multi-Dimensional Markup in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2708",
}
@inproceedings{gotze-dipper-2006-annis,
    title = "{ANNIS}: Complex Multilevel Annotations in a Linguistic Database",
    author = {G{\"o}tze, Michael  and
      Dipper, Stefanie},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2006): Multi-Dimensional Markup in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2709",
}
@inproceedings{kilgour-carletta-2006-nite,
    title = "The {NITE} {XML} Toolkit: Demonstration from five corpora",
    author = "Kilgour, Jonathan  and
      Carletta, Jean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2006): Multi-Dimensional Markup in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2710",
}
@inproceedings{kruijff-korbayova-etal-2006-sammie-multimodal,
    title = "The {SAMMIE} Multimodal Dialogue Corpus Meets the Nite {XML} Toolkit",
    author = "Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana  and
      Rieser, Verena  and
      Gerstenberger, Ciprian  and
      Schehl, Jan  and
      Becker, Tilman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2006): Multi-Dimensional Markup in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2711",
}
@inproceedings{muller-2006-representing,
    title = "Representing and Accessing Multi-Level Annotations in {MMAX}2",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Christoph},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2006): Multi-Dimensional Markup in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2712",
}
@inproceedings{pianta-etal-2006-representing,
    title = "Representing and Accessing Multilevel Linguistic Annotation using the {MEANING} Format",
    author = "Pianta, Emanuele  and
      Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Girardi, Christian  and
      Magnini, Bernardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2006): Multi-Dimensional Markup in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2713",
}
@inproceedings{schafer-2006-middleware,
    title = "Middleware for Creating and Combining Multi-dimensional {NLP} Markup",
    author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Ulrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2006): Multi-Dimensional Markup in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2714",
}
@inproceedings{stuhrenberg-etal-2006-multidimensional,
    title = "Multidimensional markup and heterogeneous linguistic resources",
    author = {St{\"u}hrenberg, Maik  and
      Witt, Andreas  and
      Goecke, Daniela  and
      Metzing, Dieter  and
      Schonefeld, Oliver},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2006): Multi-Dimensional Markup in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2715",
}
@inproceedings{suderman-ide-2006-layering,
    title = "Layering and Merging Linguistic Annotations",
    author = "Suderman, Keith  and
      Ide, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2006): Multi-Dimensional Markup in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2716",
}
@inproceedings{volk-etal-2006-xml,
    title = "{XML}-based Phrase Alignment in Parallel Treebanks",
    author = {Volk, Martin  and
      Gustafson-Capkov{\'a}, Sofia  and
      Lundborg, Joakim  and
      Marek, Torsten  and
      Samuelsson, Yvonne  and
      Tidstr{\"o}m, Frida},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2006): Multi-Dimensional Markup in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2717",
}
@inproceedings{waldron-copestake-2006-standoff,
    title = "A Standoff Annotation Interface between {DELPH}-{IN} Components",
    author = "Waldron, Benjamin  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on {NLP} and {XML} ({NLPXML}-2006): Multi-Dimensional Markup in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2718",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-new,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NEW} {TEXT} Wikis and blogs and other dynamic text sources",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2800",
}
@inproceedings{mehler-2006-text,
    title = "Text Linkage in the {W}iki Medium - A Comparative Study",
    author = "Mehler, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NEW} {TEXT} Wikis and blogs and other dynamic text sources",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2801",
}
@inproceedings{copestake-2006-errors,
    title = "Errors in wikis",
    author = "Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NEW} {TEXT} Wikis and blogs and other dynamic text sources",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2802",
}
@inproceedings{tavosanis-2006-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic features of {I}talian blogs: literary language",
    author = "Tavosanis, Mirko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NEW} {TEXT} Wikis and blogs and other dynamic text sources",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2803",
}
@inproceedings{elia-2006-analysis,
    title = "An analysis of {W}ikipedia digital writing",
    author = "Elia, Antonella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NEW} {TEXT} Wikis and blogs and other dynamic text sources",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2804",
}
@inproceedings{elgersma-de-rijke-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning to Recognize Blogs: A Preliminary Exploration",
    author = "Elgersma, Erik  and
      de Rijke, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NEW} {TEXT} Wikis and blogs and other dynamic text sources",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2805",
}
@inproceedings{santini-2006-interpreting,
    title = "Interpreting Genre Evolution on the Web",
    author = "Santini, Marina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NEW} {TEXT} Wikis and blogs and other dynamic text sources",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2806",
}
@inproceedings{gobbo-etal-2006-novelle,
    title = "Novelle, a collaborative open source writing tool software",
    author = "Gobbo, Federico  and
      Chinosi, Michele  and
      Pepe, Massimiliano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NEW} {TEXT} Wikis and blogs and other dynamic text sources",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2807",
}
@inproceedings{xia-wong-2006-anomaly,
    title = "Anomaly Detecting within Dynamic {C}hinese Chat Text",
    author = "Xia, Yunqing  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NEW} {TEXT} Wikis and blogs and other dynamic text sources",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2808",
}
@inproceedings{toral-munoz-2006-proposal,
    title = "A proposal to automatically build and maintain gazetteers for Named Entity Recognition by using {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Toral, Antonio  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NEW} {TEXT} Wikis and blogs and other dynamic text sources",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2809",
}
@inproceedings{adafre-de-rijke-2006-finding,
    title = "Finding Similar Sentences across Multiple Languages in {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Adafre, Sisay Fissaha  and
      de Rijke, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NEW} {TEXT} Wikis and blogs and other dynamic text sources",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2810",
}
@inproceedings{clough-etal-2006-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual interactive experiments with {F}lickr",
    author = "Clough, Paul D.  and
      Gonzales, Julio  and
      Karlgren, Jussi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NEW} {TEXT} Wikis and blogs and other dynamic text sources",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2811",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    author = "M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Klein, Dan",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2900",
}
@inproceedings{daelemans-2006-mission,
    title = "A Mission for Computational Natural Language Learning",
    author = "Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2901",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{titov-henderson-2006-porting,
    title = "Porting Statistical Parsers with Data-Defined Kernels",
    author = "Titov, Ivan  and
      Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2902",
    pages = "6--13",
}
@inproceedings{petrov-etal-2006-non,
    title = "Non-Local Modeling with a Mixture of {PCFG}s",
    author = "Petrov, Slav  and
      Barrett, Leon  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2903",
    pages = "14--20",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2006-improved,
    title = "Improved Large Margin Dependency Parsing via Local Constraints and {L}aplacian Regularization",
    author = "Wang, Qin Iris  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Lizotte, Dan  and
      Schuurmans, Dale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2904",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{zuidema-2006-productive,
    title = "What are the Productive Units of Natural Language Grammar? A {DOP} Approach to the Automatic Identification of Constructions.",
    author = "Zuidema, Willem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2905",
    pages = "29--36",
}
@inproceedings{garera-yarowsky-2006-resolving,
    title = "Resolving and Generating Definite Anaphora by Modeling Hypernymy using Unlabeled Corpora",
    author = "Garera, Nikesh  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2906",
    pages = "37--44",
}
@inproceedings{glickman-etal-2006-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Lexical Substitution Scoring for Subtitle Generation",
    author = "Glickman, Oren  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Keller, Mikaela  and
      Bengio, Samy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2907",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{kazama-torisawa-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Recognition Using Kernels on Weighted Marked Ordered Labeled Trees",
    author = "Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2908",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{moschitti-etal-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling via Tree Kernel Joint Inference",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Pighin, Daniele  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2909",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{schulte-im-walde-2006-human-verb,
    title = "Can Human Verb Associations Help Identify Salient Features for Semantic Verb Classification?",
    author = "Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2910",
    pages = "69--76",
}
@inproceedings{ando-2006-applying,
    title = "Applying Alternating Structure Optimization to Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Ando, Rie Kubota",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2911",
    pages = "77--84",
}
@inproceedings{bod-2006-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Parsing with {U}-{DOP}",
    author = "Bod, Rens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2912",
    pages = "85--92",
}
@inproceedings{atterer-schutze-2006-lattice,
    title = "A Lattice-Based Framework for Enhancing Statistical Parsers with Information from Unlabeled Corpora",
    author = {Atterer, Michaela  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2913",
    pages = "93--100",
}
@inproceedings{georgescul-etal-2006-word,
    title = "Word Distributions for Thematic Segmentation in a {S}upport {V}ector {M}achine Approach",
    author = "Georgescul, Maria  and
      Clark, Alexander  and
      Armstrong, Susan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2914",
    pages = "101--108",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2006-side,
    title = "Which Side are You on? Identifying Perspectives at the Document and Sentence Levels",
    author = "Lin, Wei-Hao  and
      Wilson, Theresa  and
      Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Hauptmann, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2915",
    pages = "109--116",
}
@inproceedings{brooks-2006-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Grammar Induction by Distribution and Attachment",
    author = "Brooks, David J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2916",
    pages = "117--124",
}
@inproceedings{clark-eyraud-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning Auxiliary Fronting with Grammatical Inference",
    author = "Clark, Alexander  and
      Eyraud, R{\'e}mi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2917",
    pages = "125--132",
}
@inproceedings{smith-osborne-2006-using,
    title = "Using Gazetteers in Discriminative Information Extraction",
    author = "Smith, Andrew  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2918",
    pages = "133--140",
}
@inproceedings{talukdar-etal-2006-context,
    title = "A Context Pattern Induction Method for Named Entity Extraction",
    author = "Talukdar, Partha Pratim  and
      Brants, Thorsten  and
      Liberman, Mark  and
      Pereira, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2919",
    pages = "141--148",
}
@inproceedings{buchholz-marsi-2006-conll,
    title = "{C}o{NLL}-X Shared Task on Multilingual Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Buchholz, Sabine  and
      Marsi, Erwin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2920",
    pages = "149--164",
}
@inproceedings{krymolowski-2006-treebanks,
    title = "The Treebanks Used in the Shared Task",
    author = "Krymolowski, Yuval",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2921",
    pages = "165",
}
@inproceedings{attardi-2006-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with a Multilanguage Non-Projective Dependency Parser",
    author = "Attardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2922",
    pages = "166--170",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2006-lingpars,
    title = "{L}ing{P}ars, a Linguistically Inspired, Language-Independent Machine Learner for Dependency Treebanks",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2923",
    pages = "171--175",
}
@inproceedings{canisius-etal-2006-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing by Inference over High-recall Dependency Predictions",
    author = "Canisius, Sander  and
      Bogers, Toine  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Geertzen, Jeroen  and
      Tjong Kim Sang, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2924",
    pages = "176--180",
}
@inproceedings{carreras-etal-2006-projective,
    title = "Projective Dependency Parsing with Perceptron",
    author = "Carreras, Xavier  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2925",
    pages = "181--185",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2006-pipeline-model,
    title = "A Pipeline Model for Bottom-Up Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Do, Quang  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2926",
    pages = "186--190",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2006-multi,
    title = "Multi-lingual Dependency Parsing at {NAIST}",
    author = "Cheng, Yuchang  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2927",
    pages = "191--195",
}
@inproceedings{corston-oliver-aue-2006-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing with Reference to {S}lovene, {S}panish and {S}wedish",
    author = "Corston-Oliver, Simon  and
      Aue, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2928",
    pages = "196--200",
}
@inproceedings{dreyer-etal-2006-vine,
    title = "Vine Parsing and Minimum Risk Reranking for Speed and Precision",
    author = "Dreyer, Markus  and
      Smith, David A.  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2929",
    pages = "201--205",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-nugues-2006-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Multilingual Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2930",
    pages = "206--210",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2006-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing Based on Dynamic Local Optimization",
    author = "Liu, Ting  and
      Ma, Jinshan  and
      Zhu, Huijia  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2931",
    pages = "211--215",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-etal-2006-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Dependency Analysis with a Two-Stage Discriminative Parser",
    author = "McDonald, Ryan  and
      Lerman, Kevin  and
      Pereira, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2932",
    pages = "216--220",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-etal-2006-labeled,
    title = "Labeled Pseudo-Projective Dependency Parsing with Support Vector Machines",
    author = {Nivre, Joakim  and
      Hall, Johan  and
      Nilsson, Jens  and
      Eryi{\v{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en  and
      Marinov, Svetoslav},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2933",
    pages = "221--225",
}
@inproceedings{riedel-etal-2006-multi,
    title = "Multi-lingual Dependency Parsing with Incremental Integer Linear Programming",
    author = "Riedel, Sebastian  and
      {\c{C}}ak{\i}c{\i}, Ruket  and
      Meza-Ruiz, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2934",
    pages = "226--230",
}
@inproceedings{schiehlen-spranger-2006-language,
    title = "Language Independent Probabilistic Context-Free Parsing Bolstered by Machine Learning",
    author = "Schiehlen, Michael  and
      Spranger, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2935",
    pages = "231--235",
}
@inproceedings{shimizu-2006-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Spanning Tree Algorithm for Non-projective Labeled Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Shimizu, Nobuyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2936",
    pages = "236--240",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2006-exploration,
    title = "The Exploration of Deterministic and Efficient Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Wu, Yu-Chieh  and
      Lee, Yue-Shi  and
      Yang, Jie-Chi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2937",
    pages = "241--245",
}
@inproceedings{yuret-2006-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing as a Classication Problem",
    author = "Yuret, Deniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-X)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2938",
    pages = "246--250",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-interactive,
    title = "Proceedings of the Interactive Question Answering Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2006",
    author = "Webb, Nick",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3000",
}
@inproceedings{bertomeu-etal-2006-contextual,
    title = "Contextual phenomena and thematic relations in database {QA} dialogues: results from a Wizard-of-{O}z Experiment",
    author = {Bertomeu, N{\'u}ria  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Frank, Anette  and
      Krieger, Hans-Ulrich  and
      J{\"o}rg, Brigitte},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Interactive Question Answering Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{kato-etal-2006-woz,
    title = "{W}o{Z} Simulation of Interactive Question Answering",
    author = "Kato, Tsuneaki  and
      Fukumoto, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Masui, Fumito  and
      Kando, Noriko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Interactive Question Answering Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{mccracken-etal-2006-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Reference Interviews as a Basis for Improving Automatic {QA} Systems",
    author = "McCracken, Nancy J.  and
      Diekema, Anne R.  and
      Ingersoll, Grant  and
      Harwell, Sarah C.  and
      Allen, Eileen E.  and
      Yilmazel, Ozgur  and
      Liddy, Elizabeth D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Interactive Question Answering Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3003",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{hickl-harabagiu-2006-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced Interactive Question-Answering with Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Hickl, Andrew  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Interactive Question Answering Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3004",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2006-data,
    title = "A Data Driven Approach to Relevancy Recognition for Contextual Question Answering",
    author = "Yang, Fan  and
      Feng, Junlan  and
      Di Fabbrizio, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Interactive Question Answering Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3005",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-2006-answering,
    title = "Answering questions of Information Access Dialogue ({IAD}) task using ellipsis handling of follow-up questions",
    author = "Fukumoto, Junichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Interactive Question Answering Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3006",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{kelly-etal-2006-user,
    title = "User-Centered Evaluation of Interactive Question Answering Systems",
    author = "Kelly, Diane  and
      Kantor, Paul  and
      Morse, Emile  and
      Scholtz, Jean  and
      Sun, Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Interactive Question Answering Workshop at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3007",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-statistical,
    title = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3100",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-etal-2006-morpho,
    title = "Morpho-syntactic Information for Automatic Error Analysis of Statistical Machine Translation Output",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Gupta, Deepa  and
      Lambert, Patrik  and
      Ney, Hermann  and
      Mari{\~n}o, Jos{\'e} B.  and
      Federico, Marcello  and
      Banchs, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3101",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{durgar-el-kahlout-oflazer-2006-initial,
    title = "Initial Explorations in {E}nglish to {T}urkish Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Durgar El-Kahlout, {\.I}lknur  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3102",
    pages = "7--14",
}
@inproceedings{el-isbihani-etal-2006-morpho,
    title = "Morpho-syntactic {A}rabic Preprocessing for {A}rabic to {E}nglish Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "El Isbihani, Anas  and
      Khadivi, Shahram  and
      Bender, Oliver  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3103",
    pages = "15--22",
}
@inproceedings{smith-eisner-2006-quasi,
    title = "Quasi-Synchronous Grammars: Alignment by Soft Projection of Syntactic Dependencies",
    author = "Smith, David  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3104",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{denero-etal-2006-generative,
    title = "Why Generative Phrase Models Underperform Surface Heuristics",
    author = "DeNero, John  and
      Gillick, Dan  and
      Zhang, James  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3105",
    pages = "31--38",
}
@inproceedings{langlais-gotti-2006-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-Based {SMT} with Shallow Tree-Phrases",
    author = "Langlais, Philippe  and
      Gotti, Fabrizio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3106",
    pages = "39--46",
}
@inproceedings{rodriguez-etal-2006-searching,
    title = "Searching for alignments in {SMT}. A novel approach based on an Estimation of Distribution Algorithm",
    author = "Rodr{\'\i}guez, Luis  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Varea, Ismael  and
      G{\'a}mez, Jos{\'e} A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3107",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{zens-ney-2006-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Reordering Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zens, Richard  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3108",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{ortiz-martinez-etal-2006-generalized,
    title = "Generalized Stack Decoding Algorithms for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Ortiz Mart{\'\i}nez, Daniel  and
      Garc{\'\i}a Varea, Ismael  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3109",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{zens-ney-2006-n,
    title = "N-Gram Posterior Probabilities for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zens, Richard  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3110",
    pages = "72--77",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2006-partitioning,
    title = "Partitioning Parallel Documents Using Binary Segmentation",
    author = "Xu, Jia  and
      Zens, Richard  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3111",
    pages = "78--85",
}
@inproceedings{owczarzak-etal-2006-contextual,
    title = "Contextual Bitext-Derived Paraphrases in Automatic {MT} Evaluation",
    author = "Owczarzak, Karolina  and
      Groves, Declan  and
      Van Genabith, Josef  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3112",
    pages = "86--93",
}
@inproceedings{federico-bertoldi-2006-many,
    title = "How Many Bits Are Needed To Store Probabilities for Phrase-Based Translation?",
    author = "Federico, Marcello  and
      Bertoldi, Nicola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3113",
    pages = "94--101",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-monz-2006-manual,
    title = "Manual and Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation between {E}uropean Languages",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3114",
    pages = "102--121",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-2006-ntt,
    title = "{NTT} System Description for the {WMT}2006 Shared Task",
    author = "Watanabe, Taro  and
      Tsukada, Hajime  and
      Isozaki, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3115",
    pages = "122--125",
}
@inproceedings{patry-etal-2006-mood-work,
    title = "Mood at work: Ramses versus Pharaoh",
    author = "Patry, Alexandre  and
      Gotti, Fabrizio  and
      Langlais, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3116",
    pages = "126--129",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-benedi-2006-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Inversion Transduction Grammars for Obtaining Word Phrases for Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "S{\'a}nchez, Joan Andreu  and
      Bened{\'\i}, Jos{\'e} Miguel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3117",
    pages = "130--133",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-etal-2006-portage,
    title = "{PORTAGE}: with Smoothed Phrase Tables and Segment Choice Models",
    author = "Johnson, Howard  and
      Sadat, Fatiha  and
      Foster, George  and
      Kuhn, Roland  and
      Simard, Michel  and
      Joanis, Eric  and
      Larkin, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3118",
    pages = "134--137",
}
@inproceedings{zollmann-venugopal-2006-syntax,
    title = "Syntax Augmented Machine Translation via Chart Parsing",
    author = "Zollmann, Andreas  and
      Venugopal, Ashish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3119",
    pages = "138--141",
}
@inproceedings{costa-jussa-etal-2006-talp,
    title = "{TALP} Phrase-based statistical translation system for {E}uropean language pairs",
    author = "Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Crego, Josep M.  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Lambert, Patrik  and
      Khalilov, Maxim  and
      Mari{\~n}o, Jos{\'e} B.  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.  and
      Banchs, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3120",
    pages = "142--145",
}
@inproceedings{olteanu-etal-2006-phramer,
    title = "Phramer - An Open Source Statistical Phrase-Based Translator",
    author = "Olteanu, Marian  and
      Davis, Chris  and
      Volosen, Ionut  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3121",
    pages = "146--149",
}
@inproceedings{olteanu-etal-2006-language,
    title = "Language Models and Reranking for Machine Translation",
    author = "Olteanu, Marian  and
      Suriyentrakorn, Pasin  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3122",
    pages = "150--153",
}
@inproceedings{birch-etal-2006-constraining,
    title = "Constraining the Phrase-Based, Joint Probability Statistical Translation Model",
    author = "Birch, Alexandra  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Osborne, Miles  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3123",
    pages = "154--157",
}
@inproceedings{menezes-etal-2006-microsoft,
    title = "{M}icrosoft Research Treelet Translation System: {NAACL} 2006 {E}uroparl Evaluation",
    author = "Menezes, Arul  and
      Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Quirk, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3124",
    pages = "158--161",
}
@inproceedings{crego-etal-2006-n,
    title = "N-gram-based {SMT} System Enhanced with Reordering Patterns",
    author = "Crego, Josep M.  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Lambert, Patrik  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Khalilov, Maxim  and
      Banchs, Rafael  and
      Mari{\~n}o, Jos{\'e} B.  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3125",
    pages = "162--165",
}
@inproceedings{gimenez-marquez-2006-ldv,
    title = "The {LDV}-{COMBO} system for {SMT}",
    author = "Gim{\'e}nez, Jes{\'u}s  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings on the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3126",
    pages = "166--169",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-acl-special,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eighth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Phonology and Morphology at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2006",
    author = "Wicentowski, Richard  and
      Kondrak, Greg",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3200",
}
@inproceedings{melnar-liu-2006-combined,
    title = "A Combined Phonetic-Phonological Approach to Estimating Cross-Language Phoneme Similarity in an {ASR} Environment",
    author = "Melnar, Lynette  and
      Liu, Chen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Phonology and Morphology at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3201",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{muller-2006-improving,
    title = "Improving Syllabification Models with Phonotactic Knowledge",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Karin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Phonology and Morphology at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3202",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{heinz-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning Quantity Insensitive Stress Systems via Local Inference",
    author = "Heinz, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Phonology and Morphology at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3203",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{boersma-2006-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: Universal Constraint Rankings Result from Learning and Evolution",
    author = "Boersma, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Phonology and Morphology at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3204",
    pages = "31",
}
@inproceedings{xanthos-etal-2006-exploring,
    title = "Exploring variant definitions of pointer length in {MDL}",
    author = "Xanthos, Aris  and
      Hu, Yu  and
      Goldsmith, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Phonology and Morphology at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3205",
    pages = "32--40",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-bosch-canisius-2006-improved,
    title = "Improved morpho-phonological sequence processing with constraint satisfaction inference",
    author = "van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Canisius, Sander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Phonology and Morphology at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3206",
    pages = "41--49",
}
@inproceedings{jarosz-2006-richness,
    title = "Richness of the Base and Probabilistic Unsupervised Learning in Optimality Theory",
    author = "Jarosz, Gaja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Phonology and Morphology at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3207",
    pages = "50--59",
}
@inproceedings{karagol-ayan-etal-2006-morphology,
    title = "Morphology Induction from Limited Noisy Data Using Approximate String Matching",
    author = "Karagol-Ayan, Burcu  and
      Doermann, David  and
      Weinberg, Amy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Phonology and Morphology at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3208",
    pages = "60--68",
}
@inproceedings{chan-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning Probabilistic Paradigms for Morphology in a Latent Class Model",
    author = "Chan, Erwin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Phonology and Morphology at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3209",
    pages = "69--78",
}
@inproceedings{hammarstrom-2006-naive,
    title = "A Naive Theory of Affixation and an Algorithm for Extraction",
    author = {Hammarstr{\"o}m, Harald},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Phonology and Morphology at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2006",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3210",
    pages = "79--88",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-hlt,
    title = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    author = "Verspoor, Karin  and
      Cohen, Kevin Bretonnel  and
      Goertzel, Ben  and
      Mani, Inderjeet",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3300",
}
@inproceedings{yu-wei-2006-semantics,
    title = "The Semantics of a Definiendum Constrains both the Lexical Semantics and the Lexicosyntactic Patterns in the Definiens",
    author = "Yu, Hong  and
      Wei, Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3301",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2006-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-Based Natural Language Query Processing for the Biological Domain",
    author = "Liang, Jisheng  and
      Nguyen, Thien  and
      Koperski, Krzysztof  and
      Marchisio, Giovanni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3302",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{fyshe-szafron-2006-term,
    title = "Term Generalization and Synonym Resolution for Biological Abstracts: Using the Gene Ontology for Subcellular Localization Prediction",
    author = "Fyshe, Alona  and
      Szafron, Duane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3303",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{sanfilippo-etal-2006-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Ontological Knowledge and Textual Evidence in Estimating Gene and Gene Product Similarity",
    author = "Sanfilippo, Antonio  and
      Posse, Christian  and
      Gopalan, Banu  and
      Tratz, Stephen  and
      Gregory, Michelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3304",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{tanabe-wilbur-2006-priority,
    title = "A Priority Model for Named Entities",
    author = "Tanabe, Lorraine  and
      Wilbur, W. John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3305",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{fang-etal-2006-human,
    title = "Human Gene Name Normalization using Text Matching with Automatically Extracted Synonym Dictionaries",
    author = "Fang, Haw-ren  and
      Murphy, Kevin  and
      Jin, Yang  and
      Kim, Jessica  and
      White, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3306",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{bunescu-etal-2006-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Co-occurrence Statistics with Information Extraction for Robust Retrieval of Protein Interactions from {M}edline",
    author = "Bunescu, Razvan  and
      Mooney, Raymond  and
      Ramani, Arun  and
      Marcotte, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3307",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-etal-2006-biosmile,
    title = "{BIOSMILE}: Adapting Semantic Role Labeling for Biomedical Verbs:",
    author = "Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han  and
      Chou, Wen-Chi  and
      Lin, Yu-Chun  and
      Sung, Cheng-Lung  and
      Ku, Wei  and
      Su, Ying-Shan  and
      Sung, Ting-Yi  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3308",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2006-generative,
    title = "Generative Content Models for Structural Analysis of Medical Abstracts",
    author = "Lin, Jimmy  and
      Karakos, Damianos  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3309",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{rafkind-etal-2006-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Text and Image Features to Classify Images in Bioscience Literature",
    author = "Rafkind, Barry  and
      Lee, Minsuk  and
      Chang, Shih-Fu  and
      Yu, Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3310",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{rzhetsky-2006-mining,
    title = "Mining biomedical texts for disease-related pathways",
    author = "Rzhetsky, Andrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3311",
    pages = "81",
}
@inproceedings{schuman-bergler-2006-postnominal,
    title = "Postnominal Prepositional Phrase Attachment in Proteomics",
    author = "Schuman, Jonathan  and
      Bergler, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3312",
    pages = "82--89",
}
@inproceedings{bergler-etal-2006-bioki,
    title = "{B}io{KI}:Enzymes - an adaptable system to locate low-frequency information in full-text proteomics articles",
    author = "Bergler, Sabine  and
      Schuman, Jonathan  and
      Dubuc, Julien  and
      Lebedev, Alexandr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3314",
    pages = "91--92",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-2006-graph,
    title = "A Graph-Search Framework for {G}ene{I}d Ranking",
    author = "Cohen, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3315",
    pages = "93--95",
}
@inproceedings{gasperin-2006-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised anaphora resolution in biomedical texts",
    author = "Gasperin, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3316",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@inproceedings{goertzel-etal-2006-using,
    title = "Using Dependency Parsing and Probabilistic Inference to Extract Relationships between Genes, Proteins and Malignancies Implicit Among Multiple Biomedical Research Abstracts",
    author = "Goertzel, Ben  and
      Pinto, Hugo  and
      Heljakka, Ari  and
      Ross, Michael  and
      Pennachin, Cassio  and
      Goertzel, Izabela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3317",
    pages = "104--111",
}
@inproceedings{gu-2006-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Nested Named Entities in {GENIA} corpus",
    author = "Gu, Baohua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3318",
    pages = "112--113",
}
@inproceedings{jiampojamarn-etal-2006-biomedical,
    title = "Biomedical Term Recognition with the Perceptron {HMM} Algorithm",
    author = "Jiampojamarn, Sittichai  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz  and
      Cherry, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3319",
    pages = "114--115",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-etal-2006-refactoring,
    title = "Refactoring Corpora",
    author = "Johnson, Helen L.  and
      Baumgartner Jr., William A.  and
      Krallinger, Martin  and
      Cohen, K. Bretonnel  and
      Hunter, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3320",
    pages = "116--117",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2006-rapid,
    title = "Rapid Adaptation of {POS} Tagging for Domain Specific Uses",
    author = "Miller, John E.  and
      Bloodgood, Michael  and
      Torii, Manabu  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3321",
    pages = "118--119",
}
@inproceedings{nielsen-2006-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Protein-Protein interactions using simple contextual features",
    author = "Nielsen, Leif Arda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3322",
    pages = "120--121",
}
@inproceedings{oberoi-etal-2006-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Experimental Techniques in Biomedical Literature",
    author = "Oberoi, Meeta  and
      Struble, Craig A.  and
      Sugg, Sonia L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3323",
    pages = "122--123",
}
@inproceedings{rosemblat-graham-2006-pragmatic,
    title = "A Pragmatic Approach to Summary Extraction in Clinical Trials",
    author = "Rosemblat, Graciela  and
      Graham, Laurel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3324",
    pages = "124--125",
}
@inproceedings{sautter-bohm-2006-difficulties,
    title = "The Difficulties of Taxonomic Name Extraction and a Solution",
    author = {Sautter, Guido  and
      B{\"o}hm, Klemens},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3325",
    pages = "126--133",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-hearst-2006-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Key Concepts using Citation Sentences",
    author = "Schwartz, Ariel S.  and
      Hearst, Marti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3326",
    pages = "134--135",
}
@inproceedings{tateisi-etal-2006-subdomain,
    title = "Subdomain adaptation of a {POS} tagger with a small corpus",
    author = "Tateisi, Yuka  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3327",
    pages = "136--137",
}
@inproceedings{vlachos-gasperin-2006-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping and Evaluating Named Entity Recognition in the Biomedical Domain",
    author = "Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Gasperin, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {HLT}-{NAACL} {B}io{NLP} Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3328",
    pages = "138--145",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-analyzing,
    title = "Proceedings of the Analyzing Conversations in Text and Speech",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard  and
      Zechner, Klaus  and
      Zhou, Liang",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3400",
}
@inproceedings{murray-etal-2006-prosodic,
    title = "Prosodic Correlates of Rhetorical Relations",
    author = "Murray, Gabriel  and
      Taboada, Maite  and
      Renals, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Analyzing Conversations in Text and Speech",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3401",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{stewart-etal-2006-topic,
    title = "Off-Topic Detection in Conversational Telephone Speech",
    author = "Stewart, Robin  and
      Danyluk, Andrea  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Analyzing Conversations in Text and Speech",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3402",
    pages = "8--14",
}
@inproceedings{huffaker-etal-2006-computational,
    title = "Computational Measures for Language Similarity Across Time in Online Communities",
    author = "Huffaker, David  and
      Jorgensen, Joseph  and
      Iacobelli, Francisco  and
      Tepper, Paul  and
      Cassell, Justine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Analyzing Conversations in Text and Speech",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3403",
    pages = "15--22",
}
@inproceedings{banerjee-rudnicky-2006-say,
    title = "You Are What You Say: Using Meeting Participants{'} Speech to Detect their Roles and Expertise",
    author = "Banerjee, Satanjeev  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Analyzing Conversations in Text and Speech",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3404",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{purver-etal-2006-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Discourse Structure for Action Item Detection",
    author = "Purver, Matthew  and
      Ehlen, Patrick  and
      Niekrasz, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Analyzing Conversations in Text and Speech",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3405",
    pages = "31--34",
}
@inproceedings{carvalho-cohen-2006-improving,
    title = "Improving {``}Email Speech Acts{''} Analysis via N-gram Selection",
    author = "Carvalho, Vitor  and
      Cohen, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Analyzing Conversations in Text and Speech",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3406",
    pages = "35--41",
}
@inproceedings{arguello-rose-2006-topic,
    title = "Topic-Segmentation of Dialogue",
    author = "Arguello, Jaime  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Analyzing Conversations in Text and Speech",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3407",
    pages = "42--49",
}
@inproceedings{gregory-etal-2006-chat,
    title = "{C}h{AT}: A Time-Linked System for Conversational Analysis",
    author = "Gregory, Michelle L.  and
      Love, Douglas  and
      Rose, Stuart  and
      Schur, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Analyzing Conversations in Text and Speech",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3408",
    pages = "50--57",
}
@inproceedings{al-raheb-2006-pragmatic-discourse,
    title = "Pragmatic Discourse Representation Theory",
    author = "Al-Raheb, Yafa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Analyzing Conversations in Text and Speech",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3409",
    pages = "58--61",
}
@inproceedings{cowell-etal-2006-retrospective,
    title = "Retrospective Analysis of Communication Events - Understanding the Dynamics of Collaborative Multi-Party Discourse",
    author = "Cowell, Andrew  and
      Haack, Jereme  and
      Andrew, Adrienne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Analyzing Conversations in Text and Speech",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3410",
    pages = "62--70",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-scalable,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Allen, James  and
      Alexandersson, Jan  and
      Feldman, Jerome  and
      Porzel, Robert",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3500",
}
@inproceedings{nariyama-2006-pragmatic,
    title = "Pragmatic information extraction from subject ellipsis in informal {E}nglish",
    author = "Nariyama, Shigeko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3501",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{dzikovska-rose-2006-backbone,
    title = "Backbone Extraction and Pruning for Speeding Up a Deep Parser for Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Dzikovska, Myroslava O.  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3502",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{jordan-etal-2006-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Complex Natural Language Explanations in Tutorial Applications",
    author = "Jordan, Pamela W.  and
      Makatchev, Maxim  and
      Pappuswamy, Umarani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3503",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{crabbe-etal-2006-increasing,
    title = "Increasing the coverage of a domain independent dialogue lexicon with {VERBNET}",
    author = "Crabb{\'e}, Benoit  and
      Dzikovska, Myroslava O.  and
      de Beaumont, William  and
      Swift, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3504",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{loos-2006-scaling,
    title = "Scaling Natural Language Understanding via User-driven Ontology Learning",
    author = "Loos, Berenike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3505",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{gedigian-etal-2006-catching,
    title = "Catching Metaphors",
    author = "Gedigian, Matt  and
      Bryant, John  and
      Narayanan, Srini  and
      Ciric, Branimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3506",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{pitel-2006-scaling,
    title = "Scaling Construction Grammar up to Production Systems: the Situated Constructional Interpretation Model",
    author = "Pitel, Guillaume",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3507",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{micelli-2006-searching,
    title = "Searching for Grammar Right",
    author = "Micelli, Vanessa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3508",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2006-embodied,
    title = "Embodied construction grammar as layered modal languages",
    author = "Sogaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3509",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{steels-de-beule-2006-brief,
    title = "A (very) Brief Introduction to Fluid Construction Grammar",
    author = "Steels, Luc  and
      de Beule, Joachim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3510",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-computationally,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computationally Hard Problems and Joint Inference in Speech and Language Processing",
    author = "McDonald, Ryan  and
      Sutton, Charles  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      McCallum, Andrew  and
      Pereira, Fernando  and
      Bilmes, Jeff",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3600",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2006-syntax,
    title = "A Syntax-Directed Translator with Extended Domain of Locality",
    author = "Huang, Liang  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computationally Hard Problems and Joint Inference in Speech and Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3601",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{tillmann-2006-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Dynamic Programming Search Algorithms for Phrase-Based {SMT}",
    author = "Tillmann, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computationally Hard Problems and Joint Inference in Speech and Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3602",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{turian-melamed-2006-computational,
    title = "Computational Challenges in Parsing by Classification",
    author = "Turian, Joseph  and
      Melamed, I. Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computationally Hard Problems and Joint Inference in Speech and Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3603",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-bosch-2006-word,
    title = "All-word Prediction as the Ultimate Confusible Disambiguation",
    author = "van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computationally Hard Problems and Joint Inference in Speech and Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3604",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{ginter-etal-2006-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Search for the Best Solution Among Partially Completed Candidates",
    author = {Ginter, Filip  and
      Myll{\"a}ri, Aleksandr  and
      Salakoski, Tapio},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computationally Hard Problems and Joint Inference in Speech and Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3605",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{culotta-mccallum-2006-practical,
    title = "Practical {M}arkov Logic Containing First-Order Quantifiers with Application to Identity Uncertainty",
    author = "Culotta, Aron  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computationally Hard Problems and Joint Inference in Speech and Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3606",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-2006-ranking,
    title = "Re-Ranking Algorithms for Name Tagging",
    author = "Ji, Heng  and
      Rudin, Cynthia  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computationally Hard Problems and Joint Inference in Speech and Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3607",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-international-medical,
    title = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Medical Speech Translation",
    author = "Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Ehsani, Farzad  and
      Frederking, Robert  and
      Rayner, Manny",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3700",
}
@inproceedings{seligman-dillinger-2006-usability,
    title = "Usability Issues in an Interactive Speech-to-Speech Translation System for Healthcare",
    author = "Seligman, Mark  and
      Dillinger, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Medical Speech Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3701",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{chatzichrisafis-etal-2006-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Task Performance for a Unidirectional Controlled Language Medical Speech Translation System",
    author = "Chatzichrisafis, Nikos  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Rayner, Manny  and
      Santaholma, Marianne  and
      Starlander, Marianne  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Medical Speech Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3702",
    pages = "5--12",
}
@inproceedings{ehsani-etal-2006-speech,
    title = "Speech to Speech Translation for Medical Triage in {K}orean",
    author = "Ehsani, Farzad  and
      Kinzey, Jim  and
      Master, Demetrios  and
      Lesea, Karen  and
      Park, Hunil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Medical Speech Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3703",
    pages = "13--19",
}
@inproceedings{heinze-etal-2006-automated,
    title = "Automated Interpretation of Clinical Encounters with Cultural Cues and Electronic Health Record Generation",
    author = "Heinze, Daniel T.  and
      Turchin, Alexander  and
      Jagannathan, V.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Medical Speech Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3704",
    pages = "20--27",
}
@inproceedings{somers-2006-language,
    title = "Language Engineering and the Pathway to Healthcare: A User-Oriented View",
    author = "Somers, Harold",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Medical Speech Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3705",
    pages = "28--35",
}
@inproceedings{dillinger-seligman-2006-conversertm,
    title = "Converser{\mbox{$^\mbox{TM}$}}: Highly Interactive Speech-to-Speech Translation for Healthcare",
    author = "Dillinger, Mike  and
      Seligman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Medical Speech Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3706",
    pages = "36--39",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-2006-medslt,
    title = "{M}ed{SLT}: A Limited-Domain Unidirectional Grammar-Based Medical Speech Translator",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Chatzichrisafis, Nikos  and
      Santaholma, Marianne  and
      Starlander, Marianne  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann  and
      Nakao, Yukie  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Kanzaki, Kyoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Medical Speech Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3707",
    pages = "40--43",
}
@inproceedings{ehsani-etal-2006-minds,
    title = "S-{MINDS} 2-Way Speech-to-Speech Translation System",
    author = "Ehsani, Farzad  and
      Kinzey, Jim  and
      Master, Demetrios  and
      Sudre, Karen  and
      Domingo, David  and
      Park, Hunil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Medical Speech Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3708",
    pages = "44--45",
}
@inproceedings{heinze-etal-2006-accultran,
    title = "{A}ccultran: Automated Interpretation of Clinical Encounters with Cultural Cues and Electronic Health Record Generation",
    author = "Heinze, Daniel T.  and
      Turchin, Alexander  and
      Jagannathan, V.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Medical Speech Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3709",
    pages = "46--48",
}
@inproceedings{dinh-etal-2006-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Lingual Decision Support Prototype for the Medical Domain",
    author = "Dinh, David  and
      Chan, Dennis  and
      Chen, Jack",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Medical Speech Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3710",
    pages = "49--52",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2006-ibm,
    title = "{IBM} {MASTOR} {SYSTEM}: Multilingual Automatic Speech-to-Speech Translator",
    author = "Gao, Yuqing  and
      Zhou, Bowen  and
      Sarikaya, Ruhi  and
      Afify, Mohamed  and
      Kuo, Hong-Kwang  and
      Zhu, Wei-zhong  and
      Deng, Yonggang  and
      Prosser, Charles  and
      Zhang, Wei  and
      Besacier, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Medical Speech Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3711",
    pages = "53--56",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-textgraphs,
    title = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs: the First Workshop on Graph Based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3800",
}
@inproceedings{minkov-etal-2006-graphical,
    title = "A Graphical Framework for Contextual Search and Name Disambiguation in Email",
    author = "Minkov, Einat  and
      Cohen, William  and
      Ng, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs: the First Workshop on Graph Based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3801",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-etal-2006-graph,
    title = "Graph Based Semi-Supervised Approach for Information Extraction",
    author = "Hassan, Hany  and
      Hassan, Ahmed  and
      Noeman, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs: the First Workshop on Graph Based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3802",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{gamon-2006-graph,
    title = "Graph-Based Text Representation for Novelty Detection",
    author = "Gamon, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs: the First Workshop on Graph Based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3803",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{moens-etal-2006-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Aboutness of an Entity in a Text",
    author = "Moens, Marie-Francine  and
      Jeuniaux, Patrick  and
      Angheluta, Roxana  and
      Mitra, Rudradeb",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs: the First Workshop on Graph Based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3804",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{nastase-szpakowicz-2006-study,
    title = "A Study of Two Graph Algorithms in Topic-driven Summarization",
    author = "Nastase, Vivi  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs: the First Workshop on Graph Based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3805",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{zanzotto-moschitti-2006-similarity,
    title = "Similarity between Pairs of Co-indexed Trees for Textual Entailment Recognition",
    author = "Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs: the First Workshop on Graph Based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3806",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@inproceedings{molla-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning of Graph-based Question Answering Rules",
    author = "Moll{\'a}, Diego",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs: the First Workshop on Graph Based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3807",
    pages = "37--44",
}
@inproceedings{goldberg-zhu-2006-seeing,
    title = "Seeing stars when there aren{'}t many stars: Graph-based semi-supervised learning for sentiment categorization",
    author = "Goldberg, Andrew  and
      Zhu, Xiaojin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs: the First Workshop on Graph Based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3808",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-banea-2006-random,
    title = "Random-Walk Term Weighting for Improved Text Classification",
    author = "Hassan, Samer  and
      Banea, Carmen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs: the First Workshop on Graph Based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3809",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{matveeva-levow-2006-graph,
    title = "Graph-based Generalized Latent Semantic Analysis for Document Representation",
    author = "Matveeva, Irina  and
      Levow, Gina-Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs: the First Workshop on Graph Based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3810",
    pages = "61--64",
}
@inproceedings{muller-etal-2006-synonym,
    title = "Synonym Extraction Using a Semantic Distance on a Dictionary",
    author = "Muller, Philippe  and
      Hathout, Nabil  and
      Gaume, Bruno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs: the First Workshop on Graph Based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3811",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{biemann-2006-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Whispers - an Efficient Graph Clustering Algorithm and its Application to Natural Language Processing Problems",
    author = "Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs: the First Workshop on Graph Based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3812",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{nastase-szpakowicz-2006-matching,
    title = "Matching syntactic-semantic graphs for semantic relation assignment",
    author = "Nastase, Vivi  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs: the First Workshop on Graph Based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3813",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2006-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating and optimizing the parameters of an unsupervised graph-based {WSD} algorithm",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, David  and
      L{\'o}pez de Lacalle, Oier  and
      Soroa, Aitor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs: the First Workshop on Graph Based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3814",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{tsang-stevenson-2006-context,
    title = "Context Comparison as a Minimum Cost Flow Problem",
    author = "Tsang, Vivian  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs: the First Workshop on Graph Based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2006",
    address = "New York City",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3815",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@proceedings{ws-2006-international-inference,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics ({IC}o{S}-5)",
    author = "Bos, Johan  and
      Koller, Alexander",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3900",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-2006-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora resolution and minimal models",
    author = "Cohen, Ariel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics ({IC}o{S}-5)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3901",
}
@inproceedings{dinesh-etal-2006-extracting,
    title = "Extracting formal specifications from natural language regulatory documents",
    author = "Dinesh, Nikhil  and
      Joshi, Aravind  and
      Lee, Insup  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics ({IC}o{S}-5)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3902",
}
@inproceedings{field-ramsay-2006-change,
    title = "How to change a person{'}s mind: Understanding the difference between the effects and consequences of speech acts",
    author = "Field, Debora  and
      Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics ({IC}o{S}-5)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3903",
}
@inproceedings{koller-thater-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards a redundancy elimination algorithm for underspecified descriptions",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Thater, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics ({IC}o{S}-5)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3904",
}
@inproceedings{lesmo-etal-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards a redundancy elimination algorithm for underspecified descriptions",
    author = "Lesmo, Leonardo  and
      Robaldo, Livio  and
      Gerbrandy, Jelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics ({IC}o{S}-5)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3905",
}
@inproceedings{mador-haim-etal-2006-controlled,
    title = "Controlled Language for Geographical Information System Queries",
    author = "Mador-Haim, Sela  and
      Winter, Yoad  and
      Braun, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics ({IC}o{S}-5)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3906",
}
@inproceedings{nairn-etal-2006-computing,
    title = "Computing relative polarity for textual inference",
    author = "Nairn, Rowan  and
      Condoravdi, Cleo  and
      Karttunen, Lauri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics ({IC}o{S}-5)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3907",
}
@inproceedings{nouioua-nicolas-2006-using,
    title = "Using Answer Set Programming in an inference-based approach to Natural Language Semantics",
    author = "Nouioua, Farid  and
      Nicolas, Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics ({IC}o{S}-5)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3908",
}
@inproceedings{pennacchiotti-pantel-2006-bootstrapping,
    title = "A Bootstrapping Algorithm for Automatically Harvesting Semantic Relations",
    author = "Pennacchiotti, Marco  and
      Pantel, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics ({IC}o{S}-5)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3909",
}
@inproceedings{reckman-cremers-2006-concepts,
    title = "Concepts across categories",
    author = "Reckman, Hilke  and
      Cremers, Crit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics ({IC}o{S}-5)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3910",
}
@inproceedings{tojo-2006-multi,
    title = "Multi-dimensional Temporal Logic for Events and States",
    author = "Tojo, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics ({IC}o{S}-5)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3911",
}
@inproceedings{wallington-etal-2006-considerations,
    title = "Considerations on the nature of metaphorical meaning arising from a computational treatment of metaphor interpretation",
    author = "Wallington, A.M.  and
      Agerri, R.  and
      Barnden, J.A.  and
      Glasbey, S.R.  and
      Lee, M.G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics ({IC}o{S}-5)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3912",
}
@inproceedings{ahn-etal-2006-supporting,
    title = "Supporting temporal question answering: strategies for offline data collection",
    author = "Ahn, David  and
      Schockaert, Steven  and
      Cock, Martine De  and
      Kerre, Etienne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics ({IC}o{S}-5)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3913",
}
@inproceedings{boyko-2006-formal,
    title = "Formal semantics of verbs for knowledge inference",
    author = "Boyko, Igor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics ({IC}o{S}-5)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3914",
}
@inproceedings{cimiano-2006-ingredients,
    title = "Ingredients of a first-order account of bridging",
    author = "Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics ({IC}o{S}-5)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3915",
}
@inproceedings{goldfain-2006-computational,
    title = "A Computational Theory of Inference for Arithmetic Explanation",
    author = "Goldfain, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics ({IC}o{S}-5)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3916",
}
@inproceedings{helbig-glockner-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards a Logical Foundation of Semantic Networks - A Typology of Descriptive Means for Semantic Inference",
    author = {Helbig, Hermann  and
      Gl{\"o}ckner, Ingo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics ({IC}o{S}-5)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3917",
}
@inproceedings{piwek-2006-alligator,
    title = "The Alligator theorem prover for dependent type systems: Description and proof samples",
    author = "Piwek, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics ({IC}o{S}-5)",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-3918",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-joint,
    title = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Exploiting Synergies between Information Retrieval and Machine Translation ({ESIRMT}) and Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    author = "Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Lambert, Patrik  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Rapp, Reinhard  and
      Babych, Bogdan",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0100",
}
@inproceedings{harriehausen-muhlbauer-heuss-2012-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Web based Machine Translation",
    author = {Harriehausen-M{\"u}hlbauer, Bettina  and
      Heuss, Timm},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Exploiting Synergies between Information Retrieval and Machine Translation ({ESIRMT}) and Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0101",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{su-babych-2012-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Comparability of Documents in Non-Parallel Corpora for Efficient Extraction of (Semi-)Parallel Translation Equivalents",
    author = "Su, Fangzhong  and
      Babych, Bogdan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Exploiting Synergies between Information Retrieval and Machine Translation ({ESIRMT}) and Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0102",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{espana-bonet-comas-2012-full,
    title = "Full Machine Translation for Factoid Question Answering",
    author = "Espa{\~n}a-Bonet, Cristina  and
      Comas, Pere R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Exploiting Synergies between Information Retrieval and Machine Translation ({ESIRMT}) and Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0103",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{chong-etal-2012-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Evaluation of Stop Word Removal in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Chong, Tze Yuang  and
      Banchs, Rafael  and
      Chng, Eng Siong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Exploiting Synergies between Information Retrieval and Machine Translation ({ESIRMT}) and Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0104",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{khan-etal-2012-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Descriptions of Visual Scenes Corpus Generation and Analysis",
    author = "Khan, Muhammad Usman Ghani  and
      Nawab, Rao Muhammad Adeel  and
      Gotoh, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Exploiting Synergies between Information Retrieval and Machine Translation ({ESIRMT}) and Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0105",
    pages = "38--47",
}
@inproceedings{dandapat-etal-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining {EBMT}, {SMT}, {TM} and {IR} Technologies for Quality and Scale",
    author = "Dandapat, Sandipan  and
      Morrissey, Sara  and
      Way, Andy  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Exploiting Synergies between Information Retrieval and Machine Translation ({ESIRMT}) and Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0106",
    pages = "48--58",
}
@inproceedings{vertan-2012-two,
    title = "Two approaches for integrating translation and retrieval in real applications",
    author = "Vertan, Cristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Exploiting Synergies between Information Retrieval and Machine Translation ({ESIRMT}) and Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0107",
    pages = "59--64",
}
@inproceedings{tambouratzis-etal-2012-presemt,
    title = "{PRESEMT}: Pattern Recognition-based Statistically Enhanced {MT}",
    author = "Tambouratzis, George  and
      Vassiliou, Marina  and
      Sofianopoulos, Sokratis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Exploiting Synergies between Information Retrieval and Machine Translation ({ESIRMT}) and Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0108",
    pages = "65--68",
}
@inproceedings{tinsley-etal-2012-pluto,
    title = "{PLUTO}: Automated Solutions for Patent Translation",
    author = "Tinsley, John  and
      Ceausu, Alexandru  and
      Zhang, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Exploiting Synergies between Information Retrieval and Machine Translation ({ESIRMT}) and Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0109",
    pages = "69--71",
}
@inproceedings{koeva-2012-atlas,
    title = "{ATLAS} - Human Language Technologies integrated within a Multilingual Web Content Management System",
    author = "Koeva, Svetla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Exploiting Synergies between Information Retrieval and Machine Translation ({ESIRMT}) and Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0110",
    pages = "72--76",
}
@inproceedings{kirkedal-2012-tree,
    title = "Tree-based Hybrid Machine Translation",
    author = "Kirkedal, Andreas S{\o}eborg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Exploiting Synergies between Information Retrieval and Machine Translation ({ESIRMT}) and Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0111",
    pages = "77--86",
}
@inproceedings{vintar-etal-2012-clocks,
    title = "Were the clocks striking or surprising? Using {WSD} to improve {MT} performance",
    author = "Vintar, {\v{S}}pela  and
      Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja  and
      Vr{\v{s}}{\v{c}}aj, Aljo{\v{s}}a",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Exploiting Synergies between Information Retrieval and Machine Translation ({ESIRMT}) and Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0112",
    pages = "87--92",
}
@inproceedings{pal-bandyopadhyay-2012-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Method for Chunk Alignment in Phrase Based {SMT}",
    author = "Pal, Santanu  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Exploiting Synergies between Information Retrieval and Machine Translation ({ESIRMT}) and Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0113",
    pages = "93--100",
}
@inproceedings{babych-etal-2012-design,
    title = "Design of a hybrid high quality machine translation system",
    author = "Babych, Bogdan  and
      Eberle, Kurt  and
      Gei{\ss}, Johanna  and
      Ginest{\'\i}-Rosell, Mireia  and
      Hartley, Anthony  and
      Rapp, Reinhard  and
      Sharoff, Serge  and
      Thomas, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Exploiting Synergies between Information Retrieval and Machine Translation ({ESIRMT}) and Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0114",
    pages = "101--112",
}
@inproceedings{federmann-2012-machine,
    title = "Can Machine Learning Algorithms Improve Phrase Selection in Hybrid Machine Translation?",
    author = "Federmann, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Exploiting Synergies between Information Retrieval and Machine Translation ({ESIRMT}) and Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0115",
    pages = "113--118",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically-Augmented {B}ulgarian-to-{E}nglish Statistical Machine Translation Model",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Simov, Kiril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Exploiting Synergies between Information Retrieval and Machine Translation ({ESIRMT}) and Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0116",
    pages = "119--128",
}
@inproceedings{meyer-popescu-belis-2012-using,
    title = "Using Sense-labeled Discourse Connectives for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Meyer, Thomas  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Exploiting Synergies between Information Retrieval and Machine Translation ({ESIRMT}) and Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation ({H}y{T}ra)",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0117",
    pages = "129--138",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-eacl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2012 Joint Workshop of {LINGVIS} {\&} {UNCLH}",
    author = "Butt, Miriam  and
      Carpendale, Sheelagh  and
      Penn, Gerald  and
      Proki{\'c}, Jelena  and
      Cysouw, Michael",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0200",
}
@inproceedings{butt-etal-2012-introduction,
    title = "Introduction",
    author = "Butt, Miriam  and
      Proki{\'c}, Jelena  and
      Mayer, Thomas  and
      Cysouw, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2012 Joint Workshop of {LINGVIS} {\&} {UNCLH}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0201",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{rohrdantz-etal-2012-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Semantics and Distribution of Suffixes - A Visual Analysis",
    author = "Rohrdantz, Christian  and
      Niekler, Andreas  and
      Hautli, Annette  and
      Butt, Miriam  and
      Keim, Daniel A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2012 Joint Workshop of {LINGVIS} {\&} {UNCLH}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0202",
    pages = "7--15",
}
@inproceedings{heylen-etal-2012-looking,
    title = "Looking at word meaning. An interactive visualization of Semantic Vector Spaces for {D}utch synsets",
    author = "Heylen, Kris  and
      Speelman, Dirk  and
      Geeraerts, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2012 Joint Workshop of {LINGVIS} {\&} {UNCLH}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0203",
    pages = "16--24",
}
@inproceedings{lohk-etal-2012-first,
    title = "First steps in checking and comparing {P}rinceton {W}ord{N}et and {E}stonian {W}ordnet",
    author = "Lohk, Ahti  and
      Vare, Kadri  and
      V{\~o}handu, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2012 Joint Workshop of {LINGVIS} {\&} {UNCLH}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0204",
    pages = "25--29",
}
@inproceedings{littauer-etal-2012-visualising,
    title = "Visualising Typological Relationships: Plotting {WALS} with Heat Maps",
    author = "Littauer, Richard  and
      Turnbull, Rory  and
      Palmer, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2012 Joint Workshop of {LINGVIS} {\&} {UNCLH}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0205",
    pages = "30--34",
}
@inproceedings{yannakoudakis-etal-2012-automating,
    title = "Automating Second Language Acquisition Research: Integrating Information Visualisation and Machine Learning",
    author = "Yannakoudakis, Helen  and
      Briscoe, Ted  and
      Alexopoulou, Theodora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2012 Joint Workshop of {LINGVIS} {\&} {UNCLH}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0206",
    pages = "35--43",
}
@inproceedings{lyding-etal-2012-visualising,
    title = "Visualising Linguistic Evolution in Academic Discourse",
    author = "Lyding, Verena  and
      Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina  and
      Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania  and
      Dittmann, Henrik  and
      Culy, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2012 Joint Workshop of {LINGVIS} {\&} {UNCLH}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0207",
    pages = "44--48",
}
@inproceedings{kondrak-2012-similarity,
    title = "Similarity Patterns in Words (Invited talk)",
    author = "Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2012 Joint Workshop of {LINGVIS} {\&} {UNCLH}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0208",
    pages = "49--53",
}
@inproceedings{mayer-cysouw-2012-language,
    title = "Language comparison through sparse multilingual word alignment",
    author = "Mayer, Thomas  and
      Cysouw, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2012 Joint Workshop of {LINGVIS} {\&} {UNCLH}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0209",
    pages = "54--62",
}
@inproceedings{scherrer-2012-recovering,
    title = "Recovering dialect geography from an unaligned comparable corpus",
    author = "Scherrer, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2012 Joint Workshop of {LINGVIS} {\&} {UNCLH}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0210",
    pages = "63--71",
}
@inproceedings{prokic-etal-2012-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Shibboleths",
    author = {Proki{\'c}, Jelena  and
      {\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}  and
      Nerbonne, John},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2012 Joint Workshop of {LINGVIS} {\&} {UNCLH}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0211",
    pages = "72--80",
}
@inproceedings{jager-2012-estimating,
    title = "Estimating and visualizing language similarities using weighted alignment and force-directed graph layout",
    author = {J{\"a}ger, Gerhard},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2012 Joint Workshop of {LINGVIS} {\&} {UNCLH}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0212",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{daval-markussen-bakker-2012-explorations,
    title = "Explorations in creole research with phylogenetic tools",
    author = "Daval-Markussen, Aymeric  and
      Bakker, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2012 Joint Workshop of {LINGVIS} {\&} {UNCLH}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0213",
    pages = "89--97",
}
@inproceedings{mcconvell-dousset-2012-tracking,
    title = "Tracking the dynamics of kinship and social category terms with {A}ust{K}in {II}",
    author = "McConvell, Patrick  and
      Dousset, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2012 Joint Workshop of {LINGVIS} {\&} {UNCLH}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0214",
    pages = "98--107",
}
@inproceedings{wettig-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using context and phonetic features in models of etymological sound change",
    author = "Wettig, Hannes  and
      Reshetnikov, Kirill  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2012 Joint Workshop of {LINGVIS} {\&} {UNCLH}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0215",
    pages = "108--116",
}
@inproceedings{list-2012-lexstat,
    title = "{L}ex{S}tat: Automatic Detection of Cognates in Multilingual Wordlists",
    author = "List, Johann-Mattis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2012 Joint Workshop of {LINGVIS} {\&} {UNCLH}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0216",
    pages = "117--125",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Writing ({CL}{\&}W 2012): Linguistic and Cognitive Aspects of Document Creation and Document Engineering",
    author = "Piotrowski, Michael  and
      Mahlow, Cerstin  and
      Dale, Robert",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0300",
}
@inproceedings{leijten-etal-2012-character,
    title = "From Character to Word Level: Enabling the Linguistic Analyses of Inputlog Process Data",
    author = {Leijten, Mari{\"e}lle  and
      Macken, Lieve  and
      Hoste, Veronique  and
      Van Horenbeeck, Eric  and
      Van Waes, Luuk},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Writing ({CL}{\&}W 2012): Linguistic and Cognitive Aspects of Document Creation and Document Engineering",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0301",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{hofler-sugisaki-2012-drafting,
    title = "From Drafting Guideline to Error Detection: Automating Style Checking for Legislative Texts",
    author = {H{\"o}fler, Stefan  and
      Sugisaki, Kyoko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Writing ({CL}{\&}W 2012): Linguistic and Cognitive Aspects of Document Creation and Document Engineering",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0302",
    pages = "9--18",
}
@inproceedings{moxley-2012-aggregated,
    title = "Aggregated Assessment and {``}Objectivity 2.0{''}",
    author = "Moxley, Joe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Writing ({CL}{\&}W 2012): Linguistic and Cognitive Aspects of Document Creation and Document Engineering",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0303",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{nazar-renau-2012-google,
    title = "{G}oogle Books N-gram Corpus used as a Grammar Checker",
    author = "Nazar, Rogelio  and
      Renau, Irene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Writing ({CL}{\&}W 2012): Linguistic and Cognitive Aspects of Document Creation and Document Engineering",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0304",
    pages = "27--34",
}
@inproceedings{albert-etal-2012-lelie,
    title = "{LELIE}: A Tool Dedicated to Procedure and Requirement Authoring",
    author = "Albert, Camille  and
      Barcellini, Flore  and
      Grosse, Corinne  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Writing ({CL}{\&}W 2012): Linguistic and Cognitive Aspects of Document Creation and Document Engineering",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0305",
    pages = "35--38",
}
@inproceedings{goulet-duplessis-2012-focus,
    title = "Focus Group on Computer Tools Used for Professional Writing and Preliminary Evaluation of {L}inguis{T}ech",
    author = "Goulet, Marie-Jos{\'e}e  and
      Duplessis, Annie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Writing ({CL}{\&}W 2012): Linguistic and Cognitive Aspects of Document Creation and Document Engineering",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0306",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-approaches,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    author = "Fitzpatrick, Eileen  and
      Bachenko, Joan  and
      Fornaciari, Tommaso",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0400",
}
@inproceedings{hauch-etal-2012-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Cues to Deception Assessed by Computer Programs: A Meta-Analysis",
    author = "Hauch, Valerie  and
      Bland{\'o}n-Gitlin, Iris  and
      Masip, Jaume  and
      Sporer, Siegfried Ludwig",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0401",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{vartapetiance-gillam-2012-dont,
    title = "{``}{I} Don{'}t Know Where He is Not{''}: Does Deception Research yet Offer a Basis for Deception Detectives?",
    author = "Vartapetiance, Anna  and
      Gillam, Lee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0402",
    pages = "5--14",
}
@inproceedings{almela-etal-2012-seeing,
    title = "Seeing through Deception: A Computational Approach to Deceit Detection in Written Communication",
    author = "Almela, {\'A}ngela  and
      Valencia-Garc{\'\i}a, Rafael  and
      Cantos, Pascual",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0403",
    pages = "15--22",
}
@inproceedings{gokhman-etal-2012-search,
    title = "In Search of a Gold Standard in Studies of Deception",
    author = "Gokhman, Stephanie  and
      Hancock, Jeff  and
      Prabhu, Poornima  and
      Ott, Myle  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0404",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{fitzpatrick-bachenko-2012-building,
    title = "Building a Data Collection for Deception Research",
    author = "Fitzpatrick, Eileen  and
      Bachenko, Joan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0405",
    pages = "31--38",
}
@inproceedings{fornaciari-poesio-2012-use,
    title = "On the Use of Homogenous Sets of Subjects in Deceptive Language Analysis",
    author = "Fornaciari, Tommaso  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0406",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{baxter-2012-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: Current and Future Needs for Deception Detection in a Government Screening Environment",
    author = "Baxter, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0407",
    pages = "48",
}
@inproceedings{elkins-etal-2012-voice,
    title = "The Voice and Eye Gaze Behavior of an Imposter: Automated Interviewing and Detection for Rapid Screening at the Border",
    author = "Elkins, Aaron  and
      Derrick, Douglas  and
      Gariup, Monica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0408",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{swerts-2012-lets,
    title = "Let{'}s Lie Together: Co-Presence Effects on Children{'}s Deceptive Skills",
    author = "Swerts, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0409",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{li-santos-2012-argument,
    title = "Argument Formation in the Reasoning Process: Toward a Generic Model of Deception Detection",
    author = "Li, Deqing  and
      Santos, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0410",
    pages = "63--71",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-etal-2012-pastiche,
    title = "Pastiche Detection Based on Stopword Rankings. Exposing Impersonators of a {R}omanian Writer",
    author = "Dinu, Liviu P.  and
      Niculae, Vlad  and
      Sulea, Maria-Octavia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0411",
    pages = "72--77",
}
@inproceedings{sporer-2012-making,
    title = "Making the Subjective Objective? Computer-Assisted Quantification of Qualitative Content Cues to Deception",
    author = "Sporer, Siegfried Ludwig",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0412",
    pages = "78--85",
}
@inproceedings{bogdanova-etal-2012-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Fixated Discourse in Chats with Cyberpedophiles",
    author = "Bogdanova, Dasha  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0413",
    pages = "86--90",
}
@inproceedings{juola-2012-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Stylistic Deception",
    author = "Juola, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0414",
    pages = "91--96",
}
@inproceedings{rubin-vashchilko-2012-identification,
    title = "Identification of Truth and Deception in Text: Application of Vector Space Model to Rhetorical Structure Theory",
    author = "Rubin, Victoria L.  and
      Vashchilko, Tatiana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Deception Detection",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0415",
    pages = "97--106",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-innovative,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Hybrid Approaches to the Processing of Textual Data",
    author = "Grabar, Natalia  and
      Dupuch, Marie  and
      P{\'e}rinet, Amandine  and
      Hamon, Thierry",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0500",
}
@inproceedings{glavas-etal-2012-experiments,
    title = "Experiments on Hybrid Corpus-Based Sentiment Lexicon Acquisition",
    author = "Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      Dalbelo Ba{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Bojana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Hybrid Approaches to the Processing of Textual Data",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0501",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{panchenko-morozova-2012-study,
    title = "A Study of Hybrid Similarity Measures for Semantic Relation Extraction",
    author = "Panchenko, Alexander  and
      Morozova, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Hybrid Approaches to the Processing of Textual Data",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0502",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{green-zabokrtsky-2012-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Combination of Constituency and Dependency Trees into an Ensemble Dependency Parser",
    author = "Green, Nathan  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Hybrid Approaches to the Processing of Textual Data",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0503",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{khan-gotoh-2012-describing,
    title = "Describing Video Contents in Natural Language",
    author = "Khan, Muhammad Usman Ghani  and
      Gotoh, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Hybrid Approaches to the Processing of Textual Data",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0504",
    pages = "27--35",
}
@inproceedings{hoang-aw-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised and Data-Driven Approach for Spell Checking in {V}ietnamese {OCR}-scanned Texts",
    author = "Hoang, Cong Duy Vu  and
      Aw, Ai Ti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Hybrid Approaches to the Processing of Textual Data",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0505",
    pages = "36--44",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-2012-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Hybrid Approaches to the Processing of Textual Data",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0506",
    pages = "45",
}
@inproceedings{genereux-martinez-2012-contrasting,
    title = "Contrasting Objective and Subjective {P}ortuguese Texts from Heterogeneous Sources",
    author = "G{\'e}n{\'e}reux, Michel  and
      Martinez, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Hybrid Approaches to the Processing of Textual Data",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0507",
    pages = "46--51",
}
@inproceedings{stern-etal-2012-joint,
    title = "A Joint Named Entity Recognition and Entity Linking System",
    author = "Stern, Rosa  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Hybrid Approaches to the Processing of Textual Data",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0508",
    pages = "52--60",
}
@inproceedings{fang-etal-2012-collaborative,
    title = "Collaborative Annotation of Dialogue Acts: Application of a New {ISO} Standard to the Switchboard Corpus",
    author = "Fang, Alex C.  and
      Bunt, Harry  and
      Cao, Jing  and
      Liu, Xiaoyue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Hybrid Approaches to the Processing of Textual Data",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0509",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{nouvel-etal-2012-coupling,
    title = "Coupling Knowledge-Based and Data-Driven Systems for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Nouvel, Damien  and
      Antoine, Jean-Yves  and
      Friburger, Nathalie  and
      Soulet, Arnaud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Hybrid Approaches to the Processing of Textual Data",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0510",
    pages = "69--77",
}
@inproceedings{bloodgood-etal-2012-random,
    title = "A Random Forest System Combination Approach for Error Detection in Digital Dictionaries",
    author = "Bloodgood, Michael  and
      Ye, Peng  and
      Rodrigues, Paul  and
      Zajic, David  and
      Doermann, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Hybrid Approaches to the Processing of Textual Data",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0511",
    pages = "78--86",
}
@inproceedings{grappy-etal-2012-methods,
    title = "Methods Combination and {ML}-based Re-ranking of Multiple Hypothesis for Question-Answering Systems",
    author = "Grappy, Arnaud  and
      Grau, Brigitte  and
      Rosset, Sophie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Hybrid Approaches to the Processing of Textual Data",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0512",
    pages = "87--96",
}
@inproceedings{willis-etal-2012-generalised,
    title = "A Generalised Hybrid Architecture for {NLP}",
    author = "Willis, Alistair  and
      Yang, Hui  and
      De Roeck, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Hybrid Approaches to the Processing of Textual Data",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0513",
    pages = "97--105",
}
@inproceedings{shilon-etal-2012-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Linguistic Knowledge in Statistical Machine Translation: Translating Prepositions",
    author = "Shilon, Reshef  and
      Fadida, Hanna  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Hybrid Approaches to the Processing of Textual Data",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0514",
    pages = "106--114",
}
@inproceedings{galgani-etal-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining Different Summarization Techniques for Legal Text",
    author = "Galgani, Filippo  and
      Compton, Paul  and
      Hoffmann, Achim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Hybrid Approaches to the Processing of Textual Data",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0515",
    pages = "115--123",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-semantic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Analysis in Social Media",
    author = "Farzindar, Atefeh  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0600",
}
@inproceedings{darling-etal-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Part-of-Speech Tagging in Noisy and Esoteric Domains With a Syntactic-Semantic {B}ayesian {HMM}",
    author = "Darling, William M.  and
      Paul, Michael J.  and
      Song, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Analysis in Social Media",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0601",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{celli-rossi-2012-role,
    title = "The Role of Emotional Stability in Twitter Conversations",
    author = "Celli, Fabio  and
      Rossi, Luca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Analysis in Social Media",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0602",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards Scalable Speech Act Recognition in Twitter: Tackling Insufficient Training Data",
    author = "Zhang, Renxian  and
      Gao, Dehong  and
      Li, Wenjie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Analysis in Social Media",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0603",
    pages = "18--27",
}
@inproceedings{husby-barbosa-2012-topic,
    title = "Topic Classification of Blog Posts Using Distant Supervision",
    author = "Husby, Stephanie  and
      Barbosa, Denilson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Analysis in Social Media",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0604",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{el-hachem-haarslev-2012-user,
    title = "A User and {NLP}-Assisted Strategic Workflow for a Social Semantic {OWL} 2-Based Knowledge Platform",
    author = "El-Hachem, Jinan  and
      Haarslev, Volker",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Analysis in Social Media",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0605",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{rodriguez-penagos-etal-2012-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Framework for Scalable Opinion Mining in Social Media: Detecting Polarities and Attitude Targets",
    author = "Rodr{\'\i}guez-Penagos, Carlos  and
      Grivolla, Jens  and
      Codina-Filba, Joan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Analysis in Social Media",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0606",
    pages = "46--52",
}
@inproceedings{tjong-kim-sang-bos-2012-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the 2011 {D}utch Senate Election Results with Twitter",
    author = "Tjong Kim Sang, Erik  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Analysis in Social Media",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0607",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{stavrianou-brun-2012-opinion,
    title = "Opinion and Suggestion Analysis for Expert Recommendations",
    author = "Stavrianou, Anna  and
      Brun, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Analysis in Social Media",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0608",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-joint-unsupervised,
    title = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Unsupervised and Semi-Supervised Learning in {NLP}",
    author = "Abend, Omri  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Rappoport, Ari  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0700",
}
@inproceedings{rasooli-faili-2012-fast,
    title = "Fast Unsupervised Dependency Parsing with Arc-Standard Transitions",
    author = "Rasooli, Mohammad Sadegh  and
      Faili, Heshaam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Unsupervised and Semi-Supervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0701",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{gamallo-etal-2012-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-Based Open Information Extraction",
    author = "Gamallo, Pablo  and
      Garcia, Marcos  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez-Lanza, Santiago",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Unsupervised and Semi-Supervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0702",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{riedl-biemann-2012-sweeping,
    title = "Sweeping through the Topic Space: Bad luck? Roll again!",
    author = "Riedl, Martin  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Unsupervised and Semi-Supervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0703",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-2012-clustered,
    title = "Clustered Word Classes for Preordering in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Stymne, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Unsupervised and Semi-Supervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0704",
    pages = "28--34",
}
@inproceedings{bobic-etal-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving Distantly Supervised Extraction of Drug-Drug and Protein-Protein Interactions",
    author = "Bobi{\'c}, Tamara  and
      Klinger, Roman  and
      Thomas, Philippe  and
      Hofmann-Apitius, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Unsupervised and Semi-Supervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0705",
    pages = "35--43",
}
@inproceedings{leibbrandt-powers-2012-robust,
    title = "Robust Induction of Parts-of-Speech in Child-Directed Language by Co-Clustering of Words and Contexts",
    author = "Leibbrandt, Richard E.  and
      Powers, David MW",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Unsupervised and Semi-Supervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0706",
    pages = "44--54",
}
@inproceedings{miceli-barone-attardi-2012-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing Domain Adaptation using Transductive {SVM}",
    author = "Miceli-Barone, Antonio Valerio  and
      Attardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Unsupervised and Semi-Supervised Learning in {NLP}",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0707",
    pages = "55--59",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-applications,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Applications of Tree Automata Techniques in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Drewes, Frank  and
      Kuhlmann, Marco",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0800",
}
@inproceedings{seemann-etal-2012-preservation,
    title = "Preservation of Recognizability for Weighted Linear Extended Top-Down Tree Transducers",
    author = "Seemann, Nina  and
      Quernheim, Daniel  and
      Braune, Fabienne  and
      Maletti, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Applications of Tree Automata Techniques in Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0801",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{buchse-fischer-2012-deciding,
    title = "Deciding the Twins Property for Weighted Tree Automata over Extremal Semifields",
    author = {B{\"u}chse, Matthias  and
      Fischer, Anja},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Applications of Tree Automata Techniques in Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0802",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{purtee-schubert-2012-ttt,
    title = "{TTT}: A Tree Transduction Language for Syntactic and Semantic Processing",
    author = "Purtee, Adam  and
      Schubert, Lenhart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Applications of Tree Automata Techniques in Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0803",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{ashton-2012-second,
    title = "Second Position Clitics and Monadic Second-Order Transduction",
    author = "Ashton, Neil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Applications of Tree Automata Techniques in Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0804",
    pages = "31--41",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-models,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Models of Language Acquisition and Loss",
    author = "Berwick, Robert  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0900",
}
@inproceedings{ellison-miceli-2012-distinguishing,
    title = "Distinguishing Contact-Induced Change from Language Drift in Genetically Related Languages",
    author = "Ellison, T. Mark  and
      Miceli, Luisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Models of Language Acquisition and Loss",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0901",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{bod-smets-2012-empiricist,
    title = "Empiricist Solutions to Nativist Puzzles by means of Unsupervised {TSG}",
    author = "Bod, Rens  and
      Smets, Margaux",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Models of Language Acquisition and Loss",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0902",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{steedman-2012-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Models of Grammar Acquisition",
    author = "Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Models of Language Acquisition and Loss",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0903",
    pages = "19",
}
@inproceedings{albert-etal-2012-morphologically,
    title = "A Morphologically Annotated {H}ebrew {CHILDES} Corpus",
    author = "Albert, Aviad  and
      MacWhinney, Brian  and
      Nir, Bracha  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Models of Language Acquisition and Loss",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0904",
    pages = "20--22",
}
@inproceedings{villavicencio-etal-2012-annotated,
    title = "An annotated {E}nglish child language database",
    author = "Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Yankama, Beracah  and
      Wilkens, Rodrigo  and
      Idiart, Marco  and
      Berwick, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Models of Language Acquisition and Loss",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0905",
    pages = "23--25",
}
@inproceedings{wilkens-2012-searching,
    title = "Searching the Annotated {P}ortuguese Childes Corpora",
    author = "Wilkens, Rodrigo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Models of Language Acquisition and Loss",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0906",
    pages = "26--28",
}
@inproceedings{padro-bel-2012-webservices,
    title = "Webservices for {B}ayesian Learning",
    author = "Padr{\'o}, Muntsa  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Models of Language Acquisition and Loss",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0907",
    pages = "29--31",
}
@inproceedings{lenci-etal-2012-unseen,
    title = "Unseen features. Collecting semantic data from congenital blind subjects",
    author = "Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Baroni, Marco  and
      Marotta, Giovanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Models of Language Acquisition and Loss",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0908",
    pages = "32",
}
@inproceedings{calderone-celata-2012-phacts,
    title = "{PHACTS} about activation-based word similarity effects",
    author = "Calderone, Basilio  and
      Celata, Chiara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Models of Language Acquisition and Loss",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0909",
    pages = "33--37",
}
@inproceedings{wilkens-villavicencio-2012-say,
    title = "{I} say have you say tem: profiling verbs in children data in {E}nglish and {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Wilkens, Rodrigo  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Models of Language Acquisition and Loss",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0910",
    pages = "38--42",
}
@inproceedings{villavicencio-etal-2012-get,
    title = "Get out but don{'}t fall down: verb-particle constructions in child language",
    author = "Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Idiart, Marco  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Ara{\'u}jo, V{\'\i}tor  and
      Yankama, Beracah  and
      Berwick, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Models of Language Acquisition and Loss",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0911",
    pages = "43--50",
}
@inproceedings{vasilevski-2012-phonologic,
    title = "Phonologic Patterns of {B}razilian {P}ortuguese: a grapheme to phoneme converter based study",
    author = "Vasil{\'e}vski, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Models of Language Acquisition and Loss",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-0912",
    pages = "51--60",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    author = "Zervanou, Kalliopi  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1000",
}
@inproceedings{kenter-etal-2012-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon Construction and Corpus Annotation of Historical Language with the {C}o{B}a{LT} Editor",
    author = "Kenter, Tom  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      {\v{Z}}orga Dulmin, Maja  and
      Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{dingemanse-etal-2012-high,
    title = "A high speed transcription interface for annotating primary linguistic data",
    author = "Dingemanse, Mark  and
      Hammond, Jeremy  and
      Stehouwer, Herman  and
      Somasundaram, Aarthy  and
      Drude, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{agirrezabal-etal-2012-bad,
    title = "{BAD}: An Assistant tool for making verses in Basque",
    author = "Agirrezabal, Manex  and
      Alegria, I{\~n}aki  and
      Arrieta, Bertol  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1003",
    pages = "13--17",
}
@inproceedings{dannells-borin-2012-toward,
    title = "Toward Language Independent Methodology for Generating Artwork Descriptions {--} Exploring {F}rame{N}et Information",
    author = "Dann{\'e}lls, Dana  and
      Borin, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1004",
    pages = "18--23",
}
@inproceedings{piotrowski-senn-2012-harvesting,
    title = "Harvesting Indices to Grow a Controlled Vocabulary: Towards Improved Access to Historical Legal Texts",
    author = "Piotrowski, Michael  and
      Senn, Cathrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1005",
    pages = "24--29",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-etal-2012-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-Based Incremental Annotation of Characters in Folktales",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry  and
      Koleva, Nikolina  and
      Krieger, Hans-Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1006",
    pages = "30--34",
}
@inproceedings{oelke-etal-2012-advanced,
    title = "Advanced Visual Analytics Methods for Literature Analysis",
    author = "Oelke, Daniela  and
      Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Malm, Mats",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1007",
    pages = "35--44",
}
@inproceedings{herbelot-etal-2012-distributional,
    title = "Distributional techniques for philosophical enquiry",
    author = {Herbelot, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      von Redecker, Eva  and
      M{\"u}ller, Johanna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1008",
    pages = "45--54",
}
@inproceedings{brun-etal-2012-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically-Adapted Structural Query Annotation for Digital Libraries in the Social Sciences",
    author = "Brun, Caroline  and
      Nikoulina, Vassilina  and
      Lagos, Nikolaos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1009",
    pages = "55--64",
}
@inproceedings{pettersson-etal-2012-parsing,
    title = "Parsing the Past - Identification of Verb Constructions in Historical Text",
    author = "Pettersson, Eva  and
      Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1010",
    pages = "65--74",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2012-classical,
    title = "A Classical {C}hinese Corpus with Nested Part-of-Speech Tags",
    author = "Lee, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1011",
    pages = "75--84",
}
@inproceedings{aletras-stevenson-2012-computing,
    title = "Computing Similarity between Cultural Heritage Items using Multimodal Features",
    author = "Aletras, Nikolaos  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1012",
    pages = "85--93",
}
@inproceedings{hall-etal-2012-enabling,
    title = "Enabling the Discovery of Digital Cultural Heritage Objects through {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Hall, Mark Michael  and
      Lopez de Lacalle, Oier  and
      Soroa Etxabe, Aitor  and
      Clough, Paul  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1013",
    pages = "94--100",
}
@inproceedings{fernando-stevenson-2012-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Wikification to Cultural Heritage",
    author = "Fernando, Samuel  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1014",
    pages = "101--106",
}
@inproceedings{bosch-etal-2012-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Inspired Approach for Handwritten Text Line Detection in Legacy Documents",
    author = "Bosch, Vicente  and
      Toselli, Alejandro H{\'e}ctor  and
      Vidal, Enrique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1015",
    pages = "107--111",
}
@inproceedings{zhicharevich-dershowitz-2012-language,
    title = "Language Classification and Segmentation of Noisy Documents in {H}ebrew Scripts",
    author = "Zhicharevich, Alex  and
      Dershowitz, Nachum",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = apr,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Avignon, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1016",
    pages = "112--117",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-jep,
    title = "JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, Workshop DEFT 2012: D{\'E}fi Fouille de Textes (DEFT 2012 Workshop: Text Mining Challenge)",
    author = "Grouin, Cyril  and
      Forest, Dominic  and
      S{\'e}rasset, Gilles",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1100",
}
@inproceedings{paroubek-etal-2012-indexation,
    title = "Indexation libre et contr{\^o}l{\'e}e d{'}articles scientifiques. Pr{\'e}sentation et r{\'e}sultats du d{\'e}fi fouille de textes {DEFT}2012 (Controlled and free indexing of scientific papers. Presentation and results of the {DEFT}2012 text-mining challenge) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Forest, Dominic  and
      Grouin, Cyril",
    booktitle = "JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, Workshop DEFT 2012: D{\'E}fi Fouille de Textes (DEFT 2012 Workshop: Text Mining Challenge)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1101",
    pages = "1--13",
}
@inproceedings{tonelli-etal-2012-key,
    title = "Key-concept extraction from {F}rench articles with {KX}",
    author = "Tonelli, Sara  and
      Cabrio, Elena  and
      Pianta, Emanuele",
    booktitle = "JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, Workshop DEFT 2012: D{\'E}fi Fouille de Textes (DEFT 2012 Workshop: Text Mining Challenge)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1102",
    pages = "15--24",
}
@inproceedings{hamon-2012-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition terminologique pour identifier les mots-cl{\'e}s d{'}articles scientifiques (Terminological acquisition for identifying keywords of scientific articles) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Hamon, Thierry",
    booktitle = "JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, Workshop DEFT 2012: D{\'E}fi Fouille de Textes (DEFT 2012 Workshop: Text Mining Challenge)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1103",
    pages = "25--31",
}
@inproceedings{amri-etal-2012-indexation,
    title = "Indexation {\`a} base des syntagmes nominaux (Nominal-chunk based indexing) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Amri, Amine  and
      Mbarek, Maroua  and
      Bechikh, Chedi  and
      Latiri, Chiraz  and
      Haddad, Hatem",
    booktitle = "JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, Workshop DEFT 2012: D{\'E}fi Fouille de Textes (DEFT 2012 Workshop: Text Mining Challenge)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1104",
    pages = "33--39",
}
@inproceedings{doualan-etal-2012-detection,
    title = "D{\'e}tection de mots-cl{\'e}s par approches au grain caract{\`e}re et au grain mot (Keywords extraction by repeated string analysis) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Doualan, Ga{\"e}lle  and
      Boucher, Mathieu  and
      Brixtel, Romain  and
      Lejeune, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Dias, Ga{\"e}l},
    booktitle = "JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, Workshop DEFT 2012: D{\'E}fi Fouille de Textes (DEFT 2012 Workshop: Text Mining Challenge)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1105",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{claveau-raymond-2012-participation,
    title = "Participation de l{'}{IRISA} {\`a} {D}e{FT}2012 : recherche d{'}information et apprentissage pour la g{\'e}n{\'e}ration de mots-cl{\'e}s ({IRISA} participation to {D}e{FT}2012: information retrieval and machine-learning for keyword generation) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Claveau, Vincent  and
      Raymond, Christian",
    booktitle = "JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, Workshop DEFT 2012: D{\'E}fi Fouille de Textes (DEFT 2012 Workshop: Text Mining Challenge)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1106",
    pages = "49--60",
}
@inproceedings{boudin-etal-2012-participation,
    title = "Participation du LINA {\`a} DEFT2012 (LINA at DEFT2012) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Boudin, Florian  and
      Hazem, Amir  and
      Hernandez, Nicolas  and
      Shrestha, Prajol",
    booktitle = "JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, Workshop DEFT 2012: D{\'E}fi Fouille de Textes (DEFT 2012 Workshop: Text Mining Challenge)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1107",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{ahat-etal-2012-algorithme,
    title = "Algorithme automatique non supervis{\'e} pour le Deft 2012 (Automatic unsupervised algorithm for Deft 2012) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ahat, Murat  and
      Petermann, Coralie  and
      Hoareau, Yann Vigile  and
      Ben Amor, Soufian  and
      Bui, Marc",
    booktitle = "JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, Workshop DEFT 2012: D{\'E}fi Fouille de Textes (DEFT 2012 Workshop: Text Mining Challenge)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1108",
    pages = "69--75",
}
@inproceedings{el-ghali-etal-2012-enrichir,
    title = "Enrichir et raisonner sur des espaces s{\'e}mantiques pour l{'}attribution de mots-cl{\'e}s (Enriching and reasoning on semantic spaces for keyword extraction) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "El Ghali, Adil  and
      Hromada, Daniel  and
      El Ghali, Kaoutar",
    booktitle = "JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, Workshop DEFT 2012: D{\'E}fi Fouille de Textes (DEFT 2012 Workshop: Text Mining Challenge)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1109",
    pages = "77--90",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-jep-taln,
    title = "JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, Workshop DEGELS 2012: D{\'e}fi GEste Langue des Signes (DEGELS 2012: Gestures and Sign Language Challenge)",
    author = {Braffort, Annelies  and
      Boutora, Le{\"\i}la  and
      S{\'e}rasset, Gilles},
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1200",
}
@inproceedings{braffort-boutora-2012-defi,
    title = "D{\'e}fi d{'}annotation {DEGELS}2012 : la segmentation ({DEGELS}2012 annotation challenge: Segmentation) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Braffort, Annelies  and
      Boutora, Le{\"\i}la},
    booktitle = "JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, Workshop DEGELS 2012: D{\'e}fi GEste Langue des Signes (DEGELS 2012: Gestures and Sign Language Challenge)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1201",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{ferre-2012-criteres,
    title = "Crit{\`e}res de segmentation de la gestualit{\'e} co-verbale (Segmentation criteria for the annotation of co-speech gestures) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Ferr{\'e}, Ga{\"e}lle},
    booktitle = "JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, Workshop DEGELS 2012: D{\'e}fi GEste Langue des Signes (DEGELS 2012: Gestures and Sign Language Challenge)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1202",
    pages = "9--21",
}
@inproceedings{boutet-etal-2012-par,
    title = "Par o{\`u} couper pour aller {\`a} la plage ? (Where do you switch to get the band ?) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Boutet, Dominique  and
      Martel, Karine  and
      Blondel, Marion",
    booktitle = "JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, Workshop DEGELS 2012: D{\'e}fi GEste Langue des Signes (DEGELS 2012: Gestures and Sign Language Challenge)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1203",
    pages = "23--39",
}
@inproceedings{tellier-etal-2012-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation et annotation du geste : M{\'e}thodologie pour travailler en {\'e}quipe (Gesture segmentation and coding: a methodology for team working) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Tellier, Marion  and
      Azaoui, Brahim  and
      Saubesty, Jorane",
    booktitle = "JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, Workshop DEGELS 2012: D{\'e}fi GEste Langue des Signes (DEGELS 2012: Gestures and Sign Language Challenge)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1204",
    pages = "41--55",
}
@inproceedings{millet-esteve-2012-segmenter,
    title = "Segmenter et annoter le discours d{'}un locuteur de {LSF} : permanence formelle et variablit{\'e} fonctionnelle des unit{\'e}s (Segment and annotate a discourse of a {F}rench Sign Language speaker: formal continuity and fonctional variation of units) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Millet, Agn{\`e}s  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Isabelle",
    booktitle = "JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, Workshop DEGELS 2012: D{\'e}fi GEste Langue des Signes (DEGELS 2012: Gestures and Sign Language Challenge)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1205",
    pages = "57--72",
}
@inproceedings{lefebvre-albaret-segouat-2012-influence,
    title = "Influence de la segmentation temporelle sur la caract{\'e}risation de signes (Influence of the temporal segmentation on the sign characterization) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Lefebvre-Albaret, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Segouat, J{\'e}r{\'e}mie",
    booktitle = "JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, Workshop DEGELS 2012: D{\'e}fi GEste Langue des Signes (DEGELS 2012: Gestures and Sign Language Challenge)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1206",
    pages = "73--83",
}
@inproceedings{bigi-2012-sppas-un,
    title = "{SPPAS} : un outil {\textless}{\textless} user-friendly {\textgreater}{\textgreater} pour l{'}alignement texte/son ({SPPAS} : a tool to perform text/speech alignement) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bigi, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, Workshop DEGELS 2012: D{\'e}fi GEste Langue des Signes (DEGELS 2012: Gestures and Sign Language Challenge)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1207",
    pages = "85--92",
}
@inproceedings{gonzales-preciado-2012-un,
    title = "Un syst{\`e}me de segmentation automatique de gestes appliqu{\'e} {\`a} la Langue des Signes (An automatic gesture segmentation system applied to Sign Language) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gonzales Preciado, Matilde",
    booktitle = "JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, Workshop DEGELS 2012: D{\'e}fi GEste Langue des Signes (DEGELS 2012: Gestures and Sign Language Challenge)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1208",
    pages = "93--98",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-jep-taln-recital,
    title = "{JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, Workshop {TALA}f 2012: Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2012: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    author = "Enguehard, Chantal  and
      Mangeot, Mathieu  and
      S{\'e}rasset, Gilles",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1300",
}
@inproceedings{rialland-etal-2012-mbochi,
    title = "{M}bochi : corpus oral, traitement automatique et exploration phonologique (Mboshi: oral corpus, automatic processing {\&} phonological mining) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Rialland, Annie  and
      Embanga Aborobongui, Martial  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine  and
      Lamel, Lori",
    booktitle = "{JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, Workshop {TALA}f 2012: Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2012: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1301",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{ari-abdoulkarim-etal-2012-elaboration,
    title = "{\'E}laboration d{'}un dictionnaire bilingue kanouri-fran{\c{c}}ais (Construction of the Kanuri-{F}rench bilingual dictionary) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Ari Abdoulkarim, Ch{\'e}rif  and
      Boukar, Arimi  and
      Jarrett, Kevin Anthony  and
      Moussa Ma{\"\i}, Ma{\"\i}  and
      Djibir, Manoua  and
      A{\"\i}ch{\'e}ta Ch{\'e}gou Kor{\'e}, Taweye},
    booktitle = "{JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, Workshop {TALA}f 2012: Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2012: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1302",
    pages = "13--26",
}
@inproceedings{enguehard-etal-2012-vers,
    title = "Vers l{'}informatisation de quelques langues d{'}Afrique de l{'}Ouest (Towards the computerization of some west-african languages) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Enguehard, Chantal  and
      Kan{\'e}, Soumana  and
      Mangeot, Mathieu  and
      Modi, Issouf  and
      Sanogo, Mamadou Lamine",
    booktitle = "{JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, Workshop {TALA}f 2012: Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2012: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1303",
    pages = "27--40",
}
@inproceedings{gautheron-simon-colazo-2012-la,
    title = "La transcription phon{\'e}tique au bout des doigts, claviers et polices ergonomiques pour la transcription en {API} (Phonetic transcription at fingertips, ergonomics keyboards and fonts) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gautheron, Bernard  and
      Simon-Colazo, Antonia",
    booktitle = "{JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, Workshop {TALA}f 2012: Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2012: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1304",
    pages = "41--51",
}
@inproceedings{gelas-etal-2012-analyse,
    title = "Analyse des performances de mod{\`e}les de langage sub-lexicale pour des langues peu-dot{\'e}es {\`a} morphologie riche (Performance analysis of sub-word language modeling for under-resourced languages with rich morphology: case study on {S}wahili and {A}mharic) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gelas, Hadrien  and
      Abate, Solomon Teferra  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Pellegrino, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "{JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, Workshop {TALA}f 2012: Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2012: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1305",
    pages = "53--62",
}
@inproceedings{mijinguini-naroua-2012-regles,
    title = "R{\`e}gles de formation des noms en hausa (Formation rules of names in {H}ausa) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Mijinguini, Abdou  and
      Naroua, Harouna",
    booktitle = "{JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, Workshop {TALA}f 2012: Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2012: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1306",
    pages = "63--74",
}
@inproceedings{ndiaye-mbodj-2012-vers,
    title = "Vers un analyseur syntaxique du wolof (Towards a syntactic analyzer of Wolof) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ndiaye, Mar  and
      Mbodj, Cherif",
    booktitle = "{JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, Workshop {TALA}f 2012: Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2012: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1307",
    pages = "75--84",
}
@inproceedings{nejme-boulaknadel-2012-formalisation,
    title = "Formalisation de l{'}amazighe standard avec {N}oo{J} (Formalization of the standard Amazigh with {N}oo{J}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Nejme, Fatima Zahra  and
      Boulaknadel, Siham",
    booktitle = "{JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, Workshop {TALA}f 2012: Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2012: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1308",
    pages = "85--95",
}
@inproceedings{duchier-etal-2012-decrire,
    title = "D{\'e}crire la morphologie des verbes en ikota au moyen d{'}une m{\'e}tagrammaire (Describing the Morphology of Verbs in Ikota using a Metagrammar) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Duchier, Denys  and
      Ekoukou, Brunelle Magnana  and
      Parmentier, Yannick  and
      Petitjean, Simon  and
      Schang, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "{JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, Workshop {TALA}f 2012: Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2012: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1309",
    pages = "97--106",
}
@inproceedings{sellami-etal-2012-extraction,
    title = "Extraction de lexiques bilingues {\`a} partir de Wikip{\'e}dia (Bilingual lexicon extraction from {W}ikipedia) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Sellami, Rahma  and
      Sadat, Fatiha  and
      Hadrich Belguith, Lamia",
    booktitle = "{JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, Workshop {TALA}f 2012: Traitement Automatique des Langues Africaines ({TALA}f 2012: {A}frican Language Processing)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1310",
    pages = "107--117",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-jep-taln-recital-2012,
    title = "{JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, Workshop {ILADI} 2012: Interactions Langagi{\`e}res pour personnes Ag{\'e}es Dans les habitats Intelligents ({ILADI} 2012: Language Interaction for Elderly in Smart Homes)",
    author = "Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Vacher, Michel  and
      S{\'e}rasset, Gilles",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1400",
}
@inproceedings{franco-2012-conference,
    title = "Conf{\'e}rence invit{\'e}e: Nouveaux paradigmes et technologies pour la sant{\'e} et l{'}autonomie (Invited Conference: New Paradigms and Technologies for Health and Autonomy) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Franco, Alain",
    booktitle = "{JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, Workshop {ILADI} 2012: Interactions Langagi{\`e}res pour personnes Ag{\'e}es Dans les habitats Intelligents ({ILADI} 2012: Language Interaction for Elderly in Smart Homes)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1401",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{portet-etal-2012-les,
    title = "Les technologies de la parole et du {TALN} pour l{'}assistance {\`a} domicile des personnes {\^a}g{\'e}es : un rapide tour d{'}horizon (Quick tour of {NLP} and speech technologies for ambient assisted living) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Vacher, Michel  and
      Rossato, Solange",
    booktitle = "{JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, Workshop {ILADI} 2012: Interactions Langagi{\`e}res pour personnes Ag{\'e}es Dans les habitats Intelligents ({ILADI} 2012: Language Interaction for Elderly in Smart Homes)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1402",
    pages = "3--16",
}
@inproceedings{milhorat-etal-2012-interactions,
    title = "Interactions sonores et vocales dans l{'}habitat (Acoustic Interaction At Home) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Milhorat, Pierrick  and
      Istrate, Dan  and
      Boudy, J{\'e}r{\^o}me  and
      Chollet, G{\'e}rard",
    booktitle = "{JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, Workshop {ILADI} 2012: Interactions Langagi{\`e}res pour personnes Ag{\'e}es Dans les habitats Intelligents ({ILADI} 2012: Language Interaction for Elderly in Smart Homes)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1403",
    pages = "17--30",
}
@inproceedings{lecouteux-etal-2012-reconnaissance,
    title = "Reconnaissance d{'}ordres domotiques en conditions bruit{\'e}es pour l{'}assistance {\`a} domicile (Recognition of Voice Commands by Multisource {ASR} and Noise Cancellation in a Smart Home Environment) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Lecouteux, Benjamin  and
      Vacher, Michel  and
      Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "{JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, Workshop {ILADI} 2012: Interactions Langagi{\`e}res pour personnes Ag{\'e}es Dans les habitats Intelligents ({ILADI} 2012: Language Interaction for Elderly in Smart Homes)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1404",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{vanpe-etal-2012-voix,
    title = "Voix {HD} : un nouvel enjeu pour le traitement de la parole chez les personnes {\^a}g{\'e}es ({HD} Voice : a new issue for voice processing in elderly) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Vanp{\'e}, Anne  and
      Provost, Herv{\'e}  and
      Vuillerme, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "{JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, Workshop {ILADI} 2012: Interactions Langagi{\`e}res pour personnes Ag{\'e}es Dans les habitats Intelligents ({ILADI} 2012: Language Interaction for Elderly in Smart Homes)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1405",
    pages = "41--47",
}
@inproceedings{aman-etal-2012-contribution,
    title = "Contribution {\`a} l{'}{\'e}tude de la variabilit{\'e} de la voix des personnes {\^a}g{\'e}es en reconnaissance automatique de la parole (Contribution to the study of elderly people{'}s voice variability in automatic speech recognition) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Aman, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Vacher, Michel  and
      Rossato, Solange  and
      Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "{JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, Workshop {ILADI} 2012: Interactions Langagi{\`e}res pour personnes Ag{\'e}es Dans les habitats Intelligents ({ILADI} 2012: Language Interaction for Elderly in Smart Homes)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1406",
    pages = "49--59",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-inlg,
    title = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    author = "Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      McRoy, Susan",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1500",
}
@inproceedings{mccoy-2012-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Generation and Assistive Technologies",
    author = "McCoy, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1501",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{lester-2012-expressive,
    title = "Expressive {NLG} for Next-Generation Learning Environments: Language, Affect, and Narrative",
    author = "Lester, James",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1502",
    pages = "2",
}
@inproceedings{koolen-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning Preferences for Referring Expression Generation: Effects of Domain, Language and Algorithm",
    author = {Koolen, Ruud  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Theune, Mari{\"e}t},
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1503",
    pages = "3--11",
}
@inproceedings{striegnitz-etal-2012-referring,
    title = "Referring in Installments: A Corpus Study of Spoken Object References in an Interactive Virtual Environment",
    author = "Striegnitz, Kristina  and
      Buschmeier, Hendrik  and
      Kopp, Stefan",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1504",
    pages = "12--16",
}
@inproceedings{tintarev-etal-2012-minkapp,
    title = "{M}ink{A}pp: Generating Spatio-temporal Summaries for Nature Conservation Volunteers",
    author = "Tintarev, Nava  and
      Melero, Yolanda  and
      Sripada, Somayajulu  and
      Tait, Elizabeth  and
      Van Der Wal, Rene  and
      Mellish, Chris",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1505",
    pages = "17--21",
}
@inproceedings{wanner-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards a Surface Realization-Oriented Corpus Annotation",
    author = "Wanner, Leo  and
      Mille, Simon  and
      Bohnet, Bernd",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1506",
    pages = "22--30",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-kruszewski-2012-generation,
    title = "Generation for Grammar Engineering",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Kruszewski, German",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1507",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{gill-etal-2012-perceptions,
    title = "Perceptions of Alignment and Personality in Generated Dialogue",
    author = "Gill, Alastair  and
      Brockmann, Carsten  and
      Oberlander, Jon",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1508",
    pages = "40--48",
}
@inproceedings{dethlefs-etal-2012-optimising,
    title = "Optimising Incremental Generation for Spoken Dialogue Systems: Reducing the Need for Fillers",
    author = "Dethlefs, Nina  and
      Hastie, Helen  and
      Rieser, Verena  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1509",
    pages = "49--58",
}
@inproceedings{allman-etal-2012-linguists,
    title = "Linguist{'}s Assistant: A Multi-Lingual Natural Language Generator based on Linguistic Universals, Typologies, and Primitives",
    author = "Allman, Tod  and
      Beale, Stephen  and
      Denton, Richard",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1510",
    pages = "59--66",
}
@inproceedings{third-2012-hidden,
    title = "{``}Hidden semantics{''}: what can we learn from the names in an ontology?",
    author = "Third, Allan",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1511",
    pages = "67--75",
}
@inproceedings{dannells-2012-generating,
    title = "On generating coherent multilingual descriptions of museum objects from Semantic Web ontologies",
    author = "Dann{\'e}lls, Dana",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1512",
    pages = "76--84",
}
@inproceedings{duboue-2012-extractive,
    title = "Extractive email thread summarization: Can we do better than He Said She Said?",
    author = "Duboue, Pablo",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1513",
    pages = "85--89",
}
@inproceedings{el-kholy-habash-2012-rich,
    title = "Rich Morphology Generation Using Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "El Kholy, Ahmed  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1514",
    pages = "90--94",
}
@inproceedings{jordan-etal-2012-reformulating,
    title = "Reformulating student contributions in tutorial dialogue",
    author = "Jordan, Pamela  and
      Katz, Sandra  and
      Albacete, Patricia  and
      Ford, Michael  and
      Wilson, Christine",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1515",
    pages = "95--99",
}
@inproceedings{mahamood-reiter-2012-working,
    title = "Working with Clinicians to Improve a Patient-Information {NLG} System",
    author = "Mahamood, Saad  and
      Reiter, Ehud",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1516",
    pages = "100--104",
}
@inproceedings{mazzei-2012-sign,
    title = "Sign Language Generation with Expert Systems and {CCG}",
    author = "Mazzei, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1517",
    pages = "105--109",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2012-planning,
    title = "Planning Accessible Explanations for Entailments in {OWL} Ontologies",
    author = "Nguyen, Tu Anh T.  and
      Power, Richard  and
      Piwek, Paul  and
      Williams, Sandra",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1518",
    pages = "110--114",
}
@inproceedings{popowich-etal-2012-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Natural Language Query Construction for Report Generation",
    author = "Popowich, Fred  and
      Mosny, Milan  and
      Lindberg, David",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1519",
    pages = "115--119",
}
@inproceedings{siddharthan-etal-2012-blogging,
    title = "Blogging birds: Generating narratives about reintroduced species to promote public engagement",
    author = "Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Green, Matthew  and
      van Deemter, Kees  and
      Mellish, Chris  and
      van der Wal, Ren{\'e}",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1520",
    pages = "120--124",
}
@inproceedings{banik-etal-2012-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Generation for a Smart Biology Textbook",
    author = "Banik, Eva  and
      Kow, Eric  and
      Dinesh, Nikhil  and
      Chaudhri, Vinay  and
      Oza, Umangi",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1521",
    pages = "125--127",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2012-generating,
    title = "Generating Natural Language Summaries for Multimedia",
    author = "Ding, Duo  and
      Metze, Florian  and
      Rawat, Shourabh  and
      Schulam, Peter  and
      Burger, Susanne",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1522",
    pages = "128--130",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-etal-2012-midge,
    title = "{M}idge: Generating Descriptions of Images",
    author = "Mitchell, Margaret  and
      Han, Xufeng  and
      Hayes, Jeff",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1523",
    pages = "131--133",
}
@inproceedings{challenge-2012-preface,
    title = "Preface to Papers for {G}en{C}hal",
    author = "Challenge, Generation",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1524",
    pages = "134--135",
}
@inproceedings{belz-etal-2012-surface,
    title = "The Surface Realisation Task: Recent Developments and Future Plans",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Mille, Simon  and
      Wanner, Leo  and
      White, Michael",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1525",
    pages = "136--140",
}
@inproceedings{banik-etal-2012-kbgen,
    title = "{KBG}en {--} Text Generation from Knowledge Bases as a New Shared Task",
    author = "Banik, Eva  and
      Gardent, Claire  and
      Scott, Donia  and
      Dinesh, Nikhil  and
      Liang, Fennie",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1526",
    pages = "141--145",
}
@inproceedings{bouayad-agha-etal-2012-content,
    title = "Content Selection From Semantic Web Data",
    author = "Bouayad-Agha, Nadjet  and
      Casamayor, Gerard  and
      Wanner, Leo  and
      Mellish, Chris",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1527",
    pages = "146--149",
}
@inproceedings{white-2012-shared,
    title = "Shared Task Proposal: Syntactic Paraphrase Ranking",
    author = "White, Michael",
    booktitle = "{INLG} 2012 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Utica, IL",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1528",
    pages = "150--153",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-special,
    title = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    author = "Lee, Gary Geunbae  and
      Ginzburg, Jonathan  and
      Gardent, Claire  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1600",
}
@inproceedings{kawahara-2012-multi,
    title = "Multi-modal {S}ensing and Analysis of Poster Conversations: Toward Smart Posterboard",
    author = "Kawahara, Tatsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1601",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{rojas-barahona-etal-2012-end,
    title = "An End-to-End Evaluation of Two Situated Dialog Systems",
    author = "Rojas-Barahona, Lina M.  and
      Lorenzo, Alejandra  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1602",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-love,
    title = "{``}Love ya, jerkface{''}: Using Sparse Log-Linear Models to Build Positive and Impolite Relationships with Teens",
    author = "Wang, William Yang  and
      Finkelstein, Samantha  and
      Ogan, Amy  and
      Black, Alan W  and
      Cassell, Justine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1603",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{koller-etal-2012-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Referential Success by Tracking Hearer Gaze",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Garoufi, Konstantina  and
      Staudte, Maria  and
      Crocker, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1604",
    pages = "30--39",
}
@inproceedings{wang-cardie-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Topic Modeling Approaches to Decision Summarization in Spoken Meetings",
    author = "Wang, Lu  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1605",
    pages = "40--49",
}
@inproceedings{lee-eskenazi-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Approach to User Simulation: Toward Self-Improving Dialog Systems",
    author = "Lee, Sungjin  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1606",
    pages = "50--59",
}
@inproceedings{mayfield-etal-2012-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Conversation Structure Prediction in Multi-Party Chat",
    author = "Mayfield, Elijah  and
      Adamson, David  and
      Penstein Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1607",
    pages = "60--69",
}
@inproceedings{araki-2012-rapid,
    title = "Rapid Development Process of Spoken Dialogue Systems using Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources",
    author = "Araki, Masahiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1608",
    pages = "70--73",
}
@inproceedings{gasic-etal-2012-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Cognitive Load on a Statistical Dialogue System",
    author = "Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Tsiakoulis, Pirros  and
      Henderson, Matthew  and
      Thomson, Blaise  and
      Yu, Kai  and
      Tzirkel, Eli  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1609",
    pages = "74--78",
}
@inproceedings{howes-etal-2012-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Adherence to Treatment for Schizophrenia from Dialogue Transcripts",
    author = "Howes, Christine  and
      Purver, Matthew  and
      McCabe, Rose  and
      Healey, Patrick G. T.  and
      Lavelle, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1610",
    pages = "79--83",
}
@inproceedings{misu-etal-2012-reinforcement,
    title = "Reinforcement Learning of Question-Answering Dialogue Policies for Virtual Museum Guides",
    author = "Misu, Teruhisa  and
      Georgila, Kallirroi  and
      Leuski, Anton  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1611",
    pages = "84--93",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-etal-2012-strangers,
    title = "From Strangers to Partners: Examining Convergence within a Longitudinal Study of Task-Oriented Dialogue",
    author = "Mitchell, Christopher M.  and
      Boyer, Kristy Elizabeth  and
      Lester, James C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1612",
    pages = "94--98",
}
@inproceedings{pappu-rudnicky-2012-structure,
    title = "The Structure and Generality of Spoken Route Instructions",
    author = "Pappu, Aasish  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1613",
    pages = "99--107",
}
@inproceedings{park-cardie-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition Through Feature Set Optimization",
    author = "Park, Joonsuk  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1614",
    pages = "108--112",
}
@inproceedings{selfridge-heeman-2012-temporal,
    title = "A Temporal Simulator for Developing Turn-Taking Methods for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Selfridge, Ethan O.  and
      Heeman, Peter A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1615",
    pages = "113--117",
}
@inproceedings{sun-morency-2012-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Act Recognition using Reweighted Speaker Adaptation",
    author = "Sun, Congkai  and
      Morency, Louis-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1616",
    pages = "118--125",
}
@inproceedings{zablotskaya-etal-2012-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Adaptation of Dialogue Partners with Different Verbal Intelligence",
    author = "Zablotskaya, Kseniya  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez-Mart{\'\i}nez, Fernando  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1617",
    pages = "126--130",
}
@inproceedings{devault-traum-2012-demonstration,
    title = "A Demonstration of Incremental Speech Understanding and Confidence Estimation in a Virtual Human Dialogue System",
    author = "DeVault, David  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1618",
    pages = "131--133",
}
@inproceedings{janarthanam-etal-2012-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Location, Visibility, and Question-Answering in a Spoken Dialogue System for Pedestrian City Exploration",
    author = "Janarthanam, Srinivasan  and
      Lemon, Oliver  and
      Liu, Xingkun  and
      Bartie, Phil  and
      Mackaness, William  and
      Dalmas, Tiphaine  and
      Goetze, Jana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1619",
    pages = "134--136",
}
@inproceedings{morbini-etal-2012-mixed,
    title = "A Mixed-Initiative Conversational Dialogue System for Healthcare",
    author = "Morbini, Fabrizio  and
      Forbell, Eric  and
      DeVault, David  and
      Sagae, Kenji  and
      Traum, David  and
      Rizzo, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1620",
    pages = "137--139",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards Mediating Shared Perceptual Basis in Situated Dialogue",
    author = "Liu, Changsong  and
      Fang, Rui  and
      Chai, Joyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1621",
    pages = "140--149",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-etal-2012-global,
    title = "Global Features for Shallow Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Ghosh, Sucheta  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe  and
      Johansson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1622",
    pages = "150--159",
}
@inproceedings{xuan-bach-etal-2012-reranking,
    title = "A Reranking Model for Discourse Segmentation using Subtree Features",
    author = "Xuan Bach, Ngo  and
      Le Minh, Nguyen  and
      Shimazu, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1623",
    pages = "160--168",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2012-landmark,
    title = "Landmark-Based Location Belief Tracking in a Spoken Dialog System",
    author = "Ma, Yi  and
      Raux, Antoine  and
      Ramachandran, Deepak  and
      Gupta, Rakesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1624",
    pages = "169--178",
}
@inproceedings{lison-2012-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Dialogue Models with Prior Domain Knowledge",
    author = "Lison, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1625",
    pages = "179--188",
}
@inproceedings{lee-eskenazi-2012-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Machine-Transcribed Dialog Corpus to Improve Multiple Dialog States Tracking Methods",
    author = "Lee, Sungjin  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1626",
    pages = "189--196",
}
@inproceedings{litman-2012-cohesion,
    title = "Cohesion, Entrainment and Task Success in Educational Dialog",
    author = "Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1627",
    pages = "197",
}
@inproceedings{ward-vega-2012-bottom,
    title = "A Bottom-Up Exploration of the Dimensions of Dialog State in Spoken Interaction",
    author = "Ward, Nigel G.  and
      Vega, Alejandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1628",
    pages = "198--206",
}
@inproceedings{hajishirzi-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using Group History to Identify Character-Directed Utterances in Multi-Child Interactions",
    author = "Hajishirzi, Hannaneh  and
      Lehman, Jill F.  and
      Hodgins, Jessica K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1629",
    pages = "207--216",
}
@inproceedings{forbes-riley-litman-2012-adapting,
    title = "Adapting to Multiple Affective States in Spoken Dialogue",
    author = "Forbes-Riley, Kate  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1630",
    pages = "217--226",
}
@inproceedings{bessho-etal-2012-dialog,
    title = "Dialog System Using Real-Time Crowdsourcing and Twitter Large-Scale Corpus",
    author = "Bessho, Fumihiro  and
      Harada, Tatsuya  and
      Kuniyoshi, Yasuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1631",
    pages = "227--231",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-riester-2012-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Acquiring Fine-Grained Information Status Distinctions in {G}erman",
    author = "Cahill, Aoife  and
      Riester, Arndt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1632",
    pages = "232--236",
}
@inproceedings{funakoshi-etal-2012-unified,
    title = "A Unified Probabilistic Approach to Referring Expressions",
    author = "Funakoshi, Kotaro  and
      Nakano, Mikio  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Iida, Ryu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1633",
    pages = "237--246",
}
@inproceedings{ha-etal-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining Verbal and Nonverbal Features to Overcome the {``}Information Gap{''} in Task-Oriented Dialogue",
    author = "Ha, Eun Young  and
      Grafsgaard, Joseph F.  and
      Mitchell, Christopher  and
      Boyer, Kristy Elizabeth  and
      Lester, James C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1634",
    pages = "247--256",
}
@inproceedings{hixon-etal-2012-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Specificity in Spoken Dialogue Requests",
    author = "Hixon, Ben  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca J.  and
      Epstein, Susan L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1635",
    pages = "257--260",
}
@inproceedings{huang-chen-2012-contingency,
    title = "Contingency and Comparison Relation Labeling and Structure Prediction in {C}hinese Sentences",
    author = "Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1636",
    pages = "261--269",
}
@inproceedings{leuski-devault-2012-study,
    title = "A Study in How {NLU} Performance Can Affect the Choice of Dialogue System Architecture",
    author = "Leuski, Anton  and
      DeVault, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1637",
    pages = "270--274",
}
@inproceedings{selfridge-etal-2012-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Incremental Speech Recognition and {POMDP}-Based Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Selfridge, Ethan O.  and
      Arizmendi, Iker  and
      Heeman, Peter A.  and
      Williams, Jason D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1638",
    pages = "275--279",
}
@inproceedings{terrell-mutlu-2012-regression,
    title = "A Regression-based Approach to Modeling Addressee Backchannels",
    author = "Terrell, Allison  and
      Mutlu, Bilge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1639",
    pages = "280--289",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving Sentence Completion in Dialogues with Multi-Modal Features",
    author = "Wang, Anruo  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Chen, Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1640",
    pages = "290--294",
}
@inproceedings{buschmeier-etal-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining Incremental Language Generation and Incremental Speech Synthesis for Adaptive Information Presentation",
    author = "Buschmeier, Hendrik  and
      Baumann, Timo  and
      Dosch, Benjamin  and
      Kopp, Stefan  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1641",
    pages = "295--303",
}
@inproceedings{wang-cardie-2012-focused,
    title = "Focused Meeting Summarization via Unsupervised Relation Extraction",
    author = "Wang, Lu  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1642",
    pages = "304--313",
}
@inproceedings{kennington-schlangen-2012-markov,
    title = "{M}arkov Logic Networks for Situated Incremental Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Kennington, Casey  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1643",
    pages = "314--323",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-cognitive,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2012)",
    author = "Reitter, David  and
      Levy, Roger",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1700",
}
@inproceedings{barak-etal-2012-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the Acquisition of Mental State Verbs",
    author = "Barak, Libby  and
      Fazly, Afsaneh  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1701",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{kelly-etal-2012-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised learning for automatic conceptual property extraction",
    author = "Kelly, Colin  and
      Devereux, Barry  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1702",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{bicknell-levy-2012-long,
    title = "Why long words take longer to read: the role of uncertainty about word length",
    author = "Bicknell, Klinton  and
      Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1703",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{tabor-etal-2012-fractal,
    title = "Fractal Unfolding: A Metamorphic Approach to Learning to Parse Recursive Structure",
    author = "Tabor, Whitney  and
      Cho, Pyeong Whan  and
      Szkudlarek, Emily",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1704",
    pages = "41--50",
}
@inproceedings{van-schijndel-etal-2012-connectionist,
    title = "Connectionist-Inspired Incremental {PCFG} Parsing",
    author = "van Schijndel, Marten  and
      Exley, Andy  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1705",
    pages = "51--60",
}
@inproceedings{fossum-levy-2012-sequential,
    title = "Sequential vs. Hierarchical Syntactic Models of Human Incremental Sentence Processing",
    author = "Fossum, Victoria  and
      Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1706",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@inproceedings{zarcone-etal-2012-modeling,
    title = "Modeling covert event retrieval in logical metonymy: probabilistic and distributional accounts",
    author = "Zarcone, Alessandra  and
      Utt, Jason  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1707",
    pages = "70--79",
}
@inproceedings{nematzadeh-etal-2012-computational,
    title = "A Computational Model of Memory, Attention, and Word Learning",
    author = "Nematzadeh, Aida  and
      Fazly, Afsaneh  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1708",
    pages = "80--89",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-naacl,
    title = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    author = "Eskenazi, Maxine  and
      Black, Alan  and
      Traum, David",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1800",
}
@inproceedings{riccardi-etal-2012-limited,
    title = "Up from Limited Dialog Systems!",
    author = "Riccardi, Giuseppe  and
      Cimiano, Philipp  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros  and
      Unger, Christina",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1801",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{ward-2012-directions,
    title = "Directions for Research on Spoken Dialog Systems, Broadly Defined",
    author = "Ward, Nigel G.",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1802",
    pages = "3--4",
}
@inproceedings{moller-etal-2012-position,
    title = "Position Paper: Towards Standardized Metrics and Tools for Spoken and Multimodal Dialog System Evaluation",
    author = {M{\"o}ller, Sebastian  and
      Engelbrecht, Klaus-Peter  and
      Kretzschmar, Florian  and
      Schmidt, Stefan  and
      Weiss, Benjamin},
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1803",
    pages = "5--6",
}
@inproceedings{cuayahuitl-dethlefs-2012-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Systems Using Online Learning: Beyond Empirical Methods",
    author = "Cuay{\'a}huitl, Heriberto  and
      Dethlefs, Nina",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1804",
    pages = "7--8",
}
@inproceedings{pietquin-2012-statistical,
    title = "Statistical User Simulation for Spoken Dialogue Systems: What for, Which Data, Which Future?",
    author = "Pietquin, Olivier",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1805",
    pages = "9--10",
}
@inproceedings{schlangen-2012-future,
    title = "The Future of Spoken Dialogue Systems is in their Past: Long-Term Adaptive, Conversational Assistants",
    author = "Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1806",
    pages = "11--12",
}
@inproceedings{bohus-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards Situated Collaboration",
    author = "Bohus, Dan  and
      Kamar, Ece  and
      Horvitz, Eric",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1807",
    pages = "13--14",
}
@inproceedings{hastie-etal-2012-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Spoken Dialogue Systems: Tools and Data",
    author = "Hastie, Helen  and
      Lemon, Oliver  and
      Dethlefs, Nina",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1808",
    pages = "15--16",
}
@inproceedings{stent-2012-dialog,
    title = "After Dialog Went Pervasive: Separating Dialog Behavior Modeling and Task Modeling",
    author = "Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1809",
    pages = "17--18",
}
@inproceedings{black-eskenazi-2012-future,
    title = "Future Directions in Spoken Dialog Systems: A Community of Possibilities",
    author = "Black, Alan W.  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1810",
    pages = "19--20",
}
@inproceedings{levow-2012-bridging,
    title = "Bridging Gaps for Spoken Dialog System Frameworks in Instructional Settings",
    author = "Levow, Gina-Anne",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1811",
    pages = "21--22",
}
@inproceedings{williams-2012-belief,
    title = "A belief tracking challenge task for spoken dialog systems",
    author = "Williams, Jason",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1812",
    pages = "23--24",
}
@inproceedings{araki-takegoshi-2012-framework,
    title = "Framework for the Development of Spoken Dialogue System based on Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources",
    author = "Araki, Masahiro  and
      Takegoshi, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1813",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{baumann-schlangen-2012-inprotk,
    title = "The {I}npro{TK} 2012 release",
    author = "Baumann, Timo  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1814",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-lane-2012-simulation,
    title = "A Simulation-based Framework for Spoken Language Understanding and Action Selection in Situated Interaction",
    author = "Cohen, David  and
      Lane, Ian",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1815",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@inproceedings{hakkani-tur-etal-2012-mining,
    title = "Mining Search Query Logs for Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = {Hakkani-T{\"u}r, Dilek  and
      T{\"u}r, Gokhan  and
      Celikyilmaz, Asli},
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1816",
    pages = "37--40",
}
@inproceedings{lane-etal-2012-hritk,
    title = "{HRI}tk: The Human-Robot Interaction {T}ool{K}it Rapid Development of Speech-Centric Interactive Systems in {ROS}",
    author = "Lane, Ian  and
      Prasad, Vinay  and
      Sinha, Gaurav  and
      Umuhoza, Arlette  and
      Luo, Shangyu  and
      Chandrashekaran, Akshay  and
      Raux, Antoine",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1817",
    pages = "41--44",
}
@inproceedings{suendermann-pieraccini-2012-one,
    title = "One Year of Contender: What Have We Learned about Assessing and Tuning Industrial Spoken Dialog Systems?",
    author = "Suendermann, David  and
      Pieraccini, Roberto",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1818",
    pages = "45--48",
}
@inproceedings{ultes-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards Quality-Adaptive Spoken Dialogue Management",
    author = "Ultes, Stefan  and
      Schmitt, Alexander  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "{NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on Future directions and needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data ({SDCTD} 2012)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1819",
    pages = "49--52",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-naacl-hlt,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on the Induction of Linguistic Structure",
    author = "Cohn, Trevor  and
      Blunsom, Phil  and
      Graca, Joao",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1900",
}
@inproceedings{modi-etal-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Induction of Frame-Semantic Representations",
    author = "Modi, Ashutosh  and
      Titov, Ivan  and
      Klementiev, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on the Induction of Linguistic Structure",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1901",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{borin-etal-2012-transferring,
    title = "Transferring Frames: Utilization of Linked Lexical Resources",
    author = "Borin, Lars  and
      Forsberg, Markus  and
      Johansson, Richard  and
      Muhonen, Kristiina  and
      Purtonen, Tanja  and
      Voionmaa, Kaarlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on the Induction of Linguistic Structure",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1902",
    pages = "8--15",
}
@inproceedings{spitkovsky-etal-2012-capitalization,
    title = "Capitalization Cues Improve Dependency Grammar Induction",
    author = "Spitkovsky, Valentin I.  and
      Alshawi, Hiyan  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on the Induction of Linguistic Structure",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1903",
    pages = "16--22",
}
@inproceedings{ferraro-etal-2012-toward,
    title = "Toward Tree Substitution Grammars with Latent Annotations",
    author = "Ferraro, Francis  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Post, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on the Induction of Linguistic Structure",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1904",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-hovy-2012-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Partial Annotations with {EM} Training",
    author = "Hovy, Dirk  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on the Induction of Linguistic Structure",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1905",
    pages = "31--38",
}
@inproceedings{gelling-cohn-2012-using,
    title = "Using Senses in {HMM} Word Alignment",
    author = "Gelling, Douwe  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on the Induction of Linguistic Structure",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1906",
    pages = "39--46",
}
@inproceedings{dubbin-blunsom-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Part of Speech Inference with Particle Filters",
    author = "Dubbin, Gregory  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on the Induction of Linguistic Structure",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1907",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{tackstrom-2012-nudging,
    title = "Nudging the Envelope of Direct Transfer Methods for Multilingual Named Entity Recognition",
    author = {T{\"a}ckstr{\"o}m, Oscar},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on the Induction of Linguistic Structure",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1908",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{gelling-etal-2012-pascal,
    title = "The {PASCAL} Challenge on Grammar Induction",
    author = "Gelling, Douwe  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Blunsom, Phil  and
      Gra{\c{c}}a, Jo{\~a}o",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on the Induction of Linguistic Structure",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1909",
    pages = "64--80",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2012-two,
    title = "Two baselines for unsupervised dependency parsing",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on the Induction of Linguistic Structure",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1910",
    pages = "81--83",
}
@inproceedings{marecek-zabokrtsky-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Dependency Parsing using Reducibility and Fertility features",
    author = "Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on the Induction of Linguistic Structure",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1911",
    pages = "84--89",
}
@inproceedings{bisk-hockenmaier-2012-induction,
    title = "Induction of Linguistic Structure with Combinatory Categorial Grammars",
    author = "Bisk, Yonatan  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on the Induction of Linguistic Structure",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1912",
    pages = "90--95",
}
@inproceedings{christodoulopoulos-etal-2012-turning,
    title = "Turning the pipeline into a loop: Iterated unsupervised dependency parsing and {P}o{S} induction",
    author = "Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Goldwater, Sharon  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on the Induction of Linguistic Structure",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1913",
    pages = "96--99",
}
@inproceedings{chrupala-2012-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical clustering of word class distributions",
    author = "Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on the Induction of Linguistic Structure",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1914",
    pages = "100--104",
}
@inproceedings{tu-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining the Sparsity and Unambiguity Biases for Grammar Induction",
    author = "Tu, Kewei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} Workshop on the Induction of Linguistic Structure",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-1915",
    pages = "105--110",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-building,
    title = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Leacock, Claudia",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2000",
}
@inproceedings{becker-etal-2012-question,
    title = "Question Ranking and Selection in Tutorial Dialogues",
    author = "Becker, Lee  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      van Vuuren, Sarel  and
      Ward, Wayne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2001",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{bethard-etal-2012-identifying,
    title = "Identifying science concepts and student misconceptions in an interactive essay writing tutor",
    author = "Bethard, Steven  and
      Okoye, Ifeyinwa  and
      Sultan, Md. Arafat  and
      Hang, Haojie  and
      Martin, James H.  and
      Sumner, Tamara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2002",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{sil-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Grading of Scientific Inquiry",
    author = "Sil, Avirup  and
      Shelton, Angela  and
      Ketelhut, Diane Jass  and
      Yates, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2003",
    pages = "22--32",
}
@inproceedings{yannakoudakis-briscoe-2012-modeling,
    title = "Modeling coherence in {ESOL} learner texts",
    author = "Yannakoudakis, Helen  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2004",
    pages = "33--43",
}
@inproceedings{madnani-etal-2012-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Grammatical Error Correction with Not-So-Crummy Machine Translation",
    author = "Madnani, Nitin  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Chodorow, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2005",
    pages = "44--53",
}
@inproceedings{dale-etal-2012-hoo,
    title = "{HOO} 2012: A Report on the Preposition and Determiner Error Correction Shared Task",
    author = "Dale, Robert  and
      Anisimoff, Ilya  and
      Narroway, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2006",
    pages = "54--62",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-higgins-2012-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Use of Factual Information in Test-Taker Essays",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Higgins, Derrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2007",
    pages = "63--72",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2012-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing Cumulative Logit Model and Human Computation on Automated Speech Assessment",
    author = "Chen, Lei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2008",
    pages = "73--79",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2012-prefer,
    title = "{PREFER}: Using a Graph-Based Approach to Generate Paraphrases for Language Learning",
    author = "Chen, Mei-Hua  and
      Huang, Shi-Ting  and
      Huang, Chung-Chi  and
      Liou, Hsien-Chin  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2009",
    pages = "80--85",
}
@inproceedings{chen-zechner-2012-using,
    title = "Using an Ontology for Improved Automated Content Scoring of Spontaneous Non-Native Speech",
    author = "Chen, Miao  and
      Zechner, Klaus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2010",
    pages = "86--94",
}
@inproceedings{dickinson-etal-2012-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Learner Levels for Online Exercises of {H}ebrew",
    author = {Dickinson, Markus  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Meyer, Anthony},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2011",
    pages = "95--104",
}
@inproceedings{flor-futagi-2012-using,
    title = "On using context for automatic correction of non-word misspellings in student essays",
    author = "Flor, Michael  and
      Futagi, Yoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2012",
    pages = "105--115",
}
@inproceedings{ferraro-etal-2012-judging,
    title = "Judging Grammaticality with Count-Induced Tree Substitution Grammars",
    author = "Ferraro, Francis  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2013",
    pages = "116--121",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2012-scoring,
    title = "Scoring Spoken Responses Based on Content Accuracy",
    author = "Huang, Fei  and
      Chen, Lei  and
      Sukkarieh, Jana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2014",
    pages = "122--126",
}
@inproceedings{maamouri-etal-2012-developing,
    title = "Developing {ARET}: An {NLP}-based Educational Tool Set for {A}rabic Reading Enhancement",
    author = "Maamouri, Mohammed  and
      Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Cavalli-Sforza, Violetta  and
      Graff, Dave  and
      Ciul, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2015",
    pages = "127--135",
}
@inproceedings{mostow-jang-2012-generating,
    title = "Generating Diagnostic Multiple Choice Comprehension Cloze Questions",
    author = "Mostow, Jack  and
      Jang, Hyeju",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2016",
    pages = "136--146",
}
@inproceedings{perez-beltrachini-etal-2012-generating,
    title = "Generating Grammar Exercises",
    author = "Perez-Beltrachini, Laura  and
      Gardent, Claire  and
      Kruszewski, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2017",
    pages = "147--156",
}
@inproceedings{rus-lintean-2012-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Greedy and Optimal Assessment of Natural Language Student Input Using Word-to-Word Similarity Metrics",
    author = "Rus, Vasile  and
      Lintean, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2018",
    pages = "157--162",
}
@inproceedings{vajjala-meurers-2012-improving,
    title = "On Improving the Accuracy of Readability Classification using Insights from Second Language Acquisition",
    author = "Vajjala, Sowmya  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2019",
    pages = "163--173",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-etal-2012-interactive,
    title = "An Interactive Analytic Tool for Peer-Review Exploration",
    author = "Xiong, Wenting  and
      Litman, Diane  and
      Wang, Jingtao  and
      Schunn, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2020",
    pages = "174--179",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-etal-2012-vocabulary,
    title = "Vocabulary Profile as a Measure of Vocabulary Sophistication",
    author = "Yoon, Su-Youn  and
      Bhat, Suma  and
      Zechner, Klaus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2021",
    pages = "180--189",
}
@inproceedings{ziai-etal-2012-short,
    title = "Short Answer Assessment: Establishing Links Between Research Strands",
    author = "Ziai, Ramon  and
      Ott, Niels  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2022",
    pages = "190--200",
}
@inproceedings{bhaskar-etal-2012-detection,
    title = "Detection and Correction of Preposition and Determiner Errors in {E}nglish: {HOO} 2012",
    author = "Bhaskar, Pinaki  and
      Ghosh, Aniruddha  and
      Pal, Santanu  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2023",
    pages = "201--207",
}
@inproceedings{boyd-etal-2012-informing,
    title = "Informing Determiner and Preposition Error Correction with Hierarchical Word Clustering",
    author = "Boyd, Adriane  and
      Zepf, Marion  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2024",
    pages = "208--215",
}
@inproceedings{dahlmeier-etal-2012-nus,
    title = "{NUS} at the {HOO} 2012 Shared Task",
    author = "Dahlmeier, Daniel  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Ng, Eric Jun Feng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2025",
    pages = "216--224",
}
@inproceedings{daudaravicius-2012-vtex,
    title = "{VTEX} Determiner and Preposition Correction System for the {HOO} 2012 Shared Task",
    author = "Daudaravi{\v{c}}ius, Vidas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2026",
    pages = "225--232",
}
@inproceedings{heilman-etal-2012-precision,
    title = "Precision Isn{'}t Everything: A Hybrid Approach to Grammatical Error Detection",
    author = "Heilman, Michael  and
      Cahill, Aoife  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2027",
    pages = "233--241",
}
@inproceedings{kochmar-etal-2012-hoo,
    title = "{HOO} 2012 Error Recognition and Correction Shared Task: {C}ambridge University Submission Report",
    author = "Kochmar, Ekaterina  and
      Andersen, {\O}istein  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2028",
    pages = "242--250",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2012-korea,
    title = "Korea University System in the {HOO} 2012 Shared Task",
    author = "Lee, Jieun  and
      Lee, Jung-Tae  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2029",
    pages = "251--256",
}
@inproceedings{lynch-etal-2012-naive,
    title = "A Naive {B}ayes classifier for automatic correction of preposition and determiner errors in {ESL} text",
    author = "Lynch, Gerard  and
      Moreau, Erwan  and
      Vogel, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2030",
    pages = "257--262",
}
@inproceedings{quan-etal-2012-ku,
    title = "{KU} Leuven at {HOO}-2012: A Hybrid Approach to Detection and Correction of Determiner and Preposition Errors in Non-native {E}nglish Text",
    author = "Quan, Li  and
      Kolomiyets, Oleksandr  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2031",
    pages = "263--271",
}
@inproceedings{rozovskaya-etal-2012-ui,
    title = "The {UI} System in the {HOO} 2012 Shared Task on Error Correction",
    author = "Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Sammons, Mark  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2032",
    pages = "272--280",
}
@inproceedings{sakaguchi-etal-2012-naist,
    title = "{NAIST} at the {HOO} 2012 Shared Task",
    author = "Sakaguchi, Keisuke  and
      Hayashibe, Yuta  and
      Kondo, Shuhei  and
      Kanashiro, Lis  and
      Mizumoto, Tomoya  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2033",
    pages = "281--288",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-bosch-berck-2012-memory,
    title = "Memory-based text correction for preposition and determiner errors",
    author = "van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Berck, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2034",
    pages = "289--294",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2012-helping,
    title = "Helping Our Own: {NTHU} {NLPLAB} System Description",
    author = "Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Chang, Joseph  and
      Chen, Yi-Chun  and
      Huang, Shih-Ting  and
      Chen, Mei-Hua  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2035",
    pages = "295--301",
}
@inproceedings{zesch-haase-2012-hoo,
    title = "{HOO} 2012 Shared Task: {UKP} Lab System Description",
    author = "Zesch, Torsten  and
      Haase, Jens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2036",
    pages = "302--306",
}
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    title = "Crowdsourced Comprehension: Predicting Prerequisite Structure in {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Talukdar, Partha  and
      Cohen, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2037",
    pages = "307--315",
}
@inproceedings{eom-etal-2012-sense,
    title = "Sense-Specific Lexical Information for Reading Assistance",
    author = "Eom, Soojeong  and
      Dickinson, Markus  and
      Sachs, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2038",
    pages = "316--325",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-meurers-2012-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Meaning of Answers to Reading Comprehension Questions: A Semantics-Based Approach",
    author = "Hahn, Michael  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2039",
    pages = "326--336",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-language-social,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Language in Social Media",
    author = "Sood, Sara Owsley  and
      Nagarajan, Meenakshi  and
      Gamon, Michael",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2100",
}
@inproceedings{mukund-srihari-2012-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing {U}rdu Social Media for Sentiments using Transfer Learning with Controlled Translations",
    author = "Mukund, Smruthi  and
      Srihari, Rohini",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Language in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2101",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{thaul-lehrman-etal-2012-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Distressed and Non-distressed Affect States in Short Forum Texts",
    author = "Thaul Lehrman, Michael  and
      Ovesdotter Alm, Cecilia  and
      Proa{\~n}o, Rub{\'e}n A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Language in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2102",
    pages = "9--18",
}
@inproceedings{warner-hirschberg-2012-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Hate Speech on the World Wide Web",
    author = "Warner, William  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Language in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2103",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{mandel-etal-2012-demographic,
    title = "A Demographic Analysis of Online Sentiment during Hurricane Irene",
    author = "Mandel, Benjamin  and
      Culotta, Aron  and
      Boulahanis, John  and
      Stark, Danielle  and
      Lewis, Bonnie  and
      Rodrigue, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Language in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2104",
    pages = "27--36",
}
@inproceedings{biran-etal-2012-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Influencers in Written Online Conversations",
    author = "Biran, Or  and
      Rosenthal, Sara  and
      Andreas, Jacob  and
      McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Language in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2105",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-tweeting,
    title = "Re-tweeting from a linguistic perspective",
    author = "Wang, Aobo  and
      Chen, Tao  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Language in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2106",
    pages = "46--55",
}
@inproceedings{bedrick-etal-2012-robust,
    title = "Robust kaomoji detection in Twitter",
    author = "Bedrick, Steven  and
      Beckley, Russell  and
      Roark, Brian  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Language in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2107",
    pages = "56--64",
}
@inproceedings{bergsma-etal-2012-language,
    title = "Language Identification for Creating Language-Specific Twitter Collections",
    author = "Bergsma, Shane  and
      McNamee, Paul  and
      Bagdouri, Mossaab  and
      Fink, Clayton  and
      Wilson, Theresa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Language in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2108",
    pages = "65--74",
}
@inproceedings{irvine-etal-2012-processing,
    title = "Processing Informal, {R}omanized Pakistani Text Messages",
    author = "Irvine, Ann  and
      Weese, Jonathan  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Language in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2109",
    pages = "75--78",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-predicting,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for target reader populations",
    author = "Williams, Sandra  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2200",
}
@inproceedings{maney-etal-2012-toward,
    title = "Toward Determining the Comprehensibility of Machine Translations",
    author = "Maney, Tucker  and
      Sibert, Linda  and
      Perzanowski, Dennis  and
      Gupta, Kalyan  and
      Schmidt-Nielsen, Astrid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for target reader populations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2201",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{drndarevic-saggion-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Lexical Simplification in {S}panish: An Empirical Study",
    author = "Drndarevi{\'c}, Biljana  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for target reader populations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2202",
    pages = "8--16",
}
@inproceedings{siddharthan-katsos-2012-offline,
    title = "Offline Sentence Processing Measures for testing Readability with Users",
    author = "Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Katsos, Napoleon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for target reader populations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2203",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{rello-etal-2012-graphical,
    title = "Graphical Schemes May Improve Readability but Not Understandability for People with Dyslexia",
    author = "Rello, Luz  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Baeza-Yates, Ricardo  and
      Graells, Eduardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for target reader populations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2204",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{brooke-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building Readability Lexicons with Unannotated Corpora",
    author = "Brooke, Julian  and
      Tsang, Vivian  and
      Jacob, David  and
      Shein, Fraser  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for target reader populations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2205",
    pages = "33--39",
}
@inproceedings{tonelli-etal-2012-making,
    title = "Making Readability Indices Readable",
    author = "Tonelli, Sara  and
      Tran Manh, Ke  and
      Pianta, Emanuele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for target reader populations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2206",
    pages = "40--48",
}
@inproceedings{francois-miltsakaki-2012-nlp,
    title = "Do {NLP} and machine learning improve traditional readability formulas?",
    author = "Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas  and
      Miltsakaki, Eleni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for target reader populations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2207",
    pages = "49--57",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2012-comparing,
    title = "Comparing human versus automatic feature extraction for fine-grained elementary readability assessment",
    author = "Ma, Yi  and
      Singh, Ritu  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric  and
      Lofthus, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for target reader populations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2208",
    pages = "58--64",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-special-interest,
    title = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    author = "Cahill, Lynne  and
      Albright, Adam",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2300",
}
@inproceedings{habash-etal-2012-morphological,
    title = "A Morphological Analyzer for {E}gyptian {A}rabic",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Eskander, Ramy  and
      Hawwari, Abdelati",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2301",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{kanuparthi-etal-2012-hindi,
    title = "{H}indi Derivational Morphological Analyzer",
    author = "Kanuparthi, Nikhil  and
      Inumella, Abhilash  and
      Misra Sharma, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2302",
    pages = "10--16",
}
@inproceedings{ma-gerdemann-2012-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-Based Approach for Adaptive Tokenization",
    author = "Ma, Jianqiang  and
      Gerdemann, Dale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2303",
    pages = "17--25",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2012-regularized,
    title = "A Regularized Compression Method to Unsupervised Word Segmentation",
    author = "Chen, Ruey-Cheng  and
      Tsai, Chiung-Min  and
      Hsiang, Jieh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2304",
    pages = "26--34",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-2012-rule,
    title = "A rule-based approach to unknown word recognition in {A}rabic",
    author = "Cahill, Lynne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2305",
    pages = "35--41",
}
@inproceedings{chandlee-heinz-2012-bounded,
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    author = "Chandlee, Jane  and
      Heinz, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2306",
    pages = "42--51",
}
@inproceedings{magri-2012-approximation,
    title = "An approximation approach to the problem of the acquisition of phonotactics in Optimality Theory",
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    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2307",
    pages = "52--61",
}
@inproceedings{pater-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning probabilities over underlying representations",
    author = "Pater, Joe  and
      Staubs, Robert  and
      Jesney, Karen  and
      Smith, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2308",
    pages = "62--71",
}
@inproceedings{pertsova-2012-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic categorization and complexity",
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    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
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@proceedings{ws-2012-bionlp,
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      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Webber, Bonnie  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Pestian, John",
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    year = "2012",
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    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2400",
}
@inproceedings{prudhommeaux-roark-2012-graph,
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      Roark, Brian",
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      Cohen, William W.",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
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}
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      Hamon, Thierry  and
      Grabar, Natalia},
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
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    year = "2012",
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}
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    title = "Temporal Classification of Medical Events",
    author = "Raghavan, Preethi  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric  and
      Lai, Albert",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2404",
    pages = "29--37",
}
@inproceedings{cogley-etal-2012-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Patient Records to Establish If and When a Patient Suffered from a Medical Condition",
    author = "Cogley, James  and
      Stokes, Nicola  and
      Carthy, Joe  and
      Dunnion, John",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2405",
    pages = "38--46",
}
@inproceedings{movshovitz-attias-cohen-2012-alignment,
    title = "Alignment-{HMM}-based Extraction of Abbreviations from Biomedical Text",
    author = "Movshovitz-Attias, Dana  and
      Cohen, William W.",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2406",
    pages = "47--55",
}
@inproceedings{mowery-etal-2012-medical,
    title = "Medical diagnosis lost in translation {--} Analysis of uncertainty and negation expressions in {E}nglish and {S}wedish clinical texts",
    author = "Mowery, Danielle L  and
      Velupillai, Sumithra  and
      Chapman, Wendy W",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2407",
    pages = "56--64",
}
@inproceedings{ferrandez-etal-2012-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Stepwise Approach for De-identifying Person Names in Clinical Documents",
    author = "Ferr{\'a}ndez, Oscar  and
      South, Brett  and
      Shen, Shuying  and
      Meystre, St{\'e}phane",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2408",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2012-active,
    title = "Active Learning for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Miller, Timothy  and
      Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Savova, Guergana",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2409",
    pages = "73--81",
}
@inproceedings{bjorne-etal-2012-pubmed,
    title = "{P}ub{M}ed-Scale Event Extraction for Post-Translational Modifications, Epigenetics and Protein Structural Relations",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rne, Jari  and
      Van Landeghem, Sofie  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Van de Peer, Yves  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Salakoski, Tapio},
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2410",
    pages = "82--90",
}
@inproceedings{islamaj-dogan-lu-2012-improved,
    title = "An improved corpus of disease mentions in {P}ub{M}ed citations",
    author = "Islamaj Do{\u{g}}an, Rezarta  and
      Lu, Zhiyong",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2411",
    pages = "91--99",
}
@inproceedings{pyysalo-etal-2012-new,
    title = "New Resources and Perspectives for Biomedical Event Extraction",
    author = "Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Stenetorp, Pontus  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2412",
    pages = "100--108",
}
@inproceedings{hamon-etal-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining Compositionality and Pagerank for the Identification of Semantic Relations between Biomedical Words",
    author = {Hamon, Thierry  and
      Engstr{\"o}m, Christopher  and
      Manser, Mounira  and
      Badji, Zina  and
      Grabar, Natalia  and
      Silvestrov, Sergei},
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2413",
    pages = "109--117",
}
@inproceedings{apostolova-etal-2012-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation of Coreference Resolution for Radiology Reports",
    author = "Apostolova, Emilia  and
      Tomuro, Noriko  and
      Mongkolwat, Pattanasak  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2414",
    pages = "118--121",
}
@inproceedings{thamrongrattanarit-etal-2012-nlp,
    title = "What can {NLP} tell us about {B}io{NLP}?",
    author = "Thamrongrattanarit, Attapol  and
      Shafir, Michael  and
      Crivaro, Michael  and
      Borukhov, Bensiin  and
      Meteer, Marie",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2415",
    pages = "122--129",
}
@inproceedings{south-etal-2012-prototype,
    title = "A Prototype Tool Set to Support Machine-Assisted Annotation",
    author = "South, Brett  and
      Shen, Shuying  and
      Leng, Jianwei  and
      Forbush, Tyler  and
      DuVall, Scott  and
      Chapman, Wendy",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2416",
    pages = "130--139",
}
@inproceedings{meteer-etal-2012-medlingmap,
    title = "{M}ed{L}ing{M}ap: A growing resource mapping the Bio-Medical {NLP} field",
    author = "Meteer, Marie  and
      Borukhov, Bensiin  and
      Crivaro, Mike  and
      Shafir, Michael  and
      Thamrongrattanarit, Attapol",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2417",
    pages = "140--145",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-etal-2012-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Label Dependency in Active Learning for Phenotype Mapping",
    author = "Sharma, Shefali  and
      Lange, Leslie  and
      Ambite, Jose Luis  and
      Arens, Yigal  and
      Hsu, Chun-Nan",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2418",
    pages = "146--154",
}
@inproceedings{balasubramanyan-etal-2012-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Joint Modeling of Yeast Biology Literature and Protein-Protein Interaction Networks",
    author = "Balasubramanyan, Ramnath  and
      Rivard, Kathryn  and
      Cohen, William W.  and
      Jakovljevic, Jelena  and
      Woolford, John L.",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2419",
    pages = "155--162",
}
@inproceedings{tudor-vijay-shanker-2012-rankpref,
    title = "{R}ank{P}ref: Ranking Sentences Describing Relations between Biomedical Entities with an Application",
    author = "Tudor, Catalina Oana  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2420",
    pages = "163--171",
}
@inproceedings{yan-etal-2012-finding,
    title = "Finding small molecule and protein pairs in scientific literature using a bootstrapping method",
    author = "Yan, Ying  and
      Kim, Jee-Hyub  and
      Croset, Samuel  and
      Rebholz-Schuhmann, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2421",
    pages = "172--175",
}
@inproceedings{gyawali-etal-2012-grading,
    title = "Grading the Quality of Medical Evidence",
    author = "Gyawali, Binod  and
      Solorio, Thamar  and
      Benajiba, Yassine",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2422",
    pages = "176--184",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2012-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Gene Sentences in Biomedical Literature by Combining High-Precision Gene Identifiers",
    author = "Kim, Sun  and
      Kim, Won  and
      Comeau, Don  and
      Wilbur, W. John",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2423",
    pages = "185--192",
}
@inproceedings{matykiewicz-pestian-2012-effect,
    title = "Effect of small sample size on text categorization with support vector machines",
    author = "Matykiewicz, Pawel  and
      Pestian, John",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2424",
    pages = "193--201",
}
@inproceedings{kim-wang-2012-pubannotation,
    title = "{P}ub{A}nnotation - a persistent and sharable corpus and annotation repository",
    author = "Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Wang, Yue",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2425",
    pages = "202--205",
}
@inproceedings{boyce-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using Natural Language Processing to Extract Drug-Drug Interaction Information from Package Inserts",
    author = "Boyce, Richard  and
      Gardner, Gregory  and
      Harkema, Henk",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2426",
    pages = "206--213",
}
@inproceedings{sutton-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Approaches for Gene-Drug Interaction Extraction from Biomedical Text: Corpus and Comparative Evaluation",
    author = "Sutton, Nate  and
      Wojtulewicz, Laura  and
      Mehta, Neel  and
      Gonzalez, Graciela",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2427",
    pages = "214--222",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-preliminary,
    title = "A Preliminary Work on Symptom Name Recognition from Free-Text Clinical Records of Traditional {C}hinese Medicine using Conditional Random Fields and Reasonable Features",
    author = "Wang, Yaqiang  and
      Liu, Yiguang  and
      Yu, Zhonghua  and
      Chen, Li  and
      Jiang, Yongguang",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2428",
    pages = "223--230",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2012-scaling,
    title = "Scaling up {WSD} with Automatically Generated Examples",
    author = "Cheng, Weiwei  and
      Preiss, Judita  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2429",
    pages = "231--239",
}
@inproceedings{wang-kim-2012-boosting,
    title = "Boosting the protein name recognition performance by bootstrapping on selected text",
    author = "Wang, Yue  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong",
    booktitle = "{B}io{NLP}: Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2430",
    pages = "240--243",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-naacl-hlt-2012,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    author = "Elson, David  and
      Kazantseva, Anna  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2500",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2012-computational,
    title = "Computational Analysis of Referring Expressions in Narratives of Picture Books",
    author = "Lee, Choonkyu  and
      Muresan, Smaranda  and
      Stromswold, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2501",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{kao-jurafsky-2012-computational,
    title = "A Computational Analysis of Style, Affect, and Imagery in Contemporary Poetry",
    author = "Kao, Justine  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2502",
    pages = "8--17",
}
@inproceedings{voigt-jurafsky-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards a Literary Machine Translation: The Role of Referential Cohesion",
    author = "Voigt, Rob  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2503",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{brooke-etal-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Stylistic Segmentation of Poetry with Change Curves and Extrinsic Features",
    author = "Brooke, Julian  and
      Hammond, Adam  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2504",
    pages = "26--35",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2012-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Bilingual Literary Works: a Pilot Study",
    author = "Yu, Qian  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2505",
    pages = "36--44",
}
@inproceedings{yu-2012-function,
    title = "Function Words for {C}hinese Authorship Attribution",
    author = "Yu, Bei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2506",
    pages = "45--53",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2012-mining,
    title = "Mining wisdom",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2507",
    pages = "54--58",
}
@inproceedings{van-cranenburgh-2012-literary,
    title = "Literary authorship attribution with phrase-structure fragments",
    author = "van Cranenburgh, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2508",
    pages = "59--63",
}
@inproceedings{irvine-etal-2012-digitizing,
    title = "Digitizing 18th-Century {F}rench Literature: Comparing transcription methods for a critical edition text",
    author = "Irvine, Ann  and
      Marcellesi, Laure  and
      Zomorodian, Afra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2509",
    pages = "64--68",
}
@inproceedings{bendersky-smith-2012-dictionary,
    title = "A Dictionary of Wisdom and Wit: Learning to Extract Quotable Phrases",
    author = "Bendersky, Michael  and
      Smith, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2510",
    pages = "69--77",
}
@inproceedings{zaghouani-etal-2012-pilot,
    title = "A Pilot {P}rop{B}ank Annotation for Quranic {A}rabic",
    author = "Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Hawwari, Abdelati  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2511",
    pages = "78--83",
}
@inproceedings{kushkuley-2012-trend,
    title = "Trend Analysis in Harper{'}s Bazaar",
    author = "Kushkuley, Sophie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2512",
    pages = "84--87",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2012-social,
    title = "Social Network Analysis of Alice in Wonderland",
    author = "Agarwal, Apoorv  and
      Corvalan, Augusto  and
      Jensen, Jacob  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2513",
    pages = "88--96",
}
@inproceedings{roque-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards a computational approach to literary text analysis",
    author = "Roque, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2514",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-evaluation,
    title = "Proceedings of Workshop on Evaluation Metrics and System Comparison for Automatic Summarization",
    author = "Conroy, John M.  and
      Dang, Hoa Trang  and
      Nenkova, Ani  and
      Owczarzak, Karolina",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2600",
}
@inproceedings{owczarzak-etal-2012-assessment,
    title = "An Assessment of the Accuracy of Automatic Evaluation in Summarization",
    author = "Owczarzak, Karolina  and
      Conroy, John M.  and
      Dang, Hoa Trang  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Evaluation Metrics and System Comparison for Automatic Summarization",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2601",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{murray-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using the Omega Index for Evaluating Abstractive Community Detection",
    author = "Murray, Gabriel  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Ng, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Evaluation Metrics and System Comparison for Automatic Summarization",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2602",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-turchi-2012-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation for Multilingual Summary Content Evaluation",
    author = "Steinberger, Josef  and
      Turchi, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Evaluation Metrics and System Comparison for Automatic Summarization",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2603",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{mccallum-etal-2012-ecological,
    title = "Ecological Validity and the Evaluation of Speech Summarization Quality",
    author = "McCallum, Anthony  and
      Munteanu, Cosmin  and
      Penn, Gerald  and
      Zhu, Xiaodan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Evaluation Metrics and System Comparison for Automatic Summarization",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2604",
    pages = "28--35",
}
@inproceedings{amigo-etal-2012-heterogeneity,
    title = "The Heterogeneity Principle in Evaluation Measures for Automatic Summarization",
    author = "Amig{\'o}, Enrique  and
      Gonzalo, Julio  and
      Verdejo, Felisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Evaluation Metrics and System Comparison for Automatic Summarization",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2605",
    pages = "36--43",
}
@inproceedings{mithun-etal-2012-discrepancy,
    title = "Discrepancy Between Automatic and Manual Evaluation of Summaries",
    author = "Mithun, Shamima  and
      Kosseim, Leila  and
      Perera, Prasad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Evaluation Metrics and System Comparison for Automatic Summarization",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2606",
    pages = "44--52",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-naacl-hlt-2012-will,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop: Will We Ever Really Replace the N-gram Model? On the Future of Language Modeling for {HLT}",
    author = "Ramabhadran, Bhuvana  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev  and
      Arisoy, Ebru",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2700",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2012-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Influence of Long Range Dependencies with Neural Network Language Models",
    author = "Le, Hai Son  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop: Will We Ever Really Replace the N-gram Model? On the Future of Language Modeling for {HLT}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2701",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{schwenk-etal-2012-large,
    title = "Large, Pruned or Continuous Space Language Models on a {GPU} for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Schwenk, Holger  and
      Rousseau, Anthony  and
      Attik, Mohammed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop: Will We Ever Really Replace the N-gram Model? On the Future of Language Modeling for {HLT}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2702",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{arisoy-etal-2012-deep,
    title = "Deep Neural Network Language Models",
    author = "Arisoy, Ebru  and
      Sainath, Tara N.  and
      Kingsbury, Brian  and
      Ramabhadran, Bhuvana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop: Will We Ever Really Replace the N-gram Model? On the Future of Language Modeling for {HLT}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2703",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{zweig-burges-2012-challenge,
    title = "A Challenge Set for Advancing Language Modeling",
    author = "Zweig, Geoffrey  and
      Burges, Chris J.C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop: Will We Ever Really Replace the N-gram Model? On the Future of Language Modeling for {HLT}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2704",
    pages = "29--36",
}
@inproceedings{mansikkaniemi-kurimo-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Vocabulary Adaptation for Morph-based Language Models",
    author = "Mansikkaniemi, Andr{\'e}  and
      Kurimo, Mikko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop: Will We Ever Really Replace the N-gram Model? On the Future of Language Modeling for {HLT}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2705",
    pages = "37--40",
}
@inproceedings{jyothi-etal-2012-large,
    title = "Large-scale discriminative language model reranking for voice-search",
    author = "Jyothi, Preethi  and
      Johnson, Leif  and
      Chelba, Ciprian  and
      Strope, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop: Will We Ever Really Replace the N-gram Model? On the Future of Language Modeling for {HLT}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2706",
    pages = "41--49",
}
@inproceedings{rastrow-etal-2012-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting the Case for Explicit Syntactic Information in Language Models",
    author = "Rastrow, Ariya  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 Workshop: Will We Ever Really Replace the N-gram Model? On the Future of Language Modeling for {HLT}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2707",
    pages = "50--58",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-semantic-interpretation,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Semantic Interpretation in an Actionable Context",
    author = "Goldwasser, Dan  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Roth, Dan",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2800",
}
@inproceedings{babes-vroman-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning to Interpret Natural Language Instructions",
    author = "Babe{\c{s}}-Vroman, Monica  and
      MacGlashan, James  and
      Gao, Ruoyuan  and
      Winner, Kevin  and
      Adjogah, Richard  and
      desJardins, Marie  and
      Littman, Michael  and
      Muresan, Smaranda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Semantic Interpretation in an Actionable Context",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2801",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{tellex-etal-2012-toward,
    title = "Toward Learning Perceptually Grounded Word Meanings from Unaligned Parallel Data",
    author = "Tellex, Stefanie  and
      Thaker, Pratiksha  and
      Joseph, Josh  and
      Roy, Nicholas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Semantic Interpretation in an Actionable Context",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2802",
    pages = "7--14",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-speech,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    author = {Alexandersson, Jan  and
      Ljungl{\"o}f, Peter  and
      McCoy, Kathleen F.  and
      Roark, Brian  and
      Waller, Annalu},
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2900",
}
@inproceedings{ljunglof-etal-2012-free,
    title = "A free and open-source tool that reads movie subtitles aloud",
    author = {Ljungl{\"o}f, Peter  and
      Derbring, Sandra  and
      Olsson, Maria},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2901",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{szekely-etal-2012-winktalk,
    title = "{W}ink{T}alk: a demonstration of a multimodal speech synthesis platform linking facial expressions to expressive synthetic voices",
    author = "Sz{\'e}kely, {\'E}va  and
      Ahmed, Zeeshan  and
      Cabral, Jo{\~a}o P.  and
      Carson-Berndsen, Julie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2902",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-sproat-2012-discourse,
    title = "Discourse-Based Modeling for {AAC}",
    author = "Mitchell, Margaret  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2903",
    pages = "9--18",
}
@inproceedings{trinh-etal-2012-applying,
    title = "Applying Prediction Techniques to Phoneme-based {AAC} Systems",
    author = "Trinh, Ha  and
      Waller, Annalu  and
      Vertanen, Keith  and
      Kristensson, Per Ola  and
      Hanson, Vicki L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2904",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-patel-2012-non,
    title = "Non-Syntactic Word Prediction for {AAC}",
    author = "Wiegand, Karl  and
      Patel, Rupal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2905",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{green-etal-2012-assisting,
    title = "Assisting Social Conversation between Persons with {A}lzheimer{'}s Disease and their Conversational Partners",
    author = "Green, Nancy  and
      Guinn, Curry  and
      Smith, Ronnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2906",
    pages = "37--46",
}
@inproceedings{rudzicz-etal-2012-communication,
    title = "Communication strategies for a computerized caregiver for individuals with {A}lzheimer{'}s disease",
    author = "Rudzicz, Frank  and
      Wilson, Rozanne  and
      Mihailidis, Alex  and
      Rochon, Elizabeth  and
      Leonard, Carol",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2907",
    pages = "47--55",
}
@inproceedings{lohmann-etal-2012-generating,
    title = "Generating Situated Assisting Utterances to Facilitate Tactile-Map Understanding: A Prototype System",
    author = "Lohmann, Kris  and
      Eichhorn, Ole  and
      Baumann, Timo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2908",
    pages = "56--65",
}
@inproceedings{lu-huenerfauth-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning a Vector-Based Model of {A}merican Sign Language Inflecting Verbs from Motion-Capture Data",
    author = "Lu, Pengfei  and
      Huenerfauth, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2909",
    pages = "66--74",
}
@inproceedings{bott-etal-2012-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid System for {S}panish Text Simplification",
    author = "Bott, Stefan  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Figueroa, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-2910",
    pages = "75--84",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-joint-automatic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    author = "Fan, James  and
      Hoffman, Raphael  and
      Kalyanpur, Aditya  and
      Riedel, Sebastian  and
      Suchanek, Fabian  and
      Talukdar, Partha Pratim",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3000",
}
@inproceedings{niepert-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards Distributed {MCMC} Inference in Probabilistic Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Niepert, Mathias  and
      Meilicke, Christian  and
      Stuckenschmidt, Heiner",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{dalvi-etal-2012-collectively,
    title = "Collectively Representing Semi-Structured Data from the Web",
    author = "Dalvi, Bhavana  and
      Cohen, William  and
      Callan, Jamie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Content Discovery from Concise Summaries",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3003",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{bronzi-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation of Relation Extraction Systems on Large-scale",
    author = "Bronzi, Mirko  and
      Guo, Zhaochen  and
      Mesquita, Filipe  and
      Barbosa, Denilson  and
      Merialdo, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3004",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{tamang-ji-2012-relabeling,
    title = "Relabeling Distantly Supervised Training Data for Temporal Knowledge Base Population",
    author = "Tamang, Suzanne  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3005",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-web,
    title = "Web Based Collection and Comparison of Cognitive Properties in {E}nglish and {C}hinese",
    author = "Li, Bin  and
      Chen, Jiajun  and
      Zhang, Yingjie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3006",
    pages = "31--34",
}
@inproceedings{stern-sagot-2012-population,
    title = "Population of a Knowledge Base for News Metadata from Unstructured Text and Web Data",
    author = "Stern, Rosa  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3007",
    pages = "35--40",
}
@inproceedings{nakashole-weikum-2012-real,
    title = "Real-time Population of Knowledge Bases: Opportunities and Challenges",
    author = "Nakashole, Ndapandula  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3008",
    pages = "41--45",
}
@inproceedings{gardner-2012-adding,
    title = "Adding Distributional Semantics to Knowledge Base Entities through Web-scale Entity Linking",
    author = "Gardner, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3009",
    pages = "46--51",
}
@inproceedings{akbik-loser-2012-kraken,
    title = "{K}rake{N}: N-ary Facts in Open Information Extraction",
    author = {Akbik, Alan  and
      L{\"o}ser, Alexander},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3010",
    pages = "52--56",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-2012-structural,
    title = "Structural Linguistics and Unsupervised Information Extraction",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3011",
    pages = "57--61",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanov-etal-2012-context,
    title = "A Context-Aware Approach to Entity Linking",
    author = "Stoyanov, Veselin  and
      Mayfield, James  and
      Xu, Tan  and
      Oard, Douglas  and
      Lawrie, Dawn  and
      Oates, Tim  and
      Finin, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3012",
    pages = "62--67",
}
@inproceedings{mayfield-finin-2012-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Quality of a Knowledge Base Populated from Text",
    author = "Mayfield, James  and
      Finin, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3013",
    pages = "68--73",
}
@inproceedings{clark-etal-2012-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a Textual {KB} from a Biology {T}ext{B}ook",
    author = "Clark, Peter  and
      Harrison, Phil  and
      Balasubramanian, Niranjan  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3014",
    pages = "74--78",
}
@inproceedings{kiddon-domingos-2012-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Extraction and Joint Inference Using Tractable {M}arkov Logic",
    author = "Kiddon, Chlo{\'e}  and
      Domingos, Pedro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3015",
    pages = "79--83",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2012-entity,
    title = "Entity Linking at Web Scale",
    author = "Lin, Thomas  and
      {Mausam}  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3016",
    pages = "84--88",
}
@inproceedings{wick-etal-2012-human,
    title = "Human-Machine Cooperation: Supporting User Corrections to Automatically Constructed {KB}s",
    author = "Wick, Michael  and
      Schultz, Karl  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3017",
    pages = "89--94",
}
@inproceedings{napoles-etal-2012-annotated,
    title = "Annotated {G}igaword",
    author = "Napoles, Courtney  and
      Gormley, Matthew  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3018",
    pages = "95--100",
}
@inproceedings{balasubramanian-etal-2012-rel,
    title = "Rel-grams: A Probabilistic Model of Relations in Text",
    author = "Balasubramanian, Niranjan  and
      Soderland, Stephen  and
      {Mausam}  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3019",
    pages = "101--105",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Knowledge Base Construction using Probabilistic Extraction, Deductive Reasoning, and Human Feedback",
    author = "Wang, Daisy Zhe  and
      Chen, Yang  and
      Goldberg, Sean  and
      Grant, Christan  and
      Li, Kun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3020",
    pages = "106--110",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2012-monte,
    title = "Monte {C}arlo {MCMC}: Efficient Inference by Sampling Factors",
    author = "Singh, Sameer  and
      Wick, Michael  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3021",
    pages = "111--115",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2012-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Databases of Universal Schema",
    author = "Yao, Limin  and
      Riedel, Sebastian  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3022",
    pages = "116--121",
}
@inproceedings{gordon-schubert-2012-using,
    title = "Using Textual Patterns to Learn Expected Event Frequencies",
    author = "Gordon, Jonathan  and
      Schubert, Lenhart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and Web-scale Knowledge Extraction ({AKBC}-{WEKEX})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3023",
    pages = "122--127",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-statistical,
    title = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Soricut, Radu  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3100",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-2012-putting,
    title = "Putting Human Assessments of Machine Translation Systems in Order",
    author = "Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3101",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{callison-burch-etal-2012-findings,
    title = "Findings of the 2012 Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Soricut, Radu  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3102",
    pages = "10--51",
}
@inproceedings{castillo-estrella-2012-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Textual Similarity for {MT} evaluation",
    author = "Castillo, Julio  and
      Estrella, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3103",
    pages = "52--58",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving {AMBER}, an {MT} Evaluation Metric",
    author = "Chen, Boxing  and
      Kuhn, Roland  and
      Foster, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3104",
    pages = "59--63",
}
@inproceedings{fishel-etal-2012-terrorcat,
    title = "{T}error{C}at: a Translation Error Categorization-based {MT} Quality Metric",
    author = "Fishel, Mark  and
      Sennrich, Rico  and
      Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3105",
    pages = "64--70",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-2012-class,
    title = "Class error rates for evaluation of machine translation output",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3106",
    pages = "71--75",
}
@inproceedings{wang-manning-2012-spede,
    title = "{SPEDE}: Probabilistic Edit Distance Metrics for {MT} Evaluation",
    author = "Wang, Mengqiu  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3107",
    pages = "76--83",
}
@inproceedings{avramidis-2012-quality,
    title = "Quality estimation for Machine Translation output using linguistic analysis and decoding features",
    author = "Avramidis, Eleftherios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3108",
    pages = "84--90",
}
@inproceedings{buck-2012-black,
    title = "Black Box Features for the {WMT} 2012 Quality Estimation Shared Task",
    author = "Buck, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3109",
    pages = "91--95",
}
@inproceedings{felice-specia-2012-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Features for Quality Estimation",
    author = "Felice, Mariano  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3110",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-rubio-etal-2012-prhlt,
    title = "{PRHLT} Submission to the {WMT}12 Quality Estimation Task",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez Rubio, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Sanchis, Alberto  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3111",
    pages = "104--108",
}
@inproceedings{hardmeier-etal-2012-tree,
    title = "Tree Kernels for Machine Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = {Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3112",
    pages = "109--113",
}
@inproceedings{langlois-etal-2012-loria,
    title = "{LORIA} System for the {WMT}12 Quality Estimation Shared Task",
    author = {Langlois, David  and
      Raybaud, Sylvain  and
      Sma{\"\i}li, Kamel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3113",
    pages = "114--119",
}
@inproceedings{moreau-vogel-2012-quality,
    title = "Quality Estimation: an experimental study using unsupervised similarity measures",
    author = "Moreau, Erwan  and
      Vogel, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3114",
    pages = "120--126",
}
@inproceedings{pighin-etal-2012-upc,
    title = "The {UPC} Submission to the {WMT} 2012 Shared Task on Quality Estimation",
    author = "Pighin, Daniele  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez, Meritxell  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3115",
    pages = "127--132",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-2012-morpheme,
    title = "Morpheme- and {POS}-based {IBM}1 and language model scores for translation quality estimation",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3116",
    pages = "133--137",
}
@inproceedings{rubino-etal-2012-dcu,
    title = "{DCU}-Symantec Submission for the {WMT} 2012 Quality Estimation Task",
    author = "Rubino, Raphael  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Wagner, Joachim  and
      Roturier, Johann  and
      Samad Zadeh Kaljahi, Rasul  and
      Hollowood, Fred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3117",
    pages = "138--144",
}
@inproceedings{soricut-etal-2012-sdl,
    title = "The {SDL} Language Weaver Systems in the {WMT}12 Quality Estimation Shared Task",
    author = "Soricut, Radu  and
      Bach, Nguyen  and
      Wang, Ziyuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3118",
    pages = "145--151",
}
@inproceedings{wu-zhao-2012-regression,
    title = "Regression with Phrase Indicators for Estimating {MT} Quality",
    author = "Wu, Chunyang  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3119",
    pages = "152--156",
}
@inproceedings{zhuang-etal-2012-non,
    title = "Non-Linear Models for Confidence Estimation",
    author = "Zhuang, Yong  and
      Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3120",
    pages = "157--162",
}
@inproceedings{soricut-narsale-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining Quality Prediction and System Selection for Improved Automatic Translation Output",
    author = "Soricut, Radu  and
      Narsale, Sushant",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3121",
    pages = "163--170",
}
@inproceedings{mehdad-etal-2012-match,
    title = "Match without a Referee: Evaluating {MT} Adequacy without Reference Translations",
    author = "Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3122",
    pages = "171--180",
}
@inproceedings{koponen-2012-comparing,
    title = "Comparing human perceptions of post-editing effort with post-editing operations",
    author = "Koponen, Maarit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3123",
    pages = "181--190",
}
@inproceedings{rosti-etal-2012-review,
    title = "Review of Hypothesis Alignment Algorithms for {MT} System Combination via Confusion Network Decoding",
    author = "Rosti, Antti-Veikko  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Karakos, Damianos  and
      Leusch, Gregor  and
      Cao, Yuan  and
      Freitag, Markus  and
      Matsoukas, Spyros  and
      Ney, Hermann  and
      Smith, Jason  and
      Zhang, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3124",
    pages = "191--199",
}
@inproceedings{cherry-etal-2012-hierarchical,
    title = "On Hierarchical Re-ordering and Permutation Parsing for Phrase-based Decoding",
    author = "Cherry, Colin  and
      Moore, Robert C.  and
      Quirk, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3125",
    pages = "200--209",
}
@inproceedings{mehay-brew-2012-ccg,
    title = "{CCG} Syntactic Reordering Models for Phrase-based Machine Translation",
    author = "Mehay, Dennis Nolan  and
      Brew, Christopher Hardie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3126",
    pages = "210--221",
}
@inproceedings{weese-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using Categorial Grammar to Label Translation Rules",
    author = "Weese, Jonathan  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3127",
    pages = "222--231",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using Syntactic Head Information in Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation",
    author = "Li, Junhui  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3128",
    pages = "232--242",
}
@inproceedings{lo-etal-2012-fully,
    title = "Fully Automatic Semantic {MT} Evaluation",
    author = "Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Tumuluru, Anand Karthik  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3129",
    pages = "243--252",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2012-probes,
    title = "Probes in a Taxonomy of Factored Phrase-Based Models",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Jawaid, Bushra  and
      Kamran, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3130",
    pages = "253--260",
}
@inproceedings{denkowski-etal-2012-cmu,
    title = "The {CMU}-Avenue {F}rench-{E}nglish Translation System",
    author = "Denkowski, Michael  and
      Hanneman, Greg  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3131",
    pages = "261--266",
}
@inproceedings{dusek-etal-2012-formemes,
    title = "Formemes in {E}nglish-{C}zech Deep Syntactic {MT}",
    author = "Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Majli{\v{s}}, Martin  and
      Nov{\'a}k, Michal  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3132",
    pages = "267--274",
}
@inproceedings{formiga-etal-2012-talp,
    title = "The {TALP}-{UPC} phrase-based translation systems for {WMT}12: Morphology simplification and domain adaptation",
    author = "Formiga, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Henr{\'\i}quez Q., Carlos A.  and
      Hern{\'a}ndez, Adolfo  and
      Mari{\~n}o, Jos{\'e} B.  and
      Monte, Enric  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3133",
    pages = "275--282",
}
@inproceedings{ganitkevitch-etal-2012-joshua,
    title = "Joshua 4.0: Packing, PRO, and Paraphrases",
    author = "Ganitkevitch, Juri  and
      Cao, Yuan  and
      Weese, Jonathan  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3134",
    pages = "283--291",
}
@inproceedings{germann-2012-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-aware Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation: System Description",
    author = "Germann, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3135",
    pages = "292--297",
}
@inproceedings{guzman-etal-2012-qcri,
    title = "{QCRI} at {WMT}12: Experiments in {S}panish-{E}nglish and {G}erman-{E}nglish Machine Translation of News Text",
    author = "Guzm{\'a}n, Francisco  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Thabet, Ahmed  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3136",
    pages = "298--303",
}
@inproceedings{huck-etal-2012-rwth,
    title = "The {RWTH} Aachen Machine Translation System for {WMT} 2012",
    author = "Huck, Matthias  and
      Peitz, Stephan  and
      Freitag, Markus  and
      Nuhn, Malte  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3137",
    pages = "304--311",
}
@inproceedings{hunsicker-etal-2012-machine,
    title = "Machine Learning for Hybrid Machine Translation",
    author = "Hunsicker, Sabine  and
      Chen, Yu  and
      Federmann, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3138",
    pages = "312--316",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-haddow-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards Effective Use of Training Data in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Haddow, Barry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3139",
    pages = "317--321",
}
@inproceedings{freitag-etal-2012-joint,
    title = "Joint {WMT} 2012 Submission of the {QUAERO} Project",
    author = "Freitag, Markus  and
      Peitz, Stephan  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Ney, Hermann  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Herrmann, Teresa  and
      Waibel, Alex  and
      Le, Hai-son  and
      Lavergne, Thomas  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Buschbeck, Bianka  and
      Crego, Josep Maria  and
      Senellart, Jean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3140",
    pages = "322--329",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2012-limsi,
    title = "LIMSI @ WMT12",
    author = "Le, Hai-Son  and
      Lavergne, Thomas  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Gong, Li  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Sokolov, Artem  and
      Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3141",
    pages = "330--337",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-ludena-etal-2012-upm,
    title = "UPM system for WMT 2012",
    author = "L{\'o}pez-Lude{\~n}a, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      San-Segundo, Rub{\'e}n  and
      Montero, Juan M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3142",
    pages = "338--344",
}
@inproceedings{molchanov-2012-promt,
    title = "{PROMT} {D}eep{H}ybrid system for {WMT}12 shared translation task",
    author = "Molchanov, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3143",
    pages = "345--348",
}
@inproceedings{niehues-etal-2012-karlsruhe,
    title = "The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Translation Systems for the {WMT} 2012",
    author = "Niehues, Jan  and
      Zhang, Yuqi  and
      Mediani, Mohammed  and
      Herrmann, Teresa  and
      Cho, Eunah  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3144",
    pages = "349--355",
}
@inproceedings{razmara-etal-2012-kriya,
    title = "Kriya - The {SFU} System for Translation Task at {WMT}-12",
    author = "Razmara, Majid  and
      Sankaran, Baskaran  and
      Clifton, Ann  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3145",
    pages = "356--361",
}
@inproceedings{rosa-etal-2012-depfix,
    title = "{DEPFIX}: A System for Automatic Correction of {C}zech {MT} Outputs",
    author = "Rosa, Rudolf  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3146",
    pages = "362--368",
}
@inproceedings{servan-etal-2012-liums,
    title = "{LIUM}{'}s {SMT} Machine Translation Systems for {WMT} 2012",
    author = {Servan, Christophe  and
      Lambert, Patrik  and
      Rousseau, Anthony  and
      Schwenk, Holger  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3147",
    pages = "369--373",
}
@inproceedings{tamchyna-etal-2012-selecting,
    title = "Selecting Data for {E}nglish-to-{C}zech Machine Translation",
    author = "Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}  and
      Galu{\v{s}}{\v{c}}{\'a}kov{\'a}, Petra  and
      Kamran, Amir  and
      Stanojevi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3148",
    pages = "374--381",
}
@inproceedings{vilar-2012-dfkis,
    title = "DFKI{'}s SMT System for WMT 2012",
    author = "Vilar, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3149",
    pages = "382--387",
}
@inproceedings{williams-koehn-2012-ghkm,
    title = "{GHKM} Rule Extraction and Scope-3 Parsing in {M}oses",
    author = "Williams, Philip  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3150",
    pages = "388--394",
}
@inproceedings{zeman-2012-data,
    title = "Data Issues of the Multilingual Translation Matrix",
    author = "Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3151",
    pages = "395--400",
}
@inproceedings{post-etal-2012-constructing,
    title = "Constructing Parallel Corpora for Six {I}ndian Languages via Crowdsourcing",
    author = "Post, Matt  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3152",
    pages = "401--409",
}
@inproceedings{jehl-etal-2012-twitter,
    title = "Twitter Translation using Translation-Based Cross-Lingual Retrieval",
    author = "Jehl, Laura  and
      Hieber, Felix  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3153",
    pages = "410--421",
}
@inproceedings{haddow-koehn-2012-analysing,
    title = "Analysing the Effect of Out-of-Domain Data on {SMT} Systems",
    author = "Haddow, Barry  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3154",
    pages = "422--432",
}
@inproceedings{bertoldi-etal-2012-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Learning Curve of Domain Adaptive Statistical Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "Bertoldi, Nicola  and
      Cettolo, Mauro  and
      Federico, Marcello  and
      Buck, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3155",
    pages = "433--441",
}
@inproceedings{carpuat-simard-2012-trouble,
    title = "The Trouble with {SMT} Consistency",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine  and
      Simard, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3156",
    pages = "442--449",
}
@inproceedings{wuebker-ney-2012-phrase,
    title = "Phrase Model Training for Statistical Machine Translation with Word Lattices of Preprocessing Alternatives",
    author = "Wuebker, Joern  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3157",
    pages = "450--459",
}
@inproceedings{wuebker-etal-2012-leave,
    title = "Leave-One-Out Phrase Model Training for Large-Scale Deployment",
    author = "Wuebker, Joern  and
      Hwang, Mei-Yuh  and
      Quirk, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3158",
    pages = "460--467",
}
@inproceedings{chung-galley-2012-direct,
    title = "Direct Error Rate Minimization for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Chung, Tagyoung  and
      Galley, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3159",
    pages = "468--479",
}
@inproceedings{eidelman-2012-optimization,
    title = "Optimization Strategies for Online Large-Margin Learning in Machine Translation",
    author = "Eidelman, Vladimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Montr{\'e}al, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3160",
    pages = "480--489",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2012 Special Workshop on Rediscovering 50 Years of Discoveries",
    author = "Banchs, Rafael E.",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3200",
}
@inproceedings{radev-abu-jbara-2012-rediscovering,
    title = "Rediscovering {ACL} Discoveries Through the Lens of {ACL} Anthology Network Citing Sentences",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir  and
      Abu-Jbara, Amjad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2012 Special Workshop on Rediscovering 50 Years of Discoveries",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3201",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{anderson-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards a Computational History of the {ACL}: 1980-2008",
    author = "Anderson, Ashton  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      McFarland, Daniel A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2012 Special Workshop on Rediscovering 50 Years of Discoveries",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3202",
    pages = "13--21",
}
@inproceedings{sim-etal-2012-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Factions in the Computational Linguistics Community",
    author = "Sim, Yanchuan  and
      Smith, Noah A.  and
      Smith, David A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2012 Special Workshop on Rediscovering 50 Years of Discoveries",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3203",
    pages = "22--32",
}
@inproceedings{vogel-jurafsky-2012-said,
    title = "He Said, She Said: Gender in the {ACL} Anthology",
    author = "Vogel, Adam  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2012 Special Workshop on Rediscovering 50 Years of Discoveries",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3204",
    pages = "33--41",
}
@inproceedings{webber-joshi-2012-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Structure and Computation: Past, Present and Future",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2012 Special Workshop on Rediscovering 50 Years of Discoveries",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3205",
    pages = "42--54",
}
@inproceedings{reiplinger-etal-2012-extracting,
    title = "Extracting glossary sentences from scholarly articles: A comparative evaluation of pattern bootstrapping and deep analysis",
    author = {Reiplinger, Melanie  and
      Sch{\"a}fer, Ulrich  and
      Wolska, Magdalena},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2012 Special Workshop on Rediscovering 50 Years of Discoveries",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3206",
    pages = "55--65",
}
@inproceedings{daudaravicius-2012-applying,
    title = "Applying Collocation Segmentation to the {ACL} Anthology Reference Corpus",
    author = "Daudaravi{\v{c}}ius, Vidas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2012 Special Workshop on Rediscovering 50 Years of Discoveries",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3207",
    pages = "66--75",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-rosso-2012-text,
    title = "Text Reuse with {ACL}: (Upward) Trends",
    author = "Gupta, Parth  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2012 Special Workshop on Rediscovering 50 Years of Discoveries",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3208",
    pages = "76--82",
}
@inproceedings{bysani-kan-2012-integrating,
    title = "Integrating User-Generated Content in the {ACL} Anthology",
    author = "Bysani, Praveen  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2012 Special Workshop on Rediscovering 50 Years of Discoveries",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3209",
    pages = "83--87",
}
@inproceedings{schafer-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards an {ACL} Anthology Corpus with Logical Document Structure. An Overview of the {ACL} 2012 Contributed Task",
    author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Ulrich  and
      Read, Jonathon  and
      Oepen, Stephan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2012 Special Workshop on Rediscovering 50 Years of Discoveries",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3210",
    pages = "88--97",
}
@inproceedings{berg-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards High-Quality Text Stream Extraction from {PDF}. Technical Background to the {ACL} 2012 Contributed Task",
    author = "Berg, {\O}yvind Raddum  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Read, Jonathon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2012 Special Workshop on Rediscovering 50 Years of Discoveries",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3211",
    pages = "98--103",
}
@inproceedings{schafer-weitz-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining {OCR} Outputs for Logical Document Structure Markup. Technical Background to the {ACL} 2012 Contributed Task",
    author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Ulrich  and
      Weitz, Benjamin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2012 Special Workshop on Rediscovering 50 Years of Discoveries",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3212",
    pages = "104--109",
}
@inproceedings{hoang-nhat-bysani-2012-linking,
    title = "Linking Citations to their Bibliographic references",
    author = "Hoang Nhat, Huy Do  and
      Bysani, Praveen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-2012 Special Workshop on Rediscovering 50 Years of Discoveries",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3213",
    pages = "110--113",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-acl-2012,
    title = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    author = "Cheung, Jackie C. K.  and
      Hatori, Jun  and
      Henriquez, Carlos  and
      Irvine, Ann",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3300",
}
@inproceedings{ramisch-etal-2012-broad,
    title = "A Broad Evaluation of Techniques for Automatic Acquisition of Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Ramisch, Carlos  and
      De Araujo, Vitor  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3301",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{prabhakaran-2012-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Power Relations from Written Dialog",
    author = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3302",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2012-active,
    title = "Active Learning with Transfer Learning",
    author = "Luo, Chunyong  and
      Ji, Yangsheng  and
      Dai, Xinyu  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3303",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{le-bernardi-2012-query,
    title = "Query classification using topic models and support vector machine",
    author = "Le, Dieu-Thu  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3304",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{stevens-2012-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Unsupervised Ensembles when applied to Word Sense Induction",
    author = "Stevens, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3305",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{tatsukawa-2012-topic,
    title = "Topic Extraction based on Prior Knowledge obtained from Target Documents",
    author = "Tatsukawa, Kayo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3306",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{riedl-biemann-2012-topictiling,
    title = "{T}opic{T}iling: A Text Segmentation Algorithm based on {LDA}",
    author = "Riedl, Martin  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3307",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-2012-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation of a Dependency Parser with a Class-Class Selectional Preference Model",
    author = "Cohen, Raphael  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3308",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{williams-2012-extracting,
    title = "Extracting fine-grained durations for verbs from Twitter",
    author = "Williams, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3309",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{demirsahin-2012-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Structure in Simultaneous Spoken {T}urkish",
    author = "Demir{\c{s}}ahin, Isin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3310",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@inproceedings{ramisch-2012-generic,
    title = "A Generic Framework for Multiword Expressions Treatment: from Acquisition to Applications",
    author = "Ramisch, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3311",
    pages = "61--66",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2012-towards-automatic,
    title = "Towards Automatic Construction of Knowledge Bases from {C}hinese Online Resources",
    author = "Chen, Liwei  and
      Feng, Yansong  and
      Chen, Yidong  and
      Zou, Lei  and
      Zhao, Dongyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACL} 2012 Student Research Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3312",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-acl-2012-joint,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing and Semantic Processing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = "Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Marton, Yuval  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      Tsarfaty, Reut",
    month = jul # " 12",
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3400",
}
@inproceedings{henestroza-anguiano-candito-2012-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Lexical Generalization for {F}rench Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Henestroza Anguiano, Enrique  and
      Candito, Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing and Semantic Processing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = jul # " 12",
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3401",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{versley-2012-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Learning of {G}erman Qualia Relations",
    author = "Versley, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing and Semantic Processing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = jul # " 12",
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3402",
    pages = "12--23",
}
@inproceedings{hawwari-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building an {A}rabic Multiword Expressions Repository",
    author = "Hawwari, Abdelati  and
      Bar, Kfir  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing and Semantic Processing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = jul # " 12",
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3403",
    pages = "24--29",
}
@inproceedings{lorenzo-cerisara-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised frame based Semantic Role Induction: application to {F}rench and {E}nglish",
    author = "Lorenzo, Alejandra  and
      Cerisara, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing and Semantic Processing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = jul # " 12",
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3404",
    pages = "30--35",
}
@inproceedings{versley-henrich-2012-using,
    title = "Using Synthetic Compounds for Word Sense Discrimination",
    author = "Versley, Yannick  and
      Henrich, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing and Semantic Processing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = jul # " 12",
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3405",
    pages = "36--41",
}
@inproceedings{acedanski-etal-2012-machine,
    title = "Machine Learning of Syntactic Attachment from Morphosyntactic and Semantic Co-occurrence Statistics",
    author = "Aceda{\'n}ski, Szymon  and
      Slaski, Adam  and
      Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing and Semantic Processing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = jul # " 12",
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3406",
    pages = "42--47",
}
@inproceedings{goenaga-etal-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining Rule-Based and Statistical Syntactic Analyzers",
    author = "Goenaga, Iakes  and
      Gojenola, Koldobika  and
      Aranzabe, Mar{\'\i}a Jes{\'u}s  and
      D{\'\i}az de Ilarraza, Arantza  and
      Bengoetxea, Kepa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing and Semantic Processing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = jul # " 12",
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3407",
    pages = "48--54",
}
@inproceedings{le-roux-etal-2012-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Parsing of {S}panish and Data Driven Lemmatization",
    author = "Le Roux, Joseph  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing and Semantic Processing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = jul # " 12",
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3408",
    pages = "55--61",
}
@inproceedings{silva-branco-2012-assigning,
    title = "Assigning Deep Lexical Types Using Structured Classifier Features for Grammatical Dependencies",
    author = "Silva, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing and Semantic Processing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = jul # " 12",
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3409",
    pages = "62--71",
}
@inproceedings{green-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using an {SVM} Ensemble System for Improved {T}amil Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Green, Nathan  and
      Ramasamy, Loganathan  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing and Semantic Processing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = jul # " 12",
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3410",
    pages = "72--77",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2012-korean,
    title = "{K}orean Treebank Transformation for Parser Training",
    author = "Choi, DongHyun  and
      Park, Jungyeul  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing and Semantic Processing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = jul # " 12",
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3411",
    pages = "78--88",
}
@inproceedings{le-roux-etal-2012-generative,
    title = "Generative Constituent Parsing and Discriminative Dependency Reranking: Experiments on {E}nglish and {F}rench",
    author = "Le Roux, Joseph  and
      Favre, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Nasr, Alexis  and
      Mirroshandel, Seyed Abolghasem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL} 2012 Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing and Semantic Processing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    month = jul # " 12",
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3412",
    pages = "89--99",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-speech-multimodal,
    title = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Speech and Multimodal Interaction in Assistive Environments",
    author = "Anastasiou, Dimitra  and
      Zhekova, Desislava  and
      Jian, Cui  and
      Ross, Robert",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3500",
}
@inproceedings{goetze-etal-2012-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Human-Machine Interaction for Service Robots in Home-Care Environments",
    author = "Goetze, Stefan  and
      Fischer, Sven  and
      Moritz, Niko  and
      Appell, Jens-E.  and
      Wallhoff, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Speech and Multimodal Interaction in Assistive Environments",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3501",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{pala-etal-2012-integration,
    title = "Integration of Multimodal Interaction as Assistance in Virtual Environments",
    author = "Pala, Kiran  and
      Naresh, Ram  and
      Joshi, Sachin  and
      Ganagshetty, Suryakanth V",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Speech and Multimodal Interaction in Assistive Environments",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3502",
    pages = "8--12",
}
@inproceedings{yaghoubzadeh-kopp-2012-toward,
    title = "Toward a Virtual Assistant for Vulnerable Users: Designing Careful Interaction",
    author = "Yaghoubzadeh, Ramin  and
      Kopp, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Speech and Multimodal Interaction in Assistive Environments",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3503",
    pages = "13--17",
}
@inproceedings{anastasiou-etal-2012-speech,
    title = "Speech and Gesture Interaction in an Ambient Assisted Living Lab",
    author = "Anastasiou, Dimitra  and
      Jian, Cui  and
      Zhekova, Desislava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Speech and Multimodal Interaction in Assistive Environments",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3504",
    pages = "18--27",
}
@inproceedings{cauchi-etal-2012-reduction,
    title = "Reduction of Non-stationary Noise for a Robotic Living Assistant using Sparse Non-negative Matrix Factorization",
    author = "Cauchi, Benjamin  and
      Goetze, Stefan  and
      Doclo, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Speech and Multimodal Interaction in Assistive Environments",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3505",
    pages = "28--33",
}
@inproceedings{van-de-loo-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards a Self-Learning Assistive Vocal Interface: Vocabulary and Grammar Learning",
    author = "van de Loo, Janneke  and
      Gemmeke, Jort F.  and
      De Pauw, Guy  and
      Driesen, Joris  and
      Van hamme, Hugo  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Speech and Multimodal Interaction in Assistive Environments",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3506",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-das-mandal-2012-bengali,
    title = "A {B}engali Speech Synthesizer on Android {OS}",
    author = "Mukherjee, Sankar  and
      Das Mandal, Shyamal Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Speech and Multimodal Interaction in Assistive Environments",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3507",
    pages = "43--46",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-linguistic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Xia, Fei",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3600",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-2012-role,
    title = "The Role of Linguistic Models and Language Annotation in Feature Selection for Machine Learning",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3601",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{ivanova-etal-2012-contrastive,
    title = "Who Did What to Whom? A Contrastive Study of Syntacto-Semantic Dependencies",
    author = "Ivanova, Angelina  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      Flickinger, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3602",
    pages = "2--11",
}
@inproceedings{hana-stepanek-2012-prague,
    title = "{P}rague Markup Language Framework",
    author = "Hana, Jirka  and
      {\v{S}}t{\v{e}}p{\'a}nek, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3603",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{adam-vergez-couret-2012-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting naive vs expert discourse annotations: an experiment using lexical cohesion to predict Elaboration / Entity-Elaboration confusions",
    author = "Adam, Cl{\'e}mentine  and
      Vergez-Couret, Marianne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3604",
    pages = "22--30",
}
@inproceedings{demirsahin-etal-2012-pair,
    title = "Pair Annotation: Adaption of Pair Programming to Corpus Annotation",
    author = "Demir{\c{s}}ahin, Isin  and
      Yalcinkaya, {\.I}hsan  and
      Zeyrek, Deniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3605",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{rosset-etal-2012-structured,
    title = "Structured Named Entities in two distinct press corpora: Contemporary Broadcast News and Old Newspapers",
    author = {Rosset, Sophie  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Galibert, Olivier  and
      Kahn, Juliette  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3606",
    pages = "40--48",
}
@inproceedings{kosaraju-etal-2012-intra,
    title = "Intra-Chunk Dependency Annotation : Expanding {H}indi Inter-Chunk Annotated Treebank",
    author = "Kosaraju, Prudhvi  and
      Ambati, Bharat Ram  and
      Husain, Samar  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra  and
      Sangal, Rajeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3607",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{ide-suderman-2012-model,
    title = "A Model for Linguistic Resource Description",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Suderman, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3608",
    pages = "57--66",
}
@inproceedings{distiawan-manurung-2012-graf,
    title = "A {G}r{AF}-compliant {I}ndonesian Speech Recognition Web Service on the Language Grid for Transcription Crowdsourcing",
    author = "Distiawan, Bayu  and
      Manurung, Ruli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3609",
    pages = "67--74",
}
@inproceedings{verspoor-livingston-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards Adaptation of Linguistic Annotations to Scholarly Annotation Formalisms on the Semantic Web",
    author = "Verspoor, Karin  and
      Livingston, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3610",
    pages = "75--84",
}
@inproceedings{gerdes-etal-2012-intonosyntactic,
    title = "Intonosyntactic Data Structures: The Rhapsodie Treebank of Spoken {F}rench",
    author = "Gerdes, Kim  and
      Kahane, Sylvain  and
      Lacheret, Anne  and
      Pietandrea, Paola  and
      Truong, Arthur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3611",
    pages = "85--94",
}
@inproceedings{mccoy-etal-2012-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Schemes to Encode Domain Knowledge in Medical Narratives",
    author = "McCoy, Wilson  and
      Alm, Cecilia Ovesdotter  and
      Calvelli, Cara  and
      Li, Rui  and
      Pelz, Jeff B.  and
      Shi, Pengcheng  and
      Haake, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3612",
    pages = "95--103",
}
@inproceedings{burghardt-2012-usability,
    title = "Usability Recommendations for Annotation Tools",
    author = "Burghardt, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3613",
    pages = "104--112",
}
@inproceedings{borin-etal-2012-search,
    title = "Search Result Diversification Methods to Assist Lexicographers",
    author = "Borin, Lars  and
      Forsberg, Markus  and
      Friberg Heppin, Karin  and
      Johansson, Richard  and
      Kjellandsson, Annika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3614",
    pages = "113--117",
}
@inproceedings{przepiorkowski-lenart-2012-simultaneous,
    title = "Simultaneous error detection at two levels of syntactic annotation",
    author = "Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam  and
      Lenart, Micha{\l}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3615",
    pages = "118--123",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-xue-2012-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Temporal Vagueness with Mechanical Turk",
    author = "Zhou, Yuping  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3616",
    pages = "124--128",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2012-developing,
    title = "Developing Learner Corpus Annotation for {K}orean Particle Errors",
    author = "Lee, Sun-Hee  and
      Dickinson, Markus  and
      Israel, Ross",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3617",
    pages = "129--133",
}
@inproceedings{bonin-etal-2012-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Archaeological Texts: An Example of Domain-Specific Annotation in the Humanities",
    author = "Bonin, Francesca  and
      Cavulli, Fabio  and
      Noriller, Aronne  and
      Poesio, Massimo  and
      Stemle, Egon W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3618",
    pages = "134--138",
}
@inproceedings{cadilhac-etal-2012-annotating-preferences,
    title = "Annotating Preferences in Chats for Strategic Games",
    author = {Cadilhac, Ana{\"\i}s  and
      Asher, Nicholas  and
      Benamara, Farah},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3619",
    pages = "139--143",
}
@inproceedings{cakici-2012-morpheme,
    title = "Morpheme Segmentation in the {METU}-Sabanc{\i} {T}urkish Treebank",
    author = "Cakici, Ruket",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3620",
    pages = "144--148",
}
@inproceedings{papazian-etal-2012-alvisae,
    title = "{A}lvis{AE}: a collaborative Web text annotation editor for knowledge acquisition",
    author = "Papazian, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Bossy, Robert  and
      N{\'e}dellec, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3621",
    pages = "149--152",
}
@inproceedings{kim-wang-2012-csaf,
    title = "{CSAF} - a community-sourcing annotation framework",
    author = "Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Wang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3622",
    pages = "153--156",
}
@inproceedings{bhat-sharma-2012-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Treebank of {U}rdu and its Evaluation",
    author = "Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3623",
    pages = "157--165",
}
@inproceedings{maier-etal-2012-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Coordination in the {P}enn Treebank",
    author = {Maier, Wolfgang  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      Krivanek, Julia},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3624",
    pages = "166--174",
}
@inproceedings{lee-song-2012-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Particle Realization and Ellipsis in {K}orean",
    author = "Lee, Sun-Hee  and
      Song, Jae-young",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3625",
    pages = "175--183",
}
@inproceedings{bracewell-etal-2012-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Adversarial and Collegial Social Actions in Discourse",
    author = "Bracewell, David  and
      Tomlinson, Marc  and
      Brunson, Mary  and
      Plymale, Jesse  and
      Bracewell, Jiajun  and
      Boerger, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3626",
    pages = "184--192",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-approaches-subjectivity,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop in Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Montoyo, Andres  and
      Barco, Patricio Martinez  and
      Boldrini, Ester",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3700",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-2012-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop in Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3701",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{wiebe-2012-subjectivity,
    title = "Subjectivity Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop in Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3702",
    pages = "2",
}
@inproceedings{montejo-raez-etal-2012-random,
    title = "Random Walk Weighting over {S}enti{W}ord{N}et for Sentiment Polarity Detection on Twitter",
    author = "Montejo-R{\'a}ez, Arturo  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-C{\'a}mara, Eugenio  and
      Mart{\'\i}n-Valdivia, M. Teresa  and
      Ure{\~n}a-L{\'o}pez, L. Alfonso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop in Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3703",
    pages = "3--10",
}
@inproceedings{bakliwal-etal-2012-mining,
    title = "Mining Sentiments from Tweets",
    author = "Bakliwal, Akshat  and
      Arora, Piyush  and
      Madhappan, Senthil  and
      Kapre, Nikhil  and
      Singh, Mukesh  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop in Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3704",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{abdul-mageed-etal-2012-samar,
    title = "{SAMAR}: A System for Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis of {A}rabic Social Media",
    author = "Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad  and
      Kuebler, Sandra  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop in Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3705",
    pages = "19--28",
}
@inproceedings{bonev-etal-2012-opinum,
    title = "{O}pinum: statistical sentiment analysis for opinion classification",
    author = "Bonev, Boyan  and
      Ram{\'\i}rez-S{\'a}nchez, Gema  and
      Ortiz Rojas, Sergio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop in Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3706",
    pages = "29--37",
}
@inproceedings{das-gamback-2012-sentimantics,
    title = "{S}entimantics: Conceptual Spaces for Lexical Sentiment Polarity Representation with Contextuality",
    author = {Das, Amitava  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop in Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3707",
    pages = "38--46",
}
@inproceedings{ando-ishizaki-2012-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Travel Review Data from Reader{'}s Point of View",
    author = "Ando, Maya  and
      Ishizaki, Shun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop in Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3708",
    pages = "47--51",
}
@inproceedings{balahur-turchi-2012-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Sentiment Analysis using Machine Translation?",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Turchi, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop in Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3709",
    pages = "52--60",
}
@inproceedings{yin-etal-2012-unifying,
    title = "Unifying Local and Global Agreement and Disagreement Classification in Online Debates",
    author = "Yin, Jie  and
      Narang, Nalin  and
      Thomas, Paul  and
      Paris, Cecile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop in Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3710",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@inproceedings{ghazi-etal-2012-prior,
    title = "Prior versus Contextual Emotion of a Word in a Sentence",
    author = "Ghazi, Diman  and
      Inkpen, Diana  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop in Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3711",
    pages = "70--78",
}
@inproceedings{smith-lee-2012-cross,
    title = "Cross-discourse Development of Supervised Sentiment Analysis in the Clinical Domain",
    author = "Smith, Phillip  and
      Lee, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop in Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3712",
    pages = "79--83",
}
@inproceedings{reschke-anand-2012-political,
    title = "{POLITICAL}-{ADS}: An annotated corpus for modeling event-level evaluativity",
    author = "Reschke, Kevin  and
      Anand, Pranav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop in Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3713",
    pages = "84--88",
}
@inproceedings{ptaszynski-etal-2012-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Annotating A Five-Billion-Word Corpus of {J}apanese Blogs for Affect and Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Ptaszynski, Michal  and
      Rzepka, Rafal  and
      Araki, Kenji  and
      Momouchi, Yoshio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop in Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3714",
    pages = "89--98",
}
@inproceedings{berend-vincze-2012-evaluate,
    title = "How to Evaluate Opinionated Keyphrase Extraction?",
    author = "Berend, G{\'a}bor  and
      Vincze, Veronika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop in Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3715",
    pages = "99--103",
}
@inproceedings{ruppenhofer-rehbein-2012-semantic,
    title = "Semantic frames as an anchor representation for sentiment analysis",
    author = "Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Rehbein, Ines",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop in Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3716",
    pages = "104--109",
}
@inproceedings{bogdanova-etal-2012-impact,
    title = "On the Impact of Sentiment and Emotion Based Features in Detecting Online Sexual Predators",
    author = "Bogdanova, Dasha  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop in Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3717",
    pages = "110--118",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-extra,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Morante, Roser  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3800",
}
@inproceedings{womack-etal-2012-disfluencies,
    title = "Disfluencies as Extra-Propositional Indicators of Cognitive Processing",
    author = "Womack, Kathryn  and
      McCoy, Wilson  and
      Ovesdotter Alm, Cecilia  and
      Calvelli, Cara  and
      Pelz, Jeff B.  and
      Shi, Pengcheng  and
      Haake, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3801",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{benamara-etal-2012-negation,
    title = "How do Negation and Modality Impact on Opinions?",
    author = "Benamara, Farah  and
      Chardon, Baptiste  and
      Mathieu, Yannick  and
      Popescu, Vladimir  and
      Asher, Nicholas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3802",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{mccoy-etal-2012-linking,
    title = "Linking Uncertainty in Physicians{'} Narratives to Diagnostic Correctness",
    author = "McCoy, Wilson  and
      Ovesdotter Alm, Cecilia  and
      Calvelli, Cara  and
      Pelz, Jeff B.  and
      Shi, Pengcheng  and
      Haake, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3803",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{velldal-read-2012-factuality,
    title = "Factuality Detection on the Cheap: Inferring Factuality for Increased Precision in Detecting Negated Events",
    author = "Velldal, Erik  and
      Read, Jonathon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3804",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{moncecchi-etal-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving Speculative Language Detection using Linguistic Knowledge",
    author = "Moncecchi, Guillermo  and
      Minel, Jean-Luc  and
      Wonsever, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3805",
    pages = "37--46",
}
@inproceedings{stenetorp-etal-2012-bridging,
    title = "Bridging the Gap Between Scope-based and Event-based Negation/Speculation Annotations: A Bridge Not Too Far",
    author = "Stenetorp, Pontus  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3806",
    pages = "47--56",
}
@inproceedings{prabhakaran-etal-2012-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Modality Tagging from Rule-based Annotations and Crowdsourcing",
    author = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Bloodgood, Michael  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Dorr, Bonnie  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Piatko, Christine D.  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3807",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{anand-martell-2012-annotating,
    title = "Annotating the Focus of Negation in terms of Questions Under Discussion",
    author = "Anand, Pranav  and
      Martell, Craig",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3808",
    pages = "65--69",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2012-hedge,
    title = "Hedge Detection as a Lens on Framing in the {GMO} Debates: A Position Paper",
    author = "Choi, Eunsol  and
      Tan, Chenhao  and
      Lee, Lillian  and
      Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian  and
      Spindel, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3809",
    pages = "70--79",
}
@inproceedings{conrad-etal-2012-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Arguing Subjectivity and Argument Tags",
    author = "Conrad, Alexander  and
      Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3810",
    pages = "80--88",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-multilingual,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Multilingual Modeling",
    author = "Jagarlamudi, Jagadeesh  and
      Ravi, Sujith  and
      Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Daume III, Hal",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3900",
}
@inproceedings{sofianopoulos-etal-2012-implementing,
    title = "Implementing a Language-Independent {MT} Methodology",
    author = "Sofianopoulos, Sokratis  and
      Vassiliou, Marina  and
      Tambouratzis, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Multilingual Modeling",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3901",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{bhagavatula-etal-2012-language,
    title = "Language Independent Named Entity Identification using {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Bhagavatula, Mahathi  and
      GSK, Santosh  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Multilingual Modeling",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3902",
    pages = "11--17",
}
@inproceedings{ramasamy-etal-2012-study,
    title = "The Study of Effect of Length in Morphological Segmentation of Agglutinative Languages",
    author = "Ramasamy, Loganathan  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k  and
      Vajjala, Sowmya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Multilingual Modeling",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3903",
    pages = "18--24",
}
@inproceedings{granada-etal-2012-comparable,
    title = "A Comparable Corpus Based on Aligned Multilingual Ontologies",
    author = "Granada, Roger  and
      Lopes, Lucelene  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Trojahn, Cassia  and
      Vieira, Renata  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Multilingual Modeling",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-3904",
    pages = "25--31",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-peoples,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the People{'}s Web Meets {NLP}: Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources and their Applications to {NLP}",
    author = "Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Zamorani, Nicoletta Calzolari  and
      Kim, Jungi",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4000",
}
@inproceedings{musat-etal-2012-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis Using a Novel Human Computation Game",
    author = "Musat, Claudiu-Cristian  and
      Ghasemi, Alireza  and
      Faltings, Boi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the People{'}s Web Meets {NLP}: Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources and their Applications to {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{mangeot-ramisch-2012-serious,
    title = "A Serious Game for Building a {P}ortuguese Lexical-Semantic Network",
    author = "Mangeot, Mathieu  and
      Ramisch, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the People{'}s Web Meets {NLP}: Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources and their Applications to {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4002",
    pages = "10--14",
}
@inproceedings{wasala-etal-2012-collaboratively,
    title = "Collaboratively Building Language Resources while Localising the Web",
    author = {Wasala, Asanka  and
      Sch{\"a}ler, Reinhard  and
      Weerasinghe, Ruvan  and
      Exton, Chris},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the People{'}s Web Meets {NLP}: Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources and their Applications to {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4003",
    pages = "15--19",
}
@inproceedings{yang-2012-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Task Specification and Path Inconsistency in Taxonomy Construction",
    author = "Yang, Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the People{'}s Web Meets {NLP}: Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources and their Applications to {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4004",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{gunes-etal-2012-eager,
    title = "{EAGER}: Extending Automatically Gazetteers for Entity Recognition",
    author = "Gunes, Omer Farukhan  and
      Furche, Tim  and
      Schallhart, Christian  and
      Lehmann, Jens  and
      Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the People{'}s Web Meets {NLP}: Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources and their Applications to {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4005",
    pages = "29--33",
}
@inproceedings{cabrio-etal-2012-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Context-Rich Entailment Rules from {W}ikipedia Revision History",
    author = "Cabrio, Elena  and
      Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Ivanova, Angelina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the People{'}s Web Meets {NLP}: Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources and their Applications to {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4006",
    pages = "34--43",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-textgraphs,
    title = "Workshop Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-7: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Matveeva, Irina  and
      Hassan, Ahmed  and
      Dias, Gael",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4100",
}
@inproceedings{ebrahimi-saniee-abadeh-2012-new,
    title = "A New Parametric Estimation Method for Graph-based Clustering",
    author = "Ebrahimi, Javid  and
      Saniee Abadeh, Mohammad",
    booktitle = "Workshop Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-7: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4101",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-etal-2012-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Signed Social Networks from Text",
    author = "Hassan, Ahmed  and
      Abu-Jbara, Amjad  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Workshop Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-7: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4102",
    pages = "6--14",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using Link Analysis to Discover Interesting Messages Spread Across Twitter",
    author = "Yang, Min-Chul  and
      Lee, Jung-Tae  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Workshop Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-7: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4103",
    pages = "15--19",
}
@inproceedings{minkov-cohen-2012-graph,
    title = "Graph Based Similarity Measures for Synonym Extraction from Parsed Text",
    author = "Minkov, Einat  and
      Cohen, William",
    booktitle = "Workshop Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-7: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4104",
    pages = "20--24",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-ock-2012-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Relatedness for Biomedical Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Nguyen, Kiem-Hieu  and
      Ock, Cheol-Young",
    booktitle = "Workshop Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-7: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4105",
    pages = "25--29",
}
@inproceedings{melli-2012-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Untyped Relation Mentions in a Corpus given an Ontology",
    author = "Melli, Gabor",
    booktitle = "Workshop Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-7: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4106",
    pages = "30--38",
}
@inproceedings{kozareva-2012-cause,
    title = "Cause-Effect Relation Learning",
    author = "Kozareva, Zornitsa",
    booktitle = "Workshop Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-7: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4107",
    pages = "39--43",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2012-bringing,
    title = "Bringing the Associative Ability to Social Tag Recommendation",
    author = "Fan, Miao  and
      Xiao, Yingnan  and
      Zhou, Qiang",
    booktitle = "Workshop Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-7: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4108",
    pages = "44--54",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-syntax,
    title = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4200",
}
@inproceedings{apidianaki-etal-2012-wsd,
    title = "{WSD} for n-best reranking and local language modeling in {SMT}",
    author = "Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Sokolov, Artem  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4201",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-linguistically-enriched,
    title = "Linguistically-Enriched Models for {B}ulgarian-to-{E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Simov, Kiril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4202",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{wetzel-bond-2012-enriching,
    title = "Enriching Parallel Corpora for Statistical Machine Translation with Semantic Negation Rephrasing",
    author = "Wetzel, Dominikus  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4203",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-wu-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards a Predicate-Argument Evaluation for {MT}",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4204",
    pages = "30--38",
}
@inproceedings{rosa-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using Parallel Features in Parsing of Machine-Translated Sentences for Correction of Grammatical Errors",
    author = "Rosa, Rudolf  and
      Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      Popel, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4205",
    pages = "39--48",
}
@inproceedings{lo-wu-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised vs. supervised weight estimation for semantic {MT} evaluation metrics",
    author = "Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4206",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2012-head,
    title = "Head Finalization Reordering for {C}hinese-to-{J}apanese Machine Translation",
    author = "Han, Dan  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Wu, Xianchao  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Tsukada, Hajime  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4207",
    pages = "57--66",
}
@inproceedings{haugereid-bond-2012-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Semantic Transfer Rules from Parallel Corpora with {SMT} Phrase Aligners",
    author = "Haugereid, Petter  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4208",
    pages = "67--75",
}
@inproceedings{quernheim-knight-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards Probabilistic Acceptors and Transducers for Feature Structures",
    author = "Quernheim, Daniel  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4209",
    pages = "76--85",
}
@inproceedings{arcan-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using Domain-specific and Collaborative Resources for Term Translation",
    author = "Arcan, Mihael  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4210",
    pages = "86--94",
}
@inproceedings{arora-sinha-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving Statistical Machine Translation through co-joining parts of verbal constructs in {E}nglish-{H}indi translation",
    author = "Arora, Karunesh Kumar  and
      Sinha, R Mahesh K",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4211",
    pages = "95--101",
}
@inproceedings{koeva-etal-2012-application,
    title = "Application of Clause Alignment for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Koeva, Svetla  and
      Leseva, Svetlozara  and
      Stoyanova, Ivelina  and
      Dekova, Rositsa  and
      Genov, Angel  and
      Rizov, Borislav  and
      Dimitrova, Tsvetana  and
      Tarpomanova, Ekaterina  and
      Kukova, Hristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4212",
    pages = "102--110",
}
@inproceedings{taira-etal-2012-zero,
    title = "Zero Pronoun Resolution can Improve the Quality of J-E Translation",
    author = "Taira, Hirotoshi  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4213",
    pages = "111--118",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-detecting,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Detecting Structure in Scholarly Discourse",
    author = "Bosch, Antal Van Den  and
      Shatkay, Hagit",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4300",
}
@inproceedings{park-blake-2012-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Comparative Claim Sentences in Full-Text Scientific Articles",
    author = "Park, Dae Hoon  and
      Blake, Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Detecting Structure in Scholarly Discourse",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4301",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{sandor-de-waard-2012-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Claimed Knowledge Updates in Biomedical Research Articles",
    author = "S{\'a}ndor, {\'A}gnes  and
      de Waard, Anita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Detecting Structure in Scholarly Discourse",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4302",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{athar-teufel-2012-detection,
    title = "Detection of Implicit Citations for Sentiment Detection",
    author = "Athar, Awais  and
      Teufel, Simone",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Detecting Structure in Scholarly Discourse",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4303",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{ohta-etal-2012-open,
    title = "Open-domain Anatomical Entity Mention Detection",
    author = "Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Detecting Structure in Scholarly Discourse",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4304",
    pages = "27--36",
}
@inproceedings{liakata-etal-2012-three,
    title = "A three-way perspective on scientific discourse annotation for knowledge extraction",
    author = "Liakata, Maria  and
      Thompson, Paul  and
      de Waard, Anita  and
      Nawaz, Raheel  and
      Pander Maat, Henk  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Detecting Structure in Scholarly Discourse",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4305",
    pages = "37--46",
}
@inproceedings{de-waard-pander-maat-2012-epistemic,
    title = "Epistemic Modality and Knowledge Attribution in Scientific Discourse: A Taxonomy of Types and Overview of Features",
    author = "de Waard, Anita  and
      Pander Maat, Henk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Detecting Structure in Scholarly Discourse",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4306",
    pages = "47--55",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-named,
    title = "Proceedings of the 4th Named Entity Workshop ({NEWS}) 2012",
    author = "Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou  and
      Kumaran, A",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4400",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-whitepaper,
    title = "Whitepaper of {NEWS} 2012 Shared Task on Machine Transliteration",
    author = "Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou  and
      Kumaran, A  and
      Liu, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Named Entity Workshop ({NEWS}) 2012",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4401",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-report,
    title = "Report of {NEWS} 2012 Machine Transliteration Shared Task",
    author = "Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou  and
      Kumaran, A  and
      Liu, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Named Entity Workshop ({NEWS}) 2012",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4402",
    pages = "10--20",
}
@inproceedings{munro-manning-2012-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Unsupervised Joint Named-Entity Extraction from Unaligned Parallel Text",
    author = "Munro, Robert  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Named Entity Workshop ({NEWS}) 2012",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4403",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{hagiwara-sekine-2012-latent,
    title = "Latent Semantic Transliteration using {D}irichlet Mixture",
    author = "Hagiwara, Masato  and
      Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Named Entity Workshop ({NEWS}) 2012",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4404",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{simon-nemeskey-2012-automatically,
    title = "Automatically generated {NE} tagged corpora for {E}nglish and {H}ungarian",
    author = "Simon, Eszter  and
      Nemeskey, D{\'a}vid M{\'a}rk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Named Entity Workshop ({NEWS}) 2012",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4405",
    pages = "38--46",
}
@inproceedings{finch-etal-2012-rescoring,
    title = "Rescoring a Phrase-based Machine Transliteration System with Recurrent Neural Network Language Models",
    author = "Finch, Andrew  and
      Dixon, Paul  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Named Entity Workshop ({NEWS}) 2012",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4406",
    pages = "47--51",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-syllable,
    title = "Syllable-based Machine Transliteration with Extra Phrase Features",
    author = "Zhang, Chunyue  and
      Li, Tingting  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Named Entity Workshop ({NEWS}) 2012",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4407",
    pages = "52--56",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2012-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-{K}orean Named Entity Transliteration Using Substring Alignment and Re-ranking Methods",
    author = "Wu, Chun-Kai  and
      Wang, Yu-Chun  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Named Entity Workshop ({NEWS}) 2012",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4408",
    pages = "57--60",
}
@inproceedings{okuno-2012-applying,
    title = "Applying mpaligner to Machine Transliteration with {J}apanese-Specific Heuristics",
    author = "Okuno, Yoh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Named Entity Workshop ({NEWS}) 2012",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4409",
    pages = "61--65",
}
@inproceedings{ammar-etal-2012-transliteration,
    title = "Transliteration by Sequence Labeling with Lattice Encodings and Reranking",
    author = "Ammar, Waleed  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Smith, Noah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Named Entity Workshop ({NEWS}) 2012",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4410",
    pages = "66--70",
}
@inproceedings{kondrak-etal-2012-transliteration,
    title = "Transliteration Experiments on {C}hinese and {A}rabic",
    author = "Kondrak, Grzegorz  and
      Li, Xingkai  and
      Salameh, Mohammad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Named Entity Workshop ({NEWS}) 2012",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4411",
    pages = "71--75",
}
@inproceedings{kuo-etal-2012-cost,
    title = "Cost-benefit Analysis of Two-Stage Conditional Random Fields based {E}nglish-to-{C}hinese Machine Transliteration",
    author = "Kuo, Chan-Hung  and
      Liu, Shih-Hung  and
      Jiang, Mike Tian-Jian  and
      Lee, Cheng-Wei  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Named Entity Workshop ({NEWS}) 2012",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4412",
    pages = "76--80",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-joint-emnlp,
    title = "Joint Conference on {EMNLP} and {C}o{NLL} - Shared Task",
    author = "Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4500",
}
@inproceedings{pradhan-etal-2012-conll,
    title = "{C}o{NLL}-2012 Shared Task: Modeling Multilingual Unrestricted Coreference in {O}nto{N}otes",
    author = "Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Xue, Nianwen  and
      Uryupina, Olga  and
      Zhang, Yuchen",
    booktitle = "Joint Conference on {EMNLP} and {C}o{NLL} - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4501",
    pages = "1--40",
}
@inproceedings{fernandes-etal-2012-latent,
    title = "Latent Structure Perceptron with Feature Induction for Unrestricted Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Fernandes, Eraldo  and
      dos Santos, C{\'\i}cero  and
      Milidi{\'u}, Ruy",
    booktitle = "Joint Conference on {EMNLP} and {C}o{NLL} - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4502",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{bjorkelund-farkas-2012-data,
    title = "Data-driven Multilingual Coreference Resolution using Resolver Stacking",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rkelund, Anders  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd},
    booktitle = "Joint Conference on {EMNLP} and {C}o{NLL} - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4503",
    pages = "49--55",
}
@inproceedings{chen-ng-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining the Best of Two Worlds: A Hybrid Approach to Multilingual Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Chen, Chen  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Joint Conference on {EMNLP} and {C}o{NLL} - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4504",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{stamborg-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using Syntactic Dependencies to Solve Coreferences",
    author = "Stamborg, Marcus  and
      Medved, Dennis  and
      Exner, Peter  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Joint Conference on {EMNLP} and {C}o{NLL} - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4505",
    pages = "64--70",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-liu-2012-ict-system,
    title = "{ICT}: System Description for {C}o{NLL}-2012",
    author = "Xiong, Hao  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Joint Conference on {EMNLP} and {C}o{NLL} - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4506",
    pages = "71--75",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-etal-2012-mixed,
    title = "A Mixed Deterministic Model for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Yuan, Bo  and
      Chen, Qingcai  and
      Xiang, Yang  and
      Wang, Xiaolong  and
      Ge, Liping  and
      Liu, Zengjian  and
      Liao, Meng  and
      Si, Xianbo",
    booktitle = "Joint Conference on {EMNLP} and {C}o{NLL} - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4507",
    pages = "76--82",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-simple,
    title = "Simple Maximum Entropy Models for Multilingual Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Li, Xinxin  and
      Wang, Xuan  and
      Liao, Xingwei",
    booktitle = "Joint Conference on {EMNLP} and {C}o{NLL} - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4508",
    pages = "83--87",
}
@inproceedings{zhekova-etal-2012-ubiu,
    title = "{UBIU} for Multilingual Coreference Resolution in {O}nto{N}otes",
    author = {Zhekova, Desislava  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Bonner, Joshua  and
      Ragheb, Marwa  and
      Hsu, Yu-Yin},
    booktitle = "Joint Conference on {EMNLP} and {C}o{NLL} - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4509",
    pages = "88--94",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Coreference Resolution via Ordered Filtering",
    author = "Zhang, Xiaotian  and
      Wu, Chunyang  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Joint Conference on {EMNLP} and {C}o{NLL} - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4510",
    pages = "95--99",
}
@inproceedings{martschat-etal-2012-multigraph,
    title = "A Multigraph Model for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Martschat, Sebastian  and
      Cai, Jie  and
      Broscheit, Samuel  and
      M{\'u}jdricza-Maydt, {\'E}va  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Joint Conference on {EMNLP} and {C}o{NLL} - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4511",
    pages = "100--106",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2012-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Rule-based and Statistic-based Techniques for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Xu, Ruifeng  and
      Xu, Jun  and
      Liu, Jie  and
      Liu, Chengxiang  and
      Zou, Chengtian  and
      Gui, Lin  and
      Zheng, Yanzhen  and
      Qu, Peng",
    booktitle = "Joint Conference on {EMNLP} and {C}o{NLL} - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4512",
    pages = "107--112",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2012-illinois,
    title = "{I}llinois-Coref: The {UI} System in the {C}o{NLL}-2012 Shared Task",
    author = "Chang, Kai-Wei  and
      Samdani, Rajhans  and
      Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Sammons, Mark  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Joint Conference on {EMNLP} and {C}o{NLL} - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4513",
    pages = "113--117",
}
@inproceedings{shou-zhao-2012-system,
    title = "System paper for {C}o{NLL}-2012 shared task: Hybrid Rule-based Algorithm for Coreference Resolution.",
    author = "Shou, Heming  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Joint Conference on {EMNLP} and {C}o{NLL} - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4514",
    pages = "118--121",
}
@inproceedings{uryupina-etal-2012-bart,
    title = "{BART} goes multilingual: The {U}ni{TN} / Essex submission to the {C}o{NLL}-2012 Shared Task",
    author = "Uryupina, Olga  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Joint Conference on {EMNLP} and {C}o{NLL} - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4515",
    pages = "122--128",
}
@inproceedings{li-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning to Model Multilingual Unrestricted Coreference in {O}nto{N}otes",
    author = "Li, Baoli",
    booktitle = "Joint Conference on {EMNLP} and {C}o{NLL} - Shared Task",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4516",
    pages = "129--135",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    author = "Satta, Giorgio  and
      Han, Chung-Hye",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4600",
}
@inproceedings{chen-main-etal-2012-delayed,
    title = "Delayed Tree-Locality, Set-locality, and Clitic Climbing",
    author = "Chen-Main, Joan  and
      Bleam, Tonia  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4601",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{storoshenko-frank-2012-deriving,
    title = "Deriving syntax-semantics mappings: node linking, type shifting and scope ambiguity",
    author = "Storoshenko, Dennis Ryan  and
      Frank, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4602",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{graf-2012-tree,
    title = "Tree Adjunction as Minimalist Lowering",
    author = "Graf, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4603",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{zinova-kallmeyer-2012-frame,
    title = "A Frame-Based Semantics of Locative Alternation in {LTAG}",
    author = "Zinova, Yulia  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4604",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{monnich-2012-logical,
    title = "A Logical Characterization of Extended {TAG}s",
    author = {M{\"o}nnich, Uwe},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4605",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{lichte-2012-synchronous,
    title = "Synchronous Tree Unification Grammar",
    author = "Lichte, Timm",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4606",
    pages = "46--54",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-vogler-2012-synchronous,
    title = "Synchronous Context-Free Tree Grammars",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Vogler, Heiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4607",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{sayeed-demberg-2012-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Neo-Davidsonian semantic construction for {TAG}",
    author = "Sayeed, Asad  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4608",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{balogh-2012-representing,
    title = "Representing Focus in {LTAG}",
    author = "Balogh, Kata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4609",
    pages = "73--81",
}
@inproceedings{schang-etal-2012-describing,
    title = "Describing S{\~a}o Tomense Using a Tree-Adjoining Meta-Grammar",
    author = "Schang, Emmanuel  and
      Duchier, Denys  and
      Magnana Ekoukou, Brunelle  and
      Parmentier, Yannick  and
      Petitjean, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4610",
    pages = "82--89",
}
@inproceedings{yoshinaka-2012-attempt,
    title = "An Attempt Towards Learning Semantics: Distributional Learning of {IO} Context-Free Tree Grammars",
    author = "Yoshinaka, Ryo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4611",
    pages = "90--98",
}
@inproceedings{chen-main-2012-delayed,
    title = "Delayed Tree Locality and the Status of Derivation Structure",
    author = "Chen-Main, Joan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4612",
    pages = "99--107",
}
@inproceedings{kallmeyer-kuhlmann-2012-formal,
    title = "A Formal Model for Plausible Dependencies in Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Kuhlmann, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4613",
    pages = "108--116",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-perez-beltrachini-2012-using,
    title = "Using {FB}-{LTAG} Derivation Trees to Generate Transformation-Based Grammar Exercises",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Perez-Beltrachini, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4614",
    pages = "117--125",
}
@inproceedings{maier-etal-2012-plcfrs,
    title = "{PLCFRS} Parsing Revisited: Restricting the Fan-Out to Two",
    author = "Maier, Wolfgang  and
      Kaeshammer, Miriam  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4615",
    pages = "126--134",
}
@inproceedings{koller-kuhlmann-2012-decomposing,
    title = "Decomposing {TAG} Algorithms Using Simple Algebraizations",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Kuhlmann, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4616",
    pages = "135--143",
}
@inproceedings{ljunglof-2012-practical,
    title = "Practical Parsing of Parallel Multiple Context-Free Grammars",
    author = {Ljungl{\"o}f, Peter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4617",
    pages = "144--152",
}
@inproceedings{kobele-2012-idioms,
    title = "Idioms and extended transducers",
    author = "Kobele, Gregory M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4618",
    pages = "153--161",
}
@inproceedings{bhatt-etal-2012-creating,
    title = "Creating a Tree Adjoining Grammar from a Multilayer Treebank",
    author = "Bhatt, Rajesh  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4619",
    pages = "162--170",
}
@inproceedings{muresan-2012-search,
    title = "Search Space Properties for Learning a Class of Constraint-based Grammars",
    author = "Muresan, Smaranda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4620",
    pages = "171--179",
}
@inproceedings{osterholzer-stuber-2012-state,
    title = "State-Split for Hypergraphs with an Application to Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = {Osterholzer, Johannes  and
      St{\"u}ber, Torsten},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4621",
    pages = "180--188",
}
@inproceedings{graf-abner-2012-syntactic,
    title = "Is Syntactic Binding Rational?",
    author = "Graf, Thomas  and
      Abner, Natasha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4622",
    pages = "189--197",
}
@inproceedings{demberg-2012-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Derivations in {CCG}",
    author = "Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4623",
    pages = "198--206",
}
@inproceedings{kobele-michaelis-2012-form,
    title = "On the Form-Meaning Relations Definable by {C}o{TAG}s",
    author = "Kobele, Gregory M.  and
      Michaelis, Jens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4624",
    pages = "207--213",
}
@inproceedings{ribeyre-etal-2012-linguistically,
    title = "A linguistically-motivated 2-stage Tree to Graph Transformation",
    author = "Ribeyre, Corentin  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      Villemonte de la Clergerie, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4625",
    pages = "214--222",
}
@inproceedings{freedman-2012-scope,
    title = "Scope Economy and {TAG} Locality",
    author = "Freedman, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4626",
    pages = "223--231",
}
@inproceedings{frank-storoshenko-2012-shape,
    title = "The Shape of Elementary Trees and Scope Possibilities in {STAG}",
    author = "Frank, Robert  and
      Storoshenko, Dennis Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms ({TAG}+11)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Paris, France",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4627",
    pages = "232--240",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-advances,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Discourse Analysis and its Computational Aspects",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Pol{\'a}kov{\'a}, Lucie  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4700",
}
@inproceedings{kulkarni-das-2012-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Analysis of {S}anskrit texts",
    author = "Kulkarni, Amba  and
      Das, Monali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Discourse Analysis and its Computational Aspects",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4701",
    pages = "1--16",
}
@inproceedings{zahri-etal-2012-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Discourse Relations between Sentences for Text Clustering",
    author = "Zahri, Nik Adilah Hanin Binti  and
      Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Matsuyoshi, Suguru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Discourse Analysis and its Computational Aspects",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4702",
    pages = "17--32",
}
@inproceedings{asr-demberg-2012-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Strength of Linguistic Cues for Discourse Relations",
    author = "Asr, Fatemeh Torabi  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Discourse Analysis and its Computational Aspects",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4703",
    pages = "33--42",
}
@inproceedings{jinova-etal-2012-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automatic Annotation of Intra-Sentential Discourse Relations in {PDT}",
    author = "J{\'\i}nov{\'a}, Pavl{\'\i}na  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      Pol{\'a}kov{\'a}, Lucie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Discourse Analysis and its Computational Aspects",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4704",
    pages = "43--58",
}
@inproceedings{peldszus-schlangen-2012-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Construction of Robust but Deep Semantic Representations for Use in Responsive Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Peldszus, Andreas  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Discourse Analysis and its Computational Aspects",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4705",
    pages = "59--76",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-advances-text,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods",
    author = "Bali, Kalika  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Okuno, Yoh",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4800",
}
@inproceedings{maeta-mori-2012-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Input Method based on a Phrase Class n-gram Model",
    author = "Maeta, Hirokuni  and
      Mori, Shinsuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4801",
    pages = "1--14",
}
@inproceedings{okuno-mori-2012-ensemble,
    title = "An Ensemble Model of Word-based and Character-based Models for {J}apanese and {C}hinese Input Method",
    author = "Okuno, Yoh  and
      Mori, Shinsuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4802",
    pages = "15--28",
}
@inproceedings{brouillette-etal-2012-multi,
    title = "Multi-objective Optimization for Efficient {B}rahmic Keyboards",
    author = "Brouillette, Albert  and
      Sarmah, Devraj  and
      Kalita, Jugal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4803",
    pages = "29--44",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using Collocations and K-means Clustering to Improve the N-pos Model for {J}apanese {IME}",
    author = "Chen, Long  and
      Wu, Xianchao  and
      He, Jingzhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4804",
    pages = "45--56",
}
@inproceedings{hayashibe-etal-2012-phloat,
    title = "phloat : Integrated Writing Environment for {ESL} learners",
    author = "Hayashibe, Yuta  and
      Hagiwara, Masato  and
      Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4805",
    pages = "57--72",
}
@inproceedings{salam-etal-2012-bangla,
    title = "Bangla Phonetic Input Method with Foreign Words Handling",
    author = "Salam, Khan Md. Anwarus  and
      Yamada, Setsuo  and
      Nishino, Tetsuro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4806",
    pages = "73--78",
}
@inproceedings{saharia-konwar-2012-luitpad,
    title = "{L}uit{P}ad: A fully {U}nicode compatible {A}ssamese writing software",
    author = "Saharia, Navanath  and
      Konwar, Kishori M",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4807",
    pages = "79--88",
}
@inproceedings{chalabi-gerges-2012-romanized,
    title = "{R}omanized {A}rabic Transliteration",
    author = "Chalabi, Achraf  and
      Gerges, Hany",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4808",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{dasgupta-etal-2012-forward,
    title = "Forward Transliteration of Dzongkha Text to Braille",
    author = "Dasgupta, Tirthankar  and
      Sinha, Manjira  and
      Basu, Anupam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4809",
    pages = "97--106",
}
@inproceedings{h-2012-quillpad,
    title = "Quillpad Multilingual Predictive Transliteration System",
    author = "H, Ram Prakash",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4810",
    pages = "107--114",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-eye,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Eye-tracking and Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Carl, Michael  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Choudhary, Kamal Kumar",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4900",
}
@inproceedings{crocker-2012-grounding,
    title = "Grounding spoken interaction with real-time gaze in dynamic virtual environments",
    author = "Crocker, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Eye-tracking and Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4901",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{alves-etal-2012-identifying,
    title = "Identifying instances of processing effort in translation through heat maps: an eye-tracking study using multiple input sources",
    author = "Alves, Fabio  and
      Gon{\c{c}}alves, Jos{\'e} Luiz  and
      Szpak, Karina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Eye-tracking and Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4902",
    pages = "5--20",
}
@inproceedings{rauzy-blache-2012-robustness,
    title = "Robustness and processing difficulty models. A pilot study for eye-tracking data on the {F}rench Treebank",
    author = "Rauzy, St{\'e}phane  and
      Blache, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Eye-tracking and Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4903",
    pages = "21--36",
}
@inproceedings{von-der-malsburg-etal-2012-scanpaths,
    title = "Scanpaths in reading are informative about sentence processing",
    author = "von der Malsburg, Titus  and
      Vasishth, Shravan  and
      Kliegl, Reinhold",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Eye-tracking and Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4904",
    pages = "37--54",
}
@inproceedings{hara-etal-2012-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Word Fixations in Text with a {CRF} Model for Capturing General Reading Strategies among Readers",
    author = "Hara, Tadayoshi  and
      Mochihashi, Daichi  and
      Kano, Yoshinobu  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Eye-tracking and Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4905",
    pages = "55--70",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-etal-2012-heuristic,
    title = "A heuristic-based approach for systematic error correction of gaze data for reading",
    author = "Mishra, Abhijit  and
      Carl, Michael  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Eye-tracking and Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-4906",
    pages = "71--80",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-south,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Malik, Abbas",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5000",
}
@inproceedings{prasad-virk-2012-computational,
    title = "Computational evidence that {H}indi and {U}rdu share a grammar but not the lexicon",
    author = "Prasad, K.V.S  and
      Virk, Shafqat Mumtaz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5001",
    pages = "1--14",
}
@inproceedings{kruengkrai-etal-2012-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Relation Extraction from a Cultural Database",
    author = "Kruengkrai, Canasai  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Buranasing, Watchira  and
      Charoenporn, Thatsanee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5002",
    pages = "15--24",
}
@inproceedings{banerjee-bandyopadhyay-2012-bengali,
    title = "{B}engali Question Classification: Towards Developing {QA} System",
    author = "Banerjee, Somnath  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5003",
    pages = "25--40",
}
@inproceedings{debbarma-etal-2012-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Analyzer for Kokborok",
    author = "Debbarma, Khumbar  and
      Patra, Braja Gopal  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5004",
    pages = "41--52",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2012-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Different Criteria for {V}ietnamese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Nguyen, Quy T.  and
      Nguyen, Ngan L.T.  and
      Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5005",
    pages = "53--68",
}
@inproceedings{khan-etal-2012-light,
    title = "A Light Weight Stemmer for {U}rdu Language: A Scarce Resourced Language",
    author = "Khan, Sajjad Ahmad  and
      Anwar, Waqas  and
      Bajwa, Usama Ijaz  and
      Wang, Xuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5006",
    pages = "69--78",
}
@inproceedings{bhat-2012-morpheme,
    title = "Morpheme Segmentation for {K}annada Standing on the Shoulder of Giants",
    author = "Bhat, Suma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5007",
    pages = "79--94",
}
@inproceedings{nongmeikapam-etal-2012-manipuri,
    title = "{M}anipuri Morpheme Identification",
    author = "Nongmeikapam, Kishorjit  and
      RK, Vidya Raj  and
      Y, Nirmal  and
      B, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5008",
    pages = "95--108",
}
@inproceedings{krail-gupta-2012-domain,
    title = "Domain Based Classification of {P}unjabi Text Documents using Ontology and Hybrid Based Approach",
    author = "Krail, Nidhi  and
      Gupta, Vishal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5009",
    pages = "109--122",
}
@inproceedings{dey-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using {E}nglish Acoustic Models for {H}indi Automatic Speech Recognition",
    author = "Dey, Anik  and
      Li, Ying  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5010",
    pages = "123--134",
}
@inproceedings{jawaid-bojar-2012-tagger,
    title = "Tagger Voting for {U}rdu",
    author = "Jawaid, Bushra  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5011",
    pages = "135--144",
}
@inproceedings{sardesai-etal-2012-bis,
    title = "{BIS} Annotation Standards With Reference to {K}onkani Language",
    author = "Sardesai, Madhavi  and
      Pawar, Jyoti  and
      Walawalikar, Shantaram  and
      Vaz, Edna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5012",
    pages = "145--152",
}
@inproceedings{mukhopadhayay-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Compound Verbs from Bangla Corpora",
    author = "Mukhopadhayay, Sibanshu  and
      Dasgupta, Tirthankar  and
      Sinha, Manjira  and
      Basu, Anupam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5013",
    pages = "153--162",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-tran-2012-influences,
    title = "Influences of particles on {V}ietnamese tonal Co-articulation",
    author = "Nguyen, Thị Lan  and
      Tran, Do Dat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5014",
    pages = "163--172",
}
@inproceedings{nejme-etal-2012-toward,
    title = "Toward an amazigh language processing",
    author = "Nejme, Fatima Zahra  and
      Boulaknadel, Siham  and
      Aboutajdine, Driss",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5015",
    pages = "173--180",
}
@inproceedings{singh-2012-bidirectional,
    title = "Bidirectional {B}engali Script and Meetei Mayek Transliteration of Web Based {M}anipuri News Corpus",
    author = "Singh, Thoudam Doren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5016",
    pages = "181--190",
}
@inproceedings{susanto-etal-2012-rule,
    title = "Rule-based Machine Translation between {I}ndonesian and {M}alaysian",
    author = "Susanto, Raymond Hendy  and
      Larasati, Septina Dian  and
      Tyers, Francis M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5017",
    pages = "191--200",
}
@inproceedings{atreya-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building Multilingual Search Index using open source framework",
    author = "Atreya, Arjun  and
      Chaudhari, Swapnil  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Ramakrishnan, Ganesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5018",
    pages = "201--210",
}
@inproceedings{ngo-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Searching for {E}nglish-{V}ietnamese Documents on the {I}nternet",
    author = "Ngo, Quoc Hung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5019",
    pages = "211--220",
}
@inproceedings{chaudhari-etal-2012-error,
    title = "Error tracking in search engine development",
    author = "Chaudhari, Swapnil  and
      V, Arjun Atreya  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Ramakrishnan, Ganesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5020",
    pages = "221--228",
}
@inproceedings{prabhu-etal-2012-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Database Design for {I}ndo{W}ord{N}et Development Using Hybrid Approach",
    author = "Prabhu, Venkatesh  and
      Desai, Shilpa  and
      Redkar, Hanumant  and
      Prabhugaonkar, Neha  and
      Nagvenkar, Apurva  and
      Karmali, Ramdas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5021",
    pages = "229--236",
}
@inproceedings{prabhugaonkar-etal-2012-indowordnet,
    title = "{I}ndo{W}ord{N}et Application Programming Interfaces",
    author = "Prabhugaonkar, Neha  and
      Nagvenkar, Apurva  and
      Karmali, Ramdas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5022",
    pages = "237--244",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-cognitive-aspects,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    author = "Zock, Michael  and
      Rapp, Reinhard",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5100",
}
@inproceedings{polguere-2012-like,
    title = "Like a Lexicographer Weaving Her Lexical Network",
    author = "Polgu{\`e}re, Alain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5101",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{lafourcade-joubert-2012-long,
    title = "Long Tail in Weighted Lexical Networks",
    author = "Lafourcade, Mathieu  and
      Joubert, Alain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5102",
    pages = "5--20",
}
@inproceedings{anderson-etal-2012-discriminating,
    title = "On discriminating f{MRI} representations of abstract {W}ord{N}et taxonomic categories",
    author = "Anderson, Andrew  and
      Yuan, Tao  and
      Murphy, Brian  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5103",
    pages = "21--32",
}
@inproceedings{zock-tesfaye-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic index creation to support navigation in lexical graphs encoding part{\_}of relations",
    author = "Zock, Michael  and
      Tesfaye, Debela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5104",
    pages = "33--52",
}
@inproceedings{sridharan-murphy-2012-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Word Meaning: Distributional Semantics and the Corpus Quality-Quantity Trade-Off",
    author = "Sridharan, Seshadri  and
      Murphy, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5105",
    pages = "53--68",
}
@inproceedings{frontini-etal-2012-verb,
    title = "Verb interpretation for basic action types: annotation, ontology induction and creation of prototypical scenes",
    author = "Frontini, Francesca  and
      De Felice, Irene  and
      Khan, Fahad  and
      Russo, Irene  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Gagliardi, Gloria  and
      Panunzi, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5106",
    pages = "69--80",
}
@inproceedings{eckard-etal-2012-dictionary,
    title = "Dictionary-ontology cross-enrichment",
    author = "Eckard, Emmanuel  and
      Barque, Lucie  and
      Nasr, Alexis  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5107",
    pages = "81--94",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Construction of a {M}ulti{W}ord Expressions Bilingual Lexicon: A Statistical Machine Translation Evaluation Perspective",
    author = "Bouamor, Dhouha  and
      Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5108",
    pages = "95--108",
}
@inproceedings{gader-etal-2012-hand,
    title = "Hand-Crafting a Lexical Network With a Knowledge-Based Graph Editor",
    author = "Gader, Nabil  and
      Lux-Pogodalla, Veronika  and
      Polgu{\`e}re, Alain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5109",
    pages = "109--126",
}
@inproceedings{curteanu-moruz-2012-procedural,
    title = "A Procedural {DTD} Project for Dictionary Entry Parsing Described with Parameterized Grammars",
    author = "Curteanu, Neculai  and
      Moruz, Mihai Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5110",
    pages = "127--136",
}
@inproceedings{anwarus-salam-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of the Universal Word Explanation from {UNL} Ontology",
    author = "Anwarus Salam, Khan Md.  and
      Uchida, Hiroshi  and
      Nishino, Tetsuro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5111",
    pages = "137--146",
}
@inproceedings{amaro-mendes-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards merging common and technical lexicon wordnets",
    author = "Amaro, Raquel  and
      Mendes, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5112",
    pages = "147--160",
}
@inproceedings{sarma-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building Multilingual Lexical Resources using Wordnets: Structure, Design and Implementation",
    author = "Sarma, Shikhar Kr.  and
      Sarmah, Dibyajyoti  and
      Brahma, Biswajit  and
      Bharali, Himadri  and
      Mahanta, Mayashree  and
      Saikia, Utpal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5113",
    pages = "161--170",
}
@inproceedings{sinha-etal-2012-new,
    title = "A New Semantic Lexicon and Similarity Measure in Bangla",
    author = "Sinha, Manjira  and
      Jana, Abhik  and
      Dasgupta, Tirthankar  and
      Basu, Anupam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5114",
    pages = "171--182",
}
@inproceedings{amaral-etal-2012-wheres,
    title = "Where{'}s the meeting that was cancelled? existential implications of transitive verbs",
    author = "Amaral, Patricia  and
      de Paiva, Valeria  and
      Condoravdi, Cleo  and
      Zaenen, Annie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5115",
    pages = "183--194",
}
@inproceedings{savary-etal-2012-sejfek,
    title = "{SEJFEK} - a Lexicon and a Shallow Grammar of Polish Economic Multi-Word Units",
    author = "Savary, Agata  and
      Zaborowski, Bartosz  and
      Krawczyk-Wieczorek, Aleksandra  and
      Makowiecki, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5116",
    pages = "195--214",
}
@inproceedings{manicheva-etal-2012-compreno,
    title = "The Compreno Semantic Model as Integral Framework for Multilingual Lexical Database",
    author = "Manicheva, Ekaterina  and
      Petrova, Maria  and
      Kozlova, Elena  and
      Popova, Tatiana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5117",
    pages = "215--230",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-asian,
    title = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    author = "Weerasinghe, Ruvan  and
      Hussain, Sarmad  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Roxas, Rachel Edita O.",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5200",
}
@inproceedings{hahm-etal-2012-korean,
    title = "{K}orean {NLP}2{RDF} Resources",
    author = "Hahm, YoungGyun  and
      Lim, KyungTae  and
      Park, Jungyeul  and
      Yoon, Yongun  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5201",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building Large Scale Text Corpus for {T}ibetan Natural Language Processing by Extracting Text from Web Pages",
    author = "Liu, Huidan  and
      Nuo, Minghua  and
      Wu, Jian  and
      He, Yeping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5202",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{sarma-etal-2012-structured,
    title = "A Structured Approach for Building {A}ssamese Corpus: Insights, Applications and Challenges",
    author = "Sarma, Shikhar Kr.  and
      Bharali, Himadri  and
      Gogoi, Ambeswar  and
      Deka, Ratul  and
      Barman, Anup Kr.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5203",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{brahma-etal-2012-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Building of Literary Lesser Rich Language-Bodo: Insights and Challenges",
    author = "Brahma, Biswajit  and
      Barman, Anup Kr.  and
      Sarma, Shikhar Kr.  and
      Boro, Bhatima",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5204",
    pages = "29--34",
}
@inproceedings{seraji-etal-2012-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsers for {P}ersian",
    author = "Seraji, Mojgan  and
      Megyesi, Beata  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5205",
    pages = "35--44",
}
@inproceedings{sarabi-analoui-2012-new,
    title = "A New {DOP} Model for Phrase-structure Parsing of {P}ersian Sentences",
    author = "Sarabi, Zahra  and
      Analoui, Morteza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5206",
    pages = "45--54",
}
@inproceedings{dhar-etal-2012-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Dependency Parser for Bangla",
    author = "Dhar, Arnab  and
      Chatterji, Sanjay  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna  and
      Basu, Anupam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5207",
    pages = "55--64",
}
@inproceedings{chatterji-etal-2012-repairing,
    title = "Repairing {B}engali Verb Chunks for Improved {B}engali to {H}indi Machine Translation",
    author = "Chatterji, Sanjay  and
      Datta, Nabanita  and
      Dhar, Arnab  and
      Barik, Biswanath  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna  and
      Basu, Anupam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5208",
    pages = "65--74",
}
@inproceedings{bhatt-bhattacharyya-2012-domain,
    title = "Domain Specific Ontology Extractor For {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Bhatt, Brijesh  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5209",
    pages = "75--84",
}
@inproceedings{cahyadi-etal-2012-constrained,
    title = "Constrained Hidden {M}arkov Model for Bilingual Keyword Pairs Alignment",
    author = "Cahyadi, Denny  and
      Cromieres, Fabien  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5210",
    pages = "85--94",
}
@inproceedings{jahangir-etal-2012-n,
    title = "N-gram and Gazetteer List Based Named Entity Recognition for {U}rdu: A Scarce Resourced Language",
    author = "Jahangir, Faryal  and
      Anwar, Waqas  and
      Bajwa, Usama Ijaz  and
      Wang, Xuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5211",
    pages = "95--104",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2012-developing,
    title = "Developing a {POS} tagger for {M}agahi: A Comparative Study",
    author = "Kumar, Ritesh  and
      Lahiri, Bornini  and
      Alok, Deepak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5212",
    pages = "105--114",
}
@inproceedings{odbayar-fujii-2012-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Lemmatization for {M}ongolian and its Application to Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Odbayar, Chimeddorj  and
      Fujii, Atsushi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5213",
    pages = "115--124",
}
@inproceedings{chatterji-etal-2012-translations,
    title = "Translations of Ambiguous {H}indi Pronouns to Possible {B}engali Pronouns",
    author = "Chatterji, Sanjay  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna  and
      Basu, Anupam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5214",
    pages = "125--134",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-sentiment,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology",
    author = "Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5300",
}
@inproceedings{martin-2012-functional,
    title = "A functional linguistic perspective on evaluation",
    author = "Martin, J R",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5301",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{smith-lee-2012-ccg,
    title = "A {CCG}-based Approach to Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Smith, Phillip  and
      Lee, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5302",
    pages = "3--16",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-mittal-2012-categorical,
    title = "Categorical Probability Proportion Difference ({CPPD}): A Feature Selection Method for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Agarwal, Basant  and
      Mittal, Namita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5303",
    pages = "17--26",
}
@inproceedings{patra-etal-2012-classification,
    title = "Classification of Interviews - A Case Study on Cancer Patients",
    author = "Patra, Braja Gopal  and
      Kundu, Amitava  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5304",
    pages = "27--36",
}
@inproceedings{neviarouskaya-aono-2012-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Sentiment Word Relations with Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation",
    author = "Neviarouskaya, Alena  and
      Aono, Masaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5305",
    pages = "37--52",
}
@inproceedings{bakliwal-etal-2012-entity,
    title = "Entity Centric Opinion Mining from Blogs",
    author = "Bakliwal, Akshat  and
      Arora, Piyush  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5306",
    pages = "53--64",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-2012-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Hotel Reviews into Criteria for Review Summarization",
    author = "Suzuki, Yoshimi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5307",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{bondale-sreenivas-2012-emotiphons,
    title = "{E}motiphons: Emotion Markers in Conversational Speech - Comparison across {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Bondale, Nandini  and
      Sreenivas, Thippur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5308",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{k-devi-2012-human,
    title = "How Human Analyse Lexical Indicators of Sentiments- A Cognitive Analysis Using Reaction-Time",
    author = "K, Marimuthu  and
      Devi, Sobha Lalitha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5309",
    pages = "81--90",
}
@inproceedings{velankar-sahasrabuddhe-2012-pilot,
    title = "A Pilot Study of Hindustani Music Sentiments",
    author = "Velankar, M.R.  and
      Sahasrabuddhe, H.V.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5310",
    pages = "91--98",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-ahmad-2012-affect,
    title = "Affect Proxies and Ontological Change: A finance case study",
    author = "Zhang, Xiubo  and
      Ahmad, Khurshid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5311",
    pages = "99--114",
}
@inproceedings{agic-merkler-2012-rule,
    title = "Rule-Based Sentiment Analysis in Narrow Domain: Detecting Sentiment in Daily Horoscopes Using Sentiscope",
    author = "Agic, Zeljko  and
      Merkler, Danijela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5312",
    pages = "115--124",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-information,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Information Extraction and Entity Analytics on Social Media Data",
    author = "Raghavan, Sriram  and
      Ramakrishnan, Ganesh",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5500",
}
@inproceedings{dewdney-2012-named,
    title = "Named Entity Trends Originating from Social Media",
    author = "Dewdney, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Information Extraction and Entity Analytics on Social Media Data",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5501",
    pages = "1--16",
}
@inproceedings{nebhi-2012-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-Based Information Extraction from Twitter",
    author = "Nebhi, Kamel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Information Extraction and Entity Analytics on Social Media Data",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5502",
    pages = "17--22",
}
@inproceedings{vu-etal-2012-experiment,
    title = "An Experiment in Integrating Sentiment Features for Tech Stock Prediction in Twitter",
    author = "Vu, Tien Thanh  and
      Chang, Shu  and
      Ha, Quang Thuy  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Information Extraction and Entity Analytics on Social Media Data",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5503",
    pages = "23--38",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-sabharwal-2012-end,
    title = "End-to-End Sentiment Analysis of Twitter Data",
    author = "Agarwal, Apoorv  and
      Sabharwal, Jasneet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Information Extraction and Entity Analytics on Social Media Data",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5504",
    pages = "39--44",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-machine,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Sharma, Dipti Misra  and
      Mannem, Prashanth  and
      vanGenabith, Joseph  and
      Devi, Sobha Lalitha  and
      Mamidi, Radhika  and
      Parthasarathi, Ranjani",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5600",
}
@inproceedings{surtani-paul-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Annotation of Genitives in {H}indi Treebank",
    author = "Surtani, Nitesh  and
      Paul, Soma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5601",
    pages = "1--14",
}
@inproceedings{jagan-etal-2012-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing of {T}amil Sentences",
    author = "Jagan, Balaji  and
      T V, Geetha  and
      Parthasarathi, Ranjani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5602",
    pages = "15--22",
}
@inproceedings{c-s-etal-2012-tamil,
    title = "{T}amil {NER} - Coping with Real Time Challenges",
    author = "C.S, Malarkodi  and
      RK Rao, Pattabhi  and
      Lalitha Devi, Sobha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5603",
    pages = "23--38",
}
@inproceedings{anwarus-salam-etal-2012-sublexical,
    title = "Sublexical Translations for Low-Resource Language",
    author = "Anwarus Salam, Khan Md.  and
      Yamada, Setsuo  and
      Nishino, Tetsuro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5604",
    pages = "39--52",
}
@inproceedings{bhat-2012-introducing,
    title = "Introducing Kashmiri Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Bhat, Shahid Mushtaq",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5605",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{balyan-etal-2012-diagnostic,
    title = "A Diagnostic Evaluation Approach Targeting {MT} Systems for {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Balyan, Renu  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      Toral, Antonio  and
      Chatterjee, Niladri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5606",
    pages = "61--72",
}
@inproceedings{c-n-parthasarathi-2012-approach,
    title = "An Approach to Discourse Parsing using Sangati and Rhetorical Structure Theory",
    author = "C.N., Subalalitha  and
      Parthasarathi, Ranjani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5607",
    pages = "73--82",
}
@inproceedings{s-etal-2012-clause,
    title = "Clause Boundary Identification for {M}alayalam Using {CRF}",
    author = "S., Lakshmi  and
      R, Vijay Sundar Ram  and
      Lalitha Devi, Sobha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5608",
    pages = "83--92",
}
@inproceedings{v-etal-2012-disambiguation,
    title = "Disambiguation of pre/post positions in {E}nglish - {M}alayalam Text Translation",
    author = "V, Jayan  and
      R, Sunil  and
      V K, Bhadran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5609",
    pages = "93--102",
}
@inproceedings{a-lalitha-devi-2012-resolution,
    title = "Resolution for Pronouns in {T}amil Using {CRF}",
    author = "A, Akilandeswari  and
      Lalitha Devi, Sobha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5610",
    pages = "103--112",
}
@inproceedings{ramasamy-etal-2012-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Processing for {E}nglish-{T}amil Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Ramasamy, Loganathan  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5611",
    pages = "113--122",
}
@inproceedings{garapati-etal-2012-dative,
    title = "Dative Case in {T}elugu: A Parsing Perspective",
    author = "Garapati, Umamaheshwar Rao  and
      Koppaka, Rajyarama  and
      Addanki, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5612",
    pages = "123--132",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2012-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Two {B}engali Dependency Parsers",
    author = "Das, Arjun  and
      Shee, Arabinda  and
      Garain, Utpal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5613",
    pages = "133--142",
}
@inproceedings{zeman-2012-cuni,
    title = "{CUNI}: Feature Selection and Error Analysis of a Transition-Based Parser",
    author = "Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5614",
    pages = "143--148",
}
@inproceedings{volokh-neumann-2012-parsing,
    title = "Parsing {H}indi with {MDP}arser",
    author = {Volokh, Alexander  and
      Neumann, G{\"u}nter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5615",
    pages = "149--154",
}
@inproceedings{chatterji-etal-2012-three,
    title = "A Three Stage Hybrid Parser for {H}indi",
    author = "Chatterji, Sanjay  and
      Dhar, Arnad  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna  and
      Basu, Anupam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5616",
    pages = "155--162",
}
@inproceedings{jain-etal-2012-two,
    title = "Two-stage Approach for {H}indi Dependency Parsing Using {M}alt{P}arser",
    author = "Jain, Naman  and
      Singla, Karan  and
      Tammewar, Aniruddha  and
      Jain, Sambhav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5617",
    pages = "163--170",
}
@inproceedings{kumari-ramisetty-2012-hindi,
    title = "{H}indi Dependency Parsing using a combined model of Malt and {MST}",
    author = "Kumari, B. Venkata Seshu  and
      Ramisetty, Rajeswara Rao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5618",
    pages = "171--178",
}
@inproceedings{kukkadapu-etal-2012-ensembling,
    title = "Ensembling Various Dependency Parsers: Adopting Turbo Parser for {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Kukkadapu, Puneeth  and
      Malladi, Deepak  and
      Dara, Aswarth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5619",
    pages = "179--184",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2012-isi,
    title = "ISI-Kolkata at MTPIL-2012",
    author = "Das, Arjun  and
      Shee, Arabinda  and
      Garain, Utpal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Translation and Parsing in {I}ndian Languages",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5620",
    pages = "185--190",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-applying,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Applying Machine Learning Techniques to Optimise the Division of Labour in Hybrid {MT}",
    author = "van Genabith, Josef  and
      Badia, Toni  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Melero, Maite  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Okita, Tsuyoshi",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5700",
}
@inproceedings{nikoulina-etal-2012-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Adaptation of Named Entity Recognition for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Nikoulina, Vassilina  and
      Sandor, Agnes  and
      Dymetman, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Applying Machine Learning Techniques to Optimise the Division of Labour in Hybrid {MT}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5701",
    pages = "1--16",
}
@inproceedings{li-wang-2012-confusion,
    title = "Confusion Network Based System Combination for {C}hinese Translation Output: Word-Level or Character-Level?",
    author = "Li, Maoxi  and
      Wang, MingWen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Applying Machine Learning Techniques to Optimise the Division of Labour in Hybrid {MT}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5702",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{asooja-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using Cross-Lingual Explicit Semantic Analysis for Improving Ontology Translation",
    author = "Asooja, Kartik  and
      Gracia, Jorge  and
      Aggarwal, Nitish  and
      P{\'e}rez, Asunci{\'o}n G{\'o}mez",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Applying Machine Learning Techniques to Optimise the Division of Labour in Hybrid {MT}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5703",
    pages = "25--36",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2012-system,
    title = "System Combination with Extra Alignment Information",
    author = "Wu, Xiaofeng  and
      Okita, Tsuyoshi  and
      Genabith, Josef van  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Applying Machine Learning Techniques to Optimise the Division of Labour in Hybrid {MT}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5704",
    pages = "37--44",
}
@inproceedings{okita-etal-2012-topic,
    title = "Topic Modeling-based Domain Adaptation for System Combination",
    author = "Okita, Tsuyoshi  and
      Toral, Antonio  and
      Genabith, Josef van",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Applying Machine Learning Techniques to Optimise the Division of Labour in Hybrid {MT}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5705",
    pages = "45--54",
}
@inproceedings{okita-etal-2012-sentence,
    title = "Sentence-Level Quality Estimation for {MT} System Combination",
    author = {Okita, Tsuyoshi  and
      Rubino, Rapha{\"e}l  and
      Genabith, Josef van},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Applying Machine Learning Techniques to Optimise the Division of Labour in Hybrid {MT}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5706",
    pages = "55--64",
}
@inproceedings{okita-2012-neural,
    title = "Neural Probabilistic Language Model for System Combination",
    author = "Okita, Tsuyoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Applying Machine Learning Techniques to Optimise the Division of Labour in Hybrid {MT}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5707",
    pages = "65--76",
}
@inproceedings{federmann-2012-system,
    title = "System Combination Using Joint, Binarised Feature Vectors",
    author = "Federmann, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Applying Machine Learning Techniques to Optimise the Division of Labour in Hybrid {MT}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5708",
    pages = "77--84",
}
@inproceedings{federmann-etal-2012-results,
    title = "Results from the {ML}4{HMT}-12 Shared Task on Applying Machine Learning Techniques to Optimise the Division of Labour in Hybrid Machine Translation",
    author = "Federmann, Christian  and
      Okita, Tsuyoshi  and
      Melero, Maite  and
      Costa-Jussa, Marta R.  and
      Badia, Toni  and
      Genabith, Josef van",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Applying Machine Learning Techniques to Optimise the Division of Labour in Hybrid {MT}",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5709",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-speech-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech and Language Processing Tools in Education",
    author = "Mamidi, Radhika  and
      Prahallad, Kishore",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5800",
}
@inproceedings{raut-etal-2012-effective,
    title = "Effective Mentor Suggestion System for Online Collaboration Platform",
    author = "Raut, Advait  and
      Gaikwad, Upasana  and
      Bairi, Ramakrishna  and
      Ramakrishnan, Ganesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech and Language Processing Tools in Education",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5801",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{chali-hasan-2012-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Assessing Free Texts",
    author = "Chali, Yllias  and
      Hasan, Sadid A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech and Language Processing Tools in Education",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5802",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{patil-rao-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic pronunciation assessment for language learners with acoustic-phonetic features",
    author = "Patil, Vaishali  and
      Rao, Preeti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech and Language Processing Tools in Education",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5803",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{mima-2012-issue,
    title = "An Issue-oriented Syllabus Retrieval System using Terminology-based Syllabus Structuring and Visualization",
    author = "Mima, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech and Language Processing Tools in Education",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5804",
    pages = "25--36",
}
@inproceedings{hussein-etal-2012-real,
    title = "Real-Time Tone Recognition in A Computer-Assisted Language Learning System for {G}erman Learners of {M}andarin",
    author = {Hussein, Hussein  and
      Mixdorff, Hansj{\"o}rg  and
      Hoffmann, R{\"u}diger},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech and Language Processing Tools in Education",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5805",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{petiwala-etal-2012-textbook,
    title = "Textbook Construction from Lecture Transcripts",
    author = "Petiwala, Aliabbas  and
      Moudgalya, Kannan  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech and Language Processing Tools in Education",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5806",
    pages = "43--50",
}
@inproceedings{gavankar-etal-2012-enriching,
    title = "Enriching An Academic knowledge base using Linked Open Data",
    author = "Gavankar, Chetana  and
      Kulkarni, Ashish  and
      Li, Yuan Fang  and
      Ramakrishnan, Ganesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech and Language Processing Tools in Education",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5807",
    pages = "51--60",
}
@inproceedings{srikanth-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Pronunciation Scoring And Mispronunciation Detection Using {CMUS}phinx",
    author = "Srikanth, Ronanki  and
      Li, Bo  and
      Salsman, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech and Language Processing Tools in Education",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5808",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{vyasarayamut-etal-2012-content,
    title = "Content Bookmarking and Recommendation",
    author = "Vyasarayamut, Ananth  and
      Behera, Satyabrata  and
      Ramakrishnan, Ganesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech and Language Processing Tools in Education",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5809",
    pages = "69--78",
}
@inproceedings{prahallad-etal-2012-template,
    title = "A template matching approach for detecting pronunciation mismatch",
    author = "Prahallad, Lavanya  and
      Mamidi, Radhika  and
      Prahallad, Kishore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech and Language Processing Tools in Education",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5810",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{moku-yamamoto-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Easy {J}apanese Translation for information accessibility of foreigners",
    author = "Moku, Manami  and
      Yamamoto, Hidekazu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech and Language Processing Tools in Education",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5811",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@inproceedings{dellorletta-etal-2012-genre,
    title = "Genre-oriented Readability Assessment: a Case Study",
    author = "Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Venturi, Giulia  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Speech and Language Processing Tools in Education",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5812",
    pages = "91--98",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-reordering,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Reordering for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Visweswariah, Karthik  and
      Ramanathan, Ananthakrishnan  and
      Khapra, Mitesh M.",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5900",
}
@inproceedings{khapra-etal-2012-whitepaper,
    title = "Whitepaper for Shared Task on Learning Reordering from Word Alignments at {RSMT} 2012",
    author = "Khapra, Mitesh M.  and
      Ramanathan, Ananthakrishnan  and
      Visweswariah, Karthik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Reordering for Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5901",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{khapra-etal-2012-report,
    title = "Report of the Shared Task on Learning Reordering from Word Alignments at {RSMT} 2012",
    author = "Khapra, Mitesh M.  and
      Ramanathan, Ananthakrishnan  and
      Visweswariah, Karthik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Reordering for Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5902",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{feng-ney-2012-tagging,
    title = "A Tagging-style Reordering Model for Phrase-based {SMT}",
    author = "Feng, Minwei  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Reordering for Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5903",
    pages = "17--26",
}
@inproceedings{dlougach-galinskaya-2012-building,
    title = "Building a reordering system using tree-to-string hierarchical model",
    author = "Dlougach, Jacob  and
      Galinskaya, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Reordering for Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5904",
    pages = "27--36",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning Improved Reordering Models for {U}rdu, {F}arsi and {I}talian using {SMT}",
    author = "Gupta, Rohit  and
      Patel, Raj Nath  and
      Shah, Ritesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Reordering for Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5905",
    pages = "37--46",
}
@inproceedings{kunchukuttan-bhattacharyya-2012-partially,
    title = "Partially modelling word reordering as a sequence labelling problem",
    author = "Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Reordering for Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-5906",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-question,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Question Answering for Complex Domains",
    author = "Kambhatla, Nanda  and
      Joshi, Sachindra  and
      Ramakrishnan, Ganesh  and
      Kate, Kiran  and
      Agrawal, Priyanka",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6000",
}
@inproceedings{chali-hasan-2012-simple,
    title = "Simple or Complex? Classifying Questions by Answering Complexity",
    author = "Chali, Yllias  and
      Hasan, Sadid A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Question Answering for Complex Domains",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{banerjee-bandyopadhyay-2012-question,
    title = "Question Classification and Answering from Procedural Text in {E}nglish",
    author = "Banerjee, Somnath  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Question Answering for Complex Domains",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6002",
    pages = "11--26",
}
@inproceedings{sarma-chakraborty-2012-structured,
    title = "Structured and Logical Representations of {A}ssamese Text for Question-Answering System",
    author = "Sarma, Shikhar Kr.  and
      Chakraborty, Rita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Question Answering for Complex Domains",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6003",
    pages = "27--38",
}
@inproceedings{perera-perera-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards a thematic role based target identification model for question answering",
    author = "Perera, Rivindu  and
      Perera, Udayangi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Question Answering for Complex Domains",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6004",
    pages = "39--46",
}
@inproceedings{dhokrat-etal-2012-assessment,
    title = "Assessment of Answers: Online Subjective Examination",
    author = "Dhokrat, Asmita  and
      Gite, Hanumant  and
      Mahender, C. Namrata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Question Answering for Complex Domains",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6005",
    pages = "47--56",
}
@inproceedings{wilcock-2012-wikitalk,
    title = "{W}iki{T}alk: A Spoken {W}ikipedia-based Open-Domain Knowledge Access System",
    author = "Wilcock, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Question Answering for Complex Domains",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6006",
    pages = "57--70",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-international-optimization,
    title = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Optimization Techniques for Human Language Technology",
    author = "Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Saha, Sriparna  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Molla-Aliod, Diego  and
      Dras, Mark",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6100",
}
@inproceedings{silva-etal-2012-biopos,
    title = "{B}io{POS}: Biologically Inspired Algorithms for {POS} Tagging",
    author = "Silva, Ana Paula  and
      Silva, Arlindo  and
      Rodrigues, Irene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Optimization Techniques for Human Language Technology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6101",
    pages = "1--16",
}
@inproceedings{echizenya-etal-2012-optimization,
    title = "Optimization for Efficient Determination of Chunk in Automatic Evaluation for Machine Translation",
    author = "Echizen{'}ya, Hiroshi  and
      Araki, Kenji  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Optimization Techniques for Human Language Technology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6102",
    pages = "17--30",
}
@inproceedings{dhore-etal-2012-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Transliteration for {H}indi/{M}arathi to {E}nglish Using only Two Weights",
    author = "Dhore, Manikrao  and
      Dixit, Shantanu  and
      Dhore, Ruchi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Optimization Techniques for Human Language Technology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6103",
    pages = "31--48",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2012-selection,
    title = "Selection of Discriminative Features for Translation Texts",
    author = "Tang, Kuo-Ming  and
      Huang, Chien-Kang  and
      Lee, Chia-Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Optimization Techniques for Human Language Technology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6104",
    pages = "49--64",
}
@inproceedings{sristy-somayajulu-2012-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Learning of Naive {B}ayes Classifier with feature constraints",
    author = "Sristy, Nagesh Bhattu  and
      Somayajulu, D.V.L.N",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Optimization Techniques for Human Language Technology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6105",
    pages = "65--78",
}
@inproceedings{dymetman-etal-2012-optimization,
    title = "Optimization and Sampling for {NLP} from a Unified Viewpoint",
    author = "Dymetman, Marc  and
      Bouchard, Guillaume  and
      Carter, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Optimization Techniques for Human Language Technology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6106",
    pages = "79--94",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2012-iterative,
    title = "Iterative {C}hinese Bi-gram Term Extraction Using Machine-learning Classification Approach",
    author = "Lee, Chia-Ming  and
      Huang, Chien-Kang  and
      Tang, Kuo-Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Optimization Techniques for Human Language Technology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6107",
    pages = "95--108",
}
@inproceedings{tchechmedjiev-etal-2012-parameter,
    title = "Parameter estimation under uncertainty with Simulated Annealing applied to an ant colony based probabilistic {WSD} algorithm",
    author = "Tchechmedjiev, Andon  and
      Goulian, J{\'e}r{\^o}me  and
      Schwab, Didier  and
      S{\'e}rasset, Gilles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Optimization Techniques for Human Language Technology",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6108",
    pages = "109--124",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-international-finite,
    title = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Alegria, I{\~n}aki  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6200",
}
@inproceedings{pirinen-hardwick-2012-effect,
    title = "Effect of Language and Error Models on Efficiency of Finite-State Spell-Checking and Correction",
    author = "Pirinen, Tommi A  and
      Hardwick, Sam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6201",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{gerdemann-hulden-2012-practical,
    title = "Practical Finite State Optimality Theory",
    author = "Gerdemann, Dale  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6202",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{shaalan-attia-2012-handling,
    title = "Handling Unknown Words in {A}rabic {FST} Morphology",
    author = "Shaalan, Khaled  and
      Attia, Mohammed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6203",
    pages = "20--24",
}
@inproceedings{bogel-2012-urdu,
    title = "{U}rdu - {R}oman Transliteration via Finite State Transducers",
    author = {B{\"o}gel, Tina},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6204",
    pages = "25--29",
}
@inproceedings{bontcheva-2012-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Aspectually Relevant Properties of Verbs into a Morphological Analyzer for {E}nglish",
    author = "Bontcheva, Katina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6205",
    pages = "30--34",
}
@inproceedings{agirrezabal-etal-2012-finite,
    title = "Finite-State Technology in a Verse-Making Tool",
    author = "Agirrezabal, Manex  and
      Alegria, I{\~n}aki  and
      Arrieta, Bertol  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6206",
    pages = "35--39",
}
@inproceedings{quernheim-knight-2012-dagger,
    title = "{DAGGER}: A Toolkit for Automata on Directed Acyclic Graphs",
    author = "Quernheim, Daniel  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6207",
    pages = "40--44",
}
@inproceedings{novak-etal-2012-wfst,
    title = "{WFST}-Based Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion: Open Source tools for Alignment, Model-Building and Decoding",
    author = "Novak, Josef R.  and
      Minematsu, Nobuaki  and
      Hirose, Keikichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6208",
    pages = "45--49",
}
@inproceedings{beesley-2012-kleene,
    title = "{K}leene, a Free and Open-Source Language for Finite-State Programming",
    author = "Beesley, Kenneth R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6209",
    pages = "50--54",
}
@inproceedings{drobac-etal-2012-implementation,
    title = "Implementation of Replace Rules Using Preference Operator",
    author = {Drobac, Senka  and
      Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Yli-Jyr{\"a}, Anssi},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6210",
    pages = "55--59",
}
@inproceedings{casillas-etal-2012-first,
    title = "First Approaches on {S}panish Medical Record Classification Using Diagnostic Term to Class Transduction",
    author = "Casillas, A.  and
      D{\'\i}az de Ilarraza, A.  and
      Gojenola, K.  and
      Oronoz, M.  and
      P{\'e}rez, Alicia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6211",
    pages = "60--64",
}
@inproceedings{mayor-etal-2012-developing,
    title = "Developing an Open-Source {FST} Grammar for Verb Chain Transfer in a {S}panish-{B}asque {MT} System",
    author = "Mayor, Aingeru  and
      Hulden, Mans  and
      Labaka, Gorka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6212",
    pages = "65--69",
}
@inproceedings{hulden-samih-2012-conversion,
    title = "Conversion of Procedural Morphologies to Finite-State Morphologies: A Case Study of {A}rabic",
    author = "Hulden, Mans  and
      Samih, Younes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6213",
    pages = "70--74",
}
@inproceedings{calvo-etal-2012-methodology,
    title = "A Methodology for Obtaining Concept Graphs from Word Graphs",
    author = "Calvo, Marcos  and
      G{\'o}mez, Jon Ander  and
      Hurtado, Llu{\'\i}s-F.  and
      Sanchis, Emilio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6214",
    pages = "75--79",
}
@inproceedings{fernando-2012-finite,
    title = "A Finite-State Temporal Ontology and Event-Intervals",
    author = "Fernando, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6215",
    pages = "80--89",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-2012-finite,
    title = "A Finite-State Approach to Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez, Jorge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6216",
    pages = "90--98",
}
@inproceedings{perez-etal-2012-finite,
    title = "Finite-State Acoustic and Translation Model Composition in Statistical Speech Translation: Empirical Assessment",
    author = "P{\'e}rez, Alicia  and
      Torres, M. In{\'e}s  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6217",
    pages = "99--107",
}
@inproceedings{yli-jyra-etal-2012-refining,
    title = "Refining the Design of a Contracting Finite-State Dependency Parser",
    author = {Yli-Jyr{\"a}, Anssi  and
      Piitulainen, Jussi  and
      Voutilainen, Atro},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6218",
    pages = "108--115",
}
@inproceedings{waite-etal-2012-lattice,
    title = "Lattice-Based Minimum Error Rate Training Using Weighted Finite-State Transducers with Tropical Polynomial Weights",
    author = "Waite, Aurelien  and
      Blackwood, Graeme  and
      Byrne, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Donostia{--}San Sebasti{\'a}n",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6219",
    pages = "116--125",
}
@proceedings{ws-2012-cips,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6300",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-2012-qa,
    title = "{QA}: from {T}uring Test to Intelligent Information Service",
    author = "Zhu, Xiaoyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6301",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-2012-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic foundation for {NLP}",
    author = "Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6302",
    pages = "2",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2012-language,
    title = "A Language Modeling Approach to Identifying Code-Switched Sentences and Words",
    author = "Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      He, Wei-Cheng  and
      Chien, Wei-Nan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6303",
    pages = "3--8",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2012-semi,
    title = "Semi-automatic Annotation of {C}hinese Word Structure",
    author = "Ma, Jianqiang  and
      Kit, Chunyu  and
      Gerdemann, Dale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6304",
    pages = "9--17",
}
@inproceedings{bai-xue-2012-building,
    title = "Building a {C}hinese Lexical Taxonomy",
    author = "Bai, Xiaopeng  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6305",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-xue-2012-extending,
    title = "Extending and Scaling up the {C}hinese Treebank Annotation",
    author = "Zhang, Xiuhong  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6306",
    pages = "27--34",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2012-cips,
    title = "The {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} {CLP} 2012 {C}hinese{W}ord Segmentation on{M}icro{B}log Corpora Bakeoff",
    author = "Duan, Huiming  and
      Sui, Zhifang  and
      Tian, Ye  and
      Li, Wenjie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6307",
    pages = "35--40",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-word,
    title = "Word Segmentation on {C}hinese Mirco-Blog Data with a Linear-Time Incremental Model",
    author = "Zhang, Kaixu  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Zhou, Changle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6308",
    pages = "41--46",
}
@inproceedings{fang-etal-2012-soochow,
    title = "Soochow University Word Segmenter for {SIGHAN} 2012 Bakeoff",
    author = "Fang, Yan  and
      Wang, Zhongqing  and
      Li, Shoushan  and
      Li, Zhongguo  and
      Xu, Richen  and
      Cai, Leixin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6309",
    pages = "47--50",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-crfs,
    title = "{CRF}s-Based {C}hinese Word Segmentation for Micro-Blog with Small-Scale Data",
    author = "Wang, Longyue  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.  and
      Xing, Junwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6310",
    pages = "51--57",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2012-cascaded,
    title = "A Cascaded Approach for {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Micro-Blog Word Segmentation Bakeoff 2012",
    author = "Shi, Bei  and
      Han, Xianpei  and
      Sun, Le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6311",
    pages = "58--62",
}
@inproceedings{xi-etal-2012-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Conventional {C}hinese Word Segmenter for Segmenting Micro-blog Text: Combining Rule-based and Statistic-based Approaches",
    author = "Xi, Ning  and
      Li, Bin  and
      Tang, Guangchao  and
      Huang, Shujian  and
      Zhao, Yinggong  and
      Zhou, Hao  and
      Dai, Xinyu  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6312",
    pages = "63--68",
}
@inproceedings{zhong-etal-2012-cascaded,
    title = "Cascaded {C}hinese {W}eibo Segmentation Based on {CRF}s",
    author = "Zhong, Keli  and
      Zhou, Xue  and
      Li, Hangyu  and
      Yuan, Caixia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6313",
    pages = "69--73",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-rules,
    title = "Rules-based {C}hinese Word Segmentation on {M}icro{B}log for {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} on {CLP}2012",
    author = "Zhang, Jing  and
      Huang, Degen  and
      Han, Xia  and
      Wang, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6314",
    pages = "74--78",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2012-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised {C}hinese Word Segmentation for {CLP}2012",
    author = "He, Saike  and
      He, Nan  and
      Cen, Songxiang  and
      Lu, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6315",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2012-micro,
    title = "Micro blogs Oriented Word Segmentation System",
    author = "Liu, Yijia  and
      Zhang, Meishan  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Deng, Yihe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6316",
    pages = "85--89",
}
@inproceedings{zong-etal-2012-rules,
    title = "Rules Design in Word Segmentation of {C}hinese Micro-Blog",
    author = "Zong, Hao  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6317",
    pages = "90--94",
}
@inproceedings{jia-etal-2012-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of {C}hinese Word Segmentation on News and Microblog Corpora with a Lexicon Based Method",
    author = "Jia, Yuxiang  and
      Zan, Hongying  and
      Fan, Ming  and
      Wang, Zhimin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6318",
    pages = "95--98",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2012-mmsm,
    title = "A {MMSM}-based Hybrid Method for {C}hinese {M}icro{B}log Word Segmentation",
    author = "Sun, Xiao  and
      Li, Chengcheng  and
      Tang, Chenyi  and
      Ye, Jiaqi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6319",
    pages = "99--105",
}
@inproceedings{wang-fu-2012-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Tweets Segmentation based on Morphemes",
    author = "Wang, Chaoyue  and
      Fu, Guohong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6320",
    pages = "106--107",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2012-task,
    title = "The Task 2 of {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} 2012 Named Entity Recognition and Disambiguation in {C}hinese Bakeoff",
    author = "He, Zhengyan  and
      Wang, Houfeng  and
      Li, Sujian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6321",
    pages = "108--114",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2012-sir,
    title = "{SIR}-{NERD}: A {C}hinese Named Entity Recognition and Disambiguation System using a Two-Stage Method",
    author = "Peng, Zehuan  and
      Sun, Le  and
      Han, Xianpei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6322",
    pages = "115--120",
}
@inproceedings{zong-etal-2012-template,
    title = "A Template Based Hybrid Model for {C}hinese Personal Name Disambiguation",
    author = "Zong, Hao  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6323",
    pages = "121--126",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2012-attribute,
    title = "Attribute based {C}hinese Named Entity Recognition and Disambiguation",
    author = "Han, Wei  and
      Liu, Guang  and
      Mao, Yuzhao  and
      Huang, Zhenni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6324",
    pages = "127--131",
}
@inproceedings{tian-etal-2012-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Name Disambiguation Based on Adaptive Clustering with the Attribute Features",
    author = "Tian, Wei  and
      Pan, Xiao  and
      Yu, Zhengtao  and
      Xian, Yantuan  and
      Yang, Xiuzhen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6325",
    pages = "132--137",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2012-explore,
    title = "Explore {C}hinese Encyclopedic Knowledge to Disambiguate Person Names",
    author = "Liu, Jie  and
      Xu, Ruifeng  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Xu, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6326",
    pages = "138--145",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-joint,
    title = "A Joint {C}hinese Named Entity Recognition and Disambiguation System",
    author = "Wang, Longyue  and
      Li, Shuo  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6327",
    pages = "146--151",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2012-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Personal Name Disambiguation Based on Vector Space Model",
    author = "Fan, Qing-hu  and
      Zan, Hong-ying  and
      Chai, Yu-mei  and
      Jia, Yu-xiang  and
      Niu, Gui-ling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6328",
    pages = "152--158",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-2012-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Reportof the third {C}hinese Parsing Evaluation: {CIPS}-{SIGHAN}-{P}ars{E}val-2012",
    author = "Zhou, Qiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6329",
    pages = "159--167",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-multiple,
    title = "Multiple {T}ree{B}anks Integration for {C}hinese Phrase Structure Grammar Parsing Using Bagging",
    author = "Zhang, Meishan  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6330",
    pages = "168--173",
}
@inproceedings{li-wu-2012-parsing,
    title = "Parsing {TCT} with Split Conjunction Categories",
    author = "Li, Dongchen  and
      Wu, Xihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6331",
    pages = "174--178",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2012-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Simplified {C}hinese and Traditional {C}hinese with Sentence Structure Grammar",
    author = "Wang, Xiangli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6332",
    pages = "179--187",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2012-simplified,
    title = "A Simplified {C}hinese Parser with Factored Model",
    author = "Huang, Qiuping  and
      He, Liangye  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6333",
    pages = "188--193",
}
@inproceedings{li-wu-2012-parsing-tct,
    title = "Parsing {TCT} with a Coarse-to-fine Approach",
    author = "Li, Dongchen  and
      Wu, Xihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6334",
    pages = "194--198",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-etal-2012-traditional,
    title = "Traditional {C}hinese Parsing Evaluation at {SIGHAN} Bake-offs 2012",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Yu, Liang-Chih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6335",
    pages = "199--205",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2012-neu,
    title = "{NEU} Systems in {SIGHAN} Bakeoff 2012",
    author = "Ma, Ji  and
      Bai, LongFei  and
      Liu, Zhuo  and
      Zhang, Ao  and
      Zhu, Jingbo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6336",
    pages = "206--210",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2012-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Multilingual Parsing Models to Sinica Treebank",
    author = "He, Liangye  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6337",
    pages = "211--215",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving {PCFG} {C}hinese Parsing with Context-Dependent Probability Re-estimation",
    author = "Hsieh, Yu-Ming  and
      Bai, Ming-Hong  and
      Chang, Jason S.  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6338",
    pages = "216--221",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2012-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Parsing with Double Sequential Labeling in Traditional {C}hinese Parsing Task",
    author = "Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Hsieh, Hsien-You  and
      Chen, Liang-Pu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6339",
    pages = "222--230",
}
@inproceedings{wang-liao-2012-conditional,
    title = "A Conditional Random Field-based Traditional {C}hinese Base Phrase Parser for {SIGHAN} Bake-off 2012 Evaluation",
    author = "Wang, Yih-Ru  and
      Liao, Yuan-Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6340",
    pages = "231--236",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2012-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Maximum Pattern Matching with Rule Induction Approach for Sentence Parsing",
    author = "Tan, Yi-Syun  and
      Chu, Yuan-Cheng  and
      Yeh, Jui-Feng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {CIPS}-{SIGHAN} Joint Conference on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Tianjin, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W12-6341",
    pages = "237--241",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Erk, Katrin",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}
@inproceedings{abend-rappoport-2013-ucca,
    title = "{UCCA}: A Semantics-based Grammatical Annotation Scheme",
    author = "Abend, Omri  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0101",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{aletras-stevenson-2013-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Topic Coherence Using Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Aletras, Nikolaos  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0102",
    pages = "13--22",
}
@inproceedings{allen-etal-2013-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Deriving Event Ontologies for a {C}ommon{S}ense Knowledge Base",
    author = "Allen, James  and
      de Beaumont, Will  and
      Galescu, Lucian  and
      Orfan, Jansen  and
      Swift, Mary  and
      Teng, Choh Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0103",
    pages = "23--34",
}
@inproceedings{boleda-etal-2013-intensionality,
    title = "Intensionality was only alleged: On adjective-noun composition in distributional semantics",
    author = "Boleda, Gemma  and
      Baroni, Marco  and
      Pham, The Nghia  and
      McNally, Louise",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0104",
    pages = "35--46",
}
@inproceedings{chardon-etal-2013-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Composition Using a Parabolic Model",
    author = "Chardon, Baptiste  and
      Benamara, Farah  and
      Mathieu, Yannick  and
      Popescu, Vladimir  and
      Asher, Nicholas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0105",
    pages = "47--58",
}
@inproceedings{costa-branco-2013-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Relation Classification Based on Temporal Reasoning",
    author = "Costa, Francisco  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0106",
    pages = "59--70",
}
@inproceedings{derczynski-gaizauskas-2013-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Validation of Reichenbach{'}s Tense Framework",
    author = "Derczynski, Leon  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0107",
    pages = "71--82",
}
@inproceedings{duma-klein-2013-generating,
    title = "Generating Natural Language from Linked Data: Unsupervised template extraction",
    author = "Duma, Daniel  and
      Klein, Ewan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0108",
    pages = "83--94",
}
@inproceedings{erk-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards a semantics for distributional representations",
    author = "Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0109",
    pages = "95--106",
}
@inproceedings{eshghi-etal-2013-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic induction for an incremental semantic grammar",
    author = "Eshghi, Arash  and
      Purver, Matthew  and
      Hough, Julian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0110",
    pages = "107--118",
}
@inproceedings{gorinski-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Weakly Supervised Resolution of Null Instantiations",
    author = "Gorinski, Philip  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0111",
    pages = "119--130",
}
@inproceedings{grefenstette-etal-2013-multi,
    title = "Multi-Step Regression Learning for Compositional Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Grefenstette, E.  and
      Dinu, G.  and
      Zhang, Y.  and
      Sadrzadeh, M.  and
      Baroni, M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0112",
    pages = "131--142",
}
@inproceedings{howald-etal-2013-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptable Semantic Clustering in Statistical {NLG}",
    author = "Howald, Blake  and
      Kondadadi, Ravikumar  and
      Schilder, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0113",
    pages = "143--154",
}
@inproceedings{laparra-rigau-2013-sources,
    title = "Sources of Evidence for Implicit Argument Resolution",
    author = "Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0114",
    pages = "155--166",
}
@inproceedings{mckinlay-markert-2013-recognising,
    title = "Recognising Sets and Their Elements: Tree Kernels for Entity Instantiation Identification",
    author = "McKinlay, Andrew  and
      Markert, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0115",
    pages = "167--178",
}
@inproceedings{nikitina-pado-2013-corpus,
    title = "A corpus study of clause combination",
    author = "Nikitina, Olga  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0116",
    pages = "179--190",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning Corpus Patterns Using Finite State Automata",
    author = "Popescu, Octavian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0117",
    pages = "191--203",
}
@inproceedings{rink-harabagiu-2013-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Selectional Preference Agreement on Semantic Relational Similarity",
    author = "Rink, Bryan  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0118",
    pages = "204--215",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-etal-2013-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Spatial Containment Relations between Event Mentions",
    author = "Roberts, Kirk  and
      Skinner, Michael A.  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0119",
    pages = "216--227",
}
@inproceedings{springorum-etal-2013-regular,
    title = "Regular Meaning Shifts in {G}erman Particle Verbs: A Case Study",
    author = "Springorum, Sylvia  and
      Utt, Jason  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0120",
    pages = "228--239",
}
@inproceedings{toledo-etal-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Annotation of Textual Entailment",
    author = "Toledo, Assaf  and
      Alexandropoulou, Stavroula  and
      Katrenko, Sophia  and
      Klockmann, Heidi  and
      Kokke, Pepijn  and
      Winter, Yoad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0121",
    pages = "240--251",
}
@inproceedings{venhuizen-etal-2013-parsimonious,
    title = "Parsimonious Semantic Representations with Projection Pointers",
    author = "Venhuizen, Noortje J.  and
      Bos, Johan  and
      Brouwer, Harm",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0122",
    pages = "252--263",
}
@inproceedings{versley-2013-subgraph,
    title = "Subgraph-based Classification of Explicit and Implicit Discourse Relations",
    author = "Versley, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0123",
    pages = "264--275",
}
@inproceedings{webber-2013-excludes,
    title = "What excludes an Alternative in Coherence Relations?",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0124",
    pages = "276--287",
}
@inproceedings{zeller-pado-2013-search,
    title = "A Search Task Dataset for {G}erman Textual Entailment",
    author = "Zeller, Britta D.  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Long Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0125",
    pages = "288--299",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-international-semantics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Short Papers",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Erk, Katrin",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}
@inproceedings{bruland-2013-pre,
    title = "Pre-Processing {MRS}es",
    author = "Bruland, Tore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Short Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0201",
    pages = "300--306",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-2013-semantic,
    title = "The semantic annotation of quantification",
    author = "Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Short Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0202",
    pages = "307--313",
}
@inproceedings{evang-bos-2013-scope,
    title = "Scope Disambiguation as a Tagging Task",
    author = "Evang, Kilian  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Short Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0203",
    pages = "314--320",
}
@inproceedings{herbelot-2013-text,
    title = "What is in a text, what isn{'}t, and what this has to do with lexical semantics",
    author = "Herbelot, Aurelie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Short Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0204",
    pages = "321--327",
}
@inproceedings{iosif-etal-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Similarity Computation for Abstract and Concrete Nouns Using Network-based Distributional Semantic Models",
    author = "Iosif, Elias  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros  and
      Giannoudaki, Maria  and
      Zervanou, Kalliopi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Short Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0205",
    pages = "328--334",
}
@inproceedings{kelleher-vogel-2013-finite,
    title = "Finite State Temporality and Context-Free Languages",
    author = "Kelleher, Derek  and
      Vogel, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Short Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0206",
    pages = "335--339",
}
@inproceedings{lierler-lifschitz-2013-logic,
    title = "Logic Programs vs. First-Order Formulas in Textual Inference",
    author = "Lierler, Yuliya  and
      Lifschitz, Vladimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Short Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0207",
    pages = "340--346",
}
@inproceedings{list-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using Network Approaches to Enhance the Analysis of Cross-Linguistic Polysemies",
    author = "List, Johann-Mattis  and
      Terhalle, Anselm  and
      Urban, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Short Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0208",
    pages = "347--353",
}
@inproceedings{lupkowski-ginzburg-2013-corpus,
    title = "A corpus-based taxonomy of question responses",
    author = "{\L}upkowski, Pawe{\l}  and
      Ginzburg, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Short Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0209",
    pages = "354--361",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning Semantic Representations in a Bigram Language Model",
    author = "Mitchell, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Short Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0210",
    pages = "362--368",
}
@inproceedings{moor-etal-2013-predicate,
    title = "Predicate-specific Annotations for Implicit Role Binding: Corpus Annotation, Data Analysis and Evaluation Experiments",
    author = "Moor, Tatjana  and
      Roth, Michael  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Short Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0211",
    pages = "369--375",
}
@inproceedings{parvizi-etal-2013-pilot,
    title = "A Pilot Experiment in Knowledge Authoring as Dialogue",
    author = "Parvizi, Artemis  and
      Jay, Caroline  and
      Mellish, Christopher  and
      Pan, Jeff Z.  and
      Ren, Yuan  and
      Stevens, Robert  and
      van Deemter, Kees",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Short Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0212",
    pages = "376--382",
}
@inproceedings{lierler-schuller-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards a Tight Integration of Syntactic Parsing with Semantic Disambiguation by means of Declarative Programming",
    author = {Lierler, Yuliya  and
      Sch{\"u}ller, Peter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Short Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0213",
    pages = "383--389",
}
@inproceedings{stone-etal-2013-situated,
    title = "Situated Utterances and Discourse Relations",
    author = "Stone, Matthew  and
      Stojnic, Una  and
      Lepore, Ernest",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Short Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0214",
    pages = "390--396",
}
@inproceedings{venhuizen-etal-2013-gamification,
    title = "Gamification for Word Sense Labeling",
    author = "Venhuizen, Noortje J.  and
      Basile, Valerio  and
      Evang, Kilian  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Short Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0215",
    pages = "397--403",
}
@inproceedings{zarcone-etal-2013-fitting,
    title = "Fitting, Not Clashing! A Distributional Semantic Model of Logical Metonymy",
    author = "Zarcone, Alessandra  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Utt, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics ({IWCS} 2013) {--} Short Papers",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0216",
    pages = "404--410",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-iwcs,
    title = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Annotation of Modal Meanings in Natural Language ({WAMM})",
    author = "Portner, Paul  and
      Rubinstein, Aynat  and
      Katz, Graham",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}
@inproceedings{avila-mello-2013-challenges,
    title = "Challenges in modality annotation in a {B}razilian {P}ortuguese Spontaneous Speech Corpus",
    author = "Avila, Luciana Beatriz  and
      Mello, Heliana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Annotation of Modal Meanings in Natural Language ({WAMM})",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0301",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{battistelli-damiani-2013-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing modal and enunciative discursive heterogeneity: how to combine semantic resources and a syntactic parser analysis",
    author = "Battistelli, Delphine  and
      Damiani, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Annotation of Modal Meanings in Natural Language ({WAMM})",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0302",
    pages = "7--15",
}
@inproceedings{carretero-zamorano-mansilla-2013-analysis,
    title = "An analysis of disagreement-provoking factors in the analysis of epistemic modality and evidentiality: the case of {E}nglish adverbials",
    author = "Carretero, Marta  and
      Zamorano-Mansilla, Juan Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Annotation of Modal Meanings in Natural Language ({WAMM})",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0303",
    pages = "16--23",
}
@inproceedings{cui-chi-2013-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Modal Expressions in the {C}hinese Treebank",
    author = "Cui, Yanyan  and
      Chi, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Annotation of Modal Meanings in Natural Language ({WAMM})",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0304",
    pages = "24--32",
}
@inproceedings{roch-2013-influence,
    title = "Influence of modality markers on the conditional interpretation of the {G}erman preposition ohne",
    author = "Roch, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Annotation of Modal Meanings in Natural Language ({WAMM})",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0305",
    pages = "33--37",
}
@inproceedings{rubinstein-etal-2013-toward,
    title = "Toward Fine-grained Annotation of Modality in Text",
    author = "Rubinstein, Aynat  and
      Harner, Hillary  and
      Krawczyk, Elizabeth  and
      Simonson, Daniel  and
      Katz, Graham  and
      Portner, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Annotation of Modal Meanings in Natural Language ({WAMM})",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0306",
    pages = "38--46",
}
@inproceedings{xue-etal-2013-distant,
    title = "Distant annotation of {C}hinese tense and modality",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen  and
      Zhang, Yuchen  and
      Yang, Yaqin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Annotation of Modal Meanings in Natural Language ({WAMM})",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0307",
    pages = "47--55",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-iwcs-2013,
    title = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Computational Semantics in Clinical Text ({CSCT} 2013)",
    author = "Wu, Stephen  and
      Shah, Nigam  and
      Cohen, Kevin Bretonnel",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}
@inproceedings{ait-mokhtar-etal-2013-framework,
    title = "A Framework to Generate Sets of Terms from Large Scale Medical Vocabularies for Natural Language Processing",
    author = {A{\"\i}t-Mokhtar, Salah  and
      Hag{\`e}ge, Caroline  and
      Rupi, Pajolma},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Computational Semantics in Clinical Text ({CSCT} 2013)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0401",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{howes-etal-2013-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Topic Modelling for Therapy Dialogue Analysis",
    author = "Howes, Christine  and
      Purver, Matthew  and
      McCabe, Rose",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Computational Semantics in Clinical Text ({CSCT} 2013)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0402",
    pages = "7--16",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-2013-figurative,
    title = "Figurative Language in {S}wedish Clinical Texts",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Computational Semantics in Clinical Text ({CSCT} 2013)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0403",
    pages = "17--22",
}
@inproceedings{jonnalagadda-etal-2013-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Use of Empirically Constructed Lexical Resources for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Jonnalagadda, Siddhartha  and
      Cohen, Trevor  and
      Wu, Stephen  and
      Liu, Hongfang  and
      Gonzalez, Graciela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Computational Semantics in Clinical Text ({CSCT} 2013)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0404",
    pages = "23--33",
}
@inproceedings{kate-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Converting Clinical Phrases into {SNOMED} {CT} Expressions",
    author = "Kate, Rohit J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Computational Semantics in Clinical Text ({CSCT} 2013)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0405",
    pages = "34--43",
}
@inproceedings{sohn-etal-2013-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Cross-Institutional Medication Information Annotations in Clinical Notes",
    author = "Sohn, Sunghwan  and
      Clark, Cheryl  and
      Halgrim, Scott  and
      Murphy, Sean  and
      Jonnalagadda, Siddhartha  and
      Wagholikar, Kavishwar  and
      Wu, Stephen  and
      Chute, Christopher  and
      Liu, Hongfang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Computational Semantics in Clinical Text ({CSCT} 2013)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0406",
    pages = "44--53",
}
@inproceedings{thorne-etal-2013-vericlig,
    title = "The {VERICLIG} Project: Extraction of Computer Interpretable Guidelines via Syntactic and Semantic Annotation",
    author = "Thorne, Camilo  and
      Montali, Marco  and
      Calvanese, Diego  and
      Cardillo, Elena  and
      Eccher, Claudio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Computational Semantics in Clinical Text ({CSCT} 2013)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0407",
    pages = "54--58",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-joint,
    title = "Proceedings of the 9th Joint {ISO} - {ACL} {SIGSEM} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    author = "Bunt, Harry",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0500",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{nissim-etal-2013-cross,
    title = "Cross-linguistic annotation of modality: a data-driven hierarchical model",
    author = "Nissim, Malvina  and
      Pietrandrea, Paola  and
      Sans{\`o}, Andrea  and
      Mauri, Caterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Joint {ISO} - {ACL} {SIGSEM} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0501",
    pages = "7--14",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2013-multi,
    title = "Multi-layered Annotation of Non-textual Data for Spatial Information",
    author = "Lee, Kiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Joint {ISO} - {ACL} {SIGSEM} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0502",
    pages = "15--24",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-yocum-2013-capturing,
    title = "Capturing Motion in {ISO}-{S}pace{B}ank",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Yocum, Zachary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Joint {ISO} - {ACL} {SIGSEM} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0503",
    pages = "25--34",
}
@inproceedings{cassidy-2013-interoperable,
    title = "Interoperable Annotation in the {A}ustralian National Corpus",
    author = "Cassidy, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Joint {ISO} - {ACL} {SIGSEM} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0504",
    pages = "35--50",
}
@inproceedings{zaenen-karttunen-2013-veridicity,
    title = "Veridicity annotation in the lexicon? A look at factive adjectives",
    author = "Zaenen, Annie  and
      Karttunen, Lauri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Joint {ISO} - {ACL} {SIGSEM} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0505",
    pages = "51--58",
}
@inproceedings{verhoeven-van-huyssteen-2013-noun,
    title = "More Than Only Noun-Noun Compounds: Towards an Annotation Scheme for the Semantic Modelling of Other Noun Compound Types",
    author = "Verhoeven, Ben  and
      van Huyssteen, Gerhard B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Joint {ISO} - {ACL} {SIGSEM} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0506",
    pages = "59--66",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-etal-2013-issues,
    title = "Issues in the addition of {ISO} standard annotations to the Switchboard corpus",
    author = "Bunt, Harry  and
      Fang, Alex C.  and
      Liu, Xiaoyue  and
      Cao, Jing  and
      Petukhova, Volha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Joint {ISO} - {ACL} {SIGSEM} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0507",
    pages = "67--78",
}
@inproceedings{tokunaga-etal-2013-annotation,
    title = "Annotation for annotation - Toward eliciting implicit linguistic knowledge through annotation - (Project Note)",
    author = "Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Iida, Ryu  and
      Mitsuda, Koh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Joint {ISO} - {ACL} {SIGSEM} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0508",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-2013-inference,
    title = "Inference Patterns with Intensional Adjectives",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Joint {ISO} - {ACL} {SIGSEM} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0509",
    pages = "85--89",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-iwcs-2013-towards,
    title = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop Towards a Formal Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Herbelot, Aurelie  and
      Zamparelli, Roberto  and
      Boleda, Gemma",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}
@inproceedings{bell-schafer-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic transparency: challenges for distributional semantics",
    author = {Bell, Melanie J.  and
      Sch{\"a}fer, Martin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop Towards a Formal Distributional Semantics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0601",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{copestake-2013-distributional,
    title = "Can distributional approaches improve on Good Old-Fashioned Lexical Semantics?",
    author = "Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop Towards a Formal Distributional Semantics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0602",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{pham-etal-2013-sentence,
    title = "Sentence paraphrase detection: When determiners and word order make the difference",
    author = "Pham, Nghia  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella  and
      Zhang, Yao Zhong  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop Towards a Formal Distributional Semantics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0603",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{utt-etal-2013-curious,
    title = "The Curious Case of Metonymic Verbs: A Distributional Characterization",
    author = "Utt, Jason  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Zarcone, Alessandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop Towards a Formal Distributional Semantics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0604",
    pages = "30--39",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-iwcs-2013-models,
    title = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Computational Models of Spatial Language Interpretation and Generation ({C}o{SLI}-3)",
    author = "Kelleher, John  and
      Ross, Robert  and
      Dobnik, Simon",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}
@inproceedings{dobnik-cooper-2013-spatial,
    title = "Spatial Descriptions in Type Theory with Records",
    author = "Dobnik, Simon  and
      Cooper, Robin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Computational Models of Spatial Language Interpretation and Generation ({C}o{SLI}-3)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0701",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{gotze-boye-2013-deriving,
    title = "Deriving Salience Models from Human Route Directions",
    author = {G{\"o}tze, Jana  and
      Boye, Johan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Computational Models of Spatial Language Interpretation and Generation ({C}o{SLI}-3)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0702",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{meena-etal-2013-human,
    title = "Human Evaluation of Conceptual Route Graphs for Interpreting Spoken Route Descriptions",
    author = "Meena, Raveesh  and
      Skantze, Gabriel  and
      Gustafson, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Computational Models of Spatial Language Interpretation and Generation ({C}o{SLI}-3)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0703",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{olszewska-2013-clock,
    title = "Clock-Modeled Ternary Spatial Relations for Visual Scene Analysis",
    author = "Olszewska, Joanna Isabelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Computational Models of Spatial Language Interpretation and Generation ({C}o{SLI}-3)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0704",
    pages = "19--28",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-2013-things,
    title = "Where Things Happen: On the Semantics of Event Localization",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2013 Workshop on Computational Models of Spatial Language Interpretation and Generation ({C}o{SLI}-3)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Potsdam, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0705",
    pages = "29--39",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-syntax,
    title = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0800",
}
@inproceedings{carpuat-2013-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic Evaluation of Machine Translation Lexical Choice",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0801",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{singh-2013-taste,
    title = "Taste of Two Different Flavours: Which {M}anipuri Script works better for {E}nglish-{M}anipuri Language pair {SMT} Systems?",
    author = "Singh, Thoudam Doren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0802",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{maillette-de-buy-wenniger-simaan-2013-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Alignment Decomposition Labels for {H}iero Grammar Rules",
    author = "Maillette de Buy Wenniger, Gideon  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0803",
    pages = "19--28",
}
@inproceedings{huck-etal-2013-performance,
    title = "A Performance Study of Cube Pruning for Large-Scale Hierarchical Machine Translation",
    author = "Huck, Matthias  and
      Vilar, David  and
      Freitag, Markus  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0804",
    pages = "29--38",
}
@inproceedings{herrmann-etal-2013-combining,
    title = "Combining Word Reordering Methods on different Linguistic Abstraction Levels for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Herrmann, Teresa  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0805",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{saers-etal-2013-combining,
    title = "Combining Top-down and Bottom-up Search for Unsupervised Induction of Transduction Grammars",
    author = "Saers, Markus  and
      Addanki, Karteek  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0806",
    pages = "48--57",
}
@inproceedings{maillette-de-buy-wenniger-simaan-2013-formal,
    title = "A Formal Characterization of Parsing Word Alignments by Synchronous Grammars with Empirical Evidence to the {ITG} Hypothesis.",
    author = "Maillette de Buy Wenniger, Gideon  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0807",
    pages = "58--67",
}
@inproceedings{kaeshammer-2013-synchronous,
    title = "Synchronous Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems for Machine Translation",
    author = "Kaeshammer, Miriam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0808",
    pages = "68--77",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-metaphor,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    author = "Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Kozareva, Zornitsa",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0900",
}
@inproceedings{dunn-2013-metaphor,
    title = "What metaphor identification systems can tell us about metaphor-in-language",
    author = "Dunn, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0901",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-flor-2013-argumentation,
    title = "Argumentation-Relevant Metaphors in Test-Taker Essays",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Flor, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0902",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{jamrozik-etal-2013-relational,
    title = "Relational words have high metaphoric potential",
    author = "Jamrozik, Anja  and
      Sagi, Eyal  and
      Goldwater, Micah  and
      Gentner, Dedre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0903",
    pages = "21--26",
}
@inproceedings{mohler-etal-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Signatures for Example-Based Linguistic Metaphor Detection",
    author = "Mohler, Michael  and
      Bracewell, David  and
      Tomlinson, Marc  and
      Hinote, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0904",
    pages = "27--35",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Metaphor Detection using Large-Scale Lexical Resources and Conventional Metaphor Extraction",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick  and
      Dalton, Adam  and
      Allen, James  and
      Galescu, Lucian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0905",
    pages = "36--44",
}
@inproceedings{tsvetkov-etal-2013-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Metaphor Detection Using Common Semantic Features",
    author = "Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Mukomel, Elena  and
      Gershman, Anatole",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0906",
    pages = "45--51",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-etal-2013-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Metaphorical Word Use with Tree Kernels",
    author = "Hovy, Dirk  and
      Srivastava, Shashank  and
      Jauhar, Sujay Kumar  and
      Sachan, Mrinmaya  and
      Goyal, Kartik  and
      Li, Huying  and
      Sanders, Whitney  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0907",
    pages = "52--57",
}
@inproceedings{heintz-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Linguistic Metaphors with {LDA} Topic Modeling",
    author = "Heintz, Ilana  and
      Gabbard, Ryan  and
      Srivastava, Mahesh  and
      Barner, Dave  and
      Black, Donald  and
      Friedman, Majorie  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0908",
    pages = "58--66",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-etal-2013-robust,
    title = "Robust Extraction of Metaphor from Novel Data",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Broadwell, George Aaron  and
      Taylor, Sarah  and
      Feldman, Laurie  and
      Shaikh, Samira  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Yamrom, Boris  and
      Cho, Kit  and
      Boz, Umit  and
      Cases, Ignacio  and
      Elliot, Kyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0909",
    pages = "67--76",
}
@inproceedings{badryzlova-etal-2013-annotating,
    title = "Annotating a {R}ussian corpus of conceptual metaphor: a bottom-up approach",
    author = "Badryzlova, Yulia  and
      Shekhtman, Natalia  and
      Isaeva, Yekaterina  and
      Kerimov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Metaphor in {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-0910",
    pages = "77--86",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-multiword,
    title = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Kordoni, Valia  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1000",
}
@inproceedings{moreno-ortiz-etal-2013-managing,
    title = "Managing Multiword Expressions in a Lexicon-Based Sentiment Analysis System for {S}panish",
    author = "Moreno-Ortiz, Antonio  and
      P{\'e}rez-Hern{\'a}ndez, Chantal  and
      Del-Olmo, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{samvelian-faghiri-2013-introducing,
    title = "Introducing {P}ers{P}red, a Syntactic and Semantic Database for {P}ersian Complex Predicates",
    author = "Samvelian, Pollet  and
      Faghiri, Pegah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1002",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{bungum-etal-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Word Translation Disambiguation by Capturing Multiword Expressions with Dictionaries",
    author = {Bungum, Lars  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Lynum, Andr{\'e}  and
      Marsi, Erwin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1003",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-2013-complex,
    title = "Complex Predicates are Multi-Word Expressions",
    author = "Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1004",
    pages = "31",
}
@inproceedings{roller-etal-2013-un,
    title = "The (Un)expected Effects of Applying Standard Cleansing Models to Human Ratings on Compositionality",
    author = "Roller, Stephen  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Scheible, Silke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1005",
    pages = "32--41",
}
@inproceedings{krcmar-etal-2013-determining,
    title = "Determining Compositionality of Word Expressions Using Word Space Models",
    author = "Kr{\v{c}}m{\'a}{\v{r}}, Lubom{\'\i}r  and
      Je{\v{z}}ek, Karel  and
      Pecina, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1006",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{nissim-2013-modelling,
    title = "Modelling the Internal Variability of {MWE}s",
    author = "Nissim, Malvina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1007",
    pages = "51",
}
@inproceedings{cook-hirst-2013-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Assessing Whether a Text Is Cliched, with Applications to Literary Analysis",
    author = "Cook, Paul  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1008",
    pages = "52--57",
}
@inproceedings{uresova-etal-2013-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Annotation of Verb-Noun Idiomatic Combinations in a Parallel Dependency Corpus",
    author = "Uresova, Zdenka  and
      Hajic, Jan  and
      Fucikova, Eva  and
      Sindlerova, Jana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1009",
    pages = "58--63",
}
@inproceedings{gayen-sarkar-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of {B}engali Noun-Noun Compounds Using Random Forest",
    author = "Gayen, Vivekananda  and
      Sarkar, Kamal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1010",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{kopotev-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Stable Grammatical Features in N-Grams",
    author = "Kopotev, Mikhail  and
      Pivovarova, Lidia  and
      Kochetkova, Natalia  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1011",
    pages = "73--81",
}
@inproceedings{manrique-losada-etal-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring {MWE}s for Knowledge Acquisition from Corporate Technical Documents",
    author = "Manrique Losada, Bell  and
      Zapata Jaramillo, Carlos M.  and
      Burgos, Diego A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1012",
    pages = "82--86",
}
@inproceedings{antunes-mendes-2013-mwe,
    title = "{MWE} in {P}ortuguese: Proposal for a Typology for Annotation in Running Text",
    author = "Antunes, Sandra  and
      Mendes, Am{\'a}lia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1013",
    pages = "87--92",
}
@inproceedings{sanches-duran-etal-2013-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Pronominal Verbs: Towards Automatic Disambiguation of the Clitic {`}se{'} in {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Sanches Duran, Magali  and
      Scarton, Carolina Evaristo  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra Maria  and
      Ramisch, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1014",
    pages = "93--100",
}
@inproceedings{nissim-zaninello-2013-repository,
    title = "A Repository of Variation Patterns for Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Nissim, Malvina  and
      Zaninello, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1015",
    pages = "101--105",
}
@inproceedings{bejcek-etal-2013-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Identification of Occurrences of Multiword Expressions in Text using a Lexicon with Dependency Structures",
    author = "Bej{\v{c}}ek, Eduard  and
      Stra{\v{n}}{\'a}k, Pavel  and
      Pecina, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1016",
    pages = "106--115",
}
@inproceedings{gurrutxaga-alegria-2013-combining,
    title = "Combining Different Features of Idiomaticity for the Automatic Classification of {N}oun+{V}erb Expressions in {B}asque",
    author = "Gurrutxaga, Antton  and
      Alegria, I{\~n}aki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1017",
    pages = "116--125",
}
@inproceedings{vaidya-etal-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Roles for Nominal Predicates: Building a Lexical Resource",
    author = "Vaidya, Ashwini  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Narasimhan, Bhuvana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1018",
    pages = "126--131",
}
@inproceedings{berlanda-2013-constructional,
    title = "Constructional Intensifying Adjectives in {I}talian",
    author = "Berlanda, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1019",
    pages = "132--137",
}
@inproceedings{burstein-2013-far,
    title = "The Far Reach of Multiword Expressions in Educational Technology",
    author = "Burstein, Jill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1020",
    pages = "138",
}
@inproceedings{shigeto-etal-2013-construction,
    title = "Construction of {E}nglish {MWE} Dictionary and its Application to {POS} Tagging",
    author = "Shigeto, Yutaro  and
      Azuma, Ai  and
      Hisamoto, Sorami  and
      Kondo, Shuhei  and
      Kose, Tomoya  and
      Sakaguchi, Keisuke  and
      Yoshimoto, Akifumi  and
      Yung, Frances  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1021",
    pages = "139--144",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Analysis in Social Media",
    author = "Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian  and
      Farzindar, Atefeh  and
      Gamon, Michael  and
      Inkpen, Diana  and
      Nagarajan, Meena",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1100",
}
@inproceedings{khan-etal-2013-size,
    title = "Does Size Matter? Text and Grammar Revision for Parsing Social Media Data",
    author = "Khan, Mohammad  and
      Dickinson, Markus  and
      Kuebler, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Analysis in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1101",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{eisenstein-2013-phonological,
    title = "Phonological Factors in Social Media Writing",
    author = "Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Analysis in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1102",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2013-preliminary,
    title = "A Preliminary Study of Tweet Summarization using Information Extraction",
    author = "Xu, Wei  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      Meyers, Adam  and
      Ritter, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Analysis in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1103",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{lukin-walker-2013-really,
    title = "Really? Well. Apparently Bootstrapping Improves the Performance of Sarcasm and Nastiness Classifiers for Online Dialogue",
    author = "Lukin, Stephanie  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Analysis in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1104",
    pages = "30--40",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2013-topical,
    title = "Topical Positioning: A New Method for Predicting Opinion Changes in Conversation",
    author = "Lin, Ching-Sheng  and
      Shaikh, Samira  and
      Stromer-Galley, Jennifer  and
      Crowley, Jennifer  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Ravishankar, Veena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Analysis in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1105",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{bakliwal-etal-2013-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis of Political Tweets: Towards an Accurate Classifier",
    author = "Bakliwal, Akshat  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      van der Puil, Jennifer  and
      O{'}Brien, Ron  and
      Tounsi, Lamia  and
      Hughes, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Analysis in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1106",
    pages = "49--58",
}
@inproceedings{solorio-etal-2013-case,
    title = "A Case Study of Sockpuppet Detection in {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Solorio, Thamar  and
      Hasan, Ragib  and
      Mizan, Mainul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Analysis in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1107",
    pages = "59--68",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-klakow-2013-towards-detection,
    title = "Towards the Detection of Reliable Food-Health Relationships",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Analysis in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1108",
    pages = "69--79",
}
@inproceedings{gotti-etal-2013-translating,
    title = "Translating Government Agencies{'} Tweet Feeds: Specificities, Problems and (a few) Solutions",
    author = "Gotti, Fabrizio  and
      Langlais, Philippe  and
      Farzindar, Atefeh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Analysis in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1109",
    pages = "80--89",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-events,
    title = "Workshop on Events: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1200",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-2013-coping,
    title = "Coping With Implicit Arguments And Events Coreference",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo",
    booktitle = "Workshop on Events: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1201",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{fokkens-etal-2013-gaf,
    title = "{GAF}: A Grounded Annotation Framework for Events",
    author = "Fokkens, Antske  and
      van Erp, Marieke  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Tonelli, Sara  and
      van Hage, Willem Robert  and
      Serafini, Luciano  and
      Sprugnoli, Rachele  and
      Hoeksema, Jesper",
    booktitle = "Workshop on Events: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1202",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-etal-2013-events,
    title = "Events are Not Simple: Identity, Non-Identity, and Quasi-Identity",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Verdejo, Felisa  and
      Araki, Jun  and
      Philpot, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Workshop on Events: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1203",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{pivovarova-etal-2013-event,
    title = "Event representation across genre",
    author = "Pivovarova, Lidia  and
      Huttunen, Silja  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Workshop on Events: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1204",
    pages = "29--37",
}
@inproceedings{shaw-2013-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic Tool for Historical Events",
    author = "Shaw, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Workshop on Events: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1205",
    pages = "38--46",
}
@inproceedings{vanderwende-etal-2013-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Change of State for Clinical Events",
    author = "Vanderwende, Lucy  and
      Xia, Fei  and
      Yetisgen-Yildiz, Meliha",
    booktitle = "Workshop on Events: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1206",
    pages = "47--51",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-vision,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Vision and Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      Berg, Tamara",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1300",
}
@inproceedings{mason-charniak-2013-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Online Shopping Images without Labeled Training Examples",
    author = "Mason, Rebecca  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Vision and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1301",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{krishnamoorthy-etal-2013-generating,
    title = "Generating Natural-Language Video Descriptions Using Text-Mined Knowledge",
    author = "Krishnamoorthy, Niveda  and
      Malkarnenkar, Girish  and
      Mooney, Raymond  and
      Saenko, Kate  and
      Guadarrama, Sergio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Vision and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1302",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{mittelman-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning Hierarchical Linguistic Descriptions of Visual Datasets",
    author = "Mittelman, Roni  and
      Sun, Min  and
      Kuipers, Benjamin  and
      Savarese, Silvio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Vision and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1303",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    author = "Elson, David  and
      Kazantseva, Anna  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1400",
}
@inproceedings{hammond-etal-2013-tale,
    title = "A Tale of Two Cultures: Bringing Literary Analysis and Computational Linguistics Together",
    author = "Hammond, Adam  and
      Brooke, Julian  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1401",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{almuhareb-etal-2013-recognition,
    title = "Recognition of Classical {A}rabic Poems",
    author = "Almuhareb, Abdulrahman  and
      Alkharashi, Ibrahim  and
      AL Saud, Lama  and
      Altuwaijri, Haya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1402",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{voigt-jurafsky-2013-tradition,
    title = "Tradition and Modernity in 20th Century {C}hinese Poetry",
    author = "Voigt, Rob  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1403",
    pages = "17--22",
}
@inproceedings{asgari-chappelier-2013-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Resources and Topic Models for the Analysis of {P}ersian Poems",
    author = "Asgari, Ehsaneddin  and
      Chappelier, Jean-C{\'e}dric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1404",
    pages = "23--31",
}
@inproceedings{boot-2013-desirability,
    title = "The desirability of a corpus of online book responses",
    author = "Boot, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1405",
    pages = "32--40",
}
@inproceedings{brooke-etal-2013-clustering,
    title = "Clustering Voices in The Waste Land",
    author = "Brooke, Julian  and
      Hirst, Graeme  and
      Hammond, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1406",
    pages = "41--46",
}
@inproceedings{fournier-2013-initial,
    title = "An initial study of topical poetry segmentation",
    author = "Fournier, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1407",
    pages = "47--51",
}
@inproceedings{lessard-levison-2013-groundhog,
    title = "Groundhog {DAG}: Representing Semantic Repetition in Literary Narratives",
    author = "Lessard, Greg  and
      Levison, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1408",
    pages = "52--60",
}
@inproceedings{rauscher-etal-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Cities in Crime: Significant Concordance and Co-occurrence in Quantitative Literary Analysis",
    author = "Rauscher, Janneke  and
      Swiezinski, Leonard  and
      Riedl, Martin  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1409",
    pages = "61--71",
}
@inproceedings{jautze-etal-2013-high,
    title = "From high heels to weed attics: a syntactic investigation of chick lit and literature",
    author = "Jautze, Kim  and
      Koolen, Corina  and
      van Cranenburgh, Andreas  and
      de Jong, Hayco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1410",
    pages = "72--81",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Improving Textual Accessibility",
    author = "Rello, Luz  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Baeza-Yates, Ricardo",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1500",
}
@inproceedings{burstein-etal-2013-user,
    title = "A User Study: Technology to Increase Teachers{'} Linguistic Awareness to Improve Instructional Language Support for {E}nglish Language Learners",
    author = "Burstein, Jill  and
      Sabatini, John  and
      Shore, Jane  and
      Moulder, Brad  and
      Lentini, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Improving Textual Accessibility",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1501",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{barbu-etal-2013-open,
    title = "Open Book: a tool for helping {ASD} users{'} semantic comprehension",
    author = "Barbu, Eduard  and
      Mart{\'\i}n-Valdivia, Maria Teresa  and
      Ure{\~n}a-L{\'o}pez, Luis Alfonso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Improving Textual Accessibility",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1502",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{eskenazi-etal-2013-tools,
    title = "Tools for non-native readers: the case for translation and simplification",
    author = "Eskenazi, Maxine  and
      Lin, Yibin  and
      Saz, Oscar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Improving Textual Accessibility",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1503",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{flor-etal-2013-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Tightness and Text Complexity",
    author = "Flor, Michael  and
      Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Sheehan, Kathleen M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Improving Textual Accessibility",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1504",
    pages = "29--38",
}
@inproceedings{bautista-etal-2013-system,
    title = "A System for the Simplification of Numerical Expressions at Different Levels of Understandability",
    author = "Bautista, Susana  and
      Herv{\'a}s, Raquel  and
      Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo  and
      Power, Richard  and
      Williams, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Improving Textual Accessibility",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1505",
    pages = "39--48",
}
@inproceedings{sheehan-etal-2013-two,
    title = "A Two-Stage Approach for Generating Unbiased Estimates of Text Complexity",
    author = "Sheehan, Kathleen M.  and
      Flor, Michael  and
      Napolitano, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Improving Textual Accessibility",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1506",
    pages = "49--58",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-approaches,
    title = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      van der Goot, Erik  and
      Montoyo, Andres",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1600",
}
@inproceedings{picard-2013-recent,
    title = "Recent adventures with emotion-reading technology",
    author = "Picard, Rosalind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1601",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{qadir-riloff-2013-bootstrapped,
    title = "Bootstrapped Learning of Emotion Hashtags {\#}hashtags4you",
    author = "Qadir, Ashequl  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1602",
    pages = "2--11",
}
@inproceedings{sintsova-etal-2013-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Emotion Recognition in Olympic Tweets Based on Human Computation",
    author = "Sintsova, Valentina  and
      Musat, Claudiu  and
      Pu, Pearl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1603",
    pages = "12--20",
}
@inproceedings{dell-amerlina-rios-gravano-2013-spanish,
    title = "{S}panish {DAL}: A {S}panish Dictionary of Affect in Language",
    author = "Dell{'} Amerlina R{\'\i}os, Mat{\'\i}as  and
      Gravano, Agust{\'\i}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1604",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{liebrecht-etal-2013-perfect,
    title = "The perfect solution for detecting sarcasm in tweets {\#}not",
    author = "Liebrecht, Christine  and
      Kunneman, Florian  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1605",
    pages = "29--37",
}
@inproceedings{hernandez-fusilier-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using {PU}-Learning to Detect Deceptive Opinion Spam",
    author = "Hern{\'a}ndez Fusilier, Donato  and
      Guzm{\'a}n Cabrera, Rafael  and
      Montes-y-G{\'o}mez, Manuel  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1606",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{escalante-etal-2013-sexual,
    title = "Sexual predator detection in chats with chained classifiers",
    author = "Escalante, Hugo Jair  and
      Villatoro-Tello, Esa{\'u}  and
      Ju{\'a}rez, Antonio  and
      Montes-y-G{\'o}mez, Manuel  and
      Villase{\~n}or, Luis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1607",
    pages = "46--54",
}
@inproceedings{mourad-darwish-2013-subjectivity,
    title = "Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis of Modern Standard {A}rabic and {A}rabic Microblogs",
    author = "Mourad, Ahmed  and
      Darwish, Kareem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1608",
    pages = "55--64",
}
@inproceedings{habernal-etal-2013-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis in {C}zech Social Media Using Supervised Machine Learning",
    author = "Habernal, Ivan  and
      Pt{\'a}{\v{c}}ek, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Steinberger, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1609",
    pages = "65--74",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-2013-tagging,
    title = "Tagging Opinion Phrases and their Targets in User Generated Textual Reviews",
    author = "Gupta, Narendra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1610",
    pages = "75--80",
}
@inproceedings{sidorenko-etal-2013-newspaper,
    title = "From newspaper to microblogging: What does it take to find opinions?",
    author = {Sidorenko, Wladimir  and
      Sonntag, Jonathan  and
      Kr{\"u}ger, Nina  and
      Stieglitz, Stefan  and
      Stede, Manfred},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1611",
    pages = "81--86",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-camara-etal-2013-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Experiments on an Opinion Comparable Corpus",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez-C{\'a}mara, Eugenio  and
      Mart{\'\i}n-Valdivia, M. Teresa  and
      Molina-Gonz{\'a}lez, M. Dolores  and
      Ure{\~n}a-L{\'o}pez, L. Alfonso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1612",
    pages = "87--93",
}
@inproceedings{gutierrez-etal-2013-ra,
    title = "{RA}-{SR}: Using a ranking algorithm to automatically building resources for subjectivity analysis over annotated corpora",
    author = "Guti{\'e}rrez, Yoan  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez, Andy  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Antonio  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1613",
    pages = "94--99",
}
@inproceedings{basile-nissim-2013-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment analysis on {I}talian tweets",
    author = "Basile, Valerio  and
      Nissim, Malvina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1614",
    pages = "100--107",
}
@inproceedings{rustamov-etal-2013-sentence,
    title = "Sentence-Level Subjectivity Detection Using Neuro-Fuzzy Models",
    author = "Rustamov, Samir  and
      Mustafayev, Elshan  and
      Clements, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1615",
    pages = "108--114",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-mittal-2013-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Classification using Rough Set based Hybrid Feature Selection",
    author = "Agarwal, Basant  and
      Mittal, Namita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1616",
    pages = "115--119",
}
@inproceedings{balahur-2013-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis in Social Media Texts",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1617",
    pages = "120--128",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-innovative,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Leacock, Claudia",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1700",
}
@inproceedings{morley-etal-2013-utility,
    title = "The Utility of Manual and Automatic Linguistic Error Codes for Identifying Neurodevelopmental Disorders",
    author = "Morley, Eric  and
      Roark, Brian  and
      van Santen, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1701",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{king-dickinson-2013-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Semantic Analysis of Interactive Learner Sentences",
    author = "King, Levi  and
      Dickinson, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1702",
    pages = "11--21",
}
@inproceedings{dahlmeier-etal-2013-building,
    title = "Building a Large Annotated Corpus of Learner {E}nglish: The {NUS} Corpus of Learner {E}nglish",
    author = "Dahlmeier, Daniel  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Wu, Siew Mei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1703",
    pages = "22--31",
}
@inproceedings{andersen-etal-2013-developing,
    title = "Developing and testing a self-assessment and tutoring system",
    author = "Andersen, {\O}istein E.  and
      Yannakoudakis, Helen  and
      Barker, Fiona  and
      Parish, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1704",
    pages = "32--41",
}
@inproceedings{ostling-etal-2013-automated,
    title = "Automated Essay Scoring for {S}wedish",
    author = {{\"O}stling, Robert  and
      Smolentzov, Andre  and
      Tyrefors Hinnerich, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      H{\"o}glin, Erik},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1705",
    pages = "42--47",
}
@inproceedings{tetreault-etal-2013-report,
    title = "A Report on the First Native Language Identification Shared Task",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel  and
      Blanchard, Daniel  and
      Cahill, Aoife",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1706",
    pages = "48--57",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2013-applying,
    title = "Applying Unsupervised Learning To Support Vector Space Model Based Speaking Assessment",
    author = "Chen, Lei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1707",
    pages = "58--62",
}
@inproceedings{vajjala-loo-2013-role,
    title = "Role of Morpho-Syntactic Features in {E}stonian Proficiency Classification",
    author = "Vajjala, Sowmya  and
      L{\~o}o, Kaidi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1708",
    pages = "63--72",
}
@inproceedings{zechner-wang-2013-automated,
    title = "Automated Content Scoring of Spoken Responses in an Assessment for Teachers of {E}nglish",
    author = "Zechner, Klaus  and
      Wang, Xinhao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1709",
    pages = "73--81",
}
@inproceedings{abu-jbara-etal-2013-experimental,
    title = "Experimental Results on the Native Language Identification Shared Task",
    author = "Abu-Jbara, Amjad  and
      Jha, Rahul  and
      Morley, Eric  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1710",
    pages = "82--88",
}
@inproceedings{daudaravicius-2013-vtex,
    title = "{VTEX} System Description for the {NLI} 2013 Shared Task",
    author = "Daudaravi{\v{c}}ius, Vidas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1711",
    pages = "89--95",
}
@inproceedings{goutte-etal-2013-feature,
    title = "Feature Space Selection and Combination for Native Language Identification",
    author = "Goutte, Cyril  and
      L{\'e}ger, Serge  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1712",
    pages = "96--100",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-etal-2013-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating Non-Native {E}nglish with 350 Words",
    author = "Henderson, John  and
      Zarrella, Guido  and
      Pfeifer, Craig  and
      Burger, John D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1713",
    pages = "101--110",
}
@inproceedings{jarvis-etal-2013-maximizing,
    title = "Maximizing Classification Accuracy in Native Language Identification",
    author = "Jarvis, Scott  and
      Bestgen, Yves  and
      Pepper, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1714",
    pages = "111--118",
}
@inproceedings{li-2013-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing {E}nglish Learners{'} Native Language from Their Writings",
    author = "LI, Baoli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1715",
    pages = "119--123",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-etal-2013-nli,
    title = "NLI Shared Task 2013: MQ Submission",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Wong, Sze-Meng Jojo  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1716",
    pages = "124--133",
}
@inproceedings{mizumoto-etal-2013-naist,
    title = "{NAIST} at the {NLI} 2013 Shared Task",
    author = "Mizumoto, Tomoya  and
      Hayashibe, Yuta  and
      Sakaguchi, Keisuke  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1717",
    pages = "134--139",
}
@inproceedings{nicolai-etal-2013-cognate,
    title = "Cognate and Misspelling Features for Natural Language Identification",
    author = "Nicolai, Garrett  and
      Hauer, Bradley  and
      Salameh, Mohammad  and
      Yao, Lei  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1718",
    pages = "140--145",
}
@inproceedings{swanson-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Syntactic Representations for Native Language Identification",
    author = "Swanson, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1719",
    pages = "146--151",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2013-simple,
    title = "Simple Yet Powerful Native Language Identification on {TOEFL}11",
    author = "Wu, Ching-Yi  and
      Lai, Po-Hsiang  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1720",
    pages = "152--156",
}
@inproceedings{evanini-etal-2013-prompt,
    title = "Prompt-based Content Scoring for Automated Spoken Language Assessment",
    author = "Evanini, Keelan  and
      Xie, Shasha  and
      Zechner, Klaus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1721",
    pages = "157--162",
}
@inproceedings{madnani-etal-2013-automated,
    title = "Automated Scoring of a Summary-Writing Task Designed to Measure Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Madnani, Nitin  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Sabatini, John  and
      O{'}Reilly, Tenaha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1722",
    pages = "163--168",
}
@inproceedings{ragheb-dickinson-2013-inter,
    title = "Inter-annotator Agreement for Dependency Annotation of Learner Language",
    author = "Ragheb, Marwa  and
      Dickinson, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1723",
    pages = "169--179",
}
@inproceedings{bobicev-2013-native,
    title = "Native Language Identification with {PPM}",
    author = "Bobicev, Victoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1724",
    pages = "180--187",
}
@inproceedings{brooke-hirst-2013-using,
    title = "Using Other Learner Corpora in the 2013 {NLI} Shared Task",
    author = "Brooke, Julian  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1725",
    pages = "188--196",
}
@inproceedings{bykh-etal-2013-combining,
    title = "Combining Shallow and Linguistically Motivated Features in Native Language Identification",
    author = "Bykh, Serhiy  and
      Vajjala, Sowmya  and
      Krivanek, Julia  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1726",
    pages = "197--206",
}
@inproceedings{cimino-etal-2013-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Profiling based on General{--}purpose Features and Native Language Identification",
    author = "Cimino, Andrea  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Venturi, Giulia  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1727",
    pages = "207--215",
}
@inproceedings{gebre-etal-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Native Language Identification with {TF}-{IDF} Weighting",
    author = "Gebre, Binyam Gebrekidan  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Heskes, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1728",
    pages = "216--223",
}
@inproceedings{gyawali-etal-2013-native,
    title = "Native Language Identification: a Simple n-gram Based Approach",
    author = "Gyawali, Binod  and
      Ramirez, Gabriela  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1729",
    pages = "224--231",
}
@inproceedings{hladka-etal-2013-feature,
    title = "Feature Engineering in the {NLI} Shared Task 2013: {C}harles University Submission Report",
    author = "Hladk{\'a}, Barbora  and
      Holub, Martin  and
      Kr{\'\i}{\v{z}}, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1730",
    pages = "232--241",
}
@inproceedings{kyle-etal-2013-native,
    title = "Native Language Identification: A Key N-gram Category Approach",
    author = "Kyle, Kristopher  and
      Crossley, Scott  and
      Dai, Jianmin  and
      McNamara, Danielle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1731",
    pages = "242--250",
}
@inproceedings{lahiri-mihalcea-2013-using,
    title = "Using N-gram and Word Network Features for Native Language Identification",
    author = "Lahiri, Shibamouli  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1732",
    pages = "251--259",
}
@inproceedings{lavergne-etal-2013-limsis,
    title = "{LIMSI}{'}s participation to the 2013 shared task on Native Language Identification",
    author = "Lavergne, Thomas  and
      Illouz, Gabriel  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Nagata, Ryo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1733",
    pages = "260--265",
}
@inproceedings{lynum-2013-native,
    title = "Native Language Identification using large scale lexical features",
    author = "Lynum, Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1734",
    pages = "266--269",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-ionescu-2013-story,
    title = "The Story of the Characters, the {DNA} and the Native Language",
    author = "Popescu, Marius  and
      Ionescu, Radu Tudor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1735",
    pages = "270--278",
}
@inproceedings{tsvetkov-etal-2013-identifying,
    title = "Identifying the {L}1 of non-native writers: the {CMU}-Haifa system",
    author = "Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Twitto, Naama  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Ordan, Noam  and
      Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Chahuneau, Victor  and
      Wintner, Shuly  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1736",
    pages = "279--287",
}
@inproceedings{xie-chen-2013-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Unsupervised Language Model Adaptation Methods for Speaking Assessment",
    author = "Xie, Shasha  and
      Chen, Lei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1737",
    pages = "288--292",
}
@inproceedings{dzikovska-etal-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving interpretation robustness in a tutorial dialogue system",
    author = "Dzikovska, Myroslava  and
      Farrow, Elaine  and
      Moore, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1738",
    pages = "293--299",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-etal-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Missing Hyphens in Learner Text",
    author = "Cahill, Aoife  and
      Chodorow, Martin  and
      Wolff, Susanne  and
      Madnani, Nitin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1739",
    pages = "300--305",
}
@inproceedings{michaud-mccoy-2013-applying,
    title = "Applying Machine Translation Metrics to Student-Written Translations",
    author = "Michaud, Lisa  and
      McCoy, Patricia Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Atlanta, Georgia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1740",
    pages = "306--311",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-international-finite,
    title = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan",
    month = jul,
    year = "2013",
    address = "St Andrews, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1800",
}
@inproceedings{higuera-oncina-2013-computing,
    title = "Computing the Most Probable String with a Probabilistic Finite State Machine",
    author = "Higuera, Colin de la  and
      Oncina, Jose",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2013",
    address = "St Andrews, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1801",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{torres-2013-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Bi-Languages to model Dialogs",
    author = "Torres, M. In{\'e}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2013",
    address = "St Andrews, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1802",
    pages = "9--17",
}
@inproceedings{agirrezabal-etal-2013-zeuscansion,
    title = "{Z}eu{S}cansion: a tool for scansion of {E}nglish poetry",
    author = "Agirrezabal, Manex  and
      Arrieta, Bertol  and
      Astigarraga, Aitzol  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2013",
    address = "St Andrews, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1803",
    pages = "18--24",
}
@inproceedings{dymetman-2013-convexity,
    title = "A Convexity-based Generalization of {V}iterbi for Non-Deterministic Weighted Automata",
    author = "Dymetman, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2013",
    address = "St Andrews, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1804",
    pages = "25--29",
}
@inproceedings{pawlik-etal-2013-processing,
    title = "Processing Structured Input with Skipping Nested Automata",
    author = "Pawlik, Dominika  and
      Zab{\l}ocki, Aleksander  and
      Zaborowski, Bartosz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2013",
    address = "St Andrews, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1805",
    pages = "30--34",
}
@inproceedings{wurm-samih-2013-synchronous,
    title = "Synchronous Regular Relations and Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Wurm, Christian  and
      Samih, Younes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2013",
    address = "St Andrews, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1806",
    pages = "35--38",
}
@inproceedings{wurzner-hanneforth-2013-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Morphologically Complex Words",
    author = {W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael  and
      Hanneforth, Thomas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2013",
    address = "St Andrews, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1807",
    pages = "39--43",
}
@inproceedings{pawlik-etal-2013-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Rule-Based Morphosyntactic Analysis of Richly Inflected Languages - a {P}olish Example",
    author = "Pawlik, Dominika  and
      Zab{\l}ocki, Aleksander  and
      Zaborowski, Bartosz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2013",
    address = "St Andrews, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1808",
    pages = "44--48",
}
@inproceedings{deksne-2013-finite,
    title = "Finite State Morphology Tool for {L}atvian",
    author = "Deksne, Daiga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2013",
    address = "St Andrews, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1809",
    pages = "49--53",
}
@inproceedings{jones-etal-2013-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Graph Languages with Grammars Extracted via Tree Decompositions",
    author = "Jones, Bevan Keeley  and
      Goldwater, Sharon  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2013",
    address = "St Andrews, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1810",
    pages = "54--62",
}
@inproceedings{fernando-2013-finite,
    title = "Finite State Methods and Description Logics",
    author = "Fernando, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2013",
    address = "St Andrews, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1811",
    pages = "63--71",
}
@inproceedings{salza-2013-using,
    title = "Using {N}oo{J} for semantic annotation of {I}talian language corpora in the domain of motion: a cognitive-grounded approach",
    author = "Salza, Edoardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2013",
    address = "St Andrews, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1812",
    pages = "72--80",
}
@inproceedings{jurish-wurzner-2013-multi,
    title = "Multi-threaded composition of finite-state-automata",
    author = {Jurish, Bryan  and
      W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2013",
    address = "St Andrews, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1813",
    pages = "81--89",
}
@inproceedings{yli-jyra-2013-finite,
    title = "On Finite-State Tonology with Autosegmental Representations",
    author = {Yli-Jyr{\"a}, Anssi},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2013",
    address = "St Andrews, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1814",
    pages = "90--98",
}
@inproceedings{perez-de-vinaspre-etal-2013-finite,
    title = "A Finite-State Approach to Translate {SNOMED} {CT} Terms into {B}asque Using Medical Prefixes and Suffixes",
    author = "Perez-de-Vi{\~n}aspre, Olatz  and
      Oronoz, Maite  and
      Agirrezabal, Manex  and
      Lersundi, Mikel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2013",
    address = "St Andrews, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1815",
    pages = "99--103",
}
@inproceedings{bontcheva-2013-syncretism,
    title = "Syncretism and How to Deal with it in a Morphological Analyzer: a {G}erman Example",
    author = "Bontcheva, Katina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2013",
    address = "St Andrews, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1816",
    pages = "104--107",
}
@inproceedings{kairakbay-zaurbekov-2013-finite,
    title = "Finite State Approach to the {K}azakh Nominal Paradigm",
    author = "Kairakbay, Bakyt M.  and
      Zaurbekov, David L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Finite State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2013",
    address = "St Andrews, Scotland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1817",
    pages = "108--112",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-2013,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2013 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Cohen, Kevin Bretonnel  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Pestian, John  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1900",
}
@inproceedings{matykiewicz-etal-2013-earlier,
    title = "Earlier Identification of Epilepsy Surgery Candidates Using Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Matykiewicz, Pawel  and
      Cohen, Kevin  and
      Holland, Katherine D.  and
      Glauser, Tracy A.  and
      Standridge, Shannon M.  and
      Verspoor, Karen M.  and
      Pestian, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1901",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{yetisgen-yildiz-etal-2013-identification,
    title = "Identification of Patients with Acute Lung Injury from Free-Text Chest X-Ray Reports",
    author = "Yetisgen-Yildiz, Meliha  and
      Bejan, Cosmin  and
      Wurfel, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1902",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2013-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Temporal Narrative Containers in Clinical Text",
    author = "Miller, Timothy  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Lin, Chen  and
      Savova, Guergana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1903",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{bretschneider-etal-2013-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Pathological Findings in {G}erman Radiology Reports Using a Syntacto-semantic Parsing Approach",
    author = "Bretschneider, Claudia  and
      Zillner, Sonja  and
      Hammon, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1904",
    pages = "27--35",
}
@inproceedings{henriksson-etal-2013-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Driven Terminology Development: Populating {S}wedish {SNOMED} {CT} with Synonyms Extracted from Electronic Health Records",
    author = "Henriksson, Aron  and
      Skeppstedt, Maria  and
      Kvist, Maria  and
      Duneld, Martin  and
      Conway, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1905",
    pages = "36--44",
}
@inproceedings{dellorletta-etal-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Linguistically-Driven Reliable Dependency Parses Detection and Self-Training for Adaptation to the Biomedical Domain",
    author = "Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Venturi, Giulia  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1906",
    pages = "45--53",
}
@inproceedings{kilicoglu-etal-2013-interpreting,
    title = "Interpreting Consumer Health Questions: The Role of Anaphora and Ellipsis",
    author = "Kilicoglu, Halil  and
      Fiszman, Marcelo  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1907",
    pages = "54--62",
}
@inproceedings{van-landeghem-etal-2013-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Large-scale Text Mining Applications Beyond the Traditional Numeric Performance Measures",
    author = "Van Landeghem, Sofie  and
      Kaewphan, Suwisa  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Van de Peer, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1908",
    pages = "63--71",
}
@inproceedings{temnikova-cohen-2013-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Sublanguages in Scientific Journal Articles through Closure Properties",
    author = "Temnikova, Irina  and
      Cohen, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1909",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{fluck-etal-2013-bel,
    title = "{BEL} Networks Derived from Qualitative Translations of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task Annotations",
    author = "Fluck, Juliane  and
      Klenner, Alexander  and
      Madan, Sumit  and
      Ansari, Sam  and
      Bobic, Tamara  and
      Hoeng, Julia  and
      Hofmann--Apitius, Martin  and
      Peitsch, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1910",
    pages = "80--88",
}
@inproceedings{ramirez-de-la-rosa-etal-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Word Class N-grams to Measure Language Development in Children",
    author = "Ram{\'\i}rez de la Rosa, Gabriela  and
      Solorio, Thamar  and
      Montes, Manuel  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Bedore, Lisa  and
      Pe{\~n}a, Elizabeth  and
      Iglesias, Aquiles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1911",
    pages = "89--97",
}
@inproceedings{skeppstedt-2013-adapting,
    title = "Adapting a Parser to Clinical Text by Simple Pre-processing Rules",
    author = "Skeppstedt, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1912",
    pages = "98--101",
}
@inproceedings{jimeno-yepes-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using the Argumentative Structure of Scientific Literature to Improve Information Access",
    author = "Jimeno Yepes, Antonio  and
      Mork, James  and
      Aronson, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1913",
    pages = "102--110",
}
@inproceedings{hassanali-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using Latent {D}irichlet Allocation for Child Narrative Analysis",
    author = "Hassanali, Khairun-nisa  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1914",
    pages = "111--115",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-elhadad-2013-effect,
    title = "Effect of Out Of Vocabulary Terms on Inferring Eligibility Criteria for a Retrospective Study in {H}ebrew {EHR}",
    author = "Cohen, Raphael  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1915",
    pages = "116--119",
}
@inproceedings{chakraborti-tendulkar-2013-parallels,
    title = "Parallels between Linguistics and Biology",
    author = "Chakraborti, Sutanu  and
      Tendulkar, Ashish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1916",
    pages = "120--123",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-bionlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    author = "N{\'e}dellec, Claire  and
      Bossy, Robert  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Kim, Jung-jae  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2000",
}
@inproceedings{nedellec-etal-2013-overview,
    title = "Overview of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013",
    author = "N{\'e}dellec, Claire  and
      Bossy, Robert  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Kim, Jung-jae  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2001",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2013-genia,
    title = "The {G}enia Event Extraction Shared Task, 2013 Edition - Overview",
    author = "Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Wang, Yue  and
      Yasunori, Yamamoto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2002",
    pages = "8--15",
}
@inproceedings{bjorne-salakoski-2013-tees,
    title = "{TEES} 2.1: Automated Annotation Scheme Learning in the {B}io{NLP} 2013 Shared Task",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rne, Jari  and
      Salakoski, Tapio},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2003",
    pages = "16--25",
}
@inproceedings{hakala-etal-2013-evex,
    title = "{EVEX} in {ST}{'}13: Application of a large-scale text mining resource to event extraction and network construction",
    author = "Hakala, Kai  and
      Van Landeghem, Sofie  and
      Salakoski, Tapio  and
      Van de Peer, Yves  and
      Ginter, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2004",
    pages = "26--34",
}
@inproceedings{mackinlay-etal-2013-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Biomedical Events and Modifications Using Subgraph Matching with Noisy Training Data",
    author = "MacKinlay, Andrew  and
      Martinez, David  and
      Jimeno Yepes, Antonio  and
      Liu, Haibin  and
      Wilbur, W. John  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2005",
    pages = "35--44",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-biomedical,
    title = "Biomedical Event Extraction by Multi-class Classification of Pairs of Text Entities",
    author = "Liu, Xiao  and
      Bordes, Antoine  and
      Grandvalet, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2006",
    pages = "45--49",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2013-gro,
    title = "{GRO} Task: Populating the Gene Regulation Ontology with events and relations",
    author = "Kim, Jung-jae  and
      Han, Xu  and
      Lee, Vivian  and
      Rebholz-Schuhmann, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2007",
    pages = "50--57",
}
@inproceedings{pyysalo-etal-2013-overview,
    title = "Overview of the Cancer Genetics ({CG}) task of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013",
    author = "Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2008",
    pages = "58--66",
}
@inproceedings{ohta-etal-2013-overview,
    title = "Overview of the Pathway Curation ({PC}) task of {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013",
    author = "Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Rak, Rafal  and
      Rowley, Andrew  and
      Chun, Hong-Woo  and
      Jung, Sung-Jae  and
      Choi, Sung-Pil  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2009",
    pages = "67--75",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing an Approximate Subgraph Matching-based System to Extract Events in Molecular Biology and Cancer Genetics",
    author = "Liu, Haibin  and
      Verspoor, Karin  and
      Comeau, Donald C.  and
      MacKinlay, Andrew  and
      Wilbur, W. John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2010",
    pages = "76--85",
}
@inproceedings{ramanan-nathan-2013-performance,
    title = "Performance and limitations of the linguistically motivated Cocoa/Peaberry system in a broad biological domain.",
    author = "Ramanan, SV  and
      Nathan, P. Senthil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2011",
    pages = "86--93",
}
@inproceedings{miwa-ananiadou-2013-nactem,
    title = "{N}a{CT}e{M} {E}vent{M}ine for {B}io{NLP} 2013 {CG} and {PC} tasks",
    author = "Miwa, Makoto  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2012",
    pages = "94--98",
}
@inproceedings{stenetorp-etal-2013-bionlp,
    title = "{B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013: Supporting Resources",
    author = "Stenetorp, Pontus  and
      Golik, Wiktoria  and
      Hamon, Thierry  and
      Comeau, Donald C.  and
      Islamaj Do{\u{g}}an, Rezarta  and
      Liu, Haibin  and
      Wilbur, W. John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2013",
    pages = "99--103",
}
@inproceedings{bui-etal-2013-fast,
    title = "A fast rule-based approach for biomedical event extraction",
    author = "Bui, Quoc-Chinh  and
      Campos, David  and
      van Mulligen, Erik  and
      Kors, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2014",
    pages = "104--108",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Feature-Based Biomedical Event Extraction System by Integrating Argument Information",
    author = "Li, Lishuang  and
      Wang, Yiwen  and
      Huang, Degen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2015",
    pages = "109--115",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-etal-2013-uzh,
    title = "{UZH} in {B}io{NLP} 2013",
    author = "Schneider, Gerold  and
      Clematide, Simon  and
      Ellendorff, Tilia  and
      Tuggener, Don  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio  and
      Grigonyt{\.e}, Gintar{\.e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2016",
    pages = "116--120",
}
@inproceedings{pham-etal-2013-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid approach for biomedical event extraction",
    author = "Pham, Xuan Quang  and
      Le, Minh Quang  and
      Ho, Bao Quoc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2017",
    pages = "121--124",
}
@inproceedings{roller-stevenson-2013-identification,
    title = "Identification of {G}enia Events using Multiple Classifiers",
    author = "Roller, Roland  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2018",
    pages = "125--129",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring a Probabilistic Earley Parser for Event Composition in Biomedical Texts",
    author = "Tran, Mai-Vu  and
      Collier, Nigel  and
      Le, Hoang-Quynh  and
      Phi, Van-Thuy  and
      Pham, Thanh-Binh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2019",
    pages = "130--134",
}
@inproceedings{provoost-moens-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Relations in the Gene Regulation Network",
    author = "Provoost, Thomas  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2020",
    pages = "135--138",
}
@inproceedings{bannour-etal-2013-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-based semantic annotation: an automatic hybrid rule-based method",
    author = "Bannour, Sondes  and
      Audibert, Laurent  and
      Soldano, Henry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2021",
    pages = "139--143",
}
@inproceedings{grouin-2013-building,
    title = "Building A Contrasting Taxa Extractor for Relation Identification from Assertions: {BIO}logical Taxonomy {\&} Ontology Phrase Extraction System",
    author = "Grouin, Cyril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2022",
    pages = "144--152",
}
@inproceedings{bossy-etal-2013-bionlp,
    title = "{B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 {--} An overview of the Genic Regulation Network Task",
    author = "Bossy, Robert  and
      Bessi{\`e}res, Philippe  and
      N{\'e}dellec, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2023",
    pages = "153--160",
}
@inproceedings{bossy-etal-2013-bionlp-shared,
    title = "{B}io{NLP} shared Task 2013 {--} An Overview of the Bacteria Biotope Task",
    author = "Bossy, Robert  and
      Golik, Wiktoria  and
      Ratkovic, Zorana  and
      Bessi{\`e}res, Philippe  and
      N{\'e}dellec, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2024",
    pages = "161--169",
}
@inproceedings{karadeniz-ozgur-2013-bacteria,
    title = "Bacteria Biotope Detection, Ontology-based Normalization, and Relation Extraction using Syntactic Rules",
    author = {Karadeniz, {\.I}lknur  and
      {\"O}zg{\"u}r, Arzucan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2025",
    pages = "170--177",
}
@inproceedings{zitnik-etal-2013-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Gene Regulation Networks Using Linear-Chain Conditional Random Fields and Rules",
    author = "{\v{Z}}itnik, Slavko  and
      {\v{Z}}itnik, Marinka  and
      Zupan, Bla{\v{z}}  and
      Bajec, Marko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2026",
    pages = "178--187",
}
@inproceedings{claveau-2013-irisa,
    title = "{IRISA} participation to {B}io{NLP}-{ST}13: lazy-learning and information retrieval for information extraction tasks",
    author = "Claveau, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} Shared Task 2013 Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2027",
    pages = "188--196",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-european,
    title = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Gatt, Albert  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2100",
}
@inproceedings{basile-bos-2013-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Formal Meaning Representations with Surface Strings for Wide-Coverage Text Generation",
    author = "Basile, Valerio  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2101",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{cimiano-etal-2013-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Ontology Lexica for Generating Natural Language Texts from {RDF} Data",
    author = {Cimiano, Philipp  and
      L{\"u}ker, Janna  and
      Nagel, David  and
      Unger, Christina},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2102",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{banik-etal-2013-user,
    title = "User-Controlled, Robust Natural Language Generation from an Evolving Knowledge Base",
    author = "Banik, Eva  and
      Kow, Eric  and
      Chaudhri, Vinay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2103",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{howcroft-etal-2013-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing the Expression of Contrast in the {SP}a{RK}y Restaurant Corpus",
    author = "Howcroft, David  and
      Nakatsu, Crystal  and
      White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2104",
    pages = "30--39",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-narayan-2013-generating,
    title = "Generating Elliptic Coordination",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Narayan, Shashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2105",
    pages = "40--50",
}
@inproceedings{lampouras-androutsopoulos-2013-using-integer,
    title = "Using Integer Linear Programming for Content Selection, Lexicalization, and Aggregation to Produce Compact Texts from {OWL} Ontologies",
    author = "Lampouras, Gerasimos  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2106",
    pages = "51--60",
}
@inproceedings{smith-lieberman-2013-generating,
    title = "Generating and Interpreting Referring Expressions as Belief State Planning and Plan Recognition",
    author = "Smith, Dustin  and
      Lieberman, Henry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2107",
    pages = "61--71",
}
@inproceedings{viethen-etal-2013-graphs,
    title = "Graphs and Spatial Relations in the Generation of Referring Expressions",
    author = "Viethen, Jette  and
      Mitchell, Margaret  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2108",
    pages = "72--81",
}
@inproceedings{gatt-paggio-2013-empirical,
    title = "What and Where: An Empirical Investigation of Pointing Gestures and Descriptions in Multimodal Referring Actions",
    author = "Gatt, Albert  and
      Paggio, Patrizia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2109",
    pages = "82--91",
}
@inproceedings{lapalme-2013-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Generation and Summarization at {RALI}",
    author = "Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2110",
    pages = "92--93",
}
@inproceedings{banik-etal-2013-kbgen,
    title = "The {KBG}en Challenge",
    author = "Banik, Eva  and
      Gardent, Claire  and
      Kow, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2111",
    pages = "94--97",
}
@inproceedings{bouayad-agha-etal-2013-overview,
    title = "Overview of the First Content Selection Challenge from Open Semantic Web Data",
    author = "Bouayad-Agha, Nadjet  and
      Casamayor, Gerard  and
      Wanner, Leo  and
      Mellish, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2112",
    pages = "98--102",
}
@inproceedings{gervas-2013-narrative,
    title = "Narrative Composition: Achieving the Perceived Linearity of Narrative",
    author = "Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2113",
    pages = "103--104",
}
@inproceedings{lindberg-etal-2013-generating,
    title = "Generating Natural Language Questions to Support Learning On-Line",
    author = "Lindberg, David  and
      Popowich, Fred  and
      Nesbit, John  and
      Winne, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2114",
    pages = "105--114",
}
@inproceedings{gkatzia-etal-2013-generating,
    title = "Generating Student Feedback from Time-Series Data Using Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Gkatzia, Dimitra  and
      Hastie, Helen  and
      Janarthanam, Srinivasan  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2115",
    pages = "115--124",
}
@inproceedings{jaidka-etal-2013-deconstructing,
    title = "Deconstructing Human Literature Reviews {--} A Framework for Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Jaidka, Kokil  and
      Khoo, Christopher  and
      Na, Jin-Cheon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2116",
    pages = "125--135",
}
@inproceedings{mehdad-etal-2013-abstractive,
    title = "Abstractive Meeting Summarization with Entailment and Fusion",
    author = "Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Tompa, Frank  and
      NG, Raymond T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2117",
    pages = "136--146",
}
@inproceedings{iida-tokunaga-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Voice Selection in {J}apanese based on Various Linguistic Information",
    author = "Iida, Ryu  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2118",
    pages = "147--151",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-etal-2013-mime,
    title = "{MIME} - {NLG} in Pre-Hospital Care",
    author = "Schneider, Anne  and
      Mort, Alasdair  and
      Mellish, Chris  and
      Reiter, Ehud  and
      Wilson, Phil  and
      Vaudry, Pierre-Luc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2119",
    pages = "152--156",
}
@inproceedings{barr-etal-2013-generation,
    title = "Generation of Quantified Referring Expressions: Evidence from Experimental Data",
    author = "Barr, Dale  and
      van Deemter, Kees  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2120",
    pages = "157--161",
}
@inproceedings{agirrezabal-etal-2013-pos,
    title = "{POS}-Tag Based Poetry Generation with {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Agirrezabal, Manex  and
      Arrieta, Bertol  and
      Astigarraga, Aitzol  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2121",
    pages = "162--166",
}
@inproceedings{schlunder-klabunde-2013-greetings,
    title = "Greetings Generation in Video Role Playing Games",
    author = {Schl{\"u}nder, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Klabunde, Ralf},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2122",
    pages = "167--171",
}
@inproceedings{duboue-2013-feasibility,
    title = "On the Feasibility of Automatically Describing n-dimensional Objects",
    author = "Duboue, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2123",
    pages = "172--177",
}
@inproceedings{schilder-etal-2013-gennext,
    title = "{G}en{N}ext: A Consolidated Domain Adaptable {NLG} System",
    author = "Schilder, Frank  and
      Howald, Blake  and
      Kondadadi, Ravi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2124",
    pages = "178--182",
}
@inproceedings{vaudry-lapalme-2013-adapting,
    title = "Adapting {S}imple{NLG} for Bilingual {E}nglish-{F}rench Realisation",
    author = "Vaudry, Pierre-Luc  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2125",
    pages = "183--187",
}
@inproceedings{demir-etal-2013-case,
    title = "A Case Study Towards {T}urkish Paraphrase Alignment",
    author = "Demir, Seniz  and
      Durgar El-Kahlout, {\.I}lknur  and
      Unal, Erdem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2126",
    pages = "188--192",
}
@inproceedings{banaee-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards {NLG} for Physiological Data Monitoring with Body Area Networks",
    author = "Banaee, Hadi  and
      Ahmed, Mobyen Uddin  and
      Loutfi, Amy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2127",
    pages = "193--197",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-etal-2013-mime-nlg,
    title = "{MIME}- {NLG} Support for Complex and Unstable Pre-hospital Emergencies",
    author = "Schneider, Anne  and
      Mort, Alasdair  and
      Mellish, Chris  and
      Reiter, Ehud  and
      Wilson, Phil  and
      Vaudry, Pierre-Luc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2128",
    pages = "198--199",
}
@inproceedings{duboue-2013-thoughtland,
    title = "{T}houghtland: Natural Language Descriptions for Machine Learning n-dimensional Error Functions",
    author = "Duboue, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2129",
    pages = "200--201",
}
@inproceedings{zarriess-richardson-2013-automatic,
    title = "An Automatic Method for Building a Data-to-Text Generator",
    author = "Zarriess, Sina  and
      Richardson, Kyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2130",
    pages = "202--203",
}
@inproceedings{gyawali-gardent-2013-lor,
    title = "{LOR}-{KBGEN}, A Hybrid Approach To Generating from the {KBG}en Knowledge-Base",
    author = "Gyawali, Bikash  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2131",
    pages = "204--205",
}
@inproceedings{butler-etal-2013-team,
    title = "Team {UDEL} {KBG}en 2013 Challenge",
    author = "Butler, Keith  and
      Moraes, Priscilla  and
      Tabolt, Ian  and
      McCoy, Kathy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2132",
    pages = "206--207",
}
@inproceedings{kutlak-etal-2013-content,
    title = "Content Selection Challenge - University of Aberdeen Entry",
    author = "Kutlak, Roman  and
      Mellish, Chris  and
      van Deemter, Kees",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2133",
    pages = "208--209",
}
@inproceedings{venigalla-di-eugenio-2013-uic,
    title = "{UIC}-{CSC}: The Content Selection Challenge Entry from the University of {I}llinois at {C}hicago",
    author = "Venigalla, Hareen  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2134",
    pages = "210--211",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-statistical,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Bojar, Ondrej  and
      Buck, Christian  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Saint-Amand, Herve  and
      Soricut, Radu  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2200",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2013-findings,
    title = "Findings of the 2013 {W}orkshop on {S}tatistical {M}achine {T}ranslation",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Buck, Christian  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Soricut, Radu  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2201",
    pages = "1--44",
}
@inproceedings{machacek-bojar-2013-results,
    title = "Results of the {WMT}13 Metrics Shared Task",
    author = "Mach{\'a}{\v{c}}ek, Matou{\v{s}}  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2202",
    pages = "45--51",
}
@inproceedings{birch-etal-2013-feasibility,
    title = "The Feasibility of {HMEANT} as a Human {MT} Evaluation Metric",
    author = "Birch, Alexandra  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Germann, Ulrich  and
      Nadejde, Maria  and
      Buck, Christian  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2203",
    pages = "52--61",
}
@inproceedings{allauzen-etal-2013-limsi,
    title = "{LIMSI} @ {WMT}13",
    author = "Allauzen, Alexander  and
      P{\'e}cheux, Nicolas  and
      Do, Quoc Khanh  and
      Dinarelli, Marco  and
      Lavergne, Thomas  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Le, Hai-Son  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2204",
    pages = "62--69",
}
@inproceedings{ammar-etal-2013-cmu,
    title = "The {CMU} Machine Translation Systems at {WMT} 2013: Syntax, Synthetic Translation Options, and Pseudo-References",
    author = "Ammar, Waleed  and
      Chahuneau, Victor  and
      Denkowski, Michael  and
      Hanneman, Greg  and
      Ling, Wang  and
      Matthews, Austin  and
      Murray, Kenton  and
      Segall, Nicola  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2205",
    pages = "70--77",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-2013-feature,
    title = "Feature Decay Algorithms for Fast Deployment of Accurate Statistical Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2206",
    pages = "78--84",
}
@inproceedings{bilek-zeman-2013-cuni,
    title = "{CU}ni Multilingual Matrix in the {WMT} 2013 Shared Task",
    author = "B{\'\i}lek, Karel  and
      Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2207",
    pages = "85--91",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2013-chimera,
    title = "Chimera {--} Three Heads for {E}nglish-to-{C}zech Translation",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Rosa, Rudolf  and
      Tamchyna, Ale{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2208",
    pages = "92--98",
}
@inproceedings{borisov-etal-2013-yandex,
    title = "Yandex School of Data Analysis Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}13",
    author = "Borisov, Alexey  and
      Dlougach, Jacob  and
      Galinskaya, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2209",
    pages = "99--103",
}
@inproceedings{cho-etal-2013-karlsruhe,
    title = "The {K}arlsruhe {I}nstitute of {T}echnology Translation Systems for the {WMT} 2013",
    author = "Cho, Eunah  and
      Ha, Thanh-Le  and
      Mediani, Mohammed  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Herrmann, Teresa  and
      Slawik, Isabel  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2210",
    pages = "104--108",
}
@inproceedings{durgar-el-kahlout-mermer-2013-tubitak,
    title = {{T{\"U}B{\.I}TAK}-{B{\.I}LGEM} {G}erman-{E}nglish Machine Translation Systems for W13},
    author = "Durgar El-Kahlout, {\.I}lknur  and
      Mermer, Co{\c{s}}kun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2211",
    pages = "109--113",
}
@inproceedings{durrani-etal-2013-edinburghs,
    title = "{E}dinburgh{'}s Machine Translation Systems for {E}uropean Language Pairs",
    author = "Durrani, Nadir  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Heafield, Kenneth  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2212",
    pages = "114--121",
}
@inproceedings{durrani-etal-2013-munich,
    title = "{M}unich-{E}dinburgh-{S}tuttgart Submissions of {OSM} Systems at {WMT}13",
    author = "Durrani, Nadir  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Schmid, Helmut  and
      Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2213",
    pages = "122--127",
}
@inproceedings{eidelman-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Efficient Large-Scale Feature-Rich Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Eidelman, Vladimir  and
      Wu, Ke  and
      Ture, Ferhan  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2214",
    pages = "128--133",
}
@inproceedings{formiga-etal-2013-talp,
    title = "The {TALP}-{UPC} Phrase-Based Translation Systems for {WMT}13: System Combination with Morphology Generation, Domain Adaptation and Corpus Filtering",
    author = "Formiga, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Mari{\~n}o, Jos{\'e} B.  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.  and
      Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2215",
    pages = "134--140",
}
@inproceedings{galuscakova-etal-2013-phrasefix,
    title = "{P}hrase{F}ix: Statistical Post-Editing of {T}ecto{MT}",
    author = "Galu{\v{s}}{\v{c}}{\'a}kov{\'a}, Petra  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2216",
    pages = "141--147",
}
@inproceedings{green-etal-2013-feature,
    title = "Feature-Rich Phrase-based Translation: {S}tanford {U}niversity{'}s Submission to the {WMT} 2013 Translation Task",
    author = "Green, Spence  and
      Cer, Daniel  and
      Reschke, Kevin  and
      Voigt, Rob  and
      Bauer, John  and
      Wang, Sida  and
      Silveira, Natalia  and
      Neidert, Julia  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2217",
    pages = "148--153",
}
@inproceedings{huet-etal-2013-factored,
    title = "Factored Machine Translation Systems for {R}ussian-{E}nglish",
    author = "Huet, St{\'e}phane  and
      Manishina, Elena  and
      Lef{\`e}vre, Fabrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2218",
    pages = "154--157",
}
@inproceedings{matusov-leusch-2013-omnifluent,
    title = "Omnifluent {E}nglish-to-{F}rench and {R}ussian-to-{E}nglish Systems for the 2013 {W}orkshop on {S}tatistical {M}achine {T}ranslation",
    author = "Matusov, Evgeny  and
      Leusch, Gregor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2219",
    pages = "158--163",
}
@inproceedings{miceli-barone-attardi-2013-pre,
    title = "Pre-Reordering for Machine Translation Using Transition-Based Walks on Dependency Parse Trees",
    author = "Miceli-Barone, Antonio Valerio  and
      Attardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2220",
    pages = "164--169",
}
@inproceedings{nadejde-etal-2013-edinburghs,
    title = "{E}dinburgh{'}s Syntax-Based Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "Nadejde, Maria  and
      Williams, Philip  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2221",
    pages = "170--176",
}
@inproceedings{okita-etal-2013-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Semantically-Informed {PBSMT} and {HPBSMT}",
    author = "Okita, Tsuyoshi  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2222",
    pages = "177--184",
}
@inproceedings{peitz-etal-2013-joint,
    title = "Joint {WMT} 2013 Submission of the {QUAERO} Project",
    author = "Peitz, Stephan  and
      Mansour, Saab  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Freitag, Markus  and
      Ney, Hermann  and
      Cho, Eunah  and
      Herrmann, Teresa  and
      Mediani, Mohammed  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Waibel, Alex  and
      Allauzen, Alexander  and
      Do, Quoc Khanh  and
      Buschbeck, Bianka  and
      Wandmacher, Tonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2223",
    pages = "185--192",
}
@inproceedings{peitz-etal-2013-rwth,
    title = "The {RWTH} Aachen Machine Translation System for {WMT} 2013",
    author = "Peitz, Stephan  and
      Mansour, Saab  and
      Peter, Jan-Thorsten  and
      Schmidt, Christoph  and
      Wuebker, Joern  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Freitag, Markus  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2224",
    pages = "193--199",
}
@inproceedings{pino-etal-2013-university,
    title = "The {U}niversity of {C}ambridge {R}ussian-{E}nglish System at {WMT}13",
    author = "Pino, Juan  and
      Waite, Aurelien  and
      Xiao, Tong  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Flego, Federico  and
      Byrne, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2225",
    pages = "200--205",
}
@inproceedings{post-etal-2013-joshua,
    title = "Joshua 5.0: Sparser, Better, Faster, Server",
    author = "Post, Matt  and
      Ganitkevitch, Juri  and
      Orland, Luke  and
      Weese, Jonathan  and
      Cao, Yuan  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2226",
    pages = "206--212",
}
@inproceedings{rubino-etal-2013-cngl,
    title = "The {CNGL}-{DCU}-{P}rompsit Translation Systems for {WMT}13",
    author = "Rubino, Raphael  and
      Toral, Antonio  and
      Cort{\'e}s Va{\'\i}llo, Santiago  and
      Xie, Jun  and
      Wu, Xiaofeng  and
      Doherty, Stephen  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2227",
    pages = "213--218",
}
@inproceedings{sajjad-etal-2013-qcri,
    title = "{QCRI}-{MES} Submission at {WMT}13: Using Transliteration Mining to Improve Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Smekalova, Svetlana  and
      Durrani, Nadir  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Schmid, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2228",
    pages = "219--224",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-etal-2013-tunable,
    title = "Tunable Distortion Limits and Corpus Cleaning for {SMT}",
    author = {Stymne, Sara  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Nivre, Joakim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2229",
    pages = "225--231",
}
@inproceedings{weller-etal-2013-munich,
    title = "{M}unich-{E}dinburgh-{S}tuttgart Submissions at {WMT}13: Morphological and Syntactic Processing for {SMT}",
    author = "Weller, Marion  and
      Kisselew, Max  and
      Smekalova, Svetlana  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Schmid, Helmut  and
      Durrani, Nadir  and
      Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2230",
    pages = "232--239",
}
@inproceedings{turchi-etal-2013-coping,
    title = "Coping with the Subjectivity of Human Judgements in {MT} Quality Estimation",
    author = "Turchi, Marco  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2231",
    pages = "240--251",
}
@inproceedings{krstovski-smith-2013-online,
    title = "Online Polylingual Topic Models for Fast Document Translation Detection",
    author = "Krstovski, Kriste  and
      Smith, David A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2232",
    pages = "252--261",
}
@inproceedings{irvine-callison-burch-2013-combining,
    title = "Combining Bilingual and Comparable Corpora for Low Resource Machine Translation",
    author = "Irvine, Ann  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2233",
    pages = "262--270",
}
@inproceedings{tsvetkov-etal-2013-generating,
    title = "Generating {E}nglish Determiners in Phrase-Based Translation with Synthetic Translation Options",
    author = "Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Bhatia, Archna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2234",
    pages = "271--280",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-eetemadi-2013-dramatically,
    title = "Dramatically Reducing Training Data Size Through Vocabulary Saturation",
    author = "Lewis, William  and
      Eetemadi, Sauleh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2235",
    pages = "281--291",
}
@inproceedings{simianer-riezler-2013-multi,
    title = "Multi-Task Learning for Improved Discriminative Training in {SMT}",
    author = "Simianer, Patrick  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2236",
    pages = "292--300",
}
@inproceedings{mathur-etal-2013-online,
    title = "Online Learning Approaches in Computer Assisted Translation",
    author = "Mathur, Prashant  and
      Cettolo, Mauro  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2237",
    pages = "301--308",
}
@inproceedings{wuebker-ney-2013-length,
    title = "Length-Incremental Phrase Training for {SMT}",
    author = "Wuebker, Joern  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2238",
    pages = "309--319",
}
@inproceedings{cer-etal-2013-positive,
    title = "Positive Diversity Tuning for Machine Translation System Combination",
    author = "Cer, Daniel  and
      Manning, Christopher D.  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2239",
    pages = "320--328",
}
@inproceedings{avramidis-popovic-2013-selecting,
    title = "Selecting Feature Sets for Comparative and Time-Oriented Quality Estimation of Machine Translation Output",
    author = "Avramidis, Eleftherios  and
      Popovi{\'c}, Maja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2240",
    pages = "329--336",
}
@inproceedings{beck-etal-2013-shef,
    title = "{SHEF}-{L}ite: When Less is More for Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Beck, Daniel  and
      Shah, Kashif  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2241",
    pages = "337--342",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-2013-referential,
    title = "Referential Translation Machines for Quality Estimation",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2242",
    pages = "343--351",
}
@inproceedings{camargo-de-souza-etal-2013-fbk,
    title = "{FBK}-{UE}din Participation to the {WMT}13 Quality Estimation Shared Task",
    author = "Camargo de Souza, Jos{\'e} Guilherme  and
      Buck, Christian  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Negri, Matteo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2243",
    pages = "352--358",
}
@inproceedings{formiga-etal-2013-talp-upc,
    title = "The {TALP}-{UPC} Approach to System Selection: {A}siya Features and Pairwise Classification Using Random Forests",
    author = "Formiga, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Gonz{\`a}lez, Meritxell  and
      Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2244",
    pages = "359--364",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2013-quality,
    title = "Quality Estimation for Machine Translation Using the Joint Method of Evaluation Criteria and Statistical Modeling",
    author = "Han, Aaron Li-Feng  and
      Lu, Yi  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.  and
      He, Liangye  and
      Xing, Junwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2245",
    pages = "365--372",
}
@inproceedings{hildebrand-vogel-2013-mt,
    title = "{MT} Quality Estimation: The {CMU} System for {WMT}{`}13",
    author = "Hildebrand, Silja  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2246",
    pages = "373--379",
}
@inproceedings{langlois-smaili-2013-loria,
    title = "{LORIA} System for the {WMT}13 Quality Estimation Shared Task",
    author = {Langlois, David  and
      Sma{\"\i}li, Kamel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2247",
    pages = "380--385",
}
@inproceedings{luong-etal-2013-lig,
    title = "{LIG} System for {WMT}13 {QE} Task: Investigating the Usefulness of Features in Word Confidence Estimation for {MT}",
    author = "Luong, Ngoc-Quang  and
      Lecouteux, Benjamin  and
      Besacier, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2248",
    pages = "386--391",
}
@inproceedings{rubino-etal-2013-dcu,
    title = "{DCU}-{S}ymantec at the {WMT} 2013 Quality Estimation Shared Task",
    author = "Rubino, Raphael  and
      Wagner, Joachim  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Roturier, Johann  and
      Samad Zadeh Kaljahi, Rasoul  and
      Hollowood, Fred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2249",
    pages = "392--397",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2013-limsi,
    title = "{LIMSI} Submission for the {WMT}{`}13 Quality Estimation Task: an Experiment with N-Gram Posteriors",
    author = "Singh, Anil Kumar  and
      Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2250",
    pages = "398--404",
}
@inproceedings{fishel-2013-ranking,
    title = "Ranking Translations using Error Analysis and Quality Estimation",
    author = "Fishel, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2251",
    pages = "405--407",
}
@inproceedings{hajlaoui-2013-acts,
    title = "Are {ACT}{'}s Scores Increasing with Better Translation Quality?",
    author = "Hajlaoui, Najeh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2252",
    pages = "408--413",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2013-description,
    title = "A Description of Tunable Machine Translation Evaluation Systems in {WMT}13 Metrics Task",
    author = "Han, Aaron Li-Feng  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.  and
      Lu, Yi  and
      He, Liangye  and
      Wang, Yiming  and
      Zhou, Jiaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2253",
    pages = "414--421",
}
@inproceedings{lo-wu-2013-meant,
    title = "{MEANT} at {WMT} 2013: A Tunable, Accurate yet Inexpensive Semantic Frame Based {MT} Evaluation Metric",
    author = "Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2254",
    pages = "422--428",
}
@inproceedings{moreau-rubino-2013-approach,
    title = "An Approach Using Style Classification Features for Quality Estimation",
    author = "Moreau, Erwan  and
      Rubino, Raphael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2255",
    pages = "429--434",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2013-dcu,
    title = "{DCU} Participation in {WMT}2013 Metrics Task",
    author = "Wu, Xiaofeng  and
      Yu, Hui  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2256",
    pages = "435--439",
}
@inproceedings{bisazza-federico-2013-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Solutions for Word Reordering in {G}erman-{E}nglish Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2257",
    pages = "440--451",
}
@inproceedings{huck-etal-2013-phrase,
    title = "A Phrase Orientation Model for Hierarchical Machine Translation",
    author = "Huck, Matthias  and
      Wuebker, Joern  and
      Rietig, Felix  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2258",
    pages = "452--463",
}
@inproceedings{graham-2013-dependency,
    title = "A Dependency-Constrained Hierarchical Model with {M}oses",
    author = "Graham, Yvette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2259",
    pages = "464--471",
}
@inproceedings{aziz-etal-2013-investigations,
    title = "Investigations in Exact Inference for Hierarchical Translation",
    author = "Aziz, Wilker  and
      Dymetman, Marc  and
      Venkatapathy, Sriram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2260",
    pages = "472--483",
}
@inproceedings{zaidan-chowdhary-2013-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating (and Improving) Sentence Alignment under Noisy Conditions",
    author = "Zaidan, Omar  and
      Chowdhary, Vishal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2261",
    pages = "484--493",
}
@inproceedings{eyigoz-etal-2013-multi,
    title = "{M}ulti-{R}ate {HMM}s for Word Alignment",
    author = {Eyig{\"o}z, Elif  and
      Gildea, Daniel  and
      Oflazer, Kemal},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2262",
    pages = "494--502",
}
@inproceedings{kondo-etal-2013-hidden,
    title = "Hidden {M}arkov Tree Model for Word Alignment",
    author = "Kondo, Shuhei  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2263",
    pages = "503--511",
}
@inproceedings{niehues-waibel-2013-mt,
    title = "An {MT} Error-Driven Discriminative Word Lexicon using Sentence Structure Features",
    author = "Niehues, Jan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2264",
    pages = "512--520",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-linguistic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    author = "Pareja-Lora, Antonio  and
      Liakata, Maria  and
      Dipper, Stefanie",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2300",
}
@inproceedings{eskander-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Correction and Extension of Morphological Annotations",
    author = "Eskander, Ramy  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Kulick, Seth  and
      Maamouri, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2301",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{bollmann-2013-pos,
    title = "{POS} Tagging for Historical Texts with Sparse Training Data",
    author = "Bollmann, Marcel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2302",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2013-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing State-of-the-art Parsers to Diagnose Problems in Treebank Annotation for a Less Resourced Language",
    author = "Nguyen, Quy  and
      Nguyen, Ngan  and
      Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2303",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{skjaerholt-2013-influence,
    title = "Influence of preprocessing on dependency syntax annotation: speed and agreement",
    author = "Skj{\ae}rholt, Arne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2304",
    pages = "28--32",
}
@inproceedings{graham-etal-2013-continuous,
    title = "Continuous Measurement Scales in Human Evaluation of Machine Translation",
    author = "Graham, Yvette  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Moffat, Alistair  and
      Zobel, Justin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2305",
    pages = "33--41",
}
@inproceedings{ramanath-etal-2013-entailment,
    title = "{E}ntailment: An Effective Metric for Comparing and Evaluating Hierarchical and Non-hierarchical Annotation Schemes",
    author = "Ramanath, Rohan  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Bali, Kalika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2306",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-etal-2013-framework,
    title = "A Framework for (Under)specifying Dependency Syntax without Overloading Annotators",
    author = "Schneider, Nathan  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan  and
      Saphra, Naomi  and
      Bamman, David  and
      Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Smith, Noah A.  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2307",
    pages = "51--60",
}
@inproceedings{bosco-etal-2013-converting,
    title = "Converting {I}talian Treebanks: Towards an {I}talian {S}tanford Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Bosco, Cristina  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Simi, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2308",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2013-analyses,
    title = "Analyses of the Association between Discourse Relation and Sentiment Polarity with a {C}hinese Human-Annotated Corpus",
    author = "Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Yu, Chi-Hsin  and
      Chang, Tai-Wei  and
      Lin, Cong-Kai  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2309",
    pages = "70--78",
}
@inproceedings{mihaila-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards a Better Understanding of Discourse: Integrating Multiple Discourse Annotation Perspectives Using {UIMA}",
    author = "Mih{\u{a}}il{\u{a}}, Claudiu  and
      Kontonatsios, Georgios  and
      Batista-Navarro, Riza Theresa  and
      Thompson, Paul  and
      Korkontzelos, Ioannis  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2310",
    pages = "79--88",
}
@inproceedings{rak-ananiadou-2013-making,
    title = "Making {UIMA} Truly Interoperable with {SPARQL}",
    author = "Rak, Rafal  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2311",
    pages = "89--97",
}
@inproceedings{neumann-etal-2013-importing,
    title = "Importing {MASC} into the {ANNIS} linguistic database: A case study of mapping {G}r{AF}",
    author = "Neumann, Arne  and
      Ide, Nancy  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2312",
    pages = "98--102",
}
@inproceedings{nedoluzhko-2013-generic,
    title = "Generic noun phrases and annotation of coreference and bridging relations in the {P}rague Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Nedoluzhko, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2313",
    pages = "103--111",
}
@inproceedings{kolhatkar-etal-2013-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Anaphoric Shell Nouns with their Antecedents",
    author = "Kolhatkar, Varada  and
      Zinsmeister, Heike  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2314",
    pages = "112--121",
}
@inproceedings{demirsahin-etal-2013-applicative,
    title = "Applicative Structures and Immediate Discourse in the {T}urkish Discourse Bank",
    author = {Demir{\c{s}}ahin, Isin  and
      {\"O}zt{\"u}rel, Adnan  and
      Boz{\c{s}}ahin, Cem  and
      Zeyrek, Deniz},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2315",
    pages = "122--130",
}
@inproceedings{eryigit-etal-2013-turksent,
    title = "{TURKSENT}: A Sentiment Annotation Tool for Social Media",
    author = {Eryi{\v{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en  and
      {\c{C}}etin, Fatih Samet  and
      Yan{\i}k, Meltem  and
      Temel, Tanel  and
      {\c{C}}i{\c{c}}ekli, {\.I}lyas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2316",
    pages = "131--134",
}
@inproceedings{tratz-etal-2013-tweet,
    title = "Tweet Conversation Annotation Tool with a Focus on an {A}rabic Dialect, {M}oroccan {D}arija",
    author = "Tratz, Stephen  and
      Briesch, Douglas  and
      Laoudi, Jamal  and
      Voss, Clare",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2317",
    pages = "135--139",
}
@inproceedings{tateisi-etal-2013-relation,
    title = "Relation Annotation for Understanding Research Papers",
    author = "Tateisi, Yuka  and
      Shidahara, Yo  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2318",
    pages = "140--148",
}
@inproceedings{bond-etal-2013-developing,
    title = "Developing Parallel Sense-tagged Corpora with Wordnets",
    author = "Bond, Francis  and
      Wang, Shan  and
      Gao, Eshley Huini  and
      Mok, Hazel Shuwen  and
      Tan, Jeanette Yiwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2319",
    pages = "149--158",
}
@inproceedings{jena-etal-2013-animacy,
    title = "{A}nimacy Annotation in the {H}indi Treebank",
    author = "Jena, Itisree  and
      Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad  and
      Jain, Sambhav  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2320",
    pages = "159--167",
}
@inproceedings{rosset-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Named Entity Pre-annotation for Out-of-domain Human Annotation",
    author = "Rosset, Sophie  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Lavergne, Thomas  and
      Ben Jannet, Mohamed  and
      Leixa, J{\'e}r{\'e}my  and
      Galibert, Olivier  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2321",
    pages = "168--177",
}
@inproceedings{banarescu-etal-2013-abstract,
    title = "Abstract Meaning Representation for Sembanking",
    author = "Banarescu, Laura  and
      Bonial, Claire  and
      Cai, Shu  and
      Georgescu, Madalina  and
      Griffitt, Kira  and
      Hermjakob, Ulf  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Schneider, Nathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2322",
    pages = "178--186",
}
@inproceedings{passonneau-carpenter-2013-benefits,
    title = "The Benefits of a Model of Annotation",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca J.  and
      Carpenter, Bob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2323",
    pages = "187--195",
}
@inproceedings{peldszus-stede-2013-ranking,
    title = "Ranking the annotators: An agreement study on argumentation structure",
    author = "Peldszus, Andreas  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2324",
    pages = "196--204",
}
@inproceedings{tschirsich-hintz-2013-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Crowdsourcing for Paraphrase Recognition",
    author = "Tschirsich, Martin  and
      Hintz, Gerold",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2325",
    pages = "205--213",
}
@inproceedings{iida-etal-2013-investigation,
    title = "Investigation of annotator{'}s behaviour using eye-tracking data",
    author = "Iida, Ryu  and
      Mitsuda, Koh  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2326",
    pages = "214--222",
}
@inproceedings{damiani-battistelli-2013-enunciative,
    title = "Enunciative and modal variations in newswire texts in {F}rench: From guideline to automatic annotation",
    author = "Damiani, Marine  and
      Battistelli, Delphine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2327",
    pages = "223--227",
}
@inproceedings{mendes-etal-2013-annotating,
    title = "Annotating the Interaction between Focus and Modality: the case of exclusive particles",
    author = "Mendes, Am{\'a}lia  and
      Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Salgueiro, Agostinho  and
      {\'A}vila, Luciana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2328",
    pages = "228--237",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-biennial,
    title = "Proceedings of the 4th Biennial International Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Piskorski, Jakub  and
      Pivovarova, Lidia  and
      Tanev, Hristo  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2400",
}
@inproceedings{simov-2013-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: Ontologies and Linked Open Data for Acquisition and Exploitation of Language Resources",
    author = "Simov, Kiril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Biennial International Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2401",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{kapociute-dzikiene-etal-2013-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Approaches for Sentiment Classification on {L}ithuanian {I}nternet Comments",
    author = "Kapo{\v{c}}i{\=u}t{\.e}-Dzikien{\.e}, Jurgita  and
      Krupavi{\v{c}}ius, Algis  and
      Krilavi{\v{c}}ius, Tomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Biennial International Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2402",
    pages = "2--11",
}
@inproceedings{chetviorkin-loukachevitch-2013-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Sentiment Analysis Systems in {R}ussian",
    author = "Chetviorkin, Ilia  and
      Loukachevitch, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Biennial International Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2403",
    pages = "12--17",
}
@inproceedings{glavas-etal-2013-aspect,
    title = "Aspect-Oriented Opinion Mining from User Reviews in {C}roatian",
    author = "Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      Koren{\v{c}}i{\'c}, Damir  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Biennial International Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2404",
    pages = "18--23",
}
@inproceedings{karan-etal-2013-frequently,
    title = "Frequently Asked Questions Retrieval for {C}roatian Based on Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Karan, Mladen  and
      {\v{Z}}mak, Lovro  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Biennial International Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2405",
    pages = "24--33",
}
@inproceedings{skatov-etal-2013-parsing,
    title = "Parsing {R}ussian: a hybrid approach",
    author = "Skatov, Dan  and
      Liverko, Sergey  and
      Okatiev, Vladimir  and
      Strebkov, Dmitry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Biennial International Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2406",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{bekavac-snajder-2013-gpkex,
    title = "{GPKEX}: Genetically Programmed Keyphrase Extraction from {C}roatian Texts",
    author = "Bekavac, Marko  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Biennial International Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2407",
    pages = "43--47",
}
@inproceedings{agic-etal-2013-lemmatization,
    title = "Lemmatization and Morphosyntactic Tagging of {C}roatian and {S}erbian",
    author = "Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Merkler, Danijela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Biennial International Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2408",
    pages = "48--57",
}
@inproceedings{scherrer-erjavec-2013-modernizing,
    title = "Modernizing historical {S}lovene words with character-based {SMT}",
    author = "Scherrer, Yves  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Biennial International Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2409",
    pages = "58--62",
}
@inproceedings{kutuzov-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving {E}nglish-{R}ussian sentence alignment through {POS} tagging and Damerau-{L}evenshtein distance",
    author = "Kutuzov, Andrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Biennial International Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2410",
    pages = "63--68",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-fiser-2013-identifying,
    title = "Identifying false friends between closely related languages",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Biennial International Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2411",
    pages = "69--77",
}
@inproceedings{tkachenko-etal-2013-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition in {E}stonian",
    author = "Tkachenko, Alexander  and
      Petmanson, Timo  and
      Laur, Sven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Biennial International Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2412",
    pages = "78--83",
}
@inproceedings{piskorski-ehrmann-2013-named,
    title = "On Named Entity Recognition in Targeted Twitter Streams in Polish.",
    author = "Piskorski, Jakub  and
      Ehrmann, Maud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Biennial International Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2413",
    pages = "84--93",
}
@inproceedings{marcinczuk-kocon-2013-recognition,
    title = "Recognition of Named Entities Boundaries in Polish Texts",
    author = "Marci{\'n}czuk, Micha{\l}  and
      Koco{\'n}, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Biennial International Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2414",
    pages = "94--99",
}
@inproceedings{pivovarova-etal-2013-adapting,
    title = "Adapting the {PULS} event extraction framework to analyze {R}ussian text",
    author = "Pivovarova, Lidia  and
      Du, Mian  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Biennial International Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2415",
    pages = "100--109",
}
@inproceedings{tanev-steinberger-2013-semi,
    title = "Semi-automatic Acquisition of Lexical Resources and Grammars for Event Extraction in {B}ulgarian and {C}zech",
    author = "Tanev, Hristo  and
      Steinberger, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Biennial International Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2416",
    pages = "110--118",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanova-etal-2013-wordnet,
    title = "{W}ordnet-Based Cross-Language Identification of Semantic Relations",
    author = "Stoyanova, Ivelina  and
      Koeva, Svetla  and
      Leseva, Svetlozara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Biennial International Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2417",
    pages = "119--128",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-building,
    title = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Sharoff, Serge  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Rapp, Reinhard",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2500",
}
@inproceedings{apidianaki-etal-2013-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual {WSD} for Translation Extraction from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2501",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{kwon-etal-2013-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Lexicon Extraction via Pivot Language and Word Alignment Tool",
    author = "Kwon, Hong-Seok  and
      Seo, Hyeong-Won  and
      Kim, Jae-Hoon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2502",
    pages = "11--15",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using {W}ord{N}et and Semantic Similarity for Bilingual Terminology Mining from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Bouamor, Dhouha  and
      Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2503",
    pages = "16--23",
}
@inproceedings{hazem-morin-2013-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Smoothing Techniques for Bilingual Lexicon Extraction from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Hazem, Amir  and
      Morin, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2504",
    pages = "24--33",
}
@inproceedings{chu-etal-2013-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese{--}{J}apanese Parallel Sentence Extraction from Quasi{--}Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Chu, Chenhui  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2505",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{papavassiliou-etal-2013-modular,
    title = "A modular open-source focused crawler for mining monolingual and bilingual corpora from the web",
    author = "Papavassiliou, Vassilis  and
      Prokopidis, Prokopis  and
      Thurmair, Gregor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2506",
    pages = "43--51",
}
@inproceedings{acs-etal-2013-building,
    title = "Building basic vocabulary across 40 languages",
    author = "{\'A}cs, Judit  and
      Pajkossy, Katalin  and
      Kornai, Andr{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2507",
    pages = "52--58",
}
@inproceedings{teich-etal-2013-scientific,
    title = "Scientific registers and disciplinary diversification: a comparable corpus approach",
    author = "Teich, Elke  and
      Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania  and
      Kermes, Hannah  and
      Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2508",
    pages = "59--68",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving {MT} System Using Extracted Parallel Fragments of Text from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Gupta, Rajdeep  and
      Pal, Santanu  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2509",
    pages = "69--76",
}
@inproceedings{lapshinova-koltunski-2013-vartra,
    title = "{VARTRA}: A Comparable Corpus for Analysis of Translation Variation",
    author = "Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2510",
    pages = "77--86",
}
@inproceedings{genc-etal-2013-building,
    title = "Building Ontologies from Collaborative Knowledge Bases to Search and Interpret Multilingual Corpora",
    author = "Genc, Yegin  and
      Lennon, Elizabeth  and
      Mason, Winter  and
      Nickerson, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2511",
    pages = "87--94",
}
@inproceedings{kontonatsios-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using a Random Forest Classifier to recognise translations of biomedical terms across languages",
    author = "Kontonatsios, Georgios  and
      Korkontzelos, Ioannis  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2512",
    pages = "95--104",
}
@inproceedings{saad-etal-2013-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Multilingual Comparable Articles Based On Opinions",
    author = {Saad, Motaz  and
      Langlois, David  and
      Sma{\"\i}li, Kamel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2513",
    pages = "105--111",
}
@inproceedings{plamada-volk-2013-mining,
    title = "Mining for Domain-specific Parallel Text from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Plamad{\u{a}}, Magdalena  and
      Volk, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2514",
    pages = "112--120",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2013-gathering,
    title = "Gathering and Generating Paraphrases from Twitter with Application to Normalization",
    author = "Xu, Wei  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2515",
    pages = "121--128",
}
@inproceedings{stambolieva-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning Comparable Corpora from Latent Semantic Analysis Simplified Document Space",
    author = "Stambolieva, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2516",
    pages = "129--137",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2013-finding,
    title = "Finding More Bilingual Webpages with High Credibility via Link Analysis",
    author = "Zhang, Chengzhi  and
      Yao, Xuchen  and
      Kit, Chunyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2517",
    pages = "138--143",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-cognitive,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL})",
    author = "Demberg, Vera  and
      Levy, Roger",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2600",
}
@inproceedings{fourtassi-etal-2013-english,
    title = "Why is {E}nglish so easy to segment?",
    author = {Fourtassi, Abdellah  and
      B{\"o}rschinger, Benjamin  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Dupoux, Emmanuel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2601",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{pajak-etal-2013-model,
    title = "A model of generalization in distributional learning of phonetic categories",
    author = "Pajak, Bozena  and
      Bicknell, Klinton  and
      Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2602",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{fullwood-odonnell-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning non-concatenative morphology",
    author = "Fullwood, Michelle  and
      O{'}Donnell, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2603",
    pages = "21--27",
}
@inproceedings{clark-etal-2013-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Representation of Grammaticality Judgements: the Limits of N-Gram Models",
    author = "Clark, Alexander  and
      Giorgolo, Gianluca  and
      Lappin, Shalom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2604",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{van-schijndel-etal-2013-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Memory-based Processing Costs using Incremental Deep Syntactic Dependency Parsing",
    author = "van Schijndel, Marten  and
      Nguyen, Luan  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2605",
    pages = "37--46",
}
@inproceedings{matusevych-etal-2013-computational,
    title = "Computational simulations of second language construction learning",
    author = "Matusevych, Yevgen  and
      Alishahi, Afra  and
      Backus, Ad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2606",
    pages = "47--56",
}
@inproceedings{sayeed-demberg-2013-semantic,
    title = "The semantic augmentation of a psycholinguistically-motivated syntactic formalism",
    author = "Sayeed, Asad  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2607",
    pages = "57--65",
}
@inproceedings{lapesa-evert-2013-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Neighbor Rank and Distance Measures as Predictors of Semantic Priming",
    author = "Lapesa, Gabriella  and
      Evert, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2608",
    pages = "66--74",
}
@inproceedings{hill-etal-2013-concreteness,
    title = "Concreteness and Corpora: A Theoretical and Practical Study",
    author = "Hill, Felix  and
      Kiela, Douwe  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2609",
    pages = "75--83",
}
@inproceedings{torabi-asr-demberg-2013-information,
    title = "On the Information Conveyed by Discourse Markers",
    author = "Torabi Asr, Fatemeh  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2610",
    pages = "84--93",
}
@inproceedings{eshghi-etal-2013-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Grammar Induction from Child-Directed Dialogue Utterances",
    author = "Eshghi, Arash  and
      Hough, Julian  and
      Purver, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2611",
    pages = "94--103",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-language-technology,
    title = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    author = "Lendvai, Piroska  and
      Zervanou, Kalliopi",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2700",
}
@inproceedings{fernando-etal-2013-generating,
    title = "Generating Paths through Cultural Heritage Collections",
    author = "Fernando, Samuel  and
      Goodale, Paula  and
      Clough, Paul  and
      Stevenson, Mark  and
      Hall, Mark  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2701",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{wubben-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using character overlap to improve language transformation",
    author = "Wubben, Sander  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2702",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{schraagen-huijsmans-2013-comparison,
    title = "Comparison between historical population archives and decentralized databases",
    author = "Schraagen, Marijn  and
      Huijsmans, Dionysius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2703",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{liebeskind-etal-2013-semi,
    title = "Semi-automatic Construction of Cross-period Thesaurus",
    author = "Liebeskind, Chaya  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Schler, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2704",
    pages = "29--35",
}
@inproceedings{wibberley-etal-2013-language,
    title = "Language Technology for Agile Social Media Science",
    author = "Wibberley, Simon  and
      Weir, David  and
      Reffin, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2705",
    pages = "36--42",
}
@inproceedings{novak-etal-2013-morphological,
    title = "Morphological annotation of Old and Middle {H}ungarian corpora",
    author = {Nov{\'a}k, Attila  and
      Orosz, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Wenszky, N{\'o}ra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2706",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{florou-etal-2013-argument,
    title = "Argument extraction for supporting public policy formulation",
    author = "Florou, Eirini  and
      Konstantopoulos, Stasinos  and
      Koukourikos, Antonis  and
      Karampiperis, Pythagoras",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2707",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{blessing-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards a Tool for Interactive Concept Building for Large Scale Analysis in the Humanities",
    author = "Blessing, Andre  and
      Sonntag, Jonathan  and
      Kliche, Fritz  and
      Heid, Ulrich  and
      Kuhn, Jonas  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2708",
    pages = "55--64",
}
@inproceedings{trieschnigg-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning to Extract Folktale Keywords",
    author = {Trieschnigg, Dolf  and
      Nguyen, Dong  and
      Theune, Mari{\"e}t},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2709",
    pages = "65--73",
}
@inproceedings{bender-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Creating Precision Grammars from Interlinear Glossed Text: Inferring Large-Scale Typological Properties",
    author = "Bender, Emily M.  and
      Goodman, Michael Wayne  and
      Crowgey, Joshua  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2710",
    pages = "74--83",
}
@inproceedings{amoia-martinez-2013-using,
    title = "Using Comparable Collections of Historical Texts for Building a Diachronic Dictionary for Spelling Normalization",
    author = "Amoia, Marilisa  and
      Martinez, Jose Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2711",
    pages = "84--89",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-2013-integration,
    title = "Integration of the Thesaurus for the Social Sciences ({T}he{S}oz) in an Information Extraction System",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2712",
    pages = "90--95",
}
@inproceedings{jones-irvine-2013-un,
    title = "The (Un)faithful Machine Translator",
    author = "Jones, Ruth  and
      Irvine, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2713",
    pages = "96--101",
}
@inproceedings{ciobanu-etal-2013-temporal-classification,
    title = "Temporal classification for historical {R}omanian texts",
    author = "Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Dinu, Anca  and
      Dinu, Liviu  and
      Niculae, Vlad  and
      {\c{S}}ulea, Octavia-Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2714",
    pages = "102--106",
}
@inproceedings{dannells-etal-2013-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual access to cultural heritage content on the Semantic Web",
    author = "Dann{\'e}lls, Dana  and
      Ranta, Aarne  and
      Enache, Ramona  and
      Damova, Mariana  and
      Mateva, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2715",
    pages = "107--115",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-hybrid,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation",
    author = "Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta Ruiz  and
      Rapp, Reinhard  and
      Lambert, Patrik  and
      Eberle, Kurt  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Babych, Bogdan",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2800",
}
@inproceedings{costa-jussa-etal-2013-workshop,
    title = "Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation: Overview and Developments",
    author = "Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Banchs, Rafael  and
      Rapp, Reinhard  and
      Lambert, Patrik  and
      Eberle, Kurt  and
      Babych, Bogdan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2801",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{ney-2013-statistical,
    title = "Statistical {MT} Systems Revisited: How much Hybridity do they have?",
    author = "Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2802",
    pages = "7",
}
@inproceedings{toral-2013-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Selection of Language Model Training Data Using Linguistic Information and Perplexity",
    author = "Toral, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2803",
    pages = "8--12",
}
@inproceedings{rios-gonzales-gohring-2013-machine,
    title = "Machine Learning Disambiguation of {Q}uechua Verb Morphology",
    author = {Rios Gonzales, Annette  and
      G{\"o}hring, Anne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2804",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{green-zabokrtsky-2013-improvements,
    title = "Improvements to Syntax-based Machine Translation using Ensemble Dependency Parsers",
    author = "Green, Nathan  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2805",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using unlabeled dependency parsing for pre-reordering for {C}hinese-to-{J}apanese statistical machine translation",
    author = "Han, Dan  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-G{\'o}mez, Pascual  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2806",
    pages = "25--33",
}
@inproceedings{patel-etal-2013-reordering,
    title = "Reordering rules for {E}nglish-{H}indi {SMT}",
    author = "Patel, Raj Nath  and
      Gupta, Rohit  and
      Pimpale, Prakash B.  and
      M, Sasikumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2807",
    pages = "34--41",
}
@inproceedings{laki-etal-2013-english,
    title = "{E}nglish to {H}ungarian Morpheme-based Statistical Machine Translation System with Reordering Rules",
    author = "Laki, L{\'a}szl{\'o}  and
      Nov{\'a}k, Attila  and
      Sikl{\'o}si, Borb{\'a}la",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2808",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-quirk-2013-controlled,
    title = "Controlled Ascent: Imbuing Statistical {MT} with Linguistic Knowledge",
    author = "Lewis, William  and
      Quirk, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2809",
    pages = "51--66",
}
@inproceedings{saers-etal-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Transduction Grammar Induction via Minimum Description Length",
    author = "Saers, Markus  and
      Addanki, Karteek  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2810",
    pages = "67--73",
}
@inproceedings{turki-khemakhem-etal-2013-integrating,
    title = "Integrating morpho-syntactic features in {E}nglish-{A}rabic statistical machine translation",
    author = "Turki Khemakhem, Ines  and
      Jamoussi, Salma  and
      Ben Hamadou, Abdelmajid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2811",
    pages = "74--81",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with {POS}-based restructuring and alignment-based reordering for statistical machine translation",
    author = "Li, Shuo  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2812",
    pages = "82--87",
}
@inproceedings{boujelbane-etal-2013-building,
    title = "Building bilingual lexicon to create Dialect {T}unisian corpora and adapt language model",
    author = "Boujelbane, Rahma  and
      Ellouze khemekhem, Mariem  and
      BenAyed, Siwar  and
      Hadrich Belguith, Lamia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2813",
    pages = "88--93",
}
@inproceedings{pal-etal-2013-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Word Alignment Model for Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Pal, Santanu  and
      Naskar, Sudip  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2814",
    pages = "94--101",
}
@inproceedings{rudnick-gasser-2013-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Selection for Hybrid {MT} with Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Rudnick, Alex  and
      Gasser, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2815",
    pages = "102--108",
}
@inproceedings{bouillon-etal-2013-two,
    title = "Two Approaches to Correcting Homophone Confusions in a Hybrid Machine Translation System",
    author = "Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Gerlach, Johanna  and
      Germann, Ulrich  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Rayner, Manny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2816",
    pages = "109--116",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2013-uses,
    title = "Uses of Monolingual In-Domain Corpora for Cross-Domain Adaptation with Hybrid {MT} Approaches",
    author = "Hsieh, An-Chang  and
      Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2817",
    pages = "117--122",
}
@inproceedings{tambouratzis-etal-2013-language,
    title = "Language-independent hybrid {MT} with {PRESEMT}",
    author = "Tambouratzis, George  and
      Sofianopoulos, Sokratis  and
      Vassiliou, Marina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2818",
    pages = "123--130",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-predicting,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations",
    author = "Williams, Sandra  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2900",
}
@inproceedings{feblowitz-kauchak-2013-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Simplification as Tree Transduction",
    author = "Feblowitz, Dan  and
      Kauchak, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2901",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{klaper-etal-2013-building,
    title = "Building a {G}erman/Simple {G}erman Parallel Corpus for Automatic Text Simplification",
    author = "Klaper, David  and
      Ebling, Sarah  and
      Volk, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2902",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{temnikova-maneva-2013-c,
    title = "The C-Score {--} Proposing a Reading Comprehension Metrics as a Common Evaluation Measure for Text Simplification",
    author = "Temnikova, Irina  and
      Maneva, Galina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2903",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2013-language,
    title = "A Language-Independent Approach to Automatic Text Difficulty Assessment for Second-Language Learners",
    author = "Shen, Wade  and
      Williams, Jennifer  and
      Marius, Tamas  and
      Salesky, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2904",
    pages = "30--38",
}
@inproceedings{lozanova-etal-2013-text,
    title = "Text Modification for {B}ulgarian Sign Language Users",
    author = "Lozanova, Slavina  and
      Stoyanova, Ivelina  and
      Leseva, Svetlozara  and
      Koeva, Svetla  and
      Savtchev, Boian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2905",
    pages = "39--48",
}
@inproceedings{hara-etal-2013-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Comma Placement in {C}hinese Text for Better Readability using Linguistic Features and Gaze Information",
    author = "Hara, Tadayoshi  and
      Chen, Chen  and
      Kano, Yoshinobu  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2906",
    pages = "49--58",
}
@inproceedings{vajjala-meurers-2013-applicability,
    title = "On The Applicability of Readability Models to Web Texts",
    author = "Vajjala, Sowmya  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2907",
    pages = "59--68",
}
@inproceedings{shardlow-2013-cw,
    title = "The {CW} Corpus: A New Resource for Evaluating the Identification of Complex Words",
    author = "Shardlow, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2908",
    pages = "69--77",
}
@inproceedings{nishikawa-etal-2013-pilot,
    title = "A Pilot Study of Readability Prediction with Reading Time",
    author = "Nishikawa, Hitoshi  and
      Makino, Toshiro  and
      Matsuo, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2909",
    pages = "78--84",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-mathematics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 13th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 13)",
    author = "Kornai, Andr{\'a}s  and
      Kuhlmann, Marco",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3000",
}
@inproceedings{hunter-dyer-2013-distributions,
    title = "Distributions on {M}inimalist {G}rammar Derivations",
    author = "Hunter, Tim  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 13)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3001",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{fowlie-2013-order,
    title = "Order and Optionality: {M}inimalist {G}rammars with Adjunction",
    author = "Fowlie, Meaghan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 13)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3002",
    pages = "12--20",
}
@inproceedings{berglund-etal-2013-parameterized,
    title = "On the Parameterized Complexity of {L}inear {C}ontext-{F}ree {R}ewriting {S}ystems",
    author = {Berglund, Martin  and
      Bj{\"o}rklund, Henrik  and
      Drewes, Frank},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 13)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3003",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{fernando-2013-segmenting,
    title = "Segmenting Temporal Intervals for Tense and Aspect",
    author = "Fernando, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 13)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3004",
    pages = "30--40",
}
@inproceedings{clark-etal-2013-frobenius,
    title = "The {F}robenius Anatomy of Relative Pronouns",
    author = "Clark, Stephen  and
      Coecke, Bob  and
      Sadrzadeh, Mehrnoosh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 13)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3005",
    pages = "41--51",
}
@inproceedings{heinz-lai-2013-vowel,
    title = "Vowel Harmony and Subsequentiality",
    author = "Heinz, Jeffrey  and
      Lai, Regine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 13)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3006",
    pages = "52--63",
}
@inproceedings{heinz-rogers-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning Subregular Classes of Languages with Factored Deterministic Automata",
    author = "Heinz, Jeffrey  and
      Rogers, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 13)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3007",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{kornai-etal-2013-structure,
    title = "Structure Learning in Weighted Languages",
    author = "Kornai, Andr{\'a}s  and
      Zs{\'e}der, Attila  and
      Recski, G{\'a}bor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 13)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3008",
    pages = "72--82",
}
@inproceedings{corlett-penn-2013-letter,
    title = "Why Letter Substitution Puzzles are Not Hard to Solve: A Case Study in Entropy and Probabilistic Search-Complexity",
    author = "Corlett, Eric  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 13)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3009",
    pages = "83--92",
}
@inproceedings{martzoukos-etal-2013-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Connectivity and Consistency Criteria for Phrase Pair Extraction in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Martzoukos, Spyros  and
      Costa Flor{\^e}ncio, Christophe  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 13)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3010",
    pages = "93--101",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-2013-grammars,
    title = "Grammars and Topic Models",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language ({M}o{L} 13)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3011",
    pages = "102--103",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-multiling,
    title = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2013 Workshop on Multilingual Multi-document Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3100",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-multi,
    title = "Multi-document multilingual summarization corpus preparation, Part 1: {A}rabic, {E}nglish, {G}reek, {C}hinese, {R}omanian",
    author = "Li, Lei  and
      Forascu, Corina  and
      El-Haj, Mahmoud  and
      Giannakopoulos, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2013 Workshop on Multilingual Multi-document Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3101",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{elhadad-etal-2013-multi,
    title = "Multi-document multilingual summarization corpus preparation, Part 2: {C}zech, {H}ebrew and {S}panish",
    author = "Elhadad, Michael  and
      Miranda-Jim{\'e}nez, Sabino  and
      Steinberger, Josef  and
      Giannakopoulos, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2013 Workshop on Multilingual Multi-document Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3102",
    pages = "13--19",
}
@inproceedings{giannakopoulos-2013-multi,
    title = "Multi-document multilingual summarization and evaluation tracks in {ACL} 2013 {M}ulti{L}ing Workshop",
    author = "Giannakopoulos, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2013 Workshop on Multilingual Multi-document Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3103",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{kubina-etal-2013-acl,
    title = "{ACL} 2013 {M}ulti{L}ing Pilot Overview",
    author = "Kubina, Jeff  and
      Conroy, John  and
      Schlesinger, Judith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2013 Workshop on Multilingual Multi-document Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3104",
    pages = "29--38",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-cist,
    title = "{CIST} System Report for {ACL} {M}ulti{L}ing 2013 {--} Track 1: Multilingual Multi-document Summarization",
    author = "Li, Lei  and
      Heng, Wei  and
      Yu, Jia  and
      Liu, Yu  and
      Wan, Shuhong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2013 Workshop on Multilingual Multi-document Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3105",
    pages = "39--44",
}
@inproceedings{litvak-vanetik-2013-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Multi-Document Summarization with {POLY}2",
    author = "Litvak, Marina  and
      Vanetik, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2013 Workshop on Multilingual Multi-document Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3106",
    pages = "45--49",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-2013-uwb,
    title = "The {UWB} Summariser at Multiling-2013",
    author = "Steinberger, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2013 Workshop on Multilingual Multi-document Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3107",
    pages = "50--54",
}
@inproceedings{conroy-etal-2013-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Summarization: Dimensionality Reduction and a Step Towards Optimal Term Coverage",
    author = "Conroy, John  and
      Davis, Sashka T.  and
      Kubina, Jeff  and
      Liu, Yi-Kai  and
      O{'}Leary, Dianne P.  and
      Schlesinger, Judith D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2013 Workshop on Multilingual Multi-document Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3108",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{el-haj-rayson-2013-using,
    title = "Using a Keyness Metric for Single and Multi Document Summarisation",
    author = "El-Haj, Mahmoud  and
      Rayson, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2013 Workshop on Multilingual Multi-document Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3109",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{anechitei-ignat-2013-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual summarization system based on analyzing the discourse structure at {M}ulti{L}ing 2013",
    author = "Anechitei, Daniel  and
      Ignat, Eugen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2013 Workshop on Multilingual Multi-document Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3110",
    pages = "72--76",
}
@inproceedings{litvak-last-2013-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Single-Document Summarization with {MUSE}",
    author = "Litvak, Marina  and
      Last, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {M}ulti{L}ing 2013 Workshop on Multilingual Multi-document Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3111",
    pages = "77--81",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-continuous,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    author = "Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Larochelle, Hugo  and
      Manning, Christopher  and
      Socher, Richard",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3200",
}
@inproceedings{krishnamurthy-mitchell-2013-vector,
    title = "Vector Space Semantic Parsing: A Framework for Compositional Vector Space Models",
    author = "Krishnamurthy, Jayant  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3201",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning from errors: Using vector-based compositional semantics for parse reranking",
    author = "Le, Phong  and
      Zuidema, Willem  and
      Scha, Remko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3202",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-etal-2013-structured-distributional,
    title = "A Structured Distributional Semantic Model : Integrating Structure with Semantics",
    author = "Goyal, Kartik  and
      Jauhar, Sujay Kumar  and
      Li, Huiying  and
      Sachan, Mrinmaya  and
      Srivastava, Shashank  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3203",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{sperr-etal-2013-letter,
    title = "Letter N-Gram-based Input Encoding for Continuous Space Language Models",
    author = "Sperr, Henning  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3204",
    pages = "30--39",
}
@inproceedings{zanzotto-dellarciprete-2013-transducing,
    title = "Transducing Sentences to Syntactic Feature Vectors: an Alternative Way to {``}Parse{''}?",
    author = "Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo  and
      Dell{'}Arciprete, Lorenzo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3205",
    pages = "40--49",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-etal-2013-general,
    title = "General estimation and evaluation of compositional distributional semantic models",
    author = "Dinu, Georgiana  and
      Pham, Nghia The  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3206",
    pages = "50--58",
}
@inproceedings{makrai-etal-2013-applicative,
    title = "Applicative structure in vector space models",
    author = "Makrai, M{\'a}rton  and
      Nemeskey, David Mark  and
      Kornai, Andr{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3207",
    pages = "59--63",
}
@inproceedings{krcmar-etal-2013-determining-compositionality,
    title = "Determining Compositionality of Expresssions Using Various Word Space Models and Methods",
    author = "Kr{\v{c}}m{\'a}{\v{r}}, Lubom{\'\i}r  and
      Je{\v{z}}ek, Karel  and
      Pecina, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3208",
    pages = "64--73",
}
@inproceedings{hermann-etal-2013-bad,
    title = "{``}Not not bad{''} is not {``}bad{''}: A distributional account of negation",
    author = "Hermann, Karl Moritz  and
      Grefenstette, Edward  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3209",
    pages = "74--82",
}
@inproceedings{moen-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Dynamic Word Sense Discrimination with Random Indexing",
    author = {Moen, Hans  and
      Marsi, Erwin  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3210",
    pages = "83--90",
}
@inproceedings{andreas-ghahramani-2013-generative,
    title = "A Generative Model of Vector Space Semantics",
    author = "Andreas, Jacob  and
      Ghahramani, Zoubin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3211",
    pages = "91--99",
}
@inproceedings{clinchant-perronnin-2013-aggregating,
    title = "Aggregating Continuous Word Embeddings for Information Retrieval",
    author = "Clinchant, St{\'e}phane  and
      Perronnin, Florent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3212",
    pages = "100--109",
}
@inproceedings{malon-bai-2013-answer,
    title = "Answer Extraction by Recursive Parse Tree Descent",
    author = "Malon, Christopher  and
      Bai, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3213",
    pages = "110--118",
}
@inproceedings{kalchbrenner-blunsom-2013-recurrent,
    title = "Recurrent Convolutional Neural Networks for Discourse Compositionality",
    author = "Kalchbrenner, Nal  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Continuous Vector Space Models and their Compositionality",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3214",
    pages = "119--126",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-discourse,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    author = {Webber, Bonnie  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Markert, Katja  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3300",
}
@inproceedings{williams-etal-2013-meaning,
    title = "Meaning Unit Segmentation in {E}nglish and {C}hinese: a New Approach to Discourse Phenomena",
    author = "Williams, Jennifer  and
      Banchs, Rafael  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3301",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{guillou-2013-analysing,
    title = "Analysing Lexical Consistency in Translation",
    author = "Guillou, Liane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3302",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{meyer-webber-2013-implicitation,
    title = "Implicitation of Discourse Connectives in (Machine) Translation",
    author = "Meyer, Thomas  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3303",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-flor-2013-associative,
    title = "Associative Texture Is Lost In Translation",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Flor, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3304",
    pages = "27--32",
}
@inproceedings{meyer-etal-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Narrativity to Improve {E}nglish to {F}rench Translation of Simple Past Verbs",
    author = "Meyer, Thomas  and
      Grisot, Cristina  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3305",
    pages = "33--42",
}
@inproceedings{meyer-polakova-2013-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation with Many Manually Labeled Discourse Connectives",
    author = "Meyer, Thomas  and
      Pol{\'a}kov{\'a}, Lucie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3306",
    pages = "43--50",
}
@inproceedings{novak-etal-2013-translation,
    title = "Translation of {``}It{''} in a Deep Syntax Framework",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, Michal  and
      Nedoluzhko, Anna  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3307",
    pages = "51--59",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-etal-2013-feature,
    title = "Feature Weight Optimization for Discourse-Level {SMT}",
    author = {Stymne, Sara  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Nivre, Joakim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3308",
    pages = "60--69",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-teaching,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    author = "Derzhanski, Ivan  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3400",
}
@inproceedings{bozhanov-derzhanski-2013-rosetta,
    title = "Rosetta Stone Linguistic Problems",
    author = "Bozhanov, Bozhidar  and
      Derzhanski, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3401",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{iomdin-etal-2013-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Problems Based on Text Corpora",
    author = "Iomdin, Boris  and
      Piperski, Alexander  and
      Somin, Anton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3402",
    pages = "9--17",
}
@inproceedings{littell-etal-2013-introducing,
    title = "Introducing Computational Concepts in a Linguistics Olympiad",
    author = "Littell, Patrick  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Eisner, Jason  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3403",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{derzhanski-2013-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Editing of Linguistic Problems",
    author = "Derzhanski, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3404",
    pages = "27--34",
}
@inproceedings{estival-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning from {O}z{CLO}, the {A}ustralian Computational and Linguistics Olympiad",
    author = "Estival, Dominique  and
      Henderson, John  and
      Laughren, Mary  and
      Moll{\'a}, Diego  and
      Bow, Cathy  and
      Nordlinger, Rachel  and
      Rieschild, Verna  and
      Schalley, Andrea C.  and
      Stanley, Alexander W.  and
      Mrowa-Hopkins, Colette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3405",
    pages = "35--41",
}
@inproceedings{roos-skirgard-2013-swedish,
    title = "The {S}wedish Model of Public Outreach of Linguistics to secondary school Students through Olympiads",
    author = "Roos, Patrik  and
      Skirg{\aa}rd, Hedvig",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3406",
    pages = "42--45",
}
@inproceedings{korvas-diatka-2013-correspondence,
    title = "Correspondence Seminar: Bringing Linguistics to High Schools",
    author = "Korvas, Mat{\v{e}}j  and
      Diatka, Vojt{\v{e}}ch",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3407",
    pages = "46--50",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-trainor-2013-artificial,
    title = "Artificial {I}ntelli{D}ance: Teaching Machine Learning through a Choreography",
    author = "Agarwal, Apoorv  and
      Trainor, Caitlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3408",
    pages = "51--55",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2013-treebanking,
    title = "Treebanking for Data-driven Research in the Classroom",
    author = "Lee, John  and
      Hui, Ying Cheuk  and
      Kong, Yin Hei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3409",
    pages = "56--60",
}
@inproceedings{bonch-osmolovskaya-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning Computational Linguistics through {NLP} Evaluation Events: the experience of {R}ussian evaluation initiative",
    author = "Bonch-Osmolovskaya, Anastasia  and
      Toldova, Svetlana  and
      Lyashevskaya, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3410",
    pages = "61--65",
}
@inproceedings{ferraro-eisner-2013-virtual,
    title = "A Virtual Manipulative for Learning Log-Linear Models",
    author = "Ferraro, Francis  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3411",
    pages = "66--76",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-2013-teaching,
    title = "Teaching the Basics of {NLP} and {ML} in an Introductory Course to Information Science",
    author = "Agarwal, Apoorv",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3412",
    pages = "77--84",
}
@inproceedings{gliozzo-etal-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Technologies in {IBM} {W}atson",
    author = "Gliozzo, Alfio  and
      Biran, Or  and
      Patwardhan, Siddharth  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Teaching {NLP} and {CL}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3413",
    pages = "85--92",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-natural-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    author = "Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3500",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-guo-2013-online,
    title = "Online Active Learning for Cost Sensitive Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Xiao, Min  and
      Guo, Yuhong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3501",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{bloodgood-grothendieck-2013-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Stopping Active Learning based on Stabilizing Predictions",
    author = "Bloodgood, Michael  and
      Grothendieck, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3502",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{damani-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Pointwise Mutual Information ({PMI}) by Incorporating Significant Co-occurrence",
    author = "Damani, Om",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3503",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{ruokolainen-etal-2013-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Morphological Segmentation in a Low-Resource Learning Setting using Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Ruokolainen, Teemu  and
      Kohonen, Oskar  and
      Virpioja, Sami  and
      Kurimo, Mikko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3504",
    pages = "29--37",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2013-graph,
    title = "Graph-Based Posterior Regularization for Semi-Supervised Structured Prediction",
    author = "He, Luheng  and
      Gillenwater, Jennifer  and
      Taskar, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3505",
    pages = "38--46",
}
@inproceedings{iwakura-2013-boosted,
    title = "A Boosted Semi-{M}arkov Perceptron",
    author = "Iwakura, Tomoya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3506",
    pages = "47--55",
}
@inproceedings{stratos-etal-2013-spectral,
    title = "Spectral Learning of Refinement {HMM}s",
    author = "Stratos, Karl  and
      Rush, Alexander  and
      Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3507",
    pages = "56--64",
}
@inproceedings{thadani-mckeown-2013-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Compression with Joint Structural Inference",
    author = "Thadani, Kapil  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3508",
    pages = "65--74",
}
@inproceedings{severyn-etal-2013-learning-adaptable,
    title = "Learning Adaptable Patterns for Passage Reranking",
    author = "Severyn, Aliaksei  and
      Nicosia, Massimo  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3509",
    pages = "75--83",
}
@inproceedings{fyshe-etal-2013-documents,
    title = "Documents and Dependencies: an Exploration of Vector Space Models for Semantic Composition",
    author = "Fyshe, Alona  and
      Murphy, Brian  and
      Talukdar, Partha  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3510",
    pages = "84--93",
}
@inproceedings{grave-etal-2013-hidden,
    title = "Hidden {M}arkov tree models for semantic class induction",
    author = "Grave, {\'E}douard  and
      Obozinski, Guillaume  and
      Bach, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3511",
    pages = "94--103",
}
@inproceedings{luong-etal-2013-better,
    title = "Better Word Representations with Recursive Neural Networks for Morphology",
    author = "Luong, Thang  and
      Socher, Richard  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3512",
    pages = "104--113",
}
@inproceedings{kartsaklis-etal-2013-separating,
    title = "Separating Disambiguation from Composition in Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Kartsaklis, Dimitri  and
      Sadrzadeh, Mehrnoosh  and
      Pulman, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3513",
    pages = "114--123",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-ng-2013-frame,
    title = "Frame Semantics for Stance Classification",
    author = "Hasan, Kazi Saidul  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3514",
    pages = "124--132",
}
@inproceedings{angeli-manning-2013-philosophers,
    title = "Philosophers are Mortal: Inferring the Truth of Unseen Facts",
    author = "Angeli, Gabor  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3515",
    pages = "133--142",
}
@inproceedings{pradhan-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Robust Linguistic Analysis using {O}nto{N}otes",
    author = {Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Xue, Nianwen  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Bj{\"o}rkelund, Anders  and
      Uryupina, Olga  and
      Zhang, Yuchen  and
      Zhong, Zhi},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3516",
    pages = "143--152",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-etal-2013-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Knowledge-Base Alignment for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Zheng, Jiaping  and
      Vilnis, Luke  and
      Singh, Sameer  and
      Choi, Jinho D.  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3517",
    pages = "153--162",
}
@inproceedings{honnibal-etal-2013-non,
    title = "A Non-Monotonic Arc-Eager Transition System for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Honnibal, Matthew  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3518",
    pages = "163--172",
}
@inproceedings{wang-blunsom-2013-collapsed,
    title = "Collapsed Variational {B}ayesian Inference for {PCFG}s",
    author = "Wang, Pengyu  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3519",
    pages = "173--182",
}
@inproceedings{al-rfou-etal-2013-polyglot,
    title = "{P}olyglot: Distributed Word Representations for Multilingual {NLP}",
    author = "Al-Rfou{'}, Rami  and
      Perozzi, Bryan  and
      Skiena, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3520",
    pages = "183--192",
}
@inproceedings{calvo-etal-2013-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting multiple hypotheses for Multilingual Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Calvo, Marcos  and
      Garc{\'\i}a, Fernando  and
      Hurtado, Llu{\'\i}s-F.  and
      Jim{\'e}nez, Santiago  and
      Sanchis, Emilio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3521",
    pages = "193--201",
}
@inproceedings{aziz-specia-2013-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual {WSD}-like Constraints for Paraphrase Extraction",
    author = "Aziz, Wilker  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3522",
    pages = "202--211",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-topic,
    title = "Topic Models + Word Alignment = A Flexible Framework for Extracting Bilingual Dictionary from Comparable Corpus",
    author = "Liu, Xiaodong  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3523",
    pages = "212--221",
}
@inproceedings{bross-ehrig-2013-terminology,
    title = "Terminology Extraction Approaches for Product Aspect Detection in Customer Reviews",
    author = {Bro{\ss}, J{\"u}rgen  and
      Ehrig, Heiko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3524",
    pages = "222--230",
}
@inproceedings{barak-etal-2013-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of Desires before Beliefs: A Computional Investigation",
    author = "Barak, Libby  and
      Fazly, Afsaneh  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3525",
    pages = "231--240",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-natural-language-learning,
    title = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    author = "Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Wu, Siew Mei  and
      Wu, Yuanbin  and
      Hadiwinoto, Christian",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3600",
}
@inproceedings{ng-etal-2013-conll,
    title = "The {C}o{NLL}-2013 Shared Task on Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Wu, Siew Mei  and
      Wu, Yuanbin  and
      Hadiwinoto, Christian  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3601",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{rozovskaya-etal-2013-university,
    title = "The University of {I}llinois System in the {C}o{NLL}-2013 Shared Task",
    author = "Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Chang, Kai-Wei  and
      Sammons, Mark  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3602",
    pages = "13--19",
}
@inproceedings{kao-etal-2013-conll,
    title = "{C}o{NLL}-2013 Shared Task: Grammatical Error Correction {NTHU} System Description",
    author = "Kao, Ting-Hui  and
      Chang, Yu-Wei  and
      Chiu, Hsun-Wen  and
      Yen, Tzu-Hsi  and
      Boisson, Joanne  and
      Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3603",
    pages = "20--25",
}
@inproceedings{yoshimoto-etal-2013-naist,
    title = "{NAIST} at 2013 {C}o{NLL} Grammatical Error Correction Shared Task",
    author = "Yoshimoto, Ippei  and
      Kose, Tomoya  and
      Mitsuzawa, Kensuke  and
      Sakaguchi, Keisuke  and
      Mizumoto, Tomoya  and
      Hayashibe, Yuta  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3604",
    pages = "26--33",
}
@inproceedings{xing-etal-2013-um,
    title = "{UM}-Checker: A Hybrid System for {E}nglish Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Xing, Junwen  and
      Wang, Longyue  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.  and
      Zeng, Xiaodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3605",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{buys-van-der-merwe-2013-tree,
    title = "A Tree Transducer Model for Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Buys, Jan  and
      van der Merwe, Brink",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3606",
    pages = "43--51",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-felice-2013-constrained,
    title = "Constrained Grammatical Error Correction using Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Yuan, Zheng  and
      Felice, Mariano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3607",
    pages = "52--61",
}
@inproceedings{berend-etal-2013-lfg,
    title = "{LFG}-based Features for Noun Number and Article Grammatical Errors",
    author = "Berend, G{\'a}bor  and
      Vincze, Veronika  and
      Zarrie{\ss}, Sina  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3608",
    pages = "62--67",
}
@inproceedings{flickinger-yu-2013-toward,
    title = "Toward More Precision in Correction of Grammatical Errors",
    author = "Flickinger, Dan  and
      Yu, Jiye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3609",
    pages = "68--73",
}
@inproceedings{jia-etal-2013-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Error Correction as Multiclass Classification with Single Model",
    author = "Jia, Zhongye  and
      Wang, Peilu  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3610",
    pages = "74--81",
}
@inproceedings{kunchukuttan-etal-2013-iitb,
    title = "{IITB} System for {C}o{NLL} 2013 Shared Task: A Hybrid Approach to Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Shah, Ritesh  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3611",
    pages = "82--87",
}
@inproceedings{putra-szabo-2013-uds,
    title = "{U}d{S} at {C}o{NLL} 2013 Shared Task",
    author = "Putra, Desmond Darma  and
      Szab{\'o}, Lili",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3612",
    pages = "88--95",
}
@inproceedings{sidorov-etal-2013-rule,
    title = "Rule-based System for Automatic Grammar Correction Using Syntactic N-grams for {E}nglish Language Learning ({L}2)",
    author = "Sidorov, Grigori  and
      Gupta, Anubhav  and
      Tozer, Martin  and
      Catala, Dolors  and
      Catena, Angels  and
      Fuentes, Sandrine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3613",
    pages = "96--101",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-bosch-berck-2013-memory,
    title = "Memory-based Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Berck, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3614",
    pages = "102--108",
}
@inproceedings{wilcox-ohearn-2013-noisy,
    title = "A Noisy Channel Model Framework for Grammatical Correction",
    author = "Wilcox-O{'}Hearn, L. Amber",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3615",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{xiang-etal-2013-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Model For Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Xiang, Yang  and
      Yuan, Bo  and
      Zhang, Yaoyun  and
      Wang, Xiaolong  and
      Zheng, Wen  and
      Wei, Chongqiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3616",
    pages = "115--122",
}
@inproceedings{yi-etal-2013-kunlp,
    title = "{KUNLP} Grammatical Error Correction System For {C}o{NLL}-2013 Shared Task",
    author = "Yi, Bong-Jun  and
      Lee, Ho-Chang  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Sofia, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3617",
    pages = "123--127",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-international-dependency,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Gerdes, Kim  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3700",
}
@inproceedings{hudson-2013-invited,
    title = "Invited talk: Dependency Structure and Cognition",
    author = "Hudson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3701",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-2013-invited,
    title = "Invited talk: Dependency Representations, Grammars, Folded Structures, among Other Things!",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3702",
    pages = "12",
}
@inproceedings{ballesteros-etal-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Morphosyntactic Annotation over a {S}panish Corpus for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Mille, Simon  and
      Burga, Alicia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3703",
    pages = "13--22",
}
@inproceedings{cetinoglu-kuhn-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Joint Morphological Analysis and Dependency Parsing of {T}urkish",
    author = {{\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem  and
      Kuhn, Jonas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3704",
    pages = "23--32",
}
@inproceedings{chaudhry-etal-2013-divergences,
    title = "Divergences in {E}nglish-{H}indi Parallel Dependency Treebanks",
    author = "Chaudhry, Himani  and
      Sharma, Himanshu  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3705",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2013-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Network Syntax: From Dependency Treebanks to a Classification of {C}hinese Function Words",
    author = "Chen, Xinying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3706",
    pages = "41--50",
}
@inproceedings{chun-2013-verb,
    title = "Verb Cluster, Non-Projectivity, and Syntax-Topology Interface in {K}orean",
    author = "Chun, Jihye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3707",
    pages = "51--59",
}
@inproceedings{cinkova-etal-2013-rule,
    title = "Rule-Based Extraction of {E}nglish Verb Collocates from a Dependency-Parsed Corpus",
    author = "Cinkov{\'a}, Silvie  and
      Holub, Martin  and
      Krej{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Ema  and
      Smejkalov{\'a}, Lenka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3708",
    pages = "60--67",
}
@inproceedings{costetchi-2013-method,
    title = "A Method to Generate Simplified Systemic Functional Parses from Dependency Parses",
    author = "Costetchi, Eugeniu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3709",
    pages = "68--77",
}
@inproceedings{eppler-2013-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Distance and Bilingual Language Use: Evidence from {G}erman/{E}nglish and {C}hinese/{E}nglish Data",
    author = "Eppler, Eva M. Duran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3710",
    pages = "78--87",
}
@inproceedings{gerdes-2013-collaborative,
    title = "Collaborative Dependency Annotation",
    author = "Gerdes, Kim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3711",
    pages = "88--97",
}
@inproceedings{homola-coler-2013-pragmatic,
    title = "Pragmatic Structures in Aymara",
    author = "Homola, Petr  and
      Coler, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3712",
    pages = "98--107",
}
@inproceedings{husain-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards a Psycholinguistically Motivated Dependency Grammar for {H}indi",
    author = "Husain, Samar  and
      Bhatt, Rajesh  and
      Vasishth, Shravan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3713",
    pages = "108--117",
}
@inproceedings{imrenyi-2013-syntax,
    title = "The Syntax of {H}ungarian Auxiliaries: A Dependency Grammar Account",
    author = "Imr{\'e}nyi, Andr{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3714",
    pages = "118--127",
}
@inproceedings{jinova-etal-2013-subordinators,
    title = "Subordinators with Elaborative Meanings in {C}zech and {E}nglish",
    author = "J{\'\i}nov{\'a}, Pavl{\'\i}na  and
      Pol{\'a}kov{\'a}, Lucie  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3715",
    pages = "128--136",
}
@inproceedings{kahane-2013-predicative,
    title = "Predicative Adjunction in a Modular Dependency Grammar",
    author = "Kahane, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3716",
    pages = "137--146",
}
@inproceedings{kettnerova-lopatkova-2013-representation,
    title = "The Representation of {C}zech Light Verb Constructions in a Valency Lexicon",
    author = "Kettnerov{\'a}, V{\'a}clava  and
      Lopatkov{\'a}, Mark{\'e}ta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3717",
    pages = "147--156",
}
@inproceedings{kulkarni-2013-deterministic,
    title = "A Deterministic Dependency Parser with Dynamic Programming for {S}anskrit",
    author = "Kulkarni, Amba",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3718",
    pages = "157--166",
}
@inproceedings{lefrancois-gandon-2013-reasoning,
    title = "Reasoning with Dependency Structures and Lexicographic Definitions Using Unit Graphs",
    author = "Lefran{\c{c}}ois, Maxime  and
      Gandon, Fabien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3719",
    pages = "167--176",
}
@inproceedings{mambrini-passarotti-2013-non,
    title = "Non-Projectivity in the Ancient {G}reek Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Mambrini, Francesco  and
      Passarotti, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3720",
    pages = "177--186",
}
@inproceedings{marneffe-etal-2013-constructions,
    title = "More Constructions, More Genres: Extending {S}tanford Dependencies",
    author = "Marneffe, Marie-Catherine de  and
      Connor, Miriam  and
      Silveira, Natalia  and
      Bowman, Samuel R.  and
      Dozat, Timothy  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3721",
    pages = "187--196",
}
@inproceedings{maxwell-2013-many,
    title = "Why So Many Nodes?",
    author = "Maxwell, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3722",
    pages = "197--206",
}
@inproceedings{mazziotta-2013-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Markers and Grammatical Relations in the Simple Clause in Old {F}rench",
    author = "Mazziotta, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3723",
    pages = "207--216",
}
@inproceedings{mille-etal-2013-ancora,
    title = "{A}n{C}ora-{UPF}: A Multi-Level Annotation of {S}panish",
    author = "Mille, Simon  and
      Burga, Alicia  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3724",
    pages = "217--226",
}
@inproceedings{nandi-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Building Parallel Dependency Treebanks: Intra-Chunk Expansion and Alignment for {E}nglish Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Nandi, Debanka  and
      Nomani, Maaz  and
      Sharma, Himanshu  and
      Chaudhary, Himani  and
      Jain, Sambhav  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3725",
    pages = "227--235",
}
@inproceedings{nedoluzhko-mirovsky-2013-annotators,
    title = "Annotators{'} Certainty and Disagreements in Coreference and Bridging Annotation in {P}rague Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Nedoluzhko, Anna  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3726",
    pages = "236--243",
}
@inproceedings{nedoluzhko-mirovsky-2013-dependency,
    title = "How Dependency Trees and Tectogrammatics Help Annotating Coreference and Bridging Relations in {P}rague Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Nedoluzhko, Anna  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3727",
    pages = "244--251",
}
@inproceedings{nyblom-etal-2013-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Conjunct Propagation and Other Extended {S}tanford Dependencies",
    author = "Nyblom, Jenna  and
      Kohonen, Samuel  and
      Haverinen, Katri  and
      Salakoski, Tapio  and
      Ginter, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3728",
    pages = "252--261",
}
@inproceedings{osborne-2013-look,
    title = "A Look at Tesni{\`e}re{'}s \textit{{\'E}l{\'e}ments} through the Lens of Modern Syntactic Theory",
    author = "Osborne, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3729",
    pages = "262--271",
}
@inproceedings{osborne-2013-distribution,
    title = "The Distribution of Floating Quantifiers: A Dependency Grammar Analysis",
    author = "Osborne, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3730",
    pages = "272--281",
}
@inproceedings{sanguinetti-etal-2013-dependency,
    title = "Dependency and Constituency in Translation Shift Analysis",
    author = "Sanguinetti, Manuela  and
      Bosco, Cristina  and
      Lesmo, Leonardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3731",
    pages = "282--291",
}
@inproceedings{soucek-etal-2013-managing,
    title = "Managing a Multilingual Treebank Project",
    author = {Sou{\v{c}}ek, Milan  and
      J{\"a}rvinen, Timo  and
      LaMontagne, Adam},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3732",
    pages = "292--297",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2013-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of Differences between Conversion Schemes and Annotation Guidelines",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dependency Linguistics ({D}ep{L}ing 2013)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Charles University in Prague, Matfyzpress, Prague, Czech Republic",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3733",
    pages = "298--307",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-joint-symposium,
    title = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    author = "Popescu, Octavian  and
      Lavelli, Alberto",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3800",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-2013-text,
    title = "Text Understanding using Knowledge-Bases and Random Walks",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3801",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{bos-2013-groningen,
    title = "The {G}roningen Meaning Bank",
    author = "Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3802",
    pages = "2",
}
@inproceedings{cimiano-2013-ontology,
    title = "Ontology Lexicalization as a core task in a language-enhanced Semantic Web",
    author = "Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3803",
    pages = "3",
}
@inproceedings{clark-2013-textual,
    title = "From Textual Entailment to Knowledgeable Machines",
    author = "Clark, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3804",
    pages = "4",
}
@inproceedings{dagan-magnini-2013-entailment,
    title = "Entailment graphs for text exploration",
    author = "Dagan, Ido  and
      Magnini, Bernardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3805",
    pages = "5",
}
@inproceedings{diab-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Textual Similarity: past present and future",
    author = "Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3806",
    pages = "6",
}
@inproceedings{hanks-2013-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-driven Lexical Analysis: Norms and Exploitations in Word Use",
    author = "Hanks, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3807",
    pages = "7--8",
}
@inproceedings{jezek-2013-sweetening,
    title = "Sweetening Ontologies cont{'}d",
    author = "Jezek, Elisabetta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3808",
    pages = "9",
}
@inproceedings{lapata-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Relation Extraction with General Domain Knowledge",
    author = "Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3809",
    pages = "10",
}
@inproceedings{neumann-pado-2013-design,
    title = "Design and Realization of the {EXCITEMENT} Open Platform for Textual Entailment",
    author = {Neumann, G{\"u}nter  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3810",
    pages = "11",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-2013-regular,
    title = "Regular Patterns - Probably Approximately Correct Language Model",
    author = "Popescu, Octavian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3811",
    pages = "12",
}
@inproceedings{roth-2013-computational,
    title = "Computational Frameworks for Supporting Textual Inference",
    author = "Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3812",
    pages = "13",
}
@inproceedings{schulte-in-walde-2013-potential,
    title = "Potential and limits of distributional approaches for semantic relatedness",
    author = "Schulte in Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3813",
    pages = "14",
}
@inproceedings{annesi-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Compositional Tree Kernels",
    author = "Annesi, Paolo  and
      Croce, Danilo  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3814",
    pages = "15--23",
}
@inproceedings{cabrio-villata-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Bipolar Semantic Relations among Natural Language Arguments with Textual Entailment: a Study.",
    author = "Cabrio, Elena  and
      Villata, Serena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3815",
    pages = "24--32",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-etal-2013-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Verb Senses in Two {I}talian Lexical Semantic Resources",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Vieu, Laure  and
      Vetere, Guido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3816",
    pages = "33--41",
}
@inproceedings{ovchinnikova-etal-2013-abduction,
    title = "Abduction for Discourse Interpretation: A Probabilistic Framework",
    author = "Ovchinnikova, Ekaterina  and
      Gordon, Andrew  and
      Hobbs, Jerry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3817",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{tsao-wible-2013-word,
    title = "Word similarity using constructions as contextual features",
    author = "Tsao, Nai-Lung  and
      Wible, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3818",
    pages = "51--59",
}
@inproceedings{alshahrani-ramsay-2013-inference,
    title = "Inference for Natural Language",
    author = "Alshahrani, Amal  and
      Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3819",
    pages = "60--64",
}
@inproceedings{bastianelli-etal-2013-textual,
    title = "Textual Inference and Meaning Representation in Human Robot Interaction",
    author = "Bastianelli, Emanuele  and
      Castellucci, Giuseppe  and
      Croce, Danilo  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3820",
    pages = "65--69",
}
@inproceedings{bradbury-el-maarouf-2013-empirical,
    title = "An empirical classification of verbs based on Semantic Types: the case of the {`}poison{'} verbs.",
    author = "Bradbury, Jane  and
      El Maarouf, Ismail",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3821",
    pages = "70--74",
}
@inproceedings{capetola-2013-quantifiers,
    title = "{Q}uantifiers: Experimenting with Higher-Order Meaning in Distributional Semantic Space",
    author = "Capetola, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3822",
    pages = "75--79",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-ciobanu-2013-alternative,
    title = "Alternative measures of word relatedness in distributional semantics",
    author = "Dinu, Anca  and
      Ciobanu, Alina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3823",
    pages = "80--84",
}
@inproceedings{ferrone-zanzotto-2013-linear,
    title = "Linear Compositional Distributional Semantics and Structural Kernels",
    author = "Ferrone, Lorenzo  and
      Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3824",
    pages = "85--89",
}
@inproceedings{hristea-2013-dependency,
    title = {On a Dependency-based Semantic Space for Unsupervised Noun Sense Disambiguation with an Underlying Na{\"\i}ve {B}ayes Model},
    author = "Hristea, Florentina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3825",
    pages = "90--94",
}
@inproceedings{el-maarouf-baisa-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic classification of semantic patterns from the Pattern Dictionary of {E}nglish Verbs",
    author = {El Maarouf, Isma{\"\i}l  and
      Baisa, V{\'\i}t},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3826",
    pages = "95--99",
}
@inproceedings{marlen-gustafson-2013-extending,
    title = "Extending the Semantics in Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Marlen, Michael  and
      Gustafson, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3827",
    pages = "100--104",
}
@inproceedings{mihaltz-sass-2013-drink,
    title = "What Do We Drink? Automatically Extending {H}ungarian {W}ord{N}et With Selectional Preference Relations",
    author = "Mih{\'a}ltz, M{\'a}rton  and
      Sass, B{\'a}lint",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3828",
    pages = "105--109",
}
@inproceedings{niculae-2013-comparison,
    title = "Comparison pattern matching and creative simile recognition",
    author = "Niculae, Vlad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3829",
    pages = "110--114",
}
@inproceedings{niculae-popescu-2013-determining,
    title = "Determining is-a relationships for Textual Entailment",
    author = "Niculae, Vlad  and
      Popescu, Octavian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3830",
    pages = "115--120",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-speech,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    author = {Alexandersson, Jan  and
      Ljungl{\"o}f, Peter  and
      McCoy, Kathleen F.  and
      Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Roark, Brian  and
      Rudzicz, Frank  and
      Vacher, Michel},
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3900",
}
@inproceedings{hawley-2013-slpat,
    title = "{SLPAT} in practice: lessons from translational research",
    author = "Hawley, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3901",
    pages = "1--1",
}
@inproceedings{aihara-etal-2013-individuality,
    title = "Individuality-Preserving Voice Conversion for Articulation Disorders Using Locality-Constrained {NMF}",
    author = "Aihara, Ryo  and
      Takiguchi, Tetsuya  and
      Ariki, Yasuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3902",
    pages = "3--8",
}
@inproceedings{aman-etal-2013-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Performance of Automatic Speech Recognition for Ageing Voice: Does it Correlate with Dependency Level?",
    author = "Aman, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Vacher, Michel  and
      Rossato, Solange  and
      Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3903",
    pages = "9--15",
}
@inproceedings{bhat-etal-2013-visual,
    title = "Visual Subtitles for {I}nternet Videos",
    author = "Bhat, Chitralekha  and
      Ahmed, Imran  and
      Saxena, Vikram  and
      Kopparapu, Sunil Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3904",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@inproceedings{broekx-etal-2013-comparing,
    title = "Comparing and combining classifiers for self-taught vocal interfaces",
    author = "Broekx, Lize  and
      Dreesen, Katrien  and
      Gemmeke, Jort Florent  and
      Van hamme, Hugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3905",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{christensen-etal-2013-homeservice,
    title = "home{S}ervice: Voice-enabled assistive technology in the home using cloud-based automatic speech recognition",
    author = "Christensen, Heidi  and
      Casanueva, I{\~n}igo  and
      Cunningham, Stuart  and
      Green, Phil  and
      Hain, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3906",
    pages = "29--34",
}
@inproceedings{deprez-etal-2013-automating,
    title = "Automating speech reception threshold measurements using automatic speech recognition",
    author = "Deprez, Hanne  and
      Yilmaz, Emre  and
      Lievens, Stefan  and
      Van hamme, Hugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3907",
    pages = "35--40",
}
@inproceedings{forster-etal-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Continuous Sign Language Recognition: Speech Recognition Techniques and System Design",
    author = {Forster, Jens  and
      Koller, Oscar  and
      Oberd{\"o}rfer, Christian  and
      Gweth, Yannick  and
      Ney, Hermann},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3908",
    pages = "41--46",
}
@inproceedings{fraser-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic speech recognition in the diagnosis of primary progressive aphasia",
    author = "Fraser, Kathleen  and
      Rudzicz, Frank  and
      Graham, Naida  and
      Rochon, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3909",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{hamidi-baljko-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Speech Recognition: A Shifted Role in Early Speech Intervention?",
    author = "Hamidi, Foad  and
      Baljko, Melanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3910",
    pages = "55--61",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-making,
    title = "Making Speech-Based Assistive Technology Work for a Real User",
    author = "Li, William  and
      Fredette, Don  and
      Burnham, Alexander  and
      Lamoureux, Bob  and
      Serotkin, Marva  and
      Teller, Seth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3911",
    pages = "63--66",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Dialogue Modeling for Speech-Enabled Assistive Technology",
    author = "Li, William  and
      Glass, Jim  and
      Roy, Nicholas  and
      Teller, Seth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3912",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@inproceedings{ons-etal-2013-self,
    title = "A Self Learning Vocal Interface for Speech-impaired Users",
    author = "Ons, Bart  and
      Tessema, Netsanet  and
      van de Loo, Janneke  and
      Gemmeke, Jort  and
      De Pauw, Guy  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Van hamme, Hugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3913",
    pages = "73--81",
}
@inproceedings{rusko-etal-2013-dramatic,
    title = "The dramatic piece reader for the blind and visually impaired",
    author = "Rusko, Milan  and
      Trnka, Marian  and
      Darjaa, Sakhia  and
      Hamar, Juraj",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3914",
    pages = "83--91",
}
@inproceedings{sadohara-etal-2013-sub,
    title = "Sub-lexical Dialogue Act Classification in a Spoken Dialogue System Support for the Elderly with Cognitive Disabilities",
    author = "Sadohara, Ken  and
      Kojima, Hiroaki  and
      Narita, Takuya  and
      Nihei, Misato  and
      Kamata, Minoru  and
      Onaka, Shinichi  and
      Fujita, Yoshihiro  and
      Inoue, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3915",
    pages = "93--98",
}
@inproceedings{vacher-etal-2013-experimental,
    title = "Experimental Evaluation of Speech Recognition Technologies for Voice-based Home Automation Control in a Smart Home",
    author = "Vacher, Michel  and
      Lecouteux, Benjamin  and
      Istrate, Dan  and
      Joubert, Thierry  and
      Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Sehili, Mohamed  and
      Chahuara, Pedro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3916",
    pages = "99--105",
}
@inproceedings{veaux-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Personalised Synthesised Voices for Individuals with Vocal Disabilities: Voice Banking and Reconstruction",
    author = "Veaux, Christophe  and
      Yamagishi, Junichi  and
      King, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3917",
    pages = "107--111",
}
@inproceedings{vuegen-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Monitoring of Activities of Daily Living based on Real-life Acoustic Sensor Data: a preliminary study",
    author = "Vuegen, Lode  and
      Van Den Broeck, Bert  and
      Karsmakers, Peter  and
      Van hamme, Hugo  and
      Vanrumste, Bart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3918",
    pages = "113--118",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-word,
    title = "Word Recognition from Continuous Articulatory Movement Time-series Data using Symbolic Representations",
    author = "Wang, Jun  and
      Balasubramanian, Arvind  and
      Mojica de la Vega, Luis  and
      Green, Jordan R.  and
      Samal, Ashok  and
      Prabhakaran, Balakrishnan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3919",
    pages = "119--127",
}
@inproceedings{yoshioka-etal-2013-robust,
    title = "Robust Feature Extraction to Utterance Fluctuation of Articulation Disorders Based on Random Projection",
    author = "Yoshioka, Toshiya  and
      Takiguchi, Tetsuya  and
      Ariki, Yasuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-3920",
    pages = "129--133",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-sigdial,
    title = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    author = "Eskenazi, Maxine  and
      Strube, Michael  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Williams, Jason D.",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4000",
}
@inproceedings{webber-2013-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Relations, Discourse Structure, Discourse Semantics",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4001",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{venant-etal-2013-expressivity,
    title = "Expressivity and comparison of models of discourse structure",
    author = "Venant, Antoine  and
      Asher, Nicholas  and
      Muller, Philippe  and
      Denis, Pascal  and
      Afantenos, Stergos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4002",
    pages = "2--11",
}
@inproceedings{lorenzo-etal-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised structured semantic inference for spoken dialog reservation tasks",
    author = "Lorenzo, Alejandra  and
      Rojas-Barahona, Lina  and
      Cerisara, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4003",
    pages = "12--20",
}
@inproceedings{riaz-girju-2013-toward,
    title = "Toward a Better Understanding of Causality between Verbal Events: Extraction and Analysis of the Causal Power of Verb-Verb Associations",
    author = "Riaz, Mehwish  and
      Girju, Roxana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4004",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{mcmahan-stone-2013-training,
    title = "Training an integrated sentence planner on user dialogue",
    author = "McMahan, Brian  and
      Stone, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4005",
    pages = "31--40",
}
@inproceedings{misra-walker-2013-topic,
    title = "Topic Independent Identification of Agreement and Disagreement in Social Media Dialogue",
    author = "Misra, Amita  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4006",
    pages = "41--50",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Prediction of Friendship via Multi-model Dyadic Features",
    author = "Yu, Zhou  and
      Gerritsen, David  and
      Ogan, Amy  and
      Black, Alan  and
      Cassell, Justine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4007",
    pages = "51--60",
}
@inproceedings{ranade-etal-2013-stance,
    title = "Stance Classification in Online Debates by Recognizing Users{'} Intentions",
    author = "Ranade, Sarvesh  and
      Sangal, Rajeev  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4008",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@inproceedings{otsuka-etal-2013-generating,
    title = "Generating More Specific Questions for Acquiring Attributes of Unknown Concepts from Users",
    author = "Otsuka, Tsugumi  and
      Komatani, Kazunori  and
      Sato, Satoshi  and
      Nakano, Mikio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4009",
    pages = "70--77",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Collaborative Referring for Situated Referential Grounding",
    author = "Liu, Changsong  and
      Fang, Rui  and
      She, Lanbo  and
      Chai, Joyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4010",
    pages = "78--86",
}
@inproceedings{prevot-etal-2013-quantitative,
    title = "A quantitative view of feedback lexical markers in conversational {F}rench",
    author = "Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent  and
      Bigi, Brigitte  and
      Bertrand, Roxane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4011",
    pages = "87--91",
}
@inproceedings{cardoso-etal-2013-contribution,
    title = "On the contribution of discourse structure to topic segmentation",
    author = "Cardoso, Paula  and
      Taboada, Maite  and
      Pardo, Thiago",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4012",
    pages = "92--96",
}
@inproceedings{el-asri-laroche-2013-will,
    title = "Will my Spoken Dialogue System be a Slow Learner ?",
    author = "El Asri, Layla  and
      Laroche, Romain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4013",
    pages = "97--101",
}
@inproceedings{daubigney-etal-2013-model,
    title = "Model-free {POMDP} optimisation of tutoring systems with echo-state networks",
    author = "Daubigney, Lucie  and
      Geist, Matthieu  and
      Pietquin, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4014",
    pages = "102--106",
}
@inproceedings{ward-richart-ruiz-2013-patterns,
    title = "Patterns of Importance Variation in Spoken Dialog",
    author = "Ward, Nigel  and
      Richart-Ruiz, Karen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4015",
    pages = "107--111",
}
@inproceedings{georgila-2013-reinforcement,
    title = "Reinforcement Learning of Two-Issue Negotiation Dialogue Policies",
    author = "Georgila, Kallirroi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4016",
    pages = "112--116",
}
@inproceedings{tavafi-etal-2013-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Act Recognition in Synchronous and Asynchronous Conversations",
    author = "Tavafi, Maryam  and
      Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Joty, Shafiq  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Ng, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4017",
    pages = "117--121",
}
@inproceedings{ultes-minker-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Interaction Quality Recognition Using Error Correction",
    author = "Ultes, Stefan  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4018",
    pages = "122--126",
}
@inproceedings{radomski-etal-2013-prolog,
    title = "A Prolog Datamodel for State Chart {XML}",
    author = "Radomski, Stefan  and
      Schnelle-Walka, Dirk  and
      Radeck-Arneth, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4019",
    pages = "127--131",
}
@inproceedings{pincus-etal-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Features For Localized Detection of Speech Recognition Errors",
    author = "Pincus, Eli  and
      Stoyanchev, Svetlana  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4020",
    pages = "132--136",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanchev-etal-2013-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Human Clarification Strategies",
    author = "Stoyanchev, Svetlana  and
      Liu, Alex  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4021",
    pages = "137--141",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2013-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Error Resolution Strategies for Speech-to-Speech Translation Systems",
    author = "Kumar, Rohit  and
      Roy, Matthew  and
      Ananthakrishnan, Sankaranarayanan  and
      Hewavitharana, Sanjika  and
      Choi, Frederick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4022",
    pages = "142--144",
}
@inproceedings{banchs-etal-2013-aida,
    title = "{AIDA}: Artificial Intelligent Dialogue Agent",
    author = "Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Jiang, Ridong  and
      Kim, Seokhwan  and
      Niswar, Arthur  and
      Yeo, Kheng Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4023",
    pages = "145--147",
}
@inproceedings{sidner-etal-2013-demonstration,
    title = "Demonstration of an Always-On Companion for Isolated Older Adults",
    author = "Sidner, Candace  and
      Bickmore, Timothy  and
      Rich, Charles  and
      Barry, Barbara  and
      Ring, Lazlo  and
      Behrooz, Morteza  and
      Shayganfar, Mohammad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4024",
    pages = "148--150",
}
@inproceedings{janarthanam-etal-2013-multithreaded,
    title = "A Multithreaded Conversational Interface for Pedestrian Navigation and Question Answering",
    author = "Janarthanam, Srinivasan  and
      Lemon, Oliver  and
      Liu, Xingkun  and
      Bartie, Phil  and
      Mackaness, William  and
      Dalmas, Tiphaine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4025",
    pages = "151--153",
}
@inproceedings{hastie-etal-2013-demonstration,
    title = "Demonstration of the {PARLANCE} system: a data-driven incremental, spoken dialogue system for interactive search",
    author = "Hastie, Helen  and
      Aufaure, Marie-Aude  and
      Alexopoulos, Panos  and
      Cuay{\'a}huitl, Heriberto  and
      Dethlefs, Nina  and
      Gasic, Milica  and
      Henderson, James  and
      Lemon, Oliver  and
      Liu, Xingkun  and
      Mika, Peter  and
      Ben Mustapha, Nesrine  and
      Rieser, Verena  and
      Thomson, Blaise  and
      Tsiakoulis, Pirros  and
      Vanrompay, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4026",
    pages = "154--156",
}
@inproceedings{milhorat-etal-2013-multi,
    title = "Multi-step Natural Language Understanding",
    author = {Milhorat, Pierrick  and
      Schl{\"o}gl, Stephan  and
      Chollet, G{\'e}rard  and
      Boudy, J{\'e}r{\^o}me},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4027",
    pages = "157--159",
}
@inproceedings{schlogl-etal-2013-webwoz,
    title = "{W}eb{WOZ}: A Platform for Designing and Conducting Web-based Wizard of {O}z Experiments",
    author = {Schl{\"o}gl, Stephan  and
      Luz, Saturnino  and
      Doherty, Gavin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4028",
    pages = "160--162",
}
@inproceedings{skantze-etal-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the effects of gaze and pauses in situated human-robot interaction",
    author = "Skantze, Gabriel  and
      Hjalmarsson, Anna  and
      Oertel, Catharine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4029",
    pages = "163--172",
}
@inproceedings{kennington-etal-2013-interpreting,
    title = "Interpreting Situated Dialogue Utterances: an Update Model that Uses Speech, Gaze, and Gesture Information",
    author = "Kennington, Casey  and
      Kousidis, Spyros  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4030",
    pages = "173--182",
}
@inproceedings{chen-di-eugenio-2013-multimodality,
    title = "Multimodality and Dialogue Act Classification in the {R}obo{H}elper Project",
    author = "Chen, Lin  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4031",
    pages = "183--192",
}
@inproceedings{devault-etal-2013-verbal,
    title = "Verbal indicators of psychological distress in interactive dialogue with a virtual human",
    author = "DeVault, David  and
      Georgila, Kallirroi  and
      Artstein, Ron  and
      Morbini, Fabrizio  and
      Traum, David  and
      Scherer, Stefan  and
      Rizzo, Albert Skip  and
      Morency, Louis-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4032",
    pages = "193--202",
}
@inproceedings{bellegarda-2013-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Language Understanding for Natural Interaction",
    author = "Bellegarda, Jerome",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4033",
    pages = "203",
}
@inproceedings{ha-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning Dialogue Management Models for Task-Oriented Dialogue with Parallel Dialogue and Task Streams",
    author = "Ha, Eun  and
      Mitchell, Christopher  and
      Boyer, Kristy  and
      Lester, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4034",
    pages = "204--213",
}
@inproceedings{gasic-etal-2013-pomdp,
    title = "{POMDP}-based dialogue manager adaptation to extended domains",
    author = "Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Breslin, Catherine  and
      Henderson, Matthew  and
      Kim, Dongho  and
      Szummer, Martin  and
      Thomson, Blaise  and
      Tsiakoulis, Pirros  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4035",
    pages = "214--222",
}
@inproceedings{keizer-etal-2013-training,
    title = "Training and evaluation of an {MDP} model for social multi-user human-robot interaction",
    author = "Keizer, Simon  and
      Foster, Mary Ellen  and
      Lemon, Oliver  and
      Gaschler, Andre  and
      Giuliani, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4036",
    pages = "223--232",
}
@inproceedings{hofmann-etal-2013-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Speech Dialog Strategies for {I}nternet Applications in the Car",
    author = {Hofmann, Hansj{\"o}rg  and
      Ehrlich, Ute  and
      Berton, Andr{\'e}  and
      Mahr, Angela  and
      Math, Rafael  and
      M{\"u}ller, Christian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4037",
    pages = "233--241",
}
@inproceedings{pappu-rudnicky-2013-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Tasks in Goal-Oriented Spoken Dialog Systems using Semantic Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Pappu, Aasish  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4038",
    pages = "242--250",
}
@inproceedings{gandhe-traum-2013-surface,
    title = "Surface Text based Dialogue Models for Virtual Humans",
    author = "Gandhe, Sudeep  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4039",
    pages = "251--260",
}
@inproceedings{niebuhr-etal-2013-speech,
    title = "Speech Reduction, Intensity, and F0 Shape are Cues to Turn-Taking",
    author = {Niebuhr, Oliver  and
      G{\"o}rs, Karin  and
      Graupe, Evelin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4040",
    pages = "261--269",
}
@inproceedings{pfeiffer-etal-2013-gesture,
    title = "Gesture Semantics Reconstruction Based on Motion Capturing and Complex Event Processing: a Circular Shape Example",
    author = {Pfeiffer, Thies  and
      Hofmann, Florian  and
      Hahn, Florian  and
      Rieser, Hannes  and
      R{\"o}pke, Insa},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4041",
    pages = "270--279",
}
@inproceedings{baumann-schlangen-2013-open,
    title = "Open-ended, Extensible System Utterances Are Preferred, Even If They Require Filled Pauses",
    author = "Baumann, Timo  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4042",
    pages = "280--283",
}
@inproceedings{matsuyama-etal-2013-four,
    title = "A Four-Participant Group Facilitation Framework for Conversational Robots",
    author = "Matsuyama, Yoichi  and
      Akiba, Iwao  and
      Saito, Akihiro  and
      Kobayashi, Tetsunori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4043",
    pages = "284--293",
}
@inproceedings{couto-vale-mast-2013-tacit,
    title = "Tacit Social Contracts for Wheelchairs",
    author = "Couto Vale, Daniel  and
      Mast, Vivien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4044",
    pages = "294--303",
}
@inproceedings{gilmartin-etal-2013-laugher,
    title = "Laugher and Topic Transition in Multiparty Conversation",
    author = "Gilmartin, Emer  and
      Bonin, Francesca  and
      Vogel, Carl  and
      Campbell, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4045",
    pages = "304--308",
}
@inproceedings{mamani-sanchez-vogel-2013-imho,
    title = "{IMHO}: An Exploratory Study of Hedging in Web Forums",
    author = "Mamani Sanchez, Liliana  and
      Vogel, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4046",
    pages = "309--313",
}
@inproceedings{cuayahuitl-etal-2013-impact,
    title = "Impact of {ASR} N-Best Information on {B}ayesian Dialogue Act Recognition",
    author = "Cuay{\'a}huitl, Heriberto  and
      Dethlefs, Nina  and
      Hastie, Helen  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4047",
    pages = "314--318",
}
@inproceedings{kousidis-etal-2013-investigating,
    title = "Investigating speaker gaze and pointing behaviour in human-computer interaction with the mint.tools collection",
    author = "Kousidis, Spyros  and
      Kennington, Casey  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4048",
    pages = "319--323",
}
@inproceedings{ezen-can-boyer-2013-context,
    title = "In-Context Evaluation of Unsupervised Dialogue Act Models for Tutorial Dialogue",
    author = "Ezen-Can, Aysu  and
      Boyer, Kristy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4049",
    pages = "324--328",
}
@inproceedings{johnston-etal-2013-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Dialog Systems for Automated Survey Interviewing",
    author = "Johnston, Michael  and
      Ehlen, Patrick  and
      Conrad, Frederick G.  and
      Schober, Michael F.  and
      Antoun, Christopher  and
      Fail, Stefanie  and
      Hupp, Andrew  and
      Vickers, Lucas  and
      Yan, Huiying  and
      Zhang, Chan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4050",
    pages = "329--333",
}
@inproceedings{sugiyama-etal-2013-open,
    title = "Open-domain Utterance Generation for Conversational Dialogue Systems using Web-scale Dependency Structures",
    author = "Sugiyama, Hiroaki  and
      Meguro, Toyomi  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Minami, Yasuhiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4051",
    pages = "334--338",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-etal-2013-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating State Representations for Reinforcement Learning of Turn-Taking Policies in Tutorial Dialogue",
    author = "Mitchell, Christopher  and
      Boyer, Kristy  and
      Lester, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4052",
    pages = "339--343",
}
@inproceedings{gasanova-etal-2013-semi,
    title = "A Semi-supervised Approach for Natural Language Call Routing",
    author = "Gasanova, Tatiana  and
      Zhukov, Eugene  and
      Sergienko, Roman  and
      Semenkin, Eugene  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4053",
    pages = "344--348",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2013-counseling,
    title = "Counseling Dialog System with 5{W}1{H} Extraction",
    author = "Han, Sangdo  and
      Lee, Kyusong  and
      Lee, Donghyeon  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4054",
    pages = "349--353",
}
@inproceedings{larsson-etal-2013-integration,
    title = "Integration and test environment for an in-vehicle dialogue system in the {SIMSI} project",
    author = "Larsson, Staffan  and
      Berlin, Sebastian  and
      Eliasson, Anders  and
      Kronlid, Fredrik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4055",
    pages = "354--356",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-etal-2013-weakly,
    title = "Weakly and Strongly Constrained Dialogues for Language Learning",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Lorenzo, Alejandra  and
      Perez-Beltrachini, Laura  and
      Rojas-Barahona, Lina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4056",
    pages = "357--359",
}
@inproceedings{jokinen-wilcock-2013-open,
    title = "Open-Domain Information Access with Talking Robots",
    author = "Jokinen, Kristiina  and
      Wilcock, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4057",
    pages = "360--362",
}
@inproceedings{bhargava-etal-2013-demonstration,
    title = "Demonstration of the {E}mote{W}izard of {O}z Interface for Empathic Robotic Tutors",
    author = "Bhargava, Shweta  and
      Janarthanam, Srinivasan  and
      Hastie, Helen  and
      Deshmukh, Amol  and
      Aylett, Ruth  and
      Corrigan, Lee  and
      Castellano, Ginevra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4058",
    pages = "363--365",
}
@inproceedings{meena-etal-2013-map,
    title = "The Map Task Dialogue System: A Test-bed for Modelling Human-Like Dialogue",
    author = "Meena, Raveesh  and
      Skantze, Gabriel  and
      Gustafson, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4059",
    pages = "366--368",
}
@inproceedings{yamauchi-etal-2013-robotic,
    title = "A Robotic Agent in a Virtual Environment that Performs Situated Incremental Understanding of Navigational Utterances",
    author = "Yamauchi, Takashi  and
      Nakano, Mikio  and
      Funakoshi, Kotaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4060",
    pages = "369--371",
}
@inproceedings{forbell-etal-2013-roundtable,
    title = "{R}oundtable: An Online Framework for Building Web-based Conversational Agents",
    author = "Forbell, Eric  and
      Kalisch, Nicolai  and
      Morbini, Fabrizio  and
      Christoffersen, Kelly  and
      Sagae, Kenji  and
      Traum, David  and
      Rizzo, Albert A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4061",
    pages = "372--374",
}
@inproceedings{meena-etal-2013-data,
    title = "A Data-driven Model for Timing Feedback in a Map Task Dialogue System",
    author = "Meena, Raveesh  and
      Skantze, Gabriel  and
      Gustafson, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4062",
    pages = "375--383",
}
@inproceedings{selfridge-etal-2013-continuously,
    title = "Continuously Predicting and Processing Barge-in During a Live Spoken Dialogue Task",
    author = "Selfridge, Ethan  and
      Arizmendi, Iker  and
      Heeman, Peter  and
      Williams, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4063",
    pages = "384--393",
}
@inproceedings{morbini-etal-2013-asr,
    title = "Which {ASR} should {I} choose for my dialogue system?",
    author = "Morbini, Fabrizio  and
      Audhkhasi, Kartik  and
      Sagae, Kenji  and
      Artstein, Ron  and
      Can, Do{\u{g}}an  and
      Georgiou, Panayiotis  and
      Narayanan, Shri  and
      Leuski, Anton  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4064",
    pages = "394--403",
}
@inproceedings{williams-etal-2013-dialog,
    title = "The Dialog State Tracking Challenge",
    author = "Williams, Jason  and
      Raux, Antoine  and
      Ramachandran, Deepak  and
      Black, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4065",
    pages = "404--413",
}
@inproceedings{lee-eskenazi-2013-recipe,
    title = "Recipe For Building Robust Spoken Dialog State Trackers: Dialog State Tracking Challenge System Description",
    author = "Lee, Sungjin  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4066",
    pages = "414--422",
}
@inproceedings{wang-lemon-2013-simple,
    title = "A Simple and Generic Belief Tracking Mechanism for the Dialog State Tracking Challenge: On the believability of observed information",
    author = "Wang, Zhuoran  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4067",
    pages = "423--432",
}
@inproceedings{williams-2013-multi,
    title = "Multi-domain learning and generalization in dialog state tracking",
    author = "Williams, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4068",
    pages = "433--441",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2013-structured,
    title = "Structured Discriminative Model For Dialog State Tracking",
    author = "Lee, Sungjin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4069",
    pages = "442--451",
}
@inproceedings{zilka-etal-2013-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of {B}ayesian Discriminative and Generative Models for Dialogue State Tracking",
    author = "{\v{Z}}ilka, Luk{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Marek, David  and
      Korvas, Mat{\v{e}}j  and
      Jur{\v{c}}{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4070",
    pages = "452--456",
}
@inproceedings{ren-etal-2013-dialog,
    title = "Dialog State Tracking using Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Ren, Hang  and
      Xu, Weiqun  and
      Zhang, Yan  and
      Yan, Yonghong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4071",
    pages = "457--461",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2013-engineering,
    title = "Engineering Statistical Dialog State Trackers: A Case Study on {DSTC}",
    author = "Kim, Daejoong  and
      Choi, Jaedeug Choi  and
      Kim, Kee-Eung  and
      Lee, Jungsu  and
      Sohn, Jinho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4072",
    pages = "462--466",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-etal-2013-deep,
    title = "Deep Neural Network Approach for the Dialog State Tracking Challenge",
    author = "Henderson, Matthew  and
      Thomson, Blaise  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2013 Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Metz, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4073",
    pages = "467--471",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-sentiment,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology",
    author = "Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4100",
}
@inproceedings{veselovska-hajic-jr-2013-words,
    title = "Why Words Alone Are Not Enough: Error Analysis of Lexicon-based Polarity Classifier for {C}zech",
    author = "Veselovsk{\'a}, Kate{\v{r}}ina  and
      Haji{\v{c}} jr., Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4101",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{miura-etal-2013-topic,
    title = "Topic Modeling with Sentiment Clues and Relaxed Labeling Schema",
    author = "Miura, Yasuhide  and
      Hattori, Keigo  and
      Ohkuma, Tomoko  and
      Masuichi, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4102",
    pages = "6--14",
}
@inproceedings{panasenko-etal-2013-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual analysis of {LOVE} and {HATRED} emotional markers ({SPSS}-based approach)",
    author = "Panasenko, Nataliya  and
      Trnka, Andrej  and
      Petranov{\'a}, Dana  and
      Mag{\'a}l, Slavom{\'\i}r",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4103",
    pages = "15--23",
}
@inproceedings{patra-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Music Mood Classification of {H}indi Songs",
    author = "Patra, Braja Gopal  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where {AI} meets Psychology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4104",
    pages = "24--28",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-ijcnlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2013 Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media ({S}ocial{NLP})",
    author = "Lin, Shou-de  and
      Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Kuo, Tsung-Ting",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4200",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2013-predicting,
    title = "Predicting {TV} Audience Rating with Social Media",
    author = "Hsieh, Wen-Tai  and
      Chou, Seng-cho T.  and
      Cheng, Yu-Hsuan  and
      Wu, Chen-Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2013 Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media ({S}ocial{NLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4201",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{haruechaiyasak-etal-2013-sense,
    title = "S-Sense: A Sentiment Analysis Framework for Social Media {S}ensing",
    author = "Haruechaiyasak, Choochart  and
      Kongthon, Alisa  and
      Palingoon, Pornpimon  and
      Trakultaweekoon, Kanokorn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2013 Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media ({S}ocial{NLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4202",
    pages = "6--13",
}
@inproceedings{huang-2013-social,
    title = "Social Metaphor Detection via Topical Analysis",
    author = "Huang, Ting-Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2013 Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media ({S}ocial{NLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4203",
    pages = "14--22",
}
@inproceedings{arunachalam-sarkar-2013-new,
    title = "The New Eye of Government: Citizen Sentiment Analysis in Social Media",
    author = "Arunachalam, Ravi  and
      Sarkar, Sandipan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2013 Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media ({S}ocial{NLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4204",
    pages = "23--28",
}
@inproceedings{zeng-wu-2013-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the Helpful Opinion Mining of Online Consumer Reviews as a Classification Problem",
    author = "Zeng, Yi-Ching  and
      Wu, Shih-Hung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2013 Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media ({S}ocial{NLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4205",
    pages = "29--35",
}
@inproceedings{latif-jaffry-2013-trust,
    title = "Trust Evaluation Mechanisms for {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Latif, Imran  and
      Jaffry, Syed Waqar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IJCNLP} 2013 Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media ({S}ocial{NLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4206",
    pages = "36--42",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-asian,
    title = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    author = "Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4300",
}
@inproceedings{ngo-etal-2013-evbcorpus,
    title = "{EVBC}orpus - A Multi-Layer {E}nglish-{V}ietnamese Bilingual Corpus for Studying Tasks in Comparative Linguistics",
    author = {Ngo, Quoc Hung  and
      Winiwarter, Werner  and
      Wloka, Bartholom{\"a}us},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4301",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{wang-bond-2013-building,
    title = "Building the {C}hinese Open {W}ordnet ({COW}): Starting from Core Synsets",
    author = "Wang, Shan  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4302",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{mitsuda-etal-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Missing Annotation Disagreement using Eye Gaze Information",
    author = "Mitsuda, Koh  and
      Iida, Ryu  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4303",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{lipenkova-2013-valence,
    title = "Valence alternations and marking structures in a {HPSG} grammar for {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Lipenkova, Janna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4304",
    pages = "27--35",
}
@inproceedings{kolya-etal-2013-event,
    title = "Event and Event Actor Alignment in Phrase Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Kolya, Anup  and
      Pal, Santanu  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4305",
    pages = "36--44",
}
@inproceedings{mittal-etal-2013-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis of {H}indi Reviews based on Negation and Discourse Relation",
    author = "Mittal, Namita  and
      Agarwal, Basant  and
      Chouhan, Garvit  and
      Bania, Nitin  and
      Pareek, Prateek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4306",
    pages = "45--50",
}
@inproceedings{wong-lee-2013-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Legitimate Disagreement in Corpus Construction",
    author = "Wong, Billy T.M.  and
      Lee, Sophia Y.M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4307",
    pages = "51--57",
}
@inproceedings{p-jayan-etal-2013-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Statistical Approach for Named Entity Recognition for {M}alayalam Language",
    author = "P Jayan, Jisha  and
      R R, Rajeev  and
      Sherly, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4308",
    pages = "58--63",
}
@inproceedings{dash-hussain-2013-designing,
    title = "Designing a Generic Scheme for Etymological Annotation: a New Type of Language Corpora Annotation",
    author = "Dash, Niladri Sekhar  and
      Hussain, Mazhar Mehdi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4309",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-kumar-2013-unl,
    title = "{UNL}-ization of {P}unjabi with {IAN}",
    author = "Agarwal, Vaibhav  and
      Kumar, Parteek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4310",
    pages = "72--80",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-sighan,
    title = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    author = "Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Zhu, Jingbo  and
      Ren, Fuji",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4400",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2013-keynote,
    title = "Keynote Speech: Lexical Semantics of {C}hinese Language",
    author = "Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4401",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{magistry-sagot-2013-mdl,
    title = "Can {MDL} Improve Unsupervised {C}hinese Word Segmentation?",
    author = "Magistry, Pierre  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4402",
    pages = "2--10",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-deep,
    title = "Deep Context-Free Grammar for {C}hinese with Broad-Coverage",
    author = "Wang, Xiangli  and
      Zhang, Yi  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Tsujii, Junichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4403",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2013-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Representation and Classification of Eventive Verbs - Polarity and Interaction between Process and State",
    author = "Huang, Shu-Ling  and
      Hsieh, Yu-Ming  and
      Lin, Su-Chu  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4404",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-chu-2013-response,
    title = "Response Generation Based on Hierarchical Semantic Structure with {POMDP} Re-ranking for Conversational Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Yeh, Jui-Feng  and
      Chu, Yuan-Cheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4405",
    pages = "29--34",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2013-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Spelling Check Evaluation at {SIGHAN} Bake-off 2013",
    author = "Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Lee, Lung-Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4406",
    pages = "35--42",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-etal-2013-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Spelling Correction Based on N-gram Ranked Inverted Index List",
    author = "Yeh, Jui-Feng  and
      Li, Sheng-Feng  and
      Wu, Mei-Rong  and
      Chen, Wen-Yi  and
      Su, Mao-Chuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4407",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{chiu-etal-2013-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Spelling Checker Based on Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Chiu, Hsun-wen  and
      Wu, Jian-cheng  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4408",
    pages = "49--53",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid {C}hinese Spelling Correction Using Language Model and Statistical Machine Translation with Reranking",
    author = "Liu, Xiaodong  and
      Cheng, Kevin  and
      Luo, Yanyan  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4409",
    pages = "54--58",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2013-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to {CKIP} {C}hinese Spelling Check System for {SIGHAN} Bakeoff 2013 Evaluation",
    author = "Hsieh, Yu-Ming  and
      Bai, Ming-Hong  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4410",
    pages = "59--63",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-automatic-chinese,
    title = "Automatic {C}hinese Confusion Words Extraction Using Conditional Random Fields and the Web",
    author = "Wang, Chun-Hung  and
      Chang, Jason S.  and
      Wu, Jian-Cheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4411",
    pages = "64--68",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-conditional,
    title = "Conditional Random Field-based Parser and Language Model for Tradi-tional {C}hinese Spelling Checker",
    author = "Wang, Yih-Ru  and
      Liao, Yuan-Fu  and
      Wu, Yeh-Kuang  and
      Chang, Liang-Chun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4412",
    pages = "69--73",
}
@inproceedings{han-chang-2013-maximum,
    title = "A Maximum Entropy Approach to {C}hinese Spelling Check",
    author = "Han, Dongxu  and
      Chang, Baobao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4413",
    pages = "74--78",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2013-study,
    title = "A Study of Language Modeling for {C}hinese Spelling Check",
    author = "Chen, Kuan-Yu  and
      Lee, Hung-Shin  and
      Lee, Chung-Han  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4414",
    pages = "79--83",
}
@inproceedings{he-fu-2013-description,
    title = "Description of {HLJU} {C}hinese Spelling Checker for {SIGHAN} Bakeoff 2013",
    author = "He, Yu  and
      Fu, Guohong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4415",
    pages = "84--87",
}
@inproceedings{jia-etal-2013-graph,
    title = "Graph Model for {C}hinese Spell Checking",
    author = "Jia, Zhongye  and
      Wang, Peilu  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4416",
    pages = "88--92",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2013-sinica,
    title = "Sinica-{IASL} {C}hinese spelling check system at Sighan-7",
    author = "Yang, Ting-Hao  and
      Hsieh, Yu-Lun  and
      Chen, Yu-Hsuan  and
      Tsang, Michael  and
      Shih, Cheng-Wei  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4417",
    pages = "93--96",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection and Correction for {C}hinese Misspelled Words Using Phonological and Orthographic Similarities",
    author = "Chang, Tao-Hsing  and
      Chen, Hsueh-Chih  and
      Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Zheng, Jian-Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4418",
    pages = "97--101",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chu-2013-ntou,
    title = "{NTOU} {C}hinese Spelling Check System in {SIGHAN} Bake-off 2013",
    author = "Lin, Chuan-Jie  and
      Chu, Wei-Cheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4419",
    pages = "102--107",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2013-candidate,
    title = "Candidate Scoring Using Web-Based Measure for {C}hinese Spelling Error Correction",
    author = "Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Liu, Chao-Hong  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh {SIGHAN} Workshop on {C}hinese Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4420",
    pages = "108--112",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-language-processing,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Processing and Crisis Information 2013",
    author = "Inui, Kentaro  and
      Kazawa, Hideto  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Utiyama, Masao",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4500",
}
@inproceedings{robinson-etal-2013-evidence,
    title = "An Evidence Based Earthquake Detector using Twitter",
    author = "Robinson, Bella  and
      Power, Robert  and
      Cameron, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Processing and Crisis Information 2013",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4501",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-2013-computer,
    title = "Computer-assisted Structuring of Emergency Management Information: A Project Note",
    author = "Watanabe, Yotaro  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Suzuki, Shingo  and
      Koumoto, Hiroko  and
      Higashida, Mitsuhiro  and
      Maeda, Yuji  and
      Iwatsuki, Katsumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Processing and Crisis Information 2013",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4502",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{aida-etal-2013-rescue,
    title = "Rescue Activity for the Great East Japan Earthquake Based on a Website that Extracts Rescue Requests from the Net",
    author = "Aida, Shin  and
      Shindo, Yasutaka  and
      Utiyama, Masao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Processing and Crisis Information 2013",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4503",
    pages = "19--25",
}
@inproceedings{neubig-etal-2013-framework,
    title = "A Framework and Tool for Collaborative Extraction of Reliable Information",
    author = "Neubig, Graham  and
      Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Mizukami, Masahiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Processing and Crisis Information 2013",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4504",
    pages = "26--35",
}
@inproceedings{okazaki-etal-2013-extracting,
    title = "Extracting and Aggregating False Information from Microblogs",
    author = "Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Nabeshima, Keita  and
      Watanabe, Kento  and
      Mizuno, Junta  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Processing and Crisis Information 2013",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4505",
    pages = "36--43",
}
@inproceedings{hara-2013-returning,
    title = "Returning-Home Analysis in {T}okyo Metropolitan Area at the time of the Great East Japan Earthquake using Twitter Data",
    author = "Hara, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Processing and Crisis Information 2013",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4506",
    pages = "44--50",
}
@inproceedings{regalado-etal-2013-bahaba,
    title = "{B}aha{B}a: A Route Generator System for Mobile Devices",
    author = "Regalado, Ralph Vincent  and
      Haw, Michael Benedict  and
      Martinez, Matthew Alexis  and
      Santiaguel, Lowie  and
      Tamayo, Patrick Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Processing and Crisis Information 2013",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4507",
    pages = "51--56",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-natural-language-processing,
    title = "The First Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Medical and Healthcare Fields",
    author = "Aramaki, Eiji  and
      Morita, Mizuki",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4600",
}
@inproceedings{miura-etal-2013-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Knowledge Resources to Enhance Medical Information Extraction",
    author = "Miura, Yasuhide  and
      Ohkuma, Tomoko  and
      Masuichi, Hiroshi  and
      Yamada Shinohara, Emiko  and
      Aramaki, Eiji  and
      Ohe, Kazuhiko",
    booktitle = "The First Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Medical and Healthcare Fields",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4601",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{okumura-etal-2013-clinical,
    title = "Clinical Vocabulary and Clinical Finding Concepts in Medical Literature",
    author = "Okumura, Takashi  and
      Aramaki, Eiji  and
      Tateisi, Yuka",
    booktitle = "The First Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Medical and Healthcare Fields",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4602",
    pages = "7--13",
}
@inproceedings{higashiyama-etal-2013-developing,
    title = "Developing {ML}-based Systems to Extract Medical Information from {J}apanese Medical History Summaries",
    author = "Higashiyama, Shohei  and
      Seki, Kazuhiro  and
      Uehara, Kuniaki",
    booktitle = "The First Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Medical and Healthcare Fields",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4603",
    pages = "14--21",
}
@inproceedings{neubig-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards High-Reliability Speech Translation in the Medical Domain",
    author = "Neubig, Graham  and
      Sakti, Sakriani  and
      Toda, Tomoki  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji  and
      Isotani, Ryosuke  and
      Ikeda, Yukichi",
    booktitle = "The First Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Medical and Healthcare Fields",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4604",
    pages = "22--29",
}
@inproceedings{kaneko-etal-2013-finding,
    title = "Finding Every Medical Terms by Life Science Dictionary for {M}ed{NLP}",
    author = "Kaneko, Shuj  and
      Fujita, Nobuyuki  and
      Ohtake, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "The First Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Medical and Healthcare Fields",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4605",
    pages = "30--32",
}
@inproceedings{tam-etal-2013-proper,
    title = "Proper and Efficient Treatment of Anaphora and Long-Distance Dependency in Context-Free Grammar: An Experiment with Medical Text",
    author = "Tam, Wailok  and
      Hasida, Koiti  and
      Matsubara, Yusuke  and
      Aramaki, Eiji  and
      Miyabe, Mai  and
      Takaai, Motoyuki  and
      Uozaki, Hirosi",
    booktitle = "The First Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Medical and Healthcare Fields",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4606",
    pages = "33--37",
}
@inproceedings{imaichi-etal-2013-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Rule-Based and Machine Learning Methods for Medical Information Extraction",
    author = "Imaichi, Osamu  and
      Yanase, Toshihiko  and
      Niwa, Yoshiki",
    booktitle = "The First Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Medical and Healthcare Fields",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4607",
    pages = "38--42",
}
@inproceedings{kume-etal-2013-electronic,
    title = "The Electronic Health Record as a Clinical Study Information Hub",
    author = "Kume, Naoto  and
      Okamoto, Kazuya  and
      Kuroda, Tomohiro  and
      Yoshihara, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "The First Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Medical and Healthcare Fields",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4608",
    pages = "43--47",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-south,
    title = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Malik, M. G. Abbas",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya Congress Center, Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4700",
}
@inproceedings{samson-juan-besacier-2013-fast,
    title = "Fast Bootstrapping of Grapheme to Phoneme System for Under-resourced Languages - Application to the Iban Language",
    author = "Samson Juan, Sarah  and
      Besacier, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya Congress Center, Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4701",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{haruechaiyasak-kongthon-2013-lextoplus,
    title = "{L}ex{T}o{P}lus: A {T}hai Lexeme Tokenization and Normalization Tool",
    author = "Haruechaiyasak, Choochart  and
      Kongthon, Alisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya Congress Center, Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4702",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{mohaghegh-etal-2013-three,
    title = "A Three-Layer Architecture for Automatic Post Editing System Using Rule-Based Paradigm",
    author = "Mohaghegh, Mahsa  and
      Sarrafzadeh, Abdolhossein  and
      Mohammadi, Mehdi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya Congress Center, Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4703",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{bhat-2013-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Stemming for {K}annada",
    author = "Bhat, Suma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya Congress Center, Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4704",
    pages = "25--33",
}
@inproceedings{sarkar-bandyopadhyay-2013-application,
    title = "On Application of Conditional Random Field in Stemming of {B}engali Natural Language Text",
    author = "Sarkar, Sandipan  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya Congress Center, Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4705",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{malik-etal-2013-urdu,
    title = "{U}rdu {H}indi Machine Transliteration using {SMT}",
    author = "Malik, M. G. Abbas  and
      Boitet, Christian  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya Congress Center, Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4706",
    pages = "43--57",
}
@inproceedings{iqbal-etal-2013-urdu,
    title = "{U}rdu Spell Checking: Reverse Edit Distance Approach",
    author = "Iqbal, Saadat  and
      Anwar, Muhammad Waqas  and
      Bajwa, Usama Ijaz  and
      Rehman, Zobia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya Congress Center, Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4707",
    pages = "58--65",
}
@inproceedings{saeed-jaffry-2013-information,
    title = "Information Mining from Islamic Scriptures",
    author = "Saeed, Abdul Rauf  and
      Jaffry, Syed Waqar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya Congress Center, Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4708",
    pages = "66--71",
}
@inproceedings{khan-etal-2013-english,
    title = "{E}nglish to {U}rdu Hierarchical Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Khan, Nadeem  and
      Anwar, Muhammad Waqas  and
      Bajwa, Usama Ijaz  and
      Durrani, Nadir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya Congress Center, Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4709",
    pages = "72--76",
}
@inproceedings{din-2013-cliticization,
    title = "Cliticization and Endoclitics Generation of {P}ashto Language",
    author = "Din, Azizud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya Congress Center, Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4710",
    pages = "77--82",
}
@inproceedings{lalitha-devi-s-2013-malayalam,
    title = "{M}alayalam Clause Boundary Identifier: Annotation and Evaluation",
    author = "Lalitha Devi, Sobha  and
      S, Lakshmi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on South and Southeast {A}sian Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nagoya Congress Center, Nagoya, Japan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4711",
    pages = "83--90",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-brazilian,
    title = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4800",
}
@inproceedings{alvares-roman-2013-agreecalc,
    title = "{A}gree{C}alc: Uma Ferramenta para An{\'a}lise da Concord{\^a}ncia entre M{\'u}ltiplos Anotadores ({A}gree{C}alc: A Tool for the Analysis of Agreement Between Multiple Annotators) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Alvares, Alexandre Rossi  and
      Roman, Norton Trevisan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4801",
}
@inproceedings{missao-roman-2013-metaann,
    title = "{M}eta{A}nn: Um Gerador de Ferramentas para Anota{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Textos ({M}eta{A}nn: a Generator of Text Annotation Tools) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Miss{\~a}o, Tiago Emanuel Infante  and
      Roman, Norton Trevisan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4802",
}
@inproceedings{silva-finger-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving {C}o{G}r{OO}: the {B}razilian {P}ortuguese Grammar Checker",
    author = "Silva, William D. Colen M.  and
      Finger, Marcelo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4803",
}
@inproceedings{de-souza-feltrim-2013-uma,
    title = "Uma Investiga{\c{c}}{\~a}o sobre Algoritmos de Diferentes Abordagens de Aprendizado Supervisionado na Classifica{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Pap{\'e}is Ret{\'o}ricos em Resumos Cient{\'\i}ficos (Investigating Algorithms from Different Approaches of Supervised Learning for the Classification of Rhetorical Roles in Scientific Abstracts) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "de Souza, Vin{\'\i}cius M. A.  and
      Feltrim, Val{\'e}ria D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4804",
}
@inproceedings{minghelli-etal-2013-o,
    title = "O Subframe Senten{\c{c}}a no Complexo Frame Processo de Conhecimento no Direito Processual Civil (The Sentencing Subframe in the Complex Knowledge Process Frame in the Civil Procedural Law) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Minghelli, Tha{\'\i}s Dom{\^e}nica  and
      Bertoldi, Anderson  and
      Chishman, Rove",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4805",
}
@inproceedings{cardoso-etal-2013-subtopic,
    title = "Subtopic Annotation in a Corpus of News Texts: Steps Towards Automatic Subtopic Segmentation",
    author = "Cardoso, Paula C. F.  and
      Taboada, Maite  and
      Pardo, Thiago A. S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4806",
}
@inproceedings{do-amaral-vieira-2013-o,
    title = "O Reconhecimento de Entidades Nomeadas por meio de Conditional Random Fields para a L{\'\i}ngua Portuguesa (Named Entity Recognition with Conditional Random Fields for the {P}ortuguese Language) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "do Amaral, Daniela O. F.  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4807",
}
@inproceedings{freitas-feltrim-2013-analise,
    title = "An{\'a}lise Autom{\'a}tica de Coer{\^e}ncia Usando o Modelo Grade de Entidades para o Portugu{\^e}s (Automatic Coherence Analysis Using the Entity-grid Model for {P}ortuguese) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Freitas, Alison R. P.  and
      Feltrim, Val{\'e}ria D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4808",
}
@inproceedings{lopes-vieira-2013-aplicando,
    title = "Aplicando Pontos de Corte para Listas de Termos Extra{\'\i}dos (Applying Cut-off Points to Lists of Extracted Terms) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Lopes, Lucelene  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4809",
}
@inproceedings{dos-santos-silva-paraboni-2013-geracao,
    title = "Gera{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Express{\~o}es de Refer{\^e}ncia usando Rela{\c{c}}{\~o}es Espaciais (Referring Expression Generation Using Spatial Relations) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "dos Santos Silva, Diego  and
      Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4810",
}
@inproceedings{fonseca-rosa-2013-mac,
    title = "Mac-Morpho Revisited: Towards Robust Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Fonseca, Erick Rocha  and
      Rosa, Jo{\~a}o Lu{\'\i}s G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4811",
}
@inproceedings{rocha-neto-2013-implementacao,
    title = "Implementa{\c{c}}{\~a}o de um Separador Sil{\'a}bico Gratuito Baseado em Regras Lingu{\'\i}sticas para o Portugu{\^e}s Brasileiro (The Implementation of a Free Syllabification Algorithm Based on Linguistic Rules for {B}razilian {P}ortuguese) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Rocha, Willian  and
      Neto, Nelson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4812",
}
@inproceedings{paetzold-specia-2013-text,
    title = "Text Simplification as Tree Transduction",
    author = "Paetzold, Gustavo H.  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4813",
}
@inproceedings{shulby-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Disambiguation of Homographic Heterophone Pairs Containing Open and Closed Mid Vowels",
    author = "Shulby, Christopher  and
      Mendon{\c{c}}a, Gustavo  and
      Marquiaf{\'a}vel, Vanessa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4814",
}
@inproceedings{nobrega-pardo-2013-desambiguacao,
    title = "Desambigua{\c{c}}{\~a}o Lexical de Sentido com uso de Informa{\c{c}}{\~a}o Multidocumento por meio de Redes de Co-ocorr{\^e}ncia (Word Sense Disambiguation with the Use of Multi-document Information with Cooccurrence Nets) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "N{\'o}brega, Fernando Ant{\^o}nio Asevedo  and
      Pardo, Thiago Alexandre Salgueiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4815",
}
@inproceedings{da-silva-junior-etal-2013-realizacao,
    title = "Realiza{\c{c}}{\~a}o Superficial baseada em Regras (Rule-based Surface Realisation) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "da Silva Junior, Douglas F. P.  and
      de Novais, Eder M.  and
      Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4816",
}
@inproceedings{oliveira-roman-2013-jwn,
    title = "{JWN}-Br - Uma {API} {J}ava para a {W}ord{N}et.{B}r ({JWN}-Br - an {J}ava {API} for {W}ordnet.{B}r) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Oliveira, Vitor Machado  and
      Roman, Norton Trevisan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4817",
}
@inproceedings{fonseca-etal-2013-geracao,
    title = "Gera{\c{c}}{\~a}o de features para resolu{\c{c}}{\~a}o de correfer{\^e}ncia: Pessoa, Local e Organiza{\c{c}}{\~a}o (Feature Generation for Coreference Resolution: Person, Location and Organization) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Fonseca, Evandro B.  and
      Vieira, Renata  and
      Vanin, Aline A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4818",
}
@inproceedings{cortes-mello-2013-modalidade,
    title = "Modalidade no Portugu{\^e}s Brasileiro: as estruturas condicionais (Modality in {B}razilian {P}ortuguese: the Conditional Structures) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "C{\^o}rtes, Priscila Os{\'o}rio  and
      Mello, Heliana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4819",
}
@inproceedings{duran-etal-2013-um,
    title = "Um reposit{\'o}rio de verbos para a anota{\c{c}}{\~a}o de pap{\'e}is sem{\^a}nticos dispon{\'\i}vel na web (A Verb Repository for Semantic Role Labeling Available in the Web) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Duran, Magali Sanches  and
      Martins, Jhonata Pereira  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4820",
}
@inproceedings{souza-vieira-2013-entity,
    title = "Entity-centric Sentiment Analysis on Twitter data for the Potuguese Language",
    author = "Souza, Marlo  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4821",
}
@inproceedings{schuster-etal-2013-approaches,
    title = "Approaches for Helping {B}razilian Students Improve their Scientific Writings",
    author = "Schuster, Ethel  and
      Lizotte, Rick  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra M.  and
      Dayrell, Carmen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4822",
}
@inproceedings{de-alencar-2013-brgram,
    title = "{B}r{G}ram: uma gram{\'a}tica computacional de um fragmento do portugu{\^e}s brasileiro no formalismo da {LFG} ({B}r{G}ram: a Computational Grammar for a Fragment of {B}razilian {P}ortuguese in the {LFG} Formalism) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "de Alencar, Leonel F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4823",
}
@inproceedings{sandrim-etal-2013-geracao,
    title = "Gera{\c{c}}{\~a}o de instru{\c{c}}{\~o}es em mundos virtuais: primeiros passos (Generation of Instructions in Virtual Worlds: First Steps) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Sandrim, Diego Cardozo  and
      Freire, Felipe  and
      Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4824",
}
@inproceedings{hilgert-vieira-2013-extracao,
    title = "Extra{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Vocabul{\'a}rio Multil{\'\i}ngue para Tradu{\c{c}}{\~a}o em Dom{\'\i}nios Especializados (Multilingual Vocabulary Extraction for Machine Translation in Specialized Domains) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Hilgert, Lucas Welter  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4825",
}
@inproceedings{martins-2013-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-amostra Coelho Netto: compila{\c{c}}{\~a}o, anota{\c{c}}{\~a}o e ocorr{\^e}ncias em textos liter{\'a}rios dos s{\'e}c. {XIX} e {XX} (Corpus-sample Coelho Netto: Compilation, Annotation and Occurrences in Literary Texts from {XIX} and {XX} Centuries) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Martins, Francimary Mac{\^e}do",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4826",
}
@inproceedings{proenca-etal-2013-acoustic,
    title = "Acoustic, Phonetic and Prosodic Features of {P}arkinson{'}s disease Speech",
    author = "Proen{\c{c}}a, Jorge  and
      Veiga, Arlindo  and
      Candeias, Sara  and
      Perdig{\~a}o, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4827",
}
@inproceedings{pazzini-etal-2013-classificacao,
    title = "Classifica{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Prioridade de Tweets utilizando M{\'a}quinas de Vetor de Suporte (Tweet Priority Classification Using Support Vector Machines) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Pazzini, Vin{\'\i}cius  and
      Schenkel, Tiago  and
      Poetsch, Mikael  and
      Araujo, Ricardo Matsumura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4828",
}
@inproceedings{filho-etal-2013-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of the {B}razilian {P}ortuguese {LIWC} Dictionary for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Filho, Pedro P. Balage  and
      Pardo, Thiago Alexandre Salgueiro  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4829",
}
@inproceedings{mendes-etal-2013-uma,
    title = "Uma investiga{\c{c}}{\~a}o no apoio da avalia{\c{c}}{\~a}o da usabilidade em Sistemas Sociais usando Processamento da Linguagem Natural (An Investigation on the Support of the Usability Evaluation in Social Systems Using Natural Language Processing) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Mendes, Mar{\'\i}lia S.  and
      Furtado, Elizabeth  and
      Franklin, Miguel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4830",
}
@inproceedings{filho-etal-2013-uma,
    title = "Uma Ferramenta para Projeto de Sistemas de Di{\'a}logos para Call Center Baseados em Asterisk (A Tool for the Design of Dialog Systems for Asterisk-based Call Centers) [in {P}ortuguese]",
    author = "Filho, Estillac Borges  and
      Batista, Pedro  and
      Klautau, Aldebaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {B}razilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4831",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-statistical-parsing,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    author = "Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Marton, Yuval  and
      Rehbein, Ines  and
      Versley, Yannick",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4900",
}
@inproceedings{lynn-etal-2013-working,
    title = "Working with a small dataset - semi-supervised dependency parsing for {I}rish",
    author = "Lynn, Teresa  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4901",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{kapociute-dzikiene-etal-2013-lithuanian,
    title = "{L}ithuanian Dependency Parsing with Rich Morphological Features",
    author = "Kapo{\v{c}}i{\=u}t{\.e}-Dzikien{\.e}, Jurgita  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Krupavi{\v{c}}ius, Algis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4902",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{agic-etal-2013-parsing,
    title = "Parsing {C}roatian and {S}erbian by Using {C}roatian Dependency Treebanks",
    author = "Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Merkler, Danijela  and
      Berovi{\'c}, Da{\v{s}}a",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4903",
    pages = "22--33",
}
@inproceedings{tratz-2013-cross,
    title = "A Cross-Task Flexible Transition Model for {A}rabic Tokenization, Affix Detection, Affix Labeling, {POS} Tagging, and Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Tratz, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4904",
    pages = "34--45",
}
@inproceedings{constant-etal-2013-ligm,
    title = "The {LIGM}-{A}lpage architecture for the {SPMRL} 2013 Shared Task: Multiword Expression Analysis and Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Constant, Matthieu  and
      Candito, Marie  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4905",
    pages = "46--52",
}
@inproceedings{de-la-clergerie-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring beam-based shift-reduce dependency parsing with {D}y{AL}og: Results from the {SPMRL} 2013 shared task",
    author = "de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4906",
    pages = "53--62",
}
@inproceedings{ballesteros-2013-effective,
    title = "Effective Morphological Feature Selection with {M}alt{O}ptimizer at the {SPMRL} 2013 Shared Task",
    author = "Ballesteros, Miguel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4907",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{goenaga-etal-2013-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting the Contribution of Morphological Information to Parsing: the {BASQUE} {TEAM} system in the {SPRML}{`}2013 Shared Task",
    author = "Goenaga, Iakes  and
      Gojenola, Koldo  and
      Ezeiza, Nerea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4908",
    pages = "71--77",
}
@inproceedings{cirik-sensoy-2013-ai,
    title = "The {AI}-{KU} System at the {SPMRL} 2013 Shared Task : Unsupervised Features for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Cirik, Volkan  and
      Sensoy, Husnu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4909",
    pages = "78--85",
}
@inproceedings{marton-etal-2013-spmrl13,
    title = "{SPMRL}{`}13 Shared Task System: The {CADIM} {A}rabic Dependency Parser",
    author = "Marton, Yuval  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Alkhulani, Sarah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4910",
    pages = "86--90",
}
@inproceedings{kukkadapu-mannem-2013-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Approach to Prediction of Empty Categories in {H}indi Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Kukkadapu, Puneeth  and
      Mannem, Prashanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4911",
    pages = "91--96",
}
@inproceedings{khallash-etal-2013-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study on the Effect of Morphological and Lexical Features in {P}ersian Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Khallash, Mojtaba  and
      Hadian, Ali  and
      Minaei-Bidgoli, Behrouz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4912",
    pages = "97--107",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-nagata-2013-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a Practical Constituent Parser from a {J}apanese Treebank with Function Labels",
    author = "Tanaka, Takaaki  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4913",
    pages = "108--118",
}
@inproceedings{malladi-mannem-2013-context,
    title = "Context Based Statistical Morphological Analyzer and its Effect on {H}indi Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Malladi, Deepak Kumar  and
      Mannem, Prashanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4914",
    pages = "119--128",
}
@inproceedings{sulubacak-eryigit-2013-representation,
    title = "Representation of Morphosyntactic Units and Coordination Structures in the {T}urkish Dependency Treebank",
    author = {Sulubacak, Umut  and
      Eryi{\u{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4915",
    pages = "129--134",
}
@inproceedings{bjorkelund-etal-2013-ranking,
    title = "(Re)ranking Meets Morphosyntax: State-of-the-art Results from the {SPMRL} 2013 Shared Task",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rkelund, Anders  and
      {\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      Mueller, Thomas  and
      Seeker, Wolfgang},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4916",
    pages = "135--145",
}
@inproceedings{seddah-etal-2013-overview,
    title = "Overview of the {SPMRL} 2013 Shared Task: A Cross-Framework Evaluation of Parsing Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = {Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      Tsarfaty, Reut  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Candito, Marie  and
      Choi, Jinho D.  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Goenaga, Iakes  and
      Gojenola Galletebeitia, Koldo  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Green, Spence  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      Maier, Wolfgang  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam  and
      Roth, Ryan  and
      Seeker, Wolfgang  and
      Versley, Yannick  and
      Vincze, Veronika  and
      Woli{\'n}ski, Marcin  and
      Wr{\'o}blewska, Alina  and
      Villemonte de la Clergerie, Eric},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-4917",
    pages = "146--182",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-textgraphs,
    title = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-8 Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Matveeva, Irina  and
      Melli, Gabor  and
      Nastase, Vivi",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5000",
}
@inproceedings{glavas-snajder-2013-event,
    title = "Event-Centered Information Retrieval Using Kernels on Event Graphs",
    author = "Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-8 Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5001",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{biemann-etal-2013-jobimtext,
    title = "{J}o{B}im{T}ext Visualizer: A Graph-based Approach to Contextualizing Distributional Similarity",
    author = "Biemann, Chris  and
      Coppola, Bonaventura  and
      Glass, Michael R.  and
      Gliozzo, Alfio  and
      Hatem, Matthew  and
      Riedl, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-8 Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5002",
    pages = "6--10",
}
@inproceedings{bhagwani-etal-2013-merging,
    title = "Merging Word Senses",
    author = "Bhagwani, Sumit  and
      Satapathy, Shrutiranjan  and
      Karnick, Harish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-8 Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5003",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2013-reconstructing,
    title = "Reconstructing Big Semantic Similarity Networks",
    author = "He, Ai  and
      Sharma, Shefali  and
      Hsu, Chun-Nan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-8 Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5004",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{saluja-navratil-2013-graph,
    title = "Graph-Based Unsupervised Learning of Word Similarities Using Heterogeneous Feature Types",
    author = "Saluja, Avneesh  and
      Navr{\'a}til, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-8 Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5005",
    pages = "29--38",
}
@inproceedings{riedl-biemann-2013-global,
    title = "From Global to Local Similarities: A Graph-Based Contextualization Method using Distributional Thesauri",
    author = "Riedl, Martin  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-8 Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5006",
    pages = "39--43",
}
@inproceedings{ehara-etal-2013-understanding,
    title = "Understanding seed selection in bootstrapping",
    author = "Ehara, Yo  and
      Sato, Issei  and
      Oiwa, Hidekazu  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-8 Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5007",
    pages = "44--52",
}
@inproceedings{ramachandran-gehringer-2013-graph,
    title = "Graph-Structures Matching for Review Relevance Identification",
    author = "Ramachandran, Lakshmi  and
      Gehringer, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-8 Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5008",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{sizov-ozturk-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Reasoning Chains from Textual Reports",
    author = {Sizov, Gleb  and
      {\"O}zt{\"u}rk, Pinar},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-8 Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5009",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@inproceedings{kardes-etal-2013-graph,
    title = "Graph-based Approaches for Organization Entity Resolution in {M}ap{R}educe",
    author = "Kardes, Hakan  and
      Konidena, Deepak  and
      Agrawal, Siddharth  and
      Huff, Micah  and
      Sun, Ang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-8 Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5010",
    pages = "70--78",
}
@inproceedings{kivimaki-etal-2013-graph,
    title = "A Graph-Based Approach to Skill Extraction from Text",
    author = {Kivim{\"a}ki, Ilkka  and
      Panchenko, Alexander  and
      Dessy, Adrien  and
      Verdegem, Dries  and
      Francq, Pascal  and
      Bersini, Hugues  and
      Saerens, Marco},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {T}ext{G}raphs-8 Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5011",
    pages = "79--87",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-nlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NLP} for Medicine and Biology associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    author = "Savova, Guergana  and
      Cohen, Kevin Bretonnel  and
      Angelova, Galia",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5100",
}
@inproceedings{dligach-etal-2013-active,
    title = "Active Learning for Phenotyping Tasks",
    author = "Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Miller, Timothy  and
      Savova, Guergana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NLP} for Medicine and Biology associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5101",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{gorrell-etal-2013-finding,
    title = "Finding Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia in Patient Records",
    author = "Gorrell, Genevieve  and
      Roberts, Angus  and
      Jackson, Richard  and
      Stewart, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NLP} for Medicine and Biology associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5102",
    pages = "9--17",
}
@inproceedings{scheurwegs-etal-2013-de,
    title = "De-Identification of Clinical Free Text in {D}utch with Limited Training Data: A Case Study",
    author = "Scheurwegs, Elyne  and
      Luyckx, Kim  and
      Van der Schueren, Filip  and
      Van den Bulcke, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NLP} for Medicine and Biology associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5103",
    pages = "18--23",
}
@inproceedings{sokolova-etal-2013-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} can help parents to understand rare diseases",
    author = "Sokolova, Marina  and
      Ioshikhes, Ilya  and
      Poursepanj, Hamid  and
      MacKenzie, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NLP} for Medicine and Biology associated with {RANLP} 2013",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5104",
    pages = "24--33",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-joint-nlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on {NLP}{\&}{LOD} and {SWAIE}: Semantic Web, Linked Open Data and Information Extraction",
    author = "Maynard, Diana  and
      van Erp, Marieke  and
      Davis, Brian  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Simov, Kiril  and
      Georgiev, Georgi  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5200",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-2013-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Linked Open Data ({LLOD}) {--} Building the cloud",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on {NLP}{\&}{LOD} and {SWAIE}: Semantic Web, Linked Open Data and Information Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5201",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-kim-2013-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of {SPARQL} query generation from natural language questions",
    author = "Cohen, K. Bretonnel  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on {NLP}{\&}{LOD} and {SWAIE}: Semantic Web, Linked Open Data and Information Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5202",
    pages = "3--7",
}
@inproceedings{mccrae-cimiano-2013-mining,
    title = "Mining translations from the web of open linked data",
    author = "McCrae, John Philip  and
      Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on {NLP}{\&}{LOD} and {SWAIE}: Semantic Web, Linked Open Data and Information Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5203",
    pages = "8--11",
}
@inproceedings{czeitschner-etal-2013-porting,
    title = "Porting Elements of the {A}ustrian Baroque Corpus onto the Linguistic Linked Open Data Format",
    author = "Czeitschner, Ulrike  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Resch, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on {NLP}{\&}{LOD} and {SWAIE}: Semantic Web, Linked Open Data and Information Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5204",
    pages = "12--15",
}
@inproceedings{simov-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards a System for Dynamic Language Resources in {LOD}",
    author = "Simov, Kiril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on {NLP}{\&}{LOD} and {SWAIE}: Semantic Web, Linked Open Data and Information Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5205",
    pages = "16--22",
}
@inproceedings{popov-2013-applications,
    title = "Applications of Semantic Publishing",
    author = "Popov, Borislav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on {NLP}{\&}{LOD} and {SWAIE}: Semantic Web, Linked Open Data and Information Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5206",
    pages = "23--24",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2013-literature,
    title = "Literature-driven Curation for Taxonomic Name Databases",
    author = "Yang, Hui  and
      Willis, Alistair  and
      Morse, David  and
      de Roeck, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on {NLP}{\&}{LOD} and {SWAIE}: Semantic Web, Linked Open Data and Information Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5207",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{de-araujo-etal-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the inference role in automatic information extraction from texts",
    author = "de Araujo, Denis  and
      Rigo, Sandro  and
      Muller, Carolina  and
      Chishman, Rove",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on {NLP}{\&}{LOD} and {SWAIE}: Semantic Web, Linked Open Data and Information Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5208",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2013-combined,
    title = "Combined analysis of news and Twitter messages",
    author = "Du, Mian  and
      Kangasharju, Jussi  and
      Karkulahti, Ossi  and
      Pivovarova, Lidia  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on {NLP}{\&}{LOD} and {SWAIE}: Semantic Web, Linked Open Data and Information Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5209",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-2013-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically analyzed labels of knowledge objects: How can they support {OBIE}? Lessons learned from the Monnet and {T}rend{M}iner projects",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on {NLP}{\&}{LOD} and {SWAIE}: Semantic Web, Linked Open Data and Information Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5210",
    pages = "49",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-adaptation,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Language Resources and Tools for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    author = "Vertan, Cristina  and
      Slavcheva, Milena  and
      Osenova, Petya",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5300",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-2013-combining,
    title = "Combining, Adapting and Reusing Bi-texts between Related Languages: Application to Statistical Machine Translation (invited talk)",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Language Resources and Tools for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5301",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{vertan-von-hahn-2013-language,
    title = "Language diversity and implications for Language technology in the Multilingual {E}urope",
    author = "Vertan, Cristina  and
      von Hahn, Walther",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Language Resources and Tools for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5302",
    pages = "2--6",
}
@inproceedings{haddow-etal-2013-corpus,
    title = "Corpus development for machine translation between standard and dialectal varieties",
    author = "Haddow, Barry  and
      Hern{\'a}ndez, Adolfo  and
      Neubarth, Friedrich  and
      Trost, Harald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Language Resources and Tools for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5303",
    pages = "7--14",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-etal-2013-adaptation,
    title = "Adaptation of a Rule-Based Translator to R{\'\i}o de la Plata {S}panish",
    author = "L{\'o}pez, Ernesto  and
      Chiruzzo, Luis  and
      Wonsever, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Language Resources and Tools for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5304",
    pages = "15--22",
}
@inproceedings{fragkou-2013-text,
    title = "Text segmentation for Language Identification in {G}reek Forums",
    author = "Fragkou, Pavlina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Language Resources and Tools for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5305",
    pages = "23--29",
}
@inproceedings{scherrer-sagot-2013-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon induction and part-of-speech tagging of non-resourced languages without any bilingual resources",
    author = "Scherrer, Yves  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Language Resources and Tools for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5306",
    pages = "30--39",
}
@inproceedings{zecevic-vujicic-stankovic-2013-mysterious,
    title = "The Mysterious Letter J",
    author = "Ze{\v{c}}evi{\'c}, Andjelka  and
      Vuji{\v{c}}i{\'c} Stankovi{\'c}, Sta{\v{s}}a",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Language Resources and Tools for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Hissar, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5307",
    pages = "40--44",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-international-generative,
    title = "Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon ({GL}2013)",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5400",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-2013-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Event Structure and Habitat Theory",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon ({GL}2013)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5401",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2013-metaphor,
    title = "Metaphor and Qualia: Embodiment or Eventuality",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Ahrens, Kathleen  and
      Quattri, Francesca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon ({GL}2013)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5402",
    pages = "11--12",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-hsieh-2013-coerce,
    title = "To Coerce or Not to Coerce: A Corpus-based Exploration of Some Complement Coercion Verbs in {C}hinese",
    author = "Hsu, Chan-Chia  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon ({GL}2013)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5403",
    pages = "13--20",
}
@inproceedings{romeo-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards the automatic classification of complex-type nominals",
    author = "Romeo, Lauren  and
      Mendes, Sara  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon ({GL}2013)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5404",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{song-zhao-2013-qualia,
    title = "Qualia Relations in Metaphorical Noun-Noun Compounds",
    author = "Song, Zuoyan  and
      Zhao, Qingqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon ({GL}2013)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5405",
    pages = "29--36",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-russo-2013-glosses,
    title = "From Glosses to Qualia: Qualia Extraction from Senso Comune",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Russo, Irene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon ({GL}2013)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5406",
    pages = "37--43",
}
@inproceedings{bonial-etal-2013-expanding,
    title = "Expanding {V}erb{N}et with Sketch Engine",
    author = "Bonial, Claire  and
      Hargraves, Orin  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon ({GL}2013)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5407",
    pages = "44--53",
}
@inproceedings{xu-huang-2013-primitives,
    title = "Primitives of Events and the Semantic Representation",
    author = "Xu, Hongzhi  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon ({GL}2013)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5408",
    pages = "54--61",
}
@inproceedings{khan-etal-2013-generative,
    title = "Generative Lexicon Theory and Linguistic Linked Open Data",
    author = "Khan, Fahad  and
      Frontini, Francesca  and
      Del Gratta, Riccardo  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Quochi, Valeria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon ({GL}2013)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5409",
    pages = "62--69",
}
@inproceedings{russo-etal-2013-disambiguation,
    title = "Disambiguation of Basic Action Types through Nouns{'} Telic Qualia",
    author = "Russo, Irene  and
      Frontini, Francesca  and
      De Felice, Irene  and
      Khan, Fahad  and
      Monachini, Monica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon ({GL}2013)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5410",
    pages = "70--75",
}
@inproceedings{romeo-etal-2013-class,
    title = "Class-based Word Sense Induction for dot-type nominals",
    author = "Romeo, Lauren  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon ({GL}2013)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5411",
    pages = "76--83",
}
@inproceedings{chasin-rumshisky-2013-mixing,
    title = "Mixing in Some Knowledge: Enriched Context Patterns for {B}ayesian Word Sense Induction",
    author = "Chasin, Rachel  and
      Rumshisky, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon ({GL}2013)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5412",
    pages = "84--91",
}
@inproceedings{batiukova-pustejovsky-2013-informativeness,
    title = "Informativeness Constraints and Compositionality",
    author = "Batiukova, Olga  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon ({GL}2013)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5413",
    pages = "92--100",
}
@inproceedings{nishiguchi-2013-extended,
    title = "Extended Generative Lexicon",
    author = "Nishiguchi, Sumiyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon ({GL}2013)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5414",
    pages = "101--105",
}
@inproceedings{chang-hsieh-2013-features,
    title = "Features of Verb Complements in Co-composition: A case study of {C}hinese baking verb using {W}eibo corpus",
    author = "Chang, Yu-Yun  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon ({GL}2013)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5415",
    pages = "106--114",
}
@inproceedings{chao-chung-2013-lexico,
    title = "A Lexico-Semantic Analysis of {C}hinese Locality Phrases - A Topic Clustering Approach",
    author = "Chao, August F.Y.  and
      Chung, Siaw-Fong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon ({GL}2013)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5416",
    pages = "115--124",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2013-author,
    title = "Author and Keyword Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon ({GL}2013)",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5417",
    pages = "115--124",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-linked,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics ({LDL}-2013): Representing and linking lexicons, terminologies and other language data",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Cimiano, Philipp  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      McCrae, John P.",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5500",
    pages = "i -- xi",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-etal-2013-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Linked Open Data ({LLOD}). Introduction and Overview",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Cimiano, Philipp  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      McCrae, John P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics ({LDL}-2013): Representing and linking lexicons, terminologies and other language data",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5501",
    pages = "i -- xi",
}
@inproceedings{buitelaar-etal-2013-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Linked Data for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Buitelaar, Paul  and
      Arcan, Mihael  and
      Iglesias, Carlos  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Rada, Fernando  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics ({LDL}-2013): Representing and linking lexicons, terminologies and other language data",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5502",
    pages = "1 -- 8",
}
@inproceedings{bonial-etal-2013-renewing,
    title = "Renewing and Revising {S}em{L}ink",
    author = "Bonial, Claire  and
      Stowe, Kevin  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics ({LDL}-2013): Representing and linking lexicons, terminologies and other language data",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5503",
    pages = "9 -- 17",
}
@inproceedings{fiorelli-etal-2013-lime,
    title = "{LIME}: Towards a Metadata Module for Ontolex",
    author = "Fiorelli, Manuel  and
      Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Stellato, Armando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics ({LDL}-2013): Representing and linking lexicons, terminologies and other language data",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5504",
    pages = "8 -- 27",
}
@inproceedings{moran-brummer-2013-lemon,
    title = "Lemon-aid: using Lemon to aid quantitative historical linguistic analysis",
    author = {Moran, Steven  and
      Br{\"u}mmer, Martin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics ({LDL}-2013): Representing and linking lexicons, terminologies and other language data",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5505",
    pages = "28 -- 33",
}
@inproceedings{pareja-lora-etal-2013-transforming,
    title = "Transforming the Data Transcription and Analysis Tool Metadata and Labels into a Linguistic Linked Open Data Cloud Resource",
    author = "Pareja-Lora, Antonio  and
      Blume, Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Lust, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics ({LDL}-2013): Representing and linking lexicons, terminologies and other language data",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5506",
    pages = "34 -- 43",
}
@inproceedings{menke-etal-2013-releasing,
    title = "Releasing multimodal data as Linguistic Linked Open Data: An experience report",
    author = "Menke, Peter  and
      McCrae, John Philip  and
      Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics ({LDL}-2013): Representing and linking lexicons, terminologies and other language data",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5507",
    pages = "44 -- 52",
}
@inproceedings{littauer-etal-2013-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Resources Enhanced with Geospatial Information",
    author = "Littauer, Richard  and
      Villazon-Terrazas, Boris  and
      Moran, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics ({LDL}-2013): Representing and linking lexicons, terminologies and other language data",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5508",
    pages = "53 -- 58",
}
@inproceedings{heuss-2013-faust,
    title = "Faust.rdf - Taking {RDF} literally",
    author = "Heuss, Timm",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics ({LDL}-2013): Representing and linking lexicons, terminologies and other language data",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5509",
    pages = "59 -- 63",
}
@inproceedings{koide-takeda-2013-rdfization,
    title = "{RDF}ization of {J}apanese Electronic Dictionaries and {LOD}",
    author = "Koide, Seiji  and
      Takeda, Hideaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics ({LDL}-2013): Representing and linking lexicons, terminologies and other language data",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5510",
    pages = "64 -- 69",
}
@inproceedings{hayashi-2013-migrating,
    title = "Migrating Psycholinguistic Semantic Feature Norms into Linked Data in Linguistics",
    author = "Hayashi, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics ({LDL}-2013): Representing and linking lexicons, terminologies and other language data",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5511",
    pages = "70 -- 75",
}
@inproceedings{bartolini-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards the establishment of a linguistic linked data network for {I}talian",
    author = "Bartolini, Roberto  and
      Del Gratta, Riccardo  and
      Frontini, Francesca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics ({LDL}-2013): Representing and linking lexicons, terminologies and other language data",
    month = sep,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Pisa, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5512",
    pages = "76 -- 81",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-nordic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    author = "Oepen, Stephan  and
      Hagen, Kristin  and
      Johannessen, Janne Bondi",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5600",
}
@inproceedings{kaplan-2013-invited,
    title = "Invited Keynote: The Conversational User Interface",
    author = "Kaplan, Ron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5601",
    pages = "1--1",
}
@inproceedings{sporleder-2013-invited,
    title = "Invited Keynote: Detecting and Processing Figurative Language in Discourse",
    author = "Sporleder, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5602",
    pages = "3--3",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2013-invited,
    title = "Invited Keynote: 6,909 Reasons to Mess Up Your Data",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5603",
    pages = "5--5",
}
@inproceedings{host-2013-nordic,
    title = "The Nordic e-Infrastucture Collaboration: Opportunities for Synergy Across Borders",
    author = "H{\o}st, Gudmund",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5604",
    pages = "7--7",
}
@inproceedings{oepen-2013-tidying,
    title = "Tidying up the Basement: A Tale of Large-Scale Parsing on National e{I}nfrastructure",
    author = "Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5605",
    pages = "9--9",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-2013-experiences,
    title = "Experiences in Building the Let{'}s {MT}! Portal on {A}mazon {EC}2",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5606",
    pages = "11--11",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2013-using,
    title = "Using Constraint Grammar for Chunking",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5607",
    pages = "13--26",
}
@inproceedings{falkenjack-etal-2013-features,
    title = "Features Indicating Readability in {S}wedish Text",
    author = {Falkenjack, Johan  and
      Heimann M{\"u}hlenbock, Katarina  and
      J{\"o}nsson, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5608",
    pages = "27--40",
}
@inproceedings{haverinen-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards a Dependency-Based {P}rop{B}ank of General {F}innish",
    author = {Haverinen, Katri  and
      Laippala, Veronika  and
      Kohonen, Samuel  and
      Missil{\"a}, Anna  and
      Nyblom, Jenna  and
      Ojala, Stina  and
      Viljanen, Timo  and
      Salakoski, Tapio  and
      Ginter, Filip},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5609",
    pages = "41--57",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using Finite State Transducers for Making Efficient Reading Comprehension Dictionaries",
    author = "Johnson, Ryan  and
      Antonsen, Lene  and
      Trosterud, Trond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5610",
    pages = "59--71",
}
@inproceedings{kapociute-dzikiene-etal-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Features for Named Entity Recognition in {L}ithuanian Text Corpus",
    author = "Kapo{\v{c}}i{\=u}t{\.e}-Dzikien{\.e}, Jurgita  and
      N{\o}klestad, Anders  and
      Johannessen, Janne Bondi  and
      Krupavi{\v{c}}ius, Algis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5611",
    pages = "73--88",
}
@inproceedings{loftsson-2013-tagging,
    title = "Tagging the Past: Experiments using the Saga Corpus",
    author = "Loftsson, Hrafn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5612",
    pages = "89--104",
}
@inproceedings{loftsson-ostling-2013-tagging,
    title = "Tagging a Morphologically Complex Language Using an Averaged Perceptron Tagger: The Case of {I}celandic",
    author = {Loftsson, Hrafn  and
      {\"O}stling, Robert},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5613",
    pages = "105--119",
}
@inproceedings{merkel-etal-2013-iphraxtor,
    title = "{IP}hraxtor: A Linguistically Informed System for Extraction of Term Candidates",
    author = "Merkel, Magnus  and
      Foo, Jody  and
      Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5614",
    pages = "121--132",
}
@inproceedings{navarretta-paggio-2013-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Multimodal Turn Management in {D}anish Dyadic First Encounters",
    author = "Navarretta, Costanza  and
      Paggio, Patrizia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5615",
    pages = "133--147",
}
@inproceedings{sandford-pedersen-etal-2013-nordic,
    title = "Nordic and Baltic Wordnets Aligned and Compared through {``}{W}ord{T}ies{''}",
    author = {Sandford Pedersen, Bolette  and
      Borin, Lars  and
      Forsberg, Markus  and
      Kahusk, Neeme  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister  and
      Niemi, Jyrki  and
      Nisbeth, Niklas  and
      Nygaard, Lars  and
      Orav, Heili  and
      R{\"o}gnvaldsson, Eirikur  and
      Seaton, Mitchell  and
      Vider, Kadri  and
      Voionmaa, Kaarlo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5616",
    pages = "147--162",
}
@inproceedings{pettersson-etal-2013-normalisation,
    title = "Normalisation of Historical Text Using Context-Sensitive Weighted {L}evenshtein Distance and Compound Splitting",
    author = "Pettersson, Eva  and
      Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5617",
    pages = "163--179",
}
@inproceedings{ruokolainen-silfverberg-2013-modeling,
    title = "Modeling {OOV} Words With Letter N-Grams in Statistical Taggers: Preliminary Work in Biomedical Entity Recognition",
    author = "Ruokolainen, Teemu  and
      Silfverberg, Miikka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5618",
    pages = "181--193",
}
@inproceedings{skadina-etal-2013-baltic,
    title = "Baltic and Nordic Parts of the {E}uropean Linguistic Infrastructure",
    author = "Skadi{\c{n}}a, Inguna  and
      Vasi{\c{l}}jevs, Andrejs  and
      Borin, Lars  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister  and
      Losnegaard, Gyri  and
      Olsen, Sussi  and
      Sandford Pedersen, Bolette  and
      Rozis, Roberts  and
      De Smedt, Koenraad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5619",
    pages = "195--211",
}
@inproceedings{augustinus-dirix-2013-ipp,
    title = "The {IPP} Effect in {A}frikaans: A Corpus Analysis",
    author = "Augustinus, Liesbeth  and
      Dirix, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5620",
    pages = "213--225",
}
@inproceedings{horn-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using Factual Density to Measure Informativeness of Web Documents",
    author = "Horn, Christopher  and
      Zhila, Alisa  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander  and
      Kern, Roman  and
      Lex, Elisabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5621",
    pages = "227--238",
}
@inproceedings{luostarinen-kohonen-2013-using,
    title = "Using Topic Models in Content-Based News Recommender Systems",
    author = "Luostarinen, Tapio  and
      Kohonen, Oskar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5622",
    pages = "239--251",
}
@inproceedings{opitz-zirn-2013-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping an Unsupervised Approach for Classifying Agreement and Disagreement",
    author = {Opitz, Bernd  and
      Zirn, C{\"a}cilia},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5623",
    pages = "253--265",
}
@inproceedings{paikens-etal-2013-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Analysis with Limited Resources: {L}atvian Example",
    author = "Paikens, P{\=e}teris  and
      Rituma, Laura  and
      Pretkalni{\c{n}}a, Lauma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5624",
    pages = "267--277",
}
@inproceedings{pretkalnina-rituma-2013-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Syntactic Parsing for {L}atvian",
    author = "Pretkalni{\c{n}}a, Lauma  and
      Rituma, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5625",
    pages = "279--289",
}
@inproceedings{ginter-etal-2013-building,
    title = "Building a Large Automatically Parsed Corpus of {F}innish",
    author = "Ginter, Filip  and
      Nyblom, Jenna  and
      Laippala, Veronika  and
      Kohonen, Samuel  and
      Haverinen, Katri  and
      Vihjanen, Simo  and
      Salakoski, Tapio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5626",
    pages = "291--300",
}
@inproceedings{hellan-bruland-2013-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a Multilingual Database of Verb Valence",
    author = "Hellan, Lars  and
      Bruland, Tore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5627",
    pages = "301--310",
}
@inproceedings{karlgren-2013-new,
    title = "New Measures to Investigate Term Typology by Distributional Data",
    author = "Karlgren, Jussi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5628",
    pages = "311--319",
}
@inproceedings{soeborg-kirkedal-2013-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Phonetic Transcription for {D}anish Automatic Speech Recognition",
    author = "S{\o}eborg Kirkedal, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5629",
    pages = "321--330",
}
@inproceedings{laubli-etal-2013-combining,
    title = "Combining Statistical Machine Translation and Translation Memories with Domain Adaptation",
    author = {L{\"a}ubli, Samuel  and
      Fishel, Mark  and
      Volk, Martin  and
      Weibel, Manuela},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5630",
    pages = "331--341",
}
@inproceedings{moshagen-etal-2013-building,
    title = "Building an Open-Source Development Infrastructure for Language Technology Projects",
    author = "Moshagen, Sjur N.  and
      Pirinen, Tommi  and
      Trosterud, Trond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5631",
    pages = "343--352",
}
@inproceedings{raskinis-kazlauskiene-2013-speech,
    title = "From Speech Corpus to Intonation Corpus: Clustering Phrase Pitch Contours of {L}ithuanian",
    author = "Ra{\v{s}}kinis, Gailius  and
      Kazlauskien{\.e}, Asta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5632",
    pages = "353--363",
}
@inproceedings{read-etal-2013-simple,
    title = "Simple and Accountable Segmentation of Marked-up Text",
    author = "Read, Jonathon  and
      Dridan, Rebecca  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5633",
    pages = "365--373",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-etal-2013-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation with Readability Constraints",
    author = {Stymne, Sara  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Nivre, Joakim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5634",
    pages = "375--386",
}
@inproceedings{tanushi-etal-2013-negation,
    title = "Negation Scope Delimitation in Clinical Text Using Three Approaches: {N}eg{E}x, {P}y{C}on{T}ext{NLP} and {S}yn{N}eg",
    author = "Tanushi, Hideyuki  and
      Dalianis, Hercules  and
      Duneld, Martin  and
      Kvist, Maria  and
      Skeppstedt, Maria  and
      Velupillai, Sumithra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5635",
    pages = "387--397",
}
@inproceedings{uneson-2013-tone,
    title = "Tone Restoration in Transcribed Kammu: Decision-List Word Sense Disambiguation for an Unwritten Language",
    author = "Uneson, Marcus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5636",
    pages = "399--409",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-vliet-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "The Automatic Identification of Discourse Units in {D}utch Text",
    author = "van der Vliet, Nynke  and
      Bouma, Gosse  and
      Redeker, Gisela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5637",
    pages = "411--421",
}
@inproceedings{augustinus-etal-2013-example,
    title = "Example-Based Treebank Querying with {G}r{ETEL}{--}Now Also for Spoken {D}utch",
    author = "Augustinus, Liesbeth  and
      Vandeghinste, Vincent  and
      Schuurman, Ineke  and
      Van Eynde, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5638",
    pages = "423--428",
}
@inproceedings{ahlberg-etal-2013-korp,
    title = "Korp and Karp {--} A Bestiary of Language Resources: The Research Infrastructure of Spr{\aa}kbanken",
    author = {Ahlberg, Malin  and
      Borin, Lars  and
      Forsberg, Markus  and
      Hammarstedt, Martin  and
      Olsson, Leif-J{\"o}ran  and
      Olsson, Olof  and
      Roxendal, Johan  and
      Uppstr{\"o}m, Jonatan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5639",
    pages = "429--433",
}
@inproceedings{hellan-etal-2013-grammar,
    title = "A Grammar Sparrer for {N}orwegian",
    author = "Hellan, Lars  and
      Bruland, Tore  and
      Aamot, Elias  and
      Sand{\o}y, Mads H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5640",
    pages = "435--439",
}
@inproceedings{hulden-etal-2013-finite,
    title = "Finite State Applications with Javascript",
    author = "Hulden, Mans  and
      Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Francom, Jerid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5641",
    pages = "441--446",
}
@inproceedings{lapponi-etal-2013-hpc,
    title = "{HPC}-ready Language Analysis for Human Beings",
    author = "Lapponi, Emanuele  and
      Velldal, Erik  and
      Vazov, Nikolay A.  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5642",
    pages = "447--452",
}
@inproceedings{meurer-etal-2013-iness,
    title = "The {INESS} Treebanking Infrastructure",
    author = "Meurer, Paul  and
      Dyvik, Helge  and
      Ros{\'e}n, Victoria  and
      De Smedt, Koenraad  and
      Lyse, Gunn Inger  and
      Sm{\o}rdal Losnegaard, Gyri  and
      Thunes, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5643",
    pages = "453--458",
}
@inproceedings{solberg-2013-building,
    title = "Building Gold-Standard Treebanks for {N}orwegian",
    author = "Solberg, Per Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2013)",
    month = may,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Oslo, Norway",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5644",
    pages = "459--464",
}
@proceedings{ws-2013-international-parsing,
    title = "Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT} 2013)",
    author = "Bunt, Harry  and
      Sima'an, Khalil  and
      Huang, Liang",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nara, Japan",
    publisher = "Assocation for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5700",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{van-cranenburgh-bod-2013-discontinuous,
    title = "Discontinuous Parsing with an Efficient and Accurate {DOP} Model",
    author = "van Cranenburgh, Andreas  and
      Bod, Rens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT} 2013)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nara, Japan",
    publisher = "Assocation for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5701",
    pages = "7--16",
}
@inproceedings{kiefer-krieger-2013-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Typed Feature Structure Index: Theory and Implementation",
    author = "Kiefer, Bernd  and
      Krieger, Hans-Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT} 2013)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nara, Japan",
    publisher = "Assocation for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5702",
    pages = "17--25",
}
@inproceedings{saers-wu-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Bilingual Categories in Inversion Transduction Grammar Induction",
    author = "Saers, Markus  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT} 2013)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nara, Japan",
    publisher = "Assocation for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5703",
    pages = "26--35",
}
@inproceedings{stepanov-riccardi-2013-comparative,
    title = "Comparative Evaluation of Argument Extraction Algorithms in Discourse Relation Parsing",
    author = "Stepanov, Evgeny  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT} 2013)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nara, Japan",
    publisher = "Assocation for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5704",
    pages = "36--44",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-improved,
    title = "Improved {C}hinese Parsing Using Named Entity Cue",
    author = "Li, Dongchen  and
      Zhang, Xiantao  and
      Wu, Xihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT} 2013)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nara, Japan",
    publisher = "Assocation for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5705",
    pages = "45--53",
}
@inproceedings{de-la-clergerie-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving a symbolic parser through partially supervised learning",
    author = "de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT} 2013)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nara, Japan",
    publisher = "Assocation for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5706",
    pages = "54--72",
}
@inproceedings{ivanova-etal-2013-different,
    title = "On Different Approaches to Syntactic Analysis Into Bi-Lexical Dependencies. An Empirical Comparison of Direct, {PCFG}-Based, and {HPSG}-Based Parsers",
    author = "Ivanova, Angelina  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Dridan, Rebecca  and
      Flickinger, Dan  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT} 2013)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nara, Japan",
    publisher = "Assocation for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5707",
    pages = "63--72",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2013-generalization,
    title = "Generalization of Words for {C}hinese Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Wu, Xianchao  and
      Zhou, Jie  and
      Sun, Yu  and
      Liu, Zhanyi  and
      Yu, Dianhai  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      Wang, Haifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT} 2013)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nara, Japan",
    publisher = "Assocation for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5708",
    pages = "73--81",
}
@inproceedings{goldberg-2013-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic-oracle Transition-based Parsing with Calibrated Probabilistic Output",
    author = "Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT} 2013)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nara, Japan",
    publisher = "Assocation for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5709",
    pages = "82--90",
}
@inproceedings{ohno-matsubara-2013-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Structure for Incremental Parsing of {J}apanese and Its Application",
    author = "Ohno, Tomohiro  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT} 2013)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nara, Japan",
    publisher = "Assocation for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5710",
    pages = "91--97",
}
@inproceedings{majidi-crane-2013-active,
    title = "Active Learning for Dependency Parsing by A Committee of Parsers",
    author = "Majidi, Saeed  and
      Crane, Gregory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT} 2013)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nara, Japan",
    publisher = "Assocation for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5711",
    pages = "98--105",
}
@inproceedings{temesgen-assabie-2013-development,
    title = "Development of {A}mharic Grammar Checker Using Morphological Features of Words and N-Gram Based Probabilistic Methods",
    author = "Temesgen, Aynadis  and
      Assabie, Yaregal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT} 2013)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nara, Japan",
    publisher = "Assocation for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5712",
    pages = "106--112",
}
@inproceedings{maier-2013-lcfrs,
    title = "{LCFRS} binarization and debinarization for directional parsing",
    author = "Maier, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT} 2013)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nara, Japan",
    publisher = "Assocation for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5713",
    pages = "113--119",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Fully Lexicalized Dependency Parsing for {K}orean",
    author = "Park, Jungyeul  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT} 2013)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nara, Japan",
    publisher = "Assocation for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5714",
    pages = "120--126",
}
@inproceedings{dridan-oepen-2013-document,
    title = "Document Parsing: Towards Realistic Syntactic Analysis",
    author = "Dridan, Rebecca  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT} 2013)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nara, Japan",
    publisher = "Assocation for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5715",
    pages = "127--133",
}
@inproceedings{homola-2013-neo,
    title = "Neo-Davidsonian Semantics in Lexicalized Grammars",
    author = "Homola, Petr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT} 2013)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nara, Japan",
    publisher = "Assocation for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5716",
    pages = "134--140",
}
@inproceedings{jain-jain-2013-effective,
    title = "Effective Parsing for Human Aided {NLP} Systems",
    author = "Jain, Naman  and
      Jain, Sambhav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 13th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT} 2013)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Nara, Japan",
    publisher = "Assocation for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-5717",
    pages = "141--146",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-approaches,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Figurative Language",
    author = "Feldman, Anna  and
      Lu, Xiaofei",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0100",
}
@inproceedings{kreuz-caucci-2007-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Influences on the Perception of Sarcasm",
    author = "Kreuz, Roger  and
      Caucci, Gina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Figurative Language",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0101",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{reining-lonneker-rodman-2007-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-driven Metaphor Harvesting",
    author = {Reining, Astrid  and
      L{\"o}nneker-Rodman, Birte},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Figurative Language",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0102",
    pages = "5--12",
}
@inproceedings{krishnakumaran-zhu-2007-hunting,
    title = "Hunting Elusive Metaphors Using Lexical Resources.",
    author = "Krishnakumaran, Saisuresh  and
      Zhu, Xiaojin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Figurative Language",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0103",
    pages = "13--20",
}
@inproceedings{birke-sarkar-2007-active,
    title = "Active Learning for the Identification of Nonliteral Language",
    author = "Birke, Julia  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Figurative Language",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0104",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-textgraphs,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {T}ext{G}raphs: Graph-Based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Biemann, Chris  and
      Matveeva, Irina  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0200",
}
@inproceedings{zesch-gurevych-2007-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of the {W}ikipedia Category Graph for {NLP} Applications",
    author = "Zesch, Torsten  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {T}ext{G}raphs: Graph-Based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0201",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{witschel-2007-multi,
    title = "Multi-level Association Graphs - A New Graph-Based Model for {I}nformation {R}etrieval",
    author = "Witschel, Hans Friedrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {T}ext{G}raphs: Graph-Based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0202",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{leite-etal-2007-extractive,
    title = "Extractive Automatic Summarization: Does more Linguistic Knowledge Make a Difference?",
    author = "Leite, Daniel S.  and
      Rino, Lucia H. M.  and
      Pardo, Thiago A. S.  and
      Nunes, Maria das Gra{\c{c}}as V.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {T}ext{G}raphs: Graph-Based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0203",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{lin-kan-2007-timestamped,
    title = "Timestamped Graphs: Evolutionary Models of Text for Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Lin, Ziheng  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {T}ext{G}raphs: Graph-Based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0204",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{jedynak-karakos-2007-unigram,
    title = "Unigram Language Models using Diffusion Smoothing over Graphs",
    author = "Jedynak, Bruno  and
      Karakos, Damianos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {T}ext{G}raphs: Graph-Based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0205",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@inproceedings{ganchev-pereira-2007-transductive,
    title = "Transductive Structured Classification through Constrained {M}in-{C}uts",
    author = "Ganchev, Kuzman  and
      Pereira, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {T}ext{G}raphs: Graph-Based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0206",
    pages = "37--44",
}
@inproceedings{olney-2007-latent,
    title = "Latent Semantic Grammar Induction: Context, Projectivity, and Prior Distributions",
    author = "Olney, Andrew M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {T}ext{G}raphs: Graph-Based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0207",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{jijkoun-de-rijke-2007-learning,
    title = "Learning to Transform Linguistic Graphs",
    author = "Jijkoun, Valentin  and
      de Rijke, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {T}ext{G}raphs: Graph-Based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0208",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{montero-araki-2007-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Algorithm for Human-Computer Dialogue Mining",
    author = "Montero, Calkin S.  and
      Araki, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {T}ext{G}raphs: Graph-Based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0209",
    pages = "61--64",
}
@inproceedings{ferrer-i-cancho-etal-2007-correlations,
    title = "Correlations in the Organization of Large-Scale Syntactic Dependency Networks",
    author = "Ferrer i Cancho, Ramon  and
      Mehler, Alexander  and
      Pustylnikov, Olga  and
      D{\'\i}az-Guilera, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {T}ext{G}raphs: Graph-Based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0210",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{micol-etal-2007-dlsite,
    title = "{DLSITE}-2: Semantic Similarity Based on Syntactic Dependency Trees Applied to Textual Entailment",
    author = "Micol, Daniel  and
      Ferr{\'a}ndez, {\'O}scar  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael  and
      Palomar, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {T}ext{G}raphs: Graph-Based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0211",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{choudhury-etal-2007-difficult,
    title = "How Difficult is it to Develop a Perfect Spell-checker? A Cross-Linguistic Analysis through Complex Network Approach",
    author = "Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Thomas, Markose  and
      Mukherjee, Animesh  and
      Basu, Anupam  and
      Ganguly, Niloy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {T}ext{G}raphs: Graph-Based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0212",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{kapustin-jamsen-2007-vertex,
    title = "Vertex Degree Distribution for the Graph of Word Co-Occurrences in {R}ussian",
    author = "Kapustin, Victor  and
      Jamsen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on {T}ext{G}raphs: Graph-Based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0213",
    pages = "89--92",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-bridging,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Bridging the Gap: Academic and Industrial Research in Dialog Technologies",
    author = "Weng, Fuliang  and
      Wang, Ye-Yi  and
      Tur, Gokhan",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0300",
}
@inproceedings{williams-2007-applying,
    title = "Applying {POMDP}s to Dialog Systems in the Troubleshooting Domain",
    author = "Williams, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Bridging the Gap: Academic and Industrial Research in Dialog Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0301",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{thomson-etal-2007-training,
    title = "Training a real-world {POMDP}-based Dialog System",
    author = "Thomson, Blaise  and
      Schatzmann, Jost  and
      Weilhammer, Karl  and
      Ye, Hui  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Bridging the Gap: Academic and Industrial Research in Dialog Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0302",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{johnston-etal-2007-multimodal-presentation,
    title = "The Multimodal Presentation Dashboard",
    author = "Johnston, Michael  and
      Ehlen, Patrick  and
      Gibbon, David  and
      Liu, Zhu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Bridging the Gap: Academic and Industrial Research in Dialog Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0303",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{acomb-etal-2007-technical,
    title = "Technical Support Dialog Systems:Issues, Problems, and Solutions",
    author = "Acomb, Kate  and
      Bloom, Jonathan  and
      Dayanidhi, Krishna  and
      Hunter, Phillip  and
      Krogh, Peter  and
      Levin, Esther  and
      Pieraccini, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Bridging the Gap: Academic and Industrial Research in Dialog Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0304",
    pages = "25--31",
}
@inproceedings{bohus-etal-2007-olympus,
    title = "{O}lympus: an open-source framework for conversational spoken language interface research",
    author = "Bohus, Dan  and
      Raux, Antoine  and
      Harris, Thomas  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Bridging the Gap: Academic and Industrial Research in Dialog Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0305",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{paek-2007-toward,
    title = "Toward Evaluation that Leads to Best Practices: Reconciling Dialog Evaluation in Research and Industry",
    author = "Paek, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Bridging the Gap: Academic and Industrial Research in Dialog Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0306",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{damnati-etal-2007-experiments,
    title = "Experiments on the France Telecom 3000 Voice Agency corpus: academic research on an industrial spoken dialog system",
    author = "Damnati, G{\'e}raldine  and
      B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      De Mori, Renato",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Bridging the Gap: Academic and Industrial Research in Dialog Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0307",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{wiren-eklund-2007-experiences,
    title = "Experiences of an In-Service Wizard-of-{O}z Data Collection for the Deployment of a Call-Routing Application",
    author = "Wir{\'e}n, Mats  and
      Eklund, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Bridging the Gap: Academic and Industrial Research in Dialog Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0308",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{rojas-giorgino-2007-adarte,
    title = "{A}da{RTE}: An Extensible and Adaptable Architecture for Dialog Systems",
    author = "Rojas, Lina  and
      Giorgino, Toni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Bridging the Gap: Academic and Industrial Research in Dialog Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0309",
    pages = "64--67",
}
@inproceedings{boye-wiren-2007-multi,
    title = "Multi-slot semantics for natural-language call routing systems",
    author = "Boye, Johan  and
      Wir{\'e}n, Mats",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Bridging the Gap: Academic and Industrial Research in Dialog Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0310",
    pages = "68--75",
}
@inproceedings{matthieu-2007-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing commercial grammar-based applications using robust approaches to speech understanding",
    author = "Matthieu, H{\'e}bert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Bridging the Gap: Academic and Industrial Research in Dialog Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0311",
    pages = "76--83",
}
@inproceedings{hastie-etal-2007-wire,
    title = "{WIRE}: A Wearable Spoken Language Understanding System for the Military",
    author = "Hastie, Helen  and
      Craven, Patrick  and
      Orr, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Bridging the Gap: Academic and Industrial Research in Dialog Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0312",
    pages = "84--88",
}
@inproceedings{abu-shawar-atwell-2007-different,
    title = "Different measurement metrics to evaluate a chatbot system",
    author = "Abu Shawar, Bayan  and
      Atwell, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Bridging the Gap: Academic and Industrial Research in Dialog Technologies",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, NY",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0313",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-ssst,
    title = "Proceedings of {SSST}, {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 / {AMTA} Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Chiang, David",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0400",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2007-chunk,
    title = "Chunk-Level Reordering of Source Language Sentences with Automatically Learned Rules for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Yuqi  and
      Zens, Richard  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}, {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 / {AMTA} Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0401",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{nesson-shieber-2007-extraction,
    title = "Extraction Phenomena in Synchronous {TAG} Syntax and Semantics",
    author = "Nesson, Rebecca  and
      Shieber, Stuart M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}, {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 / {AMTA} Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0402",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{cherry-lin-2007-inversion,
    title = "Inversion Transduction Grammar for Joint Phrasal Translation Modeling",
    author = "Cherry, Colin  and
      Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}, {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 / {AMTA} Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0403",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-gildea-2007-factorization,
    title = "Factorization of Synchronous Context-Free Grammars in Linear Time",
    author = "Zhang, Hao  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}, {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 / {AMTA} Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0404",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{huang-2007-binarization,
    title = "Binarization, Synchronous Binarization, and Target-side Binarization",
    author = "Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}, {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 / {AMTA} Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0405",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{hopkins-kuhn-2007-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation as Tree Labeling",
    author = "Hopkins, Mark  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}, {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 / {AMTA} Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0406",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{venkatapathy-joshi-2007-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative word alignment by learning the alignment structure and syntactic divergence between a language pair",
    author = "Venkatapathy, Sriram  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}, {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 / {AMTA} Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0407",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{hall-nemec-2007-generation,
    title = "Generation in Machine Translation from Deep Syntactic Trees",
    author = "Hall, Keith  and
      N{\v{e}}mec, Petr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}, {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 / {AMTA} Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0408",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{bonneau-maynard-etal-2007-combining,
    title = "Combining Morphosyntactic Enriched Representation with n-best Reranking in Statistical Translation",
    author = "Bonneau-Maynard, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      D{\'e}chelotte, Daniel  and
      Schwenk, Holger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}, {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 / {AMTA} Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0409",
    pages = "65--71",
}
@inproceedings{font-llitjos-vogel-2007-walk,
    title = "A Walk on the Other Side: Using {SMT} Components in a Transfer-Based Translation System",
    author = "Font Llitj{\'o}s, Ariadna  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}, {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 / {AMTA} Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0410",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{owczarzak-etal-2007-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-Based Automatic Evaluation for Machine Translation",
    author = "Owczarzak, Karolina  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}, {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 / {AMTA} Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0411",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{shieber-2007-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Synchronous Tree-Adjoining Grammars for Machine Translation: The Argument from Bilingual Dictionaries",
    author = "Shieber, Stuart M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}, {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 / {AMTA} Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0412",
    pages = "88--95",
}
@inproceedings{venkatapathy-bangalore-2007-three,
    title = "Three models for discriminative machine translation using Global Lexical Selection and Sentence Reconstruction",
    author = "Venkatapathy, Sriram  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}, {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 / {AMTA} Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0413",
    pages = "96--102",
}
@inproceedings{dreyer-etal-2007-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Reordering Constraints for {SMT} Using Efficient {BLEU} Oracle Computation",
    author = "Dreyer, Markus  and
      Hall, Keith  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SSST}, {NAACL}-{HLT} 2007 / {AMTA} Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation",
    month = apr,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Rochester, New York",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0414",
    pages = "103--110",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-cognitive,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    author = "Buttery, Paula  and
      Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0600",
}
@inproceedings{bod-2007-linguistic,
    title = "A Linguistic Investigation into Unsupervised {DOP}",
    author = "Bod, Rens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0601",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{tsur-rappoport-2007-using,
    title = "Using Classifier Features for Studying the Effect of Native Language on the Choice of Written Second Language Words",
    author = "Tsur, Oren  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0602",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{rose-etal-2007-phon,
    title = "Phon 1.2: A Computational Basis for Phonological Database Elaboration and Model Testing",
    author = "Rose, Yvan  and
      Hedlund, Gregory  and
      Byrne, Rod  and
      Wareham, Todd  and
      MacWhinney, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0603",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{sagae-etal-2007-high,
    title = "High-accuracy Annotation and Parsing of {CHILDES} Transcripts",
    author = "Sagae, Kenji  and
      Davis, Eric  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      MacWhinney, Brian  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0604",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{buttery-korhonen-2007-will,
    title = "{I} will shoot your shopping down and you can shoot all my tins{---}{A}utomatic Lexical Acquisition from the {CHILDES} Database",
    author = "Buttery, Paula  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0605",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{alishahi-stevenson-2007-cognitive,
    title = "A Cognitive Model for the Representation and Acquisition of Verb Selectional Preferences",
    author = "Alishahi, Afra  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0606",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{baroni-etal-2007-isa,
    title = "{ISA} meets Lara: An incremental word space model for cognitively plausible simulations of semantic learning",
    author = "Baroni, Marco  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Onnis, Luca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0607",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{plebe-etal-2007-simulating,
    title = "Simulating the acquisition of object names",
    author = "Plebe, Alessio  and
      De la Cruz, Vivian  and
      Mazzone, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0608",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{parisse-2007-rethinking,
    title = "Rethinking the syntactic burst in young children",
    author = "Parisse, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0609",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{gorman-curran-2007-topology,
    title = "The Topology of Synonymy and Homonymy Networks",
    author = "Gorman, James  and
      Curran, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0610",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{biro-2007-benefits,
    title = "The Benefits of Errors: Learning an {OT} Grammar with a Structured Candidate Set",
    author = "Bir{\'o}, Tam{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0611",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{devereux-costello-2007-learning,
    title = "Learning to interpret novel noun-noun compounds: evidence from a category learning experiment",
    author = "Devereux, Barry  and
      Costello, Fintan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0612",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-statistical,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Fordyce, Cameron Shaw  and
      Monz, Christof",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0700",
}
@inproceedings{menezes-quirk-2007-using,
    title = "Using Dependency Order Templates to Improve Generality in Translation",
    author = "Menezes, Arul  and
      Quirk, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0701",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{birch-etal-2007-ccg,
    title = "{CCG} Supertags in Factored Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Birch, Alexandra  and
      Osborne, Miles  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0702",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{kashani-etal-2007-integration,
    title = "Integration of an {A}rabic Transliteration Module into a Statistical Machine Translation System",
    author = "Kashani, Mehdi M.  and
      Joanis, Eric  and
      Kuhn, Roland  and
      Foster, George  and
      Popowich, Fred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0703",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{oflazer-durgar-el-kahlout-2007-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Different Representational Units in {E}nglish-to-{T}urkish Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Durgar El-Kahlout, {\.I}lknur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0704",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{vilar-etal-2007-translate,
    title = "Can We Translate Letters?",
    author = "Vilar, David  and
      Peter, Jan-Thorsten  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0705",
    pages = "33--39",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-etal-2007-dependency,
    title = "A Dependency Treelet String Correspondence Model for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Xiong, Deyi  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Lin, Shouxun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0706",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-ney-2007-word,
    title = "Word Error Rates: Decomposition over {POS} classes and Applications for Error Analysis",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0707",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{perez-etal-2007-speech,
    title = "Speech-Input Multi-Target Machine Translation",
    author = "P{\'e}rez, Alicia  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez, M. Teresa  and
      Torres, M. In{\'e}s  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0708",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2007-meta,
    title = "Meta-Structure Transformation Model for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Sun, Jiadong  and
      Zhao, Tiejun  and
      Liang, Huashen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0709",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2007-training,
    title = "Training Non-Parametric Features for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Nguyen, Patrick  and
      Mahajan, Milind  and
      He, Xiaodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0710",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{he-2007-using,
    title = "Using Word-Dependent Transition Models in {HMM}-Based Word Alignment for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "He, Xiaodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0711",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{federico-cettolo-2007-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Handling of N-gram Language Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Federico, Marcello  and
      Cettolo, Mauro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0712",
    pages = "88--95",
}
@inproceedings{vilar-etal-2007-human,
    title = "Human Evaluation of Machine Translation Through Binary System Comparisons",
    author = "Vilar, David  and
      Leusch, Gregor  and
      Ney, Hermann  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0713",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@inproceedings{owczarzak-etal-2007-labelled,
    title = "Labelled Dependencies in Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Owczarzak, Karolina  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0714",
    pages = "104--111",
}
@inproceedings{moore-quirk-2007-iteratively,
    title = "An Iteratively-Trained Segmentation-Free Phrase Translation Model for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Moore, Robert  and
      Quirk, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0715",
    pages = "112--119",
}
@inproceedings{madnani-etal-2007-using,
    title = "Using Paraphrases for Parameter Tuning in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Madnani, Nitin  and
      Fazil Ayan, Necip  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Dorr, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0716",
    pages = "120--127",
}
@inproceedings{foster-kuhn-2007-mixture,
    title = "Mixture-Model Adaptation for {SMT}",
    author = "Foster, George  and
      Kuhn, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0717",
    pages = "128--135",
}
@inproceedings{callison-burch-etal-2007-meta,
    title = "(Meta-) Evaluation of Machine Translation",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Fordyce, Cameron  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Schroeder, Josh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0718",
    pages = "136--158",
}
@inproceedings{gimenez-marquez-2007-context,
    title = "Context-aware Discriminative Phrase Selection for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Gim{\'e}nez, Jes{\'u}s  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0719",
    pages = "159--166",
}
@inproceedings{r-costa-jussa-etal-2007-ngram,
    title = "Ngram-Based Statistical Machine Translation Enhanced with Multiple Weighted Reordering Hypotheses",
    author = "R. Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta  and
      Crego, Josep M.  and
      Lambert, Patrik  and
      Khalilov, Maxim  and
      R. Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A.  and
      Mari{\~n}o, Jos{\'e} B.  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0720",
    pages = "167--170",
}
@inproceedings{r-costa-jussa-r-fonollosa-2007-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Statistical and Morphological Classes to Generate Weigthed Reordering Hypotheses on a Statistical Machine Translation System",
    author = "R. Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta  and
      R. Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0721",
    pages = "171--176",
}
@inproceedings{civera-juan-2007-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation in Statistical Machine Translation with Mixture Modelling",
    author = "Civera, Jorge  and
      Juan, Alfons",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0722",
    pages = "177--180",
}
@inproceedings{holmqvist-etal-2007-getting,
    title = "Getting to Know {M}oses: Initial Experiments on {G}erman-{E}nglish Factored Translation",
    author = "Holmqvist, Maria  and
      Stymne, Sara  and
      Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0723",
    pages = "181--184",
}
@inproceedings{ueffing-etal-2007-nrcs,
    title = "{NRC}{`}s {PORTAGE} System for {WMT} 2007",
    author = "Ueffing, Nicola  and
      Simard, Michel  and
      Larkin, Samuel  and
      Johnson, Howard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0724",
    pages = "185--188",
}
@inproceedings{schwenk-2007-building,
    title = "Building a Statistical Machine Translation System for {F}rench Using the {E}uroparl Corpus",
    author = "Schwenk, Holger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0725",
    pages = "189--192",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2007-multi,
    title = "Multi-Engine Machine Translation with an Open-Source {SMT} Decoder",
    author = "Chen, Yu  and
      Eisele, Andreas  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Hasler, Eva  and
      Jellinghaus, Michael  and
      Theison, Silke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0726",
    pages = "193--196",
}
@inproceedings{paulik-etal-2007-isl,
    title = "The {ISL} Phrase-Based {MT} System for the 2007 {ACL} Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Paulik, Matthias  and
      Rottmann, Kay  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Hildebrand, Silja  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0727",
    pages = "197--202",
}
@inproceedings{simard-etal-2007-rule,
    title = "Rule-Based Translation with Statistical Phrase-Based Post-Editing",
    author = "Simard, Michel  and
      Ueffing, Nicola  and
      Isabelle, Pierre  and
      Kuhn, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0728",
    pages = "203--206",
}
@inproceedings{dyer-2007-noisier,
    title = "The {``}Noisier Channel{''}: Translation from Morphologically Complex Languages",
    author = "Dyer, Christopher J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0729",
    pages = "207--211",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-hearst-2007-ucb-system,
    title = "{UCB} System Description for the {WMT} 2007 Shared Task",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Hearst, Marti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0730",
    pages = "212--215",
}
@inproceedings{zollmann-etal-2007-syntax,
    title = "The Syntax Augmented {MT} ({SAMT}) System at the Shared Task for the 2007 {ACL} Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zollmann, Andreas  and
      Venugopal, Ashish  and
      Paulik, Matthias  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0731",
    pages = "216--219",
}
@inproceedings{dugast-etal-2007-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Post-Editing on {SYSTRAN}{`}s Rule-Based Translation System",
    author = {Dugast, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Senellart, Jean  and
      Koehn, Philipp},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0732",
    pages = "220--223",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-schroeder-2007-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Domain Adaptation for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Schroeder, Josh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0733",
    pages = "224--227",
}
@inproceedings{lavie-agarwal-2007-meteor,
    title = "{METEOR}: An Automatic Metric for {MT} Evaluation with High Levels of Correlation with Human Judgments",
    author = "Lavie, Alon  and
      Agarwal, Abhaya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0734",
    pages = "228--231",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-2007-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-to-{C}zech Factored Machine Translation",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0735",
    pages = "232--239",
}
@inproceedings{ye-etal-2007-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Level Machine Translation Evaluation as a Ranking",
    author = "Ye, Yang  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0736",
    pages = "240--247",
}
@inproceedings{mohit-hwa-2007-localization,
    title = "Localization of Difficult-to-Translate Phrases",
    author = "Mohit, Behrang  and
      Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0737",
    pages = "248--255",
}
@inproceedings{gimenez-marquez-2007-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Features for Automatic Evaluation of Heterogenous {MT} Systems",
    author = "Gim{\'e}nez, Jes{\'u}s  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0738",
    pages = "256--264",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-2007,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages: Common Issues and Resources",
    author = "Cavalli-Sforza, Violetta  and
      Zitouni, Imed",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0800",
}
@inproceedings{smrz-2007-elixirfm,
    title = "{E}lixir{FM} {--} Implementation of Functional {A}rabic Morphology",
    author = "Smr{\v{z}}, Otakar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages: Common Issues and Resources",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0801",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{dada-2007-implementation,
    title = "Implementation of the {A}rabic Numerals and their Syntax in {GF}",
    author = "Dada, Ali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages: Common Issues and Resources",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0802",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{shaalan-raza-2007-person,
    title = "Person Name Entity Recognition for {A}rabic",
    author = "Shaalan, Khaled  and
      Raza, Hafsa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages: Common Issues and Resources",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0803",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{magdy-etal-2007-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Cross-Document Person Name Normalization",
    author = "Magdy, Walid  and
      Darwish, Kareem  and
      Emam, Ossama  and
      Hassan, Hany",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages: Common Issues and Resources",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0804",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{abate-menzel-2007-syllable,
    title = "Syllable-Based Speech Recognition for {A}mharic",
    author = "Abate, Solomon Teferra  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages: Common Issues and Resources",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0805",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{bouillon-etal-2007-adapting,
    title = "Adapting a Medical speech to speech translation system ({M}ed{SLT}) to {A}rabic",
    author = "Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Halimi, Sonia  and
      Rayner, Manny  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages: Common Issues and Resources",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0806",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{nwesri-etal-2007-finding,
    title = "Finding Variants of Out-of-Vocabulary Words in {A}rabic",
    author = "Nwesri, Abdusalam F.A.  and
      Tahaghoghi, S.M.M.  and
      Scholer, Falk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages: Common Issues and Resources",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0807",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{netzer-etal-2007-tag,
    title = "Can You Tag the Modal? You Should.",
    author = "Netzer, Yael  and
      Adler, Meni  and
      Gabay, David  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages: Common Issues and Resources",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0808",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{attia-2007-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Tokenization System",
    author = "Attia, Mohammed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages: Common Issues and Resources",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0809",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{semmar-fluhr-2007-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic to {F}rench Sentence Alignment: Exploration of A Cross-language Information Retrieval Approach",
    author = "Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Fluhr, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages: Common Issues and Resources",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0810",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{mccord-cavalli-sforza-2007-arabic,
    title = "An {A}rabic Slot Grammar Parser",
    author = "McCord, Michael  and
      Cavalli-Sforza, Violetta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages: Common Issues and Resources",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0811",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{diab-2007-improved,
    title = "Improved {A}rabic Base Phrase Chunking with a new enriched {POS} tag set",
    author = "Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages: Common Issues and Resources",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0812",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{manour-etal-2007-smoothing,
    title = "Smoothing a Lexicon-based {POS} Tagger for {A}rabic and {H}ebrew",
    author = "Manour, Saib  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil  and
      Winter, Yoad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages: Common Issues and Resources",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0813",
    pages = "97--103",
}
@inproceedings{alemu-argaw-asker-2007-amharic,
    title = "An {A}mharic Stemmer : Reducing Words to their Citation Forms",
    author = "Alemu Argaw, Atelach  and
      Asker, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages: Common Issues and Resources",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0814",
    pages = "104--110",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage Data ({L}a{T}e{CH} 2007).",
    author = "Sporleder, Caroline  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Grover, Claire",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0900",
}
@inproceedings{borin-etal-2007-naming,
    title = "Naming the Past: Named Entity and {A}nimacy Recognition in 19th Century {S}wedish Literature",
    author = {Borin, Lars  and
      Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Olsson, Leif-J{\"o}ran},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage Data ({L}a{T}e{CH} 2007).",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0901",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{toselli-etal-2007-viterbi,
    title = "{V}iterbi Based Alignment between Text Images and their Transcripts",
    author = "Toselli, Alejandro H.  and
      Romero, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      Vidal, Enrique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage Data ({L}a{T}e{CH} 2007).",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0902",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{van-erp-2007-retrieving,
    title = "Retrieving Lost Information from Textual Databases: Rediscovering Expeditions from an Animal Specimen Database",
    author = "van Erp, Marieke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage Data ({L}a{T}e{CH} 2007).",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0903",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{sidhu-etal-2007-concept,
    title = "Concept Disambiguation for Improved Subject Access Using Multiple Knowledge Sources",
    author = "Sidhu, Tandeep  and
      Klavans, Judith  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage Data ({L}a{T}e{CH} 2007).",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0904",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{bamman-crane-2007-latin,
    title = "The {L}atin Dependency Treebank in a Cultural Heritage Digital Library",
    author = "Bamman, David  and
      Crane, Gregory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage Data ({L}a{T}e{CH} 2007).",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0905",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{genereux-2007-cultural,
    title = "Cultural Heritage Digital Resources: From Extraction to Querying",
    author = "G{\'e}n{\'e}reux, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage Data ({L}a{T}e{CH} 2007).",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0906",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{grieser-etal-2007-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Path Prediction and Recommendation in a Museum Environment",
    author = "Grieser, Karl  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage Data ({L}a{T}e{CH} 2007).",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0907",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{malaise-etal-2007-anchoring,
    title = "Anchoring {D}utch Cultural Heritage Thesauri to {W}ord{N}et: Two Case Studies",
    author = "Malais{\'e}, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Isaac, Antoine  and
      Gazendam, Luit  and
      Brugman, Hennie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage Data ({L}a{T}e{CH} 2007).",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0908",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{szpektor-etal-2007-cross,
    title = "Cross Lingual and Semantic Retrieval for Cultural Heritage Appreciation",
    author = "Szpektor, Idan  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Shacham, Danny  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage Data ({L}a{T}e{CH} 2007).",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0909",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{arampatzis-etal-2007-deriving,
    title = "Deriving a Domain Specific Test Collection from a Query Log",
    author = "Arampatzis, Avi  and
      Kamps, Jaap  and
      Koolen, Marijn  and
      Nussbaum, Nir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage Data ({L}a{T}e{CH} 2007).",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0910",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{jones-etal-2007-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Search for Cultural Heritage Archives via Combining Multiple Translation Resources",
    author = "Jones, Gareth J. F.  and
      Zhang, Ying  and
      Newman, Eamonn  and
      Fantino, Fabio  and
      Debole, Franca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage Data ({L}a{T}e{CH} 2007).",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0911",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{oard-2007-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: Lessons from the {MALACH} Project: Applying New Technologies to Improve Intellectual Access to Large Oral History Collections",
    author = "Oard, Douglas W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage Data ({L}a{T}e{CH} 2007).",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0912",
    pages = "89",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-biological,
    title = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    author = "Cohen, K. Bretonnel  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Friedman, Carol  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Pestian, John",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1000",
}
@inproceedings{roark-etal-2007-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic complexity measures for detecting Mild Cognitive Impairment",
    author = "Roark, Brian  and
      Mitchell, Margaret  and
      Hollingshead, Kristy",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{mcinnes-etal-2007-determining,
    title = "Determining the Syntactic Structure of Medical Terms in Clinical Notes",
    author = "McInnes, Bridget  and
      Pedersen, Ted  and
      Pakhomov, Serguei",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{doan-etal-2007-role,
    title = "The Role of Roles in Classifying Annotated Biomedical Text",
    author = "Doan, Son  and
      Kawazoe, Ai  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1003",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{pyysalo-etal-2007-unification,
    title = "On the unification of syntactic annotations under the {S}tanford dependency scheme: A case study on {B}io{I}nfer and {GENIA}",
    author = "Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Laippala, Veronika  and
      Haverinen, Katri  and
      Heimonen, Juho  and
      Salakoski, Tapio",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1004",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2007-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Method for Extracting Domain-specific Affixes in Biological Literature",
    author = "Liu, Haibin  and
      Blouin, Christian  and
      Ke{\v{s}}elj, Vlado",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1005",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2007-combining,
    title = "Combining multiple evidence for gene symbol disambiguation",
    author = "Xu, Hua  and
      Fan, Jung-Wei  and
      Friedman, Carol",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1006",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{elhadad-sutaria-2007-mining,
    title = "Mining a Lexicon of Technical Terms and Lay Equivalents",
    author = "Elhadad, Noemie  and
      Sutaria, Komal",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1007",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{corbett-etal-2007-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Chemical Named Entities",
    author = "Corbett, Peter  and
      Batchelor, Colin  and
      Teufel, Simone",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1008",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{alex-etal-2007-recognising,
    title = "Recognising Nested Named Entities in Biomedical Text",
    author = "Alex, Beatrice  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Grover, Claire",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1009",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{hearst-etal-2007-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Efficacy of Caption Search for Bioscience Journal Search Interfaces",
    author = "Hearst, Marti  and
      Divoli, Anna  and
      Jerry, Ye  and
      Wooldridge, Michael",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1010",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{chapman-etal-2007-context,
    title = "{C}on{T}ext: An Algorithm for Identifying Contextual Features from Clinical Text",
    author = "Chapman, Wendy  and
      Dowling, John  and
      Chu, David",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1011",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{madkour-etal-2007-bionoculars,
    title = "{B}io{N}oculars: Extracting Protein-Protein Interactions from Biomedical Text",
    author = "Madkour, Amgad  and
      Darwish, Kareem  and
      Hassan, Hany  and
      Hassan, Ahmed  and
      Emam, Ossama",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1012",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{pestian-etal-2007-shared,
    title = "A shared task involving multi-label classification of clinical free text",
    author = "Pestian, John P.  and
      Brew, Chris  and
      Matykiewicz, Pawel  and
      Hovermale, DJ  and
      Johnson, Neil  and
      Cohen, K. Bretonnel  and
      Duch, Wlodzislaw",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1013",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{aronson-etal-2007-indexing,
    title = "From indexing the biomedical literature to coding clinical text: experience with {MTI} and machine learning approaches",
    author = "Aronson, Alan R.  and
      Bodenreider, Olivier  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Fung, Kin Wah  and
      Lee, Vivian K.  and
      Mork, James G.  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Peters, Lee  and
      Rogers, Willie J.",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1014",
    pages = "105--112",
}
@inproceedings{bouffier-poibeau-2007-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Restructuring Practice Guidelines using the {GEM} {DTD}",
    author = "Bouffier, Amanda  and
      Poibeau, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1015",
    pages = "113--120",
}
@inproceedings{chung-coiera-2007-study,
    title = "A Study of Structured Clinical Abstracts and the Semantic Classification of Sentences",
    author = "Chung, Grace  and
      Coiera, Enrico",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1016",
    pages = "121--128",
}
@inproceedings{crammer-etal-2007-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Code Assignment to Medical Text",
    author = "Crammer, Koby  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Ganchev, Kuzman  and
      Pratim Talukdar, Partha  and
      Carroll, Steven",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1017",
    pages = "129--136",
}
@inproceedings{fiszman-etal-2007-interpreting,
    title = "Interpreting comparative constructions in biomedical text",
    author = "Fiszman, Marcelo  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Lang, Francois M.  and
      Goetz, Philip  and
      Rindflesch, Thomas C.",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1018",
    pages = "137--144",
}
@inproceedings{haddow-matthews-2007-extraction,
    title = "The Extraction of Enriched Protein-Protein Interactions from Biomedical Text",
    author = "Haddow, Barry  and
      Matthews, Michael",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1019",
    pages = "145--152",
}
@inproceedings{hakenberg-2007-whats,
    title = "What{'}s in a gene name? Automated refinement of gene name dictionaries",
    author = {Hakenberg, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1020",
    pages = "153--160",
}
@inproceedings{hardcastle-hallett-2007-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Use of {NLP} in the Disclosure of Electronic Patient Records",
    author = "Hardcastle, David  and
      Hallett, Catalina",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1021",
    pages = "161--162",
}
@inproceedings{lewin-2007-basenps,
    title = "{B}ase{NP}s that contain gene names: domain specificity and genericity",
    author = "Lewin, Ian",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1022",
    pages = "163--170",
}
@inproceedings{mcintosh-curran-2007-challenges,
    title = "Challenges for extracting biomedical knowledge from full text",
    author = "McIntosh, Tara  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1023",
    pages = "171--178",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2007-adaptation,
    title = "Adaptation of {POS} Tagging for Multiple {B}io{M}edical Domains",
    author = "Miller, John E.  and
      Torii, Manabu  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1024",
    pages = "179--180",
}
@inproceedings{mykowiecka-marciniak-2007-information,
    title = "Information Extraction from Patients{'} Free Form Documentation",
    author = "Mykowiecka, Agnieszka  and
      Marciniak, Malgorzata",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1025",
    pages = "181--182",
}
@inproceedings{neveol-etal-2007-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Indexing of Specialized Documents: Using Generic vs. Domain-Specific Document Representations",
    author = "N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Mork, James G.  and
      Aronson, Alan R.",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1026",
    pages = "183--190",
}
@inproceedings{patrick-etal-2007-developing,
    title = "Developing Feature Types for Classifying Clinical Notes",
    author = "Patrick, Jon  and
      Zhang, Yitao  and
      Wang, Yefeng",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1027",
    pages = "191--192",
}
@inproceedings{poprat-hahn-2007-quantitative,
    title = "Quantitative Data on Referring Expressions in Biomedical Abstracts",
    author = "Poprat, Michael  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1028",
    pages = "193--194",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-poesio-2007-discovering,
    title = "Discovering contradicting protein-protein interactions in text",
    author = "Sanchez, Olivia  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1029",
    pages = "195--196",
}
@inproceedings{sinclair-webber-2007-marking,
    title = "Marking time in developmental biology",
    author = "Sinclair, Gail  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1030",
    pages = "197--198",
}
@inproceedings{vlachos-2007-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating and combining and biomedical named entity recognition systems",
    author = "Vlachos, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1031",
    pages = "199--200",
}
@inproceedings{wilbur-2007-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of the Morpho-Semantic Relationship in {MEDLINE}",
    author = "Wilbur, W. John",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1032",
    pages = "201--208",
}
@inproceedings{yoshida-tsujii-2007-reranking,
    title = "Reranking for Biomedical Named-Entity Recognition",
    author = "Yoshida, Kazuhiro  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Biological, translational, and clinical language processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1033",
    pages = "209--216",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-broader,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on A Broader Perspective on Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Gregoire, Nicole  and
      Evert, Stefan  and
      Kim, Su Nam",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1100",
}
@inproceedings{bannard-2007-measure,
    title = "A Measure of Syntactic Flexibility for Automatically Identifying Multiword Expressions in Corpora",
    author = "Bannard, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on A Broader Perspective on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1101",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{fazly-stevenson-2007-distinguishing,
    title = "Distinguishing Subtypes of Multiword Expressions Using Linguistically-Motivated Statistical Measures",
    author = "Fazly, Afsaneh  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on A Broader Perspective on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1102",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{gregoire-2007-design,
    title = "Design and Implementation of a Lexicon of {D}utch Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Gr{\'e}goire, Nicole",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on A Broader Perspective on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1103",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{van-de-cruys-villada-moiron-2007-semantics,
    title = "Semantics-based Multiword Expression Extraction",
    author = "Van de Cruys, Tim  and
      Villada Moir{\'o}n, Bego{\~n}a",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on A Broader Perspective on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1104",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{catala-baptista-2007-spanish,
    title = "{S}panish Adverbial Frozen Expressions",
    author = "Catal{\`a}, Dolors  and
      Baptista, Jorge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on A Broader Perspective on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1105",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{cook-etal-2007-pulling,
    title = "Pulling their Weight: Exploiting Syntactic Forms for the Automatic Identification of Idiomatic Expressions in Context",
    author = "Cook, Paul  and
      Fazly, Afsaneh  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on A Broader Perspective on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1106",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{dahlmann-adolphs-2007-pauses,
    title = "Pauses as an Indicator of Psycholinguistically Valid Multi-Word Expressions ({MWE}s)?",
    author = "Dahlmann, Irina  and
      Adolphs, Svenja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on A Broader Perspective on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1107",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{o-seaghdha-copestake-2007-co,
    title = "Co-occurrence Contexts for Noun Compound Interpretation",
    author = "{\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on A Broader Perspective on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1108",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{utsuro-etal-2007-learning,
    title = "Learning Dependency Relations of {J}apanese Compound Functional Expressions",
    author = "Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Shime, Takao  and
      Tsuchiya, Masatoshi  and
      Matsuyoshi, Suguru  and
      Sato, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on A Broader Perspective on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1109",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2007-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Labeling of Compound Nominalization in {C}hinese",
    author = "Zhao, Jinglei  and
      Liu, Hui  and
      Lu, Ruzhan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on A Broader Perspective on Multiword Expressions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1110",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-acl,
    title = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      King, Tracy Holloway  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1200",
}
@inproceedings{chen-main-joshi-2007-multi,
    title = "Multi-Component Tree Adjoining Grammars, Dependency Graph Models, and Linguistic Analyses",
    author = "Chen-Main, Joan  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1201",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{clark-curran-2007-perceptron,
    title = "Perceptron Training for a Wide-Coverage Lexicalized-Grammar Parser",
    author = "Clark, Stephen  and
      Curran, James",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1202",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{forst-2007-filling,
    title = "Filling Statistics with Linguistics {--} Property Design for the Disambiguation of {G}erman {LFG} Parses",
    author = "Forst, Martin",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1203",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{fujita-etal-2007-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Semantic Information for {HPSG} Parse Selection",
    author = "Fujita, Sanae  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Tanaka, Takaaki",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1204",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{hopkins-kuhn-2007-deep,
    title = "Deep Grammars in a Tree Labeling Approach to Syntax-based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Hopkins, Mark  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1205",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{kaisser-webber-2007-question,
    title = "Question Answering based on Semantic Roles",
    author = "Kaisser, Michael  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1206",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{allen-etal-2007-deep,
    title = "Deep Linguistic Processing for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Allen, James  and
      Dzikovska, Myroslava  and
      Manshadi, Mehdi  and
      Swift, Mary",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1207",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{branco-costa-2007-self,
    title = "Self- or Pre-Tuning? Deep Linguistic Processing of Language Variants",
    author = "Branco, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Costa, Francisco",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1208",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-etal-2007-pruning,
    title = "Pruning the Search Space of a Hand-Crafted Parsing System with a Probabilistic Parser",
    author = "Cahill, Aoife  and
      King, Tracy Holloway  and
      Maxwell III, John T.",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1209",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{copestake-2007-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Composition with (Robust) Minimal Recursion Semantics",
    author = "Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1210",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{greenwood-stevenson-2007-task,
    title = "A Task-based Comparison of Information Extraction Pattern Models",
    author = "Greenwood, Mark  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1211",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{honnibal-curran-2007-creating,
    title = "Creating a Systemic Functional Grammar Corpus from the {P}enn Treebank",
    author = "Honnibal, Matthew  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1212",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{horak-etal-2007-verb,
    title = "Verb Valency Semantic Representation for Deep Linguistic Processing",
    author = "Hor{\'a}k, Ale{\v{s}}  and
      Pala, Karel  and
      Du{\v{z}}{\'\i}, Marie  and
      Materna, Pavel",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1213",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{marimon-etal-2007-spanish,
    title = "The {S}panish Resource Grammar: Pre-processing Strategy and Lexical Acquisition",
    author = "Marimon, Montserrat  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Espeja, Sergio  and
      Seghezzi, Natalia",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1214",
    pages = "105--111",
}
@inproceedings{mcconville-dzikovska-2007-extracting,
    title = "Extracting a Verb Lexicon for Deep Parsing from {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "McConville, Mark  and
      Dzikovska, Myroslava O.",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1215",
    pages = "112--119",
}
@inproceedings{wehrli-2007-fips,
    title = "Fips, A {``}Deep{''} Linguistic Multilingual Parser",
    author = "Wehrli, Eric",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1216",
    pages = "120--127",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2007-partial,
    title = "Partial Parse Selection for Robust Deep Processing",
    author = "Zhang, Yi  and
      Kordoni, Valia  and
      Fitzgerald, Erin",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1217",
    pages = "128--135",
}
@inproceedings{bender-etal-2007-validation,
    title = "Validation and Regression Testing for a Cross-linguistic Grammar Resource",
    author = "Bender, Emily M.  and
      Poulson, Laurie  and
      Drellishak, Scott  and
      Evans, Chris",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1218",
    pages = "136--143",
}
@inproceedings{crysmann-2007-local,
    title = "Local Ambiguity Packing and Discontinuity in {G}erman",
    author = "Crysmann, Berthold",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1219",
    pages = "144--151",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2007-corpus,
    title = "The Corpus and the Lexicon: Standardising Deep Lexical Acquisition Evaluation",
    author = "Zhang, Yi  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Kordoni, Valia",
    booktitle = "{ACL} 2007 Workshop on Deep Linguistic Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1220",
    pages = "152--159",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-acl-special,
    title = "Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    author = "Nerbonne, John  and
      Ellison, T. Mark  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1300",
}
@inproceedings{nerbonne-etal-2007-computing,
    title = "Computing and Historical Phonology",
    author = "Nerbonne, John  and
      Ellison, T. Mark  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1301",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{kessler-2007-word,
    title = "Word Similarity Metrics and Multilateral Comparison",
    author = "Kessler, Brett",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1302",
    pages = "6--14",
}
@inproceedings{ellison-2007-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Identification of Cognates and Correspondences",
    author = "Ellison, T. Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1303",
    pages = "15--22",
}
@inproceedings{gaillard-corvaglia-etal-2007-testing,
    title = "Testing Cladistics on Dialect Networks and Phyla (Gallo-Romance Vowels, Southern Italo-Romance Diasystems and Mayan Languages)",
    author = "Gaillard-Corvaglia, Antonella  and
      L{\'e}onard, Jean-L{\'e}o  and
      Darlu, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1304",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{heeringa-joseph-2007-relative,
    title = "The Relative Divergence of {D}utch Dialect Pronunciations from their Common Source: An Exploratory Study",
    author = "Heeringa, Wilbert  and
      Joseph, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1305",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{singh-surana-2007-corpus,
    title = "Can Corpus Based Measures be Used for Comparative Study of Languages?",
    author = "Singh, Anil Kumar  and
      Surana, Harshit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1306",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{wieling-etal-2007-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Sound Segment Differences Using Pair Hidden {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Wieling, Martijn  and
      Leinonen, Therese  and
      Nerbonne, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1307",
    pages = "48--56",
}
@inproceedings{smith-2007-phonological,
    title = "Phonological Reconstruction of a Dead Language Using the Gradual Learning Algorithm",
    author = "Smith, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1308",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{choudhury-etal-2007-evolution,
    title = "Evolution, Optimization, and Language Change: The Case of {B}engali Verb Inflections",
    author = "Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Jalan, Vaibhav  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna  and
      Basu, Anupam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1309",
    pages = "65--74",
}
@inproceedings{goebl-2007-geolinguistic,
    title = "On the Geolinguistic Change in Northern France between 1300 and 1900: A Dialectometrical Inquiry",
    author = "Goebl, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1310",
    pages = "75--83",
}
@inproceedings{pilz-etal-2007-visualizing,
    title = "Visualizing the Evaluation of Distance Measures",
    author = "Pilz, Thomas  and
      Philipsenburg, Axel  and
      Luther, Wolfram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1311",
    pages = "84--92",
}
@inproceedings{moisl-2007-data,
    title = "Data Nonlinearity in Exploratory Multivariate Analysis of Language Corpora",
    author = "Moisl, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1312",
    pages = "93--100",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-etal-2007-emergence,
    title = "Emergence of Community Structures in Vowel Inventories: An Analysis Based on Complex Networks",
    author = "Mukherjee, Animesh  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Basu, Anupam  and
      Ganguly, Niloy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1313",
    pages = "101--108",
}
@inproceedings{cysouw-jung-2007-cognate,
    title = "Cognate Identification and Alignment Using Practical Orthographies",
    author = "Cysouw, Michael  and
      Jung, Hagen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1314",
    pages = "109--116",
}
@inproceedings{monson-etal-2007-paramor,
    title = "{P}ara{M}or: Minimally Supervised Induction of Paradigm Structure and Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Monson, Christian  and
      Carbonell, Jaime  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Levin, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1315",
    pages = "117--125",
}
@inproceedings{peterson-picanco-2007-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Correspondences: An Object-Oriented Approach to Tracking Sound Reconstructions",
    author = "Peterson, Tyler  and
      Pican{\c{c}}o, Gessiane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1316",
    pages = "126--133",
}
@inproceedings{kondrak-etal-2007-creating,
    title = "Creating a Comparative Dictionary of Totonac-Tepehua",
    author = "Kondrak, Grzegorz  and
      Beck, David  and
      Dilts, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1317",
    pages = "134--141",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-acl-pascal,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    author = "Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Dolan, Bill  and
      Giampiccolo, Danilo  and
      Magnini, Bernardo",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1400",
}
@inproceedings{giampiccolo-etal-2007-third,
    title = "The Third {PASCAL} Recognizing Textual Entailment Challenge",
    author = "Giampiccolo, Danilo  and
      Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Dolan, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1401",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{burchardt-etal-2007-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic Approach To Textual Entailment: System Evaluation and Task Analysis",
    author = "Burchardt, Aljoscha  and
      Reiter, Nils  and
      Thater, Stefan  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1402",
    pages = "10--15",
}
@inproceedings{bobrow-etal-2007-precision,
    title = "Precision-focused Textual Inference",
    author = "Bobrow, Daniel  and
      Crouch, Dick  and
      King, Tracy Holloway  and
      Condoravdi, Cleo  and
      Karttunen, Lauri  and
      Nairn, Rowan  and
      de Paiva, Valeria  and
      Zaenen, Annie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1403",
    pages = "16--21",
}
@inproceedings{tatu-moldovan-2007-cogex,
    title = "COGEX at RTE 3",
    author = "Tatu, Marta  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1404",
    pages = "22--27",
}
@inproceedings{nielsen-ward-2007-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Fine-Grained Entailment Relations",
    author = "Nielsen, Rodney D.  and
      Ward, Wayne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1405",
    pages = "28--35",
}
@inproceedings{wang-neumann-2007-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Textual Entailment Using Sentence Similarity based on Dependency Tree Skeletons",
    author = {Wang, Rui  and
      Neumann, G{\"u}nter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1406",
    pages = "36--41",
}
@inproceedings{malakasiotis-androutsopoulos-2007-learning,
    title = "Learning Textual Entailment using {SVM}s and String Similarity Measures",
    author = "Malakasiotis, Prodromos  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1407",
    pages = "42--47",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-etal-2007-entailment,
    title = "Entailment and Anaphora Resolution in {RTE}3",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo  and
      Bristot, Antonella  and
      Piccolino Boniforti, Marco Aldo  and
      Tonelli, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1408",
    pages = "48--53",
}
@inproceedings{clark-etal-2007-role,
    title = "On the Role of Lexical and World Knowledge in {RTE}3",
    author = "Clark, Peter  and
      Harrison, Phil  and
      Thompson, John  and
      Murray, William  and
      Hobbs, Jerry  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1409",
    pages = "54--59",
}
@inproceedings{ferres-rodriguez-2007-machine,
    title = "Machine Learning with Semantic-Based Distances Between Sentences for Textual Entailment",
    author = "Ferr{\'e}s, Daniel  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1410",
    pages = "60--65",
}
@inproceedings{ferrandez-etal-2007-perspective,
    title = "A Perspective-Based Approach for Solving Textual Entailment Recognition",
    author = "Ferr{\'a}ndez, {\'O}scar  and
      Micol, Daniel  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael  and
      Palomar, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1411",
    pages = "66--71",
}
@inproceedings{zanzotto-etal-2007-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Semantic in Fast Textual Entailment Rule Learners",
    author = "Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo  and
      Pennacchiotti, Marco  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1412",
    pages = "72--77",
}
@inproceedings{montejo-raez-etal-2007-combining,
    title = "Combining Lexical-Syntactic Information with Machine Learning for Recognizing Textual Entailment",
    author = "Montejo-R{\'a}ez, Arturo  and
      Perea, Jose Manuel  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Santiago, Fernando  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Cumbreras, Miguel {\'A}ngel  and
      Mart{\'\i}n-Valdivia, Maite  and
      Ure{\~n}a-L{\'o}pez, Alfonso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1413",
    pages = "78--82",
}
@inproceedings{marsi-etal-2007-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-based paraphrasing for recognizing textual entailment",
    author = "Marsi, Erwin  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Bosma, Wauter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1414",
    pages = "83--88",
}
@inproceedings{rodrigo-etal-2007-experiments,
    title = "Experiments of {UNED} at the Third Recognising Textual Entailment Challenge",
    author = "Rodrigo, {\'A}lvaro  and
      Pe{\~n}as, Anselmo  and
      Herrera, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Verdejo, Felisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1415",
    pages = "89--94",
}
@inproceedings{settembre-2007-textual,
    title = "Textual Entailment Using Univariate Density Model and Maximizing Discriminant Function",
    author = "Settembre, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1416",
    pages = "95--100",
}
@inproceedings{blake-2007-role,
    title = "The Role of Sentence Structure in Recognizing Textual Entailment",
    author = "Blake, Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1417",
    pages = "101--106",
}
@inproceedings{roth-sammons-2007-semantic,
    title = "Semantic and Logical Inference Model for Textual Entailment",
    author = "Roth, Dan  and
      Sammons, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1418",
    pages = "107--112",
}
@inproceedings{burek-etal-2007-svo,
    title = "{SVO} triple based Latent Semantic Analysis for recognising textual entailment",
    author = "Burek, Gaston  and
      Pietsch, Christian  and
      De Roeck, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1419",
    pages = "113--118",
}
@inproceedings{adams-etal-2007-textual,
    title = "Textual Entailment Through Extended Lexical Overlap and Lexico-Semantic Matching",
    author = "Adams, Rod  and
      Nicolae, Gabriel  and
      Nicolae, Cristina  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1420",
    pages = "119--124",
}
@inproceedings{iftene-balahur-dobrescu-2007-hypothesis,
    title = "Hypothesis Transformation and Semantic Variability Rules Used in Recognizing Textual Entailment",
    author = "Iftene, Adrian  and
      Balahur-Dobrescu, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1421",
    pages = "125--130",
}
@inproceedings{bar-haim-etal-2007-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Inference at the Lexical-Syntactic Level for Textual Entailment Recognition",
    author = "Bar-Haim, Roy  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Greental, Iddo  and
      Szpektor, Idan  and
      Friedman, Moshe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1422",
    pages = "131--136",
}
@inproceedings{harmeling-2007-extensible,
    title = "An Extensible Probabilistic Transformation-based Approach to the Third Recognizing Textual Entailment Challenge",
    author = "Harmeling, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1423",
    pages = "137--142",
}
@inproceedings{ellsworth-janin-2007-mutaphrase,
    title = "{M}utaphrase: Paraphrasing with {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Ellsworth, Michael  and
      Janin, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1424",
    pages = "143--150",
}
@inproceedings{fujita-etal-2007-compositional,
    title = "A Compositional Approach toward Dynamic Phrasal Thesaurus",
    author = "Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Kato, Shuhei  and
      Kato, Naoki  and
      Sato, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1425",
    pages = "151--158",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2007-machine,
    title = "Machine Learning Based Semantic Inference: Experiments and Observations at {RTE}-3",
    author = "Li, Baoli  and
      Irwin, Joseph  and
      Garcia, Ernest V.  and
      Ram, Ashwin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1426",
    pages = "159--164",
}
@inproceedings{chambers-etal-2007-learning,
    title = "Learning Alignments and Leveraging Natural Logic",
    author = "Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Cer, Daniel  and
      Grenager, Trond  and
      Hall, David  and
      Kiddon, Chloe  and
      MacCartney, Bill  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Ramage, Daniel  and
      Yeh, Eric  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1427",
    pages = "165--170",
}
@inproceedings{hickl-bensley-2007-discourse,
    title = "A Discourse Commitment-Based Framework for Recognizing Textual Entailment",
    author = "Hickl, Andrew  and
      Bensley, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1428",
    pages = "171--176",
}
@inproceedings{cordeiro-etal-2007-biology,
    title = "Biology Based Alignments of Paraphrases for Sentence Compression",
    author = {Cordeiro, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Dias, G{\"a}el  and
      Cleuziou, Guillaume},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1429",
    pages = "177--184",
}
@inproceedings{amoia-gardent-2007-first,
    title = "A first order semantic approach to adjectival inference",
    author = "Amoia, Marilisa  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1430",
    pages = "185--192",
}
@inproceedings{maccartney-manning-2007-natural,
    title = "Natural Logic for Textual Inference",
    author = "MacCartney, Bill  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-{PASCAL} Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1431",
    pages = "193--200",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-linguistic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    author = "Boguraev, Branimir  and
      Ide, Nancy  and
      Meyers, Adam  and
      Nariyama, Shigeko  and
      Stede, Manfred  and
      Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Wilcock, Graham",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1500",
}
@inproceedings{ide-suderman-2007-graf,
    title = "{G}r{AF}: A Graph-based Format for Linguistic Annotations",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Suderman, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1501",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{tomanek-etal-2007-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Annotation with the {J}ena {AN}notation {E}nvironment ({JANE})",
    author = "Tomanek, Katrin  and
      Wermter, Joachim  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1502",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{bouma-kloosterman-2007-mining,
    title = "Mining Syntactically Annotated Corpora with {XQ}uery",
    author = "Bouma, Gosse  and
      Kloosterman, Geert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1503",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{foster-2007-assocating,
    title = "Assocating Facial Displays with Syntactic Constituents for Generation",
    author = "Foster, Mary Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1504",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-etal-2007-annotation,
    title = "An Annotation Type System for a Data-Driven {NLP} Pipeline",
    author = "Hahn, Udo  and
      Buyko, Ekaterina  and
      Tomanek, Katrin  and
      Piao, Scott  and
      McNaught, John  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1505",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{boyd-2007-discontinuity,
    title = "Discontinuity Revisited: An Improved Conversion to Context-Free Representations",
    author = "Boyd, Adriane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1506",
    pages = "41--44",
}
@inproceedings{huhmarniemi-etal-2007-usage,
    title = "Usage of {XSL} Stylesheets for the Annotation of the S{\'a}mi Language Corpora.",
    author = "Huhmarniemi, Saara  and
      Moshagen, Sjur N.  and
      Trosterud, Trond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1507",
    pages = "45--48",
}
@inproceedings{duffield-etal-2007-criteria,
    title = "Criteria for the Manual Grouping of Verb Senses",
    author = "Duffield, Cecily Jill  and
      Hwang, Jena D.  and
      Brown, Susan Windisch  and
      Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Vieweg, Sarah E.  and
      Davis, Jenny  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1508",
    pages = "49--52",
}
@inproceedings{ganchev-etal-2007-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automated Named Entity Annotation",
    author = "Ganchev, Kuzman  and
      Pereira, Fernando  and
      Mandel, Mark  and
      Carroll, Steven  and
      White, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1509",
    pages = "53--56",
}
@inproceedings{thomas-2007-querying,
    title = "Querying Multimodal Annotation: A Concordancer for {G}e{M}",
    author = "Thomas, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1510",
    pages = "57--60",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2007-annotating,
    title = "Annotating {C}hinese Collocations with Multi Information",
    author = "Xu, Ruifeng  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai  and
      Li, Wenjie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1511",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{buch-kromann-2007-computing,
    title = "Computing Translation Units and Quantifying Parallelism in Parallel Dependency Treebanks",
    author = "Buch-Kromann, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1512",
    pages = "69--76",
}
@inproceedings{monachesi-etal-2007-adding,
    title = "Adding Semantic Role Annotation to a Corpus of Written {D}utch",
    author = "Monachesi, Paola  and
      Stevens, Gerwert  and
      Trapman, Jantine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1513",
    pages = "77--84",
}
@inproceedings{volk-etal-2007-search,
    title = "A Search Tool for Parallel Treebanks",
    author = {Volk, Martin  and
      Lundborg, Joakim  and
      Mettler, Ma{\"e}l},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1514",
    pages = "85--92",
}
@inproceedings{read-etal-2007-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Expressions of Appraisal in {E}nglish",
    author = "Read, Jonathon  and
      Hope, David  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1515",
    pages = "93--100",
}
@inproceedings{ringger-etal-2007-active,
    title = "Active Learning for Part-of-Speech Tagging: Accelerating Corpus Annotation",
    author = "Ringger, Eric  and
      McClanahan, Peter  and
      Haertel, Robbie  and
      Busby, George  and
      Carmen, Marc  and
      Carroll, James  and
      Seppi, Kevin  and
      Lonsdale, Deryle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1516",
    pages = "101--108",
}
@inproceedings{verhagen-etal-2007-combining,
    title = "Combining Independent Syntactic and Semantic Annotation Schemes",
    author = "Verhagen, Marc  and
      Stubbs, Amber  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1517",
    pages = "109--112",
}
@inproceedings{stevens-2007-xara,
    title = "{XARA}: An {XML}- and Rule-based Semantic Role Labeler",
    author = "Stevens, Gerwert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1518",
    pages = "113--116",
}
@inproceedings{eryigit-2007-itu,
    title = "{ITU} Treebank Annotation Tool",
    author = {Eryi{\v{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1519",
    pages = "117--120",
}
@inproceedings{germann-2007-two,
    title = "Two Tools for Creating and Visualizing Sub-sentential Alignments of Parallel Text",
    author = "Germann, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1520",
    pages = "121--124",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2007-building,
    title = "Building {C}hinese Sense Annotated Corpus with the Help of Software Tools",
    author = "Wu, Yunfang  and
      Jin, Peng  and
      Guo, Tao  and
      Yu, Shiwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1521",
    pages = "125--131",
}
@inproceedings{iida-etal-2007-annotating,
    title = "Annotating a {J}apanese Text Corpus with Predicate-Argument and Coreference Relations",
    author = "Iida, Ryu  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1522",
    pages = "132--139",
}
@inproceedings{stuhrenberg-etal-2007-web,
    title = "Web-based Annotation of Anaphoric Relations and Lexical Chains",
    author = {St{\"u}hrenberg, Maik  and
      Goecke, Daniela  and
      Diewald, Nils  and
      Mehler, Alexander  and
      Cramer, Irene},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1523",
    pages = "140--147",
}
@inproceedings{rodriguez-etal-2007-standoff,
    title = "Standoff Coordination for Multi-Tool Annotation in a Dialogue Corpus",
    author = {Rodr{\'\i}guez, Kepa Joseba  and
      Dipper, Stefanie  and
      G{\"o}tze, Michael  and
      Poesio, Massimo  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe  and
      Raymond, Christian  and
      Rabiega-Wi{\'s}niewska, Joanna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1524",
    pages = "148--155",
}
@inproceedings{krasavina-chiarcos-2007-pocos,
    title = "{P}o{C}o{S} - {P}otsdam {C}oreference {S}cheme",
    author = "Krasavina, Olga  and
      Chiarcos, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1525",
    pages = "156--163",
}
@inproceedings{bosco-2007-multiple,
    title = "Multiple-step Treebank Conversion: From Dependency to {P}enn Format",
    author = "Bosco, Cristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1526",
    pages = "164--167",
}
@inproceedings{girju-2007-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with an Annotation Scheme for a Knowledge-rich Noun Phrase Interpretation System",
    author = "Girju, Roxana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1527",
    pages = "168--175",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-erk-2007-igt,
    title = "{IGT}-{XML}: An {XML} Format for Interlinearized Glossed Text",
    author = "Palmer, Alexis  and
      Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1528",
    pages = "176--183",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-etal-2007-shared,
    title = "Shared Corpora Working Group Report",
    author = "Meyers, Adam  and
      Ide, Nancy  and
      Denoyer, Ludovic  and
      Shinyama, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1529",
    pages = "184--190",
}
@inproceedings{stede-etal-2007-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Annotation Working Group Report",
    author = "Stede, Manfred  and
      Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Reese, Brian  and
      Teufel, Simone  and
      Webber, Bonnie  and
      Wilson, Theresa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1530",
    pages = "191--196",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-acl-sigsem,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    author = "Costello, Fintan  and
      Kelleher, John  and
      Volk, Martin",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1600",
}
@inproceedings{hying-2007-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-Based Analysis of Geometric Constraints on Projective Prepositions",
    author = "Hying, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1601",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{furlan-etal-2007-landmark,
    title = "Landmark Classification for Route Directions",
    author = "Furlan, Aidan  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Klippel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1602",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{fort-guillaume-2007-preplex,
    title = "{P}rep{L}ex: A Lexicon of {F}rench Prepositions for Parsing",
    author = {Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Guillaume, Bruno},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1603",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{chodorow-etal-2007-detection,
    title = "Detection of Grammatical Errors Involving Prepositions",
    author = "Chodorow, Martin  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Han, Na-Rae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1604",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{domges-etal-2007-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Productivity of Determinerless {PP}s",
    author = {D{\"o}mges, Florian  and
      Kiss, Tibor  and
      M{\"u}ller, Antje  and
      Roch, Claudia},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1605",
    pages = "31--37",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-quochi-2007-inferring,
    title = "Inferring the Semantics of Temporal Prepositions in {I}talian",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Quochi, Valeria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1606",
    pages = "38--44",
}
@inproceedings{de-felice-pulman-2007-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Acquiring Models of Preposition Use",
    author = "De Felice, Rachele  and
      Pulman, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1607",
    pages = "45--50",
}
@inproceedings{husain-etal-2007-simple,
    title = "Simple Preposition Correspondence: A Problem in {E}nglish to {I}ndian Language Machine Translation",
    author = "Husain, Samar  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra  and
      Reddy, Manohar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth {ACL}-{SIGSEM} Workshop on Prepositions",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1608",
    pages = "51--58",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-balto,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavonic Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Piskorski, Jakub  and
      Tanev, Hristo",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1700",
}
@inproceedings{przepiorkowski-2007-slavic,
    title = "{S}lavic Information Extraction and Partial Parsing",
    author = "Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavonic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1701",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{bekavac-tadic-2007-implementation,
    title = "Implementation of {C}roatian {NERC} System",
    author = "Bekavac, Bo{\v{z}}o  and
      Tadi{\'c}, Marko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavonic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1702",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{kozareva-etal-2007-language,
    title = "A Language Independent Approach for Name Categorization and Discrimination",
    author = "Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      V{\'a}zquez, Sonia  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavonic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1703",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{piskorski-etal-2007-lemmatization,
    title = "Lemmatization of Polish Person Names",
    author = "Piskorski, Jakub  and
      Sydow, Marcin  and
      Kup{\'s}{\'c}, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavonic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1704",
    pages = "27--34",
}
@inproceedings{marciniak-mykowiecka-2007-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Processing of Diabetic Patients{'} Hospital Documentation",
    author = "Marciniak, Ma{\l}gorzata  and
      Mykowiecka, Agnieszka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavonic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1705",
    pages = "35--42",
}
@inproceedings{przepiorkowski-etal-2007-towards,
    title = "Towards the Automatic Extraction of Definitions in {S}lavic",
    author = "Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam  and
      Deg{\'o}rski, {\L}ukasz  and
      Spousta, Miroslav  and
      Simov, Kiril  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Lemnitzer, Lothar  and
      Kubo{\v{n}}, Vladislav  and
      W{\'o}jtowicz, Beata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavonic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1706",
    pages = "43--50",
}
@inproceedings{flejter-etal-2007-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Methods of Topical Text Segmentation for Polish",
    author = "Flejter, Dominik  and
      Wieloch, Karol  and
      Abramowicz, Witold",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavonic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1707",
    pages = "51--58",
}
@inproceedings{koeva-2007-multi,
    title = "Multi-word Term Extraction for {B}ulgarian",
    author = "Koeva, Svetla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavonic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1708",
    pages = "59--66",
}
@inproceedings{spoustova-etal-2007-best,
    title = "The Best of Two Worlds: Cooperation of Statistical and Rule-Based Taggers for {C}zech",
    author = "Spoustov{\'a}, Drahom{\'\i}ra {``}johanka{''}  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Votrubec, Jan  and
      Krbec, Pavel  and
      Kv{\v{e}}to{\v{n}}, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavonic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1709",
    pages = "67--74",
}
@inproceedings{pala-hlavackova-2007-derivational,
    title = "Derivational Relations in {C}zech {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Pala, Karel  and
      Hlav{\'a}{\v{c}}kov{\'a}, Dana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavonic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1710",
    pages = "75--81",
}
@inproceedings{rozovskaya-sproat-2007-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Word Sense Discrimination: A Comparative Cross-Linguistic Study",
    author = "Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavonic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1711",
    pages = "82--87",
}
@inproceedings{katrenko-adriaans-2007-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition for {U}krainian: A Resource-Light Approach",
    author = "Katrenko, Sophia  and
      Adriaans, Pieter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavonic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1712",
    pages = "88--93",
}
@inproceedings{rimkute-etal-2007-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Annotation of the {L}ithuanian Corpus",
    author = "Rimkut{\.e}, Erika  and
      Daudaravi{\v{c}}ius, Vidas  and
      Utka, Andrius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {B}alto-{S}lavonic Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1713",
    pages = "94--99",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-grammar,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar-Based Approaches to Spoken Language Processing",
    author = "Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Rayner, Manny",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1800",
}
@inproceedings{bringert-2007-speech,
    title = "Speech Recognition Grammar Compilation in Grammatical Framework",
    author = {Bringert, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar-Based Approaches to Spoken Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1801",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{ljunglof-2007-converting,
    title = "Converting Grammatical Framework to Regulus",
    author = {Ljungl{\"o}f, Peter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar-Based Approaches to Spoken Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1802",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{perera-ranta-2007-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue System Localization with the {GF} Resource Grammar Library",
    author = "Perera, Nadine  and
      Ranta, Aarne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar-Based Approaches to Spoken Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1803",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{jonson-2007-grammar,
    title = "Grammar-based context-specific statistical language modelling",
    author = "Jonson, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar-Based Approaches to Spoken Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1804",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{paek-etal-2007-handling,
    title = "Handling Out-of-Grammar Commands in Mobile Speech Interaction Using Backoff Filler Models",
    author = "Paek, Tim  and
      Gandhe, Sudeep  and
      Chickering, Max  and
      Ju, Yun Cheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar-Based Approaches to Spoken Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1805",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{bouillon-etal-2007-bidirectional,
    title = "A Bidirectional Grammar-Based Medical Speech Translator",
    author = "Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Flores, Glenn  and
      Starlander, Marianne  and
      Chatzichrisafis, Nikos  and
      Santaholma, Marianne  and
      Tsourakis, Nikos  and
      Rayner, Manny  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar-Based Approaches to Spoken Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1806",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{kron-etal-2007-development,
    title = "A Development Environment for Building Grammar-Based Speech-Enabled Applications",
    author = "Kron, Elisabeth  and
      Rayner, Manny  and
      Santaholma, Marianne  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar-Based Approaches to Spoken Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1807",
    pages = "49--52",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-embodied,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Embodied Language Processing",
    author = "Cassell, Justine  and
      Heylen, Dirk",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1900",
}
@inproceedings{foster-2007-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Rule-Based and Data-Driven Selection of Facial Displays",
    author = "Foster, Mary Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Embodied Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1901",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{katagiri-2007-aiduti,
    title = "Aiduti in {J}apanese Multi-Party Design Conversations",
    author = "Katagiri, Yasuhiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Embodied Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1902",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{heylen-op-den-akker-2007-computing,
    title = "Computing Backchannel Distributions in Multi-Party Conversations",
    author = "Heylen, Dirk  and
      op den Akker, Rieks",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Embodied Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1903",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{evers-etal-2007-way,
    title = "Which Way to Turn? Guide Orientation in Virtual Way Finding",
    author = {Evers, Mark  and
      Theune, Mari{\"e}t  and
      Karreman, Joyce},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Embodied Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1904",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{hernandez-etal-2007-person,
    title = "A {``}Person{''} in the Interface: Effects on User Perceptions of Multibiometrics",
    author = "Hern{\'a}ndez, {\'A}lvaro  and
      L{\'o}pez, Beatriz  and
      D{\'\i}az, David  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Rub{\'e}n  and
      Hern{\'a}ndez, Luis  and
      Caminero, Javier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Embodied Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1905",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{cassell-etal-2007-coordination,
    title = "Coordination in Conversation and Rapport",
    author = "Cassell, Justine  and
      Gill, Alastair  and
      Tepper, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Embodied Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1906",
    pages = "41--50",
}
@inproceedings{huenerfauth-etal-2007-design,
    title = "Design and Evaluation of an {A}merican Sign Language Generator",
    author = "Huenerfauth, Matt  and
      Zhou, Liming  and
      Gu, Erdan  and
      Allbeck, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Embodied Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1907",
    pages = "51--58",
}
@inproceedings{jan-traum-2007-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Movement and Positioning of Embodied Agents in Multiparty Conversations",
    author = "Jan, Du{\v{s}}an  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Embodied Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1908",
    pages = "59--66",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-etal-2007-design,
    title = "Design and Validation of {ECA} Gestures to Improve Dialogue System Robustness",
    author = "L{\'o}pez, Beatriz  and
      Hern{\'a}ndez, {\'A}lvaro  and
      D{\'\i}az, David  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Rub{\'e}n  and
      Hern{\'a}ndez, Luis  and
      Torre, Doroteo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Embodied Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1909",
    pages = "67--74",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    author = "Bunt, Harry  and
      Merlo, Paola",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2200",
}
@inproceedings{van-noord-2007-using,
    title = "Using Self-Trained Bilexical Preferences to Improve Disambiguation Accuracy",
    author = "van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2201",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{hara-etal-2007-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Impact of Re-training a Lexical Disambiguation Model on Domain Adaptation of an {HPSG} Parser",
    author = "Hara, Tadayoshi  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2202",
    pages = "11--22",
}
@inproceedings{watson-etal-2007-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Training of a Statistical Parser from Unlabeled Partially-bracketed Data",
    author = "Watson, Rebecca  and
      Briscoe, Ted  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2203",
    pages = "23--32",
}
@inproceedings{foster-etal-2007-adapting,
    title = "Adapting {WSJ}-Trained Parsers to the {B}ritish National Corpus using In-Domain Self-Training",
    author = "Foster, Jennifer  and
      Wagner, Joachim  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2204",
    pages = "33--35",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-etal-2007-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Deep Linguistic Processing on Parsing Technology",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      King, Tracy Holloway  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2205",
    pages = "36--38",
}
@inproceedings{djordjevic-etal-2007-improving,
    title = "Improving the Efficiency of a Wide-Coverage {CCG} Parser",
    author = "Djordjevic, Bojan  and
      Curran, James  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2206",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2007-efficiency,
    title = "Efficiency in Unification-Based N-Best Parsing",
    author = "Zhang, Yi  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2207",
    pages = "48--59",
}
@inproceedings{ninomiya-etal-2007-log,
    title = "A log-linear model with an n-gram reference distribution for accurate {HPSG} parsing",
    author = "Ninomiya, Takashi  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2208",
    pages = "60--68",
}
@inproceedings{sofkova-hashemi-2007-ambiguity,
    title = "Ambiguity Resolution by Reordering Rules in Text Containing Errors",
    author = "Sofkova Hashemi, Sylvana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2209",
    pages = "69--79",
}
@inproceedings{shi-2007-nbest,
    title = "Nbest Dependency Parsing with linguistically rich models",
    author = "Shi, Xiaodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2210",
    pages = "80--82",
}
@inproceedings{newman-2007-symbolic,
    title = "Symbolic Preference Using Simple Scoring",
    author = "Newman, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2211",
    pages = "83--92",
}
@inproceedings{shieber-2007-synchronous,
    title = "Synchronous Grammars and Transducers: Good News and Bad News",
    author = "Shieber, Stuart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2212",
    pages = "93",
}
@inproceedings{boullier-sagot-2007-large,
    title = "Are Very Large Context-Free Grammars Tractable?",
    author = "Boullier, Pierre  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2213",
    pages = "94--105",
}
@inproceedings{pan-2007-pomset,
    title = "Pomset mcfgs",
    author = "Pan, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2214",
    pages = "106--108",
}
@inproceedings{frost-etal-2007-modular,
    title = "Modular and Efficient Top-Down Parsing for Ambiguous Left-Recursive Grammars",
    author = "Frost, Richard  and
      Hafiz, Rahmatullah  and
      Callaghan, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2215",
    pages = "109--120",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-satta-2007-complexity,
    title = "On the Complexity of Non-Projective Data-Driven Dependency Parsing",
    author = "McDonald, Ryan  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2216",
    pages = "121--132",
}
@inproceedings{ciaramita-attardi-2007-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing with Second-Order Feature Maps and Annotated Semantic Information",
    author = "Ciaramita, Massimiliano  and
      Attardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2217",
    pages = "133--143",
}
@inproceedings{titov-henderson-2007-latent,
    title = "A Latent Variable Model for Generative Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Titov, Ivan  and
      Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2218",
    pages = "144--155",
}
@inproceedings{tsarfaty-simaan-2007-three,
    title = "Three-Dimensional Parametrization for Parsing Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = "Tsarfaty, Reut  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2219",
    pages = "156--167",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-2007-data,
    title = "Data-Driven Dependency Parsing across Languages and Domains: Perspectives from the {C}o{NLL}-2007 Shared task",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parsing Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2220",
    pages = "168--170",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-european,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2300",
}
@inproceedings{jokinen-2007-quality,
    title = "Quality of Service and Communicative Competence in {NLG} Evaluation",
    author = "Jokinen, Kristiina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2301",
    pages = "3--6",
}
@inproceedings{belz-varges-2007-generation,
    title = "Generation of repeated references to discourse entities",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Varges, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2302",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-etal-2007-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Realisation Ranking for a Free Word Order Language",
    author = "Cahill, Aoife  and
      Forst, Martin  and
      Rohrer, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2303",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{evans-etal-2007-modelling,
    title = "Modelling control in generation",
    author = "Evans, Roger  and
      Weir, David  and
      Carroll, John  and
      Paiva, Daniel  and
      Belz, Anja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2304",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{foster-white-2007-avoiding,
    title = "Avoiding Repetition in Generated Text",
    author = "Foster, Mary Ellen  and
      White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2305",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-kow-2007-spotting,
    title = "Spotting Overgeneration Suspects",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Kow, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2306",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{gatt-etal-2007-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating algorithms for the Generation of Referring Expressions using a balanced corpus",
    author = "Gatt, Albert  and
      van der Sluis, Ielka  and
      van Deemter, Kees",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2307",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2007-generating,
    title = "Generating Politeness in Task Based Interaction: An Evaluation of the Effect of Linguistic Form and Culture",
    author = "Gupta, Swati  and
      Walker, Marilyn  and
      Romano, Daniela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2308",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{harbusch-etal-2007-interactive,
    title = "Interactive sentence combining and paraphrasing in support of integrated writing and grammar instruction: A new application area for natural language sentence generators",
    author = "Harbusch, Karin  and
      van Breugel, Camiel  and
      Koch, Ulrich  and
      Kempen, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2309",
    pages = "65--68",
}
@inproceedings{hielkema-etal-2007-using,
    title = "Using {WYSIWYM} to Create an Open-ended Interface for the Semantic Grid",
    author = "Hielkema, Feikje  and
      Mellish, Chris  and
      Edwards, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2310",
    pages = "69--72",
}
@inproceedings{klabunde-2007-lexical,
    title = "Lexical choice of modal expressions",
    author = "Klabunde, Ralf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2311",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{madnani-etal-2007-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Variability in Sentence Ordering for News Summarization",
    author = "Madnani, Nitin  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca  and
      Ayan, Necip Fazil  and
      Conroy, John  and
      Dorr, Bonnie  and
      Klavans, Judith  and
      O{'}Leary, Dianne  and
      Schlesinger, Judith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2312",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{mancini-etal-2007-visualising,
    title = "Visualising Discourse Structure in Interactive Documents",
    author = "Mancini, Clara  and
      Pietsch, Christian  and
      Scott, Donia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2313",
    pages = "89--92",
}
@inproceedings{power-2007-abstract,
    title = "Abstract verbs",
    author = "Power, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2314",
    pages = "93--96",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-2007-architecture,
    title = "An Architecture for Data-to-Text Systems",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2315",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{sun-mellish-2007-experiment,
    title = "An Experiment on {``}Free Generation{''} from Single {RDF} Triples",
    author = "Sun, Xiantang  and
      Mellish, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2316",
    pages = "105--108",
}
@inproceedings{theune-etal-2007-narrator,
    title = "The Narrator: {NLG} for digital storytelling",
    author = {Theune, Mari{\"e}t  and
      Slabbers, Nanda  and
      Hielkema, Feikje},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2317",
    pages = "109--112",
}
@inproceedings{viethen-dale-2007-capturing,
    title = "Capturing Acceptable Variation in Distinguishing Descriptions",
    author = "Viethen, Jette  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2318",
    pages = "121--122",
}
@inproceedings{callaway-moore-2007-determining,
    title = "Determining tutorial remediation strategies from a corpus of human-human tutoring dialogues",
    author = "Callaway, Charles  and
      Moore, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2319",
    pages = "123--130",
}
@inproceedings{field-ramsay-2007-deep,
    title = "Deep-reasoning-centred Dialogue",
    author = "Field, Debora  and
      Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2320",
    pages = "131--138",
}
@inproceedings{filippova-strube-2007-extending,
    title = "Extending the Entity-grid Coherence Model to Semantically Related Entities",
    author = "Filippova, Katja  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2321",
    pages = "139--142",
}
@inproceedings{galanis-androutsopoulos-2007-generating,
    title = "Generating Multilingual Descriptions from Linguistically Annotated {OWL} Ontologies: the {N}atural{OWL} System",
    author = "Galanis, Dimitrios  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2322",
    pages = "143--146",
}
@inproceedings{hardcastle-2007-cryptic,
    title = "Cryptic Crossword Clues: Generating Text with a Hidden Meaning",
    author = "Hardcastle, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2323",
    pages = "147--150",
}
@inproceedings{kleinbauer-etal-2007-combining,
    title = "Combining Multiple Information Layers for the Automatic Generation of Indicative Meeting Abstracts",
    author = "Kleinbauer, Thomas  and
      Becker, Stephanie  and
      Becker, Tilman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2324",
    pages = "151--154",
}
@inproceedings{mahamood-etal-2007-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Hedged and Non-hedged {NLG} Texts",
    author = "Mahamood, Saad  and
      Reiter, Ehud  and
      Mellish, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2325",
    pages = "155--158",
}
@inproceedings{penning-theune-2007-cueing,
    title = "Cueing the Virtual Storyteller: Analysis of cue phrase usage in fairy tales",
    author = {Penning, Manon  and
      Theune, Mari{\"e}t},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2326",
    pages = "159--162",
}
@inproceedings{thomas-sripada-2007-atlas,
    title = "{A}tlas.txt: Linking Geo-referenced Data to Text for {NLG}",
    author = "Thomas, Kavita  and
      Sripada, Somayajulu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2327",
    pages = "163--166",
}
@inproceedings{williams-etal-2007-generating,
    title = "Generating monologue and dialogue to present personalised medical information to patients",
    author = "Williams, Sandra  and
      Piwek, Paul  and
      Power, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 07)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany},
    publisher = "DFKI GmbH",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2328",
    pages = "167--170",
}
@proceedings{ws-2007-nordic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim  and
      Kaalep, Heiki-Jaan  and
      Muischnek, Kadri  and
      Koit, Mare",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2400",
}
@inproceedings{mccarthy-2007-invited,
    title = "Invited talk: Evaluating Automatic Approaches for Word Meaning Discovery and Disambiguation using Lexical Substitution",
    author = "McCarthy, Diana F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2401",
    pages = "2--2",
}
@inproceedings{daelemans-2007-invited,
    title = "Invited talk: Text Analysis and Machine Learning for Stylometrics and Stylogenetics",
    author = "Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2402",
    pages = "3--3",
}
@inproceedings{alumae-2007-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Compound Word Reconstruction for Speech Recognition of Compounding Languages",
    author = {Alum{\"a}e, Tanel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2403",
    pages = "5--12",
}
@inproceedings{barzdins-etal-2007-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-Based Hybrid Model of Syntactic Analysis for the Languages with a Rather Free Word Order",
    author = "B{\=a}rzdi{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Guntis  and
      Gr{\=u}z{\=\i}tis, Normunds  and
      Ne{\v{s}}pore, Gunta  and
      Saul{\=\i}te, Baiba",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2404",
    pages = "13--20",
}
@inproceedings{bick-nygaard-2007-using,
    title = "Using {D}anish as a {CG} Interlingua: A Wide-Coverage {N}orwegian-{E}nglish Machine Translation System",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard  and
      Nygaard, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2405",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{johannessen-etal-2007-advanced,
    title = "An Advanced Speech Corpus for {N}orwegian",
    author = "Johannessen, Janne Bondi  and
      Hagen, Kristin  and
      Priestley, Joel James  and
      Nygaard, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2406",
    pages = "29--36",
}
@inproceedings{borg-2007-time,
    title = "Time Extraction from Real-time Generated Football Reports",
    author = "Borg, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2407",
    pages = "37--43",
}
@inproceedings{ekman-jarvelin-2007-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Document Retrieval in a Highly Inflectional Language",
    author = {Ekman, Inger  and
      J{\"a}rvelin, Kalervo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2408",
    pages = "44--50",
}
@inproceedings{forsbom-2007-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Baseform Models from a {S}wedish Vocabulary Pool",
    author = "Forsbom, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2409",
    pages = "51--58",
}
@inproceedings{gerassimenko-etal-2007-achieving,
    title = "Achieving Goals in Collaboration: Analysis of {E}stonian Institutional Calls",
    author = {Gerassimenko, Olga  and
      Koit, Mare  and
      R{\"a}{\"a}bis, Andriela  and
      Strandson, Krista},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2410",
    pages = "59--66",
}
@inproceedings{goba-vasiljevs-2007-development,
    title = "Development of Text-To-Speech system for {L}atvian",
    author = "Goba, K{\=a}rlis  and
      Vasi{\c{l}}jevs, Andrejs",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2411",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@inproceedings{granfeldt-nugues-2007-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Stages of Development in Second Language {F}rench: A Machine-Learning Approach",
    author = "Granfeldt, Jonas  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2412",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{harbusch-kempen-2007-clausal,
    title = "Clausal Coordinate Ellipsis in {G}erman: The {TIGER} Treebank as a Source of Evidence",
    author = "Harbusch, Karin  and
      Kempen, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2413",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{duneld-sjobergh-2007-widening,
    title = "Widening the {H}ol{S}um Search Scope",
    author = {Duneld, Martin  and
      Sj{\"o}bergh, Jonas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2414",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{hjelm-2007-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Cross Language Term Equivalents Using Statistical Machine Translation and Distributional Association Measures",
    author = "Hjelm, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2415",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-nugues-2007-extended,
    title = "Extended Constituent-to-Dependency Conversion for {E}nglish",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2416",
    pages = "105--112",
}
@inproceedings{kirt-vainik-2007-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of the Methods of Self-Organizing Maps and Multidimensional Scaling in Analysis of {E}stonian Emotion Concepts",
    author = "Kirt, Toomas  and
      Vainik, Ene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2417",
    pages = "113--120",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2007-extraction,
    title = "The Extraction of Trajectories from Real Texts Based on Linear Classification",
    author = "Li, Hanjing  and
      Zhao, Tiejun  and
      Li, Sheng  and
      Zhao, Jiyuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2418",
    pages = "121--127",
}
@inproceedings{loftsson-rognvaldsson-2007-iceparser,
    title = "{I}ce{P}arser: An Incremental Finite-State Parser for {I}celandic",
    author = {Loftsson, Hrafn  and
      R{\"o}gnvaldsson, Eir{\'\i}kur},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2419",
    pages = "128--135",
}
@inproceedings{megyesi-dahlqvist-2007-swedish,
    title = "The {S}wedish-{T}urkish Parallel Corpus and Tools for its Creation",
    author = "Megyesi, Beata  and
      Dahlqvist, Bengt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2420",
    pages = "136--143",
}
@inproceedings{morales-etal-2007-multivariate,
    title = "Multivariate Cepstral Feature Compensation on Band-limited Data for Robust Speech Recognition",
    author = "Morales, Nicolas  and
      Toledano, Doroteo T.  and
      Hansen, John H. L.  and
      Garrido, Javier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2421",
    pages = "144--151",
}
@inproceedings{rosen-de-smedt-2007-theoretically,
    title = "Theoretically Motivated Treebank Coverage",
    author = "Ros{\'e}n, Victoria  and
      de Smedt, Koenraad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2422",
    pages = "152--159",
}
@inproceedings{saarni-etal-2007-utterance,
    title = "Utterance-Initial Duration of {F}innish Non-Plosive Consonants",
    author = "Saarni, Tuomo  and
      Hakokari, Jussi  and
      Aaltonen, Olli  and
      Isoaho, Jouni  and
      Salakoski, Tapio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2423",
    pages = "160--166",
}
@inproceedings{skadina-etal-2007-comprehension,
    title = "Comprehension Assistant for Languages of Baltic States",
    author = "Skadi{\c{n}}a, Inguna  and
      Vasi{\c{l}}jevs, Andrejs  and
      Deksne, Daiga  and
      Skadi{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Raivis  and
      Goldberga, Linda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2424",
    pages = "167--174",
}
@inproceedings{socher-etal-2007-combining,
    title = "Combining Contexts in Lexicon Learning for Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Socher, Richard  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Osswald, Rainer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2425",
    pages = "175--182",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2007-polynomial,
    title = "Polynomial Charts For Totally Unordered Languages",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2426",
    pages = "183--190",
}
@inproceedings{volk-tidstrom-2007-comparing,
    title = "Comparing {F}rench {PP}-attachment to {E}nglish, {G}erman and {S}wedish",
    author = {Volk, Martin  and
      Tidstr{\"o}m, Frida},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2427",
    pages = "191--198",
}
@inproceedings{warnestal-etal-2007-interview,
    title = "Interview and Delivery: Dialogue Strategies for Conversational Recommender Systems",
    author = {W{\"a}rnest{\aa}l, Pontus  and
      Degerstedt, Lars  and
      J{\"o}nsson, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2428",
    pages = "199--205",
}
@inproceedings{andrist-duneld-2007-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically Fuelled Text Similarity",
    author = {Andrist, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Duneld, Martin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2429",
    pages = "207--211",
}
@inproceedings{charitakis-2007-using,
    title = "Using Parallel Corpora to Create a {G}reek-{E}nglish Dictionary with Uplug",
    author = "Charitakis, Konstantinos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2430",
    pages = "212--215",
}
@inproceedings{cochran-2007-unmediated,
    title = "Unmediated Data-Oriented Generation",
    author = "Cochran, Dave",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2431",
    pages = "216--223",
}
@inproceedings{friberg-heppin-2007-decomposing,
    title = "Decomposing {S}wedish Compounds Using Memory-Based Learning",
    author = "Friberg Heppin, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2432",
    pages = "224--230",
}
@inproceedings{holmqvist-2007-memory,
    title = "Memory-based Learning of Word Translation",
    author = "Holmqvist, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2433",
    pages = "231--234",
}
@inproceedings{jorgensen-2007-clause,
    title = "Clause Boundary Detection in Transcribed Spoken Language",
    author = "J{\o}rgensen, Fredrik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2434",
    pages = "235--239",
}
@inproceedings{jorgensen-2007-effects,
    title = "The Effects of Disfluency Detection in Parsing Spoken Language",
    author = "J{\o}rgensen, Fredrik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2435",
    pages = "240--244",
}
@inproceedings{noklestad-softeland-2007-tagging,
    title = "Tagging a {N}orwegian Speech Corpus",
    author = "N{\o}klestad, Anders  and
      S{\o}fteland, {\AA}shild",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2436",
    pages = "245--248",
}
@inproceedings{ragni-2007-initial,
    title = "Initial Experiments with {E}stonian Speech Recognition",
    author = "Ragni, Anton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2437",
    pages = "249--252",
}
@inproceedings{santaholma-2007-grammar,
    title = "Grammar Sharing Techniques for Rule-based Multilingual {NLP} Systems",
    author = "Santaholma, Marianne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2438",
    pages = "253--260",
}
@inproceedings{starlander-2007-using,
    title = "Using a Wizard of {O}z as a Baseline to Determine which System Architecture is the Best for a Spoken Language Translation System",
    author = "Starlander, Marianne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2439",
    pages = "261--264",
}
@inproceedings{treumuth-2007-method,
    title = "A Method for Recognizing Temporal Expressions in {E}stonian Natural Language Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Treumuth, Margus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2440",
    pages = "265--268",
}
@inproceedings{ahrenberg-2007-lines,
    title = "{L}in{ES}: An {E}nglish-{S}wedish Parallel Treebank",
    author = "Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2441",
    pages = "270--273",
}
@inproceedings{bolanos-ward-2007-posterior,
    title = "Posterior Probability Based Confidence Measures Applied to a Children{'}s Speech Reading Tracking System",
    author = "Bolanos, Daniel  and
      Ward, Wayne H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2442",
    pages = "274--277",
}
@inproceedings{fishel-etal-2007-estonian,
    title = "{E}stonian-{E}nglish Statistical Machine Translation: the First Results",
    author = "Fishel, Mark  and
      Kaalep, Heiki-Jaan  and
      Muischnek, Kadri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2443",
    pages = "278--283",
}
@inproceedings{hall-etal-2007-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Constituency-Dependency Parser for {S}wedish",
    author = "Hall, Johan  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Nilsson, Jens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2444",
    pages = "284--287",
}
@inproceedings{hallsteinsdottir-etal-2007-islenskur,
    title = "{\'I}slenskur Or{\dh}asj{\'o}{\dh}ur {--} Building a Large {I}celandic Corpus",
    author = "Hallsteinsd{\'o}ttir, Erla  and
      Eckart, Thomas  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Quasthoff, Uwe  and
      Richter, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2445",
    pages = "288--291",
}
@inproceedings{hammarstrom-2007-survey,
    title = "A Survey and Classification of Methods for (Mostly) Unsupervised Learning of Morphology",
    author = {Hammarstr{\"o}m, Harald},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2446",
    pages = "292--296",
}
@inproceedings{hartvigsen-etal-2007-marvina,
    title = "Marvina {--} A {N}orwegian Speech-Centric, Multimodal Visitors{'} Guide",
    author = "Hartvigsen, Ole  and
      Harborg, Erik  and
      Amble, Tore  and
      Hallstein Johnsen, Magne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2447",
    pages = "297--304",
}
@inproceedings{henrichsen-2007-norwegian,
    title = "A {N}orwegian Letter-to-Sound Engine with {D}anish as a Catalyst",
    author = "Henrichsen, Peter Juel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2448",
    pages = "305--309",
}
@inproceedings{keizer-morante-2007-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Simulation and Context Dynamics for Dialogue Management",
    author = "Keizer, Simon  and
      Morante, Roser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2449",
    pages = "310--317",
}
@inproceedings{kettunen-2007-managing,
    title = "Managing Keyword Variation with Frequency Based Generation of Word Forms in {IR}",
    author = "Kettunen, Kimmo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2450",
    pages = "318--323",
}
@inproceedings{khanaraksombat-sjobergh-2007-developing,
    title = "Developing and Evaluating a Searchable {S}wedish-{T}hai Lexicon",
    author = {Khanaraksombat, Wanwisa  and
      Sj{\"o}bergh, Jonas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2451",
    pages = "324--328",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-thurin-2007-identification,
    title = "Identification of Entity References in Hospital Discharge Letters",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Thurin, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2452",
    pages = "329--332",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-etal-2007-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Parameters, Based on Corpus Analysis of {E}nglish and {S}wedish Cancer Data, of Relevance for {NLG}",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Toporowska Gronostaj, Maria  and
      Hallett, Catalina  and
      Hardcastle, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2453",
    pages = "333--336",
}
@inproceedings{lounela-2007-anatomy,
    title = "Anatomy of an {XML}-based Text Corpus Server",
    author = "Lounela, Mikko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2454",
    pages = "337--334",
}
@inproceedings{meister-2007-perceptual,
    title = "Perceptual Assessment of the Degree of {R}ussian Accent",
    author = "Meister, Lya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2455",
    pages = "345--348",
}
@inproceedings{merkel-foo-2007-terminology,
    title = "Terminology Extraction and Term Ranking for Standardizing Term {B}anks",
    author = "Merkel, Magnus  and
      Foo, Jody",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2456",
    pages = "349--354",
}
@inproceedings{niemi-koskenniemi-2007-representing,
    title = "Representing Calendar Expressions with Finite-State Transducers that Bracket Periods of Time on a Hierachical Timeline",
    author = "Niemi, Jyrki  and
      Koskenniemi, Kimmo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2457",
    pages = "355--362",
}
@inproceedings{nigol-2007-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Manually Detected and Normalized Disfluencies in Spoken {E}stonian",
    author = "Nigol, Helen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2458",
    pages = "363--366",
}
@inproceedings{piits-etal-2007-designing,
    title = "Designing a Speech Corpus for {E}stonian Unit Selection Synthesis",
    author = "Piits, Liisi  and
      Mihkla, Meelis  and
      Nurk, T{\~o}nis  and
      Kiissel, Indrek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2459",
    pages = "367--371",
}
@inproceedings{rehbein-van-genabith-2007-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Evaluation Measures",
    author = "Rehbein, Ines  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2460",
    pages = "372--379",
}
@inproceedings{riedler-katsikas-2007-development,
    title = "Development of a Modern {G}reek Broadcast-News Corpus and Speech Recognition System",
    author = {Riedler, J{\"u}rgen  and
      Katsikas, Sergios},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2461",
    pages = "380--383",
}
@inproceedings{savela-etal-2007-role,
    title = "Role of Different Spectral Attributes in Vowel Categorization: the Case of Udmurt",
    author = "Savela, Janne  and
      Ojala, Stina  and
      Aaltonen, Olli  and
      Salakoski, Tapio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2462",
    pages = "384--388",
}
@inproceedings{sjobergh-araki-2007-recreating,
    title = "Recreating Humorous Split Compound Errors in {S}wedish by Using Grammaticality",
    author = {Sj{\"o}bergh, Jonas  and
      Araki, Kenji},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2463",
    pages = "389--393",
}
@inproceedings{sundblad-2007-examination,
    title = "A Re-examination of Question Classification",
    author = "Sundblad, H{\aa}kan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2464",
    pages = "394--397",
}
@inproceedings{truu-etal-2007-interpretation,
    title = "Interpretation of Yes/No Questions as Metaphor Recognition",
    author = "Truu, Tarmo  and
      {\~O}im, Haldur  and
      Koit, Mare",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2465",
    pages = "398--401",
}
@inproceedings{wenner-2007-rule,
    title = "Rule-based Logical Forms Extraction",
    author = "Wenner, Cenny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2007)",
    month = may,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu, Estonia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-2466",
    pages = "402--409",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2008-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    author = "Roxas, Rachel Edita O.",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1000",
}
@inproceedings{dayag-2008-discourse,
    title = "The Discourse of Print Advertising in the {P}hilippines: Generic Structures and Linguistic Features",
    author = "Dayag, Danilo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1001",
    pages = "1--15",
}
@inproceedings{johnston-2008-archive,
    title = "From archive to corpus: transcription and annotation in the creation of signed language corpora",
    author = "Johnston, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1002",
    pages = "16--29",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2008-scalar,
    title = "Scalar Implicatures: Pragmatic Inferences or Grammar?",
    author = "Lee, Chungmin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1003",
    pages = "30--45",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2008-nist,
    title = "{NIST} 2007 Language Recognition Evaluation: From the Perspective of {IIR}",
    author = "Li, Haizhou  and
      Ma, Bin  and
      Lee, Kong-Aik  and
      Sim, Khe-Chai  and
      Sun, Hanwu  and
      Tong, Rong  and
      Zhu, Donglai  and
      You, Changhuai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1004",
    pages = "46--57",
}
@inproceedings{pease-2008-call,
    title = "A Call for Executable Linguistics Research",
    author = "Pease, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1005",
    pages = "58--64",
}
@inproceedings{saint-dizier-2008-challenges,
    title = "Some Challenges of Advanced Question-Answering: an Experiment with How-to Questions",
    author = "Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1006",
    pages = "65--73",
}
@inproceedings{shudo-2008-even,
    title = "How Even Revises Expectation in a Scalar Model: Analogy with {J}apanese Mo",
    author = "Shudo, Sachiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1007",
    pages = "74--86",
}
@inproceedings{simons-bird-2008-toward,
    title = "Toward a Global Infrastructure for the Sustainability of Language Resources",
    author = "Simons, Gary  and
      Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1008",
    pages = "87--100",
}
@inproceedings{alam-2008-rule,
    title = "A Rule-based Morpho-semantic Analyzer of the {J}apanese Verb Phrases of Simple Sentences",
    author = "Alam, Yukiko Sasaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1009",
    pages = "101--112",
}
@inproceedings{alcantara-borra-2008-constituent,
    title = "Constituent Structure for {F}ilipino: Induction through Probabilistic Approaches",
    author = "Alcantara, Danniel  and
      Borra, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1010",
    pages = "113--122",
}
@inproceedings{bazar-iii-2008-whos,
    title = "Who{'}s Missing in the Group? Argument Sharing in Core Cosubordinate Construction in {F}ilipino",
    author = "Bazar III, Aquiles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1011",
    pages = "123--130",
}
@inproceedings{chang-ahrens-2008-towards,
    title = "Towards a Model for the Prediction of {C}hinese Novel Verbs",
    author = "Chang, Paul  and
      Ahrens, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1012",
    pages = "131--140",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2008-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Generation of Museum Object Descriptions based on User Model",
    author = "Chen, Hsiao Wei  and
      Lim, Mary Grace  and
      Perez, Patricia Bea  and
      Reyes, Joanna Patricia  and
      Lim, Nathalie Rose",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1013",
    pages = "141--150",
}
@inproceedings{cheung-etal-2008-source,
    title = "Source of Individuation in {M}andarin {C}hinese, a Classifier Language",
    author = "Cheung, Pierina  and
      Li, Peggy  and
      Barner, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1014",
    pages = "151--160",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2008-overcome,
    title = "How to Overcome the Domain Barriers in Pattern-Based Machine Translation System",
    author = "Choi, Sung-Kwon  and
      Lee, Ki-Young  and
      Roh, Yoon-Hyung  and
      Kwon, Oh-Woog  and
      Kim, Young-Gil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1015",
    pages = "161--168",
}
@inproceedings{ekbal-bandyopadhyay-2008-multi,
    title = "Multi-Engine Approach for Named Entity Recognition in {B}engali",
    author = "Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1016",
    pages = "169--178",
}
@inproceedings{go-see-2008-incorporation,
    title = "Incorporation of {W}ord{N}et Features to n-gram Features in a Language Modeler",
    author = "Go, Kathleen  and
      See, Solomon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1017",
    pages = "179--188",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2008-ontology,
    title = "An Ontology of {C}hinese Radicals: Concept Derivation and Knowledge Representation based on the Semantic Symbols of the Four Hoofed-Mammals",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Yang, Ya-Jun  and
      Chen, Sheng-Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1018",
    pages = "189--196",
}
@inproceedings{ito-2008-typology,
    title = "Typology of Comparatives",
    author = "Ito, Satomi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1019",
    pages = "197--206",
}
@inproceedings{jia-yu-2008-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised {C}hinese Verb Metaphor Recognition Based on Selectional Preferences",
    author = "Jia, Yuxiang  and
      Yu, Shiwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1020",
    pages = "207--214",
}
@inproceedings{kang-descles-2008-korean,
    title = "{K}orean Parsing Based on the Applicative Combinatory Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Kang, Juyeon  and
      Descl{\'e}s, Jean-Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1021",
    pages = "215--224",
}
@inproceedings{kang-etal-2008-stress,
    title = "Stress Processing Sensitivity in Reading {K}orean and {E}nglish Words",
    author = "Kang, Yongsoon  and
      Baek, Seunghyun  and
      Yim, Mira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1022",
    pages = "225--234",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-2008-preliminary,
    title = "A Preliminary Study on the Impact of Lexical Concreteness on Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1023",
    pages = "235--244",
}
@inproceedings{lee-jun-2008-constructing,
    title = "Constructing an Ontology of Coherence Relations: An example of {`}causal relation{'}",
    author = "Lee, Hae-Yun  and
      Jun, Sueun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1024",
    pages = "245--252",
}
@inproceedings{liu-kit-2008-improved,
    title = "An Improved Corpus Comparison Approach to Domain Specific Term Recognition",
    author = "Liu, Xiaoyue  and
      Kit, Chunyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1025",
    pages = "253--261",
}
@inproceedings{mahendra-etal-2008-extending,
    title = "Extending an {I}ndonesian Semantic Analysis-based Question Answering System with Linguistic and World Knowledge Axioms",
    author = "Mahendra, Rahmad  and
      Larasati, Septina Dian  and
      Manurung, Ruli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1026",
    pages = "262--271",
}
@inproceedings{manurung-etal-2008-implementation,
    title = "An Implementation of a Flexible Author-Reviewer Model of Generation using Genetic Algorithms",
    author = "Manurung, Ruli  and
      Ritchie, Graeme  and
      Thompson, Henry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1027",
    pages = "272--281",
}
@inproceedings{maxilom-2008-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Change of the Selected {C}ebuano Words",
    author = "Maxilom, Rowanne Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1028",
    pages = "282--289",
}
@inproceedings{ohtani-steedman-2008-japanese,
    title = "On {J}apanese Desiderative Constructions",
    author = "Ohtani, Akira  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1029",
    pages = "290--301",
}
@inproceedings{ota-yamamoto-2008-generating,
    title = "Generating Story Reviews Using Phrases Expressing Emotion",
    author = "Ota, Hiroshi  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1030",
    pages = "302--310",
}
@inproceedings{potisuk-2008-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Prosodics into a Language Model for Spoken Language Understanding of {T}hai",
    author = "Potisuk, Siripong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1031",
    pages = "311--320",
}
@inproceedings{raga-etal-2008-using,
    title = "Using a Word-Space Model to Determine the Relevance of Messages in Anchored Asynchronous Online Discussions",
    author = "Raga, Rodolfo  and
      Raga, Jennifer  and
      Bonus, Erick  and
      Sison, Raymund",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1032",
    pages = "321--330",
}
@inproceedings{sato-etal-2008-trend,
    title = "Trend-based Document Clustering for Sensitive and Stable Topic Detection",
    author = "Sato, Yoshihide  and
      Kawashima, Harumi  and
      Okuda, Hidenori  and
      Oku, Masahiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1033",
    pages = "331--340",
}
@inproceedings{shimada-etal-2008-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Sentence Extraction Using a Hierarchical Directed Acyclic Graph Structure and a Bootstrap Approach",
    author = "Shimada, Kazutaka  and
      Hashimoto, Daigo  and
      Endo, Tsutomu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1034",
    pages = "341--349",
}
@inproceedings{shimada-etal-2008-effective,
    title = "An Effective Speech Understanding Method with a Multiple Speech Recognizer based on Output Selection using Edit Distance",
    author = "Shimada, Kazutaka  and
      Horiguchi, Satomi  and
      Endo, Tsutomu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1035",
    pages = "350--357",
}
@inproceedings{song-choe-2008-relationship,
    title = "The Relationship between Semantic Similarity and Subcategorization Frames in {E}nglish: A Stochastic Test Using {ICE}-{GB} and {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Song, Sanghoun  and
      Choe, Jae-Woong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1036",
    pages = "358--367",
}
@inproceedings{tiu-roxas-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Bilingual Lexicon Extraction for a Minority Target Language",
    author = "Tiu, Eileen Pamela  and
      Roxas, Rachel Edita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1037",
    pages = "368--376",
}
@inproceedings{cuevas-paraboni-2008-using,
    title = "Using {`}Low-cost{'} Learning Features for Pronoun Resolution",
    author = "Cuevas, Ramon  and
      Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1038",
    pages = "377--383",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-etal-2008-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Database Interface for the Community Based Monitoring System",
    author = "Garcia, Krissanne Kaye  and
      Lumain, Ma. Angelica  and
      Wong, Jose Antonio  and
      Yap, Jhovee Gerard  and
      Cheng, Charibeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1039",
    pages = "384--390",
}
@inproceedings{hong-kim-2008-controlled,
    title = "Controlled {K}orean for {K}orean-{E}nglish {MT}",
    author = "Hong, Munpyo  and
      Kim, Chang-Hyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1040",
    pages = "391--396",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2008-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Analysis on Large Scale {C}hinese Short Message Corpus and Automatic Short Message Error Correction",
    author = "Hu, Rile  and
      Tang, Yuezhong  and
      Li, Chen  and
      Wang, Xia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1041",
    pages = "397--403",
}
@inproceedings{huang-lee-2008-contrastive,
    title = "Contrastive Approach towards Text Source Classification based on Top-Bag-of-Word Similarity",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Lee, Lung-Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1042",
    pages = "404--410",
}
@inproceedings{kakimoto-yamamoto-2008-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Troubles from Daily Reports based on Syntactic Pieces",
    author = "Kakimoto, Yoshifumi  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1043",
    pages = "411--417",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2008-needed,
    title = "What is Needed the Most in {MT}-Supported Paper Writing",
    author = "Kim, Chang Hyun  and
      Kwon, Oh-Woog  and
      Kim, Young Kil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1044",
    pages = "418--427",
}
@inproceedings{kim-2008-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Structures of Polysemous Psych-adjectives in {K}orean: A Conceptual Semantics Approach",
    author = "Kim, Ilkyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1045",
    pages = "428--437",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-cabalfin-2008-sign,
    title = "Sign language and Computing in a Developing Country: A Research Roadmap for the Next Two Decades in the {P}hilippines",
    author = "Martinez, Liza  and
      Cabalfin, Ed Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1046",
    pages = "438--444",
}
@inproceedings{ohtake-2008-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Approach for Dialogue Act Classification",
    author = "Ohtake, Kiyonori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1047",
    pages = "445--451",
}
@inproceedings{ong-etal-2008-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Extracting Templates from Examples for {NLP} Tasks",
    author = "Ong, Ethel  and
      Hong, Bryan Anthony  and
      Nu{\~n}ez, Vince Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1048",
    pages = "452--459",
}
@inproceedings{roh-etal-2008-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Coordinate Structures for Machine Translation of {E}nglish Patent Documents",
    author = "Roh, Yoon-Hyung  and
      Lee, Ki-Young  and
      Choi, Sung-Kwon  and
      Kwon, Oh-Woog  and
      Kim, Young-Gil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1049",
    pages = "460--466",
}
@inproceedings{roxas-mula-2008-morphological,
    title = "A Morphological Analyzer for {F}ilipino Verbs",
    author = "Roxas, Robert  and
      Mula, Gersam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1050",
    pages = "467--473",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2008-chunking,
    title = "Chunking with Max-Margin {M}arkov Networks",
    author = "Tang, Buzhou  and
      Wang, Xuan  and
      Wang, Xiaolong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2008",
    address = "The University of the Philippines Visayas Cebu College, Cebu City, Philippines",
    publisher = "De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y08-1051",
    pages = "474--480",
}
@proceedings{alta-2011-australasian,
    title = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    author = "Molla, Diego  and
      Martinez, David",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1000",
}
@inproceedings{buntine-2011-discovery,
    title = "Discovery in Text: Visualisation, Topics and Statistics",
    author = "Buntine, Wray",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1001",
    pages = "2--2",
}
@inproceedings{estival-2011-ozclo,
    title = "{O}z{CLO}: The {A}ustralian Computational Linguistic Olympiad",
    author = "Estival, Dominique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1002",
    pages = "3--3",
}
@inproceedings{molla-sarker-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Grading of Evidence: the 2011 {ALTA} Shared Task",
    author = "Molla, Diego  and
      Sarker, Abeed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1003",
    pages = "4--8",
}
@inproceedings{borschinger-johnson-2011-particle,
    title = "A Particle Filter algorithm for {B}ayesian Wordsegmentation",
    author = {B{\"o}rschinger, Benjamin  and
      Johnson, Mark},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1004",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{jones-etal-2011-formalizing,
    title = "Formalizing Semantic Parsing with Tree Transducers",
    author = "Jones, Bevan  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Goldwater, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1005",
    pages = "19--28",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-2011-parsing,
    title = "Parsing in Parallel on Multiple Cores and {GPU}s",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1006",
    pages = "29--37",
}
@inproceedings{parviz-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using Language Models and Latent Semantic Analysis to Characterise the N400m Neural Response",
    author = "Parviz, Mehdi  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Johnson, Blake  and
      Brock, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1007",
    pages = "38--46",
}
@inproceedings{ishihara-2011-forensic,
    title = "A Forensic Authorship Classification in {SMS} Messages: A Likelihood Ratio Based Approach Using N-gram",
    author = "Ishihara, Shunichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1008",
    pages = "47--56",
}
@inproceedings{kim-cavedon-2011-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Domain-Specific Terms Using a Dictionary",
    author = "Kim, Su Nam  and
      Cavedon, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1009",
    pages = "57--65",
}
@inproceedings{merity-curran-2011-frontier,
    title = "Frontier Pruning for Shift-Reduce {CCG} Parsing",
    author = "Merity, Stephen  and
      Curran, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1010",
    pages = "66--75",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2011-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Thread Linking Structure by Lexical Chaining",
    author = "Wang, Li  and
      McCarthy, Diana  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1011",
    pages = "76--85",
}
@inproceedings{molla-santiago-martinez-2011-development,
    title = "Development of a Corpus for Evidence Based Medicine Summarisation",
    author = "Molla, Diego  and
      Santiago-Martinez, Maria Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1012",
    pages = "86--94",
}
@inproceedings{lareau-etal-2011-collocations,
    title = "Collocations in Multilingual Natural Language Generation: Lexical Functions meet Lexical Functional Grammar",
    author = {Lareau, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      B{\"o}rschinger, Benjamin  and
      Dale, Robert},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1013",
    pages = "95--104",
}
@inproceedings{sarker-etal-2011-outcome,
    title = "Outcome Polarity Identification of Medical Papers",
    author = "Sarker, Abeed  and
      Molla, Diego  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1014",
    pages = "105--114",
}
@inproceedings{wong-etal-2011-topic,
    title = "Topic Modeling for Native Language Identification",
    author = "Wong, Sze-Meng Jojo  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1015",
    pages = "115--124",
}
@inproceedings{cocks-keegan-2011-word,
    title = "A word-based approach for diacritic restoration in M{\=a}ori",
    author = "Cocks, John  and
      Keegan, Te Taka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1016",
    pages = "126--130",
}
@inproceedings{akagi-ursini-2011-interpretation,
    title = "The Interpretation of Complement Anaphorae: the case of The Others",
    author = "Akagi, Nobuagi  and
      Ursini, Francesco-Alessio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1017",
    pages = "131--139",
}
@inproceedings{ursini-akagi-2011-interpretation,
    title = "The Interpretation of Plural Pronouns in Discourse: The Case of They",
    author = "Ursini, Francesco-Alessio  and
      Akagi, Nobuagi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1018",
    pages = "140--147",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning from student responses: A domain-independent natural language tutor",
    author = "Mcdonald, Jenny  and
      Knott, Alistair  and
      Zeng, Richard  and
      Cohen, Ayelet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1019",
    pages = "148--156",
}
@inproceedings{miah-etal-2011-detection,
    title = "Detection of child exploiting chats from a mixed chat dataset as a text classification task",
    author = "Miah, Md. Waliur Rahman  and
      Yearwood, John  and
      Kulkarni, Sid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1020",
    pages = "157--165",
}
@inproceedings{nowina-krowicki-etal-2011-engage,
    title = "{ENGAGE}: Automated Gestures for Animated Characters",
    author = "Nowina-Krowicki, Marcin  and
      Zschorn, Andrew  and
      Pilling, Michael  and
      Wark, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Canberra, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U11-1021",
    pages = "166--174",
}
@proceedings{alta-2005-australasian,
    title = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Curran, James  and
      van Zaanen, Menno",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1000",
}
@inproceedings{flickinger-2005-dimensions,
    title = "Dimensions of Deep Grammar Validation",
    author = "Flickinger, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1001",
    pages = "1--3",
}
@inproceedings{mckeown-2005-text,
    title = "Text Summarization: News and Beyond",
    author = "McKeown, Kathy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1002",
    pages = "4",
}
@inproceedings{sornlertlamvanich-2005-non,
    title = "From Non-segmenting Language Processing to Web Language Engineering",
    author = "Sornlertlamvanich, Virach",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1003",
    pages = "5--6",
}
@inproceedings{mazur-dale-2005-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating Conjunctions in Named Entities",
    author = "Mazur, Pawel  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1004",
    pages = "7--14",
}
@inproceedings{molla-van-zaanen-2005-learning,
    title = "Learning of Graph Rules for Question Answering",
    author = "Molla, Diego  and
      van Zaanen, Menno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1005",
    pages = "15--23",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-kordoni-2005-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Approach towards Unknown Word Type Prediction for Deep Grammars",
    author = "Zhang, Yi  and
      Kordoni, Valia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1006",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{vadas-curran-2005-tagging,
    title = "Tagging Unknown Words with Raw Text Features",
    author = "Vadas, David  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1007",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{mackinlay-baldwin-2005-pos,
    title = "{POS} Tagging with a More Informative Tagset",
    author = "MacKinlay, Andrew  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1008",
    pages = "40--48",
}
@inproceedings{gorman-curran-2005-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting Approximate Similarity Searching with Lexical Information",
    author = "Gorman, James  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1009",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{ghayoomi-assi-2005-word,
    title = "Word Prediction in a Running Text: A Statistical Language Modeling for the {P}ersian Language",
    author = "Ghayoomi, Masood  and
      Assi, Seyyed Mostafa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1010",
    pages = "57--63",
}
@inproceedings{mackinlay-2005-using,
    title = "Using Diverse Information Sources to Retrieve Samples of Low Density Languages",
    author = "MacKinlay, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1011",
    pages = "64--70",
}
@inproceedings{somers-2005-faking,
    title = "Faking it: Synthetic Text-to-speech Synthesis for Under-resourced Languages {--} Experimental Design",
    author = "Somers, Harold",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1012",
    pages = "71--77",
}
@inproceedings{littlefield-broughton-2005-dual,
    title = "Dual-Type Automatic Speech Recogniser Designs for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Littlefield, Jason  and
      Broughton, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1013",
    pages = "78--86",
}
@inproceedings{pham-hoffmann-2005-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Knowledge Acquisition for Extracting Temporal Relations",
    author = "Pham, Son Bao  and
      Hoffmann, Achim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1014",
    pages = "87--95",
}
@inproceedings{dras-cassidy-2005-formal,
    title = "Formal Grammars for Linguistic Treebank Queries",
    author = "Dras, Mark  and
      Cassidy, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1015",
    pages = "96--104",
}
@inproceedings{pizzato-molla-2005-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Exact Answers using a Meta Question Answering System",
    author = "Pizzato, Luiz Augusto  and
      Molla, Diego",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1016",
    pages = "105--112",
}
@inproceedings{musgrave-2005-multimedia,
    title = "Multimedia Presentation of Grammatical Description: Design Issues",
    author = "Musgrave, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1017",
    pages = "113--119",
}
@inproceedings{marshall-etal-2005-structuring,
    title = "Structuring Documents Efficiently",
    author = "Marshall, Robert  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Stuckey, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1018",
    pages = "120--126",
}
@inproceedings{somers-2005-round,
    title = "Round-trip Translation: What Is It Good For?",
    author = "Somers, Harold",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1019",
    pages = "127--133",
}
@inproceedings{fletcher-patrick-2005-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Utility of Appraisal Hierarchies as a Method for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Fletcher, Jeremy  and
      Patrick, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1020",
    pages = "134--142",
}
@inproceedings{yencken-baldwin-2005-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Grapheme-phoneme Alignment for {J}apanese",
    author = "Yencken, Lars  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1021",
    pages = "143--151",
}
@inproceedings{nicholson-baldwin-2005-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Interpretation of Compound Nominalisations",
    author = "Nicholson, Jeremy  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1022",
    pages = "152--159",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-patrick-2005-paraphrase,
    title = "Paraphrase Identification by Text Canonicalization",
    author = "Zhang, Yitao  and
      Patrick, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1023",
    pages = "160--166",
}
@inproceedings{liu-curran-2005-words,
    title = "Words and Word Usage: Newspaper Text versus the Web",
    author = "Liu, Vinci  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1024",
    pages = "167--175",
}
@inproceedings{bernardi-etal-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Induction of a {POS} Tagset for {I}talian",
    author = "Bernardi, Raffaella  and
      Bolognesi, Andrea  and
      Seidenari, Corrado  and
      Tamburini, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1025",
    pages = "176--183",
}
@inproceedings{tian-cao-2005-dual,
    title = "A Dual-Iterative Method for Concept-Word Acquisition from Large-Scale {C}hinese Corpora",
    author = "Tian, Guogang  and
      Cao, Cungen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1026",
    pages = "184--190",
}
@inproceedings{vadas-curran-2005-programming,
    title = "Programming With Unrestricted Natural Language",
    author = "Vadas, David  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1027",
    pages = "191--199",
}
@inproceedings{honnibal-hawker-2005-identifying,
    title = "Identifying {F}rame{N}et Frames for Verbs from a Real-Text Corpus",
    author = "Honnibal, Matthew  and
      Hawker, Tobias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1028",
    pages = "200--206",
}
@inproceedings{hughes-etal-2005-distributed,
    title = "A Distributed Architecture for Interactive Parse Annotation",
    author = "Hughes, Baden  and
      Haggerty, James  and
      Nothman, Joel  and
      Manickam, Saritha  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1029",
    pages = "207--214",
}
@inproceedings{stokes-newman-2005-multi,
    title = "Multi-document Summarisation and the {PASCAL} Textual Entailment Challenge",
    author = "Stokes, Nicola  and
      Newman, Eamonn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1030",
    pages = "215--223",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2005-design,
    title = "Design and Development of a Speech-driven Control for a In-car Personal Navigation System",
    author = "Su, Ying  and
      Bai, Tao  and
      Watson, Catherine I.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1031",
    pages = "224--232",
}
@inproceedings{cavedon-etal-2005-combining,
    title = "Combining Confidence Scores with Contextual Features for Robust Multi-Device Dialogue",
    author = "Cavedon, Lawrence  and
      Purver, Matthew  and
      Ratiu, Florin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1032",
    pages = "233--240",
}
@inproceedings{ivanovic-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Utterance Segmentation in Instant Messaging Dialogue",
    author = "Ivanovic, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2005",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U05-1033",
    pages = "241--249",
}
@proceedings{eacl-1985-european,
    title = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    author = "King, Maghi",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1000",
}
@inproceedings{kornel-1985-natural,
    title = "NATURAL LANGUAGES AND THE CHOMSKY HIERARCHY",
    author = "Kornel, Andras",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1001",
}
@inproceedings{hess-1985-natural,
    title = "HOW DOES NATURAL LANGUAGE QUANTIFY?",
    author = "Hess, Michael",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1002",
}
@inproceedings{stirling-1985-distributives,
    title = "DISTRIBUTIVES, QUANTIFIERS AND A MULTIPLICITY OF EVENTS",
    author = "Stirling, Lesley",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1003",
}
@inproceedings{bainbridge-1985-montagovian,
    title = "MONTAGOVIAN DEFINITE CLAUSE GRAMMAR",
    author = "Bainbridge, R. I.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1004",
}
@inproceedings{van-eynde-etal-1985-specification,
    title = "THE SPECIFICATION OF TIME MEANING FOR MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "van Eynde, Frank  and
      des Tombe, Louis  and
      Maes, Fons",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1005",
}
@inproceedings{haugeneder-1985-atn,
    title = "AN ATN TREATMENT WH-MOVEMENT",
    author = "Haugeneder, Hans",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1006",
}
@inproceedings{popowich-1985-saumer,
    title = "{SAUMER}: SENTENCE ANALYSIS USING METARULES",
    author = "Popowich, Fred",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1007",
}
@inproceedings{ramsay-1985-effective,
    title = "Effective Parsing With Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar",
    author = "Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1008",
}
@inproceedings{slocum-bennett-1985-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of {METAL}: the {LRC} Machine Translation System",
    author = "Slocum, Jonathan  and
      Bennett, Winfield S.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1009",
}
@inproceedings{root-1985-two,
    title = "A TWO-WAY APPROACH TO STRUCTURAL TRANSFER IN MT",
    author = "Root, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1010",
}
@inproceedings{boitet-etal-1985-various,
    title = "VARIOUS REPRESENTATIONS OF TEXT PROPOSED FOR EUROTRA",
    author = "Boitet, Christian  and
      Verastegui, Nelson  and
      Bachut, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1011",
}
@inproceedings{fum-1985-natural,
    title = "NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING AND IHE AUTOMATIC ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE: A SIMULATIVE APPROACH",
    author = "FUM, Danilo",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1012",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-1985-right,
    title = "Right Attachment and Preference Semantics .",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1013",
}
@inproceedings{dunin-keplicz-1985-restrict,
    title = "HOW TO RESTRICT AMBIGUITY OF DISCOURSE",
    author = "Dunin-Keplicz, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1014",
}
@inproceedings{lehtola-etal-1985-language,
    title = "LANGUAGE-BASED ENVIRONMENT FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE PARSING",
    author = {Lehtola, A.  and
      J{\"a}ppinen, H.  and
      Nelimarkka, E.},
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1015",
}
@inproceedings{bestougeff-ligozat-1985-parametrized,
    title = "PARAMETRIZED ABSTRACT OBJECTS FOR LINGUISTIC INFORMATION PROCESSING",
    author = "Bestougeff, Helene  and
      Ligozat, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1016",
}
@inproceedings{salton-1985-representation,
    title = "ON THE REPRESENTATION OF QUERY TERM RELATIONS BY SOFT BOOLEAN OPERATORS",
    author = "Salton, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1017",
}
@inproceedings{altmann-1985-resolution,
    title = "THE RESOLUTION OF LOCAL SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY BY THE HUMAN SENTENCE PROCESSING MECHANISM.",
    author = "Altmann, Gerry",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1018",
}
@inproceedings{pulman-1985-parser,
    title = "A Parser That Doesn{'}t",
    author = "Pulman, S. G.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1019",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-1985-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Difficulties {\&} Phonological Processing in {I}talian",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1020",
}
@inproceedings{wehrli-1985-design,
    title = "DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A LEXICAL DATA BASE",
    author = "Wehrli, Eric",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1021",
}
@inproceedings{kotsanis-maistros-1985-lexifanis,
    title = "{``}Lexifanis{''} A Lexical Analyzer of Modern {G}reek",
    author = "Kotsanis, Yannis  and
      Maistros, Yanis",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1022",
}
@inproceedings{beale-1985-probabilistic,
    title = "A PROBABILISTIC APPROACH TO GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS OF WRITTIN ENGLISH BY COMPUTER.",
    author = "Beale, Andrew David",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1023",
}
@inproceedings{garside-leech-1985-probabilistic,
    title = "A PROBABILISTIC PARSER",
    author = "Garside, Roger  and
      Leech, Fanny",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1024",
}
@inproceedings{alshawi-etal-1985-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS A DICTIONARY SUPPORT ENVIRONMENT FOR REALTIME PARSING",
    author = "Alshawi, Hiyan  and
      Boguraev, Bran  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1025",
}
@inproceedings{koktova-1985-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS A NEW TYPE OF MORPHENIC ANALYSIS",
    author = "Koktova, Eva",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1026",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-pustejovsky-1985-computational,
    title = "A Computational Theory of Prose Style for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "McDonald, David D.  and
      Pustejovsky, James D.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1027",
}
@inproceedings{tait-1985-english,
    title = ".AN ENGLISH GENERATOR FOR A CASE-LABELLED DEPENDENCY REPRESENTATION",
    author = "Tait, John Irving",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1028",
}
@inproceedings{muraki-etal-1985-augmented,
    title = "Augmented Dependency Grammar: A Simple Interface between the Grammar Rule and the Knowledge",
    author = "MURAKI, Kazunori  and
      ICHIYAMA, Shunji  and
      FUKUMOCHI, Yasutomo",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1029",
}
@inproceedings{izumida-etal-1985-natuwal,
    title = "A NATUWAL LANGUAGE INTERFACE USING A WORLD MODEL.",
    author = "Izumida, Yoshio  and
      Ishikawa, Hiroshi  and
      Yoshino, Toshiaki  and
      Hoshiai, Tadashi  and
      Makinouchi, Akifumi",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1030",
}
@inproceedings{berry-rogghe-1985-interpreting,
    title = "INTERPRETING SINGULAR DEFINITE DESCRIPTIONS IN DATABASE QUERIES",
    author = "Berry-Rogghe, Genevieve",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1031",
}
@inproceedings{bree-smit-1985-non,
    title = "NON STANDARD USES OF IF",
    author = "Bree, D.S.  and
      Smit, R.A.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1032",
}
@inproceedings{fimbel-etal-1985-using,
    title = "USING A TEXT MODEL FOR ANALYSIS AND GENERATION",
    author = "FIMBEL, E.  and
      GROSCOT, H.  and
      LANCEL, J.M.  and
      SIMONIN, N.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1033",
}
@inproceedings{gillott-1985-simulation,
    title = "THE SIMULATION OF STRESS PATTERNS IN SYNTHETIC SPEECH - A TWO-LEVEL PROBLEM",
    author = "Gillott, Timothy J.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1034",
}
@inproceedings{johnstone-altmann-1985-automated,
    title = "AUTOMATED SPEECH RECOGNITION: A FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCH",
    author = "Johnstone, Anne  and
      Altmann, Gerry",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1035",
}
@inproceedings{fum-etal-1985-rule,
    title = "A RULE-BASED APPROACH TO EVALUATING IMPORTANCE IN DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS",
    author = "Fum, Danilo  and
      Guida, Giovanni  and
      Tasso, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1036",
}
@inproceedings{patten-1985-problem,
    title = "A PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH TO GENERATING TEXT FROM SYSTEMIC GRAMMARS",
    author = "Patten, Terry",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1037",
}
@inproceedings{parisi-giorgi-1985-gems,
    title = "{GEMS}: A MODEL OF SENTENCE PRODUCTION",
    author = "Parisi, Domenico  and
      Giorgi, Alessandra",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1038",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-sgall-1985-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS AN AUTOMATIC IDENTIPEATION OF TOPIC AND FOCUS",
    author = "Hajicova, Eva  and
      Sgall, Petr",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1039",
}
@inproceedings{morik-1985-user,
    title = "USER MODELLING, DIALOG STRUCTURE, AND DIALOG STRATEGY IN HAM-ANS",
    author = "Morik, Katharina",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1040",
}
@inproceedings{narinyani-simonova-1985-structure,
    title = "THE STRUCTURE OF COMMUNICATIVE CONTEXT OF DIALOGUE INTERACTION",
    author = "Narin{'}yani, A.S.  and
      Simonova, O.P.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Geneva, Switzerland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E85-1041",
}
@proceedings{eacl-1991-european,
    title = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    author = {Kunze, J{\"u}rgen  and
      Reimann, Dorothee},
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1000",
}
@inproceedings{zampolli-1991-towards,
    title = "Towards Reusable Linquistic Resources",
    author = "ZAMPOLLI, A.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1001",
}
@inproceedings{pulman-1991-comparatives,
    title = "COMPARATIVES AND ELLIPSIS",
    author = "Pulman, S. G.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1002",
}
@inproceedings{wahlster-etal-1991-designing,
    title = "DESIGNING ILLUSTRATED TEXTS: HOW LANGUAGE PRODUCTION IS INFLUENCED BY GRAPHICS GENERATION",
    author = "Wahlster, Wolfgang  and
      Andre, Elisabeth  and
      Graf, Winfried  and
      Rist, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1003",
}
@inproceedings{magerrnan-marcus-1991-pearl,
    title = "{P}earl: A Probabilistic Chart Parser",
    author = "Magerrnan, David M.  and
      Marcus, Mitchell P.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1004",
}
@inproceedings{becker-etal-1991-long,
    title = "Long-Distance Scrambling and Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Becker, Tilman  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1005",
}
@inproceedings{lavelli-satta-1991-bidirectional,
    title = "BIDIRECTIONAL PARSING OF LEXICALIZED TREE ADJOINING GRAMMARS",
    author = "Lavelli, Alberto  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1006",
}
@inproceedings{iiegner-1991-horn,
    title = "HORN EXTENDED FEATURE STRUCTURES: FAST UNIFICATION WITH NEGATION AND LIMITED DISJUNCTION",
    author = "IIegner, Stephen J.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1007",
}
@inproceedings{pianesi-1991-indexing,
    title = "INDEXING AND A REFERENTIAL DEPENDENCIES WITHIN BINDING THEORY: COMPUTATIONAL FRAMEWORK",
    author = "Pianesi, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1008",
}
@inproceedings{pinkal-1991-syntactic,
    title = "ON THE. SYNTACTIC-SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF BOUND ANAPHORA",
    author = "Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1009",
}
@inproceedings{latecki-1991-indexing,
    title = "AN INDEXING TECHNIQUE FOR IMPLEMENTING COMMAND RELATIONS",
    author = "Latecki, Longin",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1010",
}
@inproceedings{saint-dizier-1991-processing,
    title = "Processing Language with Logical Types and Active Constraints",
    author = "SAINT-DIZIER, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1011",
}
@inproceedings{leermakers-1991-non,
    title = "Non-deterministic Recursive Ascent Parsing",
    author = "Leermakers, Rene",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1012",
}
@inproceedings{nakazawa-1991-extended,
    title = "AN EXTENDED LR PARSING ALGORITHM FOR GRAMMARS USING FEATURE-BASED SYNTACTIC CATEGORIES",
    author = "Nakazawa, Tsuneko",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1013",
}
@inproceedings{whitelock-1991-sort,
    title = "WHAT SORT OF TREES DO WE SPEAK? A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL OF THE SYNTAX-PROSODY INTERFACE IN TOKYO JAPANESE",
    author = "Whitelock, Pete",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1014",
}
@inproceedings{bilange-1991-task,
    title = "A TASK INDEPENDENT ORAL DIALOGUE MODEL",
    author = "Bilange, Eric",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1015",
}
@inproceedings{bird-blackburn-1991-logical,
    title = "A LOGICAL APPROACH TO ARABIC PHONOLOGY",
    author = "Bird, Steven  and
      Blackburn, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1016",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-popescu-1991-unified,
    title = "A UNIFIED MANAGEMENT AND PROCESSING OF WORD-FORMS, IDIOMS AND ANALYTICAL COMPOUNDS",
    author = "Tufis, Dan  and
      Popescu, Octav",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1017",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-1991-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Unknown Words through Morphological Decomposition",
    author = "Black, Alan W.  and
      van de Plassche, Joke  and
      Williams, Briony",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1018",
}
@inproceedings{gilloux-1991-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC LEARNING OF WORD TRANSDUCERS FROM EXAMPLES",
    author = "Gilloux, Michel",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1019",
}
@inproceedings{busemann-1991-structure,
    title = "STRUCTURE-DRIVEN GENERATION FROM SEPARATE SEMANTIC REPRESENTATIONS",
    author = "Busemann, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1020",
}
@inproceedings{cawsey-1991-using,
    title = "USING PLAUSIBLE INFERENCE RULES IN DESCRIPTION PLANNING",
    author = "Cawsey, Alison",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1021",
}
@inproceedings{fedder-1991-generating,
    title = "Generating Sentences from Different Perspectives",
    author = "Fedder, Lee",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1022",
}
@inproceedings{reinhard-gibbon-1991-prosodic,
    title = "PROSODIC INHERITANCE AND MORPHOLOGICAL GENERALISATIONS",
    author = "Reinhard, Sabine  and
      Gibbon, Dafydd",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1023",
}
@inproceedings{kilbury-etal-1991-datr,
    title = "DATR AS A LEXICAL COMPONENT FOR PATR",
    author = "Kilbury, James  and
      Naerger, Petra  and
      Renz, Ingrid",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1024",
}
@inproceedings{kallgren-1991-parsing,
    title = "Parsing without lexicon: the {M}or{P} system",
    author = "Kallgren, Gunnel",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1025",
}
@inproceedings{fum-etal-1991-teaching,
    title = "TEACHING THE ENGLISH TENSE: INTEGRATING NAIVE AND FORMAL GRAMMARS IN AN INTELLIGENT TUTOR FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING",
    author = "Fum, Danilo  and
      Pani, Bruno  and
      Tasso, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1026",
}
@inproceedings{rimon-1991-recognition,
    title = "THE RECOGNITION CAPACITY OF LOCAL SYNTACTIC CONSTRAINTS",
    author = "Rimon, Mori",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1027",
}
@inproceedings{dale-haddock-1991-generating,
    title = "Generating Referring Expressions Involving Relations",
    author = "Dale, Robert  and
      Haddock, Nicholas",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1028",
}
@inproceedings{cooper-1991-coordination,
    title = "COORDINATION IN UNIFICATION-BASED GRAMMARS",
    author = "Cooper, Richard P.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1029",
}
@inproceedings{damas-varile-1991-formal,
    title = "The Formal and Processing Models of {CLG}",
    author = "DAMAS, Luis  and
      VARILE, Giovanni B.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1030",
}
@inproceedings{bouma-1991-prediction,
    title = "Prediction in Chart Parsing Algorithms for Categorial Unification Grammar",
    author = "Bouma, Gosse",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1031",
}
@inproceedings{crocker-1991-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Interpreters in a Principle-Based Model of Sentence Processing",
    author = "Crocker, Matthew W.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1032",
}
@inproceedings{horacek-1991-exploiting,
    title = "EXPLOITING CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE FOR GENERATING CONCISE EXPLANATIONS",
    author = "HORACEK, HELMUT",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1033",
}
@inproceedings{paducheva-1991-semantic,
    title = "SEMANTIC FEATURES AND SELECTION RESTRICTIONS",
    author = "Paducheva, Elena V.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1034",
}
@inproceedings{barry-etal-1991-proof,
    title = "PROOF FIGURES AND STRUCTURAL OPERATORS FOR CATEGORIAL GRAMMAR",
    author = "Barry, Guy  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Leslie, Neil  and
      Morrill, Glyn",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1035",
}
@inproceedings{wedekind-1991-classical,
    title = "CLASSICAL LOGICS FOR ATTRIBUTE-VALUE LANGUAGES",
    author = "Wedekind, Jurgen",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1036",
}
@inproceedings{rous-1991-computational,
    title = "Computational Aspects of M-grammars",
    author = "Rous, Joep",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1037",
}
@inproceedings{bergler-1991-semantics,
    title = "The Semantics of Collocational Patterns for Reporting Verbs",
    author = "Bergler, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1038",
}
@inproceedings{brent-1991-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS FROM THEIR SYNTACTIC CONTEXTS: AN IMPLEMENTED CLASSIFIER FOR STATIVITY",
    author = "Brent, Michael R.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1039",
}
@inproceedings{veronis-ide-1991-assessment,
    title = "AN ASSESSMENT OF SEMANTIC INFORMATION AUTOMATICALLY EXTRACTED FROM MACHINE READABLE DICTIONARIES",
    author = "Veronis, Jean  and
      Ide, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1040",
}
@inproceedings{jonsson-1991-dialogue,
    title = "A DIALOGUE MANAGER USING INITIATIVE-RESPONSE UNITS AND DISTRIBUTED CONTROL",
    author = "Jonsson, Arne",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1041",
}
@inproceedings{klose-pirlein-1991-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Knowledge for a Natural Language Understanding System",
    author = "Klose, Gudrun  and
      Pirlein, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1042",
}
@inproceedings{neumann-1991-bidirectional,
    title = "A BIDIRECTIONAL MODEL FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Neumann, Gunter",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1043",
}
@inproceedings{vestre-1991-algorithm,
    title = "AN ALGORITHM FOR GENERATING NON-REDUNDANT QUANTIFIER SCOPINGS",
    author = "Vestre, Espen J.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1044",
}
@inproceedings{roeck-etal-1991-helpful,
    title = "HELPFUL ANSWERS TO MODAL AND HYPOTHETICAL QUESTIONS",
    author = "Roeck, Anne De  and
      Ball, Richard  and
      Brown, Keith  and
      Fox, Chris  and
      Groefsema, Marjolein  and
      Obeid, Nadim  and
      Turner, Ray",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1045",
}
@inproceedings{haenelt-konyves-toth-1991-textual,
    title = "THE TEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF NON-STEREOTYPIC CONCEPTS",
    author = "Haenelt, Karin  and
      Konyves{--}Toth, Michael",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1046",
}
@inproceedings{buschbeck-etal-1991-limits,
    title = "LIMITS OF A SENTENCE BASED PROCEDURAL APPROACH FOR ASPECT CHOICE IN GERMAN-RUSSIAN MT",
    author = "BUSCHBECK, Bianka  and
      HENSCHEL, Renate  and
      HOSER, Iris  and
      KLIMONOW, Gerda  and
      KUSTNER, Andreas  and
      STARKE, Ingrid",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1047",
}
@inproceedings{tsujii-fujita-1991-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Transfer based on bilingual signs: Towards interaction during transfer",
    author = "Tsujii, Jun-ich  and
      Fujita, Kimikazu",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1048",
}
@inproceedings{dologlou-etal-1991-preference,
    title = "A PREFERENCE MECHANISM BASED ON MULTIPLE CRITERIA RESOLUTION",
    author = "Dologlou, Yannis  and
      Malnati, Giovanni  and
      Paggio, Patrizia",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1049",
}
@inproceedings{russell-etal-1991-language,
    title = "A Language for the Statement of Binary Relations over Feature Structures",
    author = "Russell, Graham  and
      Ballim, Afzal  and
      Estival, Dominique  and
      Warwick-Armstrong, Susan",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1050",
}
@inproceedings{sadler-thompson-1991-structural,
    title = "STRUCTURAL NON-CORRESPONDENCE IN TRANSLATION",
    author = "Sadler, Louisa  and
      Thompson, Henry S.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1051",
}
@inproceedings{correa-1991-extension,
    title = "An Extension of Earley{'}s Algorithm for S-Attributed Grammars",
    author = "Correa, Nelson",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1052",
}
@inproceedings{lehmann-1991-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS A CORE VOCABULARY FOR A NATURAL LANGUAGE SYSTEM",
    author = "Lehmann, Hubert",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1053",
}
@inproceedings{luckhardt-1991-sublanguages,
    title = "SUBLANGUAGES IN MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Luckhardt, Heinz-Dirk",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1054",
}
@inproceedings{ramsay-1991-common,
    title = "A COMMON FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS AND GENERATION",
    author = "Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "Fifth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berlin, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E91-1055",
}
@proceedings{muc-1998-message,
    title = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1000",
}
@inproceedings{chinchor-1998-overview,
    title = "Overview of {MUC}-7",
    author = "Chinchor, Nancy A.",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1001",
}
@inproceedings{marsh-perzanowski-1998-muc,
    title = "{MUC}-7 Evaluation of {IE} Technology: Overview of Results",
    author = "Marsh, Elaine  and
      Perzanowski, Dennis",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1002",
}
@inproceedings{bagga-1998-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Complexity of a Domain with Respect to an Information Extraction Task",
    author = "Bagga, Amit",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1003",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-etal-1998-description,
    title = "Description of the Oki System as Used for {MUC}-7",
    author = "Fukumoto, J.  and
      Masui, F.  and
      Shimcheta, M.  and
      Saski, M.",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1004",
}
@inproceedings{garigliano-etal-1998-university,
    title = "University of Durham: Description of the {LOLITA} system as Used in {MUC}-7",
    author = "Garigliano, Roberto  and
      Urbanowicz, Agnieszka  and
      Nettleton, David J.",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1005",
}
@inproceedings{lin-1998-using,
    title = "Using Collocation Statistics in Information Extraction",
    author = "Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1006",
}
@inproceedings{humphreys-etal-1998-university,
    title = "University of {S}heffield: Description of the {L}a{SIE}-{II} System as Used for {MUC}-7",
    author = "Humphreys, K.  and
      Gaizauskas, R.  and
      Azzam, S.  and
      Huyck, C.  and
      Mitchell, B.  and
      Cunningham, H.  and
      Wilks, Y.",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1007",
}
@inproceedings{huyck-1998-american,
    title = "{A}merican University in Cairo: Description of the {A}merican University in Cairo{'}s System Used for {MUC}-7",
    author = "Huyck, Christian R.",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1008",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-1998-bbn,
    title = "{BBN}: Description of the {SIFT} System as Used for {MUC}-7",
    author = "Miller, Scott  and
      Crystal, Michael  and
      Fox, Heidi  and
      Ramshaw, Lance  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Stone, Rebecca  and
      Weischedel, Ralph  and
      {The Annotation Group}",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1009",
}
@inproceedings{brady-etal-1998-description,
    title = "Description of Lockheed Martin{'}s {NLT}oolset as Applied to {MUC}-7 ({AATM}7)",
    author = "Brady, Deborah  and
      Childs, Lois  and
      Cassel, David  and
      Magee, Bob  and
      Heintzelman, Norris  and
      Weir, Carl",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1010",
}
@inproceedings{yangarber-grishman-1998-nyu,
    title = "{NYU}: Description of the Proteus/{PET} System as Used for {MUC}-7 {ST}",
    author = "Yangarber, Roman  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1011",
}
@inproceedings{aone-etal-1998-sra,
    title = "{SRA}: Description of the {IE}2 System Used for {MUC}-7",
    author = "Aone, Chinatsu  and
      Halverson, Lauren  and
      Hampton, Tom  and
      Ramos-Santacruz, Mila",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1012",
}
@inproceedings{patten-etal-1998-tasc,
    title = "{TASC}: Description of the {TASC} System Used for {MUC}-7",
    author = "Patten, Terry  and
      Hoffman, Beryl  and
      Thurn, Martin",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1013",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-1998-facile,
    title = "{FACILE}: Description of the {NE} System Used for {MUC}-7",
    author = "Black, William J  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio  and
      Mowatt, David",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1014",
}
@inproceedings{krupka-hausman-1998-isoquest,
    title = "{I}so{Q}uest Inc.: Description of the {N}et{O}wl{\mbox{$^\mbox{TM}$}} Extractor System as Used for {MUC}-7",
    author = "Krupka, George R.  and
      Hausman, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1015",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-1998-description,
    title = "Description of the Kent Ridge Digital Labs System Used for {MUC}-7",
    author = "Yu, Shihong  and
      Bai, Shuanhu  and
      Wu, Paul",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1016",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-1998-description,
    title = "Description of the {NTU} System used for {MET}-2",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Ding, Yung-Wei  and
      Tsai, Shih-Chung  and
      Bian, Guo-Wei",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1017",
}
@inproceedings{borthwick-etal-1998-nyu,
    title = "{NYU}: Description of the {MENE} Named Entity System as Used in {MUC}-7",
    author = "Borthwick, Andrew  and
      Sterling, John  and
      Agichtein, Eugene  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1018",
}
@inproceedings{sekine-1998-description,
    title = "Description of the {J}apanese {NE} System Used for {MET}-2",
    author = "Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1019",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-etal-1998-description-oki,
    title = "Description of the Oki System as Used for {MET}-2",
    author = "Fukumoto, J.  and
      Shimohata, M.  and
      Masui, F.  and
      Saski, M.",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1020",
}
@inproceedings{mikheev-etal-1998-description,
    title = "Description of the {LTG} System Used for {MUC}-7",
    author = "Mikheev, Andrei  and
      Grover, Claire  and
      Moens, Marc",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1021",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-etal-1998-description,
    title = "Description of the {UPENN} {CAMP} System as Used for Coreference",
    author = "Baldwin, Breck  and
      Morton, Tom  and
      Bagga, Amit  and
      Baldridge, Jason  and
      Chandraseker, Raman  and
      Dimitriadis, Alexis  and
      Snyder, Kieran  and
      Wolska, Magdalena",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1022",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1998-appendix,
    title = "Appendix A: Walk-Through Articles with Answer Keys",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1023",
}
@inproceedings{chinchor-1998-appendix,
    title = "Appendix B: {MUC}-7 Test Scores Introduction",
    author = "Chinchor, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1024",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1998-appendix-c,
    title = "Appendix C: {MUC}-7 Statistical Significance Results",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1025",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1998-appendix-muc,
    title = "Appendix D: {MUC}-7 Test Score Reports for all Participants",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1026",
}
@inproceedings{chinchor-marsh-1998-appendix,
    title = "Appendix D: MUC-7 Information Extraction Task Definition (version 5.1)",
    author = "Chinchor, Nancy  and
      Marsh, Elaine",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1027",
}
@inproceedings{chinchor-robinson-1998-appendix,
    title = "Appendix E: MUC-7 Named Entity Task Definition (version 3.5)",
    author = "Chinchor, N.  and
      Robinson, P.",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1028",
}
@inproceedings{hirschman-chinchor-1998-appendix,
    title = "Appendix F: MUC-7 Coreference Task Definition (version 3.0)",
    author = "Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Chinchor, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1029",
}
@inproceedings{douthat-1998-appendix,
    title = "Appendix G: The Message Understanding Conference Scoring Software User{'}s Manual",
    author = "Douthat, A.",
    booktitle = "Seventh Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-7): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Fairfax, Virginia, {A}pril 29 - May 1, 1998",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M98-1030",
}
@proceedings{semeval-2017-joint,
    title = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Herbelot, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1",
}
@inproceedings{finley-etal-2017-analogies,
    title = "What Analogies Reveal about Word Vectors and their Compositionality",
    author = "Finley, Gregory  and
      Farmer, Stephanie  and
      Pakhomov, Serguei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1001",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "Analogy completion via vector arithmetic has become a common means of demonstrating the compositionality of word embeddings. Previous work have shown that this strategy works more reliably for certain types of analogical word relationships than for others, but these studies have not offered a convincing account for why this is the case. We arrive at such an account through an experiment that targets a wide variety of analogy questions and defines a baseline condition to more accurately measure the efficacy of our system. We find that the most reliably solvable analogy categories involve either 1) the application of a morpheme with clear syntactic effects, 2) male{--}female alternations, or 3) named entities. These broader types do not pattern cleanly along a syntactic{--}semantic divide. We suggest instead that their commonality is distributional, in that the difference between the distributions of two words in any given pair encompasses a relatively small number of word types. Our study offers a needed explanation for why analogy tests succeed and fail where they do and provides nuanced insight into the relationship between word distributions and the theoretical linguistic domains of syntax and semantics.",
}
@inproceedings{rajana-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Antonyms with Paraphrases and a Morphology-Aware Neural Network",
    author = "Rajana, Sneha  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Shwartz, Vered",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1002",
    pages = "12--21",
    abstract = "Recognizing and distinguishing antonyms from other types of semantic relations is an essential part of language understanding systems. In this paper, we present a novel method for deriving antonym pairs using paraphrase pairs containing negation markers. We further propose a neural network model, AntNET, that integrates morphological features indicative of antonymy into a path-based relation detection algorithm. We demonstrate that our model outperforms state-of-the-art models in distinguishing antonyms from other semantic relations and is capable of efficiently handling multi-word expressions.",
}
@inproceedings{ponti-etal-2017-decoding,
    title = "Decoding Sentiment from Distributed Representations of Sentences",
    author = "Ponti, Edoardo Maria  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1003",
    pages = "22--32",
    abstract = "Distributed representations of sentences have been developed recently to represent their meaning as real-valued vectors. However, it is not clear how much information such representations retain about the polarity of sentences. To study this question, we decode sentiment from unsupervised sentence representations learned with different architectures (sensitive to the order of words, the order of sentences, or none) in 9 typologically diverse languages. Sentiment results from the (recursive) composition of lexical items and grammatical strategies such as negation and concession. The results are manifold: we show that there is no {`}one-size-fits-all{'} representation architecture outperforming the others across the board. Rather, the top-ranking architectures depend on the language at hand. Moreover, we find that in several cases the additive composition model based on skip-gram word vectors may surpass supervised state-of-art architectures such as bi-directional LSTMs. Finally, we provide a possible explanation of the observed variation based on the type of negative constructions in each language.",
}
@inproceedings{vyas-carpuat-2017-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Asymmetric Semantic Relations in Context: A Case-Study on Hypernymy Detection",
    author = "Vyas, Yogarshi  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1004",
    pages = "33--43",
    abstract = "We introduce WHiC, a challenging testbed for detecting hypernymy, an asymmetric relation between words. While previous work has focused on detecting hypernymy between word types, we ground the meaning of words in specific contexts drawn from WordNet examples, and require predictions to be sensitive to changes in contexts. WHiC lets us analyze complementary properties of two approaches of inducing vector representations of word meaning in context. We show that such contextualized word representations also improve detection of a wider range of semantic relations in context.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-sun-2017-domain,
    title = "Domain-Specific New Words Detection in {C}hinese",
    author = "Chen, Ao  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1005",
    pages = "44--53",
    abstract = "With the explosive growth of Internet, more and more domain-specific environments appear, such as forums, blogs, MOOCs and etc. Domain-specific words appear in these areas and always play a critical role in the domain-specific NLP tasks. This paper aims at extracting Chinese domain-specific new words automatically. The extraction of domain-specific new words has two parts including both new words in this domain and the especially important words. In this work, we propose a joint statistical model to perform these two works simultaneously. Compared to traditional new words detection models, our model doesn{'}t need handcraft features which are labor intensive. Experimental results demonstrate that our joint model achieves a better performance compared with the state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{gharbieh-etal-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning Models For Multiword Expression Identification",
    author = "Gharbieh, Waseem  and
      Bhavsar, Virendrakumar  and
      Cook, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1006",
    pages = "54--64",
    abstract = "Multiword expressions (MWEs) are lexical items that can be decomposed into multiple component words, but have properties that are unpredictable with respect to their component words. In this paper we propose the first deep learning models for token-level identification of MWEs. Specifically, we consider a layered feedforward network, a recurrent neural network, and convolutional neural networks. In experimental results we show that convolutional neural networks are able to outperform the previous state-of-the-art for MWE identification, with a convolutional neural network with three hidden layers giving the best performance.",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-bravo-marquez-2017-emotion,
    title = "Emotion Intensities in Tweets",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Bravo-Marquez, Felipe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1007",
    pages = "65--77",
    abstract = "This paper examines the task of detecting intensity of emotion from text. We create the first datasets of tweets annotated for anger, fear, joy, and sadness intensities. We use a technique called best{--}worst scaling (BWS) that improves annotation consistency and obtains reliable fine-grained scores. We show that emotion-word hashtags often impact emotion intensity, usually conveying a more intense emotion. Finally, we create a benchmark regression system and conduct experiments to determine: which features are useful for detecting emotion intensity; and, the extent to which two emotions are similar in terms of how they manifest in language.",
}
@inproceedings{asghar-etal-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Active Learning for Dialogue Generation",
    author = "Asghar, Nabiha  and
      Poupart, Pascal  and
      Jiang, Xin  and
      Li, Hang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1008",
    pages = "78--83",
    abstract = "We propose an online, end-to-end, neural generative conversational model for open-domain dialogue. It is trained using a unique combination of offline two-phase supervised learning and online human-in-the-loop active learning. While most existing research proposes offline supervision or hand-crafted reward functions for online reinforcement, we devise a novel interactive learning mechanism based on hamming-diverse beam search for response generation and one-character user-feedback at each step. Experiments show that our model inherently promotes the generation of semantically relevant and interesting responses, and can be used to train agents with customized personas, moods and conversational styles.",
}
@inproceedings{cocos-etal-2017-mapping,
    title = "Mapping the Paraphrase Database to {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Cocos, Anne  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1009",
    pages = "84--90",
    abstract = "WordNet has facilitated important research in natural language processing but its usefulness is somewhat limited by its relatively small lexical coverage. The Paraphrase Database (PPDB) covers 650 times more words, but lacks the semantic structure of WordNet that would make it more directly useful for downstream tasks. We present a method for mapping words from PPDB to WordNet synsets with 89{\%} accuracy. The mapping also lays important groundwork for incorporating WordNet{'}s relations into PPDB so as to increase its utility for semantic reasoning in applications.",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2017-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Frame Labeling with Target-based Neural Model",
    author = "Feng, Yukun  and
      Yu, Dong  and
      Xu, Jian  and
      Liu, Chunhua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1010",
    pages = "91--96",
    abstract = "This paper explores the automatic learning of distributed representations of the target{'}s context for semantic frame labeling with target-based neural model. We constrain the whole sentence as the model{'}s input without feature extraction from the sentence. This is different from many previous works in which local feature extraction of the targets is widely used. This constraint makes the task harder, especially with long sentences, but also makes our model easily applicable to a range of resources and other similar tasks. We evaluate our model on several resources and get the state-of-the-art result on subtask 2 of SemEval 2015 task 15. Finally, we extend the task to word-sense disambiguation task and we also achieve a strong result in comparison to state-of-the-art work.",
}
@inproceedings{ferraro-etal-2017-frame,
    title = "Frame-Based Continuous Lexical Semantics through Exponential Family Tensor Factorization and Semantic Proto-Roles",
    author = "Ferraro, Francis  and
      Poliak, Adam  and
      Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1011",
    pages = "97--103",
    abstract = "We study how different frame annotations complement one another when learning continuous lexical semantics. We learn the representations from a tensorized skip-gram model that consistently encodes syntactic-semantic content better, with multiple 10{\%} gains over baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2017-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Prediction of Relations for Entities: The Easy, The Difficult, and The Impossible",
    author = "Gupta, Abhijeet  and
      Boleda, Gemma  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1012",
    pages = "104--109",
    abstract = "Word embeddings are supposed to provide easy access to semantic relations such as {``}male of{''} (man{--}woman). While this claim has been investigated for concepts, little is known about the distributional behavior of relations of (Named) Entities. We describe two word embedding-based models that predict values for relational attributes of entities, and analyse them. The task is challenging, with major performance differences between relations. Contrary to many NLP tasks, high difficulty for a relation does not result from low frequency, but from (a) one-to-many mappings; and (b) lack of context patterns expressing the relation that are easy to pick up by word embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{maredia-etal-2017-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Approaches for Automatic Question Identification",
    author = "Maredia, Angel  and
      Schechtman, Kara  and
      Levitan, Sarah Ita  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1013",
    pages = "110--114",
    abstract = "Collecting spontaneous speech corpora that are open-ended, yet topically constrained, is increasingly popular for research in spoken dialogue systems and speaker state, inter alia. Typically, these corpora are labeled by human annotators, either in the lab or through crowd-sourcing; however, this is cumbersome and time-consuming for large corpora. We present four different approaches to automatically tagging a corpus when general topics of the conversations are known. We develop these approaches on the Columbia X-Cultural Deception corpus and find accuracy that significantly exceeds the baseline. Finally, we conduct a cross-corpus evaluation by testing the best performing approach on the Columbia/SRI/Colorado corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{medic-etal-2017-free,
    title = "Does Free Word Order Hurt? Assessing the Practical Lexical Function Model for {C}roatian",
    author = "Medi{\'c}, Zoran  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1014",
    pages = "115--120",
    abstract = "The Practical Lexical Function (PLF) model is a model of computational distributional semantics that attempts to strike a balance between expressivity and learnability in predicting phrase meaning and shows competitive results. We investigate how well the PLF carries over to free word order languages, given that it builds on observations of predicate-argument combinations that are harder to recover in free word order languages. We evaluate variants of the PLF for Croatian, using a new lexical substitution dataset. We find that the PLF works about as well for Croatian as for English, but demonstrate that its strength lies in modeling verbs, and that the free word order affects the less robust PLF variant.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2017-mixture,
    title = "A Mixture Model for Learning Multi-Sense Word Embeddings",
    author = "Nguyen, Dai Quoc  and
      Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Modi, Ashutosh  and
      Thater, Stefan  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1015",
    pages = "121--127",
    abstract = "Word embeddings are now a standard technique for inducing meaning representations for words. For getting good representations, it is important to take into account different senses of a word. In this paper, we propose a mixture model for learning multi-sense word embeddings. Our model generalizes the previous works in that it allows to induce different weights of different senses of a word. The experimental results show that our model outperforms previous models on standard evaluation tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{ostermann-etal-2017-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Script Events with Narrative Texts",
    author = "Ostermann, Simon  and
      Roth, Michael  and
      Thater, Stefan  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1016",
    pages = "128--134",
    abstract = "Script knowledge plays a central role in text understanding and is relevant for a variety of downstream tasks. In this paper, we consider two recent datasets which provide a rich and general representation of script events in terms of paraphrase sets. We introduce the task of mapping event mentions in narrative texts to such script event types, and present a model for this task that exploits rich linguistic representations as well as information on temporal ordering. The results of our experiments demonstrate that this complex task is indeed feasible.",
}
@inproceedings{rogers-etal-2017-many,
    title = "The (too Many) Problems of Analogical Reasoning with Word Vectors",
    author = "Rogers, Anna  and
      Drozd, Aleksandr  and
      Li, Bofang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1017",
    pages = "135--148",
    abstract = "This paper explores the possibilities of analogical reasoning with vector space models. Given two pairs of words with the same relation (e.g. man:woman :: king:queen), it was proposed that the offset between one pair of the corresponding word vectors can be used to identify the unknown member of the other pair (king - man + woman = queen). We argue against such {``}linguistic regularities{''} as a model for linguistic relations in vector space models and as a benchmark, and we show that the vector offset (as well as two other, better-performing methods) suffers from dependence on vector similarity.",
}
@inproceedings{shutova-etal-2017-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Frames and Visual Scenes: Learning Semantic Role Inventories from Image and Video Descriptions",
    author = "Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Wundsam, Andreas  and
      Yannakoudakis, Helen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1018",
    pages = "149--154",
    abstract = "Frame-semantic parsing and semantic role labelling, that aim to automatically assign semantic roles to arguments of verbs in a sentence, have become an active strand of research in NLP. However, to date these methods have relied on a predefined inventory of semantic roles. In this paper, we present a method to automatically learn argument role inventories for verbs from large corpora of text, images and videos. We evaluate the method against manually constructed role inventories in FrameNet and show that the visual model outperforms the language-only model and operates with a high precision.",
}
@inproceedings{shwartz-etal-2017-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Predicate Paraphrases from News Tweets",
    author = "Shwartz, Vered  and
      Stanovsky, Gabriel  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1019",
    pages = "155--160",
    abstract = "We present a simple method for ever-growing extraction of predicate paraphrases from news headlines in Twitter. Analysis of the output of ten weeks of collection shows that the accuracy of paraphrases with different support levels is estimated between 60-86{\%}. We also demonstrate that our resource is to a large extent complementary to existing resources, providing many novel paraphrases. Our resource is publicly available, continuously expanding based on daily news.",
}
@inproceedings{talmor-etal-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Semantic Parsing against a Simple Web-based Question Answering Model",
    author = "Talmor, Alon  and
      Geva, Mor  and
      Berant, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1020",
    pages = "161--167",
    abstract = "Semantic parsing shines at analyzing complex natural language that involves composition and computation over multiple pieces of evidence. However, datasets for semantic parsing contain many factoid questions that can be answered from a single web document. In this paper, we propose to evaluate semantic parsing-based question answering models by comparing them to a question answering baseline that queries the web and extracts the answer only from web snippets, without access to the target knowledge-base. We investigate this approach on COMPLEXQUESTIONS, a dataset designed to focus on compositional language, and find that our model obtains reasonable performance (∼35 F1 compared to 41 F1 of state-of-the-art). We find in our analysis that our model performs well on complex questions involving conjunctions, but struggles on questions that involve relation composition and superlatives.",
}
@inproceedings{chersoni-etal-2017-logical,
    title = "Logical Metonymy in a Distributional Model of Sentence Comprehension",
    author = "Chersoni, Emmanuele  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Blache, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1021",
    pages = "168--177",
    abstract = "In theoretical linguistics, logical metonymy is defined as the combination of an event-subcategorizing verb with an entity-denoting direct object (e.g., The author began the book), so that the interpretation of the VP requires the retrieval of a covert event (e.g., writing). Psycholinguistic studies have revealed extra processing costs for logical metonymy, a phenomenon generally explained with the introduction of new semantic structure. In this paper, we present a general distributional model for sentence comprehension inspired by the Memory, Unification and Control model by Hagoort (2013,2016). We show that our distributional framework can account for the extra processing costs of logical metonymy and can identify the covert event in a classification task.",
}
@inproceedings{hwang-etal-2017-double,
    title = "Double Trouble: The Problem of Construal in Semantic Annotation of Adpositions",
    author = "Hwang, Jena D.  and
      Bhatia, Archna  and
      Han, Na-Rae  and
      O{'}Gorman, Tim  and
      Srikumar, Vivek  and
      Schneider, Nathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1022",
    pages = "178--188",
    abstract = "We consider the semantics of prepositions, revisiting a broad-coverage annotation scheme used for annotating all 4,250 preposition tokens in a 55,000 word corpus of English. Attempts to apply the scheme to adpositions and case markers in other languages, as well as some problematic cases in English, have led us to reconsider the assumption that an adposition{'}s lexical contribution is equivalent to the role/relation that it mediates. Our proposal is to embrace the potential for construal in adposition use, expressing such phenomena directly at the token level to manage complexity and avoid sense proliferation. We suggest a framework to represent both the scene role and the adposition{'}s lexical function so they can be annotated at scale{---}supporting automatic, statistical processing of domain-general language{---}and discuss how this representation would allow for a simpler inventory of labels.",
}
@inproceedings{kiss-etal-2017-issues,
    title = "Issues of Mass and Count: Dealing with {`}Dual-Life{'} Nouns",
    author = "Kiss, Tibor  and
      Pelletier, Francis Jeffry  and
      Husi{\'c}, Halima  and
      Poppek, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1023",
    pages = "189--198",
    abstract = "The topics of mass and count have been studied for many decades in philosophy (e.g., Quine, 1960; Pelletier, 1975), linguistics (e.g., McCawley, 1975; Allen, 1980; Krifka, 1991) and psychology (e.g., Middleton et al, 2004; Barner et al, 2009). More recently, interest from within computational linguistics has studied the issues involved (e.g., Pustejovsky, 1991; Bond, 2005; Schmidtke {\&} Kuperman, 2016), to name just a few. As is pointed out in these works, there are many difficult conceptual issues involved in the study of this contrast. In this article we study one of these issues {--} the {``}Dual-Life{''} of being simultaneously +mass and +count {--} by means of an unusual combination of human annotation, online lexical resources, and online corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{gilroy-etal-2017-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Graphs with Regular Graph Grammars",
    author = "Gilroy, Sorcha  and
      Lopez, Adam  and
      Maneth, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1024",
    pages = "199--208",
    abstract = "Recently, several datasets have become available which represent natural language phenomena as graphs. Hyperedge Replacement Languages (HRL) have been the focus of much attention as a formalism to represent the graphs in these datasets. Chiang et al. (2013) prove that HRL graphs can be parsed in polynomial time with respect to the size of the input graph. We believe that HRL are more expressive than is necessary to represent semantic graphs and we propose the use of Regular Graph Languages (RGL; Courcelle 1991), which is a subfamily of HRL, as a possible alternative. We provide a top-down parsing algorithm for RGL that runs in time linear in the size of the input graph.",
}
@inproceedings{jauhar-hovy-2017-embedded,
    title = "Embedded Semantic Lexicon Induction with Joint Global and Local Optimization",
    author = "Jauhar, Sujay Kumar  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1025",
    pages = "209--219",
    abstract = "Creating annotated frame lexicons such as PropBank and FrameNet is expensive and labor intensive. We present a method to induce an embedded frame lexicon in an minimally supervised fashion using nothing more than unlabeled predicate-argument word pairs. We hypothesize that aggregating such pair selectional preferences across training leads us to a global understanding that captures predicate-argument frame structure. Our approach revolves around a novel integration between a predictive embedding model and an Indian Buffet Process posterior regularizer. We show, through our experimental evaluation, that we outperform baselines on two tasks and can learn an embedded frame lexicon that is able to capture some interesting generalities in relation to hand-crafted semantic frames.",
}
@inproceedings{eichler-etal-2017-generating,
    title = "Generating Pattern-Based Entailment Graphs for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Eichler, Kathrin  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Krause, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1026",
    pages = "220--229",
    abstract = "Relation extraction is the task of recognizing and extracting relations between entities or concepts in texts. A common approach is to exploit existing knowledge to learn linguistic patterns expressing the target relation and use these patterns for extracting new relation mentions. Deriving relation patterns automatically usually results in large numbers of candidates, which need to be filtered to derive a subset of patterns that reliably extract correct relation mentions. We address the pattern selection task by exploiting the knowledge represented by entailment graphs, which capture semantic relationships holding among the learned pattern candidates. This is motivated by the fact that a pattern may not express the target relation explicitly, but still be useful for extracting instances for which the relation holds, because its meaning entails the meaning of the target relation. We evaluate the usage of both automatically generated and gold-standard entailment graphs in a relation extraction scenario and present favorable experimental results, exhibiting the benefits of structuring and selecting patterns based on entailment graphs.",
}
@inproceedings{becker-etal-2017-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Semantic Clause Types: Modeling Context and Genre Characteristics with Recurrent Neural Networks and Attention",
    author = "Becker, Maria  and
      Staniek, Michael  and
      Nastase, Vivi  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1027",
    pages = "230--240",
    abstract = "Detecting aspectual properties of clauses in the form of situation entity types has been shown to depend on a combination of syntactic-semantic and contextual features. We explore this task in a deep-learning framework, where tuned word representations capture lexical, syntactic and semantic features. We introduce an attention mechanism that pinpoints relevant context not only for the current instance, but also for the larger context. Apart from implicitly capturing task relevant features, the advantage of our neural model is that it avoids the need to reproduce linguistic features for other languages and is thus more easily transferable. We present experiments for English and German that achieve competitive performance. We present a novel take on modeling and exploiting genre information and showcase the adaptation of our system from one language to another.",
}
@inproceedings{sarioglu-kayi-etal-2017-predictive,
    title = "Predictive Linguistic Features of Schizophrenia",
    author = "Sarioglu Kayi, Efsun  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Pauselli, Luca  and
      Compton, Michael  and
      Coppersmith, Glen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1028",
    pages = "241--250",
    abstract = "Schizophrenia is one of the most disabling and difficult to treat of all human medical/health conditions, ranking in the top ten causes of disability worldwide. It has been a puzzle in part due to difficulty in identifying its basic, fundamental components. Several studies have shown that some manifestations of schizophrenia (e.g., the negative symptoms that include blunting of speech prosody, as well as the disorganization symptoms that lead to disordered language) can be understood from the perspective of linguistics. However, schizophrenia research has not kept pace with technologies in computational linguistics, especially in semantics and pragmatics. As such, we examine the writings of schizophrenia patients analyzing their syntax, semantics and pragmatics. In addition, we analyze tweets of (self proclaimed) schizophrenia patients who publicly discuss their diagnoses. For writing samples dataset, syntactic features are found to be the most successful in classification whereas for the less structured Twitter dataset, a combination of features performed the best.",
}
@inproceedings{sachan-xing-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to Solve Geometry Problems from Natural Language Demonstrations in Textbooks",
    author = "Sachan, Mrinmaya  and
      Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1029",
    pages = "251--261",
    abstract = "Humans as well as animals are good at imitation. Inspired by this, the learning by demonstration view of machine learning learns to perform a task from detailed example demonstrations. In this paper, we introduce the task of question answering using natural language demonstrations where the question answering system is provided with detailed demonstrative solutions to questions in natural language. As a case study, we explore the task of learning to solve geometry problems using demonstrative solutions available in textbooks. We collect a new dataset of demonstrative geometry solutions from textbooks and explore approaches that learn to interpret these demonstrations as well as to use these interpretations to solve geometry problems. Our approaches show improvements over the best previously published system for solving geometry problems.",
}
@inproceedings{antonio-rodrigues-etal-2017-ways,
    title = "Ways of Asking and Replying in Duplicate Question Detection",
    author = "Ant{\'o}nio Rodrigues, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Saedi, Chakaveh  and
      Maraev, Vladislav  and
      Silva, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-1030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-1030",
    pages = "262--270",
    abstract = "This paper presents the results of systematic experimentation on the impact in duplicate question detection of different types of questions across both a number of established approaches and a novel, superior one used to address this language processing task. This study permits to gain a novel insight on the different levels of robustness of the diverse detection methods with respect to different conditions of their application, including the ones that approximate real usage scenarios.",
}
@proceedings{semeval-2017-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    author = "Bethard, Steven  and
      Carpuat, Marine  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Mohammad, Saif M.  and
      Cer, Daniel  and
      Jurgens, David",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2",
}
@inproceedings{cer-etal-2017-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity Multilingual and Crosslingual Focused Evaluation",
    author = "Cer, Daniel  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Lopez-Gazpio, I{\~n}igo  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2001",
    pages = "1--14",
    abstract = "Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) measures the meaning similarity of sentences. Applications include machine translation (MT), summarization, generation, question answering (QA), short answer grading, semantic search, dialog and conversational systems. The STS shared task is a venue for assessing the current state-of-the-art. The 2017 task focuses on multilingual and cross-lingual pairs with one sub-track exploring MT quality estimation (MTQE) data. The task obtained strong participation from 31 teams, with 17 participating in \textit{all language tracks}. We summarize performance and review a selection of well performing methods. Analysis highlights common errors, providing insight into the limitations of existing models. To support ongoing work on semantic representations, the \textit{STS Benchmark} is introduced as a new shared training and evaluation set carefully selected from the corpus of English STS shared task data (2012-2017).",
}
@inproceedings{camacho-collados-etal-2017-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2017 Task 2: Multilingual and Cross-lingual Semantic Word Similarity",
    author = "Camacho-Collados, Jose  and
      Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Collier, Nigel  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2002",
    pages = "15--26",
    abstract = "This paper introduces a new task on Multilingual and Cross-lingual SemanticThis paper introduces a new task on Multilingual and Cross-lingual Semantic Word Similarity which measures the semantic similarity of word pairs within and across five languages: English, Farsi, German, Italian and Spanish. High quality datasets were manually curated for the five languages with high inter-annotator agreements (consistently in the 0.9 ballpark). These were used for semi-automatic construction of ten cross-lingual datasets. 17 teams participated in the task, submitting 24 systems in subtask 1 and 14 systems in subtask 2. Results show that systems that combine statistical knowledge from text corpora, in the form of word embeddings, and external knowledge from lexical resources are best performers in both subtasks. More information can be found on the task website: \url{http://alt.qcri.org/semeval2017/task2/}",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-etal-2017-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: Community Question Answering",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Hoogeveen, Doris  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Mubarak, Hamdy  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2003",
    pages = "27--48",
    abstract = "We describe SemEval{--}2017 Task 3 on Community Question Answering. This year, we reran the four subtasks from SemEval-2016: (A) Question{--}Comment Similarity, (B) Question{--}Question Similarity, (C) Question{--}External Comment Similarity, and (D) Rerank the correct answers for a new question in Arabic, providing all the data from 2015 and 2016 for training, and fresh data for testing. Additionally, we added a new subtask E in order to enable experimentation with Multi-domain Question Duplicate Detection in a larger-scale scenario, using StackExchange subforums. A total of 23 teams participated in the task, and submitted a total of 85 runs (36 primary and 49 contrastive) for subtasks A{--}D. Unfortunately, no teams participated in subtask E. A variety of approaches and features were used by the participating systems to address the different subtasks. The best systems achieved an official score (MAP) of 88.43, 47.22, 15.46, and 61.16 in subtasks A, B, C, and D, respectively. These scores are better than the baselines, especially for subtasks A{--}C.",
}
@inproceedings{potash-etal-2017-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2017 Task 6: {\#}{H}ashtag{W}ars: Learning a Sense of Humor",
    author = "Potash, Peter  and
      Romanov, Alexey  and
      Rumshisky, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2004",
    pages = "49--57",
    abstract = "This paper describes a new shared task for humor understanding that attempts to eschew the ubiquitous binary approach to humor detection and focus on comparative humor ranking instead. The task is based on a new dataset of funny tweets posted in response to shared hashtags, collected from the {`}Hashtag Wars{'} segment of the TV show @midnight. The results are evaluated in two subtasks that require the participants to generate either the correct pairwise comparisons of tweets (subtask A), or the correct ranking of the tweets (subtask B) in terms of how funny they are. 7 teams participated in subtask A, and 5 teams participated in subtask B. The best accuracy in subtask A was 0.675. The best (lowest) rank edit distance for subtask B was 0.872.",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2017-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2017 Task 7: Detection and Interpretation of {E}nglish Puns",
    author = "Miller, Tristan  and
      Hempelmann, Christian  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2005",
    pages = "58--68",
    abstract = "A pun is a form of wordplay in which a word suggests two or more meanings by exploiting polysemy, homonymy, or phonological similarity to another word, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. Though a recurrent and expected feature in many discourse types, puns stymie traditional approaches to computational lexical semantics because they violate their one-sense-per-context assumption. This paper describes the first competitive evaluation for the automatic detection, location, and interpretation of puns. We describe the motivation for these tasks, the evaluation methods, and the manually annotated data set. Finally, we present an overview and discussion of the participating systems{'} methodologies, resources, and results.",
}
@inproceedings{derczynski-etal-2017-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2017 Task 8: {R}umour{E}val: Determining rumour veracity and support for rumours",
    author = "Derczynski, Leon  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Liakata, Maria  and
      Procter, Rob  and
      Wong Sak Hoi, Geraldine  and
      Zubiaga, Arkaitz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2006",
    pages = "69--76",
    abstract = "Media is full of false claims. Even Oxford Dictionaries named {``}post-truth{''} as the word of 2016. This makes it more important than ever to build systems that can identify the veracity of a story, and the nature of the discourse around it. RumourEval is a SemEval shared task that aims to identify and handle rumours and reactions to them, in text. We present an annotation scheme, a large dataset covering multiple topics {--} each having their own families of claims and replies {--} and use these to pose two concrete challenges as well as the results achieved by participants on these challenges.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2017-bit,
    title = "{BIT} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: Using Semantic Information Space to Evaluate Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Wu, Hao  and
      Huang, Heyan  and
      Jian, Ping  and
      Guo, Yuhang  and
      Su, Chao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2007",
    pages = "77--84",
    abstract = "This paper presents three systems for semantic textual similarity (STS) evaluation at SemEval-2017 STS task. One is an unsupervised system and the other two are supervised systems which simply employ the unsupervised one. All our systems mainly depend on the (SIS), which is constructed based on the semantic hierarchical taxonomy in WordNet, to compute non-overlapping information content (IC) of sentences. Our team ranked 2nd among 31 participating teams by the primary score of Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) mean of 7 tracks and achieved the best performance on Track 1 (AR-AR) dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{speer-lowry-duda-2017-conceptnet,
    title = "{C}oncept{N}et at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 2: Extending Word Embeddings with Multilingual Relational Knowledge",
    author = "Speer, Robyn  and
      Lowry-Duda, Joanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2008",
    pages = "85--89",
    abstract = "This paper describes Luminoso{'}s participation in SemEval 2017 Task 2, {``}Multilingual and Cross-lingual Semantic Word Similarity{''}, with a system based on ConceptNet. ConceptNet is an open, multilingual knowledge graph that focuses on general knowledge that relates the meanings of words and phrases. Our submission to SemEval was an update of previous work that builds high-quality, multilingual word embeddings from a combination of ConceptNet and distributional semantics. Our system took first place in both subtasks. It ranked first in 4 out of 5 of the separate languages, and also ranked first in all 10 of the cross-lingual language pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{nandi-etal-2017-iit,
    title = "{IIT}-{UHH} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: Exploring Multiple Features for Community Question Answering and Implicit Dialogue Identification",
    author = "Nandi, Titas  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Yimam, Seid Muhie  and
      Gupta, Deepak  and
      Kohail, Sarah  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2009",
    pages = "90--97",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the system for Answer Selection and Ranking in Community Question Answering, which we build as part of our participation in SemEval-2017 Task 3. We develop a Support Vector Machine (SVM) based system that makes use of textual, domain-specific, word-embedding and topic-modeling features. In addition, we propose a novel method for dialogue chain identification in comment threads. Our primary submission won subtask C, outperforming other systems in all the primary evaluation metrics. We performed well in other English subtasks, ranking third in subtask A and eighth in subtask B. We also developed open source toolkits for all the three English subtasks by the name cQARank [\url{https://github.com/TitasNandi/cQARank}].",
}
@inproceedings{donahue-etal-2017-humorhawk,
    title = "{H}umor{H}awk at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 6: Mixing Meaning and Sound for Humor Recognition",
    author = "Donahue, David  and
      Romanov, Alexey  and
      Rumshisky, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2010",
    pages = "98--102",
    abstract = "This paper describes the winning system for SemEval-2017 Task 6: {\#}HashtagWars: Learning a Sense of Humor. Humor detection has up until now been predominantly addressed using feature-based approaches. Our system utilizes recurrent deep learning methods with dense embeddings to predict humorous tweets from the @midnight show {\#}HashtagWars. In order to include both meaning and sound in the analysis, GloVe embeddings are combined with a novel phonetic representation to serve as input to an LSTM component. The output is combined with a character-based CNN model, and an XGBoost component in an ensemble model which achieves 0.675 accuracy on the evaluation data.",
}
@inproceedings{doogan-etal-2017-idiom,
    title = "Idiom Savant at {S}emeval-2017 Task 7: Detection and Interpretation of {E}nglish Puns",
    author = "Doogan, Samuel  and
      Ghosh, Aniruddha  and
      Chen, Hanyang  and
      Veale, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2011",
    pages = "103--108",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system, entitled Idiom Savant, for the 7th Task of the Semeval 2017 workshop, {``}Detection and interpretation of English Puns{''}. Our system consists of two probabilistic models for each type of puns using Google n-gram and Word2Vec. Our system achieved f-score of calculating, 0.663, and 0.07 in homographic puns and 0.8439, 0.6631, and 0.0806 in heterographic puns in task 1, task 2, and task 3 respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{ferrero-etal-2017-compilig,
    title = "{C}ompi{LIG} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: Cross-Language Plagiarism Detection Methods for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Ferrero, J{\'e}r{\'e}my  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Schwab, Didier  and
      Agn{\`e}s, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2012",
    pages = "109--114",
    abstract = "We present our submitted systems for Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) Track 4 at SemEval-2017. Given a pair of Spanish-English sentences, each system must estimate their semantic similarity by a score between 0 and 5. In our submission, we use syntax-based, dictionary-based, context-based, and MT-based methods. We also combine these methods in unsupervised and supervised way. Our best run ranked 1st on track 4a with a correlation of 83.02{\%} with human annotations.",
}
@inproceedings{al-natsheh-etal-2017-udl,
    title = "{U}d{L} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity Estimation of {E}nglish Sentence Pairs Using Regression Model over Pairwise Features",
    author = "Al-Natsheh, Hussein T.  and
      Martinet, Lucie  and
      Muhlenbach, Fabrice  and
      Zighed, Djamel Abdelkader",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2013",
    pages = "115--119",
    abstract = "This paper describes the model UdL we proposed to solve the semantic textual similarity task of SemEval 2017 workshop. The track we participated in was estimating the semantics relatedness of a given set of sentence pairs in English. The best run out of three submitted runs of our model achieved a Pearson correlation score of 0.8004 compared to a hidden human annotation of 250 pairs. We used random forest ensemble learning to map an expandable set of extracted pairwise features into a semantic similarity estimated value bounded between 0 and 5. Most of these features were calculated using word embedding vectors similarity to align Part of Speech (PoS) and Name Entities (NE) tagged tokens of each sentence pair. Among other pairwise features, we experimented a classical tf-idf weighted Bag of Words (BoW) vector model but with character-based range of n-grams instead of words. This sentence vector BoW-based feature gave a relatively high importance value percentage in the feature importances analysis of the ensemble learning.",
}
@inproceedings{maharjan-etal-2017-dt,
    title = "{DT}{\_}{T}eam at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: Semantic Similarity Using Alignments, Sentence-Level Embeddings and {G}aussian Mixture Model Output",
    author = "Maharjan, Nabin  and
      Banjade, Rajendra  and
      Gautam, Dipesh  and
      Tamang, Lasang J.  and
      Rus, Vasile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2014",
    pages = "120--124",
    abstract = "We describe our system (DT Team) submitted at SemEval-2017 Task 1, Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) challenge for English (Track 5). We developed three different models with various features including similarity scores calculated using word and chunk alignments, word/sentence embeddings, and Gaussian Mixture Model(GMM). The correlation between our system{'}s output and the human judgments were up to 0.8536, which is more than 10{\%} above baseline, and almost as good as the best performing system which was at 0.8547 correlation (the difference is just about 0.1{\%}). Also, our system produced leading results when evaluated with a separate STS benchmark dataset. The word alignment and sentence embeddings based features were found to be very effective.",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-etal-2017-fcicu,
    title = "{FCICU} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: Sense-Based Language Independent Semantic Textual Similarity Approach",
    author = "Hassan, Basma  and
      AbdelRahman, Samir  and
      Bahgat, Reem  and
      Farag, Ibrahim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2015",
    pages = "125--129",
    abstract = "This paper describes FCICU team systems that participated in SemEval-2017 Semantic Textual Similarity task (Task1) for monolingual and cross-lingual sentence pairs. A sense-based language independent textual similarity approach is presented, in which a proposed alignment similarity method coupled with new usage of a semantic network (BabelNet) is used. Additionally, a previously proposed integration between sense-based and sur-face-based semantic textual similarity approach is applied together with our proposed approach. For all the tracks in Task1, Run1 is a string kernel with alignments metric and Run2 is a sense-based alignment similarity method. The first run is ranked 10th, and the second is ranked 12th in the primary track, with correlation 0.619 and 0.617 respectively",
}
@inproceedings{shao-2017-hcti,
    title = "{HCTI} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: Use convolutional neural network to evaluate Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Shao, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2016",
    pages = "130--133",
    abstract = "This paper describes our convolutional neural network (CNN) system for Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) task. We calculated semantic similarity score between two sentences by comparing their semantic vectors. We generated semantic vector of every sentence by max pooling every dimension of their word vectors. There are mainly two trick points in our system. One is that we trained a CNN to transfer GloVe word vectors to a more proper form for STS task before pooling. Another is that we trained a fully-connected neural network (FCNN) to transfer difference of two semantic vectors to probability of every similarity score. We decided all hyper parameters empirically. In spite of the simplicity of our neural network system, we achieved a good accuracy and ranked 3rd in primary track of SemEval 2017.",
}
@inproceedings{nagoudi-etal-2017-lim,
    title = "{LIM}-{LIG} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task1: Enhancing the Semantic Similarity for {A}rabic Sentences with Vectors Weighting",
    author = "Nagoudi, El Moatez Billah  and
      Ferrero, J{\'e}r{\'e}my  and
      Schwab, Didier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2017",
    pages = "134--138",
    abstract = "This article describes our proposed system named LIM-LIG. This system is designed for SemEval 2017 Task1: Semantic Textual Similarity (Track1). LIM-LIG proposes an innovative enhancement to word embedding-based model devoted to measure the semantic similarity in Arabic sentences. The main idea is to exploit the word representations as vectors in a multidimensional space to capture the semantic and syntactic properties of words. IDF weighting and Part-of-Speech tagging are applied on the examined sentences to support the identification of words that are highly descriptive in each sentence. LIM-LIG system achieves a Pearson{'}s correlation of 0.74633, ranking 2nd among all participants in the Arabic monolingual pairs STS task organized within the SemEval 2017 evaluation campaign",
}
@inproceedings{spiewak-etal-2017-opi,
    title = "{OPI}-{JSA} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: Application of Ensemble learning for computing semantic textual similarity",
    author = "{\'S}piewak, Martyna  and
      Sobecki, Piotr  and
      Kara{\'s}, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2018",
    pages = "139--143",
    abstract = "Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) evaluation assesses the degree to which two parts of texts are similar, based on their semantic evaluation. In this paper, we describe three models submitted to STS SemEval 2017. Given two English parts of a text, each of proposed methods outputs the assessment of their semantic similarity. We propose an approach for computing monolingual semantic textual similarity based on an ensemble of three distinct methods. Our model consists of recursive neural network (RNN) text auto-encoders ensemble with supervised a model of vectorized sentences using reduced part of speech (PoS) weighted word embeddings as well as unsupervised a method based on word coverage (TakeLab). Additionally, we enrich our model with additional features that allow disambiguation of ensemble methods based on their efficiency. We have used Multi-Layer Perceptron as an ensemble classifier basing on estimations of trained Gradient Boosting Regressors. Results of our research proves that using such ensemble leads to a higher accuracy due to a fact that each member-algorithm tends to specialize in particular type of sentences. Simple model based on PoS weighted Word2Vec word embeddings seem to improve performance of more complex RNN based auto-encoders in the ensemble. In the monolingual English-English STS subtask our Ensemble based model achieved mean Pearson correlation of .785 compared with human annotators.",
}
@inproceedings{espana-bonet-barron-cedeno-2017-lump,
    title = "Lump at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: Towards an Interlingua Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Espa{\~n}a-Bonet, Cristina  and
      Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2019",
    pages = "144--149",
    abstract = "This is the Lump team participation at SemEval 2017 Task 1 on Semantic Textual Similarity. Our supervised model relies on features which are multilingual or interlingual in nature. We include lexical similarities, cross-language explicit semantic analysis, internal representations of multilingual neural networks and interlingual word embeddings. Our representations allow to use large datasets in language pairs with many instances to better classify instances in smaller language pairs avoiding the necessity of translating into a single language. Hence we can deal with all the languages in the task: Arabic, English, Spanish, and Turkish.",
}
@inproceedings{meng-etal-2017-qlut,
    title = "{QLUT} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity Based on Word Embeddings",
    author = "Meng, Fanqing  and
      Lu, Wenpeng  and
      Zhang, Yuteng  and
      Cheng, Jinyong  and
      Du, Yuehan  and
      Han, Shuwang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2020",
    pages = "150--153",
    abstract = "This paper reports the details of our submissions in the task 1 of SemEval 2017. This task aims at assessing the semantic textual similarity of two sentences or texts. We submit three unsupervised systems based on word embeddings. The differences between these runs are the various preprocessing on evaluation data. The best performance of these systems on the evaluation of Pearson correlation is 0.6887. Unsurprisingly, results of our runs demonstrate that data preprocessing, such as tokenization, lemmatization, extraction of content words and removing stop words, is helpful and plays a significant role in improving the performance of models.",
}
@inproceedings{bjerva-ostling-2017-ressim,
    title = "{R}es{S}im at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: Multilingual Word Representations for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = {Bjerva, Johannes  and
      {\"O}stling, Robert},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2021",
    pages = "154--158",
    abstract = "Shared Task 1 at SemEval-2017 deals with assessing the semantic similarity between sentences, either in the same or in different languages. In our system submission, we employ multilingual word representations, in which similar words in different languages are close to one another. Using such representations is advantageous, since the increasing amount of available parallel data allows for the application of such methods to many of the languages in the world. Hence, semantic similarity can be inferred even for languages for which no annotated data exists. Our system is trained and evaluated on all language pairs included in the shared task (English, Spanish, Arabic, and Turkish). Although development results are promising, our system does not yield high performance on the shared task test sets.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2017-itnlp,
    title = "{ITNLP}-{A}i{KF} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: Rich Features Based {SVR} for Semantic Textual Similarity Computing",
    author = "Liu, Wenjie  and
      Sun, Chengjie  and
      Lin, Lei  and
      Liu, Bingquan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2022",
    pages = "159--163",
    abstract = "Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) devotes to measuring the degree of equivalence in the underlying semantic of the sentence pair. We proposed a new system, ITNLP-AiKF, which applies in the SemEval 2017 Task1 Semantic Textual Similarity track 5 English monolingual pairs. In our system, rich features are involved, including Ontology based, word embedding based, Corpus based, Alignment based and Literal based feature. We leveraged the features to predict sentence pair similarity by a Support Vector Regression (SVR) model. In the result, a Pearson Correlation of 0.8231 is achieved by our system, which is a competitive result in the contest of this track.",
}
@inproceedings{zhuang-chang-2017-neobility,
    title = "Neobility at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: An Attention-based Sentence Similarity Model",
    author = "Zhuang, WenLi  and
      Chang, Ernie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2023",
    pages = "164--169",
    abstract = "This paper describes a neural-network model which performed competitively (top 6) at the SemEval 2017 cross-lingual Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) task. Our system employs an attention-based recurrent neural network model that optimizes the sentence similarity. In this paper, we describe our participation in the multilingual STS task which measures similarity across English, Spanish, and Arabic.",
}
@inproceedings{duma-menzel-2017-sef,
    title = "{SEF}@{UHH} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: Unsupervised Knowledge-Free Semantic Textual Similarity via Paragraph Vector",
    author = "Duma, Mirela-Stefania  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2024",
    pages = "170--174",
    abstract = "This paper describes our unsupervised knowledge-free approach to the SemEval-2017 Task 1 Competition. The proposed method makes use of Paragraph Vector for assessing the semantic similarity between pairs of sentences. We experimented with various dimensions of the vector and three state-of-the-art similarity metrics. Given a cross-lingual task, we trained models corresponding to its two languages and combined the models by averaging the similarity scores. The results of our submitted runs are above the median scores for five out of seven test sets by means of Pearson Correlation. Moreover, one of our system runs performed best on the Spanish-English-WMT test set ranking first out of 53 runs submitted in total by all participants.",
}
@inproceedings{kohail-etal-2017-sts,
    title = "{STS}-{UHH} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: Scoring Semantic Textual Similarity Using Supervised and Unsupervised Ensemble",
    author = "Kohail, Sarah  and
      Salama, Amr Rekaby  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2025",
    pages = "175--179",
    abstract = "This paper reports the STS-UHH participation in the SemEval 2017 shared Task 1 of Semantic Textual Similarity (STS). Overall, we submitted 3 runs covering monolingual and cross-lingual STS tracks. Our participation involves two approaches: unsupervised approach, which estimates a word alignment-based similarity score, and supervised approach, which combines dependency graph similarity and coverage features with lexical similarity measures using regression methods. We also present a way on ensembling both models. Out of 84 submitted runs, our team best multi-lingual run has been ranked 12th in overall performance with correlation of 0.61, 7th among 31 participating teams.",
}
@inproceedings{barrow-peskov-2017-umdeep,
    title = "{UMD}eep at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: End-to-End Shared Weight {LSTM} Model for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Barrow, Joe  and
      Peskov, Denis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2026",
    pages = "180--184",
    abstract = "We describe a modified shared-LSTM network for the Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) task at SemEval-2017. The network builds on previously explored Siamese network architectures. We treat max sentence length as an additional hyperparameter to be tuned (beyond learning rate, regularization, and dropout). Our results demonstrate that hand-tuning max sentence training length significantly improves final accuracy. After optimizing hyperparameters, we train the network on the multilingual semantic similarity task using pre-translated sentences. We achieved a correlation of 0.4792 for all the subtasks. We achieved the fourth highest team correlation for Task 4b, which was our best relative placement.",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-etal-2017-mitre,
    title = "{MITRE} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: Simple Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Henderson, John  and
      Merkhofer, Elizabeth  and
      Strickhart, Laura  and
      Zarrella, Guido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2027",
    pages = "185--190",
    abstract = "This paper describes MITRE{'}s participation in the Semantic Textual Similarity task (SemEval-2017 Task 1), which evaluated machine learning approaches to the identification of similar meaning among text snippets in English, Arabic, Spanish, and Turkish. We detail the techniques we explored ranging from simple bag-of-ngrams classifiers to neural architectures with varied attention and alignment mechanisms. Linear regression is used to tie the systems together into an ensemble submitted for evaluation. The resulting system is capable of matching human similarity ratings of image captions with correlations of 0.73 to 0.83 in monolingual settings and 0.68 to 0.78 in cross-lingual conditions, demonstrating the power of relatively simple approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{tian-etal-2017-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: Leverage Kernel-based Traditional {NLP} features and Neural Networks to Build a Universal Model for Multilingual and Cross-lingual Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Tian, Junfeng  and
      Zhou, Zhiheng  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Wu, Yuanbin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2028",
    pages = "191--197",
    abstract = "To address semantic similarity on multilingual and cross-lingual sentences, we firstly translate other foreign languages into English, and then feed our monolingual English system with various interactive features. Our system is further supported by combining with deep learning semantic similarity and our best run achieves the mean Pearson correlation 73.16{\%} in primary track.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2017-purduenlp,
    title = "{P}urdue{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: Predicting Semantic Textual Similarity with Paraphrase and Event Embeddings",
    author = "Lee, I-Ta  and
      Goindani, Mahak  and
      Li, Chang  and
      Jin, Di  and
      Johnson, Kristen Marie  and
      Zhang, Xiao  and
      Pacheco, Maria Leonor  and
      Goldwasser, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2029",
    pages = "198--202",
    abstract = "This paper describes our proposed solution for SemEval 2017 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity (Daniel Cer and Specia, 2017). The task aims at measuring the degree of equivalence between sentences given in English. Performance is evaluated by computing Pearson Correlation scores between the predicted scores and human judgements. Our proposed system consists of two subsystems and one regression model for predicting STS scores. The two subsystems are designed to learn Paraphrase and Event Embeddings that can take the consideration of paraphrasing characteristics and sentence structures into our system. The regression model associates these embeddings to make the final predictions. The experimental result shows that our system acquires 0.8 of Pearson Correlation Scores in this task.",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-2017-rtm,
    title = "{RTM} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: Referential Translation Machines for Predicting Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2030",
    pages = "203--207",
    abstract = "We use referential translation machines for predicting the semantic similarity of text in all STS tasks which contain Arabic, English, Spanish, and Turkish this year. RTMs pioneer a language independent approach to semantic similarity and remove the need to access any task or domain specific information or resource. RTMs become 6th out of 52 submissions in Spanish to English STS. We average prediction scores using weights based on the training performance to improve the overall performance.",
}
@inproceedings{arroyo-fernandez-meza-ruiz-2017-lipn,
    title = "{LIPN}-{IIMAS} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 1: Subword Embeddings, Attention Recurrent Neural Networks and Cross Word Alignment for Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Arroyo-Fern{\'a}ndez, Ignacio  and
      Meza Ruiz, Ivan Vladimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2031",
    pages = "208--212",
    abstract = "In this paper we report our attempt to use, on the one hand, state-of-the-art neural approaches that are proposed to measure Semantic Textual Similarity (STS). On the other hand, we propose an unsupervised cross-word alignment approach, which is linguistically motivated. The neural approaches proposed herein are divided into two main stages. The first stage deals with constructing neural word embeddings, the components of sentence embeddings. The second stage deals with constructing a semantic similarity function relating pairs of sentence embeddings. Unfortunately our competition results were poor in all tracks, therefore we concentrated our research to improve them for Track 5 (EN-EN).",
}
@inproceedings{fialho-etal-2017-l2f,
    title = "{L}2{F}/{INESC}-{ID} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Tasks 1 and 2: Lexical and semantic features in word and textual similarity",
    author = "Fialho, Pedro  and
      Patinho Rodrigues, Hugo  and
      Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa  and
      Quaresma, Paulo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2032",
    pages = "213--219",
    abstract = "This paper describes our approach to the SemEval-2017 {``}Semantic Textual Similarity{''} and {``}Multilingual Word Similarity{''} tasks. In the former, we test our approach in both English and Spanish, and use a linguistically-rich set of features. These move from lexical to semantic features. In particular, we try to take advantage of the recent Abstract Meaning Representation and SMATCH measure. Although without state of the art results, we introduce semantic structures in textual similarity and analyze their impact. Regarding word similarity, we target the English language and combine WordNet information with Word Embeddings. Without matching the best systems, our approach proved to be simple and effective.",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2017-hccl,
    title = "{HCCL} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 2: Combining Multilingual Word Embeddings and Transliteration Model for Semantic Similarity",
    author = "He, Junqing  and
      Wu, Long  and
      Zhao, Xuemin  and
      Yan, Yonghong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2033",
    pages = "220--225",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce an approach to combining word embeddings and machine translation for multilingual semantic word similarity, the task2 of SemEval-2017. Thanks to the unsupervised transliteration model, our cross-lingual word embeddings encounter decreased sums of OOVs. Our results are produced using only monolingual Wikipedia corpora and a limited amount of sentence-aligned data. Although relatively little resources are utilized, our system ranked 3rd in the monolingual subtask and can be the 6th in the cross-lingual subtask.",
}
@inproceedings{gamallo-2017-citius,
    title = "{C}itius at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 2: Cross-Lingual Similarity from Comparable Corpora and Dependency-Based Contexts",
    author = "Gamallo, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2034",
    pages = "226--229",
    abstract = "This article describes the distributional strategy submitted by the Citius team to the SemEval 2017 Task 2. Even though the team participated in two subtasks, namely monolingual and cross-lingual word similarity, the article is mainly focused on the cross-lingual subtask. Our method uses comparable corpora and syntactic dependencies to extract count-based and transparent bilingual distributional contexts. The evaluation of the results show that our method is competitive with other cross-lingual strategies, even those using aligned and parallel texts.",
}
@inproceedings{melka-bernard-2017-jmp8,
    title = "Jmp8 at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 2: A simple and general distributional approach to estimate word similarity",
    author = "Melka, Josu{\'e}  and
      Bernard, Gilles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2035",
    pages = "230--234",
    abstract = "We have built a simple corpus-based system to estimate words similarity in multiple languages with a count-based approach. After training on Wikipedia corpora, our system was evaluated on the multilingual subtask of SemEval-2017 Task 2 and achieved a good level of performance, despite its great simplicity. Our results tend to demonstrate the power of the distributional approach in semantic similarity tasks, even without knowledge of the underlying language. We also show that dimensionality reduction has a considerable impact on the results.",
}
@inproceedings{meng-etal-2017-qlut-semeval,
    title = "{QLUT} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 2: Word Similarity Based on Word Embedding and Knowledge Base",
    author = "Meng, Fanqing  and
      Lu, Wenpeng  and
      Zhang, Yuteng  and
      Jian, Ping  and
      Shi, Shumin  and
      Huang, Heyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2036",
    pages = "235--238",
    abstract = "This paper shows the details of our system submissions in the task 2 of SemEval 2017. We take part in the subtask 1 of this task, which is an English monolingual subtask. This task is designed to evaluate the semantic word similarity of two linguistic items. The results of runs are assessed by standard Pearson and Spearman correlation, contrast with official gold standard set. The best performance of our runs is 0.781 (Final). The techniques of our runs mainly make use of the word embeddings and the knowledge-based method. The results demonstrate that the combined method is effective for the computation of word similarity, while the word embeddings and the knowledge-based technique, respectively, needs more deeply improvement in details.",
}
@inproceedings{jimenez-etal-2017-rufino,
    title = "{RUFINO} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 2: Cross-lingual lexical similarity by extending {PMI} and word embeddings systems with a {S}wadesh{'}s-like list",
    author = "Jimenez, Sergio  and
      Due{\~n}as, George  and
      Gaitan, Lorena  and
      Segura, Jorge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2037",
    pages = "239--244",
    abstract = "The RUFINO team proposed a non-supervised, conceptually-simple and low-cost approach for addressing the Multilingual and Cross-lingual Semantic Word Similarity challenge at SemEval 2017. The proposed systems were cross-lingual extensions of popular monolingual lexical similarity approaches such as PMI and word2vec. The extensions were possible by means of a small parallel list of concepts similar to the Swadesh{'}s list, which we obtained in a semi-automatic way. In spite of its simplicity, our approach showed to be effective obtaining statistically-significant and consistent results in all datasets proposed for the task. Besides, we provide some research directions for improving this novel and affordable approach.",
}
@inproceedings{mensa-etal-2017-merali,
    title = "{MERALI} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 2 Subtask 1: a Cognitively Inspired approach",
    author = "Mensa, Enrico  and
      Radicioni, Daniele P.  and
      Lieto, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2038",
    pages = "245--249",
    abstract = "In this paper we report on the participation of the MERALI system to the SemEval Task 2 Subtask 1. The MERALI system approaches conceptual similarity through a simple, cognitively inspired, heuristics; it builds on a linguistic resource, the TTCS-e, that relies on BabelNet, NASARI and ConceptNet. The linguistic resource in fact contains a novel mixture of common-sense and encyclopedic knowledge. The obtained results point out that there is ample room for improvement, so that they are used to elaborate on present limitations and on future steps.",
}
@inproceedings{qasemizadeh-kallmeyer-2017-hhu,
    title = "{HHU} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 2: Fast Hash-Based Embeddings for Semantic Word Similarity Assessment",
    author = "QasemiZadeh, Behrang  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2039",
    pages = "250--255",
    abstract = "This paper describes the HHU system that participated in Task 2 of SemEval 2017, Multilingual and Cross-lingual Semantic Word Similarity. We introduce our unsupervised embedding learning technique and describe how it was employed and configured to address the problems of monolingual and multilingual word similarity measurement. This paper reports from empirical evaluations on the benchmark provided by the task{'}s organizers.",
}
@inproceedings{ranjbar-etal-2017-mahtab,
    title = "Mahtab at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 2: Combination of Corpus-based and Knowledge-based Methods to Measure Semantic Word Similarity",
    author = "Ranjbar, Niloofar  and
      Mashhadirajab, Fatemeh  and
      Shamsfard, Mehrnoush  and
      Hosseini pour, Rayeheh  and
      Vahid pour, Aryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2040",
    pages = "256--260",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our proposed method for measuring semantic similarity for a given pair of words at SemEval-2017 monolingual semantic word similarity task. We use a combination of knowledge-based and corpus-based techniques. We use FarsNet, the Persian Word Net, besides deep learning techniques to extract the similarity of words. We evaluated our proposed approach on Persian (Farsi) test data at SemEval-2017. It outperformed the other participants and ranked the first in the challenge.",
}
@inproceedings{delli-bovi-raganato-2017-sew,
    title = "Sew-Embed at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 2: Language-Independent Concept Representations from a Semantically Enriched {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Delli Bovi, Claudio  and
      Raganato, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2041",
    pages = "261--266",
    abstract = "This paper describes Sew-Embed, our language-independent approach to multilingual and cross-lingual semantic word similarity as part of the SemEval-2017 Task 2. We leverage the Wikipedia-based concept representations developed by Raganato et al. (2016), and propose an embedded augmentation of their explicit high-dimensional vectors, which we obtain by plugging in an arbitrary word (or sense) embedding representation, and computing a weighted average in the continuous vector space. We evaluate Sew-Embed with two different off-the-shelf embedding representations, and report their performances across all monolingual and cross-lingual benchmarks available for the task. Despite its simplicity, especially compared with supervised or overly tuned approaches, Sew-Embed achieves competitive results in the cross-lingual setting (3rd best result in the global ranking of subtask 2, score 0.56).",
}
@inproceedings{rotari-etal-2017-wild,
    title = "Wild Devs{'} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 2: Using Neural Networks to Discover Word Similarity",
    author = "Rotari, R{\u{a}}zvan-Gabriel  and
      Hulub, Ionu{\textcommabelow{t}}  and
      Oprea, {\textcommabelow{S}}tefan  and
      Pl{\u{a}}mad{\u{a}}-Onofrei, Mihaela  and
      Loren{\c{t}}, Alina Beatrice  and
      Preisler, Raluca  and
      Iftene, Adrian  and
      Trandab{\u{a}}{\textcommabelow{t}}, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2042",
    pages = "267--270",
    abstract = "This paper presents Wild Devs{'} participation in the SemEval-2017 Task 2 {``}Multi-lingual and Cross-lingual Semantic Word Similarity{''}, which tries to automatically measure the semantic similarity between two words. The system was build using neural networks, having as input a collection of word pairs, whereas the output consists of a list of scores, from 0 to 4, corresponding to the degree of similarity between the word pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{qwaider-etal-2017-trentoteam,
    title = "{T}rento{T}eam at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: An application of Grice Maxims in Ranking Community Question Answers",
    author = "Qwaider, Mohammed R. H.  and
      Freihat, Abed Alhakim  and
      Giunchiglia, Fausto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2043",
    pages = "271--274",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the Tren-toTeam system which participated to thetask 3 at SemEval-2017 (Nakov et al.,2017).We concentrated our work onapplying Grice Maxims(used in manystate-of-the-art Machine learning applica-tions(Vogel et al., 2013; Kheirabadiand Aghagolzadeh, 2012; Dale and Re-iter, 1995; Franke, 2011)) to ranking an-swers of a question by answers relevancy.Particularly, we created a ranker systembased on relevancy scores, assigned by 3main components: Named entity recogni-tion, similarity score, sentiment analysis.Our system obtained a comparable resultsto Machine learning systems.",
}
@inproceedings{el-adlouni-etal-2017-upc,
    title = "{UPC}-{USMBA} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: Combining multiple approaches for {CQA} for {A}rabic",
    author = "El Adlouni, Yassine  and
      Lahbari, Imane  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Horacio  and
      Meknassi, Mohammed  and
      El Alaoui, Said Ouatik  and
      Ennahnahi, Noureddine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2044",
    pages = "275--279",
    abstract = "This paper presents a description of the participation of the UPC-USMBA team in the SemEval 2017 Task 3, subtask D, Arabic. Our approach for facing the task is based on a combination of a set of atomic classifiers. The atomic classifiers include lexical string based, based on vectorial representations and rulebased. Several combination approaches have been tried.",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2017-beihang,
    title = "Beihang-{MSRA} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: A Ranking System with Neural Matching Features for Community Question Answering",
    author = "Feng, Wenzheng  and
      Wu, Yu  and
      Wu, Wei  and
      Li, Zhoujun  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2045",
    pages = "280--286",
    abstract = "This paper presents the system in SemEval-2017 Task 3, Community Question Answering (CQA). We develop a ranking system that is capable of capturing semantic relations between text pairs with little word overlap. In addition to traditional NLP features, we introduce several neural network based matching features which enable our system to measure text similarity beyond lexicons. Our system significantly outperforms baseline methods and holds the second place in Subtask A and the fifth place in Subtask B, which demonstrates its efficacy on answer selection and question retrieval.",
}
@inproceedings{rodrigues-couto-2017-mors,
    title = "{M}o{RS} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: Easy to use {SVM} in Ranking Tasks",
    author = "Rodrigues, Miguel J.  and
      Couto, Francisco M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2046",
    pages = "287--291",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system, dubbed MoRS (Modular Ranking System), pronounced {`}Morse{'}, which participated in Task 3 of SemEval-2017. We used MoRS to perform the Community Question Answering Task 3, which consisted on reordering a set of comments according to their usefulness in answering the question in the thread. This was made for a large collection of questions created by a user community. As for this challenge we wanted to go back to simple, easy-to-use, and somewhat forgotten technologies that we think, in the hands of non-expert people, could be reused in their own data sets. Some of our techniques included the annotation of text, the retrieval of meta-data for each comment, POS tagging and Named Entity Recognition, among others. These gave place to syntactical analysis and semantic measurements. Finally we show and discuss our results and the context of our approach, which is part of a more comprehensive system in development, named MoQA.",
}
@inproceedings{xie-etal-2017-eica,
    title = "{EICA} Team at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: Semantic and Metadata-based Features for Community Question Answering",
    author = "Xie, Yufei  and
      Wang, Maoquan  and
      Ma, Jing  and
      Jiang, Jian  and
      Lu, Zhao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2047",
    pages = "292--298",
    abstract = "We describe our system for participating in SemEval-2017 Task 3 on Community Question Answering. Our approach relies on combining a rich set of various types of features: semantic and metadata. The most important group turned out to be the metadata feature and the semantic vectors trained on QatarLiving data. In the main Subtask C, our primary submission was ranked fourth, with a MAP of 13.48 and accuracy of 97.08. In Subtask A, our primary submission get into the top 50{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{attardi-etal-2017-fa3l,
    title = "{FA}3{L} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: A {T}h{R}ee Embeddings Recurrent Neural Network for Question Answering",
    author = "Attardi, Giuseppe  and
      Carta, Antonio  and
      Errica, Federico  and
      Madotto, Andrea  and
      Pannitto, Ludovica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2048",
    pages = "299--304",
    abstract = "In this paper we present ThReeNN, a model for Community Question Answering, Task 3, of SemEval-2017. The proposed model exploits both syntactic and semantic information to build a single and meaningful embedding space. Using a dependency parser in combination with word embeddings, the model creates sequences of inputs for a Recurrent Neural Network, which are then used for the ranking purposes of the Task. The score obtained on the official test data shows promising results.",
}
@inproceedings{qi-etal-2017-scir,
    title = "{SCIR}-{QA} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: {CNN} Model Based on Similar and Dissimilar Information between Keywords for Question Similarity",
    author = "Qi, Le  and
      Zhang, Yu  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2049",
    pages = "305--309",
    abstract = "We describe a method of calculating the similarity of questions in community QA. Question in cQA are usually very long and there are a lot of useless information about calculating the similarity of questions. Therefore,we implement a CNN model based on similar and dissimilar information between question{'}s keywords. We extract the keywords of questions, and then model the similar and dissimilar information between the keywords, and use the CNN model to calculate the similarity.",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-2017-learningtoquestion,
    title = "{L}earning{T}o{Q}uestion at {S}em{E}val 2017 Task 3: Ranking Similar Questions by Learning to Rank Using Rich Features",
    author = "Goyal, Naman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2050",
    pages = "310--314",
    abstract = "This paper describes our official entry LearningToQuestion for SemEval 2017 task 3 community question answer, subtask B. The objective is to rerank questions obtained in web forum as per their similarity to original question. Our system uses pairwise learning to rank methods on rich set of hand designed and representation learning features. We use various semantic features that help our system to achieve promising results on the task. The system achieved second highest results on official metrics MAP and good results on other search metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{charlet-damnati-2017-simbow,
    title = "{S}im{B}ow at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: Soft-Cosine Semantic Similarity between Questions for Community Question Answering",
    author = "Charlet, Delphine  and
      Damnati, G{\'e}raldine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2051",
    pages = "315--319",
    abstract = "This paper describes the SimBow system submitted at SemEval2017-Task3, for the question-question similarity subtask B. The proposed approach is a supervised combination of different unsupervised textual similarities. These textual similarities rely on the introduction of a relation matrix in the classical cosine similarity between bag-of-words, so as to get a soft-cosine that takes into account relations between words. According to the type of relation matrix embedded in the soft-cosine, semantic or lexical relations can be considered. Our system ranked first among the official submissions of subtask B.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-furongwang,
    title = "{F}u{R}ong{W}ang at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: Deep Neural Networks for Selecting Relevant Answers in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Zhang, Sheng  and
      Cheng, Jiajun  and
      Wang, Hui  and
      Zhang, Xin  and
      Li, Pei  and
      Ding, Zhaoyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2052",
    pages = "320--325",
    abstract = "We describes deep neural networks frameworks in this paper to address the community question answering (cQA) ranking task (SemEval-2017 task 3). Convolutional neural networks and bi-directional long-short term memory networks are applied in our methods to extract semantic information from questions and answers (comments). In addition, in order to take the full advantage of question-comment semantic relevance, we deploy interaction layer and augmented features before calculating the similarity. The results show that our methods have the great effectiveness for both subtask A and subtask C.",
}
@inproceedings{filice-etal-2017-kelp,
    title = "{K}e{LP} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: Learning Pairwise Patterns in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Filice, Simone  and
      Da San Martino, Giovanni  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2053",
    pages = "326--333",
    abstract = "This paper describes the KeLP system participating in the SemEval-2017 community Question Answering (cQA) task. The system is a refinement of the kernel-based sentence pair modeling we proposed for the previous year challenge. It is implemented within the Kernel-based Learning Platform called KeLP, from which we inherit the team{'}s name. Our primary submission ranked first in subtask A, and third in subtasks B and C, being the only systems appearing in the top-3 ranking for all the English subtasks. This shows that the proposed framework, which has minor variations among the three subtasks, is extremely flexible and effective in tackling learning tasks defined on sentence pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{deriu-cieliebak-2017-swissalps,
    title = "{S}wiss{A}lps at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: Attention-based Convolutional Neural Network for Community Question Answering",
    author = "Deriu, Jan Milan  and
      Cieliebak, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2054",
    pages = "334--338",
    abstract = "In this paper we propose a system for reranking answers for a given question. Our method builds on a siamese CNN architecture which is extended by two attention mechanisms. The approach was evaluated on the datasets of the SemEval-2017 competition for Community Question Answering (cQA), where it achieved 7th place obtaining a MAP score of 86:24 points on the Question-Comment Similarity subtask.",
}
@inproceedings{saina-etal-2017-takelab,
    title = "{T}ake{L}ab-{QA} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: Classification Experiments for Answer Retrieval in Community {QA}",
    author = "{\v{S}}aina, Filip  and
      Kukurin, Toni  and
      Pulji{\'c}, Lukrecija  and
      Karan, Mladen  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2055",
    pages = "339--343",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the TakeLab-QA entry to SemEval 2017 task 3, which is a question-comment re-ranking problem. We present a classification based approach, including two supervised learning models {--} Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). We use features based on different semantic similarity models (e.g., Latent Dirichlet Allocation), as well as features based on several types of pre-trained word embeddings. Moreover, we also use some hand-crafted task-specific features. For training, our system uses no external labeled data apart from that provided by the organizers. Our primary submission achieves a MAP-score of 81.14 and F1-score of 66.99 {--} ranking us 10th on the SemEval 2017 task 3, subtask A.",
}
@inproceedings{almarwani-diab-2017-gw,
    title = "{GW}{\_}{QA} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: Question Answer Re-ranking on {A}rabic Fora",
    author = "Almarwani, Nada  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2056",
    pages = "344--348",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission to SemEval-2017 Task 3 Subtask D, {``}Question Answer Ranking in Arabic Community Question Answering{''}. In this work, we applied a supervised machine learning approach to automatically re-rank a set of QA pairs according to their relevance to a given question. We employ features based on latent semantic models, namely WTMF, as well as a set of lexical features based on string lengths and surface level matching. The proposed system ranked first out of 3 submissions, with a MAP score of 61.16{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{ben-abacha-demner-fushman-2017-nlm,
    title = "{NLM}{\_}{NIH} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: from Question Entailment to Question Similarity for Community Question Answering",
    author = "Ben Abacha, Asma  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2057",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2057",
    pages = "349--352",
    abstract = "This paper describes our participation in SemEval-2017 Task 3 on Community Question Answering (cQA). The Question Similarity subtask (B) aims to rank a set of related questions retrieved by a search engine according to their similarity to the original question. We adapted our feature-based system for Recognizing Question Entailment (RQE) to the question similarity task. Tested on cQA-B-2016 test data, our RQE system outperformed the best system of the 2016 challenge in all measures with 77.47 MAP and 80.57 Accuracy. On cQA-B-2017 test data, performances of all systems dropped by around 30 points. Our primary system obtained 44.62 MAP, 67.27 Accuracy and 47.25 F1 score. The cQA-B-2017 best system achieved 47.22 MAP and 42.37 F1 score. Our system is ranked sixth in terms of MAP and third in terms of F1 out of 13 participating teams.",
}
@inproceedings{koreeda-etal-2017-bunji,
    title = "bunji at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: Combination of Neural Similarity Features and Comment Plausibility Features",
    author = "Koreeda, Yuta  and
      Hashito, Takuya  and
      Niwa, Yoshiki  and
      Sato, Misa  and
      Yanase, Toshihiko  and
      Kurotsuchi, Kenzo  and
      Yanai, Kohsuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2058",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2058",
    pages = "353--359",
    abstract = "This paper describes a text-ranking system developed by bunji team in SemEval-2017 Task 3: Community Question Answering, Subtask A and C. The goal of the task is to re-rank the comments in a question-and-answer forum such that useful comments for answering the question are ranked high. We proposed a method that combines neural similarity features and hand-crafted comment plausibility features, and we modeled inter-comments relationship using conditional random field. Our approach obtained the fifth place in the Subtask A and the second place in the Subtask C.",
}
@inproceedings{torki-etal-2017-qu,
    title = "{QU}-{BIGIR} at {S}em{E}val 2017 Task 3: Using Similarity Features for {A}rabic Community Question Answering Forums",
    author = "Torki, Marwan  and
      Hasanain, Maram  and
      Elsayed, Tamer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2059",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2059",
    pages = "360--364",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe our QU-BIGIR system for the Arabic subtask D of the SemEval 2017 Task 3. Our approach builds on our participation in the past version of the same subtask. This year, our system uses different similarity measures that encodes lexical and semantic pairwise similarity of text pairs. In addition to well known similarity measures such as cosine similarity, we use other measures based on the summary statistics of word embedding representation for a given text. To rank a list of candidate question answer pairs for a given question, we learn a linear SVM classifier over our similarity features. Our best resulting run came second in subtask D with a very competitive performance to the first-ranking system.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2017-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: Using Traditional and Deep Learning Methods to Address Community Question Answering Task",
    author = "Wu, Guoshun  and
      Sheng, Yixuan  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Wu, Yuanbin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2060",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2060",
    pages = "365--369",
    abstract = "This paper describes the systems we submitted to the task 3 (Community Question Answering) in SemEval 2017 which contains three subtasks on English corpora, i.e., subtask A: Question-Comment Similarity, subtask B: Question-Question Similarity, and subtask C: Question-External Comment Similarity. For subtask A, we combined two different methods to represent question-comment pair, i.e., supervised model using traditional features and Convolutional Neural Network. For subtask B, we utilized the information of snippets returned from Search Engine with question subject as query. For subtask C, we ranked the comments by multiplying the probability of the pair related question comment being Good by the reciprocal rank of the related question.",
}
@inproceedings{agustian-takamura-2017-uinsuska,
    title = "{UINSUSKA}-{T}i{T}ech at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: Exploiting Word Importance Levels for Similarity Features for {CQA}",
    author = "Agustian, Surya  and
      Takamura, Hiroya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2061",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2061",
    pages = "370--374",
    abstract = "The majority of core techniques to solve many problems in Community Question Answering (CQA) task rely on similarity computation. This work focuses on similarity between two sentences (or questions in subtask B) based on word embeddings. We exploit words importance levels in sentences or questions for similarity features, for classification and ranking with machine learning. Using only 2 types of similarity metric, our proposed method has shown comparable results with other complex systems. This method on subtask B 2017 dataset is ranked on position 7 out of 13 participants. Evaluation on 2016 dataset is on position 8 of 12, outperforms some complex systems. Further, this finding is explorable and potential to be used as baseline and extensible for many tasks in CQA and other textual similarity based system.",
}
@inproceedings{galbraith-etal-2017-talla,
    title = "Talla at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 3: Identifying Similar Questions Through Paraphrase Detection",
    author = "Galbraith, Byron  and
      Pratap, Bhanu  and
      Shank, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2062",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2062",
    pages = "375--379",
    abstract = "This paper describes our approach to the SemEval-2017 shared task of determining question-question similarity in a community question-answering setting (Task 3B). We extracted both syntactic and semantic similarity features between candidate questions, performed pairwise-preference learning to optimize for ranking order, and then trained a random forest classifier to predict whether the candidate questions are paraphrases of each other. This approach achieved a MAP of 45.7{\%} out of max achievable 67.0{\%} on the test set.",
}
@inproceedings{han-toner-2017-qub,
    title = "{QUB} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 6: Cascaded Imbalanced Classification for Humor Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Han, Xiwu  and
      Toner, Gregory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2063",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2063",
    pages = "380--384",
    abstract = {This paper presents our submission to SemEval-2017 Task 6: {\#}HashtagWars: Learning a Sense of Humor. There are two subtasks: A. Pairwise Comparison, and B. Semi-Ranking. Our assumption is that the distribution of humorous and non-humorous texts in real life language is naturally imbalanced. Using Na{\"\i}ve Bayes Multinomial with standard text-representation features, we approached Subtask B as a sequence of imbalanced classification problems, and optimized our system per the macro-average recall. Subtask A was then solved via the Semi-Ranking results. On the final test, our system was ranked 10th for Subtask A, and 3rd for Subtask B.},
}
@inproceedings{yan-pedersen-2017-duluth,
    title = "{D}uluth at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 6: Language Models in Humor Detection",
    author = "Yan, Xinru  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2064",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2064",
    pages = "385--389",
    abstract = "This paper describes the Duluth system that participated in SemEval-2017 Task 6 {\#}HashtagWars: Learning a Sense of Humor. The system participated in Subtasks A and B using N-gram language models, ranking highly in the task evaluation. This paper discusses the results of our system in the development and evaluation stages and from two post-evaluation runs.",
}
@inproceedings{baziotis-etal-2017-datastories,
    title = "{D}ata{S}tories at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 6: {S}iamese {LSTM} with Attention for Humorous Text Comparison",
    author = "Baziotis, Christos  and
      Pelekis, Nikos  and
      Doulkeridis, Christos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2065",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2065",
    pages = "390--395",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a deep-learning system that competed at SemEval-2017 Task 6 ''{\#}HashtagWars: Learning a Sense of Humor{''}. We participated in Subtask A, in which the goal was, given two Twitter messages, to identify which one is funnier. We propose a Siamese architecture with bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, augmented with an attention mechanism. Our system works on the token-level, leveraging word embeddings trained on a big collection of unlabeled Twitter messages. We ranked 2nd in 7 teams. A post-completion improvement of our model, achieves state-of-the-art results on {\#}HashtagWars dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{kukovacec-etal-2017-takelab,
    title = "{T}ake{L}ab at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 6: {\#}{R}anking{H}umor{I}n4{P}ages",
    author = "Kukova{\v{c}}ec, Marin  and
      Malenica, Juraj  and
      Mr{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Ivan  and
      {\v{S}}ajatovi{\'c}, Antonio  and
      Alagi{\'c}, Domagoj  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2066",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2066",
    pages = "396--400",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system for humor ranking in tweets within the SemEval 2017 Task 6: {\#}HashtagWars (6A and 6B). For both subtasks, we use an off-the-shelf gradient boosting model built on a rich set of features, handcrafted to provide the model with the external knowledge needed to better predict the humor in the text. The features capture various cultural references and specific humor patterns. Our system ranked 2nd (officially 7th) among 10 submissions on the Subtask A and 2nd among 9 submissions on the Subtask B.",
}
@inproceedings{cattle-ma-2017-srhr,
    title = "{SRHR} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 6: Word Associations for Humour Recognition",
    author = "Cattle, Andrew  and
      Ma, Xiaojuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2067",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2067",
    pages = "401--406",
    abstract = "This paper explores the role of semantic relatedness features, such as word associations, in humour recognition. Specifically, we examine the task of inferring pairwise humour judgments in Twitter hashtag wars. We examine a variety of word association features derived from University of Southern Florida Free Association Norms (USF) and the Edinburgh Associative Thesaurus (EAT) and find that word association-based features outperform Word2Vec similarity, a popular semantic relatedness measure. Our system achieves an accuracy of 56.42{\%} using a combination of unigram perplexity, bigram perplexity, EAT difference (tweet-avg), USF forward (max), EAT difference (word-avg), USF difference (word-avg), EAT forward (min), USF difference (tweet-max), and EAT backward (min).",
}
@inproceedings{flescan-lovin-arseni-etal-2017-warteam,
    title = "{\#}{W}ar{T}eam at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 6: Using Neural Networks for Discovering Humorous Tweets",
    author = "Fle{\textcommabelow{s}}can-Lovin-Arseni, Iuliana Alexandra  and
      Turcu, Ramona Andreea  and
      S{\^\i}rbu, Cristina  and
      Alexa, Larisa  and
      Amarandei, Sandra Maria  and
      Herciu, Nichita  and
      Scutaru, Constantin  and
      Trandab{\u{a}}{\textcommabelow{t}}, Diana  and
      Iftene, Adrian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2068",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2068",
    pages = "407--410",
    abstract = {This paper presents the participation of {\#}WarTeam in Task 6 of SemEval2017 with a system classifying humor by comparing and ranking tweets. The training data consists of annotated tweets from the @midnight TV show. {\#}WarTeam{'}s system uses a neural network (TensorFlow) having inputs from a Na{\"\i}ve Bayes humor classifier and a sentiment analyzer.},
}
@inproceedings{mahajan-zaveri-2017-svnit,
    title = "{SVNIT} @ {S}em{E}val 2017 Task-6: Learning a Sense of Humor Using Supervised Approach",
    author = "Mahajan, Rutal  and
      Zaveri, Mukesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2069",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2069",
    pages = "411--415",
    abstract = {This paper describes the system devel-oped for SemEval 2017 task 6: {\#}HashTagWars -Learning a Sense of Hu-mor. Learning to recognize sense of hu-mor is the important task for language understanding applications. Different set of features based on frequency of words, structure of tweets and semantics are used in this system to identify the presence of humor in tweets. Supervised machine learning approaches, Multilayer percep-tron and Na{\"\i}ve Bayes are used to classify the tweets in to three level of sense of humor. For given Hashtag, the system finds the funniest tweet and predicts the amount of funniness of all the other tweets. In official submitted runs, we have achieved 0.506 accuracy using mul-tilayer perceptron in subtask-A and 0.938 distance in subtask-B. Using Na{\"\i}ve bayes in subtask-B, the system achieved 0.949 distance. Apart from official runs, this system have scored 0.751 accuracy in subtask-A using SVM. But still there is a wide room for improvement in system.},
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-2017-duluth,
    title = "{D}uluth at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 7 : Puns Upon a Midnight Dreary, Lexical Semantics for the Weak and Weary",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2070",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2070",
    pages = "416--420",
    abstract = "This paper describes the Duluth systems that participated in SemEval-2017 Task 7 : Detection and Interpretation of English Puns. The Duluth systems participated in all three subtasks, and relied on methods that included word sense disambiguation and measures of semantic relatedness.",
}
@inproceedings{vechtomova-2017-uwaterloo,
    title = "{UW}aterloo at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 7: Locating the Pun Using Syntactic Characteristics and Corpus-based Metrics",
    author = "Vechtomova, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2071",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2071",
    pages = "421--425",
    abstract = "The paper presents a system for locating a pun word. The developed method calculates a score for each word in a pun, using a number of components, including its Inverse Document Frequency (IDF), Normalized Pointwise Mutual Information (NPMI) with other words in the pun text, its position in the text, part-of-speech and some syntactic features. The method achieved the best performance in the Heterographic category and the second best in the Homographic. Further analysis showed that IDF is the most useful characteristic, whereas the count of words with which the given word has high NPMI has a negative effect on performance.",
}
@inproceedings{mikhalkova-karyakin-2017-punfields,
    title = "{P}un{F}ields at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 7: Employing {R}oget{'}s Thesaurus in Automatic Pun Recognition and Interpretation",
    author = "Mikhalkova, Elena  and
      Karyakin, Yuri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2072",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2072",
    pages = "426--431",
    abstract = "The article describes a model of automatic interpretation of English puns, based on Roget{'}s Thesaurus, and its implementation, PunFields. In a pun, the algorithm discovers two groups of words that belong to two main semantic fields. The fields become a semantic vector based on which an SVM classifier learns to recognize puns. A rule-based model is then applied for recognition of intentionally ambiguous (target) words and their definitions. In SemEval Task 7 PunFields shows a considerably good result in pun classification, but requires improvement in searching for the target word and its definition.",
}
@inproceedings{pramanick-das-2017-ju,
    title = "{JU} {CSE} {NLP} @ {S}em{E}val 2017 Task 7: Employing Rules to Detect and Interpret {E}nglish Puns",
    author = "Pramanick, Aniket  and
      Das, Dipankar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2073",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2073",
    pages = "432--435",
    abstract = "System description. Implementation of HMM and Cyclic Dependency Network.",
}
@inproceedings{sevgili-etal-2017-n,
    title = "N-Hance at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 7: A Computational Approach using Word Association for Puns",
    author = {Sevgili, {\"O}zge  and
      Ghotbi, Nima  and
      Tekir, Selma},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2074",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2074",
    pages = "436--439",
    abstract = "This paper presents a system developed for SemEval-2017 Task 7, Detection and Interpretation of English Puns consisting of three subtasks; pun detection, pun location, and pun interpretation, respectively. The system stands on recognizing a distinctive word which has a high association with the pun in the given sentence. The intended humorous meaning of pun is identified through the use of this word. Our official results confirm the potential of this approach.",
}
@inproceedings{hurtado-etal-2017-elirf,
    title = "{EL}i{RF}-{UPV} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 7: Pun Detection and Interpretation",
    author = "Hurtado, Llu{\'\i}s-F.  and
      Segarra, Encarna  and
      Pla, Ferran  and
      Carrasco, Pascual  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez, Jos{\'e}-{\'A}ngel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2075",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2075",
    pages = "440--443",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of ELiRF-UPV team at task 7 (subtask 2: homographic pun detection and subtask 3: homographic pun interpretation) of SemEval2017. Our approach is based on the use of word embeddings to find related words in a sentence and a version of the Lesk algorithm to establish relationships between synsets. The results obtained are in line with those obtained by the other participants and they encourage us to continue working on this problem.",
}
@inproceedings{oele-evang-2017-buzzsaw,
    title = "{B}uzz{S}aw at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 7: Global vs. Local Context for Interpreting and Locating Homographic {E}nglish Puns with Sense Embeddings",
    author = "Oele, Dieke  and
      Evang, Kilian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2076",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2076",
    pages = "444--448",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system participating in the SemEval-2017 Task 7, for the subtasks of homographic pun location and homographic pun interpretation. For pun interpretation, we use a knowledge-based Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) method based on sense embeddings. Pun-based jokes can be divided into two parts, each containing information about the two distinct senses of the pun. To exploit this structure we split the context that is input to the WSD system into two local contexts and find the best sense for each of them. We use the output of pun interpretation for pun location. As we expect the two meanings of a pun to be very dissimilar, we compute sense embedding cosine distances for each sense-pair and select the word that has the highest distance. We describe experiments on different methods of splitting the context and compare our method to several baselines. We find evidence supporting our hypotheses and obtain competitive results for pun interpretation.",
}
@inproceedings{vadehra-2017-uwav,
    title = "{UWAV} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 7: Automated feature-based system for locating puns",
    author = "Vadehra, Ankit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2077",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2077",
    pages = "449--452",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe our system created for SemEval-2017 Task 7: Detection and Interpretation of English Puns. We tackle subtask 1, pun detection, by leveraging features selected from sentences to design a classifier that can disambiguate between the presence or absence of a pun. We address subtask 2, pun location, by utilizing a decision flow structure that uses presence or absence of certain features to decide the next action. The results obtained by our system are encouraging, considering the simplicity of the system. We consider this system as a precursor for deeper exploration on efficient feature selection for pun detection.",
}
@inproceedings{xiu-etal-2017-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 7: Using Supervised and Unsupervised Methods to Detect and Locate {E}nglish Puns",
    author = "Xiu, Yuhuan  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Wu, Yuanbin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2078",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2078",
    pages = "453--456",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submissions to task 7 in SemEval 2017, i.e., Detection and Interpretation of English Puns. We participated in the first two subtasks, which are to detect and locate English puns respectively. For subtask 1, we presented a supervised system to determine whether or not a sentence contains a pun using similarity features calculated on sense vectors or cluster center vectors. For subtask 2, we established an unsupervised system to locate the pun by scoring each word in the sentence and we assumed that the word with the smallest score is the pun.",
}
@inproceedings{indurthi-oota-2017-fermi,
    title = "Fermi at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 7: Detection and Interpretation of Homographic puns in {E}nglish Language",
    author = "Indurthi, Vijayasaradhi  and
      Oota, Subba Reddy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2079",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2079",
    pages = "457--460",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system for detection and interpretation of English puns. We participated in 2 subtasks related to homographic puns achieve comparable results for these tasks. Through the paper we provide detailed description of the approach, as well as the results obtained in the task. Our models achieved a F1-score of 77.65{\%} for Subtask 1 and 52.15{\%} for Subtask 2.",
}
@inproceedings{bahuleyan-vechtomova-2017-uwaterloo,
    title = "{UW}aterloo at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 8: Detecting Stance towards Rumours with Topic Independent Features",
    author = "Bahuleyan, Hareesh  and
      Vechtomova, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2080",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2080",
    pages = "461--464",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system for subtask-A: SDQC for RumourEval, task-8 of SemEval 2017. Identifying rumours, especially for breaking news events as they unfold, is a challenging task due to the absence of sufficient information about the exact rumour stories circulating on social media. Determining the stance of Twitter users towards rumourous messages could provide an indirect way of identifying potential rumours. The proposed approach makes use of topic independent features from two categories, namely cue features and message specific features to fit a gradient boosting classifier. With an accuracy of 0.78, our system achieved the second best performance on subtask-A of RumourEval.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-ikm,
    title = "{IKM} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 8: Convolutional Neural Networks for stance detection and rumor verification",
    author = "Chen, Yi-Chin  and
      Liu, Zhao-Yang  and
      Kao, Hung-Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2081",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2081",
    pages = "465--469",
    abstract = "This paper describes our approach for SemEval-2017 Task 8. We aim at detecting the stance of tweets and determining the veracity of the given rumor. We utilize a convolutional neural network for short text categorization using multiple filter sizes. Our approach beats the baseline classifiers on different event data with good F1 scores. The best of our submitted runs achieves rank 1st among all scores on subtask B.",
}
@inproceedings{enayet-el-beltagy-2017-niletmrg,
    title = "{N}ile{TMRG} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 8: Determining Rumour and Veracity Support for Rumours on Twitter.",
    author = "Enayet, Omar  and
      El-Beltagy, Samhaa R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2082",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2082",
    pages = "470--474",
    abstract = "Final submission for NileTMRG on RumourEval 2017.",
}
@inproceedings{kochkina-etal-2017-turing,
    title = "{T}uring at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 8: Sequential Approach to Rumour Stance Classification with Branch-{LSTM}",
    author = "Kochkina, Elena  and
      Liakata, Maria  and
      Augenstein, Isabelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2083",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2083",
    pages = "475--480",
    abstract = "This paper describes team Turing{'}s submission to SemEval 2017 RumourEval: Determining rumour veracity and support for rumours (SemEval 2017 Task 8, Subtask A). Subtask A addresses the challenge of rumour stance classification, which involves identifying the attitude of Twitter users towards the truthfulness of the rumour they are discussing. Stance classification is considered to be an important step towards rumour verification, therefore performing well in this task is expected to be useful in debunking false rumours. In this work we classify a set of Twitter posts discussing rumours into either supporting, denying, questioning or commenting on the underlying rumours. We propose a LSTM-based sequential model that, through modelling the conversational structure of tweets, which achieves an accuracy of 0.784 on the RumourEval test set outperforming all other systems in Subtask A.",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-lozano-etal-2017-mama,
    title = "Mama Edha at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 8: Stance Classification with {CNN} and Rules",
    author = {Garc{\'\i}a Lozano, Marianela  and
      Lilja, Hanna  and
      Tj{\"o}rnhammar, Edward  and
      Karasalo, Maja},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2084",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2084",
    pages = "481--485",
    abstract = "For the competition SemEval-2017 we investigated the possibility of performing stance classification (support, deny, query or comment) for messages in Twitter conversation threads related to rumours. Stance classification is interesting since it can provide a basis for rumour veracity assessment. Our ensemble classification approach of combining convolutional neural networks with both automatic rule mining and manually written rules achieved a final accuracy of 74.9{\%} on the competition{'}s test data set for Task 8A. To improve classification we also experimented with data relabeling and using the grammatical structure of the tweet contents for classification.",
}
@inproceedings{srivastava-etal-2017-dfki,
    title = "{DFKI}-{DKT} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 8: Rumour Detection and Classification using Cascading Heuristics",
    author = "Srivastava, Ankit  and
      Rehm, Georg  and
      Moreno Schneider, Julian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2085",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2085",
    pages = "486--490",
    abstract = "We describe our submissions for SemEval-2017 Task 8, Determining Rumour Veracity and Support for Rumours. The Digital Curation Technologies (DKT) team at the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) participated in two subtasks: Subtask A (determining the stance of a message) and Subtask B (determining veracity of a message, closed variant). In both cases, our implementation consisted of a Multivariate Logistic Regression (Maximum Entropy) classifier coupled with hand-written patterns and rules (heuristics) applied in a post-process cascading fashion. We provide a detailed analysis of the system performance and report on variants of our systems that were not part of the official submission.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 8: Rumour Evaluation Using Effective Features and Supervised Ensemble Models",
    author = "Wang, Feixiang  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Wu, Yuanbin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2086",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2086",
    pages = "491--496",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submissions to task 8 in SemEval 2017, i.e., Determining rumour veracity and support for rumours. Given a rumoured tweet and a lot of reply tweets, the subtask A is to label whether these tweets are support, deny, query or comment, and the subtask B aims to predict the veracity (i.e., true, false, and unverified) with a confidence (in range of 0-1) of the given rumoured tweet. For both subtasks, we adopted supervised machine learning methods, incorporating rich features. Since training data is imbalanced, we specifically designed a two-step classifier to address subtask A .",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2017-iitp,
    title = "{IITP} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 8 : A Supervised Approach for Rumour Evaluation",
    author = "Singh, Vikram  and
      Narayan, Sunny  and
      Akhtar, Md Shad  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2087",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2087",
    pages = "497--501",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system participation in the SemEval-2017 Task 8 {`}RumourEval: Determining rumour veracity and support for rumours{'}. The objective of this task was to predict the stance and veracity of the underlying rumour. We propose a supervised classification approach employing several lexical, content and twitter specific features for learning. Evaluation shows promising results for both the problems.",
}
@inproceedings{rosenthal-etal-2017-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Rosenthal, Sara  and
      Farra, Noura  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2088",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2088",
    pages = "502--518",
    abstract = "This paper describes the fifth year of the Sentiment Analysis in Twitter task. SemEval-2017 Task 4 continues with a rerun of the subtasks of SemEval-2016 Task 4, which include identifying the overall sentiment of the tweet, sentiment towards a topic with classification on a two-point and on a five-point ordinal scale, and quantification of the distribution of sentiment towards a topic across a number of tweets: again on a two-point and on a five-point ordinal scale. Compared to 2016, we made two changes: (i) we introduced a new language, Arabic, for all subtasks, and (ii) we made available information from the profiles of the Twitter users who posted the target tweets. The task continues to be very popular, with a total of 48 teams participating this year.",
}
@inproceedings{cortis-etal-2017-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis on Financial Microblogs and News",
    author = "Cortis, Keith  and
      Freitas, Andr{\'e}  and
      Daudert, Tobias  and
      Huerlimann, Manuela  and
      Zarrouk, Manel  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried  and
      Davis, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2089",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2089",
    pages = "519--535",
    abstract = "This paper discusses the {``}Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis on Financial Microblogs and News{''} task as part of SemEval-2017, specifically under the {``}Detecting sentiment, humour, and truth{''} theme. This task contains two tracks, where the first one concerns Microblog messages and the second one covers News Statements and Headlines. The main goal behind both tracks was to predict the sentiment score for each of the mentioned companies/stocks. The sentiment scores for each text instance adopted floating point values in the range of -1 (very negative/bearish) to 1 (very positive/bullish), with 0 designating neutral sentiment. This task attracted a total of 32 participants, with 25 participating in Track 1 and 29 in Track 2.",
}
@inproceedings{may-priyadarshi-2017-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2017 Task 9: Abstract Meaning Representation Parsing and Generation",
    author = "May, Jonathan  and
      Priyadarshi, Jay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2090",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2090",
    pages = "536--545",
    abstract = "In this report we summarize the results of the 2017 AMR SemEval shared task. The task consisted of two separate yet related subtasks. In the parsing subtask, participants were asked to produce Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) (Banarescu et al., 2013) graphs for a set of English sentences in the biomedical domain. In the generation subtask, participants were asked to generate English sentences given AMR graphs in the news/forum domain. A total of five sites participated in the parsing subtask, and four participated in the generation subtask. Along with a description of the task and the participants{'} systems, we show various score ablations and some sample outputs.",
}
@inproceedings{augenstein-etal-2017-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val 2017 Task 10: {S}cience{IE} - Extracting Keyphrases and Relations from Scientific Publications",
    author = "Augenstein, Isabelle  and
      Das, Mrinal  and
      Riedel, Sebastian  and
      Vikraman, Lakshmi  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2091",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2091",
    pages = "546--555",
    abstract = "We describe the SemEval task of extracting keyphrases and relations between them from scientific documents, which is crucial for understanding which publications describe which processes, tasks and materials. Although this was a new task, we had a total of 26 submissions across 3 evaluation scenarios. We expect the task and the findings reported in this paper to be relevant for researchers working on understanding scientific content, as well as the broader knowledge base population and information extraction communities.",
}
@inproceedings{sales-etal-2017-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2017 Task 11: End-User Development using Natural Language",
    author = "Sales, Juliano  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried  and
      Freitas, Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2092",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2092",
    pages = "556--564",
    abstract = "This task proposes a challenge to support the interaction between users and applications, micro-services and software APIs using natural language. The task aims for supporting the evaluation and evolution of the discussions surrounding the natural language processing approaches within the context of end-user natural language programming, under scenarios of high semantic heterogeneity/gap.",
}
@inproceedings{bethard-etal-2017-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2017 Task 12: Clinical {T}emp{E}val",
    author = "Bethard, Steven  and
      Savova, Guergana  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2093",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2093",
    pages = "565--572",
    abstract = "Clinical TempEval 2017 aimed to answer the question: how well do systems trained on annotated timelines for one medical condition (colon cancer) perform in predicting timelines on another medical condition (brain cancer)? Nine sub-tasks were included, covering problems in time expression identification, event expression identification and temporal relation identification. Participant systems were evaluated on clinical and pathology notes from Mayo Clinic cancer patients, annotated with an extension of TimeML for the clinical domain. 11 teams participated in the tasks, with the best systems achieving F1 scores above 0.55 for time expressions, above 0.70 for event expressions, and above 0.40 for temporal relations. Most tasks observed about a 20 point drop over Clinical TempEval 2016, where systems were trained and evaluated on the same domain (colon cancer).",
}
@inproceedings{cliche-2017-bb,
    title = "{BB}{\_}twtr at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Twitter Sentiment Analysis with {CNN}s and {LSTM}s",
    author = "Cliche, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2094",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2094",
    pages = "573--580",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe our attempt at producing a state-of-the-art Twitter sentiment classifier using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTMs) networks. Our system leverages a large amount of unlabeled data to pre-train word embeddings. We then use a subset of the unlabeled data to fine tune the embeddings using distant supervision. The final CNNs and LSTMs are trained on the SemEval-2017 Twitter dataset where the embeddings are fined tuned again. To boost performances we ensemble several CNNs and LSTMs together. Our approach achieved first rank on all of the five English subtasks amongst 40 teams.",
}
@inproceedings{moore-rayson-2017-lancaster,
    title = "Lancaster A at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: Evaluation metrics matter: predicting sentiment from financial news headlines",
    author = "Moore, Andrew  and
      Rayson, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2095",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2095",
    pages = "581--585",
    abstract = "This paper describes our participation in Task 5 track 2 of SemEval 2017 to predict the sentiment of financial news headlines for a specific company on a continuous scale between -1 and 1. We tackled the problem using a number of approaches, utilising a Support Vector Regression (SVR) and a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BLSTM). We found an improvement of 4-6{\%} using the LSTM model over the SVR and came fourth in the track. We report a number of different evaluations using a finance specific word embedding model and reflect on the effects of using different evaluation metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{lampouras-vlachos-2017-sheffield,
    title = "{S}heffield at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 9: Transition-based language generation from {AMR}.",
    author = "Lampouras, Gerasimos  and
      Vlachos, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2096",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2096",
    pages = "586--591",
    abstract = "This paper describes the submission by the University of Sheffield to the SemEval 2017 Abstract Meaning Representation Parsing and Generation task (SemEval 2017 Task 9, Subtask 2). We cast language generation from AMR as a sequence of actions (e.g., insert/remove/rename edges and nodes) that progressively transform the AMR graph into a dependency parse tree. This transition-based approach relies on the fact that an AMR graph can be considered structurally similar to a dependency tree, with a focus on content rather than function words. An added benefit to this approach is the greater amount of data we can take advantage of to train the parse-to-text linearizer. Our submitted run on the test data achieved a BLEU score of 3.32 and a Trueskill score of -22.04 on automatic and human evaluation respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{ammar-etal-2017-ai2,
    title = "The {AI}2 system at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 10 ({S}cience{IE}): semi-supervised end-to-end entity and relation extraction",
    author = "Ammar, Waleed  and
      Peters, Matthew  and
      Bhagavatula, Chandra  and
      Power, Russell",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2097",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2097",
    pages = "592--596",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission for the ScienceIE shared task (SemEval- 2017 Task 10) on entity and relation extraction from scientific papers. Our model is based on the end-to-end relation extraction model of Miwa and Bansal (2016) with several enhancements such as semi-supervised learning via neural language models, character-level encoding, gazetteers extracted from existing knowledge bases, and model ensembles. Our official submission ranked first in end-to-end entity and relation extraction (scenario 1), and second in the relation-only extraction (scenario 3).",
}
@inproceedings{tourille-etal-2017-limsi,
    title = "{LIMSI}-{COT} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 12: Neural Architecture for Temporal Information Extraction from Clinical Narratives",
    author = "Tourille, Julien  and
      Ferret, Olivier  and
      Tannier, Xavier  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2098",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2098",
    pages = "597--602",
    abstract = "In this paper we present our participation to SemEval 2017 Task 12. We used a neural network based approach for entity and temporal relation extraction, and experimented with two domain adaptation strategies. We achieved competitive performance for both tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{baly-etal-2017-omam,
    title = "{OMAM} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Evaluation of {E}nglish State-of-the-Art Sentiment Analysis Models for {A}rabic and a New Topic-based Model",
    author = "Baly, Ramy  and
      Badaro, Gilbert  and
      Hamdi, Ali  and
      Moukalled, Rawan  and
      Aoun, Rita  and
      El-Khoury, Georges  and
      Al Sallab, Ahmad  and
      Hajj, Hazem  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Shaban, Khaled  and
      El-Hajj, Wassim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2099",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2099",
    pages = "603--610",
    abstract = "While sentiment analysis in English has achieved significant progress, it remains a challenging task in Arabic given the rich morphology of the language. It becomes more challenging when applied to Twitter data that comes with additional sources of noise including dialects, misspellings, grammatical mistakes, code switching and the use of non-textual objects to express sentiments. This paper describes the {``}OMAM{''} systems that we developed as part of SemEval-2017 task 4. We evaluate English state-of-the-art methods on Arabic tweets for subtask A. As for the remaining subtasks, we introduce a topic-based approach that accounts for topic specificities by predicting topics or domains of upcoming tweets, and then using this information to predict their sentiment. Results indicate that applying the English state-of-the-art method to Arabic has achieved solid results without significant enhancements. Furthermore, the topic-based method ranked 1st in subtasks C and E, and 2nd in subtask D.",
}
@inproceedings{correa-junior-etal-2017-nilc,
    title = "{NILC}-{USP} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: A Multi-view Ensemble for Twitter Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Corr{\^e}a J{\'u}nior, Edilson Anselmo  and
      Marinho, Vanessa Queiroz  and
      dos Santos, Leandro Borges",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2100",
    pages = "611--615",
    abstract = "This paper describes our multi-view ensemble approach to SemEval-2017 Task 4 on Sentiment Analysis in Twitter, specifically, the Message Polarity Classification subtask for English (subtask A). Our system is a voting ensemble, where each base classifier is trained in a different feature space. The first space is a bag-of-words model and has a Linear SVM as base classifier. The second and third spaces are two different strategies of combining word embeddings to represent sentences and use a Linear SVM and a Logistic Regressor as base classifiers. The proposed system was ranked 18th out of 38 systems considering F1 score and 20th considering recall.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2017-deepsa,
    title = "deep{SA} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Interpolated Deep Neural Networks for Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Yang, Tzu-Hsuan  and
      Tseng, Tzu-Hsuan  and
      Chen, Chia-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2101",
    pages = "616--620",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our system implementation for sentiment analysis in Twitter. This system combines two models based on deep neural networks, namely a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network, through interpolation. Distributed representation of words as vectors are input to the system, and the output is a sentiment class. The neural network models are trained exclusively with the data sets provided by the organizers of SemEval-2017 Task 4 Subtask A. Overall, this system has achieved 0.618 for the average recall rate, 0.587 for the average F1 score, and 0.618 for accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{yin-etal-2017-nnembs,
    title = "{NNEMB}s at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Neural Twitter Sentiment Classification: a Simple Ensemble Method with Different Embeddings",
    author = "Yin, Yichun  and
      Song, Yangqiu  and
      Zhang, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2102",
    pages = "621--625",
    abstract = "Recently, neural twitter sentiment classification has become one of state-of-thearts, which relies less feature engineering work compared with traditional methods. In this paper, we propose a simple and effective ensemble method to further boost the performances of neural models. We collect several word embedding sets which are publicly released (often are learned on different corpus) or constructed by running Skip-gram on released large-scale corpus. We make an assumption that different word embeddings cover different words and encode different semantic knowledge, thus using them together can improve the generalizations and performances of neural models. In the SemEval 2017, our method ranks 1st in Accuracy, 5th in AverageR. Meanwhile, the additional comparisons demonstrate the superiority of our model over these ones based on only one word embedding set. We release our code for the method duplicability.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-yang-2017-crystalnest,
    title = "{C}rystal{N}est at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Using Sarcasm Detection for Enhancing Sentiment Classification and Quantification",
    author = "Gupta, Raj Kumar  and
      Yang, Yinping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2103",
    pages = "626--633",
    abstract = "This paper describes a system developed for a shared sentiment analysis task and its subtasks organized by SemEval-2017. A key feature of our system is the embedded ability to detect sarcasm in order to enhance the performance of sentiment classification. We first constructed an affect-cognition-sociolinguistics sarcasm features model and trained a SVM-based classifier for detecting sarcastic expressions from general tweets. For sentiment prediction, we developed CrystalNest{--} a two-level cascade classification system using features combining sarcasm score derived from our sarcasm classifier, sentiment scores from Alchemy, NRC lexicon, n-grams, word embedding vectors, and part-of-speech features. We found that the sarcasm detection derived features consistently benefited key sentiment analysis evaluation metrics, in different degrees, across four subtasks A-D.",
}
@inproceedings{jimenez-zafra-etal-2017-sinai,
    title = "{SINAI} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: User based classification",
    author = "Jim{\'e}nez-Zafra, Salud Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Montejo-R{\'a}ez, Arturo  and
      Martin, Maite  and
      Ure{\~n}a-L{\'o}pez, L. Alfonso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2104",
    pages = "634--639",
    abstract = "This document describes our participation in SemEval-2017 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter. We have only reported results for subtask B - English, determining the polarity towards a topic on a two point scale (positive or negative sentiment). Our main contribution is the integration of user information in the classification process. A SVM model is trained with Word2Vec vectors from user{'}s tweets extracted from his timeline. The obtained results show that user-specific classifiers trained on tweets from user timeline can introduce noise as they are error prone because they are classified by an imperfect system. This encourages us to explore further integration of user information for author-based Sentiment Analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{sarker-gonzalez-2017-hlp,
    title = "{HLP}@{UP}enn at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4{A}: A simple, self-optimizing text classification system combining dense and sparse vectors",
    author = "Sarker, Abeed  and
      Gonzalez, Graciela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2105",
    pages = "640--643",
    abstract = "We present a simple supervised text classification system that combines sparse and dense vector representations of words, and generalized representations of words via clusters. The sparse vectors are generated from word n-gram sequences (1-3). The dense vector representations of words (embeddings) are learned by training a neural network to predict neighboring words in a large unlabeled dataset. To classify a text segment, the different representations of it are concatenated, and the classification is performed using Support Vector Machines (SVM). Our system is particularly intended for use by non-experts of natural language processing and machine learning, and, therefore, the system does not require any manual tuning of parameters or weights. Given a training set, the system automatically generates the training vectors, optimizes the relevant hyper-parameters for the SVM classifier, and trains the classification model. We evaluated this system on the SemEval-2017 English sentiment analysis task. In terms of average F1-score, our system obtained 8th position out of 39 submissions (F1-score: 0.632, average recall: 0.637, accuracy: 0.646).",
}
@inproceedings{dovdon-saias-2017-ej,
    title = "ej-sa-2017 at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Experiments for Target oriented Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Dovdon, Enkhzol  and
      Saias, Jos{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2106",
    pages = "644--647",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system we have used for participating in Subtasks A (Message Polarity Classification) and B (Topic-Based Message Polarity Classification according to a two-point scale) of SemEval-2017 Task 4 Sentiment Analysis in Twitter. We used several features with a sentiment lexicon and NLP techniques, Maximum Entropy as a classifier for our system.",
}
@inproceedings{troncy-etal-2017-sentime,
    title = "{S}enti{ME}++ at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Stacking State-of-the-Art Classifiers to Enhance Sentiment Classification",
    author = {Troncy, Rapha{\"e}l  and
      Palumbo, Enrico  and
      Sygkounas, Efstratios  and
      Rizzo, Giuseppe},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2107",
    pages = "648--652",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the participation of the SentiME++ system to the SemEval 2017 Task 4A {``}Sentiment Analysis in Twitter{''} that aims to classify whether English tweets are of positive, neutral or negative sentiment. SentiME++ is an ensemble approach to sentiment analysis that leverages stacked generalization to automatically combine the predictions of five state-of-the-art sentiment classifiers. SentiME++ achieved officially 61.30{\%} F1-score, ranking 12th out of 38 participants.",
}
@inproceedings{rozental-fleischer-2017-amobee,
    title = "{A}mobee at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Deep Learning System for Sentiment Detection on Twitter",
    author = "Rozental, Alon  and
      Fleischer, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2108",
    pages = "653--658",
    abstract = "This paper describes the Amobee sentiment analysis system, adapted to compete in SemEval 2017 task 4. The system consists of two parts: a supervised training of RNN models based on a Twitter sentiment treebank, and the use of feedforward NN, Naive Bayes and logistic regression classifiers to produce predictions for the different sub-tasks. The algorithm reached the 3rd place on the 5-label classification task (sub-task C).",
}
@inproceedings{laskari-sanampudi-2017-twina,
    title = "{TWINA} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Twitter Sentiment Analysis with Ensemble Gradient Boost Tree Classifier",
    author = "Laskari, Naveen Kumar  and
      Sanampudi, Suresh Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2109",
    pages = "659--663",
    abstract = "This paper describes the TWINA system, with which we participated in SemEval-2017 Task 4B (Topic Based Message Polarity Classification {--} Two point scale) and 4D (two-point scale Tweet quantification). We implemented ensemble based Gradient Boost Trees classification method for both the tasks. Our system could perform well for the task 4D and ranked 13th among 15 teams, for the task 4B our model ranked 23rd position.",
}
@inproceedings{mulki-etal-2017-tw,
    title = "Tw-{S}t{AR} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Sentiment Classification of {A}rabic Tweets",
    author = "Mulki, Hala  and
      Haddad, Hatem  and
      Gridach, Mourad  and
      Babaoglu, Ismail",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2110",
    pages = "664--669",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present our contribution in SemEval 2017 international workshop. We have tackled task 4 entitled {``}Sentiment analysis in Twitter{''}, specifically subtask 4A-Arabic. We propose two Arabic sentiment classification models implemented using supervised and unsupervised learning strategies. In both models, Arabic tweets were preprocessed first then various schemes of bag-of-N-grams were extracted to be used as features. The final submission was selected upon the best performance achieved by the supervised learning-based model. However, the results obtained by the unsupervised learning-based model are considered promising and evolvable if more rich lexica are adopted in further work.",
}
@inproceedings{onyibe-habash-2017-omam,
    title = "{OMAM} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: {E}nglish Sentiment Analysis with Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Onyibe, Chukwuyem  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2111",
    pages = "670--674",
    abstract = "We describe a supervised system that uses optimized Condition Random Fields and lexical features to predict the sentiment of a tweet. The system was submitted to the English version of all subtasks in SemEval-2017 Task 4.",
}
@inproceedings{kolovou-etal-2017-tweester,
    title = "Tweester at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Fusion of Semantic-Affective and pairwise classification models for sentiment analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Kolovou, Athanasia  and
      Kokkinos, Filippos  and
      Fergadis, Aris  and
      Papalampidi, Pinelopi  and
      Iosif, Elias  and
      Malandrakis, Nikolaos  and
      Palogiannidi, Elisavet  and
      Papageorgiou, Haris  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2112",
    pages = "675--682",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our submission to SemEval2017 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter. Specifically the proposed system participated both to tweet polarity classification (two-, three- and five class) and tweet quantification (two and five-class) tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{karpov-2017-nru,
    title = "{NRU}-{HSE} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Tweet Quantification Using Deep Learning Architecture",
    author = "Karpov, Nikolay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2113",
    pages = "683--688",
    abstract = "In many areas, such as social science, politics or market research, people need to deal with dataset shifting over time. Distribution drift phenomenon usually appears in the field of sentiment analysis, when proportions of instances are changing over time. In this case, the task is to correctly estimate proportions of each sentiment expressed in the set of documents (quantification task). Basically, our study was aimed to analyze the effectiveness of a mixture of quantification technique with one of deep learning architecture. All the techniques are evaluated using the SemEval-2017 Task4 dataset and source code, mentioned in this paper and available online in the Python programming language. The results of an application of the quantification techniques are discussed.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2017-mi,
    title = "{MI}{\&}T Lab at {S}em{E}val-2017 task 4: An Integrated Training Method of Word Vector for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Zhao, Jingjing  and
      Yang, Yan  and
      Xu, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2114",
    pages = "689--693",
    abstract = "A CNN method for sentiment classification task in Task 4A of SemEval 2017 is presented. To solve the problem of word2vec training word vector slowly, a method of training word vector by integrating word2vec and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is proposed. This training method not only improves the training speed of word2vec, but also makes the word vector more effective for the target task. Furthermore, the word2vec adopts a full connection between the input layer and the projection layer of the Continuous Bag-of-Words (CBOW) for acquiring the semantic information of the original sentence.",
}
@inproceedings{jabreel-moreno-2017-sitaka,
    title = "{S}i{TAKA} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter Based on a Rich Set of Features",
    author = "Jabreel, Mohammed  and
      Moreno, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2115",
    pages = "694--699",
    abstract = "This paper describes SiTAKA, our system that has been used in task 4A, English and Arabic languages, Sentiment Analysis in Twitter of SemEval2017. The system proposes the representation of tweets using a novel set of features, which include a bag of negated words and the information provided by some lexicons. The polarity of tweets is determined by a classifier based on a Support Vector Machine. Our system ranks 2nd among 8 systems in the Arabic language tweets and ranks 8th among 38 systems in the English-language tweets.",
}
@inproceedings{hamdan-2017-senti17,
    title = "{S}enti17 at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Ten Convolutional Neural Network Voters for Tweet Polarity Classification",
    author = "Hamdan, Hussam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2116",
    pages = "700--703",
    abstract = "This paper presents Senti17 system which uses ten convolutional neural networks (ConvNet) to assign a sentiment label to a tweet. The network consists of a convolutional layer followed by a fully-connected layer and a Softmax on top. Ten instances of this network are initialized with the same word embeddings as inputs but with different initializations for the network weights. We combine the results of all instances by selecting the sentiment label given by the majority of the ten voters. This system is ranked fourth in SemEval-2017 Task4 over 38 systems with 67.4{\%} average recall.",
}
@inproceedings{symeonidis-etal-2017-duth,
    title = "{DUTH} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: A Voting Classification Approach for Twitter Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Symeonidis, Symeon  and
      Effrosynidis, Dimitrios  and
      Kordonis, John  and
      Arampatzis, Avi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2117",
    pages = "704--708",
    abstract = "This report describes our participation to SemEval-2017 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter, specifically in subtasks A, B, and C. The approach for text sentiment classification is based on a Majority Vote scheme and combined supervised machine learning methods with classical linguistic resources, including bag-of-words and sentiment lexicon features.",
}
@inproceedings{s-etal-2017-ssn,
    title = "{SSN}{\_}{MLRG}1 at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter Using Multi-Kernel {G}aussian Process Classifier",
    author = "S, Angel Deborah  and
      Rajendram, S Milton  and
      Mirnalinee, T T",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2118",
    pages = "709--712",
    abstract = "The SSN MLRG1 team for Semeval-2017 task 4 has applied Gaussian Process, with bag of words feature vectors and fixed rule multi-kernel learning, for sentiment analysis of tweets. Since tweets on the same topic, made at different times, may exhibit different emotions, their properties such as smoothness and periodicity also vary with time. Our experiments show that, compared to single kernel, multiple kernels are effective in learning the simultaneous presence of multiple properties.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-ynudlg-semeval,
    title = "{YNUDLG} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: A {GRU}-{SVM} Model for Sentiment Classification and Quantification in Twitter",
    author = "Wang, Ming  and
      Chu, Biao  and
      Liu, Qingxun  and
      Zhou, Xiaobing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2119",
    pages = "713--717",
    abstract = "Sentiment analysis is one of the central issues in Natural Language Processing and has become more and more important in many fields. Typical sentiment analysis classifies the sentiment of sentences into several discrete classes (e.g.,positive or negative). In this paper we describe our deep learning system(combining GRU and SVM) to solve both two-, three- and five-tweet polarity classifications. We first trained a gated recurrent neural network using pre-trained word embeddings, then we extracted features from GRU layer and input these features into support vector machine to fulfill both the classification and quantification subtasks. The proposed approach achieved 37th, 19th, and 14rd places in subtasks A, B and C, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{htait-etal-2017-lsis,
    title = "{LSIS} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Using Adapted Sentiment Similarity Seed Words For {E}nglish and {A}rabic Tweet Polarity Classification",
    author = "Htait, Amal  and
      Fournier, S{\'e}bastien  and
      Bellot, Patrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2120",
    pages = "718--722",
    abstract = "We present, in this paper, our contribution in SemEval2017 task 4 : {``}Sentiment Analysis in Twitter{''}, subtask A: {``}Message Polarity Classification{''}, for English and Arabic languages. Our system is based on a list of sentiment seed words adapted for tweets. The sentiment relations between seed words and other terms are captured by cosine similarity between the word embedding representations (word2vec). These seed words are extracted from datasets of annotated tweets available online. Our tests, using these seed words, show significant improvement in results compared to the use of Turney and Littman{'}s (2003) seed words, on polarity classification of tweet messages.",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-etal-2017-elirf,
    title = "{EL}i{RF}-{UPV} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis using Deep Learning",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez, Jos{\'e}-{\'A}ngel  and
      Pla, Ferran  and
      Hurtado, Llu{\'\i}s-F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2121",
    pages = "723--727",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of ELiRF-UPV team at task 4 of SemEval2017. Our approach is based on the use of convolutional and recurrent neural networks and the combination of general and specific word embeddings with polarity lexicons. We participated in all of the proposed subtasks both for English and Arabic languages using the same system with small variations.",
}
@inproceedings{hao-etal-2017-xjsa,
    title = "{XJSA} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: A Deep System for Sentiment Classification in Twitter",
    author = "Hao, Yazhou  and
      Lan, YangYang  and
      Li, Yufei  and
      Li, Chen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2122",
    pages = "728--731",
    abstract = "This paper describes the XJSA System submission from XJTU. Our system was created for SemEval2017 Task 4 {--} subtask A which is very popular and fundamental. The system is based on convolutional neural network and word embedding. We used two pre-trained word vectors and adopt a dynamic strategy for k-max pooling.",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-etal-2017-adullam,
    title = "Adullam at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Sentiment Analyzer Using Lexicon Integrated Convolutional Neural Networks with Attention",
    author = "Yoon, Joosung  and
      Lyu, Kigon  and
      Kim, Hyeoncheol",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2123",
    pages = "732--736",
    abstract = "We propose a sentiment analyzer for the prediction of document-level sentiments of English micro-blog messages from Twitter. The proposed method is based on lexicon integrated convolutional neural networks with attention (LCA). Its performance was evaluated using the datasets provided by SemEval competition (Task 4). The proposed sentiment analyzer obtained an average F1 of 55.2{\%}, an average recall of 58.9{\%} and an accuracy of 61.4{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-eica,
    title = "{EICA} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: A Simple Convolutional Neural Network for Topic-based Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Wang, Maoquan  and
      Chen, Shiyun  and
      Xie, Yufei  and
      Zhao, Lu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2124",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2124",
    pages = "737--740",
    abstract = "This paper describes our approach for SemEval-2017 Task 4 - Sentiment Analysis in Twitter (SAT). Its five subtasks are divided into two categories: (1) sentiment classification, i.e., predicting topic-based tweet sentiment polarity, and (2) sentiment quantification, that is, estimating the sentiment distributions of a set of given tweets. We build a convolutional sentence classification system for the task of SAT. Official results show that the experimental results of our system are comparative.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-funsentiment,
    title = "fun{S}entiment at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Topic-Based Message Sentiment Classification by Exploiting Word Embeddings, Text Features and Target Contexts",
    author = "Li, Quanzhi  and
      Nourbakhsh, Armineh  and
      Liu, Xiaomo  and
      Fang, Rui  and
      Shah, Sameena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2125",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2125",
    pages = "741--746",
    abstract = "This paper describes the approach we used for SemEval-2017 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter. Topic-based (target-dependent) sentiment analysis has become attractive and been used in some applications recently, but it is still a challenging research task. In our approach, we take the left and right context of a target into consideration when generating polarity classification features. We use two types of word embeddings in our classifiers: the general word embeddings learned from 200 million tweets, and sentiment-specific word embeddings learned from 10 million tweets using distance supervision. We also incorporate a text feature model in our algorithm. This model produces features based on text negation, tf.idf weighting scheme, and a Rocchio text classification method. We participated in four subtasks (B, C, D {\&} E for English), all of which are about topic-based message polarity classification. Our team is ranked {\#}6 in subtask B, {\#}3 by MAEu and {\#}9 by MAEm in subtask C, {\#}3 using RAE and {\#}6 using KLD in subtask D, and {\#}3 in subtask E.",
}
@inproceedings{baziotis-etal-2017-datastories-semeval,
    title = "{D}ata{S}tories at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Deep {LSTM} with Attention for Message-level and Topic-based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Baziotis, Christos  and
      Pelekis, Nikos  and
      Doulkeridis, Christos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2126",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2126",
    pages = "747--754",
    abstract = "In this paper we present two deep-learning systems that competed at SemEval-2017 Task 4 {``}Sentiment Analysis in Twitter{''}. We participated in all subtasks for English tweets, involving message-level and topic-based sentiment polarity classification and quantification. We use Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks augmented with two kinds of attention mechanisms, on top of word embeddings pre-trained on a big collection of Twitter messages. Also, we present a text processing tool suitable for social network messages, which performs tokenization, word normalization, segmentation and spell correction. Moreover, our approach uses no hand-crafted features or sentiment lexicons. We ranked 1st (tie) in Subtask A, and achieved very competitive results in the rest of the Subtasks. Both the word embeddings and our text processing tool are available to the research community.",
}
@inproceedings{balikas-2017-twise,
    title = "{T}wi{S}e at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Five-point Twitter Sentiment Classification and Quantification",
    author = "Balikas, Georgios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2127",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2127",
    pages = "755--759",
    abstract = "The paper describes the participation of the team {``}TwiSE{''} in the SemEval-2017 challenge. Specifically, I participated at Task 4 entitled {``}Sentiment Analysis in Twitter{''} for which I implemented systems for five-point tweet classification (Subtask C) and five-point tweet quantification (Subtask E) for English tweets. In the feature extraction steps the systems rely on the vector space model, morpho-syntactic analysis of the tweets and several sentiment lexicons. The classification step of Subtask C uses a Logistic Regression trained with the one-versus-rest approach. Another instance of Logistic Regression combined with the classify-and-count approach is trained for the quantification task of Subtask E. In the official leaderboard the system is ranked \textit{5/15} in Subtask C and \textit{2/12} in Subtask E.",
}
@inproceedings{rouvier-2017-lia,
    title = "{LIA} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: An Ensemble of Neural Networks for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Rouvier, Mickael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2128",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2128",
    pages = "760--765",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system developed at LIA for the SemEval-2017 evaluation campaign. The goal of Task 4.A was to identify sentiment polarity in tweets. The system is an ensemble of Deep Neural Network (DNN) models: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Network Long Short-Term Memory (RNN-LSTM). We initialize the input representation of DNN with different sets of embeddings trained on large datasets. The ensemble of DNNs are combined using a score-level fusion approach. The system ranked 2nd at SemEval-2017 and obtained an average recall of 67.6{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{muller-etal-2017-topicthunder,
    title = "{T}opic{T}hunder at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Sentiment Classification Using a Convolutional Neural Network with Distant Supervision",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Simon  and
      Huonder, Tobias  and
      Deriu, Jan  and
      Cieliebak, Mark},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2129",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2129",
    pages = "766--770",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a classifier for predicting topic-specific sentiments of English Twitter messages. Our method is based on a 2-layer CNN.With a distant supervised phase we leverage a large amount of weakly-labelled training data. Our system was evaluated on the data provided by the SemEval-2017 competition in the Topic-Based Message Polarity Classification subtask, where it ranked 4th place.",
}
@inproceedings{miranda-jimenez-etal-2017-ingeotec,
    title = "{INGEOTEC} at {S}em{E}val 2017 Task 4: A {B}4{MSA} Ensemble based on Genetic Programming for Twitter Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Miranda-Jim{\'e}nez, Sabino  and
      Graff, Mario  and
      Tellez, Eric Sadit  and
      Moctezuma, Daniela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2130",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2130",
    pages = "771--776",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system used in SemEval-2017 Task 4 (Subtask A): Message Polarity Classification for both English and Arabic languages. Our proposed system is an ensemble of two layers, the first one uses our generic framework for multilingual polarity classification (B4MSA) and the second layer combines all the decision function values predicted by B4MSA systems using a non-linear function evolved using a Genetic Programming system, EvoDAG. With this approach, the best performances reached by our system were macro-recall 0.68 (English) and 0.477 (Arabic) which set us in sixth and fourth positions in the results table, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{ayata-etal-2017-busem,
    title = "{BUSEM} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4{A} Sentiment Analysis with Word Embedding and Long Short Term Memory {RNN} Approaches",
    author = "Ayata, Deger  and
      Saraclar, Murat  and
      Ozgur, Arzucan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2131",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2131",
    pages = "777--783",
    abstract = "This paper describes our approach for SemEval-2017 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter. We have participated in Subtask A: Message Polarity Classification subtask and developed two systems. The first system uses word embeddings for feature representation and Support Vector Machine, Random Forest and Naive Bayes algorithms for classification of Twitter messages into negative, neutral and positive polarity. The second system is based on Long Short Term Memory Recurrent Neural Networks and uses word indexes as sequence of inputs for feature representation.",
}
@inproceedings{lozic-etal-2017-takelab,
    title = "{T}ake{L}ab at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Recent Deaths and the Power of Nostalgia in Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Lozi{\'c}, David  and
      {\v{S}}ari{\'c}, Doria  and
      Toki{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Medi{\'c}, Zoran  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2132",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2132",
    pages = "784--789",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system we submitted to SemEval-2017 Task 4 (Sentiment Analysis in Twitter), specifically subtasks A, B, and D. Our main focus was topic-based message polarity classification on a two-point scale (subtask B). The system we submitted uses a Support Vector Machine classifier with rich set of features, ranging from standard to more creative, task-specific features, including a series of rating-based features as well as features that account for sentimental reminiscence of past topics and deceased famous people. Our system ranked 14th out of 39 submissions in subtask A, 5th out of 24 submissions in subtask B, and 3rd out of 16 submissions in subtask D.",
}
@inproceedings{el-beltagy-etal-2017-niletmrg,
    title = "{N}ile{TMRG} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: {A}rabic Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "El-Beltagy, Samhaa R.  and
      El Kalamawy, Mona  and
      Soliman, Abu Bakr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2133",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2133",
    pages = "790--795",
    abstract = "This paper describes two systems that were used by the NileTMRG for addressing Arabic Sentiment Analysis as part of SemEval-2017, task 4. NileTMRG participated in three Arabic related subtasks which are: Subtask A (Message Polarity Classification), Subtask B (Topic-Based Message Polarity classification) and Subtask D (Tweet quantification). For subtask A, we made use of NU{'}s sentiment analyzer which we augmented with a scored lexicon. For subtasks B and D, we used an ensemble of three different classifiers. The first classifier was a convolutional neural network that used trained (word2vec) word embeddings. The second classifier consisted of a MultiLayer Perceptron while the third classifier was a Logistic regression model that takes the same input as the second classifier. Voting between the three classifiers was used to determine the final outcome. In all three Arabic related tasks in which NileTMRG participated, the team ranked at number one.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-ynu-hpcc,
    title = "{YNU}-{HPCC} at {S}em{E}val 2017 Task 4: Using A Multi-Channel {CNN}-{LSTM} Model for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Zhang, Haowei  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Zhang, Jixian  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2134",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2134",
    pages = "796--801",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a multi-channel convolutional neural network-long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) model that consists of two parts: multi-channel CNN and LSTM to analyze the sentiments of short English messages from Twitter. Un-like a conventional CNN, the proposed model applies a multi-channel strategy that uses several filters of different length to extract active local n-gram features in different scales. This information is then sequentially composed using LSTM. By combining both CNN and LSTM, we can consider both local information within tweets and long-distance dependency across tweets in the classification process. Officially released results show that our system outperforms the baseline algo-rithm.",
}
@inproceedings{deshmane-friedrichs-2017-tsa,
    title = "{TSA}-{INF} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: An Ensemble of Deep Learning Architectures Including Lexicon Features for Twitter Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Deshmane, Amit Ajit  and
      Friedrichs, Jasper",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2135",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2135",
    pages = "802--806",
    abstract = "This paper describes the submission of team TSA-INF to SemEval-2017 Task 4 Subtask A. The submitted system is an ensemble of three varying deep learning architectures for sentiment analysis. The core of the architecture is a convolutional neural network that performs well on text classification as is. The second subsystem is a gated recurrent neural network implementation. Additionally, the third system integrates opinion lexicons directly into a convolution neural network architecture. The resulting ensemble of the three architectures achieved a top ten ranking with a macro-averaged recall of 64.3{\%}. Additional results comparing variations of the submitted system are not conclusive enough to determine a best architecture, but serve as a benchmark for further implementations.",
}
@inproceedings{abreu-etal-2017-ucsc,
    title = "{UCSC}-{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Sense n-grams for Sentiment Analysis in Twitter",
    author = "Abreu, Jos{\'e}  and
      Castro, Iv{\'a}n  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Claudia  and
      Oliva, Sebasti{\'a}n  and
      Guti{\'e}rrez, Yoan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2136",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2136",
    pages = "807--811",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system submitted to SemEval-2017 Task 4-A Sentiment Analysis in Twitter developed by the UCSC-NLP team. We studied how relationships between sense n-grams and sentiment polarities can contribute to this task, i.e. co-occurrences of WordNet senses in the tweet, and the polarity. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of discarding a large set of features based on char-grams reported in preceding works. Based on these elements, we developed a SVM system, which exploring SentiWordNet as a polarity lexicon. It achieves an $F_1=0.624$ of average. Among 39 submissions to this task, we ranked 10th.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2017-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 4: Evaluating Effective Features on Machine Learning Methods for Twitter Message Polarity Classification",
    author = "Zhou, Yunxiao  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Wu, Yuanbin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2137",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2137",
    pages = "812--816",
    abstract = "This paper reports our submission to subtask A of task 4 (Sentiment Analysis in Twitter, SAT) in SemEval 2017, i.e., Message Polarity Classification. We investigated several traditional Natural Language Processing (NLP) features, domain specific features and word embedding features together with supervised machine learning methods to address this task. Officially released results showed that our system ranked above average.",
}
@inproceedings{mansar-etal-2017-fortia,
    title = "Fortia-{FBK} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: Bullish or Bearish? Inferring Sentiment towards Brands from Financial News Headlines",
    author = "Mansar, Youness  and
      Gatti, Lorenzo  and
      Ferradans, Sira  and
      Guerini, Marco  and
      Staiano, Jacopo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2138",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2138",
    pages = "817--822",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe a methodology to infer Bullish or Bearish sentiment towards companies/brands. More specifically, our approach leverages affective lexica and word embeddings in combination with convolutional neural networks to infer the sentiment of financial news headlines towards a target company. Such architecture was used and evaluated in the context of the SemEval 2017 challenge (task 5, subtask 2), in which it obtained the best performance.",
}
@inproceedings{s-etal-2017-ssn-mlrg1,
    title = "{SSN}{\_}{MLRG}1 at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis Using Multiple Kernel {G}aussian Process Regression Model",
    author = "S, Angel Deborah  and
      Rajendram, S Milton  and
      Mirnalinee, T T",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2139",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2139",
    pages = "823--826",
    abstract = "The system developed by the SSN{\_}MLRG1 team for Semeval-2017 task 5 on fine-grained sentiment analysis uses Multiple Kernel Gaussian Process for identifying the optimistic and pessimistic sentiments associated with companies and stocks. Since the comments made at different times about the same companies and stocks may display different emotions, their properties such as smoothness and periodicity may vary. Our experiments show that while single kernel Gaussian Process can learn certain properties well, Multiple Kernel Gaussian Process are effective in learning the presence of different properties simultaneously.",
}
@inproceedings{nasim-2017-iba,
    title = "{IBA}-Sys at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis on Financial Microblogs and News",
    author = "Nasim, Zarmeen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2140",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2140",
    pages = "827--831",
    abstract = "This paper presents the details of our system IBA-Sys that participated in SemEval Task: Fine-grained sentiment analysis on Financial Microblogs and News. Our system participated in both tracks. For microblogs track, a supervised learning approach was adopted and the regressor was trained using XgBoost regression algorithm on lexicon features. For news headlines track, an ensemble of regressors was used to predict sentiment score. One regressor was trained using TF-IDF features and another was trained using the n-gram features. The source code is available at Github.",
}
@inproceedings{cabanski-etal-2017-hhu,
    title = "{HHU} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis on Financial Data using Machine Learning Methods",
    author = "Cabanski, Tobias  and
      Romberg, Julia  and
      Conrad, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2141",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2141",
    pages = "832--836",
    abstract = "In this Paper a system for solving SemEval-2017 Task 5 is presented. This task is divided into two tracks where the sentiment of microblog messages and news headlines has to be predicted. Since two submissions were allowed, two different machine learning methods were developed to solve this task, a support vector machine approach and a recurrent neural network approach. To feed in data for these approaches, different feature extraction methods are used, mainly word representations and lexica. The best submissions for both tracks are provided by the recurrent neural network which achieves a F1-score of 0.729 in track 1 and 0.702 in track 2.",
}
@inproceedings{zini-etal-2017-inf,
    title = "{INF}-{UFRGS} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: A Supervised Identification of Sentiment Score in Tweets and Headlines",
    author = "Zini, Tiago  and
      Becker, Karin  and
      Dias, Marcelo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2142",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2142",
    pages = "837--841",
    abstract = "This paper describes a supervised solution for detecting the polarity scores of tweets or headline news in the financial domain, submitted to the SemEval 2017 Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis on Financial Microblogs and News Task. The premise is that it is possible to understand market reaction over a company stock by measuring the positive/negative sentiment contained in the financial tweets and news headlines, where polarity is measured in a continuous scale ranging from -1.0 (very bearish) to 1.0 (very bullish). Our system receives as input the textual content of tweets or news headlines, together with their ids, stock cashtag or name of target company, and the polarity score gold standard for the training dataset. Our solution retrieves features from these text instances using n-gram, hashtags, sentiment score calculated by a external APIs and others features to train a regression model capable to detect continuous score of these sentiments with precision.",
}
@inproceedings{pivovarova-etal-2017-hcs,
    title = "{HCS} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: Polarity detection in business news using convolutional neural networks",
    author = "Pivovarova, Lidia  and
      Escoter, Lloren{\c{c}}  and
      Klami, Arto  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2143",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2143",
    pages = "842--846",
    abstract = "Task 5 of SemEval-2017 involves fine-grained sentiment analysis on financial microblogs and news. Our solution for determining the sentiment score extends an earlier convolutional neural network for sentiment analysis in several ways. We explicitly encode a focus on a particular company, we apply a data augmentation scheme, and use a larger data collection to complement the small training data provided by the task organizers. The best results were achieved by training a model on an external dataset and then tuning it using the provided training dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-nlg301,
    title = "{NLG}301 at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis on Financial Microblogs and News",
    author = "Chen, Chung-Chi  and
      Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2144",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2144",
    pages = "847--851",
    abstract = "Short length, multi-targets, target relation-ship, monetary expressions, and outside reference are characteristics of financial tweets. This paper proposes methods to extract target spans from a tweet and its referencing web page. Total 15 publicly available sentiment dictionaries and one sentiment dictionary constructed from training set, containing sentiment scores in binary or real numbers, are used to compute the sentiment scores of text spans. Moreover, the correlation coeffi-cients of the price return between any two stocks are learned with the price data from Bloomberg. They are used to capture the relationships between the interesting tar-get and other stocks mentioned in a tweet. The best result of our method in both sub-task are 56.68{\%} and 55.43{\%}, evaluated by evaluation method 2.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-funsentiment-semeval,
    title = "fun{S}entiment at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis on Financial Microblogs Using Word Vectors Built from {S}tock{T}wits and Twitter",
    author = "Li, Quanzhi  and
      Shah, Sameena  and
      Nourbakhsh, Armineh  and
      Fang, Rui  and
      Liu, Xiaomo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2145",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2145",
    pages = "852--856",
    abstract = "This paper describes the approach we used for SemEval-2017 Task 5: Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis on Financial Microblogs. We use three types of word embeddings in our algorithm: word embeddings learned from 200 million tweets, sentiment-specific word embeddings learned from 10 million tweets using distance supervision, and word embeddings learned from 20 million StockTwits messages. In our approach, we also take the left and right context of the target company into consideration when generating polarity prediction features. All the features generated from different word embeddings and contexts are integrated together to train our algorithm",
}
@inproceedings{tabari-etal-2017-sentiheros,
    title = "{S}enti{H}eros at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: An application of Sentiment Analysis on Financial Tweets",
    author = "Tabari, Narges  and
      Seyeditabari, Armin  and
      Zadrozny, Wlodek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2146",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2146",
    pages = "857--860",
    abstract = "Sentiment analysis is the process of identifying the opinion expressed in text. Recently it has been used to study behavioral finance, and in particular the effect of opinions and emotions on economic or financial decisions. SemEval-2017 task 5 focuses on the financial market as the domain for sentiment analysis of text; specifically, task 5, subtask 1 focuses on financial tweets about stock symbols. In this paper, we describe a machine learning classifier for binary classification of financial tweets. We used natural language processing techniques and the random forest algorithm to train our model, and tuned it for the training dataset of Task 5, subtask 1. Our system achieves the 7th rank on the leaderboard of the task.",
}
@inproceedings{symeonidis-etal-2017-duth-semeval,
    title = "{DUTH} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: Sentiment Predictability in Financial Microblogging and News Articles",
    author = "Symeonidis, Symeon  and
      Kordonis, John  and
      Effrosynidis, Dimitrios  and
      Arampatzis, Avi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2147",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2147",
    pages = "861--865",
    abstract = "We present the system developed by the team DUTH for the participation in Semeval-2017 task 5 - Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis on Financial Microblogs and News, in subtasks A and B. Our approach to determine the sentiment of Microblog Messages and News Statements {\&} Headlines is based on linguistic preprocessing, feature engineering, and supervised machine learning techniques. To train our model, we used Neural Network Regression, Linear Regression, Boosted Decision Tree Regression and Decision Forrest Regression classifiers to forecast sentiment scores. At the end, we present an error measure, so as to improve the performance about forecasting methods of the system.",
}
@inproceedings{rotim-etal-2017-takelab,
    title = "{T}ake{L}ab at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: Linear aggregation of word embeddings for fine-grained sentiment analysis of financial news",
    author = "Rotim, Leon  and
      Tutek, Martin  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2148",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2148",
    pages = "866--871",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system for fine-grained sentiment scoring of news headlines submitted to SemEval 2017 task 5{--}subtask 2. Our system uses a feature-light method that consists of a Support Vector Regression (SVR) with various kernels and word vectors as features. Our best-performing submission scored 3rd on the task out of 29 teams and 4th out of 45 submissions with a cosine score of 0.733.",
}
@inproceedings{john-vechtomova-2017-uw,
    title = "{UW}-{F}in{S}ent at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: Sentiment Analysis on Financial News Headlines using Training Dataset Augmentation",
    author = "John, Vineet  and
      Vechtomova, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2149",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2149",
    pages = "872--876",
    abstract = "This paper discusses the approach taken by the UWaterloo team to arrive at a solution for the Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis problem posed by Task 5 of SemEval 2017. The paper describes the document vectorization and sentiment score prediction techniques used, as well as the design and implementation decisions taken while building the system for this task. The system uses text vectorization models, such as N-gram, TF-IDF and paragraph embeddings, coupled with regression model variants to predict the sentiment scores. Amongst the methods examined, unigrams and bigrams coupled with simple linear regression obtained the best baseline accuracy. The paper also explores data augmentation methods to supplement the training dataset. This system was designed for Subtask 2 (News Statements and Headlines).",
}
@inproceedings{kar-etal-2017-ritual,
    title = "{R}i{TUAL}-{UH} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: Sentiment Analysis on Financial Data Using Neural Networks",
    author = "Kar, Sudipta  and
      Maharjan, Suraj  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2150",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2150",
    pages = "877--882",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present our systems for the {``}SemEval-2017 Task-5 on Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis on Financial Microblogs and News{''}. In our system, we combined hand-engineered lexical, sentiment and metadata features, the representations learned from Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (Bi-GRU) with Attention model applied on top. With this architecture we obtained weighted cosine similarity scores of 0.72 and 0.74 for subtask-1 and subtask-2, respectively. Using the official scoring system, our system ranked the second place for subtask-2 and eighth place for the subtask-1. It ranked first for both of the subtasks by the scores achieved by an alternate scoring system.",
}
@inproceedings{schouten-etal-2017-commit,
    title = "{COMMIT} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: Ontology-based Method for Sentiment Analysis of Financial Headlines",
    author = "Schouten, Kim  and
      Frasincar, Flavius  and
      de Jong, Franciska",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2151",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2151",
    pages = "883--887",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission to Task 5 of SemEval 2017, Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis on Financial Microblogs and News, where we limit ourselves to performing sentiment analysis on news headlines only (track 2). The approach presented in this paper uses a Support Vector Machine to do the required regression, and besides unigrams and a sentiment tool, we use various ontology-based features. To this end we created a domain ontology that models various concepts from the financial domain. This allows us to model the sentiment of actions depending on which entity they are affecting (e.g., {`}decreasing debt{'} is positive, but {`}decreasing profit{'} is negative). The presented approach yielded a cosine distance of 0.6810 on the official test data, resulting in the 12th position.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2017-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: An Ensemble of Regression Algorithms with Effective Features for Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis in Financial Domain",
    author = "Jiang, Mengxiao  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Wu, Yuanbin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2152",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2152",
    pages = "888--893",
    abstract = "This paper describes our systems submitted to the Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis on Financial Microblogs and News task (i.e., Task 5) in SemEval-2017. This task includes two subtasks in microblogs and news headline domain respectively. To settle this problem, we extract four types of effective features, including linguistic features, sentiment lexicon features, domain-specific features and word embedding features. Then we employ these features to construct models by using ensemble regression algorithms. Our submissions rank 1st and rank 5th in subtask 1 and subtask 2 respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2017-iitpb,
    title = "{IITPB} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: Sentiment Prediction in Financial Text",
    author = "Kumar, Abhishek  and
      Sethi, Abhishek  and
      Akhtar, Md Shad  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2153",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2153",
    pages = "894--898",
    abstract = "This paper reports team IITPB{'}s participation in the SemEval 2017 Task 5 on {`}Fine-grained sentiment analysis on financial microblogs and news{'}. We developed 2 systems for the two tracks. One system was based on an ensemble of Support Vector Classifier and Logistic Regression. This system relied on Distributional Thesaurus (DT), word embeddings and lexicon features to predict a floating sentiment value between -1 and +1. The other system was based on Support Vector Regression using word embeddings, lexicon features, and PMI scores as features. The system was ranked 5th in track 1 and 8th in track 2.",
}
@inproceedings{ghosal-etal-2017-iitp,
    title = "{IITP} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: An Ensemble of Deep Learning and Feature Based Models for Financial Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Ghosal, Deepanway  and
      Bhatnagar, Shobhit  and
      Akhtar, Md Shad  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2154",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2154",
    pages = "899--903",
    abstract = "In this paper we propose an ensemble based model which combines state of the art deep learning sentiment analysis algorithms like Convolution Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) along with feature based models to identify optimistic or pessimistic sentiments associated with companies and stocks in financial texts. We build our system to participate in a competition organized by Semantic Evaluation 2017 International Workshop. We combined predictions from various models using an artificial neural network to determine the opinion towards an entity in (a) Microblog Messages and (b) News Headlines data. Our models achieved a cosine similarity score of 0.751 and 0.697 for the above two tracks giving us the rank of 2nd and 7th best team respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{saleiro-etal-2017-feup,
    title = "{FEUP} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 5: Predicting Sentiment Polarity and Intensity with Financial Word Embeddings",
    author = "Saleiro, Pedro  and
      Mendes Rodrigues, Eduarda  and
      Soares, Carlos  and
      Oliveira, Eug{\'e}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2155",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2155",
    pages = "904--908",
    abstract = "This paper presents the approach developed at the Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, to participate in SemEval 2017, Task 5: Fine-grained Sentiment Analysis on Financial Microblogs and News. The task consisted in predicting a real continuous variable from -1.0 to +1.0 representing the polarity and intensity of sentiment concerning companies/stocks mentioned in short texts. We modeled the task as a regression analysis problem and combined traditional techniques such as pre-processing short texts, bag-of-words representations and lexical-based features with enhanced financial specific bag-of-embeddings. We used an external collection of tweets and news headlines mentioning companies/stocks from S{\&}P 500 to create financial word embeddings which are able to capture domain-specific syntactic and semantic similarities. The resulting approach obtained a cosine similarity score of 0.69 in sub-task 5.1 - Microblogs and 0.68 in sub-task 5.2 - News Headlines.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-nguyen-2017-uit,
    title = "{UIT}-{DANGNT}-{CLNLP} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 9: Building Scientific Concept Fixing Patterns for Improving {CAMR}",
    author = "Nguyen, Khoa  and
      Nguyen, Dang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2156",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2156",
    pages = "909--913",
    abstract = "This paper describes the improvements that we have applied on CAMR baseline parser (Wang et al., 2016) at Task 8 of SemEval-2016. Our objective is to increase the performance of CAMR when parsing sentences from scientific articles, especially articles of biology domain more accurately. To achieve this goal, we built two wrapper layers for CAMR. The first layer, which covers the input data, will normalize, add necessary information to the input sentences to make the input dependency parser and the aligner better handle reference citations, scientific figures, formulas, etc. The second layer, which covers the output data, will modify and standardize output data based on a list of scientific concept fixing patterns. This will help CAMR better handle biological concepts which are not in the training dataset. Finally, after applying our approach, CAMR has scored 0.65 F-score on the test set of Biomedical training data and 0.61 F-score on the official blind test dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{buys-blunsom-2017-oxford,
    title = "{O}xford at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 9: Neural {AMR} Parsing with Pointer-Augmented Attention",
    author = "Buys, Jan  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2157",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2157",
    pages = "914--919",
    abstract = "We present a neural encoder-decoder AMR parser that extends an attention-based model by predicting the alignment between graph nodes and sentence tokens explicitly with a pointer mechanism. Candidate lemmas are predicted as a pre-processing step so that the lemmas of lexical concepts, as well as constant strings, are factored out of the graph linearization and recovered through the predicted alignments. The approach does not rely on syntactic parses or extensive external resources. Our parser obtained 59{\%} Smatch on the SemEval test set.",
}
@inproceedings{mille-etal-2017-forge,
    title = "{FORG}e at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 9: Deep sentence generation based on a sequence of graph transducers",
    author = "Mille, Simon  and
      Carlini, Roberto  and
      Burga, Alicia  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2158",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2158",
    pages = "920--923",
    abstract = "We present the contribution of Universitat Pompeu Fabra{'}s NLP group to the SemEval Task 9.2 (AMR-to-English Generation). The proposed generation pipeline comprises: (i) a series of rule-based graph-transducers for the syntacticization of the input graphs and the resolution of morphological agreements, and (ii) an off-the-shelf statistical linearization component.",
}
@inproceedings{gruzitis-etal-2017-rigotrio,
    title = "{RIGOTRIO} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 9: Combining Machine Learning and Grammar Engineering for {AMR} Parsing and Generation",
    author = "Gruzitis, Normunds  and
      Gosko, Didzis  and
      Barzdins, Guntis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2159",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2159",
    pages = "924--928",
    abstract = "By addressing both text-to-AMR parsing and AMR-to-text generation, SemEval-2017 Task 9 established AMR as a powerful semantic interlingua. We strengthen the interlingual aspect of AMR by applying the multilingual Grammatical Framework (GF) for AMR-to-text generation. Our current rule-based GF approach completely covered only 12.3{\%} of the test AMRs, therefore we combined it with state-of-the-art JAMR Generator to see if the combination increases or decreases the overall performance. The combined system achieved the automatic BLEU score of 18.82 and the human Trueskill score of 107.2, to be compared to the plain JAMR Generator results. As for AMR parsing, we added NER extensions to our SemEval-2016 general-domain AMR parser to handle the biomedical genre, rich in organic compound names, achieving Smatch F1=54.0{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{van-noord-bos-2017-meaning,
    title = "The Meaning Factory at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 9: Producing {AMR}s with Neural Semantic Parsing",
    author = "van Noord, Rik  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2160",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2160",
    pages = "929--933",
    abstract = "We evaluate a semantic parser based on a character-based sequence-to-sequence model in the context of the SemEval-2017 shared task on semantic parsing for AMRs. With data augmentation, super characters, and POS-tagging we gain major improvements in performance compared to a baseline character-level model. Although we improve on previous character-based neural semantic parsing models, the overall accuracy is still lower than a state-of-the-art AMR parser. An ensemble combining our neural semantic parser with an existing, traditional parser, yields a small gain in performance.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-li-2017-pku,
    title = "{PKU}{\_}{ICL} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 10: Keyphrase Extraction with Model Ensemble and External Knowledge",
    author = "Wang, Liang  and
      Li, Sujian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2161",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2161",
    pages = "934--937",
    abstract = "This paper presents a system that participated in SemEval 2017 Task 10 (subtask A and subtask B): Extracting Keyphrases and Relations from Scientific Publications (Augenstein et al., 2017). Our proposed approach utilizes external knowledge to enrich feature representation of candidate keyphrase, including Wikipedia, IEEE taxonomy and pre-trained word embeddings etc. Ensemble of unsupervised models, random forest and linear models are used for candidate keyphrase ranking and keyphrase type classification. Our system achieves the 3rd place in subtask A and 4th place in subtask B.",
}
@inproceedings{marsi-etal-2017-ntnu,
    title = "{NTNU}-1@{S}cience{IE} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 10: Identifying and Labelling Keyphrases with Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Marsi, Erwin  and
      Sikdar, Utpal Kumar  and
      Marco, Cristina  and
      Barik, Biswanath  and
      S{\ae}tre, Rune",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2162",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2162",
    pages = "938--941",
    abstract = "We present NTNU{'}s systems for Task A (prediction of keyphrases) and Task B (labelling as Material, Process or Task) at SemEval 2017 Task 10: Extracting Keyphrases and Relations from Scientific Publications (Augenstein et al., 2017). Our approach relies on supervised machine learning using Conditional Random Fields. Our system yields a micro F-score of 0.34 for Tasks A and B combined on the test data. For Task C (relation extraction), we relied on an independently developed system described in (Barik and Marsi, 2017). For the full Scenario 1 (including relations), our approach reaches a micro F-score of 0.33 (5th place). Here we describe our systems, report results and discuss errors.",
}
@inproceedings{eger-etal-2017-eelection,
    title = "{EELECTION} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 10: Ensemble of n{E}ural Learners for k{E}yphrase {C}lassifica{TION}",
    author = "Eger, Steffen  and
      Do Dinh, Erik-L{\^a}n  and
      Kuznetsov, Ilia  and
      Kiaeeha, Masoud  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2163",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2163",
    pages = "942--946",
    abstract = "This paper describes our approach to the SemEval 2017 Task 10: Extracting Keyphrases and Relations from Scientific Publications, specifically to Subtask (B): Classification of identified keyphrases. We explored three different deep learning approaches: a character-level convolutional neural network (CNN), a stacked learner with an MLP meta-classifier, and an attention based Bi-LSTM. From these approaches, we created an ensemble of differently hyper-parameterized systems, achieving a micro-$F_1$-score of 0.63 on the test data. Our approach ranks 2nd (score of 1st placed system: 0.64) out of four according to this official score. However, we erroneously trained 2 out of 3 neural nets (the stacker and the CNN) on only roughly 15{\%} of the full data, namely, the original development set. When trained on the full data (training+development), our ensemble has a micro-$F_{1}$-score of 0.69. Our code is available from \url{https://github.com/UKPLab/semeval2017-scienceie}.",
}
@inproceedings{segura-bedmar-etal-2017-labda,
    title = "{LABDA} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 10: Extracting Keyphrases from Scientific Publications by combining the {BANNER} tool and the {UMLS} Semantic Network",
    author = "Segura-Bedmar, Isabel  and
      Col{\'o}n-Ruiz, Crist{\'o}bal  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Paloma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2164",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2164",
    pages = "947--950",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system presented by the LABDA group at SemEval 2017 Task 10 ScienceIE, specifically for the subtasks of identification and classification of keyphrases from scientific articles. For the task of identification, we use the BANNER tool, a named entity recognition system, which is based on conditional random fields (CRF) and has obtained successful results in the biomedical domain. To classify keyphrases, we study the UMLS semantic network and propose a possible linking between the keyphrase types and the UMLS semantic groups. Based on this semantic linking, we create a dictionary for each keyphrase type. Then, a feature indicating if a token is found in one of these dictionaries is incorporated to feature set used by the BANNER tool. The final results on the test dataset show that our system still needs to be improved, but the conditional random fields and, consequently, the BANNER system can be used as a first approximation to identify and classify keyphrases.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2017-ntnu,
    title = "The {NTNU} System at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 10: Extracting Keyphrases and Relations from Scientific Publications Using Multiple Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Lee, Kuei-Ching  and
      Tseng, Yuen-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2165",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2165",
    pages = "951--955",
    abstract = "This study describes the design of the NTNU system for the ScienceIE task at the SemEval 2017 workshop. We use self-defined feature templates and multiple conditional random fields with extracted features to identify keyphrases along with categorized labels and their relations from scientific publications. A total of 16 teams participated in evaluation scenario 1 (subtasks A, B, and C), with only 7 teams competing in all sub-tasks. Our best micro-averaging F1 across the three subtasks is 0.23, ranking in the middle among all 16 submissions.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2017-mayonlp,
    title = "{M}ayo{NLP} at {S}em{E}val 2017 Task 10: Word Embedding Distance Pattern for Keyphrase Classification in Scientific Publications",
    author = "Liu, Sijia  and
      Shen, Feichen  and
      Chaudhary, Vipin  and
      Liu, Hongfang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2166",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2166",
    pages = "956--960",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present MayoNLP{'}s results from the participation in the ScienceIE share task at SemEval 2017. We focused on the keyphrase classification task (Subtask B). We explored semantic similarities and patterns of keyphrases in scientific publications using pre-trained word embedding models. Word Embedding Distance Pattern, which uses the head noun word embedding to generate distance patterns based on labeled keyphrases, is proposed as an incremental feature set to enhance the conventional Named Entity Recognition feature sets. Support vector machine is used as the supervised classifier for keyphrase classification. Our system achieved an overall F1 score of 0.67 for keyphrase classification and 0.64 for keyphrase classification and relation detection.",
}
@inproceedings{kern-etal-2017-know,
    title = "Know-Center at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 10: Sequence Classification with the {CODE} Annotator",
    author = "Kern, Roman  and
      Falk, Stefan  and
      Rexha, Andi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2167",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2167",
    pages = "961--964",
    abstract = "This paper describes our participation in SemEval-2017 Task 10. We competed in Subtask 1 and 2 which consist respectively in identifying all the key phrases in scientific publications and label them with one of the three categories: Task, Process, and Material. These scientific publications are selected from Computer Science, Material Sciences, and Physics domains. We followed a supervised approach for both subtasks by using a sequential classifier (CRF - Conditional Random Fields). For generating our solution we used a web-based application implemented in the EU-funded research project, named CODE. Our system achieved an F1 score of 0.39 for the Subtask 1 and 0.28 for the Subtask 2.",
}
@inproceedings{barik-marsi-2017-ntnu,
    title = "{NTNU}-2 at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 10: Identifying Synonym and Hyponym Relations among Keyphrases in Scientific Documents",
    author = "Barik, Biswanath  and
      Marsi, Erwin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2168",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2168",
    pages = "965--968",
    abstract = "This paper presents our relation extraction system for subtask C of SemEval-2017 Task 10: ScienceIE. Assuming that the keyphrases are already annotated in the input data, our work explores a wide range of linguistic features, applies various feature selection techniques, optimizes the hyper parameters and class weights and experiments with different problem formulations (single classification model vs individual classifiers for each keyphrase type, single-step classifier vs pipeline classifier for hyponym relations). Performance of five popular classification algorithms are evaluated for each problem formulation along with feature selection. The best setting achieved an F1 score of 71.0{\%} for synonym and 30.0{\%} for hyponym relation on the test data.",
}
@inproceedings{suarez-paniagua-etal-2017-labda,
    title = "{LABDA} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 10: Relation Classification between keyphrases via Convolutional Neural Network",
    author = "Su{\'a}rez-Paniagua, V{\'\i}ctor  and
      Segura-Bedmar, Isabel  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Paloma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2169",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2169",
    pages = "969--972",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our participation at the subtask of extraction of relationships between two identified keyphrases. This task can be very helpful in improving search engines for scientific articles. Our approach is based on the use of a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on the training dataset. This deep learning model has already achieved successful results for the extraction relationships between named entities. Thus, our hypothesis is that this model can be also applied to extract relations between keyphrases. The official results of the task show that our architecture obtained an F1-score of 0.38{\%} for Keyphrases Relation Classification. This performance is lower than the expected due to the generic preprocessing phase and the basic configuration of the CNN model, more complex architectures are proposed as future work to increase the classification rate.",
}
@inproceedings{prasad-kan-2017-wing,
    title = "{WING}-{NUS} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 10: Keyphrase Extraction and Classification as Joint Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Prasad, Animesh  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2170",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2170",
    pages = "973--977",
    abstract = "We describe an end-to-end pipeline processing approach for SemEval 2017{'}s Task 10 to extract keyphrases and their relations from scientific publications. We jointly identify and classify keyphrases by modeling the subtasks as sequential labeling. Our system utilizes standard, surface-level features along with the adjacent word features, and performs conditional decoding on whole text to extract keyphrases. We focus only on the identification and typing of keyphrases (Subtasks A and B, together referred as extraction), but provide an end-to-end system inclusive of keyphrase relation identification (Subtask C) for completeness. Our top performing configuration achieves an $F_1$ of 0.27 for the end-to-end keyphrase extraction and relation identification scenario on the final test data, and compares on par to other top ranked systems for keyphrase extraction. Our system outperforms other techniques that do not employ global decoding and hence do not account for dependencies between keyphrases. We believe this is crucial for keyphrase classification in the given context of scientific document mining.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2017-mit,
    title = "{MIT} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 10: Relation Extraction with Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Lee, Ji Young  and
      Dernoncourt, Franck  and
      Szolovits, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2171",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2171",
    pages = "978--984",
    abstract = "Over 50 million scholarly articles have been published: they constitute a unique repository of knowledge. In particular, one may infer from them relations between scientific concepts. Artificial neural networks have recently been explored for relation extraction. In this work, we continue this line of work and present a system based on a convolutional neural network to extract relations. Our model ranked first in the SemEval-2017 task 10 (ScienceIE) for relation extraction in scientific articles (subtask C).",
}
@inproceedings{tsujimura-etal-2017-tti,
    title = "{TTI}-{COIN} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 10: Investigating Embeddings for End-to-End Relation Extraction from Scientific Papers",
    author = "Tsujimura, Tomoki  and
      Miwa, Makoto  and
      Sasaki, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2172",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2172",
    pages = "985--989",
    abstract = "This paper describes our TTI-COIN system that participated in SemEval-2017 Task 10. We investigated appropriate embeddings to adapt a neural end-to-end entity and relation extraction system LSTM-ER to this task. We participated in the full task setting of the entity segmentation, entity classification and relation classification (scenario 1) and the setting of relation classification only (scenario 3). The system was directly applied to the scenario 1 without modifying the codes thanks to its generality and flexibility. Our evaluation results show that the choice of appropriate pre-trained embeddings affected the performance significantly. With the best embeddings, our system was ranked third in the scenario 1 with the micro F1 score of 0.38. We also confirm that our system can produce the micro F1 score of 0.48 for the scenario 3 on the test data, and this score is close to the score of the 3rd ranked system in the task.",
}
@inproceedings{berend-2017-szte,
    title = "{SZTE}-{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 10: A High Precision Sequence Model for Keyphrase Extraction Utilizing Sparse Coding for Feature Generation",
    author = "Berend, G{\'a}bor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2173",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2173",
    pages = "990--994",
    abstract = "In this paper we introduce our system participating at the 2017 SemEval shared task on keyphrase extraction from scientific documents. We aimed at the creation of a keyphrase extraction approach which relies on as little external resources as possible. Without applying any hand-crafted external resources, and only utilizing a transformed version of word embeddings trained at Wikipedia, our proposed system manages to perform among the best participating systems in terms of precision.",
}
@inproceedings{hernandez-etal-2017-lipn,
    title = "{LIPN} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 10: Filtering Candidate Keyphrases from Scientific Publications with Part-of-Speech Tag Sequences to Train a Sequence Labeling Model",
    author = "Hernandez, Simon David  and
      Buscaldi, Davide  and
      Charnois, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2174",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2174",
    pages = "995--999",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system used by the team LIPN in SemEval 2017 Task 10: Extracting Keyphrases and Relations from Scientific Publications. The team participated in Scenario 1, that includes three subtasks, Identification of keyphrases (Subtask A), Classification of identified keyphrases (Subtask B) and Extraction of relationships between two identified keyphrases (Subtask C). The presented system was mainly focused on the use of part-of-speech tag sequences to filter candidate keyphrases for Subtask A. Subtasks A and B were addressed as a sequence labeling problem using Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) and even though Subtask C was out of the scope of this approach, one rule was included to identify synonyms.",
}
@inproceedings{kubis-etal-2017-eudamu,
    title = "{EUDAMU} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 11: Action Ranking and Type Matching for End-User Development",
    author = "Kubis, Marek  and
      Sk{\'o}rzewski, Pawe{\l}  and
      Zi{\k{e}}tkiewicz, Tomasz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2175",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2175",
    pages = "1000--1004",
    abstract = "The paper describes a system for end-user development using natural language. Our approach uses a ranking model to identify the actions to be executed followed by reference and parameter matching models to select parameter values that should be set for the given commands. We discuss the results of evaluation and possible improvements for future work.",
}
@inproceedings{p-r-etal-2017-hitachi,
    title = "Hitachi at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 12: System for temporal information extraction from clinical notes",
    author = "P R, Sarath  and
      R, Manikandan  and
      Niwa, Yoshiki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2176",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2176",
    pages = "1005--1009",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system developed for the task of temporal information extraction from clinical narratives in the context of the 2017 Clinical TempEval challenge. Clinical TempEval 2017 addressed the problem of temporal reasoning in the clinical domain by providing annotated clinical notes, pathology and radiology reports in line with Clinical TempEval challenges 2015/16, across two different evaluation phases focusing on cross domain adaptation. Our team focused on subtasks involving extractions of temporal spans and relations for which the developed systems showed average F-score of 0.45 and 0.47 across the two phases of evaluations.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2017-ntu,
    title = "{NTU}-1 at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 12: Detection and classification of temporal events in clinical data with domain adaptation",
    author = "Huang, Po-Yu  and
      Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Wang, Yu-Wun  and
      Huang, Ching  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2177",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2177",
    pages = "1010--1013",
    abstract = "This study proposes a system to participate in the Clinical TempEval 2017 shared task, a part of the SemEval 2017 Tasks. Domain adaptation was the main challenge this year. We took part in the supervised domain adaption where data of 591 records of colon cancer patients and 30 records of brain cancer patients from Mayo clinic were given and we are asked to analyze the records from brain cancer patients. Based on the THYME corpus released by the organizer of Clinical TempEval, we propose a framework that automatically analyzes clinical temporal events in a fine-grained level. Support vector machine (SVM) and conditional random field (CRF) were implemented in our system for different subtasks, including detecting clinical relevant events and time expression, determining their attributes, and identifying their relations with each other within the document. The results showed the capability of domain adaptation of our system.",
}
@inproceedings{long-etal-2017-xjnlp,
    title = "{XJNLP} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 12: Clinical temporal information ex-traction with a Hybrid Model",
    author = "Long, Yu  and
      Li, Zhijing  and
      Wang, Xuan  and
      Li, Chen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2178",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2178",
    pages = "1014--1018",
    abstract = "Temporality is crucial in understanding the course of clinical events from a patient{'}s electronic health recordsand temporal processing is becoming more and more important for improving access to content.SemEval 2017 Task 12 (Clinical TempEval) addressed this challenge using the THYME corpus, a corpus of clinical narratives annotated with a schema based on TimeML2 guidelines. We developed and evaluated approaches for: extraction of temporal expressions (TIMEX3) and EVENTs; EVENT attributes; document-time relations. Our approach is a hybrid model which is based on rule based methods, semi-supervised learning, and semantic features with addition of manually crafted rules.",
}
@inproceedings{lamurias-etal-2017-ulisboa,
    title = "{ULISBOA} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 12: Extraction and classification of temporal expressions and events",
    author = "Lamurias, Andre  and
      Sousa, Diana  and
      Pereira, Sofia  and
      Clarke, Luka  and
      Couto, Francisco M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2179",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2179",
    pages = "1019--1023",
    abstract = "This paper presents our approach to participate in the SemEval 2017 Task 12: Clinical TempEval challenge, specifically in the event and time expressions span and attribute identification subtasks (ES, EA, TS, TA). Our approach consisted in training Conditional Random Fields (CRF) classifiers using the provided annotations, and in creating manually curated rules to classify the attributes of each event and time expression. We used a set of common features for the event and time CRF classifiers, and a set of features specific to each type of entity, based on domain knowledge. Training only on the source domain data, our best F-scores were 0.683 and 0.485 for event and time span identification subtasks. When adding target domain annotations to the training data, the best F-scores obtained were 0.729 and 0.554, for the same subtasks. We obtained the second highest F-score of the challenge on the event polarity subtask (0.708). The source code of our system, Clinical Timeline Annotation (CiTA), is available at \url{https://github.com/lasigeBioTM/CiTA}.",
}
@inproceedings{macavaney-etal-2017-guir,
    title = "{GUIR} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 12: A Framework for Cross-Domain Clinical Temporal Information Extraction",
    author = "MacAvaney, Sean  and
      Cohan, Arman  and
      Goharian, Nazli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2180",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2180",
    pages = "1024--1029",
    abstract = "Clinical TempEval 2017 (SemEval 2017 Task 12) addresses the task of cross-domain temporal extraction from clinical text. We present a system for this task that uses supervised learning for the extraction of temporal expression and event spans with corresponding attributes and narrative container relations. Approaches include conditional random fields and decision tree ensembles, using lexical, syntactic, semantic, distributional, and rule-based features. Our system received best or second best scores in TIMEX3 span, EVENT span, and CONTAINS relation extraction.",
}
@inproceedings{leeuwenberg-moens-2017-kuleuven,
    title = "{KUL}euven-{LIIR} at {S}em{E}val-2017 Task 12: Cross-Domain Temporal Information Extraction from Clinical Records",
    author = "Leeuwenberg, Artuur  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation ({S}em{E}val-2017)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S17-2181",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S17-2181",
    pages = "1030--1034",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the system of the KULeuven-LIIR submission for Clinical TempEval 2017. We participated in all six subtasks, using a combination of Support Vector Machines (SVM) for event and temporal expression detection, and a structured perceptron for extracting temporal relations. Moreover, we present and analyze the results from our submissions, and verify the effectiveness of several system components. Our system performed above average for all subtasks in both phases.",
}
@article{cl-2015-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 41, Issue 1 - March 2015",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2015",
}
@article{chali-hasan-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards Topic-to-Question Generation",
    author = "Chali, Yllias  and
      Hasan, Sadid A.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00206",
    pages = "1--20",
}
@article{gao-etal-2015-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Sentiment Lexicon Learning With Bilingual Word Graph Label Propagation",
    author = "Gao, Dehong  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Liu, Xiaohua  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00207",
    pages = "21--40",
}
@article{gardent-narayan-2015-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Adjunction in Feature-Based Tree-Adjoining Grammar",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Narayan, Shashi",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00217",
    pages = "41--70",
}
@article{grefenstette-sadrzadeh-2015-concrete,
    title = "Concrete Models and Empirical Evaluations for the Categorical Compositional Distributional Model of Meaning",
    author = "Grefenstette, Edward  and
      Sadrzadeh, Mehrnoosh",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00209",
    pages = "71--118",
}
@article{jiang-etal-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Adaptation of Annotations",
    author = {Jiang, Wenbin  and
      L{\"u}, Yajuan  and
      Huang, Liang  and
      Liu, Qun},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00210",
    pages = "119--147",
}
@article{lu-2015-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Automated Grammatical Error Detection for Language Learners, Second Edition by Claudia Leacock, Martin Chodorow, {M}ichael Gamon and Joel Tetreault",
    author = "Lu, Xiaofei",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-1006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00211",
    pages = "149--151",
}
@article{dyer-2015-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Linguistic Fundamentals for Natural Language Processing: 100 Essentials from Morphology and Syntax by Emily M. Bender",
    author = "Dyer, Chris",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-1007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00212",
    pages = "153--155",
}
@article{magnini-2015-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Recognizing Textual Entailment: Models and Applications by Ido {D}agan, Dan {R}oth, Mark Sammons and Fabio Massimo Zanzotto",
    author = "Magnini, Bernardo",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-1008",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00213",
    pages = "157--159",
}
@article{sharoff-2015-book,
    title = {Book Reviews: Web Corpus Construction by Roland Sch{\"a}fer and Felix Bildhauer},
    author = "Sharoff, Serge",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-1009",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00214",
    pages = "161--163",
}
@article{zanzotto-etal-2015-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: When the Whole Is Not Greater Than the Combination of Its Parts: A {``}Decompositional{''} Look at Compositional Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo  and
      Ferrone, Lorenzo  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-1010",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00215",
    pages = "165--173",
}
@article{gimenes-etal-2015-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: Spelling Error Patterns in {B}razilian {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Gimenes, Priscila A.  and
      Roman, Norton T.  and
      Carvalho, Ariadne M. B. R.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-1011",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00216",
    pages = "175--183",
}
@article{cl-2015-linguistics-41,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 41, Issue 2 - June 2015",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
}
@article{durrani-etal-2015-operation,
    title = "The Operation Sequence {M}odel{---}{C}ombining N-Gram-Based and Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = {Durrani, Nadir  and
      Schmid, Helmut  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-2001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00218",
    pages = "157--186",
}
@article{kuhlmann-etal-2015-lexicalization,
    title = "Lexicalization and Generative Power in {CCG}",
    author = "Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      Koller, Alexander  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-2002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00219",
    pages = "187--219",
}
@article{berant-etal-2015-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Global Learning of Entailment Graphs",
    author = "Berant, Jonathan  and
      Alon, Noga  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Goldberger, Jacob",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-2003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00220",
    pages = "221--263",
}
@article{dong-etal-2015-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Parsing Framework for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Dong, Li  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Liu, Shujie  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Xu, Ke",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-2004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00221",
    pages = "265--308",
}
@article{dras-2015-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: Evaluating Human Pairwise Preference Judgments",
    author = "Dras, Mark",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-2005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00222",
    pages = "309--317",
}
@article{biemann-2015-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Ontology-Based Interpretation of Natural Language by Philipp Cimiano, Christina Unger and John {M}c{C}rae",
    author = "Biemann, Chris",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-2006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00223",
    pages = "319--322",
}
@article{evens-2015-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Robots that Talk and Listen edited by Judith A. Markowitz",
    author = "Evens, Martha",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-2007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00224",
    pages = "323--326",
}
@article{cl-2015-linguistics-41-issue,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 41, Issue 3 - September 2015",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
}
@article{barbot-etal-2015-large,
    title = "Large Linguistic Corpus Reduction with {SCP} Algorithms",
    author = {Barbot, Nelly  and
      Bo{\"e}ffard, Olivier  and
      Chevelu, Jonathan  and
      Delhay, Arnaud},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-3001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00225",
    pages = "355--383",
}
@article{joty-etal-2015-codra,
    title = "{CODRA}: A Novel Discriminative Framework for Rhetorical Analysis",
    author = "Joty, Shafiq  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Ng, Raymond T.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-3002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00226",
    pages = "385--435",
}
@article{mathet-etal-2015-unified,
    title = "The Unified and Holistic Method Gamma (γ) for Inter-Annotator Agreement Measure and Alignment",
    author = {Mathet, Yann  and
      Widl{\"o}cher, Antoine  and
      M{\'e}tivier, Jean-Philippe},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-3003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00227",
    pages = "437--479",
}
@article{tanaka-ishii-aihara-2015-computational,
    title = "Computational Constancy Measures of {T}exts{---}{Y}ule{'}s K and R{\'e}nyi{'}s Entropy",
    author = "Tanaka-Ishii, Kumiko  and
      Aihara, Shunsuke",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-3004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00228",
    pages = "481--502",
}
@article{zhang-clark-2015-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Syntax-Based Word Ordering for Text Generation",
    author = "Zhang, Yue  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-3005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00229",
    pages = "503--538",
}
@article{karimi-etal-2015-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: Evaluation Methods for Statistically Dependent Text",
    author = "Karimi, Sarvnaz  and
      Yin, Jie  and
      Baum, Jiri",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-3006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00230",
    pages = "539--548",
}
@article{cl-2015-linguistics-41-issue-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 41, Issue 4 - {D}ecember 2015",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
}
@article{prudhommeaux-roark-2015-graph,
    title = "Graph-Based Word Alignment for Clinical Language Evaluation",
    author = "Prud{'}hommeaux, Emily  and
      Roark, Brian",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-4001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00232",
    pages = "549--578",
}
@article{shutova-2015-design,
    title = "Design and Evaluation of Metaphor Processing Systems",
    author = "Shutova, Ekaterina",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-4002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00233",
    pages = "579--623",
}
@article{roth-frank-2015-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Implicit Arguments from Comparable Texts: A Framework and Its Applications",
    author = "Roth, Michael  and
      Frank, Anette",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-4003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00236",
    pages = "625--664",
}
@article{hill-etal-2015-simlex,
    title = "{S}im{L}ex-999: Evaluating Semantic Models With (Genuine) Similarity Estimation",
    author = "Hill, Felix  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-4004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00237",
    pages = "665--695",
}
@article{lu-2015-book-review,
    title = "Book Review: Language Processing with {P}erl and Prolog: Theories, Implemetation, and Application by Pierre M. Nugues",
    author = "Lu, Wei",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-4005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00238",
    pages = "697--699",
}
@article{manning-2015-last,
    title = "Last Words: Computational Linguistics and Deep Learning",
    author = "Manning, Christopher D.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-4006",
    doi = "doi:10.1162/COLI_a_00239",
    pages = "701--707",
}
@article{li-2015-lifetime,
    title = "Lifetime Achievement Award: Translating Today into Tomorrow",
    author = "Li, Sheng",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-4007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00240",
    pages = "709--718",
}
@article{evans-2015-obituaries,
    title = "{O}bituaries: {A}dam Kilgarriff",
    author = "Evans, Roger",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-4008",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00234",
    pages = "719--721",
}
@article{grosz-etal-2015-obituaries,
    title = "{O}bituaries: Jane J. Robinson",
    author = "Grosz, Barbara J.  and
      Hajicova, Eva  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "41",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J15-4009",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00235",
    pages = "723--726",
}
@article{cl-2001-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 27, Number 1, March 2001",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "1",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-1000",
}
@article{yamamoto-church-2001-using,
    title = "Using Suffix Arrays to Compute Term Frequency and Document Frequency for All Substrings in a Corpus",
    author = "Yamamoto, Mikio  and
      Church, Kenneth W.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "1",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/089120101300346787",
    pages = "1--30",
}
@article{tur-etal-2001-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Prosodic and Lexical Cues for Automatic Topic Segmentation",
    author = "Tur, G.  and
      Hakkani-Tur, D.  and
      Stolcke, A.  and
      Shriberg, E.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "1",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/089120101300346796",
    pages = "31--57",
}
@article{oflazer-etal-2001-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Morphological Analyzers by Combining Human Elicitation and Machine Learning",
    author = "Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Nirenberg, Sergei  and
      McShane, Marjorie",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "1",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/089120101300346804",
    pages = "59--85",
}
@article{rambow-etal-2001-tree,
    title = "D-Tree Substitution Grammars",
    author = "Rambow, Owen  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.  and
      Weir, David",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "1",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/089120101300346813",
    pages = "87--121",
}
@article{cucchiarelli-velardi-2001-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Named Entity Recognition Using Syntactic and Semantic Contextual Evidence",
    author = "Cucchiarelli, Alessandro  and
      Velardi, Paola",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "1",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-1005",
    pages = "123--131",
}
@article{hirst-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written {E}nglish",
    author = "Hirst, Graeme",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "1",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-1006",
}
@article{sowa-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Construing Experience through Meaning: A Language-based Approach to Cognition",
    author = "Sowa, John F.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "1",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-1007",
}
@article{nivre-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: The Syntactic Process",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "1",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-1008",
}
@article{nn-2001-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "1",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-1009",
}
@article{nn-2001-publications,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "1",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-1010",
}
@article{nn-2001-advertisments,
    title = "Advertisments",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "1",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-1011",
}
@article{cl-2001-linguistics-27,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 27, Number 2, June 2001",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "2",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-2000",
}
@article{goldsmith-2001-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of the Morphology of a Natural Language",
    author = "Goldsmith, John",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "2",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-2001",
    doi = "10.1162/089120101750300490",
    pages = "153--198",
}
@article{halteren-etal-2001-improving,
    title = "Improving Accuracy in word class tagging through the Combination of Machine Learning Systems",
    author = "Halteren, Hans Van  and
      Zavrel, Jakub  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "2",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-2002",
    pages = "199--229",
}
@article{kehler-etal-2001-need,
    title = "The Need for Accurate Alignment in Natural Language System Evaluation",
    author = "Kehler, Andrew  and
      Bear, John  and
      Appelt, Douglas",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "2",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-2003",
    doi = "10.1162/089120101750300517",
    pages = "231--248",
}
@article{roark-2001-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Top-Down Parsing and Language Modeling",
    author = "Roark, Brian",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "2",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-2004",
    doi = "10.1162/089120101750300526",
    pages = "249--276",
}
@article{tomuro-lytinen-2001-nonminimal,
    title = "Nonminimal Derivations in Unification-Based Parsing",
    author = "Tomuro, Noriko  and
      Lytinen, Steven L.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "2",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-2005",
    doi = "10.1162/089120101750300535",
    pages = "277--285",
}
@article{shapiro-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Knowledge Representation: Logical, Philosophical, and Computational Foundations",
    author = "Shapiro, Stuart C.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "2",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-2006",
}
@article{mercer-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Representation: Language for Knowledge and Knowledge for Language",
    author = "Mercer, Robert E.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "2",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-2007",
}
@article{horacek-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Building Natural Language Generation Systems",
    author = "Horacek, Helmut",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "2",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-2008",
}
@article{harabagiu-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Advances in Information Retrieval: Recent Research from the Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval",
    author = "Harabagiu, Sanda",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "2",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-2009",
}
@article{miller-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: A Descriptive Approach to Language-Theoretic Complexity",
    author = "Miller, Philip",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "2",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-2010",
}
@article{allan-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Toward a Cognitive Semantics, Volume {I}: Concept Structuring Systems, Volume {II}: Typology and Process in Concept Structuring",
    author = "Allan, Keith",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "2",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-2011",
}
@article{daelemans-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Learnability in Optimality Theory",
    author = "Daelemans, Walter",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "2",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-2012",
}
@article{johnson-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Pattern Grammar: A Corpus-Driven Approach to the Lexical Grammar of {E}nglish",
    author = "Johnson, Christopher",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "2",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-2013",
}
@article{nn-2001-advertisements,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "2",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-2014",
}
@article{cl-2001-linguistics-27-number,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 27, Number 3, September 2001",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "3",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-3000",
}
@article{stevenson-wilks-2001-interaction,
    title = "The Interaction of Knowledge Sources in Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Stevenson, Mark  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "3",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-3001",
    doi = "10.1162/089120101317066104",
    pages = "321--349",
}
@article{venkataraman-2001-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Model for Word Discovery in Transcribed Speech",
    author = "Venkataraman, Anand",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "3",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-3002",
    doi = "10.1162/089120101317066113",
    pages = "351--372",
}
@article{merlo-stevenson-2001-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Verb Classification Based on Statistical Distributions of Argument Structure",
    author = "Merlo, Paola  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "3",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-3003",
    doi = "10.1162/089120101317066122",
    pages = "373--408",
}
@article{bateman-etal-2001-towards,
    title = "Towards Constructive Text, Diagram, and Layout Generation for Information Presentation",
    author = {Bateman, John  and
      Kamps, Thomas  and
      Kleinz, J{\"o}rg  and
      Reichenberger, Klaus},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "3",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-3004",
    doi = "10.1162/089120101317066131",
    pages = "409--449",
}
@article{shih-sproat-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Prosody: Theory and Experiment. Studies presented to Gosta Bruce",
    author = "Shih, Chilin  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "3",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-3005",
}
@article{litkowski-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Lexicon Development for Speech and Language Processing",
    author = "Litkowski, Ken",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "3",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-3006",
}
@article{brew-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Advances in Probabilistic and Other Parsing Technologies",
    author = "Brew, Chris",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "3",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-3007",
}
@article{green-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Presumptive Meanings: The theory of generalized conversational implicature",
    author = "Green, Nancy",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "3",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-3008",
}
@article{beesley-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: A Computational Theory of Writing Systems",
    author = "Beesley, Kenneth R.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "3",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-3009",
}
@article{nn-2001-publications-received,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "3",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-3010",
}
@article{nn-2001-advertisements-2,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "3",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-3011",
}
@article{cl-2001-linguistics-27-number-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 27, Number 4, {D}ecember 2001",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "4",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-4000",
}
@article{mitkov-etal-2001-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to the Special Issue on Computational Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Mitkov, Ruslan  and
      Boguraev, Branimir  and
      Lappin, Shalom",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "4",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-4001",
    doi = "10.1162/089120101753342626",
    pages = "473--477",
}
@article{stuckardt-2001-design,
    title = "Design and Enhanced Evaluation of a Robust Anaphor Resolution Algorithm",
    author = "Stuckardt, Roland",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "4",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-4002",
    doi = "10.1162/089120101753342635",
    pages = "479--506",
}
@article{tetreault-2001-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-Based Evaluation of Centering and Pronoun Resolution",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel R.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "4",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-4003",
    pages = "507--520",
}
@article{soon-etal-2001-machine,
    title = "A Machine Learning Approach to Coreference Resolution of Noun Phrases",
    author = "Soon, Wee Meng  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Lim, Daniel Chung Yong",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "4",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-4004",
    doi = "10.1162/089120101753342653",
    pages = "521--544",
}
@article{palomar-etal-2001-algorithm,
    title = "An Algorithm for Anaphora Resolution in {S}panish Texts",
    author = "Palomar, Manuel  and
      Ferr{\'a}ndez, Antonio  and
      Moreno, Lidia  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Barco, Patricio  and
      Peral, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Saiz-Noeda, Maximiliano  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "4",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-4005",
    doi = "10.1162/089120101753342662",
    pages = "545--567",
}
@article{byron-2001-uncommon,
    title = "The Uncommon Denominator: A Proposal for Consistent Reporting of Pronoun Resolution Results",
    author = "Byron, Donna K.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "4",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-4006",
    pages = "569--578",
}
@article{kibble-2001-reformulation,
    title = "A Reformulation of Rule 2 of {C}entering {T}heory",
    author = "Kibble, Rodger",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "4",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-4007",
    pages = "579--587",
}
@article{kondrak-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: The Significance of Word Lists",
    author = "Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "4",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-4008",
}
@article{resnik-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Parallel Text Processing: Alignment and Use of Translation Corpora",
    author = "Resnik, Philip",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "4",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-4009",
}
@article{carroll-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Robustness in Language and Speech Technology",
    author = "Carroll, John",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "4",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-4010",
}
@article{thomason-2001-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Formal Aspects of Context",
    author = "Thomason, Richmond H.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "4",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-4011",
}
@article{nn-2001-briefly-noted,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "4",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-4012",
}
@article{nn-2001-publications-received-2,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "4",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-4013",
}
@article{nn-2001-author,
    title = "Author Index: Volume 27",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "4",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-4014",
}
@article{nn-2001-title,
    title = "Title Index: Volume 27",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "4",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-4015",
}
@article{nn-2001-advertisements-3,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "27",
    number = "4",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J01-4016",
}
@article{tacl-2015-transactions,
    title = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Volume 3",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
}
@article{roy-etal-2015-reasoning,
    title = "Reasoning about Quantities in Natural Language",
    author = "Roy, Subhro  and
      Vieira, Tim  and
      Roth, Dan",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00118",
    pages = "1--13",
    abstract = "Little work from the Natural Language Processing community has targeted the role of quantities in Natural Language Understanding. This paper takes some key steps towards facilitating reasoning about quantities expressed in natural language. We investigate two different tasks of numerical reasoning. First, we consider Quantity Entailment, a new task formulated to understand the role of quantities in general textual inference tasks. Second, we consider the problem of automatically understanding and solving elementary school math word problems. In order to address these quantitative reasoning problems we first develop a computational approach which we show to successfully recognize and normalize textual expressions of quantities. We then use these capabilities to further develop algorithms to assist reasoning in the context of the aforementioned tasks.",
}
@article{dutta-weikum-2015-cross,
    title = "Cross-Document Co-Reference Resolution using Sample-Based Clustering with Knowledge Enrichment",
    author = "Dutta, Sourav  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00119",
    pages = "15--28",
    abstract = "Identifying and linking named entities across information sources is the basis of knowledge acquisition and at the heart of Web search, recommendations, and analytics. An important problem in this context is cross-document co-reference resolution (CCR): computing equivalence classes of textual mentions denoting the same entity, within and across documents. Prior methods employ ranking, clustering, or probabilistic graphical models using syntactic features and distant features from knowledge bases. However, these methods exhibit limitations regarding run-time and robustness. This paper presents the CROCS framework for unsupervised CCR, improving the state of the art in two ways. First, we extend the way knowledge bases are harnessed, by constructing a notion of semantic summaries for intra-document co-reference chains using co-occurring entity mentions belonging to different chains. Second, we reduce the computational cost by a new algorithm that embeds sample-based bisection, using spectral clustering or graph partitioning, in a hierarchical clustering process. This allows scaling up CCR to large corpora. Experiments with three datasets show significant gains in output quality, compared to the best prior methods, and the run-time efficiency of CROCS.",
}
@article{tackstrom-etal-2015-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Inference and Structured Learning for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = {T{\"a}ckstr{\"o}m, Oscar  and
      Ganchev, Kuzman  and
      Das, Dipanjan},
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00120",
    pages = "29--41",
    abstract = "We present a dynamic programming algorithm for efficient constrained inference in semantic role labeling. The algorithm tractably captures a majority of the structural constraints examined by prior work in this area, which has resorted to either approximate methods or off-the-shelf integer linear programming solvers. In addition, it allows training a globally-normalized log-linear model with respect to constrained conditional likelihood. We show that the dynamic program is several times faster than an off-the-shelf integer linear programming solver, while reaching the same solution. Furthermore, we show that our structured model results in significant improvements over its local counterpart, achieving state-of-the-art results on both PropBank- and FrameNet-annotated corpora.",
}
@article{paul-dredze-2015-sprite,
    title = "{S}prite: Generalizing Topic Models with Structured Priors",
    author = "Paul, Michael J.  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00121",
    pages = "43--57",
    abstract = "We introduce Sprite, a family of topic models that incorporates structure into model priors as a function of underlying components. The structured priors can be constrained to model topic hierarchies, factorizations, correlations, and supervision, allowing Sprite to be tailored to particular settings. We demonstrate this flexibility by constructing a Sprite-based model to jointly infer topic hierarchies and author perspective, which we apply to corpora of political debates and online reviews. We show that the model learns intuitive topics, outperforming several other topic models at predictive tasks.",
}
@article{wang-etal-2015-sense,
    title = "A Sense-Topic Model for Word Sense Induction with Unsupervised Data Enrichment",
    author = "Wang, Jing  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Ziebart, Brian D.  and
      Yu, Clement T.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00122",
    pages = "59--71",
    abstract = "Word sense induction (WSI) seeks to automatically discover the senses of a word in a corpus via unsupervised methods. We propose a sense-topic model for WSI, which treats sense and topic as two separate latent variables to be inferred jointly. Topics are informed by the entire document, while senses are informed by the local context surrounding the ambiguous word. We also discuss unsupervised ways of enriching the original corpus in order to improve model performance, including using neural word embeddings and external corpora to expand the context of each data instance. We demonstrate significant improvements over the previous state-of-the-art, achieving the best results reported to date on the SemEval-2013 WSI task.",
}
@article{louis-lapata-2015-step,
    title = "Which Step Do {I} Take First? Troubleshooting with {B}ayesian Models",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1006",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00123",
    pages = "73--85",
    abstract = "Online discussion forums and community question-answering websites provide one of the primary avenues for online users to share information. In this paper, we propose text mining techniques which aid users navigate troubleshooting-oriented data such as questions asked on forums and their suggested solutions. We introduce Bayesian generative models of the troubleshooting data and apply them to two interrelated tasks: (a) predicting the complexity of the solutions (e.g., plugging a keyboard in the computer is easier compared to installing a special driver) and (b) presenting them in a ranked order from least to most complex. Experimental results show that our models are on par with human performance on these tasks, while outperforming baselines based on solution length or readability.",
}
@article{he-etal-2015-gappy,
    title = "Gappy Pattern Matching on {GPU}s for On-Demand Extraction of Hierarchical Translation Grammars",
    author = "He, Hua  and
      Lin, Jimmy  and
      Lopez, Adam",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1007",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00124",
    pages = "87--100",
    abstract = "Grammars for machine translation can be materialized on demand by finding source phrases in an indexed parallel corpus and extracting their translations. This approach is limited in practical applications by the computational expense of online lookup and extraction. For phrase-based models, recent work has shown that on-demand grammar extraction can be greatly accelerated by parallelization on general purpose graphics processing units (GPUs), but these algorithms do not work for hierarchical models, which require matching patterns that contain gaps. We address this limitation by presenting a novel GPU algorithm for on-demand hierarchical grammar extraction that is at least an order of magnitude faster than a comparable CPU algorithm when processing large batches of sentences. In terms of end-to-end translation, with decoding on the CPU, we increase throughput by roughly two thirds on a standard MT evaluation dataset. The GPU necessary to achieve these improvements increases the cost of a server by about a third. We believe that GPU-based extraction of hierarchical grammars is an attractive proposition, particularly for MT applications that demand high throughput.",
}
@article{mcmahan-stone-2015-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Model of Grounded Color Semantics",
    author = "McMahan, Brian  and
      Stone, Matthew",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1008",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00126",
    pages = "103--115",
    abstract = "Natural language meanings allow speakers to encode important real-world distinctions, but corpora of grounded language use also reveal that speakers categorize the world in different ways and describe situations with different terminology. To learn meanings from data, we therefore need to link underlying representations of meaning to models of speaker judgment and speaker choice. This paper describes a new approach to this problem: we model variability through uncertainty in categorization boundaries and distributions over preferred vocabulary. We apply the approach to a large data set of color descriptions, where statistical evaluation documents its accuracy. The results are available as a Lexicon of Uncertain Color Standards (LUX), which supports future efforts in grounded language understanding and generation by probabilistically mapping 829 English color descriptions to potentially context-sensitive regions in HSV color space.",
}
@article{zhang-etal-2015-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Parallel News Streams for Unsupervised Event Extraction",
    author = "Zhang, Congle  and
      Soderland, Stephen  and
      Weld, Daniel S.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1009",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00127",
    pages = "117--129",
    abstract = "Most approaches to relation extraction, the task of extracting ground facts from natural language text, are based on machine learning and thus starved by scarce training data. Manual annotation is too expensive to scale to a comprehensive set of relations. Distant supervision, which automatically creates training data, only works with relations that already populate a knowledge base (KB). Unfortunately, KBs such as FreeBase rarely cover event relations (e.g. {``}person travels to location{''}). Thus, the problem of extracting a wide range of events {---} e.g., from news streams {---} is an important, open challenge. This paper introduces NewsSpike-RE, a novel, unsupervised algorithm that discovers event relations and then learns to extract them. NewsSpike-RE uses a novel probabilistic graphical model to cluster sentences describing similar events from parallel news streams. These clusters then comprise training data for the extractor. Our evaluation shows that NewsSpike-RE generates high quality training sentences and learns extractors that perform much better than rival approaches, more than doubling the area under a precision-recall curve compared to Universal Schemas.",
}
@article{guo-etal-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Declarative Knowledge Induction for Constraint-Based Learning of Information Structure in Scientific Documents",
    author = "Guo, Yufan  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1010",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00128",
    pages = "131--143",
    abstract = "Inferring the information structure of scientific documents is useful for many NLP applications. Existing approaches to this task require substantial human effort. We propose a framework for constraint learning that reduces human involvement considerably. Our model uses topic models to identify latent topics and their key linguistic features in input documents, induces constraints from this information and maps sentences to their dominant information structure categories through a constrained unsupervised model. When the induced constraints are combined with a fully unsupervised model, the resulting model challenges existing lightly supervised feature-based models as well as unsupervised models that use manually constructed declarative knowledge. Our results demonstrate that useful declarative knowledge can be learned from data with very limited human involvement.",
}
@article{chisholm-hachey-2015-entity,
    title = "Entity Disambiguation with Web Links",
    author = "Chisholm, Andrew  and
      Hachey, Ben",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1011",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00129",
    pages = "145--156",
    abstract = "Entity disambiguation with Wikipedia relies on structured information from redirect pages, article text, inter-article links, and categories. We explore whether web links can replace a curated encyclopaedia, obtaining entity prior, name, context, and coherence models from a corpus of web pages with links to Wikipedia. Experiments compare web link models to Wikipedia models on well-known conll and tac data sets. Results show that using 34 million web links approaches Wikipedia performance. Combining web link and Wikipedia models produces the best-known disambiguation accuracy of 88.7 on standard newswire test data.",
}
@article{narasimhan-etal-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Method for Uncovering Morphological Chains",
    author = "Narasimhan, Karthik  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Jaakkola, Tommi",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1012",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00130",
    pages = "157--167",
    abstract = "Most state-of-the-art systems today produce morphological analysis based only on orthographic patterns. In contrast, we propose a model for unsupervised morphological analysis that integrates orthographic and semantic views of words. We model word formation in terms of morphological chains, from base words to the observed words, breaking the chains into parent-child relations. We use log-linear models with morpheme and word-level features to predict possible parents, including their modifications, for each word. The limited set of candidate parents for each word render contrastive estimation feasible. Our model consistently matches or outperforms five state-of-the-art systems on Arabic, English and Turkish.",
}
@article{sennrich-2015-modelling,
    title = "Modelling and Optimizing on Syntactic N-Grams for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Sennrich, Rico",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1013",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00131",
    pages = "169--182",
    abstract = "The role of language models in SMT is to promote fluent translation output, but traditional n-gram language models are unable to capture fluency phenomena between distant words, such as some morphological agreement phenomena, subcategorisation, and syntactic collocations with string-level gaps. Syntactic language models have the potential to fill this modelling gap. We propose a language model for dependency structures that is relational rather than configurational and thus particularly suited for languages with a (relatively) free word order. It is trainable with Neural Networks, and not only improves over standard n-gram language models, but also outperforms related syntactic language models. We empirically demonstrate its effectiveness in terms of perplexity and as a feature function in string-to-tree SMT from English to German and Russian. We also show that using a syntactic evaluation metric to tune the log-linear parameters of an SMT system further increases translation quality when coupled with a syntactic language model.",
}
@article{lazaridou-etal-2015-visual,
    title = "From Visual Attributes to Adjectives through Decompositional Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Lazaridou, Angeliki  and
      Dinu, Georgiana  and
      Liska, Adam  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1014",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00132",
    pages = "183--196",
    abstract = "As automated image analysis progresses, there is increasing interest in richer linguistic annotation of pictures, with attributes of objects (e.g., furry, brown{\ldots}) attracting most attention. By building on the recent {``}zero-shot learning{''} approach, and paying attention to the linguistic nature of attributes as noun modifiers, and specifically adjectives, we show that it is possible to tag images with attribute-denoting adjectives even when no training data containing the relevant annotation are available. Our approach relies on two key observations. First, objects can be seen as bundles of attributes, typically expressed as adjectival modifiers (a dog is something furry, brown, etc.), and thus a function trained to map visual representations of objects to nominal labels can implicitly learn to map attributes to adjectives. Second, objects and attributes come together in pictures (the same thing is a dog and it is brown). We can thus achieve better attribute (and object) label retrieval by treating images as {``}visual phrases{''}, and decomposing their linguistic representation into an attribute-denoting adjective and an object-denoting noun. Our approach performs comparably to a method exploiting manual attribute annotation, it out-performs various competitive alternatives in both attribute and object annotation, and it automatically constructs attribute-centric representations that significantly improve performance in supervised object recognition.",
}
@article{fried-etal-2015-higher,
    title = "Higher-order Lexical Semantic Models for Non-factoid Answer Reranking",
    author = "Fried, Daniel  and
      Jansen, Peter  and
      Hahn-Powell, Gustave  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Clark, Peter",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1015",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00133",
    pages = "197--210",
    abstract = "Lexical semantic models provide robust performance for question answering, but, in general, can only capitalize on direct evidence seen during training. For example, monolingual alignment models acquire term alignment probabilities from semi-structured data such as question-answer pairs; neural network language models learn term embeddings from unstructured text. All this knowledge is then used to estimate the semantic similarity between question and answer candidates. We introduce a higher-order formalism that allows all these lexical semantic models to chain direct evidence to construct indirect associations between question and answer texts, by casting the task as the traversal of graphs that encode direct term associations. Using a corpus of 10,000 questions from Yahoo! Answers, we experimentally demonstrate that higher-order methods are broadly applicable to alignment and language models, across both word and syntactic representations. We show that an important criterion for success is controlling for the semantic drift that accumulates during graph traversal. All in all, the proposed higher-order approach improves five out of the six lexical semantic models investigated, with relative gains of up to +13{\%} over their first-order variants.",
}
@article{levy-etal-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving Distributional Similarity with Lessons Learned from Word Embeddings",
    author = "Levy, Omer  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1016",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00134",
    pages = "211--225",
    abstract = "Recent trends suggest that neural-network-inspired word embedding models outperform traditional count-based distributional models on word similarity and analogy detection tasks. We reveal that much of the performance gains of word embeddings are due to certain system design choices and hyperparameter optimizations, rather than the embedding algorithms themselves. Furthermore, we show that these modifications can be transferred to traditional distributional models, yielding similar gains. In contrast to prior reports, we observe mostly local or insignificant performance differences between the methods, with no global advantage to any single approach over the others.",
}
@article{yu-dredze-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Composition Models for Phrase Embeddings",
    author = "Yu, Mo  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1017",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00135",
    pages = "227--242",
    abstract = "Lexical embeddings can serve as useful representations for words for a variety of NLP tasks, but learning embeddings for phrases can be challenging. While separate embeddings are learned for each word, this is infeasible for every phrase. We construct phrase embeddings by learning how to compose word embeddings using features that capture phrase structure and context. We propose efficient unsupervised and task-specific learning objectives that scale our model to large datasets. We demonstrate improvements on both language modeling and several phrase semantic similarity tasks with various phrase lengths. We make the implementation of our model and the datasets available for general use.",
}
@article{althobaiti-etal-2015-combining,
    title = "Combining Minimally-supervised Methods for {A}rabic Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Althobaiti, Maha  and
      Kruschwitz, Udo  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1018",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00136",
    pages = "243--255",
    abstract = "Supervised methods can achieve high performance on NLP tasks, such as Named Entity Recognition (NER), but new annotations are required for every new domain and/or genre change. This has motivated research in minimally supervised methods such as semi-supervised learning and distant learning, but neither technique has yet achieved performance levels comparable to those of supervised methods. Semi-supervised methods tend to have very high precision but comparatively low recall, whereas distant learning tends to achieve higher recall but lower precision. This complementarity suggests that better results may be obtained by combining the two types of minimally supervised methods. In this paper we present a novel approach to Arabic NER using a combination of semi-supervised and distant learning techniques. We trained a semi-supervised NER classifier and another one using distant learning techniques, and then combined them using a variety of classifier combination schemes, including the Bayesian Classifier Combination (BCC) procedure recently proposed for sentiment analysis. According to our results, the BCC model leads to an increase in performance of 8 percentage points over the best base classifiers.",
}
@article{krishnamurthy-mitchell-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning a Compositional Semantics for {F}reebase with an Open Predicate Vocabulary",
    author = "Krishnamurthy, Jayant  and
      Mitchell, Tom M.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1019",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00137",
    pages = "257--270",
    abstract = "We present an approach to learning a model-theoretic semantics for natural language tied to Freebase. Crucially, our approach uses an open predicate vocabulary, enabling it to produce denotations for phrases such as {``}Republican front-runner from Texas{''} whose semantics cannot be represented using the Freebase schema. Our approach directly converts a sentence{'}s syntactic CCG parse into a logical form containing predicates derived from the words in the sentence, assigning each word a consistent semantics across sentences. This logical form is evaluated against a learned probabilistic database that defines a distribution over denotations for each textual predicate. A training phase produces this probabilistic database using a corpus of entity-linked text and probabilistic matrix factorization with a novel ranking objective function. We evaluate our approach on a compositional question answering task where it outperforms several competitive baselines. We also compare our approach against manually annotated Freebase queries, finding that our open predicate vocabulary enables us to answer many questions that Freebase cannot.",
}
@article{yang-etal-2015-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation for Syntactic and Semantic Dependency Parsing Using Deep Belief Networks",
    author = "Yang, Haitong  and
      Zhuang, Tao  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1020",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00138",
    pages = "271--282",
    abstract = "In current systems for syntactic and semantic dependency parsing, people usually define a very high-dimensional feature space to achieve good performance. But these systems often suffer severe performance drops on out-of-domain test data due to the diversity of features of different domains. This paper focuses on how to relieve this domain adaptation problem with the help of unlabeled target domain data. We propose a deep learning method to adapt both syntactic and semantic parsers. With additional unlabeled target domain data, our method can learn a latent feature representation (LFR) that is beneficial to both domains. Experiments on English data in the CoNLL 2009 shared task show that our method largely reduced the performance drop on out-of-domain test data. Moreover, we get a Macro F1 score that is 2.32 points higher than the best system in the CoNLL 2009 shared task in out-of-domain tests.",
}
@article{xu-etal-2015-problems,
    title = "Problems in Current Text Simplification Research: New Data Can Help",
    author = "Xu, Wei  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Napoles, Courtney",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1021",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00139",
    pages = "283--297",
    abstract = "Simple Wikipedia has dominated simplification research in the past 5 years. In this opinion paper, we argue that focusing on Wikipedia limits simplification research. We back up our arguments with corpus analysis and by highlighting statements that other researchers have made in the simplification literature. We introduce a new simplification dataset that is a significant improvement over Simple Wikipedia, and present a novel quantitative-comparative approach to study the quality of simplification data resources.",
}
@article{nguyen-etal-2015-improving-topic,
    title = "Improving Topic Models with Latent Feature Word Representations",
    author = "Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Billingsley, Richard  and
      Du, Lan  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1022",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00140",
    pages = "299--313",
    abstract = "Probabilistic topic models are widely used to discover latent topics in document collections, while latent feature vector representations of words have been used to obtain high performance in many NLP tasks. In this paper, we extend two different Dirichlet multinomial topic models by incorporating latent feature vector representations of words trained on very large corpora to improve the word-topic mapping learnt on a smaller corpus. Experimental results show that by using information from the external corpora, our new models produce significant improvements on topic coherence, document clustering and document classification tasks, especially on datasets with few or short documents.",
}
@article{ling-etal-2015-design,
    title = "Design Challenges for Entity Linking",
    author = "Ling, Xiao  and
      Singh, Sameer  and
      Weld, Daniel S.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1023",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00141",
    pages = "315--328",
    abstract = "Recent research on entity linking (EL) has introduced a plethora of promising techniques, ranging from deep neural networks to joint inference. But despite numerous papers there is surprisingly little understanding of the state of the art in EL. We attack this confusion by analyzing differences between several versions of the EL problem and presenting a simple yet effective, modular, unsupervised system, called Vinculum, for entity linking. We conduct an extensive evaluation on nine data sets, comparing Vinculum with two state-of-the-art systems, and elucidate key aspects of the system that include mention extraction, candidate generation, entity type prediction, entity coreference, and coherence.",
}
@article{ji-eisenstein-2015-one,
    title = "One Vector is Not Enough: Entity-Augmented Distributed Semantics for Discourse Relations",
    author = "Ji, Yangfeng  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1024",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00142",
    pages = "329--344",
    abstract = "Discourse relations bind smaller linguistic units into coherent texts. Automatically identifying discourse relations is difficult, because it requires understanding the semantics of the linked arguments. A more subtle challenge is that it is not enough to represent the meaning of each argument of a discourse relation, because the relation may depend on links between lowerlevel components, such as entity mentions. Our solution computes distributed meaning representations for each discourse argument by composition up the syntactic parse tree. We also perform a downward compositional pass to capture the meaning of coreferent entity mentions. Implicit discourse relations are then predicted from these two representations, obtaining substantial improvements on the Penn Discourse Treebank.",
}
@article{wieting-etal-2015-paraphrase,
    title = "From Paraphrase Database to Compositional Paraphrase Model and Back",
    author = "Wieting, John  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Livescu, Karen",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1025",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00143",
    pages = "345--358",
    abstract = "The Paraphrase Database (PPDB; Ganitkevitch et al., 2013) is an extensive semantic resource, consisting of a list of phrase pairs with (heuristic) confidence estimates. However, it is still unclear how it can best be used, due to the heuristic nature of the confidences and its necessarily incomplete coverage. We propose models to leverage the phrase pairs from the PPDB to build parametric paraphrase models that score paraphrase pairs more accurately than the PPDB{'}s internal scores while simultaneously improving its coverage. They allow for learning phrase embeddings as well as improved word embeddings. Moreover, we introduce two new, manually annotated datasets to evaluate short-phrase paraphrasing models. Using our paraphrase model trained using PPDB, we achieve state-of-the-art results on standard word and bigram similarity tasks and beat strong baselines on our new short phrase paraphrase tasks.",
}
@article{seeker-cetinoglu-2015-graph,
    title = "A Graph-based Lattice Dependency Parser for Joint Morphological Segmentation and Syntactic Analysis",
    author = {Seeker, Wolfgang  and
      {\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem},
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1026",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00144",
    pages = "359--373",
    abstract = "Space-delimited words in Turkish and Hebrew text can be further segmented into meaningful units, but syntactic and semantic context is necessary to predict segmentation. At the same time, predicting correct syntactic structures relies on correct segmentation. We present a graph-based lattice dependency parser that operates on morphological lattices to represent different segmentations and morphological analyses for a given input sentence. The lattice parser predicts a dependency tree over a path in the lattice and thus solves the joint task of segmentation, morphological analysis, and syntactic parsing. We conduct experiments on the Turkish and the Hebrew treebank and show that the joint model outperforms three state-of-the-art pipeline systems on both data sets. Our work corroborates findings from constituency lattice parsing for Hebrew and presents the first results for full lattice parsing on Turkish.",
}
@article{kruszewski-etal-2015-deriving,
    title = "Deriving {B}oolean structures from distributional vectors",
    author = "Kruszewski, German  and
      Paperno, Denis  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1027",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00145",
    pages = "375--388",
    abstract = "Corpus-based distributional semantic models capture degrees of semantic relatedness among the words of very large vocabularies, but have problems with logical phenomena such as entailment, that are instead elegantly handled by model-theoretic approaches, which, in turn, do not scale up. We combine the advantages of the two views by inducing a mapping from distributional vectors of words (or sentences) into a Boolean structure of the kind in which natural language terms are assumed to denote. We evaluate this Boolean Distributional Semantic Model (BDSM) on recognizing entailment between words and sentences. The method achieves results comparable to a state-of-the-art SVM, degrades more gracefully when less training data are available and displays interesting qualitative properties.",
}
@article{lee-etal-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Lexicon Discovery from Acoustic Input",
    author = "Lee, Chia-ying  and
      O{'}Donnell, Timothy J.  and
      Glass, James",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1028",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00146",
    pages = "389--403",
    abstract = "We present a model of unsupervised phonological lexicon discovery{---}the problem of simultaneously learning phoneme-like and word-like units from acoustic input. Our model builds on earlier models of unsupervised phone-like unit discovery from acoustic data (Lee and Glass, 2012), and unsupervised symbolic lexicon discovery using the Adaptor Grammar framework (Johnson et al., 2006), integrating these earlier approaches using a probabilistic model of phonological variation. We show that the model is competitive with state-of-the-art spoken term discovery systems, and present analyses exploring the model{'}s behavior and the kinds of linguistic structures it learns.",
}
@article{martschat-strube-2015-latent,
    title = "Latent Structures for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Martschat, Sebastian  and
      Strube, Michael",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1029",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00147",
    pages = "405--418",
    abstract = "Machine learning approaches to coreference resolution vary greatly in the modeling of the problem: while early approaches operated on the mention pair level, current research focuses on ranking architectures and antecedent trees. We propose a unified representation of different approaches to coreference resolution in terms of the structure they operate on. We represent several coreference resolution approaches proposed in the literature in our framework and evaluate their performance. Finally, we conduct a systematic analysis of the output of these approaches, highlighting differences and similarities.",
}
@article{rabinovich-wintner-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Identification of Translationese",
    author = "Rabinovich, Ella  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1030",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00148",
    pages = "419--432",
    abstract = "Translated texts are distinctively different from original ones, to the extent that supervised text classification methods can distinguish between them with high accuracy. These differences were proven useful for statistical machine translation. However, it has been suggested that the accuracy of translation detection deteriorates when the classifier is evaluated outside the domain it was trained on. We show that this is indeed the case, in a variety of evaluation scenarios. We then show that unsupervised classification is highly accurate on this task. We suggest a method for determining the correct labels of the clustering outcomes, and then use the labels for voting, improving the accuracy even further. Moreover, we suggest a simple method for clustering in the challenging case of mixed-domain datasets, in spite of the dominance of domain-related features over translation-related ones. The result is an effective, fully-unsupervised method for distinguishing between original and translated texts that can be applied to new domains with reasonable accuracy.",
}
@article{cotterell-etal-2015-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Word Forms Using Latent Underlying Morphs and Phonology",
    author = "Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Peng, Nanyun  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1031",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00149",
    pages = "433--447",
    abstract = "The observed pronunciations or spellings of words are often explained as arising from the {``}underlying forms{''} of their morphemes. These forms are latent strings that linguists try to reconstruct by hand. We propose to reconstruct them automatically at scale, enabling generalization to new words. Given some surface word types of a concatenative language along with the abstract morpheme sequences that they express, we show how to recover consistent underlying forms for these morphemes, together with the (stochastic) phonology that maps each concatenation of underlying forms to a surface form. Our technique involves loopy belief propagation in a natural directed graphical model whose variables are unknown strings and whose conditional distributions are encoded as finite-state machines with trainable weights. We define training and evaluation paradigms for the task of surface word prediction, and report results on subsets of 7 languages.",
}
@article{roth-lapata-2015-context,
    title = "Context-aware Frame-Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Roth, Michael  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1032",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00150",
    pages = "449--460",
    abstract = "Frame semantic representations have been useful in several applications ranging from text-to-scene generation, to question answering and social network analysis. Predicting such representations from raw text is, however, a challenging task and corresponding models are typically only trained on a small set of sentence-level annotations. In this paper, we present a semantic role labeling system that takes into account sentence and discourse context. We introduce several new features which we motivate based on linguistic insights and experimentally demonstrate that they lead to significant improvements over the current state-of-the-art in FrameNet-based semantic role labeling.",
}
@article{beck-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Structural Kernels for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Beck, Daniel  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1033",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00151",
    pages = "461--473",
    abstract = "Structural kernels are a flexible learning paradigm that has been widely used in Natural Language Processing. However, the problem of model selection in kernel-based methods is usually overlooked. Previous approaches mostly rely on setting default values for kernel hyperparameters or using grid search, which is slow and coarse-grained. In contrast, Bayesian methods allow efficient model selection by maximizing the evidence on the training data through gradient-based methods. In this paper we show how to perform this in the context of structural kernels by using Gaussian Processes. Experimental results on tree kernels show that this procedure results in better prediction performance compared to hyperparameter optimization via grid search. The framework proposed in this paper can be adapted to other structures besides trees, e.g., strings and graphs, thereby extending the utility of kernel-based methods.",
}
@article{reisinger-etal-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Proto-Roles",
    author = "Reisinger, Drew  and
      Rudinger, Rachel  and
      Ferraro, Francis  and
      Harman, Craig  and
      Rawlins, Kyle  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1034",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00152",
    pages = "475--488",
    abstract = "We present the first large-scale, corpus based verification of Dowty{'}s seminal theory of proto-roles. Our results demonstrate both the need for and the feasibility of a property-based annotation scheme of semantic relationships, as opposed to the currently dominant notion of categorical roles.",
}
@article{gormley-etal-2015-approximation,
    title = "Approximation-Aware Dependency Parsing by Belief Propagation",
    author = "Gormley, Matthew R.  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1035",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00153",
    pages = "489--501",
    abstract = "We show how to train the fast dependency parser of Smith and Eisner (2008) for improved accuracy. This parser can consider higher-order interactions among edges while retaining O(n3) runtime. It outputs the parse with maximum expected recall{---}but for speed, this expectation is taken under a posterior distribution that is constructed only approximately, using loopy belief propagation through structured factors. We show how to adjust the model parameters to compensate for the errors introduced by this approximation, by following the gradient of the actual loss on training data. We find this gradient by back-propagation. That is, we treat the entire parser (approximations and all) as a differentiable circuit, as others have done for loopy CRFs (Domke, 2010; Stoyanov et al., 2011; Domke, 2011; Stoyanov and Eisner, 2012). The resulting parser obtains higher accuracy with fewer iterations of belief propagation than one trained by conditional log-likelihood.",
}
@article{lazic-etal-2015-plato,
    title = "{P}lato: A Selective Context Model for Entity Resolution",
    author = "Lazic, Nevena  and
      Subramanya, Amarnag  and
      Ringgaard, Michael  and
      Pereira, Fernando",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1036",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00154",
    pages = "503--515",
    abstract = "We present Plato, a probabilistic model for entity resolution that includes a novel approach for handling noisy or uninformative features, and supplements labeled training data derived from Wikipedia with a very large unlabeled text corpus. Training and inference in the proposed model can easily be distributed across many servers, allowing it to scale to over 107 entities. We evaluate Plato on three standard datasets for entity resolution. Our approach achieves the best results to-date on TAC KBP 2011 and is highly competitive on both the CoNLL 2003 and TAC KBP 2012 datasets.",
}
@article{yang-etal-2015-hierarchical,
    title = "A Hierarchical Distance-dependent {B}ayesian Model for Event Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Yang, Bishan  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Frazier, Peter",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1037",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00155",
    pages = "517--528",
    abstract = "We present a novel hierarchical distance-dependent Bayesian model for event coreference resolution. While existing generative models for event coreference resolution are completely unsupervised, our model allows for the incorporation of pairwise distances between event mentions {---} information that is widely used in supervised coreference models to guide the generative clustering processing for better event clustering both within and across documents. We model the distances between event mentions using a feature-rich learnable distance function and encode them as Bayesian priors for nonparametric clustering. Experiments on the ECB+ corpus show that our model outperforms state-of-the-art methods for both within- and cross-document event coreference resolution.",
}
@article{delli-bovi-etal-2015-large,
    title = "Large-Scale Information Extraction from Textual Definitions through Deep Syntactic and Semantic Analysis",
    author = "Delli Bovi, Claudio  and
      Telesca, Luca  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1038",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00156",
    pages = "529--543",
    abstract = "We present DefIE, an approach to large-scale Information Extraction (IE) based on a syntactic-semantic analysis of textual definitions. Given a large corpus of definitions we leverage syntactic dependencies to reduce data sparsity, then disambiguate the arguments and content words of the relation strings, and finally exploit the resulting information to organize the acquired relations hierarchically. The output of DefIE is a high-quality knowledge base consisting of several million automatically acquired semantic relations.",
}
@article{berant-liang-2015-imitation,
    title = "Imitation Learning of Agenda-based Semantic Parsers",
    author = "Berant, Jonathan  and
      Liang, Percy",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1039",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00157",
    pages = "545--558",
    abstract = "Semantic parsers conventionally construct logical forms bottom-up in a fixed order, resulting in the generation of many extraneous partial logical forms. In this paper, we combine ideas from imitation learning and agenda-based parsing to train a semantic parser that searches partial logical forms in a more strategic order. Empirically, our parser reduces the number of constructed partial logical forms by an order of magnitude, and obtains a 6x-9x speedup over fixed-order parsing, while maintaining comparable accuracy.",
}
@article{kuhlmann-jonsson-2015-parsing,
    title = "Parsing to Noncrossing Dependency Graphs",
    author = "Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      Jonsson, Peter",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1040",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00158",
    pages = "559--570",
    abstract = "We study the generalization of maximum spanning tree dependency parsing to maximum acyclic subgraphs. Because the underlying optimization problem is intractable even under an arc-factored model, we consider the restriction to noncrossing dependency graphs. Our main contribution is a cubic-time exact inference algorithm for this class. We extend this algorithm into a practical parser and evaluate its performance on four linguistic data sets used in semantic dependency parsing. We also explore a generalization of our parsing framework to dependency graphs with pagenumber at most k and show that the resulting optimization problem is NP-hard for k {\mbox{$\geq$}} 2.",
}
@article{arthur-etal-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing of Ambiguous Input through Paraphrasing and Verification",
    author = "Arthur, Philip  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Sakti, Sakriani  and
      Toda, Tomoki  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1041",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00159",
    pages = "571--584",
    abstract = "We propose a new method for semantic parsing of ambiguous and ungrammatical input, such as search queries. We do so by building on an existing semantic parsing framework that uses synchronous context free grammars (SCFG) to jointly model the input sentence and output meaning representation. We generalize this SCFG framework to allow not one, but multiple outputs. Using this formalism, we construct a grammar that takes an ambiguous input string and jointly maps it into both a meaning representation and a natural language paraphrase that is less ambiguous than the original input. This paraphrase can be used to disambiguate the meaning representation via verification using a language model that calculates the probability of each paraphrase.",
}
@article{koncel-kedziorski-etal-2015-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Algebraic Word Problems into Equations",
    author = "Koncel-Kedziorski, Rik  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh  and
      Sabharwal, Ashish  and
      Etzioni, Oren  and
      Ang, Siena Dumas",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q15-1042",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00160",
    pages = "585--597",
    abstract = "This paper formalizes the problem of solving multi-sentence algebraic word problems as that of generating and scoring equation trees. We use integer linear programming to generate equation trees and score their likelihood by learning local and global discriminative models. These models are trained on a small set of word problems and their answers, without any manual annotation, in order to choose the equation that best matches the problem text. We refer to the overall system as Alges. We compare Alges with previous work and show that it covers the full gamut of arithmetic operations whereas Hosseini et al. (2014) only handle addition and subtraction. In addition, Alges overcomes the brittleness of the Kushman et al. (2014) approach on single-equation problems, yielding a 15{\%} to 50{\%} reduction in error.",
}
@article{tacl-2018-transactions,
    title = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Volume 6",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
}
@article{frermann-etal-2018-whodunnit,
    title = "Whodunnit? Crime Drama as a Case for Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Frermann, Lea  and
      Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00001",
    pages = "1--15",
    abstract = "In this paper we argue that crime drama exemplified in television programs such as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation is an ideal testbed for approximating real-world natural language understanding and the complex inferences associated with it. We propose to treat crime drama as a new inference task, capitalizing on the fact that each episode poses the same basic question (i.e., who committed the crime) and naturally provides the answer when the perpetrator is revealed. We develop a new dataset based on CSI episodes, formalize perpetrator identification as a sequence labeling problem, and develop an LSTM-based model which learns from multi-modal data. Experimental results show that an incremental inference strategy is key to making accurate guesses as well as learning from representations fusing textual, visual, and acoustic input.",
}
@article{angelidis-lapata-2018-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Instance Learning Networks for Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Angelidis, Stefanos  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00002",
    pages = "17--31",
    abstract = "We consider the task of fine-grained sentiment analysis from the perspective of multiple instance learning (MIL). Our neural model is trained on document sentiment labels, and learns to predict the sentiment of text segments, i.e. sentences or elementary discourse units (EDUs), without segment-level supervision. We introduce an attention-based polarity scoring method for identifying positive and negative text snippets and a new dataset which we call SpoT (as shorthand for Segment-level POlariTy annotations) for evaluating MIL-style sentiment models like ours. Experimental results demonstrate superior performance against multiple baselines, whereas a judgement elicitation study shows that EDU-level opinion extraction produces more informative summaries than sentence-based alternatives.",
}
@article{cotterell-schutze-2018-joint,
    title = "Joint Semantic Synthesis and Morphological Analysis of the Derived Word",
    author = {Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00003",
    pages = "33--48",
    abstract = "Much like sentences are composed of words, words themselves are composed of smaller units. For example, the English word questionably can be analyzed as question+able+ly. However, this structural decomposition of the word does not directly give us a semantic representation of the word{'}s meaning. Since morphology obeys the principle of compositionality, the semantics of the word can be systematically derived from the meaning of its parts. In this work, we propose a novel probabilistic model of word formation that captures both the analysis of a word w into its constituent segments and the synthesis of the meaning of w from the meanings of those segments. Our model jointly learns to segment words into morphemes and compose distributional semantic vectors of those morphemes. We experiment with the model on English CELEX data and German DErivBase (Zeller et al., 2013) data. We show that jointly modeling semantics increases both segmentation accuracy and morpheme F1 by between 3{\%} and 5{\%}. Additionally, we investigate different models of vector composition, showing that recurrent neural networks yield an improvement over simple additive models. Finally, we study the degree to which the representations correspond to a linguist{'}s notion of morphological productivity.",
}
@article{janner-etal-2018-representation,
    title = "Representation Learning for Grounded Spatial Reasoning",
    author = "Janner, Michael  and
      Narasimhan, Karthik  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00004",
    pages = "49--61",
    abstract = "The interpretation of spatial references is highly contextual, requiring joint inference over both language and the environment. We consider the task of spatial reasoning in a simulated environment, where an agent can act and receive rewards. The proposed model learns a representation of the world steered by instruction text. This design allows for precise alignment of local neighborhoods with corresponding verbalizations, while also handling global references in the instructions. We train our model with reinforcement learning using a variant of generalized value iteration. The model outperforms state-of-the-art approaches on several metrics, yielding a 45{\%} reduction in goal localization error.",
}
@article{liu-lapata-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Structured Text Representations",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00005",
    pages = "63--75",
    abstract = "In this paper, we focus on learning structure-aware document representations from data without recourse to a discourse parser or additional annotations. Drawing inspiration from recent efforts to empower neural networks with a structural bias (Cheng et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2017), we propose a model that can encode a document while automatically inducing rich structural dependencies. Specifically, we embed a differentiable non-projective parsing algorithm into a neural model and use attention mechanisms to incorporate the structural biases. Experimental evaluations across different tasks and datasets show that the proposed model achieves state-of-the-art results on document modeling tasks while inducing intermediate structures which are both interpretable and meaningful.",
}
@article{reimers-etal-2018-event,
    title = "Event Time Extraction with a Decision Tree of Neural Classifiers",
    author = "Reimers, Nils  and
      Dehghani, Nazanin  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1006",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00006",
    pages = "77--89",
    abstract = "Extracting the information from text when an event happened is challenging. Documents do not only report on current events, but also on past events as well as on future events. Often, the relevant time information for an event is scattered across the document. In this paper we present a novel method to automatically anchor events in time. To our knowledge it is the first approach that takes temporal information from the complete document into account. We created a decision tree that applies neural network based classifiers at its nodes. We use this tree to incrementally infer, in a stepwise manner, at which time frame an event happened. We evaluate the approach on the TimeBank-EventTime Corpus (Reimers et al., 2016) achieving an accuracy of 42.0{\%} compared to an inter-annotator agreement (IAA) of 56.7{\%}. For events that span over a single day we observe an accuracy improvement of 33.1 points compared to the state-of-the-art CAEVO system (Chambers et al., 2014). Without retraining, we apply this model to the SemEval-2015 Task 4 on automatic timeline generation and achieve an improvement of 4.01 points F1-score compared to the state-of-the-art. Our code is publically available.",
}
@article{somasundaran-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Evaluating Narrative Quality In Student Writing",
    author = "Somasundaran, Swapna  and
      Flor, Michael  and
      Chodorow, Martin  and
      Molloy, Hillary  and
      Gyawali, Binod  and
      McCulla, Laura",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1007",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00007",
    pages = "91--106",
    abstract = "This work lays the foundation for automated assessments of narrative quality in student writing. We first manually score essays for narrative-relevant traits and sub-traits, and measure inter-annotator agreement. We then explore linguistic features that are indicative of good narrative writing and use them to build an automated scoring system. Experiments show that our features are more effective in scoring specific aspects of narrative quality than a state-of-the-art feature set.",
}
@article{antoniak-mimno-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Stability of Embedding-based Word Similarities",
    author = "Antoniak, Maria  and
      Mimno, David",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1008",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00008",
    pages = "107--119",
    abstract = "Word embeddings are increasingly being used as a tool to study word associations in specific corpora. However, it is unclear whether such embeddings reflect enduring properties of language or if they are sensitive to inconsequential variations in the source documents. We find that nearest-neighbor distances are highly sensitive to small changes in the training corpus for a variety of algorithms. For all methods, including specific documents in the training set can result in substantial variations. We show that these effects are more prominent for smaller training corpora. We recommend that users never rely on single embedding models for distance calculations, but rather average over multiple bootstrap samples, especially for small corpora.",
}
@article{zayats-ostendorf-2018-conversation,
    title = "Conversation Modeling on {R}eddit Using a Graph-Structured {LSTM}",
    author = "Zayats, Victoria  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1009",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00009",
    pages = "121--132",
    abstract = "This paper presents a novel approach for modeling threaded discussions on social media using a graph-structured bidirectional LSTM (long-short term memory) which represents both hierarchical and temporal conversation structure. In experiments with a task of predicting popularity of comments in Reddit discussions, the proposed model outperforms a node-independent architecture for different sets of input features. Analyses show a benefit to the model over the full course of the discussion, improving detection in both early and late stages. Further, the use of language cues with the bidirectional tree state updates helps with identifying controversial comments.",
}
@article{collell-moens-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Representations Specialized in Spatial Knowledge: Leveraging Language and Vision",
    author = "Collell, Guillem  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1010",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00010",
    pages = "133--144",
    abstract = "Spatial understanding is crucial in many real-world problems, yet little progress has been made towards building representations that capture spatial knowledge. Here, we move one step forward in this direction and learn such representations by leveraging a task consisting in predicting continuous 2D spatial arrangements of objects given object-relationship-object instances (e.g., {``}cat under chair{''}) and a simple neural network model that learns the task from annotated images. We show that the model succeeds in this task and, furthermore, that it is capable of predicting correct spatial arrangements for unseen objects if either CNN features or word embeddings of the objects are provided. The differences between visual and linguistic features are discussed. Next, to evaluate the spatial representations learned in the previous task, we introduce a task and a dataset consisting in a set of crowdsourced human ratings of spatial similarity for object pairs. We find that both CNN (convolutional neural network) features and word embeddings predict human judgments of similarity well and that these vectors can be further specialized in spatial knowledge if we update them when training the model that predicts spatial arrangements of objects. Overall, this paper paves the way towards building distributed spatial representations, contributing to the understanding of spatial expressions in language.",
}
@article{zheng-etal-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Past and Future for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Zheng, Zaixiang  and
      Zhou, Hao  and
      Huang, Shujian  and
      Mou, Lili  and
      Dai, Xinyu  and
      Chen, Jiajun  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1011",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00011",
    pages = "145--157",
    abstract = "Existing neural machine translation systems do not explicitly model what has been translated and what has not during the decoding phase. To address this problem, we propose a novel mechanism that separates the source information into two parts: translated Past contents and untranslated Future contents, which are modeled by two additional recurrent layers. The Past and Future contents are fed to both the attention model and the decoder states, which provides Neural Machine Translation (NMT) systems with the knowledge of translated and untranslated contents. Experimental results show that the proposed approach significantly improves the performance in Chinese-English, German-English, and English-German translation tasks. Specifically, the proposed model outperforms the conventional coverage model in terms of both the translation quality and the alignment error rate.",
}
@article{roy-roth-2018-mapping,
    title = "Mapping to Declarative Knowledge for Word Problem Solving",
    author = "Roy, Subhro  and
      Roth, Dan",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1012",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00012",
    pages = "159--172",
    abstract = "Math word problems form a natural abstraction to a range of quantitative reasoning problems, such as understanding financial news, sports results, and casualties of war. Solving such problems requires the understanding of several mathematical concepts such as dimensional analysis, subset relationships, etc. In this paper, we develop declarative rules which govern the translation of natural language description of these concepts to math expressions. We then present a framework for incorporating such declarative knowledge into word problem solving. Our method learns to map arithmetic word problem text to math expressions, by learning to select the relevant declarative knowledge for each operation of the solution expression. This provides a way to handle multiple concepts in the same problem while, at the same time, supporting interpretability of the answer expression. Our method models the mapping to declarative knowledge as a latent variable, thus removing the need for expensive annotations. Experimental evaluation suggests that our domain knowledge based solver outperforms all other systems, and that it generalizes better in the realistic case where the training data it is exposed to is biased in a different way than the test data.",
}
@article{long-etal-2018-video,
    title = "Video Captioning with Multi-Faceted Attention",
    author = "Long, Xiang  and
      Gan, Chuang  and
      de Melo, Gerard",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1013",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00013",
    pages = "173--184",
    abstract = "Video captioning has attracted an increasing amount of interest, due in part to its potential for improved accessibility and information retrieval. While existing methods rely on different kinds of visual features and model architectures, they do not make full use of pertinent semantic cues. We present a unified and extensible framework to jointly leverage multiple sorts of visual features and semantic attributes. Our novel architecture builds on LSTMs with two multi-faceted attention layers. These first learn to automatically select the most salient visual features or semantic attributes, and then yield overall representations for the input and output of the sentence generation component via custom feature scaling operations. Experimental results on the challenging MSVD and MSR-VTT datasets show that our framework outperforms previous work and performs robustly even in the presence of added noise to the features and attributes.",
}
@article{aldarmaki-etal-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Word Mapping Using Structural Similarities in Monolingual Embeddings",
    author = "Aldarmaki, Hanan  and
      Mohan, Mahesh  and
      Diab, Mona",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1014",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00014",
    pages = "185--196",
    abstract = "Most existing methods for automatic bilingual dictionary induction rely on prior alignments between the source and target languages, such as parallel corpora or seed dictionaries. For many language pairs, such supervised alignments are not readily available. We propose an unsupervised approach for learning a bilingual dictionary for a pair of languages given their independently-learned monolingual word embeddings. The proposed method exploits local and global structures in monolingual vector spaces to align them such that similar words are mapped to each other. We show empirically that the performance of bilingual correspondents that are learned using our proposed unsupervised method is comparable to that of using supervised bilingual correspondents from a seed dictionary.",
}
@article{sedghi-sabharwal-2018-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Completion for Generics using Guided Tensor Factorization",
    author = "Sedghi, Hanie  and
      Sabharwal, Ashish",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1015",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00015",
    pages = "197--210",
    abstract = "Given a knowledge base or KB containing (noisy) facts about common nouns or generics, such as {``}all trees produce oxygen{''} or {``}some animals live in forests{''}, we consider the problem of inferring additional such facts at a precision similar to that of the starting KB. Such KBs capture general knowledge about the world, and are crucial for various applications such as question answering. Different from commonly studied named entity KBs such as Freebase, generics KBs involve quantification, have more complex underlying regularities, tend to be more incomplete, and violate the commonly used locally closed world assumption (LCWA). We show that existing KB completion methods struggle with this new task, and present the first approach that is successful. Our results demonstrate that external information, such as relation schemas and entity taxonomies, if used appropriately, can be a surprisingly powerful tool in this setting. First, our simple yet effective knowledge guided tensor factorization approach achieves state-of-the-art results on two generics KBs (80{\%} precise) for science, doubling their size at 74{\%}{--}86{\%} precision. Second, our novel taxonomy guided, submodular, active learning method for collecting annotations about rare entities (e.g., oriole, a bird) is 6x more effective at inferring further new facts about them than multiple active learning baselines.",
}
@article{jin-etal-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Grammar Induction with Depth-bounded {PCFG}",
    author = "Jin, Lifeng  and
      Doshi-Velez, Finale  and
      Miller, Timothy  and
      Schuler, William  and
      Schwartz, Lane",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1016",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00016",
    pages = "211--224",
    abstract = "There has been recent interest in applying cognitively- or empirically-motivated bounds on recursion depth to limit the search space of grammar induction models (Ponvert et al., 2011; Noji and Johnson, 2016; Shain et al., 2016). This work extends this depth-bounding approach to probabilistic context-free grammar induction (DB-PCFG), which has a smaller parameter space than hierarchical sequence models, and therefore more fully exploits the space reductions of depth-bounding. Results for this model on grammar acquisition from transcribed child-directed speech and newswire text exceed or are competitive with those of other models when evaluated on parse accuracy. Moreover, grammars acquired from this model demonstrate a consistent use of category labels, something which has not been demonstrated by other acquisition models.",
}
@article{kiperwasser-ballesteros-2018-scheduled,
    title = "Scheduled Multi-Task Learning: From Syntax to Translation",
    author = "Kiperwasser, Eliyahu  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1017",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00017",
    pages = "225--240",
    abstract = "Neural encoder-decoder models of machine translation have achieved impressive results, while learning linguistic knowledge of both the source and target languages in an implicit end-to-end manner. We propose a framework in which our model begins learning syntax and translation interleaved, gradually putting more focus on translation. Using this approach, we achieve considerable improvements in terms of BLEU score on relatively large parallel corpus (WMT14 English to German) and a low-resource (WIT German to English) setup.",
}
@article{crane-2018-questionable,
    title = "Questionable Answers in Question Answering Research: Reproducibility and Variability of Published Results",
    author = "Crane, Matt",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1018",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00018",
    pages = "241--252",
    abstract = "{``}Based on theoretical reasoning it has been suggested that the reliability of findings published in the scientific literature decreases with the popularity of a research field{''} (Pfeiffer and Hoffmann, 2009). As we know, deep learning is very popular and the ability to reproduce results is an important part of science. There is growing concern within the deep learning community about the reproducibility of results that are presented. In this paper we present a number of controllable, yet unreported, effects that can substantially change the effectiveness of a sample model, and thusly the reproducibility of those results. Through these environmental effects we show that the commonly held belief that distribution of source code is all that is needed for reproducibility is not enough. Source code without a reproducible environment does not mean anything at all. In addition the range of results produced from these effects can be larger than the majority of incremental improvement reported.",
}
@article{williams-etal-2018-latent,
    title = "Do latent tree learning models identify meaningful structure in sentences?",
    author = "Williams, Adina  and
      Drozdov, Andrew  and
      Bowman, Samuel R.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1019",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00019",
    pages = "253--267",
    abstract = "Recent work on the problem of latent tree learning has made it possible to train neural networks that learn to both parse a sentence and use the resulting parse to interpret the sentence, all without exposure to ground-truth parse trees at training time. Surprisingly, these models often perform better at sentence understanding tasks than models that use parse trees from conventional parsers. This paper aims to investigate what these latent tree learning models learn. We replicate two such models in a shared codebase and find that (i) only one of these models outperforms conventional tree-structured models on sentence classification, (ii) its parsing strategies are not especially consistent across random restarts, (iii) the parses it produces tend to be shallower than standard Penn Treebank (PTB) parses, and (iv) they do not resemble those of PTB or any other semantic or syntactic formalism that the authors are aware of.",
}
@article{mudinas-etal-2018-bootstrap,
    title = "Bootstrap Domain-Specific Sentiment Classifiers from Unlabeled Corpora",
    author = "Mudinas, Andrius  and
      Zhang, Dell  and
      Levene, Mark",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1020",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00020",
    pages = "269--285",
    abstract = "There is often the need to perform sentiment classification in a particular domain where no labeled document is available. Although we could make use of a general-purpose off-the-shelf sentiment classifier or a pre-built one for a different domain, the effectiveness would be inferior. In this paper, we explore the possibility of building domain-specific sentiment classifiers with unlabeled documents only. Our investigation indicates that in the word embeddings learned from the unlabeled corpus of a given domain, the distributed word representations (vectors) for opposite sentiments form distinct clusters, though those clusters are not transferable across domains. Exploiting such a clustering structure, we are able to utilize machine learning algorithms to induce a quality domain-specific sentiment lexicon from just a few typical sentiment words ({``}seeds{''}). An important finding is that simple linear model based supervised learning algorithms (such as linear SVM) can actually work better than more sophisticated semi-supervised/transductive learning algorithms which represent the state-of-the-art technique for sentiment lexicon induction. The induced lexicon could be applied directly in a lexicon-based method for sentiment classification, but a higher performance could be achieved through a two-phase bootstrapping method which uses the induced lexicon to assign positive/negative sentiment scores to unlabeled documents first, a nd t hen u ses those documents found to have clear sentiment signals as pseudo-labeled examples to train a document sentiment classifier v ia supervised learning algorithms (such as LSTM). On several benchmark datasets for document sentiment classification, our end-to-end pipelined approach which is overall unsupervised (except for a tiny set of seed words) outperforms existing unsupervised approaches and achieves an accuracy comparable to that of fully supervised approaches.",
}
@article{welbl-etal-2018-constructing,
    title = "Constructing Datasets for Multi-hop Reading Comprehension Across Documents",
    author = "Welbl, Johannes  and
      Stenetorp, Pontus  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1021",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00021",
    pages = "287--302",
    abstract = "Most Reading Comprehension methods limit themselves to queries which can be answered using a single sentence, paragraph, or document. Enabling models to combine disjoint pieces of textual evidence would extend the scope of machine comprehension methods, but currently no resources exist to train and test this capability. We propose a novel task to encourage the development of models for text understanding across multiple documents and to investigate the limits of existing methods. In our task, a model learns to seek and combine evidence {---} effectively performing multihop, alias multi-step, inference. We devise a methodology to produce datasets for this task, given a collection of query-answer pairs and thematically linked documents. Two datasets from different domains are induced, and we identify potential pitfalls and devise circumvention strategies. We evaluate two previously proposed competitive models and find that one can integrate information across documents. However, both models struggle to select relevant information; and providing documents guaranteed to be relevant greatly improves their performance. While the models outperform several strong baselines, their best accuracy reaches 54.5{\%} on an annotated test set, compared to human performance at 85.0{\%}, leaving ample room for improvement.",
}
@article{kunchukuttan-etal-2018-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Orthographic Similarity for Multilingual Neural Transliteration",
    author = "Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Khapra, Mitesh  and
      Singh, Gurneet  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1022",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00022",
    pages = "303--316",
    abstract = "We address the task of joint training of transliteration models for multiple language pairs (multilingual transliteration). This is an instance of multitask learning, where individual tasks (language pairs) benefit from sharing knowledge with related tasks. We focus on transliteration involving related tasks i.e., languages sharing writing systems and phonetic properties (orthographically similar languages). We propose a modified neural encoder-decoder model that maximizes parameter sharing across language pairs in order to effectively leverage orthographic similarity. We show that multilingual transliteration significantly outperforms bilingual transliteration in different scenarios (average increase of 58{\%} across a variety of languages we experimented with). We also show that multilingual transliteration models can generalize well to languages/language pairs not encountered during training and hence perform well on the zeroshot transliteration task. We show that further improvements can be achieved by using phonetic feature input.",
}
@article{kocisky-etal-2018-narrativeqa,
    title = "The {N}arrative{QA} Reading Comprehension Challenge",
    author = "Ko{\v{c}}isk{\'y}, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Schwarz, Jonathan  and
      Blunsom, Phil  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Hermann, Karl Moritz  and
      Melis, G{\'a}bor  and
      Grefenstette, Edward",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1023",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00023",
    pages = "317--328",
    abstract = "Reading comprehension (RC){---}in contrast to information retrieval{---}requires integrating information and reasoning about events, entities, and their relations across a full document. Question answering is conventionally used to assess RC ability, in both artificial agents and children learning to read. However, existing RC datasets and tasks are dominated by questions that can be solved by selecting answers using superficial information (e.g., local context similarity or global term frequency); they thus fail to test for the essential integrative aspect of RC. To encourage progress on deeper comprehension of language, we present a new dataset and set of tasks in which the reader must answer questions about stories by reading entire books or movie scripts. These tasks are designed so that successfully answering their questions requires understanding the underlying narrative rather than relying on shallow pattern matching or salience. We show that although humans solve the tasks easily, standard RC models struggle on the tasks presented here. We provide an analysis of the dataset and the challenges it presents.",
}
@article{rabinovich-etal-2018-native,
    title = "Native Language Cognate Effects on Second Language Lexical Choice",
    author = "Rabinovich, Ella  and
      Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1024",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00024",
    pages = "329--342",
    abstract = "We present a computational analysis of cognate effects on the spontaneous linguistic productions of advanced non-native speakers. Introducing a large corpus of highly competent non-native English speakers, and using a set of carefully selected lexical items, we show that the lexical choices of non-natives are affected by cognates in their native language. This effect is so powerful that we are able to reconstruct the phylogenetic language tree of the Indo-European language family solely from the frequencies of specific lexical items in the English of authors with various native languages. We quantitatively analyze non-native lexical choice, highlighting cognate facilitation as one of the important phenomena shaping the language of non-native speakers.",
}
@article{laparra-etal-2018-characters,
    title = "From Characters to Time Intervals: New Paradigms for Evaluation and Neural Parsing of Time Normalizations",
    author = "Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Xu, Dongfang  and
      Bethard, Steven",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1025",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00025",
    pages = "343--356",
    abstract = "This paper presents the first model for time normalization trained on the SCATE corpus. In the SCATE schema, time expressions are annotated as a semantic composition of time entities. This novel schema favors machine learning approaches, as it can be viewed as a semantic parsing task. In this work, we propose a character level multi-output neural network that outperforms previous state-of-the-art built on the TimeML schema. To compare predictions of systems that follow both SCATE and TimeML, we present a new scoring metric for time intervals. We also apply this new metric to carry out a comparative analysis of the annotations of both schemes in the same corpus.",
}
@article{simpson-gurevych-2018-finding,
    title = "Finding Convincing Arguments Using Scalable {B}ayesian Preference Learning",
    author = "Simpson, Edwin  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1026",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00026",
    pages = "357--371",
    abstract = "We introduce a scalable Bayesian preference learning method for identifying convincing arguments in the absence of gold-standard ratings or rankings. In contrast to previous work, we avoid the need for separate methods to perform quality control on training data, predict rankings and perform pairwise classification. Bayesian approaches are an effective solution when faced with sparse or noisy training data, but have not previously been used to identify convincing arguments. One issue is scalability, which we address by developing a stochastic variational inference method for Gaussian process (GP) preference learning. We show how our method can be applied to predict argument convincingness from crowdsourced data, outperforming the previous state-of-the-art, particularly when trained with small amounts of unreliable data. We demonstrate how the Bayesian approach enables more effective active learning, thereby reducing the amount of data required to identify convincing arguments for new users and domains. While word embeddings are principally used with neural networks, our results show that word embeddings in combination with linguistic features also benefit GPs when predicting argument convincingness.",
}
@article{niu-bansal-2018-polite,
    title = "Polite Dialogue Generation Without Parallel Data",
    author = "Niu, Tong  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1027",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00027",
    pages = "373--389",
    abstract = "Stylistic dialogue response generation, with valuable applications in personality-based conversational agents, is a challenging task because the response needs to be fluent, contextually-relevant, as well as paralinguistically accurate. Moreover, parallel datasets for regular-to-stylistic pairs are usually unavailable. We present three weakly-supervised models that can generate diverse, polite (or rude) dialogue responses without parallel data. Our late fusion model (Fusion) merges the decoder of an encoder-attention-decoder dialogue model with a language model trained on stand-alone polite utterances. Our label-finetuning (LFT) model prepends to each source sequence a politeness-score scaled label (predicted by our state-of-the-art politeness classifier) during training, and at test time is able to generate polite, neutral, and rude responses by simply scaling the label embedding by the corresponding score. Our reinforcement learning model (Polite-RL) encourages politeness generation by assigning rewards proportional to the politeness classifier score of the sampled response. We also present two retrievalbased, polite dialogue model baselines. Human evaluation validates that while the Fusion and the retrieval-based models achieve politeness with poorer context-relevance, the LFT and Polite-RL models can produce significantly more polite responses without sacrificing dialogue quality.",
}
@article{jurgens-etal-2018-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Evolution of a Scientific Field through Citation Frames",
    author = "Jurgens, David  and
      Kumar, Srijan  and
      Hoover, Raine  and
      McFarland, Dan  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1028",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00028",
    pages = "391--406",
    abstract = "Citations have long been used to characterize the state of a scientific field and to identify influential works. However, writers use citations for different purposes, and this varied purpose influences uptake by future scholars. Unfortunately, our understanding of how scholars use and frame citations has been limited to small-scale manual citation analysis of individual papers. We perform the largest behavioral study of citations to date, analyzing how scientific works frame their contributions through different types of citations and how this framing affects the field as a whole. We introduce a new dataset of nearly 2,000 citations annotated for their function, and use it to develop a state-of-the-art classifier and label the papers of an entire field: Natural Language Processing. We then show how differences in framing affect scientific uptake and reveal the evolution of the publication venues and the field as a whole. We demonstrate that authors are sensitive to discourse structure and publication venue when citing, and that how a paper frames its work through citations is predictive of the citation count it will receive. Finally, we use changes in citation framing to show that the field of NLP is undergoing a significant increase in consensus.",
}
@article{tu-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning to Remember Translation History with a Continuous Cache",
    author = "Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Shi, Shuming  and
      Zhang, Tong",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1029",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00029",
    pages = "407--420",
    abstract = "Existing neural machine translation (NMT) models generally translate sentences in isolation, missing the opportunity to take advantage of document-level information. In this work, we propose to augment NMT models with a very light-weight cache-like memory network, which stores recent hidden representations as translation history. The probability distribution over generated words is updated online depending on the translation history retrieved from the memory, endowing NMT models with the capability to dynamically adapt over time. Experiments on multiple domains with different topics and styles show the effectiveness of the proposed approach with negligible impact on the computational cost.",
}
@article{guu-etal-2018-generating,
    title = "Generating Sentences by Editing Prototypes",
    author = "Guu, Kelvin  and
      Hashimoto, Tatsunori B.  and
      Oren, Yonatan  and
      Liang, Percy",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1030",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00030",
    pages = "437--450",
    abstract = "We propose a new generative language model for sentences that first samples a prototype sentence from the training corpus and then edits it into a new sentence. Compared to traditional language models that generate from scratch either left-to-right or by first sampling a latent sentence vector, our prototype-then-edit model improves perplexity on language modeling and generates higher quality outputs according to human evaluation. Furthermore, the model gives rise to a latent edit vector that captures interpretable semantics such as sentence similarity and sentence-level analogies.",
}
@article{prabhakaran-etal-2018-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Institutional Dialog Acts in Police Traffic Stops",
    author = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Griffiths, Camilla  and
      Su, Hang  and
      Verma, Prateek  and
      Morgan, Nelson  and
      Eberhardt, Jennifer L.  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1031",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00031",
    pages = "467--481",
    abstract = "We apply computational dialog methods to police body-worn camera footage to model conversations between police officers and community members in traffic stops. Relying on the theory of institutional talk, we develop a labeling scheme for police speech during traffic stops, and a tagger to detect institutional dialog acts (Reasons, Searches, Offering Help) from transcribed text at the turn (78{\%} F-score) and stop (89{\%} F-score) level. We then develop speech recognition and segmentation algorithms to detect these acts at the stop level from raw camera audio (81{\%} F-score, with even higher accuracy for crucial acts like conveying the reason for the stop). We demonstrate that the dialog structures produced by our tagger could reveal whether officers follow law enforcement norms like introducing themselves, explaining the reason for the stop, and asking permission for searches. This work may therefore inform and aid efforts to ensure the procedural justice of police-community interactions.",
}
@article{gerz-etal-2018-language,
    title = "Language Modeling for Morphologically Rich Languages: Character-Aware Modeling for Word-Level Prediction",
    author = "Gerz, Daniela  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Ponti, Edoardo  and
      Naradowsky, Jason  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1032",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00032",
    pages = "451--465",
    abstract = "Neural architectures are prominent in the construction of language models (LMs). However, word-level prediction is typically agnostic of subword-level information (characters and character sequences) and operates over a closed vocabulary, consisting of a limited word set. Indeed, while subword-aware models boost performance across a variety of NLP tasks, previous work did not evaluate the ability of these models to assist next-word prediction in language modeling tasks. Such subword-level informed models should be particularly effective for morphologically-rich languages (MRLs) that exhibit high type-to-token ratios. In this work, we present a large-scale LM study on 50 typologically diverse languages covering a wide variety of morphological systems, and offer new LM benchmarks to the community, while considering subword-level information. The main technical contribution of our work is a novel method for injecting subword-level information into semantic word vectors, integrated into the neural language modeling training, to facilitate word-level prediction. We conduct experiments in the LM setting where the number of infrequent words is large, and demonstrate strong perplexity gains across our 50 languages, especially for morphologically-rich languages. Our code and data sets are publicly available.",
}
@article{shao-etal-2018-universal,
    title = "Universal Word Segmentation: Implementation and Interpretation",
    author = "Shao, Yan  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1033",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00033",
    pages = "421--435",
    abstract = "Word segmentation is a low-level NLP task that is non-trivial for a considerable number of languages. In this paper, we present a sequence tagging framework and apply it to word segmentation for a wide range of languages with different writing systems and typological characteristics. Additionally, we investigate the correlations between various typological factors and word segmentation accuracy. The experimental results indicate that segmentation accuracy is positively related to word boundary markers and negatively to the number of unique non-segmental terms. Based on the analysis, we design a small set of language-specific settings and extensively evaluate the segmentation system on the Universal Dependencies datasets. Our model obtains state-of-the-art accuracies on all the UD languages. It performs substantially better on languages that are non-trivial to segment, such as Chinese, Japanese, Arabic and Hebrew, when compared to previous work.",
}
@article{arora-etal-2018-linear,
    title = "Linear Algebraic Structure of Word Senses, with Applications to Polysemy",
    author = "Arora, Sanjeev  and
      Li, Yuanzhi  and
      Liang, Yingyu  and
      Ma, Tengyu  and
      Risteski, Andrej",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1034",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00034",
    pages = "483--495",
    abstract = "Word embeddings are ubiquitous in NLP and information retrieval, but it is unclear what they represent when the word is polysemous. Here it is shown that multiple word senses reside in linear superposition within the word embedding and simple sparse coding can recover vectors that approximately capture the senses. The success of our approach, which applies to several embedding methods, is mathematically explained using a variant of the random walk on discourses model (Arora et al., 2016). A novel aspect of our technique is that each extracted word sense is accompanied by one of about 2000 {``}discourse atoms{''} that gives a succinct description of which other words co-occur with that word sense. Discourse atoms can be of independent interest, and make the method potentially more useful. Empirical tests are used to verify and support the theory.",
}
@article{jaech-ostendorf-2018-low,
    title = "Low-Rank {RNN} Adaptation for Context-Aware Language Modeling",
    author = "Jaech, Aaron  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1035",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00035",
    pages = "497--510",
    abstract = "A context-aware language model uses location, user and/or domain metadata (context) to adapt its predictions. In neural language models, context information is typically represented as an embedding and it is given to the RNN as an additional input, which has been shown to be useful in many applications. We introduce a more powerful mechanism for using context to adapt an RNN by letting the context vector control a low-rank transformation of the recurrent layer weight matrix. Experiments show that allowing a greater fraction of the model parameters to be adjusted has benefits in terms of perplexity and classification for several different types of context.",
}
@article{buckman-neubig-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Lattice Language Models",
    author = "Buckman, Jacob  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1036",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00036",
    pages = "529--541",
    abstract = "In this work, we propose a new language modeling paradigm that has the ability to perform both prediction and moderation of information flow at multiple granularities: neural lattice language models. These models construct a lattice of possible paths through a sentence and marginalize across this lattice to calculate sequence probabilities or optimize parameters. This approach allows us to seamlessly incorporate linguistic intuitions {---} including polysemy and the existence of multiword lexical items {---} into our language model. Experiments on multiple language modeling tasks show that English neural lattice language models that utilize polysemous embeddings are able to improve perplexity by 9.95{\%} relative to a word-level baseline, and that a Chinese model that handles multi-character tokens is able to improve perplexity by 20.94{\%} relative to a character-level baseline.",
}
@article{khani-etal-2018-planning,
    title = "Planning, Inference and Pragmatics in Sequential Language Games",
    author = "Khani, Fereshte  and
      Goodman, Noah D.  and
      Liang, Percy",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1037",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00037",
    pages = "543--555",
    abstract = "We study sequential language games in which two players, each with private information, communicate to achieve a common goal. In such games, a successful player must (i) infer the partner{'}s private information from the partner{'}s messages, (ii) generate messages that are most likely to help with the goal, and (iii) reason pragmatically about the partner{'}s strategy. We propose a model that captures all three characteristics and demonstrate their importance in capturing human behavior on a new goal-oriented dataset we collected using crowdsourcing.",
}
@article{zhang-etal-2018-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Verb Selection for Data-to-Text Generation",
    author = "Zhang, Dell  and
      Yuan, Jiahao  and
      Wang, Xiaoling  and
      Foster, Adam",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1038",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00038",
    pages = "511--527",
    abstract = "In data-to-text Natural Language Generation (NLG) systems, computers need to find the right words to describe phenomena seen in the data. This paper focuses on the problem of choosing appropriate verbs to express the direction and magnitude of a percentage change (e.g., in stock prices). Rather than simply using the same verbs again and again, we present a principled data-driven approach to this problem based on Shannon{'}s noisy-channel model so as to bring variation and naturalness into the generated text. Our experiments on three large-scale real-world news corpora demonstrate that the proposed probabilistic model can be learned to accurately imitate human authors{'} pattern of usage around verbs, outperforming the state-of-the-art method significantly.",
}
@article{chen-etal-2018-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Deep Averaging Networks for Cross-Lingual Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Chen, Xilun  and
      Sun, Yu  and
      Athiwaratkun, Ben  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Weinberger, Kilian",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1039",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00039",
    pages = "557--570",
    abstract = "In recent years great success has been achieved in sentiment classification for English, thanks in part to the availability of copious annotated resources. Unfortunately, most languages do not enjoy such an abundance of labeled data. To tackle the sentiment classification problem in low-resource languages without adequate annotated data, we propose an Adversarial Deep Averaging Network (ADAN1) to transfer the knowledge learned from labeled data on a resource-rich source language to low-resource languages where only unlabeled data exist. ADAN has two discriminative branches: a sentiment classifier and an adversarial language discriminator. Both branches take input from a shared feature extractor to learn hidden representations that are simultaneously indicative for the classification task and invariant across languages. Experiments on Chinese and Arabic sentiment classification demonstrate that ADAN significantly outperforms state-of-the-art systems.",
}
@article{paun-etal-2018-comparing,
    title = "Comparing {B}ayesian Models of Annotation",
    author = "Paun, Silviu  and
      Carpenter, Bob  and
      Chamberlain, Jon  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      Kruschwitz, Udo  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1040",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00040",
    pages = "571--585",
    abstract = "The analysis of crowdsourced annotations in natural language processing is concerned with identifying (1) gold standard labels, (2) annotator accuracies and biases, and (3) item difficulties and error patterns. Traditionally, majority voting was used for 1, and coefficients of agreement for 2 and 3. Lately, model-based analysis of corpus annotations have proven better at all three tasks. But there has been relatively little work comparing them on the same datasets. This paper aims to fill this gap by analyzing six models of annotation, covering different approaches to annotator ability, item difficulty, and parameter pooling (tying) across annotators and items. We evaluate these models along four aspects: comparison to gold labels, predictive accuracy for new annotations, annotator characterization, and item difficulty, using four datasets with varying degrees of noise in the form of random (spammy) annotators. We conclude with guidelines for model selection, application, and implementation.",
}
@article{bender-friedman-2018-data,
    title = "Data Statements for Natural Language Processing: Toward Mitigating System Bias and Enabling Better Science",
    author = "Bender, Emily M.  and
      Friedman, Batya",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1041",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00041",
    pages = "587--604",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose data statements as a design solution and professional practice for natural language processing technologists, in both research and development. Through the adoption and widespread use of data statements, the field can begin to address critical scientific and ethical issues that result from the use of data from certain populations in the development of technology for other populations. We present a form that data statements can take and explore the implications of adopting them as part of regular practice. We argue that data statements will help alleviate issues related to exclusion and bias in language technology, lead to better precision in claims about how natural language processing research can generalize and thus better engineering results, protect companies from public embarrassment, and ultimately lead to language technology that meets its users in their own preferred linguistic style and furthermore does not misrepresent them to others.",
}
@article{webster-etal-2018-mind,
    title = "Mind the {GAP}: A Balanced Corpus of Gendered Ambiguous Pronouns",
    author = "Webster, Kellie  and
      Recasens, Marta  and
      Axelrod, Vera  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1042",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00240",
    pages = "605--617",
    abstract = "Coreference resolution is an important task for natural language understanding, and the resolution of ambiguous pronouns a longstanding challenge. Nonetheless, existing corpora do not capture ambiguous pronouns in sufficient volume or diversity to accurately indicate the practical utility of models. Furthermore, we find gender bias in existing corpora and systems favoring masculine entities. To address this, we present and release GAP, a gender-balanced labeled corpus of 8,908 ambiguous pronoun{--}name pairs sampled to provide diverse coverage of challenges posed by real-world text. We explore a range of baselines that demonstrate the complexity of the challenge, the best achieving just 66.9{\%} F1. We show that syntactic structure and continuous neural models provide promising, complementary cues for approaching the challenge.",
}
@article{van-noord-etal-2018-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Neural Methods for Parsing Discourse Representation Structures",
    author = "van Noord, Rik  and
      Abzianidze, Lasha  and
      Toral, Antonio  and
      Bos, Johan",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1043",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00241",
    pages = "619--633",
    abstract = "Neural methods have had several recent successes in semantic parsing, though they have yet to face the challenge of producing meaning representations based on formal semantics. We present a sequence-to-sequence neural semantic parser that is able to produce Discourse Representation Structures (DRSs) for English sentences with high accuracy, outperforming traditional DRS parsers. To facilitate the learning of the output, we represent DRSs as a sequence of flat clauses and introduce a method to verify that produced DRSs are well-formed and interpretable. We compare models using characters and words as input and see (somewhat surprisingly) that the former performs better than the latter. We show that eliminating variable names from the output using De Bruijn indices increases parser performance. Adding silver training data boosts performance even further.",
}
@article{pu-etal-2018-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Weakly Supervised Word Sense Disambiguation into Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Pu, Xiao  and
      Pappas, Nikolaos  and
      Henderson, James  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1044",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00242",
    pages = "635--649",
    abstract = "This paper demonstrates that word sense disambiguation (WSD) can improve neural machine translation (NMT) by widening the source context considered when modeling the senses of potentially ambiguous words. We first introduce three adaptive clustering algorithms for WSD, based on k-means, Chinese restaurant processes, and random walks, which are then applied to large word contexts represented in a low-rank space and evaluated on SemEval shared-task data. We then learn word vectors jointly with sense vectors defined by our best WSD method, within a state-of-the-art NMT system. We show that the concatenation of these vectors, and the use of a sense selection mechanism based on the weighted average of sense vectors, outperforms several baselines including sense-aware ones. This is demonstrated by translation on five language pairs. The improvements are more than 1 BLEU point over strong NMT baselines, +4{\%} accuracy over all ambiguous nouns and verbs, or +20{\%} when scored manually over several challenging words.",
}
@article{kirov-cotterell-2018-recurrent,
    title = "Recurrent Neural Networks in Linguistic Theory: Revisiting Pinker and Prince (1988) and the Past Tense Debate",
    author = "Kirov, Christo  and
      Cotterell, Ryan",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1045",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00247",
    pages = "651--665",
    abstract = "Can advances in NLP help advance cognitive modeling? We examine the role of artificial neural networks, the current state of the art in many common NLP tasks, by returning to a classic case study. In 1986, Rumelhart and McClelland famously introduced a neural architecture that learned to transduce English verb stems to their past tense forms. Shortly thereafter in 1988, Pinker and Prince presented a comprehensive rebuttal of many of Rumelhart and McClelland{'}s claims. Much of the force of their attack centered on the empirical inadequacy of the Rumelhart and McClelland model. Today, however, that model is severely outmoded. We show that the Encoder-Decoder network architectures used in modern NLP systems obviate most of Pinker and Prince{'}s criticisms without requiring any simplification of the past tense mapping problem. We suggest that the empirical performance of modern networks warrants a reexamination of their utility in linguistic and cognitive modeling.",
}
@article{wang-eisner-2018-surface,
    title = "Surface Statistics of an Unknown Language Indicate How to Parse It",
    author = "Wang, Dingquan  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1046",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00248",
    pages = "667--685",
    abstract = "We introduce a novel framework for delexicalized dependency parsing in a new language. We show that useful features of the target language can be extracted automatically from an unparsed corpus, which consists only of gold part-of-speech (POS) sequences. Providing these features to our neural parser enables it to parse sequences like those in the corpus. Strikingly, our system has no supervision in the target language. Rather, it is a multilingual system that is trained end-to-end on a variety of other languages, so it learns a feature extractor that works well. We show experimentally across multiple languages: (1) Features computed from the unparsed corpus improve parsing accuracy. (2) Including thousands of synthetic languages in the training yields further improvement. (3) Despite being computed from unparsed corpora, our learned task-specific features beat previous work{'}s interpretable typological features that require parsed corpora or expert categorization of the language. Our best method improved attachment scores on held-out test languages by an average of 5.6 percentage points over past work that does not inspect the unparsed data (McDonald et al., 2011), and by 20.7 points over past {``}grammar induction{''} work that does not use training languages (Naseem et al., 2010).",
}
@article{yin-schutze-2018-attentive,
    title = "Attentive Convolution: Equipping {CNN}s with {RNN}-style Attention Mechanisms",
    author = {Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1047",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00249",
    pages = "687--702",
    abstract = "In NLP, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have benefited less than recurrent neural networks (RNNs) from attention mechanisms. We hypothesize that this is because the attention in CNNs has been mainly implemented as attentive pooling (i.e., it is applied to pooling) rather than as attentive convolution (i.e., it is integrated into convolution). Convolution is the differentiator of CNNs in that it can powerfully model the higher-level representation of a word by taking into account its local fixed-size context in the input text tx. In this work, we propose an attentive convolution network, ATTCONV. It extends the context scope of the convolution operation, deriving higher-level features for a word not only from local context, but also from information extracted from nonlocal context by the attention mechanism commonly used in RNNs. This nonlocal context can come (i) from parts of the input text tx that are distant or (ii) from extra (i.e., external) contexts ty. Experiments on sentence modeling with zero-context (sentiment analysis), single-context (textual entailment) and multiple-context (claim verification) demonstrate the effectiveness of ATTCONV in sentence representation learning with the incorporation of context. In particular, attentive convolution outperforms attentive pooling and is a strong competitor to popular attentive RNNs.1",
}
@article{hosseini-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Typed Entailment Graphs with Global Soft Constraints",
    author = "Hosseini, Mohammad Javad  and
      Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Reddy, Siva  and
      Holt, Xavier R.  and
      Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "6",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1048",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00250",
    pages = "703--717",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new method for learning typed entailment graphs from text. We extract predicate-argument structures from multiple-source news corpora, and compute local distributional similarity scores to learn entailments between predicates with typed arguments (e.g., person contracted disease). Previous work has used transitivity constraints to improve local decisions, but these constraints are intractable on large graphs. We instead propose a scalable method that learns globally consistent similarity scores based on new soft constraints that consider both the structures across typed entailment graphs and inside each graph. Learning takes only a few hours to run over 100K predicates and our results show large improvements over local similarity scores on two entailment data sets. We further show improvements over paraphrases and entailments from the Paraphrase Database, and prior state-of-the-art entailment graphs. We show that the entailment graphs improve performance in a downstream task.",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1997-research,
    title = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    author = "Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{ahrens-etal-1997-meaning,
    title = "Meaning Representation and Meaning Instantiation for {C}hinese Nominals",
    author = "Ahrens, Kathleen  and
      Chang, Li-li  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1001",
    pages = "4--18",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-conrath-1997-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Similarity Based on Corpus Statistics and Lexical Taxonomy",
    author = "Jiang, Jay J.  and
      Conrath, David W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1002",
    pages = "19--33",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-etal-1997-towards,
    title = "Towards a Representation of Verbal Semantics {--} An Approach Based on Near Synonyms",
    author = "Tsai, Mei-chih  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chen, Keh-jiann  and
      Ahrens, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1003",
    pages = "34--48",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-1997-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation Based on The Information Theory",
    author = "Lee, Ho  and
      Baek, Dae-Ho  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1004",
    pages = "49--58",
}
@inproceedings{belguith-hadrich-etal-1997-agreement,
    title = "An Agreement Error Correction Method Based on a Multicriteria Approach: An Application to {A}rabic Language",
    author = "Belguith Hadrich, Lamia  and
      Ben Hamadou, Abdelmajid  and
      Aloulou, Chafik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1005",
    pages = "59--75",
}
@inproceedings{imai-etal-1997-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Bigram Constraints into an {LR} Table",
    author = "Imai, Hiroki  and
      Li, Hui  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1006",
    pages = "76--88",
}
@inproceedings{lin-su-1997-level,
    title = "A Level-synchronous Approach to Ill-formed Sentence Parsing",
    author = "Lin, Yi-Chung  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1007",
    pages = "89--108",
}
@inproceedings{chan-1997-application,
    title = "The Application of the Similarities Between the Morphemes of the {E}nglish and {C}hinese Languages to Represent {C}hinese Characters Phonetically with {E}nglish Letters to Facilitate Computer Applications Manually and By Voice with the Character-Based Languages {C}hinese, {J}apanese And {K}orean",
    author = "Chan, Stanley K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1008",
    pages = "109--122",
}
@inproceedings{chang-su-1997-multivariate,
    title = "A Multivariate {G}aussian Mixture Model for Automatic Compound Word Extraction",
    author = "Chang, Jing-Shin  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1009",
    pages = "123--142",
}
@inproceedings{chen-bian-1997-proper,
    title = "Proper Name Extraction from Web Pages for Finding People in {I}nternet",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Bian, Guo-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1010",
    pages = "143--158",
}
@inproceedings{chen-bai-1997-unknown,
    title = "Unknown Word Detection for {C}hinese by a Corpus-based Learning Method",
    author = "Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Bai, Ming-Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1011",
    pages = "159--174",
}
@inproceedings{bagga-biermann-1997-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Complexity of a Domain With Respect To An Information Extraction Task",
    author = "Bagga, Amit  and
      Biermann, Alan W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1012",
    pages = "175--194",
}
@inproceedings{tsou-etal-1997-human,
    title = "Human Judgment as a Basis for Evaluation of Discourse-Connective-based Full-text Abstraction in {C}hinese",
    author = "T{'}sou, Benjamin K.  and
      Lin, Hing-Lung  and
      Lai, Tom B. Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1013",
    pages = "195--208",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-1997-assessment,
    title = "An Assessment on Character-based {C}hinese News Filtering Using Latent Semantic Indexing",
    author = "Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Yang, Pey-Ching  and
      Soo, Von-Wun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1014",
    pages = "209--223",
}
@inproceedings{ho-etal-1997-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Long-Distance Language Modeling to Phoneme-to-Text Conversion",
    author = "Ho, Tai-Hsuan  and
      Yang, Kae-Cherng  and
      Lin, Juei-Sung  and
      Lee, Lin-Shan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1015",
    pages = "287--299",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-1997-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Speaker Identification Based on Fuzzy Theory and Neural Network Using Genetic Algorithm",
    author = "Hsieh, Ching-Tang  and
      Lai, Eugene  and
      Wang, You-Chuang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1016",
    pages = "300--315",
}
@inproceedings{guyomard-etal-1997-general,
    title = "A General Public Application of Pedagogic and Linguistic Vocations of Speech Synthesis: Ordict{\'e}e",
    author = "Guyomard, Marc  and
      Siroux, Jacques  and
      Pernici, Dominique  and
      Royer, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1017",
    pages = "316--324",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-1997-conversational,
    title = "A Conversational Agent for Food-ordering Dialog Based on {V}enus{D}ictate",
    author = "Wang, Hsien-Chang  and
      Wang, Jhing-Fa  and
      Liu, Yi-Nan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1018",
    pages = "325--334",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-1997-truncation,
    title = "Truncation on Combined Word-Based and Class-Based Language Model Using {K}ullback-{L}eibler Distance Criterion",
    author = "Yang, Kae-Cherng  and
      Ho, Tai-Hsuan  and
      Lin, Juei-Sung  and
      Lee, Lin-Shan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1019",
    pages = "335--344",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-1997-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing {K}orean Unknown Proper Nouns by Using Automatically Extracted Lexical Clues",
    author = "Park, Bong-Rae  and
      Hwang, Young-Sook  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1020",
    pages = "345--356",
}
@inproceedings{kamei-muraki-1997-logical,
    title = "Logical Operators and Quantifiers in Natural Language",
    author = "Kamei, Shin-ichiro  and
      Muraki, Kazunori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1021",
    pages = "357--367",
}
@inproceedings{gao-chen-1997-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Text Compression Using {C}hinese Language Information Processing [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Gao, Jun  and
      Chen, Xixian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1022",
    pages = "368--379",
}
@inproceedings{kim-1997-combining,
    title = "Combining Multiword Units into a Hidden {M}arkov Model for Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Kim, Jae-Hoon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1023",
    pages = "380--389",
}
@inproceedings{chien-wang-1997-robust,
    title = "A Robust Keyword Spotting System for {M}andarin Speech",
    author = "Chien, Chung-Hung  and
      Wang, Hsiao-Chuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1024",
    pages = "390--398",
}
@inproceedings{liao-etal-1997-first,
    title = "A First Study on {M}andarin Prosodic State Detection",
    author = "Liao, Yuan-Fu  and
      Wang, Wern-Jun  and
      Lee, Shu-Ling  and
      Chen, Sin-Horng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1025",
    pages = "399--411",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-1997-rejection,
    title = "Rejection in Speech Recognition Based on {CDCPM}s",
    author = "Xu, Mingxing  and
      Zheng, Fang  and
      Wu, Wenhu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th Research on Computational Linguistics International Conference",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-1026",
    pages = "412--419",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1997-rocling,
    title = "{ROCLING} 1997 Poster Papers",
    author = "{}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{kozima-ito-1997-role,
    title = "The Role of Shared Attention in Human-Computer Conversation",
    author = "Kozima, Hideki  and
      Ito, Akira",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1997 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-2001",
    pages = "224--228",
}
@inproceedings{lai-etal-1997-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation and Part-of-Speech Tagging in One Step",
    author = "Lai, Tom B.Y.  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      T{'}sou, Benjamin K.  and
      Lun, S. Caesar",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1997 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-2002",
    pages = "229--236",
}
@inproceedings{li-choi-1997-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based {C}hinese Text Summarization System",
    author = "Li, Jun-Jie  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1997 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-2003",
    pages = "237--241",
}
@inproceedings{shih-young-1997-study,
    title = "A Study on the Portability of a Grammatical Inference System",
    author = "Shih, Hsue-Hueh  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1997 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-2004",
    pages = "242--246",
}
@inproceedings{torres-etal-1997-fast,
    title = "Fast Lexical Post-Processing on Cursive Script Recognition",
    author = "Torres, Marco A.  and
      Kuroyanagi, Susumu  and
      Iwate, Akira",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1997 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-2005",
    pages = "247--251",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-1997-di,
    title = "遞迴式類神經網路在語言模式處理上的研究 (The Study of Recurrent Neural Networks for Language Modeling) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Wen-June  and
      Li, Jun-Xiao  and
      Liu, Chi-Shi",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1997 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-2006",
    pages = "252--256",
}
@inproceedings{wong-etal-1997-simple,
    title = "A Simple Heuristic Approach for Word Segmentation",
    author = "Wong, Wing-Kwong  and
      Hsu, Chenming  and
      Chen, Jien-Iao  and
      Yu, Jien-Chi",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1997 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-2007",
    pages = "257--261",
}
@inproceedings{wu-chen-1997-prosody,
    title = "Prosody Generation in a {C}hinese {TTS} System Based on a Hierarchical Word Prosody Template Tree",
    author = "Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Chen, Jau-Hung",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1997 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-2008",
    pages = "262--266",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-etal-1997-ambiguity,
    title = "Ambiguity Resolution Using Lexical Association",
    author = "Yoon, Juntae  and
      Kim, Seonho  and
      Song, Mansuk",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1997 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-2009",
    pages = "267--271",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-etal-1997-description,
    title = "The Description of the Intra-State Feature Space in Speech Recognition",
    author = "Zheng, Fang  and
      Xu, Mingxing  and
      Wu, Wenhu",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1997 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-2010",
    pages = "272--276",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-liu-1997-similarity,
    title = "Similarity Comparison between {C}hinese Sentences",
    author = "Zhou, Lina  and
      Liu, James",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1997 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-2011",
    pages = "277--281",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-lin-1997-attributive,
    title = "Attributive Clauses in {C}hinese: Theory and Implementation",
    author = "Zhou, Xiaokang  and
      Lin, Francis Y.",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1997 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-2012",
    pages = "282--286",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1997-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 2, Number 1, {F}ebruary 1997: Special Issue on Computational Resources for Research in {C}hinese Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1997",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-etal-1997-computational,
    title = "Computational Tools and Resources for Linguistic Studies",
    author = "Hsu, Yu-Ling Una  and
      Chang, Jing-Shin  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 2, Number 1, {F}ebruary 1997: Special Issue on Computational Resources for Research in {C}hinese Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-3001",
    pages = "1--40",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-1997-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Relationship among Dialects: {DOC} and Related Resources",
    author = "Cheng, Chin-Chuan",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 2, Number 1, {F}ebruary 1997: Special Issue on Computational Resources for Research in {C}hinese Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-3002",
    pages = "41--72",
}
@inproceedings{wang-1997-mat,
    title = "{MAT} {--} A Project to Collect {M}andarin Speech Data Through Telephone Net works in Taiwan",
    author = "Wang, Hsiao-Chuan",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 2, Number 1, {F}ebruary 1997: Special Issue on Computational Resources for Research in {C}hinese Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-3003",
    pages = "73--90",
}
@inproceedings{tsou-etal-1997-synchronous,
    title = "A Synchronous {C}hinese Language Corpus from Different Speech Communities: Construction and Applications",
    author = "T{'}sou, Benjamin K.  and
      Lin, Hing-Lung  and
      Liu, Godfrey  and
      Chan, Terence  and
      Hu, Jerome  and
      Chew, Ching-hai  and
      Tse, John K.P",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 2, Number 1, {F}ebruary 1997: Special Issue on Computational Resources for Research in {C}hinese Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-3004",
    pages = "91--104",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-lin-1997-zhong,
    title = "中央研究院古籍全文資料庫的發展概要 (A Survey of Full-text Data Bases and Related Techniques for {C}hinese Ancient Documents in Academia Sinica) [in {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hsieh, Ching-Chun  and
      Lin, Shih",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 2, Number 1, {F}ebruary 1997: Special Issue on Computational Resources for Research in {C}hinese Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-3005",
    pages = "105--130",
}
@inproceedings{wei-etal-1997-jian,
    title = "建構一個以共時與歷時語言研究為導向的歷史語料庫 (Historical Corpora for Synchronic and Diachronic Linguistics Studies) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wei, Pei-chuan  and
      Thompson, P.M.  and
      Liu, Cheng-hui  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Sun, Chaofen",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 2, Number 1, {F}ebruary 1997: Special Issue on Computational Resources for Research in {C}hinese Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-3006",
    pages = "131--145",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1997-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 2, Number 2, August 1997",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
}
@inproceedings{lee-chen-1997-building,
    title = "Building a Bracketed Corpus Using f2 Statistics",
    author = "Lee, Yue-Shi  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 2, Number 2, August 1997",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-4001",
    pages = "1--24",
}
@inproceedings{guo-1997-longest,
    title = "Longest Tokenization",
    author = "Guo, Jin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 2, Number 2, August 1997",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-4002",
    pages = "25--46",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-1997-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation Standard for {C}hinese Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Chang, Li-Li  and
      Chen, Feng-Yi",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 2, Number 2, August 1997",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-4003",
    pages = "47--62",
}
@inproceedings{ker-chang-1997-aligning,
    title = "Aligning More Words with High Precision for Small Bilingual Corpora",
    author = "Ker, Sue J.  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 2, Number 2, August 1997",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-4004",
    pages = "63--96",
}
@inproceedings{chang-su-1997-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Iterative Method for {C}hinese New Lexicon Extraction",
    author = "Chang, Jing-Shin  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 2, Number 2, August 1997",
    month = aug,
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O97-4005",
    pages = "97--148",
}
@article{cl-2018-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 44, Issue 1 - {A}pril 2018",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
}
@article{grosz-2018-smart,
    title = "Smart Enough to Talk With Us? Foundations and Challenges for Dialogue Capable {AI} Systems",
    author = "Grosz, Barbara J.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00313",
    pages = "1--15",
}
@article{sanchez-etal-2018-derivational,
    title = "On the Derivational Entropy of Left-to-Right Probabilistic Finite-State Automata and Hidden {M}arkov Models",
    author = "S{\'a}nchez, Joan Andreu  and
      Rocha, Martha Alicia  and
      Romero, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      Villegas, Mauricio",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00306",
    pages = "17--37",
    abstract = "Probabilistic finite-state automata are a formalism that is widely used in many problems of automatic speech recognition and natural language processing. Probabilistic finite-state automata are closely related to other finite-state models as weighted finite-state automata, word lattices, and hidden Markov models. Therefore, they share many similar properties and problems. Entropy measures of finite-state models have been investigated in the past in order to study the information capacity of these models. The derivational entropy quantifies the uncertainty that the model has about the probability distribution it represents. The derivational entropy in a finite-state automaton is computed from the probability that is accumulated in all of its individual state sequences. The computation of the entropy from a weighted finite-state automaton requires a normalized model. This article studies an efficient computation of the derivational entropy of left-to-right probabilistic finite-state automata, and it introduces an efficient algorithm for normalizing weighted finite-state automata. The efficient computation of the derivational entropy is also extended to continuous hidden Markov models.",
}
@article{manshadi-etal-2018-notion,
    title = "A Notion of Semantic Coherence for Underspecified Semantic Representation",
    author = "Manshadi, Mehdi  and
      Gildea, Daniel  and
      Allen, James F.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00307",
    pages = "39--83",
    abstract = "The general problem of finding satisfying solutions to constraint-based underspecified representations of quantifier scope is NP-complete. Existing frameworks, including Dominance Graphs, Minimal Recursion Semantics, and Hole Semantics, have struggled to balance expressivity and tractability in order to cover real natural language sentences with efficient algorithms. We address this trade-off with a general principle of coherence, which requires that every variable introduced in the domain of discourse must contribute to the overall semantics of the sentence. We show that every underspecified representation meeting this criterion can be efficiently processed, and that our set of representations subsumes all previously identified tractable sets.",
}
@article{gildea-etal-2018-cache,
    title = "Cache Transition Systems for Graph Parsing",
    author = "Gildea, Daniel  and
      Satta, Giorgio  and
      Peng, Xiaochang",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00308",
    pages = "85--118",
    abstract = "Motivated by the task of semantic parsing, we describe a transition system that generalizes standard transition-based dependency parsing techniques to generate a graph rather than a tree. Our system includes a cache with fixed size m, and we characterize the relationship between the parameter m and the class of graphs that can be produced through the graph-theoretic concept of tree decomposition. We find empirically that small cache sizes cover a high percentage of sentences in existing semantic corpora.",
}
@article{chiang-etal-2018-weighted,
    title = "Weighted {DAG} Automata for Semantic Graphs",
    author = "Chiang, David  and
      Drewes, Frank  and
      Gildea, Daniel  and
      Lopez, Adam  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00309",
    pages = "119--186",
    abstract = "Graphs have a variety of uses in natural language processing, particularly as representations of linguistic meaning. A deficit in this area of research is a formal framework for creating, combining, and using models involving graphs that parallels the frameworks of finite automata for strings and finite tree automata for trees. A possible starting point for such a framework is the formalism of directed acyclic graph (DAG) automata, defined by Kamimura and Slutzki and extended by Quernheim and Knight. In this article, we study the latter in depth, demonstrating several new results, including a practical recognition algorithm that can be used for inference and learning with models defined on DAG automata. We also propose an extension to graphs with unbounded node degree and show that our results carry over to the extended formalism.",
}
@article{duh-2018-book,
    title = "Book Review: {B}ayesian Analysis in Natural Language Processing by Shay {C}ohen",
    author = "Duh, Kevin",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-1006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00310",
    pages = "187--189",
}
@article{strapparava-2018-metaphor,
    title = "{M}etaphor: A Computational Perspective by Tony Veale, Ekaterina {S}hutova and Beata Beigman Klebanov",
    author = "Strapparava, Carlo",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-1007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00311",
    pages = "191--192",
}
@article{liu-zhang-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Network Methods for Natural Language Processing by Yoav {G}oldberg",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Zhang, Meng",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-1008",
    doi = "10.1162/",
    pages = "193--195",
}
@article{cl-2018-linguistics-44,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 44, Issue 2 - June 2018",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
}
@article{morey-etal-2018-dependency,
    title = "A Dependency Perspective on {RST} Discourse Parsing and Evaluation",
    author = "Morey, Mathieu  and
      Muller, Philippe  and
      Asher, Nicholas",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-2001",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00314",
    pages = "197--235",
    abstract = "Computational text-level discourse analysis mostly happens within Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST), whose structures have classically been presented as constituency trees, and relies on data from the RST Discourse Treebank (RST-DT); as a result, the RST discourse parsing community has largely borrowed from the syntactic constituency parsing community. The standard evaluation procedure for RST discourse parsers is thus a simplified variant of PARSEVAL, and most RST discourse parsers use techniques that originated in syntactic constituency parsing. In this article, we isolate a number of conceptual and computational problems with the constituency hypothesis. We then examine the consequences, for the implementation and evaluation of RST discourse parsers, of adopting a dependency perspective on RST structures, a view advocated so far only by a few approaches to discourse parsing. While doing that, we show the importance of the notion of headedness of RST structures. We analyze RST discourse parsing as dependency parsing by adapting to RST a recent proposal in syntactic parsing that relies on head-ordered dependency trees, a representation isomorphic to headed constituency trees. We show how to convert the original trees from the RST corpus, RST-DT, and their binarized versions used by all existing RST parsers to head-ordered dependency trees. We also propose a way to convert existing simple dependency parser output to constituent trees. This allows us to evaluate and to compare approaches from both constituent-based and dependency-based perspectives in a unified framework, using constituency and dependency metrics. We thus propose an evaluation framework to compare extant approaches easily and uniformly, something the RST parsing community has lacked up to now. We can also compare parsers{'} predictions to each other across frameworks. This allows us to characterize families of parsing strategies across the different frameworks, in particular with respect to the notion of headedness. Our experiments provide evidence for the conceptual similarities between dependency parsers and shift-reduce constituency parsers, and confirm that dependency parsing constitutes a viable approach to RST discourse parsing.",
}
@article{hou-etal-2018-unrestricted,
    title = "Unrestricted Bridging Resolution",
    author = "Hou, Yufang  and
      Markert, Katja  and
      Strube, Michael",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-2002",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00315",
    pages = "237--284",
    abstract = "In contrast to identity anaphors, which indicate coreference between a noun phrase and its antecedent, bridging anaphors link to their antecedent(s) via lexico-semantic, frame, or encyclopedic relations. Bridging resolution involves recognizing bridging anaphors and finding links to antecedents. In contrast to most prior work, we tackle both problems. Our work also follows a more wide-ranging definition of bridging than most previous work and does not impose any restrictions on the type of bridging anaphora or relations between anaphor and antecedent. We create a corpus (ISNotes) annotated for information status (IS), bridging being one of the IS subcategories. The annotations reach high reliability for all categories and marginal reliability for the bridging subcategory. We use a two-stage statistical global inference method for bridging resolution. Given all mentions in a document, the first stage, bridging anaphora recognition, recognizes bridging anaphors as a subtask of learning fine-grained IS. We use a cascading collective classification method where (i) collective classification allows us to investigate relations among several mentions and autocorrelation among IS classes and (ii) cascaded classification allows us to tackle class imbalance, important for minority classes such as bridging. We show that our method outperforms current methods both for IS recognition overall as well as for bridging, specifically. The second stage, bridging antecedent selection, finds the antecedents for all predicted bridging anaphors. We investigate the phenomenon of semantically or syntactically related bridging anaphors that share the same antecedent, a phenomenon we call sibling anaphors. We show that taking sibling anaphors into account in a joint inference model improves antecedent selection performance. In addition, we develop semantic and salience features for antecedent selection and suggest a novel method to build the candidate antecedent list for an anaphor, using the discourse scope of the anaphor. Our model outperforms previous work significantly.",
}
@article{morrill-valentin-2018-spurious,
    title = "Spurious Ambiguity and Focalization",
    author = "Morrill, Glyn  and
      Valent{\'\i}n, Oriol",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-2003",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00316",
    pages = "285--327",
    abstract = "Spurious ambiguity is the phenomenon whereby distinct derivations in grammar may assign the same structural reading, resulting in redundancy in the parse search space and inefficiency in parsing. Understanding the problem depends on identifying the essential mathematical structure of derivations. This is trivial in the case of context free grammar, where the parse structures are ordered trees; in the case of type logical categorial grammar, the parse structures are proof nets. However, with respect to multiplicatives, intrinsic proof nets have not yet been given for displacement calculus, and proof nets for additives, which have applications to polymorphism, are not easy to characterize. In this context we approach here multiplicative-additive spurious ambiguity by means of the proof-theoretic technique of focalization.",
}
@article{voeten-van-zaanen-2018-influence,
    title = "The Influence of Context on the Learning of Metrical Stress Systems Using Finite-State Machines",
    author = "Voeten, Cesko  and
      van Zaanen, Menno",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-2004",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00317",
    pages = "329--348",
    abstract = "Languages vary in the way stress is assigned to syllables within words. This article investigates the learnability of stress systems in a wide range of languages. The stress systems can be described using finite-state automata with symbols indicating levels of stress (primary, secondary, or no stress). Finite-state automata have been the focus of research in the area of grammatical inference for some time now. It has been shown that finite-state machines are learnable from examples using state-merging. One such approach, which aims to learn k-testable languages, has been applied to stress systems with some success. The family of k-testable languages has been shown to be efficiently learnable (in polynomial time). Here, we extend this approach to k, l-local languages by taking not only left context, but also right context, into account. We consider empirical results testing the performance of our learner using various amounts of context (corresponding to varying definitions of phonological locality). Our results show that our approach of learning stress patterns using state-merging is more reliant on left context than on right context. Additionally, some stress systems fail to be learned by our learner using either the left-context k-testable or the left-and-right-context k, l-local learning system. A more complex merging strategy, and hence grammar representation, is required for these stress systems.",
}
@article{can-manandhar-2018-tree,
    title = "Tree Structured {D}irichlet Processes for Hierarchical Morphological Segmentation",
    author = "Can, Burcu  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-2005",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_a_00318",
    pages = "349--374",
    abstract = "This article presents a probabilistic hierarchical clustering model for morphological segmentation. In contrast to existing approaches to morphology learning, our method allows learning hierarchical organization of word morphology as a collection of tree structured paradigms. The model is fully unsupervised and based on the hierarchical Dirichlet process. Tree hierarchies are learned along with the corresponding morphological paradigms simultaneously. Our model is evaluated on Morpho Challenge and shows competitive performance when compared to state-of-the-art unsupervised morphological segmentation systems. Although we apply this model for morphological segmentation, the model itself can also be used for hierarchical clustering of other types of data.",
}
@article{huang-2018-domain,
    title = {Domain-Sensitive Temporal Tagging By Jannik Str{\"o}tgen, {M}ichael Gertz},
    author = "Huang, Ruihong",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-2006",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_r_00319",
    pages = "375--377",
}
@article{merlo-2018-festina,
    title = "Festina Lente: A Farewell from the Editor",
    author = "Merlo, Paola",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "2",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-2007",
    doi = "10.1162/COLI_e_00320",
    pages = "379--385",
}
@article{cl-2018-linguistics-44-issue,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 44, Issue 3 - September 2018",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2018",
}
@article{webber-2018-obituary,
    title = "{O}bituary: Aravind K. Joshi",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-3001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00321",
    pages = "387--392",
}
@article{reiter-2018-structured,
    title = "A Structured Review of the Validity of {BLEU}",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-3002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00322",
    pages = "393--401",
    abstract = "The BLEU metric has been widely used in NLP for over 15 years to evaluate NLP systems, especially in machine translation and natural language generation. I present a structured review of the evidence on whether BLEU is a valid evaluation technique{---}in other words, whether BLEU scores correlate with real-world utility and user-satisfaction of NLP systems; this review covers 284 correlations reported in 34 papers. Overall, the evidence supports using BLEU for diagnostic evaluation of MT systems (which is what it was originally proposed for), but does not support using BLEU outside of MT, for evaluation of individual texts, or for scientific hypothesis testing.",
}
@article{malmasi-dras-2018-native,
    title = "Native Language Identification With Classifier Stacking and Ensembles",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Dras, Mark",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-3003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00323",
    pages = "403--446",
    abstract = "Ensemble methods using multiple classifiers have proven to be among the most successful approaches for the task of Native Language Identification (NLI), achieving the current state of the art. However, a systematic examination of ensemble methods for NLI has yet to be conducted. Additionally, deeper ensemble architectures such as classifier stacking have not been closely evaluated. We present a set of experiments using three ensemble-based models, testing each with multiple configurations and algorithms. This includes a rigorous application of meta-classification models for NLI, achieving state-of-the-art results on several large data sets, evaluated in both intra-corpus and cross-corpus modes.",
}
@article{kuhlmann-etal-2018-complexity,
    title = "On the Complexity of {CCG} Parsing",
    author = "Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      Satta, Giorgio  and
      Jonsson, Peter",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-3004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00324",
    pages = "447--482",
    abstract = "We study the parsing complexity of Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) in the formalism of Vijay-Shanker and Weir (1994). As our main result, we prove that any parsing algorithm for this formalism will take in the worst case exponential time when the size of the grammar, and not only the length of the input sentence, is included in the analysis. This sets the formalism of Vijay-Shanker and Weir (1994) apart from weakly equivalent formalisms such as Tree Adjoining Grammar, for which parsing can be performed in time polynomial in the combined size of grammar and input sentence. Our results contribute to a refined understanding of the class of mildly context-sensitive grammars, and inform the search for new, mildly context-sensitive versions of CCG.",
}
@article{riedl-biemann-2018-using,
    title = "Using Semantics for Granularities of Tokenization",
    author = "Riedl, Martin  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-3005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00325",
    pages = "483--524",
    abstract = "Depending on downstream applications, it is advisable to extend the notion of tokenization from low-level character-based token boundary detection to identification of meaningful and useful language units. This entails both identifying units composed of several single words that form a several single words that form a, as well as splitting single-word compounds into their meaningful parts. In this article, we introduce unsupervised and knowledge-free methods for these two tasks. The main novelty of our research is based on the fact that methods are primarily based on distributional similarity, of which we use two flavors: a sparse count-based and a dense neural-based distributional semantic model. First, we introduce DRUID, which is a method for detecting MWEs. The evaluation on MWE-annotated data sets in two languages and newly extracted evaluation data sets for 32 languages shows that DRUID compares favorably over previous methods not utilizing distributional information. Second, we present SECOS, an algorithm for decompounding close compounds. In an evaluation of four dedicated decompounding data sets across four languages and on data sets extracted from Wiktionary for 14 languages, we demonstrate the superiority of our approach over unsupervised baselines, sometimes even matching the performance of previous language-specific and supervised methods. In a final experiment, we show how both decompounding and MWE information can be used in information retrieval. Here, we obtain the best results when combining word information with MWEs and the compound parts in a bag-of-words retrieval set-up. Overall, our methodology paves the way to automatic detection of lexical units beyond standard tokenization techniques without language-specific preprocessing steps such as POS tagging.",
}
@article{naim-etal-2018-feature,
    title = "Feature-Based Decipherment for Machine Translation",
    author = "Naim, Iftekhar  and
      Riley, Parker  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-3006",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00326",
    pages = "525--546",
    abstract = "Orthographic similarities across languages provide a strong signal for unsupervised probabilistic transduction (decipherment) for closely related language pairs. The existing decipherment models, however, are not well suited for exploiting these orthographic similarities. We propose a log-linear model with latent variables that incorporates orthographic similarity features. Maximum likelihood training is computationally expensive for the proposed log-linear model. To address this challenge, we perform approximate inference via Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling and contrastive divergence. Our results show that the proposed log-linear model with contrastive divergence outperforms the existing generative decipherment models by exploiting the orthographic features. The model both scales to large vocabularies and preserves accuracy in low- and no-resource contexts.",
}
@article{kolhatkar-etal-2018-survey,
    title = "{S}urvey: Anaphora With Non-nominal Antecedents in Computational Linguistics: a {S}urvey",
    author = "Kolhatkar, Varada  and
      Roussel, Adam  and
      Dipper, Stefanie  and
      Zinsmeister, Heike",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "3",
    month = sep,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-3007",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00327",
    pages = "547--612",
    abstract = "This article provides an extensive overview of the literature related to the phenomenon of non-nominal-antecedent anaphora (also known as abstract anaphora or discourse deixis), a type of anaphora in which an anaphor like {``}that{''} refers to an antecedent (marked in boldface) that is syntactically non-nominal, such as the first sentence in {``}It{'}s way too hot here. That{'}s why I{'}m moving to Alaska.{''} Annotating and automatically resolving these cases of anaphora is interesting in its own right because of the complexities involved in identifying non-nominal antecedents, which typically represent abstract objects such as events, facts, and propositions. There is also practical value in the resolution of non-nominal-antecedent anaphora, as this would help computational systems in machine translation, summarization, and question answering, as well as, conceivably, any other task dependent on some measure of text understanding. Most of the existing approaches to anaphora annotation and resolution focus on nominal-antecedent anaphora, classifying many of the cases where the antecedents are syntactically non-nominal as non-anaphoric. There has been some work done on this topic, but it remains scattered and difficult to collect and assess. With this article, we hope to bring together and synthesize work done in disparate contexts up to now in order to identify fundamental problems and draw conclusions from an overarching perspective. Having a good picture of the current state of the art in this field can help researchers direct their efforts to where they are most necessary. Because of the great variety of theoretical approaches that have been brought to bear on the problem, there is an equally diverse array of terminologies that are used to describe it, so we will provide an overview and discussion of these terminologies. We also describe the linguistic properties of non-nominal-antecedent anaphora, examine previous annotation efforts that have addressed this topic, and present the computational approaches that aim at resolving non-nominal-antecedent anaphora automatically. We close with a review of the remaining open questions in this area and some of our recommendations for future research.",
}
@article{cl-2018-linguistics-44-issue-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 44, Issue 4 - {D}ecember 2018",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
}
@article{steedman-2018-lost,
    title = "The Lost Combinator",
    author = "Steedman, Mark",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-4001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00328",
    pages = "613--629",
    abstract = "",
}
@article{zinn-2018-squib,
    title = "{S}quib: The Language Resource Switchboard",
    author = "Zinn, Claus",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-4002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00329",
    pages = "631--639",
    abstract = "The CLARIN research infrastructure gives users access to an increasingly rich and diverse set of language-related resources and tools. Whereas there is ample support for searching resources using metadata-based search, or full-text search, or for aggregating resources into virtual collections, there is little support for users to help them process resources in one way or another. In spite of the large number of tools that process texts in many different languages, there is no single point of access where users can find tools to fit their needs and the resources they have. In this squib, we present the Language Resource Switchboard (LRS), which helps users to discover tools that can process their resources. For this, the LRS identifies all applicable tools for a given resource, lists the tasks the tools can achieve, and invokes the selected tool in such a way so that processing can start immediately with little or no prior tool parameterization.",
}
@article{wieling-etal-2018-squib,
    title = "{S}quib: Reproducibility in Computational Linguistics: Are We Willing to Share?",
    author = "Wieling, Martijn  and
      Rawee, Josine  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-4003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00330",
    pages = "641--649",
    abstract = "This study focuses on an essential precondition for reproducibility in computational linguistics: the willingness of authors to share relevant source code and data. Ten years after Ted Pedersen{'}s influential {``}Last Words{''} contribution in Computational Linguistics, we investigate to what extent researchers in computational linguistics are willing and able to share their data and code. We surveyed all 395 full papers presented at the 2011 and 2016 ACL Annual Meetings, and identified whether links to data and code were provided. If working links were not provided, authors were requested to provide this information. Although data were often available, code was shared less often. When working links to code or data were not provided in the paper, authors provided the code in about one third of cases. For a selection of ten papers, we attempted to reproduce the results using the provided data and code. We were able to reproduce the results approximately for six papers. For only a single paper did we obtain the exact same results. Our findings show that even though the situation appears to have improved comparing 2016 to 2011, empiricism in computational linguistics still largely remains a matter of faith. Nevertheless, we are somewhat optimistic about the future. Ensuring reproducibility is not only important for the field as a whole, but also seems worthwhile for individual researchers: The median citation count for studies with working links to the source code is higher.",
}
@article{weischedel-boschee-2018-last,
    title = "Last Words: What Can Be Accomplished with the State of the Art in Information Extraction? A Personal View",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph  and
      Boschee, Elizabeth",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-4004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00331",
    pages = "651--658",
    abstract = "Though information extraction (IE) research has more than a 25-year history, F1 scores remain low. Thus, one could question continued investment in IE research. In this article, we present three applications where information extraction of entities, relations, and/or events has been used, and note the common features that seem to have led to success. We also identify key research challenges whose solution seems essential for broader successes. Because a few practical deployments already exist and because breakthroughs on particular challenges would greatly broaden the technology{'}s deployment, further R and D investments are justified.",
}
@article{wan-2018-book,
    title = "Book Review: Automatic Text Simplification by Horacio Saggion",
    author = "Wan, Xiaojun",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-4005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_r_00332",
    pages = "659--661",
}
@article{benamara-etal-2018-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to the Special Issue on Language in Social Media: Exploiting Discourse and Other Contextual Information",
    author = "Benamara, Farah  and
      Inkpen, Diana  and
      Taboada, Maite",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-4006",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00333",
    pages = "663--681",
    abstract = "Social media content is changing the way people interact with each other and share information, personal messages, and opinions about situations, objects, and past experiences. Most social media texts are short online conversational posts or comments that do not contain enough information for natural language processing (NLP) tools, as they are often accompanied by non-linguistic contextual information, including meta-data (e.g., the user{'}s profile, the social network of the user, and their interactions with other users). Exploiting such different types of context and their interactions makes the automatic processing of social media texts a challenging research task. Indeed, simply applying traditional text mining tools is clearly sub-optimal, as, typically, these tools take into account neither the interactive dimension nor the particular nature of this data, which shares properties with both spoken and written language. This special issue contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of these interactions to process social media data from a new perspective in discourse interpretation. This introduction first provides the necessary background to understand what context is from both the linguistic and computational linguistic perspectives, then presents the most recent context-based approaches to NLP for social media. We conclude with an overview of the papers accepted in this special issue, highlighting what we believe are the future directions in processing social media texts.",
}
@article{kiesling-etal-2018-interactional,
    title = "Interactional Stancetaking in Online Forums",
    author = "Kiesling, Scott F.  and
      Pavalanathan, Umashanthi  and
      Fitzpatrick, Jim  and
      Han, Xiaochuang  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-4007",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00334",
    pages = "683--718",
    abstract = "Language is shaped by the relationships between the speaker/writer and the audience, the object of discussion, and the talk itself. In turn, language is used to reshape these relationships over the course of an interaction. Computational researchers have succeeded in operationalizing sentiment, formality, and politeness, but each of these constructs captures only some aspects of social and relational meaning. Theories of interactional stancetaking have been put forward as holistic accounts, but until now, these theories have been applied only through detailed qualitative analysis of (portions of) a few individual conversations. In this article, we propose a new computational operationalization of interpersonal stancetaking. We begin with annotations of three linked stance dimensions{---}affect, investment, and alignment{---}on 68 conversation threads from the online platform Reddit. Using these annotations, we investigate thread structure and linguistic properties of stancetaking in online conversations. We identify lexical features that characterize the extremes along each stancetaking dimension, and show that these stancetaking properties can be predicted with moderate accuracy from bag-of-words features, even with a relatively small labeled training set. These quantitative analyses are supplemented by extensive qualitative analysis, highlighting the compatibility of computational and qualitative methods in synthesizing evidence about the creation of interactional meaning.",
}
@article{li-etal-2018-joint-model,
    title = "A Joint Model of Conversational Discourse Latent Topics on Microblogs",
    author = "Li, Jing  and
      Song, Yan  and
      Wei, Zhongyu  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-4008",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00335",
    pages = "719--754",
    abstract = "Conventional topic models are ineffective for topic extraction from microblog messages, because the data sparseness exhibited in short messages lacking structure and contexts results in poor message-level word co-occurrence patterns. To address this issue, we organize microblog messages as conversation trees based on their reposting and replying relations, and propose an unsupervised model that jointly learns word distributions to represent: (1) different roles of conversational discourse, and (2) various latent topics in reflecting content information. By explicitly distinguishing the probabilities of messages with varying discourse roles in containing topical words, our model is able to discover clusters of discourse words that are indicative of topical content. In an automatic evaluation on large-scale microblog corpora, our joint model yields topics with better coherence scores than competitive topic models from previous studies. Qualitative analysis on model outputs indicates that our model induces meaningful representations for both discourse and topics. We further present an empirical study on microblog summarization based on the outputs of our joint model. The results show that the jointly modeled discourse and topic representations can effectively indicate summary-worthy content in microblog conversations.",
}
@article{ghosh-etal-2018-sarcasm,
    title = "Sarcasm Analysis Using Conversation Context",
    author = "Ghosh, Debanjan  and
      Fabbri, Alexander R.  and
      Muresan, Smaranda",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-4009",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00336",
    pages = "755--792",
    abstract = "Computational models for sarcasm detection have often relied on the content of utterances in isolation. However, the speaker{'}s sarcastic intent is not always apparent without additional context. Focusing on social media discussions, we investigate three issues: (1) does modeling conversation context help in sarcasm detection? (2) can we identify what part of conversation context triggered the sarcastic reply? and (3) given a sarcastic post that contains multiple sentences, can we identify the specific sentence that is sarcastic? To address the first issue, we investigate several types of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks that can model both the conversation context and the current turn. We show that LSTM networks with sentence-level attention on context and current turn, as well as the conditional LSTM network, outperform the LSTM model that reads only the current turn. As conversation context, we consider the prior turn, the succeeding turn, or both. Our computational models are tested on two types of social media platforms: Twitter and discussion forums. We discuss several differences between these data sets, ranging from their size to the nature of the gold-label annotations. To address the latter two issues, we present a qualitative analysis of the attention weights produced by the LSTM models (with attention) and discuss the results compared with human performance on the two tasks.",
}
@article{hee-etal-2018-usually,
    title = "We Usually Don{'}t Like Going to the Dentist: Using Common Sense to Detect Irony on Twitter",
    author = "Hee, Cynthia Van  and
      Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-4010",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00337",
    pages = "793--832",
    abstract = "Although common sense and connotative knowledge come naturally to most people, computers still struggle to perform well on tasks for which such extratextual information is required. Automatic approaches to sentiment analysis and irony detection have revealed that the lack of such world knowledge undermines classification performance. In this article, we therefore address the challenge of modeling implicit or prototypical sentiment in the framework of automatic irony detection. Starting from manually annotated connoted situation phrases (e.g., {``}flight delays,{''} {``}sitting the whole day at the doctor{'}s office{''}), we defined the implicit sentiment held towards such situations automatically by using both a lexico-semantic knowledge base and a data-driven method. We further investigate how such implicit sentiment information affects irony detection by assessing a state-of-the-art irony classifier before and after it is informed with implicit sentiment information.",
}
@article{cocarascu-toni-2018-combining,
    title = "Combining Deep Learning and Argumentative Reasoning for the Analysis of Social Media Textual Content Using Small Data Sets",
    author = "Cocarascu, Oana  and
      Toni, Francesca",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-4011",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00338",
    pages = "833--858",
    abstract = "The use of social media has become a regular habit for many and has changed the way people interact with each other. In this article, we focus on analyzing whether news headlines support tweets and whether reviews are deceptive by analyzing the interaction or the influence that these texts have on the others, thus exploiting contextual information. Concretely, we define a deep learning method for relation{--}based argument mining to extract argumentative relations of attack and support. We then use this method for determining whether news articles support tweets, a useful task in fact-checking settings, where determining agreement toward a statement is a useful step toward determining its truthfulness. Furthermore, we use our method for extracting bipolar argumentation frameworks from reviews to help detect whether they are deceptive. We show experimentally that our method performs well in both settings. In particular, in the case of deception detection, our method contributes a novel argumentative feature that, when used in combination with other features in standard supervised classifiers, outperforms the latter even on small data sets.",
}
@article{joty-mohiuddin-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Speech Acts in Asynchronous Conversations: A Neural-{CRF} Approach",
    author = "Joty, Shafiq  and
      Mohiuddin, Tasnim",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-4012",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00339",
    pages = "859--894",
    abstract = "Participants in an asynchronous conversation (e.g., forum, e-mail) interact with each other at different times, performing certain communicative acts, called speech acts (e.g., question, request). In this article, we propose a hybrid approach to speech act recognition in asynchronous conversations. Our approach works in two main steps: a long short-term memory recurrent neural network (LSTM-RNN) first encodes each sentence separately into a task-specific distributed representation, and this is then used in a conditional random field (CRF) model to capture the conversational dependencies between sentences. The LSTM-RNN model uses pretrained word embeddings learned from a large conversational corpus and is trained to classify sentences into speech act types. The CRF model can consider arbitrary graph structures to model conversational dependencies in an asynchronous conversation. In addition, to mitigate the problem of limited annotated data in the asynchronous domains, we adapt the LSTM-RNN model to learn from synchronous conversations (e.g., meetings), using domain adversarial training of neural networks. Empirical evaluation shows the effectiveness of our approach over existing ones: (i) LSTM-RNNs provide better task-specific representations, (ii) conversational word embeddings benefit the LSTM-RNNs more than the off-the-shelf ones, (iii) adversarial training gives better domain-invariant representations, and (iv) the global CRF model improves over local models.",
}
@article{nn-2018-reviewers,
    title = "Reviewers for Volume 44",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "44",
    number = "4",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J18-4013",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_x_00340",
    pages = "895--896",
}
@proceedings{muc-1995-message,
    title = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1000",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-sundheim-1995-design,
    title = "DESIGN OF THE {MUC}-6 EVALUATION",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Sundheim, Beth",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1001",
}
@inproceedings{sundheim-1995-overview,
    title = "OVERVIEW OF RESULTS OF THE {MUC}-6 EVALUATION",
    author = "Sundheim, Beth M.",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1002",
}
@inproceedings{chinchor-dungca-1995-four,
    title = "FOUR SCORERS AND SEVEN YEARS AGO: The Scoring Method for {MUC}-6",
    author = "Chinchor, Nancy  and
      Dungca, Gary",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1003",
}
@inproceedings{chinchor-1995-statistical,
    title = "STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF {MUC}-6 RESULTS",
    author = "Chinchor, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1004",
}
@inproceedings{vilain-etal-1995-model,
    title = "A Model-Theoretic Coreference Scoring Scheme",
    author = "Vilain, Marc  and
      Burger, John  and
      Aberdeen, John  and
      Connolly, Dennis  and
      Hirschman, Lynette",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1005",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1995-bbn,
    title = "{BBN}: Description of the {PLUM} System as Used for {{\textgreater}MUC}-6",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1006",
}
@inproceedings{morgan-etal-1995-university,
    title = "UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM: DESCRIPTION OF THE LOLITA SYSTEM AS USED IN {MUC}-6.",
    author = "Morgan, Richard  and
      Garigliano, Roberto  and
      Callaghan, Paul  and
      Poria, Sanjay  and
      Smith, Mark  and
      Urbanowicz, Agnieszka  and
      Collingham, Russell  and
      Costantino, Marco  and
      Cooper, Chris  and
      Group, The LOLITA",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1007",
}
@inproceedings{borkovsky-1995-knight,
    title = "Knight-Ridder Information{'}s Value Adding Name Finder: A Variation on the Theme of {FASTUS}",
    author = "Borkovsky, Arkady",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1008",
}
@inproceedings{childs-etal-1995-lockheed,
    title = "LOCKHEED MARTIN: LOUELLA PARSING, AN NLTOOLSET SYSTEM FOR {MUC}-6",
    author = "Childs, Lois  and
      Brady, Deb  and
      Guthrie, Louise  and
      Franco, Jose  and
      Valdes-Dapena, Dan  and
      Reid, Bill  and
      Kielty, John  and
      Dierkes, Glenn  and
      Sider, Ira",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1009",
}
@inproceedings{lin-1995-university,
    title = "University of Manitoba: Description of the {PIE} System Used for {MUC}-6",
    author = "Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1010",
}
@inproceedings{fisher-etal-1995-description,
    title = "DESCRIPTION OF THE UMASS SYSTEM AS USED FOR {MUC}-6",
    author = "Fisher, David  and
      Soderland, Stephen  and
      McCarthy, Joseph  and
      Feng, Fangfang  and
      Lehnert, Wendy",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1011",
}
@inproceedings{aberdeen-etal-1995-mitre,
    title = "{MITRE}: DESCRIPTION OF THE ALEMBIC SYSTEM USED FOR {MUC}-6",
    author = "Aberdeen, John  and
      Burger, John  and
      Day, David  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Robinson, Patricia  and
      Vilain, Marc",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1012",
}
@inproceedings{cowie-1995-crl,
    title = "{CRL}/{NMSUD}escription of the {CRL}/{NMSU} Systems Used for {MUC}-6",
    author = "Cowie, Jim",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1013",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-1995-nyu,
    title = "The {NYU} System for {MUC}-6 or Where{'}s the Syntax?",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1014",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-etal-1995-university,
    title = "UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA: DESCRIPTION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIASYSTEM USED FOR {MUC}-6",
    author = "Baldwin, Breck  and
      Reynar, Jeff  and
      Collins, Mike  and
      Eisner, Jason  and
      Ratnaparkhi, Adwait  and
      Rosenzweig, Joseph  and
      Sarkar, Anoop  and
      {Srinivas}",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1015",
}
@inproceedings{miller-1995-description,
    title = "DESCRIPTION OF THE SAIC DX SYSTEMASUSED FOR {MUC}-6",
    author = "Miller, Lance A.",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1016",
}
@inproceedings{gaizauskas-etal-1995-university,
    title = "UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD: DESCRIPTION OF THE LaSIE SYSTEMAS USED FOR {MUC}-6",
    author = "Gaizauskas, R.  and
      Wakao, T.  and
      Humphreys, K.  and
      Cunningham, H.  and
      Wilks, Y.",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1017",
}
@inproceedings{krupka-1995-sra,
    title = "{SRA}: Description of the {SRA} System as Used for {MUC}-6",
    author = "Krupka, George R.",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1018",
}
@inproceedings{appelt-etal-1995-sri,
    title = "SRI INTERNATIONAL FASTUS SYSTEM{MUC}-6 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Appelt, Douglas E.  and
      Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Bear, John  and
      Israel, David  and
      Kameyama, Megumi  and
      Kehler, Andy  and
      Martin, David  and
      Myers, Karen  and
      Tyson, Mabry",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1019",
}
@inproceedings{lee-1995-sterling,
    title = "STERLING SOFTWARE: AN NLTOOLSET-BASED SYSTEM FOR {MUC}-6",
    author = "Lee, Richard",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1020",
}
@inproceedings{iwanska-etal-1995-wayne,
    title = "WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY: DESCRIPTION of the UNO NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM as USED for {MUC}-6",
    author = "Iwanska, Lucja  and
      Croll, Mary  and
      Yoon, Taewan  and
      Adams, Maria",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1021",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1995-appendix,
    title = "Appendix A: System Walkthrough Reference Materials",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1022",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1995-appendix-b,
    title = "Appendix B: {MUC}-6 Test Scores",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1023",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1995-appendix-c,
    title = "Appendix C: Named Entity Task Definition (v2.1)",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1024",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1995-appendix-coreference,
    title = "Appendix D: Coreference Task Definition (v2.3)",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1025",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1995-appendix-e,
    title = "Appendix E: Information Extraction Task Definition (v2.1)",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1026",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1995-appendix-f,
    title = "Appendix F: Information Extraction Task: Scenario on Management Succession(vl.l)",
    booktitle = "Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-6): Proceedings of a Conference Held in {C}olumbia, {M}aryland, November 6-8, 1995",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M95-1027",
}
@proceedings{coling-1965-coling,
    title = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
}
@inproceedings{abraham-1965-questions,
    title = "SOME QUESTIONS OF LANGUAGE THEORY",
    author = "Abraham, S.",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1001",
}
@inproceedings{andreyewsky-1965-subclassification,
    title = "SUBCLASSIFICATION OF PARTS OF SPEECH IN RUSSIAN: VERBS",
    author = "Andreyewsky, A.",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1002",
}
@inproceedings{cordier-1965-factor,
    title = "FACTOR-ANALYSIS OF CORRESPONDENCES",
    author = "Cordier, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1003",
}
@inproceedings{culik-1965-machine,
    title = "MACHINE TRANSLATION AND CONNECTEDNESS BETWEEN PHRASES",
    author = "CULIK, Karel",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1005",
}
@inproceedings{pendergraft-dale-1965-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC LINGUISTIC CLASSIFICATION",
    author = "Pendergraft, E. D.  and
      Dale, N.",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1006",
}
@inproceedings{garvin-1965-comments,
    title = "SOME COMMENTS ON ALGORITHM AND GRAMMAR IN THE AUTOMATIC PARSING OF NATURAL LANGUAGES",
    author = "Garvin, Paul L.",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1009",
}
@inproceedings{harper-1965-measurement,
    title = "MEASUREMENT OF SIMILARITY BETWEEN NOUNS",
    author = "Harper, Kenneth E.",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1010",
}
@inproceedings{klein-1965-components,
    title = "SOME COMPONENTS OF A PROGRAM FOR DYNAMIC MODELLING OF HISTORICAL CHANGE IN LANGUAGE",
    author = "Klein, Sheldon",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1014",
}
@inproceedings{kleinecke-1965-models,
    title = "MODELS OF LEXICAL DECAY",
    author = "Kleinecke, D.",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1015",
}
@inproceedings{kugel-1965-sets,
    title = "SETS OF GRAMMARS BETWEEN CONTEXT-FREE AND CONTEXT-SENSITIVE",
    author = "Kugel, Peter",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1016",
}
@inproceedings{kuno-1965-system,
    title = "A SYSTEM FOR TRANSFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS",
    author = "Kuno, Susumu",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1017",
}
@inproceedings{manelski-krulee-1965-heuristic,
    title = "A Heuristic Approach to Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Manelski, Denis M.  and
      Krulee, Gilbert K.",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1018",
}
@inproceedings{mey-1965-pushdown,
    title = "PUSHDOWN STORES AND SUBSCRIPTS",
    author = "Mey, Jacob",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1019",
}
@inproceedings{robinson-1965-endocentric,
    title = "ENDOCENTRIC CONSTRUCTIONS AND THE COCKE PARSING LOGIC",
    author = "Robinson, Jane J.",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1020",
}
@inproceedings{sakai-1965-mathematical,
    title = "SOME MATHEMATICAL ASPECTS ON SYNTACTIC DISCRIPTION",
    author = "Sakai, Itiroo",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1021",
}
@inproceedings{sakai-nagao-1965-sentence,
    title = "SENTENCE GENERATION BY SEMANTIC CONCORDANCE",
    author = "Sakai, Toshiyuki  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1022",
}
@inproceedings{sgall-1965-generation,
    title = "GENERATION, PRODUCTION, AND TRANSLATION",
    author = "Sgall, Petr",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1024",
}
@inproceedings{skalmowski-1965-certain,
    title = "ON A CERTAIN DISTRIBUTION OF SEMANTIC UNITS",
    author = "Skalmowski, Wojciech",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1025",
}
@inproceedings{tabory-zarnfaller-1965-specifications,
    title = "SPECIFICATIONS FOR A TREE PROCESSING LANGUAGE",
    author = "Tabory, R.  and
      Zarnfaller, F. L.",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1026",
}
@inproceedings{tosh-1965-data,
    title = "DATA PREPARATION FOR SYNTACTIC TRANSLATION",
    author = "Tosh, L. W.",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1027",
}
@inproceedings{vandenburgh-1965-morphism,
    title = "{MORPHISM}: A SYMBOLIC LIST PROCESSING LANGUAGE",
    author = "Vandenburgh, Harold R.",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1028",
}
@inproceedings{varga-1965-syntactic,
    title = "SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS IN THE CASE OF HIGHLY INFLECTING LANGUAGES",
    author = "Varga, D.",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1029",
}
@inproceedings{vauquois-etal-1965-syntaxe,
    title = "SYNTAXE ET INTERPRETATION",
    author = "Vauquois, B.  and
      Veillon, G.  and
      Veyrunes, J.",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1030",
}
@inproceedings{lieberman-etal-1965-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC DEEP STRUCTURE ANALYSIS USING AN APPROXIMATE FORMALISM",
    author = "Lieberman, D.  and
      Lochak, D.  and
      Ochel, K.",
    booktitle = "COLING 1965",
    year = "1965",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C65-1031",
}
@proceedings{emnlp-2017-2017,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Palmer, Martha  and
      Hwa, Rebecca  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1",
}
@inproceedings{arase-tsujii-2017-monolingual,
    title = "Monolingual Phrase Alignment on Parse Forests",
    author = "Arase, Yuki  and
      Tsujii, Junichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1001",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "We propose an efficient method to conduct phrase alignment on parse forests for paraphrase detection. Unlike previous studies, our method identifies syntactic paraphrases under linguistically motivated grammar. In addition, it allows phrases to non-compositionally align to handle paraphrases with non-homographic phrase correspondences. A dataset that provides gold parse trees and their phrase alignments is created. The experimental results confirm that the proposed method conducts highly accurate phrase alignment compared to human performance.",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2017-fast,
    title = "Fast(er) Exact Decoding and Global Training for Transition-Based Dependency Parsing via a Minimal Feature Set",
    author = "Shi, Tianze  and
      Huang, Liang  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1002",
    pages = "12--23",
    abstract = "We first present a minimal feature set for transition-based dependency parsing, continuing a recent trend started by Kiperwasser and Goldberg (2016a) and Cross and Huang (2016a) of using bi-directional LSTM features. We plug our minimal feature set into the dynamic-programming framework of Huang and Sagae (2010) and Kuhlmann et al. (2011) to produce the first implementation of worst-case $O(n^3)$ exact decoders for arc-hybrid and arc-eager transition systems. With our minimal features, we also present $O(n^3)$ global training methods. Finally, using ensembles including our new parsers, we achieve the best unlabeled attachment score reported (to our knowledge) on the Chinese Treebank and the {``}second-best-in-class{''} result on the English Penn Treebank.",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2017-quasi,
    title = "Quasi-Second-Order Parsing for 1-Endpoint-Crossing, Pagenumber-2 Graphs",
    author = "Cao, Junjie  and
      Huang, Sheng  and
      Sun, Weiwei  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1003",
    pages = "24--34",
    abstract = "We propose a new Maximum Subgraph algorithm for first-order parsing to 1-endpoint-crossing, pagenumber-2 graphs. Our algorithm has two characteristics: (1) it separates the construction for noncrossing edges and crossing edges; (2) in a single construction step, whether to create a new arc is deterministic. These two characteristics make our algorithm relatively easy to be extended to incorporiate crossing-sensitive second-order features. We then introduce a new algorithm for quasi-second-order parsing. Experiments demonstrate that second-order features are helpful for Maximum Subgraph parsing.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-position,
    title = "Position-aware Attention and Supervised Data Improve Slot Filling",
    author = "Zhang, Yuhao  and
      Zhong, Victor  and
      Chen, Danqi  and
      Angeli, Gabor  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1004",
    pages = "35--45",
    abstract = "Organized relational knowledge in the form of {``}knowledge graphs{''} is important for many applications. However, the ability to populate knowledge bases with facts automatically extracted from documents has improved frustratingly slowly. This paper simultaneously addresses two issues that have held back prior work. We first propose an effective new model, which combines an LSTM sequence model with a form of entity position-aware attention that is better suited to relation extraction. Then we build TACRED, a large (119,474 examples) supervised relation extraction dataset obtained via crowdsourcing and targeted towards TAC KBP relations. The combination of better supervised data and a more appropriate high-capacity model enables much better relation extraction performance. When the model trained on this new dataset replaces the previous relation extraction component of the best TAC KBP 2015 slot filling system, its F1 score increases markedly from 22.2{\%} to 26.7{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2017-heterogeneous,
    title = "Heterogeneous Supervision for Relation Extraction: A Representation Learning Approach",
    author = "Liu, Liyuan  and
      Ren, Xiang  and
      Zhu, Qi  and
      Zhi, Shi  and
      Gui, Huan  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Han, Jiawei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1005",
    pages = "46--56",
    abstract = "Relation extraction is a fundamental task in information extraction. Most existing methods have heavy reliance on annotations labeled by human experts, which are costly and time-consuming. To overcome this drawback, we propose a novel framework, REHession, to conduct relation extractor learning using annotations from heterogeneous information source, e.g., knowledge base and domain heuristics. These annotations, referred as heterogeneous supervision, often conflict with each other, which brings a new challenge to the original relation extraction task: how to infer the true label from noisy labels for a given instance. Identifying context information as the backbone of both relation extraction and true label discovery, we adopt embedding techniques to learn the distributed representations of context, which bridges all components with mutual enhancement in an iterative fashion. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the superiority of REHession over the state-of-the-art.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Order Information and Event Relation for Script Event Prediction",
    author = "Wang, Zhongqing  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Chang, Ching-Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1006",
    pages = "57--67",
    abstract = "There has been a recent line of work automatically learning scripts from unstructured texts, by modeling narrative event chains. While the dominant approach group events using event pair relations, LSTMs have been used to encode full chains of narrative events. The latter has the advantage of learning long-range temporal orders, yet the former is more adaptive to partial orders. We propose a neural model that leverages the advantages of both methods, by using LSTM hidden states as features for event pair modelling. A dynamic memory network is utilized to automatically induce weights on existing events for inferring a subsequent event. Standard evaluation shows that our method significantly outperforms both methods above, giving the best results reported so far.",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2017-entity,
    title = "Entity Linking for Queries by Searching {W}ikipedia Sentences",
    author = "Tan, Chuanqi  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Ren, Pengjie  and
      Lv, Weifeng  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1007",
    pages = "68--77",
    abstract = "We present a simple yet effective approach for linking entities in queries. The key idea is to search sentences similar to a query from Wikipedia articles and directly use the human-annotated entities in the similar sentences as candidate entities for the query. Then, we employ a rich set of features, such as link-probability, context-matching, word embeddings, and relatedness among candidate entities as well as their related entities, to rank the candidates under a regression based framework. The advantages of our approach lie in two aspects, which contribute to the ranking process and final linking result. First, it can greatly reduce the number of candidate entities by filtering out irrelevant entities with the words in the query. Second, we can obtain the query sensitive prior probability in addition to the static link-probability derived from all Wikipedia articles. We conduct experiments on two benchmark datasets on entity linking for queries, namely the ERD14 dataset and the GERDAQ dataset. Experimental results show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art systems and yields 75.0{\%} in F1 on the ERD14 dataset and 56.9{\%} on the GERDAQ dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{pasini-navigli-2017-train,
    title = "Train-O-{M}atic: Large-Scale Supervised Word Sense Disambiguation in Multiple Languages without Manual Training Data",
    author = "Pasini, Tommaso  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1008",
    pages = "78--88",
    abstract = "Annotating large numbers of sentences with senses is the heaviest requirement of current Word Sense Disambiguation. We present Train-O-Matic, a language-independent method for generating millions of sense-annotated training instances for virtually all meanings of words in a language{'}s vocabulary. The approach is fully automatic: no human intervention is required and the only type of human knowledge used is a WordNet-like resource. Train-O-Matic achieves consistently state-of-the-art performance across gold standard datasets and languages, while at the same time removing the burden of manual annotation. All the training data is available for research purposes at \url{http://trainomatic.org}.",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-etal-2017-universal,
    title = "Universal Semantic Parsing",
    author = {Reddy, Siva  and
      T{\"a}ckstr{\"o}m, Oscar  and
      Petrov, Slav  and
      Steedman, Mark  and
      Lapata, Mirella},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1009",
    pages = "89--101",
    abstract = "Universal Dependencies (UD) offer a uniform cross-lingual syntactic representation, with the aim of advancing multilingual applications. Recent work shows that semantic parsing can be accomplished by transforming syntactic dependencies to logical forms. However, this work is limited to English, and cannot process dependency graphs, which allow handling complex phenomena such as control. In this work, we introduce UDepLambda, a semantic interface for UD, which maps natural language to logical forms in an almost language-independent fashion and can process dependency graphs. We perform experiments on question answering against Freebase and provide German and Spanish translations of the WebQuestions and GraphQuestions datasets to facilitate multilingual evaluation. Results show that UDepLambda outperforms strong baselines across languages and datasets. For English, it achieves a 4.9 F1 point improvement over the state-of-the-art on GraphQuestions.",
}
@inproceedings{pinter-etal-2017-mimicking,
    title = "Mimicking Word Embeddings using Subword {RNN}s",
    author = "Pinter, Yuval  and
      Guthrie, Robert  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1010",
    pages = "102--112",
    abstract = "Word embeddings improve generalization over lexical features by placing each word in a lower-dimensional space, using distributional information obtained from unlabeled data. However, the effectiveness of word embeddings for downstream NLP tasks is limited by out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words, for which embeddings do not exist. In this paper, we present MIMICK, an approach to generating OOV word embeddings compositionally, by learning a function from spellings to distributional embeddings. Unlike prior work, MIMICK does not require re-training on the original word embedding corpus; instead, learning is performed at the type level. Intrinsic and extrinsic evaluations demonstrate the power of this simple approach. On 23 languages, MIMICK improves performance over a word-based baseline for tagging part-of-speech and morphosyntactic attributes. It is competitive with (and complementary to) a supervised character-based model in low resource settings.",
}
@inproceedings{asgari-schutze-2017-past,
    title = "Past, Present, Future: A Computational Investigation of the Typology of Tense in 1000 Languages",
    author = {Asgari, Ehsaneddin  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1011",
    pages = "113--124",
    abstract = "We present SuperPivot, an analysis method for low-resource languages that occur in a superparallel corpus, i.e., in a corpus that contains an order of magnitude more languages than parallel corpora currently in use. We show that SuperPivot performs well for the crosslingual analysis of the linguistic phenomenon of tense. We produce analysis results for more than 1000 languages, conducting {--} to the best of our knowledge {--} the largest crosslingual computational study performed to date. We extend existing methodology for leveraging parallel corpora for typological analysis by overcoming a limiting assumption of earlier work: We only require that a linguistic feature is overtly marked in a few of thousands of languages as opposed to requiring that it be marked in all languages under investigation.",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-tsuruoka-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation with Source-Side Latent Graph Parsing",
    author = "Hashimoto, Kazuma  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1012",
    pages = "125--135",
    abstract = "This paper presents a novel neural machine translation model which jointly learns translation and source-side latent graph representations of sentences. Unlike existing pipelined approaches using syntactic parsers, our end-to-end model learns a latent graph parser as part of the encoder of an attention-based neural machine translation model, and thus the parser is optimized according to the translation objective. In experiments, we first show that our model compares favorably with state-of-the-art sequential and pipelined syntax-based NMT models. We also show that the performance of our model can be further improved by pre-training it with a small amount of treebank annotations. Our final ensemble model significantly outperforms the previous best models on the standard English-to-Japanese translation dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{weng-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation with Word Predictions",
    author = "Weng, Rongxiang  and
      Huang, Shujian  and
      Zheng, Zaixiang  and
      Dai, Xinyu  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1013",
    pages = "136--145",
    abstract = "In the encoder-decoder architecture for neural machine translation (NMT), the hidden states of the recurrent structures in the encoder and decoder carry the crucial information about the sentence. These vectors are generated by parameters which are updated by back-propagation of translation errors through time.We argue that propagating errors through the end-to-end recurrent structures are not a direct way of control the hidden vectors. In this paper, we propose to use word predictions as a mechanism for direct supervision. More specifically, we require these vectors to be able to predict the vocabulary in target sentence. Our simple mechanism ensures better representations in the encoder and decoder without using any extra data or annotation. It is also helpful in reducing the target side vocabulary and improving the decoding efficiency. Experiments on Chinese-English machine translation task show an average BLEU improvement by 4.53, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{hoang-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Decoding as Continuous Optimisation in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Hoang, Cong Duy Vu  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1014",
    pages = "146--156",
    abstract = "We propose a novel decoding approach for neural machine translation (NMT) based on continuous optimisation. We reformulate decoding, a discrete optimization problem, into a continuous problem, such that optimization can make use of efficient gradient-based techniques. Our powerful decoding framework allows for more accurate decoding for standard neural machine translation models, as well as enabling decoding in intractable models such as intersection of several different NMT models. Our empirical results show that our decoding framework is effective, and can leads to substantial improvements in translations, especially in situations where greedy search and beam search are not feasible. Finally, we show how the technique is highly competitive with, and complementary to, reranking.",
}
@inproceedings{kitaev-klein-2017-misty,
    title = "Where is Misty? Interpreting Spatial Descriptors by Modeling Regions in Space",
    author = "Kitaev, Nikita  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1015",
    pages = "157--166",
    abstract = "We present a model for locating regions in space based on natural language descriptions. Starting with a 3D scene and a sentence, our model is able to associate words in the sentence with regions in the scene, interpret relations such as {`}on top of{'} or {`}next to,{'} and finally locate the region described in the sentence. All components form a single neural network that is trained end-to-end without prior knowledge of object segmentation. To evaluate our model, we construct and release a new dataset consisting of Minecraft scenes with crowdsourced natural language descriptions. We achieve a 32{\%} relative error reduction compared to a strong neural baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{rahimi-etal-2017-continuous,
    title = "Continuous Representation of Location for Geolocation and Lexical Dialectology using Mixture Density Networks",
    author = "Rahimi, Afshin  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1016",
    pages = "167--176",
    abstract = "We propose a method for embedding two-dimensional locations in a continuous vector space using a neural network-based model incorporating mixtures of Gaussian distributions, presenting two model variants for text-based geolocation and lexical dialectology. Evaluated over Twitter data, the proposed model outperforms conventional regression-based geolocation and provides a better estimate of uncertainty. We also show the effectiveness of the representation for predicting words from location in lexical dialectology, and evaluate it using the DARE dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{yin-ordonez-2017-obj2text,
    title = "{O}bj2{T}ext: Generating Visually Descriptive Language from Object Layouts",
    author = "Yin, Xuwang  and
      Ordonez, Vicente",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1017",
    pages = "177--187",
    abstract = "Generating captions for images is a task that has recently received considerable attention. Another type of visual inputs are abstract scenes or object layouts where the only information provided is a set of objects and their locations. This type of imagery is commonly found in many applications in computer graphics, virtual reality, and storyboarding. We explore in this paper OBJ2TEXT, a sequence-to-sequence model that encodes a set of objects and their locations as an input sequence using an LSTM network, and decodes this representation using an LSTM language model. We show in our paper that this model despite using a sequence encoder can effectively represent complex spatial object-object relationships and produce descriptions that are globally coherent and semantically relevant. We test our approach for the task of describing object layouts in the MS-COCO dataset by producing sentences given only object annotations. We additionally show that our model combined with a state-of-the-art object detector can improve the accuracy of an image captioning model.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2017-end,
    title = "End-to-end Neural Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Lee, Kenton  and
      He, Luheng  and
      Lewis, Mike  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1018",
    pages = "188--197",
    abstract = "We introduce the first end-to-end coreference resolution model and show that it significantly outperforms all previous work without using a syntactic parser or hand-engineered mention detector. The key idea is to directly consider all spans in a document as potential mentions and learn distributions over possible antecedents for each. The model computes span embeddings that combine context-dependent boundary representations with a head-finding attention mechanism. It is trained to maximize the marginal likelihood of gold antecedent spans from coreference clusters and is factored to enable aggressive pruning of potential mentions. Experiments demonstrate state-of-the-art performance, with a gain of 1.5 F1 on the OntoNotes benchmark and by 3.1 F1 using a 5-model ensemble, despite the fact that this is the first approach to be successfully trained with no external resources.",
}
@inproceedings{li-jurafsky-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Net Models of Open-domain Discourse Coherence",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1019",
    pages = "198--209",
    abstract = "Discourse coherence is strongly associated with text quality, making it important to natural language generation and understanding. Yet existing models of coherence focus on measuring individual aspects of coherence (lexical overlap, rhetorical structure, entity centering) in narrow domains. In this paper, we describe domain-independent neural models of discourse coherence that are capable of measuring multiple aspects of coherence in existing sentences and can maintain coherence while generating new sentences. We study both discriminative models that learn to distinguish coherent from incoherent discourse, and generative models that produce coherent text, including a novel neural latent-variable Markovian generative model that captures the latent discourse dependencies between sentences in a text. Our work achieves state-of-the-art performance on multiple coherence evaluations, and marks an initial step in generating coherent texts given discourse contexts.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-affinity,
    title = "Affinity-Preserving Random Walk for Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Wang, Kexiang  and
      Liu, Tianyu  and
      Sui, Zhifang  and
      Chang, Baobao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1020",
    pages = "210--220",
    abstract = "Multi-document summarization provides users with a short text that summarizes the information in a set of related documents. This paper introduces affinity-preserving random walk to the summarization task, which preserves the affinity relations of sentences by an absorbing random walk model. Meanwhile, we put forward adjustable affinity-preserving random walk to enforce the diversity constraint of summarization in the random walk process. The ROUGE evaluations on DUC 2003 topic-focused summarization task and DUC 2004 generic summarization task show the good performance of our method, which has the best ROUGE-2 recall among the graph-based ranking methods.",
}
@inproceedings{marasovic-etal-2017-mention,
    title = "A Mention-Ranking Model for Abstract Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Marasovi{\'c}, Ana  and
      Born, Leo  and
      Opitz, Juri  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1021",
    pages = "221--232",
    abstract = "Resolving abstract anaphora is an important, but difficult task for text understanding. Yet, with recent advances in representation learning this task becomes a more tangible aim. A central property of abstract anaphora is that it establishes a relation between the anaphor embedded in the anaphoric sentence and its (typically non-nominal) antecedent. We propose a mention-ranking model that learns how abstract anaphors relate to their antecedents with an LSTM-Siamese Net. We overcome the lack of training data by generating artificial anaphoric sentence{--}antecedent pairs. Our model outperforms state-of-the-art results on shell noun resolution. We also report first benchmark results on an abstract anaphora subset of the ARRAU corpus. This corpus presents a greater challenge due to a mixture of nominal and pronominal anaphors and a greater range of confounders. We found model variants that outperform the baselines for nominal anaphors, without training on individual anaphor data, but still lag behind for pronominal anaphors. Our model selects syntactically plausible candidates and {--} if disregarding syntax {--} discriminates candidates using deeper features.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2017-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Embeddings for Hypernymy Detection and Directionality",
    author = {Nguyen, Kim Anh  and
      K{\"o}per, Maximilian  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1022",
    pages = "233--243",
    abstract = "We present a novel neural model HyperVec to learn hierarchical embeddings for hypernymy detection and directionality. While previous embeddings have shown limitations on prototypical hypernyms, HyperVec represents an unsupervised measure where embeddings are learned in a specific order and capture the hypernym{--}hyponym distributional hierarchy. Moreover, our model is able to generalize over unseen hypernymy pairs, when using only small sets of training data, and by mapping to other languages. Results on benchmark datasets show that HyperVec outperforms both state-of-the-art unsupervised measures and embedding models on hypernymy detection and directionality, and on predicting graded lexical entailment.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2017-ngram2vec,
    title = "{N}gram2vec: Learning Improved Word Representations from Ngram Co-occurrence Statistics",
    author = "Zhao, Zhe  and
      Liu, Tao  and
      Li, Shen  and
      Li, Bofang  and
      Du, Xiaoyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1023",
    pages = "244--253",
    abstract = "The existing word representation methods mostly limit their information source to word co-occurrence statistics. In this paper, we introduce ngrams into four representation methods: SGNS, GloVe, PPMI matrix, and its SVD factorization. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on word analogy and similarity tasks. The results show that improved word representations are learned from ngram co-occurrence statistics. We also demonstrate that the trained ngram representations are useful in many aspects such as finding antonyms and collocations. Besides, a novel approach of building co-occurrence matrix is proposed to alleviate the hardware burdens brought by ngrams.",
}
@inproceedings{tissier-etal-2017-dict2vec,
    title = "{D}ict2vec : Learning Word Embeddings using Lexical Dictionaries",
    author = "Tissier, Julien  and
      Gravier, Christophe  and
      Habrard, Amaury",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1024",
    pages = "254--263",
    abstract = "Learning word embeddings on large unlabeled corpus has been shown to be successful in improving many natural language tasks. The most efficient and popular approaches learn or retrofit such representations using additional external data. Resulting embeddings are generally better than their corpus-only counterparts, although such resources cover a fraction of words in the vocabulary. In this paper, we propose a new approach, Dict2vec, based on one of the largest yet refined datasource for describing words {--} natural language dictionaries. Dict2vec builds new word pairs from dictionary entries so that semantically-related words are moved closer, and negative sampling filters out pairs whose words are unrelated in dictionaries. We evaluate the word representations obtained using Dict2vec on eleven datasets for the word similarity task and on four datasets for a text classification task.",
}
@inproceedings{su-lee-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning {C}hinese Word Representations From Glyphs Of Characters",
    author = "Su, Tzu-Ray  and
      Lee, Hung-Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1025",
    pages = "264--273",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose new methods to learn Chinese word representations. Chinese characters are composed of graphical components, which carry rich semantics. It is common for a Chinese learner to comprehend the meaning of a word from these graphical components. As a result, we propose models that enhance word representations by character glyphs. The character glyph features are directly learned from the bitmaps of characters by convolutional auto-encoder(convAE), and the glyph features improve Chinese word representations which are already enhanced by character embeddings. Another contribution in this paper is that we created several evaluation datasets in traditional Chinese and made them public.",
}
@inproceedings{wieting-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Paraphrastic Sentence Embeddings from Back-Translated Bitext",
    author = "Wieting, John  and
      Mallinson, Jonathan  and
      Gimpel, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1026",
    pages = "274--285",
    abstract = "We consider the problem of learning general-purpose, paraphrastic sentence embeddings in the setting of Wieting et al. (2016b). We use neural machine translation to generate sentential paraphrases via back-translation of bilingual sentence pairs. We evaluate the paraphrase pairs by their ability to serve as training data for learning paraphrastic sentence embeddings. We find that the data quality is stronger than prior work based on bitext and on par with manually-written English paraphrase pairs, with the advantage that our approach can scale up to generate large training sets for many languages and domains. We experiment with several language pairs and data sources, and develop a variety of data filtering techniques. In the process, we explore how neural machine translation output differs from human-written sentences, finding clear differences in length, the amount of repetition, and the use of rare words.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2017-joint,
    title = "Joint Embeddings of {C}hinese Words, Characters, and Fine-grained Subcharacter Components",
    author = "Yu, Jinxing  and
      Jian, Xun  and
      Xin, Hao  and
      Song, Yangqiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1027",
    pages = "286--291",
    abstract = "Word embeddings have attracted much attention recently. Different from alphabetic writing systems, Chinese characters are often composed of subcharacter components which are also semantically informative. In this work, we propose an approach to jointly embed Chinese words as well as their characters and fine-grained subcharacter components. We use three likelihoods to evaluate whether the context words, characters, and components can predict the current target word, and collected 13,253 subcharacter components to demonstrate the existing approaches of decomposing Chinese characters are not enough. Evaluation on both word similarity and word analogy tasks demonstrates the superior performance of our model.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2017-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Morphological Regularities in Distributional Word Representations",
    author = "Gupta, Arihant  and
      Akhtar, Syed Sarfaraz  and
      Vajpayee, Avijit  and
      Srivastava, Arjit  and
      Jhanwar, Madan Gopal  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1028",
    pages = "292--297",
    abstract = "We present an unsupervised, language agnostic approach for exploiting morphological regularities present in high dimensional vector spaces. We propose a novel method for generating embeddings of words from their morphological variants using morphological transformation operators. We evaluate this approach on MSR word analogy test set with an accuracy of 85{\%} which is 12{\%} higher than the previous best known system.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Word Internal Structures for Generic {C}hinese Sentence Representation",
    author = "Wang, Shaonan  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1029",
    pages = "298--303",
    abstract = "We introduce a novel mixed characterword architecture to improve Chinese sentence representations, by utilizing rich semantic information of word internal structures. Our architecture uses two key strategies. The first is a mask gate on characters, learning the relation among characters in a word. The second is a maxpooling operation on words, adaptively finding the optimal mixture of the atomic and compositional word representations. Finally, the proposed architecture is applied to various sentence composition models, which achieves substantial performance gains over baseline models on sentence similarity task.",
}
@inproceedings{herbelot-baroni-2017-high,
    title = "High-risk learning: acquiring new word vectors from tiny data",
    author = "Herbelot, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1030",
    pages = "304--309",
    abstract = "Distributional semantics models are known to struggle with small data. It is generally accepted that in order to learn {`}a good vector{'} for a word, a model must have sufficient examples of its usage. This contradicts the fact that humans can guess the meaning of a word from a few occurrences only. In this paper, we show that a neural language model such as Word2Vec only necessitates minor modifications to its standard architecture to learn new terms from tiny data, using background knowledge from a previously learnt semantic space. We test our model on word definitions and on a nonce task involving 2-6 sentences{'} worth of context, showing a large increase in performance over state-of-the-art models on the definitional task.",
}
@inproceedings{sanu-etal-2017-word,
    title = "Word Embeddings based on Fixed-Size Ordinally Forgetting Encoding",
    author = "Sanu, Joseph  and
      Xu, Mingbin  and
      Jiang, Hui  and
      Liu, Quan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1031",
    pages = "310--315",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose to learn word embeddings based on the recent fixed-size ordinally forgetting encoding (FOFE) method, which can almost uniquely encode any variable-length sequence into a fixed-size representation. We use FOFE to fully encode the left and right context of each word in a corpus to construct a novel word-context matrix, which is further weighted and factorized using truncated SVD to generate low-dimension word embedding vectors. We evaluate this alternate method in encoding word-context statistics and show the new FOFE method has a notable effect on the resulting word embeddings. Experimental results on several popular word similarity tasks have demonstrated that the proposed method outperforms other SVD models that use canonical count based techniques to generate word context matrices.",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-etal-2017-vecshare,
    title = "{V}ec{S}hare: A Framework for Sharing Word Representation Vectors",
    author = "Fernandez, Jared  and
      Yu, Zhaocheng  and
      Downey, Doug",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1032",
    pages = "316--320",
    abstract = "Many Natural Language Processing (NLP) models rely on distributed vector representations of words. Because the process of training word vectors can require large amounts of data and computation, NLP researchers and practitioners often utilize pre-trained embeddings downloaded from the Web. However, finding the best embeddings for a given task is difficult, and can be computationally prohibitive. We present a framework, called VecShare, that makes it easy to share and retrieve word embeddings on the Web. The framework leverages a public data-sharing infrastructure to host embedding sets, and provides automated mechanisms for retrieving the embeddings most similar to a given corpus. We perform an experimental evaluation of VecShare{'}s similarity strategies, and show that they are effective at efficiently retrieving embeddings that boost accuracy in a document classification task. Finally, we provide an open-source Python library for using the VecShare framework.",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-curry-2017-word,
    title = "Word Re-Embedding via Manifold Dimensionality Retention",
    author = "Hasan, Souleiman  and
      Curry, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1033",
    pages = "321--326",
    abstract = "Word embeddings seek to recover a Euclidean metric space by mapping words into vectors, starting from words co-occurrences in a corpus. Word embeddings may underestimate the similarity between nearby words, and overestimate it between distant words in the Euclidean metric space. In this paper, we re-embed pre-trained word embeddings with a stage of manifold learning which retains dimensionality. We show that this approach is theoretically founded in the metric recovery paradigm, and empirically show that it can improve on state-of-the-art embeddings in word similarity tasks 0.5 - 5.0{\%} points depending on the original space.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-chen-2017-muse,
    title = "{MUSE}: Modularizing Unsupervised Sense Embeddings",
    author = "Lee, Guang-He  and
      Chen, Yun-Nung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1034",
    pages = "327--337",
    abstract = "This paper proposes to address the word sense ambiguity issue in an unsupervised manner, where word sense representations are learned along a word sense selection mechanism given contexts. Prior work focused on designing a single model to deliver both mechanisms, and thus suffered from either coarse-grained representation learning or inefficient sense selection. The proposed modular approach, MUSE, implements flexible modules to optimize distinct mechanisms, achieving the first purely sense-level representation learning system with linear-time sense selection. We leverage reinforcement learning to enable joint training on the proposed modules, and introduce various exploration techniques on sense selection for better robustness. The experiments on benchmark data show that the proposed approach achieves the state-of-the-art performance on synonym selection as well as on contextual word similarities in terms of MaxSimC.",
}
@inproceedings{reimers-gurevych-2017-reporting,
    title = "Reporting Score Distributions Makes a Difference: Performance Study of {LSTM}-networks for Sequence Tagging",
    author = "Reimers, Nils  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1035",
    pages = "338--348",
    abstract = "In this paper we show that reporting a single performance score is insufficient to compare non-deterministic approaches. We demonstrate for common sequence tagging tasks that the seed value for the random number generator can result in statistically significant ($p < 10^{-4}$) differences for state-of-the-art systems. For two recent systems for NER, we observe an absolute difference of one percentage point F₁-score depending on the selected seed value, making these systems perceived either as state-of-the-art or mediocre. Instead of publishing and reporting single performance scores, we propose to compare score distributions based on multiple executions. Based on the evaluation of 50.000 LSTM-networks for five sequence tagging tasks, we present network architectures that produce both superior performance as well as are more stable with respect to the remaining hyperparameters.",
}
@inproceedings{martins-kreutzer-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning What{'}s Easy: Fully Differentiable Neural Easy-First Taggers",
    author = "Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.  and
      Kreutzer, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1036",
    pages = "349--362",
    abstract = "We introduce a novel neural easy-first decoder that learns to solve sequence tagging tasks in a flexible order. In contrast to previous easy-first decoders, our models are end-to-end differentiable. The decoder iteratively updates a {``}sketch{''} of the predictions over the sequence. At its core is an attention mechanism that controls which parts of the input are strategically the best to process next. We present a new constrained softmax transformation that ensures the same cumulative attention to every word, and show how to efficiently evaluate and backpropagate over it. Our models compare favourably to BILSTM taggers on three sequence tagging tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-kobayashi-2017-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Skip-gram Model with Negative Sampling",
    author = "Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Kobayashi, Hayato",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1037",
    pages = "363--371",
    abstract = "This paper explores an incremental training strategy for the skip-gram model with negative sampling (SGNS) from both empirical and theoretical perspectives. Existing methods of neural word embeddings, including SGNS, are multi-pass algorithms and thus cannot perform incremental model update. To address this problem, we present a simple incremental extension of SGNS and provide a thorough theoretical analysis to demonstrate its validity. Empirical experiments demonstrated the correctness of the theoretical analysis as well as the practical usefulness of the incremental algorithm.",
}
@inproceedings{ruder-plank-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to select data for transfer learning with {B}ayesian Optimization",
    author = "Ruder, Sebastian  and
      Plank, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1038",
    pages = "372--382",
    abstract = "Domain similarity measures can be used to gauge adaptability and select suitable data for transfer learning, but existing approaches define ad hoc measures that are deemed suitable for respective tasks. Inspired by work on curriculum learning, we propose to learn data selection measures using Bayesian Optimization and evaluate them across models, domains and tasks. Our learned measures outperform existing domain similarity measures significantly on three tasks: sentiment analysis, part-of-speech tagging, and parsing. We show the importance of complementing similarity with diversity, and that learned measures are{--}to some degree{--}transferable across models, domains, and even tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{ramachandran-etal-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Pretraining for Sequence to Sequence Learning",
    author = "Ramachandran, Prajit  and
      Liu, Peter  and
      Le, Quoc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1039",
    pages = "383--391",
    abstract = "This work presents a general unsupervised learning method to improve the accuracy of sequence to sequence (seq2seq) models. In our method, the weights of the encoder and decoder of a seq2seq model are initialized with the pretrained weights of two language models and then fine-tuned with labeled data. We apply this method to challenging benchmarks in machine translation and abstractive summarization and find that it significantly improves the subsequent supervised models. Our main result is that pretraining improves the generalization of seq2seq models. We achieve state-of-the-art results on the WMT English→German task, surpassing a range of methods using both phrase-based machine translation and neural machine translation. Our method achieves a significant improvement of 1.3 BLEU from th previous best models on both WMT{'}14 and WMT{'}15 English→German. We also conduct human evaluations on abstractive summarization and find that our method outperforms a purely supervised learning baseline in a statistically significant manner.",
}
@inproceedings{britz-etal-2017-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Attention using a Fixed-Size Memory Representation",
    author = "Britz, Denny  and
      Guan, Melody  and
      Luong, Minh-Thang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1040",
    pages = "392--400",
    abstract = "The standard content-based attention mechanism typically used in sequence-to-sequence models is computationally expensive as it requires the comparison of large encoder and decoder states at each time step. In this work, we propose an alternative attention mechanism based on a fixed size memory representation that is more efficient. Our technique predicts a compact set of K attention contexts during encoding and lets the decoder compute an efficient lookup that does not need to consult the memory. We show that our approach performs on-par with the standard attention mechanism while yielding inference speedups of 20{\%} for real-world translation tasks and more for tasks with longer sequences. By visualizing attention scores we demonstrate that our models learn distinct, meaningful alignments.",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2017-rotated,
    title = "Rotated Word Vector Representations and their Interpretability",
    author = "Park, Sungjoon  and
      Bak, JinYeong  and
      Oh, Alice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1041",
    pages = "401--411",
    abstract = "Vector representation of words improves performance in various NLP tasks, but the high dimensional word vectors are very difficult to interpret. We apply several rotation algorithms to the vector representation of words to improve the interpretability. Unlike previous approaches that induce sparsity, the rotated vectors are interpretable while preserving the expressive performance of the original vectors. Furthermore, any prebuilt word vector representation can be rotated for improved interpretability. We apply rotation to skipgrams and glove and compare the expressive power and interpretability with the original vectors and the sparse overcomplete vectors. The results show that the rotated vectors outperform the original and the sparse overcomplete vectors for interpretability and expressiveness tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{alvarez-melis-jaakkola-2017-causal,
    title = "A causal framework for explaining the predictions of black-box sequence-to-sequence models",
    author = "Alvarez-Melis, David  and
      Jaakkola, Tommi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1042",
    pages = "412--421",
    abstract = "We interpret the predictions of any black-box structured input-structured output model around a specific input-output pair. Our method returns an {``}explanation{''} consisting of groups of input-output tokens that are causally related. These dependencies are inferred by querying the model with perturbed inputs, generating a graph over tokens from the responses, and solving a partitioning problem to select the most relevant components. We focus the general approach on sequence-to-sequence problems, adopting a variational autoencoder to yield meaningful input perturbations. We test our method across several NLP sequence generation tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{serban-etal-2017-piecewise-latent,
    title = "Piecewise Latent Variables for Neural Variational Text Processing",
    author = "Serban, Iulian Vlad  and
      Ororbia, Alexander G.  and
      Pineau, Joelle  and
      Courville, Aaron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1043",
    pages = "422--432",
    abstract = "Advances in neural variational inference have facilitated the learning of powerful directed graphical models with continuous latent variables, such as variational autoencoders. The hope is that such models will learn to represent rich, multi-modal latent factors in real-world data, such as natural language text. However, current models often assume simplistic priors on the latent variables - such as the uni-modal Gaussian distribution - which are incapable of representing complex latent factors efficiently. To overcome this restriction, we propose the simple, but highly flexible, piecewise constant distribution. This distribution has the capacity to represent an exponential number of modes of a latent target distribution, while remaining mathematically tractable. Our results demonstrate that incorporating this new latent distribution into different models yields substantial improvements in natural language processing tasks such as document modeling and natural language generation for dialogue.",
}
@inproceedings{lavergne-yvon-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning the Structure of Variable-Order {CRF}s: a finite-state perspective",
    author = "Lavergne, Thomas  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1044",
    pages = "433--439",
    abstract = "The computational complexity of linear-chain Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) makes it difficult to deal with very large label sets and long range dependencies. Such situations are not rare and arise when dealing with morphologically rich languages or joint labelling tasks. We extend here recent proposals to consider variable order CRFs. Using an effective finite-state representation of variable-length dependencies, we propose new ways to perform feature selection at large scale and report experimental results where we outperform strong baselines on a tagging task.",
}
@inproceedings{aji-heafield-2017-sparse,
    title = "Sparse Communication for Distributed Gradient Descent",
    author = "Aji, Alham Fikri  and
      Heafield, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1045",
    pages = "440--445",
    abstract = "We make distributed stochastic gradient descent faster by exchanging sparse updates instead of dense updates. Gradient updates are positively skewed as most updates are near zero, so we map the 99{\%} smallest updates (by absolute value) to zero then exchange sparse matrices. This method can be combined with quantization to further improve the compression. We explore different configurations and apply them to neural machine translation and MNIST image classification tasks. Most configurations work on MNIST, whereas different configurations reduce convergence rate on the more complex translation task. Our experiments show that we can achieve up to 49{\%} speed up on MNIST and 22{\%} on NMT without damaging the final accuracy or BLEU.",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2017-adagrad,
    title = "Why {ADAGRAD} Fails for Online Topic Modeling",
    author = "Lu, You  and
      Lund, Jeffrey  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1046",
    pages = "446--451",
    abstract = "Online topic modeling, i.e., topic modeling with stochastic variational inference, is a powerful and efficient technique for analyzing large datasets, and ADAGRAD is a widely-used technique for tuning learning rates during online gradient optimization. However, these two techniques do not work well together. We show that this is because ADAGRAD uses accumulation of previous gradients as the learning rates{'} denominators. For online topic modeling, the magnitude of gradients is very large. It causes learning rates to shrink very quickly, so the parameters cannot fully converge until the training ends",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-recurrent-attention,
    title = "Recurrent Attention Network on Memory for Aspect Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Chen, Peng  and
      Sun, Zhongqian  and
      Bing, Lidong  and
      Yang, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1047",
    pages = "452--461",
    abstract = "We propose a novel framework based on neural networks to identify the sentiment of opinion targets in a comment/review. Our framework adopts multiple-attention mechanism to capture sentiment features separated by a long distance, so that it is more robust against irrelevant information. The results of multiple attentions are non-linearly combined with a recurrent neural network, which strengthens the expressive power of our model for handling more complications. The weighted-memory mechanism not only helps us avoid the labor-intensive feature engineering work, but also provides a tailor-made memory for different opinion targets of a sentence. We examine the merit of our model on four datasets: two are from SemEval2014, i.e. reviews of restaurants and laptops; a twitter dataset, for testing its performance on social media data; and a Chinese news comment dataset, for testing its language sensitivity. The experimental results show that our model consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on different types of data.",
}
@inproceedings{long-etal-2017-cognition,
    title = "A Cognition Based Attention Model for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Long, Yunfei  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Xiang, Rong  and
      Li, Minglei  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1048",
    pages = "462--471",
    abstract = "Attention models are proposed in sentiment analysis because some words are more important than others. However,most existing methods either use local context based text information or user preference information. In this work, we propose a novel attention model trained by cognition grounded eye-tracking data. A reading prediction model is first built using eye-tracking data as dependent data and other features in the context as independent data. The predicted reading time is then used to build a cognition based attention (CBA) layer for neural sentiment analysis. As a comprehensive model, We can capture attentions of words in sentences as well as sentences in documents. Different attention mechanisms can also be incorporated to capture other aspects of attentions. Evaluations show the CBA based method outperforms the state-of-the-art local context based attention methods significantly. This brings insight to how cognition grounded data can be brought into NLP tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{poddar-etal-2017-author,
    title = "Author-aware Aspect Topic Sentiment Model to Retrieve Supporting Opinions from Reviews",
    author = "Poddar, Lahari  and
      Hsu, Wynne  and
      Lee, Mong Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1049",
    pages = "472--481",
    abstract = "User generated content about products and services in the form of reviews are often diverse and even contradictory. This makes it difficult for users to know if an opinion in a review is prevalent or biased. We study the problem of searching for supporting opinions in the context of reviews. We propose a framework called SURF, that first identifies opinions expressed in a review, and then finds similar opinions from other reviews. We design a novel probabilistic graphical model that captures opinions as a combination of aspect, topic and sentiment dimensions, takes into account the preferences of individual authors, as well as the quality of the entity under review, and encodes the flow of thoughts in a review by constraining the aspect distribution dynamically among successive review segments. We derive a similarity measure that considers both lexical and semantic similarity to find supporting opinions. Experiments on TripAdvisor hotel reviews and Yelp restaurant reviews show that our model outperforms existing methods for modeling opinions, and the proposed framework is effective in finding supporting opinions.",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-veale-2017-magnets,
    title = "Magnets for Sarcasm: Making Sarcasm Detection Timely, Contextual and Very Personal",
    author = "Ghosh, Aniruddha  and
      Veale, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1050",
    pages = "482--491",
    abstract = "Sarcasm is a pervasive phenomenon in social media, permitting the concise communication of meaning, affect and attitude. Concision requires wit to produce and wit to understand, which demands from each party knowledge of norms, context and a speaker{'}s mindset. Insight into a speaker{'}s psychological profile at the time of production is a valuable source of context for sarcasm detection. Using a neural architecture, we show significant gains in detection accuracy when knowledge of the speaker{'}s mood at the time of production can be inferred. Our focus is on sarcasm detection on Twitter, and show that the mood exhibited by a speaker over tweets leading up to a new post is as useful a cue for sarcasm as the topical context of the post itself. The work opens the door to an empirical exploration not just of sarcasm in text but of the sarcastic state of mind.",
}
@inproceedings{morales-zhai-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Humor in Reviews using Background Text Sources",
    author = "Morales, Alex  and
      Zhai, Chengxiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1051",
    pages = "492--501",
    abstract = "We study the problem of automatically identifying humorous text from a new kind of text data, i.e., online reviews. We propose a generative language model, based on the theory of incongruity, to model humorous text, which allows us to leverage background text sources, such as Wikipedia entry descriptions, and enables construction of multiple features for identifying humorous reviews. Evaluation of these features using supervised learning for classifying reviews into humorous and non-humorous reviews shows that the features constructed based on the proposed generative model are much more effective than the major features proposed in the existing literature, allowing us to achieve almost 86{\%} accuracy. These humorous review predictions can also supply good indicators for identifying helpful reviews.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-xia-2017-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Lexicon Construction with Representation Learning Based on Hierarchical Sentiment Supervision",
    author = "Wang, Leyi  and
      Xia, Rui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1052",
    pages = "502--510",
    abstract = "Sentiment lexicon is an important tool for identifying the sentiment polarity of words and texts. How to automatically construct sentiment lexicons has become a research topic in the field of sentiment analysis and opinion mining. Recently there were some attempts to employ representation learning algorithms to construct a sentiment lexicon with sentiment-aware word embedding. However, these methods were normally trained under document-level sentiment supervision. In this paper, we develop a neural architecture to train a sentiment-aware word embedding by integrating the sentiment supervision at both document and word levels, to enhance the quality of word embedding as well as the sentiment lexicon. Experiments on the SemEval 2013-2016 datasets indicate that the sentiment lexicon generated by our approach achieves the state-of-the-art performance in both supervised and unsupervised sentiment classification, in comparison with several strong sentiment lexicon construction methods.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-wan-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards a Universal Sentiment Classifier in Multiple languages",
    author = "Xu, Kui  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1053",
    pages = "511--520",
    abstract = "Existing sentiment classifiers usually work for only one specific language, and different classification models are used in different languages. In this paper we aim to build a universal sentiment classifier with a single classification model in multiple different languages. In order to achieve this goal, we propose to learn multilingual sentiment-aware word embeddings simultaneously based only on the labeled reviews in English and unlabeled parallel data available in a few language pairs. It is not required that the parallel data exist between English and any other language, because the sentiment information can be transferred into any language via pivot languages. We present the evaluation results of our universal sentiment classifier in five languages, and the results are very promising even when the parallel data between English and the target languages are not used. Furthermore, the universal single classifier is compared with a few cross-language sentiment classifiers relying on direct parallel data between the source and target languages, and the results show that the performance of our universal sentiment classifier is very promising compared to that of different cross-language classifiers in multiple target languages.",
}
@inproceedings{dou-2017-capturing,
    title = "Capturing User and Product Information for Document Level Sentiment Analysis with Deep Memory Network",
    author = "Dou, Zi-Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1054",
    pages = "521--526",
    abstract = "Document-level sentiment classification is a fundamental problem which aims to predict a user{'}s overall sentiment about a product in a document. Several methods have been proposed to tackle the problem whereas most of them fail to consider the influence of users who express the sentiment and products which are evaluated. To address the issue, we propose a deep memory network for document-level sentiment classification which could capture the user and product information at the same time. To prove the effectiveness of our algorithm, we conduct experiments on IMDB and Yelp datasets and the results indicate that our model can achieve better performance than several existing methods.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying and Tracking Sentiments and Topics from Social Media Texts during Natural Disasters",
    author = "Yang, Min  and
      Mei, Jincheng  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Zhao, Wei  and
      Zhao, Zhou  and
      Chen, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1055",
    pages = "527--533",
    abstract = "We study the problem of identifying the topics and sentiments and tracking their shifts from social media texts in different geographical regions during emergencies and disasters. We propose a location-based dynamic sentiment-topic model (LDST) which can jointly model topic, sentiment, time and Geolocation information. The experimental results demonstrate that LDST performs very well at discovering topics and sentiments from social media and tracking their shifts in different geographical regions during emergencies and disasters. We will release the data and source code after this work is published.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2017-refining,
    title = "Refining Word Embeddings for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Lai, K. Robert  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1056",
    pages = "534--539",
    abstract = "Word embeddings that can capture semantic and syntactic information from contexts have been extensively used for various natural language processing tasks. However, existing methods for learning context-based word embeddings typically fail to capture sufficient sentiment information. This may result in words with similar vector representations having an opposite sentiment polarity (e.g., good and bad), thus degrading sentiment analysis performance. Therefore, this study proposes a word vector refinement model that can be applied to any pre-trained word vectors (e.g., Word2vec and GloVe). The refinement model is based on adjusting the vector representations of words such that they can be closer to both semantically and sentimentally similar words and further away from sentimentally dissimilar words. Experimental results show that the proposed method can improve conventional word embeddings and outperform previously proposed sentiment embeddings for both binary and fine-grained classification on Stanford Sentiment Treebank (SST).",
}
@inproceedings{akhtar-etal-2017-multilayer,
    title = "A Multilayer Perceptron based Ensemble Technique for Fine-grained Financial Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Akhtar, Md Shad  and
      Kumar, Abhishek  and
      Ghosal, Deepanway  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1057",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1057",
    pages = "540--546",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a novel method for combining deep learning and classical feature based models using a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) network for financial sentiment analysis. We develop various deep learning models based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). These are trained on top of pre-trained, autoencoder-based, financial word embeddings and lexicon features. An ensemble is constructed by combining these deep learning models and a classical supervised model based on Support Vector Regression (SVR). We evaluate our proposed technique on a benchmark dataset of SemEval-2017 shared task on financial sentiment analysis. The propose model shows impressive results on two datasets, i.e. microblogs and news headlines datasets. Comparisons show that our proposed model performs better than the existing state-of-the-art systems for the above two datasets by 2.0 and 4.1 cosine points, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-etal-2017-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Intensity Ranking among Adjectives Using Sentiment Bearing Word Embeddings",
    author = "Sharma, Raksha  and
      Somani, Arpan  and
      Kumar, Lakshya  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1058",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1058",
    pages = "547--552",
    abstract = "Identification of intensity ordering among polar (positive or negative) words which have the same semantics can lead to a fine-grained sentiment analysis. For example, {`}master{'}, {`}seasoned{'} and {`}familiar{'} point to different intensity levels, though they all convey the same meaning (semantics), i.e., expertise: having a good knowledge of. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised technique that uses sentiment bearing word embeddings to produce a continuous ranking among adjectives that share common semantics. Our system demonstrates a strong Spearman{'}s rank correlation of 0.83 with the gold standard ranking. We show that sentiment bearing word embeddings facilitate a more accurate intensity ranking system than other standard word embeddings (word2vec and GloVe). Word2vec is the state-of-the-art for intensity ordering task.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Lexicon Expansion Based on Neural {PU} Learning, Double Dictionary Lookup, and Polarity Association",
    author = "Wang, Yasheng  and
      Zhang, Yang  and
      Liu, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1059",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1059",
    pages = "553--563",
    abstract = "Although many sentiment lexicons in different languages exist, most are not comprehensive. In a recent sentiment analysis application, we used a large Chinese sentiment lexicon and found that it missed a large number of sentiment words in social media. This prompted us to make a new attempt to study sentiment lexicon expansion. This paper first poses the problem as a PU learning problem, which is a new formulation. It then proposes a new PU learning method suitable for our problem using a neural network. The results are enhanced further with a new dictionary-based technique and a novel polarity classification technique. Experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms baseline methods greatly.",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-etal-2017-deeppath,
    title = "{D}eep{P}ath: A Reinforcement Learning Method for Knowledge Graph Reasoning",
    author = "Xiong, Wenhan  and
      Hoang, Thien  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1060",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1060",
    pages = "564--573",
    abstract = "We study the problem of learning to reason in large scale knowledge graphs (KGs). More specifically, we describe a novel reinforcement learning framework for learning multi-hop relational paths: we use a policy-based agent with continuous states based on knowledge graph embeddings, which reasons in a KG vector-space by sampling the most promising relation to extend its path. In contrast to prior work, our approach includes a reward function that takes the accuracy, diversity, and efficiency into consideration. Experimentally, we show that our proposed method outperforms a path-ranking based algorithm and knowledge graph embedding methods on Freebase and Never-Ending Language Learning datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{nogueira-cho-2017-task,
    title = "Task-Oriented Query Reformulation with Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Nogueira, Rodrigo  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1061",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1061",
    pages = "574--583",
    abstract = "Search engines play an important role in our everyday lives by assisting us in finding the information we need. When we input a complex query, however, results are often far from satisfactory. In this work, we introduce a query reformulation system based on a neural network that rewrites a query to maximize the number of relevant documents returned. We train this neural network with reinforcement learning. The actions correspond to selecting terms to build a reformulated query, and the reward is the document recall. We evaluate our approach on three datasets against strong baselines and show a relative improvement of 5-20{\%} in terms of recall. Furthermore, we present a simple method to estimate a conservative upper-bound performance of a model in a particular environment and verify that there is still large room for improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-lapata-2017-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Simplification with Deep Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Zhang, Xingxing  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1062",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1062",
    pages = "584--594",
    abstract = "Sentence simplification aims to make sentences easier to read and understand. Most recent approaches draw on insights from machine translation to learn simplification rewrites from monolingual corpora of complex and simple sentences. We address the simplification problem with an encoder-decoder model coupled with a deep reinforcement learning framework. Our model, which we call DRESS (as shorthand for \textbf{D}eep \textbf{RE}inforcement \textbf{S}entence \textbf{S}implification), explores the space of possible simplifications while learning to optimize a reward function that encourages outputs which are simple, fluent, and preserve the meaning of the input. Experiments on three datasets demonstrate that our model outperforms competitive simplification systems.",
}
@inproceedings{fang-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning how to Active Learn: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach",
    author = "Fang, Meng  and
      Li, Yuan  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1063",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1063",
    pages = "595--605",
    abstract = "Active learning aims to select a small subset of data for annotation such that a classifier learned on the data is highly accurate. This is usually done using heuristic selection methods, however the effectiveness of such methods is limited and moreover, the performance of heuristics varies between datasets. To address these shortcomings, we introduce a novel formulation by reframing the active learning as a reinforcement learning problem and explicitly learning a data selection policy, where the policy takes the role of the active learning heuristic. Importantly, our method allows the selection policy learned using simulation to one language to be transferred to other languages. We demonstrate our method using cross-lingual named entity recognition, observing uniform improvements over traditional active learning algorithms.",
}
@inproceedings{narayan-etal-2017-split,
    title = "Split and Rephrase",
    author = "Narayan, Shashi  and
      Gardent, Claire  and
      Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Shimorina, Anastasia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1064",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1064",
    pages = "606--616",
    abstract = "We propose a new sentence simplification task (Split-and-Rephrase) where the aim is to split a complex sentence into a meaning preserving sequence of shorter sentences. Like sentence simplification, splitting-and-rephrasing has the potential of benefiting both natural language processing and societal applications. Because shorter sentences are generally better processed by NLP systems, it could be used as a preprocessing step which facilitates and improves the performance of parsers, semantic role labellers and machine translation systems. It should also be of use for people with reading disabilities because it allows the conversion of longer sentences into shorter ones. This paper makes two contributions towards this new task. First, we create and make available a benchmark consisting of 1,066,115 tuples mapping a single complex sentence to a sequence of sentences expressing the same meaning. Second, we propose five models (vanilla sequence-to-sequence to semantically-motivated models) to understand the difficulty of the proposed task.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Response Generation via {GAN} with an Approximate Embedding Layer",
    author = "Xu, Zhen  and
      Liu, Bingquan  and
      Wang, Baoxun  and
      Sun, Chengjie  and
      Wang, Xiaolong  and
      Wang, Zhuoran  and
      Qi, Chao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1065",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1065",
    pages = "617--626",
    abstract = "This paper presents a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) to model single-turn short-text conversations, which trains a sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) network for response generation simultaneously with a discriminative classifier that measures the differences between human-produced responses and machine-generated ones. In addition, the proposed method introduces an approximate embedding layer to solve the non-differentiable problem caused by the sampling-based output decoding procedure in the Seq2Seq generative model. The GAN setup provides an effective way to avoid noninformative responses (a.k.a {``}safe responses{''}), which are frequently observed in traditional neural response generators. The experimental results show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms existing neural response generation models in diversity metrics, with slight increases in relevance scores as well, when evaluated on both a Mandarin corpus and an English corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{semeniuta-etal-2017-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Convolutional Variational Autoencoder for Text Generation",
    author = "Semeniuta, Stanislau  and
      Severyn, Aliaksei  and
      Barth, Erhardt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1066",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1066",
    pages = "627--637",
    abstract = "In this paper we explore the effect of architectural choices on learning a variational autoencoder (VAE) for text generation. In contrast to the previously introduced VAE model for text where both the encoder and decoder are RNNs, we propose a novel hybrid architecture that blends fully feed-forward convolutional and deconvolutional components with a recurrent language model. Our architecture exhibits several attractive properties such as faster run time and convergence, ability to better handle long sequences and, more importantly, it helps to avoid the issue of the VAE collapsing to a deterministic model.",
}
@inproceedings{hossain-etal-2017-filling,
    title = "Filling the Blanks (hint: plural noun) for Mad {L}ibs Humor",
    author = "Hossain, Nabil  and
      Krumm, John  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy  and
      Horvitz, Eric  and
      Kautz, Henry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1067",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1067",
    pages = "638--647",
    abstract = "Computerized generation of humor is a notoriously difficult AI problem. We develop an algorithm called Libitum that helps humans generate humor in a Mad Lib, which is a popular fill-in-the-blank game. The algorithm is based on a machine learned classifier that determines whether a potential fill-in word is funny in the context of the Mad Lib story. We use Amazon Mechanical Turk to create ground truth data and to judge humor for our classifier to mimic, and we make this data freely available. Our testing shows that Libitum successfully aids humans in filling in Mad Libs that are usually judged funnier than those filled in by humans with no computerized help. We go on to analyze why some words are better than others at making a Mad Lib funny.",
}
@inproceedings{santus-etal-2017-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Thematic Fit with Distributional Feature Overlap",
    author = "Santus, Enrico  and
      Chersoni, Emmanuele  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Blache, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1068",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1068",
    pages = "648--658",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce a new distributional method for modeling predicate-argument thematic fit judgments. We use a syntax-based DSM to build a prototypical representation of verb-specific roles: for every verb, we extract the most salient second order contexts for each of its roles (i.e. the most salient dimensions of typical role fillers), and then we compute thematic fit as a weighted overlap between the top features of candidate fillers and role prototypes. Our experiments show that our method consistently outperforms a baseline re-implementing a state-of-the-art system, and achieves better or comparable results to those reported in the literature for the other unsupervised systems. Moreover, it provides an explicit representation of the features characterizing verb-specific semantic roles.",
}
@inproceedings{mekala-etal-2017-scdv,
    title = "{SCDV} : Sparse Composite Document Vectors using soft clustering over distributional representations",
    author = "Mekala, Dheeraj  and
      Gupta, Vivek  and
      Paranjape, Bhargavi  and
      Karnick, Harish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1069",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1069",
    pages = "659--669",
    abstract = "We present a feature vector formation technique for documents - Sparse Composite Document Vector (SCDV) - which overcomes several shortcomings of the current distributional paragraph vector representations that are widely used for text representation. In SCDV, word embeddings are clustered to capture multiple semantic contexts in which words occur. They are then chained together to form document topic-vectors that can express complex, multi-topic documents. Through extensive experiments on multi-class and multi-label classification tasks, we outperform the previous state-of-the-art method, NTSG. We also show that SCDV embeddings perform well on heterogeneous tasks like Topic Coherence, context-sensitive Learning and Information Retrieval. Moreover, we achieve a significant reduction in training and prediction times compared to other representation methods. SCDV achieves best of both worlds - better performance with lower time and space complexity.",
}
@inproceedings{conneau-etal-2017-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Learning of Universal Sentence Representations from Natural Language Inference Data",
    author = {Conneau, Alexis  and
      Kiela, Douwe  and
      Schwenk, Holger  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Bordes, Antoine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1070",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1070",
    pages = "670--680",
    abstract = "Many modern NLP systems rely on word embeddings, previously trained in an unsupervised manner on large corpora, as base features. Efforts to obtain embeddings for larger chunks of text, such as sentences, have however not been so successful. Several attempts at learning unsupervised representations of sentences have not reached satisfactory enough performance to be widely adopted. In this paper, we show how universal sentence representations trained using the supervised data of the Stanford Natural Language Inference datasets can consistently outperform unsupervised methods like SkipThought vectors on a wide range of transfer tasks. Much like how computer vision uses ImageNet to obtain features, which can then be transferred to other tasks, our work tends to indicate the suitability of natural language inference for transfer learning to other NLP tasks. Our encoder is publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{yanaka-etal-2017-determining,
    title = "Determining Semantic Textual Similarity using Natural Deduction Proofs",
    author = "Yanaka, Hitomi  and
      Mineshima, Koji  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-G{\'o}mez, Pascual  and
      Bekki, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1071",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1071",
    pages = "681--691",
    abstract = "Determining semantic textual similarity is a core research subject in natural language processing. Since vector-based models for sentence representation often use shallow information, capturing accurate semantics is difficult. By contrast, logical semantic representations capture deeper levels of sentence semantics, but their symbolic nature does not offer graded notions of textual similarity. We propose a method for determining semantic textual similarity by combining shallow features with features extracted from natural deduction proofs of bidirectional entailment relations between sentence pairs. For the natural deduction proofs, we use ccg2lambda, a higher-order automatic inference system, which converts Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) derivation trees into semantic representations and conducts natural deduction proofs. Experiments show that our system was able to outperform other logic-based systems and that features derived from the proofs are effective for learning textual similarity.",
}
@inproceedings{gong-etal-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-Grained {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Gong, Chen  and
      Li, Zhenghua  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Jiang, Xinzhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1072",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1072",
    pages = "692--703",
    abstract = "Traditionally, word segmentation (WS) adopts the single-grained formalism, where a sentence corresponds to a single word sequence. However, Sproat et al. (1997) show that the inter-native-speaker consistency ratio over Chinese word boundaries is only 76{\%}, indicating single-grained WS (SWS) imposes unnecessary challenges on both manual annotation and statistical modeling. Moreover, WS results of different granularities can be complementary and beneficial for high-level applications. This work proposes and addresses multi-grained WS (MWS). We build a large-scale pseudo MWS dataset for model training and tuning by leveraging the annotation heterogeneity of three SWS datasets. Then we manually annotate 1,500 test sentences with true MWS annotations. Finally, we propose three benchmark approaches by casting MWS as constituent parsing and sequence labeling. Experiments and analysis lead to many interesting findings.",
}
@inproceedings{zalmout-habash-2017-dont,
    title = "Don{'}t Throw Those Morphological Analyzers Away Just Yet: Neural Morphological Disambiguation for {A}rabic",
    author = "Zalmout, Nasser  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1073",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1073",
    pages = "704--713",
    abstract = "This paper presents a model for Arabic morphological disambiguation based on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN). We train Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) cells in several configurations and embedding levels to model the various morphological features. Our experiments show that these models outperform state-of-the-art systems without explicit use of feature engineering. However, adding learning features from a morphological analyzer to model the space of possible analyses provides additional improvement. We make use of the resulting morphological models for scoring and ranking the analyses of the morphological analyzer for morphological disambiguation. The results show significant gains in accuracy across several evaluation metrics. Our system results in 4.4{\%} absolute increase over the state-of-the-art in full morphological analysis accuracy (30.6{\%} relative error reduction), and 10.6{\%} (31.5{\%} relative error reduction) for out-of-vocabulary words.",
}
@inproceedings{cotterell-etal-2017-paradigm,
    title = "Paradigm Completion for Derivational Morphology",
    author = "Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Vylomova, Ekaterina  and
      Khayrallah, Huda  and
      Kirov, Christo  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1074",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1074",
    pages = "714--720",
    abstract = "The generation of complex derived word forms has been an overlooked problem in NLP; we fill this gap by applying neural sequence-to-sequence models to the task. We overview the theoretical motivation for a paradigmatic treatment of derivational morphology, and introduce the task of derivational paradigm completion as a parallel to inflectional paradigm completion. State-of-the-art neural models adapted from the inflection task are able to learn the range of derivation patterns, and outperform a non-neural baseline by 16.4{\%}. However, due to semantic, historical, and lexical considerations involved in derivational morphology, future work will be needed to achieve performance parity with inflection-generating systems.",
}
@inproceedings{stratos-2017-sub,
    title = "A Sub-Character Architecture for {K}orean Language Processing",
    author = "Stratos, Karl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1075",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1075",
    pages = "721--726",
    abstract = "We introduce a novel sub-character architecture that exploits a unique compositional structure of the Korean language. Our method decomposes each character into a small set of primitive phonetic units called jamo letters from which character- and word-level representations are induced. The jamo letters divulge syntactic and semantic information that is difficult to access with conventional character-level units. They greatly alleviate the data sparsity problem, reducing the observation space to 1.6{\%} of the original while increasing accuracy in our experiments. We apply our architecture to dependency parsing and achieve dramatic improvement over strong lexical baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{horsmann-zesch-2017-lstms,
    title = "Do {LSTM}s really work so well for {P}o{S} tagging? {--} A replication study",
    author = "Horsmann, Tobias  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1076",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1076",
    pages = "727--736",
    abstract = "A recent study by Plank et al. (2016) found that LSTM-based PoS taggers considerably improve over the current state-of-the-art when evaluated on the corpora of the Universal Dependencies project that use a coarse-grained tagset. We replicate this study using a fresh collection of 27 corpora of 21 languages that are annotated with fine-grained tagsets of varying size. Our replication confirms the result in general, and we additionally find that the advantage of LSTMs is even bigger for larger tagsets. However, we also find that for the very large tagsets of morphologically rich languages, hand-crafted morphological lexicons are still necessary to reach state-of-the-art performance.",
}
@inproceedings{mcconnaughey-etal-2017-labeled,
    title = "The Labeled Segmentation of Printed Books",
    author = "McConnaughey, Lara  and
      Dai, Jennifer  and
      Bamman, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1077",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1077",
    pages = "737--747",
    abstract = "We introduce the task of book structure labeling: segmenting and assigning a fixed category (such as Table of Contents, Preface, Index) to the document structure of printed books. We manually annotate the page-level structural categories for a large dataset totaling 294,816 pages in 1,055 books evenly sampled from 1750-1922, and present empirical results comparing the performance of several classes of models. The best-performing model, a bidirectional LSTM with rich features, achieves an overall accuracy of 95.8 and a class-balanced macro F-score of 71.4.",
}
@inproceedings{cotterell-heigold-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Character-Level Neural Morphological Tagging",
    author = "Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Heigold, Georg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1078",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1078",
    pages = "748--759",
    abstract = "Even for common NLP tasks, sufficient supervision is not available in many languages {--} morphological tagging is no exception. In the work presented here, we explore a transfer learning scheme, whereby we train character-level recurrent neural taggers to predict morphological taggings for high-resource languages and low-resource languages together. Learning joint character representations among multiple related languages successfully enables knowledge transfer from the high-resource languages to the low-resource ones.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2017-word,
    title = "Word-Context Character Embeddings for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Zhou, Hao  and
      Yu, Zhenting  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Huang, Shujian  and
      Dai, Xinyu  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1079",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1079",
    pages = "760--766",
    abstract = "Neural parsers have benefited from automatically labeled data via dependency-context word embeddings. We investigate training character embeddings on a word-based context in a similar way, showing that the simple method improves state-of-the-art neural word segmentation models significantly, beating tri-training baselines for leveraging auto-segmented data.",
}
@inproceedings{oshikiri-2017-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation-Free Word Embedding for Unsegmented Languages",
    author = "Oshikiri, Takamasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1080",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1080",
    pages = "767--772",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a new pipeline of word embedding for unsegmented languages, called segmentation-free word embedding, which does not require word segmentation as a preprocessing step. Unlike space-delimited languages, unsegmented languages, such as Chinese and Japanese, require word segmentation as a preprocessing step. However, word segmentation, that often requires manually annotated resources, is difficult and expensive, and unavoidable errors in word segmentation affect downstream tasks. To avoid these problems in learning word vectors of unsegmented languages, we consider word co-occurrence statistics over all possible candidates of segmentations based on frequent character n-grams instead of segmented sentences provided by conventional word segmenters. Our experiments of noun category prediction tasks on raw Twitter, Weibo, and Wikipedia corpora show that the proposed method outperforms the conventional approaches that require word segmenters.",
}
@inproceedings{sachan-etal-2017-textbooks,
    title = "From Textbooks to Knowledge: A Case Study in Harvesting Axiomatic Knowledge from Textbooks to Solve Geometry Problems",
    author = "Sachan, Mrinmaya  and
      Dubey, Kumar  and
      Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1081",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1081",
    pages = "773--784",
    abstract = "Textbooks are rich sources of information. Harvesting structured knowledge from textbooks is a key challenge in many educational applications. As a case study, we present an approach for harvesting structured axiomatic knowledge from math textbooks. Our approach uses rich contextual and typographical features extracted from raw textbooks. It leverages the redundancy and shared ordering across multiple textbooks to further refine the harvested axioms. These axioms are then parsed into rules that are used to improve the state-of-the-art in solving geometry problems.",
}
@inproceedings{lai-etal-2017-race,
    title = "{RACE}: Large-scale {R}e{A}ding Comprehension Dataset From Examinations",
    author = "Lai, Guokun  and
      Xie, Qizhe  and
      Liu, Hanxiao  and
      Yang, Yiming  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1082",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1082",
    pages = "785--794",
    abstract = "We present RACE, a new dataset for benchmark evaluation of methods in the reading comprehension task. Collected from the English exams for middle and high school Chinese students in the age range between 12 to 18, RACE consists of near 28,000 passages and near 100,000 questions generated by human experts (English instructors), and covers a variety of topics which are carefully designed for evaluating the students{'} ability in understanding and reasoning. In particular, the proportion of questions that requires reasoning is much larger in RACE than that in other benchmark datasets for reading comprehension, and there is a significant gap between the performance of the state-of-the-art models (43{\%}) and the ceiling human performance (95{\%}). We hope this new dataset can serve as a valuable resource for research and evaluation in machine comprehension. The dataset is freely available at \url{http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~glai1/data/race/} and the code is available at \url{https://github.com/qizhex/RACE_AR_baselines}.",
}
@inproceedings{hopkins-etal-2017-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Sentential Semantic Parsing: Tackling the Math {SAT} with a Cascade of Tree Transducers",
    author = "Hopkins, Mark  and
      Petrescu-Prahova, Cristian  and
      Levin, Roie  and
      Le Bras, Ronan  and
      Herrasti, Alvaro  and
      Joshi, Vidur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1083",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1083",
    pages = "795--804",
    abstract = "We present an approach for answering questions that span multiple sentences and exhibit sophisticated cross-sentence anaphoric phenomena, evaluating on a rich source of such questions {--} the math portion of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). By using a tree transducer cascade as its basic architecture, our system propagates uncertainty from multiple sources (e.g. coreference resolution or verb interpretation) until it can be confidently resolved. Experiments show the first-ever results 43{\%} recall and 91{\%} precision) on SAT algebra word problems. We also apply our system to the public Dolphin algebra question set, and improve the state-of-the-art F1-score from 73.9{\%} to 77.0{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2017-learning-fine,
    title = "Learning Fine-Grained Expressions to Solve Math Word Problems",
    author = "Huang, Danqing  and
      Shi, Shuming  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Yin, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1084",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1084",
    pages = "805--814",
    abstract = "This paper presents a novel template-based method to solve math word problems. This method learns the mappings between math concept phrases in math word problems and their math expressions from training data. For each equation template, we automatically construct a rich template sketch by aggregating information from various problems with the same template. Our approach is implemented in a two-stage system. It first retrieves a few relevant equation system templates and aligns numbers in math word problems to those templates for candidate equation generation. It then does a fine-grained inference to obtain the final answer. Experiment results show that our method achieves an accuracy of 28.4{\%} on the linear Dolphin18K benchmark, which is 10{\%} (54{\%} relative) higher than previous state-of-the-art systems while achieving an accuracy increase of 12{\%} (59{\%} relative) on the TS6 benchmark subset.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2017-structural,
    title = "Structural Embedding of Syntactic Trees for Machine Comprehension",
    author = "Liu, Rui  and
      Hu, Junjie  and
      Wei, Wei  and
      Yang, Zi  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1085",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1085",
    pages = "815--824",
    abstract = "Deep neural networks for machine comprehension typically utilizes only word or character embeddings without explicitly taking advantage of structured linguistic information such as constituency trees and dependency trees. In this paper, we propose structural embedding of syntactic trees (SEST), an algorithm framework to utilize structured information and encode them into vector representations that can boost the performance of algorithms for the machine comprehension. We evaluate our approach using a state-of-the-art neural attention model on the SQuAD dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that our model can accurately identify the syntactic boundaries of the sentences and extract answers that are syntactically coherent over the baseline methods.",
}
@inproceedings{long-etal-2017-world,
    title = "World Knowledge for Reading Comprehension: Rare Entity Prediction with Hierarchical {LSTM}s Using External Descriptions",
    author = "Long, Teng  and
      Bengio, Emmanuel  and
      Lowe, Ryan  and
      Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit  and
      Precup, Doina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1086",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1086",
    pages = "825--834",
    abstract = "Humans interpret texts with respect to some background information, or world knowledge, and we would like to develop automatic reading comprehension systems that can do the same. In this paper, we introduce a task and several models to drive progress towards this goal. In particular, we propose the task of rare entity prediction: given a web document with several entities removed, models are tasked with predicting the correct missing entities conditioned on the document context and the lexical resources. This task is challenging due to the diversity of language styles and the extremely large number of rare entities. We propose two recurrent neural network architectures which make use of external knowledge in the form of entity descriptions. Our experiments show that our hierarchical LSTM model performs significantly better at the rare entity prediction task than those that do not make use of external resources.",
}
@inproceedings{golub-etal-2017-two,
    title = "Two-Stage Synthesis Networks for Transfer Learning in Machine Comprehension",
    author = "Golub, David  and
      Huang, Po-Sen  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Deng, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1087",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1087",
    pages = "835--844",
    abstract = "We develop a technique for transfer learning in machine comprehension (MC) using a novel two-stage synthesis network. Given a high performing MC model in one domain, our technique aims to answer questions about documents in another domain, where we use no labeled data of question-answer pairs. Using the proposed synthesis network with a pretrained model on the SQuAD dataset, we achieve an F1 measure of 46.6{\%} on the challenging NewsQA dataset, approaching performance of in-domain models (F1 measure of 50.0{\%}) and outperforming the out-of-domain baseline by 7.6{\%}, without use of provided annotations.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-deep-neural,
    title = "Deep Neural Solver for Math Word Problems",
    author = "Wang, Yan  and
      Liu, Xiaojiang  and
      Shi, Shuming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1088",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1088",
    pages = "845--854",
    abstract = "This paper presents a deep neural solver to automatically solve math word problems. In contrast to previous statistical learning approaches, we directly translate math word problems to equation templates using a recurrent neural network (RNN) model, without sophisticated feature engineering. We further design a hybrid model that combines the RNN model and a similarity-based retrieval model to achieve additional performance improvement. Experiments conducted on a large dataset show that the RNN model and the hybrid model significantly outperform state-of-the-art statistical learning methods for math word problem solving.",
}
@inproceedings{p-etal-2017-latent,
    title = "Latent Space Embedding for Retrieval in Question-Answer Archives",
    author = "P, Deepak  and
      Garg, Dinesh  and
      Shevade, Shirish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1089",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1089",
    pages = "855--865",
    abstract = "Community-driven Question Answering (CQA) systems such as Yahoo! Answers have become valuable sources of reusable information. CQA retrieval enables usage of historical CQA archives to solve new questions posed by users. This task has received much recent attention, with methods building upon literature from translation models, topic models, and deep learning. In this paper, we devise a CQA retrieval technique, LASER-QA, that embeds question-answer pairs within a unified latent space preserving the local neighborhood structure of question and answer spaces. The idea is that such a space mirrors semantic similarity among questions as well as answers, thereby enabling high quality retrieval. Through an empirical analysis on various real-world QA datasets, we illustrate the improved effectiveness of LASER-QA over state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2017-question,
    title = "Question Generation for Question Answering",
    author = "Duan, Nan  and
      Tang, Duyu  and
      Chen, Peng  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1090",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1090",
    pages = "866--874",
    abstract = "This paper presents how to generate questions from given passages using neural networks, where large scale QA pairs are automatically crawled and processed from Community-QA website, and used as training data. The contribution of the paper is 2-fold: First, two types of question generation approaches are proposed, one is a retrieval-based method using convolution neural network (CNN), the other is a generation-based method using recurrent neural network (RNN); Second, we show how to leverage the generated questions to improve existing question answering systems. We evaluate our question generation method for the answer sentence selection task on three benchmark datasets, including SQuAD, MS MARCO, and WikiQA. Experimental results show that, by using generated questions as an extra signal, significant QA improvement can be achieved.",
}
@inproceedings{dong-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to Paraphrase for Question Answering",
    author = "Dong, Li  and
      Mallinson, Jonathan  and
      Reddy, Siva  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1091",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1091",
    pages = "875--886",
    abstract = "Question answering (QA) systems are sensitive to the many different ways natural language expresses the same information need. In this paper we turn to paraphrases as a means of capturing this knowledge and present a general framework which learns felicitous paraphrases for various QA tasks. Our method is trained end-to-end using question-answer pairs as a supervision signal. A question and its paraphrases serve as input to a neural scoring model which assigns higher weights to linguistic expressions most likely to yield correct answers. We evaluate our approach on QA over Freebase and answer sentence selection. Experimental results on three datasets show that our framework consistently improves performance, achieving competitive results despite the use of simple QA models.",
}
@inproceedings{meng-etal-2017-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Information Extraction for Question Answering Using Syntactic Dependencies in an {LSTM}-based Architecture",
    author = "Meng, Yuanliang  and
      Rumshisky, Anna  and
      Romanov, Alexey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1092",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1092",
    pages = "887--896",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose to use a set of simple, uniform in architecture LSTM-based models to recover different kinds of temporal relations from text. Using the shortest dependency path between entities as input, the same architecture is used to extract intra-sentence, cross-sentence, and document creation time relations. A {``}double-checking{''} technique reverses entity pairs in classification, boosting the recall of positive cases and reducing misclassifications between opposite classes. An efficient pruning algorithm resolves conflicts globally. Evaluated on QA-TempEval (SemEval2015 Task 5), our proposed technique outperforms state-of-the-art methods by a large margin. We also conduct intrinsic evaluation and post state-of-the-art results on Timebank-Dense.",
}
@inproceedings{tymoshenko-etal-2017-ranking,
    title = "Ranking Kernels for Structures and Embeddings: A Hybrid Preference and Classification Model",
    author = "Tymoshenko, Kateryna  and
      Bonadiman, Daniele  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1093",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1093",
    pages = "897--902",
    abstract = "Recent work has shown that Tree Kernels (TKs) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) obtain the state of the art in answer sentence reranking. Additionally, their combination used in Support Vector Machines (SVMs) is promising as it can exploit both the syntactic patterns captured by TKs and the embeddings learned by CNNs. However, the embeddings are constructed according to a classification function, which is not directly exploitable in the preference ranking algorithm of SVMs. In this work, we propose a new hybrid approach combining preference ranking applied to TKs and pointwise ranking applied to CNNs. We show that our approach produces better results on two well-known and rather different datasets: WikiQA for answer sentence selection and SemEval cQA for comment selection in Community Question Answering.",
}
@inproceedings{yavuz-etal-2017-recovering,
    title = "Recovering Question Answering Errors via Query Revision",
    author = "Yavuz, Semih  and
      Gur, Izzeddin  and
      Su, Yu  and
      Yan, Xifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1094",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1094",
    pages = "903--909",
    abstract = "The existing factoid QA systems often lack a post-inspection component that can help models recover from their own mistakes. In this work, we propose to crosscheck the corresponding KB relations behind the predicted answers and identify potential inconsistencies. Instead of developing a new model that accepts evidences collected from these relations, we choose to plug them back to the original questions directly and check if the revised question makes sense or not. A bidirectional LSTM is applied to encode revised questions. We develop a scoring mechanism over the revised question encodings to refine the predictions of a base QA system. This approach can improve the F1 score of STAGG (Yih et al., 2015), one of the leading QA systems, from 52.5{\%} to 53.9{\%} on WEBQUESTIONS data.",
}
@inproceedings{delbrouck-dupont-2017-empirical,
    title = "An empirical study on the effectiveness of images in Multimodal Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Delbrouck, Jean-Benoit  and
      Dupont, St{\'e}phane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1095",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1095",
    pages = "910--919",
    abstract = "In state-of-the-art Neural Machine Translation (NMT), an attention mechanism is used during decoding to enhance the translation. At every step, the decoder uses this mechanism to focus on different parts of the source sentence to gather the most useful information before outputting its target word. Recently, the effectiveness of the attention mechanism has also been explored for multi-modal tasks, where it becomes possible to focus both on sentence parts and image regions that they describe. In this paper, we compare several attention mechanism on the multi-modal translation task (English, image → German) and evaluate the ability of the model to make use of images to improve translation. We surpass state-of-the-art scores on the Multi30k data set, we nevertheless identify and report different misbehavior of the machine while translating.",
}
@inproceedings{vijayakumar-etal-2017-sound,
    title = "Sound-{W}ord2{V}ec: Learning Word Representations Grounded in Sounds",
    author = "Vijayakumar, Ashwin  and
      Vedantam, Ramakrishna  and
      Parikh, Devi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1096",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1096",
    pages = "920--925",
    abstract = "To be able to interact better with humans, it is crucial for machines to understand sound {--} a primary modality of human perception. Previous works have used sound to learn embeddings for improved generic semantic similarity assessment. In this work, we treat sound as a first-class citizen, studying downstream 6textual tasks which require aural grounding. To this end, we propose sound-word2vec {--} a new embedding scheme that learns specialized word embeddings grounded in sounds. For example, we learn that two seemingly (semantically) unrelated concepts, like leaves and paper are similar due to the similar rustling sounds they make. Our embeddings prove useful in textual tasks requiring aural reasoning like text-based sound retrieval and discovering Foley sound effects (used in movies). Moreover, our embedding space captures interesting dependencies between words and onomatopoeia and outperforms prior work on aurally-relevant word relatedness datasets such as AMEN and ASLex.",
}
@inproceedings{mahendru-etal-2017-promise,
    title = "The Promise of Premise: Harnessing Question Premises in Visual Question Answering",
    author = "Mahendru, Aroma  and
      Prabhu, Viraj  and
      Mohapatra, Akrit  and
      Batra, Dhruv  and
      Lee, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1097",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1097",
    pages = "926--935",
    abstract = "In this paper, we make a simple observation that questions about images often contain premises {--} objects and relationships implied by the question {--} and that reasoning about premises can help Visual Question Answering (VQA) models respond more intelligently to irrelevant or previously unseen questions. When presented with a question that is irrelevant to an image, state-of-the-art VQA models will still answer purely based on learned language biases, resulting in non-sensical or even misleading answers. We note that a visual question is irrelevant to an image if at least one of its premises is false (i.e. not depicted in the image). We leverage this observation to construct a dataset for Question Relevance Prediction and Explanation (QRPE) by searching for false premises. We train novel question relevance detection models and show that models that reason about premises consistently outperform models that do not. We also find that forcing standard VQA models to reason about premises during training can lead to improvements on tasks requiring compositional reasoning.",
}
@inproceedings{anderson-etal-2017-guided,
    title = "Guided Open Vocabulary Image Captioning with Constrained Beam Search",
    author = "Anderson, Peter  and
      Fernando, Basura  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Gould, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1098",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1098",
    pages = "936--945",
    abstract = "Existing image captioning models do not generalize well to out-of-domain images containing novel scenes or objects. This limitation severely hinders the use of these models in real world applications dealing with images in the wild. We address this problem using a flexible approach that enables existing deep captioning architectures to take advantage of image taggers at test time, without re-training. Our method uses constrained beam search to force the inclusion of selected tag words in the output, and fixed, pretrained word embeddings to facilitate vocabulary expansion to previously unseen tag words. Using this approach we achieve state of the art results for out-of-domain captioning on MSCOCO (and improved results for in-domain captioning). Perhaps surprisingly, our results significantly outperform approaches that incorporate the same tag predictions into the learning algorithm. We also show that we can significantly improve the quality of generated ImageNet captions by leveraging ground-truth labels.",
}
@inproceedings{zellers-choi-2017-zero,
    title = "Zero-Shot Activity Recognition with Verb Attribute Induction",
    author = "Zellers, Rowan  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1099",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1099",
    pages = "946--958",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate large-scale zero-shot activity recognition by modeling the visual and linguistic attributes of action verbs. For example, the verb {``}salute{''} has several properties, such as being a light movement, a social act, and short in duration. We use these attributes as the internal mapping between visual and textual representations to reason about a previously unseen action. In contrast to much prior work that assumes access to gold standard attributes for zero-shot classes and focuses primarily on object attributes, our model uniquely learns to infer action attributes from dictionary definitions and distributed word representations. Experimental results confirm that action attributes inferred from language can provide a predictive signal for zero-shot prediction of previously unseen activities.",
}
@inproceedings{zarriess-schlangen-2017-deriving,
    title = "Deriving continous grounded meaning representations from referentially structured multimodal contexts",
    author = "Zarrie{\ss}, Sina  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1100",
    pages = "959--965",
    abstract = "Corpora of referring expressions paired with their visual referents are a good source for learning word meanings directly grounded in visual representations. Here, we explore additional ways of extracting from them word representations linked to multi-modal context: through expressions that refer to the same object, and through expressions that refer to different objects in the same scene. We show that continuous meaning representations derived from these contexts capture complementary aspects of similarity, , even if not outperforming textual embeddings trained on very large amounts of raw text when tested on standard similarity benchmarks. We propose a new task for evaluating grounded meaning representations{---}detection of potentially co-referential phrases{---}and show that it requires precise denotational representations of attribute meanings, which our method provides.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2017-hierarchically,
    title = "Hierarchically-Attentive {RNN} for Album Summarization and Storytelling",
    author = "Yu, Licheng  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Berg, Tamara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1101",
    pages = "966--971",
    abstract = "We address the problem of end-to-end visual storytelling. Given a photo album, our model first selects the most representative (summary) photos, and then composes a natural language story for the album. For this task, we make use of the Visual Storytelling dataset and a model composed of three hierarchically-attentive Recurrent Neural Nets (RNNs) to: encode the album photos, select representative (summary) photos, and compose the story. Automatic and human evaluations show our model achieves better performance on selection, generation, and retrieval than baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{fu-etal-2017-video,
    title = "Video Highlight Prediction Using Audience Chat Reactions",
    author = "Fu, Cheng-Yang  and
      Lee, Joon  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Berg, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1102",
    pages = "972--978",
    abstract = "Sports channel video portals offer an exciting domain for research on multimodal, multilingual analysis. We present methods addressing the problem of automatic video highlight prediction based on joint visual features and textual analysis of the real-world audience discourse with complex slang, in both English and traditional Chinese. We present a novel dataset based on League of Legends championships recorded from North American and Taiwanese Twitch.tv channels (will be released for further research), and demonstrate strong results on these using multimodal, character-level CNN-RNN model architectures.",
}
@inproceedings{pasunuru-bansal-2017-reinforced,
    title = "Reinforced Video Captioning with Entailment Rewards",
    author = "Pasunuru, Ramakanth  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1103",
    pages = "979--985",
    abstract = "Sequence-to-sequence models have shown promising improvements on the temporal task of video captioning, but they optimize word-level cross-entropy loss during training. First, using policy gradient and mixed-loss methods for reinforcement learning, we directly optimize sentence-level task-based metrics (as rewards), achieving significant improvements over the baseline, based on both automatic metrics and human evaluation on multiple datasets. Next, we propose a novel entailment-enhanced reward (CIDEnt) that corrects phrase-matching based metrics (such as CIDEr) to only allow for logically-implied partial matches and avoid contradictions, achieving further significant improvements over the CIDEr-reward model. Overall, our CIDEnt-reward model achieves the new state-of-the-art on the MSR-VTT dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{mu-etal-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Hierarchies of Verb Argument Structure with Hierarchical Clustering",
    author = "Mu, Jesse  and
      Hartshorne, Joshua K.  and
      O{'}Donnell, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1104",
    pages = "986--991",
    abstract = "Verbs can only be used with a few specific arrangements of their arguments (syntactic frames). Most theorists note that verbs can be organized into a hierarchy of verb classes based on the frames they admit. Here we show that such a hierarchy is objectively well-supported by the patterns of verbs and frames in English, since a systematic hierarchical clustering algorithm converges on the same structure as the handcrafted taxonomy of VerbNet, a broad-coverage verb lexicon. We also show that the hierarchies capture meaningful psychological dimensions of generalization by predicting novel verb coercions by human participants. We discuss limitations of a simple hierarchical representation and suggest similar approaches for identifying the representations underpinning verb argument structure.",
}
@inproceedings{calixto-liu-2017-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Global Visual Features into Attention-based Neural Machine Translation.",
    author = "Calixto, Iacer  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1105",
    pages = "992--1003",
    abstract = "We introduce multi-modal, attention-based neural machine translation (NMT) models which incorporate visual features into different parts of both the encoder and the decoder. Global image features are extracted using a pre-trained convolutional neural network and are incorporated (i) as words in the source sentence, (ii) to initialise the encoder hidden state, and (iii) as additional data to initialise the decoder hidden state. In our experiments, we evaluate translations into English and German, how different strategies to incorporate global image features compare and which ones perform best. We also study the impact that adding synthetic multi-modal, multilingual data brings and find that the additional data have a positive impact on multi-modal NMT models. We report new state-of-the-art results and our best models also significantly improve on a comparable phrase-based Statistical MT (PBSMT) model trained on the Multi30k data set according to all metrics evaluated. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time a purely neural model significantly improves over a PBSMT model on all metrics evaluated on this data set.",
}
@inproceedings{misra-etal-2017-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Instructions and Visual Observations to Actions with Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Misra, Dipendra  and
      Langford, John  and
      Artzi, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1106",
    pages = "1004--1015",
    abstract = "We propose to directly map raw visual observations and text input to actions for instruction execution. While existing approaches assume access to structured environment representations or use a pipeline of separately trained models, we learn a single model to jointly reason about linguistic and visual input. We use reinforcement learning in a contextual bandit setting to train a neural network agent. To guide the agent{'}s exploration, we use reward shaping with different forms of supervision. Our approach does not require intermediate representations, planning procedures, or training different models. We evaluate in a simulated environment, and show significant improvements over supervised learning and common reinforcement learning variants.",
}
@inproceedings{fraser-etal-2017-analysis,
    title = "An analysis of eye-movements during reading for the detection of mild cognitive impairment",
    author = "Fraser, Kathleen C.  and
      Lundholm Fors, Kristina  and
      Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Nordlund, Arto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1107",
    pages = "1016--1026",
    abstract = "We present a machine learning analysis of eye-tracking data for the detection of mild cognitive impairment, a decline in cognitive abilities that is associated with an increased risk of developing dementia. We compare two experimental configurations (reading aloud versus reading silently), as well as two methods of combining information from the two trials (concatenation and merging). Additionally, we annotate the words being read with information about their frequency and syntactic category, and use these annotations to generate new features. Ultimately, we are able to distinguish between participants with and without cognitive impairment with up to 86{\%} accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{ning-etal-2017-structured,
    title = "A Structured Learning Approach to Temporal Relation Extraction",
    author = "Ning, Qiang  and
      Feng, Zhili  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1108",
    pages = "1027--1037",
    abstract = "Identifying temporal relations between events is an essential step towards natural language understanding. However, the temporal relation between two events in a story depends on, and is often dictated by, relations among other events. Consequently, effectively identifying temporal relations between events is a challenging problem even for human annotators. This paper suggests that it is important to take these dependencies into account while learning to identify these relations and proposes a structured learning approach to address this challenge. As a byproduct, this provides a new perspective on handling missing relations, a known issue that hurts existing methods. As we show, the proposed approach results in significant improvements on the two commonly used data sets for this problem.",
}
@inproceedings{chaganty-etal-2017-importance,
    title = "Importance sampling for unbiased on-demand evaluation of knowledge base population",
    author = "Chaganty, Arun  and
      Paranjape, Ashwin  and
      Liang, Percy  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1109",
    pages = "1038--1048",
    abstract = "Knowledge base population (KBP) systems take in a large document corpus and extract entities and their relations. Thus far, KBP evaluation has relied on judgements on the pooled predictions of existing systems. We show that this evaluation is problematic: when a new system predicts a previously unseen relation, it is penalized even if it is correct. This leads to significant bias against new systems, which counterproductively discourages innovation in the field. Our first contribution is a new importance-sampling based evaluation which corrects for this bias by annotating a new system{'}s predictions on-demand via crowdsourcing. We show this eliminates bias and reduces variance using data from the 2015 TAC KBP task. Our second contribution is an implementation of our method made publicly available as an online KBP evaluation service. We pilot the service by testing diverse state-of-the-art systems on the TAC KBP 2016 corpus and obtain accurate scores in a cost effective manner.",
}
@inproceedings{hui-etal-2017-pacrr,
    title = "{PACRR}: A Position-Aware Neural {IR} Model for Relevance Matching",
    author = "Hui, Kai  and
      Yates, Andrew  and
      Berberich, Klaus  and
      de Melo, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1110",
    pages = "1049--1058",
    abstract = "In order to adopt deep learning for information retrieval, models are needed that can capture all relevant information required to assess the relevance of a document to a given user query. While previous works have successfully captured unigram term matches, how to fully employ position-dependent information such as proximity and term dependencies has been insufficiently explored. In this work, we propose a novel neural IR model named PACRR aiming at better modeling position-dependent interactions between a query and a document. Extensive experiments on six years{'} TREC Web Track data confirm that the proposed model yields better results under multiple benchmarks.",
}
@inproceedings{raiman-miller-2017-globally,
    title = "Globally Normalized Reader",
    author = "Raiman, Jonathan  and
      Miller, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1111",
    pages = "1059--1069",
    abstract = "Rapid progress has been made towards question answering (QA) systems that can extract answers from text. Existing neural approaches make use of expensive bi-directional attention mechanisms or score all possible answer spans, limiting scalability. We propose instead to cast extractive QA as an iterative search problem: select the answer{'}s sentence, start word, and end word. This representation reduces the space of each search step and allows computation to be conditionally allocated to promising search paths. We show that globally normalizing the decision process and back-propagating through beam search makes this representation viable and learning efficient. We empirically demonstrate the benefits of this approach using our model, Globally Normalized Reader (GNR), which achieves the second highest single model performance on the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (68.4 EM, 76.21 F1 dev) and is 24.7x faster than bi-attention-flow. We also introduce a data-augmentation method to produce semantically valid examples by aligning named entities to a knowledge base and swapping them with new entities of the same type. This method improves the performance of all models considered in this work and is of independent interest for a variety of NLP tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{elsner-shain-2017-speech,
    title = "Speech segmentation with a neural encoder model of working memory",
    author = "Elsner, Micha  and
      Shain, Cory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1112",
    pages = "1070--1080",
    abstract = "We present the first unsupervised LSTM speech segmenter as a cognitive model of the acquisition of words from unsegmented input. Cognitive biases toward phonological and syntactic predictability in speech are rooted in the limitations of human memory (Baddeley et al., 1998); compressed representations are easier to acquire and retain in memory. To model the biases introduced by these memory limitations, our system uses an LSTM-based encoder-decoder with a small number of hidden units, then searches for a segmentation that minimizes autoencoding loss. Linguistically meaningful segments (e.g. words) should share regular patterns of features that facilitate decoder performance in comparison to random segmentations, and we show that our learner discovers these patterns when trained on either phoneme sequences or raw acoustics. To our knowledge, ours is the first fully unsupervised system to be able to segment both symbolic and acoustic representations of speech.",
}
@inproceedings{bulat-etal-2017-speaking,
    title = "Speaking, Seeing, Understanding: Correlating semantic models with conceptual representation in the brain",
    author = "Bulat, Luana  and
      Clark, Stephen  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1113",
    pages = "1081--1091",
    abstract = "Research in computational semantics is increasingly guided by our understanding of human semantic processing. However, semantic models are typically studied in the context of natural language processing system performance. In this paper, we present a systematic evaluation and comparison of a range of widely-used, state-of-the-art semantic models in their ability to predict patterns of conceptual representation in the human brain. Our results provide new insights both for the design of computational semantic models and for further research in cognitive neuroscience.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-modal Summarization for Asynchronous Collection of Text, Image, Audio and Video",
    author = "Li, Haoran  and
      Zhu, Junnan  and
      Ma, Cong  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1114",
    pages = "1092--1102",
    abstract = "The rapid increase of the multimedia data over the Internet necessitates multi-modal summarization from collections of text, image, audio and video. In this work, we propose an extractive Multi-modal Summarization (MMS) method which can automatically generate a textual summary given a set of documents, images, audios and videos related to a specific topic. The key idea is to bridge the semantic gaps between multi-modal contents. For audio information, we design an approach to selectively use its transcription. For vision information, we learn joint representations of texts and images using a neural network. Finally, all the multi-modal aspects are considered to generate the textural summary by maximizing the salience, non-redundancy, readability and coverage through budgeted optimization of submodular functions. We further introduce an MMS corpus in English and Chinese. The experimental results on this dataset demonstrate that our method outperforms other competitive baseline methods.",
}
@inproceedings{zadeh-etal-2017-tensor,
    title = "Tensor Fusion Network for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Zadeh, Amir  and
      Chen, Minghai  and
      Poria, Soujanya  and
      Cambria, Erik  and
      Morency, Louis-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1115",
    pages = "1103--1114",
    abstract = "Multimodal sentiment analysis is an increasingly popular research area, which extends the conventional language-based definition of sentiment analysis to a multimodal setup where other relevant modalities accompany language. In this paper, we pose the problem of multimodal sentiment analysis as modeling intra-modality and inter-modality dynamics. We introduce a novel model, termed Tensor Fusion Networks, which learns both such dynamics end-to-end. The proposed approach is tailored for the volatile nature of spoken language in online videos as well as accompanying gestures and voice. In the experiments, our model outperforms state-of-the-art approaches for both multimodal and unimodal sentiment analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{joseph-etal-2017-constance,
    title = "{C}on{S}tance: Modeling Annotation Contexts to Improve Stance Classification",
    author = "Joseph, Kenneth  and
      Friedland, Lisa  and
      Hobbs, William  and
      Lazer, David  and
      Tsur, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1116",
    pages = "1115--1124",
    abstract = "Manual annotations are a prerequisite for many applications of machine learning. However, weaknesses in the annotation process itself are easy to overlook. In particular, scholars often choose what information to give to annotators without examining these decisions empirically. For subjective tasks such as sentiment analysis, sarcasm, and stance detection, such choices can impact results. Here, for the task of political stance detection on Twitter, we show that providing too little context can result in noisy and uncertain annotations, whereas providing too strong a context may cause it to outweigh other signals. To characterize and reduce these biases, we develop ConStance, a general model for reasoning about annotations across information conditions. Given conflicting labels produced by multiple annotators seeing the same instances with different contexts, ConStance simultaneously estimates gold standard labels and also learns a classifier for new instances. We show that the classifier learned by ConStance outperforms a variety of baselines at predicting political stance, while the model{'}s interpretable parameters shed light on the effects of each context.",
}
@inproceedings{pavlopoulos-etal-2017-deeper,
    title = "Deeper Attention to Abusive User Content Moderation",
    author = "Pavlopoulos, John  and
      Malakasiotis, Prodromos  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1117",
    pages = "1125--1135",
    abstract = "Experimenting with a new dataset of 1.6M user comments from a news portal and an existing dataset of 115K Wikipedia talk page comments, we show that an RNN operating on word embeddings outpeforms the previous state of the art in moderation, which used logistic regression or an MLP classifier with character or word n-grams. We also compare against a CNN operating on word embeddings, and a word-list baseline. A novel, deep, classificationspecific attention mechanism improves the performance of the RNN further, and can also highlight suspicious words for free, without including highlighted words in the training data. We consider both fully automatic and semi-automatic moderation.",
}
@inproceedings{dubossarsky-etal-2017-outta,
    title = "Outta Control: Laws of Semantic Change and Inherent Biases in Word Representation Models",
    author = "Dubossarsky, Haim  and
      Weinshall, Daphna  and
      Grossman, Eitan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1118",
    pages = "1136--1145",
    abstract = "This article evaluates three proposed laws of semantic change. Our claim is that in order to validate a putative law of semantic change, the effect should be observed in the genuine condition but absent or reduced in a suitably matched control condition, in which no change can possibly have taken place. Our analysis shows that the effects reported in recent literature must be substantially revised: (i) the proposed negative correlation between meaning change and word frequency is shown to be largely an artefact of the models of word representation used; (ii) the proposed negative correlation between meaning change and prototypicality is shown to be much weaker than what has been claimed in prior art; and (iii) the proposed positive correlation between meaning change and polysemy is largely an artefact of word frequency. These empirical observations are corroborated by analytical proofs that show that count representations introduce an inherent dependence on word frequency, and thus word frequency cannot be evaluated as an independent factor with these representations.",
}
@inproceedings{lynn-etal-2017-human,
    title = "Human Centered {NLP} with User-Factor Adaptation",
    author = "Lynn, Veronica  and
      Son, Youngseo  and
      Kulkarni, Vivek  and
      Balasubramanian, Niranjan  and
      Schwartz, H. Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1119",
    pages = "1146--1155",
    abstract = "We pose the general task of user-factor adaptation {--} adapting supervised learning models to real-valued user factors inferred from a background of their language, reflecting the idea that a piece of text should be understood within the context of the user that wrote it. We introduce a continuous adaptation technique, suited for real-valued user factors that are common in social science and bringing us closer to personalized NLP, adapting to each user uniquely. We apply this technique with known user factors including age, gender, and personality traits, as well as latent factors, evaluating over five tasks: POS tagging, PP-attachment, sentiment analysis, sarcasm detection, and stance detection. Adaptation provides statistically significant benefits for 3 of the 5 tasks: up to +1.2 points for PP-attachment, +3.4 points for sarcasm, and +3.0 points for stance.",
}
@inproceedings{raganato-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Sequence Learning Models for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Raganato, Alessandro  and
      Delli Bovi, Claudio  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1120",
    pages = "1156--1167",
    abstract = "Word Sense Disambiguation models exist in many flavors. Even though supervised ones tend to perform best in terms of accuracy, they often lose ground to more flexible knowledge-based solutions, which do not require training by a word expert for every disambiguation target. To bridge this gap we adopt a different perspective and rely on sequence learning to frame the disambiguation problem: we propose and study in depth a series of end-to-end neural architectures directly tailored to the task, from bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory to encoder-decoder models. Our extensive evaluation over standard benchmarks and in multiple languages shows that sequence learning enables more versatile all-words models that consistently lead to state-of-the-art results, even against word experts with engineered features.",
}
@inproceedings{rosin-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Word Relatedness over Time",
    author = "Rosin, Guy D.  and
      Adar, Eytan  and
      Radinsky, Kira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1121",
    pages = "1168--1178",
    abstract = "Search systems are often focused on providing relevant results for the {``}now{''}, assuming both corpora and user needs that focus on the present. However, many corpora today reflect significant longitudinal collections ranging from 20 years of the Web to hundreds of years of digitized newspapers and books. Understanding the temporal intent of the user and retrieving the most relevant historical content has become a significant challenge. Common search features, such as query expansion, leverage the relationship between terms but cannot function well across all times when relationships vary temporally. In this work, we introduce a temporal relationship model that is extracted from longitudinal data collections. The model supports the task of identifying, given two words, when they relate to each other. We present an algorithmic framework for this task and show its application for the task of query expansion, achieving high gain.",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2017-inter,
    title = "Inter-Weighted Alignment Network for Sentence Pair Modeling",
    author = "Shen, Gehui  and
      Yang, Yunlun  and
      Deng, Zhi-Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1122",
    pages = "1179--1189",
    abstract = "Sentence pair modeling is a crucial problem in the field of natural language processing. In this paper, we propose a model to measure the similarity of a sentence pair focusing on the interaction information. We utilize the word level similarity matrix to discover fine-grained alignment of two sentences. It should be emphasized that each word in a sentence has a different importance from the perspective of semantic composition, so we exploit two novel and efficient strategies to explicitly calculate a weight for each word. Although the proposed model only use a sequential LSTM for sentence modeling without any external resource such as syntactic parser tree and additional lexicon features, experimental results show that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on three datasets of two tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-short,
    title = "A Short Survey on Taxonomy Learning from Text Corpora: Issues, Resources and Recent Advances",
    author = "Wang, Chengyu  and
      He, Xiaofeng  and
      Zhou, Aoying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1123",
    pages = "1190--1203",
    abstract = "A taxonomy is a semantic hierarchy, consisting of concepts linked by is-a relations. While a large number of taxonomies have been constructed from human-compiled resources (e.g., Wikipedia), learning taxonomies from text corpora has received a growing interest and is essential for long-tailed and domain-specific knowledge acquisition. In this paper, we overview recent advances on taxonomy construction from free texts, reorganizing relevant subtasks into a complete framework. We also overview resources for evaluation and discuss challenges for future research.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2017-idiom,
    title = "Idiom-Aware Compositional Distributed Semantics",
    author = "Liu, Pengfei  and
      Qian, Kaiyu  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1124",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1124",
    pages = "1204--1213",
    abstract = "Idioms are peculiar linguistic constructions that impose great challenges for representing the semantics of language, especially in current prevailing end-to-end neural models, which assume that the semantics of a phrase or sentence can be literally composed from its constitutive words. In this paper, we propose an idiom-aware distributed semantic model to build representation of sentences on the basis of understanding their contained idioms. Our models are grounded in the literal-first psycholinguistic hypothesis, which can adaptively learn semantic compositionality of a phrase literally or idiomatically. To better evaluate our models, we also construct an idiom-enriched sentiment classification dataset with considerable scale and abundant peculiarities of idioms. The qualitative and quantitative experimental analyses demonstrate the efficacy of our models.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-macro,
    title = "Macro Grammars and Holistic Triggering for Efficient Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Zhang, Yuchen  and
      Pasupat, Panupong  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1125",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1125",
    pages = "1214--1223",
    abstract = "To learn a semantic parser from denotations, a learning algorithm must search over a combinatorially large space of logical forms for ones consistent with the annotated denotations. We propose a new online learning algorithm that searches faster as training progresses. The two key ideas are using macro grammars to cache the abstract patterns of useful logical forms found thus far, and holistic triggering to efficiently retrieve the most relevant patterns based on sentence similarity. On the WikiTableQuestions dataset, we first expand the search space of an existing model to improve the state-of-the-art accuracy from 38.7{\%} to 42.7{\%}, and then use macro grammars and holistic triggering to achieve an 11x speedup and an accuracy of 43.7{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{lan-etal-2017-continuously,
    title = "A Continuously Growing Dataset of Sentential Paraphrases",
    author = "Lan, Wuwei  and
      Qiu, Siyu  and
      He, Hua  and
      Xu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1126",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1126",
    pages = "1224--1234",
    abstract = "A major challenge in paraphrase research is the lack of parallel corpora. In this paper, we present a new method to collect large-scale sentential paraphrases from Twitter by linking tweets through shared URLs. The main advantage of our method is its simplicity, as it gets rid of the classifier or human in the loop needed to select data before annotation and subsequent application of paraphrase identification algorithms in the previous work. We present the largest human-labeled paraphrase corpus to date of 51,524 sentence pairs and the first cross-domain benchmarking for automatic paraphrase identification. In addition, we show that more than 30,000 new sentential paraphrases can be easily and continuously captured every month at {\textasciitilde}70{\%} precision, and demonstrate their utility for downstream NLP tasks through phrasal paraphrase extraction. We make our code and data freely available.",
}
@inproceedings{su-yan-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-domain Semantic Parsing via Paraphrasing",
    author = "Su, Yu  and
      Yan, Xifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1127",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1127",
    pages = "1235--1246",
    abstract = "Existing studies on semantic parsing mainly focus on the in-domain setting. We formulate cross-domain semantic parsing as a domain adaptation problem: train a semantic parser on some source domains and then adapt it to the target domain. Due to the diversity of logical forms in different domains, this problem presents unique and intriguing challenges. By converting logical forms into canonical utterances in natural language, we reduce semantic parsing to paraphrasing, and develop an attentive sequence-to-sequence paraphrase model that is general and flexible to adapt to different domains. We discover two problems, small micro variance and large macro variance, of pre-trained word embeddings that hinder their direct use in neural networks, and propose standardization techniques as a remedy. On the popular Overnight dataset, which contains eight domains, we show that both cross-domain training and standardized pre-trained word embeddings can bring significant improvement.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-mitchell-2017-joint,
    title = "A Joint Sequential and Relational Model for Frame-Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Yang, Bishan  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1128",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1128",
    pages = "1247--1256",
    abstract = "We introduce a new method for frame-semantic parsing that significantly improves the prior state of the art. Our model leverages the advantages of a deep bidirectional LSTM network which predicts semantic role labels word by word and a relational network which predicts semantic roles for individual text expressions in relation to a predicate. The two networks are integrated into a single model via knowledge distillation, and a unified graphical model is employed to jointly decode frames and semantic roles during inference. Experiments on the standard FrameNet data show that our model significantly outperforms existing neural and non-neural approaches, achieving a 5.7 F1 gain over the current state of the art, for full frame structure extraction.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-xue-2017-getting,
    title = "Getting the Most out of {AMR} Parsing",
    author = "Wang, Chuan  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1129",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1129",
    pages = "1257--1268",
    abstract = "This paper proposes to tackle the AMR parsing bottleneck by improving two components of an AMR parser: concept identification and alignment. We first build a Bidirectional LSTM based concept identifier that is able to incorporate richer contextual information to learn sparse AMR concept labels. We then extend an HMM-based word-to-concept alignment model with graph distance distortion and a rescoring method during decoding to incorporate the structural information in the AMR graph. We show integrating the two components into an existing AMR parser results in consistently better performance over the state of the art on various datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{ballesteros-al-onaizan-2017-amr,
    title = "{AMR} Parsing using Stack-{LSTM}s",
    author = "Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Al-Onaizan, Yaser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1130",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1130",
    pages = "1269--1275",
    abstract = "We present a transition-based AMR parser that directly generates AMR parses from plain text. We use Stack-LSTMs to represent our parser state and make decisions greedily. In our experiments, we show that our parser achieves very competitive scores on English using only AMR training data. Adding additional information, such as POS tags and dependency trees, improves the results further.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2017-end,
    title = "An End-to-End Deep Framework for Answer Triggering with a Novel Group-Level Objective",
    author = "Zhao, Jie  and
      Su, Yu  and
      Guan, Ziyu  and
      Sun, Huan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1131",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1131",
    pages = "1276--1282",
    abstract = "Given a question and a set of answer candidates, answer triggering determines whether the candidate set contains any correct answers. If yes, it then outputs a correct one. In contrast to existing pipeline methods which first consider individual candidate answers separately and then make a prediction based on a threshold, we propose an end-to-end deep neural network framework, which is trained by a novel group-level objective function that directly optimizes the answer triggering performance. Our objective function penalizes three potential types of error and allows training the framework in an end-to-end manner. Experimental results on the WikiQA benchmark show that our framework outperforms the state of the arts by a 6.6{\%} absolute gain under F1 measure.",
}
@inproceedings{cattle-ma-2017-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Word Association Strengths",
    author = "Cattle, Andrew  and
      Ma, Xiaojuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1132",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1132",
    pages = "1283--1288",
    abstract = "This paper looks at the task of predicting word association strengths across three datasets; WordNet Evocation (Boyd-Graber et al., 2006), University of Southern Florida Free Association norms (Nelson et al., 2004), and Edinburgh Associative Thesaurus (Kiss et al., 1973). We achieve results of r=0.357 and p=0.379, r=0.344 and p=0.300, and r=0.292 and p=0.363, respectively. We find Word2Vec (Mikolov et al., 2013) and GloVe (Pennington et al., 2014) cosine similarities, as well as vector offsets, to be the highest performing features. Furthermore, we examine the usefulness of Gaussian embeddings (Vilnis and McCallum, 2014) for predicting word association strength, the first work to do so.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-lapata-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Contextually Informed Representations for Linear-Time Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1133",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1133",
    pages = "1289--1298",
    abstract = "Recent advances in RST discourse parsing have focused on two modeling paradigms: (a) high order parsers which jointly predict the tree structure of the discourse and the relations it encodes; or (b) linear-time parsers which are efficient but mostly based on local features. In this work, we propose a linear-time parser with a novel way of representing discourse constituents based on neural networks which takes into account global contextual information and is able to capture long-distance dependencies. Experimental results show that our parser obtains state-of-the art performance on benchmark datasets, while being efficient (with time complexity linear in the number of sentences in the document) and requiring minimal feature engineering.",
}
@inproceedings{lan-etal-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-task Attention-based Neural Networks for Implicit Discourse Relationship Representation and Identification",
    author = "Lan, Man  and
      Wang, Jianxiang  and
      Wu, Yuanbin  and
      Niu, Zheng-Yu  and
      Wang, Haifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1134",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1134",
    pages = "1299--1308",
    abstract = "We present a novel multi-task attention based neural network model to address implicit discourse relationship representation and identification through two types of representation learning, an attention based neural network for learning discourse relationship representation with two arguments and a multi-task framework for learning knowledge from annotated and unannotated corpora. The extensive experiments have been performed on two benchmark corpora (i.e., PDTB and CoNLL-2016 datasets). Experimental results show that our proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art systems on benchmark corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{yin-etal-2017-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Zero Pronoun Resolution with Deep Memory Network",
    author = "Yin, Qingyu  and
      Zhang, Yu  and
      Zhang, Weinan  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1135",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1135",
    pages = "1309--1318",
    abstract = "Existing approaches for Chinese zero pronoun resolution typically utilize only syntactical and lexical features while ignoring semantic information. The fundamental reason is that zero pronouns have no descriptive information, which brings difficulty in explicitly capturing their semantic similarities with antecedents. Meanwhile, representing zero pronouns is challenging since they are merely gaps that convey no actual content. In this paper, we address this issue by building a deep memory network that is capable of encoding zero pronouns into vector representations with information obtained from their contexts and potential antecedents. Consequently, our resolver takes advantage of semantic information by using these continuous distributed representations. Experiments on the OntoNotes 5.0 dataset show that the proposed memory network could substantially outperform the state-of-the-art systems in various experimental settings.",
}
@inproceedings{morey-etal-2017-much,
    title = "How much progress have we made on {RST} discourse parsing? A replication study of recent results on the {RST}-{DT}",
    author = "Morey, Mathieu  and
      Muller, Philippe  and
      Asher, Nicholas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1136",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1136",
    pages = "1319--1324",
    abstract = "This article evaluates purported progress over the past years in RST discourse parsing. Several studies report a relative error reduction of 24 to 51{\%} on all metrics that authors attribute to the introduction of distributed representations of discourse units. We replicate the standard evaluation of 9 parsers, 5 of which use distributed representations, from 8 studies published between 2013 and 2017, using their predictions on the test set of the RST-DT. Our main finding is that most recently reported increases in RST discourse parser performance are an artefact of differences in implementations of the evaluation procedure. We evaluate all these parsers with the standard Parseval procedure to provide a more accurate picture of the actual RST discourse parsers performance in standard evaluation settings. Under this more stringent procedure, the gains attributable to distributed representations represent at most a 16{\%} relative error reduction on fully-labelled structures.",
}
@inproceedings{loaiciga-etal-2017-disambiguating,
    title = "What is it? Disambiguating the different readings of the pronoun {`}it{'}",
    author = "Lo{\'a}iciga, Sharid  and
      Guillou, Liane  and
      Hardmeier, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1137",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1137",
    pages = "1325--1331",
    abstract = "In this paper, we address the problem of predicting one of three functions for the English pronoun {`}it{'}: anaphoric, event reference or pleonastic. This disambiguation is valuable in the context of machine translation and coreference resolution. We present experiments using a MAXENT classifier trained on gold-standard data and self-training experiments of an RNN trained on silver-standard data, annotated using the MAXENT classifier. Lastly, we report on an analysis of the strengths of these two models.",
}
@inproceedings{heinzerling-etal-2017-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting Selectional Preferences for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Heinzerling, Benjamin  and
      Moosavi, Nafise Sadat  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1138",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1138",
    pages = "1332--1339",
    abstract = "Selectional preferences have long been claimed to be essential for coreference resolution. However, they are modeled only implicitly by current coreference resolvers. We propose a dependency-based embedding model of selectional preferences which allows fine-grained compatibility judgments with high coverage. Incorporating our model improves performance, matching state-of-the-art results of a more complex system. However, it comes with a cost that makes it debatable how worthwhile are such improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to Rank Semantic Coherence for Topic Segmentation",
    author = "Wang, Liang  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Lv, Yajuan  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1139",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1139",
    pages = "1340--1344",
    abstract = "Topic segmentation plays an important role for discourse parsing and information retrieval. Due to the absence of training data, previous work mainly adopts unsupervised methods to rank semantic coherence between paragraphs for topic segmentation. In this paper, we present an intuitive and simple idea to automatically create a {``}quasi{''} training dataset, which includes a large amount of text pairs from the same or different documents with different semantic coherence. With the training corpus, we design a symmetric CNN neural network to model text pairs and rank the semantic coherence within the learning to rank framework. Experiments show that our algorithm is able to achieve competitive performance over strong baselines on several real-world datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{shnarch-etal-2017-grasp,
    title = "{GRASP}: Rich Patterns for Argumentation Mining",
    author = "Shnarch, Eyal  and
      Levy, Ran  and
      Raykar, Vikas  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1140",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1140",
    pages = "1345--1350",
    abstract = "GRASP (GReedy Augmented Sequential Patterns) is an algorithm for automatically extracting patterns that characterize subtle linguistic phenomena. To that end, GRASP augments each term of input text with multiple layers of linguistic information. These different facets of the text terms are systematically combined to reveal rich patterns. We report highly promising experimental results in several challenging text analysis tasks within the field of Argumentation Mining. We believe that GRASP is general enough to be useful for other domains too. For example, each of the following sentences includes a claim for a [topic]: 1. Opponents often argue that the open primary is unconstitutional. [Open Primaries] 2. Prof. Smith suggested that affirmative action devalues the accomplishments of the chosen. [Affirmative Action] 3. The majority stated that the First Amendment does not guarantee the right to offend others. [Freedom of Speech] These sentences share almost no words in common, however, they are similar at a more abstract level. A human observer may notice the following underlying common structure, or pattern: [someone][argue/suggest/state][that][topic term][sentiment term]. GRASP aims to automatically capture such underlying structures of the given data. For the above examples it finds the pattern [noun][express][that][noun,topic][sentiment], where [express] stands for all its (in)direct hyponyms, and [noun,topic] means a noun which is also related to the topic.",
}
@inproceedings{al-khatib-etal-2017-patterns,
    title = "Patterns of Argumentation Strategies across Topics",
    author = "Al-Khatib, Khalid  and
      Wachsmuth, Henning  and
      Hagen, Matthias  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1141",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1141",
    pages = "1351--1357",
    abstract = "This paper presents an analysis of argumentation strategies in news editorials within and across topics. Given nearly 29,000 argumentative editorials from the New York Times, we develop two machine learning models, one for determining an editorial{'}s topic, and one for identifying evidence types in the editorial. Based on the distribution and structure of the identified types, we analyze the usage patterns of argumentation strategies among 12 different topics. We detect several common patterns that provide insights into the manifestation of argumentation strategies. Also, our experiments reveal clear correlations between the topics and the detected patterns.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2017-using,
    title = "Using Argument-based Features to Predict and Analyse Review Helpfulness",
    author = "Liu, Haijing  and
      Gao, Yang  and
      Lv, Pin  and
      Li, Mengxue  and
      Geng, Shiqiang  and
      Li, Minglan  and
      Wang, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1142",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1142",
    pages = "1358--1363",
    abstract = "We study the helpful product reviews identification problem in this paper. We observe that the evidence-conclusion discourse relations, also known as arguments, often appear in product reviews, and we hypothesise that some argument-based features, e.g. the percentage of argumentative sentences, the evidences-conclusions ratios, are good indicators of helpful reviews. To validate this hypothesis, we manually annotate arguments in 110 hotel reviews, and investigate the effectiveness of several combinations of argument-based features. Experiments suggest that, when being used together with the argument-based features, the state-of-the-art baseline features can enjoy a performance boost (in terms of F1) of 11.01{\%} in average.",
}
@inproceedings{potash-etal-2017-heres,
    title = "Here{'}s My Point: Joint Pointer Architecture for Argument Mining",
    author = "Potash, Peter  and
      Romanov, Alexey  and
      Rumshisky, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1143",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1143",
    pages = "1364--1373",
    abstract = "In order to determine argument structure in text, one must understand how individual components of the overall argument are linked. This work presents the first neural network-based approach to link extraction in argument mining. Specifically, we propose a novel architecture that applies Pointer Network sequence-to-sequence attention modeling to structural prediction in discourse parsing tasks. We then develop a joint model that extends this architecture to simultaneously address the link extraction task and the classification of argument components. The proposed joint model achieves state-of-the-art results on two separate evaluation corpora, showing far superior performance than the previously proposed corpus-specific and heavily feature-engineered models. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that jointly optimizing for both tasks is crucial for high performance.",
}
@inproceedings{cocarascu-toni-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying attack and support argumentative relations using deep learning",
    author = "Cocarascu, Oana  and
      Toni, Francesca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1144",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1144",
    pages = "1374--1379",
    abstract = "We propose a deep learning architecture to capture argumentative relations of attack and support from one piece of text to another, of the kind that naturally occur in a debate. The architecture uses two (unidirectional or bidirectional) Long Short-Term Memory networks and (trained or non-trained) word embeddings, and allows to considerably improve upon existing techniques that use syntactic features and supervised classifiers for the same form of (relation-based) argument mining.",
}
@inproceedings{sperber-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Lattice-to-Sequence Models for Uncertain Inputs",
    author = "Sperber, Matthias  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1145",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1145",
    pages = "1380--1389",
    abstract = "The input to a neural sequence-to-sequence model is often determined by an up-stream system, e.g. a word segmenter, part of speech tagger, or speech recognizer. These up-stream models are potentially error-prone. Representing inputs through word lattices allows making this uncertainty explicit by capturing alternative sequences and their posterior probabilities in a compact form. In this work, we extend the TreeLSTM (Tai et al., 2015) into a LatticeLSTM that is able to consume word lattices, and can be used as encoder in an attentional encoder-decoder model. We integrate lattice posterior scores into this architecture by extending the TreeLSTM{'}s child-sum and forget gates and introducing a bias term into the attention mechanism. We experiment with speech translation lattices and report consistent improvements over baselines that translate either the 1-best hypothesis or the lattice without posterior scores.",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2017-memory,
    title = "Memory-augmented Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Feng, Yang  and
      Zhang, Shiyue  and
      Zhang, Andi  and
      Wang, Dong  and
      Abel, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1146",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1146",
    pages = "1390--1399",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation (NMT) has achieved notable success in recent times, however it is also widely recognized that this approach has limitations with handling infrequent words and word pairs. This paper presents a novel memory-augmented NMT (M-NMT) architecture, which stores knowledge about how words (usually infrequently encountered ones) should be translated in a memory and then utilizes them to assist the neural model. We use this memory mechanism to combine the knowledge learned from a conventional statistical machine translation system and the rules learned by an NMT system, and also propose a solution for out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words based on this framework. Our experiments on two Chinese-English translation tasks demonstrated that the M-NMT architecture outperformed the NMT baseline by 9.0 and 2.7 BLEU points on the two tasks, respectively. Additionally, we found this architecture resulted in a much more effective OOV treatment compared to competitive methods.",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-wees-etal-2017-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Data Selection for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "van der Wees, Marlies  and
      Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1147",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1147",
    pages = "1400--1410",
    abstract = "Intelligent selection of training data has proven a successful technique to simultaneously increase training efficiency and translation performance for phrase-based machine translation (PBMT). With the recent increase in popularity of neural machine translation (NMT), we explore in this paper to what extent and how NMT can also benefit from data selection. While state-of-the-art data selection (Axelrod et al., 2011) consistently performs well for PBMT, we show that gains are substantially lower for NMT. Next, we introduce {`}dynamic data selection{'} for NMT, a method in which we vary the selected subset of training data between different training epochs. Our experiments show that the best results are achieved when applying a technique we call {`}gradual fine-tuning{'}, with improvements up to +2.6 BLEU over the original data selection approach and up to +3.1 BLEU over a general baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{dahlmann-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation Leveraging Phrase-based Models in a Hybrid Search",
    author = "Dahlmann, Leonard  and
      Matusov, Evgeny  and
      Petrushkov, Pavel  and
      Khadivi, Shahram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1148",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1148",
    pages = "1411--1420",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce a hybrid search for attention-based neural machine translation (NMT). A target phrase learned with statistical MT models extends a hypothesis in the NMT beam search when the attention of the NMT model focuses on the source words translated by this phrase. Phrases added in this way are scored with the NMT model, but also with SMT features including phrase-level translation probabilities and a target language model. Experimental results on German-to-English news domain and English-to-Russian e-commerce domain translation tasks show that using phrase-based models in NMT search improves MT quality by up to 2.3{\%} BLEU absolute as compared to a strong NMT baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-translating,
    title = "Translating Phrases in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Xing  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Xiong, Deyi  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1149",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1149",
    pages = "1421--1431",
    abstract = "Phrases play an important role in natural language understanding and machine translation (Sag et al., 2002; Villavicencio et al., 2005). However, it is difficult to integrate them into current neural machine translation (NMT) which reads and generates sentences word by word. In this work, we propose a method to translate phrases in NMT by integrating a phrase memory storing target phrases from a phrase-based statistical machine translation (SMT) system into the encoder-decoder architecture of NMT. At each decoding step, the phrase memory is first re-written by the SMT model, which dynamically generates relevant target phrases with contextual information provided by the NMT model. Then the proposed model reads the phrase memory to make probability estimations for all phrases in the phrase memory. If phrase generation is carried on, the NMT decoder selects an appropriate phrase from the memory to perform phrase translation and updates its decoding state by consuming the words in the selected phrase. Otherwise, the NMT decoder generates a word from the vocabulary as the general NMT decoder does. Experiment results on the Chinese to English translation show that the proposed model achieves significant improvements over the baseline on various test sets.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Bidirectional Hierarchical Representations for Attention-based Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Yang, Baosong  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Xiao, Tong  and
      Chao, Lidia S.  and
      Zhu, Jingbo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1150",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1150",
    pages = "1432--1441",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a hierarchical attentional neural translation model which focuses on enhancing source-side hierarchical representations by covering both local and global semantic information using a bidirectional tree-based encoder. To maximize the predictive likelihood of target words, a weighted variant of an attention mechanism is used to balance the attentive information between lexical and phrase vectors. Using a tree-based rare word encoding, the proposed model is extended to sub-word level to alleviate the out-of-vocabulary (OOV) problem. Empirical results reveal that the proposed model significantly outperforms sequence-to-sequence attention-based and tree-based neural translation models in English-Chinese translation tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{britz-etal-2017-massive,
    title = "Massive Exploration of Neural Machine Translation Architectures",
    author = "Britz, Denny  and
      Goldie, Anna  and
      Luong, Minh-Thang  and
      Le, Quoc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1151",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1151",
    pages = "1442--1451",
    abstract = "Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has shown remarkable progress over the past few years, with production systems now being deployed to end-users. As the field is moving rapidly, it has become unclear which elements of NMT architectures have a significant impact on translation quality. In this work, we present a large-scale analysis of the sensitivity of NMT architectures to common hyperparameters. We report empirical results and variance numbers for several hundred experimental runs, corresponding to over 250,000 GPU hours on a WMT English to German translation task. Our experiments provide practical insights into the relative importance of factors such as embedding size, network depth, RNN cell type, residual connections, attention mechanism, and decoding heuristics. As part of this contribution, we also release an open-source NMT framework in TensorFlow to make it easy for others to reproduce our results and perform their own experiments.",
}
@inproceedings{wijaya-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Translations via Matrix Completion",
    author = "Wijaya, Derry Tanti  and
      Callahan, Brendan  and
      Hewitt, John  and
      Gao, Jie  and
      Ling, Xiao  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1152",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1152",
    pages = "1452--1463",
    abstract = "Bilingual Lexicon Induction is the task of learning word translations without bilingual parallel corpora. We model this task as a matrix completion problem, and present an effective and extendable framework for completing the matrix. This method harnesses diverse bilingual and monolingual signals, each of which may be incomplete or noisy. Our model achieves state-of-the-art performance for both high and low resource languages.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2017-reinforcement,
    title = "Reinforcement Learning for Bandit Neural Machine Translation with Simulated Human Feedback",
    author = "Nguyen, Khanh  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1153",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1153",
    pages = "1464--1474",
    abstract = "Machine translation is a natural candidate problem for reinforcement learning from human feedback: users provide quick, dirty ratings on candidate translations to guide a system to improve. Yet, current neural machine translation training focuses on expensive human-generated reference translations. We describe a reinforcement learning algorithm that improves neural machine translation systems from simulated human feedback. Our algorithm combines the advantage actor-critic algorithm (Mnih et al., 2016) with the attention-based neural encoder-decoder architecture (Luong et al., 2015). This algorithm (a) is well-designed for problems with a large action space and delayed rewards, (b) effectively optimizes traditional corpus-level machine translation metrics, and (c) is robust to skewed, high-variance, granular feedback modeled after actual human behaviors.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Compact and Fast Neural Machine Translation Using a Combined Method",
    author = "Zhang, Xiaowei  and
      Chen, Wei  and
      Wang, Feng  and
      Xu, Shuang  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1154",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1154",
    pages = "1475--1481",
    abstract = "Neural Machine Translation (NMT) lays intensive burden on computation and memory cost. It is a challenge to deploy NMT models on the devices with limited computation and memory budgets. This paper presents a four stage pipeline to compress model and speed up the decoding for NMT. Our method first introduces a compact architecture based on convolutional encoder and weight shared embeddings. Then weight pruning is applied to obtain a sparse model. Next, we propose a fast sequence interpolation approach which enables the greedy decoding to achieve performance on par with the beam search. Hence, the time-consuming beam search can be replaced by simple greedy decoding. Finally, vocabulary selection is used to reduce the computation of softmax layer. Our final model achieves 10 times speedup, 17 times parameters reduction, less than 35MB storage size and comparable performance compared to the baseline model.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-instance,
    title = "Instance Weighting for Neural Machine Translation Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Liu, Lemao  and
      Chen, Kehai  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1155",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1155",
    pages = "1482--1488",
    abstract = "Instance weighting has been widely applied to phrase-based machine translation domain adaptation. However, it is challenging to be applied to Neural Machine Translation (NMT) directly, because NMT is not a linear model. In this paper, two instance weighting technologies, i.e., sentence weighting and domain weighting with a dynamic weight learning strategy, are proposed for NMT domain adaptation. Empirical results on the IWSLT English-German/French tasks show that the proposed methods can substantially improve NMT performance by up to 2.7-6.7 BLEU points, outperforming the existing baselines by up to 1.6-3.6 BLEU points.",
}
@inproceedings{miceli-barone-etal-2017-regularization,
    title = "Regularization techniques for fine-tuning in neural machine translation",
    author = "Miceli Barone, Antonio Valerio  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Germann, Ulrich  and
      Sennrich, Rico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1156",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1156",
    pages = "1489--1494",
    abstract = "We investigate techniques for supervised domain adaptation for neural machine translation where an existing model trained on a large out-of-domain dataset is adapted to a small in-domain dataset. In this scenario, overfitting is a major challenge. We investigate a number of techniques to reduce overfitting and improve transfer learning, including regularization techniques such as dropout and L2-regularization towards an out-of-domain prior. In addition, we introduce tuneout, a novel regularization technique inspired by dropout. We apply these techniques, alone and in combination, to neural machine translation, obtaining improvements on IWSLT datasets for English→German and English→Russian. We also investigate the amounts of in-domain training data needed for domain adaptation in NMT, and find a logarithmic relationship between the amount of training data and gain in BLEU score.",
}
@inproceedings{chang-collins-2017-source,
    title = "Source-Side Left-to-Right or Target-Side Left-to-Right? An Empirical Comparison of Two Phrase-Based Decoding Algorithms",
    author = "Chang, Yin-Wen  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1157",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1157",
    pages = "1495--1499",
    abstract = "This paper describes an empirical study of the phrase-based decoding algorithm proposed by Chang and Collins (2017). The algorithm produces a translation by processing the source-language sentence in strictly left-to-right order, differing from commonly used approaches that build the target-language sentence in left-to-right order. Our results show that the new algorithm is competitive with Moses (Koehn et al., 2007) in terms of both speed and BLEU scores.",
}
@inproceedings{domhan-hieber-2017-using,
    title = "Using Target-side Monolingual Data for Neural Machine Translation through Multi-task Learning",
    author = "Domhan, Tobias  and
      Hieber, Felix",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1158",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1158",
    pages = "1500--1505",
    abstract = "The performance of Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models relies heavily on the availability of sufficient amounts of parallel data, and an efficient and effective way of leveraging the vastly available amounts of monolingual data has yet to be found. We propose to modify the decoder in a neural sequence-to-sequence model to enable multi-task learning for two strongly related tasks: target-side language modeling and translation. The decoder predicts the next target word through two channels, a target-side language model on the lowest layer, and an attentional recurrent model which is conditioned on the source representation. This architecture allows joint training on both large amounts of monolingual and moderate amounts of bilingual data to improve NMT performance. Initial results in the news domain for three language pairs show moderate but consistent improvements over a baseline trained on bilingual data only.",
}
@inproceedings{marcheggiani-titov-2017-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Sentences with Graph Convolutional Networks for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Marcheggiani, Diego  and
      Titov, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1159",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1159",
    pages = "1506--1515",
    abstract = "Semantic role labeling (SRL) is the task of identifying the predicate-argument structure of a sentence. It is typically regarded as an important step in the standard NLP pipeline. As the semantic representations are closely related to syntactic ones, we exploit syntactic information in our model. We propose a version of graph convolutional networks (GCNs), a recent class of neural networks operating on graphs, suited to model syntactic dependency graphs. GCNs over syntactic dependency trees are used as sentence encoders, producing latent feature representations of words in a sentence. We observe that GCN layers are complementary to LSTM ones: when we stack both GCN and LSTM layers, we obtain a substantial improvement over an already state-of-the-art LSTM SRL model, resulting in the best reported scores on the standard benchmark (CoNLL-2009) both for Chinese and English.",
}
@inproceedings{krishnamurthy-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Semantic Parsing with Type Constraints for Semi-Structured Tables",
    author = "Krishnamurthy, Jayant  and
      Dasigi, Pradeep  and
      Gardner, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1160",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1160",
    pages = "1516--1526",
    abstract = "We present a new semantic parsing model for answering compositional questions on semi-structured Wikipedia tables. Our parser is an encoder-decoder neural network with two key technical innovations: (1) a grammar for the decoder that only generates well-typed logical forms; and (2) an entity embedding and linking module that identifies entity mentions while generalizing across tables. We also introduce a novel method for training our neural model with question-answer supervision. On the WikiTableQuestions data set, our parser achieves a state-of-the-art accuracy of 43.3{\%} for a single model and 45.9{\%} for a 5-model ensemble, improving on the best prior score of 38.7{\%} set by a 15-model ensemble. These results suggest that type constraints and entity linking are valuable components to incorporate in neural semantic parsers.",
}
@inproceedings{srivastava-etal-2017-joint,
    title = "Joint Concept Learning and Semantic Parsing from Natural Language Explanations",
    author = "Srivastava, Shashank  and
      Labutov, Igor  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1161",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1161",
    pages = "1527--1536",
    abstract = "Natural language constitutes a predominant medium for much of human learning and pedagogy. We consider the problem of concept learning from natural language explanations, and a small number of labeled examples of the concept. For example, in learning the concept of a phishing email, one might say {`}this is a phishing email because it asks for your bank account number{'}. Solving this problem involves both learning to interpret open ended natural language statements, and learning the concept itself. We present a joint model for (1) language interpretation (semantic parsing) and (2) concept learning (classification) that does not require labeling statements with logical forms. Instead, the model prefers discriminative interpretations of statements in context of observable features of the data as a weak signal for parsing. On a dataset of email-related concepts, our approach yields across-the-board improvements in classification performance, with a 30{\%} relative improvement in F1 score over competitive methods in the low data regime.",
}
@inproceedings{rei-etal-2017-grasping,
    title = "Grasping the Finer Point: A Supervised Similarity Network for Metaphor Detection",
    author = "Rei, Marek  and
      Bulat, Luana  and
      Kiela, Douwe  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1162",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1162",
    pages = "1537--1546",
    abstract = "The ubiquity of metaphor in our everyday communication makes it an important problem for natural language understanding. Yet, the majority of metaphor processing systems to date rely on hand-engineered features and there is still no consensus in the field as to which features are optimal for this task. In this paper, we present the first deep learning architecture designed to capture metaphorical composition. Our results demonstrate that it outperforms the existing approaches in the metaphor identification task.",
}
@inproceedings{keith-etal-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying civilians killed by police with distantly supervised entity-event extraction",
    author = "Keith, Katherine  and
      Handler, Abram  and
      Pinkham, Michael  and
      Magliozzi, Cara  and
      McDuffie, Joshua  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1163",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1163",
    pages = "1547--1557",
    abstract = "We propose a new, socially-impactful task for natural language processing: from a news corpus, extract names of persons who have been killed by police. We present a newly collected police fatality corpus, which we release publicly, and present a model to solve this problem that uses EM-based distant supervision with logistic regression and convolutional neural network classifiers. Our model outperforms two off-the-shelf event extractor systems, and it can suggest candidate victim names in some cases faster than one of the major manually-collected police fatality databases.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-asking,
    title = "Asking too much? The rhetorical role of questions in political discourse",
    author = "Zhang, Justine  and
      Spirling, Arthur  and
      Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1164",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1164",
    pages = "1558--1572",
    abstract = "Questions play a prominent role in social interactions, performing rhetorical functions that go beyond that of simple informational exchange. The surface form of a question can signal the intention and background of the person asking it, as well as the nature of their relation with the interlocutor. While the informational nature of questions has been extensively examined in the context of question-answering applications, their rhetorical aspects have been largely understudied. In this work we introduce an unsupervised methodology for extracting surface motifs that recur in questions, and for grouping them according to their latent rhetorical role. By applying this framework to the setting of question sessions in the UK parliament, we show that the resulting typology encodes key aspects of the political discourse{---}such as the bifurcation in questioning behavior between government and opposition parties{---}and reveals new insights into the effects of a legislator{'}s tenure and political career ambitions.",
}
@inproceedings{vilares-he-2017-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Perspectives in Political Debates",
    author = "Vilares, David  and
      He, Yulan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1165",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1165",
    pages = "1573--1582",
    abstract = "We explore how to detect people{'}s perspectives that occupy a certain proposition. We propose a Bayesian modelling approach where topics (or propositions) and their associated perspectives (or viewpoints) are modeled as latent variables. Words associated with topics or perspectives follow different generative routes. Based on the extracted perspectives, we can extract the top associated sentences from text to generate a succinct summary which allows a quick glimpse of the main viewpoints in a document. The model is evaluated on debates from the House of Commons of the UK Parliament, revealing perspectives from the debates without the use of labelled data and obtaining better results than previous related solutions under a variety of evaluations.",
}
@inproceedings{swamy-etal-2017-feeling,
    title = "{``}i have a feeling trump will win..................{''}: Forecasting Winners and Losers from User Predictions on Twitter",
    author = "Swamy, Sandesh  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1166",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1166",
    pages = "1583--1592",
    abstract = "Social media users often make explicit predictions about upcoming events. Such statements vary in the degree of certainty the author expresses toward the outcome: {``}Leonardo DiCaprio will win Best Actor{''} vs. {``}Leonardo DiCaprio may win{''} or {``}No way Leonardo wins!{''}. Can popular beliefs on social media predict who will win? To answer this question, we build a corpus of tweets annotated for veridicality on which we train a log-linear classifier that detects positive veridicality with high precision. We then forecast uncertain outcomes using the wisdom of crowds, by aggregating users{'} explicit predictions. Our method for forecasting winners is fully automated, relying only on a set of contenders as input. It requires no training data of past outcomes and outperforms sentiment and tweet volume baselines on a broad range of contest prediction tasks. We further demonstrate how our approach can be used to measure the reliability of individual accounts{'} predictions and retrospectively identify surprise outcomes.",
}
@inproceedings{gui-etal-2017-question,
    title = "A Question Answering Approach for Emotion Cause Extraction",
    author = "Gui, Lin  and
      Hu, Jiannan  and
      He, Yulan  and
      Xu, Ruifeng  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Du, Jiachen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1167",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1167",
    pages = "1593--1602",
    abstract = "Emotion cause extraction aims to identify the reasons behind a certain emotion expressed in text. It is a much more difficult task compared to emotion classification. Inspired by recent advances in using deep memory networks for question answering (QA), we propose a new approach which considers emotion cause identification as a reading comprehension task in QA. Inspired by convolutional neural networks, we propose a new mechanism to store relevant context in different memory slots to model context information. Our proposed approach can extract both word level sequence features and lexical features. Performance evaluation shows that our method achieves the state-of-the-art performance on a recently released emotion cause dataset, outperforming a number of competitive baselines by at least 3.01{\%} in F-measure.",
}
@inproceedings{chaturvedi-etal-2017-story,
    title = "Story Comprehension for Predicting What Happens Next",
    author = "Chaturvedi, Snigdha  and
      Peng, Haoruo  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1168",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1168",
    pages = "1603--1614",
    abstract = "Automatic story comprehension is a fundamental challenge in Natural Language Understanding, and can enable computers to learn about social norms, human behavior and commonsense. In this paper, we present a story comprehension model that explores three distinct semantic aspects: (i) the sequence of events described in the story, (ii) its emotional trajectory, and (iii) its plot consistency. We judge the model{'}s understanding of real-world stories by inquiring if, like humans, it can develop an expectation of what will happen next in a given story. Specifically, we use it to predict the correct ending of a given short story from possible alternatives. The model uses a hidden variable to weigh the semantic aspects in the context of the story. Our experiments demonstrate the potential of our approach to characterize these semantic aspects, and the strength of the hidden variable based approach. The model outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches and achieves best results on a publicly available dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{felbo-etal-2017-using,
    title = "Using millions of emoji occurrences to learn any-domain representations for detecting sentiment, emotion and sarcasm",
    author = "Felbo, Bjarke  and
      Mislove, Alan  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      Rahwan, Iyad  and
      Lehmann, Sune",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1169",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1169",
    pages = "1615--1625",
    abstract = "NLP tasks are often limited by scarcity of manually annotated data. In social media sentiment analysis and related tasks, researchers have therefore used binarized emoticons and specific hashtags as forms of distant supervision. Our paper shows that by extending the distant supervision to a more diverse set of noisy labels, the models can learn richer representations. Through emoji prediction on a dataset of 1246 million tweets containing one of 64 common emojis we obtain state-of-the-art performance on 8 benchmark datasets within emotion, sentiment and sarcasm detection using a single pretrained model. Our analyses confirm that the diversity of our emotional labels yield a performance improvement over previous distant supervision approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-zhang-2017-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Recommendation Using A Neural Model",
    author = "Wang, Zhongqing  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1170",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1170",
    pages = "1626--1637",
    abstract = "We present opinion recommendation, a novel task of jointly generating a review with a rating score that a certain user would give to a certain product which is unreviewed by the user, given existing reviews to the product by other users, and the reviews that the user has given to other products. A characteristic of opinion recommendation is the reliance of multiple data sources for multi-task joint learning. We use a single neural network to model users and products, generating customised product representations using a deep memory network, from which customised ratings and reviews are constructed jointly. Results show that our opinion recommendation system gives ratings that are closer to real user ratings on Yelp.com data compared with Yelp{'}s own ratings. our methods give better results compared to several pipelines baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2017-crf,
    title = "{CRF} Autoencoder for Unsupervised Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Cai, Jiong  and
      Jiang, Yong  and
      Tu, Kewei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1171",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1171",
    pages = "1638--1643",
    abstract = "Unsupervised dependency parsing, which tries to discover linguistic dependency structures from unannotated data, is a very challenging task. Almost all previous work on this task focuses on learning generative models. In this paper, we develop an unsupervised dependency parsing model based on the CRF autoencoder. The encoder part of our model is discriminative and globally normalized which allows us to use rich features as well as universal linguistic priors. We propose an exact algorithm for parsing as well as a tractable learning algorithm. We evaluated the performance of our model on eight multilingual treebanks and found that our model achieved comparable performance with state-of-the-art approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{corro-etal-2017-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Discontinuous Phrase-Structure Parsing via the Generalized Maximum Spanning Arborescence",
    author = "Corro, Caio  and
      Le Roux, Joseph  and
      Lacroix, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1172",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1172",
    pages = "1644--1654",
    abstract = "We present a new method for the joint task of tagging and non-projective dependency parsing. We demonstrate its usefulness with an application to discontinuous phrase-structure parsing where decoding lexicalized spines and syntactic derivations is performed jointly. The main contributions of this paper are (1) a reduction from joint tagging and non-projective dependency parsing to the Generalized Maximum Spanning Arborescence problem, and (2) a novel decoding algorithm for this problem through Lagrangian relaxation. We evaluate this model and obtain state-of-the-art results despite strong independence assumptions.",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-2017-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Graph-based Neural Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Zheng, Xiaoqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1173",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1173",
    pages = "1655--1665",
    abstract = "Very recently, some studies on neural dependency parsers have shown advantage over the traditional ones on a wide variety of languages. However, for graph-based neural dependency parsing systems, they either count on the long-term memory and attention mechanism to implicitly capture the high-order features or give up the global exhaustive inference algorithms in order to harness the features over a rich history of parsing decisions. The former might miss out the important features for specific headword predictions without the help of the explicit structural information, and the latter may suffer from the error propagation as false early structural constraints are used to create features when making future predictions. We explore the feasibility of explicitly taking high-order features into account while remaining the main advantage of global inference and learning for graph-based parsing. The proposed parser first forms an initial parse tree by head-modifier predictions based on the first-order factorization. High-order features (such as grandparent, sibling, and uncle) then can be defined over the initial tree, and used to refine the parse tree in an iterative fashion. Experimental results showed that our model (called INDP) archived competitive performance to existing benchmark parsers on both English and Chinese datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{stanojevic-g-alhama-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Discontinuous Constituency Parsing",
    author = "Stanojevi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      G. Alhama, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1174",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1174",
    pages = "1666--1676",
    abstract = "One of the most pressing issues in discontinuous constituency transition-based parsing is that the relevant information for parsing decisions could be located in any part of the stack or the buffer. In this paper, we propose a solution to this problem by replacing the structured perceptron model with a recursive neural model that computes a global representation of the configuration, therefore allowing even the most remote parts of the configuration to influence the parsing decisions. We also provide a detailed analysis of how this representation should be built out of sub-representations of its core elements (words, trees and stack). Additionally, we investigate how different types of swap oracles influence the results. Our model is the first neural discontinuous constituency parser, and it outperforms all the previously published models on three out of four datasets while on the fourth it obtains second place by a tiny difference.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-stack,
    title = "Stack-based Multi-layer Attention for Transition-based Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Zhang, Zhirui  and
      Liu, Shujie  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Chen, Enhong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1175",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1175",
    pages = "1677--1682",
    abstract = "Although sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) network has achieved significant success in many NLP tasks such as machine translation and text summarization, simply applying this approach to transition-based dependency parsing cannot yield a comparable performance gain as in other state-of-the-art methods, such as stack-LSTM and head selection. In this paper, we propose a stack-based multi-layer attention model for seq2seq learning to better leverage structural linguistics information. In our method, two binary vectors are used to track the decoding stack in transition-based parsing, and multi-layer attention is introduced to capture multiple word dependencies in partial trees. We conduct experiments on PTB and CTB datasets, and the results show that our proposed model achieves state-of-the-art accuracy and significant improvement in labeled precision with respect to the baseline seq2seq model.",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2017-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Grammar Induction with Neural Lexicalization and Big Training Data",
    author = "Han, Wenjuan  and
      Jiang, Yong  and
      Tu, Kewei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1176",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1176",
    pages = "1683--1688",
    abstract = "We study the impact of big models (in terms of the degree of lexicalization) and big data (in terms of the training corpus size) on dependency grammar induction. We experimented with L-DMV, a lexicalized version of Dependency Model with Valence (Klein and Manning, 2004) and L-NDMV, our lexicalized extension of the Neural Dependency Model with Valence (Jiang et al., 2016). We find that L-DMV only benefits from very small degrees of lexicalization and moderate sizes of training corpora. L-NDMV can benefit from big training data and lexicalization of greater degrees, especially when enhanced with good model initialization, and it achieves a result that is competitive with the current state-of-the-art.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2017-combining,
    title = "Combining Generative and Discriminative Approaches to Unsupervised Dependency Parsing via Dual Decomposition",
    author = "Jiang, Yong  and
      Han, Wenjuan  and
      Tu, Kewei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1177",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1177",
    pages = "1689--1694",
    abstract = "Unsupervised dependency parsing aims to learn a dependency parser from unannotated sentences. Existing work focuses on either learning generative models using the expectation-maximization algorithm and its variants, or learning discriminative models using the discriminative clustering algorithm. In this paper, we propose a new learning strategy that learns a generative model and a discriminative model jointly based on the dual decomposition method. Our method is simple and general, yet effective to capture the advantages of both models and improve their learning results. We tested our method on the UD treebank and achieved a state-of-the-art performance on thirty languages.",
}
@inproceedings{stern-etal-2017-effective,
    title = "Effective Inference for Generative Neural Parsing",
    author = "Stern, Mitchell  and
      Fried, Daniel  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1178",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1178",
    pages = "1695--1700",
    abstract = "Generative neural models have recently achieved state-of-the-art results for constituency parsing. However, without a feasible search procedure, their use has so far been limited to reranking the output of external parsers in which decoding is more tractable. We describe an alternative to the conventional action-level beam search used for discriminative neural models that enables us to decode directly in these generative models. We then show that by improving our basic candidate selection strategy and using a coarse pruning function, we can improve accuracy while exploring significantly less of the search space. Applied to the model of Choe and Charniak (2016), our inference procedure obtains 92.56 F1 on section 23 of the Penn Treebank, surpassing prior state-of-the-art results for single-model systems.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Structured Prediction with Neural {CRF} Autoencoder",
    author = "Zhang, Xiao  and
      Jiang, Yong  and
      Peng, Hao  and
      Tu, Kewei  and
      Goldwasser, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1179",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1179",
    pages = "1701--1711",
    abstract = "In this paper we propose an end-to-end neural CRF autoencoder (NCRF-AE) model for semi-supervised learning of sequential structured prediction problems. Our NCRF-AE consists of two parts: an encoder which is a CRF model enhanced by deep neural networks, and a decoder which is a generative model trying to reconstruct the input. Our model has a unified structure with different loss functions for labeled and unlabeled data with shared parameters. We developed a variation of the EM algorithm for optimizing both the encoder and the decoder simultaneously by decoupling their parameters. Our Experimental results over the Part-of-Speech (POS) tagging task on eight different languages, show that our model can outperform competitive systems in both supervised and semi-supervised scenarios.",
}
@inproceedings{kasai-etal-2017-tag,
    title = "{TAG} Parsing with Neural Networks and Vector Representations of Supertags",
    author = "Kasai, Jungo  and
      Frank, Bob  and
      McCoy, Tom  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Nasr, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1180",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1180",
    pages = "1712--1722",
    abstract = "We present supertagging-based models for Tree Adjoining Grammar parsing that use neural network architectures and dense vector representation of supertags (elementary trees) to achieve state-of-the-art performance in unlabeled and labeled attachment scores. The shift-reduce parsing model eschews lexical information entirely, and uses only the 1-best supertags to parse a sentence, providing further support for the claim that supertagging is {``}almost parsing.{''} We demonstrate that the embedding vector representations the parser induces for supertags possess linguistically interpretable structure, supporting analogies between grammatical structures like those familiar from recent work in distributional semantics. This dense representation of supertags overcomes the drawbacks for statistical models of TAG as compared to CCG parsing, raising the possibility that TAG is a viable alternative for NLP tasks that require the assignment of richer structural descriptions to sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{adel-schutze-2017-global,
    title = "Global Normalization of Convolutional Neural Networks for Joint Entity and Relation Classification",
    author = {Adel, Heike  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1181",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1181",
    pages = "1723--1729",
    abstract = "We introduce globally normalized convolutional neural networks for joint entity classification and relation extraction. In particular, we propose a way to utilize a linear-chain conditional random field output layer for predicting entity types and relations between entities at the same time. Our experiments show that global normalization outperforms a locally normalized softmax layer on a benchmark dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-end,
    title = "End-to-End Neural Relation Extraction with Global Optimization",
    author = "Zhang, Meishan  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Fu, Guohong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1182",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1182",
    pages = "1730--1740",
    abstract = "Neural networks have shown promising results for relation extraction. State-of-the-art models cast the task as an end-to-end problem, solved incrementally using a local classifier. Yet previous work using statistical models have demonstrated that global optimization can achieve better performances compared to local classification. We build a globally optimized neural model for end-to-end relation extraction, proposing novel LSTM features in order to better learn context representations. In addition, we present a novel method to integrate syntactic information to facilitate global learning, yet requiring little background on syntactic grammars thus being easy to extend. Experimental results show that our proposed model is highly effective, achieving the best performances on two standard benchmarks.",
}
@inproceedings{ojha-talukdar-2017-kgeval,
    title = "{KGE}val: Accuracy Estimation of Automatically Constructed Knowledge Graphs",
    author = "Ojha, Prakhar  and
      Talukdar, Partha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1183",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1183",
    pages = "1741--1750",
    abstract = "Automatic construction of large knowledge graphs (KG) by mining web-scale text datasets has received considerable attention recently. Estimating accuracy of such automatically constructed KGs is a challenging problem due to their size and diversity. This important problem has largely been ignored in prior research {--} we fill this gap and propose KGEval. KGEval uses coupling constraints to bind facts and crowdsources those few that can infer large parts of the graph. We demonstrate that the objective optimized by KGEval is submodular and NP-hard, allowing guarantees for our approximation algorithm. Through experiments on real-world datasets, we demonstrate that KGEval best estimates KG accuracy compared to other baselines, while requiring significantly lesser number of human evaluations.",
}
@inproceedings{pujara-etal-2017-sparsity,
    title = "Sparsity and Noise: Where Knowledge Graph Embeddings Fall Short",
    author = "Pujara, Jay  and
      Augustine, Eriq  and
      Getoor, Lise",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1184",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1184",
    pages = "1751--1756",
    abstract = "Knowledge graph (KG) embedding techniques use structured relationships between entities to learn low-dimensional representations of entities and relations. One prominent goal of these approaches is to improve the quality of knowledge graphs by removing errors and adding missing facts. Surprisingly, most embedding techniques have been evaluated on benchmark datasets consisting of dense and reliable subsets of human-curated KGs, which tend to be fairly complete and have few errors. In this paper, we consider the problem of applying embedding techniques to KGs extracted from text, which are often incomplete and contain errors. We compare the sparsity and unreliability of different KGs and perform empirical experiments demonstrating how embedding approaches degrade as sparsity and unreliability increase.",
}
@inproceedings{glavas-ponzetto-2017-dual,
    title = "Dual Tensor Model for Detecting Asymmetric Lexico-Semantic Relations",
    author = "Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1185",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1185",
    pages = "1757--1767",
    abstract = "Detection of lexico-semantic relations is one of the central tasks of computational semantics. Although some fundamental relations (e.g., hypernymy) are asymmetric, most existing models account for asymmetry only implicitly and use the same concept representations to support detection of symmetric and asymmetric relations alike. In this work, we propose the Dual Tensor model, a neural architecture with which we explicitly model the asymmetry and capture the translation between unspecialized and specialized word embeddings via a pair of tensors. Although our Dual Tensor model needs only unspecialized embeddings as input, our experiments on hypernymy and meronymy detection suggest that it can outperform more complex and resource-intensive models. We further demonstrate that the model can account for polysemy and that it exhibits stable performance across languages.",
}
@inproceedings{zeng-etal-2017-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Relation Paths in Neural Relation Extraction",
    author = "Zeng, Wenyuan  and
      Lin, Yankai  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1186",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1186",
    pages = "1768--1777",
    abstract = "Distantly supervised relation extraction has been widely used to find novel relational facts from plain text. To predict the relation between a pair of two target entities, existing methods solely rely on those direct sentences containing both entities. In fact, there are also many sentences containing only one of the target entities, which also provide rich useful information but not yet employed by relation extraction. To address this issue, we build inference chains between two target entities via intermediate entities, and propose a path-based neural relation extraction model to encode the relational semantics from both direct sentences and inference chains. Experimental results on real-world datasets show that, our model can make full use of those sentences containing only one target entity, and achieves significant and consistent improvements on relation extraction as compared with strong baselines. The source code of this paper can be obtained from \url{https://github.com/thunlp/PathNRE}.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2017-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Training for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Wu, Yi  and
      Bamman, David  and
      Russell, Stuart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1187",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1187",
    pages = "1778--1783",
    abstract = "Adversarial training is a mean of regularizing classification algorithms by generating adversarial noise to the training data. We apply adversarial training in relation extraction within the multi-instance multi-label learning framework. We evaluate various neural network architectures on two different datasets. Experimental results demonstrate that adversarial training is generally effective for both CNN and RNN models and significantly improves the precision of predicted relations.",
}
@inproceedings{sorokin-gurevych-2017-context,
    title = "Context-Aware Representations for Knowledge Base Relation Extraction",
    author = "Sorokin, Daniil  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1188",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1188",
    pages = "1784--1789",
    abstract = "We demonstrate that for sentence-level relation extraction it is beneficial to consider other relations in the sentential context while predicting the target relation. Our architecture uses an LSTM-based encoder to jointly learn representations for all relations in a single sentence. We combine the context representations with an attention mechanism to make the final prediction. We use the Wikidata knowledge base to construct a dataset of multiple relations per sentence and to evaluate our approach. Compared to a baseline system, our method results in an average error reduction of 24 on a held-out set of relations. The code and the dataset to replicate the experiments are made available at \url{https://github.com/ukplab/}.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2017-soft,
    title = "A Soft-label Method for Noise-tolerant Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction",
    author = "Liu, Tianyu  and
      Wang, Kexiang  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Sui, Zhifang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1189",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1189",
    pages = "1790--1795",
    abstract = "Distant-supervised relation extraction inevitably suffers from wrong labeling problems because it heuristically labels relational facts with knowledge bases. Previous sentence level denoise models don{'}t achieve satisfying performances because they use hard labels which are determined by distant supervision and immutable during training. To this end, we introduce an entity-pair level denoise method which exploits semantic information from correctly labeled entity pairs to correct wrong labels dynamically during training. We propose a joint score function which combines the relational scores based on the entity-pair representation and the confidence of the hard label to obtain a new label, namely a soft label, for certain entity pair. During training, soft labels instead of hard labels serve as gold labels. Experiments on the benchmark dataset show that our method dramatically reduces noisy instances and outperforms other state-of-the-art systems.",
}
@inproceedings{choubey-huang-2017-sequential,
    title = "A Sequential Model for Classifying Temporal Relations between Intra-Sentence Events",
    author = "Choubey, Prafulla Kumar  and
      Huang, Ruihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1190",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1190",
    pages = "1796--1802",
    abstract = "We present a sequential model for temporal relation classification between intra-sentence events. The key observation is that the overall syntactic structure and compositional meanings of the multi-word context between events are important for distinguishing among fine-grained temporal relations. Specifically, our approach first extracts a sequence of context words that indicates the temporal relation between two events, which well align with the dependency path between two event mentions. The context word sequence, together with a parts-of-speech tag sequence and a dependency relation sequence that are generated corresponding to the word sequence, are then provided as input to bidirectional recurrent neural network (LSTM) models. The neural nets learn compositional syntactic and semantic representations of contexts surrounding the two events and predict the temporal relation between them. Evaluation of the proposed approach on TimeBank corpus shows that sequential modeling is capable of accurately recognizing temporal relations between events, which outperforms a neural net model using various discrete features as input that imitates previous feature based models.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-wang-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Residual Learning for Weakly-Supervised Relation Extraction",
    author = "Huang, Yi Yao  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1191",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1191",
    pages = "1803--1807",
    abstract = "Deep residual learning (ResNet) is a new method for training very deep neural networks using identity mapping for shortcut connections. ResNet has won the ImageNet ILSVRC 2015 classification task, and achieved state-of-the-art performances in many computer vision tasks. However, the effect of residual learning on noisy natural language processing tasks is still not well understood. In this paper, we design a novel convolutional neural network (CNN) with residual learning, and investigate its impacts on the task of distantly supervised noisy relation extraction. In contradictory to popular beliefs that ResNet only works well for very deep networks, we found that even with 9 layers of CNNs, using identity mapping could significantly improve the performance for distantly-supervised relation extraction.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-wang-2017-noise,
    title = "Noise-Clustered Distant Supervision for Relation Extraction: A Nonparametric {B}ayesian Perspective",
    author = "Zhang, Qing  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1192",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1192",
    pages = "1808--1813",
    abstract = "For the task of relation extraction, distant supervision is an efficient approach to generate labeled data by aligning knowledge base with free texts. The essence of it is a challenging incomplete multi-label classification problem with sparse and noisy features. To address the challenge, this work presents a novel nonparametric Bayesian formulation for the task. Experiment results show substantially higher top precision improvements over the traditional state-of-the-art approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{gabor-etal-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Vector Spaces for Semantic Relations",
    author = {G{\'a}bor, Kata  and
      Zargayouna, Ha{\"\i}fa  and
      Tellier, Isabelle  and
      Buscaldi, Davide  and
      Charnois, Thierry},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1193",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1193",
    pages = "1814--1823",
    abstract = "Word embeddings are used with success for a variety of tasks involving lexical semantic similarities between individual words. Using unsupervised methods and just cosine similarity, encouraging results were obtained for analogical similarities. In this paper, we explore the potential of pre-trained word embeddings to identify generic types of semantic relations in an unsupervised experiment. We propose a new relational similarity measure based on the combination of word2vec{'}s CBOW input and output vectors which outperforms concurrent vector representations, when used for unsupervised clustering on SemEval 2010 Relation Classification data.",
}
@inproceedings{kutuzov-etal-2017-temporal,
    title = "Temporal dynamics of semantic relations in word embeddings: an application to predicting armed conflict participants",
    author = "Kutuzov, Andrey  and
      Velldal, Erik  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1194",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1194",
    pages = "1824--1829",
    abstract = "This paper deals with using word embedding models to trace the temporal dynamics of semantic relations between pairs of words. The set-up is similar to the well-known analogies task, but expanded with a time dimension. To this end, we apply incremental updating of the models with new training texts, including incremental vocabulary expansion, coupled with learned transformation matrices that let us map between members of the relation. The proposed approach is evaluated on the task of predicting insurgent armed groups based on geographical locations. The gold standard data for the time span 1994{--}2010 is extracted from the UCDP Armed Conflicts dataset. The results show that the method is feasible and outperforms the baselines, but also that important work still remains to be done.",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-2017-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Entity Representations in Neural Language Models",
    author = "Ji, Yangfeng  and
      Tan, Chenhao  and
      Martschat, Sebastian  and
      Choi, Yejin  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1195",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1195",
    pages = "1830--1839",
    abstract = "Understanding a long document requires tracking how entities are introduced and evolve over time. We present a new type of language model, EntityNLM, that can explicitly model entities, dynamically update their representations, and contextually generate their mentions. Our model is generative and flexible; it can model an arbitrary number of entities in context while generating each entity mention at an arbitrary length. In addition, it can be used for several different tasks such as language modeling, coreference resolution, and entity prediction. Experimental results with all these tasks demonstrate that our model consistently outperforms strong baselines and prior work.",
}
@inproceedings{basile-tamburini-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Quantum Language Models",
    author = "Basile, Ivano  and
      Tamburini, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1196",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1196",
    pages = "1840--1849",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new approach for building Language Models using the Quantum Probability Theory, a Quantum Language Model (QLM). It mainly shows that relying on this probability calculus it is possible to build stochastic models able to benefit from quantum correlations due to interference and entanglement. We extensively tested our approach showing its superior performances, both in terms of model perplexity and inserting it into an automatic speech recognition evaluation setting, when compared with state-of-the-art language modelling techniques.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2017-reference,
    title = "Reference-Aware Language Models",
    author = "Yang, Zichao  and
      Blunsom, Phil  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Ling, Wang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1197",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1197",
    pages = "1850--1859",
    abstract = "We propose a general class of language models that treat reference as discrete stochastic latent variables. This decision allows for the creation of entity mentions by accessing external databases of referents (required by, e.g., dialogue generation) or past internal state (required to explicitly model coreferentiality). Beyond simple copying, our coreference model can additionally refer to a referent using varied mention forms (e.g., a reference to {``}Jane{''} can be realized as {``}she{''}), a characteristic feature of reference in natural languages. Experiments on three representative applications show our model variants outperform models based on deterministic attention and standard language modeling baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{melamud-etal-2017-simple,
    title = "A Simple Language Model based on {PMI} Matrix Approximations",
    author = "Melamud, Oren  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Goldberger, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1198",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1198",
    pages = "1860--1865",
    abstract = "In this study, we introduce a new approach for learning language models by training them to estimate word-context pointwise mutual information (PMI), and then deriving the desired conditional probabilities from PMI at test time. Specifically, we show that with minor modifications to word2vec{'}s algorithm, we get principled language models that are closely related to the well-established Noise Contrastive Estimation (NCE) based language models. A compelling aspect of our approach is that our models are trained with the same simple negative sampling objective function that is commonly used in word2vec to learn word embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{assylbekov-etal-2017-syllable,
    title = "Syllable-aware Neural Language Models: A Failure to Beat Character-aware Ones",
    author = "Assylbekov, Zhenisbek  and
      Takhanov, Rustem  and
      Myrzakhmetov, Bagdat  and
      Washington, Jonathan N.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1199",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1199",
    pages = "1866--1872",
    abstract = "Syllabification does not seem to improve word-level RNN language modeling quality when compared to character-based segmentation. However, our best syllable-aware language model, achieving performance comparable to the competitive character-aware model, has 18{\%}-33{\%} fewer parameters and is trained 1.2-2.2 times faster.",
}
@inproceedings{frermann-szarvas-2017-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Semantic Micro-Clusters from Deep Multi-View Representations of Novels",
    author = {Frermann, Lea  and
      Szarvas, Gy{\"o}rgy},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1200",
    pages = "1873--1883",
    abstract = "Automatically understanding the plot of novels is important both for informing literary scholarship and applications such as summarization or recommendation. Various models have addressed this task, but their evaluation has remained largely intrinsic and qualitative. Here, we propose a principled and scalable framework leveraging expert-provided semantic tags (e.g., mystery, pirates) to evaluate plot representations in an extrinsic fashion, assessing their ability to produce locally coherent groupings of novels (micro-clusters) in model space. We present a deep recurrent autoencoder model that learns richly structured multi-view plot representations, and show that they i) yield better micro-clusters than less structured representations; and ii) are interpretable, and thus useful for further literary analysis or labeling of the emerging micro-clusters.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-initializing,
    title = "Initializing Convolutional Filters with Semantic Features for Text Classification",
    author = "Li, Shen  and
      Zhao, Zhe  and
      Liu, Tao  and
      Hu, Renfen  and
      Du, Xiaoyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1201",
    pages = "1884--1889",
    abstract = "Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are widely used in NLP tasks. This paper presents a novel weight initialization method to improve the CNNs for text classification. Instead of randomly initializing the convolutional filters, we encode semantic features into them, which helps the model focus on learning useful features at the beginning of the training. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the initialization technique on seven text classification tasks, including sentiment analysis and topic classification.",
}
@inproceedings{nikolentzos-etal-2017-shortest,
    title = "Shortest-Path Graph Kernels for Document Similarity",
    author = "Nikolentzos, Giannis  and
      Meladianos, Polykarpos  and
      Rousseau, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Stavrakas, Yannis  and
      Vazirgiannis, Michalis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1202",
    pages = "1890--1900",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a novel document similarity measure based on the definition of a graph kernel between pairs of documents. The proposed measure takes into account both the terms contained in the documents and the relationships between them. By representing each document as a graph-of-words, we are able to model these relationships and then determine how similar two documents are by using a modified shortest-path graph kernel. We evaluate our approach on two tasks and compare it against several baseline approaches using various performance metrics such as DET curves and macro-average F1-score. Experimental results on a range of datasets showed that our proposed approach outperforms traditional techniques and is capable of measuring more accurately the similarity between two documents.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2017-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Topic Models using Lexical Associations with Tree Priors",
    author = "Yang, Weiwei  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1203",
    pages = "1901--1906",
    abstract = "Models work best when they are optimized taking into account the evaluation criteria that people care about. For topic models, people often care about interpretability, which can be approximated using measures of lexical association. We integrate lexical association into topic optimization using tree priors, which provide a flexible framework that can take advantage of both first order word associations and the higher-order associations captured by word embeddings. Tree priors improve topic interpretability without hurting extrinsic performance.",
}
@inproceedings{parde-nielsen-2017-finding,
    title = "Finding Patterns in Noisy Crowds: Regression-based Annotation Aggregation for Crowdsourced Data",
    author = "Parde, Natalie  and
      Nielsen, Rodney",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1204",
    pages = "1907--1912",
    abstract = "Crowdsourcing offers a convenient means of obtaining labeled data quickly and inexpensively. However, crowdsourced labels are often noisier than expert-annotated data, making it difficult to aggregate them meaningfully. We present an aggregation approach that learns a regression model from crowdsourced annotations to predict aggregated labels for instances that have no expert adjudications. The predicted labels achieve a correlation of 0.594 with expert labels on our data, outperforming the best alternative aggregation method by 11.9{\%}. Our approach also outperforms the alternatives on third-party datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-crowd,
    title = "{CROWD}-{IN}-{THE}-{LOOP}: A Hybrid Approach for Annotating Semantic Roles",
    author = "Wang, Chenguang  and
      Akbik, Alan  and
      Chiticariu, Laura  and
      Li, Yunyao  and
      Xia, Fei  and
      Xu, Anbang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1205",
    pages = "1913--1922",
    abstract = "Crowdsourcing has proven to be an effective method for generating labeled data for a range of NLP tasks. However, multiple recent attempts of using crowdsourcing to generate gold-labeled training data for semantic role labeling (SRL) reported only modest results, indicating that SRL is perhaps too difficult a task to be effectively crowdsourced. In this paper, we postulate that while producing SRL annotation does require expert involvement in general, a large subset of SRL labeling tasks is in fact appropriate for the crowd. We present a novel workflow in which we employ a classifier to identify difficult annotation tasks and route each task either to experts or crowd workers according to their difficulties. Our experimental evaluation shows that the proposed approach reduces the workload for experts by over two-thirds, and thus significantly reduces the cost of producing SRL annotation at little loss in quality.",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-etal-2017-joint,
    title = "A Joint Many-Task Model: Growing a Neural Network for Multiple {NLP} Tasks",
    author = "Hashimoto, Kazuma  and
      Xiong, Caiming  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Socher, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1206",
    pages = "1923--1933",
    abstract = "Transfer and multi-task learning have traditionally focused on either a single source-target pair or very few, similar tasks. Ideally, the linguistic levels of morphology, syntax and semantics would benefit each other by being trained in a single model. We introduce a joint many-task model together with a strategy for successively growing its depth to solve increasingly complex tasks. Higher layers include shortcut connections to lower-level task predictions to reflect linguistic hierarchies. We use a simple regularization term to allow for optimizing all model weights to improve one task{'}s loss without exhibiting catastrophic interference of the other tasks. Our single end-to-end model obtains state-of-the-art or competitive results on five different tasks from tagging, parsing, relatedness, and entailment tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-earth,
    title = "Earth Mover{'}s Distance Minimization for Unsupervised Bilingual Lexicon Induction",
    author = "Zhang, Meng  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Luan, Huanbo  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1207",
    pages = "1934--1945",
    abstract = "Cross-lingual natural language processing hinges on the premise that there exists invariance across languages. At the word level, researchers have identified such invariance in the word embedding semantic spaces of different languages. However, in order to connect the separate spaces, cross-lingual supervision encoded in parallel data is typically required. In this paper, we attempt to establish the cross-lingual connection without relying on any cross-lingual supervision. By viewing word embedding spaces as distributions, we propose to minimize their earth mover{'}s distance, a measure of divergence between distributions. We demonstrate the success on the unsupervised bilingual lexicon induction task. In addition, we reveal an interesting finding that the earth mover{'}s distance shows potential as a measure of language difference.",
}
@inproceedings{stahlberg-byrne-2017-unfolding,
    title = "Unfolding and Shrinking Neural Machine Translation Ensembles",
    author = "Stahlberg, Felix  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1208",
    pages = "1946--1956",
    abstract = "Ensembling is a well-known technique in neural machine translation (NMT) to improve system performance. Instead of a single neural net, multiple neural nets with the same topology are trained separately, and the decoder generates predictions by averaging over the individual models. Ensembling often improves the quality of the generated translations drastically. However, it is not suitable for production systems because it is cumbersome and slow. This work aims to reduce the runtime to be on par with a single system without compromising the translation quality. First, we show that the ensemble can be unfolded into a single large neural network which imitates the output of the ensemble system. We show that unfolding can already improve the runtime in practice since more work can be done on the GPU. We proceed by describing a set of techniques to shrink the unfolded network by reducing the dimensionality of layers. On Japanese-English we report that the resulting network has the size and decoding speed of a single NMT network but performs on the level of a 3-ensemble system.",
}
@inproceedings{bastings-etal-2017-graph,
    title = "Graph Convolutional Encoders for Syntax-aware Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Bastings, Joost  and
      Titov, Ivan  and
      Aziz, Wilker  and
      Marcheggiani, Diego  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1209",
    pages = "1957--1967",
    abstract = "We present a simple and effective approach to incorporating syntactic structure into neural attention-based encoder-decoder models for machine translation. We rely on graph-convolutional networks (GCNs), a recent class of neural networks developed for modeling graph-structured data. Our GCNs use predicted syntactic dependency trees of source sentences to produce representations of words (i.e. hidden states of the encoder) that are sensitive to their syntactic neighborhoods. GCNs take word representations as input and produce word representations as output, so they can easily be incorporated as layers into standard encoders (e.g., on top of bidirectional RNNs or convolutional neural networks). We evaluate their effectiveness with English-German and English-Czech translation experiments for different types of encoders and observe substantial improvements over their syntax-agnostic versions in all the considered setups.",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2017-trainable,
    title = "Trainable Greedy Decoding for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Gu, Jiatao  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Li, Victor O.K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1210",
    pages = "1968--1978",
    abstract = "Recent research in neural machine translation has largely focused on two aspects; neural network architectures and end-to-end learning algorithms. The problem of decoding, however, has received relatively little attention from the research community. In this paper, we solely focus on the problem of decoding given a trained neural machine translation model. Instead of trying to build a new decoding algorithm for any specific decoding objective, we propose the idea of trainable decoding algorithm in which we train a decoding algorithm to find a translation that maximizes an arbitrary decoding objective. More specifically, we design an actor that observes and manipulates the hidden state of the neural machine translation decoder and propose to train it using a variant of deterministic policy gradient. We extensively evaluate the proposed algorithm using four language pairs and two decoding objectives and show that we can indeed train a trainable greedy decoder that generates a better translation (in terms of a target decoding objective) with minimal computational overhead.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2017-satirical,
    title = "Satirical News Detection and Analysis using Attention Mechanism and Linguistic Features",
    author = "Yang, Fan  and
      Mukherjee, Arjun  and
      Dragut, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1211",
    pages = "1979--1989",
    abstract = "Satirical news is considered to be entertainment, but it is potentially deceptive and harmful. Despite the embedded genre in the article, not everyone can recognize the satirical cues and therefore believe the news as true news. We observe that satirical cues are often reflected in certain paragraphs rather than the whole document. Existing works only consider document-level features to detect the satire, which could be limited. We consider paragraph-level linguistic features to unveil the satire by incorporating neural network and attention mechanism. We investigate the difference between paragraph-level features and document-level features, and analyze them on a large satirical news dataset. The evaluation shows that the proposed model detects satirical news effectively and reveals what features are important at which level.",
}
@inproceedings{fetahu-etal-2017-fine,
    title = "Fine Grained Citation Span for References in {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Fetahu, Besnik  and
      Markert, Katja  and
      Anand, Avishek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1212",
    pages = "1990--1999",
    abstract = "Verifiability is one of the core editing principles in Wikipedia, where editors are encouraged to provide citations for the added content. For a Wikipedia article determining what content is covered by a citation or the citation span is not trivial, an important aspect for automated citation finding for uncovered content, or fact assessments. We address the problem of determining the citation span in Wikipedia articles. We approach this problem by classifying which textual fragments in an article are covered or hold true given a citation. We propose a sequence classification approach where for a paragraph and a citation, we determine the citation span at a fine-grained level. We provide a thorough experimental evaluation and compare our approach against baselines adopted from the scientific domain, where we show improvement for all evaluation metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2017-identifying-semantic,
    title = "Identifying Semantic Edit Intentions from Revisions in {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Yang, Diyi  and
      Halfaker, Aaron  and
      Kraut, Robert  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1213",
    pages = "2000--2010",
    abstract = "Most studies on human editing focus merely on syntactic revision operations, failing to capture the intentions behind revision changes, which are essential for facilitating the single and collaborative writing process. In this work, we develop in collaboration with Wikipedia editors a 13-category taxonomy of the semantic intention behind edits in Wikipedia articles. Using labeled article edits, we build a computational classifier of intentions that achieved a micro-averaged F1 score of 0.621. We use this model to investigate edit intention effectiveness: how different types of edits predict the retention of newcomers and changes in the quality of articles, two key concerns for Wikipedia today. Our analysis shows that the types of edits that users make in their first session predict their subsequent survival as Wikipedia editors, and articles in different stages need different types of edits.",
}
@inproceedings{hewlett-etal-2017-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Supervised and Semi-Supervised Machine Reading for Long Documents",
    author = "Hewlett, Daniel  and
      Jones, Llion  and
      Lacoste, Alexandre  and
      Gur, Izzeddin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1214",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1214",
    pages = "2011--2020",
    abstract = "We introduce a hierarchical architecture for machine reading capable of extracting precise information from long documents. The model divides the document into small, overlapping windows and encodes all windows in parallel with an RNN. It then attends over these window encodings, reducing them to a single encoding, which is decoded into an answer using a sequence decoder. This hierarchical approach allows the model to scale to longer documents without increasing the number of sequential steps. In a supervised setting, our model achieves state of the art accuracy of 76.8 on the WikiReading dataset. We also evaluate the model in a semi-supervised setting by downsampling the WikiReading training set to create increasingly smaller amounts of supervision, while leaving the full unlabeled document corpus to train a sequence autoencoder on document windows. We evaluate models that can reuse autoencoder states and outputs without fine-tuning their weights, allowing for more efficient training and inference.",
}
@inproceedings{jia-liang-2017-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Examples for Evaluating Reading Comprehension Systems",
    author = "Jia, Robin  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1215",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1215",
    pages = "2021--2031",
    abstract = "Standard accuracy metrics indicate that reading comprehension systems are making rapid progress, but the extent to which these systems truly understand language remains unclear. To reward systems with real language understanding abilities, we propose an adversarial evaluation scheme for the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD). Our method tests whether systems can answer questions about paragraphs that contain adversarially inserted sentences, which are automatically generated to distract computer systems without changing the correct answer or misleading humans. In this adversarial setting, the accuracy of sixteen published models drops from an average of 75{\%} F1 score to 36{\%}; when the adversary is allowed to add ungrammatical sequences of words, average accuracy on four models decreases further to 7{\%}. We hope our insights will motivate the development of new models that understand language more precisely.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2017-reasoning,
    title = "Reasoning with Heterogeneous Knowledge for Commonsense Machine Comprehension",
    author = "Lin, Hongyu  and
      Sun, Le  and
      Han, Xianpei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1216",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1216",
    pages = "2032--2043",
    abstract = "Reasoning with commonsense knowledge is critical for natural language understanding. Traditional methods for commonsense machine comprehension mostly only focus on one specific kind of knowledge, neglecting the fact that commonsense reasoning requires simultaneously considering different kinds of commonsense knowledge. In this paper, we propose a multi-knowledge reasoning method, which can exploit heterogeneous knowledge for commonsense machine comprehension. Specifically, we first mine different kinds of knowledge (including event narrative knowledge, entity semantic knowledge and sentiment coherent knowledge) and encode them as inference rules with costs. Then we propose a multi-knowledge reasoning model, which selects inference rules for a specific reasoning context using attention mechanism, and reasons by summarizing all valid inference rules. Experiments on RocStories show that our method outperforms traditional models significantly.",
}
@inproceedings{yin-etal-2017-document,
    title = "Document-Level Multi-Aspect Sentiment Classification as Machine Comprehension",
    author = "Yin, Yichun  and
      Song, Yangqiu  and
      Zhang, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1217",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1217",
    pages = "2044--2054",
    abstract = "Document-level multi-aspect sentiment classification is an important task for customer relation management. In this paper, we model the task as a machine comprehension problem where pseudo question-answer pairs are constructed by a small number of aspect-related keywords and aspect ratings. A hierarchical iterative attention model is introduced to build aspectspecific representations by frequent and repeated interactions between documents and aspect questions. We adopt a hierarchical architecture to represent both word level and sentence level information, and use the attention operations for aspect questions and documents alternatively with the multiple hop mechanism. Experimental results on the TripAdvisor and BeerAdvocate datasets show that our model outperforms classical baselines. We will release our code and data for the method replicability.",
}
@inproceedings{daxenberger-etal-2017-essence,
    title = "What is the Essence of a Claim? Cross-Domain Claim Identification",
    author = "Daxenberger, Johannes  and
      Eger, Steffen  and
      Habernal, Ivan  and
      Stab, Christian  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1218",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1218",
    pages = "2055--2066",
    abstract = "Argument mining has become a popular research area in NLP. It typically includes the identification of argumentative components, e.g. claims, as the central component of an argument. We perform a qualitative analysis across six different datasets and show that these appear to conceptualize claims quite differently. To learn about the consequences of such different conceptualizations of claim for practical applications, we carried out extensive experiments using state-of-the-art feature-rich and deep learning systems, to identify claims in a cross-domain fashion. While the divergent conceptualization of claims in different datasets is indeed harmful to cross-domain classification, we show that there are shared properties on the lexical level as well as system configurations that can help to overcome these gaps.",
}
@inproceedings{du-cardie-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Where to Focus in Reading Comprehension for Neural Question Generation",
    author = "Du, Xinya  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1219",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1219",
    pages = "2067--2073",
    abstract = "A first step in the task of automatically generating questions for testing reading comprehension is to identify \textit{question-worthy} sentences, i.e. sentences in a text passage that humans find it worthwhile to ask questions about. We propose a hierarchical neural sentence-level sequence tagging model for this task, which existing approaches to question generation have ignored. The approach is fully data-driven {---} with no sophisticated NLP pipelines or any hand-crafted rules/features {---} and compares favorably to a number of baselines when evaluated on the SQuAD data set. When incorporated into an existing neural question generation system, the resulting end-to-end system achieves state-of-the-art performance for paragraph-level question generation for reading comprehension.",
}
@inproceedings{sterckx-etal-2017-break,
    title = "Break it Down for Me: A Study in Automated Lyric Annotation",
    author = "Sterckx, Lucas  and
      Naradowsky, Jason  and
      Byrne, Bill  and
      Demeester, Thomas  and
      Develder, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1220",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1220",
    pages = "2074--2080",
    abstract = "Comprehending lyrics, as found in songs and poems, can pose a challenge to human and machine readers alike. This motivates the need for systems that can understand the ambiguity and jargon found in such creative texts, and provide commentary to aid readers in reaching the correct interpretation. We introduce the task of automated lyric annotation (ALA). Like text simplification, a goal of ALA is to rephrase the original text in a more easily understandable manner. However, in ALA the system must often include additional information to clarify niche terminology and abstract concepts. To stimulate research on this task, we release a large collection of crowdsourced annotations for song lyrics. We analyze the performance of translation and retrieval models on this task, measuring performance with both automated and human evaluation. We find that each model captures a unique type of information important to the task.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-cascaded,
    title = "Cascaded Attention based Unsupervised Information Distillation for Compressive Summarization",
    author = "Li, Piji  and
      Lam, Wai  and
      Bing, Lidong  and
      Guo, Weiwei  and
      Li, Hang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1221",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1221",
    pages = "2081--2090",
    abstract = "When people recall and digest what they have read for writing summaries, the important content is more likely to attract their attention. Inspired by this observation, we propose a cascaded attention based unsupervised model to estimate the salience information from the text for compressive multi-document summarization. The attention weights are learned automatically by an unsupervised data reconstruction framework which can capture the sentence salience. By adding sparsity constraints on the number of output vectors, we can generate condensed information which can be treated as word salience. Fine-grained and coarse-grained sentence compression strategies are incorporated to produce compressive summaries. Experiments on some benchmark data sets show that our framework achieves better results than the state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Recurrent Generative Decoder for Abstractive Text Summarization",
    author = "Li, Piji  and
      Lam, Wai  and
      Bing, Lidong  and
      Wang, Zihao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1222",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1222",
    pages = "2091--2100",
    abstract = "We propose a new framework for abstractive text summarization based on a sequence-to-sequence oriented encoder-decoder model equipped with a deep recurrent generative decoder (DRGN). Latent structure information implied in the target summaries is learned based on a recurrent latent random model for improving the summarization quality. Neural variational inference is employed to address the intractable posterior inference for the recurrent latent variables. Abstractive summaries are generated based on both the generative latent variables and the discriminative deterministic states. Extensive experiments on some benchmark datasets in different languages show that DRGN achieves improvements over the state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{isonuma-etal-2017-extractive,
    title = "Extractive Summarization Using Multi-Task Learning with Document Classification",
    author = "Isonuma, Masaru  and
      Fujino, Toru  and
      Mori, Junichiro  and
      Matsuo, Yutaka  and
      Sakata, Ichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1223",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1223",
    pages = "2101--2110",
    abstract = "The need for automatic document summarization that can be used for practical applications is increasing rapidly. In this paper, we propose a general framework for summarization that extracts sentences from a document using externally related information. Our work is aimed at single document summarization using small amounts of reference summaries. In particular, we address document summarization in the framework of multi-task learning using curriculum learning for sentence extraction and document classification. The proposed framework enables us to obtain better feature representations to extract sentences from documents. We evaluate our proposed summarization method on two datasets: financial report and news corpus. Experimental results demonstrate that our summarizers achieve performance that is comparable to state-of-the-art systems.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-wan-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Construction of News Overview Articles by News Synthesis",
    author = "Zhang, Jianmin  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1224",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1224",
    pages = "2111--2116",
    abstract = "In this paper we investigate a new task of automatically constructing an overview article from a given set of news articles about a news event. We propose a news synthesis approach to address this task based on passage segmentation, ranking, selection and merging. Our proposed approach is compared with several typical multi-document summarization methods on the Wikinews dataset, and achieves the best performance on both automatic evaluation and manual evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-huang-2017-joint,
    title = "Joint Syntacto-Discourse Parsing and the Syntacto-Discourse Treebank",
    author = "Zhao, Kai  and
      Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1225",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1225",
    pages = "2117--2123",
    abstract = "Discourse parsing has long been treated as a stand-alone problem independent from constituency or dependency parsing. Most attempts at this problem rely on annotated text segmentations (Elementary Discourse Units, EDUs) and sophisticated sparse or continuous features to extract syntactic information. In this paper we propose the first end-to-end discourse parser that jointly parses in both syntax and discourse levels, as well as the first syntacto-discourse treebank by integrating the Penn Treebank and the RST Treebank. Built upon our recent span-based constituency parser, this joint syntacto-discourse parser requires no preprocessing efforts such as segmentation or feature extraction, making discourse parsing more convenient. Empirically, our parser achieves the state-of-the-art end-to-end discourse parsing accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{choubey-huang-2017-event,
    title = "Event Coreference Resolution by Iteratively Unfolding Inter-dependencies among Events",
    author = "Choubey, Prafulla Kumar  and
      Huang, Ruihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1226",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1226",
    pages = "2124--2133",
    abstract = "We introduce a novel iterative approach for event coreference resolution that gradually builds event clusters by exploiting inter-dependencies among event mentions within the same chain as well as across event chains. Among event mentions in the same chain, we distinguish within- and cross-document event coreference links by using two distinct pairwise classifiers, trained separately to capture differences in feature distributions of within- and cross-document event clusters. Our event coreference approach alternates between WD and CD clustering and combines arguments from both event clusters after every merge, continuing till no more merge can be made. And then it performs further merging between event chains that are both closely related to a set of other chains of events. Experiments on the ECB+ corpus show that our model outperforms state-of-the-art methods in joint task of WD and CD event coreference resolution.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2017-finish,
    title = "When to Finish? Optimal Beam Search for Neural Text Generation (modulo beam size)",
    author = "Huang, Liang  and
      Zhao, Kai  and
      Ma, Mingbo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1227",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1227",
    pages = "2134--2139",
    abstract = "In neural text generation such as neural machine translation, summarization, and image captioning, beam search is widely used to improve the output text quality. However, in the neural generation setting, hypotheses can finish in different steps, which makes it difficult to decide when to end beam search to ensure optimality. We propose a provably optimal beam search algorithm that will always return the optimal-score complete hypothesis (modulo beam size), and finish as soon as the optimality is established. To counter neural generation{'}s tendency for shorter hypotheses, we also introduce a bounded length reward mechanism which allows a modified version of our beam search algorithm to remain optimal. Experiments on neural machine translation demonstrate that our principled beam search algorithm leads to improvement in BLEU score over previously proposed alternatives.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-steering,
    title = "Steering Output Style and Topic in Neural Response Generation",
    author = "Wang, Di  and
      Jojic, Nebojsa  and
      Brockett, Chris  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1228",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1228",
    pages = "2140--2150",
    abstract = "We propose simple and flexible training and decoding methods for influencing output style and topic in neural encoder-decoder based language generation. This capability is desirable in a variety of applications, including conversational systems, where successful agents need to produce language in a specific style and generate responses steered by a human puppeteer or external knowledge. We decompose the neural generation process into empirically easier sub-problems: a faithfulness model and a decoding method based on selective-sampling. We also describe training and sampling algorithms that bias the generation process with a specific language style restriction, or a topic restriction. Human evaluation results show that our proposed methods are able to to restrict style and topic without degrading output quality in conversational tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2017-preserving,
    title = "Preserving Distributional Information in Dialogue Act Classification",
    author = "Tran, Quan Hung  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1229",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1229",
    pages = "2151--2156",
    abstract = "This paper introduces a novel training/decoding strategy for sequence labeling. Instead of greedily choosing a label at each time step, and using it for the next prediction, we retain the probability distribution over the current label, and pass this distribution to the next prediction. This approach allows us to avoid the effect of label bias and error propagation in sequence learning/decoding. Our experiments on dialogue act classification demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach. Even though our underlying neural network model is relatively simple, it outperforms more complex neural models, achieving state-of-the-art results on the MapTask and Switchboard corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Learning for Neural Dialogue Generation",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Monroe, Will  and
      Shi, Tianlin  and
      Jean, S{\'e}bastien  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1230",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1230",
    pages = "2157--2169",
    abstract = "We apply adversarial training to open-domain dialogue generation, training a system to produce sequences that are indistinguishable from human-generated dialogue utterances. We cast the task as a reinforcement learning problem where we jointly train two systems: a generative model to produce response sequences, and a discriminator{---}analagous to the human evaluator in the Turing test{---} to distinguish between the human-generated dialogues and the machine-generated ones. In this generative adversarial network approach, the outputs from the discriminator are used to encourage the system towards more human-like dialogue. Further, we investigate models for adversarial evaluation that uses success in fooling an adversary as a dialogue evaluation metric, while avoiding a number of potential pitfalls. Experimental results on several metrics, including adversarial evaluation, demonstrate that the adversarially-trained system generates higher-quality responses than previous baselines",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2017-using-context,
    title = "Using Context Information for Dialog Act Classification in {DNN} Framework",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Han, Kun  and
      Tan, Zhao  and
      Lei, Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1231",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1231",
    pages = "2170--2178",
    abstract = "Previous work on dialog act (DA) classification has investigated different methods, such as hidden Markov models, maximum entropy, conditional random fields, graphical models, and support vector machines. A few recent studies explored using deep learning neural networks for DA classification, however, it is not clear yet what is the best method for using dialog context or DA sequential information, and how much gain it brings. This paper proposes several ways of using context information for DA classification, all in the deep learning framework. The baseline system classifies each utterance using the convolutional neural networks (CNN). Our proposed methods include using hierarchical models (recurrent neural networks (RNN) or CNN) for DA sequence tagging where the bottom layer takes the sentence CNN representation as input, concatenating predictions from the previous utterances with the CNN vector for classification, and performing sequence decoding based on the predictions from the sentence CNN model. We conduct thorough experiments and comparisons on the Switchboard corpus, demonstrate that incorporating context information significantly improves DA classification, and show that we achieve new state-of-the-art performance for this task.",
}
@inproceedings{jo-etal-2017-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Dialogue Acts with Content Word Filtering and Speaker Preferences",
    author = "Jo, Yohan  and
      Yoder, Michael  and
      Jang, Hyeju  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1232",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1232",
    pages = "2179--2189",
    abstract = "We present an unsupervised model of dialogue act sequences in conversation. By modeling topical themes as transitioning more slowly than dialogue acts in conversation, our model de-emphasizes content-related words in order to focus on conversational function words that signal dialogue acts. We also incorporate speaker tendencies to use some acts more than others as an additional predictor of dialogue act prevalence beyond temporal dependencies. According to the evaluation presented on two dissimilar corpora, the CNET forum and NPS Chat corpus, the effectiveness of each modeling assumption is found to vary depending on characteristics of the data. De-emphasizing content-related words yields improvement on the CNET corpus, while utilizing speaker tendencies is advantageous on the NPS corpus. The components of our model complement one another to achieve robust performance on both corpora and outperform state-of-the-art baseline models.",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Implicit Content-Introducing for Generative Short-Text Conversation Systems",
    author = "Yao, Lili  and
      Zhang, Yaoyuan  and
      Feng, Yansong  and
      Zhao, Dongyan  and
      Yan, Rui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1233",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1233",
    pages = "2190--2199",
    abstract = "The study on human-computer conversation systems is a hot research topic nowadays. One of the prevailing methods to build the system is using the generative Sequence-to-Sequence (Seq2Seq) model through neural networks. However, the standard Seq2Seq model is prone to generate trivial responses. In this paper, we aim to generate a more meaningful and informative reply when answering a given question. We propose an implicit content-introducing method which incorporates additional information into the Seq2Seq model in a flexible way. Specifically, we fuse the general decoding and the auxiliary cue word information through our proposed hierarchical gated fusion unit. Experiments on real-life data demonstrate that our model consistently outperforms a set of competitive baselines in terms of BLEU scores and human evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2017-affordable,
    title = "Affordable On-line Dialogue Policy Learning",
    author = "Chang, Cheng  and
      Yang, Runzhe  and
      Chen, Lu  and
      Zhou, Xiang  and
      Yu, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1234",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1234",
    pages = "2200--2209",
    abstract = "The key to building an evolvable dialogue system in real-world scenarios is to ensure an affordable on-line dialogue policy learning, which requires the on-line learning process to be safe, efficient and economical. But in reality, due to the scarcity of real interaction data, the dialogue system usually grows slowly. Besides, the poor initial dialogue policy easily leads to bad user experience and incurs a failure of attracting users to contribute training data, so that the learning process is unsustainable. To accurately depict this, two quantitative metrics are proposed to assess safety and efficiency issues. For solving the unsustainable learning problem, we proposed a complete companion teaching framework incorporating the guidance from the human teacher. Since the human teaching is expensive, we compared various teaching schemes answering the question how and when to teach, to economically utilize teaching budget, so that make the online learning process affordable.",
}
@inproceedings{shao-etal-2017-generating,
    title = "Generating High-Quality and Informative Conversation Responses with Sequence-to-Sequence Models",
    author = "Shao, Yuanlong  and
      Gouws, Stephan  and
      Britz, Denny  and
      Goldie, Anna  and
      Strope, Brian  and
      Kurzweil, Ray",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1235",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1235",
    pages = "2210--2219",
    abstract = "Sequence-to-sequence models have been applied to the conversation response generation problem where the source sequence is the conversation history and the target sequence is the response. Unlike translation, conversation responding is inherently creative. The generation of long, informative, coherent, and diverse responses remains a hard task. In this work, we focus on the single turn setting. We add self-attention to the decoder to maintain coherence in longer responses, and we propose a practical approach, called the glimpse-model, for scaling to large datasets. We introduce a stochastic beam-search algorithm with segment-by-segment reranking which lets us inject diversity earlier in the generation process. We trained on a combined data set of over 2.3B conversation messages mined from the web. In human evaluation studies, our method produces longer responses overall, with a higher proportion rated as acceptable and excellent as length increases, compared to baseline sequence-to-sequence models with explicit length-promotion. A back-off strategy produces better responses overall, in the full spectrum of lengths.",
}
@inproceedings{eshghi-etal-2017-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping incremental dialogue systems from minimal data: the generalisation power of dialogue grammars",
    author = "Eshghi, Arash  and
      Shalyminov, Igor  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1236",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1236",
    pages = "2220--2230",
    abstract = "We investigate an end-to-end method for automatically inducing task-based dialogue systems from small amounts of unannotated dialogue data. It combines an incremental semantic grammar - Dynamic Syntax and Type Theory with Records (DS-TTR) - with Reinforcement Learning (RL), where language generation and dialogue management are a joint decision problem. The systems thus produced are incremental: dialogues are processed word-by-word, shown previously to be essential in supporting natural, spontaneous dialogue. We hypothesised that the rich linguistic knowledge within the grammar should enable a combinatorially large number of dialogue variations to be processed, even when trained on very few dialogues. Our experiments show that our model can process 74{\%} of the Facebook AI bAbI dataset even when trained on only 0.13{\%} of the data (5 dialogues). It can in addition process 65{\%} of bAbI+, a corpus we created by systematically adding incremental dialogue phenomena such as restarts and self-corrections to bAbI. We compare our model with a state-of-the-art retrieval model, MEMN2N. We find that, in terms of semantic accuracy, the MEMN2N model shows very poor robustness to the bAbI+ transformations even when trained on the full bAbI dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2017-composite,
    title = "Composite Task-Completion Dialogue Policy Learning via Hierarchical Deep Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Peng, Baolin  and
      Li, Xiujun  and
      Li, Lihong  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Celikyilmaz, Asli  and
      Lee, Sungjin  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1237",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1237",
    pages = "2231--2240",
    abstract = "Building a dialogue agent to fulfill complex tasks, such as travel planning, is challenging because the agent has to learn to collectively complete multiple subtasks. For example, the agent needs to reserve a hotel and book a flight so that there leaves enough time for commute between arrival and hotel check-in. This paper addresses this challenge by formulating the task in the mathematical framework of options over Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), and proposing a hierarchical deep reinforcement learning approach to learning a dialogue manager that operates at different temporal scales. The dialogue manager consists of: (1) a top-level dialogue policy that selects among subtasks or options, (2) a low-level dialogue policy that selects primitive actions to complete the subtask given by the top-level policy, and (3) a global state tracker that helps ensure all cross-subtask constraints be satisfied. Experiments on a travel planning task with simulated and real users show that our approach leads to significant improvements over three baselines, two based on handcrafted rules and the other based on flat deep reinforcement learning.",
}
@inproceedings{novikova-etal-2017-need,
    title = "Why We Need New Evaluation Metrics for {NLG}",
    author = "Novikova, Jekaterina  and
      Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Cercas Curry, Amanda  and
      Rieser, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1238",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1238",
    pages = "2241--2252",
    abstract = "The majority of NLG evaluation relies on automatic metrics, such as BLEU . In this paper, we motivate the need for novel, system- and data-independent automatic evaluation methods: We investigate a wide range of metrics, including state-of-the-art word-based and novel grammar-based ones, and demonstrate that they only weakly reflect human judgements of system outputs as generated by data-driven, end-to-end NLG. We also show that metric performance is data- and system-specific. Nevertheless, our results also suggest that automatic metrics perform reliably at system-level and can support system development by finding cases where a system performs poorly.",
}
@inproceedings{wiseman-etal-2017-challenges,
    title = "Challenges in Data-to-Document Generation",
    author = "Wiseman, Sam  and
      Shieber, Stuart  and
      Rush, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1239",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1239",
    pages = "2253--2263",
    abstract = "Recent neural models have shown significant progress on the problem of generating short descriptive texts conditioned on a small number of database records. In this work, we suggest a slightly more difficult data-to-text generation task, and investigate how effective current approaches are on this task. In particular, we introduce a new, large-scale corpus of data records paired with descriptive documents, propose a series of extractive evaluation methods for analyzing performance, and obtain baseline results using current neural generation methods. Experiments show that these models produce fluent text, but fail to convincingly approximate human-generated documents. Moreover, even templated baselines exceed the performance of these neural models on some metrics, though copy- and reconstruction-based extensions lead to noticeable improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{patro-etal-2017-english,
    title = "All that is {E}nglish may be {H}indi: Enhancing language identification through automatic ranking of the likeliness of word borrowing in social media",
    author = "Patro, Jasabanta  and
      Samanta, Bidisha  and
      Singh, Saurabh  and
      Basu, Abhipsa  and
      Mukherjee, Prithwish  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Mukherjee, Animesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1240",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1240",
    pages = "2264--2274",
    abstract = "n this paper, we present a set of computational methods to identify the likeliness of a word being borrowed, based on the signals from social media. In terms of Spearman{'}s correlation values, our methods perform more than two times better (∼ 0.62) in predicting the borrowing likeliness compared to the best performing baseline (∼ 0.26) reported in literature. Based on this likeliness estimate we asked annotators to re-annotate the language tags of foreign words in predominantly native contexts. In 88{\%} of cases the annotators felt that the foreign language tag should be replaced by native language tag, thus indicating a huge scope for improvement of automatic language identification systems.",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-View Unsupervised User Feature Embedding for Social Media-based Substance Use Prediction",
    author = "Ding, Tao  and
      Bickel, Warren K.  and
      Pan, Shimei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1241",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1241",
    pages = "2275--2284",
    abstract = "In this paper, we demonstrate how the state-of-the-art machine learning and text mining techniques can be used to build effective social media-based substance use detection systems. Since a substance use ground truth is difficult to obtain on a large scale, to maximize system performance, we explore different unsupervised feature learning methods to take advantage of a large amount of unsupervised social media data. We also demonstrate the benefit of using multi-view unsupervised feature learning to combine heterogeneous user information such as Facebook {``}likes{''} and {``}status updates{''} to enhance system performance. Based on our evaluation, our best models achieved 86{\%} AUC for predicting tobacco use, 81{\%} for alcohol use and 84{\%} for illicit drug use, all of which significantly outperformed existing methods. Our investigation has also uncovered interesting relations between a user{'}s social media behavior (e.g., word usage) and substance use.",
}
@inproceedings{garimella-etal-2017-demographic,
    title = "Demographic-aware word associations",
    author = "Garimella, Aparna  and
      Banea, Carmen  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1242",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1242",
    pages = "2285--2295",
    abstract = "Variations of word associations across different groups of people can provide insights into people{'}s psychologies and their world views. To capture these variations, we introduce the task of demographic-aware word associations. We build a new gold standard dataset consisting of word association responses for approximately 300 stimulus words, collected from more than 800 respondents of different gender (male/female) and from different locations (India/United States), and show that there are significant variations in the word associations made by these groups. We also introduce a new demographic-aware word association model based on a neural net skip-gram architecture, and show how computational methods for measuring word associations that specifically account for writer demographics can outperform generic methods that are agnostic to such information.",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2017-factored,
    title = "A Factored Neural Network Model for Characterizing Online Discussions in Vector Space",
    author = "Cheng, Hao  and
      Fang, Hao  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1243",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1243",
    pages = "2296--2306",
    abstract = "We develop a novel factored neural model that learns comment embeddings in an unsupervised way leveraging the structure of distributional context in online discussion forums. The model links different context with related language factors in the embedding space, providing a way to interpret the factored embeddings. Evaluated on a community endorsement prediction task using a large collection of topic-varying Reddit discussions, the factored embeddings consistently achieve improvement over other text representations. Qualitative analysis shows that the model captures community style and topic, as well as response trigger patterns.",
}
@inproceedings{rashid-blanco-2017-dimensions,
    title = "Dimensions of Interpersonal Relationships: Corpus and Experiments",
    author = "Rashid, Farzana  and
      Blanco, Eduardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1244",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1244",
    pages = "2307--2316",
    abstract = "This paper presents a corpus and experiments to determine dimensions of interpersonal relationships. We define a set of dimensions heavily inspired by work in social science. We create a corpus by retrieving pairs of people, and then annotating dimensions for their relationships. A corpus analysis shows that dimensions can be annotated reliably. Experimental results show that given a pair of people, values to dimensions can be assigned automatically.",
}
@inproceedings{dusmanu-etal-2017-argument,
    title = "Argument Mining on Twitter: Arguments, Facts and Sources",
    author = "Dusmanu, Mihai  and
      Cabrio, Elena  and
      Villata, Serena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1245",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1245",
    pages = "2317--2322",
    abstract = "Social media collect and spread on the Web personal opinions, facts, fake news and all kind of information users may be interested in. Applying argument mining methods to such heterogeneous data sources is a challenging open research issue, in particular considering the peculiarities of the language used to write textual messages on social media. In addition, new issues emerge when dealing with arguments posted on such platforms, such as the need to make a distinction between personal opinions and actual facts, and to detect the source disseminating information about such facts to allow for provenance verification. In this paper, we apply supervised classification to identify arguments on Twitter, and we present two new tasks for argument mining, namely facts recognition and source identification. We study the feasibility of the approaches proposed to address these tasks on a set of tweets related to the Grexit and Brexit news topics.",
}
@inproceedings{aoki-etal-2017-distinguishing,
    title = "Distinguishing {J}apanese Non-standard Usages from Standard Ones",
    author = "Aoki, Tatsuya  and
      Sasano, Ryohei  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1246",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1246",
    pages = "2323--2328",
    abstract = "We focus on non-standard usages of common words on social media. In the context of social media, words sometimes have other usages that are totally different from their original. In this study, we attempt to distinguish non-standard usages on social media from standard ones in an unsupervised manner. Our basic idea is that non-standardness can be measured by the inconsistency between the expected meaning of the target word and the given context. For this purpose, we use context embeddings derived from word embeddings. Our experimental results show that the model leveraging the context embedding outperforms other methods and provide us with findings, for example, on how to construct context embeddings and which corpus to use.",
}
@inproceedings{sap-etal-2017-connotation,
    title = "Connotation Frames of Power and Agency in Modern Films",
    author = "Sap, Maarten  and
      Prasettio, Marcella Cindy  and
      Holtzman, Ari  and
      Rashkin, Hannah  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1247",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1247",
    pages = "2329--2334",
    abstract = "The framing of an action influences how we perceive its actor. We introduce connotation frames of power and agency, a pragmatic formalism organized using frame semantic representations, to model how different levels of power and agency are implicitly projected on actors through their actions. We use the new power and agency frames to measure the subtle, but prevalent, gender bias in the portrayal of modern film characters and provide insights that deviate from the well-known Bechdel test. Our contributions include an extended lexicon of connotation frames along with a web interface that provides a comprehensive analysis through the lens of connotation frames.",
}
@inproceedings{preotiuc-pietro-etal-2017-controlling,
    title = "Controlling Human Perception of Basic User Traits",
    author = "Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Chandra Guntuku, Sharath  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1248",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1248",
    pages = "2335--2341",
    abstract = "Much of our online communication is text-mediated and, lately, more common with automated agents. Unlike interacting with humans, these agents currently do not tailor their language to the type of person they are communicating to. In this pilot study, we measure the extent to which human perception of basic user trait information {--} gender and age {--} is controllable through text. Using automatic models of gender and age prediction, we estimate which tweets posted by a user are more likely to mis-characterize his traits. We perform multiple controlled crowdsourcing experiments in which we show that we can reduce the human prediction accuracy of gender to almost random {--} an over 20{\%} drop in accuracy. Our experiments show that it is practically feasible for multiple applications such as text generation, text summarization or machine translation to be tailored to specific traits and perceived as such.",
}
@inproceedings{gautrais-etal-2017-topic,
    title = "Topic Signatures in Political Campaign Speeches",
    author = "Gautrais, Cl{\'e}ment  and
      Cellier, Peggy  and
      Quiniou, Ren{\'e}  and
      Termier, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1249",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1249",
    pages = "2342--2347",
    abstract = "Highlighting the recurrence of topics usage in candidates speeches is a key feature to identify the main ideas of each candidate during a political campaign. In this paper, we present a method combining standard topic modeling with signature mining for analyzing topic recurrence in speeches of Clinton and Trump during the 2016 American presidential campaign. The results show that the method extracts automatically the main ideas of each candidate and, in addition, provides information about the evolution of these topics during the campaign.",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-2017-assessing,
    title = "Assessing Objective Recommendation Quality through Political Forecasting",
    author = "Schwartz, H. Andrew  and
      Rouhizadeh, Masoud  and
      Bishop, Michael  and
      Tetlock, Philip  and
      Mellers, Barbara  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1250",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1250",
    pages = "2348--2357",
    abstract = "Recommendations are often rated for their subjective quality, but few researchers have studied comment quality in terms of objective utility. We explore recommendation quality assessment with respect to both subjective (i.e. users{'} ratings) and objective (i.e., did it influence? did it improve decisions?) metrics in a massive online geopolitical forecasting system, ultimately comparing linguistic characteristics of each quality metric. Using a variety of features, we predict all types of quality with better accuracy than the simple yet strong baseline of comment length. Looking at the most predictive content illustrates rater biases; for example, forecasters are subjectively biased in favor of comments mentioning business transactions or dealings as well as material things, even though such comments do not indeed prove any more useful objectively. Additionally, more complex sentence constructions, as evidenced by subordinate conjunctions, are characteristic of comments leading to objective improvements in forecasting.",
}
@inproceedings{shirakawa-etal-2017-never,
    title = "Never Abandon Minorities: Exhaustive Extraction of Bursty Phrases on Microblogs Using Set Cover Problem",
    author = "Shirakawa, Masumi  and
      Hara, Takahiro  and
      Maekawa, Takuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1251",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1251",
    pages = "2358--2367",
    abstract = "We propose a language-independent data-driven method to exhaustively extract bursty phrases of arbitrary forms (e.g., phrases other than simple noun phrases) from microblogs. The burst (i.e., the rapid increase of the occurrence) of a phrase causes the burst of overlapping N-grams including incomplete ones. In other words, bursty incomplete N-grams inevitably overlap bursty phrases. Thus, the proposed method performs the extraction of bursty phrases as the set cover problem in which all bursty N-grams are covered by a minimum set of bursty phrases. Experimental results using Japanese Twitter data showed that the proposed method outperformed word-based, noun phrase-based, and segmentation-based methods both in terms of accuracy and coverage.",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2017-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Margin Reward Networks for Learning from Explicit and Implicit Supervision",
    author = "Peng, Haoruo  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Yih, Wen-tau",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1252",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1252",
    pages = "2368--2378",
    abstract = "Neural networks have achieved state-of-the-art performance on several structured-output prediction tasks, trained in a fully supervised fashion. However, annotated examples in structured domains are often costly to obtain, which thus limits the applications of neural networks. In this work, we propose Maximum Margin Reward Networks, a neural network-based framework that aims to learn from both explicit (full structures) and implicit supervision signals (delayed feedback on the correctness of the predicted structure). On named entity recognition and semantic parsing, our model outperforms previous systems on the benchmark datasets, CoNLL-2003 and WebQuestionsSP.",
}
@inproceedings{wachsmuth-etal-2017-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Modeling Overall Argumentation with Tree Kernels",
    author = "Wachsmuth, Henning  and
      Da San Martino, Giovanni  and
      Kiesel, Dora  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1253",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1253",
    pages = "2379--2389",
    abstract = "Several approaches have been proposed to model either the explicit sequential structure of an argumentative text or its implicit hierarchical structure. So far, the adequacy of these models of overall argumentation remains unclear. This paper asks what type of structure is actually important to tackle downstream tasks in computational argumentation. We analyze patterns in the overall argumentation of texts from three corpora. Then, we adapt the idea of positional tree kernels in order to capture sequential and hierarchical argumentative structure together for the first time. In systematic experiments for three text classification tasks, we find strong evidence for the impact of both types of structure. Our results suggest that either of them is necessary while their combination may be beneficial.",
}
@inproceedings{gan-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Generic Sentence Representations Using Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Gan, Zhe  and
      Pu, Yunchen  and
      Henao, Ricardo  and
      Li, Chunyuan  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Carin, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1254",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1254",
    pages = "2390--2400",
    abstract = "We propose a new encoder-decoder approach to learn distributed sentence representations that are applicable to multiple purposes. The model is learned by using a convolutional neural network as an encoder to map an input sentence into a continuous vector, and using a long short-term memory recurrent neural network as a decoder. Several tasks are considered, including sentence reconstruction and future sentence prediction. Further, a hierarchical encoder-decoder model is proposed to encode a sentence to predict multiple future sentences. By training our models on a large collection of novels, we obtain a highly generic convolutional sentence encoder that performs well in practice. Experimental results on several benchmark datasets, and across a broad range of applications, demonstrate the superiority of the proposed model over competing methods.",
}
@inproceedings{amiri-etal-2017-repeat,
    title = "Repeat before Forgetting: Spaced Repetition for Efficient and Effective Training of Neural Networks",
    author = "Amiri, Hadi  and
      Miller, Timothy  and
      Savova, Guergana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1255",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1255",
    pages = "2401--2410",
    abstract = "We present a novel approach for training artificial neural networks. Our approach is inspired by broad evidence in psychology that shows human learners can learn efficiently and effectively by increasing intervals of time between subsequent reviews of previously learned materials (spaced repetition). We investigate the analogy between training neural models and findings in psychology about human memory model and develop an efficient and effective algorithm to train neural models. The core part of our algorithm is a cognitively-motivated scheduler according to which training instances and their {``}reviews{''} are spaced over time. Our algorithm uses only 34-50{\%} of data per epoch, is 2.9-4.8 times faster than standard training, and outperforms competing state-of-the-art baselines. Our code is available at \url{scholar.harvard.edu/hadi/RbF/}.",
}
@inproceedings{gui-etal-2017-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Tagging for Twitter with Adversarial Neural Networks",
    author = "Gui, Tao  and
      Zhang, Qi  and
      Huang, Haoran  and
      Peng, Minlong  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1256",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1256",
    pages = "2411--2420",
    abstract = "In this work, we study the problem of part-of-speech tagging for Tweets. In contrast to newswire articles, Tweets are usually informal and contain numerous out-of-vocabulary words. Moreover, there is a lack of large scale labeled datasets for this domain. To tackle these challenges, we propose a novel neural network to make use of out-of-domain labeled data, unlabeled in-domain data, and labeled in-domain data. Inspired by adversarial neural networks, the proposed method tries to learn common features through adversarial discriminator. In addition, we hypothesize that domain-specific features of target domain should be preserved in some degree. Hence, the proposed method adopts a sequence-to-sequence autoencoder to perform this task. Experimental results on three different datasets show that our method achieves better performance than state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Different Syntactic Context Types and Context Representations for Learning Word Embeddings",
    author = "Li, Bofang  and
      Liu, Tao  and
      Zhao, Zhe  and
      Tang, Buzhou  and
      Drozd, Aleksandr  and
      Rogers, Anna  and
      Du, Xiaoyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1257",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1257",
    pages = "2421--2431",
    abstract = "The number of word embedding models is growing every year. Most of them are based on the co-occurrence information of words and their contexts. However, it is still an open question what is the best definition of context. We provide a systematical investigation of 4 different syntactic context types and context representations for learning word embeddings. Comprehensive experiments are conducted to evaluate their effectiveness on 6 extrinsic and intrinsic tasks. We hope that this paper, along with the published code, would be helpful for choosing the best context type and representation for a given task.",
}
@inproceedings{braud-etal-2017-syntax,
    title = "Does syntax help discourse segmentation? Not so much",
    author = "Braud, Chlo{\'e}  and
      Lacroix, Oph{\'e}lie  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1258",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1258",
    pages = "2432--2442",
    abstract = "Discourse segmentation is the first step in building discourse parsers. Most work on discourse segmentation does not scale to real-world discourse parsing across languages, for two reasons: (i) models rely on constituent trees, and (ii) experiments have relied on gold standard identification of sentence and token boundaries. We therefore investigate to what extent constituents can be replaced with universal dependencies, or left out completely, as well as how state-of-the-art segmenters fare in the absence of sentence boundaries. Our results show that dependency information is less useful than expected, but we provide a fully scalable, robust model that only relies on part-of-speech information, and show that it performs well across languages in the absence of any gold-standard annotation.",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-etal-2017-deal,
    title = "Deal or No Deal? End-to-End Learning of Negotiation Dialogues",
    author = "Lewis, Mike  and
      Yarats, Denis  and
      Dauphin, Yann  and
      Parikh, Devi  and
      Batra, Dhruv",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1259",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1259",
    pages = "2443--2453",
    abstract = "Much of human dialogue occurs in semi-cooperative settings, where agents with different goals attempt to agree on common decisions. Negotiations require complex communication and reasoning skills, but success is easy to measure, making this an interesting task for AI. We gather a large dataset of human-human negotiations on a multi-issue bargaining task, where agents who cannot observe each other{'}s reward functions must reach an agreement (or a deal) via natural language dialogue. For the first time, we show it is possible to train end-to-end models for negotiation, which must learn both linguistic and reasoning skills with no annotated dialogue states. We also introduce dialogue rollouts, in which the model plans ahead by simulating possible complete continuations of the conversation, and find that this technique dramatically improves performance. Our code and dataset are publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-agent,
    title = "Agent-Aware Dropout {DQN} for Safe and Efficient On-line Dialogue Policy Learning",
    author = "Chen, Lu  and
      Zhou, Xiang  and
      Chang, Cheng  and
      Yang, Runzhe  and
      Yu, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1260",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1260",
    pages = "2454--2464",
    abstract = "Hand-crafted rules and reinforcement learning (RL) are two popular choices to obtain dialogue policy. The rule-based policy is often reliable within predefined scope but not self-adaptable, whereas RL is evolvable with data but often suffers from a bad initial performance. We employ a \textit{companion learning} framework to integrate the two approaches for \textit{on-line} dialogue policy learning, in which a pre-defined rule-based policy acts as a {``}teacher{''} and guides a data-driven RL system by giving example actions as well as additional rewards. A novel \textit{agent-aware dropout} Deep Q-Network (AAD-DQN) is proposed to address the problem of when to consult the teacher and how to learn from the teacher{'}s experiences. AAD-DQN, as a data-driven student policy, provides (1) two separate experience memories for student and teacher, (2) an uncertainty estimated by dropout to control the timing of consultation and learning. Simulation experiments showed that the proposed approach can significantly improve both \textit{safety} and \textit{efficiency} of on-line policy optimization compared to other companion learning approaches as well as supervised pre-training using static dialogue corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{potash-rumshisky-2017-towards,
    title = "Towards Debate Automation: a Recurrent Model for Predicting Debate Winners",
    author = "Potash, Peter  and
      Rumshisky, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1261",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1261",
    pages = "2465--2475",
    abstract = "In this paper we introduce a practical first step towards the creation of an automated debate agent: a state-of-the-art recurrent predictive model for predicting debate winners. By having an accurate predictive model, we are able to objectively rate the quality of a statement made at a specific turn in a debate. The model is based on a recurrent neural network architecture with attention, which allows the model to effectively account for the entire debate when making its prediction. Our model achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on a dataset of debate transcripts annotated with audience favorability of the debate teams. Finally, we discuss how future work can leverage our proposed model for the creation of an automated debate agent. We accomplish this by determining the model input that will maximize audience favorability toward a given side of a debate at an arbitrary turn.",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2017-investigation,
    title = "Further Investigation into Reference Bias in Monolingual Evaluation of Machine Translation",
    author = "Ma, Qingsong  and
      Graham, Yvette  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1262",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1262",
    pages = "2476--2485",
    abstract = "Monolingual evaluation of Machine Translation (MT) aims to simplify human assessment by requiring assessors to compare the meaning of the MT output with a reference translation, opening up the task to a much larger pool of genuinely qualified evaluators. Monolingual evaluation runs the risk, however, of bias in favour of MT systems that happen to produce translations superficially similar to the reference and, consistent with this intuition, previous investigations have concluded monolingual assessment to be strongly biased in this respect. On re-examination of past analyses, we identify a series of potential analytical errors that force some important questions to be raised about the reliability of past conclusions, however. We subsequently carry out further investigation into reference bias via direct human assessment of MT adequacy via quality controlled crowd-sourcing. Contrary to both intuition and past conclusions, results for show no significant evidence of reference bias in monolingual evaluation of MT.",
}
@inproceedings{isabelle-etal-2017-challenge,
    title = "A Challenge Set Approach to Evaluating Machine Translation",
    author = "Isabelle, Pierre  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Foster, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1263",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1263",
    pages = "2486--2496",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation represents an exciting leap forward in translation quality. But what longstanding weaknesses does it resolve, and which remain? We address these questions with a challenge set approach to translation evaluation and error analysis. A challenge set consists of a small set of sentences, each hand-designed to probe a system{'}s capacity to bridge a particular structural divergence between languages. To exemplify this approach, we present an English-French challenge set, and use it to analyze phrase-based and neural systems. The resulting analysis provides not only a more fine-grained picture of the strengths of neural systems, but also insight into which linguistic phenomena remain out of reach.",
}
@inproceedings{nakashole-flauger-2017-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Distillation for Bilingual Dictionary Induction",
    author = "Nakashole, Ndapandula  and
      Flauger, Raphael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1264",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1264",
    pages = "2497--2506",
    abstract = "Leveraging zero-shot learning to learn mapping functions between vector spaces of different languages is a promising approach to bilingual dictionary induction. However, methods using this approach have not yet achieved high accuracy on the task. In this paper, we propose a bridging approach, where our main contribution is a knowledge distillation training objective. As teachers, rich resource translation paths are exploited in this role. And as learners, translation paths involving low resource languages learn from the teachers. Our training objective allows seamless addition of teacher translation paths for any given low resource pair. Since our approach relies on the quality of monolingual word embeddings, we also propose to enhance vector representations of both the source and target language with linguistic information. Our experiments on various languages show large performance gains from our distillation training objective, obtaining as high as 17{\%} accuracy improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{bawden-2017-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation, it{'}s a question of style, innit? The case of {E}nglish tag questions",
    author = "Bawden, Rachel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1265",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1265",
    pages = "2507--2512",
    abstract = "In this paper, we address the problem of generating English tag questions (TQs) (e.g. it is, isn{'}t it?) in Machine Translation (MT). We propose a post-edition solution, formulating the problem as a multi-class classification task. We present (i) the automatic annotation of English TQs in a parallel corpus of subtitles and (ii) an approach using a series of classifiers to predict TQ forms, which we use to post-edit state-of-the-art MT outputs. Our method provides significant improvements in English TQ translation when translating from Czech, French and German, in turn improving the fluidity, naturalness, grammatical correctness and pragmatic coherence of MT output.",
}
@inproceedings{pourdamghani-knight-2017-deciphering,
    title = "Deciphering Related Languages",
    author = "Pourdamghani, Nima  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1266",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1266",
    pages = "2513--2518",
    abstract = "We present a method for translating texts between close language pairs. The method does not require parallel data, and it does not require the languages to be written in the same script. We show results for six language pairs: Afrikaans/Dutch, Bosnian/Serbian, Danish/Swedish, Macedonian/Bulgarian, Malaysian/Indonesian, and Polish/Belorussian. We report BLEU scores showing our method to outperform others that do not use parallel data.",
}
@inproceedings{st-arnaud-etal-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Cognate Sets Across Dictionaries of Related Languages",
    author = "St Arnaud, Adam  and
      Beck, David  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1267",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1267",
    pages = "2519--2528",
    abstract = "We present a system for identifying cognate sets across dictionaries of related languages. The likelihood of a cognate relationship is calculated on the basis of a rich set of features that capture both phonetic and semantic similarity, as well as the presence of regular sound correspondences. The similarity scores are used to cluster words from different languages that may originate from a common proto-word. When tested on the Algonquian language family, our system detects 63{\%} of cognate sets while maintaining cluster purity of 70{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{malaviya-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Language Representations for Typology Prediction",
    author = "Malaviya, Chaitanya  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Littell, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1268",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1268",
    pages = "2529--2535",
    abstract = "One central mystery of neural NLP is what neural models {``}know{''} about their subject matter. When a neural machine translation system learns to translate from one language to another, does it learn the syntax or semantics of the languages? Can this knowledge be extracted from the system to fill holes in human scientific knowledge? Existing typological databases contain relatively full feature specifications for only a few hundred languages. Exploiting the existence of parallel texts in more than a thousand languages, we build a massive many-to-one NMT system from 1017 languages into English, and use this to predict information missing from typological databases. Experiments show that the proposed method is able to infer not only syntactic, but also phonological and phonetic inventory features, and improves over a baseline that has access to information about the languages geographic and phylogenetic neighbors.",
}
@inproceedings{mayhew-etal-2017-cheap,
    title = "Cheap Translation for Cross-Lingual Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Mayhew, Stephen  and
      Tsai, Chen-Tse  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1269",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1269",
    pages = "2536--2545",
    abstract = "Recent work in NLP has attempted to deal with low-resource languages but still assumed a resource level that is not present for most languages, e.g., the availability of Wikipedia in the target language. We propose a simple method for cross-lingual named entity recognition (NER) that works well in settings with \textit{very} minimal resources. Our approach makes use of a lexicon to {``}translate{''} annotated data available in one or several high resource language(s) into the target language, and learns a standard monolingual NER model there. Further, when Wikipedia is available in the target language, our method can enhance Wikipedia based methods to yield state-of-the-art NER results; we evaluate on 7 diverse languages, improving the state-of-the-art by an average of 5.5{\%} F1 points. With the minimal resources required, this is an extremely portable cross-lingual NER approach, as illustrated using a truly low-resource language, Uyghur.",
}
@inproceedings{vulic-etal-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Induction and Transfer of Verb Classes Based on Word Vector Space Specialisation",
    author = "Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1270",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1270",
    pages = "2546--2558",
    abstract = "Existing approaches to automatic VerbNet-style verb classification are heavily dependent on feature engineering and therefore limited to languages with mature NLP pipelines. In this work, we propose a novel cross-lingual transfer method for inducing VerbNets for multiple languages. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which demonstrates how the architectures for learning word embeddings can be applied to this challenging syntactic-semantic task. Our method uses cross-lingual translation pairs to tie each of the six target languages into a bilingual vector space with English, jointly specialising the representations to encode the relational information from English VerbNet. A standard clustering algorithm is then run on top of the VerbNet-specialised representations, using vector dimensions as features for learning verb classes. Our results show that the proposed cross-lingual transfer approach sets new state-of-the-art verb classification performance across all six target languages explored in this work.",
}
@inproceedings{friedrich-gateva-2017-classification,
    title = "Classification of telicity using cross-linguistic annotation projection",
    author = "Friedrich, Annemarie  and
      Gateva, Damyana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1271",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1271",
    pages = "2559--2565",
    abstract = "This paper addresses the automatic recognition of telicity, an aspectual notion. A telic event includes a natural endpoint ({``}she walked home{''}), while an atelic event does not ({``}she walked around{''}). Recognizing this difference is a prerequisite for temporal natural language understanding. In English, this classification task is difficult, as telicity is a covert linguistic category. In contrast, in Slavic languages, aspect is part of a verb{'}s meaning and even available in machine-readable dictionaries. Our contributions are as follows. We successfully leverage additional silver standard training data in the form of projected annotations from parallel English-Czech data as well as context information, improving automatic telicity classification for English significantly compared to previous work. We also create a new data set of English texts manually annotated with telicity.",
}
@inproceedings{lawrence-etal-2017-counterfactual,
    title = "Counterfactual Learning from Bandit Feedback under Deterministic Logging : A Case Study in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Lawrence, Carolin  and
      Sokolov, Artem  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1272",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1272",
    pages = "2566--2576",
    abstract = "The goal of counterfactual learning for statistical machine translation (SMT) is to optimize a target SMT system from logged data that consist of user feedback to translations that were predicted by another, historic SMT system. A challenge arises by the fact that risk-averse commercial SMT systems deterministically log the most probable translation. The lack of sufficient exploration of the SMT output space seemingly contradicts the theoretical requirements for counterfactual learning. We show that counterfactual learning from deterministic bandit logs is possible nevertheless by smoothing out deterministic components in learning. This can be achieved by additive and multiplicative control variates that avoid degenerate behavior in empirical risk minimization. Our simulation experiments show improvements of up to 2 BLEU points by counterfactual learning from deterministic bandit feedback.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-learning-fine,
    title = "Learning Fine-grained Relations from {C}hinese User Generated Categories",
    author = "Wang, Chengyu  and
      Fan, Yan  and
      He, Xiaofeng  and
      Zhou, Aoying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1273",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1273",
    pages = "2577--2587",
    abstract = "User generated categories (UGCs) are short texts that reflect how people describe and organize entities, expressing rich semantic relations implicitly. While most methods on UGC relation extraction are based on pattern matching in English circumstances, learning relations from Chinese UGCs poses different challenges due to the flexibility of expressions. In this paper, we present a weakly supervised learning framework to harvest relations from Chinese UGCs. We identify is-a relations via word embedding based projection and inference, extract non-taxonomic relations and their category patterns by graph mining. We conduct experiments on Chinese Wikipedia and achieve high accuracy, outperforming state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving Slot Filling Performance with Attentive Neural Networks on Dependency Structures",
    author = "Huang, Lifu  and
      Sil, Avirup  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Florian, Radu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1274",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1274",
    pages = "2588--2597",
    abstract = "Slot Filling (SF) aims to extract the values of certain types of attributes (or slots, such as person:cities{\_}of{\_}residence) for a given entity from a large collection of source documents. In this paper we propose an effective DNN architecture for SF with the following new strategies: (1). Take a regularized dependency graph instead of a raw sentence as input to DNN, to compress the wide contexts between query and candidate filler; (2). Incorporate two attention mechanisms: local attention learned from query and candidate filler, and global attention learned from external knowledge bases, to guide the model to better select indicative contexts to determine slot type. Experiments show that this framework outperforms state-of-the-art on both relation extraction (16{\%} absolute F-score gain) and slot filling validation for each individual system (up to 8.5{\%} absolute F-score gain).",
}
@inproceedings{durrett-etal-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Products in Online Cybercrime Marketplaces: A Dataset for Fine-grained Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Durrett, Greg  and
      Kummerfeld, Jonathan K.  and
      Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor  and
      Portnoff, Rebecca  and
      Afroz, Sadia  and
      McCoy, Damon  and
      Levchenko, Kirill  and
      Paxson, Vern",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1275",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1275",
    pages = "2598--2607",
    abstract = "One weakness of machine-learned NLP models is that they typically perform poorly on out-of-domain data. In this work, we study the task of identifying products being bought and sold in online cybercrime forums, which exhibits particularly challenging cross-domain effects. We formulate a task that represents a hybrid of slot-filling information extraction and named entity recognition and annotate data from four different forums. Each of these forums constitutes its own {``}fine-grained domain{''} in that the forums cover different market sectors with different properties, even though all forums are in the broad domain of cybercrime. We characterize these domain differences in the context of a learning-based system: supervised models see decreased accuracy when applied to new forums, and standard techniques for semi-supervised learning and domain adaptation have limited effectiveness on this data, which suggests the need to improve these techniques. We release a dataset of 1,938 annotated posts from across the four forums.",
}
@inproceedings{muis-lu-2017-labeling,
    title = "Labeling Gaps Between Words: Recognizing Overlapping Mentions with Mention Separators",
    author = "Muis, Aldrian Obaja  and
      Lu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1276",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1276",
    pages = "2608--2618",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a new model that is capable of recognizing overlapping mentions. We introduce a novel notion of mention separators that can be effectively used to capture how mentions overlap with one another. On top of a novel multigraph representation that we introduce, we show that efficient and exact inference can still be performed. We present some theoretical analysis on the differences between our model and a recently proposed model for recognizing overlapping mentions, and discuss the possible implications of the differences. Through extensive empirical analysis on standard datasets, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.",
}
@inproceedings{ganea-hofmann-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Joint Entity Disambiguation with Local Neural Attention",
    author = "Ganea, Octavian-Eugen  and
      Hofmann, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1277",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1277",
    pages = "2619--2629",
    abstract = "We propose a novel deep learning model for joint document-level entity disambiguation, which leverages learned neural representations. Key components are entity embeddings, a neural attention mechanism over local context windows, and a differentiable joint inference stage for disambiguation. Our approach thereby combines benefits of deep learning with more traditional approaches such as graphical models and probabilistic mention-entity maps. Extensive experiments show that we are able to obtain competitive or state-of-the-art accuracy at moderate computational costs.",
}
@inproceedings{gashteovski-etal-2017-minie,
    title = "{M}in{IE}: Minimizing Facts in Open Information Extraction",
    author = "Gashteovski, Kiril  and
      Gemulla, Rainer  and
      del Corro, Luciano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1278",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1278",
    pages = "2630--2640",
    abstract = "The goal of Open Information Extraction (OIE) is to extract surface relations and their arguments from natural-language text in an unsupervised, domain-independent manner. In this paper, we propose MinIE, an OIE system that aims to provide useful, compact extractions with high precision and recall. MinIE approaches these goals by (1) representing information about polarity, modality, attribution, and quantities with semantic annotations instead of in the actual extraction, and (2) identifying and removing parts that are considered overly specific. We conducted an experimental study with several real-world datasets and found that MinIE achieves competitive or higher precision and recall than most prior systems, while at the same time producing shorter, semantically enriched extractions.",
}
@inproceedings{luan-etal-2017-scientific,
    title = "Scientific Information Extraction with Semi-supervised Neural Tagging",
    author = "Luan, Yi  and
      Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1279",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1279",
    pages = "2641--2651",
    abstract = "This paper addresses the problem of extracting keyphrases from scientific articles and categorizing them as corresponding to a task, process, or material. We cast the problem as sequence tagging and introduce semi-supervised methods to a neural tagging model, which builds on recent advances in named entity recognition. Since annotated training data is scarce in this domain, we introduce a graph-based semi-supervised algorithm together with a data selection scheme to leverage unannotated articles. Both inductive and transductive semi-supervised learning strategies outperform state-of-the-art information extraction performance on the 2017 SemEval Task 10 ScienceIE task.",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2017-nite,
    title = "{NITE}: A Neural Inductive Teaching Framework for Domain Specific {NER}",
    author = "Tang, Siliang  and
      Zhang, Ning  and
      Zhang, Jinjiang  and
      Wu, Fei  and
      Zhuang, Yueting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1280",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1280",
    pages = "2652--2657",
    abstract = "In domain-specific NER, due to insufficient labeled training data, deep models usually fail to behave normally. In this paper, we proposed a novel Neural Inductive TEaching framework (NITE) to transfer knowledge from existing domain-specific NER models into an arbitrary deep neural network in a teacher-student training manner. NITE is a general framework that builds upon transfer learning and multiple instance learning, which collaboratively not only transfers knowledge to a deep student network but also reduces the noise from teachers. NITE can help deep learning methods to effectively utilize existing resources (i.e., models, labeled and unlabeled data) in a small domain. The experiment resulted on Disease NER proved that without using any labeled data, NITE can significantly boost the performance of a CNN-bidirectional LSTM-CRF NER neural network nearly over 30{\%} in terms of F1-score.",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-etal-2017-speeding,
    title = "Speeding up Reinforcement Learning-based Information Extraction Training using Asynchronous Methods",
    author = "Sharma, Aditya  and
      Parekh, Zarana  and
      Talukdar, Partha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1281",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1281",
    pages = "2658--2663",
    abstract = "RLIE-DQN is a recently proposed Reinforcement Learning-based Information Extraction (IE) technique which is able to incorporate external evidence during the extraction process. RLIE-DQN trains a single agent sequentially, training on one instance at a time. This results in significant training slowdown which is undesirable. We leverage recent advances in parallel RL training using asynchronous methods and propose RLIE-A3C. RLIE-A3C trains multiple agents in parallel and is able to achieve upto 6x training speedup over RLIE-DQN, while suffering no loss in average accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2017-leveraging-linguistic,
    title = "Leveraging Linguistic Structures for Named Entity Recognition with Bidirectional Recursive Neural Networks",
    author = "Li, Peng-Hsuan  and
      Dong, Ruo-Ping  and
      Wang, Yu-Siang  and
      Chou, Ju-Chieh  and
      Ma, Wei-Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1282",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1282",
    pages = "2664--2669",
    abstract = "In this paper, we utilize the linguistic structures of texts to improve named entity recognition by BRNN-CNN, a special bidirectional recursive network attached with a convolutional network. Motivated by the observation that named entities are highly related to linguistic constituents, we propose a constituent-based BRNN-CNN for named entity recognition. In contrast to classical sequential labeling methods, the system first identifies which text chunks are possible named entities by whether they are linguistic constituents. Then it classifies these chunks with a constituency tree structure by recursively propagating syntactic and semantic information to each constituent node. This method surpasses current state-of-the-art on OntoNotes 5.0 with automatically generated parses.",
}
@inproceedings{strubell-etal-2017-fast,
    title = "Fast and Accurate Entity Recognition with Iterated Dilated Convolutions",
    author = "Strubell, Emma  and
      Verga, Patrick  and
      Belanger, David  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1283",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1283",
    pages = "2670--2680",
    abstract = "Today when many practitioners run basic NLP on the entire web and large-volume traffic, faster methods are paramount to saving time and energy costs. Recent advances in GPU hardware have led to the emergence of bi-directional LSTMs as a standard method for obtaining per-token vector representations serving as input to labeling tasks such as NER (often followed by prediction in a linear-chain CRF). Though expressive and accurate, these models fail to fully exploit GPU parallelism, limiting their computational efficiency. This paper proposes a faster alternative to Bi-LSTMs for NER: Iterated Dilated Convolutional Neural Networks (ID-CNNs), which have better capacity than traditional CNNs for large context and structured prediction. Unlike LSTMs whose sequential processing on sentences of length N requires O(N) time even in the face of parallelism, ID-CNNs permit fixed-depth convolutions to run in parallel across entire documents. We describe a distinct combination of network structure, parameter sharing and training procedures that enable dramatic 14-20x test-time speedups while retaining accuracy comparable to the Bi-LSTM-CRF. Moreover, ID-CNNs trained to aggregate context from the entire document are more accurate than Bi-LSTM-CRFs while attaining 8x faster test time speeds.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2017-entity,
    title = "Entity Linking via Joint Encoding of Types, Descriptions, and Context",
    author = "Gupta, Nitish  and
      Singh, Sameer  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1284",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1284",
    pages = "2681--2690",
    abstract = "For accurate entity linking, we need to capture various information aspects of an entity, such as its description in a KB, contexts in which it is mentioned, and structured knowledge. Additionally, a linking system should work on texts from different domains without requiring domain-specific training data or hand-engineered features. In this work we present a neural, modular entity linking system that learns a unified dense representation for each entity using multiple sources of information, such as its description, contexts around its mentions, and its fine-grained types. We show that the resulting entity linking system is effective at combining these sources, and performs competitively, sometimes out-performing current state-of-the-art systems across datasets, without requiring any domain-specific training data or hand-engineered features. We also show that our model can effectively {``}embed{''} entities that are new to the KB, and is able to link its mentions accurately.",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2017-insight,
    title = "An Insight Extraction System on {B}io{M}edical Literature with Deep Neural Networks",
    author = "He, Hua  and
      Ganjam, Kris  and
      Jain, Navendu  and
      Lundin, Jessica  and
      White, Ryen  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1285",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1285",
    pages = "2691--2701",
    abstract = "Mining biomedical text offers an opportunity to automatically discover important facts and infer associations among them. As new scientific findings appear across a large collection of biomedical publications, our aim is to tap into this literature to automate biomedical knowledge extraction and identify important insights from them. Towards that goal, we develop a system with novel deep neural networks to extract insights on biomedical literature. Evaluation shows our system is able to provide insights with competitive accuracy of human acceptance and its relation extraction component outperforms previous work.",
}
@inproceedings{nastase-strapparava-2017-word,
    title = "Word Etymology as Native Language Interference",
    author = "Nastase, Vivi  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1286",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1286",
    pages = "2702--2707",
    abstract = "We present experiments that show the influence of native language on lexical choice when producing text in another language {--} in this particular case English. We start from the premise that non-native English speakers will choose lexical items that are close to words in their native language. This leads us to an etymology-based representation of documents written by people whose mother tongue is an Indo-European language. Based on this representation we grow a language family tree, that matches closely the Indo-European language tree.",
}
@inproceedings{eisenberg-finlayson-2017-simpler,
    title = "A Simpler and More Generalizable Story Detector using Verb and Character Features",
    author = "Eisenberg, Joshua  and
      Finlayson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1287",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1287",
    pages = "2708--2715",
    abstract = "Story detection is the task of determining whether or not a unit of text contains a story. Prior approaches achieved a maximum performance of 0.66 F1, and did not generalize well across different corpora. We present a new state-of-the-art detector that achieves a maximum performance of 0.75 F1 (a 14{\%} improvement), with significantly greater generalizability than previous work. In particular, our detector achieves performance above 0.70 F1 across a variety of combinations of lexically different corpora for training and testing, as well as dramatic improvements (up to 4,000{\%}) in performance when trained on a small, disfluent data set. The new detector uses two basic types of features{--}ones related to events, and ones related to characters{--}totaling 283 specific features overall; previous detectors used tens of thousands of features, and so this detector represents a significant simplification along with increased performance.",
}
@inproceedings{schulz-kuhn-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-modular domain-tailored {OCR} post-correction",
    author = "Schulz, Sarah  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1288",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1288",
    pages = "2716--2726",
    abstract = "One of the main obstacles for many Digital Humanities projects is the low data availability. Texts have to be digitized in an expensive and time consuming process whereas Optical Character Recognition (OCR) post-correction is one of the time-critical factors. At the example of OCR post-correction, we show the adaptation of a generic system to solve a specific problem with little data. The system accounts for a diversity of errors encountered in OCRed texts coming from different time periods in the domain of literature. We show that the combination of different approaches, such as e.g. Statistical Machine Translation and spell checking, with the help of a ranking mechanism tremendously improves over single-handed approaches. Since we consider the accessibility of the resulting tool as a crucial part of Digital Humanities collaborations, we describe the workflow we suggest for efficient text recognition and subsequent automatic and manual post-correction",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2017-learning-predict,
    title = "Learning to Predict Charges for Criminal Cases with Legal Basis",
    author = "Luo, Bingfeng  and
      Feng, Yansong  and
      Xu, Jianbo  and
      Zhang, Xiang  and
      Zhao, Dongyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1289",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1289",
    pages = "2727--2736",
    abstract = "The charge prediction task is to determine appropriate charges for a given case, which is helpful for legal assistant systems where the user input is fact description. We argue that relevant law articles play an important role in this task, and therefore propose an attention-based neural network method to jointly model the charge prediction task and the relevant article extraction task in a unified framework. The experimental results show that, besides providing legal basis, the relevant articles can also clearly improve the charge prediction results, and our full model can effectively predict appropriate charges for cases with different expression styles.",
}
@inproceedings{schofield-etal-2017-quantifying,
    title = "Quantifying the Effects of Text Duplication on Semantic Models",
    author = "Schofield, Alexandra  and
      Thompson, Laure  and
      Mimno, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1290",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1290",
    pages = "2737--2747",
    abstract = "Duplicate documents are a pervasive problem in text datasets and can have a strong effect on unsupervised models. Methods to remove duplicate texts are typically heuristic or very expensive, so it is vital to know when and why they are needed. We measure the sensitivity of two latent semantic methods to the presence of different levels of document repetition. By artificially creating different forms of duplicate text we confirm several hypotheses about how repeated text impacts models. While a small amount of duplication is tolerable, substantial over-representation of subsets of the text may overwhelm meaningful topical patterns.",
}
@inproceedings{zhuang-etal-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Semantically Deviating Outlier Documents",
    author = "Zhuang, Honglei  and
      Wang, Chi  and
      Tao, Fangbo  and
      Kaplan, Lance  and
      Han, Jiawei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1291",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1291",
    pages = "2748--2757",
    abstract = "A document outlier is a document that substantially deviates in semantics from the majority ones in a corpus. Automatic identification of document outliers can be valuable in many applications, such as screening health records for medical mistakes. In this paper, we study the problem of mining semantically deviating document outliers in a given corpus. We develop a generative model to identify frequent and characteristic semantic regions in the word embedding space to represent the given corpus, and a robust outlierness measure which is resistant to noisy content in documents. Experiments conducted on two real-world textual data sets show that our method can achieve an up to 135{\%} improvement over baselines in terms of recall at top-1{\%} of the outlier ranking.",
}
@inproceedings{kang-etal-2017-detecting,
    title = "Detecting and Explaining Causes From Text For a Time Series Event",
    author = "Kang, Dongyeop  and
      Gangal, Varun  and
      Lu, Ang  and
      Chen, Zheng  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1292",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1292",
    pages = "2758--2767",
    abstract = "Explaining underlying causes or effects about events is a challenging but valuable task. We define a novel problem of generating explanations of a time series event by (1) searching cause and effect relationships of the time series with textual data and (2) constructing a connecting chain between them to generate an explanation. To detect causal features from text, we propose a novel method based on the Granger causality of time series between features extracted from text such as N-grams, topics, sentiments, and their composition. The generation of the sequence of causal entities requires a commonsense causative knowledge base with efficient reasoning. To ensure good interpretability and appropriate lexical usage we combine symbolic and neural representations, using a neural reasoning algorithm trained on commonsense causal tuples to predict the next cause step. Our quantitative and human analysis show empirical evidence that our method successfully extracts meaningful causality relationships between time series with textual features and generates appropriate explanation between them.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2017-novel,
    title = "A Novel Cascade Model for Learning Latent Similarity from Heterogeneous Sequential Data of {MOOC}",
    author = "Jiang, Zhuoxuan  and
      Feng, Shanshan  and
      Cong, Gao  and
      Miao, Chunyan  and
      Li, Xiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1293",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1293",
    pages = "2768--2773",
    abstract = "Recent years have witnessed the proliferation of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). With massive learners being offered MOOCs, there is a demand that the forum contents within MOOCs need to be classified in order to facilitate both learners and instructors. Therefore we investigate a significant application, which is to associate forum threads to subtitles of video clips. This task can be regarded as a document ranking problem, and the key is how to learn a distinguishable text representation from word sequences and learners{'} behavior sequences. In this paper, we propose a novel cascade model, which can capture both the latent semantics and latent similarity by modeling MOOC data. Experimental results on two real-world datasets demonstrate that our textual representation outperforms state-of-the-art unsupervised counterparts for the application.",
}
@inproceedings{mysore-sathyendra-etal-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying the Provision of Choices in Privacy Policy Text",
    author = "Mysore Sathyendra, Kanthashree  and
      Wilson, Shomir  and
      Schaub, Florian  and
      Zimmeck, Sebastian  and
      Sadeh, Norman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1294",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1294",
    pages = "2774--2779",
    abstract = "Websites{'} and mobile apps{'} privacy policies, written in natural language, tend to be long and difficult to understand. Information privacy revolves around the fundamental principle of Notice and choice, namely the idea that users should be able to make informed decisions about what information about them can be collected and how it can be used. Internet users want control over their privacy, but their choices are often hidden in long and convoluted privacy policy texts. Moreover, little (if any) prior work has been done to detect the provision of choices in text. We address this challenge of enabling user choice by automatically identifying and extracting pertinent choice language in privacy policies. In particular, we present a two-stage architecture of classification models to identify opt-out choices in privacy policy text, labelling common varieties of choices with a mean F1 score of 0.735. Our techniques enable the creation of systems to help Internet users to learn about their choices, thereby effectuating notice and choice and improving Internet privacy.",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-etal-2017-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Analysis of Edit Importance between Document Versions",
    author = "Goyal, Tanya  and
      Kelkar, Sachin  and
      Agarwal, Manas  and
      Grover, Jeenu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1295",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1295",
    pages = "2780--2784",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a novel approach to infer significance of various textual edits to documents. An author may make several edits to a document; each edit varies in its impact to the content of the document. While some edits are surface changes and introduce negligible change, other edits may change the content/tone of the document significantly. In this paper, we perform an analysis on the human perceptions of edit importance while reviewing documents from one version to the next. We identify linguistic features that influence edit importance and model it in a regression based setting. We show that the predicted importance by our approach is highly correlated with the human perceived importance, established by a Mechanical Turk study.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-transition-based,
    title = "Transition-Based Disfluency Detection using {LSTM}s",
    author = "Wang, Shaolei  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Zhang, Meishan  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1296",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1296",
    pages = "2785--2794",
    abstract = "In this paper, we model the problem of disfluency detection using a transition-based framework, which incrementally constructs and labels the disfluency chunk of input sentences using a new transition system without syntax information. Compared with sequence labeling methods, it can capture non-local chunk-level features; compared with joint parsing and disfluency detection methods, it is free for noise in syntax. Experiments show that our model achieves state-of-the-art f-score of 87.5{\%} on the commonly used English Switchboard test set, and a set of in-house annotated Chinese data.",
}
@inproceedings{yannakoudakis-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Sequence-Labelling Models for Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Yannakoudakis, Helen  and
      Rei, Marek  and
      Andersen, {\O}istein E.  and
      Yuan, Zheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1297",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1297",
    pages = "2795--2806",
    abstract = "We propose an approach to N-best list reranking using neural sequence-labelling models. We train a compositional model for error detection that calculates the probability of each token in a sentence being correct or incorrect, utilising the full sentence as context. Using the error detection model, we then re-rank the N best hypotheses generated by statistical machine translation systems. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art results on error correction for three different datasets, and it has the additional advantage of only using a small set of easily computed features that require no linguistic input.",
}
@inproceedings{schmaltz-etal-2017-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Sequence Models for Sentence Correction",
    author = "Schmaltz, Allen  and
      Kim, Yoon  and
      Rush, Alexander  and
      Shieber, Stuart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1298",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1298",
    pages = "2807--2813",
    abstract = "In a controlled experiment of sequence-to-sequence approaches for the task of sentence correction, we find that character-based models are generally more effective than word-based models and models that encode subword information via convolutions, and that modeling the output data as a series of diffs improves effectiveness over standard approaches. Our strongest sequence-to-sequence model improves over our strongest phrase-based statistical machine translation model, with access to the same data, by 6 M2 (0.5 GLEU) points. Additionally, in the data environment of the standard CoNLL-2014 setup, we demonstrate that modeling (and tuning against) diffs yields similar or better M2 scores with simpler models and/or significantly less data than previous sequence-to-sequence approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{niu-etal-2017-study,
    title = "A Study of Style in Machine Translation: Controlling the Formality of Machine Translation Output",
    author = "Niu, Xing  and
      Martindale, Marianna  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1299",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1299",
    pages = "2814--2819",
    abstract = "Stylistic variations of language, such as formality, carry speakers{'} intention beyond literal meaning and should be conveyed adequately in translation. We propose to use lexical formality models to control the formality level of machine translation output. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in empirical evaluations, as measured by automatic metrics and human assessments.",
}
@inproceedings{devlin-2017-sharp,
    title = "Sharp Models on Dull Hardware: Fast and Accurate Neural Machine Translation Decoding on the {CPU}",
    author = "Devlin, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1300",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1300",
    pages = "2820--2825",
    abstract = "Attentional sequence-to-sequence models have become the new standard for machine translation, but one challenge of such models is a significant increase in training and decoding cost compared to phrase-based systems. In this work we focus on efficient decoding, with a goal of achieving accuracy close the state-of-the-art in neural machine translation (NMT), while achieving CPU decoding speed/throughput close to that of a phrasal decoder. We approach this problem from two angles: First, we describe several techniques for speeding up an NMT beam search decoder, which obtain a 4.4x speedup over a very efficient baseline decoder without changing the decoder output. Second, we propose a simple but powerful network architecture which uses an RNN (GRU/LSTM) layer at bottom, followed by a series of stacked fully-connected layers applied at every timestep. This architecture achieves similar accuracy to a deep recurrent model, at a small fraction of the training and decoding cost. By combining these techniques, our best system achieves a very competitive accuracy of 38.3 BLEU on WMT English-French NewsTest2014, while decoding at 100 words/sec on single-threaded CPU. We believe this is the best published accuracy/speed trade-off of an NMT system.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-exploiting-cross,
    title = "Exploiting Cross-Sentence Context for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Longyue  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1301",
    pages = "2826--2831",
    abstract = "In translation, considering the document as a whole can help to resolve ambiguities and inconsistencies. In this paper, we propose a cross-sentence context-aware approach and investigate the influence of historical contextual information on the performance of neural machine translation (NMT). First, this history is summarized in a hierarchical way. We then integrate the historical representation into NMT in two strategies: 1) a warm-start of encoder and decoder states, and 2) an auxiliary context source for updating decoder states. Experimental results on a large Chinese-English translation task show that our approach significantly improves upon a strong attention-based NMT system by up to +2.1 BLEU points.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning for {POS} Tagging without Cross-Lingual Resources",
    author = "Kim, Joo-Kyung  and
      Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Sarikaya, Ruhi  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1302",
    pages = "2832--2838",
    abstract = "Training a POS tagging model with crosslingual transfer learning usually requires linguistic knowledge and resources about the relation between the source language and the target language. In this paper, we introduce a cross-lingual transfer learning model for POS tagging without ancillary resources such as parallel corpora. The proposed cross-lingual model utilizes a common BLSTM that enables knowledge transfer from other languages, and private BLSTMs for language-specific representations. The cross-lingual model is trained with language-adversarial training and bidirectional language modeling as auxiliary objectives to better represent language-general information while not losing the information about a specific target language. Evaluating on POS datasets from 14 languages in the Universal Dependencies corpus, we show that the proposed transfer learning model improves the POS tagging performance of the target languages without exploiting any linguistic knowledge between the source language and the target language.",
}
@inproceedings{gella-etal-2017-image,
    title = "Image Pivoting for Learning Multilingual Multimodal Representations",
    author = "Gella, Spandana  and
      Sennrich, Rico  and
      Keller, Frank  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1303",
    pages = "2839--2845",
    abstract = "In this paper we propose a model to learn multimodal multilingual representations for matching images and sentences in different languages, with the aim of advancing multilingual versions of image search and image understanding. Our model learns a common representation for images and their descriptions in two different languages (which need not be parallel) by considering the image as a pivot between two languages. We introduce a new pairwise ranking loss function which can handle both symmetric and asymmetric similarity between the two modalities. We evaluate our models on image-description ranking for German and English, and on semantic textual similarity of image descriptions in English. In both cases we achieve state-of-the-art performance.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation with Source Dependency Representation",
    author = "Chen, Kehai  and
      Wang, Rui  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Liu, Lemao  and
      Tamura, Akihiro  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1304",
    pages = "2846--2852",
    abstract = "Source dependency information has been successfully introduced into statistical machine translation. However, there are only a few preliminary attempts for Neural Machine Translation (NMT), such as concatenating representations of source word and its dependency label together. In this paper, we propose a novel NMT with source dependency representation to improve translation performance of NMT, especially long sentences. Empirical results on NIST Chinese-to-English translation task show that our method achieves 1.6 BLEU improvements on average over a strong NMT system.",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2017-visual,
    title = "Visual Denotations for Recognizing Textual Entailment",
    author = "Han, Dan  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-G{\'o}mez, Pascual  and
      Mineshima, Koji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1305",
    pages = "2853--2859",
    abstract = "In the logic approach to Recognizing Textual Entailment, identifying phrase-to-phrase semantic relations is still an unsolved problem. Resources such as the Paraphrase Database offer limited coverage despite their large size whereas unsupervised distributional models of meaning often fail to recognize phrasal entailments. We propose to map phrases to their visual denotations and compare their meaning in terms of their images. We show that our approach is effective in the task of Recognizing Textual Entailment when combined with specific linguistic and logic features.",
}
@inproceedings{mathur-etal-2017-sequence,
    title = "Sequence Effects in Crowdsourced Annotations",
    author = "Mathur, Nitika  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1306",
    pages = "2860--2865",
    abstract = "Manual data annotation is a vital component of NLP research. When designing annotation tasks, properties of the annotation interface can unintentionally lead to artefacts in the resulting dataset, biasing the evaluation. In this paper, we explore sequence effects where annotations of an item are affected by the preceding items. Having assigned one label to an instance, the annotator may be less (or more) likely to assign the same label to the next. During rating tasks, seeing a low quality item may affect the score given to the next item either positively or negatively. We see clear evidence of both types of effects using auto-correlation studies over three different crowdsourced datasets. We then recommend a simple way to minimise sequence effects.",
}
@inproceedings{ture-jojic-2017-need,
    title = "No Need to Pay Attention: Simple Recurrent Neural Networks Work!",
    author = "Ture, Ferhan  and
      Jojic, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1307",
    pages = "2866--2872",
    abstract = "First-order factoid question answering assumes that the question can be answered by a single fact in a knowledge base (KB). While this does not seem like a challenging task, many recent attempts that apply either complex linguistic reasoning or deep neural networks achieve 65{\%}{--}76{\%} accuracy on benchmark sets. Our approach formulates the task as two machine learning problems: detecting the entities in the question, and classifying the question as one of the relation types in the KB. We train a recurrent neural network to solve each problem. On the SimpleQuestions dataset, our approach yields substantial improvements over previously published results {---} even neural networks based on much more complex architectures. The simplicity of our approach also has practical advantages, such as efficiency and modularity, that are valuable especially in an industry setting. In fact, we present a preliminary analysis of the performance of our model on real queries from Comcast{'}s X1 entertainment platform with millions of users every day.",
}
@inproceedings{mimno-thompson-2017-strange,
    title = "The strange geometry of skip-gram with negative sampling",
    author = "Mimno, David  and
      Thompson, Laure",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1308",
    pages = "2873--2878",
    abstract = "Despite their ubiquity, word embeddings trained with skip-gram negative sampling (SGNS) remain poorly understood. We find that vector positions are not simply determined by semantic similarity, but rather occupy a narrow cone, diametrically opposed to the context vectors. We show that this geometric concentration depends on the ratio of positive to negative examples, and that it is neither theoretically nor empirically inherent in related embedding algorithms.",
}
@inproceedings{botha-etal-2017-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Processing with Small Feed-Forward Networks",
    author = "Botha, Jan A.  and
      Pitler, Emily  and
      Ma, Ji  and
      Bakalov, Anton  and
      Salcianu, Alex  and
      Weiss, David  and
      McDonald, Ryan  and
      Petrov, Slav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1309",
    pages = "2879--2885",
    abstract = "We show that small and shallow feed-forward neural networks can achieve near state-of-the-art results on a range of unstructured and structured language processing tasks while being considerably cheaper in memory and computational requirements than deep recurrent models. Motivated by resource-constrained environments like mobile phones, we showcase simple techniques for obtaining such small neural network models, and investigate different tradeoffs when deciding how to allocate a small memory budget.",
}
@inproceedings{li-lam-2017-deep,
    title = "Deep Multi-Task Learning for Aspect Term Extraction with Memory Interaction",
    author = "Li, Xin  and
      Lam, Wai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1310",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1310",
    pages = "2886--2892",
    abstract = "We propose a novel LSTM-based deep multi-task learning framework for aspect term extraction from user review sentences. Two LSTMs equipped with extended memories and neural memory operations are designed for jointly handling the extraction tasks of aspects and opinions via memory interactions. Sentimental sentence constraint is also added for more accurate prediction via another LSTM. Experiment results over two benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework.",
}
@inproceedings{andreas-klein-2017-analogs,
    title = "Analogs of Linguistic Structure in Deep Representations",
    author = "Andreas, Jacob  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1311",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1311",
    pages = "2893--2897",
    abstract = "We investigate the compositional structure of message vectors computed by a deep network trained on a communication game. By comparing truth-conditional representations of encoder-produced message vectors to human-produced referring expressions, we are able to identify aligned (vector, utterance) pairs with the same meaning. We then search for structured relationships among these aligned pairs to discover simple vector space transformations corresponding to negation, conjunction, and disjunction. Our results suggest that neural representations are capable of spontaneously developing a {``}syntax{''} with functional analogues to qualitative properties of natural language.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2017-simple,
    title = "A Simple Regularization-based Algorithm for Learning Cross-Domain Word Embeddings",
    author = "Yang, Wei  and
      Lu, Wei  and
      Zheng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1312",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1312",
    pages = "2898--2904",
    abstract = "Learning word embeddings has received a significant amount of attention recently. Often, word embeddings are learned in an unsupervised manner from a large collection of text. The genre of the text typically plays an important role in the effectiveness of the resulting embeddings. How to effectively train word embedding models using data from different domains remains a problem that is less explored. In this paper, we present a simple yet effective method for learning word embeddings based on text from different domains. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through extensive experiments on various down-stream NLP tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{noriega-atala-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning what to read: Focused machine reading",
    author = "Noriega-Atala, Enrique  and
      Valenzuela-Esc{\'a}rcega, Marco A.  and
      Morrison, Clayton  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1313",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1313",
    pages = "2905--2910",
    abstract = "Recent efforts in bioinformatics have achieved tremendous progress in the machine reading of biomedical literature, and the assembly of the extracted biochemical interactions into large-scale models such as protein signaling pathways. However, batch machine reading of literature at today{'}s scale (PubMed alone indexes over 1 million papers per year) is unfeasible due to both cost and processing overhead. In this work, we introduce a focused reading approach to guide the machine reading of biomedical literature towards what literature should be read to answer a biomedical query as efficiently as possible. We introduce a family of algorithms for focused reading, including an intuitive, strong baseline, and a second approach which uses a reinforcement learning (RL) framework that learns when to explore (widen the search) or exploit (narrow it). We demonstrate that the RL approach is capable of answering more queries than the baseline, while being more efficient, i.e., reading fewer documents.",
}
@inproceedings{shu-etal-2017-doc,
    title = "{DOC}: Deep Open Classification of Text Documents",
    author = "Shu, Lei  and
      Xu, Hu  and
      Liu, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1314",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1314",
    pages = "2911--2916",
    abstract = "Traditional supervised learning makes the closed-world assumption that the classes appeared in the test data must have appeared in training. This also applies to text learning or text classification. As learning is used increasingly in dynamic open environments where some new/test documents may not belong to any of the training classes, identifying these novel documents during classification presents an important problem. This problem is called open-world classification or open classification. This paper proposes a novel deep learning based approach. It outperforms existing state-of-the-art techniques dramatically.",
}
@inproceedings{gangal-etal-2017-charmanteau,
    title = "{C}harmanteau: Character Embedding Models For Portmanteau Creation",
    author = "Gangal, Varun  and
      Jhamtani, Harsh  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1315",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1315",
    pages = "2917--2922",
    abstract = "Portmanteaus are a word formation phenomenon where two words combine into a new word. We propose character-level neural sequence-to-sequence (S2S) methods for the task of portmanteau generation that are end-to-end-trainable, language independent, and do not explicitly use additional phonetic information. We propose a noisy-channel-style model, which allows for the incorporation of unsupervised word lists, improving performance over a standard source-to-target model. This model is made possible by an exhaustive candidate generation strategy specifically enabled by the features of the portmanteau task. Experiments find our approach superior to a state-of-the-art FST-based baseline with respect to ground truth accuracy and human evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{gutierrez-etal-2017-using,
    title = "Using Automated Metaphor Identification to Aid in Detection and Prediction of First-Episode Schizophrenia",
    author = "Guti{\'e}rrez, E. Dar{\'\i}o  and
      Cecchi, Guillermo  and
      Corcoran, Cheryl  and
      Corlett, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1316",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1316",
    pages = "2923--2930",
    abstract = "The diagnosis of serious mental health conditions such as schizophrenia is based on the judgment of clinicians whose training takes several years, and cannot be easily formalized into objective measures. However, previous research suggests there are disturbances in aspects of the language use of patients with schizophrenia. Using metaphor-identification and sentiment-analysis algorithms to automatically generate features, we create a classifier, that, with high accuracy, can predict which patients will develop (or currently suffer from) schizophrenia. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the utility of automated metaphor identification algorithms for detection or prediction of disease.",
}
@inproceedings{rashkin-etal-2017-truth,
    title = "Truth of Varying Shades: Analyzing Language in Fake News and Political Fact-Checking",
    author = "Rashkin, Hannah  and
      Choi, Eunsol  and
      Jang, Jin Yea  and
      Volkova, Svitlana  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1317",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1317",
    pages = "2931--2937",
    abstract = "We present an analytic study on the language of news media in the context of political fact-checking and fake news detection. We compare the language of real news with that of satire, hoaxes, and propaganda to find linguistic characteristics of untrustworthy text. To probe the feasibility of automatic political fact-checking, we also present a case study based on PolitiFact.com using their factuality judgments on a 6-point scale. Experiments show that while media fact-checking remains to be an open research question, stylistic cues can help determine the truthfulness of text.",
}
@inproceedings{menini-etal-2017-topic,
    title = "Topic-Based Agreement and Disagreement in {US} Electoral Manifestos",
    author = "Menini, Stefano  and
      Nanni, Federico  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo  and
      Tonelli, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1318",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1318",
    pages = "2938--2944",
    abstract = "We present a topic-based analysis of agreement and disagreement in political manifestos, which relies on a new method for topic detection based on key concept clustering. Our approach outperforms both standard techniques like LDA and a state-of-the-art graph-based method, and provides promising initial results for this new task in computational social science.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-koehn-2017-zipporah,
    title = "{Z}ipporah: a Fast and Scalable Data Cleaning System for Noisy Web-Crawled Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Xu, Hainan  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1319",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1319",
    pages = "2945--2950",
    abstract = "We introduce Zipporah, a fast and scalable data cleaning system. We propose a novel type of bag-of-words translation feature, and train logistic regression models to classify good data and synthetic noisy data in the proposed feature space. The trained model is used to score parallel sentences in the data pool for selection. As shown in experiments, Zipporah selects a high-quality parallel corpus from a large, mixed quality data pool. In particular, for one noisy dataset, Zipporah achieves a 2.1 BLEU score improvement with using 1/5 of the data over using the entire corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{falke-gurevych-2017-bringing,
    title = "Bringing Structure into Summaries: Crowdsourcing a Benchmark Corpus of Concept Maps",
    author = "Falke, Tobias  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1320",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1320",
    pages = "2951--2961",
    abstract = "Concept maps can be used to concisely represent important information and bring structure into large document collections. Therefore, we study a variant of multi-document summarization that produces summaries in the form of concept maps. However, suitable evaluation datasets for this task are currently missing. To close this gap, we present a newly created corpus of concept maps that summarize heterogeneous collections of web documents on educational topics. It was created using a novel crowdsourcing approach that allows us to efficiently determine important elements in large document collections. We release the corpus along with a baseline system and proposed evaluation protocol to enable further research on this variant of summarization.",
}
@inproceedings{kottur-etal-2017-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Does Not Emerge {`}Naturally{'} in Multi-Agent Dialog",
    author = "Kottur, Satwik  and
      Moura, Jos{\'e}  and
      Lee, Stefan  and
      Batra, Dhruv",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1321",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1321",
    pages = "2962--2967",
    abstract = "A number of recent works have proposed techniques for end-to-end learning of communication protocols among cooperative multi-agent populations, and have simultaneously found the emergence of grounded human-interpretable language in the protocols developed by the agents, learned without any human supervision! In this paper, using a Task {\&} Talk reference game between two agents as a testbed, we present a sequence of {`}negative{'} results culminating in a {`}positive{'} one {--} showing that while most agent-invented languages are effective (i.e. achieve near-perfect task rewards), they are decidedly not interpretable or compositional. In essence, we find that natural language does not emerge {`}naturally{'},despite the semblance of ease of natural-language-emergence that one may gather from recent literature. We discuss how it is possible to coax the invented languages to become more and more human-like and compositional by increasing restrictions on how two agents may communicate.",
}
@inproceedings{yates-etal-2017-depression,
    title = "Depression and Self-Harm Risk Assessment in Online Forums",
    author = "Yates, Andrew  and
      Cohan, Arman  and
      Goharian, Nazli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1322",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1322",
    pages = "2968--2978",
    abstract = "Users suffering from mental health conditions often turn to online resources for support, including specialized online support communities or general communities such as Twitter and Reddit. In this work, we present a framework for supporting and studying users in both types of communities. We propose methods for identifying posts in support communities that may indicate a risk of self-harm, and demonstrate that our approach outperforms strong previously proposed methods for identifying such posts. Self-harm is closely related to depression, which makes identifying depressed users on general forums a crucial related task. We introduce a large-scale general forum dataset consisting of users with self-reported depression diagnoses matched with control users. We show how our method can be applied to effectively identify depressed users from their use of language alone. We demonstrate that our method outperforms strong baselines on this general forum dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2017-men,
    title = "Men Also Like Shopping: Reducing Gender Bias Amplification using Corpus-level Constraints",
    author = "Zhao, Jieyu  and
      Wang, Tianlu  and
      Yatskar, Mark  and
      Ordonez, Vicente  and
      Chang, Kai-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1323",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-1323",
    pages = "2979--2989",
    abstract = "Language is increasingly being used to de-fine rich visual recognition problems with supporting image collections sourced from the web. Structured prediction models are used in these tasks to take advantage of correlations between co-occurring labels and visual input but risk inadvertently encoding social biases found in web corpora. In this work, we study data and models associated with multilabel object classification and visual semantic role labeling. We find that (a) datasets for these tasks contain significant gender bias and (b) models trained on these datasets further amplify existing bias. For example, the activity cooking is over 33{\%} more likely to involve females than males in a training set, and a trained model further amplifies the disparity to 68{\%} at test time. We propose to inject corpus-level constraints for calibrating existing structured prediction models and design an algorithm based on Lagrangian relaxation for collective inference. Our method results in almost no performance loss for the underlying recognition task but decreases the magnitude of bias amplification by 47.5{\%} and 40.5{\%} for multilabel classification and visual semantic role labeling, respectively。",
}
@proceedings{emnlp-2017-2017-empirical,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    author = "Specia, Lucia  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Paul, Michael",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-wooters-2017-nltk,
    title = "The {NLTK} {F}rame{N}et {API}: Designing for Discoverability with a Rich Linguistic Resource",
    author = "Schneider, Nathan  and
      Wooters, Chuck",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2001",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "A new Python API, integrated within the NLTK suite, offers access to the FrameNet 1.7 lexical database. The lexicon (structured in terms of frames) as well as annotated sentences can be processed programatically, or browsed with human-readable displays via the interactive Python prompt.",
}
@inproceedings{habernal-etal-2017-argotario,
    title = "{A}rgotario: Computational Argumentation Meets Serious Games",
    author = "Habernal, Ivan  and
      Hannemann, Raffael  and
      Pollak, Christian  and
      Klamm, Christopher  and
      Pauli, Patrick  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2002",
    pages = "7--12",
    abstract = "An important skill in critical thinking and argumentation is the ability to spot and recognize fallacies. Fallacious arguments, omnipresent in argumentative discourse, can be deceptive, manipulative, or simply leading to {`}wrong moves{'} in a discussion. Despite their importance, argumentation scholars and NLP researchers with focus on argumentation quality have not yet investigated fallacies empirically. The nonexistence of resources dealing with fallacious argumentation calls for scalable approaches to data acquisition and annotation, for which the serious games methodology offers an appealing, yet unexplored, alternative. We present Argotario, a serious game that deals with fallacies in everyday argumentation. Argotario is a multilingual, open-source, platform-independent application with strong educational aspects, accessible at \url{www.argotario.net}.",
}
@inproceedings{ovesdotter-alm-etal-2017-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis and Visualization Tool for Case Study Learning of Linguistic Concepts",
    author = "Ovesdotter Alm, Cecilia  and
      Meyers, Benjamin  and
      Prud{'}hommeaux, Emily",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2003",
    pages = "13--18",
    abstract = "We present an educational tool that integrates computational linguistics resources for use in non-technical undergraduate language science courses. By using the tool in conjunction with evidence-driven pedagogical case studies, we strive to provide opportunities for students to gain an understanding of linguistic concepts and analysis through the lens of realistic problems in feasible ways. Case studies tend to be used in legal, business, and health education contexts, but less in the teaching and learning of linguistics. The approach introduced also has potential to encourage students across training backgrounds to continue on to computational language analysis coursework.",
}
@inproceedings{falke-gurevych-2017-graphdocexplore,
    title = "{G}raph{D}oc{E}xplore: A Framework for the Experimental Comparison of Graph-based Document Exploration Techniques",
    author = "Falke, Tobias  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2004",
    pages = "19--24",
    abstract = "Graphs have long been proposed as a tool to browse and navigate in a collection of documents in order to support exploratory search. Many techniques to automatically extract different types of graphs, showing for example entities or concepts and different relationships between them, have been suggested. While experimental evidence that they are indeed helpful exists for some of them, it is largely unknown which type of graph is most helpful for a specific exploratory task. However, carrying out experimental comparisons with human subjects is challenging and time-consuming. Towards this end, we present the \textit{GraphDocExplore} framework. It provides an intuitive web interface for graph-based document exploration that is optimized for experimental user studies. Through a generic graph interface, different methods to extract graphs from text can be plugged into the system. Hence, they can be compared at minimal implementation effort in an environment that ensures controlled comparisons. The system is publicly available under an open-source license.",
}
@inproceedings{stahlberg-etal-2017-sgnmt,
    title = "{SGNMT} {--} A Flexible {NMT} Decoding Platform for Quick Prototyping of New Models and Search Strategies",
    author = "Stahlberg, Felix  and
      Hasler, Eva  and
      Saunders, Danielle  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2005",
    pages = "25--30",
    abstract = "This paper introduces SGNMT, our experimental platform for machine translation research. SGNMT provides a generic interface to neural and symbolic scoring modules (predictors) with left-to-right semantic such as translation models like NMT, language models, translation lattices, n-best lists or other kinds of scores and constraints. Predictors can be combined with other predictors to form complex decoding tasks. SGNMT implements a number of search strategies for traversing the space spanned by the predictors which are appropriate for different predictor constellations. Adding new predictors or decoding strategies is particularly easy, making it a very efficient tool for prototyping new research ideas. SGNMT is actively being used by students in the MPhil program in Machine Learning, Speech and Language Technology at the University of Cambridge for course work and theses, as well as for most of the research work in our group.",
}
@inproceedings{yanai-etal-2017-struap,
    title = "{S}tru{AP}: A Tool for Bundling Linguistic Trees through Structure-based Abstract Pattern",
    author = "Yanai, Kohsuke  and
      Sato, Misa  and
      Yanase, Toshihiko  and
      Kurotsuchi, Kenzo  and
      Koreeda, Yuta  and
      Niwa, Yoshiki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2006",
    pages = "31--36",
    abstract = "We present a tool for developing tree structure patterns that makes it easy to define the relations among textual phrases and create a search index for these newly defined relations. By using the proposed tool, users develop tree structure patterns through abstracting syntax trees. The tool features (1) intuitive pattern syntax, (2) unique functions such as recursive call of patterns and use of lexicon dictionaries, and (3) whole workflow support for relation development and validation. We report the current implementation of the tool and its effectiveness.",
}
@inproceedings{mechanic-etal-2017-knowyournyms,
    title = "{K}now{Y}our{N}yms? A Game of Semantic Relationships",
    author = "Mechanic, Ross  and
      Fulgoni, Dean  and
      Cutler, Hannah  and
      Rajana, Sneha  and
      Liu, Zheyuan  and
      Jackson, Bradley  and
      Cocos, Anne  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2007",
    pages = "37--42",
    abstract = "Semantic relation knowledge is crucial for natural language understanding. We introduce {``}KnowYourNyms?{''}, a web-based game for learning semantic relations. While providing users with an engaging experience, the application collects large amounts of data that can be used to improve semantic relation classifiers. The data also broadly informs us of how people perceive the relationships between words, providing useful insights for research in psychology and linguistics.",
}
@inproceedings{akbik-vollgraf-2017-projector,
    title = "The Projector: An Interactive Annotation Projection Visualization Tool",
    author = "Akbik, Alan  and
      Vollgraf, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2008",
    pages = "43--48",
    abstract = "Previous works proposed annotation projection in parallel corpora to inexpensively generate treebanks or propbanks for new languages. In this approach, linguistic annotation is automatically transferred from a resource-rich source language (SL) to translations in a target language (TL). However, annotation projection may be adversely affected by translational divergences between specific language pairs. For this reason, previous work often required careful qualitative analysis of projectability of specific annotation in order to define strategies to address quality and coverage issues. In this demonstration, we present THE PROJECTOR, an interactive GUI designed to assist researchers in such analysis: it allows users to execute and visually inspect annotation projection in a range of different settings. We give an overview of the GUI, discuss use cases and illustrate how the tool can facilitate discussions with the research community.",
}
@inproceedings{sarnat-etal-2017-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Visualization for Linguistic Structure",
    author = "Sarnat, Aaron  and
      Joshi, Vidur  and
      Petrescu-Prahova, Cristian  and
      Herrasti, Alvaro  and
      Stilson, Brandon  and
      Hopkins, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2009",
    pages = "49--54",
    abstract = "We provide a visualization library and web interface for interactively exploring a parse tree or a forest of parses. The library is not tied to any particular linguistic representation, but provides a general-purpose API for the interactive exploration of hierarchical linguistic structure. To facilitate rapid understanding of a complex structure, the API offers several important features, including expand/collapse functionality, positional and color cues, explicit visual support for sequential structure, and dynamic highlighting to convey node-to-text correspondence.",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-2017-dlatk,
    title = "{DLATK}: Differential Language Analysis {T}ool{K}it",
    author = "Schwartz, H. Andrew  and
      Giorgi, Salvatore  and
      Sap, Maarten  and
      Crutchley, Patrick  and
      Ungar, Lyle  and
      Eichstaedt, Johannes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2010",
    pages = "55--60",
    abstract = "We present Differential Language Analysis Toolkit (DLATK), an open-source python package and command-line tool developed for conducting social-scientific language analyses. While DLATK provides standard NLP pipeline steps such as tokenization or SVM-classification, its novel strengths lie in analyses useful for psychological, health, and social science: (1) incorporation of extra-linguistic structured information, (2) specified levels and units of analysis (e.g. document, user, community), (3) statistical metrics for continuous outcomes, and (4) robust, proven, and accurate pipelines for social-scientific prediction problems. DLATK integrates multiple popular packages (SKLearn, Mallet), enables interactive usage (Jupyter Notebooks), and generally follows object oriented principles to make it easy to tie in additional libraries or storage technologies.",
}
@inproceedings{abujabal-etal-2017-quint,
    title = "{QUINT}: Interpretable Question Answering over Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Abujabal, Abdalghani  and
      Saha Roy, Rishiraj  and
      Yahya, Mohamed  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2011",
    pages = "61--66",
    abstract = "We present QUINT, a live system for question answering over knowledge bases. QUINT automatically learns role-aligned utterance-query templates from user questions paired with their answers. When QUINT answers a question, it visualizes the complete derivation sequence from the natural language utterance to the final answer. The derivation provides an explanation of how the syntactic structure of the question was used to derive the structure of a SPARQL query, and how the phrases in the question were used to instantiate different parts of the query. When an answer seems unsatisfactory, the derivation provides valuable insights towards reformulating the question.",
}
@inproceedings{richardson-kuhn-2017-function,
    title = "Function Assistant: A Tool for {NL} Querying of {API}s",
    author = "Richardson, Kyle  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2012",
    pages = "67--72",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe Function Assistant, a lightweight Python-based toolkit for querying and exploring source code repositories using natural language. The toolkit is designed to help end-users of a target API quickly find information about functions through high-level natural language queries, or descriptions. For a given text query and background API, the tool finds candidate functions by performing a translation from the text to known representations in the API using the semantic parsing approach of (Richardson and Kuhn, 2017). Translations are automatically learned from example text-code pairs in example APIs. The toolkit includes features for building translation pipelines and query engines for arbitrary source code projects. To explore this last feature, we perform new experiments on 27 well-known Python projects hosted on Github.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2017-moodswipe,
    title = "{M}ood{S}wipe: A Soft Keyboard that Suggests {M}essage{B}ased on User-Specified Emotions",
    author = "Huang, Chieh-Yang  and
      Labetoulle, Tristan  and
      Huang, Ting-Hao  and
      Chen, Yi-Pei  and
      Chen, Hung-Chen  and
      Srivastava, Vallari  and
      Ku, Lun-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2013",
    pages = "73--78",
    abstract = "We present MoodSwipe, a soft keyboard that suggests text messages given the user-specified emotions utilizing the real dialog data. The aim of MoodSwipe is to create a convenient user interface to enjoy the technology of emotion classification and text suggestion, and at the same time to collect labeled data automatically for developing more advanced technologies. While users select the MoodSwipe keyboard, they can type as usual but sense the emotion conveyed by their text and receive suggestions for their message as a benefit. In MoodSwipe, the detected emotions serve as the medium for suggested texts, where viewing the latter is the incentive to correcting the former. We conduct several experiments to show the superiority of the emotion classification models trained on the dialog data, and further to verify good emotion cues are important context for text suggestion.",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2017-parlai,
    title = "{P}arl{AI}: A Dialog Research Software Platform",
    author = "Miller, Alexander  and
      Feng, Will  and
      Batra, Dhruv  and
      Bordes, Antoine  and
      Fisch, Adam  and
      Lu, Jiasen  and
      Parikh, Devi  and
      Weston, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2014",
    pages = "79--84",
    abstract = "We introduce ParlAI (pronounced {``}par-lay{''}), an open-source software platform for dialog research implemented in Python, available at \url{http://parl.ai}. Its goal is to provide a unified framework for sharing, training and testing dialog models; integration of Amazon Mechanical Turk for data collection, human evaluation, and online/reinforcement learning; and a repository of machine learning models for comparing with others{'} models, and improving upon existing architectures. Over 20 tasks are supported in the first release, including popular datasets such as SQuAD, bAbI tasks, MCTest, WikiQA, QACNN, QADailyMail, CBT, bAbI Dialog, Ubuntu, OpenSubtitles and VQA. Several models are integrated, including neural models such as memory networks, seq2seq and attentive LSTMs.",
}
@inproceedings{richter-etal-2017-heidelplace,
    title = "{H}eidel{P}lace: An Extensible Framework for Geoparsing",
    author = "Richter, Ludwig  and
      Gei{\ss}, Johanna  and
      Spitz, Andreas  and
      Gertz, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2015",
    pages = "85--90",
    abstract = "Geographic information extraction from textual data sources, called geoparsing, is a key task in text processing and central to subsequent spatial analysis approaches. Several geoparsers are available that support this task, each with its own (often limited or specialized) gazetteer and its own approaches to toponym detection and resolution. In this demonstration paper, we present HeidelPlace, an extensible framework in support of geoparsing. Key features of HeidelPlace include a generic gazetteer model that supports the integration of place information from different knowledge bases, and a pipeline approach that enables an effective combination of diverse modules tailored to specific geoparsing tasks. This makes HeidelPlace a valuable tool for testing and evaluating different gazetteer sources and geoparsing methods. In the demonstration, we show how to set up a geoparsing workflow with HeidelPlace and how it can be used to compare and consolidate the output of different geoparsing approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{panchenko-etal-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised, Knowledge-Free, and Interpretable Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Panchenko, Alexander  and
      Marten, Fide  and
      Ruppert, Eugen  and
      Faralli, Stefano  and
      Ustalov, Dmitry  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2016",
    pages = "91--96",
    abstract = "Interpretability of a predictive model is a powerful feature that gains the trust of users in the correctness of the predictions. In word sense disambiguation (WSD), knowledge-based systems tend to be much more interpretable than knowledge-free counterparts as they rely on the wealth of manually-encoded elements representing word senses, such as hypernyms, usage examples, and images. We present a WSD system that bridges the gap between these two so far disconnected groups of methods. Namely, our system, providing access to several state-of-the-art WSD models, aims to be interpretable as a knowledge-based system while it remains completely unsupervised and knowledge-free. The presented tool features a Web interface for all-word disambiguation of texts that makes the sense predictions human readable by providing interpretable word sense inventories, sense representations, and disambiguation results. We provide a public API, enabling seamless integration.",
}
@inproceedings{dernoncourt-etal-2017-neuroner,
    title = "{N}euro{NER}: an easy-to-use program for named-entity recognition based on neural networks",
    author = "Dernoncourt, Franck  and
      Lee, Ji Young  and
      Szolovits, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2017",
    pages = "97--102",
    abstract = "Named-entity recognition (NER) aims at identifying entities of interest in a text. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have recently been shown to outperform existing NER systems. However, ANNs remain challenging to use for non-expert users. In this paper, we present NeuroNER, an easy-to-use named-entity recognition tool based on ANNs. Users can annotate entities using a graphical web-based user interface (BRAT): the annotations are then used to train an ANN, which in turn predict entities{'} locations and categories in new texts. NeuroNER makes this annotation-training-prediction flow smooth and accessible to anyone.",
}
@inproceedings{papandrea-etal-2017-supwsd,
    title = "{S}up{WSD}: A Flexible Toolkit for Supervised Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Papandrea, Simone  and
      Raganato, Alessandro  and
      Delli Bovi, Claudio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2018",
    pages = "103--108",
    abstract = "In this demonstration we present SupWSD, a Java API for supervised Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD). This toolkit includes the implementation of a state-of-the-art supervised WSD system, together with a Natural Language Processing pipeline for preprocessing and feature extraction. Our aim is to provide an easy-to-use tool for the research community, designed to be modular, fast and scalable for training and testing on large datasets. The source code of SupWSD is available at \url{http://github.com/SI3P/SupWSD}.",
}
@inproceedings{shapira-etal-2017-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Abstractive Summarization for Event News Tweets",
    author = "Shapira, Ori  and
      Ronen, Hadar  and
      Adler, Meni  and
      Amsterdamer, Yael  and
      Bar-Ilan, Judit  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2019",
    pages = "109--114",
    abstract = "We present a novel interactive summarization system that is based on abstractive summarization, derived from a recent consolidated knowledge representation for multiple texts. We incorporate a couple of interaction mechanisms, providing a bullet-style summary while allowing to attain the most important information first and interactively drill down to more specific details. A usability study of our implementation, for event news tweets, suggests the utility of our approach for text exploration.",
}
@inproceedings{abzianidze-2017-langpro,
    title = "{L}ang{P}ro: Natural Language Theorem Prover",
    author = "Abzianidze, Lasha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2020",
    pages = "115--120",
    abstract = "LangPro is an automated theorem prover for natural language. Given a set of premises and a hypothesis, it is able to prove semantic relations between them. The prover is based on a version of analytic tableau method specially designed for natural logic. The proof procedure operates on logical forms that preserve linguistic expressions to a large extent. {\%}This property makes the logical forms easily obtainable from syntactic trees. {\%}, in particular, Combinatory Categorial Grammar derivation trees. The nature of proofs is deductive and transparent. On the FraCaS and SICK textual entailment datasets, the prover achieves high results comparable to state-of-the-art.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2017-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Visualization and Manipulation of Attention-based Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Lee, Jaesong  and
      Shin, Joong-Hwi  and
      Kim, Jun-Seok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-2021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D17-2021",
    pages = "121--126",
    abstract = "While neural machine translation (NMT) provides high-quality translation, it is still hard to interpret and analyze its behavior. We present an interactive interface for visualizing and intervening behavior of NMT, specifically concentrating on the behavior of beam search mechanism and attention component. The tool (1) visualizes search tree and attention and (2) provides interface to adjust search tree and attention weight (manually or automatically) at real-time. We show the tool gives various methods to understand NMT.",
}
@inproceedings{pasca-2017-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition, Representation and Usage of Conceptual Hierarchies",
    author = "Pasca, Marius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-3001",
    abstract = "Through subsumption and instantiation, individual instances ({``}artificial intelligence{''}, {``}the spotted pig{''}) otherwise spanning a wide range of domains can be brought together and organized under conceptual hierarchies. The hierarchies connect more specific concepts ({``}computer science subfields{''}, {``}gastropubs{''}) to more general concepts ({``}academic disciplines{''}, {``}restaurants{''}) through IsA relations. Explicit or implicit properties applicable to, and defining, more general concepts are inherited by their more specific concepts, down to the instances connected to the lower parts of the hierarchies. Subsumption represents a crisp, universally-applicable principle towards consistently representing IsA relations in any knowledge resource. Yet knowledge resources often exhibit significant differences in their scope, representation choices and intended usage, to cause significant differences in their expected usage and impact on various tasks. This tutorial examines the theoretical foundations of subsumption, and its practical embodiment through IsA relations compiled manually or extracted automatically. It addresses IsA relations from their formal definition; through practical choices made in their representation within the larger and more widely-used of the available knowledge resources; to their automatic acquisition from document repositories, as opposed to their manual compilation by human contributors; to their impact in text analysis and information retrieval. As search engines move away from returning a set of links and closer to returning results that more directly answer queries, IsA relations play an increasingly important role towards a better understanding of documents and queries. The tutorial teaches the audience about definitions, assumptions and practical choices related to modeling and representing IsA relations in existing, human-compiled resources of instances, concepts and resulting conceptual hierarchies; methods for automatically extracting sets of instances within unlabeled or labeled concepts, where the concepts may be considered as a flat set or organized hierarchically; and applications of IsA relations in information retrieval.",
}
@inproceedings{bhattacharyya-joshi-2017-computational,
    title = "Computational Sarcasm",
    author = "Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Joshi, Aditya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-3002",
    abstract = "Sarcasm is a form of verbal irony that is intended to express contempt or ridicule. Motivated by challenges posed by sarcastic text to sentiment analysis, computational approaches to sarcasm have witnessed a growing interest at NLP forums in the past decade. Computational sarcasm refers to automatic approaches pertaining to sarcasm. The tutorial will provide a bird{'}s-eye view of the research in computational sarcasm for text, while focusing on significant milestones.The tutorial begins with linguistic theories of sarcasm, with a focus on incongruity: a useful notion that underlies sarcasm and other forms of figurative language. Since the most significant work in computational sarcasm is sarcasm detection: predicting whether a given piece of text is sarcastic or not, sarcasm detection forms the focus hereafter. We begin our discussion on sarcasm detection with datasets, touching on strategies, challenges and nature of datasets. Then, we describe algorithms for sarcasm detection: rule-based (where a specific evidence of sarcasm is utilised as a rule), statistical classifier-based (where features are designed for a statistical classifier), a topic model-based technique, and deep learning-based algorithms for sarcasm detection. In case of each of these algorithms, we refer to our work on sarcasm detection and share our learnings. Since information beyond the text to be classified, contextual information is useful for sarcasm detection, we then describe approaches that use such information through conversational context or author-specific context.We then follow it by novel areas in computational sarcasm such as sarcasm generation, sarcasm v/s irony classification, etc. We then summarise the tutorial and describe future directions based on errors reported in past work. The tutorial will end with a demonstration of our work on sarcasm detection.This tutorial will be of interest to researchers investigating computational sarcasm and related areas such as computational humour, figurative language understanding, emotion and sentiment sentiment analysis, etc. The tutorial is motivated by our continually evolving survey paper of sarcasm detection, that is available on arXiv at: Joshi, Aditya, Pushpak Bhattacharyya, and Mark James Carman. {``}Automatic Sarcasm Detection: A Survey.{''} arXiv preprint arXiv:1602.03426 (2016).",
}
@inproceedings{malliaros-vazirgiannis-2017-graph,
    title = "Graph-based Text Representations: Boosting Text Mining, NLP and Information Retrieval with Graphs",
    author = "Malliaros, Fragkiskos D.  and
      Vazirgiannis, Michalis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Graphs or networks have been widely used as modeling tools in Natural Language Processing (NLP), Text Mining (TM) and Information Retrieval (IR). Traditionally, the unigram bag-of-words representation is applied; that way, a document is represented as a multiset of its terms, disregarding dependencies between the terms. Although several variants and extensions of this modeling approach have been proposed (e.g., the n-gram model), the main weakness comes from the underlying term independence assumption. The order of the terms within a document is completely disregarded and any relationship between terms is not taken into account in the final task (e.g., text categorization). Nevertheless, as the heterogeneity of text collections is increasing (especially with respect to document length and vocabulary), the research community has started exploring different document representations aiming to capture more fine-grained contexts of co-occurrence between different terms, challenging the well-established unigram bag-of-words model. To this direction, graphs constitute a well-developed model that has been adopted for text representation. The goal of this tutorial is to offer a comprehensive presentation of recent methods that rely on graph-based text representations to deal with various tasks in NLP and IR. We will describe basic as well as novel graph theoretic concepts and we will examine how they can be applied in a wide range of text-related application domains.All the material associated to the tutorial will be available at: http://fragkiskosm.github.io/projects/graph{\_}text{\_}tutorial",
}
@inproceedings{marcheggiani-etal-2017-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Marcheggiani, Diego  and
      Roth, Michael  and
      Titov, Ivan  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-3004",
    abstract = "This tutorial describes semantic role labelling (SRL), the task of mapping text to shallow semantic representations of eventualities and their participants. The tutorial introduces the SRL task and discusses recent research directions related to the task. The audience of this tutorial will learn about the linguistic background and motivation for semantic roles, and also about a range of computational models for this task, from early approaches to the current state-of-the-art. We will further discuss recently proposed variations to the traditional SRL task, including topics such as semantic proto-role labeling.We also cover techniques for reducing required annotation effort, such as methods exploiting unlabeled corpora (semi-supervised and unsupervised techniques), model adaptation across languages and domains, and methods for crowdsourcing semantic role annotation (e.g., question-answer driven SRL). Methods based on different machine learning paradigms, including neural networks, generative Bayesian models, graph-based algorithms and bootstrapping style techniques.Beyond sentence-level SRL, we discuss work that involves semantic roles in discourse. In particular, we cover data sets and models related to the task of identifying implicit roles and linking them to discourse antecedents. We introduce different approaches to this task from the literature, including models based on coreference resolution, centering, and selectional preferences. We also review how new insights gained through them can be useful for the traditional SRL task.",
}
@inproceedings{gulcehre-chandar-2017-memory,
    title = "Memory Augmented Neural Networks for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Gulcehre, Caglar  and
      Chandar, Sarath",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-3005",
    abstract = "Designing of general-purpose learning algorithms is a long-standing goal of artificial intelligence. A general purpose AI agent should be able to have a memory that it can store and retrieve information from. Despite the success of deep learning in particular with the introduction of LSTMs and GRUs to this area, there are still a set of complex tasks that can be challenging for conventional neural networks. Those tasks often require a neural network to be equipped with an explicit, external memory in which a larger, potentially unbounded, set of facts need to be stored. They include but are not limited to, reasoning, planning, episodic question-answering and learning compact algorithms. Recently two promising approaches based on neural networks to this type of tasks have been proposed: Memory Networks and Neural Turing Machines.In this tutorial, we will give an overview of this new paradigm of {``}neural networks with memory{''}. We will present a unified architecture for Memory Augmented Neural Networks (MANN) and discuss the ways in which one can address the external memory and hence read/write from it. Then we will introduce Neural Turing Machines and Memory Networks as specific instantiations of this general architecture. In the second half of the tutorial, we will focus on recent advances in MANN which focus on the following questions: How can we read/write from an extremely large memory in a scalable way? How can we design efficient non-linear addressing schemes? How can we do efficient reasoning using large scale memory and an episodic memory? The answer to any one of these questions introduces a variant of MANN. We will conclude the tutorial with several open challenges in MANN and its applications to NLP.We will introduce several applications of MANN in NLP throughout the tutorial. Few examples include language modeling, question answering, visual question answering, and dialogue systems.For updated information and material, please refer to our tutorial website: https://sites.google.com/view/mann-emnlp2017/.",
}
@inproceedings{lu-2017-unified,
    title = "A Unified Framework for Structured Prediction: From Theory to Practice",
    author = "Lu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-3006",
    abstract = "Structured prediction is one of the most important topics in various fields, including machine learning, computer vision, natural language processing (NLP) and bioinformatics. In this tutorial, we present a novel framework that unifies various structured prediction models.The hidden Markov model (HMM) and the probabilistic context-free grammars (PCFGs) are two classic generative models used for predicting outputs with linear-chain and tree structures, respectively. As HMM{'}s discriminative counterpart, the linear-chain conditional random fields (CRFs) (Lafferty et al., 2001) model was later proposed. Such a model was shown to yield good performance on standard NLP tasks such as information extraction. Several extensions to such a model were then proposed afterward, including the semi-Markov CRFs (Sarawagi and Cohen, 2004), tree CRFs (Cohn and Blunsom, 2005), as well as discriminative parsing models and their latent variable variants (Petrov and Klein, 2007). On the other hand, utilizing a slightly different loss function, one could arrive at the structured support vector machines (Tsochantaridis et al., 2004) and its latent variable variant (Yu and Joachims, 2009) as well. Furthermore, new models that integrate neural networks and graphical models, such as neural CRFs (Do et al., 2010) were also proposed.In this tutorial, we will be discussing how such a wide spectrum of existing structured prediction models can all be implemented under a unified framework (available at here) that involves some basic building blocks. Based on such a framework, we show how some seemingly complicated structured prediction models such as a semantic parsing model (Lu et al., 2008; Lu, 2014) can be implemented conveniently and quickly. Furthermore, we also show that the framework can be used to solve certain structured prediction problems that otherwise cannot be easily handled by conventional structured prediction models. Specifically, we show how to use such a framework to construct models that are capable of predicting non-conventional structures, such as overlapping structures (Lu and Roth, 2015; Muis and Lu, 2016a). We will also discuss how to make use of the framework to build other related models such as topic models and highlight its potential applications in some recent popular tasks (e.g., AMR parsing (Flanigan et al., 2014)).The framework has been extensively used by our research group for developing various structured prediction models, including models for information extraction (Lu and Roth, 2015; Muis and Lu, 2016a; Jie et al., 2017), noun phrase chunking (Muis and Lu, 2016b), semantic parsing (Lu, 2015; Susanto and Lu, 2017), and sentiment analysis (Li and Lu, 2017). It is our hope that this tutorial will be helpful for many natural language processing researchers who are interested in designing their own structured prediction models rapidly. We also hope this tutorial allows researchers to strengthen their understandings on the connections between various structured prediction models, and that the open release of the framework will bring value to the NLP research community and enhance its overall productivity.The material associated with this tutorial will be available at the tutorial web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20180427113151/http://statnlp.org/tutorials/.",
}
@inproceedings{faruqui-etal-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Word Representations: Induction and Evaluation",
    author = "Faruqui, Manaal  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = sep,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-3007",
    abstract = "In recent past, NLP as a field has seen tremendous utility of distributional word vector representations as features in downstream tasks. The fact that these word vectors can be trained on unlabeled monolingual corpora of a language makes them an inexpensive resource in NLP. With the increasing use of monolingual word vectors, there is a need for word vectors that can be used as efficiently across multiple languages as monolingually. Therefore, learning bilingual and multilingual word embeddings/vectors is currently an important research topic. These vectors offer an elegant and language-pair independent way to represent content across different languages.This tutorial aims to bring NLP researchers up to speed with the current techniques in cross-lingual word representation learning. We will first discuss how to induce cross-lingual word representations (covering both bilingual and multilingual ones) from various data types and resources (e.g., parallel data, comparable data, non-aligned monolingual data in different languages, dictionaries and theasuri, or, even, images, eye-tracking data). We will then discuss how to evaluate such representations, intrinsically and extrinsically. We will introduce researchers to state-of-the-art methods for constructing cross-lingual word representations and discuss their applicability in a broad range of downstream NLP applications.We will deliver a detailed survey of the current methods, discuss best training and evaluation practices and use-cases, and provide links to publicly available implementations, datasets, and pre-trained models.",
}
@proceedings{alta-2008-australasian,
    title = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    author = "Stokes, Nicola  and
      Powers, David",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1000",
}
@inproceedings{jones-2008-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic and Semantic Structure in Web Search Queries",
    author = "Jones, Rosie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1001",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{bell-curran-2008-answer,
    title = "Answer Attenuation in Question Answering",
    author = "Bell, Katie  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1002",
    pages = "2--10",
}
@inproceedings{burfoot-2008-using,
    title = "Using Multiple Sources of Agreement Information for Sentiment Classification of Political Transcripts",
    author = "Burfoot, Clint",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1003",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{chanen-patrick-2008-topology,
    title = "All-Topology, Semi-Abstract Syntactic Features for Text Categorization",
    author = "Chanen, Ari  and
      Patrick, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1004",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{fridkin-etal-2008-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Access via Phoneme to Grapheme Conversion",
    author = "Fridkin, Michael  and
      Dowe, David  and
      Musgrave, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1005",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{howlett-curran-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Training Data for Statistical Parsers",
    author = "Howlett, Susan  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1006",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{kuhn-schwitter-2008-writing,
    title = "Writing Support for Controlled Natural Languages",
    author = "Kuhn, Tobias  and
      Schwitter, Rolf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1007",
    pages = "46--54",
}
@inproceedings{kummerfeld-curran-2008-classification,
    title = "Classification of Verb Particle Constructions with the {G}oogle {W}eb1{T} Corpus",
    author = "Kummerfeld, Jonathan K.  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1008",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{lampert-etal-2008-requests,
    title = "Requests and Commitments in Email are More Complex Than You Think: Eight Reasons to be Cautious",
    author = "Lampert, Andrew  and
      Dale, Robert  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1009",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2008-text,
    title = "Text Mining Based Query Expansion for {C}hinese {IR}",
    author = "Li, Zhihan  and
      Xu, Yue  and
      Geva, Shlomo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1010",
    pages = "73--78",
}
@inproceedings{march-baldwin-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Event Reference Identification",
    author = "March, Olivia  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1011",
    pages = "79--87",
}
@inproceedings{margaretha-manurung-2008-comparing,
    title = "Comparing the Value of Latent Semantic Analysis on two {E}nglish-to-{I}ndonesian lexical mapping tasks",
    author = "Margaretha, Eliza  and
      Manurung, Ruli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1012",
    pages = "88--96",
}
@inproceedings{mcintosh-curran-2008-weighted,
    title = "Weighted Mutual Exclusion Bootstrapping for Domain Independent Lexicon and Template Acquisition",
    author = "McIntosh, Tara  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1013",
    pages = "97--105",
}
@inproceedings{ng-etal-2008-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Features for Classifying Noun Relations",
    author = "Ng, Dominick  and
      Kedziora, David J.  and
      Miu, Terry T. W.  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1014",
    pages = "106--114",
}
@inproceedings{nicholson-baldwin-2008-learning,
    title = "Learning Count Classifier Preferences of {M}alay Nouns",
    author = "Nicholson, Jeremy  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1015",
    pages = "115--123",
}
@inproceedings{nothman-etal-2008-transforming,
    title = "Transforming {W}ikipedia into Named Entity Training Data",
    author = "Nothman, Joel  and
      Curran, James R.  and
      Murphy, Tara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1016",
    pages = "124--132",
}
@inproceedings{paris-etal-2008-fit,
    title = "Fit it in but say it well!",
    author = "Paris, C{\'e}cile  and
      Colineau, Nathalie  and
      Lampert, Andrew  and
      Duran, Joan Giralt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1017",
    pages = "133--141",
}
@inproceedings{pisceldo-etal-2008-two,
    title = "A Two-Level Morphological Analyser for the {I}ndonesian Language",
    author = "Pisceldo, Femphy  and
      Mahendra, Rahmad  and
      Manurung, Ruli  and
      Arka, I Wayan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1018",
    pages = "142--150",
}
@inproceedings{tse-curran-2008-punctuation,
    title = "Punctuation Normalisation for Cleaner Treebanks and Parsers",
    author = "Tse, Daniel  and
      Curran, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1019",
    pages = "151--159",
}
@inproceedings{viethen-dale-2008-generating,
    title = "Generating Relational References: What Makes a Difference?",
    author = "Viethen, Jette  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1020",
    pages = "160--168",
}
@inproceedings{zwarts-dras-2008-morphosyntactic,
    title = "Morphosyntactic Target Language Matching in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zwarts, Simon  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Hobart, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U08-1021",
    pages = "169--177",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2005-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
}
@inproceedings{lai-bird-2005-lpath,
    title = "{LP}ath+: A First-Order Complete Language for Linguistic Tree Query",
    author = "Lai, Catherine  and
      Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1001",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29006",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{chang-2005-form,
    title = "Form-Meaning Interface in Constraint-based Unified Grammar: Prosody and Pragmatics",
    author = "Chang, Suk-Jin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1002",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/28998",
    pages = "13--29",
}
@inproceedings{fazly-stevenson-2005-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Knowledge About Multiword Predicates",
    author = "Fazly, Afsaneh  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1003",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/28987",
    pages = "31--42",
}
@inproceedings{ahrens-2005-people,
    title = "People in the State of the Union: Viewing Social Change through the Eyes of Presidents",
    author = "Ahrens, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1004",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29012",
    pages = "43--50",
}
@inproceedings{bey-etal-2005-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Data Management for the Online Volunteer Translators{'} Aid System {QRL}ex",
    author = "Bey, Youcef  and
      Kageura, Kyo  and
      Boitet, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1005",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/28988",
    pages = "51--60",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2005-text,
    title = "From Text to Sign Language: Exploiting the Spatial and Motioning Dimension",
    author = "Choi, Ji-Won  and
      Lee, Hee-Jin  and
      Park, Jong C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1006",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/28986",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@inproceedings{chung-2005-market,
    title = "{MARKET} Metaphors: {C}hinese, {E}nglish and {M}alay",
    author = "Chung, Siaw-Fong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1007",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29011",
    pages = "71--81",
}
@inproceedings{dalrymple-etal-2005-two,
    title = "A Two-level Morphology of {M}alagasy",
    author = "Dalrymple, Mary  and
      Liakata, Maria  and
      Mackie, Lisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1008",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/28992",
    pages = "83--94",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2005-small,
    title = "A Small Fan and a Small Handful of Fans Exploring the Acquisition of Count-mass Distinction in {M}andarin",
    author = "Huang, Becky Hsuan-hua  and
      Barner, David  and
      Li, Peggy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1009",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/28982",
    pages = "95--106",
}
@inproceedings{ikegaya-etal-2005-integration,
    title = "Integration of Dependency Analysis with Semantic Analysis Referring to the Context",
    author = "Ikegaya, Yuki  and
      Noguchi, Yasuhiro  and
      Kogure, Satoru  and
      Konishi, Tatsuhiro  and
      Kondo, Makoto  and
      Asoh, Hideki  and
      Takagi, Akira  and
      Ito, Yukihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1010",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/28993",
    pages = "107--118",
}
@inproceedings{iun-etal-2005-study,
    title = "A Study on Implementation of Southern-Min {T}aiwanese Tone Sandhi System",
    author = "Iun, Un-gian  and
      Lau, Kiat-gak  and
      Li, Sheng-an  and
      Kao, Cheng-yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1011",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29009",
    pages = "119--130",
}
@inproceedings{lee-park-2005-vowel,
    title = "Vowel Sound Disambiguation for Intelligible {K}orean Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Lee, Ho-Joon  and
      Park, Jong C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1012",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/28995",
    pages = "131--142",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2005-constructing,
    title = "Constructing Filler-Gap Dependencies in {C}hinese Possessor Relative Clauses",
    author = "Lin, Chien-Jer Charles  and
      Fong, Sandiway  and
      Bever, Thomas G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1013",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29007",
    pages = "143--154",
}
@inproceedings{murata-etal-2005-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Machine Translation Systems{'} Errors in Tense, Aspect, and Modality",
    author = "Murata, Masaki  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Ma, Qing  and
      Kanamaru, Toshiyuki  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1014",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/28983",
    pages = "155--166",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2005-structured,
    title = "A Structured {SVM} Semantic Parser Augmented by Semantic Tagging with Conditional Random Field",
    author = "Nguyen, Minh Le  and
      Shimazu, Akira  and
      Phan, Hieu Xuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1015",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29013",
    pages = "167--177",
}
@inproceedings{otake-yoshimoto-2005-multiply,
    title = "Multiply Quantified Internally Headed Relative Clause in {J}apanese: A Skolem Term Based Approach",
    author = "Otake, Rui  and
      Yoshimoto, Kei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1016",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29015",
    pages = "179--189",
}
@inproceedings{ozawa-etal-2005-study,
    title = "A study on multiple interpretations of frequency adverbs in {J}apanese",
    author = "Ozawa, Tomoaki  and
      Nishina, Hiroyuki  and
      Yoshimoto, Kei  and
      Sato, Shigeru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1017",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29001",
    pages = "191--198",
}
@inproceedings{shiramatsu-etal-2005-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Verification of Meaning-Game-based Generalization of Centering Theory with Large {J}apanese Corpus",
    author = "SHIRAMATSU, Shun  and
      KOMATANI, Kazunori  and
      MIYATA, Takashi  and
      HASHIDA, Koichi  and
      OKUNO, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1018",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/28996",
    pages = "199--210",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2005-learning,
    title = "Learning Translation Rules from Bilingual {E}nglish - {F}ilipino Corpus",
    author = "Tan, Michelle Wendy  and
      Ang, Raymond Joseph  and
      Bautista, Natasja Gail  and
      Cai, Ya Rong  and
      Tanlo, Bianca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1019",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/28999",
    pages = "211--219",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2005-senses,
    title = "In and Out: Senses and Meaning Extension of {M}andarin Spatial Terms nei and wai",
    author = "Wu, Yiching  and
      Weng, Cui-Xia  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1020",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/28990",
    pages = "221--232",
}
@inproceedings{yoshida-2005-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Segment and {J}apanese Referring Expressions: Are These Bare {NP}s or Proper Names ?",
    author = "Yoshida, Etsuko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1021",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/28994",
    pages = "233--244",
}
@inproceedings{yoshida-2005-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Bare Nouns as Weak Indefinites",
    author = "Yoshida, Keiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1022",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/28991",
    pages = "245--255",
}
@inproceedings{huang-yu-2005-approach,
    title = "An Approach to Improve the Smoothing Process Based on Non-uniform Redistribution",
    author = "Huang, Feng-Long  and
      Yu, Ming-Shing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1023",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29016",
    pages = "257--264",
}
@inproceedings{ikeda-etal-2005-speech,
    title = "Speech-Activated Text Retrieval System for Cellular Phones with Web Browsing Capability",
    author = "Ikeda, Takahiro  and
      Ishikawa, Shin-ya  and
      Miki, Kiyokazu  and
      Adachi, Fumihiro  and
      Isotani, Ryosuke  and
      Satoh, Kenji  and
      Okumura, Akitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1024",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29008",
    pages = "265--272",
}
@inproceedings{ju-etal-2005-constrained,
    title = "A Constrained Finite-State Morphotactics for {K}orean",
    author = "Ju, Eunsok  and
      Park, Chongwon  and
      Lee, Minhaeng  and
      Lee, Kiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1025",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29000",
    pages = "273--280",
}
@inproceedings{liu-cheng-2005-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Usability of Information Extraction Results with Textual Data Profiling",
    author = "Liu, Jyi-Shane  and
      Cheng, Yung-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1026",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/28989",
    pages = "281--288",
}
@inproceedings{nobesawa-tahara-2005-language,
    title = "Language Identification for Person Names Based on Statistical Information",
    author = "Nobesawa, Shiho  and
      Tahara, Ikuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1027",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29014",
    pages = "289--296",
}
@inproceedings{sakaki-2005-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of Concentrated Modification Structure from Logical Formula",
    author = "Sakaki, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1028",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29002",
    pages = "297--304",
}
@inproceedings{streiter-stuflesser-2005-xnlrdf,
    title = "{XNLRDF}, an Open Source Natural Language Resource Description Framework",
    author = "Streiter, Oliver  and
      Stuflesser, Mathias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1029",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/28997",
    pages = "305--312",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-kakihana-2005-web,
    title = "On the Web Communication Assist Aide based on the Bilingual Sign Language Dictionary",
    author = "Suzuki, Emiko  and
      Kakihana, Kyoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1030",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29010",
    pages = "313--316",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-harada-2005-using,
    title = "Using Speech Recognition for an Automated Test of Spoken {J}apanese",
    author = "Suzuki, Masanori  and
      Harada, Yasunari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1031",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29005",
    pages = "317--323",
}
@inproceedings{tojo-saito-2005-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of The Elements by {HPSG}",
    author = "Tojo, Satoshi  and
      Saito, Ken",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1032",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/28985",
    pages = "325--332",
}
@inproceedings{tremblay-2005-word,
    title = "Word Order in {M}andarin {C}hinese and Grammatical Relations",
    author = "Tremblay, Antoine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1033",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29004",
    pages = "333--340",
}
@inproceedings{yang-2005-repair,
    title = "Repair Structures in Web-based Conversation",
    author = "Yang, Ruowei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1034",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/28984",
    pages = "341--348",
}
@inproceedings{yokota-2005-predicate,
    title = "Predicate Composition and the Determination of Scope",
    author = "Yokota, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2005",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y05-1035",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29003",
    pages = "349--356",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2011-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    author = "Gao, Helena Hong  and
      Dong, Minghui",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1000",
}
@inproceedings{qu-2011-web,
    title = "Web based {E}nglish-{C}hinese {OOV} term translation using Adaptive rules and Recursive feature selection",
    author = "Qu, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-2011-english-chinese,
    title = "{E}nglish-{C}hinese Name Transliteration with Bi-Directional Syllable-Based Maximum Matching",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1002",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2011-language,
    title = "Language Model Weight Adaptation Based on Cross-entropy for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhao, Yinggong  and
      Ji, Yangsheng  and
      Xi, Ning  and
      Huang, Shujian  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1003",
    pages = "20--30",
}
@inproceedings{haugereid-2011-grammar,
    title = "A grammar design accommodating packed argument frame information on verbs",
    author = "Haugereid, Petter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1004",
    pages = "31--40",
}
@inproceedings{ohtani-kurafuji-2011-quantification,
    title = "Quantification and the Garden Path Effect Reduction: The Case of Universally Quantified Subjects",
    author = "Ohtani, Akira  and
      Kurafuji, Takeo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1005",
    pages = "41--50",
}
@inproceedings{ong-etal-2011-simple,
    title = "A Simple Surface Realizer for {F}ilipino",
    author = "Ong, Ethel  and
      Abella, Stephanie  and
      Santos, Lawrence  and
      Tiu, Dennis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1006",
    pages = "51--59",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-2011-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Concept Concreteness from the Lexicographic Perspective",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1007",
    pages = "60--69",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-lai-2011-logical,
    title = "Logical Information Processing of Possibility and Negation: Cases from {T}aiwanese {H}akka",
    author = "Yeh, Chiou-shing  and
      Lai, Huei-ling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1008",
    pages = "70--79",
}
@inproceedings{chow-2011-syntax,
    title = "The Syntax-Semantics Interface of Resultative Constructions in {M}andarin {C}hinese and {C}antonese",
    author = "Chow, Pui Lun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1009",
    pages = "80--89",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Wrapper Generation and Maintenance",
    author = "Xia, Yingju  and
      Yang, Yuhang  and
      Zhang, Shu  and
      Yu, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1010",
    pages = "90--99",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2011-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation via Negativa of {C}hinese Word Segmentation for Information Retrieval",
    author = "Jiang, Mike Tian-Jian  and
      Shih, Cheng-Wei  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1011",
    pages = "100--109",
}
@inproceedings{hong-etal-2011-factual,
    title = "Factual or Satisfactory: What Search Results Are Better?",
    author = "Hong, Yu  and
      Lu, Jun  and
      Zhao, Shiqi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1012",
    pages = "110--119",
}
@inproceedings{chao-li-2011-graph,
    title = "A Graph-based Bilingual Corpus Selection Approach for {SMT}",
    author = "Chao, Wenhan  and
      Li, Zhoujun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1013",
    pages = "120--129",
}
@inproceedings{zin-etal-2011-myanmar,
    title = "{M}yanmar Phrases Translation Model with Morphological Analysis for Statistical {M}yanmar to {E}nglish Translation System",
    author = "Zin, Thet Thet  and
      Soe, Khin Mar  and
      Thein, Ni Lar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1014",
    pages = "130--139",
}
@inproceedings{chatterjee-balyan-2011-context,
    title = "Context Resolution of Verb Particle Constructions for {E}nglish to {H}indi Translation",
    author = "Chatterjee, Niladri  and
      Balyan, Renu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1015",
    pages = "140--149",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving Sampling-based Alignment by Investigating the Distribution of N-grams in Phrase Translation Tables",
    author = "Luo, Juan  and
      Lardilleux, Adrien  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1016",
    pages = "150--159",
}
@inproceedings{blache-rauzy-2011-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Linguistic Difficulty by Means of a Morpho-Syntactic Probabilistic Model",
    author = "Blache, Philippe  and
      Rauzy, St{\'e}phane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1017",
    pages = "160--167",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2011-tibetan,
    title = "{T}ibetan Word Segmentation as Syllable Tagging Using Conditional Random Field",
    author = "Liu, Huidan  and
      Nuo, Minghua  and
      Ma, Longlong  and
      Wu, Jian  and
      He, Yeping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1018",
    pages = "168--177",
}
@inproceedings{pitale-2011-plural,
    title = "Plural Problems in the Nominal Morphology of {M}arathi",
    author = "Pitale, Shalmalee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1019",
    pages = "178--185",
}
@inproceedings{ryu-2011-l1,
    title = "The {L}1 Acquisition of the Imperfective Aspect markers in {K}orean: a Comparison with {J}apanese",
    author = "Ryu, Ju-Yeon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1020",
    pages = "186--195",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2011-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automatic Identification of Bilingual Synonymous Technical Terms from Phrase Tables and Parallel Patent Sentences",
    author = "Liang, Bing  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Yamamoto, Mikio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1021",
    pages = "196--205",
}
@inproceedings{nagase-etal-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Error Analysis Based on Grammatical Questions",
    author = "Nagase, Tomoki  and
      Tsukada, Hajime  and
      Kotani, Katsunori  and
      Hatanaka, Nobutoshi  and
      Sakamoto, Yoshiyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1022",
    pages = "206--215",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-etal-2011-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Entropy Based Lexical Reordering Model for Hierarchical Phrase-based Machine Translation",
    author = "Zheng, Zhongguang  and
      Meng, Yao  and
      Yu, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1023",
    pages = "216--225",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2011-bare,
    title = "A Bare-bones Constraint Grammar",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1024",
    pages = "226--235",
}
@inproceedings{fokkens-etal-2011-spring,
    title = "Spring Cleaning and Grammar Compression: Two Techniques for Detection of Redundancy in {HPSG} Grammars",
    author = "Fokkens, Antske  and
      Zhang, Yi  and
      Bender, Emily M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1025",
    pages = "236--244",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2011-developing,
    title = "Developing a Chunk-based Grammar Checker for Translated {E}nglish Sentences",
    author = "Lin, Nay Yee  and
      Soe, Khin Mar  and
      Thein, Ni Lar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1026",
    pages = "245--254",
}
@inproceedings{noor-etal-2011-creating,
    title = "Creating the Open {W}ordnet {B}ahasa",
    author = "Noor, Nurril Hirfana Bte Mohamed  and
      Sapuan, Suerya  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1027",
    pages = "255--264",
}
@inproceedings{cook-hirst-2011-automatic,
    title = "Automatic identification of words with novel but infrequent senses",
    author = "Cook, Paul  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1028",
    pages = "265--274",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-2011-annotating,
    title = "Annotating the Structure and Semantics of Fables",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1029",
    pages = "275--282",
}
@inproceedings{singh-sarma-2011-verbal,
    title = "Verbal Inflection in {H}indi: A Distributed Morphology Approach",
    author = "Singh, Smriti  and
      Sarma, Vaijayanthi M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1030",
    pages = "283--292",
}
@inproceedings{mistica-etal-2011-word,
    title = "Word classes in {I}ndonesian: A linguistic reality or a convenient fallacy in natural language processing?",
    author = "Mistica, Meladel  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Arka, I Wayan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1031",
    pages = "293--302",
}
@inproceedings{patrick-nguyen-2011-automated,
    title = "Automated Proof Reading of Clinical Notes",
    author = "Patrick, Jon  and
      Nguyen, Dung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1032",
    pages = "303--312",
}
@inproceedings{symonds-etal-2011-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Word Meaning using Efficient Tensor Representations",
    author = "Symonds, Mike  and
      Bruza, Peter  and
      Sitbon, Laurianne  and
      Turner, Ian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1033",
    pages = "313--322",
}
@inproceedings{zorn-gurevych-2011-study,
    title = "A Study of Sense-Disambiguated Networks Induced from Folksonomies",
    author = "Zorn, Hans-Peter  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1034",
    pages = "323--332",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation Using Neighborhood Knowledge",
    author = "Huang, Heyan  and
      Yang, Zhizhuo  and
      Jian, Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1035",
    pages = "333--342",
}
@inproceedings{manguilimotan-matsumoto-2011-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-based Analysis for {T}agalog Sentences",
    author = "Manguilimotan, Erlyn  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1036",
    pages = "343--352",
}
@inproceedings{grac-2011-case,
    title = "Case study of {B}ush{B}ank concept",
    author = "Gr{\'a}c, Marek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1037",
    pages = "353--361",
}
@inproceedings{tan-bond-2011-building,
    title = "Building and Annotating the Linguistically Diverse {NTU}-{MC} ({NTU}-Multilingual Corpus)",
    author = "Tan, Liling  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1038",
    pages = "362--371",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-etal-2011-situ,
    title = "In Situ Text Summarisation for Museum Visitors",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Ye, Patrick  and
      Bohnert, Fabian  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1039",
    pages = "372--381",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2011-iteratively,
    title = "Iteratively Estimating Pattern Reliability and Seed Quality With Extraction Consistency",
    author = "Lee, Yi-Hsun  and
      Chuang, Chung-Yao  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1040",
    pages = "382--391",
}
@inproceedings{tirasaroj-aroonmanakun-2011-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Answer Patterns for Supervised Named Entity Recognition in {T}hai",
    author = "Tirasaroj, Nutcha  and
      Aroonmanakun, Wirote",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1041",
    pages = "392--399",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2011-listwise,
    title = "A Listwise Approach to Coreference Resolution in Multiple Languages",
    author = "Tran, Oanh Thi  and
      Ngo, Bach Xuan  and
      Nguyen, Minh Le  and
      Shimazu, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1042",
    pages = "400--409",
}
@inproceedings{kong-zhou-2011-combining,
    title = "Combining Dependency and Constituent-based Syntactic Information for Anaphoricity Determination in Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Kong, Fang  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1043",
    pages = "410--419",
}
@inproceedings{ren-etal-2011-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Classification in Resource-Scarce Languages by using Label Propagation",
    author = "Ren, Yong  and
      Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Toyoda, Masashi  and
      Kitsuregawa, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1044",
    pages = "420--429",
}
@inproceedings{li-lu-2011-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Extraction Model for {C}hinese Noun/Verb Synonymous bi-gram Collocations",
    author = "Li, Wanyin  and
      Lu, Qin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1045",
    pages = "430--439",
}
@inproceedings{law-2011-word,
    title = "Word-order and argument-marking: {J}apanese vs {C}hinese vs Naxi",
    author = "Law, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1046",
    pages = "440--449",
}
@inproceedings{santos-guevara-2011-classification,
    title = "Classification of {F}ilipino Speech Rhythm Using Computational and Perceptual Approach",
    author = "Santos, Timothy Israel  and
      Guevara, Rowena Cristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1047",
    pages = "450--458",
}
@inproceedings{yin-2011-disfluencies,
    title = "Disfluencies in Consecutive Interpreting among Undergraduates in the Language Lab Environment in the final version",
    author = "Yin, Kexiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1048",
    pages = "459--466",
}
@inproceedings{dai-huang-2011-english,
    title = "An {E}nglish-{C}hinese Cross-lingual Word Semantic Similarity Measure Exploring Attributes and Relations",
    author = "Dai, Lin  and
      Huang, Heyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1049",
    pages = "467--476",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning-to-Translate Based on the S-{SSTC} Annotation Schema",
    author = "Tang, Enya Kong  and
      Yusoff, Zaharin  and
      Boitet, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1050",
    pages = "477--484",
}
@inproceedings{alshuwaier-areshey-2011-translating,
    title = "Translating {E}nglish Names to {A}rabic Using Phonotactic Rules",
    author = "Alshuwaier, Faisal  and
      Areshey, Ali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1051",
    pages = "485--492",
}
@inproceedings{chuang-etal-2011-translating,
    title = "Translating Common {E}nglish and {C}hinese Verb-Noun Pairs in Technical Documents with Collocational and Bilingual Information",
    author = "Chuang, Yi-Hsuan  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Chang, Jing-Shin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1052",
    pages = "493--502",
}
@inproceedings{shirado-etal-2011-system,
    title = "System for Flexibly Judging the Misuse of Honorifics in {J}apanese",
    author = "Shirado, Tamotsu  and
      Marumoto, Satoko  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1053",
    pages = "503--510",
}
@inproceedings{wang-huang-2011-compound,
    title = "Compound Event Nouns of the {`}Modifier-head{'} Type in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Wang, Shan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1054",
    pages = "511--518",
}
@inproceedings{lin-huang-2011-co,
    title = "The Co-occurrence of Two Delimiters: An Investigation of {M}andarin {C}hinese Resultatives",
    author = "Lin, Jingxia  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1055",
    pages = "519--524",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2011-order,
    title = "The Order of {M}andarin {C}hinese Motion Morphemes and the {``}Scalar Specificity Constraint{''}",
    author = "Lin, Jingxia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1056",
    pages = "525--532",
}
@inproceedings{lievers-2011-verbs,
    title = "Verbs and (sub)Event Structure: A Case Study from {I}talian",
    author = "Lievers, Francesca Strik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1057",
    pages = "533--540",
}
@inproceedings{chen-lai-2011-effects,
    title = "The Effects of {EFL} Learners{'} Awareness and Retention in Learning Metaphoric and Metonymic Expressions",
    author = "Chen, Yi-chen  and
      Lai, Huei-ling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1058",
    pages = "541--548",
}
@inproceedings{fong-etal-2011-nersil,
    title = "{NERSIL} - the Named-Entity Recognition System for Iban Language",
    author = "Fong, Yong Soo  and
      Malanҫon, Bali Ranaivo  and
      Wee, Alvin Yeo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1059",
    pages = "549--558",
}
@inproceedings{roh-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving {PP} Attachment Disambiguation in a Rule-based Parser",
    author = "Roh, Yoon-Hyung  and
      Lee, Ki-Young  and
      Kim, Young-Gil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1060",
    pages = "559--566",
}
@inproceedings{takeya-lepage-2011-fully,
    title = "Fully-Automatic Marker-based Chunking in 11 {E}uropean Languages and Counts of the Number of Analogies between Chunks",
    author = "Takeya, Kota  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1061",
    pages = "567--576",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2011-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Broad-Scale, High-Precision {J}apanese-{E}nglish Parallel Translation Expressions Using Lexical Information and Rules",
    author = "Ma, Qing  and
      Sakagami, Shinya  and
      Murata, Masaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1062",
    pages = "577--586",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2011-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the characteristics of academic paper categories by using an index of representativeness",
    author = "Suzuki, Takafumi  and
      Uchiyama, Kiyoko  and
      Tomisaka, Ryota  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1063",
    pages = "587--596",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2011-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Emotional Words for {C}hinese Document Chief Emotion Analysis",
    author = "Wu, Yunong  and
      Kita, Kenji  and
      Ren, Fuji  and
      Matsumoto, Kazuyuki  and
      Kang, Xin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1064",
    pages = "597--606",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2011-construction,
    title = "A Construction Grammar Approach to Prepositional Phrase Attachment: Semantic Feature Analysis of V {NP}1 into {NP}2 Construction",
    author = "Chen, Liyin  and
      Chung, Siaw-Fong  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1065",
    pages = "607--614",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-yu-2011-supervised,
    title = "Supervised and Semi-supervised Methods based Organization Name Disambiguity",
    author = "Zhang, Shu  and
      Yu, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1066",
    pages = "615--621",
}
@inproceedings{zulen-purwarianti-2011-study,
    title = "Study and Implementation of Monolingual Approach on {I}ndonesian Question Answering for Factoid and Non-Factoid Question",
    author = "Zulen, Alvin Andhika  and
      Purwarianti, Ayu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1067",
    pages = "622--631",
}
@proceedings{acl-1987-association,
    title = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1000",
}
@inproceedings{moens-steedman-1987-temporal,
    title = "TEMPORAL ONTOLOGY IN NATURAL LANGUAGE",
    author = "Moens, Marc  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981176",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{hinrichs-1987-compositional,
    title = "A COMPOSITIONAL SEMANTICS OF TEMPORAL EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH",
    author = "Hinrichs, Erhard W.",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981177",
    pages = "8--15",
}
@inproceedings{passonneau-1987-situations,
    title = "SITUATIONS AND INTERVALS",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca J.",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981178",
    pages = "16--24",
}
@inproceedings{yoshii-1987-jetr,
    title = "{JETR}: A ROBUST MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM",
    author = "Yoshii, Rika",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981179",
    pages = "25--31",
}
@inproceedings{ayuso-etal-1987-environment,
    title = "AN ENVIRONMENT FOR ACQUIRING SEMANTIC INFORMATION",
    author = "Ayuso, Damaris M.  and
      Shaked, Varda  and
      Weischedel, Ralph M.",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981180",
    pages = "32--40",
}
@inproceedings{guindon-etal-1987-grammatical,
    title = "GRAMMATICAL AND UNGRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES IN USER-ADVISER DIALOGUES= EVIDENCE FOR SUFFICIENCY OF RESTRICTED LANGUAGES IN NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACES TO ADVISORY SYSTEMS",
    author = "Guindon, Raymonde  and
      Shuldberg, Kelly  and
      Conner, Joyce",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981181",
    pages = "41--44",
}
@inproceedings{correa-1987-attribute,
    title = "An Attribute-Grammar Implementation of Government-binding Theory",
    author = "Correa, Nelson",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981182",
    pages = "45--51",
}
@inproceedings{stock-1987-getting,
    title = "GETTING IDIOMS INTO A LEXICON BASED PARSER{'}S HEAD",
    author = "Stock, Oliviero",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981183",
    pages = "52--58",
}
@inproceedings{arens-etal-1987-phrasal,
    title = "Phrasal Analysis of Long Noun Sequences",
    author = "Arens, Yigal  and
      Granacki, John J.  and
      Parker, Alice C.",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981184",
    pages = "59--64",
}
@inproceedings{sproat-brunson-1987-constituent,
    title = "Constituent-Based Morphological Parsing: A New Approach to the Problem of Word-Recognition.",
    author = "Sproat, Richard  and
      Brunson, Barbara",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981185",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{wittenburg-1987-predictive,
    title = "PREDICTIVE COMBINATORS: A METHOD FOR EFFICIENT PROCESSING OF COMBINATORY CATEGORIAL GRAMMARS",
    author = "Wittenburg, Kent",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981186",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{pareschi-steedman-1987-lazy,
    title = "A Lazy way to Chart-Parse with Categorial Grammars",
    author = "Pareschi, Remo  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981187",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{rounds-manaster-ramer-1987-logical,
    title = "A LOGICAL VERSION OF FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR",
    author = "Rounds, William C.  and
      Manaster-Ramer, Alexis",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981188",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{mckeown-paris-1987-functional,
    title = "Functional Unification Grammar Revisited",
    author = "McKeown, Kathleen R.  and
      Paris, Cecile L.",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981189",
    pages = "97--103",
}
@inproceedings{vijay-shanker-etal-1987-characterizing,
    title = "CHARACTERIZING STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTIONS PRODUCED BY VARIOUS GRAMMATICAL FORMALISMS",
    author = "Vijay-Shanker, K.  and
      Weir, David J.  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981190",
    pages = "104--111",
}
@inproceedings{moshier-rounds-1987-succinctness,
    title = "ON THE SUCCINCTNESS PROPERTIES OF UNORDERED CONTEXT-FREE GRAMMARS",
    author = "Moshier, M. Drew  and
      Rounds, William C.",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981191",
    pages = "112--116",
}
@inproceedings{nozohoor-farshi-1987-context,
    title = "CONTEXT-FREENESS OF THE LANGUAGE ACCEPTED BY MARCUS{'} PARSER",
    author = "Nozohoor-Farshi, R",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981192",
    pages = "117--122",
}
@inproceedings{shimazu-etal-1987-semantic,
    title = "SEMANTIC STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF JAPANESE NOUN PHRASES WITH ADNOMINAL PARTICLES",
    author = "SHIMAZU, Akira  and
      NAITO, Shozo  and
      NOMURA, Hirosato",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981193",
    pages = "123--130",
}
@inproceedings{dahl-etal-1987-nominalizations,
    title = "NOMINALIZATIONS IN PUNDIT",
    author = "Dahl, Deborah A.  and
      Palmer, Martha S.  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca J.",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981194",
    pages = "131--139",
}
@inproceedings{sproat-liberman-1987-toward,
    title = "TOWARD TREATING ENGLISH NONIINALS CORRECTLY",
    author = "Sproat, Richard W.  and
      Liberman, Mark Y.",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981195",
    pages = "140--146",
}
@inproceedings{webber-1987-interpretation,
    title = "THE INTERPRETATION OF TENSE IN DISCOURSE",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie Lynn",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981196",
    pages = "147--154",
}
@inproceedings{brennan-etal-1987-centering,
    title = "A CENTERING APPROACH TO PRONOUNS",
    author = "Brennan, Susan E.  and
      Friedman, Marilyn W.  and
      Pollard, Carl J.",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981197",
    pages = "155--162",
}
@inproceedings{hirschberg-litman-1987-now,
    title = "NOW LET{'}S TALK ABOUT NOW; IDENTIFYING CUE PHRASES INTONATIONALLY",
    author = "Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981198",
    pages = "163--171",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-1987-acquisition,
    title = "On the Acquisition of Lexical Entries: The Perceptual Origin of Thematic Relations",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981199",
    pages = "172--178",
}
@inproceedings{stallard-1987-logical,
    title = "THE LOGICAL ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL AMBIGUITY",
    author = "Stallard, David",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981200",
    pages = "179--185",
}
@inproceedings{besemer-jacobs-1987-flush,
    title = "{FLUSH}: A Flexible Lexicon Design",
    author = "Besemer, David J.  and
      Jacobs, Paul S.",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981201",
    pages = "186--192",
}
@inproceedings{boguraev-etal-1987-derivation,
    title = "The Derivation of a Grammatically Indexed Lexicon from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary {E}nglish",
    author = "Boguraev, Bran  and
      Briscoe, Ted  and
      Carroll, John  and
      Carter, David  and
      Grover, Claire",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981202",
    pages = "193--200",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-1987-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Selection in the Process of Language Generation Sergei Nirenburg",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981203",
    pages = "201--206",
}
@inproceedings{huettner-etal-1987-constraints,
    title = "CONSTRAINTS ON THE GENERATION OF ADJUNCT CLAUSES",
    author = "Huettner, Alison K.  and
      Vaughan, Marie M.  and
      McDonald, David D.",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981204",
    pages = "207--214",
}
@inproceedings{van-beek-1987-model,
    title = "A Model For Generating Better Explanations",
    author = "van Beek, Peter",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981205",
    pages = "215--220",
}
@inproceedings{luria-1987-expressing,
    title = "Expressing Concern",
    author = "Luria, Marc",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981206",
    pages = "221--227",
}
@inproceedings{porter-1987-incorporating,
    title = "INCORPORATING INHERITANCE AND FEATURE STRUCTURES INTO A LOGIC GRAMMAR FORMALISM",
    author = "Porter, Harry H.",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981207",
    pages = "228--234",
}
@inproceedings{kasper-1987-unification,
    title = "A Unification Method for Disjunctive Feature Descriptions",
    author = "Kasper, Robert T.",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981208",
    pages = "235--242",
}
@inproceedings{ristad-1987-revised,
    title = "REVISED GENERALIZED PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR",
    author = "Ristad, Eric Sven",
    booktitle = "25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1987",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P87-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/981175.981209",
    pages = "243--250",
}
@proceedings{acl-1993-association,
    title = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1000",
}
@inproceedings{church-1993-char,
    title = "Char align: A Program for Aligning Parallel Texts at the Character Level",
    author = "Church, Kenneth Ward",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981575",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{chen-1993-aligning,
    title = "ALIGNING SENTENCES IN BILINGUAL CORPORA USING LEXICAL INFORMATION",
    author = "Chen, Stanley F.",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981576",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{kupiec-1993-algorithm,
    title = "AN ALGORITHM FOR FINDING NOUN PHRASE CORRESPONDENCES IN BILINGUAL CORPORA",
    author = "Kupiec, Julian",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981577",
    pages = "17--22",
}
@inproceedings{matsumoto-etal-1993-structural,
    title = "STRUCTURAL MATCHING OF PARALLEL TEXTS",
    author = "Matsumoto, Yuji  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Ishimoto, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981578",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-1993-towards,
    title = "Towards History-based Grammars: Using Richer Models for Probabilistic Parsing",
    author = "Black, Ezra  and
      Jelinek, Fred  and
      Lafrerty, John  and
      Magerman, David M.  and
      Mercer, Robert  and
      Roukos, Salim",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981579",
    pages = "31--37",
}
@inproceedings{wojcik-etal-1993-using,
    title = "USING BRACKETED PARSES TO EVALUATE A GRAMMAR CHECKING APPLICATION",
    author = "Wojcik, Richard H.  and
      Harrison, Philip  and
      Bremer, John",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981580",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{nakatani-hirschberg-1993-speech,
    title = "A SPEECH-FIRST MODEL FOR REPAIR DETECTION AND CORRECTION",
    author = "Nakatani, Christine  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981581",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{dowding-etal-1993-gemini,
    title = "{GEMINI}: A NATURAL LANGUAGE SYSTEM FOR SPOKEN-LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "Dowding, John  and
      Gawron, Jean Mark  and
      Appelt, Doug  and
      Bear, John  and
      Cherny, Lynn  and
      Moore, Robert  and
      Moran, Douglas",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981582",
    pages = "54--61",
}
@inproceedings{kehler-1993-effect,
    title = "THE EFFECT OF ESTABLISHING COHERENCE IN ELLIPSIS AND ANAPHORA RESOLUTION",
    author = "Kehler, Andrew",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981583",
    pages = "62--69",
}
@inproceedings{kameyama-etal-1993-temporal,
    title = "TEMPORAL CENTERING",
    author = "Kameyama, Megumi  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981584",
    pages = "70--77",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-1993-assigning,
    title = "ASSIGNING A SEMANTIC SCOPE TO OPERATORS",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981585",
    pages = "78--86",
}
@inproceedings{stallard-1993-two,
    title = "TWO KINDS OF METONYMY",
    author = "Stallard, David",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981586",
    pages = "87--94",
}
@inproceedings{wahlster-1993-planning,
    title = "PLANNING MULTIMODAL DISCOURSE",
    author = "Wahlster, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981587",
    pages = "95--96",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-etal-1993-unification,
    title = "A UNIFICATION-BASED PARSER FOR RELATIONAL GRAMMAR",
    author = "Johnson, David E.  and
      Meyers, Adam  and
      Moss, Lawrence S.",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981588",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{bharati-sangal-1993-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Free Word Order Languages in the Paninian Framework",
    author = "Bharati, Akshar  and
      Sangal, Rajeev",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981589",
    pages = "105--111",
}
@inproceedings{lin-1993-principle,
    title = "PRINCIPLE-BASED PARSING WITHOUT OVERGENERATION",
    author = "Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981590",
    pages = "112--120",
}
@inproceedings{schabes-waters-1993-lexicalized,
    title = "Lexicalized Context-Fee Grammars",
    author = "Schabes, Yves  and
      Waters, Richard C.",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981591",
    pages = "121--129",
}
@inproceedings{seki-etal-1993-parallel,
    title = "PARALLEL MULTIPLE CONTEXT-FREE GRAMMARS, FINITE-STATE TRANSLATION SYSTEMS, AND POLYNOMIAL-TIME RECOGNIZABLE SUBCLASSES OF LEXICAL-FUNCTIONAL GRAMMARS",
    author = "Seki, Hiroyuki  and
      Nakanishi, Ryuichi  and
      Kaji, Yuichi  and
      Ando, Sachiko  and
      Kasami, Tadao",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981592",
    pages = "130--139",
}
@inproceedings{krieger-pirker-1993-feature,
    title = "FEATURE-BASED ALLOMORPHY",
    author = "Krieger, Hans-Ulrich  and
      Pirker, Hannes",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981593",
    pages = "140--147",
}
@inproceedings{passonneau-litman-1993-intention,
    title = "INTENTION-BASED SEGMENTATION: HUMAN RELIABILITY AND CORRELATION WITH LINGUISTIC CUES",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca J.  and
      Litman, Diane J.",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981594",
    pages = "148--155",
}
@inproceedings{aone-mckee-1993-language,
    title = "A LANGUAGE-INDEPENDENT ANAPHORA RESOLUTION SYSTEM FOR UNDERSTANDING MULTILINGUAL TEXTS",
    author = "Aone, Chinatsu  and
      McKee, Douglas",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981595",
    pages = "156--163",
}
@inproceedings{dagan-etal-1993-contextual,
    title = "CONTEXTUAL WORD SIMILARITY AND ESTIMATION FROM SPARSE DATA",
    author = "Dagan, Ido  and
      Marcus, Shaul  and
      Markovitch, Shaul",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981596",
    pages = "164--171",
}
@inproceedings{hatzivassiloglou-mckeown-1993-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS THE AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION OF ADJECTIVAL SCALES: CLUSTERING ADJECTIVES ACCORDING TO MEANING",
    author = "Hatzivassiloglou, Vasileios  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981597",
    pages = "172--182",
}
@inproceedings{pereira-etal-1993-distributional,
    title = "DISTRIBUTIONAL CLUSTERING OF ENGLISH WORDS",
    author = "Pereira, Fernando  and
      Tishby, Naftali  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981598",
    pages = "183--190",
}
@inproceedings{nunberg-1993-transfers,
    title = "TRANSFERS OF MEANING",
    author = "Nunberg, Geoffrey",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981599",
    pages = "191--192",
}
@inproceedings{backofen-smolka-1993-complete,
    title = "A COMPLETE AND RECURSIVE FEATURE THEORY",
    author = "Backofen, Rolf  and
      Smolka, Gert",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981600",
    pages = "193--200",
}
@inproceedings{backofen-1993-decidability,
    title = "ON THE DECIDABILITY OF FUNCTIONAL UNCERTAINTY",
    author = "Backofen, Rolf",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981601",
    pages = "201--208",
}
@inproceedings{young-rounds-1993-logical,
    title = "A LOGICAL SEMANTICS FOR NONMONOTONIC SORTS",
    author = "Young, Mark A.  and
      Rounds, Bill",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981602",
    pages = "209--215",
}
@inproceedings{wittenburg-1993-f,
    title = "F-PATR: FUNCTIONAL CONSTRAINTS FOR UNIFICATION-BASED GRAMMARS",
    author = "Wittenburg, Kent",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981603",
    pages = "216--223",
}
@inproceedings{partee-1993-quantificational,
    title = "QUANTIFICATIONAL DOMAINS AND RECURSIVE CONTEXTS",
    author = "Partee, Barbara",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981604",
    pages = "224--225",
}
@inproceedings{mckeown-etal-1993-tailoring,
    title = "TAILORING LEXICAL CHOICE TO THE USER{'}S VOCABULARY IN MULTIMEDIA EXPLANATION GENERATION",
    author = "McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Robin, Jacques  and
      Tanenblatt, Michael",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981605",
    pages = "226--234",
}
@inproceedings{manning-1993-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC ACQUISITION OF A LARGE SUB CATEGORIZATION DICTIONARY FROM CORPORA",
    author = "Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981606",
    pages = "235--242",
}
@inproceedings{liu-soo-1993-empirical,
    title = "AN EMPIRICAL STUD{'} ON THEMATIC KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION BASED ON SYNTACTIC CLUES AND HEURISTICS",
    author = "Liu, Rey-Long  and
      Soo, Von-wun",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981607",
    pages = "243--250",
}
@inproceedings{schutze-1993-part,
    title = "PART-OF-SPEECH INDUCTION FROM SCRATCH",
    author = "Schutze, Hinrich",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981608",
    pages = "251--258",
}
@inproceedings{brill-1993-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Grammar Induction and Parsing Free Text: A Transformation-Based Approach",
    author = "Brill, Eric",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981609",
    pages = "259--265",
}
@inproceedings{stevenson-1993-competition,
    title = "A Competition-Based Explanation of Syntactic Attachment Preferences and Garden Path Phenomena",
    author = "Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981610",
    pages = "266--273",
}
@inproceedings{ardissono-etal-1993-flexible,
    title = "A FLEXIBLE APPROACH TO COOPERATIVE RESPONSE GENERATION IN INFORMATION-SEEKING DIALOGUES",
    author = "Ardissono, Liliana  and
      Lombardo, Alessandro  and
      Sestero, Dario",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981612",
    pages = "274--276",
}
@inproceedings{rosenblum-1993-identifying,
    title = "IDENTIFYING RELEVANT PRIOR EXPLANATIONS",
    author = "Rosenblum, James A.",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981613",
    pages = "277--279",
}
@inproceedings{chu-1993-responding,
    title = "RESPONDING TO USER QUERIES IN A COLLABORATIVE ENVIRONMENT",
    author = "Chu, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981614",
    pages = "280--282",
}
@inproceedings{white-1993-imperfective,
    title = "THE IMPERFECTIVE PARADOX AND TRAJECTORY-OF-MOTION EVENTS",
    author = "White, Michael",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981615",
    pages = "283--285",
}
@inproceedings{kozima-1993-text,
    title = "TEXT SEGMENTATION BASED ON SIMILARITY BETWEEN WORDS",
    author = "Kozima, Hideki",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981616",
    pages = "286--288",
}
@inproceedings{shaked-1993-count,
    title = "HOW DO WE COUNT? THE PROBLEM OF TAGGING PHRASAL VERBS IN PARTS",
    author = "Shaked, Nava A.",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981617",
    pages = "289--291",
}
@inproceedings{hutches-1993-raisins,
    title = "RAISINS, SULTANAS, AND CURRANTS: LEXICAL CLASSIFICATION AND ABSTRACTION VIA CONTEXT PRIMING",
    author = "Hutches, David J.",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981618",
    pages = "292--294",
}
@inproceedings{skon-1993-guiding,
    title = "Guiding an {HPSG} Parser using Semantic and Pragmatic Expectations",
    author = "Skon, Jim",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981619",
    pages = "295--297",
}
@inproceedings{hoffman-1993-formal,
    title = "THE FORMAL CONSEQUENCES OF USING VARIABLES IN CCG CATEGORIES",
    author = "Hoffman, Beryl",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981620",
    pages = "298--300",
}
@inproceedings{gan-1993-integrating,
    title = "INTEGRATING WORD BOUNDARY IDENTIFICATION WITH SENTENCE UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "Gan, Kok Wee",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981621",
    pages = "301--303",
}
@inproceedings{sarkar-1993-extending,
    title = "EXTENDING KIMMO{'}S TWO-LEVEL MODEL OF MORPHOLOGY",
    author = "Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/981574.981622",
    pages = "304--306",
}
@proceedings{acl-1979-association,
    title = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1000",
}
@inproceedings{kay-1979-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Processing",
    author = "Kay, Martin",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982165",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{carbonell-1979-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS A SELF-EXTENDING PARSER",
    author = "Carbonell, Jaime G.",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982166",
    pages = "3--7",
}
@inproceedings{small-1979-word,
    title = "WORD EXPERT PARSING",
    author = "Small, Steven L.",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982167",
    pages = "9--13",
}
@inproceedings{eisenstadt-1979-schank,
    title = "Schank/Riesbeck vs. Norman/Rumelhart: What{'}s the Difference?",
    author = "Eisenstadt, Marc",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982168",
    pages = "15--16",
}
@inproceedings{all-1979-toward,
    title = "TOWARD A COMPUTATIONAL THEORY OF SPEECH PERCEPTION",
    author = "All, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982169",
    pages = "17--17",
}
@inproceedings{kwasny-sondheimer-1979-ungrammaticality,
    title = "UNGRAMMATICALITY AND EXTRA-GRAMMATICALITY IN NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING SYSTEMS",
    author = "Kwasny, Stan C.  and
      Sondheimer, Norman K.",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982170",
    pages = "19--23",
}
@inproceedings{shapiro-1979-generalized,
    title = "GENERALIZED AUGMENTED TRANSITIOM METWORK GRAMMARS FOR GENERATION FROM SEMANTIC NETWORKS",
    author = "Shapiro, Stuart C.",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982171",
    pages = "25--29",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-1979-knowledge,
    title = "KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION AND APPLICATION: BRIEF COMMENTS ON PAPERS IN THE SESSION",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982173",
    pages = "31--31",
}
@inproceedings{brachman-1979-taxonomy,
    title = "Taxonomy, Descriptions, and Individuals in Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Brachman, Ronald J.",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982174",
    pages = "33--37",
}
@inproceedings{sowa-1979-semantics,
    title = "Semantics of Conceptual Graphs",
    author = "Sowa, John F.",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982175",
    pages = "39--44",
}
@inproceedings{sangster-1979-automatic,
    title = "ON THE AUTOMATIC TRANSFORMATION OF CLASS MEMBERSHIP CRITERIA",
    author = "Sangster, Barbara C.",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982176",
    pages = "45--49",
}
@inproceedings{moore-mann-1979-snapshot,
    title = "A SNAPSHOT OF KDS A KNOWLEDGE DELIVERY SYSTEM",
    author = "Moore, James A.  and
      Mann, William C.",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982177",
    pages = "51--52",
}
@inproceedings{burstein-1979-use,
    title = "The Use of Object-Specific Knowledge In Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Burstein, Mark H.",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982178",
    pages = "53--57",
}
@inproceedings{lebowitz-1979-reading,
    title = "READING WITH A PURPOSE",
    author = "Lebowitz, Michael",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982179",
    pages = "59--63",
}
@inproceedings{robinson-1979-discourse,
    title = "DISCOURSE: CODES AND CLUES IN CONTEXTS",
    author = "Robinson, Jane J.",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982181",
    pages = "65--65",
}
@inproceedings{mckeown-1979-paraphrasing,
    title = "Paraphrasing Using Given and New Information in a Question-Answer System",
    author = "McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982182",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@inproceedings{shanon-1979-questions,
    title = "WHERE QUESTIONS",
    author = "Shanon, Benny",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982183",
    pages = "73--75",
}
@inproceedings{sidner-1979-role,
    title = "The Role Of Focussing in Interpretation of Pronouns",
    author = "Sidner, Candace L.",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982184",
    pages = "77--78",
}
@inproceedings{levis-hutchins-1979-structure,
    title = "The Structure and Process of Talking About Doing",
    author = "Levis, James A.  and
      Hutchins, Edwin L.",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982185",
    pages = "79--81",
}
@inproceedings{mann-1979-design,
    title = "DESIGN FOR DIALOGUE COMPREHENSION",
    author = "Mann, William C.",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982186",
    pages = "83--84",
}
@inproceedings{allen-1979-plans,
    title = "Plans, Inference, and Indirect Speech Acts",
    author = "Allen, James F.",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982187",
    pages = "85--87",
}
@inproceedings{hays-1979-applications,
    title = "APPLICATIONS",
    author = "HAYS, DAVID G.",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982189",
    pages = "89--89",
}
@inproceedings{templeton-1979-eufid,
    title = "{EUFID}: A FRIENDLY AND FLEXIBLE FRONT-END FOR DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS",
    author = "Templeton, Marjorie",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982190",
    pages = "91--93",
}
@inproceedings{silva-etal-1979-application,
    title = "AN APPLICATION OF AUTOMATED LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING TECHNIQUES TO THE GENERATION OF DATA BASE ELEMENTS",
    author = "Silva, Georgette  and
      Montgomery, Christine  and
      Dwiggins, Don",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982191",
    pages = "95--97",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-1979-response,
    title = "RESPONSE GENERATION IN QUESTION - ANSWERING SYSTEMS",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982192",
    pages = "99--101",
}
@inproceedings{ciesielski-1979-natural,
    title = "NATURAL LANGUAGE INPUT TO A COMPUTER-BASED GLAUCOMA CONSULTATION SYSTEM",
    author = "Ciesielski, Victor B.",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982193",
    pages = "103--107",
}
@inproceedings{weber-mann-1979-prospects,
    title = "PROSPECTS FOR COMPUTER-ASSISTED DIALECT ADAPTION",
    author = "Weber, David J.  and
      Mann, William C.",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982194",
    pages = "109--110",
}
@inproceedings{fischer-1979-powerful,
    title = "Powerful ideas in computational linquistics - Implications for problem solving, and education",
    author = "Fischer, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1979",
    address = "La Jolla, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P79-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/982163.982195",
    pages = "111--115",
}
@proceedings{acl-1992-association,
    title = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1000",
}
@inproceedings{lascarides-etal-1992-inferring,
    title = "INFERRING DISCOURSE RELATIONS IN CONTEXT",
    author = "Lascarides, Alex  and
      Asher, Nicholas  and
      Oberlander, Jon",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981968",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{hardt-1992-algorithm,
    title = "AN ALGORITHM FOR VP ELLIPSIS",
    author = "Hardt, Daniel",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981969",
    pages = "9--14",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-boggess-1992-simple,
    title = "A SIMPLE BUT USEFUL APPROACH TO CONJUNCT IDENTIFICATION",
    author = "Agarwal, Rajeev  and
      Boggess, Lois",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981970",
    pages = "15--21",
}
@inproceedings{luperfoy-1992-representation,
    title = "THE REPRESENTATION OF MULTIMODAL USER INTERFACE DIALOGUES USING DISCOURSE PEGS",
    author = "Luperfoy, Susann",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981971",
    pages = "22--31",
}
@inproceedings{alshawi-crouch-1992-monotonic,
    title = "MONOTONIC SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION",
    author = "Alshawi, Hiyan  and
      Crouch, Richard",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981972",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{magerman-weir-1992-efficiency,
    title = "Efficiency, Robustness and Accuracy in picky Chart Parsing",
    author = "Magerman, David M.  and
      Weir, Carl",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981973",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{mccoy-etal-1992-functional,
    title = "A Functional Approach to Generation with {TAG}",
    author = "McCoy, Kathleen F.  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.  and
      Yang, Gijoo",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981974",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{bear-etal-1992-integrating,
    title = "INTEGRATING MULTIPLE KNOWLEDGE SOURCES FOR DETECTION AND CORRECTION OF REPAIRS IN HUMAN-COMPUTER DIALOG",
    author = "Bear, John  and
      Dowding, John  and
      Shriberg, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981975",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{green-carberry-1992-conversational,
    title = "CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURES IN INDIRECT REPLIES",
    author = "Green, Nancy  and
      Carberry, Sandra",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981976",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{rogers-vijay-shanker-1992-reasoning,
    title = "Reasoning with Descriptions of Trees",
    author = "Rogers, James  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981977",
    pages = "72--80",
}
@inproceedings{martinovic-strzalkowski-1992-comparing,
    title = "COMPARING TWO GRAMMAR-BASED GENERATION ALGORITHMS: A CASE STUDY",
    author = "Martinovic, Miroslav  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981978",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{satta-1992-recognition,
    title = "RECOGNITION OF LINEAR CONTEXT-FREE REWRITING SYSTEMS",
    author = "Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981979",
    pages = "89--95",
}
@inproceedings{webber-baldwin-1992-accommodating,
    title = "ACCOMMODATING CONTEXT CHANGE",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie Lynn  and
      Baldwin, Breck",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981980",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-vauthey-1992-information,
    title = "INFORMATION RETRIEVAL USING ROBUST NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Vauthey, Barbara",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981981",
    pages = "104--111",
}
@inproceedings{rowles-huang-1992-prosodic,
    title = "Prosodic Aids to Syntactic and Semantic Analysis of Spoken {E}nglish",
    author = "Rowles, Chris  and
      Huang, Xiuming",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981982",
    pages = "112--119",
}
@inproceedings{di-eugenio-1992-understanding,
    title = "UNDERSTANDING NATURAL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS: THE CASE OF PURPOSE CLAUSES",
    author = "Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981983",
    pages = "120--127",
}
@inproceedings{pereira-schabes-1992-inside,
    title = "INSIDE-OUTSIDE REESTIMATION FROM PARTIALLY BRACKETED CORPORA",
    author = "Pereira, Fernando  and
      Schabes, Yves",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981984",
    pages = "128--135",
}
@inproceedings{weir-1992-linear,
    title = "Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems and Deterministic Tree-Walking Transducers",
    author = "Weir, David J.",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981985",
    pages = "136--143",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-1992-connectionist,
    title = "A CONNECTIONIST PARSER FOR STRUCTURE UNIFICATION GRAMMAR",
    author = "Henderson, James B.",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981986",
    pages = "144--151",
}
@inproceedings{gutwin-mccalla-1992-lie,
    title = "WOULD {I} LIE TO YOU? MODELLING MISREPRESENTATION AND CONTEXT IN DIALOGUE",
    author = "Gutwin, Carl  and
      McCalla, Gordon",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981987",
    pages = "152--158",
}
@inproceedings{carter-1992-lattice,
    title = "LATTICE-BASED WORD IDENTIFICATION IN CLARE",
    author = "Carter, David M.",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981988",
    pages = "159--166",
}
@inproceedings{schabes-shieber-1992-alternative,
    title = "An Alternative Conception of Tree-Adjoining Derivation",
    author = "Schabes, Yves  and
      Shieber, Stuart M.",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981989",
    pages = "167--176",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-1992-gpsm,
    title = "{GPSM}: A GENERALIZED PROBABILISTIC SEMANTIC MODEL FOR AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION",
    author = "Chang, Jing-Shin  and
      Luo, Yih-Fen  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981990",
    pages = "177--184",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-1992-development,
    title = "Development and Evaluation of a Broad-Coverage Probabilistic Grammar of {E}nglish-Language Computer Manuals",
    author = "Black, Ezra  and
      Lafferty, John  and
      Roukos, Salim",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981991",
    pages = "185--192",
}
@inproceedings{lambert-carberry-1992-modeling,
    title = "MODELING NEGOTIATION SUBDIALOGUES",
    author = "Lambert, Lynn  and
      Carberry, Sandra",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981992",
    pages = "193--200",
}
@inproceedings{engelkamp-etal-1992-handling,
    title = "HANDLING LINEAR PRECEDENCE CONSTRAINTS BY UNIFICATION",
    author = "Engelkamp, Judith  and
      Erbach, Gregor  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981993",
    pages = "201--208",
}
@inproceedings{park-1992-unification,
    title = "A UNIFICATION-BASED SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION FOR COORDINATE CONSTRUCTS",
    author = "Park, Jong C.",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981994",
    pages = "209--215",
}
@inproceedings{cardie-1992-corpus,
    title = "CORPUS-BASED ACQUISITION OF RELATIVE PRONOUN DISAMBIGUATION HEURISTICS",
    author = "Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981995",
    pages = "216--223",
}
@inproceedings{kimura-etal-1992-association,
    title = "Association-based Natural Language Processing with Neural Networks",
    author = "KIMURA, Kazuhiro  and
      UZUOKA, Takashi  and
      AMANO, Sin-ya",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981996",
    pages = "224--231",
}
@inproceedings{hwang-schubert-1992-tense,
    title = "TENSE TREES AS THE {``}FINE STRUCTURE{''} OF DISCOURSE",
    author = "Hwang, Chung Hee  and
      Schubert, Lenhart K.",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981997",
    pages = "232--240",
}
@inproceedings{latecki-1992-connection,
    title = "CONNECTION RELATIONS AND QUANTIFIER SCOPE",
    author = "Latecki, Longin",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981998",
    pages = "241--248",
}
@inproceedings{gale-etal-1992-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Upper and Lower Bounds on the Performance of Word-Sense Disambiguation Programs",
    author = "Gale, William  and
      Church, Kenneth Ward  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.981999",
    pages = "249--256",
}
@inproceedings{dorr-1992-parameterized,
    title = "A PARAMETERIZED APPROACH TO INTEGRATING ASPECT WITH LEXICAL-SEMANTICS FOR MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Dorr, Bonnie J.",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982000",
    pages = "257--264",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-mellish-1992-using,
    title = "USING CLASSIFICATION TO GENERATE TEXT",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud  and
      Mellish, Chris",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982001",
    pages = "265--272",
}
@inproceedings{suri-1992-correcting,
    title = "CORRECTING ILLEGAL NP OMISSIONS USING LOCAL FOCUS",
    author = "Suri, Linda Z.",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982003",
    pages = "273--275",
}
@inproceedings{hardt-1992-problematic,
    title = "SOME PROBLEMATIC CASES OF VP ELLIPSIS",
    author = "Hardt, Daniel",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982004",
    pages = "276--278",
}
@inproceedings{rock-1992-understanding,
    title = "UNDERSTANDING REPETITION IN NATURAL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS - THE SEMANTICS OF EXTENT",
    author = "Rock, Sheila",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982005",
    pages = "279--281",
}
@inproceedings{kowtko-1992-intonation,
    title = "ON THE INTONATION OF MONO- AND DI-SYLLABIC WORDS WITHIN THE DISCOURSE FRAMEWORK OF CONVERSATIONAL GAMES",
    author = "Kowtko, Jacqueline C.",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982006",
    pages = "282--284",
}
@inproceedings{niv-1992-right,
    title = "RIGHT ASSOCIATION REVISITED",
    author = "Niv, Michael",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982007",
    pages = "285--287",
}
@inproceedings{merlo-1992-lr,
    title = "AN LR CATEGORY-NEUTRAL PARSER WITH LEFT CORNER PREDICTION",
    author = "Merlo, Paola",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982008",
    pages = "288--290",
}
@inproceedings{lombardo-1992-incremental,
    title = "INCREMENTAL DEPENDENCY PARSING",
    author = "Lombardo, Vincenzo",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982009",
    pages = "291--293",
}
@inproceedings{lutsky-1992-documentation,
    title = "DOCUMENTATION PARSER TO EXTRACT SOFTWARE TEST CONDITIONS",
    author = "Lutsky, Patricia",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982010",
    pages = "294--296",
}
@inproceedings{rainbow-1992-linguistic,
    title = "A Linguistic and Computational Analysis of the {G}erman {``}Third Construction{''}",
    author = "Rainbow, Owen",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982011",
    pages = "297--299",
}
@inproceedings{hoffman-1992-ccg,
    title = "A CCG APPROACH TO FREE WORD ORDER LANGUAGES",
    author = "Hoffman, Beryl",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982012",
    pages = "300--302",
}
@inproceedings{villadsen-1992-information,
    title = "INFORMATION STATES AS FIRST CLASS CITIZENS",
    author = "Villadsen, Jorgen",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982013",
    pages = "303--305",
}
@inproceedings{trujillo-1992-spatial,
    title = "Spatial Lexicalization in the Translation of Prepositional Phrases",
    author = "Trujillo, Arturo",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982014",
    pages = "306--308",
}
@inproceedings{kamei-wakao-1992-metonymy,
    title = "METONYMY; REASSESSMENT, SURVEY OF ACCEPTABILITY, AND ITS TREATMENT IN A MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM",
    author = "Kamei, Shin-ichiro  and
      Wakao, Takahiro",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982015",
    pages = "309--311",
}
@inproceedings{green-1992-basis,
    title = "A BASIS FOR A FORMALIZATION OF LINGUISTIC STYLE",
    author = "Green, Stephen J.",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982016",
    pages = "312--314",
}
@inproceedings{mittal-1992-elaboration,
    title = "ELABORATION IN OBJECT DESCRIPTIONS THROUGH EXAMPLES",
    author = "Mittal, Vibhu O.",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982017",
    pages = "315--317",
}
@inproceedings{linden-1992-expression,
    title = "THE EXPRESSION OF LOCAL RHETORICAL RELATIONS IN INSTRUCTIONAL TEXT",
    author = "Linden, Keith Vander",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982018",
    pages = "318--320",
}
@inproceedings{jones-1992-generating,
    title = "GENERATING A SPECIFIC CLASS OF METAPHORS",
    author = "Jones, Mark Alan",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982019",
    pages = "321--323",
}
@inproceedings{grefenstette-1992-sextant,
    title = "{SEXTANT}: EXPLORING UNEXPLORED CONTEXTS FOR SEMANTIC EXTRACTION FROM SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS",
    author = "Grefenstette, Gregory",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982020",
    pages = "324--326",
}
@inproceedings{resnik-1992-class,
    title = "A CLASS-BASED APPROACH TO LEXICAL DISCOVERY",
    author = "Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982021",
    pages = "327--329",
}
@inproceedings{krovetz-1992-sense,
    title = "Sense-Linking in a Machine Readable Dictionary",
    author = "Krovetz, Robert",
    booktitle = "30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Newark, Delaware, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P92-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/981967.982022",
    pages = "330--332",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2009-human,
    title = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Narayanan, Shri  and
      Oard, Douglas W.  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1000",
}
@inproceedings{su-markert-2009-subjectivity,
    title = "Subjectivity Recognition on Word Senses via Semi-supervised Mincuts",
    author = "Su, Fangzhong  and
      Markert, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{gyamfi-etal-2009-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Knowledge for Subjectivity Sense Labeling",
    author = "Gyamfi, Yaw  and
      Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Akkaya, Cem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1002",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2009-study,
    title = "A Study on Similarity and Relatedness Using Distributional and {W}ord{N}et-based Approaches",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Alfonseca, Enrique  and
      Hall, Keith  and
      Kravalova, Jana  and
      Pa{\c{s}}ca, Marius  and
      Soroa, Aitor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1003",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2009-fully,
    title = "A Fully Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation Method Using Dependency Knowledge",
    author = "Chen, Ping  and
      Ding, Wei  and
      Bowes, Chris  and
      Brown, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1004",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{ravi-knight-2009-learning,
    title = "Learning Phoneme Mappings for Transliteration without Parallel Data",
    author = "Ravi, Sujith  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1005",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{gabani-etal-2009-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-Based Approach for the Prediction of Language Impairment in Monolingual {E}nglish and {S}panish-{E}nglish Bilingual Children",
    author = "Gabani, Keyur  and
      Sherman, Melissa  and
      Solorio, Thamar  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Bedore, Lisa  and
      Pe{\~n}a, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1006",
    pages = "46--55",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2009-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Latent Variable {C}hinese Segmenter with Hybrid Word/Character Information",
    author = "Sun, Xu  and
      Zhang, Yaozhong  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1007",
    pages = "56--64",
}
@inproceedings{bouchard-cote-etal-2009-improved,
    title = "Improved Reconstruction of Protolanguage Word Forms",
    author = "Bouchard-C{\^o}t{\'e}, Alexandre  and
      Griffiths, Thomas L.  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1008",
    pages = "65--73",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-smith-2009-shared,
    title = "Shared Logistic Normal Distributions for Soft Parameter Tying in Unsupervised Grammar Induction",
    author = "Cohen, Shay  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1009",
    pages = "74--82",
}
@inproceedings{snyder-etal-2009-adding,
    title = "Adding More Languages Improves Unsupervised Multilingual Part-of-Speech Tagging: a {B}ayesian Non-Parametric Approach",
    author = "Snyder, Benjamin  and
      Naseem, Tahira  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1010",
    pages = "83--91",
}
@inproceedings{nesson-shieber-2009-efficiently,
    title = "Efficiently Parsable Extensions to Tree-Local Multicomponent {TAG}",
    author = "Nesson, Rebecca  and
      Shieber, Stuart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1011",
    pages = "92--100",
}
@inproceedings{headden-iii-etal-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving Unsupervised Dependency Parsing with Richer Contexts and Smoothing",
    author = "Headden III, William P.  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      McClosky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1012",
    pages = "101--109",
}
@inproceedings{brunning-etal-2009-context,
    title = "Context-Dependent Alignment Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Brunning, Jamie  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Byrne, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1013",
    pages = "110--118",
}
@inproceedings{alexandrescu-kirchhoff-2009-graph,
    title = "Graph-based Learning for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Alexandrescu, Andrei  and
      Kirchhoff, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1014",
    pages = "119--127",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2009-intersecting,
    title = "Intersecting Multilingual Data for Faster and Better Statistical Translations",
    author = "Chen, Yu  and
      Kay, Martin  and
      Eisele, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1015",
    pages = "128--136",
}
@inproceedings{danescu-niculescu-mizil-etal-2009-without,
    title = "Without a {'}doubt{'}? Unsupervised Discovery of Downward-Entailing Operators",
    author = "Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian  and
      Lee, Lillian  and
      Ducott, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1016",
    pages = "137--145",
}
@inproceedings{gerber-etal-2009-role,
    title = "The Role of Implicit Argumentation in Nominal {SRL}",
    author = "Gerber, Matthew  and
      Chai, Joyce  and
      Meyers, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1017",
    pages = "146--154",
}
@inproceedings{meza-ruiz-riedel-2009-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Identifying Predicates, Arguments and Senses using {M}arkov Logic",
    author = "Meza-Ruiz, Ivan  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1018",
    pages = "155--163",
}
@inproceedings{elsner-etal-2009-structured,
    title = "Structured Generative Models for Unsupervised Named-Entity Clustering",
    author = "Elsner, Micha  and
      Charniak, Eugene  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1019",
    pages = "164--172",
}
@inproceedings{haffari-teh-2009-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical {D}irichlet Trees for Information Retrieval",
    author = "Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Teh, Yee Whye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1020",
    pages = "173--181",
}
@inproceedings{olsson-oard-2009-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-Based Query Degradation Modeling for Vocabulary-Independent Ranked Utterance Retrieval",
    author = "Olsson, J. Scott  and
      Oard, Douglas W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1021",
    pages = "182--190",
}
@inproceedings{hagiwara-suzuki-2009-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Query Alteration Based on Lexical Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Hagiwara, Masato  and
      Suzuki, Hisami",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1022",
    pages = "191--199",
}
@inproceedings{wang-oard-2009-context,
    title = "Context-based Message Expansion for Disentanglement of Interleaved Text Conversations",
    author = "Wang, Lidan  and
      Oard, Douglas W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1023",
    pages = "200--208",
}
@inproceedings{poon-etal-2009-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Morphological Segmentation with Log-Linear Models",
    author = "Poon, Hoifung  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Toutanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1024",
    pages = "209--217",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-etal-2009-11001,
    title = "11,001 New Features for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Chiang, David  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Wang, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1025",
    pages = "218--226",
}
@inproceedings{denero-etal-2009-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Parsing for Transducer Grammars",
    author = "DeNero, John  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Pauls, Adam  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1026",
    pages = "227--235",
}
@inproceedings{venugopal-etal-2009-preference,
    title = "Preference Grammars: Softening Syntactic Constraints to Improve Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Venugopal, Ashish  and
      Zollmann, Andreas  and
      Smith, Noah A.  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1027",
    pages = "236--244",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2009-using,
    title = "Using a Dependency Parser to Improve {SMT} for Subject-Object-Verb Languages",
    author = "Xu, Peng  and
      Kang, Jaeho  and
      Ringgaard, Michael  and
      Och, Franz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1028",
    pages = "245--253",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2009-learning,
    title = "Learning Bilingual Linguistic Reordering Model for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Chen, Han-Bin  and
      Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1029",
    pages = "254--262",
}
@inproceedings{goldberg-etal-2009-may,
    title = "May All Your Wishes Come True: A Study of Wishes and How to Recognize Them",
    author = "Goldberg, Andrew B.  and
      Fillmore, Nathanael  and
      Andrzejewski, David  and
      Xu, Zhiting  and
      Gibson, Bryan  and
      Zhu, Xiaojin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1030",
    pages = "263--271",
}
@inproceedings{kogan-etal-2009-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Risk from Financial Reports with Regression",
    author = "Kogan, Shimon  and
      Levin, Dimitry  and
      Routledge, Bryan R.  and
      Sagi, Jacob S.  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1031",
    pages = "272--280",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2009-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation with Latent Semantic Association for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Guo, Honglei  and
      Zhu, Huijia  and
      Guo, Zhili  and
      Zhang, Xiaoxun  and
      Wu, Xian  and
      Su, Zhong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1032",
    pages = "281--289",
}
@inproceedings{vyas-pantel-2009-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automatic Entity Set Refinement",
    author = "Vyas, Vishnu  and
      Pantel, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1033",
    pages = "290--298",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2009-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Constraint Driven Learning For Transliteration Discovery",
    author = "Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Goldwasser, Dan  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Tu, Yuancheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1034",
    pages = "299--307",
}
@inproceedings{bartlett-etal-2009-syllabification,
    title = "On the Syllabification of Phonemes",
    author = "Bartlett, Susan  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz  and
      Cherry, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1035",
    pages = "308--316",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-goldwater-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving nonparameteric {B}ayesian inference: experiments on unsupervised word segmentation with adaptor grammars",
    author = "Johnson, Mark  and
      Goldwater, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1036",
    pages = "317--325",
}
@inproceedings{finkel-manning-2009-joint,
    title = "Joint Parsing and Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Finkel, Jenny Rose  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1037",
    pages = "326--334",
}
@inproceedings{park-levy-2009-minimal,
    title = "Minimal-length linearizations for mildly context-sensitive dependency trees",
    author = "Park, Y. Albert  and
      Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1038",
    pages = "335--343",
}
@inproceedings{schuler-2009-positive,
    title = "Positive Results for Parsing with a Bounded Stack using a Model-Based Right-Corner Transform",
    author = "Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1039",
    pages = "344--352",
}
@inproceedings{eisenstein-2009-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Text Segmentation from Multi-Scale Lexical Cohesion",
    author = "Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1040",
    pages = "353--361",
}
@inproceedings{haghighi-vanderwende-2009-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Content Models for Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Haghighi, Aria  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1041",
    pages = "362--370",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2009-global,
    title = "Global Models of Document Structure using Latent Permutations",
    author = "Chen, Harr  and
      Branavan, S.R.K.  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Karger, David R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1042",
    pages = "371--379",
}
@inproceedings{baumann-etal-2009-assessing,
    title = "Assessing and Improving the Performance of Speech Recognition for Incremental Systems",
    author = "Baumann, Timo  and
      Atterer, Michaela  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1043",
    pages = "380--388",
}
@inproceedings{stent-etal-2009-geo,
    title = "Geo-Centric Language Models for Local Business Voice Search",
    author = "Stent, Amanda  and
      Zeljkovi{\'c}, Ilija  and
      Caseiro, Diamantino  and
      Wilpon, Jay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1044",
    pages = "389--396",
}
@inproceedings{biadsy-etal-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving the {A}rabic Pronunciation Dictionary for Phone and Word Recognition with Linguistically-Based Pronunciation Rules",
    author = "Biadsy, Fadi  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1045",
    pages = "397--405",
}
@inproceedings{dyer-2009-using,
    title = "Using a maximum entropy model to build segmentation lattices for {MT}",
    author = "Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1046",
    pages = "406--414",
}
@inproceedings{haffari-etal-2009-active,
    title = "Active Learning for Statistical Phrase-based Machine Translation",
    author = "Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Roy, Maxim  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1047",
    pages = "415--423",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2009-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Lexicon Mining from Parenthetical Expressions in Monolingual Web Pages",
    author = "Wu, Xianchao  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1048",
    pages = "424--432",
}
@inproceedings{iglesias-etal-2009-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation with Weighted Finite State Transducers",
    author = "Iglesias, Gonzalo  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      R. Banga, Eduardo  and
      Byrne, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1049",
    pages = "433--441",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2009-improved,
    title = "Improved pronunciation features for construct-driven assessment of non-native spontaneous speech",
    author = "Chen, Lei  and
      Zechner, Klaus  and
      Xi, Xiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1050",
    pages = "442--449",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2009-performance,
    title = "Performance Prediction for Exponential Language Models",
    author = "Chen, Stanley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1051",
    pages = "450--458",
}
@inproceedings{sarikaya-etal-2009-tied,
    title = "Tied-Mixture Language Modeling in Continuous Space",
    author = "Sarikaya, Ruhi  and
      Afify, Mohamed  and
      Kingsbury, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1052",
    pages = "459--467",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2009-shrinking,
    title = "Shrinking Exponential Language Models",
    author = "Chen, Stanley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1053",
    pages = "468--476",
}
@inproceedings{yano-etal-2009-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Response to Political Blog Posts with Topic Models",
    author = "Yano, Tae  and
      Cohen, William W.  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1054",
    pages = "477--485",
}
@inproceedings{du-tan-2009-iterative,
    title = "An Iterative Reinforcement Approach for Fine-Grained Opinion Mining",
    author = "Du, Weifu  and
      Tan, Songbo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1055",
    pages = "486--493",
}
@inproceedings{barbosa-etal-2009-dollars,
    title = "For a few dollars less: Identifying review pages sans human labels",
    author = "Barbosa, Luciano  and
      Kumar, Ravi  and
      Pang, Bo  and
      Tomkins, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1056",
    pages = "494--502",
}
@inproceedings{greene-resnik-2009-words,
    title = "More than Words: Syntactic Packaging and Implicit Sentiment",
    author = "Greene, Stephan  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1057",
    pages = "503--511",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-etal-2009-streaming,
    title = "Streaming for large scale {NLP}: Language Modeling",
    author = "Goyal, Amit  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Venkatasubramanian, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1058",
    pages = "512--520",
}
@inproceedings{sasano-etal-2009-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Corpus Size on Case Frame Acquisition for Discourse Analysis",
    author = "Sasano, Ryohei  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1059",
    pages = "521--529",
}
@inproceedings{kireyev-2009-semantic,
    title = "Semantic-based Estimation of Term Informativeness",
    author = "Kireyev, Kirill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1060",
    pages = "530--538",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-rodriguez-etal-2009-optimal,
    title = "Optimal Reduction of Rule Length in Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems",
    author = "G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos  and
      Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      Satta, Giorgio  and
      Weir, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1061",
    pages = "539--547",
}
@inproceedings{cohn-etal-2009-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Compact but Accurate Tree-Substitution Grammars",
    author = "Cohn, Trevor  and
      Goldwater, Sharon  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1062",
    pages = "548--556",
}
@inproceedings{pauls-klein-2009-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Search for Parsing",
    author = "Pauls, Adam  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1063",
    pages = "557--565",
}
@inproceedings{subba-di-eugenio-2009-effective,
    title = "An effective Discourse Parser that uses Rich Linguistic Information",
    author = "Subba, Rajen  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1064",
    pages = "566--574",
}
@inproceedings{ng-2009-graph,
    title = "Graph-Cut-Based Anaphoricity Determination for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1065",
    pages = "575--583",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-etal-2009-using,
    title = "Using Citations to Generate surveys of Scientific Paradigms",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Dorr, Bonnie  and
      Egan, Melissa  and
      Hassan, Ahmed  and
      Muthukrishan, Pradeep  and
      Qazvinian, Vahed  and
      Radev, Dragomir  and
      Zajic, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1066",
    pages = "584--592",
}
@inproceedings{daume-iii-2009-non,
    title = "Non-Parametric {B}ayesian Areal Linguistics",
    author = "Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1067",
    pages = "593--601",
}
@inproceedings{finkel-manning-2009-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical {B}ayesian Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Finkel, Jenny Rose  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1068",
    pages = "602--610",
}
@inproceedings{liang-klein-2009-online,
    title = "Online {EM} for Unsupervised Models",
    author = "Liang, Percy  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1069",
    pages = "611--619",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2009-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Approaches for Automatic Keyword Extraction Using Meeting Transcripts",
    author = "Liu, Feifan  and
      Pennell, Deana  and
      Liu, Fei  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1070",
    pages = "620--628",
}
@inproceedings{raux-eskenazi-2009-finite,
    title = "A Finite-State Turn-Taking Model for Spoken Dialog Systems",
    author = "Raux, Antoine  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1071",
    pages = "629--637",
}
@inproceedings{jurafsky-etal-2009-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Social Meaning: Identifying Interactional Style in Spoken Conversation",
    author = "Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Ranganath, Rajesh  and
      McFarland, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1072",
    pages = "638--646",
}
@inproceedings{roark-hollingshead-2009-linear,
    title = "Linear Complexity Context-Free Parsing Pipelines via Chart Constraints",
    author = "Roark, Brian  and
      Hollingshead, Kristy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1073",
    pages = "647--655",
}
@inproceedings{miller-2009-improved,
    title = "Improved Syntactic Models for Parsing Speech with Repairs",
    author = "Miller, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1074",
    pages = "656--664",
}
@inproceedings{bicknell-levy-2009-model,
    title = "A model of local coherence effects in human sentence processing as consequences of updates from bottom-up prior to posterior beliefs",
    author = "Bicknell, Klinton  and
      Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1075",
    pages = "665--673",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2009-human-language,
    title = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    author = "Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Narayanan, Shri  and
      Oard, Douglas W.  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2000",
}
@inproceedings{bach-etal-2009-cohesive,
    title = "Cohesive Constraints in A Beam Search Phrase-based Decoder",
    author = "Bach, Nguyen  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Cherry, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2001",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{riedel-clarke-2009-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting Optimal Decoding for Machine Translation {IBM} Model 4",
    author = "Riedel, Sebastian  and
      Clarke, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2002",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{li-khudanpur-2009-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Extraction of Oracle-best Translations from Hypergraphs",
    author = "Li, Zhifei  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2003",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{wu-fung-2009-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Roles for {SMT}: A Hybrid Two-Pass Model",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2004",
    pages = "13--16",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-ney-2009-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of Extended Lexicon Models in Search and Rescoring for {SMT}",
    author = "Hasan, Sa{\v{s}}a  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2005",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-chen-2009-simplex,
    title = "A Simplex Armijo Downhill Algorithm for Optimizing Statistical Machine Translation Decoding Parameters",
    author = "Zhao, Bing  and
      Chen, Shengyuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2006",
    pages = "21--24",
}
@inproceedings{mcnamee-etal-2009-translation,
    title = "Translation Corpus Source and Size in Bilingual Retrieval",
    author = "McNamee, Paul  and
      Mayfield, James  and
      Nicholas, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2007",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{alfonseca-etal-2009-large,
    title = "Large-scale Computation of Distributional Similarities for Queries",
    author = "Alfonseca, Enrique  and
      Hall, Keith  and
      Hartmann, Silvana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2008",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{barak-etal-2009-text,
    title = "Text Categorization from Category Name via Lexical Reference",
    author = "Barak, Libby  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Shnarch, Eyal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2009",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@inproceedings{arora-etal-2009-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Types of Claims in Online Customer Reviews",
    author = "Arora, Shilpa  and
      Joshi, Mahesh  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2010",
    pages = "37--40",
}
@inproceedings{apostolova-demner-fushman-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Image Region Annotation - Image Region Textual Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Apostolova, Emilia  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2011",
    pages = "41--44",
}
@inproceedings{blaylock-etal-2009-tesla,
    title = "{TESLA}: A Tool for Annotating Geospatial Language Corpora",
    author = "Blaylock, Nate  and
      Swain, Bradley  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2012",
    pages = "45--48",
}
@inproceedings{boyer-etal-2009-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Dialogue Structure with Adjacency Pair Analysis and Hidden {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Boyer, Kristy Elizabeth  and
      Phillips, Robert  and
      Ha, Eun Young  and
      Wallis, Michael  and
      Vouk, Mladen  and
      Lester, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2013",
    pages = "49--52",
}
@inproceedings{sagae-etal-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards Natural Language Understanding of Partial Speech Recognition Results in Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Sagae, Kenji  and
      Christian, Gwen  and
      DeVault, David  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2014",
    pages = "53--56",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2009-spherical,
    title = "Spherical Discriminant Analysis in Semi-supervised Speaker Clustering",
    author = "Tang, Hao  and
      Chu, Stephen  and
      Huang, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2015",
    pages = "57--60",
}
@inproceedings{meurs-etal-2009-learning,
    title = "Learning {B}ayesian Networks for Semantic Frame Composition in a Spoken Dialog System",
    author = "Meurs, Marie-Jean  and
      Lef{\`e}vre, Fabrice  and
      de Mori, Renato",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2016",
    pages = "61--64",
}
@inproceedings{uchida-araki-2009-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of a System for Noun Concepts Acquisition from Utterances about Images ({SINCA}) Using Daily Conversation Data",
    author = "Uchida, Yuzu  and
      Araki, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2017",
    pages = "65--68",
}
@inproceedings{nicholson-baldwin-2009-web,
    title = "Web and Corpus Methods for {M}alay Count Classifier Prediction",
    author = "Nicholson, Jeremy  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2018",
    pages = "69--72",
}
@inproceedings{de-gispert-etal-2009-minimum,
    title = "Minimum {B}ayes Risk Combination of Translation Hypotheses from Alternative Morphological Decompositions",
    author = "de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Virpioja, Sami  and
      Kurimo, Mikko  and
      Byrne, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2019",
    pages = "73--76",
}
@inproceedings{hagen-etal-2009-generating,
    title = "Generating Synthetic Children{'}s Acoustic Models from Adult Models",
    author = "Hagen, Andreas  and
      Pellom, Bryan  and
      Hacioglu, Kadri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2020",
    pages = "77--80",
}
@inproceedings{rosenberg-hirschberg-2009-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Pitch Accents at the Word, Syllable and Vowel Level",
    author = "Rosenberg, Andrew  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2021",
    pages = "81--84",
}
@inproceedings{coppola-etal-2009-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Semantic Parsing for Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Coppola, Bonaventura  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2022",
    pages = "85--88",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2009-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Agenda Graph Construction from Human-Human Dialogs using Clustering Method",
    author = "Lee, Cheongjae  and
      Jung, Sangkeun  and
      Kim, Kyungduk  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2023",
    pages = "89--92",
}
@inproceedings{tillmann-xu-2009-simple,
    title = "A Simple Sentence-Level Extraction Algorithm for Comparable Data",
    author = "Tillmann, Christoph  and
      Xu, Jian-ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2024",
    pages = "93--96",
}
@inproceedings{okanohara-tsujii-2009-learning,
    title = "Learning Combination Features with {L}1 Regularization",
    author = "Okanohara, Daisuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2025",
    pages = "97--100",
}
@inproceedings{bolanos-etal-2009-multi,
    title = "Multi-scale Personalization for Voice Search Applications",
    author = "Bola{\~n}os, Daniel  and
      Zweig, Geoffrey  and
      Nguyen, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2026",
    pages = "101--104",
}
@inproceedings{pon-barry-shieber-2009-importance,
    title = "The Importance of Sub-Utterance Prosody in Predicting Level of Certainty",
    author = "Pon-Barry, Heather  and
      Shieber, Stuart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2027",
    pages = "105--108",
}
@inproceedings{georgila-2009-using,
    title = "Using Integer Linear Programming for Detecting Speech Disfluencies",
    author = "Georgila, Kallirroi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2028",
    pages = "109--112",
}
@inproceedings{lerman-mcdonald-2009-contrastive,
    title = "Contrastive Summarization: An Experiment with Consumer Reviews",
    author = "Lerman, Kevin  and
      McDonald, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2029",
    pages = "113--116",
}
@inproceedings{coursey-mihalcea-2009-topic,
    title = "Topic Identification Using {W}ikipedia Graph Centrality",
    author = "Coursey, Kino  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2030",
    pages = "117--120",
}
@inproceedings{yu-tsujii-2009-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Bilingual Dictionary from Comparable Corpora with Dependency Heterogeneity",
    author = "Yu, Kun  and
      Tsujii, Junichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2031",
    pages = "121--124",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-plas-etal-2009-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation with Artificial Data for Semantic Parsing of Speech",
    author = "van der Plas, Lonneke  and
      Henderson, James  and
      Merlo, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2032",
    pages = "125--128",
}
@inproceedings{galescu-2009-extending,
    title = "Extending Pronunciation Lexicons via Non-phonemic Respellings",
    author = "Galescu, Lucian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2033",
    pages = "129--132",
}
@inproceedings{katsumaru-etal-2009-speech,
    title = "A Speech Understanding Framework that Uses Multiple Language Models and Multiple Understanding Models",
    author = "Katsumaru, Masaki  and
      Nakano, Mikio  and
      Komatani, Kazunori  and
      Funakoshi, Kotaro  and
      Ogata, Tetsuya  and
      Okuno, Hiroshi G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2034",
    pages = "133--136",
}
@inproceedings{bloodgood-vijay-shanker-2009-taking,
    title = "Taking into Account the Differences between Actively and Passively Acquired Data: The Case of Active Learning with Support Vector Machines for Imbalanced Datasets",
    author = "Bloodgood, Michael  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2035",
    pages = "137--140",
}
@inproceedings{pust-knight-2009-faster,
    title = "Faster {MT} Decoding Through Pervasive Laziness",
    author = "Pust, Michael  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2036",
    pages = "141--144",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2009-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Syntactic Transformations in Gold Standard Corpora for Statistical Sentence Compression",
    author = "Gupta, Naman K.  and
      Chaudhuri, Sourish  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2037",
    pages = "145--148",
}
@inproceedings{bach-etal-2009-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Adaptation of Speech-to-Speech Translation",
    author = "Bach, Nguyen  and
      Hsiao, Roger  and
      Eck, Matthias  and
      Charoenpornsawat, Paisarn  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Schultz, Tanja  and
      Lane, Ian  and
      Waibel, Alex  and
      Black, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2038",
    pages = "149--152",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-2009-name,
    title = "Name Perplexity",
    author = "Popescu, Octavian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2039",
    pages = "153--156",
}
@inproceedings{banerjee-han-2009-answer,
    title = "Answer Credibility: A Language Modeling Approach to Answer Validation",
    author = "Banerjee, Protima  and
      Han, Hyoil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2040",
    pages = "157--160",
}
@inproceedings{rajkumar-etal-2009-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Named Entity Classes in {CCG} Surface Realization",
    author = "Rajkumar, Rajakrishnan  and
      White, Michael  and
      Espinosa, Dominic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2041",
    pages = "161--164",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2009-search,
    title = "Search Engine Adaptation by Feedback Control Adjustment for Time-sensitive Query",
    author = "Zhang, Ruiqiang  and
      Chang, Yi  and
      Zheng, Zhaohui  and
      Metzler, Donald  and
      Nie, Jian-yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2042",
    pages = "165--168",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2009-local,
    title = "A Local Tree Alignment-based Soft Pattern Matching Approach for Information Extraction",
    author = "Kim, Seokhwan  and
      Jeong, Minwoo  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2043",
    pages = "169--172",
}
@inproceedings{feldman-etal-2009-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Factored Genres with Part-of-Speech Histograms",
    author = "Feldman, Sergey  and
      Marin, Marius  and
      Medero, Julie  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2044",
    pages = "173--176",
}
@inproceedings{jonnalagadda-etal-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards Effective Sentence Simplification for Automatic Processing of Biomedical Text",
    author = {Jonnalagadda, Siddhartha  and
      Tari, Luis  and
      Hakenberg, J{\"o}rg  and
      Baral, Chitta  and
      Gonzalez, Graciela},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2045",
    pages = "177--180",
}
@inproceedings{tan-cheng-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving {SCL} Model for Sentiment-Transfer Learning",
    author = "Tan, Songbo  and
      Cheng, Xueqi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2046",
    pages = "181--184",
}
@inproceedings{bangalore-etal-2009-mica,
    title = "{MICA}: A Probabilistic Dependency Parser Based on Tree Insertion Grammars (Application Note)",
    author = "Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Boullier, Pierre  and
      Nasr, Alexis  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2047",
    pages = "185--188",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanchev-stent-2009-lexical,
    title = "Lexical and Syntactic Adaptation and Their Impact in Deployed Spoken Dialog Systems",
    author = "Stoyanchev, Svetlana  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2048",
    pages = "189--192",
}
@inproceedings{hirsimaki-kurimo-2009-analysing,
    title = "Analysing Recognition Errors in Unlimited-Vocabulary Speech Recognition",
    author = {Hirsim{\"a}ki, Teemu  and
      Kurimo, Mikko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2049",
    pages = "193--196",
}
@inproceedings{petukhova-bunt-2009-independence,
    title = "The independence of dimensions in multidimensional dialogue act annotation",
    author = "Petukhova, Volha  and
      Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2050",
    pages = "197--200",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving Coreference Resolution by Using Conversational Metadata",
    author = "Luo, Xiaoqiang  and
      Florian, Radu  and
      Ward, Todd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2051",
    pages = "201--204",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-he-2009-using,
    title = "Using N-gram based Features for Machine Translation System Combination",
    author = "Zhao, Yong  and
      He, Xiaodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2052",
    pages = "205--208",
}
@inproceedings{chen-ji-2009-language,
    title = "Language Specific Issue and Feature Exploration in {C}hinese Event Extraction",
    author = "Chen, Zheng  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2053",
    pages = "209--212",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving A Simple Bigram {HMM} Part-of-Speech Tagger by Latent Annotation and Self-Training",
    author = "Huang, Zhongqiang  and
      Eidelman, Vladimir  and
      Harper, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2054",
    pages = "213--216",
}
@inproceedings{lagarda-etal-2009-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Post-Editing of a Rule-Based Machine Translation System",
    author = "Lagarda, Antonio-L.  and
      Alabau, Vicent  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco  and
      Silva, Roberto  and
      D{\'\i}az-de-Lia{\~n}o, Enrique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2055",
    pages = "217--220",
}
@inproceedings{paul-etal-2009-importance,
    title = "On the Importance of Pivot Language Selection for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Paul, Michael  and
      Yamamoto, Hirofumi  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2056",
    pages = "221--224",
}
@inproceedings{filippova-strube-2009-tree,
    title = "Tree Linearization in {E}nglish: Improving Language Model Based Approaches",
    author = "Filippova, Katja  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2057",
    pages = "225--228",
}
@inproceedings{zhong-stent-2009-determining,
    title = "Determining the position of adverbial phrases in {E}nglish",
    author = "Zhong, Huayan  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2058",
    pages = "229--232",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2009-estimating,
    title = "Estimating and Exploiting the Entropy of Sense Distributions",
    author = "Jin, Peng  and
      McCarthy, Diana  and
      Koeling, Rob  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2059",
    pages = "233--236",
}
@inproceedings{o-seaghdha-2009-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Classification with {W}ord{N}et Kernels",
    author = "{\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2060",
    pages = "237--240",
}
@inproceedings{gillick-2009-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Boundary Detection and the Problem with the {U}.{S}.",
    author = "Gillick, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2061",
    pages = "241--244",
}
@inproceedings{turian-etal-2009-quadratic,
    title = "Quadratic Features and Deep Architectures for Chunking",
    author = "Turian, Joseph  and
      Bergstra, James  and
      Bengio, Yoshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2062",
    pages = "245--248",
}
@inproceedings{cobanoglu-2009-active,
    title = "Active {Z}ipfian Sampling for Statistical Parser Training",
    author = "{\c{C}}obano{\u{g}}lu, Onur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2063",
    pages = "249--252",
}
@inproceedings{fossum-knight-2009-combining,
    title = "Combining Constituent Parsers",
    author = "Fossum, Victoria  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2064",
    pages = "253--256",
}
@inproceedings{mistica-baldwin-2009-recognising,
    title = "Recognising the Predicate-argument Structure of {T}agalog",
    author = "Mistica, Meladel  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2065",
    pages = "257--260",
}
@inproceedings{attardi-dellorletta-2009-reverse,
    title = "Reverse Revision and Linear Tree Combination for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Attardi, Giuseppe  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2066",
    pages = "261--264",
}
@inproceedings{yaman-etal-2009-anchored,
    title = "Anchored Speech Recognition for Question Answering",
    author = "Yaman, Sibel  and
      Tur, Gokhan  and
      Vergyri, Dimitra  and
      Hakkani-Tur, Dilek  and
      Harper, Mary  and
      Wang, Wen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2067",
    pages = "265--268",
}
@inproceedings{can-saraclar-2009-score,
    title = "Score Distribution Based Term Specific Thresholding for Spoken Term Detection",
    author = "Can, Do{\u{g}}an  and
      Sara{\c{c}}lar, Murat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2068",
    pages = "269--272",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2009-automatic,
    title = "Automatic {C}hinese Abbreviation Generation Using Conditional Random Field",
    author = "Yang, Dong  and
      Pan, Yi-cheng  and
      Furui, Sadaoki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2069",
    pages = "273--276",
}
@inproceedings{ramabhadran-etal-2009-fast,
    title = "Fast decoding for open vocabulary spoken term detection",
    author = "Ramabhadran, Bhuvana  and
      Sethy, Abhinav  and
      Mamou, Jonathan  and
      Kingsbury, Brian  and
      Chaudhari, Upendra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2070",
    pages = "277--280",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-bangalore-2009-tightly,
    title = "Tightly coupling Speech Recognition and Search",
    author = "Mishra, Taniya  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-2071",
    pages = "281--284",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2009-human-language-technologies,
    title = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Student Research Workshop and Doctoral Consortium",
    author = "Germann, Ulrich  and
      Shah, Chirag  and
      Stoyanchev, Svetlana  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn Penstein  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-3000",
}
@inproceedings{vemulapalli-etal-2009-classifier,
    title = "Classifier Combination Techniques Applied to Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Vemulapalli, Smita  and
      Luo, Xiaoqiang  and
      Pitrelli, John F.  and
      Zitouni, Imed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Student Research Workshop and Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-3001",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2009-solving,
    title = "Solving the {``}{W}ho{'}s {M}ark {J}ohnson {P}uzzle{''}: {I}nformation Extraction Based Cross Document Coreference",
    author = "Huang, Jian  and
      Taylor, Sarah M.  and
      Smith, Jonathan L.  and
      Fotiadis, Konstantinos A.  and
      Giles, C. Lee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Student Research Workshop and Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-3002",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{kirschner-bernardi-2009-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Topic Continuation Follow-up Questions using Machine Learning",
    author = "Kirschner, Manuel  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Student Research Workshop and Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-3003",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{gali-venkatapathy-2009-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Realisation from Bag of Words with Dependency Constraints",
    author = "Gali, Karthik  and
      Venkatapathy, Sriram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Student Research Workshop and Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-3004",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{dligach-palmer-2009-using,
    title = "Using Language Modeling to Select Useful Annotation Data",
    author = "Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Student Research Workshop and Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-3005",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{boyd-2009-pronunciation,
    title = "Pronunciation Modeling in Spelling Correction for Writers of {E}nglish as a {F}oreign {L}anguage",
    author = "Boyd, Adriane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Student Research Workshop and Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-3006",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2009-building,
    title = "Building a Semantic Lexicon of {E}nglish Nouns via Bootstrapping",
    author = "Qian, Ting  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Schubert, Lenhart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Student Research Workshop and Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-3007",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{bhargava-kondrak-2009-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Word Alignment with {P}rofile {H}idden {M}arkov {M}odels",
    author = "Bhargava, Aditya  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Student Research Workshop and Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-3008",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{acosta-2009-using,
    title = "Using Emotion to Gain Rapport in a Spoken Dialog System",
    author = "Acosta, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Student Research Workshop and Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-3009",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{arora-nyberg-2009-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Annotation Learning with Indirect Feature Voting",
    author = "Arora, Shilpa  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Student Research Workshop and Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-3010",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@inproceedings{bellare-etal-2009-loss,
    title = "Loss-Sensitive Discriminative Training of Machine Transliteration Models",
    author = "Bellare, Kedar  and
      Crammer, Koby  and
      Freitag, Dayne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Student Research Workshop and Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-3011",
    pages = "61--65",
}
@inproceedings{khayyamian-etal-2009-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Tree-based Relation Extraction Using a Generalization of {C}ollins and {D}uffy Convolution Tree Kernel",
    author = "Khayyamian, Mahdy  and
      Mirroshandel, Seyed Abolghasem  and
      Abolhassani, Hassan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Student Research Workshop and Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-3012",
    pages = "66--71",
}
@inproceedings{lloret-etal-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards Building a Competitive Opinion Summarization System: {C}hallenges and Keys",
    author = "Lloret, Elena  and
      Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Palomar, Manuel  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Student Research Workshop and Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-3013",
    pages = "72--77",
}
@inproceedings{nahnsen-2009-domain,
    title = "Domain-Independent Shallow Sentence Ordering",
    author = "Nahnsen, Thade",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Student Research Workshop and Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-3014",
    pages = "78--83",
}
@inproceedings{novielli-strapparava-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards Unsupervised Recognition of Dialogue Acts",
    author = "Novielli, Nicole  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Student Research Workshop and Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-3015",
    pages = "84--89",
}
@inproceedings{rama-etal-2009-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Letter-to-Phoneme Conversion as a Phrase Based Statistical Machine Translation Problem with {M}inimum {E}rror {R}ate Training",
    author = "Rama, Taraka  and
      Singh, Anil Kumar  and
      Kolachina, Sudheer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Student Research Workshop and Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-3016",
    pages = "90--95",
}
@inproceedings{tratz-hovy-2009-disambiguation,
    title = "Disambiguation of Preposition Sense Using Linguistically Motivated Features",
    author = "Tratz, Stephen  and
      Hovy, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Student Research Workshop and Doctoral Consortium",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-3017",
    pages = "96--100",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2009-human-language-technologies-2009,
    title = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    author = "Chelba, Ciprian  and
      Kantor, Paul  and
      Roark, Brian",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-4000",
}
@inproceedings{lin-dyer-2009-data,
    title = "Data Intensive Text Processing with {M}ap{R}educe",
    author = "Lin, Jimmy  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-4001",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{brants-xu-2009-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Language Models",
    author = "Brants, Thorsten  and
      Xu, Peng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-4002",
    pages = "3--4",
}
@inproceedings{huang-2009-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Programming-based Search Algorithms in {NLP}",
    author = "Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-4003",
    pages = "5--6",
}
@inproceedings{ponzetto-strube-2009-extracting,
    title = "Extracting World and Linguistic Knowledge from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Ponzetto, Simone Paolo  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-4004",
    pages = "7--8",
}
@inproceedings{riley-etal-2009-openfst,
    title = "{O}pen{F}st: An Open-Source, Weighted Finite-State Transducer Library and its Applications to Speech and Language",
    author = "Riley, Michael  and
      Allauzen, Cyril  and
      Jansche, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-4005",
    pages = "9--10",
}
@inproceedings{pradhan-xue-2009-ontonotes,
    title = "{O}nto{N}otes: The 90{\%} Solution",
    author = "Pradhan, Sameer S.  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-4006",
    pages = "11--12",
}
@inproceedings{kipper-schuler-etal-2009-verbnet,
    title = "{V}erb{N}et overview, extensions, mappings and applications",
    author = "Kipper Schuler, Karin  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Brown, Susan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-4007",
    pages = "13--14",
}
@inproceedings{knight-sproat-2009-writing,
    title = "Writing Systems, Transliteration and Decipherment",
    author = "Knight, Kevin  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-4008",
    pages = "15--16",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2009-human-language-technologies-2009-north,
    title = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Demonstration Session",
    author = "Johnston, Michael  and
      Popowich, Fred",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-5000",
}
@inproceedings{ji-chen-2009-cross,
    title = "Cross-document Temporal and Spatial Person Tracking System Demonstration",
    author = "Ji, Heng  and
      Chen, Zheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-5001",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2009-building,
    title = "Building Conversational Agents with Basilica",
    author = "Kumar, Rohit  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn P.  and
      Witbrock, Michael J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-5002",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{kunath-weinberger-2009-stat,
    title = "{STAT}: Speech Transcription Analysis Tool",
    author = "Kunath, Stephen A.  and
      Weinberger, Steven H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-5003",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{kurimo-etal-2009-morpho,
    title = "Morpho Challenge - Evaluation of algorithms for unsupervised learning of morphology in various tasks and languages",
    author = {Kurimo, Mikko  and
      Virpioja, Sami  and
      Turunen, Ville  and
      Hirsim{\"a}ki, Teemu},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-5004",
    pages = "13--16",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-kolhatkar-2009-wordnet,
    title = "{W}ord{N}et::{S}ense{R}elate::{A}ll{W}ords - A Broad Coverage Word Sense Tagger that Maximizes Semantic Relatedness",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted  and
      Kolhatkar, Varada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Demonstration Session",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-5005",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@proceedings{acl-1986-association,
    title = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1000",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-1986-tutorial,
    title = "TUTORIAL ABSTRACTS",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981132",
    pages = "1--1",
}
@inproceedings{hendrix-1986-bringing,
    title = "BRINGING NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING TO THE MICROCOMPUTER MARKET: THE STORY OF Q{\&}A",
    author = "Hendrix, Gary G.",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981133",
    pages = "2--2",
}
@inproceedings{harper-charniak-1986-time,
    title = "Time and Tense in {E}nglish",
    author = "Harper, Mary P.  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981134",
    pages = "3--9",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-etal-1986-recovering,
    title = "RECOVERING IMPLICIT INFORMATION",
    author = "Palmer, Martha S.  and
      Dahl, Deborah A.  and
      Schiffman, Rebecca J.  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Linebarger, Marcia  and
      Dowding, John",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981135",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{ballard-stumberger-1986-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Acquisition In {TELI}: A Transportable, User-Customized Natural Language Processor",
    author = "Ballard, Bruce W.  and
      Stumberger, Douglas E.",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981136",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{ristad-1986-computational,
    title = "COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY OF CURRENT GPSG THEORY",
    author = "Ristad, Eric Sven",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981137",
    pages = "30--39",
}
@inproceedings{ristad-1986-defining,
    title = "DEFINING NATURAL LANGUAGE GRAMMARS IN GPSG",
    author = "Ristad, Eric Sven",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981138",
    pages = "40--44",
}
@inproceedings{barton-1986-constraint,
    title = "CONSTRAINT PROPAGATION IN KIMMO SYSTEMS",
    author = "Barton, G. Edward",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981139",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{barton-1986-computational,
    title = "COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY IN TWO-LEVEL MORPHOLOGY",
    author = "Barton, G. Edward",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981140",
    pages = "53--59",
}
@inproceedings{kashket-1986-parsing,
    title = "PARSING A FREE-WORD ORDER LANGUAGE: WARLPIRI",
    author = "Kashket, Michael B.",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981141",
    pages = "60--66",
}
@inproceedings{weir-etal-1986-relationship,
    title = "The Relationship Between Tree Adjoining Grammars And Head Grammarst",
    author = "Weir, D. J.  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.  and
      Joshi, A. K.",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981142",
    pages = "67--74",
}
@inproceedings{friedman-venkatesan-1986-categorial,
    title = "CATEGORIAL AND NON-CATEGORIAL LANGUAGES",
    author = "Friedman, Joyce  and
      Venkatesan, Ramarathnam",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981143",
    pages = "75--77",
}
@inproceedings{kosy-1986-parsing,
    title = "PARSING CONJUNCTIONS DETERMINISTICALLY",
    author = "Kosy, Donald W.",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981144",
    pages = "78--84",
}
@inproceedings{manaster-ramer-1986-copying,
    title = "COPYING IN NATURAL LANGUAGES, CONTEXT-FREENESS, AND QUEUE GRAMMARS",
    author = "Manaster-Ramer, Alexis",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981145",
    pages = "85--89",
}
@inproceedings{vaughan-mcdonald-1986-model,
    title = "A MODEL OF REVISION IN NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERATION",
    author = "Vaughan, Marie M.  and
      McDonald, David D.",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981146",
    pages = "90--96",
}
@inproceedings{mccoy-1986-romper,
    title = "The {ROMPER} System: Responding to Object-Related Misconceptions using Perspective",
    author = "McCoy, Kathleen F.",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981147",
    pages = "97--105",
}
@inproceedings{dyer-zernik-1986-encoding,
    title = "Encoding and Acquiring Meanings for Figurative Phrases",
    author = "Dyer, Michael G.  and
      Zernik, Uri",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981148",
    pages = "106--111",
}
@inproceedings{markowitz-etal-1986-semantically,
    title = "SEMANTICALLY SIGNIFICANT PATTERNS IN DICTIONARY DEFINITIONS",
    author = "Markowitz, Judith  and
      Ahlswede, Thomas  and
      Evens, Martha",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981149",
    pages = "112--119",
}
@inproceedings{byrd-etal-1986-computer,
    title = "COMPUTER METHODS FOR MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS",
    author = "Byrd, Roy J.  and
      Klavans, Judith L.  and
      Aronoff, Mark  and
      Anshen, Frank",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981150",
    pages = "120--127",
}
@inproceedings{sabot-1986-bulk,
    title = "BULK PROCESSING OF TEXT ON A MASSIVELY PARALLEL COMPUTER",
    author = "Sabot, Gary W.",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981151",
    pages = "128--135",
}
@inproceedings{hirschberg-pierrehumbert-1986-intonational,
    title = "THE INTONATIONAL STRUCTURING OF DISCOURSE",
    author = "Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Pierrehumbert, Janet",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981152",
    pages = "136--144",
}
@inproceedings{bachenko-etal-1986-contribution,
    title = "THE CONTRIBUTION OF PARSING TO PROSODIC PHRASING IN AN EXPERIMENTAL TEXT-TO-SPEECH SYSTEM",
    author = "Bachenko, Joan  and
      Fitzpatrick, Eileen  and
      Wright, C. E.",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981153",
    pages = "145--155",
}
@inproceedings{church-1986-morphoogicai,
    title = "Morphoogicai Decomposition and Stress Assignment for Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Church, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981154",
    pages = "156--164",
}
@inproceedings{ohyama-etal-1986-sentence,
    title = "A SENTENCE ANALYSIS METHOD FOR A JAPANESE BOOK READING MACHINE FOR THE BLIND",
    author = "Ohyama, Yutaka  and
      Fukushima, Toshikazu  and
      Shutoh, Tomoki  and
      Shutoh, Masamichi",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981155",
    pages = "165--172",
}
@inproceedings{beckman-pierrehumbert-1986-japanese,
    title = "JAPANESE PROSODIC PHRASING AND INTONATION SYNTHESIS",
    author = "Beckman, Mary E.  and
      Pierrehumbert, Janet B.",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981156",
    pages = "173--180",
}
@inproceedings{liberman-1986-questions,
    title = "Questions about Connectionist Models of Natural Language",
    author = "Liberman, Mark",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981168",
    pages = "181--183",
}
@inproceedings{sejnowski-1986-language,
    title = "Language Learning in Massively-Parallel Networks",
    author = "Sejnowski, Terrence J.",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981169",
    pages = "184--184",
}
@inproceedings{waltz-1986-connectionist,
    title = "Connectionist Models for Natural Language Processing Program",
    author = "Waltz, David L.",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981170",
    pages = "185--185",
}
@inproceedings{kronfeld-1986-donnellans,
    title = "DONNELLAN{'}S DISTINCTION AND A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL OF REFERENCE",
    author = "Kronfeld, Amichai",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981157",
    pages = "186--191",
}
@inproceedings{fawcett-hirst-1986-detection,
    title = "The detection and representation of ambiguities of intension and description",
    author = "Fawcett, Brenda  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981158",
    pages = "192--199",
}
@inproceedings{kameyama-1986-property,
    title = "A PROPERTY-SHARING CONSTRAINT IN CENTERING",
    author = "Kameyama, Megumi",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981159",
    pages = "200--206",
}
@inproceedings{pollack-1986-model,
    title = "A MODEL OF PLAN INFERENCE THAT DISTINGUISHES BETWEEN THE BELIEFS OF ACTORS AND OBSERVERS",
    author = "Pollack, Martha E.",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981160",
    pages = "207--214",
}
@inproceedings{litman-1986-linguistic,
    title = "LINGUISTIC COHERENCE: A PLAN-BASED ALTERNATIVE",
    author = "Litman, Diane J.",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981161",
    pages = "215--223",
}
@inproceedings{guindon-conner-1986-structure,
    title = "The Structure of User-Adviser Dialogues: Is there Method in their Madness?",
    author = "Guindon, Raymonde  and
      Conner, Joyce",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981162",
    pages = "224--230",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-etal-1986-commonsense,
    title = "COMMONSENSE METAPHYSICS AND LEXICAL SEMANTICS",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Croft, William  and
      Davies, Todd  and
      Edwards, Douglas  and
      Laws, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981163",
    pages = "231--240",
}
@inproceedings{stallard-1986-terminological,
    title = "A Terminological Simplification Transformation for Natural Language Question-Answering Systems",
    author = "Stallard, David G.",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981164",
    pages = "241--246",
}
@inproceedings{miller-nadathur-1986-uses,
    title = "Some Uses of Higher-Order Logic in Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Miller, Dale A.  and
      Nadathur, Gopalan",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981165",
    pages = "247--256",
}
@inproceedings{kasper-1986-logical,
    title = "A LOGICAL SEMANTICS FOR FEATURE STRUCTURES",
    author = "Kasper, Robert T.",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981166",
    pages = "257--266",
}
@inproceedings{white-1986-machine,
    title = "What Should Machine Translation Be?",
    author = "White, John S.",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981172",
    pages = "267--267",
}
@inproceedings{kay-1986-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation will not Work",
    author = "Kay, Martin",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981173",
    pages = "268--268",
}
@inproceedings{king-1986-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation already does Work",
    author = "King, Margaret",
    booktitle = "24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1986",
    address = "New York, New York, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P86-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/981131.981174",
    pages = "269--270",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2010-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    author = "Otoguro, Ryo  and
      Ishikawa, Kiyoshi  and
      Umemoto, Hiroshi  and
      Yoshimoto, Kei  and
      Harada, Yasunari",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1000",
}
@inproceedings{goto-ogata-2010-podcastle,
    title = "{P}od{C}astle: A Spoken Document Retrieval Service Improved by Anonymous User Contributions",
    author = "Goto, Masataka  and
      Ogata, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1001",
    pages = "3--11",
}
@inproceedings{hockenmaier-2010-future,
    title = "The Future Role of Language Resources for Natural Language Parsing (We Won{'}t Be Able to Rely on Pierre Vinken Rorever... or Will We Have to?)",
    author = "Hockenmaier, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1002",
    pages = "13--13",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2010-acquisition,
    title = "The Acquisition of Word Order in a Topic-prominent Language: Corpus Findings and Experimental Investigation",
    author = "Lee, Thomas Hun-tak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1003",
    pages = "15--15",
}
@inproceedings{ide-2010-two,
    title = "How and Why Two Strangers Can Co-create a Story: An Application of the {`}Ba{'}-Theory Based Approach to the Discourse",
    author = "Ide, Sachiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1004",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{nakashima-2010-situated,
    title = "Situated Language: Case of {J}apanese",
    author = "Nakashima, Hideyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1005",
    pages = "25--29",
}
@inproceedings{peters-2010-listening,
    title = "Listening In",
    author = "Peters, Stanley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1006",
    pages = "31--31",
}
@inproceedings{chae-2010-basic,
    title = "Basic Units of Lexicons and Ontologies: Words, Senses and Concepts",
    author = "Chae, Hee-Rahk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1007",
    pages = "35--44",
}
@inproceedings{dita-2010-morphosyntactic,
    title = "A Morphosyntactic Analysis of the Pronominal System of {P}hilippine Languages",
    author = "Dita, Shirley N.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1008",
    pages = "45--59",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2010-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Translation Model Based On Source Syntax Structure",
    author = "Liu, Qun  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Mi, Haitao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1009",
    pages = "61--61",
}
@inproceedings{bai-wang-2010-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Semantics-Syntactic Model for Defining and Subcategorizing Attribute Noun Class",
    author = "Bai, Xiaopeng  and
      Wang, Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1010",
    pages = "65--74",
}
@inproceedings{bhattacharja-2010-benglish,
    title = "Benglish Verbs: A Case of Code-mixing in {B}engali",
    author = "Bhattacharja, Shishir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1011",
    pages = "75--84",
}
@inproceedings{fang-cao-2010-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced Genre Classification through Linguistically Fine-Grained {POS} Tags",
    author = "Fang, Alex Chengyu  and
      Cao, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1012",
    pages = "85--94",
}
@inproceedings{das-bandyopadhyay-2010-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Emotional Expressions, Intensities and Sentence Level Emotion Tags Using a Supervised Framework",
    author = "Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1013",
    pages = "95--104",
}
@inproceedings{davis-2010-decision,
    title = "Decision Theory and Discourse Particles: A Case Study from a Large {J}apanese Sentiment Corpus",
    author = "Davis, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1014",
    pages = "105--114",
}
@inproceedings{ekbal-etal-2010-finding,
    title = "Finding Appropriate Subset of Votes Per Classifier Using Multiobjective Optimization: Application to Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Ekbal, Asif  and
      Saha, Sriparna  and
      Hasanuzzaman, Md.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1015",
    pages = "115--124",
}
@inproceedings{fedorova-etal-2010-experimental,
    title = "Experimental Approach to Reference in Discourse: Working Memory Capacity and Language Comprehension in {R}ussian",
    author = "Fedorova, Olga  and
      Delikishkina, Ekaterina  and
      Uspenskaya, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1016",
    pages = "125--132",
}
@inproceedings{ginsburg-2010-computational,
    title = "A Computational Model of Language Generation Applied to {J}apanese Wh-questions",
    author = "Ginsburg, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1017",
    pages = "133--142",
}
@inproceedings{gross-2010-chains,
    title = "Chains in Syntax and Morphology",
    author = "Gro{\ss}, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1018",
    pages = "143--152",
}
@inproceedings{hasanuzzaman-etal-2010-feature,
    title = "Feature Subset Selection Using Genetic Algorithm for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Hasanuzzaman, Md.  and
      Saha, Sriparna  and
      Ekbal, Asif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1019",
    pages = "153--162",
}
@inproceedings{humayoun-ranta-2010-developing,
    title = "Developing {P}unjabi Morphology, Corpus and Lexicon",
    author = "Humayoun, Muhammad  and
      Ranta, Aarne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1020",
    pages = "163--172",
}
@inproceedings{jang-shin-2010-effective,
    title = "Effective Use of Linguistic Features for Sentiment Analysis of {K}orean",
    author = "Jang, Hayeon  and
      Shin, Hyopil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1021",
    pages = "173--182",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2010-word,
    title = "Word Order and {NP} Structure in {K}orean: A Constraint Based Approach",
    author = "Kim, Jong-Bok  and
      Lee, Nam-Guen  and
      Lee, Yae-shiek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1022",
    pages = "183--192",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2010-evidentials,
    title = "Evidentials and Epistemic Modal in {K}orean: Evidence from Their Intractions",
    author = "Lee, Chungmin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1023",
    pages = "193--202",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2010-implementation,
    title = "Implementation of {K}orean Syllable Structures in the Typed Feature Structure Formalism",
    author = "Lee, Gyu-hyung  and
      Park, Ye-seul  and
      Lee, Yong-hun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1024",
    pages = "203--212",
}
@inproceedings{lee-choi-2010-focus,
    title = "Focus Types and Subject-Object Asymmetry in {K}orean Case Ellipsis: A New Look at Focus Effects",
    author = "Lee, Hanjung  and
      Choi, Haejeong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1025",
    pages = "213--222",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2010-espatialml,
    title = "e{S}patial{ML}: An Event-Driven Spatial Annotation Framework",
    author = "Lee, Kiyong  and
      Webster, Jonathan  and
      Fang, Alex Chengyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1026",
    pages = "223--232",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-domain,
    title = "Domain-Independent Novel Event Discovery and Semi-Automatic Event Annotation",
    author = "Li, Hao  and
      Li, Xiang  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Marton, Yuval",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1027",
    pages = "233--242",
}
@inproceedings{manurung-etal-2010-developing,
    title = "Developing an Online {I}ndonesian Corpora Repository",
    author = "Manurung, Ruli  and
      Distiawan, Bayu  and
      Putra, Desmond Darma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1028",
    pages = "243--249",
}
@inproceedings{nakamura-2010-topicalization,
    title = "Topicalization and Truth Conditions: A Categorial Account",
    author = "Nakamura, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1029",
    pages = "251--260",
}
@inproceedings{read-etal-2010-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Classification of Biomedical Abstracts Using Lexical Association",
    author = "Read, Jonathon  and
      Webster, Jonathan  and
      Fang, Alex Chengyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1030",
    pages = "261--270",
}
@inproceedings{ryu-2010-licensing,
    title = "Licensing Nominals in the Multiple Nominative Constructions in {K}orean: A Mereological Perspective",
    author = "Ryu, Byong-Rae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1031",
    pages = "271--280",
}
@inproceedings{shimada-etal-2010-combination,
    title = "Combination of 3 Types of Speech Recognizers for Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Shimada, Kazutaka  and
      Tanamachi, Noriko  and
      Endo, Tsutomu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1032",
    pages = "281--290",
}
@inproceedings{thepkanjana-uehara-2010-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic and Semantic Discrepancies among the Verbs for {`}kill{'} in {E}nglish, {C}hinese and {T}hai",
    author = "Thepkanjana, Kingkarn  and
      Uehara, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1033",
    pages = "291--300",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2010-expanding,
    title = "Expanding {C}hinese Sentiment Dictionaries from Large Scale Unlabeled Corpus",
    author = "Xu, Hongzhi  and
      Zhao, Kai  and
      Qiu, Likun  and
      Hu, Changjian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1034",
    pages = "301--310",
}
@inproceedings{yamamori-2010-representing,
    title = "Representing Events in {J}apanese Complex Predicates",
    author = "Yamamori, Yoshie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1035",
    pages = "311--320",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2010-fault,
    title = "Fault-Tolerant Learning for Term Extraction",
    author = "Yang, Yuhang  and
      Yu, Hao  and
      Meng, Yao  and
      Lu, Yingliang  and
      Xia, Yingju",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1036",
    pages = "321--330",
}
@inproceedings{zuber-2010-syntactically,
    title = "Syntactically Complex Demonstratives and Sortal Inherency",
    author = "Zuber, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1037",
    pages = "331--338",
}
@inproceedings{afonin-2010-automated,
    title = "On Automated Hyperonym Hierarchy Construction Using an {I}nternet Search Engine",
    author = "Afonin, Sergey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1038",
    pages = "341--348",
}
@inproceedings{baik-chae-2010-ontological,
    title = "An Ontological Analysis of {J}apanese and {C}hinese Kinship Terms",
    author = "Baik, Songiy  and
      Chae, Hee-Rahk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1039",
    pages = "349--356",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2010-grasp,
    title = "{GRASP}: Grammar- and Syntax-based Pattern-Finder for Collocation and Phrase Learning",
    author = "Chen, Mei-hua  and
      Huang, Chung-chi  and
      Huang, Shih-ting  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1040",
    pages = "357--364",
}
@inproceedings{dandapat-etal-2010-mitigating,
    title = "Mitigating Problems in Analogy-based {EBMT} with {SMT} and vice versa: A Case Study with Named Entity Transliteration",
    author = "Dandapat, Sandipan  and
      Morrissey, Sara  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      Somers, Harold",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1041",
    pages = "365--372",
}
@inproceedings{fedorova-2010-english,
    title = "Why the {E}nglish Easiest Type Became the Hardest in {R}ussian, or {R}ussian Adults{'} Comprehension of before and after sentences",
    author = "Fedorova, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1042",
    pages = "373--380",
}
@inproceedings{fishel-2010-simpler,
    title = "Simpler Is Better: Re-evaluation of Default Word Alignment Models in Statistical {MT}",
    author = "Fishel, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1043",
    pages = "381--388",
}
@inproceedings{heiden-2010-txm,
    title = "The {TXM} Platform: Building Open-Source Textual Analysis Software Compatible with the {TEI} Encoding Scheme",
    author = "Heiden, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1044",
    pages = "389--398",
}
@inproceedings{hong-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using Corpus-based Linguistic Approaches in Sense Prediction Study",
    author = "Hong, Jia-Fei  and
      Ker, Sue-Jin  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Ahrens, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1045",
    pages = "399--407",
}
@inproceedings{hong-2010-synthetic,
    title = "Synthetic Compounds in {M}andarin",
    author = "Hong, Shuang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1046",
    pages = "409--416",
}
@inproceedings{lin-hsieh-2010-specialized,
    title = "The Specialized Vocabulary of Modern Patent Language: Semantic Associations in Patent Lexis",
    author = "Lin, Darren Hsin-hung  and
      Hsieh, Shelley Ching-yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1047",
    pages = "417--424",
}
@inproceedings{junho-etal-2010-kolon,
    title = "The {KOLON} System: Tools for Ontological Natural Language Processing in {K}orean",
    author = "Junho, Juliano Paiva  and
      Jo, Yumi  and
      Shin, Hyopil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1048",
    pages = "425--432",
}
@inproceedings{kashino-okumura-2010-approach,
    title = "An Approach toward Register Classification of Book Samples in the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written {J}apanese",
    author = "Kashino, Wakako  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1049",
    pages = "433--438",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2010-computational,
    title = "A Computational Treatment of {K}orean Serial Verb Constructions",
    author = "Kim, Jong-Bok  and
      Yang, Jaehyung  and
      Song, Sanghoun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1050",
    pages = "439--446",
}
@inproceedings{kolya-etal-2010-supervised,
    title = "A Supervised Machine Learning Approach for Event-Event Relation Identification",
    author = "Kolya, Anup Kumar  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1051",
    pages = "447--454",
}
@inproceedings{kuroda-2010-arguments,
    title = "Arguments for Parallel Distributed Parsing: Toward the Integration of Lexical and Sublexical (Semantic) Parsings",
    author = "Kuroda, Kow",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1052",
    pages = "455--462",
}
@inproceedings{law-2010-scrambling,
    title = "Scrambling of Wh-phrases in {J}apanese",
    author = "Law, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1053",
    pages = "463--470",
}
@inproceedings{lee-ryu-2010-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study on the Aspectual Classification of {K}orean and {J}apanese Verbs in Relation to {`}-ess-{'} {`}-essess-{'} in {K}orean and {`}sudeni{'}in {J}apanese",
    author = "Lee, Younghee  and
      Ryu, Byong-Rae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1054",
    pages = "471--479",
}
@inproceedings{miyao-etal-2010-modular,
    title = "A Modular Architecture for the Wide-Coverage Translation of Natural Language Texts into Predicate Logic Formulas",
    author = "Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Butler, Alastair  and
      Yoshimoto, Kei  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1055",
    pages = "481--488",
}
@inproceedings{mondal-2010-toward,
    title = "Toward a Unified Computational Model of Quantificational Scope Readings",
    author = "Mondal, Prakash",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1056",
    pages = "489--496",
}
@inproceedings{nishiguchi-2010-ccg,
    title = "{CCG} of {J}apanese Sentence-final Particles",
    author = "Nishiguchi, Sumiyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1057",
    pages = "497--502",
}
@inproceedings{otani-steedman-2010-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of {J}apanese Benefactives: The Case of the Yaru-Construction",
    author = "Otani, Akira  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1058",
    pages = "503--510",
}
@inproceedings{potisuk-2010-typed,
    title = "Typed Dependency Relations for Syntactic Analysis of {T}hai Sentences",
    author = "Potisuk, Siripong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1059",
    pages = "511--518",
}
@inproceedings{sadat-2010-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting a Multilingual Web-based Encyclopedia for Bilingual Terminology Extraction",
    author = "Sadat, Fatiha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1060",
    pages = "519--526",
}
@inproceedings{skevik-2010-language,
    title = "Language Homogeneity in the {J}apanese {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Skevik, Karl-Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1061",
    pages = "527--534",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2010-incorporate,
    title = "Incorporate Credibility into Context for the Best Social Media Answers",
    author = "Su, Qi  and
      Chen, Helen Kai-yun  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1062",
    pages = "535--541",
}
@inproceedings{bhaskar-bandyopadhyay-2010-query,
    title = "A Query Focused Multi Document Automatic Summarization",
    author = "Bhaskar, Pinaki  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1063",
    pages = "545--554",
}
@inproceedings{grac-etal-2010-low,
    title = "Through Low-Cost Annotation to Reliable Parsing Evaluation",
    author = "Gr{\'a}c, Marek  and
      Jakub{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Kov{\'a}{\v{r}}, Vojt{\v{e}}ch",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1064",
    pages = "555--562",
}
@inproceedings{spring-2010-look,
    title = "A Look into the Acquisition of {E}nglish Motion Event Conflation by Native Speakers of {C}hinese and {J}apanese",
    author = "Spring, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1065",
    pages = "563--572",
}
@inproceedings{yao-2010-stage,
    title = "Stage/Individual-level Predicates, Topics and Indefinite Subjects",
    author = "Yao, Shuiying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1066",
    pages = "573--582",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-well,
    title = "How Well Conditional Random Fields Can be Used in Novel Term Recognition",
    author = "Zhang, Xing  and
      Song, Yan  and
      Fang, Alex Chengyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1067",
    pages = "583--592",
}
@inproceedings{alotaiby-etal-2010-clitics,
    title = "Clitics in {A}rabic Language: A Statistical Study",
    author = "Alotaiby, Fahad  and
      Foda, Salah  and
      Alkharashi, Ibrahim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1068",
    pages = "595--601",
}
@inproceedings{buhay-etal-2010-autolex,
    title = "{AUTOLEX}: An Automatic Lexicon Builder for Minority Languages Using an Open Corpus",
    author = "Buhay, Evan Liz Cantoja  and
      Evardone, Marie Joy Padilla  and
      Nocon, Hansel Baguio  and
      Dimalen, Davis Muhajereen  and
      Roxas, Rachel Edita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1069",
    pages = "603--611",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving Information Extraction Using Knowledge Model",
    author = "Chen, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1070",
    pages = "613--620",
}
@inproceedings{das-bandyopadhyay-2010-finding,
    title = "Finding Emotion Holder from {B}engali Blog {T}exts{---}{A}n Unsupervised Syntactic Approach",
    author = "Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1071",
    pages = "621--628",
}
@inproceedings{gluckstad-2010-terminological,
    title = "Terminological Ontology and Cognitive Processes in Translation",
    author = {Gl{\"u}ckstad, Fumiko Kano},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1072",
    pages = "629--636",
}
@inproceedings{ishikawa-etal-2010-detection-users,
    title = "Detection of Users Suspected of Pretending to Be Other Users in a Community Site by Using Messages Submitted to Non-Target Categories",
    author = "Ishikawa, Naoki  and
      Nishimura, Ryo  and
      Watanabe, Yasuhiko  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Okada, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1073",
    pages = "637--644",
}
@inproceedings{ishisaka-yamamoto-2010-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Nasty Comments from {BBS} Posts",
    author = "Ishisaka, Tatsuya  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1074",
    pages = "645--652",
}
@inproceedings{kojima-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using Various Features in Machine Learning to Obtain High Levels of Performance for Recognition of {J}apanese Notational Variants",
    author = "Kojima, Masahiro  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Kuroda, Kow  and
      Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Aramaki, Eiji  and
      Tsuchida, Masaaki  and
      Watanabe, Yasuhiko  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1075",
    pages = "653--660",
}
@inproceedings{park-2010-korean,
    title = "{K}orean Kes-Relative Clauses as Stages",
    author = "Park, Sang-Hee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1076",
    pages = "661--668",
}
@inproceedings{muslim-bhatti-2010-finite,
    title = "Finite State Morphology and {S}indhi Noun Inflections",
    author = "Muslim, Mutee U Rahman  and
      Bhatti, Mohammad Iqbal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1077",
    pages = "669--676",
}
@inproceedings{ryu-etal-2010-acquisition,
    title = "The Acquisition of Imperfective Aspect Marking in {K}orean as a Second Language by {J}apanese Learners",
    author = "Ryu, Ju-yeon  and
      Horie, Kaoru  and
      Shirai, Yasuhiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1078",
    pages = "677--684",
}
@inproceedings{tadano-etal-2010-multi,
    title = "Multi-aspects Review Summarization Based on Identification of Important Opinions and their Similarity",
    author = "Tadano, Ryosuke  and
      Shimada, Kazutaka  and
      Endo, Tsutomu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1079",
    pages = "685--692",
}
@inproceedings{takigawa-etal-2010-generation,
    title = "Generation of Summaries that Appropriately and Adequately Express the Contents of Original Documents Using Word-Association Knowledge",
    author = "Takigawa, Kazuki  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Tsuchida, Masaaki  and
      Saeger, Stijn De  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1080",
    pages = "693--700",
}
@inproceedings{wang-huang-2010-adjectival,
    title = "Adjectival Modification to Nouns in {M}andarin {C}hinese: Case Studies on {``}ch{\'a}ng+noun{''} and {``}adjective+t{\'u} sh{\=u} gu n{''}",
    author = "Wang, Shan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1081",
    pages = "701--705",
}
@inproceedings{wang-huang-2010-compositional,
    title = "Compositional Operations of {M}andarin {C}hinese Perception Verb {``}k{\`a}n{''}: A Generative Lexicon Approach",
    author = "Wang, Shan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1082",
    pages = "707--714",
}
@inproceedings{johannessen-2010-workshop,
    title = "Workshop on Advanced Corpus Solutions",
    author = "Johannessen, Janne Bondi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1083",
    pages = "717--719",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2010-degrees,
    title = "Degrees of Orality in Speech-like Corpora: Comparative Annotation of Chat and E-mail Corpora",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1084",
    pages = "721--729",
}
@inproceedings{goller-2010-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Suffix Arrays for Corpus Exploration",
    author = "Goller, Johannes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1085",
    pages = "731--740",
}
@inproceedings{jakubicek-etal-2010-fast,
    title = "Fast Syntactic Searching in Very Large Corpora for Many Languages",
    author = "Jakub{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Kilgarriff, Adam  and
      McCarthy, Diana  and
      Rychl{\'y}, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1086",
    pages = "741--747",
}
@inproceedings{johannessen-etal-2010-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual Speech Resource: The Nordic Dialect Corpus",
    author = "Johannessen, Janne Bondi  and
      Priestley, Joel  and
      N{\o}klestad, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1087",
    pages = "749--758",
}
@inproceedings{kunst-wesseling-2010-dialect,
    title = "Dialect Corpora Taken Further: The {D}yna{SAND} Corpus and Its Application in Newer Tools",
    author = "Kunst, Jan Pieter  and
      Wesseling, Franca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1088",
    pages = "759--767",
}
@inproceedings{wilson-etal-2010-advanced,
    title = "Advanced Corpus Solutions for Humanities Researchers",
    author = "Wilson, James  and
      Hartley, Anthony  and
      Sharoff, Serge  and
      Stephenson, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1089",
    pages = "769--778",
}
@inproceedings{yamura-takei-etal-2010-entity,
    title = "Entity Coherence in Comparable Learner Corpora: Seeking Pedagogical Insights",
    author = "Yamura-Takei, Mitsuko  and
      Fujiwara, Miho  and
      Yoshida, Etsuko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1090",
    pages = "779--788",
}
@inproceedings{cheung-etal-2010-use,
    title = "The Use of a Cultural Protocol for Quantifying Cultural Variations in Comparing Verb Semantic between {C}hinese and {F}rench",
    author = "Cheung, Hintat  and
      Desalle, Yann  and
      Duvignau, Karine  and
      Gaume, Bruno  and
      Chang, Chunhan  and
      Magistry, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1091",
    pages = "791--798",
}
@inproceedings{das-bandyopadhyay-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards the Global {S}enti{W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Das, Amitava  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1092",
    pages = "799--808",
}
@inproceedings{desalle-etal-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards an Automatic Measurement of Verbal Lexicon Acquisition: The Case for a Young Children-versus-Adults Classification in {F}rench and {M}andarin",
    author = "Desalle, Yann  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai  and
      Gaume, Bruno  and
      Cheung, Hintat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1093",
    pages = "809--818",
}
@inproceedings{gaillard-etal-2010-graph,
    title = "Graph Representation of Synonymy and Translation Resources for Crosslinguistic Modelisation of Meaning",
    author = "Gaillard, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Chudy, Yannick  and
      Magistry, Pierre  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai  and
      Navarro, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1094",
    pages = "819--830",
}
@inproceedings{pan-2010-exploring,
    title = "Exploring {C}hinese Verbal Lexicon Developmental Trend with Semantic Space",
    author = "Pan, Ching-Fen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1095",
    pages = "831--839",
}
@inproceedings{prevot-etal-2010-computational,
    title = "Computational Modeling of Verb Acquisition, from a Monolingual to a Bilingual Study",
    author = "Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent  and
      Chang, Chun-Han  and
      Desalle, Yann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1096",
    pages = "841--851",
}
@inproceedings{simon-huang-2010-cross,
    title = "Cross-sortal Predication and Polysemy",
    author = "{\v{S}}imon, Petr  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1097",
    pages = "853--861",
}
@inproceedings{wu-2010-verb,
    title = "Verb Use in {C}hinese Children: Extensibility of Instrument",
    author = "Wu, Te-Hsin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1098",
    pages = "863--872",
}
@inproceedings{hausser-2010-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Production in Database Semantics",
    author = "Hausser, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1099",
    pages = "875--884",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2010-change,
    title = "Change of Location and Change of State: How Telicity is Attained",
    author = "Lee, Chungmin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1100",
    pages = "885--894",
}
@inproceedings{song-2010-various,
    title = "Various Evidentials in {K}orean",
    author = "Song, Kyung-An",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1101",
    pages = "895--905",
}
@inproceedings{tsou-2010-note,
    title = "A Note on Pseudo-comparatives like {``}John is rich like X!{''} and {``}Like X, John is rich!{''}",
    author = "Tsou, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan",
    publisher = "Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1102",
    pages = "907--915",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2004-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    author = "Masuichi, Hiroshi  and
      Ohkuma, Tomoko  and
      Ishikawa, Kiyoshi  and
      Harada, Yasunari  and
      Yoshimoto, Kei",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1000",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2004-processing,
    title = "Processing and Representing Temporally Sequential Events",
    author = "Lee, Kiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1001",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/554",
    pages = "9--14",
}
@inproceedings{matsumoto-2004-machine,
    title = "Machine Learning based {NLP} : Experiences and Supporting Tools",
    author = "Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1002",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/555",
    pages = "15--16",
}
@inproceedings{huang-2004-text,
    title = "Text-based Construction and Comparison of Domain Ontology : A Study Based on Classical Poetry",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1003",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/556",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@inproceedings{takahashi-ishikawa-2004-adjacency,
    title = "An Adjacency Constraint on Argument Selection",
    author = "Takahashi, Kei  and
      Ishikawa, Kiyoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1004",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/557",
    pages = "23--34",
}
@inproceedings{yokota-2004-towards,
    title = "Towards a proper treatment of adjuncts in {J}apanese",
    author = "Yokota, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1005",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/558",
    pages = "35--46",
}
@inproceedings{chae-2004-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of the {K}orean [manyak ... V-telato] Construction : An Indexed Phrase Structure Grammar Approach",
    author = "Chae, Hee-Rahk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1006",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/559",
    pages = "47--58",
}
@inproceedings{mizuta-2004-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of {J}apanese ta / teiru in a Dynamic Semantics Framework and a Comparison with {K}orean Temporal Markers a nohta / a twuta",
    author = "Mizuta, Yoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1007",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/560",
    pages = "59--70",
}
@inproceedings{nakamura-mori-2004-relational,
    title = "Relational Nouns as Anaphors",
    author = "Nakamura, Hiroaki  and
      Mori, Yoshiki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1008",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/561",
    pages = "71--80",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2004-capturing,
    title = "Capturing and Parsing the Mixed Properties of Light Verb Constructions in a Typed Feature Structure Grammar",
    author = "Kim, Jong-Bok  and
      Yang, Jaehyung  and
      Choi, Incheol",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1009",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/562",
    pages = "81--92",
}
@inproceedings{ohtani-matsumoto-2004-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Subjects and Information Structure : A Constraint-based Approach",
    author = "Ohtani, Akira  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1010",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/563",
    pages = "93--104",
}
@inproceedings{le-shimazu-2004-high,
    title = "High {WSD} Accuracy Using Naive {B}ayesian Classifier with Rich Features",
    author = "Le, Cuong Anh  and
      Shimazu, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1011",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/564",
    pages = "105--114",
}
@inproceedings{yamada-baldwin-2004-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Discovery of Telic and Agentive Roles from Corpus Data",
    author = "Yamada, Ichiro  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1012",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/565",
    pages = "115--126",
}
@inproceedings{hwang-etal-2004-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Knowledge Extraction Using Chunk Alignment",
    author = "Hwang, Young-Sook  and
      Paik, Kyonghee  and
      Sasaki, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1013",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/566",
    pages = "127--138",
}
@inproceedings{goh-etal-2004-pruning,
    title = "Pruning False Unknown Words to Improve {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Goh, Chooi-Ling  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1014",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/567",
    pages = "139--150",
}
@inproceedings{hong-etal-2004-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-based Prediction of Compound Relations : A Study Based on {SUMO}",
    author = "Hong, Jia-Fei  and
      Li, Xiang-Bing  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1015",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/568",
    pages = "151--160",
}
@inproceedings{burke-etal-2004-treebank,
    title = "Treebank-Based Acquisition of a {C}hinese Lexical-Functional Grammar",
    author = "Burke, Michael  and
      Lam, Olivia  and
      Cahill, Aoife  and
      Chan, Rowena  and
      O{'}Donovan, Ruth  and
      Bodomo, Adams  and
      Genabith, Josef van  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1016",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/569",
    pages = "161--172",
}
@inproceedings{utiyama-etal-2004-constructing,
    title = "Constructing {E}nglish Reading Courseware",
    author = "Utiyama, Masao  and
      Tanimura, Midori  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1017",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/570",
    pages = "173--180",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-isahara-2004-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Compound Word Translations both Automatically and Dynamically",
    author = "Zhang, Yujie  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1018",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/571",
    pages = "181--186",
}
@inproceedings{kutsumi-etal-2004-integrated,
    title = "Integrated Use of Internal and External Evidence in the Alignment of Multi-Word Named Entities",
    author = "Kutsumi, Takeshi  and
      Yoshimi, Takehiko  and
      Kotani, Katsunori  and
      Sata, Ichiko  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1019",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/572",
    pages = "187--196",
}
@inproceedings{lin-sung-2004-tiny,
    title = "Tiny Corpus Applications with Transformation-Based Error-Driven Learning : Evaluations of Automatic Grammar Induction and Partial Parsing of {S}ai{S}iyat",
    author = "Lin, Zhemin  and
      Sung, Li-May",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1020",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/573",
    pages = "197--204",
}
@inproceedings{aroonmanakun-2004-unified,
    title = "A Unified Model of {T}hai {R}omanization and Word Segmentation",
    author = "Aroonmanakun, Wirote",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1021",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/574",
    pages = "205--214",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2004-scalar,
    title = "Scalar Meanings of the Concessive (-to), the Contrastive Topic Marker (-nun) and -man {`}only{'} in {K}orean (and {J}apanese)",
    author = "Lee, Chungmin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1022",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/575",
    pages = "217--226",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2004-argument,
    title = "On Argument-Adjunct Asymmetry of Sluicing in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Chen, Li-Chi Lee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1023",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/576",
    pages = "227--234",
}
@inproceedings{otomo-2004-contrastive,
    title = "A Contrastive Study of Function Verbs in {E}nglish and {J}apanese : Cut and Kiru",
    author = "Otomo, Asako",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1024",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/577",
    pages = "235--242",
}
@inproceedings{tokuhiro-hiki-2004-effects,
    title = "Effects of Mora Phonemes on {J}apanese Word Accent",
    author = "Tokuhiro, Yasuyo  and
      Hiki, Shizuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1025",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/578",
    pages = "243--250",
}
@inproceedings{kuo-yang-2004-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Pronunciation Variation into Different Strategies of Term Transliteration",
    author = "Kuo, Jin-Shea  and
      Yang, Ying-Kuei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1026",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/579",
    pages = "251--258",
}
@inproceedings{takao-asakura-2004-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Cognition Results of Travel Routes with a Thesaurus",
    author = "Takao, Kazutaka  and
      Asakura, Yasuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1027",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/580",
    pages = "259--266",
}
@inproceedings{ker-chen-2004-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Word Sense Tagging on {C}hinese Corpus",
    author = "Ker, Sue-jin  and
      Chen, Jen-Nan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1028",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/581",
    pages = "267--274",
}
@inproceedings{kuo-yang-2004-generating,
    title = "Generating Paired Transliterated-cognates Using Multiple Pronunciation Characteristics from Web corpora",
    author = "Kuo, Jin-Shea  and
      Yang, Ying-Kuei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1029",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/582",
    pages = "275--282",
}
@inproceedings{chang-2004-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese-{E}nglish Parallel Corpus Construction and its Application",
    author = "Chang, Baobao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1030",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/583",
    pages = "283--290",
}
@inproceedings{harada-etal-2004-developing,
    title = "Developing an Automated Test of Spoken {J}apanese",
    author = "Harada, Yasunari  and
      Suzuki, Masanori  and
      Bernstein, Jared",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1031",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/584",
    pages = "291--298",
}
@inproceedings{murata-isahara-2004-three,
    title = "Three {E}nglish Learner Assistance Systems Using Automatic Paraphrasing Techniques",
    author = "Murata, Masaki  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1032",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/585",
    pages = "299--306",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2004-committees,
    title = "Committees",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2004",
    address = "Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "Logico-Linguistic Society of Japan",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y04-1033",
    pages = "307--310",
}
@proceedings{alta-2009-australasian,
    title = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2009",
    author = "Pizzato, Luiz Augusto  and
      Schwitter, Rolf",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U09-1000",
    pages = "123",
}
@inproceedings{traum-2009-hcsnet,
    title = "{HCSN}et Plenary Talk: Spoken Dialogue Models for Virtual Humans",
    author = "Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2009",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U09-1001",
    pages = "1--1",
}
@inproceedings{hachey-2009-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Generic Relation Identification",
    author = "Hachey, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2009",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U09-1002",
    pages = "2--10",
}
@inproceedings{radford-etal-2009-tracking,
    title = "Tracking Information Flow in Financial Text",
    author = "Radford, Will  and
      Hachey, Ben  and
      Curran, James R.  and
      Milosavljevic, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2009",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U09-1003",
    pages = "11--19",
}
@inproceedings{ringland-etal-2009-classifying,
    title = "Classifying articles in {E}nglish and {G}erman {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Ringland, Nicky  and
      Nothman, Joel  and
      Murphy, Tara  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2009",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U09-1004",
    pages = "20--28",
}
@inproceedings{musgrave-2009-ausnc,
    title = "The {A}us{NC} Project: Plans, Progress and Implications for Language Technology",
    author = "Musgrave, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2009",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U09-1005",
    pages = "29--34",
}
@inproceedings{breen-baldwin-2009-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based Extraction of {J}apanese Compound Verbs",
    author = "Breen, James  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2009",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U09-1006",
    pages = "35--43",
}
@inproceedings{mistica-etal-2009-double,
    title = "Double Double, Morphology and Trouble: Looking into Reduplication in {I}ndonesian",
    author = "Mistica, Meladel  and
      Arka, I Wayan  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Andrews, Avery",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2009",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U09-1007",
    pages = "44--52",
}
@inproceedings{wong-dras-2009-contrastive,
    title = "Contrastive Analysis and Native Language Identification",
    author = "Wong, Sze-Meng Jojo  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2009",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U09-1008",
    pages = "53--61",
}
@inproceedings{kummerfeld-etal-2009-faster,
    title = "Faster parsing and supertagging model estimation",
    author = "Kummerfeld, Jonathan K.  and
      Roesner, Jessika  and
      Curran, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2009",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U09-1009",
    pages = "62--70",
}
@inproceedings{dawborn-curran-2009-ccg,
    title = "{CCG} parsing with one syntactic structure per n-gram",
    author = "Dawborn, Tim  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2009",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U09-1010",
    pages = "71--79",
}
@inproceedings{white-schwitter-2009-update,
    title = "An Update on {PENG} Light",
    author = "White, Colin  and
      Schwitter, Rolf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2009",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U09-1011",
    pages = "80--88",
}
@inproceedings{chua-etal-2009-sentiment,
    title = "A Sentiment Detection Engine for {I}nternet Stock Message Boards",
    author = "Chua, Christopher  and
      Milosavljevic, Maria  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2009",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U09-1012",
    pages = "89--93",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2009-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Domain-Specific Words - A Statistical Approach",
    author = "Kim, Su Nam  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2009",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U09-1013",
    pages = "94--98",
}
@inproceedings{patrick-li-2009-cascade,
    title = "A Cascade Approach to Extracting Medication Events",
    author = "Patrick, Jon  and
      Li, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2009",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U09-1014",
    pages = "99--103",
}
@inproceedings{tardif-etal-2009-improved,
    title = "Improved Text Categorisation for {W}ikipedia Named Entities",
    author = "Tardif, Sam  and
      Curran, James R.  and
      Murphy, Tara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2009",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U09-1015",
    pages = "104--108",
}
@inproceedings{igic-etal-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards a flexible platform for voice accent and expression selection on a Healthcare Robot",
    author = "Igic, Aleksandar  and
      Watson, Catherine  and
      Teutenberg, Jonathan  and
      Broadbent, Elizabeth  and
      Tamagawa, Rie  and
      MacDonald, Bruce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2009",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U09-1016",
    pages = "109--113",
}
@inproceedings{constable-curran-2009-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Verb-Particle Constructions into {CCG} Parsing",
    author = "Constable, James  and
      Curran, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2009",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U09-1017",
    pages = "114--118",
}
@inproceedings{ofoghi-yearwood-2009-lexical,
    title = "From Lexical Entailment to Recognizing Textual Entailment Using Linguistic Resources",
    author = "Ofoghi, Bahadorreza  and
      Yearwood, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2009",
    month = dec,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Sydney, Australia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U09-1018",
    pages = "119--123",
}
@proceedings{eacl-1989-european,
    title = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Somers, Harold  and
      McGee Wood, Mary",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1000",
}
@inproceedings{abeille-schabes-1989-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Idioms in Lexicalized {TAG}s",
    author = "Abeille, Anne  and
      Schabes, Yves",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1001",
}
@inproceedings{hepple-morrill-1989-parsing,
    title = "PARSING AND DERIVATIONAL EQUIVALENCE",
    author = "Hepple, Mark  and
      Morrill, Glyn",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1002",
}
@inproceedings{bouma-1989-efficient,
    title = "EFFICIENT PROCESSING OF FLEXIBLE CATEGORIAL GRAMMAR",
    author = "Bouma, Gosse",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1003",
}
@inproceedings{gerlach-horacek-1989-dialog,
    title = "Dialog Control in a Natural Language System",
    author = "Gerlach, Michael  and
      Horacek, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1004",
}
@inproceedings{ramshaw-1989-metaplan,
    title = "A METAPLAN MODEL FOR PROBLEM-SOLVING DISCOURSE",
    author = "Ramshaw, Lance A.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1005",
}
@inproceedings{eberle-kasper-1989-tenses,
    title = "TENSES AS ANAPHORA",
    author = "Eberle, Kurt  and
      Kasper, Walter",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1006",
}
@inproceedings{ritchie-1989-generative,
    title = "ON THE GENERATIVE POWER OF TWO-LEVEL MORPHOLOGICAL RULES",
    author = "Ritchie, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1007",
}
@inproceedings{calder-1989-paradigmatic,
    title = "PARADIGMATIC MORPHOLOGY",
    author = "Calder, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1008",
}
@inproceedings{evans-gazdar-1989-inference,
    title = "Inference in {DATR}",
    author = "Evans, Roger  and
      Gazdar, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1009",
}
@inproceedings{kitano-etal-1989-ambiguity,
    title = "Ambiguity Resolution in the {DMTRANS} {PLUS}",
    author = "Kitano, Hiroaki  and
      Tomabechi, Hideto  and
      Levin, Lori",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1010",
}
@inproceedings{odijk-1989-organization,
    title = "THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ROSETTA GRAMMARS",
    author = "Odijk, Jan",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1011",
}
@inproceedings{saint-dizier-1989-programming,
    title = "Programming in Logic with Constraints for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1012",
}
@inproceedings{tuda-etal-1989-jpsg,
    title = "{JPSG} Parser on Constraint Logic Programming",
    author = "TUDA, Hirosi  and
      HASIDA, Koiti  and
      SIRAI, Hidetosi",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1013",
}
@inproceedings{reape-1989-logical,
    title = "A logical treatment of semi-free word order and bounded discontinuous constituency",
    author = "Reape, Mike",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1014",
}
@inproceedings{baart-1989-focus,
    title = "FOCUS AND ACCENT IN A DUTCH TEXT-TO-SPEECH SYSTEM",
    author = "Baart, Joan L.G.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1015",
}
@inproceedings{whittaker-stenton-1989-user,
    title = "User studies and the design of Natural Language Systems",
    author = "Whittaker, Steve  and
      Stenton, Phil",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1016",
}
@inproceedings{fum-etal-1989-tense,
    title = "TENSE GENERATION IN AN INTELLIGENT TUTOR FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING: SOME ISSUES IN THE DESIGN OF THE VERB EXPERT",
    author = "FUM, Danilo  and
      Giangrandi, Paolo  and
      Tasso, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1017",
}
@inproceedings{held-raab-1989-collocations,
    title = "Collocations in Multilingual Generation",
    author = "Held, Ulrich  and
      Raab, Sybille",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1018",
}
@inproceedings{carter-1989-lexical,
    title = "LEXICAL ACQUISITION IN THE CORE LANGUAGE ENGINE",
    author = "Carter, David M.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1019",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-1989-much,
    title = "It Would Be Much Easier If {WENT} Were {GOED}",
    author = "TUFIS, Dan",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1020",
}
@inproceedings{jullien-marty-1989-plan,
    title = "PLAN REVISION IN PERSON-MACHINE DIALOGUE",
    author = "JULLIEN, Cleo  and
      MARTY, Jean-Charles",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1021",
}
@inproceedings{eschenbach-etal-1989-remarks,
    title = "REMARKS ON PLURAL ANAPHORA",
    author = "Eschenbach, Carola  and
      Habel, Christopher  and
      Herweg, Michael  and
      Rehkamper, Klaus",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1022",
}
@inproceedings{maybury-1989-enhancing,
    title = "ENHANCING EXPLANATION COHERENCE WITH RHETORICAL STRATEGIES",
    author = "MAYBURY, MARK T.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1023",
}
@inproceedings{moens-etal-1989-expressing,
    title = "Expressing generalizations in unification-based grammar formalisms",
    author = "Moens, Marc  and
      Calder, Jo  and
      Klein, Ewan  and
      Reape, Mike  and
      Zeevat, Henk",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1024",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-rosner-1989-rich,
    title = "A rich environment for experimentation with unification grammars",
    author = "Johnson, R.  and
      Rosner, M.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1025",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-linden-1989-lambek,
    title = "LAMBEK THEOREM PROVING AND FEATURE UNIFICATION",
    author = "van der Linden, Erik-Jan",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1026",
}
@inproceedings{kunze-1989-formal,
    title = "A FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF PROPOSITIONS AND TEMPORAL ADVERBIALS",
    author = "Kunze, Jurgen",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1027",
}
@inproceedings{lonning-1989-computational,
    title = "COMPUTATIONAL SEMANTICS OF MASS TERMS",
    author = "Lonning, Jan Tore",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1028",
}
@inproceedings{ramsay-1989-extended,
    title = "EXTENDED GRAPH UNIFICATION",
    author = "Ramsay, Allan",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1029",
}
@inproceedings{pemberton-1989-modular,
    title = "A MODULAR APPROACH TO STORY GENERATION",
    author = "Pemberton, Lyn",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1030",
}
@inproceedings{namer-1989-subject,
    title = "SUBJECT ERASING AND PRONOMINALIZATION IN ITALIAN TEXT GENERATION",
    author = "Namer, Fiammetta",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1031",
}
@inproceedings{calder-etal-1989-algorithm,
    title = "AN ALGORITHM FOR GENERATION IN UNIFICATION CATEGORIAL GRAMMAR",
    author = "Calder, Jonathan  and
      Reape, Mike  and
      Zeevat, Henk",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1032",
}
@inproceedings{wiren-1989-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Incremental Chart Parsing",
    author = "Wiren, Mats",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1033",
}
@inproceedings{bes-gardent-1989-french,
    title = "FRENCH ORDER WITHOUT ORDER",
    author = "Bes, Gabriel G.  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1034",
}
@inproceedings{taylor-etal-1989-syntactic,
    title = "THE SYNTACTIC REGULARITY OF ENGLISH NOUN PHRASES",
    author = "Taylor, Lita  and
      Grover, Claire  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1035",
}
@inproceedings{kume-etal-1989-descriptive,
    title = "A Descriptive Framework for Translating Speaker{'}s Meaning",
    author = "KUME, Masako  and
      SATO, Gayle K.  and
      YOSHIMOTO, Kei",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1036",
}
@inproceedings{kaplan-etal-1989-translation,
    title = "TRANSLATION BY STRUCTURAL CORRESPONDENCES",
    author = "Kaplan, Ronald M.  and
      Netter, Klaus  and
      Wedekind, Jurgen  and
      Zaenen, Annie",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1037",
}
@inproceedings{bateman-etal-1989-new,
    title = "A NEW VIEW ON THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION",
    author = "Bateman, John A.  and
      Kasper, Robert T.  and
      Schutz, Jorg F. L.  and
      Steiner, Erich H.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1038",
}
@inproceedings{dahlback-jonsson-1989-empirical,
    title = "EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF DISCOURSE REPRESENTATIONS FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACES",
    author = "Dahlback, Nils  and
      Jonsson, Ame",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1039",
}
@inproceedings{van-noord-etal-1989-approach,
    title = "AN APPROACH TO SENTENCE-LEVEL ANAPHORA IN MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "van Noord, Gertjan  and
      Dorrepaal, Joke  and
      Arnold, Doug  and
      Krauwer, Steven  and
      Sadler, Louisa  and
      des Tombe, Louis",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1040",
}
@inproceedings{rupp-1989-situation,
    title = "SITUATION SEMANTICS AND MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Rupp, C.J.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1041",
}
@inproceedings{yusoff-1989-formalisms,
    title = "ON FORMALISMS AND ANALYSIS, GENERATION AND SYNTHESIS IN MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Yusoff, Zaharin",
    booktitle = "Fourth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "1989",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E89-1042",
}
@proceedings{emnlp-2016-2016,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Su, Jian  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Carreras, Xavier",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1",
}
@inproceedings{cross-huang-2016-span,
    title = "Span-Based Constituency Parsing with a Structure-Label System and Provably Optimal Dynamic Oracles",
    author = "Cross, James  and
      Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1001",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-gomez-miyao-2016-rule,
    title = "Rule Extraction for Tree-to-Tree Transducers by Cost Minimization",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez-G{\'o}mez, Pascual  and
      Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1002",
    pages = "12--22",
}
@inproceedings{ficler-goldberg-2016-neural,
    title = "A Neural Network for Coordination Boundary Prediction",
    author = "Ficler, Jessica  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1003",
    pages = "23--32",
}
@inproceedings{noji-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using Left-corner Parsing to Encode Universal Structural Constraints in Grammar Induction",
    author = "Noji, Hiroshi  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1004",
    pages = "33--43",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2016-distinguishing,
    title = "Distinguishing Past, On-going, and Future Events: The {E}vent{S}tatus Corpus",
    author = "Huang, Ruihong  and
      Cases, Ignacio  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Condoravdi, Cleo  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1005",
    pages = "44--54",
}
@inproceedings{bhutani-etal-2016-nested,
    title = "Nested Propositions in Open Information Extraction",
    author = "Bhutani, Nikita  and
      Jagadish, H. V.  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1006",
    pages = "55--64",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2016-position,
    title = "A Position Encoding Convolutional Neural Network Based on Dependency Tree for Relation Classification",
    author = "Yang, Yunlun  and
      Tong, Yunhai  and
      Ma, Shulei  and
      Deng, Zhi-Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1007",
    pages = "65--74",
}
@inproceedings{muis-lu-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning to Recognize Discontiguous Entities",
    author = "Muis, Aldrian Obaja  and
      Lu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1008",
    pages = "75--84",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-keller-2016-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Human Reading with Neural Attention",
    author = "Hahn, Michael  and
      Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1009",
    pages = "85--95",
}
@inproceedings{barak-etal-2016-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Computational Cognitive Models of Generalization in a Language Acquisition Task",
    author = "Barak, Libby  and
      Goldberg, Adele E.  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1010",
    pages = "96--106",
}
@inproceedings{lei-etal-2016-rationalizing,
    title = "Rationalizing Neural Predictions",
    author = "Lei, Tao  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Jaakkola, Tommi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1011",
    pages = "107--117",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-deep-multi,
    title = "Deep Multi-Task Learning with Shared Memory for Text Classification",
    author = "Liu, Pengfei  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1012",
    pages = "118--127",
}
@inproceedings{trischler-etal-2016-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Comprehension with the {E}pi{R}eader",
    author = "Trischler, Adam  and
      Ye, Zheng  and
      Yuan, Xingdi  and
      Bachman, Philip  and
      Sordoni, Alessandro  and
      Suleman, Kaheer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1013",
    pages = "128--137",
}
@inproceedings{sharp-etal-2016-creating,
    title = "Creating Causal Embeddings for Question Answering with Minimal Supervision",
    author = "Sharp, Rebecca  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Jansen, Peter  and
      Clark, Peter  and
      Hammond, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1014",
    pages = "138--148",
}
@inproceedings{yavuz-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Semantic Parsing via Answer Type Inference",
    author = "Yavuz, Semih  and
      Gur, Izzeddin  and
      Su, Yu  and
      Srivatsa, Mudhakar  and
      Yan, Xifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1015",
    pages = "149--159",
}
@inproceedings{krishnamurthy-etal-2016-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing to Probabilistic Programs for Situated Question Answering",
    author = "Krishnamurthy, Jayant  and
      Tafjord, Oyvind  and
      Kembhavi, Aniruddha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1016",
    pages = "160--170",
}
@inproceedings{tilk-etal-2016-event,
    title = "Event participant modelling with neural networks",
    author = "Tilk, Ottokar  and
      Demberg, Vera  and
      Sayeed, Asad  and
      Klakow, Dietrich  and
      Thater, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1017",
    pages = "171--182",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-etal-2016-context,
    title = "Context-Dependent Sense Embedding",
    author = "Qiu, Lin  and
      Tu, Kewei  and
      Yu, Yong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1018",
    pages = "183--191",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2016-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Embedding Knowledge Graphs and Logical Rules",
    author = "Guo, Shu  and
      Wang, Quan  and
      Wang, Lihong  and
      Wang, Bin  and
      Guo, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1019",
    pages = "192--202",
}
@inproceedings{braud-denis-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Connective-based Word Representations for Implicit Discourse Relation Identification",
    author = "Braud, Chlo{\'e}  and
      Denis, Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1020",
    pages = "203--213",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2016-aspect,
    title = "Aspect Level Sentiment Classification with Deep Memory Network",
    author = "Tang, Duyu  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1021",
    pages = "214--224",
}
@inproceedings{shu-etal-2016-lifelong,
    title = "Lifelong-{RL}: Lifelong Relaxation Labeling for Separating Entities and Aspects in Opinion Targets",
    author = "Shu, Lei  and
      Liu, Bing  and
      Xu, Hu  and
      Kim, Annice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1022",
    pages = "225--235",
}
@inproceedings{yu-jiang-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Sentence Embeddings with Auxiliary Tasks for Cross-Domain Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Yu, Jianfei  and
      Jiang, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1023",
    pages = "236--246",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2016-attention-based,
    title = "Attention-based {LSTM} Network for Cross-Lingual Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Zhou, Xinjie  and
      Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Xiao, Jianguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1024",
    pages = "247--256",
}
@inproceedings{bentivogli-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural versus Phrase-Based Machine Translation Quality: a Case Study",
    author = "Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Cettolo, Mauro  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1025",
    pages = "257--267",
}
@inproceedings{firat-etal-2016-zero,
    title = "Zero-Resource Translation with Multi-Lingual Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Firat, Orhan  and
      Sankaran, Baskaran  and
      Al-onaizan, Yaser  and
      Yarman Vural, Fatos T.  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1026",
    pages = "268--277",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-memory,
    title = "Memory-enhanced Decoder for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Mingxuan  and
      Lu, Zhengdong  and
      Li, Hang  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1027",
    pages = "278--286",
}
@inproceedings{marinho-etal-2016-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Learning of Sequence Models with Method of Moments",
    author = "Marinho, Zita  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.  and
      Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1028",
    pages = "287--296",
}
@inproceedings{upadhyay-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning from Explicit and Implicit Supervision Jointly For Algebra Word Problems",
    author = "Upadhyay, Shyam  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Chang, Kai-Wei  and
      Yih, Wen-tau",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1029",
    pages = "297--306",
}
@inproceedings{tabassum-etal-2016-tweetime,
    title = "{T}wee{T}ime : A Minimally Supervised Method for Recognizing and Normalizing Time Expressions in Twitter",
    author = "Tabassum, Jeniya  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Xu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1030",
    pages = "307--318",
}
@inproceedings{miao-blunsom-2016-language,
    title = "Language as a Latent Variable: Discrete Generative Models for Sentence Compression",
    author = "Miao, Yishu  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1031",
    pages = "319--328",
}
@inproceedings{kiddon-etal-2016-globally,
    title = "Globally Coherent Text Generation with Neural Checklist Models",
    author = "Kiddon, Chlo{\'e}  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1032",
    pages = "329--339",
}
@inproceedings{toutanova-etal-2016-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset and Evaluation Metrics for Abstractive Compression of Sentences and Short Paragraphs",
    author = "Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Brockett, Chris  and
      Tran, Ke M.  and
      Amershi, Saleema",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1033",
    pages = "340--350",
}
@inproceedings{brunato-etal-2016-paccss,
    title = "{P}a{CCSS}-{IT}: A Parallel Corpus of Complex-Simple Sentences for Automatic Text Simplification",
    author = "Brunato, Dominique  and
      Cimino, Andrea  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Venturi, Giulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1034",
    pages = "351--361",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Parsing with Attention-based Hierarchical Neural Networks",
    author = "Li, Qi  and
      Li, Tianshi  and
      Chang, Baobao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1035",
    pages = "362--371",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2016-multi,
    title = "Multi-view Response Selection for Human-Computer Conversation",
    author = "Zhou, Xiangyang  and
      Dong, Daxiang  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      Zhao, Shiqi  and
      Yu, Dianhai  and
      Tian, Hao  and
      Liu, Xuan  and
      Yan, Rui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1036",
    pages = "372--381",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-variational,
    title = "Variational Neural Discourse Relation Recognizer",
    author = "Zhang, Biao  and
      Xiong, Deyi  and
      Su, Jinsong  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Ji, Rongrong  and
      Duan, Hong  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1037",
    pages = "382--391",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2016-event,
    title = "Event Detection and Co-reference with Minimal Supervision",
    author = "Peng, Haoruo  and
      Song, Yangqiu  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1038",
    pages = "392--402",
}
@inproceedings{luu-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Term Embeddings for Taxonomic Relation Identification Using Dynamic Weighting Neural Network",
    author = "Luu, Anh Tuan  and
      Tay, Yi  and
      Hui, Siu Cheung  and
      Ng, See Kiong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1039",
    pages = "403--413",
}
@inproceedings{nimishakavi-etal-2016-relation,
    title = "Relation Schema Induction using Tensor Factorization with Side Information",
    author = "Nimishakavi, Madhav  and
      Saini, Uday Singh  and
      Talukdar, Partha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1040",
    pages = "414--423",
}
@inproceedings{espinosa-anke-etal-2016-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Distributional Hypernym Discovery via Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Espinosa-Anke, Luis  and
      Camacho-Collados, Jose  and
      Delli Bovi, Claudio  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1041",
    pages = "424--435",
}
@inproceedings{brychcin-2016-latent,
    title = "Latent Tree Language Model",
    author = "Brychc{\'\i}n, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1042",
    pages = "436--446",
}
@inproceedings{kiela-etal-2016-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Data Sources and Architectures for Deep Visual Representation Learning in Semantics",
    author = "Kiela, Douwe  and
      Ver{\H{o}}, Anita Lilla  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1043",
    pages = "447--456",
}
@inproceedings{fukui-etal-2016-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Compact Bilinear Pooling for Visual Question Answering and Visual Grounding",
    author = "Fukui, Akira  and
      Park, Dong Huk  and
      Yang, Daylen  and
      Rohrbach, Anna  and
      Darrell, Trevor  and
      Rohrbach, Marcus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1044",
    pages = "457--468",
}
@inproceedings{dror-reichart-2016-structured,
    title = "The Structured Weighted Violations Perceptron Algorithm",
    author = "Dror, Rotem  and
      Reichart, Roi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1045",
    pages = "469--478",
}
@inproceedings{mou-etal-2016-transferable,
    title = "How Transferable are Neural Networks in {NLP} Applications?",
    author = "Mou, Lili  and
      Meng, Zhao  and
      Yan, Rui  and
      Li, Ge  and
      Xu, Yan  and
      Zhang, Lu  and
      Jin, Zhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1046",
    pages = "479--489",
}
@inproceedings{bhatia-etal-2016-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Priors for Probabilistic Neural Word Embeddings",
    author = "Bhatia, Parminder  and
      Guthrie, Robert  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1047",
    pages = "490--500",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Cross-Lingual Similarization of Dependency Grammars for Tree-based Machine Translation",
    author = "Jiang, Wenbin  and
      Zhang, Wen  and
      Xu, Jinan  and
      Cai, Rangjia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1048",
    pages = "501--510",
}
@inproceedings{otani-etal-2016-irt,
    title = "{IRT}-based Aggregation Model of Crowdsourced Pairwise Comparison for Evaluating Machine Translations",
    author = "Otani, Naoki  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1049",
    pages = "511--520",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-variational-neural,
    title = "Variational Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Biao  and
      Xiong, Deyi  and
      Su, Jinsong  and
      Duan, Hong  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1050",
    pages = "521--530",
}
@inproceedings{simion-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards a Convex {HMM} Surrogate for Word Alignment",
    author = "Simion, Andrei  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Stein, Cliff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1051",
    pages = "531--540",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-solving,
    title = "Solving Verbal Questions in {IQ} Test by Knowledge-Powered Word Embedding",
    author = "Wang, Huazheng  and
      Tian, Fei  and
      Gao, Bin  and
      Zhu, Chengjieren  and
      Bian, Jiang  and
      Liu, Tie-Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1052",
    pages = "541--550",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2016-long,
    title = "Long Short-Term Memory-Networks for Machine Reading",
    author = "Cheng, Jianpeng  and
      Dong, Li  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1053",
    pages = "551--561",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2016-generating,
    title = "On Generating Characteristic-rich Question Sets for {QA} Evaluation",
    author = {Su, Yu  and
      Sun, Huan  and
      Sadler, Brian  and
      Srivatsa, Mudhakar  and
      G{\"u}r, Izzeddin  and
      Yan, Zenghui  and
      Yan, Xifeng},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1054",
    pages = "562--572",
}
@inproceedings{ture-boschee-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning to Translate for Multilingual Question Answering",
    author = "Ture, Ferhan  and
      Boschee, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1055",
    pages = "573--584",
}
@inproceedings{abdelwahab-etal-2016-semiparametric,
    title = "A Semiparametric Model for {B}ayesian Reader Identification",
    author = "Abdelwahab, Ahmed  and
      Kliegl, Reinhold  and
      Landwehr, Niels",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1056",
    pages = "585--594",
}
@inproceedings{hamilton-etal-2016-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Domain-Specific Sentiment Lexicons from Unlabeled Corpora",
    author = "Hamilton, William L.  and
      Clark, Kevin  and
      Leskovec, Jure  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1057",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1057",
    pages = "595--605",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-attention,
    title = "Attention-based {LSTM} for Aspect-level Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Wang, Yequan  and
      Huang, Minlie  and
      Zhu, Xiaoyan  and
      Zhao, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1058",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1058",
    pages = "606--615",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-recursive,
    title = "Recursive Neural Conditional Random Fields for Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Wang, Wenya  and
      Pan, Sinno Jialin  and
      Dahlmeier, Daniel  and
      Xiao, Xiaokui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1059",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1059",
    pages = "616--626",
}
@inproceedings{laddha-mukherjee-2016-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Aspect Specific Opinion Expressions",
    author = "Laddha, Abhishek  and
      Mukherjee, Arjun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1060",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1060",
    pages = "627--637",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2016-emotion,
    title = "Emotion Distribution Learning from Texts",
    author = "Zhou, Deyu  and
      Zhang, Xuan  and
      Zhou, Yin  and
      Zhao, Quan  and
      Geng, Xin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1061",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1061",
    pages = "638--647",
}
@inproceedings{lalor-etal-2016-building,
    title = "Building an Evaluation Scale using Item Response Theory",
    author = "Lalor, John  and
      Wu, Hao  and
      Yu, Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1062",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1062",
    pages = "648--657",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-2016-wordrank,
    title = "{W}ord{R}ank: Learning Word Embeddings via Robust Ranking",
    author = "Ji, Shihao  and
      Yun, Hyokun  and
      Yanardag, Pinar  and
      Matsushima, Shin  and
      Vishwanathan, S. V. N.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1063",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1063",
    pages = "658--668",
}
@inproceedings{ruan-etal-2016-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Semantic Representation in Brain Activity Using Word Embeddings",
    author = "Ruan, Yu-Ping  and
      Ling, Zhen-Hua  and
      Hu, Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1064",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1064",
    pages = "669--679",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2016-amr,
    title = "{AMR} Parsing with an Incremental Joint Model",
    author = "Zhou, Junsheng  and
      Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Qu, Weiguang  and
      Li, Ran  and
      Gu, Yanhui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1065",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1065",
    pages = "680--689",
}
@inproceedings{fast-horvitz-2016-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Dogmatism in Social Media: Signals and Models",
    author = "Fast, Ethan  and
      Horvitz, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1066",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1066",
    pages = "690--699",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2016-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced Personalized Search using Social Data",
    author = "Zhou, Dong  and
      Lawless, S{\'e}amus  and
      Wu, Xuan  and
      Zhao, Wenyu  and
      Liu, Jianxun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1067",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1067",
    pages = "700--710",
}
@inproceedings{tchernowitz-etal-2016-effective,
    title = "Effective Greedy Inference for Graph-based Non-Projective Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Tchernowitz, Ilan  and
      Yedidsion, Liron  and
      Reichart, Roi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1068",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1068",
    pages = "711--720",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating Abbreviations for {C}hinese Named Entities Using Recurrent Neural Network with Dynamic Dictionary",
    author = "Zhang, Qi  and
      Qian, Jin  and
      Guo, Ya  and
      Zhou, Yaqian  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1069",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1069",
    pages = "721--730",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Network for Heterogeneous Annotations",
    author = "Chen, Hongshen  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1070",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1070",
    pages = "731--741",
}
@inproceedings{ebert-etal-2016-lamb,
    title = "{LAMB}: A Good Shepherd of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = {Ebert, Sebastian  and
      M{\"u}ller, Thomas  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1071",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1071",
    pages = "742--752",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-fast,
    title = "Fast Coupled Sequence Labeling on Heterogeneous Annotations via Context-aware Pruning",
    author = "Li, Zhenghua  and
      Chao, Jiayuan  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Yang, Jiwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1072",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1072",
    pages = "753--762",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Neural Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Jiang, Yong  and
      Han, Wenjuan  and
      Tu, Kewei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1073",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1073",
    pages = "763--771",
}
@inproceedings{parveen-etal-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating Coherent Summaries of Scientific Articles Using Coherence Patterns",
    author = "Parveen, Daraksha  and
      Mesgar, Mohsen  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1074",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1074",
    pages = "772--783",
}
@inproceedings{ge-etal-2016-news,
    title = "News Stream Summarization using Burst Information Networks",
    author = "Ge, Tao  and
      Cui, Lei  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Sui, Zhifang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1075",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1075",
    pages = "784--794",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-rationale,
    title = "Rationale-Augmented Convolutional Neural Networks for Text Classification",
    author = "Zhang, Ye  and
      Marshall, Iain  and
      Wallace, Byron C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1076",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1076",
    pages = "795--804",
}
@inproceedings{huang-lin-2016-transferring,
    title = "Transferring User Interests Across Websites with Unstructured Text for Cold-Start Recommendation",
    author = "Huang, Yu-Yang  and
      Lin, Shou-De",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1077",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1077",
    pages = "805--814",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2016-speculation,
    title = "Speculation and Negation Scope Detection via Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Qian, Zhong  and
      Li, Peifeng  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Luo, Zhunchen  and
      Luo, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1078",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1078",
    pages = "815--825",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2016-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Linguistic Knowledge in Sequential Model of Sentence",
    author = "Qian, Peng  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1079",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1079",
    pages = "826--835",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-keyphrase,
    title = "Keyphrase Extraction Using Deep Recurrent Neural Networks on Twitter",
    author = "Zhang, Qi  and
      Wang, Yang  and
      Gong, Yeyun  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1080",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1080",
    pages = "836--845",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2016-solving,
    title = "Solving and Generating {C}hinese Character Riddles",
    author = "Tan, Chuanqi  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Dong, Li  and
      Lv, Weifeng  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1081",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1081",
    pages = "846--855",
}
@inproceedings{jagannatha-yu-2016-structured,
    title = "Structured prediction models for {RNN} based sequence labeling in clinical text",
    author = "Jagannatha, Abhyuday  and
      Yu, Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1082",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1082",
    pages = "856--865",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-learning-represent,
    title = "Learning to Represent Review with Tensor Decomposition for Spam Detection",
    author = "Wang, Xuepeng  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      He, Shizhu  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1083",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1083",
    pages = "866--875",
}
@inproceedings{augenstein-etal-2016-stance,
    title = "Stance Detection with Bidirectional Conditional Encoding",
    author = {Augenstein, Isabelle  and
      Rockt{\"a}schel, Tim  and
      Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1084",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1084",
    pages = "876--885",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-grishman-2016-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Skip-Grams for Event Detection with Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Nguyen, Thien Huu  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1085",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1085",
    pages = "886--891",
}
@inproceedings{falke-etal-2016-porting,
    title = "Porting an Open Information Extraction System from {E}nglish to {G}erman",
    author = "Falke, Tobias  and
      Stanovsky, Gabriel  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1086",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1086",
    pages = "892--898",
}
@inproceedings{qu-etal-2016-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition for Novel Types by Transfer Learning",
    author = "Qu, Lizhen  and
      Ferraro, Gabriela  and
      Zhou, Liyuan  and
      Hou, Weiwei  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1087",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1087",
    pages = "899--905",
}
@inproceedings{badgett-huang-2016-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Subevents via an Effective Two-phase Approach",
    author = "Badgett, Allison  and
      Huang, Ruihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1088",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1088",
    pages = "906--911",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-hospedales-2016-gaussian,
    title = "{G}aussian Visual-Linguistic Embedding for Zero-Shot Recognition",
    author = "Mukherjee, Tanmoy  and
      Hospedales, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1089",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1089",
    pages = "912--918",
}
@inproceedings{ray-etal-2016-question,
    title = "Question Relevance in {VQA}: Identifying Non-Visual And False-Premise Questions",
    author = "Ray, Arijit  and
      Christie, Gordon  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Batra, Dhruv  and
      Parikh, Devi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1090",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1090",
    pages = "919--924",
}
@inproceedings{agrawal-etal-2016-sort,
    title = "Sort Story: Sorting Jumbled Images and Captions into Stories",
    author = "Agrawal, Harsh  and
      Chandrasekaran, Arjun  and
      Batra, Dhruv  and
      Parikh, Devi  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1091",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1091",
    pages = "925--931",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2016-human,
    title = "Human Attention in Visual Question Answering: Do Humans and Deep Networks look at the same regions?",
    author = "Das, Abhishek  and
      Agrawal, Harsh  and
      Zitnick, Larry  and
      Parikh, Devi  and
      Batra, Dhruv",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1092",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1092",
    pages = "932--937",
}
@inproceedings{wang-tian-2016-recurrent,
    title = "Recurrent Residual Learning for Sequence Classification",
    author = "Wang, Yiren  and
      Tian, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1093",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1093",
    pages = "938--943",
}
@inproceedings{shareghi-etal-2016-richer,
    title = "Richer Interpolative Smoothing Based on Modified {K}neser-{N}ey Language Modeling",
    author = "Shareghi, Ehsan  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1094",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1094",
    pages = "944--949",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2016-general,
    title = "A General Regularization Framework for Domain Adaptation",
    author = {Lu, Wei  and
      Chieu, Hai Leong  and
      L{\"o}fgren, Jonathan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1095",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1095",
    pages = "950--954",
}
@inproceedings{mi-etal-2016-coverage,
    title = "Coverage Embedding Models for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Mi, Haitao  and
      Sankaran, Baskaran  and
      Wang, Zhiguo  and
      Ittycheriah, Abe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1096",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1096",
    pages = "955--960",
}
@inproceedings{kann-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Morphological Analysis: Encoding-Decoding Canonical Segments",
    author = {Kann, Katharina  and
      Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1097",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1097",
    pages = "961--967",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2016-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Mutual Benefits between Syntax and Semantic Roles using Neural Network",
    author = "Shi, Peng  and
      Teng, Zhiyang  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1098",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1098",
    pages = "968--974",
}
@inproceedings{sahlgren-lenci-2016-effects,
    title = "The Effects of Data Size and Frequency Range on Distributional Semantic Models",
    author = "Sahlgren, Magnus  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1099",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1099",
    pages = "975--980",
}
@inproceedings{yin-etal-2016-multi,
    title = "Multi-Granularity {C}hinese Word Embedding",
    author = "Yin, Rongchao  and
      Wang, Quan  and
      Li, Peng  and
      Li, Rui  and
      Wang, Bin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1100",
    pages = "981--986",
}
@inproceedings{spithourakis-etal-2016-numerically,
    title = "Numerically Grounded Language Models for Semantic Error Correction",
    author = "Spithourakis, Georgios  and
      Augenstein, Isabelle  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1101",
    pages = "987--992",
}
@inproceedings{akbik-etal-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards Semi-Automatic Generation of Proposition {B}anks for Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "Akbik, Alan  and
      Kumar, Vishwajeet  and
      Li, Yunyao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1102",
    pages = "993--998",
}
@inproceedings{ruder-etal-2016-hierarchical,
    title = "A Hierarchical Model of Reviews for Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Ruder, Sebastian  and
      Ghaffari, Parsa  and
      Breslin, John G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1103",
    pages = "999--1005",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2016-word,
    title = "Are Word Embedding-based Features Useful for Sarcasm Detection?",
    author = "Joshi, Aditya  and
      Tripathi, Vaibhav  and
      Patel, Kevin  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Carman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1104",
    pages = "1006--1011",
}
@inproceedings{ebrahimi-etal-2016-weakly,
    title = "Weakly Supervised Tweet Stance Classification by Relational Bootstrapping",
    author = "Ebrahimi, Javid  and
      Dou, Dejing  and
      Lowd, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1105",
    pages = "1012--1017",
}
@inproceedings{pavlick-etal-2016-gun,
    title = "The Gun Violence Database: A new task and data set for {NLP}",
    author = "Pavlick, Ellie  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Pan, Xiaoman  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1106",
    pages = "1018--1024",
}
@inproceedings{lippincott-van-durme-2016-fluency,
    title = "Fluency detection on communication networks",
    author = "Lippincott, Tom  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1107",
    pages = "1025--1029",
}
@inproceedings{tran-ostendorf-2016-characterizing,
    title = "Characterizing the Language of Online Communities and its Relation to Community Reception",
    author = "Tran, Trang  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1108",
    pages = "1030--1035",
}
@inproceedings{yoshikawa-etal-2016-joint,
    title = "Joint Transition-based Dependency Parsing and Disfluency Detection for Automatic Speech Recognition Texts",
    author = "Yoshikawa, Masashi  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1109",
    pages = "1036--1041",
}
@inproceedings{bertero-etal-2016-real,
    title = "Real-Time Speech Emotion and Sentiment Recognition for Interactive Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Bertero, Dario  and
      Siddique, Farhad Bin  and
      Wu, Chien-Sheng  and
      Wan, Yan  and
      Chan, Ricky Ho Yin  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1110",
    pages = "1042--1047",
}
@inproceedings{ballesteros-wanner-2016-neural,
    title = "A Neural Network Architecture for Multilingual Punctuation Generation",
    author = "Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1111",
    pages = "1048--1053",
}
@inproceedings{takase-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Headline Generation on Abstract Meaning Representation",
    author = "Takase, Sho  and
      Suzuki, Jun  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1112",
    pages = "1054--1059",
}
@inproceedings{kekec-tax-2016-robust,
    title = "Robust Gram Embeddings",
    author = "Keke{\c{c}}, Taygun  and
      Tax, David M. J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1113",
    pages = "1060--1065",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2016-simplescience,
    title = "{S}imple{S}cience: Lexical Simplification of Scientific Terminology",
    author = "Kim, Yea-Seul  and
      Hullman, Jessica  and
      Burgess, Matthew  and
      Adar, Eytan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1114",
    pages = "1066--1071",
}
@inproceedings{dong-zhang-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Features for Essay Scoring {--} An Empirical Study",
    author = "Dong, Fei  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1115",
    pages = "1072--1077",
}
@inproceedings{kocisky-etal-2016-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing with Semi-Supervised Sequential Autoencoders",
    author = "Ko{\v{c}}isk{\'y}, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Melis, G{\'a}bor  and
      Grefenstette, Edward  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Ling, Wang  and
      Blunsom, Phil  and
      Hermann, Karl Moritz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1116",
    pages = "1078--1087",
}
@inproceedings{roy-etal-2016-equation,
    title = "Equation Parsing : Mapping Sentences to Grounded Equations",
    author = "Roy, Subhro  and
      Upadhyay, Shyam  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1117",
    pages = "1088--1097",
}
@inproceedings{sanders-blanco-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Implicit Interpretations from Modal Constructions",
    author = "Sanders, Jordan  and
      Blanco, Eduardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1118",
    pages = "1098--1107",
}
@inproceedings{sarabi-blanco-2016-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Negation in Positive Terms Using Syntactic Dependencies",
    author = "Sarabi, Zahra  and
      Blanco, Eduardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1119",
    pages = "1108--1118",
}
@inproceedings{blodgett-etal-2016-demographic,
    title = "Demographic Dialectal Variation in Social Media: A Case Study of {A}frican-{A}merican {E}nglish",
    author = "Blodgett, Su Lin  and
      Green, Lisa  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1120",
    pages = "1119--1130",
}
@inproceedings{rudra-etal-2016-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Language Preference for Expression of Opinion and Sentiment: What do {H}indi-{E}nglish Speakers do on Twitter?",
    author = "Rudra, Koustav  and
      Rijhwani, Shruti  and
      Begum, Rafiya  and
      Bali, Kalika  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Ganguly, Niloy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1121",
    pages = "1131--1141",
}
@inproceedings{chaney-etal-2016-detecting,
    title = "Detecting and Characterizing Events",
    author = "Chaney, Allison  and
      Wallach, Hanna  and
      Connelly, Matthew  and
      Blei, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1122",
    pages = "1142--1152",
}
@inproceedings{pham-etal-2016-convolutional,
    title = "Convolutional Neural Network Language Models",
    author = "Pham, Ngoc-Quan  and
      Kruszewski, German  and
      Boleda, Gemma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1123",
    pages = "1153--1162",
}
@inproceedings{neubig-dyer-2016-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing and Hybridizing Count-based and Neural Language Models",
    author = "Neubig, Graham  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1124",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1124",
    pages = "1163--1172",
}
@inproceedings{andreas-klein-2016-reasoning,
    title = "Reasoning about Pragmatics with Neural Listeners and Speakers",
    author = "Andreas, Jacob  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1125",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1125",
    pages = "1173--1182",
}
@inproceedings{ghazvininejad-etal-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating Topical Poetry",
    author = "Ghazvininejad, Marjan  and
      Shi, Xing  and
      Choi, Yejin  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1126",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1126",
    pages = "1183--1191",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-deep,
    title = "Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dialogue Generation",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Monroe, Will  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Galley, Michel  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1127",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1127",
    pages = "1192--1202",
}
@inproceedings{lebret-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Text Generation from Structured Data with Application to the Biography Domain",
    author = "Lebret, R{\'e}mi  and
      Grangier, David  and
      Auli, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1128",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1128",
    pages = "1203--1213",
}
@inproceedings{habernal-gurevych-2016-makes,
    title = "What makes a convincing argument? Empirical analysis and detecting attributes of convincingness in Web argumentation",
    author = "Habernal, Ivan  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1129",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1129",
    pages = "1214--1223",
}
@inproceedings{liu-li-2016-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Implicit Discourse Relations via Repeated Reading: Neural Networks with Multi-Level Attention",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Li, Sujian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1130",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1130",
    pages = "1224--1233",
}
@inproceedings{anand-hardt-2016-antecedent,
    title = "Antecedent Selection for Sluicing: Structure and Content",
    author = "Anand, Pranav  and
      Hardt, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1131",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1131",
    pages = "1234--1243",
}
@inproceedings{iida-etal-2016-intra,
    title = "Intra-Sentential Subject Zero Anaphora Resolution using Multi-Column Convolutional Neural Network",
    author = "Iida, Ryu  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Oh, Jong-Hoon  and
      Kruengkrai, Canasai  and
      Kloetzer, Julien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1132",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1132",
    pages = "1244--1254",
}
@inproceedings{anastasopoulos-etal-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Probability Model for Speech-to-Translation Alignment of Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "Anastasopoulos, Antonios  and
      Chiang, David  and
      Duong, Long",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1133",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1133",
    pages = "1255--1263",
}
@inproceedings{birch-etal-2016-hume,
    title = "{HUME}: Human {UCCA}-Based Evaluation of Machine Translation",
    author = "Birch, Alexandra  and
      Abend, Omri  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Haddow, Barry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1134",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1134",
    pages = "1264--1274",
}
@inproceedings{ni-florian-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Multilingual Named Entity Recognition with {W}ikipedia Entity Type Mapping",
    author = "Ni, Jian  and
      Florian, Radu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1135",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1135",
    pages = "1275--1284",
}
@inproceedings{duong-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Crosslingual Word Embeddings without Bilingual Corpora",
    author = "Duong, Long  and
      Kanayama, Hiroshi  and
      Ma, Tengfei  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1136",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1136",
    pages = "1285--1295",
}
@inproceedings{wiseman-rush-2016-sequence,
    title = "Sequence-to-Sequence Learning as Beam-Search Optimization",
    author = "Wiseman, Sam  and
      Rush, Alexander M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1137",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1137",
    pages = "1296--1306",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2016-online,
    title = "Online Segment to Segment Neural Transduction",
    author = "Yu, Lei  and
      Buys, Jan  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1138",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1138",
    pages = "1307--1316",
}
@inproceedings{kim-rush-2016-sequence,
    title = "Sequence-Level Knowledge Distillation",
    author = "Kim, Yoon  and
      Rush, Alexander M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1139",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1139",
    pages = "1317--1327",
}
@inproceedings{kikuchi-etal-2016-controlling,
    title = "Controlling Output Length in Neural Encoder-Decoders",
    author = "Kikuchi, Yuta  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Sasano, Ryohei  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1140",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1140",
    pages = "1328--1338",
}
@inproceedings{peterson-fyshe-2016-poet,
    title = "Poet Admits // Mute Cypher: Beam Search to find Mutually Enciphering Poetic Texts",
    author = "Peterson, Cole  and
      Fyshe, Alona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1141",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1141",
    pages = "1339--1347",
}
@inproceedings{chakraborty-narayanam-2016-fingers,
    title = "All Fingers are not Equal: Intensity of References in Scientific Articles",
    author = "Chakraborty, Tanmoy  and
      Narayanam, Ramasuri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1142",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1142",
    pages = "1348--1358",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Users{'} Demographic Prediction via the Videos They Talk about",
    author = "Wang, Yuan  and
      Xiao, Yang  and
      Ma, Chao  and
      Xiao, Zhen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1143",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1143",
    pages = "1359--1368",
}
@inproceedings{ren-etal-2016-afet,
    title = "{AFET}: Automatic Fine-Grained Entity Typing by Hierarchical Partial-Label Embedding",
    author = "Ren, Xiang  and
      He, Wenqi  and
      Qu, Meng  and
      Huang, Lifu  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Han, Jiawei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1144",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1144",
    pages = "1369--1378",
}
@inproceedings{wei-etal-2016-mining,
    title = "Mining Inference Formulas by Goal-Directed Random Walks",
    author = "Wei, Zhuoyu  and
      Zhao, Jun  and
      Liu, Kang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1145",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1145",
    pages = "1379--1388",
}
@inproceedings{demeester-etal-2016-lifted,
    title = "Lifted Rule Injection for Relation Embeddings",
    author = {Demeester, Thomas  and
      Rockt{\"a}schel, Tim  and
      Riedel, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1146",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1146",
    pages = "1389--1399",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2016-key,
    title = "Key-Value Memory Networks for Directly Reading Documents",
    author = "Miller, Alexander  and
      Fisch, Adam  and
      Dodge, Jesse  and
      Karimi, Amir-Hossein  and
      Bordes, Antoine  and
      Weston, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1147",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1147",
    pages = "1400--1409",
}
@inproceedings{card-etal-2016-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Framing through the Casts of Characters in the News",
    author = "Card, Dallas  and
      Gross, Justin  and
      Boydstun, Amber  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1148",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1148",
    pages = "1410--1420",
}
@inproceedings{litman-etal-2016-teams,
    title = "The Teams Corpus and Entrainment in Multi-Party Spoken Dialogues",
    author = "Litman, Diane  and
      Paletz, Susannah  and
      Rahimi, Zahra  and
      Allegretti, Stefani  and
      Rice, Caitlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1149",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1149",
    pages = "1421--1431",
}
@inproceedings{ding-pan-2016-personalized,
    title = "Personalized Emphasis Framing for Persuasive Message Generation",
    author = "Ding, Tao  and
      Pan, Shimei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1150",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1150",
    pages = "1432--1441",
}
@inproceedings{louvan-etal-2016-cross,
    title = "Cross Sentence Inference for Process Knowledge",
    author = "Louvan, Samuel  and
      Naik, Chetan  and
      Kumaravel, Sadhana  and
      Kwon, Heeyoung  and
      Balasubramanian, Niranjan  and
      Clark, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1151",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1151",
    pages = "1442--1451",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2016-toward,
    title = "Toward Socially-Infused Information Extraction: Embedding Authors, Mentions, and Entities",
    author = "Yang, Yi  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1152",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1152",
    pages = "1452--1461",
}
@inproceedings{bharadwaj-etal-2016-phonologically,
    title = "Phonologically Aware Neural Model for Named Entity Recognition in Low Resource Transfer Settings",
    author = "Bharadwaj, Akash  and
      Mortensen, David  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1153",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1153",
    pages = "1462--1472",
}
@inproceedings{oualil-etal-2016-long,
    title = "Long-Short Range Context Neural Networks for Language Modeling",
    author = "Oualil, Youssef  and
      Singh, Mittul  and
      Greenberg, Clayton  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1154",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1154",
    pages = "1473--1481",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Learning Grounded Task Structures from Language Instruction and Visual Demonstration",
    author = "Liu, Changsong  and
      Yang, Shaohua  and
      Saba-Sadiya, Sari  and
      Shukla, Nishant  and
      He, Yunzhong  and
      Zhu, Song-Chun  and
      Chai, Joyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1155",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1155",
    pages = "1482--1492",
}
@inproceedings{christie-etal-2016-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Language and Vision Ambiguities Together: Joint Segmentation {\&} Prepositional Attachment Resolution in Captioned Scenes",
    author = "Christie, Gordon  and
      Laddha, Ankit  and
      Agrawal, Aishwarya  and
      Antol, Stanislaw  and
      Goyal, Yash  and
      Kochersberger, Kevin  and
      Batra, Dhruv",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1156",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1156",
    pages = "1493--1503",
}
@inproceedings{wieting-etal-2016-charagram,
    title = "{C}haragram: Embedding Words and Sentences via Character n-grams",
    author = "Wieting, John  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Livescu, Karen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1157",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1157",
    pages = "1504--1515",
}
@inproceedings{sountsov-sarawagi-2016-length,
    title = "Length bias in Encoder Decoder Models and a Case for Global Conditioning",
    author = "Sountsov, Pavel  and
      Sarawagi, Sunita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1158",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1158",
    pages = "1516--1525",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2016-string,
    title = "Does String-Based Neural {MT} Learn Source Syntax?",
    author = "Shi, Xing  and
      Padhi, Inkit  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1159",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1159",
    pages = "1526--1534",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-zong-2016-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Source-side Monolingual Data in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1160",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1160",
    pages = "1535--1545",
}
@inproceedings{junczys-dowmunt-grundkiewicz-2016-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-based Machine Translation is State-of-the-Art for Automatic Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin  and
      Grundkiewicz, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1161",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1161",
    pages = "1546--1556",
}
@inproceedings{arthur-etal-2016-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Discrete Translation Lexicons into Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Arthur, Philip  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1162",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1162",
    pages = "1557--1567",
}
@inproceedings{zoph-etal-2016-transfer,
    title = "Transfer Learning for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Zoph, Barret  and
      Yuret, Deniz  and
      May, Jonathan  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1163",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1163",
    pages = "1568--1575",
}
@inproceedings{p-2016-mixkmeans,
    title = "{M}ix{KM}eans: Clustering Question-Answer Archives",
    author = "P, Deepak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1164",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1164",
    pages = "1576--1585",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-etal-2016-takes,
    title = "It Takes Three to Tango: Triangulation Approach to Answer Ranking in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Guzm{\'a}n, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1165",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1165",
    pages = "1586--1597",
}
@inproceedings{he-golub-2016-character,
    title = "Character-Level Question Answering with Attention",
    author = "He, Xiaodong  and
      Golub, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1166",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1166",
    pages = "1598--1607",
}
@inproceedings{bouchard-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning to Generate Textual Data",
    author = "Bouchard, Guillaume  and
      Stenetorp, Pontus  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1167",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1167",
    pages = "1608--1616",
}
@inproceedings{koncel-kedziorski-etal-2016-theme,
    title = "A Theme-Rewriting Approach for Generating Algebra Word Problems",
    author = "Koncel-Kedziorski, Rik  and
      Konstas, Ioannis  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1168",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1168",
    pages = "1617--1628",
}
@inproceedings{teng-etal-2016-context,
    title = "Context-Sensitive Lexicon Features for Neural Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Teng, Zhiyang  and
      Vo, Duy-Tin  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1169",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1169",
    pages = "1629--1638",
}
@inproceedings{gui-etal-2016-event,
    title = "Event-Driven Emotion Cause Extraction with Corpus Construction",
    author = "Gui, Lin  and
      Wu, Dongyin  and
      Xu, Ruifeng  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Zhou, Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1170",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1170",
    pages = "1639--1649",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2016-neural-sentiment,
    title = "Neural Sentiment Classification with User and Product Attention",
    author = "Chen, Huimin  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Tu, Cunchao  and
      Lin, Yankai  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1171",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1171",
    pages = "1650--1659",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2016-cached,
    title = "Cached Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks for Document-Level Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Xu, Jiacheng  and
      Chen, Danlu  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1172",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1172",
    pages = "1660--1669",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2016-deep,
    title = "Deep Neural Networks with Massive Learned Knowledge",
    author = "Hu, Zhiting  and
      Yang, Zichao  and
      Salakhutdinov, Ruslan  and
      Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1173",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1173",
    pages = "1670--1679",
}
@inproceedings{pilehvar-collier-2016-de,
    title = "De-Conflated Semantic Representations",
    author = "Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1174",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1174",
    pages = "1680--1690",
}
@inproceedings{kober-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Sparse Word Representations with Distributional Inference for Semantic Composition",
    author = "Kober, Thomas  and
      Weeds, Julie  and
      Reffin, Jeremy  and
      Weir, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1175",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1175",
    pages = "1691--1702",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Interaction of Sentence Pair with Coupled-{LSTM}s",
    author = "Liu, Pengfei  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Zhou, Yaqian  and
      Chen, Jifan  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1176",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1176",
    pages = "1703--1712",
}
@inproceedings{white-etal-2016-universal,
    title = "Universal Decompositional Semantics on Universal Dependencies",
    author = "White, Aaron Steven  and
      Reisinger, Drew  and
      Sakaguchi, Keisuke  and
      Vieira, Tim  and
      Zhang, Sheng  and
      Rudinger, Rachel  and
      Rawlins, Kyle  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1177",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1177",
    pages = "1713--1723",
}
@inproceedings{sim-etal-2016-friends,
    title = "{F}riends with Motives: Using Text to Infer Influence on {SCOTUS}",
    author = "Sim, Yanchuan  and
      Routledge, Bryan  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1178",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1178",
    pages = "1724--1733",
}
@inproceedings{kenyon-dean-etal-2016-verb,
    title = "Verb Phrase Ellipsis Resolution Using Discriminative and Margin-Infused Algorithms",
    author = "Kenyon-Dean, Kian  and
      Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit  and
      Precup, Doina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1179",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1179",
    pages = "1734--1743",
}
@inproceedings{kuncoro-etal-2016-distilling,
    title = "Distilling an Ensemble of Greedy Dependency Parsers into One {MST} Parser",
    author = "Kuncoro, Adhiguna  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Kong, Lingpeng  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1180",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1180",
    pages = "1744--1753",
}
@inproceedings{xu-2016-lstm,
    title = "{LSTM} Shift-Reduce {CCG} Parsing",
    author = "Xu, Wenduan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1181",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1181",
    pages = "1754--1764",
}
@inproceedings{hashemi-hwa-2016-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of Parser Robustness for Ungrammatical Sentences",
    author = "Hashemi, Homa B.  and
      Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1182",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1182",
    pages = "1765--1774",
}
@inproceedings{misra-artzi-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Shift-Reduce {CCG} Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Misra, Dipendra Kumar  and
      Artzi, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1183",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1183",
    pages = "1775--1786",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2016-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Parsing of Web Queries",
    author = "Sun, Xiangyan  and
      Wang, Haixun  and
      Xiao, Yanghua  and
      Wang, Zhongyuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1184",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1184",
    pages = "1787--1796",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Text Recap Extraction for {TV} Series",
    author = "Yu, Hongliang  and
      Zhang, Shikun  and
      Morency, Louis-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1185",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1185",
    pages = "1797--1806",
}
@inproceedings{dollmann-geierhos-2016-topic,
    title = "On- and Off-Topic Classification and Semantic Annotation of User-Generated Software Requirements",
    author = "Dollmann, Markus  and
      Geierhos, Michaela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1186",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1186",
    pages = "1807--1816",
}
@inproceedings{hai-etal-2016-deceptive,
    title = "Deceptive Review Spam Detection via Exploiting Task Relatedness and Unlabeled Data",
    author = "Hai, Zhen  and
      Zhao, Peilin  and
      Cheng, Peng  and
      Yang, Peng  and
      Li, Xiao-Li  and
      Li, Guangxia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1187",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1187",
    pages = "1817--1826",
}
@inproceedings{skianis-etal-2016-regularizing,
    title = "Regularizing Text Categorization with Clusters of Words",
    author = "Skianis, Konstantinos  and
      Rousseau, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Vazirgiannis, Michalis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1188",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1188",
    pages = "1827--1837",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2016-deep-reinforcement,
    title = "Deep Reinforcement Learning with a Combinatorial Action Space for Predicting Popular {R}eddit Threads",
    author = "He, Ji  and
      Ostendorf, Mari  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Chen, Jianshu  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Li, Lihong  and
      Deng, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1189",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1189",
    pages = "1838--1848",
}
@inproceedings{moritz-etal-2016-non,
    title = "Non-Literal Text Reuse in Historical Texts: An Approach to Identify Reuse Transformations and its Application to {B}ible Reuse",
    author = {Moritz, Maria  and
      Wiederhold, Andreas  and
      Pavlek, Barbara  and
      Bizzoni, Yuri  and
      B{\"u}chler, Marco},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1190",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1190",
    pages = "1849--1859",
}
@inproceedings{tixier-etal-2016-graph,
    title = "A Graph Degeneracy-based Approach to Keyword Extraction",
    author = "Tixier, Antoine  and
      Malliaros, Fragkiskos  and
      Vazirgiannis, Michalis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1191",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1191",
    pages = "1860--1870",
}
@inproceedings{schumacher-etal-2016-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Relative Difficulty of Single Sentences With and Without Surrounding Context",
    author = "Schumacher, Elliot  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine  and
      Frishkoff, Gwen  and
      Collins-Thompson, Kevyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1192",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1192",
    pages = "1871--1881",
}
@inproceedings{taghipour-ng-2016-neural,
    title = "A Neural Approach to Automated Essay Scoring",
    author = "Taghipour, Kaveh  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1193",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1193",
    pages = "1882--1891",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-non,
    title = "Non-uniform Language Detection in Technical Writing",
    author = "Wang, Weibo  and
      Moh{'}d, Abidalrahman  and
      Islam, Aminul  and
      Soto, Axel  and
      Milios, Evangelos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1194",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1194",
    pages = "1892--1900",
}
@inproceedings{chollampatt-etal-2016-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Grammatical Error Correction Based on the Native Language of Writers with Neural Network Joint Models",
    author = "Chollampatt, Shamil  and
      Hoang, Duc Tam  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1195",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1195",
    pages = "1901--1911",
}
@inproceedings{kunchukuttan-bhattacharyya-2016-orthographic,
    title = "Orthographic Syllable as basic unit for {SMT} between Related Languages",
    author = "Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1196",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1196",
    pages = "1912--1917",
}
@inproceedings{locascio-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Generation of Regular Expressions from Natural Language with Minimal Domain Knowledge",
    author = "Locascio, Nicholas  and
      Narasimhan, Karthik  and
      DeLeon, Eduardo  and
      Kushman, Nate  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1197",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1197",
    pages = "1918--1923",
}
@inproceedings{sterckx-etal-2016-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Keyphrase Extraction as Positive Unlabeled Learning",
    author = "Sterckx, Lucas  and
      Caragea, Cornelia  and
      Demeester, Thomas  and
      Develder, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1198",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1198",
    pages = "1924--1929",
}
@inproceedings{morales-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning to Answer Questions from {W}ikipedia Infoboxes",
    author = "Morales, Alvaro  and
      Premtoon, Varot  and
      Avery, Cordelia  and
      Felshin, Sue  and
      Katz, Boris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1199",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1199",
    pages = "1930--1935",
}
@inproceedings{cornegruta-vlachos-2016-timeline,
    title = "Timeline extraction using distant supervision and joint inference",
    author = "Cornegruta, Savelie  and
      Vlachos, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1200",
    pages = "1936--1942",
}
@inproceedings{rajani-mooney-2016-combining,
    title = "Combining Supervised and Unsupervised Enembles for Knowledge Base Population",
    author = "Rajani, Nazneen Fatema  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1201",
    pages = "1943--1948",
}
@inproceedings{kawakami-etal-2016-character,
    title = "Character Sequence Models for Colorful Words",
    author = "Kawakami, Kazuya  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Routledge, Bryan  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1202",
    pages = "1949--1954",
}
@inproceedings{agrawal-etal-2016-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Behavior of Visual Question Answering Models",
    author = "Agrawal, Aishwarya  and
      Batra, Dhruv  and
      Parikh, Devi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1203",
    pages = "1955--1960",
}
@inproceedings{venugopalan-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving {LSTM}-based Video Description with Linguistic Knowledge Mined from Text",
    author = "Venugopalan, Subhashini  and
      Hendricks, Lisa Anne  and
      Mooney, Raymond  and
      Saenko, Kate",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1204",
    pages = "1961--1966",
}
@inproceedings{chersoni-etal-2016-representing,
    title = "Representing Verbs with Rich Contexts: an Evaluation on Verb Similarity",
    author = "Chersoni, Emmanuele  and
      Santus, Enrico  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Blache, Philippe  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1205",
    pages = "1967--1972",
}
@inproceedings{vieira-etal-2016-speed,
    title = "Speed-Accuracy Tradeoffs in Tagging with Variable-Order {CRF}s and Structured Sparsity",
    author = "Vieira, Tim  and
      Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1206",
    pages = "1973--1978",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning Robust Representations of Text",
    author = "Li, Yitong  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1207",
    pages = "1979--1985",
}
@inproceedings{tu-2016-modified,
    title = "Modified {D}irichlet Distribution: Allowing Negative Parameters to Induce Stronger Sparsity",
    author = "Tu, Kewei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1208",
    pages = "1986--1991",
}
@inproceedings{miyamoto-cho-2016-gated,
    title = "Gated Word-Character Recurrent Language Model",
    author = "Miyamoto, Yasumasa  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1209",
    pages = "1992--1997",
}
@inproceedings{kamigaito-etal-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Word Alignment by Agreement Under {ITG} Constraint",
    author = "Kamigaito, Hidetaka  and
      Tamura, Akihiro  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1210",
    pages = "1998--2004",
}
@inproceedings{ballesteros-etal-2016-training,
    title = "Training with Exploration Improves a Greedy Stack {LSTM} Parser",
    author = "Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1211",
    pages = "2005--2010",
}
@inproceedings{sha-etal-2016-capturing,
    title = "Capturing Argument Relationship for {C}hinese Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Sha, Lei  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Sui, Zhifang  and
      Jiang, Tingsong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1212",
    pages = "2011--2016",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2016-brainbench,
    title = "{B}rain{B}ench: A Brain-Image Test Suite for Distributional Semantic Models",
    author = "Xu, Haoyan  and
      Murphy, Brian  and
      Fyshe, Alona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1213",
    pages = "2017--2021",
}
@inproceedings{bisk-etal-2016-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Induced {CCG} Parsers on Grounded Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Bisk, Yonatan  and
      Reddy, Siva  and
      Blitzer, John  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1214",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1214",
    pages = "2022--2027",
}
@inproceedings{apidianaki-2016-vector,
    title = "Vector-space models for {PPDB} paraphrase ranking in context",
    author = "Apidianaki, Marianna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1215",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1215",
    pages = "2028--2034",
}
@inproceedings{aubakirova-bansal-2016-interpreting,
    title = "Interpreting Neural Networks to Improve Politeness Comprehension",
    author = "Aubakirova, Malika  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1216",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1216",
    pages = "2035--2041",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2016-well,
    title = "Does {`}well-being{'} translate on Twitter?",
    author = "Smith, Laura  and
      Giorgi, Salvatore  and
      Solanki, Rishi  and
      Eichstaedt, Johannes  and
      Schwartz, H. Andrew  and
      Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad  and
      Buffone, Anneke  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1217",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1217",
    pages = "2042--2047",
}
@inproceedings{milli-bamman-2016-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Canonical Texts: A Computational Analysis of Fanfiction",
    author = "Milli, Smitha  and
      Bamman, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1218",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1218",
    pages = "2048--2053",
}
@inproceedings{rouhizadeh-etal-2016-using,
    title = "Using Syntactic and Semantic Context to Explore Psychodemographic Differences in Self-reference",
    author = "Rouhizadeh, Masoud  and
      Ungar, Lyle  and
      Buffone, Anneke  and
      Schwartz, H Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1219",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1219",
    pages = "2054--2059",
}
@inproceedings{ozbal-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning to Identify Metaphors from a Corpus of Proverbs",
    author = {{\"O}zbal, G{\"o}zde  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Tekiro{\u{g}}lu, Serra Sinem  and
      Pighin, Daniele},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1220",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1220",
    pages = "2060--2065",
}
@inproceedings{kraft-etal-2016-embedding,
    title = "An Embedding Model for Predicting Roll-Call Votes",
    author = "Kraft, Peter  and
      Jain, Hirsh  and
      Rush, Alexander M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1221",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1221",
    pages = "2066--2070",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2016-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Model Re-usability for Scaling to Different Domains",
    author = "Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Rochette, Alexandre  and
      Sarikaya, Ruhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1222",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1222",
    pages = "2071--2076",
}
@inproceedings{kurata-etal-2016-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Sentence-level Information with Encoder {LSTM} for Semantic Slot Filling",
    author = "Kurata, Gakuto  and
      Xiang, Bing  and
      Zhou, Bowen  and
      Yu, Mo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1223",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1223",
    pages = "2077--2083",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2016-amr,
    title = "{AMR}-to-text generation as a Traveling Salesman Problem",
    author = "Song, Linfeng  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Peng, Xiaochang  and
      Wang, Zhiguo  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1224",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1224",
    pages = "2084--2089",
}
@inproceedings{susanto-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning to Capitalize with Character-Level Recurrent Neural Networks: An Empirical Study",
    author = "Susanto, Raymond Hendy  and
      Chieu, Hai Leong  and
      Lu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1225",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1225",
    pages = "2090--2095",
}
@inproceedings{rohlfs-etal-2016-effects,
    title = "The Effects of the Content of {FOMC} Communications on {US} Treasury Rates",
    author = "Rohlfs, Christopher  and
      Chakraborty, Sunandan  and
      Subramanian, Lakshminarayanan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1226",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1226",
    pages = "2096--2102",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning to refine text based recommendations",
    author = "Gu, Youyang  and
      Lei, Tao  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Jaakkola, Tommi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1227",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1227",
    pages = "2103--2108",
}
@inproceedings{napoles-etal-2016-theres,
    title = "There{'}s No Comparison: Reference-less Evaluation Metrics in Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Napoles, Courtney  and
      Sakaguchi, Keisuke  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1228",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1228",
    pages = "2109--2115",
}
@inproceedings{hamilton-etal-2016-cultural,
    title = "Cultural Shift or Linguistic Drift? Comparing Two Computational Measures of Semantic Change",
    author = "Hamilton, William L.  and
      Leskovec, Jure  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1229",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1229",
    pages = "2116--2121",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-evaluate,
    title = "How {NOT} To Evaluate Your Dialogue System: An Empirical Study of Unsupervised Evaluation Metrics for Dialogue Response Generation",
    author = "Liu, Chia-Wei  and
      Lowe, Ryan  and
      Serban, Iulian  and
      Noseworthy, Mike  and
      Charlin, Laurent  and
      Pineau, Joelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1230",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1230",
    pages = "2122--2132",
}
@inproceedings{ouchi-tsuboi-2016-addressee,
    title = "Addressee and Response Selection for Multi-Party Conversation",
    author = "Ouchi, Hiroki  and
      Tsuboi, Yuta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1231",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1231",
    pages = "2133--2143",
}
@inproceedings{wakabayashi-etal-2016-nonparametric,
    title = "Nonparametric {B}ayesian Models for Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Wakabayashi, Kei  and
      Takeuchi, Johane  and
      Funakoshi, Kotaro  and
      Nakano, Mikio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1232",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1232",
    pages = "2144--2152",
}
@inproceedings{wen-etal-2016-conditional,
    title = "Conditional Generation and Snapshot Learning in Neural Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Wen, Tsung-Hsien  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Rojas-Barahona, Lina M.  and
      Su, Pei-Hao  and
      Ultes, Stefan  and
      Vandyke, David  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1233",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1233",
    pages = "2153--2162",
}
@inproceedings{roller-erk-2016-relations,
    title = "Relations such as Hypernymy: Identifying and Exploiting Hearst Patterns in Distributional Vectors for Lexical Entailment",
    author = "Roller, Stephen  and
      Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1234",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1234",
    pages = "2163--2172",
}
@inproceedings{gerz-etal-2016-simverb,
    title = "{S}im{V}erb-3500: A Large-Scale Evaluation Set of Verb Similarity",
    author = "Gerz, Daniela  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Hill, Felix  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1235",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1235",
    pages = "2173--2182",
}
@inproceedings{grycner-weikum-2016-poly,
    title = "{POLY}: Mining Relational Paraphrases from Multilingual Sentences",
    author = "Grycner, Adam  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1236",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1236",
    pages = "2183--2192",
}
@inproceedings{li-srikumar-2016-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Sentence Similarities for Better Alignments",
    author = "Li, Tao  and
      Srikumar, Vivek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1237",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1237",
    pages = "2193--2203",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2016-bi,
    title = "Bi-directional Attention with Agreement for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Cheng, Hao  and
      Fang, Hao  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Deng, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1238",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1238",
    pages = "2204--2214",
}
@inproceedings{berzak-etal-2016-anchoring,
    title = "Anchoring and Agreement in Syntactic Annotations",
    author = "Berzak, Yevgeni  and
      Huang, Yan  and
      Barbu, Andrei  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Katz, Boris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1239",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1239",
    pages = "2215--2224",
}
@inproceedings{pavlick-callison-burch-2016-tense,
    title = "Tense Manages to Predict Implicative Behavior in Verbs",
    author = "Pavlick, Ellie  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1240",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1240",
    pages = "2225--2229",
}
@inproceedings{onishi-etal-2016-large,
    title = "Who did What: A Large-Scale Person-Centered Cloze Dataset",
    author = "Onishi, Takeshi  and
      Wang, Hai  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Gimpel, Kevin  and
      McAllester, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1241",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1241",
    pages = "2230--2235",
}
@inproceedings{mineshima-etal-2016-building,
    title = "Building compositional semantics and higher-order inference system for a wide-coverage {J}apanese {CCG} parser",
    author = "Mineshima, Koji  and
      Tanaka, Ribeka  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-G{\'o}mez, Pascual  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Bekki, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1242",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1242",
    pages = "2236--2242",
}
@inproceedings{monroe-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning to Generate Compositional Color Descriptions",
    author = "Monroe, Will  and
      Goodman, Noah D.  and
      Potts, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1243",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1243",
    pages = "2243--2248",
}
@inproceedings{parikh-etal-2016-decomposable,
    title = "A Decomposable Attention Model for Natural Language Inference",
    author = {Parikh, Ankur  and
      T{\"a}ckstr{\"o}m, Oscar  and
      Das, Dipanjan  and
      Uszkoreit, Jakob},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1244",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1244",
    pages = "2249--2255",
}
@inproceedings{clark-manning-2016-deep,
    title = "Deep Reinforcement Learning for Mention-Ranking Coreference Models",
    author = "Clark, Kevin  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1245",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1245",
    pages = "2256--2262",
}
@inproceedings{qin-etal-2016-stacking,
    title = "A Stacking Gated Neural Architecture for Implicit Discourse Relation Classification",
    author = "Qin, Lianhui  and
      Zhang, Zhisong  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1246",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1246",
    pages = "2263--2270",
}
@inproceedings{nakazawa-etal-2016-insertion,
    title = "Insertion Position Selection Model for Flexible Non-Terminals in Dependency Tree-to-Tree Machine Translation",
    author = "Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Richardson, John  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1247",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1247",
    pages = "2271--2277",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "Why Neural Translations are the Right Length",
    author = "Shi, Xing  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Yuret, Deniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1248",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1248",
    pages = "2278--2282",
}
@inproceedings{mi-etal-2016-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Attentions for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Mi, Haitao  and
      Wang, Zhiguo  and
      Ittycheriah, Abe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1249",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1249",
    pages = "2283--2288",
}
@inproceedings{artetxe-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning principled bilingual mappings of word embeddings while preserving monolingual invariance",
    author = "Artetxe, Mikel  and
      Labaka, Gorka  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1250",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1250",
    pages = "2289--2294",
}
@inproceedings{russell-gillespie-2016-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the behavioral impact of machine translation quality improvements with A/B testing",
    author = "Russell, Ben  and
      Gillespie, Duncan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1251",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1251",
    pages = "2295--2299",
}
@inproceedings{stanovsky-dagan-2016-creating,
    title = "Creating a Large Benchmark for Open Information Extraction",
    author = "Stanovsky, Gabriel  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1252",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1252",
    pages = "2300--2305",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2016-bilingually,
    title = "Bilingually-constrained Synthetic Data for Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition",
    author = "Wu, Changxing  and
      Shi, Xiaodong  and
      Chen, Yidong  and
      Huang, Yanzhou  and
      Su, Jinsong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1253",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1253",
    pages = "2306--2312",
}
@inproceedings{buckman-etal-2016-transition,
    title = "Transition-Based Dependency Parsing with Heuristic Backtracking",
    author = "Buckman, Jacob  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1254",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1254",
    pages = "2313--2318",
}
@inproceedings{schmaltz-etal-2016-word,
    title = "Word Ordering Without Syntax",
    author = "Schmaltz, Allen  and
      Rush, Alexander M.  and
      Shieber, Stuart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1255",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1255",
    pages = "2319--2324",
}
@inproceedings{cotterell-etal-2016-morphological-segmentation,
    title = "Morphological Segmentation Inside-Out",
    author = {Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Kumar, Arun  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1256",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1256",
    pages = "2325--2330",
}
@inproceedings{choe-charniak-2016-parsing,
    title = "Parsing as Language Modeling",
    author = "Choe, Do Kook  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1257",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1257",
    pages = "2331--2336",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2016-human,
    title = "Human-in-the-Loop Parsing",
    author = "He, Luheng  and
      Michael, Julian  and
      Lewis, Mike  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1258",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1258",
    pages = "2337--2342",
}
@inproceedings{bauer-teufel-2016-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Timeline Generation for {W}ikipedia History Articles",
    author = "Bauer, Sandro  and
      Teufel, Simone",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1259",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1259",
    pages = "2343--2349",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2016-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Temporal Information for Time-Aware Link Prediction",
    author = "Jiang, Tingsong  and
      Liu, Tianyu  and
      Ge, Tao  and
      Sha, Lei  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Sui, Zhifang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1260",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1260",
    pages = "2350--2354",
}
@inproceedings{narasimhan-etal-2016-improving,
    title = "Improving Information Extraction by Acquiring External Evidence with Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Narasimhan, Karthik  and
      Yala, Adam  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1261",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1261",
    pages = "2355--2365",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2016-global,
    title = "Global Neural {CCG} Parsing with Optimality Guarantees",
    author = "Lee, Kenton  and
      Lewis, Mike  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1262",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1262",
    pages = "2366--2376",
}
@inproceedings{adams-etal-2016-learning,
    title = "Learning a Lexicon and Translation Model from Phoneme Lattices",
    author = "Adams, Oliver  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Do, Quoc Truong  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1263",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1263",
    pages = "2377--2382",
}
@inproceedings{rajpurkar-etal-2016-squad,
    title = "{SQ}u{AD}: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text",
    author = "Rajpurkar, Pranav  and
      Zhang, Jian  and
      Lopyrev, Konstantin  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1264",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1264",
    pages = "2383--2392",
}
@inproceedings{dyer-etal-2016-practical,
    title = "Practical Neural Networks for NLP: From Theory to Code",
    author = "Dyer, Chris  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "This tutorial aims to bring NLP researchers up to speed with the current techniques in deep learning and neural networks, and show them how they can turn their ideas into practical implementations. We will start with simple classification models (logistic regression and multilayer perceptrons) and cover more advanced patterns that come up in NLP such as recurrent networks for sequence tagging and prediction problems, structured networks (e.g., compositional architectures based on syntax trees), structured output spaces (sequences and trees), attention for sequence-to-sequence transduction, and feature induction for complex algorithm states. A particular emphasis will be on learning to represent complex objects as recursive compositions of simpler objects. This representation will reflect characterize standard objects in NLP, such as the composition of characters and morphemes into words, and words into sentences and documents. In addition, new opportunities such as learning to embed ``algorithm states'' such as those used in transition-based parsing and other sequential structured prediction models (for which effective features may be difficult to engineer by hand) will be covered.Everything in the tutorial will be grounded in code {---} we will show how to program seemingly complex neural-net models using toolkits based on the computation-graph formalism. Computation graphs decompose complex computations into a DAG, with nodes representing inputs, target outputs, parameters, or (sub)differentiable functions (e.g., ``tanh'', ``matrix multiply'', and ``softmax''), and edges represent data dependencies. These graphs can be run ``forward'' to make predictions and compute errors (e.g., log loss, squared error) and then ``backward'' to compute derivatives with respect to model parameters. In particular we'll cover the Python bindings of the CNN library. CNN has been designed from the ground up for NLP applications, dynamically structured NNs, rapid prototyping, and a transparent data and execution model.",
}
@inproceedings{venugopal-etal-2016-advanced,
    title = "Advanced Markov Logic Techniques for Scalable Joint Inference in NLP",
    author = "Venugopal, Deepak  and
      Gogate, Vibhav  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "In the early days of the statistical NLP era, many language processing tasks were tackled using the so-called pipeline architecture: the given task is broken into a series of sub-tasks such that the output of one sub-task is an input to the next sub-task in the sequence. The pipeline architecture is appealing for various reasons, including modularity, modeling convenience, and manageable computational complexity. However, it suffers from the error propagation problem: errors made in one sub-task are propagated to the next sub-task in the sequence, leading to poor accuracy on that sub-task, which in turn leads to more errors downstream. Another disadvantage associated with it is lack of feedback: errors made in a sub-task are often not corrected using knowledge uncovered while solving another sub-task down the pipeline.Realizing these weaknesses, researchers have turned to joint inference approaches in recent years. One such approach involves the use of Markov logic, which is defined as a set of weighted first-order logic formulas and, at a high level, unifies first-order logic with probabilistic graphical models. It is an ideal modeling language (knowledge representation) for compactly representing relational and uncertain knowledge in NLP. In a typical use case of MLNs in NLP, the application designer describes the background knowledge using a few first-order logic sentences and then uses software packages such as Alchemy, Tuffy, and Markov the beast to perform learning and inference (prediction) over the MLN. However, despite its obvious advantages, over the years, researchers and practitioners have found it difficult to use MLNs effectively in many NLP applications. The main reason for this is that it is hard to scale inference and learning algorithms for MLNs to large datasets and complex models, that are typical in NLP.In this tutorial, we will introduce the audience to recent advances in scaling up inference and learning in MLNs as well as new approaches to make MLNs a ``black-box'' for NLP applications (with only minor tuning required on the part of the user). Specifically, we will introduce attendees to a key idea that has emerged in the MLN research community over the last few years, lifted inference , which refers to inference techniques that take advantage of symmetries (e.g., synonyms), both exact and approximate, in the MLN . We will describe how these next-generation inference techniques can be used to perform effective joint inference. We will also present our new software package for inference and learning in MLNs, Alchemy 2.0, which is based on lifted inference, focusing primarily on how it can be used to scale up inference and learning in large models and datasets for applications such as semantic similarity determination, information extraction and question answering.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-liu-2016-lifelong,
    title = "Lifelong Machine Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Chen, Zhiyuan  and
      Liu, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Machine learning (ML) has been successfully used as a prevalent approach to solving numerous NLP problems. However, the classic ML paradigm learns in isolation. That is, given a dataset, an ML algorithm is executed on the dataset to produce a model without using any related or prior knowledge. Although this type of isolated learning is very useful, it also has serious limitations as it does not accumulate knowledge learned in the past and use the knowledge to help future learning, which is the hallmark of human learning and human intelligence. Lifelong machine learning (LML) aims to achieve this capability. Specifically, it aims to design and develop computational learning systems and algorithms that learn as humans do, i.e., retaining the results learned in the past, abstracting knowledge from them, and using the knowledge to help future learning. In this tutorial, we will introduce the existing research of LML and to show that LML is very suitable for NLP tasks and has potential to help NLP make major progresses.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-vo-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Networks for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Zhang, Yue  and
      Vo, Duy Tin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Sentiment analysis has been a major research topic in natural language processing (NLP). Traditionally, the problem has been attacked using discrete models and manually-defined sparse features. Over the past few years, neural network models have received increased research efforts in most sub areas of sentiment analysis, giving highly promising results. A main reason is the capability of neural models to automatically learn dense features that capture subtle semantic information over words, sentences and documents, which are difficult to model using traditional discrete features based on words and ngram patterns. This tutorial gives an introduction to neural network models for sentiment analysis, discussing the mathematics of word embeddings, sequence models and tree structured models and their use in sentiment analysis on the word, sentence and document levels, and fine-grained sentiment analysis. The tutorial covers a range of neural network models (e.g. CNN, RNN, RecNN, LSTM) and their extensions, which are employed in four main subtasks of sentiment analysis:Sentiment-oriented embeddings; Sentence-level sentiment;Document-level sentiment;Fine-grained sentiment.The content of the tutorial is divided into 3 sections of 1 hour each. We assume that the audience is familiar with linear algebra and basic neural network structures, introduce the mathematical details of the most typical models. First, we will introduce the sentiment analysis task, basic concepts related to neural network models for sentiment analysis, and show detail approaches to integrate sentiment information into embeddings. Sentence-level models will be described in the second section. Finally, we will discuss neural network models use for document-level and fine-grained sentiment.",
}
@inproceedings{banchs-2016-continuous,
    title = "Continuous Vector Spaces for Cross-language NLP Applications",
    author = "Banchs, Rafael E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "The mathematical metaphor offered by the geometric concept of distance in vector spaces with respect to semantics and meaning has been proven to be useful in many monolingual natural language processing applications. There is also some recent and strong evidence that this paradigm can also be useful in the cross-language setting. In this tutorial, we present and discuss some of the most recent advances on exploiting the vector space model paradigm in specific cross-language natural language processing applications, along with a comprehensive review of the theoretical background behind them.First, the tutorial introduces some fundamental concepts of distributional semantics and vector space models. More specifically, the concepts of distributional hypothesis and term-document matrices are revised, followed by a brief discussion on linear and non-linear dimensionality reduction techniques and their implications to the parallel distributed approach to semantic cognition. Next, some classical examples of using vector space models in monolingual natural language processing applications are presented. Specific examples in the areas of information retrieval, related term identification and semantic compositionality are described.Then, the tutorial focuses its attention on the use of the vector space model paradigm in cross-language applications. To this end, some recent examples are presented and discussed in detail, addressing the specific problems of cross-language information retrieval, cross-language sentence matching, and machine translation. Some of the most recent developments in the area of Neural Machine Translation are also discussed.Finally, the tutorial concludes with a discussion about current and future research problems related to the use of vector space models in cross-language settings. Future avenues for scientific research are described, with major emphasis on the extension from vector and matrix representations to tensors, as well as the problem of encoding word position information into the vector-based representations.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-feng-2016-methods,
    title = "Methods and Theories for Large-scale Structured Prediction",
    author = "Sun, Xu  and
      Feng, Yansong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Many important NLP tasks are casted as structured prediction problems, and try to predict certain forms of structured output from the input. Examples of structured prediction include POS tagging, named entity recognition, PCFG parsing, dependency parsing, machine translation, and many others. When apply structured prediction to a specific NLP task, there are the following challenges:1. Model selection: Among various models/algorithms with different characteristics, which one should we choose for a specific NLP task?2. Training: How to train the model parameters effectively and efficiently?3. Overfitting: To achieve good accuracy on test data, it is important to control the overfitting from the training data. How to control the overfitting risk for structured prediction?This tutorial will provide a clear overview of recent advances in structured prediction methods and theories, and address the above issues when we apply structured prediction to NLP tasks. We will introduce large margin methods (e.g., perceptrons, MIRA), graphical models (e.g., CRFs), and deep learning methods (e.g., RNN, LSTM), and show the respective advantages and disadvantages for NLP applications. For the training algorithms, we will introduce online/ stochastic training methods, and we will introduce parallel online/stochastic learning algorithms and theories to speed up the training (e.g., the Hogwild algorithm). For controlling the overfitting from training data, we will introduce the weight regularization methods, structure regularization, and implicit regularization methods.",
}
@article{cl-2019-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 45, Issue 1 - March 2019",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "45",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
}
@article{cordeiro-etal-2019-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Compositionality Prediction of Nominal Compounds",
    author = "Cordeiro, Silvio  and
      Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Idiart, Marco  and
      Ramisch, Carlos",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "45",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J19-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00341",
    pages = "1--57",
    abstract = "Nominal compounds such as red wine and nut case display a continuum of compositionality, with varying contributions from the components of the compound to its semantics. This article proposes a framework for compound compositionality prediction using distributional semantic models, evaluating to what extent they capture idiomaticity compared to human judgments. For evaluation, we introduce data sets containing human judgments in three languages: English, French, and Portuguese. The results obtained reveal a high agreement between the models and human predictions, suggesting that they are able to incorporate information about idiomaticity. We also present an in-depth evaluation of various factors that can affect prediction, such as model and corpus parameters and compositionality operations. General crosslingual analyses reveal the impact of morphological variation and corpus size in the ability of the model to predict compositionality, and of a uniform combination of the components for best results.",
}
@article{cheng-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning an Executable Neural Semantic Parser",
    author = "Cheng, Jianpeng  and
      Reddy, Siva  and
      Saraswat, Vijay  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "45",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J19-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00342",
    pages = "59--94",
    abstract = "This article describes a neural semantic parser that maps natural language utterances onto logical forms that can be executed against a task-specific environment, such as a knowledge base or a database, to produce a response. The parser generates tree-structured logical forms with a transition-based approach, combining a generic tree-generation algorithm with domain-general grammar defined by the logical language. The generation process is modeled by structured recurrent neural networks, which provide a rich encoding of the sentential context and generation history for making predictions. To tackle mismatches between natural language and logical form tokens, various attention mechanisms are explored. Finally, we consider different training settings for the neural semantic parser, including fully supervised training where annotated logical forms are given, weakly supervised training where denotations are provided, and distant supervision where only unlabeled sentences and a knowledge base are available. Experiments across a wide range of data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of our parser.",
}
@article{sun-etal-2019-parsing,
    title = "Parsing {C}hinese Sentences with Grammatical Relations",
    author = "Sun, Weiwei  and
      Chen, Yufei  and
      Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Liu, Meichun",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "45",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J19-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00343",
    pages = "95--136",
    abstract = "We report our work on building linguistic resources and data-driven parsers in the grammatical relation (GR) analysis for Mandarin Chinese. Chinese, as an analytic language, encodes grammatical information in a highly configurational rather than morphological way. Accordingly, it is possible and reasonable to represent almost all grammatical relations as bilexical dependencies. In this work, we propose to represent grammatical information using general directed dependency graphs. Both only-local and rich long-distance dependencies are explicitly represented. To create high-quality annotations, we take advantage of an existing TreeBank, namely, Chinese TreeBank (CTB), which is grounded on the Government and Binding theory. We define a set of linguistic rules to explore CTB{'}s implicit phrase structural information and build deep dependency graphs. The reliability of this linguistically motivated GR extraction procedure is highlighted by manual evaluation. Based on the converted corpus, data-driven, including graph- and transition-based, models are explored for Chinese GR parsing. For graph-based parsing, a new perspective, graph merging, is proposed for building flexible dependency graphs: constructing complex graphs via constructing simple subgraphs. Two key problems are discussed in this perspective: (1) how to decompose a complex graph into simple subgraphs, and (2) how to combine subgraphs into a coherent complex graph. For transition-based parsing, we introduce a neural parser based on a list-based transition system. We also discuss several other key problems, including dynamic oracle and beam search for neural transition-based parsing. Evaluation gauges how successful GR parsing for Chinese can be by applying data-driven models. The empirical analysis suggests several directions for future study.",
}
@article{list-2019-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Inference of Sound Correspondence Patterns across Multiple Languages",
    author = "List, Johann-Mattis",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "45",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J19-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00344",
    pages = "137--161",
    abstract = "Sound correspondence patterns play a crucial role for linguistic reconstruction. Linguists use them to prove language relationship, to reconstruct proto-forms, and for classical phylogenetic reconstruction based on shared innovations. Cognate words that fail to conform with expected patterns can further point to various kinds of exceptions in sound change, such as analogy or assimilation of frequent words. Here I present an automatic method for the inference of sound correspondence patterns across multiple languages based on a network approach. The core idea is to represent all columns in aligned cognate sets as nodes in a network with edges representing the degree of compatibility between the nodes. The task of inferring all compatible correspondence sets can then be handled as the well-known minimum clique cover problem in graph theory, which essentially seeks to split the graph into the smallest number of cliques in which each node is represented by exactly one clique. The resulting partitions represent all correspondence patterns that can be inferred for a given data set. By excluding those patterns that occur in only a few cognate sets, the core of regularly recurring sound correspondences can be inferred. Based on this idea, the article presents a method for automatic correspondence pattern recognition, which is implemented as part of a Python library which supplements the article. To illustrate the usefulness of the method, I present how the inferred patterns can be used to predict words that have not been observed before.",
}
@article{wu-etal-2019-sequential,
    title = "A Sequential Matching Framework for Multi-Turn Response Selection in Retrieval-Based Chatbots",
    author = "Wu, Yu  and
      Wu, Wei  and
      Xing, Chen  and
      Xu, Can  and
      Li, Zhoujun  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "45",
    number = "1",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J19-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli_a_00345",
    pages = "163--197",
    abstract = "We study the problem of response selection for multi-turn conversation in retrieval-based chatbots. The task involves matching a response candidate with a conversation context, the challenges for which include how to recognize important parts of the context, and how to model the relationships among utterances in the context. Existing matching methods may lose important information in contexts as we can interpret them with a unified framework in which contexts are transformed to fixed-length vectors without any interaction with responses before matching. This motivates us to propose a new matching framework that can sufficiently carry important information in contexts to matching and model relationships among utterances at the same time. The new framework, which we call a sequential matching framework (SMF), lets each utterance in a context interact with a response candidate at the first step and transforms the pair to a matching vector. The matching vectors are then accumulated following the order of the utterances in the context with a recurrent neural network (RNN) that models relationships among utterances. Context-response matching is then calculated with the hidden states of the RNN. Under SMF, we propose a sequential convolutional network and sequential attention network and conduct experiments on two public data sets to test their performance. Experiment results show that both models can significantly outperform state-of-the-art matching methods. We also show that the models are interpretable with visualizations that provide us insights on how they capture and leverage important information in contexts for matching.",
}
@proceedings{jep-taln-recital-2014-taln,
    title = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    author = "Blache, Philippe  and
      B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Bigi, Brigitte",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1000",
}
@inproceedings{marchand-etal-2014-study,
    title = "Study of Domain Dependant Multi-Polarity Words for Document Level Opinion Mining (Influence des marqueurs multi-polaires d{\'e}pendant du domaine pour la fouille d{'}opinion au niveau du texte) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Marchand, Morgane  and
      Besan{\c{c}}on, Romaric  and
      Mesnard, Olivier  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1001",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{bougouin-etal-2014-impact,
    title = "The impact of domains for Keyphrase extraction (Influence des domaines de sp{\'e}cialit{\'e} dans l{'}extraction de termes-cl{\'e}s) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bougouin, Adrien  and
      Boudin, Florian  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1002",
    pages = "13--24",
}
@inproceedings{boros-etal-2014-event,
    title = "Event Role Labelling using a Neural Network Model ({\'E}tiquetage en r{\^o}les {\'e}v{\'e}nementiels fond{\'e} sur l{'}utilisation d{'}un mod{\`e}le neuronal) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Boro{\c{s}}, Emanuela  and
      Besan{\c{c}}on, Romaric  and
      Ferret, Olivier  and
      Grau, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1003",
    pages = "25--35",
}
@inproceedings{lechelle-langlais-2014-using,
    title = "Using distributed word representations for robust semantic role labeling (Utilisation de repr{\'e}sentations de mots pour l{'}{\'e}tiquetage de r{\^o}les s{\'e}mantiques suivant {F}rame{N}et) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "L{\'e}chelle, William  and
      Langlais, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1004",
    pages = "36--45",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-plas-apidianaki-2014-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Word Sense Disambiguation for Predicate Labelling of {F}rench",
    author = "van der Plas, Lonneke  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1005",
    pages = "46--55",
}
@inproceedings{urieli-2014-better,
    title = "Better pos-tagging for {``}que{''} through targeted features and rules (Am{\'e}liorer l{'}{\'e}tiquetage de {``}que{''} par les descripteurs cibl{\'e}s et les r{\`e}gles) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Urieli, Assaf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1006",
    pages = "56--66",
}
@inproceedings{villemonte-de-la-clergerie-2014-playing,
    title = "Playing with parsers (Jouer avec des analyseurs syntaxiques) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Villemonte de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1007",
    pages = "67--78",
}
@inproceedings{polguere-2014-principles,
    title = "Principles of Lexical Network Systemic Modeling (Principes de mod{\'e}lisation syst{\'e}mique des r{\'e}seaux lexicaux) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Polgu{\`e}re, Alain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1008",
    pages = "79--90",
}
@inproceedings{gala-etal-2014-model,
    title = "A model to predict lexical complexity and to grade words (Un mod{\`e}le pour pr{\'e}dire la complexit{\'e} lexicale et graduer les mots) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gala, N{\'u}ria  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas  and
      Bernhard, Delphine  and
      Fairon, C{\'e}drick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1009",
    pages = "91--102",
}
@inproceedings{ramadier-etal-2014-annotations,
    title = "Annotations and inference of relations in a lexical semantic network : Applied to radiology (Annotations et inf{\'e}rences de relations dans un r{\'e}seau lexico-s{\'e}mantique: application {\`a} la radiologie) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ramadier, Lionel  and
      Zarrouk, Manel  and
      Lafourcade, Mathieu  and
      Micheau, Antoine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1010",
    pages = "103--112",
}
@inproceedings{pironneau-etal-2014-pronoun,
    title = "Pronoun Anaphora Resolution for Automatic Correction of Grammatical Errors (Correction automatique par r{\'e}solution d{'}anaphores pronominales) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Pironneau, Maud  and
      Brunelle, {\'E}ric  and
      Charest, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1011",
    pages = "113--124",
}
@inproceedings{tellier-etal-2014-chunk,
    title = "Can we chunk well with bad {POS} labels? (Peut-on bien chunker avec de mauvaises {\'e}tiquettes {POS} ?) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Tellier, Isabelle  and
      Eshkol-Taravella, Iris  and
      Dupont, Yoann  and
      Wang, Ilaine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1012",
    pages = "125--136",
}
@inproceedings{baranes-sagot-2014-analogy,
    title = "Analogy-based Text Normalization : the case of unknowns words (Normalisation de textes par analogie: le cas des mots inconnus) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Baranes, Marion  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1013",
    pages = "137--148",
}
@inproceedings{bride-etal-2014-evaluation,
    title = "An evaluation of various methods for adjective-nouns composition (Une {\'e}valuation approfondie de diff{\'e}rentes m{\'e}thodes de compositionalit{\'e} s{\'e}mantique) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bride, Antoine  and
      Van de Cruys, Tim  and
      Asher, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1014",
    pages = "149--160",
}
@inproceedings{danlos-etal-2014-text,
    title = "Text Generation: Reexamining G-{TAG} with Abstract Categorial Grammars (G{\'e}n{\'e}ration de textes : G-{TAG} revisit{\'e} avec les Grammaires Cat{\'e}gorielles Abstraites) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Danlos, Laurence  and
      Maskharashvili, Aleksandre  and
      Pogodalla, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1015",
    pages = "161--172",
}
@inproceedings{wisniewski-etal-2014-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual {POS} Tagging through Ambiguous Learning: First Experiments (Apprentissage partiellement supervis{\'e} d{'}un {\'e}tiqueteur morpho-syntaxique par transfert cross-lingue) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      P{\'e}cheux, Nicolas  and
      Knyazeva, Elena  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1016",
    pages = "173--183",
}
@inproceedings{hernandez-2014-building,
    title = "Building Monolingual Comparable and Annotated Corpora: An experimental study from a pos tagged corpus (Construire un corpus monolingue annot{\'e} comparable Exp{\'e}rience {\`a} partir d{'}un corpus annot{\'e} morpho-syntaxiquement) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Hernandez, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1017",
    pages = "184--195",
}
@inproceedings{khouzaimi-etal-2014-simple,
    title = "A simple approach to make dialogue systems incremental (Vers une approche simplifi{\'e}e pour introduire le caract{\`e}re incr{\'e}mental dans les syst{\`e}mes de dialogue) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Khouzaimi, Hatim  and
      Laroche, Romain  and
      Lef{\`e}vre, Fabrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1018",
    pages = "196--207",
}
@inproceedings{hathout-namer-2014-demonette,
    title = "The D{\'e}monette Lexical Database: between Constructional Semantics and Word Formation (La base lexicale D{\'e}monette : entre s{\'e}mantique constructionnelle et morphologie d{\'e}rivationnelle) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Hathout, Nabil  and
      Namer, Fiammetta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1019",
    pages = "208--219",
}
@inproceedings{claveau-etal-2014-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the neighbor graph to improve distributional thesauri (Explorer le graphe de voisinage pour am{\'e}liorer les th{\'e}saurus distributionnels) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Claveau, Vincent  and
      Kijak, Ewa  and
      Ferret, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1020",
    pages = "220--231",
}
@inproceedings{perinet-hamon-2014-reducing-data,
    title = "Reducing data sparsity by generalising distributional contexts: application to specialised texts (R{\'e}duction de la dispersion des donn{\'e}es par g{\'e}n{\'e}ralisation des contextes distributionnels : application aux textes de sp{\'e}cialit{\'e}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "P{\'e}rinet, Amandine  and
      Hamon, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1021",
    pages = "232--243",
}
@inproceedings{conrath-etal-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised extraction of semantic relations (Extraction non supervis{\'e}e de relations s{\'e}mantiques lexicales) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Conrath, Juliette  and
      Afantenos, Stergos  and
      Asher, Nicholas  and
      Muller, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1022",
    pages = "244--255",
}
@inproceedings{do-etal-2014-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of scheduling methods for the learning rate of neural network language models (Mod{\`e}les de langue neuronaux: une comparaison de plusieurs strat{\'e}gies d{'}apprentissage) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Do, Quoc-Khanh  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1023",
    pages = "256--267",
}
@inproceedings{semmar-saadane-2014-study,
    title = "Study of the impact of proper name transliteration on the performance of word alignment in {F}rench-{A}rabic parallel corpora (Etude de l{'}impact de la translitt{\'e}ration de noms propres sur la qualit{\'e} de l{'}alignement de mots {\`a} partir de corpus parall{\`e}les fran{\c{c}}ais-arabe) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Saadane, Houda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1024",
    pages = "268--279",
}
@inproceedings{gahbiche-braham-etal-2014-topic,
    title = "Topic Adaptation for the Automatic Translation of News Articles (Adaptation th{\'e}matique pour la traduction automatique de d{\'e}p{\^e}ches de presse) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gahbiche-Braham, Souhir  and
      Bonneau-Maynard, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1025",
    pages = "280--291",
}
@inproceedings{amblard-fort-2014-quantitative,
    title = "Quantitative study of disfluencies in schizophrenics{'} speech: Automatize to limit biases ({\'E}tude quantitative des disfluences dans le discours de schizophr{\`e}nes : automatiser pour limiter les biais) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Amblard, Maxime  and
      Fort, Kar{\"e}n},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1026",
    pages = "292--303",
}
@inproceedings{eshkol-taravella-grabar-2014-detection,
    title = "Detection and Analysis of Paraphrastic Reformulations in Spoken Corpora (Rep{\'e}rage et analyse de la reformulation paraphrastique dans les corpus oraux) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Eshkol-Taravella, Iris  and
      Grabar, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1027",
    pages = "304--315",
}
@inproceedings{ayed-etal-2014-evaluation,
    title = {Evaluation of a possibilistic classification approach for {A}rabic texts disambiguation (Evaluation d{'}une approche de classification possibiliste pour la d{\'e}sambigu{\"\i}sation des textes arabes) [in {F}rench]},
    author = "Ayed, Raja  and
      Bounhas, Ibrahim  and
      Elayeb, Bilel  and
      Bellamine Ben Saoud, Narj{\`e}s  and
      Evrard, Fabrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1028",
    pages = "316--327",
}
@inproceedings{crabbe-2014-discriminative,
    title = "A discriminative parser of the {LR} family for phrase structure parsing (Un analyseur discriminant de la famille {LR} pour l{'}analyse en constituants) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Crabb{\'e}, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1029",
    pages = "328--339",
}
@inproceedings{fauconnier-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Document Organizational Structure from Visual and Lexical Markers (D{\'e}tection automatique de la structure organisationnelle de documents {\`a} partir de marqueurs visuels et lexicaux) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Fauconnier, Jean-Philippe  and
      Sorin, Laurent  and
      Kamel, Mouna  and
      Mojahid, Mustapha  and
      Aussenac-Gilles, Nathalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1030",
    pages = "340--351",
}
@inproceedings{prost-2014-exact,
    title = "Exact Grammaticality of Likely Parse Tree (Jugement exact de grammaticalit{\'e} d{'}arbre syntaxique probable) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Prost, Jean-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1031",
    pages = "352--362",
}
@inproceedings{billami-etal-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Annotation and Terminology Validation in full scientific articles in Social Sciences and Humanities (Annotation s{\'e}mantique et validation terminologique en texte int{\'e}gral en {SHS}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Billami, Mokhtar-Boumedyen  and
      Camacho-Collados, Jos{\'e}  and
      Jacquey, Evelyne  and
      Kister, Laurence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1032",
    pages = "363--376",
}
@inproceedings{roze-etal-2014-identification,
    title = "Identification of Shell Nouns, Signals of Discourse Organisation (Identification des noms sous-sp{\'e}cifi{\'e}s, signaux de l{'}organisation discursive) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Roze, Charlotte  and
      Charnois, Thierry  and
      Legallois, Dominique  and
      Ferrari, St{\'e}phane  and
      Salles, Mathilde",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-1033",
    pages = "377--388",
}
@proceedings{jep-taln-recital-2014-taln-2014,
    title = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    author = "Blache, Philippe  and
      B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Bigi, Brigitte",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2000",
}
@inproceedings{besacier-2014-machine,
    title = "Machine translation for litterature: a pilot study (Traduction automatis{\'e}e d{'}une oeuvre litt{\'e}raire: une {\'e}tude pilote) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Besacier, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2001",
    pages = "389--394",
}
@inproceedings{gong-etal-2014-towards,
    title = "Towards a More Efficient Development of Statistical Machine Translation Systems (Vers un d{\'e}veloppement plus efficace des syst{\`e}mes de traduction statistique : un peu de vert dans un monde de {BLEU}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gong, Li  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2002",
    pages = "395--400",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2014-going,
    title = "On-going Cooperative Research towards Developing Economy-Oriented {C}hinese-{F}rench {SMT} Systems with a New {SMT} Framework",
    author = "Chen, Yidong  and
      Wang, Lingxiao  and
      Boitet, Christian  and
      Shi, Xiaodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2003",
    pages = "401--406",
}
@inproceedings{lossio-ventura-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Term Extraction Combining Different Information (Extraction automatique de termes combinant diff{\'e}rentes informations) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Lossio-Ventura, Juan Antonio  and
      Jonquet, Clement  and
      Roche, Mathieu  and
      Teisseire, Maguelonne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2004",
    pages = "407--412",
}
@inproceedings{boye-kupsc-2014-automated,
    title = "Automated Analysis for Stem Spaces: the case of {F}rench verbs (Analyse automatique d{'}espaces th{\'e}matiques) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Boy{\'e}, Gilles  and
      Kup{\'s}{\'c}, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2005",
    pages = "413--418",
}
@inproceedings{milena-castellanos-paez-2014-extraction,
    title = "Extraction and representation of support verb constructions in {S}panish (Extraction et repr{\'e}sentation des constructions {\`a} verbe support en espagnol) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Milena Castellanos P{\'a}ez, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2006",
    pages = "419--424",
}
@inproceedings{sagot-etal-2014-sub,
    title = "Sub-categorization in {`}pour{'} and lexical syntax (Sous-cat{\'e}gorisation en pour et syntaxe lexicale) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Danlos, Laurence  and
      Colinet, Margot",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2007",
    pages = "425--430",
}
@inproceedings{falk-etal-2014-part,
    title = "Part of Speech Tagging for New Words ({\'E}tiquetage morpho-syntaxique pour des mots nouveaux) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Falk, Ingrid  and
      Bernhard, Delphine  and
      G{\'e}rard, Christophe  and
      Potier-Ferry, Romain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2008",
    pages = "431--436",
}
@inproceedings{sagot-gabor-2014-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition and Correction in {OCR}ized Corpora (D{\'e}tection et correction automatique d{'}entit{\'e}s nomm{\'e}es dans des corpus {OCR}is{\'e}s) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      G{\'a}bor, Kata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2009",
    pages = "437--442",
}
@inproceedings{chennoufi-mazroui-2014-smoothing,
    title = "Smoothing methods for a morpho-statistical approach of automatic diacritization {A}rabic texts (M{\'e}thodes de lissage d{'}une approche morpho-statistique pour la voyellation automatique des textes arabes) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Chennoufi, Amine  and
      Mazroui, Azzeddine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2010",
    pages = "443--448",
}
@inproceedings{falco-etal-2014-user,
    title = "User evaluation of a multiple answer extraction system on the Web ({\'E}valuation d{'}un syst{\`e}me d{'}extraction de r{\'e}ponses multiples sur le Web par comparaison {\`a} des humains) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Falco, Mathieu-Henri  and
      Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2011",
    pages = "449--454",
}
@inproceedings{schluter-2014-centrality,
    title = "Centrality Measures for Non-Contextual Graph-Based Unsupervised Single Document Keyword Extraction",
    author = "Schluter, Natalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2012",
    pages = "455--460",
}
@inproceedings{kessler-etal-2014-music,
    title = "Music period detection of music collections using learning techniques (D{\'e}tection de p{\'e}riodes musicales d{'}une collection de musique par apprentissage) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Kessler, R{\'e}my  and
      B{\'e}chet, Nicolas  and
      Laplante, Audrey  and
      Forest, Dominic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2013",
    pages = "461--466",
}
@inproceedings{francois-etal-2014-amesure,
    title = "{AM}esure: a readability formula for administrative texts ({AMESURE}: une plateforme de lisibilit{\'e} pour les textes administratifs) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas  and
      Brouwers, Laetitia  and
      Naets, Hubert  and
      Fairon, C{\'e}drick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2014",
    pages = "467--472",
}
@inproceedings{brun-roux-2014-decomposing,
    title = "Decomposing Hashtags to Improve Tweet Polarity Classification (D{\'e}composition des « hash tags » pour l{'}am{\'e}lioration de la classification en polarit{\'e} des « tweets ») [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Brun, Caroline  and
      Roux, Claude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2015",
    pages = "473--478",
}
@inproceedings{langlet-clavel-2014-modelling,
    title = "Modelling agent{'}s questions for analysing user{'}s affects, appreciations and judgements in human-agent interaction (Mod{\'e}lisation des questions de l{'}agent pour l{'}analyse des affects, jugements et appr{\'e}ciations de l{'}utilisateur dans les interactions humain-agent) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Langlet, Caroline  and
      Clavel, Chlo{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2016",
    pages = "479--484",
}
@inproceedings{barthelemy-2014-kng,
    title = "{KNG}: a Tool for Writing Easily Transducer Cascades ({KNG}: un outil pour l{'}{\'e}criture facile de cascades de transducteurs) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Barth{\'e}lemy, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2017",
    pages = "485--490",
}
@inproceedings{blin-2014-comparing,
    title = "Comparing two analyzers of {J}apanese corpora for helping linguists: {M}e{C}ab and Sagace (Comparaison de deux outils d{'}analyse de corpus japonais pour l{'}aide au linguiste, Sagace et Mecab) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Blin, Raoul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2018",
    pages = "491--498",
}
@inproceedings{barreca-christodoulides-2014-multi,
    title = "A multi-level multimedia concordancer for spoken language corpora (Un concordancier multi-niveaux et multim{\'e}dia pour des corpus oraux) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Barreca, Giulia  and
      Christodoulides, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2019",
    pages = "499--504",
}
@inproceedings{brusini-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning simulation of nominal/verbal contexts through n-grams (Simulation de l{'}apprentissage des contextes nominaux/verbaux par n-grammes) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Brusini, Perrine  and
      Amsili, Pascal  and
      Chemla, Emmanuel  and
      Christophe, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2020",
    pages = "505--510",
}
@inproceedings{ollagnier-etal-2014-impact,
    title = "Impact of the nature and size of the training set on performance in the automatic detection of named entities (Impact de la nature et de la taille des corpus d{'}apprentissage sur les performances dans la d{\'e}tection automatique des entit{\'e}s nomm{\'e}es) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Ollagnier, Ana{\"\i}s  and
      Fournier, S{\'e}bastien  and
      Bellot, Patrice  and
      B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2021",
    pages = "511--516",
}
@inproceedings{talha-etal-2014-neram,
    title = "{NERAM} : Named Entity Recognition for {AM}azighe language ({RENAM}: Syst{\`e}me de Reconnaissance des Entit{\'e}s Nomm{\'e}es Amazighes) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Talha, Meryem  and
      Boulaknadel, Siham  and
      Aboutajdine, Driss",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2022",
    pages = "517--524",
}
@inproceedings{falk-etal-2014-culinary,
    title = "From the Culinary to the Political Meaning of {``}quenelle{''} : Using Topic Models For Identifying Novel Senses (De la quenelle culinaire {\`a} la quenelle politique : identification de changements s{\'e}mantiques {\`a} l{'}aide des Topic Models) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Falk, Ingrid  and
      Bernhard, Delphine  and
      G{\'e}rard, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2023",
    pages = "525--530",
}
@inproceedings{filhol-2014-non,
    title = "Non-linear recursive grammar for Sign languages (Grammaire r{\'e}cursive non lin{\'e}aire pour les langues des signes) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Filhol, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2024",
    pages = "531--536",
}
@inproceedings{dubot-etal-2014-supporting,
    title = "Supporting Sign Languages Exploratory Linguistics with an Automatization of the Annotation Process (Vers un traitement automatique en soutien d{'}une linguistique exploratoire des Langues des Signes) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Dubot, R{\'e}mi  and
      Curiel, Arturo  and
      Collet, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2025",
    pages = "537--542",
}
@inproceedings{oufaida-etal-2014-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Summarization Experiments on {E}nglish, {A}rabic and {F}rench (R{\'e}sum{\'e} Automatique Multilingue Exp{\'e}rimentations sur l{'}Anglais, l{'}Arabe et le Fran{\c{c}}ais) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Oufaida, Houda  and
      Nouali, Omar  and
      Blache, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2026",
    pages = "543--549",
}
@inproceedings{bois-etal-2014-porting,
    title = "Porting a Summarizer to the {F}rench Language",
    author = "Bois, R{\'e}mi  and
      Leveling, Johannes  and
      Goeuriot, Lorraine  and
      Jones, Gareth J. F.  and
      Kelly, Liadh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2027",
    pages = "550--555",
}
@inproceedings{bigi-watanabe-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting multi-annotated speech data (Extraction de donn{\'e}es orales multi-annot{\'e}es) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bigi, Brigitte  and
      Watanabe, Tatsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2028",
    pages = "556--561",
}
@inproceedings{lefeuvre-etal-2014-tense,
    title = "Tense and Time Annotations : a Contribution to {T}ime{ML} Improvement (Annotation de la temporalit{\'e} en corpus : contribution {\`a} l{'}am{\'e}lioration de la norme {T}ime{ML}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Lefeuvre, Ana{\"\i}s  and
      Antoine, Jean-Yves  and
      Savary, Agata  and
      Schang, Emmanuel  and
      Abouda, Lotfi  and
      Maurel, Denis  and
      Eshkol, Iris},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2029",
    pages = "562--567",
}
@inproceedings{deleger-neveol-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic identification of document sections for designing a {F}rench clinical corpus (Identification automatique de zones dans des documents pour la constitution d{'}un corpus m{\'e}dical en fran{\c{c}}ais) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Del{\'e}ger, Louise  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2030",
    pages = "568--573",
}
@inproceedings{perrier-etal-2014-annotation,
    title = "Annotation scheme for deep dependency syntax of {F}rench (Un sch{\'e}ma d{'}annotation en d{\'e}pendances syntaxiques profondes pour le fran{\c{c}}ais) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Perrier, Guy  and
      Candito, Marie  and
      Guillaume, Bruno  and
      Ribeyre, Corentin  and
      Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2031",
    pages = "574--579",
}
@inproceedings{omodei-etal-2014-argumentative,
    title = "Argumentative analysis of the {ACL} Anthology (Analyse argumentative du corpus de l{'}{ACL} ({ACL} Anthology)) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Omodei, Elisa  and
      Guo, Yufan  and
      Cointet, Jean-Philippe  and
      Poibeau, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2032",
    pages = "580--585",
}
@inproceedings{lux-pogodalla-2014-integrating,
    title = "Integrating lexicographic examples in a lexical network (Int{\'e}gration relationnelle des exemples lexicographiques dans un r{\'e}seau lexical) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Lux-Pogodalla, Veronika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2033",
    pages = "586--591",
}
@inproceedings{lafourcade-etal-2014-colors,
    title = "Colors of People (Les couleurs des gens) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Lafourcade, Mathieu  and
      Le Brun, Nathalie  and
      Zampa, Virginie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2034",
    pages = "592--597",
}
@inproceedings{nasiruddin-etal-2014-word,
    title = "Word Sense Induction for Lexical Resource Enrichment (Induction de sens pour enrichir des ressources lexicales) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Nasiruddin, Mohammad  and
      Schwab, Didier  and
      Tchechmedjiev, Andon  and
      S{\'e}rasset, Gilles  and
      Blanchon, Herv{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2035",
    pages = "598--603",
}
@inproceedings{trouilleux-2014-dictionary,
    title = "A dictionary and a grammar of {F}rench compounds (Un dictionnaire et une grammaire de compos{\'e}s fran{\c{c}}ais) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Trouilleux, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-2036",
    pages = "604--609",
}
@proceedings{jep-taln-recital-2014-taln-2014-3,
    title = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    author = "de Montcheuil, Gr{\'e}goire  and
      Bigi, Brigitte",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-3000",
}
@inproceedings{pierrel-2014-ortolang,
    title = "{ORTOLANG} an infrastructure for sharing of written and speech language resources ({ORTOLANG} : une infrastructure de mutualisation de ressources linguistiques {\'e}crites et orales) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Pierrel, Jean-Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-3001",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{chardon-etal-2014-utilisabilite,
    title = "Utilisabilit{\'e} d{'}une ressource propri{\'e}taire riche dans le cadre de la classification de documents [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Chardon, Baptiste  and
      Saint-Maxent, Louis  and
      S{\'e}gu{\'e}la, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-3002",
    pages = "3--8",
}
@inproceedings{laroche-2014-cfast,
    title = "{CFA}s{T}: Content-Finder {A}ssistan{T} [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Laroche, Romain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-3003",
    pages = "9--10",
}
@inproceedings{jaccarini-gaubert-2014-kawakib,
    title = "Kaw{\^a}kib, a Tool Providing Feedback Between Grammar and {A}rabic Corpus for the Building of a Theoritical Model (D{\'e}monstration de Kaw{\^a}kib, outil permettant d{'}assurer le feedback entre grammaire et corpus arabe pour l{'}{\'e}laboration d{'}un mod{\`e}le th{\'e}orique) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Jaccarini, Andr{\'e}  and
      Gaubert, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-3004",
    pages = "11--12",
}
@inproceedings{dany-ghalamallah-2014-owi,
    title = "{OWI}.{C}hat : a semantic assistance for chat customer service agents ({OWI}.{C}hat : Assistance s{\'e}mantique pour un conseiller Chat, gr{\^a}ce {\`a} la th{\'e}orie {OWI}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Dany, Christophe  and
      Ghalamallah, Ilh{\`e}me",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-3005",
    pages = "13--14",
}
@inproceedings{fort-etal-2014-zombilingo,
    title = "{ZOMBILINGO}: eating heads to perform dependency syntax annotation ({ZOMBILINGO} : manger des t{\^e}tes pour annoter en syntaxe de d{\'e}pendances) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Guillaume, Bruno  and
      Stern, Valentin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-3006",
    pages = "15--16",
}
@inproceedings{chaumartin-2014-ubiq,
    title = "{U}biq: a platform for crawling, analyzing and exploiting corpora ({U}biq : une plateforme de collecte, analyse et valorisation des corpus) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Chaumartin, Fran{\c{c}}ois-R{\'e}gis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-3007",
    pages = "17--18",
}
@inproceedings{gotti-lapalme-2014-tool,
    title = "A Tool for the Automatic Insertion of Diacritics in {F}rench (Zodiac : Insertion automatique des signes diacritiques du fran{\c{c}}ais) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gotti, Fabrizio  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-3008",
    pages = "19--20",
}
@inproceedings{embarek-2014-stam,
    title = "The {STAM} System (Le syst{\`e}me {STAM}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Embarek, Mehdi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-3009",
    pages = "21--22",
}
@inproceedings{khouzaimi-etal-2014-dictanum,
    title = "{D}icta{N}um: a dialogue system for numbers dictation ({D}icta{N}um : syst{\`e}me de dialogue incr{\'e}mental pour la dict{\'e}e de num{\'e}ros.) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Khouzaimi, Hatim  and
      Laroche, Romain  and
      Lef{\`e}vre, Fabrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-3010",
    pages = "23--25",
}
@inproceedings{gong-etal-2014-much,
    title = "(Much) Faster Construction of {SMT} Phrase Tables from Large-scale Parallel Corpora (Construction (tr{\`e}s) rapide de tables de traduction {\`a} partir de grands bi-textes) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gong, Li  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-3011",
    pages = "26--27",
}
@inproceedings{ekeinhor-komi-etal-2014-enia,
    title = "{E}nia : A customizable multi-domain assistant (Un assistant vocal personnalisable) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ekeinhor-Komi, Tatiana  and
      Falih, Hajar  and
      Chardenon, Christine  and
      Laroche, Romain  and
      Lefevre, Fabrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-3012",
    pages = "28--29",
}
@inproceedings{chudy-etal-2014-cello,
    title = "{CELLO}: Understanding the responses of data to requests ({CELLO} : comprendre les r{\'e}ponses des donn{\'e}es aux requ{\^e}tes) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Chudy, Yannick  and
      Desalle, Yann  and
      Gaume, Bruno  and
      Navarro, Emmanuel  and
      Magistry, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-3013",
    pages = "30--39",
}
@inproceedings{dupont-tellier-2014-named,
    title = "A Named Entity recognizer for {F}rench (Un reconnaisseur d{'}entit{\'e}s nomm{\'e}es du Fran{\c{c}}ais) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Dupont, Yoann  and
      Tellier, Isabelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-3014",
    pages = "40--41",
}
@proceedings{jep-taln-recital-2014-taln-2014-4,
    title = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 4: RECITAL - Student Research Workshop)",
    author = "Gala, N{\'u}ria  and
      Peshkov, Klim  and
      Bigi, Brigitte",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-4000",
}
@inproceedings{michalon-2014-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic modeling of the syntax semantic interface using probabilistic context free grammars, Experiments with {F}rame{N}et (Mod{\'e}lisation probabiliste de l{'}interface syntaxe s{\'e}mantique {\`a} l{'}aide de grammaires hors contexte probabilistes Exp{\'e}riences avec {F}rame{N}et) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Michalon, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 4: RECITAL - Student Research Workshop)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-4001",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{djemaa-2014-addressing,
    title = "Addressing object predicative complements in a {F}rench {F}rame{N}et (Traitement {F}rame{N}et des constructions {\`a} attribut de l{'}objet) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Djemaa, Marianne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 4: RECITAL - Student Research Workshop)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-4002",
    pages = "13--24",
}
@inproceedings{latour-2014-distinctions,
    title = "Distinctions in the Formulation of Information Needs in Natural Language; Construction of a Task-Based User Profile Database (Expressions diff{\'e}renci{\'e}es des besoins informationnels en Langue Naturelle : construction de profils utilisateurs en fonction des t{\^a}ches de recherche d{'}informations) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Latour, Marilyne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 4: RECITAL - Student Research Workshop)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-4003",
    pages = "25--36",
}
@inproceedings{wandji-tchami-2014-descriptive,
    title = "The descriptive approaches of the verb in Linguistics, Terminology and {NLP} (Les mod{\`e}les de description du verbe dans les travaux de Linguistique, Terminologie et {TAL}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Wandji Tchami, Ornella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 4: RECITAL - Student Research Workshop)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-4004",
    pages = "37--48",
}
@inproceedings{tafforeau-2014-deep,
    title = "Deep Neural Network applied to Part-of-Speech Tagging (R{\'e}seau de neurones profond pour l{'}{\'e}tiquetage morpho-syntaxique) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Tafforeau, J{\'e}r{\'e}mie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 4: RECITAL - Student Research Workshop)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-4005",
    pages = "49--58",
}
@inproceedings{korenchuk-2014-terminology,
    title = "Terminology Extraction: Towards Resource Minimization (Extraction terminologique : vers la minimisation de ressources) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Korenchuk, Yuliya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 4: RECITAL - Student Research Workshop)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-4006",
    pages = "59--70",
}
@inproceedings{hadjadj-2014-description,
    title = "Description of structures of time (in {F}rench sign language) based on a formal grammar (Une description des structures de la dur{\'e}e en Langue des Signes Fran{\c{c}}aise {\`a} partir d{'}une grammaire formelle) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Hadjadj, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 4: RECITAL - Student Research Workshop)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-4007",
    pages = "71--80",
}
@inproceedings{letard-2014-natural,
    title = "Natural Human-Machine Interaction for Manipulating Formal Language: Bootstrapping with Mapping (Interaction homme-machine en domaine large {\`a} l{'}aide du langage naturel : une amorce par mise en correspondance) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Letard, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 4: RECITAL - Student Research Workshop)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-4008",
    pages = "81--91",
}
@inproceedings{ollinger-2014-merging,
    title = "Merging structures of lexical derivations by analogical reasoning (Regroupement de structures de d{\'e}rivations lexicales par raisonnement analogique) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ollinger, Sandrine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 4: RECITAL - Student Research Workshop)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-4009",
    pages = "92--103",
}
@inproceedings{trione-2014-extraction,
    title = "Extraction methods for automatic summarization of spoken conversations from call centers (M{\'e}thodes par extraction pour le r{\'e}sum{\'e} automatique de conversations parl{\'e}es provenant de centres d{'}appels) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Trione, J{\'e}r{\'e}my",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 4: RECITAL - Student Research Workshop)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-4010",
    pages = "104--111",
}
@inproceedings{hmida-2014-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-Rich Contexts Extraction from Comparable Corpora (Identification de Contextes Riches en Connaissances en corpus comparable) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Hmida, Firas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 4: RECITAL - Student Research Workshop)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-4011",
    pages = "112--123",
}
@inproceedings{bensalem-bahloul-elkarwi-2014-induction,
    title = "Induction of a variable granularity property grammar from the {A}rabic Treebank {ATB} (Induction d{'}une grammaire de propri{\'e}t{\'e}s {\`a} granularit{\'e} variable {\`a} partir du treebank arabe {ATB}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bensalem Bahloul, Raja  and
      Elkarwi, Marwa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2014 (Volume 4: RECITAL - Student Research Workshop)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F14-4012",
    pages = "124--135",
}
@article{tacl-2019-transactions,
    title = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Volume 7",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
}
@article{rozovskaya-roth-2019-grammar,
    title = "Grammar Error Correction in Morphologically Rich Languages: The Case of {R}ussian",
    author = "Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Roth, Dan",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00251",
    pages = "1--17",
    abstract = "Until now, most of the research in grammar error correction focused on English, and the problem has hardly been explored for other languages. We address the task of correcting writing mistakes in morphologically rich languages, with a focus on Russian. We present a corrected and error-tagged corpus of Russian learner writing and develop models that make use of existing state-of-the-art methods that have been well studied for English. Although impressive results have recently been achieved for grammar error correction of non-native English writing, these results are limited to domains where plentiful training data are available. Because annotation is extremely costly, these approaches are not suitable for the majority of domains and languages. We thus focus on methods that use {``}minimal supervision{''}; that is, those that do not rely on large amounts of annotated training data, and show how existing minimal-supervision approaches extend to a highly inflectional language such as Russian. The results demonstrate that these methods are particularly useful for correcting mistakes in grammatical phenomena that involve rich morphology.",
}
@article{song-etal-2019-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Neural Machine Translation Using {AMR}",
    author = "Song, Linfeng  and
      Gildea, Daniel  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Wang, Zhiguo  and
      Su, Jinsong",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00252",
    pages = "19--31",
    abstract = "It is intuitive that semantic representations can be useful for machine translation, mainly because they can help in enforcing meaning preservation and handling data sparsity (many sentences correspond to one meaning) of machine translation models. On the other hand, little work has been done on leveraging semantics for neural machine translation (NMT). In this work, we study the usefulness of AMR (abstract meaning representation) on NMT. Experiments on a standard English-to-German dataset show that incorporating AMR as additional knowledge can significantly improve a strong attention-based sequence-to-sequence neural translation model.",
}
@article{more-etal-2019-joint,
    title = "Joint Transition-Based Models for Morpho-Syntactic Parsing: Parsing Strategies for {MRL}s and a Case Study from Modern {H}ebrew",
    author = "More, Amir  and
      Seker, Amit  and
      Basmova, Victoria  and
      Tsarfaty, Reut",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00253",
    pages = "33--48",
    abstract = "In standard NLP pipelines, morphological analysis and disambiguation (MA{\&}D) precedes syntactic and semantic downstream tasks. However, for languages with complex and ambiguous word-internal structure, known as morphologically rich languages (MRLs), it has been hypothesized that syntactic context may be crucial for accurate MA{\&}D, and vice versa. In this work we empirically confirm this hypothesis for Modern Hebrew, an MRL with complex morphology and severe word-level ambiguity, in a novel transition-based framework. Specifically, we propose a joint morphosyntactic transition-based framework which formally unifies two distinct transition systems, morphological and syntactic, into a single transition-based system with joint training and joint inference. We empirically show that MA{\&}D results obtained in the joint settings outperform MA{\&}D results obtained by the respective standalone components, and that end-to-end parsing results obtained by our joint system present a new state of the art for Hebrew dependency parsing.",
}
@article{belinkov-glass-2019-analysis,
    title = "Analysis Methods in Neural Language Processing: A Survey",
    author = "Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      Glass, James",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00254",
    pages = "49--72",
    abstract = "The field of natural language processing has seen impressive progress in recent years, with neural network models replacing many of the traditional systems. A plethora of new models have been proposed, many of which are thought to be opaque compared to their feature-rich counterparts. This has led researchers to analyze, interpret, and evaluate neural networks in novel and more fine-grained ways. In this survey paper, we review analysis methods in neural language processing, categorize them according to prominent research trends, highlight existing limitations, and point to potential directions for future work.",
}
@article{coavoux-etal-2019-unlexicalized,
    title = "Unlexicalized Transition-based Discontinuous Constituency Parsing",
    author = "Coavoux, Maximin  and
      Crabb{\'e}, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Cohen, Shay B.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00255",
    pages = "73--89",
    abstract = "Lexicalized parsing models are based on the assumptions that (i) constituents are organized around a lexical head and (ii) bilexical statistics are crucial to solve ambiguities. In this paper, we introduce an unlexicalized transition-based parser for discontinuous constituency structures, based on a structure-label transition system and a bi-LSTM scoring system. We compare it with lexicalized parsing models in order to address the question of lexicalization in the context of discontinuous constituency parsing. Our experiments show that unlexicalized models systematically achieve higher results than lexicalized models, and provide additional empirical evidence that lexicalization is not necessary to achieve strong parsing results. Our best unlexicalized model sets a new state of the art on English and German discontinuous constituency treebanks. We further provide a per-phenomenon analysis of its errors on discontinuous constituents.",
}
@article{zhou-etal-2019-synchronous,
    title = "Synchronous Bidirectional Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhou, Long  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1006",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00256",
    pages = "91--105",
    abstract = "Existing approaches to neural machine translation (NMT) generate the target language sequence token-by-token from left to right. However, this kind of unidirectional decoding framework cannot make full use of the target-side future contexts which can be produced in a right-to-left decoding direction, and thus suffers from the issue of unbalanced outputs. In this paper, we introduce a synchronous bidirectional{--}neural machine translation (SB-NMT) that predicts its outputs using left-to-right and right-to-left decoding simultaneously and interactively, in order to leverage both of the history and future information at the same time. Specifically, we first propose a new algorithm that enables synchronous bidirectional decoding in a single model. Then, we present an interactive decoding model in which left-to-right (right-to-left) generation does not only depend on its previously generated outputs, but also relies on future contexts predicted by right-to-left (left-to-right) decoding. We extensively evaluate the proposed SB-NMT model on large-scale NIST Chinese{--}English, WMT14 English{--}German, and WMT18 Russian{--}English translation tasks. Experimental results demonstrate that our model achieves significant improvements over the strong Transformer model by 3.92, 1.49, and 1.04 BLEU points, respectively, and obtains the state-of-the-art performance on Chinese{--}English and English{--}German translation tasks.",
}
@article{jawanpuria-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning Multilingual Word Embeddings in Latent Metric Space: A Geometric Approach",
    author = "Jawanpuria, Pratik  and
      Balgovind, Arjun  and
      Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Mishra, Bamdev",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1007",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00257",
    pages = "107--120",
    abstract = "We propose a novel geometric approach for learning bilingual mappings given monolingual embeddings and a bilingual dictionary. Our approach decouples the source-to-target language transformation into (a) language-specific rotations on the original embeddings to align them in a common, latent space, and (b) a language-independent similarity metric in this common space to better model the similarity between the embeddings. Overall, we pose the bilingual mapping problem as a classification problem on smooth Riemannian manifolds. Empirically, our approach outperforms previous approaches on the bilingual lexicon induction and cross-lingual word similarity tasks. We next generalize our framework to represent multiple languages in a common latent space. Language-specific rotations for all the languages and a common similarity metric in the latent space are learned jointly from bilingual dictionaries for multiple language pairs. We illustrate the effectiveness of joint learning for multiple languages in an indirect word translation setting.",
}
@article{dangovski-etal-2019-rotational,
    title = "Rotational Unit of Memory: A Novel Representation Unit for {RNN}s with Scalable Applications",
    author = "Dangovski, Rumen  and
      Jing, Li  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Tatalovi{\'c}, Mi{\'c}o  and
      Solja{\v{c}}i{\'c}, Marin",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1008",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00258",
    pages = "121--138",
    abstract = "Stacking long short-term memory (LSTM) cells or gated recurrent units (GRUs) as part of a recurrent neural network (RNN) has become a standard approach to solving a number of tasks ranging from language modeling to text summarization. Although LSTMs and GRUs were designed to model long-range dependencies more accurately than conventional RNNs, they nevertheless have problems copying or recalling information from the long distant past. Here, we derive a phase-coded representation of the memory state, Rotational Unit of Memory (RUM), that unifies the concepts of unitary learning and associative memory. We show experimentally that RNNs based on RUMs can solve basic sequential tasks such as memory copying and memory recall much better than LSTMs/GRUs. We further demonstrate that by replacing LSTM/GRU with RUM units we can apply neural networks to real-world problems such as language modeling and text summarization, yielding results comparable to the state of the art.",
}
@article{pappas-henderson-2019-gile,
    title = "{GILE}: A Generalized Input-Label Embedding for Text Classification",
    author = "Pappas, Nikolaos  and
      Henderson, James",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1009",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00259",
    pages = "139--155",
    abstract = "Neural text classification models typically treat output labels as categorical variables that lack description and semantics. This forces their parametrization to be dependent on the label set size, and, hence, they are unable to scale to large label sets and generalize to unseen ones. Existing joint input-label text models overcome these issues by exploiting label descriptions, but they are unable to capture complex label relationships, have rigid parametrization, and their gains on unseen labels happen often at the expense of weak performance on the labels seen during training. In this paper, we propose a new input-label model that generalizes over previous such models, addresses their limitations, and does not compromise performance on seen labels. The model consists of a joint nonlinear input-label embedding with controllable capacity and a joint-space-dependent classification unit that is trained with cross-entropy loss to optimize classification performance. We evaluate models on full-resource and low- or zero-resource text classification of multilingual news and biomedical text with a large label set. Our model outperforms monolingual and multilingual models that do not leverage label semantics and previous joint input-label space models in both scenarios.",
}
@article{chandlee-jardine-2019-autosegmental,
    title = "Autosegmental Input Strictly Local Functions",
    author = "Chandlee, Jane  and
      Jardine, Adam",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1010",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00260",
    pages = "157--168",
    abstract = "Autosegmental representations (ARs; Goldsmith, 1976) are claimed to enable local analyses of otherwise non-local phenomena Odden (1994). Focusing on the domain of tone, we investigate this ability of ARs using a computationally well-defined notion of locality extended from Chandlee (2014). The result is a more nuanced understanding of the way in which ARs interact with phonological locality.",
}
@article{arnold-etal-2019-sector,
    title = "{SECTOR}: A Neural Model for Coherent Topic Segmentation and Classification",
    author = {Arnold, Sebastian  and
      Schneider, Rudolf  and
      Cudr{\'e}-Mauroux, Philippe  and
      Gers, Felix A.  and
      L{\"o}ser, Alexander},
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1011",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00261",
    pages = "169--184",
    abstract = "When searching for information, a human reader first glances over a document, spots relevant sections, and then focuses on a few sentences for resolving her intention. However, the high variance of document structure complicates the identification of the salient topic of a given section at a glance. To tackle this challenge, we present SECTOR, a model to support machine reading systems by segmenting documents into coherent sections and assigning topic labels to each section. Our deep neural network architecture learns a latent topic embedding over the course of a document. This can be leveraged to classify local topics from plain text and segment a document at topic shifts. In addition, we contribute WikiSection, a publicly available data set with 242k labeled sections in English and German from two distinct domains: diseases and cities. From our extensive evaluation of 20 architectures, we report a highest score of 71.6{\%} F1 for the segmentation and classification of 30 topics from the English city domain, scored by our SECTOR long short-term memory model with Bloom filter embeddings and bidirectional segmentation. This is a significant improvement of 29.5 points F1 over state-of-the-art CNN classifiers with baseline segmentation.",
}
@article{saha-etal-2019-complex,
    title = "Complex Program Induction for Querying Knowledge Bases in the Absence of Gold Programs",
    author = "Saha, Amrita  and
      Ansari, Ghulam Ahmed  and
      Laddha, Abhishek  and
      Sankaranarayanan, Karthik  and
      Chakrabarti, Soumen",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1012",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00262",
    pages = "185--200",
    abstract = "Recent years have seen increasingly complex question-answering on knowledge bases (KBQA) involving logical, quantitative, and comparative reasoning over KB subgraphs. Neural Program Induction (NPI) is a pragmatic approach toward modularizing the reasoning process by translating a complex natural language query into a multi-step executable program. While NPI has been commonly trained with the {`}{`}gold{'}{'} program or its sketch, for realistic KBQA applications such gold programs are expensive to obtain. There, practically only natural language queries and the corresponding answers can be provided for training. The resulting combinatorial explosion in program space, along with extremely sparse rewards, makes NPI for KBQA ambitious and challenging. We present Complex Imperative Program Induction from Terminal Rewards (CIPITR), an advanced neural programmer that mitigates reward sparsity with auxiliary rewards, and restricts the program space to semantically correct programs using high-level constraints, KB schema, and inferred answer type. CIPITR solves complex KBQA considerably more accurately than key-value memory networks and neural symbolic machines (NSM). For moderately complex queries requiring 2- to 5-step programs, CIPITR scores at least 3{\mbox{$\times$}} higher F1 than the competing systems. On one of the hardest class of programs (comparative reasoning) with 5{--}10 steps, CIPITR outperforms NSM by a factor of 89 and memory networks by 9 times.",
}
@article{kim-etal-2019-categorical,
    title = "Categorical Metadata Representation for Customized Text Classification",
    author = "Kim, Jihyeok  and
      Amplayo, Reinald Kim  and
      Lee, Kyungjae  and
      Sung, Sua  and
      Seo, Minji  and
      Hwang, Seung-won",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1013",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00263",
    pages = "201--215",
    abstract = "The performance of text classification has improved tremendously using intelligently engineered neural-based models, especially those injecting categorical metadata as additional information, e.g., using user/product information for sentiment classification. This information has been used to modify parts of the model (e.g., word embeddings, attention mechanisms) such that results can be customized according to the metadata. We observe that current representation methods for categorical metadata, which are devised for human consumption, are not as effective as claimed in popular classification methods, outperformed even by simple concatenation of categorical features in the final layer of the sentence encoder. We conjecture that categorical features are harder to represent for machine use, as available context only indirectly describes the category, and even such context is often scarce (for tail category). To this end, we propose using basis vectors to effectively incorporate categorical metadata on various parts of a neural-based model. This additionally decreases the number of parameters dramatically, especially when the number of categorical features is large. Extensive experiments on various data sets with different properties are performed and show that through our method, we can represent categorical metadata more effectively to customize parts of the model, including unexplored ones, and increase the performance of the model greatly.",
}
@article{sun-etal-2019-dream,
    title = "{DREAM}: A Challenge Data Set and Models for Dialogue-Based Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Sun, Kai  and
      Yu, Dian  and
      Chen, Jianshu  and
      Yu, Dong  and
      Choi, Yejin  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1014",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00264",
    pages = "217--231",
    abstract = "We present DREAM, the first dialogue-based multiple-choice reading comprehension data set. Collected from English as a Foreign Language examinations designed by human experts to evaluate the comprehension level of Chinese learners of English, our data set contains 10,197 multiple-choice questions for 6,444 dialogues. In contrast to existing reading comprehension data sets, DREAM is the first to focus on in-depth multi-turn multi-party dialogue understanding. DREAM is likely to present significant challenges for existing reading comprehension systems: 84{\%} of answers are non-extractive, 85{\%} of questions require reasoning beyond a single sentence, and 34{\%} of questions also involve commonsense knowledge. We apply several popular neural reading comprehension models that primarily exploit surface information within the text and find them to, at best, just barely outperform a rule-based approach. We next investigate the effects of incorporating dialogue structure and different kinds of general world knowledge into both rule-based and (neural and non-neural) machine learning-based reading comprehension models. Experimental results on the DREAM data set show the effectiveness of dialogue structure and general world knowledge. DREAM is available at https://dataset.org/dream/.",
}
@article{jehl-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning Neural Sequence-to-Sequence Models from Weak Feedback with Bipolar Ramp Loss",
    author = "Jehl, Laura  and
      Lawrence, Carolin  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1015",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00265",
    pages = "233--248",
    abstract = "In many machine learning scenarios, supervision by gold labels is not available and conse quently neural models cannot be trained directly by maximum likelihood estimation. In a weak supervision scenario, metric-augmented objectives can be employed to assign feedback to model outputs, which can be used to extract a supervision signal for training. We present several objectives for two separate weakly supervised tasks, machine translation and semantic parsing. We show that objectives should actively discourage negative outputs in addition to promoting a surrogate gold structure. This notion of bipolarity is naturally present in ramp loss objectives, which we adapt to neural models. We show that bipolar ramp loss objectives outperform other non-bipolar ramp loss objectives and minimum risk training on both weakly supervised tasks, as well as on a supervised machine translation task. Additionally, we introduce a novel token-level ramp loss objective, which is able to outperform even the best sequence-level ramp loss on both weakly supervised tasks.",
}
@article{reddy-etal-2019-coqa,
    title = "{C}o{QA}: A Conversational Question Answering Challenge",
    author = "Reddy, Siva  and
      Chen, Danqi  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1016",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00266",
    pages = "249--266",
    abstract = "Humans gather information through conversations involving a series of interconnected questions and answers. For machines to assist in information gathering, it is therefore essential to enable them to answer conversational questions. We introduce CoQA, a novel dataset for building Conversational Question Answering systems. Our dataset contains 127k questions with answers, obtained from 8k conversations about text passages from seven diverse domains. The questions are conversational, and the answers are free-form text with their corresponding evidence highlighted in the passage. We analyze CoQA in depth and show that conversational questions have challenging phenomena not present in existing reading comprehension datasets (e.g., coreference and pragmatic reasoning). We evaluate strong dialogue and reading comprehension models on CoQA. The best system obtains an F1 score of 65.4{\%}, which is 23.4 points behind human performance (88.8{\%}), indicating that there is ample room for improvement. We present CoQA as a challenge to the community at https://stanfordnlp.github.io/coqa.",
}
@article{zeng-etal-2019-say,
    title = "What You Say and How You Say it: Joint Modeling of Topics and Discourse in Microblog Conversations",
    author = "Zeng, Jichuan  and
      Li, Jing  and
      He, Yulan  and
      Gao, Cuiyun  and
      Lyu, Michael R.  and
      King, Irwin",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1017",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00267",
    pages = "267--281",
    abstract = "This paper presents an unsupervised framework for jointly modeling topic content and discourse behavior in microblog conversations. Concretely, we propose a neural model to discover word clusters indicating what a conversation concerns (i.e., topics) and those reflecting how participants voice their opinions (i.e., discourse).1 Extensive experiments show that our model can yield both coherent topics and meaningful discourse behavior. Further study shows that our topic and discourse representations can benefit the classification of microblog messages, especially when they are jointly trained with the classifier.Our data sets and code are available at: http://github.com/zengjichuan/Topic{\_}Disc.",
}
@article{nederhof-2019-calculating,
    title = "Calculating the Optimal Step in Shift-Reduce Dependency Parsing: From Cubic to Linear Time",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1018",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00268",
    pages = "283--296",
    abstract = "We present a new cubic-time algorithm to calculate the optimal next step in shift-reduce dependency parsing, relative to ground truth, commonly referred to as dynamic oracle. Unlike existing algorithms, it is applicable if the training corpus contains non-projective structures. We then show that for a projective training corpus, the time complexity can be improved from cubic to linear.",
}
@article{guo-etal-2019-densely,
    title = "Densely Connected Graph Convolutional Networks for Graph-to-Sequence Learning",
    author = "Guo, Zhijiang  and
      Zhang, Yan  and
      Teng, Zhiyang  and
      Lu, Wei",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1019",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00269",
    pages = "297--312",
    abstract = "We focus on graph-to-sequence learning, which can be framed as transducing graph structures to sequences for text generation. To capture structural information associated with graphs, we investigate the problem of encoding graphs using graph convolutional networks (GCNs). Unlike various existing approaches where shallow architectures were used for capturing local structural information only, we introduce a dense connection strategy, proposing a novel Densely Connected Graph Convolutional Network (DCGCN). Such a deep architecture is able to integrate both local and non-local features to learn a better structural representation of a graph. Our model outperforms the state-of-the-art neural models significantly on AMR-to-text generation and syntax-based neural machine translation.",
}
@article{sperber-etal-2019-attention,
    title = "Attention-Passing Models for Robust and Data-Efficient End-to-End Speech Translation",
    author = "Sperber, Matthias  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1020",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00270",
    pages = "313--325",
    abstract = "Speech translation has traditionally been approached through cascaded models consisting of a speech recognizer trained on a corpus of transcribed speech, and a machine translation system trained on parallel texts. Several recent works have shown the feasibility of collapsing the cascade into a single, direct model that can be trained in an end-to-end fashion on a corpus of translated speech. However, experiments are inconclusive on whether the cascade or the direct model is stronger, and have only been conducted under the unrealistic assumption that both are trained on equal amounts of data, ignoring other available speech recognition and machine translation corpora. In this paper, we demonstrate that direct speech translation models require more data to perform well than cascaded models, and although they allow including auxiliary data through multi-task training, they are poor at exploiting such data, putting them at a severe disadvantage. As a remedy, we propose the use of end- to-end trainable models with two attention mechanisms, the first establishing source speech to source text alignments, the second modeling source to target text alignment. We show that such models naturally decompose into multi-task{--}trainable recognition and translation tasks and propose an attention-passing technique that alleviates error propagation issues in a previous formulation of a model with two attention stages. Our proposed model outperforms all examined baselines and is able to exploit auxiliary training data much more effectively than direct attentional models.",
}
@article{cotterell-etal-2019-complexity,
    title = "On the Complexity and Typology of Inflectional Morphological Systems",
    author = "Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Kirov, Christo  and
      Hulden, Mans  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1021",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00271",
    pages = "327--342",
    abstract = "We quantify the linguistic complexity of different languages{'} morphological systems. We verify that there is a statistically significant empirical trade-off between paradigm size and irregularity: A language{'}s inflectional paradigms may be either large in size or highly irregular, but never both. We define a new measure of paradigm irregularity based on the conditional entropy of the surface realization of a paradigm{---} how hard it is to jointly predict all the word forms in a paradigm from the lemma. We estimate irregularity by training a predictive model. Our measurements are taken on large morphological paradigms from 36 typologically diverse languages.",
}
@article{cai-lapata-2019-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-aware Semantic Role Labeling without Parsing",
    author = "Cai, Rui  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1022",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00272",
    pages = "343--356",
    abstract = "In this paper we focus on learning dependency aware representations for semantic role labeling without recourse to an external parser. The backbone of our model is an LSTM-based semantic role labeler jointly trained with two auxiliary tasks: predicting the dependency label of a word and whether there exists an arc linking it to the predicate. The auxiliary tasks provide syntactic information that is specific to semantic role labeling and are learned from training data (dependency annotations) without relying on existing dependency parsers, which can be noisy (e.g., on out-of-domain data or infrequent constructions). Experimental results on the CoNLL-2009 benchmark dataset show that our model outperforms the state of the art in English, and consistently improves performance in other languages, including Chinese, German, and Spanish.",
}
@article{li-etal-2019-generative,
    title = "A Generative Model for Punctuation in Dependency Trees",
    author = "Li, Xiang Lisa  and
      Wang, Dingquan  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1023",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00273",
    pages = "357--373",
    abstract = "Treebanks traditionally treat punctuation marks as ordinary words, but linguists have suggested that a tree{'}s {``}true{''} punctuation marks are not observed (Nunberg, 1990). These latent {``}underlying{''} marks serve to delimit or separate constituents in the syntax tree. When the tree{'}s yield is rendered as a written sentence, a string rewriting mechanism transduces the underlying marks into {``}surface{''} marks, which are part of the observed (surface) string but should not be regarded as part of the tree. We formalize this idea in a generative model of punctuation that admits efficient dynamic programming. We train it without observing the underlying marks, by locally maximizing the incomplete data likelihood (similarly to the EM algorithm). When we use the trained model to reconstruct the tree{'}s underlying punctuation, the results appear plausible across 5 languages, and in particular are consistent with Nunberg{'}s analysis of English. We show that our generative model can be used to beat baselines on punctuation restoration. Also, our reconstruction of a sentence{'}s underlying punctuation lets us appropriately render the surface punctuation (via our trained underlying-to-surface mechanism) when we syntactically transform the sentence.",
}
@article{rajendran-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning End-to-End Goal-Oriented Dialog with Maximal User Task Success and Minimal Human Agent Use",
    author = "Rajendran, Janarthanan  and
      Ganhotra, Jatin  and
      Polymenakos, Lazaros C.",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1024",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00274",
    pages = "375--386",
    abstract = "Neural end-to-end goal-oriented dialog systems showed promise to reduce the workload of human agents for customer service, as well as reduce wait time for users. However, their inability to handle new user behavior at deployment has limited their usage in real world. In this work, we propose an end-to-end trainable method for neural goal-oriented dialog systems that handles new user behaviors at deployment by transferring the dialog to a human agent intelligently. The proposed method has three goals: 1) maximize user{'}s task success by transferring to human agents, 2) minimize the load on the human agents by transferring to them only when it is essential, and 3) learn online from the human agent{'}s responses to reduce human agents{'} load further. We evaluate our proposed method on a modified-bAbI dialog task, which simulates the scenario of new user behaviors occurring at test time. Experimental results show that our proposed method is effective in achieving the desired goals.",
}
@article{dima-etal-2019-word,
    title = "No Word is an Island{---}A Transformation Weighting Model for Semantic Composition",
    author = {Dima, Corina  and
      de Kok, Dani{\"e}l  and
      Witte, Neele  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard},
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1025",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00275",
    pages = "437--451",
    abstract = "Composition models of distributional semantics are used to construct phrase representations from the representations of their words. Composition models are typically situated on two ends of a spectrum. They either have a small number of parameters but compose all phrases in the same way, or they perform word-specific compositions at the cost of a far larger number of parameters. In this paper we propose transformation weighting (TransWeight), a composition model that consistently outperforms existing models on nominal compounds, adjective-noun phrases, and adverb-adjective phrases in English, German, and Dutch. TransWeight drastically reduces the number of parameters needed compared with the best model in the literature by composing similar words in the same way.",
}
@article{kwiatkowski-etal-2019-natural,
    title = "Natural Questions: A Benchmark for Question Answering Research",
    author = "Kwiatkowski, Tom  and
      Palomaki, Jennimaria  and
      Redfield, Olivia  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Parikh, Ankur  and
      Alberti, Chris  and
      Epstein, Danielle  and
      Polosukhin, Illia  and
      Devlin, Jacob  and
      Lee, Kenton  and
      Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Jones, Llion  and
      Kelcey, Matthew  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Dai, Andrew M.  and
      Uszkoreit, Jakob  and
      Le, Quoc  and
      Petrov, Slav",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1026",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00276",
    pages = "453--466",
    abstract = "We present the Natural Questions corpus, a question answering data set. Questions consist of real anonymized, aggregated queries issued to the Google search engine. An annotator is presented with a question along with a Wikipedia page from the top 5 search results, and annotates a long answer (typically a paragraph) and a short answer (one or more entities) if present on the page, or marks null if no long/short answer is present. The public release consists of 307,373 training examples with single annotations; 7,830 examples with 5-way annotations for development data; and a further 7,842 examples with 5-way annotated sequestered as test data. We present experiments validating quality of the data. We also describe analysis of 25-way annotations on 302 examples, giving insights into human variability on the annotation task. We introduce robust metrics for the purposes of evaluating question answering systems; demonstrate high human upper bounds on these metrics; and establish baseline results using competitive methods drawn from related literature.",
}
@article{shwartz-dagan-2019-still,
    title = "Still a Pain in the Neck: Evaluating Text Representations on Lexical Composition",
    author = "Shwartz, Vered  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1027",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00277",
    pages = "403--419",
    abstract = "Building meaningful phrase representations is challenging because phrase meanings are not simply the sum of their constituent meanings. Lexical composition can shift the meanings of the constituent words and introduce implicit information. We tested a broad range of textual representations for their capacity to address these issues. We found that, as expected, contextualized word representations perform better than static word embeddings, more so on detecting meaning shift than in recovering implicit information, in which their performance is still far from that of humans. Our evaluation suite, consisting of six tasks related to lexical composition effects, can serve future research aiming to improve representations.",
}
@article{azpiazu-pera-2019-multiattentive,
    title = "Multiattentive Recurrent Neural Network Architecture for Multilingual Readability Assessment",
    author = "Azpiazu, Ion Madrazo  and
      Pera, Maria Soledad",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1028",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00278",
    pages = "421--436",
    abstract = "We present a multiattentive recurrent neural network architecture for automatic multilingual readability assessment. This architecture considers raw words as its main input, but internally captures text structure and informs its word attention process using other syntax- and morphology-related datapoints, known to be of great importance to readability. This is achieved by a multiattentive strategy that allows the neural network to focus on specific parts of a text for predicting its reading level. We conducted an exhaustive evaluation using data sets targeting multiple languages and prediction task types, to compare the proposed model with traditional, state-of-the-art, and other neural network strategies.",
}
@article{wallace-etal-2019-trick,
    title = "Trick Me If You Can: Human-in-the-Loop Generation of Adversarial Examples for Question Answering",
    author = "Wallace, Eric  and
      Rodriguez, Pedro  and
      Feng, Shi  and
      Yamada, Ikuya  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "7",
    month = mar,
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q19-1029",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00279",
    pages = "387--401",
    abstract = "Adversarial evaluation stress-tests a model{'}s understanding of natural language. Because past approaches expose superficial patterns, the resulting adversarial examples are limited in complexity and diversity. We propose human- in-the-loop adversarial generation, where human authors are guided to break models. We aid the authors with interpretations of model predictions through an interactive user interface. We apply this generation framework to a question answering task called Quizbowl, where trivia enthusiasts craft adversarial questions. The resulting questions are validated via live human{--}computer matches: Although the questions appear ordinary to humans, they systematically stump neural and information retrieval models. The adversarial questions cover diverse phenomena from multi-hop reasoning to entity type distractors, exposing open challenges in robust question answering.",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1996-rocling,
    title = "Proceedings of Rocling {IX} Computational Linguistics Conference {IX}",
    author = "Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{hwang-etal-1996-zhong,
    title = "中文連音二字詞之語音合成 (Coarticulation of Two-Syllable Words in {M}andarin Speech Synthesis) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hwang, Jun-Wen  and
      Yu, Ming-Shing  and
      Hwang, Shyh-Yang  and
      Wu, Ming-Jer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IX} Computational Linguistics Conference {IX}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O96-1001",
    pages = "37--60",
}
@inproceedings{gu-shiu-1996-shi,
    title = "時間比例基週波形內差 {--} 一個國語音節信號合成之新方法 (Time-Proportionated Interpolation of Pitch Waveforms {--} A New Method for {M}andarin Syllable-Signal Synthesis) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Gu, Hung-yan  and
      Shiu, Wen-lung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IX} Computational Linguistics Conference {IX}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O96-1002",
    pages = "61--84",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-1996-zhong,
    title = "中英文文句翻語音系統中連音處理之研究 (A Study on the Coarticulation Generation in {C}hinese-{E}nglish Text to Speech Synthesis) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Chen, Jau-Hung  and
      Lin, Chao-Chun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IX} Computational Linguistics Conference {IX}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O96-1003",
    pages = "85--104",
}
@inproceedings{chien-etal-1996-xun,
    title = "尋易（{C}smart-Ⅱ）：智慧型網路中文資訊檢索系統 (An Intelligent {C}hinese Information Retrieval System for the {I}nternet) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chien, Lee-Feng  and
      Lee, Ming-Jer  and
      Chen, Ming-Chuan  and
      Chen, Hung-Ming  and
      Chen, Ting-Chi  and
      Tung, Wei-Feng  and
      Lee, Hung-Chung  and
      Huang, Duen-Yi  and
      Chang, Yuan-Cheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IX} Computational Linguistics Conference {IX}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O96-1004",
    pages = "121--136",
}
@inproceedings{lee-chen-1996-correcting,
    title = "Correcting {C}hinese Repetition Repairs In Spontaneous Speech",
    author = "Lee, Yue-Shi  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IX} Computational Linguistics Conference {IX}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O96-1005",
    pages = "137--158",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-1996-guo,
    title = "國語語音辨認中多領域語言模型之訓練、偵測與調適 (Training, Detection and Adaptation of Multi-Domain Language Models for {M}andarin Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Sung-Chen  and
      Tsai, Jyi-Lung  and
      Chien, Lee-Feng  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Lee, Lin-Shan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IX} Computational Linguistics Conference {IX}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O96-1006",
    pages = "159--182",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-1996-zhong,
    title = "中英文字檔案區域調整資料壓縮方法 (A Locally Adaptive Data Compression Scheme for {C}hinese-{E}nglish Text Files) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Zhang, Ke-Zhang  and
      Xu, Xiong-Jian  and
      Chu, Shien-Wu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IX} Computational Linguistics Conference {IX}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O96-1007",
    pages = "183--198",
}
@inproceedings{gan-1996-preliminary,
    title = "A Preliminary Study of Disambiguating {VO}-and {VN}-Constructions Using Selection Preferences",
    author = "Gan, Kok-Wee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IX} Computational Linguistics Conference {IX}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O96-1008",
    pages = "233--253",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-1996-yu,
    title = "語料庫在辭典編輯上的運用 (The Application of Language Corpus on Dictionary Editing) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Li-Li  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IX} Computational Linguistics Conference {IX}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O96-1009",
    pages = "255--279",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-etal-1996-yu,
    title = "語料庫為本的語義訊息抽取與辨析以近義詞研究為例 (Synonym Discrimination Based on Corpus) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Tsai, Mei-Chih  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IX} Computational Linguistics Conference {IX}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O96-1010",
    pages = "281--293",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-1996-jie,
    title = "介詞翻譯法則的自動擷取 (Learning to Translate {E}nglish Prepositions) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Jason S.  and
      Hsu, Ruei-Hung  and
      Chen, Huey-Chyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IX} Computational Linguistics Conference {IX}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O96-1011",
    pages = "295--320",
}
@inproceedings{guo-1996-context,
    title = "Context-Centered Template Matching for {C}hinese Lexicon Construction",
    author = "Guo, Jin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IX} Computational Linguistics Conference {IX}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Tainan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O96-1012",
    pages = "321--338",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1996-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 1, Number 1, August 1996",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
}
@inproceedings{lee-juang-1996-survey,
    title = "A Survey on Automatic Speech Recognition with an Illustrative Example on Continuous Speech Recognition of {M}andarin",
    author = "Lee, Chin-Hui  and
      Juang, Biing-Hwang",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 1, Number 1, August 1996",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O96-2001",
    pages = "1--36",
}
@inproceedings{shih-sproat-1996-issues,
    title = "Issues in Text-to-Speech Conversion for {M}andarin",
    author = "Shih, Chilin  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 1, Number 1, August 1996",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O96-2002",
    pages = "37--86",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-1996-mandarin,
    title = "A {M}andarin Text-to-Speech System",
    author = "Chen, Sin-Horng  and
      Hwang, Shaw-Hwa  and
      Wang, Yih-Ru",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 1, Number 1, August 1996",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O96-2003",
    pages = "87--100",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-1996-overview,
    title = "An Overview of Corpus-Based Statistics-Oriented",
    author = "Su, Keh-Yih  and
      Chiang, Tung-Hui  and
      Chang, Jing-Shin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 1, Number 1, August 1996",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O96-2004",
    pages = "101--158",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chen-1996-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach to Machine Translation System Design",
    author = "Chen, Kuang-Hua  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 1, Number 1, August 1996",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O96-2005",
    pages = "159--182",
}
@inproceedings{chen-1996-model,
    title = "A Model for Robust {C}hinese Parser",
    author = "Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 1, Number 1, August 1996",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O96-2006",
    pages = "183--204",
}
@inproceedings{chien-pu-1996-important,
    title = "Important Issues on {C}hinese Information Retrieval",
    author = "Chien, Lee-Feng  and
      Pu, Hsiao-Tieh",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 1, Number 1, August 1996",
    month = aug,
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O96-2007",
    pages = "205--221",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1994-rocling,
    title = "Proceedings of Rocling {VII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VII}",
    author = "Wang, Hsu",
    month = aug,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-1994-guo,
    title = "國語語音辨認中詞群語言模型之分群方法與應用 (Methodology Implementation and Application of Word-Class Based Language Model in {M}andarin Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Yuan-Cheng  and
      Lin, Sung-Chen  and
      Chien, Lee-Feng  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Lee, Lin-Shan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O94-1001",
    pages = "17--34",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-1994-yanhui,
    title = "Yanhui (宴會), a Softwre Based High Performance {M}andarin Text-To-Speech System",
    author = "Choi, John  and
      Hon, Hsiao-Wuen  and
      Lebrun, Jean-Luc  and
      Lee, Sun-Pin  and
      Loudon, Gareth  and
      Phan, Viet-Hoang  and
      S., Yogananthan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O94-1002",
    pages = "35--50",
}
@inproceedings{tang-1994-han,
    title = "漢語語料庫與語法資訊 ({C}hinese Corpus and Grammatical Information) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Tang, Ting-Chi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O94-1003",
    pages = "73--90",
}
@inproceedings{liu-xu-1994-zhong,
    title = "中文動詞的處理{--}詞庫小組動詞系統及動詞大詞典之比較 (The Processing of {C}hinese Verbs: a comparison of the {CKIP} classification and the {C}hinese Verb Dictionary) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Liu, Mei-Juen  and
      Xu, Hui-Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O94-1004",
    pages = "91--110",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-1994-practical,
    title = "A Practical Tagger for {C}hinese Corpora",
    author = "Chen, Keh-jiann  and
      Liu, Shing-Huan  and
      Chang, Li-ping  and
      Chin, Yeh-Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O94-1005",
    pages = "111--126",
}
@inproceedings{kit-1994-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Terminology Extraction For Thematic Corpus Based On Subterm Co-Occurrence",
    author = "Kit, Chun-yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O94-1006",
    pages = "127--134",
}
@inproceedings{chang-lin-1994-estimation,
    title = "An Estimation of the Entropy of {C}hinese {--} A New Approach to Constructing Class-based n-gram Models",
    author = "Chang, Jyun-sheng  and
      Lin, Yuh-Juh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O94-1007",
    pages = "149--169",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-1994-issues,
    title = "Some Issues on Applying {SA}-class Bigram Language Models",
    author = "Lee, Chun-Jen  and
      Shyu, Keh-Hwa  and
      Huang, Eng-Fong  and
      Jeng, Bor-Shenn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O94-1008",
    pages = "171--186",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-1994-text,
    title = "A Text Conversion System Between Simplified and Complex {C}hinese Characters Based on {OCR} Approaches",
    author = "Lee, Chun-Jen  and
      Shyu, Keh-Hwa  and
      Huang, Eng-Fong  and
      Jeng, Bor-Shenn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O94-1009",
    pages = "187--201",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-1994-zhong,
    title = "中文文本人名辨識問題之研究 (Identification of Personal Names in {C}hinese Texts) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lee, Jen-Chang  and
      Lee, Yue-Shi  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O94-1010",
}
@inproceedings{wu-1994-interaction,
    title = "Interaction in Information Retrieval: Discourse Analysis and the Identification of an Elicitation",
    author = "Wu, Mei-Mei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O94-1011",
    pages = "223--241",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1994-rocling-1994,
    title = "{ROCLING} 1994 Poster Papers",
    author = "{}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-1994-computational,
    title = "A Computational Syntax and Its Application to Parsing",
    author = "Hsieh, Hsin-I",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1994 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O94-2001",
    pages = "243--252",
}
@inproceedings{gu-chen-1994-shi,
    title = "使用新式注音鍵盤及複合馬可夫語言模型之中文輸入系統 (A {C}hinese-character Inputting System Using a New Type of Phonetic Keyboard and a Compound {M}arkov Language Model) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Gu, Hung-yan  and
      Chen, Jr-yiau",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1994 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O94-2002",
    pages = "253--262",
}
@inproceedings{chuang-1994-quantitative,
    title = "Quantitative Corpus Analyses of Character Errors in Primary School Students{'} {C}hinese Writings in Taiwan",
    author = "Chuang, Yuang-shan",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1994 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O94-2003",
    pages = "263--272",
}
@inproceedings{luk-1994-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese-Word Segmentation Based On Maximal-Matching And Bigram Techniques",
    author = "Luk, Wing-Pong",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1994 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O94-2004",
    pages = "273--282",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-1994-acquisition,
    title = "The Acquisition and Expansion of Knowledge Data By Analyzing Natural Language-Using Five-Character Kanji ({C}hinese character) strings",
    author = "Tanaka, Yasuhito",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1994 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Hsinchu, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O94-2005",
    pages = "283--292",
}
@proceedings{semeval-2019-joint,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Evang, Kilian  and
      Poria, Soujanya",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1000",
}
@inproceedings{hatty-etal-2019-surel,
    title = "{SUR}el: A Gold Standard for Incorporating Meaning Shifts into Term Extraction",
    author = {H{\"a}tty, Anna  and
      Schlechtweg, Dominik  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1001",
    pages = "1--8",
    abstract = "We introduce SURel, a novel dataset with human-annotated meaning shifts between general-language and domain-specific contexts. We show that meaning shifts of term candidates cause errors in term extraction, and demonstrate that the SURel annotation reflects these errors. Furthermore, we illustrate that SURel enables us to assess optimisations of term extraction techniques when incorporating meaning shifts.",
}
@inproceedings{gari-soler-etal-2019-word,
    title = "Word Usage Similarity Estimation with Sentence Representations and Automatic Substitutes",
    author = "Gar{\'\i} Soler, Aina  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1002",
    pages = "9--21",
    abstract = "Usage similarity estimation addresses the semantic proximity of word instances in different contexts. We apply contextualized (ELMo and BERT) word and sentence embeddings to this task, and propose supervised models that leverage these representations for prediction. Our models are further assisted by lexical substitute annotations automatically assigned to word instances by context2vec, a neural model that relies on a bidirectional LSTM. We perform an extensive comparison of existing word and sentence representations on benchmark datasets addressing both graded and binary similarity.The best performing models outperform previous methods in both settings.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-srikumar-2019-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Context: A New Perspective for Word Embeddings",
    author = "Zhou, Yichu  and
      Srikumar, Vivek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1003",
    pages = "22--32",
    abstract = "Most word embeddings today are trained by optimizing a language modeling goal of scoring words in their context, modeled as a multi-class classification problem. In this paper, we argue that, despite the successes of this assumption, it is incomplete: in addition to its context, orthographical or morphological aspects of words can offer clues about their meaning. We define a new modeling framework for training word embeddings that captures this intuition. Our framework is based on the well-studied problem of multi-label classification and, consequently, exposes several design choices for featurizing words and contexts, loss functions for training and score normalization. Indeed, standard models such as CBOW and fasttext are specific choices along each of these axes. We show via experiments that by combining feature engineering with embedding learning, our method can outperform CBOW using only 10{\%} of the training data in both the standard word embedding evaluations and also text classification experiments.",
}
@inproceedings{sileo-etal-2019-composition,
    title = "Composition of Sentence Embeddings: Lessons from Statistical Relational Learning",
    author = "Sileo, Damien  and
      Van De Cruys, Tim  and
      Pradel, Camille  and
      Muller, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1004",
    pages = "33--43",
    abstract = "Various NLP problems {--} such as the prediction of sentence similarity, entailment, and discourse relations {--} are all instances of the same general task: the modeling of semantic relations between a pair of textual elements. A popular model for such problems is to embed sentences into fixed size vectors, and use composition functions (e.g. concatenation or sum) of those vectors as features for the prediction. At the same time, composition of embeddings has been a main focus within the field of Statistical Relational Learning (SRL) whose goal is to predict relations between entities (typically from knowledge base triples). In this article, we show that previous work on relation prediction between texts implicitly uses compositions from baseline SRL models. We show that such compositions are not expressive enough for several tasks (e.g. natural language inference). We build on recent SRL models to address textual relational problems, showing that they are more expressive, and can alleviate issues from simpler compositions. The resulting models significantly improve the state of the art in both transferable sentence representation learning and relation prediction.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2019-multi,
    title = "Multi-Label Transfer Learning for Multi-Relational Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Zhang, Li  and
      Wilson, Steven  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1005",
    pages = "44--50",
    abstract = "Multi-relational semantic similarity datasets define the semantic relations between two short texts in multiple ways, e.g., similarity, relatedness, and so on. Yet, all the systems to date designed to capture such relations target one relation at a time. We propose a multi-label transfer learning approach based on LSTM to make predictions for several relations simultaneously and aggregate the losses to update the parameters. This multi-label regression approach jointly learns the information provided by the multiple relations, rather than treating them as separate tasks. Not only does this approach outperform the single-task approach and the traditional multi-task learning approach, but it also achieves state-of-the-art performance on all but one relation of the Human Activity Phrase dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{aldarmaki-diab-2019-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Cross-Lingual Transfer of Neural Sentence Embeddings",
    author = "Aldarmaki, Hanan  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1006",
    pages = "51--60",
    abstract = "We develop and investigate several cross-lingual alignment approaches for neural sentence embedding models, such as the supervised inference classifier, InferSent, and sequential encoder-decoder models. We evaluate three alignment frameworks applied to these models: joint modeling, representation transfer learning, and sentence mapping, using parallel text to guide the alignment. Our results support representation transfer as a scalable approach for modular cross-lingual alignment of neural sentence embeddings, where we observe better performance compared to joint models in intrinsic and extrinsic evaluations, particularly with smaller sets of parallel data.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-second,
    title = "Second-order contexts from lexical substitutes for few-shot learning of word representations",
    author = "Liu, Qianchu  and
      McCarthy, Diana  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1007",
    pages = "61--67",
    abstract = "There is a growing awareness of the need to handle rare and unseen words in word representation modelling. In this paper, we focus on few-shot learning of emerging concepts that fully exploits only a few available contexts. We introduce a substitute-based context representation technique that can be applied on an existing word embedding space. Previous context-based approaches to modelling unseen words only consider bag-of-word first-order contexts, whereas our method aggregates contexts as second-order substitutes that are produced by a sequence-aware sentence completion model. We experimented with three tasks that aim to test the modelling of emerging concepts. We found that these tasks show different emphasis on first and second order contexts, and our substitute-based method achieves superior performance on naturally-occurring contexts from corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2019-pre,
    title = "Pre-trained Contextualized Character Embeddings Lead to Major Improvements in Time Normalization: a Detailed Analysis",
    author = "Xu, Dongfang  and
      Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Bethard, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1008",
    pages = "68--74",
    abstract = "Recent studies have shown that pre-trained contextual word embeddings, which assign the same word different vectors in different contexts, improve performance in many tasks. But while contextual embeddings can also be trained at the character level, the effectiveness of such embeddings has not been studied. We derive character-level contextual embeddings from Flair (Akbik et al., 2018), and apply them to a time normalization task, yielding major performance improvements over the previous state-of-the-art: 51{\%} error reduction in news and 33{\%} in clinical notes. We analyze the sources of these improvements, and find that pre-trained contextual character embeddings are more robust to term variations, infrequent terms, and cross-domain changes. We also quantify the size of context that pre-trained contextual character embeddings take advantage of, and show that such embeddings capture features like part-of-speech and capitalization.",
}
@inproceedings{herzig-etal-2019-bot2vec,
    title = "{B}ot2{V}ec: Learning Representations of Chatbots",
    author = "Herzig, Jonathan  and
      Sandbank, Tommy  and
      Shmueli-Scheuer, Michal  and
      Konopnicki, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1009",
    pages = "75--84",
    abstract = "Chatbots (i.e., bots) are becoming widely used in multiple domains, along with supporting bot programming platforms. These platforms are equipped with novel testing tools aimed at improving the quality of individual chatbots. Doing so requires an understanding of what sort of bots are being built (captured by their underlying conversation graphs) and how well they perform (derived through analysis of conversation logs). In this paper, we propose a new model, Bot2Vec, that embeds bots to a compact representation based on their structure and usage logs. Then, we utilize Bot2Vec representations to improve the quality of two bot analysis tasks. Using conversation data and graphs of over than 90 bots, we show that Bot2Vec representations improve detection performance by more than 16{\%} for both tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{lauscher-glavas-2019-consistently,
    title = "Are We Consistently Biased? Multidimensional Analysis of Biases in Distributional Word Vectors",
    author = "Lauscher, Anne  and
      Glava{\v{s}}, Goran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1010",
    pages = "85--91",
    abstract = "Word embeddings have recently been shown to reflect many of the pronounced societal biases (e.g., gender bias or racial bias). Existing studies are, however, limited in scope and do not investigate the consistency of biases across relevant dimensions like embedding models, types of texts, and different languages. In this work, we present a systematic study of biases encoded in distributional word vector spaces: we analyze how consistent the bias effects are across languages, corpora, and embedding models. Furthermore, we analyze the cross-lingual biases encoded in bilingual embedding spaces, indicative of the effects of bias transfer encompassed in cross-lingual transfer of NLP models. Our study yields some unexpected findings, e.g., that biases can be emphasized or downplayed by different embedding models or that user-generated content may be less biased than encyclopedic text. We hope our work catalyzes bias research in NLP and informs the development of bias reduction techniques.",
}
@inproceedings{venkatesaramani-etal-2019-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic Cover Approach for Topic Modeling",
    author = "Venkatesaramani, Rajagopal  and
      Downey, Doug  and
      Malin, Bradley  and
      Vorobeychik, Yevgeniy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1011",
    pages = "92--102",
    abstract = "We introduce a novel topic modeling approach based on constructing a semantic set cover for clusters of similar documents. Specifically, our approach first clusters documents using their Tf-Idf representation, and then covers each cluster with a set of topic words based on semantic similarity, defined in terms of a word embedding. Computing a topic cover amounts to solving a minimum set cover problem. Our evaluation compares our topic modeling approach to Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) on three metrics: 1) qualitative topic match, measured using evaluations by Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) workers, 2) performance on classification tasks using each topic model as a sparse feature representation, and 3) topic coherence. We find that qualitative judgments significantly favor our approach, the method outperforms LDA on topic coherence, and is comparable to LDA on document classification tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{ostermann-etal-2019-mcscript2,
    title = "{MCS}cript2.0: A Machine Comprehension Corpus Focused on Script Events and Participants",
    author = "Ostermann, Simon  and
      Roth, Michael  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1012",
    pages = "103--117",
    abstract = "We introduce MCScript2.0, a machine comprehension corpus for the end-to-end evaluation of script knowledge. MCScript2.0 contains approx. 20,000 questions on approx. 3,500 texts, crowdsourced based on a new collection process that results in challenging questions. Half of the questions cannot be answered from the reading texts, but require the use of commonsense and, in particular, script knowledge. We give a thorough analysis of our corpus and show that while the task is not challenging to humans, existing machine comprehension models fail to perform well on the data, even if they make use of a commonsense knowledge base. The dataset is available at http://www.sfb1102. uni-saarland.de/?page{\_}id=2582",
}
@inproceedings{davis-etal-2019-deconstructing,
    title = "Deconstructing multimodality: visual properties and visual context in human semantic processing",
    author = "Davis, Christopher  and
      Bulat, Luana  and
      Vero, Anita Lilla  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1013",
    pages = "118--124",
    abstract = "Multimodal semantic models that extend linguistic representations with additional perceptual input have proved successful in a range of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Recent research has successfully used neural methods to automatically create visual representations for words. However, these works have extracted visual features from complete images, and have not examined how different kinds of visual information impact performance. In contrast, we construct multimodal models that differentiate between internal visual properties of the objects and their external visual context. We evaluate the models on the task of decoding brain activity associated with the meanings of nouns, demonstrating their advantage over those based on complete images.",
}
@inproceedings{kutuzov-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning Graph Embeddings from {W}ord{N}et-based Similarity Measures",
    author = "Kutuzov, Andrey  and
      Dorgham, Mohammad  and
      Oliynyk, Oleksiy  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Panchenko, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1014",
    pages = "125--135",
    abstract = "We present path2vec, a new approach for learning graph embeddings that relies on structural measures of pairwise node similarities. The model learns representations for nodes in a dense space that approximate a given user-defined graph distance measure, such as e.g. the shortest path distance or distance measures that take information beyond the graph structure into account. Evaluation of the proposed model on semantic similarity and word sense disambiguation tasks, using various WordNet-based similarity measures, show that our approach yields competitive results, outperforming strong graph embedding baselines. The model is computationally efficient, being orders of magnitude faster than the direct computation of graph-based distances.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-paul-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural User Factor Adaptation for Text Classification: Learning to Generalize Across Author Demographics",
    author = "Huang, Xiaolei  and
      Paul, Michael J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1015",
    pages = "136--146",
    abstract = "Language use varies across different demographic factors, such as gender, age, and geographic location. However, most existing document classification methods ignore demographic variability. In this study, we examine empirically how text data can vary across four demographic factors: gender, age, country, and region. We propose a multitask neural model to account for demographic variations via adversarial training. In experiments on four English-language social media datasets, we find that classification performance improves when adapting for user factors.",
}
@inproceedings{nastase-kotnis-2019-abstract,
    title = "Abstract Graphs and Abstract Paths for Knowledge Graph Completion",
    author = "Nastase, Vivi  and
      Kotnis, Bhushan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1016",
    pages = "147--157",
    abstract = "Knowledge graphs, which provide numerous facts in a machine-friendly format, are incomplete. Information that we induce from such graphs {--} e.g. entity embeddings, relation representations or patterns {--} will be affected by the imbalance in the information captured in the graph {--} by biasing representations, or causing us to miss potential patterns. To partially compensate for this situation we describe a method for representing knowledge graphs that capture an intensional representation of the original extensional information. This representation is very compact, and it abstracts away from individual links, allowing us to find better path candidates, as shown by the results of link prediction using this information.",
}
@inproceedings{sarabi-etal-2019-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Negations and their Underlying Positive Interpretations",
    author = "Sarabi, Zahra  and
      Killian, Erin  and
      Blanco, Eduardo  and
      Palmer, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1017",
    pages = "158--167",
    abstract = "Negation often conveys implicit positive meaning. In this paper, we present a corpus of negations and their underlying positive interpretations. We work with negations from Simple Wikipedia, automatically generate potential positive interpretations, and then collect manual annotations that effectively rewrite the negation in positive terms. This procedure yields positive interpretations for approximately 77{\%} of negations, and the final corpus includes over 5,700 negations and over 5,900 positive interpretations. We also present baseline results using seq2seq neural models.",
}
@inproceedings{maguire-2019-enthymemetic,
    title = "Enthymemetic Conditionals",
    author = "Maguire, Eimear",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1018",
    pages = "168--177",
    abstract = "To model conditionals in a way that reflects their acceptability, we must include some means of making judgements about whether antecedent and consequent are meaningfully related or not. Enthymemes are non-logical arguments which do not hold up by themselves, but are acceptable through their relation to a topos, an already-known general principle or pattern for reasoning. This paper uses enthymemes and topoi as a way to model the world-knowledge behind these judgements. In doing so, it provides a reformalisation (in TTR) of enthymemes and topoi as networks rather than functions, and information state update rules for conditionals.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-xue-2019-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Structured Temporal Representation via Crowdsourcing: A Feasibility Study",
    author = "Zhang, Yuchen  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1019",
    pages = "178--185",
    abstract = "Temporal Dependency Trees are a structured temporal representation that represents temporal relations among time expressions and events in a text as a dependency tree structure. Compared to traditional pair-wise temporal relation representations, temporal dependency trees facilitate efficient annotations, higher inter-annotator agreement, and efficient computations. However, annotations on temporal dependency trees so far have only been done by expert annotators, which is costly and time-consuming. In this paper, we introduce a method to crowdsource temporal dependency tree annotations, and show that this representation is intuitive and can be collected with high accuracy and agreement through crowdsourcing. We produce a corpus of temporal dependency trees, and present a baseline temporal dependency parser, trained and evaluated on this new corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{lakshmi-narayan-etal-2019-exploration,
    title = "Exploration of Noise Strategies in Semi-supervised Named Entity Classification",
    author = "Lakshmi Narayan, Pooja  and
      Nagesh, Ajay  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1020",
    pages = "186--191",
    abstract = "Noise is inherent in real world datasets and modeling noise is critical during training as it is effective in regularization. Recently, novel semi-supervised deep learning techniques have demonstrated tremendous potential when learning with very limited labeled training data in image processing tasks. A critical aspect of these semi-supervised learning techniques is augmenting the input or the network with noise to be able to learn robust models. While modeling noise is relatively straightforward in continuous domains such as image classification, it is not immediately apparent how noise can be modeled in discrete domains such as language. Our work aims to address this gap by exploring different noise strategies for the semi-supervised named entity classification task, including statistical methods such as adding Gaussian noise to input embeddings, and linguistically-inspired ones such as dropping words and replacing words with their synonyms. We compare their performance on two benchmark datasets (OntoNotes and CoNLL) for named entity classification. Our results indicate that noise strategies that are linguistically informed perform at least as well as statistical approaches, while being simpler and requiring minimal tuning.",
}
@inproceedings{subramanian-roth-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Generalization in Coreference Resolution via Adversarial Training",
    author = "Subramanian, Sanjay  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1021",
    pages = "192--197",
    abstract = "In order for coreference resolution systems to be useful in practice, they must be able to generalize to new text. In this work, we demonstrate that the performance of the state-of-the-art system decreases when the names of PER and GPE named entities in the CoNLL dataset are changed to names that do not occur in the training set. We use the technique of adversarial gradient-based training to retrain the state-of-the-art system and demonstrate that the retrained system achieves higher performance on the CoNLL dataset (both with and without the change of named entities) and the GAP dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Human Needs Categorization of Events with Semantic Classification",
    author = "Ding, Haibo  and
      Riloff, Ellen  and
      Feng, Zhe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1022",
    pages = "198--204",
    abstract = "Human Needs categories have been used to characterize the reason why an affective event is positive or negative. For example, {``}I got the flu{''} and {``}I got fired{''} are both negative (undesirable) events, but getting the flu is a Health problem while getting fired is a Financial problem. Previous work created learning models to assign events to Human Needs categories based on their words and contexts. In this paper, we introduce an intermediate step that assigns words to relevant semantic concepts. We create lightly supervised models that learn to label words with respect to 10 semantic concepts associated with Human Needs categories, and incorporate these labels as features for event categorization. Our results show that recognizing relevant semantic concepts improves both the recall and precision of Human Needs categorization for events.",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2019-word,
    title = "Word Embeddings (Also) Encode Human Personality Stereotypes",
    author = "Agarwal, Oshin  and
      Durup{\i}nar, Funda  and
      Badler, Norman I.  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1023",
    pages = "205--211",
    abstract = "Word representations trained on text reproduce human implicit bias related to gender, race and age. Methods have been developed to remove such bias. Here, we present results that show that human stereotypes exist even for much more nuanced judgments such as personality, for a variety of person identities beyond the typically legally protected attributes and that these are similarly captured in word representations. Specifically, we collected human judgments about a person{'}s Big Five personality traits formed solely from information about the occupation, nationality or a common noun description of a hypothetical person. Analysis of the data reveals a large number of statistically significant stereotypes in people. We then demonstrate the bias captured in lexical representations is statistically significantly correlated with the documented human bias. Our results, showing bias for a large set of person descriptors for such nuanced traits put in doubt the feasibility of broadly and fairly applying debiasing methods and call for the development of new methods for auditing language technology systems and resources.",
}
@inproceedings{opitz-frank-2019-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Accuracy Prediction for {AMR} Parsing",
    author = "Opitz, Juri  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1024",
    pages = "212--223",
    abstract = "Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) represents sentences as directed, acyclic and rooted graphs, aiming at capturing their meaning in a machine readable format. AMR parsing converts natural language sentences into such graphs. However, evaluating a parser on new data by means of comparison to manually created AMR graphs is very costly. Also, we would like to be able to detect parses of questionable quality, or preferring results of alternative systems by selecting the ones for which we can assess good quality. We propose AMR accuracy prediction as the task of predicting several metrics of correctness for an automatically generated AMR parse {--} in absence of the corresponding gold parse. We develop a neural end-to-end multi-output regression model and perform three case studies: firstly, we evaluate the model{'}s capacity of predicting AMR parse accuracies and test whether it can reliably assign high scores to gold parses. Secondly, we perform parse selection based on predicted parse accuracies of candidate parses from alternative systems, with the aim of improving overall results. Finally, we predict system ranks for submissions from two AMR shared tasks on the basis of their predicted parse accuracy averages. All experiments are carried out across two different domains and show that our method is effective.",
}
@inproceedings{opitz-frank-2019-argument,
    title = "An Argument-Marker Model for Syntax-Agnostic Proto-Role Labeling",
    author = "Opitz, Juri  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1025",
    pages = "224--234",
    abstract = "Semantic proto-role labeling (SPRL) is an alternative to semantic role labeling (SRL) that moves beyond a categorical definition of roles, following Dowty{'}s feature-based view of proto-roles. This theory determines agenthood vs. patienthood based on a participant{'}s instantiation of more or less typical agent vs. patient properties, such as, for example, volition in an event. To perform SPRL, we develop an ensemble of hierarchical models with self-attention and concurrently learned predicate-argument markers. Our method is competitive with the state-of-the art, overall outperforming previous work in two formulations of the task (multi-label and multi-variate Likert scale pre- diction). In contrast to previous work, our results do not depend on gold argument heads derived from supplementary gold tree banks.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2019-probing,
    title = "Probing What Different {NLP} Tasks Teach Machines about Function Word Comprehension",
    author = "Kim, Najoung  and
      Patel, Roma  and
      Poliak, Adam  and
      Xia, Patrick  and
      Wang, Alex  and
      McCoy, Tom  and
      Tenney, Ian  and
      Ross, Alexis  and
      Linzen, Tal  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Bowman, Samuel R.  and
      Pavlick, Ellie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1026",
    pages = "235--249",
    abstract = "We introduce a set of nine challenge tasks that test for the understanding of function words. These tasks are created by structurally mutating sentences from existing datasets to target the comprehension of specific types of function words (e.g., prepositions, wh-words). Using these probing tasks, we explore the effects of various pretraining objectives for sentence encoders (e.g., language modeling, CCG supertagging and natural language inference (NLI)) on the learned representations. Our results show that pretraining on CCG{---}our most syntactic objective{---}performs the best on average across our probing tasks, suggesting that syntactic knowledge helps function word comprehension. Language modeling also shows strong performance, supporting its widespread use for pretraining state-of-the-art NLP models. Overall, no pretraining objective dominates across the board, and our function word probing tasks highlight several intuitive differences between pretraining objectives, e.g., that NLI helps the comprehension of negation.",
}
@inproceedings{yanaka-etal-2019-help,
    title = "{HELP}: A Dataset for Identifying Shortcomings of Neural Models in Monotonicity Reasoning",
    author = "Yanaka, Hitomi  and
      Mineshima, Koji  and
      Bekki, Daisuke  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Abzianidze, Lasha  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1027",
    pages = "250--255",
    abstract = "Large crowdsourced datasets are widely used for training and evaluating neural models on natural language inference (NLI). Despite these efforts, neural models have a hard time capturing logical inferences, including those licensed by phrase replacements, so-called monotonicity reasoning. Since no large dataset has been developed for monotonicity reasoning, it is still unclear whether the main obstacle is the size of datasets or the model architectures themselves. To investigate this issue, we introduce a new dataset, called HELP, for handling entailments with lexical and logical phenomena. We add it to training data for the state-of-the-art neural models and evaluate them on test sets for monotonicity phenomena. The results showed that our data augmentation improved the overall accuracy. We also find that the improvement is better on monotonicity inferences with lexical replacements than on downward inferences with disjunction and modification. This suggests that some types of inferences can be improved by our data augmentation while others are immune to it.",
}
@inproceedings{belinkov-etal-2019-adversarial,
    title = "On Adversarial Removal of Hypothesis-only Bias in Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      Poliak, Adam  and
      Shieber, Stuart  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Rush, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1028",
    pages = "256--262",
    abstract = "Popular Natural Language Inference (NLI) datasets have been shown to be tainted by hypothesis-only biases. Adversarial learning may help models ignore sensitive biases and spurious correlations in data. We evaluate whether adversarial learning can be used in NLI to encourage models to learn representations free of hypothesis-only biases. Our analyses indicate that the representations learned via adversarial learning may be less biased, with only small drops in NLI accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{bernardy-etal-2019-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Inference Semantics: A Modelling System and A Test Suite",
    author = "Bernardy, Jean-Philippe  and
      Blanck, Rasmus  and
      Chatzikyriakidis, Stergios  and
      Lappin, Shalom  and
      Maskharashvili, Aleksandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1029",
    pages = "263--272",
    abstract = "We present BIS, a Bayesian Inference Semantics, for probabilistic reasoning in natural language. The current system is based on the framework of Bernardy et al. (2018), but departs from it in important respects. BIS makes use of Bayesian learning for inferring a hypothesis from premises. This involves estimating the probability of the hypothesis, given the data supplied by the premises of an argument. It uses a syntactic parser to generate typed syntactic structures that serve as input to a model generation system. Sentences are interpreted compositionally to probabilistic programs, and the corresponding truth values are estimated using sampling methods. BIS successfully deals with various probabilistic semantic phenomena, including frequency adverbs, generalised quantifiers, generics, and vague predicates. It performs well on a number of interesting probabilistic reasoning tasks. It also sustains most classically valid inferences (instantiation, de Morgan{'}s laws, etc.). To test BIS we have built an experimental test suite with examples of a range of probabilistic and classical inference patterns.",
}
@inproceedings{subramanian-etal-2019-target,
    title = "Target Based Speech Act Classification in Political Campaign Text",
    author = "Subramanian, Shivashankar  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1030",
    pages = "273--282",
    abstract = "We study pragmatics in political campaign text, through analysis of speech acts and the target of each utterance. We propose a new annotation schema incorporating domain-specific speech acts, such as commissive-action, and present a novel annotated corpus of media releases and speech transcripts from the 2016 Australian election cycle. We show how speech acts and target referents can be modeled as sequential classification, and evaluate several techniques, exploiting contextualized word representations, semi-supervised learning, task dependencies and speaker meta-data.",
}
@inproceedings{sadeque-etal-2019-incivility,
    title = "Incivility Detection in Online Comments",
    author = "Sadeque, Farig  and
      Rains, Stephen  and
      Shmargad, Yotam  and
      Kenski, Kate  and
      Coe, Kevin  and
      Bethard, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1031",
    pages = "283--291",
    abstract = "Incivility in public discourse has been a major concern in recent times as it can affect the quality and tenacity of the discourse negatively. In this paper, we present neural models that can learn to detect name-calling and vulgarity from a newspaper comment section. We show that in contrast to prior work on detecting toxic language, fine-grained incivilities like namecalling cannot be accurately detected by simple models like logistic regression. We apply the models trained on the newspaper comments data to detect uncivil comments in a Russian troll dataset, and find that despite the change of domain, the model makes accurate predictions.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2019-generating,
    title = "Generating Animations from Screenplays",
    author = "Zhang, Yeyao  and
      Tsipidi, Eleftheria  and
      Schriber, Sasha  and
      Kapadia, Mubbasir  and
      Gross, Markus  and
      Modi, Ashutosh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*{SEM} 2019)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-1032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-1032",
    pages = "292--307",
    abstract = "Automatically generating animation from natural language text finds application in a number of areas e.g. movie script writing, instructional videos, and public safety. However, translating natural language text into animation is a challenging task. Existing text-to-animation systems can handle only very simple sentences, which limits their applications. In this paper, we develop a text-to-animation system which is capable of handling complex sentences. We achieve this by introducing a text simplification step into the process. Building on an existing animation generation system for screenwriting, we create a robust NLP pipeline to extract information from screenplays and map them to the system{'}s knowledge base. We develop a set of linguistic transformation rules that simplify complex sentences. Information extracted from the simplified sentences is used to generate a rough storyboard and video depicting the text. Our sentence simplification module outperforms existing systems in terms of BLEU and SARI metrics.We further evaluated our system via a user study: 68{\%} participants believe that our system generates reasonable animation from input screenplays.",
}
@proceedings{semeval-2019-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    author = "May, Jonathan  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Herbelot, Aurelie  and
      Zhu, Xiaodan  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Mohammad, Saif M.",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2000",
}
@inproceedings{hershcovich-etal-2019-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2019 Task 1: Cross-lingual Semantic Parsing with {UCCA}",
    author = "Hershcovich, Daniel  and
      Aizenbud, Zohar  and
      Choshen, Leshem  and
      Sulem, Elior  and
      Rappoport, Ari  and
      Abend, Omri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2001",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "We present the SemEval 2019 shared task on Universal Conceptual Cognitive Annotation (UCCA) parsing in English, German and French, and discuss the participating systems and results. UCCA is a cross-linguistically applicable framework for semantic representation, which builds on extensive typological work and supports rapid annotation. UCCA poses a challenge for existing parsing techniques, as it exhibits reentrancy (resulting in DAG structures), discontinuous structures and non-terminal nodes corresponding to complex semantic units. The shared task has yielded improvements over the state-of-the-art baseline in all languages and settings. Full results can be found in the task{'}s website \url{https://competitions.codalab.org/competitions/19160}.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2019-hlt,
    title = "{HLT}@{SUDA} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 1: {UCCA} Graph Parsing as Constituent Tree Parsing",
    author = "Jiang, Wei  and
      Li, Zhenghua  and
      Zhang, Yu  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2002",
    pages = "11--15",
    abstract = "This paper describes a simple UCCA semantic graph parsing approach. The key idea is to convert a UCCA semantic graph into a constituent tree, in which extra labels are deliberately designed to mark remote edges and discontinuous nodes for future recovery. In this way, we can make use of existing syntactic parsing techniques. Based on the data statistics, we recover discontinuous nodes directly according to the output labels of the constituent parser and use a biaffine classification model to recover the more complex remote edges. The classification model and the constituent parser are simultaneously trained under the multi-task learning framework. We use the multilingual BERT as extra features in the open tracks. Our system ranks the first place in the six English/German closed/open tracks among seven participating systems. For the seventh cross-lingual track, where there is little training data for French, we propose a language embedding approach to utilize English and German training data, and our result ranks the second place.",
}
@inproceedings{qasemizadeh-etal-2019-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2019 Task 2: Unsupervised Lexical Frame Induction",
    author = "QasemiZadeh, Behrang  and
      Petruck, Miriam R. L.  and
      Stodden, Regina  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Candito, Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2003",
    pages = "16--30",
    abstract = "This paper presents Unsupervised Lexical Frame Induction, Task 2 of the International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation in 2019. Given a set of prespecified syntactic forms in context, the task requires that verbs and their arguments be clustered to resemble semantic frame structures. Results are useful in identifying polysemous words, i.e., those whose frame structures are not easily distinguished, as well as discerning semantic relations of the arguments. Evaluation of unsupervised frame induction methods fell into two tracks: Task A) Verb Clustering based on FrameNet 1.7; and B) Argument Clustering, with B.1) based on FrameNet{'}s core frame elements, and B.2) on VerbNet 3.2 semantic roles. The shared task attracted nine teams, of whom three reported promising results. This paper describes the task and its data, reports on methods and resources that these systems used, and offers a comparison to human annotation.",
}
@inproceedings{arefyev-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural {GRANN}y at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 2: A combined approach for better modeling of semantic relationships in semantic frame induction",
    author = "Arefyev, Nikolay  and
      Sheludko, Boris  and
      Davletov, Adis  and
      Kharchev, Dmitry  and
      Nevidomsky, Alex  and
      Panchenko, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2004",
    pages = "31--38",
    abstract = "We describe our solutions for semantic frame and role induction subtasks of SemEval 2019 Task 2. Our approaches got the highest scores, and the solution for the frame induction problem officially took the first place. The main contributions of this paper are related to the semantic frame induction problem. We propose a combined approach that employs two different types of vector representations: dense representations from hidden layers of a masked language model, and sparse representations based on substitutes for the target word in the context. The first one better groups synonyms, the second one is better at disambiguating homonyms. Extending the context to include nearby sentences improves the results in both cases. New Hearst-like patterns for verbs are introduced that prove to be effective for frame induction. Finally, we propose an approach to selecting the number of clusters in agglomerative clustering.",
}
@inproceedings{chatterjee-etal-2019-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: {E}mo{C}ontext Contextual Emotion Detection in Text",
    author = "Chatterjee, Ankush  and
      Narahari, Kedhar Nath  and
      Joshi, Meghana  and
      Agrawal, Puneet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2005",
    pages = "39--48",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present the SemEval-2019 Task 3 - EmoContext: Contextual Emotion Detection in Text. Lack of facial expressions and voice modulations make detecting emotions in text a challenging problem. For instance, as humans, on reading {``}Why don{'}t you ever text me!{''} we can either interpret it as a sad or angry emotion and the same ambiguity exists for machines. However, the context of dialogue can prove helpful in detection of the emotion. In this task, given a textual dialogue i.e. an utterance along with two previous turns of context, the goal was to infer the underlying emotion of the utterance by choosing from four emotion classes - Happy, Sad, Angry and Others. To facilitate the participation in this task, textual dialogues from user interaction with a conversational agent were taken and annotated for emotion classes after several data processing steps. A training data set of 30160 dialogues, and two evaluation data sets, Test1 and Test2, containing 2755 and 5509 dialogues respectively were released to the participants. A total of 311 teams made submissions to this task. The final leader-board was evaluated on Test2 data set, and the highest ranked submission achieved 79.59 micro-averaged F1 score. Our analysis of systems submitted to the task indicate that Bi-directional LSTM was the most common choice of neural architecture used, and most of the systems had the best performance for the Sad emotion class, and the worst for the Happy emotion class.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2019-ana,
    title = "{ANA} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Contextual Emotion detection in Conversations through hierarchical {LSTM}s and {BERT}",
    author = {Huang, Chenyang  and
      Trabelsi, Amine  and
      Za{\"\i}ane, Osmar},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2006",
    pages = "49--53",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system submitted by ANA Team for the SemEval-2019 Task 3: EmoContext. We propose a novel Hierarchi- cal LSTMs for Contextual Emotion Detection (HRLCE) model. It classifies the emotion of an utterance given its conversational con- text. The results show that, in this task, our HRCLE outperforms the most recent state-of- the-art text classification framework: BERT. We combine the results generated by BERT and HRCLE to achieve an overall score of 0.7709 which ranked 5th on the final leader board of the competition among 165 Teams.",
}
@inproceedings{basile-etal-2019-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Multilingual Detection of Hate Speech Against Immigrants and Women in Twitter",
    author = "Basile, Valerio  and
      Bosco, Cristina  and
      Fersini, Elisabetta  and
      Nozza, Debora  and
      Patti, Viviana  and
      Rangel Pardo, Francisco Manuel  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Sanguinetti, Manuela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2007",
    pages = "54--63",
    abstract = "The paper describes the organization of the SemEval 2019 Task 5 about the detection of hate speech against immigrants and women in Spanish and English messages extracted from Twitter. The task is organized in two related classification subtasks: a main binary subtask for detecting the presence of hate speech, and a finer-grained one devoted to identifying further features in hateful contents such as the aggressive attitude and the target harassed, to distinguish if the incitement is against an individual rather than a group. HatEval has been one of the most popular tasks in SemEval-2019 with a total of 108 submitted runs for Subtask A and 70 runs for Subtask B, from a total of 74 different teams. Data provided for the task are described by showing how they have been collected and annotated. Moreover, the paper provides an analysis and discussion about the participant systems and the results they achieved in both subtasks.",
}
@inproceedings{perez-luque-2019-atalaya,
    title = "Atalaya at {S}em{E}val 2019 Task 5: Robust Embeddings for Tweet Classification",
    author = "P{\'e}rez, Juan Manuel  and
      Luque, Franco M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2008",
    pages = "64--69",
    abstract = "In this article, we describe our participation in HatEval, a shared task aimed at the detection of hate speech against immigrants and women. We focused on Spanish subtasks, building from our previous experiences on sentiment analysis in this language. We trained linear classifiers and Recurrent Neural Networks, using classic features, such as bag-of-words, bag-of-characters, and word embeddings, and also with recent techniques such as contextualized word representations. In particular, we trained robust task-oriented subword-aware embeddings and computed tweet representations using a weighted-averaging strategy. In the final evaluation, our systems showed competitive results for both Spanish subtasks ES-A and ES-B, achieving the first and fourth places respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{indurthi-etal-2019-fermi,
    title = "{FERMI} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Using Sentence embeddings to Identify Hate Speech Against Immigrants and Women in Twitter",
    author = "Indurthi, Vijayasaradhi  and
      Syed, Bakhtiyar  and
      Shrivastava, Manish  and
      Chakravartula, Nikhil  and
      Gupta, Manish  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2009",
    pages = "70--74",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system (Fermi) for Task 5 of SemEval-2019: HatEval: Multilingual Detection of Hate Speech Against Immigrants and Women on Twitter. We participated in the subtask A for English and ranked first in the evaluation on the test set. We evaluate the quality of multiple sentence embeddings and explore multiple training models to evaluate the performance of simple yet effective embedding-ML combination algorithms. Our team - Fermi{'}s model achieved an accuracy of 65.00{\%} for English language in task A. Our models, which use pretrained Universal Encoder sentence embeddings for transforming the input and SVM (with RBF kernel) for classification, scored first position (among 68) in the leaderboard on the test set for Subtask A in English language. In this paper we provide a detailed description of the approach, as well as the results obtained in the task.",
}
@inproceedings{zampieri-etal-2019-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Social Media ({O}ffens{E}val)",
    author = "Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Rosenthal, Sara  and
      Farra, Noura  and
      Kumar, Ritesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2010",
    pages = "75--86",
    abstract = "We present the results and the main findings of SemEval-2019 Task 6 on Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Social Media (OffensEval). The task was based on a new dataset, the Offensive Language Identification Dataset (OLID), which contains over 14,000 English tweets, and it featured three sub-tasks. In sub-task A, systems were asked to discriminate between offensive and non-offensive posts. In sub-task B, systems had to identify the type of offensive content in the post. Finally, in sub-task C, systems had to detect the target of the offensive posts. OffensEval attracted a large number of participants and it was one of the most popular tasks in SemEval-2019. In total, nearly 800 teams signed up to participate in the task and 115 of them submitted results, which are presented and analyzed in this report.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-nuli,
    title = "{NULI} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Transfer Learning for Offensive Language Detection using Bidirectional Transformers",
    author = "Liu, Ping  and
      Li, Wen  and
      Zou, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2011",
    pages = "87--91",
    abstract = "Transfer learning and domain adaptive learning have been applied to various fields including computer vision (e.g., image recognition) and natural language processing (e.g., text classification). One of the benefits of transfer learning is to learn effectively and efficiently from limited labeled data with a pre-trained model. In the shared task of identifying and categorizing offensive language in social media, we preprocess the dataset according to the language behaviors on social media, and then adapt and fine-tune the Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformer (BERT) pre-trained by Google AI Language team. Our team NULI wins the first place (1st) in Sub-task A - Offensive Language Identification and is ranked 4th and 18th in Sub-task B - Automatic Categorization of Offense Types and Sub-task C - Offense Target Identification respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{lyu-etal-2019-cuny,
    title = "{CUNY}-{PKU} Parser at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 1: Cross-Lingual Semantic Parsing with {UCCA}",
    author = "Lyu, Weimin  and
      Huang, Sheng  and
      Khan, Abdul Rafae  and
      Zhang, Shengqiang  and
      Sun, Weiwei  and
      Xu, Jia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2012",
    pages = "92--96",
    abstract = "This paper describes the systems of the CUNY-PKU team in SemEval 2019 Task 1: Cross-lingual Semantic Parsing with UCCA. We introduce a novel model by applying a cascaded MLP and BiLSTM model. Then, we ensemble multiple system-outputs by reparsing. In particular, we introduce a new decoding algorithm for building the UCCA representation. Our system won the first place in one track (French-20K-Open), second places in four tracks (English-Wiki-Open, English-20K-Open, German-20K-Open, and German-20K-Closed), and third place in one track (English-20K-Closed), among all seven tracks.",
}
@inproceedings{tuan-nguyen-tran-2019-dangnt,
    title = "{DANGNT}@{UIT}.{VNU}-{HCM} at {S}em{E}val 2019 Task 1: Graph Transformation System from {S}tanford Basic Dependencies to Universal Conceptual Cognitive Annotation ({UCCA})",
    author = "Tuan Nguyen, Dang  and
      Tran, Trung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2013",
    pages = "97--101",
    abstract = "This paper describes the graph transfor-mation system (GT System) for SemEval 2019 Task 1: Cross-lingual Semantic Parsing with Universal Conceptual Cognitive Annotation (UCCA)1. The input of GT System is a pair of text and its unannotated xml, which is a layer 0 part of UCCA form. The output of GT System is the corresponding full UCCA xml. Based on the idea of graph illustration and transformation, we perform four main tasks when building GT System. At the first task, we illustrate the graph form of stanford dependencies2 of input text. We then transform into an intermediate graph in the second task. At the third task, we continue to transform into ouput graph form. Finally, we create the output UCCA xml. The evaluation results show that our method generates good-quality UCCA xml and has a meaningful contribution to the semantic represetation sub-field in Natural Language Processing.",
}
@inproceedings{taslimipoor-etal-2019-gcn,
    title = "{GCN}-Sem at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 1: Semantic Parsing using Graph Convolutional and Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Taslimipoor, Shiva  and
      Rohanian, Omid  and
      Mo{\v{z}}e, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2014",
    pages = "102--106",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system submitted to the SemEval 2019 shared task 1 {`}Cross-lingual Semantic Parsing with UCCA{'}. We rely on the semantic dependency parse trees provided in the shared task which are converted from the original UCCA files and model the task as tagging. The aim is to predict the graph structure of the output along with the types of relations among the nodes. Our proposed neural architecture is composed of Graph Convolution and BiLSTM components. The layers of the system share their weights while predicting dependency links and semantic labels. The system is applied to the CONLLU format of the input data and is best suited for semantic dependency parsing.",
}
@inproceedings{marzinotto-etal-2019-maskparse,
    title = "{M}ask{P}arse@Deskin at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 1: Cross-lingual {UCCA} Semantic Parsing using Recursive Masked Sequence Tagging",
    author = "Marzinotto, Gabriel  and
      Heinecke, Johannes  and
      Damnati, G{\'e}raldine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2015",
    pages = "107--112",
    abstract = "This paper describes our recursive system for SemEval-2019 Task 1: Cross-lingual Semantic Parsing with UCCA. Each recursive step consists of two parts. We first perform semantic parsing using a sequence tagger to estimate the probabilities of the UCCA categories in the sentence. Then, we apply a decoding policy which interprets these probabilities and builds the graph nodes. Parsing is done recursively, we perform a first inference on the sentence to extract the main scenes and links and then we recursively apply our model on the sentence using a masking features that reflects the decisions made in previous steps. Process continues until the terminal nodes are reached. We chose a standard neural tagger and we focus on our recursive parsing strategy and on the cross lingual transfer problem to develop a robust model for the French language, using only few training samples",
}
@inproceedings{putz-glocker-2019-tupa,
    title = {T{\"u}pa at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task1: (Almost) feature-free Semantic Parsing},
    author = {P{\"u}tz, Tobias  and
      Glocker, Kevin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2016",
    pages = "113--118",
    abstract = "Our submission for Task 1 {`}Cross-lingual Semantic Parsing with UCCA{'} at SemEval-2018 is a feed-forward neural network that builds upon an existing state-of-the-art transition-based directed acyclic graph parser. We replace most of its features by deep contextualized word embeddings and introduce an approximation to represent non-terminal nodes in the graph as an aggregation of their terminal children. We further demonstrate how augmenting data using the baseline systems provides a consistent advantage in all open submission tracks. We submitted results to all open tracks (English, in- and out-of-domain, German in-domain and French in-domain, low-resource). Our system achieves competitive performance in all settings besides the French, where we did not augment the data. Post-evaluation experiments showed that data augmentation is especially crucial in this setting.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-sagae-2019-uc,
    title = "{UC} {D}avis at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 1: {DAG} Semantic Parsing with Attention-based Decoder",
    author = "Yu, Dian  and
      Sagae, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2017",
    pages = "119--124",
    abstract = "We present an encoder-decoder model for semantic parsing with UCCA SemEval 2019 Task 1. The encoder is a Bi-LSTM and the decoder uses recursive self-attention. The proposed model alleviates challenges and feature engineering in traditional transition-based and graph-based parsers. The resulting parser is simple and proved to effective on the semantic parsing task.",
}
@inproceedings{anwar-etal-2019-hhmm,
    title = "{HHMM} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 2: Unsupervised Frame Induction using Contextualized Word Embeddings",
    author = "Anwar, Saba  and
      Ustalov, Dmitry  and
      Arefyev, Nikolay  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Panchenko, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2018",
    pages = "125--129",
    abstract = "We present our system for semantic frame induction that showed the best performance in Subtask B.1 and finished as the runner-up in Subtask A of the SemEval 2019 Task 2 on unsupervised semantic frame induction (Qasem-iZadeh et al., 2019). Our approach separates this task into two independent steps: verb clustering using word and their context embeddings and role labeling by combining these embeddings with syntactical features. A simple combination of these steps shows very competitive results and can be extended to process other datasets and languages.",
}
@inproceedings{ribeiro-etal-2019-l2f,
    title = "{L}2{F}/{INESC}-{ID} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 2: Unsupervised Lexical Semantic Frame Induction using Contextualized Word Representations",
    author = "Ribeiro, Eug{\'e}nio  and
      Mendon{\c{c}}a, V{\^a}nia  and
      Ribeiro, Ricardo  and
      Martins de Matos, David  and
      Sardinha, Alberto  and
      Santos, Ana L{\'u}cia  and
      Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2019",
    pages = "130--136",
    abstract = "Building large datasets annotated with semantic information, such as FrameNet, is an expensive process. Consequently, such resources are unavailable for many languages and specific domains. This problem can be alleviated by using unsupervised approaches to induce the frames evoked by a collection of documents. That is the objective of the second task of SemEval 2019, which comprises three subtasks: clustering of verbs that evoke the same frame and clustering of arguments into both frame-specific slots and semantic roles. We approach all the subtasks by applying a graph clustering algorithm on contextualized embedding representations of the verbs and arguments. Using such representations is appropriate in the context of this task, since they provide cues for word-sense disambiguation. Thus, they can be used to identify different frames evoked by the same words. Using this approach we were able to outperform all of the baselines reported for the task on the test set in terms of Purity F1, as well as in terms of BCubed F1 in most cases.",
}
@inproceedings{gratian-2019-brainee,
    title = "{B}rain{EE} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Ensembling Linear Classifiers for Emotion Prediction",
    author = "Gratian, Vachagan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2020",
    pages = "137--141",
    abstract = "The paper describes an ensemble of linear perceptrons trained for emotion classification as part of the SemEval-2019 shared-task 3. The model uses a matrix of probabilities to weight the activations of the base-classifiers and makes a final prediction using the sum rule. The base-classifiers are multi-class perceptrons utilizing character and word n-grams, part-of-speech tags and sentiment polarity scores. The results of our experiments indicate that the ensemble outperforms the base-classifiers, but only marginally. In the best scenario our model attains an F-Micro score of 0.672, whereas the base-classifiers attained scores ranging from 0.636 to 0.666.",
}
@inproceedings{winata-etal-2019-caire,
    title = "{CA}i{RE}{\_}{HKUST} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Hierarchical Attention for Dialogue Emotion Classification",
    author = "Winata, Genta Indra  and
      Madotto, Andrea  and
      Lin, Zhaojiang  and
      Shin, Jamin  and
      Xu, Yan  and
      Xu, Peng  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2021",
    pages = "142--147",
    abstract = "Detecting emotion from dialogue is a challenge that has not yet been extensively surveyed. One could consider the emotion of each dialogue turn to be independent, but in this paper, we introduce a hierarchical approach to classify emotion, hypothesizing that the current emotional state depends on previous latent emotions. We benchmark several feature-based classifiers using pre-trained word and emotion embeddings, state-of-the-art end-to-end neural network models, and Gaussian processes for automatic hyper-parameter search. In our experiments, hierarchical architectures consistently give significant improvements, and our best model achieves a 76.77{\%} F1-score on the test set.",
}
@inproceedings{bestgen-2019-cecl,
    title = "{CECL} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Using Surface Learning for Detecting Emotion in Textual Conversations",
    author = "Bestgen, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2022",
    pages = "148--152",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system developed by the Centre for English Corpus Linguistics for the SemEval-2019 Task 3: EmoContext. It aimed at classifying the emotion of a user utterance in a textual conversation as happy, sad, angry or other. It is based on a large number of feature types, mainly unigrams and bigrams, which were extracted by a SAS program. The usefulness of the different feature types was evaluated by means of Monte-Carlo resampling tests. As this system does not rest on any deep learning component, which is currently considered as the state-of-the-art approach, it can be seen as a possible point of comparison for such kind of systems.",
}
@inproceedings{mohammadi-etal-2019-clac,
    title = "{CL}a{C} Lab at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Contextual Emotion Detection Using a Combination of Neural Networks and {SVM}",
    author = "Mohammadi, Elham  and
      Amini, Hessam  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2023",
    pages = "153--158",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system at SemEval 2019, Task 3 (EmoContext), which focused on the contextual detection of emotions in a dataset of 3-round dialogues. For our final system, we used a neural network with pretrained ELMo word embeddings and POS tags as input, GRUs as hidden units, an attention mechanism to capture representations of the dialogues, and an SVM classifier which used the learned network representations to perform the task of multi-class classification.This system yielded a micro-averaged F1 score of 0.7072 for the three emotion classes, improving the baseline by approximately 12{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{cummings-wilson-2019-clark,
    title = "{CLARK} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Exploring the Role of Context to Identify Emotion in a Short Conversation",
    author = "Cummings, Joseph  and
      Wilson, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2024",
    pages = "159--163",
    abstract = "With text lacking valuable information avail-able in other modalities, context may provide useful information to better detect emotions. In this paper, we do a systematic exploration of the role of context in recognizing emotion in a conversation. We use a Naive Bayes model to show that inferring the mood of the conversation before classifying individual utterances leads to better performance. Additionally, we find that using context while train-ing the model significantly decreases performance. Our approach has the additional bene-fit that its performance rivals a baseline LSTM model while requiring fewer resources.",
}
@inproceedings{li-xing-2019-clp,
    title = "{CLP} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Multi-Encoder in Hierarchical Attention Networks for Contextual Emotion Detection",
    author = "Li, Changjie  and
      Xing, Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2025",
    pages = "164--168",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the participation of team {''}CLP{''} in SemEval-2019 Task 3 {``}Con- textual Emotion Detection in Text{''} that aims to classify emotion of user utterance in tex- tual conversation. The submitted system is a deep learning architecture based on Hier- archical Attention Networks (HAN) and Em- bedding from Language Model (ELMo). The core of the architecture contains two represen- tation layers. The first one combines the out- puts of ELMo, hand-craft features and Bidi- rectional Long Short-Term Memory with At- tention (Bi-LSTM-Attention) to represent user utterance. The second layer use a Bi-LSTM- Attention encoder to represent the conversa- tion. Our system achieved F1 score of 0.7524 which outperformed the baseline model of the organizers by 0.1656.",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-etal-2019-coastal,
    title = "{C}o{AS}ta{L} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Affect Classification in Dialogue using Attentive {B}i{LSTM}s",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez, Ana Valeria  and
      Petr{\'e}n Bach Hansen, Victor  and
      Bingel, Joachim  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2026",
    pages = "169--174",
    abstract = "This work describes the system presented by the CoAStaL Natural Language Processing group at University of Copenhagen. The main system we present uses the same attention mechanism presented in (Yang et al., 2016). Our overall model architecture is also inspired by their hierarchical classification model and adapted to deal with classification in dialogue by encoding information at the turn level. We use different encodings for each turn to create a more expressive representation of dialogue context which is then fed into our classifier.We also define a custom preprocessing step in order to deal with language commonly used in interactions across many social media outlets. Our proposed system achieves a micro F1 score of 0.7340 on the test set and shows significant gains in performance compared to a system using dialogue level encoding.",
}
@inproceedings{poswiata-2019-conssed,
    title = "{C}on{SSED} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Configurable Semantic and Sentiment Emotion Detector",
    author = "Po{\'s}wiata, Rafa{\l}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2027",
    pages = "175--179",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system participating in the SemEval-2019 Task 3: EmoContext: Contextual Emotion Detection in Text. The goal was to for a given textual dialogue, i.e. a user utterance along with two turns of context, identify the emotion of user utterance as one of the emotion classes: Happy, Sad, Angry or Others. Our system: ConSSED is a configurable combination of semantic and sentiment neural models. The official task submission achieved a micro-average F1 score of 75.31 which placed us 16th out of 165 participating systems.",
}
@inproceedings{perelkiewicz-2019-cx,
    title = "{CX}-{ST}-{RNM} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Fusion of Recurrent Neural Networks Based on Contextualized and Static Word Representations for Contextual Emotion Detection",
    author = "Pere{\l}kiewicz, Micha{\l}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2028",
    pages = "180--184",
    abstract = "In this paper, I describe a fusion model combining contextualized and static word representations for approaching the EmoContext task in the SemEval 2019 competition. The model is based on two Recurrent Neural Networks, the first one is fed with a state-of-the-art ELMo deep contextualized word representation and the second one is fed with a static Word2Vec embedding augmented with 10-dimensional affective word feature vector. The proposed model is compared with two baseline models based on a static word representation and a contextualized word representation, separately. My approach achieved officially 0.7278 microaveraged F1 score on the test dataset, ranking 47th out of 165 participants.",
}
@inproceedings{jain-etal-2019-paralleldots,
    title = "{P}arallel{D}ots at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Domain Adaptation with feature embeddings for Contextual Emotion Analysis",
    author = "Jain, Akansha  and
      Aggarwal, Ishita  and
      Singh, Ankit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2029",
    pages = "185--189",
    abstract = "This paper describes our proposed system {\&} experiments performed to detect contextual emotion in texts for SemEval 2019 Task 3. We exploit sentiment information, syntactic patterns {\&} semantic relatedness to capture diverse aspects of the text. Word level embeddings such as Glove, FastText, Emoji along with sentence level embeddings like Skip-Thought, DeepMoji {\&} Unsupervised Sentiment Neuron were used as input features to our architecture. We democratize the learning using ensembling of models with different parameters to produce the final output. This paper discusses comparative analysis of the significance of these embeddings and our approach for the task.",
}
@inproceedings{patel-2019-e,
    title = "E-{LSTM} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Semantic and Sentimental Features Retention for Emotion Detection in Text",
    author = "Patel, Harsh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2030",
    pages = "190--194",
    abstract = "This paper discusses the solution to the problem statement of the SemEval19: EmoContext competition which is {''}Contextual Emotion Detection in Texts{''}. The paper includes the explanation of an architecture that I created by exploiting the embedding layers of Word2Vec and GloVe using LSTMs as memory unit cells which detects approximate emotion of chats between two people in the English language provided in the textual form. The set of emotions on which the model was trained was Happy, Sad, Angry and Others. The paper also includes an analysis of different conventional machine learning algorithms in comparison to E-LSTM.",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-etal-2019-elirf,
    title = "{EL}i{RF}-{UPV} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Snapshot Ensemble of Hierarchical Convolutional Neural Networks for Contextual Emotion Detection",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez, Jos{\'e}-{\'A}ngel  and
      Hurtado, Llu{\'\i}s-F.  and
      Pla, Ferran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2031",
    pages = "195--199",
    abstract = "This paper describes the approach developed by the ELiRF-UPV team at SemEval 2019 Task 3: Contextual Emotion Detection in Text. We have developed a Snapshot Ensemble of 1D Hierarchical Convolutional Neural Networks to extract features from 3-turn conversations in order to perform contextual emotion detection in text. This Snapshot Ensemble is obtained by averaging the models selected by a Genetic Algorithm that optimizes the evaluation measure. The proposed ensemble obtains better results than a single model and it obtains competitive and promising results on Contextual Emotion Detection in Text.",
}
@inproceedings{al-omari-etal-2019-emodet,
    title = "{E}mo{D}et at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Emotion Detection in Text using Deep Learning",
    author = "Al-Omari, Hani  and
      Abdullah, Malak  and
      Bassam, Nabeel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2032",
    pages = "200--204",
    abstract = "Task 3, EmoContext, in the International Workshop SemEval 2019 provides training and testing datasets for the participant teams to detect emotion classes (Happy, Sad, Angry, or Others). This paper proposes a participating system (EmoDet) to detect emotions using deep learning architecture. The main input to the system is a combination of Word2Vec word embeddings and a set of semantic features (e.g. from AffectiveTweets Weka-package). The proposed system (EmoDet) ensembles a fully connected neural network architecture and LSTM neural network to obtain performance results that show substantial improvements (F1-Score 0.67) over the baseline model provided by Task 3 organizers (F1-score 0.58).",
}
@inproceedings{chakravartula-indurthi-2019-emominer,
    title = "{EMOMINER} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: A Stacked {B}i{LSTM} Architecture for Contextual Emotion Detection in Text",
    author = "Chakravartula, Nikhil  and
      Indurthi, Vijayasaradhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2033",
    pages = "205--209",
    abstract = "This paper describes our participation in the SemEval 2019 Task 3 - Contextual Emotion Detection in Text. This task aims to identify emotions, viz. happiness, anger, sadness in the context of a text conversation. Our system is a stacked Bidirectional LSTM, equipped with attention on top of word embeddings pre-trained on a large collection of Twitter data. In this paper, apart from describing our official submission, we elucidate how different deep learning models respond to this task.",
}
@inproceedings{smetanin-2019-emosense,
    title = "{E}mo{S}ense at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Bidirectional {LSTM} Network for Contextual Emotion Detection in Textual Conversations",
    author = "Smetanin, Sergey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2034",
    pages = "210--214",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe a deep-learning system for emotion detection in textual conversations that participated in SemEval-2019 Task 3 {``}EmoContext{''}. We designed a specific architecture of bidirectional LSTM which allows not only to learn semantic and sentiment feature representation, but also to capture user-specific conversation features. To fine-tune word embeddings using distant supervision we additionally collected a significant amount of emotional texts. The system achieved 72.59{\%} micro-average F1 score for emotion classes on the test dataset, thereby significantly outperforming the officially-released baseline. Word embeddings and the source code were released for the research community.",
}
@inproceedings{bouchekif-etal-2019-epita,
    title = "{EPITA}-{ADAPT} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Detecting emotions in textual conversations using deep learning models combination",
    author = "Bouchekif, Abdessalam  and
      Joshi, Praveen  and
      Bouchekif, Latifa  and
      Afli, Haithem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2035",
    pages = "215--219",
    abstract = "Messaging platforms like WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger and Twitter have gained recently much popularity owing to their ability in connecting users in real-time. The content of these textual messages can be a useful resource for text mining to discover and unhide various aspects, including emotions. In this paper we present our submission for SemEval 2019 task {`}EmoContext{'}. The task consists of classifying a given textual dialogue into one of four emotion classes: Angry, Happy, Sad and Others. Our proposed system is based on the combination of different deep neural networks techniques. In particular, we use Recurrent Neural Networks (LSTM, B-LSTM, GRU, B-GRU), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Transfer Learning (TL) methodes. Our final system, achieves an F1 score of 74.51{\%} on the subtask evaluation dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-2019-figure,
    title = "Figure Eight at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Ensemble of Transfer Learning Methods for Contextual Emotion Detection",
    author = "Xiao, Joan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2036",
    pages = "220--224",
    abstract = "This paper describes our transfer learning-based approach to contextual emotion detection as part of SemEval-2019 Task 3. We experiment with transfer learning using pre-trained language models (ULMFiT, OpenAI GPT, and BERT) and fine-tune them on this task. We also train a deep learning model from scratch using pre-trained word embeddings and BiLSTM architecture with attention mechanism. The ensembled model achieves competitive result, ranking ninth out of 165 teams. The result reveals that ULMFiT performs best due to its superior fine-tuning techniques. We propose improvements for future work.",
}
@inproceedings{bogdan-2019-gensmt,
    title = "{G}en{SMT} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Contextual Emotion Detection in tweets using multi task generic approach",
    author = "Bogdan, Dumitru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2037",
    pages = "225--229",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our participation in SemEval-2019 Task 3: EmoContext - A Shared Task on Contextual Emotion Detection in Text. We propose a three layer model with a generic, multi-purpose approach that without any task specific optimizations achieve competitive results (f1 score of 0.7096) in the EmoContext task. We describe our development strategy in detail along with an exposition of our results.",
}
@inproceedings{tafreshi-diab-2019-gwu,
    title = "{GWU} {NLP} Lab at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3 : {E}mo{C}ontext: Effectiveness of{C}ontextual Information in Models for Emotion Detection in{S}entence-level at Multi-genre Corpus",
    author = "Tafreshi, Shabnam  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2038",
    pages = "230--235",
    abstract = "In this paper we present an emotion classifier models that submitted to the SemEval-2019 Task 3 : \textit{EmoContext}. Our approach is a Gated Recurrent Neural Network (GRU) model with attention layer is bootstrapped with contextual information and trained with a multigenre corpus, which is combination of several popular emotional data sets. We utilize different word embeddings to empirically select the most suited embedding to represent our features. Our aim is to build a robust emotion classifier that can generalize emotion detection, which is to learn emotion cues in a noisy training environment. To fulfill this aim we train our model with a multigenre emotion corpus, this way we leverage from having more training set. We achieved overall {\%}56.05 f1-score and placed 144. Given our aim and noisy training environment, the results are anticipated.",
}
@inproceedings{pamnani-etal-2019-iit,
    title = "{IIT} {G}andhinagar at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Contextual Emotion Detection Using Deep Learning",
    author = "Pamnani, Arik  and
      Goel, Rajat  and
      Choudhari, Jayesh  and
      Singh, Mayank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2039",
    pages = "236--240",
    abstract = "Recent advancements in Internet and Mobile infrastructure have resulted in the development of faster and efficient platforms of communication. These platforms include speech, facial and text-based conversational mediums. Majority of these are text-based messaging platforms. Development of Chatbots that automatically understand latent emotions in the textual message is a challenging task. In this paper, we present an automatic emotion detection system that aims to detect the emotion of a person textually conversing with a chatbot. We explore deep learning techniques such as CNN and LSTM based neural networks and outperformed the baseline score by 14{\%}. The trained model and code are kept in public domain.",
}
@inproceedings{patro-etal-2019-kgpchamps,
    title = "{KGPC}hamps at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: A deep learning approach to detect emotions in the dialog utterances.",
    author = "Patro, Jasabanta  and
      Choudhary, Nitin  and
      Chittora, Kalpit  and
      Mukherjee, Animesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2040",
    pages = "241--246",
    abstract = "This paper describes our approach to solve \textit{Semeval task 3: EmoContext}; where, given a textual dialogue i.e. a user utterance along with two turns of context, we have to classify the emotion associated with the utterance as one of the following emotion classes: \textit{Happy, Sad, Angry} or \textit{Others}. To solve this problem, we experiment with different deep learning models ranging from simple bidirectional LSTM (Long and short term memory) model to comparatively complex attention model. We also experiment with word embedding conceptnet along with word embedding generated from bi-directional LSTM taking input characters. We fine-tune different parameters and hyper-parameters associated with each of our models and report the value of evaluating measure i.e. micro precision along with class wise precision, recall and F1-score of each system. We report the bidirectional LSTM model, along with the input word embedding as the concatenation of word embedding generated from bidirectional LSTM for word characters and conceptnet embedding, as the best performing model with a highest micro-F1 score of 0.7261. We also report class wise precision, recall, and f1-score of best performing model along with other models that we have experimented with.",
}
@inproceedings{alswaidan-menai-2019-ksu,
    title = "{KSU} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Hybrid Features for Emotion Recognition in Textual Conversation",
    author = "Alswaidan, Nourah  and
      Menai, Mohamed El Bachir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2041",
    pages = "247--250",
    abstract = "We proposed a model to address emotion recognition in textual conversation based on using automatically extracted features and human engineered features. The proposed model utilizes a fast gated-recurrent-unit backed by CuDNN, and a convolutional neural network to automatically extract features. The human engineered features take the frequency-inverse document frequency of semantic meaning and mood tags extracted from SinticNet.",
}
@inproceedings{ragheb-etal-2019-lirmm,
    title = "{LIRMM}-Advanse at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Attentive Conversation Modeling for Emotion Detection and Classification",
    author = "Ragheb, Waleed  and
      Az{\'e}, J{\'e}r{\^o}me  and
      Bringay, Sandra  and
      Servajean, Maximilien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2042",
    pages = "251--255",
    abstract = "This paper addresses the problem of modeling textual conversations and detecting emotions. Our proposed model makes use of 1) deep transfer learning rather than the classical shallow methods of word embedding; 2) self-attention mechanisms to focus on the most important parts of the texts and 3) turn-based conversational modeling for classifying the emotions. The approach does not rely on any hand-crafted features or lexicons. Our model was evaluated on the data provided by the SemEval-2019 shared task on contextual emotion detection in text. The model shows very competitive results.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2019-milab,
    title = "{MILAB} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Multi-View Turn-by-Turn Model for Context-Aware Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Lee, Yoonhyung  and
      Kim, Yanghoon  and
      Jung, Kyomin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2043",
    pages = "256--260",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system for SemEval-2019 Task 3: EmoContext, which aims to predict the emotion of the third utterance considering two preceding utterances in a dialogue. To address this challenge of predicting the emotion considering its context, we propose a Multi-View Turn-by-Turn (MVTT) model. Firstly, MVTT model generates vectors from each utterance using two encoders: word-level Bi-GRU encoder (WLE) and character-level CNN encoder (CLE). Then, MVTT grasps contextual information by combining the vectors and predict the emotion with the contextual information. We conduct experiments on the effect of vector encoding and vector combination. Our final MVTT model achieved 0.7634 microaveraged F1 score.",
}
@inproceedings{bothe-wermter-2019-moongrad,
    title = "{M}oon{G}rad at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Ensemble {B}i{RNN}s for Contextual Emotion Detection in Dialogues",
    author = "Bothe, Chandrakant  and
      Wermter, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2044",
    pages = "261--265",
    abstract = "When reading {``}I don{'}t want to talk to you any more{''}, we might interpret this as either an angry or a sad emotion in the absence of context. Often, the utterances are shorter, and given a short utterance like {``}Me too!{''}, it is difficult to interpret the emotion without context. The lack of prosodic or visual information makes it a challenging problem to detect such emotions only with text. However, using contextual information in the dialogue is gaining importance to provide a context-aware recognition of linguistic features such as emotion, dialogue act, sentiment etc. The SemEval 2019 Task 3 EmoContext competition provides a dataset of three-turn dialogues labeled with the three emotion classes, i.e. Happy, Sad and Angry, and in addition with Others as none of the aforementioned emotion classes. We develop an ensemble of the recurrent neural model with character- and word-level features as an input to solve this problem. The system performs quite well, achieving a microaveraged F1 score (F1μ) of 0.7212 for the three emotion classes.",
}
@inproceedings{agrawal-suri-2019-nelec,
    title = "{NELEC} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Think Twice Before Going Deep",
    author = "Agrawal, Parag  and
      Suri, Anshuman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2045",
    pages = "266--271",
    abstract = "Existing Machine Learning techniques yield close to human performance on text-based classification tasks. However, the presence of multi-modal noise in chat data such as emoticons, slang, spelling mistakes, code-mixed data, etc. makes existing deep-learning solutions perform poorly. The inability of deep-learning systems to robustly capture these covariates puts a cap on their performance. We propose NELEC: Neural and Lexical Combiner, a system which elegantly combines textual and deep-learning based methods for sentiment classification. We evaluate our system as part of the third task of {`}Contextual Emotion Detection in Text{'} as part of SemEval-2019. Our system performs significantly better than the baseline, as well as our deep-learning model benchmarks. It achieved a micro-averaged F1 score of 0.7765, ranking 3rd on the test-set leader-board. Our code is available at https://github.com/iamgroot42/nelec",
}
@inproceedings{farkas-lacko-2019-nl,
    title = "{NL}-{FIIT} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Emotion Detection From Conversational Triplets Using Hierarchical Encoders",
    author = "Farkas, Michal  and
      Lacko, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2046",
    pages = "272--276",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present our system submission for the EmoContext, the third task of the SemEval 2019 workshop. Our solution is a hierarchical recurrent neural network with ELMo embeddings and regularization through dropout and Gaussian noise. We have mainly experimented with two main model architectures: simple and hierarchical LSTM network. We have also examined ensembling of the models and various variants of an ensemble. We have achieved microF1 score of 0.7481, which is significantly higher than baseline and currently the 19th best submission.",
}
@inproceedings{potamias-siolas-2019-ntua,
    title = "{NTUA}-{ISL}ab at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Determining emotions in contextual conversations with deep learning",
    author = "Potamias, Rolandos Alexandros  and
      Siolas, Georgios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2047",
    pages = "277--281",
    abstract = "Sentiment analysis (SA) in texts is a well-studied Natural Language Processing task, which in nowadays gains popularity due to the explosion of social media, and the subsequent accumulation of huge amounts of related data. However, capturing emotional states and the sentiment polarity of written excerpts requires knowledge on the events triggering them. Towards this goal, we present a computational end-to-end context-aware SA methodology, which was competed in the context of the SemEval-2019 / EmoContext task (Task 3). The proposed system is founded on the combination of two neural architectures, a deep recurrent neural network, structured by an attentive Bidirectional LSTM, and a deep dense network (DNN). The system achieved 0.745 micro f1-score, and ranked 26/165 (top 20{\%}) teams among the official task submissions.",
}
@inproceedings{zhong-miao-2019-ntuer,
    title = "ntuer at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Emotion Classification with Word and Sentence Representations in {RCNN}",
    author = "Zhong, Peixiang  and
      Miao, Chunyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2048",
    pages = "282--286",
    abstract = "In this paper we present our model on the task of emotion detection in textual conversations in SemEval-2019. Our model extends the Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network (RCNN) by using external fine-tuned word representations and DeepMoji sentence representations. We also explored several other competitive pre-trained word and sentence representations including ELMo, BERT and InferSent but found inferior performance. In addition, we conducted extensive sensitivity analysis, which empirically shows that our model is relatively robust to hyper-parameters. Our model requires no handcrafted features or emotion lexicons but achieved good performance with a micro-F1 score of 0.7463.",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2019-pkuse,
    title = "{PKUSE} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Emotion Detection with Emotion-Oriented Neural Attention Network",
    author = "Ma, Luyao  and
      Zhang, Long  and
      Ye, Wei  and
      Hu, Wenhui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2049",
    pages = "287--291",
    abstract = "This paper presents the system in SemEval-2019 Task 3, {``}EmoContext: Contextual Emotion Detection in Text{''}. We propose a deep learning architecture with bidirectional LSTM networks, augmented with an emotion-oriented attention network that is capable of extracting emotion information from an utterance. Experimental results show that our model outperforms its variants and the baseline. Overall, this system has achieved 75.57{\%} for the microaveraged F1 score.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2019-podlab,
    title = "Podlab at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: The Importance of Being Shallow",
    author = "Nguyen, Andrew  and
      South, Tobin  and
      Bean, Nigel  and
      Tuke, Jonathan  and
      Mitchell, Lewis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2050",
    pages = "292--296",
    abstract = "This paper describes our linear SVM system for emotion classification from conversational dialogue, entered in SemEval2019 Task 3. We used off-the-shelf tools coupled with feature engineering and parameter tuning to create a simple, interpretable, yet high-performing, classification model. Our system achieves a micro F1 score of 0.7357, which is 92{\%} of the top score for the competition, demonstrating that {``}shallow{''} classification approaches can perform well when coupled with detailed fea- ture selection and statistical analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{rebiai-etal-2019-scia,
    title = "{SCIA} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Sentiment Analysis in Textual Conversations Using Deep Learning",
    author = "Rebiai, Zinedine  and
      Andersen, Simon  and
      Debrenne, Antoine  and
      Lafargue, Victor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2051",
    pages = "297--301",
    abstract = "In this paper we present our submission for SemEval-2019 Task 3: EmoContext. The task consisted of classifying a textual dialogue into one of four emotion classes: happy, sad, angry or others. Our approach tried to improve on multiple aspects, preprocessing with an emphasis on spell-checking and ensembling with four different models: Bi-directional contextual LSTM (BC-LSTM), categorical Bi-LSTM (CAT-LSTM), binary convolutional Bi-LSTM (BIN-LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). On the leader-board, we submitted two systems that obtained a micro F1 score (F1μ) of 0.711 and 0.712. After the competition, we merged our two systems with ensembling, which achieved a F1μ of 0.7324 on the test dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{anderson-2019-sentim,
    title = "Sentim at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Convolutional Neural Networks For Sentiment in Conversations",
    author = "Anderson, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2052",
    pages = "302--306",
    abstract = "In this work convolutional neural networks were used in order to determine the sentiment in a conversational setting. This paper{'}s contributions include a method for handling any sized input and a method for breaking down the conversation into separate parts for easier processing. Finally, clustering was shown to improve results and that such a model for handling sentiment in conversations is both fast and accurate.",
}
@inproceedings{plaza-del-arco-etal-2019-sinai,
    title = "{SINAI} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Using affective features for emotion classification in textual conversations",
    author = "Plaza-del-Arco, Flor Miriam  and
      Molina-Gonz{\'a}lez, M. Dolores  and
      Martin, Maite  and
      Ure{\~n}a-L{\'o}pez, L. Alfonso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2053",
    pages = "307--311",
    abstract = "Detecting emotions in textual conversation is a challenging problem in absence of nonverbal cues typically associated with emotion, like fa- cial expression or voice modulations. How- ever, more and more users are using message platforms such as WhatsApp or Telegram. For this reason, it is important to develop systems capable of understanding human emotions in textual conversations. In this paper, we carried out different systems to analyze the emotions of textual dialogue from SemEval-2019 Task 3: EmoContext for English language. Our main contribution is the integration of emotional and sentimental features in the classification using the SVM algorithm.",
}
@inproceedings{bae-etal-2019-snu,
    title = "{SNU} {IDS} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Addressing Training-Test Class Distribution Mismatch in Conversational Classification",
    author = "Bae, Sanghwan  and
      Choi, Jihun  and
      Lee, Sang-goo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2054",
    pages = "312--317",
    abstract = "We present several techniques to tackle the mismatch in class distributions between training and test data in the Contextual Emotion Detection task of SemEval 2019, by extending the existing methods for class imbalance problem. Reducing the distance between the distribution of prediction and ground truth, they consistently show positive effects on the performance. Also we propose a novel neural architecture which utilizes representation of overall context as well as of each utterance. The combination of the methods and the models achieved micro F1 score of about 0.766 on the final evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{b-etal-2019-ssn,
    title = "{SSN}{\_}{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Contextual Emotion Identification from Textual Conversation using {S}eq2{S}eq Deep Neural Network",
    author = "B., Senthil Kumar  and
      D., Thenmozhi  and
      Chandrabose, Aravindan  and
      Sharavanan, Srinethe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2055",
    pages = "318--323",
    abstract = "Emotion identification is a process of identifying the emotions automatically from text, speech or images. Emotion identification from textual conversations is a challenging problem due to absence of gestures, vocal intonation and facial expressions. It enables conversational agents, chat bots and messengers to detect and report the emotions to the user instantly for a healthy conversation by avoiding emotional cues and miscommunications. We have adopted a Seq2Seq deep neural network to identify the emotions present in the text sequences. Several layers namely embedding layer, encoding-decoding layer, softmax layer and a loss layer are used to map the sequences from textual conversations to the emotions namely Angry, Happy, Sad and Others. We have evaluated our approach on the EmoContext@SemEval2019 dataset and we have obtained the micro-averaged F1 scores as 0.595 and 0.6568 for the pre-evaluation dataset and final evaluation test set respectively. Our approach improved the base line score by 7{\%} for final evaluation test set.",
}
@inproceedings{polignano-etal-2019-swap,
    title = "{SWAP} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Emotion detection in conversations through Tweets, {CNN} and {LSTM} deep neural networks",
    author = "Polignano, Marco  and
      de Gemmis, Marco  and
      Semeraro, Giovanni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2056",
    pages = "324--329",
    abstract = "Emotion detection from user-generated contents is growing in importance in the area of natural language processing. The approach we proposed for the EmoContext task is based on the combination of a CNN and an LSTM using a concatenation of word embeddings. A stack of convolutional neural networks (CNN) is used for capturing the hierarchical hidden relations among embedding features. Meanwhile, a long short-term memory network (LSTM) is used for capturing information shared among words of the sentence. Each conversation has been formalized as a list of word embeddings, in particular during experimental runs pre-trained Glove and Google word embeddings have been evaluated. Surface lexical features have been also considered, but they have been demonstrated to be not usefully for the classification in this specific task. The final system configuration achieved a micro F1 score of 0.7089. The python code of the system is fully available at https://github.com/marcopoli/EmoContext2019",
}
@inproceedings{basile-etal-2019-symantoresearch,
    title = "{S}ymanto{R}esearch at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Combined Neural Models for Emotion Classification in Human-Chatbot Conversations",
    author = "Basile, Angelo  and
      Franco-Salvador, Marc  and
      Pawar, Neha  and
      {\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Chinea Rios, Mara  and
      Benajiba, Yassine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2057",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2057",
    pages = "330--334",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present our participation to the EmoContext shared task on detecting emotions in English textual conversations between a human and a chatbot. We propose four neural systems and combine them to further improve the results. We show that our neural ensemble systems can successfully distinguish three emotions (SAD, HAPPY, and ANGRY) and separate them from the rest (OTHERS) in a highly-imbalanced scenario. Our best system achieved a 0.77 F1-score and was ranked fourth out of 165 submissions.",
}
@inproceedings{maity-2019-tdbot,
    title = "{TDB}ot at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Context Aware Emotion Detection Using A Conditioned Classification Approach",
    author = "Maity, Sourabh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2058",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2058",
    pages = "335--339",
    abstract = "With the system description it is shown how to use the context information while detecting the emotion in a dialogue. Some guidelines about how to handle emojis was also laid out. While developing this system I realized the importance of pre-processing in conversational text data, or in general NLP related tasks; it can not be over emphasized.",
}
@inproceedings{ge-etal-2019-thu,
    title = "{THU}{\_}{NGN} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Dialog Emotion Classification using Attentional {LSTM}-{CNN}",
    author = "Ge, Suyu  and
      Qi, Tao  and
      Wu, Chuhan  and
      Huang, Yongfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2059",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2059",
    pages = "340--344",
    abstract = "With the development of the Internet, dialog systems are widely used in online platforms to provide personalized services for their users. It is important to understand the emotions through conversations to improve the quality of dialog systems. To facilitate the researches on dialog emotion recognition, the SemEval-2019 Task 3 named EmoContext is proposed. This task aims to classify the emotions of user utterance along with two short turns of dialogues into four categories. In this paper, we propose an attentional LSTM-CNN model to participate in this shared task. We use a combination of convolutional neural networks and long-short term neural networks to capture both local and long-distance contextual information in conversations. In addition, we apply attention mechanism to recognize and attend to important words within conversations. Besides, we propose to use ensemble strategies by combing the variants of our model with different pre-trained word embeddings via weighted voting. Our model achieved 0.7542 micro-F1 score in the final test data, ranking 15{\^{}}th out of 165 teams.",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2019-thu,
    title = "{THU}-{HCSI} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Hierarchical Ensemble Classification of Contextual Emotion in Conversation",
    author = "Liang, Xihao  and
      Ma, Ye  and
      Xu, Mingxing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2060",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2060",
    pages = "345--349",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our hierarchical ensemble system designed for the SemEval-2019 task3, EmoContext. In our system, three sets of classifiers are trained for different sub-targets and the predicted labels of these base classifiers are combined through three steps of voting to make the final prediction. Effective details for developing base classifiers are highlighted.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2019-tokyotech,
    title = "{T}okyo{T}ech{\_}{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Emotion-related Symbols in Emotion Detection",
    author = "Yang, Zhishen  and
      Vijlbrief, Sam  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2061",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2061",
    pages = "350--354",
    abstract = "This paper presents our contextual emotion detection system in approaching the SemEval2019 shared task 3: EmoContext: Contextual Emotion Detection in Text. This system cooperates with an emotion detection neural network method (Poria et al., 2017), emoji2vec (Eisner et al., 2016) embedding, word2vec embedding (Mikolov et al., 2013), and our proposed emoticon and emoji preprocessing method. The experimental results demonstrate the usefulness of our emoticon and emoji prepossessing method, and representations of emoticons and emoji contribute model{'}s emotion detection.",
}
@inproceedings{simionescu-etal-2019-uaic,
    title = "{UAIC} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Extracting Much from Little",
    author = "Simionescu, Cristian  and
      Stoleru, Ingrid  and
      Lucaci, Diana  and
      Balan, Gheorghe  and
      Bute, Iulian  and
      Iftene, Adrian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2062",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2062",
    pages = "355--359",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a system description for implementing a sentiment analysis agent capable of interpreting the state of an interlocutor engaged in short three message conversations. We present the results and observations of our work and which parts could be further improved in the future.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2019-yun,
    title = "{YUN}-{HPCC} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 3: Multi-Step Ensemble Neural Network for Sentiment Analysis in Textual Conversation",
    author = "Li, Dawei  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2063",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2063",
    pages = "360--364",
    abstract = "This paper describes our approach to the sentiment analysis of Twitter textual conversations based on deep learning. We analyze the syntax, abbreviations, and informal-writing of Twitter; and perform perfect data preprocessing on the data to convert them to normative text. We apply a multi-step ensemble strategy to solve the problem of extremely unbalanced data in the training set. This is achieved by taking the GloVe and Elmo word vectors as input into a combination model with four different deep neural networks. The experimental results from the development dataset demonstrate that the proposed model exhibits a strong generalization ability. For evaluation on the best dataset, we integrated the results using the stacking ensemble learning approach and achieved competitive results. According to the final official review, the results of our model ranked 10th out of 165 teams.",
}
@inproceedings{siddiqua-etal-2019-kdehateval,
    title = "{KDEH}at{E}val at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: A Neural Network Model for Detecting Hate Speech in Twitter",
    author = "Siddiqua, Umme Aymun  and
      Chy, Abu Nowshed  and
      Aono, Masaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2064",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2064",
    pages = "365--370",
    abstract = "In the age of emerging volume of microblog platforms, especially twitter, hate speech propagation is now of great concern. However, due to the brevity of tweets and informal user generated contents, detecting and analyzing hate speech on twitter is a formidable task. In this paper, we present our approach for detecting hate speech in tweets defined in the SemEval-2019 Task 5. Our team KDEHatEval employs different neural network models including multi-kernel convolution (MKC), nested LSTMs (NLSTMs), and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) in a unified architecture. Moreover, we utilize the state-of-the-art pre-trained sentence embedding models including DeepMoji, InferSent, and BERT for effective tweet representation. We analyze the performance of our method and demonstrate the contribution of each component of our architecture.",
}
@inproceedings{baruah-etal-2019-abaruah,
    title = "{ABARUAH} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5 : Bi-directional {LSTM} for Hate Speech Detection",
    author = "Baruah, Arup  and
      Barbhuiya, Ferdous  and
      Dey, Kuntal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2065",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2065",
    pages = "371--376",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present the results obtained using bi-directional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) with and without attention and Logistic Regression (LR) models for SemEval-2019 Task 5 titled {''}HatEval: Multilingual Detection of Hate Speech Against Immigrants and Women in Twitter{''}. This paper presents the results obtained for Subtask A for English language. The results of the BiLSTM and LR models are compared for two different types of preprocessing. One with no stemming performed and no stopwords removed. The other with stemming performed and stopwords removed. The BiLSTM model without attention performed the best for the first test, while the LR model with character n-grams performed the best for the second test. The BiLSTM model obtained an F1 score of 0.51 on the test set and obtained an official ranking of 8/71.",
}
@inproceedings{rozental-biton-2019-amobee,
    title = "{A}mobee at {S}em{E}val-2019 Tasks 5 and 6: Multiple Choice {CNN} Over Contextual Embedding",
    author = "Rozental, Alon  and
      Biton, Dadi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2066",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2066",
    pages = "377--381",
    abstract = "This article describes Amobee{'}s participation in {``}HatEval: Multilingual detection of hate speech against immigrants and women in Twitter{''} (task 5) and {``}OffensEval: Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Social Media{''} (task 6). The goal of task 5 was to detect hate speech targeted to women and immigrants. The goal of task 6 was to identify and categorized offensive language in social media, and identify offense target. We present a novel type of convolutional neural network called {``}Multiple Choice CNN{''} (MC- CNN) that we used over our newly developed contextual embedding, Rozental et al. (2019). For both tasks we used this architecture and achieved 4th place out of 69 participants with an F1 score of 0.53 in task 5, in task 6 achieved 2nd place (out of 75) in Sub-task B - automatic categorization of offense types (our model reached places 18/2/7 out of 103/75/65 for sub-tasks A, B and C respectively in task 6).",
}
@inproceedings{ameer-etal-2019-cic,
    title = "{CIC} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Simple Yet Very Efficient Approach to Hate Speech Detection, Aggressive Behavior Detection, and Target Classification in Twitter",
    author = "Ameer, Iqra  and
      Siddiqui, Muhammad Hammad Fahim  and
      Sidorov, Grigori  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2067",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2067",
    pages = "382--386",
    abstract = "In recent years, the use of social media has in-creased incredibly. Social media permits Inter-net users a friendly platform to express their views and opinions. Along with these nice and distinct communication chances, it also allows bad things like usage of hate speech. Online automatic hate speech detection in various aspects is a significant scientific problem. This paper presents the Instituto Polit{\'e}cnico Nacional (Mexico) approach for the Semeval 2019 Task-5 [Hateval 2019] (Basile et al., 2019) competition for Multilingual Detection of Hate Speech on Twitter. The goal of this paper is to detect (A) Hate speech against immigrants and women, (B) Aggressive behavior and target classification, both for English and Spanish. In the proposed approach, we used a bag of words model with preprocessing (stem-ming and stop words removal). We submitted two different systems with names: (i) CIC-1 and (ii) CIC-2 for Hateval 2019 shared task. We used TF values in the first system and TF-IDF for the second system. The first system, CIC-1 got 2nd rank in subtask B for both English and Spanish languages with EMR score of 0.568 for English and 0.675 for Spanish. The second system, CIC-2 was ranked 4th in sub-task A and 1st in subtask B for Spanish language with a macro-F1 score of 0.727 and EMR score of 0.705 respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{almatarneh-etal-2019-citius,
    title = "{C}i{TIUS}-{COLE} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Combining Linguistic Features to Identify Hate Speech Against Immigrants and Women on Multilingual Tweets",
    author = "Almatarneh, Sattam  and
      Gamallo, Pablo  and
      Pena, Francisco J. Ribadas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2068",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2068",
    pages = "387--390",
    abstract = "This article describes the strategy submitted by the CiTIUS-COLE team to SemEval 2019 Task 5, a task which consists of binary classi- fication where the system predicting whether a tweet in English or in Spanish is hateful against women or immigrants or not. The proposed strategy relies on combining linguis- tic features to improve the classifier{'}s perfor- mance. More precisely, the method combines textual and lexical features, embedding words with the bag of words in Term Frequency- Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) repre- sentation. The system performance reaches about 81{\%} F1 when it is applied to the training dataset, but its F1 drops to 36{\%} on the official test dataset for the English and 64{\%} for the Spanish language concerning the hate speech class",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2019-grunn2019,
    title = "Grunn2019 at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Shared Task on Multilingual Detection of Hate",
    author = "Zhang, Mike  and
      David, Roy  and
      Graumans, Leon  and
      Timmerman, Gerben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2069",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2069",
    pages = "391--395",
    abstract = "Hate speech occurs more often than ever and polarizes society. To help counter this polarization, SemEval 2019 organizes a shared task called the Multilingual Detection of Hate. The first task (A) is to decide whether a given tweet contains hate against immigrants or women, in a multilingual perspective, for English and Spanish. In the second task (B), the system is also asked to classify the following sub-tasks: hateful tweets as aggressive or not aggressive, and to identify the target harassed as individual or generic. We evaluate multiple models, and finally combine them in an ensemble setting. This ensemble setting is built of five and three submodels for the English and Spanish task respectively. In the current setup it shows that using a bigger ensemble for English tweets performs mediocre, while a slightly smaller ensemble does work well for detecting hate speech in Spanish tweets. Our results on the test set for English show 0.378 macro F1 on task A and 0.553 macro F1 on task B. For Spanish the results are significantly higher, 0.701 macro F1 on task A and 0.734 macro F1 for task B.",
}
@inproceedings{benito-etal-2019-gsi,
    title = "{GSI}-{UPM} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Semantic Similarity and Word Embeddings for Multilingual Detection of Hate Speech Against Immigrants and Women on Twitter",
    author = "Benito, Diego  and
      Araque, Oscar  and
      Iglesias, Carlos A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2070",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2070",
    pages = "396--403",
    abstract = "This paper describes the GSI-UPM system for SemEval-2019 Task 5, which tackles multilingual detection of hate speech on Twitter. The main contribution of the paper is the use of a method based on word embeddings and semantic similarity combined with traditional paradigms, such as n-grams, TF-IDF and POS. This combination of several features is fine-tuned through ablation tests, demonstrating the usefulness of different features. While our approach outperforms baseline classifiers on different sub-tasks, the best of our submitted runs reached the 5th position on the Spanish sub-task A.",
}
@inproceedings{chakravartula-2019-hateminer,
    title = "{HATEMINER} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Hate speech detection against Immigrants and Women in Twitter using a Multinomial Naive {B}ayes Classifier",
    author = "Chakravartula, Nikhil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2071",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2071",
    pages = "404--408",
    abstract = "This paper describes our participation in the SemEval 2019 Task 5 - Multilingual Detection of Hate. This task aims to identify hate speech against two specific targets, immigrants and women. We compare and contrast the performance of different word and sentence level embeddings on the state-of-the-art classification algorithms. Our final submission is a Multinomial binarized Naive Bayes model for both the subtasks in the English version.",
}
@inproceedings{nina-alcocer-2019-haterecognizer,
    title = "{HATER}ecognizer at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Using Features and Neural Networks to Face Hate Recognition",
    author = "Nina-Alcocer, Victor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2072",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2072",
    pages = "409--415",
    abstract = "This paper presents a detailed description of our participation in task 5 on SemEval-2019. This task consists of classifying English and Spanish tweets that contain hate towards women or immigrants. We carried out several experiments; for a finer-grained study of the task, we analyzed different features and designing architectures of neural networks. Additionally, to face the lack of hate content in tweets, we include data augmentation as a technique to in- crease hate content in our datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{de-la-pena-2019-gl,
    title = "{GL} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Identifying hateful tweets with a deep learning approach.",
    author = "De la Pe{\~n}a, Gretel Liz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2073",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2073",
    pages = "416--419",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system we developed for SemEval 2019 on Multilingual detection of hate speech against immigrants and women in Twitter (HatEval - Task 5). We use an approach based on an Attention-based Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network. In particular, we build a Bidirectional LSTM to extract information from the word embeddings over the sentence, then apply attention over the hidden states to estimate the importance of each word and finally feed this context vector to another LSTM model to get a representation. Then, the output obtained with this model is used to get the prediction of each of the sub-tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{ribeiro-silva-2019-inf,
    title = "{INF}-{H}at{E}val at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Convolutional Neural Networks for Hate Speech Detection Against Women and Immigrants on Twitter",
    author = "Ribeiro, Alison  and
      Silva, N{\'a}dia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2074",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2074",
    pages = "420--425",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our approach to detect hate speech against women and immigrants on Twitter in a multilingual context, English and Spanish. This challenge was proposed by the SemEval-2019 Task 5, where participants should develop models for hate speech detection, a two-class classification where systems have to predict whether a tweet in English or in Spanish with a given target (women or immigrants) is hateful or not hateful (Task A), and whether the hate speech is directed at a specific person or a group of individuals (Task B). For this, we implemented a Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) using pre-trained word embeddings (GloVe and FastText) with 300 dimensions. Our proposed model obtained in Task A 0.488 and 0.696 F1-score for English and Spanish, respectively. For Task B, the CNN obtained 0.297 and 0.430 EMR for English and Spanish, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{hacohen-kerner-etal-2019-jctdhs,
    title = "{JCTDHS} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Detection of Hate Speech in Tweets using Deep Learning Methods, Character N-gram Features, and Preprocessing Methods",
    author = "HaCohen-Kerner, Yaakov  and
      Shayovitz, Elyashiv  and
      Rochman, Shalom  and
      Cahn, Eli  and
      Didi, Gal  and
      Ben-David, Ziv",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2075",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2075",
    pages = "426--430",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our submissions to SemEval-2019 contest. We tackled subtask A - {``}a binary classification where systems have to predict whether a tweet with a given target (women or immigrants) is hateful or not hateful{''}, a part of task 5 {``}Multilingual detection of hate speech against immigrants and women in Twitter (hatEval){''}. Our system JCTDHS (Jerusalem College of Technology Detects Hate Speech) was developed for tweets written in English. We applied various supervised ML methods, various combinations of n-gram features using the TF-IDF scheme and. In addition, we applied various combinations of eight basic preprocessing methods. Our best submission was a special bidirectional RNN, which was ranked at the 11th position out of 68 submissions.",
}
@inproceedings{winter-kern-2019-know,
    title = "Know-Center at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Multilingual Hate Speech Detection on Twitter using {CNN}s",
    author = "Winter, Kevin  and
      Kern, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2076",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2076",
    pages = "431--435",
    abstract = "This paper presents the Know-Center system submitted for task 5 of the SemEval-2019 workshop. Given a Twitter message in either English or Spanish, the task is to first detect whether it contains hateful speech and second, to determine the target and level of aggression used. For this purpose our system utilizes word embeddings and a neural network architecture, consisting of both dilated and traditional convolution layers. We achieved average F1-scores of 0.57 and 0.74 for English and Spanish respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{bauwelinck-etal-2019-lt3,
    title = "{LT}3 at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Multilingual Detection of Hate Speech Against Immigrants and Women in Twitter (hat{E}val)",
    author = "Bauwelinck, Nina  and
      Jacobs, Gilles  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Lefever, Els",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2077",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2077",
    pages = "436--440",
    abstract = "This paper describes our contribution to the SemEval-2019 Task 5 on the detection of hate speech against immigrants and women in Twitter (hatEval). We considered a supervised classification-based approach to detect hate speech in English tweets, which combines a variety of standard lexical and syntactic features with specific features for capturing offensive language. Our experimental results show good classification performance on the training data, but a considerable drop in recall on the held-out test set.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2019-ltl,
    title = "ltl.uni-due at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Simple but Effective Lexico-Semantic Features for Detecting Hate Speech in Twitter",
    author = "Zhang, Huangpan  and
      Wojatzki, Michael  and
      Horsmann, Tobias  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2078",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2078",
    pages = "441--446",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present our contribution to SemEval 2019 Task 5 Multilingual Detection of Hate, specifically in the Subtask A (English and Spanish). We compare different configurations of shallow and deep learning approaches on the English data and use the system that performs best in both sub-tasks. The resulting SVM-based system with lexicosemantic features (n-grams and embeddings) is ranked 23rd out of 69 on the English data and beats the baseline system. On the Spanish data our system is ranked 25th out of 39.",
}
@inproceedings{argota-vega-etal-2019-mineriaunam,
    title = "{M}ineria{UNAM} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Detecting Hate Speech in Twitter using Multiple Features in a Combinatorial Framework",
    author = "Argota Vega, Luis Enrique  and
      Reyes-Maga{\~n}a, Jorge Carlos  and
      G{\'o}mez-Adorno, Helena  and
      Bel-Enguix, Gemma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2079",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2079",
    pages = "447--452",
    abstract = "This paper presents our approach to the Task 5 of Semeval-2019, which aims at detecting hate speech against immigrants and women in Twitter. The task consists of two sub-tasks, in Spanish and English: (A) detection of hate speech and (B) classification of hateful tweets as aggressive or not, and identification of the target harassed as individual or group. We used linguistically motivated features and several types of n-grams (words, characters, functional words, punctuation symbols, POS, among others). For task A, we trained a Support Vector Machine using a combinatorial framework, whereas for task B we followed a multi-labeled approach using the Random Forest classifier. Our approach achieved the highest F1-score in sub-task A for the Spanish language.",
}
@inproceedings{gertner-etal-2019-mitre,
    title = "{MITRE} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Transfer Learning for Multilingual Hate Speech Detection",
    author = "Gertner, Abigail  and
      Henderson, John  and
      Merkhofer, Elizabeth  and
      Marsh, Amy  and
      Wellner, Ben  and
      Zarrella, Guido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2080",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2080",
    pages = "453--459",
    abstract = "This paper describes MITRE{'}s participation in SemEval-2019 Task 5, HatEval: Multilingual detection of hate speech against immigrants and women in Twitter. The techniques explored range from simple bag-of-ngrams classifiers to neural architectures with varied attention mechanisms. We describe several styles of transfer learning from auxiliary tasks, including a novel method for adapting pre-trained BERT models to Twitter data. Logistic regression ties the systems together into an ensemble submitted for evaluation. The resulting system was used to produce predictions for all four HatEval subtasks, achieving the best mean rank of all teams that participated in all four conditions.",
}
@inproceedings{garibo-i-orts-2019-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Detection of Hate Speech Against Immigrants and Women in Twitter at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Frequency Analysis Interpolation for Hate in Speech Detection",
    author = "Garibo i Orts, {\`O}scar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2081",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2081",
    pages = "460--463",
    abstract = "This document describes a text change of representation approach to the task of Multilingual Detection of Hate Speech Against Immigrants and Women in Twitter, as part of SemEval-2019 1 . The task is divided in two sub-tasks. Sub-task A consists in classifying tweets as being hateful or not hateful, whereas sub-task B requires fine tuning the classification by classifying the hateful tweets as being directed to single individuals or generic, if the tweet is aggressive or not. Our approach consists of a change of the space of representation of text into statistical descriptors which characterize the text. In addition, dimensional reduction is performed to 6 characteristics per class in order to make the method suitable for a Big Data environment. Frequency Analysis Interpolation (FAI) is the approach we use to achieve rank 5th in Spanish language and 9th in English language in sub-task B in both cases.",
}
@inproceedings{bojkovsky-pikuliak-2019-stufiit,
    title = "{STUFIIT} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Multilingual Hate Speech Detection on Twitter with {MUSE} and {ELM}o Embeddings",
    author = "Bojkovsk{\'y}, Michal  and
      Pikuliak, Mat{\'u}{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2082",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2082",
    pages = "464--468",
    abstract = "We present a number of models used for hate speech detection for Semeval 2019 Task-5: Hateval. We evaluate the viability of multilingual learning for this task. We also experiment with adversarial learning as a means of creating a multilingual model. Ultimately our multilingual models have had worse results than their monolignual counterparts. We find that the choice of word representations (word embeddings) is very crucial for deep learning as a simple switch between MUSE and ELMo embeddings has shown a 3-4{\%} increase in accuracy. This also shows the importance of context when dealing with online content.",
}
@inproceedings{benballa-etal-2019-saagie,
    title = "Saagie at {S}emeval-2019 Task 5: From Universal Text Embeddings and Classical Features to Domain-specific Text Classification",
    author = "Benballa, Miriam  and
      Collet, Sebastien  and
      Picot-Clemente, Romain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2083",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2083",
    pages = "469--475",
    abstract = "This paper describes our contribution to SemEval 2019 Task 5: Hateval. We propose to investigate how domain-specific text classification task can benefit from pretrained state of the art language models and how they can be combined with classical handcrafted features. For this purpose, we propose an approach based on a feature-level Meta-Embedding to let the model choose which features to keep and how to use them.",
}
@inproceedings{plaza-del-arco-etal-2019-sinai-semeval,
    title = "{SINAI} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Ensemble learning to detect hate speech against inmigrants and women in {E}nglish and {S}panish tweets",
    author = "Plaza-del-Arco, Flor Miriam  and
      Molina-Gonz{\'a}lez, M. Dolores  and
      Martin, Maite  and
      Ure{\~n}a-L{\'o}pez, L. Alfonso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2084",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2084",
    pages = "476--479",
    abstract = "Misogyny and xenophobia are some of the most important social problems. With the in- crease in the use of social media, this feeling ofhatred towards women and immigrants can be more easily expressed, therefore it can cause harmful effects on social media users. For this reason, it is important to develop systems ca- pable of detecting hateful comments automatically. In this paper, we describe our system to analyze the hate speech in English and Spanish tweets against Immigrants and Women as part of our participation in SemEval-2019 Task 5: hatEval. Our main contribution is the integration of three individual algorithms of predic- tion in a model based on Vote ensemble classifier.",
}
@inproceedings{montejo-raez-etal-2019-sinai,
    title = "{SINAI}-{DL} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Recurrent networks and data augmentation by paraphrasing",
    author = "Montejo-R{\'a}ez, Arturo  and
      Jim{\'e}nez-Zafra, Salud Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Cumbreras, Miguel A.  and
      D{\'\i}az-Galiano, Manuel Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2085",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2085",
    pages = "480--483",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of the SINAI-DL team at Task 5 in SemEval 2019, called HatEval. We have applied some classic neural network layers, like word embeddings and LSTM, to build a neural classifier for both proposed tasks. Due to the small amount of training data provided compared to what is expected for an adequate learning stage in deep architectures, we explore the use of paraphrasing tools as source for data augmentation. Our results show that this method is promising, as some improvement has been found over non-augmented training sets.",
}
@inproceedings{nourbakhsh-etal-2019-sthruggle,
    title = "sthruggle at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: An Ensemble Approach to Hate Speech Detection",
    author = "Nourbakhsh, Aria  and
      Vermeer, Frida  and
      Wiltvank, Gijs  and
      van der Goot, Rob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2086",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2086",
    pages = "484--488",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present our approach to detection of hate speech against women and immigrants in tweets for our participation in the SemEval-2019 Task 5. We trained an SVM and an RF classifier using character bi- and trigram features and a BiLSTM pre-initialized with external word embeddings. We combined the predictions of the SVM, RF and BiLSTM in two different ensemble models. The first was a majority vote of the binary values, and the second used the average of the confidence scores. For development, we got the highest accuracy (75{\%}) by the final ensemble model with majority voting. For testing, all models scored substantially lower and the scores between the classifiers varied more. We believe that these large differences between the higher accuracies in the development phase and the lower accuracies we obtained in the testing phase have partly to do with differences between the training, development and testing data.",
}
@inproceedings{chiril-etal-2019-binary,
    title = "The binary trio at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Multitarget Hate Speech Detection in Tweets",
    author = "Chiril, Patricia  and
      Benamara Zitoune, Farah  and
      Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Kumar, Abhishek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2087",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2087",
    pages = "489--493",
    abstract = "The massive growth of user-generated web content through blogs, online forums and most notably, social media networks, led to a large spreading of hatred or abusive messages which have to be moderated. This paper proposes a supervised approach to hate speech detection towards immigrants and women in English tweets. Several models have been developed ranging from feature-engineering approaches to neural ones.",
}
@inproceedings{garain-basu-2019-titans,
    title = "The Titans at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Detection of hate speech against immigrants and women in Twitter",
    author = "Garain, Avishek  and
      Basu, Arpan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2088",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2088",
    pages = "494--497",
    abstract = "This system paper is a description of the system submitted to {''}SemEval-2019 Task 5{''} Task B for the English language, where we had to primarily detect hate speech and then detect aggressive behaviour and its target audience in Twitter. There were two specific target audiences, immigrants and women. The language of the tweets was English. We were required to first detect whether a tweet is containing hate speech. Thereafter we were required to find whether the tweet was showing aggressive behaviour, and then we had to find whether the targeted audience was an individual or a group of people.",
}
@inproceedings{manolescu-etal-2019-tueval,
    title = "{T}u{E}val at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: {LSTM} Approach to Hate Speech Detection in {E}nglish and {S}panish",
    author = {Manolescu, Mihai  and
      L{\"o}fflad, Denise  and
      Mohamed Saber, Adham Nasser  and
      Moradipour Tari, Masoumeh},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2089",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2089",
    pages = "498--502",
    abstract = "The detection of hate speech, especially in online platforms and forums, is quickly becoming a hot topic as anti-hate speech legislation begins to be applied to public discourse online. The HatEval shared task was created with this in mind; participants were expected to develop a model capable of determining whether or not input (in this case, Twitter datasets in English and Spanish) could be considered hate speech (designated as Task A), if they were aggressive, and whether the tweet was targeting an individual, or speaking generally (Task B). We approached this task by creating an LSTM model with an embedding layer. We found that our model performed considerably better on English language input when compared to Spanish language input. In English, we achieved an F1-Score of 0.466 for Task A and 0.462 for Task B; In Spanish, we achieved scores of 0.617 and 0.612 on Task A and Task B, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{mulki-etal-2019-tw,
    title = "Tw-{S}t{AR} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: N-gram embeddings for Hate Speech Detection in Multilingual Tweets",
    author = "Mulki, Hala  and
      Bechikh Ali, Chedi  and
      Haddad, Hatem  and
      Babao{\u{g}}lu, Ismail",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2090",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2090",
    pages = "503--507",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our contribution in SemEval-2019: subtask A of task 5 {``}Multilingual detection of hate speech against immigrants and women in Twitter (HatEval){''}. We developed two hate speech detection model variants through Tw-StAR framework. While the first model adopted one-hot encoding ngrams to train an NB classifier, the second generated and learned n-gram embeddings within a feedforward neural network. For both models, specific terms, selected via MWT patterns, were tagged in the input data. With two feature types employed, we could investigate the ability of n-gram embeddings to rival one-hot n-grams. Our results showed that in English, n-gram embeddings outperformed one-hot ngrams. However, representing Spanish tweets by one-hot n-grams yielded a slightly better performance compared to that of n-gram embeddings. The official ranking indicated that Tw-StAR ranked 9th for English and 20th for Spanish.",
}
@inproceedings{perello-etal-2019-ua,
    title = "{UA} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Setting A Strong Linear Baseline for Hate Speech Detection",
    author = "Perell{\'o}, Carlos  and
      Tom{\'a}s, David  and
      Garcia-Garcia, Alberto  and
      Garcia-Rodriguez, Jose  and
      Camacho-Collados, Jose",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2091",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2091",
    pages = "508--513",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system developed at the University of Alicante (UA) for the SemEval 2019 Task 5: Shared Task on Multilingual Detection of Hate. The purpose of this work is to build a strong baseline for hate speech detection, using a traditional machine learning approach with standard textual features, which could serve in a near future as a reference to compare with deep learning systems. We participated in both task A (Hate Speech Detection against Immigrants and Women) and task B (Aggressive behavior and Target Classification). Despite its simplicity, our system obtained a remarkable F1-score of 72.5 (sixth highest) and an accuracy of 73.6 (second highest) in Spanish (task A), outperforming more complex neural models from a total of 40 participant systems.",
}
@inproceedings{hakimi-parizi-etal-2019-unbnlp,
    title = "{UNBNLP} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5 and 6: Using Language Models to Detect Hate Speech and Offensive Language",
    author = "Hakimi Parizi, Ali  and
      King, Milton  and
      Cook, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2092",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2092",
    pages = "514--518",
    abstract = "In this paper we apply a range of approaches to language modeling {--} including word-level n-gram and neural language models, and character-level neural language models {--} to the problem of detecting hate speech and offensive language. Our findings indicate that language models are able to capture knowledge of whether text is hateful or offensive. However, our findings also indicate that more conventional approaches to text classification often perform similarly or better.",
}
@inproceedings{paetzold-etal-2019-utfpr,
    title = "{UTFPR} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Hate Speech Identification with Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Paetzold, Gustavo Henrique  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Malmasi, Shervin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2093",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2093",
    pages = "519--523",
    abstract = "In this paper we revisit the problem of automatically identifying hate speech in posts from social media. We approach the task using a system based on minimalistic compositional Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN). We tested our approach on the SemEval-2019 Task 5: Multilingual Detection of Hate Speech Against Immigrants and Women in Twitter (HatEval) shared task dataset. The dataset made available by the HatEval organizers contained English and Spanish posts retrieved from Twitter annotated with respect to the presence of hateful content and its target. In this paper we present the results obtained by our system in comparison to the other entries in the shared task. Our system achieved competitive performance ranking 7th in sub-task A out of 62 systems in the English track.",
}
@inproceedings{raiyani-etal-2019-vista,
    title = "Vista.ue at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Single Multilingual Hate Speech Detection Model",
    author = "Raiyani, Kashyap  and
      Gon{\c{c}}alves, Teresa  and
      Quaresma, Paulo  and
      Nogueira, Vitor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2094",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2094",
    pages = "524--528",
    abstract = "This paper shares insight from participating in SemEval-2019 Task 5. The main propose of this system-description paper is to facilitate the reader with replicability and to provide insightful analysis of the developed system. Here in Vista.ue, we proposed a single multilingual hate speech detection model. This model was ranked 46/70 for English Task A and 31/43 for English Task B. Vista.ue was able to rank 38/41 for Spanish Task A and 22/25 for Spanish Task B.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-ding-2019-ynu,
    title = "{YNU} {NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: Attention and Capsule Ensemble for Identifying Hate Speech",
    author = "Wang, Bin  and
      Ding, Haiyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2095",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2095",
    pages = "529--534",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system submitted to SemEval 2019 Task 5: Multilingual detection of hate speech against immigrants and women in Twitter (hatEval). Its main purpose is to conduct hate speech detection on Twitter, which mainly includes two specific different targets, immigrants and women. We participate in both subtask A and subtask B for English. In order to address this task, we develope an ensemble of an attention-LSTM model based on HAN and an BiGRU-capsule model. Both models use fastText pre-trained embeddings, and we use this model in both subtasks. In comparison to other participating teams, our system is ranked 16th in the Sub-task A for English, and 12th in the Sub-task B for English.",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2019-ynu,
    title = "{YNU}{\_}{DYX} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5: A Stacked {B}i{GRU} Model Based on Capsule Network in Detection of Hate",
    author = "Ding, Yunxia  and
      Zhou, Xiaobing  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2096",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2096",
    pages = "535--539",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system designed for SemEval 2019 Task 5 {``}Shared Task on Multilingual Detection of Hate{''}.We only participate in subtask-A in English. To address this task, we present a stacked BiGRU model based on a capsule network system. In or- der to convert the tweets into corresponding vector representations and input them into the neural network, we use the fastText tools to get word representations. Then, the sentence representation is enriched by stacked Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Units (BiGRUs) and used as the input of capsule network. Our system achieves an average F1-score of 0.546 and ranks 3rd in the subtask-A in English.",
}
@inproceedings{sridharan-tr-2019-amrita,
    title = "Amrita School of Engineering - {CSE} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Manipulating Attention with Temporal Convolutional Neural Network for Offense Identification and Classification",
    author = "Sridharan, Murali  and
      TR, Swapna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2097",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2097",
    pages = "540--546",
    abstract = "With the proliferation and ubiquity of smart gadgets and smart devices, across the world, data generated by them has been growing at exponential rates; in particular social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram have been generating voluminous data on a daily basis. According to Twitter{'}s usage statistics, about 500 million tweets are generated each day. While the tweets reflect the users{'} opinions on several events across the world, there are tweets which are offensive in nature that need to be tagged under the hateful conduct policy of Twitter. Offensive tweets have to be identified, captured and processed further, for a variety of reasons, which include i) identifying offensive tweets in order to prevent violent/abusive behavior in Twitter (or any social media for that matter), ii) creating and maintaining a history of offensive tweets for individual users (would be helpful in creating meta-data for user profile), iii) inferring the sentiment of the users on particular event/issue/topic . We have employed neural network models which manipulate attention with Temporal Convolutional Neural Network for the three shared sub-tasks i) ATT-TCN (ATTention based Temporal Convolutional Neural Network) employed for shared sub-task A that yielded a best macro-F1 score of 0.46, ii) SAE-ATT-TCN(Self Attentive Embedding-ATTention based Temporal Convolutional Neural Network) employed for shared sub-task B and sub-task C that yielded best macro-F1 score of 0.61 and 0.51 respectively. Among the two variants ATT-TCN and SAE-ATT-TCN, the latter performed better.",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2019-bhanodaig,
    title = "bhanodaig at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Categorizing Offensive Language in social media",
    author = "Kumar, Ritesh  and
      Bhanodai, Guggilla  and
      Pamula, Rajendra  and
      Chennuru, Maheswara Reddy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2098",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2098",
    pages = "547--550",
    abstract = "This paper describes the work that our team bhanodaig did at Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) towards OffensEval i.e. identifying and categorizing offensive language in social media. Out of three sub-tasks, we have participated in sub-task B: automatic categorization of offensive types. We perform the task of categorizing offensive language, whether the tweet is targeted insult or untargeted. We use Linear Support Vector Machine for classification. The official ranking metric is macro-averaged F1. Our system gets the score 0.5282 with accuracy 0.8792. However, as new entrant to the field, our scores are encouraging enough to work for better results in future.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2019-bnu,
    title = "{BNU}-{HKBU} {UIC} {NLP} Team 2 at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Detecting Offensive Language Using {BERT} model",
    author = "Wu, Zhenghao  and
      Zheng, Hao  and
      Wang, Jianming  and
      Su, Weifeng  and
      Fong, Jefferson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2099",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2099",
    pages = "551--555",
    abstract = "In this study we deal with the problem of identifying and categorizing offensive language in social media. Our group, BNU-HKBU UIC NLP Team2, use supervised classification along with multiple version of data generated by different ways of pre-processing the data. We then use the state-of-the-art model Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers, or BERT (Devlin et al, 2018), to capture linguistic, syntactic and semantic features. Long range dependencies between each part of a sentence can be captured by BERT{'}s bidirectional encoder representations. Our results show 85.12{\%} accuracy and 80.57{\%} F1 scores in Subtask A (offensive language identification), 87.92{\%} accuracy and 50{\%} F1 scores in Subtask B (categorization of offense types), and 69.95{\%} accuracy and 50.47{\%} F1 score in Subtask C (offense target identification). Analysis of the results shows that distinguishing between targeted and untargeted offensive language is not a simple task. More work needs to be done on the unbalance data problem in Subtasks B and C. Some future work is also discussed.",
}
@inproceedings{aglionby-etal-2019-camsterdam,
    title = "{CAM}sterdam at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Neural and graph-based feature extraction for the identification of offensive tweets",
    author = "Aglionby, Guy  and
      Davis, Chris  and
      Mishra, Pushkar  and
      Caines, Andrew  and
      Yannakoudakis, Helen  and
      Rei, Marek  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Buttery, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2100",
    pages = "556--563",
    abstract = "We describe the CAMsterdam team entry to the SemEval-2019 Shared Task 6 on offensive language identification in Twitter data. Our proposed model learns to extract textual features using a multi-layer recurrent network, and then performs text classification using gradient-boosted decision trees (GBDT). A self-attention architecture enables the model to focus on the most relevant areas in the text. In order to enrich input representations, we use node2vec to learn globally optimised embeddings for hashtags, which are then given as additional features to the GBDT classifier. Our best model obtains 78.79{\%} macro F1-score on detecting offensive language (subtask A), 66.32{\%} on categorising offence types (targeted/untargeted; subtask B), and 55.36{\%} on identifying the target of offence (subtask C).",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2019-cn,
    title = "{CN}-{HIT}-{MI}.{T} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Offensive Language Identification Based on {B}i{LSTM} with Double Attention",
    author = "Zhang, Yaojie  and
      Xu, Bing  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2101",
    pages = "564--570",
    abstract = "Offensive language has become pervasive in social media. In Offensive Language Identification tasks, it may be difficult to predict accurately only according to the surface words. So we try to dig deeper semantic information of text. This paper presents use an attention-based two layers bidirectional longshort memory neural network (BiLSTM) for semantic feature extraction. Additionally, a residual connection mechanism is used to synthesize two different deep features, and an emoji attention mechanism is used to extract semantic information of emojis in text. We participated in three sub-tasks of SemEval 2019 Task 6 as CN-HIT-MI.T team. Our macro-averaged F1-score in sub-task A is 0.768, ranking 28/103. We got 0.638 in sub-task B, ranking 30/75. In sub-task C, we got 0.549, ranking 22/65. We also tried some other methods of not submitting results.",
}
@inproceedings{pavlopoulos-etal-2019-convai,
    title = "{C}onv{AI} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Offensive Language Identification and Categorization with Perspective and {BERT}",
    author = "Pavlopoulos, John  and
      Thain, Nithum  and
      Dixon, Lucas  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2102",
    pages = "571--576",
    abstract = "This paper presents the application of two strong baseline systems for toxicity detection and evaluates their performance in identifying and categorizing offensive language in social media. PERSPECTIVE is an API, that serves multiple machine learning models for the improvement of conversations online, as well as a toxicity detection system, trained on a wide variety of comments from platforms across the Internet. BERT is a recently popular language representation model, fine tuned per task and achieving state of the art performance in multiple NLP tasks. PERSPECTIVE performed better than BERT in detecting toxicity, but BERT was much better in categorizing the offensive type. Both baselines were ranked surprisingly high in the SEMEVAL-2019 OFFENSEVAL competition, PERSPECTIVE in detecting an offensive post (12th) and BERT in categorizing it (11th). The main contribution of this paper is the assessment of two strong baselines for the identification (PERSPECTIVE) and the categorization (BERT) of offensive language with little or no additional training data.",
}
@inproceedings{modha-etal-2019-da,
    title = "{DA}-{LD}-{H}ildesheim at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Tracking Offensive Content with Deep Learning using Shallow Representation",
    author = "Modha, Sandip  and
      Majumder, Prasenjit  and
      Patel, Daksh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2103",
    pages = "577--581",
    abstract = "This paper presents the participation of team DA-LD-Hildesheim of Information Retrieval and Language Processing lab at DA-IICT, India in Semeval-19 OffenEval track. The aim of this shared task is to identify offensive content at fined-grained level granularity. The task is divided into three sub-tasks. The system is required to check whether social media posts contain any offensive or profane content or not, targeted or untargeted towards any entity and classifying targeted posts into the individual, group or other categories. Social media posts suffer from data sparsity problem, Therefore, the distributed word representation technique is chosen over the Bag-of-Words for the text representation. Since limited labeled data was available for the training, pre-trained word vectors are used and fine-tuned on this classification task. Various deep learning models based on LSTM, Bidirectional LSTM, CNN, and Stacked CNN are used for the classification. It has been observed that labeled data was highly affected with class imbalance and our technique to handle the class-balance was not effective, in fact performance was degraded in some of the runs. Macro F1 score is used as a primary evaluation metric for the performance. Our System achieves Macro F1 score = 0.7833 in sub-task A, 0.6456 in the sub-task B and 0.5533 in the sub-task C.",
}
@inproceedings{de-la-pena-rosso-2019-deepanalyzer,
    title = "{D}eep{A}nalyzer at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: A deep learning-based ensemble method for identifying offensive tweets",
    author = "De la Pe{\~n}a, Gretel Liz  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2104",
    pages = "582--586",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system we developed for SemEval 2019 on Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Social Media (OffensEval - Task 6). The task focuses on offensive language in tweets. It is organized into three sub-tasks for offensive language identification; automatic categorization of offense types and offense target identification. The approach for the first subtask is a deep learning-based ensemble method which uses a Bidirectional LSTM Recurrent Neural Network and a Convolutional Neural Network. Additionally we use the information from part-of-speech tagging of tweets for target identification and combine previous results for categorization of offense types.",
}
@inproceedings{kapil-etal-2019-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Detecting Offensive language using Neural Networks",
    author = "Kapil, Prashant  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Das, Dipankar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2105",
    pages = "587--592",
    abstract = "In this paper we built several deep learning architectures to participate in shared task OffensEval: Identifying and categorizing Offensive language in Social media by semEval-2019. The dataset was annotated with three level annotation schemes and task was to detect between offensive and not offensive, categorization and target identification in offensive contents. Deep learning models with POS information as feature were also leveraged for classification. The three best models that performed best on individual sub tasks are stacking of CNN-Bi-LSTM with Attention, BiLSTM with POS information added with word features and Bi-LSTM for third task. Our models achieved a Macro F1 score of 0.7594, 0.5378 and 0.4588 in Task(A,B,C) respectively with rank of 33rd, 54th and 52nd out of 103, 75 and 65 submissions.The three best models that performed best on individual sub task are using Neural Networks.",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-2019-duluth,
    title = "{D}uluth at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Lexical Approaches to Identify and Categorize Offensive Tweets",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2106",
    pages = "593--599",
    abstract = "This paper describes the Duluth systems that participated in SemEval{--}2019 Task 6, Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Social Media (OffensEval). For the most part these systems took traditional Machine Learning approaches that built classifiers from lexical features found in manually labeled training data. However, our most successful system for classifying a tweet as offensive (or not) was a rule-based black{--}list approach, and we also experimented with combining the training data from two different but related SemEval tasks. Our best systems in each of the three OffensEval tasks placed in the middle of the comparative evaluation, ranking 57th of 103 in task A, 39th of 75 in task B, and 44th of 65 in task C.",
}
@inproceedings{kebriaei-etal-2019-emad,
    title = "Emad at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Offensive Language Identification using Traditional Machine Learning and Deep Learning approaches",
    author = "Kebriaei, Emad  and
      Karimi, Samaneh  and
      Sabri, Nazanin  and
      Shakery, Azadeh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2107",
    pages = "600--603",
    abstract = "In this paper, the used methods and the results obtained by our team, entitled Emad, on the OffensEval 2019 shared task organized at SemEval 2019 are presented. The OffensEval shared task includes three sub-tasks namely Offensive language identification, Automatic categorization of offense types and Offense target identification. We participated in sub-task A and tried various methods including traditional machine learning methods, deep learning methods and also a combination of the first two sets of methods. We also proposed a data augmentation method using word embedding to improve the performance of our methods. The results show that the augmentation approach outperforms other methods in terms of macro-f1.",
}
@inproceedings{pelicon-etal-2019-embeddia,
    title = "Embeddia at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Detecting Hate with Neural Network and Transfer Learning Approaches",
    author = "Pelicon, Andra{\v{z}}  and
      Martinc, Matej  and
      Kralj Novak, Petra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2108",
    pages = "604--610",
    abstract = "SemEval 2019 Task 6 was OffensEval: Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Social Media. The task was further divided into three sub-tasks: offensive language identification, automatic categorization of offense types, and offense target identification. In this paper, we present the approaches used by the Embeddia team, who qualified as fourth, eighteenth and fifth on the tree sub-tasks. A different model was trained for each sub-task. For the first sub-task, we used a BERT model fine-tuned on the OLID dataset, while for the second and third tasks we developed a custom neural network architecture which combines bag-of-words features and automatically generated sequence-based features. Our results show that combining automatically and manually crafted features fed into a neural architecture outperform transfer learning approach on more unbalanced datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{indurthi-etal-2019-fermi-semeval,
    title = "Fermi at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Social Media using Sentence Embeddings",
    author = "Indurthi, Vijayasaradhi  and
      Syed, Bakhtiyar  and
      Shrivastava, Manish  and
      Gupta, Manish  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2109",
    pages = "611--616",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system (Fermi) for Task 6: OffensEval: Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Social Media of SemEval-2019. We participated in all the three sub-tasks within Task 6. We evaluate multiple sentence embeddings in conjunction with various supervised machine learning algorithms and evaluate the performance of simple yet effective embedding-ML combination algorithms. Our team Fermi{'}s model achieved an F1-score of 64.40{\%}, 62.00{\%} and 62.60{\%} for sub-task A, B and C respectively on the official leaderboard. Our model for sub-task C which uses pre-trained ELMo embeddings for transforming the input and uses SVM (RBF kernel) for training, scored third position on the official leaderboard. Through the paper we provide a detailed description of the approach, as well as the results obtained for the task.",
}
@inproceedings{doostmohammadi-etal-2019-ghmerti,
    title = "Ghmerti at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: A Deep Word- and Character-based Approach to Offensive Language Identification",
    author = "Doostmohammadi, Ehsan  and
      Sameti, Hossein  and
      Saffar, Ali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2110",
    pages = "617--621",
    abstract = "This paper presents the models submitted by Ghmerti team for subtasks A and B of the OffensEval shared task at SemEval 2019. OffensEval addresses the problem of identifying and categorizing offensive language in social media in three subtasks; whether or not a content is offensive (subtask A), whether it is targeted (subtask B) towards an individual, a group, or other entities (subtask C). The proposed approach includes character-level Convolutional Neural Network, word-level Recurrent Neural Network, and some preprocessing. The performance achieved by the proposed model is 77.93{\%} macro-averaged F1-score.",
}
@inproceedings{bansal-etal-2019-tubingen,
    title = {{HAD}-T{\"u}bingen at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Deep Learning Analysis of Offensive Language on Twitter: Identification and Categorization},
    author = "Bansal, Himanshu  and
      Nagel, Daniel  and
      Soloveva, Anita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2111",
    pages = "622--627",
    abstract = {This paper describes the submissions of our team, HAD-T{\"u}bingen, for the SemEval 2019 - Task 6: {``}OffensEval: Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Social Media{''}. We participated in all the three sub-tasks: Sub-task A - {``}Offensive language identification{''}, sub-task B - {``}Automatic categorization of offense types{''} and sub-task C - {``}Offense target identification{''}. As a baseline model we used a Long short-term memory recurrent neural network (LSTM) to identify and categorize offensive tweets. For all the tasks we experimented with external databases in a postprocessing step to enhance the results made by our model. The best macro-average F1 scores obtained for the sub-tasks A, B and C are 0.73, 0.52, and 0.37, respectively.},
}
@inproceedings{oberstrass-etal-2019-hhu,
    title = "{HHU} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Context Does Matter - Tackling Offensive Language Identification and Categorization with {ELM}o",
    author = "Oberstrass, Alexander  and
      Romberg, Julia  and
      Stoll, Anke  and
      Conrad, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2112",
    pages = "628--634",
    abstract = "We present our results for OffensEval: Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Social Media (SemEval 2019 - Task 6). Our results show that context embeddings are important features for the three different sub-tasks in connection with classical machine and with deep learning. Our best model reached place 3 of 75 in sub-task B with a macro $F_1$ of 0.719. Our approaches for sub-task A and C perform less well but could also deliver promising results.",
}
@inproceedings{patras-etal-2019-hope,
    title = "Hope at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Mining social media language to discover offensive language",
    author = "Patras, Gabriel Florentin  and
      Lungu, Diana Florina  and
      Gifu, Daniela  and
      Trandabat, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2113",
    pages = "635--638",
    abstract = "User{'}s content share through social media has reached huge proportions nowadays. However, along with the free expression of thoughts on social media, people risk getting exposed to various aggressive statements. In this paper, we present a system able to identify and classify offensive user-generated content.",
}
@inproceedings{graff-etal-2019-ingeotec,
    title = "{INGEOTEC} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 5 and Task 6: A Genetic Programming Approach for Text Classification",
    author = "Graff, Mario  and
      Miranda-Jim{\'e}nez, Sabino  and
      Tellez, Eric  and
      Ochoa, Daniela Alejandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2114",
    pages = "639--644",
    abstract = "This paper describes our participation in HatEval and OffensEval challenges for English and Spanish languages. We used several approaches, B4MSA, FastText, and EvoMSA. Best results were achieved with EvoMSA, which is a multilingual and domain-independent architecture that combines the prediction of different knowledge sources to solve text classification problems.",
}
@inproceedings{hacohen-kerner-etal-2019-jcticol,
    title = "{JCTICOL} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Classifying Offensive Language in Social Media using Deep Learning Methods, Word/Character N-gram Features, and Preprocessing Methods",
    author = "HaCohen-Kerner, Yaakov  and
      Ben-David, Ziv  and
      Didi, Gal  and
      Cahn, Eli  and
      Rochman, Shalom  and
      Shayovitz, Elyashiv",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2115",
    pages = "645--651",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our submissions to SemEval-2019 task 6 contest. We tackled all three sub-tasks in this task {``}OffensEval - Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Social Media{''}. In our system called JCTICOL (Jerusalem College of Technology Identifies and Categorizes Offensive Language), we applied various supervised ML methods. We applied various combinations of word/character n-gram features using the TF-IDF scheme. In addition, we applied various combinations of seven basic preprocessing methods. Our best submission, an RNN model was ranked at the 25th position out of 65 submissions for the most complex sub-task (C).",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2019-jhan014,
    title = "jhan014 at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Social Media",
    author = "Han, Jiahui  and
      Wu, Shengtan  and
      Liu, Xinyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2116",
    pages = "652--656",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present two methods to identify and categorize the offensive language in Twitter. In the first method, we establish a probabilistic model to evaluate the sentence offensiveness level and target level according to different sub-tasks. In the second method, we develop a deep neural network consisting of bidirectional recurrent layers with Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) cells and fully connected layers. In the comparison of two methods, we find both method has its own advantages and drawbacks while they have similar accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{torres-vaca-2019-jtml,
    title = "{JTML} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Offensive Tweets Identification using Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Torres, Johnny  and
      Vaca, Carmen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2117",
    pages = "657--661",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose the use of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to identify offensive tweets, as well as the type and target of the offense. We use an end-to-end model (i.e., no preprocessing) and fine-tune pre-trained embeddings (FastText) during training for learning words{'} representation. We compare the proposed CNN model to a baseline model, such as Linear Regression, and several neural models. The results show that CNN outperforms other models, and stands as a simple but strong baseline in comparison to other systems submitted to the Shared Task.",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-etal-2019-ju,
    title = "{JU}{\_}{ETCE}{\_}17{\_}21 at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Efficient Machine Learning and Neural Network Approaches for Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Tweets",
    author = "Mukherjee, Preeti  and
      Pal, Mainak  and
      Banerjee, Somnath  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2118",
    pages = "662--667",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system submissions as part of our participation (team name: JU{\_}ETCE{\_}17{\_}21) in the SemEval 2019 shared task 6: {``}OffensEval: Identifying and Catego- rizing Offensive Language in Social Media{''}. We participated in all the three sub-tasks: i) Sub-task A: offensive language identification, ii) Sub-task B: automatic categorization of of- fense types, and iii) Sub-task C: offense target identification. We employed machine learn- ing as well as deep learning approaches for the sub-tasks. We employed Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Recursive Neu- ral Network (RNN) Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) with pre-trained word embeddings. We used both word2vec and Glove pre-trained word embeddings. We obtained the best F1- score using CNN based model for sub-task A, LSTM based model for sub-task B and Lo- gistic Regression based model for sub-task C. Our best submissions achieved 0.7844, 0.5459 and 0.48 F1-scores for sub-task A, sub-task B and sub-task C respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{rani-ojha-2019-kmi,
    title = "{KMI}-Coling at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Exploring N-grams for Offensive Language detection",
    author = "Rani, Priya  and
      Ojha, Atul Kr.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2119",
    pages = "668--671",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present the system description of Offensive language detection tool which is developed by the KMI{\_}Coling under the OffensEval Shared task. The OffensEval Shared Task was conducted in SemEval 2019 workshop. To develop the system, we have explored n-grams up to 8-gram and trained three different namely A, B and C systems for three different subtasks within the OffensEval task which achieves 79.76{\%}, 87.91{\%} and 44.37{\%} accuracy respectively. The task was completed using the dataset provided to us by the OffensEval organisers was the part of OLID dataset. It consists of 13,240 tweets extracted from twitter and were annotated at three levels using crowdsourcing.",
}
@inproceedings{mut-altin-etal-2019-lastus,
    title = "{L}a{STUS}/{TALN} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Identification and Categorization of Offensive Language in Social Media with Attention-based Bi-{LSTM} model",
    author = "Mut Altin, Lutfiye Seda  and
      Bravo Serrano, {\`A}lex  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2120",
    pages = "672--677",
    abstract = "We present a bidirectional Long-Short Term Memory network for identifying offensive language in Twitter. Our system has been developed in the context of the SemEval 2019 Task 6 which comprises three different sub-tasks, namely A: Offensive Language Detection, B: Categorization of Offensive Language, C: Offensive Language Target Identification. We used a pre-trained Word Embeddings in tweet data, including information about emojis and hashtags. Our approach achieves good performance in the three sub-tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{aggarwal-etal-2019-ltl,
    title = "{LTL}-{UDE} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: {BERT} and Two-Vote Classification for Categorizing Offensiveness",
    author = "Aggarwal, Piush  and
      Horsmann, Tobias  and
      Wojatzki, Michael  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2121",
    pages = "678--682",
    abstract = "We present results for Subtask A and C of SemEval 2019 Shared Task 6. In Subtask A, we experiment with an embedding representation of postings and use BERT to categorize postings. Our best result reaches the 10th place (out of 103). In Subtask C, we applied a two-vote classification approach with minority fallback, which is placed on the 19th rank (out of 65).",
}
@inproceedings{mahata-etal-2019-midas,
    title = "{MIDAS} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Identifying Offensive Posts and Targeted Offense from Twitter",
    author = "Mahata, Debanjan  and
      Zhang, Haimin  and
      Uppal, Karan  and
      Kumar, Yaman  and
      Shah, Rajiv Ratn  and
      Shahid, Simra  and
      Mehnaz, Laiba  and
      Anand, Sarthak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2122",
    pages = "683--690",
    abstract = "In this paper we present our approach and the system description for Sub Task A and Sub Task B of SemEval 2019 Task 6: Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Social Media. Sub Task A involves identifying if a given tweet is offensive and Sub Task B involves detecting if an offensive tweet is targeted towards someone (group or an individual). Our models for Sub Task A is based on an ensemble of Convolutional Neural Network and Bidirectional LSTM, whereas for Sub Task B, we rely on a set of heuristics derived from the training data. We provide detailed analysis of the results obtained using the trained models. Our team ranked 5th out of 103 participants in Sub Task A, achieving a macro F1 score of 0.807, and ranked 8th out of 75 participants achieving a macro F1 of 0.695.",
}
@inproceedings{nikolov-radivchev-2019-nikolov,
    title = "Nikolov-Radivchev at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Offensive Tweet Classification with {BERT} and Ensembles",
    author = "Nikolov, Alex  and
      Radivchev, Victor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2123",
    pages = "691--695",
    abstract = "This paper examines different approaches and models towards offensive tweet classification which were used as a part of the OffensEval 2019 competition. It reviews Tweet preprocessing, techniques for overcoming unbalanced class distribution in the provided test data, and comparison of multiple attempted machine learning models.",
}
@inproceedings{swamy-etal-2019-nit,
    title = "{NIT}{\_}{A}gartala{\_}{NLP}{\_}{T}eam at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: An Ensemble Approach to Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Twitter Social Media Corpora",
    author = {Swamy, Steve Durairaj  and
      Jamatia, Anupam  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Das, Amitava},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2124",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2124",
    pages = "696--703",
    abstract = "The paper describes the systems submitted to OffensEval (SemEval 2019, Task 6) on {`}Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Social Media{'} by the {`}NIT{\_}Agartala{\_}NLP{\_}Team{'}. A Twitter annotated dataset of 13,240 English tweets was provided by the task organizers to train the individual models, with the best results obtained using an ensemble model composed of six different classifiers. The ensemble model produced macro-averaged F1-scores of 0.7434, 0.7078 and 0.4853 on Subtasks A, B, and C, respectively. The paper highlights the overall low predictive nature of various linguistic features and surface level count features, as well as the limitations of a traditional machine learning approach when compared to a Deep Learning counterpart.",
}
@inproceedings{rusert-srinivasan-2019-nlp,
    title = "{NLP}@{UIOWA} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Classifying the Crass using Multi-windowed {CNN}s",
    author = "Rusert, Jonathan  and
      Srinivasan, Padmini",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2125",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2125",
    pages = "704--711",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a system for OffensEval (SemEval 2019 Task 6), which calls for a system to classify offensive language into several categories. Our system is a text based CNN, which learns only from the provided training data. Our system achieves 80 - 90{\%} accuracy for the binary classification problems (offensive vs not offensive and targeted vs untargeted) and 63{\%} accuracy for trinary classification (group vs individual vs other).",
}
@inproceedings{seganti-etal-2019-nlpr,
    title = "{NLPR}@{SRPOL} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6 and Task 5: Linguistically enhanced deep learning offensive sentence classifier",
    author = "Seganti, Alessandro  and
      Sobol, Helena  and
      Orlova, Iryna  and
      Kim, Hannam  and
      Staniszewski, Jakub  and
      Krumholc, Tymoteusz  and
      Koziel, Krystian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2126",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2126",
    pages = "712--721",
    abstract = "The paper presents a system developed for the SemEval-2019 competition Task 5 hat- Eval Basile et al. (2019) (team name: LU Team) and Task 6 OffensEval Zampieri et al. (2019b) (team name: NLPR@SRPOL), where we achieved 2nd position in Subtask C. The system combines in an ensemble several models (LSTM, Transformer, OpenAI{'}s GPT, Random forest, SVM) with various embeddings (custom, ELMo, fastText, Universal Encoder) together with additional linguistic features (number of blacklisted words, special characters, etc.). The system works with a multi-tier blacklist and a large corpus of crawled data, annotated for general offensiveness. In the paper we do an extensive analysis of our results and show how the combination of features and embedding affect the performance of the models.",
}
@inproceedings{mitrovic-etal-2019-nlpup,
    title = "nlp{UP} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: A Deep Neural Language Model for Offensive Language Detection",
    author = "Mitrovi{\'c}, Jelena  and
      Birkeneder, Bastian  and
      Granitzer, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2127",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2127",
    pages = "722--726",
    abstract = "This paper presents our submission for the SemEval shared task 6, sub-task A on the identification of offensive language. Our proposed model, C-BiGRU, combines a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with a bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). We utilize word2vec to capture the semantic similarities between words. This composition allows us to extract long term dependencies in tweets and distinguish between offensive and non-offensive tweets. In addition, we evaluate our approach on a different dataset and show that our model is capable of detecting online aggressiveness in both English and German tweets. Our model achieved a macro F1-score of 79.40{\%} on the SemEval dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{singh-chand-2019-pardeep,
    title = "Pardeep at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Social Media using Deep Learning",
    author = "Singh, Pardeep  and
      Chand, Satish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2128",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2128",
    pages = "727--734",
    abstract = "The rise of social media has made information exchange faster and easier among the people. However, in recent times, the use of offensive language has seen an upsurge in social media. The main challenge for a service provider is to correctly identify such offensive posts and take necessary action to monitor and control their spread. In this work, we try to address this problem by using sophisticated deep learning techniques like LSTM, Bidirectional LSTM and Bidirectional GRU. Our proposed approach solves 3 different Sub-tasks provided in the SemEval-2019 task 6 which incorporates identification of offensive tweets as well as their categorization. We obtain significantly better results in the leader-board for Sub-task B and decent results for Sub-task A and Subtask C validating the fact that the proposed models can be used for automating the offensive post-detection task in social media.",
}
@inproceedings{plaza-del-arco-etal-2019-sinai-semeval-2019,
    title = "{SINAI} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Incorporating lexicon knowledge into {SVM} learning to identify and categorize offensive language in social media",
    author = "Plaza-del-Arco, Flor Miriam  and
      Molina-Gonz{\'a}lez, M. Dolores  and
      Martin, Maite  and
      Ure{\~n}a-L{\'o}pez, L. Alfonso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2129",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2129",
    pages = "735--738",
    abstract = "Offensive language has an impact across society. The use of social media has aggravated this issue among online users, causing suicides in the worst cases. For this reason, it is important to develop systems capable of identifying and detecting offensive language in text automatically. In this paper, we developed a system to classify offensive tweets as part of our participation in SemEval-2019 Task 6: OffensEval. Our main contribution is the integration of lexical features in the classification using the SVM algorithm.",
}
@inproceedings{d-etal-2019-ssn,
    title = "{SSN}{\_}{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Offensive Language Identification in Social Media using Traditional and Deep Machine Learning Approaches",
    author = "D., Thenmozhi  and
      B., Senthil Kumar  and
      Sharavanan, Srinethe  and
      Chandrabose, Aravindan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2130",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2130",
    pages = "739--744",
    abstract = "Offensive language identification (OLI) in user generated text is automatic detection of any profanity, insult, obscenity, racism or vulgarity that degrades an individual or a group. It is helpful for hate speech detection, flame detection and cyber bullying. Due to immense growth of accessibility to social media, OLI helps to avoid abuse and hurts. In this paper, we present deep and traditional machine learning approaches for OLI. In deep learning approach, we have used bi-directional LSTM with different attention mechanisms to build the models and in traditional machine learning, TF-IDF weighting schemes with classifiers namely Multinomial Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machines with Stochastic Gradient Descent optimizer are used for model building. The approaches are evaluated on the OffensEval@SemEval2019 dataset and our team SSN{\_}NLP submitted runs for three tasks of OffensEval shared task. The best runs of SSN{\_}NLP obtained the F1 scores as 0.53, 0.48, 0.3 and the accuracies as 0.63, 0.84 and 0.42 for the tasks A, B and C respectively. Our approaches improved the base line F1 scores by 12{\%}, 26{\%} and 14{\%} for Task A, B and C respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{fortuna-etal-2019-stop,
    title = "Stop {P}ropag{H}ate at {S}em{E}val-2019 Tasks 5 and 6: Are abusive language classification results reproducible?",
    author = "Fortuna, Paula  and
      Soler-Company, Juan  and
      Nunes, S{\'e}rgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2131",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2131",
    pages = "745--752",
    abstract = "This paper summarizes the participation of Stop PropagHate team at SemEval 2019. Our approach is based on replicating one of the most relevant works on the literature, using word embeddings and LSTM. After circumventing some of the problems of the original code, we found poor results when applying it to the HatEval contest (F1=0.45). We think this is due mainly to inconsistencies in the data of this contest. Finally, for the OffensEval the classifier performed well (F1=0.74), proving to have a better performance for offense detection than for hate speech.",
}
@inproceedings{suseelan-etal-2019-techssn,
    title = "{TECHSSN} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Tweets using Deep Neural Networks",
    author = "Suseelan, Angel  and
      S, Rajalakshmi  and
      B, Logesh  and
      S, Harshini  and
      B, Geetika  and
      S, Dyaneswaran  and
      Rajendram, S Milton  and
      T T, Mirnalinee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2132",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2132",
    pages = "753--758",
    abstract = "Task 6 of SemEval 2019 involves identifying and categorizing offensive language in social media. The systems developed by TECHSSN team uses multi-level classification techniques. We have developed two systems. In the first system, the first level of classification is done by a multi-branch 2D CNN classifier with Google{'}s pre-trained Word2Vec embedding and the second level of classification by string matching technique supported by offensive and bad words dictionary. The second system uses a multi-branch 1D CNN classifier with Glove pre-trained embedding layer for the first level of classification and string matching for the second level of classification. Input data with a probability of less than 0.70 in the first level are passed on to the second level. The misclassified examples are classified correctly in the second level.",
}
@inproceedings{garain-basu-2019-titans-semeval,
    title = "The Titans at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Offensive Language Identification, Categorization and Target Identification",
    author = "Garain, Avishek  and
      Basu, Arpan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2133",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2133",
    pages = "759--762",
    abstract = "This system paper is a description of the system submitted to {``}SemEval-2019 Task 6{''}, where we had to detect offensive language in Twitter. There were two specific target audiences, immigrants and women. The language of the tweets was English. We were required to first detect whether a tweet contains offensive content, and then we had to find out whether the tweet was targeted against some individual, group or other entity. Finally we were required to classify the targeted audience.",
}
@inproceedings{kannan-stein-2019-tukast,
    title = {{T}{\"u}{K}a{S}t at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Something Old, Something Neu(ral): Traditional and Neural Approaches to Offensive Text Classification},
    author = "Kannan, Madeeswaran  and
      Stein, Lukas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2134",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2134",
    pages = "763--769",
    abstract = {We describe our system (T{\"u}KaSt) submitted for Task 6: Offensive Language Classification, at SemEval 2019. We developed multiple SVM classifier models that used sentence-level dense vector representations of tweets enriched with sentiment information and term-weighting. Our best results achieved F1 scores of 0.734, 0.660 and 0.465 in the first, second and third sub-tasks respectively. We also describe a neural network model that was developed in parallel but not used during evaluation due to time constraints.},
}
@inproceedings{shushkevich-etal-2019-tuvd,
    title = "{TUVD} team at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Offense Target Identification",
    author = "Shushkevich, Elena  and
      Cardiff, John  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2135",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2135",
    pages = "770--774",
    abstract = "This article presents our approach for detecting a target of offensive messages in Twitter, including Individual, Group and Others classes. The model we have created is an ensemble of simpler models, including Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine and the interpolation between Logistic Regression and Naive Bayes with 0.25 coefficient of interpolation. The model allows us to achieve 0.547 macro F1-score.",
}
@inproceedings{rajendran-etal-2019-ubc,
    title = "{UBC}-{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Ensemble Learning of Offensive Content With Enhanced Training Data",
    author = "Rajendran, Arun  and
      Zhang, Chiyu  and
      Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2136",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2136",
    pages = "775--781",
    abstract = "We examine learning offensive content on Twitter with limited, imbalanced data. For the purpose, we investigate the utility of using various data enhancement methods with a host of classical ensemble classifiers. Among the 75 participating teams in SemEval-2019 sub-task B, our system ranks 6th (with 0.706 macro F1-score). For sub-task C, among the 65 participating teams, our system ranks 9th (with 0.587 macro F1-score).",
}
@inproceedings{wiedemann-etal-2019-uhh,
    title = "{UHH}-{LT} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Supervised vs. Unsupervised Transfer Learning for Offensive Language Detection",
    author = "Wiedemann, Gregor  and
      Ruppert, Eugen  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2137",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2137",
    pages = "782--787",
    abstract = "We present a neural network based approach of transfer learning for offensive language detection. For our system, we compare two types of knowledge transfer: supervised and unsupervised pre-training. Supervised pre-training of our bidirectional GRU-3-CNN architecture is performed as multi-task learning of parallel training of five different tasks. The selected tasks are supervised classification problems from public NLP resources with some overlap to offensive language such as sentiment detection, emoji classification, and aggressive language classification. Unsupervised transfer learning is performed with a thematic clustering of 40M unlabeled tweets via LDA. Based on this dataset, pre-training is performed by predicting the main topic of a tweet. Results indicate that unsupervised transfer from large datasets performs slightly better than supervised training on small {`}near target category{'} datasets. In the SemEval Task, our system ranks 14 out of 103 participants.",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2019-um,
    title = "{UM}-{IU}@{LING} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Identifying Offensive Tweets Using {BERT} and {SVM}s",
    author = {Zhu, Jian  and
      Tian, Zuoyu  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2138",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2138",
    pages = "788--795",
    abstract = "This paper describes the UM-IU@LING{'}s system for the SemEval 2019 Task 6: Offens-Eval. We take a mixed approach to identify and categorize hate speech in social media. In subtask A, we fine-tuned a BERT based classifier to detect abusive content in tweets, achieving a macro F1 score of 0.8136 on the test data, thus reaching the 3rd rank out of 103 submissions. In subtasks B and C, we used a linear SVM with selected character n-gram features. For subtask C, our system could identify the target of abuse with a macro F1 score of 0.5243, ranking it 27th out of 65 submissions.",
}
@inproceedings{goel-sharma-2019-usf,
    title = "{USF} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Offensive Language Detection Using {LSTM} With Word Embeddings",
    author = "Goel, Bharti  and
      Sharma, Ravi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2139",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2139",
    pages = "796--800",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a system description for the SemEval-2019 Task 6 submitted by our team. For the task, our system takes tweet as an input and determine if the tweet is offensive or non-offensive (Sub-task A). In case a tweet is offensive, our system identifies if a tweet is targeted (insult or threat) or non-targeted like swearing (Sub-task B). In targeted tweets, our system identifies the target as an individual or group (Sub-task C). We used data pre-processing techniques like splitting hashtags into words, removing special characters, stop-word removal, stemming, lemmatization, capitalization, and offensive word dictionary. Later, we used keras tokenizer and word embeddings for feature extraction. For classification, we used the LSTM (Long short-term memory) model of keras framework. Our accuracy scores for Sub-task A, B and C are \textit{0.8128}, \textit{0.8167} and \textit{0.3662} respectively. Our results indicate that fine-grained classification to identify offense target was difficult for the system. Lastly, in the future scope section, we will discuss the ways to improve system performance.",
}
@inproceedings{paetzold-2019-utfpr,
    title = "{UTFPR} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Relying on Compositionality to Find Offense",
    author = "Paetzold, Gustavo Henrique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2140",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2140",
    pages = "801--805",
    abstract = "We present the UTFPR system for the OffensEval shared task of SemEval 2019: A character-to-word-to-sentence compositional RNN model trained exclusively over the training data provided by the organizers. We find that, although not very competitive for the task at hand, it offers a robust solution to the orthographic irregularity inherent to tweets.",
}
@inproceedings{ramakrishnan-etal-2019-uva,
    title = "{UVA} Wahoos at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Hate Speech Identification using Ensemble Machine Learning",
    author = "Ramakrishnan, Murugesan  and
      Zadrozny, Wlodek  and
      Tabari, Narges",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2141",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2141",
    pages = "806--811",
    abstract = "With the growth in the usage of social media, it has become increasingly common for people to hide behind a mask and abuse others. We have attempted to detect such tweets and comments that are malicious in intent, which either targets an individual or a group. Our best classifier for identifying offensive tweets for SubTask A (Classifying offensive vs. nonoffensive) has an accuracy of 83.14{\%} and a f1- score of 0.7565 on the actual test data. For SubTask B, to identify if an offensive tweet is targeted (If targeted towards an individual or a group), the classifier performs with an accuracy of 89.17{\%} and f1-score of 0.5885. The paper talks about how we generated linguistic and semantic features to build an ensemble machine learning model. By training with more extracts from different sources (Facebook, and more tweets), the paper shows how the accuracy changes with additional training data.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2019-ynu,
    title = "{YNU}-{HPCC} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: Identifying and Categorising Offensive Language on Twitter",
    author = "Zhou, Chengjin  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2142",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2142",
    pages = "812--817",
    abstract = "This document describes the submission of team YNU-HPCC to SemEval-2019 for three Sub-tasks of Task 6: Sub-task A, Sub-task B, and Sub-task C. We have submitted four systems to identify and categorise offensive language. The first subsystem is an attention-based 2-layer bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM). The second subsystem is a voting ensemble of four different deep learning architectures. The third subsystem is a stacking ensemble of four different deep learning architectures. Finally, the fourth subsystem is a bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) model. Among our models, in Sub-task A, our first subsystem performed the best, ranking 16th among 103 teams; in Sub-task B, the second subsystem performed the best, ranking 12th among 75 teams; in Sub-task C, the fourth subsystem performed best, ranking 4th among 65 teams.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2019-ynuwb,
    title = "{YNUWB} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: K-max pooling {CNN} with average meta-embedding for identifying offensive language",
    author = "Wang, Bin  and
      Zhou, Xiaobing  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2143",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2143",
    pages = "818--822",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system submitted to SemEval 2019 Task 6: OffensEval 2019. The task aims to identify and categorize offensive language in social media, we only participate in Sub-task A, which aims to identify offensive language. In order to address this task, we propose a system based on a K-max pooling convolutional neural network model, and use an argument for averaging as a valid meta-embedding technique to get a metaembedding. Finally, we also use a cyclic learning rate policy to improve model performance. Our model achieves a Macro F1-score of 0.802 (ranked 9/103) in the Sub-task A.",
}
@inproceedings{el-zanaty-2019-zeyad,
    title = "Zeyad at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 6: That{'}s Offensive! An All-Out Search For An Ensemble To Identify And Categorize Offense in Tweets.",
    author = "El-Zanaty, Zeyad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2144",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2144",
    pages = "823--828",
    abstract = "The objective of this paper is to provide a description for a classification system built for SemEval-2019 Task 6: OffensEval. This system classifies a tweet as either offensive or not offensive (Sub-task A) and further classifies offensive tweets into categories (Sub-tasks B - C). The system consists of two phases; a brute-force grid search to find the best learners amongst a given set and an ensemble of a subset of these best learners. The system achieved an F1-score of 0.728, ranking in subtask A, an F1-score score of 0.616 in subtask B and an F1-score of 0.509 in subtask C.",
}
@inproceedings{kiesel-etal-2019-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Hyperpartisan News Detection",
    author = "Kiesel, Johannes  and
      Mestre, Maria  and
      Shukla, Rishabh  and
      Vincent, Emmanuel  and
      Adineh, Payam  and
      Corney, David  and
      Stein, Benno  and
      Potthast, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2145",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2145",
    pages = "829--839",
    abstract = "Hyperpartisan news is news that takes an extreme left-wing or right-wing standpoint. If one is able to reliably compute this meta information, news articles may be automatically tagged, this way encouraging or discouraging readers to consume the text. It is an open question how successfully hyperpartisan news detection can be automated, and the goal of this SemEval task was to shed light on the state of the art. We developed new resources for this purpose, including a manually labeled dataset with 1,273 articles, and a second dataset with 754,000 articles, labeled via distant supervision. The interest of the research community in our task exceeded all our expectations: The datasets were downloaded about 1,000 times, 322 teams registered, of which 184 configured a virtual machine on our shared task cloud service TIRA, of which in turn 42 teams submitted a valid run. The best team achieved an accuracy of 0.822 on a balanced sample (yes : no hyperpartisan) drawn from the manually tagged corpus; an ensemble of the submitted systems increased the accuracy by 0.048.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2019-team,
    title = "Team Bertha von Suttner at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Hyperpartisan News Detection using {ELM}o Sentence Representation Convolutional Network",
    author = "Jiang, Ye  and
      Petrak, Johann  and
      Song, Xingyi  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Maynard, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2146",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2146",
    pages = "840--844",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of team {``}bertha-von-suttner{''} in the SemEval2019 task 4 Hyperpartisan News Detection task. Our system uses sentence representations from averaged word embeddings generated from the pre-trained ELMo model with Convolutional Neural Networks and Batch Normalization for predicting hyperpartisan news. The final predictions were generated from the averaged predictions of an ensemble of models. With this architecture, our system ranked in first place, based on accuracy, the official scoring metric.",
}
@inproceedings{gorrell-etal-2019-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2019 Task 7: {R}umour{E}val, Determining Rumour Veracity and Support for Rumours",
    author = "Gorrell, Genevieve  and
      Kochkina, Elena  and
      Liakata, Maria  and
      Aker, Ahmet  and
      Zubiaga, Arkaitz  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Derczynski, Leon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2147",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2147",
    pages = "845--854",
    abstract = "Since the first RumourEval shared task in 2017, interest in automated claim validation has greatly increased, as the danger of {``}fake news{''} has become a mainstream concern. However automated support for rumour verification remains in its infancy. It is therefore important that a shared task in this area continues to provide a focus for effort, which is likely to increase. Rumour verification is characterised by the need to consider evolving conversations and news updates to reach a verdict on a rumour{'}s veracity. As in RumourEval 2017 we provided a dataset of dubious posts and ensuing conversations in social media, annotated both for stance and veracity. The social media rumours stem from a variety of breaking news stories and the dataset is expanded to include Reddit as well as new Twitter posts. There were two concrete tasks; rumour stance prediction and rumour verification, which we present in detail along with results achieved by participants. We received 22 system submissions (a 70{\%} increase from RumourEval 2017) many of which used state-of-the-art methodology to tackle the challenges involved.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2019-eventai,
    title = "event{AI} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 7: Rumor Detection on Social Media by Exploiting Content, User Credibility and Propagation Information",
    author = "Li, Quanzhi  and
      Zhang, Qiong  and
      Si, Luo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2148",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2148",
    pages = "855--859",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system for SemEval 2019 RumorEval: Determining rumor veracity and support for rumors (SemEval 2019 Task 7). This track has two tasks: Task A is to determine a user{'}s stance towards the source rumor, and Task B is to detect the veracity of the rumor: true, false or unverified. For stance classification, a neural network model with language features is utilized. For rumor verification, our approach exploits information from different dimensions: rumor content, source credibility, user credibility, user stance, event propagation path, etc. We use an ensemble approach in both tasks, which includes neural network models as well as the traditional classification algorithms. Our system is ranked 1st place in the rumor verification task by both the macro F1 measure and the RMSE measure.",
}
@inproceedings{mihaylova-etal-2019-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2019 Task 8: Fact Checking in Community Question Answering Forums",
    author = "Mihaylova, Tsvetomila  and
      Karadzhov, Georgi  and
      Atanasova, Pepa  and
      Baly, Ramy  and
      Mohtarami, Mitra  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2149",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2149",
    pages = "860--869",
    abstract = "We present SemEval-2019 Task 8 on Fact Checking in Community Question Answering Forums, which features two subtasks. Subtask A is about deciding whether a question asks for factual information vs. an opinion/advice vs. just socializing. Subtask B asks to predict whether an answer to a factual question is true, false or not a proper answer. We received 17 official submissions for subtask A and 11 official submissions for Subtask B. For subtask A, all systems improved over the majority class baseline. For Subtask B, all systems were below a majority class baseline, but several systems were very close to it. The leaderboard and the data from the competition can be found at http://competitions.codalab.org/competitions/20022.",
}
@inproceedings{lv-etal-2019-autohome,
    title = "{AUTOHOME}-{ORCA} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 8: Application of {BERT} for Fact-Checking in Community Forums",
    author = "Lv, Zhengwei  and
      Liu, Duoxing  and
      Sun, Haifeng  and
      Liang, Xiao  and
      Lei, Tao  and
      Shi, Zhizhong  and
      Zhu, Feng  and
      Yang, Lei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2150",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2150",
    pages = "870--876",
    abstract = "Fact checking is an important task for maintaining high quality posts and improving user experience in Community Question Answering forums. Therefore, the SemEval-2019 task 8 is aimed to identify factual question (subtask A) and detect true factual information from corresponding answers (subtask B). In order to address this task, we propose a system based on the BERT model with meta information of questions. For the subtask A, the outputs of fine-tuned BERT classification model are combined with the feature of length of questions to boost the performance. For the subtask B, the predictions of several variants of BERT model encoding the meta information are combined to create an ensemble model. Our system achieved competitive results with an accuracy of 0.82 in the subtask A and 0.83 in the subtask B. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of our system.",
}
@inproceedings{negi-etal-2019-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: Suggestion Mining from Online Reviews and Forums",
    author = "Negi, Sapna  and
      Daudert, Tobias  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2151",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2151",
    pages = "877--887",
    abstract = "We present the pilot SemEval task on Suggestion Mining. The task consists of subtasks A and B, where we created labeled data from feedback forum and hotel reviews respectively. Subtask A provides training and test data from the same domain, while Subtask B evaluates the system on a test dataset from a different domain than the available training data. 33 teams participated in the shared task, with a total of 50 members. We summarize the problem definition, benchmark dataset preparation, and methods used by the participating teams, providing details of the methods used by the top ranked systems. The dataset is made freely available to help advance the research in suggestion mining, and reproduce the systems submitted under this task",
}
@inproceedings{yamamoto-sekiya-2019-y,
    title = "m{\_}y at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: Exploring {BERT} for Suggestion Mining",
    author = "Yamamoto, Masahiro  and
      Sekiya, Toshiyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2152",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2152",
    pages = "888--892",
    abstract = "This paper presents our system to the SemEval-2019 Task 9, Suggestion Mining from Online Reviews and Forums. The goal of this task is to extract suggestions such as the expressions of tips, advice, and recommendations. We explore Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) focusing on target domain pre-training in Subtask A which provides training and test datasets in the same domain. In Subtask B, the cross domain suggestion mining task, we apply the idea of distant supervision. Our system obtained the third place in Subtask A and the fifth place in Subtask B, which demonstrates its efficacy of our approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{hopkins-etal-2019-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2019 Task 10: Math Question Answering",
    author = "Hopkins, Mark  and
      Le Bras, Ronan  and
      Petrescu-Prahova, Cristian  and
      Stanovsky, Gabriel  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh  and
      Koncel-Kedziorski, Rik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2153",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2153",
    pages = "893--899",
    abstract = "We report on the SemEval 2019 task on math question answering. We provided a question set derived from Math SAT practice exams, including 2778 training questions and 1082 test questions. For a significant subset of these questions, we also provided SMT-LIB logical form annotations and an interpreter that could solve these logical forms. Systems were evaluated based on the percentage of correctly answered questions. The top system correctly answered 45{\%} of the test questions, a considerable improvement over the 17{\%} random guessing baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-aifu,
    title = "{A}i{F}u at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 10: A Symbolic and Sub-symbolic Integrated System for {SAT} Math Question Answering",
    author = "Liu, Yifan  and
      Ding, Keyu  and
      Zhou, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2154",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2154",
    pages = "900--906",
    abstract = "AiFu has won the first place in the SemEval-2019 Task 10 - {''}Math Question Answering{''}competition. This paper is to describe how it works technically and to report and analyze some essential experimental results",
}
@inproceedings{weissenbacher-etal-2019-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2019 Task 12: Toponym Resolution in Scientific Papers",
    author = "Weissenbacher, Davy  and
      Magge, Arjun  and
      O{'}Connor, Karen  and
      Scotch, Matthew  and
      Gonzalez-Hernandez, Graciela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2155",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2155",
    pages = "907--916",
    abstract = "We present the SemEval-2019 Task 12 which focuses on toponym resolution in scientific articles. Given an article from PubMed, the task consists of detecting mentions of names of places, or toponyms, and mapping the mentions to their corresponding entries in GeoNames.org, a database of geospatial locations. We proposed three subtasks. In Subtask 1, we asked participants to detect all toponyms in an article. In Subtask 2, given toponym mentions as input, we asked participants to disambiguate them by linking them to entries in GeoNames. In Subtask 3, we asked participants to perform both the detection and the disambiguation steps for all toponyms. A total of 29 teams registered, and 8 teams submitted a system run. We summarize the corpus and the tools created for the challenge. They are freely available at https://competitions.codalab.org/competitions/19948. We also analyze the methods, the results and the errors made by the competing systems with a focus on toponym disambiguation.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2019-dm,
    title = "{DM}{\_}{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 12: A Pipeline System for Toponym Resolution",
    author = "Wang, Xiaobin  and
      Ma, Chunping  and
      Zheng, Huafei  and
      Liu, Chu  and
      Xie, Pengjun  and
      Li, Linlin  and
      Si, Luo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2156",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2156",
    pages = "917--923",
    abstract = "This paper describes DM-NLP{'}s system for toponym resolution task at Semeval 2019. Our system was developed for toponym detection, disambiguation and end-to-end resolution which is a pipeline of the former two. For toponym detection, we utilized the state-of-the-art sequence labeling model, namely, BiLSTM-CRF model as backbone. A lot of strategies are adopted for further improvement, such as pre-training, model ensemble, model averaging and data augment. For toponym disambiguation, we adopted the widely used searching and ranking framework. For ranking, we proposed several effective features for measuring the consistency between the detected toponym and toponyms in GeoNames. Eventually, our system achieved the best performance among all the submitted results in each sub task.",
}
@inproceedings{papadopoulou-etal-2019-brenda,
    title = "Brenda Starr at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Hyperpartisan News Detection",
    author = "Papadopoulou, Olga  and
      Kordopatis-Zilos, Giorgos  and
      Zampoglou, Markos  and
      Papadopoulos, Symeon  and
      Kompatsiaris, Yiannis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2157",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2157",
    pages = "924--928",
    abstract = "In the effort to tackle the challenge of Hyperpartisan News Detection, i.e., the task of deciding whether a news article is biased towards one party, faction, cause, or person, we experimented with two systems: i) a standard supervised learning approach using superficial text and bag-of-words features from the article title and body, and ii) a deep learning system comprising a four-layer convolutional neural network and max-pooling layers after the embedding layer, feeding the consolidated features to a bi-directional recurrent neural network. We achieved an F-score of 0.712 with our best approach, which corresponds to the mid-range of performance levels in the leaderboard.",
}
@inproceedings{perez-almendros-etal-2019-cardiff,
    title = "Cardiff University at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Linguistic Features for Hyperpartisan News Detection",
    author = "P{\'e}rez-Almendros, Carla  and
      Espinosa-Anke, Luis  and
      Schockaert, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2158",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2158",
    pages = "929--933",
    abstract = "This paper summarizes our contribution to the Hyperpartisan News Detection task in SemEval 2019. We experiment with two different approaches: 1) an SVM classifier based on word vector averages and hand-crafted linguistic features, and 2) a BiLSTM-based neural text classifier trained on a filtered training set. Surprisingly, despite their different nature, both approaches achieve an accuracy of 0.74. The main focus of this paper is to further analyze the remarkable fact that a simple feature-based approach can perform on par with modern neural classifiers. We also highlight the effectiveness of our filtering strategy for training the neural network on a large but noisy training set.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2019-clark,
    title = "Clark Kent at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Stylometric Insights into Hyperpartisan News Detection",
    author = "Gupta, Viresh  and
      Kaur Jolly, Baani Leen  and
      Kaur, Ramneek  and
      Chakraborty, Tanmoy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2159",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2159",
    pages = "934--938",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a news bias prediction system, which we developed as part of a SemEval 2019 task. We developed an XGBoost based system which uses character and word level n-gram features represented using TF-IDF, count vector based correlation matrix, and predicts if an input news article is a hyperpartisan news article. Our model was able to achieve a precision of 68.3{\%} on the test set provided by the contest organizers. We also run our model on the BuzzFeed corpus and find XGBoost with simple character level N-Gram embeddings to be performing well with an accuracy of around 96{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{isbister-johansson-2019-dick,
    title = "Dick-Preston and Morbo at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Transfer Learning for Hyperpartisan News Detection",
    author = "Isbister, Tim  and
      Johansson, Fredrik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2160",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2160",
    pages = "939--943",
    abstract = "In a world of information operations, influence campaigns, and fake news, classification of news articles as following hyperpartisan argumentation or not is becoming increasingly important. We present a deep learning-based approach in which a pre-trained language model has been fine-tuned on domain-specific data and used for classification of news articles, as part of the SemEval-2019 task on hyperpartisan news detection. The suggested approach yields accuracy and F1-scores around 0.8 which places the best performing classifier among the top-5 systems in the competition.",
}
@inproceedings{agerri-2019-doris,
    title = "Doris Martin at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Hyperpartisan News Detection with Generic Semi-supervised Features",
    author = "Agerri, Rodrigo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2161",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2161",
    pages = "944--948",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe our participation to the Hyperpartisan News Detection shared task at SemEval 2019. Motivated by the late arrival of Doris Martin, we test a previously developed document classification system which consists of a combination of clustering features implemented on top of some simple shallow local features. We show how leveraging distributional features obtained from large in-domain unlabeled data helps to easily and quickly develop a reasonably good performing system for detecting hyperpartisan news. The system and models generated for this task are publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{sengupta-pedersen-2019-duluth,
    title = "{D}uluth at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: The Pioquinto Manterola Hyperpartisan News Detector",
    author = "Sengupta, Saptarshi  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2162",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2162",
    pages = "949--953",
    abstract = "This paper describes the Pioquinto Manterola Hyperpartisan News Detector, which participated in SemEval-2019 Task 4. Hyperpartisan news is highly polarized and takes a very biased or one{--}sided view of a particular story. We developed two variants of our system, the more successful was a Logistic Regression classifier based on unigram features. This was our official entry in the task, and it placed 23rd of 42 participating teams. Our second variant was a Convolutional Neural Network that did not perform as well.",
}
@inproceedings{chakravartula-etal-2019-fermi,
    title = "Fermi at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: The sarah-jane-smith Hyperpartisan News Detector",
    author = "Chakravartula, Nikhil  and
      Indurthi, Vijayasaradhi  and
      Syed, Bakhtiyar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2163",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2163",
    pages = "954--956",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system (Fermi) for Task 4: Hyper-partisan News detection of SemEval-2019. We use simple text classification algorithms by transforming the input features to a reduced feature set. We aim to find the right number of features useful for efficient classification and explore multiple training models to evaluate the performance of these text classification algorithms. Our team - Fermi{'}s model achieved an accuracy of 59.10{\%} and an F1 score of 69.5{\%} on the official test data set. In this paper, we provide a detailed description of the approach as well as the results obtained in the task.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2019-harvey,
    title = "Harvey Mudd College at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: The Carl Kolchak Hyperpartisan News Detector",
    author = "Chen, Celena  and
      Park, Celine  and
      Dwyer, Jason  and
      Medero, Julie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2164",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2164",
    pages = "957--961",
    abstract = "We use various natural processing and machine learning methods to perform the Hyperpartisan News Detection task. In particular, some of the features we look at are bag-of-words features, the title{'}s length, number of capitalized words in the title, and the sentiment of the sentences and the title. By adding these features, we see improvements in our evaluation metrics compared to the baseline values. We find that sentiment analysis helps improve our evaluation metrics. We do not see a benefit from feature selection. Overall, our system achieves an accuracy of 0.739, finishing 18th out of 42 submissions to the task. From our work, it is evident that both title features and sentiment of articles are meaningful to the hyperpartisanship of news articles.",
}
@inproceedings{drissi-etal-2019-harvey,
    title = "Harvey Mudd College at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: The Clint Buchanan Hyperpartisan News Detector",
    author = "Drissi, Mehdi  and
      Sandoval Segura, Pedro  and
      Ojha, Vivaswat  and
      Medero, Julie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2165",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2165",
    pages = "962--966",
    abstract = "We investigate the recently developed Bidi- rectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model (Devlin et al. 2018) for the hyperpartisan news detection task. Using a subset of hand-labeled articles from SemEval as a validation set, we test the performance of different parameters for BERT models. We find that accuracy from two different BERT models using different proportions of the articles is consistently high, with our best-performing model on the validation set achieving 85{\%} accuracy and the best-performing model on the test set achieving 77{\%}. We further determined that our model exhibits strong consistency, labeling independent slices of the same article identically. Finally, we find that randomizing the order of word pieces dramatically reduces validation accuracy (to approximately 60{\%}), but that shuffling groups of four or more word pieces maintains an accuracy of about 80{\%}, indicating the model mainly gains value from local context.",
}
@inproceedings{amason-etal-2019-harvey,
    title = "Harvey Mudd College at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: The {D}.{X}. Beaumont Hyperpartisan News Detector",
    author = "Amason, Evan  and
      Palanker, Jake  and
      Shen, Mary Clare  and
      Medero, Julie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2166",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2166",
    pages = "967--970",
    abstract = "We use the 600 hand-labelled articles from SemEval Task 4 to hand-tune a classifier with 3000 features for the Hyperpartisan News Detection task. Our final system uses features based on bag-of-words (BoW), analysis of the article title, language complexity, and simple sentiment analysis in a naive Bayes classifier. We trained our final system on the 600,000 articles labelled by publisher. Our final system has an accuracy of 0.653 on the hand-labeled test set. The most effective features are the Automated Readability Index and the presence of certain words in the title. This suggests that hyperpartisan writing uses a distinct writing style, especially in the title.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2019-nlp,
    title = "{NLP}@{UIT} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: The Paparazzo Hyperpartisan News Detector",
    author = "Nguyen, Duc-Vu  and
      Dang, Thin  and
      Nguyen, Ngan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2167",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2167",
    pages = "971--975",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system of NLP@UIT that participated in Task 4 of SemEval-2019. We developed a system that predicts whether an English news article follows a hyperpartisan argumentation. Paparazzo is the name of our system and is also the code name of our team in Task 4 of SemEval-2019. The Paparazzo system, in which we use tri-grams of words and hepta-grams of characters, officially ranks thirteen with an accuracy of 0.747. Another system of ours, which utilizes trigrams of words, tri-grams of characters, trigrams of part-of-speech, syntactic dependency sub-trees, and named-entity recognition tags, achieved an accuracy of 0.787 and is proposed after the deadline of Task 4.",
}
@inproceedings{knauth-2019-orwellian,
    title = "Orwellian-times at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: A Stylistic and Content-based Classifier",
    author = {Knauth, J{\"u}rgen},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2168",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2168",
    pages = "976--980",
    abstract = "While fake news detection received quite a bit of attention in recent years, hyperpartisan news detection is still an underresearched topic. This paper presents our work towards building a classification system for hyperpartisan news detection in the context of the SemEval2019 shared task 4. We experiment with two different approaches - a more stylistic one, and a more content related one - achieving average results.",
}
@inproceedings{moreno-etal-2019-rouletabille,
    title = "Rouletabille at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Neural Network Baseline for Identification of Hyperpartisan Publishers",
    author = "Moreno, Jose G.  and
      Pitarch, Yoann  and
      Pinel-Sauvagnat, Karen  and
      Hubert, Gilles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2169",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2169",
    pages = "981--984",
    abstract = "This paper describes the Rouletabille participation to the Hyperpartisan News Detection task. We propose the use of different text classification methods for this task. Preliminary experiments using a similar collection used in (Potthast et al., 2018) show that neural-based classification methods reach state-of-the art results. Our final submission is composed of a unique run that ranks among all runs at 3/49 position for the by-publisher test dataset and 43/96 for the by-article test dataset in terms of Accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{alabdulkarim-alhindi-2019-spider,
    title = "Spider-Jerusalem at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Hyperpartisan News Detection",
    author = "Alabdulkarim, Amal  and
      Alhindi, Tariq",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2170",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2170",
    pages = "985--989",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system for detecting hyperpartisan news articles, which was submitted for the shared task in SemEval 2019 on Hyperpartisan News Detection. We developed a Support Vector Machine (SVM) model that uses TF-IDF of tokens, Language Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) features, and structural features such as number of paragraphs and hyperlink count in an article. The model was trained on 645 articles from two classes: mainstream and hyperpartisan. Our system was ranked seventeenth out of forty two participating teams in the binary classification task with an accuracy score of 0.742 on the blind test set (the accuracy of the top ranked system was 0.822). We provide a detailed description of our preprocessing steps, discussion of our experiments using different combinations of features, and analysis of our results and prediction errors.",
}
@inproceedings{joo-hwang-2019-steve,
    title = "Steve Martin at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Ensemble Learning Model for Detecting Hyperpartisan News",
    author = "Joo, Youngjun  and
      Hwang, Inchon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2171",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2171",
    pages = "990--994",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission to task 4 in SemEval 2019, i.e., hyperpartisan news detection. Our model aims at detecting hyperpartisan news by incorporating the style-based features and the content-based features. We extract a broad number of feature sets and use as our learning algorithms the GBDT and the n-gram CNN model. Finally, we apply the weighted average for effective learning between the two models. Our model achieves an accuracy of 0.745 on the test set in subtask A.",
}
@inproceedings{palic-etal-2019-takelab,
    title = "{T}ake{L}ab at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Hyperpartisan News Detection",
    author = "Pali{\'c}, Niko  and
      Vladika, Juraj  and
      {\v{C}}ubeli{\'c}, Dominik  and
      Lovren{\v{c}}i{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Buljan, Maja  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2172",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2172",
    pages = "995--998",
    abstract = "In this paper, we demonstrate the system built to solve the SemEval-2019 task 4: Hyperpartisan News Detection (Kiesel et al., 2019), the task of automatically determining whether an article is heavily biased towards one side of the political spectrum. Our system receives an article in its raw, textual form, analyzes it, and predicts with moderate accuracy whether the article is hyperpartisan. The learning model used was primarily trained on a manually prelabeled dataset containing news articles. The system relies on the previously constructed SVM model, available in the Python Scikit-Learn library. We ranked 6th in the competition of 42 teams with an accuracy of 79.1{\%} (the winning team had 82.2{\%}).",
}
@inproceedings{cruz-etal-2019-team,
    title = "Team Fernando-Pessa at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Back to Basics in Hyperpartisan News Detection",
    author = "Cruz, Andr{\'e}  and
      Rocha, Gil  and
      Sousa-Silva, Rui  and
      Lopes Cardoso, Henrique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2173",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2173",
    pages = "999--1003",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission to the SemEval 2019 Hyperpartisan News Detection task. Our system aims for a linguistics-based document classification from a minimal set of interpretable features, while maintaining good performance. To this goal, we follow a feature-based approach and perform several experiments with different machine learning classifiers. Additionally, we explore feature importances and distributions among the two classes. On the main task, our model achieved an accuracy of 71.7{\%}, which was improved after the task{'}s end to 72.9{\%}. We also participate on the meta-learning sub-task, for classifying documents with the binary classifications of all submitted systems as input, achieving an accuracy of 89.9{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{afsarmanesh-etal-2019-team,
    title = "Team Harry Friberg at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Identifying Hyperpartisan News through Editorially Defined Metatopics",
    author = "Afsarmanesh, Nazanin  and
      Karlgren, Jussi  and
      Sumbler, Peter  and
      Viereckel, Nina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2174",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2174",
    pages = "1004--1006",
    abstract = "This report describes the starting point for a simple rule based hypothesis testing excercise on identifying hyperpartisan news items carried out by the Harry Friberg team from Gavagai. We used manually crafted \textit{metatopics}, topics which often appear in hyperpartisan texts as rant conduits, together with tonality analysis to identify general characteristics of hyperpartisan news items. While the precision of the resulting effort is less than stellar{---} our contribution ranked 37th of the 42 successfully submitted experiments with overly high recall (95{\%}) and low precision (54{\%}){---}we believe we have a model which allows us to continue exploring the underlying features of what the subgenre of hyperpartisan news items is characterised by.",
}
@inproceedings{mutlu-etal-2019-team,
    title = "Team Howard {B}eale at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Hyperpartisan News Detection with {BERT}",
    author = "Mutlu, Osman  and
      Can, Ozan Arkan  and
      Dayanik, Erenay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2175",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2175",
    pages = "1007--1011",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system for SemEval-2019 Task 4: Hyperpartisan News Detection (Kiesel et al., 2019). We use pretrained BERT (Devlin et al., 2018) architecture and investigate the effect of different fine tuning regimes on the final classification task. We show that additional pretraining on news domain improves the performance on the Hyperpartisan News Detection task. Our system ranked 8th out of 42 teams with 78.3{\%} accuracy on the held-out test dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{shaprin-etal-2019-team,
    title = "Team Jack Ryder at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Using {BERT} Representations for Detecting Hyperpartisan News",
    author = "Shaprin, Daniel  and
      Da San Martino, Giovanni  and
      Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2176",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2176",
    pages = "1012--1015",
    abstract = "We describe the system submitted by the Jack Ryder team to SemEval-2019 Task 4 on Hyperpartisan News Detection. The task asked participants to predict whether a given article is hyperpartisan, i.e., extreme-left or extreme-right. We proposed an approach based on BERT with fine-tuning, which was ranked 7th out 28 teams on the distantly supervised dataset, where all articles from a hyperpartisan/non-hyperpartisan news outlet are considered to be hyperpartisan/non-hyperpartisan. On a manually annotated test dataset, where human annotators double-checked the labels, we were ranked 29th out of 42 teams.",
}
@inproceedings{anthonio-kloppenburg-2019-team,
    title = "Team Kermit-the-frog at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Bias Detection Through Sentiment Analysis and Simple Linguistic Features",
    author = "Anthonio, Talita  and
      Kloppenburg, Lennart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2177",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2177",
    pages = "1016--1020",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe our participation in the SemEval 2019 shared task on hyperpartisan news detection. We present the system that we submitted for final evaluation and the three approaches that we used: sentiment, bias-laden words and filtered n-gram features. Our submitted model is a Linear SVM that solely relies on the negative sentiment of a document. We achieved an accuracy of 0.621 and a f1 score of 0.694 in the competition, revealing the predictive power of negative sentiment for this task. There was no major improvement by adding or substituting the features of the other two approaches that we tried.",
}
@inproceedings{cramerus-scheffler-2019-team,
    title = "Team Kit Kittredge at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: {LSTM} Voting System",
    author = "Cramerus, Rebekah  and
      Scheffler, Tatjana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2178",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2178",
    pages = "1021--1025",
    abstract = "This paper describes the approach of team Kit Kittredge to SemEval-2019 Task 4: Hyperpartisan News Detection. The goal was binary classification of news articles into the categories of {``}biased{''} or {``}unbiased{''}. We had two software submissions: one a simple bag-of-words model, and the second an LSTM (Long Short Term Memory) neural network, which was trained on a subset of the original dataset selected by a voting system of other LSTMs. This method did not prove much more successful than the baseline, however, due to the models{'} tendency to learn publisher-specific traits instead of general bias.",
}
@inproceedings{stevanoski-gievska-2019-team,
    title = "Team Ned Leeds at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Exploring Language Indicators of Hyperpartisan Reporting",
    author = "Stevanoski, Bozhidar  and
      Gievska, Sonja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2179",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2179",
    pages = "1026--1031",
    abstract = "This paper reports an experiment carried out to investigate the relevance of several syntactic, stylistic and pragmatic features on the task of distinguishing between mainstream and partisan news articles. The results of the evaluation of different feature sets and the extent to which various feature categories could affect the performance metrics are discussed and compared. Among different combinations of features and classifiers, Random Forest classifier using vector representations of the headline and the text of the report, with the inclusion of 8 readability scores and few stylistic features yielded best result, ranking our team at the 9th place at the SemEval 2019 Hyperpartisan News Detection challenge.",
}
@inproceedings{farber-etal-2019-team,
    title = "Team Peter Brinkmann at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Detecting Biased News Articles Using Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = {F{\"a}rber, Michael  and
      Qurdina, Agon  and
      Ahmedi, Lule},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2180",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2180",
    pages = "1032--1036",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present an approach for classifying news articles as biased (i.e., hyperpartisan) or unbiased, based on a convolutional neural network. We experiment with various embedding methods (pretrained and trained on the training dataset) and variations of the convolutional neural network architecture and compare the results. When evaluating our best performing approach on the actual test data set of the SemEval 2019 Task 4, we obtained relatively low precision and accuracy values, while gaining the highest recall rate among all 42 participating teams.",
}
@inproceedings{ning-etal-2019-team,
    title = "Team Peter-Parker at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: {BERT}-Based Method in Hyperpartisan News Detection",
    author = "Ning, Zhiyuan  and
      Lin, Yuanzhen  and
      Zhong, Ruichao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2181",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2181",
    pages = "1037--1040",
    abstract = "This paper describes the team peter-parker{'}s participation in Hyperpartisan News Detection task (SemEval-2019 Task 4), which requires to classify whether a given news article is bias or not. We decided to use JAVA to do the article parsing tool and the BERT-Based model to do the bias prediction. Furthermore, we will show experiment results with analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{saleh-etal-2019-team,
    title = "Team {QCRI}-{MIT} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Propaganda Analysis Meets Hyperpartisan News Detection",
    author = "Saleh, Abdelrhman  and
      Baly, Ramy  and
      Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto  and
      Da San Martino, Giovanni  and
      Mohtarami, Mitra  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Glass, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2182",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2182",
    pages = "1041--1046",
    abstract = "We describe our submission to SemEval-2019 Task 4 on Hyperpartisan News Detection. We rely on a variety of engineered features originally used to detect propaganda. This is based on the assumption that biased messages are propagandistic and promote a particular political cause or viewpoint. In particular, we trained a logistic regression model with features ranging from simple bag of words to vocabulary richness and text readability. Our system achieved 72.9{\%} accuracy on the manually annotated testset, and 60.8{\%} on the test data that was obtained with distant supervision. Additional experiments showed that significant performance gains can be achieved with better feature pre-processing.",
}
@inproceedings{zehe-etal-2019-team,
    title = "Team Xenophilius Lovegood at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Hyperpartisanship Classification using Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Zehe, Albin  and
      Hettinger, Lena  and
      Ernst, Stefan  and
      Hauptmann, Christian  and
      Hotho, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2183",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2183",
    pages = "1047--1051",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system for the SemEval 2019 Task 4 on hyperpartisan news detection. We build on an existing deep learning approach for sentence classification based on a Convolutional Neural Network. Modifying the original model with additional layers to increase its expressiveness and finally building an ensemble of multiple versions of the model, we obtain an accuracy of 67.52{\%} and an F1 score of 73.78{\%} on the main test dataset. We also report on additional experiments incorporating handcrafted features into the CNN and using it as a feature extractor for a linear SVM.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2019-team,
    title = "Team yeon-zi at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Hyperpartisan News Detection by De-noising Weakly-labeled Data",
    author = "Lee, Nayeon  and
      Liu, Zihan  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2184",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2184",
    pages = "1052--1056",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system that has been submitted to SemEval-2019 Task 4: Hyperpartisan News Detection. We focus on removing the noise inherent in the hyperpartisanship dataset from both data-level and model-level by leveraging semi-supervised pseudo-labels and the state-of-the-art BERT model. Our model achieves 75.8{\%} accuracy in the final by-article dataset without ensemble learning.",
}
@inproceedings{hanawa-etal-2019-sally,
    title = "The Sally Smedley Hyperpartisan News Detector at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4",
    author = "Hanawa, Kazuaki  and
      Sasaki, Shota  and
      Ouchi, Hiroki  and
      Suzuki, Jun  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2185",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2185",
    pages = "1057--1061",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system submitted to the formal run of SemEval-2019 Task 4: Hyperpartisan news detection. Our system is based on a linear classifier using several features, i.e., 1) embedding features based on the pre-trained BERT embeddings, 2) article length features, and 3) embedding features of informative phrases extracted from by-publisher dataset. Our system achieved 80.9{\%} accuracy on the test set for the formal run and got the 3rd place out of 42 teams.",
}
@inproceedings{bestgen-2019-tintin,
    title = "Tintin at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Detecting Hyperpartisan News Article with only Simple Tokens",
    author = "Bestgen, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2186",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2186",
    pages = "1062--1066",
    abstract = "Tintin, the system proposed by the CECL for the Hyperpartisan News Detection task of SemEval 2019, is exclusively based on the tokens that make up the documents and a standard supervised learning procedure. It obtained very contrasting results: poor on the main task, but much more effective at distinguishing documents published by hyperpartisan media outlets from unbiased ones, as it ranked first. An analysis of the most important features highlighted the positive aspects, but also some potential limitations of the approach.",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-etal-2019-tom,
    title = "Tom Jumbo-Grumbo at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Hyperpartisan News Detection with {G}lo{V}e vectors and {SVM}",
    author = "Yeh, Chia-Lun  and
      Loni, Babak  and
      Schuth, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2187",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2187",
    pages = "1067--1071",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our attempt to learn bias from news articles. From our experiments, it seems that although there is a correlation between publisher bias and article bias, it is challenging to learn bias directly from the publisher labels. On the other hand, using few manually-labeled samples can increase the accuracy metric from around 60{\%} to near 80{\%}. Our system is computationally inexpensive and uses several standard document representations in NLP to train an SVM or LR classifier. The system ranked 4th in the SemEval-2019 task. The code is released for reproducibility.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2019-ubc,
    title = "{UBC}-{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Hyperpartisan News Detection With Attention-Based Bi-{LSTM}s",
    author = "Zhang, Chiyu  and
      Rajendran, Arun  and
      Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2188",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2188",
    pages = "1072--1077",
    abstract = "We present our deep learning models submitted to the SemEval-2019 Task 4 competition focused at Hyperpartisan News Detection. We acquire best results with a Bi-LSTM network equipped with a self-attention mechanism. Among 33 participating teams, our submitted system ranks top 7 (65.3{\%} accuracy) on the {`}labels-by-publisher{'} sub-task and top 24 out of 44 teams (68.3{\%} accuracy) on the {`}labels-by-article{'} sub-task (65.3{\%} accuracy). We also report a model that scores higher than the 8th ranking system (78.5{\%} accuracy) on the {`}labels-by-article{'} sub-task.",
}
@inproceedings{srivastava-etal-2019-vernon,
    title = "Vernon-fenwick at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 4: Hyperpartisan News Detection using Lexical and Semantic Features",
    author = "Srivastava, Vertika  and
      Gupta, Ankita  and
      Prakash, Divya  and
      Sahoo, Sudeep Kumar  and
      R.R, Rohit  and
      Kim, Yeon Hyang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2189",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2189",
    pages = "1078--1082",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present our submission for SemEval-2019 Task 4: Hyperpartisan News Detection. Hyperpartisan news articles are sharply polarized and extremely biased (onesided). It shows blind beliefs, opinions and unreasonable adherence to a party, idea, faction or a person. Through this task, we aim to develop an automated system that can be used to detect hyperpartisan news and serve as a prescreening technique for fake news detection. The proposed system jointly uses a rich set of handcrafted textual and semantic features. Our system achieved 2nd rank on the primary metric (82.0{\%} accuracy) and 1st rank on the secondary metric (82.1{\%} F1-score), among all participating teams. Comparison with the best performing system on the leaderboard shows that our system is behind by only 0.2{\%} absolute difference in accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{janchevski-gievska-2019-andrejjan,
    title = "{A}ndrej{J}an at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 7: A Fusion Approach for Exploring the Key Factors pertaining to Rumour Analysis",
    author = "Janchevski, Andrej  and
      Gievska, Sonja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2190",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2190",
    pages = "1083--1089",
    abstract = "The viral spread of false, unverified and misleading information on the Internet has attracted a heightened attention of an interdisciplinary research community on the phenomenon. This paper contributes to the research efforts of automatically determining the veracity of rumourous tweets and classifying their replies according to stance. Our research objective was to investigate the interplay between a number of phenomenological and contextual features of rumours, in particular, we explore the extent to which network structural characteristics, metadata and user profiles could complement the linguistic analysis of the written content for the task at hand. The current findings strongly demonstrate that supplementary sources of information play significant role in classifying the veracity and the stance of Twitter interactions deemed to be rumourous.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2019-blcu,
    title = "{BLCU}{\_}{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 7: An Inference Chain-based {GPT} Model for Rumour Evaluation",
    author = "Yang, Ruoyao  and
      Xie, Wanying  and
      Liu, Chunhua  and
      Yu, Dong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2191",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2191",
    pages = "1090--1096",
    abstract = "Researchers have been paying increasing attention to rumour evaluation due to the rapid spread of unsubstantiated rumours on social media platforms, including SemEval 2019 task 7. However, labelled data for learning rumour veracity is scarce, and labels in rumour stance data are highly disproportionate, making it challenging for a model to perform supervised-learning adequately. We propose an inference chain-based system, which fully utilizes conversation structure-based knowledge in the limited data and expand the training data in minority categories to alleviate class imbalance. Our approach obtains 12.6{\%} improvement upon the baseline system for subtask A, ranks 1st among 21 systems in subtask A, and ranks 4th among 12 systems in subtask B.",
}
@inproceedings{fajcik-etal-2019-fit,
    title = "{BUT}-{FIT} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 7: Determining the Rumour Stance with Pre-Trained Deep Bidirectional Transformers",
    author = "Fajcik, Martin  and
      Smrz, Pavel  and
      Burget, Lukas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2192",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2192",
    pages = "1097--1104",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system submitted to SemEval 2019 Task 7: RumourEval 2019: Determining Rumour Veracity and Support for Rumours, Subtask A (Gorrell et al., 2019). The challenge focused on classifying whether posts from Twitter and Reddit support, deny, query, or comment a hidden rumour, truthfulness of which is the topic of an underlying discussion thread. We formulate the problem as a stance classification, determining the rumour stance of a post with respect to the previous thread post and the source thread post. The recent BERT architecture was employed to build an end-to-end system which has reached the F1 score of 61.67 {\%} on the provided test data. Without any hand-crafted feature, the system finished at the 2nd place in the competition, only 0.2 {\%} behind the winner.",
}
@inproceedings{baris-etal-2019-clearumor,
    title = "{CLEAR}umor at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 7: {C}onvo{L}ving {ELM}o Against Rumors",
    author = "Baris, Ipek  and
      Schmelzeisen, Lukas  and
      Staab, Steffen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2193",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2193",
    pages = "1105--1109",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission to SemEval-2019 Task 7: RumourEval: Determining Rumor Veracity and Support for Rumors. We participated in both subtasks. The goal of subtask A is to classify the type of interaction between a rumorous social media post and a reply post as support, query, deny, or comment. The goal of subtask B is to predict the veracity of a given rumor. For subtask A, we implement a CNN-based neural architecture using ELMo embeddings of post text combined with auxiliary features and achieve a F1-score of 44.6{\%}. For subtask B, we employ a MLP neural network leveraging our estimates for subtask A and achieve a F1-score of 30.1{\%} (second place in the competition). We provide results and analysis of our system performance and present ablation experiments.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-columbia,
    title = "{C}olumbia at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 7: Multi-task Learning for Stance Classification and Rumour Verification",
    author = "Liu, Zhuoran  and
      Goel, Shivali  and
      Yelahanka Raghuprasad, Mukund  and
      Muresan, Smaranda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2194",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2194",
    pages = "1110--1114",
    abstract = "The paper presents Columbia team{'}s participation in the SemEval 2019 Shared Task 7: RumourEval 2019. Detecting rumour on social networks has been a focus of research in recent years. Previous work suffered from data sparsity, which potentially limited the application of more sophisticated neural architecture to this task. We mitigate this problem by proposing a multi-task learning approach together with language model fine-tuning. Our attention-based model allows different tasks to leverage different level of information. Our system ranked 6th overall with an F1-score of 36.25 on stance classification and F1 of 22.44 on rumour verification.",
}
@inproceedings{hamidian-diab-2019-gwu,
    title = "{GWU} {NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 7: Hybrid Pipeline for Rumour Veracity and Stance Classification on Social Media",
    author = "Hamidian, Sardar  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2195",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2195",
    pages = "1115--1119",
    abstract = "Social media plays a crucial role as the main resource news for information seekers online. However, the unmoderated feature of social media platforms lead to the emergence and spread of untrustworthy contents which harm individuals or even societies. Most of the current automated approaches for automatically determining the veracity of a rumor are not generalizable for novel emerging topics. This paper describes our hybrid system comprising rules and a machine learning model which makes use of replied tweets to identify the veracity of the source tweet. The proposed system in this paper achieved 0.435 F-Macro in stance classification, and 0.262 F-macro and 0.801 RMSE in rumor verification tasks in Task7 of SemEval 2019.",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-cumbreras-etal-2019-sinai,
    title = "{SINAI}-{DL} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 7: Data Augmentation and Temporal Expressions",
    author = "Garc{\'\i}a-Cumbreras, Miguel A.  and
      Jim{\'e}nez-Zafra, Salud Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Montejo-R{\'a}ez, Arturo  and
      D{\'\i}az-Galiano, Manuel Carlos  and
      Saquete, Estela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2196",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2196",
    pages = "1120--1124",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of the SINAI-DL team at RumourEval (Task 7 in SemEval 2019, subtask A: SDQC). SDQC addresses the challenge of rumour stance classification as an indirect way of identifying potential rumours. Given a tweet with several replies, our system classifies each reply into either supporting, denying, questioning or commenting on the underlying rumours. We have applied data augmentation, temporal expressions labelling and transfer learning with a four-layer neural classifier. We achieve an accuracy of 0.715 with the official run over reply tweets.",
}
@inproceedings{ghanem-etal-2019-upv,
    title = "{UPV}-28-{UNITO} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 7: Exploiting Post{'}s Nesting and Syntax Information for Rumor Stance Classification",
    author = "Ghanem, Bilal  and
      Cignarella, Alessandra Teresa  and
      Bosco, Cristina  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Rangel Pardo, Francisco Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2197",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2197",
    pages = "1125--1131",
    abstract = "In the present paper we describe the UPV-28-UNITO system{'}s submission to the RumorEval 2019 shared task. The approach we applied for addressing both the subtasks of the contest exploits both classical machine learning algorithms and word embeddings, and it is based on diverse groups of features: stylistic, lexical, emotional, sentiment, meta-structural and Twitter-based. A novel set of features that take advantage of the syntactic information in texts is moreover introduced in the paper.",
}
@inproceedings{xie-etal-2019-blcu,
    title = "{BLCU}{\_}{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 8: A Contextual Knowledge-enhanced {GPT} Model for Fact Checking",
    author = "Xie, Wanying  and
      Que, Mengxi  and
      Yang, Ruoyao  and
      Liu, Chunhua  and
      Yu, Dong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2198",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2198",
    pages = "1132--1137",
    abstract = "Since the resources of Community Question Answering are abundant and information sharing becomes universal, it will be increasingly difficult to find factual information for questioners in massive messages. SemEval 2019 task 8 is focusing on these issues. We participate in the task and use Generative Pre-trained Transformer (OpenAI GPT) as our system. Our innovations are data extension, feature extraction, and input transformation. For contextual knowledge enhancement, we extend the training set of subtask A, use several features to improve the results of our system and adapt the input formats to be more suitable for this task. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approaches, which achieves 81.95{\%} of subtask A and 61.08{\%} of subtask B in accuracy on the SemEval 2019 task 8.",
}
@inproceedings{avvaru-pandey-2019-codeforthechange,
    title = "{C}ode{F}or{T}he{C}hange at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 8: Skip-Thoughts for Fact Checking in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Avvaru, Adithya  and
      Pandey, Anupam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2199",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2199",
    pages = "1138--1143",
    abstract = "The strengths of the scalable gradient tree boosting algorithm, XGBoost and distributed sentence encoder, Skip-Thought Vectors are not explored yet by the cQA research community. We tried to apply and combine these two effective methods for finding factual nature of the questions and answers. The work also include experimentation with other popular classifier models like AdaBoost Classifier, DecisionTree Classifier, RandomForest Classifier, ExtraTrees Classifier, XGBoost Classifier and Multi-layer Neural Network. In this paper, we present the features used, approaches followed for feature engineering, models experimented with and finally the results.",
}
@inproceedings{chakrabarty-muresan-2019-columbianlp,
    title = "{C}olumbia{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 8: The Answer is Language Model Fine-tuning",
    author = "Chakrabarty, Tuhin  and
      Muresan, Smaranda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2200",
    pages = "1144--1148",
    abstract = "Community Question Answering forums are very popular nowadays, as they represent effective means for communities to share information around particular topics. But the information shared on these forums are often not authentic. This paper presents the ColumbiaNLP submission for the SemEval-2019 Task 8: Fact-Checking in Community Question Answering Forums. We show how fine-tuning a language model on a large unannotated corpus of old threads from Qatar Living forum helps us to classify question types (factual, opinion, socializing) and to judge the factuality of answers on the shared task labeled data from the same forum. Our system finished 4th and 2nd on Subtask A (question type classification) and B (answer factuality prediction), respectively, based on the official metric of accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{stammbach-etal-2019-domlin,
    title = "{DOMLIN} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 8: Automated Fact Checking exploiting Ratings in Community Question Answering Forums",
    author = "Stammbach, Dominik  and
      Varanasi, Stalin  and
      Neumann, Guenter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2201",
    pages = "1149--1154",
    abstract = "In the following, we describe our system developed for the Semeval2019 Task 8. We fine-tuned a BERT checkpoint on the qatar living forum dump and used this checkpoint to train a number of models. Our hand-in for subtask A consists of a fine-tuned classifier from this BERT checkpoint. For subtask B, we first have a classifier deciding whether a comment is factual or non-factual. If it is factual, we retrieve intra-forum evidence and using this evidence, have a classifier deciding the comment{'}s veracity. We trained this classifier on ratings which we crawled from qatarliving.com",
}
@inproceedings{bairaktaris-etal-2019-duth,
    title = "{DUTH} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 8: Part-Of-Speech Features for Question Classification",
    author = "Bairaktaris, Anastasios  and
      Symeonidis, Symeon  and
      Arampatzis, Avi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2202",
    pages = "1155--1159",
    abstract = "This report describes the methods employed by the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH) team for participating in SemEval-2019 Task 8: Fact Checking in Community Question Answering Forums. Our team dealt only with Subtask A: Question Classification. Our approach was based on shallow natural language processing (NLP) pre-processing techniques to reduce the noise in data, feature selection methods, and supervised machine learning algorithms such as NearestCentroid, Perceptron, and LinearSVC. To determine the essential features, we were aided by exploratory data analysis and visualizations. In order to improve classification accuracy, we developed a customized list of stopwords, retaining some opinion- and fact-denoting common function words which would have been removed by standard stoplisting. Furthermore, we examined the usefulness of part-of-speech (POS) categories for the task; by trying to remove nouns and adjectives, we found some evidence that verbs are a valuable POS category for the opinion question class.",
}
@inproceedings{syed-etal-2019-fermi,
    title = "Fermi at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 8: An elementary but effective approach to Question Discernment in Community {QA} Forums",
    author = "Syed, Bakhtiyar  and
      Indurthi, Vijayasaradhi  and
      Shrivastava, Manish  and
      Gupta, Manish  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2203",
    pages = "1160--1164",
    abstract = "Online Community Question Answering Forums (cQA) have gained massive popularity within recent years. The rise in users for such forums have led to the increase in the need for automated evaluation for question comprehension and fact evaluation of the answers provided by various participants in the forum. Our team, \textbf{Fermi}, participated in sub-task A of Task 8 at SemEval 2019 - which tackles the first problem in the pipeline of factual evaluation in cQA forums, i.e., deciding whether a posed question asks for a factual information, an opinion/advice or is just socializing. This information is highly useful in segregating factual questions from non-factual ones which highly helps in organizing the questions into useful categories and trims down the problem space for the next task in the pipeline for fact evaluation among the available answers. Our system uses the embeddings obtained from Universal Sentence Encoder combined with XGBoost for the classification sub-task A. We also evaluate other combinations of embeddings and off-the-shelf machine learning algorithms to demonstrate the efficacy of the various representations and their combinations. Our results across the evaluation test set gave an accuracy of 84{\%} and received the first position in the final standings judged by the organizers.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2019-solomonlab,
    title = "{S}olomon{L}ab at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 8: Question Factuality and Answer Veracity Prediction in Community Forums",
    author = "Gupta, Ankita  and
      Sahoo, Sudeep Kumar  and
      Prakash, Divya  and
      R.R, Rohit  and
      Srivastava, Vertika  and
      Kim, Yeon Hyang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2204",
    pages = "1165--1171",
    abstract = "We describe our system for SemEval-2019, Task 8 on {``}Fact-Checking in Community Question Answering Forums (cQA){''}. cQA forums are very prevalent nowadays, as they provide an effective means for communities to share knowledge. Unfortunately, this shared information is not always factual and fact-verified. In this task, we aim to identify factual questions posted on cQA and verify the veracity of answers to these questions. Our approach relies on data augmentation and aggregates cues from several dimensions such as semantics, linguistics, syntax, writing style and evidence obtained from trusted external sources. In subtask A, our submission is ranked 3rd, with an accuracy of 83.14{\%}. Our current best solution stands 1st on the leaderboard with 88{\%} accuracy. In subtask B, our present solution is ranked 2nd, with 58.33{\%} MAP score.",
}
@inproceedings{niewinski-etal-2019-tmlab,
    title = "{TML}ab {SRPOL} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 8: Fact Checking in Community Question Answering Forums",
    author = "Niewi{\'n}ski, Piotr  and
      Wawer, Aleksander  and
      Pszona, Maria  and
      Janicka, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2205",
    pages = "1172--1175",
    abstract = "The article describes our submission to SemEval 2019 Task 8 on Fact-Checking in Community Forums. The systems under discussion participated in Subtask A: decide whether a question asks for factual information, opinion/advice or is just socializing. Our primary submission was ranked as the second one among all participants in the official evaluation phase. The article presents our primary solution: Deeply Regularized Residual Neural Network (DRR NN) with Universal Sentence Encoder embeddings. This is followed by a description of two contrastive solutions based on ensemble methods.",
}
@inproceedings{juhasz-etal-2019-tuefact,
    title = "{T}ue{F}act at {S}em{E}val 2019 Task 8: Fact checking in community question answering forums: context matters",
    author = "Juh{\'a}sz, R{\'e}ka  and
      Linnenschmidt, Franziska Barbara  and
      Roys, Teslin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2206",
    pages = "1176--1179",
    abstract = "The SemEval 2019 Task 8 on Fact-Checking in community question answering forums aimed to classify questions into categories and verify the correctness of answers given on the QatarLiving public forum. The task was divided into two subtasks: the first classifying the question, the second the answers. The TueFact system described in this paper used different approaches for the two subtasks. Subtask A makes use of word vectors based on a bag-of-word-ngram model using up to trigrams. Predictions are done using multi-class logistic regression. The official SemEval result lists an accuracy of 0.60. Subtask B uses vectorized character n-grams up to trigrams instead. Predictions are done using a LSTM model and achieved an accuracy of 0.53 on the final SemEval Task 8 evaluation set.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-ynu,
    title = "{YNU}-{HPCC} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 8: Using A {LSTM}-Attention Model for Fact-Checking in Community Forums",
    author = "Liu, Peng  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2207",
    pages = "1180--1184",
    abstract = "We propose a system that uses a long short-term memory with attention mechanism (LSTM-Attention) model to complete the task. The LSTM-Attention model uses two LSTM to extract the features of the question and answer pair. Then, each of the features is sequentially composed using the attention mechanism, concatenating the two vectors into one. Finally, the concatenated vector is used as input for the MLP and the MLP{'}s output layer uses the softmax function to classify the provided answers into three categories. This model is capable of extracting the features of the question and answer pair well. The results show that the proposed system outperforms the baseline algorithm.",
}
@inproceedings{fatyanosa-etal-2019-dbms,
    title = "{DBMS}-{KU} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: Exploring Machine Learning Approaches in Classifying Text as Suggestion or Non-Suggestion",
    author = "Fatyanosa, Tirana  and
      Siagian, Al Hafiz Akbar Maulana  and
      Aritsugi, Masayoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2208",
    pages = "1185--1191",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of DBMS-KU team in the SemEval 2019 Task 9, that is, suggestion mining from online reviews and forums. To deal with this task, we explore several machine learning approaches, i.e., Random Forest (RF), Logistic Regression (LR), Multinomial Naive Bayes (MNB), Linear Support Vector Classification (LSVC), Sublinear Support Vector Classification (SSVC), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and Variable Length Chromosome Genetic Algorithm-Naive Bayes (VLCGA-NB). Our system obtains reasonable results of F1-Score 0.47 and 0.37 on the evaluation data in Subtask A and Subtask B, respectively. In particular, our obtained results outperform the baseline in Subtask A. Interestingly, the results seem to show that our system could perform well in classifying Non-suggestion class.",
}
@inproceedings{cabanski-2019-ds,
    title = "{DS} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: From Suggestion Mining with neural networks to adversarial cross-domain classification",
    author = "Cabanski, Tobias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2209",
    pages = "1192--1198",
    abstract = "Suggestion Mining is the task of classifying sentences into suggestions or non-suggestions. SemEval-2019 Task 9 sets the task to mine suggestions from online texts. For each of the two subtasks, the classification has to be applied on a different domain. Subtask A addresses the domain of posts in suggestion online forums and comes with a set of training examples, that is used for supervised training. A combination of LSTM and CNN networks is constructed to create a model which uses BERT word embeddings as input features. For subtask B, the domain of hotel reviews is regarded. In contrast to subtask A, no labeled data for supervised training is provided, so that additional unlabeled data is taken to apply a cross-domain classification. This is done by using adversarial training of the three model parts label classifier, domain classifier and the shared feature representation. For subtask A, the developed model archives a F1-score of 0.7273, which is in the top ten of the leader board. The F1-score for subtask B is 0.8187 and is ranked in the top five of the submissions for that task.",
}
@inproceedings{ezen-can-can-2019-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid {RNN} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: Blending Information Sources for Domain-Independent Suggestion Mining",
    author = "Ezen-Can, Aysu  and
      Can, Ethem F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2210",
    pages = "1199--1203",
    abstract = "Social media has an increasing amount of information that both customers and companies can benefit from. These social media posts can include Tweets or be in the form of vocalization of complements and complaints (e.g., reviews) of a product or service. Researchers have been actively mining this invaluable information source to automatically generate insights. Mining sentiments of customer reviews is an example that has gained momentum due to its potential to gather information that customers are not happy about. Instead of reading millions of reviews, companies prefer sentiment analysis to obtain feedback and to improve their products or services. In this work, we aim to identify information that companies can act on, or other customers can utilize for making their own experience better. This is different from identifying if reviews of a product or service is negative, positive, or neutral. To that end, we classify sentences of a given review as suggestion or not suggestion so that readers of the reviews do not have to go through thousands of reviews but instead can focus on actionable items and applicable suggestions. To identify suggestions within reviews, we employ a hybrid approach that utilizes a recurrent neural network (RNN) along with rule-based features to build a domain-independent suggestion mining model. In this way, a model trained on electronics reviews is used to extract suggestions from hotel reviews.",
}
@inproceedings{markov-de-la-clergerie-2019-inria,
    title = "{INRIA} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: Suggestion Mining Using {SVM} with Handcrafted Features",
    author = "Markov, Ilia  and
      De la Clergerie, Eric Villemonte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2211",
    pages = "1204--1207",
    abstract = "We present the INRIA approach to the suggestion mining task at SemEval 2019. The task consists of two subtasks: suggestion mining under single-domain (Subtask A) and cross-domain (Subtask B) settings. We used the Support Vector Machines algorithm trained on handcrafted features, function words, sentiment features, digits, and verbs for Subtask A, and handcrafted features for Subtask B. Our best run archived a F1-score of 51.18{\%} on Subtask A, and ranked in the top ten of the submissions for Subtask B with 73.30{\%} F1-score.",
}
@inproceedings{li-2019-lijunyi,
    title = "Lijunyi at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: An attention-based {LSTM} and ensemble of different models for suggestion mining from online reviews and forums",
    author = "Li, Junyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2212",
    pages = "1208--1212",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe a suggestion mining system that participated in SemEval 2019 Task 9, SubTask A - Suggestion Mining from Online Reviews and Forums. Given some suggestions from online reviews and forums that can be classified into suggestion and non-suggestion classes. In this task, we combine the attention mechanism with the LSTM model, which is the final system we submitted. The final submission achieves 14th place in Task 9, SubTask A with the accuracy of 0.6776. After the challenge, we train a series of neural network models such as convolutional neural network(CNN), TextCNN, long short-term memory(LSTM) and C-LSTM. Finally, we make an ensemble on the predictions of these models and get a better result.",
}
@inproceedings{anand-etal-2019-midas,
    title = "{MIDAS} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: Suggestion Mining from Online Reviews using {ULMF}it",
    author = "Anand, Sarthak  and
      Mahata, Debanjan  and
      Aggarwal, Kartik  and
      Mehnaz, Laiba  and
      Shahid, Simra  and
      Zhang, Haimin  and
      Kumar, Yaman  and
      Shah, Rajiv  and
      Uppal, Karan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2213",
    pages = "1213--1217",
    abstract = "In this paper we present our approach to tackle the Suggestion Mining from Online Reviews and Forums Sub-Task A. Given a review, we are asked to predict whether the review consists of a suggestion or not. Our model is based on Universal Language Model Fine-tuning for Text Classification. We apply various pre-processing techniques before training the language and the classification model. We further provide analysis of the model. Our team ranked 10th out of 34 participants, achieving an F1 score of 0.7011.",
}
@inproceedings{pecar-etal-2019-nl,
    title = "{NL}-{FIIT} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: Neural Model Ensemble for Suggestion Mining",
    author = "Pecar, Samuel  and
      Simko, Marian  and
      Bielikova, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2214",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2214",
    pages = "1218--1223",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present neural model architecture submitted to the SemEval-2019 Task 9 competition: {``}Suggestion Mining from Online Reviews and Forums{''}. We participated in both subtasks for domain specific and also cross-domain suggestion mining. We proposed a recurrent neural network architecture that employs Bi-LSTM layers and also self-attention mechanism. Our architecture tries to encode words via word representation using ELMo and ensembles multiple models to achieve better results. We highlight importance of pre-processing of user-generated samples and its contribution to overall results. We performed experiments with different setups of our proposed model involving weighting of prediction classes for loss function. Our best model achieved in official test evaluation score of 0.6816 for subtask A and 0.6850 for subtask B. In official results, we achieved 12th and 10th place in subtasks A and B, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{potamias-etal-2019-ntua,
    title = "{NTUA}-{ISL}ab at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: Mining Suggestions in the wild",
    author = "Potamias, Rolandos Alexandros  and
      Neofytou, Alexandros  and
      Siolas, Georgios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2215",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2215",
    pages = "1224--1230",
    abstract = "As online customer forums and product comparison sites increase their societal influence, users are actively expressing their opinions and posting their recommendations on their fellow customers online. However, systems capable of recognizing suggestions still lack in stability. Suggestion Mining, a novel and challenging field of Natural Language Processing, is increasingly gaining attention, aiming to track user advice on online forums. In this paper, a carefully designed methodology to identify customer-to-company and customer-to-customer suggestions is presented. The methodology implements a rule-based classifier using heuristic, lexical and syntactic patterns. The approach ranked at 5th and 1st position, achieving an f1-score of 0.749 and 0.858 for SemEval-2019/Suggestion Mining sub-tasks A and B, respectively. In addition, we were able to improve performance results by combining the rule-based classifier with a recurrent convolutional neural network, that exhibits an f1-score of 0.79 for subtask A.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-olenet,
    title = "{O}le{N}et at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: {BERT} based Multi-Perspective Models for Suggestion Mining",
    author = "Liu, Jiaxiang  and
      Wang, Shuohuan  and
      Sun, Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2216",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2216",
    pages = "1231--1236",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system partici- pated in Task 9 of SemEval-2019: the task is focused on suggestion mining and it aims to classify given sentences into sug- gestion and non-suggestion classes in do- main specific and cross domain training setting respectively. We propose a multi- perspective architecture for learning rep- resentations by using different classical models including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), Feed Forward Attention (FFA), etc. To leverage the semantics distributed in large amount of unsupervised data, we also have adopted the pre-trained Bidi- rectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model as an en- coder to produce sentence and word rep- resentations. The proposed architecture is applied for both sub-tasks, and achieved f1-score of 0.7812 for subtask A, and 0.8579 for subtask B. We won the first and second place for the two tasks respec- tively in the final competition.",
}
@inproceedings{s-etal-2019-ssn,
    title = "{SSN}-{SPARKS} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: Mining Suggestions from Online Reviews using Deep Learning Techniques on Augmented Data",
    author = "S, Rajalakshmi  and
      Suseelan, Angel  and
      Rajendram, S Milton  and
      T T, Mirnalinee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2217",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2217",
    pages = "1237--1241",
    abstract = "This paper describes the work on mining the suggestions from online reviews and forums. Opinion mining detects whether the comments are positive, negative or neutral, while suggestion mining explores the review content for the possible tips or advice. The system developed by SSN-SPARKS team in SemEval-2019 for task 9 (suggestion mining) uses a rule-based approach for feature selection, SMOTE technique for data augmentation and deep learning technique (Convolutional Neural Network) for classification. We have compared the results with Random Forest classifier (RF) and MultiLayer Perceptron (MLP) model. Results show that the CNN model performs better than other models for both the subtasks.",
}
@inproceedings{ahmed-etal-2019-suggestion,
    title = "Suggestion Miner at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: Suggestion Detection in Online Forum using Word Graph",
    author = "Ahmed, Usman  and
      Liaquat, Humera  and
      Ahmed, Luqman  and
      Hussain, Syed Jawad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2218",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2218",
    pages = "1242--1246",
    abstract = "This paper describes the suggestion miner system that participates in SemEval 2019 Task 9 - SubTask A - Suggestion Mining from Online Reviews and Forums. The system participated in the subtasks A. This paper discusses the results of our system in the development, evaluation and post evaluation. Each class in the dataset is represented as directed unweighted graphs. Then, the comparison is carried out with each class graph which results in a vector. This vector is used as features by a machine learning algorithm. The model is evaluated on hold on strategy. The organizers randomly split (8500 instances) training set (provided to the participant in training their system) and testing set (833 instances). The test set is reserved to evaluate the performance of participants systems. During the evaluation, our system ranked 31 in the Coda Lab result of the subtask A (binary class problem). The binary class system achieves evaluation value 0.34, precision 0.87, recall 0.73 and F measure 0.78.",
}
@inproceedings{oostdijk-van-halteren-2019-team,
    title = "Team {T}aurus at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: Expert-informed pattern recognition for suggestion mining",
    author = "Oostdijk, Nelleke  and
      van Halteren, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2219",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2219",
    pages = "1247--1253",
    abstract = "This paper presents our submissions to SemEval-2019 Task9, Suggestion Mining. Our system is one in a series of systems in which we compare an approach using expert-defined rules with a comparable one using machine learning. We target tasks with a syntactic or semantic component that might be better described by a human understanding the task than by a machine learner only able to count features. For Semeval-2019 Task 9, the expert rules clearly outperformed our machine learning model when training and testing on equally balanced testsets.",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2019-thisiscompetition,
    title = "{T}his{I}s{C}ompetition at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: {BERT} is unstable for out-of-domain samples",
    author = "Park, Cheoneum  and
      Kim, Juae  and
      Lee, Hyeon-gu  and
      Amplayo, Reinald Kim  and
      Kim, Harksoo  and
      Seo, Jungyun  and
      Lee, Changki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2220",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2220",
    pages = "1254--1261",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system, Joint Encoders for Stable Suggestion Inference (JESSI), for the SemEval 2019 Task 9: Suggestion Mining from Online Reviews and Forums. JESSI is a combination of two sentence encoders: (a) one using multiple pre-trained word embeddings learned from log-bilinear regression (GloVe) and translation (CoVe) models, and (b) one on top of word encodings from a pre-trained deep bidirectional transformer (BERT). We include a domain adversarial training module when training for out-of-domain samples. Our experiments show that while BERT performs exceptionally well for in-domain samples, several runs of the model show that it is unstable for out-of-domain samples. The problem is mitigated tremendously by (1) combining BERT with a non-BERT encoder, and (2) using an RNN-based classifier on top of BERT. Our final models obtained second place with 77.78{\%} F-Score on Subtask A (i.e. in-domain) and achieved an F-Score of 79.59{\%} on Subtask B (i.e. out-of-domain), even without using any additional external data.",
}
@inproceedings{klimaszewski-andruszkiewicz-2019-wut,
    title = "{WUT} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: Domain-Adversarial Neural Networks for Domain Adaptation in Suggestion Mining",
    author = "Klimaszewski, Mateusz  and
      Andruszkiewicz, Piotr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2221",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2221",
    pages = "1262--1266",
    abstract = "We present a system for cross-domain suggestion mining, prepared for the SemEval-2019 Task 9: Suggestion Mining from Online Reviews and Forums (Subtask B). Our submitted solution for this text classification problem explores the idea of treating different suggestions{'} sources as one of the settings of Transfer Learning - Domain Adaptation. Our experiments show that without any labeled target domain examples during training time, we are capable of proposing a system, reaching up to 0.778 in terms of F1 score on test dataset, based on Target Preserving Domain Adversarial Neural Networks.",
}
@inproceedings{zhuang-2019-yimmon,
    title = "Yimmon at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: Suggestion Mining with Hybrid Augmented Approaches",
    author = "Zhuang, Yimeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2222",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2222",
    pages = "1267--1271",
    abstract = "Suggestion mining task aims to extract tips, advice, and recommendations from unstructured text. The task includes many challenges, such as class imbalance, figurative expressions, context dependency, and long and complex sentences. This paper gives a detailed system description of our submission in SemEval 2019 Task 9 Subtask A. We transfer Self-Attention Network (SAN), a successful model in machine reading comprehension field, into this task. Our model concentrates on modeling long-term dependency which is indispensable to parse long and complex sentences. Besides, we also adopt techniques, such as contextualized embedding, back-translation, and auxiliary loss, to augment the system. Our model achieves a performance of F1=76.3, and rank 4th among 34 participating systems. Further ablation study shows that the techniques used in our system are beneficial to the performance.",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2019-ynu-dyx,
    title = "{YNU}{\_}{DYX} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: A Stacked {B}i{LSTM} for Suggestion Mining Classification",
    author = "Ding, Yunxia  and
      Zhou, Xiaobing  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2223",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2223",
    pages = "1272--1276",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe a deep-learning system that competed as SemEval 2019 Task 9-SubTask A: Suggestion Mining from Online Reviews and Forums. We use Word2Vec to learn the distributed representations from sentences. This system is composed of a Stacked Bidirectional Long-Short Memory Network (SBiLSTM) for enriching word representations before and after the sequence relationship with context. We perform an ensemble to improve the effectiveness of our model. Our official submission results achieve an F1-score 0.5659.",
}
@inproceedings{yue-etal-2019-ynu,
    title = "{YNU}-{HPCC} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: Using a {BERT} and {CNN}-{B}i{LSTM}-{GRU} Model for Suggestion Mining",
    author = "Yue, Ping  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2224",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2224",
    pages = "1277--1281",
    abstract = "Consumer opinions towards commercial entities are generally expressed through online reviews, blogs, and discussion forums. These opinions largely express positive and negative sentiments towards a given entity,but also tend to contain suggestions for improving the entity. In this task, we extract suggestions from given the unstructured text, compared to the traditional opinion mining systems. Such suggestion mining is more applicability and extends capabilities.",
}
@inproceedings{prasanna-seelan-2019-zoho,
    title = "Zoho at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 9: Semi-supervised Domain Adaptation using Tri-training for Suggestion Mining",
    author = "Prasanna, Sai  and
      Seelan, Sri Ananda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2225",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2225",
    pages = "1282--1286",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission for the SemEval-2019 Suggestion Mining task. A simple Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifier with contextual word representations from a pre-trained language model was used for sentence classification. The model is trained using tri-training, a semi-supervised bootstrapping mechanism for labelling unseen data. Tri-training proved to be an effective technique to accommodate domain shift for cross-domain suggestion mining (Subtask B) where there is no hand labelled training data. For in-domain evaluation (Subtask A), we use the same technique to augment the training set. Our system ranks thirteenth in Subtask A with an F1-score of 68.07 and third in Subtask B with an F1-score of 81.94.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2019-zqm,
    title = "{ZQM} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task9: A Single Layer {CNN} Based on Pre-trained Model for Suggestion Mining",
    author = "Zhou, Qimin  and
      Zhang, Zhengxin  and
      Wu, Hao  and
      Wang, Linmao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2226",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2226",
    pages = "1287--1291",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system that competed at SemEval 2019 Task 9 - SubTask A: {''}Sug- gestion Mining from Online Reviews and Forums{''}. Our system fuses the convolutional neural network and the latest BERT model to conduct suggestion mining. In our system, the input of convolutional neural network is the embedding vectors which are drawn from the pre-trained BERT model. And to enhance the effectiveness of the whole system, the pre-trained BERT model is fine-tuned by provided datasets before the procedure of embedding vectors extraction. Empirical results show the effectiveness of our model which obtained 9th position out of 34 teams with F1 score equals to 0.715.",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2019-problemsolver,
    title = "{P}roblem{S}olver at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 10: Sequence-to-Sequence Learning and Expression Trees",
    author = "Luo, Xuefeng  and
      Baranova, Alina  and
      Biegert, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2227",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2227",
    pages = "1292--1296",
    abstract = "This paper describes our participation in SemEval-2019 shared task {``}Math Question Answering{''}, where the aim is to create a program that could solve the Math SAT questions automatically as accurately as possible. We went with a dual-pronged approach, building a Sequence-to-Sequence Neural Network pre-trained with augmented data that could answer all categories of questions and a Tree system, which can only answer a certain type of questions. The systems did not perform well on the entire test data given in the task, but did decently on the questions they were actually capable of answering. The Sequence-to-Sequence Neural Network model managed to get slightly better than our baseline of guessing {``}A{''} for every question, while the Tree system additionally improved the results.",
}
@inproceedings{plum-etal-2019-rgcl,
    title = "{RGCL}-{WLV} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 12: Toponym Detection",
    author = "Plum, Alistair  and
      Ranasinghe, Tharindu  and
      Calleja, Pablo  and
      Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2228",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2228",
    pages = "1297--1301",
    abstract = "This article describes the system submitted by the RGCL-WLV team to the SemEval 2019 Task 12: Toponym resolution in scientific papers. The system detects toponyms using a bootstrapped machine learning (ML) approach which classifies names identified using gazetteers extracted from the GeoNames geographical database. The paper evaluates the performance of several ML classifiers, as well as how the gazetteers influence the accuracy of the system. Several runs were submitted. The highest precision achieved for one of the submissions was 89{\%}, albeit it at a relatively low recall of 49{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{qi-etal-2019-thu,
    title = "{THU}{\_}{NGN} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 12: Toponym Detection and Disambiguation on Scientific Papers",
    author = "Qi, Tao  and
      Ge, Suyu  and
      Wu, Chuhan  and
      Chen, Yubo  and
      Huang, Yongfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2229",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2229",
    pages = "1302--1307",
    abstract = "First name: Tao Last name: Qi Email: taoqi.qt@gmail.com Affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University First name: Suyu Last name: Ge Email: gesy17@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn Affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University First name: Chuhan Last name: Wu Email: wuch15@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn Affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University First name: Yubo Last name: Chen Email: chen-yb18@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn Affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University First name: Yongfeng Last name: Huang Email: yfhuang@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn Affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University Toponym resolution is an important and challenging task in the neural language processing field, and has wide applications such as emergency response and social media geographical event analysis. Toponym resolution can be roughly divided into two independent steps, i.e., toponym detection and toponym disambiguation. In order to facilitate the study on toponym resolution, the SemEval 2019 task 12 is proposed, which contains three subtasks, i.e., toponym detection, toponym disambiguation and toponym resolution. In this paper, we introduce our system that participated in the SemEval 2019 task 12. For toponym detection, in our approach we use TagLM as the basic model, and explore the use of various features in this task, such as word embeddings extracted from pre-trained language models, POS tags and lexical features extracted from dictionaries. For toponym disambiguation, we propose a heuristics rule-based method using toponym frequency and population. Our systems achieved 83.03{\%} strict macro F1, 74.50 strict micro F1, 85.92 overlap macro F1 and 78.47 overlap micro F1 in toponym detection subtask.",
}
@inproceedings{magnusson-dietz-2019-unh,
    title = "{UNH} at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 12: Toponym Resolution in Scientific Papers",
    author = "Magnusson, Matthew  and
      Dietz, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2230",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2230",
    pages = "1308--1312",
    abstract = "The SemEval-2019 Task 12 is toponym resolution in scientific papers. We focus on Subtask 1: Toponym Detection which is the identification of spans of text for place names mentioned in a document. We propose two methods: 1) sliding window convolutional neural network using ELMo embeddings (cnn-elmo), and 2) sliding window multi-Layer perceptron using ELMo embeddings (mlp-elmo). We also submit Bi-lateral LSTM with Conditional Random Fields (bi-LSTM) as a strong baseline given its state-of-art performance in Named Entity Recognition (NER) task. Our best performing model is cnn-elmo with a F1 of 0.844 which was below bi-LSTM F1 of 0.862 when evaluated on overlap macro detection. Eight teams participated in this subtask with a total of 21 submissions.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2019-unimelb,
    title = "{U}ni{M}elb at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 12: Multi-model combination for toponym resolution",
    author = "Li, Haonan  and
      Wang, Minghan  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Tomko, Martin  and
      Vasardani, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2231",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2231",
    pages = "1313--1318",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission to SemEval-2019 Task 12 on toponym resolution over scientific articles. We train separate NER models for toponym detection over text extracted from tables vs. text from the body of the paper, and train another auxiliary model to eliminate misdetected toponyms. For toponym disambiguation, we use an SVM classifier with hand-engineered features. The best setting achieved a strict micro-F1 score of 80.92{\%} and overlap micro-F1 score of 86.88{\%} in the toponym detection subtask, ranking 2nd out of 8 teams on F1 score. For toponym disambiguation and end-to-end resolution, we officially ranked 2nd and 3rd, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{yadav-etal-2019-university,
    title = "University of {A}rizona at {S}em{E}val-2019 Task 12: Deep-Affix Named Entity Recognition of Geolocation Entities",
    author = "Yadav, Vikas  and
      Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Wang, Ti-Tai  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Bethard, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S19-2232",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S19-2232",
    pages = "1319--1323",
    abstract = "We present the Named Entity Recognition (NER) and disambiguation model used by the University of Arizona team (UArizona) for the SemEval 2019 task 12. We achieved fourth place on tasks 1 and 3. We implemented a deep-affix based LSTM-CRF NER model for task 1, which utilizes only character, word, pre- fix and suffix information for the identification of geolocation entities. Despite using just the training data provided by task organizers and not using any lexicon features, we achieved 78.85{\%} strict micro F-score on task 1. We used the unsupervised population heuristics for task 3 and achieved 52.99{\%} strict micro-F1 score in this task.",
}
@proceedings{emnlp-2014-2014,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Pang, Bo  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1",
}
@inproceedings{roukos-2014-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: {IBM} Cognitive Computing - An {NLP} Renaissance!",
    author = "Roukos, Salim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1001",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2014-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Interestingness with Deep Neural Networks",
    author = "Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Pantel, Patrick  and
      Gamon, Michael  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Deng, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1002",
    pages = "2--13",
}
@inproceedings{sundermeyer-etal-2014-translation,
    title = "Translation Modeling with Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Sundermeyer, Martin  and
      Alkhouli, Tamer  and
      Wuebker, Joern  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1003",
    pages = "14--25",
}
@inproceedings{van-de-cruys-2014-neural,
    title = "A Neural Network Approach to Selectional Preference Acquisition",
    author = "Van de Cruys, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1004",
    pages = "26--35",
}
@inproceedings{kiela-bottou-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Image Embeddings using Convolutional Neural Networks for Improved Multi-Modal Semantics",
    author = "Kiela, Douwe  and
      Bottou, L{\'e}on",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1005",
    pages = "36--45",
}
@inproceedings{stab-gurevych-2014-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Argumentative Discourse Structures in Persuasive Essays",
    author = "Stab, Christian  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1006",
    pages = "46--56",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-policy,
    title = "Policy Learning for Domain Selection in an Extensible Multi-domain Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Wang, Zhuoran  and
      Chen, Hongliang  and
      Wang, Guanchun  and
      Tian, Hao  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      Wang, Haifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1007",
    pages = "57--67",
}
@inproceedings{kong-etal-2014-constituent,
    title = "A Constituent-Based Approach to Argument Labeling with Joint Inference in Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Kong, Fang  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1008",
    pages = "68--77",
}
@inproceedings{hough-purver-2014-strongly,
    title = "Strongly Incremental Repair Detection",
    author = "Hough, Julian  and
      Purver, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1009",
    pages = "78--89",
}
@inproceedings{yang-vozila-2014-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised {C}hinese Word Segmentation Using Partial-Label Learning With Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Yang, Fan  and
      Vozila, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1010",
    pages = "90--98",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-kitsuregawa-2014-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Word Segmentation and {POS} Tagging for {J}apanese Microblogs: Corpus Annotation and Joint Modeling with Lexical Normalization",
    author = "Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Kitsuregawa, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1011",
    pages = "99--109",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2014-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting Embedding Features for Simple Semi-supervised Learning",
    author = "Guo, Jiang  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1012",
    pages = "110--120",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-combining-punctuation,
    title = "Combining Punctuation and Disfluency Prediction: An Empirical Study",
    author = "Wang, Xuancong  and
      Sim, Khe Chai  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1013",
    pages = "121--130",
}
@inproceedings{kirchhoff-bilmes-2014-submodularity,
    title = "Submodularity for Data Selection in Machine Translation",
    author = "Kirchhoff, Katrin  and
      Bilmes, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1014",
    pages = "131--141",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2014-improve,
    title = "Improve Statistical Machine Translation with Context-Sensitive Bilingual Semantic Embedding Model",
    author = "Wu, Haiyang  and
      Dong, Daxiang  and
      Hu, Xiaoguang  and
      Yu, Dianhai  and
      He, Wei  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1015",
    pages = "142--146",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2014-transformation,
    title = "Transformation from Discontinuous to Continuous Word Alignment Improves Translation Quality",
    author = "He, Zhongjun  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1016",
    pages = "147--152",
}
@inproceedings{kamigaito-etal-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Word Alignment Using Frequency Constraint in Posterior Regularized {EM}",
    author = "Kamigaito, Hidetaka  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1017",
    pages = "153--158",
}
@inproceedings{eetemadi-toutanova-2014-asymmetric,
    title = "Asymmetric Features Of Human Generated Translation",
    author = "Eetemadi, Sauleh  and
      Toutanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1018",
    pages = "159--164",
}
@inproceedings{mino-etal-2014-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-Augmented Machine Translation using Syntax-Label Clustering",
    author = "Mino, Hideya  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1019",
    pages = "165--171",
}
@inproceedings{graham-baldwin-2014-testing,
    title = "Testing for Significance of Increased Correlation with Human Judgment",
    author = "Graham, Yvette  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1020",
    pages = "172--176",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-syntactic-smt,
    title = "Syntactic {SMT} Using a Discriminative Text Generation Model",
    author = "Zhang, Yue  and
      Song, Kai  and
      Song, Linfeng  and
      Zhu, Jingbo  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1021",
    pages = "177--182",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Hierarchical Translation Spans",
    author = "Zhang, Jingyi  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1022",
    pages = "183--188",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-neural,
    title = "Neural Network Based Bilingual Language Model Growing for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Lu, Bao-Liang  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1023",
    pages = "189--195",
}
@inproceedings{cholakov-kordoni-2014-better,
    title = "Better Statistical Machine Translation through Linguistic Treatment of Phrasal Verbs",
    author = "Cholakov, Kostadin  and
      Kordoni, Valia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1024",
    pages = "196--201",
}
@inproceedings{stanojevic-simaan-2014-fitting,
    title = "Fitting Sentence Level Translation Evaluation with Many Dense Features",
    author = "Stanojevi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1025",
    pages = "202--206",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2014-human,
    title = "A Human Judgement Corpus and a Metric for {A}rabic {MT} Evaluation",
    author = "Bouamor, Houda  and
      Alshikhabobakr, Hanan  and
      Mohit, Behrang  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1026",
    pages = "207--213",
}
@inproceedings{guzman-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning to Differentiate Better from Worse Translations",
    author = "Guzm{\'a}n, Francisco  and
      Joty, Shafiq  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Nicosia, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1027",
    pages = "214--220",
}
@inproceedings{siahbani-sarkar-2014-two,
    title = "Two Improvements to Left-to-Right Decoding for Hierarchical Phrase-based Machine Translation",
    author = "Siahbani, Maryam  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1028",
    pages = "221--226",
}
@inproceedings{cmejrek-2014-reordering,
    title = "Reordering Model for Forest-to-String Machine Translation",
    author = "{\v{C}}mejrek, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1029",
    pages = "227--232",
}
@inproceedings{wehbe-etal-2014-aligning,
    title = "Aligning context-based statistical models of language with brain activity during reading",
    author = "Wehbe, Leila  and
      Vaswani, Ashish  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1030",
    pages = "233--243",
}
@inproceedings{nematzadeh-etal-2014-cognitive,
    title = "A Cognitive Model of Semantic Network Learning",
    author = "Nematzadeh, Aida  and
      Fazly, Afsaneh  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1031",
    pages = "244--254",
}
@inproceedings{hill-korhonen-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Abstract Concept Embeddings from Multi-Modal Data: Since You Probably Can{'}t See What {I} Mean",
    author = "Hill, Felix  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1032",
    pages = "255--265",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-wang-2014-go,
    title = "Go Climb a Dependency Tree and Correct the Grammatical Errors",
    author = "Zhang, Longkai  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1033",
    pages = "266--277",
}
@inproceedings{baker-etal-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Model for Instance Level Subcategorization Acquisition",
    author = "Baker, Simon  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1034",
    pages = "278--289",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2014-parsing,
    title = "Parsing low-resource languages using {G}ibbs sampling for {PCFG}s with latent annotations",
    author = "Sun, Liang  and
      Mielens, Jason  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1035",
    pages = "290--300",
}
@inproceedings{konstas-etal-2014-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Semantic Role Labeling with Tree Adjoining Grammar",
    author = "Konstas, Ioannis  and
      Keller, Frank  and
      Demberg, Vera  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1036",
    pages = "301--312",
}
@inproceedings{sonmez-ozgur-2014-graph,
    title = "A Graph-based Approach for Contextual Text Normalization",
    author = {S{\"o}nmez, Cagil  and
      {\"O}zg{\"u}r, Arzucan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1037",
    pages = "313--324",
}
@inproceedings{yahya-etal-2014-renoun,
    title = "{R}e{N}oun: Fact Extraction for Nominal Attributes",
    author = "Yahya, Mohamed  and
      Whang, Steven  and
      Gupta, Rahul  and
      Halevy, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1038",
    pages = "325--335",
}
@inproceedings{wing-baldridge-2014-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Discriminative Classification for Text-Based Geolocation",
    author = "Wing, Benjamin  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1039",
    pages = "336--348",
}
@inproceedings{vulic-moens-2014-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Models of Cross-Lingual Semantic Similarity in Context Based on Latent Cross-Lingual Concepts Induced from Comparable Data",
    author = "Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1040",
    pages = "349--362",
}
@inproceedings{yang-zong-2014-multi,
    title = "Multi-Predicate Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Yang, Haitong  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1041",
    pages = "363--373",
}
@inproceedings{del-corro-etal-2014-werdy,
    title = "{W}erdy: Recognition and Disambiguation of Verbs and Verb Phrases with Syntactic and Semantic Pruning",
    author = "Del Corro, Luciano  and
      Gemulla, Rainer  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1042",
    pages = "374--385",
}
@inproceedings{koncel-kedziorski-etal-2014-multi,
    title = "Multi-Resolution Language Grounding with Weak Supervision",
    author = "Koncel-Kedziorski, R.  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh  and
      Farhadi, Ali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1043",
    pages = "386--396",
}
@inproceedings{gardner-etal-2014-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Vector Space Similarity in Random Walk Inference over Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Gardner, Matt  and
      Talukdar, Partha  and
      Krishnamurthy, Jayant  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1044",
    pages = "397--406",
}
@inproceedings{roth-woodsend-2014-composition,
    title = "Composition of Word Representations Improves Semantic Role Labelling",
    author = "Roth, Michael  and
      Woodsend, Kristian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1045",
    pages = "407--413",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-strapparava-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Domain Assignment for Word Sense Alignment",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1046",
    pages = "414--418",
}
@inproceedings{padro-etal-2014-nothing,
    title = "Nothing like Good Old Frequency: Studying Context Filters for Distributional Thesauri",
    author = "Padr{\'o}, Muntsa  and
      Idiart, Marco  and
      Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Ramisch, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1047",
    pages = "419--424",
}
@inproceedings{pourdamghani-etal-2014-aligning,
    title = "Aligning {E}nglish Strings with Abstract Meaning Representation Graphs",
    author = "Pourdamghani, Nima  and
      Gao, Yang  and
      Hermjakob, Ulf  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1048",
    pages = "425--429",
}
@inproceedings{lluis-etal-2014-shortest,
    title = "A Shortest-path Method for Arc-factored Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Llu{\'\i}s, Xavier  and
      Carreras, Xavier  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1049",
    pages = "430--435",
}
@inproceedings{saleh-etal-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Kernels for Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Saleh, Iman  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Joty, Shafiq",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1050",
    pages = "436--442",
}
@inproceedings{morchid-etal-2014-vector,
    title = "An {I}-vector Based Approach to Compact Multi-Granularity Topic Spaces Representation of Textual Documents",
    author = "Morchid, Mohamed  and
      Bouallegue, Mohamed  and
      Dufour, Richard  and
      Linar{\`e}s, Georges  and
      Matrouf, Driss  and
      de Mori, Renato",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1051",
    pages = "443--454",
}
@inproceedings{pappas-popescu-belis-2014-explaining,
    title = "Explaining the Stars: Weighted Multiple-Instance Learning for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Pappas, Nikolaos  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1052",
    pages = "455--466",
}
@inproceedings{li-hovy-2014-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis on the People{'}s Daily",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1053",
    pages = "467--476",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2014-joint,
    title = "A Joint Segmentation and Classification Framework for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Tang, Duyu  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Dong, Li  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1054",
    pages = "477--487",
}
@inproceedings{ren-etal-2014-positive,
    title = "Positive Unlabeled Learning for Deceptive Reviews Detection",
    author = "Ren, Yafeng  and
      Ji, Donghong  and
      Zhang, Hongbin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1055",
    pages = "488--498",
}
@inproceedings{kolhatkar-hirst-2014-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Shell Nouns",
    author = "Kolhatkar, Varada  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1056",
    pages = "499--510",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-egg-2014-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Selectional Preference Models for Automatic Verb Classification",
    author = "Roberts, Will  and
      Egg, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1057",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1057",
    pages = "511--522",
}
@inproceedings{hosseini-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning to Solve Arithmetic Word Problems with Verb Categorization",
    author = "Hosseini, Mohammad Javad  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh  and
      Etzioni, Oren  and
      Kushman, Nate",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1058",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1058",
    pages = "523--533",
}
@inproceedings{angeli-manning-2014-naturalli,
    title = "{N}atural{LI}: Natural Logic Inference for Common Sense Reasoning",
    author = "Angeli, Gabor  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1059",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1059",
    pages = "534--545",
}
@inproceedings{meng-etal-2014-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Term Translation for Document-informed Machine Translation",
    author = "Meng, Fandong  and
      Xiong, Deyi  and
      Jiang, Wenbin  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1060",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1060",
    pages = "546--556",
}
@inproceedings{dou-etal-2014-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Parallel Data: Joint Word Alignment and Decipherment Improves Machine Translation",
    author = "Dou, Qing  and
      Vaswani, Ashish  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1061",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1061",
    pages = "557--565",
}
@inproceedings{cuong-simaan-2014-latent,
    title = "Latent Domain Phrase-based Models for Adaptation",
    author = "Cuong, Hoang  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1062",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1062",
    pages = "566--576",
}
@inproceedings{cromieres-kurohashi-2014-translation,
    title = "Translation Rules with Right-Hand Side Lattices",
    author = "Cromi{\`e}res, Fabien  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1063",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1063",
    pages = "577--588",
}
@inproceedings{ture-boschee-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning to Translate: A Query-Specific Combination Approach for Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval",
    author = "Ture, Ferhan  and
      Boschee, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1064",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1064",
    pages = "589--599",
}
@inproceedings{romeo-etal-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic-Based Multilingual Document Clustering via Tensor Modeling",
    author = "Romeo, Salvatore  and
      Tagarelli, Andrea  and
      Ienco, Dino",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1065",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1065",
    pages = "600--609",
}
@inproceedings{riedl-etal-2014-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Substitution for the Medical Domain",
    author = "Riedl, Martin  and
      Glass, Michael  and
      Gliozzo, Alfio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1066",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1066",
    pages = "610--614",
}
@inproceedings{bordes-etal-2014-question,
    title = "Question Answering with Subgraph Embeddings",
    author = "Bordes, Antoine  and
      Chopra, Sumit  and
      Weston, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1067",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1067",
    pages = "615--620",
}
@inproceedings{barnes-etal-2014-correcting,
    title = "Correcting Keyboard Layout Errors and Homoglyphs in Queries",
    author = "Barnes, Derek  and
      Joshi, Mahesh  and
      Sawaf, Hassan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1068",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1068",
    pages = "621--626",
}
@inproceedings{brown-2014-non,
    title = "Non-linear Mapping for Improved Identification of 1300+ Languages",
    author = "Brown, Ralf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1069",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1069",
    pages = "627--632",
}
@inproceedings{iyyer-etal-2014-neural,
    title = "A Neural Network for Factoid Question Answering over Paragraphs",
    author = "Iyyer, Mohit  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Claudino, Leonardo  and
      Socher, Richard  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1070",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1070",
    pages = "633--644",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2014-joint,
    title = "Joint Relational Embeddings for Knowledge-based Question Answering",
    author = "Yang, Min-Chul  and
      Duan, Nan  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1071",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1071",
    pages = "645--650",
}
@inproceedings{noraset-etal-2014-adding,
    title = "Adding High-Precision Links to {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Noraset, Thanapon  and
      Bhagavatula, Chandra  and
      Downey, Doug",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1072",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1072",
    pages = "651--656",
}
@inproceedings{williams-etal-2014-finding,
    title = "Finding Good Enough: A Task-Based Evaluation of Query Biased Summarization for Cross-Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Williams, Jennifer  and
      Tam, Sharon  and
      Shen, Wade",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1073",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1073",
    pages = "657--669",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-lapata-2014-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Poetry Generation with Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Zhang, Xingxing  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1074",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1074",
    pages = "670--680",
}
@inproceedings{rioux-etal-2014-fear,
    title = "Fear the {REAPER}: A System for Automatic Multi-Document Summarization with Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Rioux, Cody  and
      Hasan, Sadid A.  and
      Chali, Yllias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1075",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1075",
    pages = "681--690",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Multi-documents Summarization by Sentence Compression based on Expanded Constituent Parse Trees",
    author = "Li, Chen  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Liu, Fei  and
      Zhao, Lin  and
      Weng, Fuliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1076",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1076",
    pages = "691--701",
}
@inproceedings{nuzumlali-ozgur-2014-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Stemming Approaches for {T}urkish Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = {Nuzumlal{\i}, Muhammed Yavuz  and
      {\"O}zg{\"u}r, Arzucan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1077",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1077",
    pages = "702--706",
}
@inproceedings{joachims-2014-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: Learning from Rational Behavior",
    author = "Joachims, Thorsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1078",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1078",
    pages = "707",
}
@inproceedings{milajevs-etal-2014-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Neural Word Representations in Tensor-Based Compositional Settings",
    author = "Milajevs, Dmitrijs  and
      Kartsaklis, Dimitri  and
      Sadrzadeh, Mehrnoosh  and
      Purver, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1079",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1079",
    pages = "708--719",
}
@inproceedings{irsoy-cardie-2014-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Mining with Deep Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "{\.I}rsoy, Ozan  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1080",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1080",
    pages = "720--728",
}
@inproceedings{le-zuidema-2014-inside,
    title = "The Inside-Outside Recursive Neural Network model for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Le, Phong  and
      Zuidema, Willem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1081",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1081",
    pages = "729--739",
}
@inproceedings{chen-manning-2014-fast,
    title = "A Fast and Accurate Dependency Parser using Neural Networks",
    author = "Chen, Danqi  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1082",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1082",
    pages = "740--750",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-ng-2014-taking,
    title = "Why are You Taking this Stance? Identifying and Classifying Reasons in Ideological Debates",
    author = "Hasan, Kazi Saidul  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1083",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1083",
    pages = "751--762",
}
@inproceedings{chen-ng-2014-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Zero Pronoun Resolution: An Unsupervised Probabilistic Model Rivaling Supervised Resolvers",
    author = "Chen, Chen  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1084",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1084",
    pages = "763--774",
}
@inproceedings{cheung-penn-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Sentence Enhancement for Automatic Summarization",
    author = "Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1085",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1085",
    pages = "775--786",
}
@inproceedings{kazemzadeh-etal-2014-referitgame,
    title = "{R}efer{I}t{G}ame: Referring to Objects in Photographs of Natural Scenes",
    author = "Kazemzadeh, Sahar  and
      Ordonez, Vicente  and
      Matten, Mark  and
      Berg, Tamara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1086",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1086",
    pages = "787--798",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Template Mining for Semantic Category Understanding",
    author = "Shi, Lei  and
      Shi, Shuming  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Shen, Yi-Dong  and
      Rui, Yong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1087",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1087",
    pages = "799--809",
}
@inproceedings{luu-etal-2014-taxonomy,
    title = "Taxonomy Construction Using Syntactic Contextual Evidence",
    author = "Luu, Anh Tuan  and
      Kim, Jung-jae  and
      Ng, See Kiong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1088",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1088",
    pages = "810--819",
}
@inproceedings{pink-etal-2014-analysing,
    title = "Analysing recall loss in named entity slot filling",
    author = "Pink, Glen  and
      Nothman, Joel  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1089",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1089",
    pages = "820--830",
}
@inproceedings{venugopal-etal-2014-relieving,
    title = "Relieving the Computational Bottleneck: Joint Inference for Event Extraction with High-Dimensional Features",
    author = "Venugopal, Deepak  and
      Chen, Chen  and
      Gogate, Vibhav  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1090",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1090",
    pages = "831--843",
}
@inproceedings{pate-johnson-2014-syllable,
    title = "Syllable weight encodes mostly the same information for {E}nglish word segmentation as dictionary stress",
    author = "Pate, John K  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1091",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1091",
    pages = "844--853",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2014-joint,
    title = "A Joint Model for Unsupervised {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Chen, Miaohong  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Pei, Wenzhe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1092",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1092",
    pages = "854--863",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2014-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation for {CRF}-based {C}hinese Word Segmentation using Free Annotations",
    author = "Liu, Yijia  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Wu, Fan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1093",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1093",
    pages = "864--874",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2014-balanced,
    title = "Balanced {K}orean Word Spacing with Structural {SVM}",
    author = "Lee, Changki  and
      Choi, Edward  and
      Kim, Hyunki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1094",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1094",
    pages = "875--879",
}
@inproceedings{narasimhan-etal-2014-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Segmentation for Keyword Spotting",
    author = "Narasimhan, Karthik  and
      Karakos, Damianos  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Tsakalidis, Stavros  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1095",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1095",
    pages = "880--885",
}
@inproceedings{duong-etal-2014-get,
    title = "What Can We Get From 1000 Tokens? A Case Study of Multilingual {POS} Tagging For Resource-Poor Languages",
    author = "Duong, Long  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Verspoor, Karin  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Cook, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1096",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1096",
    pages = "886--897",
}
@inproceedings{marcheggiani-artieres-2014-experimental,
    title = "An Experimental Comparison of Active Learning Strategies for Partially Labeled Sequences",
    author = "Marcheggiani, Diego  and
      Arti{\`e}res, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1097",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1097",
    pages = "898--906",
}
@inproceedings{li-fung-2014-language,
    title = "Language Modeling with Functional Head Constraint for Code Switching Speech Recognition",
    author = "Li, Ying  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1098",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1098",
    pages = "907--916",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-rodriguez-etal-2014-polynomial,
    title = "A Polynomial-Time Dynamic Oracle for Non-Projective Dependency Parsing",
    author = "G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos  and
      Sartorio, Francesco  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1099",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1099",
    pages = "917--927",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2014-ambiguity,
    title = "Ambiguity Resolution for Vt-N Structures in {C}hinese",
    author = "Hsieh, Yu-Ming  and
      Chang, Jason S.  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1100",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1100",
    pages = "928--937",
}
@inproceedings{tsuboi-2014-neural,
    title = "Neural Networks Leverage Corpus-wide Information for Part-of-speech Tagging",
    author = "Tsuboi, Yuta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1101",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1101",
    pages = "938--950",
}
@inproceedings{susanto-etal-2014-system,
    title = "System Combination for Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Susanto, Raymond Hendy  and
      Phandi, Peter  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1102",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1102",
    pages = "951--962",
}
@inproceedings{mueller-etal-2014-dependency,
    title = "Dependency parsing with latent refinements of part-of-speech tags",
    author = "Mueller, Thomas  and
      Farkas, Richard  and
      Judea, Alex  and
      Schmid, Helmut  and
      Schuetze, Hinrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1103",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1103",
    pages = "963--967",
}
@inproceedings{plank-etal-2014-importance,
    title = "Importance weighting and unsupervised domain adaptation of {POS} taggers: a negative result",
    author = "Plank, Barbara  and
      Johannsen, Anders  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1104",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1104",
    pages = "968--973",
}
@inproceedings{vyas-etal-2014-pos,
    title = "{POS} Tagging of {E}nglish-{H}indi Code-Mixed Social Media Content",
    author = "Vyas, Yogarshi  and
      Gella, Spandana  and
      Sharma, Jatin  and
      Bali, Kalika  and
      Choudhury, Monojit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1105",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1105",
    pages = "974--979",
}
@inproceedings{morley-etal-2014-data,
    title = "Data Driven Grammatical Error Detection in Transcripts of Children{'}s Speech",
    author = "Morley, Eric  and
      Hallin, Anna Eva  and
      Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1106",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1106",
    pages = "980--989",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-steedman-2014-ccg,
    title = "{A}* {CCG} Parsing with a Supertag-factored Model",
    author = "Lewis, Mike  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1107",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1107",
    pages = "990--1000",
}
@inproceedings{kong-etal-2014-dependency,
    title = "A Dependency Parser for Tweets",
    author = "Kong, Lingpeng  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Swayamdipta, Swabha  and
      Bhatia, Archna  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1108",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1108",
    pages = "1001--1012",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-greed,
    title = "Greed is Good if Randomized: New Inference for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Zhang, Yuan  and
      Lei, Tao  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Jaakkola, Tommi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1109",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1109",
    pages = "1013--1024",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2014-unified,
    title = "A Unified Model for Word Sense Representation and Disambiguation",
    author = "Chen, Xinxiong  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1110",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1110",
    pages = "1025--1035",
}
@inproceedings{polajnar-etal-2014-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Dimensions of Tensors in Type-Driven Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Polajnar, Tamara  and
      F{\v{a}}g{\v{a}}r{\v{a}}{\c{s}}an, Luana  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1111",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1111",
    pages = "1036--1046",
}
@inproceedings{ciobanu-dinu-2014-etymological,
    title = "An Etymological Approach to Cross-Language Orthographic Similarity. Application on {R}omanian",
    author = "Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1112",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1112",
    pages = "1047--1058",
}
@inproceedings{neelakantan-etal-2014-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Non-parametric Estimation of Multiple Embeddings per Word in Vector Space",
    author = "Neelakantan, Arvind  and
      Shankar, Jeevan  and
      Passos, Alexandre  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1113",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1113",
    pages = "1059--1069",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-zhang-2014-tailor,
    title = "Tailor knowledge graph for query understanding: linking intent topics by propagation",
    author = "Zhao, Shi  and
      Zhang, Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1114",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1114",
    pages = "1070--1080",
}
@inproceedings{pasca-2014-queries,
    title = "Queries as a Source of Lexicalized Commonsense Knowledge",
    author = "Pa{\c{s}}ca, Marius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1115",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1115",
    pages = "1081--1091",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2014-question,
    title = "Question Answering over Linked Data Using First-order Logic",
    author = "He, Shizhu  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Zhang, Yuanzhe  and
      Xu, Liheng  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1116",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1116",
    pages = "1092--1103",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2014-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Graph and Corpus Driven Segmentation and Answer Inference for Telegraphic Entity-seeking Queries",
    author = "Joshi, Mandar  and
      Sawant, Uma  and
      Chakrabarti, Soumen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1117",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1117",
    pages = "1104--1114",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-regularized,
    title = "A Regularized Competition Model for Question Difficulty Estimation in Community Question Answering Services",
    author = "Wang, Quan  and
      Liu, Jing  and
      Wang, Bin  and
      Guo, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1118",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1118",
    pages = "1115--1126",
}
@inproceedings{persing-ng-2014-vote,
    title = "Vote Prediction on Comments in Social Polls",
    author = "Persing, Isaac  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1119",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1119",
    pages = "1127--1138",
}
@inproceedings{si-etal-2014-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Social Relations and Sentiment for Stock Prediction",
    author = "Si, Jianfeng  and
      Mukherjee, Arjun  and
      Liu, Bing  and
      Pan, Sinno Jialin  and
      Li, Qing  and
      Li, Huayi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1120",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1120",
    pages = "1139--1145",
}
@inproceedings{sap-etal-2014-developing,
    title = "Developing Age and Gender Predictive Lexica over Social Media",
    author = "Sap, Maarten  and
      Park, Gregory  and
      Eichstaedt, Johannes  and
      Kern, Margaret  and
      Stillwell, David  and
      Kosinski, Michal  and
      Ungar, Lyle  and
      Schwartz, Hansen Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1121",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1121",
    pages = "1146--1151",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing for {W}eibo: An Efficient Probabilistic Logic Programming Approach",
    author = "Wang, William Yang  and
      Kong, Lingpeng  and
      Mazaitis, Kathryn  and
      Cohen, William W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1122",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1122",
    pages = "1152--1158",
}
@inproceedings{ou-etal-2014-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Community Emotion for Microblog Event Detection",
    author = "Ou, Gaoyan  and
      Chen, Wei  and
      Wang, Tengjiao  and
      Wei, Zhongyu  and
      Li, Binyang  and
      Yang, Dongqing  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1123",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1123",
    pages = "1159--1168",
}
@inproceedings{allen-etal-2014-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Disagreement in Conversations using Pseudo-Monologic Rhetorical Structure",
    author = "Allen, Kelsey  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Ng, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1124",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1124",
    pages = "1169--1180",
}
@inproceedings{choi-wiebe-2014-effectwordnet,
    title = "+/-{E}ffect{W}ord{N}et: Sense-level Lexicon Acquisition for Opinion Inference",
    author = "Choi, Yoonjung  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1125",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1125",
    pages = "1181--1191",
}
@inproceedings{wang-ester-2014-sentiment,
    title = "A Sentiment-aligned Topic Model for Product Aspect Rating Prediction",
    author = "Wang, Hao  and
      Ester, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1126",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1126",
    pages = "1192--1202",
}
@inproceedings{qadir-riloff-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Emotion Indicators from Tweets: Hashtags, Hashtag Patterns, and Phrases",
    author = "Qadir, Ashequl  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1127",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1127",
    pages = "1203--1209",
}
@inproceedings{ebert-schutze-2014-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Contextual Predictions for Hard Sentiment Words",
    author = {Ebert, Sebastian  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1128",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1128",
    pages = "1210--1215",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2014-iterative,
    title = "An Iterative Link-based Method for Parallel Web Page Mining",
    author = "Liu, Le  and
      Hong, Yu  and
      Lu, Jun  and
      Lang, Jun  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Yao, Jianmin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1129",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1129",
    pages = "1216--1224",
}
@inproceedings{green-etal-2014-human,
    title = "Human Effort and Machine Learnability in Computer Aided Translation",
    author = "Green, Spence  and
      Wang, Sida I.  and
      Chuang, Jason  and
      Heer, Jeffrey  and
      Schuster, Sebastian  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1130",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1130",
    pages = "1225--1236",
}
@inproceedings{aziz-etal-2014-exact,
    title = "Exact Decoding for Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Aziz, Wilker  and
      Dymetman, Marc  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1131",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1131",
    pages = "1237--1249",
}
@inproceedings{auli-etal-2014-large,
    title = "Large-scale Expected {BLEU} Training of Phrase-based Reordering Models",
    author = "Auli, Michael  and
      Galley, Michel  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1132",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1132",
    pages = "1250--1260",
}
@inproceedings{marie-max-2014-confidence,
    title = "Confidence-based Rewriting of Machine Translation Output",
    author = "Marie, Benjamin  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1133",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1133",
    pages = "1261--1272",
}
@inproceedings{artzi-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Compact Lexicons for {CCG} Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Artzi, Yoav  and
      Das, Dipanjan  and
      Petrov, Slav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1134",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1134",
    pages = "1273--1283",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-morpho,
    title = "Morpho-syntactic Lexical Generalization for {CCG} Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Wang, Adrienne  and
      Kwiatkowski, Tom  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1135",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1135",
    pages = "1284--1295",
}
@inproceedings{tsarfaty-etal-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing Using Content and Context: A Case Study from Requirements Elicitation",
    author = "Tsarfaty, Reut  and
      Pogrebezky, Ilia  and
      Weiss, Guy  and
      Natan, Yaarit  and
      Szekely, Smadar  and
      Harel, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1136",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1136",
    pages = "1296--1307",
}
@inproceedings{lu-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing with Relaxed Hybrid Trees",
    author = "Lu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1137",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1137",
    pages = "1308--1318",
}
@inproceedings{mimno-lee-2014-low,
    title = "Low-dimensional Embeddings for Interpretable Anchor-based Topic Inference",
    author = "Mimno, David  and
      Lee, Moontae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1138",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1138",
    pages = "1319--1328",
}
@inproceedings{gimpel-bansal-2014-weakly,
    title = "Weakly-Supervised Learning with Cost-Augmented Contrastive Estimation",
    author = "Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1139",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1139",
    pages = "1329--1341",
}
@inproceedings{grissom-ii-etal-2014-dont,
    title = "Don{'}t Until the Final Verb Wait: Reinforcement Learning for Simultaneous Machine Translation",
    author = "Grissom II, Alvin  and
      He, He  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Morgan, John  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1140",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1140",
    pages = "1342--1352",
}
@inproceedings{scicluna-de-la-higuera-2014-pcfg,
    title = "{PCFG} Induction for Unsupervised Parsing and Language Modelling",
    author = "Scicluna, James  and
      de la Higuera, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1141",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1141",
    pages = "1353--1362",
}
@inproceedings{ionescu-etal-2014-characters,
    title = "Can characters reveal your native language? A language-independent approach to native language identification",
    author = "Ionescu, Radu Tudor  and
      Popescu, Marius  and
      Cahill, Aoife",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1142",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1142",
    pages = "1363--1373",
}
@inproceedings{ehara-etal-2014-formalizing,
    title = "Formalizing Word Sampling for Vocabulary Prediction as Graph-based Active Learning",
    author = "Ehara, Yo  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Oiwa, Hidekazu  and
      Sato, Issei  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1143",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1143",
    pages = "1374--1384",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-dras-2014-language,
    title = "Language Transfer Hypotheses with Linear {SVM} Weights",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1144",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1144",
    pages = "1385--1390",
}
@inproceedings{dogruoz-nakov-2014-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Dialect Variation in Immigrant Contexts Using Light Verb Constructions",
    author = {Do{\u{g}}ru{\"o}z, A. Seza  and
      Nakov, Preslav},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1145",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1145",
    pages = "1391--1395",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2014-device,
    title = "Device-Dependent Readability for Improved Text Understanding",
    author = "Kim, A-Yeong  and
      Song, Hyun-Je  and
      Park, Seong-Bae  and
      Lee, Sang-Jo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1146",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1146",
    pages = "1396--1404",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-predicting,
    title = "Predicting {C}hinese Abbreviations with Minimum Semantic Unit and Global Constraints",
    author = "Zhang, Longkai  and
      Li, Li  and
      Wang, Houfeng  and
      Sun, Xu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1147",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1147",
    pages = "1405--1414",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using Structured Events to Predict Stock Price Movement: An Empirical Investigation",
    author = "Ding, Xiao  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Duan, Junwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1148",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1148",
    pages = "1415--1425",
}
@inproceedings{gerow-2014-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Clusters of Specialist Terms from Unstructured Text",
    author = "Gerow, Aaron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1149",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1149",
    pages = "1426--1434",
}
@inproceedings{caragea-etal-2014-citation,
    title = "Citation-Enhanced Keyphrase Extraction from Research Papers: A Supervised Approach",
    author = "Caragea, Cornelia  and
      Bulgarov, Florin Adrian  and
      Godea, Andreea  and
      Das Gollapalli, Sujatha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1150",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1150",
    pages = "1435--1446",
}
@inproceedings{adel-schutze-2014-using,
    title = "Using Mined Coreference Chains as a Resource for a Semantic Task",
    author = {Adel, Heike  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1151",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1151",
    pages = "1447--1452",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-wang-2014-financial,
    title = "Financial Keyword Expansion via Continuous Word Vector Representations",
    author = "Tsai, Ming-Feng  and
      Wang, Chuan-Ju",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1152",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1152",
    pages = "1453--1458",
}
@inproceedings{bensalem-etal-2014-intrinsic,
    title = "Intrinsic Plagiarism Detection using N-gram Classes",
    author = "Bensalem, Imene  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Chikhi, Salim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1153",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1153",
    pages = "1459--1464",
}
@inproceedings{darwish-etal-2014-verifiably,
    title = "Verifiably Effective {A}rabic Dialect Identification",
    author = "Darwish, Kareem  and
      Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Mubarak, Hamdy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1154",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1154",
    pages = "1465--1468",
}
@inproceedings{banerjee-etal-2014-keystroke,
    title = "Keystroke Patterns as Prosody in Digital Writings: A Case Study with Deceptive Reviews and Essays",
    author = "Banerjee, Ritwik  and
      Feng, Song  and
      Kang, Jun Seok  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1155",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1155",
    pages = "1469--1473",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2014-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Effective Query Modeling Techniques for Speech Recognition and Summarization",
    author = "Chen, Kuan-Yu  and
      Liu, Shih-Hung  and
      Chen, Berlin  and
      Jan, Ea-Ee  and
      Wang, Hsin-Min  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1156",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1156",
    pages = "1474--1480",
}
@inproceedings{prabhakaran-etal-2014-staying,
    title = "Staying on Topic: An Indicator of Power in Political Debates",
    author = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Arora, Ashima  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1157",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1157",
    pages = "1481--1486",
}
@inproceedings{parikh-etal-2014-language,
    title = "Language Modeling with Power Low Rank Ensembles",
    author = "Parikh, Ankur P.  and
      Saluja, Avneesh  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1158",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1158",
    pages = "1487--1498",
}
@inproceedings{berant-etal-2014-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Biological Processes for Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Berant, Jonathan  and
      Srikumar, Vivek  and
      Chen, Pei-Chun  and
      Vander Linden, Abby  and
      Harding, Brittany  and
      Huang, Brad  and
      Clark, Peter  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1159",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1159",
    pages = "1499--1510",
}
@inproceedings{tekiroglu-etal-2014-sensicon,
    title = "{S}ensicon: An Automatically Constructed Sensorial Lexicon",
    author = {Tekiro{\u{g}}lu, Serra Sinem  and
      {\"O}zbal, G{\"o}zde  and
      Strapparava, Carlo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1160",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1160",
    pages = "1511--1521",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-word,
    title = "Word Semantic Representations using {B}ayesian Probabilistic Tensor Factorization",
    author = "Zhang, Jingwei  and
      Salwen, Jeremy  and
      Glass, Michael  and
      Gliozzo, Alfio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1161",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1161",
    pages = "1522--1531",
}
@inproceedings{pennington-etal-2014-glove,
    title = "{G}love: Global Vectors for Word Representation",
    author = "Pennington, Jeffrey  and
      Socher, Richard  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1162",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1162",
    pages = "1532--1543",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-etal-2014-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Learning Word Representations and Composition Functions Using Predicate-Argument Structures",
    author = "Hashimoto, Kazuma  and
      Stenetorp, Pontus  and
      Miwa, Makoto  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1163",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1163",
    pages = "1544--1555",
}
@inproceedings{angeli-etal-2014-combining,
    title = "Combining Distant and Partial Supervision for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Angeli, Gabor  and
      Tibshirani, Julie  and
      Wu, Jean  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1164",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1164",
    pages = "1556--1567",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2014-typed,
    title = "Typed Tensor Decomposition of Knowledge Bases for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Chang, Kai-Wei  and
      Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Yang, Bishan  and
      Meek, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1165",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1165",
    pages = "1568--1579",
}
@inproceedings{grave-2014-convex,
    title = "A convex relaxation for weakly supervised relation extraction",
    author = "Grave, {\'E}douard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1166",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1166",
    pages = "1580--1590",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Graph and Text Jointly Embedding",
    author = "Wang, Zhen  and
      Zhang, Jianwen  and
      Feng, Jianlin  and
      Chen, Zheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1167",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1167",
    pages = "1591--1601",
}
@inproceedings{gerani-etal-2014-abstractive,
    title = "Abstractive Summarization of Product Reviews Using Discourse Structure",
    author = "Gerani, Shima  and
      Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Ng, Raymond T.  and
      Nejat, Bita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1168",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1168",
    pages = "1602--1613",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2014-clustering,
    title = "Clustering Aspect-related Phrases by Leveraging Sentiment Distribution Consistency",
    author = "Zhao, Li  and
      Huang, Minlie  and
      Chen, Haiqiang  and
      Cheng, Junjun  and
      Zhu, Xiaoyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1169",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1169",
    pages = "1614--1623",
}
@inproceedings{hu-wan-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of Related Work Sections in Scientific Papers: An Optimization Approach",
    author = "Hu, Yue  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1170",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1170",
    pages = "1624--1633",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-vo-2014-fast,
    title = "Fast and Accurate Misspelling Correction in Large Corpora",
    author = "Popescu, Octavian  and
      Vo, Ngoc Phuoc An",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1171",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1171",
    pages = "1634--1642",
}
@inproceedings{federico-etal-2014-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Impact of Translation Errors on Machine Translation Quality with Mixed-effects Models",
    author = "Federico, Marcello  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Turchi, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1172",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1172",
    pages = "1643--1653",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2014-refining,
    title = "Refining Word Segmentation Using a Manually Aligned Corpus for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Xiaolin  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1173",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1173",
    pages = "1654--1664",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Pivot-Based Statistical Machine Translation by Pivoting the Co-occurrence Count of Phrase Pairs",
    author = "Zhu, Xiaoning  and
      He, Zhongjun  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      Zhu, Conghui  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1174",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1174",
    pages = "1665--1675",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2014-word,
    title = "Word Translation Prediction for Morphologically Rich Languages with Bilingual Neural Networks",
    author = "Tran, Ke M.  and
      Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1175",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1175",
    pages = "1676--1688",
}
@inproceedings{garmash-monz-2014-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-Based Bilingual Language Models for Reordering in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Garmash, Ekaterina  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1176",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1176",
    pages = "1689--1700",
}
@inproceedings{kontonatsios-etal-2014-combining,
    title = "Combining String and Context Similarity for Bilingual Term Alignment from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Kontonatsios, Georgios  and
      Korkontzelos, Ioannis  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1177",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1177",
    pages = "1701--1712",
}
@inproceedings{q-zadeh-handschuh-2014-random,
    title = "Random Manhattan Integer Indexing: Incremental {L}1 Normed Vector Space Construction",
    author = "Q. Zadeh, Behrang  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1178",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1178",
    pages = "1713--1723",
}
@inproceedings{cho-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Phrase Representations using {RNN} Encoder{--}Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = {Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      van Merri{\"e}nboer, Bart  and
      Gulcehre, Caglar  and
      Bahdanau, Dzmitry  and
      Bougares, Fethi  and
      Schwenk, Holger  and
      Bengio, Yoshua},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1179",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1179",
    pages = "1724--1734",
}
@inproceedings{peng-gildea-2014-type,
    title = "Type-based {MCMC} for Sampling Tree Fragments from Forests",
    author = "Peng, Xiaochang  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1180",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1180",
    pages = "1735--1745",
}
@inproceedings{kim-2014-convolutional,
    title = "Convolutional Neural Networks for Sentence Classification",
    author = "Kim, Yoon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1181",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1181",
    pages = "1746--1751",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2014-sometimes,
    title = "Sometimes Average is Best: The Importance of Averaging for Prediction using {MCMC} Inference in Topic Modeling",
    author = "Nguyen, Viet-An  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1182",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1182",
    pages = "1752--1757",
}
@inproceedings{alrajeh-niranjan-2014-large,
    title = "Large-scale Reordering Model for Statistical Machine Translation using Dual Multinomial Logistic Regression",
    author = "Alrajeh, Abdullah  and
      Niranjan, Mahesan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1183",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1183",
    pages = "1758--1763",
}
@inproceedings{nuhn-etal-2014-improved,
    title = "Improved Decipherment of Homophonic Ciphers",
    author = "Nuhn, Malte  and
      Schamper, Julian  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1184",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1184",
    pages = "1764--1768",
}
@inproceedings{nuhn-knight-2014-cipher,
    title = "Cipher Type Detection",
    author = "Nuhn, Malte  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1185",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1185",
    pages = "1769--1773",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2014-joint,
    title = "Joint Learning of {C}hinese Words, Terms and Keywords",
    author = "Cao, Ziqiang  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1186",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1186",
    pages = "1774--1778",
}
@inproceedings{wisniewski-etal-2014-cross-lingual,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Part-of-Speech Tagging through Ambiguous Learning",
    author = "Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      P{\'e}cheux, Nicolas  and
      Gahbiche-Braham, Souhir  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1187",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1187",
    pages = "1779--1785",
}
@inproceedings{bazrafshan-gildea-2014-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Representations of Semantic Roles for String-To-Tree Decoding",
    author = "Bazrafshan, Marzieh  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1188",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1188",
    pages = "1786--1791",
}
@inproceedings{salehi-etal-2014-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Non-compositional {MWE} Components using {W}iktionary",
    author = "Salehi, Bahar  and
      Cook, Paul  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1189",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1189",
    pages = "1792--1797",
}
@inproceedings{beck-etal-2014-joint,
    title = "Joint Emotion Analysis via Multi-task {G}aussian Processes",
    author = "Beck, Daniel  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1190",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1190",
    pages = "1798--1803",
}
@inproceedings{jelveh-etal-2014-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Latent Ideology in Expert Text: Evidence From Academic Papers in Economics",
    author = "Jelveh, Zubin  and
      Kogut, Bruce  and
      Naidu, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1191",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1191",
    pages = "1804--1809",
}
@inproceedings{landwehr-etal-2014-model,
    title = "A Model of Individual Differences in Gaze Control During Reading",
    author = "Landwehr, Niels  and
      Arzt, Sebastian  and
      Scheffer, Tobias  and
      Kliegl, Reinhold",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1192",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1192",
    pages = "1810--1815",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-muli,
    title = "Muli-label Text Categorization with Hidden Components",
    author = "Li, Li  and
      Zhang, Longkai  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1193",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1193",
    pages = "1816--1821",
}
@inproceedings{weston-etal-2014-tagspace,
    title = "{\#}{T}ag{S}pace: Semantic Embeddings from Hashtags",
    author = "Weston, Jason  and
      Chopra, Sumit  and
      Adams, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1194",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1194",
    pages = "1822--1827",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2014-joint,
    title = "Joint Decoding of Tree Transduction Models for Sentence Compression",
    author = "Yao, Jin-ge  and
      Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Xiao, Jianguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1195",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1195",
    pages = "1828--1833",
}
@inproceedings{yoshida-etal-2014-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-based Discourse Parser for Single-Document Summarization",
    author = "Yoshida, Yasuhisa  and
      Suzuki, Jun  and
      Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1196",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1196",
    pages = "1834--1839",
}
@inproceedings{songyot-chiang-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Word Alignment using Word Similarity",
    author = "Songyot, Theerawat  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1197",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1197",
    pages = "1840--1845",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-constructing,
    title = "Constructing Information Networks Using One Single Model",
    author = "Li, Qi  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Hong, Yu  and
      Li, Sujian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1198",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1198",
    pages = "1846--1851",
}
@inproceedings{boros-etal-2014-event-role,
    title = "Event Role Extraction using Domain-Relevant Word Representations",
    author = "Boro{\c{s}}, Emanuela  and
      Besan{\c{c}}on, Romaric  and
      Ferret, Olivier  and
      Grau, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1199",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1199",
    pages = "1852--1857",
}
@inproceedings{miwa-sasaki-2014-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Joint Entity and Relation Extraction with Table Representation",
    author = "Miwa, Makoto  and
      Sasaki, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1200",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1200",
    pages = "1858--1869",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-zhang-2014-zore,
    title = "{ZORE}: A Syntax-based System for {C}hinese Open Relation Extraction",
    author = "Qiu, Likun  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1201",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1201",
    pages = "1870--1880",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-coarse,
    title = "Coarse-grained Candidate Generation and Fine-grained Re-ranking for {C}hinese Abbreviation Prediction",
    author = "Zhang, Longkai  and
      Wang, Houfeng  and
      Sun, Xu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1202",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1202",
    pages = "1881--1890",
}
@inproceedings{koch-etal-2014-type,
    title = "Type-Aware Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction with Linked Arguments",
    author = "Koch, Mitchell  and
      Gilmer, John  and
      Soderland, Stephen  and
      Weld, Daniel S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1203",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1203",
    pages = "1891--1901",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-xue-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Inference of the Tense of {C}hinese Events Using Implicit Linguistic Information",
    author = "Zhang, Yuchen  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1204",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1204",
    pages = "1902--1911",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2014-joint-inference,
    title = "Joint Inference for Knowledge Base Population",
    author = "Chen, Liwei  and
      Feng, Yansong  and
      Mo, Jinghui  and
      Huang, Songfang  and
      Zhao, Dongyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1205",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1205",
    pages = "1912--1923",
}
@inproceedings{apostolova-tomuro-2014-combining,
    title = "Combining Visual and Textual Features for Information Extraction from Online Flyers",
    author = "Apostolova, Emilia  and
      Tomuro, Noriko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1206",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1206",
    pages = "1924--1929",
}
@inproceedings{wijaya-etal-2014-ctps,
    title = "{CTP}s: Contextual Temporal Profiles for Time Scoping Facts using State Change Detection",
    author = "Wijaya, Derry Tanti  and
      Nakashole, Ndapandula  and
      Mitchell, Tom M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1207",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1207",
    pages = "1930--1936",
}
@inproceedings{nagesh-etal-2014-noisy,
    title = "Noisy Or-based model for Relation Extraction using Distant Supervision",
    author = "Nagesh, Ajay  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Ramakrishnan, Ganesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1208",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1208",
    pages = "1937--1941",
}
@inproceedings{liu-huang-2014-search,
    title = "Search-Aware Tuning for Machine Translation",
    author = "Liu, Lemao  and
      Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1209",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1209",
    pages = "1942--1952",
}
@inproceedings{saluja-etal-2014-latent,
    title = "Latent-Variable Synchronous {CFG}s for Hierarchical Translation",
    author = "Saluja, Avneesh  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Cohen, Shay B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1210",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1210",
    pages = "1953--1964",
}
@inproceedings{prabhakaran-etal-2014-gender,
    title = "Gender and Power: How Gender and Gender Environment Affect Manifestations of Power",
    author = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Reid, Emily E.  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1211",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1211",
    pages = "1965--1976",
}
@inproceedings{sasaki-etal-2014-online,
    title = "Online topic model for Twitter considering dynamics of user interests and topic trends",
    author = "Sasaki, Kentaro  and
      Yoshikawa, Tomohiro  and
      Furuhashi, Takeshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1212",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1212",
    pages = "1977--1985",
}
@inproceedings{bak-etal-2014-self-disclosure,
    title = "Self-disclosure topic model for classifying and analyzing Twitter conversations",
    author = "Bak, JinYeong  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Oh, Alice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1213",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1213",
    pages = "1986--1996",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-major,
    title = "Major Life Event Extraction from Twitter based on Congratulations/Condolences Speech Acts",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1214",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1214",
    pages = "1997--2007",
}
@inproceedings{niculae-danescu-niculescu-mizil-2014-brighter,
    title = "Brighter than Gold: Figurative Language in User Generated Comparisons",
    author = "Niculae, Vlad  and
      Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1215",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1215",
    pages = "2008--2018",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2014-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Idiomatic and Literal Expressions Using Topic Models and Intensity of Emotions",
    author = "Peng, Jing  and
      Feldman, Anna  and
      Vylomova, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1216",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1216",
    pages = "2019--2027",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Spatial Knowledge for Text to 3{D} Scene Generation",
    author = "Chang, Angel  and
      Savva, Manolis  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1217",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1217",
    pages = "2028--2038",
}
@inproceedings{li-hovy-2014-model,
    title = "A Model of Coherence Based on Distributed Sentence Representation",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1218",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1218",
    pages = "2039--2048",
}
@inproceedings{joty-moschitti-2014-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Reranking of Discourse Parses Using Tree Kernels",
    author = "Joty, Shafiq  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1219",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1219",
    pages = "2049--2060",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-recursive,
    title = "Recursive Deep Models for Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Li, Rumeng  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1220",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1220",
    pages = "2061--2069",
}
@inproceedings{martschat-strube-2014-recall,
    title = "Recall Error Analysis for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Martschat, Sebastian  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1221",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1221",
    pages = "2070--2081",
}
@inproceedings{hou-etal-2014-rule,
    title = "A Rule-Based System for Unrestricted Bridging Resolution: Recognizing Bridging Anaphora and Finding Links to Antecedents",
    author = "Hou, Yufang  and
      Markert, Katja  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1222",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1222",
    pages = "2082--2093",
}
@inproceedings{celikyilmaz-etal-2014-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Referring Expressions in Conversational Dialogs for Natural User Interfaces",
    author = "Celikyilmaz, Asli  and
      Feizollahi, Zhaleh  and
      Hakkani-Tur, Dilek  and
      Sarikaya, Ruhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1223",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1223",
    pages = "2094--2104",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-building,
    title = "Building {C}hinese Discourse Corpus with Connective-driven Dependency Tree Structure",
    author = "Li, Yancui  and
      Feng, Wenhe  and
      Sun, Jing  and
      Kong, Fang  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1224",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1224",
    pages = "2105--2114",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2014-prune,
    title = "Prune-and-Score: Learning for Greedy Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Ma, Chao  and
      Doppa, Janardhan Rao  and
      Orr, J. Walker  and
      Mannem, Prashanth  and
      Fern, Xiaoli  and
      Dietterich, Tom  and
      Tadepalli, Prasad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1225",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1225",
    pages = "2115--2126",
}
@inproceedings{bhatia-etal-2014-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Online Forum Discussions {--} Can Dialog Acts of Individual Messages Help?",
    author = "Bhatia, Sumit  and
      Biyani, Prakhar  and
      Mitra, Prasenjit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1226",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/D14-1226",
    pages = "2127--2131",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-zhu-2014-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis of Social Media Texts",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif M.  and
      Zhu, Xiaodan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Automatically detecting sentiment of product reviews, blogs, tweets, and SMS messages has attracted extensive interest from both the academia and industry. It has a number of applications, including: tracking sentiment towards products, movies, politicians, etc.; improving customer relation models; detecting happiness and well-being; and improving automatic dialogue systems. In this tutorial, we will describe how you can create a state-of-the-art sentiment analysis system, with a focus on social media posts.We begin with an introduction to sentiment analysis and its various forms: term level, message level, document level, and aspect level. We will describe how sentiment analysis systems are evaluated, especially through recent SemEval shared tasks: Sentiment Analysis of Twitter (SemEval-2013 Task 2, SemEval 2014-Task 9) and Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis (SemEval-2014 Task 4).We will give an overview of the best sentiment analysis systems at this point of time, including those that are conventional statistical systems as well as those using deep learning approaches. We will describe in detail the NRC-Canada systems, which were the overall best performing systems in all three SemEval competitions listed above. These are simple lexical- and sentiment-lexicon features based systems, which are relatively easy to re-implement.We will discuss features that had the most impact (those derived from sentiment lexicons and negation handling). We will present how large tweet-specific sentiment lexicons can be automatically generated and evaluated. We will also show how negation impacts sentiment differently depending on whether the scope of the negation is positive or negative. Finally, we will flesh out limitations of current approaches and promising future directions.",
}
@inproceedings{balle-etal-2014-spectral,
    title = "Spectral Learning Techniques for Weighted Automata, Transducers, and Grammars",
    author = "Balle, Borja  and
      Quattoni, Ariadna  and
      Carreras, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "In recent years we have seen the development of efficient and provably correct algorithms for learning weighted automata and closely related function classes such as weighted transducers and weighted context-free grammars. The common denominator of all these algorithms is the so-called spectral method, which gives an efficient and robust way to estimate recursively defined functions from empirical estimations of observable statistics. These algorithms are appealing because of the existence of theoretical guarantees (e.g. they are not susceptible to local minima) and because of their efficiency. However, despite their simplicity and wide applicability to real problems, their impact in NLP applications is still moderate. One of the goals of this tutorial is to remedy this situation.The contents that will be presented in this tutorial will offer a complementary perspective with respect to previous tutorials on spectral methods presented at ICML-2012, ICML-2013 and NAACL-2013. Rather than using the language of graphical models and signal processing, we tell the story from the perspective of formal languages and automata theory (without assuming a background in formal algebraic methods). Our presentation highlights the common intuitions lying behind different spectral algorithms by presenting them in a unified framework based on the concepts of low-rank factorizations and completions of Hankel matrices. In addition, we provide an interpretation of the method in terms of forward and backward recursions for automata and grammars. This provides extra intuitions about the method and stresses the importance of matrix factorization for learning automata and grammars. We believe that this complementary perspective might be appealing for an NLP audience and serve to put spectral learning in a wider and, perhaps for some, more familiar context. Our hope is that this will broaden the understanding of these methods by the NLP community and empower many researchers to apply these techniques to novel problems.The content of the tutorial will be divided into four blocks of 45 minutes each, as follows. The first block will introduce the basic definitions of weighted automata and Hankel matrices, and present a key connection between the fundamental theorem of weighted automata and learning. In the second block we will discuss the case of probabilistic automata in detail, touching upon all aspects from the underlying theory to the tricks required to achieve accurate and scalable learning algorithms. The third block will present extensions to related models, including sequence tagging models, finite-state transducers and weighted context-free grammars. The last block will describe a general framework for using spectral techniques in more general situations where a matrix completion pre-processing step is required; several applications of this approach will be described.",
}
@inproceedings{artzi-etal-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing with Combinatory Categorial Grammars",
    author = "Artzi, Yoav  and
      Fitzgerald, Nicholas  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Semantic parsers map natural language sentences to formal representations of their underlying meaning. Building accurate semantic parsers without prohibitive engineering costs is a long-standing, open research problem.The tutorial will describe general principles for building semantic parsers. The presentation will be divided into two main parts: learning and modeling. In the learning part, we will describe a unified approach for learning Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) semantic parsers, that induces both a CCG lexicon and the parameters of a parsing model. The approach learns from data with labeled meaning representations, as well as from more easily gathered weak supervision. It also enables grounded learning where the semantic parser is used in an interactive environment, for example to read and execute instructions. The modeling section will include best practices for grammar design and choice of semantic representation. We will motivate our use of lambda calculus as a language for building and representing meaning with examples from several domains.The ideas we will discuss are widely applicable. The semantic modeling approach, while implemented in lambda calculus, could be applied to many other formal languages. Similarly, the algorithms for inducing CCG focus on tasks that are formalism independent, learning the meaning of words and estimating parsing parameters. No prior knowledge of CCG is required. The tutorial will be backed by implementation and experiments in the University of Washington Semantic Parsing Framework (UW SPF, http://yoavartzi.com/spf).",
}
@inproceedings{martins-2014-linear,
    title = "Linear Programming Decoders in Natural Language Processing: From Integer Programming to Message Passing and Dual Decomposition",
    author = "Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "This tutorial will cover the theory and practice of linear programming decoders. This class of decoders encompasses a variety of techniques that have enjoyed great success in devising structured models for natural language processing (NLP). Along the tutorial, we provide a unified view of different algorithms and modeling techniques, including belief propagation, dual decomposition, integer linear programming, Markov logic, and constrained conditional models. Various applications in NLP will serve as a motivation.There is a long string of work using integer linear programming (ILP) formulations in NLP, for example in semantic role labeling, machine translation, summarization, dependency parsing, coreference resolution, and opinion mining, to name just a few. At the heart of these approaches is the ability to encode logic and budget constraints (common in NLP and information retrieval) as linear inequalities. Thanks to general purpose solvers (such as Gurobi, CPLEX, or GLPK), the practitioner can abstract away from the decoding algorithm and focus on developing a powerful model. A disadvantage, however, is that general solvers do not scale well to large problem instances, since they fail to exploit the structure of the problem.This is where graphical models come into play. In this tutorial, we show that most logic and budget constraints that arise in NLP can be cast in this framework. This opens the door for the use of message-passing algorithms, such as belief propagation and variants thereof. An alternative are algorithms based on dual decomposition, such as the subgradient method or AD3. These algorithms have achieved great success in a variety of applications, such as parsing, corpus-wide tagging, machine translation, summarization, joint coreference resolution and quotation attribution, and semantic role labeling. Interestingly, most decoders used in these works can be regarded as structure-aware solvers for addressing relaxations of integer linear programs. All these algorithms have a similar consensus-based architecture: they repeatedly perform certain ``local'' operations in the graph, until some form of local agreement is achieved. The local operations are performed at each factor, and they range between computing marginals, max-marginals, an optimal configuration, or a small quadratic problem, all of which are commonly tractable and efficient in a wide range of problems.As a companion of this tutorial, we provide an open-source implementation of some of the algorithms described above, available at http://www.ark.cs.cmu.edu/AD3.",
}
@inproceedings{williams-koehn-2014-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Williams, Philip  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "The tutorial explains in detail syntax-based statistical machine translation with synchronous context free grammars (SCFG). It is aimed at researchers who have little background in this area, and gives a comprehensive overview about the main models and methods.While syntax-based models in statistical machine translation have a long history, spanning back almost 20 years, they have only recently shown superior translation quality over the more commonly used phrase-based models, and are now considered state of the art for some language pairs, such as Chinese-English (since ISI's submission to NIST 2006), and English-German (since Edinburgh's submission to WMT 2012).While the field is very dynamic, there is a core set of methods that have become dominant. Such SCFG models are implemented in the open source machine translation toolkit Moses, and the tutors draw from the practical experience of its development.The tutorial focuses on explaining core established concepts in SCFG-based approaches, which are the most popular in this area. The main goal of the tutorial is for the audience to understand how these systems work end-to-end. We review as much relevant literature as necessary, but the tutorial is not a primarily research survey.The tutorial is rounded up with open problems and advanced topics, such as computational challenges, different formalisms for syntax-based models and inclusion of semantics.",
}
@inproceedings{bordes-weston-2014-embedding,
    title = "Embedding Methods for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Bordes, Antoine  and
      Weston, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Embedding-based models are popular tools in Natural Language Processing these days. In this tutorial, our goal is to provide an overview of the main advances in this domain. These methods learn latent representations of words, as well as database entries that can then be used to do semantic search, automatic knowledge base construction, natural language understanding, etc. Our current plan is to split the tutorial into 2 sessions of 90 minutes, with a 30 minutes coffee break in the middle, so that we can cover in a first session the basics of learning embeddings and advanced models in the second session. This is detailed in the following.Part 1: Unsupervised and Supervised EmbeddingsWe introduce models that embed tokens (words, database entries) by representing them as low dimensional embedding vectors. Unsupervised and supervised methods will be discussed, including SVD, Word2Vec, Paragraph Vectors, SSI, Wsabie and others. A comparison between methods will be made in terms of applicability, type of loss function (ranking loss, reconstruction loss, classification loss), regularization, etc. The use of these models in several NLP tasks will be discussed, including question answering, frame identification, knowledge extraction and document retrieval.Part 2: Embeddings for Multi-relational DataThis second part will focus mostly on the construction of embeddings for multi-relational data, that is when tokens can be interconnected in different ways in the data such as in knowledge bases for instance. Several methods based on tensor factorization, collective matrix factorization, stochastic block models or energy-based learning will be presented. The task of link prediction in a knowledge base will be used as an application example. Multiple empirical results on the use of embedding models to align textual information to knowledge bases will also be presented, together with some demos if time permits.",
}
@inproceedings{diab-habash-2014-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Processing of Arabic and its Dialects",
    author = "Diab, Mona  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "This tutorial introduces the different challenges and current solutions to the automatic processing of Arabic and its dialects. The tutorial has two parts: First, we present a discussion of generic issues relevant to Arabic NLP and detail dialectal linguistic issues and the challenges they pose for NLP. In the second part, we review the state-of-the-art in Arabic processing covering several enabling technologies and applications, e.g., dialect identification, morphological processing (analysis, disambiguation, tokenization, POS tagging), parsing, and machine translation.",
}
@inproceedings{sebastiani-2014-text,
    title = "Text Quantification",
    author = "Sebastiani, Fabrizio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = oct,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Doha, Qatar",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "In recent years it has been pointed out that, in a number of applications involving (text) classification, the final goal is not determining which class (or classes) individual unlabelled data items belong to, but determining the prevalence (or ``relative frequency'') of each class in the unlabelled data. The latter task is known as quantification. Assume a market research agency runs a poll in which they ask the question ``What do you think of the recent ad campaign for product X?'' Once the poll is complete, they may want to classify the resulting textual answers according to whether they belong or not to the class LovedTheCampaign. The agency is likely not interested in whether a specific individual belongs to the class LovedTheCampaign, but in knowing how many respondents belong to it, i.e., in knowing the prevalence of the class. In other words, the agency is interested not in classification, but in quantification. Essentially, quantification is classification tackled at the aggregate (rather than at the individual) level. The research community has recently shown a growing interest in tackling quantification as a task in its own right. One of the reasons is that, since the goal of quantification is different than that of classification, quantification requires evaluation measures different than for classification. A second, related reason is that using a method optimized for classification accuracy is suboptimal when quantification accuracy is the real goal. A third reason is the growing awareness that quantification is going to be more and more important; with the advent of big data, more and more application contexts are going to spring up in which we will simply be happy with analyzing data at the aggregate (rather than at the individual) level. The goal of this tutorial is to introduce the audience to the problem of quantification, to the techniques that have been proposed for solving it, to the metrics used to evaluate them, and to the problems that are still open in the area.",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2012-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    author = "Manurung, Ruli  and
      Bond, Francis",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1000",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2012-possible,
    title = "From All Possible Worlds to Small Worlds: A Story of How We Started and Where We Will Go Doing Semantics",
    author = "Lee, Kiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1001",
    pages = "1--18",
}
@inproceedings{arka-2012-developing,
    title = "Developing a Deep Grammar of {I}ndonesian within the {P}ar{G}ram Framework: Theoretical and Implementational Challenges",
    author = "Arka, I Wayan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1002",
    pages = "19--38",
}
@inproceedings{tsou-2012-idiomaticity,
    title = "Idiomaticity and Classical Traditions in Some East {A}sian Languages",
    author = "Tsou, Benjamin K",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1003",
    pages = "39--55",
}
@inproceedings{matsumoto-2012-things,
    title = "Things between Lexicon and Grammar",
    author = "Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1004",
    pages = "56--57",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-2012-social,
    title = "Social Media: Friend or Foe of Natural Language Processing?",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1005",
    pages = "58--59",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards a Semantic Annotation of {E}nglish Television News - Building and Evaluating a Constraint Grammar {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1006",
    pages = "60--69",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-compositionality,
    title = "Compositionality of {NN} Compounds: A Case Study on [{N}1+{A}rtifactual-Type Event Nouns]",
    author = "Wang, Shan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Xu, Hongzhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1007",
    pages = "70--79",
}
@inproceedings{komiya-okumura-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Domain Adaptation for Word Sense Disambiguation Based on Comparison of Multiple Classifiers",
    author = "Komiya, Kanako  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1008",
    pages = "80--88",
}
@inproceedings{song-choe-2012-calculating,
    title = "Calculating Selectional Preferences of Transitive Verbs in {K}orean",
    author = "Song, Sanghoun  and
      Choe, Jae-Woong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1009",
    pages = "89--98",
}
@inproceedings{miao-etal-2012-extracting,
    title = "Extracting and Visualizing Semantic Relationships from {C}hinese Biomedical Text",
    author = "Miao, Qingliang  and
      Zhang, Shu  and
      Zhang, Bo  and
      Yu, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1010",
    pages = "99--107",
}
@inproceedings{sadamitsu-etal-2012-entity,
    title = "Entity Set Expansion using Interactive Topic Information",
    author = "Sadamitsu, Kugatsu  and
      Saito, Kuniko  and
      Imamura, Kenji  and
      Matsuo, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1011",
    pages = "108--116",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving {C}hinese-to-{J}apanese Patent Translation Using {E}nglish as Pivot Language",
    author = "Li, Xianhua  and
      Meng, Yao  and
      Yu, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1012",
    pages = "117--126",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining Social Cognitive Theories with Linguistic Features for Multi-genre Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Li, Hao  and
      Chen, Yu  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Muresan, Smaranda  and
      Zheng, Dequan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1013",
    pages = "127--136",
}
@inproceedings{green-etal-2012-indonesian,
    title = "{I}ndonesian Dependency Treebank: Annotation and Parsing",
    author = "Green, Nathan  and
      Larasati, Septina Dian  and
      Zabokrtsky, Zdenek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1014",
    pages = "137--145",
}
@inproceedings{larasati-2012-handling,
    title = "Handling {I}ndonesian Clitics: A Dataset Comparison for an {I}ndonesian-{E}nglish Statistical Machine Translation System",
    author = "Larasati, Septina Dian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1015",
    pages = "146--152",
}
@inproceedings{seraku-2012-two,
    title = "Two Types of Nominalization in {J}apanese as an Outcome of Semantic Tree Growth",
    author = "Seraku, Tohru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1016",
    pages = "153--162",
}
@inproceedings{lai-lu-2012-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Distributions of the Color Terms, Black and White in {T}aiwanese Languages",
    author = "Lai, Huei-ling  and
      Lu, Shu-chen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1017",
    pages = "163--170",
}
@inproceedings{mogadala-varma-2012-language,
    title = "Language Independent Sentence-Level Subjectivity Analysis with Feature Selection",
    author = "Mogadala, Aditya  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1018",
    pages = "171--180",
}
@inproceedings{shin-etal-2012-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Scheme for Constructing Sentiment Corpus in {K}orean",
    author = "Shin, Hyopil  and
      Kim, Munhyong  and
      Jang, Hayeon  and
      Cattle, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1019",
    pages = "181--190",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-2012-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Gaps and Lexicalization: Implications for Word Segmentation Systems for {C}hinese {NLP}",
    author = "Hsu, Chan-Chia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1020",
    pages = "191--198",
}
@inproceedings{kim-baldwin-2012-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Keywords from Multi-party Live Chats",
    author = "Kim, Su Nam  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1021",
    pages = "199--208",
}
@inproceedings{lee-yeung-2012-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Networks of People and Places from Literary Texts",
    author = "Lee, John  and
      Yeung, Chak Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1022",
    pages = "209--218",
}
@inproceedings{chung-2012-pre,
    title = "Pre- vs. Post-verbal Asymmetries and the Syntax of {K}orean {RDC}",
    author = "Chung, Daeho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1023",
    pages = "219--228",
}
@inproceedings{oco-roxas-2012-pattern,
    title = "Pattern Matching Refinements to Dictionary-Based Code-Switching Point Detection",
    author = "Oco, Nathaniel  and
      Roxas, Rachel Edita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1024",
    pages = "229--236",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-adaptive,
    title = "An Adaptive Method for Organization Name Disambiguation with Feature Reinforcing",
    author = "Zhang, Shu  and
      Wu, Jianwei  and
      Zheng, Dequan  and
      Meng, Yao  and
      Yu, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1025",
    pages = "237--245",
}
@inproceedings{toba-etal-2012-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Answer Location Using Shallow Semantic Analogical Reasoning in a Factoid Question Answering System",
    author = "Toba, Hapnes  and
      Adriani, Mirna  and
      Manurung, Hisar Maruli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1026",
    pages = "246--253",
}
@inproceedings{takehisa-2012-alleged,
    title = "On the Alleged Condition on the Base Verb of the Indirect Passive in {J}apanese",
    author = "Takehisa, Tomokazu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1027",
    pages = "254--263",
}
@inproceedings{ting-bond-2012-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Classifier use in {C}hinese and {J}apanese",
    author = "Ting, Yue Hui  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1028",
    pages = "264--271",
}
@inproceedings{ohtani-ibanez-2012-nominative,
    title = "Nominative-marked Phrases in {J}apanese Tough Constructions",
    author = "Ohtani, Akira  and
      Ibanez, Maria del Pilar Valverde",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1029",
    pages = "272--279",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2012-emotional,
    title = "Emotional Tendency Identification for Micro-blog Topics Based on Multiple Characteristics",
    author = "Liu, Quanchao  and
      Feng, Chong  and
      Huang, Heyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1030",
    pages = "280--288",
}
@inproceedings{min-park-2012-product,
    title = "Product Name Classification for Product Instance Distinction",
    author = "Min, Hye-Jin  and
      Park, Jong C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1031",
    pages = "289--298",
}
@inproceedings{ibanez-ohtani-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Gender and Number Agreement Errors in {S}panish Texts Written by {J}apanese Learners",
    author = "Ibanez, Maria del Pilar Valverde  and
      Ohtani, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1032",
    pages = "299--307",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2012-reranking,
    title = "A Reranking Approach for Dependency Parsing with Variable-sized Subtree Features",
    author = "Shen, Mo  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1033",
    pages = "308--317",
}
@inproceedings{lee-kim-2012-applying,
    title = "Applying Statistical Post-Editing to {E}nglish-to-{K}orean Rule-based Machine Translation System",
    author = "Lee, Ki-Young  and
      Kim, Young-Gil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1034",
    pages = "318--324",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2012-model,
    title = "A Model of {V}ietnamese Person Named Entity Question Answering System",
    author = "Tran, Mai-Vu  and
      Le, Duc-Trong  and
      Tran, Xuan Tu  and
      Nguyen, Tien-Tung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1035",
    pages = "325--332",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards a Semantic Annotation of {E}nglish Television News - Building and Evaluating a Constraint Grammar {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Yang, Shaohua  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Lu, Bao-liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1036",
    pages = "333--342",
}
@inproceedings{matsumoto-etal-2012-emotion,
    title = "Emotion Estimation from Sentence Using Relation between {J}apanese Slangs and Emotion Expressions",
    author = "Matsumoto, Kazuyuki  and
      Kita, Kenji  and
      Ren, Fuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1037",
    pages = "343--350",
}
@inproceedings{sun-lepage-2012-word,
    title = "Can Word Segmentation be Considered Harmful for Statistical Machine Translation Tasks between {J}apanese and {C}hinese?",
    author = "Sun, Jing  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1038",
    pages = "351--360",
}
@inproceedings{yoshida-etal-2012-introduction,
    title = "Introduction of a Probabilistic Language Model to Non-Factoid Question Answering Using Example Q{\&}A Pairs",
    author = "Yoshida, Kyosuke  and
      Ueda, Taro  and
      Ishioroshi, Madoka  and
      Shibuki, Hideyuki  and
      Mori, Tatsunori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1039",
    pages = "361--370",
}
@inproceedings{ahn-chae-2012-answering,
    title = "Answering Questions Requiring Cross-passage Evidence",
    author = "Ahn, Kisuh  and
      Chae, Hee-Rahk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1040",
    pages = "371--380",
}
@inproceedings{phucharasupa-netisopakul-2012-thai,
    title = "{T}hai Sentence Paraphrasing from the Lexical Resource",
    author = "Phucharasupa, Krittaporn  and
      Netisopakul, Ponrudee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1041",
    pages = "381--390",
}
@inproceedings{dakwale-etal-2012-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora Annotation in {H}indi Dependency {T}ree{B}ank",
    author = "Dakwale, Praveen  and
      Sharma, Himanshu  and
      Sharma, Dipti M",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1042",
    pages = "391--400",
}
@inproceedings{vuong-etal-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving Statistical Machine Translation with Processing Shallow Parsing",
    author = "Vuong, Hoai-Thu  and
      Nguyen, Vinh Van  and
      Tran, Viet Hong  and
      Shimazu, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1043",
    pages = "401--407",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-2012-psycholinguistics,
    title = "Psycholinguistics, Lexicography, and Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1044",
    pages = "408--417",
}
@inproceedings{wang-pan-2012-thought,
    title = "Thought De se, first person indexicals and {C}hinese reflexive ziji",
    author = "Wang, Yingying  and
      Pan, Haihua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1045",
    pages = "418--427",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2012-headedness,
    title = "The Headedness of {M}andarin {C}hinese Serial Verb Constructions: A Corpus-Based Study",
    author = "Lin, Jingxia  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Zhang, Huarui  and
      Xu, Hongzhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1046",
    pages = "428--435",
}
@inproceedings{yabushita-2012-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Pseudo-{NPI} Dare-mo as an {``}Unrestricted{''} Universal Quantifier",
    author = "Yabushita, Katsuhiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1047",
    pages = "436--445",
}
@inproceedings{surtani-paul-2012-automatic-tripartite,
    title = "Automatic Tripartite Classification of Intransitive Verbs",
    author = "Surtani, Nitesh  and
      Paul, Soma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1048",
    pages = "446--455",
}
@inproceedings{tsuji-etal-2012-transliteration,
    title = "The Transliteration from Alphabet Queries to {J}apanese Product Names",
    author = "Tsuji, Rieko  and
      Nemoto, Yoshinori  and
      Luangpiensamut, Wimvipa  and
      Abe, Yuji  and
      Kimura, Takeshi  and
      Komiya, Kanako  and
      Fujimoto, Koji  and
      Kotani, Yoshiyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1049",
    pages = "456--462",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2012-classifying-dialogue,
    title = "Classifying Dialogue Acts in Multi-party Live Chats",
    author = "Kim, Su Nam  and
      Cavedon, Lawrence  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1050",
    pages = "463--472",
}
@inproceedings{nam-2012-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-semantics mapping of locative arguments",
    author = "Nam, Seungho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1051",
    pages = "473--480",
}
@inproceedings{nicholson-etal-2012-deep,
    title = "Deep Lexical Acquisition of Type Properties in Low-resource Languages: A Case Study in Wambaya",
    author = "Nicholson, Jeremy  and
      Nordlinger, Rachel  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1052",
    pages = "481--490",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2012-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Sentiments on the Clouds: A Preliminary Experiment on Corpus Processing and Exploration on Cloud Service",
    author = "Hsieh, Shu-Kai  and
      Chang, Yu-Yun  and
      Shih, Meng-Xian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1053",
    pages = "491--497",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2012-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Topic Alignment in Time Series {J}apanese / {C}hinese News",
    author = "Hu, Shuo  and
      Takahashi, Yusuke  and
      Zheng, Liyi  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Yoshioka, Masaharu  and
      Kando, Noriko  and
      Fukuhara, Tomohiro  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi  and
      Kiyota, Yoji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1054",
    pages = "498--507",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2012-crf,
    title = "A {CRF} Sequence Labeling Approach to {C}hinese Punctuation Prediction",
    author = "Zhao, Yanqing  and
      Wang, Chaoyue  and
      Fu, Guohong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1055",
    pages = "508--514",
}
@inproceedings{munkova-etal-2012-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Social and Expressive Factors of Requests by Methods of Text Mining",
    author = "Munkov{\'a}, Da{\v{s}}a  and
      Munk, Michal  and
      Fr{\'a}terov{\'a}, Zuzana  and
      {\v{D}}ura{\v{c}}kov{\'a}, Be{\'a}ta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1056",
    pages = "515--524",
}
@inproceedings{takase-etal-2012-set,
    title = "Set Expansion using Sibling Relations between Semantic Categories",
    author = "Takase, Sho  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1057",
    pages = "525--534",
}
@inproceedings{hangyo-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building a Diverse Document Leads Corpus Annotated with Semantic Relations",
    author = "Hangyo, Masatsugu  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1058",
    pages = "535--544",
}
@inproceedings{islam-etal-2012-text,
    title = "Text Readability Classification of Textbooks of a Low-Resource Language",
    author = "Islam, Zahurul  and
      Mehler, Alexander  and
      Rahman, Rashedur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1059",
    pages = "545--553",
}
@inproceedings{rallapalli-paul-2012-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Approach for the Interpretation of Nominal Compounds using Ontology",
    author = "Rallapalli, Sruti  and
      Paul, Soma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1060",
    pages = "554--563",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2012-improved,
    title = "Improved Constituent Context Model with Features",
    author = "Huang, Yun  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1061",
    pages = "564--573",
}
@inproceedings{tumuluru-etal-2012-accuracy,
    title = "Accuracy and robustness in measuring the lexical similarity of semantic role fillers for automatic semantic {MT} evaluation",
    author = "Tumuluru, Anand Karthik  and
      Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1062",
    pages = "574--581",
}
@inproceedings{wang-huang-2012-type,
    title = "Type Construction of Event Nouns in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Wang, Shan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1063",
    pages = "582--591",
}
@inproceedings{nakazawa-2012-interpretation,
    title = "On Interpretation of Resultative Phrases in {J}apanese",
    author = "Nakazawa, Tsuneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1064",
    pages = "592--601",
}
@inproceedings{song-2012-event,
    title = "Event Coercion of {M}andarin {C}hinese Temporal Connective hou {`}after{'}",
    author = "Song, Zuoyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1065",
    pages = "602--608",
}
@inproceedings{wei-yuan-2012-construct,
    title = "To Construct the Interpretation Templates for the {C}hinese Noun Compounds Based on Semantic Classes and Qualia Structures",
    author = "Wei, Xue  and
      Yuan, Yulin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1066",
    pages = "609--619",
}
@inproceedings{mano-2012-compositional,
    title = "Compositional Mechanisms of {J}apanese Numeral Classifiers",
    author = "Mano, Miho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1067",
    pages = "620--625",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2012-psych,
    title = "Psych-Predicates: How They Are Different",
    author = "Lee, Chungmin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1068",
    pages = "626--631",
}
@inproceedings{liu-chan-2012-role,
    title = "The Role of Qualia Structure in {M}andarin Children Acquiring Noun-modifying Constructions",
    author = "Liu, Zhaojing  and
      Chan, Angel Wing-shan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1069",
    pages = "632--639",
}
@inproceedings{lee-lee-2012-gap,
    title = "Gap in {``}Gapless{''} Relative Clauses in {K}orean and Other {A}sian Languages",
    author = "Lee, Jeong-Shik  and
      Lee, Chungmin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Bali, Indonesia",
    publisher = "Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y12-1070",
    pages = "640--645",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2006-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
}
@inproceedings{huang-zhao-2006-essential,
    title = "Which Is Essential for {C}hinese Word Segmentation: Character versus Word",
    author = "Huang, Chang-Ning  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1001",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29019",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2006-multilinguality,
    title = "Multilinguality in Temporal Annotation: A Case of {K}orean",
    author = "Lee, Kiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1002",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29048",
    pages = "13--20",
}
@inproceedings{yoshimoto-sato-2006-towards,
    title = "Towards a Neuro-Cognitive Model of Human Sentence Processing",
    author = "Yoshimoto, Kei  and
      Sato, Shigeru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1003",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29072",
    pages = "21--27",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2006-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Automatic {C}hinese Essay Scoring System from Figures-of-Speech",
    author = "Chang, Tao-Hsing  and
      Lee, Chia-Hoang  and
      Chang, Yu-Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1004",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29080",
    pages = "28--34",
}
@inproceedings{tang-2006-english,
    title = "{E}nglish Morphological Analysis with Machine-learned Rules",
    author = "Tang, Xuri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1005",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29035",
    pages = "35--41",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2006-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Relations among Named Entities by Detecting Community Structure",
    author = "He, Tingting  and
      Zhao, Junzhe  and
      Li, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1006",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29034",
    pages = "42--48",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-zhou-2006-full,
    title = "A Full Inspection on {C}hinese Characters Used in the Secrete History of the Mongols",
    author = "Jiang, Di  and
      Zhou, Xuewen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1007",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29046",
    pages = "49--55",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2006-information,
    title = "An Information Retrieval Model Based On Word Concept",
    author = "Wu, Chen  and
      Zhang, Quan  and
      Wei, Xiangfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1008",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29040",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2006-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Reranking for Spelling Correction",
    author = "Zhang, Yang  and
      He, Pilian  and
      Xiang, Wei  and
      Li, Mu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1009",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29070",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{osada-etal-2006-user,
    title = "A User Interface-Level Integration Method for Multiple Automatic Speech Translation Systems",
    author = "Osada, Seiya  and
      Yamabana, Kiyoshi  and
      Hanazawa, Ken  and
      Okumura, Akitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1010",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29033",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{miki-etal-2006-efficient,
    title = "Efficient language model development for spoken dialogue recognition and its evaluation on operator{'}s speech at call centers",
    author = "Miki, Kiyokazu  and
      Hatazaki, Kaichiro  and
      Hattori, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1011",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29078",
    pages = "80--86",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2006-effective,
    title = "Effective Tag Set Selection in {C}hinese Word Segmentation via Conditional Random Field Modeling",
    author = "Zhao, Hai  and
      Huang, Chang-Ning  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Lu, Bao-Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1012",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29030",
    pages = "87--94",
}
@inproceedings{bi-etal-2006-study,
    title = "A Study on the Structure of {K}orean Knowledge Database",
    author = "Bi, Yude  and
      Wu, Binhong  and
      Xiong, Jianguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1013",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29053",
    pages = "95--100",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-2006-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of the Effect of Word Segmentation On {C}hinese Terminology Extraction",
    author = "Ji, Luning  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Chen, YiRong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1014",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29021",
    pages = "101--108",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2006-tctract,
    title = "{TC}tract-A Collocation Extraction Approach for Noun Phrases Using Shallow Parsing Rules and Statistic Models",
    author = "Li, Wan Yin  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Liu, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1015",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29054",
    pages = "109--116",
}
@inproceedings{ishikawa-etal-2006-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Speech Information Retrieval for Questions on Mobile Phone Operation",
    author = "Ishikawa, Kai  and
      Akamine, Susumu  and
      Hanazawa, Ken",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1016",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29064",
    pages = "117--125",
}
@inproceedings{liu-huang-2006-chinese,
    title = "A {C}hinese Dependency Syntax for Treebanking",
    author = "Liu, Haitao  and
      Huang, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1017",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29063",
    pages = "126--133",
}
@inproceedings{lu-zhao-2006-multi,
    title = "Multi-feature Based {C}hinese-{E}nglish Named Entity Extraction from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Lu, Min  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1018",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29029",
    pages = "134--141",
}
@inproceedings{cardinal-2006-type,
    title = "Type grammar meets {J}apanese particles",
    author = "Cardinal, Kumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1019",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29069",
    pages = "142--149",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2006-approach,
    title = "An Approach to Automatically Constructing Domain Ontology",
    author = "He, Tingting  and
      Zhang, Xiaopeng  and
      Ye, Xinghuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1020",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29077",
    pages = "150--157",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-2006-auto,
    title = "Auto-extracting Paraphrases of Letter-word Phrases in Live Texts",
    author = "Zheng, Zezhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1021",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29050",
    pages = "158--164",
}
@inproceedings{otani-2006-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Ditransitive Verbs and the Hierarchical Lexicon",
    author = "Otani, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1022",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29056",
    pages = "165--174",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2006-analysis,
    title = "The Analysis of {C}hinese Sentence Semantic Chunk Share Based on {HNC} Theory",
    author = "Zhang, Quan  and
      Wu, Chen  and
      Wei, Xiangfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1023",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29068",
    pages = "175--182",
}
@inproceedings{hong-huang-2006-using,
    title = "Using {C}hinese {G}igaword Corpus and {C}hinese Word Sketch in linguistic Research",
    author = "Hong, Jia-Fei  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1024",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29020",
    pages = "183--190",
}
@inproceedings{chae-2006-tense,
    title = "Tense Markers and -ko Constructions in {K}orean",
    author = "Chae, Hee-Rahk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1025",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29086",
    pages = "191--197",
}
@inproceedings{nakamura-2006-topic,
    title = "Topic-Comment Articulation in {J}apanese: A Categorial Approach",
    author = "Nakamura, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1026",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29023",
    pages = "198--205",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2006-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-Rich Approach to Automatic Grammatical Information Acquisition: Enriching {C}hinese Sketch Engine with a Lexical Grammar",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Ma, Wei-Yun  and
      Wu, Yi-Ching  and
      Chiu, Chih-Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1027",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29027",
    pages = "206--214",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2006-vietnamese,
    title = "{V}ietnamese Word Segmentation with {CRF}s and {SVM}s: An Investigation",
    author = "Nguyen, Cam-Tu  and
      Nguyen, Trung-Kien  and
      Phan, Xuan-Hieu  and
      Nguyen, Le-Minh  and
      Ha, Quang-Thuy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1028",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29084",
    pages = "215--222",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-rossignol-2006-language,
    title = "A language-independent method for the alignement of parallel corpora",
    author = "Nguyễn, Thi Minh Huyền  and
      Rossignol, Mathias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1029",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29065",
    pages = "223--230",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-2006-current,
    title = "The Current Status of Sorting Order of {T}ibetan Dictionaries and Standardization",
    author = "Jiang, Di",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1030",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29059",
    pages = "231--236",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2006-ranking,
    title = "Re-ranking Method Based on Topic Word Pairs",
    author = "He, Tingting  and
      Xu, Ting  and
      Qu, Guozhong  and
      Tu, Xinhui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1031",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29031",
    pages = "237--243",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-zhang-2006-text,
    title = "A Text Classifier Based on Sentence Category {VSM}",
    author = "Zhang, Yun-liang  and
      Zhang, Quan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1032",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29058",
    pages = "244--249",
}
@inproceedings{wei-zhang-2006-research,
    title = "Research on Hypothesizing and Sorting the Eg Candidates in {C}hinese Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Wei, XiangFeng  and
      Zhang, Quan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1033",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29043",
    pages = "250--256",
}
@inproceedings{fei-etal-2006-mining,
    title = "Mining the Relation between Sentiment Expression and Target Using Dependency of Words",
    author = "Fei, Zhongchao  and
      Huang, Xuanjing  and
      Wu, Lide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1034",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29079",
    pages = "257--264",
}
@inproceedings{kamatani-etal-2006-forest,
    title = "Forest Driven Dependency Analysis Enhanced by {J}apanese Clause Structure Estimation",
    author = "Kamatani, Satoshi  and
      Furihata, Kentaro  and
      Chino, Tetsuro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1035",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29075",
    pages = "265--272",
}
@inproceedings{fortes-galvan-roxas-2006-constraint,
    title = "A Constraint-based Morphological Analyzer for Concatenative and Non-concatenative Morphology",
    author = "Fortes-Galvan, Farrah Cherry  and
      Roxas, Rachel Edita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1036",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29081",
    pages = "273--279",
}
@inproceedings{meng-etal-2006-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Survey of Monophthong Formants in {M}andarin for Students Being Trained as Broadcasters",
    author = "Meng, Zihou  and
      Chen, Yudong  and
      Li, Xiaohua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1037",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29074",
    pages = "280--286",
}
@inproceedings{huang-2006-role,
    title = "The Role of Input in Acquisition of Tone Sandhi Rules in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Huang, Yu-hsin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1038",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29022",
    pages = "287--294",
}
@inproceedings{kanamaru-etal-2006-construction,
    title = "Construction of Adverb Dictionary that Relates to Speaker Attitudes and Evaluation of Its Effectiveness",
    author = "Kanamaru, Toshiyuki  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1039",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29085",
    pages = "295--302",
}
@inproceedings{takahashi-etal-2006-activation,
    title = "An Activation-based Sentence Processing Model of {E}nglish",
    author = "Takahashi, Kei  and
      Ishikawa, Kiyoshi  and
      Yoshimoto, Kei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1040",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29018",
    pages = "303--310",
}
@inproceedings{horak-kadlec-2006-platform,
    title = "Platform for Full-Syntax Grammar Development Using Meta-grammar Constructs",
    author = "Hor{\'a}k, Ale{\v{s}}  and
      Kadlec, Vladim{\'\i}r",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1041",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29045",
    pages = "311--318",
}
@inproceedings{fang-etal-2006-stock,
    title = "The stock index forecast based on dynamic recurrent neural network trained with {GA}",
    author = "Fang, Yixian  and
      Wang, Baowen  and
      Wang, Yongmao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1042",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29049",
    pages = "319--323",
}
@inproceedings{prevot-etal-2006-using,
    title = "Using the {S}wadesh list for creating a simple common taxonomy",
    author = "Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Su, I-Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1043",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29038",
    pages = "324--331",
}
@inproceedings{goh-etal-2006-construction,
    title = "The Construction of a Dictionary for a Two-layer {C}hinese Morphological Analyzer",
    author = {Goh, Chooi-Ling  and
      L{\"u}, Jia  and
      Cheng, Yuchang  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1044",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29024",
    pages = "332--340",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-zhang-2006-natural,
    title = "A Natural Language Model of Computing with Words in Web Pages",
    author = "Zheng, Ze-yu  and
      Zhang, Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1045",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29073",
    pages = "341--346",
}
@inproceedings{yin-etal-2006-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Organization Name Recognition Using Chunk Analysis",
    author = "Yin, Jihao  and
      Fan, Xiaozhong  and
      Zhang, Kaixuan  and
      Yu, Jiangde",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1046",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29025",
    pages = "347--353",
}
@inproceedings{wu-2006-1,
    title = "1-0 Transformation Form of UTF-8",
    author = "Wu, Shengyuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1047",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29017",
    pages = "354--359",
}
@inproceedings{wushour-caiqin-2006-research,
    title = "The research on Uighur speaker-dependent isolated word speech recognition",
    author = "Wushour, Silamu  and
      Caiqin, Nuominghua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1048",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29055",
    pages = "360--365",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2006-hownet,
    title = "{H}ow{N}et Based {C}hinese Question Classification",
    author = "Cai, Dongfeng  and
      Sun, Jingguang  and
      Zhang, Guiping  and
      Lv, Dexin  and
      Dong, Yanju  and
      Song, Yan  and
      Yu, Chao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1049",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29066",
    pages = "366--369",
}
@inproceedings{fattah-etal-2006-machine,
    title = "Machine Transliteration",
    author = "Fattah, Mohamed Abdel  and
      Ren, Fuji  and
      Kuroiwa, Shingo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1050",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29037",
    pages = "370--373",
}
@inproceedings{domingo-roxas-2006-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Target Word Disambiguation Using Syntactic Relationships",
    author = "Domingo, Ebony  and
      Roxas, Rachel Edita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1051",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29057",
    pages = "374--377",
}
@inproceedings{shih-etal-2006-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Representation and Composition for Unknown Compounds in E-{H}ow{N}et",
    author = "Shih, Yueh-Yin  and
      Huang, Shu-Ling  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1052",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29039",
    pages = "378--381",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-zhang-2006-analysis,
    title = "Analysis and Processing on the Composing of Noun Conglomeration Combination",
    author = "Xiong, Liang  and
      Zhang, Quan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1053",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29083",
    pages = "382--385",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2006-learning,
    title = "Learning Translation Rules for a Bidirectional {E}nglish-{F}ilipino Machine Translator",
    author = "Tan, Michelle Wendy  and
      Hong, Bryan Anthony  and
      Alcantara, Danniel Liwanag  and
      Perez, Amiel  and
      Tan, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1054",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29032",
    pages = "386--389",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2006-visualization,
    title = "A Visualization method for machine translation evaluation results",
    author = "Yao, Jian-Min  and
      Qu, Yun-Qian  and
      Zhu, Qiao-Ming  and
      Zhang, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1055",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29051",
    pages = "390--393",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-2006-language,
    title = "Language Model Based on Word Clustering",
    author = "Yuan, Lichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1056",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29028",
    pages = "394--397",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2006-research,
    title = "Research on concept-sememe tree and semantic relevance computation",
    author = "Zhang, GuiPing  and
      Yu, Chao  and
      Cai, DongFeng  and
      Song, Yan  and
      Sun, JingGuang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1057",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29052",
    pages = "398--402",
}
@inproceedings{huang-2006-function,
    title = "The function of {DE} in {C}hinese {RC}s",
    author = "Huang, Zanhui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1058",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29044",
    pages = "403--406",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2006-research,
    title = "Research on Word Segmentation for {C}hinese Sign Language",
    author = "Cheng, Yinchao  and
      Yin, Baocai  and
      Sun, Yanfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1059",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29087",
    pages = "407--413",
}
@inproceedings{ren-yao-2006-make,
    title = "Make Word Sense Disambiguation in {EBMT} Practical",
    author = "Ren, Feiliang  and
      Yao, Tianshun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1060",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29060",
    pages = "414--417",
}
@inproceedings{umemoto-2006-implementing,
    title = "Implementing a {J}apanese Semantic Parser Based on Glue Approach",
    author = "Umemoto, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1061",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29076",
    pages = "418--425",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2006-chinese-automatic,
    title = "A {C}hinese Automatic Text Summarization system for mobile devices",
    author = "Yu, Lei  and
      Liu, Mengge  and
      Ren, Fuji  and
      Kuroiwa, Shingo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1062",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29067",
    pages = "426--429",
}
@inproceedings{pei-feng-2006-representation,
    title = "Representation of Original Sense of {C}hinese Characters by {FOPC}",
    author = "Pei, Yajun  and
      Feng, Zhiwei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1063",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29036",
    pages = "430--433",
}
@inproceedings{ho-2006-topic,
    title = "Are Topic Constructions Licensed by A{'}Movement in {M}andarin {C}hinese? - A Preliminary Study",
    author = "Ho, Hsin-chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1064",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29042",
    pages = "434--437",
}
@inproceedings{kim-choe-2006-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation and Human Intuition for Semantic Classification on Homonyms",
    author = "Kim, Dong-Sung  and
      Choe, Jae-Woong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1065",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29082",
    pages = "438--441",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2006-document,
    title = "Document Clustering Method Based on Frequent Co-occurring Words",
    author = "Zhu, Ye-Hang  and
      Dai, Guan-Zhong  and
      Fung, Benjamin C. M.  and
      Mu, De-Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1066",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29071",
    pages = "442--445",
}
@inproceedings{wang-chi-2006-algorithm,
    title = "An Algorithm Combining Statistics-based and Rules-based for Chunk Identification of {C}hinese Sentences",
    author = "Wang, Rongbo  and
      Chi, Zheru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1067",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29041",
    pages = "446--451",
}
@inproceedings{ren-liu-2006-building,
    title = "Building Translation Memory System by N-gram",
    author = "Ren, Feiliang  and
      Liu, Shaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1068",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29061",
    pages = "452--458",
}
@inproceedings{yang-li-2006-research,
    title = "Research on {O}lympics-oriented Mobile Game News Ordering System",
    author = "Yang, Yonggui  and
      Li, Lei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1069",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29047",
    pages = "459--462",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2006-evaluation,
    title = "An evaluation of the Hand-held Electronic Dictionaries Used by {C}hinese {EFL} Learners",
    author = "Chen, Meilin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1070",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29026",
    pages = "463--466",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2006-translation,
    title = "Translation {\&} Transform Algorithm of Query Sentence in Cross-Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Zhang, Xiao-fei  and
      Zhang, Ke-liang  and
      Huang, He-yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China",
    publisher = "Tsinghua University Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y06-1071",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29062",
    pages = "467--470",
}
@proceedings{acl-1990-association,
    title = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1000",
}
@inproceedings{vijay-shanker-weir-1990-polynomial,
    title = "POLYNOMIAL TIME PARSING OF COMBINATORY CATEGORIAL GRAMMARS",
    author = "Vijay-Shanker, K.  and
      Weir, David J.",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981824",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{steedman-1990-structure,
    title = "STRUCTURE AND INTONATION IN SPOKEN LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981825",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{bear-price-1990-prosody,
    title = "PROSODY, SYNTAX AND PARSIN",
    author = "Bear, John  and
      Price, Patti",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981826",
    pages = "17--22",
}
@inproceedings{whittemore-etal-1990-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Study of Predictive Powers of Simple Attachment Schemes for Post-modifier Prepositional Phrases",
    author = "Whittemore, Greg  and
      Ferrara, Kathleen  and
      Brunner, Hans",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981827",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{maruyama-1990-structural,
    title = "STRUCTURAL DISAMBIGUATION WITH CONSTRAINT PROPAGATION",
    author = "Maruyama, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981828",
    pages = "31--38",
}
@inproceedings{gibson-1990-memory,
    title = "MEMORY CAPACITY AND SENTENCE PROCESSING",
    author = "Gibson, Edward",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981829",
    pages = "39--46",
}
@inproceedings{rim-etal-1990-transforming,
    title = "TRANSFORMING SYNTACTIC GRAPHS INTO SEMANTIC GRAPHS",
    author = "Rim, Hae-Chang  and
      Simmons, Robert F.  and
      Seo, Jungyun",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981830",
    pages = "47--53",
}
@inproceedings{lyons-1990-compositional,
    title = "A Compositional Semantics for Focusing Subjuncts",
    author = "Lyons, Daniel",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981831",
    pages = "54--61",
}
@inproceedings{harper-1990-designer,
    title = "DESIGNER DEFINITES IN LOGICAL FORM",
    author = "Harper, Mary P.",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981832",
    pages = "62--69",
}
@inproceedings{walker-whittaker-1990-mixed,
    title = "Mixed Initiative in Dialogue: An Investigation into Discourse Segmentation",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn  and
      Whittaker, Steve",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981833",
    pages = "70--78",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-levesque-1990-performatives,
    title = "Performatives in a Rationally Based Speech Act Theory",
    author = "Cohen, Philip R.  and
      Levesque, Hector J.",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981834",
    pages = "79--88",
}
@inproceedings{green-1990-normal,
    title = "NORMAL STATE IMPLICATURE",
    author = "Green, Nancy L.",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981835",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-1990-computational,
    title = "THE COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY OF AVOIDING CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURES",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981836",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{fong-1990-free,
    title = "Free Indexation: Combinatorial Analysis and A Compositional Algorithm",
    author = "Fong, Sandiway",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981837",
    pages = "105--110",
}
@inproceedings{frank-1990-licensing,
    title = "LICENSING AND TREE ADJOINING GRAMMAR IN GOVERNMENT BINDING PARSING",
    author = "Frank, Robert",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981838",
    pages = "111--118",
}
@inproceedings{brent-1990-simplified,
    title = "A SIMPLIFIED THEORY OF TENSE REPRESENTATIONS AND CONSTRAINTS ON THEIR COMPOSITION",
    author = "Brent, Michael R.",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981839",
    pages = "119--126",
}
@inproceedings{dorr-1990-solving,
    title = "SOLVING THEMATIC DIVERGENCES IN MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Dorr, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981840",
    pages = "127--134",
}
@inproceedings{lappin-mccord-1990-syntactic,
    title = "A SYNTACTIC FILTER ON PRONOMINAL ANAPHORA FOR SLOT GRAMMAR",
    author = "Lappin, Shalom  and
      McCord, Michael",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981841",
    pages = "135--142",
}
@inproceedings{siskind-1990-acquiring,
    title = "ACQUIRING CORE MEANINGS OF WORDS, REPRESENTED AS JACKENDOFF-STYLE CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURES, FROM CORRELATED STREAMS OF LINGUISTIC AND NON-LINGUISTIC INPUT",
    author = "Siskind, Jeffrey Mark",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981842",
    pages = "143--156",
}
@inproceedings{elhadad-1990-types,
    title = "TYPES IN FUNCTIONAL UNIFICATION GRAMMARS",
    author = "Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981843",
    pages = "157--164",
}
@inproceedings{bouma-1990-defaults,
    title = "DEFAULTS IN UNIFICATION GRAMLAR",
    author = "Bouma, Gosse",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981844",
    pages = "165--172",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-1990-expressing,
    title = "EXPRESSING DISJUNCTIVE AND NEGATIVE FEATURE CONSTRAINTS WITH CLASSICAL FIRST-ORDER LOGIC.",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981845",
    pages = "173--179",
}
@inproceedings{godden-1990-lazy,
    title = "LAZY UNIFICATION",
    author = "Godden, Kurt",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981846",
    pages = "180--187",
}
@inproceedings{aone-wittenburg-1990-zero,
    title = "ZERO MORPHEMES IN UNIFICATION-BASED COMBINATORY CATEGORIAL GRAMMAR",
    author = "Aone, Chinatsu  and
      Wittenburg, Kent",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981847",
    pages = "188--193",
}
@inproceedings{ingria-1990-limits,
    title = "THE LIMITS OF UNIFICATION",
    author = "Ingria, Robert J. P.",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981848",
    pages = "194--204",
}
@inproceedings{russell-etal-1990-asymmetry,
    title = "Asymmetry in Parsing and Generating with Unification Grammars: Case Studies From {ELU}",
    author = "Russell, Graham  and
      Carroll, John  and
      Warwick, Susan",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981849",
    pages = "205--211",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-peng-1990-automated,
    title = "AUTOMATED INVERSION OF LOGIC GRAMMARS FOR GENERATION",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Peng, Ping",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981850",
    pages = "212--219",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-linden-minnen-1990-algorithms,
    title = "ALGORITHMS FOR GENERATION IN LAMBEK THEOREM PROVING",
    author = "van der Linden, Erik-Jan  and
      Minnen, Guido",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981851",
    pages = "220--226",
}
@inproceedings{bobrow-etal-1990-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Underlying Systems: Translating User Requests into Programs to Produce Answers",
    author = "Bobrow, Robert J.  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Weischedel, Ralph M.",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981852",
    pages = "227--234",
}
@inproceedings{ristad-1990-computational,
    title = "Computational structure of generative phonology and its relation to language comprehension.",
    author = "Ristad, Eric Sven",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981853",
    pages = "235--242",
}
@inproceedings{marcken-1990-parsing,
    title = "PARSING THE LOB CORPUS",
    author = "Marcken, Carl G. de",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981854",
    pages = "243--251",
}
@inproceedings{smadja-mckeown-1990-automatically,
    title = "AUTOMATICALLY EXTRACTING AND REPRESENTING COLLOCATIONS FOR LANGUAGE GENERATION",
    author = "Smadja, Frank A.  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981855",
    pages = "252--259",
}
@inproceedings{ravin-1990-disamibiguating,
    title = "DISAMIBIGUATING AND INTERPRETING VERB DEFINITIONS",
    author = "Ravin, Yael",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981856",
    pages = "260--267",
}
@inproceedings{hindle-1990-noun,
    title = "NOUN CLASSIFICATION FROM PREDICATE-ARGUMENT STRUCTURES",
    author = "Hindle, Donald",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981857",
    pages = "268--275",
}
@inproceedings{schabes-vijay-shanker-1990-deterministic,
    title = "DETERMINISTIC LEFT TO RIGHT PARSING OF TREE ADJOINING LANGUAGES",
    author = "Schabes, Yves  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981858",
    pages = "276--283",
}
@inproceedings{harbusch-1990-efficient,
    title = "AN EFFICIENT PARSING ALGORITHM FOR TREE ADJOINING GRAMMARS",
    author = "Harbusch, Karin",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981859",
    pages = "284--291",
}
@inproceedings{abeille-1990-lexical,
    title = "LEXICAL AND SYNTACTIC RULES IN A TREE ADJOINING GRAMMAR",
    author = "Abeille, Anne",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981860",
    pages = "292--298",
}
@inproceedings{marino-1990-bottom,
    title = "BOTTOM-UP PARSING EXTENDING CONTEXT-FREENESS IN A PROCESS GRAMMAR PROCESSOR",
    author = "Marino, Massimo",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981861",
    pages = "299--306",
}
@inproceedings{fukushima-etal-1990-hardware,
    title = "A HARDWARE ALGORITHM FOR HIGH SPEED MORPHEME EXTRACTION AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION",
    author = "Fukushima, Toshikazu  and
      Ohyama, Yutaka  and
      Miyai, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P90-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/981823.981862",
    pages = "307--314",
}
@proceedings{acl-1984-international,
    title = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1000",
}
@inproceedings{anderson-1984-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Text Processing in a Two-Byte Code",
    author = "Anderson, Lloyd B.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980492",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{cook-etal-1984-conveying,
    title = "CONVEYING IMPLICIT CONTENT IN NARRATIVE SUMMARIES",
    author = "Cook, Malcolm E.  and
      Lehnert, Wendy G.  and
      McDonald, David D.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980493",
    pages = "5--7",
}
@inproceedings{lopes-1984-transforming,
    title = "TRANSFORMING ENGLISH INTERFACES TO OTHER NATURAL LANGUAGES: AN EXPERIMENT WITH PORTUGUESE",
    author = "LOPES, GABRIEL PEREIRA",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980494",
    pages = "8--10",
}
@inproceedings{chauche-1984-un,
    title = "UN OUTIL MULTIDIMENSIONNEL DE L{'}ANALYSE DU DISCOURS",
    author = "CHAUCH{\'E}, J.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980495",
    pages = "11--15",
}
@inproceedings{fujisaki-1984-stochastic,
    title = "A STOCHASTIC APPROACH TO SENTENCE PARSING",
    author = "Fujisaki, Tetsunosuke",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980496",
    pages = "16--19",
}
@inproceedings{berwick-1984-bounded,
    title = "BOUNDED CONTEXT PARSING AND EASY LEARNABIITY",
    author = "Berwick, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980497",
    pages = "20--23",
}
@inproceedings{langendoen-langsam-1984-representation,
    title = "THE REPRESENTATION OF CONSTITUENT STRUCTURES FOR FINITE-STATE PARSING",
    author = "Langendoen, D. Terence  and
      Langsam, Yedidyah",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980498",
    pages = "24--27",
}
@inproceedings{karttunen-1984-features,
    title = "Features and Values",
    author = "Karttunen, Lauri",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980499",
    pages = "28--33",
}
@inproceedings{teubert-1984-applications,
    title = "APPLICATIONS OF A LEXICOGRAPHICAL DATA BASE FOR GERMAN",
    author = "Teubert, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980500",
    pages = "34--37",
}
@inproceedings{grimes-1984-denormalization,
    title = "DENORMALIZATION AND CROSS REFERENCING IN THEORETICAL LEXICOGRAPHY",
    author = "Grimes, Joseph E.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980501",
    pages = "38--41",
}
@inproceedings{sakamoto-etal-1984-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon Features for {J}apanese Syntactic Analysis in Mu-Project-{JE}",
    author = "Sakamoto, Yoshiyuki  and
      Satoh, Masayuki  and
      Ishikawa, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980502",
    pages = "42--47",
}
@inproceedings{hirschberg-1984-toward,
    title = "Toward a Redefinition of Yes/No Questions",
    author = "Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980503",
    pages = "48--51",
}
@inproceedings{ballard-1984-syntax,
    title = "THE SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS OF USER-DEFINED MODIFIERS IN TRANSPORTABLE NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSOR",
    author = "Ballard, Bruce W.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980504",
    pages = "52--56",
}
@inproceedings{hafner-1984-interaction,
    title = "Interaction of Knowledge Sources in a Portable Natural Language Interface",
    author = "Hafner, Carole D.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980505",
    pages = "57--60",
}
@inproceedings{clemente-salazar-1984-uses,
    title = "USES OF C-GPAPHS IN A PROTOTYPE FOR ALTOMATIC TWISLATION",
    author = "CLEMENTE-SALAZAR, Marco A.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980506",
    pages = "61--64",
}
@inproceedings{rapaport-shapiro-1984-quasi,
    title = "QUASI-INDEXICAL REFERENCE IN PROPOSITIONAL SEMANTIC NETWORKS",
    author = "Rapaport, William J.  and
      Shapiro, Stuart C.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980507",
    pages = "65--70",
}
@inproceedings{sinlnlons-1984-costs,
    title = "The Costs of Inheritance in Semantic Networks",
    author = "Sinlnlons, Rob{'}t F.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980508",
    pages = "71--74",
}
@inproceedings{kay-1984-functional,
    title = "FUNCTIONAL UNIFICATION GRAMMAR: A FORMALISM FOR MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Kay, Martin",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980509",
    pages = "75--78",
}
@inproceedings{sigurd-1984-computer,
    title = "COMPUTER SIMULATION OF SPONTANEOUS SPEECH PRODUCTION",
    author = "Sigurd, Bengt",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980510",
    pages = "79--83",
}
@inproceedings{pulman-1984-limited,
    title = "LIMITED DOMAIN SYSTEMS FOR LANGUAGE TEACHING",
    author = "Pulman, S. G.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980511",
    pages = "84--87",
}
@inproceedings{shane-cochard-1984-gtt,
    title = "{GTT} : A GENERAL TRANSDUCER FOR TEACHING COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS",
    author = "Shane, P.  and
      Cochard, J.L.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980512",
    pages = "88--91",
}
@inproceedings{slack-1984-parsing,
    title = "A PARSING ARCHITECTURE BASED ON DISTRIBUTED MEMORY MACHINES",
    author = "Slack, Jon M.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980513",
    pages = "92--95",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-etal-1984-automated,
    title = "AUTOMATED DETERMINATION OF SUBLANGUAGE SYNTACTIC USAGE",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Nhan, Ngo Thanh  and
      Marsh, Elaine  and
      Hirschman, Lynette",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980514",
    pages = "96--100",
}
@inproceedings{sondheimer-etal-1984-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Interpretation Using {KL}-{ONE}",
    author = "Sondheimer, Norman K.  and
      Weischedel, Ralph M.  and
      Bobrow, Robert J.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980515",
    pages = "101--107",
}
@inproceedings{pelletier-schubert-1984-two,
    title = "TWO THEORIES FOR COMPUTING THE LOGICAL FORM OF MASS EXPRESSIONS",
    author = "Pelletier, Francis Jeffry  and
      Schubert, Lenhart K.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980516",
    pages = "108--111",
}
@inproceedings{pullum-1984-syntactic,
    title = "SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC PARSABILITY",
    author = "Pullum, Geoffrey K.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980517",
    pages = "112--122",
}
@inproceedings{pereira-shieber-1984-semantics,
    title = "The Semantics of Grammar Formalisms Seen as Computer Languages",
    author = "Pereira, Fernando C. N.  and
      Shieber, Stuart M.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980518",
    pages = "123--129",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-1984-resolution,
    title = "THE RESOLUTION OF QUANTIFICATIONAL AMBIGUITY IN THE TENDUM SYSTEM",
    author = "Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980519",
    pages = "130--133",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-1984-preventing,
    title = "Preventing False Inferences",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind  and
      Webber, Bonnie  and
      Weischedel, Ralph M.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980520",
    pages = "134--138",
}
@inproceedings{ramshaw-weischedel-1984-problem,
    title = "PROBLEM LOCALIZATION STRATEGIES FOR PRAMATICS PROCESSING IN NATURAL-LANGUAGE FRONT ENDS",
    author = "Ramshaw, Lance A.  and
      Weischedel, Ralph M.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980521",
    pages = "139--143",
}
@inproceedings{reilly-1984-connectionist,
    title = "A CONNECTIONIST MODEL OF SOME ASPECTS OF ANAPHOR RESOLUTION",
    author = "Reilly, Ronan G.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980522",
    pages = "144--149",
}
@inproceedings{schnelle-1984-concurrent,
    title = "CONCURRENT PARSING IN PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC ARRAY (PLA-) NETS PROBLEMS AND PROPOSALS",
    author = "Schnelle, Helmut",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980523",
    pages = "150--153",
}
@inproceedings{iida-1984-case,
    title = "A Case Analysis Method Cooperating with {ATNG} and Its Application to Machine Translation",
    author = "IIDA, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980524",
    pages = "154--158",
}
@inproceedings{nitta-etal-1984-proper,
    title = "A PROPER TREATMEMT OF SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS IN MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Nitta, Yoshihiko  and
      Okajima, Atsushi  and
      Kaji, Hiroyuki  and
      Hidano, Youichi  and
      Ishihara, Koichiro",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980525",
    pages = "159--166",
}
@inproceedings{yoshida-1984-consideration,
    title = "A CONSIDERATION ON THE CONCEPTS STRUCTURE AND LANGUAGE- IN RELATION TO SELECTIONS OF TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS OF VERBS IN MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM",
    author = "Yoshida, Sho",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980526",
    pages = "167--169",
}
@inproceedings{calzolari-1984-detecting,
    title = "DETECTING PATTERNS IN A LEXICAL DATA BASE",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980527",
    pages = "170--173",
}
@inproceedings{siemens-1984-linguistic,
    title = "LINGUISTIC PROBLEMS IN MULTILINGUAL MORPHOLOGICAL DECOMPOSITION",
    author = "Siemens, G.Thurmair",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980528",
    pages = "174--177",
}
@inproceedings{koskenniemi-1984-general,
    title = "A GENERAL COMPUTATIONAL MODEL FOR WORD-FORM RECOGNITION AND PRODUCTION",
    author = "Koskenniemi, Kimmo",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980529",
    pages = "178--181",
}
@inproceedings{jones-1984-panel,
    title = "PANEL: NATURAL LANGUAGE AND DATABASES, AGAIN",
    author = "Jones, Karen Sparck",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980530",
    pages = "182--183",
}
@inproceedings{bates-1984-still,
    title = "THERE STILL IS GOLD IN THE DATABASE MINE",
    author = "Bates, Madeleine",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980531",
    pages = "184--185",
}
@inproceedings{carbonell-1984-natural,
    title = "Is There Natural Language after Data Bases?",
    author = "Carbonell, Jaime G.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980532",
    pages = "186--187",
}
@inproceedings{flickinger-1984-panel,
    title = "Panel on Natural Language and Databases",
    author = "Flickinger, Daniel P.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980533",
    pages = "188--189",
}
@inproceedings{mckeown-1984-natural,
    title = "Natural Language for Exert Systems: Comparisons with Database Systems",
    author = "McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980534",
    pages = "190--193",
}
@inproceedings{soulhi-1984-representing,
    title = "REPRESENTING KNOWLEDGE ABOUT KNOWLEDGE AND MUTUAL KNOWLEDGE",
    author = "Soulhi, Said",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980535",
    pages = "194--199",
}
@inproceedings{carberry-1984-understanding,
    title = "UNDERSTANDING PRAGMATICALLY ILL-FORMED INPUT",
    author = "Carberry, M. Sandra",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980536",
    pages = "200--206",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-1984-referring,
    title = "Referring as Requesting",
    author = "Cohen, Philip R.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980537",
    pages = "207--211",
}
@inproceedings{hayes-1984-entity,
    title = "Entity-Oriented Parsing",
    author = "Hayes, Philip J.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980538",
    pages = "212--217",
}
@inproceedings{nishida-doshita-1984-combining,
    title = "Combining Functionality and Object-Orientedness for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Nishida, Toyoaki  and
      Doshita, Shuji",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980539",
    pages = "218--221",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-1984-use,
    title = "USE OF HEURISTIC KNOWLEDGE IN CHINESE LANGUAGE ANALYSIS",
    author = "Yang, Yiming  and
      Nishida, Toyoaki  and
      Doshita, Shuji",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980540",
    pages = "222--225",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-rosner-1984-design,
    title = "THE DESIGN OF THE KERNEL ARCHITECTURE FOR THE EUROTRA* SOFTWARE",
    author = "Johnson, R.L.  and
      Rosner, M.A.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980541",
    pages = "226--235",
}
@inproceedings{laurian-1984-machine,
    title = "MACHINE TRANSLATION : WHAT TYPE OF POST-EDITING ON WHAT TYPE OF DOCUMENTS FOR WHAT TYPE OF USERS",
    author = "LAURIAN, Anne-Marie",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980542",
    pages = "236--238",
}
@inproceedings{carter-freiling-1984-simplifying,
    title = "Simplifying Deterministic Parsing",
    author = "Carter, Alan W.  and
      Freiling, Michael J.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980543",
    pages = "239--242",
}
@inproceedings{huang-1984-dealing,
    title = "DEALING WITH CONJUNCTIONS IN A MACHINE TRANSLATION ENVIRONMENT",
    author = "HUANG, Xiuming",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980544",
    pages = "243--246",
}
@inproceedings{schubert-1984-parsing,
    title = "ON PARSING PREFERENCES",
    author = "Schubert, Lenhart K.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980545",
    pages = "247--250",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-1984-computational,
    title = "A COMPUTATIONAL THEORY OF THE FUNCTION OF CLUE WORDS IN ARGIJMENT UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "Cohen, Robin",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980546",
    pages = "251--258",
}
@inproceedings{briscoe-boguraev-1984-control,
    title = "CONTROL STRUCTURES AND THEORIES OF INTERACTION IN SPEECII UNDER STANDING SYSTEMS",
    author = "Briscoe, E.J.  and
      Boguraev, B.K.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980547",
    pages = "259--266",
}
@inproceedings{tsujii-etal-1984-analysis,
    title = "Analysis Grammar of {J}apanese in the Mu-project - A Procedural Approach to Analysis Grammar",
    author = "TSUJII, Jun-ichi  and
      NAKAMURA, Jun-ichi  and
      NAGAO, Makoto",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1057",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980548",
    pages = "267--274",
}
@inproceedings{gross-1984-lexicon,
    title = "LEXICON-GRAMMAR AND THE SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF FRENCH",
    author = "Gross, Maurice",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1058",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980549",
    pages = "275--282",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-1984-building,
    title = "Building a Large Knowledge Base for a Natural Language System",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1059",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980550",
    pages = "283--286",
}
@inproceedings{jones-tait-1984-linguistically,
    title = "LINGUISTICALLY MOTIVATED DESCRIPTIVE TERM SELECTION",
    author = "Jones, K. Sparck  and
      Tait, J.I.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1060",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980551",
    pages = "287--290",
}
@inproceedings{ilajicova-hnatkova-1984-inferencing,
    title = "INFERENCING ON LINGUISTICALLY BASED SEMANTIC STRUCTURES",
    author = "Ilajicova, Eva  and
      Hnatkova, Milena",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1061",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980552",
    pages = "291--297",
}
@inproceedings{german-rieger-1984-semantic,
    title = "{SEMANTIC} {RELEVANCE} {AND} {ASPECT} {DEPENDENCY} {IN} A {GIVEN} {SUBJECT} {DOMAIN} Contents-driven algorithmic processing of fuzzy wordmeanings to form dynamic stereotype representations",
    author = "German, Arbeitsgruppe  and
      Rieger, Burghard B.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1062",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980553",
    pages = "298--301",
}
@inproceedings{litman-allen-1984-plan,
    title = "A Plan Recognition Model for Clarification Subdialogues",
    author = "Litman, Diane J.  and
      Allen, James F.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1063",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980554",
    pages = "302--311",
}
@inproceedings{zadeh-1984-computational,
    title = "A COMPUTATIONAL THEORY OF DISPOSITIONS",
    author = "Zadeh, Lotfi A.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1064",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980555",
    pages = "312--318",
}
@inproceedings{derr-mckeown-1984-using,
    title = "Using Focus to Generate Complex and Simple Sentences",
    author = "Derr, Marcia A.  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1065",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980556",
    pages = "319--326",
}
@inproceedings{ritchie-1984-rational,
    title = "A RATIONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PROTEUS SENTENCE PLANNER",
    author = "Ritchie, Graeme",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1066",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980557",
    pages = "327--329",
}
@inproceedings{bachut-verastegui-1984-software,
    title = "SOFTWARE TOOLS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT OF A COMPUTER AIDED TRANSLATION SYSTEM",
    author = "BACHUT, Daniel  and
      VERASTEGUI, Nelson",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1067",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980558",
    pages = "330--333",
}
@inproceedings{buchmann-etal-1984-design,
    title = "DESIGN OF A MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM FOR A SUBLANGUAGE",
    author = "Buchmann, Beat  and
      Warwick, Susan  and
      Shann, Patrick",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1068",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980559",
    pages = "334--337",
}
@inproceedings{nakamura-etal-1984-grammar,
    title = "Grammar Writing System ({GRADE}) of Mu-Machine Translation Project and its Characteristics",
    author = "NAKAMURA, Jun-ichi  and
      TSUJII, Jun-ichi  and
      NAGAO, Makoto",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1069",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980560",
    pages = "338--343",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-1984-discovery,
    title = "A DISCOVERY PROCEDURE FOR CERTAIN PHONOLOGICAL RULES",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1070",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980561",
    pages = "344--347",
}
@inproceedings{fornell-1984-say,
    title = "WHAT NOT TO SAY",
    author = "Fornell, Jan",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1071",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980562",
    pages = "348--351",
}
@inproceedings{king-1984-next,
    title = "WHEN IS THE NEXT ALPAC REPORT DUE?",
    author = "KING, Margaret",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1072",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980563",
    pages = "352--353",
}
@inproceedings{tomita-1984-lr,
    title = "{LR} Parsers For Natural Languages",
    author = "Tomita, Masaru",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1073",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980564",
    pages = "354--357",
}
@inproceedings{yasukawa-1984-lfg,
    title = "{LFG} System in Prolog",
    author = "Yasukawa, Hidekl",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1074",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980565",
    pages = "358--361",
}
@inproceedings{shieber-1984-design,
    title = "The Design of a Computer Language for Linguistic Information",
    author = "Shieber, Stuart M.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1075",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980566",
    pages = "362--366",
}
@inproceedings{mann-1984-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Structures for Text Generation",
    author = "Mann, William C.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1076",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980567",
    pages = "367--375",
}
@inproceedings{mauldin-1984-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Rule Based Text Generation",
    author = "Mauldin, Michael L.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1077",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980568",
    pages = "376--380",
}
@inproceedings{granville-1984-controlling,
    title = "Controlling Lexical Substitution in Computer Text Generation",
    author = "Granville, Robert",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1078",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980569",
    pages = "381--384",
}
@inproceedings{sugiyama-etal-1984-understanding,
    title = "UNDERSTANDING OF JAPANESE IN AN INTERACTIVE PROGRAMMING SYSTEM",
    author = "Sugiyama, Kenji  and
      Kameda, Masayuki  and
      Akiyama, Kouji",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1079",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980570",
    pages = "385--388",
}
@inproceedings{nelimarkka-etal-1984-two,
    title = "TWO-WAY FINITE AUTOMATA AND DEPENDENCY GRAMMAR: A PARSING METHOD FOR INFLECTIONAL FREE WORD ORDER LANGUAGES",
    author = "Nelimarkka, Esa  and
      Jappinen, Harri  and
      Lehtola, Aarno",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1080",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980571",
    pages = "389--392",
}
@inproceedings{nirenburg-1984-interruptable,
    title = "INTERRUPTABLE TRANSITION NETWORKS",
    author = "Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1081",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980572",
    pages = "393--397",
}
@inproceedings{guenthner-1984-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC CONSTRUCTION OF DISCOURSE REPRESENTATION STRUCTURES",
    author = "Guenthner, Franz",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1082",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980573",
    pages = "398--401",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-1984-textual,
    title = "TEXTUAL EXPERTISE IN WORD EXPERTS: AN APPROACH TO TEXT PARSING BASED ON TOPIC/COMMENT MONITORING",
    author = "Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1083",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980574",
    pages = "402--408",
}
@inproceedings{kusanagi-1984-linguistic,
    title = "SOME LINGUISTIC ASPECTS FOR AUTOMATIC TEXT UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "Kusanagi, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1084",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980575",
    pages = "409--412",
}
@inproceedings{polanyi-scha-1984-syntactic,
    title = "A SYNTACTIC APPROACH TO DISCOURSE SEMANTICS",
    author = "Polanyi, Livia  and
      Scha, Remko",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1085",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980576",
    pages = "413--419",
}
@inproceedings{nagao-etal-1984-dealing,
    title = "DEALING WITH INCOMPLETENESS OF LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE IN LANGUAGE TRANSLATION {--} TRANSFER AND GENERATION STAGE OF MU MACHINE TRANSLATION PROJECT",
    author = "Nagao, Makoto  and
      Nishida, Toyoaki  and
      Tsujii, Jun-ichi",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1086",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980577",
    pages = "420--427",
}
@inproceedings{rosenberg-1984-lexical,
    title = "LEXICAL SEMANTICS IN HUMAN-COMPUTER COMMUNICATION",
    author = "Rosenberg, Jarrett",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1087",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980578",
    pages = "428--431",
}
@inproceedings{kalita-etal-1984-response,
    title = "A Response to the Need for Summary Responses",
    author = "Kalita, J.K.  and
      Colbourn, M.J.  and
      McCalla, G.I.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1088",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980579",
    pages = "432--436",
}
@inproceedings{carbonell-hayes-1984-coping,
    title = "Coping with Extragrammaticality",
    author = "Carbonell, Jaime G.  and
      Hayes, Philip J.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1089",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980580",
    pages = "437--443",
}
@inproceedings{mccoy-1984-correcting,
    title = "Correcting Object-Related Misconceptions: How Should The System Respond?",
    author = "McCoy, Kathleen F.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1090",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980581",
    pages = "444--447",
}
@inproceedings{guy-1984-algorithm,
    title = "AN ALGORITHM FOR IDENTIFYING COGNATES BETWEEN RELATED LANGUAGES",
    author = "Guy, Jacques B.M.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1091",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980582",
    pages = "448--451",
}
@inproceedings{gigley-1984-hope,
    title = "From {HOPE} en {I}{'}{ESPERANCE} On the Role of Computational Neurolinguistics in Cross-Language Studies",
    author = "Gigley, Helen M.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1092",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980583",
    pages = "452--456",
}
@inproceedings{walker-1984-machine,
    title = "MACHINE-READABLE DICTIONARIES",
    author = "Walker, Donald E.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1093",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980584",
    pages = "457--457",
}
@inproceedings{amsler-1984-lexical,
    title = "LEXICAL KNOWLEDGE BASES",
    author = "Amsler, Robert A.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1094",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980585",
    pages = "458--459",
}
@inproceedings{calzolari-1984-machine,
    title = "MACHINE-READABLE DICTIONARIES, LEXICAL DATA BASES AND THE LEXICAL SYSTEM",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1095",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980586",
    pages = "460--460",
}
@inproceedings{kay-1984-dictionary,
    title = "THE DICTIONARY SERVER",
    author = "Kay, Martin",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1096",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980587",
    pages = "461--461",
}
@inproceedings{miller-1984-misread,
    title = "HOW TO MISREAD A DICTIONARY",
    author = "Miller, George A.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1097",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980588",
    pages = "462--462",
}
@inproceedings{webber-1984-machine,
    title = "MACHINE-READABLE COMPONENTS IN A VARIETY OF INFORMATION-SYSTEM APPLICATIONS",
    author = "Webber, Howard R.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1098",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980589",
    pages = "463--463",
}
@inproceedings{krauwer-des-tombe-1984-transfer,
    title = "TRANSFER IN A MULTILINGUAL MT SYSTEM",
    author = "Krauwer, Steven  and
      des Tombe, Louis",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1099",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980590",
    pages = "464--467",
}
@inproceedings{boitet-gerber-1984-expert,
    title = "EXPERT SYSTEMS AND OTHER NEW TECHNIQUES IN MT SYSTEMS",
    author = "BOITET, Christian  and
      GERBER, Rene",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1100",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980591",
    pages = "468--471",
}
@inproceedings{arnold-johnson-1984-robust,
    title = "ROBUST PROCESSING IN MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Arnold, Doug  and
      Johnson, Rod",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1101",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980592",
    pages = "472--475",
}
@inproceedings{tornita-1984-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating Grammatically Ambiguous Sentences By Asking",
    author = "Tornita, Masaru",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1102",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980593",
    pages = "475--480",
}
@inproceedings{kurtzman-1984-ambiguity,
    title = "AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION IN THE HUMAN SYNTACTIC PARSER{''} AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY",
    author = "Kurtzman, Howard S.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1103",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980594",
    pages = "481--485",
}
@inproceedings{pazzani-1984-conceptual,
    title = "Conceptual Analysis of Garden-Path Sentences",
    author = "Pazzani, Michael J.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1104",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980595",
    pages = "486--490",
}
@inproceedings{laubsch-etal-1984-language,
    title = "LANGUAGE GENERATION FROM CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE: SYNTHESIS OF GERMAN IN A JAPANESE/GERMAN MT PROJECT",
    author = "Laubsch, J.  and
      Roesner, D.  and
      Hanakata, K.  and
      Lesniewski, A.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1105",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980596",
    pages = "491--494",
}
@inproceedings{adorni-etal-1984-natural,
    title = "Natural Language driven Image Generation",
    author = "Adorni, Giovanni  and
      Manzo, Mauro Di  and
      Giunchiglia, Fausto",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1106",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980597",
    pages = "495--500",
}
@inproceedings{danlos-1984-conceptual,
    title = "Conceptual and Linguistic Decisions in Generation",
    author = "DANLOS, Laurence",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1107",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980598",
    pages = "501--504",
}
@inproceedings{marsh-1984-computational,
    title = "A Computational Analysis of Complex Noun Phrases in Navy Messages",
    author = "Marsh, Elaine",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1108",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980599",
    pages = "505--508",
}
@inproceedings{isabelle-1984-another,
    title = "ANOTHER LOOK AT NOMINAL COMPOUNDS",
    author = "Isabelle, Pierre",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1109",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980600",
    pages = "509--516",
}
@inproceedings{hyvonen-1984-semantic,
    title = "SEMANTIC PARSING AS GRAPH LANGUAGE TRANSFORMATION - A MULTIDIMENSIONAL APPROACH TO PARSING HIGHLY INFLECTIONAL LANGUAGES",
    author = "Hyvonen, Eero",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1110",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980601",
    pages = "517--520",
}
@inproceedings{pericliev-1984-handling,
    title = "HANDLING SYNTACTICAL AMBIGUITY IN MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Pericliev, Vladimir",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1111",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980602",
    pages = "521--524",
}
@inproceedings{raccah-1984-argumentation,
    title = "ARGUMENTATION IN REPRESENTATION SEMANTICS",
    author = "RACCAH, Pierre-Yves",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1112",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980603",
    pages = "525--529",
}
@inproceedings{yegnanarayana-etal-1984-voice,
    title = "VOICE SIMULATION: FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY AND NATURALNESS",
    author = "Yegnanarayana, B.  and
      Naik, J.M.  and
      Childers, D.G.",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1113",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980604",
    pages = "530--533",
}
@inproceedings{lesmo-torasso-1984-interpreting,
    title = "INTERPRETING SYNTACTICALLY ILL-FORMED SENTENCES",
    author = "LESMO, Leonardo  and
      TORASSO, Pietro",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1114",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980605",
    pages = "534--539",
}
@inproceedings{kuhlen-1984-intonational,
    title = "AN INTONATIONAL DELPHI POLL ON FUTURE TRENDS IN {``}INFORMATION LINGUISTICS{''}",
    author = "Kuhlen, Rainer",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1115",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980606",
    pages = "540--545",
}
@inproceedings{slocum-1984-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation: its History, Current Status, and Future Prospects",
    author = "Slocum, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P84-1116",
    doi = "10.3115/980491.980607",
    pages = "546--561",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-eacl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on the Interaction between Linguistics and Computational Linguistics: Virtuous, Vicious or Vacuous?",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Kordoni, Valia",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0100",
}
@inproceedings{piperidis-2009-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation and its Philosophical Accounts",
    author = "Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on the Interaction between Linguistics and Computational Linguistics: Virtuous, Vicious or Vacuous?",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0101",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{liberman-2009-annotation,
    title = "The Annotation Conundrum",
    author = "Liberman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on the Interaction between Linguistics and Computational Linguistics: Virtuous, Vicious or Vacuous?",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0102",
    pages = "2",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-2009-statistical,
    title = "How the Statistical Revolution Changes (Computational) Linguistics",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on the Interaction between Linguistics and Computational Linguistics: Virtuous, Vicious or Vacuous?",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0103",
    pages = "3--11",
}
@inproceedings{pullum-2009-computational,
    title = "Computational Linguistics and Generative Linguistics: The Triumph of Hope over Experience",
    author = "Pullum, Geoffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on the Interaction between Linguistics and Computational Linguistics: Virtuous, Vicious or Vacuous?",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0104",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{uszkoreit-2009-linguistics,
    title = "Linguistics in Computational Linguistics: Observations and Predictions",
    author = "Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on the Interaction between Linguistics and Computational Linguistics: Virtuous, Vicious or Vacuous?",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0105",
    pages = "22--25",
}
@inproceedings{bender-2009-linguistically,
    title = {Linguistically Na{\"\i}ve != Language Independent: Why {NLP} Needs Linguistic Typology},
    author = "Bender, Emily M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on the Interaction between Linguistics and Computational Linguistics: Virtuous, Vicious or Vacuous?",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0106",
    pages = "26--32",
}
@inproceedings{van-noord-bouma-2009-parsed,
    title = "Parsed Corpora for Linguistics",
    author = "van Noord, Gertjan  and
      Bouma, Gosse",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on the Interaction between Linguistics and Computational Linguistics: Virtuous, Vicious or Vacuous?",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0107",
    pages = "33--39",
}
@inproceedings{erbach-2009-computational,
    title = "Computational Linguistics and Linguistics: What Keeps Them together, What Sets Them apart?",
    author = "Erbach, Gregor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on the Interaction between Linguistics and Computational Linguistics: Virtuous, Vicious or Vacuous?",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0108",
    pages = "40",
}
@inproceedings{moore-2009-computational,
    title = "What Do Computational Linguists Need to Know about Linguistics?",
    author = "Moore, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on the Interaction between Linguistics and Computational Linguistics: Virtuous, Vicious or Vacuous?",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0109",
    pages = "41--42",
}
@inproceedings{keller-2009-interaction,
    title = "The Interaction of Syntactic Theory and Computational Psycholinguistics",
    author = "Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on the Interaction between Linguistics and Computational Linguistics: Virtuous, Vicious or Vacuous?",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0110",
    pages = "43--46",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-geometrical,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    author = "Basili, Roberto  and
      Pennacchiotti, Marco",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0200",
}
@inproceedings{baroni-lenci-2009-one,
    title = "One Distributional Memory, Many Semantic Spaces",
    author = "Baroni, Marco  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0201",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{peirsman-speelman-2009-word,
    title = "Word Space Models of Lexical Variation",
    author = "Peirsman, Yves  and
      Speelman, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0202",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{rothenhausler-schutze-2009-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Classification with Dependency Based Word Spaces",
    author = {Rothenh{\"a}usler, Klaus  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0203",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-chan-2009-study,
    title = "A Study of Convolution Tree Kernel with Local Alignment",
    author = "Zhang, Lidan  and
      Chan, Kwok-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0204",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{herdagdelen-baroni-2009-bagpack,
    title = "Bag{P}ack: A General Framework to Represent Semantic Relations",
    author = "Herda{\u{g}}delen, Ama{\c{c}}  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0205",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{wild-etal-2009-positioning,
    title = "Positioning for Conceptual Development using Latent Semantic Analysis",
    author = "Wild, Fridolin  and
      Hoisl, Bernhard  and
      Burek, Gaston",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0206",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{mitkov-etal-2009-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Similarity of Distractors in Multiple-Choice Tests: Extrinsic Evaluation",
    author = "Mitkov, Ruslan  and
      Ha, Le An  and
      Varga, Andrea  and
      Rello, Luz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0207",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{erk-pado-2009-paraphrase,
    title = "Paraphrase Assessment in Structured Vector Space: Exploring Parameters and Datasets",
    author = "Erk, Katrin  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0208",
    pages = "57--65",
}
@inproceedings{fallucchi-zanzotto-2009-svd,
    title = "{SVD} Feature Selection for Probabilistic Taxonomy Learning",
    author = "Fallucchi, Francesca  and
      Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0209",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@inproceedings{vlachos-etal-2009-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised and Constrained {D}irichlet Process Mixture Models for Verb Clustering",
    author = "Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Ghahramani, Zoubin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0210",
    pages = "74--82",
}
@inproceedings{van-de-cruys-2009-non,
    title = "A Non-negative Tensor Factorization Model for Selectional Preference Induction",
    author = "Van de Cruys, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0211",
    pages = "83--90",
}
@inproceedings{dorow-etal-2009-graph,
    title = "A Graph-Theoretic Algorithm for Automatic Extension of Translation Lexicons",
    author = "Dorow, Beate  and
      Laws, Florian  and
      Michelbacher, Lukas  and
      Scheible, Christian  and
      Utt, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0212",
    pages = "91--95",
}
@inproceedings{diab-krishna-2009-handling,
    title = "Handling Sparsity for Verb Noun {MWE} Token Classification",
    author = "Diab, Mona  and
      Krishna, Madhav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0213",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@inproceedings{sagi-etal-2009-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Density Analysis: Comparing Word Meaning across Time and Phonetic Space",
    author = "Sagi, Eyal  and
      Kaufmann, Stefan  and
      Clark, Brady",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0214",
    pages = "104--111",
}
@inproceedings{clarke-2009-context,
    title = "Context-theoretic Semantics for Natural Language: an Overview",
    author = "Clarke, Daoud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0215",
    pages = "112--119",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-eacl-2009,
    title = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Language Technology and Resources for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Education ({L}a{T}e{CH} {--} {SHELT}{\&}R 2009)",
    author = "Borin, Lars  and
      Lendvai, Piroska",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0300",
}
@inproceedings{goerz-scholz-2009-content,
    title = "Content Analysis of Museum Documentation in a Transdisciplinary Perspective",
    author = "Goerz, Guenther  and
      Scholz, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Language Technology and Resources for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Education ({L}a{T}e{CH} {--} {SHELT}{\&}R 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0301",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{konstantopoulos-etal-2009-intelligent,
    title = "An Intelligent Authoring Environment for Abstract Semantic Representations of Cultural Object Descriptions",
    author = "Konstantopoulos, Stasinos  and
      Karkaletsis, Vangelis  and
      Bilidas, Dimitris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Language Technology and Resources for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Education ({L}a{T}e{CH} {--} {SHELT}{\&}R 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0302",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{prokic-etal-2009-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Sequence Alignments in Linguistics",
    author = "Proki{\'c}, Jelena  and
      Wieling, Martijn  and
      Nerbonne, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Language Technology and Resources for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Education ({L}a{T}e{CH} {--} {SHELT}{\&}R 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0303",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{wieling-etal-2009-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Pairwise String Alignment of Pronunciations",
    author = "Wieling, Martijn  and
      Proki{\'c}, Jelena  and
      Nerbonne, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Language Technology and Resources for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Education ({L}a{T}e{CH} {--} {SHELT}{\&}R 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0304",
    pages = "26--34",
}
@inproceedings{giouli-etal-2009-web,
    title = "A Web-Enabled and Speech-Enhanced Parallel Corpus of {G}reek-{B}ulgarian Cultural Texts",
    author = "Giouli, Voula  and
      Glaros, Nikos  and
      Simov, Kiril  and
      Osenova, Petya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Language Technology and Resources for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Education ({L}a{T}e{CH} {--} {SHELT}{\&}R 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0305",
    pages = "35--42",
}
@inproceedings{mcgillivray-passarotti-2009-development,
    title = "The Development of the {``}{I}ndex {T}homisticus{''} Treebank Valency Lexicon",
    author = "McGillivray, Barbara  and
      Passarotti, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Language Technology and Resources for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Education ({L}a{T}e{CH} {--} {SHELT}{\&}R 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0306",
    pages = "43--50",
}
@inproceedings{xia-lewis-2009-applying,
    title = "Applying {NLP} Technologies to the Collection and Enrichment of Language Data on the Web to Aid Linguistic Research",
    author = "Xia, Fei  and
      Lewis, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Language Technology and Resources for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Education ({L}a{T}e{CH} {--} {SHELT}{\&}R 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0307",
    pages = "51--59",
}
@inproceedings{van-erp-etal-2009-instance,
    title = "Instance-Driven Discovery of Ontological Relation Labels",
    author = "van Erp, Marieke  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Wubben, Sander  and
      Hunt, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Language Technology and Resources for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Education ({L}a{T}e{CH} {--} {SHELT}{\&}R 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0308",
    pages = "60--68",
}
@inproceedings{dobreva-ikonomov-2009-role,
    title = "The Role of Metadata in the Longevity of Cultural Heritage Resources",
    author = "Dobreva, Milena  and
      Ikonomov, Nikola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Language Technology and Resources for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Education ({L}a{T}e{CH} {--} {SHELT}{\&}R 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0309",
    pages = "69--76",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-statistical,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Schroeder, Josh",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0400",
}
@inproceedings{callison-burch-etal-2009-findings,
    title = "Findings of the 2009 {W}orkshop on {S}tatistical {M}achine {T}ranslation",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Schroeder, Josh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0401",
    pages = "1--28",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-ney-2009-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-Oriented Evaluation Measures for Machine Translation Output",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0402",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{homola-etal-2009-simple,
    title = "A Simple Automatic {MT} Evaluation Metric",
    author = "Homola, Petr  and
      Kubo{\v{n}}, Vladislav  and
      Pecina, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0403",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@inproceedings{pado-etal-2009-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation Evaluation with Textual Entailment Features",
    author = "Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Galley, Michel  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0404",
    pages = "37--41",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2009-combining,
    title = "Combining Multi-Engine Translations with {M}oses",
    author = "Chen, Yu  and
      Jellinghaus, Michael  and
      Eisele, Andreas  and
      Zhang, Yi  and
      Hunsicker, Sabine  and
      Theison, Silke  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0405",
    pages = "42--46",
}
@inproceedings{hildebrand-vogel-2009-cmu,
    title = "{CMU} System Combination for {WMT}{`}09",
    author = "Hildebrand, Almut Silja  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0406",
    pages = "47--50",
}
@inproceedings{leusch-etal-2009-rwth,
    title = "The {RWTH} System Combination System for {WMT} 2009",
    author = "Leusch, Gregor  and
      Matusov, Evgeny  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0407",
    pages = "51--55",
}
@inproceedings{heafield-etal-2009-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation System Combination with Flexible Word Ordering",
    author = "Heafield, Kenneth  and
      Hanneman, Greg  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0408",
    pages = "56--60",
}
@inproceedings{rosti-etal-2009-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Hypothesis Alignment with Flexible Matching for Building Confusion Networks: {BBN} System Description for {WMT}09 System Combination Task",
    author = "Rosti, Antti-Veikko  and
      Zhang, Bing  and
      Matsoukas, Spyros  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0409",
    pages = "61--65",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-etal-2009-rwth,
    title = "The {RWTH} Machine Translation System for {WMT} 2009",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Vilar, David  and
      Stein, Daniel  and
      Matusov, Evgeny  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0410",
    pages = "66--69",
}
@inproceedings{federmann-etal-2009-translation,
    title = "Translation Combination using Factored Word Substitution",
    author = "Federmann, Christian  and
      Theison, Silke  and
      Eisele, Andreas  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Chen, Yu  and
      Jellinghaus, Michael  and
      Hunsicker, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0411",
    pages = "70--74",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-ng-2009-nus,
    title = "{NUS} at {WMT}09: Domain Adaptation Experiments for {E}nglish-{S}panish Machine Translation of News Commentary Text",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0412",
    pages = "75--79",
}
@inproceedings{niehues-etal-2009-universitat,
    title = {The {U}niversit{\"a}t {K}arlsruhe Translation System for the {EACL}-{WMT} 2009},
    author = "Niehues, Jan  and
      Herrmann, Teresa  and
      Kolss, Muntsin  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0413",
    pages = "80--84",
}
@inproceedings{fonollosa-etal-2009-talp,
    title = "The {TALP}-{UPC} Phrase-Based Translation System for {EACL}-{WMT} 2009",
    author = "Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.  and
      Khalilov, Maxim  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Mari{\~n}o, Jos{\'e} B.  and
      Henr{\'a}quez Q., Carlos A.  and
      Hern{\'a}ndez H., Adolfo  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0414",
    pages = "85--89",
}
@inproceedings{wehrli-etal-2009-deep,
    title = "Deep Linguistic Multilingual Translation and Bilingual Dictionaries",
    author = "Wehrli, Eric  and
      Nerima, Luka  and
      Scherrer, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0415",
    pages = "90--94",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2009-matrex,
    title = "{MATREX}: The {DCU} {MT} System for {WMT} 2009",
    author = "Du, Jinhua  and
      He, Yifan  and
      Penkale, Sergio  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0416",
    pages = "95--99",
}
@inproceedings{allauzen-etal-2009-limsis,
    title = "{LIMSI}{`}s Statistical Translation Systems for {WMT}{`}09",
    author = "Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Crego, Josep  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0417",
    pages = "100--104",
}
@inproceedings{paul-etal-2009-nict,
    title = "{NICT}@{WMT}09: Model Adaptation and Transliteration for {S}panish-{E}nglish {SMT}",
    author = "Paul, Michael  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0418",
    pages = "105--109",
}
@inproceedings{dugast-etal-2009-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Post Editing and Dictionary Extraction: {S}ystran/{E}dinburgh Submissions for {ACL}-{WMT}2009",
    author = "Dugast, Loic  and
      Senellart, Jean  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0419",
    pages = "110--114",
}
@inproceedings{fraser-2009-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Morphosyntactic Processing for Translating to and from {G}erman",
    author = "Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0420",
    pages = "115--119",
}
@inproceedings{holmqvist-etal-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving Alignment for {SMT} by Reordering and Augmenting the Training Corpus",
    author = "Holmqvist, Maria  and
      Stymne, Sara  and
      Foo, Jody  and
      Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0421",
    pages = "120--124",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2009-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-{C}zech {MT} in 2008",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      Nov{\'a}k, V{\'a}clav  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Pt{\'a}{\v{c}}ek, Jan  and
      Rou{\v{s}}, Jan  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0422",
    pages = "125--129",
}
@inproceedings{schwenk-etal-2009-smt,
    title = "{SMT} and {SPE} Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}{`}09",
    author = {Schwenk, Holger  and
      Abdul-Rauf, Sadaf  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Senellart, Jean},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0423",
    pages = "130--134",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2009-joshua,
    title = "{J}oshua: An Open Source Toolkit for Parsing-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Li, Zhifei  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev  and
      Schwartz, Lane  and
      Thornton, Wren  and
      Weese, Jonathan  and
      Zaidan, Omar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0424",
    pages = "135--139",
}
@inproceedings{hanneman-etal-2009-improved,
    title = "An Improved Statistical Transfer System for {F}rench-{E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Hanneman, Greg  and
      Ambati, Vamshi  and
      Clark, Jonathan H.  and
      Parlikar, Alok  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0425",
    pages = "140--144",
}
@inproceedings{dyer-etal-2009-university,
    title = "The {U}niversity of {M}aryland Statistical Machine Translation System for the {F}ourth {W}orkshop on {M}achine {T}ranslation",
    author = "Dyer, Chris  and
      Setiawan, Hendra  and
      Marton, Yuval  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0426",
    pages = "145--149",
}
@inproceedings{carpuat-2009-toward,
    title = "Toward Using Morphology in {F}rench-{E}nglish Phrase-Based {SMT}",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0427",
    pages = "150--154",
}
@inproceedings{novak-2009-morphologics,
    title = "{M}orpho{L}ogic{`}s Submission for the {WMT} 2009 Shared Task",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, Attila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0428",
    pages = "155--159",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-haddow-2009-edinburghs,
    title = "{E}dinburgh{'}s Submission to all Tracks of the {WMT} 2009 Shared Task with Reordering and Speed Improvements to {M}oses",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Haddow, Barry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0429",
    pages = "160--164",
}
@inproceedings{do-etal-2009-mining,
    title = "Mining a Comparable Text Corpus for a {V}ietnamese-{F}rench Statistical Machine Translation System",
    author = "Do, Thi-Ngoc-Diep  and
      Le, Viet-Bac  and
      Bigi, Brigitte  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Castelli, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0430",
    pages = "165--172",
}
@inproceedings{habash-hu-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving {A}rabic-{C}hinese Statistical Machine Translation using {E}nglish as Pivot Language",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Hu, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0431",
    pages = "173--181",
}
@inproceedings{bertoldi-federico-2009-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation for Statistical Machine Translation with Monolingual Resources",
    author = "Bertoldi, Nicola  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0432",
    pages = "182--189",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2009-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Syntactic Reordering for Adequate Generation of {K}orean Verbal Phrases in {C}hinese-to-{K}orean {SMT}",
    author = "Li, Jin-Ji  and
      Kim, Jungi  and
      Kim, Dong-Il  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0433",
    pages = "190--196",
}
@inproceedings{birch-etal-2009-quantitative,
    title = "A Quantitative Analysis of Reordering Phenomena",
    author = "Birch, Alexandra  and
      Blunsom, Phil  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0434",
    pages = "197--205",
}
@inproceedings{niehues-kolss-2009-pos,
    title = "A {POS}-Based Model for Long-Range Reorderings in {SMT}",
    author = "Niehues, Jan  and
      Kolss, Muntsin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0435",
    pages = "206--214",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2009-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating {``}{DE}{''} for {C}hinese-{E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Chang, Pi-Chuan  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0436",
    pages = "215--223",
}
@inproceedings{auli-etal-2009-systematic,
    title = "A Systematic Analysis of Translation Model Search Spaces",
    author = "Auli, Michael  and
      Lopez, Adam  and
      Hoang, Hieu  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0437",
    pages = "224--232",
}
@inproceedings{deselaers-etal-2009-deep,
    title = "A Deep Learning Approach to Machine Transliteration",
    author = "Deselaers, Thomas  and
      Hasan, Sa{\v{s}}a  and
      Bender, Oliver  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0438",
    pages = "233--241",
}
@inproceedings{foster-kuhn-2009-stabilizing,
    title = "Stabilizing Minimum Error Rate Training",
    author = "Foster, George  and
      Kuhn, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0439",
    pages = "242--249",
}
@inproceedings{gimenez-marquez-2009-robustness,
    title = "On the Robustness of Syntactic and Semantic Features for Automatic {MT} Evaluation",
    author = "Gim{\'e}nez, Jes{\'u}s  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0440",
    pages = "250--258",
}
@inproceedings{snover-etal-2009-fluency,
    title = "Fluency, Adequacy, or {HTER}? {E}xploring Different Human Judgments with a Tunable {MT} Metric",
    author = "Snover, Matthew  and
      Madnani, Nitin  and
      Dorr, Bonnie  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0441",
    pages = "259--268",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-srsl,
    title = "Proceedings of {SRSL} 2009, the 2nd Workshop on Semantic Representation of Spoken Language",
    author = "Alcantara-Pla, Manuel  and
      Declerck, Thierry",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0500",
}
@inproceedings{christodoulidou-2009-extreme,
    title = "Extreme-Case Formulations in {C}ypriot {G}reek",
    author = "Christodoulidou, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SRSL} 2009, the 2nd Workshop on Semantic Representation of Spoken Language",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0501",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{alvarez-pereyre-2009-segmentation,
    title = "On the Segmentation of Requests in Spoken Language",
    author = "Alvarez-Pereyre, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SRSL} 2009, the 2nd Workshop on Semantic Representation of Spoken Language",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0502",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{matiasek-etal-2009-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Segment Topics in Medical Dictations",
    author = "Matiasek, Johannes  and
      Jancsary, Jeremy  and
      Klein, Alexandra  and
      Trost, Harald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SRSL} 2009, the 2nd Workshop on Semantic Representation of Spoken Language",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0503",
    pages = "19--25",
}
@inproceedings{cinkova-2009-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Representation of Non-Sentential Utterances in Dialog",
    author = "Cinkov{\'a}, Silvie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SRSL} 2009, the 2nd Workshop on Semantic Representation of Spoken Language",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0504",
    pages = "26--33",
}
@inproceedings{dinarelli-etal-2009-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Spoken Dialogs: From Speech Segments to Dialog Acts and Frame Semantics",
    author = "Dinarelli, Marco  and
      Quarteroni, Silvia  and
      Tonelli, Sara  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SRSL} 2009, the 2nd Workshop on Semantic Representation of Spoken Language",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0505",
    pages = "34--41",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanchev-stent-2009-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Concept Types in User Corrections in Dialog",
    author = "Stoyanchev, Svetlana  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SRSL} 2009, the 2nd Workshop on Semantic Representation of Spoken Language",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0506",
    pages = "42--49",
}
@inproceedings{villaneau-antoine-2009-deeper,
    title = "Deeper Spoken Language Understanding for Man-Machine Dialogue on Broader Application Domains: A Logical Alternative to Concept Spotting",
    author = "Villaneau, Jeanne  and
      Antoine, Jean-Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SRSL} 2009, the 2nd Workshop on Semantic Representation of Spoken Language",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0507",
    pages = "50--57",
}
@inproceedings{lison-kruijff-2009-integrated,
    title = "An Integrated Approach to Robust Processing of Situated Spoken Dialogue",
    author = "Lison, Pierre  and
      Kruijff, Geert-Jan M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SRSL} 2009, the 2nd Workshop on Semantic Representation of Spoken Language",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0508",
    pages = "58--65",
}
@inproceedings{atterer-schlangen-2009-rubisc,
    title = "{RUBISC} - a Robust Unification-Based Incremental Semantic Chunker",
    author = "Atterer, Michaela  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SRSL} 2009, the 2nd Workshop on Semantic Representation of Spoken Language",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0509",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@inproceedings{kempson-etal-2009-incrementality,
    title = "Incrementality, Speaker-Hearer Switching and the Disambiguation Challenge",
    author = "Kempson, Ruth  and
      Gregoromichelaki, Eleni  and
      Sato, Yo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {SRSL} 2009, the 2nd Workshop on Semantic Representation of Spoken Language",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0510",
    pages = "74--81",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-european,
    title = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    author = {Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Theune, Mari{\"e}t},
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0600",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-etal-2009-using,
    title = "Using {NLG} to Help Language-Impaired Users Tell Stories and Participate in Social Dialogues",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud  and
      Turner, Ross  and
      Alm, Norman  and
      Black, Rolf  and
      Dempster, Martin  and
      Waller, Annalu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0601",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{power-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards a Generation-Based Semantic Web Authoring Tool",
    author = "Power, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0602",
    pages = "9--15",
}
@inproceedings{belz-kow-2009-system,
    title = "System Building Cost vs. Output Quality in Data-to-Text Generation",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Kow, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0603",
    pages = "16--24",
}
@inproceedings{marsi-etal-2009-sentence,
    title = "Is Sentence Compression an {NLG} task?",
    author = "Marsi, Erwin  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0604",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{barzilay-2009-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Approaches for Modeling Text Structure and their Application to Text-to-Text Generation (Invited Talk)",
    author = "Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0605",
    pages = "33",
}
@inproceedings{rolbert-prea-2009-distinguishable,
    title = "Distinguishable Entities: Definitions and Properties",
    author = "Rolbert, Monique  and
      Pr{\'e}a, Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0606",
    pages = "34--41",
}
@inproceedings{turner-etal-2009-generating,
    title = "Generating Approximate Geographic Descriptions",
    author = "Turner, Ross  and
      Sripada, Yaji  and
      Reiter, Ehud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0607",
    pages = "42--49",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-2009-class,
    title = "Class-Based Ordering of Prenominal Modifiers",
    author = "Mitchell, Margaret",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0608",
    pages = "50--57",
}
@inproceedings{dale-viethen-2009-referring,
    title = "Referring Expression Generation through Attribute-Based Heuristics",
    author = "Dale, Robert  and
      Viethen, Jette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0609",
    pages = "58--65",
}
@inproceedings{dionne-etal-2009-model,
    title = "A Model for Human Readable Instruction Generation Using Level-Based Discourse Planning and Dynamic Inference of Attributes",
    author = "Dionne, Daniel  and
      de la Puente, Salvador  and
      Le{\'o}n, Carlos  and
      Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo  and
      Herv{\'a}s, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0610",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@inproceedings{janarthanam-lemon-2009-learning,
    title = "Learning Lexical Alignment Policies for Generating Referring Expressions for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Janarthanam, Srinivasan  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0611",
    pages = "74--81",
}
@inproceedings{buschmeier-etal-2009-alignment,
    title = "An Alignment-Capable Microplanner for {N}atural {L}anguage {G}eneration",
    author = "Buschmeier, Hendrik  and
      Bergmann, Kirsten  and
      Kopp, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0612",
    pages = "82--89",
}
@inproceedings{gatt-reiter-2009-simplenlg,
    title = "{S}imple{NLG}: A Realisation Engine for Practical Applications",
    author = "Gatt, Albert  and
      Reiter, Ehud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0613",
    pages = "90--93",
}
@inproceedings{janarthanam-lemon-2009-wizard,
    title = "A {W}izard-of-{O}z Environment to Study Referring Expression Generation in a Situated Spoken Dialogue Task",
    author = "Janarthanam, Srinivasan  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0614",
    pages = "94--97",
}
@inproceedings{khan-etal-2009-hearer,
    title = "A Hearer-Oriented Evaluation of Referring Expression Generation",
    author = "Khan, Imtiaz Hussain  and
      van Deemter, Kees  and
      Ritchie, Graeme  and
      Gatt, Albert  and
      Cleland, Alexandra A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0615",
    pages = "98--101",
}
@inproceedings{klabunde-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards a Game-Theoretic Approach to Content Determination",
    author = "Klabunde, Ralf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0616",
    pages = "102--105",
}
@inproceedings{schutte-2009-generating,
    title = "Generating Natural Language Descriptions of Ontology Concepts",
    author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Niels},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0617",
    pages = "106--109",
}
@inproceedings{spanger-etal-2009-japanese,
    title = "A {J}apanese Corpus of Referring Expressions Used in a Situated Collaboration Task",
    author = "Spanger, Philipp  and
      Yasuhara, Masaaki  and
      Iida, Ryu  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0618",
    pages = "110--113",
}
@inproceedings{tietze-etal-2009-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Linguistic Devices in Information Presentation Messages on Recall and Comprehension",
    author = "Tietze, Martin I.  and
      Winterboer, Andi  and
      Moore, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0619",
    pages = "114--117",
}
@inproceedings{williams-power-2009-precision,
    title = "Precision and Mathematical Form in First and Subsequent Mentions of Numerical Facts and their Relation to Document Structure",
    author = "Williams, Sandra  and
      Power, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0620",
    pages = "118--121",
}
@inproceedings{wubben-etal-2009-clustering,
    title = "Clustering and Matching Headlines for Automatic Paraphrase Acquisition",
    author = "Wubben, Sander  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Marsi, Erwin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0621",
    pages = "122--125",
}
@inproceedings{zender-etal-2009-situated,
    title = "A Situated Context Model for Resolution and Generation of Referring Expressions",
    author = "Zender, Hendrik  and
      Kruijff, Geert-Jan M.  and
      Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0622",
    pages = "126--129",
}
@inproceedings{kelly-etal-2009-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Content Selection for Language Generation using Machine Learning",
    author = "Kelly, Colin  and
      Copestake, Ann  and
      Karamanis, Nikiforos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0623",
    pages = "130--137",
}
@inproceedings{harbusch-kempen-2009-generating,
    title = "Generating Clausal Coordinate Ellipsis Multilingually: A Uniform Approach Based on Postediting",
    author = "Harbusch, Karin  and
      Kempen, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0624",
    pages = "138--145",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-sluis-mellish-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards Empirical Evaluation of Affective Tactical {NLG}",
    author = "van der Sluis, Ielka  and
      Mellish, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0625",
    pages = "146--153",
}
@inproceedings{van-deemter-2009-game,
    title = "What Game Theory Can Do for {NLG}: The Case of Vague Language (Invited Talk)",
    author = "van Deemter, Kees",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0626",
    pages = "154--161",
}
@inproceedings{belz-gatt-2009-generation,
    title = "Generation {C}hallenges 2009: Preface",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Gatt, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0627",
    pages = "162--164",
}
@inproceedings{byron-etal-2009-report,
    title = "Report on the {F}irst {NLG} {C}hallenge on {G}enerating {I}nstructions in {V}irtual {E}nvironments ({GIVE})",
    author = "Byron, Donna  and
      Koller, Alexander  and
      Striegnitz, Kristina  and
      Cassell, Justine  and
      Dale, Robert  and
      Moore, Johanna  and
      Oberlander, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0628",
    pages = "165--173",
}
@inproceedings{gatt-etal-2009-tuna,
    title = "The {TUNA}-{REG} {C}hallenge 2009: Overview and Evaluation Results",
    author = "Gatt, Albert  and
      Belz, Anja  and
      Kow, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0629",
    pages = "174--182",
}
@inproceedings{brugman-etal-2009-realizing,
    title = "Realizing the Costs: Template-Based Surface Realisation in the {GRAPH} Approach to Referring Expression Generation",
    author = {Brugman, Ivo  and
      Theune, Mari{\"e}t  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Viethen, Jette},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0630",
    pages = "183--184",
}
@inproceedings{bohnet-2009-generation,
    title = "Generation of Referring Expression with an Individual Imprint",
    author = "Bohnet, Bernd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0631",
    pages = "185--186",
}
@inproceedings{hervas-gervas-2009-evolutionary,
    title = "Evolutionary and Case-Based Approaches to {REG}: {NIL}-{UCM}-{E}vo{TAP}, {NIL}-{UCM}-{V}alues{CBR} and {NIL}-{UCM}-{E}vo{CBR}",
    author = "Herv{\'a}s, Raquel  and
      Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0632",
    pages = "187--188",
}
@inproceedings{de-lucena-paraboni-2009-usp,
    title = "{USP}-{EACH}: Improved Frequency-based Greedy Attribute Selection",
    author = "de Lucena, Diego Jesus  and
      Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0633",
    pages = "189--190",
}
@inproceedings{funakoshi-etal-2009-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Model of Referring Expressions for Complex Objects",
    author = "Funakoshi, Kotaro  and
      Spanger, Philipp  and
      Nakano, Mikio  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th {E}uropean Workshop on Natural Language Generation ({ENLG} 2009)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0634",
    pages = "191--194",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Technologies for {A}frican Languages",
    author = "Levin, Lori  and
      Kiango, John  and
      Klavans, Judith  and
      Pauw, Guy De  and
      de Schryver, Gilles-Maurice  and
      Wagacha, Peter Waiganjo",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0700",
}
@inproceedings{badenhorst-etal-2009-collecting,
    title = "Collecting and Evaluating Speech Recognition Corpora for Nine {S}outhern {B}antu Languages",
    author = "Badenhorst, Jaco  and
      van Heerden, Charl  and
      Davel, Marelie  and
      Barnard, Etienne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Technologies for {A}frican Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0701",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{de-pauw-etal-2009-sawa,
    title = "The {SAWA} Corpus: A Parallel Corpus {E}nglish - {S}wahili",
    author = "De Pauw, Guy  and
      Wagacha, Peter Waiganjo  and
      de Schryver, Gilles-Maurice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Technologies for {A}frican Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0702",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-etal-2009-information,
    title = "Information Structure in {A}frican {L}anguages: Corpora and Tools",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Fiedler, Ines  and
      Grubic, Mira  and
      Haida, Andreas  and
      Hartmann, Katharina  and
      Ritz, Julia  and
      Schwarz, Anne  and
      Zeldes, Amir  and
      Zimmermann, Malte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Technologies for {A}frican Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0703",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{finkel-odejobi-2009-computational,
    title = "A Computational Approach to {Y}or{\`u}b{\'a} Morphology",
    author = "Finkel, Raphael  and
      Odejobi, Odetunji Ajadi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Technologies for {A}frican Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0704",
    pages = "25--31",
}
@inproceedings{groenewald-2009-using,
    title = "Using Technology Transfer to Advance Automatic Lemmatisation for {S}etswana",
    author = "Groenewald, Hendrik Johannes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Technologies for {A}frican Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0705",
    pages = "32--37",
}
@inproceedings{faass-etal-2009-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Tagging of {N}orthern {S}otho: Disambiguating Polysemous Function Words",
    author = "Faa{\ss}, Gertrud  and
      Heid, Ulrich  and
      Taljard, Elsab{\'e}  and
      Prinsloo, Danie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Technologies for {A}frican Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0706",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{anberbir-takara-2009-development,
    title = "Development of an {A}mharic Text-to-Speech System Using Cepstral Method",
    author = "Anberbir, Tadesse  and
      Takara, Tomio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Technologies for {A}frican Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0707",
    pages = "46--52",
}
@inproceedings{adegbola-2009-building,
    title = "Building Capacities in Human Language Technology for {A}frican Languages",
    author = "Adegbola, Tunde",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Technologies for {A}frican Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0708",
    pages = "53--58",
}
@inproceedings{gumede-plauche-2009-initial,
    title = "Initial Fieldwork for {LWAZI}: A Telephone-Based Spoken Dialog System for Rural {S}outh {A}frica",
    author = "Gumede, Tebogo  and
      Plauch{\'e}, Madelaine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Technologies for {A}frican Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0709",
    pages = "59--65",
}
@inproceedings{pretorius-etal-2009-setswana,
    title = "{S}etswana Tokenisation and Computational Verb Morphology: Facing the Challenge of a Disjunctive Orthography",
    author = "Pretorius, Rigardt  and
      Berg, Ansu  and
      Pretorius, Laurette  and
      Viljoen, Biffie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Technologies for {A}frican Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0710",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@inproceedings{beermann-mihaylov-2009-interlinear,
    title = "Interlinear Glossing and its Role in Theoretical and Descriptive Studies of {A}frican and other Lesser{--}Documented Languages",
    author = "Beermann, Dorothee  and
      Mihaylov, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Technologies for {A}frican Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0711",
    pages = "74--80",
}
@inproceedings{enguehard-modi-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards an Electronic Dictionary of {T}amajaq Language in {N}iger",
    author = "Enguehard, Chantal  and
      Modi, Issouf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Technologies for {A}frican Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0712",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{banski-wojtowicz-2009-repository,
    title = "A Repository of Free Lexical Resources for {A}frican Languages: The Project and the Method",
    author = "Ba{\'n}ski, Piotr  and
      W{\'o}jtowicz, Beata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Technologies for {A}frican Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0713",
    pages = "89--95",
}
@inproceedings{pretorius-bosch-2009-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Cross-Linguistic Similarities in {Z}ulu and {X}hosa Computational Morphology",
    author = "Pretorius, Laurette  and
      Bosch, Sonja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Technologies for {A}frican Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@inproceedings{gamback-etal-2009-methods,
    title = "Methods for {A}mharic Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = {Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Olsson, Fredrik  and
      Alemu Argaw, Atelach  and
      Asker, Lars},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Technologies for {A}frican Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0715",
    pages = "104--111",
}
@inproceedings{moran-2009-ontology,
    title = "An Ontology for Accessing Transcription Systems ({OATS})",
    author = "Moran, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Technologies for {A}frican Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0716",
    pages = "112--120",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-eacl-2009-approaches,
    title = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    author = "Rosner, Mike  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0800",
}
@inproceedings{van-peursen-2009-establish,
    title = "How to Establish a Verbal Paradigm on the Basis of Ancient {S}yriac Manuscripts",
    author = "van Peursen, Wido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0801",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{barthelemy-2009-karamel,
    title = "The {K}aramel System and {S}emitic Languages: Structured Multi-Tiered Morphology",
    author = "Barth{\'e}lemy, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0802",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{hulden-2009-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting Multi-Tape Automata for {S}emitic {M}orphological Analysis and Generation",
    author = "Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0803",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{shaalan-etal-2009-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach for Building {A}rabic Diacritizer",
    author = "Shaalan, Khaled  and
      M. Abo Bakr, Hitham  and
      Ziedan, Ibrahim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0804",
    pages = "27--35",
}
@inproceedings{dinur-etal-2009-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Concept Discovery In {H}ebrew Using Simple Unsupervised Word Prefix Segmentation for {H}ebrew and {A}rabic",
    author = "Dinur, Elad  and
      Davidov, Dmitry  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0805",
    pages = "36--44",
}
@inproceedings{tounsi-etal-2009-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Treebank-Based Acquisition of {A}rabic {LFG} Dependency Structures",
    author = "Tounsi, Lamia  and
      Attia, Mohammed  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0806",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{biadsy-etal-2009-spoken,
    title = "Spoken {A}rabic Dialect Identification Using Phonotactic Modeling",
    author = "Biadsy, Fadi  and
      Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0807",
    pages = "53--61",
}
@inproceedings{abouenour-etal-2009-structure,
    title = "Structure-Based Evaluation of an {A}rabic Semantic Query Expansion Using the {JIRS} Passage Retrieval System",
    author = "Abouenour, Lahsen  and
      Bouzoubaa, Karim  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0808",
    pages = "62--68",
}
@inproceedings{elming-habash-2009-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Reordering for {E}nglish-{A}rabic Phrase-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Elming, Jakob  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Approaches to {S}emitic Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0809",
    pages = "69--77",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-eacl-2009-cognitive,
    title = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    author = "Alishahi, Afra  and
      Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0900",
}
@inproceedings{larsson-cooper-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards a Formal View of Corrective Feedback",
    author = "Larsson, Staffan  and
      Cooper, Robin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0901",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{jack-2009-collaborative,
    title = "A Collaborative Tool for the Computational Modelling of Child Language Acquisition",
    author = "Jack, Kris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0902",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{afantenos-hernandez-2009-whats,
    title = "What{'}s in a Message?",
    author = "Afantenos, Stergos  and
      Hernandez, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0903",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{clark-lappin-2009-another,
    title = "Another Look at Indirect Negative Evidence",
    author = "Clark, Alexander  and
      Lappin, Shalom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0904",
    pages = "26--33",
}
@inproceedings{dickinson-jochim-2009-categorizing,
    title = "Categorizing Local Contexts as a Step in Grammatical Category Induction",
    author = "Dickinson, Markus  and
      Jochim, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0905",
    pages = "34--41",
}
@inproceedings{cochran-2009-darwinised,
    title = "Darwinised Data-Oriented Parsing - Statistical {NLP} with Added Sex and Death",
    author = "Cochran, Dave",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0906",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{choudhury-etal-2009-language,
    title = "Language Diversity across the Consonant Inventories: A Study in the Framework of Complex Networks",
    author = "Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Mukherjee, Animesh  and
      Basu, Anupam  and
      Ganguly, Niloy  and
      Garg, Ashish  and
      Jalan, Vaibhav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0907",
    pages = "51--58",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-eacl-2009-linguistic,
    title = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Linguistic Aspects of Grammatical Inference",
    author = "van Zaanen, Menno  and
      de la Higuera, Colin",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1000",
}
@inproceedings{van-zaanen-de-la-higuera-2009-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Inference and Computational Linguistics",
    author = "van Zaanen, Menno  and
      de la Higuera, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Linguistic Aspects of Grammatical Inference",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1001",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{cavar-2009-bootstrapping,
    title = "On Bootstrapping of Linguistic Features for Bootstrapping Grammars",
    author = "{\'C}avar, Damir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Linguistic Aspects of Grammatical Inference",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1002",
    pages = "5--6",
}
@inproceedings{geertzen-2009-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Act Prediction Using Stochastic Context-Free Grammar Induction",
    author = "Geertzen, Jeroen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Linguistic Aspects of Grammatical Inference",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1003",
    pages = "7--15",
}
@inproceedings{angluin-becerra-bonache-2009-experiments,
    title = "Experiments Using {OSTIA} for a Language Production Task",
    author = "Angluin, Dana  and
      Becerra-Bonache, Leonor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Linguistic Aspects of Grammatical Inference",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1004",
    pages = "16--23",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-casacuberta-2009-great,
    title = "{GREAT}: A Finite-State Machine Translation Toolkit Implementing a Grammatical Inference Approach for Transducer Inference ({GIATI})",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez, Jorge  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Linguistic Aspects of Grammatical Inference",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1005",
    pages = "24--32",
}
@inproceedings{clark-etal-2009-note,
    title = "A Note on Contextual Binary Feature Grammars",
    author = "Clark, Alexander  and
      Eyraud, R{\'e}mi  and
      Habrard, Amaury",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Linguistic Aspects of Grammatical Inference",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1006",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{stehouwer-van-zaanen-2009-language,
    title = "Language Models for Contextual Error Detection and Correction",
    author = "Stehouwer, Herman  and
      van Zaanen, Menno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Linguistic Aspects of Grammatical Inference",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1007",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{candito-etal-2009-statistical,
    title = "On Statistical Parsing of {F}rench with Supervised and Semi-Supervised Strategies",
    author = "Candito, Marie  and
      Crabb{\'e}, Benoit  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Linguistic Aspects of Grammatical Inference",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1008",
    pages = "49--57",
}
@inproceedings{luque-infante-lopez-2009-upper,
    title = "Upper Bounds for Unsupervised Parsing with Unambiguous Non-Terminally Separated Grammars",
    author = "Luque, Franco M.  and
      Infante-Lopez, Gabriel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Linguistic Aspects of Grammatical Inference",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1009",
    pages = "58--65",
}
@inproceedings{pertsova-2009-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Learners for {B}oolean partitions: Implications for Morphological Paradigms",
    author = "Pertsova, Katya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {EACL} 2009 Workshop on Computational Linguistic Aspects of Grammatical Inference",
    month = mar,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Athens, Greece",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1010",
    pages = "66--74",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    author = "Stevenson, Suzanne  and
      Carreras, Xavier",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1100",
}
@inproceedings{mccallum-2009-joint,
    title = "Joint Inference for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1101",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{frank-2009-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Word Learning As Communicative Inference",
    author = "Frank, Michael C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1102",
    pages = "2",
}
@inproceedings{reichart-rappoport-2009-sample,
    title = "Sample Selection for Statistical Parsers: Cognitively Driven Algorithms and Evaluation Measures",
    author = "Reichart, Roi  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1103",
    pages = "3--11",
}
@inproceedings{spreyer-kuhn-2009-data,
    title = "Data-Driven Dependency Parsing of New Languages Using Incomplete and Noisy Training Data",
    author = "Spreyer, Kathrin  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1104",
    pages = "12--20",
}
@inproceedings{morante-daelemans-2009-metalearning,
    title = "A Metalearning Approach to Processing the Scope of Negation",
    author = "Morante, Roser  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1105",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{pighin-moschitti-2009-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Linearization of Tree Kernel Functions",
    author = "Pighin, Daniele  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1106",
    pages = "30--38",
}
@inproceedings{bloodgood-vijay-shanker-2009-method,
    title = "A Method for Stopping Active Learning Based on Stabilizing Predictions and the Need for User-Adjustable Stopping",
    author = "Bloodgood, Michael  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1107",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{davidov-etal-2009-superior,
    title = "Superior and Efficient Fully Unsupervised Pattern-based Concept Acquisition Using an Unsupervised Parser",
    author = "Davidov, Dmitry  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1108",
    pages = "48--56",
}
@inproceedings{erk-2009-representing,
    title = "Representing words as regions in vector space",
    author = "Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1109",
    pages = "57--65",
}
@inproceedings{roth-small-2009-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Feature Space Construction using Semantic Information",
    author = "Roth, Dan  and
      Small, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1110",
    pages = "66--74",
}
@inproceedings{paul-etal-2009-mining,
    title = "Mining the Web for Reciprocal Relationships",
    author = "Paul, Michael  and
      Girju, Roxana  and
      Li, Chen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1111",
    pages = "75--83",
}
@inproceedings{connor-etal-2009-minimally,
    title = "Minimally Supervised Model of Early Language Acquisition",
    author = "Connor, Michael  and
      Gertner, Yael  and
      Fisher, Cynthia  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1112",
    pages = "84--92",
}
@inproceedings{nilsson-nivre-2009-learning,
    title = "Learning Where to Look: Modeling Eye Movements in Reading",
    author = "Nilsson, Mattias  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1113",
    pages = "93--101",
}
@inproceedings{arun-etal-2009-monte,
    title = "Monte {C}arlo inference and maximization for phrase-based translation",
    author = "Arun, Abhishek  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Blunsom, Phil  and
      Lopez, Adam  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1114",
    pages = "102--110",
}
@inproceedings{beamer-girju-2009-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Automatic Alignment Methods for Slide Generation from Academic Papers",
    author = "Beamer, Brandon  and
      Girju, Roxana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1115",
    pages = "111--119",
}
@inproceedings{bergsma-etal-2009-glen,
    title = "Glen, Glenda or Glendale: Unsupervised and Semi-supervised Learning of {E}nglish Noun Gender",
    author = "Bergsma, Shane  and
      Lin, Dekang  and
      Goebel, Randy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1116",
    pages = "120--128",
}
@inproceedings{garera-etal-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving Translation Lexicon Induction from Monolingual Corpora via Dependency Contexts and Part-of-Speech Equivalences",
    author = "Garera, Nikesh  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1117",
    pages = "129--137",
}
@inproceedings{olsson-tomanek-2009-intrinsic,
    title = "An Intrinsic Stopping Criterion for Committee-Based Active Learning",
    author = "Olsson, Fredrik  and
      Tomanek, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1118",
    pages = "138--146",
}
@inproceedings{ratinov-roth-2009-design,
    title = "Design Challenges and Misconceptions in Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Ratinov, Lev  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1119",
    pages = "147--155",
}
@inproceedings{reichart-rappoport-2009-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Selection of High Quality Parses Created By a Fully Unsupervised Parser",
    author = "Reichart, Roi  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1120",
    pages = "156--164",
}
@inproceedings{reichart-rappoport-2009-nvi,
    title = "The {NVI} Clustering Evaluation Measure",
    author = "Reichart, Roi  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1121",
    pages = "165--173",
}
@inproceedings{tjong-kim-sang-hofmann-2009-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Patterns or Dependency Patterns: Which Is Better for Hypernym Extraction?",
    author = "Tjong Kim Sang, Erik  and
      Hofmann, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1122",
    pages = "174--182",
}
@inproceedings{wittek-etal-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving Text Classification by a Sense Spectrum Approach to Term Expansion",
    author = "Wittek, Peter  and
      Dar{\'a}nyi, S{\'a}ndor  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1123",
    pages = "183--191",
}
@inproceedings{vilain-etal-2009-simple,
    title = "A simple feature-copying approach for long-distance dependencies",
    author = "Vilain, Marc  and
      Huggins, Jonathan  and
      Wellner, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1124",
    pages = "192--200",
}
@inproceedings{giuliano-2009-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Classification of Named Entities Exploiting Latent Semantic Kernels",
    author = "Giuliano, Claudio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1125",
    pages = "201--209",
}
@inproceedings{coursey-etal-2009-using,
    title = "Using Encyclopedic Knowledge for Automatic Topic Identification",
    author = "Coursey, Kino  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Moen, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1126",
    pages = "210--218",
}
@inproceedings{tonelli-pighin-2009-new,
    title = "New Features for {F}rame{N}et - {W}ord{N}et Mapping",
    author = "Tonelli, Sara  and
      Pighin, Daniele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1127",
    pages = "219--227",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-natural-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}, Jan",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1200",
}
@inproceedings{hajic-etal-2009-conll,
    title = "The {C}o{NLL}-2009 Shared Task: Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies in Multiple Languages",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Ciaramita, Massimiliano  and
      Johansson, Richard  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Mart{\'\i}, Maria Ant{\`o}nia  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Meyers, Adam  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      {\v{S}}t{\v{e}}p{\'a}nek, Jan  and
      Stra{\v{n}}{\'a}k, Pavel  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Xue, Nianwen  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1201",
    pages = "1--18",
}
@inproceedings{dai-etal-2009-iterative,
    title = "An Iterative Approach for Joint Dependency Parsing and Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Dai, Qifeng  and
      Chen, Enhong  and
      Shi, Liu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1202",
    pages = "19--24",
}
@inproceedings{morante-etal-2009-joint,
    title = "Joint Memory-Based Learning of Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies in Multiple Languages",
    author = "Morante, Roser  and
      Van Asch, Vincent  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1203",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2009-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Multilingual Parsing with {HPSG} for {SRL}",
    author = "Zhang, Yi  and
      Wang, Rui  and
      Oepen, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1204",
    pages = "31--36",
}
@inproceedings{gesmundo-etal-2009-latent,
    title = "A Latent Variable Model of Synchronous Syntactic-Semantic Parsing for Multiple Languages",
    author = "Gesmundo, Andrea  and
      Henderson, James  and
      Merlo, Paola  and
      Titov, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1205",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{bjorkelund-etal-2009-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rkelund, Anders  and
      Hafdell, Love  and
      Nugues, Pierre},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1206",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{che-etal-2009-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Dependency-based Syntactic and Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Che, Wanxiang  and
      Li, Zhenghua  and
      Li, Yongqiang  and
      Guo, Yuhang  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1207",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2009-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Dependency Learning: A Huge Feature Engineering Method to Semantic Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Zhao, Hai  and
      Chen, Wenliang  and
      Kit, Chunyu  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1208",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2009-multilingual-dependency,
    title = "Multilingual Dependency Learning: Exploiting Rich Features for Tagging Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies",
    author = "Zhao, Hai  and
      Chen, Wenliang  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1209",
    pages = "61--66",
}
@inproceedings{bohnet-2009-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Parsing of Syntactic and Semantic Dependency Structures",
    author = "Bohnet, Bernd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1210",
    pages = "67--72",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2009-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Multilingual Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Li, Baoli  and
      Emms, Martin  and
      Luz, Saturnino  and
      Vogel, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1211",
    pages = "73--78",
}
@inproceedings{lluis-etal-2009-second,
    title = "A Second-Order Joint Eisner Model for Syntactic and Semantic Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Llu{\'\i}s, Xavier  and
      Bott, Stefan  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1212",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{meza-ruiz-riedel-2009-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Semantic Role Labelling with {M}arkov Logic",
    author = "Meza-Ruiz, Ivan  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1213",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@inproceedings{moreau-tellier-2009-crotal,
    title = "The Crotal {SRL} System : a Generic Tool Based on Tree-structured {CRF}",
    author = "Moreau, Erwan  and
      Tellier, Isabelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1214",
    pages = "91--96",
}
@inproceedings{ren-etal-2009-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies for Multiple Languages with A Pipeline Approach",
    author = "Ren, Han  and
      Ji, Donghong  and
      Wan, Jing  and
      Zhang, Mingyao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1215",
    pages = "97--102",
}
@inproceedings{tackstrom-2009-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Semantic Parsing with a Pipeline of Linear Classifiers",
    author = {T{\"a}ckstr{\"o}m, Oscar},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1216",
    pages = "103--108",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2009-joint,
    title = "A Joint Syntactic and Semantic Dependency Parsing System based on Maximum Entropy Models",
    author = "Tang, Buzhou  and
      Li, Lu  and
      Li, Xinxin  and
      Wang, Xuan  and
      Wang, Xiaolong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1217",
    pages = "109--113",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-2009-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Syntactic-Semantic Dependency Parsing with Three-Stage Approximate Max-Margin Linear Models",
    author = "Watanabe, Yotaro  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1218",
    pages = "114--119",
}
@inproceedings{zeman-2009-simple,
    title = "A Simple Generative Pipeline Approach to Dependency Parsing and Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning ({C}o{NLL} 2009): Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1219",
    pages = "120--125",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-bionlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    author = "Cohen, K. Bretonnel  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Pestian, John  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1300",
}
@inproceedings{pyysalo-etal-2009-static,
    title = "Static Relations: a Piece in the Biomedical Information Extraction Puzzle",
    author = "Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1301",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{mowery-etal-2009-distinguishing,
    title = "Distinguishing Historical from Current Problems in Clinical Reports {--} Which Textual Features Help?",
    author = "Mowery, Danielle  and
      Harkema, Henk  and
      Dowling, John  and
      Lustgarten, Jonathan  and
      Chapman, Wendy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1302",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{christensen-etal-2009-onyx,
    title = "{ONYX}: A System for the Semantic Analysis of Clinical Text",
    author = "Christensen, Lee  and
      Harkema, Henk  and
      Haug, Peter  and
      Irwin, Jeannie  and
      Chapman, Wendy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1303",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{morante-daelemans-2009-learning,
    title = "Learning the Scope of Hedge Cues in Biomedical Texts",
    author = "Morante, Roser  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1304",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-etal-2009-feasible,
    title = "How Feasible and Robust is the Automatic Extraction of Gene Regulation Events? A Cross-Method Evaluation under Lab and Real-Life Conditions",
    author = "Hahn, Udo  and
      Tomanek, Katrin  and
      Buyko, Ekaterina  and
      Kim, Jung-jae  and
      Rebholz-Schuhmann, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1305",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{wong-etal-2009-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Named Entities from Tables in Gene Mutation Literature",
    author = "Wong, Wern  and
      Martinez, David  and
      Cavedon, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1306",
    pages = "46--54",
}
@inproceedings{tan-lambrix-2009-selecting,
    title = "Selecting an Ontology for Biomedical Text Mining",
    author = "Tan, He  and
      Lambrix, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1307",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2009-investigation,
    title = "Investigation of Unsupervised Pattern Learning Techniques for Bootstrap Construction of a Medical Treatment Lexicon",
    author = "Xu, Rong  and
      Morgan, Alexander A.  and
      Das, Amar  and
      Garber, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1308",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{stevenson-etal-2009-disambiguation,
    title = "Disambiguation of Biomedical Abbreviations",
    author = "Stevenson, Mark  and
      Guo, Yikun  and
      Alamri, Abdulaziz  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1309",
    pages = "71--79",
}
@inproceedings{kappeler-etal-2009-tx,
    title = "{TX} Task: Automatic Detection of Focus Organisms in Biomedical Publications",
    author = "Kappeler, Thomas  and
      Kaljurand, Kaarel  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1310",
    pages = "80--88",
}
@inproceedings{hamon-grabar-2009-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Graph Structure for Detection of Reliability Zones within Synonym Resources: Experiment with the Gene Ontology",
    author = "Hamon, Thierry  and
      Grabar, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1311",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Generation of Gene Summary",
    author = "Jin, Feng  and
      Huang, Minlie  and
      Lu, Zhiyong  and
      Zhu, Xiaoyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1312",
    pages = "97--105",
}
@inproceedings{ohta-etal-2009-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating {GENETAG}-style annotation to {GENIA} corpus",
    author = "Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Wang, Yue  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1313",
    pages = "106--107",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2009-user,
    title = "User-Driven Development of Text Mining Resources for Cancer Risk Assessment",
    author = "Sun, Lin  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Silins, Ilona  and
      Stenius, Ulla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1314",
    pages = "108--116",
}
@inproceedings{erdem-yeniterzi-2009-transforming,
    title = "Transforming Controlled Natural Language Biomedical Queries into Answer Set Programs",
    author = "Erdem, Esra  and
      Yeniterzi, Reyyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1315",
    pages = "117--124",
}
@inproceedings{bashyam-taira-2009-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Syntactic Dependency Information towards Improved Coding of Lengthy Medical Concepts in Clinical Reports",
    author = "Bashyam, Vijayaraghavan  and
      Taira, Ricky K",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1316",
    pages = "125--132",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2009-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Interaction Sentences from Biological Literature Using Automatically Extracted Patterns",
    author = "Liu, Haibin  and
      Blouin, Christian  and
      Ke{\v{s}}elj, Vlado",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1317",
    pages = "133--141",
}
@inproceedings{conway-etal-2009-using,
    title = "Using Hedges to Enhance a Disease Outbreak Report Text Mining System",
    author = "Conway, Mike  and
      Doan, Son  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1318",
    pages = "142--143",
}
@inproceedings{neveol-etal-2009-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Two Biomedical Text Genres for Disease Recognition",
    author = "N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Kim, Won  and
      Wilbur, W. John  and
      Lu, Zhiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1319",
    pages = "144--152",
}
@inproceedings{leonhard-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards Retrieving Relevant Information for Answering Clinical Comparison Questions",
    author = "Leonhard, Annette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1320",
    pages = "153--161",
}
@inproceedings{uematsu-etal-2009-bridging,
    title = "Bridging the Gap between Domain-Oriented and Linguistically-Oriented Semantics",
    author = "Uematsu, Sumire  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1321",
    pages = "162--170",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2009-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of the Clinical Question Answering Presentation",
    author = "Cao, Yong-Gang  and
      Ely, John  and
      Antieau, Lamont  and
      Yu, Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1322",
    pages = "171--178",
}
@inproceedings{matykiewicz-etal-2009-clustering,
    title = "Clustering Semantic Spaces of Suicide Notes and Newsgroups Articles.",
    author = "Matykiewicz, Pawel  and
      Duch, Wlodzislaw  and
      Pestian, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1323",
    pages = "179--184",
}
@inproceedings{aramaki-etal-2009-text2table,
    title = "{TEXT}2{TABLE}: Medical Text Summarization System Based on Named Entity Recognition and Modality Identification",
    author = "Aramaki, Eiji  and
      Miura, Yasuhide  and
      Tonoike, Masatsugu  and
      Ohkuma, Tomoko  and
      Mashuichi, Hiroshi  and
      Ohe, Kazuhiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1324",
    pages = "185--192",
}
@inproceedings{liakata-etal-2009-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Annotation of Papers: Interface {\&} Enrichment Tool ({SAPIENT})",
    author = "Liakata, Maria  and
      Q, Claire  and
      Soldatova, Larisa N.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1325",
    pages = "193--200",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-bionlp-2009,
    title = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    author = "Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1400",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2009-overview,
    title = "Overview of {B}io{NLP}{'}09 Shared Task on Event Extraction",
    author = "Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Kano, Yoshinobu  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1401",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{bjorne-etal-2009-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Complex Biological Events with Rich Graph-Based Feature Sets",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rne, Jari  and
      Heimonen, Juho  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Airola, Antti  and
      Pahikkala, Tapio  and
      Salakoski, Tapio},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1402",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{buyko-etal-2009-event,
    title = "Event Extraction from Trimmed Dependency Graphs",
    author = "Buyko, Ekaterina  and
      Faessler, Erik  and
      Wermter, Joachim  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1403",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{kaljurand-etal-2009-uzurich,
    title = "{UZ}urich in the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Shared Task",
    author = "Kaljurand, Kaarel  and
      Schneider, Gerold  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1404",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{vlachos-etal-2009-biomedical,
    title = "Biomedical Event Extraction without Training Data",
    author = "Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Buttery, Paula  and
      {\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1405",
    pages = "37--40",
}
@inproceedings{riedel-etal-2009-markov,
    title = "A {M}arkov Logic Approach to Bio-Molecular Event Extraction",
    author = "Riedel, Sebastian  and
      Chun, Hong-Woo  and
      Takagi, Toshihisa  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1406",
    pages = "41--49",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-2009-high,
    title = "High-precision biological event extraction with a concept recognizer",
    author = "Cohen, K. Bretonnel  and
      Verspoor, Karin  and
      Johnson, Helen  and
      Roeder, Chris  and
      Ogren, Philip  and
      Baumgartner, William  and
      White, Elizabeth  and
      Hunter, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1407",
    pages = "50--58",
}
@inproceedings{morante-etal-2009-memory,
    title = "A memory-based learning approach to event extraction in biomedical texts",
    author = "Morante, Roser  and
      Van Asch, Vincent  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1408",
    pages = "59--67",
}
@inproceedings{neves-etal-2009-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of biomedical events using case-based reasoning",
    author = "Neves, Mariana  and
      Carazo, Jos{\'e}-Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Pascual-Montano, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1409",
    pages = "68--76",
}
@inproceedings{mackinlay-etal-2009-biomedical,
    title = "Biomedical Event Annotation with {CRF}s and Precision Grammars",
    author = "MacKinlay, Andrew  and
      Martinez, David  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1410",
    pages = "77--85",
}
@inproceedings{hakenberg-etal-2009-molecular,
    title = "Molecular event extraction from Link Grammar parse trees",
    author = {Hakenberg, J{\"o}rg  and
      Solt, Ill{\'e}s  and
      Tikk, Domonkos  and
      Tari, Luis  and
      Rheinl{\"a}nder, Astrid  and
      Quang Long, Nguyen  and
      Gonzalez, Graciela  and
      Leser, Ulf},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1411",
    pages = "86--94",
}
@inproceedings{georgiev-etal-2009-tunable,
    title = "Tunable Domain-Independent Event Extraction in the {MIRA} Framework",
    author = "Georgiev, Georgi  and
      Ganchev, Kuzman  and
      Momchev, Vassil  and
      Peychev, Deyan  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Roberts, Angus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1412",
    pages = "95--98",
}
@inproceedings{ahmed-etal-2009-bioeve,
    title = "{B}io{E}ve: Bio-Molecular Event Extraction from Text Using Semantic Classification and Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Ahmed, Syed Toufeeq  and
      Nair, Radhika  and
      Patel, Chintan  and
      Davulcu, Hasan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1413",
    pages = "99--102",
}
@inproceedings{saetre-etal-2009-protein,
    title = "From Protein-Protein Interaction to Molecular Event Extraction",
    author = "S{\ae}tre, Rune  and
      Miwa, Makoto  and
      Yoshida, Kazuhiro  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1414",
    pages = "103--106",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2009-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Phase Approach to Biomedical Event Extraction",
    author = "Lee, Hyoung-Gyu  and
      Cho, Han-Cheol  and
      Kim, Min-Jeong  and
      Lee, Joo-Young  and
      Hong, Gumwon  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1415",
    pages = "107--110",
}
@inproceedings{ozgur-radev-2009-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Classification for Extracting Biomedical Events",
    author = {{\"O}zg{\"u}r, Arzucan  and
      Radev, Dragomir},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1416",
    pages = "111--114",
}
@inproceedings{sarafraz-etal-2009-biomedical,
    title = "Biomedical Event Detection using Rules, Conditional Random Fields and Parse Tree Distances",
    author = "Sarafraz, Farzaneh  and
      Eales, James  and
      Mohammadi, Reza  and
      Dickerson, Jonathan  and
      Robertson, David  and
      Nenadic, Goran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1417",
    pages = "115--118",
}
@inproceedings{kilicoglu-bergler-2009-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Dependency Based Heuristics for Biological Event Extraction",
    author = "Kilicoglu, Halil  and
      Bergler, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1418",
    pages = "119--127",
}
@inproceedings{van-landeghem-etal-2009-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing text in search of bio-molecular events: a high-precision machine learning framework",
    author = "Van Landeghem, Sofie  and
      Saeys, Yvan  and
      De Baets, Bernard  and
      Van de Peer, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1419",
    pages = "128--136",
}
@inproceedings{mora-etal-2009-exploring,
    title = "Exploring ways beyond the simple supervised learning approach for biological event extraction",
    author = {M{\'o}ra, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      Szarvas, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Moln{\'a}r, Zsolt},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1420",
    pages = "137--140",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-software,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing ({SETQA}-{NLP} 2009)",
    author = "Cohen, Kevin Bretonnel  and
      Light, Marc",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1500",
}
@inproceedings{ogren-bethard-2009-building,
    title = "Building Test Suites for {UIMA} Components",
    author = "Ogren, Philip  and
      Bethard, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing ({SETQA}-{NLP} 2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1501",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{farrow-dzikovska-2009-context,
    title = "Context-Dependent Regression Testing for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Farrow, Elaine  and
      Dzikovska, Myroslava O.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing ({SETQA}-{NLP} 2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1502",
    pages = "5--13",
}
@inproceedings{hockey-rayner-2009-using,
    title = "Using Paraphrases of Deep Semantic Representions to Support Regression Testing in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Hockey, Beth Ann  and
      Rayner, Manny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing ({SETQA}-{NLP} 2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1503",
    pages = "14--21",
}
@inproceedings{kano-etal-2009-integrated,
    title = "Integrated {NLP} Evaluation System for Pluggable Evaluation Metrics with Extensive Interoperable Toolkit",
    author = "Kano, Yoshinobu  and
      McCrohon, Luke  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing ({SETQA}-{NLP} 2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1504",
    pages = "22--30",
}
@inproceedings{germann-etal-2009-tightly,
    title = "Tightly Packed Tries: How to Fit Large Models into Memory, and Make them Load Fast, Too",
    author = "Germann, Ulrich  and
      Joanis, Eric  and
      Larkin, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing ({SETQA}-{NLP} 2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1505",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-etal-2009-scaling,
    title = "Scaling up a {NLU} system from text to dialogue understanding",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo  and
      Bristot, Antonella  and
      Voltolina, Gloria  and
      Pallotta, Vincenzo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing ({SETQA}-{NLP} 2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1506",
    pages = "40--41",
}
@inproceedings{sukkarieh-kamal-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards Agile and Test-Driven Development in {NLP} Applications",
    author = "Sukkarieh, Jana  and
      Kamal, Jyoti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing ({SETQA}-{NLP} 2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1507",
    pages = "42--44",
}
@inproceedings{martin-etal-2009-grammar,
    title = "Grammar Engineering for {CCG} using Ant and {XSLT}",
    author = "Martin, Scott  and
      Rajkumar, Rajakrishnan  and
      White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing ({SETQA}-{NLP} 2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1508",
    pages = "45--46",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-etal-2009-web,
    title = "Web Service Integration for Next Generation Localisation",
    author = {Lewis, David  and
      Curran, Stephen  and
      Feeney, Kevin  and
      Etzioni, Zohar  and
      Keeney, John  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Sch{\"a}ler, Reinhard},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing ({SETQA}-{NLP} 2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1509",
    pages = "47--55",
}
@inproceedings{waterman-2009-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Parse Mining",
    author = "Waterman, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing ({SETQA}-{NLP} 2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1510",
    pages = "56--64",
}
@inproceedings{de-chalendar-nouvel-2009-modular,
    title = "Modular resource development and diagnostic evaluation framework for fast {NLP} system improvement",
    author = {de Chalendar, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Nouvel, Damien},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing ({SETQA}-{NLP} 2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1511",
    pages = "65--73",
}
@inproceedings{liao-etal-2009-integrating,
    title = "Integrating High Precision Rules with Statistical Sequence Classifiers for Accuracy and Speed",
    author = "Liao, Wenhui  and
      Light, Marc  and
      Veeramachaneni, Sriharsha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing ({SETQA}-{NLP} 2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1512",
    pages = "74--77",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access: Addressing the Information Need of Multilingual Societies ({CLIAWS}3)",
    author = "Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Varma, Vasudeva  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna  and
      Kumaran, A  and
      Udupa, Raghavendra",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1600",
}
@inproceedings{oard-2009-cross,
    title = "Cross-Language Information Access: Looking Backward, Looking Forward",
    author = "Oard, Douglas W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access: Addressing the Information Need of Multilingual Societies ({CLIAWS}3)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1601",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{zhuang-etal-2009-speech,
    title = "Speech Retrieval in Unknown Languages: a Pilot Study",
    author = "Zhuang, Xiaodan  and
      Huang, Jui Ting  and
      Hasegawa-Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access: Addressing the Information Need of Multilingual Societies ({CLIAWS}3)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1602",
    pages = "3--11",
}
@inproceedings{raj-maganti-2009-transliteration,
    title = "Transliteration based Search Engine for Multilingual Information Access",
    author = "Raj, Anand Arokia  and
      Maganti, Harikrishna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access: Addressing the Information Need of Multilingual Societies ({CLIAWS}3)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1603",
    pages = "12--20",
}
@inproceedings{bouma-etal-2009-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Alignment and Completion of {W}ikipedia Templates",
    author = "Bouma, Gosse  and
      Duarte, Sergio  and
      Islam, Zahurul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access: Addressing the Information Need of Multilingual Societies ({CLIAWS}3)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1604",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{filatova-2009-directions,
    title = "Directions for Exploiting Asymmetries in Multilingual {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Filatova, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access: Addressing the Information Need of Multilingual Societies ({CLIAWS}3)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1605",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{zubaryeva-savoy-2009-investigation,
    title = "Investigation in Statistical Language-Independent Approaches for Opinion Detection in {E}nglish, {C}hinese and {J}apanese",
    author = "Zubaryeva, Olena  and
      Savoy, Jacques",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access: Addressing the Information Need of Multilingual Societies ({CLIAWS}3)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1606",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{katragadda-etal-2009-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Position revisited: A robust light-weight Update Summarization {`}baseline{'} Algorithm",
    author = "Katragadda, Rahul  and
      Pingali, Prasad  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access: Addressing the Information Need of Multilingual Societies ({CLIAWS}3)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1607",
    pages = "46--52",
}
@inproceedings{k-l-2009-approach,
    title = "An Approach to Text Summarization.",
    author = "K, Sankar  and
      L, Sobha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access: Addressing the Information Need of Multilingual Societies ({CLIAWS}3)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1608",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{mukund-srihari-2009-ne,
    title = "{NE} Tagging for {U}rdu based on Bootstrap {POS} Learning",
    author = "Mukund, Smruthi  and
      Srihari, Rohini K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Cross Lingual Information Access: Addressing the Information Need of Multilingual Societies ({CLIAWS}3)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1609",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-unsupervised,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Unsupervised and Minimally Supervised Learning of Lexical Semantics",
    author = "Manandhar, Suresh  and
      Klapaftis, Ioannis P.",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1700",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-gomez-2009-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Applicable Common Sense Knowledge from the Web",
    author = "Schwartz, Hansen A.  and
      Gomez, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Unsupervised and Minimally Supervised Learning of Lexical Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1701",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{ismail-manandhar-2009-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing Contextually Relevant Terms in Bilingual Lexicon Extraction",
    author = "Ismail, Azniah  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Unsupervised and Minimally Supervised Learning of Lexical Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1702",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{igo-riloff-2009-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based Semantic Lexicon Induction with Web-based Corroboration",
    author = "Igo, Sean  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Unsupervised and Minimally Supervised Learning of Lexical Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1703",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{ji-2009-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Predicate Cluster Acquisition to Improve Bilingual Event Extraction by Inductive Learning",
    author = "Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Unsupervised and Minimally Supervised Learning of Lexical Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1704",
    pages = "27--35",
}
@inproceedings{korkontzelos-etal-2009-graph,
    title = "Graph Connectivity Measures for Unsupervised Parameter Tuning of Graph-Based Sense Induction Systems.",
    author = "Korkontzelos, Ioannis  and
      Klapaftis, Ioannis  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Unsupervised and Minimally Supervised Learning of Lexical Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1705",
    pages = "36--44",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-plas-2009-combining,
    title = "Combining Syntactic Co-occurrences and Nearest Neighbours in Distributional Methods to Remedy Data Sparseness.",
    author = "van der Plas, Lonneke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Unsupervised and Minimally Supervised Learning of Lexical Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1706",
    pages = "45--53",
}
@inproceedings{chew-etal-2009-using,
    title = "Using {DEDICOM} for Completely Unsupervised Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Chew, Peter  and
      Bader, Brett  and
      Rozovskaya, Alla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Unsupervised and Minimally Supervised Learning of Lexical Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1707",
    pages = "54--62",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-integer,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Integer Linear Programming for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Clarke, James  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1800",
}
@inproceedings{martins-smith-2009-summarization,
    title = "Summarization with a Joint Model for Sentence Extraction and Compression",
    author = "Martins, Andr{\'e}  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Integer Linear Programming for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1801",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{gillick-favre-2009-scalable,
    title = "A Scalable Global Model for Summarization",
    author = "Gillick, Dan  and
      Favre, Benoit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Integer Linear Programming for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1802",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{elsner-schudy-2009-bounding,
    title = "Bounding and Comparing Methods for Correlation Clustering Beyond {ILP}",
    author = "Elsner, Micha  and
      Schudy, Warren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Integer Linear Programming for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1803",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{bodrumlu-etal-2009-new,
    title = "A New Objective Function for Word Alignment",
    author = "Bodrumlu, Tugba  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Ravi, Sujith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Integer Linear Programming for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1804",
    pages = "28--35",
}
@inproceedings{langkilde-geary-2009-constraint,
    title = "A Constraint Programming Approach to Probabilistic Syntactic Processing",
    author = "Langkilde-Geary, Irene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Integer Linear Programming for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1805",
    pages = "36--37",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-naacl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Active Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Ringger, Eric  and
      Haertel, Robbie  and
      Tomanek, Katrin",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1900",
}
@inproceedings{gasperin-2009-active,
    title = "Active Learning for Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Gasperin, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Active Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1901",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{tomanek-etal-2009-proper,
    title = "On Proper Unit Selection in Active Learning: Co-Selection Effects for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = {Tomanek, Katrin  and
      Laws, Florian  and
      Hahn, Udo  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Active Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1902",
    pages = "9--17",
}
@inproceedings{arora-etal-2009-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Annotation Cost for Active Learning in a Multi-Annotator Environment",
    author = "Arora, Shilpa  and
      Nyberg, Eric  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Active Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1903",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{hsueh-etal-2009-data,
    title = "Data Quality from Crowdsourcing: A Study of Annotation Selection Criteria",
    author = "Hsueh, Pei-Yun  and
      Melville, Prem  and
      Sindhwani, Vikas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Active Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1904",
    pages = "27--35",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-etal-2009-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Automation Strategies in Language Documentation",
    author = "Palmer, Alexis  and
      Moon, Taesun  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Active Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1905",
    pages = "36--44",
}
@inproceedings{tomanek-olsson-2009-web,
    title = "A Web Survey on the Use of Active Learning to Support Annotation of Text Data",
    author = "Tomanek, Katrin  and
      Olsson, Fredrik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Active Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1906",
    pages = "45--48",
}
@inproceedings{melville-sindhwani-2009-active,
    title = "Active Dual Supervision: Reducing the Cost of Annotating Examples and Features",
    author = "Melville, Prem  and
      Sindhwani, Vikas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Active Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1907",
    pages = "49--57",
}
@inproceedings{ambati-carbonell-2009-proactive,
    title = "Proactive Learning for Building Machine Translation Systems for Minority Languages",
    author = "Ambati, Vamshi  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Active Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1908",
    pages = "58--61",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-approaches,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    author = "Feldman, Anna  and
      Loenneker-Rodman, Birte",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2000",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-etal-2009-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Topics and Metaphors",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Beigman, Eyal  and
      Diermeier, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{bethard-etal-2009-topic,
    title = "Topic Model Analysis of Metaphor Frequency for Psycholinguistic Stimuli",
    author = "Bethard, Steven  and
      Lai, Vicky Tzuyin  and
      Martin, James H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-2009-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Eggcorns",
    author = "Reddy, Sravana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2003",
    pages = "17--23",
}
@inproceedings{hong-ong-2009-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Extracting Word Relationships as Templates for Pun Generation",
    author = "Hong, Bryan Anthony  and
      Ong, Ethel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2004",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{netzer-etal-2009-gaiku,
    title = "{G}aiku : Generating Haiku with Word Associations Norms",
    author = "Netzer, Yael  and
      Gabay, David  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2005",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{ramakrishnan-a-etal-2009-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of {T}amil Lyrics for Melodies",
    author = "Ramakrishnan A, Ananth  and
      Kuppan, Sankar  and
      Lalitha Devi, Sobha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2006",
    pages = "40--46",
}
@inproceedings{zeldes-2009-quantifying,
    title = "Quantifying Constructional Productivity with Unseen Slot Members",
    author = "Zeldes, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2007",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{montfort-2009-curveship,
    title = "{C}urveship: An Interactive Fiction System for Interactive Narrating",
    author = "Montfort, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2008",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{solis-etal-2009-planning,
    title = "Planning Author and Character Goals for Story Generation",
    author = "Solis, Candice  and
      Siy, Joan Tiffany  and
      Tabirao, Emerald  and
      Ong, Ethel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2009",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{cook-stevenson-2009-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Model for Text Message Normalization",
    author = "Cook, Paul  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2010",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@inproceedings{vegnaduzzo-2009-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Productivity Rankings of Complex Adjectives",
    author = "Vegnaduzzo, Stefano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2011",
    pages = "79--86",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2009-creative,
    title = "How Creative is Your Writing?",
    author = "Zhu, Xiaojin  and
      Xu, Zhiting  and
      Khot, Tushar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2012",
    pages = "87--93",
}
@inproceedings{ramsay-field-2009-sorry,
    title = "{`}Sorry{'} is the hardest word",
    author = "Ramsay, Allan  and
      Field, Debora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2013",
    pages = "94--101",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-innovative,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Leacock, Claudia",
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    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2100",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2009-automated,
    title = "Automated Assessment of Spoken Modern Standard {A}rabic",
    author = "Cheng, Jian  and
      Bernstein, Jared  and
      Pado, Ulrike  and
      Suzuki, Masanori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
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    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2101",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{zechner-etal-2009-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Scoring of Children{'}s Read-Aloud Text Passages and Word Lists",
    author = "Zechner, Klaus  and
      Sabatini, John  and
      Chen, Lei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
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    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2102",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{boyer-etal-2009-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Tutorial Dialogue Structure with Hidden {M}arkov Modeling",
    author = "Boyer, Kristy Elizabeth  and
      Ha, Eun Young  and
      Phillips, Robert  and
      Wallis, Michael  and
      Vouk, Mladen  and
      Lester, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2103",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{landauer-etal-2009-new,
    title = "A New Yardstick and Tool for Personalized Vocabulary Building",
    author = "Landauer, Thomas  and
      Kireyev, Kirill  and
      Panaccione, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2104",
    pages = "27--33",
}
@inproceedings{candido-etal-2009-supporting,
    title = "Supporting the Adaptation of Texts for Poor Literacy Readers: a Text Simplification Editor for {B}razilian {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Candido, Arnaldo  and
      Maziero, Erick  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Gasperin, Caroline  and
      Pardo, Thiago  and
      Aluisio, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2105",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@inproceedings{pino-eskenazi-2009-application,
    title = "An Application of Latent Semantic Analysis to Word Sense Discrimination for Words with Related and Unrelated Meanings",
    author = "Pino, Juan  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2106",
    pages = "43--46",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2009-automated,
    title = "Automated Suggestions for Miscollocations",
    author = "Liu, Anne Li-E  and
      Wible, David  and
      Tsao, Nai-Lung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2107",
    pages = "47--50",
}
@inproceedings{tsao-wible-2009-method,
    title = "A Method for Unsupervised Broad-Coverage Lexical Error Detection and Correction",
    author = "Tsao, Nai-Lung  and
      Wible, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2108",
    pages = "51--54",
}
@inproceedings{kersey-etal-2009-ksc,
    title = "{KSC}-{P}a{L}: A Peer Learning Agent that Encourages Students to take the Initiative",
    author = "Kersey, Cynthia  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Jordan, Pamela  and
      Katz, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2109",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{hermet-desilets-2009-using,
    title = "Using First and Second Language Models to Correct Preposition Errors in Second Language Authoring",
    author = "Hermet, Matthieu  and
      D{\'e}silets, Alain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2110",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{leacock-etal-2009-user,
    title = "User Input and Interactions on {M}icrosoft Research {ESL} Assistant",
    author = "Leacock, Claudia  and
      Gamon, Michael  and
      Brockett, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2111",
    pages = "73--81",
}
@inproceedings{foster-andersen-2009-generrate,
    title = "{G}en{ERR}ate: Generating Errors for Use in Grammatical Error Detection",
    author = "Foster, Jennifer  and
      Andersen, Oistein",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2112",
    pages = "82--90",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-naacl-hlt,
    title = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Semi-supervised Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Wang, Qin Iris  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Lin, Dekang",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2200",
}
@inproceedings{carlson-etal-2009-coupling,
    title = "Coupling Semi-Supervised Learning of Categories and Relations",
    author = "Carlson, Andrew  and
      Betteridge, Justin  and
      Hruschka Junior, Estevam Rafael  and
      Mitchell, Tom M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Semi-supervised Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2201",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{veeramachaneni-kondadadi-2009-surrogate,
    title = "Surrogate Learning - From Feature Independence to Semi-Supervised Classification",
    author = "Veeramachaneni, Sriharsha  and
      Kondadadi, Ravi Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Semi-supervised Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2202",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{goldberg-zhu-2009-keepin,
    title = "Keepin{'} It Real: Semi-Supervised Learning with Realistic Tuning",
    author = "Goldberg, Andrew B.  and
      Zhu, Xiaojin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Semi-supervised Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2203",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{zubiaga-etal-2009-unlabeled,
    title = "Is Unlabeled Data Suitable for Multiclass {SVM}-based Web Page Classification?",
    author = "Zubiaga, Arkaitz  and
      Fresno, V{\'\i}ctor  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Semi-supervised Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2204",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{plank-2009-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Structural Correspondence Learning and Self-training for Discriminative Parse Selection",
    author = "Plank, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Semi-supervised Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2205",
    pages = "37--42",
}
@inproceedings{andrzejewski-zhu-2009-latent,
    title = "Latent {D}irichlet Allocation with Topic-in-Set Knowledge",
    author = "Andrzejewski, David  and
      Zhu, Xiaojin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Semi-supervised Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2206",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{poveda-etal-2009-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Bootstrapping for the Recognition of Temporal Expressions",
    author = "Poveda, Jordi  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Turmo, Jordi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Semi-supervised Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2207",
    pages = "49--57",
}
@inproceedings{liao-veeramachaneni-2009-simple,
    title = "A Simple Semi-supervised Algorithm For Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Liao, Wenhui  and
      Veeramachaneni, Sriharsha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Semi-supervised Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2208",
    pages = "58--65",
}
@inproceedings{chen-ji-2009-one,
    title = "Can One Language Bootstrap the Other: A Case Study on Event Extraction",
    author = "Chen, Zheng  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Semi-supervised Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2209",
    pages = "66--74",
}
@inproceedings{huang-hasegawa-johnson-2009-semi,
    title = "On Semi-Supervised Learning of {G}aussian Mixture Models for Phonetic Classification",
    author = "Huang, Jui-Ting  and
      Hasegawa-Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Semi-supervised Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2210",
    pages = "75--83",
}
@inproceedings{dasgupta-ng-2009-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Models for Semi-Supervised Natural Language Learning",
    author = "Dasgupta, Sajib  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2009 Workshop on Semi-supervised Learning for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2211",
    pages = "84--85",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-syntax,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-3) at {NAACL} {HLT} 2009",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Chiang, David",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2300",
}
@inproceedings{hanneman-lavie-2009-decoding,
    title = "Decoding with Syntactic and Non-Syntactic Phrases in a Syntax-Based Machine Translation System",
    author = "Hanneman, Greg  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-3) at {NAACL} {HLT} 2009",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2301",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{nakazawa-kurohashi-2009-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Phrase Alignment Model Using Dependency Relation Probability",
    author = "Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-3) at {NAACL} {HLT} 2009",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2302",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-kuhn-2009-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Lower Bounds on Aligment Error Rates in Syntax-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-3) at {NAACL} {HLT} 2009",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2303",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{saers-wu-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving Phrase-Based Translation via Word Alignments from {S}tochastic {I}nversion {T}ransduction {G}rammars",
    author = "Saers, Markus  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-3) at {NAACL} {HLT} 2009",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2304",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2009-references,
    title = "References Extension for the Automatic Evaluation of {MT} by Syntactic Hybridization",
    author = "Wang, Bo  and
      Zhao, Tiejun  and
      Yang, Muyun  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-3) at {NAACL} {HLT} 2009",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2305",
    pages = "37--44",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2009-study,
    title = "A Study of Translation Rule Classification for Syntax-based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Jiang, Hongfei  and
      Li, Sheng  and
      Yang, Muyun  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-3) at {NAACL} {HLT} 2009",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2306",
    pages = "45--50",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2009-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Reordering with {C}hinese Grammatical Relations Features",
    author = "Chang, Pi-Chuan  and
      Tseng, Huihsin  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-3) at {NAACL} {HLT} 2009",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2307",
    pages = "51--59",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2009-complexity,
    title = "On the Complexity of Alignment Problems in Two Synchronous Grammar Formalisms",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-3) at {NAACL} {HLT} 2009",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2308",
    pages = "60--68",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-etal-2009-reordering,
    title = "Reordering Model Using Syntactic Information of a Source Tree for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Hashimoto, Kei  and
      Yamamoto, Hirohumi  and
      Okuma, Hideo  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Tokuda, Keiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-3) at {NAACL} {HLT} 2009",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2309",
    pages = "69--77",
}
@inproceedings{khalilov-etal-2009-coupling,
    title = "Coupling Hierarchical Word Reordering and Decoding in Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Khalilov, Maxim  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-3) at {NAACL} {HLT} 2009",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2310",
    pages = "78--86",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-semantic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Wicentowski, Richard",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2400",
}
@inproceedings{mccarthy-2009-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: Alternative Annotations of Word Usage",
    author = "McCarthy, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2401",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{passonneau-etal-2009-making,
    title = "Making Sense of Word Sense Variation",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca  and
      Salleb-Aouissi, Ansaf  and
      Ide, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2402",
    pages = "2--9",
}
@inproceedings{preiss-etal-2009-refining,
    title = "Refining the most frequent sense baseline",
    author = "Preiss, Judita  and
      Dehdari, Jon  and
      King, Josh  and
      Mehay, Dennis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2403",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{carpuat-2009-one,
    title = "One Translation Per Discourse",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2404",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-gomez-2009-using,
    title = "Using Web Selectors for the Disambiguation of All Words",
    author = "Schwartz, Hansen A.  and
      Gomez, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2405",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{novak-etal-2009-large,
    title = "Large-scale Semantic Networks: Annotation and Evaluation",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, V{\'a}clav  and
      Hartrumpf, Sven  and
      Hall, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2406",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{heider-srihari-2009-making,
    title = "Making Semantic Topicality Robust Through Term Abstraction",
    author = "Heider, Paul M.  and
      Srihari, Rohini K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2407",
    pages = "46--51",
}
@inproceedings{kolomiyets-moens-2009-meeting,
    title = "Meeting {T}emp{E}val-2: Shallow Approach for Temporal Tagger",
    author = "Kolomiyets, Oleksandr  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2408",
    pages = "52--57",
}
@inproceedings{nulty-costello-2009-using,
    title = "Using Lexical Patterns in the {G}oogle Web 1{T} Corpus to Deduce Semantic Relations Between Nouns",
    author = "Nulty, Paul  and
      Costello, Fintan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2409",
    pages = "58--63",
}
@inproceedings{guo-diab-2009-improvements,
    title = "Improvements To Monolingual {E}nglish Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Guo, Weiwei  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2410",
    pages = "64--69",
}
@inproceedings{recasens-etal-2009-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 1: Coreference Resolution in Multiple Languages",
    author = "Recasens, Marta  and
      Mart{\'\i}, Toni  and
      Taul{\'e}, Mariona  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Sapena, Emili",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2411",
    pages = "70--75",
}
@inproceedings{sinha-etal-2009-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 2: Cross-Lingual Lexical Substitution",
    author = "Sinha, Ravi  and
      McCarthy, Diana  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2412",
    pages = "76--81",
}
@inproceedings{lefever-hoste-2009-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 3: Cross-lingual Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, Veronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2413",
    pages = "82--87",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-rumshisky-2009-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 7: Argument Selection and Coercion",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Rumshisky, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2414",
    pages = "88--93",
}
@inproceedings{hendrickx-etal-2009-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 8: Multi-Way Classification of Semantic Relations Between Pairs of Nominals",
    author = "Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Kim, Su Nam  and
      Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      {\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Pennacchiotti, Marco  and
      Romano, Lorenza  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2415",
    pages = "94--99",
}
@inproceedings{butnariu-etal-2009-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 9: The Interpretation of Noun Compounds Using Paraphrasing Verbs and Prepositions",
    author = "Butnariu, Cristina  and
      Kim, Su Nam  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      {\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan  and
      Veale, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2416",
    pages = "100--105",
}
@inproceedings{ruppenhofer-etal-2009-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 10: Linking Events and Their Participants in Discourse",
    author = "Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Sporleder, Caroline  and
      Morante, Roser  and
      Baker, Collin  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2417",
    pages = "106--111",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-verhagen-2009-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 13: Evaluating Events, Time Expressions, and Temporal Relations ({T}emp{E}val-2)",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Verhagen, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2418",
    pages = "112--116",
}
@inproceedings{manandhar-klapaftis-2009-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 14: Evaluation Setting for Word Sense Induction {\&} Disambiguation Systems",
    author = "Manandhar, Suresh  and
      Klapaftis, Ioannis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2419",
    pages = "117--122",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2009-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2010 Task 17: All-words Word Sense Disambiguation on a Specific Domain",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Lopez de Lacalle, Oier  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane  and
      Marchetti, Andrea  and
      Toral, Antonio  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2420",
    pages = "123--128",
}
@inproceedings{freitas-etal-2009-relation,
    title = "Relation detection between named entities: report of a shared task",
    author = "Freitas, Cl{\'a}udia  and
      Santos, Diana  and
      Mota, Cristina  and
      Gon{\c{c}}alo Oliveira, Hugo  and
      Carvalho, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2421",
    pages = "129--137",
}
@inproceedings{lee-katz-2009-error,
    title = "Error Analysis of the {T}emp{E}val Temporal Relation Identification Task",
    author = "Lee, Chong Min  and
      Katz, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2422",
    pages = "138--145",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-etal-2009-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Recognition of Logical Relations for {E}nglish, {C}hinese and {J}apanese in the {GLARF} Framework",
    author = "Meyers, Adam  and
      Kosaka, Michiko  and
      Xue, Nianwen  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Sun, Ang  and
      Liao, Shasha  and
      Xu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions ({SEW}-2009)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Boulder, Colorado",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2423",
    pages = "146--154",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-2009,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Applied Textual Inference ({T}ext{I}nfer)",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Manning, Christopher  and
      Pennacchiotti, Marco  and
      Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2500",
}
@inproceedings{de-marneffe-etal-2009-multi,
    title = "Multi-word expressions in textual inference: Much ado about nothing?",
    author = "de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Applied Textual Inference ({T}ext{I}nfer)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2501",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{bergmair-2009-proposal,
    title = "A Proposal on Evaluation Measures for {RTE}",
    author = "Bergmair, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Applied Textual Inference ({T}ext{I}nfer)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2502",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{max-2009-sub,
    title = "Sub-sentencial Paraphrasing by Contextual Pivot Translation",
    author = "Max, Aur{\'e}lien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Applied Textual Inference ({T}ext{I}nfer)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2503",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{szpektor-dagan-2009-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting {W}ord{N}et-based Inference with Argument Mapping",
    author = "Szpektor, Idan  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Applied Textual Inference ({T}ext{I}nfer)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2504",
    pages = "27--35",
}
@inproceedings{mehdad-magnini-2009-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Textual Entailment Recognition Using Particle Swarm Optimization",
    author = "Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Magnini, Bernardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Applied Textual Inference ({T}ext{I}nfer)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2505",
    pages = "36--43",
}
@inproceedings{thater-etal-2009-ranking,
    title = "Ranking Paraphrases in Context",
    author = "Thater, Stefan  and
      Dinu, Georgiana  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Applied Textual Inference ({T}ext{I}nfer)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2506",
    pages = "44--47",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-2009-building,
    title = "Building an Annotated Textual Inference Corpus for Motion and Space",
    author = "Roberts, Kirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Applied Textual Inference ({T}ext{I}nfer)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2507",
    pages = "48--51",
}
@inproceedings{akhmatova-dras-2009-using,
    title = "Using Hypernymy Acquisition to Tackle (Part of) Textual Entailment",
    author = "Akhmatova, Elena  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Applied Textual Inference ({T}ext{I}nfer)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2508",
    pages = "52--60",
}
@inproceedings{sukkarieh-stoyanchev-2009-automating,
    title = "Automating Model Building in c-rater",
    author = "Sukkarieh, Jana  and
      Stoyanchev, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Applied Textual Inference ({T}ext{I}nfer)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2509",
    pages = "61--69",
}
@inproceedings{clausen-manning-2009-presupposed,
    title = "Presupposed Content and Entailments in Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Clausen, David  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Applied Textual Inference ({T}ext{I}nfer)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2510",
    pages = "70--73",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-2009-grammar,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF} 2009)",
    author = "King, Tracy Holloway  and
      Santaholma, Marianne",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2600",
}
@inproceedings{liu-sarkar-2009-exploration,
    title = "Exploration of the {LTAG}-Spinal Formalism and Treebank for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Liu, Yudong  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2601",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{zarriess-2009-developing,
    title = "Developing {G}erman Semantics on the basis of Parallel {LFG} Grammars",
    author = "Zarrie{\ss}, Sina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2602",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{gurevich-waterman-2009-mining,
    title = "Mining of Parsed Data to Derive Deverbal Argument Structure",
    author = "Gurevich, Olga  and
      Waterman, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2603",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{crysmann-2009-autosegmental,
    title = "Autosegmental representations in an {HPSG} of {H}ausa",
    author = "Crysmann, Berthold",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2604",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{cramer-zhang-2009-construction,
    title = "Construction of a {G}erman {HPSG} grammar from a detailed treebank",
    author = "Cramer, Bart  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2605",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{banik-2009-parenthetical,
    title = "Parenthetical Constructions - an Argument against Modularity",
    author = "Banik, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2606",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-2009-using,
    title = "Using Artificially Generated Data to Evaluate Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Estrella, Paula  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann  and
      Nakao, Yukie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2607",
    pages = "54--62",
}
@inproceedings{dost-king-2009-using,
    title = "Using Large-scale Parser Output to Guide Grammar Development",
    author = "Dost, Ascander  and
      King, Tracy Holloway",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2608",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{de-kok-etal-2009-generalized,
    title = "A generalized method for iterative error mining in parsing results",
    author = {de Kok, Dani{\"e}l  and
      Ma, Jianqiang  and
      van Noord, Gertjan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks ({GEAF} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2609",
    pages = "71--79",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-2009-knowledge,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning for Answering Questions ({KRAQ} 2009)",
    author = "Saint-Dizier, Patrick  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2700",
}
@inproceedings{zweigenbaum-2009-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge and Reasoning for Medical Question-Answering",
    author = "Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning for Answering Questions ({KRAQ} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2701",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{suktarachan-etal-2009-development,
    title = "The Development of a Question-Answering Services System for the Farmer through {SMS}: Query Analysis",
    author = "Suktarachan, Mukda  and
      Rattanamanee, Patthrawan  and
      Kawtrakul, Asanee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning for Answering Questions ({KRAQ} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2702",
    pages = "3--10",
}
@inproceedings{jitkrittum-etal-2009-qast,
    title = "{QAST}: Question Answering System for {T}hai{W}ikipedia",
    author = "Jitkrittum, Wittawat  and
      Haruechaiyasak, Choochart  and
      Theeramunkong, Thanaruk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning for Answering Questions ({KRAQ} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2703",
    pages = "11--14",
}
@inproceedings{lim-etal-2009-challenges,
    title = "Some Challenges in the Design of Comparative and Evaluative Question Answering Systems",
    author = "Lim, Nathalie  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick  and
      Roxas, Rachel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning for Answering Questions ({KRAQ} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2704",
    pages = "15--18",
}
@inproceedings{quarteroni-saint-dizier-2009-addressing,
    title = "Addressing How-to Questions using a Spoken Dialogue System: a Viable Approach?",
    author = "Quarteroni, Silvia  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning for Answering Questions ({KRAQ} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2705",
    pages = "19--23",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-2009-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation ({UCNLG}+{S}um 2009)",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Evans, Roger  and
      Varges, Sebastian",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2800",
}
@inproceedings{mckeown-2009-query,
    title = "Query-focused Summarization Using Text-to-Text Generation: When Information Comes from Multilingual Sources",
    author = "McKeown, Kathy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation ({UCNLG}+{S}um 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2802",
    pages = "3",
}
@inproceedings{cheung-etal-2009-optimization,
    title = "Optimization-based Content Selection for Opinion Summarization",
    author = "Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Ng, Raymond T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation ({UCNLG}+{S}um 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2804",
    pages = "7--14",
}
@inproceedings{cordeiro-etal-2009-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Induction of Sentence Compression Rules",
    author = {Cordeiro, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Dias, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Brazdil, Pavel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation ({UCNLG}+{S}um 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2805",
    pages = "15--22",
}
@inproceedings{owczarzak-dang-2009-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Automatic Summaries: Metrics under Varying Data Conditions",
    author = "Owczarzak, Karolina  and
      Dang, Hoa Trang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation ({UCNLG}+{S}um 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2806",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-2009-classification,
    title = "A Classification Algorithm for Predicting the Structure of Summaries",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation ({UCNLG}+{S}um 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2807",
    pages = "31--38",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-etal-2009-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-Driven Sentence Revision for Broadcast News Summarization",
    author = "Tanaka, Hideki  and
      Kinoshita, Akinori  and
      Kobayakawa, Takeshi  and
      Kumano, Tadashi  and
      Katoh, Naoto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation ({UCNLG}+{S}um 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2808",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{xu-grishman-2009-parse,
    title = "A Parse-and-Trim Approach with Information Significance for {C}hinese Sentence Compression",
    author = "Xu, Wei  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation ({UCNLG}+{S}um 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2809",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{caropreso-etal-2009-visual,
    title = "Visual Development Process for Automatic Generation of Digital Games Narrative Content",
    author = "Caropreso, Maria Fernanda  and
      Inkpen, Diana  and
      Khan, Shahzad  and
      Keshtkar, Fazel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation ({UCNLG}+{S}um 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2811",
    pages = "59--62",
}
@inproceedings{hendrickx-etal-2009-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Redundancy in Multi-document Summarization Using Lexical Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Marsi, Erwin  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation ({UCNLG}+{S}um 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2812",
    pages = "63--66",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2009-non,
    title = "Non-textual Event Summarization by Applying Machine Learning to Template-based Language Generation",
    author = "Kumar, Mohit  and
      Das, Dipanjan  and
      Agarwal, Sachin  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation ({UCNLG}+{S}um 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2813",
    pages = "67--71",
}
@inproceedings{schuldes-etal-2009-creating,
    title = "Creating an Annotated Corpus for Generating Walking Directions",
    author = "Schuldes, Stephanie  and
      Roth, Michael  and
      Frank, Anette  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation ({UCNLG}+{S}um 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2814",
    pages = "72--76",
}
@inproceedings{belz-etal-2009-grec,
    title = "The {GREC} Main Subject Reference Generation Challenge 2009: Overview and Evaluation Results",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Kow, Eric  and
      Viethen, Jette  and
      Gatt, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation ({UCNLG}+{S}um 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2816",
    pages = "79--87",
}
@inproceedings{belz-etal-2009-grec-named,
    title = "The {GREC} Named Entity Generation Challenge 2009: Overview and Evaluation Results",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Kow, Eric  and
      Viethen, Jette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation ({UCNLG}+{S}um 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2817",
    pages = "88--98",
}
@inproceedings{favre-bohnet-2009-icsi,
    title = "{ICSI}-{CRF}: The Generation of References to the Main Subject and Named Entities Using Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Favre, Benoit  and
      Bohnet, Bernd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation ({UCNLG}+{S}um 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2818",
    pages = "99--100",
}
@inproceedings{greenbacker-mccoy-2009-udel,
    title = "{UD}el: Generating Referring Expressions Guided by Psycholinguistc Findings",
    author = "Greenbacker, Charles  and
      McCoy, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation ({UCNLG}+{S}um 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2819",
    pages = "101--102",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-bandopadhyay-2009-junlg,
    title = "{JUNLG}-{MSR}: A Machine Learning Approach of Main Subject Reference Selection with Rule Based Improvement",
    author = "Gupta, Samir  and
      Bandopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation ({UCNLG}+{S}um 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2820",
    pages = "103--104",
}
@inproceedings{greenbacker-mccoy-2009-udel-extending,
    title = "{UD}el: Extending Reference Generation to Multiple Entities",
    author = "Greenbacker, Charles  and
      McCoy, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation ({UCNLG}+{S}um 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2821",
    pages = "105--106",
}
@inproceedings{orasan-dornescu-2009-wlv,
    title = "{WLV}: A Confidence-based Machine Learning Method for the {GREC}-{NEG}{'}09 Task",
    author = "Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin  and
      Dornescu, Iustin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation ({UCNLG}+{S}um 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2822",
    pages = "107--108",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-multiword,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identification, Interpretation, Disambiguation and Applications ({MWE} 2009)",
    author = "Anastasiou, Dimitra  and
      Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Kim, Su Nam",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2900",
}
@inproceedings{caseli-etal-2009-statistically,
    title = "Statistically-Driven Alignment-Based Multiword Expression Identification for Technical Domains",
    author = "Caseli, Helena  and
      Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Machado, Andr{\'e}  and
      Finatto, Maria Jos{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identification, Interpretation, Disambiguation and Applications ({MWE} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2901",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{kim-kan-2009-examining,
    title = "Re-examining Automatic Keyphrase Extraction Approaches in Scientific Articles",
    author = "Kim, Su Nam  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identification, Interpretation, Disambiguation and Applications ({MWE} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2902",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{diab-bhutada-2009-verb,
    title = "Verb Noun Construction {MWE} Token Classification",
    author = "Diab, Mona  and
      Bhutada, Pravin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identification, Interpretation, Disambiguation and Applications ({MWE} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2903",
    pages = "17--22",
}
@inproceedings{zarriess-kuhn-2009-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Translational Correspondences for Pattern-Independent {MWE} Identification",
    author = "Zarrie{\ss}, Sina  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identification, Interpretation, Disambiguation and Applications ({MWE} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2904",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{hoang-etal-2009-examination,
    title = "A re-examination of lexical association measures",
    author = "Hoang, Hung Huu  and
      Kim, Su Nam  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identification, Interpretation, Disambiguation and Applications ({MWE} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2905",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{sinha-2009-mining,
    title = "Mining Complex Predicates In {H}indi Using A Parallel {H}indi-{E}nglish Corpus",
    author = "Sinha, R. Mahesh K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identification, Interpretation, Disambiguation and Applications ({MWE} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2906",
    pages = "40--46",
}
@inproceedings{ren-etal-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving Statistical Machine Translation Using Domain Bilingual Multiword Expressions",
    author = {Ren, Zhixiang  and
      L{\"u}, Yajuan  and
      Cao, Jie  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Huang, Yun},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identification, Interpretation, Disambiguation and Applications ({MWE} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2907",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{funayama-etal-2009-bottom,
    title = "Bottom-up Named Entity Recognition using Two-stage Machine Learning Method",
    author = "Funayama, Hirotaka  and
      Shibata, Tomohide  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identification, Interpretation, Disambiguation and Applications ({MWE} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2908",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{wakaki-etal-2009-abbreviation,
    title = "Abbreviation Generation for {J}apanese Multi-Word Expressions",
    author = "Wakaki, Hiromi  and
      Fujii, Hiroko  and
      Suzuki, Masaru  and
      Fukui, Mika  and
      Sumita, Kazuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identification, Interpretation, Disambiguation and Applications ({MWE} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-2909",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-linguistic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    author = "Stede, Manfred  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Ide, Nancy  and
      Meyers, Adam",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3000",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2009-cognitive,
    title = "A Cognitive-based Annotation System for Emotion Computing",
    author = "Chen, Ying  and
      Lee, Sophia Y. M.  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{dandapat-etal-2009-complex,
    title = "Complex Linguistic Annotation {--} No Easy Way Out! A Case from Bangla and {H}indi {POS} Labeling Tasks",
    author = "Dandapat, Sandipan  and
      Biswas, Priyanka  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Bali, Kalika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3002",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{rehbein-etal-2009-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the benefits of partial automatic pre-labeling for frame-semantic annotation",
    author = "Rehbein, Ines  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3003",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{ide-suderman-2009-bridging,
    title = "Bridging the Gaps: Interoperability for {G}r{AF}, {GATE}, and {UIMA}",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Suderman, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3004",
    pages = "27--34",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-etal-2009-lovely,
    title = "By all these lovely tokens... Merging Conflicting Tokenizations",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Ritz, Julia  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3005",
    pages = "35--43",
}
@inproceedings{zeyrek-etal-2009-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Subordinators in the {T}urkish Discourse Bank",
    author = "Zeyrek, Deniz  and
      Turan, Umit Deniz  and
      Bozsahin, Cem  and
      Cakici, Ruket  and
      Sevdik-Calli, Ayisigi B.  and
      Demirsahin, Isin  and
      Aktas, Berfin  and
      Yalcinkaya, {\.I}hsan  and
      Ogel, Hale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3006",
    pages = "44--47",
}
@inproceedings{bittar-2009-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Events and Temporal Expressions in {F}rench Texts",
    author = "Bittar, Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3007",
    pages = "48--51",
}
@inproceedings{hladka-etal-2009-designing,
    title = "Designing a Language Game for Collecting Coreference Annotation",
    author = "Hladk{\'a}, Barbora  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      Schlesinger, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3008",
    pages = "52--55",
}
@inproceedings{leong-mihalcea-2009-explorations,
    title = "Explorations in Automatic Image Annotation using Textual Features",
    author = "Leong, Chee Wee  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3009",
    pages = "56--59",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2009-human,
    title = "Human Evaluation of Article and Noun Number Usage: Influences of Context and Construction Variability",
    author = "Lee, John  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Chodorow, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3010",
    pages = "60--63",
}
@inproceedings{banski-przepiorkowski-2009-stand,
    title = "Stand-off {TEI} Annotation: the Case of the National Corpus of Polish",
    author = "Ba{\'n}ski, Piotr  and
      Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3011",
    pages = "64--67",
}
@inproceedings{diab-etal-2009-committed,
    title = "Committed Belief Annotation and Tagging",
    author = "Diab, Mona  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Guo, Weiwei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3012",
    pages = "68--73",
}
@inproceedings{lopatkova-etal-2009-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Sentence Structure; Capturing the Relationship among Clauses in {C}zech Sentences",
    author = "Lopatkov{\'a}, Mark{\'e}ta  and
      Klyueva, Natalia  and
      Homola, Petr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3013",
    pages = "74--81",
}
@inproceedings{schneiker-etal-2009-schema,
    title = "Schema and Variation: Digitizing Printed Dictionaries",
    author = "Schneiker, Christian  and
      Seipel, Dietmar  and
      Wegstein, Werner",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3014",
    pages = "82--89",
}
@inproceedings{hladka-uresova-2009-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic annotation of spoken utterances: A case study on the {C}zech Academic Corpus",
    author = "Hladk{\'a}, Barbora  and
      Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3015",
    pages = "90--98",
}
@inproceedings{luis-martins-de-matos-2009-high,
    title = "High-Performance High-Volume Layered Corpora Annotation",
    author = "Lu{\'\i}s, Tiago  and
      Martins de Matos, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3016",
    pages = "99--107",
}
@inproceedings{nedoluzhko-etal-2009-coding,
    title = "The Coding Scheme for Annotating Extended Nominal Coreference and Bridging Anaphora in the {P}rague Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Nedoluzhko, Anna  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      Pajas, Petr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3017",
    pages = "108--111",
}
@inproceedings{tomanek-hahn-2009-timed,
    title = "Timed Annotations {---} Enhancing {MUC}7 Metadata by the Time It Takes to Annotate Named Entities",
    author = "Tomanek, Katrin  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3018",
    pages = "112--115",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-etal-2009-transducing,
    title = "Transducing Logical Relations from Automatic and Manual {GLARF}",
    author = "Meyers, Adam  and
      Kosaka, Michiko  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Xue, Nianwen  and
      Harper, Mary  and
      Sun, Ang  and
      Xu, Wei  and
      Liao, Shasha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3019",
    pages = "116--120",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2009-using,
    title = "Using Parallel Propbanks to enhance Word-alignments",
    author = "Choi, Jinho  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3020",
    pages = "121--124",
}
@inproceedings{baker-fellbaum-2009-wordnet,
    title = "{W}ord{N}et and {F}rame{N}et as Complementary Resources for Annotation",
    author = "Baker, Collin F.  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3021",
    pages = "125--129",
}
@inproceedings{albert-etal-2009-annotating,
    title = "Annotating language errors in texts: investigating argumentation and decision schemas",
    author = "Albert, Camille  and
      Buscail, Laurie  and
      Garnier, Marie  and
      Rykner, Arnaud  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3022",
    pages = "130--133",
}
@inproceedings{podlasov-etal-2009-developing,
    title = "Developing Novel Multimodal and Linguistic Annotation Software",
    author = "Podlasov, Alexey  and
      O{'}Halloran, Kay  and
      Tan, Sabine  and
      Smith, Bradley  and
      Nagarajan, Arun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3023",
    pages = "134--137",
}
@inproceedings{novak-razimova-2009-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Detection of Annotation Inconsistencies Using Apriori Algorithm",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, V{\'a}clav  and
      Raz{\'\i}mov{\'a}, Magda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3024",
    pages = "138--141",
}
@inproceedings{fort-etal-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards a Methodology for Named Entities Annotation",
    author = {Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Ehrmann, Maud  and
      Nazarenko, Adeline},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3025",
    pages = "142--145",
}
@inproceedings{song-bond-2009-online,
    title = "Online Search Interface for the {S}ejong {K}orean-{J}apanese Bilingual Corpus and Auto-interpolation of Phrase Alignment",
    author = "Song, Sanghoun  and
      Bond, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3026",
    pages = "146--149",
}
@inproceedings{murakami-etal-2009-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Semantic Relations Combining Facts and Opinions",
    author = "Murakami, Koji  and
      Masuda, Shouko  and
      Matsuyoshi, Suguru  and
      Nichols, Eric  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3027",
    pages = "150--153",
}
@inproceedings{cassidy-johnston-2009-ingesting,
    title = "Ingesting the Auslan Corpus into the {DADA} Annotation Store",
    author = "Cassidy, Steve  and
      Johnston, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3028",
    pages = "154--157",
}
@inproceedings{oza-etal-2009-hindi,
    title = "The {H}indi Discourse Relation Bank",
    author = "Oza, Umangi  and
      Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Kolachina, Sudheer  and
      Misra Sharma, Dipti  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3029",
    pages = "158--161",
}
@inproceedings{bharati-etal-2009-simple,
    title = "Simple Parser for {I}ndian Languages in a Dependency Framework",
    author = "Bharati, Akshar  and
      Gupta, Mridul  and
      Yadav, Vineet  and
      Gali, Karthik  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3030",
    pages = "162--165",
}
@inproceedings{dipper-zinsmeister-2009-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Discourse Anaphora",
    author = "Dipper, Stefanie  and
      Zinsmeister, Heike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3031",
    pages = "166--169",
}
@inproceedings{kordoni-zhang-2009-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Wall Street Journal Texts Using a Hand-Crafted Deep Linguistic Grammar",
    author = "Kordoni, Valia  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3032",
    pages = "170--173",
}
@inproceedings{blache-2009-general,
    title = "A general scheme for broad-coverage multimodal annotation",
    author = "Blache, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3033",
    pages = "174--177",
}
@inproceedings{ide-etal-2009-silt,
    title = "The {SILT} and {F}la{R}e{N}et International Collaboration for Interoperability",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Soria, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3034",
    pages = "178--181",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2009-building,
    title = "Building a Large Syntactically-Annotated Corpus of {V}ietnamese",
    author = "Nguyen, Phuong-Thai  and
      Vu, Xuan-Luong  and
      Nguyen, Thi-Minh-Huyen  and
      Nguyen, Van-Hiep  and
      Le, Hong-Phuong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3035",
    pages = "182--185",
}
@inproceedings{bhatt-etal-2009-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Representational and Multi-Layered Treebank for {H}indi/{U}rdu",
    author = "Bhatt, Rajesh  and
      Narasimhan, Bhuvana  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Sharma, Dipti  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop ({LAW} {III})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3036",
    pages = "186--189",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-building,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: from Parallel to Non-parallel Corpora ({BUCC})",
    author = "Fung, Pascale  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Rapp, Reinhard",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3100",
}
@inproceedings{church-2009-repetition,
    title = "Repetition and Language Models and Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Church, Ken",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: from Parallel to Non-parallel Corpora ({BUCC})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3101",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{deleger-zweigenbaum-2009-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Lay Paraphrases of Specialized Expressions from Monolingual Comparable Medical Corpora",
    author = "Del{\'e}ger, Louise  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: from Parallel to Non-parallel Corpora ({BUCC})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3102",
    pages = "2--10",
}
@inproceedings{kirchner-etal-2009-extensible,
    title = "An Extensible Crosslinguistic Readability Framework",
    author = "Kirchner, Jesse  and
      Nuger, Justin  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: from Parallel to Non-parallel Corpora ({BUCC})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3103",
    pages = "11--18",
}
@inproceedings{garnier-saint-dizier-2009-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of the Calque Phenomena Based on Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Garnier, Marie  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: from Parallel to Non-parallel Corpora ({BUCC})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3104",
    pages = "19--22",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-fung-2009-active,
    title = "Active Learning of Extractive Reference Summaries for Lecture Speech Summarization",
    author = "Zhang, Jian  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: from Parallel to Non-parallel Corpora ({BUCC})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3105",
    pages = "23--26",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2009-train,
    title = "Train the Machine with What It Can {L}earn{---}{C}orpus Selection for {SMT}",
    author = "Han, Xiwu  and
      Li, Hanzhang  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: from Parallel to Non-parallel Corpora ({BUCC})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3106",
    pages = "27--33",
}
@inproceedings{ji-2009-mining,
    title = "Mining Name Translations from Comparable Corpora by Creating Bilingual Information Networks",
    author = "Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: from Parallel to Non-parallel Corpora ({BUCC})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3107",
    pages = "34--37",
}
@inproceedings{mamitimin-hou-2009-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese-{U}yghur Sentence Alignment: An Approach Based on Anchor Sentences",
    author = "Mamitimin, Samat  and
      Hou, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: from Parallel to Non-parallel Corpora ({BUCC})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3108",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{abdul-rauf-schwenk-2009-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Comparable Corpora with {TER} and {TER}p",
    author = "Abdul-Rauf, Sadaf  and
      Schwenk, Holger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: from Parallel to Non-parallel Corpora ({BUCC})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3109",
    pages = "46--54",
}
@inproceedings{goeuriot-etal-2009-compilation,
    title = "Compilation of Specialized Comparable Corpora in {F}rench and {J}apanese",
    author = "Goeuriot, Lorraine  and
      Morin, Emmanuel  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: from Parallel to Non-parallel Corpora ({BUCC})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3110",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{segouat-braffort-2009-toward,
    title = "Toward Categorization of Sign Language Corpora",
    author = "Segouat, J{\'e}r{\'e}mie  and
      Braffort, Annelies",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: from Parallel to Non-parallel Corpora ({BUCC})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3111",
    pages = "64--67",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-2009-graph,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-4)",
    author = "Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Hassan, Samer  and
      Mukherjee, Animesh  and
      Muresan, Smaranda",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3200",
}
@inproceedings{ellis-2009-social,
    title = "Social (distributed) language modeling, clustering and dialectometry",
    author = "Ellis, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3201",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{sinha-etal-2009-network,
    title = "Network analysis reveals structure indicative of syntax in the corpus of undeciphered Indus civilization inscriptions",
    author = "Sinha, Sitabhra  and
      Pan, Raj Kumar  and
      Yadav, Nisha  and
      Vahia, Mayank  and
      Mahadevan, Iravatham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3202",
    pages = "5--13",
}
@inproceedings{wieling-nerbonne-2009-bipartite,
    title = "Bipartite spectral graph partitioning to co-cluster varieties and sound correspondences in dialectology",
    author = "Wieling, Martijn  and
      Nerbonne, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3203",
    pages = "14--22",
}
@inproceedings{ramage-etal-2009-random,
    title = "Random Walks for Text Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Ramage, Daniel  and
      Rafferty, Anna N.  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3204",
    pages = "23--31",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-fukumoto-2009-classifying,
    title = "Classifying {J}apanese Polysemous Verbs based on Fuzzy C-means Clustering",
    author = "Suzuki, Yoshimi  and
      Fukumoto, Fumiyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3205",
    pages = "32--40",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-etal-2009-wikiwalk,
    title = "{W}iki{W}alk: Random walks on {W}ikipedia for Semantic Relatedness",
    author = "Yeh, Eric  and
      Ramage, Daniel  and
      Manning, Christopher D.  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Soroa, Aitor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3206",
    pages = "41--49",
}
@inproceedings{herdagdelen-etal-2009-measuring,
    title = "Measuring semantic relatedness with vector space models and random walks",
    author = "Herda{\u{g}}delen, Ama{\c{c}}  and
      Erk, Katrin  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3207",
    pages = "50--53",
}
@inproceedings{chen-ji-2009-graph,
    title = "Graph-based Event Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Chen, Zheng  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3208",
    pages = "54--57",
}
@inproceedings{rao-yarowsky-2009-ranking,
    title = "Ranking and Semi-supervised Classification on Large Scale Graphs Using Map-Reduce",
    author = "Rao, Delip  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3209",
    pages = "58--65",
}
@inproceedings{somasundaran-etal-2009-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Graphs for Polarity and Discourse Classification",
    author = "Somasundaran, Swapna  and
      Namata, Galileo  and
      Getoor, Lise  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3210",
    pages = "66--74",
}
@inproceedings{li-sporleder-2009-cohesion,
    title = "A Cohesion Graph Based Approach for Unsupervised Recognition of Literal and Non-literal Use of Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Li, Linlin  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3211",
    pages = "75--83",
}
@inproceedings{martens-2009-quantitative,
    title = "Quantitative analysis of treebanks using frequent subtree mining methods",
    author = "Martens, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-4)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3212",
    pages = "84--92",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-2009-peoples,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on The People{'}s Web Meets {NLP}: Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources (People{'}s Web)",
    author = "Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3300",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-iria-2009-novel,
    title = "A Novel Approach to Automatic Gazetteer Generation using {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Zhang, Ziqi  and
      Iria, Jos{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on The People{'}s Web Meets {NLP}: Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources (People{'}s Web)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3301",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{balasuriya-etal-2009-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition in {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Balasuriya, Dominic  and
      Ringland, Nicky  and
      Nothman, Joel  and
      Murphy, Tara  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on The People{'}s Web Meets {NLP}: Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources (People{'}s Web)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3302",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{navarro-etal-2009-wiktionary,
    title = "{W}iktionary for Natural Language Processing: Methodology and Limitations",
    author = "Navarro, Emmanuel  and
      Sajous, Franck  and
      Gaume, Bruno  and
      Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent  and
      Hsieh, ShuKai  and
      Kuo, Ivy  and
      Magistry, Pierre  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on The People{'}s Web Meets {NLP}: Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources (People{'}s Web)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3303",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{weale-etal-2009-using,
    title = "Using the {W}iktionary Graph Structure for Synonym Detection",
    author = "Weale, Timothy  and
      Brew, Chris  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on The People{'}s Web Meets {NLP}: Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources (People{'}s Web)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3304",
    pages = "28--31",
}
@inproceedings{gantner-schmidt-thieme-2009-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Content-Based Categorization of {W}ikipedia Articles",
    author = "Gantner, Zeno  and
      Schmidt-Thieme, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on The People{'}s Web Meets {NLP}: Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources (People{'}s Web)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3305",
    pages = "32--37",
}
@inproceedings{honnibal-etal-2009-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating a Statistical {CCG} Parser on {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Honnibal, Matthew  and
      Nothman, Joel  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on The People{'}s Web Meets {NLP}: Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources (People{'}s Web)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3306",
    pages = "38--41",
}
@inproceedings{tomuro-shepitsen-2009-construction,
    title = "Construction of Disambiguated {F}olksonomy Ontologies Using {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Tomuro, Noriko  and
      Shepitsen, Andriy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on The People{'}s Web Meets {NLP}: Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources (People{'}s Web)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3307",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2009-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring High Quality Non-Expert Knowledge from On-Demand Workforce",
    author = "Feng, Donghui  and
      Besana, Sveva  and
      Zajac, Remi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on The People{'}s Web Meets {NLP}: Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources (People{'}s Web)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3308",
    pages = "51--56",
}
@inproceedings{chamberlain-etal-2009-constructing,
    title = "Constructing an Anaphorically Annotated Corpus with Non-Experts: Assessing the Quality of Collaborative Annotations",
    author = "Chamberlain, Jon  and
      Kruschwitz, Udo  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on The People{'}s Web Meets {NLP}: Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources (People{'}s Web)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3309",
    pages = "57--62",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-asian,
    title = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    author = "Riza, Hammam  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3400",
}
@inproceedings{bond-etal-2009-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing the {J}apanese {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Bond, Francis  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Fujita, Sanae  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Kuribayashi, Takayuki  and
      Kanzaki, Kyoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3401",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2009-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of {V}ietnamese Noun Phrase Chunking with Discriminative Sequence Models",
    author = "Nguyen, Le Minh  and
      Nguyen, Huong Thao  and
      Nguyen, Phuong Thai  and
      Ho, Tu Bao  and
      Shimazu, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3402",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{weerasinghe-etal-2009-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based {S}inhala Lexicon",
    author = "Weerasinghe, Ruvan  and
      Herath, Dulip  and
      Welgama, Viraj",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3403",
    pages = "17--23",
}
@inproceedings{muaz-etal-2009-analysis,
    title = "Analysis and Development of {U}rdu {POS} Tagged Corpus",
    author = "Muaz, Ahmed  and
      Ali, Aasim  and
      Hussain, Sarmad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3404",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{ohtake-etal-2009-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Dialogue Acts to Construct Dialogue Systems for Consulting",
    author = "Ohtake, Kiyonori  and
      Misu, Teruhisa  and
      Hori, Chiori  and
      Kashioka, Hideki  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3405",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{akram-etal-2009-assas,
    title = "Assas-band, an Affix-Exception-List Based {U}rdu Stemmer",
    author = "Akram, Qurat-ul-Ain  and
      Naseer, Asma  and
      Hussain, Sarmad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3406",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{sinha-2009-automated,
    title = "Automated Mining Of Names Using Parallel {H}indi-{E}nglish Corpus",
    author = "Sinha, R. Mahesh K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3407",
    pages = "48--54",
}
@inproceedings{simpson-etal-2009-basic,
    title = "Basic Language Resources for Diverse {A}sian Languages: A Streamlined Approach for Resource Creation",
    author = "Simpson, Heather  and
      Maeda, Kazuaki  and
      Cieri, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3408",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{le-hong-etal-2009-finite,
    title = "Finite-State Description of {V}ietnamese Reduplication",
    author = "Le Hong, Phuong  and
      Nguyen, Thi Minh Huyen  and
      Roussanaly, Azim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3409",
    pages = "63--69",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2009-construction,
    title = "Construction of {C}hinese Segmented and {POS}-tagged Conversational Corpora and Their Evaluations on Spontaneous Speech Recognitions",
    author = "Hu, Xinhui  and
      Isotani, Ryosuke  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3410",
    pages = "70--75",
}
@inproceedings{banerjee-etal-2009-bengali,
    title = "{B}engali Verb Subcategorization Frame Acquisition - A Baseline Model",
    author = "Banerjee, Somnath  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3411",
    pages = "76--83",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2009-phonological,
    title = "Phonological and Logographic Influences on Errors in Written {C}hinese Words",
    author = "Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Tien, Kan-Wen  and
      Lai, Min-Hua  and
      Chuang, Yi-Hsuan  and
      Wu, Shih-Hung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3412",
    pages = "84--91",
}
@inproceedings{budiono-etal-2009-resource,
    title = "Resource Report: Building Parallel Text Corpora for Multi-Domain Translation System",
    author = "{Budiono}  and
      Riza, Hammam  and
      Hakim, Chairil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3413",
    pages = "92--95",
}
@inproceedings{ruangrajitpakorn-etal-2009-syntactic,
    title = "A Syntactic Resource for {T}hai: {CG} Treebank",
    author = "Ruangrajitpakorn, Taneth  and
      Trakultaweekoon, Kanokorn  and
      Supnithi, Thepchai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3414",
    pages = "96--102",
}
@inproceedings{jaimai-chimeddorj-2009-part,
    title = "Part of Speech Tagging for {M}ongolian Corpus",
    author = "Jaimai, Purev  and
      Chimeddorj, Odbayar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3415",
    pages = "103--106",
}
@inproceedings{ghayoomi-guillaume-2009-interaction,
    title = "Interaction Grammar for the {P}ersian Language: Noun and Adjectival Phrases",
    author = "Ghayoomi, Masood  and
      Guillaume, Bruno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3416",
    pages = "107--114",
}
@inproceedings{im-etal-2009-ktimeml,
    title = "{KT}ime{ML}: Specification of Temporal and Event Expressions in {K}orean Text",
    author = "Im, Seohyun  and
      You, Hyunjo  and
      Jang, Hayun  and
      Nam, Seungho  and
      Shin, Hyopil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3417",
    pages = "115--122",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2009-cwn,
    title = "{CWN}-{LMF}: {C}hinese {W}ord{N}et in the {L}exical {M}arkup {F}ramework",
    author = "Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3418",
    pages = "123--130",
}
@inproceedings{roxas-etal-2009-philippine,
    title = "{P}hilippine Language Resources: Trends and Directions",
    author = "Roxas, Rachel Edita  and
      Cheng, Charibeth  and
      Lim, Nathalie Rose",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3419",
    pages = "131--138",
}
@inproceedings{thoongsup-etal-2009-thai,
    title = "{T}hai {W}ord{N}et Construction",
    author = "Thoongsup, Sareewan  and
      Charoenporn, Thatsanee  and
      Robkop, Kergrit  and
      Sinthurahat, Tan  and
      Mokarat, Chumpol  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3420",
    pages = "139--144",
}
@inproceedings{tokunaga-etal-2009-query,
    title = "Query Expansion using {LMF}-Compliant Lexical Resources",
    author = "Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Kaplan, Dain  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Soria, Claudia  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Charoenporn, Thatsanee  and
      Xia, Yingju  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai  and
      Shirai, Kiyoaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3421",
    pages = "145--152",
}
@inproceedings{aroonmanakun-etal-2009-thai,
    title = "{T}hai National Corpus: A Progress Report",
    author = "Aroonmanakun, Wirote  and
      Tansiri, Kachen  and
      Nittayanuparp, Pairit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3422",
    pages = "153--160",
}
@inproceedings{calzolari-soria-2009-flarenet,
    title = "The {FL}a{R}e{N}et Thematic Network: A Global Forum for Cooperation",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Soria, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3423",
    pages = "161--164",
}
@inproceedings{bal-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards Building Advanced Natural Language Applications - An Overview of the Existing Primary Resources and Applications in {N}epali",
    author = "Bal, Bal Krishna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3424",
    pages = "165--170",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-2009-using,
    title = "Using Search Engine to Construct a Scalable Corpus for {V}ietnamese Lexical Development for Word Segmentation",
    author = "Nguyen, Doan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3425",
    pages = "171--178",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2009-word,
    title = "Word Segmentation Standard in {C}hinese, {J}apanese and {K}orean",
    author = "Choi, Key-Sun  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Kanzaki, Kyoko  and
      Kim, Hansaem  and
      Pak, Seok Mun  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on {A}sian Language Resources ({ALR}7)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3426",
    pages = "179--186",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-2009-named,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    author = "Li, Haizhou  and
      Kumaran, A",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3500",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2009-report,
    title = "Report of {NEWS} 2009 Machine Transliteration Shared Task",
    author = "Li, Haizhou  and
      Kumaran, A  and
      Pervouchine, Vladimir  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3501",
    pages = "1--18",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2009-whitepaper,
    title = "Whitepaper of {NEWS} 2009 Machine Transliteration Shared Task",
    author = "Li, Haizhou  and
      Kumaran, A  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Pervouchine, Vladimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3502",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{knight-2009-automata,
    title = "Automata for Transliteration and Machine Translation",
    author = "Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3503",
    pages = "27",
}
@inproceedings{jiampojamarn-etal-2009-directl,
    title = "{D}irec{TL}: a Language Independent Approach to Transliteration",
    author = "Jiampojamarn, Sittichai  and
      Bhargava, Aditya  and
      Dou, Qing  and
      Dwyer, Kenneth  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3504",
    pages = "28--31",
}
@inproceedings{jansche-sproat-2009-named,
    title = "Named Entity Transcription with Pair n-Gram Models",
    author = "Jansche, Martin  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3505",
    pages = "32--35",
}
@inproceedings{oh-etal-2009-machine,
    title = "Machine Transliteration using Target-Language Grapheme and Phoneme: Multi-engine Transliteration Approach",
    author = "Oh, Jong-Hoon  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3506",
    pages = "36--39",
}
@inproceedings{shishtla-etal-2009-language,
    title = "A Language-Independent Transliteration Schema Using Character Aligned Models at {NEWS} 2009",
    author = "Shishtla, Praneeth  and
      V, Surya Ganesh  and
      Subramaniam, Sethuramalingam  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3507",
    pages = "40--43",
}
@inproceedings{chinnakotla-damani-2009-experiences,
    title = "Experiences with {E}nglish-{H}indi, {E}nglish-{T}amil and {E}nglish-{K}annada Transliteration Tasks at {NEWS} 2009",
    author = "Chinnakotla, Manoj Kumar  and
      Damani, Om P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3508",
    pages = "44--47",
}
@inproceedings{vijayanand-2009-testing,
    title = "Testing and Performance Evaluation of Machine Transliteration System for {T}amil Language",
    author = "Vijayanand, Kommaluri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3509",
    pages = "48--51",
}
@inproceedings{finch-sumita-2009-transliteration,
    title = "Transliteration by Bidirectional Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Finch, Andrew  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3510",
    pages = "52--56",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2009-transliteration,
    title = "Transliteration of Name Entity via Improved Statistical Translation on Character Sequences",
    author = "Song, Yan  and
      Kit, Chunyu  and
      Chen, Xiao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3511",
    pages = "57--60",
}
@inproceedings{bose-sarkar-2009-learning,
    title = "Learning Multi Character Alignment Rules and Classification of Training Data for Transliteration",
    author = "Bose, Dipankar  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3512",
    pages = "61--64",
}
@inproceedings{aramaki-abekawa-2009-fast,
    title = "Fast Decoding and Easy Implementation: Transliteration as Sequential Labeling",
    author = "Aramaki, Eiji  and
      Abekawa, Takeshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3513",
    pages = "65--68",
}
@inproceedings{cherry-suzuki-2009-news,
    title = "{NEWS} 2009 Machine Transliteration Shared Task System Description: Transliteration with Letter-to-Phoneme Technology",
    author = "Cherry, Colin  and
      Suzuki, Hisami",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3514",
    pages = "69--71",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2009-combining,
    title = "Combining a Two-step Conditional Random Field Model and a Joint Source Channel Model for Machine Transliteration",
    author = "Yang, Dong  and
      Dixon, Paul  and
      Pan, Yi-Cheng  and
      Oonishi, Tasuku  and
      Nakamura, Masanobu  and
      Furui, Sadaoki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3515",
    pages = "72--75",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-2009-phonological,
    title = "Phonological Context Approximation and Homophone Treatment for {NEWS} 2009 {E}nglish-{C}hinese Transliteration Shared Task",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3516",
    pages = "76--79",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2009-english,
    title = "{E}nglish to {H}indi Machine Transliteration System at {NEWS} 2009",
    author = "Das, Amitava  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Mondal, Tapabrata  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3517",
    pages = "80--83",
}
@inproceedings{khapra-bhattacharyya-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving Transliteration Accuracy Using Word-Origin Detection and Lexicon Lookup",
    author = "Khapra, Mitesh  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3518",
    pages = "84--87",
}
@inproceedings{jia-etal-2009-noisy,
    title = "A Noisy Channel Model for Grapheme-based Machine Transliteration",
    author = "Jia, Yuxiang  and
      Zhu, Danqing  and
      Yu, Shiwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3519",
    pages = "88--91",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-waxmonsky-2009-substring,
    title = "Substring-based Transliteration with Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Reddy, Sravana  and
      Waxmonsky, Sonjia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3520",
    pages = "92--95",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2009-syllable,
    title = "A Syllable-based Name Transliteration System",
    author = "Jiang, Xue  and
      Sun, Le  and
      Zhang, Dakun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3521",
    pages = "96--99",
}
@inproceedings{nabende-2009-transliteration,
    title = "Transliteration System Using Pair {HMM} with Weighted {FST}s",
    author = "Nabende, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3522",
    pages = "100--103",
}
@inproceedings{haque-etal-2009-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-{H}indi Transliteration Using Context-Informed {PB}-{SMT}: the {DCU} System for {NEWS} 2009",
    author = "Haque, Rejwanul  and
      Dandapat, Sandipan  and
      Srivastava, Ankit Kumar  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3523",
    pages = "104--107",
}
@inproceedings{hong-etal-2009-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach to {E}nglish-{K}orean Name Transliteration",
    author = "Hong, Gumwon  and
      Kim, Min-Jeong  and
      Lee, Do-Gil  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3524",
    pages = "108--111",
}
@inproceedings{noeman-2009-language,
    title = "Language Independent Transliteration System Using Phrase-based {SMT} Approach on Substrings",
    author = "Noeman, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3525",
    pages = "112--115",
}
@inproceedings{zelenko-2009-combining,
    title = "Combining {MDL} Transliteration Training with Discriminative Modeling",
    author = "Zelenko, Dmitry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3526",
    pages = "116--119",
}
@inproceedings{varadarajan-rao-2009-extension,
    title = "$\epsilon$-extension Hidden {M}arkov Models and Weighted Transducers for Machine Transliteration",
    author = "Varadarajan, Balakrishnan  and
      Rao, Delip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3527",
    pages = "120--123",
}
@inproceedings{rama-gali-2009-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Machine Transliteration as a Phrase Based Statistical Machine Translation Problem",
    author = "Rama, Taraka  and
      Gali, Karthik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3528",
    pages = "124--127",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-2009-maximum,
    title = "Maximum n-Gram {HMM}-based Name Transliteration: Experiment in {NEWS} 2009 on {E}nglish-{C}hinese Corpus",
    author = "Zhou, Yilu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3529",
    pages = "128--131",
}
@inproceedings{freitag-wang-2009-name,
    title = "Name Transliteration with Bidirectional Perceptron Edit Models",
    author = "Freitag, Dayne  and
      Wang, Zhiqiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3530",
    pages = "132--135",
}
@inproceedings{picca-etal-2009-bridging,
    title = "Bridging Languages by {S}uper{S}ense Entity Tagging",
    author = "Picca, Davide  and
      Gliozzo, Alfio Massimiliano  and
      Campora, Simone",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3531",
    pages = "136--142",
}
@inproceedings{ren-etal-2009-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese-{E}nglish Organization Name Translation Based on Correlative Expansion",
    author = "Ren, Feiliang  and
      Zhu, Muhua  and
      Wang, Huizhen  and
      Zhu, Jingbo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3532",
    pages = "143--151",
}
@inproceedings{samuel-etal-2009-name,
    title = "Name Matching between {R}oman and {C}hinese Scripts: Machine Complements Human",
    author = "Samuel, Ken  and
      Rubenstein, Alan  and
      Condon, Sherri  and
      Yeh, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3533",
    pages = "152--160",
}
@inproceedings{tsuchiya-etal-2009-analysis,
    title = "Analysis and Robust Extraction of Changing Named Entities",
    author = "Tsuchiya, Masatoshi  and
      Endo, Shoko  and
      Nakagawa, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3534",
    pages = "161--167",
}
@inproceedings{saito-imamura-2009-tag,
    title = "Tag Confidence Measure for Semi-Automatically Updating Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Saito, Kuniko  and
      Imamura, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3535",
    pages = "168--176",
}
@inproceedings{malik-etal-2009-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Model for {U}rdu {H}indi Transliteration",
    author = "Malik, Abbas  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Boitet, Christian  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3536",
    pages = "177--185",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-2009-graphemic,
    title = "Graphemic Approximation of Phonological Context for {E}nglish-{C}hinese Transliteration",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3537",
    pages = "186--193",
}
@inproceedings{kravalova-zabokrtsky-2009-czech,
    title = "{C}zech Named Entity Corpus and {SVM}-based Recognizer",
    author = "Kravalov{\'a}, Jana  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3538",
    pages = "194--201",
}
@inproceedings{ekbal-bandyopadhyay-2009-voted,
    title = "Voted {NER} System using Appropriate Unlabeled Data",
    author = "Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Named Entities Workshop: Shared Task on Transliteration ({NEWS} 2009)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3539",
    pages = "202--210",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-2009-text,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Text and Citation Analysis for Scholarly Digital Libraries ({NLPIR}4{DL})",
    author = "Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Teufel, Simone",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec City, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3600",
}
@inproceedings{nagy-etal-2009-researcher,
    title = "Researcher affiliation extraction from homepages",
    author = "Nagy, Istv{\'a}n  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      Jelasity, M{\'a}rk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Text and Citation Analysis for Scholarly Digital Libraries ({NLPIR}4{DL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec City, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3601",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2009-anchor,
    title = "Anchor Text Extraction for Academic Search",
    author = "Shi, Shuming  and
      Xing, Fei  and
      Zhu, Mingjie  and
      Nie, Zaiqing  and
      Wen, Ji-Rong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Text and Citation Analysis for Scholarly Digital Libraries ({NLPIR}4{DL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec City, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3602",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{merity-etal-2009-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Argumentative Zoning with Maximum Entropy models",
    author = "Merity, Stephen  and
      Murphy, Tara  and
      Curran, James R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Text and Citation Analysis for Scholarly Digital Libraries ({NLPIR}4{DL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec City, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3603",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{nanba-takezawa-2009-classification,
    title = "Classification of Research Papers into a Patent Classification System Using Two Translation Models",
    author = "Nanba, Hidetsugu  and
      Takezawa, Toshiyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Text and Citation Analysis for Scholarly Digital Libraries ({NLPIR}4{DL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec City, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3604",
    pages = "27--35",
}
@inproceedings{sandor-vorndran-2009-detecting,
    title = "Detecting key sentences for automatic assistance in peer reviewing research articles in educational sciences",
    author = "S{\'a}ndor, {\'A}gnes  and
      Vorndran, Angela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Text and Citation Analysis for Scholarly Digital Libraries ({NLPIR}4{DL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec City, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3605",
    pages = "36--44",
}
@inproceedings{wan-etal-2009-designing,
    title = "Designing a Citation-Sensitive Research Tool: An Initial Study of Browsing-Specific Information Needs",
    author = "Wan, Stephen  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile  and
      Muthukrishna, Michael  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Text and Citation Analysis for Scholarly Digital Libraries ({NLPIR}4{DL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec City, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3606",
    pages = "45--53",
}
@inproceedings{radev-etal-2009-acl,
    title = "The {ACL} Anthology Network",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir R.  and
      Muthukrishnan, Pradeep  and
      Qazvinian, Vahed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Text and Citation Analysis for Scholarly Digital Libraries ({NLPIR}4{DL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec City, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3607",
    pages = "54--61",
}
@inproceedings{hearst-stoica-2009-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} Support for Faceted Navigation in Scholarly Collection",
    author = "Hearst, Marti A.  and
      Stoica, Emilia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Text and Citation Analysis for Scholarly Digital Libraries ({NLPIR}4{DL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec City, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3608",
    pages = "62--70",
}
@inproceedings{hong-etal-2009-firecite,
    title = "{F}ire{C}ite: Lightweight real-time reference string extraction from webpages",
    author = "Hong, Ching Hoi Andy  and
      Gozali, Jesse Prabawa  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Text and Citation Analysis for Scholarly Digital Libraries ({NLPIR}4{DL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec City, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3609",
    pages = "71--79",
}
@inproceedings{romanello-etal-2009-citations,
    title = "Citations in the Digital Library of Classics: Extracting Canonical References by Using Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Romanello, Matteo  and
      Boschetti, Federico  and
      Crane, Gregory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Text and Citation Analysis for Scholarly Digital Libraries ({NLPIR}4{DL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec City, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3610",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{kaplan-etal-2009-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Citation Contexts for Research Paper Summarization: A Coreference-chain based Approach",
    author = "Kaplan, Dain  and
      Iida, Ryu  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Text and Citation Analysis for Scholarly Digital Libraries ({NLPIR}4{DL})",
    month = aug,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Suntec City, Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3611",
    pages = "88--95",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-eight,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    author = "Bunt, Harry",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3700",
}
@inproceedings{dagan-2009-time,
    title = "It{'}s time for a semantic inference engine",
    author = "Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3701",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-2009-knowing,
    title = "Knowing a word (sense) by its company",
    author = "Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3702",
    pages = "2",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-2009-play,
    title = "Play your way to an annotated corpus: Games with a purpose and anaphoric annotation",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3703",
    pages = "3",
}
@inproceedings{benotti-traum-2009-computational,
    title = "A computational account of comparative implicatures for a spoken dialogue agent",
    author = "Benotti, Luciana  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3704",
    pages = "4--17",
}
@inproceedings{bos-2009-computing,
    title = "Computing Genitive Superlatives",
    author = "Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3705",
    pages = "18--32",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-2009-semantic,
    title = "Semantic annotations as complimentary to underspecified semantic representations",
    author = "Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3706",
    pages = "33--44",
}
@inproceedings{celli-nissim-2009-automatic,
    title = "Automatic identification of semantic relations in {I}talian complex nominals",
    author = "Celli, Fabio  and
      Nissim, Malvina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3707",
    pages = "45--60",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2009-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Mental States in Natural Language",
    author = "Chen, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3708",
    pages = "61--72",
}
@inproceedings{dautriche-saint-dizier-2009-formal,
    title = "A Formal Model for Procedural Texts and its Use in Textual Integration",
    author = "Dautriche, Isabelle  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3709",
    pages = "73--89",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-wang-2009-inference-rules,
    title = "Inference Rules for Recognizing Textual Entailment",
    author = "Dinu, Georgiana  and
      Wang, Rui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3710",
    pages = "90--103",
}
@inproceedings{erk-2009-supporting,
    title = "Supporting inferences in semantic space: representing words as regions",
    author = "Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3711",
    pages = "104--115",
}
@inproceedings{garrette-klein-2009-extensible,
    title = "An Extensible Toolkit for Computational Semantics",
    author = "Garrette, Dan  and
      Klein, Ewan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3712",
    pages = "116--127",
}
@inproceedings{gregoromichelaki-etal-2009-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Modelling and the Remit of Core Grammar",
    author = "Gregoromichelaki, Eleni  and
      Sato, Yo  and
      Kempson, Ruth  and
      Gargett, Andrew  and
      Howes, Christine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3713",
    pages = "128--139",
}
@inproceedings{maccartney-manning-2009-extended,
    title = "An extended model of natural logic",
    author = "MacCartney, Bill  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3714",
    pages = "140--156",
}
@inproceedings{petukhova-bunt-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards a Multidimensional Semantics of Discourse Markers in Spoken Dialogue",
    author = "Petukhova, Volha  and
      Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3715",
    pages = "157--168",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-etal-2009-glml,
    title = "{GLML}: Annotating Argument Selection and Coercion",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Moszkowicz, Jessica  and
      Batiukova, Olga  and
      Rumshisky, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3716",
    pages = "169--180",
}
@inproceedings{ramsay-field-2009-using,
    title = "Using {E}nglish for commonsense knowledge",
    author = "Ramsay, Allan  and
      Field, Debora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3717",
    pages = "181--194",
}
@inproceedings{robaldo-di-carlo-2009-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating quantifier scope in {DTS}",
    author = "Robaldo, Livio  and
      Di Carlo, Jurij",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3718",
    pages = "195--209",
}
@inproceedings{spenader-lobanova-2009-reliable,
    title = "Reliable Discourse Markers for Contrast Relations",
    author = "Spenader, Jennifer  and
      Lobanova, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3719",
    pages = "210--221",
}
@inproceedings{martin-etal-2009-disambiguation,
    title = "Disambiguation of Polysemous Verbs for Rule-based Inferencing",
    author = "Martin, Fabienne  and
      Spohr, Dennis  and
      Stein, Achim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3720",
    pages = "222--234",
}
@inproceedings{wittek-etal-2009-ordering,
    title = "An Ordering of Terms Based on Semantic Relatedness",
    author = "Wittek, Peter  and
      Dar{\'a}nyi, S{\'a}ndor  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3721",
    pages = "235--247",
}
@inproceedings{zelaia-etal-2009-multiclassifier,
    title = "A Multiclassifier based Approach for Word Sense Disambiguation using Singular Value Decomposition",
    author = "Zelaia, Ana  and
      Arregi, Olatz  and
      Sierra, Basilio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3722",
    pages = "248--259",
}
@inproceedings{bal-2009-towards-analysis,
    title = "Towards an Analysis of Opinions in News Editorials: How positive was the year? (project abstract)",
    author = "Bal, Bal Krishna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3723",
    pages = "260--263",
}
@inproceedings{balvet-etal-2009-nomage,
    title = "The {NOMAGE} Project Annotating the semantic features of {F}rench nominalizations (project abstract)",
    author = "Balvet, Antonio  and
      Haas, Pauline  and
      Huyghe, Richard  and
      Jugnet, Anne  and
      Mar{\'\i}n, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3724",
    pages = "264--267",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-overbeeke-2009-methodological,
    title = "A methodological note on the definition of semantic annotation languages (short paper)",
    author = "Bunt, Harry  and
      Overbeeke, Chwhynny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3725",
    pages = "268--271",
}
@inproceedings{cimiano-2009-flexible,
    title = "Flexible Semantic Composition with {DUDES} (short paper)",
    author = "Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3726",
    pages = "272--276",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-pianta-2009-computing,
    title = "Computing Implicit Entities and Events with Getaruns (short paper)",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo  and
      Pianta, Emanuele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3727",
    pages = "277--281",
}
@inproceedings{van-erp-etal-2009-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Alternative Data-Driven Ontological Vistas of Natural History (short paper)",
    author = "van Erp, Marieke  and
      Lendvai, Piroska  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3728",
    pages = "282--285",
}
@inproceedings{geertzen-2009-semantic,
    title = "Semantic interpretation of {D}utch spoken dialogue (short paper)",
    author = "Geertzen, Jeroen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3729",
    pages = "286--290",
}
@inproceedings{lendvai-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards Acquisition of Taxonomic Inference (short paper)",
    author = "Lendvai, Piroska",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3730",
    pages = "291--294",
}
@inproceedings{loukanova-2009-formalisation,
    title = "Formalisation of Intensionality as Algorithms (project abstract)",
    author = "Loukanova, Roussanka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3731",
    pages = "295--298",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-hinarejos-2009-study,
    title = "A Study of a Segmentation Technique for Dialogue Act Assignation (short paper)",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez-Hinarejos, Carlos-D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3732",
    pages = "299--304",
}
@inproceedings{ni-etal-2009-application,
    title = "Application of Cognitive Strategies to {C}hinese Noun Classifier E-learning (short paper)",
    author = "Ni, Wei  and
      Gao, Helena Hong  and
      Ouyang, Shixiao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3733",
    pages = "305--309",
}
@inproceedings{nishiguchi-2009-qualia,
    title = "Qualia Based Lexical Knowledge for the Disambiguation of the {J}apanese Postposition {`}No{'} (short paper)",
    author = "Nishiguchi, Sumiyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3734",
    pages = "310--315",
}
@inproceedings{ouyang-etal-2009-developing,
    title = "Developing a Computer-facilitated Tool for Acquiring Near-synonyms in {C}hinese and {E}nglish (short paper)",
    author = "Ouyang, Shixiao  and
      Gao, Helena Hong  and
      Koh, Soo Ngee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3735",
    pages = "316--319",
}
@inproceedings{schulz-etal-2009-well,
    title = "Well-formed Default Unification in Non-deterministic Multiple Inheritance Hierarchies (short paper)",
    author = "Schulz, Christian  and
      Alexandersson, Jan  and
      Becker, Tilman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3736",
    pages = "320--325",
}
@inproceedings{snyder-etal-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards a Cognitive Approach for the Automated Detection of Connotative Meaning",
    author = "Snyder, Jaime  and
      D{'}Eredita, Michael A.  and
      Yilmazel, Ozgur  and
      Liddy, Elizabeth D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3737",
    pages = "326--332",
}
@inproceedings{sporleder-2009-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Argument Structure in {D}iscours{E}: The {SEASIDE} project (project abstract)",
    author = "Sporleder, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3738",
    pages = "333--337",
}
@inproceedings{suktarachan-saint-dizier-2009-application,
    title = "An Application of Lexical Semantics Annotation to Question-Answering in e-Farming",
    author = "Suktarachan, Mukda  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3739",
    pages = "338--341",
}
@inproceedings{tonelli-pianta-2009-novel,
    title = "A novel approach to mapping {F}rame{N}et lexical units to {W}ord{N}et synsets (short paper)",
    author = "Tonelli, Sara  and
      Pianta, Emanuele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3740",
    pages = "342--345",
}
@inproceedings{vela-declerck-2009-concept,
    title = "Concept and Relation Extraction in the Finance Domain",
    author = "Vela, Mihaela  and
      Declerck, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3741",
    pages = "346--350",
}
@inproceedings{de-waard-etal-2009-identifying,
    title = "Identifying the Epistemic Value of Discourse Segments in Biology Texts (project abstract)",
    author = "de Waard, Anita  and
      Buitelaar, Paul  and
      Eigner, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3742",
    pages = "351--354",
}
@inproceedings{wubben-van-den-bosch-2009-semantic,
    title = "A semantic relatedness metric based on free link structure (short paper)",
    author = "Wubben, Sander  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3743",
    pages = "355--358",
}
@inproceedings{bedaride-gardent-2009-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Normalisation : a Framework and an Experiment",
    author = "Bedaride, Paul  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Semantics",
    month = jan,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3744",
    pages = "359--370",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-international-parsing,
    title = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    author = "Bunt, Harry  and
      Villemonte de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3800",
}
@inproceedings{maletti-satta-2009-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Algorithms based on Tree Automata",
    author = "Maletti, Andreas  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3801",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-2009-weighted,
    title = "Weighted parsing of trees",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3802",
    pages = "13--24",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-liu-2009-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Adaptation of Annotation Standards for Dependency Parsing ? Using Projected Treebank as Source Corpus",
    author = "Jiang, Wenbin  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3803",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{saers-etal-2009-learning,
    title = "Learning Stochastic Bracketing Inversion Transduction Grammars with a Cubic Time Biparsing Algorithm",
    author = "Saers, Markus  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3804",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-wu-2009-empirical,
    title = "Empirical lower bounds on translation unit error rate for the full class of inversion transduction grammars",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3805",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@inproceedings{ganslandt-etal-2009-predictive,
    title = "Predictive Text Entry using Syntax and Semantics",
    author = {Ganslandt, Sebastian  and
      J{\"o}rwall, Jakob  and
      Nugues, Pierre},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3806",
    pages = "37--48",
}
@inproceedings{nilsson-etal-2009-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Formal Languages using Natural Language Parsing Techniques",
    author = {Nilsson, Jens  and
      L{\"o}we, Welf  and
      Hall, Johan  and
      Nivre, Joakim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3807",
    pages = "49--60",
}
@inproceedings{kallmeyer-maier-2009-incremental,
    title = "An Incremental Earley Parser for Simple Range Concatenation Grammar",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Maier, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3808",
    pages = "61--64",
}
@inproceedings{le-roux-2009-deductive,
    title = "Deductive Parsing in Interaction Grammars",
    author = "Le Roux, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3809",
    pages = "65--68",
}
@inproceedings{kallmeyer-etal-2009-synchronous,
    title = "Synchronous Rewriting in Treebanks",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Maier, Wolfgang  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3810",
    pages = "69--72",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-etal-2009-improved,
    title = "An Improved Oracle for Dependency Parsing with Online Reordering",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim  and
      Kuhlmann, Marco  and
      Hall, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3811",
    pages = "73--76",
}
@inproceedings{bharati-etal-2009-two,
    title = "Two stage constraint based hybrid approach to free word order language dependency parsing",
    author = "Bharati, Akshar  and
      Husain, Samar  and
      Misra, Dipti  and
      Sangal, Rajeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3812",
    pages = "77--80",
}
@inproceedings{sagae-2009-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Discourse Structure with Syntactic Dependencies and Data-Driven Shift-Reduce Parsing",
    author = "Sagae, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3813",
    pages = "81--84",
}
@inproceedings{uematsu-tsujii-2009-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Contribution of Deep Syntactic Information to Shallow Semantic Analysis",
    author = "Uematsu, Sumire  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3814",
    pages = "85--88",
}
@inproceedings{post-gildea-2009-weight,
    title = "Weight Pushing and Binarization for Fixed-Grammar Parsing",
    author = "Post, Matt  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3815",
    pages = "89--98",
}
@inproceedings{khmylko-etal-2009-co,
    title = "Co-Parsing with Competitive Models",
    author = "Khmylko, Lidia  and
      Foth, Kilian A.  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3816",
    pages = "99--107",
}
@inproceedings{kawahara-kurohashi-2009-capturing,
    title = "Capturing Consistency between Intra-clause and Inter-clause Relations in Knowledge-rich Dependency and Case Structure Analysis",
    author = "Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3817",
    pages = "108--116",
}
@inproceedings{boullier-etal-2009-constructing,
    title = "Constructing parse forests that include exactly the n-best {PCFG} trees",
    author = "Boullier, Pierre  and
      Nasr, Alexis  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3818",
    pages = "117--128",
}
@inproceedings{goldberg-elhadad-2009-hebrew,
    title = "{H}ebrew Dependency Parsing: Initial Results",
    author = "Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3819",
    pages = "129--133",
}
@inproceedings{versley-rehbein-2009-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Discriminative Parsing for {G}erman",
    author = "Versley, Yannick  and
      Rehbein, Ines",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3820",
    pages = "134--137",
}
@inproceedings{candito-crabbe-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving generative statistical parsing with semi-supervised word clustering",
    author = "Candito, Marie  and
      Crabb{\'e}, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3821",
    pages = "138--141",
}
@inproceedings{bengoetxea-gojenola-2009-application,
    title = "Application of feature propagation to dependency parsing",
    author = "Bengoetxea, Kepa  and
      Gojenola, Koldo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3822",
    pages = "142--145",
}
@inproceedings{bryl-etal-2009-guessing,
    title = "Guessing the Grammatical Function of a Non-Root F-Structure in {LFG}",
    author = "Bryl, Anton  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Graham, Yvette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3823",
    pages = "146--149",
}
@inproceedings{seddah-etal-2009-cross,
    title = "Cross parser evaluation : a {F}rench Treebanks study",
    author = "Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      Candito, Marie  and
      Crabb{\'e}, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3824",
    pages = "150--161",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-clark-2009-transition,
    title = "Transition-Based Parsing of the {C}hinese Treebank using a Global Discriminative Model",
    author = "Zhang, Yue  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3825",
    pages = "162--171",
}
@inproceedings{prost-2009-grammar,
    title = "Grammar Error Detection with Best Approximated Parse",
    author = "Prost, Jean-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3826",
    pages = "172--175",
}
@inproceedings{wagner-foster-2009-effect,
    title = "The effect of correcting grammatical errors on parse probabilities",
    author = "Wagner, Joachim  and
      Foster, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3827",
    pages = "176--179",
}
@inproceedings{hara-etal-2009-effective,
    title = "Effective Analysis of Causes and Inter-dependencies of Parsing Errors",
    author = "Hara, Tadayoshi  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3828",
    pages = "180--191",
}
@inproceedings{sagae-gordon-2009-clustering,
    title = "Clustering Words by Syntactic Similarity improves Dependency Parsing of Predicate-argument Structures",
    author = "Sagae, Kenji  and
      Gordon, Andrew S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3829",
    pages = "192--201",
}
@inproceedings{vergne-2009-chunk,
    title = "The chunk as the period of the functions length and frequency of words on the syntagmatic axis",
    author = "Vergne, Jacques",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3830",
    pages = "202--205",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-kuhn-2009-using,
    title = "Using a maximum entropy-based tagger to improve a very fast vine parser",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3831",
    pages = "206--209",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2009-hpsg,
    title = "{HPSG} Supertagging: A Sequence Labeling View",
    author = "Zhang, Yao-zhong  and
      Matsuzaki, Takuya  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3832",
    pages = "210--213",
}
@inproceedings{deoskar-etal-2009-smoothing,
    title = "Smoothing fine-grained {PCFG} lexicons",
    author = "Deoskar, Tejaswini  and
      Rooth, Mats  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3833",
    pages = "214--217",
}
@inproceedings{geertzen-2009-wide,
    title = "Wide-coverage parsing of speech transcripts",
    author = "Geertzen, Jeroen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3834",
    pages = "218--221",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-saez-etal-2009-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Predictive Parsing",
    author = "S{\'a}nchez-S{\'a}ez, Ricardo  and
      S{\'a}nchez, Joan-Andreu  and
      Bened{\'\i}, Jos{\'e}-Miguel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3835",
    pages = "222--225",
}
@inproceedings{chowdhury-etal-2009-using,
    title = "Using Treebanking Discriminants as Parse Disambiguation Features",
    author = "Chowdhury, Md. Faisal Mahbub  and
      Zhang, Yi  and
      Kordoni, Valia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3836",
    pages = "226--229",
}
@inproceedings{hale-2009-heuristic,
    title = "Heuristic search in a cognitive model of human parsing",
    author = "Hale, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3837",
    pages = "230--233",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-chan-2009-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing with Energy-based Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Zhang, Lidan  and
      Chan, Kwok Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3838",
    pages = "234--237",
}
@inproceedings{sangati-etal-2009-generative,
    title = "A generative re-ranking model for dependency parsing",
    author = "Sangati, Federico  and
      Zuidema, Willem  and
      Bod, Rens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3839",
    pages = "238--241",
}
@inproceedings{bonfante-etal-2009-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Constraints for Lexical Disambiguation",
    author = "Bonfante, Guillaume  and
      Guillaume, Bruno  and
      Morey, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3840",
    pages = "242--253",
}
@inproceedings{boullier-sagot-2009-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Directed Acyclic Graphs with Range Concatenation Grammars",
    author = "Boullier, Pierre  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies ({IWPT}{'}09)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Paris, France",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3841",
    pages = "254--265",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-sigdial,
    title = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    author = "Healey, Patrick  and
      Pieraccini, Roberto  and
      Byron, Donna  and
      Young, Steve  and
      Purver, Matthew",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3900",
}
@inproceedings{paksima-etal-2009-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Information Presentation in a Full End-To-End Dialogue System",
    author = "Paksima, Taghi  and
      Georgila, Kallirroi  and
      Moore, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3901",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{devault-etal-2009-finish,
    title = "Can {I} Finish? Learning When to Respond to Incremental Interpretation Results in Interactive Dialogue",
    author = "DeVault, David  and
      Sagae, Kenji  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3902",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{op-den-akker-op-den-akker-2009-addressed,
    title = "Are You Being Addressed? - Real-Time Addressee Detection to Support Remote Participants in Hybrid Meetings",
    author = "op den Akker, Harm  and
      op den Akker, Rieks",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3903",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{bavelas-2009-whats,
    title = "What{'}s Unique About Dialogue?",
    author = "Bavelas, Janet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3904",
    pages = "29",
}
@inproceedings{schlangen-etal-2009-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Reference Resolution: The Task, Metrics for Evaluation, and a {B}ayesian Filtering Model that is Sensitive to Disfluencies",
    author = "Schlangen, David  and
      Baumann, Timo  and
      Atterer, Michaela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3905",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{dzikovska-etal-2009-dealing,
    title = "Dealing with Interpretation Errors in Tutorial Dialogue",
    author = "Dzikovska, Myroslava  and
      Callaway, Charles  and
      Farrow, Elaine  and
      Moore, Johanna  and
      Steinhauser, Natalie  and
      Campbell, Gwendolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3906",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{zukerman-etal-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards the Interpretation of Utterance Sequences in a Dialogue System",
    author = "Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      Ye, Patrick  and
      Gupta, Kapil Kumar  and
      Makalic, Enes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3907",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{niekrasz-moore-2009-participant,
    title = "Participant Subjectivity and Involvement as a Basis for Discourse Segmentation",
    author = "Niekrasz, John  and
      Moore, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3908",
    pages = "54--61",
}
@inproceedings{taboada-etal-2009-genre,
    title = "Genre-Based Paragraph Classification for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Taboada, Maite  and
      Brooke, Julian  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3909",
    pages = "62--70",
}
@inproceedings{banerjee-rudnicky-2009-detecting,
    title = "Detecting the Noteworthiness of Utterances in Human Meetings",
    author = "Banerjee, Satanjeev  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3910",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@inproceedings{howes-etal-2009-experimental,
    title = "{A}: An Experimental Investigation into... B: ...Split Utterances",
    author = "Howes, Christine  and
      Healey, Patrick  and
      Mills, Gregory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3911",
    pages = "79--86",
}
@inproceedings{rieser-poesio-2009-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Gesture in Dialogue: a {PTT} Model",
    author = "Rieser, Hannes  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3912",
    pages = "87--96",
}
@inproceedings{zulaica-hernandez-gutierrez-rexach-2009-tense,
    title = "Tense, Temporal Expressions and Demonstrative Licensing in Natural Discourse.",
    author = "Zulaica-Hern{\'a}ndez, Iker  and
      Guti{\'e}rrez-Rexach, Javier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3913",
    pages = "97--106",
}
@inproceedings{clemens-diekhaus-2009-prosodic,
    title = "Prosodic Turn-Yielding Cues With and Without Optical Feedback",
    author = "Clemens, Caroline  and
      Diekhaus, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3914",
    pages = "107--110",
}
@inproceedings{koulouri-lauria-2009-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Miscommunication and Collaborative Behaviour in Human-Robot Interaction",
    author = "Koulouri, Theodora  and
      Lauria, Stanislao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3915",
    pages = "111--119",
}
@inproceedings{janarthanam-lemon-2009-two,
    title = "A Two-Tier User Simulation Model for Reinforcement Learning of Adaptive Referring Expression Generation Policies",
    author = "Janarthanam, Srinivasan  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3916",
    pages = "120--123",
}
@inproceedings{meguro-etal-2009-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Listening-Oriented Dialogue for Building Listening Agents",
    author = "Meguro, Toyomi  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Dohsaka, Kohji  and
      Minami, Yasuhiro  and
      Isozaki, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3917",
    pages = "124--127",
}
@inproceedings{schmitt-etal-2009-nomatchs,
    title = "On {N}o{M}atchs, {N}o{I}nputs and {B}arge{I}ns: Do Non-Acoustic Features Support Anger Detection?",
    author = "Schmitt, Alexander  and
      Heinroth, Tobias  and
      Liscombe, Jackson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3918",
    pages = "128--131",
}
@inproceedings{williams-balakrishnan-2009-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Probability of Correctness for {ASR} {N}-{B}est Lists",
    author = "Williams, Jason  and
      Balakrishnan, Suhrid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3919",
    pages = "132--135",
}
@inproceedings{de-marneffe-etal-2009-simple,
    title = "Not a Simple Yes or No: Uncertainty in Indirect Answers",
    author = "de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Grimm, Scott  and
      Potts, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3920",
    pages = "136--143",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanchev-stent-2009-concept,
    title = "Concept Form Adaptation in Human-Computer Dialog",
    author = "Stoyanchev, Svetlana  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3921",
    pages = "144--147",
}
@inproceedings{hastie-etal-2009-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of Information State Update Dialogue Systems that Dynamically Create Voice {XML}, as Demonstrated on the i{P}hone",
    author = "Hastie, Helen  and
      Liu, Xingkun  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3922",
    pages = "148--151",
}
@inproceedings{balchandran-etal-2009-dialog,
    title = "Dialog System for Mixed Initiative One-Turn Address Entry and Error Recovery",
    author = "Balchandran, Rajesh  and
      Rachevsky, Leonid  and
      Sansone, Larry  and
      Sicconi, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3923",
    pages = "152--155",
}
@inproceedings{varges-etal-2009-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging {POMDP}s Trained with User Simulations and Rule-based Dialogue Management in a Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Varges, Sebastian  and
      Quarteroni, Silvia  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe  and
      Ivanov, Alexei  and
      Roberti, Pierluigi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3924",
    pages = "156--159",
}
@inproceedings{dharo-etal-2009-speeding,
    title = "Speeding Up the Design of Dialogue Applications by Using Database Contents and Structure Information",
    author = "D{'}Haro, Luis Fernando  and
      de Cordoba, Ricardo  and
      Lucas, Juan Manuel  and
      Barra-Chicote, Roberto  and
      San-Segundo, Ruben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3925",
    pages = "160--169",
}
@inproceedings{engelbrecht-etal-2009-modeling,
    title = "Modeling User Satisfaction with Hidden {M}arkov Models",
    author = {Engelbrecht, Klaus-Peter  and
      G{\"o}dde, Florian  and
      Hartard, Felix  and
      Ketabdar, Hamed  and
      M{\"o}ller, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3926",
    pages = "170--177",
}
@inproceedings{rotaru-litman-2009-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Structure and Performance Analysis: Beyond the Correlation",
    author = "Rotaru, Mihai  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3927",
    pages = "178--187",
}
@inproceedings{qu-chai-2009-role,
    title = "The Role of Interactivity in Human-Machine Conversation for Automatic Word Acquisition",
    author = "Qu, Shaolin  and
      Chai, Joyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3928",
    pages = "188--195",
}
@inproceedings{benotti-2009-clarification,
    title = "Clarification Potential of Instructions",
    author = "Benotti, Luciana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3929",
    pages = "196--205",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-chai-2009-know,
    title = "What do We Know about Conversation Participants: Experiments on Conversation Entailment",
    author = "Zhang, Chen  and
      Chai, Joyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3930",
    pages = "206--215",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-2009-artificial,
    title = "Artificial {C}ompanions as Dialogue Agents",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3931",
    pages = "216",
}
@inproceedings{dohsaka-etal-2009-effects,
    title = "Effects of Conversational Agents on Human Communication in Thought-Evoking Multi-Party Dialogues",
    author = "Dohsaka, Kohji  and
      Asai, Ryota  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Minami, Yasuhiro  and
      Maeda, Eisaku",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3932",
    pages = "217--224",
}
@inproceedings{bohus-horvitz-2009-models,
    title = "Models for Multiparty Engagement in Open-World Dialog",
    author = "Bohus, Dan  and
      Horvitz, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3933",
    pages = "225--234",
}
@inproceedings{bui-etal-2009-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Decisions from Multi-Party Dialogue Using Directed Graphical Models and Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Bui, Trung  and
      Frampton, Matthew  and
      Dowding, John  and
      Peters, Stanley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3934",
    pages = "235--243",
}
@inproceedings{bohus-horvitz-2009-learning,
    title = "Learning to Predict Engagement with a Spoken Dialog System in Open-World Settings",
    author = "Bohus, Dan  and
      Horvitz, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3935",
    pages = "244--252",
}
@inproceedings{gravano-hirschberg-2009-turn,
    title = "Turn-Yielding Cues in Task-Oriented Dialogue",
    author = "Gravano, Agust{\'\i}n  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3936",
    pages = "253--261",
}
@inproceedings{purver-etal-2009-split,
    title = "Split Utterances in Dialogue: a Corpus Study",
    author = "Purver, Matthew  and
      Howes, Christine  and
      Gregoromichelaki, Eleni  and
      Healey, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3937",
    pages = "262--271",
}
@inproceedings{lefevre-etal-2009-k,
    title = "k-{N}earest Neighbor {M}onte-{C}arlo Control Algorithm for {POMDP}-Based Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Lef{\`e}vre, Fabrice  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Jur{\v{c}}{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Filip  and
      Keizer, Simon  and
      Mairesse, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Thomson, Blaise  and
      Yu, Kai  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3938",
    pages = "272--275",
}
@inproceedings{nguy-etal-2009-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of Classification and Ranking Approaches to Pronominal Anaphora Resolution in {C}zech",
    author = "Ngụy, Giang Linh  and
      Nov{\'a}k, V{\'a}clav  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3939",
    pages = "276--285",
}
@inproceedings{litman-forbes-riley-2009-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Tutorial Dialogue and the Feeling of Another{'}s Knowing",
    author = "Litman, Diane  and
      Forbes-Riley, Kate",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3940",
    pages = "286--289",
}
@inproceedings{stent-molina-2009-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Automatic Extraction of Rules for Sentence Plan Construction",
    author = "Stent, Amanda  and
      Molina, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3941",
    pages = "290--297",
}
@inproceedings{gustafson-merkes-2009-eliciting,
    title = "Eliciting Interactional Phenomena in Human-Human Dialogues",
    author = "Gustafson, Joakim  and
      Merkes, Miray",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3942",
    pages = "298--301",
}
@inproceedings{von-der-malsburg-etal-2009-telida,
    title = "{TELIDA}: A Package for Manipulation and Visualization of Timed Linguistic Data",
    author = "von der Malsburg, Titus  and
      Baumann, Timo  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3943",
    pages = "302--305",
}
@inproceedings{purver-etal-2009-cascaded,
    title = "Cascaded Lexicalised Classifiers for Second-Person Reference Resolution",
    author = "Purver, Matthew  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel  and
      Frampton, Matthew  and
      Peters, Stanley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3944",
    pages = "306--309",
}
@inproceedings{skantze-gustafson-2009-attention,
    title = "Attention and Interaction Control in a Human-Human-Computer Dialogue Setting",
    author = "Skantze, Gabriel  and
      Gustafson, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3945",
    pages = "310--313",
}
@inproceedings{komatani-etal-2009-ranking,
    title = "Ranking Help Message Candidates Based on Robust Grammar Verification Results and Utterance History in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Komatani, Kazunori  and
      Ikeda, Satoshi  and
      Fukubayashi, Yuichiro  and
      Ogata, Tetsuya  and
      Okuno, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3946",
    pages = "314--321",
}
@inproceedings{villing-2009-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Behaviour under High Cognitive Load",
    author = "Villing, Jessica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3947",
    pages = "322--325",
}
@inproceedings{griol-etal-2009-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison between Dialog Corpora Acquired with Real and Simulated Users",
    author = "Griol, David  and
      Callejas, Zoraida  and
      L{\'o}pez-C{\'o}zar, Ram{\'o}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3948",
    pages = "326--332",
}
@inproceedings{granell-etal-2009-simultaneous,
    title = "Simultaneous Dialogue Act Segmentation and Labelling using Lexical and Syntactic Features",
    author = "Granell, Ramon  and
      Pulman, Stephen  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Hinarejos, Carlos-D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3949",
    pages = "333--336",
}
@inproceedings{black-eskenazi-2009-spoken,
    title = "The Spoken Dialogue Challenge",
    author = "Black, Alan  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3950",
    pages = "337--340",
}
@inproceedings{crook-etal-2009-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Classification of Dialogue Acts using a {D}irichlet Process Mixture Model",
    author = "Crook, Nigel  and
      Granell, Ramon  and
      Pulman, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3951",
    pages = "341--348",
}
@inproceedings{suendermann-etal-2009-handsome,
    title = "A Handsome Set of Metrics to Measure Utterance Classification Performance in Spoken Dialog Systems",
    author = "Suendermann, David  and
      Liscombe, Jackson  and
      Dayanidhi, Krishna  and
      Pieraccini, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3952",
    pages = "349--356",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2009-contrasting,
    title = "Contrasting the Interaction Structure of an Email and a Telephone Corpus: A Machine Learning Approach to Annotation of Dialogue Function Units",
    author = "Hu, Jun  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {SIGDIAL} 2009 Conference",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "London, UK",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-3953",
    pages = "357--366",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-multilingual,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop Multilingual resources, technologies and evaluation for central and Eastern {E}uropean languages",
    author = "Paskaleva, Elena  and
      Piperidis, Stelios  and
      Slavcheva, Milena  and
      Vertan, Cristina",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4000",
}
@inproceedings{dimitrova-etal-2009-bulgarian,
    title = "{B}ulgarian-Polish-{L}ithuanian Corpus {--} Current Development",
    author = "Dimitrova, Ludmila  and
      Koseska, Violetta  and
      Roszko, Danuta  and
      Roszko, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Multilingual resources, technologies and evaluation for central and Eastern {E}uropean languages",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-dinu-2009-behavior,
    title = "On the behavior of {R}omanian syllables related to minimum effort laws",
    author = "Dinu, Anca  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Multilingual resources, technologies and evaluation for central and Eastern {E}uropean languages",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4002",
    pages = "9--13",
}
@inproceedings{gavrila-2009-using,
    title = "Using {JRC}-{ACQUIS} in {SMT} Experiments for {R}omanian and {G}erman",
    author = "Gavrila, Monica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Multilingual resources, technologies and evaluation for central and Eastern {E}uropean languages",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4003",
    pages = "14--18",
}
@inproceedings{krstev-etal-2009-e,
    title = "E-Connecting Balkan Languages",
    author = "Krstev, Cvetana  and
      Stankovi{\'c}, Ranka  and
      Vitas, Du{\v{s}}ko  and
      Koeva, Svetla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Multilingual resources, technologies and evaluation for central and Eastern {E}uropean languages",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4004",
    pages = "19--25",
}
@inproceedings{marecek-kljueva-2009-converting,
    title = "Converting {R}ussian Treebank {S}yn{T}ag{R}us into Praguian {PDT} Style",
    author = "Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      Kljueva, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Multilingual resources, technologies and evaluation for central and Eastern {E}uropean languages",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4005",
    pages = "26--31",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-paskaleva-2009-knowledge,
    title = "A Knowledge-Rich Approach to Measuring the Similarity between {B}ulgarian and {R}ussian Words",
    author = "Nakov, Svetlin  and
      Paskaleva, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Multilingual resources, technologies and evaluation for central and Eastern {E}uropean languages",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4006",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{nikolova-2009-new,
    title = "New Issues and Solutions in Computer-aided Design of {MCTI} and Distractor Selection for {B}ulgarian",
    author = "Nikolova, Ivelina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Multilingual resources, technologies and evaluation for central and Eastern {E}uropean languages",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4007",
    pages = "40--46",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-adaptation,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Language Resources and Technology to New Domains",
    author = "Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Simov, Kiril",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4100",
}
@inproceedings{avgustinova-zhang-2009-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting the {R}ussian National Corpus in the Development of a {R}ussian Resource Grammar",
    author = "Avgustinova, Tania  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Language Resources and Technology to New Domains",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4101",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{burek-gerdemann-2009-maximal,
    title = "Maximal Phrases Based Analysis for Prototyping Online Discussion Forums Postings",
    author = "Burek, Gaston  and
      Gerdemann, Dale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Language Resources and Technology to New Domains",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4102",
    pages = "12--18",
}
@inproceedings{camilleri-rosner-2009-lexie,
    title = "{LEXIE} {--} an Experiment in Lexical Information Extraction",
    author = "Camilleri, John J.  and
      Rosner, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Language Resources and Technology to New Domains",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4103",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{fang-etal-2009-adapting,
    title = "Adapting {NLP} and Corpus Analysis Techniques to Structured Imagery Analysis in Classical {C}hinese Poetry",
    author = "Fang, Alex Chengyu  and
      Lo, Fengju  and
      Chinn, Cheuk Kit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Language Resources and Technology to New Domains",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4104",
    pages = "27--34",
}
@inproceedings{georgiev-etal-2009-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Adaptation as a Baseline: Adapting Maximum Entropy Models to {B}ulgarian",
    author = "Georgiev, Georgi  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Simov, Kiril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Language Resources and Technology to New Domains",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4105",
    pages = "35--38",
}
@inproceedings{gerdemann-2009-mix,
    title = "Mix and Match Replacement Rules",
    author = "Gerdemann, Dale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Language Resources and Technology to New Domains",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4106",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{kordoni-zhang-2009-enabling,
    title = "Enabling Adaptation of Lexicalised Grammars to New Domains",
    author = "Kordoni, Valia  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Language Resources and Technology to New Domains",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4107",
    pages = "48--49",
}
@inproceedings{orasan-etal-2009-qall,
    title = "{QALL}-{ME} needs {AIR}: a portability study",
    author = "Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin  and
      Dornescu, Iustin  and
      Ponomareva, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Language Resources and Technology to New Domains",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4108",
    pages = "50--57",
}
@inproceedings{sokolova-etal-2009-personal,
    title = "Personal Health Information Leak Prevention in Heterogeneous Texts",
    author = "Sokolova, Marina  and
      El Emam, Khaled  and
      Rose, Sean  and
      Chowdhury, Sadrul  and
      Neri, Emilio  and
      Jonker, Elizabeth  and
      Peyton, Liam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Language Resources and Technology to New Domains",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4109",
    pages = "58--69",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-natural-language-processing,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing Methods and Corpora in Translation, Lexicography, and Language Learning",
    author = "Ilisei, Iustina  and
      Pekar, Viktor  and
      Bernardini, Silvia",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4200",
}
@inproceedings{barriere-2009-finding,
    title = "Finding Domain Specific Collocations and Concordances on the Web",
    author = "Barri{\`e}re, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing Methods and Corpora in Translation, Lexicography, and Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4201",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{kazakov-shahid-2009-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Construction of a Multilingual {W}ord{N}et from Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Kazakov, Dimitar  and
      Shahid, Ahmad R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing Methods and Corpora in Translation, Lexicography, and Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4202",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{pastor-alcina-2009-search,
    title = "Search Techniques in Corpora for the Training of Translators",
    author = "Pastor, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      Alcina, Amparo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing Methods and Corpora in Translation, Lexicography, and Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4203",
    pages = "13--20",
}
@inproceedings{preiss-etal-2009-hmms,
    title = "{HMM}s, {GR}s, and N-Grams as Lexical Substitution Techniques {--} Are They Portable to Other Languages?",
    author = "Preiss, Judita  and
      Coonce, Andrew  and
      Baker, Brittany",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing Methods and Corpora in Translation, Lexicography, and Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4204",
    pages = "21--27",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-2009-evidence,
    title = "Evidence-Based Word Alignment",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing Methods and Corpora in Translation, Lexicography, and Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4205",
    pages = "28--32",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-kotze-2009-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Approach to Tree Alignment",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Kotz{\'e}, Gideon},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing Methods and Corpora in Translation, Lexicography, and Language Learning",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4206",
    pages = "33--39",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-events,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Events in Emerging Text Types",
    author = "Orasan, Constantin  and
      Hasler, Laura  and
      For{\u{a}}scu, Corina",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4300",
}
@inproceedings{mithun-kosseim-2009-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Blog Entries versus News Texts",
    author = "Mithun, Shamima  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Events in Emerging Text Types",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4301",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{jurgens-stevens-2009-event,
    title = "Event Detection in Blogs using Temporal Random Indexing",
    author = "Jurgens, David  and
      Stevens, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Events in Emerging Text Types",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4302",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2009-pairwise,
    title = "A Pairwise Event Coreference Model, Feature Impact and Evaluation for Event Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Chen, Zheng  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Haralick, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Events in Emerging Text Types",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4303",
    pages = "17--22",
}
@inproceedings{balahur-etal-2009-summarizing-threads,
    title = "Summarizing Threads in Blogs Using Opinion Polarity",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Lloret, Elena  and
      Boldrini, Ester  and
      Montoyo, Andr{\'e}s  and
      Palomar, Manuel  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Barco, Patricio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Events in Emerging Text Types",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4304",
    pages = "23--31",
}
@inproceedings{margova-temnikova-2009-catching,
    title = "Catching the news: two key cases from today",
    author = "Margova, Ruslana  and
      Temnikova, Irina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Events in Emerging Text Types",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4305",
    pages = "32--37",
}
@inproceedings{qadir-2009-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Opinion Sentences Specific to Product Features in Customer Reviews using Typed Dependency Relations",
    author = "Qadir, Ashequl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Events in Emerging Text Types",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4306",
    pages = "38--43",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-definition,
    title = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Definition Extraction",
    author = "Sierra, Gerardo  and
      Pozzi, Mara  and
      Torres, Juan-Manuel",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4400",
}
@inproceedings{aguilar-sierra-2009-formal,
    title = "A Formal Scope on the Relations Between Definitions and Verbal Predications",
    author = "Aguilar, C{\'e}sar  and
      Sierra, Gerardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Definition Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4401",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{alarcon-etal-2009-description,
    title = "Description and Evaluation of a Pattern Based Approach for Definition Extraction",
    author = "Alarc{\'o}n, Rodrigo  and
      Sierra, Gerardo  and
      Bach, Carme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Definition Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4402",
    pages = "7--13",
}
@inproceedings{barrios-etal-2009-enriching,
    title = "Enriching a Lexicographic Tool with Domain Definitions: Problems and Solutions",
    author = "Barrios, Mar{\'\i}a A.  and
      Aguado de Cea, Guadalupe  and
      Ramos, Jos{\'e} {\'A}ngel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Definition Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4403",
    pages = "14--20",
}
@inproceedings{bertin-etal-2009-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Author{'}s Definitions Using Indexed Reference Identification",
    author = "Bertin, Marc  and
      Atanassova, Iana  and
      Descles, Jean-Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Definition Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4404",
    pages = "21--25",
}
@inproceedings{borg-etal-2009-evolutionary,
    title = "Evolutionary Algorithms for Definition Extraction",
    author = "Borg, Claudia  and
      Rosner, Mike  and
      Pace, Gordon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Definition Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4405",
    pages = "26--32",
}
@inproceedings{del-gaudio-branco-2009-language,
    title = "Language Independent System for Definition Extraction: First Results Using Learning Algorithms",
    author = "Del Gaudio, Rosa  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Definition Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4406",
    pages = "33--39",
}
@inproceedings{melo-weikum-2009-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Sense-Disambiguated Example Sentences From Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Melo, Gerard de  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Definition Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4407",
    pages = "40--46",
}
@inproceedings{seppala-2009-proposal,
    title = "A Proposal for a Framework to Evaluate Feature Relevance for Terminographic Definitions",
    author = {Sepp{\"a}l{\"a}, Selja},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Definition Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4408",
    pages = "47--53",
}
@inproceedings{valero-alcina-2009-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Realization of Conceptual Features in Terminographic Dictionary Definitions",
    author = "Valero, Esperanza  and
      Alcina, Amparo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Definition Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4409",
    pages = "54--60",
}
@inproceedings{westerhout-2009-definition,
    title = "Definition Extraction using Linguistic and Structural Features",
    author = "Westerhout, Eline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Definition Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4410",
    pages = "61--67",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-biomedical,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Biomedical Information Extraction",
    author = "Savova, Guergana  and
      Karkaletsis, Vangelis  and
      Angelova, Galia",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4500",
}
@inproceedings{boytcheva-etal-2009-extraction,
    title = "Extraction and Exploration of Correlations in Patient Status Data",
    author = "Boytcheva, Svetla  and
      Nikolova, Ivelina  and
      Paskaleva, Elena  and
      Angelova, Galia  and
      Tcharaktchiev, Dimitar  and
      Dimitrova, Nadya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Biomedical Information Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4501",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{efimenko-etal-2009-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Portals in Biomedicine: Case Study",
    author = "Efimenko, Irina  and
      Minor, Sergey  and
      Starostin, Anatoli  and
      Khoroshevsky, Vladimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Biomedical Information Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4502",
    pages = "8--13",
}
@inproceedings{georgiev-etal-2009-joint,
    title = "A Joint Model for Normalizing Gene and Organism Mentions in Text",
    author = "Georgiev, Georgi  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Ganchev, Kuzman  and
      Peychev, Deyan  and
      Momchev, Vassil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Biomedical Information Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4503",
    pages = "14--20",
}
@inproceedings{grau-etal-2009-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Study of Kidney-related Experimental Data in Scientific Papers",
    author = "Grau, Brigitte  and
      Ligozat, Anne-Laure  and
      Minard, Anne-Lyse",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Biomedical Information Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4504",
    pages = "21--26",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-gerdin-2009-issues,
    title = "Issues on Quality Assessment of {SNOMED} {CT}® Subsets {--} Term Validation and Term Extraction",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Gerdin, Ulla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Biomedical Information Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4505",
    pages = "27--34",
}
@inproceedings{proux-etal-2009-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Processing to Detect Risk Patterns Related to Hospital Acquired Infections",
    author = "Proux, Denys  and
      Marchal, Pierre  and
      Segond, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}rique  and
      Kergourlay, Ivan  and
      Darmoni, St{\'e}fan  and
      Pereira, Suzanne  and
      Gicquel, Quentin  and
      Metzger, Marie-H{\'e}l{\`e}ne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Biomedical Information Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4506",
    pages = "35--41",
}
@inproceedings{wang-patrick-2009-cascading,
    title = "Cascading Classifiers for Named Entity Recognition in Clinical Notes",
    author = "Wang, Yefeng  and
      Patrick, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Biomedical Information Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4507",
    pages = "42--49",
}
@inproceedings{wennerberg-etal-2009-deriving,
    title = "Deriving Clinical Query Patterns from Medical Corpora Using Domain Ontologies",
    author = "Wennerberg, Pinar Oezden  and
      Buitelaar, Paul  and
      Zillner, Sonja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Biomedical Information Extraction",
    month = sep,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Borovets, Bulgaria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4508",
    pages = "50--56",
}
@proceedings{ws-2009-nordic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    author = "Jokinen, Kristiina  and
      Bick, Eckhard",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4600",
}
@inproceedings{carletta-2009-invited,
    title = "Invited talk: Developing Meeting Support Technologies: From Data to Demonstration (and Beyond)",
    author = "Carletta, Jean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4601",
    pages = "2--3",
}
@inproceedings{steinberger-2009-invited,
    title = "Invited talk: Linking News Content Across Languages",
    author = "Steinberger, Ralf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4602",
    pages = "4--5",
}
@inproceedings{wilcock-2009-text,
    title = "Text Annotation with {O}pen{NLP} and {UIMA}",
    author = "Wilcock, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4603",
    pages = "7--8",
}
@inproceedings{antonsen-etal-2009-interactive,
    title = "Interactive pedagogical programs based on constraint grammar",
    author = "Antonsen, Lene  and
      Huhmarniemi, Saara  and
      Trosterud, Trond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4604",
    pages = "10--17",
}
@inproceedings{bjorne-etal-2009-learning,
    title = "Learning to Extract Biological Event and Relation Graphs",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rne, Jari  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Heimonen, Juho  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Salakoski, Tapio},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4605",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{dalianis-etal-2009-using,
    title = "Using Uplug and {S}ite{S}eeker to construct a cross language search engine for Scandinavian languages",
    author = "Dalianis, Hercules  and
      Rimka, Martin  and
      Kann, Viggo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4606",
    pages = "26--33",
}
@inproceedings{forsbom-2009-extending,
    title = "Extending the View: Explorations in Bootstrapping a {S}wedish {P}o{S} Tagger",
    author = "Forsbom, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4607",
    pages = "34--40",
}
@inproceedings{gornostay-skadina-2009-pattern,
    title = "Pattern-based {E}nglish-{L}atvian Toponym Translation",
    author = "Gornostay, Tatiana  and
      Skadi{\c{n}}a, Inguna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4608",
    pages = "41--47",
}
@inproceedings{green-etal-2009-webbanc,
    title = "{W}eb{BANC}: Building Semantically-Rich Annotated Corpora from Web User Annotations of Minority Languages",
    author = "Green, Nathan  and
      Breimyer, Paul  and
      Kumar, Vinay  and
      Samatova, Nagiza F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4609",
    pages = "48--56",
}
@inproceedings{hardmeier-volk-2009-using,
    title = "Using Linguistic Annotations in Statistical Machine Translation of Film Subtitles",
    author = "Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Volk, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4610",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{haverinen-etal-2009-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Clinical {F}innish: Experiments with Rule-Based and Statistical Dependency Parsers",
    author = "Haverinen, Katri  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Laippala, Veronika  and
      Salakoski, Tapio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4611",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{johannessen-etal-2009-nordic,
    title = "The Nordic Dialect Corpus{--}an advanced research tool",
    author = "Johannessen, Janne Bondi  and
      Priestley, Joel James  and
      Hagen, Kristin  and
      {\AA}farli, Tor Anders  and
      Vangsnes, {\O}ystein Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4612",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{kolb-2009-experiments,
    title = "Experiments on the difference between semantic similarity and relatedness",
    author = "Kolb, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4613",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{linden-pirinen-2009-weighted,
    title = "Weighted Finite-State Morphological Analysis of {F}innish Compounding with {HFST}-{LEXC}",
    author = "Lind{\'e}n, Krister  and
      Pirinen, Tommi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4614",
    pages = "89--95",
}
@inproceedings{linden-tuovila-2009-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based Paradigm Selection for Morphological Entries",
    author = "Lind{\'e}n, Krister  and
      Tuovila, Jussi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4615",
    pages = "96--102",
}
@inproceedings{loftsson-etal-2009-improving,
    title = "Improving the {P}o{S} tagging accuracy of {I}celandic text",
    author = {Loftsson, Hrafn  and
      Kramarczyk, Ida  and
      Helgad{\'o}ttir, Sigr{\'u}n  and
      R{\"o}gnvaldsson, Eir{\'\i}kur},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4616",
    pages = "103--110",
}
@inproceedings{lashevskaja-mitrofanova-2009-disambiguation,
    title = "Disambiguation of Taxonomy Markers in Context: {R}ussian Nouns",
    author = "Lashevskaja, Olga  and
      Mitrofanova, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4617",
    pages = "111--117",
}
@inproceedings{lepage-goh-2009-towards,
    title = "Towards automatic acquisition of linguistic features",
    author = "Lepage, Yves  and
      Goh, Chooi Ling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4618",
    pages = "118--125",
}
@inproceedings{molinero-etal-2009-building,
    title = "Building a morphological and syntactic lexicon by merging various linguistic resources",
    author = "Molinero, Miguel A.  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Nicolas, Lionel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4619",
    pages = "126--133",
}
@inproceedings{nilsson-hjelm-2009-using,
    title = "Using Semantic Features Derived from Word-Space Models for {S}wedish Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Nilsson, Kristina  and
      Hjelm, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4620",
    pages = "134--141",
}
@inproceedings{persson-etal-2009-text,
    title = "Text Categorization Using Predicate-Argument Structures",
    author = "Persson, Jacob  and
      Johansson, Richard  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4621",
    pages = "142--149",
}
@inproceedings{rosell-2009-part,
    title = "Part of Speech Tagging for Text Clustering in {S}wedish",
    author = "Rosell, Magnus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4622",
    pages = "150--157",
}
@inproceedings{sandford-pedersen-braasch-2009-need,
    title = "What do we need to know about humans? A view into the {D}an{N}et database",
    author = "Sandford Pedersen, Bolette  and
      Braasch, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4623",
    pages = "158--165",
}
@inproceedings{schluter-van-genabith-2009-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing Resources for {F}rench: Converting Acquired Lexical Functional Grammar F-Structure Annotations and Parsing F-Structures Directly",
    author = "Schluter, Natalie  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4624",
    pages = "166--173",
}
@inproceedings{silfverberg-linden-2009-conflict,
    title = "Conflict Resolution Using Weighted Rules in {HFST}-{TWOLC}",
    author = "Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4625",
    pages = "174--181",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2009-linear,
    title = "A linear time extension of deterministic pushdown automata",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4626",
    pages = "182--189",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-2009-verifying,
    title = "Verifying context-sensitive treebanks and heuristic parses in polynomial time",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4627",
    pages = "190--197",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-klakow-2009-predictive,
    title = "Predictive Features in Semi-Supervised Learning for Polarity Classification and the Role of Adjectives",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4628",
    pages = "198--205",
}
@inproceedings{yli-jyra-2009-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Double Complementation Algorithm for Superposition-Based Finite-State Morphology",
    author = {Yli-Jyr{\"a}, Anssi},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4629",
    pages = "206--213",
}
@inproceedings{bick-valverde-ibanez-2009-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Semantic Role Annotation for {S}panish",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard  and
      Valverde Ib{\'a}{\~n}ez, M. Pilar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4630",
    pages = "215--218",
}
@inproceedings{fishel-nivre-2009-voting,
    title = "Voting and Stacking in Data-Driven Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Fishel, Mark  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4631",
    pages = "219--222",
}
@inproceedings{friberg-heppin-2009-medeval,
    title = "{M}ed{E}val{--}six test collections in one",
    author = "Friberg Heppin, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4632",
    pages = "223--226",
}
@inproceedings{gangadharaiah-etal-2009-active,
    title = "Active Learning in Example-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Gangadharaiah, Rashmi  and
      Brown, Ralf D.  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4633",
    pages = "227--230",
}
@inproceedings{ingason-etal-2009-context,
    title = "Context-Sensitive Spelling Correction and Rich Morphology",
    author = {Ingason, Anton K.  and
      J{\'o}hannsson, Sk{\'u}li B.  and
      R{\"o}gnvaldsson, Eir{\'\i}kur  and
      Loftsson, Hrafn  and
      Helgad{\'o}ttir, Sigr{\'u}n},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4634",
    pages = "231--234",
}
@inproceedings{klenner-etal-2009-polart,
    title = "{P}ol{A}rt: A Robust Tool for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Klenner, Manfred  and
      Fahrni, Angela  and
      Petrakis, Stefanos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4635",
    pages = "235--238",
}
@inproceedings{megyesi-2009-open,
    title = "The Open Source Tagger {H}un{P}o{S} for {S}wedish",
    author = "Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4636",
    pages = "239--241",
}
@inproceedings{skadina-bralitis-2009-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-{L}atvian {SMT}: knowledge or data?",
    author = "Skadi{\c{n}}a, Inguna  and
      Br{\=a}l{\=\i}tis, Edgars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4637",
    pages = "242--245",
}
@inproceedings{ovrelid-2009-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual porting of distributional semantic classification",
    author = "{\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4638",
    pages = "246--249",
}
@inproceedings{eskevich-2009-prominence,
    title = "Prominence detected by listeners for future speech synthesis application",
    author = "Eskevich, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4639",
    pages = "251--254",
}
@inproceedings{rasanen-driesen-2009-comparison,
    title = "A comparison and combination of segmental and fixed-frame signal representations in {NMF}-based word recognition",
    author = {R{\"a}s{\"a}nen, Okko  and
      Driesen, Joris},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4640",
    pages = "255--262",
}
@inproceedings{sass-2009-verb,
    title = "Verb Argument Browser for {D}anish",
    author = "Sass, B{\'a}lint",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4641",
    pages = "263--266",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2009-deepdict,
    title = "{D}eep{D}ict{--}A Graphical Corpus-based Dictionary of Word Relations",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4642",
    pages = "268--271",
}
@inproceedings{derbring-etal-2009-subtts,
    title = "{S}ub{TTS}: Light-weight automatic reading of subtitles",
    author = {Derbring, Sandra  and
      Ljungl{\"o}f, Peter  and
      Olsson, Maria},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4643",
    pages = "272--274",
}
@inproceedings{ljunglof-etal-2009-trik,
    title = "{TRIK}: A Talking and Drawing Robot for Children with Communication Disabilities",
    author = {Ljungl{\"o}f, Peter  and
      Larsson, Staffan  and
      Heimann M{\"u}hlenbock, Katarina  and
      Thunberg, Gunilla},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4644",
    pages = "275--278",
}
@inproceedings{nistrup-madsen-erdman-thomsen-2009-caos,
    title = "{CAOS}{--}A Tool for the Construction of Terminological Ontologies",
    author = "Nistrup Madsen, Bodil  and
      Erdman Thomsen, Hanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4645",
    pages = "279--282",
}
@inproceedings{lindstad-etal-2009-nordic,
    title = "The Nordic Dialect Database: Mapping Microsyntactic Variation in the Scandinavian Languages",
    author = "Lindstad, Arne Martinus  and
      N{\o}klestad, Anders  and
      Johannessen, Janne Bondi  and
      Vangsnes, {\O}ystein Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 2009)",
    month = may,
    year = "2009",
    address = "Odense, Denmark",
    publisher = "Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-4646",
    pages = "283--286",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-sigdial,
    title = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    author = "Schlangen, David  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0100",
}
@inproceedings{raux-eskenazi-2008-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Endpointing Thresholds using Dialogue Features in a Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Raux, Antoine  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0101",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{gruenstein-2008-response,
    title = "Response-Based Confidence Annotation for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Gruenstein, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0102",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{bohus-etal-2008-learning,
    title = "Learning N-Best Correction Models from Implicit User Feedback in a Multi-Modal Local Search Application",
    author = "Bohus, Dan  and
      Li, Xiao  and
      Nguyen, Patrick  and
      Zweig, Geoffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0103",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{lascarides-asher-2008-agreement,
    title = "Agreement and Disputes in Dialogue",
    author = "Lascarides, Alex  and
      Asher, Nicholas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0104",
    pages = "29--36",
}
@inproceedings{baker-etal-2008-reactive,
    title = "Reactive Redundancy and Listener Comprehension in Direction-Giving",
    author = "Baker, Rachel  and
      Gill, Alastair  and
      Cassell, Justine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0105",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{mills-healey-2008-semantic,
    title = "Semantic negotiation in dialogue: the mechanisms of alignment",
    author = "Mills, Gregory  and
      Healey, Pat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0106",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{roque-traum-2008-degrees,
    title = "Degrees of Grounding Based on Evidence of Understanding",
    author = "Roque, Antonio  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0107",
    pages = "54--63",
}
@inproceedings{paek-etal-2008-rapidly,
    title = "Rapidly Deploying Grammar-Based Speech Applications with Active Learning and Back-off Grammars",
    author = "Paek, Tim  and
      Gandhe, Sudeep  and
      Chickering, Max",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0108",
    pages = "64--67",
}
@inproceedings{varges-etal-2008-persistent,
    title = "Persistent Information State in a Data-Centric Architecture",
    author = "Varges, Sebastian  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe  and
      Quarteroni, Silvia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0109",
    pages = "68--71",
}
@inproceedings{hjalmarsson-2008-speaking,
    title = "Speaking without knowing what to say... or when to end",
    author = "Hjalmarsson, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0110",
    pages = "72--75",
}
@inproceedings{nakatsu-2008-learning,
    title = "Learning Contrastive Connectives in Sentence Realization Ranking",
    author = "Nakatsu, Crystal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0111",
    pages = "76--79",
}
@inproceedings{liu-liu-2008-meeting,
    title = "What Are Meeting Summaries? An Analysis of Human Extractive Summaries in Meeting Corpus",
    author = "Liu, Fei  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0112",
    pages = "80--83",
}
@inproceedings{siebert-schlangen-2008-simple,
    title = "A Simple Method for Resolution of Definite Reference in a Shared Visual Context",
    author = "Siebert, Alexander  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0113",
    pages = "84--87",
}
@inproceedings{nakano-etal-2008-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Building Conversational Agents Based on a Multi-Expert Model",
    author = "Nakano, Mikio  and
      Funakoshi, Kotaro  and
      Hasegawa, Yuji  and
      Tsujino, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0114",
    pages = "88--91",
}
@inproceedings{hamerich-2008-gemini,
    title = "From {GEMINI} to {D}ia{G}en: Improving Development of Speech Dialogues for Embedded Systems",
    author = "Hamerich, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0115",
    pages = "92--95",
}
@inproceedings{colman-etal-2008-quantifying,
    title = "Quantifying Ellipsis in Dialogue: an index of mutual understanding",
    author = "Colman, Marcus  and
      Eshghi, Arash  and
      Healey, Pat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0116",
    pages = "96--99",
}
@inproceedings{katagiri-etal-2008-implicit,
    title = "Implicit Proposal Filtering in Multi-Party Consensus-Building Conversations",
    author = "Katagiri, Yasuhiro  and
      Matsusaka, Yosuke  and
      Den, Yasuharu  and
      Enomoto, Mika  and
      Ishizaki, Masato  and
      Takanashi, Katsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0117",
    pages = "100--103",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2008-optimal,
    title = "Optimal Dialog in Consumer-Rating Systems using {POMDP} Framework",
    author = "Li, Zhifei  and
      Nguyen, Patrick  and
      Zweig, Geoffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0118",
    pages = "104--111",
}
@inproceedings{gasic-etal-2008-training,
    title = "Training and Evaluation of the {HIS} {POMDP} Dialogue System in Noise",
    author = "Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Keizer, Simon  and
      Mairesse, Francois  and
      Schatzmann, Jost  and
      Thomson, Blaise  and
      Yu, Kai  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0119",
    pages = "112--119",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2008-frame,
    title = "A Frame-Based Probabilistic Framework for Spoken Dialog Management Using Dialog Examples",
    author = "Kim, Kyungduk  and
      Lee, Cheongjae  and
      Jung, Sangkeun  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0120",
    pages = "120--127",
}
@inproceedings{hirschberg-2008-speaking,
    title = "Speaking More Like You: Lexical, Acoustic/Prosodic, and Discourse Entrainment in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0121",
    pages = "128",
}
@inproceedings{somasundaran-etal-2008-discourse-level,
    title = "Discourse Level Opinion Relations: An Annotation Study",
    author = "Somasundaran, Swapna  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0122",
    pages = "129--137",
}
@inproceedings{andrews-etal-2008-argumentative,
    title = "Argumentative Human Computer Dialogue for Automated Persuasion",
    author = "Andrews, Pierre  and
      Manandhar, Suresh  and
      De Boni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0123",
    pages = "138--147",
}
@inproceedings{laskowski-etal-2008-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Vocal Interaction for Text-Independent Participant Characterization in Multi-Party Conversation",
    author = "Laskowski, Kornel  and
      Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Schultz, Tanja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0124",
    pages = "148--155",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-etal-2008-modelling,
    title = "Modelling and Detecting Decisions in Multi-party Dialogue",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel  and
      Frampton, Matthew  and
      Ehlen, Patrick  and
      Purver, Matthew  and
      Peters, Stanley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0125",
    pages = "156--163",
}
@inproceedings{ai-weng-2008-user,
    title = "User Simulation as Testing for Spoken Dialog Systems",
    author = "Ai, Hua  and
      Weng, Fuliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0126",
    pages = "164--171",
}
@inproceedings{gandhe-traum-2008-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Understudy for Dialogue Coherence Models",
    author = "Gandhe, Sudeep  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0127",
    pages = "172--181",
}
@inproceedings{moller-ward-2008-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Model-based Evaluation of Spoken Dialog Systems",
    author = {M{\"o}ller, Sebastian  and
      Ward, Nigel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0128",
    pages = "182--189",
}
@inproceedings{kruijff-korbayova-kukina-2008-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Dialogue System Output Style Variation on Users{'} Evaluation Judgments and Input Style",
    author = "Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana  and
      Kukina, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0129",
    pages = "190--197",
}
@inproceedings{devault-etal-2008-making,
    title = "Making Grammar-Based Generation Easier to Deploy in Dialogue Systems",
    author = "DeVault, David  and
      Traum, David  and
      Artstein, Ron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th {SIG}dial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0130",
    pages = "198--207",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-issues,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Palmer, Martha  and
      Brew, Chris  and
      Xia, Fei",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0200",
}
@inproceedings{baldridge-erk-2008-teaching,
    title = "Teaching Computational Linguistics to a Large, Diverse Student Body: Courses, Tools, and Interdepartmental Interaction",
    author = "Baldridge, Jason  and
      Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0201",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{bender-etal-2008-building,
    title = "Building a Flexible, Collaborative, Intensive Master{'}s Program in Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Bender, Emily M.  and
      Xia, Fei  and
      Bansleben, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0202",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{zinsmeister-2008-freshmens,
    title = "Freshmen{'}s {CL} Curriculum: The Benefits of Redundancy",
    author = "Zinsmeister, Heike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0203",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{bird-2008-defining,
    title = "Defining a Core Body of Knowledge for the Introductory Computational Linguistics Curriculum",
    author = "Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0204",
    pages = "27--35",
}
@inproceedings{fosler-lussier-2008-strategies,
    title = "Strategies for Teaching {``}Mixed{''} Computational Linguistics Classes",
    author = "Fosler-Lussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0205",
    pages = "36--44",
}
@inproceedings{xia-2008-evolution,
    title = "The Evolution of a Statistical {NLP} Course",
    author = "Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0206",
    pages = "45--53",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2008-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Large-Data Issues in the Curriculum: A Case Study with {M}ap{R}educe",
    author = "Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0207",
    pages = "54--61",
}
@inproceedings{bird-etal-2008-multidisciplinary,
    title = "Multidisciplinary Instruction with the Natural Language Toolkit",
    author = "Bird, Steven  and
      Klein, Ewan  and
      Loper, Edward  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0208",
    pages = "62--70",
}
@inproceedings{madnani-dorr-2008-combining,
    title = "Combining Open-Source with Research to Re-engineer a Hands-on Introductory {NLP} Course",
    author = "Madnani, Nitin  and
      Dorr, Bonnie J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0209",
    pages = "71--79",
}
@inproceedings{hockey-christian-2008-zero,
    title = "Zero to Spoken Dialogue System in One Quarter: Teaching Computational Linguistics to Linguists Using Regulus",
    author = "Hockey, Beth Ann  and
      Christian, Gwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0210",
    pages = "80--86",
}
@inproceedings{radev-etal-2008-north,
    title = "The North {A}merican Computational Linguistics Olympiad ({NACLO})",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir R.  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Payne, Thomas E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0211",
    pages = "87--96",
}
@inproceedings{eisner-smith-2008-competitive,
    title = "Competitive Grammar Writing",
    author = "Eisner, Jason  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0212",
    pages = "97--105",
}
@inproceedings{levow-2008-studying,
    title = "Studying Discourse and Dialogue with {SIDG}rid",
    author = "Levow, Gina-Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0213",
    pages = "106--113",
}
@inproceedings{freedman-2008-teaching,
    title = "Teaching {NLP} to Computer Science Majors via Applications and Experiments",
    author = "Freedman, Reva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0214",
    pages = "114--119",
}
@inproceedings{sakas-2008-psychocomputational,
    title = "Psychocomputational Linguistics: A Gateway to the Computational Linguistics Curriculum",
    author = "Sakas, William Gregory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0215",
    pages = "120--128",
}
@inproceedings{stone-2008-support,
    title = "Support Collaboration by Teaching Fundamentals",
    author = "Stone, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0216",
    pages = "129--136",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-statistical,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Schroeder, Josh  and
      Fordyce, Cameron Shaw",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0300",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2008-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study in Source Word Deletion for Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Li, Chi-Ho  and
      Zhang, Hailei  and
      Zhang, Dongdong  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0301",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{gimpel-smith-2008-rich,
    title = "Rich Source-Side Context for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0302",
    pages = "9--17",
}
@inproceedings{niehues-vogel-2008-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Word Alignment via Alignment Matrix Modeling",
    author = "Niehues, Jan  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0303",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{cer-etal-2008-regularization,
    title = "Regularization and Search for Minimum Error Rate Training",
    author = "Cer, Daniel  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0304",
    pages = "26--34",
}
@inproceedings{turchi-etal-2008-learning,
    title = "Learning Performance of a Machine Translation System: a Statistical and Computational Analysis",
    author = "Turchi, Marco  and
      De Bie, Tijl  and
      Cristianini, Nello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0305",
    pages = "35--43",
}
@inproceedings{fossum-etal-2008-using,
    title = "Using Syntax to Improve Word Alignment Precision for Syntax-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Fossum, Victoria  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Abney, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0306",
    pages = "44--52",
}
@inproceedings{crego-habash-2008-using,
    title = "Using Shallow Syntax Information to Improve Word Alignment and Reordering for {SMT}",
    author = "Crego, Josep M.  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0307",
    pages = "53--61",
}
@inproceedings{liu-gildea-2008-improved,
    title = "Improved Tree-to-String Transducer for Machine Translation",
    author = "Liu, Ding  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0308",
    pages = "62--69",
}
@inproceedings{callison-burch-etal-2008-meta,
    title = "Further Meta-Evaluation of Machine Translation",
    author = "Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Fordyce, Cameron  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Schroeder, Josh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0309",
    pages = "70--106",
}
@inproceedings{dechelotte-etal-2008-limsis,
    title = "Limsi{'}s Statistical Translation Systems for {WMT}{`}08",
    author = "D{\'e}chelotte, Daniel  and
      Adda, Gilles  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Bonneau-Maynard, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Galibert, Olivier  and
      Gauvain, Jean-Luc  and
      Langlais, Philippe  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0310",
    pages = "107--110",
}
@inproceedings{novak-etal-2008-metamorpho,
    title = "The {M}eta{M}orpho Translation System",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, Attila  and
      Tihanyi, L{\'a}szl{\'o}  and
      Pr{\'o}sz{\'e}ky, G{\'a}bor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0311",
    pages = "111--114",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-lavie-2008-meteor,
    title = "Meteor, {M}-{BLEU} and {M}-{TER}: Evaluation Metrics for High-Correlation with Human Rankings of Machine Translation Output",
    author = "Agarwal, Abhaya  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0312",
    pages = "115--118",
}
@inproceedings{schwenk-etal-2008-first,
    title = "First Steps towards a General Purpose {F}rench/{E}nglish Statistical Machine Translation System",
    author = "Schwenk, Holger  and
      Fouet, Jean-Baptiste  and
      Senellart, Jean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0313",
    pages = "119--122",
}
@inproceedings{axelrod-etal-2008-university,
    title = "The {U}niversity of {W}ashington Machine Translation System for {ACL} {WMT} 2008",
    author = "Axelrod, Amittai  and
      Yang, Mei  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Kirchhoff, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0314",
    pages = "123--126",
}
@inproceedings{khalilov-etal-2008-talp,
    title = "The {TALP}-{UPC} {N}gram-Based Statistical Machine Translation System for {ACL}-{WMT} 2008",
    author = "Khalilov, Maxim  and
      Hern{\'a}ndez H., Adolfo  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Crego, Josep M.  and
      Henr{\'\i}quez Q., Carlos A.  and
      Lambert, Patrik  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.  and
      Mari{\~n}o, Jos{\'e} B.  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0315",
    pages = "127--130",
}
@inproceedings{blackwood-etal-2008-european,
    title = "{E}uropean Language Translation with Weighted Finite State Transducers: The {CUED} {MT} System for the 2008 {ACL} Workshop on {SMT}",
    author = "Blackwood, Graeme  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Brunning, Jamie  and
      Byrne, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0316",
    pages = "131--134",
}
@inproceedings{stymne-etal-2008-effects,
    title = "Effects of Morphological Analysis in Translation between {G}erman and {E}nglish",
    author = "Stymne, Sara  and
      Holmqvist, Maria  and
      Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0317",
    pages = "135--138",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-etal-2008-towards,
    title = "Towards better Machine Translation Quality for the {G}erman-{E}nglish Language Pairs",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Arun, Abhishek  and
      Hoang, Hieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0318",
    pages = "139--142",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-hajic-2008-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-Based and Deep Syntactic {E}nglish-to-{C}zech Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0319",
    pages = "143--146",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-2008-improving,
    title = "Improving {E}nglish-{S}panish Statistical Machine Translation: Experiments in Domain Adaptation, Sentence Paraphrasing, Tokenization, and Recasing",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0320",
    pages = "147--150",
}
@inproceedings{bach-etal-2008-improving,
    title = "Improving Word Alignment with Language Model Based Confidence Scores",
    author = "Bach, Nguyen  and
      Gao, Qin  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0321",
    pages = "151--154",
}
@inproceedings{wang-shawe-taylor-2008-kernel,
    title = "Kernel Regression Framework for Machine Translation: {UCL} System Description for {WMT} 2008 Shared Translation Task",
    author = "Wang, Zhuoran  and
      Shawe-Taylor, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0322",
    pages = "155--158",
}
@inproceedings{nikoulina-dymetman-2008-using,
    title = "Using Syntactic Coupling Features for Discriminating Phrase-Based Translations ({WMT}-08 Shared Translation Task)",
    author = "Nikoulina, Vassilina  and
      Dymetman, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0323",
    pages = "159--162",
}
@inproceedings{hanneman-etal-2008-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Transfer Systems for {F}rench-{E}nglish and {G}erman-{E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Hanneman, Greg  and
      Huber, Edmund  and
      Agarwal, Abhaya  and
      Ambati, Vamshi  and
      Parlikar, Alok  and
      Peterson, Erik  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0324",
    pages = "163--166",
}
@inproceedings{zabokrtsky-etal-2008-tectomt,
    title = "{T}ecto{MT}: Highly Modular {MT} System with Tectogrammatics Used as Transfer Layer",
    author = "{\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k  and
      Pt{\'a}{\v{c}}ek, Jan  and
      Pajas, Petr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0325",
    pages = "167--170",
}
@inproceedings{tinsley-etal-2008-matrex,
    title = "{M}a{T}r{E}x: The {DCU} {MT} System for {WMT} 2008",
    author = "Tinsley, John  and
      Ma, Yanjun  and
      Ozdowska, Sylwia  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0326",
    pages = "171--174",
}
@inproceedings{dugast-etal-2008-relearn,
    title = "Can we Relearn an {RBMT} System?",
    author = {Dugast, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Senellart, Jean  and
      Koehn, Philipp},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0327",
    pages = "175--178",
}
@inproceedings{eisele-etal-2008-using,
    title = "Using {M}oses to Integrate Multiple Rule-Based Machine Translation Engines into a Hybrid System",
    author = "Eisele, Andreas  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Saint-Amand, Herv{\'e}  and
      Jellinghaus, Michael  and
      Herrmann, Teresa  and
      Chen, Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0328",
    pages = "179--182",
}
@inproceedings{rosti-etal-2008-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Hypothesis Alignment for Building Confusion Networks with Application to Machine Translation System Combination",
    author = "Rosti, Antti-Veikko  and
      Zhang, Bing  and
      Matsoukas, Spyros  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0329",
    pages = "183--186",
}
@inproceedings{albrecht-hwa-2008-role,
    title = "The Role of Pseudo References in {MT} Evaluation",
    author = "Albrecht, Joshua  and
      Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0330",
    pages = "187--190",
}
@inproceedings{duh-2008-ranking,
    title = "Ranking vs. Regression in Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Duh, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0331",
    pages = "191--194",
}
@inproceedings{gimenez-marquez-2008-smorgasbord,
    title = "A Smorgasbord of Features for Automatic {MT} Evaluation",
    author = "Gim{\'e}nez, Jes{\'u}s  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0332",
    pages = "195--198",
}
@inproceedings{dyer-etal-2008-fast,
    title = "Fast, Easy, and Cheap: Construction of Statistical Machine Translation Models with {M}ap{R}educe",
    author = "Dyer, Chris  and
      Cordova, Aaron  and
      Mont, Alex  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0333",
    pages = "199--207",
}
@inproceedings{finch-sumita-2008-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Model Interpolation for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Finch, Andrew  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0334",
    pages = "208--215",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2008-improved,
    title = "Improved Statistical Machine Translation by Multiple {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Zhang, Ruiqiang  and
      Yasuda, Keiji  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0335",
    pages = "216--223",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2008-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing {C}hinese Word Segmentation for Machine Translation Performance",
    author = "Chang, Pi-Chuan  and
      Galley, Michel  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0336",
    pages = "224--232",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Second Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-2)",
    author = "Chiang, David  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0400",
}
@inproceedings{yamamoto-etal-2008-imposing,
    title = "Imposing Constraints from the Source Tree on {ITG} Constraints for {SMT}",
    author = "Yamamoto, Hirofumi  and
      Okuma, Hideo  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Second Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-2)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0401",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{li-khudanpur-2008-scalable,
    title = "A Scalable Decoder for Parsing-Based Machine Translation with Equivalent Language Model State Maintenance",
    author = "Li, Zhifei  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Second Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-2)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0402",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2008-prior,
    title = "Prior Derivation Models For Formally Syntax-Based Translation Using Linguistically Syntactic Parsing and Tree Kernels",
    author = "Zhou, Bowen  and
      Xiang, Bing  and
      Zhu, Xiaodan  and
      Gao, Yuqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Second Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-2)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0403",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{subotin-2008-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing Local Translation Models",
    author = "Subotin, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Second Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-2)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0404",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{tillmann-2008-rule,
    title = "A Rule-Driven Dynamic Programming Decoder for Statistical {MT}",
    author = "Tillmann, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Second Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-2)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0405",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{elming-2008-syntactic-reordering,
    title = "Syntactic Reordering Integrated with Phrase-Based {SMT}",
    author = "Elming, Jakob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Second Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-2)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0406",
    pages = "46--54",
}
@inproceedings{nikoulina-dymetman-2008-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Discriminating Phrase-Based Translations on the Basis of Syntactic Coupling Features",
    author = "Nikoulina, Vassilina  and
      Dymetman, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Second Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-2)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0407",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@inproceedings{ge-etal-2008-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Reorderings in Phrase-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Ge, Niyu  and
      Ittycheriah, Abe  and
      Papineni, Kishore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Second Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-2)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0408",
    pages = "61--68",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2008-improving,
    title = "Improving Word Alignment Using Syntactic Dependencies",
    author = "Ma, Yanjun  and
      Ozdowska, Sylwia  and
      Sun, Yanli  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Second Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-2)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0409",
    pages = "69--77",
}
@inproceedings{clark-etal-2008-inductive,
    title = "Inductive Detection of Language Features via Clustering Minimal Pairs: Toward Feature-Rich Grammars in Machine Translation",
    author = "Clark, Jonathan H.  and
      Frederking, Robert  and
      Levin, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Second Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-2)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0410",
    pages = "78--86",
}
@inproceedings{lavie-etal-2008-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-Driven Learning of Sub-Sentential Translation Equivalents and Translation Rules from Parsed Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Lavie, Alon  and
      Parlikar, Alok  and
      Ambati, Vamshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Second Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation ({SSST}-2)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0411",
    pages = "87--95",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-software,
    title = "Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Cohen, K. Bretonnel  and
      Carpenter, Bob",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0500",
}
@inproceedings{heinze-light-2008-increasing,
    title = "Increasing Maintainability of {NLP} Evaluation Modules Through Declarative Implementations",
    author = "Heinze, Terry  and
      Light, Marc",
    booktitle = "Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0501",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{crouch-king-2008-type,
    title = "Type-checking in Formally Non-typed Systems",
    author = "Crouch, Dick  and
      King, Tracy Holloway",
    booktitle = "Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0502",
    pages = "3--4",
}
@inproceedings{breck-2008-zymake,
    title = "zymake: A Computational Workflow System for Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Breck, Eric",
    booktitle = "Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0503",
    pages = "5--13",
}
@inproceedings{sagae-etal-2008-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Effects of Treebank Size in a Practical Application for Parsing",
    author = "Sagae, Kenji  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Saetre, Rune  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0504",
    pages = "14--20",
}
@inproceedings{demner-fushman-2008-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Naturally Occurring Test Suites for Evaluation of Clinical Question Answering",
    author = "Demner-Fushman, Dina",
    booktitle = "Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0505",
    pages = "21--22",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-2008-software,
    title = "Software Testing and the Naturally Occurring Data Assumption in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Cohen, K. Bretonnel  and
      Baumgartner Jr., William A.  and
      Hunter, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0506",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{poprat-etal-2008-building,
    title = "Building a {B}io{W}ord{N}et Using {W}ord{N}et Data Structures and {W}ord{N}et{'}s Software Infrastructure{--}A Failure Story",
    author = "Poprat, Michael  and
      Beisswanger, Elena  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0507",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{hardcastle-power-2008-fast,
    title = "Fast, Scalable and Reliable Generation of Controlled Natural Language",
    author = "Hardcastle, David  and
      Power, Richard",
    booktitle = "Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0508",
    pages = "40--48",
}
@inproceedings{gao-vogel-2008-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Implementations of Word Alignment Tool",
    author = "Gao, Qin  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0509",
    pages = "49--57",
}
@inproceedings{hoang-koehn-2008-design,
    title = "Design of the {M}oses Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Hoang, Hieu  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0510",
    pages = "58--65",
}
@inproceedings{micher-voss-2008-buckwalter,
    title = "{B}uckwalter-based Lookup Tool as Language Resource for {A}rabic Language Learners",
    author = "Micher, Jeffrey  and
      Voss, Clare",
    booktitle = "Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0511",
    pages = "66--67",
}
@inproceedings{martins-etal-2008-reengineering,
    title = "Reengineering a Domain-Independent Framework for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Martins, Filipe M.  and
      Mendes, Ana  and
      Viveiros, M{\'a}cio Freitas  and
      Pardal, Joana Paulo  and
      Arez, Pedro  and
      Mamede, Nuno J.  and
      Neto, Jo{\~a}o Paulo",
    booktitle = "Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0512",
    pages = "68--76",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-current,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Cohen, Kevin Bretonnel  and
      Pestian, John  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0600",
}
@inproceedings{airola-etal-2008-graph,
    title = "A Graph Kernel for Protein-Protein Interaction Extraction",
    author = {Airola, Antti  and
      Pyysalo, Sampo  and
      Bj{\"o}rne, Jari  and
      Pahikkala, Tapio  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Salakoski, Tapio},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0601",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-etal-2008-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Clinical Relationships from Patient Narratives",
    author = "Roberts, Angus  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Hepple, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0602",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{haddow-2008-using,
    title = "Using Automated Feature Optimisation to Create an Adaptable Relation Extraction System",
    author = "Haddow, Barry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0603",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{tudor-etal-2008-mining,
    title = "Mining the Biomedical Literature for Genic Information",
    author = "Tudor, Catalina O.  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.  and
      Schmidt, Carl J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0604",
    pages = "28--29",
}
@inproceedings{tsuruoka-etal-2008-accelerating,
    title = "Accelerating the Annotation of Sparse Named Entities by Dynamic Sentence Selection",
    author = "Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0605",
    pages = "30--37",
}
@inproceedings{szarvas-etal-2008-bioscope,
    title = "The {B}io{S}cope corpus: annotation for negation, uncertainty and their scope in biomedical texts",
    author = {Szarvas, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Vincze, Veronika  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      Csirik, J{\'a}nos},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0606",
    pages = "38--45",
}
@inproceedings{kilicoglu-bergler-2008-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Speculative Language in Biomedical Research Articles: A Linguistically Motivated Perspective",
    author = "Kilicoglu, Halil  and
      Bergler, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0607",
    pages = "46--53",
}
@inproceedings{corbett-copestake-2008-cascaded,
    title = "Cascaded Classifiers for Confidence-Based Chemical Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Corbett, Peter  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0608",
    pages = "54--62",
}
@inproceedings{sasaki-etal-2008-make,
    title = "How to Make the Most of {NE} Dictionaries in Statistical {NER}",
    author = "Sasaki, Yutaka  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      McNaught, John  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0609",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{wang-matthews-2008-species,
    title = "Species Disambiguation for Biomedical Term Identification",
    author = "Wang, Xinglong  and
      Matthews, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0610",
    pages = "71--79",
}
@inproceedings{stevenson-etal-2008-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Sources for Word Sense Disambiguation of Biomedical Text",
    author = "Stevenson, Mark  and
      Guo, Yinkun  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Martinez, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0611",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{neveol-etal-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic inference of indexing rules for {MEDLINE}",
    author = "N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Shooshan, Sonya  and
      Claveau, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0612",
    pages = "88--89",
}
@inproceedings{chun-etal-2008-prediction,
    title = "Prediction of Protein Sub-cellular Localization using Information from Texts and Sequences.",
    author = "Chun, Hong-Woo  and
      Yamasaki, Chisato  and
      Saichi, Naomi  and
      Tanaka, Masayuki  and
      Hishiki, Teruyoshi  and
      Imanishi, Tadashi  and
      Gojobori, Takashi  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Takagi, Toshihisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0613",
    pages = "90--91",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2008-pilot,
    title = "A Pilot Annotation to Investigate Discourse Connectivity in Biomedical Text",
    author = "Yu, Hong  and
      Frid, Nadya  and
      McRoy, Susan  and
      Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Lee, Alan  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0614",
    pages = "92--93",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2008-conditional,
    title = "Conditional Random Fields and Support Vector Machines for Disorder Named Entity Recognition in Clinical Texts",
    author = "Li, Dingcheng  and
      Savova, Guergana  and
      Kipper-Schuler, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0615",
    pages = "94--95",
}
@inproceedings{pestian-etal-2008-using,
    title = "Using Natural Language Processing to Classify Suicide Notes",
    author = "Pestian, John  and
      Matykiewicz, Pawel  and
      Grupp-Phelan, Jacqueline  and
      Arszman Lavanier, Sarah  and
      Combs, Jennifer  and
      Kowatch, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0616",
    pages = "96--97",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-he-2008-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Protein-Protein Interaction based on Discriminative Training of the Hidden Vector State Model",
    author = "Zhou, Deyu  and
      He, Yulan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0617",
    pages = "98--99",
}
@inproceedings{segura-bedmar-etal-2008-preliminary,
    title = "A preliminary approach to extract drugs by combining {UMLS} resources and {USAN} naming conventions",
    author = "Segura-Bedmar, Isabel  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Paloma  and
      Samy, Doaa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0618",
    pages = "100--101",
}
@inproceedings{wang-patrick-2008-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Clinical Notes to Medical Terminologies at Point of Care",
    author = "Wang, Yefeng  and
      Patrick, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0619",
    pages = "102--103",
}
@inproceedings{bloodgood-vijay-shanker-2008-approach,
    title = "An Approach to Reducing Annotation Costs for {B}io{NLP}",
    author = "Bloodgood, Michael  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0620",
    pages = "104--105",
}
@inproceedings{mowery-etal-2008-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Annotation of Clinical Text",
    author = "Mowery, Danielle  and
      Harkema, Henk  and
      Chapman, Wendy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0621",
    pages = "106--107",
}
@inproceedings{neves-etal-2008-cbr,
    title = "{CBR}-Tagger: a case-based reasoning approach to the gene/protein mention problem",
    author = "Neves, Mariana  and
      Chagoyen, Monica  and
      Carazo, Jos{\'e} Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Pascual-Montano, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0622",
    pages = "108--109",
}
@inproceedings{frunza-inkpen-2008-textual,
    title = "Textual Information for Predicting Functional Properties of the Genes",
    author = "Frunza, Oana  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0623",
    pages = "110--111",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-horn-etal-2008-determining,
    title = "Determining causal and non-causal relationships in biomedical text by classifying verbs using a Naive {B}ayesian Classifier",
    author = "van der Horn, Pieter  and
      Bakker, Bart  and
      Geleijnse, Gijs  and
      Korst, Jan  and
      Kurkin, Sergei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0624",
    pages = "112--113",
}
@inproceedings{buitelaar-etal-2008-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Term Profiling for Query Pattern Mining",
    author = "Buitelaar, Paul  and
      Oezden Wennerberg, Pinar  and
      Zillner, Sonja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0625",
    pages = "114--115",
}
@inproceedings{solorio-liu-2008-using,
    title = "Using Language Models to Identify Language Impairment in {S}panish-{E}nglish Bilingual Children",
    author = "Solorio, Thamar  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0626",
    pages = "116--117",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2008-raising,
    title = "Raising the Compatibility of Heterogeneous Annotations: A Case Study on",
    author = "Wang, Yue  and
      Yoshida, Kazuhiro  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Saetre, Rune  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0627",
    pages = "118--119",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2008-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Information Extraction for Complex Biomedical Tasks",
    author = "Feng, Donghui  and
      Burns, Gully  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Trends in Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0628",
    pages = "120--121",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-acl-special,
    title = "Proceedings of the Tenth Meeting of {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    author = "Eisner, Jason  and
      Heinz, Jeffrey",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0700",
}
@inproceedings{livescu-2008-invited,
    title = "Invited talk: Phonological Models in Automatic Speech Recognition",
    author = "Livescu, Karen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Meeting of {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0701",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{morley-2008-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Learning over Conflicting Data: Predictions for Language Change",
    author = "Morley, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Meeting of {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0702",
    pages = "2--11",
}
@inproceedings{ellis-2008-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Model of Natural Language Phonology: Generating Alternations from Underlying Forms",
    author = "Ellis, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Meeting of {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0703",
    pages = "12--19",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-2008-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Word Segmentation for {S}esotho Using Adaptor Grammars",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Meeting of {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0704",
    pages = "20--27",
}
@inproceedings{riggle-2008-invited,
    title = "Invited talk: Counting Rankings",
    author = "Riggle, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Meeting of {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0705",
    pages = "28",
}
@inproceedings{bane-riggle-2008-three,
    title = "Three Correlates of the Typological Frequency of Quantity-Insensitive Stress Systems",
    author = "Bane, Max  and
      Riggle, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Meeting of {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0706",
    pages = "29--38",
}
@inproceedings{parker-jones-2008-phonotactic,
    title = "Phonotactic Probability and the {M}aori Passive: A Computational Approach",
    author = "Parker Jones, {`}{\=O}iwi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Meeting of {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0707",
    pages = "39--48",
}
@inproceedings{monson-etal-2008-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating an Agglutinative Segmentation Model for {P}ara{M}or",
    author = "Monson, Christian  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Carbonell, Jaime  and
      Levin, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Meeting of {ACL} Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0708",
    pages = "49--58",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-acl-08,
    title = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Workshop on Mobile Language Processing",
    author = "Rosario, Barbara  and
      Paek, Tim",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0800",
}
@inproceedings{gruenstein-etal-2008-multimodal,
    title = "A Multimodal Home Entertainment Interface via a Mobile Device",
    author = "Gruenstein, Alexander  and
      Hsu, Bo-June Paul  and
      Glass, James  and
      Seneff, Stephanie  and
      Hetherington, Lee  and
      Cyphers, Scott  and
      Badr, Ibrahim  and
      Wang, Chao  and
      Liu, Sean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Workshop on Mobile Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0801",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{krstovski-etal-2008-wearable,
    title = "A Wearable Headset Speech-to-Speech Translation System",
    author = "Krstovski, Kriste  and
      Decerbo, Michael  and
      Prasad, Rohit  and
      Stallard, David  and
      Saleem, Shirin  and
      Natarajan, Premkumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Workshop on Mobile Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0802",
    pages = "10--12",
}
@inproceedings{seon-etal-2008-information,
    title = "Information extraction using finite state automata and syllable n-grams in a mobile environment",
    author = "Seon, Choong-Nyoung  and
      Kim, Harksoo  and
      Seo, Jungyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Workshop on Mobile Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0803",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{ganchev-dredze-2008-small,
    title = "Small Statistical Models by Random Feature Mixing",
    author = "Ganchev, Kuzman  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Workshop on Mobile Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0804",
    pages = "19--20",
}
@inproceedings{huggins-daines-rudnicky-2008-mixture,
    title = "Mixture Pruning and Roughening for Scalable Acoustic Models",
    author = "Huggins-Daines, David  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander I.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Workshop on Mobile Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0805",
    pages = "21--24",
}
@inproceedings{nikolova-ma-2008-assistive,
    title = "Assistive Mobile Communication Support",
    author = "Nikolova, Sonya  and
      Ma, Xiaojuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Workshop on Mobile Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0806",
    pages = "25--26",
}
@inproceedings{homola-2008-distributed,
    title = "A Distributed Database for Mobile {NLP} Applications",
    author = "Homola, Petr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACL}-08: {HLT} Workshop on Mobile Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0807",
    pages = "27--28",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-innovative,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Felice, Rachele De",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0900",
}
@inproceedings{dickinson-herring-2008-developing,
    title = "Developing Online {ICALL} Resources for {R}ussian",
    author = "Dickinson, Markus  and
      Herring, Joshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0901",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{nielsen-etal-2008-classification,
    title = "Classification Errors in a Domain-Independent Assessment System",
    author = "Nielsen, Rodney D.  and
      Ward, Wayne  and
      Martin, James H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0902",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{michaud-2008-king,
    title = "King Alfred: A Translation Environment for Learners of Anglo-Saxon {E}nglish",
    author = "Michaud, Lisa N.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0903",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-etal-2008-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Noisy {R}omanized {J}apanese Words in Learner {E}nglish",
    author = "Nagata, Ryo  and
      Kakegawa, Jun-ichi  and
      Sugimoto, Hiromi  and
      Yabuta, Yukiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0904",
    pages = "27--35",
}
@inproceedings{hladka-kucera-2008-annotated,
    title = "An Annotated Corpus Outside Its Original Context: A Corpus-Based Exercise Book",
    author = "Hladk{\'a}, Barbora  and
      Ku{\v{c}}era, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0905",
    pages = "36--43",
}
@inproceedings{bernhard-gurevych-2008-answering,
    title = "Answering Learners{'} Questions by Retrieving Question Paraphrases from Social Q{\&}A Sites",
    author = "Bernhard, Delphine  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0906",
    pages = "44--52",
}
@inproceedings{boyer-etal-2008-learner,
    title = "Learner Characteristics and Feedback in Tutorial Dialogue",
    author = "Boyer, Kristy  and
      Phillips, Robert  and
      Wallis, Michael  and
      Vouk, Mladen  and
      Lester, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0907",
    pages = "53--61",
}
@inproceedings{pendar-cotos-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Discourse Moves in Scientific Article Introductions",
    author = "Pendar, Nick  and
      Cotos, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0908",
    pages = "62--70",
}
@inproceedings{heilman-etal-2008-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Statistical Models and Features for Reading Difficulty Prediction",
    author = "Heilman, Michael  and
      Collins-Thompson, Kevyn  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0909",
    pages = "71--79",
}
@inproceedings{heilman-etal-2008-retrieval,
    title = "Retrieval of Reading Materials for Vocabulary and Reading Practice",
    author = "Heilman, Michael  and
      Zhao, Le  and
      Pino, Juan  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0910",
    pages = "80--88",
}
@inproceedings{miltsakaki-troutt-2008-real,
    title = "Real Time Web Text Classification and Analysis of Reading Difficulty",
    author = "Miltsakaki, Eleni  and
      Troutt, Audrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0911",
    pages = "89--97",
}
@inproceedings{zechner-xi-2008-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Scoring of a Test of Spoken Language with Heterogeneous Task Types",
    author = "Zechner, Klaus  and
      Xi, Xiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0912",
    pages = "98--106",
}
@inproceedings{bailey-meurers-2008-diagnosing,
    title = "Diagnosing Meaning Errors in Short Answers to Reading Comprehension Questions",
    author = "Bailey, Stacey  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0913",
    pages = "107--115",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-parsing,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Parsing {G}erman",
    author = {K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Penn, Gerald},
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1000",
}
@inproceedings{sato-2008-lexicalised,
    title = "Lexicalised Parsing of {G}erman {V}2",
    author = "Sato, Yo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Parsing {G}erman",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{crysmann-2008-parse,
    title = "Parse Selection with a {G}erman {HPSG} Grammar",
    author = "Crysmann, Berthold",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Parsing {G}erman",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1002",
    pages = "9--15",
}
@inproceedings{scherrer-2008-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Tagging with a Symbolic Full Parser: Using the {TIGER} Treebank to Evaluate Fips",
    author = "Scherrer, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Parsing {G}erman",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1003",
    pages = "16--23",
}
@inproceedings{boyd-meurers-2008-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting the Impact of Different Annotation Schemes on {PCFG} Parsing: A Grammatical Dependency Evaluation",
    author = "Boyd, Adriane  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Parsing {G}erman",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1004",
    pages = "24--32",
}
@inproceedings{petrov-klein-2008-parsing,
    title = "Parsing {G}erman with Latent Variable Grammars",
    author = "Petrov, Slav  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Parsing {G}erman",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1005",
    pages = "33--39",
}
@inproceedings{rafferty-manning-2008-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Three {G}erman Treebanks: Lexicalized and Unlexicalized Baselines",
    author = "Rafferty, Anna  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Parsing {G}erman",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1006",
    pages = "40--46",
}
@inproceedings{hall-nivre-2008-dependency,
    title = "A Dependency-Driven Parser for {G}erman Dependency and Constituency Representations",
    author = "Hall, Johan  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Parsing {G}erman",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1007",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{kubler-2008-page,
    title = "The {P}a{G}e 2008 Shared Task on Parsing {G}erman",
    author = {K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Parsing {G}erman",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Columbus, Ohio",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1008",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    author = "White, Michael  and
      Nakatsu, Crystal  and
      McDonald, David",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1100",
}
@inproceedings{speer-ito-2008-prominence,
    title = "Prominence and Phrasing in Spoken Discourse Processing",
    author = "Speer, Shari R.  and
      Ito, Kiwako",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1101",
    pages = "1--3",
}
@inproceedings{stone-2008-language,
    title = "Language, Embodiment and Social Intelligence",
    author = "Stone, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1102",
    pages = "5--6",
}
@inproceedings{demir-etal-2008-generating,
    title = "Generating Textual Summaries of Bar Charts",
    author = "Demir, Seniz  and
      Carberry, Sandra  and
      McCoy, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1103",
    pages = "7--15",
}
@inproceedings{turner-etal-2008-using,
    title = "Using Spatial Reference Frames to Generate Grounded Textual Summaries of Georeferenced Data",
    author = "Turner, Ross  and
      Sripada, Somayajulu  and
      Reiter, Ehud  and
      Davy, Ian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1104",
    pages = "16--24",
}
@inproceedings{filippova-strube-2008-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Tree Based Sentence Compression",
    author = "Filippova, Katja  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1105",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{carenini-cheung-2008-extractive,
    title = "Extractive vs. {NLG}-based Abstractive Summarization of Evaluative Text: The Effect of Corpus Controversiality",
    author = "Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Cheung, Jackie C. K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1106",
    pages = "33--41",
}
@inproceedings{areces-etal-2008-referring,
    title = "Referring Expressions as Formulas of Description Logic",
    author = "Areces, Carlos  and
      Koller, Alexander  and
      Striegnitz, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1107",
    pages = "42--49",
}
@inproceedings{gatt-belz-2008-attribute,
    title = "Attribute Selection for Referring Expression Generation: New Algorithms and Evaluation Methods",
    author = "Gatt, Albert  and
      Belz, Anja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1108",
    pages = "50--58",
}
@inproceedings{viethen-dale-2008-use,
    title = "The Use of Spatial Relations in Referring Expression Generation",
    author = "Viethen, Jette  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1109",
    pages = "59--67",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-sluis-mellish-2008-using,
    title = "Using Tactical {NLG} to Induce Affective States: Empirical Investigations",
    author = "van der Sluis, Ielka  and
      Mellish, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1110",
    pages = "68--76",
}
@inproceedings{devault-etal-2008-practical,
    title = "Practical Grammar-Based {NLG} from Examples",
    author = "DeVault, David  and
      Traum, David  and
      Artstein, Ron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1111",
    pages = "77--85",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2008-accurate,
    title = "Accurate and Robust {LFG}-Based Generation for {C}hinese",
    author = "Guo, Yuqing  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1112",
    pages = "86--94",
}
@inproceedings{foster-2008-automated,
    title = "Automated Metrics That Agree With Human Judgements On Generated Output for an Embodied Conversational Agent",
    author = "Foster, Mary Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1113",
    pages = "95--103",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2008-simple,
    title = "Simple but effective feedback generation to tutor abstract problem solving",
    author = "Lu, Xin  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Ohlsson, Stellan  and
      Fossati, Davide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1114",
    pages = "104--112",
}
@inproceedings{thomas-sripada-2008-whats,
    title = "What{'}s In a Message? Interpreting Geo-referenced Data for the Visually-impaired",
    author = "Thomas, Kavita  and
      Sripada, Yaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1115",
    pages = "113--120",
}
@inproceedings{odonnell-2008-evolving,
    title = "Evolving Questions in Text Planning",
    author = "O{'}Donnell, Mick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1116",
    pages = "121--128",
}
@inproceedings{kruijff-korbayova-etal-2008-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Dialogue System Output Style Variation on Users{'} Evaluation Judgments and Input Style",
    author = "Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana  and
      Gerstenberger, Ciprian  and
      Kukina, Olga  and
      Schehl, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1117",
    pages = "129--137",
}
@inproceedings{hielkema-etal-2008-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating an Ontology-Driven {WYSIWYM} Interface",
    author = "Hielkema, Feikje  and
      Mellish, Chris  and
      Edwards, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1118",
    pages = "138--146",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-etal-2008-importance,
    title = "The Importance of Narrative and Other Lessons from an Evaluation of an {NLG} System that Summarises Clinical Data",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud  and
      Gatt, Albert  and
      Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      van der Meulen, Marian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1119",
    pages = "147--156",
}
@inproceedings{harris-2008-building,
    title = "Building a Large-scale Commercial {NLG} System for an {EMR}",
    author = "Harris, Mary Dee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1120",
    pages = "157--160",
}
@inproceedings{hervas-gervas-2008-degree,
    title = "Degree of Abstraction in Referring Expression Generation and its Relation with the Construction of the Contrast Set",
    author = "Herv{\'a}s, Raquel  and
      Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1121",
    pages = "161--164",
}
@inproceedings{hogan-etal-2008-parser,
    title = "Parser-Based Retraining for Domain Adaptation of Probabilistic Generators",
    author = "Hogan, Deirdre  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Wagner, Joachim  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1122",
    pages = "165--168",
}
@inproceedings{marge-etal-2008-creation,
    title = "Creation of a New Domain and Evaluation of Comparison Generation in a Natural Language Generation System",
    author = "Marge, Matthew  and
      Isard, Amy  and
      Moore, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1123",
    pages = "169--172",
}
@inproceedings{oh-shrobe-2008-generating,
    title = "Generating Baseball Summaries from Multiple Perspectives by Reordering Content",
    author = "Oh, Alice  and
      Shrobe, Howard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1124",
    pages = "173--176",
}
@inproceedings{vander-linden-2008-dynamic,
    title = "A Dynamic Programming Approach to Document Length Constraints",
    author = "Vander Linden, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1125",
    pages = "177--180",
}
@inproceedings{belz-gatt-2008-reg,
    title = "{REG} Challenge Preface",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Gatt, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1126",
    pages = "181--182",
}
@inproceedings{belz-etal-2008-grec,
    title = "The {GREC} Challenge 2008: Overview and Evaluation Results",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Kow, Eric  and
      Viethen, Jette  and
      Gatt, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1127",
    pages = "183--193",
}
@inproceedings{bohnet-2008-g,
    title = "{IS}-G: The Comparison of Different Learning Techniques for the Selection of the Main Subject References",
    author = "Bohnet, Bernd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1128",
    pages = "192--193",
}
@inproceedings{hendrickx-etal-2008-cnts,
    title = "{CNTS}: Memory-Based Learning of Generating Repeated References",
    author = "Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Luyckx, Kim  and
      Morante, Roser  and
      Van Asch, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1129",
    pages = "194--95",
}
@inproceedings{jamison-mehay-2008-osu,
    title = "{OSU}-2: Generating Referring Expressions with a Maximum Entropy Classifier",
    author = "Jamison, Emily  and
      Mehay, Dennis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1130",
    pages = "196--197",
}
@inproceedings{gatt-etal-2008-tuna,
    title = "The {TUNA} Challenge 2008: Overview and Evaluation Results",
    author = "Gatt, Albert  and
      Belz, Anja  and
      Kow, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1131",
    pages = "198--206",
}
@inproceedings{bohnet-2008-fingerprint,
    title = "The Fingerprint of Human Referring Expressions and their Surface Realization with Graph Transducers",
    author = "Bohnet, Bernd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1132",
    pages = "207--210",
}
@inproceedings{di-fabbrizio-etal-2008-referring,
    title = "Referring Expression Generation Using Speaker-based Attribute Selection and Trainable Realization ({ATTR})",
    author = "Di Fabbrizio, Giuseppe  and
      Stent, Amanda J.  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1133",
    pages = "211--214",
}
@inproceedings{gervas-etal-2008-nil,
    title = "{NIL}-{UCM}: Most-Frequent-Value-First Attribute Selection and Best-Scoring-Choice Realization",
    author = "Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo  and
      Herv{\'a}s, Raquel  and
      Le{\'o}n, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1134",
    pages = "215--218",
}
@inproceedings{de-lucena-paraboni-2008-usp,
    title = "{USP}-{EACH} Frequency-based Greedy Attribute Selection for Referring Expressions Generation",
    author = "de Lucena, Diego Jesus  and
      Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1135",
    pages = "219--220",
}
@inproceedings{kelleher-mac-namee-2008-referring,
    title = "Referring Expression Generation Challenge 2008 DIT System Descriptions (DIT-FBI, DIT-TVAS, DIT-CBSR, DIT-RBR, DIT-FBI-CBSR, DIT-TVAS-RBR)",
    author = "Kelleher, John D.  and
      Mac Namee, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1136",
    pages = "221--224",
}
@inproceedings{king-2008-osu,
    title = "{OSU}-{GP}: Attribute Selection Using Genetic Programming",
    author = "King, Josh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1137",
    pages = "225--226",
}
@inproceedings{krahmer-etal-2008-graph,
    title = "{GRAPH}: The Costs of Redundancy in Referring Expressions",
    author = {Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Theune, Mari{\"e}t  and
      Viethen, Jette  and
      Hendrickx, Iris},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1138",
    pages = "227--229",
}
@inproceedings{paladhi-bandyopadhyay-2008-ju,
    title = "{JU}-{PTBSGRE}: {GRE} Using Prefix Tree Based Structure",
    author = "Paladhi, Sibabrata  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1139",
    pages = "230--231",
}
@inproceedings{pereira-paraboni-2008-tuna,
    title = "From {TUNA} Attribute Sets to {P}ortuguese Text: a First Report",
    author = "Pereira, Daniel Bastos  and
      Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1140",
    pages = "232--233",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2008-author,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Salt Fork, Ohio, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1141",
    pages = "235",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-coling,
    title = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Human Judgements in Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Artstein, Ron  and
      Boleda, Gemma  and
      Keller, Frank  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1200",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-brown-2008-invited,
    title = "Invited Talk: The Relevance of a Cognitive Model of the Mental Lexicon to Automatic Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Palmer, Martha  and
      Brown, Susan",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Human Judgements in Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1201",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-etal-2008-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Disagreements",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Beigman, Eyal  and
      Diermeier, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Human Judgements in Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1202",
    pages = "2--7",
}
@inproceedings{reidsma-op-den-akker-2008-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting {`}Subjective{'} Annotations",
    author = "Reidsma, Dennis  and
      op den Akker, Rieks",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Human Judgements in Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1203",
    pages = "8--16",
}
@inproceedings{berthelin-etal-2008-human,
    title = "Human Judgement as a Parameter in Evaluation Campaigns",
    author = "Berthelin, Jean-Baptiste  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Hurault-Plantet, Martine  and
      Paroubek, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Human Judgements in Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1204",
    pages = "17--23",
}
@inproceedings{tetreault-chodorow-2008-native,
    title = "Native Judgments of Non-Native Usage: Experiments in Preposition Error Detection",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel  and
      Chodorow, Martin",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Human Judgements in Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1205",
    pages = "24--32",
}
@inproceedings{rumshisky-batiukova-2008-polysemy,
    title = "Polysemy in Verbs: Systematic Relations between Senses and their Effect on Annotation",
    author = "Rumshisky, Anna  and
      Batiukova, Olga",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Human Judgements in Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1206",
    pages = "33--41",
}
@inproceedings{su-markert-2008-eliciting,
    title = "Eliciting Subjectivity and Polarity Judgements on Word Senses",
    author = "Su, Fangzhong  and
      Markert, Katja",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Human Judgements in Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1207",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{volk-etal-2008-human,
    title = "Human Judgements in Parallel Treebank Alignment",
    author = "Volk, Martin  and
      Marek, Torsten  and
      Samuelsson, Yvonne",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Human Judgements in Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1208",
    pages = "51--57",
}
@inproceedings{bhowmick-etal-2008-agreement,
    title = "An Agreement Measure for Determining Inter-Annotator Reliability of Human Judgements on Affective Text",
    author = "Bhowmick, Plaban Kumar  and
      Basu, Anupam  and
      Mitra, Pabitra",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Human Judgements in Computational Linguistics",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1209",
    pages = "58--65",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-coling-2008,
    title = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Cross-Framework and Cross-Domain Parser Evaluation",
    author = "Bos, Johan  and
      Briscoe, Edward  and
      Cahill, Aoife  and
      Carroll, John  and
      Clark, Stephen  and
      Copestake, Ann  and
      Flickinger, Dan  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      Joshi, Aravind  and
      Kaplan, Ronald  and
      King, Tracy Holloway  and
      Kuebler, Sandra  and
      Lin, Dekang  and
      L{\o}nning, Jan Tore  and
      Manning, Christopher  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Sagae, Kenji  and
      Xue, Nianwen  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1300",
}
@inproceedings{de-marneffe-manning-2008-stanford,
    title = "The {S}tanford Typed Dependencies Representation",
    author = "de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Cross-Framework and Cross-Domain Parser Evaluation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1301",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{plank-van-noord-2008-exploring,
    title = "Exploring an Auxiliary Distribution Based Approach to Domain Adaptation of a Syntactic Disambiguation Model",
    author = "Plank, Barbara  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Cross-Framework and Cross-Domain Parser Evaluation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1302",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{tateisi-2008-toward,
    title = "Toward an Underspecifiable Corpus Annotation Scheme",
    author = "Tateisi, Yuka",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Cross-Framework and Cross-Domain Parser Evaluation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1303",
    pages = "17--23",
}
@inproceedings{flickinger-2008-toward,
    title = "Toward a Cross-Framework Parser Annotation Standard",
    author = "Flickinger, Dan",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Cross-Framework and Cross-Domain Parser Evaluation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1304",
    pages = "24--28",
}
@inproceedings{tam-etal-2008-parser,
    title = "Parser Evaluation Across Frameworks without Format Conversion",
    author = "Tam, Wai Lok  and
      Sato, Yo  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Junichi",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Cross-Framework and Cross-Domain Parser Evaluation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1305",
    pages = "29--35",
}
@inproceedings{vilnat-etal-2008-large,
    title = "Large Scale Production of Syntactic Annotations to Move Forward",
    author = "Vilnat, Anne  and
      Francopoulo, Gil  and
      Hamon, Olivier  and
      Loiseau, Sylvain  and
      Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Villemonte de la Clergerie, Eric",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Cross-Framework and Cross-Domain Parser Evaluation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1306",
    pages = "36--43",
}
@inproceedings{rimell-clark-2008-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a Parser Evaluation Scheme",
    author = "Rimell, Laura  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Cross-Framework and Cross-Domain Parser Evaluation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1307",
    pages = "44--50",
}
@inproceedings{mcconville-dzikovska-2008-deep,
    title = "{`}Deep{'} Grammatical Relations for Semantic Interpretation",
    author = "McConville, Mark  and
      Dzikovska, Myroslava O.",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Cross-Framework and Cross-Domain Parser Evaluation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1308",
    pages = "51--58",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-coling-2008-multi,
    title = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop Multi-source Multilingual Information Extraction and Summarization",
    author = "Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji  and
      Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1400",
}
@inproceedings{gaizauskas-2008-generating,
    title = "Generating Image Captions using Topic Focused Multi-document Summarization",
    author = "Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop Multi-source Multilingual Information Extraction and Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1401",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{mani-etal-2008-learning,
    title = "Learning to Match Names Across Languages",
    author = "Mani, Inderjeet  and
      Yeh, Alex  and
      Condon, Sherri",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop Multi-source Multilingual Information Extraction and Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1402",
    pages = "2--9",
}
@inproceedings{velupillai-dalianis-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Construction of Domain-specific Dictionaries on Sparse Parallel Corpora in the Nordic languages",
    author = "Velupillai, Sumithra  and
      Dalianis, Hercules",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop Multi-source Multilingual Information Extraction and Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1403",
    pages = "10--16",
}
@inproceedings{litvak-last-2008-graph,
    title = "Graph-Based Keyword Extraction for Single-Document Summarization",
    author = "Litvak, Marina  and
      Last, Mark",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop Multi-source Multilingual Information Extraction and Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1404",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{rosner-camilleri-2008-multisum,
    title = "{M}ulti{S}um: Query-Based Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Rosner, Mike  and
      Camilleri, Carl",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop Multi-source Multilingual Information Extraction and Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1405",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{ribeiro-matos-2008-mixed,
    title = "Mixed-Source Multi-Document Speech-to-Text Summarization",
    author = "Ribeiro, Ricardo  and
      Matos, David Martins de",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop Multi-source Multilingual Information Extraction and Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1406",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{aker-gaizauskas-2008-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating automatically generated user-focused multi-document summaries for geo-referenced images",
    author = "Aker, Ahmet  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop Multi-source Multilingual Information Extraction and Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1407",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{pouliquen-etal-2008-story,
    title = "Story tracking: linking similar news over time and across languages",
    author = "Pouliquen, Bruno  and
      Steinberger, Ralf  and
      Deguernel, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop Multi-source Multilingual Information Extraction and Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1408",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{hammarstrom-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Annotation of Bibliographical References with target Language",
    author = {Hammarstr{\"o}m, Harald},
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop Multi-source Multilingual Information Extraction and Summarization",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1409",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-coling-2008-speech,
    title = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Speech Processing for Safety Critical Translation and Pervasive Applications",
    author = "Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Ehsani, Farzad  and
      Frederking, Robert  and
      McTear, Michael  and
      Rayner, Manny",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1500",
}
@inproceedings{ettelaie-etal-2008-mitigation,
    title = "Mitigation of Data Sparsity in Classifier-Based Translation",
    author = "Ettelaie, Emil  and
      Georgiou, Panayiotis G.  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth S.",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Speech Processing for Safety Critical Translation and Pervasive Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1501",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{bringert-2008-speech,
    title = "Speech Translation with {G}rammatical {F}ramework",
    author = {Bringert, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Speech Processing for Safety Critical Translation and Pervasive Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1502",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{jung-etal-2008-integrated,
    title = "An Integrated Dialog Simulation Technique for Evaluating Spoken Dialog Systems",
    author = "Jung, Sangkeun  and
      Lee, Cheongjae  and
      Kim, Kyungduk  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Speech Processing for Safety Critical Translation and Pervasive Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1503",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{singh-park-2008-economical,
    title = "Economical Global Access to a {V}oice{XML} Gateway Using {O}pen {S}ource Technologies",
    author = "Singh, Kulwinder  and
      Park, Dong-Won",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Speech Processing for Safety Critical Translation and Pervasive Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1504",
    pages = "17--23",
}
@inproceedings{hakulinen-turunen-2008-interoperability,
    title = "Interoperability and Knowledge Representation in Distributed Health and Fitness Companion Dialogue System",
    author = "Hakulinen, Jaakko  and
      Turunen, Markku",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Speech Processing for Safety Critical Translation and Pervasive Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1505",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-2008-2008,
    title = "The 2008 {M}ed{SLT} System",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Brotanek, Jane  and
      Flores, Glenn  and
      Halimi, Sonia  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Kanzaki, Kyoko  and
      Kron, Elisabeth  and
      Nakao, Yukie  and
      Santaholma, Marianne  and
      Starlander, Marianne  and
      Tsourakis, Nikos",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Speech Processing for Safety Critical Translation and Pervasive Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1506",
    pages = "32--35",
}
@inproceedings{nirenburg-etal-2008-language,
    title = "Language Understanding in {M}aryland Virtual Patient",
    author = "Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Beale, Stephen  and
      McShane, Marjorie  and
      Jarrell, Bruce  and
      Fantry, George",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Speech Processing for Safety Critical Translation and Pervasive Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1507",
    pages = "36--39",
}
@inproceedings{seligman-dillinger-2008-rapid,
    title = "Rapid Portability among Domains in an Interactive Spoken Language Translation System",
    author = "Seligman, Mark  and
      Dillinger, Mike",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Speech Processing for Safety Critical Translation and Pervasive Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1508",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{nallasamy-etal-2008-speech,
    title = "Speech Translation for Triage of Emergency Phonecalls in Minority Languages",
    author = "Nallasamy, Udhyakumar  and
      Black, Alan  and
      Schultz, Tanja  and
      Frederking, Robert  and
      Weltman, Jerry",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Speech Processing for Safety Critical Translation and Pervasive Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1509",
    pages = "48--53",
}
@inproceedings{ehsani-etal-2008-speech,
    title = "Speech to Speech Translation for Nurse Patient Interaction",
    author = "Ehsani, Farzad  and
      Kimzey, Jim  and
      Zuber, Elaine  and
      Master, Demitrios  and
      Sudre, Karen",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Speech Processing for Safety Critical Translation and Pervasive Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1510",
    pages = "54--59",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-2008-small,
    title = "A Small-Vocabulary Shared Task for Medical Speech Translation",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Flores, Glenn  and
      Ehsani, Farzad  and
      Starlander, Marianne  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann  and
      Brotanek, Jane  and
      Biewald, Lukas",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Speech Processing for Safety Critical Translation and Pervasive Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1511",
    pages = "60--63",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-coling-2008-knowledge,
    title = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning for Answering Questions",
    author = "Moens, Marie-Francine  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1600",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2008-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Chunk Annotation for complex questions using Conditional Random Field",
    author = "Fan, Shixi  and
      Zhang, Yaoyun  and
      Ng, Wing W. Y.  and
      Wang, Xuan  and
      Wang, Xiaolong",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning for Answering Questions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1601",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{price-etal-2008-context,
    title = "Context Inducing Nouns",
    author = "Price, Charlotte  and
      de Paiva, Valeria  and
      King, Tracy Holloway",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning for Answering Questions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1602",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{pechsiri-etal-2008-know,
    title = "Know-Why Extraction from Textual Data for Supporting What Questions",
    author = "Pechsiri, Chaveevan  and
      Sroison, Phunthara  and
      Janviriyasopak, J.",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning for Answering Questions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1603",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{bernardi-kirschner-2008-context,
    title = "Context Modelling for {IQA}: the Role of Tasks and Entities",
    author = "Bernardi, Raffaella  and
      Kirschner, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning for Answering Questions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1604",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{quarteroni-2008-personalized,
    title = "Personalized, Interactive Question Answering on the Web",
    author = "Quarteroni, Silvia",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning for Answering Questions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1605",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{fontan-saint-dizier-2008-creating,
    title = "Creating and Querying a Domain dependent Know-How Knowledge Base of Advices and Warnings",
    author = "Fontan, Lionel  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning for Answering Questions",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1606",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-coling-2008-grammar,
    title = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks",
    author = "Clark, Stephen  and
      King, Tracy Holloway",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1700",
}
@inproceedings{kallmeyer-etal-2008-tulipa,
    title = "{T}u{L}i{PA}: Towards a Multi-Formalism Parsing Environment for Grammar Engineering",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Lichte, Timm  and
      Maier, Wolfgang  and
      Parmentier, Yannick  and
      Dellert, Johannes  and
      Evang, Kilian",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1701",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{kron-etal-2008-making,
    title = "Making Speech Look Like Text in the Regulus Development Environment",
    author = "Kron, Elisabeth  and
      Rayner, Manny  and
      Santaholma, Marianne  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Lisowska, Agnes",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1702",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{white-rajkumar-2008-precise,
    title = "A More Precise Analysis of Punctuation for Broad-Coverage Surface Realization with {CCG}",
    author = "White, Michael  and
      Rajkumar, Rajakrishnan",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1703",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{santaholma-2008-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Grammar Resources in Multilingual Application Development",
    author = "Santaholma, Marianne",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1704",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-etal-2008-speeding,
    title = "Speeding up {LFG} Parsing Using C-Structure Pruning",
    author = "Cahill, Aoife  and
      Maxwell III, John T.  and
      Meurer, Paul  and
      Rohrer, Christian  and
      Ros{\'e}n, Victoria",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1705",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{hellan-2008-grammar,
    title = "From Grammar-Independent Construction Enumeration to Lexical Types in Computational Grammars",
    author = "Hellan, Lars",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1706",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{de-paiva-king-2008-designing,
    title = "Designing Testsuites for Grammar-based Systems in Applications",
    author = "de Paiva, Valeria  and
      King, Tracy Holloway",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1707",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{cholakov-etal-2008-towards,
    title = "Towards Domain-Independent Deep Linguistic Processing: Ensuring Portability and Re-Usability of Lexicalised Grammars",
    author = "Cholakov, Kostadin  and
      Kordoni, Valia  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1708",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-coling-2008-information,
    title = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Information Retrieval for Question Answering",
    author = "Greenwood, Mark A.",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1800",
}
@inproceedings{bilotti-nyberg-2008-improving,
    title = "Improving Text Retrieval Precision and Answer Accuracy in Question Answering Systems",
    author = "Bilotti, Matthew  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Information Retrieval for Question Answering",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1801",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanchev-etal-2008-exact,
    title = "Exact Phrases in Information Retrieval for Question Answering",
    author = "Stoyanchev, Svetlana  and
      Song, Young Chol  and
      Lahti, William",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Information Retrieval for Question Answering",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1802",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-mur-2008-simple,
    title = "Simple is Best: Experiments with Different Document Segmentation Strategies for Passage Retrieval",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Mur, Jori},
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Information Retrieval for Question Answering",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1803",
    pages = "17--25",
}
@inproceedings{khalid-verberne-2008-passage,
    title = "Passage Retrieval for Question Answering using Sliding Windows",
    author = "Khalid, Mahboob  and
      Verberne, Suzan",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Information Retrieval for Question Answering",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1804",
    pages = "26--33",
}
@inproceedings{derczynski-etal-2008-data,
    title = "A Data Driven Approach to Query Expansion in Question Answering",
    author = "Derczynski, Leon  and
      Wang, Jun  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Greenwood, Mark A.",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Information Retrieval for Question Answering",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1805",
    pages = "34--41",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2008-answer,
    title = "Answer Validation by Information Distance Calculation",
    author = "Li, Fangtao  and
      Zhang, Xian  and
      Zhu, Xiaoyan",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Information Retrieval for Question Answering",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1806",
    pages = "42--49",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-plas-tiedemann-2008-using,
    title = "Using Lexico-Semantic Information for Query Expansion in Passage Retrieval for Question Answering",
    author = {van der Plas, Lonneke  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Information Retrieval for Question Answering",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1807",
    pages = "50--57",
}
@inproceedings{shaw-etal-2008-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Automatically Reformulated Questions in Question Series",
    author = "Shaw, Richard  and
      Solway, Ben  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Greenwood, Mark A.",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Information Retrieval for Question Answering",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1808",
    pages = "58--65",
}
@inproceedings{ahn-webber-2008-topic,
    title = "Topic Indexing and Retrieval for Factoid {QA}",
    author = "Ahn, Kisuh  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Information Retrieval for Question Answering",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1809",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@inproceedings{pizzato-molla-2008-indexing,
    title = "Indexing on Semantic Roles for Question Answering",
    author = "Pizzato, Luiz Augusto  and
      Moll{\'a}, Diego",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Information Retrieval for Question Answering",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1810",
    pages = "74--81",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-coling-2008-cognitive,
    title = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({COGALEX} 2008)",
    author = "Zock, Michael  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1900",
}
@inproceedings{joyce-srdanovic-2008-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Lexical Relationships Observed within {J}apanese Collocation Data and {J}apanese Word Association Norms",
    author = "Joyce, Terry  and
      Srdanovi{\'c}, Irena",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({COGALEX} 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1901",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{zock-schwab-2008-lexical,
    title = "Lexical access based on underspecified input",
    author = "Zock, Michael  and
      Schwab, Didier",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({COGALEX} 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1902",
    pages = "9--17",
}
@inproceedings{moerdijk-etal-2008-accessing,
    title = "Accessing the {ANW} Dictionary",
    author = "Moerdijk, Fons  and
      Tiberius, Carole  and
      Niestadt, Jan",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({COGALEX} 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1903",
    pages = "18--24",
}
@inproceedings{brierley-atwell-2008-proposel,
    title = "{P}ro{POSEL}: a human-oriented prosody and {P}o{S} {E}nglish lexicon for machine-learning and {NLP}",
    author = "Brierley, Claire  and
      Atwell, Eric",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({COGALEX} 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1904",
    pages = "25--31",
}
@inproceedings{sierra-2008-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Searching in Onomasiological Dictionaries",
    author = "Sierra, Gerardo",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({COGALEX} 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1905",
    pages = "32--38",
}
@inproceedings{moller-spitzer-mohrs-2008-first,
    title = "First ideas of user-adapted views of lexicographic data exemplified on {OWID} and elexiko",
    author = {M{\"o}ller-Spitzer, Carolin  and
      M{\"o}hrs, Christine},
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({COGALEX} 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1906",
    pages = "39--46",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2008-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Conceptual Access to Lexicon based on Shared Orthography: An ontology-driven study of {C}hinese and {J}apanese",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chou, Ya-Min  and
      Hotani, Chiyo  and
      Chen, Sheng-Yi  and
      Lin, Wan-Ying",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({COGALEX} 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1907",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{curteanu-etal-2008-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Sense Trees from the {R}omanian Thesaurus by Sense Segmentation {\&} Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Curteanu, Neculai  and
      Moruz, Alex  and
      Trandab{\u{a}}{\c{t}}, Diana",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({COGALEX} 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1908",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{sasha-2008-lexical,
    title = "Lexical-Functional Correspondences and Their Use in the System of Machine Translation {ETAP}-3",
    author = "Sasha, Andreyeva",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({COGALEX} 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1909",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{kanzaki-etal-2008-close,
    title = "The {``}Close-Distant{''} Relation of Adjectival Concepts Based on Self-Organizing Map",
    author = "Kanzaki, Kyoko  and
      Tomuro, Noriko  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({COGALEX} 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1910",
    pages = "73--76",
}
@inproceedings{max-zock-2008-looking,
    title = "Looking up phrase rephrasings via a pivot language",
    author = "Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Zock, Michael",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({COGALEX} 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1911",
    pages = "77--85",
}
@inproceedings{gaume-etal-2008-toward,
    title = "Toward a cognitive organization for electronic dictionaries, the case for semantic proxemy",
    author = "Gaume, Bruno  and
      Duvignau, Karine  and
      Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent  and
      Desalle, Yann",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({COGALEX} 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1912",
    pages = "86--93",
}
@inproceedings{kremer-etal-2008-cognitively,
    title = "Cognitively Salient Relations for Multilingual Lexicography",
    author = "Kremer, Gerhard  and
      Abel, Andrea  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({COGALEX} 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1913",
    pages = "94--101",
}
@inproceedings{rapp-2008-computation,
    title = "The Computation of Associative Responses to Multiword Stimuli",
    author = "Rapp, Reinhard",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon ({COGALEX} 2008)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1914",
    pages = "102--109",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-coling-2008-textgraphs,
    title = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 3rd Textgraphs workshop on Graph-based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Matveeva, Irina  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Diab, Mona",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2000",
}
@inproceedings{hathout-2008-acquistion,
    title = "Acquistion of the Morphological Structure of the Lexicon Based on Lexical Similarity and Formal Analogy",
    author = "Hathout, Nabil",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 3rd Textgraphs workshop on Graph-based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{muresan-2008-learning,
    title = "Learning to Map Text to Graph-Based Meaning Representations via Grammar Induction",
    author = "Muresan, Smaranda",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 3rd Textgraphs workshop on Graph-based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{blondin-masse-etal-2008-meaning,
    title = "How is Meaning Grounded in Dictionary Definitions?",
    author = "Blondin Mass{\'e}, Alexandre  and
      Chicoisne, Guillaume  and
      Gargouri, Yassine  and
      Harnad, Stevan  and
      Marcotte, Odile  and
      Picard, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 3rd Textgraphs workshop on Graph-based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2003",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{moschitti-zanzotto-2008-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Tree Pair-Based Graphs in Learning Algorithms: The Textual Entailment Recognition Case",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 3rd Textgraphs workshop on Graph-based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2004",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{ichioka-fukumoto-2008-graph,
    title = "Graph-Based Clustering for Semantic Classification of Onomatopoetic Words",
    author = "Ichioka, Kenichi  and
      Fukumoto, Fumiyo",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 3rd Textgraphs workshop on Graph-based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2005",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{rao-etal-2008-affinity,
    title = "Affinity Measures Based on the Graph {L}aplacian",
    author = "Rao, Delip  and
      Yarowsky, David  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 3rd Textgraphs workshop on Graph-based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2006",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{mcgillivray-etal-2008-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Structure from Correspondence Analysis",
    author = "McGillivray, Barbara  and
      Johansson, Christer  and
      Apollon, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 3rd Textgraphs workshop on Graph-based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2007",
    pages = "49--52",
}
@inproceedings{plaza-etal-2008-concept,
    title = "Concept-Graph Based Biomedical Automatic Summarization Using Ontologies",
    author = "Plaza, Laura  and
      D{\'\i}az, Alberto  and
      Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 3rd Textgraphs workshop on Graph-based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2008",
    pages = "53--56",
}
@inproceedings{akama-etal-2008-random,
    title = "Random Graph Model Simulations of Semantic Networks for Associative Concept Dictionaries",
    author = "Akama, Hiroyuki  and
      Jung, Jaeyoung  and
      Joyce, Terry  and
      Miyake, Maki",
    booktitle = "Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 3rd Textgraphs workshop on Graph-based Algorithms for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, UK",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2009",
    pages = "57--60",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-conll,
    title = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    author = "Clark, Alexander  and
      Toutanova, Kristina",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2100",
}
@inproceedings{merlo-musillo-2008-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing for High-Precision Semantic Role Labelling",
    author = "Merlo, Paola  and
      Musillo, Gabriele",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2101",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{carreras-etal-2008-tag,
    title = "{TAG}, Dynamic Programming, and the Perceptron for Efficient, Feature-Rich Parsing",
    author = "Carreras, Xavier  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Koo, Terry",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2102",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{iwakura-okamoto-2008-fast,
    title = "A Fast Boosting-based Learner for Feature-Rich Tagging and Chunking",
    author = "Iwakura, Tomoya  and
      Okamoto, Seishi",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2103",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{ovrelid-2008-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic features in data-driven dependency parsing",
    author = "Ovrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2104",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{kate-2008-transforming,
    title = "Transforming Meaning Representation Grammars to Improve Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Kate, Rohit",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2105",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{misra-etal-2008-using,
    title = "Using {LDA} to detect semantically incoherent documents",
    author = "Misra, Hemant  and
      Capp{\'e}, Olivier  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2106",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{ramisch-etal-2008-picking,
    title = "Picking them up and Figuring them out: Verb-Particle Constructions, Noise and Idiomaticity",
    author = "Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Moura, Leonardo  and
      Idiart, Marco",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2107",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{alishahi-etal-2008-fast,
    title = "Fast Mapping in Word Learning: What Probabilities Tell Us",
    author = "Alishahi, Afra  and
      Fazly, Afsaneh  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2108",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{blanchard-heinz-2008-improving,
    title = "Improving Word Segmentation by Simultaneously Learning Phonotactics",
    author = "Blanchard, Daniel  and
      Heinz, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2109",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{marchal-etal-2008-mdl,
    title = "A {MDL}-based Model of Gender Knowledge Acquisition",
    author = "Marchal, Harmony  and
      Lemaire, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Bianco, Maryse  and
      Dessus, Philippe",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2110",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{connor-etal-2008-baby,
    title = "Baby {SRL}: Modeling Early Language Acquisition.",
    author = "Connor, Michael  and
      Gertner, Yael  and
      Fisher, Cynthia  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2111",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{parisien-etal-2008-incremental,
    title = "An Incremental {B}ayesian Model for Learning Syntactic Categories",
    author = "Parisien, Christopher  and
      Fazly, Afsaneh  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2112",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{dias-etal-2008-fully,
    title = "Fully Unsupervised Graph-Based Discovery of General-Specific Noun Relationships from Web Corpora Frequency Counts",
    author = {Dias, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Mukelov, Raycho  and
      Cleuziou, Guillaume},
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2113",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-gomez-2008-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Knowledge from the Web to be used as Selectors for Noun Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Schwartz, Hansen A.  and
      Gomez, Fernando",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2114",
    pages = "105--112",
}
@inproceedings{ren-etal-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic {C}hinese Catchword Extraction Based on Time Series Analysis",
    author = "Ren, Han  and
      Ji, Donghong  and
      Wan, Jing  and
      Han, Lei",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2115",
    pages = "113--118",
}
@inproceedings{goldberg-etal-2008-easy,
    title = "Easy as {ABC}? Facilitating Pictorial Communication via Semantically Enhanced Layout",
    author = "Goldberg, Andrew B.  and
      Zhu, Xiaojin  and
      Dyer, Charles R.  and
      Eldawy, Mohamed  and
      Heng, Lijie",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2116",
    pages = "119--126",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2008-nearest,
    title = "A Nearest-Neighbor Approach to the Automatic Analysis of Ancient {G}reek Morphology",
    author = "Lee, John",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2117",
    pages = "127--134",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-vogel-2008-context,
    title = "Context-based {A}rabic Morphological Analysis for Machine Translation",
    author = "Nguyen, ThuyLinh  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2118",
    pages = "135--142",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2008-tree,
    title = "A Tree-to-String Phrase-based Model for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Nguyen, Thai Phuong  and
      Shimazu, Akira  and
      Ho, Tu-Bao  and
      Nguyen, Minh Le  and
      Nguyen, Vinh Van",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2119",
    pages = "143--150",
}
@inproceedings{di-fabbrizio-etal-2008-trainable,
    title = "Trainable Speaker-Based Referring Expression Generation",
    author = "Di Fabbrizio, Giuseppe  and
      Stent, Amanda  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2120",
    pages = "151--158",
}
@inproceedings{surdeanu-etal-2008-conll,
    title = "The {C}o{NLL} 2008 Shared Task on Joint Parsing of Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies",
    author = "Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Johansson, Richard  and
      Meyers, Adam  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2121",
    pages = "159--177",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-etal-2008-latent,
    title = "A Latent Variable Model of Synchronous Parsing for Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies",
    author = "Henderson, James  and
      Merlo, Paola  and
      Musillo, Gabriele  and
      Titov, Ivan",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2122",
    pages = "178--182",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-nugues-2008-dependency-based,
    title = "Dependency-based Syntactic{--}Semantic Analysis with {P}rop{B}ank and {N}om{B}ank",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2123",
    pages = "183--187",
}
@inproceedings{lluis-marquez-2008-joint,
    title = "A Joint Model for Parsing Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies",
    author = "Llu{\'\i}s, Xavier  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2124",
    pages = "188--192",
}
@inproceedings{riedel-meza-ruiz-2008-collective,
    title = "Collective Semantic Role Labelling with {M}arkov Logic",
    author = "Riedel, Sebastian  and
      Meza-Ruiz, Ivan",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2125",
    pages = "193--197",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2008-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Learning of Dependency Structures from Heterogeneous Linguistic Resources",
    author = "Zhang, Yi  and
      Wang, Rui  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2126",
    pages = "198--202",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-kit-2008-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies with Two Single-Stage Maximum Entropy Models",
    author = "Zhao, Hai  and
      Kit, Chunyu",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2127",
    pages = "203--207",
}
@inproceedings{morante-etal-2008-combined,
    title = "A Combined Memory-Based Semantic Role Labeler of {E}nglish",
    author = "Morante, Roser  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Van Asch, Vincent",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2128",
    pages = "208--212",
}
@inproceedings{volokh-neumann-2008-puristic,
    title = "A Puristic Approach for Joint Dependency Parsing and Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = {Volokh, Alexander  and
      Neumann, G{\"u}nter},
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2129",
    pages = "213--217",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2008-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Learning of Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies",
    author = "Li, Lu  and
      Fan, Shixi  and
      Wang, Xuan  and
      Wang, Xiaolong",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2130",
    pages = "218--222",
}
@inproceedings{yuret-etal-2008-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative vs. Generative Approaches in Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Yuret, Deniz  and
      Yatbaz, Mehmet Ali  and
      Ural, Ahmet Engin",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2131",
    pages = "223--227",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-2008-pipeline,
    title = "A Pipeline Approach for Syntactic and Semantic Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Watanabe, Yotaro  and
      Iwatate, Masakazu  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2132",
    pages = "228--232",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2008-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Dependency Parsing using N-best Semantic Role Sequences and Roleset Information",
    author = "Lee, Joo-Young  and
      Cho, Han-Cheol  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2133",
    pages = "233--237",
}
@inproceedings{che-etal-2008-cascaded,
    title = "A Cascaded Syntactic and Semantic Dependency Parsing System",
    author = "Che, Wanxiang  and
      Li, Zhenghua  and
      Hu, Yuxuan  and
      Li, Yongqiang  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2134",
    pages = "238--242",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2008-integration,
    title = "The Integration of Dependency Relation Classification and Semantic Role Labeling Using Bilayer Maximum Entropy {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Sun, Weiwei  and
      Li, Hongzhan  and
      Sui, Zhifang",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2135",
    pages = "243--247",
}
@inproceedings{samuelsson-etal-2008-mixing,
    title = "Mixing and Blending Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies",
    author = {Samuelsson, Yvonne  and
      T{\"a}ckstr{\"o}m, Oscar  and
      Velupillai, Sumithra  and
      Eklund, Johan  and
      Fishel, Mark  and
      Saers, Markus},
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2136",
    pages = "248--252",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2008-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Tree-based {SRL} with Proper Pruning and Extensive Feature Engineering",
    author = "Wang, Hongling  and
      Wang, Honglin  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2137",
    pages = "253--257",
}
@inproceedings{ciaramita-etal-2008-desrl,
    title = "{D}e{SRL}: A Linear-Time Semantic Role Labeling System",
    author = "Ciaramita, Massimiliano  and
      Attardi, Giuseppe  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2138",
    pages = "258--262",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2008-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Model for Syntactic and Semantic Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Chen, Enhong  and
      Shi, Liu  and
      Hu, Dawei",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2139",
    pages = "263--267",
}
@inproceedings{vickrey-koller-2008-applying,
    title = "Applying Sentence Simplification to the {C}o{NLL}-2008 Shared Task",
    author = "Vickrey, David  and
      Koller, Daphne",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL} 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Manchester, England",
    publisher = "Coling 2008 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2140",
    pages = "268--272",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-semantics,
    title = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    author = "Bos, Johan  and
      Delmonte, Rodolfo",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2200",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-2008-new,
    title = "A New Life for Semantic Annotations?",
    author = "Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2201",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{basile-etal-2008-combining,
    title = "Combining Knowledge-based Methods and Supervised Learning for Effective {I}talian Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Basile, Pierpaolo  and
      de Gemmis, Marco  and
      Lops, Pasquale  and
      Semeraro, Giovanni",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2202",
    pages = "5--16",
}
@inproceedings{bender-goss-grubbs-2008-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Representations of Syntactically Marked Discourse Status in Crosslinguistic Perspective",
    author = "Bender, Emily M.  and
      Goss-Grubbs, David",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2203",
    pages = "17--29",
}
@inproceedings{branco-costa-2008-high,
    title = "High Precision Analysis of {NP}s with a Deep Processing Grammar",
    author = "Branco, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Costa, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2204",
    pages = "31--43",
}
@inproceedings{clark-etal-2008-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting {W}ord{N}et for Deep Understanding of Text",
    author = "Clark, Peter  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane  and
      Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Harrison, Phil  and
      Murray, William R.  and
      Thompson, John",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2205",
    pages = "45--57",
}
@inproceedings{cramer-2008-well,
    title = "How Well Do Semantic Relatedness Measures Perform? A Meta-Study",
    author = "Cramer, Irene",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2206",
    pages = "59--70",
}
@inproceedings{cuadros-rigau-2008-knownet-proposal,
    title = "{K}now{N}et: A Proposal for Building Highly Connected and Dense Knowledge Bases from the {W}eb",
    author = "Cuadros, Montse  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2207",
    pages = "71--84",
}
@inproceedings{de-cao-etal-2008-combining,
    title = "Combining Word Sense and Usage for Modeling Frame Semantics",
    author = "De Cao, Diego  and
      Croce, Danilo  and
      Pennacchiotti, Marco  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2208",
    pages = "85--101",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-pianta-2008-answering,
    title = "Answering Why-Questions in Closed Domains from a Discourse Model",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo  and
      Pianta, Emanuele",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2209",
    pages = "103--114",
}
@inproceedings{fontan-saint-dizier-2008-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Explanation Structure of Procedural Texts: Dealing with Advice and Warnings",
    author = "Fontan, Lionel  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2210",
    pages = "115--127",
}
@inproceedings{koeling-mccarthy-2008-predicting,
    title = "From Predicting Predominant Senses to Local Context for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Koeling, Rob  and
      McCarthy, Diana",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2211",
    pages = "129--138",
}
@inproceedings{liakata-pulman-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Fine-Grained Semantic Classification for Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Liakata, Maria  and
      Pulman, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2212",
    pages = "139--153",
}
@inproceedings{malaia-etal-2008-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of {ASL} Motion Capture Data towards Identification of Verb Type",
    author = "Malaia, Evguenia  and
      Borneman, John  and
      Wilbur, Ronnie B.",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2213",
    pages = "155--164",
}
@inproceedings{mcshane-nirenburg-2008-idiom,
    title = "The Idiom{--}Reference Connection",
    author = "McShane, Marjorie  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2214",
    pages = "165--177",
}
@inproceedings{nirenburg-etal-2008-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Paraphrases to Support Modeling Language Perception in an Intelligent Agent",
    author = "Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      McShane, Marjorie  and
      Beale, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2215",
    pages = "179--192",
}
@inproceedings{ramsay-field-2008-everyday,
    title = "Everyday Language is Highly Intensional",
    author = "Ramsay, Allan  and
      Field, Debora",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2216",
    pages = "193--205",
}
@inproceedings{robaldo-etal-2008-refining,
    title = "Refining the Meaning of Sense Labels in {PDTB}: {``}Concession{''}",
    author = "Robaldo, Livio  and
      Miltsakaki, Eleni  and
      Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2217",
    pages = "207--219",
}
@inproceedings{stede-2008-connective,
    title = "Connective-based Local Coherence Analysis: A Lexicon for Recognizing Causal Relationships",
    author = "Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2218",
    pages = "221--237",
}
@inproceedings{van-durme-schubert-2008-open,
    title = "Open Knowledge Extraction through Compositional Language Processing",
    author = "Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Schubert, Lenhart",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2219",
    pages = "239--254",
}
@inproceedings{bos-2008-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to the Shared Task on Comparing Semantic Representations",
    author = "Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2220",
    pages = "257--261",
}
@inproceedings{clark-harrison-2008-boeings,
    title = "{B}oeing{'}s {NLP} System and the Challenges of Semantic Representation",
    author = "Clark, Peter  and
      Harrison, Phil",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2221",
    pages = "263--276",
}
@inproceedings{bos-2008-wide,
    title = "Wide-Coverage Semantic Analysis with {B}oxer",
    author = "Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2222",
    pages = "277--286",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-2008-semantic,
    title = "Semantic and Pragmatic Computing with {GETARUNS}",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2223",
    pages = "287--298",
}
@inproceedings{branco-costa-2008-lxgram,
    title = "{LXG}ram in the Shared Task {``}{C}omparing {S}emantic {R}epresentations{''} of {STEP} 2008",
    author = "Branco, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Costa, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2224",
    pages = "299--314",
}
@inproceedings{nirenburg-etal-2008-baseline,
    title = "Baseline Evaluation of {WSD} and Semantic Dependency in {O}nto{S}em",
    author = "Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Beale, Stephen  and
      McShane, Marjorie",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2225",
    pages = "315--326",
}
@inproceedings{callaway-2008-textcap,
    title = "The {T}ext{C}ap Semantic Interpreter",
    author = "Callaway, Charles B.",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2226",
    pages = "327--342",
}
@inproceedings{allen-etal-2008-deep,
    title = "Deep Semantic Analysis of Text",
    author = "Allen, James F.  and
      Swift, Mary  and
      de Beaumont, Will",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2227",
    pages = "343--354",
}
@inproceedings{agerri-etal-2008-textual,
    title = "Textual Entailment as an Evaluation Framework for Metaphor Resolution: A Proposal",
    author = "Agerri, Rodrigo  and
      Barnden, John  and
      Lee, Mark  and
      Wallington, Alan",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2228",
    pages = "357--363",
}
@inproceedings{battistelli-etal-2008-representing,
    title = "Representing and Visualizing Calendar Expressions in Texts",
    author = "Battistelli, Delphine  and
      Couto, Javier  and
      Minel, Jean-Luc  and
      Schwer, Sylviane R.",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2229",
    pages = "365--373",
}
@inproceedings{chamberlain-etal-2008-addressing,
    title = "Addressing the Resource Bottleneck to Create Large-Scale Annotated Texts",
    author = "Chamberlain, Jon  and
      Poesio, Massimo  and
      Kruschwitz, Udo",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2230",
    pages = "375--380",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-etal-2008-resource,
    title = "A Resource-Poor Approach for Linking Ontology Classes to {W}ikipedia Articles",
    author = "Reiter, Nils  and
      Hartung, Matthias  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2231",
    pages = "381--387",
}
@inproceedings{tatar-etal-2008-top,
    title = "Top-Down Cohesion Segmentation in Summarization",
    author = "Tatar, Doina  and
      Mihis, Andreea Diana  and
      Serban, Gabriela",
    booktitle = "Semantics in Text Processing. {STEP} 2008 Conference Proceedings",
    year = "2008",
    publisher = "College Publications",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2232",
    pages = "389--397",
}
@proceedings{ws-2008-international-tree,
    title = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2300",
}
@inproceedings{champollion-2008-binding,
    title = "Binding Theory in {LTAG}",
    author = "Champollion, Lucas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2301",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{chen-main-joshi-2008-flexible,
    title = "Flexible Composition, Multiple Adjoining and Word Order Variation",
    author = "Chen-Main, Joan  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2302",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-scheffler-2008-flexible,
    title = "Flexible Composition and Delayed Tree-Locality",
    author = "Chiang, David  and
      Scheffler, Tatjana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2303",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{demberg-keller-2008-psycholinguistically,
    title = "A Psycholinguistically Motivated Version of {TAG}",
    author = "Demberg, Vera  and
      Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2304",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2008-compositional,
    title = "Compositional Semantics of Coordination using Synchronous Tree Adjoining Grammar",
    author = "Han, Chung-hye  and
      Potter, David  and
      Storoshenko, Dennis R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2305",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{hockenmaier-young-2008-non,
    title = "Non-local scrambling: the equivalence of {TAG} and {CCG} revisited",
    author = "Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      Young, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2306",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{kanazawa-2008-prefix,
    title = "A Prefix-Correct Earley Recognizer for Multiple Context-Free Grammars",
    author = "Kanazawa, Makoto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2307",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{lichte-kallmeyer-2008-factorizing,
    title = "Factorizing Complementation in a {TT}-{MCTAG} for {G}erman",
    author = "Lichte, Timm  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2308",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{moot-2008-lambek,
    title = "Lambek Grammars, Tree Adjoining Grammars and Hyperedge Replacement Grammars",
    author = "Moot, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2309",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{nesson-shieber-2008-synchronous,
    title = "Synchronous Vector {TAG} for Syntax and Semantics: Control Verbs, Relative Clauses, and Inverse Linking",
    author = "Nesson, Rebecca  and
      Shieber, Stuart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2310",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{seddah-2008-use,
    title = "The use of {MCTAG} to Process Elliptic Coordination",
    author = "Seddah, Djam{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2311",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{davidson-indefrey-2008-plasticity,
    title = "Plasticity of grammatical recursion in {G}erman learners of {D}utch",
    author = "Davidson, Douglas J.  and
      Indefrey, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2312",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{frank-2008-reflexives,
    title = "Reflexives and {TAG} Semantics",
    author = "Frank, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2313",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{kiefer-2008-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Mobile Intention Recognition Problems with Spatially Constrained Tree-Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Kiefer, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2314",
    pages = "105--112",
}
@inproceedings{kobele-2008-across,
    title = "Across-the-Board Extraction in Minimalist Grammars",
    author = "Kobele, Gregory M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2315",
    pages = "113--120",
}
@inproceedings{parmentier-etal-2008-tulipa,
    title = "{T}u{L}i{PA}: A syntax-semantics parsing environment for mildly context-sensitive formalisms",
    author = "Parmentier, Yannick  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Maier, Wolfgang  and
      Lichte, Timm  and
      Dellert, Johannes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2316",
    pages = "121--128",
}
@inproceedings{le-hong-etal-2008-metagrammar,
    title = "A Metagrammar for {V}ietnamese {LTAG}",
    author = "L{\^e} Hồng, Phương  and
      Nguyễn, Thị Minh Huyền  and
      Roussanaly, Azim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2317",
    pages = "129--132",
}
@inproceedings{lerman-rambow-2008-coordination,
    title = "Is Coordination Quantification?",
    author = "Lerman, Kevin  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2318",
    pages = "133--140",
}
@inproceedings{schmitz-le-roux-2008-feature,
    title = "Feature Unification in {TAG} Derivation Trees",
    author = "Schmitz, Sylvain  and
      Le Roux, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2319",
    pages = "141--148",
}
@inproceedings{storoshenko-etal-2008-reflexivity,
    title = "Reflexivity in {E}nglish: an {STAG} analysis",
    author = "Storoshenko, Dennis R.  and
      Han, Chung-hye  and
      Potter, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2320",
    pages = "149--156",
}
@inproceedings{vaillant-2008-layered,
    title = "A Layered Grammar Model: Using Tree-Adjoining Grammars to Build a Common Syntactic Kernel for Related Dialects",
    author = "Vaillant, Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2321",
    pages = "157--164",
}
@inproceedings{yoshinaga-2008-towards,
    title = "Towards Accurate Probabilistic Lexicons for Lexicalized Grammars",
    author = "Yoshinaga, Naoki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Frameworks ({TAG}+9)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-2322",
    pages = "165--172",
}
@proceedings{acl-1985-association,
    title = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1000",
}
@inproceedings{hafner-1985-semantics,
    title = "SEMANTICS OF TEMPORAL QUERIES AND TEMPORAL DATA",
    author = "Hafner, Carole D.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981211",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{obermeier-1985-temporal,
    title = "TEMPORAL INFERENCES IN MEDICAL TEXTS",
    author = "Obermeier, Klaus K.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981212",
    pages = "9--17",
}
@inproceedings{yip-1985-tense,
    title = "Tense, Aspect and the Cognitive Representation of Time",
    author = "Yip, Kenneth Man-kam",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981213",
    pages = "18--26",
}
@inproceedings{naito-etal-1985-classification,
    title = "CLASSIFICATION OF MODALITY FUNCTION AND ITS APPLICATION TO JAPANESE LANGUAGE ANALYSIS",
    author = "NAITO, Shozo  and
      SHIMAZU, Akira  and
      NOMURA, Hirosato",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981214",
    pages = "27--34",
}
@inproceedings{mallery-1985-universality,
    title = "UNIVERSALITY AND INDIVIDUALITY: THE INTERACTION OF NOUN PHRASE DETERMINERS IN COPULAR CLAUSES",
    author = "Mallery, John C.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981215",
    pages = "35--42",
}
@inproceedings{rapaport-1985-meinongian,
    title = "MEINONGIAN SEMANTICS FOR PROPOSITIONAL SEMANTIC NETWORKS",
    author = "Rapaport, William J.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981216",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-levesque-1985-speech,
    title = "Speech Acts and Rationality",
    author = "Cohen, Philip R.  and
      Levesque, Hector J.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981217",
    pages = "49--60",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-1985-ontological,
    title = "Ontological Promiscuity",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981218",
    pages = "60--69",
}
@inproceedings{pilato-1985-reversible,
    title = "REVERSIBLE AUTOMATA AND INDUCTION OF THE ENGLISH AUXILIARY SYSTEM",
    author = "Pilato, Samuel F.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981219",
    pages = "70--75",
}
@inproceedings{barton-1985-computational,
    title = "THE COMPUTATIONAL DIFFICULTY OF ID/LP PARSING",
    author = "Barton, G. Edward",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981220",
    pages = "76--81",
}
@inproceedings{vijay-shankar-joshi-1985-computational,
    title = "SOME COMPUTATIONAL PROPERTIES OF TREE ADJOINING GRAMMARS",
    author = "Vijay-Shankar, K.  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981221",
    pages = "82--93",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-pustejovsky-1985-tags,
    title = "{TAG}{'}s as a Grammatical Formalism for Generation",
    author = "McDonald, David D.  and
      Pustejovsky, James D.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981222",
    pages = "94--103",
}
@inproceedings{mccord-1985-modular,
    title = "MODULAR LOGIC GRAMMARS",
    author = "McCord, Michael C.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981223",
    pages = "104--117",
}
@inproceedings{fong-berwick-1985-new,
    title = "New Approaches to Parsing Conjunctions Using Prolog",
    author = "Fong, Sandiway  and
      Berwick, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981224",
    pages = "118--126",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-1985-parsing,
    title = "Parsing with Discontinuous Constituents",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981225",
    pages = "127--132",
}
@inproceedings{karttunen-1985-structure,
    title = "Structure Sharing with Binary Trees",
    author = "Karttunen, Lauri",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981226",
    pages = "133--136",
}
@inproceedings{pereira-1985-structure,
    title = "A Structure-Sharing Representation for Unification-Based Grammar Formalisms",
    author = "Pereira, Fernando C. N.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981227",
    pages = "137--144",
}
@inproceedings{shieber-1985-using,
    title = "Using Restriction to Extend Parsing Algorithms for Complex-Feature-Based Formalisms",
    author = "Shieber, Stuart M.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981228",
    pages = "145--152",
}
@inproceedings{hayes-etal-1985-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Caseframe Parsing and Syntactic Generality",
    author = "Hayes, Philip J.  and
      Andersen, Peggy M.  and
      Safier, Scott",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981229",
    pages = "153--160",
}
@inproceedings{jones-driscoll-1985-movement,
    title = "MOVEMENT IN ACTIVE PRODUCTION NETWORKS",
    author = "Jones, Mark A.  and
      Driscoll, Alan S.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981230",
    pages = "161--166",
}
@inproceedings{proudian-pollard-1985-parsing,
    title = "PARSING HEAD-DRIVEN PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR",
    author = "Proudian, Derek  and
      Pollard, Carl",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981231",
    pages = "167--171",
}
@inproceedings{creary-pollard-1985-computational,
    title = "A Computational Semantics for Natural Language",
    author = "Creary, Lewis G.  and
      Pollard, Carl J.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981232",
    pages = "172--179",
}
@inproceedings{lesmo-torasso-1985-analysis,
    title = "ANALYSIS OF CONJUNCTIONS IN A RULE-BASED PARSER",
    author = "Lesmo, Leonardo  and
      Torasso, Pietro",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981233",
    pages = "180--187",
}
@inproceedings{carberry-1985-pragmatics,
    title = "A PRAGMATICS-BASED APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING INTERSFNTENTIAL ELLIPSIS",
    author = "Carberry, Sandra",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981234",
    pages = "188--197",
}
@inproceedings{appelt-1985-pragmatic,
    title = "Some Pragmatic Issues in the Planning of Definite and Indefinite Noun Phrases",
    author = "Appelt, Douglas E.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981235",
    pages = "198--203",
}
@inproceedings{goodman-1985-repairing,
    title = "REPAIRING REFERENCE IDENTIFICATION FAILURES BY RELAXATION",
    author = "Goodman, Bradley A.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981236",
    pages = "204--217",
}
@inproceedings{guindon-1985-anaphora,
    title = "ANAPHORA RESOLUTION: SHORT-TERM MEMORY AND FOCUSING",
    author = "GUINDON, RAYMONDE",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981237",
    pages = "218--227",
}
@inproceedings{kukich-1985-explanation,
    title = "Explanation Structures in {XSEL}",
    author = "Kukich, Karen",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981238",
    pages = "228--237",
}
@inproceedings{paris-1985-description,
    title = "DESCRIPTION STRATEGIES FOR NAIVE AND EXPERT USERS",
    author = "Paris, Cecile L.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981239",
    pages = "238--245",
}
@inproceedings{church-1985-stress,
    title = "Stress Assignment in Letter to Sound Rules for Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Church, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981240",
    pages = "246--253",
}
@inproceedings{phillips-etal-1985-eclectic,
    title = "AN ECLECTIC APPROACH TO BUILDING NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACES",
    author = "Phillips, Brian  and
      Freiling, Michael J.  and
      Alexander, James H.  and
      Messick, Steven L.  and
      Rehfuss, Steve  and
      Nichollt, Sheldon",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981241",
    pages = "254--261",
}
@inproceedings{flickinger-etal-1985-structure,
    title = "Structure-Sharing in Lexical Representation",
    author = "Flickinger, Daniel  and
      Pollard, Carl  and
      Wasaw, Thomas",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981242",
    pages = "262--267",
}
@inproceedings{ahlswede-1985-tool,
    title = "A TOOL KIT FOR LEXICON BUILDING",
    author = "Ahlswede, Thomas E.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981243",
    pages = "268--276",
}
@inproceedings{byrd-chodorow-1985-using,
    title = "USING AN ON-LINE DICTIONARY TO FIND RHYMING WORDS AND PRONUNCIATIONS FOR UNKNOWN WORDS",
    author = "Byrd, Roy J.  and
      Chodorow, Martin S.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981244",
    pages = "277--283",
}
@inproceedings{zernik-dyer-1985-towards,
    title = "Towards a Self-Extending Lexicon",
    author = "Zernik, Uri  and
      Dyer, Michael G.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981245",
    pages = "284--292",
}
@inproceedings{david-1985-grammatical,
    title = "GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS BY COMPUTER OF THE LANCASTER-OSLO/BERGEN (LOB) CORPUS OF BRITISH ENGLISH TEXTS",
    author = "David, Andrew",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981246",
    pages = "293--298",
}
@inproceedings{chodorow-etal-1985-extracting,
    title = "EXTRACTING SEMANTIC HIERARCHIES FROM A LARGE ON-LINE DICTIONARY",
    author = "Chodorow, Martin S.  and
      Byrd, Roy J.  and
      Heidorn, George E.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981247",
    pages = "299--304",
}
@inproceedings{miller-1985-dictionaries,
    title = "DICTIONARIES of THE MIND",
    author = "Miller, George A.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981248",
    pages = "305--314",
}
@inproceedings{decker-1985-use,
    title = "THE USE OF SYNTACTIC CLUES IN DISCOURSE PROCESSING",
    author = "Decker, Nan",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981249",
    pages = "315--323",
}
@inproceedings{gigley-1985-grammar,
    title = "GRAMMAR VIEWED AS A FUNCTIONING PART OF A COGNITIVE SYSTEM",
    author = "Gigley, Helen M.",
    booktitle = "23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1985",
    address = "Chicago, Illinois, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P85-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/981210.981250",
    pages = "324--332",
}
@proceedings{acl-1991-association,
    title = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1000",
}
@inproceedings{aone-1991-resolution,
    title = "RESOLUTION OF COLLECTIVE-DISTRIBUTIVE AMBIGUITY USING MODEL-BASED REASONING",
    author = "Aone, Chinatsu",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981345",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{carpenter-pollard-1991-inclusion,
    title = "INCLUSION, DISJOINTNESS AND CHOICE: THE LOGIC OF LINGUISTIC CLASSIFICATION",
    author = "Carpenter, Bob  and
      Pollard, Carl",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981346",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{whittemore-etal-1991-event,
    title = "Event-building through Role-filling and anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Whittemore, Greg  and
      Macpherson, Melissa  and
      Carlson, Greg",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981347",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{kitano-ess-dykema-1991-toward,
    title = "Toward a Plan-Based Understanding Model for Mixed-Initiative Dialogues",
    author = "Kitano, Hiroaki  and
      Ess-Dykema, Carol Van",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981348",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{lochbaum-1991-algorithm,
    title = "AN ALGORITHM FOR PLAN RECOGNITION IN COLLABORATIVE DISCOURSE",
    author = "Lochbaum, Karen E.",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981349",
    pages = "33--38",
}
@inproceedings{ramshaw-1991-three,
    title = "A THREE-LEVEL MODEL FOR PLAN EXPLORATION",
    author = "Ramshaw, Lance A.",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981350",
    pages = "39--46",
}
@inproceedings{lambert-carberry-1991-tripartite,
    title = "A TRIPARTITE PLAN-BASED MODEL OF DIALOGUE",
    author = "Lambert, Lynn  and
      Carberry, Sandra",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981351",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{lascarides-asher-1991-discourse,
    title = "DISCOURSE RELATIONS AND DEFEASIBLE KNOWLEDGE{`}",
    author = "Lascarides, Alex  and
      Asher, Nicholas",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981352",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{passonneau-1991-facts,
    title = "SOME FACTS ABOUT CENTERS, INDEXICALS, AND DEMONSTRATIVES",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca J.",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981353",
    pages = "63--70",
}
@inproceedings{steedman-1991-type,
    title = "TYPE-RAISING AND DIRECTIONALITY IN COMBINATORY GRAMMAR",
    author = "Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981354",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@inproceedings{hepple-1991-efficient,
    title = "EFFICIENT INCREMENTAL PROCESSING WITH CATEGORIAL GRAMMAR",
    author = "Hepple, Mark",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981355",
    pages = "79--86",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-etal-1991-compose,
    title = "COMPOSE-REDUCE PARSING",
    author = "Thompson, Henry S.  and
      Dixon, Mike  and
      Lamping, John",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981356",
    pages = "87--97",
}
@inproceedings{perlin-1991-lr,
    title = "LR RECURSIVE TRANSITION NETWORKS FOR EARLEY AND TOMITA PARSING",
    author = "Perlin, Mark",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981357",
    pages = "98--105",
}
@inproceedings{schabes-1991-polynomial,
    title = "Polynomial Time and Space Shift-Reduce Parsing of Arbitrary Context-free Grammars.",
    author = "Schabes, Yves",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981358",
    pages = "106--113",
}
@inproceedings{van-noord-1991-head,
    title = "Head Corner Parsing for Discontinuous Constituency",
    author = "van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981359",
    pages = "114--121",
}
@inproceedings{simmons-yu-1991-acquisition,
    title = "The Acquisition and Application of Context Sensitive Grammar for {E}nglish",
    author = "Simmons, Robert F.  and
      Yu, Yeong-Ho",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981360",
    pages = "122--129",
}
@inproceedings{dagan-etal-1991-two,
    title = "Two Languages Are More Informative Than One",
    author = "Dagan, Ido  and
      Itai, Alon  and
      Schwall, Ulrike",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981361",
    pages = "130--137",
}
@inproceedings{regier-1991-learning,
    title = "LEARNING PERCEPTUALLY-GROUNDED SEMANTICS IN THE Lo PROJECT",
    author = "Regier, Terry",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981362",
    pages = "138--145",
}
@inproceedings{guthriee-etal-1991-subject,
    title = "SUBJECT-DEPENDENT CO-OCCURRENCE AND WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION",
    author = "Guthriee, Joe A.  and
      Guthrie, Louise  and
      Aidinejad, Homa  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981363",
    pages = "146--152",
}
@inproceedings{japkowicz-wiebe-1991-system,
    title = "A SYSTEM FOR TRANSLATING LOCATIVE PREPOSITIONS FROM ENGLISH INTO FRENCH",
    author = "Japkowicz, Nathalie  and
      Wiebe, Janyce M.",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981364",
    pages = "153--160",
}
@inproceedings{alshawi-etal-1991-translation,
    title = "TRANSLATION BY QUASI LOGICAL FORM TRANSFER",
    author = "Alshawi, Hiyan  and
      Carter, David  and
      Rayner, Manny  and
      Gamback, Bjorn",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981365",
    pages = "161--168",
}
@inproceedings{brown-etal-1991-aligning,
    title = "ALIGNING SENTENCES IN PARALLEL CORPORA",
    author = "Brown, Peter F.  and
      Lai, Jennifer C.  and
      Mercer, Robert L.",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981366",
    pages = "169--176",
}
@inproceedings{gale-church-1991-program,
    title = "A PROGRAM FOR ALIGNING SENTENCES IN BILINGUAL CORPORA",
    author = "Gale, William A.  and
      Church, Kenneth W.",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981367",
    pages = "177--184",
}
@inproceedings{sumita-hda-1991-experiments,
    title = "EXPERIMENTS AND PROSPECTS OF EXAMPLE-BASED MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "SUMITA, Eiichiro  and
      HDA, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981368",
    pages = "185--192",
}
@inproceedings{kameyama-etal-1991-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Translation Mismatches With Information Flow",
    author = "Kameyama, Megumi  and
      Ochitani, Ryo  and
      Peters, Stanley",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981369",
    pages = "193--200",
}
@inproceedings{inoue-1991-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC NOUN CLASSIFICATION BY USING JAPANESE-ENGLISH WORD PAIRS",
    author = "Inoue, Naomi",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981370",
    pages = "201--208",
}
@inproceedings{brent-1991-automatic-acquisition,
    title = "AUTOMATIC ACQUISITION OF SUBCATEGORIZATION FRAMES FROM UNTAGGED TEXT",
    author = "Brent, Michael R.",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981371",
    pages = "209--214",
}
@inproceedings{russell-etal-1991-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Default Inheritance in a Unification-Based Lexicon",
    author = "Russell, Graham  and
      Carroll, John  and
      Warwick-Armstrong, Susan",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981372",
    pages = "215--221",
}
@inproceedings{hays-1991-metaphoric,
    title = "METAPHORIC GENERALIZATION THROUGH SORT COERCION",
    author = "Hays, Ellen",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981373",
    pages = "222--228",
}
@inproceedings{hindle-rooth-1991-structural,
    title = "STRUCTURAL AMBIGUITY AND LEXICAL RELATIONS",
    author = "Hindle, Donald  and
      Rooth, Mats",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981374",
    pages = "229--236",
}
@inproceedings{uszkoreit-1991-strategies,
    title = "STRATEGIES FOR ADDING CONTROL INFORMATION TO DECLARATIVE GRAMMARS",
    author = "Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981375",
    pages = "237--245",
}
@inproceedings{pereira-1991-finite,
    title = "FINITE-STATE APPROXIMATION OF PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMARS",
    author = "Pereira, Fernando C. N.",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981376",
    pages = "246--255",
}
@inproceedings{dorre-1991-feature,
    title = "FEATURE LOGIC WITH WEAK SUBSUMPTION CONSTRAINTS",
    author = "Dorre, Jochen",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981377",
    pages = "256--263",
}
@inproceedings{brown-etal-1991-word,
    title = "WORD-SENSE DISAMBIGUATION USING STATISTICAL METHODS",
    author = "Brown, Peter F.  and
      Della Pietra, Stephen A.  and
      Della Pietra, Vincent J.  and
      Mercer, Robert L.",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981378",
    pages = "264--270",
}
@inproceedings{baayen-1991-stochastic,
    title = "A STOCHASTIC PROCESS FOR WORD FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS",
    author = "Baayen, Harald",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981379",
    pages = "271--278",
}
@inproceedings{smadja-1991-n,
    title = "FROM N-GRAMS TO COLLOCATIONS AN EVALUATION OF XTRACT",
    author = "Smadja, Frank A.",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981380",
    pages = "279--284",
}
@inproceedings{wang-1991-predicting,
    title = "PREDICTING INTONATIONAL PHRASING FROM TEXT",
    author = "Wang, Michelle Q.",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981381",
    pages = "285--292",
}
@inproceedings{chien-etal-1991-preference,
    title = "A Preference-first Language Processor: Integrating the Unification Grammar and {M}arkov Language Model for Speech Recognition Applications",
    author = "Chien, Lee-Feng  and
      Chen, K. J.  and
      Lee, Lin-Shan",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981382",
    pages = "293--298",
}
@inproceedings{pieraccini-lee-1991-factorization,
    title = "FACTORIZATION OF LANGUAGE CONSTRAINTS IN SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Pieraccini, Roberto  and
      Lee, Chin-Hui",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981383",
    pages = "299--306",
}
@inproceedings{nakano-1991-constraint,
    title = "CONSTRAINT PROJECTION: AN EFFICIENT TREATMENT OF DISJUNCTIVE FEATURE DESCRIPTIONS",
    author = "Nakano, Mikio",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981384",
    pages = "307--314",
}
@inproceedings{tomabechi-1991-quasi,
    title = "Quasi-Destructive Graph Unification",
    author = "Tomabechi, Hideto",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981385",
    pages = "315--322",
}
@inproceedings{emele-1991-unification,
    title = "UNIFICATION WITH LAZY NON-REDUNDANT COPYING",
    author = "Emele, Martin C.",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981386",
    pages = "323--330",
}
@inproceedings{balkanski-1991-logical,
    title = "Logical Form of Complex Sentences in Task-Oriented Dialogues",
    author = "Balkanski, Cecile T.",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981388",
    pages = "331--332",
}
@inproceedings{di-eugenio-1991-action,
    title = "Action representation for {NL} instructions",
    author = "Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981389",
    pages = "333--334",
}
@inproceedings{ratte-1991-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Semantic Roles from a Model of Eventualities",
    author = "Ratt{\'e}, Sylvie",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981390",
    pages = "335--336",
}
@inproceedings{weng-1991-case,
    title = "Case Revisited: in the Shadow of Automatic Processing of Machine-Readable Dictionaries",
    author = "Weng, Fuliang",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981391",
    pages = "337--338",
}
@inproceedings{brill-1991-discovering,
    title = "Discovering the Lexical Features of a Language",
    author = "Brill, Eric",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981392",
    pages = "339--340",
}
@inproceedings{dagan-1991-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Disambiguation: Sources of Information and their Statistical Realization",
    author = "Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981393",
    pages = "341--342",
}
@inproceedings{iverson-hebnreich-1991-non,
    title = "Non-Literal Word Sense Identification Through Semantic Network Path Schemata",
    author = "Iverson, Eric  and
      Hebnreich, Stephen",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981394",
    pages = "343--344",
}
@inproceedings{heeman-1991-collaborating,
    title = "Collaborating on Referring Expressions",
    author = "Heeman, Peter A.",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981395",
    pages = "345--346",
}
@inproceedings{cline-1991-conceptual,
    title = "Conceptual Revision for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Cline, Ben E.",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981396",
    pages = "347--348",
}
@inproceedings{lambert-1991-modifying,
    title = "Modifying Beliefs in a Plan-Based Dialogue Model",
    author = "Lambert, Lynn",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981397",
    pages = "349--350",
}
@inproceedings{nakatani-1991-resolving,
    title = "RESOLVING A PRAGMATIC PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE ATTACHMENT AMBIGUITY",
    author = "Nakatani, Christine H.",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981398",
    pages = "351--352",
}
@inproceedings{zoltowski-1991-current,
    title = "Current Research in the Development of a Spoken Language Understanding System using {PARSEC}",
    author = "Zoltowski, Carla B.",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981399",
    pages = "353--354",
}
@inproceedings{martin-1991-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Graphs and Constraint Satisfaction",
    author = "Martin, Jeff",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981400",
    pages = "355--356",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-1991-incremental,
    title = "An Incremental Connectionist Phrase Structure Parser",
    author = "Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Berkeley, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P91-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/981344.981401",
    pages = "357--358",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2007-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-2007-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Deep Linguistic Processing: Mind the Lexical Gap",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1001",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29115",
    pages = "3--12",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-2007-semantics,
    title = "The Semantics of Semantic Annotation",
    author = "Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1002",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29125",
    pages = "13--28",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-2007-deep,
    title = "Deep Lexical Semantics: The Ontological Ascent",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1003",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29124",
    pages = "29--41",
}
@inproceedings{tojo-2007-belief,
    title = "How has belief modality contributed to formal semantics?",
    author = "Tojo, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1004",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29098",
    pages = "42--53",
}
@inproceedings{ahn-cho-2007-syntactic,
    title = "A Syntactic Account of the Properties of Bare Nominals in Discourse",
    author = "Ahn, Hee-Don  and
      Cho, Sungeun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1005",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29130",
    pages = "57--66",
}
@inproceedings{alam-2007-analyzer,
    title = "Analyzer to Identify Phrases and the Functional Roles in Sentences: Its Architectural Aspects",
    author = "Alam, Yukiko Sasaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1006",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29136",
    pages = "67--75",
}
@inproceedings{aoki-yamamoto-2007-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Extraction based on Syntactic Pieces",
    author = "Aoki, Suguru  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1007",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29112",
    pages = "76--85",
}
@inproceedings{bey-etal-2007-beytrans,
    title = "{BEYT}rans: A Free Online Collaborative {W}iki-Based {CAT} Environment Designed for Online Translation Communities",
    author = "Bey, Youcef  and
      Kageura, Kyo  and
      Boitet, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1008",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29117",
    pages = "87--94",
}
@inproceedings{cardinal-2007-pregroup,
    title = "A Pregroup Analysis of {J}apanese Causatives",
    author = "Cardinal, Kumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1009",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29129",
    pages = "96--104",
}
@inproceedings{choi-kim-2007-customizing,
    title = "Customizing an {E}nglish-{K}orean Machine Translation System for Patent Translation",
    author = "Choi, Sung-Kwon  and
      Kim, Young-Gil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1010",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29090",
    pages = "105--114",
}
@inproceedings{choi-2007-new,
    title = "A New Type of {NPI} Licensing Context: Evidence from {F}rench Subjunctive and {NE} Expletif",
    author = "Choi, Yoon-Hee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1011",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29143",
    pages = "115--125",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2007-computing,
    title = "Computing Thresholds of Linguistic Saliency",
    author = "Chung, Siaw-Fong  and
      Ahrens, Kathleen  and
      Cheng, Chung-Ping  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      {\v{S}}imon, Petr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1012",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29092",
    pages = "126--135",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2007-modality,
    title = "Modality and Modal Sense Representation in E-{H}ow{N}et",
    author = "Chung, You-Shan  and
      Huang, Shu-Ling  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1013",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29096",
    pages = "136--145",
}
@inproceedings{dimalen-roxas-2007-autocor,
    title = "{A}uto{C}or: A Query Based Automatic Acquisition of Corpora of Closely-related Languages",
    author = "Dimalen, Davis Muhajereen D.  and
      Roxas, Rachel Edita O.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1014",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29141",
    pages = "146--154",
}
@inproceedings{hong-etal-2007-polysemy,
    title = "The Polysemy of Da3: An ontology-based lexical semantic study",
    author = "Hong, Jia-Fei  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Ahrens, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1015",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29126",
    pages = "155--162",
}
@inproceedings{huang-2007-ambiguity,
    title = "Ambiguity in the Negative V+bo {NP} Construction in {T}aiwanese Southern Min",
    author = "Huang, Hui-yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1016",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29120",
    pages = "163--172",
}
@inproceedings{huang-hsieh-2007-time,
    title = "Time-moving Metaphors and Ego-moving Metaphors: Which Is Better Comprehended by {T}aiwanese?",
    author = "Huang, Hsin-mei May  and
      Hsieh, Ching-yu Shelley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1017",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29099",
    pages = "173--181",
}
@inproceedings{huang-2007-initialness,
    title = "Initialness of Sentence-final Particles in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Huang, Xiao-You Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1018",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29119",
    pages = "182--191",
}
@inproceedings{le-2007-frame,
    title = "A Frame-based Approach to Text Generation",
    author = "Le, Huong Thanh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1019",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29107",
    pages = "192--201",
}
@inproceedings{jun-2007-co,
    title = "Co-Event Conflation for Compound Verbs in {K}orean",
    author = "Jun, Jong Sup",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1020",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29137",
    pages = "202--209",
}
@inproceedings{kim-2007-makes,
    title = "What Makes Negative Imperative So Natural for {K}orean [psych-adjective +-e ha-] Constructions?",
    author = "Kim, Ilkyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1021",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29134",
    pages = "210--222",
}
@inproceedings{kim-yang-2007-syntax,
    title = "On the Syntax and Semantics of the Bound Noun Constructions: With a Computational Implementation",
    author = "Kim, Jong-Bok  and
      Yang, Jaehyung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1022",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29138",
    pages = "223--233",
}
@inproceedings{kim-2007-weak,
    title = "Weak Connectivity in (Un)bounded Dependency Constructions",
    author = "Kim, Yong-Beom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1023",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29133",
    pages = "234--240",
}
@inproceedings{kim-roh-2007-transformation,
    title = "A Transformation-Based Learning Method on Generating {K}orean Standard Pronunciation",
    author = "Kim, Dong-Sung  and
      Roh, Chang-Hwa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1024",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29091",
    pages = "241--248",
}
@inproceedings{kobayashi-yoshimoto-2007-transition,
    title = "Transition and Parsing State and Incrementality in Dynamic Syntax",
    author = "Kobayashi, Masahiro  and
      Yoshimoto, Kei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1025",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29142",
    pages = "249--258",
}
@inproceedings{lee-lee-2007-focus,
    title = "A Focus Account for Contrastive Reduplication: Prototypicality and Contrastivity",
    author = "Lee, Binna  and
      Lee, Chungmin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1026",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29089",
    pages = "259--267",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2007-gei3ta1,
    title = "Gei3ta1 in Taiwan Mandarin{---} A Particular Construction",
    author = "Lee, Chiachun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1027",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29109",
    pages = "268--274",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2007-implementation,
    title = "Implementation of Presence and Absence of Blocking Effects: A Categorial Grammar Approach to {C}hinese and {K}orean",
    author = "Lee, Yong-hun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1028",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29111",
    pages = "275--284",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2007-mining,
    title = "Mining Parallel Text from the Web based on Sentence Alignment",
    author = "Li, Bo  and
      Liu, Juan  and
      Zhu, Huili",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1029",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29103",
    pages = "285--292",
}
@inproceedings{liu-2007-excessive,
    title = "The Excessive Structural Article in Mandarin{---} Study of dao (到)",
    author = "Liu, Hsiu-Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1030",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29093",
    pages = "293--302",
}
@inproceedings{mao-etal-2007-using,
    title = "Using Non-Local Features to Improve Named Entity Recognition Recall",
    author = "Mao, Xinnian  and
      Xu, Wei  and
      Dong, Yuan  and
      He, Saike  and
      Wang, Haila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1031",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29132",
    pages = "303--310",
}
@inproceedings{min-park-2007-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Indirect Uses of Interrogative Sentences Carrying Anger",
    author = "Min, Hye-Jin  and
      Park, Jong C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1032",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29094",
    pages = "311--320",
}
@inproceedings{miyake-etal-2007-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Structure in Semantic Networks of {J}apanese Word Associations",
    author = "Miyake, Maki  and
      Joyce, Terry  and
      Jung, Jaeyoung  and
      Akama, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1033",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29088",
    pages = "321--329",
}
@inproceedings{murata-etal-2007-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Expressions that Include {E}nglish Expressions",
    author = "Murata, Masaki  and
      Kanamaru, Toshiyuki  and
      Nakamoto, Koichiro  and
      Kotani, Katsunori  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1034",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29116",
    pages = "330--339",
}
@inproceedings{nakamura-2007-two,
    title = "Two Types of Complex Predicate Formation: {J}apanese Passive and Potential Verbs",
    author = "Nakamura, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1035",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29127",
    pages = "340--348",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-shimazu-2007-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of Named-Entity-Related Relations for Searching",
    author = "Nguyen, Tri-Thanh  and
      Shimazu, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1036",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29102",
    pages = "349--357",
}
@inproceedings{no-2007-bracketing,
    title = "Bracketing Input for Accurate Parsing",
    author = "No, Yongkyoon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1037",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29118",
    pages = "358--364",
}
@inproceedings{otani-steedman-2007-case,
    title = "Case, Coordination, and Information Structure in {J}apanese",
    author = "Otani, Akira  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1038",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29104",
    pages = "365--374",
}
@inproceedings{oya-genabith-2007-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Lexical-Functional Grammar Resources from a {J}apanese Dependency Corpus",
    author = "Oya, Masanori  and
      Genabith, Josef van",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1039",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29140",
    pages = "375--384",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2007-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automatic Annotation Tool to Build Large Dependency Tree-Tagged Corpus",
    author = "Park, Eun-Jin  and
      Kim, Jae-Hoon  and
      Kim, Chang-Hyun  and
      Kim, Young-Kill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1040",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29100",
    pages = "385--393",
}
@inproceedings{park-kang-2007-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Sluicing in {E}nglish",
    author = "Park, Myung-Kwan  and
      Kang, Jung-Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1041",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29113",
    pages = "394--404",
}
@inproceedings{potisuk-2007-prosodic,
    title = "Prosodic Annotation in a {T}hai Text-to-speech System",
    author = "Potisuk, Siripong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1042",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29097",
    pages = "405--414",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2007-relation,
    title = "Relation Extraction Using Convolution Tree Kernel Expanded with Entity Features",
    author = "Qian, Longhua  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Zhu, Qiaomin  and
      Qian, Peide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1043",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29114",
    pages = "415--421",
}
@inproceedings{shamsfard-etal-2007-summarization,
    title = "Summarization and Evaluation; Where are we today?!",
    author = "Shamsfard, Mehrnoush  and
      Saffarian, Amir  and
      Ghodratnama, Samaneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1044",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29108",
    pages = "422--429",
}
@inproceedings{shinnou-sasaki-2007-refinement,
    title = "Refinement of Document Clustering by Using {NMF}",
    author = "Shinnou, Hiroyuki  and
      Sasaki, Minoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1045",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29144",
    pages = "430--439",
}
@inproceedings{song-2007-constraints,
    title = "Constraints and Type Hierarchies for {K}orean Serial Verb Constructions - An Analytic Study within the {HPSG} Framework -",
    author = "Song, Sanghoun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1046",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29121",
    pages = "440--449",
}
@inproceedings{streiter-etal-2007-tombstones,
    title = "From Tombstones to Corpora: {TSML} for Research on Language, Culture, Identity and Gender Differences",
    author = "Streiter, Oliver  and
      Voltmer, Leonhard  and
      Goudin, Yoann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1047",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29135",
    pages = "450--458",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-kageura-2007-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Microscopic Textual Characteristics of {J}apanese Prime Ministers{'} Diet Addresses by Measuring the Quantity and Diversity of Nouns",
    author = "Suzuki, Takafumi  and
      Kageura, Kyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1048",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29128",
    pages = "459--470",
}
@inproceedings{tamaji-horie-2007-l2,
    title = "What {L}2 Learners{'} Processing Strategy Reveals about the Modal System in {J}apanese: A Cue-based Analytical Perspective",
    author = "Tamaji, Mizuho  and
      Horie, Kaoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1049",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29101",
    pages = "471--480",
}
@inproceedings{tsutsumi-etal-2007-movie,
    title = "Movie Review Classification Based on a Multiple Classifier",
    author = "Tsutsumi, Kimitaka  and
      Shimada, Kazutaka  and
      Endo, Tsutomu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1050",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29106",
    pages = "481--488",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2007-korean-chinese,
    title = "{K}orean-{C}hinese Person Name Translation for Cross Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Wang, Yu-Chun  and
      Lee, Yi-Hsun  and
      Lin, Chu-Cheng  and
      Tsai, Tzong-Han Richard  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1051",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29139",
    pages = "489--497",
}
@inproceedings{wei-etal-2007-research,
    title = "Research on a Model of Extracting Persons{'} Information Based on Statistic Method and Conceptual Knowledge",
    author = "Wei, XiangFeng  and
      Jia, Ning  and
      Zhang, Quan  and
      Zang, HanFen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1052",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29105",
    pages = "508--514",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2007-text,
    title = "Text Categorization for Authorship based on the Features of Lingual Conceptual Expression",
    author = "Zhang, Quan  and
      Zhang, Yun-liang  and
      Yuan, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1053",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29122",
    pages = "515--521",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-2007-distal,
    title = "Distal Demonstrative Hitlo in {T}aiwanese Southern Min",
    author = "Zhao, Yi-jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1054",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29110",
    pages = "522--530",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-2007-childrens,
    title = "Children{'}s Acquisition of Demonstrative Pronouns in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Zhao, Yi-jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1055",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29095",
    pages = "532--541",
}
@inproceedings{zuber-2007-ambiguity,
    title = "Ambiguity of Reflexives and Case Extension",
    author = "Zuber, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information (KSLI)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y07-1056",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/29123",
    pages = "542--547",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2013-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1000",
}
@inproceedings{yeom-2013-global,
    title = "Global Approach to Scalar Implicatures in Dynamic Semantics",
    author = "Yeom, Jae-Il",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1001",
    pages = "27--36",
}
@inproceedings{her-chen-2013-unification,
    title = "Unification of Numeral Classifiers and Plural Markers: Empirical Facts and Implications",
    author = "Her, One-Soon  and
      Chen, Yun-Ru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1002",
    pages = "37--46",
}
@inproceedings{seraku-2013-head,
    title = "Head-Internal Relatives in {J}apanese as Rich Context-Setters",
    author = "Seraku, Tohru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1003",
    pages = "47--56",
}
@inproceedings{kaneko-han-2013-abstract,
    title = "An Abstract Generation System for Social Scientific Papers",
    author = "Kaneko, Michio  and
      Han, Dongli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1004",
    pages = "57--65",
}
@inproceedings{nishio-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Utterance Generation in Consideration of Nominatives and Emoticon Annotation",
    author = "Nishio, Yusuke  and
      Miura, Mirai  and
      Han, Dongli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1005",
    pages = "66--74",
}
@inproceedings{yang-2013-prosodic,
    title = "Prosodic Convergence, Divergence, and Feedback: Coherence and Meaning in Conversation",
    author = "Yang, Li-chiung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1006",
    pages = "85--91",
}
@inproceedings{prevot-etal-2013-quantitative-comparative,
    title = "A Quantitative Comparative Study of Prosodic and Discourse Units, the Case of {F}rench and Taiwan {M}andarin",
    author = "Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent  and
      Tseng, Shu-Chuan  and
      Chen, Alvin Cheng-Hsien  and
      Peshkov, Klim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1007",
    pages = "92--101",
}
@inproceedings{tu-wang-2013-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Research on Tense Analysis and Rhetorical Structure in Journal Article Abstracts",
    author = "Tu, Pin-ning  and
      Wang, Shih-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1008",
    pages = "102--107",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2013-novel,
    title = "A Novel Schema-Oriented Approach for {C}hinese New Word Identification",
    author = "Lu, Zhao  and
      Yan, Zhixian  and
      Gu, Junzhong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1009",
    pages = "108--117",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-study,
    title = "A Study of the Effectiveness of Suffixes for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Li, Xiaoqing  and
      Zong, Chengqing  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1010",
    pages = "118--125",
}
@inproceedings{lan-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards a Revised Motor Theory of {L}2 Speech Perception",
    author = "Lan, Yizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1011",
    pages = "136--142",
}
@inproceedings{dong-etal-2013-difficulties,
    title = "Difficulties in Perception and Pronunciation of {M}andarin {C}hinese Disyllabic Word Tone Acquisition: A Study of Some {J}apanese University Students",
    author = "Dong, Yuting  and
      Tsubota, Yasushi  and
      Dantsuji, Masatake",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1012",
    pages = "143--152",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the {C}hinese Mental Lexicon with Word Association Norms",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1013",
    pages = "153--162",
}
@inproceedings{oyama-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Error Type Classification of {J}apanese Language Learners{'} Writings",
    author = "Oyama, Hiromi  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1014",
    pages = "163--172",
}
@inproceedings{sah-2013-development,
    title = "The Development of Coherence in Narratives: Causal Relations",
    author = "Sah, Wen-hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1015",
    pages = "173--180",
}
@inproceedings{chui-etal-2013-clausal,
    title = "Clausal-Packaging of Path of Motion in Second Language Acquisition of {R}ussian and {S}panish",
    author = "Chui, Kawai  and
      Yeh, Hsiang-lin  and
      Lan, Wen-Chun  and
      Cheng, Yu-Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1016",
    pages = "181--189",
}
@inproceedings{marshall-gomari-2013-age,
    title = "Age Related Differences in Language Usage and Reading between {E}nglish Monolinguals and Bilinguals",
    author = "Marshall, Dylan  and
      Gomari, Hamid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1017",
    pages = "190--198",
}
@inproceedings{huang-2013-compiling,
    title = "Compiling a Corpus of {T}aiwanese Students{'} Spoken {E}nglish",
    author = "Huang, Lan-fen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1018",
    pages = "199--205",
}
@inproceedings{asahara-etal-2013-bccwj,
    title = "{BCCWJ}-{T}ime{B}ank: Temporal and Event Information Annotation on {J}apanese Text",
    author = "Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Yasuda, Sachi  and
      Konishi, Hikari  and
      Imada, Mizuho  and
      Maekawa, Kikuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1019",
    pages = "206--214",
}
@inproceedings{yan-webster-2013-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-based Approach to Linguistic Function",
    author = "Yan, Hengbin  and
      Webster, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1020",
    pages = "215--221",
}
@inproceedings{kubon-etal-2013-case,
    title = "A Case Study of a Free Word Order",
    author = "Kubo{\v{n}}, Vladislav  and
      Lopatkov{\'a}, Mark{\'e}ta  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1021",
    pages = "222--231",
}
@inproceedings{zuber-2013-formal,
    title = "Some Formal Properties of Higher Order Anaphors",
    author = "Zuber, R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1022",
    pages = "232--239",
}
@inproceedings{muller-lipenkova-2013-chingram,
    title = "{C}hin{G}ram: A {TRALE} Implementation of an {HPSG} Fragment for {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Stefan  and
      Lipenkova, Janna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1023",
    pages = "240--249",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2013-vietnamese,
    title = "{V}ietnamese to {C}hinese Machine Translation via {C}hinese Character as Pivot",
    author = "Zhao, Hai  and
      Yin, Tianjiao  and
      Zhang, Jingyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1024",
    pages = "250--259",
}
@inproceedings{wang-tsai-2013-transliteration,
    title = "Transliteration Extraction from Classical {C}hinese Buddhist Literature Using Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Wang, Yu-Chun  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1025",
    pages = "260--266",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2013-effects,
    title = "Effects of Parsing Errors on Pre-Reordering Performance for {C}hinese-to-{J}apanese {SMT}",
    author = "Han, Dan  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-G{\'o}mez, Pascual  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1026",
    pages = "267--276",
}
@inproceedings{lam-2013-reduplication,
    title = "Reduplication across Categories in {C}antonese",
    author = "Lam, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1027",
    pages = "277--286",
}
@inproceedings{takehisa-2013-yet,
    title = "Yet Another Piece of Evidence for the Common Base Approach to {J}apanese Causative/Inchoative Alternations",
    author = "Takehisa, Tomokazu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1028",
    pages = "287--295",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2013-mandarin,
    title = "Are {M}andarin Sandhi Tone 3 and Tone 2 the Same or Different? The Results of Functional Data Analysis",
    author = "Cheng, Chierh  and
      Chen, Jenn-Yeu  and
      Gubian, Michele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1029",
    pages = "296--301",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2013-application,
    title = "An Application of Comparative Corpora of Interactional Data {--} Toward the Sound Profiles of Sites of Initiation in {F}rench and {M}andarin Recycling Repair",
    author = "Chen, Helen Kai-yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1030",
    pages = "302--311",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chung-2013-constructions,
    title = "Of-Constructions in the Predicate of Demonstrate and Show in Academic Discourse",
    author = "Chen, Liyin  and
      Chung, Siaw-Fong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1031",
    pages = "312--321",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2013-spatial,
    title = "Spatial Particles in {E}nglish: A Quantitative Corpus-Based Approach to the Conceptualization of Symmetry in Bodily Orientation",
    author = "Chen, Alvin Cheng-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1032",
    pages = "322--328",
}
@inproceedings{yong-2013-typological,
    title = "Typological Stage of Counterfactuals in {M}andarin",
    author = "Yong, Qian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1033",
    pages = "329--338",
}
@inproceedings{noguchi-etal-2013-event,
    title = "Event Sequence Model for Semantic Analysis of Time and Location in Dialogue System",
    author = "Noguchi, Yasuhiro  and
      Kogure, Satoru  and
      Kondo, Makoto  and
      Kobayashi, Ichiro  and
      Asoh, Hideki  and
      Takagi, Akira  and
      Konishi, Tatsuhiro  and
      Itoh, Yukihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1034",
    pages = "339--348",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2013-irony,
    title = "{\#}Irony or {\#}Sarcasm {---} A Quantitative and Qualitative Study Based on Twitter",
    author = "Wang, Po-Ya Angela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1035",
    pages = "349--356",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2013-collective,
    title = "Collective Sentiment Classification Based on User Leniency and Product Popularity",
    author = "Gao, Wenliang  and
      Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Kitsuregawa, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1036",
    pages = "357--365",
}
@inproceedings{jang-etal-2013-kosac,
    title = "{KOSAC}: A Full-Fledged {K}orean Sentiment Analysis Corpus",
    author = "Jang, Hayeon  and
      Kim, Munhyong  and
      Shin, Hyopil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1037",
    pages = "366--373",
}
@inproceedings{miao-etal-2013-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Link Discovery between {C}hinese and {E}nglish {W}iki Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Miao, Qingliang  and
      Lu, Huayu  and
      Zhang, Shu  and
      Meng, Yao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1038",
    pages = "374--381",
}
@inproceedings{ohtani-2013-locative,
    title = "Locative Postpositions and Conceptual Structure in {J}apanese",
    author = "Ohtani, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1039",
    pages = "382--389",
}
@inproceedings{srivastava-bhat-2013-transliteration,
    title = "Transliteration Systems across {I}ndian Languages Using Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Srivastava, Rishabh  and
      Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1040",
    pages = "390--398",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2013-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Parallel Corpus for Handling Out-of-Vocabulary Words",
    author = "Luo, Juan  and
      Tinsley, John  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1041",
    pages = "399--408",
}
@inproceedings{hoque-etal-2013-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Questions in Question Answering System Using Finite State Machines with a Simple Learning Approach",
    author = "Hoque, Mohammad Moinul  and
      Goncalves, Teresa  and
      Quaresma, Paulo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1042",
    pages = "409--414",
}
@inproceedings{kunii-shinnou-2013-use,
    title = "Use of Combined Topic Models in Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Kunii, Shinya  and
      Shinnou, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1043",
    pages = "415--422",
}
@inproceedings{pham-etal-2013-vietnamese,
    title = "{V}ietnamese Text Accent Restoration with Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Pham, Luan-Nghia  and
      Tran, Viet-Hong  and
      Nguyen, Vinh-Van",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1044",
    pages = "423--429",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-2013-compact,
    title = "A Compact {FP}-Tree for Fast Frequent Pattern Retrieval",
    author = "Nguyen, Tri Thanh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1045",
    pages = "430--439",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2013-ml,
    title = "{ML}-Tuned Constraint Grammars",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1046",
    pages = "440--449",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2013-comparative,
    title = "Comparative Analyses of Textual Contents and Styles of Five Major {J}apanese Newspapers",
    author = "Suzuki, Takafumi  and
      Kanou, Erina  and
      Arakawa, Yui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1047",
    pages = "450--458",
}
@inproceedings{kamada-2013-island,
    title = "The Island Effect in the Postverbal Construction in {J}apanese",
    author = "Kamada, Kohji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1048",
    pages = "459--466",
}
@inproceedings{lu-chu-2013-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Corpus Assisted {S}panish Learning",
    author = "Lu, Hui-Chuan  and
      Chu, Yu-Hsin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1049",
    pages = "467--473",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2013-augmented,
    title = "Augmented Parsing of Unknown Word by Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning",
    author = "Huang, Qiuping  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.  and
      Zeng, Xiaodong  and
      He, Liangye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1050",
    pages = "474--482",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2013-tonal,
    title = "Tonal Patterns in the 15th Century: A Corpus-Based Approach",
    author = "Lin, Chihkai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1051",
    pages = "483--490",
}
@inproceedings{intasaw-aroonmanakun-2013-basic,
    title = "Basic Principles for Segmenting {T}hai {EDU}s",
    author = "Intasaw, Nalinee  and
      Aroonmanakun, Wirote",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1052",
    pages = "491--498",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Clause Boundary Annotation in the {H}indi Treebank",
    author = "Sharma, Rahul  and
      Paul, Soma  and
      Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad  and
      Jain, Sambhav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1053",
    pages = "499--504",
}
@inproceedings{chae-2013-myths,
    title = "Myths in {K}orean Morphology and Their Computational Implications",
    author = "Chae, Hee-Rahk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation ({PACLIC} 27)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-1054",
    pages = "505--511",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2013-paclic,
    title = "{PACLIC} 27 Workshop on Computer-Assisted Language Learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
}
@inproceedings{chao-2013-creative,
    title = "Creative Language Learning Projects with Digital Media",
    author = "Chao, Chin-chi",
    booktitle = "{PACLIC} 27 Workshop on Computer-Assisted Language Learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-2001",
    pages = "512--519",
}
@inproceedings{huang-2013-ipad,
    title = "i{P}ad Reading: An Innovative Approach to New Literacies",
    author = "Huang, Hsin-chou",
    booktitle = "{PACLIC} 27 Workshop on Computer-Assisted Language Learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-2002",
    pages = "520--525",
}
@inproceedings{zock-etal-2013-generic,
    title = "A Generic Cognitively Motivated Web-Environment to Help People to Become Quickly Fluent in a New Language",
    author = "Zock, Michael  and
      Lapalme, Guy  and
      Fang, Lih-Juang",
    booktitle = "{PACLIC} 27 Workshop on Computer-Assisted Language Learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-2003",
    pages = "526--533",
}
@inproceedings{lee-lin-2013-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation on Second Language Collocational Congruency with Computational Semantic Similarity",
    author = "Lee, Ching-Ying  and
      Lin, Chih-cheng",
    booktitle = "{PACLIC} 27 Workshop on Computer-Assisted Language Learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-2004",
    pages = "534--541",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2013-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-Based Tool for Exploring Domain-Specific Collocations in {E}nglish",
    author = "Huang, Ping-Yu  and
      Chen, Chien-Ming  and
      Tsao, Nai-Lung  and
      Wible, David",
    booktitle = "{PACLIC} 27 Workshop on Computer-Assisted Language Learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-2005",
    pages = "542--549",
}
@inproceedings{gao-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of {E}nglish Collocation Errors Based on Dependency Relations",
    author = "Gao, Zhao-Ming",
    booktitle = "{PACLIC} 27 Workshop on Computer-Assisted Language Learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-2006",
    pages = "550--555",
}
@inproceedings{ohno-etal-2013-japanese,
    title = "A {J}apanese Learning Support System Matching Individual Abilities",
    author = "Ohno, Takahiro  and
      Edani, Zyunitiro  and
      Inoue, Ayato  and
      Han, Dongli",
    booktitle = "{PACLIC} 27 Workshop on Computer-Assisted Language Learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-2007",
    pages = "556--562",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2013-pads,
    title = "{PADS} Restoration and Its Importance in Reading Comprehension and Meaning Representation",
    author = "Chen, Shian-jung",
    booktitle = "{PACLIC} 27 Workshop on Computer-Assisted Language Learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Department of English, National Chengchi University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y13-2008",
    pages = "563--570",
}
@proceedings{lrec-2008-lrec,
    title = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
}
@inproceedings{eichler-etal-2008-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Relation Extraction From Web Documents",
    author = {Eichler, Kathrin  and
      Hemsen, Holmer  and
      Neumann, G{\"u}nter},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/425_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alzghool-inkpen-2008-combining,
    title = "Combining Multiple Models for Speech Information Retrieval",
    author = "Alzghool, Muath  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/45_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{teng-chen-2008-event,
    title = "Event Detection and Summarization in Weblogs with Temporal Collocations",
    author = "Teng, Chun-Yuan  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/61_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{krstev-etal-2008-usage,
    title = "The Usage of Various Lexical Resources and Tools to Improve the Performance of Web Search Engines",
    author = "Krstev, Cvetana  and
      Stankovi{\'c}, Ranka  and
      Vitas, Du{\v{s}}ko  and
      Obradovi{\'c}, Ivan",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/67_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bird-etal-2008-acl,
    title = "The {ACL} Anthology Reference Corpus: A Reference Dataset for Bibliographic Research in Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Bird, Steven  and
      Dale, Robert  and
      Dorr, Bonnie  and
      Gibson, Bryan  and
      Joseph, Mark  and
      Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Lee, Dongwon  and
      Powley, Brett  and
      Radev, Dragomir  and
      Tan, Yee Fan",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/445_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{reed-etal-2008-linguistic,
    title = "The Linguistic Data Consortium Member Survey: Purpose, Execution and Results",
    author = "Reed, Marian  and
      DiPersio, Denise  and
      Cieri, Christopher",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/755_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{van-uytvanck-etal-2008-language,
    title = "Language-Sites: Accessing and Presenting Language Resources via Geographic Information Systems",
    author = "Van Uytvanck, Dieter  and
      Dukers, Alex  and
      Ringersma, Jacquelijn  and
      Trilsbeek, Paul",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/380_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{varadi-etal-2008-clarin,
    title = "{CLARIN}: Common Language Resources and Technology Infrastructure",
    author = "V{\'a}radi, Tam{\'a}s  and
      Krauwer, Steven  and
      Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Wynne, Martin  and
      Koskenniemi, Kimmo",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/317_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{geertzen-etal-2008-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Dialogue Act Tagging with Naive and Expert Annotators",
    author = "Geertzen, Jeroen  and
      Petukhova, Volha  and
      Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/279_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{spoustova-etal-2008-validating,
    title = "Validating the Quality of Full Morphological Annotation",
    author = "Spoustov{\'a}, Drahom{\'\i}ra „johanka{``}  and
      Pecina, Pavel  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Spousta, Miroslav",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/290_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ivanova-etal-2008-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating a {G}erman Sketch Grammar: A Case Study on Noun Phrase Case",
    author = "Ivanova, Kremena  and
      Heid, Ulrich  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Kilgarriff, Adam  and
      Pomik{\'a}lek, Jan",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/537_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mcconville-dzikovska-2008-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Complement-Modifier Distinctions in a Semantically Annotated Corpus",
    author = "McConville, Mark  and
      Dzikovska, Myroslava O.",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/691_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{strauss-etal-2008-pit,
    title = "The {PIT} Corpus of {G}erman Multi-Party Dialogues",
    author = {Strau{\ss}, Petra-Maria  and
      Hoffmann, Holger  and
      Minker, Wolfgang  and
      Neumann, Heiko  and
      Palm, G{\"u}nther  and
      Scherer, Stefan  and
      Traue, Harald  and
      Weidenbacher, Ulrich},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/613_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{adda-decker-etal-2008-annotation,
    title = "Annotation and analysis of overlapping speech in political interviews",
    author = {Adda-Decker, Martine  and
      Barras, Claude  and
      Adda, Gilles  and
      Paroubek, Patrick  and
      de Mare{\"u}il, Philippe Boula  and
      Habert, Benoit},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/788_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moreau-etal-2008-data,
    title = "Data Collection for the {CHIL} {CLEAR} 2007 Evaluation Campaign",
    author = "Moreau, Nicolas  and
      Mostefa, Djamel  and
      Stiefelhagen, Rainer  and
      Burger, Susanne  and
      Choukri, Khalid",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/632_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{burger-etal-2008-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Cross-Domain Study of the Occurrence of Laughter in Meeting and Seminar Corpora",
    author = "Burger, Susanne  and
      Laskowski, Kornel  and
      Woelfel, Matthias",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/815_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mani-etal-2008-spatialml,
    title = "{S}patial{ML}: Annotation Scheme, Corpora, and Tools",
    author = "Mani, Inderjeet  and
      Hitzeman, Janet  and
      Richer, Justin  and
      Harris, Dave  and
      Quimby, Rob  and
      Wellner, Ben",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/106_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bethard-etal-2008-building,
    title = "Building a Corpus of Temporal-Causal Structure",
    author = "Bethard, Steven  and
      Corvey, William  and
      Klingenstein, Sara  and
      Martin, James H.",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/229_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zarcone-lenci-2008-computational,
    title = "Computational Models for Event Type Classification in Context",
    author = "Zarcone, Alessandra  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/315_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{forascu-2008-gmt,
    title = "{GMT} to +2 or how can {T}ime{ML} be used in {R}omanian",
    author = "For{\u{a}}scu, Corina",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/817_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{xue-etal-2008-annotating,
    title = "Annotating {``}tense{''} in a Tense-less Language",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen  and
      Zhong, Hua  and
      Chen, Kai-Yun",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/877_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{plank-simaan-2008-subdomain,
    title = "Subdomain Sensitive Statistical Parsing using Raw Corpora",
    author = "Plank, Barbara  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/120_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kallmeyer-etal-2008-developing,
    title = "Developing a {TT}-{MCTAG} for {G}erman with an {RCG}-based Parser",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Lichte, Timm  and
      Maier, Wolfgang  and
      Parmentier, Yannick  and
      Dellert, Johannes",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/200_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{adolphs-etal-2008-fine,
    title = "Some Fine Points of Hybrid Natural Language Parsing",
    author = "Adolphs, Peter  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Callmeier, Ulrich  and
      Crysmann, Berthold  and
      Flickinger, Dan  and
      Kiefer, Bernd",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/349_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nicholson-etal-2008-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating and Extending the Coverage of {HPSG} Grammars: A Case Study for {G}erman",
    author = "Nicholson, Jeremy  and
      Kordoni, Valia  and
      Zhang, Yi  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Dridan, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/794_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-kordoni-2008-robust,
    title = "Robust Parsing with a Large {HPSG} Grammar",
    author = "Zhang, Yi  and
      Kordoni, Valia",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/482_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{otterbacher-radev-2008-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Document Dynamics: an Evolutionary Approach",
    author = "Otterbacher, Jahna  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/115_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{widdows-ferraro-2008-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Vectors: a Scalable Open Source Package and Online Technology Management Application",
    author = "Widdows, Dominic  and
      Ferraro, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/300_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rosell-velupillai-2008-revealing,
    title = "Revealing Relations between Open and Closed Answers in Questionnaires through Text Clustering Evaluation",
    author = "Rosell, Magnus  and
      Velupillai, Sumithra",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/438_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{luyckx-daelemans-2008-personae,
    title = "{P}ersonae: a Corpus for Author and Personality Prediction from Text",
    author = "Luyckx, Kim  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/759_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{spracklin-etal-2008-using,
    title = "Using the Complexity of the Distribution of Lexical Elements as a Feature in Authorship Attribution",
    author = "Spracklin, Leanne  and
      Inkpen, Diana  and
      Nayak, Amiya",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/892_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schmidt-etal-2008-exchange,
    title = "An Exchange Format for Multimodal Annotations",
    author = "Schmidt, Thomas  and
      Duncan, Susan  and
      Ehmer, Oliver  and
      Hoyt, Jeffrey  and
      Kipp, Michael  and
      Loehr, Dan  and
      Magnusson, Magnus  and
      Rose, Travis  and
      Sloetjes, Han",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/95_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{stoia-etal-2008-scare,
    title = "{SCARE}: a Situated Corpus with Annotated Referring Expressions",
    author = "Stoia, Laura  and
      Shockley, Darla Magdalene  and
      Byron, Donna K.  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/164_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sloetjes-wittenburg-2008-annotation,
    title = "Annotation by Category: {ELAN} and {ISO} {DCR}",
    author = "Sloetjes, Han  and
      Wittenburg, Peter",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/208_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brugman-etal-2008-common,
    title = "A Common Multimedia Annotation Framework for Cross Linking Cultural Heritage Digital Collections",
    author = "Brugman, Hennie  and
      Malais{\'e}, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Hollink, Laura",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/330_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{blache-etal-2008-creating,
    title = "Creating and Exploiting Multimodal Annotated Corpora",
    author = {Blache, Philippe  and
      Bertrand, Roxane  and
      Ferr{\'e}, Ga{\"e}lle},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/449_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zaenen-etal-2008-encoding,
    title = "The Encoding of lexical implications in {V}erb{N}et Predicates of change of locations",
    author = "Zaenen, Annie  and
      Bobrow, Daniel  and
      Condoravdi, Cleo",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/101_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{burchardt-pennacchiotti-2008-fate,
    title = "{FATE}: a {F}rame{N}et-Annotated Corpus for Textual Entailment",
    author = "Burchardt, Aljoscha  and
      Pennacchiotti, Marco",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/143_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{boxwell-white-2008-projecting,
    title = "Projecting {P}ropbank Roles onto the {CCG}bank",
    author = "Boxwell, Stephen  and
      White, Michael",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/789_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vossen-etal-2008-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Lexical Units, Synsets and Ontology in the Cornetto Database",
    author = "Vossen, Piek  and
      Maks, Isa  and
      Segers, Roxane  and
      VanderVliet, Hennie",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/255_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alvez-etal-2008-complete,
    title = "Complete and Consistent Annotation of {W}ord{N}et using the Top Concept Ontology",
    author = "{\'A}lvez, Javier  and
      Atserias, Jordi  and
      Carrera, Jordi  and
      Climent, Salvador  and
      Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Oliver, Antoni  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/390_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-grefenstette-2008-conceptual,
    title = "A Conceptual Approach to Web Image Retrieval",
    author = "Popescu, Adrian  and
      Grefenstette, Gregory",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/84_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lecorve-etal-2008-use,
    title = "On the Use of Web Resources and Natural Language Processing Techniques to Improve Automatic Speech Recognition Systems",
    author = "Lecorv{\'e}, Gw{\'e}nol{\'e}  and
      Gravier, Guillaume  and
      S{\'e}billot, Pascale",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/155_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{oger-etal-2008-local,
    title = "Local Methods for On-Demand Out-of-Vocabulary Word Retrieval",
    author = "Oger, Stanislas  and
      Linar{\`e}s, Georges  and
      B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/193_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kemps-snijders-etal-2008-exploring,
    title = "Exploring and Enriching a Language Resource Archive via the Web",
    author = "Kemps-Snijders, Marc  and
      Klassmann, Alex  and
      Zinn, Claus  and
      Berck, Peter  and
      Russel, Albert  and
      Wittenburg, Peter",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/205_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schiel-mogele-2008-talking,
    title = "Talking and Looking: the {S}mart{W}eb Multimodal Interaction Corpus",
    author = {Schiel, Florian  and
      M{\"o}gele, Hannes},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/510_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hinrichs-lau-2008-contrast,
    title = "In Contrast - A Complex Discourse Connective",
    author = "Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      L{\u{a}}u, Monica",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/75_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rehm-etal-2008-towards,
    title = "Towards a Reference Corpus of Web Genres for the Evaluation of Genre Identification Systems",
    author = {Rehm, Georg  and
      Santini, Marina  and
      Mehler, Alexander  and
      Braslavski, Pavel  and
      Gleim, R{\"u}diger  and
      Stubbe, Andrea  and
      Symonenko, Svetlana  and
      Tavosanis, Mirko  and
      Vidulin, Vedrana},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/94_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{uryupina-2008-error,
    title = "Error Analysis for Learning-based Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Uryupina, Olga",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/487_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mladova-etal-2008-sentence,
    title = "From Sentence to Discourse: Building an Annotation Scheme for Discourse Based on {P}rague Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Mladov{\'a}, Lucie  and
      Zik{\'a}nov{\'a}, {\v{S}}{\'a}rka  and
      Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/638_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{day-etal-2008-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus for Cross-Document Co-reference",
    author = "Day, David  and
      Hitzeman, Janet  and
      Wick, Michael  and
      Crouch, Keith  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/762_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{toral-etal-2008-named,
    title = "Named Entity {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Toral, Antonio  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael  and
      Monachini, Monica",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/188_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mota-grishman-2008-ne,
    title = "Is this {NE} tagger getting old?",
    author = "Mota, Cristina  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/303_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{farber-etal-2008-improving,
    title = "Improving {NER} in {A}rabic Using a Morphological Tagger",
    author = "Farber, Benjamin  and
      Freitag, Dayne  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/625_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{busemann-zhang-2008-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Foreign Person Names in {C}hinese Text",
    author = "Busemann, Stephan  and
      Zhang, Yajing",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/635_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pasca-2008-low,
    title = "Low-Complexity Heuristics for Deriving Fine-Grained Classes of Named Entities from Web Textual Data",
    author = "Pa{\c{s}}ca, Marius",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/886_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2008-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Guidelines for {C}hinese-{K}orean Word Alignment",
    author = "Li, Jin-Ji  and
      Kim, Dong-Il  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/137_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2008-czeng,
    title = "{C}z{E}ng 0.7: Parallel Corpus with Community-Supplied Translations",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Jan{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Miroslav  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k  and
      {\v{C}}e{\v{s}}ka, Pavel  and
      Be{\v{n}}a, Peter",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/304_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{clark-etal-2008-toward,
    title = "Toward Active Learning in Data Selection: Automatic Discovery of Language Features During Elicitation",
    author = "Clark, Jonathan  and
      Frederking, Robert  and
      Levin, Lori",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/308_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mohler-mihalcea-2008-babylon,
    title = "Babylon Parallel Text Builder: Gathering Parallel Texts for Low-Density Languages",
    author = "Mohler, Michael  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/313_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{huynh-etal-2008-sectra,
    title = "{SECT}ra{\_}w.1: an Online Collaborative System for Evaluating, Post-editing and Presenting {MT} Translation Corpora",
    author = "Huynh, Cong-Phap  and
      Boitet, Christian  and
      Blanchon, Herv{\'e}",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/639_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{arehart-etal-2008-adjudicator,
    title = "Adjudicator Agreement and System Rankings for Person Name Search",
    author = "Arehart, Mark  and
      Wolf, Chris  and
      Miller, Keith J.",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/647_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{de-oliveira-etal-2008-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Summaries Automatically - A system Proposal",
    author = "de Oliveira, Paulo C F  and
      Torrens, Edson Wilson  and
      Cidral, Alexandre  and
      Schossland, Sidney  and
      Bittencourt, Evandro",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/123_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{poibeau-messiant-2008-still,
    title = "Do we Still Need Gold Standards for Evaluation?",
    author = "Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Messiant, C{\'e}dric",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/144_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{spyns-etal-2008-dutch,
    title = "The {D}utch-Flemish Comprehensive Approach to {HLT} Stimulation and Innovation: {STEVIN}, {HLT} Agency and beyond",
    author = "Spyns, Peter  and
      D{'}Halleweyn, Elisabeth  and
      Cucchiarini, Catia",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/385_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-liberman-2008-15,
    title = "15 Years of Language Resource Creation and Sharing: a Progress Report on {LDC} Activities",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      Liberman, Mark",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/861_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2008-estimating,
    title = "Estimating the Resource Adaption Cost from a Resource Rich Language to a Similar Resource Poor Language",
    author = "Singh, Anil Kumar  and
      Pala, Kiran  and
      Surana, Harshit",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/894_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mapelli-etal-2008-latest,
    title = "Latest Developments in {ELRA}{'}s Services",
    author = "Mapelli, Val{\'e}rie  and
      Arranz, Victoria  and
      Mazo, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Choukri, Khalid",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/899_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{peters-etal-2008-research,
    title = "From Research to Application in Multilingual Information Access: the Contribution of Evaluation",
    author = "Peters, Carol  and
      Braschler, Martin  and
      Nunzio, Giorgio Di  and
      Ferro, Nicola  and
      Gonzalo, Julio  and
      Sanderson, Mark",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/913_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{piao-etal-2008-clustering,
    title = "Clustering Related Terms with Definitions",
    author = "Piao, Scott  and
      McNaught, John  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/515_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2008-challenges,
    title = "Challenges in Pronoun Resolution System for Biomedical Text",
    author = "Nguyen, Ngan  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/607_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{haddow-alex-2008-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Multiply Annotated Corpora in Biomedical Information Extraction Tasks",
    author = "Haddow, Barry  and
      Alex, Beatrice",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/516_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tateisi-etal-2008-genia,
    title = "{GENIA}-{GR}: a Grammatical Relation Corpus for Parser Evaluation in the Biomedical Domain",
    author = "Tateisi, Yuka  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Sagae, Kenji  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/496_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wang-grover-2008-learning,
    title = "Learning the Species of Biomedical Named Entities from Annotated Corpora",
    author = "Wang, Xinglong  and
      Grover, Claire",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/460_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{veale-hao-2008-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Naturalistic Concept Descriptions from the Web",
    author = "Veale, Tony  and
      Hao, Yanfen",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/288_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{heid-weller-2008-tools,
    title = "Tools for Collocation Extraction: Preferences for Active vs. Passive",
    author = "Heid, Ulrich  and
      Weller, Marion",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/323_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bond-etal-2008-boot,
    title = "Boot-Strapping a {W}ord{N}et Using Multiple Existing {W}ord{N}ets",
    author = "Bond, Francis  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Kanzaki, Kyoko  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/411_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{broda-etal-2008-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based Semantic Relatedness for the Construction of Polish {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Broda, Bartosz  and
      Derwojedowa, Magdalena  and
      Piasecki, Maciej  and
      Szpakowicz, Stanislaw",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/459_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{begum-etal-2008-developing,
    title = "Developing Verb Frames for {H}indi",
    author = "Begum, Rafiya  and
      Husain, Samar  and
      Bai, Lakshmi  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/491_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{forbes-riley-etal-2008-uncertainty,
    title = "Uncertainty Corpus: Resource to Study User Affect in Complex Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Forbes-Riley, Kate  and
      Litman, Diane  and
      Silliman, Scott  and
      Purandare, Amruta",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/136_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gnjatovic-roesner-2008-role,
    title = "On the Role of the {NIMITEK} Corpus in Developing an Emotion Adaptive Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Gnjatovi{\'c}, Milan  and
      Roesner, Dietmar",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/149_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{scherer-etal-2008-emotion,
    title = "Emotion Recognition from Speech: Stress Experiment",
    author = {Scherer, Stefan  and
      Hofmann, Hansj{\"o}rg  and
      Lampmann, Malte  and
      Pfeil, Martin  and
      Rhinow, Steffen  and
      Schwenker, Friedhelm  and
      Palm, G{\"u}nther},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/336_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{charonnat-etal-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Phone Segmentation of Expressive Speech",
    author = {Charonnat, Laure  and
      Vidal, Ga{\"e}lle  and
      Boeffard, Olivier},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/596_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fek-etal-2008-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Spontaneous Expressive Speech Corpus for {H}ungarian",
    author = "F{\'e}k, M{\'a}rk  and
      Audibert, Nicolas  and
      Szab{\'o}, J{\'a}nos  and
      Rilliard, Albert  and
      N{\'e}meth, G{\'e}za  and
      Auberg{\'e}, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/884_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lin-hauptmann-2008-vox,
    title = "Vox Populi Annotation: Measuring Intensity of Ideological Perspectives by Aggregating Group Judgments",
    author = "Lin, Wei-Hao  and
      Hauptmann, Alexander",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/600_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{banea-etal-2008-bootstrapping,
    title = "A Bootstrapping Method for Building Subjectivity Lexicons for Languages with Scarce Resources",
    author = "Banea, Carmen  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/700_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ruppenhofer-etal-2008-finding,
    title = "Finding the Sources and Targets of Subjective Expressions",
    author = "Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Somasundaran, Swapna  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/709_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanov-cardie-2008-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Topics of Opinions",
    author = "Stoyanov, Veselin  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/813_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{xie-etal-2008-extracting,
    title = "From Extracting to Abstracting: Generating Quasi-abstractive Summaries",
    author = "Xie, Zhuli  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Nelson, Peter C.",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/60_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{viethen-etal-2008-controlling,
    title = "Controlling Redundancy in Referring Expressions",
    author = {Viethen, Jette  and
      Dale, Robert  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Theune, Mari{\"e}t  and
      Touset, Pascal},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/239_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-artstein-2008-anaphoric,
    title = "Anaphoric Annotation in the {ARRAU} Corpus",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo  and
      Artstein, Ron",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/297_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mueller-etal-2008-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Sources for Bridging Resolution in Multi-Party Dialog",
    author = "Mueller, Mark-Christoph  and
      Mieskes, Margot  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/720_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{prasad-etal-2008-penn,
    title = "The {P}enn Discourse {T}ree{B}ank 2.0.",
    author = "Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Dinesh, Nikhil  and
      Lee, Alan  and
      Miltsakaki, Eleni  and
      Robaldo, Livio  and
      Joshi, Aravind  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/754_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hendrickx-etal-2008-coreference,
    title = "A Coreference Corpus and Resolution System for {D}utch",
    author = "Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Bouma, Gosse  and
      Coppens, Frederik  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Hoste, Veronique  and
      Kloosterman, Geert  and
      Mineur, Anne-Marie  and
      Vloet, Joeri Van Der  and
      Verschelde, Jean-Luc",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/49_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{baker-brew-2008-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Identification of {E}nglish Loanwords in {K}orean Using Automatically Generated Training Data",
    author = "Baker, Kirk  and
      Brew, Chris",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/295_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{trandabat-husarciuc-2008-romanian,
    title = "{R}omanian Semantic Role Resource",
    author = "Trandab{\u{a}}{\c{t}}, Diana  and
      Husarciuc, Maria",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/715_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lenci-etal-2008-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Acquisition of Verb Subcategorization Frames from Shallow-Parsed Corpora",
    author = "Lenci, Alessandro  and
      McGillivray, Barbara  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Pirrelli, Vito",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/763_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kawahara-uchimoto-2008-method,
    title = "A Method for Automatically Constructing Case Frames for {E}nglish",
    author = "Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/831_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bel-etal-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition for low frequency lexical items",
    author = "Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Espeja, Sergio  and
      Marimon, Montserrat",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/334_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{toledano-etal-2008-biosec,
    title = "{B}io{S}ec Multimodal Biometric Database in Text-Dependent Speaker Recognition",
    author = "Toledano, Doroteo  and
      Hernandez-Lopez, Daniel  and
      Esteve-Elizalde, Cristina  and
      Fierrez, Julian  and
      Ortega-Garcia, Javier  and
      Ramos, Daniel  and
      Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Joaquin",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/226_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{luengo-etal-2008-text,
    title = "Text Independent Speaker Identification in Multilingual Environments",
    author = "Luengo, Iker  and
      Navas, Eva  and
      Sainz, I{\~n}aki  and
      Saratxaga, Ibon  and
      Sanchez, Jon  and
      Odriozola, Igor  and
      Hernaez, Inma",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/461_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nallasamy-etal-2008-nineoneone,
    title = "{N}ine{O}ne{O}ne: Recognizing and Classifying Speech for Handling Minority Language Emergency Calls",
    author = "Nallasamy, Udhyakumar  and
      Black, Alan  and
      Schultz, Tanja  and
      Frederking, Robert",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/735_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-etal-2008-bridging,
    title = "Bridging the Gap between Linguists and Technology Developers: Large-Scale, Sociolinguistic Annotation for Dialect and Speaker Recognition",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Glenn, Meghan  and
      Schwartz, Reva  and
      Shen, Wade  and
      Campbell, Joseph",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/793_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brandschain-etal-2008-speaker,
    title = "Speaker Recognition: Building the Mixer 4 and 5 Corpora",
    author = "Brandschain, Linda  and
      Cieri, Christopher  and
      Graff, David  and
      Neely, Abby  and
      Walker, Kevin",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/902_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ide-etal-2008-masc,
    title = "{MASC}: the Manually Annotated Sub-Corpus of {A}merican {E}nglish",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Baker, Collin  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane  and
      Fillmore, Charles  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/617_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2008-quality,
    title = "Quality Assurance of Automatic Annotation of Very Large Corpora: a Study based on heterogeneous Tagging System",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Qu, Wei-guang  and
      Hong, Jia-Fei  and
      Yu, Shiwen",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/686_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cardie-etal-2008-erulemaking,
    title = "An e{R}ulemaking Corpus: Identifying Substantive Issues in Public Comments",
    author = "Cardie, Claire  and
      Farina, Cynthia  and
      Rawding, Matt  and
      Aijaz, Adil",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/699_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{boguraev-neff-2008-navigating,
    title = "Navigating through Dense Annotation Spaces",
    author = "Boguraev, Branimir  and
      Neff, Mary",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/769_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{guthrie-etal-2008-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Probabilistic Approach for the Detection of Outliers in Corpora",
    author = "Guthrie, David  and
      Guthrie, Louise  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/866_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{carl-2008-using,
    title = "Using Log-linear Models for Tuning Machine Translation Output",
    author = "Carl, Michael",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/292_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{babych-etal-2008-generalising,
    title = "Generalising Lexical Translation Strategies for {MT} Using Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Babych, Bogdan  and
      Sharoff, Serge  and
      Hartley, Anthony",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/340_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{itagaki-aikawa-2008-post,
    title = "Post-{MT} Term Swapper: Supplementing a Statistical Machine Translation System with a User Dictionary",
    author = "Itagaki, Masaki  and
      Aikawa, Takako",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/403_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sanchis-sanchez-2008-using,
    title = "Using Parsed Corpora for Estimating Stochastic Inversion Transduction Grammars",
    author = "Sanchis, Germ{\'a}n  and
      S{\'a}nchez, Joan Andreu",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/465_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fishel-kaalep-2008-experiments,
    title = "Experiments on Processing Overlapping Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Fishel, Mark  and
      Kaalep, Heiki-Jaan",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/776_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{foster-van-genabith-2008-parser,
    title = "Parser Evaluation and the {BNC}: Evaluating 4 constituency parsers with 3 metrics",
    author = "Foster, Jennifer  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/774_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{paroubek-etal-2008-easy,
    title = "{EASY}, Evaluation of Parsers of {F}rench: what are the Results?",
    author = "Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Robba, Isabelle  and
      Vilnat, Anne  and
      Ayache, Christelle",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/621_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tannier-muller-2008-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Metrics for Automatic Temporal Annotation of Texts",
    author = "Tannier, Xavier  and
      Muller, Philippe",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/50_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{grothe-etal-2008-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study on Language Identification Methods",
    author = {Grothe, Lena  and
      Luca, Ernesto William De  and
      N{\"u}rnberger, Andreas},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/249_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{villemonte-de-la-clergerie-etal-2008-passage,
    title = "{PASSAGE}: from {F}rench Parser Evaluation to Large Sized Treebank",
    author = "Villemonte de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric  and
      Hamon, Olivier  and
      Mostefa, Djamel  and
      Ayache, Christelle  and
      Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/908_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kolar-svec-2008-structural,
    title = "Structural Metadata Annotation of Speech Corpora: Comparing Broadcast News and Broadcast Conversations",
    author = "Kol{\'a}{\v{r}}, J{\'a}chym  and
      {\v{S}}vec, Jan",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/26_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jongtaveesataporn-etal-2008-thai,
    title = "{T}hai Broadcast News Corpus Construction and Evaluation",
    author = "Jongtaveesataporn, Markpong  and
      Wutiwiwatchai, Chai  and
      Iwano, Koji  and
      Furui, Sadaoki",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/319_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{amdal-etal-2008-rundkast,
    title = "{RUNDKAST}: an Annotated {N}orwegian Broadcast News Speech Corpus",
    author = "Amdal, Ingunn  and
      Strand, Ole Morten  and
      Almberg, J{\o}rn  and
      Svendsen, Torbj{\o}rn",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/486_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{seng-etal-2008-first,
    title = "First Broadcast News Transcription System for {K}hmer Language",
    author = "Seng, Sopheap  and
      Sam, Sethserey  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Bigi, Brigitte  and
      Castelli, Eric",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/661_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bendahman-etal-2008-quick,
    title = "Quick Rich Transcriptions of {A}rabic Broadcast News Speech Data",
    author = "Bendahman, Chomicha  and
      Glenn, Meghan  and
      Mostefa, Djamel  and
      Paulsson, Niklas  and
      Strassel, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/915_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{spohr-2008-general,
    title = "A General Methodology for Mapping {E}uro{W}ord{N}ets to the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology",
    author = "Spohr, Dennis",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/7_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sekine-2008-extended,
    title = "Extended Named Entity Ontology with Attribute Information",
    author = "Sekine, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/21_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{suarez-figueroa-gomez-perez-2008-towards,
    title = "Towards a Glossary of Activities in the Ontology Engineering Field",
    author = "Su{\'a}rez-Figueroa, Mari Carmen  and
      G{\'o}mez-P{\'e}rez, Asunci{\'o}n",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/219_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2008-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Core Ontology Construction from a Bilingual Term Bank",
    author = "Chen, Yirong  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Cui, Gaoying",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/588_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kluck-huckstorf-2008-european,
    title = "The {E}uropean Thesaurus on International Relations and Area Studies - a Multilingual Resource for Indexing, Retrieval, and Translation",
    author = "Kluck, Michael  and
      Huckstorf, Axel",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/424_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tsunakawa-etal-2008-building-bilingual,
    title = "Building Bilingual Lexicons using Lexical Translation Probabilities via Pivot Languages",
    author = "Tsunakawa, Takashi  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/423_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2008-improving,
    title = "Improving Statistical Machine Translation Efficiency by Triangulation",
    author = "Chen, Yu  and
      Eisele, Andreas  and
      Kay, Martin",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/733_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lavecchia-etal-2008-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-Based Machine Translation based on Simulated Annealing",
    author = {Lavecchia, Caroline  and
      Langlois, David  and
      Sma{\"\i}li, Kamel},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/791_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{carpuat-wu-2008-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Context-Dependent Phrasal Translation Lexicons for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/896_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-ney-2008-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Genre {SMT} System for {A}rabic to {F}rench",
    author = "Hasan, Sa{\v{s}}a  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/549_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{delpech-saint-dizier-2008-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the Structure of Procedural Texts for Answering How-to Questions",
    author = "Delpech, Estelle  and
      Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/20_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{leturia-etal-2008-analysis,
    title = "Analysis and Performance of Morphological Query Expansion and Language-Filtering Words on Basque Web Searching",
    author = "Leturia, Igor  and
      Gurrutxaga, Antton  and
      Areta, Nerea  and
      Pociello, Eli",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/185_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-hickl-2008-scaling,
    title = "Scaling Answer Type Detection to Large Hierarchies",
    author = "Roberts, Kirk  and
      Hickl, Andrew",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/384_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{razmara-kosseim-2008-answering,
    title = "Answering List Questions using Co-occurrence and Clustering",
    author = "Razmara, Majid  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/814_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zesch-etal-2008-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Lexical Semantic Knowledge from {W}ikipedia and {W}iktionary",
    author = {Zesch, Torsten  and
      M{\"u}ller, Christof  and
      Gurevych, Iryna},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/420_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sanders-etal-2008-odds,
    title = "Odds of Successful Transfer of Low-Level Concepts: a Key Metric for Bidirectional Speech-to-Speech Machine Translation in {DARPA}{'}s {TRANSTAC} Program",
    author = "Sanders, Gregory  and
      Bronsart, S{\'e}bastien  and
      Condon, Sherri  and
      Schlenoff, Craig",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/399_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lamel-etal-2008-question,
    title = "Question Answering on Speech Transcriptions: the {QAST} evaluation in {CLEF}",
    author = "Lamel, Lori  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Ayache, Christelle  and
      Mostefa, Djamel  and
      Turmo, Jordi  and
      Comas, Pere",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/511_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{heeren-etal-2008-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Spoken Document Retrieval for Historic Speech Collections",
    author = "Heeren, Willemijn  and
      de Jong, Franciska  and
      van der Werff, Laurens  and
      Huijbregts, Marijn  and
      Ordelman, Roeland",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/520_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{condon-etal-2008-applying,
    title = "Applying Automated Metrics to Speech Translation Dialogs",
    author = "Condon, Sherri  and
      Phillips, Jon  and
      Doran, Christy  and
      Aberdeen, John  and
      Parvaz, Dan  and
      Oshika, Beatrice  and
      Sanders, Greg  and
      Schlenoff, Craig",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/535_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mieskes-strube-2008-three,
    title = "A Three-stage Disfluency Classifier for Multi Party Dialogues",
    author = "Mieskes, Margot  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/665_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gimenez-marquez-2008-towards,
    title = "Towards Heterogeneous Automatic {MT} Error Analysis",
    author = "Gim{\'e}nez, Jes{\'u}s  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/483_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{babych-hartley-2008-sensitivity,
    title = "Sensitivity of Automated {MT} Evaluation Metrics on Higher Quality {MT} Output: {BLEU} vs Task-Based Evaluation Methods",
    author = "Babych, Bogdan  and
      Hartley, Anthony",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/542_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{przybocki-etal-2008-translation,
    title = "Translation Adequacy and Preference Evaluation Tool ({TAP}-{ET})",
    author = "Przybocki, Mark  and
      Peterson, Kay  and
      Bronsart, S{\'e}bastien",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/299_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{orasan-chiorean-2008-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of a Cross-lingual {R}omanian-{E}nglish Multi-document Summariser",
    author = "Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin  and
      Chiorean, Oana Andreea",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/539_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{andersen-etal-2008-bnc,
    title = "The {BNC} Parsed with {RASP}4{UIMA}",
    author = "Andersen, {\O}istein E.  and
      Nioche, Julien  and
      Briscoe, Ted  and
      Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/218_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{uchimoto-den-2008-word,
    title = "Word-level Dependency-structure Annotation to Corpus of Spontaneous {J}apanese and its Application",
    author = "Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Den, Yasuharu",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/790_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{deoskar-rooth-2008-induction,
    title = "Induction of Treebank-Aligned Lexical Resources",
    author = "Deoskar, Tejaswini  and
      Rooth, Mats",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/798_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pustylnikov-etal-2008-unified,
    title = "A Unified Database of Dependency Treebanks: Integrating, Quantifying {\&} Evaluating Dependency Data",
    author = {Pustylnikov, Olga  and
      Mehler, Alexander  and
      Gleim, R{\"u}diger},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/851_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bouhjar-2008-amazigh,
    title = "Amazigh Language Terminology in Morocco or Management of a {``}Multidimensional{''} Variation",
    author = "Bouhjar, Aicha",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/912_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2008-chinese-term,
    title = "{C}hinese Term Extraction Based on Delimiters",
    author = "Yang, Yuhang  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/72_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{boulaknadel-etal-2008-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Word Term Extraction Program for {A}rabic Language",
    author = "Boulaknadel, Siham  and
      Daille, Beatrice  and
      Aboutajdine, Driss",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/378_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{butters-ciravegna-2008-using,
    title = "Using Similarity Metrics For Terminology Recognition",
    author = "Butters, Jonathan  and
      Ciravegna, Fabio",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/717_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{guerini-etal-2008-resources,
    title = "Resources for Persuasion",
    author = "Guerini, Marco  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Stock, Oliviero",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/70_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pitel-grefenstette-2008-semi,
    title = "Semi-automatic Building Method for a Multidimensional Affect Dictionary for a New Language",
    author = "Pitel, Guillaume  and
      Grefenstette, Gregory",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/264_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{devillers-martin-2008-coding,
    title = "Coding Emotional Events in Audiovisual Corpora",
    author = "Devillers, Laurence  and
      Martin, Jean-Claude",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/322_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{esuli-etal-2008-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Expressions of Opinion and Emotion in the {I}talian Content Annotation Bank",
    author = "Esuli, Andrea  and
      Sebastiani, Fabrizio  and
      Urciuoli, Ilaria",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/566_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maks-etal-2008-adjectives,
    title = "Adjectives in the {D}utch Semantic Lexical Database {CORNETTO}",
    author = "Maks, Isa  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Segers, Roxane  and
      van der Vliet, Hennie",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/184_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dickinson-lee-2008-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Errors in Semantic Annotation",
    author = "Dickinson, Markus  and
      Lee, Chong Min",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/157_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{roth-schulte-im-walde-2008-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Co-Occurrence, Dictionary and {W}ikipedia Entries as Resources for Semantic Relatedness Information",
    author = "Roth, Michael  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/473_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{giovannetti-etal-2008-ontology,
    title = "Ontology Learning and Semantic Annotation: a Necessary Symbiosis",
    author = "Giovannetti, Emiliano  and
      Marchi, Simone  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Bartolini, Roberto",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/534_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{atserias-etal-2008-semantically,
    title = "Semantically Annotated Snapshot of the {E}nglish {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Atserias, Jordi  and
      Zaragoza, Hugo  and
      Ciaramita, Massimiliano  and
      Attardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/581_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nielsen-etal-2008-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Students{'} Understanding of Science Concepts",
    author = "Nielsen, Rodney D.  and
      Ward, Wayne  and
      Martin, James  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/873_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{passonneau-etal-2008-relation,
    title = "Relation between Agreement Measures on Human Labeling and Machine Learning Performance: Results from an Art History Domain",
    author = "Passonneau, Rebecca  and
      Lippincott, Tom  and
      Yano, Tae  and
      Klavans, Judith",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/722_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{peirsman-etal-2008-construction,
    title = "The Construction and Evaluation of Word Space Models",
    author = "Peirsman, Yves  and
      Deyne, Simon De  and
      Heylen, Kris  and
      Geeraerts, Dirk",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/784_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{babko-malaya-2008-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Nuggets and Relevance in {GALE} Distillation Evaluation",
    author = "Babko-Malaya, Olga",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/909_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{white-etal-2008-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Evaluation of Information Distillation Systems",
    author = "White, J.V.  and
      Hunter, D.  and
      Goldstein, J.D.",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/914_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rieser-lemon-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Learning and Evaluation of User-Centered Objective Functions for Dialogue System Optimisation",
    author = "Rieser, Verena  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/592_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bielicky-smrz-2008-building,
    title = "Building the Valency Lexicon of {A}rabic Verbs",
    author = "Bielick{\'y}, Viktor  and
      Smr{\v{z}}, Otakar",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/578_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-etal-2008-combining,
    title = "Combining Terminology Resources and Statistical Methods for Entity Recognition: an Evaluation",
    author = "Roberts, Angus  and
      Gaizasukas, Robert  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Guo, Yikun",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/758_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nazar-etal-2008-suite,
    title = "A Suite to Compile and Analyze an {LSP} Corpus",
    author = "Nazar, Rogelio  and
      Vivaldi, Jorge  and
      Cabr{\'e}, Teresa",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/296_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{blanco-etal-2008-causal,
    title = "Causal Relation Extraction",
    author = "Blanco, Eduardo  and
      Castell, Nuria  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/87_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chrupala-etal-2008-learning,
    title = "Learning Morphology with {M}orfette",
    author = "Chrupala, Grzegorz  and
      Dinu, Georgiana  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/594_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cui-etal-2008-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Exploitation from {W}ikipedia for Ontology Construction",
    author = "Cui, Gaoying  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Chen, Yirong",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/541_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ou-etal-2008-development,
    title = "Development and Alignment of a Domain-Specific Ontology for Question Answering",
    author = "Ou, Shiyan  and
      Pekar, Viktor  and
      Orasan, Constantin  and
      Spurk, Christian  and
      Negri, Matteo",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/561_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{manzano-macho-etal-2008-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised and Domain Independent Ontology Learning: Combining Heterogeneous Sources of Evidence",
    author = "Manzano-Macho, David  and
      G{\'o}mez-P{\'e}rez, Asunci{\'o}n  and
      Borrajo, Daniel",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/418_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{potrich-pianta-2008-l,
    title = "L-{ISA}: Learning Domain Specific Isa-Relations from the Web",
    author = "Potrich, Alessandra  and
      Pianta, Emanuele",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/595_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hartholt-etal-2008-common,
    title = "A Common Ground for Virtual Humans: Using an Ontology in a Natural Language Oriented Virtual Human Architecture",
    author = "Hartholt, Arno  and
      Russ, Thomas  and
      Traum, David  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Robinson, Susan",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/811_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-soroa-2008-using,
    title = "Using the Multilingual Central Repository for Graph-Based Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Soroa, Aitor",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/351_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gey-etal-2008-japanese,
    title = "A {J}apanese-{E}nglish Technical Lexicon for Translation and Language Research",
    author = "Gey, Fredric  and
      Evans, David  and
      Kando, Noriko",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/363_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ha-etal-2008-mutual,
    title = "Mutual Bilingual Terminology Extraction",
    author = "Ha, Le An  and
      Fernandez, Gabriela  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan  and
      Corpas, Gloria",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/463_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{graca-etal-2008-building,
    title = "Building a Golden Collection of Parallel Multi-Language Word Alignment",
    author = "Gra{\c{c}}a, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Pardal, Joana Paulo  and
      Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa  and
      Caseiro, Diamantino",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/250_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cabrio-etal-2008-qall,
    title = "The {QALL}-{ME} Benchmark: a Multilingual Resource of Annotated Spoken Requests for Question Answering",
    author = "Cabrio, Elena  and
      Kouylekov, Milen  and
      Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Hasler, Laura  and
      Orasan, Constantin  and
      Tom{\'a}s, David  and
      Vicedo, Jose Luis  and
      Neumann, Guenter  and
      Weber, Corinna",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/628_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{campbell-2008-tools,
    title = "Tools {\&} Resources for Visualising Conversational-Speech Interaction",
    author = "Campbell, Nick",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/69_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pazienza-etal-2008-web,
    title = "A Web Browser Extension for Growing-up Ontological Knowledge from Traditional Web Content",
    author = "Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Pennacchiotti, Marco  and
      Stellato, Armando",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/562_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{drissi-etal-2008-development,
    title = "A Development Environment for Configurable Meta-Annotators in a Pipelined {NLP} Architecture",
    author = "Drissi, Youssef  and
      Boguraev, Branimir  and
      Ferrucci, David  and
      Keyser, Paul  and
      Levas, Anthony",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/820_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rehm-etal-2008-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-Based {XQ}uery{'}ing of {XML}-Encoded Language Resources on Multiple Annotation Layers",
    author = "Rehm, Georg  and
      Eckart, Richard  and
      Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Dellert, Johannes",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/139_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{evert-2008-lightweight,
    title = "A Lightweight and Efficient Tool for Cleaning Web Pages",
    author = "Evert, Stefan",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/885_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{melnar-liu-2008-borrowing,
    title = "Borrowing Language Resources for Development of Automatic Speech Recognition for Low- and Middle-Density Languages",
    author = "Melnar, Lynette  and
      Liu, Chen",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/68_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{moller-etal-2008-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Analysis of Spoken Smart-Home Interactions with Older Users",
    author = {M{\"o}ller, Sebastian  and
      G{\"o}dde, Florian  and
      Wolters, Maria},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/187_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{georgila-etal-2008-fully,
    title = "A Fully Annotated Corpus for Studying the Effect of Cognitive Ageing on Users{'} Interactions with Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Georgila, Kallirroi  and
      Wolters, Maria  and
      Karaiskos, Vasilis  and
      Kronenthal, Melissa  and
      Logie, Robert  and
      Mayo, Neil  and
      Moore, Johanna  and
      Watson, Matt",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/237_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cucchiarini-etal-2008-recording,
    title = "Recording Speech of Children, Non-Natives and Elderly People for {HLT} Applications: the {JASMIN}-{CGN} Corpus.",
    author = "Cucchiarini, Catia  and
      Driesen, Joris  and
      hamme, Hugo Van  and
      Sanders, Eric",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/366_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{draxler-etal-2008-f0,
    title = "F0 of Adolescent Speakers - First Results for the {G}erman Ph@tt{S}essionz Database",
    author = "Draxler, Christoph  and
      Schiel, Florian  and
      Ellbogen, Tania",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/574_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-etal-2008-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue, Speech and Images: the Companions Project Data Set",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick  and
      Benyon, David  and
      Brewster, Christopher  and
      Ircing, Pavel  and
      Mival, Oli",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/550_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{goldstein-stewart-etal-2008-creating,
    title = "Creating and Using a Correlated Corpus to Glean Communicative Commonalities",
    author = "Goldstein-Stewart, Jade  and
      Goodwin, Kerri  and
      Sabin, Roberta  and
      Winder, Ransom",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/771_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{catizone-etal-2008-information,
    title = "Information Extraction Tools and Methods for Understanding Dialogue in a Companion",
    author = "Catizone, Roberta  and
      Dingli, Alexiei  and
      Pinto, Hugo  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/819_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gallo-etal-2008-production,
    title = "Production in a Multimodal Corpus: how Speakers Communicate Complex Actions",
    author = "Gallo, Carlos G{\'o}mez  and
      Jaeger, T. Florian  and
      Allen, James  and
      Swift, Mary",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/740_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-overbeeke-2008-towards,
    title = "Towards Formal Interpretation of Semantic Annotation",
    author = "Bunt, Harry  and
      Overbeeke, Chwhynny",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/93_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pennacchiotti-etal-2008-towards,
    title = "Towards a Vector Space Model for {F}rame{N}et-like Resources",
    author = "Pennacchiotti, Marco  and
      Cao, Diego De  and
      Marocco, Paolo  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/202_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{smrz-2008-knofusius,
    title = "{K}no{F}usius: a New Knowledge Fusion System for Interpretation of Gene Expression Data",
    author = "Smr{\v{z}}, Pavel",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/904_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{heylen-etal-2008-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Word Similarity: an Evaluation of Automatic Synonymy Extraction Algorithms.",
    author = "Heylen, Kris  and
      Peirsman, Yves  and
      Geeraerts, Dirk  and
      Speelman, Dirk",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/818_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cleuren-etal-2008-childrens,
    title = "Children{'}s Oral Reading Corpus ({CHOREC}): Description and Assessment of Annotator Agreement",
    author = "Cleuren, Leen  and
      Duchateau, Jacques  and
      Ghesqui{\`e}re, Pol  and
      hamme, Hugo Van",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/254_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-etal-2008-bilingual,
    title = "A Bilingual Corpus of Inter-linked Events",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Ide, Nancy  and
      Bartolini, Roberto",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/610_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{strassel-etal-2008-new,
    title = "New Resources for Document Classification, Analysis and Translation Technologies",
    author = "Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Friedman, Lauren  and
      Ismael, Safa  and
      Brandschain, Linda",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/772_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tomanek-hahn-2008-approximating,
    title = "Approximating Learning Curves for Active-Learning-Driven Annotation",
    author = "Tomanek, Katrin  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/335_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{trippel-etal-2008-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon Schemas and Related Data Models: when Standards Meet Users",
    author = "Trippel, Thorsten  and
      Maxwell, Michael  and
      Corbett, Greville  and
      Prince, Cambell  and
      Manning, Christopher  and
      Grimes, Stephen  and
      Moran, Steve",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/812_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{messiant-etal-2008-lexschem,
    title = "{L}ex{S}chem: a Large Subcategorization Lexicon for {F}rench Verbs",
    author = "Messiant, C{\'e}dric  and
      Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/142_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rodriguez-etal-2008-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic {W}ord{N}et: Semi-automatic Extensions using {B}ayesian Inference",
    author = "Rodr{\'\i}guez, Horacio  and
      Farwell, David  and
      Ferreres, Javi  and
      Bertran, Manuel  and
      Alkhalifa, Musa  and
      Mart{\'\i}, M. Antonia",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/434_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sainz-etal-2008-subjective,
    title = "Subjective Evaluation of an Emotional Speech Database for Basque",
    author = "Sainz, I{\~n}aki  and
      Saratxaga, Ibon  and
      Navas, Eva  and
      Hern{\'a}ez, Inmaculada  and
      Sanchez, Jon  and
      Luengo, Iker  and
      Odriozola, Igor",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/437_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kubler-etal-2008-compare,
    title = "How to Compare Treebanks",
    author = {K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Maier, Wolfgang  and
      Rehbein, Ines  and
      Versley, Yannick},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/583_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{besancon-etal-2008-infile,
    title = "The {INFILE} Project: a Crosslingual Filtering Systems Evaluation Campaign",
    author = {Besan{\c{c}}on, Romaric  and
      Chaudiron, St{\'e}phane  and
      Mostefa, Djamel  and
      Timimi, Isma{\"\i}l  and
      Choukri, Khalid},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/907_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-ceausu-2008-diac,
    title = "{DIAC}+: a Professional Diacritics Recovering System",
    author = "Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan  and
      Ceau{\c{s}}u, Alexandru",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/54_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{abuhakema-etal-2008-annotating,
    title = "Annotating an {A}rabic Learner Corpus for Error",
    author = "Abuhakema, Ghazi  and
      Faraj, Reem  and
      Feldman, Anna  and
      Fitzpatrick, Eileen",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/343_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{reynaert-2008-errors,
    title = "All, and only, the Errors: more Complete and Consistent Spelling and {OCR}-Error Correction Evaluation",
    author = "Reynaert, Martin",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/477_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{itamar-itai-2008-using,
    title = "Using Movie Subtitles for Creating a Large-Scale Bilingual Corpora",
    author = "Itamar, Einav  and
      Itai, Alon",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/76_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{van-son-etal-2008-ifadv,
    title = "The {IFADV} Corpus: a Free Dialog Video Corpus",
    author = "van Son, Rob  and
      Wesseling, Wieneke  and
      Sanders, Eric  and
      van den Heuvel, Henk",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/132_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brutti-etal-2008-woz,
    title = "{WOZ} Acoustic Data Collection for Interactive {TV}",
    author = "Brutti, Alessio  and
      Cristoforetti, Luca  and
      Kellermann, Walter  and
      Marquardt, Lutz  and
      Omologo, Maurizio",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/584_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lounela-2008-process,
    title = "Process Model for Composing High-quality Text Corpora",
    author = "Lounela, Mikko",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/30_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{taule-etal-2008-ancora,
    title = "{A}n{C}ora: Multilevel Annotated Corpora for {C}atalan and {S}panish",
    author = "Taul{\'e}, Mariona  and
      Mart{\'\i}, M. Ant{\`o}nia  and
      Recasens, Marta",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/35_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{purpura-etal-2008-u,
    title = "The {U}.{S}. Policy Agenda Legislation Corpus Volume 1 - a Language Resource from 1947 - 1998",
    author = "Purpura, Stephen  and
      Wilkerson, John  and
      Hillard, Dustin",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/105_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bensley-hickl-2008-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Resource Creation for Textual Inference Applications",
    author = "Bensley, Jeremy  and
      Hickl, Andrew",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/146_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dickinson-jochim-2008-simple,
    title = "A Simple Method for Tagset Comparision",
    author = "Dickinson, Markus  and
      Jochim, Charles",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/210_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{oostdijk-etal-2008-coi,
    title = "From D-Coi to {S}o{N}a{R}: a reference corpus for {D}utch",
    author = "Oostdijk, Nelleke  and
      Reynaert, Martin  and
      Monachesi, Paola  and
      Noord, Gertjan Van  and
      Ordelman, Roeland  and
      Schuurman, Ineke  and
      Vandeghinste, Vincent",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/365_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ozaku-etal-2008-relationships,
    title = "Relationships between Nursing Converstaions and Activities",
    author = "Ozaku, Hiromi Itoh  and
      Abe, Akinori  and
      Sagara, Kaoru  and
      Kogure, Kiyoshi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/558_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{glenn-etal-2008-management,
    title = "Management of Large Annotation Projects Involving Multiple Human Judges: a Case Study of {GALE} Machine Translation Post-editing",
    author = "Glenn, Meghan Lammie  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Friedman, Lauren  and
      Lee, Haejoong  and
      Medero, Shawn",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/751_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hammarstrom-etal-2008-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Language Description: the case of Mpiemo ({B}antu A, Central {A}frican Republic)",
    author = {Hammarstr{\"o}m, Harald  and
      Thornell, Christina  and
      Petzell, Malin  and
      Westerlund, Torbj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/848_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sato-etal-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Assessment of {J}apanese Text Readability Based on a Textbook Corpus",
    author = "Sato, Satoshi  and
      Matsuyoshi, Suguru  and
      Kondoh, Yohsuke",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/165_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-etal-2008-building,
    title = "Building a Bio-Event Annotated Corpus for the Acquisition of Semantic Frames from Biomedical Corpora",
    author = "Thompson, Paul  and
      Cotter, Philip  and
      McNaught, John  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Trabucco, Andrea  and
      Venturi, Giulia",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/547_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rupp-etal-2008-language,
    title = "Language Resources and Chemical Informatics",
    author = "Rupp, C.J.  and
      Copestake, Ann  and
      Corbett, Peter  and
      Murray-Rust, Peter  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Teufel, Simone  and
      Waldron, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/556_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-etal-2008-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Annotations for Biology: a Corpus Development Initiative at the Jena University Language {\&} Information Engineering ({JULIE}) Lab",
    author = "Hahn, Udo  and
      Beisswanger, Elena  and
      Buyko, Ekaterina  and
      Poprat, Michael  and
      Tomanek, Katrin  and
      Wermter, Joachim",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/568_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{quochi-etal-2008-lexicon,
    title = "A lexicon for biology and bioinformatics: the {BOOTS}trep experience.",
    author = "Quochi, Valeria  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Gratta, Riccardo Del  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/576_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rinaldi-etal-2008-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-Based Relation Mining for Biomedical Literature",
    author = "Rinaldi, Fabio  and
      Schneider, Gerold  and
      Kaljurand, Kaarel  and
      Hess, Michael",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/728_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-2008-mesh,
    title = "{M}e{SH}{\copyright}: from a Controlled Vocabulary to a Processable Resource",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/129_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-2008-semantically,
    title = "A Semantically Annotated {S}wedish Medical Corpus",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/15_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{embarek-ferret-2008-learning,
    title = "Learning Patterns for Building Resources about Semantic Relations in the Medical Domain",
    author = "Embarek, Mehdi  and
      Ferret, Olivier",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/514_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ienco-etal-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic extraction of subcategorization frames for {I}talian",
    author = "Ienco, Dino  and
      Villata, Serena  and
      Bosco, Cristina",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/536_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{francom-hulden-2008-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Multi-Theory Annotations of Syntactic Structure",
    author = "Francom, Jerid  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/587_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{adler-etal-2008-tagging,
    title = "Tagging a {H}ebrew Corpus: the Case of Participles",
    author = "Adler, Meni  and
      Netzer, Yael  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Gabay, David  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/802_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nath-etal-2008-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Parts-of-Speech Induction for {B}engali",
    author = "Nath, Joydeep  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Mukherjee, Animesh  and
      Biemann, Christian  and
      Ganguly, Niloy",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/309_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{de-cea-etal-2008-tagging,
    title = "Tagging {S}panish Texts: the Problem of Problem of {``}{SE}{''}",
    author = "de Cea, Guadalupe Aguado  and
      Puche, Javier  and
      Ramos, Jos{\'e} {\'A}ngel",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/345_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mirovsky-2008-netgraph,
    title = "Does Netgraph Fit {P}rague Dependency Treebank?",
    author = "M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/114_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{by-2008-kalshnikov,
    title = "The Kalshnikov 691 Dependency Bank",
    author = "By, Tomas",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/176_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schluter-van-genabith-2008-treebank,
    title = "Treebank-Based Acquisition of {LFG} Parsing Resources for {F}rench",
    author = "Schluter, Natalie  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/739_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{koeva-etal-2008-chooser,
    title = "{C}hooser: a Multi-Task Annotation Tool",
    author = "Koeva, Svetla  and
      Rizov, Borislav  and
      Leseva, Svetlozara",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/186_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fragkou-etal-2008-boemie,
    title = "{BOEMIE} Ontology-Based Text Annotation Tool",
    author = "Fragkou, Pavlina  and
      Petasis, Georgios  and
      Theodorakos, Aris  and
      Karkaletsis, Vangelis  and
      Spyropoulos, Constantine",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/324_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{krestel-etal-2008-minding,
    title = "Minding the Source: Automatic Tagging of Reported Speech in Newspaper Articles",
    author = "Krestel, Ralf  and
      Bergler, Sabine  and
      Witte, Ren{\'e}",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/718_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vossen-etal-2008-kyoto,
    title = "{KYOTO}: a System for Mining, Structuring and Distributing Knowledge across Languages and Cultures",
    author = "Vossen, Piek  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Fellbaum, Christiane  and
      Hsieh, Shu-kai  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Kanzaki, Kyoko  and
      Marchetti, Andrea  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Neri, Federico  and
      Raffaelli, Remo  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Tescon, Maurizio  and
      VanGent, Joop",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/373_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schafer-etal-2008-extracting,
    title = "Extracting and Querying Relations in Scientific Papers on Language Technology",
    author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Ulrich  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Marek, Torsten  and
      Zhang, Yajing},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/773_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{iftene-balahur-dobrescu-2008-named,
    title = "Named Entity Relation Mining using {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Iftene, Adrian  and
      Balahur-Dobrescu, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/192_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{grover-etal-2008-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition for Digitised Historical Texts",
    author = "Grover, Claire  and
      Givon, Sharon  and
      Tobin, Richard  and
      Ball, Julian",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/342_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{song-strassel-2008-entity,
    title = "Entity Translation and Alignment in the {ACE}-07 {ET} Task",
    author = "Song, Zhiyi  and
      Strassel, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/551_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kiyota-etal-2008-automated,
    title = "Automated Subject Induction from Query Keywords through {W}ikipedia Categories and Subject Headings",
    author = "Kiyota, Yoji  and
      Tamura, Noriyuki  and
      Sakai, Satoshi  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi  and
      Masuda, Hidetaka",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/882_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sellberg-jonsson-2008-using,
    title = "Using Random Indexing to improve Singular Value Decomposition for Latent Semantic Analysis",
    author = {Sellberg, Linus  and
      J{\"o}nsson, Arne},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/586_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vintar-fiser-2008-harvesting,
    title = "Harvesting Multi-Word Expressions from Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Vintar, {\v{S}}pela  and
      Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/281_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{agili-etal-2008-integration,
    title = "Integration of a Multilingual Keyword Extractor in a Document Management System",
    author = "Agili, Andrea  and
      Fabbri, Marco  and
      Panunzi, Alessandro  and
      Zini, Manuel",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/346_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{deksne-etal-2008-dictionary,
    title = "Dictionary of Multiword Expressions for Translation into highly Inflected Languages",
    author = "Deksne, Daiga  and
      Skadi{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Raivis  and
      Skadi{\c{n}}a, Inguna",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/353_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vetulani-etal-2008-verb,
    title = "Verb-Noun Collocation {S}ynt{L}ex Dictionary: Corpus-Based Approach",
    author = "Vetulani, Grazyna  and
      Vetulani, Zygmunt  and
      Obr{\k{e}}bski, Tomasz",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/398_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{qu-etal-2008-targeting,
    title = "Targeting {C}hinese Nominal Compounds in Corpora",
    author = "Qu, Weiruo  and
      Ringlstetter, Christoph  and
      Goebel, Randy",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/662_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ramos-etal-2008-using,
    title = "Using Semantically Annotated Corpora to Build Collocation Resources",
    author = "Ramos, Margarita Alonso  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/294_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kermanidis-etal-2008-eksairesis,
    title = "{E}ksairesis: A Domain-Adaptable System for Ontology Building from Unstructured Text",
    author = "Kermanidis, Katia Lida  and
      Thanopoulos, Aristomenis  and
      Maragoudakis, Manolis  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/147_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{montero-etal-2008-conceptual,
    title = "Conceptual Modeling of Ontology-based Linguistic Resources with a Focus on Semantic Relations",
    author = "Montero, Francisco Alvarez  and
      Sanchez, Antonio Vaquero  and
      Perez, Fernando S{\'a}enz",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/221_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{buitelaar-eigner-2008-ontology,
    title = "Ontology Search with the {O}nto{S}elect Ontology Library",
    author = "Buitelaar, Paul  and
      Eigner, Thomas",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/262_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{trojahn-etal-2008-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Multilingual Ontology Mapping",
    author = "Trojahn, C{\'a}ssia  and
      Quaresma, Paulo  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/270_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kassner-etal-2008-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring a Taxonomy from the {G}erman {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Kassner, Laura  and
      Nastase, Vivi  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/544_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{picca-etal-2008-lmm,
    title = "{LMM}: an {OWL}-{DL} {M}eta{M}odel to Represent Heterogeneous Lexical Knowledge",
    author = "Picca, Davide  and
      Gliozzo, Alfio Massimiliano  and
      Gangemi, Aldo",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/608_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{isahara-etal-2008-development,
    title = "Development of the {J}apanese {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Kanzaki, Kyoko",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/609_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{newbold-etal-2008-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Ontology Extraction using Terminology Analysis: Automating Video Annotation",
    author = "Newbold, Neil  and
      Vrusias, Bogdan  and
      Gillam, Lee",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/611_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{suktarachan-etal-2008-workbench,
    title = "Workbench with Authoring Tools for Collaborative Multi-lingual Ontological Knowledge Construction and Maintenance",
    author = "Suktarachan, Mukda  and
      Thamvijit, Dussadee  and
      Noikongka, Daoyos  and
      Yongyuth, Panita  and
      Mahasarakham, Puwarat Pavaputanont Na  and
      Kawtrakul, Asanee  and
      Kawtrakul, Asanee  and
      Sini, Margherita",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/624_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shamsfard-2008-towards,
    title = "Towards Semi Automatic Construction of a Lexical Ontology for {P}ersian",
    author = "Shamsfard, Mehrnoush",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/654_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{de-melo-weikum-2008-mapping,
    title = "Mapping {R}oget{'}s Thesaurus and {W}ord{N}et to {F}rench",
    author = "de Melo, Gerard  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/830_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jouis-bourdaillet-2008-representation,
    title = "Representation of Atypical Entities in Ontologies",
    author = "Jouis, Christophe  and
      Bourdaillet, Julien",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/43_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2008-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Concrete Senses of Lexicon through Measurement of Conceptual Similarity in Ontologies",
    author = "Chung, Siaw-Fong  and
      Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent  and
      Xu, Mingwei  and
      Ahrens, Kathleen  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/501_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{okamoto-etal-2008-contextual,
    title = "A Contextual Dynamic Network Model for {WSD} Using Associative Concept Dictionary",
    author = "Okamoto, Jun  and
      Uchiyama, Kiyoko  and
      Ishizaki, Shun",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/405_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{loos-schwarten-2008-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic Memory for Incremental Ontology Population",
    author = "Loos, Berenike  and
      Schwarten, Lasse",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/235_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vivaldi-etal-2008-turning,
    title = "Turning a Term Extractor into a new Domain: first Experiences",
    author = "Vivaldi, Jorge  and
      Joan, Anna  and
      Lorente, Merc{\`e}",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/189_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{anick-etal-2008-similar,
    title = "Similar Term Discovery using Web Search",
    author = "Anick, Peter  and
      Murthi, Vijay  and
      Sebastian, Shaji",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/306_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kubo-etal-2008-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Aspects of Terminology for Automatic Term Recognition: Case Study on Women{'}s Studies Terms",
    author = "Kubo, Junko  and
      Tsuji, Keita  and
      Sugimoto, Shigeo",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/404_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2008-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Evaluation of Term Recognition Algorithms",
    author = "Zhang, Ziqi  and
      Iria, Jose  and
      Brewster, Christopher  and
      Ciravegna, Fabio",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/538_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hoste-etal-2008-learning,
    title = "Learning-based Detection of Scientific Terms in Patient Information",
    author = "Hoste, Veronique  and
      Lefever, Els  and
      Vanopstal, Klaar  and
      Delaere, Isabelle",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/154_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pociello-etal-2008-wnterm,
    title = "{WNTERM}: Enriching the {MCR} with a Terminological Dictionary",
    author = "Pociello, Eli  and
      Gurrutxaga, Antton  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Aldezabal, Izaskun  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/451_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{marinelli-etal-2008-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Terms from a Scientific Domain in a Terminological Database: Methodology and Criteria",
    author = "Marinelli, Rita  and
      Tiberi, Melissa  and
      Bindi, Remo",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/623_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mandl-etal-2008-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation Resource for Geographic Information Retrieval",
    author = "Mandl, Thomas  and
      Gey, Fredric  and
      Nunzio, Giorgio Di  and
      Ferro, Nicola  and
      Sanderson, Mark  and
      Santos, Diana  and
      Womser-Hacker, Christa",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/8_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{civera-juan-ciscar-2008-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Text Classification using the {IBM} 1 Translation Model",
    author = "Civera, Jorge  and
      Juan-C{\'\i}scar, Alfons",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/22_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shinnou-sasaki-2008-ping,
    title = "Ping-pong Document Clustering using {NMF} and Linkage-Based Refinement",
    author = "Shinnou, Hiroyuki  and
      Sasaki, Minoru",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/38_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shinnou-sasaki-2008-spectral,
    title = "Spectral Clustering for a Large Data Set by Reducing the Similarity Matrix Size",
    author = "Shinnou, Hiroyuki  and
      Sasaki, Minoru",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/62_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{damljanovic-etal-2008-text,
    title = "A Text-based Query Interface to {OWL} Ontologies",
    author = "Damljanovic, Danica  and
      Tablan, Valentin  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/64_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ren-etal-2008-research,
    title = "A Research on Automatic {C}hinese Catchword Extraction",
    author = "Ren, Han  and
      Ji, Donghong  and
      Han, Lei",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/96_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{councill-etal-2008-parscit,
    title = "{P}ars{C}it: an Open-source {CRF} Reference String Parsing Package",
    author = "Councill, Isaac  and
      Giles, C. Lee  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/166_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kozawa-etal-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Usage Information for Language Resources",
    author = "Kozawa, Shunsuke  and
      Tohyama, Hitomi  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/169_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-etal-2008-cost,
    title = "Cost-Sensitive Learning in Answer Extraction",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Leidner, Jochen L.  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/177_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{degorski-etal-2008-definition,
    title = "Definition Extraction Using a Sequential Combination of Baseline Grammars and Machine Learning Classifiers",
    author = "Deg{\'o}rski, {\L}ukasz  and
      Marci{\'n}czuk, Micha{\l}  and
      Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/213_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fallucchi-zanzotto-2008-yet,
    title = "Yet another Platform for Extracting Knowledge from Corpora",
    author = "Fallucchi, Francesca  and
      Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/284_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{yankova-etal-2008-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Identity Resolution and Merging for Multi-source Information Extraction",
    author = "Yankova, Milena  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Cunningham, Hamish",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/347_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{karlgren-etal-2008-experiments,
    title = "Experiments to Investigate the Connection between Case Distribution and Topical Relevance of Search Terms in an Information Retrieval Setting",
    author = "Karlgren, Jussi  and
      Dalianis, Hercules  and
      Jongejan, Bart",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/383_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ibekwe-sanjuan-etal-2008-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Strategic Information from Scientific Articles through Sentence Classification",
    author = "Ibekwe-SanJuan, Fidelia  and
      Chen, Chaomei  and
      Pinho, Roberto",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/386_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{azeredo-etal-2008-keywords,
    title = "Keywords, k-{NN} and Neural Networks: a Support for Hierarchical Categorization of Texts in {B}razilian {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Azeredo, Susana  and
      Moraes, Silvia  and
      Lima, Vera",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/402_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ibrahim-etal-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Textual Elements from News Web Pages",
    author = "Ibrahim, Hossam  and
      Darwish, Kareem  and
      Madany, Abdel-Rahim",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/407_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{yamamoto-etal-2008-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Informative Expressions from Domain-specific Documents",
    author = "Yamamoto, Eiko  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Terada, Akira  and
      Abe, Yasunori",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/410_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{saetre-etal-2008-connecting,
    title = "Connecting Text Mining and Pathways using the {P}ath{T}ext Resource",
    author = "S{\ae}tre, Rune  and
      Kemper, Brian  and
      Oda, Kanae  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Matsuoka, Yukiko  and
      Kikuchi, Norihiro  and
      Kitano, Hiroaki  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/442_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pomikalek-rychly-2008-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Co-Derivative Documents in Large Text Collections",
    author = "Pomik{\'a}lek, Jan  and
      Rychl{\'y}, Pavel",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/481_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lemnitzer-monachesi-2008-extraction,
    title = "Extraction and Evaluation of Keywords from Learning Objects: a Multilingual Approach",
    author = "Lemnitzer, Lothar  and
      Monachesi, Paola",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/523_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2008-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting the Role of Position Feature in {C}hinese Relation Extraction",
    author = "Zhang, Peng  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Hou, Yuexian",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/540_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{allison-guthrie-2008-authorship,
    title = "Authorship Attribution of E-Mail: Comparing Classifiers over a New Corpus for Evaluation",
    author = "Allison, Ben  and
      Guthrie, Louise",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/552_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kaisser-lowe-2008-creating,
    title = "Creating a Research Collection of Question Answer Sentence Pairs with {A}mazon{'}s Mechanical Turk",
    author = "Kaisser, Michael  and
      Lowe, John",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/565_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2008-adaptation,
    title = "Adaptation of Relation Extraction Rules to New Domains",
    author = "Xu, Feiyu  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Li, Hong  and
      Felger, Niko",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/614_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sumida-etal-2008-boosting,
    title = "Boosting Precision and Recall of Hyponymy Relation Acquisition from Hierarchical Layouts in {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Sumida, Asuka  and
      Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/618_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mieskes-strube-2008-parameters,
    title = "Parameters for Topic Boundary Detection in Multi-Party Dialogues",
    author = "Mieskes, Margot  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/660_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{picchi-etal-2008-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Press",
    author = "Picchi, Eugenio  and
      Sassolini, Eva  and
      Cucurullo, Sebastiana  and
      Bertagna, Francesca  and
      Baroni, Paola",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/698_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{xia-iria-2008-approach,
    title = "An Approach to Modeling Heterogeneous Resources for Information Extraction",
    author = "Xia, Lei  and
      Iria, Jos{\'e}",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/702_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-2008-classifying,
    title = "On Classifying Coherent/Incoherent {R}omanian Short Texts",
    author = "Dinu, Anca",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/732_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{goeuriot-etal-2008-characterization,
    title = "Characterization of Scientific and Popular Science Discourse in {F}rench, {J}apanese and {R}ussian",
    author = "Goeuriot, Lorraine  and
      Grabar, Natalia  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/743_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maleki-ahrenberg-2008-converting,
    title = "Converting {R}omanized {P}ersian to the {A}rabic Writing Systems",
    author = "Maleki, Jalal  and
      Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/738_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{abouzakhar-etal-2008-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning-based Anomalous {A}rabic Text Detection",
    author = "Abouzakhar, Nasser  and
      Allison, Ben  and
      Guthrie, Louise",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/83_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{prokopidis-etal-2008-condensing,
    title = "Condensing Sentences for Subtitle Generation",
    author = "Prokopidis, Prokopis  and
      Karra, Vassia  and
      Papagianopoulou, Aggeliki  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/328_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mille-wanner-2008-making,
    title = "Making Text Resources Accessible to the Reader: the Case of Patent Claims",
    author = "Mille, Simon  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/352_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{halpern-2008-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Lexical Resources for Disambiguating {CJK} and {A}rabic Orthographic Variants",
    author = "Halpern, Jack",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/109_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{newbold-gillam-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Document Quality Control",
    author = "Newbold, Neil  and
      Gillam, Lee",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/145_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{supnithi-etal-2008-openccg,
    title = "{O}pen{CCG} Workbench and Visualization Tool",
    author = "Supnithi, Thepchai  and
      Singh, Suchinder  and
      Ruangrajitpakorn, Taneth  and
      Boonkwan, Prachya  and
      Boriboon, Monthika",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/214_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hermet-etal-2008-using,
    title = "Using the Web as a Linguistic Resource to Automatically Correct Lexico-Syntactic Errors",
    author = "Hermet, Matthieu  and
      D{\'e}silets, Alain  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/220_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fossati-di-eugenio-2008-saw,
    title = "{I} saw {TREE} trees in the park: How to Correct Real-Word Spelling Mistakes",
    author = "Fossati, Davide  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/227_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{quixal-etal-2008-user,
    title = "User-Centred Design of Error Correction Tools",
    author = "Quixal, Mart{\'\i}  and
      Badia, Toni  and
      Benavent, Francesc  and
      Boullosa, Jose R.  and
      Domingo, Judith  and
      Grau, Bernat  and
      Mass{\'o}, Guillem  and
      Valent{\'\i}n, Oriol",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/509_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2008-professor,
    title = "Professor or Screaming Beast? Detecting Anomalous Words in {C}hinese",
    author = "Liu, Wei  and
      Allison, Ben  and
      Guthrie, Louise",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/37_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alegria-etal-2008-spelling,
    title = "Spelling Correction: from Two-Level Morphology to Open Source",
    author = "Alegria, I{\~n}aki  and
      Ceberio, Klara  and
      Ezeiza, Nerea  and
      Soroa, Aitor  and
      Hernandez, Gregorio",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/274_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hallett-hardcastle-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Rewriting of Patient Record Narratives",
    author = "Hallett, Catalina  and
      Hardcastle, David",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/737_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{versley-etal-2008-bart,
    title = "{BART}: A modular toolkit for coreference resolution",
    author = "Versley, Yannick  and
      Ponzetto, Simone  and
      Poesio, Massimo  and
      Eidelman, Vladimir  and
      Jern, Alan  and
      Smith, Jason  and
      Yang, Xiaofeng  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/241_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-etal-2008-anawiki,
    title = "{ANAWIKI}: Creating Anaphorically Annotated Resources through Web Cooperation",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo  and
      Kruschwitz, Udo  and
      Chamberlain, Jon",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/590_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{goecke-etal-2008-influence,
    title = "Influence of Text Type and Text Length on Anaphoric Annotation",
    author = {Goecke, Daniela  and
      St{\"u}hrenberg, Maik  and
      Witt, Andreas},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/368_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{navarretta-olsen-2008-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Abstract Pronominal Anaphora in the {DAD} Project",
    author = "Navarretta, Costanza  and
      Olsen, Sussi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/522_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{williams-power-2008-deriving,
    title = "Deriving Rhetorical Complexity Data from the {RST}-{DT} Corpus",
    author = "Williams, Sandra  and
      Power, Richard",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/685_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mihaltz-2008-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-based Coreference Resolution for {H}ungarian",
    author = "Mih{\'a}ltz, M{\'a}rton",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/765_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nissim-perboni-2008-italian,
    title = "The {I}talian Particle {``}ne{''}: Corpus Construction and Analysis",
    author = "Nissim, Malvina  and
      Perboni, Sara",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/795_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{knight-tennent-2008-introducing,
    title = "Introducing {DRS} (The Digital Replay System): a Tool for the Future of Corpus Linguistic Research and Analysis",
    author = "Knight, Dawn  and
      Tennent, Paul",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/13_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{atterer-schutze-2008-inverted,
    title = "An Inverted Index for Storing and Retrieving Grammatical Dependencies",
    author = {Atterer, Michaela  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/23_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nilsson-nivre-2008-malteval,
    title = "{M}alt{E}val: an Evaluation and Visualization Tool for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Nilsson, Jens  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/52_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sato-2008-new,
    title = "New Functions of {F}rame{SQL} for Multilingual {F}rame{N}ets",
    author = "Sato, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/191_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shinnou-sasaki-2008-division,
    title = "Division of Example Sentences Based on the Meaning of a Target Word Using Semi-Supervised Clustering",
    author = "Shinnou, Hiroyuki  and
      Sasaki, Minoru",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/301_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{saito-etal-2008-japanese,
    title = "The {J}apanese {F}rame{N}et Software Tools",
    author = "Saito, Hiroaki  and
      Kuboya, Shunta  and
      Sone, Takaaki  and
      Tagami, Hayato  and
      Ohara, Kyoko",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/469_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pazienza-etal-2008-jmwnl,
    title = "{JMWNL}: an Extensible Multilingual Library for Accessing Wordnets in Different Languages",
    author = "Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Stellato, Armando  and
      Tudorache, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/533_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maynard-2008-benchmarking,
    title = "Benchmarking Textual Annotation Tools for the Semantic Web",
    author = "Maynard, Diana",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/11_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-etal-2008-authorship,
    title = "Authorship Identification of {R}omanian Texts with Controversial Paternity",
    author = "Dinu, Liviu  and
      Popescu, Marius  and
      Dinu, Anca",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/862_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kemps-snijders-etal-2008-ensuring,
    title = "Ensuring Semantic Interoperability on Lexical Resources",
    author = "Kemps-Snijders, Marc  and
      Zinn, Claus  and
      Ringersma, Jacquelijn  and
      Windhouwer, Menzo",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/204_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{finthammer-cramer-2008-exploring,
    title = "Exploring and Navigating: Tools for {G}erma{N}et",
    author = "Finthammer, Marc  and
      Cramer, Irene",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/216_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{santaholma-chatzichrisafis-2008-knowledge,
    title = "A Knowledge-Modeling Approach for Multilingual Regulus Lexica",
    author = "Santaholma, Marianne  and
      Chatzichrisafis, Nikos",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/355_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rosner-2008-odl,
    title = "{ODL}: an Object Description Language for Lexical Information",
    author = "Rosner, Michael",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/871_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cristea-etal-2008-evaluate,
    title = "How to Evaluate and Raise the Quality in a Collaborative Lexicographic Approach",
    author = "Cristea, Dan  and
      For{\u{a}}scu, Corina  and
      R{\u{a}}schip, Marius  and
      Zock, Michael",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/397_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-etal-2008-merging,
    title = "Merging a Syntactic Resource with a {W}ord{N}et: a Feasibility Study of a Merge between {STO} and {D}an{N}et",
    author = "Pedersen, Bolette Sandford  and
      Braasch, Anna  and
      Henriksen, Lina  and
      Olsen, Sussi  and
      Povlsen, Claus",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/435_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rizov-2008-hydra,
    title = "{H}ydra: a Modal Logic Tool for {W}ordnet Development, Validation and Exploration",
    author = "Rizov, Borislav",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/389_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lujan-etal-2008-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of several Maximum Likelihood Linear Regression Variants for Language Adaptation",
    author = "Luj{\'a}n, M{\'\i}riam  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Carlos D.  and
      Alabau, Vicent",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/217_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sitbon-etal-2008-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Lexical Resources and Semantic Networks on a Corpus of Mental Associations",
    author = "Sitbon, Laurianne  and
      Bellot, Patrice  and
      Blache, Philippe",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/246_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bieler-dipper-2008-measures,
    title = "Measures for Term and Sentence Relevances: an Evaluation for {G}erman",
    author = "Bieler, Heike  and
      Dipper, Stefanie",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/272_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ritz-etal-2008-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Information Structure: an Evaluation across different Types of Texts",
    author = {Ritz, Julia  and
      Dipper, Stefanie  and
      G{\"o}tze, Michael},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/543_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dinh-etal-2008-word,
    title = "Word Segmentation of {V}ietnamese Texts: a Comparison of Approaches",
    author = "{\DJ}inh, Quang Thắng  and
      L{\^e}, Hồng Phương  and
      Nguyễn, Thị Minh Huyền  and
      Nguyễn, Cẩm T{\'u}  and
      Rossignol, Mathias  and
      V{\~u}, Xu{\^a}n Lương",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/493_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bosco-etal-2008-comparing,
    title = "Comparing {I}talian parsers on a common Treebank: the {EVALITA} experience",
    author = "Bosco, Cristina  and
      Mazzei, Alessandro  and
      Lombardo, Vincenzo  and
      Attardi, Giuseppe  and
      Corazza, Anna  and
      Lavelli, Alberto  and
      Lesmo, Leonardo  and
      Satta, Giorgio  and
      Simi, Maria",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/528_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{magnini-etal-2008-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Natural Language Tools for {I}talian: {EVALITA} 2007",
    author = "Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Cappelli, Amedeo  and
      Tamburini, Fabio  and
      Bosco, Cristina  and
      Mazzei, Alessandro  and
      Lombardo, Vincenzo  and
      Bertagna, Francesca  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Toral, Antonio  and
      Bartalesi Lenzi, Valentina  and
      Sprugnoli, Rachele  and
      Speranza, Manuela",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/630_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pazienza-etal-2008-bottom,
    title = "A Bottom-up Comparative Study of {E}uro{W}ord{N}et and {W}ord{N}et 3.0 Lexical and Semantic Relations",
    author = "Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Stellato, Armando  and
      Tudorache, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/577_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{scerri-etal-2008-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Ontology underlying s{M}ail - the Conceptual Framework for Semantic Email Communication",
    author = "Scerri, Simon  and
      Mencke, Myriam  and
      Davis, Brian  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/657_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{novak-hall-2008-inter,
    title = "Inter-sentential Coreferences in Semantic Networks: An Evaluation of Manual Annotation",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, V{\'a}clav  and
      Hall, Keith",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/695_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maamouri-etal-2008-diacritic,
    title = "Diacritic Annotation in the {A}rabic Treebank and its Impact on Parser Evaluation",
    author = "Maamouri, Mohamed  and
      Kulick, Seth  and
      Bies, Ann",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/706_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{enguehard-naroua-2008-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Virtual Keyboards for West-{A}frican Languages",
    author = "Enguehard, Chantal  and
      Naroua, Harouna",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/710_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{orasan-etal-2008-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora Resolution Exercise: an Overview",
    author = "Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin  and
      Cristea, Dan  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/713_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{santos-simoes-2008-portuguese,
    title = "{P}ortuguese-{E}nglish Word Alignment: some Experiments",
    author = "Santos, Diana  and
      Sim{\~o}es, Alberto",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/760_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schuler-etal-2008-system,
    title = "System Evaluation on a Named Entity Corpus from Clinical Notes",
    author = "Schuler, Karin  and
      Kaggal, Vinod  and
      Masanz, James  and
      Ogren, Philip  and
      Savova, Guergana",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/764_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ogren-etal-2008-constructing,
    title = "Constructing Evaluation Corpora for Automated Clinical Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Ogren, Philip  and
      Savova, Guergana  and
      Chute, Christopher",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/796_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ringger-etal-2008-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Costs of Machine-Assisted Corpus Annotation through a User Study",
    author = "Ringger, Eric  and
      Carmen, Marc  and
      Haertel, Robbie  and
      Seppi, Kevin  and
      Lonsdale, Deryle  and
      McClanahan, Peter  and
      Carroll, James  and
      Ellison, Noel",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/832_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{allauzen-bonneau-maynard-2008-training,
    title = "Training and Evaluation of {POS} Taggers on the {F}rench {MULTITAG} Corpus",
    author = "Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Bonneau-Maynard, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/856_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{baroni-etal-2008-cleaneval,
    title = "{C}leaneval: a Competition for Cleaning Web Pages",
    author = "Baroni, Marco  and
      Chantree, Francis  and
      Kilgarriff, Adam  and
      Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/162_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{arehart-miller-2008-ground,
    title = "A Ground Truth Dataset for Matching Culturally Diverse {R}omanized Person Names",
    author = "Arehart, Mark  and
      Miller, Keith J.",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/291_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fujii-etal-2008-producing,
    title = "Producing a Test Collection for Patent Machine Translation in the Seventh {NTCIR} Workshop",
    author = "Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Yamamoto, Mikio  and
      Utsuro, Takehito",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/458_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{amoia-gardent-2008-test,
    title = "A Test Suite for Inference Involving Adjectives",
    author = "Amoia, Marilisa  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/161_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nishiura-etal-2008-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Framework for Distant-talking Speech Recognition under Reverberant Environments: newest Part of the {CENSREC} Series -",
    author = "Nishiura, Takanobu  and
      Nakayama, Masato  and
      Denda, Yuki  and
      Kitaoka, Norihide  and
      Yamamoto, Kazumasa  and
      Yamada, Takeshi  and
      Tsuge, Satoru  and
      Miyajima, Chiyomi  and
      Fujimoto, Masakiyo  and
      Takiguchi, Tetsuya  and
      Tamura, Satoshi  and
      Kuroiwa, Shingo  and
      Takeda, Kazuya  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/468_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hamon-mostefa-2008-experimental,
    title = "An Experimental Methodology for an End-to-End Evaluation in Speech-to-Speech Translation",
    author = "Hamon, Olivier  and
      Mostefa, Djamel",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/900_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-hinarejos-tamarit-2008-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Different Segmentation Techniques for Dialogue Turns",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez-Hinarejos, Carlos D.  and
      Tamarit, Vicent",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/119_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{griol-etal-2008-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition and Evaluation of a Dialog Corpus through {WO}z and Dialog Simulation Techniques",
    author = "Griol, David  and
      Hurtado, Llu{\'\i}s F.  and
      Segarra, Encarna  and
      Sanchis, Emilio",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/197_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{robinson-etal-2008-ask,
    title = "What would you Ask a conversational Agent? Observations of Human-Agent Dialogues in a Museum Setting",
    author = "Robinson, Susan  and
      Traum, David  and
      Ittycheriah, Midhun  and
      Henderer, Joe",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/289_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{toney-etal-2008-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of Spoken and Textual Interaction in the {RITEL} Interactive Question Answering System",
    author = "Toney, Dave  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Galibert, Olivier  and
      Bilinski, Eric",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/825_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{amar-etal-2008-classification,
    title = "Classification Procedures for Software Evaluation",
    author = "Amar, Muriel  and
      David, Sophie  and
      Panckhurst, Rachel  and
      Whistlecroft, Lisa",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/160_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ozdowska-2008-cross,
    title = "Cross-Corpus Evaluation of Word Alignment",
    author = "Ozdowska, Sylwia",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/207_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maynard-etal-2008-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Evaluation Metrics for Ontology-Based Applications: Infinite Reflection",
    author = "Maynard, Diana  and
      Peters, Wim  and
      Li, Yaoyong",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/273_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mccarthy-2008-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Substitution as a Framework for Multiword Evaluation",
    author = "McCarthy, Diana",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/275_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{emms-2008-tree,
    title = "Tree Distance and Some Other Variants of Evalb",
    author = "Emms, Martin",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/348_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tantug-etal-2008-bleu,
    title = "{BLEU}+: a Tool for Fine-Grained {BLEU} Computation",
    author = {Tantu{\v{g}}, A. C{\"u}neyd  and
      Oflazer, Kemal  and
      El-Kahlout, Ilknur Durgar},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/382_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{graham-etal-2008-elicited,
    title = "Elicited Imitation as an Oral Proficiency Measure with {ASR} Scoring",
    author = "Graham, C. Ray  and
      Lonsdale, Deryle  and
      Kennington, Casey  and
      Johnson, Aaron  and
      McGhee, Jeremiah",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/409_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{concejero-etal-2008-methodology,
    title = "Methodology for Evaluating the Usability of User Interfaces in Mobile Services",
    author = "Concejero, Pedro  and
      Tapias, Daniel  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Juan Jos{\'e}  and
      Luengo, Juan Carlos  and
      S{\'a}nchez, Sebasti{\'a}n",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/582_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{geoffrois-2008-economic,
    title = "An Economic View on Human Language Technology Evaluation",
    author = "Geoffrois, Edouard",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/616_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{alex-2008-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Corpus-based to Web-based Lookup Techniques for Automatic {E}nglish Inclusion Detection",
    author = "Alex, Beatrice",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/674_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hasler-2008-centering,
    title = "Centering Theory for Evaluation of Coherence in Computer-Aided Summaries",
    author = "Hasler, Laura",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/676_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{strassel-etal-2008-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Resources and Evaluation Techniques for Evaluation of Cross-Document Automatic Content Extraction",
    author = "Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Przybocki, Mark  and
      Peterson, Kay  and
      Song, Zhiyi  and
      Maeda, Kazuaki",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/677_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bos-2008-lets,
    title = "Let{'}s not Argue about Semantics",
    author = "Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/721_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hardcastle-scott-2008-evaluate,
    title = "Can we Evaluate the Quality of Generated Text?",
    author = "Hardcastle, David  and
      Scott, Donia",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/797_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2008-infrastructure,
    title = "An Infrastructure, Tools and Methodology for Evaluation of Multicultural Name Matching Systems",
    author = "Miller, Keith J.  and
      Arehart, Mark  and
      Ball, Catherine  and
      Polk, John  and
      Rubenstein, Alan  and
      Samuel, Kenneth  and
      Schroeder, Elizabeth  and
      Vecchi, Eva  and
      Wolf, Chris",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/805_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sitbon-etal-2008-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Robustness Of A {QA} System Through A Corpus Of Real-Life Questions",
    author = "Sitbon, Laurianne  and
      Bellot, Patrice  and
      Blache, Philippe",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/244_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{devitt-ahmad-2008-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis and the Use of Extrinsic Datasets in Evaluation",
    author = "Devitt, Ann  and
      Ahmad, Khurshid",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/276_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{grouin-2008-certification,
    title = "Certification and Cleaning up of a Text Corpus: Towards an Evaluation of the {``}Grammatical{''} Quality of a Corpus",
    author = "Grouin, Cyril",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/280_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{blin-etal-2008-web,
    title = "{WEB}-Based Listening Test System for Speech Synthesis and Speech Conversion Evaluation",
    author = "Blin, Laurent  and
      Boeffard, Olivier  and
      Barreaud, Vincent",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/573_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dividino-etal-2008-semiotic,
    title = "Semiotic-based Ontology Evaluation Tool (S-{O}nto{E}val)",
    author = "Dividino, Renata  and
      Romanelli, Massimo  and
      Sonntag, Daniel",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/671_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{demetriou-etal-2008-annalist,
    title = "{ANNALIST} - {ANN}otation {ALI}gnment and Scoring Tool",
    author = "Demetriou, George  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Sun, Haotian  and
      Roberts, Angus",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/869_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-belis-etal-2008-task,
    title = "Task-Based Evaluation of Meeting Browsers: from Task Elicitation to User Behavior Analysis",
    author = "Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Flynn, Mike  and
      Wellner, Pierre  and
      Baudrion, Philippe",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/580_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{estrella-etal-2008-improving,
    title = "Improving Contextual Quality Models for {MT} Evaluation Based on Evaluators{'} Feedback",
    author = "Estrella, Paula  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      King, Maghi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/236_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{weiss-etal-2008-performance,
    title = "Performance Evaluation of Speech Translation Systems",
    author = "Weiss, Brian  and
      Schlenoff, Craig  and
      Sanders, Greg  and
      Steves, Michelle  and
      Condon, Sherri  and
      Phillips, Jon  and
      Parvaz, Dan",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/99_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mauser-etal-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation Measures for Statistical Machine Translation System Optimization",
    author = "Mauser, Arne  and
      Hasan, Sa{\v{s}}a  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/785_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-etal-2008-racais,
    title = "{RACAI}{'}s Linguistic Web Services",
    author = "Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan  and
      Ion, Radu  and
      Ceau{\c{s}}u, Alexandru  and
      {\c{S}}tef{\u{a}}nescu, Dan",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/90_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{biber-etal-2008-words,
    title = "Words in Contexts: Digital Editions of Literary Journals in the {``}{AAC} - {A}ustrian Academy Corpus{''}",
    author = {Biber, Hanno  and
      Breiteneder, Evelyn  and
      M{\"o}rth, Karlheinz},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/92_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{biemann-etal-2008-asv,
    title = "{ASV} Toolbox: a Modular Collection of Language Exploration Tools",
    author = "Biemann, Chris  and
      Quasthoff, Uwe  and
      Heyer, Gerhard  and
      Holz, Florian",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/447_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{branco-etal-2008-lx,
    title = "{LX}-Service: Web Services of Language Technology for {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Branco, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Costa, Francisco  and
      Martins, Pedro  and
      Nunes, Filipe  and
      Silva, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Silveira, Sara",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/640_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pianta-etal-2008-textpro,
    title = "The {T}ext{P}ro Tool Suite",
    author = "Pianta, Emanuele  and
      Girardi, Christian  and
      Zanoli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/645_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shawar-atwell-2008-ai,
    title = "An {AI}-inspired intelligent agent/student architecture to combine Language Resources research and teaching",
    author = "Shawar, Bayan Abu  and
      Atwell, Eric",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/777_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{elenius-etal-2008-language,
    title = "Language Resources and Tools for {S}wedish: A Survey",
    author = "Elenius, Kjell  and
      Forsbom, Eva  and
      Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/156_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nygaard-etal-2008-glossa,
    title = "{G}lossa: a Multilingual, Multimodal, Configurable User Interface",
    author = "Nygaard, Lars  and
      Priestley, Joel  and
      N{\o}klestad, Anders  and
      Johannessen, Janne Bondi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/159_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{buyko-etal-2008-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-Based Interface Specifications for a {NLP} Pipeline Architecture",
    author = "Buyko, Ekaterina  and
      Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Pareja Lora, Antonio",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/215_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{broeder-etal-2008-foundation,
    title = "Foundation of a Component-based Flexible Registry for Language Resources and Technology",
    author = "Broeder, Daan  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      Piperidis, Stelios  and
      Romary, Laurent  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Wittenburg, Peter",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/364_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{broeder-etal-2008-building,
    title = "Building a Federation of Language Resource Repositories: the {DAM}-{LR} Project and its Continuation within {CLARIN}.",
    author = {Broeder, Daan  and
      Nathan, David  and
      Str{\"o}mqvist, Sven  and
      van Veenendaal, Remco},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/370_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{trilsbeek-etal-2008-grid,
    title = "A Grid of Regional Language Archives",
    author = "Trilsbeek, Paul  and
      Broeder, Daan  and
      Valkenhoef, Tobias  and
      Wittenburg, Peter",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/376_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tokunaga-etal-2008-adapting,
    title = "Adapting International Standard for {A}sian Language Technologies",
    author = "Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Kaplan, Dain  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Soria, Claudia  and
      Shirai, Kiyoaki  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Charoenporn, Thatsanee  and
      Xia, YingJu",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/422_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shinzato-etal-2008-large,
    title = "A Large-Scale Web Data Collection as a Natural Language Processing Infrastructure",
    author = "Shinzato, Keiji  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/564_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gratta-etal-2008-ufra,
    title = "{UFRA}: a {UIMA}-based Approach to Federated Language Resource Architecture",
    author = "Gratta, Riccardo Del  and
      Bartolini, Roberto  and
      Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Soria, Claudia  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/656_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{rehm-etal-2008-metadata,
    title = "The Metadata-Database of a Next Generation Sustainability Web-Platform for Language Resources",
    author = "Rehm, Georg  and
      Schonefeld, Oliver  and
      Witt, Andreas  and
      Lehmberg, Timm  and
      Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Bechara, Hanan  and
      Eishold, Florian  and
      Evang, Kilian  and
      Leshtanska, Magdalena  and
      Savkov, Aleksandar  and
      Stark, Matthias",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/97_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lendvai-hunt-2008-field,
    title = "From Field Notes towards a Knowledge Base",
    author = "Lendvai, Piroska  and
      Hunt, Steve",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/163_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tohyama-etal-2008-construction-metadata,
    title = "Construction of a Metadata Database for Efficient Development and Use of Language Resources",
    author = "Tohyama, Hitomi  and
      Kozawa, Shunsuke  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/428_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{madsen-thomsen-2008-taxonomy,
    title = "A Taxonomy of Lexical Metadata Categories",
    author = "Madsen, Bodil Nistrup  and
      Thomsen, Hanne Erdman",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/864_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{itahashi-tseng-2008-2008,
    title = "The 2008 Oriental {COCOSDA} Book Project: in Commemoration of the First Decade of Sustained Activities in Asia",
    author = "Itahashi, Shuichi  and
      Tseng, Chiu-yu",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/28_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{przepiorkowski-etal-2008-towards,
    title = "Towards the National Corpus of Polish",
    author = "Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam  and
      G{\'o}rski, Rafa{\l} L.  and
      Lewandowska-Tomaszyk, Barbara  and
      {\L}azi{\'n}ski, Marek",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/211_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{meister-vilo-2008-strengthening,
    title = "Strengthening the {E}stonian Language Technology",
    author = "Meister, Einar  and
      Vilo, Jaak",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/787_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maegaard-etal-2008-medar,
    title = "{MEDAR}: Collaboration between {E}uropean and Mediterranean {A}rabic Partners to Support the Development of Language Technology for {A}rabic",
    author = "Maegaard, Bente  and
      Atiyya, Mohammed  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Krauwer, Steven  and
      Mokbel, Chafic  and
      Yaseen, Mustafa",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/917_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{krek-etal-2008-slovene,
    title = "{S}lovene Terminology Web Portal and the {TBX}-Compatible Simplified {DTD}/schema",
    author = "Krek, Simon  and
      Gorjanc, Vojko  and
      Arhar, {\v{S}}pela",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/553_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{petukhova-bunt-2008-lirics,
    title = "{LIRICS} Semantic Role Annotation: Design and Evaluation of a Set of Data Categories",
    author = "Petukhova, Volha  and
      Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/17_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zeman-2008-reusable,
    title = "Reusable Tagset Conversion Using Tagset Drivers",
    author = "Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/66_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{derouin-meur-2008-presentation,
    title = "Presentation of the New {ISO}-Standard for the Representation of Entries in Dictionaries: {ISO} 1951",
    author = "Derouin, Marie-Jeanne  and
      Meur, Andr{\'e} Le",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/190_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kemps-snijders-etal-2008-isocat,
    title = "{ISO}cat: Corralling Data Categories in the Wild",
    author = "Kemps-Snijders, Marc  and
      Windhouwer, Menzo  and
      Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Wright, Sue Ellen",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/222_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maks-etal-2008-standardising,
    title = "Standardising Bilingual Lexical Resources According to the Lexicon Markup Framework",
    author = "Maks, Isa  and
      Tiberius, Carole  and
      van Veenendaal, Remco",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/439_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-2008-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Standardized Syntactic Annotation",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/770_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{arranz-etal-2008-guide,
    title = "A Guide for the Production of Reusable Language Resources",
    author = "Arranz, Victoria  and
      Gandcher, Franck  and
      Mapelli, Val{\'e}rie  and
      Choukri, Khalid",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/898_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maurel-2008-prolexbase,
    title = "{P}rolexbase: a Multilingual Relational Lexical Database of Proper Names",
    author = "Maurel, Denis",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/91_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hayashi-etal-2008-ontologizing,
    title = "Ontologizing Lexicon Access Functions based on an {LMF}-based Lexicon Taxonomy",
    author = "Hayashi, Yoshihiko  and
      Narawa, Chiharu  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Soria, Claudia  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/231_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{barbu-2008-romanian,
    title = "{R}omanian Lexical Data Bases: Inflected and Syllabic Forms Dictionaries",
    author = "Barbu, Ana-Maria",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/495_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fujii-2008-producing,
    title = "Producing an Encyclopedic Dictionary using Patent Documents",
    author = "Fujii, Atsushi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/519_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vriend-etal-2008-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Relationship between Linguistic and Geographic Distances using a 3{D} Visualization",
    author = "Vriend, Folkert de  and
      Kunst, Jan Pieter  and
      Bosch, Louis ten  and
      Giesbers, Charlotte  and
      Hout, Roeland van",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/559_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{banski-moszczynski-2008-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing an {E}nglish-Polish Electronic Dictionary for Multiword Expression Research",
    author = "Ba{\'n}ski, Piotr  and
      Moszczy{\'n}ski, Rados{\l}aw",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/651_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brierley-atwell-2008-proposel-prosody,
    title = "{P}ro{POSEL}: A Prosody and {POS} {E}nglish Lexicon for Language Engineering",
    author = "Brierley, Claire  and
      Atwell, Eric",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/724_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{westerhout-monachesi-2008-creating,
    title = "Creating Glossaries Using Pattern-Based and Machine Learning Techniques",
    author = "Westerhout, Eline  and
      Monachesi, Paola",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/783_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cahill-2008-using,
    title = "Using Similarity Measures to Extend the {L}in{GO} Lexicon",
    author = "Cahill, Lynne",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/823_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{adolphs-2008-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring a Poor Man{'}s Inflectional Lexicon for {G}erman",
    author = "Adolphs, Peter",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/867_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bel-etal-2008-coldic,
    title = "{COLDIC}, a Lexicographic Platform for {LMF} compliant lexica",
    author = "Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Espeja, Sergio  and
      Marimon, Montserrat  and
      Villegas, Marta",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/42_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bamman-etal-2008-annotation,
    title = "The Annotation Guidelines of the {L}atin Dependency Treebank and Index {T}homisticus Treebank: the Treatment of some specific Syntactic Constructions in {L}atin",
    author = "Bamman, David  and
      Passarotti, Marco  and
      Busa, Roberto  and
      Crane, Gregory",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/25_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-etal-2008-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Lexical Acquisition for Part of Speech Tagging",
    author = "Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan  and
      Irimia, Elena  and
      Ion, Radu  and
      Ceau{\c{s}}u, Alexandru",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/56_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{todirascu-etal-2008-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach to Extracting and Classifying {V}erb+{N}oun Constructions",
    author = "Todira{\c{s}}cu, Amalia  and
      Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan  and
      Heid, Ulrich  and
      Gledhill, Christopher  and
      {\c{S}}tefanescu, Dan  and
      Weller, Marion  and
      Rousselot, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/500_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lapshinova-koltunski-heid-2008-head,
    title = "Head or Non-head? Semi-automatic Procedures for Extracting and Classifying Subcategorisation Properties of Compounds.",
    author = "Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina  and
      Heid, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/88_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kountz-etal-2008-laf,
    title = "A {LAF}/{G}r{AF} based Encoding Scheme for underspecified Representations of syntactic Annotations.",
    author = "Kountz, Manuel  and
      Heid, Ulrich  and
      Eckart, Kerstin",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/569_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{erjavec-krek-2008-jos,
    title = "The {JOS} Morphosyntactically Tagged Corpus of {S}lovene",
    author = "Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Krek, Simon",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/89_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{buczynski-przepiorkowski-2008-demo,
    title = "♠ Demo: An Open Source Tool for Partial Parsing and Morphosyntactic Disambiguation",
    author = "Buczy{\'n}ski, Aleksander  and
      Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/212_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{scheible-2008-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Superlatives",
    author = "Scheible, Silke",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/234_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ivanova-kuebler-2008-pos,
    title = "{POS} Tagging for {G}erman: how important is the Right Context?",
    author = "Ivanova, Steliana  and
      Kuebler, Sandra",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/253_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hanig-etal-2008-unsuparse,
    title = "{U}nsu{P}arse: unsupervised Parsing with unsupervised Part of Speech Tagging",
    author = {H{\"a}nig, Christian  and
      Bordag, Stefan  and
      Quasthoff, Uwe},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/286_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tonelli-etal-2008-enriching,
    title = "Enriching the Venice {I}talian Treebank with Dependency and Grammatical Relations",
    author = "Tonelli, Sara  and
      Delmonte, Rodolfo  and
      Bristot, Antonella",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/490_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vuckovic-etal-2008-rule,
    title = "Rule-Based Chunker for {C}roatian",
    author = "Vu{\v{c}}kovi{\'c}, Kristina  and
      Tadi{\'c}, Marko  and
      Dovedan, Zdravko",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/631_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{quochi-calderone-2008-learning,
    title = "Learning properties of Noun Phrases: from data to functions",
    author = "Quochi, Valeria  and
      Calderone, Basilio",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/644_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{banik-lee-2008-study,
    title = "A Study of Parentheticals in Discourse Corpora - Implications for {NLG} Systems",
    author = "Banik, Eva  and
      Lee, Alan",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/663_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maamouri-etal-2008-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing the {A}rabic Treebank: a Collaborative Effort toward New Annotation Guidelines",
    author = "Maamouri, Mohamed  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Kulick, Seth",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/807_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-etal-2008-pilot,
    title = "A Pilot {A}rabic {P}ropbank",
    author = "Palmer, Martha  and
      Babko-Malaya, Olga  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Maamouri, Mohamed  and
      Mansouri, Aous  and
      Zaghouani, Wajdi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/880_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{greenwood-etal-2008-saxon,
    title = "{S}axon: an Extensible Multimedia Annotator",
    author = "Greenwood, Mark  and
      Iria, Jos{\'e}  and
      Ciravegna, Fabio",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/158_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kipp-2008-spatiotemporal,
    title = "Spatiotemporal Coding in {ANVIL}",
    author = "Kipp, Michael",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/521_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{savino-etal-2008-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Audio and Visual Information for Modelling Communicative Behaviours Perceived as Different",
    author = "Savino, Michelina  and
      Scivetti, Laura  and
      Refice, Mario",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/448_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maeda-etal-2008-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Tool Development for Large-Scale Corpus Creation Projects at the Linguistic Data Consortium",
    author = "Maeda, Kazuaki  and
      Lee, Haejoong  and
      Medero, Shawn  and
      Medero, Julie  and
      Parker, Robert  and
      Strassel, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/775_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{trojanova-etal-2008-design,
    title = "Design and Recording of {C}zech Audio-Visual Database with Impaired Conditions for Continuous Speech Recognition",
    author = "Trojanov{\'a}, Jana  and
      Hr{\'u}z, Marek  and
      Campr, Pavel  and
      {\v{Z}}elezn{\'y}, Milo{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/316_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{llorens-etal-2008-ujipenchars,
    title = "The {UJI}penchars Database: a Pen-Based Database of Isolated Handwritten Characters",
    author = "Llorens, D.  and
      Prat, F.  and
      Marzal, A.  and
      Vilar, J. M.  and
      Castro, M. J.  and
      Amengual, J. C.  and
      Barrachina, S.  and
      Castellanos, A.  and
      Espa{\~n}a, S.  and
      G{\'o}mez, J. A.  and
      Gorbe, J.  and
      Gordo, A.  and
      Palaz{\'o}n, V.  and
      Peris, G.  and
      Ramos-Garijo, R.  and
      Zamora, F.",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/658_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chetelat-pele-braffort-2008-sign,
    title = "Sign Language Corpus Annotation: toward a new Methodology",
    author = "Ch{\'e}telat-Pel{\'e}, Emilie  and
      Braffort, Annelies",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/168_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dreuw-etal-2008-benchmark,
    title = "Benchmark Databases for Video-Based Automatic Sign Language Recognition",
    author = "Dreuw, Philippe  and
      Neidle, Carol  and
      Athitsos, Vassilis  and
      Sclaroff, Stan  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/287_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bungeroth-etal-2008-atis,
    title = "The {ATIS} Sign Language Corpus",
    author = "Bungeroth, Jan  and
      Stein, Daniel  and
      Dreuw, Philippe  and
      Ney, Hermann  and
      Morrissey, Sara  and
      Way, Andy  and
      van Zijl, Lynette",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/748_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{campr-etal-2008-collection,
    title = "Collection and Preprocessing of {C}zech Sign Language Corpus for Sign Language Recognition",
    author = "Campr, Pavel  and
      Hr{\'u}z, Marek  and
      Trojanov{\'a}, Jana",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/804_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kitazawa-etal-2008-multimodal,
    title = "A Multimodal Infant Behavior Annotation for Developmental Analysis of Demonstrative Expressions",
    author = "Kitazawa, Shigeyoshi  and
      Kiriyama, Shinya  and
      Kasami, Tomohiko  and
      Ishikawa, Shogo  and
      Otani, Naofumi  and
      Horiuchi, Hiroaki  and
      Takebayashi, Yoichi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/238_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{arimoto-etal-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Emotional Degree Labeling for Speakers{'} Anger Utterance during Natural {J}apanese Dialog",
    author = "Arimoto, Yoshiko  and
      Ohno, Sumio  and
      Iida, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/575_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kostoulas-etal-2008-real,
    title = "A Real-World Emotional Speech Corpus for Modern {G}reek",
    author = "Kostoulas, Theodoros  and
      Ganchev, Todor  and
      Mporas, Iosif  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/664_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wilson-2008-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Subjective Content in Meetings",
    author = "Wilson, Theresa",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/693_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-heuvel-etal-2008-autonomata,
    title = "The {AUTONOMATA} Spoken Names Corpus",
    author = "van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      Martens, Jean-Pierre  and
      D{'}hoore, Bart  and
      D{'}hanens, Kristof  and
      Konings, Nanneke",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/48_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{williams-jones-2008-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Pronunciation Data for a Placenames Lexicon in a Less-Resourced Language",
    author = "Williams, Briony  and
      Jones, Rhys James",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/55_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-mochizuki-2008-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a Database of Non-{J}apanese Pronunciations of Different {J}apanese Romanizations",
    author = "Kaji, Reiko  and
      Mochizuki, Hajime",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/440_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{laurent-etal-2008-combined,
    title = "Combined Systems for Automatic Phonetic Transcription of Proper Nouns",
    author = "Laurent, Antoine  and
      Merlin, T{\'e}va  and
      Meignier, Sylvain  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick  and
      Del{\'e}glise, Paul",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/455_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hoge-etal-2008-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Modules and Tools for Speech Synthesis: the {ECESS} Framework",
    author = {H{\"o}ge, Harald  and
      Kacic, Zdravko  and
      Kotnik, Bojan  and
      Rojc, Matej  and
      Moreau, Nicolas  and
      Hain, Horst-Udo},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/32_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gibbon-bachan-2008-automatic,
    title = "An Automatic Close Copy Speech Synthesis Tool for Large-Scale Speech Corpus Evaluation",
    author = "Gibbon, Dafydd  and
      Bachan, Jolanta",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/228_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{scherer-strauss-2008-flexible,
    title = "A Flexible Wizard of {O}z Environment for Rapid Prototyping",
    author = "Scherer, Stefan  and
      Strau{\ss}, Petra-Maria",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/240_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{matousek-etal-2008-building,
    title = "Building of a Speech Corpus Optimised for Unit Selection {TTS} Synthesis",
    author = "Matou{\v{s}}ek, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Tihelka, Daniel  and
      Romportl, Jan",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/329_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{oliveira-etal-2008-methodologies,
    title = "Methodologies for Designing and Recording Speech Databases for Corpus Based Synthesis",
    author = "Oliveira, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Paulo, S{\'e}rgio  and
      Figueira, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Mendes, Carlos  and
      Nunes, Ana  and
      Godinho, Joaquim",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/741_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{patry-langlais-2008-mistral,
    title = "{MISTRAL}: a Statistical Machine Translation Decoder for Speech Recognition Lattices",
    author = "Patry, Alexandre  and
      Langlais, Philippe",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/293_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ziegenhain-etal-2008-lc,
    title = "LC-STAR II: Starring more Lexica",
    author = "Ziegenhain, Ute  and
      Fersoe, Hanne  and
      van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      Moreno, Asuncion",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/358_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{eck-etal-2008-communicating,
    title = "Communicating Unknown Words in Machine Translation",
    author = "Eck, Matthias  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/392_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bouillon-etal-2008-developing,
    title = "Developing Non-{E}uropean Translation Pairs in a Medium-Vocabulary Medical Speech Translation System",
    author = "Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Halimi, Sonia  and
      Nakao, Yukie  and
      Kanzaki, Kyoko  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Tsourakis, Nikos  and
      Starlander, Marianne  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann  and
      Rayner, Manny",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/443_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{perera-etal-2008-clios,
    title = "{CLI}o{S}: Cross-lingual Induction of Speech Recognition Grammars",
    author = "Perera, Nadine  and
      Pitz, Michael  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/622_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ono-etal-2008-construction,
    title = "Construction and Analysis of Word-level Time-aligned Simultaneous Interpretation Corpus",
    author = "Ono, Takahiro  and
      Tohyama, Hitomi  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/860_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{meurs-etal-2008-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Frame Annotation on the {F}rench {MEDIA} corpus",
    author = "Meurs, Marie-Jean  and
      Duvert, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Lef{\`e}vre, Fabrice  and
      Mori, Renato de",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/256_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{webb-etal-2008-cross,
    title = "Cross-Domain Dialogue Act Tagging",
    author = "Webb, Nick  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/502_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tsourakis-etal-2008-building,
    title = "Building Mobile Spoken Dialogue Applications Using Regulus",
    author = "Tsourakis, Nikos  and
      Georgescul, Maria  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Rayner, Manny",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/620_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{raymond-etal-2008-active,
    title = "Active Annotation in the {LUNA} {I}talian Corpus of Spontaneous Dialogues",
    author = "Raymond, Christian  and
      Rodriguez, Kepa Joseba  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/499_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-etal-2008-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Various Methods for Concept Tagging for Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Hahn, Stefan  and
      Lehnen, Patrick  and
      Raymond, Christian  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/749_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{huet-etal-2008-morphosyntactic,
    title = "Morphosyntactic Resources for Automatic Speech Recognition",
    author = "Huet, St{\'e}phane  and
      Gravier, Guillaume  and
      S{\'e}billot, Pascale",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/174_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{morales-etal-2008-stc,
    title = "{STC}-{TIMIT}: Generation of a Single-channel Telephone Corpus",
    author = "Morales, Nicol{\'a}s  and
      Tejedor, Javier  and
      Garrido, Javier  and
      Col{\'a}s, Jos{\'e}  and
      Toledano, Doroteo T.",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/102_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sanders-etal-2008-lila,
    title = "{LILA}: Cellular Telephone Speech Databases from Asia",
    author = "Sanders, Eric  and
      Moreno, Asuncion  and
      Tropf, Herbert  and
      Melnar, Lynette  and
      Dekel, Nurit  and
      Gillies, Breanna  and
      Paulsson, Niklas",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/278_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{demenko-etal-2008-jurisdic,
    title = "{JURISDIC}: Polish Speech Database for Taking Dictation of Legal Texts",
    author = "Demenko, Grazyna  and
      Grocholewski, Stefan  and
      Klessa, Katarzyna  and
      Og{\'o}rkiewicz, Jerzy  and
      Wagner, Agnieszka  and
      Lange, Marek  and
      {\'S}ledzi{\'n}ski, Daniel  and
      Cylwik, Natalia",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/326_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dekens-etal-2008-multi,
    title = "A Multi-sensor Speech Database with Applications towards Robust Speech Processing in hostile Environments",
    author = "Dekens, Tomas  and
      Patsis, Yorgos  and
      Verhelst, Werner  and
      Beaugendre, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Capman, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/344_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{trancoso-etal-2008-lectra,
    title = "The {LECTRA} Corpus - Classroom Lecture Transcriptions in {E}uropean {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Trancoso, Isabel  and
      Martins, Rui  and
      Moniz, Helena  and
      Mata, Ana Isabel  and
      Viana, M. C{\'e}u",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/359_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schiel-etal-2008-alc,
    title = "{ALC}: Alcohol Language Corpus",
    author = {Schiel, Florian  and
      Heinrich, Christian  and
      Barf{\"u}{\ss}er, Sabine  and
      Gilg, Thomas},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/419_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-etal-2008-design,
    title = "Design of a Multimodal Database for Research on Automatic Detection of Severe Apnoea Cases",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez, Rub{\'e}n  and
      Hern{\'a}ndez, Luis A.  and
      L{\'o}pez, Eduardo  and
      Alc{\'a}zar, Jos{\'e}  and
      Portillo, Guillermo  and
      Toledano, Doroteo T.",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/454_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{akiba-etal-2008-test,
    title = "Test Collections for Spoken Document Retrieval from Lecture Audio Data",
    author = "Akiba, Tomoyosi  and
      Aikawa, Kiyoaki  and
      Itoh, Yoshiaki  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya  and
      Nanjo, Hiroaki  and
      Nishizaki, Hiromitsu  and
      Yasuda, Norihito  and
      Yamashita, Yoichi  and
      Itou, Katunobu",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/400_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ozaki-etal-2008-car,
    title = "In-car Speech Data Collection along with Various Multimodal Signals",
    author = "Ozaki, Akira  and
      Hara, Sunao  and
      Kusakawa, Takashi  and
      Miyajima, Chiyomi  and
      Nishino, Takanori  and
      Kitaoka, Norihide  and
      Itou, Katunobu  and
      Takeda, Kazuya",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/472_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tsuchiya-etal-2008-developing,
    title = "Developing Corpus of {J}apanese Classroom Lecture Speech Contents",
    author = "Tsuchiya, Masatoshi  and
      Kogure, Satoru  and
      Nishizaki, Hiromitsu  and
      Ohta, Kengo  and
      Nakagawa, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/524_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hofbauer-etal-2008-atcosim,
    title = "The {ATCOSIM} Corpus of Non-Prompted Clean Air Traffic Control Speech",
    author = "Hofbauer, Konrad  and
      Petrik, Stefan  and
      Hering, Horst",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/545_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{winkler-etal-2008-moveon,
    title = "The {M}ove{O}n Motorcycle Speech Corpus",
    author = {Winkler, Thomas  and
      Kostoulas, Theodoros  and
      Adderley, Richard  and
      Bonkowski, Christian  and
      Ganchev, Todor  and
      K{\"o}hler, Joachim  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/557_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ntalampiras-etal-2008-audio,
    title = "Audio Database in Support of Potentiel Threat and Crisis Situation Management",
    author = "Ntalampiras, Stavros  and
      Potamitis, Ilyas  and
      Ganchev, Todor  and
      Fakotakis, Nikos",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/327_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{garnier-rizet-etal-2008-callsurf,
    title = "{C}all{S}urf: Automatic Transcription, Indexing and Structuration of Call Center Conversational Speech for Knowledge Extraction and Query by Content",
    author = "Garnier-Rizet, Martine  and
      Adda, Gilles  and
      Cailliau, Frederik  and
      Guillemin-Lanne, Sylvie  and
      Waast-Richard, Claire  and
      Lamel, Lori  and
      Vanni, Stephan  and
      Waast-Richard, Claire",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/652_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mostefa-vallee-2008-new,
    title = "New Telephone Speech Databases for {F}rench: a Children Database and an optimized Adult Corpus",
    author = "Mostefa, Djamel  and
      Vallee, Arnaud",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/901_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{marasek-gubrynowicz-2008-design,
    title = "Design and Data Collection for Spoken Polish Dialogs Database",
    author = "Marasek, Krzysztof  and
      Gubrynowicz, Ryszard",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/57_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{santos-freitas-2008-corp,
    title = "{CORP}-{ORAL}: Spontaneous Speech Corpus for {E}uropean {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Santos, Fab{\'\i}ola  and
      Freitas, Tiago",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/331_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hennoste-etal-2008-human,
    title = "From Human Communication to Intelligent User Interfaces: Corpora of Spoken {E}stonian",
    author = {Hennoste, Tiit  and
      Gerassimenko, Olga  and
      Kasterpalu, Riina  and
      Koit, Mare  and
      R{\"a}{\"a}bis, Andriela  and
      Strandson, Krista},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/518_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{muhr-2008-pronouncing,
    title = "The Pronouncing Dictionary of {A}ustrian {G}erman ({AGPD}) and the {A}ustrian Phonetic Database ({ADABA}): Report on a large Phonetic Resources Database of the three Major Varieties of {G}erman",
    author = "Muhr, Rudolf",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/786_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{brinckmann-etal-2008-german,
    title = "{G}erman Today: a really extensive Corpus of Spoken Standard {G}erman",
    author = {Brinckmann, Caren  and
      Kleiner, Stefan  and
      Kn{\"o}bl, Ralf  and
      Berend, Nina},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/806_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bonafonte-etal-2008-corpus,
    title = "Corpus and Voices for {C}atalan Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Bonafonte, Antonio  and
      Adell, Jordi  and
      Esquerra, Ignasi  and
      Gallego, Silvia  and
      Moreno, Asunci{\'o}n  and
      P{\'e}rez, Javier",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/835_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{adda-decker-etal-2008-developments,
    title = {Developments of {``}L{\"e}tzebuergesch{''} Resources for Automatic Speech Processing and Linguistic Studies},
    author = "Adda-Decker, Martine  and
      Pellegrini, Thomas  and
      Bilinski, Eric  and
      Adda, Gilles",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/855_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nemoto-etal-2008-speech,
    title = "Speech Errors on Frequently Observed Homophones in {F}rench: Perceptual Evaluation vs Automatic Classification",
    author = "Nemoto, Rena  and
      Vasilescu, Ioana  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/554_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{yamazaki-etal-2008-creation,
    title = "Creation of Learner Corpus and Its Application to Speech Recognition",
    author = "Yamazaki, Hiroki  and
      Kitamura, Keisuke  and
      Harada, Takashi  and
      Yamamoto, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/39_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{antoine-etal-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Rich Annotation of Large Corpus of Conversational transcribed speech: the Chunking Task of the {EPAC} Project",
    author = "Antoine, Jean-Yves  and
      Mokrane, Abdenour  and
      Friburger, Nathalie",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/172_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bazillon-etal-2008-manual,
    title = "Manual vs Assisted Transcription of Prepared and Spontaneous Speech",
    author = "Bazillon, Thierry  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick  and
      Luzzati, Daniel",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/277_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sandoval-etal-2008-developing,
    title = "Developing a Phonemic and Syllabic Frequency Inventory for Spontaneous Spoken Castilian {S}panish and their Comparison to Text-Based Inventories",
    author = "Sandoval, Antonio Moreno  and
      Toledano, Doroteo Torre  and
      de la Torre, Ra{\'u}l  and
      Garrote, Marta  and
      Guirao, Jos{\'e} M.",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/283_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pollak-etal-2008-phone,
    title = "Phone Segmentation Tool with Integrated Pronunciation Lexicon and {C}zech Phonetically Labelled Reference Database.",
    author = "Poll{\'a}k, Petr  and
      Vol{\'\i}n, Jan  and
      Skarnitzl, Radek",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/421_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bobicev-zidrasco-2008-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Word Phonosemantics",
    author = "Bobicev, Victoria  and
      Zidra{\c{s}}co, Tatiana",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/612_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gasch-etal-2008-memasysco,
    title = "memasysco: {XML} schema based metadata management system for speech corpora",
    author = "Gasch, Joachim  and
      Brinckmann, Caren  and
      Dickgie{\ss}er, Sylvia",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/729_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chevelu-etal-2008-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Set-Covering Strategies for Optimal Corpus Design",
    author = "Chevelu, Jonathan  and
      Barbot, Nelly  and
      Boeffard, Olivier  and
      Delhay, Arnaud",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/750_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lanchantin-etal-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Phoneme Segmentation with Relaxed Textual Constraints",
    author = "Lanchantin, Pierre  and
      Morris, Andrew C.  and
      Rodet, Xavier  and
      Veaux, Christophe",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/606_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{veaux-etal-2008-ircamcorpustools,
    title = "{I}rcam{C}orpus{T}ools: an Extensible Platform for Spoken Corpora Exploitation",
    author = "Veaux, Christophe  and
      Beller, Gregory  and
      Rodet, Xavier",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/863_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{fitzgerald-jelinek-2008-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Resources for Reconstructing Spontaneous Speech Text",
    author = "Fitzgerald, Erin  and
      Jelinek, Frederick",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/874_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{janssen-freitas-2008-spock,
    title = "Spock - a Spoken Corpus Client",
    author = "Janssen, Maarten  and
      Freitas, Tiago",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/881_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tron-2008-durational,
    title = "On the Durational Reduction of Repeated Mentions: Recency and Speaker Effects",
    author = "Tr{\'o}n, Viktor",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/707_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{koehler-etal-2008-question,
    title = "A Question Answering System for {G}erman. Experiments with Morphological Linguistic Resources",
    author = "Koehler, Florian  and
      Schuetze, Hinrich  and
      Atterer, Michaela",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/24_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cartoni-2008-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Resources for Automatic Translation of Constructed Neologisms: the Case Study of Relational Adjectives",
    author = "Cartoni, Bruno",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/247_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{den-etal-2008-proper,
    title = "A Proper Approach to {J}apanese Morphological Analysis: Dictionary, Model, and Evaluation",
    author = "Den, Yasuharu  and
      Nakamura, Junpei  and
      Ogiso, Toshinobu  and
      Ogura, Hideki",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/258_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tsarfaty-goldberg-2008-word,
    title = "Word-Based or Morpheme-Based? Annotation Strategies for Modern {H}ebrew Clitics",
    author = "Tsarfaty, Reut  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/361_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bosch-etal-2008-experimental,
    title = "Experimental Fast-Tracking of Morphological Analysers for Nguni Languages",
    author = "Bosch, Sonja  and
      Pretorius, Laurette  and
      Podile, Kholisa  and
      Fleisch, Axel",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/643_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-etal-2008-generating,
    title = "Generating a Morphological Lexicon of Organization Entity Names",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Lauc, Tomislava  and
      Boras, Damir",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/716_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sharoff-etal-2008-designing,
    title = "Designing and Evaluating a {R}ussian Tagset",
    author = "Sharoff, Serge  and
      Kopotev, Mikhail  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Feldman, Anna  and
      Divjak, Dagmar",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/78_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pala-etal-2008-czech,
    title = "{C}zech {MWE} Database",
    author = "Pala, Karel  and
      Svoboda, Luk{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      {\v{S}}merk, Pavel",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/746_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{habash-roth-2008-identification,
    title = "Identification of Naturally Occurring Numerical Expressions in {A}rabic",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Roth, Ryan",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/843_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tongchim-etal-2008-dependency,
    title = "A Dependency Parser for {T}hai",
    author = "Tongchim, Shisanu  and
      Altmeyer, Randolf  and
      Sornlertlamvanich, Virach  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/46_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{shamsfard-fadaee-2008-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Morphology-Based {POS} Tagger for {P}ersian",
    author = "Shamsfard, Mehrnoush  and
      Fadaee, Hakimeh",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/875_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sankaran-etal-2008-common,
    title = "A Common Parts-of-Speech Tagset Framework for {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Sankaran, Baskaran  and
      Bali, Kalika  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Bhattacharya, Tanmoy  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Jha, Girish Nath  and
      Rajendran, S.  and
      Saravanan, K.  and
      Sobha, L.  and
      Subbarao, K.V.",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/337_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{mohanty-bhattacharyya-2008-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Resources for Semantics Extraction",
    author = "Mohanty, Rajat  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/619_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{joubert-lafourcade-2008-evolutionary,
    title = "Evolutionary Basic Notions for a Thematic Representation of General Knowledge",
    author = "Joubert, Alain  and
      Lafourcade, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/86_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{chou-etal-2008-extended,
    title = "The Extended Architecture of Hantology for Japan Kanji",
    author = "Chou, Ya-Min  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Hong, Jia-Fei",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/429_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{osenova-etal-2008-language,
    title = "Language Resources for Semantic Document Annotation and Crosslingual Retrieval",
    author = "Osenova, Petya  and
      Simov, Kiril  and
      Mossel, Eelco",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/478_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{jabbari-etal-2008-using,
    title = "Using a Probabilistic Model of Context to Detect Word Obfuscation",
    author = "Jabbari, Sanaz  and
      Allison, Ben  and
      Guthrie, Louise",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/560_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tonelli-pianta-2008-frame,
    title = "Frame Information Transfer from {E}nglish to {I}talian",
    author = "Tonelli, Sara  and
      Pianta, Emanuele",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/567_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{carrera-etal-2008-towards,
    title = "Towards {S}panish Verbs{'} Selectional Preferences Automatic Acquisition: Semantic Annotation of the {S}en{S}em Corpus",
    author = "Carrera, Jordi  and
      Castell{\'o}n, Irene  and
      Climent, Salvador  and
      Coll-Florit, Marta",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/604_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vaz-etal-2008-using,
    title = "Using Lexical Acquisition to Enrich a Predicate Argument Reusable Database",
    author = "Vaz, Paula Cristina  and
      de Matos, David Martins  and
      Mamede, Nuno J.",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/627_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{reed-etal-2008-language,
    title = "Language Resources for Studying Argument",
    author = "Reed, Chris  and
      Palau, Raquel Mochales  and
      Rowe, Glenn  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/648_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bejan-harabagiu-2008-linguistic,
    title = "A Linguistic Resource for Discovering Event Structures and Resolving Event Coreference",
    author = "Bejan, Cosmin  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/734_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ohara-2008-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon, Grammar, and Multilinguality in the {J}apanese {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Ohara, Kyoko",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/821_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ruimy-toral-2008-semantic,
    title = "More Semantic Links in the {SIMPLE}-{CLIPS} Database",
    author = "Ruimy, Nilda  and
      Toral, Antonio",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/903_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gratta-etal-2008-simple,
    title = "Simple-Clips ongoing research: more information with less data by implementing inheritance",
    author = "Gratta, Riccardo Del  and
      Ruimy, Nilda  and
      Toral, Antonio",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/598_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{davis-etal-2008-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically Light Lexical Extensions for Ontologies",
    author = "Davis, Brian  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried  and
      Troussov, Alexander  and
      Judge, John  and
      Sogrin, Mikhail",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/911_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{weiser-etal-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Temporal Information in Tourism Web Pages",
    author = "Weiser, St{\'e}phanie  and
      Laublet, Philippe  and
      Minel, Jean-Luc",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/44_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{gottwald-etal-2008-tapping,
    title = "Tapping Huge Temporally Indexed Textual Resources with {WCTA}nalyze",
    author = "Gottwald, Sebastian  and
      Richter, Matthias  and
      Heyer, Gerhard  and
      Scheuermann, Gerik",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/117_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{schuurman-2008-spatiotemporal,
    title = "Spatiotemporal Annotation Using {M}ini{STE}x: how to deal with Alternative, Foreign, Vague and/or Obsolete Names?",
    author = "Schuurman, Ineke",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/507_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vicente-diez-etal-2008-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Approach to a Preliminary Successful Identification and Resolution of Temporal Expressions in {S}panish News Corpora",
    author = "Vicente-D{\'\i}ez, Mar{\'\i}a Teresa  and
      Samy, Doaa  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Paloma",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/546_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{puscasu-mititelu-2008-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of {W}ord{N}et Verbs with {T}ime{ML} Event Classes",
    author = "Pu{\c{s}}ca{\c{s}}u, Georgiana  and
      Mititelu, Verginica Barbu",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/712_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{claveau-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Translation of Biomedical Terms by Supervised Machine Learning",
    author = "Claveau, Vincent",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/173_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{badia-etal-2008-rapid,
    title = "Rapid Deployment of a New {METIS} Language Pair: {C}atalan-{E}nglish",
    author = "Badia, Toni  and
      Melero, Maite  and
      Valent{\'\i}n, Oriol",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/198_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vandeghinste-etal-2008-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of a Machine Translation System for Low Resource Languages: {METIS}-{II}",
    author = "Vandeghinste, Vincent  and
      Dirix, Peter  and
      Schuurman, Ineke  and
      Markantonatou, Stella  and
      Sofianopoulos, Sokratis  and
      Vassiliou, Marina  and
      Yannoutsou, Olga  and
      Badia, Toni  and
      Melero, Maite  and
      Boleda, Gemma  and
      Carl, Michael  and
      Schmidt, Paul",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/116_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{costa-jussa-etal-2008-using,
    title = "Using Reordering in Statistical Machine Translation based on Alignment Block Classification",
    author = "Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.  and
      Monte, Enric",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/444_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{johannessen-etal-2008-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Linguistics-Based Translation",
    author = "Johannessen, Janne Bondi  and
      Nordg{\aa}rd, Torbj{\o}rn  and
      Nygaard, Lars",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/104_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2008-word,
    title = "Word Alignment Annotation in a {J}apanese-{C}hinese Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Zhang, Yujie  and
      Wang, Zhulong  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Ma, Qing  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/259_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2008-selection,
    title = "Selection of {J}apanese-{E}nglish Equivalents by Integrating High-quality Corpora and Huge Amounts of Web Data",
    author = "Ma, Qing  and
      Nakao, Koichi  and
      Murata, Masaki  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/107_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{megyesi-etal-2008-swedish,
    title = "{S}wedish-{T}urkish Parallel Treebank",
    author = "Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta  and
      Dahlqvist, Bengt  and
      Pettersson, Eva  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/121_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{trushkina-etal-2008-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Alignment in {DPC}: Maximizing Precision, Minimizing Human Effort",
    author = "Trushkina, Julia  and
      Macken, Lieve  and
      Paulussen, Hans",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/126_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-etal-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Construction of a {J}apanese-{C}hinese Dictionary via {E}nglish",
    author = "Kaji, Hiroyuki  and
      Tamamura, Shin{'}ichi  and
      Erdenebat, Dashtseren",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/175_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{spreyer-etal-2008-identification,
    title = "Identification of Comparable Argument-Head Relations in Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Spreyer, Kathrin  and
      Kuhn, Jonas  and
      Schrader, Bettina",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/475_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kurella-etal-2008-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Tools for Computer-Assisted Acquisition of Reading Abilities in Cognate Languages",
    author = "Kurella, Svitlana  and
      Sharoff, Serge  and
      Hartley, Anthony",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/479_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-2008-synchronizing,
    title = "Synchronizing Translated Movie Subtitles",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/484_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{abekawa-kageura-2008-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a Corpus that Indicates Patterns of Modification between Draft and Final Translations by Human Translators",
    author = "Abekawa, Takeshi  and
      Kageura, Kyo",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/512_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{prince-chauche-2008-building,
    title = "Building a Bilingual Representation of the {R}oget Thesaurus for {F}rench to {E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Prince, Violaine  and
      Chauch{\'e}, Jacques",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/626_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{nerima-wehrli-2008-generating,
    title = "Generating Bilingual Dictionaries by Transitivity",
    author = "Nerima, Luka  and
      Wehrli, Eric",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/641_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{tavernier-etal-2008-holy,
    title = "Holy {M}oses! Leveraging Existing Tools and Resources for Entity Translation",
    author = "Tavernier, Jean  and
      Cowan, Rosa  and
      Vanni, Michelle",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/679_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{monson-etal-2008-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Structure and Bilingual Informants Help Induce Machine Translation of Lesser-Resourced Languages",
    author = "Monson, Christian  and
      Llitj{\'o}s, Ariadna Font  and
      Ambati, Vamshi  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Alvarez, Alison  and
      Aranovich, Roberto  and
      Carbonell, Jaime  and
      Frederking, Robert  and
      Peterson, Erik  and
      Probst, Katharina",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/725_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{maeda-etal-2008-creating,
    title = "Creating Sentence-Aligned Parallel Text Corpora from a Large Archive of Potential Parallel Text using {BITS} and Champollion",
    author = "Maeda, Kazuaki  and
      Ma, Xiaoyi  and
      Strassel, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/779_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{isahara-etal-2008-application,
    title = "Application of Resource-based Machine Translation to Real Business Scenes",
    author = "Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Yamamoto, Eiko  and
      Terada, Akira  and
      Abe, Yasunori",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/780_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{wentland-etal-2008-building,
    title = "Building a Multilingual Lexical Resource for Named Entity Disambiguation, Translation and Transliteration",
    author = "Wentland, Wolodja  and
      Knopp, Johannes  and
      Silberer, Carina  and
      Hartung, Matthias",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/816_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{apidianaki-2008-translation,
    title = "Translation-oriented Word Sense Induction Based on Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Apidianaki, Marianna",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/822_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{arnaudov-mitkov-2008-smarty,
    title = "Smarty - Extendable Framework for Bilingual and Multilingual Comprehension Assistants",
    author = "Arnaudov, Todor  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/826_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{halacsy-etal-2008-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Creation of {G}igaword Corpora for Medium Density Languages - an Interim Report",
    author = "Hal{\'a}csy, P{\'e}ter  and
      Kornai, Andr{\'a}s  and
      N{\'e}meth, P{\'e}ter  and
      Varga, D{\'a}niel",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/858_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-etal-2008-mtriage,
    title = "{MT}riage: Web-enabled Software for the Creation, Machine Translation, and Annotation of Smart Documents",
    author = "Hobbs, Reginald  and
      Laoudi, Jamal  and
      Voss, Clare",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/844_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{voss-etal-2008-exploitation,
    title = "Exploitation of an {A}rabic Language Resource for Machine Translation Evaluation: using {B}uckwalter-based Lookup Tool to Augment {CMU} Alignment Algorithm",
    author = "Voss, Clare  and
      Laoudi, Jamal  and
      Micher, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/887_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{frunza-2008-trainable,
    title = "A Trainable Tokenizer, solution for multilingual texts and compound expression tokenization",
    author = "Frunza, Oana",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/152_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{megerdoomian-parvaz-2008-low,
    title = "Low-Density Language Bootstrapping: the Case of Tajiki {P}ersian",
    author = "Megerdoomian, Karine  and
      Parvaz, Dan",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/827_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lemnitzer-etal-2008-enriching,
    title = "Enriching {G}erma{N}et with verb-noun relations - a case study of lexical acquisition",
    author = "Lemnitzer, Lothar  and
      Wunsch, Holger  and
      Gupta, Piklu",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/51_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{santos-etal-2008-whats,
    title = "What{'}s in a Colour? Studying and Contrasting Colours with {COMPARA}",
    author = "Santos, Diana  and
      do Ros{\'a}rio Silva, Maria  and
      In{\'a}cio, Susana",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/73_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{trawinski-soehn-2008-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual Database of Polarity Items",
    author = "Trawi{\'n}ski, Beata  and
      Soehn, Jan-Philipp",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/77_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{luca-lonneker-rodman-2008-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Metaphor Information into {RDF}/{OWL} {E}uro{W}ord{N}et",
    author = {Luca, Ernesto William De  and
      L{\"o}nneker-Rodman, Birte},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/108_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-nugues-2008-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Dependency and Constituent Syntax for Frame-semantic Analysis",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/124_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{aparicio-etal-2008-ancora,
    title = "{A}n{C}ora-Verb: A Lexical Resource for the Semantic Annotation of Corpora",
    author = "Aparicio, Juan  and
      Taul{\'e}, Mariona  and
      Mart{\'\i}, M.Ant{\`o}nia",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/203_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{buscaldi-rosso-2008-geo,
    title = "Geo-{W}ord{N}et: Automatic Georeferencing of {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Buscaldi, Davide  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/321_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{miguel-buitelaar-2008-domain,
    title = "Domain-Specific {E}nglish-To-{S}panish Translation of {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Miguel, Mario Crespo  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/375_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{furstenau-2008-enriching,
    title = "Enriching Frame Semantic Resources with Dependency Graphs",
    author = {F{\"u}rstenau, Hagen},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/377_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{dias-da-silva-etal-2008-automatic,
    title = "The Automatic Mapping of {P}rinceton {W}ord{N}et Lexical-Conceptual Relations onto the {B}razilian {P}ortuguese {W}ord{N}et Database",
    author = "Dias-da-Silva, Bento Carlos  and
      Felippo, Ariani Di  and
      das Gra{\c{c}}as Volpe Nunes, Maria",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/391_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{morante-2008-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling Tools Trained on the {C}ast3{LB}-{C}o{NNL}-{S}em{R}ol Corpus",
    author = "Morante, Roser",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/393_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{marzelou-etal-2008-building,
    title = "Building a {G}reek corpus for Textual Entailment",
    author = "Marzelou, Evi  and
      Zourari, Maria  and
      Giouli, Voula  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/427_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{kanzaki-etal-2008-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Attribute Concepts from {J}apanese Adjectives",
    author = "Kanzaki, Kyoko  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Tomuro, Noriko  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/433_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{roventini-ruimy-2008-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Events and Abstract Entities from {PAROLE}-{SIMPLE}-{CLIPS} to {I}tal{W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Roventini, Adriana  and
      Ruimy, Nilda",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/471_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{picca-etal-2008-supersense,
    title = "Supersense Tagger for {I}talian",
    author = "Picca, Davide  and
      Gliozzo, Alfio Massimiliano  and
      Ciaramita, Massimiliano",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/599_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{pazienza-stellato-2008-clustering,
    title = "Clustering of Terms from Translation Dictionaries and Synonyms Lists to Automatically Build more Structured Linguistic Resources",
    author = "Pazienza, Maria Teresa  and
      Stellato, Armando",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/629_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{walter-2008-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Description and Automatic Extraction of Definitions from {G}erman Court Decisions",
    author = "Walter, Stephan",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/742_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{vincze-etal-2008-hungarian,
    title = "{H}ungarian Word-Sense Disambiguated Corpus",
    author = {Vincze, Veronika  and
      Szarvas, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Alm{\'a}si, Attila  and
      Szauter, D{\'o}ra  and
      Orm{\'a}ndi, R{\'o}bert  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      Hatvani, Csaba  and
      Csirik, J{\'a}nos},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/847_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{lashevskaja-shemanaeva-2008-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Annotation Layer in {R}ussian National Corpus: Lexical Classes of Nouns and Adjectives",
    author = "Lashevskaja, Olga N.  and
      Shemanaeva, Olga Yu.",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/849_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{attia-etal-2008-compact,
    title = "A Compact {A}rabic Lexical Semantics Language Resource Based on the Theory of Semantic Fields",
    author = "Attia, Mohamed  and
      Rashwan, Mohsen  and
      Ragheb, Ahmed  and
      Al-Badrashiny, Mohamed  and
      Al-Basoumy, Husein",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/10_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{samy-gonzalez-ledesma-2008-pragmatic,
    title = "Pragmatic Annotation of Discourse Markers in a Multilingual Parallel Corpus ({A}rabic- {S}panish-{E}nglish)",
    author = "Samy, Doaa  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-Ledesma, Ana",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/828_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{varasai-etal-2008-building,
    title = "Building an Annotated Corpus for Text Summarization and Question Answering",
    author = "Varasai, Patcharee  and
      Pechsiri, Chaveevan  and
      Sukvari, Thana  and
      Satayamas, Vee  and
      Kawtrakul, Asanee",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/870_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sjobergh-araki-2008-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Lingual Dictionary of Dirty Words",
    author = {Sj{\"o}bergh, Jonas  and
      Araki, Kenji},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/133_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sjobergh-araki-2008-poorly,
    title = "What is poorly Said is a Little Funny",
    author = {Sj{\"o}bergh, Jonas  and
      Araki, Kenji},
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/79_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{bestgen-2008-building,
    title = "Building Affective Lexicons from Specific Corpora for Automatic Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Bestgen, Yves",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/130_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2008-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Annotation in On-line {C}hinese Product Reviews",
    author = "Xu, Ruifeng  and
      Xia, Yunqing  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai  and
      Li, Wenjie",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/415_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-xu-2008-fine,
    title = "Fine-grained Opinion Topic and Polarity Identification",
    author = "Cheng, Xiwen  and
      Xu, Feiyu",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/678_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{sadamitsu-etal-2008-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis Based on Probabilistic Models Using Inter-Sentence Information",
    author = "Sadamitsu, Kugatsu  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Yamamoto, Mikio",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/736_paper.pdf",
}
@inproceedings{guerini-etal-2008-valentino,
    title = "{V}alentino: A Tool for Valence Shifting of Natural Language Texts",
    author = "Guerini, Marco  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Stock, Oliviero",
    booktitle = "LREC 2008",
    year = "2008",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/71_paper.pdf",
}
@proceedings{coling-1967-coling,
    title = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1000",
}
@inproceedings{coyaud-1967-analyse,
    title = "Analyse et classification automatique en chinois",
    author = "Coyaud, Maurice",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1001",
}
@inproceedings{mcdaniel-etal-1967-evaluation,
    title = "An evaluation of the usefulness of machine translations produced at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, with a summary of the translation methods",
    author = "McDaniel, J.  and
      Price, W.L.  and
      Szanser, A.J.M.  and
      Yates, D.M.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1002",
}
@inproceedings{engelien-1967-programming,
    title = "Programming of Reversible Systems in Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Engelien, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1003",
}
@inproceedings{garvin-1967-fulcrum,
    title = "THE FULCRUM SYNTACTIC ANALYZER FOR RUSSIAN",
    author = "Garvin, Paul L.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1004",
}
@inproceedings{guierre-1967-analogie,
    title = "ANALOGIE ET HOMOLOGIE DANS L{'}ACCENTUATION DE L{'}ANGLAIS",
    author = "GUIERRE, L.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1005",
}
@inproceedings{harper-1967-syntactic,
    title = "SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC PROBLEMS IN AUTOMATIC SENTENCE GENERATION",
    author = "Harper, Kenneth E.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1006",
}
@inproceedings{hiz-joshi-1967-transformational,
    title = "Transformational Decomposition: A Simple Description of an Algorithm for Transformational Analysis of {E}nglish Sentences",
    author = "Hiz, Danuta  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1007",
}
@inproceedings{karlgren-1967-slant,
    title = "SLANT GRAMMAR CALCULUS",
    author = "KARLGREN, HANS",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1008",
}
@inproceedings{kay-1967-experiments,
    title = "EXPERIMENTS WITH A POWERFUL PARSER",
    author = "KAY, Martin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1009",
}
@inproceedings{laszlo-1967-relevance,
    title = "The Relevance of Some Compiler Construction Techniques to the Description and Translation Of Languages",
    author = "Laszlo, Steven I.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1010",
}
@inproceedings{masterman-1967-man,
    title = "MAN-AIDED COMPUTER, TRANSLATION FROM ENGLISH INTO FRENCH USING AN ON-LINE SYSTEM TO MANIPULATE A BI-LINGUAL CONCEPTUAL DICTIONARY, OR THESAURUS",
    author = "MASTERMAN, MARGARET",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1011",
}
@inproceedings{meyer-ingwersen-1967-analyse,
    title = "ANALYSE DE PROPOSITIONS ALLEMANDES",
    author = "Meyer-Ingwersen, Johannes",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1012",
}
@inproceedings{revzin-1967-linguistic,
    title = "SOME LINGUISTIC ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR OF Mr BAR-HILLEL{'}S {``}NON UNIQUENESS{''} HYPOTHESIS",
    author = "REVZIN, Isaak",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1013",
}
@inproceedings{richter-hincha-1967-overt,
    title = "CAN OVERT SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE BE INTERPRETED AS A LOGICAL DEVICE?",
    author = "RICHTER, Helmut  and
      HINCHA, Georg",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1014",
}
@inproceedings{robinson-1967-methods,
    title = "METHODS FOR OBTAINING CORRESPONDING PHRASE STRUCTURE AND DEPENDENCY GRAMMARS",
    author = "Robinson, Jane J.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1015",
}
@inproceedings{salkoff-sager-1967-elimination,
    title = "The Elimination of Grammatical Restrictions in a String Grammar of {E}nglish",
    author = "Salkoff, M.  and
      Sager, N.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1016",
}
@inproceedings{samuelsdorff-1967-application,
    title = "The Application of {FORTRAN} to Automatic Translation",
    author = "Samuelsdorff, Paul O.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1017",
}
@inproceedings{shillan-1967-segmenting,
    title = "SEGMENTING NATURAL LANGUAGE BY ARTICULATORY FEATURES",
    author = "Shillan, David",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1018",
}
@inproceedings{veillon-etal-1967-un,
    title = "UN METALANGAGE DE GRAMMAIRES TRANSFORMATIONNELLES APPLICATIONS, AUX PROBLEMES DE TRANSFERTS ET DE GENERATION SYNTAXIQUES",
    author = "VEILLON, G.  and
      VEYRUNES, J.  and
      VAUQUOIS, B.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1019",
}
@inproceedings{yates-1967-computer,
    title = "A computer model for Russlan grammatical description and method of {E}nglish synthesis in machine translation",
    author = "Yates, D.M.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1020",
}
@inproceedings{zalizniak-1967-un,
    title = "UN MODELE DE LA NOTION DU CAS",
    author = "ZALIZNIAK, A.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1021",
}
@inproceedings{bachrach-1967-une,
    title = "Une troisieme version du Dicautom",
    author = "Bachrach, J.A.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1022",
}
@inproceedings{borkowski-watson-1967-experimental,
    title = "AN EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION OF PERSONAL TITLES AND PERSONAL NAMES IN NEWSPAPER TEXTS",
    author = "Borkowski, Casimir  and
      Watson, Thomas J.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1023",
}
@inproceedings{borillo-virbel-1967-problemes,
    title = "PROBLEMES SYNTAXIQUES DE L{'}INDEXATION AUTOMATIQUE DE DOCUMENTS",
    author = "Borillo, Andree  and
      Virbel, Jacques",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1024",
}
@inproceedings{edmundson-1967-axiomatic,
    title = "Axiomatic Characterization of Synonymy and Antonymy",
    author = "Edmundson, H. P.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1025",
}
@inproceedings{schweisthal-1967-semantically,
    title = "Semantically Governed Machine Translation of {BE}-clauses with Adverbs and Prepositional Phrases. Demonstration of a Ring-Model for {G}erman/{E}nglish, {E}nglish/{G}erman including Analysis-Synthesis, Transformation, Transition, and Generation",
    author = "Schweisthal, Klaus Gunther",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1026",
}
@inproceedings{hoppe-1967-lexplication,
    title = "L{'}explication automatique du facteur semantique {`}appartenance{'} apparaissant dams le {``}Zuwendsatz{''} allemand et la traduction automatique de ce facteur: de l{'}allemand vers l{'}anglais et de l{'}auglais vers l{'}allemand",
    author = "Hoppe, Alfred",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1027",
}
@inproceedings{jolkovsky-melcuk-1967-essai,
    title = "ESSAI D{'}UNE THEORIE SEMANTIQUE APPLICABLE AU TRAITEMENT DE LANGAGE",
    author = "JOLKOVSKY, A.  and
      MEL{'}CUK, I.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1028",
}
@inproceedings{klein-1967-autoling,
    title = "{AUTOLING}: AN AUTOMATED LINGUISTIC FIELDWORKER",
    author = "KLEIN, Sheldon",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1029",
}
@inproceedings{martemianov-mouchanov-1967-une,
    title = "Une notation semantique et ses implications linguistiques",
    author = "MARTEMIANOV, Y.  and
      MOUCHANOV, Y.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1030",
}
@inproceedings{olney-etal-1967-summary,
    title = "SUMMARY OF SOME COMPUTATIONAL AIDS FOR OBTAINING A FOR SEMANTIC DESCRIPTION OF ENGLISH",
    author = "Olney, John  and
      Revard, Carter  and
      Ziff, Paul",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1031",
}
@inproceedings{page-1967-statistical,
    title = "Statistical and Linguistic Strategies in the Computer Grading of Essays",
    author = "Page, Ellis B.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1032",
}
@inproceedings{abraham-1967-integrated,
    title = "An INTEGRATED LANGUAGE THEORY",
    author = "Abraham, S.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1033",
}
@inproceedings{friant-1967-langages,
    title = "LANGAGES {``}CONTEXT-SENSITIVES{''} QUELQUES ASPECTS DE LEUR EXTENSION",
    author = "FRIANT, J.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1034",
}
@inproceedings{guedj-1967-les,
    title = "LES GRAMMAIRES DE CONSTITUANTS GENERAUX",
    author = "Guedj, R. D.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1035",
}
@inproceedings{brodda-1967-entropy,
    title = "The Entropy of Recursive {M}arkov Processes",
    author = "BRODDA, BENNY",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1036",
}
@inproceedings{marcus-1967-categories,
    title = "Categories Morphologiques et analyse contextuelle dans la linguistique algebrique",
    author = "Marcus, Solomon",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1967 Volume 1: Conference Internationale Sur Le Traitement Automatique Des Langues",
    year = "1967",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C67-1037",
}
@proceedings{emnlp-2015-2015,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Su, Jian",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1",
}
@inproceedings{narasimhan-etal-2015-language,
    title = "Language Understanding for Text-based Games using Deep Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Narasimhan, Karthik  and
      Kulkarni, Tejas  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1001",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2015-distributional,
    title = "Distributional vectors encode referential attributes",
    author = "Gupta, Abhijeet  and
      Boleda, Gemma  and
      Baroni, Marco  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1002",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{herbelot-vecchi-2015-building,
    title = "Building a shared world: mapping distributional to model-theoretic semantic spaces",
    author = "Herbelot, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Vecchi, Eva Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1003",
    pages = "22--32",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Graph-to-String Translation",
    author = "Li, Liangyou  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1004",
    pages = "33--43",
}
@inproceedings{stanojevic-simaan-2015-reordering,
    title = "Reordering Grammar Induction",
    author = "Stanojevi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1005",
    pages = "44--54",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2015-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-based Rewriting for Simultaneous Machine Translation",
    author = "He, He  and
      Grissom II, Alvin  and
      Morgan, John  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1006",
    pages = "55--64",
}
@inproceedings{chambers-etal-2015-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Political Sentiment between Nation States with Social Media",
    author = "Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Bowen, Victor  and
      Genco, Ethan  and
      Tian, Xisen  and
      Young, Eric  and
      Harihara, Ganesh  and
      Yang, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1007",
    pages = "65--75",
}
@inproceedings{bamman-smith-2015-open,
    title = "Open Extraction of Fine-Grained Political Statements",
    author = "Bamman, David  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1008",
    pages = "76--85",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2015-using,
    title = "Using Personal Traits For Brand Preference Prediction",
    author = "Yang, Chao  and
      Pan, Shimei  and
      Mahmud, Jalal  and
      Yang, Huahai  and
      Srinivasan, Padmini",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1009",
    pages = "86--96",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Annotation for Microblog Topics Using {W}ikipedia Temporal Information",
    author = {Tran, Tuan  and
      Tran, Nam Khanh  and
      Teka Hadgu, Asmelash  and
      J{\"a}schke, Robert},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1010",
    pages = "97--106",
}
@inproceedings{hong-etal-2015-system,
    title = "System Combination for Multi-document Summarization",
    author = "Hong, Kai  and
      Marcus, Mitchell  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1011",
    pages = "107--117",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2015-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-based Compressive Cross-Language Summarization",
    author = "Yao, Jin-ge  and
      Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Xiao, Jianguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1012",
    pages = "118--127",
}
@inproceedings{graham-2015-evaluating,
    title = "Re-evaluating Automatic Summarization with {BLEU} and 192 Shades of {ROUGE}",
    author = "Graham, Yvette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1013",
    pages = "128--137",
}
@inproceedings{sidhaye-cheung-2015-indicative,
    title = "Indicative Tweet Generation: An Extractive Summarization Problem?",
    author = "Sidhaye, Priya  and
      Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1014",
    pages = "138--147",
}
@inproceedings{kiela-etal-2015-visual,
    title = "Visual Bilingual Lexicon Induction with Transferred {C}onv{N}et Features",
    author = "Kiela, Douwe  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1015",
    pages = "148--158",
}
@inproceedings{jain-batra-2015-cross,
    title = "Cross Lingual Sentiment Analysis using Modified {BRAE}",
    author = "Jain, Sarthak  and
      Batra, Shashank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1016",
    pages = "159--168",
}
@inproceedings{jayanth-etal-2015-monotone,
    title = "Monotone Submodularity in Opinion Summaries",
    author = "Jayanth, Jayanth  and
      Sundararaj, Jayaprakash  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1017",
    pages = "169--178",
}
@inproceedings{deng-wiebe-2015-joint,
    title = "Joint Prediction for Entity/Event-Level Sentiment Analysis using Probabilistic Soft Logic Models",
    author = "Deng, Lingjia  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1018",
    pages = "179--189",
}
@inproceedings{qadir-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning to Recognize Affective Polarity in Similes",
    author = "Qadir, Ashequl  and
      Riloff, Ellen  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1019",
    pages = "190--200",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-cross,
    title = "Cross-document Event Coreference Resolution based on Cross-media Features",
    author = "Zhang, Tongtao  and
      Li, Hongzhi  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Chang, Shih-Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1020",
    pages = "201--206",
}
@inproceedings{ferraro-etal-2015-survey,
    title = "A Survey of Current Datasets for Vision and Language Research",
    author = "Ferraro, Francis  and
      Mostafazadeh, Nasrin  and
      Huang, Ting-Hao  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy  and
      Devlin, Jacob  and
      Galley, Michel  and
      Mitchell, Margaret",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1021",
    pages = "207--213",
}
@inproceedings{ramisa-etal-2015-combining,
    title = "Combining Geometric, Textual and Visual Features for Predicting Prepositions in Image Descriptions",
    author = "Ramisa, Arnau  and
      Wang, Josiah  and
      Lu, Ying  and
      Dellandrea, Emmanuel  and
      Moreno-Noguer, Francesc  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1022",
    pages = "214--220",
}
@inproceedings{simion-etal-2015-strictly,
    title = "On A Strictly Convex {IBM} Model 1",
    author = "Simion, Andrei  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Stein, Cliff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1023",
    pages = "221--226",
}
@inproceedings{osterlund-etal-2015-factorization,
    title = "Factorization of Latent Variables in Distributional Semantic Models",
    author = {{\"O}sterlund, Arvid  and
      {\"O}dling, David  and
      Sahlgren, Magnus},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1024",
    pages = "227--231",
}
@inproceedings{labeau-etal-2015-non,
    title = "Non-lexical neural architecture for fine-grained {POS} Tagging",
    author = {Labeau, Matthieu  and
      L{\"o}ser, Kevin  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1025",
    pages = "232--237",
}
@inproceedings{rei-2015-online,
    title = "Online Representation Learning in Recurrent Neural Language Models",
    author = "Rei, Marek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1026",
    pages = "238--243",
}
@inproceedings{yazdani-henderson-2015-model,
    title = "A Model of Zero-Shot Learning of Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Yazdani, Majid  and
      Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1027",
    pages = "244--249",
}
@inproceedings{lukasik-etal-2015-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Tweet Arrival Times using Log-{G}aussian Cox Processes",
    author = "Lukasik, Michal  and
      Srijith, P. K.  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1028",
    pages = "250--255",
}
@inproceedings{devlin-etal-2015-pre,
    title = "Pre-Computable Multi-Layer Neural Network Language Models",
    author = "Devlin, Jacob  and
      Quirk, Chris  and
      Menezes, Arul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1029",
    pages = "256--260",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2015-birds,
    title = "Birds of a Feather Linked Together: A Discriminative Topic Model using Link-based Priors",
    author = "Yang, Weiwei  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1030",
    pages = "261--266",
}
@inproceedings{zhong-etal-2015-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Knowledge and Text Embeddings by Entity Descriptions",
    author = "Zhong, Huaping  and
      Zhang, Jianwen  and
      Wang, Zhen  and
      Wan, Hai  and
      Chen, Zheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1031",
    pages = "267--272",
}
@inproceedings{kummerfeld-etal-2015-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Analysis of Optimization for Max-Margin {NLP}",
    author = "Kummerfeld, Jonathan K.  and
      Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1032",
    pages = "273--279",
}
@inproceedings{sergienya-schutze-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Better Embeddings for Rare Words Using Distributional Representations",
    author = {Sergienya, Irina  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1033",
    pages = "280--285",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-duran-etal-2015-composing,
    title = "Composing Relationships with Translations",
    author = "Garc{\'\i}a-Dur{\'a}n, Alberto  and
      Bordes, Antoine  and
      Usunier, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1034",
    pages = "286--290",
}
@inproceedings{jamison-gurevych-2015-noise,
    title = "Noise or additional information? Leveraging crowdsource annotation item agreement for natural language tasks.",
    author = "Jamison, Emily  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1035",
    pages = "291--297",
}
@inproceedings{schnabel-etal-2015-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation methods for unsupervised word embeddings",
    author = "Schnabel, Tobias  and
      Labutov, Igor  and
      Mimno, David  and
      Joachims, Thorsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1036",
    pages = "298--307",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2015-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Methods for Incorporating Knowledge into Topic Models",
    author = "Yang, Yi  and
      Downey, Doug  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1037",
    pages = "308--317",
}
@inproceedings{guu-etal-2015-traversing,
    title = "Traversing Knowledge Graphs in Vector Space",
    author = "Guu, Kelvin  and
      Miller, John  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1038",
    pages = "318--327",
}
@inproceedings{rasooli-collins-2015-density,
    title = "Density-Driven Cross-Lingual Transfer of Dependency Parsers",
    author = "Rasooli, Mohammad Sadegh  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1039",
    pages = "328--338",
}
@inproceedings{duong-etal-2015-neural,
    title = "A Neural Network Model for Low-Resource Universal Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Duong, Long  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Cook, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1040",
    pages = "339--348",
}
@inproceedings{ballesteros-etal-2015-improved,
    title = "Improved Transition-based Parsing by Modeling Characters instead of Words with {LSTM}s",
    author = "Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1041",
    pages = "349--359",
}
@inproceedings{filippova-etal-2015-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Compression by Deletion with {LSTM}s",
    author = "Filippova, Katja  and
      Alfonseca, Enrique  and
      Colmenares, Carlos A.  and
      Kaiser, Lukasz  and
      Vinyals, Oriol",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1042",
    pages = "360--368",
}
@inproceedings{liu-zhang-2015-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Comparison Between N-gram and Syntactic Language Models for Word Ordering",
    author = "Liu, Jiangming  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1043",
    pages = "369--378",
}
@inproceedings{rush-etal-2015-neural,
    title = "A Neural Attention Model for Abstractive Sentence Summarization",
    author = "Rush, Alexander M.  and
      Chopra, Sumit  and
      Weston, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1044",
    pages = "379--389",
}
@inproceedings{cohan-goharian-2015-scientific,
    title = "Scientific Article Summarization Using Citation-Context and Article{'}s Discourse Structure",
    author = "Cohan, Arman  and
      Goharian, Nazli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1045",
    pages = "390--400",
}
@inproceedings{gong-etal-2015-hashtag,
    title = "Hashtag Recommendation Using {D}irichlet Process Mixture Models Incorporating Types of Hashtags",
    author = "Gong, Yeyun  and
      Zhang, Qi  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1046",
    pages = "401--410",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2015-graph,
    title = "A Graph-based Readability Assessment Method using Word Coupling",
    author = "Jiang, Zhiwei  and
      Sun, Gang  and
      Gu, Qing  and
      Bai, Tao  and
      Chen, Daoxu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1047",
    pages = "411--420",
}
@inproceedings{schulz-etal-2015-features,
    title = "More Features Are Not Always Better: Evaluating Generalizing Models in Incident Type Classification of Tweets",
    author = "Schulz, Axel  and
      Guckelsberger, Christian  and
      Schmidt, Benedikt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1048",
    pages = "421--430",
}
@inproceedings{phandi-etal-2015-flexible,
    title = "Flexible Domain Adaptation for Automated Essay Scoring Using Correlated Linear Regression",
    author = "Phandi, Peter  and
      Chai, Kian Ming A.  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1049",
    pages = "431--439",
}
@inproceedings{rinott-etal-2015-show,
    title = "Show Me Your Evidence - an Automatic Method for Context Dependent Evidence Detection",
    author = "Rinott, Ruty  and
      Dankin, Lena  and
      Alzate Perez, Carlos  and
      Khapra, Mitesh M.  and
      Aharoni, Ehud  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1050",
    pages = "440--450",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-etal-2015-spelling,
    title = "Spelling Correction of User Search Queries through Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Hasan, Sa{\v{s}}a  and
      Heger, Carmen  and
      Mansour, Saab",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1051",
    pages = "451--460",
}
@inproceedings{grundkiewicz-etal-2015-human,
    title = "Human Evaluation of Grammatical Error Correction Systems",
    author = "Grundkiewicz, Roman  and
      Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin  and
      Gillian, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1052",
    pages = "461--470",
}
@inproceedings{ororbia-ii-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning a Deep Hybrid Model for Semi-Supervised Text Classification",
    author = "Ororbia II, Alexander  and
      Giles, C. Lee  and
      Reitter, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1053",
    pages = "471--481",
}
@inproceedings{lee-hu-2015-joint,
    title = "Joint Embedding of Query and Ad by Leveraging Implicit Feedback",
    author = "Lee, Sungjin  and
      Hu, Yifan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1054",
    pages = "482--491",
}
@inproceedings{tapi-nzali-etal-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Time Expressions Accross Domains in {F}rench Narratives",
    author = "Tapi Nzali, Mike Donald  and
      Tannier, Xavier  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1055",
    pages = "492--498",
}
@inproceedings{batista-etal-2015-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Bootstrapping of Relationship Extractors with Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Batista, David S.  and
      Martins, Bruno  and
      Silva, M{\'a}rio J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1056",
    pages = "499--504",
}
@inproceedings{marsi-ozturk-2015-extraction,
    title = "Extraction and generalisation of variables from scientific publications",
    author = {Marsi, Erwin  and
      {\"O}zt{\"u}rk, Pinar},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1057",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1057",
    pages = "505--511",
}
@inproceedings{radford-etal-2015-named,
    title = "Named entity recognition with document-specific {KB} tag gazetteers",
    author = "Radford, Will  and
      Carreras, Xavier  and
      Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1058",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1058",
    pages = "512--517",
}
@inproceedings{wijaya-etal-2015-spousal,
    title = "{``}A Spousal Relation Begins with a Deletion of engage and Ends with an Addition of divorce{''}: Learning State Changing Verbs from {W}ikipedia Revision History",
    author = "Wijaya, Derry Tanti  and
      Nakashole, Ndapandula  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1059",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1059",
    pages = "518--523",
}
@inproceedings{bing-etal-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving Distant Supervision for Information Extraction Using Label Propagation Through Lists",
    author = "Bing, Lidong  and
      Chaudhari, Sneha  and
      Wang, Richard  and
      Cohen, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1060",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1060",
    pages = "524--529",
}
@inproceedings{hegde-talukdar-2015-entity,
    title = "An Entity-centric Approach for Overcoming Knowledge Graph Sparsity",
    author = "Hegde, Manjunath  and
      Talukdar, Partha P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1061",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1061",
    pages = "530--535",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Relation Classification via Convolutional Neural Networks with Simple Negative Sampling",
    author = "Xu, Kun  and
      Feng, Yansong  and
      Huang, Songfang  and
      Zhao, Dongyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1062",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1062",
    pages = "536--540",
}
@inproceedings{strotgen-gertz-2015-baseline,
    title = "A Baseline Temporal Tagger for all Languages",
    author = {Str{\"o}tgen, Jannik  and
      Gertz, Michael},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1063",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1063",
    pages = "541--547",
}
@inproceedings{peng-dredze-2015-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition for {C}hinese Social Media with Jointly Trained Embeddings",
    author = "Peng, Nanyun  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1064",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1064",
    pages = "548--554",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2015-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Binary Relation Schemas for Open Information Extraction",
    author = "Luo, Kangqi  and
      Luo, Xusheng  and
      Zhu, Kenny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1065",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1065",
    pages = "555--560",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-ldtm,
    title = "{LDTM}: A Latent Document Type Model for Cumulative Citation Recommendation",
    author = "Wang, Jingang  and
      Song, Dandan  and
      Zhang, Zhiwei  and
      Liao, Lejian  and
      Si, Luo  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1066",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1066",
    pages = "561--566",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2015-online,
    title = "Online Sentence Novelty Scoring for Topical Document Streams",
    author = "Lee, Sungjin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1067",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1067",
    pages = "567--572",
}
@inproceedings{joty-etal-2015-global,
    title = "Global Thread-level Inference for Comment Classification in Community Question Answering",
    author = "Joty, Shafiq  and
      Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto  and
      Da San Martino, Giovanni  and
      Filice, Simone  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1068",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1068",
    pages = "573--578",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-yu-2015-key,
    title = "Key Concept Identification for Medical Information Retrieval",
    author = "Zheng, Jiaping  and
      Yu, Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1069",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1069",
    pages = "579--584",
}
@inproceedings{funaki-nakayama-2015-image,
    title = "Image-Mediated Learning for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Document Retrieval",
    author = "Funaki, Ruka  and
      Nakayama, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1070",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1070",
    pages = "585--590",
}
@inproceedings{nopp-hanbury-2015-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Risks in the Banking System by Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Nopp, Clemens  and
      Hanbury, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1071",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1071",
    pages = "591--600",
}
@inproceedings{wachsmuth-etal-2015-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Flow - A General Model of Web Review Argumentation",
    author = "Wachsmuth, Henning  and
      Kiesel, Johannes  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1072",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1072",
    pages = "601--611",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-neural,
    title = "Neural Networks for Open Domain Targeted Sentiment",
    author = "Zhang, Meishan  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Vo, Duy-Tin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1073",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1073",
    pages = "612--621",
}
@inproceedings{nakayama-fujii-2015-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Condition-Opinion Relations Toward Fine-grained Opinion Mining",
    author = "Nakayama, Yuki  and
      Fujii, Atsushi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1074",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1074",
    pages = "622--631",
}
@inproceedings{bowman-etal-2015-large,
    title = "A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inference",
    author = "Bowman, Samuel R.  and
      Angeli, Gabor  and
      Potts, Christopher  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1075",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1075",
    pages = "632--642",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2015-question,
    title = "Question-Answer Driven Semantic Role Labeling: Using Natural Language to Annotate Natural Language",
    author = "He, Luheng  and
      Lewis, Mike  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1076",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1076",
    pages = "643--653",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2015-name,
    title = "Name List Only? Target Entity Disambiguation in Short Texts",
    author = "Cao, Yixin  and
      Li, Juanzi  and
      Guo, Xiaofei  and
      Bai, Shuanhu  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Tang, Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1077",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1077",
    pages = "654--664",
}
@inproceedings{hong-etal-2015-biography,
    title = "Biography-Dependent Collaborative Entity Archiving for Slot Filling",
    author = "Hong, Yu  and
      Wang, Xiaobin  and
      Chen, Yadong  and
      Wang, Jian  and
      Zhang, Tongtao  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1078",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1078",
    pages = "665--675",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2015-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic Top-k {L}ist{N}et",
    author = "Luo, Tianyi  and
      Wang, Dong  and
      Liu, Rong  and
      Pan, Yiqiao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1079",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1079",
    pages = "676--684",
}
@inproceedings{khot-etal-2015-exploring,
    title = "Exploring {M}arkov Logic Networks for Question Answering",
    author = "Khot, Tushar  and
      Balasubramanian, Niranjan  and
      Gribkoff, Eric  and
      Sabharwal, Ashish  and
      Clark, Peter  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1080",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1080",
    pages = "685--694",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-language-domain,
    title = "Language and Domain Independent Entity Linking with Quantified Collective Validation",
    author = "Wang, Han  and
      Zheng, Jin Guang  and
      Ma, Xiaogang  and
      Fox, Peter  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1081",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1081",
    pages = "695--704",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2015-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Relation Paths for Representation Learning of Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Lin, Yankai  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Luan, Huanbo  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Rao, Siwei  and
      Liu, Song",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1082",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1082",
    pages = "705--714",
}
@inproceedings{yaghoobzadeh-schutze-2015-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-level Fine-grained Entity Typing Using Contextual Information",
    author = {Yaghoobzadeh, Yadollah  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1083",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1083",
    pages = "715--725",
}
@inproceedings{delli-bovi-etal-2015-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Base Unification via Sense Embeddings and Disambiguation",
    author = "Delli Bovi, Claudio  and
      Espinosa-Anke, Luis  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1084",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1084",
    pages = "726--736",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2015-open,
    title = "Open-Domain Name Error Detection using a Multi-Task {RNN}",
    author = "Cheng, Hao  and
      Fang, Hao  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1085",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1085",
    pages = "737--746",
}
@inproceedings{augenstein-etal-2015-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Relations between Non-Standard Entities using Distant Supervision and Imitation Learning",
    author = "Augenstein, Isabelle  and
      Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Maynard, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1086",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1086",
    pages = "747--757",
}
@inproceedings{dsouza-ng-2015-sieve-based,
    title = "Sieve-Based Spatial Relation Extraction with Expanding Parse Trees",
    author = "D{'}Souza, Jennifer  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1087",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1087",
    pages = "758--768",
}
@inproceedings{vala-etal-2015-mr,
    title = "Mr. Bennet, his coachman, and the Archbishop walk into a bar but only one of them gets recognized: On The Difficulty of Detecting Characters in Literary Texts",
    author = "Vala, Hardik  and
      Jurgens, David  and
      Piper, Andrew  and
      Ruths, Derek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1088",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1088",
    pages = "769--774",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2015-convolutional,
    title = "Convolutional Sentence Kernel from Word Embeddings for Short Text Categorization",
    author = "Kim, Jonghoon  and
      Rousseau, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Vazirgiannis, Michalis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1089",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1089",
    pages = "775--780",
}
@inproceedings{jermsurawong-habash-2015-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Structure of Cooking Recipes",
    author = "Jermsurawong, Jermsak  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1090",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1090",
    pages = "781--786",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2015-tsdpmm,
    title = "{TSDPMM}: Incorporating Prior Topic Knowledge into {D}irichlet Process Mixture Models for Text Clustering",
    author = "Hu, Linmei  and
      Li, Juanzi  and
      Li, Xiaoli  and
      Shao, Chao  and
      Wang, Xuzhong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1091",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1091",
    pages = "787--792",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Modeling with Gated Recursive Neural Network",
    author = "Chen, Xinchi  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Zhu, Chenxi  and
      Wu, Shiyu  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1092",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1092",
    pages = "793--798",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-suzuki-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Timeline Difference for Text Categorization",
    author = "Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Suzuki, Yoshimi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1093",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1093",
    pages = "799--804",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2015-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Topical Contents from {P}ub{M}ed Documents Using a Thematic Analysis",
    author = "Kim, Sun  and
      Yeganova, Lana  and
      Wilbur, W. John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1094",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1094",
    pages = "805--810",
}
@inproceedings{palmero-aprosio-tonelli-2015-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Biographical Sections in {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Palmero Aprosio, Alessio  and
      Tonelli, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1095",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1095",
    pages = "811--816",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2015-learn,
    title = "Learn to Solve Algebra Word Problems Using Quadratic Programming",
    author = "Zhou, Lipu  and
      Dai, Shuaixiang  and
      Chen, Liwei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1096",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1096",
    pages = "817--822",
}
@inproceedings{rafae-etal-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Method for Discovering Lexical Variations in {R}oman {U}rdu Informal Text",
    author = "Rafae, Abdul  and
      Qayyum, Abdul  and
      Moeenuddin, Muhammad  and
      Karim, Asim  and
      Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Kamiran, Faisal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1097",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1097",
    pages = "823--828",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-component,
    title = "Component-Enhanced {C}hinese Character Embeddings",
    author = "Li, Yanran  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Sun, Fei  and
      Li, Sujian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1098",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1098",
    pages = "829--834",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-multi,
    title = "Multi-label Text Categorization with Joint Learning Predictions-as-Features Method",
    author = "Li, Li  and
      Wang, Houfeng  and
      Sun, Xu  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Zhao, Shi  and
      Sha, Lei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1099",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1099",
    pages = "835--839",
}
@inproceedings{maiya-2015-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Comparing Groups of Documents",
    author = "Maiya, Arun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1100",
    pages = "840--845",
}
@inproceedings{dutta-weikum-2015-c3el,
    title = "{C}3{EL}: A Joint Model for Cross-Document Co-Reference Resolution and Entity Linking",
    author = "Dutta, Sourav  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1101",
    pages = "846--856",
}
@inproceedings{lu-roth-2015-joint,
    title = "Joint Mention Extraction and Classification with Mention Hypergraphs",
    author = "Lu, Wei  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1102",
    pages = "857--867",
}
@inproceedings{del-corro-etal-2015-finet,
    title = "{FINET}: Context-Aware Fine-Grained Named Entity Typing",
    author = "Del Corro, Luciano  and
      Abujabal, Abdalghani  and
      Gemulla, Rainer  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1103",
    pages = "868--878",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2015-joint,
    title = "Joint Entity Recognition and Disambiguation",
    author = "Luo, Gang  and
      Huang, Xiaojiang  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Nie, Zaiqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1104",
    pages = "879--888",
}
@inproceedings{zoph-etal-2015-much,
    title = "How Much Information Does a Human Translator Add to the Original?",
    author = "Zoph, Barret  and
      Ghazvininejad, Marjan  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1105",
    pages = "889--898",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2015-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Recurrent Neural Network for Document Modeling",
    author = "Lin, Rui  and
      Liu, Shujie  and
      Yang, Muyun  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1106",
    pages = "899--907",
}
@inproceedings{murray-chiang-2015-auto,
    title = "Auto-Sizing Neural Networks: With Applications to n-gram Language Models",
    author = "Murray, Kenton  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1107",
    pages = "908--916",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2015-dual,
    title = "Dual Decomposition Inference for Graphical Models over Strings",
    author = "Peng, Nanyun  and
      Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1108",
    pages = "917--927",
}
@inproceedings{afantenos-etal-2015-discourse,
    title = "Discourse parsing for multi-party chat dialogues",
    author = "Afantenos, Stergos  and
      Kow, Eric  and
      Asher, Nicholas  and
      Perret, J{\'e}r{\'e}my",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1109",
    pages = "928--937",
}
@inproceedings{peldszus-stede-2015-joint,
    title = "Joint prediction in {MST}-style discourse parsing for argumentation mining",
    author = "Peldszus, Andreas  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1110",
    pages = "938--948",
}
@inproceedings{sultan-etal-2015-feature,
    title = "Feature-Rich Two-Stage Logistic Regression for Monolingual Alignment",
    author = "Sultan, Md Arafat  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Sumner, Tamara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1111",
    pages = "949--959",
}
@inproceedings{fitzgerald-etal-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling with Neural Network Factors",
    author = {FitzGerald, Nicholas  and
      T{\"a}ckstr{\"o}m, Oscar  and
      Ganchev, Kuzman  and
      Das, Dipanjan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1112",
    pages = "960--970",
}
@inproceedings{grycner-etal-2015-relly,
    title = "{RELLY}: Inferring Hypernym Relationships Between Relational Phrases",
    author = "Grycner, Adam  and
      Weikum, Gerhard  and
      Pujara, Jay  and
      Foulds, James  and
      Getoor, Lise",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1113",
    pages = "971--981",
}
@inproceedings{kiddon-etal-2015-mise,
    title = "Mise en Place: Unsupervised Interpretation of Instructional Recipes",
    author = "Kiddon, Chlo{\'e}  and
      Ponnuraj, Ganesa Thandavam  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1114",
    pages = "982--992",
}
@inproceedings{bakhshandeh-allen-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Framework for Comparison Structures in Natural Language",
    author = "Bakhshandeh, Omid  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1115",
    pages = "993--1002",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-etal-2015-sarcastic,
    title = "Sarcastic or Not: Word Embeddings to Predict the Literal or Sarcastic Meaning of Words",
    author = "Ghosh, Debanjan  and
      Guo, Weiwei  and
      Muresan, Smaranda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1116",
    pages = "1003--1012",
}
@inproceedings{luu-etal-2015-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Trustiness and Collective Synonym/Contrastive Evidence into Taxonomy Construction",
    author = "Luu, Anh Tuan  and
      Kim, Jung-jae  and
      Ng, See Kiong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1117",
    pages = "1013--1022",
}
@inproceedings{mitra-baral-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning to Automatically Solve Logic Grid Puzzles",
    author = "Mitra, Arindam  and
      Baral, Chitta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1118",
    pages = "1023--1033",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving fast{\_}align by Reordering",
    author = "Ding, Chenchen  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1119",
    pages = "1034--1039",
}
@inproceedings{marie-max-2015-touch,
    title = "Touch-Based Pre-Post-Editing of Machine Translation Output",
    author = "Marie, Benjamin  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1120",
    pages = "1040--1045",
}
@inproceedings{do-etal-2015-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Training Procedure for Continuous Translation Models",
    author = "Do, Quoc-Khanh  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1121",
    pages = "1046--1052",
}
@inproceedings{ma-mckeown-2015-system,
    title = "System Combination for Machine Translation through Paraphrasing",
    author = "Ma, Wei-Yun  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1122",
    pages = "1053--1058",
}
@inproceedings{wuebker-etal-2015-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Incremental Adaptation for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Wuebker, Joern  and
      Green, Spence  and
      DeNero, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1123",
    pages = "1059--1065",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2015-reval,
    title = "{R}e{V}al: A Simple and Effective Machine Translation Evaluation Metric Based on Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Gupta, Rohit  and
      Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1124",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1124",
    pages = "1066--1072",
}
@inproceedings{shah-etal-2015-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Continuous Space Language Models for Machine Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Shah, Kashif  and
      Ng, Raymond W. M.  and
      Bougares, Fethi  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1125",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1125",
    pages = "1073--1078",
}
@inproceedings{levinboim-chiang-2015-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Phrase Table Triangulation with Neural Word Embeddings for Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "Levinboim, Tomer  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1126",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1126",
    pages = "1079--1083",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2015-translation,
    title = "Translation Invariant Word Embeddings",
    author = "Huang, Kejun  and
      Gardner, Matt  and
      Papalexakis, Evangelos  and
      Faloutsos, Christos  and
      Sidiropoulos, Nikos  and
      Mitchell, Tom  and
      Talukdar, Partha P.  and
      Fu, Xiao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1127",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1127",
    pages = "1084--1088",
}
@inproceedings{finch-etal-2015-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Phrase-based Stream Decoding",
    author = "Finch, Andrew  and
      Wang, Xiaolin  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1128",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1128",
    pages = "1089--1094",
}
@inproceedings{braune-etal-2015-rule,
    title = "Rule Selection with Soft Syntactic Features for String-to-Tree Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Braune, Fabienne  and
      Seemann, Nina  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1129",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1129",
    pages = "1095--1101",
}
@inproceedings{mirkin-etal-2015-motivating,
    title = "Motivating Personality-aware Machine Translation",
    author = "Mirkin, Shachar  and
      Nowson, Scott  and
      Brun, Caroline  and
      Perez, Julien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1130",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1130",
    pages = "1102--1108",
}
@inproceedings{coulmance-etal-2015-trans,
    title = "Trans-gram, Fast Cross-lingual Word-embeddings",
    author = "Coulmance, Jocelyn  and
      Marty, Jean-Marc  and
      Wenzek, Guillaume  and
      Benhalloum, Amine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1131",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1131",
    pages = "1109--1113",
}
@inproceedings{jin-de-marneffe-2015-overall,
    title = "The Overall Markedness of Discourse Relations",
    author = "Jin, Lifeng  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1132",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1132",
    pages = "1114--1119",
}
@inproceedings{perez-rosas-mihalcea-2015-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Open Domain Deception Detection",
    author = "P{\'e}rez-Rosas, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1133",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1133",
    pages = "1120--1125",
}
@inproceedings{linzen-odonnell-2015-model,
    title = "A model of rapid phonotactic generalization",
    author = "Linzen, Tal  and
      O{'}Donnell, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1134",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1134",
    pages = "1126--1131",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2015-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Solving Number Word Problems by Semantic Parsing and Reasoning",
    author = "Shi, Shuming  and
      Wang, Yuehui  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Liu, Xiaojiang  and
      Rui, Yong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1135",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1135",
    pages = "1132--1142",
}
@inproceedings{pust-etal-2015-parsing,
    title = "Parsing {E}nglish into Abstract Meaning Representation Using Syntax-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Pust, Michael  and
      Hermjakob, Ulf  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Marcu, Daniel  and
      May, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1136",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1136",
    pages = "1143--1154",
}
@inproceedings{le-zuidema-2015-forest,
    title = "The Forest Convolutional Network: Compositional Distributional Semantics with a Neural Chart and without Binarization",
    author = "Le, Phong  and
      Zuidema, Willem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1137",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1137",
    pages = "1155--1164",
}
@inproceedings{andreas-klein-2015-alignment,
    title = "Alignment-Based Compositional Semantics for Instruction Following",
    author = "Andreas, Jacob  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1138",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1138",
    pages = "1165--1174",
}
@inproceedings{eger-2015-need,
    title = "Do we need bigram alignment models? On the effect of alignment quality on transduction accuracy in {G}2{P}",
    author = "Eger, Steffen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1139",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1139",
    pages = "1175--1185",
}
@inproceedings{takahasi-mori-2015-keyboard,
    title = "Keyboard Logs as Natural Annotations for Word Segmentation",
    author = "Takahasi, Fumihiko  and
      Mori, Shinsuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1140",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1140",
    pages = "1186--1196",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-long,
    title = "Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Chen, Xinchi  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Zhu, Chenxi  and
      Liu, Pengfei  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1141",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1141",
    pages = "1197--1206",
}
@inproceedings{chen-xu-2015-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised {C}hinese Word Segmentation based on Bilingual Information",
    author = "Chen, Wei  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1142",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1142",
    pages = "1207--1216",
}
@inproceedings{kamigaito-etal-2015-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Back-off Modeling of {H}iero Grammar based on Non-parametric {B}ayesian Model",
    author = "Kamigaito, Hidetaka  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1143",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1143",
    pages = "1217--1227",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2015-consistency,
    title = "Consistency-Aware Search for Word Alignment",
    author = "Shen, Shiqi  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Luan, Huanbo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1144",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1144",
    pages = "1228--1237",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2015-graph,
    title = "Graph-Based Collective Lexical Selection for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Su, Jinsong  and
      Xiong, Deyi  and
      Huang, Shujian  and
      Han, Xianpei  and
      Yao, Junfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1145",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1145",
    pages = "1238--1247",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2015-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Correspondence Recursive Autoencoder for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Su, Jinsong  and
      Xiong, Deyi  and
      Zhang, Biao  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Yao, Junfeng  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1146",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1146",
    pages = "1248--1258",
}
@inproceedings{joty-etal-2015-avoid,
    title = "How to Avoid Unwanted Pregnancies: Domain Adaptation using Neural Network Models",
    author = "Joty, Shafiq  and
      Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Durrani, Nadir  and
      Al-Mannai, Kamla  and
      Abdelali, Ahmed  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1147",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1147",
    pages = "1259--1270",
}
@inproceedings{li-nenkova-2015-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Content-Heavy Sentences: A Cross-Language Case Study",
    author = "Li, Junyi Jessy  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1148",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1148",
    pages = "1271--1281",
}
@inproceedings{zhai-etal-2015-search,
    title = "Search-Aware Tuning for Hierarchical Phrase-based Decoding",
    author = "Zhai, Feifei  and
      Huang, Liang  and
      Zhao, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1149",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1149",
    pages = "1282--1291",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2015-part,
    title = "Part-of-speech Taggers for Low-resource Languages using {CCA} Features",
    author = "Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Snyder, Benjamin  and
      Sarikaya, Ruhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1150",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1150",
    pages = "1292--1302",
}
@inproceedings{moore-2015-improved,
    title = "An Improved Tag Dictionary for Faster Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Moore, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1151",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1151",
    pages = "1303--1308",
}
@inproceedings{shahrour-etal-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving {A}rabic Diacritization through Syntactic Analysis",
    author = "Shahrour, Anas  and
      Khalifa, Salam  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1152",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1152",
    pages = "1309--1315",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-zhang-2015-combining,
    title = "Combining Discrete and Continuous Features for Deterministic Transition-based Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Zhang, Meishan  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1153",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1153",
    pages = "1316--1321",
}
@inproceedings{ma-hovy-2015-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Inner-to-outer Greedy Algorithm for Higher-order Labeled Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Ma, Xuezhe  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1154",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1154",
    pages = "1322--1328",
}
@inproceedings{yin-etal-2015-online,
    title = "Online Updating of Word Representations for Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = {Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Schnabel, Tobias  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1155",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1155",
    pages = "1329--1334",
}
@inproceedings{takeno-etal-2015-empty,
    title = "Empty Category Detection using Path Features and Distributed Case Frames",
    author = "Takeno, Shunsuke  and
      Nagata, Masaaki  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1156",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1156",
    pages = "1335--1340",
}
@inproceedings{kaljahi-etal-2015-foreebank,
    title = "{F}oreebank: Syntactic Analysis of Customer Support Forums",
    author = "Kaljahi, Rasoul  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Roturier, Johann  and
      Ribeyre, Corentin  and
      Lynn, Teresa  and
      Le Roux, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1157",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1157",
    pages = "1341--1347",
}
@inproceedings{kiperwasser-goldberg-2015-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Dependency Parsing using Bilexical Contextual Features from Auto-Parsed Data",
    author = "Kiperwasser, Eliyahu  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1158",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1158",
    pages = "1348--1353",
}
@inproceedings{alberti-etal-2015-improved,
    title = "Improved Transition-Based Parsing and Tagging with Neural Networks",
    author = "Alberti, Chris  and
      Weiss, David  and
      Coppola, Greg  and
      Petrov, Slav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1159",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1159",
    pages = "1354--1359",
}
@inproceedings{choe-etal-2015-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Parse Fusion",
    author = "Choe, Do Kook  and
      McClosky, David  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1160",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1160",
    pages = "1360--1366",
}
@inproceedings{ling-etal-2015-contexts,
    title = "Not All Contexts Are Created Equal: Better Word Representations with Variable Attention",
    author = "Ling, Wang  and
      Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Amir, Silvio  and
      Fermandez, Ram{\'o}n  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Black, Alan W  and
      Trancoso, Isabel  and
      Lin, Chu-Cheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1161",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1161",
    pages = "1367--1372",
}
@inproceedings{honnibal-johnson-2015-improved,
    title = "An Improved Non-monotonic Transition System for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Honnibal, Matthew  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1162",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1162",
    pages = "1373--1378",
}
@inproceedings{mehdizadeh-seraj-etal-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving Statistical Machine Translation with a Multilingual Paraphrase Database",
    author = "Mehdizadeh Seraj, Ramtin  and
      Siahbani, Maryam  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1163",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1163",
    pages = "1379--1390",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-learning-semantic,
    title = "Learning Semantic Representations for Nonterminals in Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation",
    author = "Wang, Xing  and
      Xiong, Deyi  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1164",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1164",
    pages = "1391--1400",
}
@inproceedings{guta-etal-2015-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison between Count and Neural Network Models Based on Joint Translation and Reordering Sequences",
    author = "Guta, Andreas  and
      Alkhouli, Tamer  and
      Peter, Jan-Thorsten  and
      Wuebker, Joern  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1165",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1165",
    pages = "1401--1411",
}
@inproceedings{luong-etal-2015-effective,
    title = "Effective Approaches to Attention-based Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Luong, Thang  and
      Pham, Hieu  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1166",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1166",
    pages = "1412--1421",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2015-document,
    title = "Document Modeling with Gated Recurrent Neural Network for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Tang, Duyu  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1167",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1167",
    pages = "1422--1432",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2015-fine,
    title = "Fine-grained Opinion Mining with Recurrent Neural Networks and Word Embeddings",
    author = "Liu, Pengfei  and
      Joty, Shafiq  and
      Meng, Helen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1168",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1168",
    pages = "1433--1443",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-etal-2015-joint,
    title = "Joint {A}* {CCG} Parsing and Semantic Role Labelling",
    author = "Lewis, Mike  and
      He, Luheng  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1169",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1169",
    pages = "1444--1454",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-improving-semantic,
    title = "Improving Semantic Parsing with Enriched Synchronous Context-Free Grammar",
    author = "Li, Junhui  and
      Zhu, Muhua  and
      Lu, Wei  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1170",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1170",
    pages = "1455--1465",
}
@inproceedings{seo-etal-2015-solving,
    title = "Solving Geometry Problems: Combining Text and Diagram Interpretation",
    author = "Seo, Minjoon  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh  and
      Farhadi, Ali  and
      Etzioni, Oren  and
      Malcolm, Clint",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1171",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1171",
    pages = "1466--1476",
}
@inproceedings{berzak-etal-2015-see,
    title = "Do You See What {I} Mean? Visual Resolution of Linguistic Ambiguities",
    author = "Berzak, Yevgeni  and
      Barbu, Andrei  and
      Harari, Daniel  and
      Katz, Boris  and
      Ullman, Shimon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1172",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1172",
    pages = "1477--1487",
}
@inproceedings{gardner-mitchell-2015-efficient,
    title = "Efficient and Expressive Knowledge Base Completion Using Subgraph Feature Extraction",
    author = "Gardner, Matt  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1173",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1173",
    pages = "1488--1498",
}
@inproceedings{toutanova-etal-2015-representing,
    title = "Representing Text for Joint Embedding of Text and Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Chen, Danqi  and
      Pantel, Patrick  and
      Poon, Hoifung  and
      Choudhury, Pallavi  and
      Gamon, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1174",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1174",
    pages = "1499--1509",
}
@inproceedings{sim-etal-2015-utility,
    title = "A Utility Model of Authors in the Scientific Community",
    author = "Sim, Yanchuan  and
      Routledge, Bryan  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1175",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1175",
    pages = "1510--1519",
}
@inproceedings{ling-etal-2015-finding,
    title = "Finding Function in Form: Compositional Character Models for Open Vocabulary Word Representation",
    author = "Ling, Wang  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Black, Alan W  and
      Trancoso, Isabel  and
      Fermandez, Ram{\'o}n  and
      Amir, Silvio  and
      Marujo, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Lu{\'\i}s, Tiago",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1176",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1176",
    pages = "1520--1530",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-kartsaklis-2015-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-Aware Multi-Sense Word Embeddings for Deep Compositional Models of Meaning",
    author = "Cheng, Jianpeng  and
      Kartsaklis, Dimitri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1177",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1177",
    pages = "1531--1542",
}
@inproceedings{louis-cohen-2015-conversation,
    title = "Conversation Trees: A Grammar Model for Topic Structure in Forums",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Cohen, Shay B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1178",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1178",
    pages = "1543--1553",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-fast,
    title = "Fast, Flexible Models for Discovering Topic Correlation across Weakly-Related Collections",
    author = "Zhang, Jingwei  and
      Gerow, Aaron  and
      Altosaar, Jaan  and
      Evans, James  and
      Jean So, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1179",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1179",
    pages = "1554--1564",
}
@inproceedings{lei-etal-2015-molding,
    title = "Molding {CNN}s for text: non-linear, non-consecutive convolutions",
    author = "Lei, Tao  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Jaakkola, Tommi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1180",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1180",
    pages = "1565--1575",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2015-multi,
    title = "Multi-Perspective Sentence Similarity Modeling with Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "He, Hua  and
      Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1181",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1181",
    pages = "1576--1586",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-oconnor-2015-posterior,
    title = "Posterior calibration and exploratory analysis for natural language processing models",
    author = "Nguyen, Khanh  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1182",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1182",
    pages = "1587--1598",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-generative,
    title = "A Generative Word Embedding Model and its Low Rank Positive Semidefinite Solution",
    author = "Li, Shaohua  and
      Zhu, Jun  and
      Miao, Chunyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1183",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1183",
    pages = "1599--1609",
}
@inproceedings{kim-choi-2015-reading,
    title = "Reading Documents for {B}ayesian Online Change Point Detection",
    author = "Kim, Taehoon  and
      Choi, Jaesik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1184",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1184",
    pages = "1610--1619",
}
@inproceedings{sha-etal-2015-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Textual Entailment Using Probabilistic Inference",
    author = "Sha, Lei  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Sui, Zhifang  and
      Jiang, Tingsong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1185",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1185",
    pages = "1620--1625",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Semantic Role Labeling with Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Wang, Zhen  and
      Jiang, Tingsong  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Sui, Zhifang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1186",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1186",
    pages = "1626--1631",
}
@inproceedings{zou-etal-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Negation Focus Identification with Word-Topic Graph Model",
    author = "Zou, Bowei  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1187",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1187",
    pages = "1632--1636",
}
@inproceedings{dima-2015-reverse,
    title = "Reverse-engineering Language: A Study on the Semantic Compositionality of {G}erman Compounds",
    author = "Dima, Corina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1188",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1188",
    pages = "1637--1642",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2015-event,
    title = "Event Detection and Factuality Assessment with Non-Expert Supervision",
    author = "Lee, Kenton  and
      Artzi, Yoav  and
      Choi, Yejin  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1189",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1189",
    pages = "1643--1648",
}
@inproceedings{kloetzer-etal-2015-large,
    title = "Large-Scale Acquisition of Entailment Pattern Pairs by Exploiting Transitivity",
    author = "Kloetzer, Julien  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Oh, Jong-Hoon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1190",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1190",
    pages = "1649--1655",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2015-context,
    title = "Context-Dependent Knowledge Graph Embedding",
    author = "Luo, Yuanfei  and
      Wang, Quan  and
      Wang, Bin  and
      Guo, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1191",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1191",
    pages = "1656--1661",
}
@inproceedings{wasserman-pritsker-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning to Identify the Best Contexts for Knowledge-based {WSD}",
    author = "Wasserman Pritsker, Evgenia  and
      Cohen, William  and
      Minkov, Einat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1192",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1192",
    pages = "1662--1667",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2015-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Prerequisite Relations Among Concepts",
    author = "Liang, Chen  and
      Wu, Zhaohui  and
      Huang, Wenyi  and
      Giles, C. Lee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1193",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1193",
    pages = "1668--1674",
}
@inproceedings{limsopatham-collier-2015-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Phrase-based Machine Translation to Normalise Medical Terms in Social Media Messages",
    author = "Limsopatham, Nut  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1194",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1194",
    pages = "1675--1680",
}
@inproceedings{rudinger-etal-2015-script,
    title = "Script Induction as Language Modeling",
    author = "Rudinger, Rachel  and
      Rastogi, Pushpendre  and
      Ferraro, Francis  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1195",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1195",
    pages = "1681--1686",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2015-online,
    title = "Online Learning of Interpretable Word Embeddings",
    author = "Luo, Hongyin  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Luan, Huanbo  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1196",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1196",
    pages = "1687--1692",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2015-strong,
    title = "A Strong Lexical Matching Method for the Machine Comprehension Test",
    author = "Smith, Ellery  and
      Greco, Nicola  and
      Bo{\v{s}}njak, Matko  and
      Vlachos, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1197",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1197",
    pages = "1693--1698",
}
@inproceedings{artzi-etal-2015-broad,
    title = "Broad-coverage {CCG} Semantic Parsing with {AMR}",
    author = "Artzi, Yoav  and
      Lee, Kenton  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1198",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1198",
    pages = "1699--1710",
}
@inproceedings{wen-etal-2015-semantically,
    title = "Semantically Conditioned {LSTM}-based Natural Language Generation for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Wen, Tsung-Hsien  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Su, Pei-Hao  and
      Vandyke, David  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1199",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1199",
    pages = "1711--1721",
}
@inproceedings{li-jurafsky-2015-multi,
    title = "Do Multi-Sense Embeddings Improve Natural Language Understanding?",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1200",
    pages = "1722--1732",
}
@inproceedings{yazdani-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Semantic Composition to Detect Non-compositionality of Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Yazdani, Majid  and
      Farahmand, Meghdad  and
      Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1201",
    pages = "1733--1742",
}
@inproceedings{roy-roth-2015-solving,
    title = "Solving General Arithmetic Word Problems",
    author = "Roy, Subhro  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1202",
    pages = "1743--1752",
}
@inproceedings{zeng-etal-2015-distant,
    title = "Distant Supervision for Relation Extraction via Piecewise Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Zeng, Daojian  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Chen, Yubo  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1203",
    pages = "1753--1762",
}
@inproceedings{petroni-etal-2015-core,
    title = "{CORE}: Context-Aware Open Relation Extraction with Factorization Machines",
    author = "Petroni, Fabio  and
      Del Corro, Luciano  and
      Gemulla, Rainer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1204",
    pages = "1763--1773",
}
@inproceedings{gormley-etal-2015-improved,
    title = "Improved Relation Extraction with Feature-Rich Compositional Embedding Models",
    author = "Gormley, Matthew R.  and
      Yu, Mo  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1205",
    pages = "1774--1784",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2015-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Relations via Long Short Term Memory Networks along Shortest Dependency Paths",
    author = "Xu, Yan  and
      Mou, Lili  and
      Li, Ge  and
      Chen, Yunchuan  and
      Peng, Hao  and
      Jin, Zhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1206",
    pages = "1785--1794",
}
@inproceedings{nematzadeh-etal-2015-computational,
    title = "A Computational Cognitive Model of Novel Word Generalization",
    author = "Nematzadeh, Aida  and
      Grant, Erin  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1207",
    pages = "1795--1804",
}
@inproceedings{flekova-gurevych-2015-personality,
    title = "Personality Profiling of Fictional Characters using Sense-Level Links between Lexical Resources",
    author = "Flekova, Lucie  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1208",
    pages = "1805--1816",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-leave,
    title = "Leave-one-out Word Alignment without Garbage Collector Effects",
    author = "Wang, Xiaolin  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1209",
    pages = "1817--1827",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2015-generalized,
    title = "Generalized Agreement for Bidirectional Word Alignment",
    author = "Liu, Chunyang  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Luan, Huanbo  and
      Yu, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1210",
    pages = "1828--1836",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2015-transition,
    title = "A Transition-based Model for Joint Segmentation, {POS}-tagging and Normalization",
    author = "Qian, Tao  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Zhang, Meishan  and
      Ren, Yafeng  and
      Ji, Donghong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1211",
    pages = "1837--1846",
}
@inproceedings{crabbe-2015-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual discriminative lexicalized phrase structure parsing",
    author = "Crabb{\'e}, Benoit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1212",
    pages = "1847--1856",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-barzilay-2015-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Low-Rank Tensors for Multilingual Transfer Parsing",
    author = "Zhang, Yuan  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1213",
    pages = "1857--1867",
}
@inproceedings{narayan-cohen-2015-diversity,
    title = "Diversity in Spectral Learning for Natural Language Parsing",
    author = "Narayan, Shashi  and
      Cohen, Shay B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1214",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1214",
    pages = "1868--1878",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-transition,
    title = "Transition-based Dependency Parsing Using Two Heterogeneous Gated Recursive Neural Networks",
    author = "Chen, Xinchi  and
      Zhou, Yaqian  and
      Zhu, Chenxi  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1215",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1215",
    pages = "1879--1889",
}
@inproceedings{khouzaimi-etal-2015-turn,
    title = "Turn-taking phenomena in incremental dialogue systems",
    author = "Khouzaimi, Hatim  and
      Laroche, Romain  and
      Lef{\`e}vre, Fabrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1216",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1216",
    pages = "1890--1895",
}
@inproceedings{masumura-etal-2015-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Latent Words Language Models for Robust Modeling to Out-Of Domain Tasks",
    author = "Masumura, Ryo  and
      Asami, Taichi  and
      Oba, Takanobu  and
      Masataki, Hirokazu  and
      Sakauchi, Sumitaka  and
      Ito, Akinori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1217",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1217",
    pages = "1896--1901",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2015-coarse,
    title = "A Coarse-Grained Model for Optimal Coupling of {ASR} and {SMT} Systems for Speech Translation",
    author = "Kumar, Gaurav  and
      Blackwood, Graeme  and
      Trmal, Jan  and
      Povey, Daniel  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1218",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1218",
    pages = "1902--1907",
}
@inproceedings{li-2015-abstractive,
    title = "Abstractive Multi-document Summarization with Semantic Information Extraction",
    author = "Li, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1219",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1219",
    pages = "1908--1913",
}
@inproceedings{boudin-etal-2015-concept,
    title = "Concept-based Summarization using Integer Linear Programming: From Concept Pruning to Multiple Optimal Solutions",
    author = "Boudin, Florian  and
      Mougard, Hugo  and
      Favre, Benoit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1220",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1220",
    pages = "1914--1918",
}
@inproceedings{potash-etal-2015-ghostwriter,
    title = "{G}host{W}riter: Using an {LSTM} for Automatic Rap Lyric Generation",
    author = "Potash, Peter  and
      Romanov, Alexey  and
      Rumshisky, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1221",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1221",
    pages = "1919--1924",
}
@inproceedings{ng-abrecht-2015-better,
    title = "Better Summarization Evaluation with Word Embeddings for {ROUGE}",
    author = "Ng, Jun-Ping  and
      Abrecht, Viktoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1222",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1222",
    pages = "1925--1930",
}
@inproceedings{litvak-etal-2015-krimping,
    title = "Krimping texts for better summarization",
    author = "Litvak, Marina  and
      Last, Mark  and
      Vanetik, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1223",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1223",
    pages = "1931--1935",
}
@inproceedings{gkatzia-etal-2015-virtual,
    title = "From the Virtual to the {R}eal{W}orld: Referring to Objects in Real-World Spatial Scenes",
    author = "Gkatzia, Dimitra  and
      Rieser, Verena  and
      Bartie, Phil  and
      Mackaness, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1224",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1224",
    pages = "1936--1942",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised {B}ayesian Modelling Approach for Storyline Detection on News Articles",
    author = "Zhou, Deyu  and
      Xu, Haiyang  and
      He, Yulan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1225",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1225",
    pages = "1943--1948",
}
@inproceedings{parveen-etal-2015-topical,
    title = "Topical Coherence for Graph-based Extractive Summarization",
    author = "Parveen, Daraksha  and
      Ramsl, Hans-Martin  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1226",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1226",
    pages = "1949--1954",
}
@inproceedings{luo-litman-2015-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Student Responses to Reflection Prompts",
    author = "Luo, Wencan  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1227",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1227",
    pages = "1955--1960",
}
@inproceedings{yogatama-etal-2015-extractive,
    title = "Extractive Summarization by Maximizing Semantic Volume",
    author = "Yogatama, Dani  and
      Liu, Fei  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1228",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1228",
    pages = "1961--1966",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2015-lcsts,
    title = "{LCSTS}: A Large Scale {C}hinese Short Text Summarization Dataset",
    author = "Hu, Baotian  and
      Chen, Qingcai  and
      Zhu, Fangze",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1229",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1229",
    pages = "1967--1972",
}
@inproceedings{biran-mckeown-2015-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Planning with an N-gram Model of Relations",
    author = "Biran, Or  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1230",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1230",
    pages = "1973--1977",
}
@inproceedings{futrell-gibson-2015-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with Generative Models for Dependency Tree Linearization",
    author = "Futrell, Richard  and
      Gibson, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1231",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1231",
    pages = "1978--1983",
}
@inproceedings{kobayashi-etal-2015-summarization,
    title = "Summarization Based on Embedding Distributions",
    author = "Kobayashi, Hayato  and
      Noguchi, Masaki  and
      Yatsuka, Taichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1232",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1232",
    pages = "1984--1989",
}
@inproceedings{dymetman-etal-2015-reversibility,
    title = "Reversibility reconsidered: finite-state factors for efficient probabilistic sampling in parsing and generation",
    author = "Dymetman, Marc  and
      Venkatapathy, Sriram  and
      Xiao, Chunyang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1233",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1233",
    pages = "1990--1995",
}
@inproceedings{ramakrishna-etal-2015-quantitative,
    title = "A quantitative analysis of gender differences in movies using psycholinguistic normatives",
    author = "Ramakrishna, Anil  and
      Malandrakis, Nikolaos  and
      Staruk, Elizabeth  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1234",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1234",
    pages = "1996--2001",
}
@inproceedings{gollapalli-li-2015-emnlp,
    title = "{EMNLP} versus {ACL}: Analyzing {NLP} research over time",
    author = "Gollapalli, Sujatha Das  and
      Li, Xiaoli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1235",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1235",
    pages = "2002--2006",
}
@inproceedings{li-clark-2015-answering,
    title = "Answering Elementary Science Questions by Constructing Coherent Scenes using Background Knowledge",
    author = "Li, Yang  and
      Clark, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1236",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1236",
    pages = "2007--2012",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2015-wikiqa,
    title = "{W}iki{QA}: A Challenge Dataset for Open-Domain Question Answering",
    author = "Yang, Yi  and
      Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Meek, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1237",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1237",
    pages = "2013--2018",
}
@inproceedings{mirkin-meunier-2015-personalized,
    title = "Personalized Machine Translation: Predicting Translational Preferences",
    author = "Mirkin, Shachar  and
      Meunier, Jean-Luc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1238",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1238",
    pages = "2019--2025",
}
@inproceedings{jaech-etal-2015-talking,
    title = "Talking to the crowd: What do people react to in online discussions?",
    author = "Jaech, Aaron  and
      Zayats, Victoria  and
      Fang, Hao  and
      Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1239",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1239",
    pages = "2026--2031",
}
@inproceedings{jaech-ostendorf-2015-username,
    title = "What Your Username Says About You",
    author = "Jaech, Aaron  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1240",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1240",
    pages = "2032--2037",
}
@inproceedings{kotnis-etal-2015-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Base Inference using Bridging Entities",
    author = "Kotnis, Bhushan  and
      Bansal, Pradeep  and
      Talukdar, Partha P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1241",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1241",
    pages = "2038--2043",
}
@inproceedings{kiela-etal-2015-specializing,
    title = "Specializing Word Embeddings for Similarity or Relatedness",
    author = "Kiela, Douwe  and
      Hill, Felix  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1242",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1242",
    pages = "2044--2048",
}
@inproceedings{tsvetkov-etal-2015-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Word Vector Representations by Subspace Alignment",
    author = "Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Ling, Wang  and
      Lample, Guillaume  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1243",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1243",
    pages = "2049--2054",
}
@inproceedings{mineshima-etal-2015-higher,
    title = "Higher-order logical inference with compositional semantics",
    author = "Mineshima, Koji  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-G{\'o}mez, Pascual  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Bekki, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1244",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1244",
    pages = "2055--2061",
}
@inproceedings{johannsen-etal-2015-language,
    title = "Any-language frame-semantic parsing",
    author = "Johannsen, Anders  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1245",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1245",
    pages = "2062--2066",
}
@inproceedings{kohn-2015-whats,
    title = "What{'}s in an Embedding? Analyzing Word Embeddings through Multilingual Evaluation",
    author = {K{\"o}hn, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1246",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1246",
    pages = "2067--2073",
}
@inproceedings{araki-mitamura-2015-joint,
    title = "Joint Event Trigger Identification and Event Coreference Resolution with Structured Perceptron",
    author = "Araki, Jun  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1247",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1247",
    pages = "2074--2080",
}
@inproceedings{sennrich-haddow-2015-joint,
    title = "A Joint Dependency Model of Morphological and Syntactic Structure for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Sennrich, Rico  and
      Haddow, Barry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1248",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1248",
    pages = "2081--2087",
}
@inproceedings{chitnis-denero-2015-variable,
    title = "Variable-Length Word Encodings for Neural Translation Models",
    author = "Chitnis, Rohan  and
      DeNero, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1249",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1249",
    pages = "2088--2093",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-binarized,
    title = "A Binarized Neural Network Joint Model for Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Jingyi  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1250",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1250",
    pages = "2094--2099",
}
@inproceedings{yogatama-etal-2015-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Optimization of Text Representations",
    author = "Yogatama, Dani  and
      Kong, Lingpeng  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1251",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1251",
    pages = "2100--2105",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2015-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study on Regularization Strategies for Embedding-based Neural Networks",
    author = "Peng, Hao  and
      Mou, Lili  and
      Li, Ge  and
      Chen, Yunchuan  and
      Lu, Yangyang  and
      Jin, Zhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1252",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1252",
    pages = "2106--2111",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Hyper-parameter Optimization for {NLP} Applications",
    author = "Wang, Lidan  and
      Feng, Minwei  and
      Zhou, Bowen  and
      Xiang, Bing  and
      Mahadevan, Sridhar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1253",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1253",
    pages = "2112--2117",
}
@inproceedings{huang-2015-improved,
    title = "Improved {A}rabic Dialect Classification with Social Media Data",
    author = "Huang, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1254",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1254",
    pages = "2118--2126",
}
@inproceedings{habernal-gurevych-2015-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Debate Portals for Semi-Supervised Argumentation Mining in User-Generated Web Discourse",
    author = "Habernal, Ivan  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1255",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1255",
    pages = "2127--2137",
}
@inproceedings{pavalanathan-eisenstein-2015-confounds,
    title = "Confounds and Consequences in Geotagged Twitter Data",
    author = "Pavalanathan, Umashanthi  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1256",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1256",
    pages = "2138--2148",
}
@inproceedings{ouyang-mckeown-2015-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Reportable Events as Turning Points in Narrative",
    author = "Ouyang, Jessica  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1257",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1257",
    pages = "2149--2158",
}
@inproceedings{negi-buitelaar-2015-towards,
    title = "Towards the Extraction of Customer-to-Customer Suggestions from Reviews",
    author = "Negi, Sapna  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1258",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1258",
    pages = "2159--2167",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-using-content,
    title = "Using Content-level Structures for Summarizing Microblog Repost Trees",
    author = "Li, Jing  and
      Gao, Wei  and
      Wei, Zhongyu  and
      Peng, Baolin  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1259",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1259",
    pages = "2168--2178",
}
@inproceedings{iida-etal-2015-intra,
    title = "Intra-sentential Zero Anaphora Resolution using Subject Sharing Recognition",
    author = "Iida, Ryu  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Oh, Jong-Hoon  and
      Kloetzer, Julien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1260",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1260",
    pages = "2179--2189",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2015-estimation,
    title = "Estimation of Discourse Segmentation Labels from Crowd Data",
    author = "Huang, Ziheng  and
      Zhong, Jialu  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1261",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1261",
    pages = "2190--2200",
}
@inproceedings{braud-denis-2015-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Word Representations for Implicit Discourse Relation Classification",
    author = "Braud, Chlo{\'e}  and
      Denis, Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1262",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1262",
    pages = "2201--2211",
}
@inproceedings{bhatia-etal-2015-better,
    title = "Better Document-level Sentiment Analysis from {RST} Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Bhatia, Parminder  and
      Ji, Yangfeng  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1263",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1263",
    pages = "2212--2218",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-2015-closing,
    title = "Closing the Gap: Domain Adaptation from Explicit to Implicit Discourse Relations",
    author = "Ji, Yangfeng  and
      Zhang, Gongbo  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1264",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1264",
    pages = "2219--2224",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2015-wikification,
    title = "Wikification of Concept Mentions within Spoken Dialogues Using Domain Constraints from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Kim, Seokhwan  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1265",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1265",
    pages = "2225--2229",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-shallow,
    title = "Shallow Convolutional Neural Network for Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition",
    author = "Zhang, Biao  and
      Su, Jinsong  and
      Xiong, Deyi  and
      Lu, Yaojie  and
      Duan, Hong  and
      Yao, Junfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1266",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1266",
    pages = "2230--2235",
}
@inproceedings{eckle-kohler-etal-2015-role,
    title = "On the Role of Discourse Markers for Discriminating Claims and Premises in Argumentative Discourse",
    author = "Eckle-Kohler, Judith  and
      Kluge, Roland  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1267",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1267",
    pages = "2236--2242",
}
@inproceedings{higashinaka-etal-2015-fatal,
    title = "Fatal or not? Finding errors that lead to dialogue breakdowns in chat-oriented dialogue systems",
    author = "Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Mizukami, Masahiro  and
      Funakoshi, Kotaro  and
      Araki, Masahiro  and
      Tsukahara, Hiroshi  and
      Kobayashi, Yuka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1268",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1268",
    pages = "2243--2248",
}
@inproceedings{attamimi-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Word Meanings and Grammar for Describing Everyday Activities in Smart Environments",
    author = "Attamimi, Muhammad  and
      Ando, Yuji  and
      Nakamura, Tomoaki  and
      Nagai, Takayuki  and
      Mochihashi, Daichi  and
      Kobayashi, Ichiro  and
      Asoh, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1269",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1269",
    pages = "2249--2254",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2015-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Element Identification in Student Essays based on Global and Local Cohesion",
    author = "Song, Wei  and
      Fu, Ruiji  and
      Liu, Lizhen  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1270",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1270",
    pages = "2255--2261",
}
@inproceedings{do-etal-2015-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Coreference Resolution for Narrative Processing",
    author = "Do, Quynh Ngoc Thi  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1271",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1271",
    pages = "2262--2267",
}
@inproceedings{muller-etal-2015-joint,
    title = "Joint Lemmatization and Morphological Tagging with Lemming",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Thomas  and
      Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1272",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1272",
    pages = "2268--2274",
}
@inproceedings{iglesias-etal-2015-transducer,
    title = "Transducer Disambiguation with Sparse Topological Features",
    author = "Iglesias, Gonzalo  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1273",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1273",
    pages = "2275--2280",
}
@inproceedings{belinkov-glass-2015-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Diacritization with Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      Glass, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1274",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1274",
    pages = "2281--2285",
}
@inproceedings{novak-siklosi-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Diacritics Restoration for {H}ungarian",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, Attila  and
      Sikl{\'o}si, Borb{\'a}la",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1275",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1275",
    pages = "2286--2291",
}
@inproceedings{morita-etal-2015-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Analysis for Unsegmented Languages using Recurrent Neural Network Language Model",
    author = "Morita, Hajime  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1276",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1276",
    pages = "2292--2297",
}
@inproceedings{kameko-etal-2015-symbol,
    title = "Can Symbol Grounding Improve Low-Level {NLP}? Word Segmentation as a Case Study",
    author = "Kameko, Hirotaka  and
      Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1277",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1277",
    pages = "2298--2303",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-tree,
    title = "When Are Tree Structures Necessary for Deep Learning of Representations?",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Luong, Thang  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1278",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1278",
    pages = "2304--2314",
}
@inproceedings{mou-etal-2015-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Neural Sentence Modeling by Tree-Based Convolution",
    author = "Mou, Lili  and
      Peng, Hao  and
      Li, Ge  and
      Xu, Yan  and
      Zhang, Lu  and
      Jin, Zhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1279",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1279",
    pages = "2315--2325",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2015-multi,
    title = "Multi-Timescale Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network for Modelling Sentences and Documents",
    author = "Liu, Pengfei  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Chen, Xinchi  and
      Wu, Shiyu  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1280",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1280",
    pages = "2326--2335",
}
@inproceedings{perez-rosas-etal-2015-verbal,
    title = "Verbal and Nonverbal Clues for Real-life Deception Detection",
    author = "P{\'e}rez-Rosas, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      Abouelenien, Mohamed  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Xiao, Yao  and
      Linton, CJ  and
      Burzo, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1281",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1281",
    pages = "2336--2346",
}
@inproceedings{fei-liu-2015-social,
    title = "Social Media Text Classification under Negative Covariate Shift",
    author = "Fei, Geli  and
      Liu, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1282",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1282",
    pages = "2347--2356",
}
@inproceedings{caragea-etal-2015-co,
    title = "Co-Training for Topic Classification of Scholarly Data",
    author = "Caragea, Cornelia  and
      Bulgarov, Florin  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1283",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1283",
    pages = "2357--2366",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2015-humor,
    title = "Humor Recognition and Humor Anchor Extraction",
    author = "Yang, Diyi  and
      Lavie, Alon  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1284",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1284",
    pages = "2367--2376",
}
@inproceedings{may-etal-2015-topic,
    title = "Topic Identification and Discovery on Text and Speech",
    author = "May, Chandler  and
      Ferraro, Francis  and
      McCree, Alan  and
      Wintrode, Jonathan  and
      Garcia-Romero, Daniel  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1285",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1285",
    pages = "2377--2387",
}
@inproceedings{can-narayanan-2015-dynamic,
    title = "A Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Computing N-gram Posteriors from Lattices",
    author = "Can, Do{\u{g}}an  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1286",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1286",
    pages = "2388--2397",
}
@inproceedings{garmash-monz-2015-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Structured Language Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Garmash, Ekaterina  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1287",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1287",
    pages = "2398--2408",
}
@inproceedings{shareghi-etal-2015-compact,
    title = "Compact, Efficient and Unlimited Capacity: Language Modeling with Compressed Suffix Trees",
    author = "Shareghi, Ehsan  and
      Petri, Matthias  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1288",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1288",
    pages = "2409--2418",
}
@inproceedings{xiang-etal-2015-ersom,
    title = "{ERSOM}: A Structural Ontology Matching Approach Using Automatically Learned Entity Representation",
    author = "Xiang, Chuncheng  and
      Jiang, Tingsong  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Sui, Zhifang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1289",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1289",
    pages = "2419--2429",
}
@inproceedings{riedl-biemann-2015-single,
    title = "A Single Word is not Enough: Ranking Multiword Expressions Using Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Riedl, Martin  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1290",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1290",
    pages = "2430--2440",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-etal-2015-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Dependencies and Distributed Word Representations for Analogy Detection and Mining",
    author = "Qiu, Likun  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Lu, Yanan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1291",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1291",
    pages = "2441--2450",
}
@inproceedings{cuba-gyllensten-sahlgren-2015-navigating,
    title = "Navigating the Semantic Horizon using Relative Neighborhood Graphs",
    author = "Cuba Gyllensten, Amaru  and
      Sahlgren, Magnus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1292",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1292",
    pages = "2451--2460",
}
@inproceedings{kiela-clark-2015-multi,
    title = "Multi- and Cross-Modal Semantics Beyond Vision: Grounding in Auditory Perception",
    author = "Kiela, Douwe  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1293",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1293",
    pages = "2461--2470",
}
@inproceedings{friedrich-pinkal-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic recognition of habituals: a three-way classification of clausal aspect",
    author = "Friedrich, Annemarie  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1294",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1294",
    pages = "2471--2481",
}
@inproceedings{woodsend-lapata-2015-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Representations for Unsupervised Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Woodsend, Kristian  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1295",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1295",
    pages = "2482--2491",
}
@inproceedings{abzianidze-2015-tableau,
    title = "A Tableau Prover for Natural Logic and Language",
    author = "Abzianidze, Lasha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1296",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1296",
    pages = "2492--2502",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2015-jeam,
    title = "{JEAM}: A Novel Model for Cross-Domain Sentiment Classification Based on Emotion Analysis",
    author = "Luo, Kun-Hu  and
      Deng, Zhi-Hong  and
      Yu, Hongliang  and
      Wei, Liang-Chen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1297",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1297",
    pages = "2503--2508",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-shirai-2015-phrasernn,
    title = "{P}hrase{RNN}: Phrase Recursive Neural Network for Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Nguyen, Thien Hai  and
      Shirai, Kiyoaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1298",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1298",
    pages = "2509--2514",
}
@inproceedings{nabil-etal-2015-astd,
    title = "{ASTD}: {A}rabic Sentiment Tweets Dataset",
    author = "Nabil, Mahmoud  and
      Aly, Mohamed  and
      Atiya, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1299",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1299",
    pages = "2515--2519",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-etal-2015-adjective,
    title = "Adjective Intensity and Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Sharma, Raksha  and
      Gupta, Mohit  and
      Agarwal, Astha  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1300",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1300",
    pages = "2520--2526",
}
@inproceedings{borgholt-etal-2015-rating,
    title = "The Rating Game: Sentiment Rating Reproducibility from Text",
    author = "Borgholt, Lasse  and
      Simonsen, Peter  and
      Hovy, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1301",
    pages = "2527--2532",
}
@inproceedings{jimenez-zafra-etal-2015-multi,
    title = "A Multi-lingual Annotated Dataset for Aspect-Oriented Opinion Mining",
    author = "Jim{\'e}nez Zafra, Salud M.  and
      Berardi, Giacomo  and
      Esuli, Andrea  and
      Marcheggiani, Diego  and
      Mart{\'\i}n-Valdivia, Mar{\'\i}a Teresa  and
      Moreo Fern{\'a}ndez, Alejandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1302",
    pages = "2533--2538",
}
@inproceedings{poria-etal-2015-deep,
    title = "Deep Convolutional Neural Network Textual Features and Multiple Kernel Learning for Utterance-level Multimodal Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Poria, Soujanya  and
      Cambria, Erik  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1303",
    pages = "2539--2544",
}
@inproceedings{eskander-rambow-2015-slsa,
    title = "{SLSA}: A Sentiment Lexicon for Standard {A}rabic",
    author = "Eskander, Ramy  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1304",
    pages = "2545--2550",
}
@inproceedings{xing-etal-2015-reinforcing,
    title = "Reinforcing the Topic of Embeddings with Theta Pure Dependence for Text Classification",
    author = "Xing, Ning  and
      Hou, Yuexian  and
      Zhang, Peng  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Song, Dawei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1305",
    pages = "2551--2556",
}
@inproceedings{wang-yang-2015-thats,
    title = "That{'}s So Annoying!!!: A Lexical and Frame-Semantic Embedding Based Data Augmentation Approach to Automatic Categorization of Annoying Behaviors using {\#}petpeeve Tweets",
    author = "Wang, William Yang  and
      Yang, Diyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1306",
    pages = "2557--2563",
}
@inproceedings{wilson-etal-2015-detection,
    title = "Detection of Steganographic Techniques on Twitter",
    author = "Wilson, Alex  and
      Blunsom, Phil  and
      Ker, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1307",
    pages = "2564--2569",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2015-supportthecause,
    title = "{\#}{S}upport{T}he{C}ause: Identifying Motivations to Participate in Online Health Campaigns",
    author = "Nguyen, Dong  and
      van den Broek, Tijs  and
      Hauff, Claudia  and
      Hiemstra, Djoerd  and
      Ehrenhard, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1308",
    pages = "2570--2576",
}
@inproceedings{schrading-etal-2015-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Domestic Abuse Discourse on {R}eddit",
    author = "Schrading, Nicolas  and
      Ovesdotter Alm, Cecilia  and
      Ptucha, Ray  and
      Homan, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1309",
    pages = "2577--2583",
}
@inproceedings{wurzer-etal-2015-twitter,
    title = "Twitter-scale New Event Detection via K-term Hashing",
    author = "Wurzer, Dominik  and
      Lavrenko, Victor  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1310",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1310",
    pages = "2584--2589",
}
@inproceedings{lukasik-etal-2015-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Tweet Level Judgements of Rumours in Social Media",
    author = "Lukasik, Michal  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1311",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1311",
    pages = "2590--2595",
}
@inproceedings{vlachos-riedel-2015-identification,
    title = "Identification and Verification of Simple Claims about Statistical Properties",
    author = "Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1312",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1312",
    pages = "2596--2601",
}
@inproceedings{jurgens-pilehvar-2015-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Similarity Frontiers: From Concepts to Documents",
    author = "Jurgens, David  and
      Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Semantic similarity forms a central component in many NLP systems, from lexical semantics, to part of speech tagging, to social media analysis. Recent years have seen a renewed interest in developing new similarity techniques, buoyed in part by work on embeddings and by SemEval tasks in Semantic Textual Similarity and Cross-Level Semantic Similarity. The increased interest has led to hundreds of techniques for measuring semantic similarity, which makes it difficult for practitioners to identify which state-of-the-art techniques are applicable and easily integrated into projects and for researchers to identify which aspects of the problem require future research.This tutorial synthesizes the current state of the art for measuring semantic similarity for all types of conceptual or textual pairs and presents a broad overview of current techniques, what resources they use, and the particular inputs or domains to which the methods are most applicable. We survey methods ranging from corpus-based approaches operating on massive or domains-specific corpora to those leveraging structural information from expert-based or collaboratively-constructed lexical resources. Furthermore, we review work on multiple similarity tasks from sense-based comparisons to word, sentence, and document-sized comparisons and highlight general-purpose methods capable of comparing multiple types of inputs. Where possible, we also identify techniques that have been demonstrated to successfully operate in multilingual or cross-lingual settings.Our tutorial provides a clear overview of currently-available tools and their strengths for practitioners who need out of the box solutions and provides researchers with an understanding of the limitations of current state of the art and what open problems remain in the field. Given the breadth of available approaches, participants will also receive a detailed bibliography of approaches (including those not directly covered in the tutorial), annotated according to the approaches abilities, and pointers to when open-source implementations of the algorithms may be obtained.",
}
@inproceedings{neuman-2015-personality,
    title = "Personality Research for NLP",
    author = "Neuman, Yair",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "{``}Personality{''} is a psychological concept describing the individual's characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior. In the context of Big Data and granular analytics, it is highly important to measure the individual's personality dimensions as these may be used for various practical applications. However, personality has been traditionally studied by questionnaires and other forms of low tech methodologies. The availability of textual data and the development of powerful NLP technologies, invite the challenge of automatically measuring personality dimensions for various applications from granular analytics of customers to the forensic identification of potential offenders. While there are emerging attempts to address this challenge, these attempts almost exclusively focus on one theoretical model of personality and on classification tasks limited when tagged data are not available.The major aim of the tutorial is to provide NLP researchers with an introduction to personality theories that may empower their scope of research. In addition, two secondary aims are to survey some recent directions in computational personality and to point to future directions in which the field may be developed (e.g. Textual Entailment for Personality Analytics).",
}
@inproceedings{chiticariu-etal-2015-transparent,
    title = "Transparent Machine Learning for Information Extraction: State-of-the-Art and the Future",
    author = "Chiticariu, Laura  and
      Li, Yunyao  and
      Reiss, Frederick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "The rise of Big Data analytics over unstructured text has led to renewed interest in information extraction (IE). These applications need effective IE as a first step towards solving end-to-end real world problems (e.g. biology, medicine, finance, media and entertainment, etc). Much recent NLP research has focused on addressing specific IE problems using a pipeline of multiple machine learning techniques. This approach requires an analyst with the expertise to answer questions such as: {``}What ML techniques should I combine to solve this problem?{''}; {``}What features will be useful for the composite pipeline?{''}; and {``}Why is my model giving the wrong answer on this document?{''}. The need for this expertise creates problems in real world applications. It is very difficult in practice to find an analyst who both understands the real world problem and has deep knowledge of applied machine learning. As a result, the real impact by current IE research does not match up to the abundant opportunities available.In this tutorial, we introduce the concept of transparent machine learning. A transparent ML technique is one that:- produces models that a typical real world use can read and understand;- uses algorithms that a typical real world user can understand; and- allows a real world user to adapt models to new domains.The tutorial is aimed at IE researchers in both the academic and industry communities who are interested in developing and applying transparent ML.",
}
@inproceedings{pasca-2015-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Acquisition for Web Search",
    author = "Pasca, Marius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "The identification of textual items, or documents, that best match a user{'}s information need, as expressed in search queries, forms the core functionality of information retrieval systems. Well-known challenges are associated with understanding the intent behind user queries; and, more importantly, with matching inherently-ambiguous queries to documents that may employ lexically different phrases to convey the same meaning. The conversion of semi-structured content from Wikipedia and other resources into structured data produces knowledge potentially more suitable to database-style queries and, ideally, to use in information retrieval. In parallel, the availability of textual documents on the Web enables an aggressive push towards the automatic acquisition of various types of knowledge from text. Methods developed under the umbrella of open-domain information extraction acquire open-domain classes of instances and relations from Web text. The methods operate over unstructured or semi-structured text available within collections of Web documents, or over relatively more intriguing streams of anonymized search queries. Some of the methods import the automatically-extracted data into human-generated resources, or otherwise exploit existing human-generated resources. In both cases, the goal is to expand the coverage of the initial resources, thus providing information about more of the topics that people in general, and Web search users in particular, may be interested in.",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Semantic Relations from Text",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Nastase, Vivi  and
      {\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Every non-trivial text describes interactions and relations between people, institutions, activities, events and so on. What we know about the world consists in large part of such relations, and that knowledge contributes to the understanding of what texts refer to. Newly found relations can in turn become part of this knowledge that is stored for future use.To grasp a text{'}s semantic content, an automatic system must be able to recognize relations in texts and reason about them. This may be done by applying and updating previously acquired knowledge. We focus here in particular on semantic relations which describe the interactions among nouns and compact noun phrases, and we present such relations from both a theoretical and a practical perspective. The theoretical exploration sketches the historical path which has brought us to the contemporary view and interpretation of semantic relations. We discuss a wide range of relation inventories proposed by linguists and by language processing people. Such inventories vary by domain, granularity and suitability for downstream applications.On the practical side, we investigate the recognition and acquisition of relations from texts. In a look at supervised learning methods, we present available datasets, the variety of features which can describe relation instances, and learning algorithms found appropriate for the task. Next, we present weakly supervised and unsupervised learning methods of acquiring relations from large corpora with little or no previously annotated data. We show how enduring the bootstrapping algorithm based on seed examples or patterns has proved to be, and how it has been adapted to tackle Web-scale text collections. We also show a few machine learning techniques which can perform fast and reliable relation extraction by taking advantage of data redundancy and variability.",
}
@inproceedings{farzindar-inkpen-2015-applications,
    title = "Applications of Social Media Text Analysis",
    author = "Farzindar, Atefeh  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Analyzing social media texts is a complex problem that becomes difficult to address using traditional Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods. Our tutorial focuses on presenting new methods for NLP tasks and applications that work on noisy and informal texts, such as the ones from social media.Automatic processing of large collections of social media texts is important because they contain a lot of useful information, due to the in-creasing popularity of all types of social media. Use of social media and messaging apps grew 203 percent year-on-year in 2013, with overall app use rising 115 percent over the same period, as reported by Statista, citing data from Flurry Analytics. This growth means that 1.61 billion people are now active in social media around the world and this is expected to advance to 2 billion users in 2016, led by India. The research shows that consumers are now spending daily 5.6 hours on digital media including social media and mo-bile internet usage.At the heart of this interest is the ability for users to create and share content via a variety of platforms such as blogs, micro-blogs, collaborative wikis, multimedia sharing sites, social net-working sites. The unprecedented volume and variety of user-generated content, as well as the user interaction network constitute new opportunities for understanding social behavior and building socially intelligent systems. Therefore it is important to investigate methods for knowledge extraction from social media data. Furthermore, we can use this information to detect and retrieve more related content about events, such as photos and video clips that have caption texts.",
}
@inproceedings{petruck-kordoni-2015-robust,
    title = "Robust Semantic Analysis of Multiword Expressions with FrameNet",
    author = "Petruck, Miriam R. L.  and
      Kordoni, Valia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "This tutorial will give participants a solid understanding of the linguistic features of multiword expressions (MWEs), focusing on the semantics of such expressions and their importance for natural language processing and language technology, with particular attention to the way that FrameNet (framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu) handles this wide spread phenomenon. Our target audience includes researchers and practitioners of language technology, not necessarily experts in MWEs or knowledgeable about FrameNet, who are interested in NLP tasks that involve or could benefit from considering MWEs as a pervasive phenomenon in human language and communication.NLP research has been interested in automatic processing of multiword expressions, with reports on and tasks relating to such efforts presented at workshops and conferences for at least ten years (e.g. ACL 2003, LREC 2008, COLING 2010, EACL 2014). Overcoming the challenge of automatically processing MWEs remains elusive in part because of the difficulty in recognizing, acquiring, and interpreting such forms.Indeed the phenomenon manifests in a range of linguistic forms (as Sag et al. (2001), among many others, have documented), including: noun + noun compounds (e.g. fish knife, health hazard etc.); adjective + noun compounds (e.g. political agenda, national interest, etc.); particle verbs (shut up, take out, etc.); prepositional verbs (e.g. look into, talk into, etc.); VP idioms, such as kick the bucket, and pull someone{'}s leg, along with less obviously idiomatic forms like answer the door, mention someone{'}s name, etc.; expressions that have their own mini-grammars, such as names with honorifics and terms of address (e.g. Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks), kinship terms (e.g. second cousin once removed), and time expressions (e.g. January 9, 2015); support verb constructions (e.g. verbs: take a bath, make a promise, etc; and prepositions: in doubt, under review, etc.). Linguists address issues of polysemy, compositionality, idiomaticity, and continuity for each type included here.While native speakers use these forms with ease, the treatment and interpretation of MWEs in computational systems requires considerable effort due to the very issues that concern linguists.",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-ovesdotter-alm-2015-computational,
    title = "Computational Analysis of Affect and Emotion in Language",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Ovesdotter Alm, Cecilia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = sep,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    abstract = "Computational linguistics has witnessed a surge of interest in approaches to emotion and affect analysis, tackling problems that extend beyond sentiment analysis in depth and complexity. This area involves basic emotions (such as joy, sadness, and fear) as well as any of the hundreds of other emotions humans are capable of (such as optimism, frustration, and guilt), expanding into affective conditions, experiences, and activities. Leveraging linguistic data for computational affect and emotion inference enables opportunities to address a range of affect-related tasks, problems, and non-invasive applications that capture aspects essential to the human condition and individuals{'} cognitive processes. These efforts enable and facilitate human-centered computing experiences, as demonstrated by applications across clinical, socio-political, artistic, educational, and commercial domains. Efforts to computationally detect, characterize, and generate emotions or affect-related phenomena respond equally to technological needs for personalized, micro-level analytics and broad-coverage, macro-level inference, and they have involved both small and massive amounts of data.While this is an exciting area with numerous opportunities for members of the ACL community, a major obstacle is its intersection with other investigatory traditions, necessitating knowledge transfer. This tutorial comprehensively integrates relevant concepts and frameworks from linguistics, cognitive science, affective computing, and computational linguistics in order to equip researchers and practitioners with the adequate background and knowledge to work effectively on problems and tasks either directly involving, or benefiting from having an understanding of, affect and emotion analysis.There is a substantial body of work in traditional sentiment analysis focusing on positive and negative sentiment. This tutorial covers approaches and features that migrate well to affect analysis. We also discuss key differences from sentiment analysis, and their implications for analyzing affect and emotion.The tutorial begins with an introduction that highlights opportunities, key terminology, and interesting tasks and challenges (1). The body of the tutorial covers characteristics of emotive language use with emphasis on relevance for computational analysis (2); linguistic data{---}from conceptual analysis frameworks via useful existing resources to important annotation topics (3); computational approaches for lexical semantic emotion analysis (4); computational approaches for emotion and affect analysis in text (5); visualization methods (6); and a survey of application areas with affect-related problems (7). The tutorial concludes with an outline of future directions and a discussion with participants about the areas relevant to their respective tasks of interest (8).Besides attending the tutorial, tutorial participants receive electronic copies of tutorial slides, a complete reference list, as well as a categorized annotated bibliography that concentrates on seminal works, recent important publications, and other products and resources for researchers and developers.",
}
@proceedings{coling-1973-coling,
    title = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1000",
}
@inproceedings{borcev-chomjakov-1973-neighbourhood,
    title = "NEIGHBOURHOOD DESCRIPTION OF FORMAL LANGUAGES",
    author = "BORCEV, V. B.  and
      CHOMJAKOV, M. V.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1001",
}
@inproceedings{brecht-1973-morphological,
    title = "MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS (A FORMAL APPROACH)",
    author = "BRECHT, WERNER",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1002",
}
@inproceedings{descles-1973-un,
    title = "UN MODELE MATHEMATIQUE D{'}ANALYSE TRANSFORMATIONNELLE SELON Z. S. HARRIS",
    author = "DESCLES, JEAN PIERRE",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1003",
}
@inproceedings{pagan-1973-constructible,
    title = "CONSTRUCTIBLE REPRESENTATIONS FOR TWO SEMANTIC RELATIONS",
    author = "PAGAN, FRANK G.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1004",
}
@inproceedings{pause-1973-class,
    title = "A CLASS OF TRANSFORMATIONAL RECOGNITION GRAMMARS",
    author = "PAUSE, EBERHARD",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1005",
}
@inproceedings{saumjan-soboleva-1973-formal,
    title = "FORMAL METALANGUAGE AND FORMAL THEORY AS TWO ASPECTS OF GENERATIVE GRAMMAR",
    author = "SAUMJAN, SEBASTIAN K.  and
      SOBOLEVA, P. A.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1006",
}
@inproceedings{wang-1973-logical,
    title = "ON LOGICAL FORMULATION OF THE COMPUTATION PROCESS IN SEMANTICAL SYSTEMS",
    author = "WANG, JUN-TIN",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1007",
}
@inproceedings{batori-1973-working,
    title = "WORKING WITH THE INTERACTIVE VERSION OF THE T.G.T.-SYSTEM OF JOYCE FRIEDMAN",
    author = "BATORI, ISTVAN",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1008",
}
@inproceedings{boisvert-etal-1973-obling,
    title = "{OBLING}: A TESTER FOR TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMARS",
    author = "BOISVERT, SERGE  and
      DUGAS, ANDRE  and
      BELANGER, DENISE",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1009",
}
@inproceedings{riha-machova-1973-computer,
    title = "COMPUTER TESTING OF A GENERATIVE GRAMMAR",
    author = "RIHA, ANTONIN  and
      MACHOVA, SVATAVA",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1010",
}
@inproceedings{andreyev-1973-algorithmisation,
    title = "ALGORITHMISATION OF LINGUISTIC RESEARCH USING THE STRUCTURAL-PROBABILISTIC PROPERTIES OF LANGUAGE UNITS",
    author = "ANDREYEV, NICHOLAS D.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1011",
}
@inproceedings{campanile-zampolli-1973-problems,
    title = "PROBLEMS IN-COMPUTERIZED HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS: THE OLD CORNISH LEXICON",
    author = "CAMPANILE, ENRICO  and
      ZAMPOLLI, ANTONIO",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1012",
}
@inproceedings{frumkina-etal-1973-computational,
    title = "COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN THE ANALYSIS OF VERBAL BEHAVIOUR",
    author = "FRUMKINA, R. M.  and
      ANDRUKOVICH, P. F.  and
      TEREKHINA, A. Yu.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1013",
}
@inproceedings{gonenc-1973-unique,
    title = "UNIQUE DECIPHERABILITY OF CODES WITH CONSTRAINTS WITH APPLICATION TO SYLLABIFICATION OF TURKISH WORDS",
    author = "GONENC, GUNEY",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1014",
}
@inproceedings{libeman-1973-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS A PHONOLOGICAL ALGORITHM",
    author = "LIBEMAN, A. S.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1015",
}
@inproceedings{steen-1973-treatment,
    title = "A TREATMENT OF INDEPENDENT SEMANTIC COMPONENTS",
    author = "STEEN, GERT J. VAN DER",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1016",
}
@inproceedings{sukhotin-1973-deciphering,
    title = "DECIPHERING METHODS AS A MEANS OF LINGUISTIC RESEARCH",
    author = "SUKHOTIN, B. V.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1017",
}
@inproceedings{tretiakoff-1973-results,
    title = "RESULTS OBTAINED WITH A NEW METHOD FOR THE AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE STRUCTURES",
    author = "TRETIAKOFF, ANDREE",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1018",
}
@inproceedings{zivov-1973-une,
    title = "UNE PROCEDURE DE CLASSIFICATION DES CONSONNES DESTINEE A LA DESCRIPTION DE LEURS COMBINAISONS",
    author = "ZIVOV, VICTOR",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1019",
}
@inproceedings{ferrari-1973-dictionnaire,
    title = "DICTIONNAIRE AUTOMATIQUE ET DICTIONNAIRE-MACHINE: UNE HYPOTHESE",
    author = "FERRARI, GIACOMO",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1020",
}
@inproceedings{hewson-1973-reconstructing,
    title = "RECONSTRUCTING PREHISTORIC LANGUAGES ON THE COMPUTER: THE TRIUMPH OF THE ELECTRONIC NEOGRAMMARIAN",
    author = "HEWSON, JOHN",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1021",
}
@inproceedings{mathias-1973-cooperative,
    title = "COOPERATIVE FILE IMPROVEMENT AND USE OF A COMPUTER-BASED CHINESE/ENGLISH DICTIONARY",
    author = "MATHIAS, JIM",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1022",
}
@inproceedings{paikeday-1973-american,
    title = "THE AMERICAN HERITAGE INTERMEDIATE CORPUS",
    author = "PAIKEDAY, THOMAS M.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1023",
}
@inproceedings{papp-1973-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS OF HUNGARIAN TEXTS AND LINGUISTIC DATA",
    author = "PAPP, FERENC",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1024",
}
@inproceedings{potvln-1973-travaux,
    title = "TRAVAUX DE MISE AU POINT D{'}UN LEXIQUE EN VUE DE LA TRANSCRIPTION FRANCAISE AUTOMATIQUE OU SEMI-AUTOMATIQUE DU TEXTE GREC D{'}ARISTOTE",
    author = "POTVlN, GERARD",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1025",
}
@inproceedings{prodanof-1973-la,
    title = "A LA RECHERCHE D{'}UN MODELE DE DERIVATION EN ITALIEN",
    author = "PRODANOF, IRINA",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1026",
}
@inproceedings{smith-maxwell-1973-english,
    title = "AN ENGLISH DICTIONARY FOR COMPUTERIZED SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC PROCESSING SYSTEMS",
    author = "SMITH, RAOUL N.  and
      MAXWELL, EDWARD",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1027",
}
@inproceedings{stachowitz-1973-beyond,
    title = "BEYOND THE FEASIBILITY STUDY: LEXICOGRAPHIC PROGRESS",
    author = "STACHOWITZ, ANNETTE",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1028",
}
@inproceedings{wilton-1973-bilingual,
    title = "BILINGUAL LEXICOGRAPHY: COMPUTER-AIDED EDITING",
    author = "WILTON, MURRAY T.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1029",
}
@inproceedings{wood-1973-refinements,
    title = "REFINEMENTS IN TABULAR MODELS OF VARIATION IN REGIONAL AMERICAN ENGLISH",
    author = "WOOD, GORDON R.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 1: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-1030",
}
@proceedings{coling-1973-coling-1973,
    title = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2000",
}
@inproceedings{arapov-herz-1973-frequency,
    title = "FREQUENCY AND AGE AS CHARACTERISTICS OF A WORD",
    author = "ARAPOV, M. V.  and
      HERZ, M. M.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2001",
}
@inproceedings{beebe-1973-frequency,
    title = "THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF ENGLISH SYNTAGMS",
    author = "Beebe, Ralph D.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2002",
}
@inproceedings{beloozerov-polikarpov-1973-mechanism,
    title = "A MECHANISM OF THE ANALYTICITY DEVELOPMENT IN A LANGUAGE. ELEMENTS OF THE THEORY AND THE COMPUTER EXPERIMENT",
    author = "BELOOZEROV, V.N.  and
      POLIKARPOV, A.A.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2003",
}
@inproceedings{bhatia-1973-computational,
    title = "A COMPUTATIONAL INVESTIGATION ON THE PERCEPTION AND ACQUISITION OF ASPIRATION",
    author = "BHATIA, TEJ K.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2004",
}
@inproceedings{calzolari-etal-1973-working,
    title = "WORKING ON THE ITALIAN MACHINE DICTIONARY: A SEMANTIC APPROACH",
    author = "CALZOLARI, NICOLETTA  and
      PECCHIA, LAURA  and
      ZAMPOLLI, ANTONIO",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2005",
}
@inproceedings{castrogiovanni-etal-1973-verbal,
    title = "VERBAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE PSYCHOTIC AND PSYCHONEUROTIC PATIENTS: AN APPROACH ACCORDING TO THE METHODOLOGY OF COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS",
    author = "CASTROGIOVANNI, P.  and
      MORETTI, L.  and
      LISIO, G. De",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2006",
}
@inproceedings{dzhubanov-khasnov-1973-computational,
    title = "COMPUTATIONAL DESCRIPTION OF THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE",
    author = "DZHUBANOV, ASKAR  and
      KHASNOV, BAKHITDZHAN",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2007",
}
@inproceedings{knowles-1973-quantitative,
    title = "THE QUANTITATIVE SYNTAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE RUSSIAN AND POLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS",
    author = "KNOWLES, F.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2008",
}
@inproceedings{maloney-1973-le,
    title = "LE PROJET HIPPO: RECHERCHE EN AUTOMATISATION DE DONNEES STYLOMETRIQUES A PARTIR DE L{'}OEUVRE D{'}HIPPOCRATE",
    author = "MALONEY, GILLES",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2009",
}
@inproceedings{j-1973-proportion,
    title = "PROPORTION BETWEEN NUMBER OF WORDS AND NUMBER OF FORMS IN THE WORKS OF THE {``}INDEX THOMISTICUS{''}",
    author = "J., FRANCO MELETTI S.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2010",
}
@inproceedings{monsonego-kis-1973-determinations,
    title = "DETERMINATIONS DIALINGUISTIQUES DE GENRE LITTERAIRE",
    author = "MONSONEGO, SIMONE  and
      KIS, EMESE",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2011",
}
@inproceedings{piotrowski-palibina-1973-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC PATTERN RECOGNITION APPLIED TO SEMANTIC PROBLEMS",
    author = "PIOTROWSKI, R. G.  and
      PALIBINA, I. V.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2012",
}
@inproceedings{andreewsky-fluhr-1973-experience,
    title = "EXPERIENCE DE CONSTITUTION D{'}UN PROGRAMME D{'}APPRENTISSAGE POUR LE TRAITEMENT AUTOMATIQUE DU LANGAGE",
    author = "ANDREEWSKY, A.  and
      FLUHR, C.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2013",
}
@inproceedings{andreewsky-etal-1973-algorithmes,
    title = "ALGORITHMES DE GENERATION AUTOMATIQUE EXPERIENCE DE GENERATION DES PHRASES SIMPLES DU FRANCAIS",
    author = "ANDREEWSKY, A.  and
      FLUHR, C.  and
      RAMBOUSEK, J.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2014",
}
@inproceedings{bien-1973-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS COMPUTER SYSTEMS FOR CONVERSING IN POLISH",
    author = "BIEN, JANUSZ STANISLAW",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2015",
}
@inproceedings{campo-etal-1973-automatic,
    title = "THE AUTOMATIC SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS AS AN AID IN DICTIONARY MAKING",
    author = "CAMPO, IGNAClO DEL  and
      GONZALES, ISABEL  and
      MOLINA, Ma TERESA  and
      MARCOS, FRANCISCO",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2016",
}
@inproceedings{castanet-vaturi-1973-traduction,
    title = "TRADUCTION AUTOMATIQUE EN UTILISANT A UNE GRAMMAIRE EN CHAINE",
    author = "CASTANET, RICHARD  and
      VATURI, SYLVAIN",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2017",
}
@inproceedings{courtin-1973-un,
    title = "UN ANALYSEUR SYNTAXIQUE INTERACTIF POUR LA COMMUNICATION HOMME-MACHINE",
    author = "COURTIN, JACQUES",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2018",
}
@inproceedings{kay-1973-morphological,
    title = "MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS",
    author = "KAY, MARTIN",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2019",
}
@inproceedings{kummel-1973-algorithm,
    title = "AN ALGORITHM OF LIMITED SYNTAX BASED ON LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS",
    author = "KUMMEL, PETER",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2020",
}
@inproceedings{lau-lutz-1973-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE GERMAN NOUN GROUP AND SOME PROBLEMS",
    author = "LAU, GERD  and
      LUTZ, HANS DIETER",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2021",
}
@inproceedings{leunbach-1973-morphological,
    title = "MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AS A STEP IN AUTOMATED SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF A TEXT",
    author = "LEUNBACH, GUSTAV",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2022",
}
@inproceedings{maegaard-spang-hanssen-1973-segmentation,
    title = "SEGMENTATION OF FRENCH SENTENCES",
    author = "MAEGAARD, BENTE  and
      SPANG-HANSSEN, EBBE",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2023",
}
@inproceedings{mennucci-morreale-1973-interactive,
    title = "AN INTERACTIVE SYSTEM FOR STEM-SUFFIX DISCRIMINATION IN ITALIAN WORDS",
    author = "MENNUCCI, M.  and
      MORREALE, E.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2024",
}
@inproceedings{nedobejkine-1973-application,
    title = "AN APPLICATION DU SYSTEME A.T.E.F. A L{'}ANALYSE MORPHOLOGIQUE DE TEXTES RUSSES",
    author = "NEDOBEJKINE, NICOLAS",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2025",
}
@inproceedings{packard-1973-computer,
    title = "COMPUTER-ASSISTED MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT GREEK",
    author = "PACKARD, DAVID W.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2026",
}
@inproceedings{paillet-1973-computational,
    title = "COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS AND LINGUISTIC THEORY",
    author = "PAILLET, JEAN PIERRE",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2027",
}
@inproceedings{plath-1973-transformational,
    title = "TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMAR AND TRANSFORMATIONAL PARSING IN THE REQUEST SYSTEM",
    author = "PLATH, WARREN J.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2028",
}
@inproceedings{quezel-ambrunaz-guillaume-1973-analyse,
    title = "ANALYSE AUTOMATIQUE DE TEXTES PAR UN SYSTEME D{'}ETATS FINIS",
    author = "QUEZEL-AMBRUNAZ, MAURICE  and
      GUILLAUME, PIERRE",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2029",
}
@inproceedings{salkoff-1973-using,
    title = "ON USING SEMANTIC DATA IN AUTOMATIC SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS",
    author = "SALKOFF, MORRIS",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2030",
}
@inproceedings{sigurd-1973-numbers,
    title = "FROM NUMBERS TO NUMERALS AND VICE VERSA",
    author = "SIGURD, BENGT",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2031",
}
@inproceedings{weber-1973-automatically,
    title = "THE AUTOMATICALLY BUILT UP HOMOGRAPH DICTIONARY A COMPONENT OF A DYNAMIC LEXICAL SYSTEM",
    author = "WEBER, HEINZ J.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1973 Volume 2: Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1973",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C73-2032",
}
@proceedings{semeval-2018-international,
    title = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    author = "Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Mohammad, Saif M.  and
      May, Jonathan  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-etal-2018-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Affect in Tweets",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Bravo-Marquez, Felipe  and
      Salameh, Mohammad  and
      Kiritchenko, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1001",
    pages = "1--17",
    abstract = "We present the SemEval-2018 Task 1: Affect in Tweets, which includes an array of subtasks on inferring the affectual state of a person from their tweet. For each task, we created labeled data from English, Arabic, and Spanish tweets. The individual tasks are: 1. emotion intensity regression, 2. emotion intensity ordinal classification, 3. valence (sentiment) regression, 4. valence ordinal classification, and 5. emotion classification. Seventy-five teams (about 200 team members) participated in the shared task. We summarize the methods, resources, and tools used by the participating teams, with a focus on the techniques and resources that are particularly useful. We also analyze systems for consistent bias towards a particular race or gender. The data is made freely available to further improve our understanding of how people convey emotions through language.",
}
@inproceedings{duppada-etal-2018-seernet,
    title = "{S}eer{N}et at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Domain Adaptation for Affect in Tweets",
    author = "Duppada, Venkatesh  and
      Jain, Royal  and
      Hiray, Sushant",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1002",
    pages = "18--23",
    abstract = "The paper describes the best performing system for the SemEval-2018 Affect in Tweets(English) sub-tasks. The system focuses on the ordinal classification and regression sub-tasks for valence and emotion. For ordinal classification valence is classified into 7 different classes ranging from -3 to 3 whereas emotion is classified into 4 different classes 0 to 3 separately for each emotion namely anger, fear, joy and sadness. The regression sub-tasks estimate the intensity of valence and each emotion. The system performs domain adaptation of 4 different models and creates an ensemble to give the final prediction. The proposed system achieved 1stposition out of 75 teams which participated in the fore-mentioned sub-tasks. We outperform the baseline model by margins ranging from 49.2{\%} to 76.4 {\%}, thus, pushing the state-of-the-art significantly.",
}
@inproceedings{barbieri-etal-2018-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val 2018 Task 2: Multilingual Emoji Prediction",
    author = "Barbieri, Francesco  and
      Camacho-Collados, Jose  and
      Ronzano, Francesco  and
      Espinosa-Anke, Luis  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Basile, Valerio  and
      Patti, Viviana  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1003",
    pages = "24--33",
    abstract = "This paper describes the results of the first Shared Task on Multilingual Emoji Prediction, organized as part of SemEval 2018. Given the text of a tweet, the task consists of predicting the most likely emoji to be used along such tweet. Two subtasks were proposed, one for English and one for Spanish, and participants were allowed to submit a system run to one or both subtasks. In total, 49 teams participated to the English subtask and 22 teams submitted a system run to the Spanish subtask. Evaluation was carried out emoji-wise, and the final ranking was based on macro F-Score. Data and further information about this task can be found at \url{https://competitions.codalab.org/competitions/17344}.",
}
@inproceedings{coltekin-rama-2018-tubingen,
    title = {T{\"u}bingen-Oslo at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: {SVM}s perform better than {RNN}s in Emoji Prediction},
    author = {{\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}  and
      Rama, Taraka},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1004",
    pages = "34--38",
    abstract = "This paper describes our participation in the SemEval-2018 task Multilingual Emoji Prediction. We participated in both English and Spanish subtasks, experimenting with support vector machines (SVMs) and recurrent neural networks. Our SVM classifier obtained the top rank in both subtasks with macro-averaged F1-measures of 35.99{\%} for English and 22.36{\%} for Spanish data sets. Similar to a few earlier attempts, the results with neural networks were not on par with linear SVMs.",
}
@inproceedings{van-hee-etal-2018-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: Irony Detection in {E}nglish Tweets",
    author = "Van Hee, Cynthia  and
      Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1005",
    pages = "39--50",
    abstract = "This paper presents the first shared task on irony detection: given a tweet, automatic natural language processing systems should determine whether the tweet is ironic (Task A) and which type of irony (if any) is expressed (Task B). The ironic tweets were collected using irony-related hashtags (i.e. {\#}irony, {\#}sarcasm, {\#}not) and were subsequently manually annotated to minimise the amount of noise in the corpus. Prior to distributing the data, hashtags that were used to collect the tweets were removed from the corpus. For both tasks, a training corpus of 3,834 tweets was provided, as well as a test set containing 784 tweets. Our shared tasks received submissions from 43 teams for the binary classification Task A and from 31 teams for the multiclass Task B. The highest classification scores obtained for both subtasks are respectively F1= 0.71 and F1= 0.51 and demonstrate that fine-grained irony classification is much more challenging than binary irony detection.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-thu,
    title = "{THU}{\_}{NGN} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: Tweet Irony Detection with Densely connected {LSTM} and Multi-task Learning",
    author = "Wu, Chuhan  and
      Wu, Fangzhao  and
      Wu, Sixing  and
      Liu, Junxin  and
      Yuan, Zhigang  and
      Huang, Yongfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1006",
    pages = "51--56",
    abstract = "Detecting irony is an important task to mine fine-grained information from social web messages. Therefore, the Semeval-2018 task 3 is aimed to detect the ironic tweets (subtask A) and their ironic types (subtask B). In order to address this task, we propose a system based on a densely connected LSTM network with multi-task learning strategy. In our dense LSTM model, each layer will take all outputs from previous layers as input. The last LSTM layer will output the hidden representations of texts, and they will be used in three classification task. In addition, we incorporate several types of features to improve the model performance. Our model achieved an F-score of 70.54 (ranked 2/43) in the subtask A and 49.47 (ranked 3/29) in the subtask B. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of our system.",
}
@inproceedings{choi-chen-2018-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val 2018 Task 4: Character Identification on Multiparty Dialogues",
    author = "Choi, Jinho D.  and
      Chen, Henry Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1007",
    pages = "57--64",
    abstract = "Character identification is a task of entity linking that finds the global entity of each personal mention in multiparty dialogue. For this task, the first two seasons of the popular TV show Friends are annotated, comprising a total of 448 dialogues, 15,709 mentions, and 401 entities. The personal mentions are detected from nominals referring to certain characters in the show, and the entities are collected from the list of all characters in those two seasons of the show. This task is challenging because it requires the identification of characters that are mentioned but may not be active during the conversation. Among 90+ participants, four of them submitted their system outputs and showed strengths in different aspects about the task. Thorough analyses of the distributed datasets, system outputs, and comparative studies are also provided. To facilitate the momentum, we create an open-source project for this task and publicly release a larger and cleaner dataset, hoping to support researchers for more enhanced modeling.",
}
@inproceedings{aina-etal-2018-amore,
    title = "{AMORE}-{UPF} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 4: {B}i{LSTM} with Entity Library",
    author = "Aina, Laura  and
      Silberer, Carina  and
      Sorodoc, Ionut-Teodor  and
      Westera, Matthijs  and
      Boleda, Gemma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1008",
    pages = "65--69",
    abstract = "This paper describes our winning contribution to SemEval 2018 Task 4: Character Identification on Multiparty Dialogues. It is a simple, standard model with one key innovation, an entity library. Our results show that this innovation greatly facilitates the identification of infrequent characters. Because of the generic nature of our model, this finding is potentially relevant to any task that requires the effective learning from sparse or imbalanced data.",
}
@inproceedings{postma-etal-2018-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2018 Task 5: Counting Events and Participants in the Long Tail",
    author = "Postma, Marten  and
      Ilievski, Filip  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1009",
    pages = "70--80",
    abstract = "This paper discusses SemEval-2018 Task 5: a referential quantification task of counting events and participants in local, long-tail news documents with high ambiguity. The complexity of this task challenges systems to establish the meaning, reference and identity across documents. The task consists of three subtasks and spans across three domains. We detail the design of this referential quantification task, describe the participating systems, and present additional analysis to gain deeper insight into their performance.",
}
@inproceedings{mirza-etal-2018-koi,
    title = "{KOI} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 5: Building Knowledge Graph of Incidents",
    author = "Mirza, Paramita  and
      Darari, Fariz  and
      Mahendra, Rahmad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1010",
    pages = "81--87",
    abstract = "We present KOI (Knowledge of Incidents), a system that given news articles as input, builds a knowledge graph (KOI-KG) of incidental events. KOI-KG can then be used to efficiently answer questions such {``}How many killing incidents happened in 2017 that involve Sean?{''} The required steps in building the KG include: (i) document preprocessing involving word sense disambiguation, named-entity recognition, temporal expression recognition and normalization, and semantic role labeling; (ii) incidental event extraction and coreference resolution via document clustering; and (iii) KG construction and population.",
}
@inproceedings{laparra-etal-2018-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val 2018 Task 6: Parsing Time Normalizations",
    author = "Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Xu, Dongfang  and
      Elsayed, Ahmed  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1011",
    pages = "88--96",
    abstract = "This paper presents the outcomes of the Parsing Time Normalization shared task held within SemEval-2018. The aim of the task is to parse time expressions into the compositional semantic graphs of the Semantically Compositional Annotation of Time Expressions (SCATE) schema, which allows the representation of a wider variety of time expressions than previous approaches. Two tracks were included, one to evaluate the parsing of individual components of the produced graphs, in a classic information extraction way, and another one to evaluate the quality of the time intervals resulting from the interpretation of those graphs. Though 40 participants registered for the task, only one team submitted output, achieving 0.55 F1 in Track 1 (parsing) and 0.70 F1 in Track 2 (intervals).",
}
@inproceedings{olex-etal-2018-chrono,
    title = "{C}hrono at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 6: A System for Normalizing Temporal Expressions",
    author = "Olex, Amy  and
      Maffey, Luke  and
      Morgan, Nicholas  and
      McInnes, Bridget",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1012",
    pages = "97--101",
    abstract = "Temporal information extraction is a challenging task. Here we describe Chrono, a hybrid rule-based and machine learning system that identifies temporal expressions in text and normalizes them into the SCATE schema. After minor parsing logic adjustments, Chrono has emerged as the top performing system for SemEval 2018 Task 6: Parsing Time Normalizations.",
}
@inproceedings{dragoni-2018-neurosent,
    title = "{NEUROSENT}-{PDI} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Leveraging a Multi-Domain Sentiment Model for Inferring Polarity in Micro-blog Text",
    author = "Dragoni, Mauro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1013",
    pages = "102--108",
    abstract = "This paper describes the NeuroSent system that participated in SemEval 2018 Task 1. Our system takes a supervised approach that builds on neural networks and word embeddings. Word embeddings were built by starting from a repository of user generated reviews. Thus, they are specific for sentiment analysis tasks. Then, tweets are converted in the corresponding vector representation and given as input to the neural network with the aim of learning the different semantics contained in each emotion taken into account by the SemEval task. The output layer has been adapted based on the characteristics of each subtask. Preliminary results obtained on the provided training set are encouraging for pursuing the investigation into this direction.",
}
@inproceedings{karasalo-etal-2018-foi,
    title = "{FOI} {DSS} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Combining {LSTM} States, Embeddings, and Lexical Features for Affect Analysis",
    author = "Karasalo, Maja  and
      Nilsson, Mattias  and
      Rosell, Magnus  and
      Wickenberg Bolin, Ulrika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1014",
    pages = "109--115",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system used and results obtained for team FOI DSS at SemEval-2018 Task 1: Affect In Tweets. The team participated in all English language subtasks, with a method utilizing transfer learning from LSTM nets trained on large sentiment datasets combined with embeddings and lexical features. For four out of five subtasks, the system performed in the range of 92-95{\%} of the winning systems, in terms of the competition metrics. Analysis of the results suggests that improved pre-processing and addition of more lexical features may further elevate performance.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-nlpzzx,
    title = "{NLPZZX} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Using Ensemble Method for Emotion and Sentiment Intensity Determination",
    author = "Zhang, Zhengxin  and
      Zhou, Qimin  and
      Wu, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1015",
    pages = "116--122",
    abstract = "In this paper, we put forward a system that competed at SemEval-2018 Task 1: {``}Affect in Tweets{''}. Our system uses a simple yet effective ensemble method which combines several neural network components. We participate in two subtasks for English tweets: EI-reg and V-reg. For two subtasks, different combinations of neural components are examined. For EI-reg, our system achieves an accuracy of 0.727 in Pearson Correlation Coefficient (all instances) and an accuracy of 0.555 in Pearson Correlation Coefficient (0.5-1). For V-reg, the achieved accuracy scores are respectively 0.835 and 0.670",
}
@inproceedings{de-bruyne-etal-2018-lt3,
    title = "{LT}3 at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: A classifier chain to detect emotions in tweets",
    author = "De Bruyne, Luna  and
      De Clercq, Orph{\'e}e  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1016",
    pages = "123--127",
    abstract = "This paper presents an emotion classification system for English tweets, submitted for the SemEval shared task on Affect in Tweets, subtask 5: Detecting Emotions. The system combines lexicon, n-gram, style, syntactic and semantic features. For this multi-class multi-label problem, we created a classifier chain. This is an ensemble of eleven binary classifiers, one for each possible emotion category, where each model gets the predictions of the preceding models as additional features. The predicted labels are combined to get a multi-label representation of the predictions. Our system was ranked eleventh among thirty five participating teams, with a Jaccard accuracy of 52.0{\%} and macro- and micro-average F1-scores of 49.3{\%} and 64.0{\%}, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{plaza-del-arco-etal-2018-sinai,
    title = "{SINAI} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Emotion Recognition in Tweets",
    author = "Plaza-del-Arco, Flor Miriam  and
      Jim{\'e}nez-Zafra, Salud Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Martin, Maite  and
      Ure{\~n}a-L{\'o}pez, L. Alfonso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1017",
    pages = "128--132",
    abstract = "Emotion classification is a new task that combines several disciplines including Artificial Intelligence and Psychology, although Natural Language Processing is perhaps the most challenging area. In this paper, we describe our participation in SemEval-2018 Task1: Affect in Tweets. In particular, we have participated in EI-oc, EI-reg and E-c subtasks for English and Spanish languages.",
}
@inproceedings{priban-etal-2018-uwb,
    title = "{UWB} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Emotion Intensity Detection in Tweets",
    author = "P{\v{r}}ib{\'a}{\v{n}}, Pavel  and
      Hercig, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Lenc, Ladislav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1018",
    pages = "133--140",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system created for the SemEval-2018 Task 1: Affect in Tweets (AIT-2018). We participated in both the regression and the ordinal classification subtasks for emotion intensity detection in English, Arabic, and Spanish. For the regression subtask we use the AffectiveTweets system with added features using various word embeddings, lexicons, and LDA. For the ordinal classification we additionally use our Brainy system with features using parse tree, POS tags, and morphological features. The most beneficial features apart from word and character n-grams include word embeddings, POS count and morphological features.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2018-attnconvnet,
    title = "{A}ttn{C}onvnet at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Attention-based Convolutional Neural Networks for Multi-label Emotion Classification",
    author = "Kim, Yanghoon  and
      Lee, Hwanhee  and
      Jung, Kyomin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1019",
    pages = "141--145",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose an attention-based classifier that predicts multiple emotions of a given sentence. Our model imitates human{'}s two-step procedure of sentence understanding and it can effectively represent and classify sentences. With emoji-to-meaning preprocessing and extra lexicon utilization, we further improve the model performance. We train and evaluate our model with data provided by SemEval-2018 task 1-5, each sentence of which has several labels among 11 given emotions. Our model achieves 5th/1st rank in English/Spanish respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{graff-etal-2018-ingeotec,
    title = "{INGEOTEC} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: {E}vo{MSA} and μ{TC} for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Graff, Mario  and
      Miranda-Jim{\'e}nez, Sabino  and
      Tellez, Eric S.  and
      Moctezuma, Daniela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1020",
    pages = "146--150",
    abstract = "This paper describes our participation in Affective Tweets task for emotional intensity and sentiment intensity subtasks for English, Spanish, and Arabic languages. We used two approaches, μTC and EvoMSA. The first one is a generic text categorization and regression system; and the second one, a two-stage architecture for Sentiment Analysis. Both approaches are multilingual and domain independent.",
}
@inproceedings{daval-frerot-etal-2018-epita,
    title = "Epita at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Sentiment Analysis Using Transfer Learning Approach",
    author = "Daval-Frerot, Guillaume  and
      Bouchekif, Abdesselam  and
      Moreau, Anatole",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1021",
    pages = "151--155",
    abstract = "In this paper we present our system for detecting valence task. The major issue was to apply a state-of-the-art system despite the small dataset provided: the system would quickly overfit. The main idea of our proposal is to use transfer learning, which allows to avoid learning from scratch. Indeed, we start to train a first model to predict if a tweet is positive, negative or neutral. For this we use an external dataset which is larger and similar to the target dataset. Then, the pre-trained model is re-used as the starting point to train a new model that classifies a tweet into one of the seven various levels of sentiment intensity. Our system, trained using transfer learning, achieves 0.776 and 0.763 respectively for Pearson correlation coefficient and weighted quadratic kappa metrics on the subtask evaluation dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{aono-himeno-2018-kde,
    title = "{KDE}-{AFFECT} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Estimation of Affects in Tweet by Using Convolutional Neural Network for n-gram",
    author = "Aono, Masaki  and
      Himeno, Shinnosuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1022",
    pages = "156--161",
    abstract = "This paper describes our approach to SemEval-2018 Task1: Estimation of Affects in Tweet for 1a and 2a. Our team KDE-AFFECT employs several methods including one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network for $n$-grams, together with word embedding and other preprocessing such as vocabulary unification and Emoji conversion into four emotional words.",
}
@inproceedings{ezen-can-can-2018-rnn,
    title = "{RNN} for Affects at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Formulating Affect Identification as a Binary Classification Problem",
    author = "Ezen-Can, Aysu  and
      Can, Ethem F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1023",
    pages = "162--166",
    abstract = "Written communication lacks the multimodal features such as posture, gesture and gaze that make it easy to model affective states. Especially in social media such as Twitter, due to the space constraints, the sources of information that can be mined are even more limited due to character limitations. These limitations constitute a challenge for understanding short social media posts. In this paper, we present an approach that utilizes multiple binary classifiers that represent different affective categories to model Twitter posts (e.g., tweets). We train domain-independent recurrent neural network models without any outside information such as affect lexicons. We then use these domain independent binary ranking models to evaluate the applicability of such deep learning models on the affect identification task. This approach allows different model architectures and parameter settings for each affect category instead of building one single multi-label classifier. The contributions of this paper are two-folds: we show that modeling tweets with a small training set is possible with the use of RNNs and we also prove that formulating affect identification as a binary classification task is highly effective.",
}
@inproceedings{mulki-etal-2018-tw,
    title = "Tw-{S}t{AR} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Preprocessing Impact on Multi-label Emotion Classification",
    author = "Mulki, Hala  and
      Bechikh Ali, Chedi  and
      Haddad, Hatem  and
      Babao{\u{g}}lu, Ismail",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1024",
    pages = "167--171",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our contribution in SemEval-2018 contest. We tackled task 1 {``}Affect in Tweets{''}, subtask E-c {``}Detecting Emotions (multi-label classification){''}. A multilabel classification system Tw-StAR was developed to recognize the emotions embedded in Arabic, English and Spanish tweets. To handle the multi-label classification problem via traditional classifiers, we employed the binary relevance transformation strategy while a TF-IDF scheme was used to generate the tweets{'} features. We investigated using single and combinations of several preprocessing tasks to further improve the performance. The results showed that specific combinations of preprocessing tasks could significantly improve the evaluation measures. This has been later emphasized by the official results as our system ranked 3rd for both Arabic and Spanish datasets and 14th for the English dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{kravchenko-pivovarova-2018-dl,
    title = "{DL} Team at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Tweet Affect Detection using Sentiment Lexicons and Embeddings",
    author = "Kravchenko, Dmitry  and
      Pivovarova, Lidia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1025",
    pages = "172--176",
    abstract = "The paper describes our approach for SemEval-2018 Task 1: Affect Detection in Tweets. We perform experiments with manually compelled sentiment lexicons and word embeddings. We test their performance on twitter affect detection task to determine which features produce the most informative representation of a sentence. We demonstrate that general-purpose word embeddings produces more informative sentence representation than lexicon features. However, combining lexicon features with embeddings yields higher performance than embeddings alone.",
}
@inproceedings{turcu-etal-2018-emointens,
    title = "{E}mo{I}ntens Tracker at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Emotional Intensity Levels in {\#}Tweets",
    author = "Turcu, Ramona-Andreea  and
      Amarandei, Sandra Maria  and
      Flescan-Lovin-Arseni, Iuliana-Alexandra  and
      Gifu, Daniela  and
      Trandabat, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1026",
    pages = "177--180",
    abstract = "The „Affect in Tweets{''} task is centered on emotions categorization and evaluation matrix using multi-language tweets (English and Spanish). In this research, SemEval Affect dataset was preprocessed, categorized, and evaluated accordingly (precision, recall, and accuracy). The system described in this paper is based on the implementation of supervised machine learning (Naive Bayes, KNN and SVM), deep learning (NN Tensor Flow model), and decision trees algorithms.",
}
@inproceedings{husseini-orabi-etal-2018-uottawa,
    title = "u{O}ttawa at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Self-Attentive Hybrid {GRU}-Based Network",
    author = "Husseini Orabi, Ahmed  and
      Husseini Orabi, Mahmoud  and
      Inkpen, Diana  and
      Van Bruwaene, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1027",
    pages = "181--185",
    abstract = "We propose a novel attentive hybrid GRU-based network (SAHGN), which we used at SemEval-2018 Task 1: Affect in Tweets. Our network has two main characteristics, 1) has the ability to internally optimize its feature representation using attention mechanisms, and 2) provides a hybrid representation using a character level Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), as well as a self-attentive word-level encoder. The key advantage of our model is its ability to signify the relevant and important information that enables self-optimization. Results are reported on the valence intensity regression task.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-thu-ngn,
    title = "{THU}{\_}{NGN} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Fine-grained Tweet Sentiment Intensity Analysis with Attention {CNN}-{LSTM}",
    author = "Wu, Chuhan  and
      Wu, Fangzhao  and
      Liu, Junxin  and
      Yuan, Zhigang  and
      Wu, Sixing  and
      Huang, Yongfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1028",
    pages = "186--192",
    abstract = "Traditional sentiment analysis approaches mainly focus on classifying the sentiment polarities or emotion categories of texts. However, they can{'}t exploit the sentiment intensity information. Therefore, the SemEval-2018 Task 1 is aimed to automatically determine the intensity of emotions or sentiment of tweets to mine fine-grained sentiment information. In order to address this task, we propose a system based on an attention CNN-LSTM model. In our model, LSTM is used to extract the long-term contextual information from texts. We apply attention techniques to selecting this information. A CNN layer with different size of kernels is used to extract local features. The dense layers take the pooled CNN feature maps and predict the intensity scores. Our system reaches average Pearson correlation score of 0.722 (ranked 12/48) in emotion intensity regression task, and 0.810 in valence regression task (ranked 15/38). It indicates that our system can be further extended.",
}
@inproceedings{jabreel-moreno-2018-eitaka,
    title = "{E}i{TAKA} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: An Ensemble of N-Channels {C}onv{N}et and {XG}boost Regressors for Emotion Analysis of Tweets",
    author = "Jabreel, Mohammed  and
      Moreno, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1029",
    pages = "193--199",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system that has been used in Task1 Affect in Tweets. We combine two different approaches. The first one called N-Stream ConvNets, which is a deep learning approach where the second one is XGboost regressor based on a set of embedding and lexicons based features. Our system was evaluated on the testing sets of the tasks outperforming all other approaches for the Arabic version of valence intensity regression task and valence ordinal classification task.",
}
@inproceedings{ahmad-etal-2018-centement,
    title = "{CENTEMENT} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Classification of Tweets using Multiple Thresholds with Self-correction and Weighted Conditional Probabilities",
    author = "Ahmad, Tariq  and
      Ramsay, Allan  and
      Ahmed, Hanady",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1030",
    pages = "200--204",
    abstract = "In this paper we present our contribution to SemEval-2018, a classifier for classifying multi-label emotions of Arabic and English tweets. We attempted {``}Affect in Tweets{''}, specifically Task E-c: Detecting Emotions (multi-label classification). Our method is based on preprocessing the tweets and creating word vectors combined with a self correction step to remove noise. We also make use of emotion specific thresholds. The final submission was selected upon the best performance achieved, selected when using a range of thresholds. Our system was evaluated on the Arabic and English datasets provided for the task by the competition organisers, where it ranked 2nd for the Arabic dataset (out of 14 entries) and 12th for the English dataset (out of 35 entries).",
}
@inproceedings{wang-zhou-2018-yuan,
    title = "Yuan at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Tweets Emotion Intensity Prediction using Ensemble Recurrent Neural Network",
    author = "Wang, Min  and
      Zhou, Xiaobing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1031",
    pages = "205--209",
    abstract = "We perform the LSTM and BiLSTM model for the emotion intensity prediction. We only join the third subtask in Task 1:Affect in Tweets. Our system rank 6th among all the teams.",
}
@inproceedings{abdou-etal-2018-affecthor,
    title = "{A}ffec{T}hor at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: A cross-linguistic approach to sentiment intensity quantification in tweets",
    author = "Abdou, Mostafa  and
      Kulmizev, Artur  and
      Gin{\'e}s i Ametll{\'e}, Joan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1032",
    pages = "210--217",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe our submission to SemEval-2018 Task 1: Affects in Tweets. The model which we present is an ensemble of various neural architectures and gradient boosted trees, and employs three different types of vectorial tweet representations. Furthermore, our system is language-independent and ranked first in 5 out of the 12 subtasks in which we participated, while achieving competitive results in the remaining ones. Comparatively remarkable performance is observed on both the Arabic and Spanish languages.",
}
@inproceedings{rozental-fleischer-2018-amobee,
    title = "{A}mobee at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: {GRU} Neural Network with a {CNN} Attention Mechanism for Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Rozental, Alon  and
      Fleischer, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1033",
    pages = "218--225",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of Amobee in the shared sentiment analysis task at SemEval 2018. We participated in all the English sub-tasks and the Spanish valence tasks. Our system consists of three parts: training task-specific word embeddings, training a model consisting of gated-recurrent-units (GRU) with a convolution neural network (CNN) attention mechanism and training stacking-based ensembles for each of the sub-tasks. Our algorithm reached the 3rd and 1st places in the valence ordinal classification sub-tasks in English and Spanish, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{gao-chen-2018-deepsa2018,
    title = "deep{SA}2018 at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Multi-task Learning of Different Label for Affect in Tweets",
    author = "Gao, Zi-Yuan  and
      Chen, Chia-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1034",
    pages = "226--230",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system implementation for subtask V-oc of SemEval-2018 Task 1: affect in tweets. We use multi-task learning method to learn shared representation, then learn the features for each task. There are five classification models in the proposed multi-task learning approach. These classification models are trained sequentially to learn different features for different classification tasks. In addition to the data released for SemEval-2018, we use datasets from previous SemEvals during system construction. Our Pearson correlation score is 0.638 on the official SemEval-2018 Task 1 test set.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2018-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Emotion Intensity Prediction Using Effective Features and Machine Learning Models",
    author = "Xu, Huimin  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Wu, Yuanbin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1035",
    pages = "231--235",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submissions to SemEval 2018 task 1. The task is affect intensity prediction in tweets, including five subtasks. We participated in all subtasks of English tweets. We extracted several traditional NLP, sentiment lexicon, emotion lexicon and domain specific features from tweets, adopted supervised machine learning algorithms to perform emotion intensity prediction.",
}
@inproceedings{badaro-etal-2018-ema,
    title = "{EMA} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Emotion Mining for {A}rabic",
    author = "Badaro, Gilbert  and
      El Jundi, Obeida  and
      Khaddaj, Alaa  and
      Maarouf, Alaa  and
      Kain, Raslan  and
      Hajj, Hazem  and
      El-Hajj, Wassim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1036",
    pages = "236--244",
    abstract = "While significant progress has been achieved for Opinion Mining in Arabic (OMA), very limited efforts have been put towards the task of Emotion mining in Arabic. In fact, businesses are interested in learning a fine-grained representation of how users are feeling towards their products or services. In this work, we describe the methods used by the team Emotion Mining in Arabic (EMA), as part of the SemEval-2018 Task 1 for Affect Mining for Arabic tweets. EMA participated in all 5 subtasks. For the five tasks, several preprocessing steps were evaluated and eventually the best system included diacritics removal, elongation adjustment, replacement of emojis by the corresponding Arabic word, character normalization and light stemming. Moreover, several features were evaluated along with different classification and regression techniques. For the 5 subtasks, word embeddings feature turned out to perform best along with Ensemble technique. EMA achieved the 1st place in subtask 5, and 3rd place in subtasks 1 and 3.",
}
@inproceedings{baziotis-etal-2018-ntua,
    title = "{NTUA}-{SLP} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Predicting Affective Content in Tweets with Deep Attentive {RNN}s and Transfer Learning",
    author = "Baziotis, Christos  and
      Nikolaos, Athanasiou  and
      Chronopoulou, Alexandra  and
      Kolovou, Athanasia  and
      Paraskevopoulos, Georgios  and
      Ellinas, Nikolaos  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1037",
    pages = "245--255",
    abstract = "In this paper we present deep-learning models that submitted to the SemEval-2018 Task 1 competition: {``}Affect in Tweets{''}. We participated in all subtasks for English tweets. We propose a Bi-LSTM architecture equipped with a multi-layer self attention mechanism. The attention mechanism improves the model performance and allows us to identify salient words in tweets, as well as gain insight into the models making them more interpretable. Our model utilizes a set of word2vec word embeddings trained on a large collection of 550 million Twitter messages, augmented by a set of word affective features. Due to the limited amount of task-specific training data, we opted for a transfer learning approach by pretraining the Bi-LSTMs on the dataset of Semeval 2017, Task 4A. The proposed approach ranked 1st in Subtask E {``}Multi-Label Emotion Classification{''}, 2nd in Subtask A {``}Emotion Intensity Regression{''} and achieved competitive results in other subtasks.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-yang-2018-crystalfeel,
    title = "{C}rystal{F}eel at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Understanding and Detecting Emotion Intensity using Affective Lexicons",
    author = "Gupta, Raj Kumar  and
      Yang, Yinping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1038",
    pages = "256--263",
    abstract = "While sentiment and emotion analysis has received a considerable amount of research attention, the notion of understanding and detecting the intensity of emotions is relatively less explored. This paper describes a system developed for predicting emotion intensity in tweets. Given a Twitter message, CrystalFeel uses features derived from parts-of-speech, n-grams, word embedding, and multiple affective lexicons including Opinion Lexicon, SentiStrength, AFFIN, NRC Emotion {\&} Hash Emotion, and our in-house developed EI Lexicons to predict the degree of the intensity associated with fear, anger, sadness, and joy in the tweet. We found that including the affective lexicons-based features allowed the system to obtain strong prediction performance, while revealing interesting emotion word-level and message-level associations. On gold test data, CrystalFeel obtained Pearson correlations of 0.717 on average emotion intensity and of 0.816 on sentiment intensity.",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2018-plusemo2vec,
    title = "{P}lus{E}mo2{V}ec at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Exploiting emotion knowledge from emoji and {\#}hashtags",
    author = "Park, Ji Ho  and
      Xu, Peng  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1039",
    pages = "264--272",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system that has been submitted to SemEval-2018 Task 1: Affect in Tweets (AIT) to solve five subtasks. We focus on modeling both sentence and word level representations of emotion inside texts through large distantly labeled corpora with emojis and hashtags. We transfer the emotional knowledge by exploiting neural network models as feature extractors and use these representations for traditional machine learning models such as support vector regression (SVR) and logistic regression to solve the competition tasks. Our system is placed among the Top3 for all subtasks we participated.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-ynu,
    title = "{YNU}-{HPCC} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: {B}i{LSTM} with Attention based Sentiment Analysis for Affect in Tweets",
    author = "Zhang, You  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1040",
    pages = "273--278",
    abstract = "We implemented the sentiment system in all five subtasks for English and Spanish. All subtasks involve emotion or sentiment intensity prediction (regression and ordinal classification) and emotions determining (multi-labels classification). The useful BiLSTM (Bidirectional Long-Short Term Memory) model with attention mechanism was mainly applied for our system. We use BiLSTM in order to get word information extracted from both directions. The attention mechanism was used to find the contribution of each word for improving the scores. Furthermore, based on BiLSTMATT (BiLSTM with attention mechanism) a few deep-learning algorithms were employed for different subtasks. For regression and ordinal classification tasks we used domain adaptation and ensemble learning methods to leverage base model. While a single base model was used for multi-labels task.",
}
@inproceedings{kuijper-etal-2018-ug18,
    title = "{UG}18 at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Generating Additional Training Data for Predicting Emotion Intensity in {S}panish",
    author = "Kuijper, Marloes  and
      van Lenthe, Mike  and
      van Noord, Rik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1041",
    pages = "279--285",
    abstract = "The present study describes our submission to SemEval 2018 Task 1: Affect in Tweets. Our Spanish-only approach aimed to demonstrate that it is beneficial to automatically generate additional training data by (i) translating training data from other languages and (ii) applying a semi-supervised learning method. We find strong support for both approaches, with those models outperforming our regular models in all subtasks. However, creating a stepwise ensemble of different models as opposed to simply averaging did not result in an increase in performance. We placed second (EI-Reg), second (EI-Oc), fourth (V-Reg) and fifth (V-Oc) in the four Spanish subtasks we participated in.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-isclab,
    title = "{ISCLAB} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: {UIR}-Miner for Affect in Tweets",
    author = "Li, Meng  and
      Dong, Zhenyuan  and
      Fan, Zhihao  and
      Meng, Kongming  and
      Cao, Jinghua  and
      Ding, Guanqi  and
      Liu, Yuhan  and
      Shan, Jiawei  and
      Li, Binyang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1042",
    pages = "286--290",
    abstract = "This paper presents a UIR-Miner system for emotion and sentiment analysis evaluation in Twitter in SemEval 2018. Our system consists of three main modules: preprocessing module, stacking module to solve the intensity prediction of emotion and sentiment, LSTM network module to solve multi-label classification, and the hierarchical attention network module for solving emotion and sentiment classification problem. According to the metrics of SemEval 2018, our system gets the final scores of 0.636, 0.531, 0.731, 0.708, and 0.408 on 5 subtasks, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{meisheri-dey-2018-tcs,
    title = "{TCS} Research at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Learning Robust Representations using Multi-Attention Architecture",
    author = "Meisheri, Hardik  and
      Dey, Lipika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1043",
    pages = "291--299",
    abstract = "This paper presents system description of our submission to the SemEval-2018 task-1: Affect in tweets for the English language. We combine three different features generated using deep learning models and traditional methods in support vector machines to create a unified ensemble system. A robust representation of a tweet is learned using a multi-attention based architecture which uses a mixture of different pre-trained embeddings. In addition to this analysis of different features is also presented. Our system ranked 2nd, 5th, and 7th in different subtasks among 75 teams.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-lee-2018-dmcb,
    title = "{DMCB} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Transfer Learning of Sentiment Classification Using Group {LSTM} for Emotion Intensity prediction",
    author = "Kim, Youngmin  and
      Lee, Hyunju",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1044",
    pages = "300--304",
    abstract = "This paper describes a system attended in the SemEval-2018 Task 1 {``}Affect in tweets{''} that predicts emotional intensities. We use Group LSTM with an attention model and transfer learning with sentiment classification data as a source data (SemEval 2017 Task 4a). A transfer model structure consists of a source domain and a target domain. Additionally, we try a new dropout that is applied to LSTMs in the Group LSTM. Our system ranked 8th at the subtask 1a (emotion intensity regression). We also show various results with different architectures in the source, target and transfer models.",
}
@inproceedings{naderi-etal-2018-deepminer,
    title = "{D}eep{M}iner at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Emotion Intensity Recognition Using Deep Representation Learning",
    author = "Naderi, Habibeh  and
      Haji Soleimani, Behrouz  and
      Mohammad, Saif  and
      Kiritchenko, Svetlana  and
      Matwin, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1045",
    pages = "305--312",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a regression system to infer the emotion intensity of a tweet. We develop a multi-aspect feature learning mechanism to capture the most discriminative semantic features of a tweet as well as the emotion information conveyed by each word in it. We combine six types of feature groups: (1) a tweet representation learned by an LSTM deep neural network on the training data, (2) a tweet representation learned by an LSTM network on a large corpus of tweets that contain emotion words (a distant supervision corpus), (3) word embeddings trained on the distant supervision corpus and averaged over all words in a tweet, (4) word and character n-grams, (5) features derived from various sentiment and emotion lexicons, and (6) other hand-crafted features. As part of the word embedding training, we also learn the distributed representations of multi-word expressions (MWEs) and negated forms of words. An SVR regressor is then trained over the full set of features. We evaluate the effectiveness of our ensemble feature sets on the SemEval-2018 Task 1 datasets and achieve a Pearson correlation of 72{\%} on the task of tweet emotion intensity prediction.",
}
@inproceedings{chi-etal-2018-zewen,
    title = "Zewen at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: An Ensemble Model for Affect Prediction in Tweets",
    author = "Chi, Zewen  and
      Huang, Heyan  and
      Chen, Jiangui  and
      Wu, Hao  and
      Wei, Ran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1046",
    pages = "313--318",
    abstract = "This paper presents a method for Affect in Tweets, which is the task to automatically determine the intensity of emotions and intensity of sentiment of tweets. The term affect refers to emotion-related categories such as anger, fear, etc. Intensity of emo-tions need to be quantified into a real valued score in [0, 1]. We propose an en-semble system including four different deep learning methods which are CNN, Bidirectional LSTM (BLSTM), LSTM-CNN and a CNN-based Attention model (CA). Our system gets an average Pearson correlation score of 0.682 in the subtask EI-reg and an average Pearson correlation score of 0.784 in subtask V-reg, which ranks 17th among 48 systems in EI-reg and 19th among 38 systems in V-reg.",
}
@inproceedings{unnithan-etal-2018-amrita,
    title = "Amrita{\_}student at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Distributed Representation of Social Media Text for Affects in Tweets",
    author = "Unnithan, Nidhin A  and
      K., Shalini  and
      Ganesh H. B., Barathi  and
      Kumar M, Anand  and
      K. P., Soman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1047",
    pages = "319--323",
    abstract = "In this paper we did an analysis of {``}Affects in Tweets{''} which was one of the task conducted by semeval 2018. Task was to build a model which is able to do regression and classification of different emotions from the given tweets data set. We developed a base model for all the subtasks using distributed representation (Doc2Vec) and applied machine learning techniques for classification and regression. Distributed representation is an unsupervised algorithm which is capable of learning fixed length feature representation from variable length texts. Machine learning techniques used for regression is {'}Linear Regression{'} while {'}Random Forest Tree{'} is used for classification purpose. Empirical results obtained for all the subtasks by our model are shown in this paper.",
}
@inproceedings{s-etal-2018-ssn,
    title = "{SSN} {MLRG}1 at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Emotion and Sentiment Intensity Detection Using Rule Based Feature Selection",
    author = "S, Angel Deborah  and
      S, Rajalakshmi  and
      Rajendram, S Milton  and
      T T, Mirnalinee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1048",
    pages = "324--328",
    abstract = "The system developed by the SSN MLRG1 team for Semeval-2018 task 1 on affect in tweets uses rule based feature selection and one-hot encoding to generate the input feature vector. Multilayer Perceptron was used to build the model for emotion intensity ordinal classification, sentiment analysis ordinal classification and emotion classfication subtasks. Support Vector Machine was used to build the model for emotion intensity regression and sentiment intensity regression subtasks.",
}
@inproceedings{j-r-etal-2018-cennlp,
    title = "{CENNLP} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Constrained Vector Space Model in Affects in Tweets",
    author = "J R, Naveen  and
      Ganesh H. B., Barathi  and
      Kumar M, Anand  and
      K P, Soman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1049",
    pages = "329--333",
    abstract = "This paper discusses on task 1, {``}Affect in Tweets{''} sharedtask, conducted in SemEval-2018. This task comprises of various subtasks, which required participants to analyse over different emotions and sentiments based on the provided tweet data and also measure the intensity of these emotions for subsequent subtasks. Our approach in these task was to come up with a model on count based representation and use machine learning techniques for regression and classification related tasks. In this work, we use a simple bag of words technique for supervised text classification model as to compare, that even with some advance distributed representation models we can still achieve significant accuracy. Further, fine tuning on various parameters for the bag of word, representation model we acquired better scores over various other baseline models (Vinayan et al.) participated in the sharedtask.",
}
@inproceedings{george-etal-2018-teamcen,
    title = "{T}eam{CEN} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Global Vectors Representation in Emotion Detection",
    author = "George, Anon  and
      Ganesh H. B., Barathi  and
      Kumar M, Anand  and
      K P, Soman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1050",
    pages = "334--338",
    abstract = "Emotions are a way of expressing human sentiments. In the modern era, social media is a platform where we convey our emotions. These emotions can be joy, anger, sadness and fear. Understanding the emotions from the written sentences is an interesting part in knowing about the writer. In the amount of digital language shared through social media, a considerable amount of data reflects the sentiment or emotion towards some product, person and organization. Since these texts are from users with diverse social aspects, these texts can be used to enrich the application related to the business intelligence. More than the sentiment, identification of intensity of the sentiment will enrich the performance of the end application. In this paper we experimented the intensity prediction as a text classification problem that evaluates the distributed representation text using aggregated sum and dimensionality reduction of the glove vectors of the words present in the respective texts .",
}
@inproceedings{kotakonda-etal-2018-iit,
    title = "{IIT} Delhi at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1 : Emotion Intensity Prediction",
    author = "Kotakonda, Bhaskar  and
      Gowda, Prashanth  and
      Lall, Brejesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1051",
    pages = "339--344",
    abstract = "This paper discusses the experiments performed for predicting the emotion intensity in tweets using a generalized supervised learning approach. We extract 3 kind of features from each of the tweets - one denoting the sentiment and emotion metrics obtained from different sentiment lexicons, one denoting the semantic representation of the word using dense representations like Glove, Word2vec and finally the syntactic information through POS N-grams, Word clusters, etc. We provide a comparative analysis of the significance of each of these features individually and in combination tested over standard regressors avaliable in scikit-learn. We apply an ensemble of these models to choose the best combination over cross validation.",
}
@inproceedings{du-nie-2018-mutux,
    title = "Mutux at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Exploring Impacts of Context Information On Emotion Detection",
    author = "Du, Pan  and
      Nie, Jian-Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1052",
    pages = "345--349",
    abstract = "This paper describes MuTuX, our system that is designed for task 1-5a, emotion classification analysis of tweets on SemEval2018. The system aims at exploring the potential of context information of terms for emotion analysis. A Recurrent Neural Network is adopted to capture the context information of terms in tweets. Only term features and the sequential relations are used in our system. The results submitted ranks 16th out of 35 systems on the task of emotion detection in English-language tweets.",
}
@inproceedings{abdullah-shaikh-2018-teamuncc,
    title = "{T}eam{UNCC} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Emotion Detection in {E}nglish and {A}rabic Tweets using Deep Learning",
    author = "Abdullah, Malak  and
      Shaikh, Samira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1053",
    pages = "350--357",
    abstract = "Task 1 in the International Workshop SemEval 2018, Affect in Tweets, introduces five subtasks (El-reg, El-oc, V-reg, V-oc, and E-c) to detect the intensity of emotions in English, Arabic, and Spanish tweets. This paper describes TeamUNCC{'}s system to detect emotions in English and Arabic tweets. Our approach is novel in that we present the same architecture for all the five subtasks in both English and Arabic. The main input to the system is a combination of word2vec and doc2vec embeddings and a set of psycholinguistic features (e.g. from AffectTweets Weka-package). We apply a fully connected neural network architecture and obtain performance results that show substantial improvements in Spearman correlation scores over the baseline models provided by Task 1 organizers, (ranging from 0.03 to 0.23). TeamUNCC{'}s system ranks third in subtask El-oc and fourth in other subtasks for Arabic tweets.",
}
@inproceedings{elango-uppal-2018-riddl,
    title = "{RIDDL} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Rage Intensity Detection with Deep Learning",
    author = "Elango, Venkatesh  and
      Uppal, Karan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1054",
    pages = "358--363",
    abstract = "We present our methods and results for affect analysis in Twitter developed as a part of SemEval-2018 Task 1, where the sub-tasks involve predicting the intensity of emotion, the intensity of sentiment, and valence for tweets. For modeling, though we use a traditional LSTM network, we combine our model with several state-of-the-art techniques to improve its performance in a low-resource setting. For example, we use an encoder-decoder network to initialize the LSTM weights. Without any task specific optimization we achieve competitive results (macro-average Pearson correlation coefficient 0.696) in the El-reg task. In this paper, we describe our development strategy in detail along with an exposition of our results.",
}
@inproceedings{nagoudi-2018-arb,
    title = "{ARB}-{SEN} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task1: A New Set of Features for Enhancing the Sentiment Intensity Prediction in {A}rabic Tweets",
    author = "Nagoudi, El Moatez Billah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1055",
    pages = "364--368",
    abstract = "This article describes our proposed Arabic Sentiment Analysis system named ARB-SEN. This system is designed for the International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation 2018 (SemEval-2018), Task1: Affect in Tweets. ARB-SEN proposes two supervised models to estimate the sentiment intensity in Arabic tweets. Both models use a set of features including sentiment lexicon, negation, word embedding and emotion symbols features. Our system combines these features to assist the sentiment analysis task. ARB-SEN system achieves a correlation score of 0.720, ranking 6th among all participants in the valence intensity regression (V-reg) for the Arabic sub-task organized within the SemEval 2018 evaluation campaign.",
}
@inproceedings{gee-wang-2018-psyml,
    title = "psy{ML} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Transfer Learning for Sentiment and Emotion Analysis",
    author = "Gee, Grace  and
      Wang, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1056",
    pages = "369--376",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the first attempt to perform transfer learning from sentiment to emotions. Our system employs Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, including bidirectional LSTM (biLSTM) and LSTM with attention mechanism. We perform transfer learning by first pre-training the LSTM networks on sentiment data before concatenating the penultimate layers of these networks into a single vector as input to new dense layers. For the E-c subtask, we utilize a novel approach to train models for correlated emotion classes. Our system performs 4/48, 3/39, 8/38, 4/37, 4/35 on all English subtasks EI-reg, EI-oc, V-reg, V-oc, E-c of SemEval 2018 Task 1: Affect in Tweets.",
}
@inproceedings{narwekar-girju-2018-uiuc,
    title = "{UIUC} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Recognizing Affect with Ensemble Models",
    author = "Narwekar, Abhishek Avinash  and
      Girju, Roxana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1057",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1057",
    pages = "377--384",
    abstract = "Our submission to the SemEval-2018 Task1: Affect in Tweets shared task competition is a supervised learning model relying on standard lexicon features coupled with word embedding features. We used an ensemble of diverse models, including random forests, gradient boosted trees, and linear models, corrected for training-development set mismatch. We submitted the system{'}s output for subtasks 1 (emotion intensity prediction), 2 (emotion ordinal classification), 3 (valence intensity regression) and 4 (valence ordinal classification), for English tweets. We placed 25th, 19th, 24th and 15th in the four subtasks respectively. The baseline considered was an SVM (Support Vector Machines) model with linear kernel on the lexicon and embedding based features. Our system{'}s final performance measured in Pearson correlation scores outperformed the baseline by a margin of 2.2{\%} to 14.6{\%} across all tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{nyegaard-signori-etal-2018-ku,
    title = "{KU}-{MTL} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 1: Multi-task Identification of Affect in Tweets",
    author = "Nyegaard-Signori, Thomas  and
      Helms, Casper Veistrup  and
      Bjerva, Johannes  and
      Augenstein, Isabelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1058",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1058",
    pages = "385--389",
    abstract = "We take a multi-task learning approach to the shared Task 1 at SemEval-2018. The general idea concerning the model structure is to use as little external data as possible in order to preserve the task relatedness and reduce complexity. We employ multi-task learning with hard parameter sharing to exploit the relatedness between sub-tasks. As a base model, we use a standard recurrent neural network for both the classification and regression subtasks. Our system ranks 32nd out of 48 participants with a Pearson score of 0.557 in the first subtask, and 20th out of 35 in the fifth subtask with an accuracy score of 0.464.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-2018-emonlp,
    title = "{E}mo{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: {E}nglish Emoji Prediction with Gradient Boosting Regression Tree Method and Bidirectional {LSTM}",
    author = "Liu, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1059",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1059",
    pages = "390--394",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system used in the English Emoji Prediction Task 2 at the SemEval-2018. Our system is based on two supervised machine learning algorithms: Gradient Boosting Regression Tree Method (GBM) and Bidirectional Long Short-term Memory Network (BLSTM). Besides the common features, we extract various lexicon and syntactic features from external resources. After comparing the results of two algorithms, GBM is chosen for the final evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-pedersen-2018-umdsub,
    title = "{UMDS}ub at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: Multilingual Emoji Prediction Multi-channel Convolutional Neural Network on Subword Embedding",
    author = "Wang, Zhenduo  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1060",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1060",
    pages = "395--399",
    abstract = "This paper describes the UMDSub system that participated in Task 2 of SemEval-2018. We developed a system that predicts an emoji given the raw text in a English tweet. The system is a Multi-channel Convolutional Neural Network based on subword embeddings for the representation of tweets. This model improves on character or word based methods by about 2{\%}. Our system placed 21st of 48 participating systems in the official evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{beaulieu-asamoah-owusu-2018-umduluth,
    title = "{UMD}uluth-{CS}8761 at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: Emojis: Too many Choices?",
    author = "Beaulieu, Jonathan  and
      Asamoah Owusu, Dennis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1061",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1061",
    pages = "400--404",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present our system for assigning an emoji to a tweet based on the text. Each tweet was originally posted with an emoji which the task providers removed. Our task was to decide out of 20 emojis, which originally came with the tweet. Two datasets were provided - one in English and the other in Spanish. We treated the task as a standard classification task with the emojis as our classes and the tweets as our documents. Our best performing system used a Bag of Words model with a Linear Support Vector Machine as its{'} classifier. We achieved a macro F1 score of 32.73{\%} for the English data and 17.98{\%} for the Spanish data.",
}
@inproceedings{alexa-etal-2018-dabblers,
    title = "The Dabblers at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: Multilingual Emoji Prediction",
    author = "Alexa, Larisa  and
      Loren{\textcommabelow{t}}, Alina  and
      G{\^\i}fu, Daniela  and
      Trandab{\u{a}}{\textcommabelow{t}}, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1062",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1062",
    pages = "405--409",
    abstract = "The {``}Multilingual Emoji Prediction{''} task focuses on the ability of predicting the correspondent emoji for a certain tweet. In this paper, we investigate the relation between words and emojis. In order to do that, we used supervised machine learning (Naive Bayes) and deep learning (Recursive Neural Network).",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-thu-ngn-semeval,
    title = "{THU}{\_}{NGN} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: Residual {CNN}-{LSTM} Network with Attention for {E}nglish Emoji Prediction",
    author = "Wu, Chuhan  and
      Wu, Fangzhao  and
      Wu, Sixing  and
      Yuan, Zhigang  and
      Liu, Junxin  and
      Huang, Yongfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1063",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1063",
    pages = "410--414",
    abstract = "Emojis are widely used by social media and social network users when posting their messages. It is important to study the relationships between messages and emojis. Thus, in SemEval-2018 Task 2 an interesting and challenging task is proposed, i.e., predicting which emojis are evoked by text-based tweets. We propose a residual CNN-LSTM with attention (\textbf{RCLA}) model for this task. Our model combines CNN and LSTM layers to capture both local and long-range contextual information for tweet representation. In addition, attention mechanism is used to select important components. Besides, residual connection is applied to CNN layers to facilitate the training of neural networks. We also incorporated additional features such as POS tags and sentiment features extracted from lexicons. Our model achieved 30.25{\%} macro-averaged F-score in the first subtask (i.e., emoji prediction in English), ranking 7th out of 48 participants.",
}
@inproceedings{ribeiro-silva-2018-teaminf,
    title = "{\#}{T}eam{INF} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: Emoji Prediction in Tweets",
    author = "Ribeiro, Alison  and
      Silva, N{\'a}dia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1064",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1064",
    pages = "415--418",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe a methodology to predict emoji in tweets. Our approach is based on the classic bag-of-words model in conjunction with word embeddings. The used classification algorithm was Logistic Regression. This architecture was used and evaluated in the context of the SemEval 2018 challenge (task 2, subtask 1).",
}
@inproceedings{xie-song-2018-eica,
    title = "{EICA} Team at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: Semantic and Metadata-based Features for Multilingual Emoji Prediction",
    author = "Xie, Yufei  and
      Song, Qingqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1065",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1065",
    pages = "419--422",
    abstract = "The advent of social media has brought along a novel way of communication where meaning is composed by combining short text messages and visual enhancements, the so-called emojis. We describe our system for participating in SemEval-2018 Task 2 on Multilingual Emoji Prediction. Our approach relies on combining a rich set of various types of features: semantic and metadata. The most important types turned out to be the metadata feature. In subtask 1: Emoji Prediction in English, our primary submission obtain a MAP of 16.45, Precision of 31.557, Recall of 16.771 and Accuracy of 30.992.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-emojiit,
    title = "{E}moji{I}t at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: An Effective Attention-Based Recurrent Neural Network Model for Emoji Prediction with Characters Gated Words",
    author = "Chen, Shiyun  and
      Wang, Maoquan  and
      He, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1066",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1066",
    pages = "423--427",
    abstract = "This paper presents our single model to Subtask 1 of SemEval 2018 Task 2: Emoji Prediction in English. In order to predict the emoji that may be contained in a tweet, the basic model we use is an attention-based recurrent neural network which has achieved satisfactory performs in Natural Language processing. Considering the text comes from social media, it contains many discrepant abbreviations and online terms, we also combine word-level and character-level word vector embedding to better handling the words not appear in the vocabulary. Our single model1 achieved 29.50{\%} Macro F-score in test data and ranks 9th among 48 teams.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-peperomia,
    title = "Peperomia at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: Vector Similarity Based Approach for Emoji Prediction",
    author = "Chen, Jing  and
      Yang, Dechuan  and
      Li, Xilian  and
      Chen, Wei  and
      Wang, Tengjiao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1067",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1067",
    pages = "428--432",
    abstract = "This paper describes our participation in SemEval 2018 Task 2: Multilingual Emoji Prediction, in which participants are asked to predict a tweet{'}s most associated emoji from 20 emojis. Instead of regarding it as a 20-class classification problem we regard it as a text similarity problem. We propose a vector similarity based approach for this task. First the distributed representation (tweet vector) for each tweet is generated, then the similarity between this tweet vector and each emoji{'}s embedding is evaluated. The most similar emoji is chosen as the predicted label. Experimental results show that our approach performs comparably with the classification approach and shows its advantage in classifying emojis with similar semantic meaning.",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2018-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: Leverage Traditional {NLP} Features and Neural Networks Methods to Address Twitter Emoji Prediction Task",
    author = "Lu, Xingwu  and
      Mao, Xin  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Wu, Yuanbin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1068",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1068",
    pages = "433--437",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submissions to Task 2 in SemEval 2018, i.e., Multilingual Emoji Prediction. We first investigate several traditional Natural Language Processing (NLP) features, and then design several deep learning models. For subtask 1: Emoji Prediction in English, we combine two different methods to represent tweet, i.e., supervised model using traditional features and deep learning model. For subtask 2: Emoji Prediction in Spanish, we only use deep learning model.",
}
@inproceedings{baziotis-etal-2018-ntua-slp,
    title = "{NTUA}-{SLP} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: Predicting Emojis using {RNN}s with Context-aware Attention",
    author = "Baziotis, Christos  and
      Nikolaos, Athanasiou  and
      Kolovou, Athanasia  and
      Paraskevopoulos, Georgios  and
      Ellinas, Nikolaos  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1069",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1069",
    pages = "438--444",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a deep-learning model that competed at SemEval-2018 Task 2 {``}Multilingual Emoji Prediction{''}. We participated in subtask A, in which we are called to predict the most likely associated emoji in English tweets. The proposed architecture relies on a Long Short-Term Memory network, augmented with an attention mechanism, that conditions the weight of each word, on a {``}context vector{''} which is taken as the aggregation of a tweet{'}s meaning. Moreover, we initialize the embedding layer of our model, with word2vec word embeddings, pretrained on a dataset of 550 million English tweets. Finally, our model does not rely on hand-crafted features or lexicons and is trained end-to-end with back-propagation. We ranked 2nd out of 48 teams.",
}
@inproceedings{coster-etal-2018-hatching,
    title = "Hatching Chick at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: Multilingual Emoji Prediction",
    author = {Coster, Jo{\"e}l  and
      van Dalen, Reinder Gerard  and
      Stierman, Nathalie Adri{\"e}nne Jacqueline},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1070",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1070",
    pages = "445--448",
    abstract = "As part of a SemEval 2018 shared task an attempt was made to build a system capable of predicting the occurence of a language{'}s most frequently used emoji in Tweets. Specifically, models for English and Spanish data were created and trained on 500.000 and 100.000 tweets respectively. In order to create these models, first a logistic regressor, a sequential LSTM, a random forest regressor and a SVM were tested. The latter was found to perform best and therefore optimized individually for both languages. During developmet f1-scores of 61 and 82 were obtained for English and Spanish data respectively, in comparison, f1-scores on the official evaluation data were 21 and 18. The significant decrease in performance during evaluation might be explained by overfitting during development and might therefore have partially be prevented by using cross-validation. Over all, emoji which occur in a very specific context such as a Christmas tree were found to be most predictable.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2018-epution,
    title = "{EPUTION} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: Emoji Prediction with User Adaption",
    author = "Zhou, Liyuan  and
      Xu, Qiongkai  and
      Suominen, Hanna  and
      Gedeon, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1071",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1071",
    pages = "449--453",
    abstract = "This paper describes our approach, called EPUTION, for the open trial of the SemEval- 2018 Task 2, Multilingual Emoji Prediction. The task relates to using social media {---} more precisely, Twitter {---} with its aim to predict the most likely associated emoji of a tweet. Our solution for this text classification problem explores the idea of transfer learning for adapting the classifier based on users{'} tweeting history. Our experiments show that our user-adaption method improves classification results by more than 6 per cent on the macro-averaged F1. Thus, our paper provides evidence for the rationality of enriching the original corpus longitudinally with user behaviors and transferring the lessons learned from corresponding users to specific instances.",
}
@inproceedings{groot-etal-2018-pickleteam,
    title = "{P}ickle{T}eam! at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: {E}nglish and {S}panish Emoji Prediction from Tweets",
    author = "Groot, Daphne  and
      Kruizinga, R{\'e}mon  and
      Veldthuis, Hennie  and
      de Wit, Simon  and
      Haagsma, Hessel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1072",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1072",
    pages = "454--458",
    abstract = "We present a system for emoji prediction on English and Spanish tweets, prepared for the SemEval-2018 task on Multilingual Emoji Prediction. We compared the performance of an SVM, LSTM and an ensemble of these two. We found the SVM performed best on our development set with an accuracy of 61.3{\%} for English and 83{\%} for Spanish. The features used for the SVM are lowercased word n-grams in the range of 1 to 20, tokenised by a TweetTokenizer and stripped of stop words. On the test set, our model achieved an accuracy of 34{\%} on English, with a slightly lower score of 29.7{\%} accuracy on Spanish.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-ynu,
    title = "{YNU}-{HPCC} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: Multi-ensemble Bi-{GRU} Model with Attention Mechanism for Multilingual Emoji Prediction",
    author = "Wang, Nan  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1073",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1073",
    pages = "459--465",
    abstract = "This paper describes our approach to SemEval-2018 Task 2, which aims to predict the most likely associated emoji, given a tweet in English or Spanish. We normalized text-based tweets during pre-processing, following which we utilized a bi-directional gated recurrent unit with an attention mechanism to build our base model. Multi-models with or without class weights were trained for the ensemble methods. We boosted models without class weights, and only strong boost classifiers were identified. In our system, not only was a boosting method used, but we also took advantage of the voting ensemble method to enhance our final system result. Our method demonstrated an obvious improvement of approximately 3{\%} of the macro F1 score in English and 2{\%} in Spanish.",
}
@inproceedings{effrosynidis-etal-2018-duth,
    title = "{DUTH} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: Emoji Prediction in Tweets",
    author = "Effrosynidis, Dimitrios  and
      Peikos, Georgios  and
      Symeonidis, Symeon  and
      Arampatzis, Avi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1074",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1074",
    pages = "466--469",
    abstract = "This paper describes the approach that was developed for SemEval 2018 Task 2 (Multilingual Emoji Prediction) by the DUTH Team. First, we employed a combination of pre-processing techniques to reduce the noise of tweets and produce a number of features. Then, we built several N-grams, to represent the combination of word and emojis. Finally, we trained our system with a tuned LinearSVC classifier. Our approach in the leaderboard ranked 18th amongst 48 teams.",
}
@inproceedings{basile-lino-2018-tajjeb,
    title = "{TAJJEB} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: Traditional Approaches Just Do the Job with Emoji Prediction",
    author = "Basile, Angelo  and
      Lino, Kenny W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1075",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1075",
    pages = "470--476",
    abstract = "Emojis are widely used on social media andunderstanding their meaning is important forboth practical purposes (e.g. opinion mining,sentiment detection) and theoretical purposes(e.g. how different L1 speakers use them, dothey have some syntax?); this paper presents aset of experiments that aim to predict a singleemoji from a tweet. We built different mod-els and we found that the test results are verydifferent from the validation results.",
}
@inproceedings{zanzotto-santilli-2018-syntnn,
    title = "{S}ynt{NN} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: is Syntax Useful for Emoji Prediction? Embedding Syntactic Trees in Multi Layer Perceptrons",
    author = "Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo  and
      Santilli, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1076",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1076",
    pages = "477--481",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present SyntNN as a way to include traditional syntactic models in multilayer neural networks used in the task of Semeval Task 2 of emoji prediction. The model builds on the distributed tree embedder also known as distributed tree kernel. Initial results are extremely encouraging but additional analysis is needed to overcome the problem of overfitting.",
}
@inproceedings{jin-pedersen-2018-duluth,
    title = "{D}uluth {UROP} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: Multilingual Emoji Prediction with Ensemble Learning and Oversampling",
    author = "Jin, Shuning  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1077",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1077",
    pages = "482--485",
    abstract = "This paper describes the Duluth UROP systems that participated in SemEval{--}2018 Task 2, Multilingual Emoji Prediction. We relied on a variety of ensembles made up of classifiers using Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression, and Random Forests. We used unigram and bigram features and tried to offset the skewness of the data through the use of oversampling. Our task evaluation results place us 19th of 48 systems in the English evaluation, and 5th of 21 in the Spanish. After the evaluation we realized that some simple changes to our pre-processing could significantly improve our results. After making these changes we attained results that would have placed us sixth in the English evaluation, and second in the Spanish.",
}
@inproceedings{j-r-etal-2018-cennlp-semeval,
    title = "{CENNLP} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: Enhanced Distributed Representation of Text using Target Classes for Emoji Prediction Representation",
    author = "J R, Naveen  and
      V, Hariharan  and
      Ganesh H. B., Barathi  and
      Kumar M, Anand  and
      K P, Soman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1078",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1078",
    pages = "486--490",
    abstract = "Emoji is one of the {``}fastest growing language {''} in pop-culture, especially in social media and it is very unlikely for its usage to decrease. These are generally used to bring an extra level of meaning to the texts, posted on social media platforms. Providing such an added info, gives more insights to the plain text, arising to hidden interpretation within the text. This paper explains our analysis on Task 2, {''} Multilingual Emoji Prediction{''} sharedtask conducted by Semeval-2018. In the task, a predicted emoji based on a piece of Twitter text are labelled under 20 different classes (most commonly used emojis) where these classes are learnt and further predicted are made for unseen Twitter text. In this work, we have experimented and analysed emojis predicted based on Twitter text, as a classification problem where the entailing emoji is considered as a label for every individual text data. We have implemented this using distributed representation of text through fastText. Also, we have made an effort to demonstrate how fastText framework can be useful in case of emoji prediction. This task is divide into two subtask, they are based on dataset presented in two different languages English and Spanish.",
}
@inproceedings{gerber-shardlow-2018-manchester,
    title = "{M}anchester Metropolitan at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: Random Forest with an Ensemble of Features for Predicting Emoji in Tweets",
    author = "Gerber, Luciano  and
      Shardlow, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1079",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1079",
    pages = "491--496",
    abstract = "We present our submission to the Semeval 2018 task on emoji prediction. We used a random forest, with an ensemble of bag-of-words, sentiment and psycholinguistic features. Although we performed well on the trial dataset (attaining a macro f-score of 63.185 for English and 81.381 for Spanish), our approach did not perform as well on the test data. We describe our features and classi cation protocol, as well as initial experiments, concluding with a discussion of the discrepancy between our trial and test results.",
}
@inproceedings{kopev-etal-2018-tweety,
    title = "Tweety at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: Predicting Emojis using Hierarchical Attention Neural Networks and Support Vector Machine",
    author = "Kopev, Daniel  and
      Atanasov, Atanas  and
      Zlatkova, Dimitrina  and
      Hardalov, Momchil  and
      Koychev, Ivan  and
      Nikolova, Ivelina  and
      Angelova, Galia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1080",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1080",
    pages = "497--501",
    abstract = "We present the system built for SemEval-2018 Task 2 on Emoji Prediction. Although Twitter messages are very short we managed to design a wide variety of features: textual, semantic, sentiment, emotion-, and color-related ones. We investigated different methods of text preprocessing including replacing text emojis with respective tokens and splitting hashtags to capture more meaning. To represent text we used word n-grams and word embeddings. We experimented with a wide range of classifiers and our best results were achieved using a SVM-based classifier and a Hierarchical Attention Neural Network.",
}
@inproceedings{guibon-etal-2018-lis,
    title = "{LIS} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 2: Mixing Word Embeddings and Bag of Features for Multilingual Emoji Prediction",
    author = {Guibon, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Ochs, Magalie  and
      Bellot, Patrice},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1081",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1081",
    pages = "502--506",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the system submitted to the SemEval2018 task2 : Multilingual Emoji Prediction. Our system approaches both languages as being equal by first; considering word embeddings associated to automatically computed features of different types, then by applying bagging algorithm RandomForest to predict the emoji of a tweet.",
}
@inproceedings{swanberg-etal-2018-alanis,
    title = "{ALANIS} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: A Feature Engineering Approach to Irony Detection in {E}nglish Tweets",
    author = "Swanberg, Kevin  and
      Mirza, Madiha  and
      Pedersen, Ted  and
      Wang, Zhenduo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1082",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1082",
    pages = "507--511",
    abstract = "This paper describes the ALANIS system that participated in Task 3 of SemEval-2018. We develop a system for detection of irony, as well as the detection of three types of irony: verbal polar irony, other verbal irony, and situational irony. The system uses a logistic regression model in subtask A and a voted classifier system with manually developed features to identify ironic tweets. This model improves on a naive bayes baseline by about 8 percent on training set.",
}
@inproceedings{dragoni-2018-neurosent-pdi,
    title = "{NEUROSENT}-{PDI} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: Understanding Irony in Social Networks Through a Multi-Domain Sentiment Model",
    author = "Dragoni, Mauro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1083",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1083",
    pages = "512--519",
    abstract = "This paper describes the NeuroSent system that participated in SemEval 2018 Task 3. Our system takes a supervised approach that builds on neural networks and word embeddings. Word embeddings were built by starting from a repository of user generated reviews. Thus, they are specific for sentiment analysis tasks. Then, tweets are converted in the corresponding vector representation and given as input to the neural network with the aim of learning the different semantics contained in each emotion taken into account by the SemEval task. The output layer has been adapted based on the characteristics of each subtask. Preliminary results obtained on the provided training set are encouraging for pursuing the investigation into this direction.",
}
@inproceedings{hercig-2018-uwb,
    title = "{UWB} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: Irony detection in {E}nglish tweets",
    author = "Hercig, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1084",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1084",
    pages = "520--524",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system created for the SemEval-2018 Task 3: Irony detection in English tweets. Our strongly constrained system uses only the provided training data without any additional external resources. Our system is based on Maximum Entropy classifier and various features using parse tree, POS tags, and morphological features. Even without additional lexicons and word embeddings we achieved fourth place in Subtask A and seventh in Subtask B in terms of accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{vu-etal-2018-nihrio,
    title = "{NIHRIO} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: A Simple and Accurate Neural Network Model for Irony Detection in Twitter",
    author = "Vu, Thanh  and
      Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Vu, Xuan-Son  and
      Nguyen, Dai Quoc  and
      Catt, Michael  and
      Trenell, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1085",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1085",
    pages = "525--530",
    abstract = "This paper describes our NIHRIO system for SemEval-2018 Task 3 {``}Irony detection in English tweets.{''} We propose to use a simple neural network architecture of Multilayer Perceptron with various types of input features including: lexical, syntactic, semantic and polarity features. Our system achieves very high performance in both subtasks of binary and multi-class irony detection in tweets. In particular, we rank at least fourth using the accuracy metric and sixth using the F1 metric. Our code is available at: \url{https://github.com/NIHRIO/IronyDetectionInTwitter}",
}
@inproceedings{ghanem-etal-2018-ldr,
    title = "{LDR} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: A Low Dimensional Text Representation for Irony Detection",
    author = "Ghanem, Bilal  and
      Rangel, Francisco  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1086",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1086",
    pages = "531--536",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe our participation in the SemEval-2018 task 3 Shared Task on Irony Detection. We have approached the task with our low dimensionality representation method (LDR), which exploits low dimensional features extracted from text on the basis of the occurrence probability of the words depending on each class. Our intuition is that words in ironic texts have different probability of occurrence than in non-ironic ones. Our approach obtained acceptable results in both subtasks A and B. We have performed an error analysis that shows the difference on correct and incorrect classified tweets.",
}
@inproceedings{marrese-taylor-etal-2018-iiidyt,
    title = "{IIIDYT} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: Irony detection in {E}nglish tweets",
    author = "Marrese-Taylor, Edison  and
      Ilic, Suzana  and
      Balazs, Jorge  and
      Prendinger, Helmut  and
      Matsuo, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1087",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1087",
    pages = "537--540",
    abstract = "In this paper we introduce our system for the task of Irony detection in English tweets, a part of SemEval 2018. We propose representation learning approach that relies on a multi-layered bidirectional LSTM, without using external features that provide additional semantic information. Although our model is able to outperform the baseline in the validation set, our results show limited generalization power over the test set. Given the limited size of the dataset, we think the usage of more pre-training schemes would greatly improve the obtained results.",
}
@inproceedings{mikhalkova-etal-2018-punfields,
    title = "{P}un{F}ields at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: Detecting Irony by Tools of Humor Analysis",
    author = "Mikhalkova, Elena  and
      Karyakin, Yuri  and
      Voronov, Alexander  and
      Grigoriev, Dmitry  and
      Leoznov, Artem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1088",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1088",
    pages = "541--545",
    abstract = "The paper describes our search for a universal algorithm of detecting intentional lexical ambiguity in different forms of creative language. At SemEval-2018 Task 3, we used PunFields, the system of automatic analysis of English puns that we introduced at SemEval-2017, to detect irony in tweets. Preliminary tests showed that it can reach the score of F1=0.596. However, at the competition, its result was F1=0.549.",
}
@inproceedings{cho-etal-2018-hashcount,
    title = "{H}ash{C}ount at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: Concatenative Featurization of Tweet and Hashtags for Irony Detection",
    author = "Cho, Won Ik  and
      Kang, Woo Hyun  and
      Kim, Nam Soo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1089",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1089",
    pages = "546--552",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a novel feature extraction process for SemEval task 3: Irony detection in English tweets. The proposed system incorporates a concatenative featurization of tweet and hashtags, which helps distinguishing between the irony-related and the other components. The system embeds tweets into a vector sequence with widely used pretrained word vectors, partially using a character embedding for the words that are out of vocabulary. Identification was performed with BiLSTM and CNN classifiers, achieving F1 score of 0.5939 (23/42) and 0.3925 (10/28) each for the binary and the multi-class case, respectively. The reliability of the proposed scheme was verified by analyzing the Gold test data, which demonstrates how hashtags can be taken into account when identifying various types of irony.",
}
@inproceedings{rohanian-etal-2018-wlv,
    title = "{WLV} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: Dissecting Tweets in Search of Irony",
    author = "Rohanian, Omid  and
      Taslimipoor, Shiva  and
      Evans, Richard  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1090",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1090",
    pages = "553--559",
    abstract = "This paper describes the systems submitted to SemEval 2018 Task 3 {``}Irony detection in English tweets{''} for both subtasks A and B. The first system leveraging a combination of sentiment, distributional semantic, and text surface features is ranked third among 44 teams according to the official leaderboard of the subtask A. The second system with slightly different representation of the features ranked ninth in subtask B. We present a method that entails decomposing tweets into separate parts. Searching for contrast within the constituents of a tweet is an integral part of our system. We embrace an extensive definition of contrast which leads to a vast coverage in detecting ironic content.",
}
@inproceedings{san-2018-random,
    title = "Random Decision Syntax Trees at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: {LSTM}s and Sentiment Scores for Irony Detection",
    author = "San, Aidan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1091",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1091",
    pages = "560--564",
    abstract = "We propose a Long Short Term Memory Neural Network model for irony detection in tweets in this paper. Our model is trained using word embeddings and emoji embeddings. We show that adding sentiment scores to our model improves the F1 score of our baseline LSTM by approximately .012, and therefore show that high-level features can be used to improve word embeddings in certain Natural Language Processing applications. Our model ranks 24/43 for binary classification and 5/31 for multiclass classification. We make our model easily accessible to the research community.",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-etal-2018-elirf,
    title = "{EL}i{RF}-{UPV} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Tasks 1 and 3: Affect and Irony Detection in Tweets",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez, Jos{\'e}-{\'A}ngel  and
      Hurtado, Llu{\'\i}s-F.  and
      Pla, Ferran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1092",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1092",
    pages = "565--569",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of ELiRF-UPV team at tasks 1 and 3 of Semeval-2018. We present a deep learning based system that assembles Convolutional Neural Networks and Long Short-Term Memory neural networks. This system has been used with slight modifications for the two tasks addressed both for English and Spanish. Finally, the results obtained in the competition are reported and discussed.",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-veale-2018-ironymagnet,
    title = "{I}rony{M}agnet at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: A {S}iamese network for Irony detection in Social media",
    author = "Ghosh, Aniruddha  and
      Veale, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1093",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1093",
    pages = "570--575",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system, entitled IronyMagnet, for the 3rd Task of the SemEval 2018 workshop, {``}Irony Detection in English Tweets{''}. In Task 1, irony classification task has been considered as a binary classification task. Now for the first time, finer categories of irony are considered as part of a shared task. In task 2, three types of irony are considered; {``}Irony by contrast{''} - ironic instances where evaluative expression portrays inverse polarity (positive, negative) of the literal proposition; {``}Situational irony{''} - ironic instances where output of a situation do not comply with its expectation; {``}Other verbal irony{''} - instances where ironic intent does not rely on polarity contrast or unexpected outcome. We proposed a Siamese neural network for irony detection, which is consisted of two subnetworks, each containing a long short term memory layer(LSTM) and an embedding layer initialized with vectors from Glove word embedding 1 . The system achieved a f-score of 0.72, and 0.50 in task 1, and task 2 respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{sherif-etal-2018-ctsys,
    title = "{CTS}ys at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: Irony in Tweets",
    author = "Sherif, Myan  and
      Mamdouh, Sherine  and
      Ghazi, Wegdan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1094",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1094",
    pages = "576--580",
    abstract = "The objective of this paper is to provide a description for a system built as our participation in SemEval-2018 Task 3 on Irony detection in English tweets. This system classifies a tweet as either ironic or non-ironic through a supervised learning approach. Our approach is to implement three feature models, and to then improve the performance of the supervised learning classification of tweets by combining many data features and using a voting system on four different classifiers. We describe the process of pre-processing data, extracting features, and running different types of classifiers against our feature set. In the competition, our system achieved an F1-score of 0.4675, ranking 35th in subtask A, and an F1-score score of 0.3014 ranking 22th in subtask B.",
}
@inproceedings{ahmed-etal-2018-irony,
    title = "Irony Detector at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: Irony Detection in {E}nglish Tweets using Word Graph",
    author = "Ahmed, Usman  and
      Zafar, Lubna  and
      Qayyum, Faiza  and
      Arshad Islam, Muhammad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1095",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1095",
    pages = "581--586",
    abstract = "This paper describes the Irony detection system that participates in SemEval-2018 Task 3: Irony detection in English tweets. The system participated in the subtasks A and B. This paper discusses the results of our system in the development, evaluation and post evaluation. Each class in the dataset is represented as directed unweighted graphs. Then, the comparison is carried out with each class graph which results in a vector. This vector is used as features by machine learning algorithm. The model is evaluated on a hold on strategy. The organizers randomly split 80{\%} (3,833 instances) training set (provided to the participant in training their system) and testing set 20{\%}(958 instances). The test set is reserved to evaluate the performance of participants systems. During the evaluation, our system ranked 23 in the Coda Lab result of the subtask A (binary class problem). The binary class system achieves accuracy 0.6135, precision 0.5091, recall 0.7170 and F measure 0.5955. The subtask B (multi-class problem) system is ranked 22 in Coda Lab results. The multiclass model achieves the accuracy 0.4158, precision 0.4055, recall 0.3526 and f measure 0.3101.",
}
@inproceedings{dearden-baron-2018-lancaster,
    title = "Lancaster at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: Investigating Ironic Features in {E}nglish Tweets",
    author = "Dearden, Edward  and
      Baron, Alistair",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1096",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1096",
    pages = "587--593",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system we submitted to SemEval-2018 Task 3. The aim of the system is to distinguish between irony and non-irony in English tweets. We create a targeted feature set and analyse how different features are useful in the task of irony detection, achieving an F1-score of 0.5914. The analysis of individual features provides insight that may be useful in future attempts at detecting irony in tweets.",
}
@inproceedings{hernandez-farias-etal-2018-inaoe,
    title = "{INAOE}-{UPV} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: An Ensemble Approach for Irony Detection in Twitter",
    author = "Hern{\'a}ndez Far{\'\i}as, Delia Iraz{\'u}  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Vega, Fernando  and
      Montes-y-G{\'o}mez, Manuel  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1097",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1097",
    pages = "594--599",
    abstract = "This paper describes an ensemble approach to the SemEval-2018 Task 3. The proposed method is composed of two renowned methods in text classification together with a novel approach for capturing ironic content by exploiting a tailored lexicon for irony detection. We experimented with different ensemble settings. The obtained results show that our method has a good performance for detecting the presence of ironic content in Twitter.",
}
@inproceedings{yin-etal-2018-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: Exploration on Irony Detection from Tweets via Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods",
    author = "Yin, Zhenghang  and
      Wang, Feixiang  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Wang, Wenting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1098",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1098",
    pages = "600--606",
    abstract = "The paper describes our submissions to task 3 in SemEval-2018. There are two subtasks: Subtask A is a binary classification task to determine whether a tweet is ironic, and Subtask B is a fine-grained classification task including four classes. To address them, we explored supervised machine learning method alone and in combination with neural networks.",
}
@inproceedings{durlich-2018-kluenicorn,
    title = "{KLUE}nicorn at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: A Naive Approach to Irony Detection",
    author = {D{\"u}rlich, Luise},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1099",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1099",
    pages = "607--612",
    abstract = "This paper describes the KLUEnicorn system submitted to the SemEval-2018 task on {``}Irony detection in English tweets{''}. The proposed system uses a naive Bayes classifier to exploit rather simple lexical, pragmatical and semantical features as well as sentiment. It further takes a closer look at different adverb categories and named entities and factors in word-embedding information.",
}
@inproceedings{baziotis-etal-2018-ntua-slp-semeval,
    title = "{NTUA}-{SLP} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: Tracking Ironic Tweets using Ensembles of Word and Character Level Attentive {RNN}s",
    author = "Baziotis, Christos  and
      Nikolaos, Athanasiou  and
      Papalampidi, Pinelopi  and
      Kolovou, Athanasia  and
      Paraskevopoulos, Georgios  and
      Ellinas, Nikolaos  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1100",
    pages = "613--621",
    abstract = "In this paper we present two deep-learning systems that competed at SemEval-2018 Task 3 {``}Irony detection in English tweets{''}. We design and ensemble two independent models, based on recurrent neural networks (Bi-LSTM), which operate at the word and character level, in order to capture both the semantic and syntactic information in tweets. Our models are augmented with a self-attention mechanism, in order to identify the most informative words. The embedding layer of our word-level model is initialized with word2vec word embeddings, pretrained on a collection of 550 million English tweets. We did not utilize any handcrafted features, lexicons or external datasets as prior information and our models are trained end-to-end using back propagation on constrained data. Furthermore, we provide visualizations of tweets with annotations for the salient tokens of the attention layer that can help to interpret the inner workings of the proposed models. We ranked 2nd out of 42 teams in Subtask A and 2nd out of 31 teams in Subtask B. However, post-task-completion enhancements of our models achieve state-of-the-art results ranking 1st for both subtasks.",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2018-ynu,
    title = "{YNU}-{HPCC} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: Ensemble Neural Network Models for Irony Detection on Twitter",
    author = "Peng, Bo  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1101",
    pages = "622--627",
    abstract = "This paper describe the system we proposed to participate the first year of Irony detection in English tweets competition. Previous works demonstrate that LSTMs models have achieved remarkable performance in natural language processing; besides, combining multiple classification from various individual classifiers in general is more powerful than a single classification. In order to obtain more precision classification of irony detection, our system trained several individual neural network classifiers and combined their results according to the ensemble-learning algorithm.",
}
@inproceedings{nikhil-mayank-srivastava-2018-binarizer,
    title = "Binarizer at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: Parsing dependency and deep learning for irony detection",
    author = "Nikhil, Nishant  and
      Mayank Srivastava, Muktabh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1102",
    pages = "628--632",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the system submitted for the SemEval 2018 Task 3 (Irony detection in English tweets) Subtask A by the team Binarizer. Irony detection is a key task for many natural language processing works. Our method treats ironical tweets to consist of smaller parts containing different emotions. We break down tweets into separate phrases using a dependency parser. We then embed those phrases using an LSTM-based neural network model which is pre-trained to predict emoticons for tweets. Finally, we train a fully-connected network to achieve classification.",
}
@inproceedings{s-etal-2018-ssn-mlrg1,
    title = "{SSN} {MLRG}1 at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: Irony Detection in {E}nglish Tweets Using {M}ulti{L}ayer Perceptron",
    author = "S, Rajalakshmi  and
      S, Angel Deborah  and
      Rajendram, S Milton  and
      T T, Mirnalinee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1103",
    pages = "633--637",
    abstract = "Sentiment analysis plays an important role in E-commerce. Identifying ironic and sarcastic content in text plays a vital role in inferring the actual intention of the user, and is necessary to increase the accuracy of sentiment analysis. This paper describes the work on identifying the irony level in twitter texts. The system developed by the SSN MLRG1 team in SemEval-2018 for task 3 (irony detection) uses rule based approach for feature selection and MultiLayer Perceptron (MLP) technique to build the model for multiclass irony classification subtask, which classifies the given text into one of the four class labels.",
}
@inproceedings{rangwani-etal-2018-nlprl,
    title = "{NLPRL}-{IITBHU} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: Combining Linguistic Features and Emoji pre-trained {CNN} for Irony Detection in Tweets",
    author = "Rangwani, Harsh  and
      Kulshreshtha, Devang  and
      Kumar Singh, Anil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1104",
    pages = "638--642",
    abstract = "This paper describes our participation in SemEval 2018 Task 3 on Irony Detection in Tweets. We combine linguistic features with pre-trained activations of a neural network. The CNN is trained on the emoji prediction task. We combine the two feature sets and feed them into an XGBoost Classifier for classification. Subtask-A involves classification of tweets into ironic and non-ironic instances whereas Subtask-B involves classification of the tweet into - non-ironic, verbal irony, situational irony or other verbal irony. It is observed that combining features from these two different feature spaces improves our system results. We leverage the SMOTE algorithm to handle the problem of class imbalance in Subtask-B. Our final model achieves an F1-score of 0.65 and 0.47 on Subtask-A and Subtask-B respectively. Our system ranks 4th on both tasks respectively, outperforming the baseline by 6{\%} on Subtask-A and 14{\%} on Subtask-B.",
}
@inproceedings{hernandez-farias-etal-2018-valento,
    title = "{V}alen{TO} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: Exploring the Role of Affective Content for Detecting Irony in {E}nglish Tweets",
    author = "Hern{\'a}ndez Far{\'\i}as, Delia Iraz{\'u}  and
      Patti, Viviana  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1105",
    pages = "643--648",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe the system used by the ValenTO team in the shared task on Irony Detection in English Tweets at SemEval 2018. The system takes as starting point emotIDM, an irony detection model that explores the use of affective features based on a wide range of lexical resources available for English, reflecting different facets of affect. We experimented with different settings, by exploiting different classifiers and features, and participated both to the binary irony detection task and to the task devoted to distinguish among different types of irony. We report on the results obtained by our system both in a constrained setting and unconstrained setting, where we explored the impact of using additional data in the training phase, such as corpora annotated for the presence of irony or sarcasm from the state of the art. Overall, the performance of our system seems to validate the important role that affective information has for identifying ironic content in Twitter.",
}
@inproceedings{pamungkas-patti-2018-nondicevosulserio,
    title = "{\#}{N}on{D}icevo{S}ul{S}erio at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 3: Exploiting Emojis and Affective Content for Irony Detection in {E}nglish Tweets",
    author = "Pamungkas, Endang Wahyu  and
      Patti, Viviana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1106",
    pages = "649--654",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of the {\#}NonDicevoSulSerio team at SemEval2018-Task3, which focused on Irony Detection in English Tweets and was articulated in two tasks addressing the identification of irony at different levels of granularity. We participated in both tasks proposed: Task A is a classical binary classification task to determine whether a tweet is ironic or not, while Task B is a multiclass classification task devoted to distinguish different types of irony, where systems have to predict one out of four labels describing verbal irony by clash, other verbal irony, situational irony, and non-irony. We addressed both tasks by proposing a model built upon a well-engineered features set involving both syntactic and lexical features, and a wide range of affective-based features, covering different facets of sentiment and emotions. The use of new features for taking advantage of the affective information conveyed by emojis has been analyzed. On this line, we also tried to exploit the possible incongruity between sentiment expressed in the text and in the emojis included in a tweet. We used a Support Vector Machine classifier, and obtained promising results. We also carried on experiments in an unconstrained setting.",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2018-knu,
    title = "{KNU} {CI} System at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task4: Character Identification by Solving Sequence-Labeling Problem",
    author = "Park, Cheoneum  and
      Song, Heejun  and
      Lee, Changki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1107",
    pages = "655--659",
    abstract = "Character identification is an entity-linking task that finds words referring to the same person among the nouns mentioned in a conversation and turns them into one entity. In this paper, we define a sequence-labeling problem to solve character identification, and propose an attention-based recurrent neural network (RNN) encoder{--}decoder model. The in-put document for character identification on multiparty dialogues consists of several conversations, which increase the length of the input sequence. The RNN encoder{--}decoder model suffers from poor performance when the length of the input sequence is long. To solve this problem, we propose applying position encoding and the self-matching network to the RNN encoder{--}decoder model. Our experimental results demonstrate that of the four models proposed, Model 2 showed an F1 score of 86.00{\%} and a label accuracy of 85.10{\%} at the scene-level.",
}
@inproceedings{vossen-2018-newsreader,
    title = "{N}ews{R}eader at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 5: Counting events by reasoning over event-centric-knowledge-graphs",
    author = "Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1108",
    pages = "660--666",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the participation of the NewsReader system in the SemEval-2018 Task 5 on Counting Events and Participants in the Long Tail. NewsReader is a generic unsupervised text processing system that detects events with participants, time and place to generate Event Centric Knowledge Graphs (ECKGs). We minimally adapted these ECKGs to establish a baseline performance for the task. We first use the ECKGs to establish which documents report on the same incident and what event mentions are coreferential. Next, we aggregate ECKGs across coreferential mentions and use the aggregated knowledge to answer the questions of the task. Our participation tests the quality of NewsReader to create ECKGs, as well as the potential of ECKGs to establish event identity and reason over the result to answer the task queries.",
}
@inproceedings{abreu-oliveira-2018-feup,
    title = "{FEUP} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 5: An Experimental Study of a Question Answering System",
    author = "Abreu, Carla  and
      Oliveira, Eug{\'e}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1109",
    pages = "667--673",
    abstract = "We present the approach developed at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto to participate in SemEval-2018 Task 5: Counting Events and Participants within Highly Ambiguous Data covering a very long tail.The work described here presents the experimental system developed to extract entities from news articles for the sake of Question Answering. We propose a supervised learning approach to enable the recognition of two different types of entities: Locations and Participants. We also discuss the use of distance-based algorithms (using Levenshtein distance and Q-grams) for the detection of documents{'} closeness based on the entities extracted. For the experiments, we also used a multi-agent system that improved the performance.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-nai,
    title = "{NAI}-{SEA} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 5: An Event Search System",
    author = "Liu, Yingchi  and
      Li, Quanzhi  and
      Si, Luo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1110",
    pages = "674--678",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe Alibaba{'}s participating system in the semEval-2018 Task5: Counting Events and Participants in the Long Tail. We designed and implemented a pipeline system that consists of components to extract question properties and document features, document event category classifications, document retrieval and document clustering. To retrieve the majority of the relevant documents, we carefully designed our system to extract key information from each question and document pair. After retrieval, we perform further document clustering to count the number of events. The task contains 3 subtasks, on which we achieved F1 score of 78.33, 50.52, 63.59 , respectively, for document level retrieval. Our system ranks first in all the three subtasks on document level retrieval, and it also ranks first in incident-level evaluation by RSME measure in subtask 3.",
}
@inproceedings{gabor-etal-2018-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2018 Task 7: Semantic Relation Extraction and Classification in Scientific Papers",
    author = {G{\'a}bor, Kata  and
      Buscaldi, Davide  and
      Schumann, Anne-Kathrin  and
      QasemiZadeh, Behrang  and
      Zargayouna, Ha{\"\i}fa  and
      Charnois, Thierry},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1111",
    pages = "679--688",
    abstract = "This paper describes the first task on semantic relation extraction and classification in scientific paper abstracts at SemEval 2018. The challenge focuses on domain-specific semantic relations and includes three different subtasks. The subtasks were designed so as to compare and quantify the effect of different pre-processing steps on the relation classification results. We expect the task to be relevant for a broad range of researchers working on extracting specialized knowledge from domain corpora, for example but not limited to scientific or bio-medical information extraction. The task attracted a total of 32 participants, with 158 submissions across different scenarios.",
}
@inproceedings{rotsztejn-etal-2018-eth,
    title = "{ETH}-{DS}3{L}ab at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 7: Effectively Combining Recurrent and Convolutional Neural Networks for Relation Classification and Extraction",
    author = "Rotsztejn, Jonathan  and
      Hollenstein, Nora  and
      Zhang, Ce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1112",
    pages = "689--696",
    abstract = "Reliably detecting relevant relations between entities in unstructured text is a valuable resource for knowledge extraction, which is why it has awaken significant interest in the field of Natural Language Processing. In this paper, we present a system for relation classification and extraction based on an ensemble of convolutional and recurrent neural networks that ranked first in 3 out of the 4 Subtasks at SemEval 2018 Task 7. We provide detailed explanations and grounds for the design choices behind the most relevant features and analyze their importance.",
}
@inproceedings{phandi-etal-2018-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2018 Task 8: Semantic Extraction from {C}ybersec{U}rity {RE}ports using Natural Language Processing ({S}ecure{NLP})",
    author = "Phandi, Peter  and
      Silva, Amila  and
      Lu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1113",
    pages = "697--706",
    abstract = "This paper describes the SemEval 2018 shared task on semantic extraction from cybersecurity reports, which is introduced for the first time as a shared task on SemEval. This task comprises four SubTasks done incrementally to predict the characteristics of a specific malware using cybersecurity reports. To the best of our knowledge, we introduce the world{'}s largest publicly available dataset of annotated malware reports in this task. This task received in total 18 submissions from 9 participating teams.",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2018-dm,
    title = "{DM}{\_}{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 8: neural sequence labeling with linguistic features",
    author = "Ma, Chunping  and
      Zheng, Huafei  and
      Xie, Pengjun  and
      Li, Chen  and
      Li, Linlin  and
      Si, Luo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1114",
    pages = "707--711",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submissions for SemEval-2018 Task 8: Semantic Extraction from CybersecUrity REports using NLP. The DM{\_}NLP participated in two subtasks: SubTask 1 classifies if a sentence is useful for inferring malware actions and capabilities, and SubTask 2 predicts token labels ({``}Action{''}, {``}Entity{''}, {``}Modifier{''} and {``}Others{''}) for a given malware-related sentence. Since we leverage results of Subtask 2 directly to infer the result of Subtask 1, the paper focus on the system solving Subtask 2. By taking Subtask 2 as a sequence labeling task, our system relies on a recurrent neural network named BiLSTM-CNN-CRF with rich linguistic features, such as POS tags, dependency parsing labels, chunking labels, NER labels, Brown clustering. Our system achieved the highest F1 score in both token level and phrase level.",
}
@inproceedings{camacho-collados-etal-2018-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2018 Task 9: Hypernym Discovery",
    author = "Camacho-Collados, Jose  and
      Delli Bovi, Claudio  and
      Espinosa-Anke, Luis  and
      Oramas, Sergio  and
      Pasini, Tommaso  and
      Santus, Enrico  and
      Shwartz, Vered  and
      Navigli, Roberto  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1115",
    pages = "712--724",
    abstract = "This paper describes the SemEval 2018 Shared Task on Hypernym Discovery. We put forward this task as a complementary benchmark for modeling hypernymy, a problem which has traditionally been cast as a binary classification task, taking a pair of candidate words as input. Instead, our reformulated task is defined as follows: given an input term, retrieve (or discover) its suitable hypernyms from a target corpus. We proposed five different subtasks covering three languages (English, Spanish, and Italian), and two specific domains of knowledge in English (Medical and Music). Participants were allowed to compete in any or all of the subtasks. Overall, a total of 11 teams participated, with a total of 39 different systems submitted through all subtasks. Data, results and further information about the task can be found at \url{https://competitions.codalab.org/competitions/17119}.",
}
@inproceedings{bernier-colborne-barriere-2018-crim,
    title = "{CRIM} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 9: A Hybrid Approach to Hypernym Discovery",
    author = "Bernier-Colborne, Gabriel  and
      Barri{\`e}re, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1116",
    pages = "725--731",
    abstract = "This report describes the system developed by the CRIM team for the hypernym discovery task at SemEval 2018. This system exploits a combination of supervised projection learning and unsupervised pattern-based hypernym discovery. It was ranked first on the 3 sub-tasks for which we submitted results.",
}
@inproceedings{krebs-etal-2018-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: Capturing Discriminative Attributes",
    author = "Krebs, Alicia  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Paperno, Denis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1117",
    pages = "732--740",
    abstract = "This paper describes the SemEval 2018 Task 10 on Capturing Discriminative Attributes. Participants were asked to identify whether an attribute could help discriminate between two concepts. For example, a successful system should determine that {`}urine{'} is a discriminating feature in the word pair {`}kidney{'}, {`}bone{'}. The aim of the task is to better evaluate the capabilities of state of the art semantic models, beyond pure semantic similarity. The task attracted submissions from 21 teams, and the best system achieved a 0.75 F1 score.",
}
@inproceedings{lai-etal-2018-sunnynlp,
    title = "{SUNNYNLP} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: A Support-Vector-Machine-Based Method for Detecting Semantic Difference using Taxonomy and Word Embedding Features",
    author = "Lai, Sunny  and
      Leung, Kwong Sak  and
      Leung, Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1118",
    pages = "741--746",
    abstract = "We present SUNNYNLP, our system for solving SemEval 2018 Task 10: {``}Capturing Discriminative Attributes{''}. Our Support-Vector-Machine(SVM)-based system combines features extracted from pre-trained embeddings and statistical information from Is-A taxonomy to detect semantic difference of concepts pairs. Our system is demonstrated to be effective in detecting semantic difference and is ranked 1st in the competition in terms of F1 measure. The open source of our code is coined SUNNYNLP.",
}
@inproceedings{ostermann-etal-2018-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2018 Task 11: Machine Comprehension Using Commonsense Knowledge",
    author = "Ostermann, Simon  and
      Roth, Michael  and
      Modi, Ashutosh  and
      Thater, Stefan  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1119",
    pages = "747--757",
    abstract = "This report summarizes the results of the SemEval 2018 task on machine comprehension using commonsense knowledge. For this machine comprehension task, we created a new corpus, MCScript. It contains a high number of questions that require commonsense knowledge for finding the correct answer. 11 teams from 4 different countries participated in this shared task, most of them used neural approaches. The best performing system achieves an accuracy of 83.95{\%}, outperforming the baselines by a large margin, but still far from the human upper bound, which was found to be at 98{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-yuanfudao,
    title = "Yuanfudao at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 11: Three-way Attention and Relational Knowledge for Commonsense Machine Comprehension",
    author = "Wang, Liang  and
      Sun, Meng  and
      Zhao, Wei  and
      Shen, Kewei  and
      Liu, Jingming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1120",
    pages = "758--762",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system for SemEval-2018 Task 11: Machine Comprehension using Commonsense Knowledge. We use Three-way Attentive Networks (TriAN) to model interactions between the passage, question and answers. To incorporate commonsense knowledge, we augment the input with relation embedding from the graph of general knowledge ConceptNet. As a result, our system achieves state-of-the-art performance with 83.95{\%} accuracy on the official test data. Code is publicly available at \url{https://github.com/intfloat/commonsense-rc}.",
}
@inproceedings{habernal-etal-2018-semeval,
    title = "{S}em{E}val-2018 Task 12: The Argument Reasoning Comprehension Task",
    author = "Habernal, Ivan  and
      Wachsmuth, Henning  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1121",
    pages = "763--772",
    abstract = "A natural language argument is composed of a claim as well as reasons given as premises for the claim. The warrant explaining the reasoning is usually left implicit, as it is clear from the context and common sense. This makes a comprehension of arguments easy for humans but hard for machines. This paper summarizes the first shared task on argument reasoning comprehension. Given a premise and a claim along with some topic information, the goal was to automatically identify the correct warrant among two candidates that are plausible and lexically close, but in fact imply opposite claims. We describe the dataset with 1970 instances that we built for the task, and we outline the 21 computational approaches that participated, most of which used neural networks. The results reveal the complexity of the task, with many approaches hardly improving over the random accuracy of about 0.5. Still, the best observed accuracy (0.712) underlines the principle feasibility of identifying warrants. Our analysis indicates that an inclusion of external knowledge is key to reasoning comprehension.",
}
@inproceedings{choi-lee-2018-gist,
    title = "{GIST} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 12: A network transferring inference knowledge to Argument Reasoning Comprehension task",
    author = "Choi, HongSeok  and
      Lee, Hyunju",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1122",
    pages = "773--777",
    abstract = "This paper describes our GIST team system that participated in SemEval-2018 Argument Reasoning Comprehension task (Task 12). Here, we address two challenging factors: unstated common senses and two lexically close warrants that lead to contradicting claims. A key idea for our system is full use of transfer learning from the Natural Language Inference (NLI) task to this task. We used Enhanced Sequential Inference Model (ESIM) to learn the NLI dataset. We describe how to use ESIM for transfer learning to choose correct warrant through a proposed system. We show comparable results through ablation experiments. Our system ranked 1st among 22 systems, outperforming all the systems more than 10{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{renslow-neumann-2018-lightrel,
    title = "{L}ight{R}el at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 7: Lightweight and Fast Relation Classification",
    author = {Renslow, Tyler  and
      Neumann, G{\"u}nter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1123",
    pages = "778--782",
    abstract = "We present LightRel, a lightweight and fast relation classifier. Our goal is to develop a high baseline for different relation extraction tasks. By defining only very few data-internal, word-level features and external knowledge sources in the form of word clusters and word embeddings, we train a fast and simple linear classifier",
}
@inproceedings{dhyani-2018-ohiostate,
    title = "{O}hio{S}tate at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 7: Exploiting Data Augmentation for Relation Classification in Scientific Papers Using Piecewise Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Dhyani, Dushyanta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1124",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1124",
    pages = "783--787",
    abstract = "We describe our system for SemEval-2018 Shared Task on Semantic Relation Extraction and Classification in Scientific Papers where we focus on the Classification task. Our simple piecewise convolution neural encoder performs decently in an end to end manner. A simple inter-task data augmentation significantly boosts the performance of the model. Our best-performing systems stood 8th out of 20 teams on the classification task on noisy data and 12th out of 28 teams on the classification task on clean data.",
}
@inproceedings{luan-etal-2018-uwnlp,
    title = "The {UWNLP} system at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 7: Neural Relation Extraction Model with Selectively Incorporated Concept Embeddings",
    author = "Luan, Yi  and
      Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1125",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1125",
    pages = "788--792",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission for SemEval 2018 Task 7 shared task on semantic relation extraction and classification in scientific papers. Our model is based on the end-to-end relation extraction model of (Miwa and Bansal, 2016) with several enhancements such as character-level encoding attention mechanism on selecting pretrained concept candidate embeddings. Our official submission ranked the second in relation classification task (Subtask 1.1 and Subtask 2 Senerio 2), and the first in the relation extraction task (Subtask 2 Scenario 1).",
}
@inproceedings{suarez-paniagua-etal-2018-uc3m,
    title = "{UC}3{M}-{NII} Team at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 7: Semantic Relation Classification in Scientific Papers via Convolutional Neural Network",
    author = "Su{\'a}rez-Paniagua, V{\'\i}ctor  and
      Segura-Bedmar, Isabel  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1126",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1126",
    pages = "793--797",
    abstract = "This paper reports our participation for SemEval-2018 Task 7 on extraction and classification of relationships between entities in scientific papers. Our approach is based on the use of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) trained on350 abstract with manually annotated entities and relations. Our hypothesis is that this deep learning model can be applied to extract and classify relations between entities for scientific papers at the same time. We use the Part-of-Speech and the distances to the target entities as part of the embedding for each word and we blind all the entities by marker names. In addition, we use sampling techniques to overcome the imbalance issues of this dataset. Our architecture obtained an F1-score of 35.4{\%} for the relation extraction task and 18.5{\%} for the relation classification task with a basic configuration of the one step CNN.",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2018-mit,
    title = "{MIT}-{MEDG} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 7: Semantic Relation Classification via Convolution Neural Network",
    author = "Jin, Di  and
      Dernoncourt, Franck  and
      Sergeeva, Elena  and
      McDermott, Matthew  and
      Chauhan, Geeticka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1127",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1127",
    pages = "798--804",
    abstract = "SemEval 2018 Task 7 tasked participants to build a system to classify two entities within a sentence into one of the 6 possible relation types. We tested 3 classes of models: Linear classifiers, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models, and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models. Ultimately, the CNN model class proved most performant, so we specialized to this model for our final submissions. We improved performance beyond a vanilla CNN by including a variant of negative sampling, using custom word embeddings learned over a corpus of ACL articles, training over corpora of both tasks 1.1 and 1.2, using reversed feature, using part of context words beyond the entity pairs and using ensemble methods to improve our final predictions. We also tested attention based pooling, up-sampling, and data augmentation, but none improved performance. Our model achieved rank 6 out of 28 (macro-averaged F1-score: 72.7) in subtask 1.1, and rank 4 out of 20 (macro F1: 80.6) in subtask 1.2.",
}
@inproceedings{nooralahzadeh-etal-2018-sirius,
    title = "{SIRIUS}-{LTG}-{U}i{O} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 7: Convolutional Neural Networks with Shortest Dependency Paths for Semantic Relation Extraction and Classification in Scientific Papers",
    author = "Nooralahzadeh, Farhad  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      L{\o}nning, Jan Tore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1128",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1128",
    pages = "805--810",
    abstract = "This article presents the SIRIUS-LTG-UiO system for the SemEval 2018 Task 7 on Semantic Relation Extraction and Classification in Scientific Papers. First we extract the shortest dependency path (sdp) between two entities, then we introduce a convolutional neural network (CNN) which takes the shortest dependency path embeddings as input and performs relation classification with differing objectives for each subtask of the shared task. This approach achieved overall F1 scores of 76.7 and 83.2 for relation classification on clean and noisy data, respectively. Furthermore, for combined relation extraction and classification on clean data, it obtained F1 scores of 37.4 and 33.6 for each phase. Our system ranks 3rd in all three sub-tasks of the shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{yin-etal-2018-ircms,
    title = "{IRCMS} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 7 : Evaluating a basic {CNN} Method and Traditional Pipeline Method for Relation Classification",
    author = "Yin, Zhongbo  and
      Luo, Zhunchen  and
      Luo, Wei  and
      Bin, Mao  and
      Tian, Changhai  and
      Ye, Yuming  and
      Wu, Shuai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1129",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1129",
    pages = "811--815",
    abstract = "This paper presents our participation for sub-task1 (1.1 and 1.2) in SemEval 2018 task 7: Semantic Relation Extraction and Classification in Scientific Papers (G{\'a}bor et al., 2018). We experimented on this task with two methods: CNN method and traditional pipeline method. We use the context between two entities (included) as input information for both methods, which extremely reduce the noise effect. For the CNN method, we construct a simple convolution neural network to automatically learn features from raw texts without any manual processing. Moreover, we use the softmax function to classify the entity pair into a specific relation category. For the traditional pipeline method, we use the Hackabout method as a representation which is described in section3.5. The CNN method{'}s result is much better than traditional pipeline method (49.1{\%} vs. 42.3{\%} and 71.1{\%} vs. 54.6{\%} ).",
}
@inproceedings{neves-etal-2018-bf3r,
    title = "{B}f3{R} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 7: Evaluating Two Relation Extraction Tools for Finding Semantic Relations in Biomedical Abstracts",
    author = {Neves, Mariana  and
      Butzke, Daniel  and
      Sch{\"o}nfelder, Gilbert  and
      Grune, Barbara},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1130",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1130",
    pages = "816--820",
    abstract = "Automatic extraction of semantic relations from text can support finding relevant information from scientific publications. We describe our participation in Task 7 of SemEval-2018 for which we experimented with two relations extraction tools - jSRE and TEES - for the extraction and classification of six relation types. The results we obtained with TEES were significantly superior than those with jSRE (33.4{\%} vs. 30.09{\%} and 20.3{\%} vs. 16{\%}). Additionally, we utilized the model trained with TEES for extracting semantic relations from biomedical abstracts, for which we present a preliminary evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{sysoev-mayorov-2018-texterra,
    title = "Texterra at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 7: Exploiting Syntactic Information for Relation Extraction and Classification in Scientific Papers",
    author = "Sysoev, Andrey  and
      Mayorov, Vladimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1131",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1131",
    pages = "821--825",
    abstract = "In this work we evaluate applicability of entity pair models and neural network architectures for relation extraction and classification in scientific papers at SemEval-2018. We carry out experiments with representing entity pairs through sentence tokens and through shortest path in dependency tree, comparing approaches based on convolutional and recurrent neural networks. With convolutional network applied to shortest path in dependency tree we managed to be ranked eighth in subtask 1.1 ({``}clean data{''}), ninth in 1.2 ({``}noisy data{''}). Similar model applied to separate parts of the shortest path was mounted to ninth (extraction track) and seventh (classification track) positions in subtask 2 ranking.",
}
@inproceedings{keiper-etal-2018-unima,
    title = "{U}ni{M}a at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 7: Semantic Relation Extraction and Classification from Scientific Publications",
    author = "Keiper, Thorsten  and
      Lyu, Zhonghao  and
      Pooladzadeh, Sara  and
      Xu, Yuan  and
      Zhang, Jingyi  and
      Lauscher, Anne  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1132",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1132",
    pages = "826--830",
    abstract = "Large repositories of scientific literature call for the development of robust methods to extract information from scholarly papers. This problem is addressed by the SemEval 2018 Task 7 on extracting and classifying relations found within scientific publications. In this paper, we present a feature-based and a deep learning-based approach to the task and discuss the results of the system runs that we submitted for evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{macavaney-etal-2018-gu,
    title = "{GU} {IRLAB} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 7: Tree-{LSTM}s for Scientific Relation Classification",
    author = "MacAvaney, Sean  and
      Soldaini, Luca  and
      Cohan, Arman  and
      Goharian, Nazli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1133",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1133",
    pages = "831--835",
    abstract = "SemEval 2018 Task 7 focuses on relation extraction and classification in scientific literature. In this work, we present our tree-based LSTM network for this shared task. Our approach placed 9th (of 28) for subtask 1.1 (relation classification), and 5th (of 20) for subtask 1.2 (relation classification with noisy entities). We also provide an ablation study of features included as input to the network.",
}
@inproceedings{hettinger-etal-2018-claire,
    title = "{C}lai{RE} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 7: Classification of Relations using Embeddings",
    author = "Hettinger, Lena  and
      Dallmann, Alexander  and
      Zehe, Albin  and
      Niebler, Thomas  and
      Hotho, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1134",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1134",
    pages = "836--841",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe our system for SemEval-2018 Task 7 on classification of semantic relations in scientific literature for clean (subtask 1.1) and noisy data (subtask 1.2). We compare two models for classification, a C-LSTM which utilizes only word embeddings and an SVM that also takes handcrafted features into account. To adapt to the domain of science we train word embeddings on scientific papers collected from arXiv.org. The hand-crafted features consist of lexical features to model the semantic relations as well as the entities between which the relation holds. Classification of Relations using Embeddings (ClaiRE) achieved an F1 score of 74.89{\%} for the first subtask and 78.39{\%} for the second.",
}
@inproceedings{gluhak-etal-2018-takelab,
    title = "{T}ake{L}ab at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 7: Combining Sparse and Dense Features for Relation Classification in Scientific Texts",
    author = "Gluhak, Martin  and
      di Buono, Maria Pia  and
      Akkasi, Abbas  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1135",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1135",
    pages = "842--847",
    abstract = "We describe two systems for semantic relation classification with which we participated in the SemEval 2018 Task 7, subtask 1 on semantic relation classification: an SVM model and a CNN model. Both models combine dense pretrained word2vec features and hancrafted sparse features. For training the models, we combine the two datasets provided for the subtasks in order to balance the under-represented classes. The SVM model performed better than CNN, achieving a F1-macro score of 69.98{\%} on subtask 1.1 and 75.69{\%} on subtask 1.2. The system ranked 7th on among 28 submissions on subtask 1.1 and 7th among 20 submissions on subtask 1.2.",
}
@inproceedings{dragoni-2018-neurosent-pdi-semeval,
    title = "{NEUROSENT}-{PDI} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 7: Discovering Textual Relations With a Neural Network Model",
    author = "Dragoni, Mauro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1136",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1136",
    pages = "848--852",
    abstract = "Discovering semantic relations within textual documents is a timely topic worthy of investigation. Natural language processing strategies are generally used for linking chunks of text in order to extract information that can be exploited by semantic search engines for performing complex queries. The scientific domain is an interesting area where these techniques can be applied. In this paper, we describe a system based on neural networks applied to the SemEval 2018 Task 7. The system relies on the use of word embeddings for composing the vectorial representation of text chunks. Such representations are used for feeding a neural network aims to learn the structure of paths connecting chunks associated with a specific relation. Preliminary results demonstrated the suitability of the proposed approach encouraging the investigation of this research direction.",
}
@inproceedings{mahendran-etal-2018-scirel,
    title = "{S}ci{REL} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 7: A System for Semantic Relation Extraction and Classification",
    author = "Mahendran, Darshini  and
      Brahmana, Chathurika  and
      McInnes, Bridget",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1137",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1137",
    pages = "853--857",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system, SciREL (Scientific abstract RELation extraction system), developed for the SemEval 2018 Task 7: Semantic Relation Extraction and Classification in Scientific Papers. We present a feature-vector based system to extract explicit semantic relation and classify them. Our system is trained in the ACL corpus (BIrd et al., 2008) that contains annotated abstracts given by the task organizers. When an abstract with annotated entities is given as the input into our system, it extracts the semantic relations through a set of defined features and classifies them into one of the given six categories of relations through feature engineering and a learned model. For the best combination of features, our system SciREL obtained an F-measure of 20.03 on the official test corpus which includes 150 abstracts in the relation classification Subtask 1.1. In this paper, we provide an in-depth error analysis of our results to prevent duplication of research efforts in the development of future systems",
}
@inproceedings{barik-etal-2018-ntnu,
    title = "{NTNU} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 7: Classifier Ensembling for Semantic Relation Identification and Classification in Scientific Papers",
    author = {Barik, Biswanath  and
      Sikdar, Utpal Kumar  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1138",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1138",
    pages = "858--862",
    abstract = "The paper presents NTNU{'}s contribution to SemEval-2018 Task 7 on relation identification and classification. The class weights and parameters of five alternative supervised classifiers were optimized through grid search and cross-validation. The outputs of the classifiers were combined through voting for the final prediction. A wide variety of features were explored, with the most informative identified by feature selection. The best setting achieved F1 scores of 47.4{\%} and 66.0{\%} in the relation classification subtasks 1.1 and 1.2. For relation identification and classification in subtask 2, it achieved F1 scores of 33.9{\%} and 17.0{\%},",
}
@inproceedings{pratap-etal-2018-talla,
    title = "Talla at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 7: Hybrid Loss Optimization for Relation Classification using Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Pratap, Bhanu  and
      Shank, Daniel  and
      Ositelu, Oladipo  and
      Galbraith, Byron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1139",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1139",
    pages = "863--867",
    abstract = "This paper describes our approach to SemEval-2018 Task 7 {--} given an entity-tagged text from the ACL Anthology corpus, identify and classify pairs of entities that have one of six possible semantic relationships. Our model consists of a convolutional neural network leveraging pre-trained word embeddings, unlabeled ACL-abstracts, and multiple window sizes to automatically learn useful features from entity-tagged sentences. We also experiment with a hybrid loss function, a combination of cross-entropy loss and ranking loss, to boost the separation in classification scores. Lastly, we include WordNet-based features to further improve the performance of our model. Our best model achieves an F1(macro) score of 74.2 and 84.8 on subtasks 1.1 and 1.2, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{r-etal-2018-teamdl,
    title = "{T}eam{DL} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 8: Cybersecurity Text Analysis using Convolutional Neural Network and Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "R, Manikandan  and
      Madgula, Krishna  and
      Saha, Snehanshu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1140",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1140",
    pages = "868--873",
    abstract = "In this work we present our participation to SemEval-2018 Task 8 subtasks 1 {\&} 2 respectively. We developed Convolution Neural Network system for malware sentence classification (subtask 1) and Conditional Random Fields system for malware token label prediction (subtask 2). We experimented with couple of word embedding strategies, feature sets and achieved competitive performance across the two subtasks. For subtask 1 We experimented with two category of word embeddings namely native embeddings and task specific embedding using Word2vec and Glove algorithms. 1. Native Embeddings: All words including the unknown ones that are randomly initialized use embeddings from original Word2vec/Glove models. 2. Task specific : The embeddings are generated by training Word2vec/Glove algorithms on sentences from MalwareTextDB We found that glove outperforms rest of embeddings for subtask 1. For subtask 2, we used N-grams of size 6, previous, next tokens and labels, features giving disjunctions of words anywhere in the left or right, word shape features, word lemma of current, previous and next words, word-tag pair features, POS tags, prefix and suffixes.",
}
@inproceedings{fu-etal-2018-hccl,
    title = "{HCCL} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 8: An End-to-End System for Sequence Labeling from Cybersecurity Reports",
    author = "Fu, Mingming  and
      Zhao, Xuemin  and
      Yan, Yonghong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1141",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1141",
    pages = "874--877",
    abstract = "This paper describes HCCL team systems that participated in SemEval 2018 Task 8: SecureNLP (Semantic Extraction from cybersecurity reports using NLP). To solve the problem, our team applied a neural network architecture that benefits from both word and character level representaions automatically, by using combination of Bi-directional LSTM, CNN and CRF (Ma and Hovy, 2016). Our system is truly end-to-end, requiring no feature engineering or data preprocessing, and we ranked 4th in the subtask 1, 7th in the subtask2 and 3rd in the SubTask2-relaxed.",
}
@inproceedings{padia-etal-2018-umbc,
    title = "{UMBC} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 8: Understanding Text about Malware",
    author = "Padia, Ankur  and
      Roy, Arpita  and
      Satyapanich, Taneeya  and
      Ferraro, Francis  and
      Pan, Shimei  and
      Park, Youngja  and
      Joshi, Anupam  and
      Finin, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1142",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1142",
    pages = "878--884",
    abstract = "We describe the systems developed by the UMBC team for 2018 SemEval Task 8, SecureNLP (Semantic Extraction from CybersecUrity REports using Natural Language Processing). We participated in three of the sub-tasks: (1) classifying sentences as being relevant or irrelevant to malware, (2) predicting token labels for sentences, and (4) predicting attribute labels from the Malware Attribute Enumeration and Characterization vocabulary for defining malware characteristics. We achieve F1 score of 50.34/18.0 (dev/test), 22.23 (test-data), and 31.98 (test-data) for Task1, Task2 and Task2 respectively. We also make our cybersecurity embeddings publicly available at \url{http://bit.ly/cyber2vec}.",
}
@inproceedings{loyola-etal-2018-villani,
    title = "Villani at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 8: Semantic Extraction from Cybersecurity Reports using Representation Learning",
    author = "Loyola, Pablo  and
      Gajananan, Kugamoorthy  and
      Watanabe, Yuji  and
      Satoh, Fumiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1143",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1143",
    pages = "885--889",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our proposal for the task of Semantic Extraction from Cybersecurity Reports. The goal is to explore if natural language processing methods can provide relevant and actionable knowledge to contribute to better understand malicious behavior. Our method consists of an attention-based Bi-LSTM which achieved competitive performance of 0.57 for the Subtask 1. In the due process we also present ablation studies across multiple embeddings and their level of representation and also report the strategies we used to mitigate the extreme imbalance between classes.",
}
@inproceedings{sikdar-etal-2018-flytxt,
    title = {{F}lytxt{\_}{NTNU} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 8: Identifying and Classifying Malware Text Using Conditional Random Fields and Na{\"\i}ve {B}ayes Classifiers},
    author = {Sikdar, Utpal Kumar  and
      Barik, Biswanath  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1144",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1144",
    pages = "890--893",
    abstract = "Cybersecurity risks such as malware threaten the personal safety of users, but to identify malware text is a major challenge. The paper proposes a supervised learning approach to identifying malware sentences given a document (subTask1 of SemEval 2018, Task 8), as well as to classifying malware tokens in the sentences (subTask2). The approach achieved good results, ranking second of twelve participants for both subtasks, with F-scores of 57{\%} for subTask1 and 28{\%} for subTask2.",
}
@inproceedings{brew-2018-digital,
    title = "Digital Operatives at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 8: Using dependency features for malware {NLP}",
    author = "Brew, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1145",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1145",
    pages = "894--897",
    abstract = "The four sub-tasks of SecureNLP build towards a capability for quickly highlighting critical information from malware reports, such as the specific actions taken by a malware sample. Digital Operatives (DO) submitted to sub-tasks 1 and 2, using standard text analysis technology (text classification for sub-task 1, and a CRF for sub-task 2). Performance is broadly competitive with other submitted systems on sub-task 1 and weak on sub-task 2. The annotation guidelines for the intermediate sub-tasks create a linkage to the final task, which is both an annotation challenge and a potentially useful feature of the task. The methods that DO chose do not attempt to make use of this linkage, which may be a missed opportunity. This motivates a post-hoc error analysis. It appears that the annotation task is very hard, and that in some cases both deep conceptual knowledge and substantial surrounding context are needed in order to correctly classify sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{onofrei-etal-2018-apollo,
    title = "{A}pollo at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 9: Detecting Hypernymy Relations Using Syntactic Dependencies",
    author = "Onofrei, Mihaela  and
      Hulub, Ionu{\textcommabelow{t}}  and
      Trandab{\u{a}}{\textcommabelow{t}}, Diana  and
      G{\^\i}fu, Daniela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1146",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1146",
    pages = "898--902",
    abstract = "This paper presents the participation of Apollo{'}s team in the SemEval-2018 Task 9 {``}Hypernym Discovery{''}, Subtask 1: {``}General-Purpose Hypernym Discovery{''}, which tries to produce a ranked list of hypernyms for a specific term. We propose a novel approach for automatic extraction of hypernymy relations from a corpus by using dependency patterns. We estimated that the application of these patterns leads to a higher score than using the traditional lexical patterns.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-sjtu,
    title = "{SJTU}-{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 9: Neural Hypernym Discovery with Term Embeddings",
    author = "Zhang, Zhuosheng  and
      Li, Jiangtong  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Tang, Bingjie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1147",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1147",
    pages = "903--908",
    abstract = "This paper describes a hypernym discovery system for our participation in the SemEval-2018 Task 9, which aims to discover the best (set of) candidate hypernyms for input concepts or entities, given the search space of a pre-defined vocabulary. We introduce a neural network architecture for the concerned task and empirically study various neural network models to build the representations in latent space for words and phrases. The evaluated models include convolutional neural network, long-short term memory network, gated recurrent unit and recurrent convolutional neural network. We also explore different embedding methods, including word embedding and sense embedding for better performance.",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-etal-2018-nlp,
    title = "{NLP}{\_}{HZ} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 9: a Nearest Neighbor Approach",
    author = "Qiu, Wei  and
      Chen, Mosha  and
      Li, Linlin  and
      Si, Luo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1148",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1148",
    pages = "909--913",
    abstract = "Hypernym discovery aims to discover the hypernym word sets given a hyponym word and proper corpus. This paper proposes a simple but effective method for the discovery of hypernym sets based on word embedding, which can be used to measure the contextual similarities between words. Given a test hyponym word, we get its hypernym lists by computing the similarities between the hyponym word and words in the training data, and fill the test word{'}s hypernym lists with the hypernym list in the training set of the nearest similarity distance to the test word. In SemEval 2018 task9, our results, achieve 1st on Spanish, 2nd on Italian, 6th on English in the metric of MAP.",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-etal-2018-umduluth,
    title = "{UMD}uluth-{CS}8761 at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task9: Hypernym Discovery using Hearst Patterns, Co-occurrence frequencies and Word Embeddings",
    author = "Hassan, Arshia Zernab  and
      Vallabhajosyula, Manikya Swathi  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1149",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1149",
    pages = "914--918",
    abstract = "Hypernym Discovery is the task of identifying potential hypernyms for a given term. A hypernym is a more generalized word that is super-ordinate to more specific words. This paper explores several approaches that rely on co-occurrence frequencies of word pairs, Hearst Patterns based on regular expressions, and word embeddings created from the UMBC corpus. Our system Babbage participated in Subtask 1A for English and placed 6th of 19 systems when identifying concept hypernyms, and 12th of 18 systems for entity hypernyms.",
}
@inproceedings{issa-alaa-aldine-etal-2018-expr,
    title = "{EXPR} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 9: A Combined Approach for Hypernym Discovery",
    author = "Issa Alaa Aldine, Ahmad  and
      Harzallah, Mounira  and
      Berio, Giuseppe  and
      B{\'e}chet, Nicolas  and
      Faour, Ahmad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1150",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1150",
    pages = "919--923",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present our proposed system (EXPR) to participate in the hypernym discovery task of SemEval 2018. The task addresses the challenge of discovering hypernym relations from a text corpus. Our proposal is a combined approach of path-based technique and distributional technique. We use dependency parser on a corpus to extract candidate hypernyms and represent their dependency paths as a feature vector. The feature vector is concatenated with a feature vector obtained using Wikipedia pre-trained term embedding model. The concatenated feature vector fits a supervised machine learning method to learn a classifier model. This model is able to classify new candidate hypernyms as hypernym or not. Our system performs well to discover new hypernyms not defined in gold hypernyms.",
}
@inproceedings{maldonado-klubicka-2018-adapt,
    title = "{ADAPT} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 9: Skip-Gram Word Embeddings for Unsupervised Hypernym Discovery in Specialised Corpora",
    author = "Maldonado, Alfredo  and
      Klubi{\v{c}}ka, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1151",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1151",
    pages = "924--927",
    abstract = "This paper describes a simple but competitive unsupervised system for hypernym discovery. The system uses skip-gram word embeddings with negative sampling, trained on specialised corpora. Candidate hypernyms for an input word are predicted based based on cosine similarity scores. Two sets of word embedding models were trained separately on two specialised corpora: a medical corpus and a music industry corpus. Our system scored highest in the medical domain among the competing unsupervised systems but performed poorly on the music industry domain. Our system does not depend on any external data other than raw specialised corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{berend-etal-2018-300,
    title = "300-sparsans at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 9: Hypernymy as interaction of sparse attributes",
    author = {Berend, G{\'a}bor  and
      Makrai, M{\'a}rton  and
      F{\"o}ldi{\'a}k, P{\'e}ter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1152",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1152",
    pages = "928--934",
    abstract = "This paper describes 300-sparsians{'}s participation in SemEval-2018 Task 9: Hypernym Discovery, with a system based on sparse coding and a formal concept hierarchy obtained from word embeddings. Our system took first place in subtasks (1B) Italian (all and entities), (1C) Spanish entities, and (2B) music entities.",
}
@inproceedings{brychcin-etal-2018-uwb,
    title = "{UWB} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: Capturing Discriminative Attributes from Word Distributions",
    author = "Brychc{\'\i}n, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Hercig, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Steinberger, Josef  and
      Konkol, Michal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1153",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1153",
    pages = "935--939",
    abstract = "We present our UWB system for the task of capturing discriminative attributes at SemEval 2018. Given two words and an attribute, the system decides, whether this attribute is discriminative between the words or not. Assuming Distributional Hypothesis, i.e., a word meaning is related to the distribution across contexts, we introduce several approaches to compare word contextual information. We experiment with state-of-the-art semantic spaces and with simple co-occurrence statistics. We show the word distribution in the corpus has potential for detecting discriminative attributes. Our system achieves F1 score 72.1{\%} and is ranked {\#}4 among 26 submitted systems.",
}
@inproceedings{sommerauer-etal-2018-meaning,
    title = "Meaning{\_}space at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: Combining explicitly encoded knowledge with information extracted from word embeddings",
    author = "Sommerauer, Pia  and
      Fokkens, Antske  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1154",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1154",
    pages = "940--946",
    abstract = "This paper presents the two systems submitted by the meaning space team in Task 10 of the SemEval competition 2018 entitled Capturing discriminative attributes. The systems consist of combinations of approaches exploiting explicitly encoded knowledge about concepts in WordNet and information encoded in distributional semantic vectors. Rather than aiming for high performance, we explore which kind of semantic knowledge is best captured by different methods. The results indicate that WordNet glosses on different levels of the hierarchy capture many attributes relevant for this task. In combination with exploiting word embedding similarities, this source of information yielded our best results. Our best performing system ranked 5th out of 13 final ranks. Our analysis yields insights into the different kinds of attributes represented by different sources of knowledge.",
}
@inproceedings{attia-etal-2018-ghh,
    title = "{GHH} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: Discovering Discriminative Attributes in Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Attia, Mohammed  and
      Samih, Younes  and
      Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Maier, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1155",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1155",
    pages = "947--952",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system submission to the SemEval 2018 Task 10 on Capturing Discriminative Attributes. Given two concepts and an attribute, the task is to determine whether the attribute is semantically related to one concept and not the other. In this work we assume that discriminative attributes can be detected by discovering the association (or lack of association) between a pair of words. The hypothesis we test in this contribution is whether the semantic difference between two pairs of concepts can be treated in terms of measuring the distance between words in a vector space, or can simply be obtained as a by-product of word co-occurrence counts.",
}
@inproceedings{gamallo-2018-citiusnlp,
    title = "{C}itius{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: The Use of Transparent Distributional Models and Salient Contexts to Discriminate Word Attributes",
    author = "Gamallo, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1156",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1156",
    pages = "953--957",
    abstract = "This article describes the unsupervised strategy submitted by the CitiusNLP team to the SemEval 2018 Task 10, a task which consists of predict whether a word is a discriminative attribute between two other words. Our strategy relies on the correspondence between discriminative attributes and relevant contexts of a word. More precisely, the method uses transparent distributional models to extract salient contexts of words which are identified as discriminative attributes. The system performance reaches about 70{\%} accuracy when it is applied on the development dataset, but its accuracy goes down (63{\%}) on the official test dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-thu-ngn-semeval-2018,
    title = "{THU}{\_}{NGN} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: Capturing Discriminative Attributes with {MLP}-{CNN} model",
    author = "Wu, Chuhan  and
      Wu, Fangzhao  and
      Wu, Sixing  and
      Yuan, Zhigang  and
      Huang, Yongfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1157",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1157",
    pages = "958--962",
    abstract = "Existing semantic models are capable of identifying the semantic similarity of words. However, it{'}s hard for these models to discriminate between a word and another similar word. Thus, the aim of SemEval-2018 Task 10 is to predict whether a word is a discriminative attribute between two concepts. In this task, we apply a multilayer perceptron (MLP)-convolutional neural network (CNN) model to identify whether an attribute is discriminative. The CNNs are used to extract low-level features from the inputs. The MLP takes both the flatten CNN maps and inputs to predict the labels. The evaluation F-score of our system on the test set is 0.629 (ranked 15th), which indicates that our system still needs to be improved. However, the behaviours of our system in our experiments provide useful information, which can help to improve the collective understanding of this novel task.",
}
@inproceedings{dumitru-etal-2018-alb,
    title = "{ALB} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: A System for Capturing Discriminative Attributes",
    author = "Dumitru, Bogdan  and
      Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1158",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1158",
    pages = "963--967",
    abstract = "Semantic difference detection attempts to capture whether a word is a discriminative attribute between two other words. For example, the discriminative feature red characterizes the first word from the (apple, banana) pair, but not the second. Modeling semantic difference is essential for language understanding systems, as it provides useful information for identifying particular aspects of word senses. This paper describes our system implementation (the ALB system of the NLP@Unibuc team) for the 10th task of the SemEval 2018 workshop, {``}Capturing Discriminative Attributes{''}. We propose a method for semantic difference detection that uses an SVM classifier with features based on co-occurrence counts and shallow semantic parsing, achieving 0.63 F1 score in the competition.",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-etal-2018-elirf-upv,
    title = "{EL}i{RF}-{UPV} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: Capturing Discriminative Attributes with Knowledge Graphs and {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez, Jos{\'e}-{\'A}ngel  and
      Hurtado, Llu{\'\i}s-F.  and
      Segarra, Encarna  and
      Pla, Ferran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1159",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1159",
    pages = "968--971",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of ELiRF-UPV team at task 10, Capturing Discriminative Attributes, of SemEval-2018. Our best approach consists of using ConceptNet, Wikipedia and NumberBatch embeddings in order to stablish relationships between concepts and attributes. Furthermore, this system achieves competitive results in the official evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{taslimipoor-etal-2018-wolves,
    title = "Wolves at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: Semantic Discrimination based on Knowledge and Association",
    author = "Taslimipoor, Shiva  and
      Rohanian, Omid  and
      Ha, Le An  and
      Corpas Pastor, Gloria  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1160",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1160",
    pages = "972--976",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system submitted to SemEval 2018 shared task 10 {`}Capturing Dicriminative Attributes{'}. We use a combination of knowledge-based and co-occurrence features to capture the semantic difference between two words in relation to an attribute. We define scores based on association measures, ngram counts, word similarity, and ConceptNet relations. The system is ranked 4th (joint) on the official leaderboard of the task.",
}
@inproceedings{arroyo-fernandez-etal-2018-unam,
    title = "{UNAM} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: Unsupervised Semantic Discriminative Attribute Identification in Neural Word Embedding Cones",
    author = "Arroyo-Fern{\'a}ndez, Ignacio  and
      Meza, Ivan  and
      M{\'e}ndez-Cruz, Carlos-Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1161",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1161",
    pages = "977--984",
    abstract = "In this paper we report an unsupervised method aimed to identify whether an attribute is discriminative for two words (which are treated as concepts, in our particular case). To this end, we use geometrically inspired vector operations underlying unsupervised decision functions. These decision functions operate on state-of-the-art neural word embeddings of the attribute and the concepts. The main idea can be described as follows: if attribute $q$ discriminates concept $a$ from concept $b$, then $q$ is excluded from the feature set shared by these two concepts: the intersection. That is, the membership $q\in (a\cap b)$ does not hold. As $a,b,q$ are represented with neural word embeddings, we tested vector operations allowing us to measure membership, i.e. fuzzy set operations (t-norm, for fuzzy intersection, and t-conorm, for fuzzy union) and the similarity between $q$ and the convex cone described by $a$ and $b$.",
}
@inproceedings{speer-lowry-duda-2018-luminoso,
    title = "{L}uminoso at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: Distinguishing Attributes Using Text Corpora and Relational Knowledge",
    author = "Speer, Robyn  and
      Lowry-Duda, Joanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1162",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1162",
    pages = "985--989",
    abstract = "Luminoso participated in the SemEval 2018 task on {``}Capturing Discriminative Attributes{''} with a system based on ConceptNet, an open knowledge graph focused on general knowledge. In this paper, we describe how we trained a linear classifier on a small number of semantically-informed features to achieve an F1 score of 0.7368 on the task, close to the task{'}s high score of 0.75.",
}
@inproceedings{santus-etal-2018-bomji,
    title = "{B}om{J}i at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: Combining Vector-, Pattern- and Graph-based Information to Identify Discriminative Attributes",
    author = "Santus, Enrico  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Chersoni, Emmanuele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1163",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1163",
    pages = "990--994",
    abstract = "This paper describes BomJi, a supervised system for capturing discriminative attributes in word pairs (e.g. yellow as discriminative for banana over watermelon). The system relies on an XGB classifier trained on carefully engineered graph-, pattern- and word embedding-based features. It participated in the SemEval-2018 Task 10 on Capturing Discriminative Attributes, achieving an F1 score of 0.73 and ranking 2nd out of 26 participant systems.",
}
@inproceedings{grishin-2018-igevorse,
    title = "Igevorse at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: Exploring an Impact of Word Embeddings Concatenation for Capturing Discriminative Attributes",
    author = "Grishin, Maxim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1164",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1164",
    pages = "995--998",
    abstract = "This paper presents a comparison of several approaches for capturing discriminative attributes and considers an impact of concatenation of several word embeddings of different nature on the classification performance. A similarity-based method is proposed and compared with classical machine learning approaches. It is shown that this method outperforms others on all the considered word vector models and there is a performance increase when concatenated datasets are used.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2018-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: Evaluating Simple but Effective Features on Machine Learning Methods for Semantic Difference Detection",
    author = "Zhou, Yunxiao  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Wu, Yuanbin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1165",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1165",
    pages = "999--1002",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system we submitted to Task 10 (Capturing Discriminative Attributes) in SemEval 2018. Given a triple (word1, word2, attribute), this task is to predict whether it exemplifies a semantic difference or not. We design and investigate several word embedding features, PMI features and WordNet features together with supervised machine learning methods to address this task. Officially released results show that our system ranks above average.",
}
@inproceedings{vinayan-etal-2018-amritanlp,
    title = "{A}mrita{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: Capturing discriminative attributes using convolution neural network over global vector representation.",
    author = "Vinayan, Vivek  and
      Kumar M, Anand  and
      K P, Soman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1166",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1166",
    pages = "1003--1007",
    abstract = "The {``}Capturing Discriminative Attributes{''} sharedtask is the tenth task, conjoint with SemEval2018. The task is to predict if a word can capture distinguishing attributes of one word from another. We use GloVe word embedding, pre-trained on openly sourced corpus for this task. A base representation is initially established over varied dimensions. These representations are evaluated based on validation scores over two models, first on an SVM based classifier and second on a one dimension CNN model. The scores are used to further develop the representation with vector combinations, by considering various distance measures. These measures correspond to offset vectors which are concatenated as features, mainly to improve upon the F1score, with the best accuracy. The features are then further tuned on the validation scores, to achieve highest F1score. Our evaluation narrowed down to two representations, classified on CNN models, having a total dimension length of 1204 {\&} 1203 for the final submissions. Of the two, the latter feature representation delivered our best F1score of 0.658024 (as per result).",
}
@inproceedings{kulmizev-etal-2018-discriminator,
    title = "Discriminator at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: Minimally Supervised Discrimination",
    author = "Kulmizev, Artur  and
      Abdou, Mostafa  and
      Ravishankar, Vinit  and
      Nissim, Malvina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1167",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1167",
    pages = "1008--1012",
    abstract = "We participated to the SemEval-2018 shared task on capturing discriminative attributes (Task 10) with a simple system that ranked 8th amongst the 26 teams that took part in the evaluation. Our final score was 0.67, which is competitive with the winning score of 0.75, particularly given that our system is a zero-shot system that requires no training and minimal parameter optimisation. In addition to describing the submitted system, and discussing the implications of the relative success of such a system on this task, we also report on other, more complex models we experimented with.",
}
@inproceedings{king-etal-2018-unbnlp,
    title = "{UNBNLP} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: Evaluating unsupervised approaches to capturing discriminative attributes",
    author = "King, Milton  and
      Hakimi Parizi, Ali  and
      Cook, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1168",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1168",
    pages = "1013--1016",
    abstract = "In this paper we present three unsupervised models for capturing discriminative attributes based on information from word embeddings, WordNet, and sentence-level word co-occurrence frequency. We show that, of these approaches, the simple approach based on word co-occurrence performs best. We further consider supervised and unsupervised approaches to combining information from these models, but these approaches do not improve on the word co-occurrence model.",
}
@inproceedings{mao-etal-2018-abdn,
    title = "{ABDN} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: Recognising Discriminative Attributes using Context Embeddings and {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Mao, Rui  and
      Chen, Guanyi  and
      Li, Ruizhe  and
      Lin, Chenghua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1169",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1169",
    pages = "1017--1021",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system that we submitted for SemEval-2018 task 10: capturing discriminative attributes. Our system is built upon a simple idea of measuring the attribute word{'}s similarity with each of the two semantically similar words, based on an extended word embedding method and WordNet. Instead of computing the similarities between the attribute and semantically similar words by using standard word embeddings, we propose a novel method that combines word and context embeddings which can better measure similarities. Our model is simple and effective, which achieves an average F1 score of 0.62 on the test set.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-carpuat-2018-umd,
    title = "{UMD} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: Can Word Embeddings Capture Discriminative Attributes?",
    author = "Zhang, Alexander  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1170",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1170",
    pages = "1022--1026",
    abstract = "We describe the University of Maryland{'}s submission to SemEval-018 Task 10, {``}Capturing Discriminative Attributes{''}: given word triples (w1, w2, d), the goal is to determine whether d is a discriminating attribute belonging to w1 but not w2. Our study aims to determine whether word embeddings can address this challenging task. Our submission casts this problem as supervised binary classification using only word embedding features. Using a gaussian SVM model trained only on validation data results in an F-score of 60{\%}. We also show that cosine similarity features are more effective, both in unsupervised systems (F-score of 65{\%}) and supervised systems (F-score of 67{\%}).",
}
@inproceedings{shiue-etal-2018-ntu,
    title = "{NTU} {NLP} Lab System at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 10: Verifying Semantic Differences by Integrating Distributional Information and Expert Knowledge",
    author = "Shiue, Yow-Ting  and
      Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1171",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1171",
    pages = "1027--1033",
    abstract = "This paper presents the NTU NLP Lab system for the SemEval-2018 Capturing Discriminative Attributes task. Word embeddings, pointwise mutual information (PMI), ConceptNet edges and shortest path lengths are utilized as input features to build binary classifiers to tell whether an attribute is discriminative for a pair of concepts. Our neural network model reaches about 73{\%} F1 score on the test set and ranks the 3rd in the task. Though the attributes to deal with in this task are all visual, our models are not provided with any image data. The results indicate that visual information can be derived from textual data.",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-etal-2018-elirf-upv-semeval,
    title = "{EL}i{RF}-{UPV} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 11: Machine Comprehension using Commonsense Knowledge",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez, Jos{\'e}-{\'A}ngel  and
      Hurtado, Llu{\'\i}s-F.  and
      Segarra, Encarna  and
      Pla, Ferran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1172",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1172",
    pages = "1034--1037",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of ELiRF-UPV team at task 11, Machine Comprehension using Commonsense Knowledge, of SemEval-2018. Our approach is based on the use of word embeddings, NumberBatch Embeddings, and a Deep Learning architecture to find the best answer for the multiple-choice questions based on the narrative text. The results obtained are in line with those obtained by the other participants and they encourage us to continue working on this problem.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-ynu,
    title = "{YNU}{\_}{AI}1799 at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 11: Machine Comprehension using Commonsense Knowledge of Different model ensemble",
    author = "Liu, Qingxun  and
      Yao, Hongdou  and
      Zhou, Xaobing  and
      Xie, Ge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1173",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1173",
    pages = "1038--1042",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe a machine reading comprehension system that participated in SemEval-2018 Task 11: Machine Comprehension using commonsense knowledge. In this work, we train a series of neural network models such as multi-LSTM, BiLSTM, multi- BiLSTM-CNN and attention-based BiLSTM, etc. On top of some sub models, there are two kinds of word embedding: (a) general word embedding generated from unsupervised neural language model; and (b) position embedding generated from general word embedding. Finally, we make a hard vote on the predictions of these models and achieve relatively good result. The proposed approach achieves 8th place in Task 11 with the accuracy of 0.7213.",
}
@inproceedings{ding-zhou-2018-ynu,
    title = "{YNU}{\_}{D}eep at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 11: An Ensemble of Attention-based {B}i{LSTM} Models for Machine Comprehension",
    author = "Ding, Peng  and
      Zhou, Xiaobing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1174",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1174",
    pages = "1043--1047",
    abstract = "We firstly use GloVe to learn the distributed representations automatically from the instance, question and answer triples. Then an attentionbased Bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) model is used to encode the triples. We also perform a simple ensemble method to improve the effectiveness of our model. The system we developed obtains an encouraging result on this task. It achieves the accuracy 0.7472 on the test set. We rank 5th according to the official ranking.",
}
@inproceedings{sheng-etal-2018-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 11: Using Deep Learning Method to Address Machine Comprehension Task",
    author = "Sheng, Yixuan  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Wu, Yuanbin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1175",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1175",
    pages = "1048--1052",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system we submitted to the Task 11 in SemEval 2018, i.e., Machine Comprehension using Commonsense Knowledge. Given a passage and some questions that each have two candidate answers, this task requires the participate system to select out one answer meet the meaning of original text or commonsense knowledge from the candidate answers. For this task, we use a deep learning method to obtain final predict answer by calculating relevance of choices representations and question-aware document representation.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-sun-2018-csreader,
    title = "{CSR}eader at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 11: Multiple Choice Question Answering as Textual Entailment",
    author = "Jiang, Zhengping  and
      Sun, Qi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1176",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1176",
    pages = "1053--1057",
    abstract = "In this document we present an end-to-end machine reading comprehension system that solves multiple choice questions with a textual entailment perspective. Since some of the knowledge required is not explicitly mentioned in the text, we try to exploit commonsense knowledge by using pretrained word embeddings during contextual embeddings and by dynamically generating a weighted representation of related script knowledge. In the model two kinds of prediction structure are ensembled, and the final accuracy of our system is 10 percent higher than the naiive baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-etal-2018-ynu,
    title = "{YNU}-{HPCC} at {S}emeval-2018 Task 11: Using an Attention-based {CNN}-{LSTM} for Machine Comprehension using Commonsense Knowledge",
    author = "Yuan, Hang  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1177",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1177",
    pages = "1058--1062",
    abstract = "This shared task is a typical question answering task. Compared with the normal question and answer system, it needs to give the answer to the question based on the text provided. The essence of the problem is actually reading comprehension. Typically, there are several questions for each text that correspond to it. And for each question, there are two candidate answers (and only one of them is correct). To solve this problem, the usual approach is to use convolutional neural networks (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN) or their improved models (such as long short-term memory (LSTM)). In this paper, an attention-based CNN-LSTM model is proposed for this task. By adding an attention mechanism and combining the two models, this experimental result has been significantly improved.",
}
@inproceedings{xia-2018-jiangnan,
    title = "Jiangnan at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 11: Deep Neural Network with Attention Method for Machine Comprehension Task",
    author = "Xia, Jiangnan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1178",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1178",
    pages = "1063--1067",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission for the International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval-2018) shared task 11{--} Machine Comprehension using Commonsense Knowledge (Ostermann et al., 2018b). We use a deep neural network model to choose the correct answer from the candidate answers pair when the document and question are given. The interactions between document, question and answers are modeled by attention mechanism and a variety of manual features are used to improve model performance. We also use CoVe (McCann et al., 2017) as an external source of knowledge which is not mentioned in the document. As a result, our system achieves 80.91{\%} accuracy on the test data, which is on the third place of the leaderboard.",
}
@inproceedings{reznikova-derczynski-2018-iucm,
    title = "{IUCM} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 11: Similar-Topic Texts as a Comprehension Knowledge Source",
    author = "Reznikova, Sofia  and
      Derczynski, Leon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1179",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1179",
    pages = "1068--1072",
    abstract = "This paper describes the IUCM entry at SemEval-2018 Task 11, on machine comprehension using commonsense knowledge. First, clustering and topic modeling are used to divide given texts into topics. Then, during the answering phase, other texts of the same topic are retrieved and used as commonsense knowledge. Finally, the answer is selected. While clustering itself shows good results, finding an answer proves to be more challenging. This paper reports the results of system evaluation and suggests potential improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{li-zhou-2018-lyb3b,
    title = "Lyb3b at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 11: Machine Comprehension Task using Deep Learning Models",
    author = "Li, Yongbin  and
      Zhou, Xiaobing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1180",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1180",
    pages = "1073--1077",
    abstract = "Machine Comprehension of text is a typical Natural Language Processing task which remains an elusive challenge. This paper is to solve the task 11 of SemEval-2018, Machine Comprehension using Commonsense Knowledge task. We use deep learning model to solve the problem. We build distributed word embedding of text, question and answering respectively instead of manually extracting features by linguistic tools. Meanwhile, we use a series of frameworks such as CNN model, LSTM model, LSTM with attention model and biLSTM with attention model for processing word vector. Experiments demonstrate the superior performance of biLSTM with attention framework compared to other models. We also delete high frequency words and combine word vector and data augmentation methods, achieved a certain effect. The approach we proposed rank 6th in official results, with accuracy rate of 0.7437 in test dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{merkhofer-etal-2018-mitre,
    title = "{MITRE} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 11: Commonsense Reasoning without Commonsense Knowledge",
    author = "Merkhofer, Elizabeth  and
      Henderson, John  and
      Bloom, David  and
      Strickhart, Laura  and
      Zarrella, Guido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1181",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1181",
    pages = "1078--1082",
    abstract = "This paper describes MITRE{'}s participation in SemEval-2018 Task 11: Machine Comprehension using Commonsense Knowledge. The techniques explored range from simple bag-of-ngrams classifiers to neural architectures with varied attention and alignment mechanisms. Logistic regression ties the systems together into an ensemble submitted for evaluation. The resulting system answers reading comprehension questions with 82.27{\%} accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2018-snu,
    title = "{SNU}{\_}{IDS} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 12: Sentence Encoder with Contextualized Vectors for Argument Reasoning Comprehension",
    author = "Kim, Taeuk  and
      Choi, Jihun  and
      Lee, Sang-goo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1182",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1182",
    pages = "1083--1088",
    abstract = "We present a novel neural architecture for the Argument Reasoning Comprehension task of SemEval 2018. It is a simple neural network consisting of three parts, collectively judging whether the logic built on a set of given sentences (a claim, reason, and warrant) is plausible or not. The model utilizes contextualized word vectors pre-trained on large machine translation (MT) datasets as a form of transfer learning, which can help to mitigate the lack of training data. Quantitative analysis shows that simply leveraging LSTMs trained on MT datasets outperforms several baselines and non-transferred models, achieving accuracies of about 70{\%} on the development set and about 60{\%} on the test set.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-itnlp,
    title = "{ITNLP}-{ARC} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 12: Argument Reasoning Comprehension with Attention",
    author = "Liu, Wenjie  and
      Sun, Chengjie  and
      Lin, Lei  and
      Liu, Bingquan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1183",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1183",
    pages = "1089--1093",
    abstract = "Reasoning is a very important topic and has many important applications in the field of natural language processing. Semantic Evaluation (SemEval) 2018 Task 12 {``}The Argument Reasoning Comprehension{''} committed to research natural language reasoning. In this task, we proposed a novel argument reasoning comprehension system, ITNLP-ARC, which use Neural Networks technology to solve this problem. In our system, the LSTM model is involved to encode both the premise sentences and the warrant sentences. The attention model is used to merge the two premise sentence vectors. Through comparing the similarity between the attention vector and each of the two warrant vectors, we choose the one with higher similarity as our system{'}s final answer.",
}
@inproceedings{tian-etal-2018-ecnu,
    title = "{ECNU} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 12: An End-to-End Attention-based Neural Network for the Argument Reasoning Comprehension Task",
    author = "Tian, Junfeng  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Wu, Yuanbin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1184",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1184",
    pages = "1094--1098",
    abstract = "This paper presents our submissions to SemEval 2018 Task 12: the Argument Reasoning Comprehension Task. We investigate an end-to-end attention-based neural network to represent the two lexically close candidate warrants. On the one hand, we extract their different parts as attention vectors to obtain distinguishable representations. On the other hand, we use their surrounds (i.e., claim, reason, debate context) as another attention vectors to get contextual representations, which work as final clues to select the correct warrant. Our model achieves 60.4{\%} accuracy and ranks 3rd among 22 participating systems.",
}
@inproceedings{niven-kao-2018-nlitrans,
    title = "{NLIT}rans at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 12: Transfer of Semantic Knowledge for Argument Comprehension",
    author = "Niven, Timothy  and
      Kao, Hung-Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1185",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1185",
    pages = "1099--1103",
    abstract = "The Argument Reasoning Comprehension Task is a difficult challenge requiring significant language understanding and complex reasoning over world knowledge. We focus on transfer of a sentence encoder to bootstrap more complicated architectures given the small size of the dataset. Our best model uses a pre-trained BiLSTM to encode input sentences, learns task-specific features for the argument and warrants, then performs independent argument-warrant matching. This model achieves mean test set accuracy of 61.31{\%}. Encoder transfer yields a significant gain to our best model over random initialization. Sharing parameters for independent warrant evaluation provides regularization and effectively doubles the size of the dataset. We demonstrate that regularization comes from ignoring statistical correlations between warrant positions. We also report an experiment with our best model that only matches warrants to reasons, ignoring claims. Performance is still competitive, suggesting that our model is not necessarily learning the intended task.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2018-blcu,
    title = "{BLCU}{\_}{NLP} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 12: An Ensemble Model for Argument Reasoning Based on Hierarchical Attention",
    author = "Zhao, Meiqian  and
      Liu, Chunhua  and
      Liu, Lu  and
      Zhao, Yan  and
      Yu, Dong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1186",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1186",
    pages = "1104--1108",
    abstract = "To comprehend an argument and fill the gap between claims and reasons, it is vital to find the implicit supporting warrants behind. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical attention model to identify the right warrant which explains why the reason stands for the claim. Our model focuses not only on the similar part between warrants and other information but also on the contradictory part between two opposing warrants. In addition, we use the ensemble method for different models. Our model achieves an accuracy of 61{\%}, ranking second in this task. Experimental results demonstrate that our model is effective to make correct choices.",
}
@inproceedings{liao-etal-2018-ynu,
    title = "{YNU}-{HPCC} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 12: The Argument Reasoning Comprehension Task Using a Bi-directional {LSTM} with Attention Model",
    author = "Liao, Quanlei  and
      Yang, Xutao  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Zhang, Xuejie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1187",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1187",
    pages = "1109--1113",
    abstract = "An argument is divided into two parts, the claim and the reason. To obtain a clearer conclusion, some additional explanation is required. In this task, the explanations are called warrants. This paper introduces a bi-directional long short term memory (Bi-LSTM) with an attention model to select a correct warrant from two to explain an argument. We address this question as a question-answering system. For each warrant, the model produces a probability that it is correct. Finally, the system chooses the highest correct probability as the answer. Ensemble learning is used to enhance the performance of the model. Among all of the participants, we ranked 15th on the test results.",
}
@inproceedings{liebeck-etal-2018-hhu,
    title = "{HHU} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 12: Analyzing an Ensemble-based Deep Learning Approach for the Argument Mining Task of Choosing the Correct Warrant",
    author = "Liebeck, Matthias  and
      Funke, Andreas  and
      Conrad, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1188",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1188",
    pages = "1114--1119",
    abstract = "This paper describes our participation in the SemEval-2018 Task 12 Argument Reasoning Comprehension Task which calls to develop systems that, given a reason and a claim, predict the correct warrant from two opposing options. We decided to use a deep learning architecture and combined 623 models with different hyperparameters into an ensemble. Our extensive analysis of our architecture and ensemble reveals that the decision to use an ensemble was suboptimal. Additionally, we benchmark a support vector machine as a baseline. Furthermore, we experimented with an alternative data split and achieved more stable results.",
}
@inproceedings{ding-zhou-2018-ynu-deep,
    title = "{YNU} Deep at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 12: A {B}i{LSTM} Model with Neural Attention for Argument Reasoning Comprehension",
    author = "Ding, Peng  and
      Zhou, Xiaobing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1189",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1189",
    pages = "1120--1123",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system submitted to SemEval-2018 Task 12 (The Argument Reasoning Comprehension Task). Enabling a computer to understand a text so that it can answer comprehension questions is still a challenging goal of NLP. We propose a Bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) model that reads two sentences separated by a delimiter to determine which warrant is correct. We extend this model with a neural attention mechanism that encourages the model to make reasoning over the given claims and reasons. Officially released results show that our system ranks 6th among 22 submissions to this task.",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2018-unimelb,
    title = "{U}ni{M}elb at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 12: Generative Implication using {LSTM}s, {S}iamese Networks and Semantic Representations with Synonym Fuzzing",
    author = "Joshi, Anirudh  and
      Baldwin, Tim  and
      Sinnott, Richard O.  and
      Paris, Cecile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1190",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1190",
    pages = "1124--1128",
    abstract = "This paper describes a warrant classification system for SemEval 2018 Task 12, that attempts to learn semantic representations of reasons, claims and warrants. The system consists of 3 stacked LSTMs: one for the reason, one for the claim, and one shared Siamese Network for the 2 candidate warrants. Our main contribution is to force the embeddings into a shared feature space using vector operations, semantic similarity classification, Siamese networks, and multi-task learning. In doing so, we learn a form of generative implication, in encoding implication interrelationships between reasons, claims, and the associated correct and incorrect warrants. We augment the limited data in the task further by utilizing WordNet synonym {``}fuzzing{''}. When applied to SemEval 2018 Task 12, our system performs well on the development data, and officially ranked 8th among 21 teams.",
}
@inproceedings{sui-etal-2018-joker,
    title = "Joker at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 12: The Argument Reasoning Comprehension with Neural Attention",
    author = "Sui, Guobin  and
      Chao, Wenhan  and
      Luo, Zhunchen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1191",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1191",
    pages = "1129--1132",
    abstract = "This paper describes a classification system that participated in the SemEval-2018 Task 12: The Argument Reasoning Comprehension Task. Briefly the task can be described as that a natural language {``}argument{''} is what we have, with reason, claim, and correct and incorrect warrants, and we need to choose the correct warrant. In order to make fully understand of the semantic information of the sentences, we proposed a neural network architecture with attention mechanism to achieve this goal. Besides we try to introduce keywords into the model to improve accuracy. Finally the proposed system achieved 5th place among 22 participating systems",
}
@inproceedings{brassard-etal-2018-takelab,
    title = "{T}ake{L}ab at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task12: Argument Reasoning Comprehension with Skip-Thought Vectors",
    author = "Brassard, Ana  and
      Kuculo, Tin  and
      Boltu{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Filip  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1192",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1192",
    pages = "1133--1136",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system for the SemEval-2018 Task 12: Argument Reasoning Comprehension Task. We utilize skip-thought vectors, sentence-level distributional vectors inspired by the popular word embeddings and the skip-gram model. We encode preprocessed sentences from the dataset into vectors, then perform a binary supervised classification of the warrant that justifies the use of the reason as support for the claim. We explore a few variations of the model, reaching 54.1{\%} accuracy on the test set, which placed us 16th out of 22 teams participating in the task.",
}
@inproceedings{li-zhou-2018-lyb3b-semeval,
    title = "Lyb3b at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 12: Ensemble-based Deep Learning Models for Argument Reasoning Comprehension Task",
    author = "Li, Yongbin  and
      Zhou, Xiaobing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1193",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1193",
    pages = "1137--1141",
    abstract = "Reasoning is a crucial part of natural language argumentation. In order to comprehend an argument, we have to reconstruct and analyze its reasoning. In this task, given a natural language argument with a reason and a claim, the goal is to choose the correct implicit reasoning from two options, in order to form a reasonable structure of (Reason, Warrant, Claim). Our approach is to build distributed word embedding of reason, warrant and claim respectively, meanwhile, we use a series of frameworks such as CNN model, LSTM model, GRU with attention model and biLSTM with attention model for processing word vector. Finally, ensemble mechanism is used to integrate the results of each framework to improve the final accuracy. Experiments demonstrate superior performance of ensemble mechanism compared to each separate framework. We are the 11th in official results, the final model can reach a 0.568 accuracy rate on the test dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-transrw,
    title = "{TRANSRW} at {S}em{E}val-2018 Task 12: Transforming Semantic Representations for Argument Reasoning Comprehension",
    author = "Chen, Zhimin  and
      Song, Wei  and
      Liu, Lizhen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-1194",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-1194",
    pages = "1142--1145",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system in SemEval-2018 task 12: Argument Reasoning Comprehension. The task is to select the correct warrant that explains reasoning of a particular argument consisting of a claim and a reason. The main idea of our methods is based on the assumption that the semantic composition of the reason and the warrant should be close to the semantic representation of the corresponding claim. We propose two neural network models. The first one considers two warrant candidates simultaneously, while the second one processes each candidate separately and then chooses the best one. We also incorporate sentiment polarity by assuming that there are kinds of sentiment associations between the reason, the warrant and the claim. The experiments show that the first framework is more effective and sentiment polarity is useful.",
}
@proceedings{semeval-2018-joint,
    title = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    author = "Nissim, Malvina  and
      Berant, Jonathan  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2",
}
@inproceedings{kenyon-dean-etal-2018-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Event Coreference with Supervised Representation Learning and Clustering-Oriented Regularization",
    author = "Kenyon-Dean, Kian  and
      Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit  and
      Precup, Doina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2001",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "We present an approach to event coreference resolution by developing a general framework for clustering that uses supervised representation learning. We propose a neural network architecture with novel Clustering-Oriented Regularization (CORE) terms in the objective function. These terms encourage the model to create embeddings of event mentions that are amenable to clustering. We then use agglomerative clustering on these embeddings to build event coreference chains. For both within- and cross-document coreference on the ECB+ corpus, our model obtains better results than models that require significantly more pre-annotated information. This work provides insight and motivating results for a new general approach to solving coreference and clustering problems with representation learning.",
}
@inproceedings{hong-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning distributed event representations with a multi-task approach",
    author = "Hong, Xudong  and
      Sayeed, Asad  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2002",
    pages = "11--21",
    abstract = "Human world knowledge contains information about prototypical events and their participants and locations. In this paper, we train the first models using multi-task learning that can both predict missing event participants and also perform semantic role classification based on semantic plausibility. Our best-performing model is an improvement over the previous state-of-the-art on thematic fit modelling tasks. The event embeddings learned by the model can additionally be used effectively in an event similarity task, also outperforming the state-of-the-art.",
}
@inproceedings{schulte-im-walde-etal-2018-assessing,
    title = "Assessing Meaning Components in {G}erman Complex Verbs: A Collection of Source-Target Domains and Directionality",
    author = {Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      K{\"o}per, Maximilian  and
      Springorum, Sylvia},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2003",
    pages = "22--32",
    abstract = "This paper presents a collection to assess meaning components in German complex verbs, which frequently undergo meaning shifts. We use a novel strategy to obtain source and target domain characterisations via sentence generation rather than sentence annotation. A selection of arrows adds spatial directional information to the generated contexts. We provide a broad qualitative description of the dataset, and a series of standard classification experiments verifies the quantitative reliability of the presented resource. The setup for collecting the meaning components is applicable also to other languages, regarding complex verbs as well as other language-specific targets that involve meaning shifts.",
}
@inproceedings{samardzhiev-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Neural Word Salience Scores",
    author = "Samardzhiev, Krasen  and
      Gargett, Andrew  and
      Bollegala, Danushka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2004",
    pages = "33--42",
    abstract = "Measuring the salience of a word is an essential step in numerous NLP tasks. Heuristic approaches such as tfidf have been used so far to estimate the salience of words. We propose \textit{Neural Word Salience} (NWS) scores, unlike heuristics, are learnt from a corpus. Specifically, we learn word salience scores such that, using pre-trained word embeddings as the input, can accurately predict the words that appear in a sentence, given the words that appear in the sentences preceding or succeeding that sentence. Experimental results on sentence similarity prediction show that the learnt word salience scores perform comparably or better than some of the state-of-the-art approaches for representing sentences on benchmark datasets for sentence similarity, while using only a fraction of the training and prediction times required by prior methods. Moreover, our NWS scores positively correlate with psycholinguistic measures such as concreteness, and imageability implying a close connection to the salience as perceived by humans.",
}
@inproceedings{kiritchenko-mohammad-2018-examining,
    title = "Examining Gender and Race Bias in Two Hundred Sentiment Analysis Systems",
    author = "Kiritchenko, Svetlana  and
      Mohammad, Saif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2005",
    pages = "43--53",
    abstract = "Automatic machine learning systems can inadvertently accentuate and perpetuate inappropriate human biases. Past work on examining inappropriate biases has largely focused on just individual systems. Further, there is no benchmark dataset for examining inappropriate biases in systems. Here for the first time, we present the Equity Evaluation Corpus (EEC), which consists of 8,640 English sentences carefully chosen to tease out biases towards certain races and genders. We use the dataset to examine 219 automatic sentiment analysis systems that took part in a recent shared task, SemEval-2018 Task 1 {`}Affect in Tweets{'}. We find that several of the systems show statistically significant bias; that is, they consistently provide slightly higher sentiment intensity predictions for one race or one gender. We make the EEC freely available.",
}
@inproceedings{beschke-menzel-2018-graph,
    title = "Graph Algebraic Combinatory Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Beschke, Sebastian  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2006",
    pages = "54--64",
    abstract = "This paper describes CCG/AMR, a novel grammar for semantic parsing of Abstract Meaning Representations. CCG/AMR equips Combinatory Categorial Grammar derivations with graph semantics by assigning each CCG combinator an interpretation in terms of a graph algebra. We provide an algorithm that induces a CCG/AMR from a corpus and show that it creates a compact lexicon with low ambiguity and achieves a robust coverage of 78{\%} of the examined sentences under ideal conditions. We also identify several phenomena that affect any approach relying either on CCG or graph algebraic approaches for AMR parsing. This includes differences of representation between CCG and AMR, as well as non-compositional constructions that are not expressible through a monotonous construction process. To our knowledge, this paper provides the first analysis of these corpus issues.",
}
@inproceedings{sorokin-gurevych-2018-mixing,
    title = "Mixing Context Granularities for Improved Entity Linking on Question Answering Data across Entity Categories",
    author = "Sorokin, Daniil  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2007",
    pages = "65--75",
    abstract = "The first stage of every knowledge base question answering approach is to link entities in the input question. We investigate entity linking in the context of question answering task and present a jointly optimized neural architecture for entity mention detection and entity disambiguation that models the surrounding context on different levels of granularity. We use the Wikidata knowledge base and available question answering datasets to create benchmarks for entity linking on question answering data. Our approach outperforms the previous state-of-the-art system on this data, resulting in an average 8{\%} improvement of the final score. We further demonstrate that our model delivers a strong performance across different entity categories.",
}
@inproceedings{naumann-etal-2018-quantitative,
    title = "Quantitative Semantic Variation in the Contexts of Concrete and Abstract Words",
    author = "Naumann, Daniela  and
      Frassinelli, Diego  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2008",
    pages = "76--85",
    abstract = "Across disciplines, researchers are eager to gain insight into empirical features of abstract vs. concrete concepts. In this work, we provide a detailed characterisation of the distributional nature of abstract and concrete words across 16,620 English nouns, verbs and adjectives. Specifically, we investigate the following questions: (1) What is the distribution of concreteness in the contexts of concrete and abstract target words? (2) What are the differences between concrete and abstract words in terms of contextual semantic diversity? (3) How does the entropy of concrete and abstract word contexts differ? Overall, our studies show consistent differences in the distributional representation of concrete and abstract words, thus challenging existing theories of cognition and providing a more fine-grained description of their nature.",
}
@inproceedings{badaro-etal-2018-emowordnet,
    title = "{E}mo{W}ord{N}et: Automatic Expansion of Emotion Lexicon Using {E}nglish {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Badaro, Gilbert  and
      Jundi, Hussein  and
      Hajj, Hazem  and
      El-Hajj, Wassim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2009",
    pages = "86--93",
    abstract = "Nowadays, social media have become a platform where people can easily express their opinions and emotions about any topic such as politics, movies, music, electronic products and many others. On the other hand, politicians, companies, and businesses are interested in analyzing automatically people{'}s opinions and emotions. In the last decade, a lot of efforts has been put into extracting sentiment polarity from texts. Recently, the focus has expanded to also cover emotion recognition from texts. In this work, we expand an existing emotion lexicon, DepecheMood, by leveraging semantic knowledge from English WordNet (EWN). We create an expanded lexicon, EmoWordNet, consisting of 67K terms aligned with EWN, almost 1.8 times the size of DepecheMood. We also evaluate EmoWordNet in an emotion recognition task using SemEval 2007 news headlines dataset and we achieve an improvement compared to the use of DepecheMood. EmoWordNet is publicly available to speed up research in the field on \url{http://oma-project.com}.",
}
@inproceedings{bakarov-etal-2018-limitations,
    title = "The Limitations of Cross-language Word Embeddings Evaluation",
    author = "Bakarov, Amir  and
      Suvorov, Roman  and
      Sochenkov, Ilya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2010",
    pages = "94--100",
    abstract = "The aim of this work is to explore the possible limitations of existing methods of cross-language word embeddings evaluation, addressing the lack of correlation between intrinsic and extrinsic cross-language evaluation methods. To prove this hypothesis, we construct English-Russian datasets for extrinsic and intrinsic evaluation tasks and compare performances of 5 different cross-language models on them. The results say that the scores even on different intrinsic benchmarks do not correlate to each other. We can conclude that the use of human references as ground truth for cross-language word embeddings is not proper unless one does not understand how do native speakers process semantics in their cognition.",
}
@inproceedings{barbieri-camacho-collados-2018-gender,
    title = "How Gender and Skin Tone Modifiers Affect Emoji Semantics in Twitter",
    author = "Barbieri, Francesco  and
      Camacho-Collados, Jose",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2011",
    pages = "101--106",
    abstract = "In this paper we analyze the use of emojis in social media with respect to gender and skin tone. By gathering a dataset of over twenty two million tweets from United States some findings are clearly highlighted after performing a simple frequency-based analysis. Moreover, we carry out a semantic analysis on the usage of emojis and their modifiers (e.g. gender and skin tone) by embedding all words, emojis and modifiers into the same vector space. Our analyses reveal that some stereotypes related to the skin color and gender seem to be reflected on the use of these modifiers. For example, emojis representing hand gestures are more widely utilized with lighter skin tones, and the usage across skin tones differs significantly. At the same time, the vector corresponding to the male modifier tends to be semantically close to emojis related to business or technology, whereas their female counterparts appear closer to emojis about love or makeup.",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2018-element,
    title = "Element-wise Bilinear Interaction for Sentence Matching",
    author = "Choi, Jihun  and
      Kim, Taeuk  and
      Lee, Sang-goo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2012",
    pages = "107--112",
    abstract = "When we build a neural network model predicting the relationship between two sentences, the most general and intuitive approach is to use a Siamese architecture, where the sentence vectors obtained from a shared encoder is given as input to a classifier. For the classifier to work effectively, it is important to extract appropriate features from the two vectors and feed them as input. There exist several previous works that suggest heuristic-based function for matching sentence vectors, however it cannot be said that the heuristics tailored for a specific task generalize to other tasks. In this work, we propose a new matching function, ElBiS, that learns to model element-wise interaction between two vectors. From experiments, we empirically demonstrate that the proposed ElBiS matching function outperforms the concatenation-based or heuristic-based matching functions on natural language inference and paraphrase identification, while maintaining the fused representation compact.",
}
@inproceedings{crouch-kalouli-2018-named,
    title = "Named Graphs for Semantic Representation",
    author = "Crouch, Richard  and
      Kalouli, Aikaterini-Lida",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2013",
    pages = "113--118",
    abstract = "A position paper arguing that purely graphical representations for natural language semantics lack a fundamental degree of expressiveness, and cannot deal with even basic Boolean operations like negation or disjunction. Moving from graphs to named graphs leads to representations that stand some chance of having sufficient expressive power. Named $\mathcal{FL}_0$ graphs are of particular interest.",
}
@inproceedings{dligach-miller-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Patient Representations from Text",
    author = "Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Miller, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2014",
    pages = "119--123",
    abstract = "Mining electronic health records for patients who satisfy a set of predefined criteria is known in medical informatics as phenotyping. Phenotyping has numerous applications such as outcome prediction, clinical trial recruitment, and retrospective studies. Supervised machine learning for phenotyping typically relies on sparse patient representations such as bag-of-words. We consider an alternative that involves learning patient representations. We develop a neural network model for learning patient representations and show that the learned representations are general enough to obtain state-of-the-art performance on a standard comorbidity detection task.",
}
@inproceedings{hu-moss-2018-polarity,
    title = "Polarity Computations in Flexible Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Hu, Hai  and
      Moss, Larry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2015",
    pages = "124--129",
    abstract = "This paper shows how to take parse trees in CCG and algorithmically find the polarities of all the constituents. Our work uses the well-known polarization principle corresponding to function application, and we have extended this with principles for type raising and composition. We provide an algorithm, extending the polarity marking algorithm of van Benthem. We discuss how our system works in practice, taking input from the C{\&}C parser.",
}
@inproceedings{kallmeyer-etal-2018-coarse,
    title = "Coarse Lexical Frame Acquisition at the Syntax{--}Semantics Interface Using a Latent-Variable {PCFG} Model",
    author = "Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      QasemiZadeh, Behrang  and
      Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2016",
    pages = "130--141",
    abstract = "We present a method for unsupervised lexical frame acquisition at the syntax{--}semantics interface. Given a set of input strings derived from dependency parses, our method generates a set of clusters that resemble lexical frame structures. Our work is motivated not only by its practical applications (e.g., to build, or expand the coverage of lexical frame databases), but also to gain linguistic insight into frame structures with respect to lexical distributions in relation to grammatical structures. We model our task using a hierarchical Bayesian network and employ tools and methods from latent variable probabilistic context free grammars (L-PCFGs) for statistical inference and parameter fitting, for which we propose a new split and merge procedure. We show that our model outperforms several baselines on a portion of the Wall Street Journal sentences that we have newly annotated for evaluation purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{mei-etal-2018-halo,
    title = "{H}alo: Learning Semantics-Aware Representations for Cross-Lingual Information Extraction",
    author = "Mei, Hongyuan  and
      Zhang, Sheng  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2017",
    pages = "142--147",
    abstract = "Cross-lingual information extraction (CLIE) is an important and challenging task, especially in low resource scenarios. To tackle this challenge, we propose a training method, called \textit{Halo}, which enforces the local region of each hidden state of a neural model to only generate target tokens with the same semantic structure tag. This simple but powerful technique enables a neural model to learn semantics-aware representations that are robust to noise, without introducing any extra parameter, thus yielding better generalization in both high and low resource settings.",
}
@inproceedings{ning-etal-2018-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Partially Annotated Data in Temporal Relation Extraction",
    author = "Ning, Qiang  and
      Yu, Zhongzhi  and
      Fan, Chuchu  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2018",
    pages = "148--153",
    abstract = "Annotating temporal relations (TempRel) between events described in natural language is known to be labor intensive, partly because the total number of TempRels is quadratic in the number of events. As a result, only a small number of documents are typically annotated, limiting the coverage of various lexical/semantic phenomena. In order to improve existing approaches, one possibility is to make use of the readily available, partially annotated data (P as in partial) that cover more documents. However, missing annotations in P are known to hurt, rather than help, existing systems. This work is a case study in exploring various usages of P for TempRel extraction. Results show that despite missing annotations, P is still a useful supervision signal for this task within a constrained bootstrapping learning framework. The system described in this system is publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{pierrejean-tanguy-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Word Embeddings Variability",
    author = "Pierrejean, B{\'e}n{\'e}dicte  and
      Tanguy, Ludovic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2019",
    pages = "154--159",
    abstract = "Neural word embeddings models (such as those built with word2vec) are known to have stability problems: when retraining a model with the exact same hyperparameters, words neighborhoods may change. We propose a method to estimate such variation, based on the overlap of neighbors of a given word in two models trained with identical hyperparameters. We show that this inherent variation is not negligible, and that it does not affect every word in the same way. We examine the influence of several features that are intrinsic to a word, corpus or embedding model and provide a methodology that can predict the variability (and as such, reliability) of a word representation in a semantic vector space.",
}
@inproceedings{vu-shwartz-2018-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Multiplicative Features into Supervised Distributional Methods for Lexical Entailment",
    author = "Vu, Tu  and
      Shwartz, Vered",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2020",
    pages = "160--166",
    abstract = "Supervised distributional methods are applied successfully in lexical entailment, but recent work questioned whether these methods actually learn a relation between two words. Specifically, Levy et al. (2015) claimed that linear classifiers learn only separate properties of each word. We suggest a cheap and easy way to boost the performance of these methods by integrating multiplicative features into commonly used representations. We provide an extensive evaluation with different classifiers and evaluation setups, and suggest a suitable evaluation setup for the task, eliminating biases existing in previous ones.",
}
@inproceedings{yadav-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Affix Features Improve Neural Named Entity Recognizers",
    author = "Yadav, Vikas  and
      Sharp, Rebecca  and
      Bethard, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2021",
    pages = "167--172",
    abstract = "We propose a practical model for named entity recognition (NER) that combines word and character-level information with a specific learned representation of the prefixes and suffixes of the word. We apply this approach to multilingual and multi-domain NER and show that it achieves state of the art results on the CoNLL 2002 Spanish and Dutch and CoNLL 2003 German NER datasets, consistently achieving 1.5-2.3 percent over the state of the art without relying on any dictionary features. Additionally, we show improvement on SemEval 2013 task 9.1 DrugNER, achieving state of the art results on the MedLine dataset and the second best results overall (-1.3{\%} from state of the art). We also establish a new benchmark on the I2B2 2010 Clinical NER dataset with 84.70 F-score.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-fine,
    title = "Fine-grained Entity Typing through Increased Discourse Context and Adaptive Classification Thresholds",
    author = "Zhang, Sheng  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2022",
    pages = "173--179",
    abstract = "Fine-grained entity typing is the task of assigning fine-grained semantic types to entity mentions. We propose a neural architecture which learns a distributional semantic representation that leverages a greater amount of semantic context {--} both document and sentence level information {--} than prior work. We find that additional context improves performance, with further improvements gained by utilizing adaptive classification thresholds. Experiments show that our approach without reliance on hand-crafted features achieves the state-of-the-art results on three benchmark datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{poliak-etal-2018-hypothesis,
    title = "Hypothesis Only Baselines in Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Poliak, Adam  and
      Naradowsky, Jason  and
      Haldar, Aparajita  and
      Rudinger, Rachel  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2023",
    pages = "180--191",
    abstract = "We propose a hypothesis only baseline for diagnosing Natural Language Inference (NLI). Especially when an NLI dataset assumes inference is occurring based purely on the relationship between a context and a hypothesis, it follows that assessing entailment relations while ignoring the provided context is a degenerate solution. Yet, through experiments on 10 distinct NLI datasets, we find that this approach, which we refer to as a hypothesis-only model, is able to significantly outperform a majority-class baseline across a number of NLI datasets. Our analysis suggests that statistical irregularities may allow a model to perform NLI in some datasets beyond what should be achievable without access to the context.",
}
@inproceedings{sagarkar-etal-2018-quality,
    title = "Quality Signals in Generated Stories",
    author = "Sagarkar, Manasvi  and
      Wieting, John  and
      Tu, Lifu  and
      Gimpel, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2024",
    pages = "192--202",
    abstract = "We study the problem of measuring the quality of automatically-generated stories. We focus on the setting in which a few sentences of a story are provided and the task is to generate the next sentence ({``}continuation{''}) in the story. We seek to identify what makes a story continuation interesting, relevant, and have high overall quality. We crowdsource annotations along these three criteria for the outputs of story continuation systems, design features, and train models to predict the annotations. Our trained scorer can be used as a rich feature function for story generation, a reward function for systems that use reinforcement learning to learn to generate stories, and as a partial evaluation metric for story generation.",
}
@inproceedings{yin-roth-2018-term,
    title = "Term Definitions Help Hypernymy Detection",
    author = "Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2025",
    pages = "203--213",
    abstract = "Existing methods of hypernymy detection mainly rely on statistics over a big corpus, either mining some co-occurring patterns like {``}animals such as cats{''} or embedding words of interest into context-aware vectors. These approaches are therefore limited by the availability of a large enough corpus that can cover all terms of interest and provide sufficient contextual information to represent their meaning. In this work, we propose a new paradigm, HyperDef, for hypernymy detection {--} expressing word meaning by encoding word definitions, along with context driven representation. This has two main benefits: (i) Definitional sentences express (sense-specific) corpus-independent meanings of words, hence definition-driven approaches enable strong generalization {--} once trained, the model is expected to work well in open-domain testbeds; (ii) Global context from a large corpus and definitions provide complementary information for words. Consequently, our model, HyperDef, once trained on task-agnostic data, gets state-of-the-art results in multiple benchmarks",
}
@inproceedings{wojatzki-etal-2018-agree,
    title = "Agree or Disagree: Predicting Judgments on Nuanced Assertions",
    author = "Wojatzki, Michael  and
      Zesch, Torsten  and
      Mohammad, Saif  and
      Kiritchenko, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2026",
    pages = "214--224",
    abstract = "Being able to predict whether people agree or disagree with an assertion (i.e. an explicit, self-contained statement) has several applications ranging from predicting how many people will like or dislike a social media post to classifying posts based on whether they are in accordance with a particular point of view. We formalize this as two NLP tasks: predicting judgments of (i) individuals and (ii) groups based on the text of the assertion and previous judgments. We evaluate a wide range of approaches on a crowdsourced data set containing over 100,000 judgments on over 2,000 assertions. We find that predicting individual judgments is a hard task with our best results only slightly exceeding a majority baseline, but that judgments of groups can be more reliably predicted using a Siamese neural network, which outperforms all other approaches by a wide margin.",
}
@inproceedings{mousselly-sergieh-etal-2018-multimodal,
    title = "A Multimodal Translation-Based Approach for Knowledge Graph Representation Learning",
    author = "Mousselly-Sergieh, Hatem  and
      Botschen, Teresa  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Roth, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2027",
    pages = "225--234",
    abstract = "Current methods for knowledge graph (KG) representation learning focus solely on the structure of the KG and do not exploit any kind of external information, such as visual and linguistic information corresponding to the KG entities. In this paper, we propose a multimodal translation-based approach that defines the energy of a KG triple as the sum of sub-energy functions that leverage both multimodal (visual and linguistic) and structural KG representations. Next, a ranking-based loss is minimized using a simple neural network architecture. Moreover, we introduce a new large-scale dataset for multimodal KG representation learning. We compared the performance of our approach to other baselines on two standard tasks, namely knowledge graph completion and triple classification, using our as well as the WN9-IMG dataset. The results demonstrate that our approach outperforms all baselines on both tasks and datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{allen-teng-2018-putting,
    title = "Putting Semantics into Semantic Roles",
    author = "Allen, James  and
      Teng, Choh Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2028",
    pages = "235--244",
    abstract = "While there have been many proposals for theories of semantic roles over the years, these models are mostly justified by intuition and the only evaluation methods have been inter-annotator agreement. We explore three different ideas for providing more rigorous theories of semantic roles. These ideas give rise to more objective criteria for designing role sets, and lend themselves to some experimental evaluation. We illustrate the discussion by examining the semantic roles in TRIPS.",
}
@inproceedings{basile-etal-2018-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Frame Instance Relatedness",
    author = "Basile, Valerio  and
      Lopez Condori, Roque  and
      Cabrio, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2029",
    pages = "245--254",
    abstract = "Frame semantics is a well-established framework to represent the meaning of natural language in computational terms. In this work, we aim to propose a quantitative measure of relatedness between pairs of frame instances. We test our method on a dataset of sentence pairs, highlighting the correlation between our metric and human judgments of semantic similarity. Furthermore, we propose an application of our measure for clustering frame instances to extract prototypical knowledge from natural language.",
}
@inproceedings{cui-etal-2018-solving,
    title = "Solving Feature Sparseness in Text Classification using Core-Periphery Decomposition",
    author = "Cui, Xia  and
      Kojaku, Sadamori  and
      Masuda, Naoki  and
      Bollegala, Danushka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2030",
    pages = "255--264",
    abstract = "Feature sparseness is a problem common to cross-domain and short-text classification tasks. To overcome this feature sparseness problem, we propose a novel method based on graph decomposition to find candidate features for expanding feature vectors. Specifically, we first create a feature-relatedness graph, which is subsequently decomposed into core-periphery (CP) pairs and use the peripheries as the expansion candidates of the cores. We expand both training and test instances using the computed related features and use them to train a text classifier. We observe that prioritising features that are common to both training and test instances as cores during the CP decomposition to further improve the accuracy of text classification. We evaluate the proposed CP-decomposition-based feature expansion method on benchmark datasets for cross-domain sentiment classification and short-text classification. Our experimental results show that the proposed method consistently outperforms all baselines on short-text classification tasks, and perform competitively with pivot-based cross-domain sentiment classification methods.",
}
@inproceedings{mahabal-etal-2018-robust,
    title = "Robust Handling of Polysemy via Sparse Representations",
    author = "Mahabal, Abhijit  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Mittal, Sid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2031",
    pages = "265--275",
    abstract = "Words are polysemous and multi-faceted, with many shades of meanings. We suggest that sparse distributed representations are more suitable than other, commonly used, (dense) representations to express these multiple facets, and present Category Builder, a working system that, as we show, makes use of sparse representations to support multi-faceted lexical representations. We argue that the set expansion task is well suited to study these meaning distinctions since a word may belong to multiple sets with a different reason for membership in each. We therefore exhibit the performance of Category Builder on this task, while showing that our representation captures at the same time analogy problems such as {``}the Ganga of Egypt{''} or {``}the Voldemort of Tolkien{''}. Category Builder is shown to be a more expressive lexical representation and to outperform dense representations such as Word2Vec in some analogy classes despite being shown only two of the three input terms.",
}
@inproceedings{tran-cheng-2018-multiplicative,
    title = "Multiplicative Tree-Structured Long Short-Term Memory Networks for Semantic Representations",
    author = "Tran, Nam Khanh  and
      Cheng, Weiwei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/S18-2032",
    pages = "276--286",
    abstract = "Tree-structured LSTMs have shown advantages in learning semantic representations by exploiting syntactic information. Most existing methods model tree structures by bottom-up combinations of constituent nodes using the same shared compositional function and often making use of input word information only. The inability to capture the richness of compositionality makes these models lack expressive power. In this paper, we propose multiplicative tree-structured LSTMs to tackle this problem. Our model makes use of not only word information but also relation information between words. It is more expressive, as different combination functions can be used for each child node. In addition to syntactic trees, we also investigate the use of Abstract Meaning Representation in tree-structured models, in order to incorporate both syntactic and semantic information from the sentence. Experimental results on common NLP tasks show the proposed models lead to better sentence representation and AMR brings benefits in complex tasks.",
}
@proceedings{coling-1998-coling,
    title = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1000",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-huang-1998-quasi-dependency,
    title = "A Quasi-Dependency Model for Structural Analysis it of {C}hinese {B}ase{NP}s",
    author = "Zhao, Jun  and
      Huang, Changning",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1001",
}
@inproceedings{sankoff-1998-production-code,
    title = "The production of code-mixed discourse",
    author = "SANKOFF, David",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1002",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-1998-towards-single,
    title = "Towards a single proposal in spelling correction",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      Gojenola, Koldo  and
      Sarasola, Kepa  and
      Voutilainen, Atro",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1003",
}
@inproceedings{ahrenberg-etal-1998-simple-hybrid,
    title = "A Simple Hybrid Aligner for Generating Lexical Correspondences in Parallel Texts",
    author = "AHRENBERG, Lars  and
      ANDERSSON, Mikael  and
      MERKEL, Magnus",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1004",
}
@inproceedings{akbar-caelen-1998-parole-et,
    title = "Parole et traduction automatique: le module de reconnaissance {RAPHAEL}",
    author = "AKBAR, Mohammad  and
      CAELEN, Jean",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1005",
}
@inproceedings{alshawi-etal-1998-automatic-acquisition,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Hierarchical Transduction Models for Machine Translation",
    author = "Alshawi, Hiyan  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Douglas, Shona",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1006",
}
@inproceedings{amsili-rossari-1998-tense-connective,
    title = "Tense and Connective Constraints on the Expression of Causality",
    author = "Amsili, Pascal  and
      Rossari, Corinne",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1007",
}
@inproceedings{amtrup-weber-1998-time-mapping,
    title = "Time Mapping with Hypergraphs",
    author = "Amtrup, Jan W.  and
      Weber, Volker",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1008",
}
@inproceedings{aone-etal-1998-trainable-scalable,
    title = "Trainable, Scalable Summarization Using Robust {NLP} and Machine Learning",
    author = "Aone, Chinatsu  and
      Okurowski, Mary Ellen  and
      Gorlinsky, James",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1009",
}
@inproceedings{argamon-etal-1998-memory-based,
    title = "A Memory-Based Approach to Learning Shallow Natural Language Patterns",
    author = "Argamon, Shlomo  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Krymolowski, Yuval",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1010",
}
@inproceedings{azzam-etal-1998-evaluating-focus,
    title = "Evaluating a Focus-Based Approach to Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Azzam, Saliha  and
      Humphreys, Kevin  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1011",
}
@inproceedings{bagga-baldwin-1998-entity-based,
    title = "Entity-Based Cross-Document Coreferencing Using the Vector Space Model",
    author = "Bagga, Amit  and
      Baldwin, Breck",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1012",
}
@inproceedings{baker-etal-1998-berkeley-framenet,
    title = "The {B}erkeley {F}rame{N}et Project",
    author = "Baker, Collin F.  and
      Fillmore, Charles J.  and
      Lowe, John B.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1013",
}
@inproceedings{barg-walther-1998-processing-unknown,
    title = "Processing Unknown Words in {HPSG}",
    author = "Barg, Petra  and
      Walther, Markus",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1014",
}
@inproceedings{barker-szpakowicz-1998-semi-automatic,
    title = "Semi-Automatic Recognition of Noun Modifier Relationships",
    author = "BARKER, Ken  and
      SZPAKOWICZ, Stan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1015",
}
@inproceedings{barriere-1998-redundancy-helping,
    title = "{R}edundancy: helping semantic disambiguation",
    author = "Barriere, Caroline",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1016",
}
@inproceedings{becker-etal-1998-efficient-kernel,
    title = "An Efficient Kernel for Multilingual Generation in Speech-to-Speech Dialogue Translation",
    author = "Becker, Tilman  and
      Finkler, Wolfgang  and
      Kilger, Anne  and
      Poller, Peter",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1017",
}
@inproceedings{beesley-1998-consonant-spreading,
    title = "Consonant Spreading in {A}rabic Stems",
    author = "Beesley, Kenneth R.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1018",
}
@inproceedings{blache-1998-parsing-ambiguous,
    title = "Parsing Ambiguous Structures using Controlled Disjunctions and Unary Quasi-Trees",
    author = "Blache, Philippe",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1019",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-1998-trigger-pair,
    title = "Trigger-Pair Predictors in Parsing and Tagging",
    author = "Black, Ezra  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Kashioka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1020",
}
@inproceedings{bod-1998-spoken-dialogue,
    title = "Spoken Dialogue Interpretation with the {DOP} Model",
    author = "Bod, Rens",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1021",
}
@inproceedings{bod-kaplan-1998-probabilistic-corpus,
    title = "A Probabilistic Corpus-Driven Model for Lexical-Functional Analysis",
    author = "Bod, Rens  and
      Kaplan, Ronald",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1022",
}
@inproceedings{bond-etal-1998-anchoring-floating,
    title = "Anchoring Floating Quantifiers in {J}apanese-to-{E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Bond, Francis  and
      Kurz, Daniela  and
      Shirai, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1023",
}
@inproceedings{bos-etal-1998-managing-information,
    title = "Managing information at linguistic interfaces",
    author = "Bos, Johan  and
      Rupp, C.J.  and
      Buschbeck-Wolf, Bianka  and
      Dorna, Michael",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1024",
}
@inproceedings{bozsahin-1998-deriving-predicate,
    title = "Deriving the Predicate-Argument Structure for a Free Word Order Language",
    author = "Bozsahin, Cem",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1025",
}
@inproceedings{broker-1998-separating-surface,
    title = "Separating Surface Order and Syntactic Relations in a Dependency Grammar",
    author = "Broker, Norbert",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1026",
}
@inproceedings{branco-1998-logical-structure,
    title = "The Logical Structure of Binding",
    author = "Branco, Antonio",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1027",
}
@inproceedings{brill-etal-1998-beyond-n,
    title = "Beyond N-Grams: Can Linguistic Sophistication Improve Language Modeling?",
    author = "Brill, Eric  and
      Florian, Radu  and
      Henderson, John C.  and
      Mangu, Lidia",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1028",
}
@inproceedings{brill-wu-1998-classifier-combination,
    title = "Classifier Combination for Improved Lexical Disambiguation",
    author = "Brill, Eric  and
      Wu, Jun",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1029",
}
@inproceedings{brun-1998-terminology-finite,
    title = "Terminology Finite-State Preprocessing for Computational {LFG}",
    author = "Brun, Caroline",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1030",
}
@inproceedings{burger-etal-1998-named-entity,
    title = "Named Entity Scoring for Speech Input",
    author = "Burger, John D.  and
      Palmer, David  and
      Hirschman, Lynette",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1031",
}
@inproceedings{burstein-etal-1998-automated-scoring,
    title = "Automated Scoring Using A Hybrid Feature Identification Technique",
    author = "Burstein, Jill  and
      Kukich, Karen  and
      Wolff, Susanne  and
      Lu, Chi  and
      Chodorow, Martin  and
      Braden-Harder, Lisa  and
      Harris, Mary Dee",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1032",
}
@inproceedings{candito-1998-building-parallel,
    title = "Building Parallel {LTAG} for {F}rench and {I}talian",
    author = "Candito, Marie-Helene",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1033",
}
@inproceedings{cardie-pierce-1998-error-driven,
    title = "Error-Driven Pruning of Treebank Grammars for Base Noun Phrase Identification",
    author = "Cardie, Claire  and
      Pierce, David",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1034",
}
@inproceedings{chelba-jelinek-1998-exploiting-syntactic,
    title = "Exploiting Syntactic Structure for Language Modeling",
    author = "Chelba, Ciprian  and
      Jelinek, Frederick",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1035",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-1998-proper-name,
    title = "Proper Name Translation in Cross-Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Huang, Sheng-Jie  and
      Ding, Yung-Wei  and
      Tsai, Shih-Chung",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1036",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chang-1998-concept-based,
    title = "A Concept-based Adaptive Approach to Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Chen, Jen Nan  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1037",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-1998-pat-trees,
    title = "{PAT}-Trees with the Deletion Function as the Learning Device for Linguistic Patterns",
    author = "Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Tsuei, Wen  and
      Chien, Lee-Feng",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1038",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-1998-hybrid-approaches,
    title = "Hybrid Approaches to Improvement of Translation Quality in Web-based {E}nglish-{K}orean Machine Translation",
    author = "Choi, Sung-Kwon  and
      Jung, Han-Min  and
      Park, Jun-Sik  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1039",
}
@inproceedings{chu-carroll-carpenter-1998-dialogue-management,
    title = "Dialogue Management in Vector-Based Call Routing",
    author = "Chu-Carroll, Jennifer  and
      Carpenter, Bob",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1040",
}
@inproceedings{collier-etal-1998-machine-translation,
    title = "Machine Translation vs. Dictionary Term Translation - a Comparison for {E}nglish-{J}apanese News Article Alignment",
    author = "Collier, Nigel  and
      Hirakawa, Hideki  and
      Kumano, Akira",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1041",
}
@inproceedings{collier-etal-1998-experiment-hybrid,
    title = "An Experiment in Hybrid Dictionary and Statistical Sentence Alignment",
    author = "Collier, Nigel  and
      Ono, Kenji  and
      Hirakawa, Hideki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1042",
}
@inproceedings{covington-1998-alignment-multiple,
    title = "Alignment of Multiple Languages for Historical Comparison",
    author = "Covington, Michael A.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1043",
}
@inproceedings{cristea-etal-1998-veins-theory,
    title = "Veins Theory: A Model of Global Discourse Cohesion and Coherence",
    author = "CRISTEA, Dan  and
      IDE, Nancy  and
      ROMARY, Laurent",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1044",
}
@inproceedings{cucchiarelli-etal-1998-automatic-semantic,
    title = "Automatic Semantic Tagging of Unknown Proper Names",
    author = "CUCCHIARELLI, Alessandro  and
      LUZI, Danilo  and
      VELARDI, Paola",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1045",
}
@inproceedings{dang-etal-1998-investigating-regular,
    title = "Investigating regular sense extensions based on intersective Levin classes",
    author = "Dang, Hoa Trang  and
      Kipper, Karin  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Rosenzweig, Joseph",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1046",
}
@inproceedings{deligne-sagisaka-1998-learning-syntagmatic,
    title = "Learning a syntagmatic and paradigmatic structure from language data with a bi-multigram model",
    author = "Deligne, Sabine  and
      Sagisaka, Yoshinori",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1047",
}
@inproceedings{delisle-etal-1998-experiments-learning-parsing,
    title = "Experiments with Learning Parsing Heuristics",
    author = "DELISLE, Sylvain  and
      LETOURNEAU, Sylvain  and
      MATWIN, Stan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1048",
}
@inproceedings{dimitrova-etal-1998-multext-east,
    title = "Multext-East: Parallel and Comparable Corpora and Lexicons for Six Central and Eastern {E}uropean Languages",
    author = "DIMITROVA, Ludmila  and
      ERJAVEC, Tomaz  and
      IDE, Nancy  and
      KAALEP, Heiki Jaan  and
      PETKEVIC, Vladimir  and
      TUFIS, Dan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1049",
}
@inproceedings{dini-etal-1998-error-driven,
    title = "Error Driven Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Dini, Luca  and
      Tomaso, Vittorio Di  and
      Segond, Frederique",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1050",
}
@inproceedings{di-eugenio-etal-1998-empirical-investigation,
    title = "An Empirical Investigation of Proposals in Collaborative Dialogues",
    author = "Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Jordan, Pamela W.  and
      Moore, Johanna D.  and
      Thomason, Richmond H.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1051",
}
@inproceedings{doan-nguyen-1998-accumulation-lexical-sets,
    title = "Accumulation of Lexical Sets: Acquisition of Dictionary Resources and Production of New Lexical Sets",
    author = "DOAN-NGUYEN, Hai",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1052",
}
@inproceedings{doi-etal-1998-text-input,
    title = "A Text Input Front-end Processor as an Information Access Platform",
    author = "DOI, Shinichi  and
      KAMEI, Shin-ichiro  and
      YAMABANA, Kiyoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1053",
}
@inproceedings{dorna-etal-1998-syntactic-semantic,
    title = "Syntactic and Semantic Transfer with F-Structures",
    author = "Dorna, Michael  and
      Frank, Anette  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Emele, Martin C.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1054",
}
@inproceedings{dymetman-1998-group-theory,
    title = "Group Theory and Linguistic Processing",
    author = "Dymetman, Marc",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1055",
}
@inproceedings{egg-etal-1998-constraints-lambda,
    title = "Constraints over Lambda-Structures in Semantic Underspecification",
    author = "Egg, Markus  and
      Niehren, Joachim  and
      Ruhrberg, Peter  and
      Xu, Feiyu",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1056",
}
@inproceedings{elmi-evens-1998-spelling-correction,
    title = "Spelling Correction Using Context",
    author = "Elmi, Mohammad Ali  and
      Evens, Martha",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1057",
}
@inproceedings{emele-dorna-1998-ambiguity-preserving,
    title = "Ambiguity Preserving Machine Translation using Packed Representations",
    author = "Emele, Martin C.  and
      Dorna, Michael",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1058",
}
@inproceedings{evans-weir-1998-structure-sharing,
    title = "A structure-sharing parser for lexicalized grammars",
    author = "Evans, Roger  and
      Weir, David",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1059",
}
@inproceedings{ezeiza-etal-1998-combining-stochastic-rule,
    title = "Combining Stochastic and Rule-Based Methods for Disambiguation in Agglutinative Languages",
    author = "Ezeiza, N.  and
      Alegria, I.  and
      Arriola, J.M.  and
      Urizar, R.  and
      Aduriz, I.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1060",
}
@inproceedings{ferrandez-etal-1998-anaphor-resolution,
    title = "Anaphor resolution in unrestricted texts with partial parsing",
    author = "Ferrandez, A.  and
      Palomar, M.  and
      Moreno, L.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1061",
}
@inproceedings{ferret-etal-1998-thematic-segmentation,
    title = "Thematic segmentation of texts: two methods for two kinds of texts",
    author = "FERRET, Olivier  and
      GRAU, Brigitte  and
      MASSON, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1062",
}
@inproceedings{flank-1998-layered-approach,
    title = "A LAYERED APPROACH TO NLP-BASED INFORMATION RETRIEVAL",
    author = "Flank, Sharon",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1063",
}
@inproceedings{freitag-1998-toward-general,
    title = "Toward General-Purpose Learning for Information Extraction",
    author = "Freitag, Dayne",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1064",
}
@inproceedings{fuchi-takagi-1998-japanese-morphological,
    title = "{J}apanese Morphological Analyzer using Word Co-occurrence {--} {JTAG}{--}",
    author = "FUCHI, Takeshi  and
      TAKAGI, Shinichiro",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1065",
}
@inproceedings{fung-yee-1998-ir-approach,
    title = "An {IR} Approach for Translating New Words from Nonparallel, Comparable Texts",
    author = "Fung, Pascale  and
      Yee, Lo Yuen",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1066",
}
@inproceedings{furuse-etal-1998-splitting-long,
    title = "Splitting Long or Ill-formed Input for Robust Spoken-language Translation",
    author = "FURUSE, Osamu  and
      YAMADA, Setsuo  and
      YAMAMOTO, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1067",
}
@inproceedings{gahl-1998-automatic-extraction,
    title = "Automatic extraction of subcorpora based on subcategorization frames from a part-of-speech tagged corpus",
    author = "GAHL, Susanne",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1068",
}
@inproceedings{gamback-bos-1998-semantic-head,
    title = "Semantic-Head Based Resolution of Scopal Ambiguities",
    author = "Gamback, Bjorn  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1069",
}
@inproceedings{gargouri-etal-1998-vers-lutilisation,
    title = "Vers l{'}utilisation des methodes formelles pour le developpement de linguiciels",
    author = "Gargouri, Bilel  and
      Jmaiel, Mohamed  and
      Ben Hamadou, Abdelmajid",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1070",
}
@inproceedings{gaussier-1998-flow-network,
    title = "Flow Network Models for Word Alignment and Terminology Extraction from Bilingual Corpora",
    author = "Gaussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1071",
}
@inproceedings{gavalda-waibel-1998-growing-semantic,
    title = "Growing Semantic Grammars",
    author = "Gavald{\`a}, Marsal  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1072",
}
@inproceedings{guo-1998-one-tokenization,
    title = "One Tokenization per Source",
    author = "GUO, Jin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1073",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-lamping-1998-efficient-linear,
    title = "Efficient Linear Logic Meaning Assembly",
    author = "Gupta, Vineet  and
      Lamping, John",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1074",
}
@inproceedings{ten-hacken-bopp-1998-separable-verbs,
    title = "Separable Verbs in a Reusable Morphological Dictionary for {G}erman",
    author = "ten Hacken, Pius  and
      Bopp, Stephan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1075",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-schnattinger-1998-text-understander,
    title = "A Text Understander that Learns",
    author = "Hahn, Udo  and
      Schnattinger, Klemens",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1076",
}
@inproceedings{hajic-hladka-1998-tagging-inflective,
    title = "Tagging Inflective Languages: Prediction of Morphological Categories for a Rich, Structured Tagset",
    author = "Hajic, Jan  and
      Hladka, Barbora",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1077",
}
@inproceedings{van-halteren-etal-1998-improving-data,
    title = "Improving Data Driven Wordclass Tagging by System Combination",
    author = "van Halteren, Hans  and
      Zavrel, Jakub  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1078",
}
@inproceedings{hamon-etal-1998-step-towards,
    title = "A step towards the detection of semantic variants of terms in technical documents",
    author = "Hamon, Thierry  and
      Nazarenko, Adeline  and
      Gros, Cecile",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1079",
}
@inproceedings{haruno-etal-1998-using-decision,
    title = "Using Decision Trees to Construct a Practical Parser",
    author = "Haruno, Masahiko  and
      Shirai, Satoshi  and
      Ooyama, Yoshifumi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1080",
}
@inproceedings{harvey-carberry-1998-integrating-text,
    title = "Integrating Text Plans for Conciseness and Coherence",
    author = "Harvey, Terrence  and
      Carberry, Sandra",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1081",
}
@inproceedings{heine-1998-definiteness-predictions,
    title = "Definiteness Predictions for {J}apanese Noun Phrases",
    author = "Heine, Julia E.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1082",
}
@inproceedings{heinecke-etal-1998-eliminative-parsing,
    title = "Eliminative Parsing with Graded Constraints",
    author = "Heinecke, Johannes  and
      Kunze, Jurgen  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang  and
      Schroder, Ingo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1083",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-lane-1998-connectionist-architecture,
    title = "A Connectionist Architecture for Learning to Parse",
    author = "Henderson, James  and
      Lane, Peter",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1084",
}
@inproceedings{hepple-1998-memoisation-glue,
    title = "Memoisation for Glue Language Deduction and Categorial Parsing",
    author = "Hepple, Mark",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1085",
}
@inproceedings{higgins-1998-parsing-parallel,
    title = "Parsing Parallel Grammatical Representations",
    author = "Higgins, Derrick",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1086",
}
@inproceedings{hitzeman-poesio-1998-long-distance,
    title = "Long Distance Pronominalisation and Global Focus",
    author = "Hitzeman, Janet  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1087",
}
@inproceedings{hwa-1998-empirical-evaluation,
    title = "An Empirical Evaluation of Probabilistic Lexicalized Tree Insertion Grammars",
    author = "Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1088",
}
@inproceedings{ibekwe-sanjuan-1998-terminological-variation,
    title = "Terminological variation, a means of identifying research topics from texts",
    author = "IBEKWE-SANJUAN, Fidelia",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1089",
}
@inproceedings{ikeda-etal-1998-information-classification,
    title = "Information Classification and Navigation Based on 5{W}l{H} of the Target Information",
    author = "Ikeda, Takahiro  and
      Okumura, Akitoshi  and
      Muraki, Kazunori",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1090",
}
@inproceedings{ingleby-brockhaus-1998-concurrent-approach,
    title = "A concurrent approach to the automatic extraction of subsegmental primes and phonological constituents from speech",
    author = "INGLEBY, Michael  and
      BROCKHAUS, Wiebke",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1091",
}
@inproceedings{ishizaki-kato-1998-exploring-characteristics,
    title = "Exploring the Characteristics of Multi-Party Dialogues",
    author = "Ishizaki, Masato  and
      Kato, Tsuneaki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1092",
}
@inproceedings{jonsson-stromback-1998-robust-interaction,
    title = "Robust Interaction through Partial Interpretation and Dialogue Management",
    author = "Jonsson, Arne  and
      Stromback, Lena",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1093",
}
@inproceedings{jacquemin-1998-improving-automatic,
    title = "Improving Automatic Indexing through Concept Combination and Term Enrichment",
    author = "Jacquemin, Christian",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1094",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-1998-combining-chinese,
    title = "Combining a {C}hinese Thesaurus with a {C}hinese Dictionary",
    author = "Ji, Donghong  and
      Gong, Junping  and
      Huang, Changning",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1095",
}
@inproceedings{jing-mckeown-1998-combining-multiple,
    title = "Combining Multiple, Large-Scale Resources in a Reusable Lexicon for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Jing, Hongyan  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1096",
}
@inproceedings{jobbins-evett-1998-text-segmentation,
    title = "Text Segmentation Using Reiteration and Collocation",
    author = "Jobbins, Amanda C.  and
      Evett, Lindsay J.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1097",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-1998-finite-state,
    title = "Finite-state Approximation of Constraint-based Grammars using Left-corner Grammar Transforms",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1098",
}
@inproceedings{johnston-1998-unification-based,
    title = "Unification-based Multimodal Parsing",
    author = "Johnston, Michael",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1099",
}
@inproceedings{jokinen-etal-1998-context-management,
    title = "Context Management with Topics for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Jokinen, Kristiina  and
      Tanaka, Hideki  and
      Yokoo, Akio",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1100",
}
@inproceedings{kageura-1998-statistical-analysis-morphemes,
    title = "A Statistical Analysis of Morphemes in {J}apanese Terminology",
    author = "KAGEURA, Kyo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1101",
}
@inproceedings{kahane-etal-1998-pseudo-projectivity,
    title = "Pseudo-Projectivity: A Polynomially Parsable Non-Projective Dependency Grammar",
    author = "Kahane, Sylvain  and
      Nasr, Alexis  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1102",
}
@inproceedings{kaki-etal-1998-method-correcting,
    title = "A Method for Correcting Errors in Speech Recognition Using the Statistical Features of Character Co-occurrence",
    author = "Kaki, Satoshi  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Iida, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1103",
}
@inproceedings{kashioka-etal-1998-use-mutual,
    title = "Use of Mutual Information Based Character Clusters in Dictionary-less Morphological Analysis of {J}apanese",
    author = "Kashioka, Hideki  and
      Kawata, Yasuhiro  and
      Kinjo, Yumiko  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Black, Ezra W.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1104",
}
@inproceedings{kasper-etal-1998-know-hold,
    title = "Know When to Hold {'}Em: Shuffling Deterministically in a Parser for Nonconcatenative Grammars",
    author = "Kasper, Robert T.  and
      Calcagno, Mike  and
      Davis, Paul C.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1105",
}
@inproceedings{kikui-1998-term-list,
    title = "Term-list Translation using Mono-lingual Word Co-occurrence Vectors",
    author = "Kikui, Genichiro",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1106",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-1998-unlimited-vocabulary,
    title = "Unlimited Vocabulary Grapheme to Phoneme Conversion for {K}orean {TTS}",
    author = "Kim, Byeongchang  and
      Lee, WonIl  and
      Lee, Geunbae  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1107",
}
@inproceedings{klavans-kan-1998-role-verbs,
    title = "Role of Verbs in Document Analysis",
    author = "Klavans, Judith  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1108",
}
@inproceedings{al-adhaileh-tang-1998-flexible,
    title = "A FLEXIBLE EXAMPLE-BASED PARSER BASED ON THE SSTC",
    author = "Al-Adhaileh, Mosleh Hmoud  and
      Tang, Enya Kong",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1109",
}
@inproceedings{koyama-etal-1998-large-scale,
    title = "Large Scale Collocation Data and Their Application to {J}apanese Word Processor Technology",
    author = "Koyama, Yasuo  and
      Yasutake, Masako  and
      Yoshimura, Kenji  and
      Shudo, Kosho",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1110",
}
@inproceedings{krotov-etal-1998-compacting-penn,
    title = "Compacting the {P}enn Treebank Grammar",
    author = "Krotov, Alexander  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1111",
}
@inproceedings{langkilde-knight-1998-generation-exploits,
    title = "Generation that Exploits Corpus-Based Statistical Knowledge",
    author = "Langkilde, Irene  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1112",
}
@inproceedings{langlais-etal-1998-methods-practical,
    title = "Methods and Practical Issues in Evaluating Alignment Techniques",
    author = "Langlais, Philippe  and
      Simard, Michel  and
      Veronis, Jean",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1113",
}
@inproceedings{lavoie-rambow-1998-framework-customizable,
    title = "A Framework for Customizable Generation of Hypertext Presentations",
    author = "Lavoie, Benoit  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1114",
}
@inproceedings{lee-choi-1998-automatic-acquisition,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Language Model based on Head-Dependent Relation between Words",
    author = "Lee, Seungmi  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1115",
}
@inproceedings{lepage-1998-solving-analogies-words,
    title = "SOLVING ANALOGIES ON WORDS: AN ALGORITHM",
    author = "Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1116",
}
@inproceedings{levow-1998-characterizing-recognizing,
    title = "Characterizing and Recognizing Spoken Corrections in Human-Computer Dialogue",
    author = "Levow, Gina-Anne",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 1: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-1117",
}
@proceedings{coling-1998-coling-1998,
    title = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2000",
}
@inproceedings{lezius-etal-1998-freely-available,
    title = "A Freely Available Morphological Analyzer, Disambiguator and Context Sensitive Lemmatizer for {G}erman",
    author = "Lezius, Wolfgang  and
      Rapp, Reinhard  and
      Wettler, Manfred",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2118",
}
@inproceedings{li-abe-1998-word-clustering,
    title = "Word Clustering and Disambiguation Based on Co-occurrence Data",
    author = "Li, Hang  and
      Abe, Naoki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2119",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-1998-identifying-syntactic,
    title = "Identifying Syntactic Role of Antecedent in {K}orean Relative Clause Using Corpus and Thesaurus Information",
    author = "Li, Hui-Feng  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok  and
      Lee, Geunbae",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2120",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-1998-test-environment,
    title = "A Test Environment for Natural Language Understanding Systems",
    author = "Li, Li  and
      Dahl, Deborah A.  and
      Norton, Lewis M.  and
      Linebarger, Marcia C.  and
      Chen, Dongdong",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2121",
}
@inproceedings{lin-1998-automatic-retrieval,
    title = "Automatic Retrieval and Clustering of Similar Words",
    author = "Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2122",
}
@inproceedings{lindberg-eineborg-1998-learning-constraint,
    title = "Learning Constraint Grammar-style disambiguation rules using Inductive Logic Programming",
    author = "Lindberg, Nikolaj  and
      Eineborg, Martin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2123",
}
@inproceedings{litman-etal-1998-evaluating-response,
    title = "Evaluating Response Strategies in a Web-Based Spoken Dialogue Agent",
    author = "Litman, Diane J.  and
      Pan, Shimei  and
      Walker, Marilyn A.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2124",
}
@inproceedings{lombardo-lesmo-1998-formal-aspects,
    title = "Formal aspects and parsing issues of dependency theory",
    author = "Lombardo, Vincenzo  and
      Lesmo, Leonardo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2125",
}
@inproceedings{luperfoy-etal-1998-architecture,
    title = "An Architecture for Dialogue Management, Context Tracking, and Pragmatic Adaptation in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "LuperFoy, Susann  and
      Loehr, Dan  and
      Duff, David  and
      Miller, Keith  and
      Reeder, Florence  and
      Harper, Lisa",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2126",
}
@inproceedings{ma-isahara-1998-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Neuro Tagger Using Variable Lengths of Contexts",
    author = "Ma, Qing  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2127",
}
@inproceedings{makino-etal-1998-lilfes-towards,
    title = "{L}i{LF}e{S}- Towards a Practical {HPSG} Parser",
    author = "MAKINO, Takaki  and
      YOSHIDA, Minoru  and
      TORISAWA, Kentaro  and
      TSUJII, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2128",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-etal-1998-bitext-correspondences,
    title = "Bitext Correspondences through Rich Mark-up",
    author = "Martinez, Raquel  and
      Abaitua, Joseba  and
      Casillas, Arantza",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2129",
}
@inproceedings{maybury-1998-discourse-cues,
    title = "Discourse Cues for Broadcast News Segmentation",
    author = "Maybury, Mark T.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2130",
}
@inproceedings{mcgee-etal-1998-confmnation,
    title = "Confmnation in Multimodal Systems",
    author = "McGee, David R.  and
      Cohen, Philip R.  and
      Oviatt, Sharon",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2131",
}
@inproceedings{mcintyre-1998-babel-testbed,
    title = "{B}abel: A testbed for research in origins of language",
    author = "McIntyre, Angus",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2132",
}
@inproceedings{meknavin-etal-1998-combining-trigram,
    title = "Combining Trigram and Winnow in {T}hai {OCR} Error Correction",
    author = "Meknavin, Surapant  and
      Kijsirikul, Boonserm  and
      Chotimongkol, Ananlada  and
      Nuttee, Cholwich",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2133",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-etal-1998-deriving-transfer,
    title = "Deriving Transfer Rules from Dominance-Preserving Alignments",
    author = "Meyers, Adam  and
      Yangarber, Roman  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      Macleod, Catherine  and
      Moreno-Sandoval, Antonio",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2134",
}
@inproceedings{mikheev-1998-feature-lattices,
    title = "Feature Lattices for Maximum Entropy Modelling",
    author = "Mikheev, Andrei",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2135",
}
@inproceedings{mima-etal-1998-simultaneous-interpretation,
    title = "Simultaneous Interpretation Utilizing Example-based Incremental Transfer",
    author = "Mima, Hideki  and
      Iida, Hitoshi  and
      Furuse, Osamu",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2136",
}
@inproceedings{min-wilson-1998-integrated-control,
    title = "Integrated Control of Chart Items for Error Repair",
    author = "MIN, Kyongho  and
      WILSON, William H.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2137",
}
@inproceedings{mitkov-1998-robust-pronoun,
    title = "Robust pronoun resolution with limited knowledge",
    author = "Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2138",
}
@inproceedings{mitsuishi-etal-1998-hpsg-style,
    title = "{HPSG}-Style Underspecified {J}apanese Grammar with Wide Coverage",
    author = "MITSUISHI, Yutaka  and
      TORISAWA, Kentaro  and
      TSUJII, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2139",
}
@inproceedings{mochizuki-etal-1998-text-segmentation,
    title = "Text Segmentation with Multiple Surface Linguistic Cues",
    author = "MOCHIZUKI, Hajime  and
      HONDA, Takeo  and
      OKUMURA, Manabu",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2140",
}
@inproceedings{moghrabi-1998-using-language,
    title = "Using Language Resources in an Intelligent Tutoring System for {F}rench",
    author = "Moghrabi, Chadia",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2141",
}
@inproceedings{mohri-pereira-1998-dynamic-compilation,
    title = "Dynamic compilation of weighted context-free grammars",
    author = "Mohri, Mehryar  and
      Pereira, Fernando C. N.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2142",
}
@inproceedings{mori-nagao-1998-stochastic-language,
    title = "A Stochastic Language Model using Dependency and Its Improvement by Word Clustering",
    author = "Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2143",
}
@inproceedings{mouret-rolbert-1998-dealing-distinguishing,
    title = "Dealing with distinguishing descriptions in a guided composition system",
    author = "Mouret, Pascal  and
      Rolbert, Monique",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2144",
}
@inproceedings{murata-nagao-1998-estimate-referent,
    title = "An Estimate of Referent of Noun Phrases in {J}apanese Sentences",
    author = "Murata, Masaki  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2145",
}
@inproceedings{nagao-hasida-1998-automatic-text,
    title = "Automatic Text Summarization Based on the Global Document Annotation",
    author = "Nagao, Katashi  and
      Hasida, Koiti",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2146",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-1998-japanese-ocr,
    title = "{J}apanese {OCR} Error Correction using Character Shape Similarity and Statistical Language Model",
    author = "NAGATA, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2147",
}
@inproceedings{nakagawa-etal-1998-hypertext-authoring,
    title = "Hypertext Authoring for Linking Relevant Segments of Related Instruction Manuals",
    author = "Nakagawa, Hiroshi  and
      Mori, Tatsunori  and
      Omori, Nobuyuki  and
      Okamura, Jun",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2148",
}
@inproceedings{nakano-shimazu-1998-translating-unification,
    title = "Translating a Unification Grammar with Disjunctions into Logical Constraints",
    author = "Nakano, Mikio  and
      Shimazu, Akira",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2149",
}
@inproceedings{nakatani-1998-constituent-based,
    title = "Constituent-based Accent Prediction",
    author = "Nakatani, Christine H.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2150",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-1998-alternative-lr,
    title = "An alternative {LR} algorithm for {TAG}s",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2151",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-etal-1998-prefix-probabilities-stochastic,
    title = "Prefix Probabilities from Stochastic Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Sarkar, Anoop  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2152",
}
@inproceedings{niessen-etal-1998-dp-based,
    title = "A {DP} based Search Algorithm for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Nie{\ss}en, S.  and
      Vogel, S.  and
      Ney, H.  and
      Tillmann, C.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2153",
}
@inproceedings{ninomiya-etal-1998-efficient-parallel,
    title = "An Efficient Parallel Substrate for Typed Feature Structures on Shared Memory Parallel Machines",
    author = "NINOMIYA, Takashi  and
      TORISAWA, Kentaro  and
      TSUJII, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2154",
}
@inproceedings{nirenburg-raskin-1998-universal-grammar,
    title = "Universal Grammar and Lexis for Quick Ramp-Up of {MT} Systems",
    author = "Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Raskin, Victor",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2155",
}
@inproceedings{norton-etal-1998-integration-large,
    title = "Integration of Large-Scale Linguistic Resources in a Natural Language Understanding System",
    author = "Norton, Lewis M.  and
      Dahl, Deborah A.  and
      Li, Li  and
      Beals, Katharine P.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2156",
}
@inproceedings{och-weber-1998-improving-statistical,
    title = "Improving Statistical Natural Language Translation with Categories and Rules",
    author = "Och, Franz Josef  and
      Weber, Hans",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2157",
}
@inproceedings{oishi-matsumoto-1998-recognition-coherence,
    title = "Recognition of the Coherence Relation between Te-linked Clauses",
    author = "Oishi, Akira  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2158",
}
@inproceedings{padro-marquez-1998-evaluation-comparison,
    title = "On the Evaluation and Comparison of Taggers: the Effect of Noise in Testing Corpora.",
    author = "Padro, Lluis  and
      Marquez, Lluis",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2159",
}
@inproceedings{pan-mckeown-1998-learning-intonation,
    title = "Learning Intonation Rules for Concept to Speech Generation",
    author = "Pan, Shimei  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2160",
}
@inproceedings{paraboni-de-lima-1998-possessive-pronominal,
    title = "Possessive Pronominal Anaphor Resolution in {P}ortuguese Written Texts",
    author = "Paraboni, Ivandre  and
      de Lima, Vera Lucia Strube",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2161",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-1998-machine-aided,
    title = "Machine Aided Error-Correction Environment for {K}orean Morphological Analysis and Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Park, Junsik  and
      Kang, Jung-Goo  and
      Hur, Wook  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2162",
}
@inproceedings{pautler-quilici-1998-computational-model,
    title = "A Computational Model of Social Perlocutions",
    author = "Pautler, David  and
      Quilici, Alex",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2163",
}
@inproceedings{penn-1998-parametric-types,
    title = "Parametric Types for Typed Attribute-Value Logic",
    author = "Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2164",
}
@inproceedings{pericliev-valdes-perez-1998-procedure-multi,
    title = "A Procedure for Multi-Class Discrimination and some Linguistic Applications",
    author = "Pericliev, Vladimir  and
      Valdes-Perez, Raul E.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2165",
}
@inproceedings{pirker-etal-1998-information-structure,
    title = "From Information Structure to Intonation: A Phonological Interface for Concept-to-Speech",
    author = "Pirker, Hannes  and
      Niklfeld, Georg  and
      Matiasek, Johannes  and
      Trost, Harald",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2166",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-belis-etal-1998-reference-resolution,
    title = "Reference Resolution beyond Coreference: a Conceptual Frame and its Application",
    author = "POPESCU-BELIS, Andrei  and
      ROBBA, Isabelle  and
      SABAH, Gerard",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2167",
}
@inproceedings{power-scott-1998-multilingual-authoring,
    title = "Multilingual authoring using feedback texts",
    author = "Power, Richard  and
      Scott, Donia",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2168",
}
@inproceedings{poznanski-etal-1998-practical-glossing,
    title = "Practical Glossing by Prioritised Tiling",
    author = "Poznanski, Victor  and
      Whitelock, Pete  and
      IJdens, Jan  and
      Corley, Steffan",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2169",
}
@inproceedings{proszeky-1998-intelligent,
    title = "An Intelligent Multi-Dictionary Environment",
    author = "Proszeky, Gabor",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2170",
}
@inproceedings{radev-1998-learning-correlations,
    title = "Learning Correlations between Linguistic Indicators and Semantic Constraints: Reuse of Context-Dependent Descriptions of Entities",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir R.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2171",
}
@inproceedings{ratnaparkhi-1998-statistical-models,
    title = "Statistical Models for Unsupervised Prepositional Phrase Attachment",
    author = "Ratnaparkhi, Adwait",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2172",
}
@inproceedings{read-barcena-1998-jabot-multilingual,
    title = "{J}a{B}ot: a multilingual {J}ava-based intelligent agent for Web sites",
    author = "READ, Tim  and
      BARCENA, Elena",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2173",
}
@inproceedings{reed-long-1998-generating-structure,
    title = "Generating the Structure of Argument",
    author = "Reed, Chris  and
      Long, Derek",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2174",
}
@inproceedings{richardson-etal-1998-mindnet-acquiring,
    title = "{M}ind{N}et: acquiring and structuring semantic information from text",
    author = "Richardson, Stephen D.  and
      Dolan, William B.  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2175",
}
@inproceedings{rigau-etal-1998-building-accurate,
    title = "Building Accurate Semantic Taxonomies Monolingual {MRD}s",
    author = "Rigau, German  and
      Rodriguez, Horacio  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2176",
}
@inproceedings{roark-charniak-1998-noun-phrase,
    title = "Noun-phrase co-occurrence statistics for semi-automatic semantic lexicon construction",
    author = "Roark, Brian  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2177",
}
@inproceedings{rogers-1998-descriptive-characterization,
    title = "A Descriptive Characterization of Tree-Adjoining Languages (Project Note)",
    author = "Rogers, James",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2178",
}
@inproceedings{roland-jurafsky-1998-verb-subcategorization,
    title = "How Verb Subcategorization Frequencies Are Affected By Corpus Choice",
    author = "Roland, Douglas  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2179",
}
@inproceedings{rose-levin-1998-interactive-domain,
    title = "An Interactive Domain Independent Approach to Robust Dialogue Interpretation",
    author = "Rose, Carolyn Penstein  and
      Levin, Lori S.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2180",
}
@inproceedings{roth-zelenko-1998-part-speech,
    title = "Part of Speech Tagging Using a Network of Linear Separators",
    author = "Roth, Dan  and
      Zelenko, Dmitry",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2181",
}
@inproceedings{saint-dizier-1998-generative-lexicon,
    title = "A Generative Lexicon Perspective for Adjectival Modification",
    author = "Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2182",
}
@inproceedings{samuel-etal-1998-dialogue-act,
    title = "Dialogue Act Tagging with Transformation-Based Learning",
    author = "Samuel, Ken  and
      Carberry, Sandra  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2183",
}
@inproceedings{sanfilippo-1998-ranking-text,
    title = "Ranking Text Units According to Textual Saliency, Connectivity and Topic Aptness",
    author = "Sanfilippo, Antonio",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2184",
}
@inproceedings{sarkar-1998-conditions-consistency,
    title = "Conditions on Consistency of Probabilistic Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2185",
}
@inproceedings{sato-nakanishi-1998-maximum-entropy,
    title = "Maximum Entropy Model Learning of the Translation Rules",
    author = "Sato, Kengo  and
      Nakanishi, Masakazu",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2186",
}
@inproceedings{satta-schuler-1998-restrictions-tree,
    title = "Restrictions on Tree Adjoining Languages",
    author = "Satta, Giorgio  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2187",
}
@inproceedings{schiehlen-1998-learning-tense,
    title = "Learning Tense Translation from Bilingual Corpora",
    author = "Schiehlen, Michael",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2188",
}
@inproceedings{schilder-1998-underspecified-segmented,
    title = "An Underspecified Segmented Discourse Representation Theory ({USDRT})",
    author = "Schilder, Frank",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2189",
}
@inproceedings{schmidt-etal-1998-natural-language,
    title = "Natural Language Access to Software Applications",
    author = "Schmidt, Paul  and
      Rieder, Sibylle  and
      Theofilidis, Axel  and
      Groenendijk, Marius  and
      Phelan, Peter  and
      Schulz, Henrik  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Bredenkamp, Andrew",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2190",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-mccoy-1998-recognizing-syntactic,
    title = "Recognizing Syntactic Errors in the Writing of Second Language Learners",
    author = "Schneider, David  and
      McCoy, Kathleen F.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2191",
}
@inproceedings{seligman-etal-1998-transforming-lattices,
    title = "Transforming Lattices into Non-deterministic Automata with Optional Null Arcs",
    author = "Seligman, Mark  and
      Boitet, Christian  and
      Meddeb-Hamrouni, Boubaker",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2192",
}
@inproceedings{senellart-1998-locating-noun,
    title = "Locating noun phrases with finite state transducers.",
    author = "Senellart, Jean",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2193",
}
@inproceedings{shaw-1998-segregatory-coordination,
    title = "Segregatory Coordination and Ellipsis in Text Generation",
    author = "Shaw, James",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2194",
}
@inproceedings{somers-1998-similarity-metrics,
    title = "Similarity metrics for aligning children{'}s articulation data",
    author = "SOMERS, Harold L.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2195",
}
@inproceedings{sopena-etal-1998-connectionist-approach,
    title = "A Connectionist Approach to Prepositional Phrase Attachment for Real World Texts",
    author = "Sopena, Josep M.  and
      LLoberas, Agusti  and
      Moliner, Joan L.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2196",
}
@inproceedings{stede-umbach-1998-dimlex-lexicon,
    title = "{D}i{ML}ex: A lexicon of discourse markers for text generation and understanding",
    author = "Stede, Manfred  and
      Umbach, Carla",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2197",
}
@inproceedings{steels-kaplan-1998-spontaneous-lexicon,
    title = "Spontaneous Lexicon Change",
    author = "Steels, Luc  and
      Kaplan, Frederic",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2198",
}
@inproceedings{strube-1998-never-look,
    title = "Never Look Back: An Alternative to Centering",
    author = "Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2199",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-etal-1998-summarization-based,
    title = "Summarization-based Query Expansion in Information Retrieval",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Wise, Bowden",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2200",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-1998-chinese-word,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation without Using Lexicon and Hand-crafted Training Data",
    author = "Sun, Maosong  and
      Shen, Dayang  and
      Tsou, Benjamin K.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2201",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-1998-keyword-extraction,
    title = "Keyword Extraction using Term-Domain Interdependence for Dictation of Radio News",
    author = "Suzuki, Yoshimi  and
      Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Sekiguchi, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2202",
}
@inproceedings{tur-oflazer-1998-tagging,
    title = "Tagging {E}nglish by Path Voting Constraints",
    author = "Tur, Gokhan  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2203",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-ishii-etal-1998-reactive-content,
    title = "Reactive Content Selection in the Generation of Real-time Soccer Commentary",
    author = "TANAKA-Ishii, Kumiko  and
      HASIDA, Koiti  and
      NODA, Itsuki",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2204",
}
@inproceedings{tapanainen-etal-1998-idiomatic-object,
    title = "Idiomatic object usage and support verbs",
    author = "Tapanainen, Pasi  and
      Piitulainen, Jussi  and
      Jarvinen, Timo",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2205",
}
@inproceedings{tappe-schilder-1998-coherence-spoken,
    title = "Coherence in Spoken Discourse",
    author = "Tappe, Heike  and
      Schilder, Frank",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2206",
}
@inproceedings{turcato-1998-automatically-creating,
    title = "Automatically Creating Bilingual Lexicons for Machine Translation from Bilingual Text",
    author = "Turcato, Davide",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2207",
}
@inproceedings{uramoto-takeda-1998-method-relating,
    title = "A Method for Relating Multiple Newspaper Articles by Using Graphs, and Its Application to Webcasting",
    author = "Uramoto, Naohiko  and
      Takeda, Koichi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2208",
}
@inproceedings{utsuro-etal-1998-general-specific,
    title = "General-to-Specific Model Selection for Subcategorization Preference",
    author = "Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Miyata, Takashi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2209",
}
@inproceedings{viegas-1998-multilingual-computational,
    title = "Multilingual Computational Semantic Lexicons in Action- {WYSINNWYG} Approach to {NLP}",
    author = "Viegas, Evelyne",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2210",
}
@inproceedings{viegas-etal-1998-computational-lexical,
    title = "The Computational Lexical Semantics of Syntagmatic Relations",
    author = "Viegas, Evelyne  and
      Beale, Stephen  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2211",
}
@inproceedings{villemonte-de-la-clergerie-alonso-pardo-1998-tabular-interpretation,
    title = "A tabular interpretation of a class of 2-Stack Automata",
    author = "Villemonte de la Clergerie, Eric  and
      Alonso Pardo, Miguel",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2212",
}
@inproceedings{wakao-etal-1998-project,
    title = "Project for production of closed-caption {TV} programs for the hearing impaired",
    author = "Wakao, Takahiro  and
      Sawamura, Eiji  and
      Ehara, Terumasa  and
      Maruyama, Ichiro",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2213",
}
@inproceedings{walker-etal-1998-learning,
    title = "Learning Optimal Dialogue Strategies: A Case Study of a Spoken Dialogue Agent for Email",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn A.  and
      Fromer, Jeanne C.  and
      Narayanan, Shrikanth",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2214",
}
@inproceedings{wan-verspoor-1998-automatic-english,
    title = "Automatic {E}nglish-{C}hinese name transliteration for development of multilingual resources",
    author = "Wan, Stephen  and
      Verspoor, Cornelia Maria",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2215",
}
@inproceedings{wang-waibel-1998-modeling-structures,
    title = "Modeling with Structures in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Ye-Yi  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2216",
}
@inproceedings{wasson-1998-using-leading,
    title = "Using Leading Text for News Summaries: Evaluation Results and Implications for Commercial Summarization Applications",
    author = "Wasson, Mark",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2217",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-takeda-1998-pattern-based,
    title = "A Pattern-based Machine Example-Translation System Extended by based Processing",
    author = "Watanabe, Hideo  and
      Takeda, Koichi",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2218",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-nagao-1998-diagram-understanding,
    title = "Diagram Understanding Using Integration of Layout Information and Textual Information",
    author = "Watanabe, Yasuhiko  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2219",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-1998-aligning-articles,
    title = "Aligning Articles in {TV} Newscasts and Newspapers",
    author = "Watanabe, Yasuhiko  and
      Okada, Yoshihiro  and
      kaneji, Kengo  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2220",
}
@inproceedings{wehrli-1998-translating-idioms,
    title = "Translating Idioms",
    author = "Wehrli, Eric",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2221",
}
@inproceedings{wilcock-matsumoto-1998-head,
    title = "Head-Driven Generation with {HPSG}",
    author = "Wilcock, Graham  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2222",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-stevenson-1998-word-sense,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation using Optimised Combinations of Knowledge Sources",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2223",
}
@inproceedings{worm-1998-model-robust,
    title = "A Model for Robust Processing of Spontaneous Speech by Integrating Viable Fragments",
    author = "Worm, Karsten L.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2224",
}
@inproceedings{wu-wong-1998-machine-translation,
    title = "Machine Translation with a Stochastic Grammatical Channel",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      WONG, Hongsing",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2225",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-1998-structural-disambiguation,
    title = "Structural Disambiguation Based on Reliable Estimation of Strength of Association",
    author = "Wu, Haodong  and
      de Paiva Alves, Eduardo  and
      Furugori, Teiji",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2226",
}
@inproceedings{yamaguchi-etal-1998-combination-automatic,
    title = "Combination of an Automatic and an Interactive Disambiguation Method",
    author = "Yamaguchi, Masaya  and
      Kojilna, Takeyuki  and
      Inui, Nobuo  and
      Kotani, Yoshiyuki  and
      Nisinmra, Hirohiko",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2227",
}
@inproceedings{yamamoto-sumita-1998-feasibility-study,
    title = "Feasibility Study for Ellipsis Resolution in Dialogues by Machine-Learning Technique",
    author = "YAMAMOTO, Kazuhide  and
      SUMITA, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2228",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-vilain-1998-properties-preposition,
    title = "Some Properties of Preposition and Subordinate Conjunction Attachments",
    author = "Yeh, Alexander S.  and
      Vilain, Marc B.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2229",
}
@inproceedings{yoshimi-etal-1998-evaluation-importance,
    title = "Evaluation of Importance of Sentences based on Connectivity to Title",
    author = "Yoshimi, Takehiko  and
      Okunishi, Toshiyuki  and
      Yamaji, Takahiro  and
      Fukumochi, Yoji",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2230",
}
@inproceedings{zechner-1998-automatic-construction,
    title = "Automatic Construction of Frame Representations for Spontaneous Speech in Unrestricted Domains",
    author = "Zechner, Klaus",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2231",
}
@inproceedings{zechner-waibel-1998-using-chunk,
    title = "Using Chunk Based Partial Parsing of Spontaneous Speech in Unrestricted Domains for Reducing Word Error Rate in Speech Recognition",
    author = "Zechner, Klaus  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2232",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-1998-dialect-mt,
    title = "Dialect {MT}: A Case Study between {C}antonese and {M}andarin",
    author = "Zhang, Xiaoheng",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2233",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-lua-1998-word-association,
    title = "Word Association and {MI}-Trigger-based Language Modeling",
    author = "ZHOU, GuoDong  and
      LUA, KimTeng",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2234",
}
@inproceedings{belz-1998-discovering-phonotactic,
    title = "Discovering Phonotactic Finite-State Automata by Genetic Search",
    author = "Belz, Anja",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2235",
}
@inproceedings{byron-stent-1998-preliminary-model,
    title = "A Preliminary Model of Centering in Dialog",
    author = "Byron, D.  and
      Stent, A.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2236",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-1998-embedding-new,
    title = "Embedding New Information into Referring Expressions",
    author = "Cheng, Hua",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2237",
}
@inproceedings{ferret-1998-thematically-segment,
    title = "How to thematically segment texts by using lexical cohesion?",
    author = "Ferret, Olivier",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2238",
}
@inproceedings{heinonen-1998-optimal-multi,
    title = "Optimal Multi-Paragraph Text Segmentation by Dynamic Programming",
    author = "Heinonen, Oskari",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2239",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-1998-bridging-gap,
    title = "Bridging the Gap between Dictionary and Thesaurus",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2240",
}
@inproceedings{lewellen-1998-neural-network,
    title = "Neural Network Recognition of Spelling Errors",
    author = "Lewellen, Mark",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2241",
}
@inproceedings{mccarthy-korhonen-1998-detecting-verbal,
    title = "Detecting Verbal Participation in Diathesis Alternations",
    author = "McCarthy, Diana  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2242",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-1998-target-word,
    title = "Target Word Selection as Proximity in Semantic Space",
    author = "McDonald, Scott",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2243",
}
@inproceedings{smith-1998-cognitive-model,
    title = "A Cognitive Model of Coherence-Driven Story Comprehension",
    author = "Smith, Elliot",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2244",
}
@inproceedings{stoianov-1998-tree-based,
    title = "Tree-based Analysis of Simple Recurrent Network Learning",
    author = "Stoianov, Ivelin",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2245",
}
@inproceedings{thede-1998-predicting-part,
    title = "Predicting Part-of-Speech Information about Unknown Words using Statistical Methods",
    author = "Thede, Scott M.",
    booktitle = "{COLING} 1998 Volume 2: The 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1998",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C98-2246",
}
@proceedings{tipster-1998-tipster,
    title = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1000",
}
@inproceedings{gee-1998-tipster,
    title = "The {TIPSTER} Text Program Overview",
    author = "Gee, F. Ruth",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119091",
    pages = "3--5",
}
@inproceedings{gee-1998-tipster-phase,
    title = "{TIPSTER} Phase {III} Accomplishments",
    author = "Gee, F. Ruth",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119092",
    pages = "7--13",
}
@inproceedings{corbin-temin-1998-tipster,
    title = "TIPSTER LESSONS LEARNED: THE SE/CM PERSPECTIVE",
    author = "Corbin, Harold  and
      Temin, Aaron",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119094",
    pages = "17--21",
}
@inproceedings{appelt-onyshkevych-1998-common,
    title = "THE COMMON PATTERN SPECIFICATION LANGUAGE",
    author = "Appelt, Douglas E.  and
      Onyshkevych, Boyan",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119095",
    pages = "23--30",
}
@inproceedings{chrzanowski-1998-project,
    title = "Project Penlight - A Government Perspective",
    author = "Chrzanowski, Michael J.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119097",
    pages = "33--33",
}
@inproceedings{chrzanowski-1998-project-underline,
    title = "Project Underline - A Government Perspective",
    author = "Chrzanowski, Michael J.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119098",
    pages = "35--35",
}
@inproceedings{gee-1998-cornell,
    title = "The {C}ornell {TIPSTER} Phase {III} Project",
    author = "Gee, F. Ruth",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119099",
    pages = "37--38",
}
@inproceedings{maiorano-1998-sri,
    title = "THE SRI TIPSTER III PROJECT",
    author = "Maiorano, Steven",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119100",
    pages = "39--40",
}
@inproceedings{viscuso-1998-reflections,
    title = "Reflections of Accomplishments in Natural Language Based Detection and Summarization",
    author = "Viscuso, Susan R.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119101",
    pages = "41--42",
}
@inproceedings{childs-etal-1998-coreference,
    title = "COREFERENCE RESOLUTION STRATEGIES FROM AN APPLICATION PERSPECTIVE",
    author = "Childs, Lois C.  and
      Dadd, David  and
      Heintzelman, Norris",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119103",
    pages = "45--50",
}
@inproceedings{childs-cassel-1998-extracting,
    title = "EXTRACTING AND NORMALIZING TEMPORAL EXPRESSIONS",
    author = "Childs, Lois C.  and
      Cassel, David",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119104",
    pages = "51--56",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-1998-research,
    title = "Research in Information Extraction: 1996-98",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119105",
    pages = "57--60",
}
@inproceedings{kehler-etal-1998-information,
    title = "INFORMATION EXTRACTION RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS: CURRENT PROGRESS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS",
    author = "Kehler, Andrew  and
      Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Appelt, Douglas  and
      Bear, John  and
      Caywood, Matthew  and
      Israel, David  and
      Kameyama, Megumi  and
      Martin, David  and
      Monteleoni, Claire",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119106",
    pages = "61--73",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-1998-algorithms,
    title = "ALGORITHMS THAT LEARN TO EXTRACT INFORMATION BBN: TIPSTER PHASE III",
    author = "Miller, Scott  and
      Crystal, Michael  and
      Fox, Heidi  and
      Ramshaw, Lance  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Stone, Rebecca  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119107",
    pages = "75--89",
}
@inproceedings{nobata-etal-1998-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese {IE} System and Customization Tool",
    author = "Nobata, Chikashi  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119108",
    pages = "91--95",
}
@inproceedings{yangarber-grishman-1998-transforming,
    title = "Transforming Examples into Patterns for Information Extraction",
    author = "Yangarber, Roman  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119109",
    pages = "97--103",
}
@inproceedings{buckley-etal-1998-smart,
    title = "The Smart/Empire {TIPSTER} {IR} System",
    author = "Buckley, Chris  and
      Walz, Janet  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Mardis, Scott  and
      Mitra, Mandar  and
      Pierce, David  and
      Wagstaff, Kiri",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119111",
    pages = "107--121",
}
@inproceedings{diamond-liddy-1998-dynamic,
    title = "DYNAMIC DATA FUSION",
    author = "Diamond, Ted  and
      Liddy, Elizabeth D.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119112",
    pages = "123--128",
}
@inproceedings{kwok-1998-improving,
    title = "IMPROVING ENGLISH AND CHINESE AD-HOC RETRIEVAL: TIPSTER TEXT PHASE 3 FINAL REPORT",
    author = "Kwok, Kui-Lam",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119113",
    pages = "129--137",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-etal-1998-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Detection through Linguistic Indexing and Topic Expansion",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Stein, Gees C.  and
      Wise, G. Bowden",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119114",
    pages = "139--148",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-etal-1998-overview,
    title = "Overview of the University of {P}ennsylvania{'}s {TIPSTER} Project",
    author = "Baldwin, Breck  and
      Morton, Thomas S.  and
      Bagga, Amit",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119116",
    pages = "151--161",
}
@inproceedings{chert-etal-1998-ntu,
    title = "AN NTU-APPROACH TO AUTOMATIC SENTENCE EXTRACTION FOR SUMMARY GENERATION",
    author = "Chert, Kuang-hua  and
      Huang, Sheng-Jie  and
      Lin, Wen-Cheng  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119117",
    pages = "163--170",
}
@inproceedings{cowie-etal-1998-improving,
    title = "Improving Robust Domain Independent Summarization",
    author = "Cowie, Jim  and
      Ludovik, Eugene  and
      Molina-Salgado, Hugo",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119118",
    pages = "171--177",
}
@inproceedings{firmin-mani-1998-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Text Summarization in {TIPSTER}",
    author = "Firmin, Therese  and
      Mani, Inderjeet",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119119",
    pages = "179--180",
}
@inproceedings{goldstein-carbonell-1998-summarization,
    title = "SUMMARIZATION: (1) USING MMR FOR DIVERSITY- BASED RERANKING AND (2) EVALUATING SUMMARIES",
    author = "Goldstein, Jade  and
      Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119120",
    pages = "181--195",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-lin-1998-automated,
    title = "AUTOMATED TEXT SUMMARIZATION AND THE SUMMARIST SYSTEM",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119121",
    pages = "197--214",
}
@inproceedings{mckenna-liddy-1998-multiple,
    title = "MULTIPLE {\&} SINGLE DOCUMENT SUMMARIZATION USING DR-LINK",
    author = "McKenna, Mary  and
      Liddy, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119122",
    pages = "215--221",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-etal-1998-text,
    title = "A Text-Extraction Based Summarizer",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Stein, Gees C.  and
      Wise, G. Bowden",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119123",
    pages = "223--230",
}
@inproceedings{marsh-1998-tipster,
    title = "{TIPSTER} Information Extraction Evaluation: The {MUC}-7 Workshop",
    author = "Marsh, Elaine",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119125",
    pages = "233--234",
}
@inproceedings{chinchor-1998-muc,
    title = "{MUC}/{MET} Evaluation Trends",
    author = "Chinchor, Nancy A.",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119126",
    pages = "235--239",
}
@inproceedings{voorhees-harman-1998-text,
    title = "THE TEXT RETRIEVAL CONFERENCES (TRECS)",
    author = "Voorhees, Ellen M.  and
      Harman, Donna",
    booktitle = "TIPSTER TEXT PROGRAM PHASE III: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Baltimore, {M}aryland, October 13-15, 1998",
    month = oct,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/X98-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/1119089.1119127",
    pages = "241--273",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1995-rocling,
    title = "Proceedings of Rocling {VIII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VIII}",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    month = aug,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Taoyuan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{chief-chen-1995-kou,
    title = "口語和書面語中漢語反身詞的分布情形與指涉關係 (The Anaphoric Relations and Distributions of {M}andarin Reflexive Pronouns in Oral and Written Texts) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chief, Lian-Cheng  and
      Chen, Pei-Chi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VIII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Taoyuan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O95-1001",
    pages = "15--29",
}
@inproceedings{chien-gu-1995-shi,
    title = "適合大量中文文件全文檢索的索引及資料壓縮技術 (Full-text Indexing and Data Compression for {C}hinese Documents) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chien, Lee-Feng  and
      Gu, Hung-yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VIII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Taoyuan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O95-1002",
    pages = "31--42",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-su-1995-new,
    title = "The New Generation {B}ehavior{T}ran: Design Philosophy And System Architecture",
    author = "Hsu, Yu-Ling Una  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VIII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Taoyuan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O95-1003",
    pages = "65--79",
}
@inproceedings{jobbins-evett-1995-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification Of Cohesion In Texts: Exploiting The Lexical Organization Of {R}oget{'}s Thesaurus",
    author = "Jobbins, A.C.  and
      Evett, L.J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VIII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Taoyuan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O95-1004",
    pages = "111--126",
}
@inproceedings{kita-iwasa-1995-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Language Modeling Based On Mixture Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar",
    author = "Kita, Kenji  and
      Iwasa, Tatsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VIII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Taoyuan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O95-1005",
    pages = "127--136",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-1995-statistics,
    title = "Are Statistics-Based Approaches Good Enough For {NLP}? A Case Study Of Maximal-Length {NP} Extraction In {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Li, Wenjie  and
      Pan, Haihua  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai  and
      Lum, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VIII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Taoyuan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O95-1006",
    pages = "137--153",
}
@inproceedings{morin-1995-theoretical,
    title = "Theoretical and Effective Complexity In Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Morin, Jean-Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VIII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Taoyuan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O95-1007",
    pages = "155--173",
}
@inproceedings{nie-etal-1995-unifying,
    title = "A Unifying Approach To Segmentation Of {C}hinese And Its Application To Text Retrieval",
    author = "Nie, Jian-Yun  and
      Ren, Xiaobo  and
      Brisebois, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VIII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Taoyuan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O95-1008",
    pages = "175--190",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-1995-po,
    title = "破音字發音的預測方法 (The Pronunciation Prediction of Homographs) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Wern-Jun  and
      Hwang, Shaw-Hwa  and
      Lee, Chun-Hsiao  and
      Liu, Chi-Shi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VIII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Taoyuan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O95-1009",
    pages = "225--231",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-1995-yi,
    title = "以{CELP}為基礎之文句翻語音中韻律訊息之產生與調整 (Prosodic Information Generation and Adjustment in Text to Speech Synthesis Based on {CELP}) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Chen, Jau-Hung  and
      Chuang, Hsin-Chung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VIII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Taoyuan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O95-1010",
    pages = "233--251",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-etal-1995-ying,
    title = "應用於{''}音中仙{''}國語聽寫機之短語規則分析與建立(A study on rules of collocations for mandarin dictation system {``}Sound of {V}enus{''}) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yeh, Jui-Feng  and
      Wang, Jhing-Fa  and
      Hsu, Jyh-Shing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VIII} Computational Linguistics Conference {VIII}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Taoyuan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O95-1011",
    pages = "253--272",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1995-rocling-1995,
    title = "{ROCLING} 1995 Poster Papers",
    author = "{}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Taoyuan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{cho-1995-implementing,
    title = "Implementing Scrambling In {K}orean: A Principles And Parameters Approach",
    author = "Cho, Franklin S.",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1995 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Taoyuan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O95-2001",
    pages = "43--54",
}
@inproceedings{ghneim-auberge-1995-optimising,
    title = "Optimising Tools for the {F}rench Letter-to-Phone Grammar {TOPH} With a View to Phonographic Spelling Correction",
    author = "Ghneim, Nada  and
      Auberg{\'e}, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1995 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Taoyuan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O95-2002",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{iwasa-kita-1995-error,
    title = "Error Correction of Speech Recognition Outputs Using Generalized {LR} Parsing and Confusion Matrix",
    author = "Iwasa, Tatsuya  and
      Kita, Kenji",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1995 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Taoyuan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O95-2003",
    pages = "101--110",
}
@inproceedings{pan-1995-phonetic,
    title = "The Phonetic Variants of {T}aiwanese {``}Voiced{''} Stops: an Airflow Study",
    author = "Pan, Ho-hsien",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1995 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Taoyuan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O95-2004",
    pages = "191--215",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-1995-maintenance,
    title = "Maintenance of Machine-Readable Dictionary",
    author = "Tanaka, Yasuhito",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1995 Poster Papers",
    month = aug,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Taoyuan, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O95-2005",
    pages = "217--223",
}
@proceedings{jep-taln-recital-2013-taln,
    title = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    author = "Morin, Emmanuel  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1000",
}
@inproceedings{nejme-etal-2013-morphological,
    title = "Morphological analysis of the standard Amazigh language using {N}oo{J} platform (Analyse Automatique de la Morphologie Nominale Amazighe) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Nejme, Fatima Zahra  and
      Boulaknadel, Siham  and
      Aboutajdine, Driss",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1001",
    pages = "5--18",
}
@inproceedings{tellier-dupont-2013-symbolic-statistical,
    title = "Symbolic and statistical learning for chunking : comparison and combinations (Apprentissage symbolique et statistique pour le chunking:comparaison et combinaisons) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Tellier, Isabelle  and
      Dupont, Yoann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1002",
    pages = "19--32",
}
@inproceedings{chali-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using {POMDP}s for Topic-Focused {M}ulti-{D}ocument Summarization (L{'}utilisation des {POMDP} pour les r{\'e}sum{\'e}s multi-documents orient{\'e}s par une th{\'e}matique) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Chali, Yllias  and
      Hasan, Sadid A.  and
      Mojahid, Mustapha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1003",
    pages = "33--47",
}
@inproceedings{ferret-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised selection of semantic relations for improving a distributional thesaurus (S{\'e}lection non supervis{\'e}e de relations s{\'e}mantiques pour am{\'e}liorer un th{\'e}saurus distributionnel) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ferret, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1004",
    pages = "48--61",
}
@inproceedings{dupuch-etal-2013-grouping,
    title = "Grouping of terms based on linguistic and semantic regularities in a cross-lingual context (Groupement de termes bas{\'e} sur des r{\'e}gularit{\'e}s linguistiques et s{\'e}mantiques dans un contexte cross-langue) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Dupuch, Marie  and
      Hamon, Thierry  and
      Grabar, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1005",
    pages = "62--75",
}
@inproceedings{pradet-etal-2013-wonef,
    title = "{W}o{N}e{F}, an improved, extended and evaluated automatic {F}rench translation of {W}ord{N}et ({W}o{N}e{F} : am{\'e}lioration, extension et {\'e}valuation d{'}une traduction fran{\c{c}}aise automatique de {W}ord{N}et) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Pradet, Quentin  and
      Baguenier-Desormeaux, Jeanne  and
      Chalendar, Ga{\"e}l de  and
      Danlos, Laurence},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1006",
    pages = "76--89",
}
@inproceedings{jabaian-etal-2013-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative statistical approaches for multilingual speech understanding (Approches statistiques discriminantes pour l{'}interpr{\'e}tation s{\'e}mantique multilingue de la parole) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Jabaian, Bassam  and
      Lef{\`e}vre, Fabrice  and
      Besacier, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1007",
    pages = "90--103",
}
@inproceedings{braud-denis-2013-automatically,
    title = "Automatically identifying implicit discourse relations using annotated data and raw corpora (Identification automatique des relations discursives « implicites » {\`a} partir de donn{\'e}es annot{\'e}es et de corpus bruts) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Braud, Chlo{\'e}  and
      Denis, Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1008",
    pages = "104--117",
}
@inproceedings{lassalle-denis-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning a hierarchy of specialized pairwise models for coreference resolution (Apprentissage d{'}une hi{\'e}rarchie de mod{\`e}les {\`a} paires sp{\'e}cialis{\'e}s pour la r{\'e}solution de la cor{\'e}f{\'e}rence) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Lassalle, Emmanuel  and
      Denis, Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1009",
    pages = "118--131",
}
@inproceedings{fauconnier-etal-2013-supervised,
    title = "A Supervised learning for the identification of semantic relations in parallel enumerative structures (Apprentissage supervis{\'e} pour l{'}identification de relations s{\'e}mantiques au sein de structures {\'e}num{\'e}ratives parall{\`e}les) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Fauconnier, Jean-Philippe  and
      Kamel, Mouna  and
      Rothenburger, Bernard  and
      Aussenac-Gilles, Nathalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1010",
    pages = "132--145",
}
@inproceedings{jacques-etal-2013-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} and corpus techniques for finding formulations that facilitate scientific writing in {E}nglish (Techniques de {TAL} et corpus pour faciliter les formulations en anglais scientifique {\'e}crit) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Jacques, Marie-Paule  and
      Hartwell, Laura  and
      Falaise, Achille",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1011",
    pages = "146--159",
}
@inproceedings{hernandez-boudin-2013-construction,
    title = "Construction of a Free Large Part-of-Speech Annotated Corpus in {F}rench (Construction d{'}un large corpus {\'e}crit libre annot{\'e} morpho-syntaxiquement en fran{\c{c}}ais) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Hernandez, Nicolas  and
      Boudin, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1012",
    pages = "160--173",
}
@inproceedings{abeille-crabbe-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards a treebank of spoken {F}rench (Vers un treebank du fran{\c{c}}ais parl{\'e}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Abeill{\'e}, Anne  and
      Crabb{\'e}, Benoit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1013",
    pages = "174--187",
}
@inproceedings{urieli-tanguy-2013-applying,
    title = "APPLYING A BEAM SEARCH TO TRANSITION-BASED DEPENDENCY PARSING: A CASE STUDY FOR FRENCH WITH THE TALISMANE SUITE (L{'}apport du faisceau dans l{'}analyse syntaxique en d{\'e}pendances par transitions : {\'e}tudes de cas avec l{'}analyseur Talismane) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Urieli, Assaf  and
      Tanguy, Ludovic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1014",
    pages = "188--201",
}
@inproceedings{simon-etal-2013-probabilistic,
    title = "A probabilistic segment model combining lexical cohesion and disruption for topic segmentation (Un mod{\`e}le segmental probabiliste combinant coh{\'e}sion lexicale et rupture lexicale pour la segmentation th{\'e}matique) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Simon, Anca  and
      Gravier, Guillaume  and
      S{\'e}billot, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1015",
    pages = "202--214",
}
@inproceedings{bourreau-2013-treating,
    title = "Treating ellipsis : two abstract categorial grammar perspectives (Traitements d{'}ellipses : deux approches par les grammaires cat{\'e}gorielles abstraites) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bourreau, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1016",
    pages = "215--228",
}
@inproceedings{blache-2013-chunks,
    title = "Chunks and the notion of activation : a facilitation model for sentence processing (Chunks et activation : un mod{\`e}le de facilitation du traitement linguistique) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Blache, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1017",
    pages = "229--242",
}
@inproceedings{hazem-morin-2013-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Lexicon Extraction from Comparable Corpora by Combining Contextual Representations (Extraction de lexiques bilingues {\`a} partir de corpus comparables par combinaison de repr{\'e}sentations contextuelles) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Hazem, Amir  and
      Morin, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1018",
    pages = "243--256",
}
@inproceedings{claveau-ncibi-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised {CRF} for knowledge discovery (D{\'e}couverte de connaissances dans les s{\'e}quences par {CRF} non-supervis{\'e}s) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Claveau, Vincent  and
      Ncibi, Abir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1019",
    pages = "257--270",
}
@inproceedings{gaillat-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic tagging of a learner corpus of {E}nglish with a modified version of the {P}enn Treebank tagset (Annotation automatique d{'}un corpus d{'}apprenants d{'}anglais avec un jeu d{'}{\'e}tiquettes modifi{\'e} du {P}enn Treebank) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gaillat, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1020",
    pages = "271--284",
}
@inproceedings{sajous-etal-2013-glaff,
    title = "{GL{\`A}FF}, a Large Versatile {F}rench Lexicon ({GL{\`A}FF}, un Gros Lexique {\`A} tout Faire du Fran{\c{c}}ais) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Sajous, Franck  and
      Hathout, Nabil  and
      Calderone, Basilio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1021",
    pages = "285--298",
}
@inproceedings{hay-kraif-2013-constitution,
    title = "The constitution of an {A}rabic semantic resource from a multilingual aligned corpus (Constitution d{'}une ressource s{\'e}mantique arabe {\`a} partir de corpus multilingue align{\'e}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Hay, Authoul Abdul  and
      Kraif, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1022",
    pages = "299--312",
}
@inproceedings{harastani-etal-2013-identification,
    title = "Identification, Alignment, and Tranlsation of Relational Adjectives from Comparable Corpora (Identification, alignement, et traductions des adjectifs relationnels en corpus comparables) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Harastani, Rima  and
      Daille, Beatrice  and
      Morin, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1023",
    pages = "313--326",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2013-utilisation,
    title = "(Utilisation de la similarit{\'e} s{\'e}mantique pour l{'}extraction de lexiques bilingues {\`a} partir de corpus comparables) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bouamor, Dhouha  and
      Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1024",
    pages = "327--338",
}
@inproceedings{zarrouk-etal-2013-inductive-deductive,
    title = "Inductive and deductive inferences in a Crowdsourced Lexical-Semantic Network (Inf{\'e}rences d{\'e}ductives et r{\'e}conciliation dans un r{\'e}seau lexico-s{\'e}mantique) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Zarrouk, Manel  and
      Lafourcade, Mathieu  and
      Joubert, Alain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1025",
    pages = "339--352",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic relation clustering for unsupervised information extraction (Regroupement s{\'e}mantique de relations pour l{'}extraction d{'}information non supervis{\'e}e) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Wang, Wei  and
      Besan{\c{c}}on, Romaric  and
      Ferret, Olivier  and
      Grau, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1026",
    pages = "353--366",
}
@inproceedings{retore-2013-semantics,
    title = "On the semantics of determiners in a rich type-theoretical framework (S{\'e}mantique des d{\'e}terminants dans un cadre richement typ{\'e}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Retor{\'e}, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1027",
    pages = "367--380",
}
@inproceedings{lecluze-etal-2013-parallel,
    title = "Parallel areas detection in multi-documents for multilingual alignment (D{\'e}tection de zones parall{\`e}les {\`a} l{'}int{\'e}rieur de multi-documents pour l{'}alignement multilingue) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Lecluze, Charlotte  and
      Brixtel, Romain  and
      Rigouste, Lo{\"\i}s  and
      Giguet, Emmanuel  and
      Clouard, R{\'e}gis  and
      Lejeune, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Constant, Patrick},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1028",
    pages = "381--394",
}
@inproceedings{hamdi-etal-2013-translating,
    title = "Translating verbs between {MSA} and arabic dialects through deep morphological analysis (Un syst{\`e}me de traduction de verbes entre arabe standard et arabe dialectal par analyse morphologique profonde) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Hamdi, Ahmed  and
      Boujelbane, Rahma  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Nasr, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1029",
    pages = "395--406",
}
@inproceedings{sagot-etal-2013-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic extension of a {F}rench morphological lexicon based a text stream (Extension dynamique de lexiques morphologiques pour le fran{\c{c}}ais {\`a} partir d{'}un flux textuel) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Nouvel, Damien  and
      Mouilleron, Virginie  and
      Baranes, Marion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1030",
    pages = "407--420",
}
@inproceedings{nouvel-etal-2013-mining,
    title = "Mining Partial Annotation Rules for Named Entity Recognition (Fouille de r{\`e}gles d{'}annotation partielles pour la reconnaissance des entit{\'e}s nomm{\'e}es) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Nouvel, Damien  and
      Antoine, Jean-Yves  and
      Friburger, Nathalie  and
      Soulet, Arnaud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1031",
    pages = "421--434",
}
@inproceedings{keskes-etal-2013-segmenting,
    title = "Segmenting {A}rabic Texts into Elementary Discourse Units (Segmentation de textes arabes en unit{\'e}s discursives minimales) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Keskes, Iskandar  and
      Beanamara, Farah  and
      Belguith, Lamia Hadrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1032",
    pages = "435--449",
}
@inproceedings{lavergne-etal-2013-fully,
    title = "A fully discriminative training framework for Statistical Machine Translation (Un cadre d{'}apprentissage int{\'e}gralement discriminant pour la traduction statistique) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Lavergne, Thomas  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1033",
    pages = "450--463",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Annotation in Specific Domains with rich Ontologies (Annotation s{\'e}mantique pour des domaines sp{\'e}cialis{\'e}s et des ontologies riches) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ma, Yue  and
      L{\'e}vy, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Nazarenko, Adeline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1034",
    pages = "464--478",
}
@inproceedings{foucault-etal-2013-web,
    title = "Web pages segmentation for document selection in Question Answering (Pr{\'e}-segmentation de pages web et s{\'e}lection de documents pertinents en Questions-R{\'e}ponses) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Foucault, Nicolas  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Adda, Gilles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1035",
    pages = "479--492",
}
@inproceedings{ligozat-etal-2013-studying,
    title = "Studying frequency-based approaches to process lexical simplification (Approches {\`a} base de fr{\'e}quences pour la simplification lexicale) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ligozat, Anne-Laure  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Garcia-Fernandez, Anne  and
      Bernhard, Delphine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-1036",
    pages = "493--506",
}
@proceedings{jep-taln-recital-2013-taln-2013,
    title = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    author = "Morin, Emmanuel  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2000",
}
@inproceedings{boudin-2013-taln,
    title = "{TALN} Archives : a digital archive of {F}rench research articles in Natural Language Processing ({TALN} Archives : une archive num{\'e}rique francophone des articles de recherche en Traitement Automatique de la Langue) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Boudin, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2001",
    pages = "507--514",
}
@inproceedings{marteau-menier-2013-similarities,
    title = "Similarities induced by a comparability mapping : meaning and utility in the context of the clustering of comparable texts (Similarit{\'e}s induites par mesure de comparabilit{\'e} : signification et utilit{\'e} pour le clustering et l{'}alignement de textes comparables) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Marteau, Pierre-Francois  and
      M{\'e}nier, Gildas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2002",
    pages = "515--522",
}
@inproceedings{maurel-markhoff-2013-prolmf,
    title = "{P}ro{LMF} 1.2, Proper Names with their Expansions ({P}ro{LMF} version 1.2. Une ressource libre de noms propres avec des expansions contextuelles) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Maurel, Denis  and
      Markhoff, B{\'e}atrice Bouchou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2003",
    pages = "523--530",
}
@inproceedings{lecouteux-besacier-2013-driven,
    title = "Driven Decoding for machine translation (Vers un d{\'e}codage guid{\'e} pour la traduction automatique) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Lecouteux, Benjamin  and
      Besacier, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2004",
    pages = "531--538",
}
@inproceedings{gerlach-etal-2013-lightweight,
    title = "Can lightweight pre-editing rules improve statistical {MT} of forum content? (La La pr{\'e}{\'e}dition avec des r{\`e}gles peu co{\^u}teuses, utile pour la {TA} statistique des forums ?) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gerlach, Johanna  and
      Porro, Victoria  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Lehmann, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2005",
    pages = "539--546",
}
@inproceedings{hamon-etal-2013-interactive,
    title = "Interactive editing of utterances in {F}rench sign language dedicated to signing avatars ({\'E}dition interactive d{'}{\'e}nonc{\'e}s en langue des signes fran{\c{c}}aise d{\'e}di{\'e}e aux avatars signeurs) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Hamon, Ludovic  and
      Gibet, Sylvie  and
      Boustila, Sabah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2006",
    pages = "547--554",
}
@inproceedings{muzerelle-etal-2013-ancor,
    title = "{ANCOR}, the first large {F}rench speaking corpus of conversational speech annotated in coreference to be freely available ({ANCOR}, premier corpus de fran{\c{c}}ais parl{\'e} d{'}envergure annot{\'e} en cor{\'e}f{\'e}rence et distribu{\'e} librement) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Muzerelle, Judith  and
      Lefeuvre, Ana{\"\i}s  and
      Antoine, Jean-Yves  and
      Schang, Emmanuel  and
      Maurel, Denis  and
      Villaneau, Jeanne  and
      Eshkol, Iris},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2007",
    pages = "555--563",
}
@inproceedings{loginova-clouet-daille-2013-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Compound Splitting (Segmentation Multilingue des Mots Compos{\'e}s) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Loginova-Clouet, Elizaveta  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2008",
    pages = "564--571",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-mangeot-2013-complex,
    title = "Complex terminologies management - the case of acronyms (Gestion des terminologies riches : l{'}exemple des acronymes) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Zhang, Ying  and
      Mangeot, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2009",
    pages = "572--579",
}
@inproceedings{zampieri-etal-2013-n,
    title = "N-gram Language Models and {POS} Distribution for the Identification of {S}panish Varieties (Ngrammes et Traits Morphosyntaxiques pour la Identification de Vari{\'e}t{\'e}s de l{'}Espagnol) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Gebre, Binyam Gebrekidan  and
      Diwersy, Sascha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2010",
    pages = "580--587",
}
@inproceedings{fraisse-etal-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Minor Opinion Polarity Classification with Named Entity Analysis (L{'}apport des Entit{\'e}s Nomm{\'e}es pour la classification des opinions minoritaires) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Fraisse, Amel  and
      Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Francopoulo, Gil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2011",
    pages = "588--595",
}
@inproceedings{bel-enguix-zock-2013-lexical,
    title = "Lexical access via a simple co-occurrence network (Trouver les mots dans un simple r{\'e}seau de co-occurrences) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bel-Enguix, Gemma  and
      Zock, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2012",
    pages = "596--603",
}
@inproceedings{perrier-2013-static,
    title = "Static Analysis of Interactions between Elementary Structures of a Grammar (Analyse statique des interactions entre structures {\'e}l{\'e}mentaires d{'}une grammaire) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Perrier, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2013",
    pages = "604--611",
}
@inproceedings{charton-etal-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic annotation influence on coreference detection using perceptron approach (Influence des annotations s{\'e}mantiques sur un syst{\`e}me de d{\'e}tection de cor{\'e}f{\'e}rence {\`a} base de perceptron multi-couches) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Charton, Eric  and
      Gagnon, Michel  and
      Jean-Louis, Ludovic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2014",
    pages = "612--619",
}
@inproceedings{sadat-mohamed-2013-pre,
    title = "Pre-processing and Language Analysis for {A}rabic to {F}rench Statistical Machine Translation (Traduction automatique statistique pour l{'}arabe-fran{\c{c}}ais am{\'e}lior{\'e}e par le pr{\'e}traitement et l{'}analyse de la langue) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Sadat, Fatiha  and
      Mohamed, Emad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2015",
    pages = "620--627",
}
@inproceedings{guillaume-fort-2013-formalizing,
    title = "Formalizing an annotation guide : some experiments towards assisted agile annotation (Exp{\'e}riences de formalisation d{'}un guide d{'}annotation : vers l{'}annotation agile assist{\'e}e) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Guillaume, Bruno  and
      Fort, Kar{\"e}n},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2016",
    pages = "628--635",
}
@inproceedings{domingues-eshkol-taravella-2013-localizing,
    title = "Localizing toponyms in topographic map titles (Rep{\'e}rer des toponymes dans des titres de cartes topographiques) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Domingu{\`e}s, Catherine  and
      Eshkol-Taravella, Iris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2017",
    pages = "636--642",
}
@inproceedings{zweigenbaum-tannier-2013-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of temporal relations between clinical events in clinical documents (Extraction des relations temporelles entre {\'e}v{\'e}nements m{\'e}dicaux dans des comptes rendus hospitaliers) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Tannier, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2018",
    pages = "643--650",
}
@inproceedings{tulechki-tanguy-2013-second,
    title = "Second order similarity for exploring multilingual textual databases (Similarit{\'e} de second ordre pour l{'}exploration de bases textuelles multilingues) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Tulechki, Nikola  and
      Tanguy, Ludovic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2019",
    pages = "651--658",
}
@inproceedings{chaumartin-2013-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual and generic text categorization (Apprentissage d{'}une classification th{\'e}matique g{\'e}n{\'e}rique et cross-langue {\`a} partir des cat{\'e}gories de la Wikip{\'e}dia) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Chaumartin, Fran{\c{c}}ois-R{\'e}gis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2020",
    pages = "659--666",
}
@inproceedings{okinina-etal-2013-supervised,
    title = "Supervised learning on encyclopaedic resources for the extension of a lexicon of proper names dedicated to the recognition of named entities (Apprentissage supervis{\'e} sur ressources encyclop{\'e}diques pour l{'}enrichissement d{'}un lexique de noms propres destin{\'e} {\`a} la reconnaissance des entit{\'e}s nomm{\'e}es) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Okinina, Nadia  and
      Nouvel, Damien  and
      Friburger, Nathalie  and
      Antoine, Jean-Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2021",
    pages = "667--674",
}
@inproceedings{paroubek-etal-2013-converting,
    title = "Converting dependencies for syntactic analysis of {F}rench into {PASSAGE} functional relations (Convertir des analyses syntaxiques en d{\'e}pendances vers les relations fonctionnelles {PASSAGE}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Asadullah, Munshi  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2022",
    pages = "675--682",
}
@inproceedings{loaiciga-2013-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora Resolution for Machine Translation (R{\'e}solution d{'}anaphores et traitement des pronoms en traduction automatique {\`a} base de r{\`e}gles) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Lo{\'a}iciga, Sharid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2023",
    pages = "683--690",
}
@inproceedings{cailliau-etal-2013-lexicons,
    title = "Lexicons from Comparable Corpora for Multilingual Information Retrieval (Lexiques de corpus comparables et recherche d{'}information multilingue) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Cailliau, Frederik  and
      Cavet, Ariane  and
      Groc, Cl{\'e}ment De  and
      Loupy, Claude De",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2024",
    pages = "691--698",
}
@inproceedings{suignard-kerroua-2013-using,
    title = "Using contexts for automatic or semi-automatic correction of customer complaints (Utilisation de contextes pour la correction automatique ou semi-automatique de r{\'e}clamations clients) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Suignard, Philippe  and
      Kerroua, Sofiane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2025",
    pages = "699--706",
}
@inproceedings{cabrera-diego-etal-2013-segcv,
    title = "{S}eg{CV} : Eficient parsing of r{\'e}sum{\'e}s with analysis and correction of errors ({S}eg{CV} : traitement efficace de {CV} avec analyse et correction d{'}erreurs) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Cabrera-Diego, Luis Adri{\'a}n  and
      Torres-Moreno, Juan-Manuel  and
      El-B{\`e}ze, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2026",
    pages = "707--714",
}
@inproceedings{cossu-etal-2013-search,
    title = "Search and usage of named conceptual entities in a categorisazion task (Recherche et utilisation d{'}entit{\'e}s nomm{\'e}es conceptuelles dans une t{\^a}che de cat{\'e}gorisation) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Cossu, Jean-Val{\`e}re  and
      Torres-Moreno, Juan-Manuel  and
      El-B{\`e}ze, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2027",
    pages = "715--722",
}
@inproceedings{wisniewski-etal-2013-corpus,
    title = "A corpus of post-edited translations (Un corpus d{'}erreurs de traduction) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Singh, Anil Kumar  and
      Segal, Natalia  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2028",
    pages = "723--730",
}
@inproceedings{ellouze-etal-2013-evaluation-summary,
    title = "An evaluation summary method based on combination of automatic and textual complexity metrics (Une m{\'e}thode d{'}{\'e}valuation des r{\'e}sum{\'e}s bas{\'e}e sur la combinaison de m{\'e}triques automatiques et de complexit{\'e} textuelle) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ellouze, Samira Walha  and
      Jaoua, Maher  and
      Belguith, Lamia Hadrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2029",
    pages = "731--738",
}
@inproceedings{bouchekif-etal-2013-iterative,
    title = "An iterative topic segmentation algorithm with intra-content term weighting (Segmentation th{\'e}matique : processus it{\'e}ratif de pond{\'e}ration intra-contenu) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bouchekif, Abdessalam  and
      Damnati, G{\'e}raldine  and
      Charlet, Delphine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2030",
    pages = "739--746",
}
@inproceedings{panchenko-etal-2013-search,
    title = "Search and Visualization of Semantically Related Words (Recherche et visualisation de mots s{\'e}mantiquement li{\'e}s) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Panchenko, Alexander  and
      Naets, Hubert  and
      Brouwers, Laetitia  and
      Romanov, Pavel  and
      Fairon, C{\'e}drick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2031",
    pages = "747--754",
}
@inproceedings{guilbaud-etal-2013-extended,
    title = "An extended morphological analyzer of {G}erman handling verbal forms with separated separable particles (Un analyseur morphologique {\'e}tendu de l{'}allemand traitant les formes verbales {\`a} particule s{\'e}par{\'e}e) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Guilbaud, Jean-Philippe  and
      Boitet, Christian  and
      Berment, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2032",
    pages = "755--763",
}
@inproceedings{vincent-winterstein-2013-building,
    title = "Building and exploiting a {F}rench corpus for sentiment analysis (Construction et exploitation d{'}un corpus fran{\c{c}}ais pour l{'}analyse de sentiment) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Vincent, Marc  and
      Winterstein, Gr{\'e}goire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2033",
    pages = "764--771",
}
@inproceedings{nerima-wehrli-2013-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora Resolution Applied to Collocation Identification: A Preliminary Evaluation (R{\'e}solution d{'}anaphores appliqu{\'e}e aux collocations: une {\'e}valuation pr{\'e}liminaire) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Nerima, Luka  and
      Wehrli, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2034",
    pages = "772--778",
}
@inproceedings{mondary-etal-2013-help,
    title = "Help enrich a terminological repository : proposals and experiments (Aide {\`a} l{'}enrichissement d{'}un r{\'e}f{\'e}rentiel terminologique : propositions et exp{\'e}rimentations) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Mondary, Thibault  and
      Nazarenko, Adeline  and
      Zargayouna, Ha{\"\i}fa  and
      Barreaux, Sabine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-2035",
    pages = "779--786",
}
@proceedings{jep-taln-recital-2013-taln-2013-3,
    title = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    author = "Morin, Emmanuel  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-3000",
}
@inproceedings{lejeune-etal-2013-daniel,
    title = "{DA}n{IEL}, parsimonious yet high-coverage multilingual epidemic surveillance ({DA}n{IEL} : Veille {\'e}pid{\'e}miologique multilingue parcimonieuse) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Lejeune, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Brixtel, Romain  and
      Lecluze, Charlotte  and
      Doucet, Antoine  and
      Lucas, Nadine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-3001",
    pages = "787--788",
}
@inproceedings{kozlova-etal-2013-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual lexical database in the framework of {COMPRENO} linguistic model developed by {ABBYY} (Lexique multilingue dans le cadre du mod{\`e}le Compreno d{\'e}velopp{\'e} {ABBYY}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Kozlova, Elena  and
      Gontcharova, Maria  and
      Popova, Tatiana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-3002",
    pages = "789--790",
}
@inproceedings{quintana-2013-inbenta,
    title = "Inbenta Semantic Search Engine: a semantic search engine inspired by the Meaning-Text Theory (Inbenta Semantic Search Engine : un moteur de recherche s{\'e}mantique inspir{\'e} de la Th{\'e}orie Sens-Texte) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Quintana, Manon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-3003",
    pages = "791--792",
}
@inproceedings{bouraoui-canitrot-2013-fmo,
    title = "{FMO}: a tool for automated opinion mining ({FMO} : un outil d{'}analyse automatique de l{'}opinion) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bouraoui, Jean-Leon  and
      Canitrot, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-3004",
    pages = "793--794",
}
@inproceedings{seguela-laurent-2013-checking,
    title = "Checking, analysing and representing texts (Corriger, analyser et repr{\'e}senter le texte Synapse D{\'e}veloppement) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "S{\'e}gu{\'e}la, Patrick  and
      Laurent, Dominique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-3005",
    pages = "795--796",
}
@inproceedings{tannier-etal-2013-interface,
    title = "An Interface for Validating and Evaluating Thematic Timelines (Une interface pour la validation et l{'}{\'e}valuation de chronologies th{\'e}matiques) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Tannier, Xavier  and
      Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Flem, Erwan Le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-3006",
    pages = "797--798",
}
@inproceedings{maurel-friburger-2013-cassys,
    title = "{C}as{S}ys, a free transducer cascade system ({C}as{S}ys Un syst{\`e}me libre de cascades de transducteurs) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Maurel, Denis  and
      Friburger, Nathalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-3007",
    pages = "799--800",
}
@inproceedings{wang-zhang-2013-imag,
    title = "i{MAG} : {MT}-postediting, translation quality evaluation and parallel corpus production (i{MAG} : post-{\'e}dition, {\'e}valuation de qualit{\'e} de {TA} et production d{'}un corpus parall{\`e}le) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Wang, Lingxiao  and
      Zhang, Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-3008",
    pages = "801--802",
}
@inproceedings{rouquet-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Web technologies for Lexical Linked Data management (Technologies du Web S{\'e}mantique pour l{'}exploitation de donn{\'e}es lexicales en r{\'e}seau (Lexical Linked Data)) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Rouquet, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-3009",
    pages = "803--804",
}
@inproceedings{falaise-2013-adaptation,
    title = "Adaptation of the corpus platform {S}cien{Q}uest for assistance to writing in a second language (Adaptation de la plateforme corporale {S}cien{Q}uest pour l{'}aide {\`a} la r{\'e}daction en langue seconde) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Falaise, Achille",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-3010",
    pages = "805--806",
}
@inproceedings{saldarriaga-etal-2013-apopsis,
    title = "Apopsis Demonstrator for Tweet Analysis (D{\'e}monstrateur Apopsis pour l{'}analyse des tweets) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Saldarriaga, Sebasti{\'a}n Pe{\~n}a  and
      Vintache, Damien  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-3011",
    pages = "807--808",
}
@inproceedings{cailliau-cavet-2013-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis for Call-centers (L{'}analyse des sentiments au service des centres d{'}appels) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Cailliau, Frederik  and
      Cavet, Ariane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-3012",
    pages = "809--811",
}
@inproceedings{daille-harastani-2013-ttc,
    title = "{TTC} {T}erm{S}uite - Terminological Alignment from Comparable Corpora ({TTC} {T}erm{S}uite alignement terminologique {\`a} partir de corpus comparables) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Daille, B{\'e}atrice  and
      Harastani, Rima",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 3: System Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-3013",
    pages = "812--813",
}
@proceedings{jep-taln-recital-2013-taln-2013-4,
    title = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 4: Invited Conferences)",
    author = "Morin, Emmanuel  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-4000",
}
@inproceedings{fraser-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Translation to Morphologically Rich Languages (Am{\'e}liorer la traduction des langages morphologiquement riches) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 4: Invited Conferences)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-4001",
    pages = "1--1",
}
@inproceedings{mothe-2013-information,
    title = "Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing (Recherche d{'}Information et Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Mothe, Josiane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of TALN 2013 (Volume 4: Invited Conferences)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-4002",
    pages = "2--2",
}
@proceedings{jep-taln-recital-2013-recital,
    title = "Proceedings of {RECITAL} 2013",
    author = {Boudin, Florian  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c},
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-5000",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-2013-mining,
    title = "Mining a Bilingual Lexicon of {M}ulti{W}ord Expressions : A Statistical Machine Translation Evaluation Perspective (Acquisition de lexique bilingue d{'}expressions polylexicales: Une application {\`a} la traduction automatique statistique) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bouamor, Dhouha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {RECITAL} 2013",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-5001",
    pages = "1--13",
}
@inproceedings{ke-2013-variations,
    title = "Some variations on quantitative comparability measures and evaluations on synthetic {F}rench-{E}nglish comparable corpora (Quelques variations sur les mesures de comparabilit{\'e} quantitatives et {\'e}valuations sur des corpus comparables Fran{\c{c}}ais-Anglais synth{\'e}tiques) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ke, Guiyao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {RECITAL} 2013",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-5002",
    pages = "15--27",
}
@inproceedings{sandillon-rezer-2013-clustering,
    title = "Clustering for categorial grammar induction (Inf{\'e}rence grammaticale guid{\'e}e par clustering) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Sandillon-Rezer, No{\'e}mie-Fleur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {RECITAL} 2013",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-5003",
    pages = "28--41",
}
@inproceedings{joseph-2013-enhance,
    title = "Enhance Multiword Expressions Extraction and Description with Transformational Rules (Am{\'e}liorer l{'}extraction et la description d{'}expressions polylexicales gr{\^a}ce aux r{\`e}gles transformationnelles) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Joseph, Aur{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {RECITAL} 2013",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-5004",
    pages = "42--55",
}
@inproceedings{yapomo-2013-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual document clustering : state of the art (Construction de corpus multilingues : {\'e}tat de l{'}art) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Yapomo, Manuela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {RECITAL} 2013",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-5005",
    pages = "56--68",
}
@inproceedings{ghoul-2013-development,
    title = "Development of resources for training and the use of the tagger {T}ree{T}agger on {A}rabic (D{\'e}veloppement de ressources pour l{'}entrainement et l{'}utilisation de l{'}{\'e}tiqueteur morphosyntaxique {T}ree{T}agger sur l{'}arabe) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ghoul, Dhaou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {RECITAL} 2013",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-5006",
    pages = "69--82",
}
@inproceedings{ziani-etal-2013-polarity,
    title = "Polarity Opinion Detection in {A}rabic Forums by Fusing Multiple {SVM}s (D{\'e}tection de polarit{\'e} d{'}opinions dans les forums en langue arabe par fusion de plusieurs {SVM}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ziani, Amel  and
      Azizi, Nabiha  and
      Tlili-Guiassa, Yamina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {RECITAL} 2013",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-5007",
    pages = "83--95",
}
@inproceedings{bougouin-2013-state,
    title = "State of the Art of Automatic Keyphrase Extraction Methods ({\'E}tat de l{'}art des m{\'e}thodes d{'}extraction automatique de termes-cl{\'e}s) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bougouin, Adrien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {RECITAL} 2013",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-5008",
    pages = "96--109",
}
@inproceedings{lacroix-2013-effect,
    title = "On the Effect of Head Tagging on Parsing Discontinuous Dependencies in {F}rench (Influence de l{'}{\'e}tiquetage syntaxique des t{\^e}tes sur l{'}analyse en d{\'e}pendances discontinues du fran{\c{c}}ais) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Lacroix, Oph{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {RECITAL} 2013",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-5009",
    pages = "110--123",
}
@inproceedings{saadane-2013-linguistic,
    title = "A linguistic approach for knowledge extraction from an {A}rabic text (Une approche linguistique pour l{'}extraction des connaissances dans un texte arabe) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Saadane, Houda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {RECITAL} 2013",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-5010",
    pages = "124--137",
}
@inproceedings{hatier-2013-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of academic lexicon{'}s simple words in humanities writings (Extraction des mots simples du lexique scientifique transdisciplinaire dans les {\'e}crits de sciences humaines : une premi{\`e}re exp{\'e}rimentation) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Hatier, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {RECITAL} 2013",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-5011",
    pages = "138--149",
}
@inproceedings{dubremetz-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards an automatic identification of chiasmus of words (Vers une identification automatique du chiasme de mots) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Dubremetz, Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {RECITAL} 2013",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-5012",
    pages = "150--163",
}
@inproceedings{lefrancois-2013-ecd,
    title = "{ECD} Knowledge Representation : Fundamental Concepts of the Unit Graphs Framework (Repr{\'e}sentation des connaissances du {DEC}: Concepts fondamentaux du formalisme des Graphes d{'}Unit{\'e}s) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Lefran{\c{c}}ois, Maxime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {RECITAL} 2013",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-5013",
    pages = "164--177",
}
@inproceedings{ribeyre-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards a generic graph rewriting system to enrich syntactic structures (Vers un syst{\`e}me g{\'e}n{\'e}rique de r{\'e}{\'e}criture de graphes pour l{'}enrichissement de structures syntaxiques) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ribeyre, Corentin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {RECITAL} 2013",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-5014",
    pages = "178--191",
}
@inproceedings{nasiruddin-2013-state,
    title = {A State of the Art of Word Sense Induction: A Way Towards Word Sense Disambiguation for Under-Resourced Languages ({\'E}tat de l{'}art de l{'}induction de sens: une voie vers la d{\'e}sambigu{\"\i}sation lexicale pour les langues peu dot{\'e}es) [in {F}rench]},
    author = "Nasiruddin, Mohammad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {RECITAL} 2013",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-5015",
    pages = "192--205",
}
@inproceedings{boujelbane-2013-generation,
    title = "Generation of tunisian dialect corpora for adapting language models (G{\'e}n{\'e}ration des corpus en dialecte tunisien pour la mod{\'e}lisation de langage d{'}un syst{\`e}me de reconnaissance) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Boujelbane, Rahma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {RECITAL} 2013",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-5016",
    pages = "206--216",
}
@inproceedings{leva-faessel-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic search session detection exploiting results similarity from an external document collection (D{\'e}tection automatique des sessions de recherche par similarit{\'e} des r{\'e}sultats provenant d{'}une collection de documents externe) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Leva, Simon  and
      Faessel, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {RECITAL} 2013",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-5017",
    pages = "217--230",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2013-mixed,
    title = "A Mixed Morpho-Syntactic and Statistical Approach to {C}hinese Named Entity Recognition (Une approche mixte morpho-syntaxique et statistique pour la reconnaissance d{'}entit{\'e}s nomm{\'e}es en langue chinoise) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Wang, Zhen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {RECITAL} 2013",
    month = jun,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Les Sables d{'}Olonne, France",
    publisher = "ATALA",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F13-5018",
    pages = "231--243",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1991-rocling,
    title = "Proceedings of Rocling {IV} Computational Linguistics Conference {IV}",
    author = "Lee, Hsi-Jian",
    month = aug,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Pingtung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{wei-chen-1991-lian,
    title = "連接詞的語法表達模式－以中文訊息格位語法({ICG})為本的表達形式 (The Grammar Representation of Conjunctions {--} a Representation Based on {ICG}) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wei, Wen-Jen  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IV} Computational Linguistics Conference {IV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Pingtung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O91-1001",
    pages = "79--95",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-lee-1991-ambiguity,
    title = "Ambiguity Resolution Of Serial Noun Constructions In {C}hinese Sentences",
    author = "Yeh, Ching-Long  and
      Lee, Hsi-Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IV} Computational Linguistics Conference {IV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Pingtung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O91-1002",
    pages = "97--110",
}
@inproceedings{mo-etal-1991-determinative,
    title = "Determinative-Measure Compounds in {M}andarin {C}hinese Formation Rules and Parser Implementation",
    author = "Mo, Ruo-ping  and
      Yang, Yao-Jung  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IV} Computational Linguistics Conference {IV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Pingtung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O91-1003",
    pages = "111--134",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-1991-xian,
    title = "限制式滿足及機率最佳化的中文斷詞方法 ({C}hinese Word Segmentation based on Constraint satisfaction and Statistical Optimization) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Jason S.  and
      Chen, Zhi-Da  and
      Chen, Shun-Der",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IV} Computational Linguistics Conference {IV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Pingtung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O91-1004",
    pages = "147--165",
}
@inproceedings{xu-1991-zi,
    title = "自動化中文電話總機輔助系統 ({ACTOA}: Automatic {C}hinese Telephone Operator Assistant) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Xu, Ren-Rong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IV} Computational Linguistics Conference {IV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Pingtung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O91-1005",
    pages = "167--191",
}
@inproceedings{sun-chang-1991-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon-Driven Transfer In {E}nglish-{C}hinese Machine Translation",
    author = "Sun, Chung-Teng  and
      Chang, Jyun-Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IV} Computational Linguistics Conference {IV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Pingtung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O91-1006",
    pages = "193--214",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-1991-automatic,
    title = "Automatic {C}hinese Text Generation Based On Inference Trees",
    author = "Lin, Hing-Lung  and
      T{'}sou, Benjamin K.  and
      Ho, Hing-Cheung  and
      Lai, Bong-Yeung  and
      Lun, Suen Caesar  and
      Choi, Chi-Yuen  and
      Kit, Chun-yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IV} Computational Linguistics Conference {IV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Pingtung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O91-1007",
    pages = "215--236",
}
@inproceedings{block-peng-1991-trace,
    title = "A Trace {\&} Unification Grammar For {C}hinese",
    author = "Block, Hans Ulrich  and
      Peng, Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IV} Computational Linguistics Conference {IV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Pingtung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O91-1008",
    pages = "237--255",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-1991-constructing,
    title = "Constructing A Phrase Structure Grammar By Incorporating Linguistic Knowledge And Statistical Log-Likelihood Ratio",
    author = "Su, Keh-Yih  and
      Hsu, Yu-Ling  and
      Saillard, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IV} Computational Linguistics Conference {IV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Pingtung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O91-1009",
    pages = "257--275",
}
@inproceedings{liou-etal-1991-development,
    title = "Development of an automatic {E}nglish Grammar Debugger for {C}hinese Students: A Progress Report",
    author = "Liou, Hsien-Chin  and
      Hsu, Hui-Li  and
      Huang, Yong-Chang  and
      Soo, Von-Wun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IV} Computational Linguistics Conference {IV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Pingtung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O91-1010",
    pages = "277--302",
}
@inproceedings{lin-soo-1991-training,
    title = "Training A Recurrent Neural Network to Parse Syntactically Ambiguous and Ill-Formed Sentences",
    author = "Lin, Ssu-Liang  and
      Soo, Von-Wun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {IV} Computational Linguistics Conference {IV}",
    month = aug,
    year = "1991",
    address = "Pingtung, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O91-1011",
    pages = "303--317",
}
@proceedings{coling-1988-coling,
    title = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1000",
}
@inproceedings{abe-1988-feasible,
    title = "Feasible Learnability of Formal Grammars and The Theory of Natural Language Acquisition",
    author = "ABE, Naoki",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1001",
}
@inproceedings{abeille-1988-parsing,
    title = "Parsing {F}rench with Tree Adjoining Grammar: some linguistic accounts",
    author = "ABEILLE, Anne",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1002",
}
@inproceedings{ahrenberg-1988-functional,
    title = "Functional Constraints in Knowledge-Based Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "AHRENBERG, Lars",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1003",
}
@inproceedings{alonso-1988-model,
    title = "A MODEL FOR TRANSFER CONTROL IN THE METAL MT-SYSTEM",
    author = "ALONSO, Yuan A.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1004",
}
@inproceedings{batori-marok-1988-efficiency,
    title = "Efficiency Considerations for {LFG}-Parsers - Incremental and Table-Lookup Techniques",
    author = "Batori, Istvan  and
      Marok, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1005",
}
@inproceedings{bear-1988-morphology,
    title = "Morphology with Two-Level Rules and Negative Rule Features",
    author = "Bear, John",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1006",
}
@inproceedings{beaven-whitelock-1988-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation Using Isomorphic {UCG}s",
    author = "BEAVEN, John L.  and
      WHITELOCK, Pete",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1007",
}
@inproceedings{bech-nygaard-1988-e,
    title = "The E-Framework: A Formalism for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "BECH, Annelise  and
      NYGAARD, Anders",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1008",
}
@inproceedings{beierle-pletat-1988-feature,
    title = "Feature Graphs and Abstract Data Types: A Unifying Approach",
    author = "BEIERLE, Christoph  and
      PLETAT, Udo",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1009",
}
@inproceedings{bemova-etal-1988-problems,
    title = "SOME PROBLEMS OF MACHINE TRANSLATION BETWEEN CLOSELY RELATED LANGUAGES",
    author = "BEMOVA, Alevtina  and
      OLI̊VA, karel  and
      PANEVOVA, Jarmila",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1010",
}
@inproceedings{bloemberg-kesselheim-1988-system,
    title = "A SYSTEM FOR CREATING AND MANIPULATING GENERALIZED WORDCLASS TRANSITION MATRICES FROM LARGE LABELLED TEXT-CORPORA",
    author = "Bloemberg, Wilfried  and
      Kesselheim, Michael",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1011",
}
@inproceedings{boguraev-etal-1988-software,
    title = "Software Support for Practical Grammar Development",
    author = "BOGURAEV, Bran  and
      CARROLL, John  and
      BRISCOE, Ted  and
      GROVER, Claire",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1012",
}
@inproceedings{boitet-zaharin-1988-representation,
    title = "REPRESENTATION TREES AND STRING-TREE CORRESPONDENCES",
    author = "BOITET, Ch.  and
      ZAHARIN, Y.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1013",
}
@inproceedings{bolshakov-1988-co,
    title = "CO-ORDINATIVE ELLIPSIS IN RUSSIAN TEXTS: PROBLEMS OF DESCRIPTION AND RESTORATION",
    author = "BOLSHAKOV, Igor A.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1014",
}
@inproceedings{borissova-1988-two,
    title = "TWO-COMPONENT TEACHING SYSTEM THAT UNDERSTANDS AND CORRECTS MISTAKES",
    author = "BORISSOVA, Elena",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1015",
}
@inproceedings{brown-etal-1988-statistical,
    title = "A STATISTICAL APPROACH TO LANGUAGE TRANSLATION",
    author = "BROWN, P.  and
      COCKE, J.  and
      DELLA PIETRA, S.  and
      DELLA PIETRA, V.  and
      JELINEK, F.  and
      MERCER, R.  and
      ROOSSIN, P.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1016",
}
@inproceedings{busemann-hauenschild-1988-constructive,
    title = "A Constructive View of {GPSG} or How to Make It Work",
    author = "BUSEMANN, Stephan  and
      HAUENSCHILD, Christa",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1017",
}
@inproceedings{calder-etal-1988-unification,
    title = "Unification Categorial Grammar: A Concise, Extendable Grammar for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "CALDER, Jonathan  and
      KLEIN, Ewan  and
      ZEEVAT, Henk",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1018",
}
@inproceedings{calzolari-picchi-1988-acquisition,
    title = "ACQUISITION OF SEMANTIC INFORMATION FROM AN ON-LINE DICTIONARY",
    author = "CALZOLARI, Nicoletta  and
      PICCHI, Eugenio",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1019",
}
@inproceedings{campbell-1988-speech,
    title = "SPEECH-RATE VARIATION AND THE PREDICTION OF DURATION",
    author = "CAMPBELL, W. N.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1020",
}
@inproceedings{carbonell-brown-1988-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora Resolution: A Multi-Strategy Approach",
    author = "Carbonell, Jaime G.  and
      Brown, Ralf D.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1021",
}
@inproceedings{carlson-1988-rug,
    title = "{RUG}: Regular Unification Grammar",
    author = "CARLSON, Lauri",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1022",
}
@inproceedings{carson-1988-unification,
    title = "Unification and Transduction in Computational Phonology",
    author = "CARSON, Julie",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1023",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-1988-new,
    title = "A NEW DESIGN OF PROLOG-BASED BOTTOM-UP PARSING SYSTEM WITH GOVERNMENT-BINDING THEORY",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Lin, I-Peng  and
      Wu, Chien-Ping",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1024",
}
@inproceedings{chen-gao-1988-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-{C}hinese Machine Translation System {IMT}/{EC}",
    author = "Chen, Zhaoxiong  and
      Gao, Qingshi",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1025",
}
@inproceedings{correa-1988-binding,
    title = "A Binding Rule for Government-binding Parsing",
    author = "CORREA, Nelson",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1026",
}
@inproceedings{curteanu-1988-augmented,
    title = "AUGMENTED X{'} - SCHEMES",
    author = "CURTEANU, Neculai",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1027",
}
@inproceedings{daelemans-1988-grafon,
    title = "{GRAFON}: A GRAPHEME-TO-PHONEME CONVERSION SYSTEM FOR DUTCH",
    author = "Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1028",
}
@inproceedings{danlos-namer-1988-morphology,
    title = "Morphology and cross dependencies in the synthesis of personal pronouns in Romance languages",
    author = "DANLOS, Laurence  and
      NAMER, Fiametta",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1029",
}
@inproceedings{devos-etal-1988-parallel,
    title = "THE PARALLEL EXPERT PARSER (PEP): A THOROUGHLY REVISED DESCENDANT OF THE WORD EXPERT PARSER (WEP)",
    author = "DEVOS, M.  and
      ADRIAENS, G.  and
      WILLEMS, Y.D.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1030",
}
@inproceedings{dimarco-hirst-1988-stylistic,
    title = "Stylistic Grammars in Language Translation",
    author = "DiMARCO, Chrysanne  and
      HIRST, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1031",
}
@inproceedings{domenig-1988-word,
    title = "Word Manager: A System for the Definition, Access and Maintenance of Lexical Databases",
    author = "DOMENIG, Marc",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1032",
}
@inproceedings{eberle-1988-partial,
    title = "Partial Orderings and Aktionsarten in Discourse Representation Theory",
    author = "EBERLE, Kurt",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1033",
}
@inproceedings{emirkanian-bouchard-1988-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge integration in a robust and efficient morpho-syntactic analyzer for {F}rench",
    author = "Emirkanian, Louisette  and
      Bouchard, Lorne H.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1034",
}
@inproceedings{engelberg-1988-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Functional Grammar in Speech Recognition",
    author = "Engelberg, Klaus-Jurgen",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1035",
}
@inproceedings{fass-1988-metonymy,
    title = "Metonymy and Metaphor: What{'}s the Difference?",
    author = "FASS, Dan",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1036",
}
@inproceedings{gailly-1988-expressing,
    title = "Expressing quantifier scope in {F}rench generation",
    author = "GAILLY, Pierre-Joseph",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1037",
}
@inproceedings{gasser-dyer-1988-sequencing,
    title = "Sequencing in a Connectionist Model of Language Processing",
    author = "GASSER, Michael  and
      DYER, Michael G.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1038",
}
@inproceedings{gerlach-sprenger-1988-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Interpretation of Pragmatic Clues: Connectives, Modal Verbs, and Indirect Speech Acts",
    author = "GERLACH, Michael  and
      SPRENGER, Michael",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1039",
}
@inproceedings{glachin-rullent-1988-robust,
    title = "Robust parsing of severely corrupted spoken utterances",
    author = "Glachin, Egidio P.  and
      Rullent, Claudio",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1040",
}
@inproceedings{gibbon-braun-1988-psi,
    title = "The {PSI}/{PHI} architecture for prosodic parsing",
    author = "GIBBON, Dafydd  and
      BRAUN, Gunter",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1041",
}
@inproceedings{golan-etal-1988-active,
    title = "An Active Bilingual Lexicon for Machine Translation",
    author = "GOLAN, Igal  and
      LAPPIN, Shalom  and
      RIMON, Mori",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1042",
}
@inproceedings{gorz-paulus-1988-finite,
    title = "A Finite State Approach to {G}erman Verb Morphology",
    author = "GORZ, Gunther  and
      PAULUS, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1043",
}
@inproceedings{gundel-etal-1988-generation,
    title = "On the Generation and Interpretation of Demonstrative Expressions",
    author = "Gundel, Jeanette  and
      Hedberg, Nancy  and
      Zacharski, Ron",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1044",
}
@inproceedings{hajic-1988-formal,
    title = "Formal Morphology",
    author = "HAJIC, Jan",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1045",
}
@inproceedings{harrington-etal-1988-word,
    title = "Word Boundary Identification from Phoneme Sequence Constraints in Automatic Continuous Speech Recognition",
    author = "HARRINGTON, Jonathan  and
      WATSON, Gordon  and
      COOPER, Maggie",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1046",
}
@inproceedings{hasida-1988-cognitive,
    title = "A Cognitive Account of Unbounded Dependency",
    author = "HASIDA, Koiti",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1047",
}
@inproceedings{haugeneder-gehrke-1988-improving,
    title = "Improving Search Strategies An Experiment in Best-First Parsing",
    author = "HAUGENEDER, Hans  and
      GEHRKE, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1048",
}
@inproceedings{hellwig-1988-chart,
    title = "CHART PARSING ACCORDING TO THE SLOT AND FILLER PRINCIPLE",
    author = "HELLWIG, Peter",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1049",
}
@inproceedings{hess-1988-crossing,
    title = "CROSSING COREFERENCE IN DISCOURSE REPRESENTATION THEORY",
    author = "HESS, Michael",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1050",
}
@inproceedings{hoepelman-van-hoof-1988-success,
    title = "The Success of Failure The concept of failure in dialogue logics and its relevance for {NL}-semantics",
    author = "HOEPELMAN, J. Ph.  and
      van HOOF, A.J.M.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1051",
}
@inproceedings{horton-hirst-1988-presuppositions,
    title = "Presuppositions as Beliefs",
    author = "HORTON, Diane  and
      HIRST, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1052",
}
@inproceedings{isabelle-etal-1988-critter,
    title = "{CRITTER}: a translation system for agricultural market reports",
    author = "Isabelle, Pierre  and
      Dymetman, Marc  and
      Macklovitch, Elliott",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1053",
}
@inproceedings{jacobs-1988-achieving,
    title = "Achieving Bidirectionality",
    author = "Jacobs, Paul S.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1054",
}
@inproceedings{jacobs-1988-concretion,
    title = "{C}oncretion: Assumption-Based Understanding",
    author = "Jacobs, Paul S.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1055",
}
@inproceedings{jappinen-etal-1988-locally,
    title = "LOCALLY GOVERNED TREES AND DEPENDECNCY PARSING",
    author = {J{\"a}ppinen, Harri  and
      Lassila, Eero  and
      Lehtola, Aarno},
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1056",
}
@inproceedings{jurafsky-1988-issues,
    title = "Issues in Relating Syntax and Semantics",
    author = "JURAFSKY, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1057",
}
@inproceedings{kac-rindflesch-1988-coordination,
    title = "COORDINATION IN RECONNAISSANCE-ATTACK PARSING",
    author = "KAC, Michael B.  and
      RINDFLESCH, Thomas C.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1058",
}
@inproceedings{kakigahara-aizawa-1988-completion,
    title = "Completion of {J}apanese Sentences by Inferring Function Words from Content Words",
    author = "KAKIGAHARA, Koji  and
      AIZAWA, Teruaki",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1059",
}
@inproceedings{kaplan-maxwell-iii-1988-algorithm,
    title = "An Algorithm for Functional Uncertainty",
    author = "KAPLAN, Ronald M.  and
      MAXWELL III, John T.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1060",
}
@inproceedings{kaplan-maxwell-iii-1988-constituent,
    title = "Constituent Coordination in Lexical-Functional Grammar",
    author = "KAPLAN, Ronald M.  and
      MAXWELL III, John T.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1061",
}
@inproceedings{karlgren-kunze-1988-vocnets,
    title = "VOCNETS - A TOOL FOR HANDLING FINITE VOCABULARIES",
    author = "KARLGREN, Hans  and
      KUNZE, Jurgen",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1062",
}
@inproceedings{kasper-1988-experimental,
    title = "An Experimental Parser for Systemic Grammars",
    author = "KASPER, Robert T.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1063",
}
@inproceedings{kataja-koskenniemi-1988-finite,
    title = "Finite-state Description of {S}emitic Morphology: A Case Study of Ancient Accadian",
    author = "KATAJA, Laura  and
      KOSKENNIEMI, Kimmo",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1064",
}
@inproceedings{katz-levin-1988-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Lexical Regularities in Designing Natural Language Systems",
    author = "Katz, Boris  and
      Levin, Beth",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1065",
}
@inproceedings{kilbury-1988-parsing,
    title = "Parsing with Category Coocurrence Restrictions",
    author = "KILBURY, James",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1066",
}
@inproceedings{kirschner-1988-traditional,
    title = "TRADITIONAL MEANS IN MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "KIRSCHNER, Zdenek",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1067",
}
@inproceedings{koit-1988-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a Model of Dialog",
    author = "KOIT, Mare",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1068",
}
@inproceedings{koskenniemi-church-1988-complexity,
    title = "Complexity, Two-Level Morphology and {F}innish",
    author = "Koskenniemi, Kimmo  and
      Church, Kenneth Ward",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1069",
}
@inproceedings{kudo-etal-1988-schema,
    title = "Schema Method: A Framework for Correcting Grammatically Ill-formed Input",
    author = "KUDO, Ikuo  and
      KOSHINO, Hideya  and
      CHUNG, Moonkyung  and
      MORIMOTO, Tsuyosi",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1070",
}
@inproceedings{kuhn-1988-speech,
    title = "SPEECH RECOGNITION AND THE FREQUENCY OF RECENTLY USED WORDS: A MODIFIED MARKOV MODEL FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE",
    author = "Kuhn, Roland",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1071",
}
@inproceedings{kuhns-1988-news,
    title = "A News Analysis System",
    author = "KUHNS, Robert J.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1072",
}
@inproceedings{kunze-1988-instatiations,
    title = "INSTATIATIONS AND (OBLIGATORY VS. OPTIONAL) ACTANTS",
    author = "KUNZE, Jurgen",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1073",
}
@inproceedings{lancel-etal-1988-sage,
    title = "{SAGE} - a Sentence Parsing and Generation System",
    author = "Lancel, Jean-Marie  and
      Otani, Miyo  and
      Simonin, Nathalie  and
      Danlos, Laurence",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1074",
}
@inproceedings{lang-1988-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Incomplete Sentences",
    author = "LANG, Bernard",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1075",
}
@inproceedings{lapolla-1988-role,
    title = "On the Role of Old Information in Generating Readable Text: A Psychological and Computational Definition Of {``}Old{''} and {``}New{''} Information in the {NOSVO} System",
    author = "LaPolla, Mark Vincent",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1076",
}
@inproceedings{lesmo-terenziani-1988-interpretation,
    title = "INTERPRETATION OF NOUN PHRASES IN INTENSIONAL CONTEXTS",
    author = "LESMO, Leonardo  and
      TERENZIANI, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1077",
}
@inproceedings{long-garigliano-1988-inheritance,
    title = "Inheritance in Hierarchical Relational Structures",
    author = "LONG, Derek P.  and
      GARIGLIANO, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1078",
}
@inproceedings{maegaard-1988-designing,
    title = "Designing and testing linguistic development phases in machine translation project",
    author = "Maegaard, Bente",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1079",
}
@inproceedings{marino-1988-process,
    title = "A PROCESS-ACTIVATION BASED PARSING ALGORITHM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL LANGUAGE GRAMMARS",
    author = "MARINO, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1080",
}
@inproceedings{martin-1988-representing,
    title = "Representing Regularities in the Metaphoric Lexicon",
    author = "MARTIN, James H.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1081",
}
@inproceedings{matsunaga-kohda-1988-linguistic,
    title = "LINGUISTIC PROCESSING USING A DEPENDENCY STRUCTURE GRAMMAR FOR SPEECH RECOGNITION AND UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "MATSUNAGA, Sho-ichi  and
      KOHDA, Masaki",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1082",
}
@inproceedings{max-1988-new,
    title = "A new formal tool: Functorial variables representing assertions and presuppositions",
    author = "MAX, Ingolf",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 1: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-1083",
}
@proceedings{coling-1988-coling-budapest,
    title = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2000",
}
@inproceedings{melby-1988-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Transfer: Between a Source Rock and a Hard Target",
    author = "MELBY, Alan K.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2084",
}
@inproceedings{menzel-1988-error,
    title = "ERROR DIAGNOSING AND SELECTION IN A TRAINING SYSTEM FOR SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING",
    author = "Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2085",
}
@inproceedings{mercer-1988-solving,
    title = "Solving Some Persistent Presupposition Problems",
    author = "MERCER, Robert E.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2086",
}
@inproceedings{merkel-1988-novel,
    title = "A Novel Analysis of Temporal Frame-Adverbials",
    author = "MERKEL, Magnus",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2087",
}
@inproceedings{meteer-shaked-1988-strategies,
    title = "STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE PARAPHRASING",
    author = "Meteer, Marie  and
      Shaked, Varda",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2088",
}
@inproceedings{meya-vidal-1988-integrated,
    title = "AN INTEGRATED MODEL FOR THE TREATMENT OF TIME IN MT-SYSTEMS",
    author = "Meya, M.  and
      Vidal, J.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2089",
}
@inproceedings{van-munster-1988-treatment,
    title = "The treatment of Scope and Negation in Rosetta",
    author = "van Munster, Elly",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2090",
}
@inproceedings{nagao-1988-panel,
    title = "{PANEL}: Language Engineering: The Real Bottle Neck of Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2091",
}
@inproceedings{jensen-1988-computational,
    title = "Why Computational Grammarians Can Be Skeptical About Existing Linguistic Theories",
    author = "Jensen, Karen",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2092",
}
@inproceedings{roesner-1988-implementors,
    title = "Why Implementors of Practical {NLP} Systems Can not Wait for Linguistic Theories Remarks and Theses",
    author = "Roesner, Dietmar",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2093",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-1988-reasons,
    title = "Reasons Why We Use Dependency Grammar",
    author = "Hajicova, Eva",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2094",
}
@inproceedings{tsujii-1988-reasons,
    title = "Reasons why {I} do not care grammar formalism",
    author = "Tsujii, Jun-ichi",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2095",
}
@inproceedings{tomita-1988-linguistic,
    title = "{``}Linguistic{''} Sentences and {``}Real{''} Sentences",
    author = "Tomita, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2096",
}
@inproceedings{nakagawa-mori-1988-parser,
    title = "A Parser based on Connectionist Model",
    author = "NAKAGAWA, Hiroshi  and
      MORI, Tatsunori",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2097",
}
@inproceedings{nakamura-nagao-1988-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Semantic Information from an Ordinary {E}nglish Dictionary and its Evaluation",
    author = "NAKAMURA, Jun-ichi  and
      NAGAO, Makoto",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2098",
}
@inproceedings{nakhimovsky-rapaport-1988-discontinuities,
    title = "Discontinuities in Narratives",
    author = "Nakhimovsky, Alexander  and
      Rapaport, William J.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2099",
}
@inproceedings{nirenburg-nirenburg-1988-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Lexical Selection in Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Nirenburg, Irene",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2100",
}
@inproceedings{nishida-etal-1988-feedback,
    title = "Feedback of Correcting Information in Postediting to a Machine Translation System",
    author = "NISHIDA, Fujio  and
      TAKAMATSU, Shinobu  and
      TANI, Tadaaki  and
      DOI, Tsunehisa",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2101",
}
@inproceedings{nishida-etal-1988-maintaining,
    title = "Maintaining Consistency and Plausibility in Integrated Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Nishida, Toyoaki  and
      Liu, Xuemin  and
      Doshita, Shuji  and
      Yamada, Atsushi",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2102",
}
@inproceedings{nogami-etal-1988-parsing,
    title = "Parsing with look-ahead in real-time on-line translation system",
    author = "NOGAMI, Hiroyasu  and
      YOSHIMURA, Yumiko  and
      AMANO, Shin-ya",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2103",
}
@inproceedings{oliva-1988-syntactic,
    title = "SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS IN GPSG",
    author = "OLI̊VA, karel",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2104",
}
@inproceedings{oliva-platek-1988-list,
    title = "LIST, AUTOMATA WITH SYNTACTICALLY STRUCTURED OUTPUT",
    author = "OLI̊VA, karel  and
      PLATEK, Martin",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2105",
}
@inproceedings{paducheva-1988-referential,
    title = "Referential Properties of Generic Terms Denoting Things and Situations",
    author = "PADUCHEVA, Elena V.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2106",
}
@inproceedings{pericliev-etal-1988-hinting,
    title = "HINTING BY PARAPHRASING IN AN INSTRUCTION SYSTEM",
    author = "PERICLIEV, Vladimir  and
      BRAJNOV, Svjatoslav  and
      NENOVA, Irina",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2107",
}
@inproceedings{petkevlc-1988-new,
    title = "NEW DEPENDENCY BASED SPECIFICATION OF UNDERLYING REPRESENTATIONS OF SENTENCES",
    author = "PETKEVlC, Vladimir",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2108",
}
@inproceedings{pignataro-1988-computational,
    title = "A Computational Approach to Topic and Focus in a Production Model",
    author = "PIGNATARO, Vincenza",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2109",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-anick-1988-semantic,
    title = "On The Semantic Interpretation of Nominals",
    author = "PUSTEJOVSKY, James  and
      ANICK, Peter G.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2110",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-1988-using,
    title = "Using a Logic Grammar to Learn a Lexicon",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Hugosson, Asa  and
      Hagert, Goran",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2111",
}
@inproceedings{read-etal-1988-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Natural Language Systems: A Sourcebook Approach",
    author = "READ, Walter  and
      QUILICI, Alex  and
      REEVES, John  and
      DYER, Michael",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2112",
}
@inproceedings{reape-thompson-1988-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Intersection and Serial Composition of Finite State Transducers",
    author = "REAPE, Mike  and
      THOMPSON, Henry",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2113",
}
@inproceedings{reilly-etal-1988-framework,
    title = "FRAMEWORK FOR A MODEL OF DIALOGUE",
    author = "REILLY, Ronan  and
      FERRARI, Giacomo  and
      PRODANOF, Irina",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2114",
}
@inproceedings{rolf-1988-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation: The Languages Network (versus the intermediate language.)",
    author = "ROLF, P.C.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2115",
}
@inproceedings{saebo-1988-cooperative,
    title = "A COOPERATIVE YES-NO QUERY SYSTEM FEATURING DISCOURSE PARTICLES",
    author = "SAEB{\O}, Kjell Johan",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2116",
}
@inproceedings{saint-dizier-1988-default,
    title = "Default Logic, Natural Language and Generalized Quantifiers",
    author = "Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2117",
}
@inproceedings{saito-tomita-1988-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Noisy Sentences",
    author = "SAITO, Hiroaki  and
      TOMITA, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2118",
}
@inproceedings{sarner-carberry-1988-new,
    title = "A New Strategy for Providing Definitions In Task-Oriented Dialogues",
    author = "SARNER, Margaret H.  and
      CARBERRY, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2119",
}
@inproceedings{scha-polanyi-1988-augmented,
    title = "An Augmented Context Free Grammar for Discourse",
    author = "SCHA, Remko  and
      POLANYI, Livia",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2120",
}
@inproceedings{schabes-etal-1988-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Strategies with {`}Lexicalized{'} Grammars: Application to Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "SCHABES, Yves  and
      ABEILLE, Anne  and
      JOSHI, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2121",
}
@inproceedings{schmauks-reithinger-1988-generating,
    title = "Generating Multimodal Output- Conditions, Advantages and Problems",
    author = "SCHMAUKS, Dagmar  and
      REITHINGER, Norbert",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2122",
}
@inproceedings{schmidt-1988-syntactic,
    title = "A Syntactic Description of {G}erman in a Formalism Designed for Machine Translation",
    author = "Schmidt, Paul",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2123",
}
@inproceedings{schnelle-etal-1988-panel,
    title = "{PANEL} Parallel Processing in Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Schnelle, Helmut  and
      COTTRELL, Garry  and
      DEY, Paradip  and
      REICH, Peter A.  and
      SHASTRI, Lokendra",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2124",
}
@inproceedings{schubert-1988-implicitness,
    title = "IMPLICITNESS AS A GUIDING PRINCIPLE IN MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "SCHUBERT, Klaus",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2125",
}
@inproceedings{schuster-1988-anaphoric,
    title = "Anaphoric Reference to Events and Actions: A Representation and its Advantages",
    author = "SCHUSTER, Ethel",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2126",
}
@inproceedings{schwind-1988-sensitive,
    title = "SENSITIVE PARSING: ERROR ANALYSIS AND EXPLANATION IN AN INTELLIGENT LANGUAGE TUTORING SYSTEM",
    author = "Schwind, Camilla",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2127",
}
@inproceedings{shieber-1988-uniform,
    title = "A Uniform Architecture for Parsing and Generation",
    author = "SHIEBER, Stuart M.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2128",
}
@inproceedings{shimazu-etal-1988-understanding,
    title = "Understanding of Stories for Animation",
    author = "SHIMAZU, Hideo  and
      TAKASHIMA, Yosuke  and
      TOMONO, Masahiro",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2129",
}
@inproceedings{sibun-etal-1988-directing,
    title = "Directing the Generation of Living Space Descriptions",
    author = "SIBUN, Penelope  and
      HUETTNER, Alison K.  and
      MCDONALD, David D.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2130",
}
@inproceedings{steiner-winter-thielen-1988-semantics,
    title = "ON THE SEMANTICS OF FOCUS PHENOMENA IN EUROTRA",
    author = "STEINER, Erich H.  and
      WINTER-THIELEN, Jutta",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2131",
}
@inproceedings{stock-etal-1988-island,
    title = "Island Parsing and Bidirectional Charts",
    author = "STOCK, Oliviero  and
      FALCONE, Rino  and
      INSINNAMO, Patrizia",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2132",
}
@inproceedings{su-chang-1988-semantic,
    title = "SEMANTIC AND SYNTACTIC ASPECTS OF SCORE FUNCTION",
    author = "SU, Keh-Yih  and
      CHANG, Jing-Shin",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2133",
}
@inproceedings{sukhotin-1988-optimization,
    title = "OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHMS OF DECIPHERING AS THE ELEMENTS OF A LINGUISTIC THEORY",
    author = "SUKHOTIN, B. V.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2134",
}
@inproceedings{tateisi-etal-1988-computer,
    title = "A Computer Readability Formula of {J}apanese Texts for Machine Scoring",
    author = "TATEISI, Yuka  and
      ONO, Yoshihiko  and
      YAMADA, Hisao",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2135",
}
@inproceedings{tokunaga-etal-1988-langlab,
    title = "{L}ang{LAB}: A Natural Language Analysis System",
    author = "TOKUNAGA, Takenobu  and
      IWAYAMA, Makoto  and
      TANAKA, Hozumi  and
      KAMIWAKI, Tadashi",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2136",
}
@inproceedings{tomabechi-tomita-1988-application,
    title = "Application of the Direct Memory Access paradigm to natural language interlaces to knowledge-based systems",
    author = "TOMABECHI, Hideto  and
      TOMITA, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2137",
}
@inproceedings{tomita-1988-combining,
    title = "Combining Lexicon-Driven Parsing and Phrase-Structure-Based Parsing",
    author = "Tomita, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2138",
}
@inproceedings{trescases-crocker-1988-linguistic,
    title = "LINGUISTIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO TEXT-TO-SPEECH COMPUTER PRORGRAMS FOR FRENCH",
    author = "TRESCASES, Pierre  and
      CROCKER, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2139",
}
@inproceedings{trost-etal-1988-interaction,
    title = "On the Interaction of Syntax and Semantics in a Syntactically Guided Caseframe Parser",
    author = "Trost, Harald  and
      Buchberger, Ernst  and
      Heinz, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2140",
}
@inproceedings{tsujii-etal-1988-get,
    title = "How to Get Preferred Readings in Natural Language Analysis",
    author = "Tsujii, Jun-ichi  and
      Muto, Yukiyoshi  and
      Ikeda, Yuuji  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2141",
}
@inproceedings{tsujii-nagao-1988-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Translation vs. Text Translation",
    author = "Tsujii, Jun-ichi  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2142",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-wouden-heylen-1988-massive,
    title = "MASSIVE DISAMBIGUATION OF LARGE TEXT CORPORA WITH FLEXIBLE CATEGORIAL GRAMMAR",
    author = "van der WOUDEN, Ton  and
      HEYLEN, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2143",
}
@inproceedings{eynde-1988-analysis,
    title = "THE ANALYSIS OF TENSE AND ASPECT IN EUROTRA",
    author = "EYNDE, Frank VAN",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2144",
}
@inproceedings{schooneveld-1988-semantics,
    title = "The Semantics and Syntax of {R}ussian Pronominal Structure: a feature breakdown",
    author = "SCHOONEVELD, C. H. VAN",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2145",
}
@inproceedings{veronis-1988-morphosyntactic,
    title = "Morphosyntactic correction in natural language interfaces",
    author = "VERONIS, Jean",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2146",
}
@inproceedings{vijay-shanker-joshi-1988-feature,
    title = "Feature Structures Based Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Vijay-Shanker, K.  and
      Joshi, A.K.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2147",
}
@inproceedings{vlk-1988-topic,
    title = "Topic/Focus Articulation and Intensional Logic",
    author = "VLK, Tomas",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2148",
}
@inproceedings{ward-1988-issues,
    title = "Issues in Word Choice",
    author = "WARD, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2149",
}
@inproceedings{wedekind-1988-generation,
    title = "Generation as Structure Driven Derivation",
    author = "Wedekind, Jurgen",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2150",
}
@inproceedings{weisweber-1988-using,
    title = "Using Constraints in a Constructive Version of {GPSG}",
    author = "WEISWEBER, Wilhelm",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2151",
}
@inproceedings{werner-1988-formal,
    title = "A Formal Computational Semantics and Pragmatics of Speech Acts",
    author = "WERNER, Eric",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2152",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-etal-1988-machine,
    title = "Machine Tractable Dictionaries as Tools and Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "WILKS, Yorick  and
      FASS, Dan  and
      GUO, Cheng-ming  and
      MCDONALD, James E.  and
      PLATE, Tony  and
      SLATOR, Brian M.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2153",
}
@inproceedings{witkam-1988-dlt,
    title = "DLT - AN INDUSTRIAL R {\&} D PROJECT FOR MULTILINGUAL MT",
    author = "WITKAM, Toon",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2154",
}
@inproceedings{wood-chandler-1988-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation for Monolinguals",
    author = "WOOD, Mary McGee  and
      CHANDLER, Brian J.",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2155",
}
@inproceedings{yamada-etal-1988-figuring,
    title = "Figuring out Most Plausible Interpretation from Spatial Descriptions",
    author = "Yamada, Atsushi  and
      Nishida, Toyoaki  and
      Doshita, Shuji",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2156",
}
@inproceedings{yamashina-obashi-1988-collocational,
    title = "Collocational Analysis in {J}apanese Text Input",
    author = "YAMASHINA, Masaki  and
      OBASHI, Fumihiko",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2157",
}
@inproceedings{yonezawa-ohsawa-1988-object,
    title = "Object-Oriented Parallel Parsing for Context-Free Grammars",
    author = "Yonezawa, Akinori  and
      Ohsawa, Ichiro",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2158",
}
@inproceedings{yoshimoto-1988-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Zero Pronouns in {J}apanese Dialogue",
    author = "YOSHIMOTO, Kei",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2159",
}
@inproceedings{zajac-1988-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Translation: a new approach",
    author = "ZAJAC, Remi",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2160",
}
@inproceedings{zelinsky-wibbelt-1988-universal,
    title = "Universal Quantification in Machine Translation",
    author = "ZELINSKY-WIBBELT, Cornelia",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2161",
}
@inproceedings{zernik-1988-language,
    title = "Language Acquisition: Coping with Lexical Gaps",
    author = "ZERNIK, Uri",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2162",
}
@inproceedings{zernik-brown-1988-default,
    title = "Default Reasoning in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "ZERNIK, Uri  and
      BROWN, Allen",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2163",
}
@inproceedings{zock-etal-1988-language,
    title = "LANGUAGE LEARNING AS PROBLEM SOLVING",
    author = "ZOCK, Michael  and
      FRANCOPOULO, Gil  and
      LAROUI, Abdellatif",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2164",
}
@inproceedings{fum-etal-1988-distributed,
    title = "A DISTRIBUTED MULTI-AGENT ARCHITECTURE FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Fum, Danilo  and
      Guida, Giovanni  and
      Tasso, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2165",
}
@inproceedings{klavans-1988-complex,
    title = "{COMPLEX}: A Computational Lexicon for Natural Language Systems",
    author = "KLAVANS, Judith",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2166",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-1988-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Execution Method for Rule-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "KAJI, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2167",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1988-cumulated,
    title = "Cumulated Index of Cited Authors and Editors",
    booktitle = "Coling Budapest 1988 Volume 2: International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    year = "1988",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C88-2168",
}
@proceedings{emnlp-2011-2011,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Barzilay, Regina  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1000",
}
@inproceedings{riedel-mccallum-2011-fast,
    title = "Fast and Robust Joint Models for Biomedical Event Extraction",
    author = "Riedel, Sebastian  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1001",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2011-predicting-thread,
    title = "Predicting Thread Discourse Structure over Technical Web Forums",
    author = "Wang, Li  and
      Lui, Marco  and
      Kim, Su Nam  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1002",
    pages = "13--25",
}
@inproceedings{chang-collins-2011-exact,
    title = "Exact Decoding of Phrase-Based Translation Models through {L}agrangian Relaxation",
    author = "Chang, Yin-Wen  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1003",
    pages = "26--37",
}
@inproceedings{galley-quirk-2011-optimal,
    title = "Optimal Search for Minimum Error Rate Training",
    author = "Galley, Michel  and
      Quirk, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1004",
    pages = "38--49",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Structure Prediction with Non-Parallel Multilingual Guidance",
    author = "Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Das, Dipanjan  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1005",
    pages = "50--61",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-etal-2011-multi,
    title = "Multi-Source Transfer of Delexicalized Dependency Parsers",
    author = "McDonald, Ryan  and
      Petrov, Slav  and
      Hall, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1006",
    pages = "62--72",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2011-smt,
    title = "{SMT} Helps Bitext Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Chen, Wenliang  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Zhang, Yujie  and
      Wang, Yiou  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1007",
    pages = "73--83",
}
@inproceedings{sangati-zuidema-2011-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Parsing with Compact Tree-Substitution Grammars: Double-{DOP}",
    author = "Sangati, Federico  and
      Zuidema, Willem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1008",
    pages = "84--95",
}
@inproceedings{malakasiotis-androutsopoulos-2011-generate,
    title = "A Generate and Rank Approach to Sentence Paraphrasing",
    author = "Malakasiotis, Prodromos  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1009",
    pages = "96--106",
}
@inproceedings{dahlmeier-ng-2011-correcting,
    title = "Correcting Semantic Collocation Errors with {L}1-induced Paraphrases",
    author = "Dahlmeier, Daniel  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1010",
    pages = "107--117",
}
@inproceedings{kozareva-etal-2011-class,
    title = "Class Label Enhancement via Related Instances",
    author = "Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Voevodski, Konstantin  and
      Teng, Shanghua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1011",
    pages = "118--128",
}
@inproceedings{srikumar-roth-2011-joint,
    title = "A Joint Model for Extended Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Srikumar, Vivek  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1012",
    pages = "129--139",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2011-domain,
    title = "Domain-Assisted Product Aspect Hierarchy Generation: Towards Hierarchical Organization of Unstructured Consumer Reviews",
    author = "Yu, Jianxing  and
      Zha, Zheng-Jun  and
      Wang, Meng  and
      Wang, Kai  and
      Chua, Tat-Seng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1013",
    pages = "140--150",
}
@inproceedings{socher-etal-2011-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Recursive Autoencoders for Predicting Sentiment Distributions",
    author = "Socher, Richard  and
      Pennington, Jeffrey  and
      Huang, Eric H.  and
      Ng, Andrew Y.  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1014",
    pages = "151--161",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Discovery of Discourse Relations for Eliminating Intra-sentence Polarity Ambiguities",
    author = "Zhou, Lanjun  and
      Li, Binyang  and
      Gao, Wei  and
      Wei, Zhongyu  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1015",
    pages = "162--171",
}
@inproceedings{yessenalina-cardie-2011-compositional,
    title = "Compositional Matrix-Space Models for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Yessenalina, Ainur  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1016",
    pages = "172--182",
}
@inproceedings{katz-brown-etal-2011-training,
    title = "Training a Parser for Machine Translation Reordering",
    author = "Katz-Brown, Jason  and
      Petrov, Slav  and
      McDonald, Ryan  and
      Och, Franz  and
      Talbot, David  and
      Ichikawa, Hiroshi  and
      Seno, Masakazu  and
      Kazawa, Hideto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1017",
    pages = "183--192",
}
@inproceedings{denero-uszkoreit-2011-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Sentence Structure from Parallel Corpora for Reordering",
    author = "DeNero, John  and
      Uszkoreit, Jakob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1018",
    pages = "193--203",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2011-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting String-to-Tree Translation Models with Fuzzy Use of Source-side Syntax",
    author = "Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zhai, Feifei  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1019",
    pages = "204--215",
}
@inproceedings{xie-etal-2011-novel,
    title = "A novel dependency-to-string model for statistical machine translation",
    author = "Xie, Jun  and
      Mi, Haitao  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1020",
    pages = "216--226",
}
@inproceedings{mimno-blei-2011-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Checking for Topic Models",
    author = "Mimno, David  and
      Blei, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1021",
    pages = "227--237",
}
@inproceedings{martins-etal-2011-dual,
    title = "Dual Decomposition with Many Overlapping Components",
    author = "Martins, Andr{\'e}  and
      Smith, Noah  and
      Figueiredo, M{\'a}rio  and
      Aguiar, Pedro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1022",
    pages = "238--249",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-daume-iii-2011-approximate,
    title = "Approximate Scalable Bounded Space Sketch for Large Data {NLP}",
    author = "Goyal, Amit  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1023",
    pages = "250--261",
}
@inproceedings{mimno-etal-2011-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing Semantic Coherence in Topic Models",
    author = "Mimno, David  and
      Wallach, Hanna  and
      Talley, Edmund  and
      Leenders, Miriam  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1024",
    pages = "262--272",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2011-weakly,
    title = "A Weakly-supervised Approach to Argumentative Zoning of Scientific Documents",
    author = "Guo, Yufan  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Poibeau, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1025",
    pages = "273--283",
}
@inproceedings{kazantseva-szpakowicz-2011-linear,
    title = "Linear Text Segmentation Using Affinity Propagation",
    author = "Kazantseva, Anna  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1026",
    pages = "284--293",
}
@inproceedings{do-etal-2011-minimally,
    title = "Minimally Supervised Event Causality Identification",
    author = "Do, Quang  and
      Chan, Yee Seng  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1027",
    pages = "294--303",
}
@inproceedings{dubey-etal-2011-model,
    title = "A Model of Discourse Predictions in Human Sentence Processing",
    author = "Dubey, Amit  and
      Keller, Frank  and
      Sturt, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1028",
    pages = "304--312",
}
@inproceedings{berg-kirkpatrick-klein-2011-simple,
    title = "Simple Effective Decipherment via Combinatorial Optimization",
    author = "Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1029",
    pages = "313--321",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2011-universal,
    title = "Universal Morphological Analysis using Structured Nearest Neighbor Prediction",
    author = "Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Gra{\c{c}}a, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Snyder, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1030",
    pages = "322--332",
}
@inproceedings{auli-lopez-2011-training,
    title = "Training a Log-Linear Parser with Loss Functions via Softmax-Margin",
    author = "Auli, Michael  and
      Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1031",
    pages = "333--343",
}
@inproceedings{hall-klein-2011-large,
    title = "Large-Scale Cognate Recovery",
    author = "Hall, David  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1032",
    pages = "344--354",
}
@inproceedings{axelrod-etal-2011-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation via Pseudo In-Domain Data Selection",
    author = "Axelrod, Amittai  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1033",
    pages = "355--362",
}
@inproceedings{lembersky-etal-2011-language,
    title = "Language Models for Machine Translation: Original vs. Translated Texts",
    author = "Lembersky, Gennadi  and
      Ordan, Noam  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1034",
    pages = "363--374",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2011-better,
    title = "Better Evaluation Metrics Lead to Better Machine Translation",
    author = "Liu, Chang  and
      Dahlmeier, Daniel  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1035",
    pages = "375--384",
}
@inproceedings{tsarfaty-etal-2011-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Dependency Parsing: Robust and Heuristics-Free Cross-Annotation Evaluation",
    author = "Tsarfaty, Reut  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Andersson, Evelina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1036",
    pages = "385--396",
}
@inproceedings{bender-etal-2011-parser,
    title = "Parser Evaluation over Local and Non-Local Deep Dependencies in a Large Corpus",
    author = "Bender, Emily M.  and
      Flickinger, Dan  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1037",
    pages = "397--408",
}
@inproceedings{woodsend-lapata-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning to Simplify Sentences with Quasi-Synchronous Grammar and Integer Programming",
    author = "Woodsend, Kristian  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1038",
    pages = "409--420",
}
@inproceedings{artzi-zettlemoyer-2011-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Semantic Parsers from Conversations",
    author = "Artzi, Yoav  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1039",
    pages = "421--432",
}
@inproceedings{yan-etal-2011-timeline,
    title = "Timeline Generation through Evolutionary Trans-Temporal Summarization",
    author = "Yan, Rui  and
      Kong, Liang  and
      Huang, Congrui  and
      Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Li, Xiaoming  and
      Zhang, Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1040",
    pages = "433--443",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2011-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Guided Sentence Generation of Natural Images",
    author = "Yang, Yezhou  and
      Teo, Ching  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Aloimonos, Yiannis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1041",
    pages = "444--454",
}
@inproceedings{amigo-etal-2011-corroborating,
    title = "Corroborating Text Evaluation Results with Heterogeneous Measures",
    author = "Amig{\'o}, Enrique  and
      Gonzalo, Julio  and
      Gim{\'e}nez, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Verdejo, Felisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1042",
    pages = "455--466",
}
@inproceedings{rankel-etal-2011-ranking,
    title = "Ranking Human and Machine Summarization Systems",
    author = "Rankel, Peter  and
      Conroy, John  and
      Slud, Eric  and
      O{'}Leary, Dianne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1043",
    pages = "467--473",
}
@inproceedings{gimpel-smith-2011-quasi,
    title = "Quasi-Synchronous Phrase Dependency Grammars for Machine Translation",
    author = "Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1044",
    pages = "474--485",
}
@inproceedings{visweswariah-etal-2011-word,
    title = "A Word Reordering Model for Improved Machine Translation",
    author = "Visweswariah, Karthik  and
      Rajkumar, Rajakrishnan  and
      Gandhe, Ankur  and
      Ramanathan, Ananthakrishnan  and
      Navratil, Jiri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1045",
    pages = "486--496",
}
@inproceedings{riesa-etal-2011-feature,
    title = "Feature-Rich Language-Independent Syntax-Based Alignment for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Riesa, Jason  and
      Irvine, Ann  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1046",
    pages = "497--507",
}
@inproceedings{cromieres-kurohashi-2011-efficient,
    title = "Efficient retrieval of tree translation examples for Syntax-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Cromieres, Fabien  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1047",
    pages = "508--518",
}
@inproceedings{rink-harabagiu-2011-generative,
    title = "A generative model for unsupervised discovery of relations and argument classes from clinical texts",
    author = "Rink, Bryan  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1048",
    pages = "519--528",
}
@inproceedings{lao-etal-2011-random,
    title = "Random Walk Inference and Learning in A Large Scale Knowledge Base",
    author = "Lao, Ni  and
      Mitchell, Tom  and
      Cohen, William W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1049",
    pages = "529--539",
}
@inproceedings{hartung-frank-2011-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Supervised {LDA} Models for Assigning Attributes to Adjective-Noun Phrases",
    author = "Hartung, Matthias  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1050",
    pages = "540--551",
}
@inproceedings{guo-diab-2011-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Topic Models: Combining Word Distributional Statistics and Dictionary Definitions",
    author = "Guo, Weiwei  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1051",
    pages = "552--561",
}
@inproceedings{brody-diakopoulos-2011-cooooooooooooooollllllllllllll,
    title = "Cooooooooooooooollllllllllllll!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Using Word Lengthening to Detect Sentiment in Microblogs",
    author = "Brody, Samuel  and
      Diakopoulos, Nicholas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1052",
    pages = "562--570",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2011-personalized,
    title = "Personalized Recommendation of User Comments via Factor Models",
    author = "Agarwal, Deepak  and
      Chen, Bee-Chung  and
      Pang, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1053",
    pages = "571--582",
}
@inproceedings{ritter-etal-2011-data,
    title = "Data-Driven Response Generation in Social Media",
    author = "Ritter, Alan  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Dolan, William B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1054",
    pages = "583--593",
}
@inproceedings{yogatama-etal-2011-predicting,
    title = "Predicting a Scientific Community{'}s Response to an Article",
    author = "Yogatama, Dani  and
      Heilman, Michael  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Routledge, Bryan R.  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1055",
    pages = "594--604",
}
@inproceedings{murawaki-kurohashi-2011-non,
    title = "Non-parametric {B}ayesian Segmentation of {J}apanese Noun Phrases",
    author = "Murawaki, Yugo  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1056",
    pages = "605--615",
}
@inproceedings{dreyer-eisner-2011-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Morphological Paradigms from Plain Text Using a {D}irichlet Process Mixture Model",
    author = "Dreyer, Markus  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1057",
    pages = "616--627",
}
@inproceedings{azuma-matsumoto-2011-multilayer,
    title = "Multilayer Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Azuma, Ai  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1058",
    pages = "628--637",
}
@inproceedings{christodoulopoulos-etal-2011-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Mixture Model for {P}o{S} Induction Using Multiple Features",
    author = "Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Goldwater, Sharon  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1059",
    pages = "638--647",
}
@inproceedings{kim-nakov-2011-large,
    title = "Large-Scale Noun Compound Interpretation Using Bootstrapping and the Web as a Corpus",
    author = "Kim, Su Nam  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1060",
    pages = "648--658",
}
@inproceedings{zanzotto-etal-2011-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Redundancy in Twitter",
    author = "Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo  and
      Pennacchiotti, Marco  and
      Tsioutsiouliklis, Kostas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1061",
    pages = "659--669",
}
@inproceedings{negri-etal-2011-divide,
    title = "Divide and Conquer: Crowdsourcing the Creation of Cross-Lingual Textual Entailment Corpora",
    author = "Negri, Matteo  and
      Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Mehdad, Yashar  and
      Giampiccolo, Danilo  and
      Marchetti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1062",
    pages = "670--679",
}
@inproceedings{turney-etal-2011-literal,
    title = "Literal and Metaphorical Sense Identification through Concrete and Abstract Context",
    author = "Turney, Peter  and
      Neuman, Yair  and
      Assaf, Dan  and
      Cohen, Yohai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1063",
    pages = "680--690",
}
@inproceedings{filimonov-harper-2011-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Decision Tree {LM}s: Random Selection or Intelligent Design?",
    author = "Filimonov, Denis  and
      Harper, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1064",
    pages = "691--699",
}
@inproceedings{vertanen-kristensson-2011-imagination,
    title = "The Imagination of Crowds: Conversational {AAC} Language Modeling using Crowdsourcing and Large Data Sources",
    author = "Vertanen, Keith  and
      Kristensson, Per Ola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1065",
    pages = "700--711",
}
@inproceedings{moschitti-etal-2011-using,
    title = "Using Syntactic and Semantic Structural Kernels for Classifying Definition Questions in Jeopardy!",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Chu-Carroll, Jennifer  and
      Patwardhan, Siddharth  and
      Fan, James  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1066",
    pages = "712--724",
}
@inproceedings{green-etal-2011-multiword,
    title = "Multiword Expression Identification with Tree Substitution Grammars: A Parsing tour de force with {F}rench",
    author = "Green, Spence  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Bauer, John  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1067",
    pages = "725--735",
}
@inproceedings{al-saif-markert-2011-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Discourse Relations for {A}rabic",
    author = "Al-Saif, Amal  and
      Markert, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1068",
    pages = "736--747",
}
@inproceedings{qadir-riloff-2011-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Sentences as Speech Acts in Message Board Posts",
    author = "Qadir, Ashequl  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1069",
    pages = "748--758",
}
@inproceedings{farkas-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning Local Content Shift Detectors from Document-level Information",
    author = "Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1070",
    pages = "759--770",
}
@inproceedings{chen-ji-2011-collaborative,
    title = "Collaborative Ranking: A Case Study on Entity Linking",
    author = "Chen, Zheng  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1071",
    pages = "771--781",
}
@inproceedings{hoffart-etal-2011-robust,
    title = "Robust Disambiguation of Named Entities in Text",
    author = {Hoffart, Johannes  and
      Yosef, Mohamed Amir  and
      Bordino, Ilaria  and
      F{\"u}rstenau, Hagen  and
      Pinkal, Manfred  and
      Spaniol, Marc  and
      Taneva, Bilyana  and
      Thater, Stefan  and
      Weikum, Gerhard},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1072",
    pages = "782--792",
}
@inproceedings{michelbacher-etal-2011-cascaded,
    title = "A Cascaded Classification Approach to Semantic Head Recognition",
    author = {Michelbacher, Lukas  and
      Kothari, Alok  and
      Forst, Martin  and
      Lioma, Christina  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1073",
    pages = "793--803",
}
@inproceedings{gottipati-jiang-2011-linking,
    title = "Linking Entities to a Knowledge Base with Query Expansion",
    author = "Gottipati, Swapna  and
      Jiang, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1074",
    pages = "804--813",
}
@inproceedings{leung-etal-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Information Extraction with Distributional Prior Knowledge",
    author = "Leung, Cane Wing-ki  and
      Jiang, Jing  and
      Chai, Kian Ming A.  and
      Chieu, Hai Leong  and
      Teow, Loo-Nin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1075",
    pages = "814--824",
}
@inproceedings{de-saeger-etal-2011-relation,
    title = "Relation Acquisition using Word Classes and Partial Patterns",
    author = "De Saeger, Stijn  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Tsuchida, Masaaki  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Yamada, Ichiro  and
      Oh, Jong Hoon  and
      Varga, Istvan  and
      Yan, Yulan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1076",
    pages = "825--835",
}
@inproceedings{tsvetkov-wintner-2011-identification,
    title = "Identification of Multi-word Expressions by Combining Multiple Linguistic Information Sources",
    author = "Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1077",
    pages = "836--845",
}
@inproceedings{saralegi-etal-2011-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Methods for Improving Precision of Pivot Based Bilingual Dictionaries",
    author = "Saralegi, Xabier  and
      Manterola, Iker  and
      San Vicente, I{\~n}aki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1078",
    pages = "846--856",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2011-soft,
    title = "Soft Dependency Constraints for Reordering in Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation",
    author = "Gao, Yang  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Birch, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1079",
    pages = "857--868",
}
@inproceedings{monz-2011-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation with Local Language Models",
    author = "Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1080",
    pages = "869--879",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2011-fast,
    title = "Fast Generation of Translation Forest for Large-Scale {SMT} Discriminative Training",
    author = "Xiao, Xinyan  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Lin, Shouxun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1081",
    pages = "880--888",
}
@inproceedings{mccarley-etal-2011-correction,
    title = "A Correction Model for Word Alignments",
    author = "McCarley, J. Scott  and
      Ittycheriah, Abraham  and
      Roukos, Salim  and
      Xiang, Bing  and
      Xu, Jian-ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1082",
    pages = "889--898",
}
@inproceedings{gesmundo-henderson-2011-heuristic,
    title = "Heuristic Search for Non-Bottom-Up Tree Structure Prediction",
    author = "Gesmundo, Andrea  and
      Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1083",
    pages = "899--908",
}
@inproceedings{gong-etal-2011-cache,
    title = "Cache-based Document-level Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Gong, Zhengxian  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1084",
    pages = "909--919",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2011-minimum,
    title = "Minimum Imputed-Risk: Unsupervised Discriminative Training for Machine Translation",
    author = "Li, Zhifei  and
      Wang, Ziyuan  and
      Eisner, Jason  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev  and
      Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1085",
    pages = "920--929",
}
@inproceedings{jagarlamudi-etal-2011-improving,
    title = "Improving Bilingual Projections via Sparse Covariance Matrices",
    author = "Jagarlamudi, Jagadeesh  and
      Udupa, Raghavendra  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Bhole, Abhijit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1086",
    pages = "930--940",
}
@inproceedings{dubiner-singer-2011-entire,
    title = "Entire Relaxation Path for Maximum Entropy Problems",
    author = "Dubiner, Moshe  and
      Singer, Yoram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1087",
    pages = "941--948",
}
@inproceedings{shen-li-2011-non,
    title = "A Non-negative Matrix Factorization Based Approach for Active Dual Supervision from Document and Word Labels",
    author = "Shen, Chao  and
      Li, Tao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1088",
    pages = "949--958",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-kitsuregawa-2011-splitting,
    title = "Splitting Noun Compounds via Monolingual and Bilingual Paraphrasing: A Study on {J}apanese Katakana Words",
    author = "Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Kitsuregawa, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1089",
    pages = "959--969",
}
@inproceedings{sun-xu-2011-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing {C}hinese Word Segmentation Using Unlabeled Data",
    author = "Sun, Weiwei  and
      Xu, Jia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1090",
    pages = "970--979",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-harabagiu-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Selectional Restrictions and Detection of Argument Coercions",
    author = "Roberts, Kirk  and
      Harabagiu, Sanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1091",
    pages = "980--990",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2011-harnessing,
    title = "Harnessing different knowledge sources to measure semantic relatedness under a uniform model",
    author = "Zhang, Ziqi  and
      Gentile, Anna Lisa  and
      Ciravegna, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1092",
    pages = "991--1002",
}
@inproceedings{wang-hirst-2011-refining,
    title = "Refining the Notions of Depth and Density in {W}ord{N}et-based Semantic Similarity Measures",
    author = "Wang, Tong  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1093",
    pages = "1003--1011",
}
@inproceedings{van-de-cruys-etal-2011-latent,
    title = "Latent Vector Weighting for Word Meaning in Context",
    author = "Van de Cruys, Tim  and
      Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1094",
    pages = "1012--1022",
}
@inproceedings{sun-korhonen-2011-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Verb Clustering Using Graph Factorization",
    author = "Sun, Lin  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1095",
    pages = "1023--1033",
}
@inproceedings{croce-etal-2011-structured,
    title = "Structured Lexical Similarity via Convolution Kernels on Dependency Trees",
    author = "Croce, Danilo  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1096",
    pages = "1034--1046",
}
@inproceedings{o-seaghdha-korhonen-2011-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic models of similarity in syntactic context",
    author = "{\'O} S{\'e}aghdha, Diarmuid  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1097",
    pages = "1047--1057",
}
@inproceedings{chaudhari-etal-2011-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Co-occurrence, Statistical Significance, and Word Association",
    author = "Chaudhari, Dipak L.  and
      Damani, Om P.  and
      Laxman, Srivatsan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1098",
    pages = "1058--1068",
}
@inproceedings{rahman-ng-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning the Information Status of Noun Phrases in Spoken Dialogues",
    author = "Rahman, Altaf  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1099",
    pages = "1069--1080",
}
@inproceedings{ar-etal-2011-harnessing,
    title = "Harnessing {W}ord{N}et Senses for Supervised Sentiment Classification",
    author = "AR, Balamurali  and
      Joshi, Aditya  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1100",
    pages = "1081--1091",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning General Connotation of Words using Graph-based Algorithms",
    author = "Feng, Song  and
      Bose, Ritwik  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1101",
    pages = "1092--1103",
}
@inproceedings{dinarelli-rosset-2011-hypotheses,
    title = "Hypotheses Selection Criteria in a Reranking Framework for Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Dinarelli, Marco  and
      Rosset, Sophie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1102",
    pages = "1104--1115",
}
@inproceedings{deoras-etal-2011-fast,
    title = "A Fast Re-scoring Strategy to Capture Long-Distance Dependencies",
    author = "Deoras, Anoop  and
      Mikolov, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Church, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1103",
    pages = "1116--1127",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2011-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Subsampling for Training Complex Language Models",
    author = "Xu, Puyang  and
      Gunawardana, Asela  and
      Khudanpur, Sanjeev",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1104",
    pages = "1128--1136",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2011-generating,
    title = "Generating Aspect-oriented Multi-Document Summarization with Event-aspect model",
    author = "Li, Peng  and
      Wang, Yinglin  and
      Gao, Wei  and
      Jiang, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1105",
    pages = "1137--1146",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-clark-2011-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-Based Grammaticality Improvement using {CCG} and Guided Search",
    author = "Zhang, Yue  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1106",
    pages = "1147--1157",
}
@inproceedings{viethen-etal-2011-generating,
    title = "Generating Subsequent Reference in Shared Visual Scenes: Computation vs Re-Use",
    author = "Viethen, Jette  and
      Dale, Robert  and
      Guhe, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1107",
    pages = "1158--1167",
}
@inproceedings{ganitkevitch-etal-2011-learning,
    title = "Learning Sentential Paraphrases from Bilingual Parallel Corpora for Text-to-Text Generation",
    author = "Ganitkevitch, Juri  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Napoles, Courtney  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1108",
    pages = "1168--1179",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2011-joint,
    title = "Joint Models for {C}hinese {POS} Tagging and Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Li, Zhenghua  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Chen, Wenliang  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1109",
    pages = "1180--1191",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2011-relaxed,
    title = "Relaxed Cross-lingual Projection of Constituent Syntax",
    author = "Jiang, Wenbin  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Lv, Yajuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1110",
    pages = "1192--1201",
}
@inproceedings{dinesh-etal-2011-computing,
    title = "Computing Logical Form on Regulatory Texts",
    author = "Dinesh, Nikhil  and
      Joshi, Aravind  and
      Lee, Insup",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1111",
    pages = "1202--1212",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-satta-2011-computation,
    title = "Computation of Infix Probabilities for Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1112",
    pages = "1213--1221",
}
@inproceedings{henestroza-anguiano-candito-2011-parse,
    title = "Parse Correction with Specialized Models for Difficult Attachment Types",
    author = "Henestroza Anguiano, Enrique  and
      Candito, Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1113",
    pages = "1222--1233",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-2011-exact,
    title = "Exact Inference for Generative Probabilistic Non-Projective Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Cohen, Shay B.  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1114",
    pages = "1234--1245",
}
@inproceedings{thomforde-steedman-2011-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised {CCG} Lexicon Extension",
    author = "Thomforde, Emily  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1115",
    pages = "1246--1256",
}
@inproceedings{tratz-hovy-2011-fast,
    title = "A Fast, Accurate, Non-Projective, Semantically-Enriched Parser",
    author = "Tratz, Stephen  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1116",
    pages = "1257--1268",
}
@inproceedings{spitkovsky-etal-2011-lateen,
    title = "Lateen {EM}: Unsupervised Training with Multiple Objectives, Applied to Dependency Grammar Induction",
    author = "Spitkovsky, Valentin I.  and
      Alshawi, Hiyan  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1117",
    pages = "1269--1280",
}
@inproceedings{spitkovsky-etal-2011-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Dependency Parsing without Gold Part-of-Speech Tags",
    author = "Spitkovsky, Valentin I.  and
      Alshawi, Hiyan  and
      Chang, Angel X.  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1118",
    pages = "1281--1290",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2011-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Syntactic and Distributional Information for Spelling Correction with Web-Scale N-gram Models",
    author = "Xu, Wei  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Chodorow, Martin  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      Zhao, Le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1119",
    pages = "1291--1300",
}
@inproceedings{burger-etal-2011-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating Gender on Twitter",
    author = "Burger, John D.  and
      Henderson, John  and
      Kim, George  and
      Zarrella, Guido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1120",
    pages = "1301--1309",
}
@inproceedings{bar-haim-etal-2011-identifying,
    title = "Identifying and Following Expert Investors in Stock Microblogs",
    author = "Bar-Haim, Roy  and
      Dinur, Elad  and
      Feldman, Ronen  and
      Fresko, Moshe  and
      Goldstein, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1121",
    pages = "1310--1319",
}
@inproceedings{lang-lapata-2011-unsupervised-semantic,
    title = "Unsupervised Semantic Role Induction with Graph Partitioning",
    author = "Lang, Joel  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1122",
    pages = "1320--1331",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2011-structural,
    title = "Structural Opinion Mining for Graph-based Sentiment Representation",
    author = "Wu, Yuanbin  and
      Zhang, Qi  and
      Huang, Xuanjing  and
      Wu, Lide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1123",
    pages = "1332--1341",
}
@inproceedings{yan-etal-2011-summarize,
    title = "Summarize What You Are Interested In: An Optimization Framework for Interactive Personalized Summarization",
    author = "Yan, Rui  and
      Nie, Jian-Yun  and
      Li, Xiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1124",
    pages = "1342--1351",
}
@inproceedings{hopkins-may-2011-tuning,
    title = "Tuning as Ranking",
    author = "Hopkins, Mark  and
      May, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1125",
    pages = "1352--1362",
}
@inproceedings{venugopal-etal-2011-watermarking,
    title = "Watermarking the Outputs of Structured Prediction with an application in Statistical Machine Translation.",
    author = "Venugopal, Ashish  and
      Uszkoreit, Jakob  and
      Talbot, David  and
      Och, Franz  and
      Ganitkevitch, Juri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1126",
    pages = "1363--1372",
}
@inproceedings{iglesias-etal-2011-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Phrase-based Translation Representations",
    author = "Iglesias, Gonzalo  and
      Allauzen, Cyril  and
      Byrne, William  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Riley, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1127",
    pages = "1373--1383",
}
@inproceedings{el-kahki-etal-2011-improved,
    title = "Improved Transliteration Mining Using Graph Reinforcement",
    author = "El Kahki, Ali  and
      Darwish, Kareem  and
      Saad El Din, Ahmed  and
      Abd El-Wahab, Mohamed  and
      Hefny, Ahmed  and
      Ammar, Waleed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1128",
    pages = "1384--1393",
}
@inproceedings{grefenstette-sadrzadeh-2011-experimental,
    title = "Experimental Support for a Categorical Compositional Distributional Model of Meaning",
    author = "Grefenstette, Edward  and
      Sadrzadeh, Mehrnoosh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1129",
    pages = "1394--1404",
}
@inproceedings{reisinger-mooney-2011-cross,
    title = "Cross-Cutting Models of Lexical Semantics",
    author = "Reisinger, Joseph  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1130",
    pages = "1405--1415",
}
@inproceedings{borschinger-etal-2011-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Grounded Learning Tasks To Grammatical Inference",
    author = {B{\"o}rschinger, Benjamin  and
      Jones, Bevan K.  and
      Johnson, Mark},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1131",
    pages = "1416--1425",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2011-relation,
    title = "Relation Extraction with Relation Topics",
    author = "Wang, Chang  and
      Fan, James  and
      Kalyanpur, Aditya  and
      Gondek, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1132",
    pages = "1426--1436",
}
@inproceedings{freedman-etal-2011-extreme,
    title = "Extreme Extraction {--} Machine Reading in a Week",
    author = "Freedman, Marjorie  and
      Ramshaw, Lance  and
      Boschee, Elizabeth  and
      Gabbard, Ryan  and
      Kratkiewicz, Gary  and
      Ward, Nicolas  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1133",
    pages = "1437--1446",
}
@inproceedings{mohamed-etal-2011-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Relations between Noun Categories",
    author = "Mohamed, Thahir  and
      Hruschka, Estevam  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1134",
    pages = "1447--1455",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2011-structured,
    title = "Structured Relation Discovery using Generative Models",
    author = "Yao, Limin  and
      Haghighi, Aria  and
      Riedel, Sebastian  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1135",
    pages = "1456--1466",
}
@inproceedings{settles-2011-closing,
    title = "Closing the Loop: Fast, Interactive Semi-Supervised Annotation With Queries on Features and Instances",
    author = "Settles, Burr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1136",
    pages = "1467--1478",
}
@inproceedings{hayashi-etal-2011-third,
    title = "Third-order Variational Reranking on Packed-Shared Dependency Forests",
    author = "Hayashi, Katsuhiko  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1137",
    pages = "1479--1488",
}
@inproceedings{hall-etal-2011-training,
    title = "Training dependency parsers by jointly optimizing multiple objectives",
    author = "Hall, Keith  and
      McDonald, Ryan  and
      Katz-Brown, Jason  and
      Ringgaard, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1138",
    pages = "1489--1499",
}
@inproceedings{martins-etal-2011-structured,
    title = "Structured Sparsity in Structured Prediction",
    author = "Martins, Andr{\'e}  and
      Smith, Noah  and
      Figueiredo, M{\'a}rio  and
      Aguiar, Pedro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1139",
    pages = "1500--1511",
}
@inproceedings{kwiatkowski-etal-2011-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Generalization in {CCG} Grammar Induction for Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Kwiatkowski, Tom  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke  and
      Goldwater, Sharon  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1140",
    pages = "1512--1523",
}
@inproceedings{ritter-etal-2011-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition in Tweets: An Experimental Study",
    author = "Ritter, Alan  and
      Clark, Sam  and
      {Mausam}  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1141",
    pages = "1524--1534",
}
@inproceedings{fader-etal-2011-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Relations for Open Information Extraction",
    author = "Fader, Anthony  and
      Soderland, Stephen  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1142",
    pages = "1535--1545",
}
@inproceedings{laws-etal-2011-active,
    title = "Active Learning with {A}mazon Mechanical Turk",
    author = {Laws, Florian  and
      Scheible, Christian  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1143",
    pages = "1546--1556",
}
@inproceedings{putthividhya-hu-2011-bootstrapped,
    title = "Bootstrapped Named Entity Recognition for Product Attribute Extraction",
    author = "Putthividhya, Duangmanee  and
      Hu, Junling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1144",
    pages = "1557--1567",
}
@inproceedings{aramaki-etal-2011-twitter,
    title = "Twitter Catches The Flu: Detecting Influenza Epidemics using Twitter",
    author = "ARAMAKI, Eiji  and
      MASKAWA, Sachiko  and
      MORITA, Mizuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1145",
    pages = "1568--1576",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2011-simple,
    title = "A Simple Word Trigger Method for Social Tag Suggestion",
    author = "Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Chen, Xinxiong  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1146",
    pages = "1577--1588",
}
@inproceedings{qazvinian-etal-2011-rumor,
    title = "Rumor has it: Identifying Misinformation in Microblogs",
    author = "Qazvinian, Vahed  and
      Rosengren, Emily  and
      Radev, Dragomir R.  and
      Mei, Qiaozhu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1147",
    pages = "1589--1599",
}
@inproceedings{wong-dras-2011-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Parse Structures for Native Language Identification",
    author = "Wong, Sze-Meng Jojo  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1148",
    pages = "1600--1610",
}
@inproceedings{lu-ng-2011-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Forest-to-String Model for Language Generation from Typed Lambda Calculus Expressions",
    author = "Lu, Wei  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2011",
    address = "Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1149",
    pages = "1611--1622",
}
@proceedings{muc-1993-message,
    title = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1000",
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@inproceedings{carlson-etal-1993-corpora-data,
    title = "CORPORA AND DATA PREPARATION",
    author = "Carlson, Lynn  and
      Onyshkevych, Boyan  and
      Okurowski, Mary Ellen",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1001",
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@inproceedings{onyshkevych-etal-1993-tasks-domains,
    title = "TASKS, DOMAINS, AND LANGUAGES",
    author = "Onyshkevych, Boyan  and
      Okurowski, Mary Ellen  and
      Carlson, Lynn",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1002",
}
@inproceedings{onyshkevych-1993-template-design,
    title = "TEMPLATE DESIGN FOR INFORMATION EXTRACTION",
    author = "Onyshkevych, Boyan",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1003",
}
@inproceedings{sundheim-1993-tipster-muc,
    title = "TIPSTER/{MUC}-5 INFORMATION EXTRACTION SYSTEM EVALUATION",
    author = "Sundheim, Beth M.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1004",
}
@inproceedings{okurowski-1993-domain,
    title = "DOMAIN AND LANGUAGE EVALUATION RESULTS",
    author = "Okurowski, Mary Ellen",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1005",
}
@inproceedings{will-1993-comparing-human,
    title = "COMPARING HUMAN AND MACHINE PERFORMANCE FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE INFORMATION EXTRACTION: Results for {E}nglish Microelectronics from the {MUC}-5 Evaluation",
    author = "Will, Craig A.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1006",
}
@inproceedings{chinchor-sundheim-1993-muc,
    title = "{MUC}-5 EVALUATION METRICS",
    author = "Chinchor, Nancy  and
      Sundheim, Beth",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1007",
}
@inproceedings{chinchor-1993-statistical,
    title = "THE STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE {MUC}-5 RESULTS",
    author = "Chinchor, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1008",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-1993-generic,
    title = "The Generic Information Extraction System",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1009",
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@inproceedings{weischedel-etal-1993-bbn,
    title = "{BBN}: Description of the {PLUM} System as Used for {MUC}-5",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph  and
      Ayuso, Damaris  and
      Boisen, Sean  and
      Fox, Heidi  and
      Ingria, Robert  and
      Matsukawa, Tomoyoshi  and
      Papageorgiou, Constantine  and
      MacLaughlin, Dawn  and
      Kitagawa, Masaichiro  and
      Sakai, Tsutomu  and
      Abe, June  and
      Hosiho, Hiroto  and
      Miyamoto, Yoichi  and
      Miller, Scott",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1010",
}
@inproceedings{jacobs-etal-1993-ge,
    title = "GE-CMU: DESCRIPTION OF THE SHOGUN SYSTEM USEDFOR {MUC}-5",
    author = "Jacobs, Paul S.  and
      Krupka, George  and
      Rau, Lisa",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1011",
}
@inproceedings{montgomery-etal-1993-language,
    title = "LANGUAGE SYSTEMS INC:DESCRIPTION OF THE DBG SYSTEMAS USED FOR {MUC}-51",
    author = "Montgomery, Christine A.  and
      Stumberger, Robert E.  and
      Stalls, Bonnie Glover  and
      Li, Naicong  and
      Belvin, Robert S.  and
      Litenatsky, Susan Hirsh",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1012",
}
@inproceedings{aberdeen-etal-1993-mitre,
    title = "{MITRE}-Bedford:Description of the{A}lembic{S}ystem as Used for {MUC}-5",
    author = "Aberdeen, John  and
      Burger, John  and
      Connolly, Dennis  and
      Roberts, Susan  and
      Vilain, Marc",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1013",
}
@inproceedings{muraki-etal-1993-nec,
    title = "{NEC}: DESCRIPTION OF THE VENIEX SYSTEM AS USED FOR {MUC}-5",
    author = "MURAKI, Kazunori  and
      DOI, Shinichi  and
      ANDO, Shinichi",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1014",
}
@inproceedings{cowie-etal-1993-crl-brandeis,
    title = "CRL/BRANDEIS: DESCRIPTION OF THE \textit{DIDEROT} SYSTEM AS USED FOR {MUC}-5",
    author = "Cowie, Jim  and
      Guthrie, Louise  and
      Wang, Jin  and
      Wang, Rong  and
      Wakao, Takahiro  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Waterman, Scott",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1015",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-sterling-1993-new,
    title = "NEW YORK UNIVERSITY: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROTEUS SYSTEM AS USED FOR {MUC}-5",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Sterling, John",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1016",
}
@inproceedings{loatman-yang-1993-prc,
    title = "PRC Inc.: DESCRIPTION OF THE PAKTUS SYSTEMUSED FOR {MUC}-5",
    author = "Loatman, Bruce  and
      Yang, Chih-King",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1017",
}
@inproceedings{aone-etal-1993-sra,
    title = "{SRA}: DESCRIPTION OF THE SOLOMON SYSTEM AS USED FOR {MUC}-5",
    author = "Aone, Chinatsu  and
      Flank, Sharon  and
      McKee, Doug  and
      Krause, Paul",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1018",
}
@inproceedings{appelt-etal-1993-sri,
    title = "{SRI}: Description of the {JV}-{FASTUS} System Used for {MUC}-5",
    author = "Appelt, Douglas E.  and
      Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Bear, John  and
      Israel, David  and
      Kameyama, Megumi  and
      Tyson, Mabry",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1019",
}
@inproceedings{william-w-noah-weeks-1993-trw,
    title = "{TRW}: DESCRIPTION OF THE DEFT SYSTEM AS USED FOR {MUC}-5",
    author = "WILLIAM W. NOAH, Ph.D.  and
      WEEKS, ROLLIN V.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1020",
}
@inproceedings{weir-fritzson-1993-unisys,
    title = "{UNISYS}: Description of the {CBAS} System Used for {MUC}-5",
    author = "Weir, Carl  and
      Fritzson, Rich",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1021",
}
@inproceedings{lin-1993-university,
    title = "University of Manitoba: Description of the {NUBA} System as Used for {MUC}-5",
    author = "Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1022",
}
@inproceedings{lehnert-etal-1993-umass-hughes,
    title = "UMASS/HUGHES: DESCRIPTION OF THE CIRCUS SYSTEMUSED FOR {MUC}-51",
    author = "Lehnert, W.  and
      McCarthy, J.  and
      Soderland, S.  and
      Riloff, E.  and
      Cardie, C.  and
      Peterson, J.  and
      Feng, F.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1023",
}
@inproceedings{lytinen-etal-1993-description,
    title = "Description of the {LINK} System Used for {MUC}-5",
    author = "Lytinen, Steven L.  and
      Burridge, Robert R.  and
      Hastings, Peter M.  and
      Huyck, Christian",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1024",
}
@inproceedings{moldovan-etal-1993-usc,
    title = "{USC}: DESCRIPTION OF THE SNAP SYSTEMUSED FOR {MUC}-5",
    author = "Moldovan, Dan  and
      Cha, Seungho  and
      Chung, Minhwa  and
      Gallippi, Tony  and
      Hendrickson, Kenneth J.  and
      Kim, Jun-Tae  and
      Lin, Changhwa  and
      Lin, Chinyew",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1025",
}
@inproceedings{gaizauskas-etal-1993-sussex,
    title = "SUSSEX UNIVERSITY: DESCRIPTION OF THE SUSSEX SYSTEM USED FOR {MUC}-5",
    author = "Gaizauskas, Robert  and
      Cahill, Lynne  and
      Evans, Roger",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1026",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-1993-summary,
    title = "Summary of Workshop on{L}exicons for Text Extraction",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1027",
}
@inproceedings{stumberger-1993-report,
    title = "Report from the Text Analysis Techniques Topic Session",
    author = "Stumberger, Robert E.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1028",
}
@inproceedings{jacobs-1993-information,
    title = "INFORMATION EXTRACTION FOR THE FUTURE",
    author = "Jacobs, Paul S.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1029",
}
@inproceedings{ayuso-1993-topic,
    title = "Topic Session on {DISCOURSE}",
    author = "Ayuso, Damaris M.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1030",
}
@inproceedings{mccarthy-1993-tools,
    title = "TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR RAPID PORTING",
    author = "McCarthy, Joe",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1031",
}
@inproceedings{rau-1993-information,
    title = "INFORMATION EXTRACTION AND EVALUATION",
    author = "Rau, Lisa F.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1032",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1993-appendix-system,
    title = "APPENDIX A: SYSTEM WALKTHROUGH REFERENCE MATERIALS",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1033",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1993-appendix-b,
    title = "APPENDIX B: {MUC}-5 TEST SCORES",
    booktitle = "Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, {M}aryland, August 25-27, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M93-1034",
}
@proceedings{lrec-2018-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    author = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Cieri, Christopher  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Hasida, Koiti  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Maegaard, Bente  and
      Mariani, Joseph  and
      Moreno, Asuncion  and
      Odijk, Jan  and
      Piperidis, Stelios  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Goggi, Sara  and
      Mazo, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
}
@inproceedings{kocabiyikoglu-etal-2018-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting Librispeech with {F}rench Translations: A Multimodal Corpus for Direct Speech Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Kocabiyikoglu, Ali Can  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Kraif, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1001",
}
@inproceedings{etchegoyhen-etal-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Domain Adaptation for Machine Translation Across Scenarios",
    author = "Etchegoyhen, Thierry  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez Torn{\'e}, Anna  and
      Azpeitia, Andoni  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Garcia, Eva  and
      Matamala, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1002",
}
@inproceedings{hadiwinoto-ng-2018-upping,
    title = "Upping the Ante: Towards a Better Benchmark for {C}hinese-to-{E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Hadiwinoto, Christian  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1003",
}
@inproceedings{negri-etal-2018-escape,
    title = "{ESCAPE}: a Large-scale Synthetic Corpus for Automatic Post-Editing",
    author = "Negri, Matteo  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Bertoldi, Nicola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1004",
}
@inproceedings{shao-etal-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Machine Translation Performance on {C}hinese Idioms with a Blacklist Method",
    author = "Shao, Yutong  and
      Sennrich, Rico  and
      Webber, Bonnie  and
      Fancellu, Federico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1005",
}
@inproceedings{jana-goyal-2018-network,
    title = "Network Features Based Co-hyponymy Detection",
    author = "Jana, Abhik  and
      Goyal, Pawan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1006",
}
@inproceedings{novak-novak-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Generation and Evaluation of a Wide-Coverage Lexical Semantic Resource",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, Attila  and
      Nov{\'a}k, Borb{\'a}la",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1007",
}
@inproceedings{mikolov-etal-2018-advances,
    title = "Advances in Pre-Training Distributed Word Representations",
    author = "Mikolov, Tomas  and
      Grave, Edouard  and
      Bojanowski, Piotr  and
      Puhrsch, Christian  and
      Joulin, Armand",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1008",
}
@inproceedings{brown-etal-2018-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Generative Lexicon Event Structures into {V}erb{N}et",
    author = "Brown, Susan Windisch  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Zaenen, Annie  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1009",
}
@inproceedings{kulahcioglu-de-melo-2018-fontlex,
    title = "{F}ont{L}ex: A Typographical Lexicon based on Affective Associations",
    author = "Kulahcioglu, Tugba  and
      de Melo, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1010",
}
@inproceedings{hellwig-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-layer Annotation of the Rigveda",
    author = "Hellwig, Oliver  and
      Hettrich, Heinrich  and
      Modi, Ashutosh  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1011",
}
@inproceedings{futrell-etal-2018-natural,
    title = "The Natural Stories Corpus",
    author = "Futrell, Richard  and
      Gibson, Edward  and
      Tily, Harry J.  and
      Blank, Idan  and
      Vishnevetsky, Anastasia  and
      Piantadosi, Steven  and
      Fedorenko, Evelina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1012",
}
@inproceedings{hahm-etal-2018-semi,
    title = "Semi-automatic {K}orean {F}rame{N}et Annotation over {KAIST} Treebank",
    author = "Hahm, Younggyun  and
      Kim, Jiseong  and
      Kwon, Sunggoo  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1013",
}
@inproceedings{damnati-etal-2018-handling,
    title = "Handling Normalization Issues for Part-of-Speech Tagging of Online Conversational Text",
    author = "Damnati, G{\'e}raldine  and
      Auguste, Jeremy  and
      Nasr, Alexis  and
      Charlet, Delphine  and
      Heinecke, Johannes  and
      B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1014",
}
@inproceedings{darwish-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Dialect {A}rabic {POS} Tagging: A {CRF} Approach",
    author = "Darwish, Kareem  and
      Mubarak, Hamdy  and
      Abdelali, Ahmed  and
      Eldesouki, Mohamed  and
      Samih, Younes  and
      Alharbi, Randah  and
      Attia, Mohammed  and
      Magdy, Walid  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1015",
}
@inproceedings{kafle-huenerfauth-2018-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus for Modeling Word Importance in Spoken Dialogue Transcripts",
    author = "Kafle, Sushant  and
      Huenerfauth, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1016",
}
@inproceedings{traum-etal-2018-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Structure Annotation for Multi-Floor Interaction",
    author = "Traum, David  and
      Henry, Cassidy  and
      Lukin, Stephanie  and
      Artstein, Ron  and
      Gervits, Felix  and
      Pollard, Kimberly  and
      Bonial, Claire  and
      Lei, Su  and
      Voss, Clare  and
      Marge, Matthew  and
      Hayes, Cory  and
      Hill, Susan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1017",
}
@inproceedings{kraus-etal-2018-effects,
    title = "Effects of Gender Stereotypes on Trust and Likability in Spoken Human-Robot Interaction",
    author = "Kraus, Matthias  and
      Kraus, Johannes  and
      Baumann, Martin  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1018",
}
@inproceedings{kontogiorgos-etal-2018-multimodal,
    title = "A Multimodal Corpus for Mutual Gaze and Joint Attention in Multiparty Situated Interaction",
    author = "Kontogiorgos, Dimosthenis  and
      Avramova, Vanya  and
      Alexanderson, Simon  and
      Jonell, Patrik  and
      Oertel, Catharine  and
      Beskow, Jonas  and
      Skantze, Gabriel  and
      Gustafson, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1019",
}
@inproceedings{elmadany-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Dialogue Act Classification for Spontaneous {A}rabic Speech and Instant Messages at Utterance Level",
    author = "Elmadany, AbdelRahim  and
      Abdou, Sherif  and
      Gheith, Mervat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1020",
}
@inproceedings{kamocki-etal-2018-data,
    title = "Data Management Plan ({DMP}) for Language Data under the New General Da-ta Protection Regulation ({GDPR})",
    author = "Kamocki, Pawel  and
      Mapelli, Val{\'e}rie  and
      Choukri, Khalid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1021",
}
@inproceedings{branco-2018-depleting,
    title = "We Are Depleting Our Research Subject as We Are Investigating It: In Language Technology, more Replication and Diversity Are Needed",
    author = "Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1022",
}
@inproceedings{trippel-zinn-2018-lessons,
    title = "Lessons Learned: On the Challenges of Migrating a Research Data Repository from a Research Institution to a University Library.",
    author = "Trippel, Thorsten  and
      Zinn, Claus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1023",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-etal-2018-introducing,
    title = "Introducing {NIEUW}: Novel Incentives and Workflows for Eliciting Linguistic Data",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      Fiumara, James  and
      Liberman, Mark  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Wright, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1024",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-2018-three,
    title = "Three Dimensions of Reproducibility in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Cohen, K. Bretonnel  and
      Xia, Jingbo  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Callahan, Tiffany  and
      Hargraves, Orin  and
      Goss, Foster  and
      Ide, Nancy  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Hunter, Lawrence E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1025",
}
@inproceedings{orizu-he-2018-content,
    title = "Content-Based Conflict of Interest Detection on {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Orizu, Udochukwu  and
      He, Yulan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1026",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-2018-word,
    title = "Word Affect Intensities",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1027",
}
@inproceedings{buechel-hahn-2018-representation,
    title = "Representation Mapping: A Novel Approach to Generate High-Quality Multi-Lingual Emotion Lexicons",
    author = "Buechel, Sven  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1028",
}
@inproceedings{vlachostergiou-etal-2018-unfolding,
    title = "Unfolding the External Behavior and Inner Affective State of Teammates through Ensemble Learning: Experimental Evidence from a Dyadic Team Corpus",
    author = "Vlachostergiou, Aggeliki  and
      Dennison, Mark  and
      Neubauer, Catherine  and
      Scherer, Stefan  and
      Khooshabeh, Peter  and
      Harrison, Andre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1029",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-kiritchenko-2018-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Emotions: A Dataset of Tweets to Study Interactions between Affect Categories",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Kiritchenko, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1030",
}
@inproceedings{min-etal-2018-ace,
    title = "When {ACE} met {KBP}: End-to-End Evaluation of Knowledge Base Population with Component-level Annotation",
    author = "Min, Bonan  and
      Freedman, Marjorie  and
      Bock, Roger  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1031",
}
@inproceedings{christodoulopoulos-mittal-2018-simple,
    title = "Simple Large-scale Relation Extraction from Unstructured Text",
    author = "Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Mittal, Arpit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1032",
}
@inproceedings{alsuhaibani-bollegala-2018-joint,
    title = "Joint Learning of Sense and Word Embeddings",
    author = "Alsuhaibani, Mohammed  and
      Bollegala, Danushka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1033",
}
@inproceedings{gromann-declerck-2018-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Pretrained Multilingual Word Embeddings on an Ontology Alignment Task",
    author = "Gromann, Dagmar  and
      Declerck, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1034",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-etal-2018-large,
    title = "A Large Resource of Patterns for Verbal Paraphrases",
    author = "Popescu, Octavian  and
      Vo, Ngoc Phuoc An  and
      Sheinin, Vadim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1035",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2018-building,
    title = "Building Parallel Monolingual {G}an {C}hinese Dialects Corpus",
    author = "Xu, Fan  and
      Wang, Mingwen  and
      Li, Maoxi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1036",
}
@inproceedings{mirkin-etal-2018-recorded,
    title = "A Recorded Debating Dataset",
    author = "Mirkin, Shachar  and
      Jacovi, Michal  and
      Lavee, Tamar  and
      Kuo, Hong-Kwang  and
      Thomas, Samuel  and
      Sager, Leslie  and
      Kotlerman, Lili  and
      Venezian, Elad  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1037",
}
@inproceedings{sugisaki-etal-2018-building,
    title = "Building a Corpus from Handwritten Picture Postcards: Transcription, Annotation and Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Sugisaki, Kyoko  and
      Wiedmer, Nicolas  and
      Hausendorf, Heiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1038",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-salido-etal-2018-lexical,
    title = "A Lexical Tool for Academic Writing in {S}panish based on Expert and Novice Corpora",
    author = "Garc{\'\i}a Salido, Marcos  and
      Garc{\'\i}a, Marcos  and
      Villayandre-Llamazares, Milka  and
      Alonso-Ramos, Margarita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1039",
}
@inproceedings{brasoveanu-etal-2018-framing,
    title = "Framing Named Entity Linking Error Types",
    author = "Bra{\c{s}}oveanu, Adrian  and
      Rizzo, Giuseppe  and
      Kuntschik, Philipp  and
      Weichselbraun, Albert  and
      Nixon, Lyndon J.B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1040",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-etal-2018-framenet,
    title = "A {F}rame{N}et for Cancer Information in Clinical Narratives: Schema and Annotation",
    author = "Roberts, Kirk  and
      Si, Yuqi  and
      Gandhi, Anshul  and
      Bernstam, Elmer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1041",
}
@inproceedings{shardlow-etal-2018-new,
    title = "A New Corpus to Support Text Mining for the Curation of Metabolites in the {C}h{EBI} Database",
    author = "Shardlow, Matthew  and
      Nguyen, Nhung  and
      Owen, Gareth  and
      O{'}Donovan, Claire  and
      Leach, Andrew  and
      McNaught, John  and
      Turner, Steve  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1042",
}
@inproceedings{neveol-etal-2018-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Corpora for the Biomedical Domain",
    author = "N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Jimeno Yepes, Antonio  and
      Neves, Mariana  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1043",
}
@inproceedings{zlabinger-etal-2018-medical,
    title = "Medical Entity Corpus with {PICO} elements and Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Zlabinger, Markus  and
      Andersson, Linda  and
      Hanbury, Allan  and
      Andersson, Michael  and
      Quasnik, Vanessa  and
      Brassey, Jon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1044",
}
@inproceedings{hazem-daille-2018-word,
    title = "Word Embedding Approach for Synonym Extraction of Multi-Word Terms",
    author = "Hazem, Amir  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1045",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-egg-2018-large,
    title = "A Large Automatically-Acquired All-Words List of Multiword Expressions Scored for Compositionality",
    author = "Roberts, Will  and
      Egg, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1046",
}
@inproceedings{semmar-2018-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach for Automatic Extraction of Bilingual Multiword Expressions from Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Semmar, Nasredine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1047",
}
@inproceedings{agrawal-etal-2018-beating,
    title = "No more beating about the bush : A Step towards Idiom Handling for {I}ndian Language {NLP}",
    author = "Agrawal, Ruchit  and
      Chenthil Kumar, Vighnesh  and
      Muralidharan, Vigneshwaran  and
      Sharma, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1048",
}
@inproceedings{kamila-etal-2018-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Level Temporality Detection using an Implicit Time-sensed Resource",
    author = "Kamila, Sabyasachi  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1049",
}
@inproceedings{sakaguchi-etal-2018-comprehensive,
    title = "Comprehensive Annotation of Various Types of Temporal Information on the Time Axis",
    author = "Sakaguchi, Tomohiro  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1050",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-morante-2018-systems,
    title = "Systems{'} Agreements and Disagreements in Temporal Processing: An Extensive Error Analysis of the {T}emp{E}val-3 Task",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Morante, Roser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1051",
}
@inproceedings{vempala-blanco-2018-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Temporally-Anchored Spatial Knowledge by Leveraging Syntactic Dependencies",
    author = "Vempala, Alakananda  and
      Blanco, Eduardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1052",
}
@inproceedings{de-hertog-desmet-2018-contextualized,
    title = "Contextualized Usage-Based Material Selection",
    author = "De Hertog, Dirk  and
      Desmet, Piet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1053",
}
@inproceedings{yoo-kim-2018-cbfc,
    title = "{CBFC}: a parallel {L}2 speech corpus for {K}orean and {F}rench learners",
    author = "Yoo, Hiyon  and
      Kim, Inyoung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1054",
}
@inproceedings{wilkens-etal-2018-sw4all,
    title = "{SW}4{ALL}: a {CEFR} Classified and Aligned Corpus for Language Learning",
    author = "Wilkens, Rodrigo  and
      Zilio, Leonardo  and
      Fairon, C{\'e}drick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1055",
}
@inproceedings{quiniou-daille-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards a Diagnosis of Textual Difficulties for Children with Dyslexia",
    author = "Quiniou, Solen  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1056",
}
@inproceedings{marimon-etal-2018-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution in {F}ree{L}ing 4.0",
    author = "Marimon, Montserrat  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Turmo, Jordi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1057",
}
@inproceedings{rosiger-2018-bashi,
    title = "{BASHI}: A Corpus of Wall Street Journal Articles Annotated with Bridging Links",
    author = {R{\"o}siger, Ina},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1058",
}
@inproceedings{oberle-2018-sacr,
    title = "{SACR}: A Drag-and-Drop Based Tool for Coreference Annotation",
    author = "Oberle, Bruno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1059",
}
@inproceedings{niton-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Neural Networks for Coreference Resolution for Polish",
    author = "Nito{\'n}, Bart{\l}omiej  and
      Morawiecki, Pawe{\l}  and
      Ogrodniczuk, Maciej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1060",
}
@inproceedings{vincze-etal-2018-szegedkoref,
    title = "{S}zeged{K}oref: A {H}ungarian Coreference Corpus",
    author = "Vincze, Veronika  and
      Heged{\H{u}}s, Kl{\'a}ra  and
      Sliz-Nagy, Alex  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1061",
}
@inproceedings{ahmad-chang-2018-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus to Learn Refer-to-as Relations for Nominals",
    author = "Ahmad, Wasi  and
      Chang, Kai-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1062",
}
@inproceedings{plu-etal-2018-sanaphor,
    title = "{S}anaphor++: Combining Deep Neural Networks with Semantics for Coreference Resolution",
    author = {Plu, Julien  and
      Prokofyev, Roman  and
      Tonon, Alberto  and
      Cudr{\'e}-Mauroux, Philippe  and
      Difallah, Djellel Eddine  and
      Troncy, Rapha{\"e}l  and
      Rizzo, Giuseppe},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1063",
}
@inproceedings{grobol-etal-2018-ancor,
    title = "{ANCOR}-{AS}: Enriching the {ANCOR} Corpus with Syntactic Annotations",
    author = {Grobol, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Tellier, Isabelle  and
      de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric  and
      Dinarelli, Marco  and
      Landragin, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1064",
}
@inproceedings{lapshinova-koltunski-etal-2018-parcorfull,
    title = "{P}ar{C}or{F}ull: a Parallel Corpus Annotated with Full Coreference",
    author = "Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Krielke, Pauline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1065",
}
@inproceedings{ziolko-etal-2018-application,
    title = "An Application for Building a Polish Telephone Speech Corpus",
    author = "Zi{\'o}{\l}ko, Bartosz  and
      {\.Z}elasko, Piotr  and
      Gawlik, Ireneusz  and
      P{\k{e}}dzim{\k{a}}{\.z}, Tomasz  and
      Jadczyk, Tomasz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1066",
}
@inproceedings{takamichi-saruwatari-2018-cpjd,
    title = "{CPJD} Corpus: Crowdsourced Parallel Speech Corpus of {J}apanese Dialects",
    author = "Takamichi, Shinnosuke  and
      Saruwatari, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1067",
}
@inproceedings{yancey-lepage-2018-korean,
    title = "{K}orean {L}2 Vocabulary Prediction: Can a Large Annotated Corpus be Used to Train Better Models for Predicting Unknown Words?",
    author = "Yancey, Kevin  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1068",
}
@inproceedings{granet-etal-2018-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing-based Annotation of the Accounting Registers of the {I}talian Comedy",
    author = "Granet, Adeline  and
      Hervy, Benjamin  and
      Roman-Jimenez, Geoffrey  and
      Hachicha, Marouane  and
      Morin, Emmanuel  and
      Mouch{\`e}re, Harold  and
      Quiniou, Solen  and
      Raschia, Guillaume  and
      Rubellin, Fran{\c{c}}oise  and
      Viard-Gaudin, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1069",
}
@inproceedings{lefakis-etal-2018-feidegger,
    title = "{FEIDEGGER}: A Multi-modal Corpus of Fashion Images and Descriptions in {G}erman",
    author = "Lefakis, Leonidas  and
      Akbik, Alan  and
      Vollgraf, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1070",
}
@inproceedings{millour-fort-2018-toward,
    title = "Toward a Lightweight Solution for Less-resourced Languages: Creating a {POS} Tagger for Alsatian Using Voluntary Crowdsourcing",
    author = {Millour, Alice  and
      Fort, Kar{\"e}n},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1071",
}
@inproceedings{katsuta-yamamoto-2018-crowdsourced,
    title = "Crowdsourced Corpus of Sentence Simplification with Core Vocabulary",
    author = "Katsuta, Akihiro  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1072",
}
@inproceedings{hendrickx-etal-2018-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual Wikified Data Set of Educational Material",
    author = "Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Takoulidou, Eirini  and
      Naskos, Thanasis  and
      Kermanidis, Katia Lida  and
      Sosoni, Vilelmini  and
      de Vos, Hugo  and
      Stasimioti, Maria  and
      van Zaanen, Menno  and
      Georgakopoulou, Panayota  and
      Kordoni, Valia  and
      Popovic, Maja  and
      Egg, Markus  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1073",
}
@inproceedings{ganbold-etal-2018-using,
    title = "Using Crowd Agreement for {W}ordnet Localization",
    author = "Ganbold, Amarsanaa  and
      Chagnaa, Altangerel  and
      Bella, G{\'a}bor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1074",
}
@inproceedings{sosoni-etal-2018-translation,
    title = "Translation Crowdsourcing: Creating a Multilingual Corpus of Online Educational Content",
    author = "Sosoni, Vilelmini  and
      Kermanidis, Katia Lida  and
      Stasimioti, Maria  and
      Naskos, Thanasis  and
      Takoulidou, Eirini  and
      van Zaanen, Menno  and
      Castilho, Sheila  and
      Georgakopoulou, Panayota  and
      Kordoni, Valia  and
      Egg, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1075",
}
@inproceedings{ehara-2018-building,
    title = "Building an {E}nglish Vocabulary Knowledge Dataset of {J}apanese {E}nglish-as-a-Second-Language Learners Using Crowdsourcing",
    author = "Ehara, Yo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1076",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-moldovan-2018-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Relation Classification using Long Short Term Memory Networks",
    author = "Zhang, Linrui  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1077",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-uir,
    title = "The {UIR} Uncertainty Corpus for {C}hinese: Annotating {C}hinese Microblog Corpus for Uncertainty Identification from Social Media",
    author = "Li, Binyang  and
      Xiang, Jun  and
      Chen, Le  and
      Han, Xu  and
      Yu, Xiaoyan  and
      Xu, Ruifeng  and
      Wang, Tengjiao  and
      Wong, Kam-fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1078",
}
@inproceedings{ge-etal-2018-eventwiki,
    title = "{E}vent{W}iki: A Knowledge Base of Major Events",
    author = "Ge, Tao  and
      Cui, Lei  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Sui, Zhifang  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1079",
}
@inproceedings{koroleva-paroubek-2018-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Spin in Biomedical Scientific Publications : the case of Random Controlled Trials ({RCT}s)",
    author = "Koroleva, Anna  and
      Paroubek, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1080",
}
@inproceedings{matsumoto-etal-2018-visualization,
    title = "Visualization of the occurrence trend of infectious diseases using Twitter",
    author = "Matsumoto, Ryusei  and
      Yoshida, Minoru  and
      Matsumoto, Kazuyuki  and
      Matsuda, Hironobu  and
      Kita, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1081",
}
@inproceedings{martinc-pollak-2018-reusable,
    title = "Reusable workflows for gender prediction",
    author = "Martinc, Matej  and
      Pollak, Senja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1082",
}
@inproceedings{hoenen-schenk-2018-knowing,
    title = "Knowing the Author by the Company His Words Keep",
    author = "Hoenen, Armin  and
      Schenk, Niko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1083",
}
@inproceedings{zielinski-mutschke-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards a Gold Standard Corpus for Variable Detection and Linking in Social Science Publications",
    author = "Zielinski, Andrea  and
      Mutschke, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1084",
}
@inproceedings{strotgen-etal-2018-krauts,
    title = "{KRAUTS}: A {G}erman Temporally Annotated News Corpus",
    author = {Str{\"o}tgen, Jannik  and
      Minard, Anne-Lyse  and
      Lange, Lukas  and
      Speranza, Manuela  and
      Magnini, Bernardo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1085",
}
@inproceedings{khashabi-etal-2018-cogcompnlp,
    title = "{C}og{C}omp{NLP}: Your Swiss Army Knife for {NLP}",
    author = "Khashabi, Daniel  and
      Sammons, Mark  and
      Zhou, Ben  and
      Redman, Tom  and
      Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Srikumar, Vivek  and
      Rizzolo, Nicholas  and
      Ratinov, Lev  and
      Luo, Guanheng  and
      Do, Quang  and
      Tsai, Chen-Tse  and
      Roy, Subhro  and
      Mayhew, Stephen  and
      Feng, Zhili  and
      Wieting, John  and
      Yu, Xiaodong  and
      Song, Yangqiu  and
      Gupta, Shashank  and
      Upadhyay, Shyam  and
      Arivazhagan, Naveen  and
      Ning, Qiang  and
      Ling, Shaoshi  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1086",
}
@inproceedings{nehring-sasaki-2018-framework,
    title = "A Framework for the Needs of Different Types of Users in Multilingual Semantic Enrichment",
    author = "Nehring, Jan  and
      Sasaki, Felix",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1087",
}
@inproceedings{bartolini-etal-2018-lrec,
    title = "The {LREC} Workshops Map",
    author = "Bartolini, Roberto  and
      Goggi, Sara  and
      Monachini, Monica  and
      Pardelli, Gabriella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1088",
}
@inproceedings{gartner-etal-2018-preserving,
    title = "Preserving Workflow Reproducibility: The {R}e{P}lay-{DH} Client as a Tool for Process Documentation",
    author = {G{\"a}rtner, Markus  and
      Hahn, Uli  and
      Hermann, Sibylle},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1089",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-schenk-2018-acoli,
    title = "The {AC}o{L}i {C}o{NLL} Libraries: Beyond Tab-Separated Values",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Schenk, Niko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1090",
}
@inproceedings{indig-etal-2018-whats,
    title = "What{'}s Wrong, Python? {--} A Visual Differ and Graph Library for {NLP} in Python",
    author = "Indig, Bal{\'a}zs  and
      Simonyi, Andr{\'a}s  and
      Ligeti-Nagy, No{\'e}mi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1091",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-scholargraph,
    title = "{S}cholar{G}raph:a {C}hinese Knowledge Graph of {C}hinese Scholars",
    author = "Wang, Shuo  and
      Hao, Zehui  and
      Meng, Xiaofeng  and
      Wang, Qiuyue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1092",
}
@inproceedings{faralli-etal-2018-enriching,
    title = "Enriching Frame Representations with Distributionally Induced Senses",
    author = "Faralli, Stefano  and
      Panchenko, Alexander  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1093",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-etal-2018-integrated,
    title = "An Integrated Formal Representation for Terminological and Lexical Data included in Classification Schemes",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry  and
      Egorova, Kseniya  and
      Schnur, Eileen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1094",
}
@inproceedings{panunzi-etal-2018-one,
    title = "One event, many representations. Mapping action concepts through visual features.",
    author = "Panunzi, Alessandro  and
      Gregori, Lorenzo  and
      Ravelli, Andrea Amelio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1095",
}
@inproceedings{wan-2018-tel,
    title = "{T}el(s)-Telle(s)-Signs: Highly Accurate Automatic Crosslingual Hypernym Discovery",
    author = "Wan, Ada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1096",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-etal-2018-disambiguation,
    title = "Disambiguation of Verbal Shifters",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Loda, Sylvette  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1097",
}
@inproceedings{huangfu-surdeanu-2018-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Polar-Opposite Emotion Dimensions from Online Reviews",
    author = "Huangfu, Luwen  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1098",
}
@inproceedings{rajendran-etal-2018-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment-Stance-Specificity ({SSS}) Dataset: Identifying Support-based Entailment among Opinions.",
    author = "Rajendran, Pavithra  and
      Bollegala, Danushka  and
      Parsons, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1099",
}
@inproceedings{gangula-mamidi-2018-resource,
    title = "Resource Creation Towards Automated Sentiment Analysis in {T}elugu (a low resource language) and Integrating Multiple Domain Sources to Enhance Sentiment Prediction",
    author = "Gangula, Rama Rohit Reddy  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1100",
}
@inproceedings{attia-etal-2018-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Multi-class Sentiment Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Attia, Mohammed  and
      Samih, Younes  and
      Elkahky, Ali  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1101",
}
@inproceedings{khodak-etal-2018-large,
    title = "A Large Self-Annotated Corpus for Sarcasm",
    author = "Khodak, Mikhail  and
      Saunshi, Nikunj  and
      Vodrahalli, Kiran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1102",
}
@inproceedings{asai-etal-2018-happydb,
    title = "{H}appy{DB}: A Corpus of 100,000 Crowdsourced Happy Moments",
    author = "Asai, Akari  and
      Evensen, Sara  and
      Golshan, Behzad  and
      Halevy, Alon  and
      Li, Vivian  and
      Lopatenko, Andrei  and
      Stepanov, Daniela  and
      Suhara, Yoshihiko  and
      Tan, Wang-Chiew  and
      Xu, Yinzhan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1103",
}
@inproceedings{barnes-etal-2018-multibooked,
    title = "{M}ulti{B}ooked: A Corpus of Basque and {C}atalan Hotel Reviews Annotated for Aspect-level Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Barnes, Jeremy  and
      Badia, Toni  and
      Lambert, Patrik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1104",
}
@inproceedings{santos-etal-2018-blogset,
    title = "{B}log{S}et-{BR}: A {B}razilian {P}ortuguese Blog Corpus",
    author = "Santos, Henrique  and
      Woloszyn, Vinicius  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1105",
}
@inproceedings{proisl-2018-someweta,
    title = "{S}o{M}e{W}e{T}a: A Part-of-Speech Tagger for {G}erman Social Media and Web Texts",
    author = "Proisl, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1106",
}
@inproceedings{mendels-etal-2018-collecting,
    title = "Collecting Code-Switched Data from Social Media",
    author = "Mendels, Gideon  and
      Soto, Victor  and
      Jaech, Aaron  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1107",
}
@inproceedings{donato-paggio-2018-classifying,
    title = "Classifying the Informative Behaviour of Emoji in Microblogs",
    author = "Donato, Giulia  and
      Paggio, Patrizia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1108",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-goot-etal-2018-taxonomy,
    title = "A Taxonomy for In-depth Evaluation of Normalization for User Generated Content",
    author = "van der Goot, Rob  and
      van Noord, Rik  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1109",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-strzalkowski-2018-gaining,
    title = "Gaining and Losing Influence in Online Conversation",
    author = "Sharma, Arun  and
      Strzalkowski, Tomek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1110",
}
@inproceedings{zaghouani-charfi-2018-arap,
    title = "Arap-Tweet: A Large Multi-Dialect Twitter Corpus for Gender, Age and Language Variety Identification",
    author = "Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Charfi, Anis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1111",
}
@inproceedings{okinina-etal-2018-transc,
    title = "Transc{\&}Anno: A Graphical Tool for the Transcription and On-the-Fly Annotation of Handwritten Documents",
    author = "Okinina, Nadezda  and
      Nicolas, Lionel  and
      Lyding, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1112",
}
@inproceedings{nastase-hitschler-2018-correction,
    title = "Correction of {OCR} Word Segmentation Errors in Articles from the {ACL} Collection through Neural Machine Translation Methods",
    author = "Nastase, Vivi  and
      Hitschler, Julian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1113",
}
@inproceedings{hoenen-2018-manuscripts,
    title = "From Manuscripts to Archetypes through Iterative Clustering",
    author = "Hoenen, Armin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1114",
}
@inproceedings{yamauchi-etal-2018-building,
    title = "Building A Handwritten Cuneiform Character Imageset",
    author = "Yamauchi, Kenji  and
      Yamamoto, Hajime  and
      Mori, Wakaha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1115",
}
@inproceedings{goodman-etal-2018-pdf,
    title = "{PDF}-to-Text Reanalysis for Linguistic Data Mining",
    author = "Goodman, Michael Wayne  and
      Georgi, Ryan  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1116",
}
@inproceedings{jonell-etal-2018-crowdsourced,
    title = "Crowdsourced Multimodal Corpora Collection Tool",
    author = "Jonell, Patrik  and
      Oertel, Catharine  and
      Kontogiorgos, Dimosthenis  and
      Beskow, Jonas  and
      Gustafson, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1117",
}
@inproceedings{miehle-etal-2018-expert,
    title = "Expert Evaluation of a Spoken Dialogue System in a Clinical Operating Room",
    author = "Miehle, Juliana  and
      Gerstenlauer, Nadine  and
      Ostler, Daniel  and
      Feu{\ss}ner, Hubertus  and
      Minker, Wolfgang  and
      Ultes, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1118",
}
@inproceedings{shirai-fukuoka-2018-jaist,
    title = "{JAIST} Annotated Corpus of Free Conversation",
    author = "Shirai, Kiyoaki  and
      Fukuoka, Tomotaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1119",
}
@inproceedings{petukhova-etal-2018-metalogue,
    title = "The Metalogue Debate Trainee Corpus: Data Collection and Annotations",
    author = "Petukhova, Volha  and
      Malchanau, Andrei  and
      Oualil, Youssef  and
      Klakow, Dietrich  and
      Luz, Saturnino  and
      Haider, Fasih  and
      Campbell, Nick  and
      Koryzis, Dimitris  and
      Spiliotopoulos, Dimitris  and
      Albert, Pierre  and
      Linz, Nicklas  and
      Alexandersson, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1120",
}
@inproceedings{malchanau-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Continuous Dialogue Corpus Creation: writing to corpus and generating from it",
    author = "Malchanau, Andrei  and
      Petukhova, Volha  and
      Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1121",
}
@inproceedings{liesenfeld-2018-mycancor,
    title = "{MYC}an{C}or: A Video Corpus of spoken {M}alaysian {C}antonese",
    author = "Liesenfeld, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1122",
}
@inproceedings{shore-etal-2018-kth,
    title = "{KTH} Tangrams: A Dataset for Research on Alignment and Conceptual Pacts in Task-Oriented Dialogue",
    author = "Shore, Todd  and
      Androulakaki, Theofronia  and
      Skantze, Gabriel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1123",
}
@inproceedings{pragst-etal-2018-vector,
    title = "On the Vector Representation of Utterances in Dialogue Context",
    author = "Pragst, Louisa  and
      Rach, Niklas  and
      Minker, Wolfgang  and
      Ultes, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1124",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-sardina-etal-2018-es,
    title = "{ES}-Port: a Spontaneous Spoken Human-Human Technical Support Corpus for Dialogue Research in {S}panish",
    author = "Garc{\'\i}a-Sardi{\~n}a, Laura  and
      Serras, Manex  and
      del Pozo, Arantza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1125",
}
@inproceedings{dermouche-pelachaud-2018-analysis,
    title = "From analysis to modeling of engagement as sequences of multimodal behaviors",
    author = "Dermouche, Soumia  and
      Pelachaud, Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1126",
}
@inproceedings{barbaresi-2018-corpus,
    title = "A corpus of {G}erman political speeches from the 21st century",
    author = "Barbaresi, Adrien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1127",
}
@inproceedings{frank-ivanovic-2018-building,
    title = "Building Literary Corpora for Computational Literary Analysis - A Prototype to Bridge the Gap between {CL} and {DH}",
    author = "Frank, Andrew  and
      Ivanovic, Christine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1128",
}
@inproceedings{mcnew-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards faithfully visualizing global linguistic diversity",
    author = "McNew, Garland  and
      Derungs, Curdin  and
      Moran, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1129",
}
@inproceedings{blatte-blessing-2018-germaparl,
    title = "The {G}erma{P}arl Corpus of Parliamentary Protocols",
    author = {Bl{\"a}tte, Andreas  and
      Blessing, Andre},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1130",
}
@inproceedings{ek-etal-2018-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Speakers and Addressees in Dialogues Extracted from Literary Fiction",
    author = {Ek, Adam  and
      Wir{\'e}n, Mats  and
      {\"O}stling, Robert  and
      N. Bj{\"o}rkenstam, Kristina  and
      Grigonyt{\.e}, Gintar{\.e}  and
      Gustafson Capkov{\'a}, Sofia},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1131",
}
@inproceedings{chen-ma-2018-word,
    title = "Word Embedding Evaluation Datasets and {W}ikipedia Title Embedding for {C}hinese",
    author = "Chen, Chi-Yen  and
      Ma, Wei-Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1132",
}
@inproceedings{karima-smaili-2018-automatic,
    title = "An Automatic Learning of an {A}lgerian Dialect Lexicon by using Multilingual Word Embeddings",
    author = {Karima, Abidi  and
      Sma{\"\i}li, Kamel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1133",
}
@inproceedings{broad-etal-2018-candidate,
    title = "Candidate Ranking for Maintenance of an Online Dictionary",
    author = "Broad, Claire  and
      Langone, Helen  and
      Brizan, David Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1134",
}
@inproceedings{sharoff-2018-language,
    title = "Language adaptation experiments via cross-lingual embeddings for related languages",
    author = "Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1135",
}
@inproceedings{uresova-etal-2018-tools,
    title = "Tools for Building an Interlinked Synonym Lexicon Network",
    author = "Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka  and
      Fu{\v{c}}{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1136",
}
@inproceedings{halpern-2018-large,
    title = "Very Large-Scale Lexical Resources to Enhance {C}hinese and {J}apanese Machine Translation",
    author = "Halpern, Jack",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1137",
}
@inproceedings{hamalainen-etal-2018-combining,
    title = "Combining Concepts and Their Translations from Structured Dictionaries of Uralic Minority Languages",
    author = {H{\"a}m{\"a}l{\"a}inen, Mika  and
      Tarvainen, Liisa Lotta  and
      Rueter, Jack},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1138",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2018-transfer,
    title = "Transfer of Frames from {E}nglish {F}rame{N}et to Construct {C}hinese {F}rame{N}et: A Bilingual Corpus-Based Approach",
    author = "Yang, Tsung-Han  and
      Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Yen, An-Zi  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1139",
}
@inproceedings{durlich-francois-2018-efllex,
    title = "{EFLL}ex: A Graded Lexical Resource for Learners of {E}nglish as a Foreign Language",
    author = {D{\"u}rlich, Luise  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1140",
}
@inproceedings{jauregi-unanue-etal-2018-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-Basque Statistical and Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Jauregi Unanue, Inigo  and
      Garmendia Arratibel, Lierni  and
      Zare Borzeshi, Ehsan  and
      Piccardi, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1141",
}
@inproceedings{macketanz-etal-2018-tq,
    title = "{TQ}-{A}uto{T}est {--} An Automated Test Suite for (Machine) Translation Quality",
    author = "Macketanz, Vivien  and
      Ai, Renlong  and
      Burchardt, Aljoscha  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1142",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2018-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Pre-Ordering for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhao, Yang  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1143",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving a Multi-Source Neural Machine Translation Model with Corpus Extension for Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "Choi, Gyu-Hyeon  and
      Shin, Jong-Hun  and
      Kim, Young-Kil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1144",
}
@inproceedings{dou-etal-2018-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Oracle for Neural Machine Translation in Decoding Phase",
    author = "Dou, Zi-Yi  and
      Zhou, Hao  and
      Huang, Shu-Jian  and
      Dai, Xin-Yu  and
      Chen, Jia-Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1145",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-one,
    title = "One Sentence One Model for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Li, Xiaoqing  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1146",
}
@inproceedings{inoue-etal-2018-parallel,
    title = "A Parallel Corpus of {A}rabic-{J}apanese News Articles",
    author = "Inoue, Go  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji  and
      Aoyama, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1147",
}
@inproceedings{fadaee-etal-2018-examining,
    title = "Examining the Tip of the Iceberg: A Data Set for Idiom Translation",
    author = "Fadaee, Marzieh  and
      Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1148",
}
@inproceedings{arcan-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Enrichment of Terminological Resources: the {IATE} {RDF} Example",
    author = "Arcan, Mihael  and
      Montiel-Ponsoda, Elena  and
      McCrae, John P.  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1149",
}
@inproceedings{wu-yarowsky-2018-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of Extremely Low-Resource Transliteration of the World{'}s Languages",
    author = "Wu, Winston  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1150",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2018-translating,
    title = "Translating Web Search Queries into Natural Language Questions",
    author = "Kumar, Adarsh  and
      Dandapat, Sandipan  and
      Chordia, Sushil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1151",
}
@inproceedings{sakaizawa-komachi-2018-construction,
    title = "Construction of a {J}apanese Word Similarity Dataset",
    author = "Sakaizawa, Yuya  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1152",
}
@inproceedings{majewska-etal-2018-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Verb Classes Through Bottom-Up Semantic Verb Clustering",
    author = "Majewska, Olga  and
      McCarthy, Diana  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1153",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2018-constructing,
    title = "Constructing High Quality Sense-specific Corpus and Word Embedding via Unsupervised Elimination of Pseudo Multi-sense",
    author = "Shi, Haoyue  and
      Wang, Xihao  and
      Sun, Yuqi  and
      Hu, Junfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1154",
}
@inproceedings{haider-2018-urdu,
    title = "{U}rdu Word Embeddings",
    author = "Haider, Samar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1155",
}
@inproceedings{hasegawa-etal-2018-social,
    title = "Social Image Tags as a Source of Word Embeddings: A Task-oriented Evaluation",
    author = "Hasegawa, Mika  and
      Kobayashi, Tetsunori  and
      Hayashi, Yoshihiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1156",
}
@inproceedings{anchieta-pardo-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards {AMR}-{BR}: A {S}em{B}ank for {B}razilian {P}ortuguese Language",
    author = "Anchi{\^e}ta, Rafael  and
      Pardo, Thiago",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1157",
}
@inproceedings{piao-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards a Welsh Semantic Annotation System",
    author = "Piao, Scott  and
      Rayson, Paul  and
      Knight, Dawn  and
      Watkins, Gareth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1158",
}
@inproceedings{marzinotto-etal-2018-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Frame Parsing for Information Extraction : the {CALOR} corpus",
    author = "Marzinotto, Gabriel  and
      Auguste, Jeremy  and
      Bechet, Frederic  and
      Damnati, Geraldine  and
      Nasr, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1159",
}
@inproceedings{ahrens-etal-2018-using,
    title = "Using a Corpus of {E}nglish and {C}hinese Political Speeches for Metaphor Analysis",
    author = "Ahrens, Kathleen  and
      Zeng, Huiheng  and
      Wong, Shun-han Rebekah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1160",
}
@inproceedings{sequeira-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "A Multi- versus a Single-classifier Approach for the Identification of Modality in the {P}ortuguese Language",
    author = "Sequeira, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Gon{\c{c}}alves, Teresa  and
      Quaresma, Paulo  and
      Mendes, Am{\'a}lia  and
      Hendrickx, Iris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1161",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2018-words,
    title = "All-words Word Sense Disambiguation Using Concept Embeddings",
    author = "Suzuki, Rui  and
      Komiya, Kanako  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Sasaki, Minoru  and
      Shinnou, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1162",
}
@inproceedings{melacci-etal-2018-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Modern Supervised Word Sense Disambiguation Models by Semantic Lexical Resources",
    author = "Melacci, Stefano  and
      Globo, Achille  and
      Rigutini, Leonardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1163",
}
@inproceedings{ustalov-etal-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation System for Under-Resourced Languages",
    author = "Ustalov, Dmitry  and
      Teslenko, Denis  and
      Panchenko, Alexander  and
      Chernoskutov, Mikhail  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1164",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised {K}orean Word Sense Disambiguation using {C}ore{N}et",
    author = "Han, Kijong  and
      Nam, Sangha  and
      Kim, Jiseong  and
      Hahm, Younggyun  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1165",
}
@inproceedings{vial-etal-2018-ufsac,
    title = "{UFSAC}: Unification of Sense Annotated Corpora and Tools",
    author = {Vial, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Lecouteux, Benjamin  and
      Schwab, Didier},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1166",
}
@inproceedings{remus-biemann-2018-retrofitting,
    title = "Retrofitting Word Representations for Unsupervised Sense Aware Word Similarities",
    author = "Remus, Steffen  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1167",
}
@inproceedings{uslu-etal-2018-fastsense,
    title = "{F}ast{S}ense: An Efficient Word Sense Disambiguation Classifier",
    author = "Uslu, Tolga  and
      Mehler, Alexander  and
      Baumartz, Daniel  and
      Hemati, Wahed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1168",
}
@inproceedings{forbes-etal-2018-text,
    title = "Text Annotation Graphs: Annotating Complex Natural Language Phenomena",
    author = "Forbes, Angus  and
      Lee, Kristine  and
      Hahn-Powell, Gus  and
      Valenzuela-Esc{\'a}rcega, Marco A.  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1169",
}
@inproceedings{reimerink-leon-arauz-2018-manzanilla,
    title = "{M}anzanilla: An Image Annotation Tool for {TKB} Building",
    author = "Reimerink, Arianne  and
      Le{\'o}n-Ara{\'u}z, Pilar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1170",
}
@inproceedings{fam-lepage-2018-tools,
    title = "Tools for The Production of Analogical Grids and a Resource of N-gram Analogical Grids in 11 Languages",
    author = "Fam, Rashel  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1171",
}
@inproceedings{navarretta-2018-automatic,
    title = "The Automatic Annotation of the Semiotic Type of Hand Gestures in {O}bama{'} s Humorous Speeches",
    author = "Navarretta, Costanza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1172",
}
@inproceedings{alghamdi-diab-2018-wasa,
    title = "{WASA}: A Web Application for Sequence Annotation",
    author = "AlGhamdi, Fahad  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1173",
}
@inproceedings{yamazaki-etal-2018-annotation,
    title = "Annotation and Quantitative Analysis of Speaker Information in Novel Conversation Sentences in {J}apanese",
    author = "Yamazaki, Makoto  and
      Miyazaki, Yumi  and
      Kashino, Wakako",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1174",
}
@inproceedings{shindo-etal-2018-pdfanno,
    title = "{PDFA}nno: a Web-based Linguistic Annotation Tool for {PDF} Documents",
    author = "Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Munesada, Yohei  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1175",
}
@inproceedings{gartner-kuhn-2018-lightweight,
    title = "A Lightweight Modeling Middleware for Corpus Processing",
    author = {G{\"a}rtner, Markus  and
      Kuhn, Jonas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1176",
}
@inproceedings{nazarenko-etal-2018-annotation,
    title = "An Annotation Language for Semantic Search of Legal Sources",
    author = "Nazarenko, Adeline  and
      Levy, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Wyner, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1177",
}
@inproceedings{van-son-etal-2018-resource,
    title = "Resource Interoperability for Sustainable Benchmarking: The Case of Events",
    author = "van Son, Chantal  and
      Inel, Oana  and
      Morante, Roser  and
      Aroyo, Lora  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1178",
}
@inproceedings{mohtaj-etal-2018-parsivar,
    title = "{P}arsivar: A Language Processing Toolkit for {P}ersian",
    author = "Mohtaj, Salar  and
      Roshanfekr, Behnam  and
      Zafarian, Atefeh  and
      Asghari, Habibollah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1179",
}
@inproceedings{moreau-vogel-2018-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Word Segmentation: Training Many Language-Specific Tokenizers Smoothly Thanks to the Universal Dependencies Corpus",
    author = "Moreau, Erwan  and
      Vogel, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1180",
}
@inproceedings{mubarak-2018-build,
    title = "Build Fast and Accurate Lemmatization for {A}rabic",
    author = "Mubarak, Hamdy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1181",
}
@inproceedings{pryzant-etal-2018-jesc,
    title = "{JESC}: {J}apanese-{E}nglish Subtitle Corpus",
    author = "Pryzant, Reid  and
      Chung, Youngjoo  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Britz, Denny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1182",
}
@inproceedings{ramos-etal-2018-building,
    title = "Building a Corpus for Personality-dependent Natural Language Understanding and Generation",
    author = "Ramos, Ricelli  and
      Neto, Georges  and
      Silva, Barbara  and
      Monteiro, Danielle  and
      Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}  and
      Dias, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1183",
}
@inproceedings{schraagen-etal-2018-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Annotation of 17th Century {D}utch Letters",
    author = "Schraagen, Marijn  and
      Dietz, Feike  and
      van Koppen, Marjo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1184",
}
@inproceedings{maruyama-yamamoto-2018-simplified,
    title = "Simplified Corpus with Core Vocabulary",
    author = "Maruyama, Takumi  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1185",
}
@inproceedings{huang-wu-2018-pragmatic,
    title = "A Pragmatic Approach for Classical {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Huang, Shilei  and
      Wu, Jiangqin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1186",
}
@inproceedings{mathias-bhattacharyya-2018-asap,
    title = "{ASAP}++: Enriching the {ASAP} Automated Essay Grading Dataset with Essay Attribute Scores",
    author = "Mathias, Sandeep  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1187",
}
@inproceedings{sabeti-etal-2018-mirastext,
    title = "{M}iras{T}ext: An Automatically Generated Text Corpus for {P}ersian",
    author = "Sabeti, Behnam  and
      Abedi Firouzjaee, Hossein  and
      Janalizadeh Choobbasti, Ali  and
      Mortazavi Najafabadi, S.H.E.  and
      Vaheb, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1188",
}
@inproceedings{barbu-mititelu-etal-2018-reference,
    title = "The Reference Corpus of the Contemporary {R}omanian Language ({C}o{R}o{L}a)",
    author = "Barbu Mititelu, Verginica  and
      Tufi{\textcommabelow{s}}, Dan  and
      Irimia, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1189",
}
@inproceedings{preum-etal-2018-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Drug Usage Guidelines Annotated with Type of Advice",
    author = "Preum, Sarah Masud  and
      Parvez, Md. Rizwan  and
      Chang, Kai-Wei  and
      Stankovic, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1190",
}
@inproceedings{mitrofan-tufis-2018-bioro,
    title = "{B}io{R}o: The Biomedical Corpus for the {R}omanian Language",
    author = "Mitrofan, Maria  and
      Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1191",
}
@inproceedings{wood-etal-2018-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison Of Emotion Annotation Schemes And A New Annotated Data Set",
    author = "Wood, Ian  and
      McCrae, John P.  and
      Andryushechkin, Vladimir  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1192",
}
@inproceedings{khandelwal-etal-2018-humor,
    title = "Humor Detection in {E}nglish-{H}indi Code-Mixed Social Media Content : Corpus and Baseline System",
    author = "Khandelwal, Ankush  and
      Swami, Sahil  and
      Akhtar, Syed S.  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1193",
}
@inproceedings{yoshino-etal-2018-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Scenario Collection of Persuasive Dialogue with Emotional Expressions via Crowdsourcing",
    author = "Yoshino, Koichiro  and
      Ishikawa, Yoko  and
      Mizukami, Masahiro  and
      Suzuki, Yu  and
      Sakti, Sakriani  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1194",
}
@inproceedings{eskander-2018-sentiarabic,
    title = "{S}enti{A}rabic: A Sentiment Analyzer for Standard {A}rabic",
    author = "Eskander, Ramy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1195",
}
@inproceedings{fedotov-etal-2018-contextual,
    title = "Contextual Dependencies in Time-Continuous Multidimensional Affect Recognition",
    author = "Fedotov, Dmitrii  and
      Ivanko, Denis  and
      Sidorov, Maxim  and
      Minker, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1196",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-kiritchenko-2018-wikiart,
    title = "{W}iki{A}rt Emotions: An Annotated Dataset of Emotions Evoked by Art",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Kiritchenko, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1197",
}
@inproceedings{rodrigues-etal-2018-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Data Science Toolkit: An {API} for {A}rabic Language Feature Extraction",
    author = "Rodrigues, Paul  and
      Novak, Valerie  and
      Rytting, C. Anton  and
      Yelle, Julie  and
      Boutz, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1198",
}
@inproceedings{tafreshi-diab-2018-sentence,
    title = "Sentence and Clause Level Emotion Annotation, Detection, and Classification in a Multi-Genre Corpus",
    author = "Tafreshi, Shabnam  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1199",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-etal-2018-swedish,
    title = "A {S}wedish Cookie-Theft Corpus",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Lundholm Fors, Kristina  and
      Fraser, Kathleen  and
      Nordlund, Arto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1200",
}
@inproceedings{lohr-etal-2018-sharing,
    title = "Sharing Copies of Synthetic Clinical Corpora without Physical Distribution {---} A Case Study to Get Around {IPR}s and Privacy Constraints Featuring the {G}erman {JSYNCC} Corpus",
    author = "Lohr, Christina  and
      Buechel, Sven  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1201",
}
@inproceedings{eckart-de-castilho-etal-2018-legal,
    title = "A Legal Perspective on Training Models for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Eckart de Castilho, Richard  and
      Dore, Giulia  and
      Margoni, Thomas  and
      Labropoulou, Penny  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1202",
}
@inproceedings{del-gratta-etal-2018-lremap,
    title = "{LREM}ap, a Song of Resources and Evaluation",
    author = "Del Gratta, Riccardo  and
      Goggi, Sara  and
      Pardelli, Gabriella  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1203",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-heuvel-etal-2018-metadata,
    title = "Metadata Collection Records for Language Resources",
    author = "van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      Komen, Erwin  and
      Oostdijk, Nelleke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1204",
}
@inproceedings{piperidis-etal-2018-managing,
    title = "Managing Public Sector Data for Multilingual Applications Development",
    author = "Piperidis, Stelios  and
      Labropoulou, Penny  and
      Deligiannis, Miltos  and
      Giagkou, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1205",
}
@inproceedings{hinrichs-etal-2018-bridging,
    title = "Bridging the {LAPPS} Grid and {CLARIN}",
    author = "Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      Ide, Nancy  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Hinrichs, Marie  and
      Elahi, Mohammad Fazleh  and
      Suderman, Keith  and
      Verhagen, Marc  and
      Rim, Kyeongmin  and
      Stra{\v{n}}{\'a}k, Pavel  and
      Mi{\v{s}}utka, Jozef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1206",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2018-fluid,
    title = "Fluid Annotation: A Granularity-aware Annotation Tool for {C}hinese Word Fluidity",
    author = "Hsieh, Shu-Kai  and
      Tseng, Yu-Hsiang  and
      Lee, Chih-Yao  and
      Chiang, Chiung-Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1207",
}
@inproceedings{varadi-etal-2018-e,
    title = "E-magyar {--} A Digital Language Processing System",
    author = "V{\'a}radi, Tam{\'a}s  and
      Simon, Eszter  and
      Sass, B{\'a}lint  and
      Mittelholcz, Iv{\'a}n  and
      Nov{\'a}k, Attila  and
      Indig, Bal{\'a}zs  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      Vincze, Veronika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1208",
}
@inproceedings{niekler-etal-2018-ilcm,
    title = "{ILCM} - A Virtual Research Infrastructure for Large-Scale Qualitative Data",
    author = "Niekler, Andreas  and
      Bleier, Arnim  and
      Kahmann, Christian  and
      Posch, Lisa  and
      Wiedemann, Gregor  and
      Erdogan, Kenan  and
      Heyer, Gerhard  and
      Strohmaier, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1209",
}
@inproceedings{fiser-etal-2018-clarins,
    title = "{CLARIN}{'}s Key Resource Families",
    author = "Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja  and
      Lenardi{\v{c}}, Jakob  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1210",
}
@inproceedings{sales-etal-2018-indra,
    title = "{I}ndra: A Word Embedding and Semantic Relatedness Server",
    author = "Sales, Juliano Efson  and
      Souza, Leonardo  and
      Barzegar, Siamak  and
      Davis, Brian  and
      Freitas, Andr{\'e}  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1211",
}
@inproceedings{abrami-mehler-2018-uima,
    title = "A {UIMA} Database Interface for Managing {NLP}-related Text Annotations",
    author = "Abrami, Giuseppe  and
      Mehler, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1212",
}
@inproceedings{losch-etal-2018-european,
    title = "{E}uropean Language Resource Coordination: Collecting Language Resources for Public Sector Multilingual Information Management",
    author = {L{\"o}sch, Andrea  and
      Mapelli, Val{\'e}rie  and
      Piperidis, Stelios  and
      Vasi{\c{l}}jevs, Andrejs  and
      Smal, Lilli  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Schnur, Eileen  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      van Genabith, Josef},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1213",
}
@inproceedings{pinnis-etal-2018-tilde,
    title = "Tilde {MT} Platform for Developing Client Specific {MT} Solutions",
    author = "Pinnis, M{\=a}rcis  and
      Vasi{\c{l}}jevs, Andrejs  and
      Kalni{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Rihards  and
      Rozis, Roberts  and
      Skadi{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Raivis  and
      {\v{S}}ics, Valters",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1214",
}
@inproceedings{gorman-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving homograph disambiguation with supervised machine learning",
    author = "Gorman, Kyle  and
      Mazovetskiy, Gleb  and
      Nikolaev, Vitaly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1215",
}
@inproceedings{chua-etal-2018-text,
    title = "Text Normalization Infrastructure that Scales to Hundreds of Language Varieties",
    author = "Chua, Mason  and
      van Esch, Daan  and
      Coccaro, Noah  and
      Cho, Eunjoon  and
      Bhandari, Sujeet  and
      Jia, Libin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1216",
}
@inproceedings{nastase-etal-2018-demodify,
    title = "{D}e{M}odify: A Dataset for Analyzing Contextual Constraints on Modifier Deletion",
    author = "Nastase, Vivi  and
      Fritz, Devon  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1217",
}
@inproceedings{creutz-2018-open,
    title = "Open Subtitles Paraphrase Corpus for Six Languages",
    author = "Creutz, Mathias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1218",
}
@inproceedings{batanovic-etal-2018-fine,
    title = "Fine-grained Semantic Textual Similarity for {S}erbian",
    author = "Batanovi{\'c}, Vuk  and
      Cvetanovi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Nikoli{\'c}, Bo{\v{s}}ko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1219",
}
@inproceedings{arase-tsujii-2018-spade,
    title = "{SPADE}: Evaluation Dataset for Monolingual Phrase Alignment",
    author = "Arase, Yuki  and
      Tsujii, Junichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1220",
}
@inproceedings{kovatchev-etal-2018-etpc,
    title = "{ETPC} - A Paraphrase Identification Corpus Annotated with Extended Paraphrase Typology and Negation",
    author = "Kovatchev, Venelin  and
      Mart{\'\i}, M. Ant{\`o}nia  and
      Salam{\'o}, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1221",
}
@inproceedings{schulder-etal-2018-introducing,
    title = "Introducing a Lexicon of Verbal Polarity Shifters for {E}nglish",
    author = {Schulder, Marc  and
      Wiegand, Michael  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      K{\"o}ser, Stephanie},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1222",
}
@inproceedings{nakamura-kawahara-2018-jfckb,
    title = "{JFCKB}: {J}apanese Feature Change Knowledge Base",
    author = "Nakamura, Tetsuaki  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1223",
}
@inproceedings{wojatzki-etal-2018-quantifying,
    title = "Quantifying Qualitative Data for Understanding Controversial Issues",
    author = "Wojatzki, Michael  and
      Mohammad, Saif  and
      Zesch, Torsten  and
      Kiritchenko, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1224",
}
@inproceedings{gambino-etal-2018-distribution,
    title = "Distribution of Emotional Reactions to News Articles in Twitter",
    author = "Gambino, Omar Ju{\'a}rez  and
      Calvo, Hiram  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Mendoza, Consuelo-Varinia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1225",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2018-aggression,
    title = "Aggression-annotated Corpus of {H}indi-{E}nglish Code-mixed Data",
    author = "Kumar, Ritesh  and
      Reganti, Aishwarya N.  and
      Bhatia, Akshit  and
      Maheshwari, Tushar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1226",
}
@inproceedings{uresova-etal-2018-creating,
    title = "Creating a Verb Synonym Lexicon Based on a Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Ure{\v{s}}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v{n}}ka  and
      Fu{\v{c}}{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1227",
}
@inproceedings{nooralahzadeh-etal-2018-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Domain-specific Word Embeddings using Knowledge Resources",
    author = "Nooralahzadeh, Farhad  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      L{\o}nning, Jan Tore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1228",
}
@inproceedings{liebeskind-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Thesaurus Construction for Modern {H}ebrew",
    author = "Liebeskind, Chaya  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Schler, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1229",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic {W}ordnet Mapping: from {C}ore{N}et to {P}rinceton {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Kim, Jiseong  and
      Hahm, Younggyun  and
      Kwon, Sunggoo  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1230",
}
@inproceedings{ogorman-etal-2018-new,
    title = "The New {P}ropbank: Aligning {P}ropbank with {AMR} through {POS} Unification",
    author = "O{'}Gorman, Tim  and
      Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Bonn, Julia  and
      Conger, Katie  and
      Gung, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1231",
}
@inproceedings{sloos-etal-2018-boarnsterhim,
    title = "The Boarnsterhim Corpus: A Bilingual Frisian-{D}utch Panel and Trend Study",
    author = "Sloos, Marjoleine  and
      Drenth, Eduard  and
      Heeringa, Wilbert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1232",
}
@inproceedings{djegdjiga-etal-2018-french,
    title = "The {F}rench-{A}lgerian Code-Switching Triggered audio corpus ({FACST})",
    author = "Djegdjiga, Amazouz  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine  and
      Lamel, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1233",
}
@inproceedings{goldman-etal-2018-strategies,
    title = "Strategies and Challenges for Crowdsourcing Regional Dialect Perception Data for Swiss {G}erman and Swiss {F}rench",
    author = "Goldman, Jean-Philippe  and
      Clematide, Simon  and
      Avanzi, Mathieu  and
      Tandler, Raphael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1234",
}
@inproceedings{pandey-etal-2018-phonetically,
    title = "Phonetically Balanced Code-Mixed Speech Corpus for {H}indi-{E}nglish Automatic Speech Recognition",
    author = "Pandey, Ayushi  and
      Srivastava, Brij Mohan Lal  and
      Kumar, Rohit  and
      Nellore, Bhanu Teja  and
      Teja, Kasi Sai  and
      Gangashetty, Suryakanth V.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1235",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese-{P}ortuguese Machine Translation: A Study on Building Parallel Corpora from Comparable Texts",
    author = "Liu, Siyou  and
      Wang, Longyue  and
      Liu, Chao-Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1236",
}
@inproceedings{ulinski-etal-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the {W}ords{E}ye Text-to-Scene System: Imaginative and Realistic Sentences",
    author = "Ulinski, Morgan  and
      Coyne, Bob  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1237",
}
@inproceedings{broux-etal-2018-computer,
    title = "Computer-assisted Speaker Diarization: How to Evaluate Human Corrections",
    author = "Broux, Pierre-Alexandre  and
      Doukhan, David  and
      Petitrenaud, Simon  and
      Meignier, Sylvain  and
      Carrive, Jean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1238",
}
@inproceedings{tsuchiya-2018-performance,
    title = "Performance Impact Caused by Hidden Bias of Training Data for Recognizing Textual Entailment",
    author = "Tsuchiya, Masatoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1239",
}
@inproceedings{svoboda-beliga-2018-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of {C}roatian Word Embeddings",
    author = "Svoboda, Luk{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Beliga, Slobodan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1240",
}
@inproceedings{bayomi-lawless-2018-c,
    title = "C-{HTS}: A Concept-based Hierarchical Text Segmentation approach",
    author = "Bayomi, Mostafa  and
      Lawless, S{\'e}amus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1241",
}
@inproceedings{blodgett-schneider-2018-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Supersenses for {E}nglish Possessives",
    author = "Blodgett, Austin  and
      Schneider, Nathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1242",
}
@inproceedings{parde-nielsen-2018-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Metaphor Novelty Scores for Syntactically-Related Word Pairs",
    author = "Parde, Natalie  and
      Nielsen, Rodney",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1243",
}
@inproceedings{panchenko-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Hypernymy Extraction with Distributional Semantic Classes",
    author = "Panchenko, Alexander  and
      Ustalov, Dmitry  and
      Faralli, Stefano  and
      Ponzetto, Simone P.  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1244",
}
@inproceedings{getman-etal-2018-laying,
    title = "Laying the Groundwork for Knowledge Base Population: Nine Years of Linguistic Resources for {TAC} {KBP}",
    author = "Getman, Jeremy  and
      Ellis, Joe  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Song, Zhiyi  and
      Tracey, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1245",
}
@inproceedings{mandya-etal-2018-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset for Inter-Sentence Relation Extraction using Distant Supervision",
    author = "Mandya, Angrosh  and
      Bollegala, Danushka  and
      Coenen, Frans  and
      Atkinson, Katie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1246",
}
@inproceedings{naplava-etal-2018-diacritics,
    title = "Diacritics Restoration Using Neural Networks",
    author = "N{\'a}plava, Jakub  and
      Straka, Milan  and
      Stra{\v{n}}{\'a}k, Pavel  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1247",
}
@inproceedings{ion-etal-2018-ensemble,
    title = "Ensemble {R}omanian Dependency Parsing with Neural Networks",
    author = "Ion, Radu  and
      Irimia, Elena  and
      Barbu Mititelu, Verginica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1248",
}
@inproceedings{baird-etal-2018-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Sluice Occurrences in Dialogue",
    author = "Baird, Austin  and
      Hamza, Anissa  and
      Hardt, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1249",
}
@inproceedings{araki-etal-2018-collection,
    title = "Collection of Multimodal Dialog Data and Analysis of the Result of Annotation of Users{'} Interest Level",
    author = "Araki, Masahiro  and
      Tomimasu, Sayaka  and
      Nakano, Mikio  and
      Komatani, Kazunori  and
      Okada, Shogo  and
      Fujie, Shinya  and
      Sugiyama, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1250",
}
@inproceedings{lotz-etal-2018-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Behavioral Factors while Driving: A Real-World Multimodal Corpus to Monitor the Driver{'}s Affective State",
    author = "Lotz, Alicia  and
      Ihme, Klas  and
      Charnoz, Audrey  and
      Maroudis, Pantelis  and
      Dmitriev, Ivan  and
      Wendemuth, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1251",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-etal-2018-emotionlines,
    title = "{E}motion{L}ines: An Emotion Corpus of Multi-Party Conversations",
    author = "Hsu, Chao-Chun  and
      Chen, Sheng-Yeh  and
      Kuo, Chuan-Chun  and
      Huang, Ting-Hao  and
      Ku, Lun-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1252",
}
@inproceedings{schabus-skowron-2018-academic,
    title = "Academic-Industrial Perspective on the Development and Deployment of a Moderation System for a Newspaper Website",
    author = "Schabus, Dietmar  and
      Skowron, Marcin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1253",
}
@inproceedings{funk-etal-2018-community,
    title = "Community-Driven Crowdsourcing: Data Collection with Local Developers",
    author = "Funk, Christina  and
      Tseng, Michael  and
      Rajakumar, Ravindran  and
      Ha, Linne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1254",
}
@inproceedings{wibawa-etal-2018-building,
    title = "Building Open {J}avanese and {S}undanese Corpora for Multilingual Text-to-Speech",
    author = "Wibawa, Jaka Aris Eko  and
      Sarin, Supheakmungkol  and
      Li, Chenfang  and
      Pipatsrisawat, Knot  and
      Sodimana, Keshan  and
      Kjartansson, Oddur  and
      Gutkin, Alexander  and
      Jansche, Martin  and
      Ha, Linne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1255",
}
@inproceedings{hartmann-etal-2018-integrated,
    title = "An Integrated Representation of Linguistic and Social Functions of Code-Switching",
    author = "Hartmann, Silvana  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Bali, Kalika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1256",
}
@inproceedings{park-cardie-2018-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of e{R}ulemaking User Comments for Measuring Evaluability of Arguments",
    author = "Park, Joonsuk  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1257",
}
@inproceedings{musi-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "A Multi-layer Annotated Corpus of Argumentative Text: From Argument Schemes to Discourse Relations",
    author = "Musi, Elena  and
      Stede, Manfred  and
      Kriese, Leonard  and
      Muresan, Smaranda  and
      Rocci, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1258",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-mirovsky-2018-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Coherence Through the Lens of an Annotated Text Corpus: A Case Study",
    author = "Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1259",
}
@inproceedings{malmi-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Prediction of Discourse Connectives",
    author = "Malmi, Eric  and
      Pighin, Daniele  and
      Krause, Sebastian  and
      Kozhevnikov, Mikhail",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1260",
}
@inproceedings{tennage-etal-2018-handling,
    title = "Handling Rare Word Problem using Synthetic Training Data for {S}inhala and {T}amil Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Tennage, Pasindu  and
      Sandaruwan, Prabath  and
      Thilakarathne, Malith  and
      Herath, Achini  and
      Ranathunga, Surangika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1261",
}
@inproceedings{marsico-etal-2018-bdproto,
    title = "{BDPROTO}: A Database of Phonological Inventories from Ancient and Reconstructed Languages",
    author = "Marsico, Egidio  and
      Flavier, Sebastien  and
      Verkerk, Annemarie  and
      Moran, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1262",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-creating,
    title = "Creating a Translation Matrix of the {B}ible{'}s Names Across 591 Languages",
    author = "Wu, Winston  and
      Vyas, Nidhi  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1263",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-etal-2018-building,
    title = "Building a Word Segmenter for {S}anskrit Overnight",
    author = "Reddy, Vikas  and
      Krishna, Amrith  and
      Sharma, Vishnu  and
      Gupta, Prateek  and
      M R, Vineeth  and
      Goyal, Pawan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1264",
}
@inproceedings{griffitt-etal-2018-simple,
    title = "Simple Semantic Annotation and Situation Frames: Two Approaches to Basic Text Understanding in {LORELEI}",
    author = "Griffitt, Kira  and
      Tracey, Jennifer  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Strassel, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1265",
}
@inproceedings{bonial-etal-2018-abstract,
    title = "Abstract Meaning Representation of Constructions: The More We Include, the Better the Representation",
    author = "Bonial, Claire  and
      Badarau, Bianca  and
      Griffitt, Kira  and
      Hermjakob, Ulf  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      O{'}Gorman, Tim  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Schneider, Nathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1266",
}
@inproceedings{van-noord-etal-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Scoped Meaning Representations",
    author = "van Noord, Rik  and
      Abzianidze, Lasha  and
      Haagsma, Hessel  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1267",
}
@inproceedings{pasini-etal-2018-huge,
    title = "Huge Automatically Extracted Training-Sets for Multilingual Word {S}ense{D}isambiguation",
    author = "Pasini, Tommaso  and
      Elia, Francesco  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1268",
}
@inproceedings{conneau-kiela-2018-senteval,
    title = "{S}ent{E}val: An Evaluation Toolkit for Universal Sentence Representations",
    author = "Conneau, Alexis  and
      Kiela, Douwe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1269",
}
@inproceedings{neale-2018-survey,
    title = "A Survey on Automatically-Constructed {W}ord{N}ets and their Evaluation: Lexical and Word Embedding-based Approaches",
    author = "Neale, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1270",
}
@inproceedings{metaxas-etal-2018-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically-driven Framework for Computationally Efficient and Scalable Sign Recognition",
    author = "Metaxas, Dimitris  and
      Dilsizian, Mark  and
      Neidle, Carol",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1271",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-conduct,
    title = "{CONDUCT}: An Expressive Conducting Gesture Dataset for Sound Control",
    author = "Chen, Lei  and
      Gibet, Sylvie  and
      Marteau, Camille",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1272",
}
@inproceedings{batra-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Caption Generation for News Images",
    author = "Batra, Vishwash  and
      He, Yulan  and
      Vogiatzis, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1273",
}
@inproceedings{kar-etal-2018-mpst,
    title = "{MPST}: A Corpus of Movie Plot Synopses with Tags",
    author = "Kar, Sudipta  and
      Maharjan, Suraj  and
      L{\'o}pez-Monroy, A. Pastor  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1274",
}
@inproceedings{lison-etal-2018-opensubtitles2018,
    title = "{O}pen{S}ubtitles2018: Statistical Rescoring of Sentence Alignments in Large, Noisy Parallel Corpora",
    author = {Lison, Pierre  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Kouylekov, Milen},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1275",
}
@inproceedings{ren-etal-2018-building,
    title = "Building an Ellipsis-aware {C}hinese Dependency Treebank for Web Text",
    author = "Ren, Xuancheng  and
      Sun, Xu  and
      Wen, Ji  and
      Wei, Bingzhen  and
      Zhan, Weidong  and
      Zhang, Zhiyuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1276",
}
@inproceedings{goutte-etal-2018-eurogames16,
    title = "{E}uro{G}ames16: Evaluating Change Detection in Online Conversation",
    author = "Goutte, Cyril  and
      Wang, Yunli  and
      Liao, Fangming  and
      Zanussi, Zachary  and
      Larkin, Samuel  and
      Grinberg, Yuri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1277",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "A Deep Neural Network based Approach for Entity Extraction in Code-Mixed {I}ndian Social Media Text",
    author = "Gupta, Deepak  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1278",
}
@inproceedings{sanguinetti-etal-2018-postwita,
    title = "{P}o{STWITA}-{UD}: an {I}talian Twitter Treebank in Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Sanguinetti, Manuela  and
      Bosco, Cristina  and
      Lavelli, Alberto  and
      Mazzei, Alessandro  and
      Antonelli, Oronzo  and
      Tamburini, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1279",
}
@inproceedings{doudagiri-etal-2018-annotating,
    title = "Annotating If the Authors of a Tweet are Located at the Locations They Tweet About",
    author = "Doudagiri, Vivek  and
      Vempala, Alakananda  and
      Blanco, Eduardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1280",
}
@inproceedings{kisler-schiel-2018-mocca,
    title = "{MOCCA}: Measure of Confidence for Corpus Analysis - Automatic Reliability Check of Transcript and Automatic Segmentation",
    author = "Kisler, Thomas  and
      Schiel, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1281",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards an {ISO} Standard for the Annotation of Quantification",
    author = "Bunt, Harry  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Lee, Kiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1282",
}
@inproceedings{banski-etal-2018-lightweight,
    title = "Lightweight Grammatical Annotation in the {TEI}: New Perspectives",
    author = "Ba{\'n}ski, Piotr  and
      Haaf, Susanne  and
      Mueller, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1283",
}
@inproceedings{rigouts-terryn-etal-2018-gold,
    title = "A Gold Standard for Multilingual Automatic Term Extraction from Comparable Corpora: Term Structure and Translation Equivalents",
    author = "Rigouts Terryn, Ayla  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Lefever, Els",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1284",
}
@inproceedings{zinn-etal-2018-handling,
    title = "Handling Big Data and Sensitive Data Using {EUDAT}{'}s Generic Execution Framework and the {W}eb{L}icht Workflow Engine.",
    author = "Zinn, Claus  and
      Qui, Wei  and
      Hinrichs, Marie  and
      Dima, Emanuel  and
      Chernov, Alexandr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1285",
}
@inproceedings{panchenko-etal-2018-building,
    title = "Building a Web-Scale Dependency-Parsed Corpus from {C}ommon{C}rawl",
    author = "Panchenko, Alexander  and
      Ruppert, Eugen  and
      Faralli, Stefano  and
      Ponzetto, Simone P.  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1286",
}
@inproceedings{asahara-etal-2018-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies Version 2 for {J}apanese",
    author = "Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Kanayama, Hiroshi  and
      Tanaka, Takaaki  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Uematsu, Sumire  and
      Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji  and
      Omura, Mai  and
      Murawaki, Yugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1287",
}
@inproceedings{das-stede-2018-developing,
    title = "Developing the Bangla {RST} Discourse Treebank",
    author = "Das, Debopam  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1288",
}
@inproceedings{wolinski-etal-2018-new,
    title = "A New Version of the Sk{\l}adnica Treebank of Polish Harmonised with the Walenty Valency Dictionary",
    author = "Woli{\'n}ski, Marcin  and
      Hajnicz, El{\.z}bieta  and
      Bartosiak, Tomasz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1289",
}
@inproceedings{droganova-etal-2018-parse,
    title = "Parse Me if You Can: Artificial Treebanks for Parsing Experiments on Elliptical Constructions",
    author = "Droganova, Kira  and
      Zeman, Daniel  and
      Kanerva, Jenna  and
      Ginter, Filip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1290",
}
@inproceedings{lango-etal-2018-semi,
    title = "Semi-Automatic Construction of Word-Formation Networks (for Polish and {S}panish)",
    author = "Lango, Mateusz  and
      {\v{S}}ev{\v{c}}{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Magda  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1291",
}
@inproceedings{sagot-2018-multilingual,
    title = "A multilingual collection of {C}o{NLL}-U-compatible morphological lexicons",
    author = "Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1292",
}
@inproceedings{kirov-etal-2018-unimorph,
    title = "{U}ni{M}orph 2.0: Universal Morphology",
    author = {Kirov, Christo  and
      Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Sylak-Glassman, John  and
      Walther, G{\'e}raldine  and
      Vylomova, Ekaterina  and
      Xia, Patrick  and
      Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Mielke, Sebastian  and
      McCarthy, Arya  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Yarowsky, David  and
      Eisner, Jason  and
      Hulden, Mans},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1293",
}
@inproceedings{lovick-etal-2018-computational,
    title = "A Computational Architecture for the Morphology of Upper Tanana",
    author = "Lovick, Olga  and
      Cox, Christopher  and
      Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Arppe, Antti  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1294",
}
@inproceedings{zelasko-2018-expanding,
    title = "Expanding Abbreviations in a Strongly Inflected Language: Are Morphosyntactic Tags Sufficient?",
    author = "{\.Z}elasko, Piotr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1295",
}
@inproceedings{farber-etal-2018-high,
    title = "A High-Quality Gold Standard for Citation-based Tasks",
    author = {F{\"a}rber, Michael  and
      Thiemann, Alexander  and
      Jatowt, Adam},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1296",
}
@inproceedings{mariani-etal-2018-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Innovation in Speech and Language Processing Publications.",
    author = "Mariani, Joseph  and
      Francopoulo, Gil  and
      Paroubek, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1297",
}
@inproceedings{ferres-etal-2018-pdfdigest,
    title = "{PDF}digest: an Adaptable Layout-Aware {PDF}-to-{XML} Textual Content Extractor for Scientific Articles",
    author = "Ferr{\'e}s, Daniel  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Ronzano, Francesco  and
      Bravo, {\`A}lex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1298",
}
@inproceedings{kergosien-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Research Fields in Scientific Papers",
    author = {Kergosien, Eric  and
      Farvardin, Amin  and
      Teisseire, Maguelonne  and
      Bessagnet, Marie-No{\"e}lle  and
      Sch{\"o}pfel, Joachim  and
      Chaudiron, St{\'e}phane  and
      Jacquemin, Bernard  and
      Lacayrelle, Annig  and
      Roche, Mathieu  and
      Sallaberry, Christian  and
      Tonneau, Jean Philippe},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1299",
}
@inproceedings{kibrik-fedorova-2018-portrait,
    title = "A «Portrait» Approach to Multichannel Discourse",
    author = "Kibrik, Andrej  and
      Fedorova, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1300",
}
@inproceedings{zeyrek-etal-2018-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Extension of {PDTB}-Style Annotation: The Case of {TED} Multilingual Discourse Bank",
    author = "Zeyrek, Deniz  and
      Mendes, Am{\'a}lia  and
      Kurfal{\i}, Murathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1301",
}
@inproceedings{chu-etal-2018-building,
    title = "Building a Macro {C}hinese Discourse Treebank",
    author = "Chu, Xiaomin  and
      Jiang, Feng  and
      Xu, Sheng  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1302",
}
@inproceedings{hiippala-orekhova-2018-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing the {AI}2 Diagrams Dataset Using Rhetorical Structure Theory",
    author = "Hiippala, Tuomo  and
      Orekhova, Serafina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1303",
}
@inproceedings{de-kuthy-etal-2018-qud,
    title = "{QUD}-Based Annotation of Discourse Structure and Information Structure: Tool and Evaluation",
    author = "De Kuthy, Kordula  and
      Reiter, Nils  and
      Riester, Arndt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1304",
}
@inproceedings{lopes-etal-2018-spot,
    title = "The Spot the Difference corpus: a multi-modal corpus of spontaneous task oriented spoken interactions",
    author = "Lopes, Jos{\'e}  and
      Hemmingsson, Nils  and
      {\AA}strand, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1305",
}
@inproceedings{cianflone-kosseim-2018-attention,
    title = "Attention for Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition",
    author = "Cianflone, Andre  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1306",
}
@inproceedings{bothe-etal-2018-context,
    title = "A Context-based Approach for Dialogue Act Recognition using Simple Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Bothe, Chandrakant  and
      Weber, Cornelius  and
      Magg, Sven  and
      Wermter, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1307",
}
@inproceedings{helfrich-etal-2018-treeannotator,
    title = "{T}ree{A}nnotator: Versatile Visual Annotation of Hierarchical Text Relations",
    author = {Helfrich, Philipp  and
      Rieb, Elias  and
      Abrami, Giuseppe  and
      L{\"u}cking, Andy  and
      Mehler, Alexander},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1308",
}
@inproceedings{gilmartin-etal-2018-chats,
    title = "Chats and Chunks: Annotation and Analysis of Multiparty Long Casual Conversations",
    author = "Gilmartin, Emer  and
      Vogel, Carl  and
      Campbell, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1309",
}
@inproceedings{tanguy-etal-2018-extending,
    title = "Extending the gold standard for a lexical substitution task: is it worth it?",
    author = "Tanguy, Ludovic  and
      Fabre, C{\'e}cile  and
      Rivi{\`e}re, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1310",
}
@inproceedings{moritz-steding-2018-lexical,
    title = "Lexical and Semantic Features for Cross-lingual Text Reuse Classification: an Experiment in {E}nglish and {L}atin Paraphrases",
    author = "Moritz, Maria  and
      Steding, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1311",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-sharoff-2018-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the Influence of Bilingual {MWU} on Trainee Translation Quality",
    author = "Yuan, Yu  and
      Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1312",
}
@inproceedings{ferenczi-etal-2018-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Dictionary Creating Methods for Finno-Ugric Minority Languages",
    author = "Ferenczi, Zsanett  and
      Mittelholcz, Iv{\'a}n  and
      Simon, Eszter  and
      V{\'a}radi, Tam{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1313",
}
@inproceedings{laaridh-etal-2018-dysarthric,
    title = "Dysarthric speech evaluation: automatic and perceptual approaches",
    author = "Laaridh, Imed  and
      Meunier, Christine  and
      Fredouille, Corinne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1314",
}
@inproceedings{braunger-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards an Automatic Assessment of Crowdsourced Data for {NLU}",
    author = "Braunger, Patricia  and
      Maier, Wolfgang  and
      Wessling, Jan  and
      Schmidt, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1315",
}
@inproceedings{yeo-etal-2018-visual,
    title = "Visual Choice of Plausible Alternatives: An Evaluation of Image-based Commonsense Causal Reasoning",
    author = "Yeo, Jinyoung  and
      Lee, Gyeongbok  and
      Wang, Gengyu  and
      Choi, Seungtaek  and
      Cho, Hyunsouk  and
      Kim Amplayo, Reinald  and
      Hwang, Seung-won",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1316",
}
@inproceedings{klubicka-etal-2018-worth,
    title = "Is it worth it? Budget-related evaluation metrics for model selection",
    author = "Klubi{\v{c}}ka, Filip  and
      Salton, Giancarlo D.  and
      Kelleher, John D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1317",
}
@inproceedings{huber-etal-2018-automated,
    title = "Automated Evaluation of Out-of-Context Errors",
    author = "Huber, Patrick  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1318",
}
@inproceedings{galibert-etal-2018-matics,
    title = "Matics Software Suite: New Tools for Evaluation and Data Exploration",
    author = "Galibert, Olivier  and
      Bernard, Guillaume  and
      Delaborde, Agnes  and
      Lecadre, Sabrina  and
      Kahn, Juliette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1319",
}
@inproceedings{abdou-etal-2018-mgad,
    title = "{MGAD}: Multilingual Generation of Analogy Datasets",
    author = "Abdou, Mostafa  and
      Kulmizev, Artur  and
      Ravishankar, Vinit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1320",
}
@inproceedings{faralli-etal-2018-misa,
    title = "{MI}s{A}: Multilingual {``}{I}s{A}{''} Extraction from Corpora",
    author = "Faralli, Stefano  and
      Lefever, Els  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1321",
}
@inproceedings{perez-miguel-etal-2018-biomedical,
    title = "Biomedical term normalization of {EHR}s with {UMLS}",
    author = "Perez-Miguel, Naiara  and
      Cuadros, Montse  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1322",
}
@inproceedings{lechelle-langlais-2018-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting the Task of Scoring Open {IE} Relations",
    author = "L{\'e}chelle, William  and
      Langlais, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1323",
}
@inproceedings{sarkar-etal-2018-supervised,
    title = "A supervised approach to taxonomy extraction using word embeddings",
    author = "Sarkar, Rajdeep  and
      McCrae, John P.  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1324",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-sun-2018-chinese,
    title = "A {C}hinese Dataset with Negative Full Forms for General Abbreviation Prediction",
    author = "Zhang, Yi  and
      Sun, Xu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1325",
}
@inproceedings{lim-etal-2018-korean,
    title = "{K}orean {T}ime{B}ank Including Relative Temporal Information",
    author = "Lim, Chae-Gyun  and
      Jeong, Young-Seob  and
      Choi, Ho-Jin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1326",
}
@inproceedings{ide-etal-2018-mining,
    title = "Mining Biomedical Publications With The {LAPPS} Grid",
    author = "Ide, Nancy  and
      Suderman, Keith  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1327",
}
@inproceedings{sankepally-oard-2018-initial,
    title = "An Initial Test Collection for Ranked Retrieval of {SMS} Conversations",
    author = "Sankepally, Rashmi  and
      Oard, Douglas W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1328",
}
@inproceedings{camelin-etal-2018-frnewslink,
    title = "{F}r{N}ews{L}ink : a corpus linking {TV} Broadcast News Segments and Press Articles",
    author = "Camelin, Nathalie  and
      Damnati, G{\'e}raldine  and
      Bouchekif, Abdessalam  and
      Landeau, Anais  and
      Charlet, Delphine  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1329",
}
@inproceedings{hernandez-hazem-2018-pyrata,
    title = "{P}y{RATA}, Python Rule-based fe{A}ture s{T}ructure Analysis",
    author = "Hernandez, Nicolas  and
      Hazem, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1330",
}
@inproceedings{zajic-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Processing of the Oral History Interviews and Related Printed Documents",
    author = {Zaj{\'\i}c, Zbyn{\v{e}}k  and
      Skorkovsk{\'a}, Lucie  and
      Neduchal, Petr  and
      Ircing, Pavel  and
      Psutka, Josef V.  and
      Hr{\'u}z, Marek  and
      Pra{\v{z}}{\'a}k, Ale{\v{s}}  and
      Soutner, Daniel  and
      {\v{S}}vec, Jan  and
      Bure{\v{s}}, Luk{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      M{\"u}ller, Lud{\v{e}}k},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1331",
}
@inproceedings{hoenen-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi Modal Distance - An Approach to Stemma Generation With Weighting",
    author = "Hoenen, Armin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1332",
}
@inproceedings{han-schlangen-2018-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Natural Multimodal Spatial Scene Descriptions",
    author = "Han, Ting  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1333",
}
@inproceedings{ito-etal-2018-effects,
    title = "The Effects of Unimodal Representation Choices on Multimodal Learning",
    author = "Ito, Fernando Tadao  and
      Caseli, Helena de Medeiros  and
      Moreira, Jander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1334",
}
@inproceedings{krishnaswamy-pustejovsky-2018-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation Framework for Multimodal Interaction",
    author = "Krishnaswamy, Nikhil  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1335",
}
@inproceedings{abdelali-etal-2018-waw,
    title = "The {WAW} Corpus: The First Corpus of Interpreted Speeches and their Translations for {E}nglish and {A}rabic",
    author = "Abdelali, Ahmed  and
      Temnikova, Irina  and
      Hedaya, Samy  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1336",
}
@inproceedings{wroblewska-2018-polish,
    title = "Polish Corpus of Annotated Descriptions of Images",
    author = "Wr{\'o}blewska, Alina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1337",
}
@inproceedings{gross-etal-2018-action,
    title = "Action Verb Corpus",
    author = "Gross, Stephanie  and
      Hirschmanner, Matthias  and
      Krenn, Brigitte  and
      Neubarth, Friedrich  and
      Zillich, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1338",
}
@inproceedings{fayet-etal-2018-emo,
    title = "{EMO}{\&}{LY} ({EMO}tion and {A}noma{LY}) : A new corpus for anomaly detection in an audiovisual stream with emotional context.",
    author = "Fayet, C{\'e}dric  and
      Delhay, Arnaud  and
      Lolive, Damien  and
      Marteau, Pierre-Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1339",
}
@inproceedings{curtis-etal-2018-development,
    title = "Development of an Annotated Multimodal Dataset for the Investigation of Classification and Summarisation of Presentations using High-Level Paralinguistic Features",
    author = "Curtis, Keith  and
      Campbell, Nick  and
      Jones, Gareth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1340",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-2018-bktreebank,
    title = "{BKT}reebank: Building a {V}ietnamese Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Nguyen, Kiem-Hieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1341",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-furbacher-2018-gecotagger,
    title = "{G}e{C}o{T}agger: Annotation of {G}erman Verb Complements with Conditional Random Fields",
    author = {Schneider, Roman  and
      F{\"u}rbacher, Monica},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1342",
}
@inproceedings{bladier-etal-2018-aet,
    title = "{AET}: Web-based Adjective Exploration Tool for {G}erman",
    author = "Bladier, Tatiana  and
      Seyffarth, Esther  and
      Hellwig, Oliver  and
      Petersen, Wiebke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1343",
}
@inproceedings{akbik-vollgraf-2018-zap,
    title = "{ZAP}: An Open-Source Multilingual Annotation Projection Framework",
    author = "Akbik, Alan  and
      Vollgraf, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1344",
}
@inproceedings{javed-etal-2018-palmyra,
    title = "{P}almyra: A Platform Independent Dependency Annotation Tool for Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = "Javed, Talha  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Taji, Dima",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1345",
}
@inproceedings{tratz-phan-2018-web,
    title = "A Web-based System for Crowd-in-the-Loop Dependency Treebanking",
    author = "Tratz, Stephen  and
      Phan, Nhien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1346",
}
@inproceedings{chun-etal-2018-building,
    title = "Building Universal Dependency Treebanks in {K}orean",
    author = "Chun, Jayeol  and
      Han, Na-Rae  and
      Hwang, Jena D.  and
      Choi, Jinho D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1347",
}
@inproceedings{falenska-etal-2018-moving,
    title = "Moving {TIGER} beyond Sentence-Level",
    author = "Falenska, Agnieszka  and
      Eckart, Kerstin  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1348",
}
@inproceedings{chiruzzo-wonsever-2018-spanish,
    title = "{S}panish {HPSG} Treebank based on the {A}n{C}ora Corpus",
    author = "Chiruzzo, Luis  and
      Wonsever, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1349",
}
@inproceedings{seyoum-etal-2018-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies for {A}mharic",
    author = "Seyoum, Binyam Ephrem  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Mekonnen, Baye Yimam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1350",
}
@inproceedings{arps-petitjean-2018-parser,
    title = "A Parser for {LTAG} and Frame Semantics",
    author = "Arps, David  and
      Petitjean, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1351",
}
@inproceedings{lim-etal-2018-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Dependency Parsing for Low-Resource Languages: Case Studies on North Saami and {K}omi-{Z}yrian",
    author = "Lim, KyungTae  and
      Partanen, Niko  and
      Poibeau, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1352",
}
@inproceedings{gutkin-etal-2018-fonbund,
    title = "{F}on{B}und: A Library for Combining Cross-lingual Phonological Segment Data",
    author = "Gutkin, Alexander  and
      Jansche, Martin  and
      Merkulova, Tatiana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1353",
}
@inproceedings{de-silva-etal-2018-voice,
    title = "Voice Builder: A Tool for Building Text-To-Speech Voices",
    author = "De Silva, Pasindu  and
      Wattanavekin, Theeraphol  and
      Hao, Tang  and
      Pipatsrisawat, Knot",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1354",
}
@inproceedings{takaoka-etal-2018-sudachi,
    title = "{S}udachi: a {J}apanese Tokenizer for Business",
    author = "Takaoka, Kazuma  and
      Hisamoto, Sorami  and
      Kawahara, Noriko  and
      Sakamoto, Miho  and
      Uchida, Yoshitaka  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1355",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-etal-2018-chemical,
    title = "Chemical Compounds Knowledge Visualization with Natural Language Processing and Linked Data",
    author = "Tanaka, Kazunari  and
      Iwakura, Tomoya  and
      Koyanagi, Yusuke  and
      Ikeda, Noriko  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1356",
}
@inproceedings{cao-gete-2018-using,
    title = "Using Discourse Information for Education with a {S}panish-{C}hinese Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Cao, Shuyuan  and
      Gete, Harritxu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1357",
}
@inproceedings{berkling-2018-2nd,
    title = "A 2nd Longitudinal Corpus for Children{'}s Writing with Enhanced Output for Specific Spelling Patterns",
    author = "Berkling, Kay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1358",
}
@inproceedings{yamaguchi-etal-2018-development,
    title = "Development of a Mobile Observation Support System for Students: {F}ish{W}atchr Mini",
    author = "Yamaguchi, Masaya  and
      Kitamura, Masanori  and
      Yanagida, Naomi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1359",
}
@inproceedings{odijk-etal-2018-anncor,
    title = "The {A}nn{C}or {CHILDES} Treebank",
    author = "Odijk, Jan  and
      Dimitriadis, Alexis  and
      van der Klis, Martijn  and
      van Koppen, Marjo  and
      Otten, Meie  and
      van der Veen, Remco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1360",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2018-babycloud,
    title = "{B}aby{C}loud, a Technological Platform for Parents and Researchers",
    author = "Cao, Xu{\^a}n-Nga  and
      Dakhlia, Cyrille  and
      Del Carmen, Patricia  and
      Jaouani, Mohamed-Amine  and
      Ould-Arbi, Malik  and
      Dupoux, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1361",
}
@inproceedings{minami-etal-2018-infant,
    title = "Infant Word Comprehension-to-Production Index Applied to Investigation of Noun Learning Predominance Using Cross-lingual {CDI} database",
    author = "Minami, Yasuhiro  and
      Kobayashi, Tessei  and
      Okumura, Yuko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1362",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2018-building,
    title = "Building a {TOCFL} Learner Corpus for {C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis",
    author = "Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Chang, Li-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1363",
}
@inproceedings{goldman-schwab-2018-miaparle,
    title = "{MIAPARLE}: Online training for the discrimination of stress contrasts",
    author = "Goldman, Jean-Philippe  and
      Schwab, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1364",
}
@inproceedings{zesch-horbach-2018-escrito,
    title = "{ESCRITO} - An {NLP}-Enhanced Educational Scoring Toolkit",
    author = "Zesch, Torsten  and
      Horbach, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1365",
}
@inproceedings{al-khalil-etal-2018-leveled,
    title = "A Leveled Reading Corpus of Modern Standard {A}rabic",
    author = "Al Khalil, Muhamed  and
      Saddiki, Hind  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Alfalasi, Latifa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1366",
}
@inproceedings{agerri-etal-2018-developing,
    title = "Developing New Linguistic Resources and Tools for the {G}alician Language",
    author = "Agerri, Rodrigo  and
      G{\'o}mez Guinovart, Xavier  and
      Rigau, German  and
      Solla Portela, Miguel Anxo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1367",
}
@inproceedings{lachler-etal-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Northern Haida Verb Morphology",
    author = "Lachler, Jordan  and
      Antonsen, Lene  and
      Trosterud, Trond  and
      Moshagen, Sjur  and
      Arppe, Antti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1368",
}
@inproceedings{richter-etal-2018-low,
    title = "Low-resource Post Processing of Noisy {OCR} Output for Historical Corpus Digitisation",
    author = "Richter, Caitlin  and
      Wickes, Matthew  and
      Beser, Deniz  and
      Marcus, Mitch",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1369",
}
@inproceedings{hedeland-etal-2018-introducing,
    title = "Introducing the {CLARIN} Knowledge Centre for Linguistic Diversity and Language Documentation",
    author = "Hedeland, Hanna  and
      Lehmberg, Timm  and
      Rau, Felix  and
      Salffner, Sophie  and
      Seyfeddinipur, Mandana  and
      Witt, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1370",
}
@inproceedings{galuscakova-neuzilova-2018-low,
    title = "Low Resource Methods for Medieval Document Sections Analysis",
    author = "Galu{\v{s}}{\v{c}}{\'a}kov{\'a}, Petra  and
      Neu{\v{z}}ilov{\'a}, Lucie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1371",
}
@inproceedings{grubenmann-etal-2018-sb,
    title = "{SB}-{CH}: A Swiss {G}erman Corpus with Sentiment Annotations",
    author = {Grubenmann, Ralf  and
      Tuggener, Don  and
      von D{\"a}niken, Pius  and
      Deriu, Jan  and
      Cieliebak, Mark},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1372",
}
@inproceedings{senuma-aizawa-2018-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies for {A}inu",
    author = "Senuma, Hajime  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1373",
}
@inproceedings{cassidy-etal-2018-signbank,
    title = "{S}ignbank: Software to Support Web Based Dictionaries of Sign Language",
    author = "Cassidy, Steve  and
      Crasborn, Onno  and
      Nieminen, Henri  and
      Stoop, Wessel  and
      Hulsbosch, Micha  and
      Even, Susan  and
      Komen, Erwin  and
      Johnston, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1374",
}
@inproceedings{ito-etal-2018-j,
    title = "J-{M}e{D}ic: A {J}apanese Disease Name Dictionary based on Real Clinical Usage",
    author = "Ito, Kaoru  and
      Nagai, Hiroyuki  and
      Okahisa, Taro  and
      Wakamiya, Shoko  and
      Iwao, Tomohide  and
      Aramaki, Eiji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1375",
}
@inproceedings{kanzaki-isahara-2018-building,
    title = "Building a List of Synonymous Words and Phrases of {J}apanese Compound Verbs",
    author = "Kanzaki, Kyoko  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1376",
}
@inproceedings{leon-arauz-reimerink-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating {E}co{L}exi{CAT}: a Terminology-Enhanced {CAT} Tool",
    author = "Le{\'o}n-Ara{\'u}z, Pilar  and
      Reimerink, Arianne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1377",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-etal-2018-danish,
    title = "A {D}anish {F}rame{N}et Lexicon and an Annotated Corpus Used for Training and Evaluating a Semantic Frame Classifier",
    author = "Pedersen, Bolette  and
      Nimb, Sanni  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      Hartmann, Mareike  and
      Olsen, Sussi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1378",
}
@inproceedings{jochim-etal-2018-slide,
    title = "{SLIDE} - a Sentiment Lexicon of Common Idioms",
    author = "Jochim, Charles  and
      Bonin, Francesca  and
      Bar-Haim, Roy  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1379",
}
@inproceedings{bin-zia-etal-2018-pronouncur,
    title = "{P}ronounc{UR}: An {U}rdu Pronunciation Lexicon Generator",
    author = "Bin Zia, Haris  and
      Ali Raza, Agha  and
      Athar, Awais",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1380",
}
@inproceedings{mykowiecka-etal-2018-simlex,
    title = "{S}im{L}ex-999 for Polish",
    author = "Mykowiecka, Agnieszka  and
      Marciniak, Ma{\l}gorzata  and
      Rychlik, Piotr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1381",
}
@inproceedings{rodrigues-branco-2018-finely,
    title = "Finely Tuned, 2 Billion Token Based Word Embeddings for {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Rodrigues, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1382",
}
@inproceedings{ziad-etal-2018-teanga,
    title = "{T}eanga: A Linked Data based platform for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Ziad, Housam  and
      McCrae, John P.  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1383",
}
@inproceedings{rehm-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic and Manual Web Annotations in an Infrastructure to handle Fake News and other Online Media Phenomena",
    author = "Rehm, Georg  and
      Moreno-Schneider, Julian  and
      Bourgonje, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1384",
}
@inproceedings{witte-sateli-2018-lodexporter,
    title = "The {LOD}e{X}porter: Flexible Generation of Linked Open Data Triples from {NLP} Frameworks for Automatic Knowledge Base Construction",
    author = "Witte, Ren{\'e}  and
      Sateli, Bahar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1385",
}
@inproceedings{klimek-etal-2018-lido,
    title = "{L}i{D}o {RDF}: From a Relational Database to a Linked Data Graph of Linguistic Terms and Bibliographic Data",
    author = {Klimek, Bettina  and
      Sch{\"a}dlich, Robert  and
      Kr{\"o}ger, Dustin  and
      Knese, Edwin  and
      El{\ss}mann, Benedikt},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1386",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards a Linked Open Data Edition of {S}umerian Corpora",
    author = "Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Pag{\'e}-Perron, {\'E}milie  and
      Khait, Ilya  and
      Schenk, Niko  and
      Reckling, Lucas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1387",
}
@inproceedings{tufis-cristea-2018-birds,
    title = "A Bird{'}s-eye View of Language Processing Projects at the {R}omanian Academy",
    author = "Tufi{\textcommabelow{s}}, Dan  and
      Cristea, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1388",
}
@inproceedings{schmitz-etal-2018-pmki,
    title = "{PMKI}: an {E}uropean Commission action for the interoperability, maintainability and sustainability of Language Resources",
    author = "Schmitz, Peter  and
      Francesconi, Enrico  and
      Hajlaoui, Najeh  and
      Batouche, Brahim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1389",
}
@inproceedings{meurer-2018-abkhaz,
    title = "The Abkhaz National Corpus",
    author = "Meurer, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1390",
}
@inproceedings{vasiljevs-etal-2018-collecting,
    title = "Collecting Language Resources from Public Administrations in the Nordic and Baltic Countries",
    author = "Vasi{\c{l}}jevs, Andrejs  and
      Kalni{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Rihards  and
      Rozis, Roberts  and
      B{\=e}rzi{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Aivars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1391",
}
@inproceedings{moussallem-etal-2018-lidioms,
    title = "{LI}dioms: A Multilingual Linked Idioms Data Set",
    author = "Moussallem, Diego  and
      Sherif, Mohamed Ahmed  and
      Esteves, Diego  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1392",
}
@inproceedings{matsuyoshi-etal-2018-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Modality Expressions and Event Factuality for a {J}apanese Chess Commentary Corpus",
    author = "Matsuyoshi, Suguru  and
      Kameko, Hirotaka  and
      Murawaki, Yugo  and
      Mori, Shinsuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1393",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2018-annotating,
    title = "Annotating {C}hinese Light Verb Constructions according to {PARSEME} guidelines",
    author = "Jiang, Menghan  and
      Klyueva, Natalia  and
      Xu, Hongzhi  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1394",
}
@inproceedings{krstev-etal-2018-using,
    title = "Using {E}nglish Baits to Catch {S}erbian Multi-Word Terminology",
    author = "Krstev, Cvetana  and
      {\v{S}}andrih, Branislava  and
      Stankovi{\'c}, Ranka  and
      Mladenovi{\'c}, Miljana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1395",
}
@inproceedings{kato-etal-2018-construction,
    title = "Construction of Large-scale {E}nglish Verbal Multiword Expression Annotated Corpus",
    author = "Kato, Akihiko  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1396",
}
@inproceedings{inurrieta-etal-2018-konbitzul,
    title = "{K}onbitzul: an {MWE}-specific database for {S}panish-Basque",
    author = "I{\~n}urrieta, Uxoa  and
      Aduriz, Itziar  and
      D{\'\i}az de Ilarraza, Arantza  and
      Labaka, Gorka  and
      Sarasola, Kepa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1397",
}
@inproceedings{sales-etal-2018-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual Test Collection for the Semantic Search of Entity Categories",
    author = "Sales, Juliano Efson  and
      Barzegar, Siamak  and
      Franco, Wellington  and
      Bermeitinger, Bernhard  and
      Cunha, Tiago  and
      Davis, Brian  and
      Freitas, Andr{\'e}  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1398",
}
@inproceedings{cabezas-garcia-leon-arauz-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards the Inference of Semantic Relations in Complex Nominals: a Pilot Study",
    author = "Cabezas-Garc{\'\i}a, Melania  and
      Le{\'o}n-Ara{\'u}z, Pilar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1399",
}
@inproceedings{rodriguez-fernandez-etal-2018-generation,
    title = "Generation of a {S}panish Artificial Collocation Error Corpus",
    author = "Rodr{\'\i}guez-Fern{\'a}ndez, Sara  and
      Carlini, Roberto  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1400",
}
@inproceedings{varis-klyueva-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving a Neural-based Tagger for Multiword Expressions Identification",
    author = "Vari{\v{s}}, Du{\v{s}}an  and
      Klyueva, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1401",
}
@inproceedings{aharodnik-etal-2018-designing,
    title = "Designing a {R}ussian Idiom-Annotated Corpus",
    author = "Aharodnik, Katsiaryna  and
      Feldman, Anna  and
      Peng, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1402",
}
@inproceedings{horsmann-zesch-2018-deeptc,
    title = "{D}eep{TC} {--} An Extension of {DKP}ro Text Classification for Fostering Reproducibility of Deep Learning Experiments",
    author = "Horsmann, Tobias  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1403",
}
@inproceedings{zimmerman-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Hate Speech Detection with Deep Learning Ensembles",
    author = "Zimmerman, Steven  and
      Kruschwitz, Udo  and
      Fox, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1404",
}
@inproceedings{cuba-gyllensten-sahlgren-2018-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Term Set Expansion",
    author = "Cuba Gyllensten, Amaru  and
      Sahlgren, Magnus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1405",
}
@inproceedings{bel-pocostales-2018-domain,
    title = "Can Domain Adaptation be Handled as Analogies?",
    author = "Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Pocostales, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1406",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-etal-2018-author,
    title = "Author Profiling from {F}acebook Corpora",
    author = "Hsieh, Fernando  and
      Dias, Rafael  and
      Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1407",
}
@inproceedings{ein-dor-etal-2018-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Relatedness of {W}ikipedia Concepts {--} Benchmark Data and a Working Solution",
    author = "Ein Dor, Liat  and
      Halfon, Alon  and
      Kantor, Yoav  and
      Levy, Ran  and
      Mass, Yosi  and
      Rinott, Ruty  and
      Shnarch, Eyal  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1408",
}
@inproceedings{boumber-etal-2018-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with Convolutional Neural Networks for Multi-Label Authorship Attribution",
    author = "Boumber, Dainis  and
      Zhang, Yifan  and
      Mukherjee, Arjun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1409",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2018-fast,
    title = "A Fast and Accurate {V}ietnamese Word Segmenter",
    author = "Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Nguyen, Dai Quoc  and
      Vu, Thanh  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1410",
}
@inproceedings{tyers-etal-2018-finite,
    title = "Finite-state morphological analysis for Gagauz",
    author = {Tyers, Francis  and
      Bayatli, Sevilay  and
      Karanfil, G{\"u}ll{\"u}  and
      G{\"o}k{\i}rmak, Memduh  and
      Tyers, Francis M.},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1411",
}
@inproceedings{kabashi-proisl-2018-albanian,
    title = "{A}lbanian Part-of-Speech Tagging: Gold Standard and Evaluation",
    author = "Kabashi, Besim  and
      Proisl, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1412",
}
@inproceedings{s-bhattacharyya-2018-morphology,
    title = "Morphology Injection for {E}nglish-{M}alayalam Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "S, Sreelekha  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1413",
}
@inproceedings{attia-etal-2018-morpho,
    title = "The Morpho-syntactic Annotation of {A}nimacy for a Dependency Parser",
    author = "Attia, Mohammed  and
      Nikolaev, Vitaly  and
      Elkahky, Ali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1414",
}
@inproceedings{obeid-etal-2018-madari,
    title = "{MADAR}i: A Web Interface for Joint {A}rabic Morphological Annotation and Spelling Correction",
    author = "Obeid, Ossama  and
      Khalifa, Salam  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1415",
}
@inproceedings{chen-schwartz-2018-morphological,
    title = "A Morphological Analyzer for St. Lawrence Island / Central Siberian Yupik",
    author = "Chen, Emily  and
      Schwartz, Lane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1416",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-etal-2018-universal,
    title = "Universal Morphologies for the Caucasus region",
    author = {Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Donandt, Kathrin  and
      Ionov, Maxim  and
      Rind-Pawlowski, Monika  and
      Sargsian, Hasmik  and
      Wichers Schreur, Jesse  and
      Abromeit, Frank  and
      F{\"a}th, Christian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1417",
}
@inproceedings{phan-matsumoto-2018-emtc,
    title = "{EMTC}: Multilabel Corpus in Movie Domain for Emotion Analysis in Conversational Text",
    author = "Phan, Duc-Anh  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1418",
}
@inproceedings{pecore-villaneau-2018-complex,
    title = "Complex and Precise Movie and Book Annotations in {F}rench Language for Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Pecore, Stefania  and
      Villaneau, Jeanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1419",
}
@inproceedings{moreno-ortiz-perez-hernandez-2018-lingmotif,
    title = "{L}ingmotif-lex: a Wide-coverage, State-of-the-art Lexicon for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Moreno-Ortiz, Antonio  and
      P{\'e}rez-Hern{\'a}ndez, Chantal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1420",
}
@inproceedings{wang-tahara-2018-japanese,
    title = "A {J}apanese Corpus for Analyzing Customer Loyalty Information",
    author = "Wang, Yiou  and
      Tahara, Takuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1421",
}
@inproceedings{sluyter-gathje-etal-2018-footweets,
    title = "{F}oo{T}weets: A Bilingual Parallel Corpus of World Cup Tweets",
    author = {Sluyter-G{\"a}thje, Henny  and
      Lohar, Pintu  and
      Afli, Haithem  and
      Way, Andy},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1422",
}
@inproceedings{gaillat-etal-2018-ssix,
    title = "The {SSIX} Corpora: Three Gold Standard Corpora for Sentiment Analysis in {E}nglish, {S}panish and {G}erman Financial Microblogs",
    author = "Gaillat, Thomas  and
      Zarrouk, Manel  and
      Freitas, Andr{\'e}  and
      Davis, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1423",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2018-sarcasm,
    title = "Sarcasm Target Identification: Dataset and An Introductory Approach",
    author = "Joshi, Aditya  and
      Goel, Pranav  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Carman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1424",
}
@inproceedings{chathuranga-etal-2018-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Opinions and Opinion Targets in Student Course Feedback",
    author = "Chathuranga, Janaka  and
      Ediriweera, Shanika  and
      Hasantha, Ravindu  and
      Munasinghe, Pranidhith  and
      Ranathunga, Surangika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1425",
}
@inproceedings{rouces-etal-2018-generating,
    title = "Generating a Gold Standard for a {S}wedish Sentiment Lexicon",
    author = "Rouces, Jacobo  and
      Tahmasebi, Nina  and
      Borin, Lars  and
      R{\o}dven Eide, Stian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1426",
}
@inproceedings{tulkens-etal-2018-wordkit,
    title = "{W}ord{K}it: a Python Package for Orthographic and Phonological Featurization",
    author = "Tulkens, St{\'e}phan  and
      Sandra, Dominiek  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1427",
}
@inproceedings{lukes-etal-2018-pronunciation,
    title = "Pronunciation Variants and {ASR} of Colloquial Speech: A Case Study on {C}zech",
    author = "Luke{\v{s}}, David  and
      Kop{\v{r}}ivov{\'a}, Marie  and
      Komrskov{\'a}, Zuzana  and
      Poukarov{\'a}, Petra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1428",
}
@inproceedings{mortensen-etal-2018-epitran,
    title = "{E}pitran: Precision {G}2{P} for Many Languages",
    author = "Mortensen, David R.  and
      Dalmia, Siddharth  and
      Littell, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1429",
}
@inproceedings{kalouli-etal-2018-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual Approach to Question Classification",
    author = "Kalouli, Aikaterini-Lida  and
      Kaiser, Katharina  and
      Hautli-Janisz, Annette  and
      Kaiser, Georg A.  and
      Butt, Miriam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1430",
}
@inproceedings{cui-etal-2018-dataset,
    title = "Dataset for the First Evaluation on {C}hinese Machine Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Cui, Yiming  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Chen, Zhipeng  and
      Ma, Wentao  and
      Wang, Shijin  and
      Hu, Guoping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1431",
}
@inproceedings{hazem-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Domain Framework for Textual Similarity. A Case Study on Question-to-Question and Question-Answering Similarity Tasks",
    author = "Hazem, Amir  and
      El Amal Boussaha, Basma  and
      Hernandez, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1432",
}
@inproceedings{jansen-etal-2018-worldtree,
    title = "{W}orld{T}ree: A Corpus of Explanation Graphs for Elementary Science Questions supporting Multi-hop Inference",
    author = "Jansen, Peter  and
      Wainwright, Elizabeth  and
      Marmorstein, Steven  and
      Morrison, Clayton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1433",
}
@inproceedings{fukunaga-etal-2018-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Implicit Conditions in Database Search Dialogues",
    author = "Fukunaga, Shun-ya  and
      Nishikawa, Hitoshi  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Yokono, Hikaru  and
      Takahashi, Tetsuro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1434",
}
@inproceedings{van-waterschoot-etal-2018-information,
    title = "An Information-Providing Closed-Domain Human-Agent Interaction Corpus",
    author = "van Waterschoot, Jelte  and
      Dubuisson Duplessis, Guillaume  and
      Gatti, Lorenzo  and
      Bruijnes, Merijn  and
      Heylen, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1435",
}
@inproceedings{yokota-nakayama-2018-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting Image Question Answering Dataset by Exploiting Image Captions",
    author = "Yokota, Masashi  and
      Nakayama, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1436",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2018-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Training Data Generation for Multilingual Question Answering",
    author = "Lee, Kyungjae  and
      Yoon, Kyoungho  and
      Park, Sunghyun  and
      Hwang, Seung-won",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1437",
}
@inproceedings{dulceanu-etal-2018-photoshopquia,
    title = "{P}hotoshop{Q}ui{A}: A Corpus of Non-Factoid Questions and Answers for Why-Question Answering",
    author = "Dulceanu, Andrei  and
      Le Dinh, Thang  and
      Chang, Walter  and
      Bui, Trung  and
      Kim, Doo Soon  and
      Vu, Manh Chien  and
      Kim, Seokhwan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1438",
}
@inproceedings{pappas-etal-2018-bioread,
    title = "{B}io{R}ead: A New Dataset for Biomedical Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Pappas, Dimitris  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion  and
      Papageorgiou, Haris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1439",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2018-mmqa,
    title = "{MMQA}: A Multi-domain Multi-lingual Question-Answering Framework for {E}nglish and {H}indi",
    author = "Gupta, Deepak  and
      Kumari, Surabhi  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1440",
}
@inproceedings{green-larasati-2018-first,
    title = "The First 100 Days: A Corpus Of Political Agendas on Twitter",
    author = "Green, Nathan  and
      Larasati, Septina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1441",
}
@inproceedings{yadav-etal-2018-medical,
    title = "Medical Sentiment Analysis using Social Media: Towards building a Patient Assisted System",
    author = "Yadav, Shweta  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Saha, Sriparna  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1442",
}
@inproceedings{sanguinetti-etal-2018-italian,
    title = "An {I}talian Twitter Corpus of Hate Speech against Immigrants",
    author = "Sanguinetti, Manuela  and
      Poletto, Fabio  and
      Bosco, Cristina  and
      Patti, Viviana  and
      Stranisci, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1443",
}
@inproceedings{di-tommaso-etal-2018-large,
    title = "A Large Multilingual and Multi-domain Dataset for Recommender Systems",
    author = "Di Tommaso, Giorgia  and
      Faralli, Stefano  and
      Velardi, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1444",
}
@inproceedings{voigt-etal-2018-rtgender,
    title = "{R}t{G}ender: A Corpus for Studying Differential Responses to Gender",
    author = "Voigt, Rob  and
      Jurgens, David  and
      Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Tsvetkov, Yulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1445",
}
@inproceedings{meftah-semmar-2018-neural,
    title = "A Neural Network Model for Part-Of-Speech Tagging of Social Media Texts",
    author = "Meftah, Sara  and
      Semmar, Nasredine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1446",
}
@inproceedings{fredriksen-etal-2018-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing Large Twitter Corpora to Create Sentiment Lexica",
    author = {Fredriksen, Valerij  and
      Jahren, Brage  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1447",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-gallardo-weiss-2018-nautilus,
    title = "The Nautilus Speaker Characterization Corpus: Speech Recordings and Labels of Speaker Characteristics and Voice Descriptions",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez Gallardo, Laura  and
      Weiss, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1448",
}
@inproceedings{schiel-zitzelsberger-2018-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Automatic Formant Trackers",
    author = "Schiel, Florian  and
      Zitzelsberger, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1449",
}
@inproceedings{smidl-etal-2018-design,
    title = "Design and Development of Speech Corpora for Air Traffic Control Training",
    author = "{\v{S}}m{\'\i}dl, Lubo{\v{s}}  and
      {\v{S}}vec, Jan  and
      Tihelka, Daniel  and
      Matou{\v{s}}ek, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Romportl, Jan  and
      Ircing, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1450",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-westhuizen-niesler-2018-first,
    title = "A First South {A}frican Corpus of Multilingual Code-switched Soap Opera Speech",
    author = "van der Westhuizen, Ewald  and
      Niesler, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1451",
}
@inproceedings{poerner-schiel-2018-web,
    title = "A Web Service for Pre-segmenting Very Long Transcribed Speech Recordings",
    author = "Poerner, Nina  and
      Schiel, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1452",
}
@inproceedings{delpech-etal-2018-real,
    title = "A Real-life, {F}rench-accented Corpus of Air Traffic Control Communications",
    author = "Delpech, Estelle  and
      Laignelet, Marion  and
      Pimm, Christophe  and
      Raynal, C{\'e}line  and
      Trzos, Michal  and
      Arnold, Alexandre  and
      Pronto, Dominique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1453",
}
@inproceedings{salimbajevs-2018-creating,
    title = "Creating {L}ithuanian and {L}atvian Speech Corpora from Inaccurately Annotated Web Data",
    author = "Salimbajevs, Askars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1454",
}
@inproceedings{sitaram-etal-2018-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Canonical {I}ndian {E}nglish Accents: A Crowdsourcing-based Approach",
    author = "Sitaram, Sunayana  and
      Manjunath, Varun  and
      Bharadwaj, Varun  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Bali, Kalika  and
      Tjalve, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1455",
}
@inproceedings{ohsuga-etal-2018-extending,
    title = "Extending Search System based on Interactive Visualization for Speech Corpora",
    author = "Ohsuga, Tomoko  and
      Ishimoto, Yuichi  and
      Kajiyama, Tomoko  and
      Kozawa, Shunsuke  and
      Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Itahashi, Shuichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1456",
}
@inproceedings{schweitzer-etal-2018-german,
    title = "{G}erman Radio Interviews: The {GRAIN} Release of the {SFB}732 Silver Standard Collection",
    author = {Schweitzer, Katrin  and
      Eckart, Kerstin  and
      G{\"a}rtner, Markus  and
      Falenska, Agnieszka  and
      Riester, Arndt  and
      R{\"o}siger, Ina  and
      Schweitzer, Antje  and
      Stehwien, Sabrina  and
      Kuhn, Jonas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1457",
}
@inproceedings{mieskes-stiegelmayr-2018-preparing,
    title = "Preparing Data from Psychotherapy for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Mieskes, Margot  and
      Stiegelmayr, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1458",
}
@inproceedings{vaheb-etal-2018-mirasvoice,
    title = "{M}iras{V}oice: A bilingual ({E}nglish-{P}ersian) speech corpus",
    author = "Vaheb, Amir  and
      Janalizadeh Choobbasti, Ali  and
      Mortazavi Najafabadi, S.H.E.  and
      Safavi, Saeid  and
      Sabeti, Behnam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1459",
}
@inproceedings{pareti-lando-2018-dialog,
    title = "Dialog Intent Structure: A Hierarchical Schema of Linked Dialog Acts",
    author = "Pareti, Silvia  and
      Lando, Tatiana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1460",
}
@inproceedings{nakamura-kawahara-2018-jdcfc,
    title = "{JDCFC}: A {J}apanese Dialogue Corpus with Feature Changes",
    author = "Nakamura, Tetsuaki  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1461",
}
@inproceedings{yoshino-etal-2018-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Dialogue Corpus of Information Navigation and Attentive Listening Annotated with Extended {ISO}-24617-2 Dialogue Act Tags",
    author = "Yoshino, Koichiro  and
      Tanaka, Hiroki  and
      Sugiyama, Kyoshiro  and
      Kondo, Makoto  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1462",
}
@inproceedings{artstein-etal-2018-niki,
    title = "The Niki and Julie Corpus: Collaborative Multimodal Dialogues between Humans, Robots, and Virtual Agents",
    author = "Artstein, Ron  and
      Boberg, Jill  and
      Gainer, Alesia  and
      Gratch, Jonathan  and
      Johnson, Emmanuel  and
      Leuski, Anton  and
      Lucas, Gale  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1463",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a {C}hinese Medical Conversation Corpus Annotated with Conversational Structures and Actions",
    author = "Wang, Nan  and
      Song, Yan  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1464",
}
@inproceedings{ishii-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Nods by using Dialogue Acts in Dialogue",
    author = "Ishii, Ryo  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Tomita, Junji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1465",
}
@inproceedings{koutsombogera-vogel-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Collaborative Multimodal Behavior in Group Dialogues: The {MULTISIMO} Corpus",
    author = "Koutsombogera, Maria  and
      Vogel, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1466",
}
@inproceedings{ochs-etal-2018-semi,
    title = "A Semi-autonomous System for Creating a Human-Machine Interaction Corpus in Virtual Reality: Application to the {ACORFORM}ed System for Training Doctors to Break Bad News",
    author = "Ochs, Magalie  and
      Blache, Philippe  and
      de Montcheuil, Gr{\'e}goire  and
      Pergandi, Jean-Marie  and
      Saubesty, Jorane  and
      Francon, Daniel  and
      Mestre, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1467",
}
@inproceedings{novitasari-etal-2018-construction,
    title = "Construction of {E}nglish-{F}rench Multimodal Affective Conversational Corpus from {TV} Dramas",
    author = "Novitasari, Sashi  and
      Do, Quoc Truong  and
      Sakti, Sakriani  and
      Lestari, Dessi  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1468",
}
@inproceedings{sheinin-etal-2018-quest,
    title = "{QUEST}: A Natural Language Interface to Relational Databases",
    author = "Sheinin, Vadim  and
      Khorashani, Elahe  and
      Yeo, Hangu  and
      Xu, Kun  and
      Vo, Ngoc Phuoc An  and
      Popescu, Octavian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1469",
}
@inproceedings{verwimp-etal-2018-tf,
    title = "{TF}-{LM}: {T}ensor{F}low-based Language Modeling Toolkit",
    author = "Verwimp, Lyan  and
      Van hamme, Hugo  and
      Wambacq, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1470",
}
@inproceedings{park-shin-2018-grapheme,
    title = "Grapheme-level Awareness in Word Embeddings for Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = "Park, Suzi  and
      Shin, Hyopil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1471",
}
@inproceedings{schmirler-etal-2018-building,
    title = "Building a Constraint Grammar Parser for Plains Cree Verbs and Arguments",
    author = "Schmirler, Katherine  and
      Arppe, Antti  and
      Trosterud, Trond  and
      Antonsen, Lene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1472",
}
@inproceedings{heinzerling-strube-2018-bpemb,
    title = "{BPE}mb: Tokenization-free Pre-trained Subword Embeddings in 275 Languages",
    author = "Heinzerling, Benjamin  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1473",
}
@inproceedings{rocha-paraboni-2018-reference,
    title = "Reference production in human-computer interaction: Issues for Corpus-based Referring Expression Generation",
    author = "Rocha, Danillo  and
      Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1474",
}
@inproceedings{lan-paraboni-2018-definite,
    title = "Definite Description Lexical Choice: taking Speaker{'}s Personality into account",
    author = "Lan, Alex  and
      Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1475",
}
@inproceedings{mariotti-paraboni-2018-referring,
    title = "Referring Expression Generation in time-constrained communication",
    author = "Mariotti, Andr{\'e}  and
      Paraboni, Ivandr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1476",
}
@inproceedings{laokulrat-etal-2018-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Semantic Attention in Video Description Generation",
    author = "Laokulrat, Natsuda  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Nakayama, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1477",
}
@inproceedings{lareau-etal-2018-gendr,
    title = "{G}en{DR}: A Generic Deep Realizer with Complex Lexicalization",
    author = "Lareau, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Lambrey, Florie  and
      Dubinskaite, Ieva  and
      Galarreta-Piquette, Daniel  and
      Nejat, Maryam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1478",
}
@inproceedings{stajner-nisioi-2018-detailed,
    title = "A Detailed Evaluation of Neural Sequence-to-Sequence Models for In-domain and Cross-domain Text Simplification",
    author = "{\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Nisioi, Sergiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1479",
}
@inproceedings{vossen-etal-2018-dont,
    title = "Don{'}t Annotate, but Validate: a Data-to-Text Method for Capturing Event Data",
    author = "Vossen, Piek  and
      Ilievski, Filip  and
      Postma, Marten  and
      Segers, Roxane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1480",
}
@inproceedings{moussallem-etal-2018-rdf2pt,
    title = "{RDF}2{PT}: Generating {B}razilian {P}ortuguese Texts from {RDF} Data",
    author = "Moussallem, Diego  and
      Ferreira, Thiago  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Cavalcanti, Maria Claudia  and
      Xex{\'e}o, Geraldo  and
      Neves, Mariana  and
      Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1481",
}
@inproceedings{berlingerio-bonin-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards a music-language mapping",
    author = "Berlingerio, Michele  and
      Bonin, Francesca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1482",
}
@inproceedings{isard-etal-2018-cycling,
    title = "Up-cycling Data for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Isard, Amy  and
      Oberlander, Jon  and
      Grover, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1483",
}
@inproceedings{le-fokkens-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Models of Selectional Preferences for Implicit Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Le, Minh  and
      Fokkens, Antske",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1484",
}
@inproceedings{barbaresi-etal-2018-database,
    title = "A database of {G}erman definitory contexts from selected web sources",
    author = "Barbaresi, Adrien  and
      Lemnitzer, Lothar  and
      Geyken, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1485",
}
@inproceedings{migueles-abraira-etal-2018-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Abstract Meaning Representations for {S}panish",
    author = "Migueles-Abraira, Noelia  and
      Agerri, Rodrigo  and
      Diaz de Ilarraza, Arantza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1486",
}
@inproceedings{lhomme-etal-2018-browsing,
    title = "Browsing the Terminological Structure of a Specialized Domain: A Method Based on Lexical Functions and their Classification",
    author = "L{'}Homme, Marie-Claude  and
      Robichaud, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Pr{\'e}vil, Nathalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1487",
}
@inproceedings{sayeed-etal-2018-rollenwechsel,
    title = "Rollenwechsel-{E}nglish: a large-scale semantic role corpus",
    author = "Sayeed, Asad  and
      Shkadzko, Pavel  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1488",
}
@inproceedings{ponkiya-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards a Standardized Dataset for Noun Compound Interpretation",
    author = "Ponkiya, Girishkumar  and
      Patel, Kevin  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Palshikar, Girish K",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1489",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-xue-2018-structured,
    title = "Structured Interpretation of Temporal Relations",
    author = "Zhang, Yuchen  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1490",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2018-nl2bash,
    title = "{NL}2{B}ash: A Corpus and Semantic Parser for Natural Language Interface to the Linux Operating System",
    author = "Lin, Xi Victoria  and
      Wang, Chenglong  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke  and
      Ernst, Michael D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1491",
}
@inproceedings{welch-etal-2018-world,
    title = "World Knowledge for Abstract Meaning Representation Parsing",
    author = "Welch, Charles  and
      Kummerfeld, Jonathan K.  and
      Feng, Song  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1492",
}
@inproceedings{gref-etal-2018-improved,
    title = "Improved Transcription and Indexing of Oral History Interviews for Digital Humanities Research",
    author = {Gref, Michael  and
      K{\"o}hler, Joachim  and
      Leh, Almut},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1493",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2018-sound,
    title = "Sound Signal Processing with {S}eq2{T}ree Network",
    author = "Ma, Weicheng  and
      Cao, Kai  and
      Ni, Zhaoheng  and
      Chin, Peter  and
      Li, Xiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1494",
}
@inproceedings{nikulasdottir-etal-2018-open,
    title = "Open {ASR} for {I}celandic: Resources and a Baseline System",
    author = {Nikul{\'a}sd{\'o}ttir, Anna Bj{\"o}rk  and
      Helgad{\'o}ttir, Inga R{\'u}n  and
      P{\'e}tursson, Matth{\'\i}as  and
      Gu{\dh}nason, J{\'o}n},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1495",
}
@inproceedings{meng-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Neural Speaker Modeling in Multi-Party Conversation: The Task, Dataset, and Models",
    author = "Meng, Zhao  and
      Mou, Lili  and
      Jin, Zhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1496",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2018-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating between Similar Languages on Imbalanced Conversational Texts",
    author = "He, Junqing  and
      Huang, Xian  and
      Zhao, Xuemin  and
      Zhang, Yan  and
      Yan, Yonghong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1497",
}
@inproceedings{stadtschnitzer-schmidt-2018-data,
    title = "Data-Driven Pronunciation Modeling of Swiss {G}erman Dialectal Speech for Automatic Speech Recognition",
    author = "Stadtschnitzer, Michael  and
      Schmidt, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1498",
}
@inproceedings{simonnet-etal-2018-simulating,
    title = "Simulating {ASR} errors for training {SLU} systems",
    author = "Simonnet, Edwin  and
      Ghannay, Sahar  and
      Camelin, Nathalie  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1499",
}
@inproceedings{tomashenko-esteve-2018-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Feature-Space Speaker Adaptation for End-to-End Acoustic Models",
    author = "Tomashenko, Natalia  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1500",
}
@inproceedings{steiner-le-maguer-2018-creating,
    title = "Creating New Language and Voice Components for the Updated {M}ary{TTS} Text-to-Speech Synthesis Platform",
    author = "Steiner, Ingmar  and
      Le Maguer, S{\'e}bastien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1501",
}
@inproceedings{hayakawa-etal-2018-speech,
    title = "Speech Rate Calculations with Short Utterances: A Study from a Speech-to-Speech, Machine Translation Mediated Map Task",
    author = "Hayakawa, Akira  and
      Vogel, Carl  and
      Luz, Saturnino  and
      Campbell, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1502",
}
@inproceedings{tauchmann-etal-2018-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Generic Summarization: A Multi-faceted Hierarchical Summarization Corpus of Large Heterogeneous Data",
    author = "Tauchmann, Christopher  and
      Arnold, Thomas  and
      Hanselowski, Andreas  and
      Meyer, Christian M.  and
      Mieskes, Margot",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1503",
}
@inproceedings{linhares-pontes-etal-2018-new,
    title = "A New Annotated {P}ortuguese/{S}panish Corpus for the Multi-Sentence Compression Task",
    author = "Linhares Pontes, Elvys  and
      Torres-Moreno, Juan-Manuel  and
      Huet, St{\'e}phane  and
      Linhares, Andr{\'e}a Carneiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1504",
}
@inproceedings{p-v-s-etal-2018-live,
    title = "Live Blog Corpus for Summarization",
    author = "P.V.S., Avinesh  and
      Peyrard, Maxime  and
      Meyer, Christian M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1505",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2018-tsix,
    title = "{TS}ix: A Human-involved-creation Dataset for Tweet Summarization",
    author = "Nguyen, Minh-Tien  and
      Lai, Dac Viet  and
      Nguyen, Huy-Tien  and
      Nguyen, Le-Minh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1506",
}
@inproceedings{jhaveri-etal-2018-workbench,
    title = "A Workbench for Rapid Generation of Cross-Lingual Summaries",
    author = "Jhaveri, Nisarg  and
      Gupta, Manish  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1507",
}
@inproceedings{yamamura-shimada-2018-annotation,
    title = "Annotation and Analysis of Extractive Summaries for the {K}yutech Corpus",
    author = "Yamamura, Takashi  and
      Shimada, Kazutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1508",
}
@inproceedings{dernoncourt-etal-2018-repository,
    title = "A Repository of Corpora for Summarization",
    author = "Dernoncourt, Franck  and
      Ghassemi, Mohammad  and
      Chang, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1509",
}
@inproceedings{zopf-2018-auto,
    title = "Auto-h{MDS}: Automatic Construction of a Large Heterogeneous Multilingual Multi-Document Summarization Corpus",
    author = "Zopf, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1510",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2018-pyreval,
    title = "{P}yr{E}val: An Automated Method for Summary Content Analysis",
    author = "Gao, Yanjun  and
      Warner, Andrew  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1511",
}
@inproceedings{ostermann-etal-2018-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Texts to Scripts: An Entailment Study",
    author = "Ostermann, Simon  and
      Seitz, Hannah  and
      Thater, Stefan  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1512",
}
@inproceedings{rodrigues-etal-2018-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Equivalence Detection: Are Interrogatives Harder than Declaratives?",
    author = "Rodrigues, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Saedi, Chakaveh  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Silva, Jo{\~a}o",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1513",
}
@inproceedings{uchida-etal-2018-cefr,
    title = "{CEFR}-based Lexical Simplification Dataset",
    author = "Uchida, Satoru  and
      Takada, Shohei  and
      Arase, Yuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1514",
}
@inproceedings{de-jong-etal-2018-clarin,
    title = "{CLARIN}: Towards {FAIR} and Responsible Data Science Using Language Resources",
    author = "de Jong, Franciska  and
      Maegaard, Bente  and
      De Smedt, Koenraad  and
      Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja  and
      Van Uytvanck, Dieter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1515",
}
@inproceedings{cieri-etal-2018-solved,
    title = "From {`}Solved Problems{'} to New Challenges: A Report on {LDC} Activities",
    author = "Cieri, Christopher  and
      Liberman, Mark  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      DiPersio, Denise  and
      Wright, Jonathan  and
      Mazzucchi, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1516",
}
@inproceedings{mapelli-etal-2018-new,
    title = "New directions in {ELRA} activities",
    author = "Mapelli, Val{\'e}rie  and
      Arranz, Victoria  and
      Mazo, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Kamocki, Pawel  and
      Popescu, Vladimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1517",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2018-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Multi-Language Service Design with the Language Grid",
    author = "Lin, Donghui  and
      Murakami, Yohei  and
      Ishida, Toru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1518",
}
@inproceedings{rehm-hegele-2018-language,
    title = "Language Technology for Multilingual {E}urope: An Analysis of a Large-Scale Survey regarding Challenges, Demands, Gaps and Needs",
    author = "Rehm, Georg  and
      Hegele, Stefanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1519",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-annotating,
    title = "Annotating High-Level Structures of Short Stories and Personal Anecdotes",
    author = "Li, Boyang  and
      Cardier, Beth  and
      Wang, Tong  and
      Metze, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1520",
}
@inproceedings{lefever-etal-2018-discovering,
    title = "Discovering the Language of Wine Reviews: A Text Mining Account",
    author = "Lefever, Els  and
      Hendrickx, Iris  and
      Croijmans, Ilja  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Majid, Asifa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1521",
}
@inproceedings{bond-matthews-2018-toward,
    title = "Toward An Epic Epigraph Graph",
    author = "Bond, Francis  and
      Matthews, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1522",
}
@inproceedings{proisl-etal-2018-delta,
    title = "Delta vs. N-Gram Tracing: Evaluating the Robustness of Authorship Attribution Methods",
    author = {Proisl, Thomas  and
      Evert, Stefan  and
      Jannidis, Fotis  and
      Sch{\"o}ch, Christof  and
      Konle, Leonard  and
      Pielstr{\"o}m, Steffen},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1523",
}
@inproceedings{newell-etal-2018-attribution,
    title = "An Attribution Relations Corpus for Political News",
    author = "Newell, Edward  and
      Margolin, Drew  and
      Ruths, Derek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1524",
}
@inproceedings{gatt-etal-2018-face2text,
    title = "{F}ace2{T}ext: Collecting an Annotated Image Description Corpus for the Generation of Rich Face Descriptions",
    author = "Gatt, Albert  and
      Tanti, Marc  and
      Muscat, Adrian  and
      Paggio, Patrizia  and
      Farrugia, Reuben A  and
      Borg, Claudia  and
      Camilleri, Kenneth P  and
      Rosner, Michael  and
      van der Plas, Lonneke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1525",
}
@inproceedings{habernal-etal-2018-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Serious Game for Fallacious Argumentation to {G}erman: Pitfalls, Insights, and Best Practices",
    author = "Habernal, Ivan  and
      Pauli, Patrick  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1526",
}
@inproceedings{goldman-etal-2018-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing Regional Variation Data and Automatic Geolocalisation of Speakers of {E}uropean {F}rench",
    author = {Goldman, Jean-Philippe  and
      Scherrer, Yves  and
      Glikman, Julie  and
      Avanzi, Mathieu  and
      Benzitoun, Christophe  and
      Boula de Mare{\"u}il, Philippe},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1527",
}
@inproceedings{behnke-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Machine Translation of Educational Content via Crowdsourcing",
    author = "Behnke, Maximiliana  and
      Miceli Barone, Antonio Valerio  and
      Sennrich, Rico  and
      Sosoni, Vilelmini  and
      Naskos, Thanasis  and
      Takoulidou, Eirini  and
      Stasimioti, Maria  and
      van Zaanen, Menno  and
      Castilho, Sheila  and
      Gaspari, Federico  and
      Georgakopoulou, Panayota  and
      Kordoni, Valia  and
      Egg, Markus  and
      Kermanidis, Katia Lida",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1528",
}
@inproceedings{sharp-etal-2018-grounding,
    title = "Grounding Gradable Adjectives through Crowdsourcing",
    author = "Sharp, Rebecca  and
      Paul, Mithun  and
      Nagesh, Ajay  and
      Bell, Dane  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1529",
}
@inproceedings{adams-etal-2018-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Phonemic Transcription of Low-Resource Tonal Languages for Language Documentation",
    author = "Adams, Oliver  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Cruz, Hilaria  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Michaud, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1530",
}
@inproceedings{godard-etal-2018-low,
    title = "A Very Low Resource Language Speech Corpus for Computational Language Documentation Experiments",
    author = "Godard, Pierre  and
      Adda, Gilles  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine  and
      Benjumea, Juan  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Cooper-Leavitt, Jamison  and
      Kouarata, Guy-Noel  and
      Lamel, Lori  and
      Maynard, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Mueller, Markus  and
      Rialland, Annie  and
      Stueker, Sebastian  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Zanon-Boito, Marcely",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1531",
}
@inproceedings{brixey-etal-2018-chahta,
    title = "Chahta Anumpa: A multimodal corpus of the Choctaw Language",
    author = "Brixey, Jacqueline  and
      Pincus, Eli  and
      Artstein, Ron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1532",
}
@inproceedings{hamlaoui-etal-2018-bulbasaa,
    title = "{BULB}asaa: A Bilingual Basaa-{F}rench Speech Corpus for the Evaluation of Language Documentation Tools",
    author = {Hamlaoui, Fatima  and
      Makasso, Emmanuel-Moselly  and
      M{\"u}ller, Markus  and
      Engelmann, Jonas  and
      Adda, Gilles  and
      Waibel, Alex  and
      St{\"u}ker, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1533",
}
@inproceedings{jokinen-2018-researching,
    title = "Researching Less-Resourced Languages {--} the {D}igi{S}ami Corpus",
    author = "Jokinen, Kristiina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1534",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2018-madar,
    title = "The {MADAR} {A}rabic Dialect Corpus and Lexicon",
    author = "Bouamor, Houda  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Salameh, Mohammad  and
      Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Abdulrahim, Dana  and
      Obeid, Ossama  and
      Khalifa, Salam  and
      Eryani, Fadhl  and
      Erdmann, Alexander  and
      Oflazer, Kemal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1535",
}
@inproceedings{nasution-etal-2018-designing,
    title = "Designing a Collaborative Process to Create Bilingual Dictionaries of {I}ndonesian Ethnic Languages",
    author = "Nasution, Arbi Haza  and
      Murakami, Yohei  and
      Ishida, Toru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1536",
}
@inproceedings{newell-cheung-2018-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a Lexicon of Relational Nouns",
    author = "Newell, Edward  and
      Cheung, Jackie C.K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1537",
}
@inproceedings{wu-yarowsky-2018-creating,
    title = "Creating Large-Scale Multilingual Cognate Tables",
    author = "Wu, Winston  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1538",
}
@inproceedings{drouin-etal-2018-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Profiling of Environmental Corpora",
    author = "Drouin, Patrick  and
      L{'}Homme, Marie-Claude  and
      Robichaud, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1539",
}
@inproceedings{klang-nugues-2018-linking,
    title = "Linking, Searching, and Visualizing Entities in {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Klang, Marcus  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1540",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2018-learning-map,
    title = "Learning to Map Natural Language Statements into Knowledge Base Representations for Knowledge Base Construction",
    author = "Lin, Chin-Ho  and
      Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1541",
}
@inproceedings{silva-etal-2018-building,
    title = "Building a Knowledge Graph from Natural Language Definitions for Interpretable Text Entailment Recognition",
    author = "Silva, Vivian  and
      Freitas, Andr{\'e}  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1542",
}
@inproceedings{ferre-etal-2018-combining,
    title = "Combining rule-based and embedding-based approaches to normalize textual entities with an ontology",
    author = "Ferr{\'e}, Arnaud  and
      Del{\'e}ger, Louise  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      N{\'e}dellec, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1543",
}
@inproceedings{elsahar-etal-2018-rex,
    title = "T-{RE}x: A Large Scale Alignment of Natural Language with Knowledge Base Triples",
    author = "Elsahar, Hady  and
      Vougiouklis, Pavlos  and
      Remaci, Arslen  and
      Gravier, Christophe  and
      Hare, Jonathon  and
      Laforest, Frederique  and
      Simperl, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1544",
}
@inproceedings{imamura-sumita-2018-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Parallel Corpus for Global Communication Plan",
    author = "Imamura, Kenji  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1545",
}
@inproceedings{soares-etal-2018-large,
    title = "A Large Parallel Corpus of Full-Text Scientific Articles",
    author = "Soares, Felipe  and
      Moreira, Viviane  and
      Becker, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1546",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-negpar,
    title = "{N}eg{P}ar: A parallel corpus annotated for negation",
    author = "Liu, Qianchu  and
      Fancellu, Federico  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1547",
}
@inproceedings{kunchukuttan-etal-2018-iit,
    title = "The {IIT} {B}ombay {E}nglish-{H}indi Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Mehta, Pratik  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1548",
}
@inproceedings{karimi-etal-2018-extracting,
    title = "Extracting an {E}nglish-{P}ersian Parallel Corpus from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Karimi, Akbar  and
      Ansari, Ebrahim  and
      Sadeghi Bigham, Bahram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1549",
}
@inproceedings{grave-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Word Vectors for 157 Languages",
    author = "Grave, Edouard  and
      Bojanowski, Piotr  and
      Gupta, Prakhar  and
      Joulin, Armand  and
      Mikolov, Tomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1550",
}
@inproceedings{straka-etal-2018-sumeczech,
    title = "{S}ume{C}zech: Large {C}zech News-Based Summarization Dataset",
    author = "Straka, Milan  and
      Mediankin, Nikita  and
      Kocmi, Tom  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k  and
      Hude{\v{c}}ek, Vojt{\v{e}}ch  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1551",
}
@inproceedings{klaussner-vogel-2018-diachronic,
    title = "A Diachronic Corpus for Literary Style Analysis",
    author = "Klaussner, Carmen  and
      Vogel, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1552",
}
@inproceedings{scarton-etal-2018-text,
    title = "Text Simplification from Professionally Produced Corpora",
    author = "Scarton, Carolina  and
      Paetzold, Gustavo  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1553",
}
@inproceedings{visser-etal-2018-intertextual,
    title = "Intertextual Correspondence for Integrating Corpora",
    author = "Visser, Jacky  and
      Duthie, Rory  and
      Lawrence, John  and
      Reed, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1554",
}
@inproceedings{seminck-amsili-2018-gold,
    title = "A Gold Anaphora Annotation Layer on an Eye Movement Corpus",
    author = "Seminck, Olga  and
      Amsili, Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1555",
}
@inproceedings{asao-etal-2018-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Zero Anaphora for Question Answering",
    author = "Asao, Yoshihiko  and
      Iida, Ryu  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1556",
}
@inproceedings{agerri-etal-2018-building,
    title = "Building Named Entity Recognition Taggers via Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Agerri, Rodrigo  and
      Chung, Yiling  and
      Aldabe, Itziar  and
      Aranberri, Nora  and
      Labaka, Gorka  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1557",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-Document, Cross-Language Event Coreference Annotation Using Event Hoppers",
    author = "Song, Zhiyi  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Mott, Justin  and
      Li, Xuansong  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Caruso, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1558",
}
@inproceedings{ghosal-etal-2018-tap,
    title = "{TAP}-{DLND} 1.0 : A Corpus for Document Level Novelty Detection",
    author = "Ghosal, Tirthankar  and
      Salam, Amitra  and
      Tiwari, Swati  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1559",
}
@inproceedings{schwenk-li-2018-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus for Multilingual Document Classification in Eight Languages",
    author = "Schwenk, Holger  and
      Li, Xian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1560",
}
@inproceedings{herrmannova-etal-2018-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Citation-Distance Networks for Evaluating Publication Impact",
    author = "Herrmannova, Drahomira  and
      Knoth, Petr  and
      Patton, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1561",
}
@inproceedings{godea-nielsen-2018-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Educational Questions for Student Response Analysis",
    author = "Godea, Andreea  and
      Nielsen, Rodney",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1562",
}
@inproceedings{kim-choi-2018-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Global Contexts into Sentence Embedding for Relational Extraction at the Paragraph Level with Distant Supervision",
    author = "Kim, Eun-kyung  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1563",
}
@inproceedings{ostermann-etal-2018-mcscript,
    title = "{MCS}cript: A Novel Dataset for Assessing Machine Comprehension Using Script Knowledge",
    author = "Ostermann, Simon  and
      Modi, Ashutosh  and
      Roth, Michael  and
      Thater, Stefan  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1564",
}
@inproceedings{mi-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "A Neural Network Based Model for Loanword Identification in {U}yghur",
    author = "Mi, Chenggang  and
      Yang, Yating  and
      Wang, Lei  and
      Zhou, Xi  and
      Jiang, Tonghai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1565",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2018-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting Distant Supervision for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Jiang, Tingsong  and
      Liu, Jing  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Sui, Zhifang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1566",
}
@inproceedings{staron-etal-2018-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Contextual Information for Language-Independent, Dynamic Disambiguation Tasks",
    author = {Staron, Tobias  and
      Ala{\c{c}}am, {\"O}zge  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1567",
}
@inproceedings{geiger-braschler-2018-overcoming,
    title = "Overcoming the Long Tail Problem: A Case Study on {CO}2-Footprint Estimation of Recipes using Information Retrieval",
    author = "Geiger, Melanie  and
      Braschler, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1568",
}
@inproceedings{yatsu-araki-2018-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of Pun Detection Methods Using {J}apanese Pun Corpus",
    author = "Yatsu, Motoki  and
      Araki, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1569",
}
@inproceedings{mukuze-etal-2018-vision,
    title = "A vision-grounded dataset for predicting typical locations for verbs",
    author = "Mukuze, Nelson  and
      Rohrbach, Anna  and
      Demberg, Vera  and
      Schiele, Bernt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1570",
}
@inproceedings{sato-heffernan-2018-creating,
    title = "Creating dialect sub-corpora by clustering: a case in {J}apanese for an adaptive method",
    author = "Sato, Yo  and
      Heffernan, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1571",
}
@inproceedings{van-hout-etal-2018-fast,
    title = "A Fast and Flexible Webinterface for Dialect Research in the Low Countries",
    author = "van Hout, Roeland  and
      van der Sijs, Nicoline  and
      Komen, Erwin  and
      van den Heuvel, Henk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1572",
}
@inproceedings{el-haj-etal-2018-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Dialect Identification in the Context of Bivalency and Code-Switching",
    author = "El-Haj, Mahmoud  and
      Rayson, Paul  and
      Aboelezz, Mariam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1573",
}
@inproceedings{habash-etal-2018-unified,
    title = "Unified Guidelines and Resources for {A}rabic Dialect Orthography",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Eryani, Fadhl  and
      Khalifa, Salam  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Abdulrahim, Dana  and
      Erdmann, Alexander  and
      Faraj, Reem  and
      Zaghouani, Wajdi  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Zalmout, Nasser  and
      Hassan, Sara  and
      Al-Shargi, Faisal  and
      Alkhereyf, Sakhar  and
      Abdulkareem, Basma  and
      Eskander, Ramy  and
      Salameh, Mohammad  and
      Saddiki, Hind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1574",
}
@inproceedings{saadane-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Maghreb Dialects Using a Dictionary-Based Approach",
    author = "Sa{\^a}dane, Houda  and
      Seffih, Hosni  and
      Fluhr, Christian  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Semmar, Nasredine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1575",
}
@inproceedings{abu-kwaik-etal-2018-shami,
    title = "{S}hami: A Corpus of {L}evantine {A}rabic Dialects",
    author = "Abu Kwaik, Kathrein  and
      Saad, Motaz  and
      Chatzikyriakidis, Stergios  and
      Dobnik, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1576",
}
@inproceedings{abdul-mageed-etal-2018-tweet,
    title = "You Tweet What You Speak: A City-Level Dataset of {A}rabic Dialects",
    author = "Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad  and
      Alhuzali, Hassan  and
      Elaraby, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1577",
}
@inproceedings{wan-2018-visualizing,
    title = "Visualizing the {``}Dictionary of Regionalisms of France{''} ({DRF})",
    author = "Wan, Ada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1578",
}
@inproceedings{alsarsour-etal-2018-dart,
    title = "{DART}: A Large Dataset of Dialectal {A}rabic Tweets",
    author = "Alsarsour, Israa  and
      Mohamed, Esraa  and
      Suwaileh, Reem  and
      Elsayed, Tamer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1579",
}
@inproceedings{wray-2018-classification,
    title = "Classification of Closely Related Sub-dialects of {A}rabic Using Support-Vector Machines",
    author = "Wray, Samantha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1580",
}
@inproceedings{wiedemann-heyer-2018-page,
    title = "Page Stream Segmentation with Convolutional Neural Nets Combining Textual and Visual Features",
    author = "Wiedemann, Gregor  and
      Heyer, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1581",
}
@inproceedings{norman-etal-2018-automating,
    title = "Automating Document Discovery in the Systematic Review Process: How to Use Chaff to Extract Wheat",
    author = "Norman, Christopher  and
      Leeflang, Mariska  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1582",
}
@inproceedings{ahmia-etal-2018-two,
    title = "Two Multilingual Corpora Extracted from the Tenders Electronic Daily for Machine Learning and Machine Translation Applications.",
    author = "Ahmia, Oussama  and
      B{\'e}chet, Nicolas  and
      Marteau, Pierre-Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1583",
}
@inproceedings{belohlavek-etal-2018-using,
    title = "Using Adversarial Examples in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "B{\v{e}}lohl{\'a}vek, Petr  and
      Pl{\'a}tek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k  and
      Straka, Milan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1584",
}
@inproceedings{mojica-de-la-vega-ng-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Trolling in Social Media Conversations",
    author = "Mojica de la Vega, Luis Gerardo  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1585",
}
@inproceedings{schumann-martinez-alonso-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Annotation of Semantic Term Types in the Complete {ACL} Anthology Reference Corpus",
    author = "Schumann, Anne-Kathrin  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1586",
}
@inproceedings{andruszkiewicz-hazan-2018-annotated,
    title = "Annotated Corpus of Scientific Conference{'}s Homepages for Information Extraction",
    author = "Andruszkiewicz, Piotr  and
      Hazan, Rafa{\l}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1587",
}
@inproceedings{yu-ng-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Unsupervised Keyphrase Extraction using Background Knowledge",
    author = "Yu, Yang  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1588",
}
@inproceedings{gleim-etal-2018-wikidragon,
    title = "{W}iki{D}ragon: A {J}ava Framework For Diachronic Content And Network Analysis Of {M}edia{W}ikis",
    author = {Gleim, R{\"u}diger  and
      Mehler, Alexander  and
      Y. Song, Sung},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1589",
}
@inproceedings{fokkens-etal-2018-studying,
    title = "Studying Muslim Stereotyping through Microportrait Extraction",
    author = "Fokkens, Antske  and
      Ruigrok, Nel  and
      Beukeboom, Camiel  and
      Sarah, Gagestein  and
      van Atteveldt, Wouter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1590",
}
@inproceedings{perez-rosas-etal-2018-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Quality of Counseling Conversations: the Tell-Tale Signs of High-quality Counseling",
    author = "P{\'e}rez-Rosas, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      Sun, Xuetong  and
      Li, Christy  and
      Wang, Yuchen  and
      Resnicow, Kenneth  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1591",
}
@inproceedings{katerenchuk-etal-2018-interpersonal,
    title = "Interpersonal Relationship Labels for the {CALLHOME} Corpus",
    author = "Katerenchuk, Denys  and
      Brizan, David Guy  and
      Rosenberg, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1592",
}
@inproceedings{higuchi-etal-2018-text,
    title = "Text Mining for History: first steps on building a large dataset",
    author = "Higuchi, Suemi  and
      Freitas, Cl{\'a}udia  and
      Cuconato, Bruno  and
      Rademaker, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1593",
}
@inproceedings{goeuriot-etal-2018-building,
    title = "Building Evaluation Datasets for Cultural Microblog Retrieval",
    author = "Goeuriot, Lorraine  and
      Mothe, Josiane  and
      Mulhem, Philippe  and
      SanJuan, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1594",
}
@inproceedings{rikters-etal-2018-training,
    title = "Training and Adapting Multilingual {NMT} for Less-resourced and Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = "Rikters, Mat{\=\i}ss  and
      Pinnis, M{\=a}rcis  and
      Kri{\v{s}}lauks, Rihards",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1595",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-etal-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Terminology Extraction for Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Yuan, Yu  and
      Gao, Yuze  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Sharoff, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1596",
}
@inproceedings{honnet-etal-2018-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation of Low-Resource Spoken Dialects: Strategies for Normalizing Swiss {G}erman",
    author = "Honnet, Pierre-Edouard  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei  and
      Musat, Claudiu  and
      Baeriswyl, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1597",
}
@inproceedings{farhath-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving domain-specific {SMT} for low-resourced languages using data from different domains",
    author = "Farhath, Fathima  and
      Theivendiram, Pranavan  and
      Ranathunga, Surangika  and
      Jayasena, Sanath  and
      Dias, Gihan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1598",
}
@inproceedings{papavassiliou-etal-2018-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Parallel Language Resources for Training {MT} Engines",
    author = "Papavassiliou, Vassilis  and
      Prokopidis, Prokopis  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1599",
}
@inproceedings{van-brussel-etal-2018-fine,
    title = "A fine-grained error analysis of {NMT}, {SMT} and {RBMT} output for {E}nglish-to-{D}utch",
    author = "Van Brussel, Laura  and
      Tezcan, Arda  and
      Macken, Lieve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1600",
}
@inproceedings{hamed-etal-2018-collection,
    title = "Collection and Analysis of Code-switch {E}gyptian {A}rabic-{E}nglish Speech Corpus",
    author = "Hamed, Injy  and
      Elmahdy, Mohamed  and
      Abdennadher, Slim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1601",
}
@inproceedings{lala-specia-2018-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Lexical Translation",
    author = "Lala, Chiraag  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1602",
}
@inproceedings{lacruz-etal-2018-literality,
    title = "Literality and cognitive effort: {J}apanese and {S}panish",
    author = "Lacruz, Isabel  and
      Carl, Michael  and
      Yamada, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1603",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-wees-etal-2018-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Machine Translation Performance Across Multiple Genres and Languages",
    author = "van der Wees, Marlies  and
      Bisazza, Arianna  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1604",
}
@inproceedings{zweigenbaum-etal-2018-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual Dataset for Evaluating Parallel Sentence Extraction from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Sharoff, Serge  and
      Rapp, Reinhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1605",
}
@inproceedings{makazhanov-etal-2018-manual,
    title = "Manual vs Automatic Bitext Extraction",
    author = "Makazhanov, Aibek  and
      Myrzakhmetov, Bagdat  and
      Assylbekov, Zhenisbek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1606",
}
@inproceedings{khalifa-etal-2018-morphologically,
    title = "A Morphologically Annotated Corpus of Emirati {A}rabic",
    author = "Khalifa, Salam  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Eryani, Fadhl  and
      Obeid, Ossama  and
      Abdulrahim, Dana  and
      Al Kaabi, Meera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1607",
}
@inproceedings{more-etal-2018-conll,
    title = "{C}o{NLL}-{UL}: Universal Morphological Lattices for Universal Dependency Parsing",
    author = {More, Amir  and
      {\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem  and
      {\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      Taji, Dima  and
      Tsarfaty, Reut},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1608",
}
@inproceedings{kieras-wolinski-2018-manually,
    title = "Manually Annotated Corpus of Polish Texts Published between 1830 and 1918",
    author = "Kiera{\'s}, Witold  and
      Woli{\'n}ski, Marcin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1609",
}
@inproceedings{marzi-etal-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Inflectional Complexity Crosslinguistically: a Processing Perspective",
    author = "Marzi, Claudia  and
      Ferro, Marcello  and
      Nahli, Ouafae  and
      Belik, Patrizia  and
      Bompolas, Stavros  and
      Pirrelli, Vito",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1610",
}
@inproceedings{littell-etal-2018-parser,
    title = "Parser combinators for {T}igrinya and {O}romo morphology",
    author = "Littell, Patrick  and
      McCoy, Tom  and
      Han, Na-Rae  and
      Rijhwani, Shruti  and
      Sheikh, Zaid  and
      Mortensen, David  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Levin, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1611",
}
@inproceedings{wu-yarowsky-2018-massively,
    title = "Massively Translingual Compound Analysis and Translation Discovery",
    author = "Wu, Winston  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1612",
}
@inproceedings{steiner-ruppenhofer-2018-building,
    title = "Building a Morphological Treebank for {G}erman from a Linguistic Database",
    author = "Steiner, Petra  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1613",
}
@inproceedings{agic-schluter-2018-baselines,
    title = "Baselines and Test Data for Cross-Lingual Inference",
    author = "Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Schluter, Natalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1614",
}
@inproceedings{stajner-etal-2018-cats,
    title = "{CATS}: A Tool for Customized Alignment of Text Simplification Corpora",
    author = "{\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Franco-Salvador, Marc  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1615",
}
@inproceedings{ha-etal-2018-kit,
    title = "{KIT}-Multi: A Translation-Oriented Multilingual Embedding Corpus",
    author = "Ha, Thanh-Le  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Sperber, Matthias  and
      Pham, Ngoc Quan  and
      Waibel, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1616",
}
@inproceedings{sliwa-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-lingual Argumentative Corpora in {E}nglish, {T}urkish, {G}reek, {A}lbanian, {C}roatian, {S}erbian, {M}acedonian, {B}ulgarian, {R}omanian and {A}rabic",
    author = "Sliwa, Alfred  and
      Ma, Yuan  and
      Liu, Ruishen  and
      Borad, Niravkumar  and
      Ziyaei, Seyedeh  and
      Ghobadi, Mina  and
      Sabbah, Firas  and
      Aker, Ahmet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1617",
}
@inproceedings{barzegar-etal-2018-semr,
    title = "{S}em{R}-11: A Multi-Lingual Gold-Standard for Semantic Similarity and Relatedness for Eleven Languages",
    author = "Barzegar, Siamak  and
      Davis, Brian  and
      Zarrouk, Manel  and
      Handschuh, Siegfried  and
      Freitas, Andre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1618",
}
@inproceedings{bernhard-etal-2018-corpora,
    title = "Corpora with Part-of-Speech Annotations for Three Regional Languages of France: Alsatian, Occitan and Picard",
    author = "Bernhard, Delphine  and
      Ligozat, Anne-Laure  and
      Martin, Fanny  and
      Bras, Myriam  and
      Magistry, Pierre  and
      Vergez-Couret, Marianne  and
      Steibl{\'e}, Lucie  and
      Erhart, Pascale  and
      Hathout, Nabil  and
      Huck, Dominique  and
      Rey, Christophe  and
      Reyn{\'e}s, Philippe  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Sibille, Jean  and
      Lavergne, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1619",
}
@inproceedings{alharbi-etal-2018-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Tagging for {A}rabic Gulf Dialect Using Bi-{LSTM}",
    author = "Alharbi, Randah  and
      Magdy, Walid  and
      Darwish, Kareem  and
      AbdelAli, Ahmed  and
      Mubarak, Hamdy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1620",
}
@inproceedings{alosaimy-atwell-2018-web,
    title = "Web-based Annotation Tool for Inflectional Language Resources",
    author = "Alosaimy, Abdulrahman  and
      Atwell, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1621",
}
@inproceedings{barteld-etal-2018-hints,
    title = "{H}i{NTS}: A Tagset for Middle Low {G}erman",
    author = {Barteld, Fabian  and
      Ihden, Sarah  and
      Dreessen, Katharina  and
      Schr{\"o}der, Ingrid},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1622",
}
@inproceedings{neale-etal-2018-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Lexical Resources and Constraint Grammar for Rule-Based Part-of-Speech Tagging in Welsh",
    author = "Neale, Steven  and
      Donnelly, Kevin  and
      Watkins, Gareth  and
      Knight, Dawn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1623",
}
@inproceedings{thayaparan-etal-2018-graph,
    title = "Graph Based Semi-Supervised Learning Approach for {T}amil {POS} tagging",
    author = "Thayaparan, Mokanarangan  and
      Ranathunga, Surangika  and
      Thayasivam, Uthayasanker",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1624",
}
@inproceedings{miehle-etal-2018-causes,
    title = "What Causes the Differences in Communication Styles? A Multicultural Study on Directness and Elaborateness",
    author = "Miehle, Juliana  and
      Minker, Wolfgang  and
      Ultes, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1625",
}
@inproceedings{jonell-etal-2018-farmi,
    title = "{FARMI}: A {F}r{A}mework for Recording Multi-Modal Interactions",
    author = "Jonell, Patrik  and
      Bystedt, Mattias  and
      Fallgren, Per  and
      Kontogiorgos, Dimosthenis  and
      Lopes, Jos{\'e}  and
      Malisz, Zofia  and
      Mascarenhas, Samuel  and
      Oertel, Catharine  and
      Raveh, Eran  and
      Shore, Todd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1626",
}
@inproceedings{sakai-etal-2018-creating,
    title = "Creating Large-Scale Argumentation Structures for Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Sakai, Kazuki  and
      Inago, Akari  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Yoshikawa, Yuichiro  and
      Ishiguro, Hiroshi  and
      Tomita, Junji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1627",
}
@inproceedings{walker-etal-2018-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Conversational Language Generation for Rich Content about Hotels",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn  and
      Smither, Albry  and
      Oraby, Shereen  and
      Harrison, Vrindavan  and
      Shemtov, Hadar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1628",
}
@inproceedings{fillwock-traum-2018-identification,
    title = "Identification of Personal Information Shared in Chat-Oriented Dialogue",
    author = "Fillwock, Sarah  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1629",
}
@inproceedings{ngo-etal-2018-vietnamese,
    title = "A {V}ietnamese Dialog Act Corpus Based on {ISO} 24617-2 standard",
    author = "Ngo, Thi-Lan  and
      Khac Linh, Pham  and
      Takeda, Hideaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1630",
}
@inproceedings{guntakandla-nielsen-2018-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Reflections for Health Behavior Change Therapy",
    author = "Guntakandla, Nishitha  and
      Nielsen, Rodney",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1631",
}
@inproceedings{alsaif-etal-2018-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Attribution Relations in {A}rabic",
    author = "Alsaif, Amal  and
      Alyahya, Tasniem  and
      Alotaibi, Madawi  and
      almuzaini, Huda  and
      Algahtani, Abeer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1632",
}
@inproceedings{gilmartin-etal-2018-adele,
    title = "The {ADELE} Corpus of Dyadic Social Text Conversations:Dialog Act Annotation with {ISO} 24617-2",
    author = "Gilmartin, Emer  and
      Saam, Christian  and
      Spillane, Brendan  and
      O{'}Reilly, Maria  and
      Su, Ketong  and
      Calvo, Arturo  and
      Cerrato, Loredana  and
      Levacher, Killian  and
      Campbell, Nick  and
      Wade, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1633",
}
@inproceedings{zeyrek-kurfali-2018-assessment,
    title = "An Assessment of Explicit Inter- and Intra-sentential Discourse Connectives in {T}urkish Discourse Bank",
    author = "Zeyrek, Deniz  and
      Kurfal{\i}, Murathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1634",
}
@inproceedings{burga-etal-2018-compilation,
    title = "Compilation of Corpora for the Study of the Information Structure{--}Prosody Interface",
    author = "Burga, Alicia  and
      Dom{\'\i}nguez, M{\'o}nica  and
      Farr{\'u}s, Mireia  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1635",
}
@inproceedings{sakaida-etal-2018-preliminary,
    title = "Preliminary Analysis of Embodied Interactions between Science Communicators and Visitors Based on a Multimodal Corpus of {J}apanese Conversations in a Science Museum",
    author = "Sakaida, Rui  and
      Makino, Ryosaku  and
      Bono, Mayumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1636",
}
@inproceedings{kishimoto-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Crowdsourcing-Based Annotation of {J}apanese Discourse Relations",
    author = "Kishimoto, Yudai  and
      Sawada, Shinnosuke  and
      Murawaki, Yugo  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1637",
}
@inproceedings{mirzaei-safari-2018-persian,
    title = "{P}ersian Discourse Treebank and coreference corpus",
    author = "Mirzaei, Azadeh  and
      Safari, Pegah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1638",
}
@inproceedings{meng-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Labeling of Problem-Solving Dialogues for Computational Microgenetic Learning Analytics",
    author = "Meng, Yuanliang  and
      Rumshisky, Anna  and
      Sullivan, Florence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1639",
}
@inproceedings{teruel-etal-2018-increasing,
    title = "Increasing Argument Annotation Reproducibility by Using Inter-annotator Agreement to Improve Guidelines",
    author = "Teruel, Milagro  and
      Cardellino, Cristian  and
      Cardellino, Fernando  and
      Alonso Alemany, Laura  and
      Villata, Serena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1640",
}
@inproceedings{horbach-pinkal-2018-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Clustering for Short Answer Scoring",
    author = "Horbach, Andrea  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1641",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2018-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Vocabulary Commonality Index Using Large-scaled Database of Child Language Development",
    author = "Cao, Yan  and
      Minami, Yasuhiro  and
      Okumura, Yuko  and
      Kobayashi, Tessei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1642",
}
@inproceedings{tavosanis-cominetti-2018-icon,
    title = "The {IC}o{N} Corpus of Academic Written {I}talian ({L}1 and {L}2)",
    author = "Tavosanis, Mirko  and
      Cominetti, Federica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1643",
}
@inproceedings{katinskaia-etal-2018-revita,
    title = "{R}evita: a Language-learning Platform at the Intersection of {ITS} and {CALL}",
    author = "Katinskaia, Anisia  and
      Nouri, Javad  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1644",
}
@inproceedings{braun-zahner-2018-distribution,
    title = "The Distribution and Prosodic Realization of Verb Forms in {G}erman Infant-Directed Speech",
    author = "Braun, Bettina  and
      Zahner, Katharina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1645",
}
@inproceedings{moran-etal-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-linguistically Small World Networks are Ubiquitous in Child-directed Speech",
    author = "Moran, Steven  and
      Pajovi{\'c}, Danica  and
      Stoll, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1646",
}
@inproceedings{li-lee-2018-l1,
    title = "{L}1-{L}2 Parallel Treebank of Learner {C}hinese: Overused and Underused Syntactic Structures",
    author = "Li, Keying  and
      Lee, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1647",
}
@inproceedings{dargis-etal-2018-use,
    title = "The Use of Text Alignment in Semi-Automatic Error Analysis: Use Case in the Development of the Corpus of the {L}atvian Language Learners",
    author = "Dar{\c{g}}is, Roberts  and
      Auzi{\c{n}}a, Ilze  and
      Lev{\=a}ne-Petrova, Krist{\=\i}ne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1648",
}
@inproceedings{del-rio-mendes-2018-error,
    title = "Error annotation in a Learner Corpus of {P}ortuguese",
    author = "del R{\'\i}o, Iria  and
      Mendes, Am{\'a}lia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1649",
}
@inproceedings{zilio-etal-2018-sla,
    title = "An {SLA} Corpus Annotated with Pedagogically Relevant Grammatical Structures",
    author = "Zilio, Leonardo  and
      Wilkens, Rodrigo  and
      Fairon, C{\'e}drick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1650",
}
@inproceedings{gezmu-etal-2018-portable,
    title = "Portable Spelling Corrector for a Less-Resourced Language: {A}mharic",
    author = {Gezmu, Andargachew Mekonnen  and
      N{\"u}rnberger, Andreas  and
      Seyoum, Binyam Ephrem},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1651",
}
@inproceedings{boula-de-mareuil-etal-2018-speaking,
    title = "A Speaking Atlas of the Regional Languages of France",
    author = {Boula de Mare{\"u}il, Philippe  and
      Rilliard, Albert  and
      Vernier, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1652",
}
@inproceedings{maheshwari-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Language Technology for Mi{'}kmaq",
    author = "Maheshwari, Anant  and
      Bouscarrat, L{\'e}o  and
      Cook, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1653",
}
@inproceedings{steible-bernhard-2018-pronunciation,
    title = "Pronunciation Dictionaries for the Alsatian Dialects to Analyze Spelling and Phonetic Variation",
    author = "Steibl{\'e}, Lucie  and
      Bernhard, Delphine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1654",
}
@inproceedings{mercado-gonzales-etal-2018-chanot,
    title = "{C}h{A}not: An Intelligent Annotation Tool for Indigenous and Highly Agglutinative Languages in {P}eru",
    author = "Mercado-Gonzales, Rodolfo  and
      Pereira-Noriega, Jos{\'e}  and
      Sobrevilla, Marco  and
      Oncevay, Arturo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1655",
}
@inproceedings{soria-etal-2018-dldp,
    title = "The {DLDP} Survey on Digital Use and Usability of {EU} Regional and Minority Languages",
    author = "Soria, Claudia  and
      Quochi, Valeria  and
      Russo, Irene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1656",
}
@inproceedings{jimerson-prudhommeaux-2018-asr,
    title = "{ASR} for Documenting Acutely Under-Resourced Indigenous Languages",
    author = "Jimerson, Robbie  and
      Prud{'}hommeaux, Emily",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1657",
}
@inproceedings{brum-volpe-nunes-2018-building,
    title = "Building a Sentiment Corpus of Tweets in {B}razilian {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Brum, Henrico  and
      Volpe Nunes, Maria das Gra{\c{c}}as",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1658",
}
@inproceedings{abercrombie-batista-navarro-2018-aye,
    title = "{`}Aye{'} or {`}No{'}? Speech-level Sentiment Analysis of Hansard {UK} Parliamentary Debate Transcripts",
    author = "Abercrombie, Gavin  and
      Batista-Navarro, Riza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1659",
}
@inproceedings{chamberlain-etal-2018-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Visualisation of Sentiment and Stance",
    author = "Chamberlain, Jon  and
      Kruschwitz, Udo  and
      Hoeber, Orland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1660",
}
@inproceedings{velldal-etal-2018-norec,
    title = "{N}o{R}e{C}: The {N}orwegian Review Corpus",
    author = "Velldal, Erik  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      Bergem, Eivind Alexander  and
      Stadsnes, Cathrine  and
      Touileb, Samia  and
      J{\o}rgensen, Fredrik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1661",
}
@inproceedings{rouces-etal-2018-sensaldo,
    title = "{S}en{SALDO}: Creating a Sentiment Lexicon for {S}wedish",
    author = "Rouces, Jacobo  and
      Tahmasebi, Nina  and
      Borin, Lars  and
      R{\o}dven Eide, Stian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1662",
}
@inproceedings{penaloza-etal-2018-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Building and Evaluation of Aspect-based Opinion Summaries from Tweets in {S}panish",
    author = "Pe{\~n}aloza, Daniel  and
      L{\'o}pez, Rodrigo  and
      Tenorio, Juanjos{\'e}  and
      G{\'o}mez, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Oncevay-Marcos, Arturo  and
      Sobrevilla Cabezudo, Marco A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1663",
}
@inproceedings{cignarella-etal-2018-application,
    title = "Application and Analysis of a Multi-layered Scheme for Irony on the {I}talian Twitter Corpus {TWITTIR{\`O}}",
    author = "Cignarella, Alessandra Teresa  and
      Bosco, Cristina  and
      Patti, Viviana  and
      Lai, Mirko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1664",
}
@inproceedings{kocon-etal-2018-classifier,
    title = "Classifier-based Polarity Propagation in a {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Koco{\'n}, Jan  and
      Janz, Arkadiusz  and
      Piasecki, Maciej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1665",
}
@inproceedings{ebling-etal-2018-smile,
    title = "{SMILE} Swiss {G}erman Sign Language Dataset",
    author = {Ebling, Sarah  and
      Camg{\"o}z, Necati Cihan  and
      Boyes Braem, Penny  and
      Tissi, Katja  and
      Sidler-Miserez, Sandra  and
      Stoll, Stephanie  and
      Hadfield, Simon  and
      Haug, Tobias  and
      Bowden, Richard  and
      Tornay, Sandrine  and
      Razavi, Marzieh  and
      Magimai-Doss, Mathew},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1666",
}
@inproceedings{kimmelman-etal-2018-ipsl,
    title = "{IPSL}: A Database of Iconicity Patterns in Sign Languages. Creation and Use",
    author = "Kimmelman, Vadim  and
      Klezovich, Anna  and
      Moroz, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1667",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2018-sign,
    title = "Sign Languages and the Online World Online Dictionaries {\&} Lexicostatistics",
    author = "Yu, Shi  and
      Geraci, Carlo  and
      Abner, Natasha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1668",
}
@inproceedings{filhol-hadjadj-2018-elicitation,
    title = "Elicitation protocol and material for a corpus of long prepared monologues in Sign Language",
    author = "Filhol, Michael  and
      Hadjadj, Mohamed Nassime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1669",
}
@inproceedings{brock-nakadai-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep {JSLC}: A Multimodal Corpus Collection for Data-driven Generation of {J}apanese Sign Language Expressions",
    author = "Brock, Heike  and
      Nakadai, Kazuhiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1670",
}
@inproceedings{hadjadj-etal-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling {F}rench Sign Language: a proposal for a semantically compositional system",
    author = "Hadjadj, Mohamed Nassime  and
      Filhol, Michael  and
      Braffort, Annelies",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1671",
}
@inproceedings{koiso-etal-2018-construction,
    title = "Construction of the Corpus of Everyday {J}apanese Conversation: An Interim Report",
    author = "Koiso, Hanae  and
      Den, Yasuharu  and
      Iseki, Yuriko  and
      Kashino, Wakako  and
      Kawabata, Yoshiko  and
      Nishikawa, Ken{'}ya  and
      Tanaka, Yayoi  and
      Usuda, Yasuyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1672",
}
@inproceedings{astesano-etal-2018-carcinologic,
    title = "Carcinologic Speech Severity Index Project: A Database of Speech Disorder Productions to Assess Quality of Life Related to Speech After Cancer",
    author = "Ast{\'e}sano, Corine  and
      Balaguer, Mathieu  and
      Farinas, J{\'e}r{\^o}me  and
      Fredouille, Corinne  and
      Gaillard, Pascal  and
      Ghio, Alain  and
      Laaridh, Imed  and
      Lalain, Muriel  and
      Lepage, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Mauclair, Julie  and
      Nocaudie, Olivier  and
      Pinquier, Julien  and
      Pont, Oriol  and
      Pouchoulin, Gilles  and
      Puech, Mich{\`e}le  and
      Robert, Dani{\`e}le  and
      Sicard, Etienne  and
      Woisard, Virginie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1673",
}
@inproceedings{rialland-etal-2018-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Corpora in Mboshi ({B}antu C25, Congo-Brazzaville)",
    author = {Rialland, Annie  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine  and
      Kouarata, Guy-No{\"e}l  and
      Adda, Gilles  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Lamel, Lori  and
      Gauthier, Elodie  and
      Godard, Pierre  and
      Cooper-Leavitt, Jamison},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1674",
}
@inproceedings{khan-etal-2018-multimodal,
    title = "A Multimodal Corpus of Expert Gaze and Behavior during Phonetic Segmentation Tasks",
    author = "Khan, Arif  and
      Steiner, Ingmar  and
      Sugano, Yusuke  and
      Bulling, Andreas  and
      Macdonald, Ross",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1675",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2018-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Analysis of Missing Translation in Simultaneous Interpretation Using A Large-scale Bilingual Speech Corpus",
    author = "Cai, Zhongxi  and
      Ryu, Koichiro  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1676",
}
@inproceedings{sini-etal-2018-synpaflex,
    title = "{S}yn{P}a{F}lex-Corpus: An Expressive {F}rench Audiobooks Corpus dedicated to expressive speech synthesis.",
    author = {Sini, Aghilas  and
      Lolive, Damien  and
      Vidal, Ga{\"e}lle  and
      Tahon, Marie  and
      Delais-Roussarie, {\'E}lisabeth},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1677",
}
@inproceedings{pezik-2018-increasing,
    title = "Increasing the Accessibility of Time-Aligned Speech Corpora with Spokes Mix",
    author = "P{\k{e}}zik, Piotr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1678",
}
@inproceedings{fougeron-etal-2018-monpage,
    title = "The {M}on{P}a{G}e{\_}{HA} Database for the Documentation of Spoken {F}rench Throughout Adulthood",
    author = "Fougeron, C{\'e}cile  and
      Delvaux, V{\'e}ronique  and
      M{\'e}nard, Lucie  and
      Laganaro, Marina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1679",
}
@inproceedings{fallgren-etal-2018-bringing,
    title = "Bringing Order to Chaos: A Non-Sequential Approach for Browsing Large Sets of Found Audio Data",
    author = "Fallgren, Per  and
      Malisz, Zofia  and
      Edlund, Jens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1680",
}
@inproceedings{herms-etal-2018-coloss,
    title = "{C}o{L}o{SS}: Cognitive Load Corpus with Speech and Performance Data from a Symbol-Digit Dual-Task",
    author = {Herms, Robert  and
      Wirzberger, Maria  and
      Eibl, Maximilian  and
      Rey, G{\"u}nter Daniel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1681",
}
@inproceedings{tracey-strassel-2018-vast,
    title = "{VAST}: A Corpus of Video Annotation for Speech Technologies",
    author = "Tracey, Jennifer  and
      Strassel, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1682",
}
@inproceedings{manuvinakurike-etal-2018-edit,
    title = "Edit me: A Corpus and a Framework for Understanding Natural Language Image Editing",
    author = "Manuvinakurike, Ramesh  and
      Brixey, Jacqueline  and
      Bui, Trung  and
      Chang, Walter  and
      Kim, Doo Soon  and
      Artstein, Ron  and
      Georgila, Kallirroi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1683",
}
@inproceedings{feltracco-etal-2018-enriching,
    title = "Enriching a Lexicon of Discourse Connectives with Corpus-based Data",
    author = "Feltracco, Anna  and
      Jezek, Elisabetta  and
      Magnini, Bernardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1684",
}
@inproceedings{scarton-etal-2018-simpa,
    title = "{S}im{PA}: A Sentence-Level Simplification Corpus for the Public Administration Domain",
    author = "Scarton, Carolina  and
      Paetzold, Gustavo  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1685",
}
@inproceedings{wagner-filho-etal-2018-brwac,
    title = "The br{W}a{C} Corpus: A New Open Resource for {B}razilian {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Wagner Filho, Jorge A.  and
      Wilkens, Rodrigo  and
      Idiart, Marco  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1686",
}
@inproceedings{kral-lenc-2018-czech,
    title = "{C}zech Text Document Corpus v 2.0",
    author = "Kr{\'a}l, Pavel  and
      Lenc, Ladislav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1687",
}
@inproceedings{muller-etal-2018-corpora,
    title = "Corpora of Typical Sentences",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Lydia  and
      Quasthoff, Uwe  and
      Sumalvico, Maciej},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1688",
}
@inproceedings{kupietz-etal-2018-german,
    title = "The {G}erman Reference Corpus {D}e{R}e{K}o: New Developments {--} New Opportunities",
    author = {Kupietz, Marc  and
      L{\"u}ngen, Harald  and
      Kamocki, Pawe{\l}  and
      Witt, Andreas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1689",
}
@inproceedings{steingrimsson-etal-2018-risamalheild,
    title = "{R}isam{\'a}lheild: A Very Large {I}celandic Text Corpus",
    author = {Steingr{\'\i}msson, Stein{\th}{\'o}r  and
      Helgad{\'o}ttir, Sigr{\'u}n  and
      R{\"o}gnvaldsson, Eir{\'\i}kur  and
      Barkarson, Starka{\dh}ur  and
      Gu{\dh}nason, J{\'o}n},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1690",
}
@inproceedings{vezzani-etal-2018-trimed,
    title = "{T}ri{MED}: A Multilingual Terminological Database",
    author = "Vezzani, Federica  and
      Di Nunzio, Giorgio Maria  and
      Henrot, Genevi{\`e}ve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1691",
}
@inproceedings{bosch-etal-2018-preparation,
    title = "Preparation and Usage of {X}hosa Lexicographical Data for a Multilingual, Federated Environment",
    author = "Bosch, Sonja  and
      Eckart, Thomas  and
      Klimek, Bettina  and
      Goldhahn, Dirk  and
      Quasthoff, Uwe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1692",
}
@inproceedings{mendes-etal-2018-lexicon,
    title = "A Lexicon of Discourse Markers for {P}ortuguese {--} {LDM}-{PT}",
    author = "Mendes, Am{\'a}lia  and
      del Rio, Iria  and
      Stede, Manfred  and
      Dombek, Felix",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1693",
}
@inproceedings{khan-etal-2018-one,
    title = "One Language to rule them all: modelling Morphological Patterns in a Large Scale {I}talian Lexicon with {SWRL}",
    author = "Khan, Fahad  and
      Bellandi, Andrea  and
      Frontini, Francesca  and
      Monachini, Monica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1694",
}
@inproceedings{de-melo-2018-metaphor,
    title = "Metaphor Suggestions based on a Semantic Metaphor Repository",
    author = "de Melo, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1695",
}
@inproceedings{wawer-sarzynska-2018-linguistic,
    title = "The Linguistic Category Model in Polish ({LCM}-{PL})",
    author = "Wawer, Aleksander  and
      Sarzy{\'n}ska, Justyna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1696",
}
@inproceedings{maguino-valencia-etal-2018-wordnet,
    title = "{W}ord{N}et-Shp: Towards the Building of a Lexical Database for a {P}eruvian Minority Language",
    author = "Magui{\~n}o-Valencia, Diego  and
      Oncevay-Marcos, Arturo  and
      Sobrevilla Cabezudo, Marco A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1697",
}
@inproceedings{fonseca-etal-2018-retrieving,
    title = "Retrieving Information from the {F}rench Lexical Network in {RDF}/{OWL} Format",
    author = "Fonseca, Alexsandro  and
      Sadat, Fatiha  and
      Lareau, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1698",
}
@inproceedings{ghaddar-langlais-2018-transforming,
    title = "Transforming {W}ikipedia into a Large-Scale Fine-Grained Entity Type Corpus",
    author = "Ghaddar, Abbas  and
      Langlais, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1699",
}
@inproceedings{abudukelimu-etal-2018-error,
    title = "Error Analysis of {U}yghur Name Tagging: Language-specific Techniques and Remaining Challenges",
    author = "Abudukelimu, Halidanmu  and
      Abulizi, Abudoukelimu  and
      Zhang, Boliang  and
      Pan, Xiaoman  and
      Lu, Di  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1700",
}
@inproceedings{poostchi-etal-2018-bilstm,
    title = "{B}i{LSTM}-{CRF} for {P}ersian Named-Entity Recognition {A}rman{P}erso{NERC}orpus: the First Entity-Annotated {P}ersian Dataset",
    author = "Poostchi, Hanieh  and
      Zare Borzeshi, Ehsan  and
      Piccardi, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1701",
}
@inproceedings{kang-park-2018-data,
    title = "Data Anonymization for Requirements Quality Analysis: a Reproducible Automatic Error Detection Task",
    author = "Kang, Juyeon  and
      Park, Jungyeul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1702",
}
@inproceedings{schiersch-etal-2018-german,
    title = "A {G}erman Corpus for Fine-Grained Named Entity Recognition and Relation Extraction of Traffic and Industry Events",
    author = "Schiersch, Martin  and
      Mironova, Veselina  and
      Schmitt, Maximilian  and
      Thomas, Philippe  and
      Gabryszak, Aleksandra  and
      Hennig, Leonhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1703",
}
@inproceedings{schon-etal-2018-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus Study and Annotation Schema for Named Entity Recognition and Relation Extraction of Business Products",
    author = {Sch{\"o}n, Saskia  and
      Mironova, Veselina  and
      Gabryszak, Aleksandra  and
      Hennig, Leonhard},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1704",
}
@inproceedings{pirovani-oliveira-2018-portuguese,
    title = "{P}ortuguese Named Entity Recognition using Conditional Random Fields and Local Grammars",
    author = "Pirovani, Juliana  and
      Oliveira, Elias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1705",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2018-cner,
    title = "M-{CNER}: A Corpus for {C}hinese Named Entity Recognition in Multi-Domains",
    author = "Lu, Qi  and
      Yang, YaoSheng  and
      Li, Zhenghua  and
      Chen, Wenliang  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1706",
}
@inproceedings{bowden-etal-2018-slugnerds,
    title = "{S}lug{NERDS}: A Named Entity Recognition Tool for Open Domain Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Bowden, Kevin  and
      Wu, Jiaqi  and
      Oraby, Shereen  and
      Misra, Amita  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1707",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2018-transfer,
    title = "Transfer Learning for Named-Entity Recognition with Neural Networks",
    author = "Lee, Ji Young  and
      Dernoncourt, Franck  and
      Szolovits, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1708",
}
@inproceedings{mikulova-bejcek-2018-forfun,
    title = "{F}or{F}un 1.0: {P}rague Database of Forms and Functions {--} An Invaluable Resource for Linguistic Research",
    author = "Mikulov{\'a}, Marie  and
      Bej{\v{c}}ek, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1709",
}
@inproceedings{ovrelid-etal-2018-lia,
    title = "The {LIA} Treebank of Spoken {N}orwegian Dialects",
    author = "{\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      K{\aa}sen, Andre  and
      Hagen, Kristin  and
      N{\o}klestad, Anders  and
      Solberg, Per Erik  and
      Johannessen, Janne Bondi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1710",
}
@inproceedings{wisniewski-2018-errator,
    title = "{E}rrator: a Tool to Help Detect Annotation Errors in the Universal Dependencies Project",
    author = "Wisniewski, Guillaume",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1711",
}
@inproceedings{bhardwaj-etal-2018-sandhikosh,
    title = "{S}andhi{K}osh: A Benchmark Corpus for Evaluating {S}anskrit Sandhi Tools",
    author = "Bhardwaj, Shubham  and
      Gantayat, Neelamadhav  and
      Chaturvedi, Nikhil  and
      Garg, Rahul  and
      Agarwal, Sumeet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1712",
}
@inproceedings{kriz-hladka-2018-czech,
    title = "{C}zech Legal Text Treebank 2.0",
    author = "Kr{\'\i}{\v{z}}, Vincent  and
      Hladk{\'a}, Barbora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1713",
}
@inproceedings{gruzitis-etal-2018-creation,
    title = "Creation of a Balanced State-of-the-Art Multilayer Corpus for {NLU}",
    author = "Gruzitis, Normunds  and
      Pretkalnina, Lauma  and
      Saulite, Baiba  and
      Rituma, Laura  and
      Nespore-Berzkalne, Gunta  and
      Znotins, Arturs  and
      Paikens, Peteris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1714",
}
@inproceedings{duan-schuler-2018-test,
    title = "Test Sets for {C}hinese Nonlocal Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Duan, Manjuan  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1715",
}
@inproceedings{delecraz-etal-2018-adding,
    title = "Adding Syntactic Annotations to Flickr30k Entities Corpus for Multimodal Ambiguous Prepositional-Phrase Attachment Resolution",
    author = "Delecraz, Sebastien  and
      Nasr, Alexis  and
      Bechet, Frederic  and
      Favre, Benoit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1716",
}
@inproceedings{chiarcos-etal-2018-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Middle High {G}erman Syntax with {RDF} and {SPARQL}",
    author = {Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Kosmehl, Benjamin  and
      F{\"a}th, Christian  and
      Sukhareva, Maria},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1717",
}
@inproceedings{seddah-etal-2018-cheating,
    title = "Cheating a Parser to Death: Data-driven Cross-Treebank Annotation Transfer",
    author = "Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      de la Clergerie, Eric  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Candito, Marie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1718",
}
@inproceedings{alzetta-etal-2018-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies and Quantitative Typological Trends. A Case Study on Word Order",
    author = "Alzetta, Chiara  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Venturi, Giulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1719",
}
@inproceedings{washio-kato-2018-undersampling,
    title = "Undersampling Improves Hypernymy Prototypicality Learning",
    author = "Washio, Koki  and
      Kato, Tsuneaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1720",
}
@inproceedings{dimitrova-etal-2018-interoperability,
    title = "Interoperability of Language-related Information: Mapping the {BLL} Thesaurus to Lexvo and Glottolog",
    author = {Dimitrova, Vanya  and
      F{\"a}th, Christian  and
      Chiarcos, Christian  and
      Renner-Westermann, Heike  and
      Abromeit, Frank},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1721",
}
@inproceedings{branco-etal-2018-browsing,
    title = "Browsing and Supporting Pluricentric Global {W}ordnet, or just your {W}ordnet of Interest",
    author = "Branco, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Branco, Ruben  and
      Saedi, Chakaveh  and
      Silva, Jo{\~a}o",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1722",
}
@inproceedings{alvez-etal-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-checking {W}ord{N}et and {SUMO} Using Meronymy",
    author = "{\'A}lvez, Javier  and
      Gonzalez-Dios, Itziar  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1723",
}
@inproceedings{ma-shih-2018-extended,
    title = "Extended {H}ow{N}et 2.0 {--} An Entity-Relation Common-Sense Representation Model",
    author = "Ma, Wei-Yun  and
      Shih, Yueh-Yin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1724",
}
@inproceedings{segers-etal-2018-circumstantial,
    title = "The Circumstantial Event Ontology ({CEO}) and {ECB}+/{CEO}: an Ontology and Corpus for Implicit Causal Relations between Events",
    author = "Segers, Roxane  and
      Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1725",
}
@inproceedings{el-haj-etal-2018-profiling,
    title = "Profiling Medical Journal Articles Using a Gene Ontology Semantic Tagger",
    author = "El-Haj, Mahmoud  and
      Rayson, Paul  and
      Piao, Scott  and
      Knight, Jo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1726",
}
@inproceedings{gervits-scheutz-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards a Conversation-Analytic Taxonomy of Speech Overlap",
    author = "Gervits, Felix  and
      Scheutz, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1727",
}
@inproceedings{kanojia-etal-2018-indian,
    title = "{I}ndian Language Wordnets and their Linkages with {P}rinceton {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Kanojia, Diptesh  and
      Patel, Kevin  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}-2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Languages Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1728",
}
@proceedings{acl-1995-association,
    title = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1000",
}
@inproceedings{tajchman-etal-1995-learning,
    title = "Learning Phonological Rule Probabilities from Speech Corpora with Exploratory Computational Phonology",
    author = "Tajchman, Gary  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel  and
      Fosler, Eric",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981659",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{gildea-jurafsky-1995-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Induction of Finite State Transducers for Simple Phonological Rules",
    author = "Gildea, Daniel  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981660",
    pages = "9--15",
}
@inproceedings{karttunen-1995-replace,
    title = "The Replace Operator",
    author = "Karttunen, Lauri",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981661",
    pages = "16--23",
}
@inproceedings{bowden-kiraz-1995-morphographemic,
    title = "A Morphographemic Model for Error Correction in Nonconcatenative Strings",
    author = "Bowden, Tanya  and
      Kiraz, George Anton",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981662",
    pages = "24--30",
}
@inproceedings{rose-etal-1995-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Processing of Dialogues with Multiple Threads",
    author = "Rose, Carolyn Penstein  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Levin, Lori S.  and
      Ess-Dykema, Carol Van",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981663",
    pages = "31--38",
}
@inproceedings{nasukawa-1995-robust,
    title = "Robust Parsing Based on Discourse Information: Completing partial parses of ill-formed sentences on the basis of discourse information",
    author = "Nasukawa, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981664",
    pages = "39--46",
}
@inproceedings{lauer-1995-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Statistics Meet the Noun Compound: Some Empirical Results",
    author = "Lauer, Mark",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981665",
    pages = "47--54",
}
@inproceedings{keller-1995-datr,
    title = "{DATR} Theories and {DATR} Models",
    author = "Keller, Bill",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981666",
    pages = "55--62",
}
@inproceedings{stromback-1995-user,
    title = "User-Defined Nonmonotonicity in Unification-Based Formalisms",
    author = "Stromback, Lena",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981667",
    pages = "63--69",
}
@inproceedings{bayer-johnson-1995-features,
    title = "Features and Agreement",
    author = "Bayer, Sam  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981668",
    pages = "70--76",
}
@inproceedings{evans-etal-1995-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars with a Nonmonotonic Inheritance Hierarchy",
    author = "Evans, Roger  and
      Gazdar, Gerald  and
      Weir, David",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981669",
    pages = "77--84",
}
@inproceedings{gotz-meurers-1995-compiling,
    title = "Compiling {HPSG} type constraints into definite clause programs",
    author = "Gotz, Thilo  and
      Meurers, Walt Detmar",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981670",
    pages = "85--91",
}
@inproceedings{kasper-etal-1995-compilation,
    title = "Compilation of {HPSG} to {TAG}",
    author = "Kasper, Robert  and
      Kiefer, Bernd  and
      Netter, Klaus  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981671",
    pages = "92--99",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-dorre-1995-memoization,
    title = "Memoization of Coroutined Constraints",
    author = "Johnson, Mark  and
      Dorre, Jochen",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981672",
    pages = "100--107",
}
@inproceedings{litman-passonneau-1995-combining,
    title = "Combining Multiple Knowledge Sources for Discourse Segmentation",
    author = "Litman, Diane J.  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca J.",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981673",
    pages = "108--115",
}
@inproceedings{reithinger-maier-1995-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing Statistical Dialogue Act Processing in Verbrnobil",
    author = "Reithinger, Norbert  and
      Maier, Elisabeth",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981674",
    pages = "116--121",
}
@inproceedings{aone-william-1995-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Automated and Manual Acquisition of Anaphora Resolution Strategies",
    author = "Aone, Chinatsu  and
      William, Scott",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981675",
    pages = "122--129",
}
@inproceedings{moser-moore-1995-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Cue Selection and Placement in Tutorial Discourse",
    author = "Moser, Megan  and
      Moore, Johanna D.",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981676",
    pages = "130--135",
}
@inproceedings{chu-carroll-carberry-1995-response,
    title = "Response Generation in Collaborative Negotiation",
    author = "Chu-Carroll, Jennifer  and
      Carberry, Sandra",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981677",
    pages = "136--143",
}
@inproceedings{marcu-hirst-1995-uniform,
    title = "A Uniform Treatment of Pragmatic Inferences in Simple and Complex Utterances and Sequences of Utterances",
    author = "Marcu, Daniel  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981678",
    pages = "144--150",
}
@inproceedings{rambow-etal-1995-tree,
    title = "D-Tree Grammars",
    author = "Rambow, Owen  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.  and
      Weir, David",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981679",
    pages = "151--158",
}
@inproceedings{van-noord-1995-intersection,
    title = "The intersection of Finite State Automata and Definite Clause Grammars",
    author = "van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981680",
    pages = "159--165",
}
@inproceedings{rajasekaran-yooseph-1995-tal,
    title = "TAL Recognition in O(M(n2)) Time",
    author = "Rajasekaran, Sanguthevar  and
      Yooseph, Shibu",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981681",
    pages = "166--173",
}
@inproceedings{kathol-pollard-1995-extraposition,
    title = "Extraposition via Complex Domain Formation",
    author = "Kathol, Andreas  and
      Pollard, Carl",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981682",
    pages = "174--180",
}
@inproceedings{luk-1995-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Sense Disambiguation with Relatively Small Corpora Using Dictionary Definitions",
    author = "Luk, Alpha K.",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981683",
    pages = "181--188",
}
@inproceedings{yarowsky-1995-unsupervised,
    title = "UNSUPERVISED WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION RIVALING SUPERVISED METHODS",
    author = "Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981684",
    pages = "189--196",
}
@inproceedings{hatzivassiloglou-mckeown-1995-quantitative,
    title = "A Quantitative Evaluation of Linguistic Tests for the Automatic Prediction of Semantic Markedness",
    author = "Hatzivassiloglou, Vasileios  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981685",
    pages = "197--204",
}
@inproceedings{park-1995-quantifier,
    title = "Quantifier Scope and Constituency",
    author = "Park, Jong C.",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981686",
    pages = "205--212",
}
@inproceedings{kulick-1995-using,
    title = "Using Higher-Order Logic Programming for Semantic Interpretation of Coordinate Constructs",
    author = "Kulick, Seth",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981687",
    pages = "213--219",
}
@inproceedings{ristad-thomas-1995-new,
    title = "New Techniques for Context Modeling",
    author = "Ristad, Eric Sven  and
      Thomas, Robert G.",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981688",
    pages = "220--227",
}
@inproceedings{chen-1995-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Grammar Induction for Language Modeling",
    author = "Chen, Stanley F.",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981689",
    pages = "228--235",
}
@inproceedings{pung-1995-pattern,
    title = "A Pattern Matching Method for Finding Noun and Proper Noun Translations from Noisy Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Pung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981690",
    pages = "236--243",
}
@inproceedings{wu-1995-algorithm,
    title = "An Algorithm for Simultaneously Bracketing Parallel Texts by Aligning Words",
    author = "Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981691",
    pages = "244--251",
}
@inproceedings{knight-hatzivassiloglou-1995-two,
    title = "Two-Level, Many-Paths Generation",
    author = "Knight, Kevin  and
      Hatzivassiloglou, Vasileios",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981692",
    pages = "252--260",
}
@inproceedings{poznanski-etal-1995-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Generation Algorithm for Lexicalist {MT}",
    author = "Poznanski, Victor  and
      Beaven, John L.  and
      Whitelock, Pete",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981693",
    pages = "261--267",
}
@inproceedings{srinivas-joshi-1995-novel,
    title = "Some Novel Applications of Explanation-Based Learning to Parsing Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Srinivas, B.  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981694",
    pages = "268--275",
}
@inproceedings{magerman-1995-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Decision-Tree Models for Parsing",
    author = "Magerman, David M.",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981695",
    pages = "276--283",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-1995-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Semantic Clusters",
    author = "Agarwal, Rajeev",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981697",
    pages = "284--286",
}
@inproceedings{brants-1995-tagset,
    title = "Tagset Reduction Without Information Loss",
    author = "Brants, Thorsten",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981698",
    pages = "287--289",
}
@inproceedings{cahn-1995-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Pitch Accenting on Pronoun Referent Resolution",
    author = "Cahn, Janet",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981699",
    pages = "290--292",
}
@inproceedings{chakravarthy-1995-sense,
    title = "Sense Disambiguation Using Semantic Relations and Adjacency Information",
    author = "Chakravarthy, Anil S.",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981700",
    pages = "293--295",
}
@inproceedings{crowe-1995-constraint,
    title = "CONSTRAINT-BASED EVENT RECOGNITION FOR INFORMATION EXTRACTION",
    author = "Crowe, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981701",
    pages = "296--298",
}
@inproceedings{praczak-1995-route,
    title = "From route descriptions to sketches: a model for a text-to-image translator",
    author = "Praczak, Lidia",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981702",
    pages = "299--301",
}
@inproceedings{gocmen-1995-computational,
    title = "A Computational Framework for Composition in Multiple Linguistic Domains",
    author = "Gocmen, Elvan",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981703",
    pages = "302--304",
}
@inproceedings{grandchamp-1995-polyphony,
    title = "Polyphony and Argumentative Semantics",
    author = "Grandchamp, Jean-Michel",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981704",
    pages = "305--307",
}
@inproceedings{lin-1995-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-based Automatic Topic Identification",
    author = "Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981705",
    pages = "308--310",
}
@inproceedings{de-marcken-1995-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring a Lexicon from Unsegmented Speech",
    author = "de Marcken, Carl",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981706",
    pages = "311--313",
}
@inproceedings{mosny-fraser-1995-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Information Preprocessing for Natural Language Interfaces to Databases",
    author = "Mosny, Milan  and
      Fraser, Simon",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981707",
    pages = "314--316",
}
@inproceedings{park-1995-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Scrambled {K}orean Sentences into {E}nglish Using Synchronous {TAG}s",
    author = "Park, Hyun S.",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981708",
    pages = "317--319",
}
@inproceedings{rapp-1995-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Word Translations in Non-Parallel Texts",
    author = "Rapp, Reinhard",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981709",
    pages = "320--322",
}
@inproceedings{saba-1995-towards,
    title = "Towards a Cognitively Plausible Model for Quantification",
    author = "Saba, Walid S.",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981710",
    pages = "323--325",
}
@inproceedings{schilder-1995-aspect,
    title = "Aspect and Discourse Structure: Is a Neutral Viewpoint Required?",
    author = "Schilder, Frank",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981711",
    pages = "326--328",
}
@inproceedings{shaw-1995-conciseness,
    title = "Conciseness through Aggregation in Text Generation",
    author = "Shaw, James",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981712",
    pages = "329--331",
}
@inproceedings{kripasundar-1995-quantifying,
    title = "Quantifying lexical influence: Giving direction to context",
    author = "Kripasundar, V",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981713",
    pages = "332--334",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-1995-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of a Lexicon from Semantic Representations of Sentences",
    author = "Thompson, Cynthia A.",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981714",
    pages = "335--337",
}
@inproceedings{veenstra-1995-minimalist,
    title = "A Minimalist Head-Corner Parser",
    author = "Veenstra, Mettina",
    booktitle = "33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1995",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P95-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/981658.981715",
    pages = "338--340",
}
@proceedings{acl-1981-association,
    title = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1000",
}
@inproceedings{slocum-1981-practical,
    title = "A Practical Comparison of Parsing Strategies",
    author = "Slocum, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981925",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{berwick-1981-computational,
    title = "COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY AND LEXICAL FUNTIONAL GRAMMAR",
    author = "Berwick, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981926",
    pages = "7--12",
}
@inproceedings{ryan-1981-corepresentational,
    title = "Corepresentational Grammar and Parsing {E}nglish Comparatives",
    author = "Ryan, Karen",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981927",
    pages = "13--18",
}
@inproceedings{bernstein-nessly-1981-performance,
    title = "PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF COMPONENT ALGORITHMS FOR THE PHONEMICIZATION OF ORTHOGRAPHY",
    author = "Bernstein, Jared  and
      Nessly, Larry",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981928",
    pages = "19--22",
}
@inproceedings{becker-1981-phony,
    title = "{PHONY}: A Heuristic Phonological Analyzer",
    author = "Becker, Lee A.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981929",
    pages = "23--27",
}
@inproceedings{sondheimer-1981-evaluation,
    title = "EVALUATION OF NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACES TO DATABASE SYSTEMS: A PANEL DISCUSSION",
    author = "Sondheimer, Norman K.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981931",
    pages = "29--29",
}
@inproceedings{crout-1981-artificial,
    title = "Artificial Intelligence Corporation",
    author = "Crout, J. Norwood",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981932",
    pages = "31--31",
}
@inproceedings{mann-1981-selective,
    title = "SELECTIVE PLANNING OF INTERFACE EVALUATIONS",
    author = "Mann, William C.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981933",
    pages = "33--34",
}
@inproceedings{petrick-1981-field,
    title = "FIELD TESTING THE TRANSFORMATIONAL QUESTION ANSWERING (TQA) SYSTEM",
    author = "Petrick, S. R.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981934",
    pages = "35--36",
}
@inproceedings{tennant-1981-makes,
    title = "What Makes Evaluation Hard?",
    author = "Tennant, Harry",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981935",
    pages = "37--38",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-1981-evaluation,
    title = "EVALUATION OF NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACES TO DATA BASE SYSTEMS",
    author = "Thompson, Bozena Henisz",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981936",
    pages = "39--42",
}
@inproceedings{mann-1981-two,
    title = "TWO DISCOURSE GENERATORS",
    author = "Mann, William C.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981938",
    pages = "43--47",
}
@inproceedings{matthiessen-1981-grammar,
    title = "A GRAMMAR AND A LEXICON FOR A TEXT-PRODUCTION SYSTEM",
    author = "Matthiessen, Christian M.I.M.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981939",
    pages = "49--55",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-1981-language,
    title = "Language Production: the Source of the Dictionary",
    author = "McDonald, David D.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981940",
    pages = "57--62",
}
@inproceedings{reichman-1981-analogies,
    title = "Analogies in Spontaneous Discourse",
    author = "Reichman, Rachel",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981942",
    pages = "63--69",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-1981-investigation,
    title = "INVESTIGATION OF PROCESSING STRATEGIES FOR THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF ARGUMENTS",
    author = "Cohen, Robin",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981943",
    pages = "71--75",
}
@inproceedings{allen-1981-whats,
    title = "What{'}s Necessary to Hide?: Modeling Action Verbs",
    author = "Allen, James F.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981944",
    pages = "77--81",
}
@inproceedings{frederking-1981-rule,
    title = "A Rule-based Conversation Participant",
    author = "Frederking, Robert E.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981945",
    pages = "83--87",
}
@inproceedings{ehrlich-1981-search,
    title = "SEARCH AND INFERENCE STRATEGIES IN PRONOUN RESOLUTION: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY",
    author = "Ehrlich, Kate",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981946",
    pages = "89--93",
}
@inproceedings{robinson-1981-perspectives,
    title = "PERSPECTIVES ON PARSING ISSUES",
    author = "Robinson, Jane J.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981948",
    pages = "95--95",
}
@inproceedings{bobrow-webber-1981-issues,
    title = "SOME ISSUES IN PARSING AND NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "Bobrow, Robert J.  and
      Webber, Bonnie L.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981949",
    pages = "97--99",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-1981-parsing,
    title = "PARSING",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981950",
    pages = "101--101",
}
@inproceedings{kaplan-1981-view,
    title = "A View of Parsing",
    author = "Kaplan, Ronald M.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981951",
    pages = "103--104",
}
@inproceedings{riesbeck-1981-perspectives,
    title = "PERSPECTIVES ON PARSING ISSUES",
    author = "Riesbeck, Christopher K.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981952",
    pages = "105--106",
}
@inproceedings{moran-1981-presupposition,
    title = "PRESUPPOSITION AND IMPLICATURE IN MODEL-THEORETIC PRAGMATICS",
    author = "Moran, Douglas B.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981954",
    pages = "107--108",
}
@inproceedings{barwise-1981-computational,
    title = "SOME COMPUTATIONAL ASPECTS OF SITUATION SEMANTICS",
    author = "Barwise, Jon",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981955",
    pages = "109--111",
}
@inproceedings{andreoff-1981-situation,
    title = "A SITUATION SEMANTICS APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ACTS",
    author = "Andreoff, David",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981956",
    pages = "113--116",
}
@inproceedings{moore-1981-problems,
    title = "PROBLEMS IN LOGICAL FORM",
    author = "Moore, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981957",
    pages = "117--124",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-1981-case,
    title = "A CASE FOR RULE-DRIVEN SEMANTIC PROCESSING",
    author = "Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981958",
    pages = "125--131",
}
@inproceedings{amsler-1981-taxonomy,
    title = "A TAXONOMY FOR ENGLISH NOUNS AND VERBS",
    author = "Amsler, Robert A.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981959",
    pages = "133--138",
}
@inproceedings{kaplan-davidson-1981-interpreting,
    title = "INTERPRETING NATURAL LANGUAGE DATABASE UPDATES",
    author = "Kaplan, S. Jerrold  and
      Davidson, Jim",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981961",
    pages = "139--141",
}
@inproceedings{carbonell-hayes-1981-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Strategy Selection in Flexible Parsing",
    author = "Carbonell, Jaime G.  and
      Hayes, Philip J.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981962",
    pages = "143--147",
}
@inproceedings{hayes-1981-construction,
    title = "A Construction-Specific approach to Focused Interaction in Flexible Parsing",
    author = "Hayes, Philip J.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981963",
    pages = "149--152",
}
@inproceedings{bates-ingria-1981-controlled,
    title = "CONTROLLED TRANSFORMATIONAL SENTENCE GENERATION",
    author = "Bates, Madeleine  and
      Ingria, Robert",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981964",
    pages = "153--158",
}
@inproceedings{hendrix-lewis-1981-transportable,
    title = "TRANSPORTABLE NATURAL-LANGUAGE INTERFACES TO DATABASES",
    author = "Hendrix, Gary G.  and
      Lewis, William H.",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981965",
    pages = "159--165",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-1981-chart,
    title = "Chart Parsing and Rule Schemata in {PSG}",
    author = "Thompson, Henry",
    booktitle = "19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1981",
    address = "Stanford, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P81-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/981923.981966",
    pages = "167--172",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2017-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    author = "Roxas, Rachel Edita",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1000",
}
@inproceedings{kim-2017-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Answering Strategies for the Polar Questions across Languages",
    author = "Kim, Jong-Bok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1001",
    pages = "2--9",
}
@inproceedings{fujisaki-2017-international,
    title = "International Speech Communication Association Distinguished Lecture: Principles and Design of a System for Academic Information Retrieval based on Human-Machine Dialogue",
    author = "Fujisaki, Hiroya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1002",
    pages = "10--10",
}
@inproceedings{moody-2017-assessing,
    title = "Assessing Authenticity in Media Englishes and the Englishes of Popular Culture",
    author = "Moody, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1003",
    pages = "11--11",
}
@inproceedings{ilao-2017-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Linguistic Analysis for Language Planning",
    author = "Ilao, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1004",
    pages = "12--12",
}
@inproceedings{tanangkingsing-2017-modality,
    title = "Modality Markers in {C}ebuano and {T}agalog",
    author = "Tanangkingsing, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1005",
    pages = "13--13",
}
@inproceedings{asahara-2017-reading,
    title = "Between Reading Time and Information Structure",
    author = "Asahara, Masayuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1006",
    pages = "15--24",
}
@inproceedings{rieser-2017-doubt,
    title = "Doubt, incredulity, and particles in {J}apanese falling interrogatives",
    author = "Rieser, Lukas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1007",
    pages = "25--33",
}
@inproceedings{ella-dita-2017-phrasal,
    title = "The Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs in {P}hilippine {E}nglish: A Corpus-based Analysis",
    author = "Ella, Jennibelle  and
      Dita, Shirley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1008",
    pages = "34--41",
}
@inproceedings{nakamura-2017-type,
    title = "A Type-Logical Approach to Potential Consructions in {J}apanese",
    author = "Nakamura, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1009",
    pages = "42--49",
}
@inproceedings{ferrer-etal-2017-standard,
    title = "Standard and nonstandard lexicon in aviation {E}nglish: A corpus linguistic study",
    author = "Ferrer, Ramsey  and
      Empinado, Jollene  and
      Calico, Eloisa Marie  and
      Floro, Jan Yharie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1010",
    pages = "50--55",
}
@inproceedings{hou-huang-2017-stylometric,
    title = "Stylometric Studies based on Tone and Word Length Motifs",
    author = "Hou, Renkui  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1011",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{rahman-purwarianti-2017-ensemble,
    title = "Ensemble Technique Utilization for {I}ndonesian Dependency Parser",
    author = "Rahman, Arief  and
      Purwarianti, Ayu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1012",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{ohtani-2017-raising,
    title = "Raising to Object in {J}apanese: An {HPSG} Analysis",
    author = "Ohtani, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1013",
    pages = "72--80",
}
@inproceedings{go-nocon-2017-using,
    title = "Using {S}tanford Part-of-Speech Tagger for the Morphologically-rich {F}ilipino Language",
    author = "Go, Matthew Phillip  and
      Nocon, Nicco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1014",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{shan-etal-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Bilingual Segmentation using {MDL} for Machine Translation",
    author = "Shan, Bin  and
      Wang, Hao  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1015",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{pham-le-hong-2017-importance,
    title = "The Importance of Automatic Syntactic Features in {V}ietnamese Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Pham, Thai-Hoang  and
      Le-Hong, Phuong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1016",
    pages = "97--103",
}
@inproceedings{seraku-2017-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Nominative Constructions in {J}apanese: An Incremental Grammar Perspective",
    author = "Seraku, Tohru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1017",
    pages = "104--113",
}
@inproceedings{wang-lepage-2017-btg,
    title = "{BTG}-based Machine Translation with Simple Reordering Model using Structured Perceptron",
    author = "Wang, Hao  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1018",
    pages = "114--123",
}
@inproceedings{hkiri-etal-2017-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic-{E}nglish Text Translation Leveraging Hybrid {NER}",
    author = "Hkiri, Emna  and
      Mallat, Souheyl  and
      Zrigui, Mounir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1019",
    pages = "124--131",
}
@inproceedings{cahutay-vicente-2017-actuallydepressed,
    title = "{\#}{A}ctually{D}epressed: Characterization of Depressed Tumblr Users{'} Online Behavior from Rules Generation Machine Learning Technique",
    author = "Cahutay, Czarina Rae  and
      Vicente, Aileen Joan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1020",
    pages = "132--139",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2017-parallel,
    title = "A Parallel Recurrent Neural Network for Language Modeling with {POS} Tags",
    author = "Su, Chao  and
      Huang, Heyan  and
      Shi, Shumin  and
      Guo, Yuhang  and
      Wu, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1021",
    pages = "140--147",
}
@inproceedings{warnita-lestari-2017-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Deception in {I}ndonesian Transcribed Interviews through Lexical-based Approach",
    author = "Warnita, Tifani  and
      Lestari, Dessi Puji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1022",
    pages = "148--154",
}
@inproceedings{lan-2017-foreign,
    title = "Foreign Influence and Sound Change: A Case Study of {C}antonese Alveolar Affricates",
    author = "Lan, Yizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1023",
    pages = "155--160",
}
@inproceedings{labidi-etal-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Method for Improving {A}rabic Speech Recognition Systems",
    author = "Labidi, Mohamed  and
      Maraoui, Mohsen  and
      Zrigui, Mounir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1024",
    pages = "161--168",
}
@inproceedings{oshima-2017-remarks,
    title = "Remarks on epistemically biased questions",
    author = "Oshima, David Yoshikazu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1025",
    pages = "169--177",
}
@inproceedings{park-pan-2017-blocking,
    title = "The blocking effect and {K}orean caki",
    author = "Park, Hyunjun  and
      Pan, Haihua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1026",
    pages = "178--186",
}
@inproceedings{yoo-2017-expressing,
    title = "Expressing prediction and epistemicity with {K}orean -(ul) kes i and {M}andarin {C}hinese hui",
    author = "Yoo, Eunson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1027",
    pages = "187--195",
}
@inproceedings{takehisa-2017-remarks,
    title = "Remarks on Denominal -Ed Adjectives",
    author = "Takehisa, Tomokazu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1028",
    pages = "196--205",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2017-subjecthood,
    title = "Subjecthood and Grammatical Relations in {K}orean: An Experimental Study with Honorific Agreement and Plural Copying",
    author = "Kim, Ji-Hye  and
      Lee, Yong-Hun  and
      Yoon, James Hye-Suk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1029",
    pages = "206--213",
}
@inproceedings{caparas-2017-stylistic,
    title = "A Stylistic Analysis of a {P}hilippine Essay, {``}The Will of the River{''}",
    author = "Caparas, Pilar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1030",
    pages = "214--221",
}
@inproceedings{gao-lee-2017-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-based Analysis of Near-Synonymous Sentence-final Particles in {M}andarin {C}hinese: {``}bale{''} and {``}eryi{''}",
    author = "Gao, Xuefeng  and
      Lee, Yat-Mei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1031",
    pages = "222--230",
}
@inproceedings{synkova-etal-2017-extracting,
    title = "Extracting a Lexicon of Discourse Connectives in {C}zech from an Annotated Corpus",
    author = "Synkov{\'a}, Pavl{\'\i}na  and
      Rysov{\'a}, Magdal{\'e}na  and
      Pol{\'a}kov{\'a}, Lucie  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1032",
    pages = "232--240",
}
@inproceedings{neo-gao-2017-word,
    title = "Word Learning by Young Bilinguals: Understanding the Denotation and Connotation Differences of {``}Cut{''} Verbs in {E}nglish and {C}hinese",
    author = "Neo, Keng Hwee  and
      Gao, Helena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1033",
    pages = "241--248",
}
@inproceedings{jo-2017-corpus,
    title = "A corpus-based study on synesthesia in {K}orean ordinary language",
    author = "Jo, Charmhun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1034",
    pages = "249--254",
}
@inproceedings{genuino-mabuan-2017-intrusions,
    title = "Intrusions of Masbate Lexicon in Local Bilingual Tabloid",
    author = "Genuino, Cecilia  and
      Mabuan, Romualdo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1035",
    pages = "255--264",
}
@inproceedings{mabuan-ebron-jr-2017-facebook,
    title = "{F}acebook Integration into University Classes: Opportunities and Challenges",
    author = "Mabuan, Romualdo  and
      Ebron Jr., Gregorio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1036",
    pages = "265--273",
}
@inproceedings{mahmoud-zrigui-2017-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Similarity Analysis for Paraphrase Identification in {A}rabic Texts",
    author = "Mahmoud, Adnen  and
      Zrigui, Mounir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1037",
    pages = "274--281",
}
@inproceedings{dabre-etal-2017-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of Language Relatedness for Transfer Learning in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Dabre, Raj  and
      Nakagawa, Tetsuji  and
      Kazawa, Hideto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1038",
    pages = "282--286",
}
@inproceedings{mawalim-etal-2017-rule,
    title = "Rule-based Reordering and Post-Processing for {I}ndonesian-{K}orean Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Mawalim, Candy Olivia  and
      Lestari, Dessi Puji  and
      Purwarianti, Ayu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1039",
    pages = "287--295",
}
@inproceedings{liu-matsumoto-2017-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Complexity Estimation for {C}hinese-speaking Learners of {J}apanese",
    author = "Liu, Jun  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1040",
    pages = "296--302",
}
@inproceedings{ahrens-zeng-2017-conceptualizing,
    title = "Conceptualizing {EDUCATION} in Hong {K}ong and China (1984-2014)",
    author = "Ahrens, Kathleen  and
      Zeng, Huiheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1041",
    pages = "303--311",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-dimensional Meanings of Subjective Adverbs - Case Study of {M}andarin {C}hinese Adverb Pianpian",
    author = "Zhou, Mi  and
      Yao, Yao  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1042",
    pages = "312--318",
}
@inproceedings{abreu-2017-morphosyntactic,
    title = "Morphosyntactic Analysis of the Pronominal System of Southern Alta",
    author = "Abreu, Marvin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1043",
    pages = "319--328",
}
@inproceedings{cho-2017-wh,
    title = "Wh-island Effects in {K}orean Scrambling Constructions",
    author = "Cho, Juyeon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1044",
    pages = "329--335",
}
@inproceedings{hanawa-etal-2017-crowdsourcing,
    title = "A Crowdsourcing Approach for Annotating Causal Relation Instances in {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Hanawa, Kazuaki  and
      Sasaki, Akira  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1045",
    pages = "336--345",
}
@inproceedings{bation-etal-2017-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Categorization of {T}agalog Documents Using Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Bation, April Dae  and
      Vicente, Aileen Joan  and
      Manguilimotan, Erlyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1046",
    pages = "346--353",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-huang-2017-lexicalization,
    title = "Lexicalization, Separation and transitivity: A comparative study of {M}andarin {VO} compound Variations",
    author = "Jiang, Menghan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1047",
    pages = "354--362",
}
@inproceedings{miyazaki-etal-2017-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Important Tweets for News Writers using Recurrent Neural Network with Attention Mechanism and Multi-task Learning",
    author = "Miyazaki, Taro  and
      Toriumi, Shin  and
      Takei, Yuka  and
      Yamada, Ichiro  and
      Goto, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1048",
    pages = "363--369",
}
@inproceedings{takei-etal-2017-tweet,
    title = "Tweet Extraction for News Production Considering Unreality",
    author = "Takei, Yuka  and
      Miyazaki, Taro  and
      Yamada, Ichiro  and
      Goto, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1049",
    pages = "370--375",
}
@inproceedings{de-la-paz-etal-2017-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Conversation Spaces in the Public Discourse of Gender Violence: a Comparative Between Two Different Contexts",
    author = "De La Paz, Meliza  and
      Estuar, Maria Regina  and
      Victorino, John Noel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1050",
    pages = "376--383",
}
@inproceedings{trieu-etal-2017-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Phrase-Based and Neural-Based Machine Translation on Low-Resource Settings",
    author = "Trieu, Hai Long  and
      Tran, Duc-Vu  and
      Nguyen, Le Minh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1051",
    pages = "384--391",
}
@inproceedings{shinnou-etal-2017-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese all-words {WSD} system using the {K}yoto Text Analysis {T}ool{K}it",
    author = "Shinnou, Hiroyuki  and
      Komiya, Kanako  and
      Sasaki, Minoru  and
      Mori, Shinsuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1052",
    pages = "392--399",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2017-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting Tones in Twic East Dinka",
    author = "Lin, Yu-Leng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2017",
    publisher = "The National University (Phillippines)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y17-1053",
    pages = "400--406",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2003-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    author = "Ji, Dong Hong  and
      Lua, Kim Teng",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1000",
}
@inproceedings{choi-2003-virtual,
    title = "Virtual Linked Lexical Knowledge Base for Causality Reasoning",
    author = "Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1001",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12259",
    pages = "1--1",
}
@inproceedings{xu-2003-focus,
    title = "Focus-Marking in {C}hinese and {M}alay : A Comparative Perspective",
    author = "Xu, Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1002",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12272",
    pages = "2--15",
}
@inproceedings{kubota-2003-constraint,
    title = "A Constraint-Based Analysis of Association with Focus in {J}apanese",
    author = "Kubota, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1003",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12267",
    pages = "16--27",
}
@inproceedings{ono-2003-event,
    title = "On the Event Structure of Indirect Passive in {J}apanese",
    author = "Ono, Naoyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1004",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12282",
    pages = "28--37",
}
@inproceedings{ishikawa-2003-event,
    title = "An Event-Based Interpretation of {J}apanese Honorific Constructions Using {RRG} Operators",
    author = "Ishikawa, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1005",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12293",
    pages = "38--49",
}
@inproceedings{akiyama-2003-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Nominative Constructions in {J}apanese and Their Theoretical Implications",
    author = "Akiyama, Masahiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1006",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12304",
    pages = "50--61",
}
@inproceedings{indradjaja-bressan-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Learning of Stemming Rules for the {I}ndonesian Language",
    author = "Indradjaja, Lily Suryana  and
      Bressan, Stephane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1007",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12305",
    pages = "62--68",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2003-simplified,
    title = "A Simplified Latent Semantic Indexing Approach for Multi-Linguistic Information Retrieval",
    author = "Liu, Yi  and
      Lu, Haiming  and
      Lu, Zengxiang  and
      Wang, Pu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1008",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12306",
    pages = "69--79",
}
@inproceedings{fu-luke-2003-integrated,
    title = "An integrated approach for {C}hinese word segmentation",
    author = "Fu, Guohong  and
      Luke, K.K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1009",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12307",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{kim-yang-2003-korean,
    title = "{K}orean Phrase Structure Grammar and Its Implementations into the {LKB} System",
    author = "Kim, Jong-Bok  and
      Yang, Jaehyung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1010",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12308",
    pages = "88--97",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2003-porting,
    title = "Porting Grammars between Typologically Similar Languages : {J}apanese to {K}orean",
    author = "Kim, Roger  and
      Dalrymple, Mary  and
      Kaplan, Ronald M.  and
      King, Tracy Holloway",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1011",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12309",
    pages = "98--105",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-2003-mandarin,
    title = "{M}andarin {C}hinese Shenme in Interaction",
    author = "Hsieh, Fuhui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1012",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12260",
    pages = "106--114",
}
@inproceedings{weng-huang-2003-semantics,
    title = "The Semantics of Shapes : A Study based on {M}andarin Quan1zi5(圈子)",
    author = "Weng, Cui-Xia  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1013",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12261",
    pages = "115--123",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2003-stock,
    title = "Stock Markets as Ocean Water : A Corpus-based, Comparative Study of {M}andarin {C}hinese, {E}nglish and {S}panish",
    author = "Chung, Siaw-Fong  and
      Ahrens, Kathleen  and
      Sung, Ya-hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1014",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12262",
    pages = "124--133",
}
@inproceedings{ueda-2003-subject,
    title = "Subject Positions and Derivational Scope Calculation in Minimalist Syntax : A Phase-Based Approach",
    author = "Ueda, Yukiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1015",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12263",
    pages = "134--145",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-chen-2003-context,
    title = "Context-rule Model for Pos Tagging",
    author = "Tsai, Yu-Fang  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1016",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12264",
    pages = "146--151",
}
@inproceedings{huang-powers-2003-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation Based on Contextual Entropy",
    author = "Huang, Jin Hu  and
      Powers, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1017",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12265",
    pages = "152--158",
}
@inproceedings{chang-lee-2003-topic,
    title = "Topic Segmentation for Short Texts",
    author = "Chang, Tao-Hsing  and
      Lee, Chia-Honag",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1018",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12266",
    pages = "159--165",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2003-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Text Filtering Based on Text Concepts and k{NN}",
    author = "Li, Shaozi  and
      Su, Weifeng  and
      Li, Tangqiu  and
      Chen, Huowang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1019",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12268",
    pages = "166--173",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-huang-2003-semantics,
    title = "The Semantics of Onomatopoeic Speech Act Verbs",
    author = "Tsai, I-Ni  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1020",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12269",
    pages = "174--181",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-2003-mandarin-adverbial,
    title = "{M}andarin Adverbial Jiu in Discourse",
    author = "Hsieh, Fuhui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1021",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12270",
    pages = "182--193",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-tsou-2003-synchronous,
    title = "A Synchronous Corpus-Based Study of Verb-Noun Fluidity in {C}hinese",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee  and
      Tsou, Benjamin K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1022",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12271",
    pages = "194--203",
}
@inproceedings{nishiguchi-2003-non,
    title = "Non-monotonic Negativity",
    author = "Nishiguchi, Sumiyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1023",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12273",
    pages = "204--215",
}
@inproceedings{li-shawe-taylor-2003-svm,
    title = "The {SVM} With Uneven Margins and {C}hinese Document Categorization",
    author = "Li, Yaoyong  and
      Shawe-Taylor, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1024",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12274",
    pages = "216--227",
}
@inproceedings{aibaidula-lua-2003-development,
    title = "The development of Tagged {U}yghur Corpus",
    author = "Aibaidula, Yusup  and
      Lua, Kim-Teng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1025",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12275",
    pages = "228--234",
}
@inproceedings{luo-he-2003-vector,
    title = "A Vector-Based Algorithm for {C}hinese Text Classification",
    author = "Luo, Changri  and
      He, Tingting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1026",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12276",
    pages = "235--242",
}
@inproceedings{wang-yu-2003-large,
    title = "A Large-scale Lexical Semantic Knowledge-base of {C}hinese",
    author = "Wang, Hui  and
      Yu, Shiwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1027",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12277",
    pages = "243--250",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-dong-2003-effective,
    title = "An Effective Combination of Different Order N-grams",
    author = "Zhang, Sen  and
      Dong, Na",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1028",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12278",
    pages = "251--256",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2003-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Methods for Multigram Compound Discovery",
    author = "Wu, Horng Jyh Paul  and
      Ng, Hong I  and
      Gong, Ruibin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1029",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12279",
    pages = "257--268",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2003-translation,
    title = "Translation Template Learning Based on Hidden {M}arkov Modeling",
    author = "Nguyen, Minh Le  and
      Shimazu, Akari  and
      Horiguchi, Susumu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1030",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12280",
    pages = "269--276",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2003-news-oriented,
    title = "News-Oriented Keyword Indexing with Maximum Entropy Principle",
    author = "Li, Sujian  and
      Wang, Houfeng  and
      Yu, Shiwen  and
      Xin, Chengsheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1031",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12281",
    pages = "277--281",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2003-extracting,
    title = "Extracting {C}hinese Multi-Word Units from Large-Scale Balanced Corpus",
    author = "Liu, Jianzhou  and
      He, Tingting  and
      Liu, Xiaohua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1032",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12283",
    pages = "282--289",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-horiguchi-2003-new,
    title = "A New Sentence Reduction based on Decision Tree Model",
    author = "Nguyen, Minh Le  and
      Horiguchi, Susumu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1033",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12284",
    pages = "290--297",
}
@inproceedings{masuichi-etal-2003-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Parser on the basis of the Lexical-Functional Grammar Formalism and its Evaluation",
    author = "Masuichi, Hiroshi  and
      Okuma, Tomoko  and
      Yoshimura, Hiroki  and
      Harada, Yasunari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1034",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12285",
    pages = "298--309",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2003-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Approach to {C}hinese-to-{E}nglish Back-Transliteration",
    author = "Lee, Chun-Jen  and
      Chang, Jason S.  and
      Jang, Jyh-Shing Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1035",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12286",
    pages = "310--318",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-2003-sentence,
    title = "On the Sentence Category Transfer of Action-effect Sentences in {C}hinese-{E}nglish Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Keliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1036",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12287",
    pages = "319--327",
}
@inproceedings{lam-bodomo-2003-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Verb Order in Complex Multi-Verbal Predicate Constructions",
    author = "Lam, Olivia S.-C.  and
      Bodomo, Adams B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1037",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12288",
    pages = "328--338",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-2003-structure,
    title = "The Structure of Spatial Expressions in Saisiyat",
    author = "Tsai, Pei-Shu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1038",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12289",
    pages = "339--350",
}
@inproceedings{koga-2003-constraint,
    title = "A Constraint-based Grammar of Case : To Correctly Predict Case Phrases Occurring without Their Head Verb",
    author = "Koga, Hiroki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1039",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12290",
    pages = "351--361",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-guo-2003-floating,
    title = "The Floating of Negative Factors and the Recognition of Semantic Patterns of {HUAIYI} Sentences in {M}andarin",
    author = "Xiao, Guozheng  and
      Guo, Tingting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1040",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12291",
    pages = "362--371",
}
@inproceedings{guo-2003-using,
    title = "Using Mutual Information to Identify New Features for Text documents of Various Domains",
    author = "Guo, Zhi Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1041",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12292",
    pages = "372--379",
}
@inproceedings{ohtake-yamamoto-2003-applicability,
    title = "Applicability Analysis of Corpus-derived Paraphrases toward Example-based Paraphrasing",
    author = "Ohtake, Kiyonori  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1042",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12294",
    pages = "380--391",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2003-word,
    title = "A Word Selection Model Based on Lexical Semantic Knowledge in {E}nglish Generation",
    author = "Chen, Yi-Dong  and
      Li, Tang-Qiu  and
      Zheng, Xu-Ling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1043",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12295",
    pages = "392--398",
}
@inproceedings{kang-2003-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based Ontology Learning for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Kang, Sin-Jae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1044",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12296",
    pages = "399--407",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2003-intra,
    title = "On Intra-page and Inter-page Semantic Analysis of Web Pages",
    author = "Wang, Jun  and
      Wang, Jicheng  and
      Wu, Gangshan  and
      Tsuda, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1045",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12297",
    pages = "408--415",
}
@inproceedings{vu-etal-2003-towards,
    title = "Towards a Multi-Objective Corpus for {V}ietnamese Language",
    author = "Vu, Hai Quan  and
      Pham, Nam Trung  and
      Nguyen, Duc Hoang Ha  and
      Huynh, Bao Toan  and
      Le, Hoai Bac  and
      Hoang, Kiem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1046",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12298",
    pages = "416--422",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-chen-2003-using,
    title = "Using Zero Anaphora Resolution to Improve Text Categorization",
    author = "Yeh, Ching-Long  and
      Chen, Yi-Chun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1047",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12299",
    pages = "423--430",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2003-dependency,
    title = "Dependency of Long-Distance Reflexives",
    author = "Lee, Hyeran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1048",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12300",
    pages = "431--440",
}
@inproceedings{nitisaroj-2003-voicing,
    title = "Voicing Constraint and Segmental-Tonal Neighborhood Effects on Clusters in {T}hai",
    author = "Nitisaroj, Rattima",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1049",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12301",
    pages = "441--447",
}
@inproceedings{ohkuma-etal-2003-treatment,
    title = "The Treatment of {J}apanese Focus Particles Based on Lexical-Functional Grammar",
    author = "Ohkuma, Tomoko  and
      Masuichi, Hiroshi  and
      Yoshimura, Hiroki  and
      Harada, Yasunari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1050",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12302",
    pages = "448--455",
}
@inproceedings{kawasaki-ishikawa-2003-empty,
    title = "Empty Category and the Effect of Teaching in Sentence Processing",
    author = "Kawasaki, Takako  and
      Ishikawa, Kiyoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Sentosa, Singapore",
    publisher = "COLIPS PUBLICATIONS",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y03-1051",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12303",
    pages = "456--461",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-cognitive,
    title = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2018)",
    author = "Sayeed, Asad  and
      Jacobs, Cassandra  and
      Linzen, Tal  and
      van Schijndel, Marten",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Salt Lake City, Utah",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-01",
}
@inproceedings{jaffe-etal-2018-coreference,
    title = "Coreference and Focus in Reading Times",
    author = "Jaffe, Evan  and
      Shain, Cory  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2018)",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Salt Lake City, Utah",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0101",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{goodkind-bicknell-2018-predictive,
    title = "Predictive power of word surprisal for reading times is a linear function of language model quality",
    author = "Goodkind, Adam  and
      Bicknell, Klinton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2018)",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Salt Lake City, Utah",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0102",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{cho-etal-2018-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic encoding of structural uncertainty in gradient symbols",
    author = "Cho, Pyeong Whan  and
      Goldrick, Matthew  and
      Lewis, Richard L.  and
      Smolensky, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2018)",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Salt Lake City, Utah",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0103",
    pages = "19--28",
}
@inproceedings{gwilliams-etal-2018-phonological,
    title = "Phonological (un)certainty weights lexical activation",
    author = "Gwilliams, Laura  and
      Poeppel, David  and
      Marantz, Alec  and
      Linzen, Tal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2018)",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Salt Lake City, Utah",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0104",
    pages = "29--34",
}
@inproceedings{miscevic-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting and Explaining Human Semantic Search in a Cognitive Model",
    author = "Miscevic, Filip  and
      Nematzadeh, Aida  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2018)",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Salt Lake City, Utah",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0105",
    pages = "35--45",
}
@inproceedings{matusevych-etal-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling bilingual word associations as connected monolingual networks",
    author = "Matusevych, Yevgen  and
      Kalantari Dehaghi, Amir Ardalan  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2018)",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Salt Lake City, Utah",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0106",
    pages = "46--56",
}
@inproceedings{abnar-etal-2018-experiential,
    title = "Experiential, Distributional and Dependency-based Word Embeddings have Complementary Roles in Decoding Brain Activity",
    author = "Abnar, Samira  and
      Ahmed, Rasyan  and
      Mijnheer, Max  and
      Zuidema, Willem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2018)",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Salt Lake City, Utah",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0107",
    pages = "57--66",
}
@inproceedings{savinelli-etal-2018-exactly,
    title = "Exactly two things to learn from modeling scope ambiguity resolution: Developmental continuity and numeral semantics",
    author = "Savinelli, K.J.  and
      Scontras, Greg  and
      Pearl, Lisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics ({CMCL} 2018)",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Salt Lake City, Utah",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0108",
    pages = "67--75",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics of Uralic Languages",
    author = "Pirinen, Tommi A.  and
      Rie{\ss}ler, Michael  and
      Rueter, Jack  and
      Trosterud, Trond  and
      Tyers, Francis M.",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Helsinki, Finland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-02",
}
@inproceedings{partanen-etal-2018-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing of Code-Switching Data with Cross-Lingual Feature Representations",
    author = "Partanen, Niko  and
      Lim, Kyungtae  and
      Rie{\ss}ler, Michael  and
      Poibeau, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics of Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Helsinki, Finland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0201",
    pages = "1--17",
}
@inproceedings{nyrkko-2018-building,
    title = "Building a {F}innish {SOM}-based ontology concept tagger and harvester",
    author = {Nyrkk{\"o}, Seppo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics of Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Helsinki, Finland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0202",
    pages = "18--25",
}
@inproceedings{arkhangelskiy-georgieva-2018-sound,
    title = "Sound-aligned corpus of Udmurt dialectal texts",
    author = "Arkhangelskiy, Timofey  and
      Georgieva, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics of Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Helsinki, Finland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0203",
    pages = "26--38",
}
@inproceedings{ferenczi-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Generation of {W}iktionary Entries for Finno-Ugric Minority Languages",
    author = "Ferenczi, Zsanett  and
      Mittelholcz, Iv{\'a}n  and
      Simon, Eszter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics of Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Helsinki, Finland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0204",
    pages = "39--50",
}
@inproceedings{hamalainen-rueter-2018-development,
    title = "Development of an Open Source Natural Language Generation Tool for {F}innish",
    author = {H{\"a}m{\"a}l{\"a}inen, Mika  and
      Rueter, Jack},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics of Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Helsinki, Finland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0205",
    pages = "51--58",
}
@inproceedings{koskenniemi-2018-guessing,
    title = "Guessing lexicon entries using finite-state methods",
    author = "Koskenniemi, Kimmo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics of Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Helsinki, Finland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0206",
    pages = "59--75",
}
@inproceedings{bjerva-augenstein-2018-tracking,
    title = "Tracking Typological Traits of Uralic Languages in Distributed Language Representations",
    author = "Bjerva, Johannes  and
      Augenstein, Isabelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics of Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Helsinki, Finland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0207",
    pages = "76--86",
}
@inproceedings{leinonen-etal-2018-new,
    title = "New Baseline in Automatic Speech Recognition for Northern S{\'a}mi",
    author = "Leinonen, Juho  and
      Smit, Peter  and
      Virpioja, S{\'a}mi  and
      Kurimo, Mikko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics of Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Helsinki, Finland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0208",
    pages = "87--97",
}
@inproceedings{silfverberg-hulden-2018-initial,
    title = "Initial Experiments in Data-Driven Morphological Analysis for {F}innish",
    author = "Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics of Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Helsinki, Finland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0209",
    pages = "98--105",
}
@inproceedings{rueter-tyers-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards an open-source universal-dependency treebank for Erzya",
    author = "Rueter, Jack  and
      Tyers, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics of Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Helsinki, Finland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0210",
    pages = "106--118",
}
@inproceedings{fejes-2018-utilization,
    title = "Utilization of Nganasan digital resources: a statistical approach to vowel harmony",
    author = "Fejes, L{\'a}szl{\'o}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics of Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Helsinki, Finland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0211",
    pages = "119--138",
}
@inproceedings{kaalep-2018-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Forms in {E}stonian Finite State Morphology",
    author = "Kaalep, Heiki-Jaan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics of Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Helsinki, Finland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0212",
    pages = "139--153",
}
@inproceedings{wilbur-2018-extracting,
    title = "Extracting inflectional class assignment in Pite Saami: Nouns, verbs and those pesky adjectives",
    author = "Wilbur, Joshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics of Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Helsinki, Finland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0213",
    pages = "154--168",
}
@inproceedings{voutilainen-palolahti-2018-analysing,
    title = "Analysing {F}innish with word lists: the {DDI} approach to morphology revisited",
    author = "Voutilainen, Atro  and
      Palolahti, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics of Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Helsinki, Finland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0214",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0214",
    pages = "169--179",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-society,
    title = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2018",
    author = "Jarosz, Gaja  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan  and
      Pater, Joe",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0300",
    doi = "10.7275/R5GF0RQW",
}
@inproceedings{enguehard-etal-2018-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Learning Theory and Linguistic Typology: a Learnability Perspective on {OT}{'}s Strict Domination",
    author = "Enguehard, {\'E}mile  and
      Flemming, Edward  and
      Magri, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2018",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0301",
    doi = "10.7275/R5BP010Z",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{goodkind-etal-2018-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Language Impairments in Autism: A Computational Analysis of Semi-structured Conversations with Vector Semantics",
    author = "Goodkind, Adam  and
      Lee, Michelle  and
      Martin, Gary E.  and
      Losh, Molly  and
      Bicknell, Klinton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2018",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0302",
    doi = "10.7275/R56W988P",
    pages = "12--22",
}
@inproceedings{graf-2018-grammar,
    title = "Grammar Size and Quantitative Restrictions on Movement",
    author = "Graf, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2018",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0303",
    doi = "10.7275/R5348HJ8",
    pages = "23--33",
}
@inproceedings{hou-smith-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the Decline in {E}nglish Passivization",
    author = "Hou, Liwen  and
      Smith, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2018",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0304",
    doi = "10.7275/R5ZC812C",
    pages = "34--43",
}
@inproceedings{kodner-2018-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Category Learning as Iterative Prototype-Driven Clustering",
    author = "Kodner, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2018",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0305",
    doi = "10.7275/R5TQ5ZQ4",
    pages = "44--54",
}
@inproceedings{abney-2018-bidirectional,
    title = "A bidirectional mapping between {E}nglish and {CNF}-based reasoners",
    author = "Abney, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2018",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0306",
    doi = "10.7275/R5PZ571N",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{aksenova-deshmukh-2018-formal,
    title = "Formal Restrictions On Multiple Tiers",
    author = {Aks{\"e}nova, Al{\"e}na  and
      Deshmukh, Sanket},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2018",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0307",
    doi = "10.7275/R5K64G8S",
    pages = "64--73",
}
@inproceedings{bhattasali-etal-2018-differentiating,
    title = "Differentiating Phrase Structure Parsing and Memory Retrieval in the Brain",
    author = "Bhattasali, Shohini  and
      Hale, John  and
      Pallier, Christophe  and
      Brennan, Jonathan  and
      Luh, Wen-Ming  and
      Spreng, R. Nathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2018",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0308",
    doi = "10.7275/R5FF3QJ2",
    pages = "74--80",
}
@inproceedings{dunn-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the Complexity and Descriptive Adequacy of Construction Grammars",
    author = "Dunn, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2018",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0309",
    doi = "10.7275/R59P2ZTB",
    pages = "81--90",
}
@inproceedings{lamont-2018-decomposing,
    title = "Decomposing phonological transformations in serial derivations",
    author = "Lamont, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2018",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0310",
    doi = "10.7275/R55X273D",
    pages = "91--101",
}
@inproceedings{mccoy-frank-2018-phonologically,
    title = "Phonologically Informed Edit Distance Algorithms for Word Alignment with Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "McCoy, Richard T.  and
      Frank, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2018",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0311",
    doi = "10.7275/R5251GC0",
    pages = "102--112",
}
@inproceedings{moreton-2018-conditions,
    title = "Conditions on abruptness in a gradient-ascent Maximum Entropy learner",
    author = "Moreton, Elliott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2018",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0312",
    doi = "10.7275/R5XG9PBX",
    pages = "113--124",
}
@inproceedings{schrimpf-2018-using,
    title = "Using Rhetorical Topics for Automatic Summarization",
    author = "Schrimpf, Natalie M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2018",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0313",
    doi = "10.7275/R5SQ8XM6",
    pages = "125--135",
}
@inproceedings{silfverberg-etal-2018-sound,
    title = "Sound Analogies with Phoneme Embeddings",
    author = "Silfverberg, Miikka P.  and
      Mao, Lingshuang  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2018",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0314",
    doi = "10.7275/R5NZ85VD",
    pages = "136--144",
}
@inproceedings{strother-garcia-2018-imdlawn,
    title = "Imdlawn Tashlhiyt {B}erber Syllabification is Quantifier-Free",
    author = "Strother-Garcia, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2018",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0315",
    doi = "10.7275/R5J67F4D",
    pages = "145--153",
}
@inproceedings{vu-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards a Formal Description of {NPI}-licensing Patterns",
    author = "Vu, Mai Ha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2018",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0316",
    doi = "10.7275/R5DF6PDP",
    pages = "154--163",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2018-organization,
    title = "The Organization of Lexicons: a Cross-Linguistic Analysis of Monosyllabic Words",
    author = "Yang, Shiying  and
      Sanker, Chelsea  and
      Priva, Uriel Cohen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2018",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0317",
    doi = "10.7275/R58P5XPZ",
    pages = "164--173",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-innovative,
    title = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Kochmar, Ekaterina  and
      Leacock, Claudia  and
      Yannakoudakis, Helen",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0500",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-05",
}
@inproceedings{loukina-etal-2018-using,
    title = "Using exemplar responses for training and evaluating automated speech scoring systems",
    author = "Loukina, Anastassia  and
      Zechner, Klaus  and
      Bruno, James  and
      Beigman Klebanov, Beata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0501",
    pages = "1--12",
    abstract = "Automated scoring engines are usually trained and evaluated against human scores and compared to the benchmark of human-human agreement. In this paper we compare the performance of an automated speech scoring engine using two corpora: a corpus of almost 700,000 randomly sampled spoken responses with scores assigned by one or two raters during operational scoring, and a corpus of 16,500 exemplar responses with scores reviewed by multiple expert raters. We show that the choice of corpus used for model evaluation has a major effect on estimates of system performance with r varying between 0.64 and 0.80. Surprisingly, this is not the case for the choice of corpus for model training: when the training corpus is sufficiently large, the systems trained on different corpora showed almost identical performance when evaluated on the same corpus. We show that this effect is consistent across several learning algorithms. We conclude that evaluating the model on a corpus of exemplar responses if one is available provides additional evidence about system validity; at the same time, investing effort into creating a corpus of exemplar responses for model training is unlikely to lead to a substantial gain in model performance.",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2018-using,
    title = "Using Paraphrasing and Memory-Augmented Models to Combat Data Sparsity in Question Interpretation with a Virtual Patient Dialogue System",
    author = "Jin, Lifeng  and
      King, David  and
      Hussein, Amad  and
      White, Michael  and
      Danforth, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0502",
    pages = "13--23",
    abstract = "When interpreting questions in a virtual patient dialogue system one must inevitably tackle the challenge of a long tail of relatively infrequently asked questions. To make progress on this challenge, we investigate the use of paraphrasing for data augmentation and neural memory-based classification, finding that the two methods work best in combination. In particular, we find that the neural memory-based approach not only outperforms a straight CNN classifier on low frequency questions, but also takes better advantage of the augmented data created by paraphrasing, together yielding a nearly 10{\%} absolute improvement in accuracy on the least frequently asked questions.",
}
@inproceedings{bingel-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting misreadings from gaze in children with reading difficulties",
    author = "Bingel, Joachim  and
      Barrett, Maria  and
      Klerke, Sigrid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0503",
    pages = "24--34",
    abstract = "We present the first work on predicting reading mistakes in children with reading difficulties based on eye-tracking data from real-world reading teaching. Our approach employs several linguistic and gaze-based features to inform an ensemble of different classifiers, including multi-task learning models that let us transfer knowledge about individual readers to attain better predictions. Notably, the data we use in this work stems from noisy readings in the wild, outside of controlled lab conditions. Our experiments show that despite the noise and despite the small fraction of misreadings, gaze data improves the performance more than any other feature group and our models achieve good performance. We further show that gaze patterns for misread words do not fully generalize across readers, but that we can transfer some knowledge between readers using multitask learning at least in some cases. Applications of our models include partial automation of reading assessment as well as personalized text simplification.",
}
@inproceedings{chinkina-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Input Enrichment for Selecting Reading Material: An Online Study with {E}nglish Teachers",
    author = "Chinkina, Maria  and
      Oswal, Ankita  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0504",
    pages = "35--44",
    abstract = "Input material at the appropriate level is crucial for language acquisition. Automating the search for such material can systematically and efficiently support teachers in their pedagogical practice. This is the goal of the computational linguistic task of automatic input enrichment (Chinkina {\&} Meurers, 2016): It analyzes and re-ranks a collection of texts in order to prioritize those containing target linguistic forms. In the online study described in the paper, we collected 240 responses from English teachers in order to investigate whether they preferred automatic input enrichment over web search when selecting reading material for class. Participants demonstrated a general preference for the material provided by an automatic input enrichment system. It was also rated significantly higher than the texts retrieved by a standard web search engine with regard to the representation of linguistic forms and equivalent with regard to the relevance of the content to the topic. We discuss the implications of the results for language teaching and consider the potential strands of future research.",
}
@inproceedings{nadeem-ostendorf-2018-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Linguistic Complexity for Science Texts",
    author = "Nadeem, Farah  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0505",
    pages = "45--55",
    abstract = "Evaluation of text difficulty is important both for downstream tasks like text simplification, and for supporting educators in classrooms. Existing work on automated text complexity analysis uses linear models with engineered knowledge-driven features as inputs. While this offers interpretability, these models have lower accuracy for shorter texts. Traditional readability metrics have the additional drawback of not generalizing to informational texts such as science. We propose a neural approach, training on science and other informational texts, to mitigate both problems. Our results show that neural methods outperform knowledge-based linear models for short texts, and have the capacity to generalize to genres not present in the training data.",
}
@inproceedings{settles-etal-2018-second,
    title = "Second Language Acquisition Modeling",
    author = "Settles, Burr  and
      Brust, Chris  and
      Gustafson, Erin  and
      Hagiwara, Masato  and
      Madnani, Nitin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0506",
    pages = "56--65",
    abstract = "We present the task of \textit{second language acquisition (SLA) modeling}. Given a history of errors made by learners of a second language, the task is to predict errors that they are likely to make at arbitrary points in the future. We describe a large corpus of more than 7M words produced by more than 6k learners of English, Spanish, and French using Duolingo, a popular online language-learning app. Then we report on the results of a shared task challenge aimed studying the SLA task via this corpus, which attracted 15 teams and synthesized work from various fields including cognitive science, linguistics, and machine learning.",
}
@inproceedings{yimam-etal-2018-report,
    title = "A Report on the Complex Word Identification Shared Task 2018",
    author = {Yimam, Seid Muhie  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Paetzold, Gustavo  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      {\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Tack, Ana{\"\i}s  and
      Zampieri, Marcos},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0507",
    pages = "66--78",
    abstract = "We report the findings of the second Complex Word Identification (CWI) shared task organized as part of the BEA workshop co-located with NAACL-HLT{'}2018. The second CWI shared task featured multilingual and multi-genre datasets divided into four tracks: English monolingual, German monolingual, Spanish monolingual, and a multilingual track with a French test set, and two tasks: binary classification and probabilistic classification. A total of 12 teams submitted their results in different task/track combinations and 11 of them wrote system description papers that are referred to in this report and appear in the BEA workshop proceedings.",
}
@inproceedings{alfter-volodina-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Single Word Lexical Complexity Prediction",
    author = "Alfter, David  and
      Volodina, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0508",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0508",
    pages = "79--88",
    abstract = "In this paper we present work-in-progress where we investigate the usefulness of previously created word lists to the task of single-word lexical complexity analysis and prediction of the complexity level for learners of Swedish as a second language. The word lists used map each word to a single CEFR level, and the task consists of predicting CEFR levels for unseen words. In contrast to previous work on word-level lexical complexity, we experiment with topics as additional features and show that linking words to topics significantly increases accuracy of classification.",
}
@inproceedings{holz-etal-2018-coast,
    title = "{COAST} - Customizable Online Syllable Enhancement in Texts. A flexible framework for automatically enhancing reading materials",
    author = "Holz, Heiko  and
      Weiss, Zarah  and
      Brehm, Oliver  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0509",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0509",
    pages = "89--100",
    abstract = "This paper presents COAST, a web-based application to easily and automatically enhance syllable structure, word stress, and spacing in texts, that was designed in close collaboration with learning therapists to ensure its practical relevance. Such syllable-enhanced texts are commonly used in learning therapy or private tuition to promote the recognition of syllables in order to improve reading and writing skills. In a state of the art solutions for automatic syllable enhancement, we put special emphasis on syllable stress and support specific marking of the primary syllable stress in words. Core features of our tool are i) a highly customizable text enhancement and template functionality, and ii) a novel crowd-sourcing mechanism that we employ to address the issue of data sparsity in language resources. We successfully tested COAST with real-life practitioners in a series of user tests validating the concept of our framework.",
}
@inproceedings{king-dickinson-2018-annotating,
    title = "Annotating picture description task responses for content analysis",
    author = "King, Levi  and
      Dickinson, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0510",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0510",
    pages = "101--109",
    abstract = "Given that all users of a language can be creative in their language usage, the overarching goal of this work is to investigate issues of variability and acceptability in written text, for both non-native speakers (NNSs) and native speakers (NSs). We control for meaning by collecting a dataset of picture description task (PDT) responses from a number of NSs and NNSs, and we define and annotate a handful of features pertaining to form and meaning, to capture the multi-dimensional ways in which responses can vary and can be acceptable. By examining the decisions made in this corpus development, we highlight the questions facing anyone working with learner language properties like variability, acceptability and native-likeness. We find reliable inter-annotator agreement, though disagreements point to difficult areas for establishing a link between form and meaning.",
}
@inproceedings{lugini-etal-2018-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Student Talk in Text-based Classroom Discussions",
    author = "Lugini, Luca  and
      Litman, Diane  and
      Godley, Amanda  and
      Olshefski, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0511",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0511",
    pages = "110--116",
    abstract = "Classroom discussions in English Language Arts have a positive effect on students{'} reading, writing and reasoning skills. Although prior work has largely focused on teacher talk and student-teacher interactions, we focus on three theoretically-motivated aspects of high-quality student talk: argumentation, specificity, and knowledge domain. We introduce an annotation scheme, then show that the scheme can be used to produce reliable annotations and that the annotations are predictive of discussion quality. We also highlight opportunities provided by our scheme for education and natural language processing research.",
}
@inproceedings{ramanarayanan-lamar-2018-toward,
    title = "Toward Automatically Measuring Learner Ability from Human-Machine Dialog Interactions using Novel Psychometric Models",
    author = "Ramanarayanan, Vikram  and
      LaMar, Michelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0512",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0512",
    pages = "117--126",
    abstract = "While dialog systems have been widely deployed for computer-assisted language learning (CALL) and formative assessment systems in recent years, relatively limited work has been done with respect to the psychometrics and validity of these technologies in evaluating and providing feedback regarding student learning and conversational ability. This paper formulates a Markov decision process based measurement model, and applies it to text chat data collected from crowdsourced native and non-native English language speakers interacting with an automated dialog agent. We investigate how well the model measures speaker conversational ability, and find that it effectively captures the differences in how native and non-native speakers of English accomplish the dialog task. Such models could have important implications for CALL systems of the future that effectively combine dialog management with measurement of learner conversational ability in real-time.",
}
@inproceedings{rudzewitz-etal-2018-generating,
    title = "Generating Feedback for {E}nglish Foreign Language Exercises",
    author = {Rudzewitz, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Ziai, Ramon  and
      De Kuthy, Kordula  and
      M{\"o}ller, Verena  and
      Nuxoll, Florian  and
      Meurers, Detmar},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0513",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0513",
    pages = "127--136",
    abstract = "While immediate feedback on learner language is often discussed in the Second Language Acquisition literature (e.g., Mackey 2006), few systems used in real-life educational settings provide helpful, metalinguistic feedback to learners. In this paper, we present a novel approach leveraging task information to generate the expected range of well-formed and ill-formed variability in learner answers along with the required diagnosis and feedback. We combine this offline generation approach with an online component that matches the actual student answers against the pre-computed hypotheses. The results obtained for a set of 33 thousand answers of 7th grade German high school students learning English show that the approach successfully covers frequent answer patterns. At the same time, paraphrases and content errors require a more flexible alignment approach, for which we are planning to complement the method with the CoMiC approach successfully used for the analysis of reading comprehension answers (Meurers et al., 2011).",
}
@inproceedings{tack-etal-2018-nt2lex,
    title = "{NT}2{L}ex: A {CEFR}-Graded Lexical Resource for {D}utch as a Foreign Language Linked to Open {D}utch {W}ord{N}et",
    author = {Tack, Ana{\"\i}s  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas  and
      Desmet, Piet  and
      Fairon, C{\'e}drick},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0514",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0514",
    pages = "137--146",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce NT2Lex, a novel lexical resource for Dutch as a foreign language (NT2) which includes frequency distributions of 17,743 words and expressions attested in expert-written textbook texts and readers graded along the scale of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). In essence, the lexicon informs us about what kind of vocabulary should be understood when reading Dutch as a non-native reader at a particular proficiency level. The main novelty of the resource with respect to the previously developed CEFR-graded lexicons concerns the introduction of corpus-based evidence for L2 word sense complexity through the linkage to Open Dutch WordNet (Postma et al., 2016). The resource thus contains, on top of the lemmatised and part-of-speech tagged lexical entries, a total of 11,999 unique word senses and 8,934 distinct synsets.",
}
@inproceedings{vajjala-rama-2018-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with Universal {CEFR} Classification",
    author = "Vajjala, Sowmya  and
      Rama, Taraka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0515",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0515",
    pages = "147--153",
    abstract = "The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) guidelines describe language proficiency of learners on a scale of 6 levels. While the description of CEFR guidelines is generic across languages, the development of automated proficiency classification systems for different languages follow different approaches. In this paper, we explore universal CEFR classification using domain-specific and domain-agnostic, theory-guided as well as data-driven features. We report the results of our preliminary experiments in monolingual, cross-lingual, and multilingual classification with three languages: German, Czech, and Italian. Our results show that both monolingual and multilingual models achieve similar performance, and cross-lingual classification yields lower, but comparable results to monolingual classification.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2018-chengyu,
    title = "Chengyu Cloze Test",
    author = "Jiang, Zhiying  and
      Zhang, Boliang  and
      Huang, Lifu  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0516",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0516",
    pages = "154--158",
    abstract = "We present a neural recommendation model for Chengyu, which is a special type of Chinese idiom. Given a query, which is a sentence with an empty slot where the Chengyu is taken out, our model will recommend the best Chengyu candidate that best fits the slot context. The main challenge lies in that the literal meaning of a Chengyu is usually very different from it{'}s figurative meaning. We propose a new neural approach to leverage the definition of each Chengyu and incorporate it as background knowledge. Experiments on both Chengyu cloze test and coherence checking in college entrance exams show that our system achieves 89.5{\%} accuracy on cloze test and outperforms human subjects who attended competitive universities in China. We will make all of our data sets and resources publicly available as a new benchmark for research purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{aburaed-saggion-2018-lastus,
    title = "{L}a{STUS}/{TALN} at Complex Word Identification ({CWI}) 2018 Shared Task",
    author = "AbuRa{'}ed, Ahmed  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0517",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0517",
    pages = "159--165",
    abstract = "This paper presents the participation of the LaSTUS/TALN team in the Complex Word Identification (CWI) Shared Task 2018 in the English monolingual track . The purpose of the task was to determine if a word in a given sentence can be judged as complex or not by a certain target audience. For the English track, task organizers provided a training and a development datasets of 27,299 and 3,328 words respectively together with the sentence in which each word occurs. The words were judged as complex or not by 20 human evaluators; ten of whom are natives. We submitted two systems: one system modeled each word to evaluate as a numeric vector populated with a set of lexical, semantic and contextual features while the other system relies on a word embedding representation and a distance metric. We trained two separate classifiers to automatically decide if each word is complex or not. We submitted six runs, two for each of the three subsets of the English monolingual CWI track.",
}
@inproceedings{bingel-bjerva-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual complex word identification with multitask learning",
    author = "Bingel, Joachim  and
      Bjerva, Johannes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0518",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0518",
    pages = "166--174",
    abstract = "We approach the 2018 Shared Task on Complex Word Identification by leveraging a cross-lingual multitask learning approach. Our method is highly language agnostic, as evidenced by the ability of our system to generalize across languages, including languages for which we have no training data. In the shared task, this is the case for French, for which our system achieves the best performance. We further provide a qualitative and quantitative analysis of which words pose problems for our system.",
}
@inproceedings{butnaru-ionescu-2018-unibuckernel,
    title = "{U}nibuc{K}ernel: A kernel-based learning method for complex word identification",
    author = "Butnaru, Andrei  and
      Ionescu, Radu Tudor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0519",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0519",
    pages = "175--183",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a kernel-based learning approach for the 2018 Complex Word Identification (CWI) Shared Task. Our approach is based on combining multiple low-level features, such as character n-grams, with high-level semantic features that are either automatically learned using word embeddings or extracted from a lexical knowledge base, namely WordNet. After feature extraction, we employ a kernel method for the learning phase. The feature matrix is first transformed into a normalized kernel matrix. For the binary classification task (simple versus complex), we employ Support Vector Machines. For the regression task, in which we have to predict the complexity level of a word (a word is more complex if it is labeled as complex by more annotators), we employ v-Support Vector Regression. We applied our approach only on the three English data sets containing documents from Wikipedia, WikiNews and News domains. Our best result during the competition was the third place on the English Wikipedia data set. However, in this paper, we also report better post-competition results.",
}
@inproceedings{gooding-kochmar-2018-camb,
    title = "{CAMB} at {CWI} Shared Task 2018: Complex Word Identification with Ensemble-Based Voting",
    author = "Gooding, Sian  and
      Kochmar, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0520",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0520",
    pages = "184--194",
    abstract = "This paper presents the winning systems we submitted to the Complex Word Identification Shared Task 2018. We describe our best performing systems{'} implementations and discuss our key findings from this research. Our best-performing systems achieve an F1 score of 0.8792 on the NEWS, 0.8430 on the WIKINEWS and 0.8115 on the WIKIPEDIA test sets in the monolingual English binary classification track, and a mean absolute error of 0.0558 on the NEWS, 0.0674 on the WIKINEWS and 0.0739 on the WIKIPEDIA test sets in the probabilistic track.",
}
@inproceedings{kajiwara-komachi-2018-complex,
    title = "Complex Word Identification Based on Frequency in a Learner Corpus",
    author = "Kajiwara, Tomoyuki  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0521",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0521",
    pages = "195--199",
    abstract = "We introduce the TMU systems for the Complex Word Identification (CWI) Shared Task 2018. TMU systems use random forest classifiers and regressors whose features are the number of characters, the number of words, and the frequency of target words in various corpora. Our simple systems performed best on 5 tracks out of 12 tracks. Our ablation analysis revealed the usefulness of a learner corpus for CWI task.",
}
@inproceedings{wani-etal-2018-whole,
    title = "The Whole is Greater than the Sum of its Parts: Towards the Effectiveness of Voting Ensemble Classifiers for Complex Word Identification",
    author = "Wani, Nikhil  and
      Mathias, Sandeep  and
      Gajjam, Jayashree Aanand  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0522",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0522",
    pages = "200--205",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present an effective system using voting ensemble classifiers to detect contextually complex words for non-native English speakers. To make the final decision, we channel a set of eight calibrated classifiers based on lexical, size and vocabulary features and train our model with annotated datasets collected from a mixture of native and non-native speakers. Thereafter, we test our system on three datasets namely News, WikiNews, and Wikipedia and report competitive results with an F1-Score ranging between 0.777 to 0.855 for each of the datasets. Our system outperforms multiple other models and falls within 0.042 to 0.026 percent of the best-performing model{'}s score in the shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{klerke-etal-2018-grotoco,
    title = "Grotoco@{SLAM}: Second Language Acquisition Modeling with Simple Features, Learners and Task-wise Models",
    author = "Klerke, Sigrid  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Plank, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0523",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0523",
    pages = "206--211",
    abstract = "We present our submission to the 2018 Duolingo Shared Task on Second Language Acquisition Modeling (SLAM). We focus on evaluating a range of features for the task, including user-derived measures, while examining how far we can get with a simple linear classifier. Our analysis reveals that errors differ per exercise format, which motivates our final and best-performing system: a task-wise (per exercise-format) model.",
}
@inproceedings{nayak-rao-2018-context,
    title = "Context Based Approach for Second Language Acquisition",
    author = "Nayak, Nihal V.  and
      Rao, Arjun R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0524",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0524",
    pages = "212--216",
    abstract = "SLAM 2018 focuses on predicting a student{'}s mistake while using the Duolingo application. In this paper, we describe the system we developed for this shared task. Our system uses a logistic regression model to predict the likelihood of a student making a mistake while answering an exercise on Duolingo in all three language tracks - English/Spanish (en/es), Spanish/English (es/en) and French/English (fr/en). We conduct an ablation study with several features during the development of this system and discover that context based features plays a major role in language acquisition modeling. Our model beats Duolingo{'}s baseline scores in all three language tracks (AUROC scores for en/es = 0.821, es/en = 0.790 and fr/en = 0.812). Our work makes a case for providing favourable textual context for students while learning second language.",
}
@inproceedings{osika-etal-2018-second,
    title = "Second Language Acquisition Modeling: An Ensemble Approach",
    author = "Osika, Anton  and
      Nilsson, Susanna  and
      Sydorchuk, Andrii  and
      Sahin, Faruk  and
      Huss, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0525",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0525",
    pages = "217--222",
    abstract = "Accurate prediction of students{'} knowledge is a fundamental building block of personalized learning systems. Here, we propose an ensemble model to predict student knowledge gaps. Applying our approach to student trace data from the online educational platform Duolingo we achieved highest score on all three datasets in the 2018 Shared Task on Second Language Acquisition Modeling. We describe our model and discuss relevance of the task compared to how it would be setup in a production environment for personalized education.",
}
@inproceedings{rich-etal-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Second-Language Learning from a Psychological Perspective",
    author = "Rich, Alexander  and
      Osborn Popp, Pamela  and
      Halpern, David  and
      Rothe, Anselm  and
      Gureckis, Todd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0526",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0526",
    pages = "223--230",
    abstract = "Psychological research on learning and memory has tended to emphasize small-scale laboratory studies. However, large datasets of people using educational software provide opportunities to explore these issues from a new perspective. In this paper we describe our approach to the Duolingo Second Language Acquisition Modeling (SLAM) competition which was run in early 2018. We used a well-known class of algorithms (gradient boosted decision trees), with features partially informed by theories from the psychological literature. After detailing our modeling approach and a number of supplementary simulations, we reflect on the degree to which psychological theory aided the model, and the potential for cognitive science and predictive modeling competitions to gain from each other.",
}
@inproceedings{tomoschuk-lovelett-2018-memory,
    title = "A Memory-Sensitive Classification Model of Errors in Early Second Language Learning",
    author = "Tomoschuk, Brendan  and
      Lovelett, Jarrett",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0527",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0527",
    pages = "231--239",
    abstract = "In this paper, we explore a variety of linguistic and cognitive features to better understand second language acquisition in early users of the language learning app Duolingo. With these features, we trained a random forest classifier to predict errors in early learners of French, Spanish, and English. Of particular note was our finding that mean and variance in error for each user and token can be a memory efficient replacement for their respective dummy-encoded categorical variables. At test, these models improved over the baseline model with AUROC values of 0.803 for English, 0.823 for French, and 0.829 for Spanish.",
}
@inproceedings{afrin-litman-2018-annotation,
    title = "Annotation and Classification of Sentence-level Revision Improvement",
    author = "Afrin, Tazin  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0528",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0528",
    pages = "240--246",
    abstract = "Studies of writing revisions rarely focus on revision quality. To address this issue, we introduce a corpus of between-draft revisions of student argumentative essays, annotated as to whether each revision improves essay quality. We demonstrate a potential usage of our annotations by developing a machine learning model to predict revision improvement. With the goal of expanding training data, we also extract revisions from a dataset edited by expert proofreaders. Our results indicate that blending expert and non-expert revisions increases model performance, with expert data particularly important for predicting low-quality revisions.",
}
@inproceedings{bryant-briscoe-2018-language,
    title = "Language Model Based Grammatical Error Correction without Annotated Training Data",
    author = "Bryant, Christopher  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0529",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0529",
    pages = "247--253",
    abstract = "Since the end of the CoNLL-2014 shared task on grammatical error correction (GEC), research into language model (LM) based approaches to GEC has largely stagnated. In this paper, we re-examine LMs in GEC and show that it is entirely possible to build a simple system that not only requires minimal annotated data (∼1000 sentences), but is also fairly competitive with several state-of-the-art systems. This approach should be of particular interest for languages where very little annotated training data exists, although we also hope to use it as a baseline to motivate future research.",
}
@inproceedings{flor-riordan-2018-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic Role-based Approach to Open-Domain Automatic Question Generation",
    author = "Flor, Michael  and
      Riordan, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0530",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0530",
    pages = "254--263",
    abstract = "We present a novel rule-based system for automatic generation of factual questions from sentences, using semantic role labeling (SRL) as the main form of text analysis. The system is capable of generating both wh-questions and yes/no questions from the same semantic analysis. We present an extensive evaluation of the system and compare it to a recent neural network architecture for question generation. The SRL-based system outperforms the neural system in both average quality and variety of generated questions.",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2018-automated,
    title = "Automated Content Analysis: A Case Study of Computer Science Student Summaries",
    author = "Gao, Yanjun  and
      Davies, Patricia M.  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0531",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0531",
    pages = "264--272",
    abstract = "Technology is transforming Higher Education learning and teaching. This paper reports on a project to examine how and why automated content analysis could be used to assess precis writing by university students. We examine the case of one hundred and twenty-two summaries written by computer science freshmen. The texts, which had been hand scored using a teacher-designed rubric, were autoscored using the Natural Language Processing software, PyrEval. Pearson{'}s correlation coefficient and Spearman rank correlation were used to analyze the relationship between the teacher score and the PyrEval score for each summary. Three content models automatically constructed by PyrEval from different sets of human reference summaries led to consistent correlations, showing that the approach is reliable. Also observed was that, in cases where the focus of student assessment centers on formative feedback, categorizing the PyrEval scores by examining the average and standard deviations could lead to novel interpretations of their relationships. It is suggested that this project has implications for the ways in which automated content analysis could be used to help university students improve their summarization skills.",
}
@inproceedings{kulkarni-boyer-2018-toward,
    title = "Toward Data-Driven Tutorial Question Answering with Deep Learning Conversational Models",
    author = "Kulkarni, Mayank  and
      Boyer, Kristy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0532",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0532",
    pages = "273--283",
    abstract = "There has been an increase in popularity of data-driven question answering systems given their recent success. This pa-per explores the possibility of building a tutorial question answering system for Java programming from data sampled from a community-based question answering forum. This paper reports on the creation of a dataset that could support building such a tutorial question answering system and discusses the methodology to create the 106,386 question strong dataset. We investigate how retrieval-based and generative models perform on the given dataset. The work also investigates the usefulness of using hybrid approaches such as combining retrieval-based and generative models. The results indicate that building data-driven tutorial systems using community-based question answering forums holds significant promise.",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2018-distractor,
    title = "Distractor Generation for Multiple Choice Questions Using Learning to Rank",
    author = "Liang, Chen  and
      Yang, Xiao  and
      Dave, Neisarg  and
      Wham, Drew  and
      Pursel, Bart  and
      Giles, C. Lee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0533",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0533",
    pages = "284--290",
    abstract = "We investigate how machine learning models, specifically ranking models, can be used to select useful distractors for multiple choice questions. Our proposed models can learn to select distractors that resemble those in actual exam questions, which is different from most existing unsupervised ontology-based and similarity-based methods. We empirically study feature-based and neural net (NN) based ranking models with experiments on the recently released SciQ dataset and our MCQL dataset. Experimental results show that feature-based ensemble learning methods (random forest and LambdaMART) outperform both the NN-based method and unsupervised baselines. These two datasets can also be used as benchmarks for distractor generation.",
}
@inproceedings{del-rio-gayo-etal-2018-portuguese,
    title = "A {P}ortuguese Native Language Identification Dataset",
    author = "del R{\'\i}o Gayo, Iria  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Malmasi, Shervin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0534",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0534",
    pages = "291--296",
    abstract = "In this paper we present NLI-PT, the first Portuguese dataset compiled for Native Language Identification (NLI), the task of identifying an author{'}s first language based on their second language writing. The dataset includes 1,868 student essays written by learners of European Portuguese, native speakers of the following L1s: Chinese, English, Spanish, German, Russian, French, Japanese, Italian, Dutch, Tetum, Arabic, Polish, Korean, Romanian, and Swedish. NLI-PT includes the original student text and four different types of annotation: POS, fine-grained POS, constituency parses, and dependency parses. NLI-PT can be used not only in NLI but also in research on several topics in the field of Second Language Acquisition and educational NLP. We discuss possible applications of this dataset and present the results obtained for the first lexical baseline system for Portuguese NLI.",
}
@inproceedings{vajjala-lucic-2018-onestopenglish,
    title = "{O}ne{S}top{E}nglish corpus: A new corpus for automatic readability assessment and text simplification",
    author = "Vajjala, Sowmya  and
      Lu{\v{c}}i{\'c}, Ivana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0535",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0535",
    pages = "297--304",
    abstract = "This paper describes the collection and compilation of the OneStopEnglish corpus of texts written at three reading levels, and demonstrates its usefulness for through two applications - automatic readability assessment and automatic text simplification. The corpus consists of 189 texts, each in three versions (567 in total). The corpus is now freely available under a CC by-SA 4.0 license and we hope that it would foster further research on the topics of readability assessment and text simplification.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Adding Authorship Knowledge in Automated Text Scoring",
    author = "Zhang, Meng  and
      Chen, Xie  and
      Cummins, Ronan  and
      Andersen, {\O}istein E.  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0536",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0536",
    pages = "305--314",
    abstract = "Some language exams have multiple writing tasks. When a learner writes multiple texts in a language exam, it is not surprising that the quality of these texts tends to be similar, and the existing automated text scoring (ATS) systems do not explicitly model this similarity. In this paper, we suggest that it could be useful to include the other texts written by this learner in the same exam as extra references in an ATS system. We propose various approaches of fusing information from multiple tasks and pass this authorship knowledge into our ATS model on six different datasets. We show that this can positively affect the model performance at a global level.",
}
@inproceedings{alfter-pilan-2018-sb,
    title = "{SB}@{GU} at the Complex Word Identification 2018 Shared Task",
    author = "Alfter, David  and
      Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0537",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0537",
    pages = "315--321",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our experiments for the Shared Task on Complex Word Identification (CWI) 2018 (Yimam et al., 2018), hosted by the 13th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (BEA) at NAACL 2018. Our system for English builds on previous work for Swedish concerning the classification of words into proficiency levels. We investigate different features for English and compare their usefulness using feature selection methods. For the German, Spanish and French data we use simple systems based on character n-gram models and show that sometimes simple models achieve comparable results to fully feature-engineered systems.",
}
@inproceedings{aroyehun-etal-2018-complex,
    title = "Complex Word Identification: Convolutional Neural Network vs. Feature Engineering",
    author = "Aroyehun, Segun Taofeek  and
      Angel, Jason  and
      P{\'e}rez Alvarez, Daniel Alejandro  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0538",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0538",
    pages = "322--327",
    abstract = "We describe the systems of NLP-CIC team that participated in the Complex Word Identification (CWI) 2018 shared task. The shared task aimed to benchmark approaches for identifying complex words in English and other languages from the perspective of non-native speakers. Our goal is to compare two approaches: feature engineering and a deep neural network. Both approaches achieved comparable performance on the English test set. We demonstrated the flexibility of the deep-learning approach by using the same deep neural network setup in the Spanish track. Our systems achieved competitive results: all our systems were within 0.01 of the system with the best macro-F1 score on the test sets except on Wikipedia test set, on which our best system is 0.04 below the best macro-F1 score.",
}
@inproceedings{de-hertog-tack-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning Architecture for Complex Word Identification",
    author = {De Hertog, Dirk  and
      Tack, Ana{\"\i}s},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0539",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0539",
    pages = "328--334",
    abstract = "We describe a system for the CWI-task that includes information on 5 aspects of the (complex) lexical item, namely distributional information of the item itself, morphological structure, psychological measures, corpus-counts and topical information. We constructed a deep learning architecture that combines those features and apply it to the probabilistic and binary classification task for all English sets and Spanish. We achieved reasonable performance on all sets with best performances seen on the probabilistic task, particularly on the English news set (MAE 0.054 and F1-score of 0.872). An analysis of the results shows that reasonable performance can be achieved with a single architecture without any domain-specific tweaking of the parameter settings and that distributional features capture almost all of the information also found in hand-crafted features.",
}
@inproceedings{hartmann-dos-santos-2018-nilc,
    title = "{NILC} at {CWI} 2018: Exploring Feature Engineering and Feature Learning",
    author = "Hartmann, Nathan  and
      dos Santos, Leandro Borges",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0540",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0540",
    pages = "335--340",
    abstract = "This paper describes the results of NILC team at CWI 2018. We developed solutions following three approaches: (i) a feature engineering method using lexical, n-gram and psycholinguistic features, (ii) a shallow neural network method using only word embeddings, and (iii) a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) language model, which is pre-trained on a large text corpus to produce a contextualized word vector. The feature engineering method obtained our best results for the classification task and the LSTM model achieved the best results for the probabilistic classification task. Our results show that deep neural networks are able to perform as well as traditional machine learning methods using manually engineered features for the task of complex word identification in English.",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-2018-complex,
    title = "Complex Word Identification Using Character n-grams",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0541",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0541",
    pages = "341--348",
    abstract = "This paper investigates the use of character n-gram frequencies for identifying complex words in English, German and Spanish texts. The approach is based on the assumption that complex words are likely to contain different character sequences than simple words. The multinomial Naive Bayes classifier was used with n-grams of different lengths as features, and the best results were obtained for the combination of 2-grams and 4-grams. This variant was submitted to the Complex Word Identification Shared Task 2018 for all texts and achieved F-scores between 70{\%} and 83{\%}. The system was ranked in the middle range for all English texts, as third of fourteen submissions for German, and as tenth of seventeen submissions for Spanish. The method is not very convenient for the cross-language task, achieving only 59{\%} on the French text.",
}
@inproceedings{bestgen-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Second Language Learner Successes and Mistakes by Means of Conjunctive Features",
    author = "Bestgen, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0542",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0542",
    pages = "349--355",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system developed by the Centre for English Corpus Linguistics for the 2018 Duolingo SLAM challenge. It aimed at predicting the successes and mistakes of second language learners on each of the words that compose the exercises they answered. Its main characteristic is to include conjunctive features, built by combining word ngrams with metadata about the user and the exercise. It achieved a relatively good performance, ranking fifth out of 15 systems. Complementary analyses carried out to gauge the contribution of the different sets of features to the performance confirmed the usefulness of the conjunctive features for the SLAM task.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-feature,
    title = "Feature Engineering for Second Language Acquisition Modeling",
    author = "Chen, Guanliang  and
      Hauff, Claudia  and
      Houben, Geert-Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0543",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0543",
    pages = "356--364",
    abstract = "Knowledge tracing serves as a keystone in delivering personalized education. However, few works attempted to model students{'} knowledge state in the setting of Second Language Acquisition. The Duolingo Shared Task on Second Language Acquisition Modeling provides students{'} trace data that we extensively analyze and engineer features from for the task of predicting whether a student will correctly solve a vocabulary exercise. Our analyses of students{'} learning traces reveal that factors like exercise format and engagement impact their exercise performance to a large extent. Overall, we extracted 23 different features as input to a Gradient Tree Boosting framework, which resulted in an AUC score of between 0.80 and 0.82 on the official test set.",
}
@inproceedings{kaneko-etal-2018-tmu,
    title = "TMU System for SLAM-2018",
    author = "Kaneko, Masahiro  and
      Kajiwara, Tomoyuki  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0544",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0544",
    pages = "365--369",
    abstract = "We introduce the TMU systems for the second language acquisition modeling shared task 2018 (Settles et al., 2018). To model learner error patterns, it is necessary to maintain a considerable amount of information regarding the type of exercises learners have been learning in the past and the manner in which they answered them. Tracking an enormous learner{'}s learning history and their correct and mistaken answers is essential to predict the learner{'}s future mistakes. Therefore, we propose a model which tracks the learner{'}s learning history efficiently. Our systems ranked fourth in the English and Spanish subtasks, and fifth in the French subtask.",
}
@inproceedings{vie-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Factorization Machines for Knowledge Tracing",
    author = "Vie, Jill-J{\^e}nn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0545",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0545",
    pages = "370--373",
    abstract = "This paper introduces our solution to the 2018 Duolingo Shared Task on Second Language Acquisition Modeling (SLAM). We used deep factorization machines, a wide and deep learning model of pairwise relationships between users, items, skills, and other entities considered. Our solution (AUC 0.815) hopefully managed to beat the logistic regression baseline (AUC 0.774) but not the top performing model (AUC 0.861) and reveals interesting strategies to build upon item response theory models.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2018-cluf,
    title = "{CLUF}: a Neural Model for Second Language Acquisition Modeling",
    author = "Xu, Shuyao  and
      Chen, Jin  and
      Qin, Long",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0546",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0546",
    pages = "374--380",
    abstract = "Second Language Acquisition Modeling is the task to predict whether a second language learner would respond correctly in future exercises based on their learning history. In this paper, we propose a neural network based system to utilize rich contextual, linguistic and user information. Our neural model consists of a Context encoder, a Linguistic feature encoder, a User information encoder and a Format information encoder (CLUF). Furthermore, a decoder is introduced to combine such encoded features and make final predictions. Our system ranked in first place in the English track and second place in the Spanish and French track with an AUROC score of 0.861, 0.835 and 0.854 respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural sequence modelling for learner error prediction",
    author = "Yuan, Zheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0547",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0547",
    pages = "381--388",
    abstract = "This paper describes our use of two recurrent neural network sequence models: sequence labelling and sequence-to-sequence models, for the prediction of future learner errors in our submission to the 2018 Duolingo Shared Task on Second Language Acquisition Modeling (SLAM). We show that these two models capture complementary information as combining them improves performance. Furthermore, the same network architecture and group of features can be used directly to build competitive prediction models in all three language tracks, demonstrating that our approach generalises well across languages.",
}
@inproceedings{ha-yaneva-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Distractor Suggestion for Multiple-Choice Tests Using Concept Embeddings and Information Retrieval",
    author = "Ha, Le An  and
      Yaneva, Victoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0548",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0548",
    pages = "389--398",
    abstract = "Developing plausible distractors (wrong answer options) when writing multiple-choice questions has been described as one of the most challenging and time-consuming parts of the item-writing process. In this paper we propose a fully automatic method for generating distractor suggestions for multiple-choice questions used in high-stakes medical exams. The system uses a question stem and the correct answer as an input and produces a list of suggested distractors ranked based on their similarity to the stem and the correct answer. To do this we use a novel approach of combining concept embeddings with information retrieval methods. We frame the evaluation as a prediction task where we aim to {``}predict{''} the human-produced distractors used in large sets of medical questions, i.e. if a distractor generated by our system is good enough it is likely to feature among the list of distractors produced by the human item-writers. The results reveal that combining concept embeddings with information retrieval approaches significantly improves the generation of plausible distractors and enables us to match around 1 in 5 of the human-produced distractors. The approach proposed in this paper is generalisable to all scenarios where the distractors refer to concepts.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-litman-2018-co,
    title = "Co-Attention Based Neural Network for Source-Dependent Essay Scoring",
    author = "Zhang, Haoran  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0549",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0549",
    pages = "399--409",
    abstract = "This paper presents an investigation of using a co-attention based neural network for source-dependent essay scoring. We use a co-attention mechanism to help the model learn the importance of each part of the essay more accurately. Also, this paper shows that the co-attention based neural network model provides reliable score prediction of source-dependent responses. We evaluate our model on two source-dependent response corpora. Results show that our model outperforms the baseline on both corpora. We also show that the attention of the model is similar to the expert opinions with examples.",
}
@inproceedings{horbach-etal-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Content Scoring",
    author = "Horbach, Andrea  and
      Stennmanns, Sebastian  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of {NLP} for Building Educational Applications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0550",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0550",
    pages = "410--419",
    abstract = "We investigate the feasibility of cross-lingual content scoring, a scenario where training and test data in an automatic scoring task are from two different languages. Cross-lingual scoring can contribute to educational equality by allowing answers in multiple languages. Training a model in one language and applying it to another language might also help to overcome data sparsity issues by re-using trained models from other languages. As there is no suitable dataset available for this new task, we create a comparable bi-lingual corpus by extending the English ASAP dataset with German answers. Our experiments with cross-lingual scoring based on machine-translating either training or test data show a considerable drop in scoring quality.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    author = "Loveys, Kate  and
      Niederhoffer, Kate  and
      Prud{'}hommeaux, Emily  and
      Resnik, Rebecca  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0600",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-06",
}
@inproceedings{arseniev-koehler-etal-2018-type,
    title = "What type of happiness are you looking for? - A closer look at detecting mental health from language",
    author = "Arseniev-Koehler, Alina  and
      Mozgai, Sharon  and
      Scherer, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0601",
    pages = "1--12",
    abstract = "Computational models to detect mental illnesses from text and speech could enhance our understanding of mental health while offering opportunities for early detection and intervention. However, these models are often disconnected from the lived experience of depression and the larger diagnostic debates in mental health. This article investigates these disconnects, primarily focusing on the labels used to diagnose depression, how these labels are computationally represented, and the performance metrics used to evaluate computational models. We also consider how medical instruments used to measure depression, such as the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), contribute to these disconnects. To illustrate our points, we incorporate mixed-methods analyses of 698 interviews on emotional health, which are coupled with self-report PHQ screens for depression. We propose possible strategies to bridge these gaps between modern psychiatric understandings of depression, lay experience of depression, and computational representation.",
}
@inproceedings{morales-etal-2018-linguistically,
    title = "A Linguistically-Informed Fusion Approach for Multimodal Depression Detection",
    author = "Morales, Michelle  and
      Scherer, Stefan  and
      Levitan, Rivka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0602",
    pages = "13--24",
    abstract = "Automated depression detection is inherently a multimodal problem. Therefore, it is critical that researchers investigate fusion techniques for multimodal design. This paper presents the first-ever comprehensive study of fusion techniques for depression detection. In addition, we present novel linguistically-motivated fusion techniques, which we find outperform existing approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{shing-etal-2018-expert,
    title = "Expert, Crowdsourced, and Machine Assessment of Suicide Risk via Online Postings",
    author = "Shing, Han-Chin  and
      Nair, Suraj  and
      Zirikly, Ayah  and
      Friedenberg, Meir  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0603",
    pages = "25--36",
    abstract = "We report on the creation of a dataset for studying assessment of suicide risk via online postings in Reddit. Evaluation of risk-level annotations by experts yields what is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of reliability in risk assessment by clinicians based on social media postings. We also introduce and demonstrate the value of a new, detailed rubric for assessing suicide risk, compare crowdsourced with expert performance, and present baseline predictive modeling experiments using the new dataset, which will be made available to researchers through the American Association of Suicidology.",
}
@inproceedings{lynn-etal-2018-clpsych,
    title = "{CLP}sych 2018 Shared Task: Predicting Current and Future Psychological Health from Childhood Essays",
    author = "Lynn, Veronica  and
      Goodman, Alissa  and
      Niederhoffer, Kate  and
      Loveys, Kate  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Schwartz, H. Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0604",
    pages = "37--46",
    abstract = "We describe the shared task for the CLPsych 2018 workshop, which focused on predicting current and future psychological health from an essay authored in childhood. Language-based predictions of a person{'}s current health have the potential to supplement traditional psychological assessment such as questionnaires, improving intake risk measurement and monitoring. Predictions of future psychological health can aid with both early detection and the development of preventative care. Research into the mental health trajectory of people, beginning from their childhood, has thus far been an area of little work within the NLP community. This shared task represents one of the first attempts to evaluate the use of early language to predict future health; this has the potential to support a wide variety of clinical health care tasks, from early assessment of lifetime risk for mental health problems, to optimal timing for targeted interventions aimed at both prevention and treatment.",
}
@inproceedings{iserman-etal-2018-approach,
    title = "An Approach to the {CLP}sych 2018 Shared Task Using Top-Down Text Representation and Simple Bottom-Up Model Selection",
    author = "Iserman, Micah  and
      Ireland, Molly  and
      Littlefield, Andrew  and
      Davis, Tyler  and
      Maliepaard, Sage",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0605",
    pages = "47--56",
    abstract = "The Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology (CLPsych) 2018 Shared Task asked teams to predict cross-sectional indices of anxiety and distress, and longitudinal indices of psychological distress from a subsample of the National Child Development Study, started in the United Kingdom in 1958. Teams aimed to predict mental health outcomes from essays written by 11-year-olds about what they believed their lives would be like at age 25. In the hopes of producing results that could be easily disseminated and applied, we used largely theory-based dictionaries to process the texts, and a simple data-driven approach to model selection. This approach yielded only modest results in terms of out-of-sample accuracy, but most of the category-level findings are interpretable and consistent with existing literature on psychological distress, anxiety, and depression.",
}
@inproceedings{altszyler-etal-2018-using,
    title = "Using contextual information for automatic triage of posts in a peer-support forum",
    author = "Altszyler, Edgar  and
      Berenstein, Ariel J.  and
      Milne, David  and
      Calvo, Rafael A.  and
      Fernandez Slezak, Diego",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0606",
    pages = "57--68",
    abstract = "Mental health forums are online spaces where people can share their experiences anonymously and get peer support. These forums, require the supervision of moderators to provide support in delicate cases, such as posts expressing suicide ideation. The large increase in the number of forum users makes the task of the moderators unmanageable without the help of automatic triage systems. In the present paper, we present a Machine Learning approach for the triage of posts. Most approaches in the literature focus on the content of the posts, but only a few authors take advantage of features extracted from the context in which they appear. Our approach consists of the development and implementation of a large variety of new features from both, the content and the context of posts, such as previous messages, interaction with other users and author{'}s history. Our method has competed in the CLPsych 2017 Shared Task, obtaining the first place for several of the subtasks. Moreover, we also found that models that take advantage of post context improve significantly its performance in the detection of flagged posts (posts that require moderators attention), as well as those that focus on post content outperforms in the detection of most urgent events.",
}
@inproceedings{ive-etal-2018-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical neural model with attention mechanisms for the classification of social media text related to mental health",
    author = "Ive, Julia  and
      Gkotsis, George  and
      Dutta, Rina  and
      Stewart, Robert  and
      Velupillai, Sumithra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0607",
    pages = "69--77",
    abstract = "Mental health problems represent a major public health challenge. Automated analysis of text related to mental health is aimed to help medical decision-making, public health policies and to improve health care. Such analysis may involve text classification. Traditionally, automated classification has been performed mainly using machine learning methods involving costly feature engineering. Recently, the performance of those methods has been dramatically improved by neural methods. However, mainly Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been explored. In this paper, we apply a hierarchical Recurrent neural network (RNN) architecture with an attention mechanism on social media data related to mental health. We show that this architecture improves overall classification results as compared to previously reported results on the same data. Benefitting from the attention mechanism, it can also efficiently select text elements crucial for classification decisions, which can also be used for in-depth analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{loveys-etal-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-cultural differences in language markers of depression online",
    author = "Loveys, Kate  and
      Torrez, Jonathan  and
      Fine, Alex  and
      Moriarty, Glen  and
      Coppersmith, Glen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0608",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0608",
    pages = "78--87",
    abstract = "Depression is a global mental health condition that affects all cultures. Despite this, the way depression is expressed varies by culture. Uptake of machine learning technology for diagnosing mental health conditions means that increasingly more depression classifiers are created from online language data. Yet, culture is rarely considered as a factor affecting online language in this literature. This study explores cultural differences in online language data of users with depression. Written language data from 1,593 users with self-reported depression from the online peer support community 7 Cups of Tea was analyzed using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC), topic modeling, data visualization, and other techniques. We compared the language of users identifying as White, Black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, and Asian or Pacific Islander. Exploratory analyses revealed cross-cultural differences in depression expression in online language data, particularly in relation to emotion expression, cognition, and functioning. The results have important implications for avoiding depression misclassification from machine-driven assessments when used in a clinical setting, and for avoiding inadvertent cultural biases in this line of research more broadly.",
}
@inproceedings{husseini-orabi-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning for Depression Detection of Twitter Users",
    author = "Husseini Orabi, Ahmed  and
      Buddhitha, Prasadith  and
      Husseini Orabi, Mahmoud  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0609",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0609",
    pages = "88--97",
    abstract = "Mental illness detection in social media can be considered a complex task, mainly due to the complicated nature of mental disorders. In recent years, this research area has started to evolve with the continuous increase in popularity of social media platforms that became an integral part of people{'}s life. This close relationship between social media platforms and their users has made these platforms to reflect the users{'} personal life with different limitations. In such an environment, researchers are presented with a wealth of information regarding one{'}s life. In addition to the level of complexity in identifying mental illnesses through social media platforms, adopting supervised machine learning approaches such as deep neural networks have not been widely accepted due to the difficulties in obtaining sufficient amounts of annotated training data. Due to these reasons, we try to identify the most effective deep neural network architecture among a few of selected architectures that were successfully used in natural language processing tasks. The chosen architectures are used to detect users with signs of mental illnesses (depression in our case) given limited unstructured text data extracted from the Twitter social media platform.",
}
@inproceedings{guntuku-etal-2018-current,
    title = "Current and Future Psychological Health Prediction using Language and Socio-Demographics of Children for the {CLP}ysch 2018 Shared Task",
    author = "Guntuku, Sharath Chandra  and
      Giorgi, Salvatore  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0610",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0610",
    pages = "98--106",
    abstract = "This article is a system description and report on the submission of a team from the University of Pennsylvania in the {'}CLPsych 2018{'} shared task. The goal of the shared task was to use childhood language as a marker for both current and future psychological health over individual lifetimes. Our system employs multiple textual features derived from the essays written and individuals{'} socio-demographic variables at the age of 11. We considered several word clustering approaches, and explore the use of linear regression based on different feature sets. Our approach showed best results for predicting distress at the age of 42 and for predicting current anxiety on Disattenuated Pearson Correlation, and ranked fourth in the future health prediction task. In addition to the subtasks presented, we attempted to provide insight into mental health aspects at different ages. Our findings indicate that misspellings, words with illegible letters and increased use of personal pronouns are correlated with poor mental health at age 11, while descriptions about future physical activity, family and friends are correlated with good mental health.",
}
@inproceedings{rios-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Psychological Health from Childhood Essays with Convolutional Neural Networks for the {CLP}sych 2018 Shared Task (Team {UKNLP})",
    author = "Rios, Anthony  and
      Tran, Tung  and
      Kavuluru, Ramakanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0611",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0611",
    pages = "107--112",
    abstract = "This paper describes the systems we developed for tasks A and B of the 2018 CLPsych shared task. The first task (task A) focuses on predicting behavioral health scores at age 11 using childhood essays. The second task (task B) asks participants to predict future psychological distress at ages 23, 33, 42, and 50 using the age 11 essays. We propose two convolutional neural network based methods that map each task to a regression problem. Among seven teams we ranked third on task A with disattenuated Pearson correlation (DPC) score of 0.5587. Likewise, we ranked third on task B with an average DPC score of 0.3062.",
}
@inproceedings{simchon-gilead-2018-psychologically,
    title = "A Psychologically Informed Approach to {CLP}sych Shared Task 2018",
    author = "Simchon, Almog  and
      Gilead, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0612",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0612",
    pages = "113--118",
    abstract = "This paper describes our approach to the CLPsych 2018 Shared Task, in which we attempted to predict cross-sectional psychological health at age 11 and future psychological distress based on childhood essays. We attempted several modeling approaches and observed best cross-validated prediction accuracy with relatively simple models based on psychological theory. The models provided reasonable predictions in most outcomes. Notably, our model was especially successful in predicting out-of-sample psychological distress (across people and across time) at age 50.",
}
@inproceedings{zaporojets-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Psychological Health from Childhood Essays. The {UG}ent-{IDL}ab {CLP}sych 2018 Shared Task System.",
    author = "Zaporojets, Klim  and
      Sterckx, Lucas  and
      Deleu, Johannes  and
      Demeester, Thomas  and
      Develder, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0613",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0613",
    pages = "119--125",
    abstract = "This paper describes the IDLab system submitted to Task A of the CLPsych 2018 shared task. The goal of this task is predicting psychological health of children based on language used in hand-written essays and socio-demographic control variables. Our entry uses word- and character-based features as well as lexicon-based features and features derived from the essays such as the quality of the language. We apply linear models, gradient boosting as well as neural-network based regressors (feed-forward, CNNs and RNNs) to predict scores. We then make ensembles of our best performing models using a weighted average.",
}
@inproceedings{radford-etal-2018-adult,
    title = "Can adult mental health be predicted by childhood future-self narratives? Insights from the {CLP}sych 2018 Shared Task",
    author = "Radford, Kylie  and
      Lavrencic, Louise  and
      Peters, Ruth  and
      Kiely, Kim  and
      Hachey, Ben  and
      Nowson, Scott  and
      Radford, Will",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0614",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0614",
    pages = "126--135",
    abstract = "The CLPsych 2018 Shared Task B explores how childhood essays can predict psychological distress throughout the author{'}s life. Our main aim was to build tools to help our psychologists understand the data, propose features and interpret predictions. We submitted two linear regression models: ModelA uses simple demographic and word-count features, while ModelB uses linguistic, entity, typographic, expert-gazetteer, and readability features. Our models perform best at younger prediction ages, with our best unofficial score at 23 of 0.426 disattenuated Pearson correlation. This task is challenging and although predictive performance is limited, we propose that tight integration of expertise across computational linguistics and clinical psychology is a productive direction.",
}
@inproceedings{iter-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Incoherent Speech for Diagnosing Schizophrenia",
    author = "Iter, Dan  and
      Yoon, Jong  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0615",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0615",
    pages = "136--146",
    abstract = "Schizophrenia is a mental disorder which afflicts an estimated 0.7{\%} of adults world wide. It affects many areas of mental function, often evident from incoherent speech. Diagnosing schizophrenia relies on subjective judgments resulting in disagreements even among trained clinicians. Recent studies have proposed the use of natural language processing for diagnosis by drawing on automatically-extracted linguistic features like discourse coherence and lexicon. Here, we present the first benchmark comparison of previously proposed coherence models for detecting symptoms of schizophrenia and evaluate their performance on a new dataset of recorded interviews between subjects and clinicians. We also present two alternative coherence metrics based on modern sentence embedding techniques that outperform the previous methods on our dataset. Lastly, we propose a novel computational model for reference incoherence based on ambiguous pronoun usage and show that it is a highly predictive feature on our data. While the number of subjects is limited in this pilot study, our results suggest new directions for diagnosing common symptoms of schizophrenia.",
}
@inproceedings{parish-morris-etal-2018-oral,
    title = "Oral-Motor and Lexical Diversity During Naturalistic Conversations in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder",
    author = "Parish-Morris, Julia  and
      Sariyanidi, Evangelos  and
      Zampella, Casey  and
      Bartley, G. Keith  and
      Ferguson, Emily  and
      Pallathra, Ashley A.  and
      Bateman, Leila  and
      Plate, Samantha  and
      Cola, Meredith  and
      Pandey, Juhi  and
      Brodkin, Edward S.  and
      Schultz, Robert T.  and
      Tun{\c{c}}, Birkan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0616",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0616",
    pages = "147--157",
    abstract = "Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impaired social communication and the presence of restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors and interests. Prior research suggests that restricted patterns of behavior in ASD may be cross-domain phenomena that are evident in a variety of modalities. Computational studies of language in ASD provide support for the existence of an underlying dimension of restriction that emerges during a conversation. Similar evidence exists for restricted patterns of facial movement. Using tools from computational linguistics, computer vision, and information theory, this study tests whether cognitive-motor restriction can be detected across multiple behavioral domains in adults with ASD during a naturalistic conversation. Our methods identify restricted behavioral patterns, as measured by entropy in word use and mouth movement. Results suggest that adults with ASD produce significantly less diverse mouth movements and words than neurotypical adults, with an increased reliance on repeated patterns in both domains. The diversity values of the two domains are not significantly correlated, suggesting that they provide complementary information.",
}
@inproceedings{litvinova-etal-2018-dynamics,
    title = "Dynamics of an idiostyle of a {R}ussian suicidal blogger",
    author = "Litvinova, Tatiana  and
      Litvinova, Olga  and
      Seredin, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0617",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0617",
    pages = "158--167",
    abstract = "Over 800000 people die of suicide each year. It is es-timated that by the year 2020, this figure will have in-creased to 1.5 million. It is considered to be one of the major causes of mortality during adolescence. Thus there is a growing need for methods of identifying su-icidal individuals. Language analysis is known to be a valuable psychodiagnostic tool, however the material for such an analysis is not easy to obtain. Currently as the Internet communications are developing, there is an opportunity to study texts of suicidal individuals. Such an analysis can provide a useful insight into the peculiarities of suicidal thinking, which can be used to further develop methods for diagnosing the risk of suicidal behavior. The paper analyzes the dynamics of a number of linguistic parameters of an idiostyle of a Russian-language blogger who died by suicide. For the first time such an analysis has been conducted using the material of Russian online texts. For text processing, the LIWC program is used. A correlation analysis was performed to identify the relationship between LIWC variables and number of days prior to suicide. Data visualization, as well as comparison with the results of related studies was performed.",
}
@inproceedings{macavaney-etal-2018-rsdd,
    title = "{RSDD}-Time: Temporal Annotation of Self-Reported Mental Health Diagnoses",
    author = "MacAvaney, Sean  and
      Desmet, Bart  and
      Cohan, Arman  and
      Soldaini, Luca  and
      Yates, Andrew  and
      Zirikly, Ayah  and
      Goharian, Nazli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0618",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0618",
    pages = "168--173",
    abstract = "Self-reported diagnosis statements have been widely employed in studying language related to mental health in social media. However, existing research has largely ignored the temporality of mental health diagnoses. In this work, we introduce RSDD-Time: a new dataset of 598 manually annotated self-reported depression diagnosis posts from Reddit that include temporal information about the diagnosis. Annotations include whether a mental health condition is present and how recently the diagnosis happened. Furthermore, we include exact temporal spans that relate to the date of diagnosis. This information is valuable for various computational methods to examine mental health through social media because one{'}s mental health state is not static. We also test several baseline classification and extraction approaches, which suggest that extracting temporal information from self-reported diagnosis statements is challenging.",
}
@inproceedings{zamani-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Human Trustfulness from {F}acebook Language",
    author = "Zamani, Mohammadzaman  and
      Buffone, Anneke  and
      Schwartz, H. Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0619",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0619",
    pages = "174--181",
    abstract = "Trustfulness {---} one{'}s general tendency to have confidence in unknown people or situations {---} predicts many important real-world outcomes such as mental health and likelihood to cooperate with others such as clinicians. While data-driven measures of interpersonal trust have previously been introduced, here, we develop the first language-based assessment of the personality trait of trustfulness by fitting one{'}s language to an accepted questionnaire-based trust score. Further, using trustfulness as a type of case study, we explore the role of questionnaire size as well as word count in developing language-based predictive models of users{'} psychological traits. We find that leveraging a longer questionnaire can yield greater test set accuracy, while, for training, we find it beneficial to include users who took smaller questionnaires which offers more observations for training. Similarly, after noting a decrease in individual prediction error as word count increased, we found a word count-weighted training scheme was helpful when there were very few users in the first place.",
}
@inproceedings{ireland-iserman-2018-within,
    title = "Within and Between-Person Differences in Language Used Across Anxiety Support and Neutral {R}eddit Communities",
    author = "Ireland, Molly  and
      Iserman, Micah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0620",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0620",
    pages = "182--193",
    abstract = "Although many studies have distinguished between the social media language use of people who do and do not have a mental health condition, within-person context-sensitive comparisons (for example, analyzing individuals{'} language use when seeking support or discussing neutral topics) are less common. Two dictionary-based analyses of Reddit communities compared (1) anxious individuals{'} comments in anxiety support communities (e.g., /r/PanicParty) with the same users{'} comments in neutral communities (e.g., /r/todayilearned), and, (2) within popular neutral communities, comments by members of anxiety subreddits with comments by other users. Each comparison yielded theory-consistent effects as well as unexpected results that suggest novel hypotheses to be tested in the future. Results have relevance for improving researchers{'} and practitioners{'} ability to unobtrusively assess anxiety symptoms in conversations that are not explicitly about mental health.",
}
@inproceedings{soldaini-etal-2018-helping,
    title = "Helping or Hurting? Predicting Changes in Users{'} Risk of Self-Harm Through Online Community Interactions",
    author = "Soldaini, Luca  and
      Walsh, Timothy  and
      Cohan, Arman  and
      Han, Julien  and
      Goharian, Nazli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, LA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0621",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0621",
    pages = "194--203",
    abstract = "In recent years, online communities have formed around suicide and self-harm prevention. While these communities offer support in moment of crisis, they can also normalize harmful behavior, discourage professional treatment, and instigate suicidal ideation. In this work, we focus on how interaction with others in such a community affects the mental state of users who are seeking support. We first build a dataset of conversation threads between users in a distressed state and community members offering support. We then show how to construct a classifier to predict whether distressed users are helped or harmed by the interactions in the thread, and we achieve a macro-F1 score of up to 0.69.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-models,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo  and
      Ng, Vincent  and
      Ogrodniczuk, Maciej",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0700",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-07",
}
@inproceedings{aktas-etal-2018-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora Resolution for Twitter Conversations: An Exploratory Study",
    author = "Akta{\c{s}}, Berfin  and
      Scheffler, Tatjana  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0701",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "We present a corpus study of pronominal anaphora on Twitter conversations. After outlining the specific features of this genre, with respect to reference resolution, we explain the construction of our corpus and the annotation steps. From this we derive a list of phenomena that need to be considered when performing anaphora resolution on this type of data. Finally, we test the performance of an off-the-shelf resolution system, and provide some qualitative error analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-etal-2018-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora Resolution with the {ARRAU} Corpus",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo  and
      Grishina, Yulia  and
      Kolhatkar, Varada  and
      Moosavi, Nafise  and
      Roesiger, Ina  and
      Roussel, Adam  and
      Simonjetz, Fabian  and
      Uma, Alexandra  and
      Uryupina, Olga  and
      Yu, Juntao  and
      Zinsmeister, Heike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0702",
    pages = "11--22",
    abstract = "The ARRAU corpus is an anaphorically annotated corpus of English providing rich linguistic information about anaphora resolution. The most distinctive feature of the corpus is the annotation of a wide range of anaphoric relations, including bridging references and discourse deixis in addition to identity (coreference). Other distinctive features include treating all NPs as markables, including non-referring NPs; and the annotation of a variety of morphosyntactic and semantic mention and entity attributes, including the genericity status of the entities referred to by markables. The corpus however has not been extensively used for anaphora resolution research so far. In this paper, we discuss three datasets extracted from the ARRAU corpus to support the three subtasks of the CRAC 2018 Shared Task{--}identity anaphora resolution over ARRAU-style markables, bridging references resolution, and discourse deixis; the evaluation scripts assessing system performance on those datasets; and preliminary results on these three tasks that may serve as baseline for subsequent research in these phenomena.",
}
@inproceedings{roesiger-2018-rule,
    title = "Rule- and Learning-based Methods for Bridging Resolution in the {ARRAU} Corpus",
    author = "Roesiger, Ina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0703",
    pages = "23--33",
    abstract = "We present two systems for bridging resolution, which we submitted to the CRAC shared task on bridging anaphora resolution in the ARRAU corpus (track 2): a rule-based approach following Hou et al. 2014 and a learning-based approach. The re-implementation of Hou et al. 2014 achieves very poor performance when being applied to ARRAU. We found that the reasons for this lie in the different bridging annotations: whereas the rule-based system suggests many referential bridging pairs, ARRAU contains mostly lexical bridging. We describe the differences between these two types of bridging and adapt the rule-based approach to be able to handle lexical bridging. The modified rule-based approach achieves reasonable performance on all (sub)-tasks and outperforms a simple learning-based approach.",
}
@inproceedings{zeldes-2018-predictive,
    title = "A Predictive Model for Notional Anaphora in {E}nglish",
    author = "Zeldes, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0704",
    pages = "34--43",
    abstract = "Notional anaphors are pronouns which disagree with their antecedents{'} grammatical categories for notional reasons, such as plural to singular agreement in: {``}the government ... they{''}. Since such cases are rare and conflict with evidence from strictly agreeing cases ({``}the government ... it{''}), they present a substantial challenge to both coreference resolution and referring expression generation. Using the OntoNotes corpus, this paper takes an ensemble approach to predicting English notional anaphora in context on the basis of the largest empirical data to date. In addition to state of the art prediction accuracy, the results suggest that theoretical approaches positing a plural construal at the antecedent{'}s utterance are insufficient, and that circumstances at the anaphor{'}s utterance location, as well as global factors such as genre, have a strong effect on the choice of referring expression.",
}
@inproceedings{roesiger-etal-2018-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Predictions from Neural-Network Relation Classifiers into Coreference and Bridging Resolution",
    author = {Roesiger, Ina  and
      K{\"o}per, Maximilian  and
      Nguyen, Kim Anh  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0705",
    pages = "44--49",
    abstract = "Cases of coreference and bridging resolution often require knowledge about semantic relations between anaphors and antecedents. We suggest state-of-the-art neural-network classifiers trained on relation benchmarks to predict and integrate likelihoods for relations. Two experiments with representations differing in noise and complexity improve our bridging but not our coreference resolver.",
}
@inproceedings{pagel-roesiger-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Bridging Resolution in {G}erman: Data Analysis and Rule-based Experiments",
    author = "Pagel, Janis  and
      Roesiger, Ina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0706",
    pages = "50--60",
    abstract = "Bridging resolution is the task of recognising bridging anaphors and linking them to their antecedents. While there is some work on bridging resolution for English, there is only little work for German. We present two datasets which contain bridging annotations, namely DIRNDL and GRAIN, and compare the performance of a rule-based system with a simple baseline approach on these two corpora. The performance for full bridging resolution ranges between an F1 score of 13.6{\%} for DIRNDL and 11.8{\%} for GRAIN. An analysis using oracle lists suggests that the system could, to a certain extent, benefit from ranking and re-ranking antecedent candidates. Furthermore, we investigate the importance of single features and show that the features used in our work seem promising for future bridging resolution approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{roussel-2018-detecting,
    title = "Detecting and Resolving Shell Nouns in {G}erman",
    author = "Roussel, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0707",
    pages = "61--67",
    abstract = "This paper describes the design and evaluation of a system for the automatic detection and resolution of shell nouns in German. Shell nouns are general nouns, such as fact, question, or problem, whose full interpretation relies on a content phrase located elsewhere in a text, which these nouns simultaneously serve to characterize and encapsulate. To accomplish this, the system uses a series of lexico-syntactic patterns in order to extract shell noun candidates and their content in parallel. Each pattern has its own classifier, which makes the final decision as to whether or not a link is to be established and the shell noun resolved. Overall, about 26.2{\%} of the annotated shell noun instances were correctly identified by the system, and of these cases, about 72.5{\%} are assigned the correct content phrase. Though it remains difficult to identify shell noun instances reliably (recall is accordingly low in this regard), this system usually assigns the right content to correctly classified cases. cases.",
}
@inproceedings{nedoluzhko-etal-2018-paws,
    title = "{PAWS}: A Multi-lingual Parallel Treebank with Anaphoric Relations",
    author = "Nedoluzhko, Anna  and
      Nov{\'a}k, Michal  and
      Ogrodniczuk, Maciej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0708",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0708",
    pages = "68--76",
    abstract = "We present PAWS, a multi-lingual parallel treebank with coreference annotation. It consists of English texts from the Wall Street Journal translated into Czech, Russian and Polish. In addition, the texts are syntactically parsed and word-aligned. PAWS is based on PCEDT 2.0 and continues the tradition of multilingual treebanks with coreference annotation. The paper focuses on the coreference annotation in PAWS and its language-specific differences. PAWS offers linguistic material that can be further leveraged in cross-lingual studies, especially on coreference.",
}
@inproceedings{novak-2018-fine,
    title = "A Fine-grained Large-scale Analysis of Coreference Projection",
    author = "Nov{\'a}k, Michal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0709",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0709",
    pages = "77--86",
    abstract = "We perform a fine-grained large-scale analysis of coreference projection. By projecting gold coreference from Czech to English and vice versa on Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank 2.0 Coref, we set an upper bound of a proposed projection approach for these two languages. We undertake a detailed thorough analysis that combines the analysis of projection{'}s subtasks with analysis of performance on individual mention types. The findings are accompanied with examples from the corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Brain Activity Associated with Pronoun Resolution in {E}nglish and {C}hinese",
    author = "Li, Jixing  and
      Fabre, Murielle  and
      Luh, Wen-Ming  and
      Hale, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0710",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0710",
    pages = "87--96",
    abstract = "Typological differences between English and Chinese suggest stronger reliance on salience of the antecedent during pronoun resolution in Chinese. We examined this hypothesis by correlating a difficulty measure of pronoun resolution derived by the activation-based ACT-R model with the brain activity of English and Chinese participants listening to a same audiobook during fMRI recording. The ACT-R model predicts higher overall difficulty for English speakers, which is supported at the brain level in left Broca{'}s area. More generally, it confirms that computational modeling approach is able to dissociate different dimensions that are involved in the complex process of pronoun resolution in the brain.",
}
@inproceedings{loaiciga-etal-2018-event,
    title = "Event versus entity co-reference: Effects of context and form of referring expression",
    author = "Lo{\'a}iciga, Sharid  and
      Bevacqua, Luca  and
      Rohde, Hannah  and
      Hardmeier, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0711",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0711",
    pages = "97--103",
    abstract = "Anaphora resolution systems require both an enumeration of possible candidate antecedents and an identification process of the antecedent. This paper focuses on (i) the impact of the form of referring expression on entity-vs-event preferences and (ii) how properties of the passage interact with referential form. Two crowd-sourced story-continuation experiments were conducted, using constructed and naturally-occurring passages, to see how participants interpret \textit{It} and \textit{This} pronouns following a context sentence that makes available event and entity referents. Our participants show a strong, but not categorical, bias to use \textit{This} to refer to events and \textit{It} to refer to entities. However, these preferences vary with passage characteristics such as verb class (a proxy in our constructed examples for the number of explicit and implicit entities) and more subtle author intentions regarding subsequent re-mention (the original event-vs-entity re-mention of our corpus items).",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second {ACL} Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Alfano, Mark  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      Mitchell, Margaret  and
      Strube, Michael",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0800",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-08",
}
@inproceedings{schmaltz-2018-utility,
    title = "On the Utility of Lay Summaries and {AI} Safety Disclosures: Toward Robust, Open Research Oversight",
    author = "Schmaltz, Allen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {ACL} Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0801",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0801",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "In this position paper, we propose that the community consider encouraging researchers to include two riders, a {``}Lay Summary{''} and an {``}AI Safety Disclosure{''}, as part of future NLP papers published in ACL forums that present user-facing systems. The goal is to encourage researchers{--}via a relatively non-intrusive mechanism{--}to consider the societal implications of technologies carrying (un)known and/or (un)knowable long-term risks, to highlight failure cases, and to provide a mechanism by which the general public (and scientists in other disciplines) can more readily engage in the discussion in an informed manner. This simple proposal requires minimal additional up-front costs for researchers; the lay summary, at least, has significant precedence in the medical literature and other areas of science; and the proposal is aimed to supplement, rather than replace, existing approaches for encouraging researchers to consider the ethical implications of their work, such as those of the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) Program and institutional review boards (IRBs).",
}
@inproceedings{cercas-curry-rieser-2018-metoo,
    title = "{\#}{M}e{T}oo {A}lexa: How Conversational Systems Respond to Sexual Harassment",
    author = "Cercas Curry, Amanda  and
      Rieser, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second {ACL} Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0802",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0802",
    pages = "7--14",
    abstract = "Conversational AI systems, such as Amazon{'}s Alexa, are rapidly developing from purely transactional systems to social chatbots, which can respond to a wide variety of user requests. In this article, we establish how current state-of-the-art conversational systems react to inappropriate requests, such as bullying and sexual harassment on the part of the user, by collecting and analysing the novel {\#}MeTooAlexa corpus. Our results show that commercial systems mainly avoid answering, while rule-based chatbots show a variety of behaviours and often deflect. Data-driven systems, on the other hand, are often non-coherent, but also run the risk of being interpreted as flirtatious and sometimes react with counter-aggression. This includes our own system, trained on {``}clean{''} data, which suggests that inappropriate system behaviour is not caused by data bias.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-figurative,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Lichtenstein, Patricia  and
      Muresan, Smaranda  and
      Wee, Chee",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0900",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-09",
}
@inproceedings{gero-chilton-2018-challenges,
    title = "Challenges in Finding Metaphorical Connections",
    author = "Gero, Katy  and
      Chilton, Lydia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0901",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0901",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "Poetry is known for its novel expression using figurative language. We introduce a writing task that contains the essential challenges of generating meaningful figurative language and can be evaluated. We investigate how to find metaphorical connections between abstract themes and concrete domains by asking people to write four-line poems on a given metaphor, such as {``}death is a rose{''} or {``}anger is wood{''}. We find that only 21{\%} of poems successfully make a metaphorical connection. We present five alternate ways people respond to the prompt and release our dataset of 100 categorized poems. We suggest opportunities for computational approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{skalicky-crossley-2018-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Features of Sarcasm and Metaphor Production Quality",
    author = "Skalicky, Stephen  and
      Crossley, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0902",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0902",
    pages = "7--16",
    abstract = "Using linguistic features to detect figurative language has provided a deeper in-sight into figurative language. The purpose of this study is to assess whether linguistic features can help explain differences in quality of figurative language. In this study a large corpus of metaphors and sarcastic responses are collected from human subjects and rated for figurative language quality based on theoretical components of metaphor, sarcasm, and creativity. Using natural language processing tools, specific linguistic features related to lexical sophistication and semantic cohesion were used to predict the human ratings of figurative language quality. Results demonstrate linguistic features were able to predict small amounts of variance in metaphor and sarcasm production quality.",
}
@inproceedings{stowe-palmer-2018-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Syntactic Constructions for Metaphor Identification",
    author = "Stowe, Kevin  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0903",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0903",
    pages = "17--26",
    abstract = "Identification of metaphoric language in text is critical for generating effective semantic representations for natural language understanding. Computational approaches to metaphor identification have largely relied on heuristic based models or feature-based machine learning, using hand-crafted lexical resources coupled with basic syntactic information. However, recent work has shown the predictive power of syntactic constructions in determining metaphoric source and target domains (Sullivan 2013). Our work intends to explore syntactic constructions and their relation to metaphoric language. We undertake a corpus-based analysis of predicate-argument constructions and their metaphoric properties, and attempt to effectively represent syntactic constructions as features for metaphor processing, both in identifying source and target domains and in distinguishing metaphoric words from non-metaphoric.",
}
@inproceedings{mykowiecka-etal-2018-literal,
    title = "Literal, Metphorical or Both? Detecting Metaphoricity in Isolated Adjective-Noun Phrases",
    author = "Mykowiecka, Agnieszka  and
      Marciniak, Malgorzata  and
      Wawer, Aleksander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0904",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0904",
    pages = "27--33",
    abstract = "The paper addresses the classification of isolated Polish adjective-noun phrases according to their metaphoricity. We tested neural networks to predict if a phrase has a literal or metaphorical sense or can have both senses depending on usage. The input to the neural network consists of word embeddings, but we also tested the impact of information about the domain of the adjective and about the abstractness of the noun. We applied our solution to English data available on the Internet and compared it to results published in papers. We found that the solution based on word embeddings only can achieve results comparable with complex solutions requiring additional information.",
}
@inproceedings{flor-beigman-klebanov-2018-catching,
    title = "Catching Idiomatic Expressions in {EFL} Essays",
    author = "Flor, Michael  and
      Beigman Klebanov, Beata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0905",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0905",
    pages = "34--44",
    abstract = "This paper presents an exploratory study on large-scale detection of idiomatic expressions in essays written by non-native speakers of English. We describe a computational search procedure for automatic detection of idiom-candidate phrases in essay texts. The study used a corpus of essays written during a standardized examination of English language proficiency. Automatically-flagged candidate expressions were manually annotated for idiomaticity. The study found that idioms are widely used in EFL essays. The study also showed that a search algorithm that accommodates the syntactic and lexical exibility of idioms can increase the recall of idiom instances by 30{\%}, but it also increases the amount of false positives.",
}
@inproceedings{bizzoni-lappin-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Human Metaphor Paraphrase Judgments with Deep Neural Networks",
    author = "Bizzoni, Yuri  and
      Lappin, Shalom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0906",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0906",
    pages = "45--55",
    abstract = "We propose a new annotated corpus for metaphor interpretation by paraphrase, and a novel DNN model for performing this task. Our corpus consists of 200 sets of 5 sentences, with each set containing one reference metaphorical sentence, and four ranked candidate paraphrases. Our model is trained for a binary classification of paraphrase candidates, and then used to predict graded paraphrase acceptability. It reaches an encouraging 75{\%} accuracy on the binary classification task, and high Pearson (.75) and Spearman (.68) correlations on the gradient judgment prediction task.",
}
@inproceedings{leong-etal-2018-report,
    title = "A Report on the 2018 {VUA} Metaphor Detection Shared Task",
    author = "Leong, Chee Wee (Ben)  and
      Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0907",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0907",
    pages = "56--66",
    abstract = "As the community working on computational approaches to figurative language is growing and as methods and data become increasingly diverse, it is important to create widely shared empirical knowledge of the level of system performance in a range of contexts, thus facilitating progress in this area. One way of creating such shared knowledge is through benchmarking multiple systems on a common dataset. We report on the shared task on metaphor identification on the VU Amsterdam Metaphor Corpus conducted at the NAACL 2018 Workshop on Figurative Language Processing.",
}
@inproceedings{pramanick-etal-2018-lstm,
    title = "An {LSTM}-{CRF} Based Approach to Token-Level Metaphor Detection",
    author = "Pramanick, Malay  and
      Gupta, Ashim  and
      Mitra, Pabitra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0908",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0908",
    pages = "67--75",
    abstract = "Automatic processing of figurative languages is gaining popularity in NLP community for their ubiquitous nature and increasing volume. In this era of web 2.0, automatic analysis of sarcasm and metaphors is important for their extensive usage. Metaphors are a part of figurative language that compares different concepts, often on a cognitive level. Many approaches have been proposed for automatic detection of metaphors, even using sequential models or neural networks. In this paper, we propose a method for detection of metaphors at the token level using a hybrid model of Bidirectional-LSTM and CRF. We used fewer features, as compared to the previous state-of-the-art sequential model. On experimentation with VUAMC, our method obtained an F-score of 0.674.",
}
@inproceedings{pramanick-mitra-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Detection of Metaphorical Adjective-Noun Pairs",
    author = "Pramanick, Malay  and
      Mitra, Pabitra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0909",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0909",
    pages = "76--80",
    abstract = "Metaphor is a popular figure of speech. Popularity of metaphors calls for their automatic identification and interpretation. Most of the unsupervised methods directed at detection of metaphors use some hand-coded knowledge. We propose an unsupervised framework for metaphor detection that does not require any hand-coded knowledge. We applied clustering on features derived from Adjective-Noun pairs for classifying them into two disjoint classes. We experimented with adjective-noun pairs of a popular dataset annotated for metaphors and obtained an accuracy of 72.87{\%} with k-means clustering algorithm.",
}
@inproceedings{zayed-etal-2018-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-Level Metaphor Identification Using Distributed Representations of Word Meaning",
    author = "Zayed, Omnia  and
      McCrae, John Philip  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0910",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0910",
    pages = "81--90",
    abstract = "Metaphor is an essential element of human cognition which is often used to express ideas and emotions that might be difficult to express using literal language. Processing metaphoric language is a challenging task for a wide range of applications ranging from text simplification to psychotherapy. Despite the variety of approaches that are trying to process metaphor, there is still a need for better models that mimic the human cognition while exploiting fewer resources. In this paper, we present an approach based on distributional semantics to identify metaphors on the phrase-level. We investigated the use of different word embeddings models to identify verb-noun pairs where the verb is used metaphorically. Several experiments are conducted to show the performance of the proposed approach on benchmark datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{bizzoni-ghanimifard-2018-bigrams,
    title = "Bigrams and {B}i{LSTM}s Two Neural Networks for Sequential Metaphor Detection",
    author = "Bizzoni, Yuri  and
      Ghanimifard, Mehdi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0911",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0911",
    pages = "91--101",
    abstract = "We present and compare two alternative deep neural architectures to perform word-level metaphor detection on text: a bi-LSTM model and a new structure based on recursive feed-forward concatenation of the input. We discuss different versions of such models and the effect that input manipulation - specifically, reducing the length of sentences and introducing concreteness scores for words - have on their performance.",
}
@inproceedings{rosen-2018-computationally,
    title = "Computationally Constructed Concepts: A Machine Learning Approach to Metaphor Interpretation Using Usage-Based Construction Grammatical Cues",
    author = "Rosen, Zachary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0912",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0912",
    pages = "102--109",
    abstract = "The current study seeks to implement a deep learning classification algorithm using argument-structure level representation of metaphoric constructions, for the identification of source domain mappings in metaphoric utterances. It thus builds on previous work in computational metaphor interpretation (Mohler et al. 2014; Shutova 2010; Bollegala {\&} Shutova 2013; Hong 2016; Su et al. 2017) while implementing a theoretical framework based off of work in the interface of metaphor and construction grammar (Sullivan 2006, 2007, 2013). The results indicate that it is possible to achieve an accuracy of approximately 80.4{\%} using the proposed method, combining construction grammatical features with a simple deep learning NN. I attribute this increase in accuracy to the use of constructional cues, extracted from the raw text of metaphoric instances.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Metaphor Detecting with {CNN}-{LSTM} Model",
    author = "Wu, Chuhan  and
      Wu, Fangzhao  and
      Chen, Yubo  and
      Wu, Sixing  and
      Yuan, Zhigang  and
      Huang, Yongfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0913",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0913",
    pages = "110--114",
    abstract = "Metaphors are figurative languages widely used in daily life and literatures. It{'}s an important task to detect the metaphors evoked by texts. Thus, the metaphor shared task is aimed to extract metaphors from plain texts at word level. We propose to use a CNN-LSTM model for this task. Our model combines CNN and LSTM layers to utilize both local and long-range contextual information for identifying metaphorical information. In addition, we compare the performance of the softmax classifier and conditional random field (CRF) for sequential labeling in this task. We also incorporated some additional features such as part of speech (POS) tags and word cluster to improve the performance of model. Our best model achieved 65.06{\%} F-score in the all POS testing subtask and 67.15{\%} in the verbs testing subtask.",
}
@inproceedings{swarnkar-singh-2018-di,
    title = "Di-{LSTM} Contrast : A Deep Neural Network for Metaphor Detection",
    author = "Swarnkar, Krishnkant  and
      Singh, Anil Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0914",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0914",
    pages = "115--120",
    abstract = "The contrast between the contextual and general meaning of a word serves as an important clue for detecting its metaphoricity. In this paper, we present a deep neural architecture for metaphor detection which exploits this contrast. Additionally, we also use cost-sensitive learning by re-weighting examples, and baseline features like concreteness ratings, POS and WordNet-based features. The best performing system of ours achieves an overall F1 score of 0.570 on All POS category and 0.605 on the Verbs category at the Metaphor Shared Task 2018.",
}
@inproceedings{mosolova-etal-2018-conditional,
    title = "Conditional Random Fields for Metaphor Detection",
    author = "Mosolova, Anna  and
      Bondarenko, Ivan  and
      Fomin, Vadim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0915",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0915",
    pages = "121--123",
    abstract = "We present an algorithm for detecting metaphor in sentences which was used in Shared Task on Metaphor Detection by First Workshop on Figurative Language Processing. The algorithm is based on different features and Conditional Random Fields.",
}
@inproceedings{mykowiecka-etal-2018-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Figurative Word Occurrences Using Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Mykowiecka, Agnieszka  and
      Wawer, Aleksander  and
      Marciniak, Malgorzata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0916",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0916",
    pages = "124--127",
    abstract = "The paper addresses detection of figurative usage of words in English text. The chosen method was to use neural nets fed by pretrained word embeddings. The obtained results show that simple solutions, based on words embeddings only, are comparable to complex solutions, using many sources of information which are not available for languages less-studied than English.",
}
@inproceedings{skurniak-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Module Recurrent Neural Networks with Transfer Learning",
    author = "Skurniak, Filip  and
      Janicka, Maria  and
      Wawer, Aleksander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0917",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0917",
    pages = "128--132",
    abstract = "This paper describes multiple solutions designed and tested for the problem of word-level metaphor detection. The proposed systems are all based on variants of recurrent neural network architectures. Specifically, we explore multiple sources of information: pre-trained word embeddings (Glove), a dictionary of language concreteness and a transfer learning scenario based on the states of an encoder network from neural network machine translation system. One of the architectures is based on combining all three systems: (1) Neural CRF (Conditional Random Fields), trained directly on the metaphor data set; (2) Neural Machine Translation encoder of a transfer learning scenario; (3) a neural network used to predict final labels, trained directly on the metaphor data set. Our results vary between test sets: Neural CRF standalone is the best one on submission data, while combined system scores the highest on a test subset randomly selected from training data.",
}
@inproceedings{stemle-onysko-2018-using,
    title = "Using Language Learner Data for Metaphor Detection",
    author = "Stemle, Egon  and
      Onysko, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0918",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-0918",
    pages = "133--138",
    abstract = "This article describes the system that participated in the shared task on metaphor detection on the Vrije University Amsterdam Metaphor Corpus (VUA). The ST was part of the workshop on processing figurative language at the 16th annual conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL2018). The system combines a small assertion of trending techniques, which implement matured methods from NLP and ML; in particular, the system uses word embeddings from standard corpora and from corpora representing different proficiency levels of language learners in a LSTM BiRNN architecture. The system is available under the APLv2 open-source license.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-generalization,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Generalization in the Age of Deep Learning",
    author = "Bisk, Yonatan  and
      Levy, Omer  and
      Yatskar, Mark",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-10",
}
@inproceedings{wadhwa-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Inference-Oriented Reading Comprehension: {P}arallel{QA}",
    author = "Wadhwa, Soumya  and
      Embar, Varsha  and
      Grabmair, Matthias  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Generalization in the Age of Deep Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1001",
    pages = "1--7",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate the tendency of end-to-end neural Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) models to match shallow patterns rather than perform inference-oriented reasoning on RC benchmarks. We aim to test the ability of these systems to answer questions which focus on referential inference. We propose ParallelQA, a strategy to formulate such questions using parallel passages. We also demonstrate that existing neural models fail to generalize well to this setting.",
}
@inproceedings{jastrzebski-etal-2018-commonsense,
    title = "Commonsense mining as knowledge base completion? A study on the impact of novelty",
    author = "Jastrz{\k{e}}bski, Stanislaw  and
      Bahdanau, Dzmitry  and
      Hosseini, Seyedarian  and
      Noukhovitch, Michael  and
      Bengio, Yoshua  and
      Cheung, Jackie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Generalization in the Age of Deep Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1002",
    pages = "8--16",
    abstract = "Commonsense knowledge bases such as ConceptNet represent knowledge in the form of relational triples. Inspired by recent work by Li et al., we analyse if knowledge base completion models can be used to mine commonsense knowledge from raw text. We propose novelty of predicted triples with respect to the training set as an important factor in interpreting results. We critically analyse the difficulty of mining novel commonsense knowledge, and show that a simple baseline method that outperforms the previous state of the art on predicting more novel triples.",
}
@inproceedings{kuhnle-copestake-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep learning evaluation using deep linguistic processing",
    author = "Kuhnle, Alexander  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Generalization in the Age of Deep Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1003",
    pages = "17--23",
    abstract = "We discuss problems with the standard approaches to evaluation for tasks like visual question answering, and argue that artificial data can be used to address these as a complement to current practice. We demonstrate that with the help of existing {`}deep{'} linguistic processing technology we are able to create challenging abstract datasets, which enable us to investigate the language understanding abilities of multimodal deep learning models in detail, as compared to a single performance value on a static and monolithic dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{weber-etal-2018-fine,
    title = "The Fine Line between Linguistic Generalization and Failure in {S}eq2{S}eq-Attention Models",
    author = "Weber, Noah  and
      Shekhar, Leena  and
      Balasubramanian, Niranjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Generalization in the Age of Deep Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1004",
    pages = "24--27",
    abstract = "Seq2Seq based neural architectures have become the go-to architecture to apply to sequence to sequence language tasks. Despite their excellent performance on these tasks, recent work has noted that these models typically do not fully capture the linguistic structure required to generalize beyond the dense sections of the data distribution (Ettinger et al., 2017), and as such, are likely to fail on examples from the tail end of the distribution (such as inputs that are noisy (Belinkov and Bisk, 2018), or of different length (Bentivogli et al., 2016)). In this paper we look at a model{'}s ability to generalize on a simple symbol rewriting task with a clearly defined structure. We find that the model{'}s ability to generalize this structure beyond the training distribution depends greatly on the chosen random seed, even when performance on the test set remains the same. This finding suggests that model{'}s ability to capture generalizable structure is highly sensitive, and more so, this sensitivity may not be apparent when evaluating the model on standard test sets.",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-etal-2018-extrapolation,
    title = "Extrapolation in {NLP}",
    author = "Mitchell, Jeff  and
      Stenetorp, Pontus  and
      Minervini, Pasquale  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Generalization in the Age of Deep Learning",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1005",
    pages = "28--33",
    abstract = "We argue that extrapolation to unseen data will often be easier for models that capture global structures, rather than just maximise their local fit to the training data. We show that this is true for two popular models: the Decomposable Attention Model and word2vec.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-modeling,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media",
    author = "Nissim, Malvina  and
      Patti, Viviana  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      Wagner, Claudia",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-11",
}
@inproceedings{ahuja-etal-2018-makes,
    title = "What makes us laugh? Investigations into Automatic Humor Classification",
    author = "Ahuja, Vikram  and
      Bali, Taradheesh  and
      Singh, Navjyoti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1101",
    pages = "1--9",
    abstract = "Most scholarly works in the field of computational detection of humour derive their inspiration from the incongruity theory. Incongruity is an indispensable facet in drawing a line between humorous and non-humorous occurrences but is immensely inadequate in shedding light on what actually made the particular occurrence a funny one. Classical theories like Script-based Semantic Theory of Humour and General Verbal Theory of Humour try and achieve this feat to an adequate extent. In this paper we adhere to a more holistic approach towards classification of humour based on these classical theories with a few improvements and revisions. Through experiments based on our linear approach and performed on large data-sets of jokes, we are able to demonstrate the adaptability and show componentizability of our model, and that a host of classification techniques can be used to overcome the challenging problem of distinguishing between various categories and sub-categories of jokes.",
}
@inproceedings{chan-fyshe-2018-social,
    title = "Social and Emotional Correlates of Capitalization on Twitter",
    author = "Chan, Sophia  and
      Fyshe, Alona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1102",
    pages = "10--15",
    abstract = "Social media text is replete with unusual capitalization patterns. We posit that capitalizing a token like THIS performs two expressive functions: it marks a person socially, and marks certain parts of an utterance as more salient than others. Focusing on gender and sentiment, we illustrate using a corpus of tweets that capitalization appears in more negative than positive contexts, and is used more by females compared to males. Yet we find that both genders use capitalization in a similar way when expressing sentiment.",
}
@inproceedings{mora-lavid-lopez-2018-building,
    title = "Building an annotated dataset of app store reviews with Appraisal features in {E}nglish and {S}panish",
    author = "Mora, Natalia  and
      Lavid-L{\'o}pez, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1103",
    pages = "16--24",
    abstract = "This paper describes the creation and annotation of a dataset consisting of 250 English and Spanish app store reviews from Google{'}s Play Store with Appraisal features. This is one of the most influential linguistic frameworks for the analysis of evaluation and opinion in discourse due to its insightful descriptive features. However, it has not been extensively applied in NLP in spite of its potential for the classification of the subjective content of these reviews. We describe the dataset, the annotation scheme and guidelines, the agreement studies, the annotation results and their impact on the characterisation of this genre.",
}
@inproceedings{alhuzali-etal-2018-enabling,
    title = "Enabling Deep Learning of Emotion With First-Person Seed Expressions",
    author = "Alhuzali, Hassan  and
      Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1104",
    pages = "25--35",
    abstract = "The computational treatment of emotion in natural language text remains relatively limited, and Arabic is no exception. This is partly due to lack of labeled data. In this work, we describe and manually validate a method for the automatic acquisition of emotion labeled data and introduce a newly developed data set for Modern Standard and Dialectal Arabic emotion detection focused at Robert Plutchik{'}s 8 basic emotion types. Using a hybrid supervision method that exploits first person emotion seeds, we show how we can acquire promising results with a deep gated recurrent neural network. Our best model reaches 70{\%} \textit{F}-score, significantly (i.e., 11{\%}, $p < 0.05$) outperforming a competitive baseline. Applying our method and data on an external dataset of 4 emotions released around the same time we finalized our work, we acquire 7{\%} absolute gain in $F$-score over a linear SVM classifier trained on gold data, thus validating our approach.",
}
@inproceedings{bohra-etal-2018-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset of {H}indi-{E}nglish Code-Mixed Social Media Text for Hate Speech Detection",
    author = "Bohra, Aditya  and
      Vijay, Deepanshu  and
      Singh, Vinay  and
      Akhtar, Syed Sarfaraz  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1105",
    pages = "36--41",
    abstract = "Hate speech detection in social media texts is an important Natural language Processing task, which has several crucial applications like sentiment analysis, investigating cyberbullying and examining socio-political controversies. While relevant research has been done independently on code-mixed social media texts and hate speech detection, our work is the first attempt in detecting hate speech in Hindi-English code-mixed social media text. In this paper, we analyze the problem of hate speech detection in code-mixed texts and present a Hindi-English code-mixed dataset consisting of tweets posted online on Twitter. The tweets are annotated with the language at word level and the class they belong to (Hate Speech or Normal Speech). We also propose a supervised classification system for detecting hate speech in the text using various character level, word level, and lexicon based features.",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-2018-social,
    title = "The Social and the Neural Network: How to Make Natural Language Processing about People again",
    author = "Hovy, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1106",
    pages = "42--49",
    abstract = "Over the years, natural language processing has increasingly focused on tasks that can be solved by statistical models, but ignored the social aspects of language. These limitations are in large part due to historically available data and the limitations of the models, but have narrowed our focus and biased the tools demographically. However, with the increased availability of data sets including socio-demographic information and more expressive (neural) models, we have the opportunity to address both issues. I argue that this combination can broaden the focus of NLP to solve a whole new range of tasks, enable us to generate novel linguistic insights, and provide fairer tools for everyone.",
}
@inproceedings{lippincott-carrell-2018-observational,
    title = "Observational Comparison of Geo-tagged and Randomly-drawn Tweets",
    author = "Lippincott, Tom  and
      Carrell, Annabelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1107",
    pages = "50--55",
    abstract = "Twitter is a ubiquitous source of micro-blog social media data, providing the academic, industrial, and public sectors real-time access to actionable information. A particularly attractive property of some tweets is *geo-tagging*, where a user account has opted-in to attaching their current location to each message. Unfortunately (from a researcher{'}s perspective) only a fraction of Twitter accounts agree to this, and these accounts are likely to have systematic diffences with the general population. This work is an exploratory study of these differences across the full range of Twitter content, and complements previous studies that focus on the English-language subset. Additionally, we compare methods for querying users by self-identified properties, finding that the constrained semantics of the {``}description{''} field provides cleaner, higher-volume results than more complex regular expressions.",
}
@inproceedings{wood-doughty-etal-2018-johns,
    title = "{J}ohns {H}opkins or johnny-hopkins: Classifying Individuals versus Organizations on Twitter",
    author = "Wood-Doughty, Zach  and
      Mahajan, Praateek  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1108",
    pages = "56--61",
    abstract = "Twitter user accounts include a range of different user types. While many individuals use Twitter, organizations also have Twitter accounts. Identifying opinions and trends from Twitter requires the accurate differentiation of these two groups. Previous work (McCorriston et al., 2015) presented a method for determining if an account was an individual or organization based on account profile and a collection of tweets. We present a method that relies solely on the account profile, allowing for the classification of individuals versus organizations based on a single tweet. Our method obtains accuracies comparable to methods that rely on much more information by leveraging two improvements: a character-based Convolutional Neural Network, and an automatically derived labeled corpus an order of magnitude larger than the previously available dataset. We make both the dataset and the resulting tool available.",
}
@inproceedings{mencarini-2018-potential,
    title = "The Potential of the Computational Linguistic Analysis of Social Media for Population Studies",
    author = "Mencarini, Letizia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1109",
    pages = "62--68",
    abstract = "The paper provides an outline of the scope for synergy between computational linguistic analysis and population stud-ies. It first reviews where population studies stand in terms of using social media data. Demographers are entering the realm of big data in force. But, this paper argues, population studies have much to gain from computational linguis-tic analysis, especially in terms of ex-plaining the drivers behind population processes. The paper gives two examples of how the method can be applied, and concludes with a fundamental caveat. Yes, computational linguistic analysis provides a possible key for integrating micro theory into any demographic analysis of social media data. But results may be of little value in as much as knowledge about fundamental sample characteristics are unknown.",
}
@inproceedings{durmus-cardie-2018-understanding,
    title = "Understanding the Effect of Gender and Stance in Opinion Expression in Debates on {``}Abortion{''}",
    author = "Durmus, Esin  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1110",
    pages = "69--75",
    abstract = "In this paper, we focus on understanding linguistic differences across groups with different self-identified gender and stance in expressing opinions about ABORTION. We provide a new dataset consisting of users{'} gender, stance on ABORTION as well as the debates in ABORTION drawn from debate.org. We use the gender and stance information to identify significant linguistic differences across individuals with different gender and stance. We show the importance of considering the stance information along with the gender since we observe significant linguistic differences across individuals with different stance even within the same gender group.",
}
@inproceedings{chhaya-etal-2018-frustrated,
    title = "Frustrated, Polite, or Formal: Quantifying Feelings and Tone in Email",
    author = "Chhaya, Niyati  and
      Chawla, Kushal  and
      Goyal, Tanya  and
      Chanda, Projjal  and
      Singh, Jaya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1111",
    pages = "76--86",
    abstract = "Email conversations are the primary mode of communication in enterprises. The email content expresses an individual{'}s needs, requirements and intentions. Affective information in the email text can be used to get an insight into the sender{'}s mood or emotion. We present a novel approach to model human frustration in text. We identify linguistic features that influence human perception of frustration and model it as a supervised learning task. The paper provides a detailed comparison across traditional regression and word distribution-based models. We report a mean-squared error (MSE) of 0.018 against human-annotated frustration for the best performing model. The approach establishes the importance of affect features in frustration prediction for email data. We further evaluate the efficacy of the proposed feature set and model in predicting other tone or affects in text, namely formality and politeness; results demonstrate a comparable performance against the state-of-the-art baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{gjurkovic-snajder-2018-reddit,
    title = "{R}eddit: A Gold Mine for Personality Prediction",
    author = "Gjurkovi{\'c}, Matej  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1112",
    pages = "87--97",
    abstract = "Automated personality prediction from social media is gaining increasing attention in natural language processing and social sciences communities. However, due to high labeling costs and privacy issues, the few publicly available datasets are of limited size and low topic diversity. We address this problem by introducing a large-scale dataset derived from Reddit, a source so far overlooked for personality prediction. The dataset is labeled with Myers-Briggs Type Indicators (MBTI) and comes with a rich set of features for more than 9k users. We carry out a preliminary feature analysis, revealing marked differences between the MBTI dimensions and poles. Furthermore, we use the dataset to train and evaluate benchmark personality prediction models, achieving macro F1-scores between 67{\%} and 82{\%} on the individual dimensions and 82{\%} accuracy for exact or one-off accurate type prediction. These results are encouraging and comparable with the reliability of standardized tests.",
}
@inproceedings{plank-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Authorship and Author Traits from Keystroke Dynamics",
    author = "Plank, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1113",
    pages = "98--104",
    abstract = "Written text transmits a good deal of nonverbal information related to the author{'}s identity and social factors, such as age, gender and personality. However, it is less known to what extent behavioral biometric traces transmit such information. We use typist data to study the predictiveness of authorship, and present first experiments on predicting both age and gender from keystroke dynamics. Our results show that the model based on keystroke features, while being two orders of magnitude smaller, leads to significantly higher accuracies for authorship than the text-based system. For user attribute prediction, the best approach is to combine the two, suggesting that extralinguistic factors are disclosed to a larger degree in written text, while author identity is better transmitted in typing behavior.",
}
@inproceedings{wood-doughty-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Twitter User Demographics from Names Alone",
    author = "Wood-Doughty, Zach  and
      Andrews, Nicholas  and
      Marvin, Rebecca  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1114",
    pages = "105--111",
    abstract = "Social media analysis frequently requires tools that can automatically infer demographics to contextualize trends. These tools often require hundreds of user-authored messages for each user, which may be prohibitive to obtain when analyzing millions of users. We explore character-level neural models that learn a representation of a user{'}s name and screen name to predict gender and ethnicity, allowing for demographic inference with minimal data. We release trained models1 which may enable new demographic analyses that would otherwise require enormous amounts of data collection",
}
@inproceedings{tighe-cheng-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Personality Traits of {F}ilipino Twitter Users",
    author = "Tighe, Edward  and
      Cheng, Charibeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1115",
    pages = "112--122",
    abstract = "Recent studies in the field of text-based personality recognition experiment with different languages, feature extraction techniques, and machine learning algorithms to create better and more accurate models; however, little focus is placed on exploring the language use of a group of individuals defined by nationality. Individuals of the same nationality share certain practices and communicate certain ideas that can become embedded into their natural language. Many nationals are also not limited to speaking just one language, such as how Filipinos speak Filipino and English, the two national languages of the Philippines. The addition of several regional/indigenous languages, along with the commonness of code-switching, allow for a Filipino to have a rich vocabulary. This presents an opportunity to create a text-based personality model based on how Filipinos speak, regardless of the language they use. To do so, data was collected from 250 Filipino Twitter users. Different combinations of data processing techniques were experimented upon to create personality models for each of the Big Five. The results for both regression and classification show that Conscientiousness is consistently the easiest trait to model, followed by Extraversion. Classification models for Agreeableness and Neuroticism had subpar performances, but performed better than those of Openness. An analysis on personality trait score representation showed that classifying extreme outliers generally produce better results for all traits except for Neuroticism and Openness.",
}
@inproceedings{vilares-gomez-rodriguez-2018-grounding,
    title = "Grounding the Semantics of Part-of-Day Nouns Worldwide using Twitter",
    author = "Vilares, David  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People{'}s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1116",
    pages = "123--128",
    abstract = "The usage of part-of-day nouns, such as {`}night{'}, and their time-specific greetings ({`}good night{'}), varies across languages and cultures. We show the possibilities that Twitter offers for studying the semantics of these terms and its variability between countries. We mine a worldwide sample of multilingual tweets with temporal greetings, and study how their frequencies vary in relation with local time. The results provide insights into the semantics of these temporal expressions and the cultural and sociological factors influencing their usage.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-subword,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Subword/Character {LE}vel Models",
    author = {Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich  and
      Trancoso, Isabel  and
      Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Yaghoobzadeh, Yadollah},
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-12",
}
@inproceedings{shapiro-duh-2018-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Word Embeddings for {A}rabic Neural Machine Translation in Low-Resource Settings",
    author = "Shapiro, Pamela  and
      Duh, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Subword/Character {LE}vel Models",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1201",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation has achieved impressive results in the last few years, but its success has been limited to settings with large amounts of parallel data. One way to improve NMT for lower-resource settings is to initialize a word-based NMT model with pretrained word embeddings. However, rare words still suffer from lower quality word embeddings when trained with standard word-level objectives. We introduce word embeddings that utilize morphological resources, and compare to purely unsupervised alternatives. We work with Arabic, a morphologically rich language with available linguistic resources, and perform Ar-to-En MT experiments on a small corpus of TED subtitles. We find that word embeddings utilizing subword information consistently outperform standard word embeddings on a word similarity task and as initialization of the source word embeddings in a low-resource NMT system.",
}
@inproceedings{el-kishky-etal-2018-entropy,
    title = "Entropy-Based Subword Mining with an Application to Word Embeddings",
    author = "El-Kishky, Ahmed  and
      Xu, Frank  and
      Zhang, Aston  and
      Macke, Stephen  and
      Han, Jiawei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Subword/Character {LE}vel Models",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1202",
    pages = "12--21",
    abstract = "Recent literature has shown a wide variety of benefits to mapping traditional one-hot representations of words and phrases to lower-dimensional real-valued vectors known as word embeddings. Traditionally, most word embedding algorithms treat each word as the finest meaningful semantic granularity and perform embedding by learning distinct embedding vectors for each word. Contrary to this line of thought, technical domains such as scientific and medical literature compose words from subword structures such as prefixes, suffixes, and root-words as well as compound words. Treating individual words as the finest-granularity unit discards meaningful shared semantic structure between words sharing substructures. This not only leads to poor embeddings for text corpora that have long-tail distributions, but also heuristic methods for handling out-of-vocabulary words. In this paper we propose SubwordMine, an entropy-based subword mining algorithm that is fast, unsupervised, and fully data-driven. We show that this allows for great cross-domain performance in identifying semantically meaningful subwords. We then investigate utilizing the mined subwords within the FastText embedding model and compare performance of the learned representations in a downstream language modeling task.",
}
@inproceedings{adouane-etal-2018-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Character Neural Language Model and Bootstrapping for Language Identification in Multilingual Noisy Texts",
    author = "Adouane, Wafia  and
      Dobnik, Simon  and
      Bernardy, Jean-Philippe  and
      Semmar, Nasredine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Subword/Character {LE}vel Models",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1203",
    pages = "22--31",
    abstract = "This paper seeks to examine the effect of including background knowledge in the form of character pre-trained neural language model (LM), and data bootstrapping to overcome the problem of unbalanced limited resources. As a test, we explore the task of language identification in mixed-language short non-edited texts with an under-resourced language, namely the case of Algerian Arabic for which both labelled and unlabelled data are limited. We compare the performance of two traditional machine learning methods and a deep neural networks (DNNs) model. The results show that overall DNNs perform better on labelled data for the majority categories and struggle with the minority ones. While the effect of the untokenised and unlabelled data encoded as LM differs for each category, bootstrapping, however, improves the performance of all systems and all categories. These methods are language independent and could be generalised to other under-resourced languages for which a small labelled data and a larger unlabelled data are available.",
}
@inproceedings{papay-etal-2018-addressing,
    title = "Addressing Low-Resource Scenarios with Character-aware Embeddings",
    author = "Papay, Sean  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Subword/Character {LE}vel Models",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1204",
    pages = "32--37",
    abstract = "Most modern approaches to computing word embeddings assume the availability of text corpora with billions of words. In this paper, we explore a setup where only corpora with millions of words are available, and many words in any new text are out of vocabulary. This setup is both of practical interests {--} modeling the situation for specific domains and low-resource languages {--} and of psycholinguistic interest, since it corresponds much more closely to the actual experiences and challenges of human language learning and use. We compare standard skip-gram word embeddings with character-based embeddings on word relatedness prediction. Skip-grams excel on large corpora, while character-based embeddings do well on small corpora generally and rare and complex words specifically. The models can be combined easily.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-subword,
    title = "Subword-level Composition Functions for Learning Word Embeddings",
    author = "Li, Bofang  and
      Drozd, Aleksandr  and
      Liu, Tao  and
      Du, Xiaoyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Subword/Character {LE}vel Models",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1205",
    pages = "38--48",
    abstract = "Subword-level information is crucial for capturing the meaning and morphology of words, especially for out-of-vocabulary entries. We propose CNN- and RNN-based subword-level composition functions for learning word embeddings, and systematically compare them with popular word-level and subword-level models (Skip-Gram and FastText). Additionally, we propose a hybrid training scheme in which a pure subword-level model is trained jointly with a conventional word-level embedding model based on lookup-tables. This increases the fitness of all types of subword-level word embeddings; the word-level embeddings can be discarded after training, leaving only compact subword-level representation with much smaller data volume. We evaluate these embeddings on a set of intrinsic and extrinsic tasks, showing that subword-level models have advantage on tasks related to morphology and datasets with high OOV rate, and can be combined with other types of embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Phonesthemes with Sparse Regularization",
    author = "Liu, Nelson F.  and
      Levow, Gina-Anne  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Subword/Character {LE}vel Models",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1206",
    pages = "49--54",
    abstract = "We introduce a simple method for extracting non-arbitrary form-meaning representations from a collection of semantic vectors. We treat the problem as one of feature selection for a model trained to predict word vectors from subword features. We apply this model to the problem of automatically discovering phonesthemes, which are submorphemic sound clusters that appear in words with similar meaning. Many of our model-predicted phonesthemes overlap with those proposed in the linguistics literature, and we validate our approach with human judgments.",
}
@inproceedings{banerjee-bhattacharyya-2018-meaningless,
    title = "Meaningless yet meaningful: Morphology grounded subword-level {NMT}",
    author = "Banerjee, Tamali  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Subword/Character {LE}vel Models",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1207",
    pages = "55--60",
    abstract = "We explore the use of two independent subsystems Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) and Morfessor as basic units for subword-level neural machine translation (NMT). We show that, for linguistically distant language-pairs Morfessor-based segmentation algorithm produces significantly better quality translation than BPE. However, for close language-pairs BPE-based subword-NMT may translate better than Morfessor-based subword-NMT. We propose a combined approach of these two segmentation algorithms Morfessor-BPE (M-BPE) which outperforms these two baseline systems in terms of BLEU score. Our results are supported by experiments on three language-pairs: English-Hindi, Bengali-Hindi and English-Bengali.",
}
@inproceedings{ganu-p-2018-fast,
    title = "Fast Query Expansion on an Accounting Corpus using Sub-Word Embeddings",
    author = "Ganu, Hrishikesh  and
      P., Viswa Datha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Subword/Character {LE}vel Models",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1208",
    pages = "61--65",
    abstract = "We present early results from a system under development which uses sub-word embeddings for query expansion in presence of mis-spelled words and other aberrations. We work for a company which creates accounting software and the end goal is to improve customer experience when they search for help on our {``}Customer Care{''} portal. Our customers use colloquial language, non-standard acronyms and sometimes mis-spell words when they use our Search portal or interact over other channels. However, our Knowledge Base has curated content which leverages technical terms and is in language which is quite formal. This results in the answer not being retrieved even though the answer might actually be present in the documentation (as assessed by a human). We address this problem by creating equivalence classes of words with similar meanings (with the additional property that the mappings to these equivalence classes are robust to mis-spellings) using sub-word embeddings and then use them to fine tune an Elasticsearch index to improve recall. We demonstrate through an end-end system that using sub-word embeddings leads to a significant lift in correct answers retrieved for an accounting corpus available in the public domain.",
}
@inproceedings{salle-villavicencio-2018-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Subword Information into Matrix Factorization Word Embeddings",
    author = "Salle, Alexandre  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Subword/Character {LE}vel Models",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1209",
    pages = "66--71",
    abstract = "The positive effect of adding subword information to word embeddings has been demonstrated for predictive models. In this paper we investigate whether similar benefits can also be derived from incorporating subwords into counting models. We evaluate the impact of different types of subwords (n-grams and unsupervised morphemes), with results confirming the importance of subword information in learning representations of rare and out-of-vocabulary words.",
}
@inproceedings{dudy-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Context Character Prediction Model for a Brain-Computer Interface",
    author = "Dudy, Shiran  and
      Xu, Shaobin  and
      Bedrick, Steven  and
      Smith, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Subword/Character {LE}vel Models",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1210",
    pages = "72--77",
    abstract = "Brain-computer interfaces and other augmentative and alternative communication devices introduce language-modeing challenges distinct from other character-entry methods. In particular, the acquired signal of the EEG (electroencephalogram) signal is noisier, which, in turn, makes the user intent harder to decipher. In order to adapt to this condition, we propose to maintain ambiguous history for every time step, and to employ, apart from the character language model, word information to produce a more robust prediction system. We present preliminary results that compare this proposed Online-Context Language Model (OCLM) to current algorithms that are used in this type of setting. Evaluation on both perplexity and predictive accuracy demonstrates promising results when dealing with ambiguous histories in order to provide to the front end a distribution of the next character the user might type.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-semantics,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Semantics beyond Events and Roles",
    author = "Blanco, Eduardo  and
      Morante, Roser",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1300",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-13",
}
@inproceedings{ulinski-etal-2018-using,
    title = "Using Hedge Detection to Improve Committed Belief Tagging",
    author = "Ulinski, Morgan  and
      Benjamin, Seth  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Semantics beyond Events and Roles",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1301",
    pages = "1--5",
    abstract = "We describe a novel method for identifying hedge terms using a set of manually constructed rules. We present experiments adding hedge features to a committed belief system to improve classification. We compare performance of this system (a) without hedging features, (b) with dictionary-based features, and (c) with rule-based features. We find that using hedge features improves performance of the committed belief system, particularly in identifying instances of non-committed belief and reported belief.",
}
@inproceedings{zerva-ananiadou-2018-paths,
    title = "Paths for uncertainty: Exploring the intricacies of uncertainty identification for news",
    author = "Zerva, Chrysoula  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Semantics beyond Events and Roles",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1302",
    pages = "6--20",
    abstract = "Currently, news articles are produced, shared and consumed at an extremely rapid rate. Although their quantity is increasing, at the same time, their quality and trustworthiness is becoming fuzzier. Hence, it is important not only to automate information extraction but also to quantify the certainty of this information. Automated identification of certainty has been studied both in the scientific and newswire domains, but performance is considerably higher in tasks focusing on scientific text. We compare the differences in the definition and expression of uncertainty between a scientific domain, i.e., biomedicine, and newswire. We delve into the different aspects that affect the certainty of an extracted event in a news article and examine whether they can be easily identified by techniques already validated in the biomedical domain. Finally, we present a comparison of the syntactic and lexical differences between the the expression of certainty in the biomedical and newswire domains, using two annotated corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{parde-nielsen-2018-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Sarcasm is Extremely Easy ;-)",
    author = "Parde, Natalie  and
      Nielsen, Rodney",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Semantics beyond Events and Roles",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1303",
    pages = "21--26",
    abstract = "Detecting sarcasm in text is a particularly challenging problem in computational semantics, and its solution may vary across different types of text. We analyze the performance of a domain-general sarcasm detection system on datasets from two very different domains: Twitter, and Amazon product reviews. We categorize the errors that we identify with each, and make recommendations for addressing these issues in NLP systems in the future.",
}
@inproceedings{kalouli-crouch-2018-gkr,
    title = "{GKR}: the Graphical Knowledge Representation for semantic parsing",
    author = "Kalouli, Aikaterini-Lida  and
      Crouch, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Semantics beyond Events and Roles",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1304",
    pages = "27--37",
    abstract = "This paper describes the first version of an open-source semantic parser that creates graphical representations of sentences to be used for further semantic processing, e.g. for natural language inference, reasoning and semantic similarity. The Graphical Knowledge Representation which is output by the parser is inspired by the Abstract Knowledge Representation, which separates out conceptual and contextual levels of representation that deal respectively with the subject matter of a sentence and its existential commitments. Our representation is a layered graph with each sub-graph holding different kinds of information, including one sub-graph for concepts and one for contexts. Our first evaluation of the system shows an F-score of 85{\%} in accurately representing sentences as semantic graphs.",
}
@inproceedings{habernal-2018-computational,
    title = "Computational Argumentation: A Journey Beyond Semantics, Logic, Opinions, and Easy Tasks",
    author = "Habernal, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Semantics beyond Events and Roles",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1305",
    pages = "38",
    abstract = "The classical view on argumentation, such that arguments are logical structures consisting of different distinguishable parts and that parties exchange arguments in a rational way, is prevalent in textbooks but nonexistent in the real world. Instead, argumentation is a multifaceted communication tool built upon humans{'} capabilities to easily use common sense, emotions, and social context. As humans, we are pretty good at it. Computational Argumentation tries to tackle these phenomena but has a long and not so easy way to go. In this talk, I would like to shed a light on several recent attempts to deal with argumentation computationally, such as addressing argument quality, understanding argument reasoning, dealing with fallacies, and how should we never ever argue online.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-international-spatial,
    title = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Spatial Language Understanding",
    author = "Kordjamshidi, Parisa  and
      Bhatia, Archna  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1400",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-14",
}
@inproceedings{dobnik-etal-2018-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Functional and Geometric Bias of Spatial Relations Using Neural Language Models",
    author = "Dobnik, Simon  and
      Ghanimifard, Mehdi  and
      Kelleher, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Spatial Language Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1401",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "The challenge for computational models of spatial descriptions for situated dialogue systems is the integration of information from different modalities. The semantics of spatial descriptions are grounded in at least two sources of information: (i) a geometric representation of space and (ii) the functional interaction of related objects that. We train several neural language models on descriptions of scenes from a dataset of image captions and examine whether the functional or geometric bias of spatial descriptions reported in the literature is reflected in the estimated perplexity of these models. The results of these experiments have implications for the creation of models of spatial lexical semantics for human-robot dialogue systems. Furthermore, they also provide an insight into the kinds of the semantic knowledge captured by neural language models trained on spatial descriptions, which has implications for image captioning systems.",
}
@inproceedings{perera-etal-2018-building,
    title = "Building and Learning Structures in a Situated Blocks World Through Deep Language Understanding",
    author = "Perera, Ian  and
      Allen, James  and
      Teng, Choh Man  and
      Galescu, Lucian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Spatial Language Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1402",
    pages = "12--20",
    abstract = "We demonstrate a system for understanding natural language utterances for structure description and placement in a situated blocks world context. By relying on a rich, domain-specific adaptation of a generic ontology and a logical form structure produced by a semantic parser, we obviate the need for an intermediate, domain-specific representation and can produce a reasoner that grounds and reasons over concepts and constraints with real-valued data. This linguistic base enables more flexibility in interpreting natural language expressions invoking intrinsic concepts and features of structures and space. We demonstrate some of the capabilities of a system grounded in deep language understanding and present initial results in a structure learning task.",
}
@inproceedings{platonov-schubert-2018-computational,
    title = "Computational Models for Spatial Prepositions",
    author = "Platonov, Georgiy  and
      Schubert, Lenhart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Spatial Language Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1403",
    pages = "21--30",
    abstract = "Developing computational models of spatial prepositions (such as on, in, above, etc.) is crucial for such tasks as human-machine collaboration, story understanding, and 3D model generation from descriptions. However, these prepositions are notoriously vague and ambiguous, with meanings depending on the types, shapes and sizes of entities in the argument positions, the physical and task context, and other factors. As a result truth value judgments for prepositional relations are often uncertain and variable. In this paper we treat the modeling task as calling for assignment of probabilities to such relations as a function of multiple factors, where such probabilities can be viewed as estimates of whether humans would judge the relations to hold in given circumstances. We implemented our models in a 3D blocks world and a room world in a computer graphics setting, and found that true/false judgments based on these models do not differ much more from human judgments that the latter differ from one another. However, what really matters pragmatically is not the accuracy of truth value judgments but whether, for instance, the computer models suffice for identifying objects described in terms of prepositional relations, (e.g., {``}the box to the left of the table{''}, where there are multiple boxes). For such tasks, our models achieved accuracies above 90{\%} for most relations.",
}
@inproceedings{dorr-olsen-2018-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Conceptual Structure of Literal and Metaphorical Spatial Language: A Case Study of {``}Push{''}",
    author = "Dorr, Bonnie  and
      Olsen, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Spatial Language Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1404",
    pages = "31--40",
    abstract = "Prior methodologies for understanding spatial language have treated literal expressions such as {``}Mary pushed the car over the edge{''} differently from metaphorical extensions such as {``}Mary{'}s job pushed her over the edge{''}. We demonstrate a methodology for standardizing literal and metaphorical meanings, by building on work in Lexical Conceptual Structure (LCS), a general-purpose representational component used in machine translation. We argue that spatial predicates naturally extend into other fields (e.g., circumstantial or temporal), and that LCS provides both a framework for distinguishing spatial from non-spatial, and a system for finding metaphorical meaning extensions. We start with MetaNet (MN), a large repository of conceptual metaphors, condensing 197 spatial entries into sixteen top-level categories of motion frames. Using naturally occurring instances of English push , and expansions of MN frames, we demonstrate that literal and metaphorical extensions exhibit patterns predicted and represented by the LCS model.",
}
@inproceedings{petruck-ellsworth-2018-representing,
    title = "Representing Spatial Relations in {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Petruck, Miriam R. L.  and
      Ellsworth, Michael J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Spatial Language Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1405",
    pages = "41--45",
    abstract = "While humans use natural language to express spatial relations between and across entities in the world with great facility, natural language systems have a facility that depends on that human facility. This position paper presents approach to representing spatial relations in language, and advocates its adoption for representing the meaning of spatial language. This work shows the importance of axis-orientation systems for capturing the complexity of spatial relations, which FrameNet encodes with semantic types.",
}
@inproceedings{baldridge-etal-2018-points,
    title = "Points, Paths, and Playscapes: Large-scale Spatial Language Understanding Tasks Set in the Real World",
    author = "Baldridge, Jason  and
      Bedrax-Weiss, Tania  and
      Luong, Daphne  and
      Narayanan, Srini  and
      Pang, Bo  and
      Pereira, Fernando  and
      Soricut, Radu  and
      Tseng, Michael  and
      Zhang, Yuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Spatial Language Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1406",
    pages = "46--52",
    abstract = "Spatial language understanding is important for practical applications and as a building block for better abstract language understanding. Much progress has been made through work on understanding spatial relations and values in images and texts as well as on giving and following navigation instructions in restricted domains. We argue that the next big advances in spatial language understanding can be best supported by creating large-scale datasets that focus on points and paths based in the real world, and then extending these to create online, persistent playscapes that mix human and bot players, where the bot players must learn, evolve, and survive according to their depth of understanding of scenes, navigation, and interactions.",
}
@inproceedings{manzoor-kordjamshidi-2018-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora Resolution for Improving Spatial Relation Extraction from Text",
    author = "Manzoor, Umar  and
      Kordjamshidi, Parisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Spatial Language Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1407",
    pages = "53--62",
    abstract = "Spatial relation extraction from generic text is a challenging problem due to the ambiguity of the prepositions spatial meaning as well as the nesting structure of the spatial descriptions. In this work, we highlight the difficulties that the anaphora can make in the extraction of spatial relations. We use external multi-modal (here visual) resources to find the most probable candidates for resolving the anaphoras that refer to the landmarks of the spatial relations. We then use global inference to decide jointly on resolving the anaphora and extraction of the spatial relations. Our preliminary results show that resolving anaphora improves the state-of-the-art results on spatial relation extraction.",
}
@inproceedings{dorr-voss-2018-case,
    title = "The Case for Systematically Derived Spatial Language Usage",
    author = "Dorr, Bonnie  and
      Voss, Clare",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Spatial Language Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1408",
    pages = "63--70",
    abstract = "This position paper argues that, while prior work in spatial language understanding for tasks such as robot navigation focuses on mapping natural language into deep conceptual or non-linguistic representations, it is possible to systematically derive regular patterns of spatial language usage from existing lexical-semantic resources. Furthermore, even with access to such resources, effective solutions to many application areas such as robot navigation and narrative generation also require additional knowledge at the syntax-semantics interface to cover the wide range of spatial expressions observed and available to natural language speakers. We ground our insights in, and present our extensions to, an existing lexico-semantic resource, covering 500 semantic classes of verbs, of which 219 fall within a spatial subset. We demonstrate that these extensions enable systematic derivation of regular patterns of spatial language without requiring manual annotation.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-storytelling,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Storytelling",
    author = "Mitchell, Margaret  and
      Huang, Ting-Hao {`}Kenneth{'}  and
      Ferraro, Francis  and
      Misra, Ishan",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1500",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-15",
}
@inproceedings{kasunic-kaufman-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning to Listen: Critically Considering the Role of {AI} in Human Storytelling and Character Creation",
    author = "Kasunic, Anna  and
      Kaufman, Geoff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1501",
    pages = "1--13",
    abstract = "In this opinion piece, we argue that there is a need for alternative design directions to complement existing AI efforts in narrative and character generation and algorithm development. To make our argument, we a) outline the predominant roles and goals of AI research in storytelling; b) present existing discourse on the benefits and harms of narratives; and c) highlight the pain points in character creation revealed by semi-structured interviews we conducted with 14 individuals deeply involved in some form of character creation. We conclude by proffering several specific design avenues that we believe can seed fruitful research collaborations. In our vision, AI collaborates with humans during creative processes and narrative generation, helps amplify voices and perspectives that are currently marginalized or misrepresented, and engenders experiences of narrative that support spectatorship and listening roles.",
}
@inproceedings{roemmele-gordon-2018-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Features of Helpfulness in Automated Support for Creative Writing",
    author = "Roemmele, Melissa  and
      Gordon, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1502",
    pages = "14--19",
    abstract = "We examine an emerging NLP application that supports creative writing by automatically suggesting continuing sentences in a story. The application tracks users{'} modifications to generated sentences, which can be used to quantify their {``}helpfulness{''} in advancing the story. We explore the task of predicting helpfulness based on automatically detected linguistic features of the suggestions. We illustrate this analysis on a set of user interactions with the application using an initial selection of features relevant to story generation.",
}
@inproceedings{lukin-etal-2018-pipeline,
    title = "A Pipeline for Creative Visual Storytelling",
    author = "Lukin, Stephanie  and
      Hobbs, Reginald  and
      Voss, Clare",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1503",
    pages = "20--32",
    abstract = "Computational visual storytelling produces a textual description of events and interpretations depicted in a sequence of images. These texts are made possible by advances and cross-disciplinary approaches in natural language processing, generation, and computer vision. We define a computational creative visual storytelling as one with the ability to alter the telling of a story along three aspects: to speak about different environments, to produce variations based on narrative goals, and to adapt the narrative to the audience. These aspects of creative storytelling and their effect on the narrative have yet to be explored in visual storytelling. This paper presents a pipeline of task-modules, Object Identification, Single-Image Inferencing, and Multi-Image Narration, that serve as a preliminary design for building a creative visual storyteller. We have piloted this design for a sequence of images in an annotation task. We present and analyze the collected corpus and describe plans towards automation.",
}
@inproceedings{gillick-bamman-2018-telling,
    title = "Telling Stories with Soundtracks: An Empirical Analysis of Music in Film",
    author = "Gillick, Jon  and
      Bamman, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1504",
    pages = "33--42",
    abstract = "Soundtracks play an important role in carrying the story of a film. In this work, we collect a corpus of movies and television shows matched with subtitles and soundtracks and analyze the relationship between story, song, and audience reception. We look at the content of a film through the lens of its latent topics and at the content of a song through descriptors of its musical attributes. In two experiments, we find first that individual topics are strongly associated with musical attributes, and second, that musical attributes of soundtracks are predictive of film ratings, even after controlling for topic and genre.",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Controllable Story Generation",
    author = "Peng, Nanyun  and
      Ghazvininejad, Marjan  and
      May, Jonathan  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1505",
    pages = "43--49",
    abstract = "We present a general framework of analyzing existing story corpora to generate controllable and creative new stories. The proposed framework needs little manual annotation to achieve controllable story generation. It creates a new interface for humans to interact with computers to generate personalized stories. We apply the framework to build recurrent neural network (RNN)-based generation models to control story ending valence and storyline. Experiments show that our methods successfully achieve the control and enhance the coherence of stories through introducing storylines. with additional control factors, the generation model gets lower perplexity, and yields more coherent stories that are faithful to the control factors according to human evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{roemmele-gordon-2018-encoder,
    title = "An Encoder-decoder Approach to Predicting Causal Relations in Stories",
    author = "Roemmele, Melissa  and
      Gordon, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1506",
    pages = "50--59",
    abstract = "We address the task of predicting causally related events in stories according to a standard evaluation framework, the Choice of Plausible Alternatives (COPA). We present a neural encoder-decoder model that learns to predict relations between adjacent sequences in stories as a means of modeling causality. We explore this approach using different methods for extracting and representing sequence pairs as well as different model architectures. We also compare the impact of different training datasets on our model. In particular, we demonstrate the usefulness of a corpus not previously applied to COPA, the ROCStories corpus. While not state-of-the-art, our results establish a new reference point for systems evaluated on COPA, and one that is particularly informative for future neural-based approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{tozzo-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Event Extraction from Movies Description",
    author = "Tozzo, Alex  and
      Jovanovi{\'c}, Dejan  and
      Amer, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1507",
    pages = "60--66",
    abstract = "We present a novel approach for event extraction and abstraction from movie descriptions. Our event frame consists of {``}who{''}, {``}did what{''} {``}to whom{''}, {``}where{''}, and {``}when{''}. We formulate our problem using a recurrent neural network, enhanced with structural features extracted from syntactic parser, and trained using curriculum learning by progressively increasing the difficulty of the sentences. Our model serves as an intermediate step towards question answering systems, visual storytelling, and story completion tasks. We evaluate our approach on MovieQA dataset.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-stylistic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    author = "Brooke, Julian  and
      Flekova, Lucie  and
      Koppel, Moshe  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1600",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-16",
}
@inproceedings{degaetano-ortlieb-2018-stylistic,
    title = "Stylistic variation over 200 years of court proceedings according to gender and social class",
    author = "Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1601",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "We present an approach to detect stylistic variation across social variables (here: gender and social class), considering also diachronic change in language use. For detection of stylistic variation, we use relative entropy, measuring the difference between probability distributions at different linguistic levels (here: lexis and grammar). In addition, by relative entropy, we can determine which linguistic units are related to stylistic variation.",
}
@inproceedings{balusu-etal-2018-stylistic,
    title = "Stylistic Variation in Social Media Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Balusu, Murali Raghu Babu  and
      Merghani, Taha  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1602",
    pages = "11--19",
    abstract = "Social media features substantial stylistic variation, raising new challenges for syntactic analysis of online writing. However, this variation is often aligned with author attributes such as age, gender, and geography, as well as more readily-available social network metadata. In this paper, we report new evidence on the link between language and social networks in the task of part-of-speech tagging. We find that tagger error rates are correlated with network structure, with high accuracy in some parts of the network, and lower accuracy elsewhere. As a result, tagger accuracy depends on training from a balanced sample of the network, rather than training on texts from a narrow subcommunity. We also describe our attempts to add robustness to stylistic variation, by building a mixture-of-experts model in which each expert is associated with a region of the social network. While prior work found that similar approaches yield performance improvements in sentiment analysis and entity linking, we were unable to obtain performance improvements in part-of-speech tagging, despite strong evidence for the link between part-of-speech error rates and social network structure.",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2018-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Syntactic Features of Translated {C}hinese",
    author = {Hu, Hai  and
      Li, Wen  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1603",
    pages = "20--28",
    abstract = "We present a machine learning approach to distinguish texts translated to Chinese (by humans) from texts originally written in Chinese, with a focus on a wide range of syntactic features. Using Support Vector Machines (SVMs) as classifier on a genre-balanced corpus in translation studies of Chinese, we find that constituent parse trees and dependency triples as features without lexical information perform very well on the task, with an F-measure above 90{\%}, close to the results of lexical n-gram features, without the risk of learning topic information rather than translation features. Thus, we claim syntactic features alone can accurately distinguish translated from original Chinese. Translated Chinese exhibits an increased use of determiners, subject position pronouns, NP + {``}的{''} as NP modifiers, multiple NPs or VPs conjoined by ''、'', among other structures. We also interpret the syntactic features with reference to previous translation studies in Chinese, particularly the usage of pronouns.",
}
@inproceedings{potash-etal-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Creative Language Generation: The Case of Rap Lyric Ghostwriting",
    author = "Potash, Peter  and
      Romanov, Alexey  and
      Rumshisky, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1604",
    pages = "29--38",
    abstract = "Language generation tasks that seek to mimic human ability to use language creatively are difficult to evaluate, since one must consider creativity, style, and other non-trivial aspects of the generated text. The goal of this paper is to develop evaluations methods for one such task, ghostwriting of rap lyrics, and to provide an explicit, quantifiable foundation for the goals and future directions for this task. Ghostwriting must produce text that is similar in style to the emulated artist, yet distinct in content. We develop a novel evaluation methodology that addresses several complementary aspects of this task, and illustrate how such evaluation can be used to meaning fully analyze system performance. We provide a corpus of lyrics for 13 rap artists, annotated for stylistic similarity, which allows us to assess the feasibility of manual evaluation for generated verse.",
}
@inproceedings{rangel-etal-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-corpus Native Language Identification via Statistical Embedding",
    author = "Rangel, Francisco  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Brooke, Julian  and
      Uitdenbogerd, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Stylistic Variation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1605",
    pages = "39--43",
    abstract = "In this paper, we approach the task of native language identification in a realistic cross-corpus scenario where a model is trained with available data and has to predict the native language from data of a different corpus. The motivation behind this study is to investigate native language identification in the Australian academic scenario where a majority of students come from China, Indonesia, and Arabic-speaking nations. We have proposed a statistical embedding representation reporting a significant improvement over common single-layer approaches of the state of the art, identifying Chinese, Arabic, and Indonesian in a cross-corpus scenario. The proposed approach was shown to be competitive even when the data is scarce and imbalanced.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-graph,
    title = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Workshop on Graph-Based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-12)",
    author = "Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      Somasundaran, Swapna  and
      Riedl, Martin  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1700",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-17",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2018-scientific,
    title = "Scientific Discovery as Link Prediction in Influence and Citation Graphs",
    author = "Luo, Fan  and
      Valenzuela-Esc{\'a}rcega, Marco A.  and
      Hahn-Powell, Gus  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Workshop on Graph-Based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1701",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "We introduce a machine learning approach for the identification of {``}white spaces{''} in scientific knowledge. Our approach addresses this task as link prediction over a graph that contains over 2M influence statements such as {``}CTCF activates FOXA1{''}, which were automatically extracted using open-domain machine reading. We model this prediction task using graph-based features extracted from the above influence graph, as well as from a citation graph that captures scientific communities. We evaluated the proposed approach through backtesting. Although the data is heavily unbalanced (50 times more negative examples than positives), our approach predicts which influence links will be discovered in the {``}near future{''} with a F1 score of 27 points, and a mean average precision of 68{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Generation and Processing of Word Co-occurrence Networks Using corpus2graph",
    author = "Zhang, Zheng  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Yin, Ruiqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Workshop on Graph-Based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1702",
    pages = "7--11",
    abstract = "Corpus2graph is an open-source NLP-application-oriented tool that generates a word co-occurrence network from a large corpus. It not only contains different built-in methods to preprocess words, analyze sentences, extract word pairs and define edge weights, but also supports user-customized functions. By using parallelization techniques, it can generate a large word co-occurrence network of the whole English Wikipedia data within hours. And thanks to its nodes-edges-weight three-level progressive calculation design, rebuilding networks with different configurations is even faster as it does not need to start all over again. This tool also works with other graph libraries such as igraph, NetworkX and graph-tool as a front end providing data to boost network generation speed.",
}
@inproceedings{jansen-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-hop Inference for Sentence-level {T}ext{G}raphs: How Challenging is Meaningfully Combining Information for Science Question Answering?",
    author = "Jansen, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Workshop on Graph-Based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1703",
    pages = "12--17",
    abstract = "Question Answering for complex questions is often modelled as a graph construction or traversal task, where a solver must build or traverse a graph of facts that answer and explain a given question. This {``}multi-hop{''} inference has been shown to be extremely challenging, with few models able to aggregate more than two facts before being overwhelmed by {``}semantic drift{''}, or the tendency for long chains of facts to quickly drift off topic. This is a major barrier to current inference models, as even elementary science questions require an average of 4 to 6 facts to answer and explain. In this work we empirically characterize the difficulty of building or traversing a graph of sentences connected by lexical overlap, by evaluating chance sentence aggregation quality through 9,784 manually-annotated judgements across knowledge graphs built from three free-text corpora (including study guides and Simple Wikipedia). We demonstrate semantic drift tends to be high and aggregation quality low, at between 0.04 and 3, and highlight scenarios that maximize the likelihood of meaningfully combining information.",
}
@inproceedings{linhares-pontes-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Sentence Compression with Word Vertex-Labeled Graphs and Integer Linear Programming",
    author = "Linhares Pontes, Elvys  and
      Huet, St{\'e}phane  and
      Gouveia da Silva, Thiago  and
      Linhares, Andr{\'e}a carneiro  and
      Torres-Moreno, Juan-Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Workshop on Graph-Based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1704",
    pages = "18--27",
    abstract = "Multi-Sentence Compression (MSC) aims to generate a short sentence with key information from a cluster of closely related sentences. MSC enables summarization and question-answering systems to generate outputs combining fully formed sentences from one or several documents. This paper describes a new Integer Linear Programming method for MSC using a vertex-labeled graph to select different keywords, and novel 3-gram scores to generate more informative sentences while maintaining their grammaticality. Our system is of good quality and outperforms the state-of-the-art for evaluations led on news dataset. We led both automatic and manual evaluations to determine the informativeness and the grammaticality of compressions for each dataset. Additional tests, which take advantage of the fact that the length of compressions can be modulated, still improve ROUGE scores with shorter output sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{pham-chen-2018-large,
    title = "Large-scale spectral clustering using diffusion coordinates on landmark-based bipartite graphs",
    author = "Pham, Khiem  and
      Chen, Guangliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Workshop on Graph-Based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1705",
    pages = "28--37",
    abstract = "Spectral clustering has received a lot of attention due to its ability to separate nonconvex, non-intersecting manifolds, but its high computational complexity has significantly limited its applicability. Motivated by the document-term co-clustering framework by Dhillon (2001), we propose a landmark-based scalable spectral clustering approach in which we first use the selected landmark set and the given data to form a bipartite graph and then run a diffusion process on it to obtain a family of diffusion coordinates for clustering. We show that our proposed algorithm can be implemented based on very efficient operations on the affinity matrix between the given data and selected landmarks, thus capable of handling large data. Finally, we demonstrate the excellent performance of our method by comparing with the state-of-the-art scalable algorithms on several benchmark data sets.",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2018-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Graph-based Word Sense Induction by Distributional Inclusion Vector Embeddings",
    author = "Chang, Haw-Shiuan  and
      Agrawal, Amol  and
      Ganesh, Ananya  and
      Desai, Anirudha  and
      Mathur, Vinayak  and
      Hough, Alfred  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Workshop on Graph-Based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1706",
    pages = "38--48",
    abstract = "Word sense induction (WSI), which addresses polysemy by unsupervised discovery of multiple word senses, resolves ambiguities for downstream NLP tasks and also makes word representations more interpretable. This paper proposes an accurate and efficient graph-based method for WSI that builds a global non-negative vector embedding basis (which are interpretable like topics) and clusters the basis indexes in the ego network of each polysemous word. By adopting distributional inclusion vector embeddings as our basis formation model, we avoid the expensive step of nearest neighbor search that plagues other graph-based methods without sacrificing the quality of sense clusters. Experiments on three datasets show that our proposed method produces similar or better sense clusters and embeddings compared with previous state-of-the-art methods while being significantly more efficient.",
}
@inproceedings{skianis-etal-2018-fusing,
    title = "Fusing Document, Collection and Label Graph-based Representations with Word Embeddings for Text Classification",
    author = "Skianis, Konstantinos  and
      Malliaros, Fragkiskos  and
      Vazirgiannis, Michalis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Workshop on Graph-Based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1707",
    pages = "49--58",
    abstract = "Contrary to the traditional Bag-of-Words approach, we consider the Graph-of-Words(GoW) model in which each document is represented by a graph that encodes relationships between the different terms. Based on this formulation, the importance of a term is determined by weighting the corresponding node in the document, collection and label graphs, using node centrality criteria. We also introduce novel graph-based weighting schemes by enriching graphs with word-embedding similarities, in order to reward or penalize semantic relationships. Our methods produce more discriminative feature weights for text categorization, outperforming existing frequency-based criteria.",
}
@inproceedings{dhingra-etal-2018-embedding,
    title = "Embedding Text in Hyperbolic Spaces",
    author = "Dhingra, Bhuwan  and
      Shallue, Christopher  and
      Norouzi, Mohammad  and
      Dai, Andrew  and
      Dahl, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Workshop on Graph-Based Methods for Natural Language Processing ({T}ext{G}raphs-12)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1708",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-1708",
    pages = "59--69",
    abstract = "Natural language text exhibits hierarchical structure in a variety of respects. Ideally, we could incorporate our prior knowledge of this hierarchical structure into unsupervised learning algorithms that work on text data. Recent work by Nickel and Kiela (2017) proposed using hyperbolic instead of Euclidean embedding spaces to represent hierarchical data and demonstrated encouraging results when embedding graphs. In this work, we extend their method with a re-parameterization technique that allows us to learn hyperbolic embeddings of arbitrarily parameterized objects. We apply this framework to learn word and sentence embeddings in hyperbolic space in an unsupervised manner from text corpora. The resulting embeddings seem to encode certain intuitive notions of hierarchy, such as word-context frequency and phrase constituency. However, the implicit continuous hierarchy in the learned hyperbolic space makes interrogating the model{'}s learned hierarchies more difficult than for models that learn explicit edges between items. The learned hyperbolic embeddings show improvements over Euclidean embeddings in some {--} but not all {--} downstream tasks, suggesting that hierarchical organization is more useful for some tasks than others.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    author = "Cherry, Colin  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1800",
}
@inproceedings{bisazza-2018-keynote,
    title = "{K}eynote: Unveiling the Linguistic Weaknesses of Neural {MT}",
    author = "Bisazza, Arianna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1801",
}
@inproceedings{jehl-riezler-2018-document,
    title = "Document-Level Information as Side Constraints for Improved Neural Patent Translation",
    author = "Jehl, Laura  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1802",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{martindale-carpuat-2018-fluency,
    title = "Fluency Over Adequacy: A Pilot Study in Measuring User Trust in Imperfect {MT}",
    author = "Martindale, Marianna  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1803",
    pages = "13--25",
}
@inproceedings{chatterjee-etal-2018-combining,
    title = "Combining Quality Estimation and Automatic Post-editing to Enhance Machine Translation output",
    author = "Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Blain, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1804",
    pages = "26--38",
}
@inproceedings{conforti-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Morphological Tagging of Lemma Sequences for Machine Translation",
    author = "Conforti, Costanza  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1805",
    pages = "39--53",
}
@inproceedings{liu-kirchhoff-2018-context,
    title = "Context Models for {OOV} Word Translation in Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "Liu, Angli  and
      Kirchhoff, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1806",
    pages = "54--67",
}
@inproceedings{heigold-etal-2018-robust,
    title = "How Robust Are Character-Based Word Embeddings in Tagging and {MT} Against Wrod Scramlbing or Randdm Nouse?",
    author = {Heigold, Georg  and
      Varanasi, Stalin  and
      Neumann, G{\"u}nter  and
      van Genabith, Josef},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1807",
    pages = "68--80",
}
@inproceedings{lohar-etal-2018-balancing,
    title = "Balancing Translation Quality and Sentiment Preservation (Non-archival Extended Abstract)",
    author = "Lohar, Pintu  and
      Afli, Haithem  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1808",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{wong-lee-2018-register,
    title = "Register-sensitive Translation: a Case Study of {M}andarin and {C}antonese (Non-archival Extended Abstract)",
    author = "Wong, Tak-sum  and
      Lee, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1809",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{ataman-federico-2018-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of Two Vocabulary Reduction Methods for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Ataman, Duygu  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1810",
    pages = "97--110",
}
@inproceedings{marie-fujita-2018-smorgasbord,
    title = "A Smorgasbord of Features to Combine Phrase-Based and Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Marie, Benjamin  and
      Fujita, Atsushi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1811",
    pages = "111--124",
}
@inproceedings{marvin-koehn-2018-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Word Sense Disambiguation Abilities of Neural Machine Translation Systems (Non-archival Extended Abstract)",
    author = "Marvin, Rebecca  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1812",
    pages = "125--131",
}
@inproceedings{shearing-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Low Resource Machine Translation using Morphological Glosses (Non-archival Extended Abstract)",
    author = "Shearing, Steven  and
      Kirov, Christo  and
      Khayrallah, Huda  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1813",
    pages = "132--139",
}
@inproceedings{schamoni-etal-2018-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset and Reranking Method for Multimodal {MT} of User-Generated Image Captions",
    author = "Schamoni, Shigehiko  and
      Hitschler, Julian  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1814",
    pages = "140--153",
}
@inproceedings{siahbani-etal-2018-simultaneous,
    title = "Simultaneous Translation using Optimized Segmentation",
    author = "Siahbani, Maryam  and
      Shavarani, Hassan  and
      Alinejad, Ashkan  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1815",
    pages = "154--167",
}
@inproceedings{helcl-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Monkey: The Current State and Beyond",
    author = "Helcl, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Libovick{\'y}, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Kocmi, Tom  and
      Musil, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      C{\'\i}fka, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Vari{\v{s}}, Du{\v{s}}an  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1816",
    pages = "168--176",
}
@inproceedings{klein-etal-2018-opennmt,
    title = "{O}pen{NMT}: Neural Machine Translation Toolkit",
    author = "Klein, Guillaume  and
      Kim, Yoon  and
      Deng, Yuntian  and
      Nguyen, Vincent  and
      Senellart, Jean  and
      Rush, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1817",
    pages = "177--184",
}
@inproceedings{neubig-etal-2018-xnmt,
    title = "{XNMT}: The e{X}tensible Neural Machine Translation Toolkit",
    author = "Neubig, Graham  and
      Sperber, Matthias  and
      Wang, Xinyi  and
      Felix, Matthieu  and
      Matthews, Austin  and
      Padmanabhan, Sarguna  and
      Qi, Ye  and
      Sachan, Devendra  and
      Arthur, Philip  and
      Godard, Pierre  and
      Hewitt, John  and
      Riad, Rachid  and
      Wang, Liming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1818",
    pages = "185--192",
}
@inproceedings{vaswani-etal-2018-tensor2tensor,
    title = "{T}ensor2{T}ensor for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Vaswani, Ashish  and
      Bengio, Samy  and
      Brevdo, Eugene  and
      Chollet, Francois  and
      Gomez, Aidan  and
      Gouws, Stephan  and
      Jones, Llion  and
      Kaiser, {\L}ukasz  and
      Kalchbrenner, Nal  and
      Parmar, Niki  and
      Sepassi, Ryan  and
      Shazeer, Noam  and
      Uszkoreit, Jakob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1819",
    pages = "193--199",
}
@inproceedings{hieber-etal-2018-sockeye,
    title = "The Sockeye Neural Machine Translation Toolkit at {AMTA} 2018",
    author = "Hieber, Felix  and
      Domhan, Tobias  and
      Denkowski, Michael  and
      Vilar, David  and
      Sokolov, Artem  and
      Clifton, Ann  and
      Post, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1820",
    pages = "200--207",
}
@inproceedings{stahlberg-etal-2018-versatile,
    title = "Why not be Versatile? Applications of the {SGNMT} Decoder for Machine Translation",
    author = "Stahlberg, Felix  and
      Saunders, Danielle  and
      Iglesias, Gonzalo  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1821",
    pages = "208--216",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-association-machine,
    title = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    author = "Campbell, Janice  and
      Yanishevsky, Alex  and
      Doyon, Jennifer  and
      Jones, Doug",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1900",
}
@inproceedings{hughes-2018-keynote,
    title = "{K}eynote: Machine Translation Beyond the Sentence",
    author = "Hughes, Macduff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1901",
}
@inproceedings{rubino-2018-keynote,
    title = "{K}eynote: Setting up a Machine Translation Program for {IARPA}",
    author = "Rubino, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1902",
}
@inproceedings{poor-2018-keynote,
    title = "{K}eynote: Use more Machine Translation and Keep Your Customers Happy",
    author = "Poor, Glen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1903",
}
@inproceedings{decamp-2018-technology,
    title = "Technology Showcase and Presentations",
    author = "DeCamp, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1904",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{lommel-2018-augmented,
    title = "Augmented Translation: A New Approach to Combining Human and Machine Capabilities",
    author = "Lommel, Arle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1905",
    pages = "5--12",
}
@inproceedings{saillard-2018-training,
    title = "Training, feedback and productivity measurement with {NMT} and Adaptive {MT}",
    author = "Saillard, Jean-Luc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1906",
    pages = "13--27",
}
@inproceedings{depalma-2018-collision,
    title = "The Collision of Quality and Technology with Reality",
    author = "DePalma, Don",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1907",
    pages = "28--34",
}
@inproceedings{ramirez-sanchez-campbell-2018-language,
    title = "Same-language machine translation for local flavours/flavors",
    author = "Ram{\'\i}rez-S{\'a}nchez, Gema  and
      Campbell, Janice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1908",
    pages = "35--53",
}
@inproceedings{soldini-2018-thinking,
    title = "Thinking of Going Neural? Factors Honda R{\&}D {A}mericas is Considering before Making the Switch",
    author = "Soldini, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1909",
    pages = "54--71",
}
@inproceedings{pinnis-kalnins-2018-developing,
    title = "Developing a Neural Machine Translation Service for the 2017-2018 {E}uropean Union Presidency",
    author = "Pinnis, M{\=a}rcis  and
      Kalnins, Rihards",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1910",
    pages = "72--83",
}
@inproceedings{yanishevsky-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Won! Now What?",
    author = "Yanishevsky, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1911",
    pages = "84--112",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-2018-mt,
    title = "{MT} for L10n: How we build and evaluate {MT} systems at e{B}ay",
    author = "S{\'a}nchez, Jose",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1912",
    pages = "113--149",
}
@inproceedings{ma-2018-vmware,
    title = "{VM}ware {MT} Tiered Model",
    author = "Ma, Lynn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1913",
    pages = "150--165",
}
@inproceedings{munteanu-gispert-2018-turning,
    title = "Turning {NMT} Research into Commercial Products",
    author = "Munteanu, Dragos  and
      Gispert, Adri{\`a}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1914",
    pages = "166--193",
}
@inproceedings{lam-2018-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Quality, Considerations for an {MT} solution",
    author = "Lam, Quinn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1915",
    pages = "194--199",
}
@inproceedings{lafferty-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Less Post-Editing",
    author = "Lafferty, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1916",
    pages = "200--222",
}
@inproceedings{sloto-etal-2018-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Data Resources for Cross-Linguistic Information Retrieval Using Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Sloto, Steve  and
      Clifton, Ann  and
      Hanneman, Greg  and
      Porter, Patrick  and
      Gates, Donna  and
      Hildebrand, Almut  and
      Kumar, Anish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1917",
    pages = "223--233",
}
@inproceedings{decamp-2018-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Advances in Neural and Statistical {MT} on the Translation Workforce",
    author = "DeCamp, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1918",
    pages = "234--243",
}
@inproceedings{boukhvalov-hogg-2018-pemt,
    title = "{PEMT} for the Public Sector - Evolution of a Solution",
    author = "Boukhvalov, Konstantine  and
      Hogg, Sandy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1919",
    pages = "244--274",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2018-embedding,
    title = "Embedding Register-Aware {MT} into the {CAT} Workflow",
    author = "Miller, Corey  and
      Silverman, Danielle  and
      Jurica, Vanesa  and
      Richerson, Elizabeth  and
      Morris, Rodney  and
      Mallard, Elisabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1920",
    pages = "275--282",
}
@inproceedings{klavans-etal-2018-challenges,
    title = "Challenges in Speech Recognition and Translation of High-Value Low-Density Polysynthetic Languages",
    author = "Klavans, Judith  and
      Morgan, John  and
      LaRocca, Stephen  and
      Micher, Jeffrey  and
      Voss, Clare",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1921",
    pages = "283--293",
}
@inproceedings{tzoukermann-miller-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Automatic Speech Recognition in Translation",
    author = "Tzoukermann, Evelyne  and
      Miller, Corey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1922",
    pages = "294--302",
}
@inproceedings{meermeier-etal-2018-portable,
    title = "Portable Speech-to-Speech Translation on an Android Smartphone: The {MFLTS} System",
    author = "Meermeier, Ralf  and
      Colbath, Sean  and
      Lillie, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1923",
    pages = "303--308",
}
@inproceedings{munteanu-tsou-2018-tutorial,
    title = "{T}utorial: De-mystifying Neural {MT}",
    author = "Munteanu, Dragos  and
      Tsou, Ling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1924",
}
@inproceedings{lommel-melby-2018-tutorial,
    title = "{T}utorial: {MQM}-{DQF}: A Good Marriage (Translation Quality for the 21st Century)",
    author = "Lommel, Arle  and
      Melby, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1925",
}
@inproceedings{picinini-etal-2018-tutorial,
    title = "{T}utorial: Corpora Quality Management for {MT} - Practices and Roles",
    author = "Picinini, Silvio  and
      Smith, Pete  and
      Ueffing, Nicola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the {A}mericas (Volume 2: User Papers)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1926",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-amta,
    title = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on The Role of Authoritative Standards in the {MT} Environment",
    author = "DeCamp, Jennifer",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2000",
}
@inproceedings{decamp-2018-language,
    title = "Language Codes",
    author = "DeCamp, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on The Role of Authoritative Standards in the {MT} Environment",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2001",
    pages = "1--24",
}
@inproceedings{wright-2018-termbase,
    title = "Termbase Exchange (TBX)",
    author = "Wright, Sue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on The Role of Authoritative Standards in the {MT} Environment",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2002",
    pages = "25--47",
}
@inproceedings{filip-2018-xliff,
    title = "XLIFF 2",
    author = "Filip, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on The Role of Authoritative Standards in the {MT} Environment",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2003",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{rivers-2018-translation,
    title = "Translation Quality Standards",
    author = "Rivers, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on The Role of Authoritative Standards in the {MT} Environment",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2004",
    pages = "56--68",
}
@inproceedings{lommel-2018-translation,
    title = "Translation Quality Metrics",
    author = "Lommel, Arle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on The Role of Authoritative Standards in the {MT} Environment",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2005",
    pages = "69--94",
}
@inproceedings{melby-2018-translation,
    title = "Translation {API} Cases and Classes ({TAPICC})",
    author = "Melby, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on The Role of Authoritative Standards in the {MT} Environment",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2006",
    pages = "95--112",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-amta-2018,
    title = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on Translation Quality Estimation and Automatic Post-Editing",
    author = "Astudillo, Ram{\'o}n  and
      Gra{\c{c}}a, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e}",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2100",
}
@inproceedings{ueffing-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Post-Editing and Machine Translation Quality Estimation at e{B}ay",
    author = "Ueffing, Nicola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on Translation Quality Estimation and Automatic Post-Editing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2101",
    pages = "1--34",
}
@inproceedings{knowles-koehn-2018-lightweight,
    title = "Lightweight Word-Level Confidence Estimation for Neural Interactive Translation Prediction",
    author = "Knowles, Rebecca  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on Translation Quality Estimation and Automatic Post-Editing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2102",
    pages = "35--40",
}
@inproceedings{graca-2018-unbabel,
    title = "{U}nbabel: How to combine {AI} with the crowd to scale professional-quality translation",
    author = "Gra{\c{c}}a, Jo{\~a}o",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on Translation Quality Estimation and Automatic Post-Editing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2103",
    pages = "41--85",
}
@inproceedings{khalilov-2018-machine,
    title = "Machine translation at Booking.com: what{'}s next?",
    author = "Khalilov, Maxim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on Translation Quality Estimation and Automatic Post-Editing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2104",
    pages = "86--143",
}
@inproceedings{junczys-dowmunt-2018-experiencing,
    title = "Are we experiencing the Golden Age of Automatic Post-Editing?",
    author = "Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on Translation Quality Estimation and Automatic Post-Editing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2105",
    pages = "144--206",
}
@inproceedings{federico-2018-challenges,
    title = "Challenges in Adaptive Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on Translation Quality Estimation and Automatic Post-Editing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2106",
    pages = "207--242",
}
@inproceedings{avramidis-etal-2018-fine,
    title = "Fine-grained evaluation of Quality Estimation for Machine translation based on a linguistically motivated Test Suite",
    author = "Avramidis, Eleftherios  and
      Macketanz, Vivien  and
      Lommel, Arle  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on Translation Quality Estimation and Automatic Post-Editing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2107",
    pages = "243--248",
}
@inproceedings{knowles-etal-2018-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Machine Translation Paradigms for Use in Black-Box Fuzzy-Match Repair",
    author = "Knowles, Rebecca  and
      Ortega, John  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on Translation Quality Estimation and Automatic Post-Editing",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2108",
    pages = "249--255",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-amta-2018-technologies,
    title = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on Technologies for {MT} of Low Resource Languages ({L}o{R}es{MT} 2018)",
    author = "Liu, Chao-Hong",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2200",
}
@inproceedings{ortega-pillaipakkamnatt-2018-using,
    title = "Using Morphemes from Agglutinative Languages like {Q}uechua and {F}innish to Aid in Low-Resource Translation",
    author = "Ortega, John  and
      Pillaipakkamnatt, Krishnan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on Technologies for {MT} of Low Resource Languages ({L}o{R}es{MT} 2018)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2201",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{dowling-etal-2018-smt,
    title = "{SMT} versus {NMT}: Preliminary comparisons for Irish",
    author = "Dowling, Meghan  and
      Lynn, Teresa  and
      Poncelas, Alberto  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on Technologies for {MT} of Low Resource Languages ({L}o{R}es{MT} 2018)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2202",
    pages = "12--20",
}
@inproceedings{lai-etal-2018-tibetan,
    title = "{T}ibetan-{C}hinese Neural Machine Translation based on Syllable Segmentation",
    author = "Lai, Wen  and
      Zhao, Xiaobing  and
      Bao, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on Technologies for {MT} of Low Resource Languages ({L}o{R}es{MT} 2018)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2203",
    pages = "21--29",
}
@inproceedings{oco-roxas-2018-survey,
    title = "A Survey of Machine Translation Work in the {P}hilippines: From 1998 to 2018",
    author = "Oco, Nathaniel  and
      Roxas, Rachel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on Technologies for {MT} of Low Resource Languages ({L}o{R}es{MT} 2018)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2204",
    pages = "30--36",
}
@inproceedings{skorokhodov-etal-2018-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Neural Machine Translation with Language Models",
    author = "Skorokhodov, Ivan  and
      Rykachevskiy, Anton  and
      Emelyanenko, Dmitry  and
      Slotin, Sergey  and
      Ponkratov, Anton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on Technologies for {MT} of Low Resource Languages ({L}o{R}es{MT} 2018)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2205",
    pages = "37--44",
}
@inproceedings{gusev-oboturov-2018-system,
    title = "System Description of Supervised and Unsupervised Neural Machine Translation Approaches from {``}{NL} Processing{''} Team at {D}eep{H}ack.{B}abel Task",
    author = "Gusev, Ilya  and
      Oboturov, Artem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on Technologies for {MT} of Low Resource Languages ({L}o{R}es{MT} 2018)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2206",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{cherivirala-etal-2018-apertiums,
    title = "Apertium{'}s Web Toolchain for Low-Resource Language Technology",
    author = "Cherivirala, Sushain  and
      Chiplunkar, Shardul  and
      Washington, Jonathan  and
      Unhammer, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {AMTA} 2018 Workshop on Technologies for {MT} of Low Resource Languages ({L}o{R}es{MT} 2018)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Boston, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Machine Translation in the Americas",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2207",
    pages = "53--62",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-bionlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    author = "Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Cohen, Kevin Bretonnel  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Tsujii, Junichi",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2300",
}
@inproceedings{newman-griffis-zirikly-2018-embedding,
    title = "Embedding Transfer for Low-Resource Medical Named Entity Recognition: A Case Study on Patient Mobility",
    author = "Newman-Griffis, Denis  and
      Zirikly, Ayah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2301",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "Functioning is gaining recognition as an important indicator of global health, but remains under-studied in medical natural language processing research. We present the first analysis of automatically extracting descriptions of patient mobility, using a recently-developed dataset of free text electronic health records. We frame the task as a named entity recognition (NER) problem, and investigate the applicability of NER techniques to mobility extraction. As text corpora focused on patient functioning are scarce, we explore domain adaptation of word embeddings for use in a recurrent neural network NER system. We find that embeddings trained on a small in-domain corpus perform nearly as well as those learned from large out-of-domain corpora, and that domain adaptation techniques yield additional improvements in both precision and recall. Our analysis identifies several significant challenges in extracting descriptions of patient mobility, including the length and complexity of annotated entities and high linguistic variability in mobility descriptions.",
}
@inproceedings{jeblee-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-task learning for interpretable cause of death classification using key phrase prediction",
    author = "Jeblee, Serena  and
      Gomes, Mireille  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2302",
    pages = "12--17",
    abstract = "We introduce a multi-task learning model for cause-of-death classification of verbal autopsy narratives that jointly learns to output interpretable key phrases. Adding these key phrases outperforms the baseline model and topic modeling features.",
}
@inproceedings{chokwijitkul-etal-2018-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Risk Factors For Heart Disease in Electronic Medical Records: A Deep Learning Approach",
    author = "Chokwijitkul, Thanat  and
      Nguyen, Anthony  and
      Hassanzadeh, Hamed  and
      Perez, Siegfried",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2303",
    pages = "18--27",
    abstract = "Automatic identification of heart disease risk factors in clinical narratives can expedite disease progression modelling and support clinical decisions. Existing practical solutions for cardiovascular risk detection are mostly hybrid systems entailing the integration of knowledge-driven and data-driven methods, relying on dictionaries, rules and machine learning methods that require a substantial amount of human effort. This paper proposes a comparative analysis on the applicability of deep learning, a re-emerged data-driven technique, in the context of clinical text classification. Various deep learning architectures were devised and evaluated for extracting heart disease risk factors from clinical documents. The data provided for the 2014 i2b2/UTHealth shared task focusing on identifying risk factors for heart disease was used for system development and evaluation. Results have shown that a relatively simple deep learning model can achieve a high micro-averaged F-measure of 0.9081, which is comparable to the best systems from the shared task. This is highly encouraging given the simplicity of the deep learning approach compared to the heavily feature-engineered hybrid approaches that were required to achieve state-of-the-art performances.",
}
@inproceedings{saputra-etal-2018-keyphrases,
    title = "Keyphrases Extraction from User-Generated Contents in Healthcare Domain Using Long Short-Term Memory Networks",
    author = "Saputra, Ilham Fathy  and
      Mahendra, Rahmad  and
      Wicaksono, Alfan Farizki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2304",
    pages = "28--34",
    abstract = "We propose keyphrases extraction technique to extract important terms from the healthcare user-generated contents. We employ deep learning architecture, i.e. Long Short-Term Memory, and leverage word embeddings, medical concepts from a knowledge base, and linguistic components as our features. The proposed model achieves 61.37{\%} F-1 score. Experimental results indicate that our proposed approach outperforms the baseline methods, i.e. RAKE and CRF, on the task of extracting keyphrases from Indonesian health forum posts.",
}
@inproceedings{seva-etal-2018-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Key Sentences for Precision Oncology Using Semi-Supervised Learning",
    author = "{\v{S}}eva, Jurica  and
      Wackerbauer, Martin  and
      Leser, Ulf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2305",
    pages = "35--46",
    abstract = "We present a machine learning pipeline that identifies key sentences in abstracts of oncological articles to aid evidence-based medicine. This problem is characterized by the lack of gold standard datasets, data imbalance and thematic differences between available silver standard corpora. Additionally, available training and target data differs with regard to their domain (professional summaries vs. sentences in abstracts). This makes supervised machine learning inapplicable. We propose the use of two semi-supervised machine learning approaches: To mitigate difficulties arising from heterogeneous data sources, overcome data imbalance and create reliable training data we propose using transductive learning from positive and unlabelled data (PU Learning). For obtaining a realistic classification model, we propose the use of abstracts summarised in relevant sentences as unlabelled examples through Self-Training. The best model achieves 84{\%} accuracy and 0.84 F1 score on our dataset",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-ontology,
    title = "Ontology alignment in the biomedical domain using entity definitions and context",
    author = "Wang, Lucy  and
      Bhagavatula, Chandra  and
      Neumann, Mark  and
      Lo, Kyle  and
      Wilhelm, Chris  and
      Ammar, Waleed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2306",
    pages = "47--55",
    abstract = "Ontology alignment is the task of identifying semantically equivalent entities from two given ontologies. Different ontologies have different representations of the same entity, resulting in a need to de-duplicate entities when merging ontologies. We propose a method for enriching entities in an ontology with external definition and context information, and use this additional information for ontology alignment. We develop a neural architecture capable of encoding the additional information when available, and show that the addition of external data results in an F1-score of 0.69 on the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI) largebio SNOMED-NCI subtask, comparable with the entity-level matchers in a SOTA system.",
}
@inproceedings{galea-etal-2018-sub,
    title = "Sub-word information in pre-trained biomedical word representations: evaluation and hyper-parameter optimization",
    author = "Galea, Dieter  and
      Laponogov, Ivan  and
      Veselkov, Kirill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2307",
    pages = "56--66",
    abstract = "Word2vec embeddings are limited to computing vectors for in-vocabulary terms and do not take into account sub-word information. Character-based representations, such as fastText, mitigate such limitations. We optimize and compare these representations for the biomedical domain. fastText was found to consistently outperform word2vec in named entity recognition tasks for entities such as chemicals and genes. This is likely due to gained information from computed out-of-vocabulary term vectors, as well as the word compositionality of such entities. Contrastingly, performance varied on intrinsic datasets. Optimal hyper-parameters were intrinsic dataset-dependent, likely due to differences in term types distributions. This indicates embeddings should be chosen based on the task at hand. We therefore provide a number of optimized hyper-parameter sets and pre-trained word2vec and fastText models, available on \url{https://github.com/dterg/bionlp-embed}.",
}
@inproceedings{jin-szolovits-2018-pico,
    title = "{PICO} Element Detection in Medical Text via Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks",
    author = "Jin, Di  and
      Szolovits, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2308",
    pages = "67--75",
    abstract = "Successful evidence-based medicine (EBM) applications rely on answering clinical questions by analyzing large medical literature databases. In order to formulate a well-defined, focused clinical question, a framework called PICO is widely used, which identifies the sentences in a given medical text that belong to the four components: Participants/Problem (P), Intervention (I), Comparison (C) and Outcome (O). In this work, we present a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network based model to automatically detect PICO elements. By jointly classifying subsequent sentences in the given text, we achieve state-of-the-art results on PICO element classification compared to several strong baseline models. We also make our curated data public as a benchmarking dataset so that the community can benefit from it.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-coding,
    title = "Coding Structures and Actions with the {COSTA} Scheme in Medical Conversations",
    author = "Wang, Nan  and
      Song, Yan  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2309",
    pages = "76--86",
    abstract = "This paper describes the COSTA scheme for coding structures and actions in conversation. Informed by Conversation Analysis, the scheme introduces an innovative method for marking multi-layer structural organization of conversation and a structure-informed taxonomy of actions. In addition, we create a corpus of naturally occurring medical conversations, containing 318 video-recorded and manually transcribed pediatric consultations. Based on the annotated corpus, we investigate 1) treatment decision-making process in medical conversations, and 2) effects of physician-caregiver communication behaviors on antibiotic over-prescribing. Although the COSTA annotation scheme is developed based on data from the task-specific domain of pediatric consultations, it can be easily extended to apply to more general domains and other languages.",
}
@inproceedings{pfeiffer-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "A Neural Autoencoder Approach for Document Ranking and Query Refinement in Pharmacogenomic Information Retrieval",
    author = {Pfeiffer, Jonas  and
      Broscheit, Samuel  and
      Gemulla, Rainer  and
      G{\"o}schl, Mathias},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2310",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2310",
    pages = "87--97",
    abstract = "In this study, we investigate learning-to-rank and query refinement approaches for information retrieval in the pharmacogenomic domain. The goal is to improve the information retrieval process of biomedical curators, who manually build knowledge bases for personalized medicine. We study how to exploit the relationships between genes, variants, drugs, diseases and outcomes as features for document ranking and query refinement. For a supervised approach, we are faced with a small amount of annotated data and a large amount of unannotated data. Therefore, we explore ways to use a neural document auto-encoder in a semi-supervised approach. We show that a combination of established algorithms, feature-engineering and a neural auto-encoder model yield promising results in this setting.",
}
@inproceedings{bjorne-salakoski-2018-biomedical,
    title = "Biomedical Event Extraction Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Dependency Parsing",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rne, Jari  and
      Salakoski, Tapio},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2311",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2311",
    pages = "98--108",
    abstract = "Event and relation extraction are central tasks in biomedical text mining. Where relation extraction concerns the detection of semantic connections between pairs of entities, event extraction expands this concept with the addition of trigger words, multiple arguments and nested events, in order to more accurately model the diversity of natural language. In this work we develop a convolutional neural network that can be used for both event and relation extraction. We use a linear representation of the input text, where information is encoded with various vector space embeddings. Most notably, we encode the parse graph into this linear space using dependency path embeddings. We integrate our neural network into the open source Turku Event Extraction System (TEES) framework. Using this system, our machine learning model can be easily applied to a large set of corpora from e.g. the BioNLP, DDI Extraction and BioCreative shared tasks. We evaluate our system on 12 different event, relation and NER corpora, showing good generalizability to many tasks and achieving improved performance on several corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-etal-2018-bioama,
    title = "{B}io{AMA}: Towards an End to End {B}io{M}edical Question Answering System",
    author = "Sharma, Vasu  and
      Kulkarni, Nitish  and
      Pranavi, Srividya  and
      Bayomi, Gabriel  and
      Nyberg, Eric  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2312",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2312",
    pages = "109--117",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a novel Biomedical Question Answering system, BioAMA: {``}Biomedical Ask Me Anything{''} on task 5b of the annual BioASQ challenge. In this work, we focus on a wide variety of question types including factoid, list based, summary and yes/no type questions that generate both exact and well-formed {`}ideal{'} answers. For summary-type questions, we combine effective IR-based techniques for retrieval and diversification of relevant snippets for a question to create an end-to-end system which achieves a ROUGE-2 score of 0.72 and a ROUGE-SU4 score of 0.71 on ideal answer questions (7{\%} improvement over the previous best model). Additionally, we propose a novel NLI-based framework to answer the yes/no questions. To train the NLI model, we also devise a transfer-learning technique by cross-domain projection of word embeddings. Finally, we present a two-stage approach to address the factoid and list type questions by first generating a candidate set using NER taggers and ranking them using both supervised or unsupervised techniques.",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2018-phrase2vecglm,
    title = "{P}hrase2{V}ec{GLM}: Neural generalized language model{--}based semantic tagging for complex query reformulation in medical {IR}",
    author = "Das, Manirupa  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric  and
      Lin, Simon  and
      Moosavinasab, Soheil  and
      Chen, David  and
      Rust, Steve  and
      Huang, Yungui  and
      Ramnath, Rajiv",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2313",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2313",
    pages = "118--128",
    abstract = "In this work, we develop a novel, completely unsupervised, neural language model-based document ranking approach to semantic tagging of documents, using the document to be tagged as a query into the GLM to retrieve candidate phrases from top-ranked related documents, thus associating every document with novel related concepts extracted from the text. For this we extend the word embedding-based general language model due to Ganguly et al 2015, to employ phrasal embeddings, and use the semantic tags thus obtained for downstream query expansion, both directly and in feedback loop settings. Our method, evaluated using the TREC 2016 clinical decision support challenge dataset, shows statistically significant improvement not only over various baselines that use standard MeSH terms and UMLS concepts for query expansion, but also over baselines using human expert{--}assigned concept tags for the queries, run on top of a standard Okapi BM25{--}based document retrieval system.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-verspoor-2018-convolutional,
    title = "Convolutional neural networks for chemical-disease relation extraction are improved with character-based word embeddings",
    author = "Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2314",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2314",
    pages = "129--136",
    abstract = "We investigate the incorporation of character-based word representations into a standard CNN-based relation extraction model. We experiment with two common neural architectures, CNN and LSTM, to learn word vector representations from character embeddings. Through a task on the BioCreative-V CDR corpus, extracting relationships between chemicals and diseases, we show that models exploiting the character-based word representations improve on models that do not use this information, obtaining state-of-the-art result relative to previous neural approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation for Disease Phrase Matching with Adversarial Networks",
    author = "Liu, Miaofeng  and
      Han, Jialong  and
      Zhang, Haisong  and
      Song, Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2315",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2315",
    pages = "137--141",
    abstract = "With the development of medical information management, numerous medical data are being classified, indexed, and searched in various systems. Disease phrase matching, i.e., deciding whether two given disease phrases interpret each other, is a basic but crucial preprocessing step for the above tasks. Being capable of relieving the scarceness of annotations, domain adaptation is generally considered useful in medical systems. However, efforts on applying it to phrase matching remain limited. This paper presents a domain-adaptive matching network for disease phrases. Our network achieves domain adaptation by adversarial training, i.e., preferring features indicating whether the two phrases match, rather than which domain they come from. Experiments suggest that our model has the best performance among the very few non-adaptive or adaptive methods that can benefit from out-of-domain annotations.",
}
@inproceedings{salimi-rozovskaya-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Discharge Disposition Using Patient Complaint Notes in Electronic Medical Records",
    author = "Salimi, Mohamad  and
      Rozovskaya, Alla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2316",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2316",
    pages = "142--146",
    abstract = "Overcrowding in emergency rooms is a major challenge faced by hospitals across the United States. Overcrowding can result in longer wait times, which, in turn, has been shown to adversely affect patient satisfaction, clinical outcomes, and procedure reimbursements. This paper presents research that aims to automatically predict discharge disposition of patients who received medical treatment in an emergency department. We make use of a corpus that consists of notes containing patient complaints, diagnosis information, and disposition, entered by health care providers. We use this corpus to develop a model that uses the complaint and diagnosis information to predict patient disposition. We show that the proposed model substantially outperforms the baseline of predicting the most common disposition type. The long-term goal of this research is to build a model that can be implemented as a real-time service in an application to predict disposition as patients arrive.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-meng-2018-bacteria,
    title = "Bacteria and Biotope Entity Recognition Using A Dictionary-Enhanced Neural Network Model",
    author = "Wang, Qiuyue  and
      Meng, Xiaofeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2317",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2317",
    pages = "147--150",
    abstract = "Automatic recognition of biomedical entities in text is the crucial initial step in biomedical text mining. In this pa-per, we investigate employing modern neural network models for recognizing biomedical entities. To compensate for the small amount of training data in biomedical domain, we propose to integrate dictionaries into the neural model. Our experiments on BB3 data sets demonstrate that state-of-the-art neural network model is promising in recognizing biomedical entities even with very little training data. When integrated with dictionaries, its performance could be greatly improved, achieving the competitive performance compared with the best dictionary-based system on the entities with specific terminology, and much higher performance on the entities with more general terminology.",
}
@inproceedings{yeganova-etal-2018-singlecite,
    title = "{S}ingle{C}ite: Towards an improved Single Citation Search in {P}ub{M}ed",
    author = "Yeganova, Lana  and
      Comeau, Donald C  and
      Kim, Won  and
      Wilbur, W John  and
      Lu, Zhiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2318",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2318",
    pages = "151--155",
    abstract = "A search that is targeted at finding a specific document in databases is called a Single Citation search. Single citation searches are particularly important for scholarly databases, such as PubMed, because users are frequently searching for a specific publication. In this work we describe SingleCite, a single citation matching system designed to facilitate user{'}s search for a specific document. We report on the progress that has been achieved towards building that functionality.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2018-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Developing and Evaluating Word Embeddings of Drug-named Entity",
    author = "Zhao, Mengnan  and
      Masino, Aaron J.  and
      Yang, Christopher C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2319",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2319",
    pages = "156--160",
    abstract = "We investigate the quality of task specific word embeddings created with relatively small, targeted corpora. We present a comprehensive evaluation framework including both intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation that can be expanded to named entities beyond drug name. Intrinsic evaluation results tell that drug name embeddings created with a domain specific document corpus outperformed the previously published versions that derived from a very large general text corpus. Extrinsic evaluation uses word embedding for the task of drug name recognition with Bi-LSTM model and the results demonstrate the advantage of using domain-specific word embeddings as the only input feature for drug name recognition with F1-score achieving 0.91. This work suggests that it may be advantageous to derive domain specific embeddings for certain tasks even when the domain specific corpus is of limited size.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2018-mesh,
    title = "{M}e{SH}-based dataset for measuring the relevance of text retrieval",
    author = "Kim, Won Gyu  and
      Yeganova, Lana  and
      Comeau, Donald  and
      Wilbur, W John  and
      Lu, Zhiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2320",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2320",
    pages = "161--165",
    abstract = "Creating simulated search environments has been of a significant interest in infor-mation retrieval, in both general and bio-medical search domains. Existing collec-tions include modest number of queries and are constructed by manually evaluat-ing retrieval results. In this work we pro-pose leveraging MeSH term assignments for creating synthetic test beds. We select a suitable subset of MeSH terms as queries, and utilize MeSH term assignments as pseudo-relevance rankings for retrieval evaluation. Using well studied retrieval functions, we show that their performance on the proposed data is consistent with similar findings in previous work. We further use the proposed retrieval evaluation framework to better understand how to combine heterogeneous sources of textual information.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2018-crf,
    title = "{CRF}-{LSTM} Text Mining Method Unveiling the Pharmacological Mechanism of Off-target Side Effect of Anti-Multiple Myeloma Drugs",
    author = "Zhou, Kaiyin  and
      Zhang, Sheng  and
      Meng, Xiangyu  and
      Luo, Qi  and
      Wang, Yuxing  and
      Ding, Ke  and
      Feng, Yukun  and
      Chen, Mo  and
      Cohen, Kevin  and
      Xia, Jingbo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2321",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2321",
    pages = "166--171",
    abstract = "Sequence labeling of biomedical entities, e.g., side effects or phenotypes, was a long-term task in BioNLP and MedNLP communities. Thanks to effects made among these communities, adverse reaction NER has developed dramatically in recent years. As an illuminative application, to achieve knowledge discovery via the combination of the text mining result and bioinformatics idea shed lights on the pharmacological mechanism research.",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-etal-2018-prediction,
    title = "Prediction Models for Risk of Type-2 Diabetes Using Health Claims",
    author = "Nagata, Masatoshi  and
      Takai, Kohichi  and
      Yasuda, Keiji  and
      Heracleous, Panikos  and
      Yoneyama, Akio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2322",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2322",
    pages = "172--176",
    abstract = "This study focuses on highly accurate prediction of the onset of type-2 diabetes. We investigated whether prediction accuracy can be improved by utilizing lab test data obtained from health checkups and incorporating health claim text data such as medically diagnosed diseases with ICD10 codes and pharmacy information. In a previous study, prediction accuracy was increased slightly by adding diagnosis disease name and independent variables such as prescription medicine. Therefore, in the current study we explored more suitable models for prediction by using state-of-the-art techniques such as XGBoost and long short-term memory (LSTM) based on recurrent neural networks. In the current study, text data was vectorized using word2vec, and the prediction model was compared with logistic regression. The results obtained confirmed that onset of type-2 diabetes can be predicted with a high degree of accuracy when the XGBoost model is used.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-learning-better,
    title = "On Learning Better Embeddings from {C}hinese Clinical Records: Study on Combining In-Domain and Out-Domain Data",
    author = "Wang, Yaqiang  and
      Chen, Yunhui  and
      Shu, Hongping  and
      Jiang, Yongguang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2323",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2323",
    pages = "177--182",
    abstract = "High quality word embeddings are of great significance to advance applications of biomedical natural language processing. In recent years, a surge of interest on how to learn good embeddings and evaluate embedding quality based on English medical text has become increasing evident, however a limited number of studies based on Chinese medical text, particularly Chinese clinical records, were performed. Herein, we proposed a novel approach of improving the quality of learned embeddings using out-domain data as a supplementary in the case of limited Chinese clinical records. Moreover, the embedding quality evaluation method was conducted based on Medical Conceptual Similarity Property. The experimental results revealed that selecting good training samples was necessary, and collecting right amount of out-domain data and trading off between the quality of embeddings and the training time consumption were essential factors for better embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{trieu-etal-2018-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Domain-Specific Information for Neural Coreference Resolution on Biomedical Texts",
    author = "Trieu, Hai-Long  and
      Nguyen, Nhung T. H.  and
      Miwa, Makoto  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2324",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2324",
    pages = "183--188",
    abstract = "Existing biomedical coreference resolution systems depend on features and/or rules based on syntactic parsers. In this paper, we investigate the utility of the state-of-the-art general domain neural coreference resolution system on biomedical texts. The system is an end-to-end system without depending on any syntactic parsers. We also investigate the domain specific features to enhance the system for biomedical texts. Experimental results on the BioNLP Protein Coreference dataset and the CRAFT corpus show that, with no parser information, the adapted system compared favorably with the systems that depend on parser information on these datasets, achieving 51.23{\%} on the BioNLP dataset and 36.33{\%} on the CRAFT corpus in F1 score. In-domain embeddings and domain-specific features helped improve the performance on the BioNLP dataset, but they did not on the CRAFT corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{rosenthal-faulkner-2018-toward,
    title = "Toward Cross-Domain Engagement Analysis in Medical Notes",
    author = "Rosenthal, Sara  and
      Faulkner, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {B}io{NLP} 2018 workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2325",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2325",
    pages = "189--193",
    abstract = "We present a novel annotation task evaluating a patient{'}s engagement with their health care regimen. The concept of engagement supplements the traditional concept of adherence with a focus on the patient{'}s affect, lifestyle choices, and health goal status. We describe an engagement annotation task across two patient note domains: traditional clinical notes and a novel domain, care manager notes, where we find engagement to be more common. The annotation task resulted in a kappa of .53, suggesting strong annotator intuitions regarding engagement-bearing language. In addition, we report the results of a series of preliminary engagement classification experiments using domain adaptation.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-named,
    title = "Proceedings of the Seventh Named Entities Workshop",
    author = "Chen, Nancy  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Duan, Xiangyu  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2400",
}
@inproceedings{andrew-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Entities and Relation from Legal Documents",
    author = "Andrew, Judith Jeyafreeda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2401",
    pages = "1--8",
    abstract = "In recent years, the journalists and computer sciences speak to each other to identify useful technologies which would help them in extracting useful information. This is called {``}computational Journalism{''}. In this paper, we present a method that will enable the journalists to automatically identifies and annotates entities such as names of people, organizations, role and functions of people in legal documents; the relationship between these entities are also explored. The system uses a combination of both statistical and rule based technique. The statistical method used is Conditional Random Fields and for the rule based technique, document and language specific regular expressions are used.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-choi-2018-connecting,
    title = "Connecting Distant Entities with Induction through Conditional Random Fields for Named Entity Recognition: Precursor-Induced {CRF}",
    author = "Lee, Wangjin  and
      Choi, Jinwook",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2402",
    pages = "9--13",
    abstract = "This paper presents a method of designing specific high-order dependency factor on the linear chain conditional random fields (CRFs) for named entity recognition (NER). Named entities tend to be separated from each other by multiple outside tokens in a text, and thus the first-order CRF, as well as the second-order CRF, may innately lose transition information between distant named entities. The proposed design uses outside label in NER as a transmission medium of precedent entity information on the CRF. Then, empirical results apparently demonstrate that it is possible to exploit long-distance label dependency in the original first-order linear chain CRF structure upon NER while reducing computational loss rather than in the second-order CRF.",
}
@inproceedings{inan-dikenelli-2018-sequence,
    title = "A Sequence Learning Method for Domain-Specific Entity Linking",
    author = "Inan, Emrah  and
      Dikenelli, Oguz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2403",
    pages = "14--21",
    abstract = "Recent collective Entity Linking studies usually promote global coherence of all the mapped entities in the same document by using semantic embeddings and graph-based approaches. Although graph-based approaches are shown to achieve remarkable results, they are computationally expensive for general datasets. Also, semantic embeddings only indicate relatedness between entity pairs without considering sequences. In this paper, we address these problems by introducing a two-fold neural model. First, we match easy mention-entity pairs and using the domain information of this pair to filter candidate entities of closer mentions. Second, we resolve more ambiguous pairs using bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory and CRF models for the entity disambiguation. Our proposed system outperforms state-of-the-art systems on the generated domain-specific evaluation dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-attention,
    title = "Attention-based Semantic Priming for Slot-filling",
    author = "Wu, Jiewen  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      D{'}Haro, Luis Fernando  and
      Krishnaswamy, Pavitra  and
      Chen, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2404",
    pages = "22--26",
    abstract = "The problem of sequence labelling in language understanding would benefit from approaches inspired by semantic priming phenomena. We propose that an attention-based RNN architecture can be used to simulate semantic priming for sequence labelling. Specifically, we employ pre-trained word embeddings to characterize the semantic relationship between utterances and labels. We validate the approach using varying sizes of the ATIS and MEDIA datasets, and show up to 1.4-1.9{\%} improvement in F1 score. The developed framework can enable more explainable and generalizable spoken language understanding systems.",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2018-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition for {H}indi-{E}nglish Code-Mixed Social Media Text",
    author = "Singh, Vinay  and
      Vijay, Deepanshu  and
      Akhtar, Syed Sarfaraz  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2405",
    pages = "27--35",
    abstract = "Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a major task in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), and also is a sub-task of Information Extraction. The challenge of NER for tweets lie in the insufficient information available in a tweet. There has been a significant amount of work done related to entity extraction, but only for resource rich languages and domains such as newswire. Entity extraction is, in general, a challenging task for such an informal text, and code-mixed text further complicates the process with it{'}s unstructured and incomplete information. We propose experiments with different machine learning classification algorithms with word, character and lexical features. The algorithms we experimented with are Decision tree, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Conditional Random Field (CRF). In this paper, we present a corpus for NER in Hindi-English Code-Mixed along with extensive experiments on our machine learning models which achieved the best f1-score of 0.95 with both CRF and LSTM.",
}
@inproceedings{hardmeier-etal-2018-forms,
    title = "Forms of Anaphoric Reference to Organisational Named Entities: Hoping to widen appeal, they diversified",
    author = "Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Bevacqua, Luca  and
      Lo{\'a}iciga, Sharid  and
      Rohde, Hannah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2406",
    pages = "36--40",
    abstract = "Proper names of organisations are a special case of collective nouns. Their meaning can be conceptualised as a collective unit or as a plurality of persons, allowing for different morphological marking of coreferent anaphoric pronouns. This paper explores the variability of references to organisation names with 1) a corpus analysis and 2) two crowd-sourced story continuation experiments. The first shows that the preference for singular vs. plural conceptualisation is dependent on the level of formality of a text. In the second, we observe a strong preference for the plural they otherwise typical of informal speech. Using edited corpus data instead of constructed sentences as stimuli reduces this preference.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-named,
    title = "Named-Entity Tagging and Domain adaptation for Better Customized Translation",
    author = "Li, Zhongwei  and
      Wang, Xuancong  and
      Aw, Ai Ti  and
      Chng, Eng Siong  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2407",
    pages = "41--46",
    abstract = "Customized translation need pay spe-cial attention to the target domain ter-minology especially the named-entities for the domain. Adding linguistic features to neural machine translation (NMT) has been shown to benefit translation in many studies. In this paper, we further demonstrate that adding named-entity (NE) feature with named-entity recognition (NER) into the source language produces better translation with NMT. Our experiments show that by just including the different NE classes and boundary tags, we can increase the BLEU score by around 1 to 2 points using the standard test sets from WMT2017. We also show that adding NE tags using NER and applying in-domain adaptation can be combined to further improve customized machine translation.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-news,
    title = "NEWS 2018 Whitepaper",
    author = "Chen, Nancy  and
      Duan, Xiangyu  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2408",
    pages = "47--54",
    abstract = "Transliteration is defined as phonetic translation of names across languages. Transliteration of Named Entities (NEs) is necessary in many applications, such as machine translation, corpus alignment, cross-language IR, information extraction and automatic lexicon acquisition. All such systems call for high-performance transliteration, which is the focus of shared task in the NEWS 2018 workshop. The objective of the shared task is to promote machine transliteration research by providing a common benchmarking platform for the community to evaluate the state-of-the-art technologies.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-report,
    title = "Report of {NEWS} 2018 Named Entity Transliteration Shared Task",
    author = "Chen, Nancy  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Duan, Xiangyu  and
      Li, Haizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2409",
    pages = "55--73",
    abstract = "This report presents the results from the Named Entity Transliteration Shared Task conducted as part of The Seventh Named Entities Workshop (NEWS 2018) held at ACL 2018 in Melbourne, Australia. Similar to previous editions of NEWS, the Shared Task featured 19 tasks on proper name transliteration, including 13 different languages and two different Japanese scripts. A total of 6 teams from 8 different institutions participated in the evaluation, submitting 424 runs, involving different transliteration methodologies. Four performance metrics were used to report the evaluation results. The NEWS shared task on machine transliteration has successfully achieved its objectives by providing a common ground for the research community to conduct comparative evaluations of state-of-the-art technologies that will benefit the future research and development in this area.",
}
@inproceedings{singhania-etal-2018-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Transliteration Baselines for {NEWS} 2018",
    author = "Singhania, Snigdha  and
      Nguyen, Minh  and
      Ngo, Gia H.  and
      Chen, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2410",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2410",
    pages = "74--78",
    abstract = "This paper reports the results of our trans-literation experiments conducted on NEWS 2018 Shared Task dataset. We focus on creating the baseline systems trained using two open-source, statistical transliteration tools, namely Sequitur and Moses. We discuss the pre-processing steps performed on this dataset for both the systems. We also provide a re-ranking system which uses top hypotheses from Sequitur and Moses to create a consolidated list of transliterations. The results obtained from each of these models can be used to present a good starting point for the participating teams.",
}
@inproceedings{kundu-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "A Deep Learning Based Approach to Transliteration",
    author = "Kundu, Soumyadeep  and
      Paul, Sayantan  and
      Pal, Santanu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2411",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2411",
    pages = "79--83",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose different architectures for language independent machine transliteration which is extremely important for natural language processing (NLP) applications. Though a number of statistical models for transliteration have already been proposed in the past few decades, we proposed some neural network based deep learning architectures for the transliteration of named entities. Our transliteration systems adapt two different neural machine translation (NMT) frameworks: recurrent neural network and convolutional sequence to sequence based NMT. It is shown that our method provides quite satisfactory results when it comes to multi lingual machine transliteration. Our submitted runs are an ensemble of different transliteration systems for all the language pairs. In the NEWS 2018 Shared Task on Transliteration, our method achieves top performance for the En{--}Pe and Pe{--}En language pairs and comparable results for other cases.",
}
@inproceedings{najafi-etal-2018-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of Assorted Models for Transliteration",
    author = "Najafi, Saeed  and
      Hauer, Bradley  and
      Riyadh, Rashed Rubby  and
      Yu, Leyuan  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2412",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2412",
    pages = "84--88",
    abstract = "We report the results of our experiments in the context of the NEWS 2018 Shared Task on Transliteration. We focus on the comparison of several diverse systems, including three neural MT models. A combination of discriminative, generative, and neural models obtains the best results on the development sets. We also put forward ideas for improving the shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{grundkiewicz-heafield-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation Techniques for Named Entity Transliteration",
    author = "Grundkiewicz, Roman  and
      Heafield, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2413",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2413",
    pages = "89--94",
    abstract = "Transliterating named entities from one language into another can be approached as neural machine translation (NMT) problem, for which we use deep attentional RNN encoder-decoder models. To build a strong transliteration system, we apply well-established techniques from NMT, such as dropout regularization, model ensembling, rescoring with right-to-left models, and back-translation. Our submission to the NEWS 2018 Shared Task on Named Entity Transliteration ranked first in several tracks.",
}
@inproceedings{le-sadat-2018-low,
    title = "Low-Resource Machine Transliteration Using Recurrent Neural Networks of {A}sian Languages",
    author = "Le, Ngoc Tan  and
      Sadat, Fatiha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Named Entities Workshop",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2414",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2414",
    pages = "95--100",
    abstract = "Grapheme-to-phoneme models are key components in automatic speech recognition and text-to-speech systems. With low-resource language pairs that do not have available and well-developed pronunciation lexicons, grapheme-to-phoneme models are particularly useful. These models are based on initial alignments between grapheme source and phoneme target sequences. Inspired by sequence-to-sequence recurrent neural network-based translation methods, the current research presents an approach that applies an alignment representation for input sequences and pre-trained source and target embeddings to overcome the transliteration problem for a low-resource languages pair. We participated in the NEWS 2018 shared task for the English-Vietnamese transliteration task.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-nlp,
    title = "Proceedings of Workshop for {NLP} Open Source Software ({NLP}-{OSS})",
    author = "Park, Eunjeong L.  and
      Hagiwara, Masato  and
      Milajevs, Dmitrijs  and
      Tan, Liling",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2500",
}
@inproceedings{gardner-etal-2018-allennlp,
    title = "{A}llen{NLP}: A Deep Semantic Natural Language Processing Platform",
    author = "Gardner, Matt  and
      Grus, Joel  and
      Neumann, Mark  and
      Tafjord, Oyvind  and
      Dasigi, Pradeep  and
      Liu, Nelson F.  and
      Peters, Matthew  and
      Schmitz, Michael  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop for {NLP} Open Source Software ({NLP}-{OSS})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2501",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "Modern natural language processing (NLP) research requires writing code. Ideally this code would provide a precise definition of the approach, easy repeatability of results, and a basis for extending the research. However, many research codebases bury high-level parameters under implementation details, are challenging to run and debug, and are difficult enough to extend that they are more likely to be rewritten. This paper describes AllenNLP, a library for applying deep learning methods to NLP research that addresses these issues with easy-to-use command-line tools, declarative configuration-driven experiments, and modular NLP abstractions. AllenNLP has already increased the rate of research experimentation and the sharing of NLP components at the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, and we are working to have the same impact across the field.",
}
@inproceedings{nothman-etal-2018-stop,
    title = "Stop Word Lists in Free Open-source Software Packages",
    author = "Nothman, Joel  and
      Qin, Hanmin  and
      Yurchak, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop for {NLP} Open Source Software ({NLP}-{OSS})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2502",
    pages = "7--12",
    abstract = "Open-source software packages for language processing often include stop word lists. Users may apply them without awareness of their surprising omissions (e.g. {``}hasn{'}t{''} but not {``}hadn{'}t{''}) and inclusions ({``}computer{''}), or their incompatibility with a particular tokenizer. Motivated by issues raised about the Scikit-learn stop list, we investigate variation among and consistency within 52 popular English-language stop lists, and propose strategies for mitigating these issues.",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2018-texar,
    title = "{T}exar: A Modularized, Versatile, and Extensible Toolbox for Text Generation",
    author = "Hu, Zhiting  and
      Yang, Zichao  and
      Zhao, Tiancheng  and
      Shi, Haoran  and
      He, Junxian  and
      Wang, Di  and
      Ma, Xuezhe  and
      Liu, Zhengzhong  and
      Liang, Xiaodan  and
      Qin, Lianhui  and
      Chaplot, Devendra Singh  and
      Tan, Bowen  and
      Yu, Xingjiang  and
      Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop for {NLP} Open Source Software ({NLP}-{OSS})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2503",
    pages = "13--22",
    abstract = "We introduce Texar, an open-source toolkit aiming to support the broad set of text generation tasks. Different from many existing toolkits that are specialized for specific applications (e.g., neural machine translation), Texar is designed to be highly flexible and versatile. This is achieved by abstracting the common patterns underlying the diverse tasks and methodologies, creating a library of highly reusable modules and functionalities, and enabling arbitrary model architectures and various algorithmic paradigms. The features make Texar particularly suitable for technique sharing and generalization across different text generation applications. The toolkit emphasizes heavily on extensibility and modularized system design, so that components can be freely plugged in or swapped out. We conduct extensive experiments and case studies to demonstrate the use and advantage of the toolkit.",
}
@inproceedings{gildea-etal-2018-acl,
    title = "The {ACL} Anthology: Current State and Future Directions",
    author = "Gildea, Daniel  and
      Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Madnani, Nitin  and
      Teichmann, Christoph  and
      Villalba, Mart{\'\i}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop for {NLP} Open Source Software ({NLP}-{OSS})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2504",
    pages = "23--28",
    abstract = "The Association of Computational Linguistic{'}s Anthology is the open source archive, and the main source for computational linguistics and natural language processing{'}s scientific literature. The ACL Anthology is currently maintained exclusively by community volunteers and has to be available and up-to-date at all times. We first discuss the current, open source approach used to achieve this, and then discuss how the planned use of Docker images will improve the Anthology{'}s long-term stability. This change will make it easier for researchers to utilize Anthology data for experimentation. We believe the ACL community can directly benefit from the extension-friendly architecture of the Anthology. We end by issuing an open challenge of reviewer matching we encourage the community to rally towards.",
}
@inproceedings{agirre-etal-2018-risk,
    title = "The risk of sub-optimal use of Open Source {NLP} Software: {UKB} is inadvertently state-of-the-art in knowledge-based {WSD}",
    author = "Agirre, Eneko  and
      L{\'o}pez de Lacalle, Oier  and
      Soroa, Aitor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop for {NLP} Open Source Software ({NLP}-{OSS})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2505",
    pages = "29--33",
    abstract = "UKB is an open source collection of programs for performing, among other tasks, Knowledge-Based Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD). Since it was released in 2009 it has been often used out-of-the-box in sub-optimal settings. We show that nine years later it is the state-of-the-art on knowledge-based WSD. This case shows the pitfalls of releasing open source NLP software without optimal default settings and precise instructions for reproducibility.",
}
@inproceedings{pressel-etal-2018-baseline,
    title = "{B}aseline: A Library for Rapid Modeling, Experimentation and Development of Deep Learning Algorithms targeting {NLP}",
    author = "Pressel, Daniel  and
      Ray Choudhury, Sagnik  and
      Lester, Brian  and
      Zhao, Yanjie  and
      Barta, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop for {NLP} Open Source Software ({NLP}-{OSS})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2506",
    pages = "34--40",
    abstract = "We introduce Baseline: a library for reproducible deep learning research and fast model development for NLP. The library provides easily extensible abstractions and implementations for data loading, model development, training and export of deep learning architectures. It also provides implementations for simple, high-performance, deep learning models for various NLP tasks, against which newly developed models can be compared. Deep learning experiments are hard to reproduce, Baseline provides functionalities to track them. The goal is to allow a researcher to focus on model development, delegating the repetitive tasks to the library.",
}
@inproceedings{kuchaiev-etal-2018-openseq2seq,
    title = "{O}pen{S}eq2{S}eq: Extensible Toolkit for Distributed and Mixed Precision Training of Sequence-to-Sequence Models",
    author = "Kuchaiev, Oleksii  and
      Ginsburg, Boris  and
      Gitman, Igor  and
      Lavrukhin, Vitaly  and
      Case, Carl  and
      Micikevicius, Paulius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop for {NLP} Open Source Software ({NLP}-{OSS})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2507",
    pages = "41--46",
    abstract = "We present OpenSeq2Seq {--} an open-source toolkit for training sequence-to-sequence models. The main goal of our toolkit is to allow researchers to most effectively explore different sequence-to-sequence architectures. The efficiency is achieved by fully supporting distributed and mixed-precision training. OpenSeq2Seq provides building blocks for training encoder-decoder models for neural machine translation and automatic speech recognition. We plan to extend it with other modalities in the future.",
}
@inproceedings{germann-etal-2018-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Multiple {NLP} Technologies into an Open-source Platform for Multilingual Media Monitoring",
    author = "Germann, Ulrich  and
      Liepins, Ren{\=a}rs  and
      Gosko, Didzis  and
      Barzdins, Guntis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop for {NLP} Open Source Software ({NLP}-{OSS})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2508",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2508",
    pages = "47--51",
    abstract = "The open-source SUMMA Platform is a highly scalable distributed architecture for monitoring a large number of media broadcasts in parallel, with a lag behind actual broadcast time of at most a few minutes. It assembles numerous state-of-the-art NLP technologies into a fully automated media ingestion pipeline that can record live broadcasts, detect and transcribe spoken content, translate from several languages (original text or transcribed speech) into English, recognize Named Entities, detect topics, cluster and summarize documents across language barriers, and extract and store factual claims in these news items. This paper describes the intended use cases and discusses the system design decisions that allowed us to integrate state-of-the-art NLP modules into an effective workflow with comparatively little effort.",
}
@inproceedings{rush-2018-annotated,
    title = "The Annotated Transformer",
    author = "Rush, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop for {NLP} Open Source Software ({NLP}-{OSS})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2509",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2509",
    pages = "52--60",
    abstract = "(Note this is not being submitted blind. The chair of the workshop requested this submission unblinded from me on twitter, so assuming that is okay.) A major goal of open-source NLP is to quickly and accurately reproduce the results of new work, in a manner that the community can easily use and modify. While most papers publish enough detail for replication, it still may be difficult to achieve good results in practice. This paper presents a worked exercise of paper reproduction with the goal of implementing the results of the recent Transformer model. The replication exercise aims at simple code structure that follows closely with the original work, while achieving an efficient usable system.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-machine,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Reading for Question Answering",
    author = "Choi, Eunsol  and
      Seo, Minjoon  and
      Chen, Danqi  and
      Jia, Robin  and
      Berant, Jonathan",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2600",
}
@inproceedings{gong-bowman-2018-ruminating,
    title = "Ruminating Reader: Reasoning with Gated Multi-hop Attention",
    author = "Gong, Yichen  and
      Bowman, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Reading for Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2601",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "To answer the question in machine comprehension (MC) task, the models need to establish the interaction between the question and the context. To tackle the problem that the single-pass model cannot reflect on and correct its answer, we present Ruminating Reader. Ruminating Reader adds a second pass of attention and a novel information fusion component to the Bi-Directional Attention Flow model (BiDAF). We propose novel layer structures that construct a query aware context vector representation and fuse encoding representation with intermediate representation on top of BiDAF model. We show that a multi-hop attention mechanism can be applied to a bi-directional attention structure. In experiments on SQuAD, we find that the Reader outperforms the BiDAF baseline by 2.1 F1 score and 2.7 EM score. Our analysis shows that different hops of the attention have different responsibilities in selecting answers.",
}
@inproceedings{rondeau-hazen-2018-systematic,
    title = "Systematic Error Analysis of the {S}tanford Question Answering Dataset",
    author = "Rondeau, Marc-Antoine  and
      Hazen, T. J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Reading for Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2602",
    pages = "12--20",
    abstract = "We analyzed the outputs of multiple question answering (QA) models applied to the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) to identify the core challenges for QA systems on this data set. Through an iterative process, challenging aspects were hypothesized through qualitative analysis of the common error cases. A classifier was then constructed to predict whether SQuAD test examples were likely to be difficult for systems to answer based on features associated with the hypothesized aspects. The classifier{'}s performance was used to accept or reject each aspect as an indicator of difficulty. With this approach, we ensured that our hypotheses were systematically tested and not simply accepted based on our pre-existing biases. Our explanations are not accepted based on human evaluation of individual examples. This process also enabled us to identify the primary QA strategy learned by the models, i.e., systems determined the acceptable answer type for a question and then selected the acceptable answer span of that type containing the highest density of words present in the question within its local vicinity in the passage.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Stage Memory Augmented Neural Network for Machine Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Yu, Seunghak  and
      Indurthi, Sathish Reddy  and
      Back, Seohyun  and
      Lee, Haejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Reading for Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2603",
    pages = "21--30",
    abstract = "Reading Comprehension (RC) of text is one of the fundamental tasks in natural language processing. In recent years, several end-to-end neural network models have been proposed to solve RC tasks. However, most of these models suffer in reasoning over long documents. In this work, we propose a novel Memory Augmented Machine Comprehension Network (MAMCN) to address long-range dependencies present in machine reading comprehension. We perform extensive experiments to evaluate proposed method with the renowned benchmark datasets such as SQuAD, QUASAR-T, and TriviaQA. We achieve the state of the art performance on both the document-level (QUASAR-T, TriviaQA) and paragraph-level (SQuAD) datasets compared to all the previously published approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{ren-etal-2018-tackling,
    title = "Tackling Adversarial Examples in {QA} via Answer Sentence Selection",
    author = "Ren, Yuanhang  and
      Du, Ye  and
      Wang, Di",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Reading for Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2604",
    pages = "31--36",
    abstract = "Question answering systems deteriorate dramatically in the presence of adversarial sentences in articles. According to Jia and Liang (2017), the single BiDAF system (Seo et al., 2016) only achieves an F1 score of 4.8 on the ADDANY adversarial dataset. In this paper, we present a method to tackle this problem via answer sentence selection. Given a paragraph of an article and a corresponding query, instead of directly feeding the whole paragraph to the single BiDAF system, a sentence that most likely contains the answer to the query is first selected, which is done via a deep neural network based on TreeLSTM (Tai et al., 2015). Experiments on ADDANY adversarial dataset validate the effectiveness of our method. The F1 score has been improved to 52.3.",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2018-dureader,
    title = "{D}u{R}eader: a {C}hinese Machine Reading Comprehension Dataset from Real-world Applications",
    author = "He, Wei  and
      Liu, Kai  and
      Liu, Jing  and
      Lyu, Yajuan  and
      Zhao, Shiqi  and
      Xiao, Xinyan  and
      Liu, Yuan  and
      Wang, Yizhong  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      She, Qiaoqiao  and
      Liu, Xuan  and
      Wu, Tian  and
      Wang, Haifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Reading for Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2605",
    pages = "37--46",
    abstract = "This paper introduces DuReader, a new large-scale, open-domain Chinese machine reading comprehension (MRC) dataset, designed to address real-world MRC. DuReader has three advantages over previous MRC datasets: (1) data sources: questions and documents are based on Baidu Search and Baidu Zhidao; answers are manually generated. (2) question types: it provides rich annotations for more question types, especially yes-no and opinion questions, that leaves more opportunity for the research community. (3) scale: it contains 200K questions, 420K answers and 1M documents; it is the largest Chinese MRC dataset so far. Experiments show that human performance is well above current state-of-the-art baseline systems, leaving plenty of room for the community to make improvements. To help the community make these improvements, both DuReader and baseline systems have been posted online. We also organize a shared competition to encourage the exploration of more models. Since the release of the task, there are significant improvements over the baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{franke-etal-2018-robust,
    title = "Robust and Scalable Differentiable Neural Computer for Question Answering",
    author = {Franke, J{\"o}rg  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Waibel, Alex},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Reading for Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2606",
    pages = "47--59",
    abstract = "Deep learning models are often not easily adaptable to new tasks and require task-specific adjustments. The differentiable neural computer (DNC), a memory-augmented neural network, is designed as a general problem solver which can be used in a wide range of tasks. But in reality, it is hard to apply this model to new tasks. We analyze the DNC and identify possible improvements within the application of question answering. This motivates a more robust and scalable DNC (rsDNC). The objective precondition is to keep the general character of this model intact while making its application more reliable and speeding up its required training time. The rsDNC is distinguished by a more robust training, a slim memory unit and a bidirectional architecture. We not only achieve new state-of-the-art performance on the bAbI task, but also minimize the performance variance between different initializations. Furthermore, we demonstrate the simplified applicability of the rsDNC to new tasks with passable results on the CNN RC task without adaptions.",
}
@inproceedings{boratko-etal-2018-systematic,
    title = "A Systematic Classification of Knowledge, Reasoning, and Context within the {ARC} Dataset",
    author = "Boratko, Michael  and
      Padigela, Harshit  and
      Mikkilineni, Divyendra  and
      Yuvraj, Pritish  and
      Das, Rajarshi  and
      McCallum, Andrew  and
      Chang, Maria  and
      Fokoue-Nkoutche, Achille  and
      Kapanipathi, Pavan  and
      Mattei, Nicholas  and
      Musa, Ryan  and
      Talamadupula, Kartik  and
      Witbrock, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Reading for Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2607",
    pages = "60--70",
    abstract = "The recent work of Clark et al. (2018) introduces the AI2 Reasoning Challenge (ARC) and the associated ARC dataset that partitions open domain, complex science questions into easy and challenge sets. That paper includes an analysis of 100 questions with respect to the types of knowledge and reasoning required to answer them; however, it does not include clear definitions of these types, nor does it offer information about the quality of the labels. We propose a comprehensive set of definitions of knowledge and reasoning types necessary for answering the questions in the ARC dataset. Using ten annotators and a sophisticated annotation interface, we analyze the distribution of labels across the challenge set and statistics related to them. Additionally, we demonstrate that although naive information retrieval methods return sentences that are irrelevant to answering the query, sufficient supporting text is often present in the (ARC) corpus. Evaluating with human-selected relevant sentences improves the performance of a neural machine comprehension model by 42 points.",
}
@inproceedings{shvartzshanider-etal-2018-recipe,
    title = "{RECIPE}: Applying Open Domain Question Answering to Privacy Policies",
    author = "Shvartzshanider, Yan  and
      Balashankar, Ananth  and
      Wies, Thomas  and
      Subramanian, Lakshminarayanan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Reading for Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2608",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2608",
    pages = "71--77",
    abstract = "We describe our experiences in using an open domain question answering model (Chen et al., 2017) to evaluate an out-of-domain QA task of assisting in analyzing privacy policies of companies. Specifically, Relevant CI Parameters Extractor (RECIPE) seeks to answer questions posed by the theory of contextual integrity (CI) regarding the information flows described in the privacy statements. These questions have a simple syntactic structure and the answers are factoids or descriptive in nature. The model achieved an F1 score of 72.33, but we noticed that combining the results of this model with a neural dependency parser based approach yields a significantly higher F1 score of 92.35 compared to manual annotations. This indicates that future work which in-corporates signals from parsing like NLP tasks more explicitly can generalize better on out-of-domain tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{subramanian-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Models for Key Phrase Extraction and Question Generation",
    author = "Subramanian, Sandeep  and
      Wang, Tong  and
      Yuan, Xingdi  and
      Zhang, Saizheng  and
      Trischler, Adam  and
      Bengio, Yoshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Reading for Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2609",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2609",
    pages = "78--88",
    abstract = "We propose a two-stage neural model to tackle question generation from documents. First, our model estimates the probability that word sequences in a document are ones that a human would pick when selecting candidate answers by training a neural key-phrase extractor on the answers in a question-answering corpus. Predicted key phrases then act as target answers and condition a sequence-to-sequence question-generation model with a copy mechanism. Empirically, our key-phrase extraction model significantly outperforms an entity-tagging baseline and existing rule-based approaches. We further demonstrate that our question generation system formulates fluent, answerable questions from key phrases. This two-stage system could be used to augment or generate reading comprehension datasets, which may be leveraged to improve machine reading systems or in educational settings.",
}
@inproceedings{wadhwa-etal-2018-comparative,
    title = "Comparative Analysis of Neural {QA} models on {SQ}u{AD}",
    author = "Wadhwa, Soumya  and
      Chandu, Khyathi  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Reading for Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2610",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2610",
    pages = "89--97",
    abstract = "The task of Question Answering has gained prominence in the past few decades for testing the ability of machines to understand natural language. Large datasets for Machine Reading have led to the development of neural models that cater to deeper language understanding compared to information retrieval tasks. Different components in these neural architectures are intended to tackle different challenges. As a first step towards achieving generalization across multiple domains, we attempt to understand and compare the peculiarities of existing end-to-end neural models on the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) by performing quantitative as well as qualitative analysis of the results attained by each of them. We observed that prediction errors reflect certain model-specific biases, which we further discuss in this paper.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2018-adaptations,
    title = "Adaptations of {ROUGE} and {BLEU} to Better Evaluate Machine Reading Comprehension Task",
    author = "Yang, An  and
      Liu, Kai  and
      Liu, Jing  and
      Lyu, Yajuan  and
      Li, Sujian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Reading for Question Answering",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2611",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2611",
    pages = "98--104",
    abstract = "Current evaluation metrics to question answering based machine reading comprehension (MRC) systems generally focus on the lexical overlap between candidate and reference answers, such as ROUGE and BLEU. However, bias may appear when these metrics are used for specific question types, especially questions inquiring yes-no opinions and entity lists. In this paper, we make adaptations on the metrics to better correlate $n$-gram overlap with the human judgment for answers to these two question types. Statistical analysis proves the effectiveness of our approach. Our adaptations may provide positive guidance for the development of real-scene MRC systems.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-neural,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Neural Machine Translation and Generation",
    author = "Birch, Alexandra  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Luong, Thang  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Oda, Yusuke",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2700",
}
@inproceedings{birch-etal-2018-findings,
    title = "Findings of the Second Workshop on Neural Machine Translation and Generation",
    author = "Birch, Alexandra  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Luong, Minh-Thang  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Oda, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Neural Machine Translation and Generation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2701",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "This document describes the findings of the Second Workshop on Neural Machine Translation and Generation, held in concert with the annual conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2018). First, we summarize the research trends of papers presented in the proceedings, and note that there is particular interest in linguistic structure, domain adaptation, data augmentation, handling inadequate resources, and analysis of models. Second, we describe the results of the workshop{'}s shared task on efficient neural machine translation, where participants were tasked with creating MT systems that are both accurate and efficient.",
}
@inproceedings{jauregi-unanue-etal-2018-shared,
    title = "A Shared Attention Mechanism for Interpretation of Neural Automatic Post-Editing Systems",
    author = "Jauregi Unanue, Inigo  and
      Zare Borzeshi, Ehsan  and
      Piccardi, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Neural Machine Translation and Generation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2702",
    pages = "11--17",
    abstract = "Automatic post-editing (APE) systems aim to correct the systematic errors made by machine translators. In this paper, we propose a neural APE system that encodes the source (src) and machine translated (mt) sentences with two separate encoders, but leverages a shared attention mechanism to better understand how the two inputs contribute to the generation of the post-edited (pe) sentences. Our empirical observations have showed that when the mt is incorrect, the attention shifts weight toward tokens in the src sentence to properly edit the incorrect translation. The model has been trained and evaluated on the official data from the WMT16 and WMT17 APE IT domain English-German shared tasks. Additionally, we have used the extra 500K artificial data provided by the shared task. Our system has been able to reproduce the accuracies of systems trained with the same data, while at the same time providing better interpretability.",
}
@inproceedings{hoang-etal-2018-iterative,
    title = "Iterative Back-Translation for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Hoang, Vu Cong Duy  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Neural Machine Translation and Generation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2703",
    pages = "18--24",
    abstract = "We present iterative back-translation, a method for generating increasingly better synthetic parallel data from monolingual data to train neural machine translation systems. Our proposed method is very simple yet effective and highly applicable in practice. We demonstrate improvements in neural machine translation quality in both high and low resourced scenarios, including the best reported BLEU scores for the WMT 2017 German↔English tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{bisk-tran-2018-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Grammars with and for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Bisk, Yonatan  and
      Tran, Ke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Neural Machine Translation and Generation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2704",
    pages = "25--35",
    abstract = "Machine translation systems require semantic knowledge and grammatical understanding. Neural machine translation (NMT) systems often assume this information is captured by an attention mechanism and a decoder that ensures fluency. Recent work has shown that incorporating explicit syntax alleviates the burden of modeling both types of knowledge. However, requiring parses is expensive and does not explore the question of what syntax a model needs during translation. To address both of these issues we introduce a model that simultaneously translates while inducing dependency trees. In this way, we leverage the benefits of structure while investigating what syntax NMT must induce to maximize performance. We show that our dependency trees are 1. language pair dependent and 2. improve translation quality.",
}
@inproceedings{khayrallah-etal-2018-regularized,
    title = "Regularized Training Objective for Continued Training for Domain Adaptation in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Khayrallah, Huda  and
      Thompson, Brian  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Neural Machine Translation and Generation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2705",
    pages = "36--44",
    abstract = "Supervised domain adaptation{---}where a large generic corpus and a smaller in-domain corpus are both available for training{---}is a challenge for neural machine translation (NMT). Standard practice is to train a generic model and use it to initialize a second model, then continue training the second model on in-domain data to produce an in-domain model. We add an auxiliary term to the training objective during continued training that minimizes the cross entropy between the in-domain model{'}s output word distribution and that of the out-of-domain model to prevent the model{'}s output from differing too much from the original out-of-domain model. We perform experiments on EMEA (descriptions of medicines) and TED (rehearsed presentations), initialized from a general domain (WMT) model. Our method shows improvements over standard continued training by up to 1.5 BLEU.",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2018-controllable,
    title = "Controllable Abstractive Summarization",
    author = "Fan, Angela  and
      Grangier, David  and
      Auli, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Neural Machine Translation and Generation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2706",
    pages = "45--54",
    abstract = "Current models for document summarization disregard user preferences such as the desired length, style, the entities that the user might be interested in, or how much of the document the user has already read. We present a neural summarization model with a simple but effective mechanism to enable users to specify these high level attributes in order to control the shape of the final summaries to better suit their needs. With user input, our system can produce high quality summaries that follow user preferences. Without user input, we set the control variables automatically {--} on the full text CNN-Dailymail dataset, we outperform state of the art abstractive systems (both in terms of F1-ROUGE1 40.38 vs. 39.53 F1-ROUGE and human evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{imamura-etal-2018-enhancement,
    title = "Enhancement of Encoder and Attention Using Target Monolingual Corpora in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Imamura, Kenji  and
      Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Neural Machine Translation and Generation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2707",
    pages = "55--63",
    abstract = "A large-scale parallel corpus is required to train encoder-decoder neural machine translation. The method of using synthetic parallel texts, in which target monolingual corpora are automatically translated into source sentences, is effective in improving the decoder, but is unreliable for enhancing the encoder. In this paper, we propose a method that enhances the encoder and attention using target monolingual corpora by generating multiple source sentences via sampling. By using multiple source sentences, diversity close to that of humans is achieved. Our experimental results show that the translation quality is improved by increasing the number of synthetic source sentences for each given target sentence, and quality close to that using a manually created parallel corpus was achieved.",
}
@inproceedings{kothur-etal-2018-document,
    title = "Document-Level Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Kothur, Sachith Sri Ram  and
      Knowles, Rebecca  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Neural Machine Translation and Generation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2708",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2708",
    pages = "64--73",
    abstract = "It is common practice to adapt machine translation systems to novel domains, but even a well-adapted system may be able to perform better on a particular document if it were to learn from a translator{'}s corrections within the document itself. We focus on adaptation within a single document {--} appropriate for an interactive translation scenario where a model adapts to a human translator{'}s input over the course of a document. We propose two methods: single-sentence adaptation (which performs online adaptation one sentence at a time) and dictionary adaptation (which specifically addresses the issue of translating novel words). Combining the two models results in improvements over both approaches individually, and over baseline systems, even on short documents. On WMT news test data, we observe an improvement of +1.8 BLEU points and +23.3{\%} novel word translation accuracy and on EMEA data (descriptions of medications) we observe an improvement of +2.7 BLEU points and +49.2{\%} novel word translation accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{khayrallah-koehn-2018-impact,
    title = "On the Impact of Various Types of Noise on Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Khayrallah, Huda  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Neural Machine Translation and Generation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2709",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2709",
    pages = "74--83",
    abstract = "We examine how various types of noise in the parallel training data impact the quality of neural machine translation systems. We create five types of artificial noise and analyze how they degrade performance in neural and statistical machine translation. We find that neural models are generally more harmed by noise than statistical models. For one especially egregious type of noise they learn to just copy the input sentence.",
}
@inproceedings{niu-etal-2018-bi,
    title = "Bi-Directional Neural Machine Translation with Synthetic Parallel Data",
    author = "Niu, Xing  and
      Denkowski, Michael  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Neural Machine Translation and Generation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2710",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2710",
    pages = "84--91",
    abstract = "Despite impressive progress in high-resource settings, Neural Machine Translation (NMT) still struggles in low-resource and out-of-domain scenarios, often failing to match the quality of phrase-based translation. We propose a novel technique that combines back-translation and multilingual NMT to improve performance in these difficult cases. Our technique trains a single model for both directions of a language pair, allowing us to back-translate source or target monolingual data without requiring an auxiliary model. We then continue training on the augmented parallel data, enabling a cycle of improvement for a single model that can incorporate any source, target, or parallel data to improve both translation directions. As a byproduct, these models can reduce training and deployment costs significantly compared to uni-directional models. Extensive experiments show that our technique outperforms standard back-translation in low-resource scenarios, improves quality on cross-domain tasks, and effectively reduces costs across the board.",
}
@inproceedings{nishimura-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Source Neural Machine Translation with Missing Data",
    author = "Nishimura, Yuta  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Neural Machine Translation and Generation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2711",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2711",
    pages = "92--99",
    abstract = "Multi-source translation is an approach to exploit multiple inputs (e.g. in two different languages) to increase translation accuracy. In this paper, we examine approaches for multi-source neural machine translation (NMT) using an incomplete multilingual corpus in which some translations are missing. In practice, many multilingual corpora are not complete due to the difficulty to provide translations in all of the relevant languages (for example, in TED talks, most English talks only have subtitles for a small portion of the languages that TED supports). Existing studies on multi-source translation did not explicitly handle such situations. This study focuses on the use of incomplete multilingual corpora in multi-encoder NMT and mixture of NMT experts and examines a very simple implementation where missing source translations are replaced by a special symbol {\textless}NULL{\textgreater}. These methods allow us to use incomplete corpora both at training time and test time. In experiments with real incomplete multilingual corpora of TED Talks, the multi-source NMT with the {\textless}NULL{\textgreater} tokens achieved higher translation accuracies measured by BLEU than those by any one-to-one NMT systems.",
}
@inproceedings{pham-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards one-shot learning for rare-word translation with external experts",
    author = "Pham, Ngoc-Quan  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Waibel, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Neural Machine Translation and Generation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2712",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2712",
    pages = "100--109",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation (NMT) has significantly improved the quality of automatic translation models. One of the main challenges in current systems is the translation of rare words. We present a generic approach to address this weakness by having external models annotate the training data as Experts, and control the model-expert interaction with a pointer network and reinforcement learning. Our experiments using phrase-based models to simulate Experts to complement neural machine translation models show that the model can be trained to copy the annotations into the output consistently. We demonstrate the benefit of our proposed framework in outof domain translation scenarios with only lexical resources, improving more than 1.0 BLEU point in both translation directions English-Spanish and German-English.",
}
@inproceedings{imamura-sumita-2018-nict,
    title = "{NICT} Self-Training Approach to Neural Machine Translation at {NMT}-2018",
    author = "Imamura, Kenji  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Neural Machine Translation and Generation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2713",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2713",
    pages = "110--115",
    abstract = "This paper describes the NICT neural machine translation system submitted at the NMT-2018 shared task. A characteristic of our approach is the introduction of self-training. Since our self-training does not change the model structure, it does not influence the efficiency of translation, such as the translation speed. The experimental results showed that the translation quality improved not only in the sequence-to-sequence (seq-to-seq) models but also in the transformer models.",
}
@inproceedings{hoang-etal-2018-fast,
    title = "Fast Neural Machine Translation Implementation",
    author = "Hoang, Hieu  and
      Dwojak, Tomasz  and
      Krislauks, Rihards  and
      Torregrosa, Daniel  and
      Heafield, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Neural Machine Translation and Generation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2714",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2714",
    pages = "116--121",
    abstract = "This paper describes the submissions to the efficiency track for GPUs at the Workshop for Neural Machine Translation and Generation by members of the University of Edinburgh, Adam Mickiewicz University, Tilde and University of Alicante. We focus on efficient implementation of the recurrent deep-learning model as implemented in Amun, the fast inference engine for neural machine translation. We improve the performance with an efficient mini-batching algorithm, and by fusing the softmax operation with the k-best extraction algorithm. Submissions using Amun were first, second and third fastest in the GPU efficiency track.",
}
@inproceedings{senellart-etal-2018-opennmt,
    title = "{O}pen{NMT} System Description for {WNMT} 2018: 800 words/sec on a single-core {CPU}",
    author = "Senellart, Jean  and
      Zhang, Dakun  and
      Wang, Bo  and
      Klein, Guillaume  and
      Ramatchandirin, Jean-Pierre  and
      Crego, Josep  and
      Rush, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Neural Machine Translation and Generation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2715",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2715",
    pages = "122--128",
    abstract = "We present a system description of the OpenNMT Neural Machine Translation entry for the WNMT 2018 evaluation. In this work, we developed a heavily optimized NMT inference model targeting a high-performance CPU system. The final system uses a combination of four techniques, all of them lead to significant speed-ups in combination: (a) sequence distillation, (b) architecture modifications, (c) precomputation, particularly of vocabulary, and (d) CPU targeted quantization. This work achieves the fastest performance of the shared task, and led to the development of new features that have been integrated to OpenNMT and available to the community.",
}
@inproceedings{junczys-dowmunt-etal-2018-marian,
    title = "{M}arian: Cost-effective High-Quality Neural Machine Translation in {C}++",
    author = "Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin  and
      Heafield, Kenneth  and
      Hoang, Hieu  and
      Grundkiewicz, Roman  and
      Aue, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Neural Machine Translation and Generation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2716",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2716",
    pages = "129--135",
    abstract = "This paper describes the submissions of the {``}Marian{''} team to the WNMT 2018 shared task. We investigate combinations of teacher-student training, low-precision matrix products, auto-tuning and other methods to optimize the Transformer model on GPU and CPU. By further integrating these methods with the new averaging attention networks, a recently introduced faster Transformer variant, we create a number of high-quality, high-performance models on the GPU and CPU, dominating the Pareto frontier for this shared task.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-eight,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eight Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning and Processing",
    author = "Idiart, Marco  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2800",
}
@inproceedings{antonio-rodrigues-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Brain Activation with {W}ord{N}et Embeddings",
    author = "Ant{\'o}nio Rodrigues, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Branco, Ruben  and
      Silva, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Saedi, Chakaveh  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning and Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2801",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2801",
    pages = "1--5",
    abstract = "The task of taking a semantic representation of a noun and predicting the brain activity triggered by it in terms of fMRI spatial patterns was pioneered by Mitchell et al. 2008. That seminal work used word co-occurrence features to represent the meaning of the nouns. Even though the task does not impose any specific type of semantic representation, the vast majority of subsequent approaches resort to feature-based models or to semantic spaces (aka word embeddings). We address this task, with competitive results, by using instead a semantic network to encode lexical semantics, thus providing further evidence for the cognitive plausibility of this approach to model lexical meaning.",
}
@inproceedings{yung-demberg-2018-speakers,
    title = "Do Speakers Produce Discourse Connectives Rationally?",
    author = "Yung, Frances  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning and Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2802",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2802",
    pages = "6--16",
    abstract = "A number of different discourse connectives can be used to mark the same discourse relation, but it is unclear what factors affect connective choice. One recent account is the Rational Speech Acts theory, which predicts that speakers try to maximize the informativeness of an utterance such that the listener can interpret the intended meaning correctly. Existing prior work uses referential language games to test the rational account of speakers{'} production of concrete meanings, such as identification of objects within a picture. Building on the same paradigm, we design a novel Discourse Continuation Game to investigate speakers{'} production of abstract discourse relations. Experimental results reveal that speakers significantly prefer a more informative connective, in line with predictions of the RSA model.",
}
@inproceedings{calvillo-crocker-2018-language,
    title = "Language Production Dynamics with Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Calvillo, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Crocker, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning and Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2803",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2803",
    pages = "17--26",
    abstract = "We present an analysis of the internal mechanism of the recurrent neural model of sentence production presented by Calvillo et al. (2016). The results show clear patterns of computation related to each layer in the network allowing to infer an algorithmic account, where the semantics activates the semantically related words, then each word generated at each time step activates syntactic and semantic constraints on possible continuations, while the recurrence preserves information through time. We propose that such insights could generalize to other models with similar architecture, including some used in computational linguistics for language modeling, machine translation and image caption generation.",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-glance Reading Model for Text Understanding",
    author = "Zhu, Pengcheng  and
      Yang, Yujiu  and
      Gao, Wenqiang  and
      Liu, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning and Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2804",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2804",
    pages = "27--35",
    abstract = "In recent years, a variety of recurrent neural networks have been proposed, e.g LSTM. However, existing models only read the text once, it cannot describe the situation of repeated reading in reading comprehension. In fact, when reading or analyzing a text, we may read the text several times rather than once if we couldn{'}t well understand it. So, how to model this kind of the reading behavior? To address the issue, we propose a multi-glance mechanism (MGM) for modeling the habit of reading behavior. In the proposed framework, the actual reading process can be fully simulated, and then the obtained information can be consistent with the task. Based on the multi-glance mechanism, we design two types of recurrent neural network models for repeated reading: Glance Cell Model (GCM) and Glance Gate Model (GGM). Visualization analysis of the GCM and the GGM demonstrates the effectiveness of multi-glance mechanisms. Experiments results on the large-scale datasets show that the proposed methods can achieve better performance.",
}
@inproceedings{asahara-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting {J}apanese Word Order in Double Object Constructions",
    author = "Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Nambu, Satoshi  and
      Sano, Shin-Ichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning and Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2805",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2805",
    pages = "36--40",
    abstract = "This paper presents a statistical model to predict Japanese word order in the double object constructions. We employed a Bayesian linear mixed model with manually annotated predicate-argument structure data. The findings from the refined corpus analysis confirmed the effects of information status of an NP as {`}givennew ordering{'} in addition to the effects of {`}long-before-short{'} as a tendency of the general Japanese word order.",
}
@inproceedings{mcgregor-lim-2018-affordances,
    title = "Affordances in Grounded Language Learning",
    author = "McGregor, Stephen  and
      Lim, KyungTae",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning and Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2806",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2806",
    pages = "41--46",
    abstract = "We present a novel methodology involving mappings between different modes of semantic representation. We propose distributional semantic models as a mechanism for representing the kind of world knowledge inherent in the system of abstract symbols characteristic of a sophisticated community of language users. Then, motivated by insight from ecological psychology, we describe a model approximating affordances, by which we mean a language learner{'}s direct perception of opportunities for action in an environment. We present a preliminary experiment involving mapping between these two representational modalities, and propose that our methodology can become the basis for a cognitively inspired model of grounded language learning.",
}
@inproceedings{kluth-schultheis-2018-rating,
    title = "Rating Distributions and {B}ayesian Inference: Enhancing Cognitive Models of Spatial Language Use",
    author = "Kluth, Thomas  and
      Schultheis, Holger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning and Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2807",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2807",
    pages = "47--55",
    abstract = "We present two methods that improve the assessment of cognitive models. The first method is applicable to models computing average acceptability ratings. For these models, we propose an extension that simulates a full rating distribution (instead of average ratings) and allows generating individual ratings. Our second method enables Bayesian inference for models generating individual data. To this end, we propose to use the cross-match test (Rosenbaum, 2005) as a likelihood function. We exemplarily present both methods using cognitive models from the domain of spatial language use. For spatial language use, determining linguistic acceptability judgments of a spatial preposition for a depicted spatial relation is assumed to be a crucial process (Logan and Sadler, 1996). Existing models of this process compute an average acceptability rating. We extend the models and {--} based on existing data {--} show that the extended models allow extracting more information from the empirical data and yield more readily interpretable information about model successes and failures. Applying Bayesian inference, we find that model performance relies less on mechanisms of capturing geometrical aspects than on mapping the captured geometry to a rating interval.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-role,
    title = "The Role of Syntax During Pronoun Resolution: Evidence from f{MRI}",
    author = "Li, Jixing  and
      Fabre, Murielle  and
      Luh, Wen-Ming  and
      Hale, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning and Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2808",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2808",
    pages = "56--64",
    abstract = "The current study examined the role of syntactic structure during pronoun resolution. We correlated complexity measures derived by the syntax-sensitive Hobbs algorithm and a neural network model for pronoun resolution with brain activity of participants listening to an audiobook during fMRI recording. Compared to the neural network model, the Hobbs algorithm is associated with larger clusters of brain activation in a network including the left Broca{'}s area.",
}
@inproceedings{stanojevic-stabler-2018-sound,
    title = "A Sound and Complete Left-Corner Parsing for Minimalist Grammars",
    author = "Stanojevi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Stabler, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning and Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2809",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2809",
    pages = "65--74",
    abstract = "This paper presents a left-corner parser for minimalist grammars. The relation between the parser and the grammar is transparent in the sense that there is a very simple 1-1 correspondence between derivations and parses. Like left-corner context-free parsers, left-corner minimalist parsers can be non-terminating when the grammar has empty left corners, so an easily computed left-corner oracle is defined to restrict the search.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-relevance,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on the Relevance of Linguistic Structure in Neural Architectures for {NLP}",
    author = "Dinu, Georgiana  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Sil, Avirup  and
      Bowman, Sam  and
      Hamza, Wael  and
      Sogaard, Anders  and
      Naseem, Tahira  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2900",
}
@inproceedings{edmiston-stratos-2018-compositional,
    title = "Compositional Morpheme Embeddings with Affixes as Functions and Stems as Arguments",
    author = "Edmiston, Daniel  and
      Stratos, Karl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on the Relevance of Linguistic Structure in Neural Architectures for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2901",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2901",
    pages = "1--5",
    abstract = "This work introduces a novel, linguistically motivated architecture for composing morphemes to derive word embeddings. The principal novelty in the work is to treat stems as vectors and affixes as functions over vectors. In this way, our model{'}s architecture more closely resembles the compositionality of morphemes in natural language. Such a model stands in opposition to models which treat morphemes uniformly, making no distinction between stem and affix. We run this new architecture on a dependency parsing task in Korean{---}a language rich in derivational morphology{---}and compare it against a lexical baseline,along with other sub-word architectures. StAffNet, the name of our architecture, shows competitive performance with the state-of-the-art on this task.",
}
@inproceedings{currey-heafield-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Source Hierarchies for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Currey, Anna  and
      Heafield, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on the Relevance of Linguistic Structure in Neural Architectures for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2902",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2902",
    pages = "6--12",
    abstract = "Incorporating source syntactic information into neural machine translation (NMT) has recently proven successful (Eriguchi et al., 2016; Luong et al., 2016). However, this is generally done using an outside parser to syntactically annotate the training data, making this technique difficult to use for languages or domains for which a reliable parser is not available. In this paper, we introduce an unsupervised tree-to-sequence (tree2seq) model for neural machine translation; this model is able to induce an unsupervised hierarchical structure on the source sentence based on the downstream task of neural machine translation. We adapt the Gumbel tree-LSTM of Choi et al. (2018) to NMT in order to create the encoder. We evaluate our model against sequential and supervised parsing baselines on three low- and medium-resource language pairs. For low-resource cases, the unsupervised tree2seq encoder significantly outperforms the baselines; no improvements are seen for medium-resource translation.",
}
@inproceedings{maillard-clark-2018-latent,
    title = "Latent Tree Learning with Differentiable Parsers: Shift-Reduce Parsing and Chart Parsing",
    author = "Maillard, Jean  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on the Relevance of Linguistic Structure in Neural Architectures for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2903",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2903",
    pages = "13--18",
    abstract = "Latent tree learning models represent sentences by composing their words according to an induced parse tree, all based on a downstream task. These models often outperform baselines which use (externally provided) syntax trees to drive the composition order. This work contributes (a) a new latent tree learning model based on shift-reduce parsing, with competitive downstream performance and non-trivial induced trees, and (b) an analysis of the trees learned by our shift-reduce model and by a chart-based model.",
}
@inproceedings{strubell-mccallum-2018-syntax,
    title = "Syntax Helps {ELM}o Understand Semantics: Is Syntax Still Relevant in a Deep Neural Architecture for {SRL}?",
    author = "Strubell, Emma  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on the Relevance of Linguistic Structure in Neural Architectures for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2904",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2904",
    pages = "19--27",
    abstract = "Do unsupervised methods for learning rich, contextualized token representations obviate the need for explicit modeling of linguistic structure in neural network models for semantic role labeling (SRL)? We address this question by incorporating the massively successful ELMo embeddings (Peters et al., 2018) into LISA (Strubell and McCallum, 2018), a strong, linguistically-informed neural network architecture for SRL. In experiments on the CoNLL-2005 shared task we find that though ELMo out-performs typical word embeddings, beginning to close the gap in F1 between LISA with predicted and gold syntactic parses, syntactically-informed models still out-perform syntax-free models when both use ELMo, especially on out-of-domain data. Our results suggest that linguistic structures are indeed still relevant in this golden age of deep learning for NLP.",
}
@inproceedings{karpinska-etal-2018-subcharacter,
    title = "Subcharacter Information in {J}apanese Embeddings: When Is It Worth It?",
    author = "Karpinska, Marzena  and
      Li, Bofang  and
      Rogers, Anna  and
      Drozd, Aleksandr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on the Relevance of Linguistic Structure in Neural Architectures for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2905",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2905",
    pages = "28--37",
    abstract = "Languages with logographic writing systems present a difficulty for traditional character-level models. Leveraging the subcharacter information was recently shown to be beneficial for a number of intrinsic and extrinsic tasks in Chinese. We examine whether the same strategies could be applied for Japanese, and contribute a new analogy dataset for this language.",
}
@inproceedings{kanayama-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "A neural parser as a direct classifier for head-final languages",
    author = "Kanayama, Hiroshi  and
      Muraoka, Masayasu  and
      Kohita, Ryosuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on the Relevance of Linguistic Structure in Neural Architectures for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2906",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2906",
    pages = "38--46",
    abstract = "This paper demonstrates a neural parser implementation suitable for consistently head-final languages such as Japanese. Unlike the transition- and graph-based algorithms in most state-of-the-art parsers, our parser directly selects the head word of a dependent from a limited number of candidates. This method drastically simplifies the model so that we can easily interpret the output of the neural model. Moreover, by exploiting grammatical knowledge to restrict possible modification types, we can control the output of the parser to reduce specific errors without adding annotated corpora. The neural parser performed well both on conventional Japanese corpora and the Japanese version of Universal Dependency corpus, and the advantages of distributed representations were observed in the comparison with the non-neural conventional model.",
}
@inproceedings{nooralahzadeh-ovrelid-2018-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Dependency Representations in Neural Relation Classification",
    author = "Nooralahzadeh, Farhad  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on the Relevance of Linguistic Structure in Neural Architectures for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2907",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-2907",
    pages = "47--53",
    abstract = "We investigate the use of different syntactic dependency representations in a neural relation classification task and compare the CoNLL, Stanford Basic and Universal Dependencies schemes. We further compare with a syntax-agnostic approach and perform an error analysis in order to gain a better understanding of the results.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-representation,
    title = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    author = "Augenstein, Isabelle  and
      Cao, Kris  and
      He, He  and
      Hill, Felix  and
      Gella, Spandana  and
      Kiros, Jamie  and
      Mei, Hongyuan  and
      Misra, Dipendra",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3000",
}
@inproceedings{altszyler-etal-2018-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Specificity in {LSA} and Word2vec: The Role of Out-of-Domain Documents",
    author = "Altszyler, Edgar  and
      Sigman, Mariano  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez Slezak, Diego",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3001",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "Despite the popularity of word embeddings, the precise way by which they acquire semantic relations between words remain unclear. In the present article, we investigate whether LSA and word2vec capacity to identify relevant semantic relations increases with corpus size. One intuitive hypothesis is that the capacity to identify relevant associations should increase as the amount of data increases. However, if corpus size grows in topics which are not specific to the domain of interest, signal to noise ratio may weaken. Here we investigate the effect of corpus specificity and size in word-embeddings, and for this, we study two ways for progressive elimination of documents: the elimination of random documents vs. the elimination of documents unrelated to a specific task. We show that word2vec can take advantage of all the documents, obtaining its best performance when it is trained with the whole corpus. On the contrary, the specialization (removal of out-of-domain documents) of the training corpus, accompanied by a decrease of dimensionality, can increase LSA word-representation quality while speeding up the processing time. From a cognitive-modeling point of view, we point out that LSA{'}s word-knowledge acquisitions may not be efficiently exploiting higher-order co-occurrences and global relations, whereas word2vec does.",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2018-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Convolutional Attention Networks for Text Classification",
    author = "Gao, Shang  and
      Ramanathan, Arvind  and
      Tourassi, Georgia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3002",
    pages = "11--23",
    abstract = "Recent work in machine translation has demonstrated that self-attention mechanisms can be used in place of recurrent neural networks to increase training speed without sacrificing model accuracy. We propose combining this approach with the benefits of convolutional filters and a hierarchical structure to create a document classification model that is both highly accurate and fast to train {--} we name our method Hierarchical Convolutional Attention Networks. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this architecture by surpassing the accuracy of the current state-of-the-art on several classification tasks while being twice as fast to train.",
}
@inproceedings{jo-choi-2018-extrofitting,
    title = "{E}xtrofitting: Enriching Word Representation and its Vector Space with Semantic Lexicons",
    author = "Jo, Hwiyeol  and
      Choi, Stanley Jungkyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3003",
    pages = "24--29",
    abstract = "We propose post-processing method for enriching not only word representation but also its vector space using semantic lexicons, which we call extrofitting. The method consists of 3 steps as follows: (i) Expanding 1 or more dimension(s) on all the word vectors, filling with their representative value. (ii) Transferring semantic knowledge by averaging each representative values of synonyms and filling them in the expanded dimension(s). These two steps make representations of the synonyms close together. (iii) Projecting the vector space using Linear Discriminant Analysis, which eliminates the expanded dimension(s) with semantic knowledge. When experimenting with GloVe, we find that our method outperforms Faruqui{'}s retrofitting on some of word similarity task. We also report further analysis on our method in respect to word vector dimensions, vocabulary size as well as other well-known pretrained word vectors (e.g., Word2Vec, Fasttext).",
}
@inproceedings{moirangthem-lee-2018-chat,
    title = "Chat Discrimination for Intelligent Conversational Agents with a Hybrid {CNN}-{LMTGRU} Network",
    author = "Moirangthem, Dennis Singh  and
      Lee, Minho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3004",
    pages = "30--40",
    abstract = "Recently, intelligent dialog systems and smart assistants have attracted the attention of many, and development of novel dialogue agents have become a research challenge. Intelligent agents that can handle both domain-specific task-oriented and open-domain chit-chat dialogs are one of the major requirements in the current systems. In order to address this issue and to realize such smart hybrid dialogue systems, we develop a model to discriminate user utterance between task-oriented and chit-chat conversations. We introduce a hybrid of convolutional neural network (CNN) and a lateral multiple timescale gated recurrent units (LMTGRU) that can represent multiple temporal scale dependencies for the discrimination task. With the help of the combined slow and fast units of the LMTGRU, our model effectively determines whether a user will have a chit-chat conversation or a task-specific conversation with the system. We also show that the LMTGRU structure helps the model to perform well on longer text inputs. We address the lack of dataset by constructing a dataset using Twitter and Maluuba Frames data. The results of the experiments demonstrate that the proposed hybrid network outperforms the conventional models on the chat discrimination task as well as performed comparable to the baselines on various benchmark datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{salama-etal-2018-text,
    title = "Text Completion using Context-Integrated Dependency Parsing",
    author = {Salama, Amr Rekaby  and
      Ala{\c{c}}am, {\"O}zge  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3005",
    pages = "41--49",
    abstract = "Incomplete linguistic input, i.e. due to a noisy environment, is one of the challenges that a successful communication system has to deal with. In this paper, we study text completion with a data set composed of sentences with gaps where a successful completion cannot be achieved through a uni-modal (language-based) approach. We present a solution based on a context-integrating dependency parser incorporating an additional non-linguistic modality. An incompleteness in one channel is compensated by information from another one and the parser learns the association between the two modalities from a multiple level knowledge representation. We examined several model variations by adjusting the degree of influence of different modalities in the decision making on possible filler words and their exact reference to a non-linguistic context element. Our model is able to fill the gap with 95.4{\%} word and 95.2{\%} exact reference accuracy hence the successful prediction can be achieved not only on the word level (such as mug) but also with respect to the correct identification of its context reference (such as mug 2 among several mug instances).",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-quantum,
    title = "Quantum-Inspired Complex Word Embedding",
    author = "Li, Qiuchi  and
      Uprety, Sagar  and
      Wang, Benyou  and
      Song, Dawei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3006",
    pages = "50--57",
    abstract = "A challenging task for word embeddings is to capture the emergent meaning or polarity of a combination of individual words. For example, existing approaches in word embeddings will assign high probabilities to the words {``}Penguin{''} and {``}Fly{''} if they frequently co-occur, but it fails to capture the fact that they occur in an opposite sense - Penguins do not fly. We hypothesize that humans do not associate a single polarity or sentiment to each word. The word contributes to the overall polarity of a combination of words depending upon which other words it is combined with. This is analogous to the behavior of microscopic particles which exist in all possible states at the same time and interfere with each other to give rise to new states depending upon their relative phases. We make use of the Hilbert Space representation of such particles in Quantum Mechanics where we subscribe a relative phase to each word, which is a complex number, and investigate two such quantum inspired models to derive the meaning of a combination of words. The proposed models achieve better performances than state-of-the-art non-quantum models on binary sentence classification tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{nishida-etal-2018-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Inference with Definition Embedding Considering Context On the Fly",
    author = "Nishida, Kosuke  and
      Nishida, Kyosuke  and
      Asano, Hisako  and
      Tomita, Junji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3007",
    pages = "58--63",
    abstract = "Natural language inference (NLI) is one of the most important tasks in NLP. In this study, we propose a novel method using word dictionaries, which are pairs of a word and its definition, as external knowledge. Our neural definition embedding mechanism encodes input sentences with the definitions of each word of the sentences on the fly. It can encode the definition of words considering the context of input sentences by using an attention mechanism. We evaluated our method using WordNet as a dictionary and confirmed that our method performed better than baseline models when using the full or a subset of 100d GloVe as word embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{pivovarova-yangarber-2018-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of Representations of Named Entities for Document Classification",
    author = "Pivovarova, Lidia  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3008",
    pages = "64--68",
    abstract = "We explore representations for multi-word names in text classification tasks, on Reuters (RCV1) topic and sector classification. We find that: the best way to treat names is to split them into tokens and use each token as a separate feature; NEs have more impact on sector classification than topic classification; replacing NEs with entity types is not an effective strategy; representing tokens by different embeddings for proper names vs. common nouns does not improve results. We highlight the improvements over state-of-the-art results that our CNN models yield.",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2018-speeding,
    title = "Speeding up Context-based Sentence Representation Learning with Non-autoregressive Convolutional Decoding",
    author = "Tang, Shuai  and
      Jin, Hailin  and
      Fang, Chen  and
      Wang, Zhaowen  and
      de Sa, Virginia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3009",
    pages = "69--78",
    abstract = "We propose an asymmetric encoder-decoder structure, which keeps an RNN as the encoder and has a CNN as the decoder, and the model only explores the subsequent context information as the supervision. The asymmetry in both model architecture and training pair reduces a large amount of the training time. The contribution of our work is summarized as 1. We design experiments to show that an autoregressive decoder or an RNN decoder is not necessary for the encoder-decoder type of models in terms of learning sentence representations, and based on our results, we present 2 findings. 2. The two interesting findings lead to our final model design, which has an RNN encoder and a CNN decoder, and it learns to encode the current sentence and decode the subsequent contiguous words all at once. 3. With a suite of techniques, our model performs good on downstream tasks and can be trained efficiently on a large unlabelled corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{levi-2018-connecting,
    title = "Connecting Supervised and Unsupervised Sentence Embeddings",
    author = "Levi, Gil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3010",
    pages = "79--83",
    abstract = "Representing sentences as numerical vectors while capturing their semantic context is an important and useful intermediate step in natural language processing. Representations that are both general and discriminative can serve as a tool for tackling various NLP tasks. While common sentence representation methods are unsupervised in nature, recently, an approach for learning universal sentence representation in a supervised setting was presented in (Conneau et al.,2017). We argue that although promising results were obtained, an improvement can be reached by adding various unsupervised constraints that are motivated by auto-encoders and by language models. We show that by adding such constraints, superior sentence embeddings can be achieved. We compare our method with the original implementation and show improvements in several tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-sheng-2018-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Learning Scheme for {C}hinese Word Embedding",
    author = "Chen, Wenfan  and
      Sheng, Weiguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3011",
    pages = "84--90",
    abstract = "To improve word embedding, subword information has been widely employed in state-of-the-art methods. These methods can be classified to either compositional or predictive models. In this paper, we propose a hybrid learning scheme, which integrates compositional and predictive model for word embedding. Such a scheme can take advantage of both models, thus effectively learning word embedding. The proposed scheme has been applied to learn word representation on Chinese. Our results show that the proposed scheme can significantly improve the performance of word embedding in terms of analogical reasoning and is robust to the size of training data.",
}
@inproceedings{ethayarajh-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Random Walk Sentence Embeddings: A Strong but Simple Baseline",
    author = "Ethayarajh, Kawin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3012",
    pages = "91--100",
    abstract = "Using a random walk model of text generation, Arora et al. (2017) proposed a strong baseline for computing sentence embeddings: take a weighted average of word embeddings and modify with SVD. This simple method even outperforms far more complex approaches such as LSTMs on textual similarity tasks. In this paper, we first show that word vector length has a confounding effect on the probability of a sentence being generated in Arora et al.{'}s model. We propose a random walk model that is robust to this confound, where the probability of word generation is inversely related to the angular distance between the word and sentence embeddings. Our approach beats Arora et al.{'}s by up to 44.4{\%} on textual similarity tasks and is competitive with state-of-the-art methods. Unlike Arora et al.{'}s method, ours requires no hyperparameter tuning, which means it can be used when there is no labelled data.",
}
@inproceedings{yaghoobzadeh-etal-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Word Embeddings in Multi-label Classification Using Fine-Grained Name Typing",
    author = {Yaghoobzadeh, Yadollah  and
      Kann, Katharina  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3013",
    pages = "101--106",
    abstract = "Embedding models typically associate each word with a single real-valued vector, representing its different properties. Evaluation methods, therefore, need to analyze the accuracy and completeness of these properties in embeddings. This requires fine-grained analysis of embedding subspaces. Multi-label classification is an appropriate way to do so. We propose a new evaluation method for word embeddings based on multi-label classification given a word embedding. The task we use is fine-grained name typing: given a large corpus, find all types that a name can refer to based on the name embedding. Given the scale of entities in knowledge bases, we can build datasets for this task that are complementary to the current embedding evaluation datasets in: they are very large, contain fine-grained classes, and allow the direct evaluation of embeddings without confounding factors like sentence context.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Common Characters in {C}hinese and {J}apanese to Learn Cross-Lingual Word Embeddings via Matrix Factorization",
    author = "Wang, Jilei  and
      Luo, Shiying  and
      Shi, Weiyan  and
      Dai, Tao  and
      Xia, Shu-Tao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3015",
    pages = "113--121",
    abstract = "Learning vector space representation of words (i.e., word embeddings) has recently attracted wide research interests, and has been extended to cross-lingual scenario. Currently most cross-lingual word embedding learning models are based on sentence alignment, which inevitably introduces much noise. In this paper, we show in Chinese and Japanese, the acquisition of semantic relation among words can benefit from the large number of common characters shared by both languages; inspired by this unique feature, we design a method named CJC targeting to generate cross-lingual context of words. We combine CJC with GloVe based on matrix factorization, and then propose an integrated model named CJ-Glo. Taking two sentence-aligned models and CJ-BOC (also exploits common characters but is based on CBOW) as baseline algorithms, we compare them with CJ-Glo on a series of NLP tasks including cross-lingual synonym, word analogy and sentence alignment. The result indicates CJ-Glo achieves the best performance among these methods, and is more stable in cross-lingual tasks; moreover, compared with CJ-BOC, CJ-Glo is less sensitive to the alteration of parameters.",
}
@inproceedings{saedi-etal-2018-wordnet,
    title = "{W}ord{N}et Embeddings",
    author = "Saedi, Chakaveh  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Ant{\'o}nio Rodrigues, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Silva, Jo{\~a}o",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3016",
    pages = "122--131",
    abstract = "Semantic networks and semantic spaces have been two prominent approaches to represent lexical semantics. While a unified account of the lexical meaning relies on one being able to convert between these representations, in both directions, the conversion direction from semantic networks into semantic spaces started to attract more attention recently. In this paper we present a methodology for this conversion and assess it with a case study. When it is applied over WordNet, the performance of the resulting embeddings in a mainstream semantic similarity task is very good, substantially superior to the performance of word embeddings based on very large collections of texts like word2vec.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-wang-2018-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Graph Embedding with Numeric Attributes of Entities",
    author = "Wu, Yanrong  and
      Wang, Zhichun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3017",
    pages = "132--136",
    abstract = "Knowledge Graph (KG) embedding projects entities and relations into low dimensional vector space, which has been successfully applied in KG completion task. The previous embedding approaches only model entities and their relations, ignoring a large number of entities{'} numeric attributes in KGs. In this paper, we propose a new KG embedding model which jointly model entity relations and numeric attributes. Our approach combines an attribute embedding model with a translation-based structure embedding model, which learns the embeddings of entities, relations, and attributes simultaneously. Experiments of link prediction on YAGO and Freebase show that the performance is effectively improved by adding entities{'} numeric attributes in the embedding model.",
}
@inproceedings{vulic-2018-injecting,
    title = "Injecting Lexical Contrast into Word Vectors by Guiding Vector Space Specialisation",
    author = "Vuli{\'c}, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3018",
    pages = "137--143",
    abstract = "Word vector space specialisation models offer a portable, light-weight approach to fine-tuning arbitrary distributional vector spaces to discern between synonymy and antonymy. Their effectiveness is drawn from external linguistic constraints that specify the exact lexical relation between words. In this work, we show that a careful selection of the external constraints can steer and improve the specialisation. By simply selecting appropriate constraints, we report state-of-the-art results on a suite of tasks with well-defined benchmarks where modeling lexical contrast is crucial: 1) true semantic similarity, with highest reported scores on SimLex-999 and SimVerb-3500 to date; 2) detecting antonyms; and 3) distinguishing antonyms from synonyms.",
}
@inproceedings{ustun-etal-2018-characters,
    title = "Characters or Morphemes: How to Represent Words?",
    author = {{\"U}st{\"u}n, Ahmet  and
      Kurfal{\i}, Murathan  and
      Can, Burcu},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3019",
    pages = "144--153",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate the effects of using subword information in representation learning. We argue that using syntactic subword units effects the quality of the word representations positively. We introduce a morpheme-based model and compare it against to word-based, character-based, and character n-gram level models. Our model takes a list of candidate segmentations of a word and learns the representation of the word based on different segmentations that are weighted by an attention mechanism. We performed experiments on Turkish as a morphologically rich language and English with a comparably poorer morphology. The results show that morpheme-based models are better at learning word representations of morphologically complex languages compared to character-based and character n-gram level models since the morphemes help to incorporate more syntactic knowledge in learning, that makes morpheme-based models better at syntactic tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{jacob-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Hierarchical Structures On-The-Fly with a Recurrent-Recursive Model for Sequences",
    author = "Jacob, Athul Paul  and
      Lin, Zhouhan  and
      Sordoni, Alessandro  and
      Bengio, Yoshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3020",
    pages = "154--158",
    abstract = "We propose a hierarchical model for sequential data that learns a tree on-the-fly, i.e. while reading the sequence. In the model, a recurrent network adapts its structure and reuses recurrent weights in a recursive manner. This creates adaptive skip-connections that ease the learning of long-term dependencies. The tree structure can either be inferred without supervision through reinforcement learning, or learned in a supervised manner. We provide preliminary experiments in a novel Math Expression Evaluation (MEE) task, which is created to have a hierarchical tree structure that can be used to study the effectiveness of our model. Additionally, we test our model in a well-known propositional logic and language modelling tasks. Experimental results have shown the potential of our approach.",
}
@inproceedings{hartmann-sogaard-2018-limitations,
    title = "Limitations of Cross-Lingual Learning from Image Search",
    author = "Hartmann, Mareike  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3021",
    pages = "159--163",
    abstract = "Cross-lingual representation learning is an important step in making NLP scale to all the world{'}s languages. Previous work on bilingual lexicon induction suggests that it is possible to learn cross-lingual representations of words based on similarities between images associated with these words. However, that work focused (almost exclusively) on the translation of nouns only. Here, we investigate whether the meaning of other parts-of-speech (POS), in particular adjectives and verbs, can be learned in the same way. Our experiments across five language pairs indicate that previous work does not scale to the problem of learning cross-lingual representations beyond simple nouns.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Semantic Textual Similarity from Conversations",
    author = "Yang, Yinfei  and
      Yuan, Steve  and
      Cer, Daniel  and
      Kong, Sheng-yi  and
      Constant, Noah  and
      Pilar, Petr  and
      Ge, Heming  and
      Sung, Yun-Hsuan  and
      Strope, Brian  and
      Kurzweil, Ray",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3022",
    pages = "164--174",
    abstract = "We present a novel approach to learn representations for sentence-level semantic similarity using conversational data. Our method trains an unsupervised model to predict conversational responses. The resulting sentence embeddings perform well on the Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) Benchmark and SemEval 2017{'}s Community Question Answering (CQA) question similarity subtask. Performance is further improved by introducing multitask training, combining conversational response prediction and natural language inference. Extensive experiments show the proposed model achieves the best performance among all neural models on the STS Benchmark and is competitive with the state-of-the-art feature engineered and mixed systems for both tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2018-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Seq2seq Training with Similarity Loss for Cross-Lingual Document Classification",
    author = "Yu, Katherine  and
      Li, Haoran  and
      Oguz, Barlas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3023",
    pages = "175--179",
    abstract = "In this paper we continue experiments where neural machine translation training is used to produce joint cross-lingual fixed-dimensional sentence embeddings. In this framework we introduce a simple method of adding a loss to the learning objective which penalizes distance between representations of bilingually aligned sentences. We evaluate cross-lingual transfer using two approaches, cross-lingual similarity search on an aligned corpus (Europarl) and cross-lingual document classification on a recently published benchmark Reuters corpus, and we find the similarity loss significantly improves performance on both. Furthermore, we notice that while our Reuters results are very competitive, our English results are not as competitive, showing room for improvement in the current cross-lingual state-ofthe-art. Our results are based on a set of 6 European languages.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-lstms,
    title = "{LSTM}s Exploit Linguistic Attributes of Data",
    author = "Liu, Nelson F.  and
      Levy, Omer  and
      Schwartz, Roy  and
      Tan, Chenhao  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3024",
    pages = "180--186",
    abstract = "While recurrent neural networks have found success in a variety of natural language processing applications, they are general models of sequential data. We investigate how the properties of natural language data affect an LSTM{'}s ability to learn a nonlinguistic task: recalling elements from its input. We find that models trained on natural language data are able to recall tokens from much longer sequences than models trained on non-language sequential data. Furthermore, we show that the LSTM learns to solve the memorization task by explicitly using a subset of its neurons to count timesteps in the input. We hypothesize that the patterns and structure in natural language data enable LSTMs to learn by providing approximate ways of reducing loss, but understanding the effect of different training data on the learnability of LSTMs remains an open question.",
}
@inproceedings{broscheit-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Distributional Token Representations from Visual Features",
    author = "Broscheit, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3025",
    pages = "187--194",
    abstract = "In this study, we compare token representations constructed from visual features (i.e., pixels) with standard lookup-based embeddings. Our goal is to gain insight about the challenges of encoding a text representation from low-level features, e.g. from characters or pixels. We focus on Chinese, which{---}as a logographic language{---}has properties that make a representation via visual features challenging and interesting. To train and evaluate different models for the token representation, we chose the task of character-based neural machine translation (NMT) from Chinese to English. We found that a token representation computed only from visual features can achieve competitive results to lookup embeddings. However, we also show different strengths and weaknesses in the models{'} performance in a part-of-speech tagging task and also a semantic similarity task. In summary, we show that it is possible to achieve a \textit{text representation} only from pixels. We hope that this is a useful stepping stone for future studies that exclusively rely on visual input, or aim at exploiting visual features of written language.",
}
@inproceedings{newman-griffis-etal-2018-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Embedding Entities and Text with Distant Supervision",
    author = "Newman-Griffis, Denis  and
      Lai, Albert M  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3026",
    pages = "195--206",
    abstract = "Learning representations for knowledge base entities and concepts is becoming increasingly important for NLP applications. However, recent entity embedding methods have relied on structured resources that are expensive to create for new domains and corpora. We present a distantly-supervised method for jointly learning embeddings of entities and text from an unnanotated corpus, using only a list of mappings between entities and surface forms. We learn embeddings from open-domain and biomedical corpora, and compare against prior methods that rely on human-annotated text or large knowledge graph structure. Our embeddings capture entity similarity and relatedness better than prior work, both in existing biomedical datasets and a new Wikipedia-based dataset that we release to the community. Results on analogy completion and entity sense disambiguation indicate that entities and words capture complementary information that can be effectively combined for downstream use.",
}
@inproceedings{daza-frank-2018-sequence,
    title = "A Sequence-to-Sequence Model for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Daza, Angel  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3027",
    pages = "207--216",
    abstract = "We explore a novel approach for Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) by casting it as a sequence-to-sequence process. We employ an attention-based model enriched with a copying mechanism to ensure faithful regeneration of the input sequence, while enabling interleaved generation of argument role labels. We apply this model in a monolingual setting, performing PropBank SRL on English language data. The constrained sequence generation set-up enforced with the copying mechanism allows us to analyze the performance and special properties of the model on manually labeled data and benchmarking against state-of-the-art sequence labeling models. We show that our model is able to solve the SRL argument labeling task on English data, yet further structural decoding constraints will need to be added to make the model truly competitive. Our work represents the first step towards more advanced, generative SRL labeling setups.",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Concreteness and Imageability of Words Within and Across Languages via Word Embeddings",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja  and
      Peti-Stanti{\'c}, Anita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3028",
    pages = "217--222",
    abstract = "The notions of concreteness and imageability, traditionally important in psycholinguistics, are gaining significance in semantic-oriented natural language processing tasks. In this paper we investigate the predictability of these two concepts via supervised learning, using word embeddings as explanatory variables. We perform predictions both within and across languages by exploiting collections of cross-lingual embeddings aligned to a single vector space. We show that the notions of concreteness and imageability are highly predictable both within and across languages, with a moderate loss of up to 20{\%} in correlation when predicting across languages. We further show that the cross-lingual transfer via word embeddings is more efficient than the simple transfer via bilingual dictionaries.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-economics,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Economics and Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Hahn, Udo  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Tsai, Ming-Feng",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3100",
}
@inproceedings{jacobs-etal-2018-economic,
    title = "Economic Event Detection in Company-Specific News Text",
    author = "Jacobs, Gilles  and
      Lefever, Els  and
      Hoste, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Economics and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3101",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "This paper presents a dataset and supervised classification approach for economic event detection in English news articles. Currently, the economic domain is lacking resources and methods for data-driven supervised event detection. The detection task is conceived as a sentence-level classification task for 10 different economic event types. Two different machine learning approaches were tested: a rich feature set Support Vector Machine (SVM) set-up and a word-vector-based long short-term memory recurrent neural network (RNN-LSTM) set-up. We show satisfactory results for most event types, with the linear kernel SVM outperforming the other experimental set-ups",
}
@inproceedings{tabari-etal-2018-causality,
    title = "Causality Analysis of Twitter Sentiments and Stock Market Returns",
    author = "Tabari, Narges  and
      Biswas, Piyusha  and
      Praneeth, Bhanu  and
      Seyeditabari, Armin  and
      Hadzikadic, Mirsad  and
      Zadrozny, Wlodek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Economics and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3102",
    pages = "11--19",
    abstract = "Sentiment analysis is the process of identifying the opinion expressed in text. Recently, it has been used to study behavioral finance, and in particular the effect of opinions and emotions on economic or financial decisions. In this paper, we use a public dataset of labeled tweets that has been labeled by Amazon Mechanical Turk and then we propose a baseline classification model. Then, by using Granger causality of both sentiment datasets with the different stocks, we shows that there is causality between social media and stock market returns (in both directions) for many stocks. Finally, We evaluate this causality analysis by showing that in the event of a specific news on certain dates, there are evidences of trending the same news on Twitter for that stock.",
}
@inproceedings{handschke-etal-2018-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Corporate Annual and Social Responsibility Reports: 280 Million Tokens of Balanced Organizational Writing",
    author = {H{\"a}ndschke, Sebastian G.M.  and
      Buechel, Sven  and
      Goldenstein, Jan  and
      Poschmann, Philipp  and
      Duan, Tinghui  and
      Walgenbach, Peter  and
      Hahn, Udo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Economics and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3103",
    pages = "20--31",
    abstract = "We introduce JOCo, a novel text corpus for NLP analytics in the field of economics, business and management. This corpus is composed of corporate annual and social responsibility reports of the top 30 US, UK and German companies in the major (DJIA, FTSE 100, DAX), middle-sized (S{\&}P 500, FTSE 250, MDAX) and technology (NASDAQ, FTSE AIM 100, TECDAX) stock indices, respectively. Altogether, this adds up to 5,000 reports from 270 companies headquartered in three of the world{'}s most important economies. The corpus spans a time frame from 2000 up to 2015 and contains, in total, 282M tokens. We also feature JOCo in a small-scale experiment to demonstrate its potential for NLP-fueled studies in economics, business and management research.",
}
@inproceedings{theil-etal-2018-word,
    title = "Word Embeddings-Based Uncertainty Detection in Financial Disclosures",
    author = "Theil, Christoph Kilian  and
      {\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Stuckenschmidt, Heiner",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Economics and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3104",
    pages = "32--37",
    abstract = "In this paper, we use NLP techniques to detect linguistic uncertainty in financial disclosures. Leveraging general-domain and domain-specific word embedding models, we automatically expand an existing dictionary of uncertainty triggers. We furthermore examine how an expert filtering affects the quality of such an expansion. We show that the dictionary expansions significantly improve regressions on stock return volatility. Lastly, we prove that the expansions significantly boost the automatic detection of uncertain sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{lai-etal-2018-simple,
    title = "A Simple End-to-End Question Answering Model for Product Information",
    author = "Lai, Tuan  and
      Bui, Trung  and
      Li, Sheng  and
      Lipka, Nedim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Economics and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3105",
    pages = "38--43",
    abstract = "When evaluating a potential product purchase, customers may have many questions in mind. They want to get adequate information to determine whether the product of interest is worth their money. In this paper we present a simple deep learning model for answering questions regarding product facts and specifications. Given a question and a product specification, the model outputs a score indicating their relevance. To train and evaluate our proposed model, we collected a dataset of 7,119 questions that are related to 153 different products. Experimental results demonstrate that {--}despite its simplicity{--} the performance of our model is shown to be comparable to a more complex state-of-the-art baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{mansar-ferradans-2018-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Classification for Investment Rules Detection",
    author = "Mansar, Youness  and
      Ferradans, Sira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Economics and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3106",
    pages = "44--48",
    abstract = "In the last years, compliance requirements for the banking sector have greatly augmented, making the current compliance processes difficult to maintain. Any process that allows to accelerate the identification and implementation of compliance requirements can help address this issues. The contributions of the paper are twofold: we propose a new NLP task that is the investment rule detection, and a group of methods identify them. We show that the proposed methods are highly performing and fast, thus can be deployed in production.",
}
@inproceedings{daudert-etal-2018-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging News Sentiment to Improve Microblog Sentiment Classification in the Financial Domain",
    author = "Daudert, Tobias  and
      Buitelaar, Paul  and
      Negi, Sapna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Economics and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3107",
    pages = "49--54",
    abstract = "With the rising popularity of social media in the society and in research, analysing texts short in length, such as microblogs, becomes an increasingly important task. As a medium of communication, microblogs carry peoples sentiments and express them to the public. Given that sentiments are driven by multiple factors including the news media, the question arises if the sentiment expressed in news and the news article themselves can be leveraged to detect and classify sentiment in microblogs. Prior research has highlighted the impact of sentiments and opinions on the market dynamics, making the financial domain a prime case study for this approach. Therefore, this paper describes ongoing research dealing with the exploitation of news contained sentiment to improve microblog sentiment classification in a financial context.",
}
@inproceedings{gaillat-etal-2018-implicit,
    title = "Implicit and Explicit Aspect Extraction in Financial Microblogs",
    author = "Gaillat, Thomas  and
      Stearns, Bernardo  and
      Sridhar, Gopal  and
      McDermott, Ross  and
      Zarrouk, Manel  and
      Davis, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Economics and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3108",
    pages = "55--61",
    abstract = "This paper focuses on aspect extraction which is a sub-task of Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis. The goal is to report an extraction method of financial aspects in microblog messages. Our approach uses a stock-investment taxonomy for the identification of explicit and implicit aspects. We compare supervised and unsupervised methods to assign predefined categories at message level. Results on 7 aspect classes show 0.71 accuracy, while the 32 class classification gives 0.82 accuracy for messages containing explicit aspects and 0.35 for implicit aspects.",
}
@inproceedings{balashankar-etal-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Word Influencer Networks from News Streams",
    author = "Balashankar, Ananth  and
      Chakraborty, Sunandan  and
      Subramanian, Lakshminarayanan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Economics and Natural Language Processing",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3109",
    pages = "62--68",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a new unsupervised learning framework to use news events for predicting trends in stock prices. We present Word Influencer Networks (WIN), a graph framework to extract longitudinal temporal relationships between any pair of informative words from news streams. Using the temporal occurrence of words, WIN measures how the appearance of one word in a news stream influences the emergence of another set of words in the future. The latent word-word influencer relationships in WIN are the building blocks for causal reasoning and predictive modeling. We demonstrate the efficacy of WIN by using it for unsupervised extraction of latent features for stock price prediction and obtain 2 orders lower prediction error compared to a similar causal graph based method. WIN discovered influencer links from seemingly unrelated words from topics like politics to finance. WIN also validated 67{\%} of the causal evidence found manually in the text through a direct edge and the rest 33{\%} through a path of length 2.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-approaches,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    author = "Aguilar, Gustavo  and
      AlGhamdi, Fahad  and
      Soto, Victor  and
      Solorio, Thamar  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3200",
}
@inproceedings{soto-hirschberg-2018-joint,
    title = "Joint Part-of-Speech and Language {ID} Tagging for Code-Switched Data",
    author = "Soto, Victor  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3201",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "Code-switching is the fluent alternation between two or more languages in conversation between bilinguals. Large populations of speakers code-switch during communication, but little effort has been made to develop tools for code-switching, including part-of-speech taggers. In this paper, we propose an approach to POS tagging of code-switched English-Spanish data based on recurrent neural networks. We test our model on known monolingual benchmarks to demonstrate that our neural POS tagging model is on par with state-of-the-art methods. We next test our code-switched methods on the Miami Bangor corpus of English Spanish conversation, focusing on two types of experiments: POS tagging alone, for which we achieve 96.34{\%} accuracy, and joint part-of-speech and language ID tagging, which achieves similar POS tagging accuracy (96.39{\%}) and very high language ID accuracy (98.78{\%}). Finally, we show that our proposed models outperform other state-of-the-art code-switched taggers.",
}
@inproceedings{sivasankaran-etal-2018-phone,
    title = "Phone Merging For Code-Switched Speech Recognition",
    author = "Sivasankaran, Sunit  and
      Srivastava, Brij Mohan Lal  and
      Sitaram, Sunayana  and
      Bali, Kalika  and
      Choudhury, Monojit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3202",
    pages = "11--19",
    abstract = "Speakers in multilingual communities often switch between or mix multiple languages in the same conversation. Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) of code-switched speech faces many challenges including the influence of phones of different languages on each other. This paper shows evidence that phone sharing between languages improves the Acoustic Model performance for Hindi-English code-switched speech. We compare baseline system built with separate phones for Hindi and English with systems where the phones were manually merged based on linguistic knowledge. Encouraged by the improved ASR performance after manually merging the phones, we further investigate multiple data-driven methods to identify phones to be merged across the languages. We show detailed analysis of automatic phone merging in this language pair and the impact it has on individual phone accuracies and WER. Though the best performance gain of 1.2{\%} WER was observed with manually merged phones, we show experimentally that the manual phone merge is not optimal.",
}
@inproceedings{adouane-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Neural Network Performance by Injecting Background Knowledge: Detecting Code-switching and Borrowing in {A}lgerian texts",
    author = "Adouane, Wafia  and
      Bernardy, Jean-Philippe  and
      Dobnik, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3203",
    pages = "20--28",
    abstract = "We explore the effect of injecting background knowledge to different deep neural network (DNN) configurations in order to mitigate the problem of the scarcity of annotated data when applying these models on datasets of low-resourced languages. The background knowledge is encoded in the form of lexicons and pre-trained sub-word embeddings. The DNN models are evaluated on the task of detecting code-switching and borrowing points in non-standardised user-generated Algerian texts. Overall results show that DNNs benefit from adding background knowledge. However, the gain varies between models and categories. The proposed DNN architectures are generic and could be applied to other low-resourced languages.",
}
@inproceedings{chandu-etal-2018-code,
    title = "Code-Mixed Question Answering Challenge: Crowd-sourcing Data and Techniques",
    author = {Chandu, Khyathi  and
      Loginova, Ekaterina  and
      Gupta, Vishal  and
      Genabith, Josef van  and
      Neumann, G{\"u}nter  and
      Chinnakotla, Manoj  and
      Nyberg, Eric  and
      Black, Alan W.},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3204",
    pages = "29--38",
    abstract = "Code-Mixing (CM) is the phenomenon of alternating between two or more languages which is prevalent in bi- and multi-lingual communities. Most NLP applications today are still designed with the assumption of a single interaction language and are most likely to break given a CM utterance with multiple languages mixed at a morphological, phrase or sentence level. For example, popular commercial search engines do not yet fully understand the intents expressed in CM queries. As a first step towards fostering research which supports CM in NLP applications, we systematically crowd-sourced and curated an evaluation dataset for factoid question answering in three CM languages - Hinglish (Hindi+English), Tenglish (Telugu+English) and Tamlish (Tamil+English) which belong to two language families (Indo-Aryan and Dravidian). We share the details of our data collection process, techniques which were used to avoid inducing lexical bias amongst the crowd workers and other CM specific linguistic properties of the dataset. Our final dataset, which is available freely for research purposes, has 1,694 Hinglish, 2,848 Tamlish and 1,391 Tenglish factoid questions and their answers. We discuss the techniques used by the participants for the first edition of this ongoing challenge.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2018-transliteration,
    title = "Transliteration Better than Translation? Answering Code-mixed Questions over a Knowledge Base",
    author = "Gupta, Vishal  and
      Chinnakotla, Manoj  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3205",
    pages = "39--50",
    abstract = "Humans can learn multiple languages. If they know a fact in one language, they can answer a question in another language they understand. They can also answer Code-mix (CM) questions: questions which contain both languages. This behavior is attributed to the unique learning ability of humans. Our task aims to study if machines can achieve this. We demonstrate how effectively a machine can answer CM questions. In this work, we adopt a two phase approach: candidate generation and candidate re-ranking to answer questions. We propose a Triplet-Siamese-Hybrid CNN (TSHCNN) to re-rank candidate answers. We show experiments on the SimpleQuestions dataset. Our network is trained only on English questions provided in this dataset and noisy Hindi translations of these questions and can answer English-Hindi CM questions effectively without the need of translation into English. Back-transliterated CM questions outperform their lexical and sentence level translated counterparts by 5{\%} {\&} 35{\%} in accuracy respectively, highlighting the efficacy of our approach in a resource constrained setting.",
}
@inproceedings{mave-etal-2018-language,
    title = "Language Identification and Analysis of Code-Switched Social Media Text",
    author = "Mave, Deepthi  and
      Maharjan, Suraj  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3206",
    pages = "51--61",
    abstract = "In this paper, we detail our work on comparing different word-level language identification systems for code-switched Hindi-English data and a standard Spanish-English dataset. In this regard, we build a new code-switched dataset for Hindi-English. To understand the code-switching patterns in these language pairs, we investigate different code-switching metrics. We find that the CRF model outperforms the neural network based models by a margin of 2-5 percentage points for Spanish-English and 3-5 percentage points for Hindi-English.",
}
@inproceedings{winata-etal-2018-code,
    title = "Code-Switching Language Modeling using Syntax-Aware Multi-Task Learning",
    author = "Winata, Genta Indra  and
      Madotto, Andrea  and
      Wu, Chien-Sheng  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3207",
    pages = "62--67",
    abstract = "Lack of text data has been the major issue on code-switching language modeling. In this paper, we introduce multi-task learning based language model which shares syntax representation of languages to leverage linguistic information and tackle the low resource data issue. Our model jointly learns both language modeling and Part-of-Speech tagging on code-switched utterances. In this way, the model is able to identify the location of code-switching points and improves the prediction of next word. Our approach outperforms standard LSTM based language model, with an improvement of 9.7{\%} and 7.4{\%} in perplexity on SEAME Phase I and Phase II dataset respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{bullock-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the presence of a Matrix Language in code-switching",
    author = "Bullock, Barbara  and
      Guzm{\'a}n, Wally  and
      Serigos, Jacqueline  and
      Sharath, Vivek  and
      Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3208",
    pages = "68--75",
    abstract = "One language is often assumed to be dominant in code-switching but this assumption has not been empirically tested. We operationalize the matrix language (ML) at the level of the sentence, using three common definitions from linguistics. We test whether these converge and then model this convergence via a set of metrics that together quantify the nature of C-S. We conduct our experiment on four Spanish-English corpora. Our results demonstrate that our model can separate some corpora according to whether they have a dominant ML or not but that the corpora span a range of mixing types that cannot be sorted neatly into an insertional vs. alternational dichotomy.",
}
@inproceedings{rallabandi-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Code-switching Style from Acoustics",
    author = "Rallabandi, SaiKrishna  and
      Sitaram, Sunayana  and
      Black, Alan W",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3209",
    pages = "76--81",
    abstract = "Multilingual speakers switch between languages in an non-trivial fashion displaying inter sentential, intra sentential, and congruent lexicalization based transitions. While monolingual ASR systems may be capable of recognizing a few words from a foreign language, they are usually not robust enough to handle these varied styles of code-switching. There is also a lack of large code-switched speech corpora capturing all these styles making it difficult to build code-switched speech recognition systems. We hypothesize that it may be useful for an ASR system to be able to first detect the switching style of a particular utterance from acoustics, and then use specialized language models or other adaptation techniques for decoding the speech. In this paper, we look at the first problem of detecting code-switching style from acoustics. We classify code-switched Spanish-English and Hindi-English corpora using two metrics and show that features extracted from acoustics alone can distinguish between different kinds of code-switching in these language pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{bawa-etal-2018-accommodation,
    title = "Accommodation of Conversational Code-Choice",
    author = "Bawa, Anshul  and
      Choudhury, Monojit  and
      Bali, Kalika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3210",
    pages = "82--91",
    abstract = "Bilingual speakers often freely mix languages. However, in such bilingual conversations, are the language choices of the speakers coordinated? How much does one speaker{'}s choice of language affect other speakers? In this paper, we formulate code-choice as a linguistic style, and show that speakers are indeed sensitive to and accommodating of each other{'}s code-choice. We find that the saliency or markedness of a language in context directly affects the degree of accommodation observed. More importantly, we discover that accommodation of code-choices persists over several conversational turns. We also propose an alternative interpretation of conversational accommodation as a retrieval problem, and show that the differences in accommodation characteristics of code-choices are based on their markedness in context.",
}
@inproceedings{chandu-etal-2018-language,
    title = "Language Informed Modeling of Code-Switched Text",
    author = "Chandu, Khyathi  and
      Manzini, Thomas  and
      Singh, Sumeet  and
      Black, Alan W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3211",
    pages = "92--97",
    abstract = "Code-switching (CS), the practice of alternating between two or more languages in conversations, is pervasive in most multi-lingual communities. CS texts have a complex interplay between languages and occur in informal contexts that make them harder to collect and construct NLP tools for. We approach this problem through Language Modeling (LM) on a new Hindi-English mixed corpus containing 59,189 unique sentences collected from blogging websites. We implement and discuss different Language Models derived from a multi-layered LSTM architecture. We hypothesize that encoding language information strengthens a language model by helping to learn code-switching points. We show that our highest performing model achieves a test perplexity of 19.52 on the CS corpus that we collected and processed. On this data we demonstrate that our performance is an improvement over AWD-LSTM LM (a recent state of the art on monolingual English).",
}
@inproceedings{attia-etal-2018-ghht,
    title = "{GHHT} at {CALCS} 2018: Named Entity Recognition for Dialectal {A}rabic Using Neural Networks",
    author = "Attia, Mohammed  and
      Samih, Younes  and
      Maier, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3212",
    pages = "98--102",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system submission to the CALCS 2018 shared task on named entity recognition on code-switched data for the language variant pair of Modern Standard Arabic and Egyptian dialectal Arabic. We build a a Deep Neural Network that combines word and character-based representations in convolutional and recurrent networks with a CRF layer. The model is augmented with stacked layers of enriched information such pre-trained embeddings, Brown clusters and named entity gazetteers. Our system is ranked second among those participating in the shared task achieving an FB1 average of 70.09{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{jain-etal-2018-simple,
    title = "Simple Features for Strong Performance on Named Entity Recognition in Code-Switched Twitter Data",
    author = "Jain, Devanshu  and
      Kustikova, Maria  and
      Darbari, Mayank  and
      Gupta, Rishabh  and
      Mayhew, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3213",
    pages = "103--109",
    abstract = "In this work, we address the problem of Named Entity Recognition (NER) in code-switched tweets as a part of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-switching (CALCS) at ACL{'}18. Code-switching is the phenomenon where a speaker switches between two languages or variants of the same language within or across utterances, known as intra-sentential or inter-sentential code-switching, respectively. Processing such data is challenging using state of the art methods since such technology is generally geared towards processing monolingual text. In this paper we explored ways to use language identification and translation to recognize named entities in such data, however, utilizing simple features (sans multi-lingual features) with Conditional Random Field (CRF) classifier achieved the best results. Our experiments were mainly aimed at the (ENG-SPA) English-Spanish dataset but we submitted a language-independent version of our system to the (MSA-EGY) Arabic-Egyptian dataset as well and achieved good results.",
}
@inproceedings{winata-etal-2018-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Character Representation for Efficiently Addressing Out-of-Vocabulary Words in Code-Switching Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Winata, Genta Indra  and
      Wu, Chien-Sheng  and
      Madotto, Andrea  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3214",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3214",
    pages = "110--114",
    abstract = "We propose an LSTM-based model with hierarchical architecture on named entity recognition from code-switching Twitter data. Our model uses bilingual character representation and transfer learning to address out-of-vocabulary words. In order to mitigate data noise, we propose to use token replacement and normalization. In the 3rd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching Shared Task, we achieved second place with 62.76{\%} harmonic mean F1-score for English-Spanish language pair without using any gazetteer and knowledge-based information.",
}
@inproceedings{sikdar-etal-2018-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition on Code-Switched Data Using Conditional Random Fields",
    author = {Sikdar, Utpal Kumar  and
      Barik, Biswanath  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3215",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3215",
    pages = "115--119",
    abstract = "Named Entity Recognition is an important information extraction task that identifies proper names in unstructured texts and classifies them into some pre-defined categories. Identification of named entities in code-mixed social media texts is a more difficult and challenging task as the contexts are short, ambiguous and often noisy. This work proposes a Conditional Random Fields based named entity recognition system to identify proper names in code-switched data and classify them into nine categories. The system ranked fifth among nine participant systems and achieved a 59.25{\%} F1-score.",
}
@inproceedings{janke-etal-2018-university,
    title = "The University of {T}exas System Submission for the Code-Switching Workshop Shared Task 2018",
    author = "Janke, Florian  and
      Li, Tongrui  and
      Rinc{\'o}n, Eric  and
      Guzm{\'a}n, Gualberto  and
      Bullock, Barbara  and
      Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3216",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3216",
    pages = "120--125",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system for the Named Entity Recognition Shared Task of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching (CALCS) submitted by the Bilingual Annotations Tasks (BATs) research group of the University of Texas. Our system uses several features to train a Conditional Random Field (CRF) model for classifying input words as Named Entities (NEs) using the Inside-Outside-Beginning (IOB) tagging scheme. We participated in the Modern Standard Arabic-Egyptian Arabic (MSA-EGY) and English-Spanish (ENG-SPA) tasks, achieving weighted average F-scores of 65.62 and 54.16 respectively. We also describe the performance of a deep neural network (NN) trained on a subset of the CRF features, which did not surpass CRF performance.",
}
@inproceedings{geetha-etal-2018-tackling,
    title = "Tackling Code-Switched {NER}: Participation of {CMU}",
    author = "Geetha, Parvathy  and
      Chandu, Khyathi  and
      Black, Alan W",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3217",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3217",
    pages = "126--131",
    abstract = "Named Entity Recognition plays a major role in several downstream applications in NLP. Though this task has been heavily studied in formal monolingual texts and also noisy texts like Twitter data, it is still an emerging task in code-switched (CS) content on social media. This paper describes our participation in the shared task of NER on code-switched data for Spanglish (Spanish + English) and Arabish (Arabic + English). In this paper we describe models that intuitively developed from the data for the shared task Named Entity Recognition on Code-switched Data. Owing to the sparse and non-linear relationships between words in Twitter data, we explored neural architectures that are capable of non-linearities fairly well. In specific, we trained character level models and word level models based on Bidirectional LSTMs (Bi-LSTMs) to perform sequential tagging. We train multiple models to identify nominal mentions and subsequently use this information to predict the labels of named entity in a sequence. Our best model is a character level model along with word level pre-trained multilingual embeddings that gave an F-score of 56.72 in Spanglish and a word level model that gave an F-score of 65.02 in Arabish on the test data.",
}
@inproceedings{claeser-etal-2018-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Named Entity Recognition on {S}panish-{E}nglish Code-switched Tweets using Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Claeser, Daniel  and
      Kent, Samantha  and
      Felske, Dennis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3218",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3218",
    pages = "132--137",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system submission for the ACL 2018 shared task on named entity recognition (NER) in code-switched Twitter data. Our best result (F1 = 53.65) was obtained using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) with 14 features combined with rule-based post processing.",
}
@inproceedings{aguilar-etal-2018-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition on Code-Switched Data: Overview of the {CALCS} 2018 Shared Task",
    author = "Aguilar, Gustavo  and
      AlGhamdi, Fahad  and
      Soto, Victor  and
      Diab, Mona  and
      Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3219",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3219",
    pages = "138--147",
    abstract = "In the third shared task of the Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching (CALCS) workshop, we focus on Named Entity Recognition (NER) on code-switched social-media data. We divide the shared task into two competitions based on the English-Spanish (ENG-SPA) and Modern Standard Arabic-Egyptian (MSA-EGY) language pairs. We use Twitter data and 9 entity types to establish a new dataset for code-switched NER benchmarks. In addition to the CS phenomenon, the diversity of the entities and the social media challenges make the task considerably hard to process. As a result, the best scores of the competitions are 63.76{\%} and 71.61{\%} for ENG-SPA and MSA-EGY, respectively. We present the scores of 9 participants and discuss the most common challenges among submissions.",
}
@inproceedings{trivedi-etal-2018-iit,
    title = "{IIT} ({BHU}) Submission for the {ACL} Shared Task on Named Entity Recognition on Code-switched Data",
    author = "Trivedi, Shashwat  and
      Rangwani, Harsh  and
      Kumar Singh, Anil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3220",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3220",
    pages = "148--153",
    abstract = "This paper describes the best performing system for the shared task on Named Entity Recognition (NER) on code-switched data for the language pair Spanish-English (ENG-SPA). We introduce a gated neural architecture for the NER task. Our final model achieves an F1 score of 63.76{\%}, outperforming the baseline by 10{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-code,
    title = "Code-Switched Named Entity Recognition with Embedding Attention",
    author = "Wang, Changhan  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Kiela, Douwe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3221",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3221",
    pages = "154--158",
    abstract = "We describe our work for the CALCS 2018 shared task on named entity recognition on code-switched data. Our system ranked first place for MS Arabic-Egyptian named entity recognition and third place for English-Spanish.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-grand,
    title = "Proceedings of Grand Challenge and Workshop on Human Multimodal Language (Challenge-{HML})",
    author = "Zadeh, Amir  and
      Liang, Paul Pu  and
      Morency, Louis-Philippe  and
      Poria, Soujanya  and
      Cambria, Erik  and
      Scherer, Stefan",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3300",
}
@inproceedings{blanchard-etal-2018-getting,
    title = "Getting the subtext without the text: Scalable multimodal sentiment classification from visual and acoustic modalities",
    author = "Blanchard, Nathaniel  and
      Moreira, Daniel  and
      Bharati, Aparna  and
      Scheirer, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Grand Challenge and Workshop on Human Multimodal Language (Challenge-{HML})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3301",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "In the last decade, video blogs (vlogs) have become an extremely popular method through which people express sentiment. The ubiquitousness of these videos has increased the importance of multimodal fusion models, which incorporate video and audio features with traditional text features for automatic sentiment detection. Multimodal fusion offers a unique opportunity to build models that learn from the full depth of expression available to human viewers. In the detection of sentiment in these videos, acoustic and video features provide clarity to otherwise ambiguous transcripts. In this paper, we present a multimodal fusion model that exclusively uses high-level video and audio features to analyze spoken sentences for sentiment. We discard traditional transcription features in order to minimize human intervention and to maximize the deployability of our model on at-scale real-world data. We select high-level features for our model that have been successful in non-affect domains in order to test their generalizability in the sentiment detection domain. We train and test our model on the newly released CMU Multimodal Opinion Sentiment and Emotion Intensity (CMU-MOSEI) dataset, obtaining an F1 score of 0.8049 on the validation set and an F1 score of 0.6325 on the held-out challenge test set.",
}
@inproceedings{williams-etal-2018-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Emotions in Video Using Multimodal {DNN} Feature Fusion",
    author = "Williams, Jennifer  and
      Kleinegesse, Steven  and
      Comanescu, Ramona  and
      Radu, Oana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Grand Challenge and Workshop on Human Multimodal Language (Challenge-{HML})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3302",
    pages = "11--19",
    abstract = "We present our system description of input-level multimodal fusion of audio, video, and text for recognition of emotions and their intensities for the 2018 First Grand Challenge on Computational Modeling of Human Multimodal Language. Our proposed approach is based on input-level feature fusion with sequence learning from Bidirectional Long-Short Term Memory (BLSTM) deep neural networks (DNNs). We show that our fusion approach outperforms unimodal predictors. Our system performs 6-way simultaneous classification and regression, allowing for overlapping emotion labels in a video segment. This leads to an overall binary accuracy of 90{\%}, overall 4-class accuracy of 89.2{\%} and an overall mean-absolute-error (MAE) of 0.12. Our work shows that an early fusion technique can effectively predict the presence of multi-label emotions as well as their coarse-grained intensities. The presented multimodal approach creates a simple and robust baseline on this new Grand Challenge dataset. Furthermore, we provide a detailed analysis of emotion intensity distributions as output from our DNN, as well as a related discussion concerning the inherent difficulty of this task.",
}
@inproceedings{sahay-etal-2018-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Relational Tensor Network for Sentiment and Emotion Classification",
    author = "Sahay, Saurav  and
      Kumar, Shachi H  and
      Xia, Rui  and
      Huang, Jonathan  and
      Nachman, Lama",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Grand Challenge and Workshop on Human Multimodal Language (Challenge-{HML})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3303",
    pages = "20--27",
    abstract = "Understanding Affect from video segments has brought researchers from the language, audio and video domains together. Most of the current multimodal research in this area deals with various techniques to fuse the modalities, and mostly treat the segments of a video independently. Motivated by the work of (Zadeh et al., 2017) and (Poria et al., 2017), we present our architecture, Relational Tensor Network, where we use the inter-modal interactions within a segment (intra-segment) and also consider the sequence of segments in a video to model the inter-segment inter-modal interactions. We also generate rich representations of text and audio modalities by leveraging richer audio and linguistic context alongwith fusing fine-grained knowledge based polarity scores from text. We present the results of our model on CMU-MOSEI dataset and show that our model outperforms many baselines and state of the art methods for sentiment classification and emotion recognition.",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2018-convolutional,
    title = "Convolutional Attention Networks for Multimodal Emotion Recognition from Speech and Text Data",
    author = "Choi, Woo Yong  and
      Song, Kyu Ye  and
      Lee, Chan Woo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Grand Challenge and Workshop on Human Multimodal Language (Challenge-{HML})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3304",
    pages = "28--34",
    abstract = "Emotion recognition has become a popular topic of interest, especially in the field of human computer interaction. Previous works involve unimodal analysis of emotion, while recent efforts focus on multimodal emotion recognition from vision and speech. In this paper, we propose a new method of learning about the hidden representations between just speech and text data using convolutional attention networks. Compared to the shallow model which employs simple concatenation of feature vectors, the proposed attention model performs much better in classifying emotion from speech and text data contained in the CMU-MOSEI dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{sheikh-etal-2018-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis using Imperfect Views from Spoken Language and Acoustic Modalities",
    author = "Sheikh, Imran  and
      Dumpala, Sri Harsha  and
      Chakraborty, Rupayan  and
      Kopparapu, Sunil Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Grand Challenge and Workshop on Human Multimodal Language (Challenge-{HML})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3305",
    pages = "35--39",
    abstract = "Multimodal sentiment classification in practical applications may have to rely on erroneous and imperfect views, namely (a) language transcription from a speech recognizer and (b) under-performing acoustic views. This work focuses on improving the representations of these views by performing a deep canonical correlation analysis with the representations of the better performing manual transcription view. Enhanced representations of the imperfect views can be obtained even in absence of the perfect views and give an improved performance during test conditions. Evaluations on the CMU-MOSI and CMU-MOSEI datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.",
}
@inproceedings{tian-etal-2018-polarity,
    title = "Polarity and Intensity: the Two Aspects of Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Tian, Leimin  and
      Lai, Catherine  and
      Moore, Johanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Grand Challenge and Workshop on Human Multimodal Language (Challenge-{HML})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3306",
    pages = "40--47",
    abstract = "Current multimodal sentiment analysis frames sentiment score prediction as a general Machine Learning task. However, what the sentiment score actually represents has often been overlooked. As a measurement of opinions and affective states, a sentiment score generally consists of two aspects: polarity and intensity. We decompose sentiment scores into these two aspects and study how they are conveyed through individual modalities and combined multimodal models in a naturalistic monologue setting. In particular, we build unimodal and multimodal multi-task learning models with sentiment score prediction as the main task and polarity and/or intensity classification as the auxiliary tasks. Our experiments show that sentiment analysis benefits from multi-task learning, and individual modalities differ when conveying the polarity and intensity aspects of sentiment.",
}
@inproceedings{tits-etal-2018-asr,
    title = "{ASR}-based Features for Emotion Recognition: A Transfer Learning Approach",
    author = "Tits, No{\'e}  and
      El Haddad, Kevin  and
      Dutoit, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Grand Challenge and Workshop on Human Multimodal Language (Challenge-{HML})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3307",
    pages = "48--52",
    abstract = "During the last decade, the applications of signal processing have drastically improved with deep learning. However areas of affecting computing such as emotional speech synthesis or emotion recognition from spoken language remains challenging. In this paper, we investigate the use of a neural Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) as a feature extractor for emotion recognition. We show that these features outperform the eGeMAPS feature set to predict the valence and arousal emotional dimensions, which means that the audio-to-text mapping learned by the ASR system contains information related to the emotional dimensions in spontaneous speech. We also examine the relationship between first layers (closer to speech) and last layers (closer to text) of the ASR and valence/arousal.",
}
@inproceedings{pham-etal-2018-seq2seq2sentiment,
    title = "{S}eq2{S}eq2{S}entiment: Multimodal Sequence to Sequence Models for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Pham, Hai  and
      Manzini, Thomas  and
      Liang, Paul Pu  and
      Pocz{\'o}s, Barnab{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Grand Challenge and Workshop on Human Multimodal Language (Challenge-{HML})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3308",
    pages = "53--63",
    abstract = "Multimodal machine learning is a core research area spanning the language, visual and acoustic modalities. The central challenge in multimodal learning involves learning representations that can process and relate information from multiple modalities. In this paper, we propose two methods for unsupervised learning of joint multimodal representations using sequence to sequence (Seq2Seq) methods: a Seq2Seq Modality Translation Model and a Hierarchical Seq2Seq Modality Translation Model. We also explore multiple different variations on the multimodal inputs and outputs of these seq2seq models. Our experiments on multimodal sentiment analysis using the CMU-MOSI dataset indicate that our methods learn informative multimodal representations that outperform the baselines and achieve improved performance on multimodal sentiment analysis, specifically in the Bimodal case where our model is able to improve F1 Score by twelve points. We also discuss future directions for multimodal Seq2Seq methods.",
}
@inproceedings{williams-etal-2018-dnn,
    title = "{DNN} Multimodal Fusion Techniques for Predicting Video Sentiment",
    author = "Williams, Jennifer  and
      Comanescu, Ramona  and
      Radu, Oana  and
      Tian, Leimin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Grand Challenge and Workshop on Human Multimodal Language (Challenge-{HML})",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3309",
    pages = "64--72",
    abstract = "We present our work on sentiment prediction using the benchmark MOSI dataset from the CMU-MultimodalDataSDK. Previous work on multimodal sentiment analysis have been focused on input-level feature fusion or decision-level fusion for multimodal fusion. Here, we propose an intermediate-level feature fusion, which merges weights from each modality (audio, video, and text) during training with subsequent additional training. Moreover, we tested principle component analysis (PCA) for feature selection. We found that applying PCA increases unimodal performance, and multimodal fusion outperforms unimodal models. Our experiments show that our proposed intermediate-level feature fusion outperforms other fusion techniques, and it achieves the best performance with an overall binary accuracy of 74.0{\%} on video+text modalities. Our work also improves feature selection for unimodal sentiment analysis, while proposing a novel and effective multimodal fusion architecture for this task.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-deep,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Deep Learning Approaches for Low-Resource {NLP}",
    author = "Haffari, Reza  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Foster, George  and
      Khadivi, Shahram  and
      Salehi, Bahar",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3400",
}
@inproceedings{kann-etal-2018-character,
    title = "Character-level Supervision for Low-resource {POS} Tagging",
    author = "Kann, Katharina  and
      Bjerva, Johannes  and
      Augenstein, Isabelle  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Deep Learning Approaches for Low-Resource {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3401",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "Neural part-of-speech (POS) taggers are known to not perform well with little training data. As a step towards overcoming this problem, we present an architecture for learning more robust neural POS taggers by jointly training a hierarchical, recurrent model and a recurrent character-based sequence-to-sequence network supervised using an auxiliary objective. This way, we introduce stronger character-level supervision into the model, which enables better generalization to unseen words and provides regularization, making our encoding less prone to overfitting. We experiment with three auxiliary tasks: lemmatization, character-based word autoencoding, and character-based random string autoencoding. Experiments with minimal amounts of labeled data on 34 languages show that our new architecture outperforms a single-task baseline and, surprisingly, that, on average, raw text autoencoding can be as beneficial for low-resource POS tagging as using lemma information. Our neural POS tagger closes the gap to a state-of-the-art POS tagger (MarMoT) for low-resource scenarios by 43{\%}, even outperforming it on languages with templatic morphology, e.g., Arabic, Hebrew, and Turkish, by some margin.",
}
@inproceedings{hedderich-klakow-2018-training,
    title = "Training a Neural Network in a Low-Resource Setting on Automatically Annotated Noisy Data",
    author = "Hedderich, Michael A.  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Deep Learning Approaches for Low-Resource {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3402",
    pages = "12--18",
    abstract = "Manually labeled corpora are expensive to create and often not available for low-resource languages or domains. Automatic labeling approaches are an alternative way to obtain labeled data in a quicker and cheaper way. However, these labels often contain more errors which can deteriorate a classifier{'}s performance when trained on this data. We propose a noise layer that is added to a neural network architecture. This allows modeling the noise and train on a combination of clean and noisy data. We show that in a low-resource NER task we can improve performance by up to 35{\%} by using additional, noisy data and handling the noise.",
}
@inproceedings{bollmann-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-task learning for historical text normalization: Size matters",
    author = "Bollmann, Marcel  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      Bingel, Joachim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Deep Learning Approaches for Low-Resource {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3403",
    pages = "19--24",
    abstract = "Historical text normalization suffers from small datasets that exhibit high variance, and previous work has shown that multi-task learning can be used to leverage data from related problems in order to obtain more robust models. Previous work has been limited to datasets from a specific language and a specific historical period, and it is not clear whether results generalize. It therefore remains an open problem, when historical text normalization benefits from multi-task learning. We explore the benefits of multi-task learning across 10 different datasets, representing different languages and periods. Our main finding{---}contrary to what has been observed for other NLP tasks{---}is that multi-task learning mainly works when target task data is very scarce.",
}
@inproceedings{dudy-bedrick-2018-compositional,
    title = "Compositional Language Modeling for Icon-Based Augmentative and Alternative Communication",
    author = "Dudy, Shiran  and
      Bedrick, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Deep Learning Approaches for Low-Resource {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3404",
    pages = "25--32",
    abstract = "Icon-based communication systems are widely used in the field of Augmentative and Alternative Communication. Typically, icon-based systems have lagged behind word- and character-based systems in terms of predictive typing functionality, due to the challenges inherent to training icon-based language models. We propose a method for synthesizing training data for use in icon-based language models, and explore two different modeling strategies. We propose a method to generate language models for corpus-less symbol-set.",
}
@inproceedings{dutta-chowdhury-etal-2018-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Neural Machine Translation for Low-resource Language Pairs using Synthetic Data",
    author = "Dutta Chowdhury, Koel  and
      Hasanuzzaman, Mohammed  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Deep Learning Approaches for Low-Resource {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3405",
    pages = "33--42",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of training a multimodal neural machine translation (MNMT) system with image features for a low-resource language pair, Hindi and English, using synthetic data. A three-way parallel corpus which contains bilingual texts and corresponding images is required to train a MNMT system with image features. However, such a corpus is not available for low resource language pairs. To address this, we developed both a synthetic training dataset and a manually curated development/test dataset for Hindi based on an existing English-image parallel corpus. We used these datasets to build our image description translation system by adopting state-of-the-art MNMT models. Our results show that it is possible to train a MNMT system for low-resource language pairs through the use of synthetic data and that such a system can benefit from image features.",
}
@inproceedings{ikhwantri-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Task Active Learning for Neural Semantic Role Labeling on Low Resource Conversational Corpus",
    author = "Ikhwantri, Fariz  and
      Louvan, Samuel  and
      Kurniawan, Kemal  and
      Abisena, Bagas  and
      Rachman, Valdi  and
      Wicaksono, Alfan Farizki  and
      Mahendra, Rahmad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Deep Learning Approaches for Low-Resource {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3406",
    pages = "43--50",
    abstract = "Most Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) approaches are supervised methods which require a significant amount of annotated corpus, and the annotation requires linguistic expertise. In this paper, we propose a Multi-Task Active Learning framework for Semantic Role Labeling with Entity Recognition (ER) as the auxiliary task to alleviate the need for extensive data and use additional information from ER to help SRL. We evaluate our approach on Indonesian conversational dataset. Our experiments show that multi-task active learning can outperform single-task active learning method and standard multi-task learning. According to our results, active learning is more efficient by using 12{\%} less of training data compared to passive learning in both single-task and multi-task setting. We also introduce a new dataset for SRL in Indonesian conversational domain to encourage further research in this area.",
}
@inproceedings{kameswara-sarma-etal-2018-domain,
    title = "Domain Adapted Word Embeddings for Improved Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Kameswara Sarma, Prathusha  and
      Liang, Yingyu  and
      Sethares, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Deep Learning Approaches for Low-Resource {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3407",
    pages = "51--59",
    abstract = "Generic word embeddings are trained on large-scale generic corpora; Domain Specific (DS) word embeddings are trained only on data from a domain of interest. This paper proposes a method to combine the breadth of generic embeddings with the specificity of domain specific embeddings. The resulting embeddings, called Domain Adapted (DA) word embeddings, are formed by first aligning corresponding word vectors using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) or the related nonlinear Kernel CCA (KCCA) and then combining them via convex optimization. Results from evaluation on sentiment classification tasks show that the DA embeddings substantially outperform both generic, DS embeddings when used as input features to standard or state-of-the-art sentence encoding algorithms for classification.",
}
@inproceedings{komiya-shinnou-2018-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Effective Parameters for Fine-tuning of Word Embeddings Using Only a Small Corpus",
    author = "Komiya, Kanako  and
      Shinnou, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Deep Learning Approaches for Low-Resource {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3408",
    pages = "60--67",
    abstract = "Fine-tuning is a popular method to achieve better performance when only a small target corpus is available. However, it requires tuning of a number of metaparameters and thus it might carry risk of adverse effect when inappropriate metaparameters are used. Therefore, we investigate effective parameters for fine-tuning when only a small target corpus is available. In the current study, we target at improving Japanese word embeddings created from a huge corpus. First, we demonstrate that even the word embeddings created from the huge corpus are affected by domain shift. After that, we investigate effective parameters for fine-tuning of the word embeddings using a small target corpus. We used perplexity of a language model obtained from a Long Short-Term Memory network to assess the word embeddings input into the network. The experiments revealed that fine-tuning sometimes give adverse effect when only a small target corpus is used and batch size is the most important parameter for fine-tuning. In addition, we confirmed that effect of fine-tuning is higher when size of a target corpus was larger.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Learning with Auxiliary Evaluation Component for Large Scale e-Commerce Text Classification",
    author = "Liu, Mingkuan  and
      Wen, Musen  and
      Kopru, Selcuk  and
      Liu, Xianjing  and
      Lu, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Deep Learning Approaches for Low-Resource {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3409",
    pages = "68--76",
    abstract = "The lack of high-quality labeled training data has been one of the critical challenges facing many industrial machine learning tasks. To tackle this challenge, in this paper, we propose a semi-supervised learning method to utilize unlabeled data and user feedback signals to improve the performance of ML models. The method employs a primary model Main and an auxiliary evaluation model Eval, where Main and Eval models are trained iteratively by automatically generating labeled data from unlabeled data and/or users{'} feedback signals. The proposed approach is applied to different text classification tasks. We report results on both the publicly available Yahoo! Answers dataset and our e-commerce product classification dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed method reduces the classification error rate by 4{\%} and up to 15{\%} across various experimental setups and datasets. A detailed comparison with other semi-supervised learning approaches is also presented later in the paper. The results from various text classification tasks demonstrate that our method outperforms those developed in previous related studies.",
}
@inproceedings{miceli-barone-2018-low,
    title = "Low-rank passthrough neural networks",
    author = "Miceli Barone, Antonio Valerio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Deep Learning Approaches for Low-Resource {NLP}",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3410",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3410",
    pages = "77--86",
    abstract = "Various common deep learning architectures, such as LSTMs, GRUs, Resnets and Highway Networks, employ state passthrough connections that support training with high feed-forward depth or recurrence over many time steps. These {``}Passthrough Networks{''} architectures also enable the decoupling of the network state size from the number of parameters of the network, a possibility has been studied by Sak et al. (2014) with their low-rank parametrization of the LSTM. In this work we extend this line of research, proposing effective, low-rank and low-rank plus diagonal matrix parametrizations for Passthrough Networks which exploit this decoupling property, reducing the data complexity and memory requirements of the network while preserving its memory capacity. This is particularly beneficial in low-resource settings as it supports expressive models with a compact parametrization less susceptible to overfitting. We present competitive experimental results on several tasks, including language modeling and a near state of the art result on sequential randomly-permuted MNIST classification, a hard task on natural data.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-international-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    author = "Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Li, Cheng-Te",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3500",
}
@inproceedings{dorantes-etal-2018-sociolinguistic,
    title = "Sociolinguistic Corpus of {W}hats{A}pp Chats in {S}panish among College Students",
    author = "Dorantes, Alejandro  and
      Sierra, Gerardo  and
      Donohue P{\'e}rez, Tlauhlia Yam{\'\i}n  and
      Bel-Enguix, Gemma  and
      Jasso Rosales, M{\'o}nica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3501",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "This work presents the Sociolinguistic Corpus of WhatsApp Chats in Spanish among College Students, a corpus of raw data for general use. Its purpose is to offer data for the study of of language and interactions via Instant Messaging (IM) among bachelors. Our paper consists of an overview of both the corpus{'}s content and demographic metadata. Furthermore, it presents the current research being conducted with it {---}namely parenthetical expressions, orality traits, and code-switching. This work also includes a brief outline of similar corpora and recent studies in the field of IM.",
}
@inproceedings{castro-etal-2018-crowd,
    title = "A Crowd-Annotated {S}panish Corpus for Humor Analysis",
    author = "Castro, Santiago  and
      Chiruzzo, Luis  and
      Ros{\'a}, Aiala  and
      Garat, Diego  and
      Moncecchi, Guillermo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3502",
    pages = "7--11",
    abstract = "Computational Humor involves several tasks, such as humor recognition, humor generation, and humor scoring, for which it is useful to have human-curated data. In this work we present a corpus of 27,000 tweets written in Spanish and crowd-annotated by their humor value and funniness score, with about four annotations per tweet, tagged by 1,300 people over the Internet. It is equally divided between tweets coming from humorous and non-humorous accounts. The inter-annotator agreement Krippendorff{'}s alpha value is 0.5710. The dataset is available for general usage and can serve as a basis for humor detection and as a first step to tackle subjectivity.",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2018-twitter,
    title = "A Twitter Corpus for {H}indi-{E}nglish Code Mixed {POS} Tagging",
    author = "Singh, Kushagra  and
      Sen, Indira  and
      Kumaraguru, Ponnurangam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3503",
    pages = "12--17",
    abstract = "Code-mixing is a linguistic phenomenon where multiple languages are used in the same occurrence that is increasingly common in multilingual societies. Code-mixed content on social media is also on the rise, prompting the need for tools to automatically understand such content. Automatic Parts-of-Speech (POS) tagging is an essential step in any Natural Language Processing (NLP) pipeline, but there is a lack of annotated data to train such models. In this work, we present a unique language tagged and POS-tagged dataset of code-mixed English-Hindi tweets related to five incidents in India that led to a lot of Twitter activity. Our dataset is unique in two dimensions: (i) it is larger than previous annotated datasets and (ii) it closely resembles typical real-world tweets. Additionally, we present a POS tagging model that is trained on this dataset to provide an example of how this dataset can be used. The model also shows the efficacy of our dataset in enabling the creation of code-mixed social media POS taggers.",
}
@inproceedings{mathur-etal-2018-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Offensive Tweets in {H}indi-{E}nglish Code-Switched Language",
    author = "Mathur, Puneet  and
      Shah, Rajiv  and
      Sawhney, Ramit  and
      Mahata, Debanjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3504",
    pages = "18--26",
    abstract = "The exponential rise of social media websites like Twitter, Facebook and Reddit in linguistically diverse geographical regions has led to hybridization of popular native languages with English in an effort to ease communication. The paper focuses on the classification of offensive tweets written in Hinglish language, which is a portmanteau of the Indic language Hindi with the Roman script. The paper introduces a novel tweet dataset, titled Hindi-English Offensive Tweet (HEOT) dataset, consisting of tweets in Hindi-English code switched language split into three classes: non-offensive, abusive and hate-speech. Further, we approach the problem of classification of the tweets in HEOT dataset using transfer learning wherein the proposed model employing Convolutional Neural Networks is pre-trained on tweets in English followed by retraining on Hinglish tweets.",
}
@inproceedings{hsu-ku-2018-socialnlp,
    title = "{S}ocial{NLP} 2018 {E}motion{X} Challenge Overview: Recognizing Emotions in Dialogues",
    author = "Hsu, Chao-Chun  and
      Ku, Lun-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3505",
    pages = "27--31",
    abstract = "This paper describes an overview of the Dialogue Emotion Recognition Challenge, EmotionX, at the Sixth SocialNLP Workshop, which recognizes the emotion of each utterance in dialogues. This challenge offers the EmotionLines dataset as the experimental materials. The EmotionLines dataset contains conversations from Friends TV show transcripts (Friends) and real chatting logs (EmotionPush), where every dialogue utterance is labeled with emotions. Organizers provide baseline results. 18 teams registered in this challenge and 5 of them submitted their results successfully. The best team achieves the unweighted accuracy 62.48 and 62.5 on EmotionPush and Friends, respectively. In this paper we present the task definition, test collection, the evaluation results of the groups that participated in this challenge, and their approach.",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2018-emotionx,
    title = "{E}motion{X}-{DLC}: Self-Attentive {B}i{LSTM} for Detecting Sequential Emotions in Dialogues",
    author = "Luo, Linkai  and
      Yang, Haiqin  and
      Chin, Francis Y. L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3506",
    pages = "32--36",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a self-attentive bidirectional long short-term memory (SA-BiLSTM) network to predict multiple emotions for the EmotionX challenge. The BiLSTM exhibits the power of modeling the word dependencies, and extracting the most relevant features for emotion classification. Building on top of BiLSTM, the self-attentive network can model the contextual dependencies between utterances which are helpful for classifying the ambiguous emotions. We achieve 59.6 and 55.0 unweighted accuracy scores in the Friends and the EmotionPush test sets, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{khosla-2018-emotionx,
    title = "{E}motion{X}-{AR}: {CNN}-{DCNN} autoencoder based Emotion Classifier",
    author = "Khosla, Sopan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3507",
    pages = "37--44",
    abstract = "In this paper, we model emotions in EmotionLines dataset using a convolutional-deconvolutional autoencoder (CNN-DCNN) framework. We show that adding a joint reconstruction loss improves performance. Quantitative evaluation with jointly trained network, augmented with linguistic features, reports best accuracies for emotion prediction; namely joy, sadness, anger, and neutral emotion in text.",
}
@inproceedings{albalooshi-etal-2018-emotionx,
    title = "{E}motion{X}-{S}mart{D}ubai{\_}{NLP}: Detecting User Emotions In Social Media Text",
    author = "AlBalooshi, Hessa  and
      Rahmanian, Shahram  and
      Venkatesh Kumar, Rahul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3508",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3508",
    pages = "45--49",
    abstract = "This paper describes the working note on {``}EmotionX{''} shared task. It is hosted by SocialNLP 2018. The objective of this task is to detect the emotions, based on each speaker{'}s utterances that are in English. Taking this as multiclass text classification problem, we have experimented to develop a model to classify the target class. The primary challenge in this task is to detect the emotions in short messages, communicated through social media. This paper describes the participation of SmartDubai{\_}NLP team in EmotionX shared task and our investigation to detect the emotions from utterance using Neural networks and Natural language understanding.",
}
@inproceedings{saxena-etal-2018-emotionx,
    title = "{E}motion{X}-Area66: Predicting Emotions in Dialogues using Hierarchical Attention Network with Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Saxena, Rohit  and
      Bhat, Savita  and
      Pedanekar, Niranjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3509",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3509",
    pages = "50--55",
    abstract = "This paper presents our system submitted to the EmotionX challenge. It is an emotion detection task on dialogues in the EmotionLines dataset. We formulate this as a hierarchical network where network learns data representation at both utterance level and dialogue level. Our model is inspired by Hierarchical Attention network (HAN) and uses pre-trained word embeddings as features. We formulate emotion detection in dialogues as a sequence labeling problem to capture the dependencies among labels. We report the performance accuracy for four emotions (anger, joy, neutral and sadness). The model achieved unweighted accuracy of 55.38{\%} on Friends test dataset and 56.73{\%} on EmotionPush test dataset. We report an improvement of 22.51{\%} in Friends dataset and 36.04{\%} in EmotionPush dataset over baseline results.",
}
@inproceedings{torres-2018-emotionx,
    title = "{E}motion{X}-{JTML}: Detecting emotions with Attention",
    author = "Torres, Johnny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3510",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3510",
    pages = "56--60",
    abstract = "This paper addresses the problem of automatic recognition of emotions in conversational text datasets for the EmotionX challenge. Emotion is a human characteristic expressed through several modalities (e.g., auditory, visual, tactile). Trying to detect emotions only from the text becomes a difficult task even for humans. This paper evaluates several neural architectures based on Attention Models, which allow extracting relevant parts of the context within a conversation to identify the emotion associated with each utterance. Empirical results in the validation datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach compared to the reference models for some instances, and other cases show better results with simpler models.",
}
@inproceedings{parupalli-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Automation of Sense-type Identification of Verbs in {O}nto{S}ense{N}et",
    author = "Parupalli, Sreekavitha  and
      Anvesh Rao, Vijjini  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3511",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3511",
    pages = "61--66",
    abstract = "In this paper, we discuss the enrichment of a manually developed resource, OntoSenseNet for Telugu. OntoSenseNet is a sense annotated resource that marks each verb of Telugu with a primary and a secondary sense. The area of research is relatively recent but has a large scope of development. We provide an introductory work to enrich the OntoSenseNet to promote further research in Telugu. Classifiers are adopted to learn the sense relevant features of the words in the resource and also to automate the tagging of sense-types for verbs. We perform a comparative analysis of different classifiers applied on OntoSenseNet. The results of the experiment prove that automated enrichment of the resource is effective using SVM classifiers and Adaboost ensemble.",
}
@inproceedings{stowe-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Classification of Twitter Behavior During Hurricane Events",
    author = "Stowe, Kevin  and
      Anderson, Jennings  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Palen, Leysia  and
      Anderson, Ken",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3512",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3512",
    pages = "67--75",
    abstract = "A large amount of social media data is generated during natural disasters, and identifying the relevant portions of this data is critical for researchers attempting to understand human behavior, the effects of information sources, and preparatory actions undertaken during these events. In order to classify human behavior during hazard events, we employ machine learning for two tasks: identifying hurricane related tweets and classifying user evacuation behavior during hurricanes. We show that feature-based and deep learning methods provide different benefits for tweet classification, and ensemble-based methods using linguistic, temporal, and geospatial features can effectively classify user behavior.",
}
@inproceedings{bilbao-jayo-almeida-2018-political,
    title = "Political discourse classification in social networks using context sensitive convolutional neural networks",
    author = "Bilbao-Jayo, Aritz  and
      Almeida, Aitor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3513",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3513",
    pages = "76--85",
    abstract = "In this study we propose a new approach to analyse the political discourse in on-line social networks such as Twitter. To do so, we have built a discourse classifier using Convolutional Neural Networks. Our model has been trained using election manifestos annotated manually by political scientists following the Regional Manifestos Project (RMP) methodology. In total, it has been trained with more than 88,000 sentences extracted from more that 100 annotated manifestos. Our approach takes into account the context of the phrase in order to classify it, like what was previously said and the political affiliation of the transmitter. To improve the classification results we have used a simplified political message taxonomy developed within the Electronic Regional Manifestos Project (E-RMP). Using this taxonomy, we have validated our approach analysing the Twitter activity of the main Spanish political parties during 2015 and 2016 Spanish general election and providing a study of their discourse.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-multilingual,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Multilingual Surface Realisation",
    author = "Mille, Simon  and
      Belz, Anja  and
      Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Pitler, Emily  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3600",
}
@inproceedings{mille-etal-2018-first,
    title = "The First Multilingual Surface Realisation Shared Task ({SR}{'}18): Overview and Evaluation Results",
    author = "Mille, Simon  and
      Belz, Anja  and
      Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Graham, Yvette  and
      Pitler, Emily  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Multilingual Surface Realisation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3601",
    pages = "1--12",
    abstract = "We report results from the SR{'}18 Shared Task, a new multilingual surface realisation task organised as part of the ACL{'}18 Workshop on Multilingual Surface Realisation. As in its English-only predecessor task SR{'}11, the shared task comprised two tracks with different levels of complexity: (a) a shallow track where the inputs were full UD structures with word order information removed and tokens lemmatised; and (b) a deep track where additionally, functional words and morphological information were removed. The shallow track was offered in ten, and the deep track in three languages. Systems were evaluated (a) automatically, using a range of intrinsic metrics, and (b) by human judges in terms of readability and meaning similarity. This report presents the evaluation results, along with descriptions of the SR{'}18 tracks, data and evaluation methods. For full descriptions of the participating systems, please see the separate system reports elsewhere in this volume.",
}
@inproceedings{puzikov-gurevych-2018-binlin,
    title = "{B}in{L}in: A Simple Method of Dependency Tree Linearization",
    author = "Puzikov, Yevgeniy  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Multilingual Surface Realisation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3602",
    pages = "13--28",
    abstract = "Surface Realization Shared Task 2018 is a workshop on generating sentences from lemmatized sets of dependency triples. This paper describes the results of our participation in the challenge. We develop a data-driven pipeline system which first orders the lemmas and then conjugates the words to finish the surface realization process. Our contribution is a novel sequential method of ordering lemmas, which, despite its simplicity, achieves promising results. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, describe its limitations and outline ways to improve it.",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2018-iit,
    title = "{IIT} ({BHU}) Varanasi at {MSR}-{SRST} 2018: A Language Model Based Approach for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Singh, Shreyansh  and
      Sharma, Ayush  and
      Chawla, Avi  and
      Singh, A.K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Multilingual Surface Realisation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3603",
    pages = "29--34",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission system for the Shallow Track of Surface Realization Shared Task 2018 (SRST{'}18). The task was to convert genuine UD structures, from which word order information had been removed and the tokens had been lemmatized, into their correct sentential form. We divide the problem statement into two parts, word reinflection and correct word order prediction. For the first sub-problem, we use a Long Short Term Memory based Encoder-Decoder approach. For the second sub-problem, we present a Language Model (LM) based approach. We apply two different sub-approaches in the LM Based approach and the combined result of these two approaches is considered as the final output of the system.",
}
@inproceedings{castro-ferreira-etal-2018-surface,
    title = "Surface Realization Shared Task 2018 ({SR}18): The {T}ilburg University Approach",
    author = "Castro Ferreira, Thiago  and
      Wubben, Sander  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Multilingual Surface Realisation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3604",
    pages = "35--38",
    abstract = "This study describes the approach developed by the Tilburg University team to the shallow task of the Multilingual Surface Realization Shared Task 2018 (SR18). Based on (Castro Ferreira et al., 2017), the approach works by first preprocessing an input dependency tree into an ordered linearized string, which is then realized using a statistical machine translation model. Our approach shows promising results, with BLEU scores above 50 for 5 different languages (English, French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish) and above 35 for the Dutch language.",
}
@inproceedings{king-white-2018-osu,
    title = "The {OSU} Realizer for {SRST} {`}18: Neural Sequence-to-Sequence Inflection and Incremental Locality-Based Linearization",
    author = "King, David  and
      White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Multilingual Surface Realisation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3605",
    pages = "39--48",
    abstract = "Surface realization is a nontrivial task as it involves taking structured data and producing grammatically and semantically correct utterances. Many competing grammar-based and statistical models for realization still struggle with relatively simple sentences. For our submission to the 2018 Surface Realization Shared Task, we tackle the shallow task by first generating inflected wordforms with a neural sequence-to-sequence model before incrementally linearizing them. For linearization, we use a global linear model trained using early update that makes use of features that take into account the dependency structure and dependency locality. Using this pipeline sufficed to produce surprisingly strong results in the shared task. In future work, we intend to pursue joint approaches to linearization and morphological inflection and incorporating a neural language model into the linearization choices.",
}
@inproceedings{elder-hokamp-2018-generating,
    title = "Generating High-Quality Surface Realizations Using Data Augmentation and Factored Sequence Models",
    author = "Elder, Henry  and
      Hokamp, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Multilingual Surface Realisation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3606",
    pages = "49--53",
    abstract = "This work presents state of the art results in reconstruction of surface realizations from obfuscated text. We identify the lack of sufficient training data as the major obstacle to training high-performing models, and solve this issue by generating large amounts of synthetic training data. We also propose preprocessing techniques which make the structure contained in the input features more accessible to sequence models. Our models were ranked first on all evaluation metrics in the English portion of the 2018 Surface Realization shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{madsack-etal-2018-ax,
    title = "{AX} Semantics{'} Submission to the Surface Realization Shared Task 2018",
    author = {Madsack, Andreas  and
      Heininger, Johanna  and
      Davaasambuu, Nyamsuren  and
      Voronik, Vitaliia  and
      K{\"a}ufl, Michael  and
      Wei{\ss}graeber, Robert},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Multilingual Surface Realisation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3607",
    pages = "54--57",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe our system and experimental results on the development set of the Surface Realisation Shared Task. Our system is an entry for the Shallow-Task, with two different models based on deep-learning implementations for building the sentence combined with a rule-based morphology component.",
}
@inproceedings{sobrevilla-cabezudo-pardo-2018-nilc,
    title = "{NILC}-{SWORNEMO} at the Surface Realization Shared Task: Exploring Syntax-Based Word Ordering using Neural Models",
    author = "Sobrevilla Cabezudo, Marco Antonio  and
      Pardo, Thiago",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Multilingual Surface Realisation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3608",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3608",
    pages = "58--64",
    abstract = "This paper describes the submission by the NILC Computational Linguistics research group of the University of S{\~a}o Paulo/Brazil to the Track 1 of the Surface Realization Shared Task (SRST Track 1). We present a neural-based method that works at the syntactic level to order the words (which we refer by NILC-SWORNEMO, standing for {``}Syntax-based Word ORdering using NEural MOdels{''}). Additionally, we apply a bottom-up approach to build the sentence and, using language-specific lexicons, we produce the proper word form of each lemma in the sentence. The results obtained by our method outperformed the average of the results for English, Portuguese and Spanish in the track.",
}
@inproceedings{basile-mazzei-2018-dipinfo,
    title = "The {D}ip{I}nfo-{U}ni{T}o system for {SRST} 2018",
    author = "Basile, Valerio  and
      Mazzei, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Multilingual Surface Realisation",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3609",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3609",
    pages = "65--71",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system developed by the DipInfo-UniTo team to participate to the shallow track of the Surface Realization Shared Task 2018. The system employs two separate neural networks with different architectures to predict the word ordering and the morphological inflection independently from each other. The UniTO realizer is language independent, and its simple architecture allowed it to be scored in the central part of the final ranking of the shared task.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Ng, Vincent  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3700",
}
@inproceedings{desai-etal-2018-generating,
    title = "Generating Questions for Reading Comprehension using Coherence Relations",
    author = "Desai, Takshak  and
      Dakle, Parag  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3701",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "In this paper, we have proposed a technique for generating complex reading comprehension questions from a discourse that are more useful than factual ones derived from assertions. Our system produces a set of general-level questions using coherence relations and a set of well-defined syntactic transformations on the input text. Generated questions evaluate comprehension abilities like a comprehensive analysis of the text and its structure, correct identification of the author{'}s intent, a thorough evaluation of stated arguments; and a deduction of the high-level semantic relations that hold between text spans. Experiments performed on the RST-DT corpus allow us to conclude that our system possesses a strong aptitude for generating intricate questions. These questions are capable of effectively assessing a student{'}s interpretation of the text.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2018-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic and Lexical Approaches to Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Lin, Henry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3702",
    pages = "11--19",
    abstract = "Among the challenges of teaching reading comprehension in K {--} 12 are identifying the portions of a text that are difficult for a student, comprehending major critical ideas, and understanding context-dependent polysemous words. We present a simple, unsupervised but robust and accurate syntactic method for achieving the first objective and a modified hierarchical lexical method for the second objective. Focusing on pinpointing troublesome sentences instead of the overall readability and on concepts central to a reading, we believe these methods will greatly facilitate efforts to help students improve reading skills",
}
@inproceedings{saddiki-etal-2018-feature,
    title = "Feature Optimization for Predicting Readability of {A}rabic {L}1 and {L}2",
    author = "Saddiki, Hind  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Cavalli-Sforza, Violetta  and
      Al Khalil, Muhamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3703",
    pages = "20--29",
    abstract = "Advances in automatic readability assessment can impact the way people consume information in a number of domains. Arabic, being a low-resource and morphologically complex language, presents numerous challenges to the task of automatic readability assessment. In this paper, we present the largest and most in-depth computational readability study for Arabic to date. We study a large set of features with varying depths, from shallow words to syntactic trees, for both L1 and L2 readability tasks. Our best L1 readability accuracy result is 94.8{\%} (75{\%} error reduction from a commonly used baseline). The comparable results for L2 are 72.4{\%} (45{\%} error reduction). We also demonstrate the added value of leveraging L1 features for L2 readability prediction.",
}
@inproceedings{maharjan-rus-2018-tutorial,
    title = "A Tutorial {M}arkov Analysis of Effective Human Tutorial Sessions",
    author = "Maharjan, Nabin  and
      Rus, Vasile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3704",
    pages = "30--34",
    abstract = "This paper investigates what differentiates effective tutorial sessions from less effective sessions. Towards this end, we characterize and explore human tutors{'} actions in tutorial dialogue sessions by mapping the tutor-tutee interactions, which are streams of dialogue utterances, into streams of actions, based on the language-as-action theory. Next, we use human expert judgment measures, evidence of learning (EL) and evidence of soundness (ES), to identify effective and ineffective sessions. We perform sub-sequence pattern mining to identify sub-sequences of dialogue modes that discriminate good sessions from bad sessions. We finally use the results of sub-sequence analysis method to generate a tutorial Markov process for effective tutorial sessions.",
}
@inproceedings{mathias-bhattacharyya-2018-thank,
    title = "Thank {``}Goodness{''}! A Way to Measure Style in Student Essays",
    author = "Mathias, Sandeep  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3705",
    pages = "35--41",
    abstract = "Essays have two major components for scoring - content and style. In this paper, we describe a property of the essay, called goodness, and use it to predict the score given for the style of student essays. We compare our approach to solve this problem with baseline approaches, like language modeling and also a state-of-the-art deep learning system. We show that, despite being quite intuitive, our approach is very powerful in predicting the style of the essays.",
}
@inproceedings{rao-etal-2018-overview,
    title = "Overview of {NLPTEA}-2018 Share Task {C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis",
    author = "Rao, Gaoqi  and
      Gong, Qi  and
      Zhang, Baolin  and
      Xun, Endong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3706",
    pages = "42--51",
    abstract = "This paper presents the NLPTEA 2018 shared task for Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis (CGED) which seeks to identify grammatical error types, their range of occurrence and recommended corrections within sentences written by learners of Chinese as foreign language. We describe the task definition, data preparation, performance metrics, and evaluation results. Of the 20 teams registered for this shared task, 13 teams developed the system and submitted a total of 32 runs. Progress in system performances was obviously, reaching F1 of 36.12{\%} in position level and 25.27{\%} in correction level. All data sets with gold standards and scoring scripts are made publicly available to researchers.",
}
@inproceedings{fu-etal-2018-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis using Statistical and Prior Knowledge driven Features with Probabilistic Ensemble Enhancement",
    author = "Fu, Ruiji  and
      Pei, Zhengqi  and
      Gong, Jiefu  and
      Song, Wei  and
      Teng, Dechuan  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Wang, Shijin  and
      Hu, Guoping  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3707",
    pages = "52--59",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system at NLPTEA-2018 Task {\#}1: Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis. Grammatical Error Diagnosis is one of the most challenging NLP tasks, which is to locate grammar errors and tell error types. Our system is built on the model of bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory with a conditional random field layer (BiLSTM-CRF) but integrates with several new features. First, richer features are considered in the BiLSTM-CRF model; second, a probabilistic ensemble approach is adopted; third, Template Matcher are used during a post-processing to bring in human knowledge. In official evaluation, our system obtains the highest F1 scores at identifying error types and locating error positions, the second highest F1 score at sentence level error detection. We also recommend error corrections for specific error types and achieve the best F1 performance among all participants.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid System for {C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis and Correction",
    author = "Li, Chen  and
      Zhou, Junpei  and
      Bao, Zuyi  and
      Liu, Hengyou  and
      Xu, Guangwei  and
      Li, Linlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3708",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3708",
    pages = "60--69",
    abstract = "This paper introduces the DM{\_}NLP team{'}s system for NLPTEA 2018 shared task of Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis (CGED), which can be used to detect and correct grammatical errors in texts written by Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL) learners. This task aims at not only detecting four types of grammatical errors including redundant words (R), missing words (M), bad word selection (S) and disordered words (W), but also recommending corrections for errors of M and S types. We proposed a hybrid system including four models for this task with two stages: the detection stage and the correction stage. In the detection stage, we first used a BiLSTM-CRF model to tag potential errors by sequence labeling, along with some handcraft features. Then we designed three Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) models to generate corrections, which could help to tune the detection result. In the correction stage, candidates were generated by the three GEC models and then merged to output the final corrections for M and S types. Our system reached the highest precision in the correction subtask, which was the most challenging part of this shared task, and got top 3 on F1 scores for position detection of errors.",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2018-ling,
    title = "Ling@{CASS} Solution to the {NLP}-{TEA} {CGED} Shared Task 2018",
    author = "Hu, Qinan  and
      Zhang, Yongwei  and
      Liu, Fang  and
      Gu, Yueguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3709",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3709",
    pages = "70--76",
    abstract = "In this study, we employ the sequence to sequence learning to model the task of grammar error correction. The system takes potentially erroneous sentences as inputs, and outputs correct sentences. To breakthrough the bottlenecks of very limited size of manually labeled data, we adopt a semi-supervised approach. Specifically, we adapt correct sentences written by native Chinese speakers to generate pseudo grammatical errors made by learners of Chinese as a second language. We use the pseudo data to pre-train the model, and the CGED data to fine-tune it. Being aware of the significance of precision in a grammar error correction system in real scenarios, we use ensembles to boost precision. When using inputs as simple as Chinese characters, the ensembled system achieves a precision at 86.56{\%} in the detection of erroneous sentences, and a precision at 51.53{\%} in the correction of errors of Selection and Missing types.",
}
@inproceedings{li-qi-2018-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis Based on Policy Gradient {LSTM} Model",
    author = "Li, Changliang  and
      Qi, Ji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3710",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3710",
    pages = "77--82",
    abstract = "Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis (CGED) is a natural language processing task for the NLPTEA2018 workshop held during ACL2018. The goal of this task is to diagnose Chinese sentences containing four kinds of grammatical errors through the model and find out the sentence errors. Chinese grammatical error diagnosis system is a very important tool, which can help Chinese learners automatically diagnose grammatical errors in many scenarios. However, due to the limitations of the Chinese language{'}s own characteristics and datasets, the traditional model faces the problem of extreme imbalances in the positive and negative samples and the disappearance of gradients. In this paper, we propose a sequence labeling method based on the Policy Gradient LSTM model and apply it to this task to solve the above problems. The results show that our model can achieve higher precision scores in the case of lower False positive rate (FPR) and it is convenient to optimize the model on-line.",
}
@inproceedings{fudholi-suominen-2018-importance,
    title = "The Importance of Recommender and Feedback Features in a Pronunciation Learning Aid",
    author = "Fudholi, Dzikri  and
      Suominen, Hanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3711",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3711",
    pages = "83--87",
    abstract = "Verbal communication {---} and pronunciation as its part {---} is a core skill that can be developed through guided learning. An artificial intelligence system can take a role in these guided learning approaches as an enabler of an application for pronunciation learning with a recommender system to guide language learners through exercises and feedback system to correct their pronunciation. In this paper, we report on a user study on language learners{'} perceived usefulness of the application. 16 international students who spoke non-native English and lived in Australia participated. 13 of them said they need to improve their pronunciation skills in English because of their foreign accent. The feedback system with features for pronunciation scoring, speech replay, and giving a pronunciation example was deemed essential by most of the respondents. In contrast, a clear dichotomy between the recommender system perceived as useful or useless existed; the system had features to prompt new common words or old poorly-scored words. These results can be used to target research and development from information retrieval and reinforcement learning for better and better recommendations to speech recognition and speech analytics for accent acquisition.",
}
@inproceedings{bakharia-2018-selecting,
    title = "Selecting {NLP} Techniques to Evaluate Learning Design Objectives in Collaborative Multi-perspective Elaboration Activities",
    author = "Bakharia, Aneesha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3712",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3712",
    pages = "88--92",
    abstract = "PerspectivesX is a multi-perspective elaboration tool designed to encourage learner submission and curation across a range of collaborative learning activities. In this paper, it is shown that the learning design objectives of collaborative learning activities can be evaluated using NLP techniques, but that careful analysis of learner impact and pedagogical intent are required in order to select appropriate techniques. In particular, this paper focuses on the NLP techniques required to deliver an instructor dashboard, personalized learner feedback and content recommendation within multi-perspective elaboration activities. Key NLP techniques considered for inclusion include summarization, topic modeling, paraphrase detection and diversified content recommendation.",
}
@inproceedings{dasgupta-etal-2018-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting Textual Qualitative Features in Deep Convolution Recurrent Neural Network for Automatic Essay Scoring",
    author = "Dasgupta, Tirthankar  and
      Naskar, Abir  and
      Dey, Lipika  and
      Saha, Rupsa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3713",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3713",
    pages = "93--102",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a qualitatively enhanced deep convolution recurrent neural network for computing the quality of a text in an automatic essay scoring task. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that instead of considering only the word and sentence representation of a text, we try to augment the different complex linguistic, cognitive and psycological features associated within a text document along with a hierarchical convolution recurrent neural network framework. Our preliminary investigation shows that incorporation of such qualitative feature vectors along with standard word/sentence embeddings can give us better understanding about improving the overall evaluation of the input essays.",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2018-joint,
    title = "Joint learning of frequency and word embeddings for multilingual readability assessment",
    author = "Le, Dieu-Thu  and
      Nguyen, Cam-Tu  and
      Wang, Xiaoliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3714",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3714",
    pages = "103--107",
    abstract = "This paper describes two models that employ word frequency embeddings to deal with the problem of readability assessment in multiple languages. The task is to determine the difficulty level of a given document, i.e., how hard it is for a reader to fully comprehend the text. The proposed models show how frequency information can be integrated to improve the readability assessment. The experimental results testing on both English and Chinese datasets show that the proposed models improve the results notably when comparing to those using only traditional word embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{lange-ljunglof-2018-mulle,
    title = "{MULLE}: A grammar-based {L}atin language learning tool to supplement the classroom setting",
    author = {Lange, Herbert  and
      Ljungl{\"o}f, Peter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3715",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3715",
    pages = "108--112",
    abstract = "MULLE is a tool for language learning that focuses on teaching Latin as a foreign language. It is aimed for easy integration into the traditional classroom setting and syllabus, which makes it distinct from other language learning tools that provide standalone learning experience. It uses grammar-based lessons and embraces methods of gamification to improve the learner motivation. The main type of exercise provided by our application is to practice translation, but it is also possible to shift the focus to vocabulary or morphology training.",
}
@inproceedings{bel-enguix-etal-2018-textual,
    title = "Textual Features Indicative of Writing Proficiency in Elementary School {S}panish Documents",
    author = "Bel-Enguix, Gemma  and
      Due{\~n}as Ch{\'a}vez, Diana  and
      Curiel D{\'\i}az, Arturo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3716",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3716",
    pages = "113--118",
    abstract = "Childhood acquisition of written language is not straightforward. Writing skills evolve differently depending on external factors, such as the conditions in which children practice their productions and the quality of their instructors{'} guidance. This can be challenging in low-income areas, where schools may struggle to ensure ideal acquisition conditions. Developing computational tools to support the learning process may counterweight negative environmental influences; however, few work exists on the use of information technologies to improve childhood literacy. This work centers around the computational study of Spanish word and syllable structure in documents written by 2nd and 3rd year elementary school students. The studied texts were compared against a corpus of short stories aimed at the same age group, so as to observe whether the children tend to produce similar written patterns as the ones they are expected to interpret at their literacy level. The obtained results show some significant differences between the two kinds of texts, pointing towards possible strategies for the implementation of new education software in support of written language acquisition.",
}
@inproceedings{kotani-yoshimi-2018-assessment,
    title = "Assessment of an Index for Measuring Pronunciation Difficulty",
    author = "Kotani, Katsunori  and
      Yoshimi, Takehiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3717",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3717",
    pages = "119--124",
    abstract = "This study assesses an index for measur-ing the pronunciation difficulty of sen-tences (henceforth, pronounceability) based on the normalized edit distance from a reference sentence to a transcrip-tion of learners{'} pronunciation. Pro-nounceability should be examined when language teachers use a computer-assisted language learning system for pronunciation learning to maintain the motivation of learners. However, unlike the evaluation of learners{'} pronunciation performance, previous research did not focus on pronounceability not only for English but also for Asian languages. This study found that the normalized edit distance was reliable but not valid. The lack of validity appeared to be because of an English test used for determining the proficiency of learners.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-shih-2018-short,
    title = "A Short Answer Grading System in {C}hinese by Support Vector Approach",
    author = "Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Shih, Wen-Feng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3718",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3718",
    pages = "125--129",
    abstract = "In this paper, we report a short answer grading system in Chinese. We build a system based on standard machine learning approaches and test it with translated corpus from two publicly available corpus in English. The experiment results show similar results on two different corpus as in English.",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-2018-fidelity,
    title = "From Fidelity to Fluency: Natural Language Processing for Translator Training",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3719",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3719",
    pages = "130--134",
    abstract = "This study explores the use of natural language processing techniques to enhance bilingual lexical access beyond simple equivalents, to enable translators to navigate along a wider cross-lingual lexical space and more examples showing different translation strategies, which is essential for them to learn to produce not only faithful but also fluent translations.",
}
@inproceedings{chandrasekaran-kan-2018-countering,
    title = "Countering Position Bias in Instructor Interventions in {MOOC} Discussion Forums",
    author = "Chandrasekaran, Muthu Kumar  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3720",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3720",
    pages = "135--142",
    abstract = "We systematically confirm that instructors are strongly influenced by the user interface presentation of Massive Online Open Course (MOOC) discussion forums. In a large scale dataset, we conclusively show that instructor interventions exhibit strong position bias, as measured by the position where the thread appeared on the user interface at the time of intervention. We measure and remove this bias, enabling unbiased statistical modelling and evaluation. We show that our de-biased classifier improves predicting interventions over the state-of-the-art on courses with sufficient number of interventions by 8.2{\%} in F1 and 24.4{\%} in recall on average.",
}
@inproceedings{shiokawa-etal-2018-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Beginner Friendliness of {J}apanese Web Pages explaining Academic Concepts by Integrating Neural Image Feature and Text Features",
    author = "Shiokawa, Hayato  and
      Kawaguchi, Kota  and
      Han, Bingcai  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Kawada, Yasuhide  and
      Yoshioka, Masaharu  and
      Kando, Noriko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3721",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3721",
    pages = "143--151",
    abstract = "Search engine is an important tool of modern academic study, but the results are lack of measurement of beginner friendliness. In order to improve the efficiency of using search engine for academic study, it is necessary to invent a technique of measuring the beginner friendliness of a Web page explaining academic concepts and to build an automatic measurement system. This paper studies how to integrate heterogeneous features such as a neural image feature generated from the image of the Web page by a variant of CNN (convolutional neural network) as well as text features extracted from the body text of the HTML file of the Web page. Integration is performed through the framework of the SVM classifier learning. Evaluation results show that heterogeneous features perform better than each individual type of features.",
}
@inproceedings{marrese-taylor-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning to Automatically Generate Fill-In-The-Blank Quizzes",
    author = "Marrese-Taylor, Edison  and
      Nakajima, Ai  and
      Matsuo, Yutaka  and
      Yuichi, Ono",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3722",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3722",
    pages = "152--156",
    abstract = "In this paper we formalize the problem automatic fill-in-the-blank question generation using two standard NLP machine learning schemes, proposing concrete deep learning models for each. We present an empirical study based on data obtained from a language learning platform showing that both of our proposed settings offer promising results.",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-etal-2018-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Short Text Responses Clustering for Mobile Educational Activities: a Preliminary Exploration",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Chien, Yu-Ta  and
      Chang, Chun-Yen  and
      Li, Tsung-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3723",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3723",
    pages = "157--164",
    abstract = "Text clustering is a powerful technique to detect topics from document corpora, so as to provide information browsing, analysis, and organization. On the other hand, the Instant Response System (IRS) has been widely used in recent years to enhance student engagement in class and thus improve their learning effectiveness. However, the lack of functions to process short text responses from the IRS prevents the further application of IRS in classes. Therefore, this study aims to propose a proper short text clustering module for the IRS, and demonstrate our implemented techniques through real-world examples, so as to provide experiences and insights for further study. In particular, we have compared three clustering methods and the result shows that theoretically better methods need not lead to better results, as there are various factors that may affect the final performance.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2018-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis Based on {CRF} and {LSTM}-{CRF} model",
    author = "Zhou, Yujie  and
      Shao, Yinan  and
      Zhou, Yong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3724",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3724",
    pages = "165--171",
    abstract = "When learning Chinese as a foreign language, the learners may have some grammatical errors due to negative migration of their native languages. However, few grammar checking applications have been developed to support the learners. The goal of this paper is to develop a tool to automatically diagnose four types of grammatical errors which are redundant words (R), missing words (M), bad word selection (S) and disordered words (W) in Chinese sentences written by those foreign learners. In this paper, a conventional linear CRF model with specific feature engineering and a LSTM-CRF model are used to solve the CGED (Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis) task. We make some improvement on both models and the submitted results have better performance on false positive rate and accuracy than the average of all runs from CGED2018 for all three evaluation levels.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2018-contextualized,
    title = "Contextualized Character Representation for {C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis",
    author = "Zhao, Jianbo  and
      Li, Si  and
      Lin, Zhiqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3725",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3725",
    pages = "172--179",
    abstract = "Nowadays, more and more people are learning Chinese as their second language. Establishing an automatic diagnosis system for Chinese grammatical error has become an important challenge. In this paper, we propose a Chinese grammatical error diagnosis (CGED) model with contextualized character representation. Compared to the traditional model using LSTM (Long-Short Term Memory), our model have better performance and there is no need to add too many artificial features.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-cmmc,
    title = "{CMMC}-{BDRC} Solution to the {NLP}-{TEA}-2018 {C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis Task",
    author = "Zhang, Yongwei  and
      Hu, Qinan  and
      Liu, Fang  and
      Gu, Yueguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3726",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3726",
    pages = "180--187",
    abstract = "Chinese grammatical error diagnosis is an important natural language processing (NLP) task, which is also an important application using artificial intelligence technology in language education. This paper introduces a system developed by the Chinese Multilingual {\&} Multimodal Corpus and Big Data Research Center for the NLP-TEA shared task, named Chinese Grammar Error Diagnosis (CGED). This system regards diagnosing errors task as a sequence tagging problem, while takes correction task as a text classification problem. Finally, in the 12 teams, this system gets the highest F1 score in the detection task and the second highest F1 score in mean in the identification task, position task and the correction task.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Simultaneously {C}hinese Grammar Errors Based on a {B}i{LSTM}-{CRF} Model",
    author = "Liu, Yajun  and
      Zan, Hongying  and
      Zhong, Mengjie  and
      Ma, Hongchao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3727",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3727",
    pages = "188--193",
    abstract = "In the process of learning and using Chinese, many learners of Chinese as foreign language(CFL) may have grammar errors due to negative migration of their native languages. This paper introduces our system that can simultaneously diagnose four types of grammatical errors including redundant (R), missing (M), selection (S), disorder (W) in NLPTEA-5 shared task. We proposed a Bidirectional LSTM CRF neural network (BiLSTM-CRF) that combines BiLSTM and CRF without hand-craft features for Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis (CGED). Evaluation includes three levels, which are detection level, identification level and position level. At the detection level and identification level, our system got the third recall scores, and achieved good F1 values.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-shih-2018-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach Combining Statistical Knowledge with Conditional Random Fields for {C}hinese Grammatical Error Detection",
    author = "Wang, Yiyi  and
      Shih, Chilin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3728",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3728",
    pages = "194--198",
    abstract = "This paper presents a method of combining Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) model with a post-processing layer using Google n-grams statistical information tailored to detect word selection and word order errors made by learners of Chinese as Foreign Language (CFL). We describe the architecture of the model and its performance in the shared task of the ACL 2018 Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications (NLPTEA). This hybrid approach yields comparably high false positive rate (FPR = 0.1274) and precision (Pd= 0.7519; Pi= 0.6311), but low recall (Rd = 0.3035; Ri = 0.1696 ) in grammatical error detection and identification tasks. Additional statistical information and linguistic rules can be added to enhance the model performance in the future.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-cyut,
    title = "{CYUT}-{III} Team {C}hinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis System Report in {NLPTEA}-2018 {CGED} Shared Task",
    author = "Wu, Shih-Hung  and
      Wang, Jun-Wei  and
      Chen, Liang-Pu  and
      Yang, Ping-Che",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3729",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3729",
    pages = "199--202",
    abstract = "This paper reports how we build a Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis system in the NLPTEA-2018 CGED shared task. In 2018, we sent three runs with three different approaches. The first one is a pattern-based approach by frequent error pattern matching. The second one is a sequential labelling approach by conditional random fields (CRF). The third one is a rewriting approach by sequence to sequence (seq2seq) model. The three approaches have different properties that aim to optimize different performance metrics and the formal run results show the differences as we expected.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-chen-2018-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Grammatical Errors in the {NTOU} {CGED} System by Identifying Frequent Subsentences",
    author = "Lin, Chuan-Jie  and
      Chen, Shao-Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3730",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-3730",
    pages = "203--206",
    abstract = "The main goal of Chinese grammatical error diagnosis task is to detect word er-rors in the sentences written by Chinese-learning students. Our previous system would generate error-corrected sentences as candidates and their sentence likeli-hood were measured based on a large scale Chinese n-gram dataset. This year we further tried to identify long frequent-ly-seen subsentences and label them as correct in order to avoid propose too many error candidates. Two new methods for suggesting missing and selection er-rors were also tested.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-linguistic,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linguistic Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Machonis, Peter  and
      Barreiro, Anabela  and
      Kocijan, Kristina  and
      Silberztein, Max",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3800",
}
@inproceedings{liberman-2018-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Phonetics: Past, Present, and Future",
    author = "Liberman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linguistic Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3801",
    pages = "1",
    abstract = "Invited talk",
}
@inproceedings{silberztein-2018-using,
    title = "Using Linguistic Resources to Evaluate the Quality of Annotated Corpora",
    author = "Silberztein, Max",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linguistic Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3802",
    pages = "2--11",
    abstract = "Statistical and neural-network-based methods that compute their results by comparing a given text to be analyzed with a reference corpus assume that the reference corpus is complete and reliable enough. In this article, I conduct several experiments on an extract of the Open American National Corpus to verify this assumption.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-moldovan-2018-rule,
    title = "Rule-based vs. Neural Net Approaches to Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Zhang, Linrui  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linguistic Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3803",
    pages = "12--17",
    abstract = "This paper presents a neural net approach to determine Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) using attention-based bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Networks (Bi-LSTM). To this date, most of the traditional STS systems were rule-based that built on top of excessive use of linguistic features and resources. In this paper, we present an end-to-end attention-based Bi-LSTM neural network system that solely takes word-level features, without expensive feature engineering work or the usage of external resources. By comparing its performance with traditional rule-based systems against SemEval-2012 benchmark, we make an assessment on the limitations and strengths of neural net systems to rule-based systems on Semantic Textual Similarity.",
}
@inproceedings{machonis-2018-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Resources for Phrasal Verb Identification",
    author = "Machonis, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linguistic Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3804",
    pages = "18--27",
    abstract = "This paper shows how a Lexicon-Grammar dictionary of English phrasal verbs (PV) can be transformed into an electronic dictionary, and with the help of multiple grammars, dictionaries, and filters within the linguistic development environment, NooJ, how to accurately identify PV in large corpora. The NooJ program is an alternative to statistical methods commonly used in NLP: all PV are listed in a dictionary and then located by means of a PV grammar in both continuous and discontinuous format. Results are then refined with a series of dictionaries, disambiguating grammars, and other linguistics recourses. The main advantage of such a program is that all PV can be identified in any corpus. The only drawback is that PV not listed in the dictionary (e.g., archaic forms, recent neologisms) are not identified; however, new PV can easily be added to the electronic dictionary, which is freely available to all.",
}
@inproceedings{kocijan-etal-2018-designing,
    title = "Designing a {C}roatian Aspectual Derivatives Dictionary: Preliminary Stages",
    author = "Kocijan, Kristina  and
      {\v{S}}ojat, Kre{\v{s}}imir  and
      Poljak, Dario",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linguistic Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3805",
    pages = "28--37",
    abstract = "The paper focusses on derivationally connected verbs in Croatian, i.e. on verbs that share the same lexical morpheme and are derived from other verbs via prefixation, suffixation and/or stem alternations. As in other Slavic languages with rich derivational morphology, each verb is marked for aspect, either perfective or imperfective. Some verbs, mostly of foreign origin, are marked as bi-aspectual verbs. The main objective of this paper is to detect and to describe major derivational processes and affixes used in the derivation of aspectually connected verbs with NooJ. Annotated chains are exported into a format adequate for web database system and further used to enhance the aspectual and derivational information for each verb.",
}
@inproceedings{boudhina-fehri-2018-rule,
    title = "A Rule-Based System for Disambiguating {F}rench Locative Verbs and Their Translation into {A}rabic",
    author = "Boudhina, Safa  and
      Fehri, H{\'e}la",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linguistic Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3806",
    pages = "38--46",
    abstract = "This paper presents a rule-based system for disambiguating frensh locative verbs and their translation to Arabic language. The disambiguation phase is based on the use of the French Verb dictionary (LVF) of Dubois and Dubois Charlier as a linguistic resource, from which a base of disambiguation rules is extracted. The extracted rules thus take the form of transducers which will be subsequently applied to texts. The translation phase consists in translating the disambiguated locative verbs returned by the disambiguation phase. The translation takes into account the verb{'}s tense used as well as the inflected form of the verb. This phase is based on bilingual dictionaries that contain the different French locative verbs and their translation into the Arabic language. The experimentation and the evaluation are done in the linguistic platform NooJ. The obtained results are satisfactory.",
}
@inproceedings{rodrigo-etal-2018-pedagogical,
    title = "A Pedagogical Application of {N}oo{J} in Language Teaching: The Adjective in {S}panish and {I}talian",
    author = "Rodrigo, Andrea  and
      Monteleone, Mario  and
      Reyes, Silvia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linguistic Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3807",
    pages = "47--56",
    abstract = "In this paper, a pedagogical application of NooJ to the teaching and learning of Spanish as a foreign language is presented, which is directed to a specific addressee: learners whose mother tongue is Italian. The category {`}adjective{'} has been chosen on account of its lower frequency of occurrence in texts written in Spanish, and particularly in the Argentine Rioplatense variety, and with the aim of developing strategies to increase its use. In addition, the features that the adjective shares with other grammatical categories render it extremely productive and provide elements that enrich the learners{'} proficiency. The reference corpus contains the front pages of the Argentinian newspaper Clar{\'\i}n related to an emblematic historical moment, whose starting point is 24 March 1976, when a military coup began, and covers a thirty year period until 24 March 2006. It can be seen how the term desaparecido emerges with all its cultural and social charge, providing a context which allows an approach to Rioplatense Spanish from a more comprehensive perspective. Finally, a pedagogical proposal accounting for the application of the NooJ platform in language teaching is included.",
}
@inproceedings{dorr-voss-2018-stylus,
    title = "{STYLUS}: A Resource for Systematically Derived Language Usage",
    author = "Dorr, Bonnie  and
      Voss, Clare",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linguistic Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3808",
    pages = "57--64",
    abstract = "We describe a resource derived through extraction of a set of argument realizations from an existing lexical-conceptual structure (LCS) Verb Database of 500 verb classes (containing a total of 9525 verb entries) to include information about realization of arguments for a range of different verb classes. We demonstrate that our extended resource, called STYLUS (SysTematicallY Derived Language USe), enables systematic derivation of regular patterns of language usage without requiring manual annotation. We posit that both spatially oriented applications such as robot navigation and more general applications such as narrative generation require a layered representation scheme where a set of primitives (often grounded in space/motion such as GO) is coupled with a representation of constraints at the syntax-semantics interface. We demonstrate that the resulting resource covers three cases of lexico-semantic operations applicable to both language understanding and language generation.",
}
@inproceedings{gezmu-etal-2018-contemporary,
    title = "Contemporary {A}mharic Corpus: Automatically Morpho-Syntactically Tagged {A}mharic Corpus",
    author = {Gezmu, Andargachew Mekonnen  and
      Seyoum, Binyam Ephrem  and
      Gasser, Michael  and
      N{\"u}rnberger, Andreas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linguistic Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3809",
    pages = "65--70",
    abstract = "We introduced the contemporary Amharic corpus, which is automatically tagged for morpho-syntactic information. Texts are collected from 25,199 documents from different domains and about 24 million orthographic words are tokenized. Since it is partly a web corpus, we made some automatic spelling error correction. We have also modified the existing morphological analyzer, HornMorpho, to use it for the automatic tagging.",
}
@inproceedings{malireddy-etal-2018-gold,
    title = "Gold Corpus for Telegraphic Summarization",
    author = "Malireddy, Chanakya  and
      Somisetty, Srivenkata N M  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linguistic Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3810",
    pages = "71--77",
    abstract = "Most extractive summarization techniques operate by ranking all the source sentences and then select the top ranked sentences as the summary. Such methods are known to produce good summaries, especially when applied to news articles and scientific texts. However, they don{'}t fare so well when applied to texts such as fictional narratives, which don{'}t have a single central or recurrent theme. This is because usually the information or plot of the story is spread across several sentences. In this paper, we discuss a different summarization technique called Telegraphic Summarization. Here, we don{'}t select whole sentences, rather pick short segments of text spread across sentences, as the summary. We have tailored a set of guidelines to create such summaries and, using the same, annotate a gold corpus of 200 English short stories.",
}
@inproceedings{abera-h-mariam-2018-design,
    title = "Design of a {T}igrinya Language Speech Corpus for Speech Recognition",
    author = "Abera, Hafte  and
      H/Mariam, Sebsibe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linguistic Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3811",
    pages = "78--82",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the first Tigrinya Languages speech corpora designed and development for speech recognition purposes. Tigrinya, often written as Tigrigna (ትግርኛ) /tɪˈɡrinjə/ belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages where it shows the characteristic features of a Semitic language. It is spoken by ethnic Tigray-Tigrigna people in the Horn of Africa. The paper outlines different corpus designing process analysis of related work on speech corpora creation for different languages. The authors provide also procedures that were used for the creation of Tigrinya speech recognition corpus which is the under-resourced language. One hundred and thirty speakers, native to Tigrinya language, were recorded for training and test dataset set. Each speaker read 100 texts, which consisted of syllabically rich and balanced sentences. Ten thousand sets of sentences were used to prompt sheets. These sentences contained all of the contextual syllables and phones.",
}
@inproceedings{teferra-abate-etal-2018-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Corpora for bi-Directional Statistical Machine Translation for Seven {E}thiopian Language Pairs",
    author = "Teferra Abate, Solomon  and
      Melese, Michael  and
      Yifiru Tachbelie, Martha  and
      Meshesha, Million  and
      Atinafu, Solomon  and
      Mulugeta, Wondwossen  and
      Assabie, Yaregal  and
      Abera, Hafte  and
      Ephrem, Binyam  and
      Abebe, Tewodros  and
      Tsegaye, Wondimagegnhue  and
      Lemma, Amanuel  and
      Andargie, Tsegaye  and
      Shifaw, Seifedin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linguistic Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3812",
    pages = "83--90",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the development of parallel corpora for Ethiopian Languages: Amharic, Tigrigna, Afan-Oromo, Wolaytta and Geez. To check the usability of all the corpora we conducted baseline bi-directional statistical machine translation (SMT) experiments for seven language pairs. The performance of the bi-directional SMT systems shows that all the corpora can be used for further investigations. We have also shown that the morphological complexity of the Ethio-Semitic languages has a negative impact on the performance of the SMT especially when they are target languages. Based on the results we obtained, we are currently working towards handling the morphological complexities to improve the performance of statistical machine translation among the Ethiopian languages.",
}
@inproceedings{sikos-pado-2018-using,
    title = "Using Embeddings to Compare {F}rame{N}et Frames Across Languages",
    author = "Sikos, Jennifer  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linguistic Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3813",
    pages = "91--101",
    abstract = "Much interest in Frame Semantics is fueled by the substantial extent of its applicability across languages. At the same time, lexicographic studies have found that the applicability of individual frames can be diminished by cross-lingual divergences regarding polysemy, syntactic valency, and lexicalization. Due to the large effort involved in manual investigations, there are so far no broad-coverage resources with {``}problematic{''} frames for any language pair. Our study investigates to what extent multilingual vector representations of frames learned from manually annotated corpora can address this need by serving as a wide coverage source for such divergences. We present a case study for the language pair English {---} German using the FrameNet and SALSA corpora and find that inferences can be made about cross-lingual frame applicability using a vector space model.",
}
@inproceedings{zhai-etal-2018-construction,
    title = "Construction of a Multilingual Corpus Annotated with Translation Relations",
    author = "Zhai, Yuming  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linguistic Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3814",
    pages = "102--111",
    abstract = "Translation relations, which distinguish literal translation from other translation techniques, constitute an important subject of study for human translators (Chuquet and Paillard, 1989). However, automatic processing techniques based on interlingual relations, such as machine translation or paraphrase generation exploiting translational equivalence, have not exploited these relations explicitly until now. In this work, we present a categorisation of translation relations and annotate them in a parallel multilingual (English, French, Chinese) corpus of oral presentations, the TED Talks. Our long term objective will be to automatically detect these relations in order to integrate them as important characteristics for the search of monolingual segments in relation of equivalence (paraphrases) or of entailment. The annotated corpus resulting from our work will be made available to the community.",
}
@inproceedings{boitet-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards an Automatic Classification of Illustrative Examples in a Large {J}apanese-{F}rench Dictionary Obtained by {OCR}",
    author = "Boitet, Christian  and
      Mangeot, Mathieu  and
      Tomokiyo, Mutsuko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linguistic Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3815",
    pages = "112--121",
    abstract = "We work on improving the Cesselin, a large and open source Japanese-French bilingual dictionary digitalized by OCR, available on the web, and contributively improvable online. Labelling its examples (about 226000) would significantly enhance their usefulness for language learners. Examples are proverbs, idiomatic constructions, normal usage examples, and, for nouns, phrases containing a quantifier. Proverbs are easy to spot, but not examples of other types. To find a method for automatically or at least semi-automatically annotating them, we have studied many entries, and hypothesized that the degree of lexical similarity between results of MT into a third language might give good cues. To confirm that hypothesis, we sampled 500 examples and used Google Translate to translate into English their Japanese expressions and their French translations. The hypothesis holds well, in particular for distinguishing examples of normal usage from idiomatic examples. Finally, we propose a detailed annotation procedure and discuss its future automatization.",
}
@inproceedings{barreiro-batista-2018-contractions,
    title = "{C}ontractions: To Align or Not to Align, That Is the Question",
    author = "Barreiro, Anabela  and
      Batista, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linguistic Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3816",
    pages = "122--130",
    abstract = "This paper performs a detailed analysis on the alignment of Portuguese contractions, based on a previously aligned bilingual corpus. The alignment task was performed manually in a subset of the English-Portuguese CLUE4Translation Alignment Collection. The initial parallel corpus was pre-processed and, a decision was made as to whether the contraction should be maintained or decomposed in the alignment. Decomposition was required in the cases in which the two words that have been concatenated, i.e., the preposition and the determiner or pronoun, go in two separate translation alignment pairs (e.g., [no seio de] [a Uni{\~a}o Europeia] | [within] [the European Union]). Most contractions required decomposition in contexts where they are positioned at the end of a multiword unit. On the other hand, contractions tend to be maintained when they occur in the beginning or in the middle of the multiword unit, i.e., in the frozen part of the multiword (e.g., [no que diz respeito a] | [with regard to] or [al{\'e}m disso] [in addition]. A correct alignment of multiwords and phrasal units containing contractions is instrumental for machine translation, paraphrasing, and variety adaptation.",
}
@inproceedings{dhar-etal-2018-enabling,
    title = "Enabling Code-Mixed Translation: Parallel Corpus Creation and {MT} Augmentation Approach",
    author = "Dhar, Mrinal  and
      Kumar, Vaibhav  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linguistic Resources for Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3817",
    pages = "131--140",
    abstract = "Code-mixing, use of two or more languages in a single sentence, is ubiquitous; generated by multi-lingual speakers across the world. The phenomenon presents itself prominently in social media discourse. Consequently, there is a growing need for translating code-mixed hybrid language into standard languages. However, due to the lack of gold parallel data, existing machine translation systems fail to properly translate code-mixed text. In an effort to initiate the task of machine translation of code-mixed content, we present a newly created parallel corpus of code-mixed English-Hindi and English. We selected previously available English-Hindi code-mixed data as a starting point for the creation of our parallel corpus. We then chose 4 human translators, fluent in both English and Hindi, for translating the 6088 code-mixed English-Hindi sentences to English. With the help of the created parallel corpus, we analyzed the structure of English-Hindi code-mixed data and present a technique to augment run-of-the-mill machine translation (MT) approaches that can help achieve superior translations without the need for specially designed translation systems. We present an augmentation pipeline for existing MT approaches, like Phrase Based MT (Moses) and Neural MT, to improve the translation of code-mixed text. The augmentation pipeline is presented as a pre-processing step and can be plugged with any existing MT system, which we demonstrate by improving translations done by systems like Moses, Google Neural Machine Translation System (NMTS) and Bing Translator for English-Hindi code-mixed content.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-nlp-similar,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    author = {Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Ali, Ahmed},
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3900",
}
@inproceedings{zampieri-etal-2018-language,
    title = "Language Identification and Morphosyntactic Tagging: The Second {V}ar{D}ial Evaluation Campaign",
    author = {Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Ali, Ahmed  and
      Shon, Suwon  and
      Glass, James  and
      Scherrer, Yves  and
      Samard{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Tanja  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      van der Lee, Chris  and
      Grondelaers, Stefan  and
      Oostdijk, Nelleke  and
      Speelman, Dirk  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Kumar, Ritesh  and
      Lahiri, Bornini  and
      Jain, Mayank},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3901",
    pages = "1--17",
    abstract = "We present the results and the findings of the Second VarDial Evaluation Campaign on Natural Language Processing (NLP) for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects. The campaign was organized as part of the fifth edition of the VarDial workshop, collocated with COLING{'}2018. This year, the campaign included five shared tasks, including two task re-runs {--} Arabic Dialect Identification (ADI) and German Dialect Identification (GDI) {--}, and three new tasks {--} Morphosyntactic Tagging of Tweets (MTT), Discriminating between Dutch and Flemish in Subtitles (DFS), and Indo-Aryan Language Identification (ILI). A total of 24 teams submitted runs across the five shared tasks, and contributed 22 system description papers, which were included in the VarDial workshop proceedings and are referred to in this report.",
}
@inproceedings{lusetti-etal-2018-encoder,
    title = "Encoder-Decoder Methods for Text Normalization",
    author = {Lusetti, Massimo  and
      Ruzsics, Tatyana  and
      G{\"o}hring, Anne  and
      Samard{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Tanja  and
      Stark, Elisabeth},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3902",
    pages = "18--28",
    abstract = "Text normalization is the task of mapping non-canonical language, typical of speech transcription and computer-mediated communication, to a standardized writing. It is an up-stream task necessary to enable the subsequent direct employment of standard natural language processing tools and indispensable for languages such as Swiss German, with strong regional variation and no written standard. Text normalization has been addressed with a variety of methods, most successfully with character-level statistical machine translation (CSMT). In the meantime, machine translation has changed and the new methods, known as neural encoder-decoder (ED) models, resulted in remarkable improvements. Text normalization, however, has not yet followed. A number of neural methods have been tried, but CSMT remains the state-of-the-art. In this work, we normalize Swiss German WhatsApp messages using the ED framework. We exploit the flexibility of this framework, which allows us to learn from the same training data in different ways. In particular, we modify the decoding stage of a plain ED model to include target-side language models operating at different levels of granularity: characters and words. Our systematic comparison shows that our approach results in an improvement over the CSMT state-of-the-art.",
}
@inproceedings{castro-etal-2018-high,
    title = "A High Coverage Method for Automatic False {F}riends Detection for {S}panish and {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Castro, Santiago  and
      Bonanata, Jairo  and
      Ros{\'a}, Aiala",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3903",
    pages = "29--36",
    abstract = "False friends are words in two languages that look or sound similar, but have different meanings. They are a common source of confusion among language learners. Methods to detect them automatically do exist, however they make use of large aligned bilingual corpora, which are hard to find and expensive to build, or encounter problems dealing with infrequent words. In this work we propose a high coverage method that uses word vector representations to build a false friends classifier for any pair of languages, which we apply to the particular case of Spanish and Portuguese. The required resources are a large corpus for each language and a small bilingual lexicon for the pair.",
}
@inproceedings{silfverberg-drobac-2018-sub,
    title = "Sub-label dependencies for Neural Morphological Tagging {--} The Joint Submission of University of Colorado and University of {H}elsinki for {V}ar{D}ial 2018",
    author = "Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Drobac, Senka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3904",
    pages = "37--45",
    abstract = "This paper presents the submission of the UH{\&}CU team (Joint University of Colorado and University of Helsinki team) for the VarDial 2018 shared task on morphosyntactic tagging of Croatian, Slovenian and Serbian tweets. Our system is a bidirectional LSTM tagger which emits tags as character sequences using an LSTM generator in order to be able to handle unknown tags and combinations of several tags for one token which occur in the shared task data sets. To the best of our knowledge, using an LSTM generator is a novel approach. The system delivers sizable improvements of more than 6{\%}-points over a baseline trigram tagger. Overall, the performance of our system is quite even for all three languages.",
}
@inproceedings{steimel-2018-part,
    title = "Part of Speech Tagging in {L}uyia: A {B}antu Macrolanguage",
    author = "Steimel, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3905",
    pages = "46--54",
    abstract = "Luyia is a macrolanguage in central Kenya. The Luyia languages, like other Bantu languages, have a complex morphological system. This system can be leveraged to aid in part of speech tagging. Bag-of-characters taggers trained on a source Luyia language can be applied directly to another Luyia language with some degree of success. In addition, mixing data from the target language with data from the source language does produce more accurate predictive models compared to models trained on just the target language data when the training set size is small. However, for both of these tagging tasks, models involving the more distantly related language, Tiriki, are better at predicting part of speech tags for Wanga data. The models incorporating Bukusu data are not as successful despite the closer relationship between Bukusu and Wanga. Overlapping vocabulary between the Wanga and Tiriki corpora as well as a bias towards open class words help Tiriki outperform Bukusu.",
}
@inproceedings{coltekin-etal-2018-tubingen,
    title = {T{\"u}bingen-Oslo Team at the {V}ar{D}ial 2018 Evaluation Campaign: An Analysis of N-gram Features in Language Variety Identification},
    author = {{\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}  and
      Rama, Taraka  and
      Blaschke, Verena},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3906",
    pages = "55--65",
    abstract = "This paper describes our systems for the VarDial 2018 evaluation campaign. We participated in all language identification tasks, namely, Arabic dialect identification (ADI), German dialect identification (GDI), discriminating between Dutch and Flemish in Subtitles (DFS), and Indo-Aryan Language Identification (ILI). In all of the tasks, we only used textual transcripts (not using audio features for ADI). We submitted system runs based on support vector machine classifiers (SVMs) with bag of character and word n-grams as features, and gated bidirectional recurrent neural networks (RNNs) using units of characters and words. Our SVM models outperformed our RNN models in all tasks, obtaining the first place on the DFS task, third place on the ADI task, and second place on others according to the official rankings. As well as describing the models we used in the shared task participation, we present an analysis of the n-gram features used by the SVM models in each task, and also report additional results (that were run after the official competition deadline) on the GDI surprise dialect track.",
}
@inproceedings{jauhiainen-etal-2018-iterative,
    title = "Iterative Language Model Adaptation for {I}ndo-{A}ryan Language Identification",
    author = "Jauhiainen, Tommi  and
      Jauhiainen, Heidi  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3907",
    pages = "66--75",
    abstract = "This paper presents the experiments and results obtained by the SUKI team in the Indo-Aryan Language Identification shared task of the VarDial 2018 Evaluation Campaign. The shared task was an open one, but we did not use any corpora other than what was distributed by the organizers. A total of eight teams provided results for this shared task. Our submission using a HeLI-method based language identifier with iterative language model adaptation obtained the best results in the shared task with a macro F1-score of 0.958.",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-2018-language,
    title = "Language and the Shifting Sands of Domain, Space and Time (Invited Talk)",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3908",
    pages = "76",
    abstract = "In this talk, I will first present recent work on domain debiasing in the context of language identification, then discuss a new line of work on language variety analysis in the form of dialect map generation. Finally, I will reflect on the interplay between time and space on language variation, and speculate on how these can be captured in a single model.",
}
@inproceedings{butnaru-ionescu-2018-unibuckernel-reloaded,
    title = "{U}nibuc{K}ernel Reloaded: First Place in {A}rabic Dialect Identification for the Second Year in a Row",
    author = "Butnaru, Andrei  and
      Ionescu, Radu Tudor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3909",
    pages = "77--87",
    abstract = "We present a machine learning approach that ranked on the first place in the Arabic Dialect Identification (ADI) Closed Shared Tasks of the 2018 VarDial Evaluation Campaign. The proposed approach combines several kernels using multiple kernel learning. While most of our kernels are based on character p-grams (also known as n-grams) extracted from speech or phonetic transcripts, we also use a kernel based on dialectal embeddings generated from audio recordings by the organizers. In the learning stage, we independently employ Kernel Discriminant Analysis (KDA) and Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR). Preliminary experiments indicate that KRR provides better classification results. Our approach is shallow and simple, but the empirical results obtained in the 2018 ADI Closed Shared Task prove that it achieves the best performance. Furthermore, our top macro-F1 score (58.92{\%}) is significantly better than the second best score (57.59{\%}) in the 2018 ADI Shared Task, according to the statistical significance test performed by the organizers. Nevertheless, we obtain even better post-competition results (a macro-F1 score of 62.28{\%}) using the audio embeddings released by the organizers after the competition. With a very similar approach (that did not include phonetic features), we also ranked first in the ADI Closed Shared Tasks of the 2017 VarDial Evaluation Campaign, surpassing the second best method by 4.62{\%}. We therefore conclude that our multiple kernel learning method is the best approach to date for Arabic dialect identification.",
}
@inproceedings{van-miltenburg-etal-2018-varying,
    title = "Varying image description tasks: spoken versus written descriptions",
    author = "van Miltenburg, Emiel  and
      Koolen, Ruud  and
      Krahmer, Emiel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3910",
    pages = "88--100",
    abstract = "Automatic image description systems are commonly trained and evaluated on written image descriptions. At the same time, these systems are often used to provide spoken descriptions (e.g. for visually impaired users) through apps like TapTapSee or Seeing AI. This is not a problem, as long as spoken and written descriptions are very similar. However, linguistic research suggests that spoken language often differs from written language. These differences are not regular, and vary from context to context. Therefore, this paper investigates whether there are differences between written and spoken image descriptions, even if they are elicited through similar tasks. We compare descriptions produced in two languages (English and Dutch), and in both languages observe substantial differences between spoken and written descriptions. Future research should see if users prefer the spoken over the written style and, if so, aim to emulate spoken descriptions.",
}
@inproceedings{mocialov-etal-2018-transfer,
    title = "Transfer Learning for {B}ritish Sign Language Modelling",
    author = "Mocialov, Boris  and
      Hastie, Helen  and
      Turner, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3911",
    pages = "101--110",
    abstract = "Automatic speech recognition and spoken dialogue systems have made great advances through the use of deep machine learning methods. This is partly due to greater computing power but also through the large amount of data available in common languages, such as English. Conversely, research in minority languages, including sign languages, is hampered by the severe lack of data. This has led to work on transfer learning methods, whereby a model developed for one language is reused as the starting point for a model on a second language, which is less resourced. In this paper, we examine two transfer learning techniques of fine-tuning and layer substitution for language modelling of British Sign Language. Our results show improvement in perplexity when using transfer learning with standard stacked LSTM models, trained initially using a large corpus for standard English from the Penn Treebank corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{barreiro-mota-2018-paraphrastic,
    title = "Paraphrastic Variance between {E}uropean and {B}razilian {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Barreiro, Anabela  and
      Mota, Cristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3912",
    pages = "111--121",
    abstract = "This paper presents a methodology to extract a paraphrase database for the European and Brazilian varieties of Portuguese, and discusses a set of paraphrastic categories of multiwords and phrasal units, such as the compounds {``}toda a gente{''} versus {``}todo o mundo{''} {`}everybody{'} or the gerundive constructions [estar a + V-Inf] versus [ficar + V-Ger] (e.g., {``}estive a observar{''} | {``}fiquei observando{''} {`}I was observing{'}), which are extremely relevant to high quality paraphrasing. The variants were manually aligned in the e-PACT corpus, using the CLUE-Aligner tool. The methodology, inspired in the Logos Model, focuses on a semantico-syntactic analysis of each paraphrastic unit and constitutes a subset of the Gold-CLUE-Paraphrases. The construction of a larger dataset of paraphrastic contrasts among the distinct varieties of the Portuguese language is indispensable for variety adaptation, i.e., for dealing with the cultural, linguistic and stylistic differences between them, making it possible to convert texts (semi-)automatically from one variety into another, a key function in paraphrasing systems. This topic represents an interesting new line of research with valuable applications in language learning, language generation, question-answering, summarization, and machine translation, among others. The paraphrastic units are the first resource of its kind for Portuguese to become available to the scientific community for research purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{ali-2018-character,
    title = "Character Level Convolutional Neural Network for {A}rabic Dialect Identification",
    author = "Ali, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3913",
    pages = "122--127",
    abstract = "This submission is for the description paper for our system in the ADI shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{michon-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Network Architectures for {A}rabic Dialect Identification",
    author = "Michon, Elise  and
      Pham, Minh Quang  and
      Crego, Josep  and
      Senellart, Jean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3914",
    pages = "128--136",
    abstract = "SYSTRAN competes this year for the first time to the DSL shared task, in the Arabic Dialect Identification subtask. We participate by training several Neural Network models showing that we can obtain competitive results despite the limited amount of training data available for learning. We report our experiments and detail the network architecture and parameters of our 3 runs: our best performing system consists in a Multi-Input CNN that learns separate embeddings for lexical, phonetic and acoustic input features (F1: 0.5289); we also built a CNN-biLSTM network aimed at capturing both spatial and sequential features directly from speech spectrograms (F1: 0.3894 at submission time, F1: 0.4235 with later found parameters); and finally a system relying on binary CNN-biLSTMs (F1: 0.4339).",
}
@inproceedings{jauhiainen-etal-2018-heli,
    title = "{H}e{LI}-based Experiments in Discriminating Between {D}utch and Flemish Subtitles",
    author = "Jauhiainen, Tommi  and
      Jauhiainen, Heidi  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3915",
    pages = "137--144",
    abstract = "This paper presents the experiments and results obtained by the SUKI team in the Discriminating between Dutch and Flemish in Subtitles shared task of the VarDial 2018 Evaluation Campaign. Our best submission was ranked 8th, obtaining macro F1-score of 0.61. Our best results were produced by a language identifier implementing the HeLI method without any modifications. We describe, in addition to the best method we used, some of the experiments we did with unsupervised clustering.",
}
@inproceedings{pichel-campos-etal-2018-measuring,
    title = "Measuring language distance among historical varieties using perplexity. Application to {E}uropean {P}ortuguese.",
    author = "Pichel Campos, Jose Ramom  and
      Gamallo, Pablo  and
      Alegria, I{\~n}aki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3916",
    pages = "145--155",
    abstract = "The objective of this work is to quantify, with a simple and robust measure, the distance between historical varieties of a language. The measure will be inferred from text corpora corresponding to historical periods. Different approaches have been proposed for similar aims: Language Identification, Phylogenetics, Historical Linguistics or Dialectology. In our approach, we used a perplexity-based measure to calculate language distance between all the historical periods of a specific language: European Portuguese. Perplexity has also proven to be a robust metric to calculate distance between languages. However, this measure has not been tested yet to identify diachronic periods within the historical evolution of a specific language. For this purpose, a historical Portuguese corpus has been constructed from different open sources containing texts with close original spelling. The results of our experiments show that Portuguese keeps an important degree of homogeneity over time. We anticipate this metric to be a starting point to be applied to other languages.",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-2018-comparing,
    title = "Comparing {CRF} and {LSTM} performance on the task of morphosyntactic tagging of non-standard varieties of South {S}lavic languages",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3917",
    pages = "156--163",
    abstract = "This paper presents two systems taking part in the Morphosyntactic Tagging of Tweets shared task on Slovene, Croatian and Serbian data, organized inside the VarDial Evaluation Campaign. While one system relies on the traditional method for sequence labeling (conditional random fields), the other relies on its neural alternative (bidirectional long short-term memory). We investigate the similarities and differences of these two approaches, showing that both methods yield very good and quite similar results, with the neural model outperforming the traditional one more as the level of non-standardness of the text increases. Through an error analysis we show that the neural system is better at long-range dependencies, while the traditional system excels and slightly outperforms the neural system at the local ones. We present in the paper new state-of-the-art results in morphosyntactic annotation of non-standard text for Slovene, Croatian and Serbian.",
}
@inproceedings{barbaresi-2018-computationally,
    title = "Computationally efficient discrimination between language varieties with large feature vectors and regularized classifiers",
    author = "Barbaresi, Adrien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3918",
    pages = "164--171",
    abstract = "The present contribution revolves around efficient approaches to language classification which have been field-tested in the Vardial evaluation campaign. The methods used in several language identification tasks comprising different language types are presented and their results are discussed, giving insights on real-world application of regularization, linear classifiers and corresponding linguistic features. The use of a specially adapted Ridge classifier proved useful in 2 tasks out of 3. The overall approach (XAC) has slightly outperformed most of the other systems on the DFS task (Dutch and Flemish) and on the ILI task (Indo-Aryan languages), while its comparative performance was poorer in on the GDI task (Swiss German dialects).",
}
@inproceedings{ali-2018-character-level,
    title = "Character Level Convolutional Neural Network for {G}erman Dialect Identification",
    author = "Ali, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3919",
    pages = "172--177",
    abstract = "This submission is a description paper for our system in GDI shared task",
}
@inproceedings{ciobanu-etal-2018-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating between {I}ndo-{A}ryan Languages Using {SVM} Ensembles",
    author = "Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Pal, Santanu  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3920",
    pages = "178--184",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a system based on SVM ensembles trained on characters and words to discriminate between five similar languages of the Indo-Aryan family: Hindi, Braj Bhasha, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, and Magahi. The system competed in the Indo-Aryan Language Identification (ILI) shared task organized within the VarDial Evaluation Campaign 2018. Our best entry in the competition, named ILIdentification, scored 88.95{\%} F1 score and it was ranked 3rd out of 8 teams.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2018-iit,
    title = "{IIT} ({BHU}) System for {I}ndo-{A}ryan Language Identification ({ILI}) at {V}ar{D}ial 2018",
    author = "Gupta, Divyanshu  and
      Dhakad, Gourav  and
      Gupta, Jayprakash  and
      Singh, Anil Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3921",
    pages = "185--190",
    abstract = "Text language Identification is a Natural Language Processing task of identifying and recognizing a given language out of many different languages from a piece of text. This paper describes our submission to the ILI 2018 shared-task, which includes the identification of 5 closely related Indo-Aryan languages. We developed a word-level LSTM(Long Short-term Memory) model, a specific type of Recurrent Neural Network model, for this task. Given a sentence, our model embeds each word of the sentence and convert into its trainable word embedding, feeds them into our LSTM network and finally predict the language. We obtained an F1 macro score of 0.836, ranking 5th in the task.",
}
@inproceedings{kreutz-daelemans-2018-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Classifier Combinations for Language Variety Identification",
    author = "Kreutz, Tim  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3922",
    pages = "191--198",
    abstract = "This paper describes CLiPS{'}s submissions for the Discriminating between Dutch and Flemish in Subtitles (DFS) shared task at VarDial 2018. We explore different ways to combine classifiers trained on different feature groups. Our best system uses two Linear SVM classifiers; one trained on lexical features (word n-grams) and one trained on syntactic features (PoS n-grams). The final prediction for a document to be in Flemish Dutch or Netherlandic Dutch is made by the classifier that outputs the highest probability for one of the two labels. This confidence vote approach outperforms a meta-classifier on the development data and on the test data.",
}
@inproceedings{van-halteren-oostdijk-2018-identification,
    title = "Identification of Differences between {D}utch Language Varieties with the {V}ar{D}ial2018 {D}utch-Flemish Subtitle Data",
    author = "van Halteren, Hans  and
      Oostdijk, Nelleke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3923",
    pages = "199--209",
    abstract = "With the goal of discovering differences between Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch, we participated as Team Taurus in the Dutch-Flemish Subtitles task of VarDial2018. We used a rather simple marker-based method, but a wide range of features, including lexical, lexico-syntactic and syntactic ones, and achieved a second position in the ranking. Inspection of highly distin-guishing features did point towards differences between the two language varieties, but because of the nature of the experimental data, we have to treat our observations as very tentative and in need of further investigation.",
}
@inproceedings{naser-hanani-2018-birzeit,
    title = "Birzeit {A}rabic Dialect Identification System for the 2018 {V}ar{D}ial Challenge",
    author = "Naser, Rabee  and
      Hanani, Abualsoud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3924",
    pages = "210--217",
    abstract = "This paper describes our Automatic Dialect Recognition (ADI) system for the VarDial 2018 challenge, with the goal of distinguishing four major Arabic dialects, as well as Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). The training and development ADI VarDial 2018 data consists of 16,157 utterances, their words transcription, their phonetic transcriptions obtained with four non-Arabic phoneme recognizers and acoustic embedding data. Our overall system is a combination of four different systems. One system uses the words transcriptions and tries to recognize the speaker dialect by modeling the sequence of words for each dialect. Another system tries to recognize the dialect by modeling the phones sequence produced by non-Arabic phone recognizers, whereas, the other two systems use GMM trained on the acoustic features for recognizing the dialect. The best performance was achieved by the fused system which combines four systems together, with F1 micro of 68.77{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{benites-etal-2018-twist,
    title = "Twist Bytes - {G}erman Dialect Identification with Data Mining Optimization",
    author = {Benites, Fernando  and
      Grubenmann, Ralf  and
      von D{\"a}niken, Pius  and
      von Gr{\"u}nigen, Dirk  and
      Deriu, Jan  and
      Cieliebak, Mark},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3925",
    pages = "218--227",
    abstract = "We describe our approaches used in the German Dialect Identification (GDI) task at the VarDial Evaluation Campaign 2018. The goal was to identify to which out of four dialects spoken in German speaking part of Switzerland a sentence belonged to. We adopted two different meta classifier approaches and used some data mining insights to improve the preprocessing and the meta classifier parameters. Especially, we focused on using different feature extraction methods and how to combine them, since they influenced very differently the performance of the system. Our system achieved second place out of 8 teams, with a macro averaged F-1 of 64.6{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{du-wang-2018-stevendu2018s,
    title = "{STEVENDU}2018{'}s system in {V}ar{D}ial 2018: Discriminating between {D}utch and Flemish in Subtitles",
    author = "Du, Steven  and
      Wang, Yuan Yuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3926",
    pages = "228--234",
    abstract = "This paper introduces the submitted system for team STEVENDU2018 during VarDial 2018 Discriminating between Dutch and Flemish in Subtitles(DFS). Post evaluation analyses are also presented, the results obtained indicate that it is a challenging task to discriminate Dutch and Flemish.",
}
@inproceedings{meftah-etal-2018-using,
    title = "Using Neural Transfer Learning for Morpho-syntactic Tagging of South-{S}lavic Languages Tweets",
    author = "Meftah, Sara  and
      Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Sadat, Fatiha  and
      Raaijmakers, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3927",
    pages = "235--243",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe a morpho-syntactic tagger of tweets, an important component of the CEA List DeepLIMA tool which is a multilingual text analysis platform based on deep learning. This tagger is built for the Morpho-syntactic Tagging of Tweets (MTT) Shared task of the 2018 VarDial Evaluation Campaign. The MTT task focuses on morpho-syntactic annotation of non-canonical Twitter varieties of three South-Slavic languages: Slovene, Croatian and Serbian. We propose to use a neural network model trained in an end-to-end manner for the three languages without any need for task or domain specific features engineering. The proposed approach combines both character and word level representations. Considering the lack of annotated data in the social media domain for South-Slavic languages, we have also implemented a cross-domain Transfer Learning (TL) approach to exploit any available related out-of-domain annotated data.",
}
@inproceedings{kroon-etal-2018-simple,
    title = "When Simple n-gram Models Outperform Syntactic Approaches: Discriminating between {D}utch and Flemish",
    author = "Kroon, Martin  and
      Medvedeva, Masha  and
      Plank, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3928",
    pages = "244--253",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the results of our participation in the Discriminating between Dutch and Flemish in Subtitles VarDial 2018 shared task. We try techniques proven to work well for discriminating between language varieties as well as explore the potential of using syntactic features, i.e. hierarchical syntactic subtrees. We experiment with different combinations of features. Discriminating between these two languages turned out to be a very hard task, not only for a machine: human performance is only around 0.51 F1 score; our best system is still a simple Naive Bayes model with word unigrams and bigrams. The system achieved an F1 score (macro) of 0.62, which ranked us 4th in the shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{jauhiainen-etal-2018-heli-based,
    title = "{H}e{LI}-based Experiments in Swiss {G}erman Dialect Identification",
    author = "Jauhiainen, Tommi  and
      Jauhiainen, Heidi  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3929",
    pages = "254--262",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the experiments and results by the SUKI team in the German Dialect Identification shared task of the VarDial 2018 Evaluation Campaign. Our submission using HeLI with adaptive language models obtained the best results in the shared task with a macro F1-score of 0.686, which is clearly higher than the other submitted results. Without some form of unsupervised adaptation on the test set, it might not be possible to reach as high an F1-score with the level of domain difference between the datasets of the shared task. We describe the methods used in detail, as well as some additional experiments carried out during the shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{elaraby-abdul-mageed-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Models for {A}rabic Dialect Identification on Benchmarked Data",
    author = "Elaraby, Mohamed  and
      Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3930",
    pages = "263--274",
    abstract = "The Arabic Online Commentary (AOC) (Zaidan and Callison-Burch, 2011) is a large-scale repos-itory of Arabic dialects with manual labels for4varieties of the language. Existing dialect iden-tification models exploiting the dataset pre-date the recent boost deep learning brought to NLPand hence the data are not benchmarked for use with deep learning, nor is it clear how much neural networks can help tease the categories in the data apart. We treat these two limitations:We (1) benchmark the data, and (2) empirically test6different deep learning methods on thetask, comparing peformance to several classical machine learning models under different condi-tions (i.e., both binary and multi-way classification). Our experimental results show that variantsof (attention-based) bidirectional recurrent neural networks achieve best accuracy (acc) on thetask, significantly outperforming all competitive baselines. On blind test data, our models reach87.65{\%}acc on the binary task (MSA vs. dialects),87.4{\%}acc on the 3-way dialect task (Egyptianvs. Gulf vs. Levantine), and82.45{\%}acc on the 4-way variants task (MSA vs. Egyptian vs. Gulfvs. Levantine). We release our benchmark for future work on the dataset",
}
@inproceedings{costa-jussa-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "A Neural Approach to Language Variety Translation",
    author = "Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Pal, Santanu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3931",
    pages = "275--282",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the first neural-based machine translation system trained to translate between standard national varieties of the same language. We take the pair Brazilian - European Portuguese as an example and compare the performance of this method to a phrase-based statistical machine translation system. We report a performance improvement of 0.9 BLEU points in translating from European to Brazilian Portuguese and 0.2 BLEU points when translating in the opposite direction. We also carried out a human evaluation experiment with native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese which indicates that humans prefer the output produced by the neural-based system in comparison to the statistical system.",
}
@inproceedings{ali-2018-character-level-convolutional,
    title = "Character Level Convolutional Neural Network for {I}ndo-{A}ryan Language Identification",
    author = "Ali, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3932",
    pages = "283--287",
    abstract = "This submission is a description paper for our system in ILI shared task",
}
@inproceedings{ciobanu-etal-2018-german,
    title = "{G}erman Dialect Identification Using Classifier Ensembles",
    author = "Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects ({V}ar{D}ial 2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3933",
    pages = "288--294",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the GDI classification entry to the second German Dialect Identification (GDI) shared task organized within the scope of the VarDial Evaluation Campaign 2018. We present a system based on SVM classifier ensembles trained on characters and words. The system was trained on a collection of speech transcripts of five Swiss-German dialects provided by the organizers. The transcripts included in the dataset contained speakers from Basel, Bern, Lucerne, and Zurich. Our entry in the challenge reached 62.03{\%} F1 score and was ranked third out of eight teams.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-semantic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning",
    author = "Anke, Luis Espinosa  and
      Gromann, Dagmar  and
      Declerck, Thierry",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4000",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2018-replicated,
    title = "Replicated {S}iamese {LSTM} in Ticketing System for Similarity Learning and Retrieval in Asymmetric Texts",
    author = {Gupta, Pankaj  and
      Andrassy, Bernt  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4001",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "The goal of our industrial ticketing system is to retrieve a relevant solution for an input query, by matching with historical tickets stored in knowledge base. A query is comprised of subject and description, while a historical ticket consists of subject, description and solution. To retrieve a relevant solution, we use textual similarity paradigm to learn similarity in the query and historical tickets. The task is challenging due to significant term mismatch in the query and ticket pairs of asymmetric lengths, where subject is a short text but description and solution are multi-sentence texts. We present a novel Replicated Siamese LSTM model to learn similarity in asymmetric text pairs, that gives 22{\%} and 7{\%} gain (Accuracy@10) for retrieval task, respectively over unsupervised and supervised baselines. We also show that the topic and distributed semantic features for short and long texts improved both similarity learning and retrieval.",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-etal-2018-word,
    title = "Word-Embedding based Content Features for Automated Oral Proficiency Scoring",
    author = "Yoon, Su-Youn  and
      Loukina, Anastassia  and
      Lee, Chong Min  and
      Mulholland, Matthew  and
      Wang, Xinhao  and
      Choi, Ikkyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4002",
    pages = "12--22",
    abstract = "In this study, we develop content features for an automated scoring system of non-native English speakers{'} spontaneous speech. The features calculate the lexical similarity between the question text and the ASR word hypothesis of the spoken response, based on traditional word vector models or word embeddings. The proposed features do not require any sample training responses for each question, and this is a strong advantage since collecting question-specific data is an expensive task, and sometimes even impossible due to concerns about question exposure. We explore the impact of these new features on the automated scoring of two different question types: (a) providing opinions on familiar topics and (b) answering a question about a stimulus material. The proposed features showed statistically significant correlations with the oral proficiency scores, and the combination of new features with the speech-driven features achieved a small but significant further improvement for the latter question type. Further analyses suggested that the new features were effective in assigning more accurate scores for responses with serious content issues.",
}
@inproceedings{nieto-pina-johansson-2018-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Linking Lexical Resources with Word Sense Embedding Models",
    author = "Nieto-Pi{\~n}a, Luis  and
      Johansson, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4003",
    pages = "23--29",
    abstract = "Automatically learnt word sense embeddings are developed as an attempt to refine the capabilities of coarse word embeddings. The word sense representations obtained this way are, however, sensitive to underlying corpora and parameterizations, and they might be difficult to relate to formally defined word senses. We propose to tackle this problem by devising a mechanism to establish links between word sense embeddings and lexical resources created by experts. We evaluate the applicability of these links in a task to retrieve instances of word sense unlisted in the lexicon.",
}
@inproceedings{ezeani-etal-2018-transferred,
    title = "Transferred Embeddings for {I}gbo Similarity, Analogy, and Diacritic Restoration Tasks",
    author = "Ezeani, Ignatius  and
      Onyenwe, Ikechukwu  and
      Hepple, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4004",
    pages = "30--38",
    abstract = "Existing NLP models are mostly trained with data from well-resourced languages. Most minority languages face the challenge of lack of resources - data and technologies - for NLP research. Building these resources from scratch for each minority language will be very expensive, time-consuming and amount largely to unnecessarily re-inventing the wheel. In this paper, we applied transfer learning techniques to create Igbo word embeddings from a variety of existing English trained embeddings. Transfer learning methods were also used to build standard datasets for Igbo word similarity and analogy tasks for intrinsic evaluation of embeddings. These projected embeddings were also applied to diacritic restoration task. Our results indicate that the projected models not only outperform the trained ones on the semantic-based tasks of analogy, word-similarity, and odd-word identifying, but they also achieve enhanced performance on the diacritic restoration with learned diacritic embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{parupalli-etal-2018-towards-enhancing,
    title = "Towards Enhancing Lexical Resource and Using Sense-annotations of {O}nto{S}ense{N}et for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Parupalli, Sreekavitha  and
      Anvesh Rao, Vijjini  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4005",
    pages = "39--44",
    abstract = "This paper illustrates the interface of the tool we developed for crowd sourcing and we explain the annotation procedure in detail. Our tool is named as {`}పారుపల్లి పదజాలం{'} (Parupalli Padajaalam) which means web of words by Parupalli. The aim of this tool is to populate the OntoSenseNet, sentiment polarity annotated Telugu resource. Recent works have shown the importance of word-level annotations on sentiment analysis. With this as basis, we aim to analyze the importance of sense-annotations obtained from OntoSenseNet in performing the task of sentiment analysis. We explain the features extracted from OntoSenseNet (Telugu). Furthermore we compute and explain the adverbial class distribution of verbs in OntoSenseNet. This task is known to aid in disambiguating word-senses which helps in enhancing the performance of word-sense disambiguation (WSD) task(s).",
}
@inproceedings{schockaert-2018-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Representation with Conceptual Spaces",
    author = "Schockaert, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4006",
    pages = "45",
    abstract = "Entity embeddings are vector space representations of a given domain of interest. They are typically learned from text corpora (possibly in combination with any available structured knowledge), based on the intuition that similar entities should be represented by similar vectors. The usefulness of such entity embeddings largely stems from the fact that they implicitly encode a rich amount of knowledge about the considered domain, beyond mere similarity. In an embedding of movies, for instance, we may expect all movies from a given genre to be located in some low-dimensional manifold. This is particularly useful in supervised learning settings, where it may e.g. allow neural movie recommenders to base predictions on the genre of a movie, without that genre having to be specified explicitly for each movie, or without even the need to specify that the genre of a movie is a property that may have predictive value for the considered task. In unsupervised settings, however, such implicitly encoded knowledge cannot be leveraged. Conceptual spaces, as proposed by Grdenfors, are similar to entity embeddings, but provide more structure. In conceptual spaces, among others, dimensions are interpretable and grouped into facets, and properties and concepts are explicitly modelled as (vague) regions. Thanks to this additional structure, conceptual spaces can be used as a knowledge representation framework, which can also be effectively exploited in unsupervised settings. Given a conceptual space of movies, for instance, we are able to answer queries that ask about similarity w.r.t. a particular facet (e.g. movies which are cinematographically similar to Jurassic Park), that refer to a given feature (e.g. movies which are scarier than Jurassic Park but otherwise similar), or that refer to particular properties or concepts (e.g. thriller from the 1990s with a dinosaur theme). Compared to standard entity embeddings, however, conceptual spaces are more challenging to learn in a purely data-driven fashion. In this talk, I will give an overview of some approaches for learning such representations that have recently been developed within the context of the FLEXILOG project.",
}
@inproceedings{christodoulopoulos-2018-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Representation and Extraction at Scale",
    author = "Christodoulopoulos, Christos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4007",
    pages = "46",
    abstract = "These days, most general knowledge question-answering systems rely on large-scale knowledge bases comprising billions of facts about millions of entities. Having a structured source of semantic knowledge means that we can answer questions involving single static facts (e.g. {``}Who was the 8th president of the US?{''}) or dynamically generated ones (e.g. {``}How old is Donald Trump?{''}). More importantly, we can answer questions involving multiple inference steps ({``}Is the queen older than the president of the US?{''}). In this talk, I{'}m going to be discussing some of the unique challenges that are involved with building and maintaining a consistent knowledge base for Alexa, extending it with new facts and using it to serve answers in multiple languages. I will focus on three recent projects from our group. First, a way of measuring the completeness of a knowledge base, that is based on usage patterns. The definition of the usage of the KB is done in terms of the relation distribution of entities seen in question-answer logs. Instead of directly estimating the relation distribution of individual entities, it is generalized to the {``}class signature{''} of each entity. For example, users ask for baseball players{'} height, age, and batting average, so a knowledge base is complete (with respect to baseball players) if every entity has facts for those three relations. Second, an investigation into fact extraction from unstructured text. I will present a method for creating distant (weak) supervision labels for training a large-scale relation extraction system. I will also discuss the effectiveness of neural network approaches by decoupling the model architecture from the feature design of a state-of-the-art neural network system. Surprisingly, a much simpler classifier trained on similar features performs on par with the highly complex neural network system (at 75x reduction to the training time), suggesting that the features are a bigger contributor to the final performance. Finally, I will present the Fact Extraction and VERification (FEVER) dataset and challenge. The dataset comprises more than 185,000 human-generated claims extracted from Wikipedia pages. False claims were generated by mutating true claims in a variety of ways, some of which were meaningaltering. During the verification step, annotators were required to label a claim for its validity and also supply full-sentence textual evidence from (potentially multiple) Wikipedia articles for the label. With FEVER, we aim to help create a new generation of transparent and interprable knowledge extraction systems.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-international-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Language Cognition and Computational Models",
    author = "Sinha, Manjira  and
      Dasgupta, Tirthankar",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4100",
}
@inproceedings{bernardy-etal-2018-compositional,
    title = "A Compositional {B}ayesian Semantics for Natural Language",
    author = "Bernardy, Jean-Philippe  and
      Blanck, Rasmus  and
      Chatzikyriakidis, Stergios  and
      Lappin, Shalom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Language Cognition and Computational Models",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4101",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "We propose a compositional Bayesian semantics that interprets declarative sentences in a natural language by assigning them probability conditions. These are conditional probabilities that estimate the likelihood that a competent speaker would endorse an assertion, given certain hypotheses. Our semantics is implemented in a functional programming language. It estimates the marginal probability of a sentence through Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling of objects in vector space models satisfying specified hypotheses. We apply our semantics to examples with several predicates and generalised quantifiers, including higher-order quantifiers. It captures the vagueness of predication (both gradable and non-gradable), without positing a precise boundary for classifier application. We present a basic account of semantic learning based on our semantic system. We compare our proposal to other current theories of probabilistic semantics, and we show that it offers several important advantages over these accounts.",
}
@inproceedings{wolohan-etal-2018-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Linguistic Traces of Depression in Topic-Restricted Text: Attending to Self-Stigmatized Depression with {NLP}",
    author = "Wolohan, JT  and
      Hiraga, Misato  and
      Mukherjee, Atreyee  and
      Sayyed, Zeeshan Ali  and
      Millard, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Language Cognition and Computational Models",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4102",
    pages = "11--21",
    abstract = "Natural language processing researchers have proven the ability of machine learning approaches to detect depression-related cues from language; however, to date, these efforts have primarily assumed it was acceptable to leave depression-related texts in the data. Our concerns with this are twofold: first, that the models may be overfitting on depression-related signals, which may not be present in all depressed users (only those who talk about depression on social media); and second, that these models would under-perform for users who are sensitive to the public stigma of depression. This study demonstrates the validity to those concerns. We construct a novel corpus of texts from 12,106 Reddit users and perform lexical and predictive analyses under two conditions: one where all text produced by the users is included and one where the depression data is withheld. We find significant differences in the language used by depressed users under the two conditions as well as a difference in the ability of machine learning algorithms to correctly detect depression. However, despite the lexical differences and reduced classification performance{--}each of which suggests that users may be able to fool algorithms by avoiding direct discussion of depression{--}a still respectable overall performance suggests lexical models are reasonably robust and well suited for a role in a diagnostic or monitoring capacity.",
}
@inproceedings{issa-2018-opennmt,
    title = "An {O}pen{NMT} Model to {A}rabic Broken Plurals",
    author = "Issa, Elsayed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Language Cognition and Computational Models",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4103",
    pages = "22--30",
    abstract = "Arabic Broken Plurals show an interesting phenomenon in Arabic morphology as they are formed by shifting the consonants of the syllables into different syllable patterns, and subsequently, the pattern of the word changes. The present paper, therefore, attempts to look at Arabic broken plurals from the perspective of neural networks by implementing an OpenNMT experiment to better understand and interpret the behavior of these plurals, especially when it comes to L2 acquisition. The results show that the model is successful in predicting the Arabic template. However, it fails to predict certain consonants such as the emphatics and the gutturals. This reinforces the fact that these consonants or sounds are the most difficult for L2 learners to acquire.",
}
@inproceedings{karuna-etal-2018-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Cohesion and Coherence of Fake Text to Improve Believability for Deceiving Cyber Attackers",
    author = {Karuna, Prakruthi  and
      Purohit, Hemant  and
      Uzuner, {\"O}zlem  and
      Jajodia, Sushil  and
      Ganesan, Rajesh},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Language Cognition and Computational Models",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4104",
    pages = "31--40",
    abstract = "Ever increasing ransomware attacks and thefts of intellectual property demand cybersecurity solutions to protect critical documents. One emerging solution is to place fake text documents in the repository of critical documents for deceiving and catching cyber attackers. We can generate fake text documents by obscuring the salient information in legit text documents. However, the obscuring process can result in linguistic inconsistencies, such as broken co-references and illogical flow of ideas across the sentences, which can discern the fake document and render it unbelievable. In this paper, we propose a novel method to generate believable fake text documents by automatically improving the linguistic consistency of computer-generated fake text. Our method focuses on enhancing syntactic cohesion and semantic coherence across discourse segments. We conduct experiments with human subjects to evaluate the effect of believability improvements in distinguishing legit texts from fake texts. Results show that the probability to distinguish legit texts from believable fake texts is consistently lower than from fake texts that have not been improved in believability. This indicates the effectiveness of our method in generating believable fake text.",
}
@inproceedings{opitz-frank-2018-addressing,
    title = "Addressing the {W}inograd Schema Challenge as a Sequence Ranking Task",
    author = "Opitz, Juri  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Language Cognition and Computational Models",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4105",
    pages = "41--52",
    abstract = "The Winograd Schema Challenge targets pronominal anaphora resolution problems which require the application of cognitive inference in combination with world knowledge. These problems are easy to solve for humans but most difficult to solve for machines. Computational models that previously addressed this task rely on syntactic preprocessing and incorporation of external knowledge by manually crafted features. We address the Winograd Schema Challenge from a new perspective as a sequence ranking task, and design a Siamese neural sequence ranking model which performs significantly better than a random baseline, even when solely trained on sequences of words. We evaluate against a baseline and a state-of-the-art system on two data sets and show that anonymization of noun phrase candidates strongly helps our model to generalize.",
}
@inproceedings{collard-2018-finite,
    title = "Finite State Reasoning for Presupposition Satisfaction",
    author = "Collard, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Language Cognition and Computational Models",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4106",
    pages = "53--62",
    abstract = "Sentences with presuppositions are often treated as uninterpretable or unvalued (neither true nor false) if their presuppositions are not satisfied. However, there is an open question as to how this satisfaction is calculated. In some cases, determining whether a presupposition is satisfied is not a trivial task (or even a decidable one), yet native speakers are able to quickly and confidently identify instances of presupposition failure. I propose that this can be accounted for with a form of possible world semantics that encapsulates some reasoning abilities, but is limited in its computational power, thus circumventing the need to solve computationally difficult problems. This can be modeled using a variant of the framework of finite state semantics proposed by Rooth (2017). A few modifications to this system are necessary, including its extension into a three-valued logic to account for presupposition. Within this framework, the logic necessary to calculate presupposition satisfaction is readily available, but there is no risk of needing exceptional computational power. This correctly predicts that certain presuppositions will not be calculated intuitively, while others can be easily evaluated.",
}
@inproceedings{jessiman-etal-2018-language,
    title = "Language-Based Automatic Assessment of Cognitive and Communicative Functions Related to {P}arkinson{'}s Disease",
    author = "Jessiman, Lesley  and
      Murray, Gabriel  and
      Braley, McKenzie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Language Cognition and Computational Models",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4107",
    pages = "63--74",
    abstract = "We explore the use of natural language processing and machine learning for detecting evidence of Parkinson{'}s disease from transcribed speech of subjects who are describing everyday tasks. Experiments reveal the difficulty of treating this as a binary classification task, and a multi-class approach yields superior results. We also show that these models can be used to predict cognitive abilities across all subjects.",
}
@inproceedings{kurdi-2018-spontaneous,
    title = "Can spontaneous spoken language disfluencies help describe syntactic dependencies? An empirical study",
    author = "KURDI, M. Zakaria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Language Cognition and Computational Models",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4108",
    pages = "75--84",
    abstract = "This paper explores the correlations between key syntactic dependencies and the occurrence of simple spoken language disfluencies such as filled pauses and incomplete words. The working hypothesis here is that interruptions caused by these phenomena are more likely to happen between weakly connected words from a syntactic point of view than between strongly connected ones. The obtained results show significant patterns with the regard to key syntactic phenomena, like confirming the positive correlation between the frequency of disfluencies and multiples measures of syntactic complexity. In addition, they show that there is a stronger relationship between the verb and its subject than with its object, which confirms the idea of a hierarchical incrementality. Also, this work uncovered an interesting role played by a verb particle as a syntactic delimiter of some verb complements. Finally, the interruptions by disfluencies patterns show that verbs have a more privileged relationship with their preposition compared to the object Noun Phrase (NP).",
}
@inproceedings{arias-trejo-etal-2018-word,
    title = "Word-word Relations in Dementia and Typical Aging",
    author = "Arias-Trejo, Natalia  and
      Minto-Garc{\'\i}a, Aline  and
      Luna-Umanzor, Diana I.  and
      R{\'\i}os-Ponce, Alma E.  and
      Mariana, Balderas-Pliego  and
      Bel-Enguix, Gemma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Language Cognition and Computational Models",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4109",
    pages = "85--93",
    abstract = "Older adults tend to suffer a decline in some of their cognitive capabilities, being language one of least affected processes. Word association norms (WAN) also known as free word associations reflect word-word relations, the participant reads or hears a word and is asked to write or say the first word that comes to mind. Free word associations show how the organization of semantic memory remains almost unchanged with age. We have performed a WAN task with very small samples of older adults with Alzheimer{'}s disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD) and mixed dementia (MxD), and also with a control group of typical aging adults, matched by age, sex and education. All of them are native speakers of Mexican Spanish. The results show, as expected, that Alzheimer disease has a very important impact in lexical retrieval, unlike vascular and mixed dementia. This suggests that linguistic tests elaborated from WAN can be also used for detecting AD at early stages.",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-bora-2018-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Annotation of {E}nglish-{A}ssamese code-mixed texts: Two Approaches",
    author = "Kumar, Ritesh  and
      Bora, Manas Jyoti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Language Cognition and Computational Models",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4110",
    pages = "94--103",
    abstract = "In this paper, we discuss the development of a part-of-speech tagger for English-Assamese code-mixed texts. We provide a comparison of 2 approaches to annotating code-mixed data {--} a) annotation of the texts from the two languages using monolingual resources from each language and b) annotation of the text through a different resource created specifically for code-mixed data. We present a comparative study of the efforts required in each approach and the final performance of the system. Based on this, we argue that it might be a better approach to develop new technologies using code-mixed data instead of monolingual, {`}clean{'} data, especially for those languages where we do not have significant tools and technologies available till now.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-natural-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Natural Language Processing for {I}nternet Freedom",
    author = "Brew, Chris  and
      Feldman, Anna  and
      Leberknight, Chris",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4200",
}
@inproceedings{knockel-etal-2018-effect,
    title = "The effect of information controls on developers in China: An analysis of censorship in {C}hinese open source projects",
    author = "Knockel, Jeffrey  and
      Crete-Nishihata, Masashi  and
      Ruan, Lotus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Natural Language Processing for {I}nternet Freedom",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4201",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "Censorship of Internet content in China is understood to operate through a system of intermediary liability whereby service providers are liable for the content on their platforms. Previous work studying censorship has found huge variability in the implementation of censorship across different products even within the same industry segment. In this work we explore the extent to which these censorship features are present in the open source projects of individual developers in China by collecting their blacklists and comparing their similarity. We collect files from a popular online code repository, extract lists of strings, and then classify whether each is a Chinese blacklist. Overall, we found over 1,000 Chinese blacklists comprising over 200,000 unique keywords, representing the largest dataset of Chinese blacklisted keywords to date. We found very little keyword overlap between lists, raising questions as to their origins, as the lists seem too large to have been individually curated, yet the lack of overlap suggests that they have no common source.",
}
@inproceedings{ng-etal-2018-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Characteristics of Censorable Language on {S}ina{W}eibo",
    author = "Ng, Kei Yin  and
      Feldman, Anna  and
      Peng, Jing  and
      Leberknight, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Natural Language Processing for {I}nternet Freedom",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4202",
    pages = "12--22",
    abstract = "This paper investigates censorship from a linguistic perspective. We collect a corpus of censored and uncensored posts on a number of topics, build a classifier that predicts censorship decisions independent of discussion topics. Our investigation reveals that the strongest linguistic indicator of censored content of our corpus is its readability.",
}
@inproceedings{ji-knight-2018-creative,
    title = "Creative Language Encoding under Censorship",
    author = "Ji, Heng  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Natural Language Processing for {I}nternet Freedom",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4203",
    pages = "23--33",
    abstract = "People often create obfuscated language for online communication to avoid Internet censorship, share sensitive information, express strong sentiment or emotion, plan for secret actions, trade illegal products, or simply hold interesting conversations. In this position paper we systematically categorize human-created obfuscated language on various levels, investigate their basic mechanisms, give an overview on automated techniques needed to simulate human encoding. These encoders have potential to frustrate and evade, co-evolve with dynamic human or automated decoders, and produce interesting and adoptable code words. We also summarize remaining challenges for future research on the interaction between Natural Language Processing (NLP) and encryption, and leveraging NLP techniques for encoding and decoding.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-events,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop Events and Stories in the News 2018",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Miller, Ben  and
      van Erp, Marieke  and
      Vossen, Piek  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Caswell, David  and
      Brown, Susan W.  and
      Bonial, Claire",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4300",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-krishnaswamy-2018-every,
    title = "Every Object Tells a Story",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Krishnaswamy, Nikhil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Events and Stories in the News 2018",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4301",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "Most work within the computational event modeling community has tended to focus on the interpretation and ordering of events that are associated with verbs and event nominals in linguistic expressions. What is often overlooked in the construction of a global interpretation of a narrative is the role contributed by the objects participating in these structures, and the latent events and activities conventionally associated with them. Recently, the analysis of visual images has also enriched the scope of how events can be identified, by anchoring both linguistic expressions and ontological labels to segments, subregions, and properties of images. By semantically grounding event descriptions in their visualization, the importance of object-based attributes becomes more apparent. In this position paper, we look at the narrative structure of objects: that is, how objects reference events through their intrinsic attributes, such as affordances, purposes, and functions. We argue that, not only do objects encode conventionalized events, but that when they are composed within specific habitats, the ensemble can be viewed as modeling coherent event sequences, thereby enriching the global interpretation of the evolving narrative being constructed.",
}
@inproceedings{croft-etal-2018-rich,
    title = "A Rich Annotation Scheme for Mental Events",
    author = "Croft, William  and
      Pe{\v{s}}kov{\'a}, Pavl{\'\i}na  and
      Regan, Michael  and
      Lee, Sook-kyung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Events and Stories in the News 2018",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4302",
    pages = "7--17",
    abstract = "We present a rich annotation scheme for the structure of mental events. Mental events are those in which the verb describes a mental state or process, usually oriented towards an external situation. While physical events have been described in detail and there are numerous studies of their semantic analysis and annotation, mental events are less thoroughly studied. The annotation scheme proposed here is based on decompositional analyses in the semantic and typological linguistic literature. The scheme was applied to the news corpus from the 2016 Events workshop, and error analysis of the test annotation provides suggestions for refinement and clarification of the annotation scheme.",
}
@inproceedings{miller-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-Document Narrative Alignment of Environmental News: A Position Paper on the Challenge of Using Event Chains to Proxy Narrative Features",
    author = "Miller, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Events and Stories in the News 2018",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4303",
    pages = "18--24",
    abstract = "Cross-document event chain co-referencing in corpora of news articles would achieve increased precision and generalizability from a method that consistently recognizes narrative, discursive, and phenomenological features such as tense, mood, tone, canonicity and breach, person, hermeneutic composability, speed, and time. Current models that capture primarily linguistic data such as entities, times, and relations or causal relationships may only incidentally capture narrative framing features of events. That limits efforts at narrative and event chain segmentation, among other predicate tasks for narrative search and narrative-based reasoning. It further limits research on audience engagement with journalism about complex subjects. This position paper explores the above proposition with respect to narrative theory and ongoing research on segmenting event chains into narrative units. Our own work in progress approaches this task using event segmentation, word embeddings, and variable length pattern matching in a corpus of 2,000 articles describing environmental events. Our position is that narrative features may or may not be implicitly captured by current methods explicitly focused on events as linguistic phenomena, that they are not explicitly captured, and that further research is required.",
}
@inproceedings{yarlott-etal-2018-identifying,
    title = "Identifying the Discourse Function of News Article Paragraphs",
    author = "Yarlott, W. Victor  and
      Cornelio, Cristina  and
      Gao, Tian  and
      Finlayson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Events and Stories in the News 2018",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4304",
    pages = "25--33",
    abstract = "Discourse structure is a key aspect of all forms of text, providing valuable information both to humans and machines. We applied the hierarchical theory of news discourse developed by van Dijk to examine how paragraphs operate as units of discourse structure within news articles{---}what we refer to here as document-level discourse. This document-level discourse provides a characterization of the content of each paragraph that describes its relation to the events presented in the article (such as main events, backgrounds, and consequences) as well as to other components of the story (such as commentary and evaluation). The purpose of a news discourse section is of great utility to story understanding as it affects both the importance and temporal order of items introduced in the text{---}therefore, if we know the news discourse purpose for different sections, we should be able to better rank events for their importance and better construct timelines. We test two hypotheses: first, that people can reliably annotate news articles with van Dijk{'}s theory; second, that we can reliably predict these labels using machine learning. We show that people have a high degree of agreement with each other when annotating the theory (F1 {\textgreater} 0.8, Cohen{'}s kappa {\textgreater} 0.6), demonstrating that it can be both learned and reliably applied by human annotators. Additionally, we demonstrate first steps toward machine learning of the theory, achieving a performance of F1 = 0.54, which is 65{\%} of human performance. Moreover, we have generated a gold-standard, adjudicated corpus of 50 documents for document-level discourse annotation based on the ACE Phase 2 corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-yu-2018-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of Information Extraction Tools for Identifying Health Claims in News Headlines",
    author = "Yuan, Shi  and
      Yu, Bei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Events and Stories in the News 2018",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4305",
    pages = "34--43",
    abstract = "This study evaluates the performance of four information extraction tools (extractors) on identifying health claims in health news headlines. A health claim is defined as a triplet: IV (what is being manipulated), DV (what is being measured) and their relation. Tools that can identify health claims provide the foundation for evaluating the accuracy of these claims against authoritative resources. The evaluation result shows that 26{\%} headlines do not in-clude health claims, and all extractors face difficulty separating them from the rest. For those with health claims, OPENIE-5.0 performed the best with F-measure at 0.6 level for ex-tracting {``}IV-relation-DV{''}. However, the characteristic linguistic structures in health news headlines, such as incomplete sentences and non-verb relations, pose particular challenge to existing tools.",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-inel-2018-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing {S}tory{L}ines: Harnessing the Crowd for Causal Relation Annotation",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Inel, Oana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Events and Stories in the News 2018",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4306",
    pages = "44--54",
    abstract = "This paper describes a crowdsourcing experiment on the annotation of plot-like structures in English news articles. CrowdThruth methodology and metrics have been applied to select valid annotations from the crowd. We further run an in-depth analysis of the annotated data by comparing them with available expert data. Our results show a valuable use of crowdsourcing annotations for such complex semantic tasks, and suggest a new annotation approach which combine crowd and experts.",
}
@inproceedings{reale-etal-2018-spot,
    title = "Can You Spot the Semantic Predicate in this Video?",
    author = "Reale, Christopher  and
      Bonial, Claire  and
      Kwon, Heesung  and
      Voss, Clare",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Events and Stories in the News 2018",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4307",
    pages = "55--60",
    abstract = "We propose a method to improve human activity recognition in video by leveraging semantic information about the target activities from an expert-defined linguistic resource, VerbNet. Our hypothesis is that activities that share similar event semantics, as defined by the semantic predicates of VerbNet, will be more likely to share some visual components. We use a deep convolutional neural network approach as a baseline and incorporate linguistic information from VerbNet through multi-task learning. We present results of experiments showing the added information has negligible impact on recognition performance. We discuss how this may be because the lexical semantic information defined by VerbNet is generally not visually salient given the video processing approach used here, and how we may handle this in future approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{dai-etal-2018-fine,
    title = "Fine-grained Structure-based News Genre Categorization",
    author = "Dai, Zeyu  and
      Taneja, Himanshu  and
      Huang, Ruihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Events and Stories in the News 2018",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4308",
    pages = "61--67",
    abstract = "Journalists usually organize and present the contents of a news article following a well-defined structure. In this work, we propose a new task to categorize news articles based on their content presentation structures, which is beneficial for various NLP applications. We first define a small set of news elements considering their functions (e.g., \textit{introducing the main story or event, catching the reader{'}s attention} and \textit{providing details}) in a news story and their writing style (\textit{narrative} or \textit{expository}), and then formally define four commonly used news article structures based on their selections and organizations of news elements. We create an annotated dataset for structure-based news genre identification, and finally, we build a predictive model to assess the feasibility of this classification task using structure indicative features.",
}
@inproceedings{piskorski-etal-2018-training,
    title = "On Training Classifiers for Linking Event Templates",
    author = "Piskorski, Jakub  and
      {\v{S}}ari{\'c}, Fredi  and
      Zavarella, Vanni  and
      Atkinson, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Events and Stories in the News 2018",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4309",
    pages = "68--78",
    abstract = "The paper reports on exploring various machine learning techniques and a range of textual and meta-data features to train classifiers for linking related event templates automatically extracted from online news. With the best model using textual features only we achieved 94.7{\%} (92.9{\%}) F1 score on GOLD (SILVER) dataset. These figures were further improved to 98.6{\%} (GOLD) and 97{\%} (SILVER) F1 score by adding meta-data features, mainly thanks to the strong discriminatory power of automatically extracted geographical information related to events.",
}
@inproceedings{sorgente-etal-2018-hei,
    title = "{HEI}: Hunter Events Interface A platform based on services for the detection and reasoning about events",
    author = "Sorgente, Antonio  and
      Calabrese, Antonio  and
      Coda, Gianluca  and
      Vanacore, Paolo  and
      Mele, Francesco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop Events and Stories in the News 2018",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4310",
    pages = "79--88",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the definition and implementation of the Hunter Events Interface (HEI) System. The HEI System is a system for events annotation and temporal reasoning in Natural Language Texts and media, mainly oriented to texts of historical and cultural contents available on the Web. In this work we assume that events are defined through various components: actions, participants, locations, and occurrence intervals. The HEI system, through independent services, locates (annotates) the various components, and successively associates them to a specific event. The objective of this work is to build a system integrating services for the identification of events, the discovery of their connections, and the evaluation of their consistency. We believe this interface is useful to develop applications that use the notion of story, to integrate data of digital cultural archives, and to build systems of fruition in the same field. The HEI system has been partially developed within the TrasTest project",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-trolling,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    author = "Kumar, Ritesh  and
      Ojha, Atul Kr.  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Malmasi, Shervin",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4400",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2018-benchmarking,
    title = "Benchmarking Aggression Identification in Social Media",
    author = "Kumar, Ritesh  and
      Ojha, Atul Kr.  and
      Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Zampieri, Marcos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4401",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present the report and findings of the Shared Task on Aggression Identification organised as part of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying (TRAC - 1) at COLING 2018. The task was to develop a classifier that could discriminate between Overtly Aggressive, Covertly Aggressive, and Non-aggressive texts. For this task, the participants were provided with a dataset of 15,000 aggression-annotated Facebook Posts and Comments each in Hindi (in both Roman and Devanagari script) and English for training and validation. For testing, two different sets - one from Facebook and another from a different social media - were provided. A total of 130 teams registered to participate in the task, 30 teams submitted their test runs, and finally 20 teams also sent their system description paper which are included in the TRAC workshop proceedings. The best system obtained a weighted F-score of 0.64 for both Hindi and English on the Facebook test sets, while the best scores on the surprise set were 0.60 and 0.50 for English and Hindi respectively. The results presented in this report depict how challenging the task is. The positive response from the community and the great levels of participation in the first edition of this shared task also highlights the interest in this topic.",
}
@inproceedings{safi-samghabadi-etal-2018-ritual,
    title = "{R}i{TUAL}-{UH} at {TRAC} 2018 Shared Task: Aggression Identification",
    author = "Safi Samghabadi, Niloofar  and
      Mave, Deepthi  and
      Kar, Sudipta  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4402",
    pages = "12--18",
    abstract = "This paper presents our system for {``}TRAC 2018 Shared Task on Aggression Identification{''}. Our best systems for the English dataset use a combination of lexical and semantic features. However, for Hindi data using only lexical features gave us the best results. We obtained weighted F1-measures of 0.5921 for the English Facebook task (ranked 12th), 0.5663 for the English Social Media task (ranked 6th), 0.6292 for the Hindi Facebook task (ranked 1st), and 0.4853 for the Hindi Social Media task (ranked 2nd).",
}
@inproceedings{ramiandrisoa-mothe-2018-irit,
    title = "IRIT at TRAC 2018",
    author = "Ramiandrisoa, Faneva  and
      Mothe, Josiane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4403",
    pages = "19--27",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of the IRIT team to the TRAC 2018 shared task on Aggression Identification and more precisely to the shared task in English language. The three following methods have been used: a) a combination of machine learning techniques that relies on a set of features and document/text vectorization, b) Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and c) a combination of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). Best results were obtained when using the method (a) on the English test data from Facebook which ranked our method sixteenth out of thirty teams, and the method (c) on the English test data from other social media, where we obtained the fifteenth rank out of thirty.",
}
@inproceedings{raiyani-etal-2018-fully,
    title = "Fully Connected Neural Network with Advance Preprocessor to Identify Aggression over {F}acebook and Twitter",
    author = "Raiyani, Kashyap  and
      Gon{\c{c}}alves, Teresa  and
      Quaresma, Paulo  and
      Nogueira, Vitor Beires",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4404",
    pages = "28--41",
    abstract = "Paper presents the different methodologies developed {\&} tested and discusses their results, with the goal of identifying the best possible method for the aggression identification problem in social media.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2018-cyberbullying,
    title = "Cyberbullying Intervention Based on Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Huang, Qianjia  and
      Inkpen, Diana  and
      Zhang, Jianhong  and
      Van Bruwaene, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4405",
    pages = "42--51",
    abstract = "This paper describes the process of building a cyberbullying intervention interface driven by a machine-learning based text-classification service. We make two main contributions. First, we show that cyberbullying can be identified in real-time before it takes place, with available machine learning and natural language processing tools. Second, we present a mechanism that provides individuals with early feedback about how other people would feel about wording choices in their messages before they are sent out. This interface not only gives a chance for the user to revise the text, but also provides a system-level flagging/intervention in a situation related to cyberbullying.",
}
@inproceedings{nikhil-etal-2018-lstms,
    title = "{LSTM}s with Attention for Aggression Detection",
    author = "Nikhil, Nishant  and
      Pahwa, Ramit  and
      Nirala, Mehul Kumar  and
      Khilnani, Rohan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4406",
    pages = "52--57",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the system submitted for the shared task on Aggression Identification in Facebook posts and comments by the team Nishnik. Previous works demonstrate that LSTMs have achieved remarkable performance in natural language processing tasks. We deploy an LSTM model with an attention unit over it. Our system ranks 6th and 4th in the Hindi subtask for Facebook comments and subtask for generalized social media data respectively. And it ranks 17th and 10th in the corresponding English subtasks.",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2018-trac,
    title = "TRAC-1 Shared Task on Aggression Identification: IIT(ISM)@COLING{'}18",
    author = "Kumar, Ritesh  and
      Bhanodai, Guggilla  and
      Pamula, Rajendra  and
      Chennuru, Maheshwar Reddy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4407",
    pages = "58--65",
    abstract = "This paper describes the work that our team bhanodaig did at Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) towards TRAC-1 Shared Task on Aggression Identification in Social Media for COLING 2018. In this paper we label aggression identification into three categories: Overtly Aggressive, Covertly Aggressive and Non-aggressive. We train a model to differentiate between these categories and then analyze the results in order to better understand how we can distinguish between them. We participated in two different tasks named as English (Facebook) task and English (Social Media) task. For English (Facebook) task System 05 was our best run (i.e. 0.3572) above the Random Baseline (i.e. 0.3535). For English (Social Media) task our system 02 got the value (i.e. 0.1960) below the Random Bseline (i.e. 0.3477). For all of our runs we used Long Short-Term Memory model. Overall, our performance is not satisfactory. However, as new entrant to the field, our scores are encouraging enough to work for better results in future.",
}
@inproceedings{roy-etal-2018-ensemble,
    title = "An Ensemble Approach for Aggression Identification in {E}nglish and {H}indi Text",
    author = "Roy, Arjun  and
      Kapil, Prashant  and
      Basak, Kingshuk  and
      Ekbal, Asif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4408",
    pages = "66--73",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system submitted in the shared task at COLING 2018 TRAC-1: Aggression Identification. The objective of this task was to predict online aggression spread through online textual post or comment. The dataset was released in two languages, English and Hindi. We submitted a single system for Hindi and a single system for English. Both the systems are based on an ensemble architecture where the individual models are based on Convoluted Neural Network and Support Vector Machine. Evaluation shows promising results for both the languages.The total submission for English was 30 and Hindi was 15. Our system on English facebook and social media obtained F1 score of 0.5151 and 0.5099 respectively where Hindi facebook and social media obtained F1 score of 0.5599 and 0.3790 respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{galery-etal-2018-aggression,
    title = "Aggression Identification and Multi Lingual Word Embeddings",
    author = "Galery, Thiago  and
      Charitos, Efstathios  and
      Tian, Ye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4409",
    pages = "74--79",
    abstract = "The system presented here took part in the 2018 Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying shared task (Forest and Trees team) and uses a Gated Recurrent Neural Network architecture (Cho et al., 2014) in an attempt to assess whether combining pre-trained English and Hindi fastText (Mikolov et al., 2018) word embeddings as a representation of the sequence input would improve classification performance. The motivation for this comes from the fact that the shared task data for English contained many Hindi tokens and therefore some users might be doing code-switching: the alternation between two or more languages in communication. To test this hypothesis, we also aligned Hindi and English vectors using pre-computed SVD matrices that pulls representations from different languages into a common space (Smith et al., 2017). Two conditions were tested: (i) one with standard pre-trained fastText word embeddings where each Hindi word is treated as an OOV token, and (ii) another where word embeddings for Hindi and English are loaded in a common vector space, so Hindi tokens can be assigned a meaningful representation. We submitted the second (i.e., multilingual) system and obtained the scores of 0.531 weighted F1 for the EN-FB dataset and 0.438 weighted F1 for the EN-TW dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{maitra-sarkhel-2018-k,
    title = "A K-Competitive Autoencoder for Aggression Detection in Social Media Text",
    author = "Maitra, Promita  and
      Sarkhel, Ritesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4410",
    pages = "80--89",
    abstract = "We present an approach to detect aggression from social media text in this work. A winner-takes-all autoencoder, called Emoti-KATE is proposed for this purpose. Using a log-normalized, weighted word-count vector at input dimensions, the autoencoder simulates a competition between neurons in the hidden layer to minimize the reconstruction loss between the input and final output layers. We have evaluated the performance of our system on the datasets provided by the organizers of TRAC workshop, 2018. Using the encoding generated by Emoti-KATE, a 3-way classification is performed for every social media text in the dataset. Each data point is classified as {`}Overtly Aggressive{'}, {`}Covertly Aggressive{'} or {`}Non-aggressive{'}. Results show that our (team name: PMRS) proposed method is able to achieve promising results on some of these datasets. In this paper, we have described the effects of introducing an winner-takes-all autoencoder for the task of aggression detection, reported its performance on four different datasets, analyzed some of its limitations and how to improve its performance in future works.",
}
@inproceedings{aroyehun-gelbukh-2018-aggression,
    title = "Aggression Detection in Social Media: Using Deep Neural Networks, Data Augmentation, and Pseudo Labeling",
    author = "Aroyehun, Segun Taofeek  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4411",
    pages = "90--97",
    abstract = "With the advent of the read-write web which facilitates social interactions in online spaces, the rise of anti-social behaviour in online spaces has attracted the attention of researchers. In this paper, we address the challenge of automatically identifying aggression in social media posts. Our team, saroyehun, participated in the English track of the Aggression Detection in Social Media Shared Task. On this task, we investigate the efficacy of deep neural network models of varying complexity. Our results reveal that deep neural network models require more data points to do better than an NBSVM linear baseline based on character n-grams. Our improved deep neural network models were trained on augmented data and pseudo labeled examples. Our LSTM classifier receives a weighted macro-F1 score of 0.6425 to rank first overall on the Facebook subtask of the shared task. On the social media sub-task, our CNN-LSTM model records a weighted macro-F1 score of 0.5920 to place third overall.",
}
@inproceedings{srivastava-etal-2018-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Aggression and Toxicity in Comments using Capsule Network",
    author = "Srivastava, Saurabh  and
      Khurana, Prerna  and
      Tewari, Vartika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4412",
    pages = "98--105",
    abstract = "Aggression and related activities like trolling, hate speech etc. involve toxic comments in various forms. These are common scenarios in today{'}s time and websites react by shutting down their comment sections. To tackle this, an algorithmic solution is preferred to human moderation which is slow and expensive. In this paper, we propose a single model capsule network with focal loss to achieve this task which is suitable for production environment. Our model achieves competitive results over other strong baseline methods, which show its effectiveness and that focal loss exhibits significant improvement in such cases where class imbalance is a regular issue. Additionally, we show that the problem of extensive data preprocessing, data augmentation can be tackled by capsule networks implicitly. We achieve an overall ROC AUC of 98.46 on Kaggle-toxic comment dataset and show that it beats other architectures by a good margin. As comments tend to be written in more than one language, and transliteration is a common problem, we further show that our model handles this effectively by applying our model on TRAC shared task dataset which contains comments in code-mixed Hindi-English.",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-etal-2018-degree,
    title = "Degree based Classification of Harmful Speech using Twitter Data",
    author = "Sharma, Sanjana  and
      Agrawal, Saksham  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4413",
    pages = "106--112",
    abstract = "Harmful speech has various forms and it has been plaguing the social media in different ways. If we need to crackdown different degrees of hate speech and abusive behavior amongst it, the classification needs to be based on complex ramifications which needs to be defined and hold accountable for, other than racist, sexist or against some particular group and community. This paper primarily describes how we created an ontological classification of harmful speech based on degree of hateful intent and used it to annotate twitter data accordingly. The key contribution of this paper is the new dataset of tweets we created based on ontological classes and degrees of harmful speech found in the text. We also propose supervised classification system for recognizing these respective harmful speech classes in the texts hence. This serves as a preliminary work to lay down foundation on defining different classes of harmful speech and subsequent work will be done in making it{'}s automatic detection more robust and efficient.",
}
@inproceedings{orasan-2018-aggressive,
    title = "Aggressive Language Identification Using Word Embeddings and Sentiment Features",
    author = "Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4414",
    pages = "113--119",
    abstract = "This paper describes our participation in the First Shared Task on Aggression Identification. The method proposed relies on machine learning to identify social media texts which contain aggression. The main features employed by our method are information extracted from word embeddings and the output of a sentiment analyser. Several machine learning methods and different combinations of features were tried. The official submissions used Support Vector Machines and Random Forests. The official evaluation showed that for texts similar to the ones in the training dataset Random Forests work best, whilst for texts which are different SVMs are a better choice. The evaluation also showed that despite its simplicity the method performs well when compared with more elaborated methods.",
}
@inproceedings{madisetty-sankar-desarkar-2018-aggression,
    title = "Aggression Detection in Social Media using Deep Neural Networks",
    author = "Madisetty, Sreekanth  and
      Sankar Desarkar, Maunendra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4415",
    pages = "120--127",
    abstract = "With the rise of user-generated content in social media coupled with almost non-existent moderation in many such systems, aggressive contents have been observed to rise in such forums. In this paper, we work on the problem of aggression detection in social media. Aggression can sometimes be expressed directly or overtly or it can be hidden or covert in the text. On the other hand, most of the content in social media is non-aggressive in nature. We propose an ensemble based system to classify an input post to into one of three classes, namely, Overtly Aggressive, Covertly Aggressive, and Non-aggressive. Our approach uses three deep learning methods, namely, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) with five layers (input, convolution, pooling, hidden, and output), Long Short Term Memory networks (LSTM), and Bi-directional Long Short Term Memory networks (Bi-LSTM). A majority voting based ensemble method is used to combine these classifiers (CNN, LSTM, and Bi-LSTM). We trained our method on Facebook comments dataset and tested on Facebook comments (in-domain) and other social media posts (cross-domain). Our system achieves the F1-score (weighted) of 0.604 for Facebook posts and 0.508 for social media posts.",
}
@inproceedings{fortuna-etal-2018-merging,
    title = "Merging Datasets for Aggressive Text Identification",
    author = "Fortuna, Paula  and
      Ferreira, Jos{\'e}  and
      Pires, Luiz  and
      Routar, Guilherme  and
      Nunes, S{\'e}rgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4416",
    pages = "128--139",
    abstract = "This paper presents the approach of the team {``}groutar{''} to the shared task on Aggression Identification, considering the test sets in English, both from Facebook and general Social Media. This experiment aims to test the effect of merging new datasets in the performance of classification models. We followed a standard machine learning approach with training, validation, and testing phases, and considered features such as part-of-speech, frequencies of insults, punctuation, sentiment, and capitalization. In terms of algorithms, we experimented with Boosted Logistic Regression, Multi-Layer Perceptron, Parallel Random Forest and eXtreme Gradient Boosting. One question appearing was how to merge datasets using different classification systems (e.g. aggression vs. toxicity). Other issue concerns the possibility to generalize models and apply them to data from different social networks. Regarding these, we merged two datasets, and the results showed that training with similar data is an advantage in the classification of social networks data. However, adding data from different platforms, allowed slightly better results in both Facebook and Social Media, indicating that more generalized models can be an advantage.",
}
@inproceedings{arroyo-fernandez-etal-2018-cyberbullying,
    title = "Cyberbullying Detection Task: the EBSI-LIA-UNAM System (ELU) at COLING{'}18 TRAC-1",
    author = "Arroyo-Fern{\'a}ndez, Ignacio  and
      Forest, Dominic  and
      Torres-Moreno, Juan-Manuel  and
      Carrasco-Ruiz, Mauricio  and
      Legeleux, Thomas  and
      Joannette, Karen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4417",
    pages = "140--149",
    abstract = "The phenomenon of cyberbullying has growing in worrying proportions with the development of social networks. Forums and chat rooms are spaces where serious damage can now be done to others, while the tools for avoiding on-line spills are still limited. This study aims to assess the ability that both classical and state-of-the-art vector space modeling methods provide to well known learning machines to identify aggression levels in social network cyberbullying (i.e. social network posts manually labeled as Overtly Aggressive, Covertly Aggressive and Non-aggressive). To this end, an exploratory stage was performed first in order to find relevant settings to test, i.e. by using training and development samples, we trained multiple learning machines using multiple vector space modeling methods and discarded the less informative configurations. Finally, we selected the two best settings and their voting combination to form three competing systems. These systems were submitted to the competition of the TRACK-1 task of the Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying. Our voting combination system resulted second place in predicting Aggression levels on a test set of untagged social network posts.",
}
@inproceedings{risch-krestel-2018-aggression,
    title = "Aggression Identification Using Deep Learning and Data Augmentation",
    author = "Risch, Julian  and
      Krestel, Ralf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4418",
    pages = "150--158",
    abstract = "Social media platforms allow users to share and discuss their opinions online. However, a minority of user posts is aggressive, thereby hinders respectful discussion, and {---} at an extreme level {---} is liable to prosecution. The automatic identification of such harmful posts is important, because it can support the costly manual moderation of online discussions. Further, the automation allows unprecedented analyses of discussion datasets that contain millions of posts. This system description paper presents our submission to the First Shared Task on Aggression Identification. We propose to augment the provided dataset to increase the number of labeled comments from 15,000 to 60,000. Thereby, we introduce linguistic variety into the dataset. As a consequence of the larger amount of training data, we are able to train a special deep neural net, which generalizes especially well to unseen data. To further boost the performance, we combine this neural net with three logistic regression classifiers trained on character and word n-grams, and hand-picked syntactic features. This ensemble is more robust than the individual single models. Our team named {``}Julian{''} achieves an F1-score of 60{\%} on both English datasets, 63{\%} on the Hindi Facebook dataset, and 38{\%} on the Hindi Twitter dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{husseini-orabi-etal-2018-cyber,
    title = "Cyber-aggression Detection using Cross Segment-and-Concatenate Multi-Task Learning from Text",
    author = "Husseini Orabi, Ahmed  and
      Husseini Orabi, Mahmoud  and
      Huang, Qianjia  and
      Inkpen, Diana  and
      Van Bruwaene, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4419",
    pages = "159--165",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a novel deep-learning architecture for text classification, named cross segment-and-concatenate multi-task learning (CSC-MTL). We use CSC-MTL to improve the performance of cyber-aggression detection from text. Our approach provides a robust shared feature representation for multi-task learning by detecting contrasts and similarities among polarity and neutral classes. We participated in the cyber-aggression shared task under the team name uOttawa. We report 59.74{\%} F1 performance for the Facebook test set and 56.9{\%} for the Twitter test set, for detecting aggression from text.",
}
@inproceedings{risch-krestel-2018-delete,
    title = "Delete or not Delete? Semi-Automatic Comment Moderation for the Newsroom",
    author = "Risch, Julian  and
      Krestel, Ralf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4420",
    pages = "166--176",
    abstract = "Comment sections of online news providers have enabled millions to share and discuss their opinions on news topics. Today, moderators ensure respectful and informative discussions by deleting not only insults, defamation, and hate speech, but also unverifiable facts. This process has to be transparent and comprehensive in order to keep the community engaged. Further, news providers have to make sure to not give the impression of censorship or dissemination of fake news. Yet manual moderation is very expensive and becomes more and more unfeasible with the increasing amount of comments. Hence, we propose a semi-automatic, holistic approach, which includes comment features but also their context, such as information about users and articles. For evaluation, we present experiments on a novel corpus of 3 million news comments annotated by a team of professional moderators.",
}
@inproceedings{tommasel-etal-2018-textual,
    title = "Textual Aggression Detection through Deep Learning",
    author = "Tommasel, Antonela  and
      Rodriguez, Juan Manuel  and
      Godoy, Daniela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4421",
    pages = "177--187",
    abstract = "Cyberbullying and cyberaggression are serious and widespread issues increasingly affecting Internet users. With the widespread of social media networks, bullying, once limited to particular places, can now occur anytime and anywhere. Cyberaggression refers to aggressive online behaviour that aims at harming other individuals, and involves rude, insulting, offensive, teasing or demoralising comments through online social media. Considering the dangerous consequences that cyberaggression has on its victims and its rapid spread amongst internet users (specially kids and teens), it is crucial to understand how cyberbullying occurs to prevent it from escalating. Given the massive information overload on the Web, there is an imperious need to develop intelligent techniques to automatically detect harmful content, which would allow the large-scale social media monitoring and early detection of undesired situations. This paper presents the Isistanitos{'}s approach for detecting aggressive content in multiple social media sites. The approach is based on combining Support Vector Machines and Recurrent Neural Network models for analysing a wide-range of character, word, word embeddings, sentiment and irony features. Results confirmed the difficulty of the task (particularly for detecting covert aggressions), showing the limitations of traditionally used features.",
}
@inproceedings{golem-etal-2018-combining,
    title = "Combining Shallow and Deep Learning for Aggressive Text Detection",
    author = "Golem, Viktor  and
      Karan, Mladen  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4422",
    pages = "188--198",
    abstract = "We describe the participation of team TakeLab in the aggression detection shared task at the TRAC1 workshop for English. Aggression manifests in a variety of ways. Unlike some forms of aggression that are impossible to prevent in day-to-day life, aggressive speech abounding on social networks could in principle be prevented or at least reduced by simply disabling users that post aggressively worded messages. The first step in achieving this is to detect such messages. The task, however, is far from being trivial, as what is considered as aggressive speech can be quite subjective, and the task is further complicated by the noisy nature of user-generated text on social networks. Our system learns to distinguish between open aggression, covert aggression, and non-aggression in social media texts. We tried different machine learning approaches, including traditional (shallow) machine learning models, deep learning models, and a combination of both. We achieved respectable results, ranking 4th and 8th out of 31 submissions on the Facebook and Twitter test sets, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{modha-etal-2018-filtering,
    title = "Filtering Aggression from the Multilingual Social Media Feed",
    author = "Modha, Sandip  and
      Majumder, Prasenjit  and
      Mandl, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying ({TRAC}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4423",
    pages = "199--207",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of team DA-LD-Hildesheim from the Information Retrieval Lab(IRLAB) at DA-IICT Gandhinagar, India in collaboration with the University of Hildesheim, Germany and LDRP-ITR, Gandhinagar, India in a shared task on Aggression Identification workshop in COLING 2018. The objective of the shared task is to identify the level of aggression from the User-Generated contents within Social media written in English, Devnagiri Hindi and Romanized Hindi. Aggression levels are categorized into three predefined classes namely: {`}Overtly Aggressive{`}, {`}Covertly Aggressive{`} and {`}Non-aggressive{`}. The participating teams are required to develop a multi-class classifier which classifies User-generated content into these pre-defined classes. Instead of relying on a bag-of-words model, we have used pre-trained vectors for word embedding. We have performed experiments with standard machine learning classifiers. In addition, we have developed various deep learning models for the multi-class classification problem. Using the validation data, we found that validation accuracy of our deep learning models outperform all standard machine learning classifiers and voting based ensemble techniques and results on test data support these findings. We have also found that hyper-parameters of the deep neural network are the keys to improve the results.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-joint,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    author = "Alex, Beatrice  and
      Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania  and
      Feldman, Anna  and
      Kazantseva, Anna  and
      Reiter, Nils  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4500",
}
@inproceedings{orlikowski-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Diachronic Analogies to Analyze Concept Change",
    author = "Orlikowski, Matthias  and
      Hartung, Matthias  and
      Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4501",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "We propose to study the evolution of concepts by learning to complete diachronic analogies between lists of terms which relate to the same concept at different points in time. We present a number of models based on operations on word embedddings that correspond to different assumptions about the characteristics of diachronic analogies and change in concept vocabularies. These are tested in a quantitative evaluation for nine different concepts on a corpus of Dutch newspapers from the 1950s and 1980s. We show that a model which treats the concept terms as analogous and learns weights to compensate for diachronic changes (weighted linear combination) is able to more accurately predict the missing term than a learned transformation and two baselines for most of the evaluated concepts. We also find that all models tend to be coherent in relation to the represented concept, but less discriminative in regard to other concepts. Additionally, we evaluate the effect of aligning the time-specific embedding spaces using orthogonal Procrustes, finding varying effects on performance, depending on the model, concept and evaluation metric. For the weighted linear combination, however, results improve with alignment in a majority of cases. All related code is released publicly.",
}
@inproceedings{feder-etal-2018-linked,
    title = "A Linked {C}optic Dictionary Online",
    author = "Feder, Frank  and
      Kupreyev, Maxim  and
      Manning, Emma  and
      Schroeder, Caroline T.  and
      Zeldes, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4502",
    pages = "12--21",
    abstract = "We describe a new project publishing a freely available online dictionary for Coptic. The dictionary encompasses comprehensive cross-referencing mechanisms, including linking entries to an online scanned edition of Crum{'}s Coptic Dictionary, internal cross-references and etymological information, translated searchable definitions in English, French and German, and linked corpus data which provides frequencies and corpus look-up for headwords and multiword expressions. Headwords are available for linking in external projects using a REST API. We describe the challenges in encoding our dictionary using TEI XML and implementing linking mechanisms to construct a Web interface querying frequency information, which draw on NLP tools to recognize inflected forms in context. We evaluate our dictionary{'}s coverage using digital corpora of Coptic available online.",
}
@inproceedings{degaetano-ortlieb-teich-2018-using,
    title = "Using relative entropy for detection and analysis of periods of diachronic linguistic change",
    author = "Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania  and
      Teich, Elke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4503",
    pages = "22--33",
    abstract = "We present a data-driven approach to detect periods of linguistic change and the lexical and grammatical features contributing to change. We focus on the development of scientific English in the late modern period. Our approach is based on relative entropy (Kullback-Leibler Divergence) comparing temporally adjacent periods and sliding over the time line from past to present. Using a diachronic corpus of scientific publications of the Royal Society of London, we show how periods of change reflect the interplay between lexis and grammar, where periods of lexical expansion are typically followed by periods of grammatical consolidation resulting in a balance between expressivity and communicative efficiency. Our method is generic and can be applied to other data sets, languages and time ranges.",
}
@inproceedings{van-cranenburgh-2018-cliche,
    title = "Cliche Expressions in Literary and Genre Novels",
    author = "van Cranenburgh, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4504",
    pages = "34--43",
    abstract = "Should writers {``}avoid clich{\'e}s like the plague{''}? Clich{\'e}s are said to be a prominent characteristic of {``}low brow{''} literature, and conversely, a negative marker of {``}high brow{''} literature. Clich{\'e}s may concern the storyline, the characters, or the style of writing. We focus on clich{\'e} expressions, ready-made stock phrases which can be taken as a sign of uncreative writing. We present a corpus study in which we examine to what extent clich{\'e} expressions can be attested in a corpus of various kinds of contemporary fiction, based on a large, curated lexicon of clich{\'e} expressions. The results show to what extent the negative view on clich{\'e}s is supported by data: we find a significant negative correlation of -0.48 between clich{\'e} density and literary ratings of texts. We also investigate interactions with genre and characterize the language of clich{\'e}s with several basic textual features. Code used for this paper is available at \url{https://github.com/andreasvc/litcliches/}",
}
@inproceedings{baumann-etal-2018-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Rhythmic Phrasing: Feature Engineering vs. Representation Learning for Classifying Readout Poetry",
    author = "Baumann, Timo  and
      Hussein, Hussein  and
      Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4505",
    pages = "44--49",
    abstract = "We show how to classify the phrasing of readout poems with the help of machine learning algorithms that use manually engineered features or automatically learn representations. We investigate modern and postmodern poems from the webpage lyrikline, and focus on two exemplary rhythmical patterns in order to detect the rhythmic phrasing: The Parlando and the Variable Foot. These rhythmical patterns have been compared by using two important theoretical works: The Generative Theory of Tonal Music and the Rhythmic Phrasing in English Verse. Using both, we focus on a combination of four different features: The grouping structure, the metrical structure, the time-span-variation, and the prolongation in order to detect the rhythmic phrasing in the two rhythmical types. We use manually engineered features based on text-speech alignment and parsing for classification. We also train a neural network to learn its own representation based on text, speech and audio during pauses. The neural network outperforms manual feature engineering, reaching an f-measure of 0.85.",
}
@inproceedings{arnold-tilton-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-Discourse and Multilingual Exploration of Textual Corpora with the {D}ual{N}eighbors Algorithm",
    author = "Arnold, Taylor  and
      Tilton, Lauren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4506",
    pages = "50--59",
    abstract = "Word choice is dependent on the cultural context of writers and their subjects. Different words are used to describe similar actions, objects, and features based on factors such as class, race, gender, geography and political affinity. Exploratory techniques based on locating and counting words may, therefore, lead to conclusions that reinforce culturally inflected boundaries. We offer a new method, the DualNeighbors algorithm, for linking thematically similar documents both within and across discursive and linguistic barriers to reveal cross-cultural connections. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations of this technique are shown as applied to two cultural datasets of interest to researchers across the humanities and social sciences. An open-source implementation of the DualNeighbors algorithm is provided to assist in its application.",
}
@inproceedings{underwood-2018-historical,
    title = "The Historical Significance of Textual Distances",
    author = "Underwood, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4507",
    pages = "60--69",
    abstract = "Measuring similarity is a basic task in information retrieval, and now often a building-block for more complex arguments about cultural change. But do measures of textual similarity and distance really correspond to evidence about cultural proximity and differentiation? To explore that question empirically, this paper compares textual and social measures of the similarities between genres of English-language fiction. Existing measures of textual similarity (cosine similarity on tf-idf vectors or topic vectors) are also compared to new strategies that strive to anchor textual measurement in a social context.",
}
@inproceedings{do-dinh-etal-2018-one,
    title = "One Size Fits All? A simple {LSTM} for non-literal token and construction-level classification",
    author = "Do Dinh, Erik-L{\^a}n  and
      Eger, Steffen  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4508",
    pages = "70--80",
    abstract = "In this paper, we tackle four different tasks of non-literal language classification: token and construction level metaphor detection, classification of idiomatic use of infinitive-verb compounds, and classification of non-literal particle verbs. One of the tasks operates on the token level, while the three other tasks classify constructions such as {``}hot topic{''} or {``}stehen lassen{''} ({``}to allow sth. to stand{''} vs. {``}to abandon so.{''}). The two metaphor detection tasks are in English, while the two non-literal language detection tasks are in German. We propose a simple context-encoding LSTM model and show that it outperforms the state-of-the-art on two tasks. Additionally, we experiment with different embeddings for the token level metaphor detection task and find that 1) their performance varies according to the genre, and 2) word2vec embeddings perform best on 3 out of 4 genres, despite being one of the simplest tested model. In summary, we present a large-scale analysis of a neural model for non-literal language classification (i) at different granularities, (ii) in different languages, (iii) over different non-literal language phenomena.",
}
@inproceedings{haider-kuhn-2018-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Rhyme Detection with {S}iamese Recurrent Networks",
    author = "Haider, Thomas  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4509",
    pages = "81--86",
    abstract = "We present the first supervised approach to rhyme detection with Siamese Recurrent Networks (SRN) that offer near perfect performance (97{\%} accuracy) with a single model on rhyme pairs for German, English and French, allowing future large scale analyses. SRNs learn a similarity metric on variable length character sequences that can be used as judgement on the distance of imperfect rhyme pairs and for binary classification. For training, we construct a diachronically balanced rhyme goldstandard of New High German (NHG) poetry. For further testing, we sample a second collection of NHG poetry and set of contemporary Hip-Hop lyrics, annotated for rhyme and assonance. We train several high-performing SRN models and evaluate them qualitatively on selected sonnetts.",
}
@inproceedings{hamalainen-etal-2018-normalizing,
    title = "Normalizing Early {E}nglish Letters to Present-day {E}nglish Spelling",
    author = {H{\"a}m{\"a}l{\"a}inen, Mika  and
      S{\"a}ily, Tanja  and
      Rueter, Jack  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      M{\"a}kel{\"a}, Eetu},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4510",
    pages = "87--96",
    abstract = "This paper presents multiple methods for normalizing the most deviant and infrequent historical spellings in a corpus consisting of personal correspondence from the 15th to the 19th century. The methods include machine translation (neural and statistical), edit distance and rule-based FST. Different normalization methods are compared and evaluated. All of the methods have their own strengths in word normalization. This calls for finding ways of combining the results from these methods to leverage their individual strengths.",
}
@inproceedings{lam-etal-2018-power,
    title = "Power Networks: A Novel Neural Architecture to Predict Power Relations",
    author = "Lam, Michelle  and
      Xu, Catherina  and
      Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4511",
    pages = "97--102",
    abstract = "Can language analysis reveal the underlying social power relations that exist between participants of an interaction? Prior work within NLP has shown promise in this area, but the performance of automatically predicting power relations using NLP analysis of social interactions remains wanting. In this paper, we present a novel neural architecture that captures manifestations of power within individual emails which are then aggregated in an order-preserving way in order to infer the direction of power between pairs of participants in an email thread. We obtain an accuracy of 80.4{\%}, a 10.1{\%} improvement over state-of-the-art methods, in this task. We further apply our model to the task of predicting power relations between individuals based on the entire set of messages exchanged between them; here also, our model significantly outperforms the 70.0{\%} accuracy using prior state-of-the-art techniques, obtaining an accuracy of 83.0{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{makarov-2018-automated,
    title = "Automated Acquisition of Patterns for Coding Political Event Data: Two Case Studies",
    author = "Makarov, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4512",
    pages = "103--112",
    abstract = "We present a simple approach to the generation and labeling of extraction patterns for coding political event data, an important task in computational social science. We use weak supervision to identify pattern candidates and learn distributed representations for them. Given seed extraction patterns from existing pattern dictionaries, we use label propagation to label pattern candidates. We present two case studies. i) We derive patterns of acceptable quality for a number of international relations {\&} conflicts categories using pattern candidates of O{'}Connor et al (2013). ii) We derive patterns for coding protest events that outperform an established set of Tabari / Petrarch hand-crafted patterns.",
}
@inproceedings{moritz-etal-2018-method,
    title = "A Method for Human-Interpretable Paraphrasticality Prediction",
    author = {Moritz, Maria  and
      Hellrich, Johannes  and
      B{\"u}chel, Sven},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4513",
    pages = "113--118",
    abstract = "The detection of reused text is important in a wide range of disciplines. However, even as research in the field of plagiarism detection is constantly improving, heavily modified or paraphrased text is still challenging for current methodologies. For historical texts, these problems are even more severe, since text sources were often subject to stronger and more frequent modifications. Despite the need for tools to automate text criticism, e.g., tracing modifications in historical text, algorithmic support is still limited. While current techniques can tell if and how frequently a text has been modified, very little work has been done on determining the degree and kind of paraphrastic modification{---}despite such information being of substantial interest to scholars. We present a human-interpretable, feature-based method to measure paraphrastic modification. Evaluating our technique on three data sets, we find that our approach performs competitive to text similarity scores borrowed from machine translation evaluation, being much harder to interpret.",
}
@inproceedings{pilan-volodina-2018-exploring,
    title = "Exploring word embeddings and phonological similarity for the unsupervised correction of language learner errors",
    author = "Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}  and
      Volodina, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4514",
    pages = "119--128",
    abstract = "The presence of misspellings and other errors or non-standard word forms poses a considerable challenge for NLP systems. Although several supervised approaches have been proposed previously to normalize these, annotated training data is scarce for many languages. We investigate, therefore, an unsupervised method where correction candidates for Swedish language learners{'} errors are retrieved from word embeddings. Furthermore, we compare the usefulness of combining cosine similarity with orthographic and phonological similarity based on a neural grapheme-to-phoneme conversion system we train for this purpose. Although combinations of similarity measures have been explored for finding error correction candidates, it remains unclear how these measures relate to each other and how much they contribute individually to identifying the correct alternative. We experiment with different combinations of these and find that integrating phonological information is especially useful when the majority of learner errors are related to misspellings, but less so when errors are of a variety of types including, e.g. grammatical errors.",
}
@inproceedings{roesiger-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Coreference for Literary Text: Analyzing Domain-Specific Phenomena",
    author = "Roesiger, Ina  and
      Schulz, Sarah  and
      Reiter, Nils",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4515",
    pages = "129--138",
    abstract = "Coreference resolution is the task of grouping together references to the same discourse entity. Resolving coreference in literary texts could benefit a number of Digital Humanities (DH) tasks, such as analyzing the depiction of characters and/or their relations. Domain-dependent training data has shown to improve coreference resolution for many domains, e.g. the biomedical domain, as its properties differ significantly from news text or dialogue, on which automatic systems are typically trained. Literary texts could also benefit from corpora annotated with coreference. We therefore analyze the specific properties of coreference-related phenomena on a number of texts and give directions for the adaptation of annotation guidelines. As some of the adaptations have profound impact, we also present a new annotation tool for coreference, with a focus on enabling annotation of long texts with many discourse entities.",
}
@inproceedings{schmidt-burghardt-2018-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of Lexicon-based Sentiment Analysis Techniques for the Plays of {G}otthold {E}phraim {L}essing",
    author = "Schmidt, Thomas  and
      Burghardt, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4516",
    pages = "139--149",
    abstract = "We present results from a project in the research area of sentiment analysis of drama texts, more concretely the plays of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. We conducted an annotation study to create a gold standard for a systematic evaluation. The gold standard consists of 200 speeches of Lessing{'}s plays manually annotated with sentiment information. We explore the performance of different German sentiment lexicons and processing configurations like lemmatization, the extension of lexicons with historical linguistic variants or stop words elimination to explore the influence of these parameters and find best practices for our domain of application. The best performing configuration accomplishes an accuracy of 70{\%}. We discuss the problems and challenges for sentiment analysis in this area and describe our next steps toward further research.",
}
@inproceedings{touileb-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic identification of unknown names with specific roles",
    author = "Touileb, Samia  and
      Pedersen, Truls  and
      Sj{\o}vaag, Helle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4517",
    pages = "150--158",
    abstract = "Automatically identifying persons in a particular role within a large corpus can be a difficult task, especially if you don{'}t know who you are actually looking for. Resources compiling names of persons can be available, but no exhaustive lists exist. However, such lists usually contain known names that are {``}visible{''} in the national public sphere, and tend to ignore the marginal and international ones. In this article we propose a method for automatically generating suggestions of names found in a corpus of Norwegian news articles, and which {``}naturally{''} belong to a given initial list of members, and that were not known (compiled in a list) beforehand. The approach is based, in part, on the assumption that surface level syntactic features reveal parts of the underlying semantic content and can help uncover the structure of the language.",
}
@inproceedings{opitz-etal-2018-induction,
    title = "Induction of a Large-Scale Knowledge Graph from the {R}egesta {I}mperii",
    author = "Opitz, Juri  and
      Born, Leo  and
      Nastase, Vivi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4518",
    pages = "159--168",
    abstract = "We induce and visualize a Knowledge Graph over the Regesta Imperii (RI), an important large-scale resource for medieval history research. The RI comprise more than 150,000 digitized abstracts of medieval charters issued by the Roman-German kings and popes distributed over many European locations and a time span of more than 700 years. Our goal is to provide a resource for historians to visualize and query the RI, possibly aiding medieval history research. The resulting medieval graph and visualization tools are shared publicly.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-linguistic-complexity,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Complexity and Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Becerra-Bonache, Leonor  and
      Jim{\'e}nez-L{\'o}pez, M. Dolores  and
      Mart{\'\i}n-Vide, Carlos  and
      Torrens-Urrutia, Adri{\`a}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New-Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4600",
}
@inproceedings{becerra-bonache-etal-2018-gold,
    title = "A Gold Standard to Measure Relative Linguistic Complexity with a Grounded Language Learning Model",
    author = "Becerra-Bonache, Leonor  and
      Christiansen, Henning  and
      Jim{\'e}nez-L{\'o}pez, M. Dolores",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Complexity and Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New-Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4601",
    pages = "1--9",
    abstract = "This paper focuses on linguistic complexity from a relative perspective. It presents a grounded language learning system that can be used to study linguistic complexity from a developmental point of view and introduces a tool for generating a gold standard in order to evaluate the performance of the learning system. In general, researchers agree that it is more feasible to approach complexity from an objective or theory-oriented viewpoint than from a subjective or user-related point of view. Studies that have adopted a relative complexity approach have showed some preferences for L2 learners. In this paper, we try to show that computational models of the process of language acquisition may be an important tool to consider children and the process of first language acquisition as suitable candidates for evaluating the complexity of languages.",
}
@inproceedings{branco-2018-computational,
    title = "Computational Complexity of Natural Languages: A Reasoned Overview",
    author = "Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Complexity and Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New-Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4602",
    pages = "10--19",
    abstract = "There has been an upsurge of research interest in natural language complexity. As this interest will benefit from being informed by established contributions in this area, this paper presents a reasoned overview of central results concerning the computational complexity of natural language parsing. This overview also seeks to help to understand why, contrary to recent and widespread assumptions, it is by no means sufficient that an agent handles sequences of items under a pattern $a^n b^n$ or under a pattern $a^n b^m c^n d^m$ to ascertain ipso facto that this is the result of at least an underlying context-free grammar or an underlying context-sensitive grammar, respectively. In addition, it seeks to help to understand why it is also not sufficient that an agent handles sequences of items under a pattern $a^n b^n$ for it to be deemed as having a cognitive capacity of higher computational complexity.",
}
@inproceedings{chersoni-etal-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Violations of Selectional Restrictions with Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Chersoni, Emmanuele  and
      Torrens Urrutia, Adri{\`a}  and
      Blache, Philippe  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Complexity and Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New-Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4603",
    pages = "20--29",
    abstract = "Distributional Semantic Models have been successfully used for modeling selectional preferences in a variety of scenarios, since distributional similarity naturally provides an estimate of the degree to which an argument satisfies the requirement of a given predicate. However, we argue that the performance of such models on rare verb-argument combinations has received relatively little attention: it is not clear whether they are able to distinguish the combinations that are simply atypical, or implausible, from the semantically anomalous ones, and in particular, they have never been tested on the task of modeling their differences in processing complexity. In this paper, we compare two different models of thematic fit by testing their ability of identifying violations of selectional restrictions in two datasets from the experimental studies.",
}
@inproceedings{gutierrez-vasques-mijangos-2018-comparing,
    title = "Comparing morphological complexity of {S}panish, {O}tomi and {N}ahuatl",
    author = "Gutierrez-Vasques, Ximena  and
      Mijangos, Victor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Complexity and Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New-Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4604",
    pages = "30--37",
    abstract = "We use two small parallel corpora for comparing the morphological complexity of Spanish, Otomi and Nahuatl. These are languages that belong to different linguistic families, the latter are low-resourced. We take into account two quantitative criteria, on one hand the distribution of types over tokens in a corpus, on the other, perplexity and entropy as indicators of word structure predictability. We show that a language can be complex in terms of how many different morphological word forms can produce, however, it may be less complex in terms of predictability of its internal structure of words.",
}
@inproceedings{jain-etal-2018-uniform,
    title = "Uniform Information Density Effects on Syntactic Choice in {H}indi",
    author = "Jain, Ayush  and
      Singh, Vishal  and
      Ranjan, Sidharth  and
      Rajkumar, Rajakrishnan  and
      Agarwal, Sumeet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Complexity and Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New-Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4605",
    pages = "38--48",
    abstract = "According to the UNIFORM INFORMATION DENSITY (UID) hypothesis (Levy and Jaeger, 2007; Jaeger, 2010), speakers tend to distribute information density across the signal uniformly while producing language. The prior works cited above studied syntactic reduction in language production at particular choice points in a sentence. In contrast, we use a variant of the above UID hypothesis in order to investigate the extent to which word order choices in Hindi are influenced by the drive to minimize the variance of information across entire sentences. To this end, we propose multiple lexical and syntactic measures (at both word and constituent levels) to capture the uniform spread of information across a sentence. Subsequently, we incorporate these measures in machine learning models aimed to distinguish between a naturally occurring corpus sentence and its grammatical variants (expressing the same idea). Our results indicate that our UID measures are not a significant factor in predicting the corpus sentence in the presence of lexical surprisal, a competing control predictor. Finally, in the light of other recent works, we conclude with a discussion of reasons for UID not being suitable for a theory of word order.",
}
@inproceedings{pilan-volodina-2018-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the importance of linguistic complexity features across different datasets related to language learning",
    author = "Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}  and
      Volodina, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Complexity and Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New-Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4606",
    pages = "49--58",
    abstract = "We present the results of our investigations aiming at identifying the most informative linguistic complexity features for classifying language learning levels in three different datasets. The datasets vary across two dimensions: the size of the instances (texts vs. sentences) and the language learning skill they involve (reading comprehension texts vs. texts written by learners themselves). We present a subset of the most predictive features for each dataset, taking into consideration significant differences in their per-class mean values and show that these subsets lead not only to simpler models, but also to an improved classification performance. Furthermore, we pinpoint fourteen central features that are good predictors regardless of the size of the linguistic unit analyzed or the skills involved, which include both morpho-syntactic and lexical dimensions.",
}
@inproceedings{torrens-urrutia-2018-approach,
    title = "An Approach to Measuring Complexity with a Fuzzy Grammar {\&} Degrees of Grammaticality",
    author = "Torrens Urrutia, Adri{\`a}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Complexity and Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New-Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4607",
    pages = "59--67",
    abstract = "This paper presents an approach to evaluate complexity of a given natural language input by means of a Fuzzy Grammar with some fuzzy logic formulations. Usually, the approaches in linguistics has described a natural language grammar by means of discrete terms. However, a grammar can be explained in terms of degrees by following the concepts of linguistic gradience {\&} fuzziness. Understanding a grammar as a fuzzy or gradient object allows us to establish degrees of grammaticality for every linguistic input. This shall be meaningful for linguistic complexity considering that the less grammatical an input is the more complex its processing will be. In this regard, the degree of complexity of a linguistic input (which is a linguistic representation of a natural language expression) depends on the chosen grammar. The bases of the fuzzy grammar are shown here. Some of these are described by Fuzzy Type Theory. The linguistic inputs are characterized by constraints through a Property Grammar.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-joint-acl,
    title = "Proceedings 14th Joint {ACL} - {ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    author = "Bunt, Harry",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4700",
}
@inproceedings{manuvirakurike-etal-2018-dialedit,
    title = "{D}ial{E}dit: Annotations for Spoken Conversational Image Editing",
    author = "Manuvirakurike, Ramesh  and
      Brixey, Jacqueline  and
      Bui, Trung  and
      Chang, Walter  and
      Artstein, Ron  and
      Georgila, Kallirroi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings 14th Joint {ACL} - {ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4701",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{araki-etal-2018-interoperable,
    title = "Interoperable Annotation of Events and Event Relations across Domains",
    author = "Araki, Jun  and
      Mulaffer, Lamana  and
      Pandian, Arun  and
      Yamakawa, Yukari  and
      Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings 14th Joint {ACL} - {ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4702",
    pages = "10--20",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-etal-2018-downward,
    title = "Downward Compatible Revision of Dialogue Annotation",
    author = {Bunt, Harry  and
      Gilmartin, Emer  and
      Keizer, Simon  and
      Pelachaud, Catherine  and
      Petukhova, Volha  and
      Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent  and
      Theune, Mari{\"e}t},
    booktitle = "Proceedings 14th Joint {ACL} - {ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4703",
    pages = "21--34",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2018-revision,
    title = "The Revision of {ISO}-Space,Focused on the Movement Link",
    author = "Lee, Kiyong  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings 14th Joint {ACL} - {ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4704",
    pages = "35--44",
}
@inproceedings{gilmartin-vogel-2018-chat,
    title = "Chat,Chunk and Topic in Casual Conversation",
    author = "Gilmartin, Emer  and
      Vogel, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings 14th Joint {ACL} - {ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4705",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{zymla-2018-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of the Syntax/Semantics interface as a Bridge between Deep Linguistic Parsing and {T}ime{ML}",
    author = "Zymla, Mark-Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings 14th Joint {ACL} - {ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4706",
    pages = "53--59",
}
@inproceedings{manuvirakurike-etal-2018-dialogue,
    title = "A Dialogue Annotation Scheme for Weight Management Chat using the Trans-Theoretical Model of Health Behavior Change",
    author = "Manuvirakurike, Ramesh  and
      Bharawadj, Sumanth  and
      Georgila, Kallirroi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings 14th Joint {ACL} - {ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4707",
    pages = "60--68",
}
@inproceedings{hao-etal-2018-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Measurable Quantitative Informationin Language: for an {ISO} Standard",
    author = "Hao, Tianyong  and
      Wang, Haotai  and
      Cao, Xinyu  and
      Lee, Kiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings 14th Joint {ACL} - {ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4708",
    pages = "69--75",
}
@inproceedings{woods-fernando-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving String Processing for Temporal Relations",
    author = "Woods, David  and
      Fernando, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings 14th Joint {ACL} - {ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4709",
    pages = "76--86",
}
@inproceedings{prasad-etal-2018-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Annotation in the {PDTB}: The Next Generation",
    author = "Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Webber, Bonnie  and
      Lee, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings 14th Joint {ACL} - {ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4710",
    pages = "87--97",
}
@inproceedings{karkada-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Understanding End-of-trip Instructions in a Taxi Ride Scenario",
    author = "Karkada, Deepthi  and
      Manuvirakurike, Ramesh  and
      Georgila, Kallirroi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings 14th Joint {ACL} - {ISO} Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4711",
    pages = "98--107",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-modeling-polysynthetic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of Polysynthetic Languages",
    author = "Klavans, Judith L.",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4800",
}
@inproceedings{klavans-2018-computational,
    title = "Computational Challenges for Polysynthetic Languages",
    author = "Klavans, Judith L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of Polysynthetic Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4801",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "Given advances in computational linguistic analysis of complex languages using Machine Learning as well as standard Finite State Transducers, coupled with recent efforts in language revitalization, the time was right to organize a first workshop to bring together experts in language technology and linguists on the one hand with language practitioners and revitalization experts on the other. This one-day meeting provides a promising forum to discuss new research on polysynthetic languages in combination with the needs of linguistic communities where such languages are written and spoken.",
}
@inproceedings{moeller-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "A Neural Morphological Analyzer for {A}rapaho Verbs Learned from a Finite State Transducer",
    author = "Moeller, Sarah  and
      Kazeminejad, Ghazaleh  and
      Cowell, Andrew  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of Polysynthetic Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4802",
    pages = "12--20",
    abstract = "We experiment with training an encoder-decoder neural model for mimicking the behavior of an existing hand-written finite-state morphological grammar for Arapaho verbs, a polysynthetic language with a highly complex verbal inflection system. After adjusting for ambiguous parses, we find that the system is able to generalize to unseen forms with accuracies of 98.68{\%} (unambiguous verbs) and 92.90{\%} (all verbs).",
}
@inproceedings{littell-2018-finite,
    title = "Finite-state morphology for Kwak{'}wala: A phonological approach",
    author = "Littell, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of Polysynthetic Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4803",
    pages = "21--30",
    abstract = "This paper presents the phonological layer of a Kwak{'}wala finite-state morphological transducer, using the phonological hypotheses of Lincoln and Rath (1986) and the lenient composition operation of Karttunen (1998) to mediate the complicated relationship between underlying and surface forms. The resulting system decomposes the wide variety of surface forms in such a way that the morphological layer can be specified using unique and largely concatenative morphemes.",
}
@inproceedings{andriyanets-tyers-2018-prototype,
    title = "A prototype finite-state morphological analyser for {C}hukchi",
    author = "Andriyanets, Vasilisa  and
      Tyers, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of Polysynthetic Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4804",
    pages = "31--40",
    abstract = "In this article we describe the application of finite-state transducers to the morphological and phonological systems of Chukchi, a polysynthetic language spoken in the north of the Russian Federation. The language exhibits progressive and regressive vowel harmony, productive incorporation and extensive circumfixing. To implement the analyser we use the well-known Helsinki Finite-State Toolkit (HFST). The resulting model covers the majority of the morphological and phonological processes. A brief evaluation carried out on publically-available corpora shows that the coverage of the transducer is between and 53{\%} and 76{\%}. An error evaluation of 100 tokens randomly selected from the corpus, which were not covered by the analyser shows that most of the morphological processes are covered and that the majority of errors are caused by a limited stem lexicon.",
}
@inproceedings{lessard-etal-2018-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Generation for Polysynthetic Languages: Language Teaching and Learning Software for {K}anyen{'}k{\'e}ha ({M}ohawk)",
    author = "Lessard, Greg  and
      Brinklow, Nathan  and
      Levison, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of Polysynthetic Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4805",
    pages = "41--52",
    abstract = "Kanyen{'}k{\'e}ha (in English, Mohawk) is an Iroquoian language spoken primarily in Eastern Canada (Ontario, Qu{\'e}bec). Classified as endangered, it has only a small number of speakers and very few younger native speakers. Consequently, teachers and courses, teaching materials and software are urgently needed. In the case of software, the polysynthetic nature of Kanyen{'}k{\'e}ha means that the number of possible combinations grows exponentially and soon surpasses attempts to capture variant forms by hand. It is in this context that we describe an attempt to produce language teaching materials based on a generative approach. A natural language generation environment (ivi/Vinci) embedded in a web environment (VinciLingua) makes it possible to produce, by rule, variant forms of indefinite complexity. These may be used as models to explore, or as materials to which learners respond. Generated materials may take the form of written text, oral utterances, or images; responses may be typed on a keyboard, gestural (using a mouse) or, to a limited extent, oral. The software also provides complex orthographic, morphological and syntactic analysis of learner productions. We describe the trajectory of development of materials for a suite of four courses on Kanyen{'}k{\'e}ha, the first of which will be taught in the fall of 2018.",
}
@inproceedings{kazantseva-etal-2018-kawennon,
    title = "{K}awenn{\'o}n:nis: the Wordmaker for {K}anyen{'}k{\'e}ha",
    author = "Kazantseva, Anna  and
      Maracle, Owennatekha Brian  and
      Maracle, Ronkwe{'}tiy{\'o}hstha Josiah  and
      Pine, Aidan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of Polysynthetic Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4806",
    pages = "53--64",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe preliminary work on Kawenn{\'o}n:nis, a verb conjugator for Kanyen{'}k{\'e}ha (Ohsweken dialect). The project is the result of a collaboration between Onkwawenna Kentyohkwa Kanyen{'}k{\'e}ha immersion school and the Canadian National Research Council{'}s Indigenous Language Technology lab. The purpose of Kawenn{\'o}n:nis is to build on the educational successes of the Onkwawenna Kentyohkwa school and develop a tool that assists students in learning how to conjugate verbs in Kanyen{'}k{\'e}ha; a skill that is essential to mastering the language. Kawenn{\'o}n:nis is implemented with both web and mobile front-ends that communicate with an application programming interface that in turn communicates with a symbolic language model implemented as a finite state transducer. Eventually, it will serve as a foundation for several other applications for both Kanyen{'}k{\'e}ha and other Iroquoian languages.",
}
@inproceedings{micher-2018-using,
    title = "Using the {N}unavut Hansard Data for Experiments in Morphological Analysis and Machine Translation",
    author = "Micher, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of Polysynthetic Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4807",
    pages = "65--72",
    abstract = "Inuktitut is a polysynthetic language spoken in Northern Canada and is one of the official languages of the Canadian territory of Nunavut. As such, the Nunavut Legislature publishes all of its proceedings in parallel English and Inuktitut. Several parallel English-Inuktitut corpora from these proceedings have been created from these data and are publically available. The corpus used for current experiments is described. Morphological processing of one of these corpora was carried out and details about the processing are provided. Then, the processed corpus was used in morphological analysis and machine translation (MT) experiments. The morphological analysis experiments aimed to improve the coverage of morphological processing of the corpus, and compare an additional experimental condition to previously published results. The machine translation experiments made use of the additional morphologically analyzed word types in a statistical machine translation system designed to translate to and from Inuktitut morphemes. Results are reported and next steps are defined.",
}
@inproceedings{mager-etal-2018-lost,
    title = "Lost in Translation: Analysis of Information Loss During Machine Translation Between Polysynthetic and Fusional Languages",
    author = "Mager, Manuel  and
      Mager, Elisabeth  and
      Medina-Urrea, Alfonso  and
      Meza Ruiz, Ivan Vladimir  and
      Kann, Katharina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of Polysynthetic Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4808",
    pages = "73--83",
    abstract = "Machine translation from polysynthetic to fusional languages is a challenging task, which gets further complicated by the limited amount of parallel text available. Thus, translation performance is far from the state of the art for high-resource and more intensively studied language pairs. To shed light on the phenomena which hamper automatic translation to and from polysynthetic languages, we study translations from three low-resource, polysynthetic languages (Nahuatl, Wixarika and Yorem Nokki) into Spanish and vice versa. Doing so, we find that in a morpheme-to-morpheme alignment an important amount of information contained in polysynthetic morphemes has no Spanish counterpart, and its translation is often omitted. We further conduct a qualitative analysis and, thus, identify morpheme types that are commonly hard to align or ignored in the translation process.",
}
@inproceedings{moeller-hulden-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Glossing in a Low-Resource Setting for Language Documentation",
    author = "Moeller, Sarah  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of Polysynthetic Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4809",
    pages = "84--93",
    abstract = "Morphological analysis of morphologically rich and low-resource languages is important to both descriptive linguistics and natural language processing. Field documentary efforts usually procure analyzed data in cooperation with native speakers who are capable of providing some level of linguistic information. Manually annotating such data is very expensive and the traditional process is arguably too slow in the face of language endangerment and loss. We report on a case study of learning to automatically gloss a Nakh-Daghestanian language, Lezgi, from a very small amount of seed data. We compare a conditional random field based sequence labeler and a neural encoder-decoder model and show that a nearly 0.9 F1-score on labeled accuracy of morphemes can be achieved with 3,000 words of transcribed oral text. Errors are mostly limited to morphemes with high allomorphy. These results are potentially useful for developing rapid annotation and fieldwork tools to support documentation of morphologically rich, endangered languages.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-joint-linguistic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    author = "Savary, Agata  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Hwang, Jena D.  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Andresen, Melanie  and
      Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Petruck, Miriam R. L.",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4900",
}
@inproceedings{levin-2018-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Schemes for Surface Construction Labeling",
    author = "Levin, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4901",
    pages = "1",
    abstract = "In this talk I will describe the interaction of linguistics and language technologies in Surface Construction Labeling (SCL) from the perspective of corpus annotation tasks such as definiteness, modality, and causality. Linguistically, following Construction Grammar, SCL recognizes that meaning may be carried by morphemes, words, or arbitrary constellations of morpho-lexical elements. SCL is like Shallow Semantic Parsing in that it does not attempt a full compositional analysis of meaning, but rather identifies only the main elements of a semantic frame, where the frames may be invoked by constructions as well as lexical items. Computationally, SCL is different from tasks such as information extraction in that it deals only with meanings that are expressed in a conventional, grammaticalized way and does not address inferred meanings. I review the work of Dunietz (2018) on the labeling of causal frames including causal connectives and cause and effect arguments. I will describe how to design an annotation scheme for SCL, including isolating basic units of form and meaning and building a {``}constructicon{''}. I will conclude with remarks about the nature of universal categories and universal meaning representations in language technologies. This talk describes joint work with Jaime Carbonell, Jesse Dunietz, Nathan Schneider, and Miriam Petruck.",
}
@inproceedings{przepiorkowski-patejuk-2018-lexical,
    title = "From Lexical Functional Grammar to Enhanced Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam  and
      Patejuk, Agnieszka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4902",
    pages = "2--4",
    abstract = "This is a summary of an invited talk.",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-2018-leaving,
    title = "Leaving no token behind: comprehensive (and delicious) annotation of {MWE}s and supersenses",
    author = "Schneider, Nathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4903",
    pages = "5",
    abstract = {I will describe an unorthodox approach to lexical semantic annotation that prioritizes corpus coverage, democratizing analysis of a wide range of expression types. I argue that a lexicon-free lexical semantics{---}defined in terms of units and supersense tags{---}is an appetizing direction for NLP, as it is robust, cost-effective, easily understood, not too language-specific, and can serve as a foundation for richer semantic structure. Linguistic delicacies from the STREUSLE and DiMSUM corpora, which have been multiword- and supersense-annotated, attest to the veritable sm{\"o}rg{\aa}sbord of noncanonical constructions in English, including various flavors of prepositions, MWEs, and other curiosities. Bio: Nathan Schneider is an annotation schemer and computational modeler for natural language. As Assistant Professor of Linguistics and Computer Science at Georgetown University, he looks for synergies between practical language technologies and the scientific study of language. He specializes in broad-coverage semantic analysis: designing linguistic meaning representations, annotating them in corpora, and automating them with statistical natural language processing techniques. A central focus in this research is the nexus between grammar and lexicon as manifested in multiword expressions and adpositions/case markers. He has inhabited UC Berkeley (BA in Computer Science and Linguistics), Carnegie Mellon University (Ph.D. in Language Technologies), and the University of Edinburgh (postdoc). Now a Hoya and leader of NERT, he continues to play with data and algorithms for linguistic meaning.},
}
@inproceedings{bhattasali-etal-2018-processing,
    title = "Processing {MWE}s: Neurocognitive Bases of Verbal {MWE}s and Lexical Cohesiveness within {MWE}s",
    author = "Bhattasali, Shohini  and
      Fabre, Murielle  and
      Hale, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4904",
    pages = "6--17",
    abstract = "Multiword expressions have posed a challenge in the past for computational linguistics since they comprise a heterogeneous family of word clusters and are difficult to detect in natural language data. In this paper, we present a fMRI study based on language comprehension to provide neuroimaging evidence for processing MWEs. We investigate whether different MWEs have distinct neural bases, e.g. if verbal MWEs involve separate brain areas from non-verbal MWEs and if MWEs with varying levels of cohesiveness activate dissociable brain regions. Our study contributes neuroimaging evidence illustrating that different MWEs elicit spatially distinct patterns of activation. We also adapt an association measure, usually used to detect MWEs, as a cognitively plausible metric for language processing.",
}
@inproceedings{gron-etal-2018-interplay,
    title = "The Interplay of Form and Meaning in Complex Medical Terms: Evidence from a Clinical Corpus",
    author = {Gr{\"o}n, Leonie  and
      Bertels, Ann  and
      Heylen, Kris},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4905",
    pages = "18--29",
    abstract = "We conduct a corpus study to investigate the structure of multi-word expressions (MWEs) in the clinical domain. Based on an existing medical taxonomy, we develop an annotation scheme and label a sample of MWEs from a Dutch corpus with semantic and grammatical features. The analysis of the annotated data shows that the formal structure of clinical MWEs correlates with their conceptual properties. The insights gained from this study could inform the design of Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems for clinical writing, but also for other specialized genres.",
}
@inproceedings{danlos-2018-discourse,
    title = "Discourse and Lexicons: Lexemes, {MWE}s, Grammatical Constructions and Compositional Word Combinations to Signal Discourse Relations",
    author = "Danlos, Laurence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4906",
    pages = "30--40",
    abstract = "Lexicons generally record a list of lexemes or non-compositional multiword expressions. We propose to build lexicons for compositional word combinations, namely {``}secondary discourse connectives{''}. Secondary discourse connectives play the same function as {``}primary discourse connectives{''} but the latter are either lexemes or non-compositional multiword expressions. The paper defines primary and secondary connectives, and explains why it is possible to build a lexicon for the compositional ones and how it could be organized. It also puts forward the utility of such a lexicon in discourse annotation and parsing. Finally, it opens the discussion on the constructions that signal a discourse relation between two spans of text.",
}
@inproceedings{colson-2018-chinese,
    title = "From {C}hinese Word Segmentation to Extraction of Constructions: Two Sides of the Same Algorithmic Coin",
    author = "Colson, Jean-Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4907",
    pages = "41--50",
    abstract = "This paper presents the results of two experiments carried out within the framework of computational construction grammar. Starting from the constructionist point of view that there are just constructions in language, including lexical ones, we tested the validity of a clustering algorithm that was primarily designed for MWE extraction, the cpr-score (Colson, 2017), on Chinese word segmentation. Our results indicate a striking recall rate of 75 percent without any special adaptation to Chinese or to the lexicon, which confirms that there is some similarity between extracting MWEs and CWS. Our second experiment also suggests that the same methodology might be used for extracting more schematic or abstract constructions, thereby providing evidence for the statistical foundation of construction grammar.",
}
@inproceedings{markantonatou-etal-2018-fixed,
    title = "Fixed Similes: Measuring aspects of the relation between {MWE} idiomatic semantics and syntactic flexibility",
    author = "Markantonatou, Stella  and
      Kouris, Panagiotis  and
      Maistros, Yanis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4908",
    pages = "51--61",
    abstract = "We shed light on aspects of the relation between the semantics and the syntactic flexibility of multiword expressions by investigating fixed adjective similes (FS), a predicative multiword expression class not studied in this respect before. We find that only a subset of the syntactic structures observed in the data are related with idiomaticity. We identify and measure two aspects of idiomaticity, one of which seems to allow for predictions about FS syntactic flexibility. Our research draws on a resource developed with the semantic and detailed syntactic annotation of web-retrieved Modern Greek material, indicating frequency of use of the individual similes.",
}
@inproceedings{hatty-schulte-im-walde-2018-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Termhood Prediction for {G}erman Compound Terms Using Neural Networks",
    author = {H{\"a}tty, Anna  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4909",
    pages = "62--73",
    abstract = "Automatic term identification and investigating the understandability of terms in a specialized domain are often treated as two separate lines of research. We propose a combined approach for this matter, by defining fine-grained classes of termhood and framing a classification task. The classes reflect tiers of a term{'}s association to a domain. The new setup is applied to German closed compounds as term candidates in the domain of cooking. For the prediction of the classes, we compare several neural network architectures and also take salient information about the compounds{'} components into account. We show that applying a similar class distinction to the compounds{'} components and propagating this information within the network improves the compound class prediction results.",
}
@inproceedings{laoudi-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards a Computational Lexicon for {M}oroccan {D}arija: Words, Idioms, and Constructions",
    author = "Laoudi, Jamal  and
      Bonial, Claire  and
      Donatelli, Lucia  and
      Tratz, Stephen  and
      Voss, Clare",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4910",
    pages = "74--85",
    abstract = "In this paper, we explore the challenges of building a computational lexicon for Moroccan Darija (MD), an Arabic dialect spoken by over 32 million people worldwide but which only recently has begun appearing frequently in written form in social media. We raise the question of what belongs in such a lexicon and start by describing our work building traditional word-level lexicon entries with their English translations. We then discuss challenges in translating idiomatic MD text that led to creating multi-word expression lexicon entries whose meanings could not be fully derived from the individual words. Finally, we provide a preliminary exploration of constructions to be considered for inclusion in an MD constructicon by translating examples of English constructions and examining their MD counterparts.",
}
@inproceedings{inurrieta-etal-2018-verbal,
    title = "Verbal Multiword Expressions in Basque Corpora",
    author = "I{\~n}urrieta, Uxoa  and
      Aduriz, Itziar  and
      Estarrona, Ainara  and
      Gonzalez-Dios, Itziar  and
      Gurrutxaga, Antton  and
      Urizar, Ruben  and
      Alegria, I{\~n}aki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4911",
    pages = "86--95",
    abstract = "This paper presents a Basque corpus where Verbal Multiword Expressions (VMWEs) were annotated following universal guidelines. Information on the annotation is given, and some ideas for discussion upon the guidelines are also proposed. The corpus is useful not only for NLP-related research, but also to draw conclusions on Basque phraseology in comparison with other languages.",
}
@inproceedings{donatelli-etal-2018-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Tense and Aspect Semantics for Sentential {AMR}",
    author = "Donatelli, Lucia  and
      Regan, Michael  and
      Croft, William  and
      Schneider, Nathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4912",
    pages = "96--108",
    abstract = "Although English grammar encodes a number of semantic contrasts with tense and aspect marking, these semantics are currently ignored by Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) annotations. This paper extends sentence-level AMR to include a coarse-grained treatment of tense and aspect semantics. The proposed framework augments the representation of finite predications to include a four-way temporal distinction (event time before, up to, at, or after speech time) and several aspectual distinctions (including static vs. dynamic, habitual vs. episodic, and telic vs. atelic). This will enable AMR to be used for NLP tasks and applications that require sophisticated reasoning about time and event structure.",
}
@inproceedings{westpfahl-gorisch-2018-syntax,
    title = "A Syntax-Based Scheme for the Annotation and Segmentation of {G}erman Spoken Language Interactions",
    author = "Westpfahl, Swantje  and
      Gorisch, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4913",
    pages = "109--120",
    abstract = "Unlike corpora of written language where segmentation can mainly be derived from orthographic punctuation marks, the basis for segmenting spoken language corpora is not predetermined by the primary data, but rather has to be established by the corpus compilers. This impedes consistent querying and visualization of such data. Several ways of segmenting have been proposed, some of which are based on syntax. In this study, we developed and evaluated annotation and segmentation guidelines in reference to the topological field model for German. We can show that these guidelines are used consistently across annotators. We also investigated the influence of various interactional settings with a rather simple measure, the word-count per segment and unit-type. We observed that the word count and the distribution of each unit type differ in varying interactional settings and that our developed segmentation and annotation guidelines are used consistently across annotators. In conclusion, our syntax-based segmentations reflect interactional properties that are intrinsic to the social interactions that participants are involved in. This can be used for further analysis of social interaction and opens the possibility for automatic segmentation of transcripts.",
}
@inproceedings{kohn-kohn-2018-annotated,
    title = "An Annotated Corpus of Picture Stories Retold by Language Learners",
    author = {K{\"o}hn, Christine  and
      K{\"o}hn, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4914",
    pages = "121--132",
    abstract = "Corpora with language learner writing usually consist of essays, which are difficult to annotate reliably and to process automatically due to the high degree of freedom and the nature of learner language. We develop a task which mildly constrains learner utterances to facilitate consistent annotation and reliable automatic processing but at the same time does not prime learners with textual information. In this task, learners retell a comic strip. We present the resulting task-based corpus of stories written by learners of German. We designed the corpus to be able to serve multiple purposes: The corpus was manually annotated, including target hypotheses and syntactic structures. We achieve a very high inter-annotator agreement: κ = 0.765 for the annotation of minimal target hypotheses and κ = 0.507 for the extended target hypotheses. We attribute this to the design of our task and the annotation guidelines, which are based on those for the Falko corpus (Reznicek et al., 2012).",
}
@inproceedings{stowe-etal-2018-developing,
    title = "Developing and Evaluating Annotation Procedures for Twitter Data during Hazard Events",
    author = "Stowe, Kevin  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Anderson, Jennings  and
      Kogan, Marina  and
      Palen, Leysia  and
      Anderson, Kenneth M.  and
      Morss, Rebecca  and
      Demuth, Julie  and
      Lazrus, Heather",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4915",
    pages = "133--143",
    abstract = "When a hazard such as a hurricane threatens, people are forced to make a wide variety of decisions, and the information they receive and produce can influence their own and others{'} actions. As social media grows more popular, an increasing number of people are using social media platforms to obtain and share information about approaching threats and discuss their interpretations of the threat and their protective decisions. This work aims to improve understanding of natural disasters through social media and provide an annotation scheme to identify themes in user{'}s social media behavior and facilitate efforts in supervised machine learning. To that end, this work has three contributions: (1) the creation of an annotation scheme to consistently identify hazard-related themes in Twitter, (2) an overview of agreement rates and difficulties in identifying annotation categories, and (3) a public release of both the dataset and guidelines developed from this scheme.",
}
@inproceedings{oinam-etal-2018-treebank,
    title = "A Treebank for the Healthcare Domain",
    author = "Oinam, Nganthoibi  and
      Mishra, Diwakar  and
      Patel, Pinal  and
      Choudhary, Narayan  and
      Desai, Hitesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4916",
    pages = "144--155",
    abstract = "This paper presents a treebank for the healthcare domain developed at ezDI. The treebank is created from a wide array of clinical health record documents across hospitals. The data has been de-identified and annotated for constituent syntactic structure. The treebank contains a total of 52053 sentences that have been sampled for subdomains as well as linguistic variations. The paper outlines the sampling process followed to ensure a better domain representation in the corpus, the annotation process and challenges, and corpus statistics. The Penn Treebank tagset and guidelines were largely followed, but there were many syntactic contexts that warranted adaptation of the guidelines. The treebank created was used to re-train the Berkeley parser and the Stanford parser. These parsers were also trained with the GENIA treebank for comparative quality assessment. Our treebank yielded great-er accuracy on both parsers. Berkeley parser performed better on our treebank with an average F1 measure of 91 across 5-folds. This was a significant jump from the out-of-the-box F1 score of 70 on Berkeley parser{'}s default grammar.",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2018-rst,
    title = "The {RST} {S}panish-{C}hinese Treebank",
    author = "Cao, Shuyuan  and
      da Cunha, Iria  and
      Iruskieta, Mikel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4917",
    pages = "156--166",
    abstract = "Discourse analysis is necessary for different tasks of Natural Language Processing (NLP). As two of the most spoken languages in the world, discourse analysis between Spanish and Chinese is important for NLP research. This paper aims to present the first open Spanish-Chinese parallel corpus annotated with discourse information, whose theoretical framework is based on the Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST). We have evaluated and harmonized each annotation part to obtain a high annotated-quality corpus. The corpus is already available to the public.",
}
@inproceedings{peng-zeldes-2018-roads,
    title = "All Roads Lead to {UD}: Converting {S}tanford and {P}enn Parses to {E}nglish Universal Dependencies with Multilayer Annotations",
    author = "Peng, Siyao  and
      Zeldes, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4918",
    pages = "167--177",
    abstract = "We describe and evaluate different approaches to the conversion of gold standard corpus data from Stanford Typed Dependencies (SD) and Penn-style constituent trees to the latest English Universal Dependencies representation (UD 2.2). Our results indicate that pure SD to UD conversion is highly accurate across multiple genres, resulting in around 1.5{\%} errors, but can be improved further to fewer than 0.5{\%} errors given access to annotations beyond the pure syntax tree, such as entity types and coreference resolution, which are necessary for correct generation of several UD relations. We show that constituent-based conversion using CoreNLP (with automatic NER) performs substantially worse in all genres, including when using gold constituent trees, primarily due to underspecification of phrasal grammatical functions.",
}
@inproceedings{haagsma-etal-2018-side,
    title = "The Other Side of the Coin: Unsupervised Disambiguation of Potentially Idiomatic Expressions by Contrasting Senses",
    author = "Haagsma, Hessel  and
      Nissim, Malvina  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4919",
    pages = "178--184",
    abstract = "Disambiguation of potentially idiomatic expressions involves determining the sense of a potentially idiomatic expression in a given context, e.g. determining that make hay in {`}Investment banks made hay while takeovers shone.{'} is used in a figurative sense. This enables automatic interpretation of idiomatic expressions, which is important for applications like machine translation and sentiment analysis. In this work, we present an unsupervised approach for English that makes use of literalisations of idiom senses to improve disambiguation, which is based on the lexical cohesion graph-based method by Sporleder and Li (2009). Experimental results show that, while literalisation carries novel information, its performance falls short of that of state-of-the-art unsupervised methods.",
}
@inproceedings{hakimi-parizi-cook-2018-character,
    title = "Do Character-Level Neural Network Language Models Capture Knowledge of Multiword Expression Compositionality?",
    author = "Hakimi Parizi, Ali  and
      Cook, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4920",
    pages = "185--192",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose the first model for multiword expression (MWE) compositionality prediction based on character-level neural network language models. Experimental results on two kinds of MWEs (noun compounds and verb-particle constructions) and two languages (English and German) suggest that character-level neural network language models capture knowledge of multiword expression compositionality, in particular for English noun compounds and the particle component of English verb-particle constructions. In contrast to many other approaches to MWE compositionality prediction, this character-level approach does not require token-level identification of MWEs in a training corpus, and can potentially predict the compositionality of out-of-vocabulary MWEs.",
}
@inproceedings{walsh-etal-2018-constructing,
    title = "Constructing an Annotated Corpus of Verbal {MWE}s for {E}nglish",
    author = "Walsh, Abigail  and
      Bonial, Claire  and
      Geeraert, Kristina  and
      McCrae, John P.  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Somers, Clarissa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4921",
    pages = "193--200",
    abstract = "This paper describes the construction and annotation of a corpus of verbal MWEs for English, as part of the PARSEME Shared Task 1.1 on automatic identification of verbal MWEs. The criteria for corpus selection, the categories of MWEs used, and the training process are discussed, along with the particular issues that led to revisions in edition 1.1 of the annotation guidelines. Finally, an overview of the characteristics of the final annotated corpus is presented, as well as some discussion on inter-annotator agreement.",
}
@inproceedings{matsumoto-etal-2018-cooperating,
    title = "Cooperating Tools for {MWE} Lexicon Management and Corpus Annotation",
    author = "Matsumoto, Yuji  and
      Kato, Akihiko  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Morita, Toshio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4922",
    pages = "201--206",
    abstract = "We present tools for lexicon and corpus management that offer cooperating functionality in corpus annotation. The former, named Cradle, stores a set of words and expressions where multi-word expressions are defined with their own part-of-speech information and internal syntactic structures. The latter, named ChaKi, manages text corpora with part-of-speech (POS) and syntactic dependency structure annotations. Those two tools cooperate so that the words and multi-word expressions stored in Cradle are directly referred to by ChaKi in conducting corpus annotation, and the words and expressions annotated in ChaKi can be output as a list of lexical entities that are to be stored in Cradle.",
}
@inproceedings{fort-etal-2018-fingers,
    title = "{``}Fingers in the Nose{''}: Evaluating Speakers{'} Identification of Multi-Word Expressions Using a Slightly Gamified Crowdsourcing Platform",
    author = {Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Guillaume, Bruno  and
      Constant, Matthieu  and
      Lef{\`e}bvre, Nicolas  and
      Pilatte, Yann-Alan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4923",
    pages = "207--213",
    abstract = "This article presents the results we obtained in crowdsourcing French speakers{'} intuition concerning multi-work expressions (MWEs). We developed a slightly gamified crowdsourcing platform, part of which is designed to test users{'} ability to identify MWEs with no prior training. The participants perform relatively well at the task, with a recall reaching 65{\%} for MWEs that do not behave as function words.",
}
@inproceedings{boukaram-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Domain Independent Question Parsing with Synthetic Treebanks",
    author = "Boukaram, Halim-Antoine  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Ziadee, Micheline  and
      Sakr, Majd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4924",
    pages = "214--221",
    abstract = "Automatic syntactic parsing for question constructions is a challenging task due to the paucity of training examples in most treebanks. The near absence of question constructions is due to the dominance of the news domain in treebanking efforts. In this paper, we compare two synthetic low-cost question treebank creation methods with a conventional manual high-cost annotation method in the context of three domains (news questions, political talk shows, and chatbots) for Modern Standard Arabic, a language with relatively low resources and rich morphology. Our results show that synthetic methods can be effective at significantly reducing parsing errors for a target domain without having to invest large resources on manual annotation; and the combination of manual and synthetic methods is our best domain-independent performer.",
}
@inproceedings{ramisch-etal-2018-edition,
    title = "Edition 1.1 of the {PARSEME} Shared Task on Automatic Identification of Verbal Multiword Expressions",
    author = {Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Cordeiro, Silvio Ricardo  and
      Savary, Agata  and
      Vincze, Veronika  and
      Barbu Mititelu, Verginica  and
      Bhatia, Archna  and
      Buljan, Maja  and
      Candito, Marie  and
      Gantar, Polona  and
      Giouli, Voula  and
      G{\"u}ng{\"o}r, Tunga  and
      Hawwari, Abdelati  and
      I{\~n}urrieta, Uxoa  and
      Kovalevskait{\.e}, Jolanta  and
      Krek, Simon  and
      Lichte, Timm  and
      Liebeskind, Chaya  and
      Monti, Johanna  and
      Parra Escart{\'\i}n, Carla  and
      QasemiZadeh, Behrang  and
      Ramisch, Renata  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Stoyanova, Ivelina  and
      Vaidya, Ashwini  and
      Walsh, Abigail},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4925",
    pages = "222--240",
    abstract = "This paper describes the PARSEME Shared Task 1.1 on automatic identification of verbal multiword expressions. We present the annotation methodology, focusing on changes from last year{'}s shared task. Novel aspects include enhanced annotation guidelines, additional annotated data for most languages, corpora for some new languages, and new evaluation settings. Corpora were created for 20 languages, which are also briefly discussed. We report organizational principles behind the shared task and the evaluation metrics employed for ranking. The 17 participating systems, their methods and obtained results are also presented and analysed.",
}
@inproceedings{moreau-etal-2018-crf,
    title = "{CRF}-Seq and {CRF}-{D}ep{T}ree at {PARSEME} Shared Task 2018: Detecting Verbal {MWE}s using Sequential and Dependency-Based Approaches",
    author = "Moreau, Erwan  and
      Alsulaimani, Ashjan  and
      Maldonado, Alfredo  and
      Vogel, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4926",
    pages = "241--247",
    abstract = "This paper describes two systems for detecting Verbal Multiword Expressions (VMWEs) which both competed in the closed track at the PARSEME VMWE Shared Task 2018. CRF-DepTree-categs implements an approach based on the dependency tree, intended to exploit the syntactic and semantic relations between tokens; CRF-Seq-nocategs implements a robust sequential method which requires only lemmas and morphosyntactic tags. Both systems ranked in the top half of the ranking, the latter ranking second for token-based evaluation. The code for both systems is published under the GNU General Public License version 3.0 and is available at \url{http://github.com/erwanm/adapt-vmwe18}.",
}
@inproceedings{berk-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep-{BGT} at {PARSEME} Shared Task 2018: Bidirectional {LSTM}-{CRF} Model for Verbal Multiword Expression Identification",
    author = {Berk, G{\"o}zde  and
      Erden, Berna  and
      G{\"u}ng{\"o}r, Tunga},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4927",
    pages = "248--253",
    abstract = "This paper describes the Deep-BGT system that participated to the PARSEME shared task 2018 on automatic identification of verbal multiword expressions (VMWEs). Our system is language-independent and uses the bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory model with a Conditional Random Field layer on top (bidirectional LSTM-CRF). To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first one that employs the bidirectional LSTM-CRF model for VMWE identification. Furthermore, the gappy 1-level tagging scheme is used for discontiguity and overlaps. Our system was evaluated on 10 languages in the open track and it was ranked the second in terms of the general ranking metric.",
}
@inproceedings{boros-burtica-2018-gbd,
    title = "{GBD}-{NER} at {PARSEME} Shared Task 2018: Multi-Word Expression Detection Using Bidirectional Long-Short-Term Memory Networks and Graph-Based Decoding",
    author = "Boros, Tiberiu  and
      Burtica, Ruxandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4928",
    pages = "254--260",
    abstract = "This paper addresses the issue of multi-word expression (MWE) detection by employing a new decoding strategy inspired after graph-based parsing. We show that this architecture achieves state-of-the-art results with minimum feature-engineering, just by relying on lexicalized and morphological attributes. We validate our approach in a multilingual setting, using standard MWE corpora supplied in the PARSEME Shared Task.",
}
@inproceedings{ehren-etal-2018-mumpitz,
    title = "{M}umpitz at {PARSEME} Shared Task 2018: A Bidirectional {LSTM} for the Identification of Verbal Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Ehren, Rafael  and
      Lichte, Timm  and
      Samih, Younes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4929",
    pages = "261--267",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe Mumpitz, the system we submitted to the PARSEME Shared task on automatic identification of verbal multiword expressions (VMWEs). Mumpitz consists of a Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network (BRNN) with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) units and a heuristic that leverages the dependency information provided in the PARSEME corpus data to differentiate VMWEs in a sentence. We submitted results for seven languages in the closed track of the task and for one language in the open track. For the open track we used the same system, but with pretrained instead of randomly initialized word embeddings to improve the system performance.",
}
@inproceedings{stodden-etal-2018-trapacc,
    title = "{TRAPACC} and {TRAPACCS} at {PARSEME} Shared Task 2018: Neural Transition Tagging of Verbal Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Stodden, Regina  and
      QasemiZadeh, Behrang  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4930",
    pages = "268--274",
    abstract = "We describe the TRAPACC system and its variant TRAPACCS that participated in the closed track of the PARSEME Shared Task 2018 on labeling verbal multiword expressions (VMWEs). TRAPACC is a modified arc-standard transition system based on Constant and Nivre{'}s (2016) model of joint syntactic and lexical analysis in which the oracle is approximated using a classifier. For TRAPACC, the classifier consists of a data-independent dimension reduction and a convolutional neural network (CNN) for learning and labelling transitions. TRAPACCS extends TRAPACC by replacing the softmax layer of the CNN with a support vector machine (SVM). We report the results obtained for 19 languages, for 8 of which our system yields the best results compared to other participating systems in the closed-track of the shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{waszczuk-2018-traversal,
    title = "{TRAVERSAL} at {PARSEME} Shared Task 2018: Identification of Verbal Multiword Expressions Using a Discriminative Tree-Structured Model",
    author = "Waszczuk, Jakub",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4931",
    pages = "275--282",
    abstract = "This paper describes a system submitted to the closed track of the PARSEME shared task (edition 1.1) on automatic identification of verbal multiword expressions (VMWEs). The system represents VMWE identification as a labeling task where one of two labels (MWE or not-MWE) must be predicted for each node in the dependency tree based on local context, including adjacent nodes and their labels. The system relies on multiclass logistic regression to determine the globally optimal labeling of a tree. The system ranked 1st in the general cross-lingual ranking of the closed track systems, according to both official evaluation measures: MWE-based F1 and token-based F1.",
}
@inproceedings{pasquer-etal-2018-varide,
    title = "{V}ar{IDE} at {PARSEME} Shared Task 2018: Are Variants Really as Alike as Two Peas in a Pod?",
    author = "Pasquer, Caroline  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Savary, Agata  and
      Antoine, Jean-Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4932",
    pages = "283--289",
    abstract = "We describe the VarIDE system (standing for Variant IDEntification) which participated in the edition 1.1 of the PARSEME shared task on automatic identification of verbal multiword expressions (VMWEs). Our system focuses on the task of VMWE variant identification by using morphosyntactic information in the training data to predict if candidates extracted from the test corpus could be idiomatic, thanks to a naive Bayes classifier. We report results for 19 languages.",
}
@inproceedings{zampieri-etal-2018-veyn,
    title = "{V}eyn at {PARSEME} Shared Task 2018: Recurrent Neural Networks for {VMWE} Identification",
    author = "Zampieri, Nicolas  and
      Scholivet, Manon  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Favre, Benoit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions ({LAW}-{MWE}-{C}x{G}-2018)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-4933",
    pages = "290--296",
    abstract = "This paper describes the Veyn system, submitted to the closed track of the PARSEME Shared Task 2018 on automatic identification of verbal multiword expressions (VMWEs). Veyn is based on a sequence tagger using recurrent neural networks. We represent VMWEs using a variant of the begin-inside-outside encoding scheme combined with the VMWE category tag. In addition to the system description, we present development experiments to determine the best tagging scheme. Veyn is freely available, covers 19 languages, and was ranked ninth (MWE-based) and eight (Token-based) among 13 submissions, considering macro-averaged F1 across languages.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-sigdial,
    title = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    author = "Komatani, Kazunori  and
      Litman, Diane  and
      Yu, Kai  and
      Papangelis, Alex  and
      Cavedon, Lawrence  and
      Nakano, Mikio",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5000",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-eskenazi-2018-zero,
    title = "Zero-Shot Dialog Generation with Cross-Domain Latent Actions",
    author = "Zhao, Tiancheng  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5001",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "This paper introduces zero-shot dialog generation (ZSDG), as a step towards neural dialog systems that can instantly generalize to new situations with minimum data. ZSDG requires an end-to-end generative dialog system to generalize to a new domain for which only a domain description is provided and no training dialogs are available. Then a novel learning framework, Action Matching, is proposed. This algorithm can learn a cross-domain embedding space that models the semantics of dialog responses which in turn, enables a neural dialog generation model to generalize to new domains. We evaluate our methods on two datasets, a new synthetic dialog dataset, and an existing human-human multi-domain dialog dataset. Experimental results show that our method is able to achieve superior performance in learning dialog models that can rapidly adapt their behavior to new domains and suggests promising future research.",
}
@inproceedings{pragst-ultes-2018-changing,
    title = "Changing the Level of Directness in Dialogue using Dialogue Vector Models and Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Pragst, Louisa  and
      Ultes, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5002",
    pages = "11--19",
    abstract = "In cooperative dialogues, identifying the intent of ones conversation partner and acting accordingly is of great importance. While this endeavour is facilitated by phrasing intentions as directly as possible, we can observe in human-human communication that a number of factors such as cultural norms and politeness may result in expressing one{'}s intent indirectly. Therefore, in human-computer communication we have to anticipate the possibility of users being indirect and be prepared to interpret their actual meaning. Furthermore, a dialogue system should be able to conform to human expectations by adjusting the degree of directness it uses to improve the user experience. To reach those goals, we propose an approach to differentiate between direct and indirect utterances and find utterances of the opposite characteristic that express the same intent. In this endeavour, we employ dialogue vector models and recurrent neural networks.",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Linguistic and Personality Adaptation for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Hu, Zhichao  and
      Fox Tree, Jean  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5003",
    pages = "20--31",
    abstract = "Previous work has shown that conversants adapt to many aspects of their partners{'} language. Other work has shown that while every person is unique, they often share general patterns of behavior. Theories of personality aim to explain these shared patterns, and studies have shown that many linguistic cues are correlated with personality traits. We propose an adaptation measure for adaptive natural language generation for dialogs that integrates the predictions of both personality theories and adaptation theories, that can be applied as a dialog unfolds, on a turn by turn basis. We show that our measure meets criteria for validity, and that adaptation varies according to corpora and task, speaker, and the set of features used to model it. We also produce fine-grained models according to the dialog segmentation or the speaker, and demonstrate the decaying trend of adaptation.",
}
@inproceedings{inaba-takahashi-2018-estimating,
    title = "Estimating User Interest from Open-Domain Dialogue",
    author = "Inaba, Michimasa  and
      Takahashi, Kenichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5004",
    pages = "32--40",
    abstract = "Dialogue personalization is an important issue in the field of open-domain chat-oriented dialogue systems. If these systems could consider their users{'} interests, user engagement and satisfaction would be greatly improved. This paper proposes a neural network-based method for estimating users{'} interests from their utterances in chat dialogues to personalize dialogue systems{'} responses. We introduce a method for effectively extracting topics and user interests from utterances and also propose a pre-training approach that increases learning efficiency. Our experimental results indicate that the proposed model can estimate user{'}s interest more accurately than baseline approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{sinclair-etal-2018-ability,
    title = "Does Ability Affect Alignment in Second Language Tutorial Dialogue?",
    author = "Sinclair, Arabella  and
      Lopez, Adam  and
      Lucas, C. G.  and
      Gasevic, Dragan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5005",
    pages = "41--50",
    abstract = "The role of alignment between interlocutors in second language learning is different to that in fluent conversational dialogue. Learners gain linguistic skill through increased alignment, yet the extent to which they can align will be constrained by their ability. Tutors may use alignment to teach and encourage the student, yet still must push the student and correct their errors, decreasing alignment. To understand how learner ability interacts with alignment, we measure the influence of ability on lexical priming, an indicator of alignment. We find that lexical priming in learner-tutor dialogues differs from that in conversational and task-based dialogues, and we find evidence that alignment increases with ability and with word complexity.",
}
@inproceedings{gilmartin-etal-2018-just,
    title = "Just Talking - Modelling Casual Conversation",
    author = "Gilmartin, Emer  and
      Saam, Christian  and
      Vogel, Carl  and
      Campbell, Nick  and
      Wade, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5006",
    pages = "51--59",
    abstract = "Casual conversation has become a focus for artificial dialogue applications. Such talk is ubiquitous and its structure differs from that found in the task-based interactions which have been the focus of dialogue system design for many years. It is unlikely that such conversations can be modelled as an extension of task-based talk. We review theories of casual conversation, report on our studies of the structure of casual dialogue, and outline challenges we see for the development of spoken dialog systems capable of carrying on casual friendly conversation in addition to performing well-defined tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{kreyssig-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural User Simulation for Corpus-based Policy Optimisation of Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Kreyssig, Florian  and
      Casanueva, I{\~n}igo  and
      Budzianowski, Pawe{\l}  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5007",
    pages = "60--69",
    abstract = "User Simulators are one of the major tools that enable offline training of task-oriented dialogue systems. For this task the Agenda-Based User Simulator (ABUS) is often used. The ABUS is based on hand-crafted rules and its output is in semantic form. Issues arise from both properties such as limited diversity and the inability to interface a text-level belief tracker. This paper introduces the Neural User Simulator (NUS) whose behaviour is learned from a corpus and which generates natural language, hence needing a less labelled dataset than simulators generating a semantic output. In comparison to much of the past work on this topic, which evaluates user simulators on corpus-based metrics, we use the NUS to train the policy of a reinforcement learning based Spoken Dialogue System. The NUS is compared to the ABUS by evaluating the policies that were trained using the simulators. Cross-model evaluation is performed i.e. training on one simulator and testing on the other. Furthermore, the trained policies are tested on real users. In both evaluation tasks the NUS outperformed the ABUS.",
}
@inproceedings{sakai-etal-2018-introduction,
    title = "Introduction method for argumentative dialogue using paired question-answering interchange about personality",
    author = "Sakai, Kazuki  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Yoshikawa, Yuichiro  and
      Ishiguro, Hiroshi  and
      Tomita, Junji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5008",
    pages = "70--79",
    abstract = "To provide a better discussion experience in current argumentative dialogue systems, it is necessary for the user to feel motivated to participate, even if the system already responds appropriately. In this paper, we propose a method that can smoothly introduce argumentative dialogue by inserting an initial discourse, consisting of question-answer pairs concerning personality. The system can induce interest of the users prior to agreement or disagreement during the main discourse. By disclosing their interests, the users will feel familiarity and motivation to further engage in the argumentative dialogue and understand the system{'}s intent. To verify the effectiveness of a question-answer dialogue inserted before the argument, a subjective experiment was conducted using a text chat interface. The results suggest that inserting the question-answer dialogue enhances familiarity and naturalness. Notably, the results suggest that women more than men regard the dialogue as more natural and the argument as deepened, following an exchange concerning personality.",
}
@inproceedings{ramanarayanan-pugh-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Token and Turn Level Language Identification for Code-Switched Text Dialog: An Analysis Across Language Pairs and Corpora",
    author = "Ramanarayanan, Vikram  and
      Pugh, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5009",
    pages = "80--88",
    abstract = "We examine the efficacy of various feature{--}learner combinations for language identification in different types of text-based code-switched interactions {--} human-human dialog, human-machine dialog as well as monolog {--} at both the token and turn levels. In order to examine the generalization of such methods across language pairs and datasets, we analyze 10 different datasets of code-switched text. We extract a variety of character- and word-based text features and pass them into multiple learners, including conditional random fields, logistic regressors and recurrent neural networks. We further examine the efficacy of novel character-level embedding and GloVe features in improving performance and observe that our best-performing text system significantly outperforms a majority vote baseline across language pairs and datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{perera-etal-2018-situated,
    title = "A Situated Dialogue System for Learning Structural Concepts in Blocks World",
    author = "Perera, Ian  and
      Allen, James  and
      Teng, Choh Man  and
      Galescu, Lucian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5010",
    pages = "89--98",
    abstract = "We present a modular, end-to-end dialogue system for a situated agent to address a multimodal, natural language dialogue task in which the agent learns complex representations of block structure classes through assertions, demonstrations, and questioning. The concept to learn is provided to the user through a set of positive and negative visual examples, from which the user determines the underlying constraints to be provided to the system in natural language. The system in turn asks questions about demonstrated examples and simulates new examples to check its knowledge and verify the user{'}s description is complete. We find that this task is non-trivial for users and generates natural language that is varied yet understood by our deep language understanding architecture.",
}
@inproceedings{gervits-scheutz-2018-pardon,
    title = "Pardon the Interruption: Managing Turn-Taking through Overlap Resolution in Embodied Artificial Agents",
    author = "Gervits, Felix  and
      Scheutz, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5011",
    pages = "99--109",
    abstract = "Speech overlap is a common phenomenon in natural conversation and in task-oriented interactions. As human-robot interaction (HRI) becomes more sophisticated, the need to effectively manage turn-taking and resolve overlap becomes more important. In this paper, we introduce a computational model for speech overlap resolution in embodied artificial agents. The model identifies when overlap has occurred and uses timing information, dialogue history, and the agent{'}s goals to generate context-appropriate behavior. We implement this model in a Nao robot using the DIARC cognitive robotic architecture. The model is evaluated on a corpus of task-oriented human dialogue, and we find that the robot can replicate many of the most common overlap resolution behaviors found in the human data.",
}
@inproceedings{lukin-etal-2018-consequences,
    title = "Consequences and Factors of Stylistic Differences in Human-Robot Dialogue",
    author = "Lukin, Stephanie  and
      Pollard, Kimberly  and
      Bonial, Claire  and
      Marge, Matthew  and
      Henry, Cassidy  and
      Artstein, Ron  and
      Traum, David  and
      Voss, Clare",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5012",
    pages = "110--118",
    abstract = "This paper identifies stylistic differences in instruction-giving observed in a corpus of human-robot dialogue. Differences in verbosity and structure (i.e., single-intent vs. multi-intent instructions) arose naturally without restrictions or prior guidance on how users should speak with the robot. Different styles were found to produce different rates of miscommunication, and correlations were found between style differences and individual user variation, trust, and interaction experience with the robot. Understanding potential consequences and factors that influence style can inform design of dialogue systems that are robust to natural variation from human users.",
}
@inproceedings{das-pon-barry-2018-turn,
    title = "Turn-Taking Strategies for Human-Robot Peer-Learning Dialogue",
    author = "Das, Ranjini  and
      Pon-Barry, Heather",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5013",
    pages = "119--129",
    abstract = "In this paper, we apply the contribution model of grounding to a corpus of human-human peer-mentoring dialogues. From this analysis, we propose effective turn-taking strategies for human-robot interaction with a teachable robot. Specifically, we focus on (1) how robots can encourage humans to present and (2) how robots can signal that they are going to begin a new presentation. We evaluate the strategies against a corpus of human-robot dialogues and offer three guidelines for teachable robots to follow to achieve more human-like collaborative dialogue.",
}
@inproceedings{plane-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Perceived Age: Both Language Ability and Appearance are Important",
    author = "Plane, Sarah  and
      Marvasti, Ariel  and
      Egan, Tyler  and
      Kennington, Casey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5014",
    pages = "130--139",
    abstract = "When interacting with robots in a situated spoken dialogue setting, human dialogue partners tend to assign anthropomorphic and social characteristics to those robots. In this paper, we explore the age and educational level that human dialogue partners assign to three different robotic systems, including an un-embodied spoken dialogue system. We found that how a robot speaks is as important to human perceptions as the way the robot looks. Using the data from our experiment, we derived prosodic, emotional, and linguistic features from the participants to train and evaluate a classifier that predicts perceived intelligence, age, and education level.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning Policy for Task-Oriented Visual Dialog",
    author = "Zhang, Jiaping  and
      Zhao, Tiancheng  and
      Yu, Zhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5015",
    pages = "140--150",
    abstract = "Creating an intelligent conversational system that understands vision and language is one of the ultimate goals in Artificial Intelligence (AI) (Winograd, 1972). Extensive research has focused on vision-to-language generation, however, limited research has touched on combining these two modalities in a goal-driven dialog context. We propose a multimodal hierarchical reinforcement learning framework that dynamically integrates vision and language for task-oriented visual dialog. The framework jointly learns the multimodal dialog state representation and the hierarchical dialog policy to improve both dialog task success and efficiency. We also propose a new technique, state adaptation, to integrate context awareness in the dialog state representation. We evaluate the proposed framework and the state adaptation technique in an image guessing game and achieve promising results.",
}
@inproceedings{patki-howard-2018-language,
    title = "Language-Guided Adaptive Perception for Efficient Grounded Communication with Robotic Manipulators in Cluttered Environments",
    author = "Patki, Siddharth  and
      Howard, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5016",
    pages = "151--160",
    abstract = "The utility of collaborative manipulators for shared tasks is highly dependent on the speed and accuracy of communication between the human and the robot. The run-time of recently developed probabilistic inference models for situated symbol grounding of natural language instructions depends on the complexity of the representation of the environment in which they reason. As we move towards more complex bi-directional interactions, tasks, and environments, we need intelligent perception models that can selectively infer precise pose, semantics, and affordances of the objects when inferring exhaustively detailed world models is inefficient and prohibits real-time interaction with these robots. In this paper we propose a model of language and perception for the problem of adapting the configuration of the robot perception pipeline for tasks where constructing exhaustively detailed models of the environment is inefficient and inconsequential for symbol grounding. We present experimental results from a synthetic corpus of natural language instructions for robot manipulation in example environments. The results demonstrate that by adapting perception we get significant gains in terms of run-time for perception and situated symbol grounding of the language instructions without a loss in the accuracy of the latter.",
}
@inproceedings{lubis-etal-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Counselor Dialogue Clustering for Positive Emotion Elicitation in Neural Dialogue System",
    author = "Lubis, Nurul  and
      Sakti, Sakriani  and
      Yoshino, Koichiro  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5017",
    pages = "161--170",
    abstract = "Positive emotion elicitation seeks to improve user{'}s emotional state through dialogue system interaction, where a chat-based scenario is layered with an implicit goal to address user{'}s emotional needs. Standard neural dialogue system approaches still fall short in this situation as they tend to generate only short, generic responses. Learning from expert actions is critical, as these potentially differ from standard dialogue acts. In this paper, we propose using a hierarchical neural network for response generation that is conditioned on 1) expert{'}s action, 2) dialogue context, and 3) user emotion, encoded from user input. We construct a corpus of interactions between a counselor and 30 participants following a negative emotional exposure to learn expert actions and responses in a positive emotion elicitation scenario. Instead of relying on the expensive, labor intensive, and often ambiguous human annotations, we unsupervisedly cluster the expert{'}s responses and use the resulting labels to train the network. Our experiments and evaluation show that the proposed approach yields lower perplexity and generates a larger variety of responses.",
}
@inproceedings{engonopoulos-etal-2018-discovering,
    title = "Discovering User Groups for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Engonopoulos, Nikos  and
      Teichmann, Christoph  and
      Koller, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5018",
    pages = "171--179",
    abstract = "We present a model which predicts how individual users of a dialog system understand and produce utterances based on user groups. In contrast to previous work, these user groups are not specified beforehand, but learned in training. We evaluate on two referring expression (RE) generation tasks; our experiments show that our model can identify user groups and learn how to most effectively talk to them, and can dynamically assign unseen users to the correct groups as they interact with the system.",
}
@inproceedings{oraby-etal-2018-controlling,
    title = "Controlling Personality-Based Stylistic Variation with Neural Natural Language Generators",
    author = "Oraby, Shereen  and
      Reed, Lena  and
      Tandon, Shubhangi  and
      T.S., Sharath  and
      Lukin, Stephanie  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5019",
    pages = "180--190",
    abstract = "Natural language generators for task-oriented dialogue must effectively realize system dialogue actions and their associated semantics. In many applications, it is also desirable for generators to control the style of an utterance. To date, work on task-oriented neural generation has primarily focused on semantic fidelity rather than achieving stylistic goals, while work on style has been done in contexts where it is difficult to measure content preservation. Here we present three different sequence-to-sequence models and carefully test how well they disentangle content and style. We use a statistical generator, Personage, to synthesize a new corpus of over 88,000 restaurant domain utterances whose style varies according to models of personality, giving us total control over both the semantic content and the stylistic variation in the training data. We then vary the amount of explicit stylistic supervision given to the three models. We show that our most explicit model can simultaneously achieve high fidelity to both semantic and stylistic goals: this model adds a context vector of 36 stylistic parameters as input to the hidden state of the encoder at each time step, showing the benefits of explicit stylistic supervision, even when the amount of training data is large.",
}
@inproceedings{mangrulkar-etal-2018-context,
    title = "A Context-aware Convolutional Natural Language Generation model for Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Mangrulkar, Sourab  and
      Shrivastava, Suhani  and
      Thenkanidiyoor, Veena  and
      Aroor Dinesh, Dileep",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5020",
    pages = "191--200",
    abstract = "Natural language generation (NLG) is an important component in spoken dialog systems (SDSs). A model for NLG involves sequence to sequence learning. State-of-the-art NLG models are built using recurrent neural network (RNN) based sequence to sequence models (Ond{\v{r}}ej Du{\v{s}}ek and Filip Jur{\v{c}}{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, 2016a). Convolutional sequence to sequence based models have been used in the domain of machine translation but their application as Natural Language Generators in dialogue systems is still unexplored. In this work, we propose a novel approach to NLG using convolutional neural network (CNN) based sequence to sequence learning. CNN-based approach allows to build a hierarchical model which encapsulates dependencies between words via shorter path unlike RNNs. In contrast to recurrent models, convolutional approach allows for efficient utilization of computational resources by parallelizing computations over all elements, and eases the learning process by applying constant number of nonlinearities. We also propose to use CNN-based reranker for obtaining responses having semantic correspondence with input dialogue acts. The proposed model is capable of entrainment. Studies using a standard dataset shows the effectiveness of the proposed CNN-based approach to NLG.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-kawahara-2018-unified,
    title = "A Unified Neural Architecture for Joint Dialog Act Segmentation and Recognition in Spoken Dialog System",
    author = "Zhao, Tianyu  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5021",
    pages = "201--208",
    abstract = "In spoken dialog systems (SDSs), dialog act (DA) segmentation and recognition provide essential information for response generation. A majority of previous works assumed ground-truth segmentation of DA units, which is not available from automatic speech recognition (ASR) in SDS. We propose a unified architecture based on neural networks, which consists of a sequence tagger for segmentation and a classifier for recognition. The DA recognition model is based on hierarchical neural networks to incorporate the context of preceding sentences. We investigate sharing some layers of the two components so that they can be trained jointly and learn generalized features from both tasks. An evaluation on the Switchboard Dialog Act (SwDA) corpus shows that the jointly-trained models outperform independently-trained models, single-step models, and other reported results in DA segmentation, recognition, and joint tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{xie-etal-2018-cost,
    title = "Cost-Sensitive Active Learning for Dialogue State Tracking",
    author = "Xie, Kaige  and
      Chang, Cheng  and
      Ren, Liliang  and
      Chen, Lu  and
      Yu, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5022",
    pages = "209--213",
    abstract = "Dialogue state tracking (DST), when formulated as a supervised learning problem, relies on labelled data. Since dialogue state annotation usually requires labelling all turns of a single dialogue and utilizing context information, it is very expensive to annotate all available unlabelled data. In this paper, a novel cost-sensitive active learning framework is proposed based on a set of new dialogue-level query strategies. This is the first attempt to apply active learning for dialogue state tracking. Experiments on DSTC2 show that active learning with mixed data query strategies can effectively achieve the same DST performance with significantly less data annotation compared to traditional training approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{lai-tetreault-2018-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Coherence in the Wild: A Dataset, Evaluation and Methods",
    author = "Lai, Alice  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5023",
    pages = "214--223",
    abstract = "To date there has been very little work on assessing discourse coherence methods on real-world data. To address this, we present a new corpus of real-world texts (GCDC) as well as the first large-scale evaluation of leading discourse coherence algorithms. We show that neural models, including two that we introduce here (SentAvg and ParSeq), tend to perform best. We analyze these performance differences and discuss patterns we observed in low coherence texts in four domains.",
}
@inproceedings{masumura-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Dialogue Context Online End-of-Turn Detection",
    author = "Masumura, Ryo  and
      Tanaka, Tomohiro  and
      Ando, Atsushi  and
      Ishii, Ryo  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Aono, Yushi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5024",
    pages = "224--228",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a fully neural network based dialogue-context online end-of-turn detection method that can utilize long-range interactive information extracted from both speaker{'}s utterances and collocutor{'}s utterances. The proposed method combines multiple time-asynchronous long short-term memory recurrent neural networks, which can capture speaker{'}s and collocutor{'}s multiple sequential features, and their interactions. On the assumption of applying the proposed method to spoken dialogue systems, we introduce speaker{'}s acoustic sequential features and collocutor{'}s linguistic sequential features, each of which can be extracted in an online manner. Our evaluation confirms the effectiveness of taking dialogue context formed by the speaker{'}s utterances and collocutor{'}s utterances into consideration.",
}
@inproceedings{papangelis-etal-2018-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Dialogue for Information Navigation",
    author = "Papangelis, Alexandros  and
      Papadakos, Panagiotis  and
      Stylianou, Yannis  and
      Tzitzikas, Yannis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5025",
    pages = "229--234",
    abstract = "Aiming to expand the current research paradigm for training conversational AI agents that can address real-world challenges, we take a step away from traditional slot-filling goal-oriented spoken dialogue systems (SDS) and model the dialogue in a way that allows users to be more expressive in describing their needs. The goal is to help users make informed decisions rather than being fed matching items. To this end, we describe the Linked-Data SDS (LD-SDS), a system that exploits semantic knowledge bases that connect to linked data, and supports complex constraints and preferences. We describe the required changes in language understanding and state tracking, and the need for mined features, and we report the promising results (in terms of semantic errors, effort, etc) of a preliminary evaluation after training two statistical dialogue managers in various conditions.",
}
@inproceedings{kageyama-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving User Impression in Spoken Dialog System with Gradual Speech Form Control",
    author = "Kageyama, Yukiko  and
      Chiba, Yuya  and
      Nose, Takashi  and
      Ito, Akinori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5026",
    pages = "235--240",
    abstract = "This paper examines a method to improve the user impression of a spoken dialog system by introducing a mechanism that gradually changes form of utterances every time the user uses the system. In some languages, including Japanese, the form of utterances changes corresponding to social relationship between the talker and the listener. Thus, this mechanism can be effective to express the system{'}s intention to make social distance to the user closer; however, an actual effect of this method is not investigated enough when introduced to the dialog system. In this paper, we conduct dialog experiments and show that controlling the form of system utterances can improve the users{'} impression.",
}
@inproceedings{abu-ali-etal-2018-bilingual,
    title = "A Bilingual Interactive Human Avatar Dialogue System",
    author = "Abu Ali, Dana  and
      Ahmad, Muaz  and
      Al Hassan, Hayat  and
      Dozsa, Paula  and
      Hu, Ming  and
      Varias, Jose  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5027",
    pages = "241--244",
    abstract = "This demonstration paper presents a bilingual (Arabic-English) interactive human avatar dialogue system. The system is named TOIA (time-offset interaction application), as it simulates face-to-face conversations between humans using digital human avatars recorded in the past. TOIA is a conversational agent, similar to a chat bot, except that it is based on an actual human being and can be used to preserve and tell stories. The system is designed to allow anybody, simply using a laptop, to create an avatar of themselves, thus facilitating cross-cultural and cross-generational sharing of narratives to wider audiences. The system currently supports monolingual and cross-lingual dialogues in Arabic and English, but can be extended to other languages.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2018-dialcrowd,
    title = "{D}ial{C}rowd: A toolkit for easy dialog system assessment",
    author = "Lee, Kyusong  and
      Zhao, Tiancheng  and
      Black, Alan W.  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5028",
    pages = "245--248",
    abstract = "When creating a dialog system, developers need to test each version to ensure that it is performing correctly. Recently the trend has been to test on large datasets or to ask many users to try out a system. Crowdsourcing has solved the issue of finding users, but it presents new challenges such as how to use a crowdsourcing platform and what type of test is appropriate. DialCrowd has been designed to make system assessment easier and to ensure the quality of the result. This paper describes DialCrowd, what specific needs it fulfills and how it works. It then relates a test of DialCrowd by a group of dialog system developer.",
}
@inproceedings{pautler-etal-2018-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Multimodal Dialog Technology for the Design of Automated and Interactive Student Agents for Teacher Training",
    author = "Pautler, David  and
      Ramanarayanan, Vikram  and
      Cofino, Kirby  and
      Lange, Patrick  and
      Suendermann-Oeft, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5029",
    pages = "249--252",
    abstract = "We present a paradigm for interactive teacher training that leverages multimodal dialog technology to puppeteer custom-designed embodied conversational agents (ECAs) in student roles. We used the open-source multimodal dialog system HALEF to implement a small-group classroom math discussion involving Venn diagrams where a human teacher candidate has to interact with two student ECAs whose actions are controlled by the dialog system. Such an automated paradigm has the potential to be extended and scaled to a wide range of interactive simulation scenarios in education, medicine, and business where group interaction training is essential.",
}
@inproceedings{ravichander-black-2018-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of Self-Disclosure in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Ravichander, Abhilasha  and
      Black, Alan W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5030",
    pages = "253--263",
    abstract = "Self-disclosure is a key social strategy employed in conversation to build relations and increase conversational depth. It has been heavily studied in psychology and linguistic literature, particularly for its ability to induce self-disclosure from the recipient, a phenomena known as reciprocity. However, we know little about how self-disclosure manifests in conversation with automated dialog systems, especially as any self-disclosure on the part of a dialog system is patently disingenuous. In this work, we run a large-scale quantitative analysis on the effect of self-disclosure by analyzing interactions between real-world users and a spoken dialog system in the context of social conversation. We find that indicators of reciprocity occur even in human-machine dialog, with far-reaching implications for chatbots in a variety of domains including education, negotiation and social dialog.",
}
@inproceedings{higashinaka-etal-2018-role,
    title = "Role play-based question-answering by real users for building chatbots with consistent personalities",
    author = "Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Mizukami, Masahiro  and
      Kawabata, Hidetoshi  and
      Yamaguchi, Emi  and
      Adachi, Noritake  and
      Tomita, Junji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5031",
    pages = "264--272",
    abstract = "Having consistent personalities is important for chatbots if we want them to be believable. Typically, many question-answer pairs are prepared by hand for achieving consistent responses; however, the creation of such pairs is costly. In this study, our goal is to collect a large number of question-answer pairs for a particular character by using role play-based question-answering in which multiple users play the roles of certain characters and respond to questions by online users. Focusing on two famous characters, we conducted a large-scale experiment to collect question-answer pairs by using real users. We evaluated the effectiveness of role play-based question-answering and found that, by using our proposed method, the collected pairs lead to good-quality chatbots that exhibit consistent personalities.",
}
@inproceedings{ultes-etal-2018-addressing,
    title = "Addressing Objects and Their Relations: The Conversational Entity Dialogue Model",
    author = "Ultes, Stefan  and
      Budzianowski, Pawe{\l}  and
      Casanueva, I{\~n}igo  and
      Rojas-Barahona, Lina M.  and
      Tseng, Bo-Hsiang  and
      Wu, Yen-Chen  and
      Young, Steve  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5032",
    pages = "273--283",
    abstract = "Statistical spoken dialogue systems usually rely on a single- or multi-domain dialogue model that is restricted in its capabilities of modelling complex dialogue structures, e.g., relations. In this work, we propose a novel dialogue model that is centred around entities and is able to model relations as well as multiple entities of the same type. We demonstrate in a prototype implementation benefits of relation modelling on the dialogue level and show that a trained policy using these relations outperforms the multi-domain baseline. Furthermore, we show that by modelling the relations on the dialogue level, the system is capable of processing relations present in the user input and even learns to address them in the system response.",
}
@inproceedings{manuvinakurike-etal-2018-conversational,
    title = "Conversational Image Editing: Incremental Intent Identification in a New Dialogue Task",
    author = "Manuvinakurike, Ramesh  and
      Bui, Trung  and
      Chang, Walter  and
      Georgila, Kallirroi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5033",
    pages = "284--295",
    abstract = "We present {``}conversational image editing{''}, a novel real-world application domain combining dialogue, visual information, and the use of computer vision. We discuss the importance of dialogue incrementality in this task, and build various models for incremental intent identification based on deep learning and traditional classification algorithms. We show how our model based on convolutional neural networks outperforms models based on random forests, long short term memory networks, and conditional random fields. By training embeddings based on image-related dialogue corpora, we outperform pre-trained out-of-the-box embeddings, for intention identification tasks. Our experiments also provide evidence that incremental intent processing may be more efficient for the user and could save time in accomplishing tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{bernard-2018-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Discourse Structures in Continuation Semantics",
    author = "Bernard, Timoth{\'e}e",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5034",
    pages = "296--305",
    abstract = "In this work, we are interested in the computation of logical representations of discourse. We argue that all discourse connectives are anaphors obeying different sets of constraints and show how this view allows one to account for the semantically parenthetical use of attitude verbs and verbs of report (e.g., think, say) and for sequences of conjunctions (A CONJ{\_}1 B CONJ{\_}2 C). We implement this proposal in event semantics using de Groote (2006){'}s dynamic framework.",
}
@inproceedings{dasgupta-etal-2018-automatic-extraction,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Causal Relations from Text using Linguistically Informed Deep Neural Networks",
    author = "Dasgupta, Tirthankar  and
      Saha, Rupsa  and
      Dey, Lipika  and
      Naskar, Abir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5035",
    pages = "306--316",
    abstract = "In this paper we have proposed a linguistically informed recursive neural network architecture for automatic extraction of cause-effect relations from text. These relations can be expressed in arbitrarily complex ways. The architecture uses word level embeddings and other linguistic features to detect causal events and their effects mentioned within a sentence. The extracted events and their relations are used to build a causal-graph after clustering and appropriate generalization, which is then used for predictive purposes. We have evaluated the performance of the proposed extraction model with respect to two baseline systems,one a rule-based classifier, and the other a conditional random field (CRF) based supervised model. We have also compared our results with related work reported in the past by other authors on SEMEVAL data set, and found that the proposed bi-directional LSTM model enhanced with an additional linguistic layer performs better. We have also worked extensively on creating new annotated datasets from publicly available data, which we are willing to share with the community.",
}
@inproceedings{guerini-etal-2018-toward,
    title = "Toward zero-shot Entity Recognition in Task-oriented Conversational Agents",
    author = "Guerini, Marco  and
      Magnolini, Simone  and
      Balaraman, Vevake  and
      Magnini, Bernardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5036",
    pages = "317--326",
    abstract = "We present a domain portable zero-shot learning approach for entity recognition in task-oriented conversational agents, which does not assume any annotated sentences at training time. Rather, we derive a neural model of the entity names based only on available gazetteers, and then apply the model to recognize new entities in the context of user utterances. In order to evaluate our working hypothesis we focus on nominal entities that are largely used in e-commerce to name products. Through a set of experiments in two languages (English and Italian) and three different domains (furniture, food, clothing), we show that the neural gazetteer-based approach outperforms several competitive baselines, with minimal requirements of linguistic features.",
}
@inproceedings{bourgonje-stede-2018-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Explicit Discourse Connectives in {G}erman",
    author = "Bourgonje, Peter  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5037",
    pages = "327--331",
    abstract = "We are working on an end-to-end Shallow Discourse Parsing system for German and in this paper focus on the first subtask: the identification of explicit connectives. Starting with the feature set from an English system and a Random Forest classifier, we evaluate our approach on a (relatively small) German annotated corpus, the Potsdam Commentary Corpus. We introduce new features and experiment with including additional training data obtained through annotation projection and achieve an f-score of 83.89.",
}
@inproceedings{casanueva-etal-2018-feudal,
    title = "Feudal Dialogue Management with Jointly Learned Feature Extractors",
    author = "Casanueva, I{\~n}igo  and
      Budzianowski, Pawe{\l}  and
      Ultes, Stefan  and
      Kreyssig, Florian  and
      Tseng, Bo-Hsiang  and
      Wu, Yen-chen  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5038",
    pages = "332--337",
    abstract = "Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising dialogue policy optimisation approach, but traditional RL algorithms fail to scale to large domains. Recently, Feudal Dialogue Management (FDM), has shown to increase the scalability to large domains by decomposing the dialogue management decision into two steps, making use of the domain ontology to abstract the dialogue state in each step. In order to abstract the state space, however, previous work on FDM relies on handcrafted feature functions. In this work, we show that these feature functions can be learned jointly with the policy model while obtaining similar performance, even outperforming the handcrafted features in several environments and domains.",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-etal-2018-variational,
    title = "Variational Cross-domain Natural Language Generation for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Tseng, Bo-Hsiang  and
      Kreyssig, Florian  and
      Budzianowski, Pawe{\l}  and
      Casanueva, I{\~n}igo  and
      Wu, Yen-Chen  and
      Ultes, Stefan  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5039",
    pages = "338--343",
    abstract = "Cross-domain natural language generation (NLG) is still a difficult task within spoken dialogue modelling. Given a semantic representation provided by the dialogue manager, the language generator should generate sentences that convey desired information. Traditional template-based generators can produce sentences with all necessary information, but these sentences are not sufficiently diverse. With RNN-based models, the diversity of the generated sentences can be high, however, in the process some information is lost. In this work, we improve an RNN-based generator by considering latent information at the sentence level during generation using conditional variational auto-encoder architecture. We demonstrate that our model outperforms the original RNN-based generator, while yielding highly diverse sentences. In addition, our model performs better when the training data is limited.",
}
@inproceedings{nishida-nakayama-2018-coherence,
    title = "Coherence Modeling Improves Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition",
    author = "Nishida, Noriki  and
      Nakayama, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5040",
    pages = "344--349",
    abstract = "The research described in this paper examines how to learn linguistic knowledge associated with discourse relations from unlabeled corpora. We introduce an unsupervised learning method on text coherence that could produce numerical representations that improve implicit discourse relation recognition in a semi-supervised manner. We also empirically examine two variants of coherence modeling: order-oriented and topic-oriented negative sampling, showing that, of the two, topic-oriented negative sampling tends to be more effective.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-lane-2018-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Learning of Task-Oriented Neural Dialog Models",
    author = "Liu, Bing  and
      Lane, Ian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5041",
    pages = "350--359",
    abstract = "In this work, we propose an adversarial learning method for reward estimation in reinforcement learning (RL) based task-oriented dialog models. Most of the current RL based task-oriented dialog systems require the access to a reward signal from either user feedback or user ratings. Such user ratings, however, may not always be consistent or available in practice. Furthermore, online dialog policy learning with RL typically requires a large number of queries to users, suffering from sample efficiency problem. To address these challenges, we propose an adversarial learning method to learn dialog rewards directly from dialog samples. Such rewards are further used to optimize the dialog policy with policy gradient based RL. In the evaluation in a restaurant search domain, we show that the proposed adversarial dialog learning method achieves advanced dialog success rate comparing to strong baseline methods. We further discuss the covariate shift problem in online adversarial dialog learning and show how we can address that with partial access to user feedback.",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2018-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a Lexicon of {E}nglish Discourse Connectives",
    author = "Das, Debopam  and
      Scheffler, Tatjana  and
      Bourgonje, Peter  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5042",
    pages = "360--365",
    abstract = "We present a new lexicon of English discourse connectives called DiMLex-Eng, built by merging information from two annotated corpora and an additional list of relation signals from the literature. The format follows the German connective lexicon DiMLex, which provides a cross-linguistically applicable XML schema. DiMLex-Eng contains 149 English connectives, and gives information on syntactic categories, discourse semantics and non-connective uses (if any). We report on the development steps and discuss design decisions encountered in the lexicon expansion phase. The resource is freely available for use in studies of discourse structure and computational applications.",
}
@inproceedings{homma-etal-2018-maximizing,
    title = "Maximizing {SLU} Performance with Minimal Training Data Using Hybrid {RNN} Plus Rule-based Approach",
    author = "Homma, Takeshi  and
      Arantes, Adriano S.  and
      Gonzalez Diaz, Maria Teresa  and
      Togami, Masahito",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5043",
    pages = "366--370",
    abstract = "Spoken language understanding (SLU) by using recurrent neural networks (RNN) achieves good performances for large training data sets, but collecting large training datasets is a challenge, especially for new voice applications. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to maximize SLU performances, especially for small training data sets. To this aim, we propose a novel CRF-based dialog act selector which chooses suitable dialog acts from outputs of RNN SLU and rule-based SLU. We evaluate the selector by using DSTC2 corpus when RNN SLU is trained by less than 1,000 training sentences. The evaluation demonstrates the selector achieves Micro F1 better than both RNN and rule-based SLUs. In addition, it shows the selector achieves better Macro F1 than RNN SLU and the same Macro F1 as rule-based SLU. Thus, we confirmed our method offers advantages in SLU performances for small training data sets.",
}
@inproceedings{chiba-etal-2018-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of the Effect of Emotional Speech Synthesis on Non-Task-Oriented Dialogue System",
    author = "Chiba, Yuya  and
      Nose, Takashi  and
      Kase, Taketo  and
      Yamanaka, Mai  and
      Ito, Akinori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5044",
    pages = "371--375",
    abstract = "This paper explores the effect of emotional speech synthesis on a spoken dialogue system when the dialogue is non-task-oriented. Although the use of emotional speech responses have been shown to be effective in a limited domain, e.g., scenario-based and counseling dialogue, the effect is still not clear in the non-task-oriented dialogue such as voice chatting. For this purpose, we constructed a simple dialogue system with example- and rule-based dialogue management. In the system, two types of emotion labeling with emotion estimation are adopted, i.e., system-driven and user-cooperative emotion labeling. We conducted a dialogue experiment where subjects evaluate the subjective quality of the system and the dialogue from the multiple aspects such as richness of the dialogue and impression of the agent. We then analyze and discuss the results and show the advantage of using appropriate emotions for the expressive speech responses in the non-task-oriented system.",
}
@inproceedings{rastogi-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-task Learning for Joint Language Understanding and Dialogue State Tracking",
    author = "Rastogi, Abhinav  and
      Gupta, Raghav  and
      Hakkani-Tur, Dilek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5045",
    pages = "376--384",
    abstract = "This paper presents a novel approach for multi-task learning of language understanding (LU) and dialogue state tracking (DST) in task-oriented dialogue systems. Multi-task training enables the sharing of the neural network layers responsible for encoding the user utterance for both LU and DST and improves performance while reducing the number of network parameters. In our proposed framework, DST operates on a set of candidate values for each slot that has been mentioned so far. These candidate sets are generated using LU slot annotations for the current user utterance, dialogue acts corresponding to the preceding system utterance and the dialogue state estimated for the previous turn, enabling DST to handle slots with a large or unbounded set of possible values and deal with slot values not seen during training. Furthermore, to bridge the gap between training and inference, we investigate the use of scheduled sampling on LU output for the current user utterance as well as the DST output for the preceding turn.",
}
@inproceedings{rahimi-litman-2018-weighting,
    title = "Weighting Model Based on Group Dynamics to Measure Convergence in Multi-party Dialogue",
    author = "Rahimi, Zahra  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5046",
    pages = "385--390",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a new weighting method for extending a dyad-level measure of convergence to multi-party dialogues by considering group dynamics instead of simply averaging. Experiments indicate the usefulness of the proposed weighted measure and also show that in general a proper weighting of the dyad-level measures performs better than non-weighted averaging in multiple tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-yu-2018-concept,
    title = "Concept Transfer Learning for Adaptive Language Understanding",
    author = "Zhu, Su  and
      Yu, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5047",
    pages = "391--399",
    abstract = "Concept definition is important in language understanding (LU) adaptation since literal definition difference can easily lead to data sparsity even if different data sets are actually semantically correlated. To address this issue, in this paper, a novel concept transfer learning approach is proposed. Here, substructures within literal concept definition are investigated to reveal the relationship between concepts. A hierarchical semantic representation for concepts is proposed, where a semantic slot is represented as a composition of \textit{atomic concepts}. Based on this new hierarchical representation, transfer learning approaches are developed for adaptive LU. The approaches are applied to two tasks: value set mismatch and domain adaptation, and evaluated on two LU benchmarks: ATIS and DSTC 2{\&}3. Thorough empirical studies validate both the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method. In particular, we achieve state-of-the-art performance (F₁-score 96.08{\%}) on ATIS by only using lexicon features.",
}
@inproceedings{galescu-etal-2018-cogent,
    title = "{C}ogent: A Generic Dialogue System Shell Based on a Collaborative Problem Solving Model",
    author = "Galescu, Lucian  and
      Teng, Choh Man  and
      Allen, James  and
      Perera, Ian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5048",
    pages = "400--409",
    abstract = "The bulk of current research in dialogue systems is focused on fairly simple task models, primarily state-based. Progress on developing dialogue systems for more complex tasks has been limited by the lack generic toolkits to build from. In this paper we report on our development from the ground up of a new dialogue model based on collaborative problem solving. We implemented the model in a dialogue system shell (Cogent) that al-lows developers to plug in problem-solving agents to create dialogue systems in new domains. The Cogent shell has now been used by several independent teams of researchers to develop dialogue systems in different domains, with varied lexicons and interaction style, each with their own problem-solving back-end. We believe this to be the first practical demonstration of the feasibility of a CPS-based dialogue system shell.",
}
@inproceedings{biyani-etal-2018-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Domain Independent Update Intents in Task Based Dialogs",
    author = "Biyani, Prakhar  and
      Akkaya, Cem  and
      Tsioutsiouliklis, Kostas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 19th Annual {SIG}dial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5049",
    pages = "410--419",
    abstract = "One important problem in task-based conversations is that of effectively updating the belief estimates of user-mentioned slot-value pairs. Given a user utterance, the intent of a slot-value pair is captured using dialog acts (DA) expressed in that utterance. However, in certain cases, DA{'}s fail to capture the actual update intent of the user. In this paper, we describe such cases and propose a new type of semantic class for user intents. This new type, Update Intents (UI), is directly related to the type of update a user intends to perform for a slot-value pair. We define five types of UI{'}s, which are independent of the domain of the conversation. We build a multi-class classification model using LSTM{'}s to identify the type of UI in user utterances in the Restaurant and Shopping domains. Experimental results show that our models achieve strong classification performance in terms of F-1 score.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-abusive,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    author = "Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja  and
      Huang, Ruihong  and
      Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Voigt, Rob  and
      Waseem, Zeerak  and
      Wernimont, Jacqueline",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5100",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Character-based Composition Models for Abuse Detection",
    author = "Mishra, Pushkar  and
      Yannakoudakis, Helen  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5101",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "The advent of social media in recent years has fed into some highly undesirable phenomena such as proliferation of offensive language, hate speech, sexist remarks, etc. on the Internet. In light of this, there have been several efforts to automate the detection and moderation of such abusive content. However, deliberate obfuscation of words by users to evade detection poses a serious challenge to the effectiveness of these efforts. The current state of the art approaches to abusive language detection, based on recurrent neural networks, do not explicitly address this problem and resort to a generic OOV (out of vocabulary) embedding for unseen words. However, in using a single embedding for all unseen words we lose the ability to distinguish between obfuscated and non-obfuscated or rare words. In this paper, we address this problem by designing a model that can compose embeddings for unseen words. We experimentally demonstrate that our approach significantly advances the current state of the art in abuse detection on datasets from two different domains, namely Twitter and Wikipedia talk page.",
}
@inproceedings{de-gibert-etal-2018-hate,
    title = "Hate Speech Dataset from a White Supremacy Forum",
    author = "de Gibert, Ona  and
      Perez, Naiara  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Pablos, Aitor  and
      Cuadros, Montse",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5102",
    pages = "11--20",
    abstract = "Hate speech is commonly defined as any communication that disparages a target group of people based on some characteristic such as race, colour, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, religion, or other characteristic.",
}
@inproceedings{gunasekara-nejadgholi-2018-review,
    title = "A Review of Standard Text Classification Practices for Multi-label Toxicity Identification of Online Content",
    author = "Gunasekara, Isuru  and
      Nejadgholi, Isar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5103",
    pages = "21--25",
    abstract = "Language toxicity identification presents a gray area in the ethical debate surrounding freedom of speech and censorship. Today{'}s social media landscape is littered with unfiltered content that can be anywhere from slightly abusive to hate inducing. In response, we focused on training a multi-label classifier to detect both the type and level of toxicity in online content. This content is typically colloquial and conversational in style. Its classification therefore requires huge amounts of annotated data due to its variability and inconsistency. We compare standard methods of text classification in this task. A conventional one-vs-rest SVM classifier with character and word level frequency-based representation of text reaches 0.9763 ROC AUC score. We demonstrated that leveraging more advanced technologies such as word embeddings, recurrent neural networks, attention mechanism, stacking of classifiers and semi-supervised training can improve the ROC AUC score of classification to 0.9862. We suggest that in order to choose the right model one has to consider the accuracy of models as well as inference complexity based on the application.",
}
@inproceedings{kshirsagar-etal-2018-predictive,
    title = "Predictive Embeddings for Hate Speech Detection on Twitter",
    author = "Kshirsagar, Rohan  and
      Cukuvac, Tyrus  and
      McKeown, Kathy  and
      McGregor, Susan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5104",
    pages = "26--32",
    abstract = "We present a neural-network based approach to classifying online hate speech in general,",
}
@inproceedings{van-aken-etal-2018-challenges,
    title = "Challenges for Toxic Comment Classification: An In-Depth Error Analysis",
    author = {van Aken, Betty  and
      Risch, Julian  and
      Krestel, Ralf  and
      L{\"o}ser, Alexander},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5105",
    pages = "33--42",
    abstract = "Toxic comment classification has become an active research field with many recently proposed approaches. However, while these approaches address some of the task{'}s challenges others still remain unsolved and directions for further research are needed. To this end, we compare different deep learning and shallow approaches on a new, large comment dataset and propose an ensemble that outperforms all individual models. Further, we validate our findings on a second dataset. The results of the ensemble enable us to perform an extensive error analysis, which reveals open challenges for state-of-the-art methods and directions towards pending future research. These challenges include missing paradigmatic context and inconsistent dataset labels.",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2018-aggression,
    title = "Aggression Detection on Social Media Text Using Deep Neural Networks",
    author = "Singh, Vinay  and
      Varshney, Aman  and
      Akhtar, Syed Sarfaraz  and
      Vijay, Deepanshu  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5106",
    pages = "43--50",
    abstract = "In the past few years, bully and aggressive posts on social media have grown significantly, causing serious consequences for victims/users of all demographics. Majority of the work in this field has been done for English only. In this paper, we introduce a deep learning based classification system for Facebook posts and comments of Hindi-English Code-Mixed text to detect the aggressive behaviour of/towards users. Our work focuses on text from users majorly in the Indian Subcontinent.",
}
@inproceedings{sprugnoli-etal-2018-creating,
    title = "Creating a {W}hats{A}pp Dataset to Study Pre-teen Cyberbullying",
    author = "Sprugnoli, Rachele  and
      Menini, Stefano  and
      Tonelli, Sara  and
      Oncini, Filippo  and
      Piras, Enrico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5107",
    pages = "51--59",
    abstract = "Although WhatsApp is used by teenagers as one major channel of cyberbullying, such interactions remain invisible due to the app privacy policies that do not allow ex-post data collection. Indeed, most of the information on these phenomena rely on surveys regarding self-reported data.",
}
@inproceedings{svec-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Moderation of Online Discussions via Interpretable Neural Models",
    author = "{\v{S}}vec, Andrej  and
      Pikuliak, Mat{\'u}{\v{s}}  and
      {\v{S}}imko, Mari{\'a}n  and
      Bielikov{\'a}, M{\'a}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5108",
    pages = "60--65",
    abstract = "Growing amount of comments make online discussions difficult to moderate by human moderators only. Antisocial behavior is a common occurrence that often discourages other users from participating in discussion. We propose a neural network based method that partially automates the moderation process. It consists of two steps. First, we detect inappropriate comments for moderators to see. Second, we highlight inappropriate parts within these comments to make the moderation faster. We evaluated our method on data from a major Slovak news discussion platform.",
}
@inproceedings{caines-etal-2018-aggressive,
    title = "Aggressive language in an online hacking forum",
    author = "Caines, Andrew  and
      Pastrana, Sergio  and
      Hutchings, Alice  and
      Buttery, Paula",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5109",
    pages = "66--74",
    abstract = "We probe the heterogeneity in levels of abusive language in different sections of the Internet, using an annotated corpus of Wikipedia page edit comments to train a binary classifier for abuse detection. Our test data come from the CrimeBB Corpus of hacking-related forum posts and we find that (a) forum interactions are rarely abusive, (b) the abusive language which does exist tends to be relatively mild compared to that found in the Wikipedia comments domain, and tends to involve aggressive posturing rather than hate speech or threats of violence. We observe that the purpose of conversations in online forums tend to be more constructive and informative than those in Wikipedia page edit comments which are geared more towards adversarial interactions, and that this may explain the lower levels of abuse found in our forum data than in Wikipedia comments. Further work remains to be done to compare these results with other inter-domain classification experiments, and to understand the impact of aggressive language in forum conversations.",
}
@inproceedings{fehn-unsvag-gamback-2018-effects,
    title = "The Effects of User Features on Twitter Hate Speech Detection",
    author = {Fehn Unsv{\aa}g, Elise  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5110",
    pages = "75--85",
    abstract = "The paper investigates the potential effects user features have on hate speech classification. A quantitative analysis of Twitter data was conducted to better understand user characteristics, but no correlations were found between hateful text and the characteristics of the users who had posted it. However, experiments with a hate speech classifier based on datasets from three different languages showed that combining certain user features with textual features gave slight improvements of classification performance. While the incorporation of user features resulted in varying impact on performance for the different datasets used, user network-related features provided the most consistent improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2018-interpreting,
    title = "Interpreting Neural Network Hate Speech Classifiers",
    author = "Wang, Cindy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5111",
    pages = "86--92",
    abstract = "Neural network hate speech classifiers outperform other methods, but the prevalence of hate speech necessitates better interpretability for automated detection systems. We propose several techniques to visualize and understand the domain-specific semantic meaning of a network{'}s internal structures.",
}
@inproceedings{magu-luo-2018-determining,
    title = "Determining Code Words in Euphemistic Hate Speech Using Word Embedding Networks",
    author = "Magu, Rijul  and
      Luo, Jiebo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5112",
    pages = "93--100",
    abstract = "While analysis of online explicit abusive language detection has lately seen an ever-increasing focus, implicit abuse detection remains a largely unexplored space. We carry out a study on a subcategory of implicit hate: euphemistic hate speech. We propose a method to assist in identifying unknown euphemisms (or code words) given a set of hateful tweets containing a known code word. Our approach leverages word embeddings and network analysis (through centrality measures and community detection) in a manner that can be generalized to identify euphemisms across contexts- not just hate speech.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2018-comparative,
    title = "Comparative Studies of Detecting Abusive Language on Twitter",
    author = "Lee, Younghun  and
      Yoon, Seunghyun  and
      Jung, Kyomin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5113",
    pages = "101--106",
    abstract = "The context-dependent nature of online aggression makes annotating large collections of data extremely difficult. Previously studied datasets in abusive language detection have been insufficient in size to efficiently train deep learning models. Recently, Hate and Abusive Speech on Twitter, a dataset much greater in size and reliability, has been released. However, this dataset has not been comprehensively studied to its potential. In this paper, we conduct the first comparative study of various learning models on Hate and Abusive Speech on Twitter, and discuss the possibility of using additional features and context data for improvements. Experimental results show that bidirectional GRU networks trained on word-level features, with Latent Topic Clustering modules, is the most accurate model scoring 0.805 F1.",
}
@inproceedings{sharifirad-etal-2018-boosting,
    title = "Boosting Text Classification Performance on Sexist Tweets by Text Augmentation and Text Generation Using a Combination of Knowledge Graphs",
    author = "Sharifirad, Sima  and
      Jafarpour, Borna  and
      Matwin, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5114",
    pages = "107--114",
    abstract = "Text classification models have been heavily",
}
@inproceedings{sahlgren-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Representations for Detecting Abusive Language",
    author = "Sahlgren, Magnus  and
      Isbister, Tim  and
      Olsson, Fredrik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5115",
    pages = "115--123",
    abstract = "This paper discusses the question whether it is possible to learn a generic representation that is useful for detecting various types of abusive language. The approach is inspired by recent advances in transfer learning and word embeddings, and we learn representations from two different datasets containing various degrees of abusive language. We compare the learned representation with two standard approaches; one based on lexica, and one based on data-specific $n$-grams. Our experiments show that learned representations do contain useful information that can be used to improve detection performance when training data is limited.",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-etal-2018-datasets,
    title = "Datasets of {S}lovene and {C}roatian Moderated News Comments",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5116",
    pages = "124--131",
    abstract = "This paper presents two large newly constructed datasets of moderated news comments from two highly popular online news portals in the respective countries: the Slovene RTV MCC and the Croatian 24sata. The datasets are analyzed by performing manual annotation of the types of the content which have been deleted by moderators and by investigating deletion trends among users and threads. Next, initial experiments on automatically detecting the deleted content in the datasets are presented. Both datasets are published in encrypted form, to enable others to perform experiments on detecting content to be deleted without revealing potentially inappropriate content. Finally, the baseline classification models trained on the non-encrypted datasets are disseminated as well to enable real-world use.",
}
@inproceedings{karan-snajder-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-Domain Detection of Abusive Language Online",
    author = "Karan, Mladen  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5117",
    pages = "132--137",
    abstract = "We investigate to what extent the models trained to detect general abusive language generalize between different datasets labeled with different abusive language types. To this end, we compare the cross-domain performance of simple classification models on nine different datasets, finding that the models fail to generalize to out-domain datasets and that having at least some in-domain data is important. We also show that using the frustratingly simple domain adaptation (Daume III, 2007) in most cases improves the results over in-domain training, specially when used to augment a smaller dataset with a larger one.",
}
@inproceedings{mathur-etal-2018-offend,
    title = "Did you offend me? Classification of Offensive Tweets in {H}inglish Language",
    author = "Mathur, Puneet  and
      Sawhney, Ramit  and
      Ayyar, Meghna  and
      Shah, Rajiv",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5118",
    pages = "138--148",
    abstract = "The use of code-switched languages e.g, Hinglish, which is derived by the blending of Hindi with the English language) is getting much popular on Twitter due to their ease of communication in native languages. However, spelling variations and absence of grammar rules introduce ambiguity and make it difficult to understand the text automatically. This paper presents the Multi-Input Multi-Channel Transfer Learning based model (MIMCT) to detect offensive (hate speech or abusive) Hinglish tweets from the proposed Hinglish Offensive Tweet (HOT) dataset using transfer learning coupled with multiple feature inputs. Specifically, it takes multiple primary word embedding along with secondary extracted features as inputs to train a multi-channel CNN-LSTM architecture that has been pre-trained on English tweets through transfer learning. The proposed MIMCT model outperforms the baseline supervised classification models, transfer learning based CNN and LSTM models to establish itself as the state of the art in the unexplored domain of Hinglish offensive text classification.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-decipherment,
    title = "Decipherment for Adversarial Offensive Language Detection",
    author = "Wu, Zhelun  and
      Kambhatla, Nishant  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5119",
    pages = "149--159",
    abstract = "Automated filters are commonly used by online services to stop users from sending age-inappropriate, bullying messages, or asking others to expose personal information. Previous work has focused on rules or classifiers to detect and filter offensive messages, but these are vulnerable to cleverly disguised plaintext and unseen expressions especially in an adversarial setting where the users can repeatedly try to bypass the filter. In this paper, we model the disguised messages as if they are produced by encrypting the original message using an invented cipher. We apply automatic decipherment techniques to decode the disguised malicious text, which can be then filtered using rules or classifiers. We provide experimental results on three different datasets and show that decipherment is an effective tool for this task.",
}
@inproceedings{castelle-2018-linguistic,
    title = "The Linguistic Ideologies of Deep Abusive Language Classification",
    author = "Castelle, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5120",
    pages = "160--170",
    abstract = "This paper brings together theories from sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology to critically evaluate the so-called {``}language ideologies{''} {---} the set of beliefs and ways of speaking about language {---} in the practices of abusive language classification in modern machine learning-based NLP. This argument is made at both a conceptual and empirical level, as we review approaches to abusive language from different fields, and use two neural network methods to analyze three datasets developed for abusive language classification tasks (drawn from Wikipedia, Facebook, and StackOverflow). By evaluating and comparing these results, we argue for the importance of incorporating theories of pragmatics and metapragmatics into both the design of classification tasks as well as in ML architectures.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-argument,
    title = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    author = "Slonim, Noam  and
      Aharonov, Ranit",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5200",
}
@inproceedings{galassi-etal-2018-argumentative,
    title = "Argumentative Link Prediction using Residual Networks and Multi-Objective Learning",
    author = "Galassi, Andrea  and
      Lippi, Marco  and
      Torroni, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5201",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "We explore the use of residual networks for argumentation mining, with an emphasis on link prediction. We propose a domain-agnostic method that makes no assumptions on document or argument structure. We evaluate our method on a challenging dataset consisting of user-generated comments collected from an online platform. Results show that our model outperforms an equivalent deep network and offers results comparable with state-of-the-art methods that rely on domain knowledge.",
}
@inproceedings{morio-fujita-2018-end,
    title = "End-to-End Argument Mining for Discussion Threads Based on Parallel Constrained Pointer Architecture",
    author = "Morio, Gaku  and
      Fujita, Katsuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5202",
    pages = "11--21",
    abstract = "Argument Mining (AM) is a relatively recent discipline, which concentrates on extracting claims or premises from discourses, and inferring their structures. However, many existing works do not consider micro-level AM studies on discussion threads sufficiently.",
}
@inproceedings{lauscher-etal-2018-arguminsci,
    title = "{A}rgumin{S}ci: A Tool for Analyzing Argumentation and Rhetorical Aspects in Scientific Writing",
    author = "Lauscher, Anne  and
      Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      Eckert, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5203",
    pages = "22--28",
    abstract = "Argumentation is arguably one of the central features of scientific language. We present \textit{ArguminSci}, an easy-to-use tool that analyzes argumentation and other rhetorical aspects of scientific writing, which we collectively dub \textit{scitorics}. The main aspect we focus on is the fine-grained argumentative analysis of scientific text through identification of argument components. The functionality of \textit{ArguminSci} is accessible via three interfaces: as a command line tool, via a RESTful application programming interface, and as a web application.",
}
@inproceedings{mayer-etal-2018-evidence,
    title = "Evidence Type Classification in Randomized Controlled Trials",
    author = "Mayer, Tobias  and
      Cabrio, Elena  and
      Villata, Serena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5204",
    pages = "29--34",
    abstract = "Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) are a common type of experimental studies in the medical domain for evidence-based decision making. The ability to automatically extract the \textit{arguments} proposed therein can be of valuable support for clinicians and practitioners in their daily evidence-based decision making activities. Given the peculiarity of the medical domain and the required level of detail, standard approaches to argument component detection in \textit{argument(ation) mining} are not fine-grained enough to support such activities. In this paper, we introduce a new sub-task of the argument component identification task: \textit{evidence type classification}. To address it, we propose a supervised approach and we test it on a set of RCT abstracts on different medical topics.",
}
@inproceedings{passon-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Usefulness of {A}mazon Reviews Using Off-The-Shelf Argumentation Mining",
    author = "Passon, Marco  and
      Lippi, Marco  and
      Serra, Giuseppe  and
      Tasso, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5205",
    pages = "35--39",
    abstract = "Internet users generate content at unprecedented rates. Building intelligent systems capable of discriminating useful content within this ocean of information is thus becoming a urgent need. In this paper, we aim to predict the usefulness of Amazon reviews, and to do this we exploit features coming from an off-the-shelf argumentation mining system. We argue that the usefulness of a review, in fact, is strictly related to its argumentative content, whereas the use of an already trained system avoids the costly need of relabeling a novel dataset. Results obtained on a large publicly available corpus support this hypothesis.",
}
@inproceedings{lauscher-etal-2018-argument,
    title = "An Argument-Annotated Corpus of Scientific Publications",
    author = "Lauscher, Anne  and
      Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5206",
    pages = "40--46",
    abstract = "Argumentation is an essential feature of scientific language. We present an annotation study resulting in a corpus of scientific publications annotated with argumentative components and relations. The argumentative annotations have been added to the existing Dr. Inventor Corpus, already annotated for four other rhetorical aspects. We analyze the annotated argumentative structures and investigate the relations between argumentation and other rhetorical aspects of scientific writing, such as discourse roles and citation contexts.",
}
@inproceedings{torsi-morante-2018-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Claims in the Vaccination Debate",
    author = "Torsi, Benedetta  and
      Morante, Roser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5207",
    pages = "47--56",
    abstract = "In this paper we present annotation experiments with three different annotation schemes for the identification of argument components in texts related to the vaccination debate. Identifying claims about vaccinations made by participants in the debate is of great societal interest, as the decision to vaccinate or not has impact in public health and safety. Since most corpora that have been annotated with argumentation information contain texts that belong to a specific genre and have a well defined argumentation structure, we needed to adjust the annotation schemes to our corpus, which contains heterogeneous texts from the Web. We started with a complex annotation scheme that had to be simplified due to low IAA. In our final experiment, which focused on annotating claims, annotators reached 57.3{\%} IAA.",
}
@inproceedings{lugini-litman-2018-argument,
    title = "Argument Component Classification for Classroom Discussions",
    author = "Lugini, Luca  and
      Litman, Diane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5208",
    pages = "57--67",
    abstract = "This paper focuses on argument component classification for transcribed spoken classroom discussions, with the goal of automatically classifying student utterances into claims, evidence, and warrants.",
}
@inproceedings{walker-etal-2018-evidence,
    title = "Evidence Types, Credibility Factors, and Patterns or Soft Rules for Weighing Conflicting Evidence: Argument Mining in the Context of Legal Rules Governing Evidence Assessment",
    author = "Walker, Vern R.  and
      Foerster, Dina  and
      Ponce, Julia Monica  and
      Rosen, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5209",
    pages = "68--78",
    abstract = "This paper reports on the results of an empirical study of adjudicatory decisions about veterans{'} claims for disability benefits in the United States. It develops a typology of kinds of relevant evidence (argument premises) employed in cases, and it identifies factors that the tribunal considers when assessing the credibility or trustworthiness of individual items of evidence. It also reports on patterns or {``}soft rules{''} that the tribunal uses to comparatively weigh the probative value of conflicting evidence. These evidence types, credibility factors, and comparison patterns are developed to be inter-operable with legal rules governing the evidence assessment process in the U.S. This approach should be transferable to other legal and non-legal domains.",
}
@inproceedings{reisert-etal-2018-feasible,
    title = "Feasible Annotation Scheme for Capturing Policy Argument Reasoning using Argument Templates",
    author = "Reisert, Paul  and
      Inoue, Naoya  and
      Kuribayashi, Tatsuki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5210",
    pages = "79--89",
    abstract = "Most of the existing works on argument mining cast the problem of argumentative structure identification as classification tasks (e.g. attack-support relations, stance, explicit premise/claim).",
}
@inproceedings{botschen-etal-2018-frame,
    title = "Frame- and Entity-Based Knowledge for Common-Sense Argumentative Reasoning",
    author = "Botschen, Teresa  and
      Sorokin, Daniil  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5211",
    pages = "90--96",
    abstract = "Common-sense argumentative reasoning is a challenging task that requires holistic understanding of the argumentation where external knowledge about the world is hypothesized to play a key role. We explore the idea of using event knowledge about prototypical situations from FrameNet and fact knowledge about concrete entities from Wikidata to solve the task. We find that both resources can contribute to an improvement over the non-enriched approach and point out two persisting challenges: first, integration of many annotations of the same type, and second, fusion of complementary annotations. After our explorations, we question the key role of external world knowledge with respect to the argumentative reasoning task and rather point towards a logic-based analysis of the chain of reasoning.",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2018-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Topic Aspects for Online Comment Convincingness Evaluation",
    author = "Gu, Yunfan  and
      Wei, Zhongyu  and
      Xu, Maoran  and
      Fu, Hao  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5212",
    pages = "97--104",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose to incorporate topic aspects information for online comments convincingness evaluation. Our model makes use of graph convolutional network to utilize implicit topic information within a discussion thread to assist the evaluation of convincingness of each single comment. In order to test the effectiveness of our proposed model, we annotate topic information on top of a public dataset for argument convincingness evaluation. Experimental results show that topic information is able to improve the performance for convincingness evaluation. We also make a move to detect topic aspects automatically.",
}
@inproceedings{green-2018-proposed,
    title = "Proposed Method for Annotation of Scientific Arguments in Terms of Semantic Relations and Argument Schemes",
    author = "Green, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5213",
    pages = "105--110",
    abstract = "This paper presents a proposed method for annotation of scientific arguments in biological/biomedical journal articles. Semantic entities and relations are used to represent the propositional content of arguments in instances of argument schemes. We describe an experiment in which we encoded the arguments in a journal article to identify issues in this approach. Our catalogue of argument schemes and a copy of the annotated article are now publically available.",
}
@inproceedings{naderi-hirst-2018-using,
    title = "Using context to identify the language of face-saving",
    author = "Naderi, Nona  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5214",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5214",
    pages = "111--120",
    abstract = "We created a corpus of utterances that attempt to save face from parliamentary debates and use it to automatically analyze the language of reputation defence. Our proposed model that incorporates information regarding threats to reputation can predict reputation defence language with high confidence. Further experiments and evaluations on different datasets show that the model is able to generalize to new utterances and can predict the language of reputation defence in a new dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2018-dave,
    title = "Dave the debater: a retrieval-based and generative argumentative dialogue agent",
    author = "Le, Dieu Thu  and
      Nguyen, Cam-Tu  and
      Nguyen, Kim Anh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5215",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5215",
    pages = "121--130",
    abstract = "In this paper, we explore the problem of developing an argumentative dialogue agent that can be able to discuss with human users on controversial topics. We describe two systems that use retrieval-based and generative models to make argumentative responses to the users. The experiments show promising results although they have been trained on a small dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{eger-etal-2018-pd3,
    title = "{PD}3: Better Low-Resource Cross-Lingual Transfer By Combining Direct Transfer and Annotation Projection",
    author = {Eger, Steffen  and
      R{\"u}ckl{\'e}, Andreas  and
      Gurevych, Iryna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5216",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5216",
    pages = "131--143",
    abstract = "We consider unsupervised cross-lingual transfer on two tasks, viz., sentence-level argumentation mining and standard POS tagging. We combine direct transfer using bilingual embeddings with annotation projection, which projects labels across unlabeled parallel data. We do so by either merging respective source and target language datasets or alternatively by using multi-task learning. Our combination strategy considerably improves upon both direct transfer and projection with few available parallel sentences, the most realistic scenario for many low-resource target languages.",
}
@inproceedings{rocha-etal-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Argumentative Relation Identification: from {E}nglish to {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Rocha, Gil  and
      Stab, Christian  and
      Lopes Cardoso, Henrique  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5217",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5217",
    pages = "144--154",
    abstract = "Argument mining aims to detect and identify argument structures from textual resources. In this paper, we aim to address the task of argumentative relation identification, a subtask of argument mining, for which several approaches have been recently proposed in a monolingual setting. To overcome the lack of annotated resources in less-resourced languages, we present the first attempt to address",
}
@inproceedings{skeppstedt-etal-2018-less,
    title = "More or less controlled elicitation of argumentative text: Enlarging a microtext corpus via crowdsourcing",
    author = "Skeppstedt, Maria  and
      Peldszus, Andreas  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5218",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5218",
    pages = "155--163",
    abstract = "We present an extension of an annotated corpus of short argumentative texts that had originally been built in a controlled text production experiment. Our extension more than doubles the size of the corpus by means of crowdsourcing. We report on the setup of this experiment and on the consequences that crowdsourcing had for assembling the data, and in particular for annotation. We labeled the argumentative structure by marking claims, premises, and relations between them, following the scheme used in the original corpus, but had to make a few modifications in response to interesting phenomena in the data. Finally, we report on an experiment with the automatic prediction of this argumentation structure: We first replicated the approach of an earlier study on the original corpus, and compare the performance to various settings involving the extension.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-bioasq,
    title = "Proceedings of the 6th {B}io{ASQ} Workshop A challenge on large-scale biomedical semantic indexing and question answering",
    author = "Kakadiaris, Ioannis A.  and
      Paliouras, George  and
      Krithara, Anastasia",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5300",
}
@inproceedings{nentidis-etal-2018-results,
    title = "Results of the sixth edition of the {B}io{ASQ} Challenge",
    author = "Nentidis, Anastasios  and
      Krithara, Anastasia  and
      Bougiatiotis, Konstantinos  and
      Paliouras, Georgios  and
      Kakadiaris, Ioannis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th {B}io{ASQ} Workshop A challenge on large-scale biomedical semantic indexing and question answering",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5301",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "This paper presents the results of the sixth edition",
}
@inproceedings{eckert-neves-2018-semantic,
    title = "Semantic role labeling tools for biomedical question answering: a study of selected tools on the {B}io{ASQ} datasets",
    author = "Eckert, Fabian  and
      Neves, Mariana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th {B}io{ASQ} Workshop A challenge on large-scale biomedical semantic indexing and question answering",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5302",
    pages = "11--21",
    abstract = "Question answering (QA) systems usually rely on advanced natural language processing components to precisely understand the questions and extract the answers. Semantic role labeling (SRL) is known to boost performance for QA, but its use for biomedical texts has not yet been fully studied. We analyzed the performance of three SRL tools (BioKIT, BIOSMILE and PathLSTM) on 1776 questions",
}
@inproceedings{molla-2018-macquarie,
    title = "{M}acquarie University at {B}io{ASQ} 6b: Deep learning and deep reinforcement learning for query-based summarisation",
    author = "Moll{\'a}, Diego",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th {B}io{ASQ} Workshop A challenge on large-scale biomedical semantic indexing and question answering",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5303",
    pages = "22--29",
    abstract = "This paper describes Macquarie University{'}s contribution to the BioASQ Challenge (BioASQ 6b, Phase B). We focused on the extraction of the ideal answers, and the task was approached as an instance of query-based multi-document summarisation. In particular, this paper focuses on the experiments related to the deep learning and reinforcement learning approaches used in the submitted runs. The best run used a deep learning model under a regression-based framework. The deep learning architecture used features derived from the output of LSTM chains on word embeddings, plus features based on similarity with the query, and sentence position. The reinforcement learning approach was a proof-of-concept prototype that trained a global policy using REINFORCE. The global policy was implemented as a neural network that used tf.idf features encoding the candidate sentence, question, and context.",
}
@inproceedings{brokos-etal-2018-aueb,
    title = "{AUEB} at {B}io{ASQ} 6: Document and Snippet Retrieval",
    author = "Brokos, George  and
      Liosis, Polyvios  and
      McDonald, Ryan  and
      Pappas, Dimitris  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th {B}io{ASQ} Workshop A challenge on large-scale biomedical semantic indexing and question answering",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5304",
    pages = "30--39",
    abstract = "We present system details for AUEB{'}s submissions to the BioASQ 6 Document and Snippet Retrieval challenge (Task 6b Phase A). Our models use novel extensions to deep learning architectures that operate solely over the text of the query and candidate document/snippets. Overall, our systems scored at the top or near the top for all batches and metrics of the challenge, highlighting the effectiveness of deep learning for the task.",
}
@inproceedings{rosso-mateus-etal-2018-mindlab,
    title = "{M}ind{L}ab Neural Network Approach at {B}io{ASQ} 6{B}",
    author = "Rosso-Mateus, Andr{\'e}s  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez, Fabio A.  and
      Montes-y-G{\'o}mez, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th {B}io{ASQ} Workshop A challenge on large-scale biomedical semantic indexing and question answering",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5305",
    pages = "40--46",
    abstract = "Biomedical Question Answering is concerned with the development of methods and systems that automatically find answers to natural language posed questions. In this work, we describe the system used in the BioASQ Challenge task 6b for document retrieval and snippet retrieval (with particular emphasis in this subtask). The proposed model makes use of semantic similarity patterns that are evaluated and measured by a convolutional neural network architecture. Subsequently, the snippet ranking performance is improved with a pseudo-relevance feedback approach in a later step. Based on the preliminary results, we reached the second position in snippet retrieval sub-task.",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2018-attentionmesh,
    title = "{A}ttention{M}e{SH}: Simple, Effective and Interpretable Automatic {M}e{SH} Indexer",
    author = "Jin, Qiao  and
      Dhingra, Bhuwan  and
      Cohen, William  and
      Lu, Xinghua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th {B}io{ASQ} Workshop A challenge on large-scale biomedical semantic indexing and question answering",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5306",
    pages = "47--56",
    abstract = "There are millions of articles in PubMed database. To facilitate information retrieval, curators in the National Library of Medicine (NLM) assign a set of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) to each article. MeSH is a hierarchically-organized vocabulary, containing about 28K different concepts, covering the fields from clinical medicine to information sciences. Several automatic MeSH indexing models have been developed to improve the time-consuming and financially expensive manual annotation, including the NLM official tool {--} Medical Text Indexer, and the winner of BioASQ Task5a challenge {--} DeepMeSH. However, these models are complex and not interpretable. We propose a novel end-to-end model, AttentionMeSH, which utilizes deep learning and attention mechanism to index MeSH terms to biomedical text. The attention mechanism enables the model to associate textual evidence with annotations, thus providing interpretability at the word level. The model also uses a novel masking mechanism to enhance accuracy and speed. In the final week of BioASQ Chanllenge Task6a, we ranked 2nd by average MiF using an on-construction model. After the contest, we achieve close to state-of-the-art MiF performance of {\textasciitilde}0.684 using our final model. Human evaluations show AttentionMeSH also provides high level of interpretability, achieving 0.90@20 recall of all expert-labeled relevant words given an MeSH-article pair.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-extraction,
    title = "Extraction Meets Abstraction: Ideal Answer Generation for Biomedical Questions",
    author = "Li, Yutong  and
      Gekakis, Nicholas  and
      Wu, Qiuze  and
      Li, Boyue  and
      Chandu, Khyathi  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th {B}io{ASQ} Workshop A challenge on large-scale biomedical semantic indexing and question answering",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5307",
    pages = "57--65",
    abstract = "The growing number of biomedical publications is a challenge for human researchers, who invest considerable effort to search for relevant documents and pinpointed answers. Biomedical Question Answering can automatically generate answers for a user{'}s topic or question, significantly reducing the effort required to locate the most relevant information in a large document corpus. Extractive summarization techniques, which concatenate the most relevant text units drawn from multiple documents, perform well on automatic evaluation metrics like ROUGE, but score poorly on human readability, due to the presence of redundant text and grammatical errors in the answer.",
}
@inproceedings{bhandwaldar-zadrozny-2018-uncc,
    title = "{UNCC} {QA}: Biomedical Question Answering system",
    author = "Bhandwaldar, Abhishek  and
      Zadrozny, Wlodek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th {B}io{ASQ} Workshop A challenge on large-scale biomedical semantic indexing and question answering",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5308",
    pages = "66--71",
    abstract = "A question answering system is a system capable of answering natural language questions. The aim of the system is to tap into the vast unstructured information and aid the researchers by providing a natural language search interface. BioaASQ is a research competition that aims to progress the research in biomedical question answering systems. In this paper, we detail our submission to the BioASQ competition{'}s Biomedical Semantic Question and Answering task. Our system uses extractive summarization techniques to generate answers and has scored highest ROUGE-2 and Rogue-SU4 in all test batch sets.",
}
@inproceedings{kamath-etal-2018-adaption,
    title = "An Adaption of {BIOASQ} Question Answering dataset for Machine Reading systems by Manual Annotations of Answer Spans.",
    author = "Kamath, Sanjay  and
      Grau, Brigitte  and
      Ma, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th {B}io{ASQ} Workshop A challenge on large-scale biomedical semantic indexing and question answering",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5309",
    pages = "72--78",
    abstract = "BIOASQ Task B Phase B challenge focuses on extracting answers from snippets for a given question. The dataset provided by the organizers contains answers, but not all their variants. Henceforth a manual annotation was performed to extract all forms of correct answers. This article shows the impact of using all occurrences of correct answers for training on the evaluation scores which are improved significantly.",
}
@inproceedings{naresh-kumar-etal-2018-ontology,
    title = "Ontology-Based Retrieval {\&} Neural Approaches for {B}io{ASQ} Ideal Answer Generation",
    author = "Naresh Kumar, Ashwin  and
      Kesavamoorthy, Harini  and
      Das, Madhura  and
      Kalwad, Pramati  and
      Chandu, Khyathi  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th {B}io{ASQ} Workshop A challenge on large-scale biomedical semantic indexing and question answering",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5310",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5310",
    pages = "79--89",
    abstract = "The ever-increasing magnitude of biomedical information sources makes it difficult and time-consuming for a human researcher to find the most relevant documents and pinpointed answers for a specific question or topic when using only a traditional search engine. Biomedical Question Answering systems automatically identify the most relevant documents and pinpointed answers, given an information need expressed as a natural language question. Generating a non-redundant, human-readable summary that satisfies the information need of a given biomedical question is focus of the Ideal Answer Generation task, part of the BioASQ challenge. This paper presents a system for ideal answer generation (using ontology-based retrieval and a neural learning-to-rank approach, combined with extractive and abstractive summarization techniques) which achieved the highest ROUGE score of 0.659 on the BioASQ 5b batch 2 test.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-2018,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    author = "Linzen, Tal  and
      Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz  and
      Alishahi, Afra",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5400",
}
@inproceedings{kerinec-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "When does deep multi-task learning work for loosely related document classification tasks?",
    author = "Kerinec, Emma  and
      Braud, Chlo{\'e}  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5401",
    pages = "1--8",
    abstract = "This work aims to contribute to our understanding of when multi-task learning through parameter sharing in deep neural networks leads to improvements over single-task learning. We focus on the setting of learning from \textit{loosely related} tasks, for which no theoretical guarantees exist. We therefore approach the question empirically, studying which properties of datasets and single-task learning characteristics correlate with improvements from multi-task learning. We are the first to study this in a text classification setting and across more than 500 different task pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{elloumi-etal-2018-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Learned Representations of a Deep {ASR} Performance Prediction Model",
    author = "Elloumi, Zied  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Galibert, Olivier  and
      Lecouteux, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5402",
    pages = "9--15",
    abstract = "This paper addresses a relatively new task: prediction of ASR performance on unseen broadcast programs.",
}
@inproceedings{croce-etal-2018-explaining,
    title = "Explaining non-linear Classifier Decisions within Kernel-based Deep Architectures",
    author = "Croce, Danilo  and
      Rossini, Daniele  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5403",
    pages = "16--24",
    abstract = "Nonlinear methods such as deep neural networks achieve state-of-the-art performances in several semantic NLP tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-etal-2018-nightmare,
    title = "Nightmare at test time: How punctuation prevents parsers from generalizing",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      de Lhoneux, Miryam  and
      Augenstein, Isabelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5404",
    pages = "25--29",
    abstract = "Punctuation is a strong indicator of syntactic structure, and parsers trained on text with punctuation often rely heavily on this signal. Punctuation is a diversion, however, since human language processing does not rely on punctuation to the same extent, and in informal texts, we therefore often leave out punctuation. We also use punctuation ungrammatically for emphatic or creative purposes, or simply by mistake. We show that (a) dependency parsers are sensitive to \textit{both} absence of punctuation and to alternative uses; (b) neural parsers tend to be more sensitive than vintage parsers; (c) training neural parsers \textit{without} punctuation outperforms all out-of-the-box parsers across all scenarios where punctuation departs from standard punctuation. Our main experiments are on synthetically corrupted data to study the effect of punctuation in isolation and avoid potential confounds, but we also show effects on out-of-domain data.",
}
@inproceedings{spinks-moens-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Textual Representations through Image Generation",
    author = "Spinks, Graham  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5405",
    pages = "30--39",
    abstract = "We present a methodology for determining the quality of textual representations through the ability to generate images from them. Continuous representations of textual input are ubiquitous in modern Natural Language Processing techniques either at the core of machine learning algorithms or as the by-product at any given layer of a neural network. While current techniques to evaluate such representations focus on their performance on particular tasks, they don{'}t provide a clear understanding of the level of informational detail that is stored within them, especially their ability to represent spatial information. The central premise of this paper is that visual inspection or analysis is the most convenient method to quickly and accurately determine information content. Through the use of text-to-image neural networks, we propose a new technique to compare the quality of textual representations by visualizing their information content. The method is illustrated on a medical dataset where the correct representation of spatial information and shorthands are of particular importance. For four different well-known textual representations, we show with a quantitative analysis that some representations are consistently able to deliver higher quality visualizations of the information content. Additionally, we show that the quantitative analysis technique correlates with the judgment of a human expert evaluator in terms of alignment.",
}
@inproceedings{camacho-collados-pilehvar-2018-role,
    title = "On the Role of Text Preprocessing in Neural Network Architectures: An Evaluation Study on Text Categorization and Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Camacho-Collados, Jose  and
      Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5406",
    pages = "40--46",
    abstract = "Text preprocessing is often the first step in the pipeline of a Natural Language Processing (NLP) system, with potential impact in its final performance. Despite its importance, text preprocessing has not received much attention in the deep learning literature. In this paper we investigate the impact of simple text preprocessing decisions (particularly tokenizing, lemmatizing, lowercasing and multiword grouping) on the performance of a standard neural text classifier. We perform an extensive evaluation on standard benchmarks from text categorization and sentiment analysis. While our experiments show that a simple tokenization of input text is generally adequate, they also highlight significant degrees of variability across preprocessing techniques. This reveals the importance of paying attention to this usually-overlooked step in the pipeline, particularly when comparing different models. Finally, our evaluation provides insights into the best preprocessing practices for training word embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{bastings-etal-2018-jump,
    title = "Jump to better conclusions: {SCAN} both left and right",
    author = "Bastings, Joost  and
      Baroni, Marco  and
      Weston, Jason  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Kiela, Douwe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5407",
    pages = "47--55",
    abstract = "Lake {\&} Baroni (2018) recently introduced the SCAN data set, which consists of simple commands paired with action sequences and is intended to test the",
}
@inproceedings{jacovi-etal-2018-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Convolutional Neural Networks for Text Classification",
    author = "Jacovi, Alon  and
      Sar Shalom, Oren  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5408",
    pages = "56--65",
    abstract = "We present an analysis into the inner workings of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for processing text. CNNs used for computer vision can be interpreted by projecting filters into image space, but for discrete sequence inputs CNNs remain a mystery. We aim to understand the method by which the networks process and classify text. We examine common hypotheses to this problem: that filters, accompanied by global max-pooling, serve as ngram detectors. We show that filters may capture several different semantic classes of ngrams by using different activation patterns, and that global max-pooling induces behavior which separates important ngrams from the rest. Finally, we show practical use cases derived from our findings in the form of model interpretability (explaining a trained model by deriving a concrete identity for each filter, bridging the gap between visualization tools in vision tasks and NLP) and prediction interpretability (explaining predictions).",
}
@inproceedings{ronning-etal-2018-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic representations in multi-task neural networks for ellipsis resolution",
    author = "R{\o}nning, Ola  and
      Hardt, Daniel  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5409",
    pages = "66--73",
    abstract = "Sluicing resolution is the task of identifying the antecedent to a question ellipsis. Antecedents are often sentential constituents, and previous work has therefore relied on syntactic parsing, together with complex linguistic features. A recent model instead used partial parsing as an auxiliary task in sequential neural network architectures to inject syntactic information. We explore the linguistic information being brought to bear by such networks, both by defining subsets of the data exhibiting relevant linguistic characteristics, and by examining the internal representations of the network. Both perspectives provide evidence for substantial linguistic knowledge being deployed by the neural networks.",
}
@inproceedings{kiyono-etal-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Token-wise Alignment to Improve Interpretation of Encoder-Decoder Models",
    author = "Kiyono, Shun  and
      Takase, Sho  and
      Suzuki, Jun  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5410",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5410",
    pages = "74--81",
    abstract = "Developing a method for understanding the inner workings of black-box neural methods is an important research endeavor.",
}
@inproceedings{sushil-etal-2018-rule,
    title = "Rule induction for global explanation of trained models",
    author = "Sushil, Madhumita  and
      {\v{S}}uster, Simon  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5411",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5411",
    pages = "82--97",
    abstract = "Understanding the behavior of a trained network and finding explanations for its outputs is important for improving the network{'}s performance and generalization ability, and for ensuring trust in automated systems. Several approaches have previously been proposed to identify and visualize the most important features by analyzing a trained network. However, the relations between different features and classes are lost in most cases. We propose a technique to induce sets of if-then-else rules that capture these relations to globally explain the predictions of a network. We first calculate the importance of the features in the trained network. We then weigh the original inputs with these feature importance scores, simplify the transformed input space, and finally fit a rule induction model to explain the model predictions. We find that the output rule-sets can explain the predictions of a neural network trained for 4-class text classification from the 20 newsgroups dataset to a macro-averaged F-score of 0.80. We make the code available at \url{https://github.com/clips/interpret_with_rules}.",
}
@inproceedings{ravfogel-etal-2018-lstm,
    title = "Can {LSTM} Learn to Capture Agreement? The Case of Basque",
    author = "Ravfogel, Shauli  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Tyers, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5412",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5412",
    pages = "98--107",
    abstract = "We focus on the task of agreement prediction in Basque, as a case study for a task that requires implicit understanding of sentence structure and the acquisition of a complex but consistent morphological system. In a series of controlled experiments, we probe the ability of sequential models to learn agreement patterns and asses different aspects of the problem. Analyzing experimental results from two syntactic prediction tasks {--} verb number prediction and suffix recovery {--} we find that sequential models perform worse on agreement prediction in Basque than one might expect on the basis of a previous agreement prediction work in English. Tentative findings based on diagnostic classifiers suggest the network makes use of local heuristics as a proxy for the hierarchical structure of the sentence. We propose the Basque agreement prediction task as challenging benchmark for models that attempt to learn regularities in human language.",
}
@inproceedings{loula-etal-2018-rearranging,
    title = "Rearranging the Familiar: Testing Compositional Generalization in Recurrent Networks",
    author = "Loula, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Baroni, Marco  and
      Lake, Brenden",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5413",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5413",
    pages = "108--114",
    abstract = "Systematic compositionality is the ability to recombine meaningful units with regular and predictable outcomes, and it{'}s seen as key to humans{'} capacity for generalization in language. Recent work (Lake and Baroni, 2018) has studied systematic compositionality in modern seq2seq models using generalization to novel navigation instructions in a grounded environment as a probing tool. Lake and Baroni{'}s main experiment required the models to quickly bootstrap the meaning of new words. We extend this framework here to settings where the model needs only to recombine well-trained functional words (such as {``}around{''} and {``}right{''}) in novel contexts. Our findings confirm and strengthen the earlier ones: seq2seq models can be impressively good at generalizing to novel combinations of previously-seen input, but only when they receive extensive training on the specific pattern to be generalized (e.g., generalizing from many examples of {``}X around right{''} to {``}jump around right{''}), while failing when generalization requires novel application of compositional rules (e.g., inferring the meaning of {``}around right{''} from those of {``}right{''} and {``}around{''}).",
}
@inproceedings{sennhauser-berwick-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Ability of {LSTM}s to Learn Context-Free Grammars",
    author = "Sennhauser, Luzi  and
      Berwick, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5414",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5414",
    pages = "115--124",
    abstract = "While long short-term memory (LSTM) neural net architectures are designed to capture sequence information, human language is generally composed of hierarchical structures. This raises the question as to whether LSTMs can learn hierarchical structures. We explore this question with a well-formed bracket prediction task using two types of brackets modeled by an LSTM.",
}
@inproceedings{pryzant-etal-2018-interpretable,
    title = "Interpretable Neural Architectures for Attributing an Ad{'}s Performance to its Writing Style",
    author = "Pryzant, Reid  and
      Basu, Sugato  and
      Sone, Kazoo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5415",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5415",
    pages = "125--135",
    abstract = "How much does {``}free shipping!{''} help an advertisement{'}s ability to persuade?",
}
@inproceedings{wallace-etal-2018-interpreting,
    title = "Interpreting Neural Networks with Nearest Neighbors",
    author = "Wallace, Eric  and
      Feng, Shi  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5416",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5416",
    pages = "136--144",
    abstract = "Local model interpretation methods explain individual predictions by",
}
@inproceedings{kementchedjhieva-lopez-2018-indicatements,
    title = "{`}Indicatements{'} that character language models learn {E}nglish morpho-syntactic units and regularities",
    author = "Kementchedjhieva, Yova  and
      Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5417",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5417",
    pages = "145--153",
    abstract = "Character language models have access to surface morphological patterns, but it is not clear whether or how they learn abstract morphological regularities. We instrument a character language model with several probes, finding that it can develop a specific unit to identify word boundaries and, by extension, morpheme boundaries, which allows it to capture linguistic properties and regularities of these units. Our language model proves surprisingly good at identifying the selectional restrictions of English derivational morphemes, a task that requires both morphological and syntactic awareness. Thus we conclude that, when morphemes overlap extensively with the words of a language, a character language model can perform morphological abstraction.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-schutze-2018-lisa,
    title = "{LISA}: Explaining Recurrent Neural Network Judgments via Layer-w{I}se Semantic Accumulation and Example to Pattern Transformation",
    author = {Gupta, Pankaj  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5418",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5418",
    pages = "154--164",
    abstract = "Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are temporal",
}
@inproceedings{hupkes-etal-2018-analysing,
    title = "Analysing the potential of seq-to-seq models for incremental interpretation in task-oriented dialogue",
    author = "Hupkes, Dieuwke  and
      Bouwmeester, Sanne  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5419",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5419",
    pages = "165--174",
    abstract = "We investigate how encoder-decoder models trained on a synthetic dataset of task-oriented dialogues process disfluencies, such as hesitations and self-corrections. We find that, contrary to earlier results, disfluencies have very little impact on the task success of seq-to-seq models with attention. Using visualisations and diagnostic classifiers, we analyse the representations that are incrementally built by the model, and discover that models develop little to no awareness of the structure of disfluencies. However, adding disfluencies to the data appears to help the model create clearer representations overall, as evidenced by the attention patterns the different models exhibit.",
}
@inproceedings{stahlberg-etal-2018-operation,
    title = "An Operation Sequence Model for Explainable Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Stahlberg, Felix  and
      Saunders, Danielle  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5420",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5420",
    pages = "175--186",
    abstract = "We propose to achieve explainable neural machine translation (NMT) by changing the output representation to explain itself. We present a novel approach to NMT which generates the target sentence by monotonically walking through the source sentence. Word reordering is modeled by operations which allow setting markers in the target sentence and move a target-side write head between those markers. In contrast to many modern neural models, our system emits explicit word alignment information which is often crucial to practical machine translation as it improves explainability. Our technique can outperform a plain text system in terms of BLEU score under the recent Transformer architecture on Japanese-English and Portuguese-English, and is within 0.5 BLEU difference on Spanish-English.",
}
@inproceedings{krug-stober-2018-introspection,
    title = "Introspection for convolutional automatic speech recognition",
    author = "Krug, Andreas  and
      Stober, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5421",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5421",
    pages = "187--199",
    abstract = "Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have experienced great success in the past few years. The increasing complexity of these models leads to less understanding about their decision processes. Therefore, introspection techniques have been proposed, mostly for images as input data. Patterns or relevant regions in images can be intuitively interpreted by a human observer. This is not the case for more complex data like speech recordings. In this work, we investigate the application of common introspection techniques from computer vision to an Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) task. To this end, we use a model similar to image classification, which predicts letters from spectrograms. We show difficulties in applying image introspection to ASR. To tackle these problems, we propose normalized averaging of aligned inputs (NAvAI): a data-driven method to reveal learned patterns for prediction of specific classes. Our method integrates information from many data examples through local introspection techniques for Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). We demonstrate that our method provides better interpretability of letter-specific patterns than existing methods.",
}
@inproceedings{trifonov-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning and Evaluating Sparse Interpretable Sentence Embeddings",
    author = "Trifonov, Valentin  and
      Ganea, Octavian-Eugen  and
      Potapenko, Anna  and
      Hofmann, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5422",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5422",
    pages = "200--210",
    abstract = "Previous research on word embeddings has shown that sparse representations, which can be either learned on top of existing dense embeddings or obtained through model constraints during training time, have the benefit of increased interpretability properties: to some degree, each dimension can be understood by a human and associated with a recognizable feature in the data. In this paper, we transfer this idea to sentence embeddings and explore several approaches to obtain a sparse representation. We further introduce a novel, quantitative and automated evaluation metric for sentence embedding interpretability, based on topic coherence methods. We observe an increase in interpretability compared to dense models, on a dataset of movie dialogs and on the scene descriptions from the MS COCO dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{wilcox-etal-2018-rnn,
    title = "What do {RNN} Language Models Learn about Filler{--}Gap Dependencies?",
    author = "Wilcox, Ethan  and
      Levy, Roger  and
      Morita, Takashi  and
      Futrell, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5423",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5423",
    pages = "211--221",
    abstract = "RNN language models have achieved state-of-the-art perplexity results and have proven useful in a suite of NLP tasks, but it is as yet unclear what syntactic generalizations they learn. Here we investigate whether state-of-the-art RNN language models represent long-distance filler{--}gap dependencies and constraints on them. Examining RNN behavior on experimentally controlled sentences designed to expose filler{--}gap dependencies, we show that RNNs can represent the relationship in multiple syntactic positions and over large spans of text. Furthermore, we show that RNNs learn a subset of the known restrictions on filler{--}gap dependencies, known as island constraints: RNNs show evidence for wh-islands, adjunct islands, and complex NP islands. These studies demonstrates that state-of-the-art RNN models are able to learn and generalize about empty syntactic positions.",
}
@inproceedings{jumelet-hupkes-2018-language,
    title = "Do Language Models Understand Anything? On the Ability of {LSTM}s to Understand Negative Polarity Items",
    author = "Jumelet, Jaap  and
      Hupkes, Dieuwke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5424",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5424",
    pages = "222--231",
    abstract = "In this paper, we attempt to link the inner workings of a neural language model to linguistic theory, focusing on a complex phenomenon well discussed in formal linguistics: (negative) polarity items.",
}
@inproceedings{skachkova-etal-2018-closing,
    title = "Closing Brackets with Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Skachkova, Natalia  and
      Trost, Thomas  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5425",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5425",
    pages = "232--239",
    abstract = "Many natural and formal languages contain words or symbols that require a matching counterpart for making an expression well-formed. The combination of opening and closing brackets is a typical example of such a construction. Due to their commonness, the ability to follow such rules is important for language modeling. Currently, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are extensively used for this task. We investigate whether they are capable of learning the rules of opening and closing brackets by applying them to synthetic Dyck languages that consist of different types of brackets. We provide an analysis of the statistical properties of these languages as a baseline and show strengths and limits of Elman-RNNs, GRUs and LSTMs in experiments on random samples of these languages. In terms of perplexity and prediction accuracy, the RNNs get close to the theoretical baseline in most cases.",
}
@inproceedings{giulianelli-etal-2018-hood,
    title = "Under the Hood: Using Diagnostic Classifiers to Investigate and Improve how Language Models Track Agreement Information",
    author = "Giulianelli, Mario  and
      Harding, Jack  and
      Mohnert, Florian  and
      Hupkes, Dieuwke  and
      Zuidema, Willem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5426",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5426",
    pages = "240--248",
    abstract = "How do neural language models keep track of number agreement between subject and verb? We show that {`}diagnostic classifiers{'}, trained to predict number from the internal states of the language model, provide a detailed understanding of how, when, and where this information is represented. Moreover, they give us insight in when and where this information is corrupted in cases where the language model ends up making agreement errors. To demonstrate the causal role that the representations we find play, we then use this information to influence the course of the LSTM during the processing of difficult sentences. Results from such an intervention show a large increase in the language model{'}s accuracy. Together, these results show that diagnostic classifiers give us an unrivalled detailed look into the representation of linguistic information in neural models, and moreover demonstrate that this knowledge can be use to improve their",
}
@inproceedings{tutek-snajder-2018-iterative,
    title = "Iterative Recursive Attention Model for Interpretable Sequence Classification",
    author = "Tutek, Martin  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5427",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5427",
    pages = "249--257",
    abstract = "Natural language processing has greatly benefited from the introduction of the attention mechanism. However, standard attention models are of limited interpretability for tasks that involve a series of inference steps. We describe an iterative recursive attention model, which constructs incremental representations of input data through reusing results of previously computed queries. We train our model on sentiment classification datasets and demonstrate its capacity to identify and combine different aspects of the input in an easily interpretable manner, while obtaining performance close to the state of the art.",
}
@inproceedings{hiebert-etal-2018-interpreting,
    title = "Interpreting Word-Level Hidden State Behaviour of Character-Level {LSTM} Language Models",
    author = "Hiebert, Avery  and
      Peterson, Cole  and
      Fyshe, Alona  and
      Mehta, Nishant",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5428",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5428",
    pages = "258--266",
    abstract = "While Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTMs) and other forms of recurrent neural network have been successfully applied to language modeling on a character level, the hidden state dynamics of these models can be difficult to interpret. We investigate the hidden states of such a model by using the HDBSCAN clustering algorithm to identify points in the text at which the hidden state is similar. Focusing on whitespace characters prior to the beginning of a word reveals interpretable clusters that offer insight into how the LSTM may combine contextual and character-level information to identify parts of speech. We also introduce a method for deriving word vectors from the hidden state representation in order to investigate the word-level knowledge of the model. These word vectors encode meaningful semantic information even for words that appear only once in the training text.",
}
@inproceedings{letarte-etal-2018-importance,
    title = "Importance of Self-Attention for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = {Letarte, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Paradis, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}rik  and
      Gigu{\`e}re, Philippe  and
      Laviolette, Fran{\c{c}}ois},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5429",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5429",
    pages = "267--275",
    abstract = "Despite their superior performance, deep learning models often lack interpretability. In this paper, we explore the modeling of insightful relations between words, in order to understand and enhance predictions. To this effect, we propose the Self-Attention Network (SANet), a flexible and interpretable architecture for text classification. Experiments indicate that gains obtained by self-attention is task-dependent. For instance, experiments on sentiment analysis tasks showed an improvement of around 2{\%} when using self-attention compared to a baseline without attention, while topic classification showed no gain. Interpretability brought forward by our architecture highlighted the importance of neighboring word interactions to extract sentiment.",
}
@inproceedings{sommerauer-fokkens-2018-firearms,
    title = "Firearms and Tigers are Dangerous, Kitchen Knives and Zebras are Not: Testing whether Word Embeddings Can Tell",
    author = "Sommerauer, Pia  and
      Fokkens, Antske",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5430",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5430",
    pages = "276--286",
    abstract = "This paper presents an approach for investigating the nature of semantic information captured by word embeddings. We propose a method that extends an existing human-elicited semantic property dataset with gold negative examples using crowd judgments. Our experimental approach tests the ability of supervised classifiers to identify semantic features in word embedding vectors and compares this to a feature-identification method based on full vector cosine similarity. The idea behind this method is that properties identified by classifiers, but not through full vector comparison are captured by embeddings. Properties that cannot be identified by either method are not. Our results provide an initial indication that semantic properties relevant for the way entities interact (e.g. dangerous) are captured, while perceptual information (e.g. colors) is not represented. We conclude that, though preliminary, these results show that our method is suitable for identifying which properties are captured by embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{raganato-tiedemann-2018-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Encoder Representations in Transformer-Based Machine Translation",
    author = {Raganato, Alessandro  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5431",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5431",
    pages = "287--297",
    abstract = "The attention mechanism is a successful technique in modern NLP, especially in tasks like machine translation. The recently proposed network architecture of the Transformer is based entirely on attention mechanisms and achieves new state of the art results in neural machine translation, outperforming other sequence-to-sequence models.",
}
@inproceedings{wei-etal-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Grammaticality in Seq2seq Models with a Broad Coverage {HPSG} Grammar: A Case Study on Machine Translation",
    author = "Wei, Johnny  and
      Pham, Khiem  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan  and
      Dillon, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5432",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5432",
    pages = "298--305",
    abstract = "Sequence to sequence (seq2seq) models are often employed in settings where the target output is natural language. However, the syntactic properties of the language generated from these models are not well understood. We explore whether such output belongs to a formal and realistic grammar, by employing the English Resource Grammar (ERG), a broad coverage, linguistically precise HPSG-based grammar of English. From a French to English parallel corpus, we analyze the parseability and grammatical constructions occurring in output from a seq2seq translation model. Over 93{\%} of the model translations are parseable, suggesting that it learns to generate conforming to a grammar. The model has trouble learning the distribution of rarer syntactic rules, and we pinpoint several constructions that differentiate translations between the references and our model.",
}
@inproceedings{hao-etal-2018-context,
    title = "Context-Free Transductions with Neural Stacks",
    author = "Hao, Yiding  and
      Merrill, William  and
      Angluin, Dana  and
      Frank, Robert  and
      Amsel, Noah  and
      Benz, Andrew  and
      Mendelsohn, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5433",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5433",
    pages = "306--315",
    abstract = "This paper analyzes the behavior of stack-augmented recurrent neural network (RNN) models. Due to the architectural similarity between stack RNNs and pushdown transducers, we train stack RNN models on a number of tasks, including string reversal, context-free language modelling, and cumulative XOR evaluation. Examining the behavior of our networks, we show that stack-augmented RNNs can discover intuitive stack-based strategies for solving our tasks. However, stack RNNs are more difficult to train than classical architectures such as LSTMs. Rather than employ stack-based strategies, more complex stack-augmented networks often find approximate solutions by using the stack as unstructured memory.",
}
@inproceedings{harbecke-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Explanations from Language Data",
    author = "Harbecke, David  and
      Schwarzenberg, Robert  and
      Alt, Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5434",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5434",
    pages = "316--318",
    abstract = "PatternAttribution is a recent method, introduced in the vision domain, that explains classifications of deep neural networks. We demonstrate that it also generates meaningful interpretations in the language domain.",
}
@inproceedings{rychalska-etal-2018-much,
    title = "How much should you ask? On the question structure in {QA} systems.",
    author = "Rychalska, Barbara  and
      Basaj, Dominika  and
      Wr{\'o}blewska, Anna  and
      Biecek, Przemyslaw",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5435",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5435",
    pages = "319--321",
    abstract = "Datasets that boosted state-of-the-art solutions for Question Answering (QA) systems prove that it is possible to ask questions in natural language manner. However, users are still used to query-like systems where they type in keywords to search for answer. In this study we validate which parts of questions are essential for obtaining valid answer. In order to conclude that, we take advantage of LIME - a framework that explains prediction by local approximation. We find that grammar and natural language is disregarded by QA. State-of-the-art model can answer properly even if {`}asked{'} only with a few words with high coefficients calculated with LIME. According to our knowledge, it is the first time that QA model is being explained by LIME.",
}
@inproceedings{rychalska-etal-2018-care,
    title = "Does it care what you asked? Understanding Importance of Verbs in Deep Learning {QA} System",
    author = "Rychalska, Barbara  and
      Basaj, Dominika  and
      Wr{\'o}blewska, Anna  and
      Biecek, Przemyslaw",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5436",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5436",
    pages = "322--324",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the results of an investigation of the importance of verbs in a deep learning QA system trained on SQuAD dataset. We show that main verbs in questions carry little influence on the decisions made by the system - in over 90{\%} of researched cases swapping verbs for their antonyms did not change system decision. We track this phenomenon down to the insides of the net, analyzing the mechanism of self-attention and values contained in hidden layers of RNN. Finally, we recognize the characteristics of the SQuAD dataset as the source of the problem. Our work refers to the recently popular topic of adversarial examples in NLP, combined with investigating deep net structure.",
}
@inproceedings{poerner-etal-2018-interpretable,
    title = "Interpretable Textual Neuron Representations for {NLP}",
    author = {Poerner, Nina  and
      Roth, Benjamin  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5437",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5437",
    pages = "325--327",
    abstract = "Input optimization methods, such as Google Deep Dream, create interpretable representations of neurons for computer vision DNNs. We propose and evaluate ways of transferring this technology to NLP. Our results suggest that gradient ascent with a gumbel softmax layer produces n-gram representations that outperform naive corpus search in terms of target neuron activation. The representations highlight differences in syntax awareness between the language and visual models of the Imaginet architecture.",
}
@inproceedings{saphra-lopez-2018-language,
    title = "Language Models Learn {POS} First",
    author = "Saphra, Naomi  and
      Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5438",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5438",
    pages = "328--330",
    abstract = "A glut of recent research shows that language models capture linguistic structure. Such work answers the question of whether a model represents linguistic structure. But how and when are these structures acquired? Rather than treating the training process itself as a black box, we investigate how representations of linguistic structure are learned over time. In particular, we demonstrate that different aspects of linguistic structure are learned at different rates, with part of speech tagging acquired early and global topic information learned continuously.",
}
@inproceedings{garneau-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting and interpreting embeddings for out of vocabulary words in downstream tasks",
    author = "Garneau, Nicolas  and
      Leboeuf, Jean-Samuel  and
      Lamontagne, Luc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5439",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5439",
    pages = "331--333",
    abstract = "We propose a novel way to handle out of vocabulary (OOV) words in downstream natural language processing (NLP) tasks. We implement a network that predicts useful embeddings for OOV words based on their morphology and on the context in which they appear. Our model also incorporates an attention mechanism indicating the focus allocated to the left context words, the right context words or the word{'}s characters, hence making the prediction more interpretable. The model is a",
}
@inproceedings{bacon-regier-2018-probing,
    title = "Probing sentence embeddings for structure-dependent tense",
    author = "Bacon, Geoff  and
      Regier, Terry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5440",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5440",
    pages = "334--336",
    abstract = "Learning universal sentence representations which accurately model sentential semantic content is a current goal of natural language processing research. A prominent and successful approach is to train recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to encode sentences into fixed length vectors. Many core linguistic phenomena that one would like to model in universal sentence representations depend on syntactic structure. Despite the fact that RNNs do not have explicit syntactic structural representations, there is some evidence that RNNs can approximate such structure-dependent phenomena under certain conditions, in addition to their widespread success in practical tasks. In this work, we assess RNNs{'} ability to learn the structure-dependent phenomenon of main clause tense.",
}
@inproceedings{poliak-etal-2018-collecting-diverse,
    title = "Collecting Diverse Natural Language Inference Problems for Sentence Representation Evaluation",
    author = "Poliak, Adam  and
      Haldar, Aparajita  and
      Rudinger, Rachel  and
      Hu, J. Edward  and
      Pavlick, Ellie  and
      White, Aaron Steven  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5441",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5441",
    pages = "337--340",
    abstract = "We present a large-scale collection of diverse natural language inference (NLI) datasets that help provide insight into how well a sentence representation encoded by a neural network captures distinct types of reasoning. The collection results from recasting 13 existing datasets from 7 semantic phenomena into a common NLI structure, resulting in over half a million labeled context-hypothesis pairs in total. Our collection of diverse datasets is available at \url{http://www.decomp.net/} and will grow over time as additional resources are recast and added from novel sources.",
}
@inproceedings{jang-etal-2018-interpretable,
    title = "Interpretable Word Embedding Contextualization",
    author = "Jang, Kyoung-Rok  and
      Myaeng, Sung-Hyon  and
      Kim, Sang-Bum",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5442",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5442",
    pages = "341--343",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a method of calibrating a word embedding, so that the semantic it conveys becomes more relevant to the context. Our method is novel because the output shows clearly which senses that were originally presented in a target word embedding become stronger or weaker. This is possible by utilizing the technique of using sparse coding to recover senses that comprises a word embedding.",
}
@inproceedings{verwimp-etal-2018-state,
    title = "State Gradients for {RNN} Memory Analysis",
    author = "Verwimp, Lyan  and
      Van hamme, Hugo  and
      Renkens, Vincent  and
      Wambacq, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5443",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5443",
    pages = "344--346",
    abstract = "We present a framework for analyzing what the state in RNNs remembers from its input embeddings. We compute the gradients of the states with respect to the input embeddings and decompose the gradient matrix with Singular Value Decomposition to analyze which directions in the embedding space are best transferred to the hidden state space, characterized by the largest singular values. We apply our approach to LSTM language models and investigate to what extent and for how long certain classes of words are remembered on average for a certain corpus. Additionally, the extent to which a specific property or relationship is remembered by the RNN can be tracked by comparing a vector characterizing that property with the direction(s) in embedding space that are best preserved in hidden state space.",
}
@inproceedings{marecek-rosa-2018-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Syntactic Trees from Transformer Encoder Self-Attentions",
    author = "Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      Rosa, Rudolf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5444",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5444",
    pages = "347--349",
    abstract = "This is a work in progress about extracting the sentence tree structures from the encoder{'}s self-attention weights, when translating into another language using the Transformer neural network architecture. We visualize the structures and discuss their characteristics with respect to the existing syntactic theories and annotations.",
}
@inproceedings{lippincott-2018-portable,
    title = "Portable, layer-wise task performance monitoring for {NLP} models",
    author = "Lippincott, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5445",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5445",
    pages = "350--352",
    abstract = "There is a long-standing interest in understanding the internal behavior of neural networks. Deep neural architectures for natural language processing (NLP) are often accompanied by explanations for their effectiveness, from general observations (e.g. RNNs can represent unbounded dependencies in a sequence) to specific arguments about linguistic phenomena (early layers encode lexical information, deeper layers syntactic). The recent ascendancy of DNNs is fueling efforts in the NLP community to explore these claims. Previous work has tended to focus on easily-accessible representations like word or sentence embeddings, with deeper structure requiring more ad hoc methods to extract and examine. In this work, we introduce Vivisect, a toolkit that aims at a general solution for broad and fine-grained monitoring in the major DNN frameworks, with minimal change to research patterns.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-glue,
    title = "{GLUE}: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Wang, Alex  and
      Singh, Amanpreet  and
      Michael, Julian  and
      Hill, Felix  and
      Levy, Omer  and
      Bowman, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5446",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5446",
    pages = "353--355",
    abstract = "For natural language understanding (NLU) technology to be maximally useful, it must be able to process language in a way that is not exclusively tailored to a specific task, genre, or dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{vania-lopez-2018-explicitly,
    title = "Explicitly modeling case improves neural dependency parsing",
    author = "Vania, Clara  and
      Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5447",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5447",
    pages = "356--358",
    abstract = "Neural dependency parsing models that compose word representations from characters can presumably exploit morphosyntax when making attachment decisions. How much do they know about morphology? We investigate how well they handle morphological case, which is important for parsing. Our experiments on Czech, German and Russian suggest that adding explicit morphological case{---}either oracle or predicted{---}improves neural dependency parsing, indicating that the learned representations in these models do not fully encode the morphological knowledge that they need, and can still benefit from targeted forms of explicit linguistic modeling.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-bowman-2018-language,
    title = "Language Modeling Teaches You More than Translation Does: Lessons Learned Through Auxiliary Syntactic Task Analysis",
    author = "Zhang, Kelly  and
      Bowman, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5448",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5448",
    pages = "359--361",
    abstract = "Recently, researchers have found that deep LSTMs trained on tasks like machine translation learn substantial syntactic and semantic information about their input sentences, including part-of-speech. These findings begin to shed light on why pretrained representations, like ELMo and CoVe, are so beneficial for neural language understanding models. We still, though, do not yet have a clear understanding of how the choice of pretraining objective affects the type of linguistic information that models learn. With this in mind, we compare four objectives{---}language modeling, translation, skip-thought, and autoencoding{---}on their ability to induce syntactic and part-of-speech information, holding constant the quantity and genre of the training data, as well as the LSTM architecture.",
}
@inproceedings{derby-etal-2018-representation,
    title = "Representation of Word Meaning in the Intermediate Projection Layer of a Neural Language Model",
    author = "Derby, Steven  and
      Miller, Paul  and
      Murphy, Brian  and
      Devereux, Barry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5449",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5449",
    pages = "362--364",
    abstract = "In this work, we evaluate latent semantic knowledge present in the LSTM activation patterns produced before and after the word of interest. We evaluate whether these activations predict human similarity ratings, human-derived property knowledge, and brain imaging data. In this way, we test the model{'}s ability to encode important semantic information relevant to word prediction, and it{'}s relationship with human cognitive semantic representations.",
}
@inproceedings{peters-etal-2018-interpretable,
    title = "Interpretable Structure Induction via Sparse Attention",
    author = "Peters, Ben  and
      Niculae, Vlad  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5450",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5450",
    pages = "365--367",
    abstract = "Neural network methods are experiencing wide adoption in NLP, thanks to their empirical performance on many tasks. Modern neural architectures go way beyond simple feedforward and recurrent models: they are complex pipelines that perform soft, differentiable computation instead of discrete logic. The price of such soft computing is the introduction of dense dependencies, which make it hard to disentangle the patterns that trigger a prediction. Our recent work on sparse and structured latent computation presents a promising avenue for enhancing interpretability of such neural pipelines. Through this extended abstract, we aim to discuss and explore the potential and impact of our methods.",
}
@inproceedings{strobelt-etal-2018-debugging,
    title = "Debugging Sequence-to-Sequence Models with {S}eq2{S}eq-Vis",
    author = "Strobelt, Hendrik  and
      Gehrmann, Sebastian  and
      Behrisch, Michael  and
      Perer, Adam  and
      Pfister, Hanspeter  and
      Rush, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5451",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5451",
    pages = "368--370",
    abstract = "Neural sequence-to-sequence models have proven to be",
}
@inproceedings{htut-etal-2018-grammar-induction,
    title = "Grammar Induction with Neural Language Models: An Unusual Replication",
    author = "Htut, Phu Mon  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Bowman, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5452",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5452",
    pages = "371--373",
    abstract = "Grammar induction is the task of learning syntactic structure without the expert-labeled treebanks (Charniak and Carroll, 1992; Klein and Manning, 2002). Recent work on latent tree learning offers a new family of approaches to this problem by inducing syntactic structure using the supervision from a downstream NLP task (Yogatama et al., 2017; Maillard et al., 2017; Choi et al., 2018). In a recent paper published at ICLR, Shen et al. (2018) introduce such a model and report near state-of-the-art results on the target task of language modeling, and the first strong latent tree learning result on constituency parsing. During the analysis of this model, we discover issues that make the original results hard to trust, including tuning and even training on what is effectively the test set. Here, we analyze the model under different configurations to understand what it learns and to identify the conditions under which it succeeds. We find that this model represents the first empirical success for neural network latent tree learning, and that neural language modeling warrants further study as a setting for grammar induction.",
}
@inproceedings{dhar-bisazza-2018-syntactic,
    title = "Does Syntactic Knowledge in Multilingual Language Models Transfer Across Languages?",
    author = "Dhar, Prajit  and
      Bisazza, Arianna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5453",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5453",
    pages = "374--377",
    abstract = "Recent work has shown that neural models can be successfully trained on multiple languages simultaneously.",
}
@inproceedings{burns-etal-2018-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Attention to Reveal Shortcomings in Memory Models",
    author = "Burns, Kaylee  and
      Nematzadeh, Aida  and
      Grant, Erin  and
      Gopnik, Alison  and
      Griffiths, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5454",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5454",
    pages = "378--380",
    abstract = "The decision making processes of deep networks are difficult to understand and while their accuracy often improves with increased architectural complexity, so too does their opacity. Practical use of machine learning models, especially for question and answering applications, demands a system that is interpretable. We analyze the attention of a memory network model to reconcile contradictory performance on a challenging question-answering dataset that is inspired by theory-of-mind experiments. We equate success on questions to task classification, which explains not only test-time failures but also how well the model generalizes to new training conditions.",
}
@inproceedings{madhyastha-etal-2018-end,
    title = "End-to-end Image Captioning Exploits Distributional Similarity in Multimodal Space",
    author = "Madhyastha, Pranava Swaroop  and
      Wang, Josiah  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5455",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5455",
    pages = "381--383",
    abstract = "We hypothesize that end-to-end neural image captioning systems work seemingly well because they exploit and learn {`}distributional similarity{'} in a multimodal feature space, by mapping a test image to similar training images in this space and generating a caption from the same space. To validate our hypothesis, we focus on the {`}image{'} side of image captioning, and vary the input image representation but keep the RNN text generation model of a CNN-RNN constant. Our analysis indicates that image captioning models (i) are capable of separating structure from noisy input representations; (ii) experience virtually no significant performance loss when a high dimensional representation is compressed to a lower dimensional space; (iii) cluster images with similar visual and linguistic information together. Our experiments all point to one fact: that our distributional similarity hypothesis holds. We conclude that, regardless of the image representation, image captioning systems seem to match images and generate captions in a learned joint image-text semantic subspace.",
}
@inproceedings{paperno-2018-limitations,
    title = "Limitations in learning an interpreted language with recurrent models",
    author = "Paperno, Denis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {B}lackbox{NLP}: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for {NLP}",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5456",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5456",
    pages = "384--386",
    abstract = "In this submission I report work in progress on learning simplified interpreted languages by means of recurrent models. The data is constructed to reflect core properties of natural language as modeled in formal syntax and semantics. Preliminary results suggest that LSTM networks do generalise to compositional interpretation, albeit only in the most favorable learning setting.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-fact,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    author = "Thorne, James  and
      Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Cocarascu, Oana  and
      Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Mittal, Arpit",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5500",
}
@inproceedings{thorne-etal-2018-fact,
    title = "The Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER}) Shared Task",
    author = "Thorne, James  and
      Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Cocarascu, Oana  and
      Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Mittal, Arpit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5501",
    pages = "1--9",
    abstract = "We present the results of the first Fact Extraction and VERification (FEVER) Shared Task. The task challenged participants to classify whether human-written factoid claims could be Supported or Refuted using evidence retrieved from Wikipedia. We received entries from 23 competing teams, 19 of which scored higher than the previously published baseline. The best performing system achieved a FEVER score of 64.21{\%}. In this paper, we present the results of the shared task and a summary of the systems, highlighting commonalities and innovations among participating systems.",
}
@inproceedings{torabi-asr-taboada-2018-data,
    title = "The Data Challenge in Misinformation Detection: Source Reputation vs. Content Veracity",
    author = "Torabi Asr, Fatemeh  and
      Taboada, Maite",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5502",
    pages = "10--15",
    abstract = "Misinformation detection at the level of full news articles is a text classification problem. Reliably labeled data in this domain is rare. Previous work relied on news articles collected from so-called {``}reputable{''} and {``}suspicious{''} websites and labeled accordingly. We leverage fact-checking websites to collect individually-labeled news articles with regard to the veracity of their content and use this data to test the cross-domain generalization of a classifier trained on bigger text collections but labeled according to source reputation. Our results suggest that reputation-based classification is not sufficient for predicting the veracity level of the majority of news articles, and that the system performance on different test datasets depends on topic distribution. Therefore collecting well-balanced and carefully-assessed training data is a priority for developing robust misinformation detection systems.",
}
@inproceedings{dumitrache-etal-2018-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing Semantic Label Propagation in Relation Classification",
    author = "Dumitrache, Anca  and
      Aroyo, Lora  and
      Welty, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5503",
    pages = "16--21",
    abstract = "Distant supervision is a popular method for performing relation extraction from text that is known to produce noisy labels. Most progress in relation extraction and classification has been made with crowdsourced corrections to distant-supervised labels, and there is evidence that indicates still more would be better. In this paper, we explore the problem of propagating human annotation signals gathered for open-domain relation classification through the CrowdTruth methodology for crowdsourcing, that captures ambiguity in annotations by measuring inter-annotator disagreement. Our approach propagates annotations to sentences that are similar in a low dimensional embedding space, expanding the number of labels by two orders of magnitude. Our experiments show significant improvement in a sentence-level multi-class relation classifier.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2018-retrieve,
    title = "Retrieve and Re-rank: A Simple and Effective {IR} Approach to Simple Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs",
    author = "Gupta, Vishal  and
      Chinnakotla, Manoj  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5504",
    pages = "22--27",
    abstract = "SimpleQuestions is a commonly used benchmark",
}
@inproceedings{kevin-etal-2018-information,
    title = "Information Nutrition Labels: A Plugin for Online News Evaluation",
    author = {Kevin, Vincentius  and
      H{\"o}gden, Birte  and
      Schwenger, Claudia  and
      {\c{S}}ahan, Ali  and
      Madan, Neelu  and
      Aggarwal, Piush  and
      Bangaru, Anusha  and
      Muradov, Farid  and
      Aker, Ahmet},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5505",
    pages = "28--33",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a browser plugin NewsScan that assists online news readers in evaluating the quality of online content they read by providing information nutrition labels for online news articles. In analogy to groceries, where nutrition labels help consumers make choices that they consider best for themselves, information nutrition labels tag online news articles with data that help readers judge the articles they engage with. This paper discusses the choice of the labels, their implementation and visualization.",
}
@inproceedings{taniguchi-etal-2018-joint,
    title = "Joint Modeling for Query Expansion and Information Extraction with Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Taniguchi, Motoki  and
      Miura, Yasuhide  and
      Ohkuma, Tomoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5506",
    pages = "34--39",
    abstract = "Information extraction about an event can be improved by incorporating external evidence.",
}
@inproceedings{conforti-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Fake News Detection: Cross-Level Stance Detection in News Articles",
    author = "Conforti, Costanza  and
      Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5507",
    pages = "40--49",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose to adapt the four-staged pipeline proposed by Zubiaga et al. (2018) for the Rumor Verification task to the problem of Fake News Detection. We show that the recently released Fnc-1 corpus covers two of its steps, namely the Tracking and the Stance Detection task. We identify asymmetry in length to be a key characteristic of the latter step, when adapted to the framework of Fake News Detection and propose to handle it as a specific type of Cross-Level Stance Detection. Inspired by theories from the field of Journalism Studies, we implement and test two architectures to successfully model the internal structure of an article and its interactions with a claim.",
}
@inproceedings{esteves-etal-2018-belittling,
    title = "Belittling the Source: Trustworthiness Indicators to Obfuscate Fake News on the Web",
    author = "Esteves, Diego  and
      Reddy, Aniketh Janardhan  and
      Chawla, Piyush  and
      Lehmann, Jens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5508",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5508",
    pages = "50--59",
    abstract = "With the growth of the internet, the number of fake-news online has been proliferating every year. The consequences of such phenomena are manifold, ranging from lousy decision-making process to bullying and violence episodes. Therefore, fact-checking algorithms became a valuable asset. To this aim, an important step to detect fake-news is to have access to a credibility score for a given information source. However, most of the widely used Web indicators have either been shut-down to the public (e.g., Google PageRank) or are not free for use (Alexa Rank). Further existing databases are short-manually curated lists of online sources, which do not scale. Finally, most of the research on the topic is theoretical-based or explore confidential data in a restricted simulation environment. In this paper we explore current research, highlight the challenges and propose solutions to tackle the problem of classifying websites into a credibility scale. The proposed model automatically extracts source reputation cues and computes a credibility factor, providing valuable insights which can help in belittling dubious and confirming trustful unknown websites. Experimental results outperform state of the art in the 2-classes and 5-classes setting.",
}
@inproceedings{naderi-hirst-2018-automated,
    title = "Automated Fact-Checking of Claims in Argumentative Parliamentary Debates",
    author = "Naderi, Nona  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5509",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5509",
    pages = "60--65",
    abstract = "We present an automated approach to distinguish true, false, stretch, and dodge statements in questions and answers in the Canadian Parliament. We leverage the truthfulness annotations of a U.S. fact-checking corpus by training a neural net model and incorporating the prediction probabilities into our models.",
}
@inproceedings{ghanem-etal-2018-stance,
    title = "Stance Detection in Fake News A Combined Feature Representation",
    author = "Ghanem, Bilal  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Rangel, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5510",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5510",
    pages = "66--71",
    abstract = "With the uncontrolled increasing of fake news and rumors over the Web, different approaches have been proposed to address the problem. In this paper, we present an approach that combines lexical, word embeddings and n-gram features to detect the stance in fake news. Our approach has been tested on the Fake News Challenge (FNC-1) dataset. Given a news title-article pair, the FNC-1 task aims at determining the relevance of the article and the title. Our proposed approach has achieved an accurate result (59.6{\%} Macro F1) that is close to the state-of-the-art result with 0.013 difference using a simple feature representation. Furthermore, we have investigated the importance of different lexicons in the detection of the classification labels.",
}
@inproceedings{obamuyide-vlachos-2018-zero,
    title = "Zero-shot Relation Classification as Textual Entailment",
    author = "Obamuyide, Abiola  and
      Vlachos, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5511",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5511",
    pages = "72--78",
    abstract = "We consider the task of relation classification, and pose this task as one of textual entailment. We show that this formulation leads to several advantages, including the ability to (i) perform zero-shot relation classification by exploiting relation descriptions, (ii) utilize existing textual entailment models, and (iii) leverage readily available textual entailment datasets, to enhance the performance of relation classification systems. Our experiments show that the proposed approach achieves 20.16{\%} and 61.32{\%} in F1 zero-shot classification performance on two datasets, which further improved to 22.80{\%} and 64.78{\%} respectively with the use of conditional encoding.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2018-teaching,
    title = "Teaching Syntax by Adversarial Distraction",
    author = "Kim, Juho  and
      Malon, Christopher  and
      Kadav, Asim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5512",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5512",
    pages = "79--84",
    abstract = "Existing entailment datasets mainly pose problems which can be answered without attention to grammar or word order. Learning syntax requires comparing examples where different grammar and word order change the desired classification. We introduce several datasets based on synthetic transformations of natural entailment examples in SNLI or FEVER, to teach aspects of grammar and word order. We show that without retraining, popular entailment models are unaware that these syntactic differences change meaning. With retraining, some but not all popular entailment models can learn to compare the syntax properly.",
}
@inproceedings{alhindi-etal-2018-evidence,
    title = "Where is Your Evidence: Improving Fact-checking by Justification Modeling",
    author = "Alhindi, Tariq  and
      Petridis, Savvas  and
      Muresan, Smaranda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5513",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5513",
    pages = "85--90",
    abstract = "Fact-checking is a journalistic practice that compares a claim made publicly against trusted sources of facts. Wang (2017) introduced a large dataset of validated claims from the POLITIFACT .com website (LIAR dataset), enabling the development of machine learning approaches for fact-checking. However, approaches based on this dataset have focused primarily on modeling the claim and speaker-related metadata, without considering the evidence used by humans in labeling the claims. We extend the LIAR dataset by automatically extracting the justification from the fact-checking article used by humans to label a given claim. We show that modeling the extracted justification in conjunction with the claim (and metadata) provides a significant improvement regardless of the machine learning model used (feature-based or deep learning) both in a binary classification task (true, false) and in a six-way classification task (pants on fire, false, mostly false, half true, mostly true, true).",
}
@inproceedings{loureiro-jorge-2018-affordance,
    title = "Affordance Extraction and Inference based on Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Loureiro, Daniel  and
      Jorge, Al{\'\i}pio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5514",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5514",
    pages = "91--96",
    abstract = "Common-sense reasoning is becoming increasingly important for the advancement of Natural Language Processing. While word embeddings have been very successful, they cannot explain which aspects of {`}coffee{'} and {`}tea{'} make them similar, or how they could be related to {`}shop{'}. In this paper, we propose an explicit word representation that builds upon the Distributional Hypothesis to represent meaning from semantic roles, and allow inference of relations from their meshing, as supported by the affordance-based Indexical Hypothesis. We find that our model improves the state-of-the-art on unsupervised word similarity tasks while allowing for direct inference of new relations from the same vector space.",
}
@inproceedings{yoneda-etal-2018-ucl,
    title = "{UCL} Machine Reading Group: Four Factor Framework For Fact Finding ({H}exa{F})",
    author = "Yoneda, Takuma  and
      Mitchell, Jeff  and
      Welbl, Johannes  and
      Stenetorp, Pontus  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5515",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5515",
    pages = "97--102",
    abstract = "Our system is a four stage model consisting of document retrieval, sentence retrieval, natural language inference and aggregation. Document retrieval attempts to find the name of a Wikipedia article in the claim, and then ranks each article based on capitalisation, sentence position and token match features. A set of sentences are then retrieved from the top ranked articles, based on token matches with the claim and position in the article. A natural language inference model is then applied to each of these sentences paired with the claim, giving a prediction for each potential evidence. These predictions are then aggregated using a simple MLP, and the sentences are reranked to keep only the evidence consistent with the final prediction.",
}
@inproceedings{hanselowski-etal-2018-ukp,
    title = "{UKP}-Athene: Multi-Sentence Textual Entailment for Claim Verification",
    author = "Hanselowski, Andreas  and
      Zhang, Hao  and
      Li, Zile  and
      Sorokin, Daniil  and
      Schiller, Benjamin  and
      Schulz, Claudia  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5516",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5516",
    pages = "103--108",
    abstract = "The Fact Extraction and VERification (FEVER) shared task was launched to sup- port the development of systems able to verify claims by extracting supporting or refuting facts from raw text. The shared task organizers provide a large-scale dataset for the consecutive steps involved in claim verification, in particular, document retrieval, fact extraction, and claim classification. In this paper, we present our claim verification pipeline approach, which, according to the preliminary results, scored third in the shared task, out of 23 competing systems. For the document retrieval, we implemented a new entity linking approach. In order to be able to rank candidate facts and classify a claim on the basis of several selected facts, we introduce two extensions to the Enhanced LSTM (ESIM).",
}
@inproceedings{malon-2018-team,
    title = "Team Papelo: Transformer Networks at {FEVER}",
    author = "Malon, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5517",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5517",
    pages = "109--113",
    abstract = "We develop a system for the FEVER fact extraction and verification challenge that uses a high precision entailment classifier based on transformer networks pretrained with language modeling, to classify a broad set of potential evidence. The precision of the entailment classifier allows us to enhance recall by considering every statement from several articles to decide upon each claim. We include not only the articles best matching the claim text by TFIDF score, but read additional articles whose titles match named entities and capitalized expressions occurring in the claim text. The entailment module evaluates potential evidence one statement at a time, together with the title of the page the evidence came from (providing a hint about possible pronoun antecedents). In preliminary evaluation, the system achieves .5736 FEVER score, .6108 label accuracy, and .6485 evidence F1 on the FEVER shared task test set.",
}
@inproceedings{kowollik-aker-2018-uni,
    title = "Uni-{DUE} Student Team: Tackling fact checking through decomposable attention neural network",
    author = "Kowollik, Jan  and
      Aker, Ahmet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5518",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5518",
    pages = "114--118",
    abstract = "In this paper we present our system for the FEVER Challenge.",
}
@inproceedings{nooralahzadeh-ovrelid-2018-sirius,
    title = "{SIRIUS}-{LTG}: An Entity Linking Approach to Fact Extraction and Verification",
    author = "Nooralahzadeh, Farhad  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5519",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5519",
    pages = "119--123",
    abstract = "This article presents the SIRIUS-LTG system for the Fact Extraction and VERification (FEVER) SharedTask. It consists of three components: 1)Wikipedia Page Retrieval: First we extract the entities in the claim, then we find potential Wikipedia URI candidates for each of the entities using a SPARQL query over DBpedia 2)Sentence selection: We investigate various techniques i.e. Smooth Inverse Frequency(SIF), Word Mover{'}s Distance (WMD), Soft-Cosine Similarity, Cosine similarity with uni-gram Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) to rank sentences by their similarity to the claim. 3)Textual Entailment: We compare three models for the task of claim classification. We apply a Decomposable Attention (DA) model (Parikh et al., 2016), a Decomposed Graph Entailment (DGE) model (Khot et al., 2018) and a Gradient-Boosted Decision Trees (TalosTree) model (Sean et al.,2017) for this task. The experiments show that the pipeline with simple Cosine Similarity using TFIDF in sentence selection along with DA model as labelling model achieves the best results on the development set (F1evidence: 32.17, label accuracy: 59.61 andFEVER score: 0.3778). Furthermore, it obtains 30.19, 48.87 and 36.55 in terms of F1 evidence, label accuracy and FEVER score, respectively, on the test set. Our system ranks 15th among 23 participants in the shared task prior to any human-evaluation of the evidence.",
}
@inproceedings{taniguchi-etal-2018-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Entity Linking and Evidence Ranking for Fact Extraction and Verification",
    author = "Taniguchi, Motoki  and
      Taniguchi, Tomoki  and
      Takahashi, Takumi  and
      Miura, Yasuhide  and
      Ohkuma, Tomoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5520",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5520",
    pages = "124--126",
    abstract = "We describe here our system and results on the FEVER shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{chakrabarty-etal-2018-robust,
    title = "Robust Document Retrieval and Individual Evidence Modeling for Fact Extraction and Verification.",
    author = "Chakrabarty, Tuhin  and
      Alhindi, Tariq  and
      Muresan, Smaranda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5521",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5521",
    pages = "127--131",
    abstract = "This paper presents the ColumbiaNLP submission for the FEVER Workshop Shared Task. Our system is an end-to-end pipeline that extracts factual evidence from Wikipedia and infers a decision about the truthfulness of the claim based on the extracted evidence. Our pipeline achieves significant improvement over the baseline for all the components (Document Retrieval, Sentence Selection and Textual Entailment) both on the development set and the test set. Our team finished 6th out of 24 teams on the leader-board based on the preliminary results with a FEVER score of 49.06 on the blind test set compared to 27.45 of the baseline system.",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-etal-2018-defactonlp,
    title = "{D}e{F}acto{NLP}: Fact Verification using Entity Recognition, {TFIDF} Vector Comparison and Decomposable Attention",
    author = "Reddy, Aniketh Janardhan  and
      Rocha, Gil  and
      Esteves, Diego",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5522",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5522",
    pages = "132--137",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe DeFactoNLP, the system we designed for the FEVER 2018 Shared Task. The aim of this task was to conceive a system that can not only automatically assess the veracity of a claim but also retrieve evidence supporting this assessment from Wikipedia. In our approach, the Wikipedia documents whose Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TFIDF) vectors are most similar to the vector of the claim and those documents whose names are similar to those of the named entities (NEs) mentioned in the claim are identified as the documents which might contain evidence. The sentences in these documents are then supplied to a textual entailment recognition module. This module calculates the probability of each sentence supporting the claim, contradicting the claim or not providing any relevant information to assess the veracity of the claim. Various features computed using these probabilities are finally used by a Random Forest classifier to determine the overall truthfulness of the claim. The sentences which support this classification are returned as evidence. Our approach achieved a 0.4277 evidence F1-score, a 0.5136 label accuracy and a 0.3833 FEVER score.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-end,
    title = "An End-to-End Multi-task Learning Model for Fact Checking",
    author = "Li, Sizhen  and
      Zhao, Shuai  and
      Cheng, Bo  and
      Yang, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5523",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5523",
    pages = "138--144",
    abstract = "With huge amount of information generated every day on the web, fact checking is an important and challenging task which can help people identify the authenticity of most claims as well as providing evidences selected from knowledge source like Wikipedia. Here we decompose this problem into two parts: an entity linking task (retrieving relative Wikipedia pages) and recognizing textual entailment between the claim and selected pages. In this paper, we present an end-to-end multi-task learning with bi-direction attention (EMBA) model to classify the claim as {``}supports{''}, {``}refutes{''} or {``}not enough info{''} with respect to the pages retrieved and detect sentences as evidence at the same time. We conduct experiments on the FEVER (Fact Extraction and VERification) paper test dataset and shared task test dataset, a new public dataset for verification against textual sources. Experimental results show that our method achieves comparable performance compared with the baseline system.",
}
@inproceedings{otto-2018-team,
    title = "Team {GESIS} Cologne: An all in all sentence-based approach for {FEVER}",
    author = "Otto, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5524",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5524",
    pages = "145--149",
    abstract = "In this system description of our pipeline to participate at the Fever Shared Task, we describe our sentence-based approach. Throughout all steps of our pipeline, we regarded single sentences as our processing unit. In our IR-",
}
@inproceedings{hidey-diab-2018-team,
    title = "Team {SWEEP}er: Joint Sentence Extraction and Fact Checking with Pointer Networks",
    author = "Hidey, Christopher  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5525",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5525",
    pages = "150--155",
    abstract = "Our model for fact checking and verification consists of two stages: 1) identifying relevant documents using lexical and syntactic features from the claim and first two sentences in the Wikipedia article and 2) jointly modeling sentence extraction and verification. As the tasks of fact checking and finding evidence are dependent on each other, an ideal model would consider the veracity of the claim when finding evidence and also find only the evidence that supports/refutes the position of the claim. We thus jointly model the second stage by using a pointer network with the claim and evidence sentence represented using the ESIM module. For stage 2, we first train both components using multi-task learning over a larger memory of extracted sentences, then tune parameters to first extract sentences and predict the relation from only the extracted sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{luken-etal-2018-qed,
    title = "{QED}: A fact verification system for the {FEVER} shared task",
    author = "Luken, Jackson  and
      Jiang, Nanjiang  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5526",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5526",
    pages = "156--160",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system submission to the 2018 Fact Extraction and VERification (FEVER) shared task. The system uses a heuristics-based approach for evidence extraction and a modified version of the inference model by Parikh et al. (2016) for classification. Our process is broken down into three modules: potentially relevant documents are gathered based on key phrases in the claim, then any possible evidence sentences inside those documents are extracted, and finally our classifier discards any evidence deemed irrelevant and uses the remaining to classify the claim{'}s veracity. Our system beats the shared task baseline by 12{\%} and is successful at finding correct evidence (evidence retrieval F1 of 62.5{\%} on the development set).",
}
@inproceedings{padia-etal-2018-team,
    title = "Team {UMBC}-{FEVER} : Claim verification using Semantic Lexical Resources",
    author = "Padia, Ankur  and
      Ferraro, Francis  and
      Finin, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5527",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5527",
    pages = "161--165",
    abstract = "We describe our system used in the 2018",
}
@inproceedings{paul-etal-2018-mostly,
    title = "A mostly unlexicalized model for recognizing textual entailment",
    author = "Paul, Mithun  and
      Sharp, Rebecca  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and {VER}ification ({FEVER})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5528",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5528",
    pages = "166--171",
    abstract = "Many approaches to automatically recognizing entailment relations have employed classifiers over hand engineered lexicalized features, or deep learning models that implicitly capture lexicalization through word embeddings. This reliance on lexicalization may complicate the adaptation of these tools between domains. For example, such a system trained in the news domain may learn that a sentence like {``}Palestinians recognize Texas as part of Mexico{''} tends to be unsupported, but this fact (and its corresponding lexicalized cues) have no value in, say, a scientific domain. To mitigate this dependence on lexicalized information, in this paper we propose a model that reads two sentences, from any given domain, to determine entailment without using lexicalized features. Instead our model relies on features that are either unlexicalized or are domain independent such as proportion of negated verbs, antonyms, or noun overlap. In its current implementation, this model does not perform well on the FEVER dataset, due to two reasons. First, for the information retrieval portion of the task we used the baseline system provided, since this was not the aim of our project. Second, this is work in progress and we still are in the process of identifying more features and gradually increasing the accuracy of our model. In the end, we hope to build a generic end-to-end classifier, which can be used in a domain outside the one in which it was trained, with no or minimal re-training.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-international-health,
    title = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    author = "Lavelli, Alberto  and
      Minard, Anne-Lyse  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5600",
}
@inproceedings{bell-etal-2018-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Diabetes Risk from Social Media Activity",
    author = "Bell, Dane  and
      Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Kousik, Aditya  and
      Ishihara, Terron  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Kobourov, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5601",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "This work is the first to explore the detection of individuals{'} risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) directly from their social media (Twitter) activity. Our approach extends a deep learning architecture with several contributions: following previous observations that language use differs by gender, it captures and uses gender information through domain adaptation; it captures recency of posts under the hypothesis that more recent posts are more representative of an individual{'}s current risk status; and, lastly, it demonstrates that in this scenario where activity factors are sparsely represented in the data, a bag-of-word neural network model using custom dictionaries of food and activity words performs better than other neural sequence models. Our best model, which incorporates all these contributions, achieves a risk-detection F1 of 41.9, considerably higher than the baseline rate (36.9).",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2018-treatment,
    title = "Treatment Side Effect Prediction from Online User-generated Content",
    author = "Nguyen, Van Hoang  and
      Sugiyama, Kazunari  and
      Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Halder, Kishaloy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5602",
    pages = "12--21",
    abstract = "With Health 2.0, patients and caregivers increasingly seek information regarding possible drug side effects during their medical treatments in online health communities. These online communities are helpful platforms for non-professional medical opinions, yet pose risk of being unreliable in quality and insufficient in quantity to cover the wide range of potential drug reactions. Current approaches to analysing such user-generated content in online forums heavily rely on feature engineering of both documents and users, and often overlook the relationships between posts within a common discussion thread. Inspired by recent advancements, we propose a neural architecture that models the textual content of user-generated documents and user experiences in online communities to predict side effects during treatment. Experimental results show that our proposed architecture outperforms baseline models.",
}
@inproceedings{suster-etal-2018-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting neural relation classification in clinical notes with external information",
    author = "{\v{S}}uster, Simon  and
      Sushil, Madhumita  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5603",
    pages = "22--28",
    abstract = "Recently, segment convolutional neural networks have been proposed for end-to-end relation extraction in the clinical domain, achieving results comparable to or outperforming the approaches with heavy manual feature engineering. In this paper, we analyze the errors made by the neural classifier based on confusion matrices, and then investigate three simple extensions to overcome its limitations. We find that including ontological association between drugs and problems, and data-induced association between medical concepts does not reliably improve the performance, but that large gains are obtained by the incorporation of semantic classes to capture relation triggers.",
}
@inproceedings{kaur-molla-2018-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Machine Learning for Extractive Query Based Summarisation of Biomedical Data",
    author = "Kaur, Mandeep  and
      Moll{\'a}, Diego",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5604",
    pages = "29--37",
    abstract = "The automation of text summarisation of biomedical publications is a pressing need due to the plethora of information available on-line. This paper explores the impact of several supervised machine learning approaches for extracting multi-document summaries for given queries. In particular, we compare classification and regression approaches for query-based extractive summarisation using data provided by the BioASQ Challenge. We tackled the problem of annotating sentences for training classification systems and show that a simple annotation approach outperforms regression-based summarisation.",
}
@inproceedings{zhai-etal-2018-comparing,
    title = "Comparing {CNN} and {LSTM} character-level embeddings in {B}i{LSTM}-{CRF} models for chemical and disease named entity recognition",
    author = "Zhai, Zenan  and
      Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5605",
    pages = "38--43",
    abstract = "We compare the use of LSTM-based and CNN-based character-level word embeddings in BiLSTM-CRF models to approach chemical and disease named entity recognition (NER) tasks. Empirical results over the BioCreative V CDR corpus show that the use of either type of character-level word embeddings in conjunction with the BiLSTM-CRF models leads to comparable state-of-the-art performance. However, the models using CNN-based character-level word embeddings have a computational performance advantage, increasing training time over word-based models by 25{\%} while the LSTM-based character-level word embeddings more than double the required training time.",
}
@inproceedings{rojas-barahona-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep learning for language understanding of mental health concepts derived from Cognitive Behavioural Therapy",
    author = "Rojas-Barahona, Lina M.  and
      Tseng, Bo-Hsiang  and
      Dai, Yinpei  and
      Mansfield, Clare  and
      Ramadan, Osman  and
      Ultes, Stefan  and
      Crawford, Michael  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5606",
    pages = "44--54",
    abstract = "In recent years, we have seen deep learning and distributed representations of words and sentences make impact on a number of natural language processing tasks, such as similarity, entailment and sentiment analysis. Here we introduce a new task: understanding of mental health concepts derived from Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). We define a mental health ontology based on the CBT principles, annotate a large corpus where this phenomena is exhibited and perform understanding using deep learning and distributed representations. Our results show that the performance of deep learning models combined with word embeddings or sentence embeddings significantly outperform non-deep-learning models in this difficult task. This understanding module will be an essential component of a statistical dialogue system delivering therapy.",
}
@inproceedings{galvan-etal-2018-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the Challenges of Temporal Relation Extraction from Clinical Text",
    author = "Galvan, Diana  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Matsuda, Koji  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5607",
    pages = "55--64",
    abstract = "Temporal reasoning remains as an unsolved task for Natural Language Processing (NLP), particularly demonstrated in the clinical domain. The complexity of temporal representation in language is evident as results of the 2016 Clinical TempEval challenge show: the current state-of-the-art systems perform well in solving mention-identification tasks of event and time expression, but poorly in temporal relation extraction, showing a gap of around 0.25 point below human performance. We explore to adapt the tree-based LSTM-RNN model proposed by Miwa and Bansal (2016) to temporal relation extraction from clinical text, obtaining a five point improvement over the best 2016 Clinical TempEval system and two points over the state-of-the-art. We deliver a deep analysis of the results and discuss the next step towards human-like temporal reasoning.",
}
@inproceedings{kajiyama-etal-2018-de,
    title = "De-identifying Free Text of {J}apanese Dummy Electronic Health Records",
    author = "Kajiyama, Kohei  and
      Horiguchi, Hiromasa  and
      Okumura, Takashi  and
      Morita, Mizuki  and
      Kano, Yoshinobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5608",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5608",
    pages = "65--70",
    abstract = "A new law was established in Japan to promote utilization of EHRs for research and developments, while de-identification is required to use EHRs. However, studies of automatic anonymization in the healthcare domain is not active for Japanese language, no de-identification tool available in practical performance for Japanese medical domains, as far as we know. Previous works show that rule-based methods are still effective, while deep learning methods are reported to be better recently. In order to implement and evaluate an de-identification tool in a practical level, we implemented three methods, rule-based, CRF, and LSTM. We prepared three datasets of pseudo EHRs with de-identification tags manually annoated. These datasets are derived from shared task data to compare with previous works, and our new data to increase training data. Our result shows that our LSTM-based method is better and robust, which leads to our future work that plans to apply our system to actual de-identification tasks in hospitals.",
}
@inproceedings{herrmannova-etal-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Identification of Study Descriptors in Toxicology Research: An Experimental Study",
    author = "Herrmannova, Drahomira  and
      Young, Steven  and
      Patton, Robert  and
      Stahl, Christopher  and
      Kleinstreuer, Nicole  and
      Wolfe, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5609",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5609",
    pages = "71--82",
    abstract = "Identifying and extracting data elements such as study descriptors in publication full texts is a critical yet manual and labor-intensive step required in a number of tasks. In this paper we address the question of identifying data elements in an unsupervised manner. Specifically, provided a set of criteria describing specific study parameters, such as species, route of administration, and dosing regimen, we develop an unsupervised approach to identify text segments relevant to the criteria. A binary classifier trained to identify publications that met the criteria performs better when trained on the candidate sentences than when trained on sentences randomly picked from the text, supporting the intuition that our method is able to accurately identify study descriptors.",
}
@inproceedings{cardon-grabar-2018-identification,
    title = "Identification of Parallel Sentences in Comparable Monolingual Corpora from Different Registers",
    author = "Cardon, R{\'e}mi  and
      Grabar, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5610",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5610",
    pages = "83--93",
    abstract = "Parallel aligned sentences provide useful information for different NLP applications.",
}
@inproceedings{moen-etal-2018-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of a Prototype System that Automatically Assigns Subject Headings to Nursing Narratives Using Recurrent Neural Network",
    author = {Moen, Hans  and
      Hakala, Kai  and
      Peltonen, Laura-Maria  and
      Suhonen, Henry  and
      Loukasm{\"a}ki, Petri  and
      Salakoski, Tapio  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Salanter{\"a}, Sanna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5611",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5611",
    pages = "94--100",
    abstract = "We present our initial evaluation of a prototype system designed to assist nurses in assigning subject headings to nursing narratives - written in the context of documenting patient care in hospitals. Currently nurses may need to memorize several hundred subject headings from standardized nursing terminologies when structuring and assigning the right section/subject headings to their text. Our aim is to allow nurses to write in a narrative manner without having to plan and structure the text with respect to sections and subject headings, instead the system should assist with the assignment of subject headings and restructuring afterwards. We hypothesize that this could reduce the time and effort needed for nursing documentation in hospitals. A central component of the system is a text classification model based on a long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network architecture, trained on a large data set of nursing notes. A simple Web-based interface has been implemented for user interaction. To evaluate the system, three nurses write a set of artificial nursing shift notes in a fully unstructured narrative manner, without planning for or consider the use of sections and subject headings. These are then fed to the system which assigns subject headings to each sentence and then groups them into paragraphs. Manual evaluation is conducted by a group of nurses. The results show that about 70{\%} of the sentences are assigned to correct subject headings. The nurses believe that such a system can be of great help in making nursing documentation in hospitals easier and less time consuming. Finally, various measures and approaches for improving the system are discussed.",
}
@inproceedings{banisakher-etal-2018-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Detecting the Position and Type of Psychiatric Evaluation Report Sections",
    author = "Banisakher, Deya  and
      Rishe, Naphtali  and
      Finlayson, Mark A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5612",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5612",
    pages = "101--110",
    abstract = "Psychiatric evaluation reports represent a rich and still mostly-untapped",
}
@inproceedings{rama-etal-2018-iterative,
    title = "Iterative development of family history annotation guidelines using a synthetic corpus of clinical text",
    author = "Rama, Taraka  and
      Brekke, P{\aa}l  and
      Nytr{\o}, {\O}ystein  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5613",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5613",
    pages = "111--121",
    abstract = "In this article, we describe the development of annotation",
}
@inproceedings{grabar-etal-2018-cas,
    title = "{CAS}: {F}rench Corpus with Clinical Cases",
    author = "Grabar, Natalia  and
      Claveau, Vincent  and
      Dalloux, Cl{\'e}ment",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5614",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5614",
    pages = "122--128",
    abstract = "Textual corpora are extremely important for various NLP applications as they provide information necessary for creating, setting and testing these applications and the corresponding tools. They are also crucial for designing reliable methods and reproducible results. Yet, in some areas, such as the medical area, due to confidentiality or to ethical reasons, it is complicated and even impossible to access textual data representative of those produced in these areas. We propose the CAS corpus built with clinical cases, such as they are reported in the published scientific literature in French. We describe this corpus, currently containing over 397,000 word occurrences, and the existing linguistic and semantic annotations.",
}
@inproceedings{holderness-etal-2018-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Risk Factor Domains in Psychosis Patient Health Records",
    author = "Holderness, Eben  and
      Miller, Nicholas  and
      Bolton, Kirsten  and
      Cawkwell, Philip  and
      Meteer, Marie  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Hua-Hall, Mei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5615",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5615",
    pages = "129--138",
    abstract = "Readmission after discharge from a hospital is disruptive and costly, regardless of the reason. However, it can be particularly problematic for psychiatric patients, so predicting which patients may be readmitted is critically important but also very difficult. Clinical narratives in psychiatric electronic health records (EHRs) span a wide range of topics and vocabulary; therefore, a psychiatric readmission prediction model must begin with a robust and interpretable topic extraction component. We created a data pipeline for using document vector similarity metrics to perform topic extraction on psychiatric EHR data in service of our long-term goal of creating a readmission risk classifier. We show initial results for our topic extraction model and identify additional features we will be incorporating in the future.",
}
@inproceedings{girardi-etal-2018-patient,
    title = "Patient Risk Assessment and Warning Symptom Detection Using Deep Attention-Based Neural Networks",
    author = "Girardi, Ivan  and
      Ji, Pengfei  and
      Nguyen, An-phi  and
      Hollenstein, Nora  and
      Ivankay, Adam  and
      Kuhn, Lorenz  and
      Marchiori, Chiara  and
      Zhang, Ce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5616",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5616",
    pages = "139--148",
    abstract = "We present an operational component of a real-world patient triage system. Given a specific patient presentation, the system is able to assess the level of medical urgency and issue the most appropriate recommendation in terms of best point of care and time to treat. We use an attention-based convolutional neural network",
}
@inproceedings{legrand-etal-2018-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-based Transfer Learning for the Task of Biomedical Relation Extraction",
    author = {Legrand, Jo{\"e}l  and
      Toussaint, Yannick  and
      Ra{\"\i}ssi, Chedy  and
      Coulet, Adrien},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5617",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5617",
    pages = "149--159",
    abstract = "Transfer learning (TL) proposes to enhance machine learning performance on a problem, by reusing labeled data originally designed for a related problem. In particular, domain adaptation consists, for a specific task, in reusing training data developed for the same task but a distinct domain. This is particularly relevant to the applications of deep learning in Natural Language Processing, because those usually require large annotated corpora that may not exist for the targeted domain, but exist for side domains.",
}
@inproceedings{sheikhshabbafghi-etal-2018-domain,
    title = "In-domain Context-aware Token Embeddings Improve Biomedical Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Sheikhshabbafghi, Golnar  and
      Birol, Inanc  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5618",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5618",
    pages = "160--164",
    abstract = "Rapidly expanding volume of publications in the biomedical domain makes it increasingly difficult for a timely evaluation of the latest literature. That, along with a push for automated evaluation of clinical reports, present opportunities for effective natural language processing methods. In this study we target the problem of named entity recognition, where texts are processed to annotate terms that are relevant for biomedical studies. Terms of interest in the domain include gene and protein names, and cell lines and types. Here we report on a pipeline built on Embeddings from Language Models (ELMo) and a deep learning package for natural language processing (AllenNLP). We trained context-aware token embeddings on a dataset of biomedical papers using ELMo, and incorporated these embeddings in the LSTM-CRF model used by AllenNLP for named entity recognition. We show these representations improve named entity recognition for different types of biomedical named entities. We also achieve a new state of the art in gene mention detection on the BioCreative II gene mention shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2018-self,
    title = "Self-training improves Recurrent Neural Networks performance for Temporal Relation Extraction",
    author = "Lin, Chen  and
      Miller, Timothy  and
      Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Amiri, Hadi  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Savova, Guergana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5619",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5619",
    pages = "165--176",
    abstract = "Neural network models are oftentimes restricted by limited labeled instances and resort to advanced architectures and features for cutting edge performance. We propose to build a recurrent neural network with multiple semantically heterogeneous embeddings within a self-training framework. Our framework makes use of labeled, unlabeled, and social media data, operates on basic features, and is scalable and generalizable. With this method, we establish the state-of-the-art result for both in- and cross-domain for a clinical temporal relation extraction task.",
}
@inproceedings{jeblee-hirst-2018-listwise,
    title = "Listwise temporal ordering of events in clinical notes",
    author = "Jeblee, Serena  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5620",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5620",
    pages = "177--182",
    abstract = "We present metrics for listwise temporal ordering of events in clinical notes, as well as a baseline listwise temporal ranking model that generates a timeline of events that can be used in downstream medical natural language processing tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{viani-etal-2018-time,
    title = "Time Expressions in Mental Health Records for Symptom Onset Extraction",
    author = "Viani, Natalia  and
      Yin, Lucia  and
      Kam, Joyce  and
      Alawi, Ayunni  and
      Bittar, Andr{\'e}  and
      Dutta, Rina  and
      Patel, Rashmi  and
      Stewart, Robert  and
      Velupillai, Sumithra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5621",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5621",
    pages = "183--192",
    abstract = "For psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, longer durations of untreated psychosis are associated with worse intervention outcomes. Data included in electronic health records (EHRs) can be useful for retrospective clinical studies, but much of this is stored as unstructured text which cannot be directly used in computation. Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods can be used to extract this data, in order to identify symptoms and treatments from mental health records, and temporally anchor the first emergence of these. We are developing an EHR corpus annotated with time expressions, clinical entities and their relations, to be used for NLP development.",
}
@inproceedings{tourille-etal-2018-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of a Sequence Tagging Tool for Biomedical Texts",
    author = "Tourille, Julien  and
      Doutreligne, Matthieu  and
      Ferret, Olivier  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Paris, Nicolas  and
      Tannier, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5622",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5622",
    pages = "193--203",
    abstract = "Many applications in biomedical natural language processing rely on sequence tagging as an initial step to perform more complex analysis. To support text analysis in the biomedical domain, we introduce Yet Another SEquence Tagger (YASET), an open-source multi purpose sequence tagger that implements state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms for sequence tagging. Herein, we evaluate YASET on part-of-speech tagging and named entity recognition in a variety of text genres including articles from the biomedical literature in English and clinical narratives in French. To further characterize performance, we report distributions over 30 runs and different sizes of training datasets. YASET provides state-of-the-art performance on the CoNLL 2003 NER dataset (F1=0.87), MEDPOST corpus (F1=0.97), MERLoT corpus (F1=0.99) and NCBI disease corpus (F1=0.81). We believe that YASET is a versatile and efficient tool that can be used for sequence tagging in biomedical and clinical texts.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-learning-summarize,
    title = "Learning to Summarize Radiology Findings",
    author = "Zhang, Yuhao  and
      Ding, Daisy Yi  and
      Qian, Tianpei  and
      Manning, Christopher D.  and
      Langlotz, Curtis P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5623",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5623",
    pages = "204--213",
    abstract = "The Impression section of a radiology report summarizes crucial radiology findings in natural language and plays a central role in communicating these findings to physicians. However, the process of generating impressions by summarizing findings is time-consuming for radiologists and prone to errors. We propose to automate the generation of radiology impressions with neural sequence-to-sequence learning. We further propose a customized neural model for this task which learns to encode the study background information and use this information to guide the decoding process. On a large dataset of radiology reports collected from actual hospital studies, our model outperforms existing non-neural and neural baselines under the ROUGE metrics. In a blind experiment, a board-certified radiologist indicated that 67{\%} of sampled system summaries are at least as good as the corresponding human-written summaries, suggesting significant clinical validity. To our knowledge our work represents the first attempt in this direction.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-2018-emnlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SCAI}: The 2nd International Workshop on Search-Oriented Conversational {AI}",
    author = "Chuklin, Aleksandr  and
      Dalton, Jeff  and
      Kiseleva, Julia  and
      Borisov, Alexey  and
      Burtsev, Mikhail",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5700",
}
@inproceedings{shalyminov-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Response Ranking for Social Conversation: A Data-Efficient Approach",
    author = "Shalyminov, Igor  and
      Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SCAI}: The 2nd International Workshop on Search-Oriented Conversational {AI}",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5701",
    pages = "1--8",
    abstract = "The overall objective of {`}social{'} dialogue systems is to support engaging, entertaining, and lengthy conversations on a wide variety of topics, including social chit-chat.",
}
@inproceedings{kristianto-etal-2018-autonomous,
    title = "Autonomous Sub-domain Modeling for Dialogue Policy with Hierarchical Deep Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Kristianto, Giovanni Yoko  and
      Zhang, Huiwen  and
      Tong, Bin  and
      Iwayama, Makoto  and
      Kobayashi, Yoshiyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SCAI}: The 2nd International Workshop on Search-Oriented Conversational {AI}",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5702",
    pages = "9--16",
    abstract = "Solving composites tasks, which consist of several inherent sub-tasks, remains a challenge in the research area of dialogue. Current studies have tackled this issue by manually decomposing the composite tasks into several sub-domains. However, much human effort is inevitable. This paper proposes a dialogue framework that autonomously models meaningful sub-domains and learns the policy over them. Our experiments show that our framework outperforms the baseline without sub-domains by 11{\%} in terms of success rate, and is competitive with that with manually defined sub-domains.",
}
@inproceedings{galitsky-ilvovsky-2018-building,
    title = "Building Dialogue Structure from Discourse Tree of a Question",
    author = "Galitsky, Boris  and
      Ilvovsky, Dmitry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SCAI}: The 2nd International Workshop on Search-Oriented Conversational {AI}",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5703",
    pages = "17--23",
    abstract = "In this section we propose a reasoning-based approach to a dialogue management for a customer support chat bot. To build a dialogue scenario, we analyze the discourse tree (DT) of an initial query of a customer support dialogue that is frequently complex and multi-sentence. We then enforce rhetorical agreement between DT of the initial query and that of the answers, requests and responses. The chat bot finds answers, which are not only relevant by topic but also suitable for a given step of a conversation and match the question by style, communication means, experience level and other domain-independent attributes. We evaluate a performance of proposed algorithm in car repair domain and observe a 5 to 10{\%} improvement for sin-gle and three-step dialogues respectively, in comparison with baseline approaches to dialogue management.",
}
@inproceedings{guerini-etal-2018-methodology,
    title = "A Methodology for Evaluating Interaction Strategies of Task-Oriented Conversational Agents",
    author = "Guerini, Marco  and
      Falcone, Sara  and
      Magnini, Bernardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SCAI}: The 2nd International Workshop on Search-Oriented Conversational {AI}",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5704",
    pages = "24--32",
    abstract = "In task-oriented conversational agents, more attention has been usually devoted to assessing task effectiveness (i.e. quality of service), rather than to how the task is achieved (i.e. quality of experience).",
}
@inproceedings{aissa-etal-2018-reinforcement,
    title = "A Reinforcement Learning-driven Translation Model for Search-Oriented Conversational Systems",
    author = "Aissa, Wafa  and
      Soulier, Laure  and
      Denoyer, Ludovic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SCAI}: The 2nd International Workshop on Search-Oriented Conversational {AI}",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5705",
    pages = "33--39",
    abstract = "Search-oriented conversational systems rely on information needs expressed in natural language (NL). We focus here on the understanding of NL expressions for building keyword-based queries. We propose a reinforcement-learning-driven translation model framework able to 1) learn the translation from NL expressions to queries in a supervised way, and, 2) to overcome the lack of large-scale dataset by framing the translation model as a word selection approach and injecting relevance feedback as a reward in the learning process. Experiments are carried out on two TREC datasets. We outline the effectiveness of our approach in a retrieval task.",
}
@inproceedings{limsopatham-etal-2018-research,
    title = "Research Challenges in Building a Voice-based Artificial Personal Shopper - Position Paper",
    author = "Limsopatham, Nut  and
      Rokhlenko, Oleg  and
      Carmel, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SCAI}: The 2nd International Workshop on Search-Oriented Conversational {AI}",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5706",
    pages = "40--45",
    abstract = "Recent advances in automatic speech recognition lead toward enabling a voice conversation between a human user and an intelligent virtual assistant. This provides a potential foundation for developing artificial personal shoppers for e-commerce websites, such as Alibaba, Amazon, and eBay. Personal shoppers are valuable to the on-line shops as they enhance user engagement and trust by promptly dealing with customers{'} questions and concerns. Developing an artificial personal shopper requires the agent to leverage knowledge about the customer and products, while interacting with the customer in a human-like conversation. In this position paper, we motivate and describe the artificial personal shopper task, and then address a research agenda for this task by adapting and advancing existing information retrieval and natural language processing technologies.",
}
@inproceedings{saito-2018-curriculum,
    title = "Curriculum Learning Based on Reward Sparseness for Deep Reinforcement Learning of Task Completion Dialogue Management",
    author = "Saito, Atsushi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SCAI}: The 2nd International Workshop on Search-Oriented Conversational {AI}",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5707",
    pages = "46--51",
    abstract = "Learning from sparse and delayed reward",
}
@inproceedings{du-black-2018-data,
    title = "Data Augmentation for Neural Online Chats Response Selection",
    author = "Du, Wenchao  and
      Black, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SCAI}: The 2nd International Workshop on Search-Oriented Conversational {AI}",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5708",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5708",
    pages = "52--58",
    abstract = "Data augmentation seeks to manipulate the available data for training to improve the generalization ability of models. We investigate two data augmentation proxies, permutation and flipping, for neural dialog response selection task on various models over multiple datasets, including both Chinese and English languages. Different from standard data augmentation techniques, our method combines the original and synthesized data for prediction. Empirical results show that our approach can gain 1 to 3 recall-at-1 points over baseline models in both full-scale and small-scale settings.",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2018-knowledge,
    title = "A Knowledge-Grounded Multimodal Search-Based Conversational Agent",
    author = "Agarwal, Shubham  and
      Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Konstas, Ioannis  and
      Rieser, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SCAI}: The 2nd International Workshop on Search-Oriented Conversational {AI}",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5709",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5709",
    pages = "59--66",
    abstract = "Multimodal search-based dialogue is a challenging new task: It extends visually",
}
@inproceedings{petrovski-etal-2018-embedding,
    title = "Embedding Individual Table Columns for Resilient {SQL} Chatbots",
    author = "Petrovski, Bojan  and
      Aguado, Ignacio  and
      Hossmann, Andreea  and
      Baeriswyl, Michael  and
      Musat, Claudiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SCAI}: The 2nd International Workshop on Search-Oriented Conversational {AI}",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5710",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5710",
    pages = "67--73",
    abstract = "Most of the world{'}s data is stored in relational databases. Accessing these requires specialized knowledge of the Structured Query Language (SQL), putting them out of the reach of many people. A recent research thread in Natural Language Processing (NLP) aims to alleviate this problem, by automatically translating natural language questions into SQL queries. While the proposed solutions are a great start, they lack robustness and do not easily generalize: the methods require high quality descriptions of the database table columns, and the most widely used training dataset, WikiSQL, is heavily biased towards using those descriptions as part of the questions.",
}
@inproceedings{louvan-magnini-2018-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Named Entity Recognition As an Auxiliary Task for Slot Filling in Conversational Language Understanding",
    author = "Louvan, Samuel  and
      Magnini, Bernardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SCAI}: The 2nd International Workshop on Search-Oriented Conversational {AI}",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5711",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5711",
    pages = "74--80",
    abstract = "Slot filling is a crucial task in the Natural Language Understanding (NLU) component of a dialogue system. Most approaches for this task rely solely on the domain-specific datasets for training. We propose a joint model of slot filling and Named Entity Recognition (NER) in a multi-task learning (MTL) setup. Our experiments on three slot filling datasets show that using NER as an auxiliary task improves slot filling performance and achieve competitive performance compared with state-of-the-art. In particular, NER is effective when supervised at the lower layer of the model. For low-resource scenarios, we found that MTL is effective for one dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-de-rijke-2018-sequence,
    title = "Why are Sequence-to-Sequence Models So Dull? Understanding the Low-Diversity Problem of Chatbots",
    author = "Jiang, Shaojie  and
      de Rijke, Maarten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SCAI}: The 2nd International Workshop on Search-Oriented Conversational {AI}",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5712",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5712",
    pages = "81--86",
    abstract = "Diversity is a long-studied topic in information retrieval that usually refers to the requirement that retrieved results should be non-repetitive and cover different aspects. In a conversational setting, an additional dimension of diversity matters: an engaging response generation system should be able to output responses that are diverse and interesting. Sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) models have been shown to be very effective for response generation. However, dialogue responses generated by Seq2Seq models tend to have low diversity. In this paper, we review known sources and existing approaches to this low-diversity problem. We also identify a source of low diversity that has been little studied so far, namely model over-confidence. We sketch several directions for tackling model over-confidence and, hence, the low-diversity problem, including confidence penalties and label smoothing.",
}
@inproceedings{weston-etal-2018-retrieve,
    title = "Retrieve and Refine: Improved Sequence Generation Models For Dialogue",
    author = "Weston, Jason  and
      Dinan, Emily  and
      Miller, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SCAI}: The 2nd International Workshop on Search-Oriented Conversational {AI}",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5713",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5713",
    pages = "87--92",
    abstract = "Sequence generation models for dialogue are known to have several problems: they tend to produce short, generic sentences that are uninformative and unengaging. Retrieval models on the other hand can surface interesting responses, but are restricted to the given retrieval set leading to erroneous replies that cannot be tuned to the specific context. In this work we develop a model that combines the two approaches to avoid both their deficiencies: first retrieve a response and then refine it {--} the final sequence generator treating the retrieval as additional context. We show on the recent ConvAI2 challenge task our approach produces responses superior to both standard retrieval and generation models in human evaluations.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-research,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    author = "Kuebler, Sandra  and
      Nicolai, Garrett",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5800",
}
@inproceedings{magri-2018-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Computation of Implicational Universals in Constraint-Based Phonology Through the Hyperplane Separation Theorem",
    author = "Magri, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5801",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5801",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "This paper focuses on the most basic implicational universals in phonological theory, called T-orders after Anttila and Andrus (2006). It develops necessary and sufficient constraint characterizations of T-orders within Harmonic Grammar and Optimality Theory. These conditions rest on the rich convex geometry underlying these frameworks. They are phonologically intuitive and have significant algorithmic implications.",
}
@inproceedings{hussain-etal-2018-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Networks in !{X}ung",
    author = "Hussain, Syed-Amad  and
      Elsner, Micha  and
      Miller, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5802",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5802",
    pages = "11--20",
    abstract = "We investigate the lexical network properties of the large phoneme inventory Southern African language Mangetti Dune !Xung as it compares to English and other commonly-studied languages. Lexical networks are graphs in which nodes (words) are linked to their minimal pairs; global properties of these networks are believed to mediate lexical access in the minds of speakers. We show that the network properties of !Xung are within the range found in previously-studied languages. By simulating data ({``}pseudolexicons{''}) with varying levels of phonotactic structure, we find that the lexical network properties of !Xung diverge from previously-studied languages when fewer phonotactic constraints are retained. We conclude that lexical network properties are representative of an underlying cognitive structure which is necessary for efficient word retrieval and that the phonotactics of !Xung may be shaped by a selective pressure which preserves network properties within this cognitively useful range.",
}
@inproceedings{kirkedal-2018-acoustic,
    title = "Acoustic Word Disambiguation with Phonogical Features in {D}anish {ASR}",
    author = "Kirkedal, Andreas S{\o}eborg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5803",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5803",
    pages = "21--31",
    abstract = "Phonological features can indicate word class and we can use word class information to disambiguate both homophones and homographs in automatic speech recognition (ASR).",
}
@inproceedings{godard-etal-2018-adaptor,
    title = "Adaptor Grammars for the Linguist: Word Segmentation Experiments for Very Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "Godard, Pierre  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine  and
      Adda, Gilles  and
      Maynard, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Rialland, Annie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5804",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5804",
    pages = "32--42",
    abstract = "Computational Language Documentation attempts to make the most recent research in speech and language technologies available to linguists working on language preservation and documentation. In this paper, we pursue two main goals along these lines. The first is to improve upon a strong baseline for the unsupervised word discovery task on two very low-resource Bantu languages, taking advantage of the expertise of linguists on these particular languages. The second consists in exploring the Adaptor Grammar framework as a decision and prediction tool for linguists studying a new language. We experiment 162 grammar configurations for each language and show that using Adaptor Grammars for word segmentation enables us to test hypotheses about a language. Specializing a generic grammar with language specific knowledge leads to great improvements for the word discovery task, ultimately achieving a leap of about 30{\%} token F-score from the results of a strong baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{nicolai-etal-2018-string,
    title = "String Transduction with Target Language Models and Insertion Handling",
    author = "Nicolai, Garrett  and
      Najafi, Saeed  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5805",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5805",
    pages = "43--53",
    abstract = "Many character-level tasks can be framed as",
}
@inproceedings{erdmann-habash-2018-complementary,
    title = "Complementary Strategies for Low Resourced Morphological Modeling",
    author = "Erdmann, Alexander  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5806",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5806",
    pages = "54--65",
    abstract = "Morphologically rich languages are challenging for natural language processing tasks due to data sparsity. This can be addressed either by introducing out-of-context morphological knowledge, or by developing machine learning architectures that specifically target data sparsity and/or morphological information. We find these approaches to complement each other in a morphological paradigm modeling task in Modern Standard Arabic, which, in addition to being morphologically complex, features ubiquitous ambiguity, exacerbating sparsity with noise. Given a small number of out-of-context rules describing closed class morphology, we combine them with word embeddings leveraging subword strings and noise reduction techniques. The combination outperforms both approaches individually by about 20{\%} absolute. While morphological resources already exist for Modern Standard Arabic, our results inform how comparable resources might be constructed for non-standard dialects or any morphologically rich, low resourced language, given scarcity of time and",
}
@inproceedings{dolatian-heinz-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Reduplication with 2-way Finite-State Transducers",
    author = "Dolatian, Hossep  and
      Heinz, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5807",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5807",
    pages = "66--77",
    abstract = "This article describes a novel approach to the computational modeling of reduplication. Reduplication is a well-studied linguistic phenomenon. However, it is often treated as a stumbling block within finite-state treatments of morphology. Most finite-state implementations of computational morphology cannot adequately capture the productivity of unbounded copying in reduplication, nor can they adequately capture bounded copying. We show that an understudied type of finite-state machines, two-way finite-state transducers (2-way FSTs), captures virtually all reduplicative processes, including total reduplication. 2-way FSTs can model reduplicative typology in a way which is convenient, easy to design and debug in practice, and linguistically-motivated. By virtue of being finite-state, 2-way FSTs are likewise incorporable into existing finite-state systems and programs. A small but representative typology of reduplicative processes is described in this article, alongside their corresponding 2-way FST models.",
}
@inproceedings{eskander-etal-2018-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Tailoring Unsupervised Morphological Segmentation to the Language",
    author = "Eskander, Ramy  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Muresan, Smaranda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5808",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5808",
    pages = "78--83",
    abstract = "Morphological segmentation is beneficial for several natural language processing tasks dealing with large vocabularies. Unsupervised methods for morphological segmentation are essential for handling a diverse set of languages, including low-resource languages. Eskander et al. (2016) introduced a Language Independent Morphological Segmenter (LIMS) using Adaptor Grammars (AG) based on the best-on-average performing AG configuration. However, while LIMS worked best on average and outperforms other state-of-the-art unsupervised morphological segmentation approaches, it did not provide the optimal AG configuration for five out of the six languages. We propose two language-independent classifiers that enable the selection of the optimal or nearly-optimal configuration for the morphological segmentation of unseen languages.",
}
@inproceedings{yamashita-etal-2018-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Entity Matching Methods between {E}nglish and {J}apanese Katakana",
    author = "Yamashita, Michiharu  and
      Awashima, Hideki  and
      Oiwa, Hidekazu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5809",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5809",
    pages = "84--92",
    abstract = "Japanese Katakana is one component of the Japanese writing system and is used to express English terms, loanwords, and onomatopoeia in Japanese characters based on the phonemes. The main purpose of this research is to find the best entity matching methods between English and Katakana. We built two research questions to clarify which types of entity matching systems works better than others. The first question is what transliteration should be used for conversion. We need to transliterate English or Katakana terms into the same form in order to compute the string similarity. We consider five conversions that transliterate English to Katakana directly, Katakana to English directly, English to Katakana via phoneme, Katakana to English via phoneme, and both English and Katakana to phoneme. The second question is what should be used for the similarity measure at entity matching. To investigate the problem, we choose six methods, which are Overlap Coefficient, Cosine, Jaccard, Jaro-Winkler, Levenshtein, and the similarity of the phoneme probability predicted by RNN. Our results show that 1) matching using phonemes and conversion of Katakana to English works better than other methods, and 2) the similarity of phonemes outperforms other methods while other similarity score is changed depending on data and models.",
}
@inproceedings{prickett-etal-2018-seq2seq,
    title = "{S}eq2{S}eq Models with Dropout can Learn Generalizable Reduplication",
    author = "Prickett, Brandon  and
      Traylor, Aaron  and
      Pater, Joe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5810",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5810",
    pages = "93--100",
    abstract = "Natural language reduplication can pose a challenge to neural models of language, and has been argued to require variables (Marcus et al., 1999). Sequence-to-sequence neural networks have been shown to perform well at a number of other morphological tasks (Cotterell et al., 2016), and produce results that highly correlate with human behavior (Kirov, 2017; Kirov {\&} Cotterell, 2018) but do not include any explicit variables in their architecture. We find that they can learn a reduplicative pattern that generalizes to novel segments if they are trained with dropout (Srivastava et al., 2014). We argue that this matches the scope of generalization observed in human reduplication.",
}
@inproceedings{zeldes-2018-characterwise,
    title = "A Characterwise Windowed Approach to {H}ebrew Morphological Segmentation",
    author = "Zeldes, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5811",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5811",
    pages = "101--110",
    abstract = "This paper presents a novel approach to the segmentation of orthographic word forms in contemporary Hebrew, focusing purely on splitting without carrying out morphological analysis or disambiguation. Casting the analysis task as character-wise binary classification and using adjacent character and word-based lexicon-lookup features, this approach achieves over 98{\%} accuracy on the benchmark SPMRL shared task data for Hebrew, and 97{\%} accuracy on a new out of domain Wikipedia dataset, an improvement of {\textasciitilde}4{\%} and 5{\%} over previous state of the art performance.",
}
@inproceedings{sofroniev-coltekin-2018-phonetic,
    title = "Phonetic Vector Representations for Sound Sequence Alignment",
    author = {Sofroniev, Pavel  and
      {\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5812",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5812",
    pages = "111--116",
    abstract = "This study explores a number of data-driven vector representations of the",
}
@inproceedings{tikhonov-yamshchikov-2018-sounds,
    title = "Sounds Wilde. Phonetically Extended Embeddings for Author-Stylized Poetry Generation",
    author = "Tikhonov, Aleksey  and
      Yamshchikov, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5813",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5813",
    pages = "117--124",
    abstract = "This paper addresses author-stylized text generation. Using a version of a language model with extended phonetic and semantic embeddings for poetry generation we show that phonetics has comparable contribution to the overall model performance as the information on the target author. Phonetic information is shown to be important for English and Russian language. Humans tend to attribute machine generated texts to the target author.",
}
@inproceedings{pierrehumbert-granell-2018-hapax,
    title = "On Hapax Legomena and Morphological Productivity",
    author = "Pierrehumbert, Janet  and
      Granell, Ramon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5814",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5814",
    pages = "125--130",
    abstract = "Quantifying and predicting morphological productivity is a long-standing challenge in corpus linguistics and psycholinguistics. The same challenge reappears in natural language processing in the context of handling words that were not seen in the training set (out-of-vocabulary, or OOV, words). Prior research showed that a good indicator of the productivity of a morpheme is the number of words involving it that occur exactly once (the hapax legomena). A technical connection was adduced between this result and Good-Turing smoothing, which assigns probability mass to unseen events on the basis of the simplifying assumption that word frequencies are stationary. In a large-scale study of 133 affixes in Wikipedia, we develop evidence that success in fact depends on tapping the frequency range in which the assumptions of Good-Turing are violated.",
}
@inproceedings{cardenas-zeman-2018-morphological,
    title = "A Morphological Analyzer for {S}hipibo-Konibo",
    author = "Cardenas, Ronald  and
      Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5815",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5815",
    pages = "131--139",
    abstract = "We present a morphological analyzer for Shipibo-Konibo, a low-resourced native language spoken in the Amazonian region of Peru.",
}
@inproceedings{taji-etal-2018-arabic,
    title = "An {A}rabic Morphological Analyzer and Generator with Copious Features",
    author = "Taji, Dima  and
      Khalifa, Salam  and
      Obeid, Ossama  and
      Eryani, Fadhl  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5816",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5816",
    pages = "140--150",
    abstract = "We introduce CALIMA-Star, a very rich Arabic morphological analyzer and generator that provides functional and form-based morphological features as well as built-in tokenization, phonological representation, lexical rationality and much more. This tool includes a fast engine that can be easily integrated into other systems, as well as an easy-to-use API and a web interface. CALIMA-Star also supports morphological reinflection. We evaluate CALIMA-Star against four commonly used analyzers for Arabic in terms of speed and morphological content.",
}
@inproceedings{graf-mayer-2018-sanskrit,
    title = "{S}anskrit n-Retroflexion is Input-Output Tier-Based Strictly Local",
    author = "Graf, Thomas  and
      Mayer, Connor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5817",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5817",
    pages = "151--160",
    abstract = "Sanskrit /n/-retroflexion (nati) is one of the most complex segmental processes in phonology. While it is still star-free, it does not fit in any of the subregular classes that are commonly entertained in the literature. We show that when construed as a phonotactic dependency, the process fits into a class we call input-output tier-based strictly local (IO-TSL), a natural extension of the familiar class TSL. IO-TSL increases the power of TSL{'}s tier projection function by making it an input-output strictly local transduction. Assuming that /n/-retroflexion represents the upper bound on the complexity of segmental phonology, this shows that all of segmental phonology can be captured by combining the intuitive notion of tiers with the independently motivated machinery of strictly local mappings.",
}
@inproceedings{wiemerslage-etal-2018-phonological,
    title = "Phonological Features for Morphological Inflection",
    author = "Wiemerslage, Adam  and
      Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5818",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5818",
    pages = "161--166",
    abstract = "Modeling morphological inflection is an important task in Natural Language Processing. In contrast to earlier work that has largely used orthographic representations, we experiment with this task in a phonetic character space, representing inputs as either IPA segments or bundles of phonological distinctive features. We show that both of these inputs, somewhat counterintuitively, achieve similar accuracies on morphological inflection, slightly lower than orthographic models. We conclude that providing detailed phonological representations is largely redundant when compared to IPA segments, and that articulatory distinctions relevant for word inflection are already latently present in the distributional properties of many graphemic writing systems.",
}
@inproceedings{ermolaeva-2018-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Morphophonology from Small Corpora",
    author = "Ermolaeva, Marina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5819",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5819",
    pages = "167--175",
    abstract = "Probabilistic approaches have proven themselves well in learning phonological structure. In contrast, theoretical linguistics usually works with deterministic generalizations. The goal of this paper is to explore possible interactions between information-theoretic methods and deterministic linguistic knowledge and to examine some ways in which both can be used in tandem to extract phonological and morphophonological patterns from a small annotated dataset. Local and nonlocal processes in Mishar Tatar (Turkic/Kipchak) are examined as a case study.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-2018-emnlp-smm4h,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    author = "Gonzalez-Hernandez, Graciela  and
      Weissenbacher, Davy  and
      Sarker, Abeed  and
      Paul, Michael",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5900",
}
@inproceedings{roller-etal-2018-football,
    title = "Football and Beer - a Social Media Analysis on Twitter in Context of the {FIFA} Football World Cup 2018",
    author = "Roller, Roland  and
      Thomas, Philippe  and
      Schmeier, Sven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5901",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5901",
    pages = "1--4",
    abstract = "In many societies alcohol is a legal and common recreational substance and socially accepted. Alcohol consumption often comes along with social events as it helps people to increase their sociability and to overcome their inhibitions. On the other hand we know that increased alcohol consumption can lead to serious health issues, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diseases of the digestive system, to mention a few. This work examines alcohol consumption during the FIFA Football World Cup 2018, particularly the usage of alcohol related information on Twitter. For this we analyse the tweeting behaviour and show that the tournament strongly increases the interest in beer. Furthermore we show that countries who had to leave the tournament at early stage might have done something good to their fans as the interest in beer decreased again.",
}
@inproceedings{skeppstedt-etal-2018-stance,
    title = "Stance-Taking in Topics Extracted from Vaccine-Related Tweets and Discussion Forum Posts",
    author = "Skeppstedt, Maria  and
      Stede, Manfred  and
      Kerren, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5902",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5902",
    pages = "5--8",
    abstract = "The occurrence of stance-taking towards vaccination was measured in documents extracted by topic modelling from two different corpora, one discussion forum corpus and one tweet corpus. For some of the topics extracted, their most closely associated documents contained a proportion of vaccine stance-taking texts that exceeded the corpus average by a large margin. These extracted document sets would, therefore, form a useful resource in a process for computer-assisted analysis of argumentation on the subject of vaccination.",
}
@inproceedings{pirina-coltekin-2018-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Depression on {R}eddit: The Effect of Training Data",
    author = {Pirina, Inna  and
      {\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5903",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5903",
    pages = "9--12",
    abstract = "This paper presents a set of classification experiments for identifying depression in posts gathered from social media platforms. In addition to the data gathered previously by other researchers, we collect additional data from the social media platform Reddit. Our experiments show promising results for identifying depression from social media texts. More importantly, however, we show that the choice of corpora is crucial in identifying depression and can lead to misleading conclusions in case of poor choice of data.",
}
@inproceedings{weissenbacher-etal-2018-overview,
    title = "Overview of the Third Social Media Mining for Health ({SMM}4{H}) Shared Tasks at {EMNLP} 2018",
    author = "Weissenbacher, Davy  and
      Sarker, Abeed  and
      Paul, Michael J.  and
      Gonzalez-Hernandez, Graciela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5904",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5904",
    pages = "13--16",
    abstract = "The goals of the SMM4H shared tasks are to release annotated social media based health related datasets to the research community, and to compare the performances of natural language processing and machine learning systems on tasks involving these datasets. The third execution of the SMM4H shared tasks, co-hosted with EMNLP-2018, comprised of four subtasks. These subtasks involve annotated user posts from Twitter (tweets) and focus on the (i) automatic classification of tweets mentioning a drug name, (ii) automatic classification of tweets containing reports of first-person medication intake, (iii) automatic classification of tweets presenting self-reports of adverse drug reaction (ADR) detection, and (iv) automatic classification of vaccine behavior mentions in tweets. A total of 14 teams participated and 78 system runs were submitted (23 for task 1, 20 for task 2, 18 for task 3, 17 for task 4).",
}
@inproceedings{flekova-etal-2018-changes,
    title = "Changes in Psycholinguistic Attributes of Social Media Users Before, During, and After Self-Reported Influenza Symptoms",
    author = "Flekova, Lucie  and
      Lampos, Vasileios  and
      Cox, Ingemar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5905",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5905",
    pages = "17--21",
    abstract = "Previous research has linked psychological and social variables to physical health. At the same time, psychological and social variables have been successfully predicted from the language used by individuals in social media. In this paper, we conduct an initial exploratory study linking these two areas. Using the social media platform of Twitter, we identify users self-reporting symptoms that are descriptive of influenza-like illness (ILI). We analyze the tweets of those users in the periods before, during, and after the reported symptoms, exploring emotional, cognitive, and structural components of language. We observe a post-ILI increase in social activity and cognitive processes, possibly supporting previous offline findings linking more active social activities and stronger cognitive coping skills to a better immune status.",
}
@inproceedings{bobicev-sokolova-2018-thumbs,
    title = "Thumbs Up and Down: Sentiment Analysis of Medical Online Forums",
    author = "Bobicev, Victoria  and
      Sokolova, Marina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5906",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5906",
    pages = "22--26",
    abstract = "In the current study, we apply multi-class and multi-label sentence classification to sentiment analysis of online medical forums. We aim to identify major health issues discussed in online social media and the types of sentiments those issues evoke. We use ontology of personal health information for Information Extraction and apply Machine Learning methods in automated recognition of the expressed sentiments.",
}
@inproceedings{mathur-etal-2018-identification,
    title = "Identification of Emergency Blood Donation Request on Twitter",
    author = "Mathur, Puneet  and
      Ayyar, Meghna  and
      Chopra, Sahil  and
      Shahid, Simra  and
      Mehnaz, Laiba  and
      Shah, Rajiv",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5907",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5907",
    pages = "27--31",
    abstract = "Social media-based text mining in healthcare has received special attention in recent times due to the enhanced accessibility of social media sites like Twitter. The increasing trend of spreading important information in distress can help patients reach out to prospective blood donors in a time bound manner. However such manual efforts are mostly inefficient due to the limited network of a user. In a novel step to solve this problem, to classify tweets referring to the necessity of urgent blood donation requirement. Additionally, we also present an automated feature-based SVM classification technique that can help selective EBDR tweets reach relevant personals as well as medical authorities. Our experiments also present a quantitative evidence that linguistic along with handcrafted heuristics can act as the most representative set of signals this task with an accuracy of 97.89{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{onishi-etal-2018-dealing,
    title = "Dealing with Medication Non-Adherence Expressions in Twitter",
    author = "Onishi, Takeshi  and
      Weissenbacher, Davy  and
      Klein, Ari  and
      O{'}Connor, Karen  and
      Gonzalez-Hernandez, Graciela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5908",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5908",
    pages = "32--33",
    abstract = "Through a semi-automatic analysis of tweets, we show that Twitter users not only express Medication Non-Adherence (MNA) in social media but also their reasons for not complying; further research is necessary to fully extract automatically and analyze this information, in order to facilitate the use of this data in epidemiological studies.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Tweets Mentioning Drug Name and Adverse Drug Reaction with Hierarchical Tweet Representation and Multi-Head Self-Attention",
    author = "Wu, Chuhan  and
      Wu, Fangzhao  and
      Liu, Junxin  and
      Wu, Sixing  and
      Huang, Yongfeng  and
      Xie, Xing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5909",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5909",
    pages = "34--37",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system for the first and third shared tasks of the third Social Media Mining for Health Applications (SMM4H) workshop, which aims to detect the tweets mentioning drug names and adverse drug reactions.",
}
@inproceedings{xherija-2018-classification,
    title = "Classification of Medication-Related Tweets Using Stacked Bidirectional {LSTM}s with Context-Aware Attention",
    author = "Xherija, Orest",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5910",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5910",
    pages = "38--42",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system that team UChicagoCompLx developed for the 2018 Social Media Mining for Health Applications (SMM4H) Shared Task. We use a variant of the Message-level Sentiment Analysis (MSA) model of Baziotis et al. (2017), a word-level stacked bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network equipped with attention, to classify medication-related tweets in the four subtasks of the SMM4H Shared Task. Without any subtask-specific tuning, the model is able to achieve competitive results across all subtasks. We make the datasets, model weights, and code publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2018-shot,
    title = "Shot Or Not: Comparison of {NLP} Approaches for Vaccination Behaviour Detection",
    author = "Joshi, Aditya  and
      Dai, Xiang  and
      Karimi, Sarvnaz  and
      Sparks, Ross  and
      Paris, C{\'e}cile  and
      MacIntyre, C Raina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5911",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5911",
    pages = "43--47",
    abstract = "Vaccination behaviour detection deals with predicting whether or not a person received/was about to receive a vaccine. We present our submission for vaccination behaviour detection shared task at the SMM4H workshop. Our findings are based on three prevalent text classification approaches: rule-based, statistical and deep learning-based. Our final submissions are: (1) an ensemble of statistical classifiers with task-specific features derived using lexicons, language processing tools and word embeddings; and, (2) a LSTM classifier with pre-trained language models.",
}
@inproceedings{nikhil-mundra-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural {D}rug{N}et",
    author = "Nikhil, Nishant  and
      Mundra, Shivansh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5912",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5912",
    pages = "48--49",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the system submitted for the shared task on Social Media Mining for Health Applications by the team Light. Previous works demonstrate that LSTMs have achieved remarkable performance in natural language processing tasks. We deploy an ensemble of two LSTM models. The first one is a pretrained language model appended with a classifier and takes words as input, while the second one is a LSTM model with an attention unit over it which takes character tri-gram as input. We call the ensemble of these two models: Neural-DrugNet. Our system ranks 2nd in the second shared task: Automatic classification of posts describing medication intake.",
}
@inproceedings{minard-etal-2018-irisa,
    title = "{IRISA} at {SMM}4{H} 2018: Neural Network and Bagging for Tweet Classification",
    author = "Minard, Anne-Lyse  and
      Raymond, Christian  and
      Claveau, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5913",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5913",
    pages = "50--51",
    abstract = "This paper describes the systems developed by IRISA to participate to the four tasks of the SMM4H 2018 challenge. For these tweet classification tasks, we adopt a common approach based on recurrent neural networks (BiLSTM). Our main contributions are the use of certain features, the use of Bagging in order to deal with unbalanced datasets, and on the automatic selection of difficult examples.",
}
@inproceedings{coltekin-rama-2018-drug,
    title = "Drug-Use Identification from Tweets with Word and Character N-Grams",
    author = {{\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}  and
      Rama, Taraka},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5914",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5914",
    pages = "52--53",
    abstract = "This paper describes our systems in social media mining for health applications (SMM4H) shared task. We participated in all four tracks of the shared task using linear models with a combination of character and word n-gram features. We did not use any external data or domain specific information. The resulting systems achieved above-average scores among other participating systems, with F1-scores of",
}
@inproceedings{aroyehun-gelbukh-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Drugs and Adverse Drug Reaction Related Tweets",
    author = "Aroyehun, Segun Taofeek  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5915",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5915",
    pages = "54--55",
    abstract = "We describe our submissions to the Third Social Media Mining for Health Applications Shared Task. We participated in two tasks (tasks 1 and 3). For both tasks, we experimented with a traditional machine learning model (Naive Bayes Support Vector Machine (NBSVM)), deep learning models (Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM)), and the combination of deep learning model with SVM. We observed that the NBSVM reaches superior performance on both tasks on our development split of the training data sets. Official result for task 1 based on the blind evaluation data shows that the predictions of the NBSVM achieved our team{'}s best F-score of 0.910 which is above the average score received by all submissions to the task. On task 3, the cobination of of BiLSTM and SVM gives our best F-score for the positive class of 0.394.",
}
@inproceedings{ellendorff-etal-2018-uzh,
    title = "UZH@SMM4H: System Descriptions",
    author = "Ellendorff, Tilia  and
      Cornelius, Joseph  and
      Gordon, Heath  and
      Colic, Nicola  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5916",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5916",
    pages = "56--60",
    abstract = {Our team at the University of Z{\"u}rich participated in the first 3 of the 4 sub-tasks at the Social Media Mining for Health Applications (SMM4H) shared task. We experimented with different approaches for text classification, namely traditional feature-based classifiers (Logistic Regression and Support Vector},
}
@inproceedings{tokala-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning for Social Media Health Text Classification",
    author = "Tokala, Santosh  and
      Gambhir, Vaibhav  and
      Mukherjee, Animesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5917",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5917",
    pages = "61--64",
    abstract = "This paper describes the systems developed for 1st and 2nd tasks of the 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Shared Task at EMNLP 2018. The first task focuses on automatic detection of posts mentioning a drug name or dietary supplement, a binary classification. The second task is about distinguishing the tweets that present personal medication intake, possible medication intake",
}
@inproceedings{bobicev-etal-2018-using,
    title = "Using {PPM} for Health Related Text Detection",
    author = "Bobicev, Victoria  and
      Lazu, Victoria  and
      Istrati, Daniela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5918",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5918",
    pages = "65--66",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of the LILU team in SMM4H challenge on social media mining for health related events description such as drug intakes or vaccinations.",
}
@inproceedings{saha-etal-2018-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Web Based Evidence Gathering for Drug Information Identification from Tweets",
    author = "Saha, Rupsa  and
      Naskar, Abir  and
      Dasgupta, Tirthankar  and
      Dey, Lipika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5919",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5919",
    pages = "67--69",
    abstract = "In this paper, we have explored web-based evidence gathering and different linguistic features to automatically extract drug names from tweets and further classify such tweets into Adverse Drug Events or not. We have evaluated our proposed models with the dataset as released by the SMM4H workshop shared Task-1 and Task-3 respectively. Our evaluation results shows that the proposed model achieved good results, with Precision, Recall and F-scores of 78.5{\%}, 88{\%} and 82.9{\%} respectively for Task1 and 33.2{\%}, 54.7{\%} and",
}
@inproceedings{bagherzadeh-etal-2018-clac,
    title = "CLaC at SMM4H Task 1, 2, and 4",
    author = "Bagherzadeh, Parsa  and
      Sheikh, Nadia  and
      Bergler, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop {SMM}4{H}: The 3rd Social Media Mining for Health Applications Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5920",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5920",
    pages = "70--73",
    abstract = "CLaC Labs participated in Tasks 1, 2, and 4 using the same base architecture for all tasks with various parameter variations. This was our first exploration of this data and the SMM4H Tasks, thus a unified system was useful to compare the behavior of our architecture over the different datasets and how they interact with different linguistic features.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-universal,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    author = "de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Lynn, Teresa  and
      Schuster, Sebastian",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6000",
}
@inproceedings{alzetta-etal-2018-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Impact of Incremental Error Detection and Correction. A Case Study on the {I}talian Universal Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Alzetta, Chiara  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Simi, Maria  and
      Venturi, Giulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6001",
    pages = "1--7",
    abstract = "Detection and correction of errors and inconsistencies in {``}gold treebanks{''} are becoming more and more central topics of corpus annotation. The paper illustrates a new incremental method for enhancing treebanks, with particular emphasis on the extension of error patterns across different textual genres and registers. Impact and role of corrections have been assessed in a dependency parsing experiment carried out with four different parsers, whose results are promising. For both evaluation datasets, the performance of parsers increases, in terms of the standard LAS and UAS measures and of a more focused measure taking into account only relations involved in error patterns, as well as at the level of individual dependencies.",
}
@inproceedings{berdicevskis-etal-2018-using,
    title = "Using Universal Dependencies in cross-linguistic complexity research",
    author = {Berdicevskis, Aleksandrs  and
      {\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}  and
      Ehret, Katharina  and
      von Prince, Kilu  and
      Ross, Daniel  and
      Thompson, Bill  and
      Yan, Chunxiao  and
      Demberg, Vera  and
      Lupyan, Gary  and
      Rama, Taraka  and
      Bentz, Christian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6002",
    pages = "8--17",
    abstract = "We evaluate corpus-based measures of linguistic complexity obtained using Universal Dependencies (UD) treebanks. We propose a method of estimating robustness of the complexity values obtained using a given measure and a given treebank. The results indicate that measures of syntactic complexity might be on average less robust than those of morphological complexity. We also estimate the validity of complexity measures by comparing the results for very similar languages and checking for unexpected differences. We show that some of those differences that arise can be diminished by using parallel treebanks and, more importantly from the practical point of view, by harmonizing the language-specific solutions in the UD annotation.",
}
@inproceedings{bouma-etal-2018-expletives,
    title = "Expletives in Universal Dependency Treebanks",
    author = "Bouma, Gosse  and
      Hajic, Jan  and
      Haug, Dag  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Solberg, Per Erik  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6003",
    pages = "18--26",
    abstract = "Although treebanks annotated according to the guidelines of Universal Dependencies (UD) now exist for many languages, the goal of annotating the same phenomena in a cross-linguistically consistent fashion is not always met.",
}
@inproceedings{cecchini-etal-2018-challenges,
    title = "Challenges in Converting the Index {T}homisticus Treebank into Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Cecchini, Flavio Massimiliano  and
      Passarotti, Marco  and
      Marongiu, Paola  and
      Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6004",
    pages = "27--36",
    abstract = "This paper describes the changes applied to the original process used to convert the Index Thomisticus Treebank, a corpus including texts in Medieval Latin by Thomas Aquinas, into the annotation style of Universal Dependencies. The changes are made both to harmonise the Universal Dependencies version of the Index Thomisticus Treebank with the two other available Latin treebanks and to fix errors and inconsistencies resulting from the original process. The paper details the treatment of different issues in PoS tagging, lemmatisation and assignment of dependency relations. Finally, it assesses the quality of the new conversion process by providing an evaluation against a gold standard.",
}
@inproceedings{dobrovoljc-martinc-2018-er,
    title = "Er ... well, it matters, right? On the role of data representations in spoken language dependency parsing",
    author = "Dobrovoljc, Kaja  and
      Martinc, Matej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6005",
    pages = "37--46",
    abstract = "Despite the significant improvement of data-driven dependency parsing systems in recent years, they still achieve a considerably lower performance in parsing spoken language data in comparison to written data. On the example of Spoken Slovenian Treebank, the first spoken data treebank using the UD annotation scheme, we investigate which speech-specific phenomena undermine parsing performance, through a series of training data and treebank modification experiments using two distinct state-of-the-art parsing systems. Our results show that segmentation is the most prominent cause of low parsing performance, both in parsing raw and pre-segmented transcriptions. In addition to shorter utterances, both parsers perform better on normalized transcriptions including basic markers of prosody and excluding disfluencies, discourse markers and fillers. On the other hand, the effects of written training data addition and speech-specific dependency representations largely depend on the parsing system selected.",
}
@inproceedings{droganova-etal-2018-mind,
    title = "Mind the Gap: Data Enrichment in Dependency Parsing of Elliptical Constructions",
    author = "Droganova, Kira  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Kanerva, Jenna  and
      Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6006",
    pages = "47--54",
    abstract = "In this paper, we focus on parsing rare and non-trivial constructions, in particular ellipsis. We report on several experiments in enrichment of training data for this specific construction, evaluated on five languages: Czech, English, Finnish, Russian and Slovak.",
}
@inproceedings{dyer-2018-integration,
    title = "Integration complexity and the order of cosisters",
    author = "Dyer, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6007",
    pages = "55--65",
    abstract = "The cost of integrating dependent constituents to their heads is thought to involve the distance between dependent and head and the complexity of the integration (Gibson, 1998). The former has been convincingly addressed by Dependency Distance Minimization (DDM) (cf. Liu et al., 2017). The current study addresses the latter by proposing a novel theory of integration complexity derived from the entropy of the probability distribution of a dependent{'}s heads. An analysis of Universal Dependency corpora provides empirical evidence regarding the preferred order of isomorphic cosisters{---}sister constituents of the same syntactic form on the same side of their head{---}such as the adjectives in {``}pretty blue fish.{''} Integration complexity, alongside DDM, allows for a general theory of constituent order based on integration cost.",
}
@inproceedings{gerdes-etal-2018-sud,
    title = "{SUD} or Surface-Syntactic Universal Dependencies: An annotation scheme near-isomorphic to {UD}",
    author = "Gerdes, Kim  and
      Guillaume, Bruno  and
      Kahane, Sylvain  and
      Perrier, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6008",
    pages = "66--74",
    abstract = "This article proposes a surface-syntactic annotation scheme called SUD that is near-isomorphic to the Universal Dependencies (UD) annotation scheme while following distributional criteria for defining the dependency tree structure and the naming of the syntactic functions. Rule-based graph transformation grammars allow for a bi-directional transformation of UD into SUD. The back-and-forth transformation can also be seen as a powerful error-mining tool to assure the intra-language and inter-language coherence of the UD treebanks.",
}
@inproceedings{kanayama-etal-2018-coordinate,
    title = "Coordinate Structures in Universal Dependencies for Head-final Languages",
    author = "Kanayama, Hiroshi  and
      Han, Na-Rae  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Hwang, Jena D.  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Choi, Jinho D.  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6009",
    pages = "75--84",
    abstract = "This paper discusses the representation of coordinate structures in the Universal Dependencies framework for two head-final languages,Japanese and Korean. UD applies a strict principle that makes the head of coordination the left-most conjunct. However, the guideline may produce syntactic trees which are difficult to accept in head-final languages. This paper describes the status in the current corpora and proposes alternative designs suitable for these languages.",
}
@inproceedings{lacroix-2018-investigating,
    title = "Investigating {NP}-Chunking with Universal Dependencies for {E}nglish",
    author = "Lacroix, Oph{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6010",
    pages = "85--90",
    abstract = "Chunking is a pre-processing task generally dedicated to improving constituency parsing. In this paper, we want to show that universal dependency (UD) parsing can also leverage the information provided by the task of chunking even though annotated chunks are not provided with universal dependency trees. In particular, we introduce the possibility of deducing noun-phrase (NP) chunks from universal dependencies, focusing on English as a first example. We then demonstrate how the task of NP-chunking can benefit PoS-tagging in a multi-task learning setting - comparing two different strategies - and how it can be used as a feature for dependency parsing in order to learn enriched models.",
}
@inproceedings{mccarthy-etal-2018-marrying,
    title = "Marrying Universal Dependencies and Universal Morphology",
    author = "McCarthy, Arya D.  and
      Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Hulden, Mans  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6011",
    pages = "91--101",
    abstract = "The Universal Dependencies (UD) and Universal Morphology (UniMorph) projects each present schemata for annotating the morphosyntactic details of language. Each project also provides corpora of annotated text in many languages{---}UD at the token level and UniMorph at the type level. As each corpus is built by different annotators, language-specific decisions hinder the goal of universal schemata. With compatibility of tags, each project{'}s annotations could be used to validate the other{'}s. Additionally, the availability of both type- and token-level resources would be a boon to tasks such as parsing and homograph disambiguation. To ease this interoperability, we present a deterministic mapping from Universal Dependencies v2 features into the UniMorph schema. We validate our approach by lookup in the UniMorph corpora and find a macro-average of 64.13{\%} recall. We also note incompatibilities due to paucity of data on either side. Finally, we present a critical evaluation of the foundations, strengths, and weaknesses of the two annotation projects.",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-etal-2018-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Universal Dependency Treebanks: A Case Study",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim  and
      Marongiu, Paola  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Kanerva, Jenna  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Schuster, Sebastian  and
      Simi, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6012",
    pages = "102--107",
    abstract = "We evaluate cross-lingual techniques for adding enhanced dependencies to existing treebanks in Universal Dependencies. We apply a rule-based system for English and a data-driven system trained on Finnish to Swedish and Italian. We find that both systems are accurate enough to bootstrap enhanced dependencies in existing UD treebanks. For Italian, results are even on par with those of a language-specific system.",
}
@inproceedings{noh-etal-2018-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Universal Dependencies for {K}orean",
    author = "Noh, Youngbin  and
      Han, Jiyoon  and
      Oh, Tae Hwan  and
      Kim, Hansaem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6013",
    pages = "108--116",
    abstract = "In this paper, for the purpose of enhancing Universal Dependencies for the Korean language, we propose a modified method for mapping Korean Part-of-Speech(POS) tagset in relation to Universal Part-of-Speech (UPOS) tagset in order to enhance the Universal Dependencies for the Korean Language. Previous studies suggest that UPOS reflects several issues that influence dependency annotation by using the POS of Korean predicates, particularly the distinctiveness in using verb, adjective, and copula.",
}
@inproceedings{omura-asahara-2018-ud,
    title = "{UD}-{J}apanese {BCCWJ}: Universal Dependencies Annotation for the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written {J}apanese",
    author = "Omura, Mai  and
      Asahara, Masayuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6014",
    pages = "117--125",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe a corpus UD Japanese-BCCWJ that was created by converting the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese (BCCWJ), a Japanese language corpus, to adhere to the UD annotation schema. The BCCWJ already assigns dependency information at the level of the bunsetsu (a Japanese syntactic unit comparable to the phrase). We developed a program to convert the BCCWJ to UD based on this dependency structure, and this corpus is the result of completely automatic conversion using the program. UD Japanese-BCCWJ is the largest-scale UD Japanese corpus and the second-largest of all UD corpora, including 1,980 documents, 57,109 sentences, and 1,273k words across six distinct domains.",
}
@inproceedings{partanen-etal-2018-first,
    title = "The First {K}omi-{Z}yrian Universal Dependencies Treebanks",
    author = "Partanen, Niko  and
      Blokland, Rogier  and
      Lim, KyungTae  and
      Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Rie{\ss}ler, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6015",
    pages = "126--132",
    abstract = "Two Komi-Zyrian treebanks were included in the Universal Dependencies 2.2 release. This article contextualizes the treebanks, discusses the process through which they were created, and outlines the future plans and timeline for the next improvements. Special attention is paid to the possibilities of using UD in the documentation and description of endangered languages.",
}
@inproceedings{sade-etal-2018-hebrew,
    title = "The {H}ebrew Universal Dependency Treebank: Past Present and Future",
    author = "Sade, Shoval  and
      Seker, Amit  and
      Tsarfaty, Reut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6016",
    pages = "133--143",
    abstract = "The Hebrew treebank (HTB), consisting of 6221 morpho-syntactically annotated newspaper sentences, has been the only resource for training and validating Hebrew statistical parsers for almost two decades now. During these decades, the HTB has gone through a trajectory of automatic and semi-automatic conversions, until arriving at its current UDv2 form. In this work we set out to manually validate the UDv2 version and, accordingly, we apply scheme changes to bring the UD HTB into the same theoretical ground as the rest of UD. Our experimental results show that improving the linguistic coherence and internal consistency of the UD HTB has indeed led to improved syntactic parsing performance. At the same time, there is more to be done at the points of intersection with other linguistic processing layers, in particular, at the interface of UD with external morphological and lexical resources.",
}
@inproceedings{tyers-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-source synthetic treebank creation for improved cross-lingual dependency parsing",
    author = "Tyers, Francis  and
      Sheyanova, Mariya  and
      Martynova, Aleksandra  and
      Stepachev, Pavel  and
      Vinogorodskiy, Konstantin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6017",
    pages = "144--150",
    abstract = "This paper describes a method of creating synthetic treebanks for",
}
@inproceedings{vasquez-etal-2018-toward,
    title = "Toward Universal Dependencies for {S}hipibo-Konibo",
    author = "Vasquez, Alonso  and
      Ego Aguirre, Renzo  and
      Angulo, Candy  and
      Miller, John  and
      Villanueva, Claudia  and
      Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Zariquiey, Roberto  and
      Oncevay, Arturo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6018",
    pages = "151--161",
    abstract = "We present an initial version of the Universal Dependencies (UD) treebank for Shipibo-Konibo, the first South American, Amazonian, Panoan and Peruvian language with a resource built under UD. We describe the linguistic aspects of how the tagset was defined and the treebank was annotated; in addition we present our specific treatment of linguistic units called clitics. Although the treebank is still under development, it allowed us to perform a typological comparison against Spanish, the predominant language in Peru, and dependency syntax parsing experiments in both monolingual and cross-lingual approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{vilares-gomez-rodriguez-2018-transition,
    title = "Transition-based Parsing with Lighter Feed-Forward Networks",
    author = "Vilares, David  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6019",
    pages = "162--172",
    abstract = "We explore whether it is possible to build lighter parsers, that are statistically equivalent to their corresponding standard version, for a wide set of languages showing different structures and morphologies. As testbed, we use the Universal Dependencies and transition-based dependency parsers trained on feed-forward networks. For these, most existing research assumes de facto standard embedded features and relies on pre-computation tricks to obtain speedups. We explore how these features and their size can be reduced and whether this translates into speed-ups with a negligible impact on accuracy. The experiments show that grand-daughter features can be removed for the majority of treebanks without a significant (negative or positive) LAS difference. They also show how the size of the embeddings can be notably reduced.",
}
@inproceedings{wroblewska-2018-extended,
    title = "Extended and Enhanced Polish Dependency Bank in Universal Dependencies Format",
    author = "Wr{\'o}blewska, Alina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6020",
    pages = "173--182",
    abstract = "The paper presents the largest Polish Dependency Bank in Universal Dependencies format {--} PDBUD {--} with 22K trees and 352K tokens. PDBUD builds on its previous version, i.e. the Polish UD treebank (PL-SZ), and contains all 8K PL-SZ trees. The PL-SZ trees are checked and possibly corrected in the current edition of PDBUD. Further 14K trees are automatically converted from a new version of Polish Dependency Bank. The PDBUD trees are expanded with the enhanced edges encoding the shared dependents and the shared governors of the coordinated conjuncts and with the semantic roles of some dependents. The conducted evaluation experiments show that PDBUD is large enough for training a high-quality graph-based dependency parser for Polish.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2018-approximate,
    title = "Approximate Dynamic Oracle for Dependency Parsing with Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Yu, Xiang  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6021",
    pages = "183--191",
    abstract = "We present a general approach with reinforcement learning (RL) to approximate dynamic oracles for transition systems where exact dynamic oracles are difficult to derive. We treat oracle parsing as a reinforcement learning problem, design the reward function inspired by the classical dynamic oracle, and use Deep Q-Learning (DQN) techniques to train the oracle with gold trees as features. The combination of a priori knowledge and data-driven methods enables an efficient dynamic oracle, which improves the parser performance over static oracles in several transition systems.",
}
@inproceedings{zeldes-abrams-2018-coptic,
    title = "The {C}optic Universal Dependency Treebank",
    author = "Zeldes, Amir  and
      Abrams, Mitchell",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies ({UDW} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6022",
    pages = "192--201",
    abstract = "This paper presents the Coptic Universal Dependency Treebank, the first dependency treebank within the Egyptian subfamily of the Afro-Asiatic languages. We discuss the composition of the corpus, challenges in adapting the UD annotation scheme to existing conventions for annotating Coptic, and evaluate inter-annotator agreement on UD annotation for the language. Some specific constructions are taken as a starting point for discussing several more general UD annotation guidelines, in particular for appositions, ambiguous passivization, incorporation and object-doubling.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-2018-emnlp-w,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    author = "Xu, Wei  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Baldwin, Tim  and
      Rahimi, Afshin",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6100",
}
@inproceedings{shoemark-etal-2018-inducing,
    title = "Inducing a lexicon of sociolinguistic variables from code-mixed text",
    author = "Shoemark, Philippa  and
      Kirby, James  and
      Goldwater, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6101",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "Sociolinguistics is often concerned with how variants of a linguistic item (e.g., nothing vs. nothin{'}) are used by different groups or in different situations. We introduce the task of inducing lexical variables from code-mixed text: that is, identifying equivalence pairs such as (football, fitba) along with their linguistic code (football→British, fitba→Scottish). We adapt a framework for identifying gender-biased word pairs to this new task, and present results on three different pairs of English dialects, using tweets as the code-mixed text. Our system achieves precision of over 70{\%} for two of these three datasets, and produces useful results even without extensive parameter tuning. Our success in adapting this framework from gender to language variety suggests that it could be used to discover other types of analogous pairs as well.",
}
@inproceedings{miyazaki-etal-2018-twitter,
    title = "Twitter Geolocation using Knowledge-Based Methods",
    author = "Miyazaki, Taro  and
      Rahimi, Afshin  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6102",
    pages = "7--16",
    abstract = "Geolocation of user posts on Twitter is useful for many applications, including disaster monitoring and news material gathering. However, the vast majority of tweets have no explicit geotag, motivating the need for automatic geolocation prediction methods. We propose the use of named entity linking in geolocation prediction, modelled using graph convolutional networks over a knowledge base of entity relations, which is combined with text-based models in an end-to-end deep learning framework. We show that our method improves on text-based models, and learns effective representations for named entities that do not appear in the training data.",
}
@inproceedings{harrigian-2018-geocoding,
    title = "Geocoding Without Geotags: A Text-based Approach for reddit",
    author = "Harrigian, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6103",
    pages = "17--27",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce the first geolocation inference approach for reddit, a social media platform where user pseudonymity has thus far made supervised demographic inference difficult to implement and validate. In particular, we design a text-based heuristic schema to generate ground truth location labels for reddit users in the absence of explicitly geotagged data. After evaluating the accuracy of our labeling procedure, we train and test several geolocation inference models across our reddit data set and three benchmark Twitter geolocation data sets. Ultimately, we show that geolocation models trained and applied on the same domain substantially outperform models attempting to transfer training data across domains, even more so on reddit where platform-specific interest-group metadata can be used to improve inferences.",
}
@inproceedings{rameshkumar-etal-2018-assigning,
    title = "Assigning people to tasks identified in email: The {EPA} dataset for addressee tagging for detected task intent",
    author = "Rameshkumar, Revanth  and
      Bailey, Peter  and
      Jha, Abhishek  and
      Quirk, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6104",
    pages = "28--32",
    abstract = {We describe the Enron People Assignment (EPA) dataset, in which tasks that are described in emails are associated with the person(s) responsible for carrying out these tasks. We identify tasks and the responsible people in the Enron email dataset. We define evaluation methods for this challenge and report scores for our model and na{\"\i}ve baselines. The resulting model enables a user experience operating within a commercial email service: given a person and a task, it determines if the person should be notified of the task.},
}
@inproceedings{zheng-etal-2018-correct,
    title = "How do you correct run-on sentences it{'}s not as easy as it seems",
    author = "Zheng, Junchao  and
      Napoles, Courtney  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Omelianchuk, Kostiantyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6105",
    pages = "33--38",
    abstract = "Run-on sentences are common grammatical mistakes but little research has tackled this problem to date. This work introduces two machine learning models to correct run-on sentences that outperform leading methods for related tasks, punctuation restoration and whole-sentence grammatical error correction. Due to the limited annotated data for this error, we experiment with artificially generating training data from clean newswire text. Our findings suggest artificial training data is viable for this task. We discuss implications for correcting run-ons and other types of mistakes that have low coverage in error-annotated corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-etal-2018-pos,
    title = "A {POS} Tagging Model Adapted to Learner {E}nglish",
    author = "Nagata, Ryo  and
      Mizumoto, Tomoya  and
      Kikuchi, Yuta  and
      Kawasaki, Yoshifumi  and
      Funakoshi, Kotaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6106",
    pages = "39--48",
    abstract = "There has been very limited work on the adaptation of Part-Of-Speech (POS) tagging to learner English despite the fact that POS tagging is widely used in related tasks. In this paper, we explore how we can adapt POS tagging to learner English efficiently and effectively. Based on the discussion of possible causes of POS tagging errors in learner English, we show that deep neural models are particularly suitable for this. Considering the previous findings and the discussion, we introduce the design of our model based on bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory. In addition, we describe how to adapt it to a wide variety of native languages (potentially, hundreds of them). In the evaluation section, we empirically show that it is effective for POS tagging in learner English, achieving an accuracy of 0.964, which significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art POS-tagger. We further investigate the tagging results in detail, revealing which part of the model design does or does not improve the performance.",
}
@inproceedings{mandal-nanmaran-2018-normalization,
    title = "Normalization of Transliterated Words in Code-Mixed Data Using {S}eq2{S}eq Model {\&} {L}evenshtein Distance",
    author = "Mandal, Soumil  and
      Nanmaran, Karthick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6107",
    pages = "49--53",
    abstract = "Building tools for code-mixed data is rapidly gaining popularity in the NLP research community as such data is exponentially rising on social media. Working with code-mixed data contains several challenges, especially due to grammatical inconsistencies and spelling variations in addition to all the previous known challenges for social media scenarios. In this article, we present a novel architecture focusing on normalizing phonetic typing variations, which is commonly seen in code-mixed data. One of the main features of our architecture is that in addition to normalizing, it can also be utilized for back-transliteration and word identification in some cases. Our model achieved an accuracy of 90.27{\%} on the test data.",
}
@inproceedings{malykh-etal-2018-robust,
    title = "Robust Word Vectors: Context-Informed Embeddings for Noisy Texts",
    author = "Malykh, Valentin  and
      Logacheva, Varvara  and
      Khakhulin, Taras",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6108",
    pages = "54--63",
    abstract = "We suggest a new language-independent architecture of robust word vectors (RoVe). It is designed to alleviate the issue of typos, which are common in almost any user-generated content, and hinder automatic text processing. Our model is morphologically motivated, which allows it to deal with unseen word forms in morphologically rich languages.",
}
@inproceedings{sjoblom-etal-2018-paraphrase,
    title = "Paraphrase Detection on Noisy Subtitles in Six Languages",
    author = {Sj{\"o}blom, Eetu  and
      Creutz, Mathias  and
      Aulamo, Mikko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6109",
    pages = "64--73",
    abstract = "We perform automatic paraphrase detection on subtitle data from the Opusparcus corpus comprising six European languages: German, English, Finnish, French, Russian, and Swedish. We train two types of supervised sentence embedding models: a word-averaging (WA) model and a gated recurrent averaging network (GRAN) model. We find out that GRAN outperforms WA and is more robust to noisy training data. Better results are obtained with more and noisier data than less and cleaner data. Additionally, we experiment on other datasets, without reaching the same level of performance, because of domain mismatch between training and test data.",
}
@inproceedings{fu-barrio-2018-distantly,
    title = "Distantly Supervised Attribute Detection from Reviews",
    author = "Fu, Lisheng  and
      Barrio, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6110",
    pages = "74--78",
    abstract = "This paper aims to detect specific attributes of a place (e.g., if it has a romantic atmosphere, or if it offers outdoor seating) from its user reviews via distant supervision: without direct annotation of review text, we use the crowdsourced attribute labels of a place as labels of the review text.",
}
@inproceedings{boyd-2018-using,
    title = "Using {W}ikipedia Edits in Low Resource Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Boyd, Adriane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6111",
    pages = "79--84",
    abstract = "We develop a grammatical error correction (GEC) system for German using a small gold GEC corpus augmented with edits extracted from Wikipedia revision history. We extend the automatic error annotation tool ERRANT (Bryant et al., 2017) for German and use it to analyze both gold GEC corrections and Wikipedia edits (Grundkiewicz and Junczys-Dowmunt, 2014) in order to select as additional training data Wikipedia edits containing grammatical corrections similar to those in the gold corpus. Using a multilayer convolutional encoder-decoder neural network GEC approach (Chollampatt and Ng, 2018), we evaluate the contribution of Wikipedia edits and find that carefully selected Wikipedia edits increase performance by over 5{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{kurniawan-louvan-2018-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Evaluation of Character-Based Model on Neural Named-Entity Recognition in {I}ndonesian Conversational Texts",
    author = "Kurniawan, Kemal  and
      Louvan, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6112",
    pages = "85--92",
    abstract = "Despite the long history of named-entity recognition (NER) task in the natural language processing community, previous work rarely studied the task on conversational texts. Such texts are challenging because they contain a lot of word variations which increase the number of out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words. The high number of OOV words poses a difficulty for word-based neural models. Meanwhile, there is plenty of evidence to the effectiveness of character-based neural models in mitigating this OOV problem. We report an empirical evaluation of neural sequence labeling models with character embedding to tackle NER task in Indonesian conversational texts. Our experiments show that (1) character models outperform word embedding-only models by up to 4 F1 points, (2) character models perform better in OOV cases with an improvement of as high as 15 F1 points, and (3) character models are robust against a very high OOV rate.",
}
@inproceedings{skianis-etal-2018-orthogonal,
    title = "Orthogonal Matching Pursuit for Text Classification",
    author = "Skianis, Konstantinos  and
      Tziortziotis, Nikolaos  and
      Vazirgiannis, Michalis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6113",
    pages = "93--103",
    abstract = "In text classification, the problem of overfitting arises due to the high dimensionality, making regularization essential.",
}
@inproceedings{kreek-apostolova-2018-training,
    title = "Training and Prediction Data Discrepancies: Challenges of Text Classification with Noisy, Historical Data",
    author = "Kreek, R. Andrew  and
      Apostolova, Emilia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6114",
    pages = "104--109",
    abstract = "Industry datasets used for text classification are rarely created for that purpose. In most cases, the data and target predictions are a by-product of accumulated historical data, typically fraught with noise, present in both the text-based document, as well as in the targeted labels. In this work, we address the question of how well performance metrics computed on noisy, historical data reflect the performance on the intended future machine learning model input. The results demonstrate the utility of dirty training datasets used to build prediction models for cleaner (and different) prediction inputs.",
}
@inproceedings{yirmibesoglu-eryigit-2018-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Code-Switching between {T}urkish-{E}nglish Language Pair",
    author = {Yirmibe{\c{s}}o{\u{g}}lu, Zeynep  and
      Eryi{\u{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6115",
    pages = "110--115",
    abstract = "Code-switching (usage of different languages within a single conversation context in an alternative manner) is a highly increasing phenomenon in social media and colloquial usage which poses different challenges for natural language processing. This paper introduces the first study for the detection of Turkish-English code-switching and also a small test data collected from social media in order to smooth the way for further studies.",
}
@inproceedings{mandal-singh-2018-language,
    title = "Language Identification in Code-Mixed Data using Multichannel Neural Networks and Context Capture",
    author = "Mandal, Soumil  and
      Singh, Anil Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6116",
    pages = "116--120",
    abstract = "An accurate language identification tool is an absolute necessity for building complex NLP systems to be used on code-mixed data. Lot of work has been recently done on the same, but there{'}s still room for improvement. Inspired from the recent advancements in neural network architectures for computer vision tasks, we have implemented multichannel neural networks combining CNN and LSTM for word level language identification of code-mixed data. Combining this with a Bi-LSTM-CRF context capture module, accuracies of 93.28{\%} and 93.32{\%} is achieved on out two testing sets.",
}
@inproceedings{benotti-etal-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Student Response Times: Towards Efficient One-on-one Tutoring Dialogues",
    author = "Benotti, Luciana  and
      Bhaskaran, Jayadev  and
      Kjartansson, Sigtryggur  and
      Lang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6117",
    pages = "121--131",
    abstract = "In this paper we investigate the task of modeling how long it would take a student to respond to a tutor question during a tutoring dialogue.",
}
@inproceedings{nisioi-etal-2018-content,
    title = "Content Extraction and Lexical Analysis from Customer-Agent Interactions",
    author = "Nisioi, Sergiu  and
      Bucur, Anca  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6118",
    pages = "132--136",
    abstract = "In this paper, we provide a lexical comparative analysis of the vocabulary used by customers and agents in an",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2018-preferred,
    title = "Preferred Answer Selection in Stack Overflow: Better Text Representations ... and Metadata, Metadata, Metadata",
    author = "Xu, Steven  and
      Bennett, Andrew  and
      Hoogeveen, Doris  and
      Lau, Jey Han  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6119",
    pages = "137--147",
    abstract = "Community question answering (cQA) forums provide a rich source of",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2018-word,
    title = "Word-like character n-gram embedding",
    author = "Kim, Geewook  and
      Fukui, Kazuki  and
      Shimodaira, Hidetoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6120",
    pages = "148--152",
    abstract = "We propose a new word embedding method called {``}word-like character n-gram embedding{''}, which learns distributed representations of words by embedding word-like character n-grams.",
}
@inproceedings{makino-etal-2018-classification,
    title = "Classification of Tweets about Reported Events using Neural Networks",
    author = "Makino, Kiminobu  and
      Takei, Yuka  and
      Miyazaki, Taro  and
      Goto, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6121",
    pages = "153--163",
    abstract = "We developed a system that automatically extracts {``}Event-describing Tweets{''} which include incidents or accidents information for creating news reports. Event-describing Tweets can be classified into {``}Reported-event Tweets{''} and {``}New-information Tweets.{''} Reported-event Tweets cite news agencies or user generated content sites, and New-information Tweets are other Event-describing Tweets. A system is needed to classify them so that creators of factual TV programs can use them in their productions. Proposing this Tweet classification task is one of the contributions of this paper, because no prior papers have used the same task even though program creators and other events information collectors have to do it to extract required information from social networking sites. To classify Tweets in this task, this paper proposes a method to input and concatenate character and word sequences in Japanese Tweets by using convolutional neural networks. This proposed method is another contribution of this paper. For comparison, character or word input methods and other neural networks are also used. Results show that a system using the proposed method and architectures can classify Tweets with an F1 score of 88 {\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{balachandran-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning to Define Terms in the Software Domain",
    author = "Balachandran, Vidhisha  and
      Rajagopal, Dheeraj  and
      Kanjirathinkal, Rose Catherine  and
      Cohen, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6122",
    pages = "164--172",
    abstract = "One way to test a person{'}s knowledge of a domain is to ask them to define domain-specific terms. Here, we investigate the task of automatically generating definitions of technical terms by reading text from the technical domain. Specifically, we learn definitions of software entities from a large corpus built from the user forum Stack Overflow. To model definitions, we train a language model and incorporate additional domain-specific information like word-word co-occurrence, and ontological category information. Our approach improves previous baselines by 2 BLEU points for the definition generation task. Our experiments also show the additional challenges associated with the task and the short-comings of language-model based architectures for definition generation.",
}
@inproceedings{iter-etal-2018-frameit,
    title = "{F}rame{I}t: Ontology Discovery for Noisy User-Generated Text",
    author = "Iter, Dan  and
      Halevy, Alon  and
      Tan, Wang-Chiew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6123",
    pages = "173--183",
    abstract = "A common need of NLP applications is to extract structured data from text corpora in order to perform analytics or trigger an appropriate action. The ontology defining the structure is typically application dependent and in many cases it is not known a priori. We describe the FrameIt System that provides a workflow for (1) quickly discovering an ontology to model a text corpus and (2) learning an SRL model that extracts the instances of the ontology from sentences in the corpus. FrameIt exploits data that is obtained in the ontology discovery phase as weak supervision data to bootstrap the SRL model and then enables the user to refine the model with active learning. We present empirical results and qualitative analysis of the performance of FrameIt on three corpora of noisy user-generated text.",
}
@inproceedings{benton-dredze-2018-using,
    title = "Using Author Embeddings to Improve Tweet Stance Classification",
    author = "Benton, Adrian  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6124",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6124",
    pages = "184--194",
    abstract = "Many social media classification tasks analyze the content of a message, but do not consider",
}
@inproceedings{enghoff-etal-2018-low,
    title = "Low-resource named entity recognition via multi-source projection: Not quite there yet?",
    author = "Enghoff, Jan Vium  and
      Harrison, S{\o}ren  and
      Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6125",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6125",
    pages = "195--201",
    abstract = "Projecting linguistic annotations through word alignments is one of the most prevalent approaches to cross-lingual transfer learning. Conventional wisdom suggests that annotation projection {``}just works{''} regardless of the task at hand. We carefully consider multi-source projection for named entity recognition. Our experiment with 17 languages shows that to detect named entities in true low-resource languages, annotation projection may not be the right way to move forward. On a more positive note, we also uncover the conditions that do favor named entity projection from multiple sources. We argue these are infeasible under noisy low-resource constraints.",
}
@inproceedings{fu-etal-2018-case,
    title = "A Case Study on Learning a Unified Encoder of Relations",
    author = "Fu, Lisheng  and
      Min, Bonan  and
      Nguyen, Thien Huu  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6126",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6126",
    pages = "202--207",
    abstract = "Typical relation extraction models are trained on a single corpus annotated with a pre-defined relation schema.",
}
@inproceedings{wood-doughty-etal-2018-convolutions,
    title = "Convolutions Are All You Need (For Classifying Character Sequences)",
    author = "Wood-Doughty, Zach  and
      Andrews, Nicholas  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6127",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6127",
    pages = "208--213",
    abstract = "While recurrent neural networks (RNNs)",
}
@inproceedings{inuzuka-etal-2018-step,
    title = "Step or Not: Discriminator for The Real Instructions in User-generated Recipes",
    author = "Inuzuka, Shintaro  and
      Ito, Takahiko  and
      Harashima, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6128",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6128",
    pages = "214",
    abstract = "In a recipe sharing service, users publish recipe instructions in the form of a series of steps. However, some of the {``}steps{''} are not actually part of the cooking process. Specifically, advertisements of recipes themselves (eg {``}introduced on TV{''}) and comments (eg {``}Thanks for many messages{''}) may often be included in the step section of the recipe, like the recipe author{'}s communication tool. However, such fake steps can cause problems when using recipe search indexing or when being spoken by devices such as smart speakers. As presented in this talk, we have constructed a discriminator that distinguishes between such a fake step and the step actually used for cooking. This project includes, but is not limited to, the creation of annotation data by classifying and analyzing recipe steps and the construction of identification models. Our models use only text information to identify the step. In our test, machine learning models achieved higher accuracy than rule-based methods that use manually chosen words.",
}
@inproceedings{hanson-simenstad-2018-combining,
    title = "Combining Human and Machine Transcriptions on the Zooniverse Platform",
    author = "Hanson, Daniel  and
      Simenstad, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 {EMNLP} Workshop W-{NUT}: The 4th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6129",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6129",
    pages = "215--216",
    abstract = "This is a 1-page abstract on a work-in-progress for the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-approaches-subjectivity,
    title = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Mohammad, Saif M.  and
      Hoste, Veronique  and
      Klinger, Roman",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6200",
}
@inproceedings{riloff-2018-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Affective Events and the Reasons for their Polarity",
    author = "Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6201",
    pages = "1",
    abstract = "Many events have a positive or negative impact on our lives (e.g., {``}I",
}
@inproceedings{ilic-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep contextualized word representations for detecting sarcasm and irony",
    author = "Ili{\'c}, Suzana  and
      Marrese-Taylor, Edison  and
      Balazs, Jorge  and
      Matsuo, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6202",
    pages = "2--7",
    abstract = "Predicting context-dependent and non-literal utterances like sarcastic and ironic expressions still remains a challenging task in NLP, as it goes beyond linguistic patterns, encompassing common sense and shared knowledge as crucial components. To capture complex morpho-syntactic features that can usually serve as indicators for irony or sarcasm across dynamic contexts, we propose a model that uses character-level vector representations of words, based on ELMo. We test our model on 7 different datasets derived from 3 different data sources, providing state-of-the-art performance in 6 of them, and otherwise offering competitive results.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2018-implicit,
    title = "Implicit Subjective and Sentimental Usages in Multi-sense Word Embeddings",
    author = "Sun, Yuqi  and
      Shi, Haoyue  and
      Hu, Junfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6203",
    pages = "8--13",
    abstract = "In multi-sense word embeddings, contextual variations in corpus may cause a univocal word to be embedded into different sense vectors.",
}
@inproceedings{saroufim-etal-2018-language,
    title = "Language Independent Sentiment Analysis with Sentiment-Specific Word Embeddings",
    author = "Saroufim, Carl  and
      Almatarky, Akram  and
      Abdel Hady, Mohammad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6204",
    pages = "14--23",
    abstract = "Data annotation is a critical step to train a text model but it is tedious, expensive and time-consuming. We present a language independent method to train a sentiment polarity model with limited amount of manually-labeled data. Word embeddings such as Word2Vec are efficient at incorporating semantic and syntactic properties of words, yielding good results for document classification. However, these embeddings might map words with opposite polarities, to vectors close to each other. We train Sentiment Specific Word Embeddings (SSWE) on top of an unsupervised Word2Vec model, using either Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) or Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) on data auto-labeled as {``}Positive{''} or {``}Negative{''}. For this task, we rely on the universality of emojis to auto-label a large number of French tweets using a small set of positive and negative emojis. Finally, we apply a transfer learning approach to refine the network weights with a small-size manually-labeled training data set. Experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of this approach on French sentiment classification using benchmark data sets from SemEval 2016 competition. We were able to achieve a performance improvement by using SSWE over Word2Vec. We also used a graph-based approach for label propagation to auto-generate a sentiment lexicon.",
}
@inproceedings{ohman-etal-2018-creating,
    title = "Creating a Dataset for Multilingual Fine-grained Emotion-detection Using Gamification-based Annotation",
    author = {{\"O}hman, Emily  and
      Kajava, Kaisla  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Honkela, Timo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6205",
    pages = "24--30",
    abstract = "This paper introduces a gamified framework for fine-grained sentiment analysis and emotion detection. We present a flexible tool that can be used for efficient annotation based on crowd sourcing and a self-perpetuating gold standard. We also present a novel dataset with multi-dimensional annotations of emotions and sentiments in movie subtitles that enables research on sentiment preservation across languages and the creation of robust multilingual emotion detection tools. The tools and datasets are public and open-source and can easily be extended and applied for various purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{klinger-etal-2018-iest,
    title = "{IEST}: {WASSA}-2018 Implicit Emotions Shared Task",
    author = "Klinger, Roman  and
      De Clercq, Orph{\'e}e  and
      Mohammad, Saif  and
      Balahur, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6206",
    pages = "31--42",
    abstract = "Past shared tasks on emotions use data with both overt expressions of emotions (I am so happy to see you!) as well as subtle expressions where the emotions have to be inferred, for instance from event descriptions. Further, most datasets do not focus on the cause or the stimulus of the emotion. Here, for the first time, we propose a shared task where systems have to predict the emotions in a large automatically labeled dataset of tweets without access to words denoting emotions. Based on this intention, we call this the Implicit Emotion Shared Task (IEST) because the systems have to infer the emotion mostly from the context. Every tweet has an occurrence of an explicit emotion word that is masked. The tweets are collected in a manner such that they are likely to include a description of the cause of the emotion {--} the stimulus. Altogether, 30 teams submitted results which range from macro F1 scores of 21 {\%} to 71 {\%}. The baseline (Max-Ent bag of words and bigrams) obtains an F1 score of 60 {\%} which was available to the participants during the development phase. A study with human annotators suggests that automatic methods outperform human predictions, possibly by honing into subtle textual clues not used by humans. Corpora, resources, and results are available at the shared task website at \url{http://implicitemotions.wassa2018.com}.",
}
@inproceedings{rozental-etal-2018-amobee,
    title = "{A}mobee at {IEST} 2018: Transfer Learning from Language Models",
    author = "Rozental, Alon  and
      Fleischer, Daniel  and
      Kelrich, Zohar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6207",
    pages = "43--49",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system developed at Amobee for the WASSA 2018 implicit emotions shared task (IEST). The goal of this task was to predict the emotion expressed by missing words in tweets without an explicit mention of those words. We developed an ensemble system consisting of language models together with LSTM-based networks containing a CNN attention mechanism. Our approach represents a novel use of language models{---}specifically trained on a large Twitter dataset{---}to predict and classify emotions. Our system reached 1st place with a macro F1 score of 0.7145.",
}
@inproceedings{balazs-etal-2018-iiidyt,
    title = "{IIIDYT} at {IEST} 2018: Implicit Emotion Classification With Deep Contextualized Word Representations",
    author = "Balazs, Jorge  and
      Marrese-Taylor, Edison  and
      Matsuo, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6208",
    pages = "50--56",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe our system designed for the WASSA 2018 Implicit Emotion Shared Task (IEST), which obtained second place out of 30 teams with a test macro F1 score of 0.710. The system is composed of a single pre-trained ELMo layer for encoding words, a Bidirectional Long-Short Memory Network BiLSTM for enriching word representations with context, a max-pooling operation for creating sentence representations from them, and a Dense Layer for projecting the sentence representations into label space. Our",
}
@inproceedings{chronopoulou-etal-2018-ntua,
    title = "{NTUA}-{SLP} at {IEST} 2018: Ensemble of Neural Transfer Methods for Implicit Emotion Classification",
    author = "Chronopoulou, Alexandra  and
      Margatina, Aikaterini  and
      Baziotis, Christos  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6209",
    pages = "57--64",
    abstract = "In this paper we present our approach to tackle",
}
@inproceedings{lukes-sogaard-2018-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment analysis under temporal shift",
    author = "Lukes, Jan  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6210",
    pages = "65--71",
    abstract = "Sentiment analysis models often rely on training data that is several years old. In this paper, we show that lexical features change polarity over time, leading to degrading performance. This effect is particularly strong in sparse models relying only on highly predictive features. Using predictive feature selection, we are able to significantly improve the accuracy of such models over time.",
}
@inproceedings{sekulic-etal-2018-just,
    title = "Not Just Depressed: Bipolar Disorder Prediction on {R}eddit",
    author = "Sekulic, Ivan  and
      Gjurkovi{\'c}, Matej  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6211",
    pages = "72--78",
    abstract = "Bipolar disorder, an illness characterized by manic and depressive episodes, affects more than 60 million people worldwide. We present a preliminary study on bipolar disorder prediction from user-generated text on Reddit, which relies on users{'} self-reported labels. Our benchmark classifiers for bipolar disorder prediction outperform the baselines and reach accuracy and F1-scores of above 86{\%}. Feature analysis shows interesting differences in language use between users with bipolar disorders and the control group, including differences in the use of emotion-expressive words.",
}
@inproceedings{bhatia-p-2018-topic,
    title = "Topic-Specific Sentiment Analysis Can Help Identify Political Ideology",
    author = "Bhatia, Sumit  and
      P, Deepak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6212",
    pages = "79--84",
    abstract = "Ideological leanings of an individual can often",
}
@inproceedings{alkorta-etal-2018-saying,
    title = "Saying no but meaning yes: negation and sentiment analysis in Basque",
    author = "Alkorta, Jon  and
      Gojenola, Koldo  and
      Iruskieta, Mikel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6213",
    pages = "85--90",
    abstract = "Negation is one of the shifters or operators that can change the semantic orientation of a word or a sentence and, consequently, it has to be taken into consideration in sentiment analysis. In this work, we have analyzed the effects of negation on the semantic orientation in Basque. The analysis shows that negation markers can strengthen, weaken or have no effect on sentiment orientation of a word or a group of words. Using the Constraint Grammar formalism, we have designed and evaluated a set of linguistic rules to formalize these three phenomena. The results show that two phenomena, strengthening and no change, have been identified accurately and the third one, weakening, with acceptable results.",
}
@inproceedings{xiang-etal-2018-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Writing Systems Change for Deep Learning Based {C}hinese Emotion Analysis",
    author = "Xiang, Rong  and
      Long, Yunfei  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Xiong, Dan  and
      Chen, I-Hsuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6214",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6214",
    pages = "91--96",
    abstract = "Social media text written in Chinese communities contains mixed scripts including major text written with Chinese characters, an ideograph-based writing system, and some minor text using Latin letters, an alphabet-based writing system. This phenomenon is called writing systems change (WSCs). Past studies have shown that WSCs can be used to express emotions, particularly where the social and political environment is more conservative. However, because WSCs can break the syntax of the major text, it poses more challenges in NLP tasks like emotion classification. In this work, we present a novel deep learning based method to include WSCs as an effective feature for emotion analysis. The method first identifies all WSCs points. Representation of the major text is learned through an LSTM model whereas the presentation of the minority text is learned by a separate CNN.Emotions expressed in the minority text are further highlighted through an attention mechanism before emotion classification. It has proven to be significant that incorporating WSCs features in deep learning models can improve the performance which is valid by both F1-scores and p-value. It indicates that WSCs serve as an effective feature in emotion analysis of the social network.",
}
@inproceedings{byrkjeland-etal-2018-ternary,
    title = "Ternary Twitter Sentiment Classification with Distant Supervision and Sentiment-Specific Word Embeddings",
    author = {Byrkjeland, Mats  and
      G{\o}rvell de Lichtenberg, Frederik  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6215",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6215",
    pages = "97--106",
    abstract = "The paper proposes the Ternary Sentiment Embedding Model, a new model for creating sentiment embeddings based on the Hybrid Ranking Model of Tang et al. (2016), but trained on ternary-labeled data instead of binary-labeled, utilizing sentiment embeddings from datasets made with different distant supervision methods.",
}
@inproceedings{daudert-buitelaar-2018-linking,
    title = "Linking News Sentiment to Microblogs: A Distributional Semantics Approach to Enhance Microblog Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Daudert, Tobias  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6216",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6216",
    pages = "107--115",
    abstract = "Social media{'}s popularity in society and research is gaining momentum and simultaneously increasing the importance of short textual content such as microblogs. Microblogs are affected by many factors including the news media, therefore, we exploit sentiments conveyed from news to detect and classify sentiment in microblogs. Given that texts can deal with the same entity but might not be vastly related when it comes to sentiment, it becomes necessary to introduce further measures ensuring the relatedness of texts while leveraging the contained sentiments. This paper describes ongoing research introducing distributional semantics to improve the exploitation of news-contained sentiment to enhance microblog sentiment classification.",
}
@inproceedings{brun-nikoulina-2018-aspect,
    title = "Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis into the Wild",
    author = "Brun, Caroline  and
      Nikoulina, Vassilina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6217",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6217",
    pages = "116--122",
    abstract = "In this paper, we test state-of-the-art Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) systems trained on a widely used dataset on actual data. We created a new manually annotated dataset of user generated data from the same domain as the training dataset, but from other sources and analyse the differences between the new and the standard ABSA dataset. We then analyse the results in performance of different versions of the same system on both datasets. We also propose light adaptation methods to increase system robustness.",
}
@inproceedings{markov-etal-2018-role,
    title = "The Role of Emotions in Native Language Identification",
    author = "Markov, Ilia  and
      Nastase, Vivi  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Sidorov, Grigori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6218",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6218",
    pages = "123--129",
    abstract = "We explore the hypothesis that emotion is one of the dimensions of language that surfaces from the native language into a second language. To check the role of emotions in native language identification (NLI), we model emotion information through polarity and emotion load features, and use document representations using these features to classify the native language of the author. The results indicate that emotion is relevant for NLI, even for high proficiency levels and across topics.",
}
@inproceedings{ambartsoumian-popowich-2018-self,
    title = "Self-Attention: A Better Building Block for Sentiment Analysis Neural Network Classifiers",
    author = "Ambartsoumian, Artaches  and
      Popowich, Fred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6219",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6219",
    pages = "130--139",
    abstract = "Sentiment Analysis has seen much progress in the past two decades. For the past few years, neural network approaches, primarily RNNs and CNNs, have been the most successful for this task. Recently, a new category of neural networks, self-attention networks (SANs), have been created which utilizes the attention mechanism as the basic building block. Self-attention networks have been shown to be effective for sequence modeling tasks, while having no recurrence or convolutions. In this work we explore the effectiveness of the SANs for sentiment analysis. We demonstrate that SANs are superior in performance to their RNN and CNN counterparts by comparing their classification accuracy on six datasets as well as their model characteristics such as training speed and memory consumption. Finally, we explore the effects of various SAN modifications such as multi-head attention as well as two methods of incorporating sequence position information into SANs.",
}
@inproceedings{long-etal-2018-dual,
    title = "Dual Memory Network Model for Biased Product Review Classification",
    author = "Long, Yunfei  and
      Ma, Mingyu  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Xiang, Rong  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6220",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6220",
    pages = "140--148",
    abstract = "In sentiment analysis (SA) of product reviews,",
}
@inproceedings{cuba-gyllensten-sahlgren-2018-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Issue Ownership using Word Embeddings",
    author = "Cuba Gyllensten, Amaru  and
      Sahlgren, Magnus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6221",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6221",
    pages = "149--155",
    abstract = "Sentiment and topic analysis are common methods used for social media monitoring. Essentially, these methods answers questions such as, {``}What is being talked about, regarding X{''}, and {``}What do people feel, regarding X{''}. In this paper, we investigate another venue for social media monitoring, namely issue ownership. In political science, issue ownership has been used to explain voter choice and electoral outcomes. The theory states that voters value certain issues, and cast votes according to the party which they feel best address these issues. We argue that issue alignment can be seen as a kind of semantic source similarity of the kind {``}How similar is source A to issue owner P, when talking about issue X{''}, and as such can be measured using Word/Document embedding techniques. We present work in progress towards measuring that kind of conditioned similarity, and introduce a new notion of similarity for predictive embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{kaljahi-foster-2018-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Expression Boundaries in Sentiment Polarity Classification",
    author = "Kaljahi, Rasoul  and
      Foster, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6222",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6222",
    pages = "156--166",
    abstract = "We investigate the effect of using sentiment expression boundaries in predicting sentiment polarity in aspect-level sentiment analysis. We manually annotate a freely available English sentiment polarity dataset with these boundaries and carry out a series of experiments which demonstrate that high quality sentiment expressions can boost the performance of polarity classification. Our experiments with various neural architectures also show that CNN networks outperform LSTMs on this task.",
}
@inproceedings{sawhney-etal-2018-exploring,
    title = "Exploring and Learning Suicidal Ideation Connotations on Social Media with Deep Learning",
    author = "Sawhney, Ramit  and
      Manchanda, Prachi  and
      Mathur, Puneet  and
      Shah, Rajiv  and
      Singh, Raj",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6223",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6223",
    pages = "167--175",
    abstract = "The increasing suicide rates amongst youth and its high correlation with suicidal ideation expression on social media warrants a deeper investigation into models for the detection of suicidal intent in text such as tweets to enable prevention. However, the complexity of the natural language constructs makes this task very challenging. Deep Learning architectures such as LSTMs, CNNs, and RNNs show promise in sentence level classification problems. This work investigates the ability of deep learning architectures to build an accurate and robust model for suicidal ideation detection and compares their performance with standard baselines in text classification problems. The experimental results reveal the merit in C-LSTM based models compared to other deep learning and machine learning based classification models for suicidal ideation detection.",
}
@inproceedings{paetzold-2018-utfpr,
    title = "{UTFPR} at {IEST} 2018: Exploring Character-to-Word Composition for Emotion Analysis",
    author = "Paetzold, Gustavo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6224",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6224",
    pages = "176--181",
    abstract = "We introduce the UTFPR system for the Implicit Emotions Shared Task of 2018: A compositional character-to-word recurrent neural network that does not exploit heavy and/or hard-to-obtain resources. We find that our approach can outperform multiple baselines, and offers an elegant and effective solution to the problem of orthographic variance in tweets.",
}
@inproceedings{naderalvojoud-etal-2018-humir,
    title = "{HUMIR} at {IEST}-2018: Lexicon-Sensitive and Left-Right Context-Sensitive {B}i{LSTM} for Implicit Emotion Recognition",
    author = "Naderalvojoud, Behzad  and
      Ucan, Alaettin  and
      Akcapinar Sezer, Ebru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6225",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6225",
    pages = "182--188",
    abstract = "This paper describes the approaches used in HUMIR system for the WASSA-2018 shared task on the implicit emotion recognition. The objective of this task is to predict the emotion expressed by the target word that has been excluded from the given tweet. We suppose this task as a word sense disambiguation in which the target word is considered as a synthetic word that can express 6 emotions depending on the context. To predict the correct emotion, we propose a deep neural network model that uses two BiLSTM networks to represent the contexts in the left and right sides of the target word. The BiLSTM outputs achieved from the left and right contexts are considered as context-sensitive features. These features are used in a feed-forward neural network to predict the target word emotion. Besides this approach, we also combine the BiLSTM model with lexicon-based and emotion-based features. Finally, we employ all models in the final system using Bagging ensemble method. We achieved macro F-measure value of 68.8 on the official test set and ranked sixth out of 30 participants.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-wu-2018-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} at {IEST} 2018: {B}i{LSTM}-Attention and {LSTM}-Attention via Soft Voting in Emotion Classification",
    author = "Zhou, Qimin  and
      Wu, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6226",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6226",
    pages = "189--194",
    abstract = "This paper describes our method that competed at WASSA2018 Implicit Emotion Shared Task. The goal of this task is to classify the emotions of excluded words in tweets into six different classes: sad, joy, disgust, surprise, anger and fear. For this, we examine a BiLSTM architecture with attention mechanism (BiLSTM-Attention) and a LSTM architecture with attention mechanism (LSTM-Attention), and try different dropout rates based on these two models. We then exploit an ensemble of these methods to give the final prediction which improves the model performance significantly compared with the baseline model. The proposed method achieves 7th position out of 30 teams and outperforms the baseline method by 12.5{\%} in terms of macro F1.",
}
@inproceedings{plaza-del-arco-etal-2018-sinai-iest,
    title = "{SINAI} at {IEST} 2018: Neural Encoding of Emotional External Knowledge for Emotion Classification",
    author = "Plaza-del-Arco, Flor Miriam  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-C{\'a}mara, Eugenio  and
      Martin, Maite  and
      Ure{\~n}a- L{\'o}pez, L. Alfonso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6227",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6227",
    pages = "195--200",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our participation in WASSA 2018 Implicit Emotion Shared Task (IEST 2018). We claim that the use of emotional external knowledge may enhance the performance and the capacity of generalization of an emotion classification system based on neural networks. Accordingly, we submitted four deep learning systems grounded in a sequence encoding layer. They mainly differ in the feature vector space and the recurrent neural network used in the sequence encoding layer. The official results show that the systems that used emotional external knowledge have a higher capacity of generalization, hence our claim holds.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-2018-emonlp-iest,
    title = "{E}mo{NLP} at {IEST} 2018: An Ensemble of Deep Learning Models and Gradient Boosting Regression Tree for Implicit Emotion Prediction in Tweets",
    author = "Liu, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6228",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6228",
    pages = "201--204",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system submitted to IEST 2018, a shared task to predict the emotion types. Six emotion types are involved: anger, joy, fear, surprise, disgust and sad. We perform three different approaches: feed forward neural network (FFNN), convolutional BLSTM (ConBLSTM) and Gradient Boosting Regression Tree Method (GBM). Word embeddings used in convolutional BLSTM are pre-trained on 470 million tweets which are filtered using the emotional words and emojis. In addition, broad sets of features (i.e. syntactic features, lexicon features, cluster features) are adopted to train GBM and FFNN. The three approaches are finally ensembled by the weighted average of predicted probabilities of each emotion type.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2018-hgsgnlp,
    title = "{HGSGNLP} at {IEST} 2018: An Ensemble of Machine Learning and Deep Neural Architectures for Implicit Emotion Classification in Tweets",
    author = "Wang, Wenting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6229",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6229",
    pages = "205--210",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system designed for the WASSA-2018 Implicit Emotion Shared Task (IEST). The task is to predict the emotion category expressed in a tweet by removing the terms angry, afraid, happy, sad, surprised, disgusted and their synonyms. Our final submission is an ensemble of one supervised learning model and three deep neural network based models, where each model approaches the problem from essentially different directions. Our system achieves the macro F1 score of 65.8{\%}, which is a 5.9{\%} performance improvement over the baseline and is ranked 12 out of 30 participating teams.",
}
@inproceedings{senarath-thayasivam-2018-datasearch,
    title = "{D}ata{SEARCH} at {IEST} 2018: Multiple Word Embedding based Models for Implicit Emotion Classification of Tweets with Deep Learning",
    author = "Senarath, Yasas  and
      Thayasivam, Uthayasanker",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6230",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6230",
    pages = "211--216",
    abstract = "This paper describes an approach to solve implicit emotion classification with the use of pre-trained word embedding models to train multiple neural networks. The system described in this paper is composed of a sequential combination of Long Short-Term Memory and Convolutional Neural Network for feature extraction and Feedforward Neural Network for classification. In this paper, we successfully show that features extracted using multiple pre-trained embeddings can be used to improve the overall performance of the system with Emoji being one of the significant features. The evaluations show that our approach outperforms the baseline system by more than 8{\%} without using any external corpus or lexicon. This approach is ranked 8th in Implicit Emotion Shared Task (IEST) at WASSA-2018.",
}
@inproceedings{pecar-etal-2018-nl,
    title = "{NL}-{FIIT} at {IEST}-2018: Emotion Recognition utilizing Neural Networks and Multi-level Preprocessing",
    author = "Pecar, Samuel  and
      Farkas, Michal  and
      Simko, Marian  and
      Lacko, Peter  and
      Bielikova, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6231",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6231",
    pages = "217--223",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present neural models submitted to Shared Task on Implicit Emotion Recognition, organized as part of WASSA 2018. We propose a Bi-LSTM architecture with regularization through dropout and Gaussian noise. Our models use three different embedding layers: GloVe word embeddings trained on Twitter dataset, ELMo embeddings and also sentence embeddings. We see preprocessing as one of the most important parts of the task. We focused on handling emojis, emoticons, hashtags, and also various shortened word forms. In some cases, we proposed to remove some parts of the text, as they do not affect emotion of the original sentence. We also experimented with other modifications like category weights for learning and stacking multiple layers. Our model achieved a macro average F1 score of 65.55{\%}, significantly outperforming the baseline model produced by a simple logistic regression.",
}
@inproceedings{priban-martinek-2018-uwb,
    title = "{UWB} at {IEST} 2018: Emotion Prediction in Tweets with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network",
    author = "P{\v{r}}ib{\'a}{\v{n}}, Pavel  and
      Mart{\'\i}nek, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6232",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6232",
    pages = "224--230",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system created for the WASSA 2018 Implicit Emotion Shared Task. The goal of this task is to predict the emotion of a given tweet, from which a certain emotion word is removed. The removed word can be sad, happy, disgusted, angry, afraid or a synonym of one of them. Our proposed system is based on deep-learning methods. We use Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) with word embeddings as an input. Pre-trained DeepMoji model and pre-trained emoji2vec emoji embeddings are also used as additional inputs.",
}
@inproceedings{rissola-etal-2018-usi,
    title = "{USI}-{IR} at {IEST} 2018: Sequence Modeling and Pseudo-Relevance Feedback for Implicit Emotion Detection",
    author = "R{\'\i}ssola, Esteban  and
      Giachanou, Anastasia  and
      Crestani, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6233",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6233",
    pages = "231--234",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of USI-IR in WASSA 2018 Implicit Emotion Shared Task. We propose a relevance feedback approach employing a sequential model (biLSTM) and word embeddings derived from a large collection of tweets. To this end, we assume that the top-k predictions produce at a first classification step are correct (based on the model accuracy) and use them as new examples to re-train the network.",
}
@inproceedings{proisl-etal-2018-emotiklue,
    title = "{E}moti{KLUE} at {IEST} 2018: Topic-Informed Classification of Implicit Emotions",
    author = "Proisl, Thomas  and
      Heinrich, Philipp  and
      Kabashi, Besim  and
      Evert, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6234",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6234",
    pages = "235--242",
    abstract = "EmotiKLUE is a submission to the Implicit Emotion Shared Task. It is a deep learning system that combines independent representations of the left and right contexts of the emotion word with the topic distribution of an LDA topic model. EmotiKLUE achieves a macro average F1 score of 67.13{\%}, significantly outperforming the baseline produced by a simple ML classifier. Further enhancements after the evaluation period lead to an improved F1 score of 68.10{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{gratian-haid-2018-braint,
    title = "{B}rain{T} at {IEST} 2018: Fine-tuning Multiclass Perceptron For Implicit Emotion Classification",
    author = "Gratian, Vachagan  and
      Haid, Marina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6235",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6235",
    pages = "243--247",
    abstract = "We present BrainT, a multiclass, averaged perceptron tested on implicit emotion prediction of tweets. We show that the dataset is linearly separable and explore ways in fine-tuning the baseline classifier. Our results indicate that the bag-of-words features benefit the model moderately and prediction can be improved significantly with bigrams, trigrams, skip-one-tetragrams and POS-tags. Furthermore, we find preprocessing of the n-grams, including stemming, lowercasing, stopword filtering, emoji and emoticon conversion, generally not useful. The model is trained on an annotated corpus of 153,383 tweets and predictions on the test data were submitted to the WASSA-2018 Implicit Emotion Shared Task. BrainT attained a Macro F-score of 0.63.",
}
@inproceedings{witon-etal-2018-disney,
    title = "Disney at {IEST} 2018: Predicting Emotions using an Ensemble",
    author = "Witon, Wojciech  and
      Colombo, Pierre  and
      Modi, Ashutosh  and
      Kapadia, Mubbasir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6236",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6236",
    pages = "248--253",
    abstract = "This paper describes our participating system in the WASSA 2018 shared task on emotion prediction. The task focusses on implicit emotion prediction in a tweet. In this task, keywords corresponding to the six emotion label names (anger, fear, disgust, joy, sad, and surprise) have been removed from the tweet text, making emotion prediction implicit and the task challenging. We propose a model based on ensemble of classifiers for prediction. Each classifier in the ensemble uses sequence of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture blocks and uses ELMo (Embeddings from Language Model) (Peters et al., 2018) as input. Our system achieves 66.2{\%} F1 score on the test set. The best performing system in the shared task has reported 71.4{\%} F1 score.",
}
@inproceedings{rathnayaka-etal-2018-sentylic,
    title = "Sentylic at {IEST} 2018: Gated Recurrent Neural Network and Capsule Network Based Approach for Implicit Emotion Detection",
    author = "Rathnayaka, Prabod  and
      Abeysinghe, Supun  and
      Samarajeewa, Chamod  and
      Manchanayake, Isura  and
      Walpola, Malaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6237",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6237",
    pages = "254--259",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present the system we have used for the Implicit WASSA 2018 Implicit Emotion Shared Task. The task is to predict the emotion of a tweet of which the explicit mentions of emotion terms have been removed. The idea is to come up with a model which has the ability to implicitly identify the emotion expressed given the context words. We have used a Gated Recurrent Neural Network (GRU) and a Capsule Network based model for the task. Pre-trained word embeddings have been utilized to incorporate contextual knowledge about words into the model. GRU layer learns latent representations using the input word embeddings. Subsequent Capsule Network layer learns high-level features from that hidden representation. The proposed model managed to achieve a macro-F1 score of 0.692.",
}
@inproceedings{salaka-etal-2018-fast,
    title = "Fast Approach to Build an Automatic Sentiment Annotator for Legal Domain using Transfer Learning",
    author = "Salaka, Viraj  and
      Warushavithana, Menuka  and
      de Silva, Nisansa  and
      Perera, Amal Shehan  and
      Ratnayaka, Gathika  and
      Rupasinghe, Thejan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6238",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6238",
    pages = "260--265",
    abstract = "This study proposes a novel way of identifying the sentiment of the phrases used in the legal domain. The added complexity of the language used in law, and the inability of the existing systems to accurately predict the sentiments of words in law are the main motivations behind this study. This is a transfer learning approach, which can be used for other domain adaptation tasks as well. The proposed methodology achieves an improvement of over 6{\%} compared to the source model{'}s accuracy in the legal domain.",
}
@inproceedings{gopalakrishna-pillai-etal-2018-makes,
    title = "What Makes You Stressed? Finding Reasons From Tweets",
    author = "Gopalakrishna Pillai, Reshmi  and
      Thelwall, Mike  and
      Orasan, Constantin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6239",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6239",
    pages = "266--272",
    abstract = "Detecting stress from social media gives a non-intrusive and inexpensive alternative to traditional tools such as questionnaires or physiological sensors for monitoring mental state of individuals. This paper introduces a novel framework for finding reasons for stress from tweets, analyzing multiple categories for the first time. Three word-vector based methods are evaluated on collections of tweets about politics or airlines and are found to be more accurate than standard machine learning algorithms.",
}
@inproceedings{mazoure-etal-2018-emojigan,
    title = "{E}moji{GAN}: learning emojis distributions with a generative model",
    author = "Mazoure, Bogdan  and
      Doan, Thang  and
      Ray, Saibal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6240",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6240",
    pages = "273--279",
    abstract = "Generative models have recently experienced a surge in popularity due to the development of more efficient training algorithms and increasing computational power. Models such as adversarial generative networks (GANs) have been successfully used in various areas such as computer vision, medical imaging, style transfer and natural language generation. Adversarial nets were recently shown to yield results in the image-to-text task, where given a set of images, one has to provide their corresponding text description. In this paper, we take a similar approach and propose a image-to-emoji architecture, which is trained on data from social networks and can be used to score a given picture using ideograms. We show empirical results of our algorithm on data obtained from the most influential Instagram accounts.",
}
@inproceedings{abercrombie-batista-navarro-2018-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Opinion-Topics and Polarity of Parliamentary Debate Motions",
    author = "Abercrombie, Gavin  and
      Batista-Navarro, Riza Theresa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6241",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6241",
    pages = "280--285",
    abstract = "Analysis of the topics mentioned and opinions expressed in parliamentary debate motions{--}or proposals{--}is difficult for human readers, but necessary for understanding and automatic processing of the content of the subsequent speeches. We present a dataset of debate motions with pre-existing {`}policy{'} labels, and investigate the utility of these labels for simultaneous topic and opinion polarity analysis. For topic detection, we apply one-versus-the-rest supervised topic classification, finding that good performance is achieved in predicting the policy topics, and that textual features derived from the debate titles associated with the motions are particularly indicative of motion topic. We then examine whether the output could also be used to determine the positions taken by proposers towards the different policies by investigating how well humans agree in interpreting the opinion polarities of the motions. Finding very high levels of agreement, we conclude that the policies used can be reliable labels for use in these tasks, and that successful topic detection can therefore provide opinion analysis of the motions {`}for free{'}.",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-beukel-aroyo-2018-homonym,
    title = "Homonym Detection For Humor Recognition In Short Text",
    author = "van den Beukel, Sven  and
      Aroyo, Lora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6242",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6242",
    pages = "286--291",
    abstract = "In this paper, automatic homophone- and homograph detection are suggested as new useful features for humor recognition systems. The system combines style-features from previous studies on humor recognition in short text with ambiguity-based features. The performance of two potentially useful homograph detection methods is evaluated using crowdsourced annotations as ground truth. Adding homophones and homographs as features to the classifier results in a small but significant improvement over the style-features alone. For the task of humor recognition, recall appears to be a more important quality measure than precision. Although the system was designed for humor recognition in oneliners, it also performs well at the classification of longer humorous texts.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2018-emo2vec,
    title = "{E}mo2{V}ec: Learning Generalized Emotion Representation by Multi-task Training",
    author = "Xu, Peng  and
      Madotto, Andrea  and
      Wu, Chien-Sheng  and
      Park, Ji Ho  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6243",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6243",
    pages = "292--298",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose Emo2Vec which encodes emotional semantics into vectors. We train Emo2Vec by multi-task learning six different emotion-related tasks, including emotion/sentiment analysis, sarcasm classification, stress detection, abusive language classification, insult detection, and personality recognition. Our evaluation on Emo2Vec shows that it outperforms existing affect-related representations, such as Sentiment-Specific Word Embedding and DeepMoji embeddings with much smaller training corpora. When concatenated with GloVe, Emo2Vec achieves competitive performances to state-of-the-art results on several tasks using simple logistic regression classifier. Finally, we visualize the learned vectors, showing that Emo2Vec can cluster words with similar emotion together.",
}
@inproceedings{meisheri-khadilkar-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning representations for sentiment classification using Multi-task framework",
    author = "Meisheri, Hardik  and
      Khadilkar, Harshad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6244",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6244",
    pages = "299--308",
    abstract = "Most of the existing state of the art sentiment classification techniques involve the use of pre-trained embeddings. This paper postulates a generalized representation that collates training on multiple datasets using a Multi-task learning framework. We incorporate publicly available, pre-trained embeddings with Bidirectional LSTM{'}s to develop the multi-task model. We validate the representations on an independent test Irony dataset that can contain several sentiments within each sample, with an arbitrary distribution. Our experiments show a significant improvement in results as compared to the available baselines for individual datasets on which independent models are trained. Results also suggest superior performance of the representations generated over Irony dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2018-super,
    title = "Super Characters: A Conversion from Sentiment Classification to Image Classification",
    author = "Sun, Baohua  and
      Yang, Lin  and
      Dong, Patrick  and
      Zhang, Wenhan  and
      Dong, Jason  and
      Young, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6245",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6245",
    pages = "309--315",
    abstract = "We propose a method named Super Characters for sentiment classification. This method converts the sentiment classification problem into image classification problem by projecting texts into images and then applying CNN models for classification. Text features are extracted automatically from the generated Super Characters images, hence there is no need of any explicit step of embedding the words or characters into numerical vector representations. Experimental results on large social media corpus show that the Super Characters method consistently outperforms other methods for sentiment classification and topic classification tasks on ten large social media datasets of millions of contents in four different languages, including Chinese, Japanese,Korean and English.",
}
@inproceedings{rethmeier-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Comment Controversy Prediction in Web Discussions Using Incidentally Supervised Multi-Task {CNN}s",
    author = {Rethmeier, Nils  and
      H{\"u}bner, Marc  and
      Hennig, Leonhard},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6246",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6246",
    pages = "316--321",
    abstract = "Comments on web news contain controversies that manifest as inter-group agreement-conflicts. Tracking such rapidly evolving controversy may be used to ease conflict resolution and author-user interaction.",
}
@inproceedings{muralidhar-etal-2018-words,
    title = "Words Worth: Verbal Content and Hirability Impressions in {Y}ou{T}ube Video Resumes",
    author = "Muralidhar, Skanda  and
      Nguyen, Laurent  and
      Gatica-Perez, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6247",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6247",
    pages = "322--327",
    abstract = "Automatic hirability prediction from video resumes is gaining increasing attention in both psychology and computing. Most existing works have investigated hirability from the perspective of nonverbal behavior, with verbal content receiving little interest. In this study, we leverage the advances in deep-learning based text representation techniques (like word embedding) in natural language processing to investigate the relationship between verbal content and perceived hirability ratings. To this end, we use 292 conversational video resumes from YouTube, develop a computational framework to automatically extract various representations of verbal content, and evaluate them in a regression task. We obtain a best performance of R{\mbox{$^2$}} = 0.23 using GloVe, and R{\mbox{$^2$}} = 0.22 using Word2Vec representations for manual and automatically transcribed texts respectively. Our inference results indicate the feasibility of using deep learning based verbal content representation in inferring hirability scores from online conversational video resumes.",
}
@inproceedings{hilte-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Adolescents{'} Educational Track from Chat Messages on {D}utch Social Media",
    author = "Hilte, Lisa  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Vandekerckhove, Reinhild",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6248",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6248",
    pages = "328--334",
    abstract = "We aim to predict Flemish adolescents{'} educational track based on their Dutch social media writing. We distinguish between the three main types of Belgian secondary education: General (theory-oriented), Vocational (practice-oriented), and Technical Secondary Education (hybrid). The best results are obtained with a Naive Bayes model, i.e. an F-score of 0.68 (std. dev. 0.05) in 10-fold cross-validation experiments on the train data and an F-score of 0.60 on unseen data. Many of the most informative features are character n-grams containing specific occurrences of chatspeak phenomena such as emoticons. While the detection of the most theory- and practice-oriented educational tracks seems to be a relatively easy task, the hybrid Technical level appears to be much harder to capture based on online writing style, as expected.",
}
@inproceedings{guellil-etal-2018-arabizi,
    title = "{A}rabizi sentiment analysis based on transliteration and automatic corpus annotation",
    author = "Guellil, Imane  and
      Adeel, Ahsan  and
      Azouaou, Faical  and
      Benali, Fodil  and
      Hachani, Ala-eddine  and
      Hussain, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6249",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6249",
    pages = "335--341",
    abstract = "Arabizi is a form of writing Arabic text which relies on Latin letters, numerals and punctuation rather than Arabic letters. In the literature, the difficulties associated with Arabizi sentiment analysis have been underestimated, principally due to the complexity of Arabizi. In this paper, we present an approach to automatically classify sentiments of Arabizi messages into positives or negatives. In the proposed approach, Arabizi messages are first transliterated into Arabic. Afterwards, we automatically classify the sentiment of the transliterated corpus using an automatically annotated corpus. For corpus validation, shallow machine learning algorithms such as Support Vectors Machine (SVM) and Naive Bays (NB) are used. Simulations results demonstrate the outperformance of NB algorithm over all others. The highest achieved F1-score is up to 78{\%} and 76{\%} for manually and automatically transliterated dataset respectively. Ongoing work is aimed at improving the transliterator module and annotated sentiment dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{alhuzali-etal-2018-ubc,
    title = "{UBC}-{NLP} at {IEST} 2018: Learning Implicit Emotion With an Ensemble of Language Models",
    author = "Alhuzali, Hassan  and
      Elaraby, Mohamed  and
      Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6250",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6250",
    pages = "342--347",
    abstract = "We describe UBC-NLP contribution to IEST-2018, focused at learning implicit emotion in Twitter data. Among the 30 participating teams, our system ranked the 4th (with 69.3{\%} F-score). Post competition, we were able to score slightly higher than the 3rd ranking system (reaching 70.7{\%}). Our system is trained on top of a pre-trained language model (LM),fine-tuned on the data provided by the task organizers. Our best results are acquired by an average of an ensemble of language models.We also offer an analysis of system performance and the impact of training data size on the task. For example, we show that training our best model for only one epoch with {\textless} 40{\%} of the data enables better performance than the baseline reported by Klinger et al. (2018) for the task.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-machine-translation,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Fishel, Mark  and
      Graham, Yvette  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Yepes, Antonio Jimeno  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Neves, Mariana  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6300",
}
@inproceedings{ott-etal-2018-scaling,
    title = "Scaling Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Ott, Myle  and
      Edunov, Sergey  and
      Grangier, David  and
      Auli, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6301",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{nikolov-etal-2018-character,
    title = "Character-level {C}hinese-{E}nglish Translation through {ASCII} Encoding",
    author = "Nikolov, Nikola  and
      Hu, Yuhuang  and
      Tan, Mi Xue  and
      Hahnloser, Richard H.R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6302",
    pages = "10--16",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-komachi-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation of Logographic Language Using Sub-character Level Information",
    author = "Zhang, Longtu  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6303",
    pages = "17--25",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2018-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Attention Mechanisms: The Case of Word Sense Disambiguation in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Tang, Gongbo  and
      Sennrich, Rico  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6304",
    pages = "26--35",
}
@inproceedings{sostaric-etal-2018-discourse,
    title = "Discourse-Related Language Contrasts in {E}nglish-{C}roatian Human and Machine Translation",
    author = "{\v{S}}o{\v{s}}tari{\'c}, Margita  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Stymne, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6305",
    pages = "36--48",
}
@inproceedings{stojanovski-fraser-2018-coreference,
    title = "Coreference and Coherence in Neural Machine Translation: A Study Using Oracle Experiments",
    author = "Stojanovski, Dario  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6306",
    pages = "49--60",
}
@inproceedings{muller-etal-2018-large,
    title = "A Large-Scale Test Set for the Evaluation of Context-Aware Pronoun Translation in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Mathias  and
      Rios, Annette  and
      Voita, Elena  and
      Sennrich, Rico},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6307",
    pages = "61--72",
}
@inproceedings{pappas-etal-2018-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Weight Tying: Learning Joint Input-Output Embeddings for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Pappas, Nikolaos  and
      Miculicich, Lesly  and
      Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6308",
    pages = "73--83",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "A neural interlingua for multilingual machine translation",
    author = "Lu, Yichao  and
      Keung, Phillip  and
      Ladhak, Faisal  and
      Bhardwaj, Vikas  and
      Zhang, Shaonan  and
      Sun, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6309",
    pages = "84--92",
}
@inproceedings{herold-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Neural Language Models with Weight Norm Initialization and Regularization",
    author = "Herold, Christian  and
      Gao, Yingbo  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6310",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6310",
    pages = "93--100",
}
@inproceedings{maruf-etal-2018-contextual,
    title = "Contextual Neural Model for Translating Bilingual Multi-Speaker Conversations",
    author = "Maruf, Sameen  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6311",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6311",
    pages = "101--112",
}
@inproceedings{toral-etal-2018-attaining,
    title = "Attaining the Unattainable? Reassessing Claims of Human Parity in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Toral, Antonio  and
      Castilho, Sheila  and
      Hu, Ke  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6312",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6312",
    pages = "113--123",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-etal-2018-freezing,
    title = "Freezing Subnetworks to Analyze Domain Adaptation in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Thompson, Brian  and
      Khayrallah, Huda  and
      Anastasopoulos, Antonios  and
      McCarthy, Arya D.  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Marvin, Rebecca  and
      McNamee, Paul  and
      Gwinnup, Jeremy  and
      Anderson, Tim  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6313",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6313",
    pages = "124--132",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-denoising,
    title = "Denoising Neural Machine Translation Training with Trusted Data and Online Data Selection",
    author = "Wang, Wei  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Hughes, Macduff  and
      Nakagawa, Tetsuji  and
      Chelba, Ciprian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6314",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6314",
    pages = "133--143",
}
@inproceedings{burlot-yvon-2018-using,
    title = "Using Monolingual Data in Neural Machine Translation: a Systematic Study",
    author = "Burlot, Franck  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6315",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6315",
    pages = "144--155",
}
@inproceedings{lakew-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation into Language Varieties",
    author = "Lakew, Surafel Melaku  and
      Erofeeva, Aliia  and
      Federico, Marcello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6316",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6316",
    pages = "156--164",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2018-effective,
    title = "Effective Parallel Corpus Mining using Bilingual Sentence Embeddings",
    author = "Guo, Mandy  and
      Shen, Qinlan  and
      Yang, Yinfei  and
      Ge, Heming  and
      Cer, Daniel  and
      Hernandez Abrego, Gustavo  and
      Stevens, Keith  and
      Constant, Noah  and
      Sung, Yun-Hsuan  and
      Strope, Brian  and
      Kurzweil, Ray",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6317",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6317",
    pages = "165--176",
}
@inproceedings{alkhouli-etal-2018-alignment,
    title = "On The Alignment Problem In Multi-Head Attention-Based Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Alkhouli, Tamer  and
      Bretschner, Gabriel  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6318",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6318",
    pages = "177--185",
}
@inproceedings{post-2018-call,
    title = "A Call for Clarity in Reporting {BLEU} Scores",
    author = "Post, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6319",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6319",
    pages = "186--191",
    abstract = "The field of machine translation faces an under-recognized problem because of inconsistency in the reporting of scores from its dominant metric. Although people refer to {``}the{''} BLEU score, BLEU is in fact a parameterized metric whose values can vary wildly with changes to these parameters. These parameters are often not reported or are hard to find, and consequently, BLEU scores between papers cannot be directly compared. I quantify this variation, finding differences as high as 1.8 between commonly used configurations. The main culprit is different tokenization and normalization schemes applied to the reference. Pointing to the success of the parsing community, I suggest machine translation researchers settle upon the BLEU scheme used by the annual Conference on Machine Translation (WMT), which does not allow for user-supplied reference processing, and provide a new tool, SACREBLEU, to facilitate this.",
}
@inproceedings{forcada-etal-2018-exploring,
    title = "Exploring gap filling as a cheaper alternative to reading comprehension questionnaires when evaluating machine translation for gisting",
    author = "Forcada, Mikel L.  and
      Scarton, Carolina  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Birch, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6320",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6320",
    pages = "192--203",
}
@inproceedings{stahlberg-etal-2018-simple,
    title = "Simple Fusion: Return of the Language Model",
    author = "Stahlberg, Felix  and
      Cross, James  and
      Stoyanov, Veselin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6321",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6321",
    pages = "204--211",
}
@inproceedings{murray-chiang-2018-correcting,
    title = "Correcting Length Bias in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Murray, Kenton  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6322",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6322",
    pages = "212--223",
}
@inproceedings{silva-etal-2018-extracting,
    title = "Extracting In-domain Training Corpora for Neural Machine Translation Using Data Selection Methods",
    author = "Silva, Catarina Cruz  and
      Liu, Chao-Hong  and
      Poncelas, Alberto  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6323",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6323",
    pages = "224--231",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2018-massively,
    title = "Massively Parallel Cross-Lingual Learning in Low-Resource Target Language Translation",
    author = "Zhou, Zhong  and
      Sperber, Matthias  and
      Waibel, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6324",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6324",
    pages = "232--243",
}
@inproceedings{kocmi-bojar-2018-trivial,
    title = "Trivial Transfer Learning for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Kocmi, Tom  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6325",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6325",
    pages = "244--252",
}
@inproceedings{libovicky-etal-2018-input,
    title = "Input Combination Strategies for Multi-Source Transformer Decoder",
    author = "Libovick{\'y}, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Helcl, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6326",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6326",
    pages = "253--260",
}
@inproceedings{sachan-neubig-2018-parameter,
    title = "Parameter Sharing Methods for Multilingual Self-Attentional Translation Models",
    author = "Sachan, Devendra  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6327",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6327",
    pages = "261--271",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-machine-translation-shared,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Fishel, Mark  and
      Graham, Yvette  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Yepes, Antonio Jimeno  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Neves, Mariana  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2018-findings,
    title = "Findings of the 2018 Conference on Machine Translation ({WMT}18)",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Fishel, Mark  and
      Graham, Yvette  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6401",
    pages = "272--303",
}
@inproceedings{barrault-etal-2018-findings,
    title = "Findings of the Third Shared Task on Multimodal Machine Translation",
    author = {Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Bougares, Fethi  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Lala, Chiraag  and
      Elliott, Desmond  and
      Frank, Stella},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6402",
    pages = "304--323",
}
@inproceedings{neves-etal-2018-findings,
    title = "Findings of the {WMT} 2018 Biomedical Translation Shared Task: Evaluation on {M}edline test sets",
    author = "Neves, Mariana  and
      Jimeno Yepes, Antonio  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Grozea, Cristian  and
      Siu, Amy  and
      Kittner, Madeleine  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6403",
    pages = "324--339",
}
@inproceedings{bei-etal-2018-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of Machine Translation for the Shared Task of {WMT}18",
    author = "Bei, Chao  and
      Zong, Hao  and
      Wang, Yiming  and
      Fan, Baoyong  and
      Li, Shiqi  and
      Yuan, Conghu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6404",
    pages = "340--344",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-2018-robust,
    title = "Robust parfda Statistical Machine Translation Results",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6405",
    pages = "345--354",
}
@inproceedings{casas-etal-2018-talp,
    title = "The {TALP}-{UPC} Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}18 News Shared Translation Task",
    author = "Casas, Noe  and
      Escolano, Carlos  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6406",
    pages = "355--360",
}
@inproceedings{del-etal-2018-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-based Unsupervised Machine Translation with Compositional Phrase Embeddings",
    author = {Del, Maksym  and
      T{\"a}ttar, Andre  and
      Fishel, Mark},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6407",
    pages = "361--367",
}
@inproceedings{deng-etal-2018-alibabas,
    title = "{A}libaba{'}s Neural Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}18",
    author = "Deng, Yongchao  and
      Cheng, Shanbo  and
      Lu, Jun  and
      Song, Kai  and
      Wang, Jingang  and
      Wu, Shenglan  and
      Yao, Liang  and
      Zhang, Guchun  and
      Zhang, Haibo  and
      Zhang, Pei  and
      Zhu, Changfeng  and
      Chen, Boxing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6408",
    pages = "368--376",
}
@inproceedings{graca-etal-2018-rwth,
    title = "The {RWTH} Aachen University {E}nglish-{G}erman and {G}erman-{E}nglish Unsupervised Neural Machine Translation Systems for {WMT} 2018",
    author = "Gra{\c{c}}a, Miguel  and
      Kim, Yunsu  and
      Schamper, Julian  and
      Geng, Jiahui  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6409",
    pages = "377--385",
}
@inproceedings{gronroos-etal-2018-cognate,
    title = "Cognate-aware morphological segmentation for multilingual neural translation",
    author = {Gr{\"o}nroos, Stig-Arne  and
      Virpioja, Sami  and
      Kurimo, Mikko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6410",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6410",
    pages = "386--393",
}
@inproceedings{gwinnup-etal-2018-afrl,
    title = "The {AFRL} {WMT}18 Systems: Ensembling, Continuation and Combination",
    author = "Gwinnup, Jeremy  and
      Anderson, Tim  and
      Erdmann, Grant  and
      Young, Katherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6411",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6411",
    pages = "394--398",
}
@inproceedings{haddow-etal-2018-university,
    title = "The University of {E}dinburgh{'}s Submissions to the {WMT}18 News Translation Task",
    author = "Haddow, Barry  and
      Bogoychev, Nikolay  and
      Emelin, Denis  and
      Germann, Ulrich  and
      Grundkiewicz, Roman  and
      Heafield, Kenneth  and
      Miceli Barone, Antonio Valerio  and
      Sennrich, Rico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6412",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6412",
    pages = "399--409",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2018-tencentfmrd,
    title = "{T}encent{F}m{RD} Neural Machine Translation for {WMT}18",
    author = "Hu, Bojie  and
      Han, Ambyer  and
      Huang, Shen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6413",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6413",
    pages = "410--417",
}
@inproceedings{iranzo-sanchez-etal-2018-mllp,
    title = "The {MLLP}-{UPV} {G}erman-{E}nglish Machine Translation System for {WMT}18",
    author = "Iranzo-S{\'a}nchez, Javier  and
      Baquero-Arnal, Pau  and
      Garc{\'e}s D{\'\i}az-Mun{\'\i}o, Gon{\c{c}}al V.  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-Villaronga, Adri{\`a}  and
      Civera, Jorge  and
      Juan, Alfons",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6414",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6414",
    pages = "418--424",
}
@inproceedings{junczys-dowmunt-2018-microsofts,
    title = "{M}icrosoft{'}s Submission to the {WMT}2018 News Translation Task: How {I} Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Data",
    author = "Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6415",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6415",
    pages = "425--430",
}
@inproceedings{kocmi-etal-2018-cuni-submissions,
    title = "{CUNI} Submissions in {WMT}18",
    author = "Kocmi, Tom  and
      Sudarikov, Roman  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6416",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6416",
    pages = "431--437",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-etal-2018-jhu,
    title = "The {JHU} Machine Translation Systems for {WMT} 2018",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Thompson, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6417",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6417",
    pages = "438--444",
}
@inproceedings{mahata-etal-2018-jucbnmt,
    title = "{JUCBNMT} at {WMT}2018 News Translation Task: Character Based Neural Machine Translation of {F}innish to {E}nglish",
    author = "Mahata, Sainik Kumar  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6418",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6418",
    pages = "445--448",
}
@inproceedings{marie-etal-2018-nicts,
    title = "{NICT}{'}s Neural and Statistical Machine Translation Systems for the {WMT}18 News Translation Task",
    author = "Marie, Benjamin  and
      Wang, Rui  and
      Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6419",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6419",
    pages = "449--455",
}
@inproceedings{molchanov-2018-promt,
    title = "{PROMT} Systems for {WMT} 2018 Shared Translation Task",
    author = "Molchanov, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6420",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6420",
    pages = "456--460",
}
@inproceedings{morishita-etal-2018-ntts,
    title = "{NTT}{'}s Neural Machine Translation Systems for {WMT} 2018",
    author = "Morishita, Makoto  and
      Suzuki, Jun  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6421",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6421",
    pages = "461--466",
}
@inproceedings{pham-etal-2018-karlsruhe,
    title = "The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Systems for the News Translation Task in {WMT} 2018",
    author = "Pham, Ngoc-Quan  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Waibel, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6422",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6422",
    pages = "467--472",
}
@inproceedings{pinnis-etal-2018-tildes,
    title = "Tilde{'}s Machine Translation Systems for {WMT} 2018",
    author = "Pinnis, M{\=a}rcis  and
      Rikters, Mat{\=\i}ss  and
      Kri{\v{s}}lauks, Rihards",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6423",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6423",
    pages = "473--481",
}
@inproceedings{popel-2018-cuni,
    title = "{CUNI} Transformer Neural {MT} System for {WMT}18",
    author = "Popel, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6424",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6424",
    pages = "482--487",
}
@inproceedings{raganato-etal-2018-university,
    title = "The University of {H}elsinki submissions to the {WMT}18 news task",
    author = {Raganato, Alessandro  and
      Scherrer, Yves  and
      Nieminen, Tommi  and
      Hurskainen, Arvi  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6425",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6425",
    pages = "488--495",
}
@inproceedings{schamper-etal-2018-rwth,
    title = "The {RWTH} Aachen University Supervised Machine Translation Systems for {WMT} 2018",
    author = "Schamper, Julian  and
      Rosendahl, Jan  and
      Bahar, Parnia  and
      Kim, Yunsu  and
      Nix, Arne  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6426",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6426",
    pages = "496--503",
}
@inproceedings{stahlberg-etal-2018-university,
    title = "The University of {C}ambridge{'}s Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}18",
    author = "Stahlberg, Felix  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6427",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6427",
    pages = "504--512",
}
@inproceedings{stojanovski-etal-2018-lmu,
    title = "The {LMU} Munich Unsupervised Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "Stojanovski, Dario  and
      Hangya, Viktor  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6428",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6428",
    pages = "513--521",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-tencent,
    title = "Tencent Neural Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}18",
    author = "Wang, Mingxuan  and
      Gong, Li  and
      Zhu, Wenhuan  and
      Xie, Jun  and
      Bian, Chao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6429",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6429",
    pages = "522--527",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-niutrans,
    title = "The {N}iu{T}rans Machine Translation System for {WMT}18",
    author = "Wang, Qiang  and
      Li, Bei  and
      Liu, Jiqiang  and
      Jiang, Bojian  and
      Zhang, Zheyang  and
      Li, Yinqiao  and
      Lin, Ye  and
      Xiao, Tong  and
      Zhu, Jingbo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6430",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6430",
    pages = "528--534",
}
@inproceedings{xu-carpuat-2018-university,
    title = "The University of {M}aryland{'}s {C}hinese-{E}nglish Neural Machine Translation Systems at {WMT}18",
    author = "Xu, Weijia  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6431",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6431",
    pages = "535--540",
}
@inproceedings{bojar-etal-2018-evald,
    title = "{E}val{D} Reference-Less Discourse Evaluation for {WMT}18",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      Rysov{\'a}, Kate{\v{r}}ina  and
      Rysov{\'a}, Magdal{\'e}na",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6432",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6432",
    pages = "541--545",
}
@inproceedings{burlot-etal-2018-wmt18,
    title = "The {WMT}{'}18 Morpheval test suites for {E}nglish-{C}zech, {E}nglish-{G}erman, {E}nglish-{F}innish and {T}urkish-{E}nglish",
    author = {Burlot, Franck  and
      Scherrer, Yves  and
      Ravishankar, Vinit  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Gr{\"o}nroos, Stig-Arne  and
      Koponen, Maarit  and
      Nieminen, Tommi  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6433",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6433",
    pages = "546--560",
}
@inproceedings{cinkova-bojar-2018-testsuite,
    title = "Testsuite on {C}zech{--}{E}nglish Grammatical Contrasts",
    author = "Cinkov{\'a}, Silvie  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6434",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6434",
    pages = "561--569",
}
@inproceedings{guillou-etal-2018-pronoun,
    title = "A Pronoun Test Suite Evaluation of the {E}nglish{--}{G}erman {MT} Systems at {WMT} 2018",
    author = "Guillou, Liane  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina  and
      Lo{\'a}iciga, Sharid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6435",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6435",
    pages = "570--577",
}
@inproceedings{macketanz-etal-2018-fine,
    title = "Fine-grained evaluation of {G}erman-{E}nglish Machine Translation based on a Test Suite",
    author = "Macketanz, Vivien  and
      Avramidis, Eleftherios  and
      Burchardt, Aljoscha  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6436",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6436",
    pages = "578--587",
}
@inproceedings{rios-etal-2018-word,
    title = "The Word Sense Disambiguation Test Suite at {WMT}18",
    author = {Rios, Annette  and
      M{\"u}ller, Mathias  and
      Sennrich, Rico},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6437",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6437",
    pages = "588--596",
}
@inproceedings{caglayan-etal-2018-lium,
    title = "{LIUM}-{CVC} Submissions for {WMT}18 Multimodal Translation Task",
    author = {Caglayan, Ozan  and
      Bardet, Adrien  and
      Bougares, Fethi  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Wang, Kai  and
      Masana, Marc  and
      Herranz, Luis  and
      van de Weijer, Joost},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6438",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6438",
    pages = "597--602",
}
@inproceedings{gronroos-etal-2018-memad,
    title = "The {M}e{MAD} Submission to the {WMT}18 Multimodal Translation Task",
    author = {Gr{\"o}nroos, Stig-Arne  and
      Huet, Benoit  and
      Kurimo, Mikko  and
      Laaksonen, Jorma  and
      Merialdo, Bernard  and
      Pham, Phu  and
      Sj{\"o}berg, Mats  and
      Sulubacak, Umut  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Troncy, Raphael  and
      V{\'a}zquez, Ra{\'u}l},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6439",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6439",
    pages = "603--611",
}
@inproceedings{gwinnup-etal-2018-afrl-ohio,
    title = "The {AFRL}-Ohio State {WMT}18 Multimodal System: Combining Visual with Traditional",
    author = "Gwinnup, Jeremy  and
      Sandvick, Joshua  and
      Hutt, Michael  and
      Erdmann, Grant  and
      Duselis, John  and
      Davis, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6440",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6440",
    pages = "612--615",
}
@inproceedings{helcl-etal-2018-cuni,
    title = "{CUNI} System for the {WMT}18 Multimodal Translation Task",
    author = "Helcl, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Libovick{\'y}, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Vari{\v{s}}, Du{\v{s}}an",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6441",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6441",
    pages = "616--623",
}
@inproceedings{lala-etal-2018-sheffield,
    title = "{S}heffield Submissions for {WMT}18 Multimodal Translation Shared Task",
    author = "Lala, Chiraag  and
      Madhyastha, Pranava Swaroop  and
      Scarton, Carolina  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6442",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6442",
    pages = "624--631",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-etal-2018-ensemble,
    title = "Ensemble Sequence Level Training for Multimodal {MT}: {OSU}-{B}aidu {WMT}18 Multimodal Machine Translation System Report",
    author = "Zheng, Renjie  and
      Yang, Yilin  and
      Ma, Mingbo  and
      Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6443",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6443",
    pages = "632--636",
}
@inproceedings{duma-menzel-2018-translation,
    title = "Translation of Biomedical Documents with Focus on {S}panish-{E}nglish",
    author = "Duma, Mirela-Stefania  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6444",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6444",
    pages = "637--643",
}
@inproceedings{grozea-2018-ensemble,
    title = "Ensemble of Translators with Automatic Selection of the Best Translation {--} the submission of {FOKUS} to the {WMT} 18 biomedical translation task {--}",
    author = "Grozea, Cristian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6445",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6445",
    pages = "644--647",
}
@inproceedings{huck-etal-2018-lmu,
    title = "{LMU} Munich{'}s Neural Machine Translation Systems at {WMT} 2018",
    author = "Huck, Matthias  and
      Stojanovski, Dario  and
      Hangya, Viktor  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6446",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6446",
    pages = "648--654",
}
@inproceedings{khan-etal-2018-hunter,
    title = "Hunter {NMT} System for {WMT}18 Biomedical Translation Task: Transfer Learning in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Khan, Abdul  and
      Panda, Subhadarshi  and
      Xu, Jia  and
      Flokas, Lampros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6447",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6447",
    pages = "655--661",
}
@inproceedings{soares-becker-2018-ufrgs,
    title = "{UFRGS} Participation on the {WMT} Biomedical Translation Shared Task",
    author = "Soares, Felipe  and
      Becker, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6448",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6448",
    pages = "662--666",
}
@inproceedings{tubay-costa-jussa-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation with the Transformer and Multi-Source Romance Languages for the Biomedical {WMT} 2018 task",
    author = "Tubay, Brian  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6449",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6449",
    pages = "667--670",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2018-results,
    title = "Results of the {WMT}18 Metrics Shared Task: Both characters and embeddings achieve good performance",
    author = "Ma, Qingsong  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Graham, Yvette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6450",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6450",
    pages = "671--688",
}
@inproceedings{specia-etal-2018-findings,
    title = "Findings of the {WMT} 2018 Shared Task on Quality Estimation",
    author = "Specia, Lucia  and
      Blain, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Logacheva, Varvara  and
      Astudillo, Ram{\'o}n  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6451",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6451",
    pages = "689--709",
}
@inproceedings{chatterjee-etal-2018-findings,
    title = "Findings of the {WMT} 2018 Shared Task on Automatic Post-Editing",
    author = "Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Rubino, Raphael  and
      Turchi, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6452",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6452",
    pages = "710--725",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-etal-2018-findings,
    title = "Findings of the {WMT} 2018 Shared Task on Parallel Corpus Filtering",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Khayrallah, Huda  and
      Heafield, Kenneth  and
      Forcada, Mikel L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6453",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6453",
    pages = "726--739",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2018-meteor,
    title = "{M}eteor++: Incorporating Copy Knowledge into Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Guo, Yinuo  and
      Ruan, Chong  and
      Hu, Junfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6454",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6454",
    pages = "740--745",
}
@inproceedings{panja-naskar-2018-iter,
    title = "{ITER}: Improving Translation Edit Rate through Optimizable Edit Costs",
    author = "Panja, Joybrata  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6455",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6455",
    pages = "746--750",
}
@inproceedings{shimanaka-etal-2018-ruse,
    title = "{RUSE}: Regressor Using Sentence Embeddings for Automatic Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Shimanaka, Hiroki  and
      Kajiwara, Tomoyuki  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6456",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6456",
    pages = "751--758",
}
@inproceedings{basu-etal-2018-keep,
    title = "Keep It or Not: Word Level Quality Estimation for Post-Editing",
    author = "Basu, Prasenjit  and
      Pal, Santanu  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6457",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6457",
    pages = "759--764",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-2018-rtm,
    title = "{RTM} results for Predicting Translation Performance",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6458",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6458",
    pages = "765--769",
}
@inproceedings{choudhary-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation for {E}nglish-{T}amil",
    author = "Choudhary, Himanshu  and
      Pathak, Aditya Kumar  and
      Saha, Rajiv Ratan  and
      Kumaraguru, Ponnurangam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6459",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6459",
    pages = "770--775",
}
@inproceedings{duma-menzel-2018-benefit,
    title = "The Benefit of Pseudo-Reference Translations in Quality Estimation of {MT} Output",
    author = "Duma, Melania  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6460",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6460",
    pages = "776--781",
}
@inproceedings{etchegoyhen-etal-2018-supervised,
    title = "Supervised and Unsupervised Minimalist Quality Estimators: Vicomtech{'}s Participation in the {WMT} 2018 Quality Estimation Task",
    author = "Etchegoyhen, Thierry  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Garcia, Eva  and
      Azpeitia, Andoni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6461",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6461",
    pages = "782--787",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2018-contextual,
    title = "Contextual Encoding for Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Hu, Junjie  and
      Chang, Wei-Cheng  and
      Wu, Yuexin  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6462",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6462",
    pages = "788--793",
}
@inproceedings{ive-etal-2018-sheffield,
    title = "{S}heffield Submissions for the {WMT}18 Quality Estimation Shared Task",
    author = "Ive, Julia  and
      Scarton, Carolina  and
      Blain, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6463",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6463",
    pages = "794--800",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-martinez-etal-2018-ualacant,
    title = "{UA}lacant machine translation quality estimation at {WMT} 2018: a simple approach using phrase tables and feed-forward neural networks",
    author = "S{\'a}nchez-Mart{\'\i}nez, Felipe  and
      Espl{\`a}-Gomis, Miquel  and
      Forcada, Mikel L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6464",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6464",
    pages = "801--808",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-alibaba,
    title = "{A}libaba Submission for {WMT}18 Quality Estimation Task",
    author = "Wang, Jiayi  and
      Fan, Kai  and
      Li, Bo  and
      Zhou, Fengming  and
      Chen, Boxing  and
      Shi, Yangbin  and
      Si, Luo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6465",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6465",
    pages = "809--815",
}
@inproceedings{yankovskaya-etal-2018-quality,
    title = "Quality Estimation with Force-Decoded Attention and Cross-lingual Embeddings",
    author = {Yankovskaya, Elizaveta  and
      T{\"a}ttar, Andre  and
      Fishel, Mark},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6466",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6466",
    pages = "816--821",
}
@inproceedings{junczys-dowmunt-grundkiewicz-2018-ms,
    title = "{MS}-{UE}din Submission to the {WMT}2018 {APE} Shared Task: Dual-Source Transformer for Automatic Post-Editing",
    author = "Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin  and
      Grundkiewicz, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6467",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6467",
    pages = "822--826",
}
@inproceedings{pal-etal-2018-transformer,
    title = "A Transformer-Based Multi-Source Automatic Post-Editing System",
    author = {Pal, Santanu  and
      Herbig, Nico  and
      Kr{\"u}ger, Antonio  and
      van Genabith, Josef},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6468",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6468",
    pages = "827--835",
}
@inproceedings{pylypenko-rubino-2018-dfki,
    title = "{DFKI}-{MLT} System Description for the {WMT}18 Automatic Post-editing Task",
    author = "Pylypenko, Daria  and
      Rubino, Raphael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6469",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6469",
    pages = "836--839",
}
@inproceedings{shin-lee-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-encoder Transformer Network for Automatic Post-Editing",
    author = "Shin, Jaehun  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6470",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6470",
    pages = "840--845",
}
@inproceedings{tebbifakhr-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-source transformer with combined losses for automatic post editing",
    author = "Tebbifakhr, Amirhossein  and
      Agrawal, Ruchit  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Turchi, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6471",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6471",
    pages = "846--852",
}
@inproceedings{ash-etal-2018-speechmatics,
    title = "The Speechmatics Parallel Corpus Filtering System for {WMT}18",
    author = "Ash, Tom  and
      Francis, Remi  and
      Williams, Will",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6472",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6472",
    pages = "853--859",
}
@inproceedings{azpeitia-etal-2018-stacc,
    title = "{STACC}, {OOV} Density and N-gram Saturation: Vicomtech{'}s Participation in the {WMT} 2018 Shared Task on Parallel Corpus Filtering",
    author = "Azpeitia, Andoni  and
      Etchegoyhen, Thierry  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez Garcia, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6473",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6473",
    pages = "860--866",
}
@inproceedings{barbu-barbu-mititelu-2018-hybrid,
    title = "A hybrid pipeline of rules and machine learning to filter web-crawled parallel corpora",
    author = "Barbu, Eduard  and
      Barbu Mititelu, Verginica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6474",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6474",
    pages = "867--871",
}
@inproceedings{erdmann-gwinnup-2018-coverage,
    title = "Coverage and Cynicism: The {AFRL} Submission to the {WMT} 2018 Parallel Corpus Filtering Task",
    author = "Erdmann, Grant  and
      Gwinnup, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6475",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6475",
    pages = "872--876",
}
@inproceedings{fomicheva-gonzalez-rubio-2018-maje,
    title = "{MAJE} Submission to the {WMT}2018 Shared Task on Parallel Corpus Filtering",
    author = "Fomicheva, Marina  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-Rubio, Jes{\'u}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6476",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6476",
    pages = "877--881",
}
@inproceedings{hangya-fraser-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "An Unsupervised System for Parallel Corpus Filtering",
    author = "Hangya, Viktor  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6477",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6477",
    pages = "882--887",
}
@inproceedings{junczys-dowmunt-2018-dual,
    title = "Dual Conditional Cross-Entropy Filtering of Noisy Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6478",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6478",
    pages = "888--895",
}
@inproceedings{khayrallah-etal-2018-jhu,
    title = "The {JHU} Parallel Corpus Filtering Systems for {WMT} 2018",
    author = "Khayrallah, Huda  and
      Xu, Hainan  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6479",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6479",
    pages = "896--899",
}
@inproceedings{littell-etal-2018-measuring,
    title = "Measuring sentence parallelism using Mahalanobis distances: The {NRC} unsupervised submissions to the {WMT}18 Parallel Corpus Filtering shared task",
    author = "Littell, Patrick  and
      Larkin, Samuel  and
      Stewart, Darlene  and
      Simard, Michel  and
      Goutte, Cyril  and
      Lo, Chi-kiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6480",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6480",
    pages = "900--907",
}
@inproceedings{lo-etal-2018-accurate,
    title = "Accurate semantic textual similarity for cleaning noisy parallel corpora using semantic machine translation evaluation metric: The {NRC} supervised submissions to the Parallel Corpus Filtering task",
    author = "Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Simard, Michel  and
      Stewart, Darlene  and
      Larkin, Samuel  and
      Goutte, Cyril  and
      Littell, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6481",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6481",
    pages = "908--916",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2018-alibaba,
    title = "{A}libaba Submission to the {WMT}18 Parallel Corpus Filtering Task",
    author = "Lu, Jun  and
      Lv, Xiaoyu  and
      Shi, Yangbin  and
      Chen, Boxing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6482",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6482",
    pages = "917--922",
}
@inproceedings{paetzold-2018-utfpr-wmt,
    title = "{UTFPR} at {WMT} 2018: Minimalistic Supervised Corpora Filtering for Machine Translation",
    author = "Paetzold, Gustavo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6483",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6483",
    pages = "923--927",
}
@inproceedings{papavassiliou-etal-2018-ilsp,
    title = "The {ILSP}/{ARC} submission to the {WMT} 2018 Parallel Corpus Filtering Shared Task",
    author = "Papavassiliou, Vassilis  and
      Sofianopoulos, Sokratis  and
      Prokopidis, Prokopis  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6484",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6484",
    pages = "928--933",
}
@inproceedings{pham-etal-2018-systran,
    title = "{SYSTRAN} Participation to the {WMT}2018 Shared Task on Parallel Corpus Filtering",
    author = "Pham, MinhQuang  and
      Crego, Josep  and
      Senellart, Jean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6485",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6485",
    pages = "934--938",
}
@inproceedings{pinnis-2018-tildes,
    title = "Tilde{'}s Parallel Corpus Filtering Methods for {WMT} 2018",
    author = "Pinnis, M{\=a}rcis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6486",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6486",
    pages = "939--945",
}
@inproceedings{rossenbach-etal-2018-rwth,
    title = "The {RWTH} Aachen University Filtering System for the {WMT} 2018 Parallel Corpus Filtering Task",
    author = "Rossenbach, Nick  and
      Rosendahl, Jan  and
      Kim, Yunsu  and
      Gra{\c{c}}a, Miguel  and
      Gokrani, Aman  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6487",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6487",
    pages = "946--954",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-cartagena-etal-2018-prompsits,
    title = "Prompsit{'}s submission to {WMT} 2018 Parallel Corpus Filtering shared task",
    author = "S{\'a}nchez-Cartagena, V{\'\i}ctor M.  and
      Ba{\~n}{\'o}n, Marta  and
      Ortiz-Rojas, Sergio  and
      Ram{\'\i}rez, Gema",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6488",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6488",
    pages = "955--962",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-nicts,
    title = "{NICT}{'}s Corpus Filtering Systems for the {WMT}18 Parallel Corpus Filtering Task",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Marie, Benjamin  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6489",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6489",
    pages = "963--967",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-international-natural-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Gatt, Albert  and
      Goudbeek, Martijn",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6500",
}
@inproceedings{marcheggiani-perez-beltrachini-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Graph Convolutional Encoders for Structured Data to Text Generation",
    author = "Marcheggiani, Diego  and
      Perez-Beltrachini, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6501",
    pages = "1--9",
    abstract = "Most previous work on neural text generation from graph-structured data relies on standard sequence to sequence methods. These approaches linearise the input graph to be fed to a recurrent neural network. In this paper, we propose an alternative encoder based on graph convolutional networks that directly exploits the input structure. We report results on two graph to sequence datasets that empirically show the benefits of explicitly encoding the input",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-describing,
    title = "Describing a Knowledge Base",
    author = "Wang, Qingyun  and
      Pan, Xiaoman  and
      Huang, Lifu  and
      Zhang, Boliang  and
      Jiang, Zhiying  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6502",
    pages = "10--21",
    abstract = "We aim to automatically generate natural language narratives about an input structured knowledge base (KB). We build our generation framework based on a pointer network which can copy facts from the input KB, and add two attention mechanisms: (i) slot-aware attention to capture the association between a slot type and its corresponding slot value; and (ii) a new table position self-attention to capture the inter-dependencies among related slots. For evaluation, besides standard metrics including BLEU, METEOR, and ROUGE, we also propose a KB reconstruction based metric by extracting a KB from the generation output and comparing it with the input KB. We also create a new data set which includes 106,216 pairs of structured KBs and their corresponding natural language descriptions for two distinct entity types. Experiments show that our approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods. The reconstructed KB achieves 68.8{\%} - 72.6{\%} F-score.",
}
@inproceedings{deriu-cieliebak-2018-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Manipulation for Generating more Diverse and Interesting Texts",
    author = "Deriu, Jan Milan  and
      Cieliebak, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6503",
    pages = "22--34",
    abstract = "Natural Language Generation plays an important role in the domain of dialogue systems as it determines how users perceive the system. Recently, deep-learning based systems have been proposed to tackle this task, as they generalize better and require less amounts of manual effort to implement them for new domains. However, deep learning systems usually adapt a very homogeneous sounding writing style which expresses little variation.",
}
@inproceedings{van-der-lee-etal-2018-automated,
    title = "Automated learning of templates for data-to-text generation: comparing rule-based, statistical and neural methods",
    author = "van der Lee, Chris  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Wubben, Sander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6504",
    pages = "35--45",
    abstract = "The current study explored novel techniques and methods for trainable approaches to data-to-text generation. Neural Machine Translation was explored for the conversion from data to text as well as the addition of extra templatization steps of the data input and text output in the conversion process. Evaluation using BLEU did not find the Neural Machine Translation technique to perform any better compared to rule-based or Statistical Machine Translation, and the templatization method seemed to perform similar or sometimes worse compared to direct data-to-text conversion. However, the human evaluation metrics indicated that Neural Machine Translation yielded the highest quality output and that the templatization method was able to increase text quality in multiple situations.",
}
@inproceedings{gehrmann-etal-2018-end,
    title = "End-to-End Content and Plan Selection for Data-to-Text Generation",
    author = "Gehrmann, Sebastian  and
      Dai, Falcon  and
      Elder, Henry  and
      Rush, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6505",
    pages = "46--56",
    abstract = "Learning to generate fluent natural language from structured data with neural networks has become an common approach for NLG. This problem can be challenging when the form of the structured data varies between examples. This paper presents a survey of several extensions to sequence-to-sequence models to account for the latent content selection process, particularly variants of copy attention and coverage decoding. We further propose a training method based on diverse ensembling to encourage the model to learn latent generation of plans during training. An empirical evaluation of these techniques shows an increase in quality of generated text across five automated metrics, as well as human evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-simplenlg,
    title = "{S}imple{NLG}-{ZH}: a Linguistic Realisation Engine for {M}andarin",
    author = "Chen, Guanyi  and
      van Deemter, Kees  and
      Lin, Chenghua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6506",
    pages = "57--66",
    abstract = "We introduce SimpleNLG-ZH, a realisation engine for Mandarin that follows the software design paradigm of SimpleNLG. We explain the core grammar (morphology and syntax) and the lexicon of SimpleNLG-ZH, which is very different from English and other languages for which SimpleNLG engines have been built. The system was evaluated by regenerating expressions from a body of test sentences and a corpus of human-authored expressions. Human evaluation was conducted to estimate the quality of regenerated sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{cascallar-fuentes-etal-2018-adapting,
    title = "Adapting {S}imple{NLG} to {G}alician language",
    author = "Cascallar-Fuentes, Andrea  and
      Ramos-Soto, Alejandro  and
      Bugar{\'\i}n Diz, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6507",
    pages = "67--72",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe SimpleNLG-GL, an adaptation of the linguistic realisation SimpleNLG library for the Galician language. This implementation is derived from SimpleNLG-ES, the English-Spanish version of this library. It has been tested using a battery of examples which covers the most common rules for Galician.",
}
@inproceedings{de-jong-theune-2018-going,
    title = "Going {D}utch: Creating {S}imple{NLG}-{NL}",
    author = {de Jong, Ruud  and
      Theune, Mari{\"e}t},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6508",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6508",
    pages = "73--78",
    abstract = "This paper presents SimpleNLG-NL, an adaptation of the SimpleNLG surface realisation engine for the Dutch language. It describes a novel method for determining and testing the grammatical constructions to be implemented, using target sentences sampled from a treebank.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning to Flip the Bias of News Headlines",
    author = "Chen, Wei-Fan  and
      Wachsmuth, Henning  and
      Al-Khatib, Khalid  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6509",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6509",
    pages = "79--88",
    abstract = "This paper introduces the task of {``}flipping{''} the bias of news articles: Given an article with a political bias (left or right), generate an article with the same topic but opposite bias. To study this task, we create a corpus with bias-labeled articles from allsides.com. As a first step, we analyze the corpus and discuss intrinsic characteristics of bias. They point to the main challenges of bias flipping, which in turn lead to a specific setting in the generation process. The paper in hand scales down the general bias flipping task to focus on bias flipping for news article headlines. A manual annotation of headlines from each side reveals that headlines are self-informative in general and often convey bias. We apply an autoencoder incorporating information from an article{'}s content to learn how to automatically flip the bias. From 200 generated headlines, 73 are classified as understandable by annotators, and 83 maintain the topic while having opposite bias. Insights from our analysis shed light on how to solve the main challenges of bias flipping.",
}
@inproceedings{fikri-etal-2018-stylistically,
    title = "Stylistically User-Specific Generation",
    author = "Fikri, Abdurrisyad  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6510",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6510",
    pages = "89--98",
    abstract = "Recent neural models for response generation show good results in terms of general responses. In real conversations, however, depending on the speaker/responder, similar utterances should require different responses.",
}
@inproceedings{chiyah-garcia-etal-2018-explainable,
    title = "Explainable Autonomy: A Study of Explanation Styles for Building Clear Mental Models",
    author = "Chiyah Garcia, Francisco Javier  and
      Robb, David A.  and
      Liu, Xingkun  and
      Laskov, Atanas  and
      Patron, Pedro  and
      Hastie, Helen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6511",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6511",
    pages = "99--108",
    abstract = "As vehicles become more autonomous, it is important to maintain a level of transparency about their behaviour and how they work. This is particularly important in remote locations where they cannot be observed. Here, we describe a natural language chat interface that enables the reasoning behind the behaviour of underwater vehicles to be queried. We do this by deriving an interpretable model of autonomy through having an expert {`}speak out-loud{'} and provide various levels of detail based on this model. We corroborate previous research that has shown that it is important to inform the user of all possible explanations (high completeness) for improving the user{'}s general mental model of how a system works. For understanding specific behaviours, a high level of completeness is similarly important, however, we show it is better to have the multiple explanations worded in general terms (low soundness). This work has implications for designing interfaces for autonomy as well as for explainable AI and operator training.",
}
@inproceedings{groves-etal-2018-treat,
    title = "Treat the system like a human student: Automatic naturalness evaluation of generated text without reference texts",
    author = "Groves, Isabel  and
      Tian, Ye  and
      Douratsos, Ioannis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6512",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6512",
    pages = "109--118",
    abstract = "The current most popular method for automatic Natural Language Generation (NLG) evaluation is comparing generated text with human-written reference sentences using a metrics system, which has drawbacks around reliability and scalability. We draw inspiration from second language (L2) assessment and extract a set of linguistic features to predict human judgments of sentence naturalness. Our experiment using a small dataset showed that the feature-based approach yields promising results, with the added potential of providing interpretability into the source of the problems.",
}
@inproceedings{loyola-etal-2018-content,
    title = "Content Aware Source Code Change Description Generation",
    author = "Loyola, Pablo  and
      Marrese-Taylor, Edison  and
      Balazs, Jorge  and
      Matsuo, Yutaka  and
      Satoh, Fumiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6513",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6513",
    pages = "119--128",
    abstract = "We propose to study the generation of descriptions from source code changes by integrating the messages included on code commits and the intra-code documentation inside the source in the form of docstrings. Our hypothesis is that although both types of descriptions are not directly aligned in semantic terms {---}one explaining a change and the other the actual functionality of the code being modified{---} there could be certain common ground that is useful for the generation. To this end, we propose an architecture that uses the source code-docstring relationship to guide the description generation. We discuss the results of the approach comparing against a baseline based on a sequence-to-sequence model, using standard automatic natural language generation metrics as well as with a human study, thus offering a comprehensive view of the feasibility of the approach.",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Context Modelling in Multimodal Dialogue Generation",
    author = "Agarwal, Shubham  and
      Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Konstas, Ioannis  and
      Rieser, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6514",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6514",
    pages = "129--134",
    abstract = "In this work, we investigate the task of textual",
}
@inproceedings{aoki-etal-2018-generating,
    title = "Generating Market Comments Referring to External Resources",
    author = "Aoki, Tatsuya  and
      Miyazawa, Akira  and
      Ishigaki, Tatsuya  and
      Goshima, Keiichi  and
      Aoki, Kasumi  and
      Kobayashi, Ichiro  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6515",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6515",
    pages = "135--139",
    abstract = "Comments on a stock market often include the reason or the cause of the changes in the stock price {``}Nikkei turns lower as yen{'}s rise hits exporters{''}.",
}
@inproceedings{belz-etal-2018-spatialvoc2k,
    title = "{S}patial{VOC}2{K}: A Multilingual Dataset of Images with Annotations and Features for Spatial Relations between Objects",
    author = "Belz, Anja  and
      Muscat, Adrian  and
      Anguill, Pierre  and
      Sow, Mouhamadou  and
      Vincent, Ga{\'e}tan  and
      Zinessabah, Yassine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6516",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6516",
    pages = "140--145",
    abstract = "We present the first multilingual image",
}
@inproceedings{birmingham-etal-2018-adding,
    title = "Adding the Third Dimension to Spatial Relation Detection in 2{D} Images",
    author = "Birmingham, Brandon  and
      Muscat, Adrian  and
      Belz, Anja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6517",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6517",
    pages = "146--151",
    abstract = "Spatial relation detection in images has become a popular subject in image description research recently. A range of different language and geometric features have been used in this context, but methods have not so far used explicit information about the third dimension (depth), except when manually added to annotations. The lack of such information hampers detection of many different spatial relations that are inherently 3D. In this paper, we use a fully automatic method for creating a depth map of an image and derive several different object-level depth features from it which we add to an existing feature set to test the effect on spatial relation detection. We show that performance increases are obtained by adding depth features in all scenarios tested.",
}
@inproceedings{chali-baghaee-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Opinion Question Generation",
    author = "Chali, Yllias  and
      Baghaee, Tina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6518",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6518",
    pages = "152--158",
    abstract = "We study the problem of opinion question generation from sentences with the help of community-based question answering systems. For this purpose, we use a sequence to sequence attentional model, and we adopt coverage mechanism to prevent sentences from repeating themselves. Experimental results on the Amazon question/answer dataset show an improvement in automatic evaluation metrics as well as human evaluations from the state-of-the-art question generation systems.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Pro-drop with the Rational Speech Acts Model",
    author = "Chen, Guanyi  and
      van Deemter, Kees  and
      Lin, Chenghua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6519",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6519",
    pages = "159--164",
    abstract = "We extend the classic Referring Expressions Generation task by considering zero pronouns in {``}pro-drop{''} languages such as Chinese, modelling their use by means of the Bayesian Rational Speech Acts model. By assuming that highly salient referents are most likely to be referred to by zero pronouns (i.e., pro-drop is more likely for salient referents than the less salient ones), the model offers an attractive explanation of a phenomenon not previously addressed probabilistically.",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2018-self,
    title = "Self-Learning Architecture for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Choi, Hyungtak  and
      K.M., Siddarth  and
      Yang, Haehun  and
      Jeon, Heesik  and
      Hwang, Inchul  and
      Kim, Jihie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6520",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6520",
    pages = "165--170",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a self-learning architecture for generating natural language templates for conversational assistants. Generating templates to cover all the combinations of slots in an intent is time consuming and labor-intensive. We examine three different models based on our proposed architecture - Rule-based model, Sequence-to-Sequence (Seq2Seq) model and Semantically Conditioned LSTM (SC-LSTM) model for the IoT domain - to reduce the human labor required for template generation. We demonstrate the feasibility of template generation for the IoT domain using our self-learning architecture. In both automatic and human evaluation, the self-learning architecture performs better than previous works trained with a fully human-labeled dataset. This is promising for commercial conversational assistant solutions.",
}
@inproceedings{castro-ferreira-etal-2018-enriching,
    title = "Enriching the {W}eb{NLG} corpus",
    author = "Castro Ferreira, Thiago  and
      Moussallem, Diego  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Wubben, Sander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6521",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6521",
    pages = "171--176",
    abstract = "This paper describes the enrichment of WebNLG corpus, with the aim to further extend its usefulness as a resource for evaluating common NLG tasks, including Discourse Ordering, Lexicalization and Referring Expression Generation. We also produce a silver-standard German translation of the corpus to enable the exploitation of NLG approaches to other languages than English. The enriched corpus will be publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{forrest-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards making {NLG} a voice for interpretable Machine Learning",
    author = "Forrest, James  and
      Sripada, Somayajulu  and
      Pang, Wei  and
      Coghill, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6522",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6522",
    pages = "177--182",
    abstract = "This paper presents a study to understand the issues related to using NLG to humanise explanations from a popular interpretable machine learning framework called LIME.",
}
@inproceedings{gatti-etal-2018-template,
    title = "Template-based multilingual football reports generation using {W}ikidata as a knowledge base",
    author = {Gatti, Lorenzo  and
      van der Lee, Chris  and
      Theune, Mari{\"e}t},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6523",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6523",
    pages = "183--188",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new version of a football reports generation system called PASS. The original version generated Dutch text and relied on a limited hand-crafted knowledge base. We describe how, in a short amount of time, we extended PASS to produce English texts, exploiting machine translation and Wikidata as a large-scale source of multilingual knowledge.",
}
@inproceedings{xing-fernandez-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation of Neural Personality-based Chatbots",
    author = "Xing, Yujie  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6524",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6524",
    pages = "189--194",
    abstract = "Stylistic variation is critical to render the utterances generated by conversational agents natural and engaging. In this paper, we focus on sequence-to-sequence models for open-domain dialogue response generation and propose a new method to evaluate the extent to which such models are able to generate responses that reflect different personality traits.",
}
@inproceedings{hamalainen-2018-poem,
    title = "Poem Machine - a Co-creative {NLG} Web Application for Poem Writing",
    author = {H{\"a}m{\"a}l{\"a}inen, Mika},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6525",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6525",
    pages = "195--196",
    abstract = "We present Poem Machine, an interactive online tool for co-authoring Finnish poetry with a computationally creative agent. Poem Machine can produce poetry of its own and assist the user in authoring poems. The main target group for the system is primary school children, and its use as a part of teaching is currently under study.",
}
@inproceedings{iwama-kano-2018-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Advertising Slogan Generator using Case Frame and Word Vector",
    author = "Iwama, Kango  and
      Kano, Yoshinobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6526",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6526",
    pages = "197--198",
    abstract = "There has been many works published for automatic sentence generation of a variety of domains. However, there would be still no single method available at present that can generate sentences for all of domains. Each domain will require a suitable generation method. We focus on automatic generation of Japanese advertisement slogans in this paper. We use our advertisement slogan database, case frame information, and word vector information. We employed our system to apply for a copy competition for human copywriters, where our advertisement slogan was left as a finalist. Our system could be regarded as the world first system that generates slogans in a practical level, as an advertising agency already employs our system in their business.",
}
@inproceedings{mille-etal-2018-underspecified,
    title = "Underspecified Universal Dependency Structures as Inputs for Multilingual Surface Realisation",
    author = "Mille, Simon  and
      Belz, Anja  and
      Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6527",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6527",
    pages = "199--209",
    abstract = "This paper presents the datasets used in the First Multilingual Surface Realisation Shared Task (SR{'}18), describes in detail how they were created, and evaluates their quality. In addition, we examine (a) the NLG subtask of surface realisation itself, (b) the motivation for, and likely usefulness of, deriving NLG inputs from annotations in resources originally developed for Natural Language Understanding (NLU), (c) whether the resulting inputs supply enough information of the right kind for the final stage in the NLG process, and more tentatively, (d) what role surface realisation is likely to play in the future in the NLG context.",
}
@inproceedings{fu-white-2018-lstm,
    title = "{LSTM} Hypertagging",
    author = "Fu, Reid  and
      White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6528",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6528",
    pages = "210--220",
    abstract = "We implemented an LSTM hypertagger using techniques from Lewis et al. 2016, a recent paper on supertagging for parsing. We compared this new hypertagger with the existing hypertagger in OpenCCG, both in tagging accuracy and in effect on realization performance, and saw significant improvement in both. We did human evaluations to confirm that our findings were significant, and the human evaluations confirmed that they were.",
}
@inproceedings{jagfeld-etal-2018-sequence,
    title = "Sequence-to-Sequence Models for Data-to-Text Natural Language Generation: Word- vs. Character-based Processing and Output Diversity",
    author = "Jagfeld, Glorianna  and
      Jenne, Sabrina  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6529",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6529",
    pages = "221--232",
    abstract = "We present a comparison of word-based and character-based sequence-to-sequence models for data-to-text natural language generation, which generate natural language descriptions for structured inputs. On the datasets of two recent generation challenges, our models achieve comparable or better automatic evaluation results than the best challenge submissions.",
}
@inproceedings{camargo-de-souza-etal-2018-generating,
    title = "Generating E-Commerce Product Titles and Predicting their Quality",
    author = "Camargo de Souza, Jos{\'e} G.  and
      Kozielski, Michael  and
      Mathur, Prashant  and
      Chang, Ernie  and
      Guerini, Marco  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Matusov, Evgeny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6530",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6530",
    pages = "233--243",
    abstract = "E-commerce platforms present products using titles that summarize product information. These titles cannot be created by hand, therefore an algorithmic solution is required. The task of automatically generating these titles given noisy user provided listing titles is one way to achieve the goal. The setting requires the generation process to be fast and the generated title to be both human-readable and concise. Furthermore, we need to understand if such generated titles are usable. As such, we propose approaches that (i) automatically generate product titles, (ii) predict their quality. Our approach scales to millions of products and both automatic and human evaluations performed on real-world data indicate our approaches are effective and applicable to existing e-commerce scenarios.",
}
@inproceedings{anselma-mazzei-2018-designing,
    title = "Designing and testing the messages produced by a virtual dietitian",
    author = "Anselma, Luca  and
      Mazzei, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6531",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6531",
    pages = "244--253",
    abstract = "This paper presents a project about the automatic generation of persuasive messages in the context of the diet management. In the first part of the paper we introduce the basic mechanisms related to data interpretation and content selection for a numerical data-to-text generation architecture. In the second part of the paper we discuss a number of factors influencing the design of the messages. In particular, we consider the design of the aggregation procedure. Finally, we present the results of a human-based evaluation concerning this design factor.",
}
@inproceedings{qader-etal-2018-generation,
    title = "Generation of Company descriptions using concept-to-text and text-to-text deep models: dataset collection and systems evaluation",
    author = "Qader, Raheel  and
      Jneid, Khoder  and
      Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Labb{\'e}, Cyril",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6532",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6532",
    pages = "254--263",
    abstract = "In this paper we study the performance of several state-of-the-art sequence-to-sequence models applied to generation of short company descriptions. The models are evaluated on a newly created and publicly available company dataset that has been collected from Wikipedia. The dataset consists of around 51K company descriptions that can be used for both concept-to-text and text-to-text generation tasks. Automatic metrics and human evaluation scores computed on the generated company descriptions show promising results despite the difficulty of the task as the dataset (like most available datasets) has not been originally designed for machine learning. In addition, we perform correlation analysis between automatic metrics and human evaluations and show that certain automatic metrics are more correlated to human judgments.",
}
@inproceedings{parde-nielsen-2018-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Generating Questions about Novel Metaphors in Literature",
    author = "Parde, Natalie  and
      Nielsen, Rodney",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6533",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6533",
    pages = "264--273",
    abstract = "The automatic generation of stimulating questions is crucial to the development of intelligent cognitive exercise applications. We developed an approach that generates appropriate Questioning the Author queries based on novel metaphors in diverse syntactic relations in literature. We show that the generated questions are comparable to human-generated questions in terms of naturalness, sensibility, and depth, and score slightly higher than human-generated questions in terms of clarity. We also show that questions generated about novel metaphors are rated as cognitively deeper than questions generated about non- or conventional metaphors, providing evidence that metaphor novelty can be leveraged to promote cognitive exercise.",
}
@inproceedings{alnajjar-hamalainen-2018-master,
    title = "A Master-Apprentice Approach to Automatic Creation of Culturally Satirical Movie Titles",
    author = {Alnajjar, Khalid  and
      H{\"a}m{\"a}l{\"a}inen, Mika},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6534",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6534",
    pages = "274--283",
    abstract = "Satire has played a role in indirectly expressing critique towards an authority or a person from the times immemorial. We present an autonomously creative master-apprentice approach consisting of a genetic algorithm and an NMT model to produce humorous and culturally apt satire out of movie titles automatically. Furthermore, we evaluate the approach in terms of its creativity and its output. We provide a solid definition for creativity to maximize the objectiveness of the evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{reed-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Can Neural Generators for Dialogue Learn Sentence Planning and Discourse Structuring?",
    author = "Reed, Lena  and
      Oraby, Shereen  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6535",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6535",
    pages = "284--295",
    abstract = "Responses in task-oriented dialogue systems often realize multiple propositions whose ultimate form depends on the use of sentence planning and discourse structuring operations. For example a recommendation may consist of an explicitly evaluative utterance e.g. {``}Chanpen Thai is the best option.{''}, along with content related by the justification discourse relation, e.g. {``}It has great food and service.{''}, that combines multiple propositions into a single phrase. While neural generation methods integrate sentence planning and surface realization in one end-to-end learning framework, previous work has not shown that neural generators can: (1) perform common sentence planning and discourse structuring operations; (2) make decisions as to whether to realize content in a single sentence or over multiple sentences; (3) generalize sentence planning and discourse relation operations beyond what was seen in training. We systematically create large training corpora that exhibit particular sentence planning operations and then test neural models to see what they learn. We compare models without explicit latent variables for sentence planning with ones that provide explicit supervision during training. We show that only the models with additional supervision can reproduce sentence planning and discourse operations and generalize to situations unseen in training.",
}
@inproceedings{harrison-walker-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Generation of Diverse Questions using Answer Focus, Contextual and Linguistic Features",
    author = "Harrison, Vrindavan  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6536",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6536",
    pages = "296--306",
    abstract = "Question Generation is the task of automatically creating questions",
}
@inproceedings{amidei-etal-2018-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation methodologies in Automatic Question Generation 2013-2018",
    author = "Amidei, Jacopo  and
      Piwek, Paul  and
      Willis, Alistair",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6537",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6537",
    pages = "307--317",
    abstract = "In the last few years Automatic Question Generation (AQG) has attracted increasing interest. In this paper we survey the evaluation methodologies used in AQG. Based on a sample of 37 papers, our research shows that the systems{'} development is not accompanied by similar developments in the methodologies used for the systems{'} evaluation. Indeed, in the papers we examine here, we find a wide variety of both intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation methodologies. Such diverse evaluation practices make it difficult to reliably compare the quality of different generation systems. Our study suggests that, given the rapidly increasing level of research in the area, a common framework is urgently needed to compare the performance of AQG systems and NLG systems more generally.",
}
@inproceedings{syed-etal-2018-task,
    title = "Task Proposal: The {TL};{DR} Challenge",
    author = {Syed, Shahbaz  and
      V{\"o}lske, Michael  and
      Potthast, Martin  and
      Lipka, Nedim  and
      Stein, Benno  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6538",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6538",
    pages = "318--321",
    abstract = "The TL;DR challenge fosters research in",
}
@inproceedings{dusek-etal-2018-findings,
    title = "Findings of the {E}2{E} {NLG} Challenge",
    author = "Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Novikova, Jekaterina  and
      Rieser, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6539",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6539",
    pages = "322--328",
    abstract = "This paper summarises the experimental setup and results of the first shared task on end-to-end (E2E) natural language generation (NLG) in spoken dialogue systems (SDS). Recent end-to-end generation systems are promising since they reduce the need for data annotation. However, they are currently limited to small, delexicalised datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{mendez-etal-2018-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Descriptions of People to the Point of View of a Moving Observer",
    author = "M{\'e}ndez, Gonzalo  and
      Herv{\'a}s, Raquel  and
      Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo  and
      de la Rosa, Ricardo  and
      Ruiz, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6540",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6540",
    pages = "329--338",
    abstract = "This paper addresses the task of generating descriptions of people for an observer that is moving within a scene. As the observer moves, the descriptions of the people around him also change. A referring expression generation algorithm adapted to this task needs to continuously monitor the changes in the field of view of the observer, his relative position to the people being described, and the relative position of these people to any landmarks around them, and to take these changes into account in the referring expressions generated. This task presents two advantages: many of the mechanisms already available for static contexts may be applied with small adaptations, and it introduces the concept of changing conditions into the task of referring expression generation. In this paper we describe the design of an algorithm that takes these aspects into account in order to create descriptions of people within a 3D virtual environment. The evaluation of this algorithm has shown that, by changing the descriptions in real time according to the observers point of view, they are able to identify the described person quickly and effectively.",
}
@inproceedings{ngonga-ngomo-etal-2018-bengal,
    title = "{BENGAL}: An Automatic Benchmark Generator for Entity Recognition and Linking",
    author = {Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille  and
      R{\"o}der, Michael  and
      Moussallem, Diego  and
      Usbeck, Ricardo  and
      Speck, Ren{\'e}},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6541",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6541",
    pages = "339--349",
    abstract = "The manual creation of gold standards for named entity recognition and entity linking is time- and resource-intensive. Moreover, recent works show that such gold standards contain a large proportion of mistakes in addition to being difficult to maintain. We hence present Bengal, a novel automatic generation of such gold standards as a complement to manually created benchmarks. The main advantage of our benchmarks is that they can be readily generated at any time, and are cost-effective while being guaranteed to be free of annotation errors. We compare the performance of 11 tools on benchmarks in English generated by Bengal with their performance on 16 benchmarks created manually. We show that our approach can be ported easily across languages by presenting results achieved on Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish. Overall, our results suggest that our automatic benchmark generation approach can create varied benchmarks that have characteristics similar to those of existing benchmarks. Our approach is open-source. Our experimental results are available at \url{http://faturl.com/bengalexpinlg} and the code at \url{https://github.com/dice-group/BENGAL}.",
}
@inproceedings{shvets-etal-2018-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Packaging in Text Generation from Semantic Graphs as a Community Detection Problem",
    author = "Shvets, Alexander  and
      Mille, Simon  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6542",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6542",
    pages = "350--359",
    abstract = "An increasing amount of research tackles the challenge of text generation from abstract ontological or semantic structures, which are in their very nature potentially large connected graphs. These graphs must be {``}packaged{''} into sentence-wise subgraphs. We interpret the problem of sentence packaging as a community detection problem with post optimization. Experiments on the texts of the VerbNet/FrameNet structure annotated-Penn Treebank, which have been converted into graphs by a coreference merge using Stanford CoreNLP, show a high F1-score of 0.738.",
}
@inproceedings{shimorina-gardent-2018-handling,
    title = "Handling Rare Items in Data-to-Text Generation",
    author = "Shimorina, Anastasia  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6543",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6543",
    pages = "360--370",
    abstract = "Neural approaches to data-to-text generation generally handle rare iput items using either delexicalisation or the copy mechanism. We investigate the relative impact of these two approaches on two datasets (E2E and WebNLG) and using two evaluation settings. We show (i) that while copy and coverage markedly improved results compared to a setting where delexicalisation is not applied, delexicalisation usually performs better than copy and coverage; (ii) that in the more challenging evaluation setting where the number of rare items is greater, the performances of copying decreases; and (iii) that the impact of these two mechanisms varies greatly depending on how the dataset is constructed and on how it is split into dev, test and train.",
}
@inproceedings{thomson-etal-2018-comprehension,
    title = "Comprehension Driven Document Planning in Natural Language Generation Systems",
    author = "Thomson, Craig  and
      Reiter, Ehud  and
      Sripada, Somayajulu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6544",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6544",
    pages = "371--380",
    abstract = "This paper proposes an approach to NLG system design which focuses on generating output text which can be more easily processed by the reader. Ways in which cognitive theory might be combined with existing NLG techniques are discussed and two simple experiments in content ordering are presented.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Neural Single-Document Summarization Model for Abstractive Multi-Document Summarization: A Pilot Study",
    author = "Zhang, Jianmin  and
      Tan, Jiwei  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6545",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6545",
    pages = "381--390",
    abstract = "Till now, neural abstractive summarization methods have achieved great",
}
@inproceedings{howcroft-etal-2018-toward,
    title = "Toward {B}ayesian Synchronous Tree Substitution Grammars for Sentence Planning",
    author = "Howcroft, David M.  and
      Klakow, Dietrich  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6546",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6546",
    pages = "391--396",
    abstract = "Developing conventional natural language generation systems requires extensive attention from human experts in order to craft complex sets of sentence planning rules. We propose a Bayesian nonparametric approach to learn sentence planning rules by inducing synchronous tree substitution grammars for pairs of text plans and morphosyntactically-specified dependency trees. Our system is able to learn rules which can be used to generate novel texts after training on small datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{ilinykh-etal-2018-task,
    title = "The Task Matters: Comparing Image Captioning and Task-Based Dialogical Image Description",
    author = "Ilinykh, Nikolai  and
      Zarrie{\ss}, Sina  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6547",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6547",
    pages = "397--402",
    abstract = "Image captioning models are typically trained on data that is collected from people who are asked to describe an image, without being given any further task context. As we argue here, this context independence is likely to cause problems for transferring to task settings in which image description is bound by task demands.",
}
@inproceedings{kuptavanich-etal-2018-generating,
    title = "Generating Summaries of Sets of Consumer Products: Learning from Experiments",
    author = "Kuptavanich, Kittipitch  and
      Reiter, Ehud  and
      Van Deemter, Kees  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6548",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6548",
    pages = "403--407",
    abstract = "We explored the task of creating a textual summary describing a large set of objects characterised by a small number of features using an e-commerce dataset. When a set of consumer products is large and varied, it can be difficult for a consumer to understand how the products in the set differ; consequently, it can be challenging to choose the most suitable product from the set. To assist consumers, we generated high-level summaries of product sets. Two generation algorithms are presented, discussed, and evaluated with human users. Our evaluation results suggest a positive contribution to consumers{'} understanding of the domain.",
}
@inproceedings{manome-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural sentence generation from formal semantics",
    author = "Manome, Kana  and
      Yoshikawa, Masashi  and
      Yanaka, Hitomi  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-G{\'o}mez, Pascual  and
      Mineshima, Koji  and
      Bekki, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6549",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6549",
    pages = "408--414",
    abstract = "Sequence-to-sequence models have shown strong performance in a wide range of NLP tasks, yet their applications to sentence generation from logical representations are underdeveloped. In this paper, we present a first sequence-to-sequence model for generating sentences from logical semantic representations based on event semantics. We use a semantic parsing system based on Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) to obtain data annotated with logical formulas. We augment our sequence-to-sequence model with masking for predicates to contain output sentences. We also propose a novel evaluation method for generation using Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE): combining parsing and generation, we test whether or not the output sentence entails the original text and vice versa. The experiments showed that our model outperformed a baseline with respect to both BLEU scores and accuracies in RTE.",
}
@inproceedings{van-miltenburg-etal-2018-talking,
    title = "Talking about other people: an endless range of possibilities",
    author = "van Miltenburg, Emiel  and
      Elliott, Desmond  and
      Vossen, Piek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6550",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6550",
    pages = "415--420",
    abstract = "Image description datasets, such as Flickr30K and MS COCO, show a high degree of variation in the ways that crowd-workers talk about the world. Although this gives us a rich and diverse collection of data to work with, it also introduces uncertainty about how the world should be described. This paper shows the extent of this uncertainty in the PEOPLE-domain. We present a taxonomy of different ways to talk about other people. This taxonomy serves as a reference point to think about how other people should be described, and can be used to classify and compute statistics about labels applied to people.",
}
@inproceedings{ramos-soto-etal-2018-meteorologists,
    title = "Meteorologists and Students: A resource for language grounding of geographical descriptors",
    author = "Ramos-Soto, Alejandro  and
      Reiter, Ehud  and
      van Deemter, Kees  and
      Alonso, Jose  and
      Gatt, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6551",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6551",
    pages = "421--425",
    abstract = "We present a data resource which can be useful for research purposes on language grounding tasks in the context of geographical referring expression generation. The resource is composed of two data sets that encompass 25 different geographical descriptors and a set of associated graphical representations, drawn as polygons on a map by two groups of human subjects: teenage students and expert meteorologists.",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-etal-2018-cyclegen,
    title = "{C}yclegen: Cyclic consistency based product review generator from attributes",
    author = "Sharma, Vasu  and
      Sharma, Harsh  and
      Bishnu, Ankita  and
      Patel, Labhesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6552",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6552",
    pages = "426--430",
    abstract = "In this paper we present an automatic review generator system which can generate personalized reviews based on the user identity, product identity and designated rating the user wishes to allot to the review. We combine this with a sentiment analysis system which performs the complimentary task of assigning ratings to reviews based purely on the textual content of the review. We introduce an additional loss term to ensure cyclic consistency of the sentiment rating of the generated review with the conditioning rating used to generate the review. The introduction of this new loss term constraints the generation space while forcing it to generate reviews adhering better to the requested rating. The use of {`}soft{'} generation and cyclic consistency allows us to train our model in an end to end fashion. We demonstrate the working of our model on product reviews from Amazon dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Transition-based Syntactic Linearization",
    author = "Song, Linfeng  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6553",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6553",
    pages = "431--440",
    abstract = "The task of linearization is to find a grammatical order given a set of words. Traditional models use statistical methods. Syn-",
}
@inproceedings{juraska-walker-2018-characterizing,
    title = "Characterizing Variation in Crowd-Sourced Data for Training Neural Language Generators to Produce Stylistically Varied Outputs",
    author = "Juraska, Juraj  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6554",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6554",
    pages = "441--450",
    abstract = "One of the biggest challenges of end-to-end language generation from meaning representations in dialogue systems is making the outputs more natural and varied. Here we take a large corpus of 50K crowd-sourced utterances in the restaurant domain and develop text analysis methods that systematically characterize types of sentences in the training data. We then automatically label the training data to allow us to conduct two kinds of experiments with a neural generator. First, we test the effect of training the system with different stylistic partitions and quantify the effect of smaller, but more stylistically controlled training data. Second, we try a method of labeling the style variants during training, and show that we can modify the style of the output to some extent using our stylistic labels. We contrast and compare these methods that can be used with any existing large corpus, showing how they vary in terms of semantic quality and stylistic control.",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2018-char2char,
    title = "Char2char Generation with Reranking for the {E}2{E} {NLG} Challenge",
    author = "Agarwal, Shubham  and
      Dymetman, Marc  and
      Gaussier, {\'E}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6555",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6555",
    pages = "451--456",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission to",
}
@inproceedings{elder-etal-2018-e2e,
    title = "{E}2{E} {NLG} Challenge Submission: Towards Controllable Generation of Diverse Natural Language",
    author = "Elder, Henry  and
      Gehrmann, Sebastian  and
      O{'}Connor, Alexander  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6556",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6556",
    pages = "457--462",
    abstract = "In natural language generation (NLG), the task is to generate utterances from a more abstract input, such as structured data. An added challenge is to generate utterances that contain an accurate representation of the input, while reflecting the fluency and variety of human-generated text. In this paper, we report experiments with NLG models that can be used in task oriented dialogue systems. We explore the use of additional input to the model to encourage diversity and control of outputs. While our submission does not rank highly using automated metrics, qualitative investigation of generated utterances suggests the use of additional information in neural network NLG systems to be a promising research direction.",
}
@inproceedings{puzikov-gurevych-2018-e2e,
    title = "{E}2{E} {NLG} Challenge: Neural Models vs. Templates",
    author = "Puzikov, Yevgeniy  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6557",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6557",
    pages = "463--471",
    abstract = "E2E NLG Challenge is a shared task on generating restaurant descriptions from sets of key-value pairs. This paper describes the results of our participation in the challenge. We develop a simple, yet effective neural encoder-decoder model which produces fluent restaurant descriptions and outperforms a strong baseline. We further analyze the data provided by the organizers and conclude that the task can also be approached with a template-based model developed in just a few hours.",
}
@inproceedings{smiley-etal-2018-e2e,
    title = "The {E}2{E} {NLG} Challenge: A Tale of Two Systems",
    author = "Smiley, Charese  and
      Davoodi, Elnaz  and
      Song, Dezhao  and
      Schilder, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6558",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6558",
    pages = "472--477",
    abstract = "This paper presents the two systems we entered into the 2017 E2E NLG Challenge: TemplGen, a templated-based system and SeqGen, a neural network-based system. Through the automatic evaluation, SeqGen achieved competitive results compared to the template-based approach and to other participating systems as well.",
}
@inproceedings{funke-etal-2018-interactive,
    title = "Interactive health insight miner: an adaptive, semantic-based approach",
    author = {Funke, Isabel  and
      Helaoui, Rim  and
      H{\"a}rm{\"a}, Aki},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6559",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6559",
    pages = "478--479",
    abstract = "This paper describes an ontology-based system for interactive and adaptive mining of data-driven behavioral insights.",
}
@inproceedings{madsack-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Language Surface Realisation as {REST} {API} based {NLG} Microservice",
    author = {Madsack, Andreas  and
      Heininger, Johanna  and
      Davaasambuu, Nyamsuren  and
      Voronik, Vitaliia  and
      K{\"a}ufl, Michael  and
      Wei{\ss}graeber, Robert},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6560",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6560",
    pages = "480--481",
    abstract = "We present a readily available NLG API that solves the morphology component for surface realizers in 10 languages (e.g., English, German and Finnish) for any topic and is available as REST API.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-statistical,
    title = "Statistical {NLG} for Generating the Content and Form of Referring Expressions",
    author = "Li, Xiao  and
      van Deemter, Kees  and
      Lin, Chenghua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6561",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6561",
    pages = "482--491",
    abstract = "This paper argues that a new generic approach to statistical NLG can be made to perform Referring Expression Generation (REG) successfully. The model does not only select attributes and values for referring to a target referent, but also performs Linguistic Realisation, generating an actual Noun Phrase. Our evaluations suggest that the attribute selection aspect of the algorithm exceeds classic REG algorithms, while the Noun Phrases generated are as similar to those in a previously developed corpus as were Noun Phrases produced by a new set of human speakers.",
}
@inproceedings{gatt-etal-2018-specificity,
    title = "Specificity measures and reference",
    author = "Gatt, Albert  and
      Mar{\'\i}n, Nicol{\'a}s  and
      Rivas-Gervilla, Gustavo  and
      S{\'a}nchez, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6562",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6562",
    pages = "492--502",
    abstract = "In this paper we study empirically the validity of measures of referential success for referring expressions involving gradual properties. More specifically, we study the ability of several measures to predict the success of a user in choosing the right object, given a referring expression. Experimental results indicate that certain fuzzy measures of success are able to predict human accuracy in reference resolution. Such measures are therefore suitable for the estimation of the success or otherwise of a referring expression produced by a generation algorithm, especially in case the properties in a domain cannot be assumed to have crisp denotations.",
}
@inproceedings{zarriess-schlangen-2018-decoding,
    title = "Decoding Strategies for Neural Referring Expression Generation",
    author = "Zarrie{\ss}, Sina  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg University, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6563",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6563",
    pages = "503--512",
    abstract = "RNN-based sequence generation is now widely used in NLP and NLG (natural language generation). Most work focusses on how to train RNNs, even though also decoding is not necessarily straightforward: previous work on neural MT found seq2seq models to radically prefer short candidates, and has proposed a number of beam search heuristics to deal with this. In this work, we assess decoding strategies for referring expression generation with neural models. Here, expression length is crucial: output should neither contain too much or too little information, in order to be pragmatically adequate. We find that most beam search heuristics developed for MT do not generalize well to referring expression generation (REG), and do not generally outperform greedy decoding. We observe that beam search heuristics for termination seem to override the model{'}s knowledge of what a good stopping point is. Therefore, we also explore a recent approach called trainable decoding, which uses a small network to modify the RNN{'}s hidden state for better decoding results. We find this approach to consistently outperform greedy decoding for REG.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-creativity,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation ({CC}-{NLG} 2018)",
    author = "Gon{\c{c}}alo Oliveira, Hugo  and
      Burtenshaw, Ben  and
      Herv{\'a}s, Raquel",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}
@inproceedings{burtenshaw-2018-brief,
    title = "A Brief Introduction to Natural Language Generation within Computational Creativity",
    author = "Burtenshaw, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation ({CC}-{NLG} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6601",
    pages = "2--4",
}
@inproceedings{ferreira-goncalo-oliveira-2018-seeking,
    title = "Seeking the Ideal Narrative Model for Computer-Generated Narratives",
    author = "Ferreira, Mariana  and
      Gon{\c{c}}alo Oliveira, Hugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation ({CC}-{NLG} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6602",
    pages = "5--10",
}
@inproceedings{berov-standvoss-2018-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Embellishment Using a Deep Encoder-Decoder Network",
    author = "Berov, Leonid  and
      Standvoss, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation ({CC}-{NLG} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6603",
    pages = "11--16",
}
@inproceedings{goncalo-oliveira-rodrigues-2018-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Lexical-Semantic Knowledge in the Generation of Novel Riddles in {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Gon{\c{c}}alo Oliveira, Hugo  and
      Rodrigues, Ricardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation ({CC}-{NLG} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6604",
    pages = "17--25",
}
@inproceedings{doust-gervas-2018-content,
    title = "Content Determination for Chess as a Source for Suspenseful Narratives",
    author = "Doust, Richard  and
      Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation ({CC}-{NLG} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6605",
    pages = "26--33",
}
@inproceedings{tapscott-etal-2018-generating,
    title = "Generating Stories Using Role-playing Games and Simulated Human-like Conversations",
    author = "Tapscott, Alan  and
      Le{\'o}n, Carlos  and
      Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Computational Creativity in Natural Language Generation ({CC}-{NLG} 2018)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6606",
    pages = "34--42",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-intelligent,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Interactive Systems and Language Generation (2{IS}{\&}{NLG})",
    author = {Alonso, Jose M.  and
      Catala, Alejandro  and
      Theune, Mari{\"e}t},
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6700",
}
@inproceedings{wubben-2018-applications,
    title = "Applications of {NLG} in practical conversational {AI} settings",
    author = "Wubben, Sander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Interactive Systems and Language Generation (2{IS}{\&}{NLG})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6701",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2018-generating,
    title = "Generating Description for Sequential Images with Local-Object Attention Conditioned on Global Semantic Context",
    author = "Su, Jing  and
      Lin, Chenghua  and
      Zhou, Mian  and
      Dai, Qingyun  and
      Lv, Haoyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Interactive Systems and Language Generation (2{IS}{\&}{NLG})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6702",
    pages = "3--8",
}
@inproceedings{riou-etal-2018-automation,
    title = "Automation and Optimisation of Humor Trait Generation in a Vocal Dialogue System",
    author = "Riou, Matthieu  and
      Huet, St{\'e}phane  and
      Jabaian, Bassam  and
      Lef{\`e}vre, Fabrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Interactive Systems and Language Generation (2{IS}{\&}{NLG})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6703",
    pages = "9--14",
}
@inproceedings{matsumoto-etal-2018-textual,
    title = "Textual Entailment based Question Generation",
    author = "Matsumoto, Takaaki  and
      Hasegawa, Kimihiro  and
      Yamakawa, Yukari  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Interactive Systems and Language Generation (2{IS}{\&}{NLG})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6704",
    pages = "15--19",
}
@inproceedings{gopalakrishna-pillai-etal-2018-trouble,
    title = "Trouble on the Road: Finding Reasons for Commuter Stress from Tweets",
    author = "Gopalakrishna Pillai, Reshmi  and
      Thelwall, Mike  and
      Orasan, Constantin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Interactive Systems and Language Generation (2{IS}{\&}{NLG})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6705",
    pages = "20--25",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2018-assisted,
    title = "Assisted Nominalization for Academic {E}nglish Writing",
    author = "Lee, John  and
      Saberi, Dariush  and
      Lam, Marvin  and
      Webster, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Interactive Systems and Language Generation (2{IS}{\&}{NLG})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6706",
    pages = "26--30",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2018-two,
    title = "Two-Step Training and Mixed Encoding-Decoding for Implementing a Generative Chatbot with a Small Dialogue Corpus",
    author = "Kim, Jintae  and
      Lee, Hyeon-Gu  and
      Kim, Harksoo  and
      Lee, Yeonsoo  and
      Kim, Young-Gil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Interactive Systems and Language Generation (2{IS}{\&}{NLG})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6707",
    pages = "31--35",
}
@inproceedings{catala-etal-2018-supporting,
    title = "Supporting Content Design with an Eye Tracker: The Case of Weather-based Recommendations",
    author = "Catala, Alejandro  and
      Alonso, Jose M.  and
      Bugarin, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Interactive Systems and Language Generation (2{IS}{\&}{NLG})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6708",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6708",
    pages = "36--41",
}
@inproceedings{sedoc-etal-2018-chateval,
    title = "{C}hat{E}val: A Tool for the Systematic Evaluation of Chatbots",
    author = "Sedoc, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Ippolito, Daphne  and
      Kirubarajan, Arun  and
      Thirani, Jai  and
      Ungar, Lyle  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Interactive Systems and Language Generation (2{IS}{\&}{NLG})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6709",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6709",
    pages = "42--44",
}
@inproceedings{anselma-etal-2018-checkyourmeal,
    title = "{C}heck{Y}our{M}eal!: diet management with {NLG}",
    author = "Anselma, Luca  and
      Donetti, Simone  and
      Mazzei, Alessandro  and
      Pirone, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Interactive Systems and Language Generation (2{IS}{\&}{NLG})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6710",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6710",
    pages = "45--47",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-nlg,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NLG} for Human{--}Robot Interaction",
    author = "Foster, Mary Ellen  and
      Buschmeier, Hendrik  and
      Gkatzia, Dimitra",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6900",
}
@inproceedings{willemsen-etal-2018-context,
    title = "Context-sensitive Natural Language Generation for robot-assisted second language tutoring",
    author = "Willemsen, Bram  and
      de Wit, Jan  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      de Haas, Mirjam  and
      Vogt, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NLG} for Human{--}Robot Interaction",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6901",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6901",
    pages = "1--7",
    abstract = "This paper describes the L2TOR intelligent tutoring system (ITS), focusing primarily on its output generation module. The L2TOR ITS is developed for the purpose of investigating the efficacy of robot-assisted second language tutoring in early childhood. We explain the process of generating contextually-relevant utterances, such as task-specific feedback messages, and discuss challenges regarding multimodality and multilingualism for situated natural language generation from a robot tutoring perspective.",
}
@inproceedings{belakova-gkatzia-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning from limited datasets: Implications for Natural Language Generation and Human-Robot Interaction",
    author = "Belakova, Jekaterina  and
      Gkatzia, Dimitra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NLG} for Human{--}Robot Interaction",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6902",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6902",
    pages = "8--11",
    abstract = "One of the most natural ways for human robot communication is through spoken language. Training human-robot interaction systems require access to large datasets which are expensive to obtain and labour intensive. In this paper, we describe an approach for learning from minimal data, using as a toy example language understanding in spoken dialogue systems. Understanding of spoken language is crucial because it has implications for natural language generation, i.e. correctly understanding a user{'}s utterance will lead to choosing the right response/action. Finally, we discuss implications for Natural Language Generation in Human-Robot Interaction.",
}
@inproceedings{ritschel-andre-2018-shaping,
    title = "Shaping a social robot{'}s humor with Natural Language Generation and socially-aware reinforcement learning",
    author = "Ritschel, Hannes  and
      Andr{\'e}, Elisabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NLG} for Human{--}Robot Interaction",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6903",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6903",
    pages = "12--16",
    abstract = "Humor is an important aspect in human interaction to regulate conversations, increase interpersonal attraction and trust. For social robots, humor is one aspect to make interactions more natural, enjoyable, and to increase credibility and acceptance. In combination with appropriate non-verbal behavior, natural language generation offers the ability to create content on-the-fly. This work outlines the building-blocks for providing an individual, multimodal interaction experience by shaping the robot{'}s humor with the help of Natural Language Generation and Reinforcement Learning based on human social signals.",
}
@inproceedings{pomarlan-etal-2018-sensors,
    title = "From sensors to sense: Integrated heterogeneous ontologies for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Pomarlan, Mihai  and
      Porzel, Robert  and
      Bateman, John  and
      Malaka, Rainer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NLG} for Human{--}Robot Interaction",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6904",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6904",
    pages = "17--21",
    abstract = "We propose the combination of a robotics ontology (KnowRob) with a linguistically motivated one (GUM) under the upper ontology DUL. We use the DUL Event, Situation, Description pattern to formalize reasoning techniques to convert between a robot{'}s beliefstate and its linguistic utterances. We plan to employ these techniques to equip robots with a reason-aloud ability, through which they can explain their actions as they perform them, in natural language, at a level of granularity appropriate to the user, their query and the context at hand.",
}
@inproceedings{cass-etal-2018-farewell,
    title = "A farewell to arms: Non-verbal communication for non-humanoid robots",
    author = "Cass, Aaron G.  and
      Striegnitz, Kristina  and
      Webb, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NLG} for Human{--}Robot Interaction",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6905",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6905",
    pages = "22--26",
    abstract = "Human-robot interactions situated in a dynamic environment create a unique mix of challenges for conversational systems. We argue that, on the one hand, NLG can contribute to addressing these challenges and that, on the other hand, they pose interesting research problems for NLG. To illustrate our position we describe our research on non-humanoid robots using non-verbal signals to support communication.",
}
@inproceedings{zarriess-schlangen-2018-data,
    title = "Being data-driven is not enough: Revisiting interactive instruction giving as a challenge for {NLG}",
    author = "Zarrie{\ss}, Sina  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on {NLG} for Human{--}Robot Interaction",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, The Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6906",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6906",
    pages = "27--31",
    abstract = "Modeling traditional NLG tasks with data-driven techniques has been a major focus of research in NLG in the past decade. We argue that existing modeling techniques are mostly tailored to textual data and are not sufficient to make NLG technology meet the requirements of agents which target fluid interaction and collaboration in the real world. We revisit interactive instruction giving as a challenge for datadriven NLG and, based on insights from previous GIVE challenges, propose that instruction giving should be addressed in a setting that involves visual grounding and spoken language. These basic design decisions will require NLG frameworks that are capable of monitoring their environment as well as timing and revising their verbal output. We believe that these are core capabilities for making NLG technology transferrable to interactive systems.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-automatic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Automatic Text Adaptation ({ATA})",
    author = {J{\"o}nsson, Arne  and
      Rennes, Evelina  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Stajner, Sanja  and
      Yaneva, Victoria},
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}
@inproceedings{francois-2018-interface,
    title = "The Interface Between Readability and Automatic Text Simplification",
    author = "Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Automatic Text Adaptation ({ATA})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-7001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-7001",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{grabar-cardon-2018-clear,
    title = "{CLEAR} {--} Simple Corpus for Medical {F}rench",
    author = "Grabar, Natalia  and
      Cardon, R{\'e}mi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Automatic Text Adaptation ({ATA})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-7002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-7002",
    pages = "3--9",
}
@inproceedings{grabar-etal-2018-study,
    title = "Study of Readability of Health Documents with Eye-tracking Approaches",
    author = "Grabar, Natalia  and
      Farce, Emmanuel  and
      Sparrow, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Automatic Text Adaptation ({ATA})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-7003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-7003",
    pages = "10--20",
}
@inproceedings{hmida-etal-2018-assisted,
    title = "Assisted Lexical Simplification for {F}rench Native Children with Reading Difficulties",
    author = "Hmida, Firas  and
      Billami, Mokhtar B.  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas  and
      Gala, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Automatic Text Adaptation ({ATA})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-7004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-7004",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{martin-etal-2018-reference,
    title = "Reference-less Quality Estimation of Text Simplification Systems",
    author = "Martin, Louis  and
      Humeau, Samuel  and
      Mazar{\'e}, Pierre-Emmanuel  and
      de La Clergerie, {\'E}ric  and
      Bordes, Antoine  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Automatic Text Adaptation ({ATA})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-7005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-7005",
    pages = "29--38",
}
@inproceedings{stajner-popovic-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Machine Translation of {E}nglish Relative Clauses with Automatic Text Simplification",
    author = "{\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
      Popovi{\'c}, Maja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Automatic Text Adaptation ({ATA})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-7006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-7006",
    pages = "39--48",
}
@proceedings{ws-2018-nlp-computer,
    title = "Proceedings of the 7th workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning",
    author = "Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}  and
      Volodina, Elena  and
      Alfter, David  and
      Borin, Lars",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Stockholm, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-7100",
}
@inproceedings{antonsen-argese-2018-using,
    title = "Using authentic texts for grammar exercises for a minority language",
    author = "Antonsen, Lene  and
      Argese, Chiara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Stockholm, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-7101",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{boyd-2018-normalization,
    title = "Normalization in Context: Inter-Annotator Agreement for Meaning-Based Target Hypothesis Annotation",
    author = "Boyd, Adriane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Stockholm, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-7102",
    pages = "10--22",
}
@inproceedings{hamed-zesch-2018-role,
    title = "The Role of Diacritics in Increasing the Difficulty of {A}rabic Lexical Recognition Tests",
    author = "Hamed, Osama  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Stockholm, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-7103",
    pages = "23--31",
}
@inproceedings{kempfert-kohn-2018-automatic,
    title = "An Automatic Error Tagger for {G}erman",
    author = {Kempfert, Inga  and
      K{\"o}hn, Christine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Stockholm, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-7104",
    pages = "32--40",
}
@inproceedings{lange-ljunglof-2018-demonstrating,
    title = "Demonstrating the {MUSTE} Language Learning Environment",
    author = {Lange, Herbert  and
      Ljungl{\"o}f, Peter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Stockholm, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-7105",
    pages = "41--46",
}
@inproceedings{megyesi-etal-2018-learner,
    title = "Learner Corpus Anonymization in the Age of {GDPR}: Insights from the Creation of a Learner Corpus of {S}wedish",
    author = {Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta  and
      Granstedt, Lena  and
      Johansson, Sofia  and
      Prentice, Julia  and
      Ros{\'e}n, Dan  and
      Schenstr{\"o}m, Carl-Johan  and
      Sundberg, Gunl{\"o}g  and
      Wir{\'e}n, Mats  and
      Volodina, Elena},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Stockholm, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-7106",
    pages = "47--56",
}
@inproceedings{mieskes-pado-2018-work,
    title = "Work Smart - Reducing Effort in Short-Answer Grading",
    author = "Mieskes, Margot  and
      Pad{\'o}, Ulrike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Stockholm, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-7107",
    pages = "57--68",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-graen-2018-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} Corpus Observatory {--} Looking for Constellations in Parallel Corpora to Improve Learners{'} Collocational Skills",
    author = {Schneider, Gerold  and
      Gra{\"e}n, Johannes},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Stockholm, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-7108",
    pages = "69--78",
}
@inproceedings{weiss-etal-2018-linguistically,
    title = "A Linguistically-Informed Search Engine to Identifiy Reading Material for Functional Illiteracy Classes",
    author = "Weiss, Zarah  and
      Dittrich, Sabrina  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Stockholm, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-7109",
    pages = "79--90",
}
@inproceedings{ziai-etal-2018-feedback,
    title = "Feedback Strategies for Form and Meaning in a Real-life Language Tutoring System",
    author = "Ziai, Ramon  and
      Rudzewitz, Bjoern  and
      De Kuthy, Kordula  and
      Nuxoll, Florian  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th workshop on {NLP} for Computer Assisted Language Learning",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Stockholm, Sweden",
    publisher = "LiU Electronic Press",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-7110",
    pages = "91--98",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-society,
    title = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    author = "Jarosz, Gaja  and
      Nelson, Max  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan  and
      Pater, Joe",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0100",
    doi = "10.7275/ntf6-xx21",
    pages = "i--ii",
}
@inproceedings{van-schijndel-linzen-2019-entropy,
    title = "Can Entropy Explain Successor Surprisal Effects in Reading?",
    author = "van Schijndel, Marten  and
      Linzen, Tal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0101",
    doi = "10.7275/qtbb-9d05",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{dolatian-heinz-2019-redtyp,
    title = "{R}ed{T}yp: A Database of Reduplication with Computational Models",
    author = "Dolatian, Hossep  and
      Heinz, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0102",
    doi = "10.7275/ckx7-s770",
    pages = "8--18",
}
@inproceedings{granroth-wilding-toivonen-2019-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Cross-Lingual Symbol Embeddings Without Parallel Data",
    author = "Granroth-Wilding, Mark  and
      Toivonen, Hannu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0103",
    doi = "10.7275/wx64-ea83",
    pages = "19--28",
}
@inproceedings{danis-jardine-2019-q,
    title = "Q-Theory Representations are Logically Equivalent to Autosegmental Representations",
    author = "Danis, Nick  and
      Jardine, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0104",
    doi = "10.7275/tvj1-k306",
    pages = "29--38",
}
@inproceedings{zamaraeva-etal-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Clausal Complementation for a Grammar Engineering Resource",
    author = "Zamaraeva, Olga  and
      Howell, Kristen  and
      Bender, Emily M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0105",
    doi = "10.7275/dygn-c796",
    pages = "39--49",
}
@inproceedings{futrell-levy-2019-rnns,
    title = "Do {RNN}s learn human-like abstract word order preferences?",
    author = "Futrell, Richard  and
      Levy, Roger P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0106",
    doi = "10.7275/jb34-9986",
    pages = "50--59",
}
@inproceedings{nelson-2019-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation and {UR} Acquisition with {UR} Constraints",
    author = "Nelson, Max",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0107",
    doi = "10.7275/zc9d-pn56",
    pages = "60--68",
}
@inproceedings{moreton-2019-constraint,
    title = "Constraint breeding during on-line incremental learning",
    author = "Moreton, Elliot",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0108",
    doi = "10.7275/6f9x-6411",
    pages = "69--80",
}
@inproceedings{cohn-gordon-etal-2019-incremental,
    title = "An Incremental Iterated Response Model of Pragmatics",
    author = "Cohn-Gordon, Reuben  and
      Goodman, Noah  and
      Potts, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0109",
    doi = "10.7275/cprc-8x17",
    pages = "81--90",
}
@inproceedings{hughto-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning Exceptionality and Variation with Lexically Scaled {M}ax{E}nt",
    author = "Hughto, Coral  and
      Lamont, Andrew  and
      Prickett, Brandon  and
      Jarosz, Gaja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0110",
    doi = "10.7275/y68s-kh12",
    pages = "91--101",
}
@inproceedings{rosen-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning complex inflectional paradigms through blended gradient inputs",
    author = "Rosen, Eric R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0111",
    doi = "10.7275/ccwf-j606",
    pages = "102--112",
}
@inproceedings{kasai-frank-2019-jabberwocky,
    title = "Jabberwocky Parsing: Dependency Parsing with Lexical Noise",
    author = "Kasai, Jungo  and
      Frank, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0112",
    doi = "10.7275/h12q-k754",
    pages = "113--123",
}
@inproceedings{hao-2019-learnability,
    title = "Learnability and Overgeneration in Computational Syntax",
    author = "Hao, Yiding",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0113",
    doi = "10.7275/1qmz-bg76",
    pages = "124--134",
}
@inproceedings{burnett-bonami-2019-conceptual,
    title = "A Conceptual Spaces Model of Socially Motivated Language Change",
    author = "Burnett, Heather  and
      Bonami, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0114",
    doi = "10.7275/5vmp-cs05",
    pages = "135--145",
}
@inproceedings{seyffarth-2019-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Participation of Individual Verbs or {V}erb{N}et Classes in the Causative Alternation",
    author = "Seyffarth, Esther",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0115",
    doi = "10.7275/efvz-jy59",
    pages = "146--155",
}
@inproceedings{li-mendelsohn-2019-using,
    title = "Using Sentiment Induction to Understand Variation in Gendered Online Communities",
    author = "Li, Lucy  and
      Mendelsohn, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0116",
    doi = "10.7275/11wq-ep51",
    pages = "156--166",
}
@inproceedings{chrupala-etal-2019-difficulty,
    title = "On the difficulty of a distributional semantics of spoken language",
    author = "Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz  and
      Gelderloos, Lieke  and
      K{\'a}d{\'a}r, {\'A}kos  and
      Alishahi, Afra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0117",
    doi = "10.7275/extq-7546",
    pages = "167--173",
}
@inproceedings{mickus-etal-2019-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Effects of Gender Contrasts Across Categories",
    author = "Mickus, Timothee  and
      Bonami, Olivier  and
      Paperno, Denis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0118",
    doi = "10.7275/g11b-3s25",
    pages = "174--184",
}
@inproceedings{anderson-dillon-2019-guess,
    title = "Guess Who{'}s Coming (and Who{'}s Going): Bringing Perspective to the Rational Speech Acts Framework",
    author = "Anderson, Carolyn Jane  and
      Dillon, Brian W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0119",
    doi = "10.7275/9bn3-8x38",
    pages = "185--194",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2019-organization,
    title = "The organization of sound inventories: A study on obstruent gaps",
    author = "Wang, Sheng-Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0120",
    doi = "10.7275/pbe8-zf60",
    pages = "195--204",
}
@inproceedings{graf-shafiei-2019-c,
    title = "C-Command Dependencies as {TSL} String Constraints",
    author = "Graf, Thomas  and
      Shafiei, Nazila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0121",
    doi = "10.7275/4rrx-x488",
    pages = "205--215",
}
@inproceedings{barak-etal-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the Acquisition of Words with Multiple Meanings",
    author = "Barak, Libby  and
      Floyd, Sammy  and
      Goldberg, Adele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0122",
    doi = "10.7275/tr21-m273",
    pages = "216--225",
}
@inproceedings{white-2019-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation Order Effects in Dynamic Continuized {CCG}: From Negative Polarity Items to Balanced Punctuation",
    author = "White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0123",
    doi = "10.7275/kpch-rk05",
    pages = "226--235",
}
@inproceedings{bonial-etal-2019-abstract,
    title = "Abstract Meaning Representation for Human-Robot Dialogue",
    author = "Bonial, Claire N.  and
      Donatelli, Lucia  and
      Ervin, Jessica  and
      Voss, Clare R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0124",
    doi = "10.7275/v3c5-yd35",
    pages = "236--246",
}
@inproceedings{lambert-rogers-2019-logical,
    title = "A Logical and Computational Methodology for Exploring Systems of Phonotactic Constraints",
    author = "Lambert, Dakotah  and
      Rogers, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0125",
    doi = "10.7275/t0dv-9t05",
    pages = "247--256",
}
@inproceedings{lalisse-smolensky-2019-augmentic,
    title = "Augmentic Compositional Models for Knowledge Base Completion Using Gradient Representations",
    author = "Lalisse, Matthias R.  and
      Smolensky, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0126",
    doi = "10.7275/8et8-qd83",
    pages = "257--266",
}
@inproceedings{vu-etal-2019-case,
    title = "Case assignment in {TSL} syntax: a case study",
    author = "Vu, Mai Ha  and
      Shafiei, Nazila  and
      Graf, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0127",
    doi = "10.7275/sywz-xw23",
    pages = "267--276",
}
@inproceedings{suzgun-etal-2019-evaluating,
    title = "On Evaluating the Generalization of {LSTM} Models in Formal Languages",
    author = "Suzgun, Mirac  and
      Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      Shieber, Stuart M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0128",
    doi = "10.7275/s02b-4d91",
    pages = "277--286",
}
@inproceedings{kann-etal-2019-verb,
    title = "Verb Argument Structure Alternations in Word and Sentence Embeddings",
    author = "Kann, Katharina  and
      Warstadt, Alex  and
      Williams, Adina  and
      Bowman, Samuel R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics ({SC}i{L}) 2019",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0129",
    doi = "10.7275/q5js-4y86",
    pages = "287--297",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-international,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0300",
}
@inproceedings{silfverberg-tyers-2019-data,
    title = "Data-Driven Morphological Analysis for Uralic Languages",
    author = "Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Tyers, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0301",
    pages = "1--14",
}
@inproceedings{gronroos-etal-2019-north,
    title = "North S{\'a}mi morphological segmentation with low-resource semi-supervised sequence labeling",
    author = {Gr{\"o}nroos, Stig-Arne  and
      Virpioja, S{\'a}mi  and
      Kurimo, Mikko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0302",
    pages = "15--26",
}
@inproceedings{ligeti-nagy-etal-2019-nom,
    title = "What does the Nom say? An algorithm for case disambiguation in {H}ungarian",
    author = {Ligeti-Nagy, No{\'e}mi  and
      D{\"o}m{\"o}t{\"o}r, Andrea  and
      Vad{\'a}sz, No{\'e}mi},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0303",
    pages = "27--41",
}
@inproceedings{robertson-2019-contrastive,
    title = "A Contrastive Evaluation of Word Sense Disambiguation Systems for {F}innish",
    author = "Robertson, Frankie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0304",
    pages = "42--54",
}
@inproceedings{muischnek-torga-2019-elliptical,
    title = "Elliptical Constructions in {E}stonian {UD} Treebank",
    author = "Muischnek, Kadri  and
      Torga, Liisi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0305",
    pages = "55--65",
}
@inproceedings{kettunen-2019-fist,
    title = "{F}i{ST} {--} towards a free Semantic Tagger of modern standard {F}innish",
    author = "Kettunen, Kimmo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0306",
    pages = "66--76",
}
@inproceedings{partanen-riessler-2019-ocr,
    title = "An {OCR} system for the Unified Northern Alphabet",
    author = "Partanen, Niko  and
      Rie{\ss}ler, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0307",
    pages = "77--89",
}
@inproceedings{wilbur-2019-elan,
    title = "{ELAN} as a search engine for hierarchically structured, tagged corpora",
    author = "Wilbur, Joshua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0308",
    pages = "90--103",
}
@inproceedings{pirinen-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural and rule-based {F}innish {NLP} models{---}expectations, experiments and experiences",
    author = "Pirinen, Tommi A",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0309",
    pages = "104--114",
}
@inproceedings{arkhangelskiy-etal-2019-uralic,
    title = "Uralic multimedia corpora: {ISO}/{TEI} corpus data in the project {INEL}",
    author = "Arkhangelskiy, Timofey  and
      Ferger, Anne  and
      Hedeland, Hanna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0310",
    pages = "115--124",
}
@inproceedings{arkhangelskiy-2019-corpora,
    title = "Corpora of social media in minority Uralic languages",
    author = "Arkhangelskiy, Timofey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0311",
    pages = "125--140",
}
@inproceedings{wiechetek-etal-2019-end,
    title = "Is this the end? Two-step tokenization of sentence boundaries",
    author = "Wiechetek, Linda  and
      Moshagen, Sjur N{\o}rsteb{\o}  and
      Omma, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0312",
    pages = "141--153",
}
@inproceedings{huber-spiliopoulou-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning multilingual topics through aspect extraction from monolingual texts",
    author = "Huber, Johannes  and
      Spiliopoulou, Myra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0313",
    pages = "154--183",
}
@inproceedings{ernstreits-2019-electronical,
    title = "Electronical resources for Livonian",
    author = "Ern{\v{s}}treits, Valts",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0314",
    pages = "184--191",
}
@inproceedings{kankainen-2019-use,
    title = "The use of Extract Morphology for Automatic Generation of Language Technology for Votic",
    author = "Kankainen, Kristian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0315",
    pages = "192--204",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-international-semantics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    author = "Dobnik, Simon  and
      Chatzikyriakidis, Stergios  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0400",
}
@inproceedings{fernando-2019-projecting,
    title = "Projecting Temporal Properties, Events and Actions",
    author = "Fernando, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0401",
    pages = "1--12",
    abstract = "Temporal notions based on a finite set $A$ of properties are represented in strings, on which projections are defined that vary the granularity $A$. The structure of properties in $A$ is elaborated to describe statives, events and actions, subject to a distinction in meaning (advocated by Levin and Rappaport Hovav) between what the lexicon prescribes and what a context of use supplies. The projections proposed are deployed as labels for records and record types amenable to finite-state methods.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-schubert-2019-type,
    title = "A Type-coherent, Expressive Representation as an Initial Step to Language Understanding",
    author = "Kim, Gene Louis  and
      Schubert, Lenhart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0402",
    pages = "13--30",
    abstract = "A growing interest in tasks involving language understanding by the NLP community has led to the need for effective semantic parsing and inference. Modern NLP systems use semantic representations that do not quite fulfill the nuanced needs for language understanding: adequately modeling language semantics, enabling general inferences, and being accurately recoverable. This document describes underspecified logical forms{\textasciitilde}(ULF) for Episodic Logic{\textasciitilde}(EL), which is an initial form for a semantic representation that balances these needs. ULFs fully resolve the semantic type structure while leaving issues such as quantifier scope, word sense, and anaphora unresolved; they provide a starting point for further resolution into EL, and enable certain structural inferences without further resolution. This document also presents preliminary results of creating a hand-annotated corpus of ULFs for the purpose of training a precise ULF parser, showing a three-person pairwise interannotator agreement of 0.88 on confident annotations. We hypothesize that a divide-and-conquer approach to semantic parsing starting with derivation of ULFs will lead to semantic analyses that do justice to subtle aspects of linguistic meaning, and will enable construction of more accurate semantic parsers.",
}
@inproceedings{bunt-2019-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic Annotation Scheme for Quantification",
    author = "Bunt, Harry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0403",
    pages = "31--42",
    abstract = "This paper describes in brief the proposal called {`}QuantML{'} which was accepted by the International Organisation for Standards (ISO) last February as a starting point for developing a standard for the interoperable annotation of quantification phenomena in natural language, as part of the ISO 24617 Semantic Annotation Framework. The proposal, firmly rooted in the theory of generalised quantifiers, neo-Davidsonian semantics, and DRT, covers a wide range of quantification phenomena. The QuantML scheme consists of (1) an abstract syntax which defines {`}annotation structures{'} as triples and other set-theoretic constructs; (b) a compositional semantics of annotation structures; (3) an XML representation of annotation structures.",
}
@inproceedings{alokaili-etal-2019-ranking,
    title = "Re-Ranking Words to Improve Interpretability of Automatically Generated Topics",
    author = "Alokaili, Areej  and
      Aletras, Nikolaos  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0404",
    pages = "43--54",
    abstract = "Topics models, such as LDA, are widely used in Natural Language Processing. Making their output interpretable is an important area of research with applications to areas such as the enhancement of exploratory search interfaces and the development of interpretable machine learning models. Conventionally, topics are represented by their n most probable words, however, these representations are often difficult for humans to interpret. This paper explores the re-ranking of topic words to generate more interpretable topic representations. A range of approaches are compared and evaluated in two experiments. The first uses crowdworkers to associate topics represented by different word rankings with related documents. The second experiment is an automatic approach based on a document retrieval task applied on multiple domains. Results in both experiments demonstrate that re-ranking words improves topic interpretability and that the most effective re-ranking schemes were those which combine information about the importance of words both within topics and their relative frequency in the entire corpus. In addition, close correlation between the results of the two evaluation approaches suggests that the automatic method proposed here could be used to evaluate re-ranking methods without the need for human judgements.",
}
@inproceedings{blodgett-schneider-2019-improved,
    title = "An Improved Approach for Semantic Graph Composition with {CCG}",
    author = "Blodgett, Austin  and
      Schneider, Nathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0405",
    pages = "55--70",
    abstract = "This paper builds on previous work using Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) to derive a transparent syntax-semantics interface for Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) parsing. We define new semantics for the CCG combinators that is better suited to deriving AMR graphs. In particular, we define relation-wise alternatives for the application and composition combinators: these require that the two constituents being combined overlap in one AMR relation. We also provide a new semantics for type raising, which is necessary for certain constructions. Using these mechanisms, we suggest an analysis of eventive nouns, which present a challenge for deriving AMR graphs. Our theoretical analysis will facilitate future work on robust and transparent AMR parsing using CCG.",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2019-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic Ontology of {D}anish Adjectives",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0406",
    pages = "71--78",
    abstract = "This paper presents a semantic annotation scheme for Danish adjectives, focusing both on prototypical semantic content and semantic collocational restrictions on an adjective{'}s head noun. The core type set comprises about 110 categories ordered in a shallow hierarchy with 14 primary and 25 secondary umbrella categories. In addition, domain information and binary sentiment tags are provided, as well as VerbNet-derived frames and semantic roles for those adjectives governing arguments. The scheme has been almost fully implemented on the lexicon of the Danish VISL parser, DanGram, containing 14,000 adjectives. We discuss the annotation scheme and its applicational perspectives, and present a statistical breakdown and coverage evaluation for three Danish reference corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{fleischhauer-etal-2019-towards,
    title = "Towards a Compositional Analysis of {G}erman Light Verb Constructions ({LVC}s) Combining Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar ({LTAG}) with Frame Semantics",
    author = "Fleischhauer, Jens  and
      Gamerschlag, Thomas  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura  and
      Petitjean, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0407",
    pages = "79--90",
    abstract = "Complex predicates formed of a semantically {`}light{'} verbal head and a noun or verb which contributes the major part of the meaning are frequently referred to as {`}light verb constructions{'} (LVCs). In the paper, we present a case study of LVCs with the German posture verb stehen {`}stand{'}. In our account, we model the syntactic as well as semantic composition of such LVCs by combining Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar (LTAG) with frames. Starting from the analysis of the literal uses of posture verbs, we show how the meaning components of the literal uses are systematically exploited in the interpretation of stehen-LVCs. The paper constitutes an important step towards a compositional and computational analysis of LVCs. We show that LTAG allows us to separate constructional from lexical meaning components and that frames enable elegant generalizations over event types and related constraints.",
}
@inproceedings{czarnowska-etal-2019-words,
    title = "Words are Vectors, Dependencies are Matrices: Learning Word Embeddings from Dependency Graphs",
    author = "Czarnowska, Paula  and
      Emerson, Guy  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0408",
    pages = "91--102",
    abstract = "Distributional Semantic Models (DSMs) construct vector representations of word meanings based on their contexts. Typically, the contexts of a word are defined as its closest neighbours, but they can also be retrieved from its syntactic dependency relations. In this work, we propose a new dependency-based DSM. The novelty of our model lies in associating an independent meaning representation, a matrix, with each dependency-label. This allows it to capture specifics of the relations between words and contexts, leading to good performance on both intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation tasks. In addition to that, our model has an inherent ability to represent dependency chains as products of matrices which provides a straightforward way of handling further contexts of a word.",
}
@inproceedings{kober-etal-2019-temporal,
    title = "Temporal and Aspectual Entailment",
    author = "Kober, Thomas  and
      de Vroe, Sander Bijl  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0409",
    pages = "103--119",
    abstract = "Inferences regarding {``}Jane{'}s arrival in London{''} from predications such as {``}Jane is going to London{''} or {``}Jane has gone to London{''} depend on tense and aspect of the predications. Tense determines the temporal location of the predication in the past, present or future of the time of utterance. The aspectual auxiliaries on the other hand specify the internal constituency of the event, i.e. whether the event of {``}going to London{''} is completed and whether its consequences hold at that time or not. While tense and aspect are among the most important factors for determining natural language inference, there has been very little work to show whether modern embedding models capture these semantic concepts. In this paper we propose a novel entailment dataset and analyse the ability of contextualised word representations to perform inference on predications across aspectual types and tenses. We show that they encode a substantial amount of information relating to tense and aspect, but fail to consistently model inferences that require reasoning with these semantic properties.",
}
@inproceedings{westera-boleda-2019-dont,
    title = "Don{'}t Blame Distributional Semantics if it can{'}t do Entailment",
    author = "Westera, Matthijs  and
      Boleda, Gemma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0410",
    pages = "120--133",
    abstract = "Distributional semantics has had enormous empirical success in Computational Linguistics and Cognitive Science in modeling various semantic phenomena, such as semantic similarity, and distributional models are widely used in state-of-the-art Natural Language Processing systems. However, the theoretical status of distributional semantics within a broader theory of language and cognition is still unclear: What does distributional semantics model? Can it be, on its own, a fully adequate model of the meanings of linguistic expressions? The standard answer is that distributional semantics is not fully adequate in this regard, because it falls short on some of the central aspects of formal semantic approaches: truth conditions, entailment, reference, and certain aspects of compositionality. We argue that this standard answer rests on a misconception: These aspects do not belong in a theory of expression meaning, they are instead aspects of speaker meaning, i.e., communicative intentions in a particular context. In a slogan: words do not refer, speakers do. Clearing this up enables us to argue that distributional semantics on its own is an adequate model of expression meaning. Our proposal sheds light on the role of distributional semantics in a broader theory of language and cognition, its relationship to formal semantics, and its place in computational models.",
}
@inproceedings{webber-etal-2019-ambiguity,
    title = "Ambiguity in Explicit Discourse Connectives",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie  and
      Prasad, Rashmi  and
      Lee, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0411",
    pages = "134--141",
    abstract = "Discourse connectives are known to be subject to both usage and sense ambiguity, as has already been discussed in the literature. But discourse connectives are no different from other linguistic expressions in being subject to other types of ambiguity as well. Four are illustrated and discussed here.",
}
@inproceedings{putri-etal-2019-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Open {IE} Relations and {KB} Relations using a {S}iamese Network Based on Word Embedding",
    author = "Putri, Rifki Afina  and
      Hong, Giwon  and
      Myaeng, Sung-Hyon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0412",
    pages = "142--153",
    abstract = "Open Information Extraction (Open IE) aims at generating entity-relation-entity triples from a large amount of text, aiming at capturing key semantics of the text. Given a triple, the relation expresses the type of semantic relation between the entities. Although relations from an Open IE system are more extensible than those used in a traditional Information Extraction system and a Knowledge Base (KB) such as Knowledge Graphs, the former lacks in semantics; an Open IE relation is simply a sequence of words, whereas a KB relation has a predefined meaning. As a way to provide a meaning to an Open IE relation, we attempt to align it with one of the predefined set of relations used in a KB. Our approach is to use a Siamese network that compares two sequences of word embeddings representing an Open IE relation and a predefined KB relation. In order to make the approach practical, we automatically generate a training dataset using a distant supervision approach instead of relying on a hand-labeled dataset. Our experiment shows that the proposed method can capture the relational semantics better than the recent approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{akhtar-etal-2019-language,
    title = "Language-Agnostic Model for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Akhtar, Md Shad  and
      Kumar, Abhishek  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0413",
    pages = "154--164",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a language-agnostic deep neural network architecture for aspect-based sentiment analysis. The proposed approach is based on Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) network, which is further assisted with extra hand-crafted features. We define three different architectures for the successful combination of word embeddings and hand-crafted features. We evaluate the proposed approach for six languages (i.e. English, Spanish, French, Dutch, German and Hindi) and two problems (i.e. aspect term extraction and aspect sentiment classification). Experiments show that the proposed model attains state-of-the-art performance in most of the settings.",
}
@inproceedings{bizzoni-lappin-2019-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Context on Metaphor Paraphrase Aptness Judgments",
    author = "Bizzoni, Yuri  and
      Lappin, Shalom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0414",
    pages = "165--175",
    abstract = "We conduct two experiments to study the effect of context on metaphor paraphrase aptness judgments. The first is an AMT crowd source task in which speakers rank metaphor-paraphrase candidate sentence pairs in short document contexts for paraphrase aptness. In the second we train a composite DNN to predict these human judgments, first in binary classifier mode, and then as gradient ratings. We found that for both mean human judgments and our DNN{'}s predictions, adding document context compresses the aptness scores towards the center of the scale, raising low out-of-context ratings and decreasing high out-of-context scores. We offer a provisional explanation for this compression effect.",
}
@inproceedings{charbonnier-wartena-2019-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Word Concreteness and Imagery",
    author = "Charbonnier, Jean  and
      Wartena, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0415",
    pages = "176--187",
    abstract = "Concreteness of words has been studied extensively in psycholinguistic literature. A number of datasets have been created with average values for perceived concreteness of words. We show that we can train a regression model on these data, using word embeddings and morphological features, that can predict these concreteness values with high accuracy. We evaluate the model on 7 publicly available datasets. Only for a few small subsets of these datasets prediction of concreteness values are found in the literature. Our results clearly outperform the reported results for these datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{shi-demberg-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning to Explicitate Connectives with {S}eq2{S}eq Network for Implicit Discourse Relation Classification",
    author = "Shi, Wei  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0416",
    pages = "188--199",
    abstract = "Implicit discourse relation classification is one of the most difficult steps in discourse parsing. The difficulty stems from the fact that the coherence relation must be inferred based on the content of the discourse relational arguments. Therefore, an effective encoding of the relational arguments is of crucial importance. We here propose a new model for implicit discourse relation classification, which consists of a classifier, and a sequence-to-sequence model which is trained to generate a representation of the discourse relational arguments by trying to predict the relational arguments including a suitable implicit connective. Training is possible because such implicit connectives have been annotated as part of the PDTB corpus. Along with a memory network, our model could generate more refined representations for the task. And on the now standard 11-way classification, our method outperforms the previous state of the art systems on the PDTB benchmark on multiple settings including cross validation.",
}
@inproceedings{aminian-etal-2019-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Transfer of Semantic Roles: From Raw Text to Semantic Roles",
    author = "Aminian, Maryam  and
      Rasooli, Mohammad Sadegh  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0417",
    pages = "200--210",
    abstract = "We describe a transfer method based on annotation projection to develop a dependency-based semantic role labeling system for languages for which no supervised linguistic information other than parallel data is available. Unlike previous work that presumes the availability of supervised features such as lemmas, part-of-speech tags, and dependency parse trees, we only make use of word and character features. Our deep model considers using character-based representations as well as unsupervised stem embeddings to alleviate the need for supervised features. Our experiments outperform a state-of-the-art method that uses supervised lexico-syntactic features on 6 out of 7 languages in the Universal Proposition Bank.",
}
@inproceedings{shekhar-etal-2019-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Representational Hub of Language and Vision Models",
    author = "Shekhar, Ravi  and
      Takmaz, Ece  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0418",
    pages = "211--222",
    abstract = "The multimodal models used in the emerging field at the intersection of computational linguistics and computer vision implement the bottom-up processing of the {``}Hub and Spoke{''} architecture proposed in cognitive science to represent how the brain processes and combines multi-sensory inputs. In particular, the Hub is implemented as a neural network encoder. We investigate the effect on this encoder of various vision-and-language tasks proposed in the literature: visual question answering, visual reference resolution, and visually grounded dialogue. To measure the quality of the representations learned by the encoder, we use two kinds of analyses. First, we evaluate the encoder pre-trained on the different vision-and-language tasks on an existing {``}diagnostic task{''} designed to assess multimodal semantic understanding. Second, we carry out a battery of analyses aimed at studying how the encoder merges and exploits the two modalities.",
}
@inproceedings{leonandya-etal-2019-fast,
    title = "The Fast and the Flexible: Training Neural Networks to Learn to Follow Instructions from Small Data",
    author = "Leonandya, Rezka  and
      Hupkes, Dieuwke  and
      Bruni, Elia  and
      Kruszewski, Germ{\'a}n",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0419",
    pages = "223--234",
    abstract = "Learning to follow human instructions is a long-pursued goal in artificial intelligence. The task becomes particularly challenging if no prior knowledge of the employed language is assumed while relying only on a handful of examples to learn from. Work in the past has relied on hand-coded components or manually engineered features to provide strong inductive biases that make learning in such situations possible. In contrast, here we seek to establish whether this knowledge can be acquired automatically by a neural network system through a two phase training procedure: A (slow) offline learning stage where the network learns about the general structure of the task and a (fast) online adaptation phase where the network learns the language of a new given speaker. Controlled experiments show that when the network is exposed to familiar instructions but containing novel words, the model adapts very efficiently to the new vocabulary. Moreover, even for human speakers whose language usage can depart significantly from our artificial training language, our network can still make use of its automatically acquired inductive bias to learn to follow instructions more effectively.",
}
@inproceedings{koopman-etal-2019-fast,
    title = "Fast and Discriminative Semantic Embedding",
    author = "Koopman, Rob  and
      Wang, Shenghui  and
      Englebienne, Gwenn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0420",
    pages = "235--246",
    abstract = "The embedding of words and documents in compact, semantically meaningful vector spaces is a crucial part of modern information systems. Deep Learning models are powerful but their hyperparameter selection is often complex and they are expensive to train, and while pre-trained models are available, embeddings trained on general corpora are not necessarily well-suited to domain specific tasks. We propose a novel embedding method which extends random projection by weighting and projecting raw term embeddings orthogonally to an average language vector, thus improving the discriminating power of resulting term embeddings, and build more meaningful document embeddings by assigning appropriate weights to individual terms. We describe how updating the term embeddings online as we process the training data results in an extremely efficient method, in terms of both computational and memory requirements. Our experiments show highly competitive results with various state-of-the-art embedding methods on different tasks, including the standard STS benchmark and a subject prediction task, at a fraction of the computational cost.",
}
@inproceedings{hedderich-etal-2019-using,
    title = "Using Multi-Sense Vector Embeddings for Reverse Dictionaries",
    author = "Hedderich, Michael A.  and
      Yates, Andrew  and
      Klakow, Dietrich  and
      de Melo, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0421",
    pages = "247--258",
    abstract = "Popular word embedding methods such as word2vec and GloVe assign a single vector representation to each word, even if a word has multiple distinct meanings. Multi-sense embeddings instead provide different vectors for each sense of a word. However, they typically cannot serve as a drop-in replacement for conventional single-sense embeddings, because the correct sense vector needs to be selected for each word. In this work, we study the effect of multi-sense embeddings on the task of reverse dictionaries. We propose a technique to easily integrate them into an existing neural network architecture using an attention mechanism. Our experiments demonstrate that large improvements can be obtained when employing multi-sense embeddings both in the input sequence as well as for the target representation. An analysis of the sense distributions and of the learned attention is provided as well.",
}
@inproceedings{segonne-etal-2019-using,
    title = "Using {W}iktionary as a resource for {WSD} : the case of {F}rench verbs",
    author = "Segonne, Vincent  and
      Candito, Marie  and
      Crabb{\'e}, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0422",
    pages = "259--270",
    abstract = "As opposed to word sense induction, word sense disambiguation (WSD) has the advantage of us-ing interpretable senses, but requires annotated data, which are quite rare for most languages except English (Miller et al. 1993; Fellbaum, 1998). In this paper, we investigate which strategy to adopt to achieve WSD for languages lacking data that was annotated specifically for the task, focusing on the particular case of verb disambiguation in French. We first study the usability of Eurosense (Bovi et al. 2017) , a multilingual corpus extracted from Europarl (Kohen, 2005) and automatically annotated with BabelNet (Navigli and Ponzetto, 2010) senses. Such a resource opened up the way to supervised and semi-supervised WSD for resourceless languages like French. While this perspective looked promising, our evaluation on French verbs was inconclusive and showed the annotated senses{'} quality was not sufficient for supervised WSD on French verbs. Instead, we propose to use Wiktionary, a collaboratively edited, multilingual online dictionary, as a resource for WSD. Wiktionary provides both sense inventory and manually sense tagged examples which can be used to train supervised and semi-supervised WSD systems. Yet, because senses{'} distribution differ in lexicographic examples found in Wiktionary with respect to natural text, we then focus on studying the impact on WSD of the training data size and senses{'} distribution. Using state-of-the art semi-supervised systems, we report experiments of Wiktionary-based WSD for French verbs, evaluated on FrenchSemEval (FSE), a new dataset of French verbs manually annotated with wiktionary senses.",
}
@inproceedings{soler-etal-2019-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Context-sensitive Models for Lexical Substitution",
    author = "Soler, Aina Gar{\'\i}  and
      Cocos, Anne  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0423",
    pages = "271--282",
    abstract = "Word embedding representations provide good estimates of word meaning and give state-of-the art performance in semantic tasks. Embedding approaches differ as to whether and how they account for the context surrounding a word. We present a comparison of different word and context representations on the task of proposing substitutes for a target word in context (lexical substitution). We also experiment with tuning contextualized word embeddings on a dataset of sense-specific instances for each target word. We show that powerful contextualized word representations, which give high performance in several semantics-related tasks, deal less well with the subtle in-context similarity relationships needed for substitution. This is better handled by models trained with this objective in mind, where the inter-dependence between word and context representations is explicitly modeled during training.",
}
@inproceedings{schlangen-2019-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Semantics With Pictures: Some Language {\&} Vision Datasets and Potential Uses for Computational Semantics",
    author = "Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0424",
    pages = "283--294",
    abstract = "Propelling, and propelled by, the {``}deep learning revolution{''}, recent years have seen the introduction of ever larger corpora of images annotated with natural language expressions. We survey some of these corpora, taking a perspective that reverses the usual directionality, as it were, by viewing the images as semantic annotation of the natural language expressions. We discuss datasets that can be derived from the corpora, and tasks of potential interest for computational semanticists that can be defined on those. In this, we make use of relations provided by the corpora (namely, the link between expression and image, and that between two expressions linked to the same image) and relations that we can add (similarity relations between expressions, or between images). Specifically, we show that in this way we can create data that can be used to learn and evaluate lexical and compositional grounded semantics, and we show that the {``}linked to same image{''} relation tracks a semantic implication relation that is recognisable to annotators even in the absence of the linking image as evidence. Finally, as an example of possible benefits of this approach, we show that an exemplar-model-based approach to implication beats a (simple) distributional space-based one on some derived datasets, while lending itself to explainability.",
}
@inproceedings{sikos-pado-2019-frame,
    title = "Frame Identification as Categorization: Exemplars vs Prototypes in Embeddingland",
    author = "Sikos, Jennifer  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0425",
    pages = "295--306",
    abstract = "Categorization is a central capability of human cognition, and a number of theories have been developed to account for properties of categorization. Even though many tasks in semantics also involve categorization of some kind, theories of categorization do not play a major role in contemporary research in computational linguistics. This paper follows the idea that embedding-based models of semantics lend themselves well to being formulated in terms of classical categorization theories. The benefit is a space of model families that enables (a) the formulation of hypotheses about the impact of major design decisions, and (b) a transparent assessment of these decisions. We instantiate this idea on the task of frame-semantic frame identification. We define four models that cross two design variables: (a) the choice of prototype vs. exemplar categorization, corresponding to different degrees of generalization applied to the input; and (b) the presence vs. absence of a fine-tuning step, corresponding to generic vs. task-adaptive categorization. We find that for frame identification, generalization and task-adaptive categorization both yield substantial benefits. Our prototype-based, fine-tuned model, which combines the best choices for these variables, establishes a new state of the art in frame identification.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-international-semantics-short,
    title = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Short Papers",
    author = "Dobnik, Simon  and
      Chatzikyriakidis, Stergios  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0500",
}
@inproceedings{mcgregor-jezek-2019-distributional,
    title = "A Distributional Model of Affordances in Semantic Type Coercion",
    author = "McGregor, Stephen  and
      Jezek, Elisabetta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Short Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0501",
    pages = "1--7",
    abstract = "We explore a novel application for interpreting semantic type coercions, motivated by insight into the role that perceptual affordances play in the selection of the semantic roles of artefactual nouns which are observed as arguments for verbs which would stereotypically select for objects of a different type. In order to simulate affordances, which we take to be direct perceptions of context-specific opportunities for action, we preform a distributional analysis dependency relationships between target words and their modifiers and adjuncts. We use these relationships as the basis for generating on-line transformations which project semantic subspaces in which the interpretations of coercive compositions are expected to emerge as salient word-vectors. We offer some preliminary examples of how this model operates on a dataset of sentences involving coercive interactions between verbs and objects specifically designed to evaluate this work.",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2019-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Inference with Monotonicity",
    author = "Hu, Hai  and
      Chen, Qi  and
      Moss, Larry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Short Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0502",
    pages = "8--15",
    abstract = "This paper describes a working system which performs natural language inference using polarity-marked parse trees. The system handles all of the instances of monotonicity inference in the FraCaS data set. Except for the initial parse, it is entirely deterministic. It handles multi-premise arguments, and the kind of inference performed is essentially {``}logical{''}, but it goes beyond what is representable in first-order logic. In any case, the system works on surface forms rather than on representations of any kind.",
}
@inproceedings{kuzmenko-herbelot-2019-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Semantics in the Real World: Building Word Vector Representations from a Truth-Theoretic Model",
    author = "Kuzmenko, Elizaveta  and
      Herbelot, Aur{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Short Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0503",
    pages = "16--23",
    abstract = "Distributional semantics models (DSMs) are known to produce excellent representations of word meaning, which correlate with a range of behavioural data. As lexical representations, they have been said to be fundamentally different from truth-theoretic models of semantics, where meaning is defined as a correspondence relation to the world. There are two main aspects to this difference: a) DSMs are built over corpus data which may or may not reflect {`}what is in the world{'}; b) they are built from word co-occurrences, that is, from lexical types rather than entities and sets. In this paper, we inspect the properties of a distributional model built over a set-theoretic approximation of {`}the real world{'}. To achieve this, we take the annotation a large database of images marked with objects, attributes and relations, convert the data into a representation akin to first-order logic and build several distributional models using various combinations of features. We evaluate those models over both relatedness and similarity datasets, demonstrating their effectiveness in standard evaluations. This allows us to conclude that, despite prior claims, truth-theoretic models are good candidates for building graded lexical representations of meaning.",
}
@inproceedings{van-noord-etal-2019-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Information in Neural Semantic Parsing with Multiple Encoders",
    author = "van Noord, Rik  and
      Toral, Antonio  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Short Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0504",
    pages = "24--31",
    abstract = "Recently, sequence-to-sequence models have achieved impressive performance on a number of semantic parsing tasks. However, they often do not exploit available linguistic resources, while these, when employed correctly, are likely to increase performance even further. Research in neural machine translation has shown that employing this information has a lot of potential, especially when using a multi-encoder setup. We employ a range of semantic and syntactic resources to improve performance for the task of Discourse Representation Structure Parsing. We show that (i) linguistic features can be beneficial for neural semantic parsing and (ii) the best method of adding these features is by using multiple encoders.",
}
@inproceedings{diller-etal-2019-making,
    title = "Making Sense of Conflicting (Defeasible) Rules in the Controlled Natural Language {ACE}: Design of a System with Support for Existential Quantification Using Skolemization",
    author = "Diller, Martin  and
      Wyner, Adam  and
      Strass, Hannes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Short Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0505",
    pages = "32--37",
    abstract = "We present the design of a system for making sense of conflicting rules expressed in a fragment of the prominent controlled natural language ACE, yet extended with means of expressing defeasible rules in the form of normality assumptions. The approach we describe is ultimately based on answer-set-programming (ASP); simulating existential quantification by using skolemization in a manner resembling a translation for ASP recently formalized in the context of ∃-ASP. We discuss the advantages of this approach to building on the existing ACE interface to rule-systems, ACERules.",
}
@inproceedings{frassinelli-schulte-im-walde-2019-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Interaction of Concreteness and Abstractness in Verb{--}Noun Subcategorisation",
    author = "Frassinelli, Diego  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Short Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0506",
    pages = "38--43",
    abstract = "In recent years, both cognitive and computational research has provided empirical analyses of contextual co-occurrence of concrete and abstract words, partially resulting in inconsistent pictures. In this work we provide a more fine-grained description of the distributional nature in the corpus- based interaction of verbs and nouns within subcategorisation, by investigating the concreteness of verbs and nouns that are in a specific syntactic relationship with each other, i.e., subject, direct object, and prepositional object. Overall, our experiments show consistent patterns in the distributional representation of subcategorising and subcategorised concrete and abstract words. At the same time, the studies reveal empirical evidence why contextual abstractness represents a valuable indicator for automatic non-literal language identification.",
}
@inproceedings{krishnaswamy-pustejovsky-2019-generating,
    title = "Generating a Novel Dataset of Multimodal Referring Expressions",
    author = "Krishnaswamy, Nikhil  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Short Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0507",
    pages = "44--51",
    abstract = "Referring expressions and definite descriptions of objects in space exploit information both about object characteristics and locations. To resolve potential ambiguity, referencing strategies in language can rely on increasingly abstract concepts to distinguish an object in a given location from similar ones elsewhere, yet the description of the intended location may still be imprecise or difficult to interpret. Meanwhile, modalities such as gesture may communicate spatial information such as locations in a more concise manner. In real peer-to-peer communication, humans use language and gesture together to reference entities, with a capacity for mixing and changing modalities where needed. While recent progress in AI and human-computer interaction has created systems where a human can interact with a computer multimodally, computers often lack the capacity to intelligently mix modalities when generating referring expressions. We present a novel dataset of referring expressions combining natural language and gesture, describe its creation and evaluation, and its uses to train computational models for generating and interpreting multimodal referring expressions.",
}
@inproceedings{silva-amarathunga-2019-learning,
    title = "On Learning Word Embeddings From Linguistically Augmented Text Corpora",
    author = "Silva, Amila  and
      Amarathunga, Chathurika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Short Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0508",
    pages = "52--58",
    abstract = "Word embedding is a technique in Natural Language Processing (NLP) to map words into vector space representations. Since it has boosted the performance of many NLP downstream tasks, the task of learning word embeddings has been addressing significantly. Nevertheless, most of the underlying word embedding methods such as word2vec and GloVe fail to produce high-quality embeddings if the text corpus is small and sparse. This paper proposes a method to generate effective word embeddings from limited data. Through experiments, we show that our proposed model outperforms existing works for the classical word similarity task and for a domain-specific application.",
}
@inproceedings{wartena-etal-2019-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Independent Topic Detection in Rated Hospital Reviews",
    author = "Wartena, Christian  and
      Sander, Uwe  and
      Patzelt, Christiane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Short Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0509",
    pages = "59--64",
    abstract = "We present a simple method to find topics in user reviews that accompany ratings for products or services. Standard topic analysis will perform sub-optimal on such data since the word distributions in the documents are not only determined by the topics but by the sentiment as well. We reduce the influence of the sentiment on the topic selection by adding two explicit topics, representing positive and negative sentiment. We evaluate the proposed method on a set of over 15,000 hospital reviews. We show that the proposed method, Latent Semantic Analysis with explicit word features, finds topics with a much smaller bias for sentiments than other similar methods.",
}
@inproceedings{pierrejean-tanguy-2019-investigating,
    title = "Investigating the Stability of Concrete Nouns in Word Embeddings",
    author = "Pierrejean, B{\'e}n{\'e}dicte  and
      Tanguy, Ludovic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Short Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0510",
    pages = "65--70",
    abstract = "We know that word embeddings trained using neural-based methods (such as word2vec SGNS) are sensitive to stability problems and that across two models trained using the exact same set of parameters, the nearest neighbors of a word are likely to change. All words are not equally impacted by this internal instability and recent studies have investigated features influencing the stability of word embeddings. This stability can be seen as a clue for the reliability of the semantic representation of a word. In this work, we investigate the influence of the degree of concreteness of nouns on the stability of their semantic representation. We show that for English generic corpora, abstract words are more affected by stability problems than concrete words. We also found that to a certain extent, the difference between the degree of concreteness of a noun and its nearest neighbors can partly explain the stability or instability of its neighbors.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-international-semantics-student,
    title = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Student Papers",
    author = "Dobnik, Simon  and
      Chatzikyriakidis, Stergios  and
      Demberg, Vera  and
      Abu Kwaik, Kathrein  and
      Maraev, Vladislav",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0600",
}
@inproceedings{lai-pustejovsky-2019-dynamic,
    title = "A Dynamic Semantics for Causal Counterfactuals",
    author = "Lai, Kenneth  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Student Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0601",
    pages = "1--8",
    abstract = "Under the standard approach to counterfactuals, to determine the meaning of a counterfactual sentence, we consider the {``}closest{''} possible world(s) where the antecedent is true, and evaluate the consequent. Building on the standard approach, some researchers have found that the set of worlds to be considered is dependent on context; it evolves with the discourse. Others have focused on how to define the {``}distance{''} between possible worlds, using ideas from causal modeling. This paper integrates the two ideas. We present a semantics for counterfactuals that uses a distance measure based on causal laws, that can also change over time. We show how our semantics can be implemented in the Haskell programming language.",
}
@inproceedings{utescher-2019-visual,
    title = "Visual {TTR} - Modelling Visual Question Answering in Type Theory with Records",
    author = "Utescher, Ronja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Student Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0602",
    pages = "9--14",
    abstract = "In this paper, I will describe a system that was developed for the task of Visual Question Answering. The system uses the rich type universe of Type Theory with Records (TTR) to model both the utterances about the image, the image itself and classifications made related to the two. At its most basic, the decision of whether any given predicate can be assigned to an object in the image is delegated to a CNN. Consequently, images can be judged as evidence for propositions. The end result is a model whose application of perceptual classifiers to a given image is guided by the accompanying utterance.",
}
@inproceedings{kershaw-bober-2019-lexical,
    title = "The Lexical Gap: An Improved Measure of Automated Image Description Quality",
    author = "Kershaw, Austin  and
      Bober, Miroslaw",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Student Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0603",
    pages = "15--23",
    abstract = "The challenge of automatically describing images and videos has stimulated much research in Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing. In order to test the semantic abilities of new algorithms, we need reliable and objective ways of measuring progress. We show that standard evaluation measures do not take into account the semantic richness of a description, and give the impression that sparse machine descriptions outperform rich human descriptions. We introduce and test a new measure of semantic ability based on relative lexical diversity. We show how our measure can work alongside existing measures to achieve state of the art correlation with human judgement of quality. We also introduce a new dataset: Rich-Sparse Descriptions, which provides 2K human and machine descriptions to stimulate interest into the semantic evaluation of machine descriptions.",
}
@inproceedings{kapustin-kapustin-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling language constructs with fuzzy sets: some approaches, examples and interpretations",
    author = "Kapustin, Pavlo  and
      Kapustin, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Student Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0604",
    pages = "24--33",
    abstract = "We present and discuss a couple of approaches, including different types of projections, and some examples, discussing the use of fuzzy sets for modeling meaning of certain types of language constructs. We are mostly focusing on words other than adjectives and linguistic hedges as these categories are the most studied from before. We discuss logical and linguistic interpretations of membership functions. We argue that using fuzzy sets for modeling meaning of words and other natural language constructs, along with situations described with natural language is interesting both from purely linguistic perspective, and also as a knowledge representation for problems of computational linguistics and natural language processing.",
}
@inproceedings{savle-etal-2019-topological,
    title = "Topological Data Analysis for Discourse Semantics?",
    author = "Savle, Ketki  and
      Zadrozny, Wlodek  and
      Lee, Minwoo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Student Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0605",
    pages = "34--43",
    abstract = "In this paper we present new results on applying topological data analysis to discourse structures. We show that topological information, extracted from the relationships between sentences can be used in inference, namely it can be applied to the very difficult legal entailment given in the COLIEE 2018 data set. Previous results of Doshi and Zadrozny (2018) and Gholizadeh et al. (2018) show that topological features are useful for classification. The applications of computational topology to entailment are novel in our view provide a new set of tools for discourse semantics: computational topology can perhaps provide a bridge between the brittleness of logic and the regression of neural networks. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using topological information, and some open problems such as explainability of the classifier decisions.",
}
@inproceedings{alhoshan-etal-2019-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Frame Embeddings for Detecting Relations between Software Requirements",
    author = "Alhoshan, Waad  and
      Batista-Navarro, Riza  and
      Zhao, Liping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Student Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0606",
    pages = "44--51",
    abstract = "The early phases of requirements engineering (RE) deal with a vast amount of software requirements (i.e., requirements that define characteristics of software systems), which are typically expressed in natural language. Analysing such unstructured requirements, usually obtained from users{'} inputs, is considered a challenging task due to the inherent ambiguity and inconsistency of natural language. To support such a task, methods based on natural language processing (NLP) can be employed. One of the more recent advances in NLP is the use of word embeddings for capturing contextual information, which can then be applied in word analogy tasks. In this paper, we describe a new resource, i.e., embedding-based representations of semantic frames in FrameNet, which was developed to support the detection of relations between software requirements. Our embeddings, which encapsulate contextual information at the semantic frame level, were trained on a large corpus of requirements (i.e., a collection of more than three million mobile application reviews). The similarity between these frame embeddings is then used as a basis for detecting semantic relatedness between software requirements. Compared with existing resources underpinned by word-level embeddings alone, and frame embeddings built upon pre-trained vectors, our proposed frame embeddings obtained better performance against judgements of an RE expert. These encouraging results demonstrate the strong potential of the resource in supporting RE analysis tasks (e.g., traceability), which we plan to investigate as part of our future work.",
}
@inproceedings{gyllensten-etal-2019-r,
    title = "R-grams: Unsupervised Learning of Semantic Units in Natural Language",
    author = "Gyllensten, Amaru Cuba  and
      Ekgren, Ariel  and
      Sahlgren, Magnus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Student Papers",
    month = "23{--}27 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0607",
    pages = "52--62",
    abstract = "This paper investigates data-driven segmentation using Re-Pair or Byte Pair Encoding-techniques. In contrast to previous work which has primarily been focused on subword units for machine translation, we are interested in the general properties of such segments above the word level. We call these segments r-grams, and discuss their properties and the effect they have on the token frequency distribution. The proposed approach is evaluated by demonstrating its viability in embedding techniques, both in monolingual and multilingual test settings. We also provide a number of qualitative examples of the proposed methodology, demonstrating its viability as a language-invariant segmentation procedure.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-relations,
    title = "{RELATIONS} - Workshop on meaning relations between phrases and sentences",
    author = "Kovatchev, Venelin  and
      Gold, Darina  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    month = "23 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0800",
}
@inproceedings{becker-etal-2019-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Difficulty of Classifying {C}oncept{N}et Relations in a Multi-Label Classification Setting",
    author = "Becker, Maria  and
      Staniek, Michael  and
      Nastase, Vivi  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "{RELATIONS} - Workshop on meaning relations between phrases and sentences",
    month = "23 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0801",
    abstract = "Commonsense knowledge relations are crucial for advanced NLU tasks. We examine the learnability of such relations as represented in ConceptNet, taking into account their specific properties, which can make relation classification difficult: a given concept pair can be linked by multiple relation types, and relations can have multi-word arguments of diverse semantic types. We explore a neural open world multi-label classification approach that focuses on the evaluation of classification accuracy for individual relations. Based on an in-depth study of the specific properties of the ConceptNet resource, we investigate the impact of different relation representations and model variations. Our analysis reveals that the complexity of argument types and relation ambiguity are the most important challenges to address. We design a customized evaluation method to address the incompleteness of the resource that can be expanded in future work.",
}
@inproceedings{khairova-etal-2019-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Collocations Similarity via Logical-Linguistic Model",
    author = "Khairova, Nina  and
      Petrasova, Svitlana  and
      Mamyrbayev, Orken  and
      Mukhsina, Kuralay",
    booktitle = "{RELATIONS} - Workshop on meaning relations between phrases and sentences",
    month = "23 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0802",
    abstract = "Semantic similarity between collocations, along with words similarity, is one of the main issues of NLP, which must be addressed, in particular, in order to facilitate the automatic thesaurus generation. In the paper, we consider the logical-linguistic model that allows defining the relation of semantic similarity of collocations via the logical-algebraic equations. We provide the model for English, Ukrainian and Russian text corpora. The implementation for each language is slightly different in the equations of the finite predicates algebra and used linguistic resources. As a dataset for our experiment, we use 5801 pairs of sentences of Microsoft Research Paraphrase Corpus for English and more than 1 000 texts of scientific papers for Russian and Ukrainian.",
}
@inproceedings{josi-etal-2019-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Paraphrases of Standard Clause Titles in Insurance Contracts",
    author = "Josi, Frieda  and
      Wartena, Christian  and
      Heid, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "{RELATIONS} - Workshop on meaning relations between phrases and sentences",
    month = "23 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0803",
    abstract = "For the analysis of contract texts, validated model texts, such as model clauses, can be used to identify reused contract clauses. This paper investigates how to calculate the similarity between titles of model clauses and headings extracted from contracts, and which similarity measure is most suitable for this. For the calculation of the similarities between title pairs we tested various variants of string similarity and token based similarity. We also compare two more semantic similarity measures based on word embeddings using pretrained embeddings and word embeddings trained on contract texts. The identification of the model clause title can be used as a starting point for the mapping of clauses found in contracts to verified clauses.",
}
@inproceedings{mueller-2019-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Matching of Documents from Heterogeneous Collections: A Simple and Transparent Method for Practical Applications",
    author = "Mueller, Mark-Christoph",
    booktitle = "{RELATIONS} - Workshop on meaning relations between phrases and sentences",
    month = "23 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0804",
    abstract = "We present a very simple, unsupervised method for the pairwise matching of documents from heterogeneous collections. We demonstrate our method with the Concept-Project matching task, which is a binary classification task involving pairs of documents from heterogeneous collections. Although our method only employs standard resources without any domain- or task-specific modifications, it clearly outperforms the more complex system of the original authors. In addition, our method is transparent, because it provides explicit information about how a similarity score was computed, and efficient, because it is based on the aggregation of (pre-computable) word-level similarities.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-iwcs,
    title = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} Workshop Vector Semantics for Discourse and Dialogue",
    author = "Sadrzadeh, Mehrnoosh  and
      Purver, Matthew  and
      Eshghi, Arash  and
      Hough, Julian  and
      Kempson, Ruth  and
      Healey, Patrick G. T.",
    month = "24 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-0900",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-iwcs-2019,
    title = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2019 Workshop on Computing Semantics with Types, Frames and Related Structures",
    author = "Osswald, Rainer  and
      Retor{\'e}, Christian  and
      Sutton, Peter",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1000",
}
@inproceedings{kubota-etal-2019-underspecification,
    title = "Underspecification and interpretive parallelism in Dependent Type Semantics",
    author = "Kubota, Yusuke  and
      Mineshima, Koji  and
      Levine, Robert  and
      Bekki, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2019 Workshop on Computing Semantics with Types, Frames and Related Structures",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{pezlar-2019-translating,
    title = "Translating a Fragment of Natural Deduction System for Natural Language into Modern Type Theory",
    author = "Pezlar, Ivo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2019 Workshop on Computing Semantics with Types, Frames and Related Structures",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1002",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{seyffarth-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the Induced Action Alternation and the Caused-Motion Construction with Tree Adjoining Grammar ({TAG}) and Semantic Frames",
    author = "Seyffarth, Esther",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2019 Workshop on Computing Semantics with Types, Frames and Related Structures",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1003",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{bellingham-2019-complex,
    title = "Complex event representation in a typed feature structure implementation of Role and Reference Grammar",
    author = "Bellingham, Erika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2019 Workshop on Computing Semantics with Types, Frames and Related Structures",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1004",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@inproceedings{loukanova-2019-computational,
    title = "Computational Syntax-Semantics Interface with Type-Theory of Acyclic Recursion for Underspecified Semantics",
    author = "Loukanova, Roussanka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2019 Workshop on Computing Semantics with Types, Frames and Related Structures",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1005",
    pages = "37--48",
}
@inproceedings{kapustin-kapustin-2019-modeling-language,
    title = "Modeling language constructs with compatibility intervals",
    author = "Kapustin, Pavlo  and
      Kapustin, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2019 Workshop on Computing Semantics with Types, Frames and Related Structures",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1006",
    pages = "49--54",
}
@inproceedings{matsson-etal-2019-imagettr,
    title = "{I}mage{TTR}: Grounding Type Theory with Records in Image Classification for Visual Question Answering",
    author = "Matsson, Arild  and
      Dobnik, Simon  and
      Larsson, Staffan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2019 Workshop on Computing Semantics with Types, Frames and Related Structures",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1007",
    pages = "55--64",
}
@inproceedings{maguire-2019-enthymemetic-conditionals,
    title = "Enthymemetic Conditionals: Topoi as a guide for acceptability",
    author = "Maguire, Eimear",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} 2019 Workshop on Computing Semantics with Types, Frames and Related Structures",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1008",
    pages = "65--74",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Natural Language and Computer Science",
    author = "Cooper, Robin  and
      de Paiva, Valeria  and
      Moss, Lawrence S.",
    month = "24 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1100",
}
@inproceedings{lucking-etal-2019-distribution,
    title = "Distribution is not enough: going Firther",
    author = {L{\"u}cking, Andy  and
      Cooper, Robin  and
      Larsson, Staffan  and
      Ginzburg, Jonathan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Natural Language and Computer Science",
    month = "24 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1101",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "Much work in contemporary computational semantics follows the distributional hypothesis (DH), which is understood as an approach to semantics according to which the meaning of a word is a function of its distribution over contexts which is represented as vectors (word embeddings) within a multi-dimensional semantic space. In practice, use is identified with occurrence in text corpora, though there are some efforts to use corpora containing multi-modal information. In this paper we argue that the distributional hypothesis is intrinsically misguided as a self-supporting basis for semantics, as Firth was entirely aware. We mention philosophical arguments concerning the lack of normativity within DH data. Furthermore, we point out the shortcomings of DH as a model of learning, by discussing a variety of linguistic classes that cannot be learnt on a distributional basis, including indexicals, proper names, and wh-phrases. Instead of pursuing DH, we sketch an account of the problematic learning cases by integrating a rich, Firthian notion of dialogue context with interactive learning in signalling games backed by in probabilistic Type Theory with Records. We conclude that the success of the DH in computational semantics rests on a post hoc effect: DS presupposes a referential semantics on the basis of which utterances can be produced, comprehended and analysed in the first place.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2019-towards,
    title = "Towards Natural Language Story Understanding with Rich Logical Schemas",
    author = "Kim, Gene Louis  and
      Lawley, Lane  and
      Schubert, Lenhart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Natural Language and Computer Science",
    month = "24 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1102",
    pages = "11--22",
    abstract = "Generating {``}commonsense{'}{'} knowledge for intelligent understanding and reasoning is a difficult, long-standing problem, whose scale challenges the capacity of any approach driven primarily by human input. Furthermore, approaches based on mining statistically repetitive patterns fail to produce the rich representations humans acquire, and fall far short of human efficiency in inducing knowledge from text. The idea of our approach to this problem is to provide a learning system with a {``}head start{''} consisting of a semantic parser, some basic ontological knowledge, and most importantly, a small set of very general schemas about the kinds of patterns of events (often purposive, causal, or socially conventional) that even a one- or two-year-old could reasonably be presumed to possess. We match these initial schemas to simple children{'}s stories, obtaining concrete instances, and combining and abstracting these into new candidate schemas. Both the initial and generated schemas are specified using a rich, expressive logical form. While modern approaches to schema reasoning often only use slot-and-filler structures, this logical form allows us to specify complex relations and constraints over the slots. Though formal, the representations are language-like, and as such readily relatable to NL text. The agents, objects, and other roles in the schemas are represented by typed variables, and the event variables can be related through partial temporal ordering and causal relations. To match natural language stories with existing schemas, we first parse the stories into an underspecified variant of the logical form used by the schemas, which is suitable for most concrete stories. We include a walkthrough of matching a children{'}s story to these schemas and generating inferences from these matches.",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-2019-questions,
    title = "Questions in Dependent Type Semantics",
    author = "Watanabe, Kazuki  and
      Mineshima, Koji  and
      Bekki, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Natural Language and Computer Science",
    month = "24 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1103",
    pages = "23--33",
    abstract = "Dependent Type Semantics (DTS; Bekki and Mineshima, 2017) is a proof-theoretic compositional dynamic semantics based on Dependent Type Theory. The semantic representations for declarative sentences in DTS are types, based on the propositions-as-types paradigm. While type-theoretic semantics for natural language based on dependent type theory has been developed by many authors, how to assign semantic representations to interrogative sentences has been a non-trivial problem. In this study, we show how to provide the semantics of interrogative sentences in DTS. The basic idea is to assign the same type to both declarative sentences and interrogative sentences, partly building on the recent proposal in Inquisitive Semantics. We use Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) as a syntactic component of DTS and implement our compositional semantics for interrogative sentences using ccg2lambda, a semantic parsing platform based on CCG. Based on the idea that the relationship between questions and answers can be formulated as the task of Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE), we implement our inference system using proof assistant Coq and show that our system can deal with a wide range of question-answer relationships discussed in the formal semantics literature, including those with polar questions, alternative questions, and wh-questions.",
}
@inproceedings{burke-2019-monads,
    title = "Monads for hyperintensionality? A situation semantics for hyperintensional side effects",
    author = "Burke, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Natural Language and Computer Science",
    month = "24 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1104",
    pages = "34--43",
    abstract = "We outline a hyperintensional situation semantics in which hyperintensionality is modelled as a {`}side effect{'}, as this term has been understood in natural language semantics and in functional programming. We use monads from category theory in order to {`}upgrade{'} an ordinary intensional semantics to a possible hyperintensional counterpart.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-iwcs-shared,
    title = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} Shared Task on Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Abzianidze, Lasha  and
      van Noord, Rik  and
      Haagsma, Hessel  and
      Bos, Johan",
    month = "23 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1200",
}
@inproceedings{abzianidze-etal-2019-first,
    title = "The First Shared Task on Discourse Representation Structure Parsing",
    author = "Abzianidze, Lasha  and
      van Noord, Rik  and
      Haagsma, Hessel  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} Shared Task on Semantic Parsing",
    month = "23 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1201",
    abstract = "The paper presents the IWCS 2019 shared task on semantic parsing where the goal is to produce Discourse Representation Structures (DRSs) for English sentences. DRSs originate from Discourse Representation Theory and represent scoped meaning representations that capture the semantics of negation, modals, quantification, and presupposition triggers. Additionally, concepts and event-participants in DRSs are described with WordNet synsets and the thematic roles from VerbNet. To measure similarity between two DRSs, they are represented in a clausal form, i.e. as a set of tuples. Participant systems were expected to produce DRSs in this clausal form. Taking into account the rich lexical information, explicit scope marking, a high number of shared variables among clauses, and highly-constrained format of valid DRSs, all these makes the DRS parsing a challenging NLP task. The results of the shared task displayed improvements over the existing state-of-the-art parser.",
}
@inproceedings{evang-2019-transition,
    title = "Transition-based {DRS} Parsing Using Stack-{LSTM}s",
    author = "Evang, Kilian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} Shared Task on Semantic Parsing",
    month = "23 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1202",
    abstract = "We present our submission to the IWCS 2019 shared task on semantic parsing, a transition-based parser that uses explicit word-meaning pairings, but no explicit representation of syntax. Parsing decisions are made based on vector representations of parser states, encoded via stack-LSTMs (Ballesteros et al., 2017), as well as some heuristic rules. Our system reaches 70.88{\%} f-score in the competition.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Representation Structure Parsing with Recurrent Neural Networks and the Transformer Model",
    author = "Liu, Jiangming  and
      Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} Shared Task on Semantic Parsing",
    month = "23 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1203",
    abstract = "We describe the systems we developed for Discourse Representation Structure (DRS) parsing as part of the IWCS-2019 Shared Task of DRS Parsing.1 Our systems are based on sequence-to- sequence modeling. To implement our model, we use the open-source neural machine translation system implemented in PyTorch, OpenNMT-py. We experimented with a variety of encoder-decoder models based on recurrent neural networks and the Transformer model. We conduct experiments on the standard benchmark of the Parallel Meaning Bank (PMB 2.2). Our best system achieves a score of 84.8{\%} F1 in the DRS parsing shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{van-noord-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Boxer at the {IWCS} Shared Task on {DRS} Parsing",
    author = "van Noord, Rik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {IWCS} Shared Task on Semantic Parsing",
    month = "23 " # may,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1204",
    abstract = "This paper describes our participation in the shared task of Discourse Representation Structure parsing. It follows the work of Van Noord et al. (2018), who employed a neural sequence-to-sequence model to produce DRSs, also exploiting linguistic information with multiple encoders. We provide a detailed look in the performance of this model and show that (i) the benefit of the linguistic features is evident across a number of experiments which vary the amount of training data and (ii) the model can be improved by applying a number of postprocessing methods to fix ill-formed output. Our model ended up in second place in the competition, with an F-score of 84.5.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-approaches,
    title = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    author = "Balahur, Alexandra  and
      Klinger, Roman  and
      Hoste, Veronique  and
      Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Clercq, Orphee De",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1300",
}
@inproceedings{sane-etal-2019-stance,
    title = "Stance Detection in Code-Mixed {H}indi-{E}nglish Social Media Data using Multi-Task Learning",
    author = "Sane, Sushmitha Reddy  and
      Tripathi, Suraj  and
      Sane, Koushik Reddy  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1301",
    pages = "1--5",
    abstract = "Social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, and other microblogging forums have emerged as a platform for people to express their opinions and views on different issues and events. It is often observed that people tend to take a stance; in favor, against or neutral towards a particular topic. The task of assessing the stance taken by the individual became significantly important with the emergence in the usage of online social platforms. Automatic stance detection system understands the user{'}s stance by analyzing the standalone texts against a target entity. Due to the limited contextual information a single sentence provides, it is challenging to solve this task effectively. In this paper, we introduce a Multi-Task Learning (MTL) based deep neural network architecture for automatically detecting stance present in the code-mixed corpus. We apply our approach on Hindi-English code-mixed corpus against the target entity - {``}Demonetisation.{''} Our best model achieved the result with a stance prediction accuracy of 63.2{\%} which is a 4.5{\%} overall accuracy improvement compared to the current supervised classification systems developed using the benchmark dataset for code-mixed data stance detection.",
}
@inproceedings{yin-etal-2019-soft,
    title = "A Soft Label Strategy for Target-Level Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Yin, Da  and
      Liu, Xiao  and
      Wu, Xiuyu  and
      Chang, Baobao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1302",
    pages = "6--15",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a soft label approach to target-level sentiment classification task, in which a history-based soft labeling model is proposed to measure the possibility of a context word as an opinion word. We also apply a convolution layer to extract local active features, and introduce positional weights to take relative distance information into consideration. In addition, we obtain more informative target representation by training with context tokens together to make deeper interaction between target and context tokens. We conduct experiments on SemEval 2014 datasets and the experimental results show that our approach significantly outperforms previous models and gives state-of-the-art results on these datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2019-online,
    title = "Online abuse detection: the value of preprocessing and neural attention models",
    author = "Kumar, Dhruv  and
      Cohen, Robin  and
      Golab, Lukasz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1303",
    pages = "16--24",
    abstract = "We propose an attention-based neural network approach to detect abusive speech in online social networks. Our approach enables more effective modeling of context and the semantic relationships between words. We also empirically evaluate the value of text pre-processing techniques in addressing the challenge of out-of-vocabulary words in toxic content. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments on the Wikipedia Talk page datasets, showing improved predictive power over the previous state-of-the-art.",
}
@inproceedings{bostan-klinger-2019-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Fine-Tuned Embeddings that Model Intensifiers for Emotion Analysis",
    author = "Bostan, Laura Ana Maria  and
      Klinger, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1304",
    pages = "25--34",
    abstract = "Adjective phrases like {``}a little bit surprised{''}, {``}completely shocked{''}, or {``}not stunned at all{''} are not handled properly by current state-ofthe- art emotion classification and intensity prediction systems. Based on this finding, we analyze differences between embeddings used by these systems in regard to their capability of handling such cases and argue that intensifiers in context of emotion words need special treatment, as is established for sentiment polarity classification, but not for more fine-grained emotion prediction. To resolve this issue, we analyze different aspects of a post-processing pipeline which enriches the word representations of such phrases. This includes expansion of semantic spaces at the phrase level and sub-word level followed by retrofitting to emotion lexicons. We evaluate the impact of these steps with {`}A La Carte and Bag-of-Substrings extensions based on pretrained GloVe,Word2vec, and fastText embeddings against a crowd-sourced corpus of intensity annotations for tweets containing our focus phrases. We show that the fastText-based models do not gain from handling these specific phrases under inspection. For Word2vec embeddings, we show that our post-processing pipeline improves the results by up to 8{\%} on a novel dataset densly populated with intensifiers while it does not decrease the performance on the established EmoInt dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{rezapour-etal-2019-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing the Measurement of Social Effects by Capturing Morality",
    author = "Rezapour, Rezvaneh  and
      Shah, Saumil H.  and
      Diesner, Jana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1305",
    pages = "35--45",
    abstract = "We investigate the relationship between basic principles of human morality and the expression of opinions in user-generated text data. We assume that people{'}s backgrounds, culture, and values are associated with their perceptions and expressions of everyday topics, and that people{'}s language use reflects these perceptions. While personal values and social effects are abstract and complex concepts, they have practical implications and are relevant for a wide range of NLP applications. To extract human values (in this paper, morality) and measure social effects (morality and stance), we empirically evaluate the usage of a morality lexicon that we expanded via a quality controlled, human in the loop process. As a result, we enhanced the Moral Foundations Dictionary in size (from 324 to 4,636 syntactically disambiguated entries) and scope. We used both lexica for feature-based and deep learning classification (SVM, RF, and LSTM) to test their usefulness for measuring social effects. We find that the enhancement of the original lexicon led to measurable improvements in prediction accuracy for the selected NLP tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{misra-etal-2019-using,
    title = "Using Structured Representation and Data: A Hybrid Model for Negation and Sentiment in Customer Service Conversations",
    author = "Misra, Amita  and
      Bhuiyan, Mansurul  and
      Mahmud, Jalal  and
      Tripathy, Saurabh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1306",
    pages = "46--56",
    abstract = "Twitter customer service interactions have recently emerged as an effective platform to respond and engage with customers. In this work, we explore the role of {''}negation{''} in customer service interactions, particularly applied to sentiment analysis. We define rules to identify true negation cues and scope more suited to conversational data than existing general review data. Using semantic knowledge and syntactic structure from constituency parse trees, we propose an algorithm for scope detection that performs comparable to state of the art BiLSTM. We further investigate the results of negation scope detection for the sentiment prediction task on customer service conversation data using both a traditional SVM and a Neural Network. We propose an antonym dictionary based method for negation applied to a combination CNN-LSTM for sentiment analysis. Experimental results show that the antonym-based method outperforms the previous lexicon-based and Neural Network methods.",
}
@inproceedings{sane-etal-2019-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning Techniques for Humor Detection in {H}indi-{E}nglish Code-Mixed Tweets",
    author = "Sane, Sushmitha Reddy  and
      Tripathi, Suraj  and
      Sane, Koushik Reddy  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1307",
    pages = "57--61",
    abstract = "We propose bilingual word embeddings based on word2vec and fastText models (CBOW and Skip-gram) to address the problem of Humor detection in Hindi-English code-mixed tweets in combination with deep learning architectures. We focus on deep learning approaches which are not widely used on code-mixed data and analyzed their performance by experimenting with three different neural network models. We propose convolution neural network (CNN) and bidirectional long-short term memory (biLSTM) (with and without Attention) models which take the generated bilingual embeddings as input. We make use of Twitter data to create bilingual word embeddings. All our proposed architectures outperform the state-of-the-art results, and Attention-based bidirectional LSTM model achieved an accuracy of 73.6{\%} which is an increment of more than 4{\%} compared to the current state-of-the-art results.",
}
@inproceedings{fraser-etal-2019-feel,
    title = "How do we feel when a robot dies? Emotions expressed on Twitter before and after hitch{BOT}{'}s destruction",
    author = "Fraser, Kathleen C.  and
      Zeller, Frauke  and
      Smith, David Harris  and
      Mohammad, Saif  and
      Rudzicz, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1308",
    pages = "62--71",
    abstract = "In 2014, a chatty but immobile robot called hitchBOT set out to hitchhike across Canada. It similarly made its way across Germany and the Netherlands, and had begun a trip across the USA when it was destroyed by vandals. In this work, we analyze the emotions and sentiments associated with words in tweets posted before and after hitchBOT{'}s destruction to answer two questions: Were there any differences in the emotions expressed across the different countries visited by hitchBOT? And how did the public react to the demise of hitchBOT? Our analyses indicate that while there were few cross-cultural differences in sentiment towards hitchBOT, there was a significant negative emotional reaction to its destruction, suggesting that people had formed an emotional connection with hitchBOT and perceived its destruction as morally wrong. We discuss potential implications of anthropomorphism and emotional attachment to robots from the perspective of robot ethics.",
}
@inproceedings{dubey-etal-2019-numbers,
    title = "{``}When Numbers Matter!{''}: Detecting Sarcasm in Numerical Portions of Text",
    author = "Dubey, Abhijeet  and
      Kumar, Lakshya  and
      Somani, Arpan  and
      Joshi, Aditya  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1309",
    pages = "72--80",
    abstract = "Research in sarcasm detection spans almost a decade. However a particular form of sarcasm remains unexplored: sarcasm expressed through numbers, which we estimate, forms about 11{\%} of the sarcastic tweets in our dataset. The sentence {`}Love waking up at 3 am{'} is sarcastic because of the number. In this paper, we focus on detecting sarcasm in tweets arising out of numbers. Initially, to get an insight into the problem, we implement a rule-based and a statistical machine learning-based (ML) classifier. The rule-based classifier conveys the crux of the numerical sarcasm problem, namely, incongruity arising out of numbers. The statistical ML classifier uncovers the indicators i.e., features of such sarcasm. The actual system in place, however, are two deep learning (DL) models, CNN and attention network that obtains an F-score of 0.93 and 0.91 on our dataset of tweets containing numbers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first line of research investigating the phenomenon of sarcasm arising out of numbers, culminating in a detector thereof.",
}
@inproceedings{amini-etal-2019-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Subjectivity Detection for Resource Lean Languages",
    author = "Amini, Ida  and
      Karimi, Samane  and
      Shakery, Azadeh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1310",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1310",
    pages = "81--90",
    abstract = "Wide and universal changes in the web content due to the growth of web 2 applications increase the importance of user-generated content on the web. Therefore, the related research areas such as sentiment analysis, opinion mining and subjectivity detection receives much attention from the research community. Due to the diverse languages that web-users use to express their opinions and sentiments, research areas like subjectivity detection should present methods which are practicable on all languages. An important prerequisite to effectively achieve this aim is considering the limitations in resource-lean languages. In this paper, cross-lingual subjectivity detection on resource lean languages is investigated using two different approaches: a language-model based and a learning-to-rank approach. Experimental results show the impact of different factors on the performance of subjectivity detection methods using English resources to detect the subjectivity score of Persian documents. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed learning-to-rank method outperforms the baseline method in ranking documents based on their subjectivity degree.",
}
@inproceedings{hayati-muis-2019-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Incorporation of Emotion in Emoji Prediction",
    author = "Hayati, Shirley Anugrah  and
      Muis, Aldrian Obaja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1311",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1311",
    pages = "91--99",
    abstract = "In this work, we investigate the impact of incorporating emotion classes on the task of predicting emojis from Twitter texts. More specifically, we first show that there is a correlation between the emotion expressed in the text and the emoji choice of Twitter users. Based on this insight we propose a few simple methods to incorporate emotion information in traditional classifiers. Through automatic metrics, human evaluation, and error analysis, we show that the improvement obtained by incorporating emotion is significant and correlate better with human preferences compared to the baseline models. Through the human ratings that we obtained, we also argue for preference metric to better evaluate the usefulness of an emoji prediction system.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-nlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    author = {Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Ali, Ahmed},
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1400",
}
@inproceedings{zampieri-etal-2019-report,
    title = "A Report on the Third {V}ar{D}ial Evaluation Campaign",
    author = "Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Scherrer, Yves  and
      Samard{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Tanja  and
      Tyers, Francis  and
      Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Klyueva, Natalia  and
      Pan, Tung-Le  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Ionescu, Radu Tudor  and
      Butnaru, Andrei M.  and
      Jauhiainen, Tommi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1401",
    pages = "1--16",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present the findings of the Third VarDial Evaluation Campaign organized as part of the sixth edition of the workshop on Natural Language Processing (NLP) for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects (VarDial), co-located with NAACL 2019. This year, the campaign included five shared tasks, including one task re-run {--} German Dialect Identification (GDI) {--} and four new tasks {--} Cross-lingual Morphological Analysis (CMA), Discriminating between Mainland and Taiwan variation of Mandarin Chinese (DMT), Moldavian vs. Romanian Cross-dialect Topic identification (MRC), and Cuneiform Language Identification (CLI). A total of 22 teams submitted runs across the five shared tasks. After the end of the competition, we received 14 system description papers, which are published in the VarDial workshop proceedings and referred to in this report.",
}
@inproceedings{bernier-colborne-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Cuneiform Language Identification with {BERT}",
    author = "Bernier-Colborne, Gabriel  and
      Goutte, Cyril  and
      L{\'e}ger, Serge",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1402",
    pages = "17--25",
    abstract = "We describe the systems developed by the National Research Council Canada for the Cuneiform Language Identification (CLI) shared task at the 2019 VarDial evaluation campaign. We compare a state-of-the-art baseline relying on character n-grams and a traditional statistical classifier, a voting ensemble of classifiers, and a deep learning approach using a Transformer network. We describe how these systems were trained, and analyze the impact of some preprocessing and model estimation decisions. The deep neural network achieved 77{\%} accuracy on the test data, which turned out to be the best performance at the CLI evaluation, establishing a new state-of-the-art for cuneiform language identification.",
}
@inproceedings{riyadh-kondrak-2019-joint,
    title = "Joint Approach to Deromanization of Code-mixed Texts",
    author = "Riyadh, Rashed Rubby  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1403",
    pages = "26--34",
    abstract = "The conversion of romanized texts back to the native scripts is a challenging task because of the inconsistent romanization conventions and non-standard language use. This problem is compounded by code-mixing, i.e., using words from more than one language within the same discourse. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for handling these two problems together in a single system. Our approach combines three components: language identification, back-transliteration, and sequence prediction. The results of our experiments on Bengali and Hindi datasets establish the state of the art for the task of deromanization of code-mixed texts.",
}
@inproceedings{chernyak-etal-2019-char,
    title = "Char-{RNN} for Word Stress Detection in East {S}lavic Languages",
    author = "Chernyak, Ekaterina  and
      Ponomareva, Maria  and
      Milintsevich, Kirill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1404",
    pages = "35--41",
    abstract = "We explore how well a sequence labeling approach, namely, recurrent neural network, is suited for the task of resource-poor and POS tagging free word stress detection in the Russian, Ukranian, Belarusian languages. We present new datasets, annotated with the word stress, for the three languages and compare several RNN models trained on three languages and explore possible applications of the transfer learning for the task. We show that it is possible to train a model in a cross-lingual setting and that using additional languages improves the quality of the results.",
}
@inproceedings{dunn-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Global Syntactic Variation in {E}nglish Using Dialect Classification",
    author = "Dunn, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1405",
    pages = "42--53",
    abstract = "This paper evaluates global-scale dialect identification for 14 national varieties of English on both web-crawled data and Twitter data. The paper makes three main contributions: (i) introducing data-driven language mapping as a method for selecting the inventory of national varieties to include in the task; (ii) producing a large and dynamic set of syntactic features using grammar induction rather than focusing on a few hand-selected features such as function words; and (iii) comparing models across both web corpora and social media corpora in order to measure the robustness of syntactic variation across registers.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2019-language,
    title = "Language Discrimination and Transfer Learning for Similar Languages: Experiments with Feature Combinations and Adaptation",
    author = {Wu, Nianheng  and
      DeMattos, Eric  and
      So, Kwok Him  and
      Chen, Pin-zhen  and
      {\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1406",
    pages = "54--63",
    abstract = "This paper describes the work done by team tearsofjoy participating in the VarDial 2019 Evaluation Campaign. We developed two systems based on Support Vector Machines: SVM with a flat combination of features and SVM ensembles. We participated in all language/dialect identification tasks, as well as the Moldavian vs. Romanian cross-dialect topic identification (MRC) task. Our team achieved first place in German Dialect identification (GDI) and MRC subtasks 2 and 3, second place in the simplified variant of Discriminating between Mainland and Taiwan variation of Mandarin Chinese (DMT) as well as Cuneiform Language Identification (CLI), and third and fifth place in DMT traditional and MRC subtask 1 respectively. In most cases, the SVM with a flat combination of features performed better than SVM ensembles. Besides describing the systems and the results obtained by them, we provide a tentative comparison between the feature combination methods, and present additional experiments with a method of adaptation to the test set, which may indicate potential pitfalls with some of the data sets.",
}
@inproceedings{ortmann-dipper-2019-variation,
    title = "Variation between Different Discourse Types: Literate vs. Oral",
    author = "Ortmann, Katrin  and
      Dipper, Stefanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1407",
    pages = "64--79",
    abstract = "This paper deals with the automatic identification of literate and oral discourse in German texts. A range of linguistic features is selected and their role in distinguishing between literate- and oral-oriented registers is investigated, using a decision-tree classifier. It turns out that all of the investigated features are related in some way to oral conceptuality. Especially simple measures of complexity (average sentence and word length) are prominent indicators of oral and literate discourse. In addition, features of reference and deixis (realized by different types of pronouns) also prove to be very useful in determining the degree of orality of different registers.",
}
@inproceedings{myint-oo-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation between {M}yanmar ({B}urmese) and Rakhine (Arakanese)",
    author = "Myint Oo, Thazin  and
      Kyaw Thu, Ye  and
      Mar Soe, Khin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1408",
    pages = "80--88",
    abstract = "This work explores neural machine translation between Myanmar (Burmese) and Rakhine (Arakanese). Rakhine is a language closely related to Myanmar, often considered a dialect. We implemented three prominent neural machine translation (NMT) systems: recurrent neural networks (RNN), transformer, and convolutional neural networks (CNN). The systems were evaluated on a Myanmar-Rakhine parallel text corpus developed by us. In addition, two types of word segmentation schemes for word embeddings were studied: Word-BPE and Syllable-BPE segmentation. Our experimental results clearly show that the highest quality NMT and statistical machine translation (SMT) performances are obtained with Syllable-BPE segmentation for both types of translations. If we focus on NMT, we find that the transformer with Word-BPE segmentation outperforms CNN and RNN for both Myanmar-Rakhine and Rakhine-Myanmar translation. However, CNN with Syllable-BPE segmentation obtains a higher score than the RNN and transformer.",
}
@inproceedings{jauhiainen-etal-2019-language,
    title = "Language and Dialect Identification of Cuneiform Texts",
    author = "Jauhiainen, Tommi  and
      Jauhiainen, Heidi  and
      Alstola, Tero  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1409",
    pages = "89--98",
    abstract = "This article introduces a corpus of cuneiform texts from which the dataset for the use of the Cuneiform Language Identification (CLI) 2019 shared task was derived as well as some preliminary language identification experiments conducted using that corpus. We also describe the CLI dataset and how it was derived from the corpus. In addition, we provide some baseline language identification results using the CLI dataset. To the best of our knowledge, the experiments detailed here represent the first time that automatic language identification methods have been used on cuneiform data.",
}
@inproceedings{alghamdi-diab-2019-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Pretrained Word Embeddings for Part-of-Speech Tagging of Code Switching Data",
    author = "AlGhamdi, Fahad  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1410",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1410",
    pages = "99--109",
    abstract = "Linguistic Code Switching (CS) is a phenomenon that occurs when multilingual speakers alternate between two or more languages/dialects within a single conversation. Processing CS data is especially challenging in intra-sentential data given state-of-the-art monolingual NLP technologies since such technologies are geared toward the processing of one language at a time. In this paper, we address the problem of Part-of-Speech tagging (POS) in the context of linguistic code switching (CS). We explore leveraging multiple neural network architectures to measure the impact of different pre-trained embeddings methods on POS tagging CS data. We investigate the landscape in four CS language pairs, Spanish-English, Hindi-English, Modern Standard Arabic- Egyptian Arabic dialect (MSA-EGY), and Modern Standard Arabic- Levantine Arabic dialect (MSA-LEV). Our results show that multilingual embedding (e.g., MSA-EGY and MSA-LEV) helps closely related languages (EGY/LEV) but adds noise to the languages that are distant (SPA/HIN). Finally, we show that our proposed models outperform state-of-the-art CS taggers for MSA-EGY language pair.",
}
@inproceedings{cathcart-2019-toward,
    title = "Toward a deep dialectological representation of {I}ndo-{A}ryan",
    author = "Cathcart, Chundra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1411",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1411",
    pages = "110--119",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new approach to disentangling inter-dialectal and intra-dialectal relationships within one such group, the Indo-Aryan subgroup of Indo-European. We draw upon admixture models and deep generative models to tease apart historic language contact and language-specific behavior in the overall patterns of sound change displayed by Indo-Aryan languages. We show that a {``}deep{''} model of Indo-Aryan dialectology sheds some light on questions regarding inter-relationships among the Indo-Aryan languages, and performs better than a {``}shallow{''} model in terms of certain qualities of the posterior distribution (e.g., entropy of posterior distributions), and outline future pathways for model development.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-xiang-2019-naive,
    title = "Naive {B}ayes and {B}i{LSTM} Ensemble for Discriminating between Mainland and Taiwan Variation of {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Yang, Li  and
      Xiang, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1412",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1412",
    pages = "120--127",
    abstract = "Automatic dialect identification is a more challengingctask than language identification, as it requires the ability to discriminate between varieties of one language. In this paper, we propose an ensemble based system, which combines traditional machine learning models trained on bag of n-gram fetures, with deep learning models trained on word embeddings, to solve the Discriminating between Mainland and Taiwan Variation of Mandarin Chinese (DMT) shared task at VarDial 2019. Our experiments show that a character bigram-trigram combination based Naive Bayes is a very strong model for identifying varieties of Mandarin Chinense. Through further ensemble of Navie Bayes and BiLSTM, our system (team: itsalexyang) achived an macro-averaged F1 score of 0.8530 and 0.8687 in two tracks.",
}
@inproceedings{butnaru-2019-bam,
    title = "{BAM}: A combination of deep and shallow models for {G}erman Dialect Identification.",
    author = "Butnaru, Andrei M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1413",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1413",
    pages = "128--137",
    abstract = "*This is a submission for the Third VarDial Evaluation Campaign* In this paper, we present a machine learning approach for the German Dialect Identification (GDI) Closed Shared Task of the DSL 2019 Challenge. The proposed approach combines deep and shallow models, by applying a voting scheme on the outputs resulted from a Character-level Convolutional Neural Networks (Char-CNN), a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network, and a model based on String Kernels. The first model used is the Char-CNN model that merges multiple convolutions computed with kernels of different sizes. The second model is the LSTM network which applies a global max pooling over the returned sequences over time. Both models pass the activation maps to two fully-connected layers. The final model is based on String Kernels, computed on character p-grams extracted from speech transcripts. The model combines two blended kernel functions, one is the presence bits kernel, and the other is the intersection kernel. The empirical results obtained in the shared task prove that the approach can achieve good results. The system proposed in this paper obtained the fourth place with a macro-F1 score of 62.55{\%}",
}
@inproceedings{chifu-2019-r2i,
    title = "The {R}2{I}{\_}{LIS} Team Proposes Majority Vote for {V}ar{D}ial{'}s {MRC} Task",
    author = "Chifu, Adrian-Gabriel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1414",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1414",
    pages = "138--143",
    abstract = "This article presents the model that generated the runs submitted by the R2I{\_}LIS team to the VarDial2019 evaluation campaign, more particularly, to the binary classification by dialect sub-task of the Moldavian vs. Romanian Cross-dialect Topic identification (MRC) task. The team proposed a majority vote-based model, between five supervised machine learning models, trained on forty manually-crafted features. One of the three submitted runs was ranked second at the binary classification sub-task, with a performance of 0.7963, in terms of macro-F1 measure. The other two runs were ranked third and fourth, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{mikhailov-etal-2019-initial,
    title = "Initial Experiments In Cross-Lingual Morphological Analysis Using Morpheme Segmentation",
    author = "Mikhailov, Vladislav  and
      Tosi, Lorenzo  and
      Khorosheva, Anastasia  and
      Serikov, Oleg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1415",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1415",
    pages = "144--152",
    abstract = "The paper describes initial experiments in data-driven cross-lingual morphological analysis of open-category words using a combination of unsupervised morpheme segmentation, annotation projection and an LSTM encoder-decoder model with attention. Our algorithm provides lemmatisation and morphological analysis generation for previously unseen low-resource language surface forms with only annotated data on the related languages given. Despite the inherently lossy annotation projection, we achieved the best lemmatisation F1-score in the VarDial 2019 Shared Task on Cross-Lingual Morphological Analysis for both Karachay-Balkar (Turkic languages, agglutinative morphology) and Sardinian (Romance languages, fusional morphology).",
}
@inproceedings{coltekin-barnes-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural and Linear Pipeline Approaches to Cross-lingual Morphological Analysis",
    author = {{\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}  and
      Barnes, Jeremy},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1416",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1416",
    pages = "153--164",
    abstract = {This paper describes T{\"u}bingen-Oslo team{'}s participation in the cross-lingual morphological analysis task in the VarDial 2019 evaluation campaign. We participated in the shared task with a standard neural network model. Our model achieved analysis F1-scores of 31.48 and 23.67 on test languages Karachay-Balkar (Turkic) and Sardinian (Romance) respectively. The scores are comparable to the scores obtained by the other participants in both language families, and the analysis score on the Romance data set was also the best result obtained in the shared task. Besides describing the system used in our shared task participation, we describe another, simpler, model based on linear classifiers, and present further analyses using both models. Our analyses, besides revealing some of the difficult cases, also confirm that the usefulness of a source language in this task is highly correlated with the similarity of source and target languages.},
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2019-ensemble,
    title = "Ensemble Methods to Distinguish Mainland and Taiwan {C}hinese",
    author = "Hu, Hai  and
      Li, Wen  and
      Zhou, He  and
      Tian, Zuoyu  and
      Zhang, Yiwen  and
      Zou, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1417",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1417",
    pages = "165--171",
    abstract = "This paper describes the IUCL system at VarDial 2019 evaluation campaign for the task of discriminating between Mainland and Taiwan variation of mandarin Chinese. We first build several base classifiers, including a Naive Bayes classifier with word n-gram as features, SVMs with both character and syntactic features, and neural networks with pre-trained character/word embeddings. Then we adopt ensemble methods to combine output from base classifiers to make final predictions. Our ensemble models achieve the highest F1 score (0.893) in simplified Chinese track and the second highest (0.901) in traditional Chinese track. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the ensemble methods.",
}
@inproceedings{onose-etal-2019-sc,
    title = "{SC}-{UPB} at the {V}ar{D}ial 2019 Evaluation Campaign: Moldavian vs. {R}omanian Cross-Dialect Topic Identification",
    author = "Onose, Cristian  and
      Cercel, Dumitru-Clementin  and
      Trausan-Matu, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1418",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1418",
    pages = "172--177",
    abstract = "This paper describes our models for the Moldavian vs. Romanian Cross-Topic Identification (MRC) evaluation campaign, part of the VarDial 2019 workshop. We focus on the three subtasks for MRC: binary classification between the Moldavian (MD) and the Romanian (RO) dialects and two cross-dialect multi-class classification between six news topics, MD to RO and RO to MD. We propose several deep learning models based on long short-term memory cells, Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU) and Hierarchical Attention Networks (HAN). We also employ three word embedding models to represent the text as a low dimensional vector. Our official submission includes two runs of the BiGRU and HAN models for each of the three subtasks. The best submitted model obtained the following macro-averaged F1 scores: 0.708 for subtask 1, 0.481 for subtask 2 and 0.480 for the last one. Due to a read error caused by the quoting behaviour over the test file, our final submissions contained a smaller number of items than expected. More than 50{\%} of the submission files were corrupted. Thus, we also present the results obtained with the corrected labels for which the HAN model achieves the following results: 0.930 for subtask 1, 0.590 for subtask 2 and 0.687 for the third one.",
}
@inproceedings{jauhiainen-etal-2019-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating between {M}andarin {C}hinese and Swiss-{G}erman varieties using adaptive language models",
    author = "Jauhiainen, Tommi  and
      Lind{\'e}n, Krister  and
      Jauhiainen, Heidi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1419",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1419",
    pages = "178--187",
    abstract = "This paper describes the language identification systems used by the SUKI team in the Discriminating between the Mainland and Taiwan variation of Mandarin Chinese (DMT) and the German Dialect Identification (GDI) shared tasks which were held as part of the third VarDial Evaluation Campaign. The DMT shared task included two separate tracks, one for the simplified Chinese script and one for the traditional Chinese script. We submitted three runs on both tracks of the DMT task as well as on the GDI task. We won the traditional Chinese track using Naive Bayes with language model adaptation, came second on GDI with an adaptive version of the HeLI 2.0 method, and third on the simplified Chinese track using again the adaptive Naive Bayes.",
}
@inproceedings{doostmohammadi-nassajian-2019-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Machine Learning Methods for Language and Dialect Identification of Cuneiform Texts",
    author = "Doostmohammadi, Ehsan  and
      Nassajian, Minoo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1420",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1420",
    pages = "188--193",
    abstract = "Identification of the languages written using cuneiform symbols is a difficult task due to the lack of resources and the problem of tokenization. The Cuneiform Language Identification task in VarDial 2019 addresses the problem of identifying seven languages and dialects written in cuneiform; Sumerian and six dialects of Akkadian language: Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian Peripheral, Standard Babylonian, Neo-Babylonian, Late Babylonian, and Neo-Assyrian. This paper describes the approaches taken by SharifCL team to this problem in VarDial 2019. The best result belongs to an ensemble of Support Vector Machines and a naive Bayes classifier, both working on character-level features, with macro-averaged F1-score of 72.10{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{benites-etal-2019-twistbytes,
    title = "{T}wist{B}ytes - Identification of Cuneiform Languages and {G}erman Dialects at {V}ar{D}ial 2019",
    author = {Benites, Fernando  and
      von D{\"a}niken, Pius  and
      Cieliebak, Mark},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1421",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1421",
    pages = "194--201",
    abstract = "We describe our approaches for the German Dialect Identification (GDI) and the Cuneiform Language Identification (CLI) tasks at the VarDial Evaluation Campaign 2019. The goal was to identify dialects of Swiss German in GDI and Sumerian and Akkadian in CLI. In GDI, the system should distinguish four dialects from the German-speaking part of Switzerland. Our system for GDI achieved third place out of 6 teams, with a macro averaged F-1 of 74.6{\%}. In CLI, the system should distinguish seven languages written in cuneiform script. Our system achieved third place out of 8 teams, with a macro averaged F-1 of 74.7{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{tudoreanu-2019-dteam,
    title = "{DT}eam @ {V}ar{D}ial 2019: Ensemble based on skip-gram and triplet loss neural networks for Moldavian vs. {R}omanian cross-dialect topic identification",
    author = "Tudoreanu, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1422",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1422",
    pages = "202--208",
    abstract = "This paper presents the solution proposed by DTeam in the VarDial 2019 Evaluation Campaign for the Moldavian vs. Romanian cross-topic identification task. The solution proposed is a Support Vector Machines (SVM) ensemble composed of a two character-level neural networks. The first network is a skip-gram classification model formed of an embedding layer, three convolutional layers and two fully-connected layers. The second network has a similar architecture, but is trained using the triplet loss function.",
}
@inproceedings{paetzold-zampieri-2019-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Cuneiform Language Identification",
    author = "Paetzold, Gustavo Henrique  and
      Zampieri, Marcos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1423",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1423",
    pages = "209--213",
    abstract = "This paper presents methods to discriminate between languages and dialects written in Cuneiform script, one of the first writing systems in the world. We report the results obtained by the PZ team in the Cuneiform Language Identification (CLI) shared task organized within the scope of the VarDial Evaluation Campaign 2019. The task included two languages, Sumerian and Akkadian. The latter is divided into six dialects: Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian peripheral, Standard Babylonian, Neo Babylonian, Late Babylonian, and Neo Assyrian. We approach the task using a meta-classifier trained on various SVM models and we show the effectiveness of the system for this task. Our submission achieved 0.738 F1 score in discriminating between the seven languages and dialects and it was ranked fourth in the competition among eight teams.",
}
@inproceedings{shapiro-duh-2019-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Pipelined and Integrated Approaches to Dialectal {A}rabic Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Shapiro, Pamela  and
      Duh, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1424",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1424",
    pages = "214--222",
    abstract = "When translating diglossic languages such as Arabic, situations may arise where we would like to translate a text but do not know which dialect it is. A traditional approach to this problem is to design dialect identification systems and dialect-specific machine translation systems. However, under the recent paradigm of neural machine translation, shared multi-dialectal systems have become a natural alternative. Here we explore under which conditions it is beneficial to perform dialect identification for Arabic neural machine translation versus using a general system for all dialects.",
}
@inproceedings{huck-etal-2019-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Annotation Projection Is Effective for Neural Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Huck, Matthias  and
      Dutka, Diana  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on {NLP} for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "TOBEFILLED-Ann Arbor, Michigan",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1425",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1425",
    pages = "223--233",
    abstract = "We tackle the important task of part-of-speech tagging using a neural model in the zero-resource scenario, where we have no access to gold-standard POS training data. We compare this scenario with the low-resource scenario, where we have access to a small amount of gold-standard POS training data. Our experiments focus on Ukrainian as a representative of under-resourced languages. Russian is highly related to Ukrainian, so we exploit gold-standard Russian POS tags. We consider four techniques to perform Ukrainian POS tagging: zero-shot tagging and cross-lingual annotation projection (for the zero-resource scenario), and compare these with self-training and multilingual learning (for the low-resource scenario). We find that cross-lingual annotation projection works particularly well in the zero-resource scenario.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-structured,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Structured Prediction for {NLP}",
    author = "Martins, Andre  and
      Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Ravi, Sujith  and
      Lampouras, Gerasimos  and
      Niculae, Vlad  and
      Kreutzer, Julia",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1500",
}
@inproceedings{ding-koehn-2019-parallelizable,
    title = "Parallelizable Stack Long Short-Term Memory",
    author = "Ding, Shuoyang  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Structured Prediction for {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1501",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "Stack Long Short-Term Memory (StackLSTM) is useful for various applications such as parsing and string-to-tree neural machine translation, but it is also known to be notoriously difficult to parallelize for GPU training due to the fact that the computations are dependent on discrete operations. In this paper, we tackle this problem by utilizing state access patterns of StackLSTM to homogenize computations with regard to different discrete operations. Our parsing experiments show that the method scales up almost linearly with increasing batch size, and our parallelized PyTorch implementation trains significantly faster compared to the Dynet C++ implementation.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-durrett-2019-tracking,
    title = "Tracking Discrete and Continuous Entity State for Process Understanding",
    author = "Gupta, Aditya  and
      Durrett, Greg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Structured Prediction for {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1502",
    pages = "7--12",
    abstract = "Procedural text, which describes entities and their interactions as they undergo some process, depicts entities in a uniquely nuanced way. First, each entity may have some observable discrete attributes, such as its state or location; modeling these involves imposing global structure and enforcing consistency. Second, an entity may have properties which are not made explicit but can be effectively induced and tracked by neural networks. In this paper, we propose a structured neural architecture that reflects this dual nature of entity evolution. The model tracks each entity recurrently, updating its hidden continuous representation at each step to contain relevant state information. The global discrete state structure is explicitly modelled with a neural CRF over the changing hidden representation of the entity. This CRF can explicitly capture constraints on entity states over time, enforcing that, for example, an entity cannot move to a location after it is destroyed. We evaluate the performance of our proposed model on QA tasks over process paragraphs in the ProPara dataset and find that our model achieves state-of-the-art results.",
}
@inproceedings{bommasani-etal-2019-sparse,
    title = "{SPARSE}: Structured Prediction using Argument-Relative Structured Encoding",
    author = "Bommasani, Rishi  and
      Katiyar, Arzoo  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Structured Prediction for {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1503",
    pages = "13--17",
    abstract = "We propose structured encoding as a novel approach to learning representations for relations and events in neural structured prediction. Our approach explicitly leverages the structure of available relation and event metadata to generate these representations, which are parameterized by both the attribute structure of the metadata as well as the learned representation of the arguments of the relations and events. We consider affine, biaffine, and recurrent operators for building hierarchical representations and modelling underlying features. We apply our approach to the second-order structured prediction task studied in the 2016/2017 Belief and Sentiment analysis evaluations (BeSt): given a document and its entities, relations, and events (including metadata and mentions), determine the sentiment of each entity towards every relation and event in the document. Without task-specific knowledge sources or domain engineering, we significantly improve over systems and baselines that neglect the available metadata or its hierarchical structure. We observe across-the-board improvements on the BeSt 2016/2017 sentiment analysis task of at least 2.3 (absolute) and 10.6{\%} (relative) F-measure over the previous state-of-the-art.",
}
@inproceedings{zupon-etal-2019-lightly,
    title = "Lightly-supervised Representation Learning with Global Interpretability",
    author = "Zupon, Andrew  and
      Alexeeva, Maria  and
      Valenzuela-Esc{\'a}rcega, Marco  and
      Nagesh, Ajay  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Structured Prediction for {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1504",
    pages = "18--28",
    abstract = "We propose a lightly-supervised approach for information extraction, in particular named entity classification, which combines the benefits of traditional bootstrapping, i.e., use of limited annotations and interpretability of extraction patterns, with the robust learning approaches proposed in representation learning. Our algorithm iteratively learns custom embeddings for both the multi-word entities to be extracted and the patterns that match them from a few example entities per category. We demonstrate that this representation-based approach outperforms three other state-of-the-art bootstrapping approaches on two datasets: CoNLL-2003 and OntoNotes. Additionally, using these embeddings, our approach outputs a globally-interpretable model consisting of a decision list, by ranking patterns based on their proximity to the average entity embedding in a given class. We show that this interpretable model performs close to our complete bootstrapping model, proving that representation learning can be used to produce interpretable models with small loss in performance. This decision list can be edited by human experts to mitigate some of that loss and in some cases outperform the original model.",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2019-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Teacher-Student Architecture for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Luo, Fan  and
      Nagesh, Ajay  and
      Sharp, Rebecca  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Structured Prediction for {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1505",
    pages = "29--37",
    abstract = "Generating a large amount of training data for information extraction (IE) is either costly (if annotations are created manually), or runs the risk of introducing noisy instances (if distant supervision is used). On the other hand, semi- supervised learning (SSL) is a cost-efficient solution to combat lack of training data. In this paper, we adapt Mean Teacher (Tarvainen and Valpola, 2017), a denoising SSL framework to extract semantic relations between pairs of entities. We explore the sweet spot of amount of supervision required for good performance on this binary relation extraction task. Addition- ally, different syntax representations are incorporated into our models to enhance the learned representation of sentences. We evaluate our approach on the Google-IISc Distant Supervision (GDS) dataset, which removes test data noise present in all previous distance supervision datasets, which makes it a reliable evaluation benchmark (Jat et al., 2017). Our results show that the SSL Mean Teacher approach nears the performance of fully-supervised approaches even with only 10{\%} of the labeled corpus. Further, the syntax-aware model out- performs other syntax-free approaches across all levels of supervision.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-combined,
    title = "Proceedings of the Combined Workshop on Spatial Language Understanding ({S}p{LU}) and Grounded Communication for Robotics ({R}obo{NLP})",
    author = "Bhatia, Archna  and
      Bisk, Yonatan  and
      Kordjamshidi, Parisa  and
      Thomason, Jesse",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1600",
}
@inproceedings{katsakioris-etal-2019-corpus,
    title = "Corpus of Multimodal Interaction for Collaborative Planning",
    author = "Katsakioris, Miltiadis Marios  and
      Hastie, Helen  and
      Konstas, Ioannis  and
      Laskov, Atanas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Combined Workshop on Spatial Language Understanding ({S}p{LU}) and Grounded Communication for Robotics ({R}obo{NLP})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1601",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "As autonomous systems become more commonplace, we need a way to easily and naturally communicate to them our goals and collaboratively come up with a plan on how to achieve these goals. To this end, we conducted a Wizard of Oz study to gather data and investigate the way operators would collaboratively make plans via a conversational {`}planning assistant{'} for remote autonomous systems. We present here a corpus of 22 dialogs from expert operators, which can be used to train such a system. Data analysis shows that multimodality is key to successful interaction, measured both quantitatively and qualitatively via user feedback.",
}
@inproceedings{kery-etal-2019-es,
    title = "?`{E}s un pl{\'a}tano? Exploring the Application of a Physically Grounded Language Acquisition System to {S}panish",
    author = "Kery, Caroline  and
      Ferraro, Francis  and
      Matuszek, Cynthia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Combined Workshop on Spatial Language Understanding ({S}p{LU}) and Grounded Communication for Robotics ({R}obo{NLP})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1602",
    pages = "7--17",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe a multilingual grounded language learning system adapted from an English-only system. This system learns the meaning of words used in crowd-sourced descriptions by grounding them in the physical representations of the objects they are describing. Our work presents a framework to compare the performance of the system when applied to a new language and to identify modifications necessary to attain equal performance, with the goal of enhancing the ability of robots to learn language from a more diverse range of people. We then demonstrate this system with Spanish, through first analyzing the performance of translated Spanish, and then extending this analysis to a new corpus of crowd-sourced Spanish language data. We find that with small modifications, the system is able to learn color, object, and shape words with comparable performance between languages.",
}
@inproceedings{joseph-2019-virtual,
    title = "From Virtual to Real: A Framework for Verbal Interaction with Robots",
    author = "Joseph, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Combined Workshop on Spatial Language Understanding ({S}p{LU}) and Grounded Communication for Robotics ({R}obo{NLP})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1603",
    pages = "18--28",
    abstract = "A Natural Language Understanding (NLU) pipeline integrated with a 3D physics-based scene is a flexible way to develop and test language-based human-robot interaction, by virtualizing people, robot hardware and the target 3D environment. Here, interaction means both controlling robots using language and conversing with them about the user{'}s physical environment and her daily life. Such a virtual development framework was initially developed for the Bot Colony videogame launched on Steam in June 2014, and has been undergoing improvements since. The framework is focused of developing intuitive verbal interaction with various types of robots. Key robot functions (robot vision and object recognition, path planning and obstacle avoidance, task planning and constraints, grabbing and inverse kinematics), the human participants in the interaction, and the impact of gravity and other forces on the environment are all simulated using commercial 3D tools. The framework can be used as a robotics testbed: the results of our simulations can be compared with the output of algorithms in real robots, to validate such algorithms. A novelty of our framework is support for social interaction with robots - enabling robots to converse about people and objects in the user{'}s environment, as well as learning about human needs and everyday life topics from their owner.",
}
@inproceedings{can-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning from Implicit Information in Natural Language Instructions for Robotic Manipulations",
    author = "Can, Ozan Arkan  and
      Zuidberg Dos Martires, Pedro  and
      Persson, Andreas  and
      Gaal, Julian  and
      Loutfi, Amy  and
      De Raedt, Luc  and
      Yuret, Deniz  and
      Saffiotti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Combined Workshop on Spatial Language Understanding ({S}p{LU}) and Grounded Communication for Robotics ({R}obo{NLP})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1604",
    pages = "29--39",
    abstract = "Human-robot interaction often occurs in the form of instructions given from a human to a robot. For a robot to successfully follow instructions, a common representation of the world and objects in it should be shared between humans and the robot so that the instructions can be grounded. Achieving this representation can be done via learning, where both the world representation and the language grounding are learned simultaneously. However, in robotics this can be a difficult task due to the cost and scarcity of data. In this paper, we tackle the problem by separately learning the world representation of the robot and the language grounding. While this approach can address the challenges in getting sufficient data, it may give rise to inconsistencies between both learned components. Therefore, we further propose Bayesian learning to resolve such inconsistencies between the natural language grounding and a robot{'}s world representation by exploiting spatio-relational information that is implicitly present in instructions given by a human. Moreover, we demonstrate the feasibility of our approach on a scenario involving a robotic arm in the physical world.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2019-multi,
    title = "Multi-modal Discriminative Model for Vision-and-Language Navigation",
    author = "Huang, Haoshuo  and
      Jain, Vihan  and
      Mehta, Harsh  and
      Baldridge, Jason  and
      Ie, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Combined Workshop on Spatial Language Understanding ({S}p{LU}) and Grounded Communication for Robotics ({R}obo{NLP})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1605",
    pages = "40--49",
    abstract = "Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN) is a natural language grounding task where agents have to interpret natural language instructions in the context of visual scenes in a dynamic environment to achieve prescribed navigation goals. Successful agents must have the ability to parse natural language of varying linguistic styles, ground them in potentially unfamiliar scenes, plan and react with ambiguous environmental feedback. Generalization ability is limited by the amount of human annotated data. In particular, paired vision-language sequence data is expensive to collect. We develop a discriminator that evaluates how well an instruction explains a given path in VLN task using multi-modal alignment. Our study reveals that only a small fraction of the high-quality augmented data from Fried et al., as scored by our discriminator, is useful for training VLN agents with similar performance. We also show that a VLN agent warm-started with pre-trained components from the discriminator outperforms the benchmark success rates of 35.5 by 10{\%} relative measure.",
}
@inproceedings{sarthou-etal-2019-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Spatial Representation: a unique representation of an environment based on an ontology for robotic applications",
    author = "Sarthou, Guillaume  and
      Clodic, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Alami, Rachid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Combined Workshop on Spatial Language Understanding ({S}p{LU}) and Grounded Communication for Robotics ({R}obo{NLP})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1606",
    pages = "50--60",
    abstract = "It is important, for human-robot interaction, to endow the robot with the knowledge necessary to understand human needs and to be able to respond to them. We present a formalized and unified representation for indoor environments using an ontology devised for a route description task in which a robot must provide explanations to a person. We show that this representation can be used to choose a route to explain to a human as well as to verbalize it using a route perspective. Based on ontology, this representation has a strong possibility of evolution to adapt to many other applications. With it, we get the semantics of the environment elements while keeping a description of the known connectivity of the environment. This representation and the illustration algorithms, to find and verbalize a route, have been tested in two environments of different scales.",
}
@inproceedings{ulinski-etal-2019-spatialnet,
    title = "{S}patial{N}et: A Declarative Resource for Spatial Relations",
    author = "Ulinski, Morgan  and
      Coyne, Bob  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Combined Workshop on Spatial Language Understanding ({S}p{LU}) and Grounded Communication for Robotics ({R}obo{NLP})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1607",
    pages = "61--70",
    abstract = "This paper introduces SpatialNet, a novel resource which links linguistic expressions to actual spatial configurations. SpatialNet is based on FrameNet (Ruppenhofer et al., 2016) and VigNet (Coyne et al., 2011), two resources which use frame semantics to encode lexical meaning. SpatialNet uses a deep semantic representation of spatial relations to provide a formal description of how a language expresses spatial information. This formal representation of the lexical semantics of spatial language also provides a consistent way to represent spatial meaning across multiple languages. In this paper, we describe the structure of SpatialNet, with examples from English and German. We also show how SpatialNet can be combined with other existing NLP tools to create a text-to-scene system for a language.",
}
@inproceedings{ghanimifard-dobnik-2019-neural,
    title = "What a neural language model tells us about spatial relations",
    author = "Ghanimifard, Mehdi  and
      Dobnik, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Combined Workshop on Spatial Language Understanding ({S}p{LU}) and Grounded Communication for Robotics ({R}obo{NLP})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1608",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1608",
    pages = "71--81",
    abstract = "Understanding and generating spatial descriptions requires knowledge about what objects are related, their functional interactions, and where the objects are geometrically located. Different spatial relations have different functional and geometric bias. The wide usage of neural language models in different areas including generation of image description motivates the study of what kind of knowledge is encoded in neural language models about individual spatial relations. With the premise that the functional bias of relations is expressed in their word distributions, we construct multi-word distributional vector representations and show that these representations perform well on intrinsic semantic reasoning tasks, thus confirming our premise. A comparison of our vector representations to human semantic judgments indicates that different bias (functional or geometric) is captured in different data collection tasks which suggests that the contribution of the two meaning modalities is dynamic, related to the context of the task.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-speech,
    title = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    author = "Heidi Christensen, University of Sheffield  and
      Kristy Hollingshead, Florida Institute for Human  and
      Cognition, Machine  and
      Emily Prud{'}hommeaux, Boston College  and
      Frank Rudzicz, University of Toronto  and
      Keith Vertanen, Michigan Technological University",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1700",
}
@inproceedings{virkkunen-etal-2019-user,
    title = "A user study to compare two conversational assistants designed for people with hearing impairments",
    author = {Virkkunen, Anja  and
      Lukkarila, Juri  and
      Palom{\"a}ki, Kalle  and
      Kurimo, Mikko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1701",
    pages = "1--8",
    abstract = "Participating in conversations can be difficult for people with hearing loss, especially in acoustically challenging environments. We studied the preferences the hearing impaired have for a personal conversation assistant based on automatic speech recognition (ASR) technology. We created two prototypes which were evaluated by hearing impaired test users. This paper qualitatively compares the two based on the feedback obtained from the tests. The first prototype was a proof-of-concept system running real-time ASR on a laptop. The second prototype was developed for a mobile device with the recognizer running on a separate server. In the mobile device, augmented reality (AR) was used to help the hearing impaired observe gestures and lip movements of the speaker simultaneously with the transcriptions. Several testers found the systems useful enough to use in their daily lives, with majority preferring the mobile AR version. The biggest concern of the testers was the accuracy of the transcriptions and the lack of speaker identification.",
}
@inproceedings{kafle-etal-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Acoustic-Prosodic Cues for Word Importance Prediction in Spoken Dialogues",
    author = "Kafle, Sushant  and
      Alm, Cissi Ovesdotter  and
      Huenerfauth, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1702",
    pages = "9--16",
    abstract = "Prosodic cues in conversational speech aid listeners in discerning a message. We investigate whether acoustic cues in spoken dialogue can be used to identify the importance of individual words to the meaning of a conversation turn. Individuals who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing often rely on real-time captions in live meetings. Word error rate, a traditional metric for evaluating automatic speech recognition (ASR), fails to capture that some words are more important for a system to transcribe correctly than others. We present and evaluate neural architectures that use acoustic features for 3-class word importance prediction. Our model performs competitively against state-of-the-art text-based word-importance prediction models, and it demonstrates particular benefits when operating on imperfect ASR output.",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2019-permanent,
    title = "Permanent Magnetic Articulograph ({PMA}) vs Electromagnetic Articulograph ({EMA}) in Articulation-to-Speech Synthesis for Silent Speech Interface",
    author = "Cao, Beiming  and
      Sebkhi, Nordine  and
      Mau, Ted  and
      Inan, Omer T.  and
      Wang, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1703",
    pages = "17--23",
    abstract = "Silent speech interfaces (SSIs) are devices that enable speech communication when audible speech is unavailable. Articulation-to-speech (ATS) synthesis is a software design in SSI that directly converts articulatory movement information into audible speech signals. Permanent magnetic articulograph (PMA) is a wireless articulator motion tracking technology that is similar to commercial, wired Electromagnetic Articulograph (EMA). PMA has shown great potential for practical SSI applications, because it is wireless. The ATS performance of PMA, however, is unknown when compared with current EMA. In this study, we compared the performance of ATS using a PMA we recently developed and a commercially available EMA (NDI Wave system). Datasets with same stimuli and size that were collected from tongue tip were used in the comparison. The experimental results indicated the performance of PMA was close to, although not as equally good as that of EMA. Furthermore, in PMA, converting the raw magnetic signals to positional signals did not significantly affect the performance of ATS, which support the future direction in PMA-based ATS can be focused on the use of positional signals to maximize the benefit of spatial analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{wisler-etal-2019-speech,
    title = "Speech-based Estimation of Bulbar Regression in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",
    author = "Wisler, Alan  and
      Teplansky, Kristin  and
      Green, Jordan  and
      Yunusova, Yana  and
      Campbell, Thomas  and
      Heitzman, Daragh  and
      Wang, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1704",
    pages = "24--31",
    abstract = "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurological disease that leads to degeneration of motor neurons and, as a result, inhibits the ability of the brain to control muscle movements. Monitoring the progression of ALS is of fundamental importance due to the wide variability in disease outlook that exists across patients. This progression is typically tracked using the ALS functional rating scale - revised (ALSFRS-R), which is the current clinical assessment of a patient{'}s level of functional impairment including speech and other motor tasks. In this paper, we investigated automatic estimation of the ALSFRS-R bulbar subscore from acoustic and articulatory movement samples. Experimental results demonstrated the AFSFRS-R bulbar subscore can be predicted from speech samples, which has clinical implication for automatic monitoring of the disease progression of ALS using speech information.",
}
@inproceedings{sohail-traum-2019-blissymbolics,
    title = "A Blissymbolics Translation System",
    author = "Sohail, Usman  and
      Traum, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1705",
    pages = "32--36",
    abstract = "Blissymbolics (Bliss) is a pictographic writing system that is used by people with communication disorders. Bliss attempts to create a writing system that makes words easier to distinguish by using pictographic symbols that encapsulate meaning rather than sound, as the English alphabet does for example. Users of Bliss rely on human interpreters to use Bliss. We created a translation system from Bliss to natural English with the hopes of decreasing the reliance on human interpreters by the Bliss community. We first discuss the basic rules of Blissymbolics. Then we point out some of the challenges associated with developing computer assisted tools for Blissymbolics. Next we talk about our ongoing work in developing a translation system, including current limitations, and future work. We conclude with a set of examples showing the current capabilities of our translation system.",
}
@inproceedings{adhikary-etal-2019-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Speech Recognition for Improving Predictive {AAC}",
    author = "Adhikary, Jiban  and
      Watling, Robbie  and
      Fletcher, Crystal  and
      Stanage, Alex  and
      Vertanen, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1706",
    pages = "37--43",
    abstract = "Making good letter or word predictions can help accelerate the communication of users of high-tech AAC devices. This is particularly important for real-time person-to-person conversations. We investigate whether per forming speech recognition on the speaking-side of a conversation can improve language model based predictions. We compare the accuracy of three plausible microphone deployment options and the accuracy of two commercial speech recognition engines (Google and IBM Watson). We found that despite recognition word error rates of 7-16{\%}, our ensemble of N-gram and recurrent neural network language models made predictions nearly as good as when they used the reference transcripts.",
}
@inproceedings{dong-etal-2019-noisy,
    title = "Noisy Neural Language Modeling for Typing Prediction in {BCI} Communication",
    author = "Dong, Rui  and
      Smith, David  and
      Dudy, Shiran  and
      Bedrick, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1707",
    pages = "44--51",
    abstract = "Language models have broad adoption in predictive typing tasks. When the typing history contains numerous errors, as in open-vocabulary predictive typing with brain-computer interface (BCI) systems, we observe significant performance degradation in both n-gram and recurrent neural network language models trained on clean text. In evaluations of ranking character predictions, training recurrent LMs on noisy text makes them much more robust to noisy histories, even when the error model is misspecified. We also propose an effective strategy for combining evidence from multiple ambiguous histories of BCI electroencephalogram measurements.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-shortcomings,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Shortcomings in Vision and Language",
    author = "Bernardi, Raffaella  and
      Fernandez, Raquel  and
      Gella, Spandana  and
      Kafle, Kushal  and
      Kanan, Christopher  and
      Lee, Stefan  and
      Nabi, Moin",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1800",
}
@inproceedings{grand-belinkov-2019-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Regularization for Visual Question Answering: Strengths, Shortcomings, and Side Effects",
    author = "Grand, Gabriel  and
      Belinkov, Yonatan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Shortcomings in Vision and Language",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1801",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1801",
    pages = "1--13",
    abstract = "Visual question answering (VQA) models have been shown to over-rely on linguistic biases in VQA datasets, answering questions {``}blindly{''} without considering visual context. Adversarial regularization (AdvReg) aims to address this issue via an adversary sub-network that encourages the main model to learn a bias-free representation of the question. In this work, we investigate the strengths and shortcomings of AdvReg with the goal of better understanding how it affects inference in VQA models. Despite achieving a new state-of-the-art on VQA-CP, we find that AdvReg yields several undesirable side-effects, including unstable gradients and sharply reduced performance on in-domain examples. We demonstrate that gradual introduction of regularization during training helps to alleviate, but not completely solve, these issues. Through error analyses, we observe that AdvReg improves generalization to binary questions, but impairs performance on questions with heterogeneous answer distributions. Qualitatively, we also find that regularized models tend to over-rely on visual features, while ignoring important linguistic cues in the question. Our results suggest that AdvReg requires further refinement before it can be considered a viable bias mitigation technique for VQA.",
}
@inproceedings{wiriyathammabhum-etal-2019-referring,
    title = "Referring to Objects in Videos Using Spatio-Temporal Identifying Descriptions",
    author = "Wiriyathammabhum, Peratham  and
      Shrivastava, Abhinav  and
      Morariu, Vlad  and
      Davis, Larry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Shortcomings in Vision and Language",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1802",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1802",
    pages = "14--25",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new task, the grounding of spatio-temporal identifying descriptions in videos. Previous work suggests potential bias in existing datasets and emphasizes the need for a new data creation schema to better model linguistic structure. We introduce a new data collection scheme based on grammatical constraints for surface realization to enable us to investigate the problem of grounding spatio-temporal identifying descriptions in videos. We then propose a two-stream modular attention network that learns and grounds spatio-temporal identifying descriptions based on appearance and motion. We show that motion modules help to ground motion-related words and also help to learn in appearance modules because modular neural networks resolve task interference between modules. Finally, we propose a future challenge and a need for a robust system arising from replacing ground truth visual annotations with automatic video object detector and temporal event localization.",
}
@inproceedings{pavlopoulos-etal-2019-survey,
    title = "A Survey on Biomedical Image Captioning",
    author = "Pavlopoulos, John  and
      Kougia, Vasiliki  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Shortcomings in Vision and Language",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1803",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1803",
    pages = "26--36",
    abstract = "Image captioning applied to biomedical images can assist and accelerate the diagnosis process followed by clinicians. This article is the first survey of biomedical image captioning, discussing datasets, evaluation measures, and state of the art methods. Additionally, we suggest two baselines, a weak and a stronger one; the latter outperforms all current state of the art systems on one of the datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{conser-etal-2019-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting Visual Grounding",
    author = "Conser, Erik  and
      Hahn, Kennedy  and
      Watson, Chandler  and
      Mitchell, Melanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Shortcomings in Vision and Language",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1804",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1804",
    pages = "37--46",
    abstract = "We revisit a particular visual grounding method: the {``}Image Retrieval Using Scene Graphs{''} (IRSG) system of Johnson et al. Our experiments indicate that the system does not effectively use its learned object-relationship models. We also look closely at the IRSG dataset, as well as the widely used Visual Relationship Dataset (VRD) that is adapted from it. We find that these datasets exhibit bias that allows methods that ignore relationships to perform relatively well. We also describe several other problems with the IRSG dataset, and report on experiments using a subset of the dataset in which the biases and other problems are removed. Our studies contribute to a more general effort: that of better understanding what machine-learning methods that combine language and vision actually learn and what popular datasets actually test.",
}
@inproceedings{modi-parde-2019-steep,
    title = "The Steep Road to Happily Ever after: an Analysis of Current Visual Storytelling Models",
    author = "Modi, Yatri  and
      Parde, Natalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Shortcomings in Vision and Language",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1805",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1805",
    pages = "47--57",
    abstract = "Visual storytelling is an intriguing and complex task that only recently entered the research arena. In this work, we survey relevant work to date, and conduct a thorough error analysis of three very recent approaches to visual storytelling. We categorize and provide examples of common types of errors, and identify key shortcomings in current work. Finally, we make recommendations for addressing these limitations in the future.",
}
@inproceedings{alikhani-stone-2019-caption,
    title = "{``}Caption{''} as a Coherence Relation: Evidence and Implications",
    author = "Alikhani, Malihe  and
      Stone, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Shortcomings in Vision and Language",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1806",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1806",
    pages = "58--67",
    abstract = "We study verbs in image{--}text corpora, contrasting \textit{caption} corpora, where texts are explicitly written to characterize image content, with \textit{depiction} corpora, where texts and images may stand in more general relations. Captions show a distinctively limited distribution of verbs, with strong preferences for specific tense, aspect, lexical aspect, and semantic field. These limitations, which appear in data elicited by a range of methods, restrict the utility of caption corpora to inform image retrieval, multimodal document generation, and perceptually-grounded semantic models. We suggest that these limitations reflect the discourse constraints in play when subjects write texts to accompany imagery, so we argue that future development of image{--}text corpora should work to increase the diversity of event descriptions, while looking explicitly at the different ways text and imagery can be coherently related.",
}
@inproceedings{singhal-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning Multilingual Word Embeddings Using Image-Text Data",
    author = "Singhal, Karan  and
      Raman, Karthik  and
      ten Cate, Balder",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Shortcomings in Vision and Language",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1807",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1807",
    pages = "68--77",
    abstract = "There has been significant interest recently in learning multilingual word embeddings {--} in which semantically similar words across languages have similar embeddings. State-of-the-art approaches have relied on expensive labeled data, which is unavailable for low-resource languages, or have involved post-hoc unification of monolingual embeddings. In the present paper, we investigate the efficacy of multilingual embeddings learned from weakly-supervised image-text data. In particular, we propose methods for learning multilingual embeddings using image-text data, by enforcing similarity between the representations of the image and that of the text. Our experiments reveal that even without using any expensive labeled data, a bag-of-words-based embedding model trained on image-text data achieves performance comparable to the state-of-the-art on crosslingual semantic similarity tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{lala-etal-2019-grounded,
    title = "Grounded Word Sense Translation",
    author = "Lala, Chiraag  and
      Madhyastha, Pranava  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Shortcomings in Vision and Language",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1808",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1808",
    pages = "78--85",
    abstract = "Recent work on visually grounded language learning has focused on broader applications of grounded representations, such as visual question answering and multimodal machine translation. In this paper we consider grounded word sense translation, i.e. the task of correctly translating an ambiguous source word given the corresponding textual and visual context. Our main objective is to investigate the extent to which images help improve word-level (lexical) translation quality. We do so by first studying the dataset for this task to understand the scope and challenges of the task. We then explore different data settings, image features, and ways of grounding to investigate the gain from using images in each of the combinations. We find that grounding on the image is specially beneficial in weaker unidirectional recurrent translation models. We observe that adding structured image information leads to stronger gains in lexical translation accuracy.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-clinical,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    author = "Rumshisky, Anna  and
      Roberts, Kirk  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Naumann, Tristan",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1900",
}
@inproceedings{tao-etal-2019-effective,
    title = "Effective Feature Representation for Clinical Text Concept Extraction",
    author = "Tao, Yifeng  and
      Godefroy, Bruno  and
      Genthial, Guillaume  and
      Potts, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1901",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1901",
    pages = "1--14",
    abstract = "Crucial information about the practice of healthcare is recorded only in free-form text, which creates an enormous opportunity for high-impact NLP. However, annotated healthcare datasets tend to be small and expensive to obtain, which raises the question of how to make maximally efficient uses of the available data. To this end, we develop an LSTM-CRF model for combining unsupervised word representations and hand-built feature representations derived from publicly available healthcare ontologies. We show that this combined model yields superior performance on five datasets of diverse kinds of healthcare text (clinical, social, scientific, commercial). Each involves the labeling of complex, multi-word spans that pick out different healthcare concepts. We also introduce a new labeled dataset for identifying the treatment relations between drugs and diseases.",
}
@inproceedings{jain-etal-2019-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Attention over Clinical Notes for Predictive Tasks",
    author = "Jain, Sarthak  and
      Mohammadi, Ramin  and
      Wallace, Byron C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1902",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1902",
    pages = "15--21",
    abstract = "The shift to electronic medical records (EMRs) has engendered research into machine learning and natural language technologies to analyze patient records, and to predict from these clinical outcomes of interest. Two observations motivate our aims here. First, unstructured notes contained within EMR often contain key information, and hence should be exploited by models. Second, while strong predictive performance is important, interpretability of models is perhaps equally so for applications in this domain. Together, these points suggest that neural models for EMR may benefit from incorporation of attention over notes, which one may hope will both yield performance gains and afford transparency in predictions. In this work we perform experiments to explore this question using two EMR corpora and four different predictive tasks, that: (i) inclusion of attention mechanisms is critical for neural encoder modules that operate over notes fields in order to yield competitive performance, but, (ii) unfortunately, while these boost predictive performance, it is decidedly less clear whether they provide meaningful support for predictions.",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2019-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Adverse Drug Event Information with Minimal Engineering",
    author = "Miller, Timothy  and
      Geva, Alon  and
      Dligach, Dmitriy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1903",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1903",
    pages = "22--27",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe an evaluation of the potential of classical information extraction methods to extract drug-related attributes, including adverse drug events, and compare to more recently developed neural methods. We use the 2018 N2C2 shared task data as our gold standard data set for training. We train support vector machine classifiers to detect drug and drug attribute spans, and pair these detected entities as training instances for an SVM relation classifier, with both systems using standard features. We compare to baseline neural methods that use standard contextualized embedding representations for entity and relation extraction. The SVM-based system and a neural system obtain comparable results, with the SVM system doing better on concepts and the neural system performing better on relation extraction tasks. The neural system obtains surprisingly strong results compared to the system based on years of research in developing features for information extraction.",
}
@inproceedings{marinho-etal-2019-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Nested Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Marinho, Zita  and
      Mendes, Afonso  and
      Miranda, Sebasti{\~a}o  and
      Nogueira, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1904",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1904",
    pages = "28--34",
    abstract = "In the medical domain and other scientific areas, it is often important to recognize different levels of hierarchy in mentions, such as those related to specific symptoms or diseases associated with different anatomical regions. Unlike previous approaches, we build a transition-based parser that explicitly models an arbitrary number of hierarchical and nested mentions, and propose a loss that encourages correct predictions of higher-level mentions. We further introduce a set of modifier classes which introduces certain concepts that change the meaning of an entity, such as absence, or uncertainty about a given disease. Our proposed model achieves state-of-the-art results in medical entity recognition datasets, using both nested and hierarchical mentions.",
}
@inproceedings{melamud-shivade-2019-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Generation of Shareable Synthetic Clinical Notes Using Neural Language Models",
    author = "Melamud, Oren  and
      Shivade, Chaitanya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1905",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1905",
    pages = "35--45",
    abstract = "Large-scale clinical data is invaluable to driving many computational scientific advances today. However, understandable concerns regarding patient privacy hinder the open dissemination of such data and give rise to suboptimal siloed research. De-identification methods attempt to address these concerns but were shown to be susceptible to adversarial attacks. In this work, we focus on the vast amounts of unstructured natural language data stored in clinical notes and propose to automatically generate synthetic clinical notes that are more amenable to sharing using generative models trained on real de-identified records. To evaluate the merit of such notes, we measure both their privacy preservation properties as well as utility in training clinical NLP models. Experiments using neural language models yield notes whose utility is close to that of the real ones in some clinical NLP tasks, yet leave ample room for future improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2019-novel,
    title = "A Novel System for Extractive Clinical Note Summarization using {EHR} Data",
    author = "Liang, Jennifer  and
      Tsou, Ching-Huei  and
      Poddar, Ananya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1906",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1906",
    pages = "46--54",
    abstract = "While much data within a patient{'}s electronic health record (EHR) is coded, crucial information concerning the patient{'}s care and management remain buried in unstructured clinical notes, making it difficult and time-consuming for physicians to review during their usual clinical workflow. In this paper, we present our clinical note processing pipeline, which extends beyond basic medical natural language processing (NLP) with concept recognition and relation detection to also include components specific to EHR data, such as structured data associated with the encounter, sentence-level clinical aspects, and structures of the clinical notes. We report on the use of this pipeline in a disease-specific extractive text summarization task on clinical notes, focusing primarily on progress notes by physicians and nurse practitioners. We show how the addition of EHR-specific components to the pipeline resulted in an improvement in our overall system performance and discuss the potential impact of EHR-specific components on other higher-level clinical NLP tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{pierson-fairon-2019-study,
    title = "Study of lexical aspect in the {F}rench medical language. Development of a lexical resource",
    author = "Pierson, Agathe  and
      Fairon, C{\'e}drick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1907",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1907",
    pages = "55--64",
    abstract = "This paper details the development of a linguistic resource designed to improve temporal information extraction systems and to integrate aspectual values. After a brief review of recent works in temporal information extraction for the medical area, we discuss the linguistic notion of aspect and how it got a place in the NLP field. Then, we present our clinical data and describe the five-step approach adopted in this study. Finally, we represent the linguistic resource itself and explain how we elaborated it and which properties were selected for the creation of the tables.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2019-bert,
    title = "A {BERT}-based Universal Model for Both Within- and Cross-sentence Clinical Temporal Relation Extraction",
    author = "Lin, Chen  and
      Miller, Timothy  and
      Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Savova, Guergana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1908",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1908",
    pages = "65--71",
    abstract = "Classic methods for clinical temporal relation extraction focus on relational candidates within a sentence. On the other hand, break-through Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) are trained on large quantities of arbitrary spans of contiguous text instead of sentences. In this study, we aim to build a sentence-agnostic framework for the task of CONTAINS temporal relation extraction. We establish a new state-of-the-art result for the task, 0.684F for in-domain (0.055-point improvement) and 0.565F for cross-domain (0.018-point improvement), by fine-tuning BERT and pre-training domain-specific BERT models on sentence-agnostic temporal relation instances with WordPiece-compatible encodings, and augmenting the labeled data with automatically generated {``}silver{''} instances.",
}
@inproceedings{alsentzer-etal-2019-publicly,
    title = "Publicly Available Clinical {BERT} Embeddings",
    author = "Alsentzer, Emily  and
      Murphy, John  and
      Boag, William  and
      Weng, Wei-Hung  and
      Jindi, Di  and
      Naumann, Tristan  and
      McDermott, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1909",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1909",
    pages = "72--78",
    abstract = "Contextual word embedding models such as ELMo and BERT have dramatically improved performance for many natural language processing (NLP) tasks in recent months. However, these models have been minimally explored on specialty corpora, such as clinical text; moreover, in the clinical domain, no publicly-available pre-trained BERT models yet exist. In this work, we address this need by exploring and releasing BERT models for clinical text: one for generic clinical text and another for discharge summaries specifically. We demonstrate that using a domain-specific model yields performance improvements on 3/5 clinical NLP tasks, establishing a new state-of-the-art on the MedNLI dataset. We find that these domain-specific models are not as performant on 2 clinical de-identification tasks, and argue that this is a natural consequence of the differences between de-identified source text and synthetically non de-identified task text.",
}
@inproceedings{piad-morffis-etal-2019-general,
    title = "A General-Purpose Annotation Model for Knowledge Discovery: Case Study in {S}panish Clinical Text",
    author = "Piad-Morffis, Alejandro  and
      Guit{\'e}rrez, Yoan  and
      Estevez-Velarde, Suilan  and
      Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1910",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1910",
    pages = "79--88",
    abstract = "Knowledge discovery from text in natural language is a task usually aided by the manual construction of annotated corpora. Specifically in the clinical domain, several annotation models are used depending on the characteristics of the task to solve (e.g., named entity recognition, relation extraction, etc.). However, few general-purpose annotation models exist, that can support a broad range of knowledge extraction tasks. This paper presents an annotation model designed to capture a large portion of the semantics of natural language text. The structure of the annotation model is presented, with examples of annotated sentences and a brief description of each semantic role and relation defined. This research focuses on an application to clinical texts in the Spanish language. Nevertheless, the presented annotation model is extensible to other domains and languages. An example of annotated sentences, guidelines, and suitable configuration files for an annotation tool are also provided for the research community.",
}
@inproceedings{khan-khattak-etal-2019-predicting,
    title = "Predicting {ICU} transfers using text messages between nurses and doctors",
    author = "Khan Khattak, Faiza  and
      Pou-Prom, Chlo{\'e}  and
      Wu, Robert  and
      Rudzicz, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1911",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1911",
    pages = "89--94",
    abstract = "We explore the use of real-time clinical information, i.e., text messages sent between nurses and doctors regarding patient conditions in order to predict transfer to the intensive care unit(ICU). Preliminary results, in data from five hospitals, indicate that, despite being short and full of noise, text messages can augment other visit information to improve the performance of ICU transfer prediction.",
}
@inproceedings{mondal-etal-2019-medical,
    title = "Medical Entity Linking using Triplet Network",
    author = "Mondal, Ishani  and
      Purkayastha, Sukannya  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna  and
      Goyal, Pawan  and
      Pillai, Jitesh  and
      Bhattacharyya, Amitava  and
      Gattu, Mahanandeeshwar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1912",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1912",
    pages = "95--100",
    abstract = "Entity linking (or Normalization) is an essential task in text mining that maps the entity mentions in the medical text to standard entities in a given Knowledge Base (KB). This task is of great importance in the medical domain. It can also be used for merging different medical and clinical ontologies. In this paper, we center around the problem of disease linking or normalization. This task is executed in two phases: candidate generation and candidate scoring. In this paper, we present an approach to rank the candidate Knowledge Base entries based on their similarity with disease mention. We make use of the Triplet Network for candidate ranking. While the existing methods have used carefully generated sieves and external resources for candidate generation, we introduce a robust and portable candidate generation scheme that does not make use of the hand-crafted rules. Experimental results on the standard benchmark NCBI disease dataset demonstrate that our system outperforms the prior methods by a significant margin.",
}
@inproceedings{fan-2019-annotating,
    title = "Annotating and Characterizing Clinical Sentences with Explicit Why-{QA} Cues",
    author = "Fan, Jungwei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1913",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1913",
    pages = "101--106",
    abstract = "Many clinical information needs can be stated as why-questions. The answers to them represent important clinical reasoning and justification. Clinical notes are a rich source for such why-question answering (why-QA). However, there are few dedicated corpora, and little is known about the characteristics of clinical why-QA narratives. To address this gap, the study performed manual annotation of 277 sentences containing explicit why-QA cues and summarized their quantitative and qualitative properties. The contributions are: 1) sharing a seed corpus that can be used for various QA-related training purposes, 2) adding to our knowledge about the diversity and distribution of clinical why-QA contents.",
}
@inproceedings{hou-etal-2019-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Factual Min/Max Age Information from Clinical Trial Studies",
    author = "Hou, Yufang  and
      Ganguly, Debasis  and
      Deleris, L{\'e}a  and
      Bonin, Francesca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1914",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1914",
    pages = "107--116",
    abstract = "Population age information is an essential characteristic of clinical trials. In this paper, we focus on extracting minimum and maximum (min/max) age values for the study samples from clinical research articles. Specifically, we investigate the use of a neural network model for question answering to address this information extraction task. The min/max age QA model is trained on the massive structured clinical study records from ClinicalTrials.gov. For each article, based on multiple min and max age values extracted from the QA model, we predict both actual min/max age values for the study samples and filter out non-factual age expressions. Our system improves the results over (i) a passage retrieval based IE system and (ii) a CRF-based system by a large margin when evaluated on an annotated dataset consisting of 50 research papers on smoking cessation.",
}
@inproceedings{holderness-etal-2019-distinguishing,
    title = "Distinguishing Clinical Sentiment: The Importance of Domain Adaptation in Psychiatric Patient Health Records",
    author = "Holderness, Eben  and
      Cawkwell, Philip  and
      Bolton, Kirsten  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Hall, Mei-Hua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1915",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1915",
    pages = "117--123",
    abstract = "Recently natural language processing (NLP) tools have been developed to identify and extract salient risk indicators in electronic health records (EHRs). Sentiment analysis, although widely used in non-medical areas for improving decision making, has been studied minimally in the clinical setting. In this study, we undertook, to our knowledge, the first domain adaptation of sentiment analysis to psychiatric EHRs by defining psychiatric clinical sentiment, performing an annotation project, and evaluating multiple sentence-level sentiment machine learning (ML) models. Results indicate that off-the-shelf sentiment analysis tools fail in identifying clinically positive or negative polarity, and that the definition of clinical sentiment that we provide is learnable with relatively small amounts of training data. This project is an initial step towards further refining sentiment analysis methods for clinical use. Our long-term objective is to incorporate the results of this project as part of a machine learning model that predicts inpatient readmission risk. We hope that this work will initiate a discussion concerning domain adaptation of sentiment analysis to the clinical setting.",
}
@inproceedings{soares-etal-2019-medical,
    title = "Medical Word Embeddings for {S}panish: Development and Evaluation",
    author = "Soares, Felipe  and
      Villegas, Marta  and
      Gonzalez-Agirre, Aitor  and
      Krallinger, Martin  and
      Armengol-Estap{\'e}, Jordi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1916",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1916",
    pages = "124--133",
    abstract = "Word embeddings are representations of words in a dense vector space. Although they are not recent phenomena in Natural Language Processing (NLP), they have gained momentum after the recent developments of neural methods and Word2Vec. Regarding their applications in medical and clinical NLP, they are invaluable resources when training in-domain named entity recognition systems, classifiers or taggers, for instance. Thus, the development of tailored word embeddings for medical NLP is of great interest. However, we identified a gap in the literature which we aim to fill in this paper: the availability of embeddings for medical NLP in Spanish, as well as a standardized form of intrinsic evaluation. Since most work has been done for English, some established datasets for intrinsic evaluation are already available. In this paper, we show the steps we employed to adapt such datasets for the first time to Spanish, of particular relevance due to the considerable volume of EHRs in this language, as well as the creation of in-domain medical word embeddings for the Spanish using the state-of-the-art FastText model. We performed intrinsic evaluation with our adapted datasets, as well as extrinsic evaluation with a named entity recognition systems using a baseline embedding of general-domain. Both experiments proved that our embeddings are suitable for use in medical NLP in the Spanish language, and are more accurate than general-domain ones.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-attention,
    title = "Attention Neural Model for Temporal Relation Extraction",
    author = "Liu, Sijia  and
      Wang, Liwei  and
      Chaudhary, Vipin  and
      Liu, Hongfang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1917",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1917",
    pages = "134--139",
    abstract = "Neural network models have shown promise in the temporal relation extraction task. In this paper, we present the attention based neural network model to extract the containment relations within sentences from clinical narratives. The attention mechanism used on top of GRU model outperforms the existing state-of-the-art neural network models on THYME corpus in intra-sentence temporal relation extraction.",
}
@inproceedings{kazi-kahanda-2019-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Generating Psychiatric Case Notes From Digital Transcripts of Doctor-Patient Conversations",
    author = "Kazi, Nazmul  and
      Kahanda, Indika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1918",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1918",
    pages = "140--148",
    abstract = "Electronic health records (EHRs) are notorious for reducing the face-to-face time with patients while increasing the screen-time for clinicians leading to burnout. This is especially problematic for psychiatry care in which maintaining consistent eye-contact and non-verbal cues are just as important as the spoken words. In this ongoing work, we explore the feasibility of automatically generating psychiatric EHR case notes from digital transcripts of doctor-patient conversation using a two-step approach: (1) predicting semantic topics for segments of transcripts using supervised machine learning, and (2) generating formal text of those segments using natural language processing. Through a series of preliminary experimental results obtained through a collection of synthetic and real-life transcripts, we demonstrate the viability of this approach.",
}
@inproceedings{ehsani-etal-2019-clinical,
    title = "Clinical Data Classification using Conditional Random Fields and Neural Parsing for Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = "Ehsani, Razieh  and
      Niemi, Tyko  and
      Khullar, Gaurav  and
      Leivo, Tiina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-1919",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-1919",
    pages = "149--155",
    abstract = "Past prescriptions constitute a central element in patient records. These are often written in an unstructured and brief form. Extracting information from such prescriptions enables the development of automated processes in the medical data mining field. This paper presents a Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) based approach to extract relevant information from prescriptions. We focus on Finnish language prescriptions and make use of Finnish language specific features. Our labeling accuracy is 95{\%}, which compares favorably to the current state-of-the-art in English language prescriptions. This, to the best of our knowledge, is the first such work for the Finnish language.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-evaluating,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    author = "Rogers, Anna  and
      Drozd, Aleksandr  and
      Rumshisky, Anna  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2000",
}
@inproceedings{schwarzenberg-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Vector Conceptualization for Word Vector Space Interpretation",
    author = "Schwarzenberg, Robert  and
      Raithel, Lisa  and
      Harbecke, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2001",
    pages = "1--7",
    abstract = "Distributed word vector spaces are considered hard to interpret which hinders the understanding of natural language processing (NLP) models. In this work, we introduce a new method to interpret arbitrary samples from a word vector space. To this end, we train a neural model to conceptualize word vectors, which means that it activates higher order concepts it recognizes in a given vector. Contrary to prior approaches, our model operates in the original vector space and is capable of learning non-linear relations between word vectors and concepts. Furthermore, we show that it produces considerably less entropic concept activation profiles than the popular cosine similarity.",
}
@inproceedings{whitaker-etal-2019-characterizing,
    title = "Characterizing the Impact of Geometric Properties of Word Embeddings on Task Performance",
    author = "Whitaker, Brendan  and
      Newman-Griffis, Denis  and
      Haldar, Aparajita  and
      Ferhatosmanoglu, Hakan  and
      Fosler-Lussier, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2002",
    pages = "8--17",
    abstract = "Analysis of word embedding properties to inform their use in downstream NLP tasks has largely been studied by assessing nearest neighbors. However, geometric properties of the continuous feature space contribute directly to the use of embedding features in downstream models, and are largely unexplored. We consider four properties of word embedding geometry, namely: position relative to the origin, distribution of features in the vector space, global pairwise distances, and local pairwise distances. We define a sequence of transformations to generate new embeddings that expose subsets of these properties to downstream models and evaluate change in task performance to understand the contribution of each property to NLP models. We transform publicly available pretrained embeddings from three popular toolkits (word2vec, GloVe, and FastText) and evaluate on a variety of intrinsic tasks, which model linguistic information in the vector space, and extrinsic tasks, which use vectors as input to machine learning models. We find that intrinsic evaluations are highly sensitive to absolute position, while extrinsic tasks rely primarily on local similarity. Our findings suggest that future embedding models and post-processing techniques should focus primarily on similarity to nearby points in vector space.",
}
@inproceedings{hellrich-etal-2019-influence,
    title = "The Influence of Down-Sampling Strategies on {SVD} Word Embedding Stability",
    author = "Hellrich, Johannes  and
      Kampe, Bernd  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2003",
    pages = "18--26",
    abstract = "The stability of word embedding algorithms, i.e., the consistency of the word representations they reveal when trained repeatedly on the same data set, has recently raised concerns. We here compare word embedding algorithms on three corpora of different sizes, and evaluate both their stability and accuracy. We find strong evidence that down-sampling strategies (used as part of their training procedures) are particularly influential for the stability of SVD-PPMI-type embeddings. This finding seems to explain diverging reports on their stability and lead us to a simple modification which provides superior stability as well as accuracy on par with skip-gram embedding",
}
@inproceedings{nandakumar-etal-2019-well,
    title = "How Well Do Embedding Models Capture Non-compositionality? A View from Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Nandakumar, Navnita  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Salehi, Bahar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2004",
    pages = "27--34",
    abstract = "In this paper, we apply various embedding methods on multiword expressions to study how well they capture the nuances of non-compositional data. Our results from a pool of word-, character-, and document-level embbedings suggest that Word2vec performs the best, followed by FastText and Infersent. Moreover, we find that recently-proposed contextualised embedding models such as Bert and ELMo are not adept at handling non-compositionality in multiword expressions.",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-scherrer-2019-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Semantic Abstraction of Multilingual {NMT} with Paraphrase Recognition and Generation Tasks",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Scherrer, Yves},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2005",
    pages = "35--42",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate whether multilingual neural translation models learn stronger semantic abstractions of sentences than bilingual ones. We test this hypotheses by measuring the perplexity of such models when applied to paraphrases of the source language. The intuition is that an encoder produces better representations if a decoder is capable of recognizing synonymous sentences in the same language even though the model is never trained for that task. In our setup, we add 16 different auxiliary languages to a bidirectional bilingual baseline model (English-French) and test it with in-domain and out-of-domain paraphrases in English. The results show that the perplexity is significantly reduced in each of the cases, indicating that meaning can be grounded in translation. This is further supported by a study on paraphrase generation that we also include at the end of the paper.",
}
@inproceedings{thawani-etal-2019-swow,
    title = "{SWOW}-8500: Word Association task for Intrinsic Evaluation of Word Embeddings",
    author = "Thawani, Avijit  and
      Srivastava, Biplav  and
      Singh, Anil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2006",
    pages = "43--51",
    abstract = "Downstream evaluation of pretrained word embeddings is expensive, more so for tasks where current state of the art models are very large architectures. Intrinsic evaluation using word similarity or analogy datasets, on the other hand, suffers from several disadvantages. We propose a novel intrinsic evaluation task employing large word association datasets (particularly the Small World of Words dataset). We observe correlations not just between performances on SWOW-8500 and previously proposed intrinsic tasks of word similarity prediction, but also with downstream tasks (eg. Text Classification and Natural Language Inference). Most importantly, we report better confidence intervals for scores on our word association task, with no fall in correlation with downstream performance.",
}
@inproceedings{mckinney-bock-bedrick-2019-classification,
    title = "Classification of Semantic Paraphasias: Optimization of a Word Embedding Model",
    author = "McKinney-Bock, Katy  and
      Bedrick, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2007",
    pages = "52--62",
    abstract = "In clinical assessment of people with aphasia, impairment in the ability to recall and produce words for objects (anomia) is assessed using a confrontation naming task, where a target stimulus is viewed and a corresponding label is spoken by the participant. Vector space word embedding models have had inital results in assessing semantic similarity of target-production pairs in order to automate scoring of this task; however, the resulting models are also highly dependent upon training parameters. To select an optimal family of models, we fit a beta regression model to the distribution of performance metrics on a set of 2,880 grid search models and evaluate the resultant first- and second-order effects to explore how parameterization affects model performance. Comparing to SimLex-999, we show that clinical data can be used in an evaluation task with comparable optimal parameter settings as standard NLP evaluation datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2019-codah,
    title = "{CODAH}: An Adversarially-Authored Question Answering Dataset for Common Sense",
    author = "Chen, Michael  and
      D{'}Arcy, Mike  and
      Liu, Alisa  and
      Fernandez, Jared  and
      Downey, Doug",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2008",
    pages = "63--69",
    abstract = "Commonsense reasoning is a critical AI capability, but it is difficult to construct challenging datasets that test common sense. Recent neural question answering systems, based on large pre-trained models of language, have already achieved near-human-level performance on commonsense knowledge benchmarks. These systems do not possess human-level common sense, but are able to exploit limitations of the datasets to achieve human-level scores. We introduce the CODAH dataset, an adversarially-constructed evaluation dataset for testing common sense. CODAH forms a challenging extension to the recently-proposed SWAG dataset, which tests commonsense knowledge using sentence-completion questions that describe situations observed in video. To produce a more difficult dataset, we introduce a novel procedure for question acquisition in which workers author questions designed to target weaknesses of state-of-the-art neural question answering systems. Workers are rewarded for submissions that models fail to answer correctly both before and after fine-tuning (in cross-validation). We create 2.8k questions via this procedure and evaluate the performance of multiple state-of-the-art question answering systems on our dataset. We observe a significant gap between human performance, which is 95.3{\%}, and the performance of the best baseline accuracy of 65.3{\%} by the OpenAI GPT model.",
}
@inproceedings{hershcovich-etal-2019-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Interchangeability in Word Embedding Models",
    author = "Hershcovich, Daniel  and
      Toledo, Assaf  and
      Halfon, Alon  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2009",
    pages = "70--76",
    abstract = "Nearest neighbors in word embedding models are commonly observed to be semantically similar, but the relations between them can vary greatly. We investigate the extent to which word embedding models preserve syntactic interchangeability, as reflected by distances between word vectors, and the effect of hyper-parameters{---}context window size in particular. We use part of speech (POS) as a proxy for syntactic interchangeability, as generally speaking, words with the same POS are syntactically valid in the same contexts. We also investigate the relationship between interchangeability and similarity as judged by commonly-used word similarity benchmarks, and correlate the result with the performance of word embedding models on these benchmarks. Our results will inform future research and applications in the selection of word embedding model, suggesting a principle for an appropriate selection of the context window size parameter depending on the use-case.",
}
@inproceedings{romanov-khusainova-2019-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Morphological Embeddings for {E}nglish and {R}ussian Languages",
    author = "Romanov, Vitaly  and
      Khusainova, Albina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2010",
    pages = "77--81",
    abstract = "This paper evaluates morphology-based embeddings for English and Russian languages. Despite the interest and introduction of several morphology based word embedding models in the past and acclaimed performance improvements on word similarity and language modeling tasks, in our experiments, we did not observe any stable preference over two of our baseline models - SkipGram and FastText. The performance exhibited by morphological embeddings is the average of the two baselines mentioned above.",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2019-probing,
    title = "Probing Biomedical Embeddings from Language Models",
    author = "Jin, Qiao  and
      Dhingra, Bhuwan  and
      Cohen, William  and
      Lu, Xinghua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2011",
    pages = "82--89",
    abstract = "Contextualized word embeddings derived from pre-trained language models (LMs) show significant improvements on downstream NLP tasks. Pre-training on domain-specific corpora, such as biomedical articles, further improves their performance. In this paper, we conduct probing experiments to determine what additional information is carried intrinsically by the in-domain trained contextualized embeddings. For this we use the pre-trained LMs as fixed feature extractors and restrict the downstream task models to not have additional sequence modeling layers. We compare BERT (Devlin et al. 2018), ELMo (Peters et al., 2018), BioBERT (Lee et al., 2019) and BioELMo, a biomedical version of ELMo trained on 10M PubMed abstracts. Surprisingly, while fine-tuned BioBERT is better than BioELMo in biomedical NER and NLI tasks, as a fixed feature extractor BioELMo outperforms BioBERT in our probing tasks. We use visualization and nearest neighbor analysis to show that better encoding of entity-type and relational information leads to this superiority.",
}
@inproceedings{yamshchikov-etal-2019-dyr,
    title = "Dyr Bul Shchyl. Proxying Sound Symbolism With Word Embeddings",
    author = "Yamshchikov, Ivan  and
      Shibaev, Viascheslav  and
      Tikhonov, Alexey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2012",
    pages = "90--94",
    abstract = "This paper explores modern word embeddings in the context of sound symbolism. Using basic properties of the representations space one can construct semantic axes. A method is proposed to measure if the presence of individual sounds in a given word shifts its semantics of that word along a specific axis. It is shown that, in accordance with several experimental and statistical results, word embeddings capture symbolism for certain sounds.",
}
@inproceedings{mamou-etal-2019-multi,
    title = "Multi-Context Term Embeddings: the Use Case of Corpus-based Term Set Expansion",
    author = "Mamou, Jonathan  and
      Pereg, Oren  and
      Wasserblat, Moshe  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for {NLP}",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2013",
    pages = "95--101",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a novel algorithm that combines multi-context term embeddings using a neural classifier and we test this approach on the use case of corpus-based term set expansion. In addition, we present a novel and unique dataset for intrinsic evaluation of corpus-based term set expansion algorithms. We show that, over this dataset, our algorithm provides up to 5 mean average precision points over the best baseline.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-natural-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science",
    author = "Volkova, Svitlana  and
      Jurgens, David  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      Bamman, David  and
      Tsur, Oren",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2100",
}
@inproceedings{van-den-berg-etal-2019-president,
    title = "Not My President: How Names and Titles Frame Political Figures",
    author = "van den Berg, Esther  and
      Korfhage, Katharina  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Wiegand, Michael  and
      Markert, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2101",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "Naming and titling have been discussed in sociolinguistics as markers of status or solidarity. However, these functions have not been studied on a larger scale or for social media data. We collect a corpus of tweets mentioning presidents of six G20 countries by various naming forms. We show that naming variation relates to stance towards the president in a way that is suggestive of a framing effect mediated by respectfulness. This confirms sociolinguistic theory of naming and titling as markers of status.",
}
@inproceedings{lauretig-2019-identification,
    title = "Identification, Interpretability, and {B}ayesian Word Embeddings",
    author = "Lauretig, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2102",
    pages = "7--17",
    abstract = "Social scientists have recently turned to analyzing text using tools from natural language processing like word embeddings to measure concepts like ideology, bias, and affinity. However, word embeddings are difficult to use in the regression framework familiar to social scientists: embeddings are are neither identified, nor directly interpretable. I offer two advances on standard embedding models to remedy these problems. First, I develop Bayesian Word Embeddings with Automatic Relevance Determination priors, relaxing the assumption that all embedding dimensions have equal weight. Second, I apply work identifying latent variable models to anchor embeddings, identifying them, and making them interpretable and usable in a regression. I then apply this model and anchoring approach to two cases, the shift in internationalist rhetoric in the American presidents{'} inaugural addresses, and the relationship between bellicosity in American foreign policy decision-makers{'} deliberations. I find that inaugural addresses became less internationalist after 1945, which goes against the conventional wisdom, and that an increase in bellicosity is associated with an increase in hostile actions by the United States, showing that elite deliberations are not cheap talk, and helping confirm the validity of the model.",
}
@inproceedings{lynn-etal-2019-tweet,
    title = "Tweet Classification without the Tweet: An Empirical Examination of User versus Document Attributes",
    author = "Lynn, Veronica  and
      Giorgi, Salvatore  and
      Balasubramanian, Niranjan  and
      Schwartz, H. Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2103",
    pages = "18--28",
    abstract = "NLP naturally puts a primary focus on leveraging document language, occasionally considering user attributes as supplemental. However, as we tackle more social scientific tasks, it is possible user attributes might be of primary importance and the document supplemental. Here, we systematically investigate the predictive power of user-level features alone versus document-level features for document-level tasks. We first show user attributes can sometimes carry more task-related information than the document itself. For example, a tweet-level stance detection model using only 13 user-level attributes (i.e. features that did not depend on the specific tweet) was able to obtain a higher F1 than the top-performing SemEval participant. We then consider multiple tasks and a wider range of user attributes, showing the performance of strong document-only models can often be improved (as in stance, sentiment, and sarcasm) with user attributes, particularly benefiting tasks with stable {``}trait-like{''} outcomes (e.g. stance) most relative to frequently changing {``}state-like{''} outcomes (e.g. sentiment). These results not only support the growing work on integrating user factors into predictive systems, but that some of our NLP tasks might be better cast primarily as user-level (or human) tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{halterman-2019-geolocating,
    title = "Geolocating Political Events in Text",
    author = "Halterman, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2104",
    pages = "29--39",
    abstract = "This work introduces a general method for automatically finding the locations where political events in text occurred. Using a novel set of 8,000 labeled sentences, I create a method to link automatically extracted events and locations in text. The model achieves human level performance on the annotation task and outperforms previous event geolocation systems. It can be applied to most event extraction systems across geographic contexts. I formalize the event{--}location linking task, describe the neural network model, describe the potential uses of such a system in political science, and demonstrate a workflow to answer an open question on the role of conventional military offensives in causing civilian casualties in the Syrian civil war.",
}
@inproceedings{ng-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Network Prediction of Censorable Language",
    author = "Ng, Kei Yin  and
      Feldman, Anna  and
      Peng, Jing  and
      Leberknight, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2105",
    pages = "40--46",
    abstract = "Internet censorship imposes restrictions on what information can be publicized or viewed on the Internet. According to Freedom House{'}s annual Freedom on the Net report, more than half the world{'}s Internet users now live in a place where the Internet is censored or restricted. China has built the world{'}s most extensive and sophisticated online censorship system. In this paper, we describe a new corpus of censored and uncensored social media tweets from a Chinese microblogging website, Sina Weibo, collected by tracking posts that mention {`}sensitive{'} topics or authored by {`}sensitive{'} users. We use this corpus to build a neural network classifier to predict censorship. Our model performs with a 88.50{\%} accuracy using only linguistic features. We discuss these features in detail and hypothesize that they could potentially be used for censorship circumvention.",
}
@inproceedings{courtland-etal-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling performance differences on cognitive tests using {LSTM}s and skip-thought vectors trained on reported media consumption.",
    author = "Courtland, Maury  and
      Davani, Aida  and
      Reyes, Melissa  and
      Yeh, Leigh  and
      Leung, Jun  and
      Kennedy, Brendan  and
      Dehghani, Morteza  and
      Zevin, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2106",
    pages = "47--53",
    abstract = "Cognitive tests have traditionally resorted to standardizing testing materials in the name of equality and because of the onerous nature of creating test items. This approach ignores participants{'} diverse language experiences that potentially significantly affect testing outcomes. Here, we seek to explain our prior finding of significant performance differences on two cognitive tests (reading span and SPiN) between clusters of participants based on their media consumption. Here, we model the language contained in these media sources using an LSTM trained on corpora of each cluster{'}s media sources to predict target words. We also model semantic similarity of test items with each cluster{'}s corpus using skip-thought vectors. We find robust, significant correlations between performance on the SPiN test and the LSTMs and skip-thought models we present here, but not the reading span test.",
}
@inproceedings{lukito-etal-2019-using,
    title = "Using time series and natural language processing to identify viral moments in the 2016 {U}.{S}. Presidential Debate",
    author = "Lukito, Josephine  and
      K Sarma, Prathusha  and
      Foley, Jordan  and
      Abhishek, Aman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2107",
    pages = "54--64",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a method for identifying and studying viral moments or highlights during a political debate. Using a combined strategy of time series analysis and domain adapted word embeddings, this study provides an in-depth analysis of several key moments during the 2016 U.S. Presidential election. First, a time series outlier analysis is used to identify key moments during the debate. These moments had to result in a long-term shift in attention towards either Hillary Clinton or Donald Trump (i.e., a transient change outlier or an intervention, resulting in a permanent change in the time series). To assess whether these moments also resulted in a discursive shift, two corpora are produced for each potential viral moment (a pre-viral corpus and post-viral corpus). A domain adaptation layer learns weights to combine a generic and domain-specific (DS) word embedding into a domain adapted (DA) embedding. Words are then classified using a generic encoder+ classifier framework that relies on these word embeddings as inputs. Results suggest that both Clinton and Trump were able to induce discourse-shifting viral moments, though the former is much better at producing a topically-specific discursive shift.",
}
@inproceedings{mayfield-black-2019-stance,
    title = "Stance Classification, Outcome Prediction, and Impact Assessment: {NLP} Tasks for Studying Group Decision-Making",
    author = "Mayfield, Elijah  and
      Black, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2108",
    pages = "65--77",
    abstract = "In group decision-making, the nuanced process of conflict and resolution that leads to consensus formation is closely tied to the quality of decisions made. Behavioral scientists rarely have rich access to process variables, though, as unstructured discussion transcripts are difficult to analyze. Here, we define ways for NLP researchers to contribute to the study of groups and teams. We introduce three tasks alongside a large new corpus of over 400,000 group debates on Wikipedia. We describe the tasks and their importance, then provide baselines showing that BERT contextualized word embeddings consistently outperform other language representations.",
}
@inproceedings{duseja-jhamtani-2019-sociolinguistic,
    title = "A Sociolinguistic Study of Online Echo Chambers on Twitter",
    author = "Duseja, Nikita  and
      Jhamtani, Harsh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2109",
    pages = "78--83",
    abstract = "Online social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter are increasingly facing criticism for polarization of users. One particular aspect which has caught the attention of various critics is presence of users in echo chambers - a situation wherein users are exposed mostly to the opinions which are in sync with their own views. In this paper, we perform a sociolinguistic study by comparing the tweets of users in echo chambers with the tweets of users not in echo chambers with similar levels of polarity on a broad topic. Specifically, we carry out a comparative analysis of tweet structure, lexical choices, and focus issues, and provide possible explanations for the results.",
}
@inproceedings{soldner-etal-2019-uphill,
    title = "Uphill from here: Sentiment patterns in videos from left- and right-wing {Y}ou{T}ube news channels",
    author = "Soldner, Felix  and
      Ho, Justin Chun-ting  and
      Makhortykh, Mykola  and
      van der Vegt, Isabelle W.J.  and
      Mozes, Maximilian  and
      Kleinberg, Bennett",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2110",
    pages = "84--93",
    abstract = "News consumption exhibits an increasing shift towards online sources, which bring platforms such as YouTube more into focus. Thus, the distribution of politically loaded news is easier, receives more attention, but also raises the concern of forming isolated ideological communities. Understanding how such news is communicated and received is becoming increasingly important. To expand our understanding in this domain, we apply a linguistic temporal trajectory analysis to analyze sentiment patterns in English-language videos from news channels on YouTube. We examine transcripts from videos distributed through eight channels with pro-left and pro-right political leanings. Using unsupervised clustering, we identify seven different sentiment patterns in the transcripts. We found that the use of two sentiment patterns differed significantly depending on political leaning. Furthermore, we used predictive models to examine how different sentiment patterns relate to video popularity and if they differ depending on the channel{'}s political leaning. No clear relations between sentiment patterns and popularity were found. However, results indicate, that videos from pro-right news channels are more popular and that a negative sentiment further increases that popularity, when sentiments are averaged for each video.",
}
@inproceedings{gillani-levy-2019-simple,
    title = "Simple dynamic word embeddings for mapping perceptions in the public sphere",
    author = "Gillani, Nabeel  and
      Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2111",
    pages = "94--99",
    abstract = "Word embeddings trained on large-scale historical corpora can illuminate human biases and stereotypes that perpetuate social inequalities. These embeddings are often trained in separate vector space models defined according to different attributes of interest. In this paper, we introduce a single, unified dynamic embedding model that learns attribute-specific word embeddings and apply it to a novel dataset{---}talk radio shows from around the US{---}to analyze perceptions about refugees. We validate our model on a benchmark dataset and apply it to two corpora of talk radio shows averaging 117 million words produced over one month across 83 stations and 64 cities. Our findings suggest that dynamic word embeddings are capable of identifying nuanced differences in public discourse about contentious topics, suggesting their usefulness as a tool for better understanding how the public perceives and engages with different issues across time, geography, and other dimensions.",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-goldwasser-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Behavioral Aspects of Social Media Discourse for Moral Classification",
    author = "Johnson, Kristen  and
      Goldwasser, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2112",
    pages = "100--109",
    abstract = "Political discourse on social media microblogs, specifically Twitter, has become an undeniable part of mainstream U.S. politics. Given the length constraint of tweets, politicians must carefully word their statements to ensure their message is understood by their intended audience. This constraint often eliminates the context of the tweet, making automatic analysis of social media political discourse a difficult task. To overcome this challenge, we propose simultaneous modeling of high-level abstractions of political language, such as political slogans and framing strategies, with abstractions of how politicians behave on Twitter. These behavioral abstractions can be further leveraged as forms of supervision in order to increase prediction accuracy, while reducing the burden of annotation. In this work, we use Probabilistic Soft Logic (PSL) to build relational models to capture the similarities in language and behavior that obfuscate political messages on Twitter. When combined, these descriptors reveal the moral foundations underlying the discourse of U.S. politicians online, \textit{across} differing governing administrations, showing how party talking points remain cohesive or change over time.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-natural-legal,
    title = "Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2019",
    author = "Aletras, Nikolaos  and
      Ash, Elliott  and
      Barrett, Leslie  and
      Chen, Daniel  and
      Meyers, Adam  and
      Preotiuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Rosenberg, David  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2200",
}
@inproceedings{manor-li-2019-plain,
    title = "Plain {E}nglish Summarization of Contracts",
    author = "Manor, Laura  and
      Li, Junyi Jessy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2201",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "Unilateral legal contracts, such as terms of service, play a substantial role in modern digital life. However, few read these documents before accepting the terms within, as they are too long and the language too complicated. We propose the task of summarizing such legal documents in plain English, which would enable users to have a better understanding of the terms they are accepting. We propose an initial dataset of legal text snippets paired with summaries written in plain English. We verify the quality of these summaries manually, and show that they involve heavy abstraction, compression, and simplification. Initial experiments show that unsupervised extractive summarization methods do not perform well on this task due to the level of abstraction and style differences. We conclude with a call for resource and technique development for simplification and style transfer for legal language.",
}
@inproceedings{ferro-etal-2019-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Methods for Annotating Legal-Decision Corpora",
    author = "Ferro, Lisa  and
      Aberdeen, John  and
      Branting, Karl  and
      Pfeifer, Craig  and
      Yeh, Alexander  and
      Chakraborty, Amartya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2202",
    pages = "12--20",
    abstract = "Recent research has demonstrated that judicial and administrative decisions can be predicted by machine-learning models trained on prior decisions. However, to have any practical application, these predictions must be explainable, which in turn requires modeling a rich set of features. Such approaches face a roadblock if the knowledge engineering required to create these features is not scalable. We present an approach to developing a feature-rich corpus of administrative rulings about domain name disputes, an approach which leverages a small amount of manual annotation and prototypical patterns present in the case documents to automatically extend feature labels to the entire corpus. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, we report results from systems trained on this dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{simonson-etal-2019-extent,
    title = "The Extent of Repetition in Contract Language",
    author = "Simonson, Dan  and
      Broderick, Daniel  and
      Herr, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2203",
    pages = "21--30",
    abstract = "Contract language is repetitive (Anderson and Manns, 2017), but so is all language (Zipf, 1949). In this paper, we measure the extent to which contract language in English is repetitive compared with the language of other English language corpora. Contracts have much smaller vocabulary sizes compared with similarly sized non-contract corpora across multiple contract types, contain 1/5th as many hapax legomena, pattern differently on a log-log plot, use fewer pronouns, and contain sentences that are about 20{\%} more similar to one another than in other corpora. These suggest that the study of contracts in natural language processing controls for some linguistic phenomena and allows for more in depth study of others.",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-2019-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Boundary Detection in Legal Text",
    author = "Sanchez, George",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2204",
    pages = "31--38",
    abstract = "In this paper, we examined several algorithms to detect sentence boundaries in legal text. Legal text presents challenges for sentence tokenizers because of the variety of punctuations and syntax of legal text. Out-of-the-box algorithms perform poorly on legal text affecting further analysis of the text. A novel and domain-specific approach is needed to detect sentence boundaries to further analyze legal text. We present the results of our investigation in this paper.",
}
@inproceedings{shaffer-mayhew-2019-legal,
    title = "Legal Linking: Citation Resolution and Suggestion in Constitutional Law",
    author = "Shaffer, Robert  and
      Mayhew, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2205",
    pages = "39--44",
    abstract = "This paper describes a dataset and baseline systems for linking paragraphs from court cases to clauses or amendments in the US Constitution. We implement a rule-based system, a linear model, and a neural architecture for matching pairs of paragraphs, taking training data from online databases in a distantly-supervised fashion. In experiments on a manually-annotated evaluation set, we find that our proposed neural system outperforms a rules-driven baseline. Qualitatively, this performance gap seems largest for abstract or indirect links between documents, which suggests that our system might be useful for answering political science and legal research questions or discovering novel links. We release the dataset along with the manually-annotated evaluation set to foster future work.",
}
@inproceedings{vacek-etal-2019-litigation,
    title = "Litigation Analytics: Case Outcomes Extracted from {US} Federal Court Dockets",
    author = "Vacek, Thomas  and
      Teo, Ronald  and
      Song, Dezhao  and
      Nugent, Timothy  and
      Cowling, Conner  and
      Schilder, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2206",
    pages = "45--54",
    abstract = "Dockets contain a wealth of information for planning a litigation strategy, but the information is locked up in semi-structured text. Manually deriving the outcomes for each party (e.g., settlement, verdict) would be very labor intensive. Having such information available for every past court case, however, would be very useful for developing a strategy because it potentially reveals tendencies and trends of judges and courts and the opposing counsel. We used Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques and deep learning methods allowing us to scale the automatic analysis of millions of US federal court dockets. The automatically extracted information is fed into a Litigation Analytics tool that is used by lawyers to plan how they approach concrete litigations.",
}
@inproceedings{rehm-etal-2019-developing,
    title = "Developing and Orchestrating a Portfolio of Natural Legal Language Processing and Document Curation Services",
    author = "Rehm, Georg  and
      Moreno-Schneider, Juli{\'a}n  and
      Gracia, Jorge  and
      Revenko, Artem  and
      Mireles, Victor  and
      Khvalchik, Maria  and
      Kernerman, Ilan  and
      Lagzdins, Andis  and
      Pinnis, Marcis  and
      Vasilevskis, Artus  and
      Leitner, Elena  and
      Milde, Jan  and
      Wei{\ss}enhorn, Pia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2207",
    pages = "55--66",
    abstract = "We present a portfolio of natural legal language processing and document curation services currently under development in a collaborative European project. First, we give an overview of the project and the different use cases, while, in the main part of the article, we focus upon the 13 different processing services that are being deployed in different prototype applications using a flexible and scalable microservices architecture. Their orchestration is operationalised using a content and document curation workflow manager.",
}
@inproceedings{soh-etal-2019-legal,
    title = "Legal Area Classification: A Comparative Study of Text Classifiers on Singapore Supreme Court Judgments",
    author = "Soh, Jerrold  and
      Lim, How Khang  and
      Chai, Ian Ernst",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2208",
    pages = "67--77",
    abstract = "This paper conducts a comparative study on the performance of various machine learning approaches for classifying judgments into legal areas. Using a novel dataset of 6,227 Singapore Supreme Court judgments, we investigate how state-of-the-art NLP methods compare against traditional statistical models when applied to a legal corpus that comprised few but lengthy documents. All approaches tested, including topic model, word embedding, and language model-based classifiers, performed well with as little as a few hundred judgments. However, more work needs to be done to optimize state-of-the-art methods for the legal domain.",
}
@inproceedings{chalkidis-etal-2019-extreme,
    title = "Extreme Multi-Label Legal Text Classification: A Case Study in {EU} Legislation",
    author = "Chalkidis, Ilias  and
      Fergadiotis, Emmanouil  and
      Malakasiotis, Prodromos  and
      Aletras, Nikolaos  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2209",
    pages = "78--87",
    abstract = "We consider the task of Extreme Multi-Label Text Classification (XMTC) in the legal domain. We release a new dataset of 57k legislative documents from EURLEX, the European Union{'}s public document database, annotated with concepts from EUROVOC, a multidisciplinary thesaurus. The dataset is substantially larger than previous EURLEX datasets and suitable for XMTC, few-shot and zero-shot learning. Experimenting with several neural classifiers, we show that BIGRUs with self-attention outperform the current multi-label state-of-the-art methods, which employ label-wise attention. Replacing CNNs with BIGRUs in label-wise attention networks leads to the best overall performance.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-methods,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Methods for Optimizing and Evaluating Neural Language Generation",
    author = "Bosselut, Antoine  and
      Celikyilmaz, Asli  and
      Ghazvininejad, Marjan  and
      Iyer, Srinivasan  and
      Khandelwal, Urvashi  and
      Rashkin, Hannah  and
      Wolf, Thomas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2300",
}
@inproceedings{olabiyi-etal-2019-adversarial,
    title = "An Adversarial Learning Framework For A Persona-Based Multi-Turn Dialogue Model",
    author = "Olabiyi, Oluwatobi  and
      Khazane, Anish  and
      Salimov, Alan  and
      Mueller, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Methods for Optimizing and Evaluating Neural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2301",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "In this paper, we extend the persona-based sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) neural network conversation model to a multi-turn dialogue scenario by modifying the state-of-the- art hredGAN architecture to simultaneously capture utterance attributes such as speaker identity, dialogue topic, speaker sentiments and so on. The proposed system, phredGAN has a persona-based HRED generator (PHRED) and a conditional discriminator. We also explore two approaches to accomplish the conditional discriminator: (1) phredGANa, a system that passes the attribute representation as an additional input into a traditional adversarial discriminator, and (2) phredGANd, a dual discriminator system which in addition to the adversarial discriminator, collaboratively predicts the attribute(s) that generated the input utterance. To demonstrate the superior performance of phredGAN over the persona Seq2Seq model, we experiment with two conversational datasets, the Ubuntu Dialogue Corpus (UDC) and TV series transcripts from the Big Bang Theory and Friends. Performance comparison is made with respect to a variety of quantitative measures as well as crowd-sourced human evaluation. We also explore the trade-offs from using either variant of phredGAN on datasets with many but weak attribute modalities (such as with Big Bang Theory and Friends) and ones with few but strong attribute modalities (customer-agent interactions in Ubuntu dataset).",
}
@inproceedings{cui-etal-2019-dal,
    title = "{DAL}: Dual Adversarial Learning for Dialogue Generation",
    author = "Cui, Shaobo  and
      Lian, Rongzhong  and
      Jiang, Di  and
      Song, Yuanfeng  and
      Bao, Siqi  and
      Jiang, Yong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Methods for Optimizing and Evaluating Neural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2302",
    pages = "11--20",
    abstract = "In open-domain dialogue systems, generative approaches have attracted much attention for response generation. However, existing methods are heavily plagued by generating safe responses and unnatural responses. To alleviate these two problems, we propose a novel framework named Dual Adversarial Learning(DAL) for high-quality response generation. DAL innovatively utilizes the duality between query generation and response generation to avoid safe responses and increase the diversity of the generated responses. Additionally, DAL uses adversarial learning to mimic human judges and guides the system to generate natural responses. Experimental results demonstrate that DAL effectively improves both diversity and overall quality of the generated responses. DAL outperforms state-of-the-art methods regarding automatic metrics and human evaluations.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2019-compare,
    title = "How to Compare Summarizers without Target Length? Pitfalls, Solutions and Re-Examination of the Neural Summarization Literature",
    author = "Sun, Simeng  and
      Shapira, Ori  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Methods for Optimizing and Evaluating Neural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2303",
    pages = "21--29",
    abstract = "We show that plain ROUGE F1 scores are not ideal for comparing current neural systems which on average produce different lengths. This is due to a non-linear pattern between ROUGE F1 and summary length. To alleviate the effect of length during evaluation, we have proposed a new method which normalizes the ROUGE F1 scores of a system by that of a random system with same average output length. A pilot human evaluation has shown that humans prefer short summaries in terms of the verbosity of a summary but overall consider longer summaries to be of higher quality. While human evaluations are more expensive in time and resources, it is clear that normalization, such as the one we proposed for automatic evaluation, will make human evaluations more meaningful.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-cho-2019-bert,
    title = "{BERT} has a Mouth, and It Must Speak: {BERT} as a {M}arkov Random Field Language Model",
    author = "Wang, Alex  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Methods for Optimizing and Evaluating Neural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2304",
    pages = "30--36",
    abstract = "We show that BERT (Devlin et al., 2018) is a Markov random field language model. This formulation gives way to a natural procedure to sample sentences from BERT. We generate from BERT and find that it can produce high quality, fluent generations. Compared to the generations of a traditional left-to-right language model, BERT generates sentences that are more diverse but of slightly worse quality.",
}
@inproceedings{palmero-aprosio-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Text Simplification in Low-Resource Conditions Using Weak Supervision",
    author = "Palmero Aprosio, Alessio  and
      Tonelli, Sara  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Di Gangi, Mattia A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Methods for Optimizing and Evaluating Neural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2305",
    pages = "37--44",
    abstract = "Neural text simplification has gained increasing attention in the NLP community thanks to recent advancements in deep sequence-to-sequence learning. Most recent efforts with such a data-demanding paradigm have dealt with the English language, for which sizeable training datasets are currently available to deploy competitive models. Similar improvements on less resource-rich languages are conditioned either to intensive manual work to create training data, or to the design of effective automatic generation techniques to bypass the data acquisition bottleneck. Inspired by the machine translation field, in which synthetic parallel pairs generated from monolingual data yield significant improvements to neural models, in this paper we exploit large amounts of heterogeneous data to automatically select simple sentences, which are then used to create synthetic simplification pairs. We also evaluate other solutions, such as oversampling and the use of external word embeddings to be fed to the neural simplification system. Our approach is evaluated on Italian and Spanish, for which few thousand gold sentence pairs are available. The results show that these techniques yield performance improvements over a baseline sequence-to-sequence configuration.",
}
@inproceedings{cho-etal-2019-paraphrase,
    title = "Paraphrase Generation for Semi-Supervised Learning in {NLU}",
    author = "Cho, Eunah  and
      Xie, He  and
      Campbell, William M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Methods for Optimizing and Evaluating Neural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2306",
    pages = "45--54",
    abstract = "Semi-supervised learning is an efficient way to improve performance for natural language processing systems. In this work, we propose Para-SSL, a scheme to generate candidate utterances using paraphrasing and methods from semi-supervised learning. In order to perform paraphrase generation in the context of a dialog system, we automatically extract paraphrase pairs to create a paraphrase corpus. Using this data, we build a paraphrase generation system and perform one-to-many generation, followed by a validation step to select only the utterances with good quality. The paraphrase-based semi-supervised learning is applied to five functionalities in a natural language understanding system. Our proposed method for semi-supervised learning using paraphrase generation does not require user utterances and can be applied prior to releasing a new functionality to a system. Experiments show that we can achieve up to 19{\%} of relative slot error reduction without an access to user utterances, and up to 35{\%} when leveraging live traffic utterances.",
}
@inproceedings{rashid-etal-2019-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual-{GAN}: A Step Towards Parallel Text Generation",
    author = "Rashid, Ahmad  and
      Do-Omri, Alan  and
      Haidar, Md. Akmal  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Rezagholizadeh, Mehdi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Methods for Optimizing and Evaluating Neural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2307",
    pages = "55--64",
    abstract = "Latent space based GAN methods and attention based sequence to sequence models have achieved impressive results in text generation and unsupervised machine translation respectively. Leveraging the two domains, we propose an adversarial latent space based model capable of generating parallel sentences in two languages concurrently and translating bidirectionally. The bilingual generation goal is achieved by sampling from the latent space that is shared between both languages. First two denoising autoencoders are trained, with shared encoders and back-translation to enforce a shared latent state between the two languages. The decoder is shared for the two translation directions. Next, a GAN is trained to generate synthetic {`}code{'} mimicking the languages{'} shared latent space. This code is then fed into the decoder to generate text in either language. We perform our experiments on Europarl and Multi30k datasets, on the English-French language pair, and document our performance using both supervised and unsupervised machine translation.",
}
@inproceedings{elder-etal-2019-designing,
    title = "Designing a Symbolic Intermediate Representation for Neural Surface Realization",
    author = "Elder, Henry  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Barry, James  and
      O{'}Connor, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Methods for Optimizing and Evaluating Neural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2308",
    pages = "65--73",
    abstract = "Generated output from neural NLG systems often contain errors such as hallucination, repetition or contradiction. This work focuses on designing a symbolic intermediate representation to be used in multi-stage neural generation with the intention of reducing the frequency of failed outputs. We show that surface realization from this intermediate representation is of high quality and when the full system is applied to the E2E dataset it outperforms the winner of the E2E challenge. Furthermore, by breaking out the surface realization step from typically end-to-end neural systems, we also provide a framework for non-neural based content selection and planning systems to potentially take advantage of semi-supervised pretraining of neural surface realization models.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Text Style Transfer via Denoising and Reranking",
    author = "Lee, Joseph  and
      Xie, Ziang  and
      Wang, Cindy  and
      Drach, Max  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Ng, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Methods for Optimizing and Evaluating Neural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2309",
    pages = "74--81",
    abstract = "We introduce a simple method for text style transfer that frames style transfer as denoising: we synthesize a noisy corpus and treat the source style as a noisy version of the target style. To control for aspects such as preserving meaning while modifying style, we propose a reranking approach in the data synthesis phase. We evaluate our method on three novel style transfer tasks: transferring between British and American varieties, text genres (formal vs. casual), and lyrics from different musical genres. By measuring style transfer quality, meaning preservation, and the fluency of generated outputs, we demonstrate that our method is able both to produce high-quality output while maintaining the flexibility to suggest syntactically rich stylistic edits.",
}
@inproceedings{ghazarian-etal-2019-better,
    title = "Better Automatic Evaluation of Open-Domain Dialogue Systems with Contextualized Embeddings",
    author = "Ghazarian, Sarik  and
      Wei, Johnny  and
      Galstyan, Aram  and
      Peng, Nanyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Methods for Optimizing and Evaluating Neural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2310",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2310",
    pages = "82--89",
    abstract = "Despite advances in open-domain dialogue systems, automatic evaluation of such systems is still a challenging problem. Traditional reference-based metrics such as BLEU are ineffective because there could be many valid responses for a given context that share no common words with reference responses. A recent work proposed Referenced metric and Unreferenced metric Blended Evaluation Routine (RUBER) to combine a learning-based metric, which predicts relatedness between a generated response and a given query, with reference-based metric; it showed high correlation with human judgments. In this paper, we explore using contextualized word embeddings to compute more accurate relatedness scores, thus better evaluation metrics. Experiments show that our evaluation metrics outperform RUBER, which is trained on static embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{alihosseini-etal-2019-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Measuring Diversity and Quality in Text Generation Models",
    author = "Alihosseini, Danial  and
      Montahaei, Ehsan  and
      Soleymani Baghshah, Mahdieh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Methods for Optimizing and Evaluating Neural Language Generation",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2311",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2311",
    pages = "90--98",
    abstract = "Text generation is an important Natural Language Processing task with various applications. Although several metrics have already been introduced to evaluate the text generation methods, each of them has its own shortcomings. The most widely used metrics such as BLEU only consider the quality of generated sentences and neglecting their diversity. For example, repeatedly generation of only one high quality sentence would result in a high BLEU score. On the other hand, the more recent metric introduced to evaluate the diversity of generated texts known as Self-BLEU ignores the quality of generated texts. In this paper, we propose metrics to evaluate both the quality and diversity simultaneously by approximating the distance of the learned generative model and the real data distribution. For this purpose, we first introduce a metric that approximates this distance using n-gram based measures. Then, a feature-based measure which is based on a recent highly deep model trained on a large text corpus called BERT is introduced. Finally, for oracle training mode in which the generatorʼs density can also be calculated, we propose to use the distance measures between the corresponding explicit distributions. Eventually, the most popular and recent text generation models are evaluated using both the existing and the proposed metrics and the preferences of the proposed metrics are determined.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-narrative,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Narrative Understanding",
    author = "Bamman, David  and
      Chaturvedi, Snigdha  and
      Clark, Elizabeth  and
      Fiterau, Madalina  and
      Iyyer, Mohit",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2400",
}
@inproceedings{cho-etal-2019-towards,
    title = "Towards Coherent and Cohesive Long-form Text Generation",
    author = "Cho, Woon Sang  and
      Zhang, Pengchuan  and
      Zhang, Yizhe  and
      Li, Xiujun  and
      Galley, Michel  and
      Brockett, Chris  and
      Wang, Mengdi  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Narrative Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2401",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "Generating coherent and cohesive long-form texts is a challenging task. Previous works relied on large amounts of human-generated texts to train neural language models. However, few attempted to explicitly improve neural language models from the perspectives of coherence and cohesion. In this work, we propose a new neural language model that is equipped with two neural discriminators which provide feedback signals at the levels of sentence (cohesion) and paragraph (coherence). Our model is trained using a simple yet efficient variant of policy gradient, called {`}negative-critical sequence training{'}, which is proposed to eliminate the need of training a separate critic for estimating {`}baseline{'}. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, showing improvements over the strong baseline {--} recurrent attention-based bidirectional MLE-trained neural language model.",
}
@inproceedings{jahan-finlayson-2019-character,
    title = "Character Identification Refined: A Proposal",
    author = "Jahan, Labiba  and
      Finlayson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Narrative Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2402",
    pages = "12--18",
    abstract = "Characters are a key element of narrative and so character identification plays an important role in automatic narrative understanding. Unfortunately, most prior work that incorporates character identification is not built upon a clear, theoretically grounded concept of character. They either take character identification for granted (e.g., using simple heuristics on referring expressions), or rely on simplified definitions that do not capture important distinctions between characters and other referents in the story. Prior approaches have also been rather complicated, relying, for example, on predefined case bases or ontologies. In this paper we propose a narratologically grounded definition of character for discussion at the workshop, and also demonstrate a preliminary yet straightforward supervised machine learning model with a small set of features that performs well on two corpora. The most important of the two corpora is a set of 46 Russian folktales, on which the model achieves an F1 of 0.81. Error analysis suggests that features relevant to the plot will be necessary for further improvements in performance.",
}
@inproceedings{shree-etal-2019-deep,
    title = "Deep Natural Language Understanding of News Text",
    author = "Shree, Jaya  and
      Liu, Emily  and
      Gordon, Andrew  and
      Hobbs, Jerry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Narrative Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2403",
    pages = "19--27",
    abstract = "Early proposals for the deep understanding of natural language text advocated an approach of {``}interpretation as abduction,{''} where the meaning of a text was derived as an explanation that logically entailed the input words, given a knowledge base of lexical and commonsense axioms. While most subsequent NLP research has instead pursued statistical and data-driven methods, the approach of interpretation as abduction has seen steady advancements in both theory and software implementations. In this paper, we summarize advances in deriving the logical form of the text, encoding commonsense knowledge, and technologies for scalable abductive reasoning. We then explore the application of these advancements to the deep understanding of a paragraph of news text, where the subtle meaning of words and phrases are resolved by backward chaining on a knowledge base of 80 hand-authored axioms.",
}
@inproceedings{palshikar-etal-2019-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Message Sequence Charts from Narrative History Text",
    author = "Palshikar, Girish  and
      Pawar, Sachin  and
      Patil, Sangameshwar  and
      Hingmire, Swapnil  and
      Ramrakhiyani, Nitin  and
      Bedi, Harsimran  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Narrative Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2404",
    pages = "28--36",
    abstract = "In this paper, we advocate the use of Message Sequence Chart (MSC) as a knowledge representation to capture and visualize multi-actor interactions and their temporal ordering. We propose algorithms to automatically extract an MSC from a history narrative. For a given narrative, we first identify verbs which indicate interactions and then use dependency parsing and Semantic Role Labelling based approaches to identify senders (initiating actors) and receivers (other actors involved) for these interaction verbs. As a final step in MSC extraction, we employ a state-of-the art algorithm to temporally re-order these interactions. Our evaluation on multiple publicly available narratives shows improvements over four baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{ippolito-etal-2019-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Hierarchical Story Infilling",
    author = "Ippolito, Daphne  and
      Grangier, David  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Eck, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Narrative Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2405",
    pages = "37--43",
    abstract = "Story infilling involves predicting words to go into a missing span from a story. This challenging task has the potential to transform interactive tools for creative writing. However, state-of-the-art conditional language models have trouble balancing fluency and coherence with novelty and diversity. We address this limitation with a hierarchical model which first selects a set of rare words and then generates text conditioned on that set. By relegating the high entropy task of picking rare words to a word-sampling model, the second-stage model conditioned on those words can achieve high fluency and coherence by searching for likely sentences, without sacrificing diversity.",
}
@inproceedings{roemmele-2019-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Sensible Lexical Relations in Generated Stories",
    author = "Roemmele, Melissa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Narrative Understanding",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2406",
    pages = "44--52",
    abstract = "As with many text generation tasks, the focus of recent progress on story generation has been in producing texts that are perceived to {``}make sense{''} as a whole. There are few automated metrics that address this dimension of story quality even on a shallow lexical level. To initiate investigation into such metrics, we apply a simple approach to identifying word relations that contribute to the {`}narrative sense{'} of a story. We use this approach to comparatively analyze the output of a few notable story generation systems in terms of these relations. We characterize differences in the distributions of relations according to their strength within each story.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-joint,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    author = "Alex, Beatrice  and
      Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania  and
      Kazantseva, Anna  and
      Reiter, Nils  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2500",
}
@inproceedings{hellrich-etal-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Word Emotion in Historical Language: Quantity Beats Supposed Stability in Seed Word Selection",
    author = "Hellrich, Johannes  and
      Buechel, Sven  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2501",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "To understand historical texts, we must be aware that language{---}including the emotional connotation attached to words{---}changes over time. In this paper, we aim at estimating the emotion which is associated with a given word in former language stages of English and German. Emotion is represented following the popular Valence-Arousal-Dominance (VAD) annotation scheme. While being more expressive than polarity alone, existing word emotion induction methods are typically not suited for addressing it. To overcome this limitation, we present adaptations of two popular algorithms to VAD. To measure their effectiveness in diachronic settings, we present the first gold standard for historical word emotions, which was created by scholars with proficiency in the respective language stages and covers both English and German. In contrast to claims in previous work, our findings indicate that hand-selecting small sets of seed words with supposedly stable emotional meaning is actually harm- rather than helpful.",
}
@inproceedings{riedl-etal-2019-clustering,
    title = "Clustering-Based Article Identification in Historical Newspapers",
    author = "Riedl, Martin  and
      Betz, Daniela  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2502",
    pages = "12--17",
    abstract = "This article focuses on the problem of identifying articles and recovering their text from within and across newspaper pages when OCR just delivers one text file per page. We frame the task as a segmentation plus clustering step. Our results on a sample of 1912 New York Tribune magazine shows that performing the clustering based on similarities computed with word embeddings outperforms a similarity measure based on character n-grams and words. Furthermore, the automatic segmentation based on the text results in low scores, due to the low quality of some OCRed documents.",
}
@inproceedings{degaetano-ortlieb-piper-2019-scientization,
    title = "The Scientization of Literary Study",
    author = "Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania  and
      Piper, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2503",
    pages = "18--28",
    abstract = "Scholarly practices within the humanities have historically been perceived as distinct from the natural sciences. We look at literary studies, a discipline strongly anchored in the humanities, and hypothesize that over the past half-century literary studies has instead undergone a process of {``}scientization{''}, adopting linguistic behavior similar to the sciences. We test this using methods based on information theory, comparing a corpus of literary studies articles (around 63,400) with a corpus of standard English and scientific English respectively. We show evidence for {``}scientization{''} effects in literary studies, though at a more muted level than scientific English, suggesting that literary studies occupies a middle ground with respect to standard English in the larger space of academic disciplines. More generally, our methodology can be applied to investigate the social positioning and development of language use across different domains (e.g. scientific disciplines, language varieties, registers).",
}
@inproceedings{vishnubhotla-etal-2019-fictional,
    title = "Are Fictional Voices Distinguishable? Classifying Character Voices in Modern Drama",
    author = "Vishnubhotla, Krishnapriya  and
      Hammond, Adam  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2504",
    pages = "29--34",
    abstract = "According to the literary theory of Mikhail Bakhtin, a dialogic novel is one in which characters speak in their own distinct voices, rather than serving as mouthpieces for their authors. We use text classification to determine which authors best achieve dialogism, looking at a corpus of plays from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. We find that the SAGE model of text generation, which highlights deviations from a background lexical distribution, is an effective method of weighting the words of characters{'} utterances. Our results show that it is indeed possible to distinguish characters by their speech in the plays of canonical writers such as George Bernard Shaw, whereas characters are clustered more closely in the works of lesser-known playwrights.",
}
@inproceedings{steinbach-rehbein-2019-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Alignment and Annotation Projection for Literary Texts",
    author = "Steinbach, Uli  and
      Rehbein, Ines",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2505",
    pages = "35--45",
    abstract = "This paper presents a modular NLP pipeline for the creation of a parallel literature corpus, followed by annotation transfer from the source to the target language. The test case we use to evaluate our pipeline is the automatic transfer of quote and speaker mention annotations from English to German. We evaluate the different components of the pipeline and discuss challenges specific to literary texts. Our experiments show that after applying a reasonable amount of semi-automatic postprocessing we can obtain high-quality aligned and annotated resources for a new language.",
}
@inproceedings{bethard-etal-2019-inferring,
    title = "Inferring missing metadata from environmental policy texts",
    author = "Bethard, Steven  and
      Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Wang, Sophia  and
      Zhao, Yiyun  and
      Al-Ghezi, Ragheb  and
      Lien, Aaron  and
      L{\'o}pez-Hoffman, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2506",
    pages = "46--51",
    abstract = "The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) provides a trove of data on how environmental policy decisions have been made in the United States over the last 50 years. Unfortunately, there is no central database for this information and it is too voluminous to assess manually. We describe our efforts to enable systematic research over US environmental policy by extracting and organizing metadata from the text of NEPA documents. Our contributions include collecting more than 40,000 NEPA-related documents, and evaluating rule-based baselines that establish the difficulty of three important tasks: identifying lead agencies, aligning document versions, and detecting reused text.",
}
@inproceedings{gianitsos-etal-2019-stylometric,
    title = "Stylometric Classification of Ancient {G}reek Literary Texts by Genre",
    author = "Gianitsos, Efthimios  and
      Bolt, Thomas  and
      Chaudhuri, Pramit  and
      Dexter, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2507",
    pages = "52--60",
    abstract = "Classification of texts by genre is an important application of natural language processing to literary corpora but remains understudied for premodern and non-English traditions. We develop a stylometric feature set for ancient Greek that enables identification of texts as prose or verse. The set contains over 20 primarily syntactic features, which are calculated according to custom, language-specific heuristics. Using these features, we classify almost all surviving classical Greek literature as prose or verse with {\textgreater}97{\%} accuracy and F1 score, and further classify a selection of the verse texts into the traditional genres of epic and drama.",
}
@inproceedings{glenny-etal-2019-framework,
    title = "A framework for streamlined statistical prediction using topic models",
    author = "Glenny, Vanessa  and
      Tuke, Jonathan  and
      Bean, Nigel  and
      Mitchell, Lewis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2508",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2508",
    pages = "61--70",
    abstract = "In the Humanities and Social Sciences, there is increasing interest in approaches to information extraction, prediction, intelligent linkage, and dimension reduction applicable to large text corpora. With approaches in these fields being grounded in traditional statistical techniques, the need arises for frameworks whereby advanced NLP techniques such as topic modelling may be incorporated within classical methodologies. This paper provides a classical, supervised, statistical learning framework for prediction from text, using topic models as a data reduction method and the topics themselves as predictors, alongside typical statistical tools for predictive modelling. We apply this framework in a Social Sciences context (applied animal behaviour) as well as a Humanities context (narrative analysis) as examples of this framework. The results show that topic regression models perform comparably to their much less efficient equivalents that use individual words as predictors.",
}
@inproceedings{hamalainen-etal-2019-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting {NMT} for Normalization of Early {E}nglish Letters",
    author = {H{\"a}m{\"a}l{\"a}inen, Mika  and
      S{\"a}ily, Tanja  and
      Rueter, Jack  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      M{\"a}kel{\"a}, Eetu},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2509",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2509",
    pages = "71--75",
    abstract = "This paper studies the use of NMT (neural machine translation) as a normalization method for an early English letter corpus. The corpus has previously been normalized so that only less frequent deviant forms are left out without normalization. This paper discusses different methods for improving the normalization of these deviant forms by using different approaches. Adding features to the training data is found to be unhelpful, but using a lexicographical resource to filter the top candidates produced by the NMT model together with lemmatization improves results.",
}
@inproceedings{lippincott-2019-graph,
    title = "Graph convolutional networks for exploring authorship hypotheses",
    author = "Lippincott, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2510",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2510",
    pages = "76--81",
    abstract = "This work considers a task from traditional literary criticism: annotating a structured, composite document with information about its sources. We take the Documentary Hypothesis, a prominent theory regarding the composition of the first five books of the Hebrew bible, extract stylistic features designed to avoid bias or overfitting, and train several classification models. Our main result is that the recently-introduced graph convolutional network architecture outperforms structurally-uninformed models. We also find that including information about the granularity of text spans is a crucial ingredient when employing hidden layers, in contrast to simple logistic regression. We perform error analysis at several levels, noting how some characteristic limitations of the models and simple features lead to misclassifications, and conclude with an overview of future work.",
}
@inproceedings{rahgozar-inkpen-2019-semantics,
    title = "Semantics and Homothetic Clustering of Hafez Poetry",
    author = "Rahgozar, Arya  and
      Inkpen, Diana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2511",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2511",
    pages = "82--90",
    abstract = "We have created two sets of labels for Hafez (1315-1390) poems, using unsupervised learn- ing. Our labels are the only semantic cluster- ing alternative to the previously existing, hand- labeled, gold-standard classification of Hafez poems, to be used for literary research. We have cross-referenced, measured and analyzed the agreements of our clustering labels with Houman{'}s chronological classes. Our features are based on topic modeling and word embed- dings. We also introduced a similarity of similarities{'} features, we called homothetic clustering approach that proved effective, in case of Hafez{'}s small corpus of ghazals2. Although all our experiments showed different clusters when compared with Houman{'}s classes, we think they were valid in their own right to have provided further insights, and have proved useful as a contrasting alternative to Houman{'}s classes. Our homothetic clusterer and its feature design and engineering framework can be used for further semantic analysis of Hafez{'}s poetry and other similar literary research.",
}
@inproceedings{rim-etal-2019-computational,
    title = "Computational Linguistics Applications for Multimedia Services",
    author = "Rim, Kyeongmin  and
      Lynch, Kelley  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2512",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2512",
    pages = "91--97",
    abstract = "We present Computational Linguistics Applications for Multimedia Services (CLAMS), a platform that provides access to computational content analysis tools for archival multimedia material that appear in different media, such as text, audio, image, and video. The primary goal of CLAMS is: (1) to develop an interchange format between multimodal metadata generation tools to ensure interoperability between tools; (2) to provide users with a portable, user-friendly workflow engine to chain selected tools to extract meaningful analyses; and (3) to create a public software development kit (SDK) for developers that eases deployment of analysis tools within the CLAMS platform. CLAMS is designed to help archives and libraries enrich the metadata associated with their mass-digitized multimedia collections, that would otherwise be largely unsearchable.",
}
@inproceedings{soni-etal-2019-correcting,
    title = "Correcting Whitespace Errors in Digitized Historical Texts",
    author = "Soni, Sandeep  and
      Klein, Lauren  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2513",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2513",
    pages = "98--103",
    abstract = "Whitespace errors are common to digitized archives. This paper describes a lightweight unsupervised technique for recovering the original whitespace. Our approach is based on count statistics from Google n-grams, which are converted into a likelihood ratio test computed from interpolated trigram and bigram probabilities. To evaluate this approach, we annotate a small corpus of whitespace errors in a digitized corpus of newspapers from the 19th century United States. Our technique identifies and corrects most whitespace errors while introducing a minimal amount of oversegmentation: it achieves 77{\%} recall at a false positive rate of less than 1{\%}, and 91{\%} recall at a false positive rate of less than 3{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{manjavacas-etal-2019-feasibility,
    title = "On the Feasibility of Automated Detection of Allusive Text Reuse",
    author = "Manjavacas, Enrique  and
      Long, Brian  and
      Kestemont, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2514",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2514",
    pages = "104--114",
    abstract = "The detection of allusive text reuse is particularly challenging due to the sparse evidence on which allusive references rely {---} commonly based on none or very few shared words. Arguably, lexical semantics can be resorted to since uncovering semantic relations between words has the potential to increase the support underlying the allusion and alleviate the lexical sparsity. A further obstacle is the lack of evaluation benchmark corpora, largely due to the highly interpretative character of the annotation process. In the present paper, we aim to elucidate the feasibility of automated allusion detection. We approach the matter from an Information Retrieval perspective in which referencing texts act as queries and referenced texts as relevant documents to be retrieved, and estimate the difficulty of benchmark corpus compilation by a novel inter-annotator agreement study on query segmentation. Furthermore, we investigate to what extent the integration of lexical semantic information derived from distributional models and ontologies can aid retrieving cases of allusive reuse. The results show that (i) despite low agreement scores, using manual queries considerably improves retrieval performance with respect to a windowing approach, and that (ii) retrieval performance can be moderately boosted with distributional semantics.",
}
@inproceedings{bullock-etal-2019-limits,
    title = "The limits of {S}panglish?",
    author = "Bullock, Barbara  and
      Guzm{\'a}n, Wally  and
      Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2515",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2515",
    pages = "115--121",
    abstract = "Linguistic code-switching (C-S) is common in oral bilingual vernacular speech. When used in literature, C-S becomes an artistic choice that can mirror the patterns of bilingual interactions. But it can also potentially exceed them. What are the limits of C-S? We model features of C-S in corpora of contemporary U.S. Spanish-English literary and conversational data to analyze why some critics view the {`}Spanglish{'} texts of Ilan Stavans as deviating from a C-S norm.",
}
@inproceedings{born-etal-2019-sign,
    title = "Sign Clustering and Topic Extraction in Proto-Elamite",
    author = "Born, Logan  and
      Kelley, Kate  and
      Kambhatla, Nishant  and
      Chen, Carolyn  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Joint {SIGHUM} Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2516",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2516",
    pages = "122--132",
    abstract = "We describe a first attempt at using techniques from computational linguistics to analyze the undeciphered proto-Elamite script. Using hierarchical clustering, n-gram frequencies, and LDA topic models, we both replicate results obtained by manual decipherment and reveal previously-unobserved relationships between signs. This demonstrates the utility of these techniques as an aid to manual decipherment.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-extracting,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extracting Structured Knowledge from Scientific Publications",
    author = "Nastase, Vivi  and
      Roth, Benjamin  and
      Dietz, Laura  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2600",
}
@inproceedings{dai-etal-2019-distantly,
    title = "Distantly Supervised Biomedical Knowledge Acquisition via Knowledge Graph Based Attention",
    author = "Dai, Qin  and
      Inoue, Naoya  and
      Reisert, Paul  and
      Takahashi, Ryo  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extracting Structured Knowledge from Scientific Publications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2601",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "The increased demand for structured scientific knowledge has attracted considerable attention in extracting scientific relation from the ever growing scientific publications. Distant supervision is widely applied approach to automatically generate large amounts of labelled data with low manual annotation cost. However, distant supervision inevitably accompanies the wrong labelling problem, which will negatively affect the performance of Relation Extraction (RE). To address this issue, (Han et al., 2018) proposes a novel framework for jointly training both RE model and Knowledge Graph Completion (KGC) model to extract structured knowledge from non-scientific dataset. In this work, we firstly investigate the feasibility of this framework on scientific dataset, specifically on biomedical dataset. Secondly, to achieve better performance on the biomedical dataset, we extend the framework with other competitive KGC models. Moreover, we proposed a new end-to-end KGC model to extend the framework. Experimental results not only show the feasibility of the framework on the biomedical dataset, but also indicate the effectiveness of our extensions, because our extended model achieves significant and consistent improvements on distant supervised RE as compared with baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{agrawal-etal-2019-scalable,
    title = "Scalable, Semi-Supervised Extraction of Structured Information from Scientific Literature",
    author = "Agrawal, Kritika  and
      Mittal, Aakash  and
      Pudi, Vikram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extracting Structured Knowledge from Scientific Publications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2602",
    pages = "11--20",
    abstract = "As scientific communities grow and evolve, there is a high demand for improved methods for finding relevant papers, comparing papers on similar topics and studying trends in the research community. All these tasks involve the common problem of extracting structured information from scientific articles. In this paper, we propose a novel, scalable, semi-supervised method for extracting relevant structured information from the vast available raw scientific literature. We extract the fundamental concepts of {``}aim{''}, {''}method{''} and {``}result{''} from scientific articles and use them to construct a knowledge graph. Our algorithm makes use of domain-based word embedding and the bootstrap framework. Our experiments show that our system achieves precision and recall comparable to the state of the art. We also show the domain independence of our algorithm by analyzing the research trends of two distinct communities - computational linguistics and computer vision.",
}
@inproceedings{noriega-atala-etal-2019-understanding,
    title = "Understanding the Polarity of Events in the Biomedical Literature: Deep Learning vs. Linguistically-informed Methods",
    author = "Noriega-Atala, Enrique  and
      Liang, Zhengzhong  and
      Bachman, John  and
      Morrison, Clayton  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extracting Structured Knowledge from Scientific Publications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2603",
    pages = "21--30",
    abstract = "An important task in the machine reading of biochemical events expressed in biomedical texts is correctly reading the polarity, i.e., attributing whether the biochemical event is a promotion or an inhibition. Here we present a novel dataset for studying polarity attribution accuracy. We use this dataset to train and evaluate several deep learning models for polarity identification, and compare these to a linguistically-informed model. The best performing deep learning architecture achieves 0.968 average F1 performance in a five-fold cross-validation study, a considerable improvement over the linguistically informed model average F1 of 0.862.",
}
@inproceedings{prasad-etal-2019-dataset,
    title = "Dataset Mention Extraction and Classification",
    author = "Prasad, Animesh  and
      Si, Chenglei  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extracting Structured Knowledge from Scientific Publications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2604",
    pages = "31--36",
    abstract = "Datasets are integral artifacts of empirical scientific research. However, due to natural language variation, their recognition can be difficult and even when identified, can often be inconsistently referred across and within publications. We report our approach to the Coleridge Initiative{'}s Rich Context Competition, which tasks participants with identifying dataset surface forms (dataset mention extraction) and associating the extracted mention to its referred dataset (dataset classification). In this work, we propose various neural baselines and evaluate these model on one-plus and zero-shot classification scenarios. We further explore various joint learning approaches - exploring the synergy between the tasks - and report the issues with such techniques.",
}
@inproceedings{shirai-etal-2019-annotating,
    title = "Annotating with Pros and Cons of Technologies in Computer Science Papers",
    author = "Shirai, Hono  and
      Inoue, Naoya  and
      Suzuki, Jun  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extracting Structured Knowledge from Scientific Publications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2605",
    pages = "37--42",
    abstract = "This paper explores a task for extracting a technological expression and its pros/cons from computer science papers. We report ongoing efforts on an annotated corpus of pros/cons and an analysis of the nature of the automatic extraction task. Specifically, we show how to adapt the targeted sentiment analysis task for pros/cons extraction in computer science papers and conduct an annotation study. In order to identify the challenges of the automatic extraction task, we construct a strong baseline model and conduct an error analysis. The experiments show that pros/cons can be consistently annotated by several annotators, and that the task is challenging due to domain-specific knowledge. The annotated dataset is made publicly available for research purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{parikh-etal-2019-browsing,
    title = "Browsing Health: Information Extraction to Support New Interfaces for Accessing Medical Evidence",
    author = "Parikh, Soham  and
      Conrad, Elizabeth  and
      Agarwal, Oshin  and
      Marshall, Iain  and
      Wallace, Byron  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extracting Structured Knowledge from Scientific Publications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2606",
    pages = "43--47",
    abstract = "Standard paradigms for search do not work well in the medical context. Typical information needs, such as retrieving a full list of medical interventions for a given condition, or finding the reported efficacy of a particular treatment with respect to a specific outcome of interest cannot be straightforwardly posed in typical text-box search. Instead, we propose faceted-search in which a user specifies a condition and then can browse treatments and outcomes that have been evaluated. Choosing from these, they can access randomized control trials (RCTs) describing individual studies. Realizing such a view of the medical evidence requires information extraction techniques to identify the population, interventions, and outcome measures in an RCT. Patients, health practitioners, and biomedical librarians all stand to benefit from such innovation in search of medical evidence. We present an initial prototype of such an interface applied to pre-registered clinical studies. We also discuss pilot studies into the applicability of information extraction methods to allow for similar access to all published trial results.",
}
@inproceedings{magnusson-dietz-2019-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Deep Contextual Word Embeddings and Neural Architectures for Toponym Mention Detection in Scientific Publications",
    author = "Magnusson, Matthew  and
      Dietz, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extracting Structured Knowledge from Scientific Publications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2607",
    pages = "48--56",
    abstract = "Toponym detection in scientific papers is an open task and a key first step in place entity enrichment of documents. We examine three common neural architectures in NLP: 1) convolutional neural network, 2) multi-layer perceptron (both applied in a sliding window context) and 3) bidirectional LSTM and apply contextual and non-contextual word embedding layers to these models. We find that deep contextual word embeddings improve the performance of the bi-LSTM with CRF neural architecture achieving the best performance when multiple layers of deep contextual embeddings are concatenated. Our best performing model achieves an average F1 of 0.910 when evaluated on overlap macro exceeding previous state-of-the-art models in the toponym detection task.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2019-stac,
    title = "{STAC}: Science Toolkit Based on {C}hinese Idiom Knowledge Graph",
    author = "Wang, Meiling  and
      Xiao, Min  and
      Li, Changliang  and
      Guo, Yu  and
      Zhao, Zhixin  and
      Liu, Xiaonan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extracting Structured Knowledge from Scientific Publications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2608",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2608",
    pages = "57--61",
    abstract = "Chinese idioms (Cheng Yu) have seen five thousand years{'} history and culture of China, meanwhile they contain large number of scientific achievement of ancient China. However, existing Chinese online idiom dictionaries have limited function for scientific exploration. In this paper, we first construct a Chinese idiom knowledge graph by extracting domains and dynasties and associating them with idioms, and based on the idiom knowledge graph, we propose a Science Toolkit for Ancient China (STAC) aiming to support scientific exploration. In the STAC toolkit, idiom navigator helps users explore overall scientific progress from idiom perspective with visualization tools, and idiom card and idiom QA shorten action path and avoid thinking being interrupted while users are reading and writing. The current STAC toolkit is deployed at http://120.92.208.22:7476/demo/{\#}/stac.",
}
@inproceedings{tamari-etal-2019-playing,
    title = "Playing by the Book: An Interactive Game Approach for Action Graph Extraction from Text",
    author = "Tamari, Ronen  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Shahaf, Dafna  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extracting Structured Knowledge from Scientific Publications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2609",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2609",
    pages = "62--71",
    abstract = "Understanding procedural text requires tracking entities, actions and effects as the narrative unfolds. We focus on the challenging real-world problem of action-graph extraction from materials science papers, where language is highly specialized and data annotation is expensive and scarce. We propose a novel approach, Text2Quest, where procedural text is interpreted as instructions for an interactive game. A learning agent completes the game by executing the procedure correctly in a text-based simulated lab environment. The framework can complement existing approaches and enables richer forms of learning compared to static texts. We discuss potential limitations and advantages of the approach, and release a prototype proof-of-concept, hoping to encourage research in this direction.",
}
@inproceedings{daudaravicius-2019-textual,
    title = "Textual and Visual Characteristics of Mathematical Expressions in Scholar Documents",
    author = "Daudaravicius, Vidas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Extracting Structured Knowledge from Scientific Publications",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2610",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2610",
    pages = "72--81",
    abstract = "Mathematical expressions (ME) are widely used in scholar documents. In this paper we analyze characteristics of textual and visual MEs characteristics for the image-to-LaTeX translation task. While there are open data-sets of LaTeX files with MEs included it is very complicated to extract these MEs from a document and to compile the list of MEs. Therefore we release a corpus of open-access scholar documents with PDF and JATS-XML parallel files. The MEs in these documents are LaTeX encoded and are document independent. The data contains more than 1.2 million distinct annotated formulae and more than 80 million raw tokens of LaTeX MEs in more than 8 thousand documents. While the variety of textual lengths and visual sizes of MEs are not well defined we found that the task of analyzing MEs in scholar documents can be reduced to the subtask of a particular text length, image width and height bounds, and display MEs can be processed as arrays of partial MEs.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-discourse,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    author = "Zeldes, Amir  and
      Das, Debopam  and
      Galani, Erick Maziero  and
      Antonio, Juliano Desiderato  and
      Iruskieta, Mikel",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2700",
}
@inproceedings{zeldes-etal-2019-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking ({DISRPT}): 7th Workshop on Rhetorical Structure Theory and Related Formalisms",
    author = "Zeldes, Amir  and
      Das, Debopam  and
      Maziero, Erick Galani  and
      Antonio, Juliano  and
      Iruskieta, Mikel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2701",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "This overview summarizes the main contributions of the accepted papers at the 2019 workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking (DISRPT 2019). Co-located with NAACL 2019 in Minneapolis, the workshop{'}s aim was to bring together researchers working on corpus-based and computational approaches to discourse relations. In addition to an invited talk, eighteen papers outlined below were presented, four of which were submitted as part of a shared task on elementary discourse unit segmentation and connective detection.",
}
@inproceedings{bourgonje-zolotarenko-2019-toward,
    title = "Toward Cross-theory Discourse Relation Annotation",
    author = "Bourgonje, Peter  and
      Zolotarenko, Olha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2702",
    pages = "7--11",
    abstract = "In this exploratory study, we attempt to automatically induce PDTB-style relations from RST trees. We work with a German corpus of news commentary articles, annotated for RST trees and explicit PDTB-style relations and we focus on inducing the implicit relations in an automated way. Preliminary results look promising as a high-precision (but low-recall) way of finding implicit relations where there is no shallow structure annotated at all, but mapping proves more difficult in cases where EDUs and relation arguments overlap, yet do not seem to signal the same relation.",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2019-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Annotated Data with Cross-lingual Explicitation for Implicit Discourse Relation Classification",
    author = "Shi, Wei  and
      Yung, Frances  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2703",
    pages = "12--21",
    abstract = "Implicit discourse relation classification is one of the most challenging and important tasks in discourse parsing, due to the lack of connectives as strong linguistic cues. A principle bottleneck to further improvement is the shortage of training data (ca. 18k instances in the Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB)). Shi et al. (2017) proposed to acquire additional data by exploiting connectives in translation: human translators mark discourse relations which are implicit in the source language explicitly in the translation. Using back-translations of such explicitated connectives improves discourse relation parsing performance. This paper addresses the open question of whether the choice of the translation language matters, and whether multiple translations into different languages can be effectively used to improve the quality of the additional data.",
}
@inproceedings{ferracane-etal-2019-news,
    title = "From News to Medical: Cross-domain Discourse Segmentation",
    author = "Ferracane, Elisa  and
      Page, Titan  and
      Li, Junyi Jessy  and
      Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2704",
    pages = "22--29",
    abstract = "The first step in discourse analysis involves di- viding a text into segments. We annotate the first high-quality small-scale medical corpus in English with discourse segments and analyze how well news-trained segmenters perform on this domain. While we expectedly find a drop in performance, the nature of the segmentation errors suggests some problems can be addressed earlier in the pipeline, while others would require expanding the corpus to a trainable size to learn the nuances of the medical domain.",
}
@inproceedings{das-2019-nuclearity,
    title = "Nuclearity in {RST} and signals of coherence relations",
    author = "Das, Debopam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2705",
    pages = "30--37",
    abstract = "We investigate the relationship between the notion of nuclearity as proposed in Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) and the signalling of coherence relations. RST relations are categorized as either mononuclear (comprising a nucleus and a satellite span) or multinuclear (comprising two or more nuclei spans). We examine how mononuclear relations (e.g., Antithesis, Condition) and multinuclear relations (e.g., Contrast, List) are indicated by relational signals, more particularly by discourse markers (e.g., because, however, if, therefore). We conduct a corpus study, examining the distribution of either type of relations in the RST Discourse Treebank (Carlson et al., 2002) and the distribution of discourse markers for those relations in the RST Signalling Corpus (Das et al., 2015). Our results show that discourse markers are used more often to signal multinuclear relations than mononuclear relations. The findings also suggest a complex relationship between the relation types and syntactic categories of discourse markers (subordinating and coordinating conjunctions).",
}
@inproceedings{potter-2019-rhetorical,
    title = "The Rhetorical Structure of Attribution",
    author = "Potter, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2706",
    pages = "38--49",
    abstract = "The relational status of Attribution in Rhetorical Structure Theory has been a matter of ongoing debate. Although several researchers have weighed in on the topic, and although numerous studies have relied upon attributional structures for their analyses, nothing approaching consensus has emerged. This paper identifies three basic issues that must be resolved to determine the relational status of attributions. These are identified as the Discourse Units Issue, the Nuclearity Issue, and the Relation Identification Issue. These three issues are analyzed from the perspective of classical RST. A finding of this analysis is that the nuclearity and the relational identification of attribution structures are shown to depend on the writer{'}s intended effect, such that attributional relations cannot be considered as a single relation, but rather as attributional instances of other RST relations.",
}
@inproceedings{scheffler-etal-2019-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Shallow Discourse Relations in Twitter Conversations",
    author = "Scheffler, Tatjana  and
      Akta{\c{s}}, Berfin  and
      Das, Debopam  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2707",
    pages = "50--55",
    abstract = "We introduce our pilot study applying PDTB-style annotation to Twitter conversations. Lexically grounded coherence annotation for Twitter threads will enable detailed investigations of the discourse structure of conversations on social media. Here, we present our corpus of 185 threads and annotation, including an inter-annotator agreement study. We discuss our observations as to how Twitter discourses differ from written news text wrt. discourse connectives and relations. We confirm our hypothesis that discourse relations in written social media conversations are expressed differently than in (news) text. We find that in Twitter, connective arguments frequently are not full syntactic clauses, and that a few general connectives expressing EXPANSION and CONTINGENCY make up the majority of the explicit relations in our data.",
}
@inproceedings{gessler-etal-2019-discourse,
    title = "A Discourse Signal Annotation System for {RST} Trees",
    author = "Gessler, Luke  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Zeldes, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2708",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2708",
    pages = "56--61",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new system for open-ended discourse relation signal annotation in the framework of Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST), implemented on top of an online tool for RST annotation. We discuss existing projects annotating textual signals of discourse relations, which have so far not allowed simultaneously structuring and annotating words signaling hierarchical discourse trees, and demonstrate the design and applications of our interface by extending existing RST annotations in the freely available GUM corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{iruskieta-braud-2019-eusdisparser,
    title = "{E}us{D}is{P}arser: improving an under-resourced discourse parser with cross-lingual data",
    author = "Iruskieta, Mikel  and
      Braud, Chlo{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2709",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2709",
    pages = "62--71",
    abstract = "Development of discourse parsers to annotate the relational discourse structure of a text is crucial for many downstream tasks. However, most of the existing work focuses on English, assuming a quite large dataset. Discourse data have been annotated for Basque, but training a system on these data is challenging since the corpus is very small. In this paper, we create the first demonstrator based on RST for Basque, and we investigate the use of data in another language to improve the performance of a Basque discourse parser. More precisely, we build a monolingual system using the small set of data available and investigate the use of multilingual word embeddings to train a system for Basque using data annotated for another language. We found that our approach to building a system limited to the small set of data available for Basque allowed us to get an improvement over previous approaches making use of many data annotated in other languages. At best, we get 34.78 in F1 for the full discourse structure. More data annotation is necessary in order to improve the results obtained with these techniques. We also describe which relations match with the gold standard, in order to understand these results.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-2019-beyond,
    title = "Beyond The Wall Street Journal: Anchoring and Comparing Discourse Signals across Genres",
    author = "Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2710",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2710",
    pages = "72--81",
    abstract = "Recent research on discourse relations has found that they are cued not only by discourse markers (DMs) but also by other textual signals and that signaling information is indicative of genres. While several corpora exist with discourse relation signaling information such as the Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB, Prasad et al. 2008) and the Rhetorical Structure Theory Signalling Corpus (RST-SC, Das and Taboada 2018), they both annotate the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) section of the Penn Treebank (PTB, Marcus et al. 1993), which is limited to the news domain. Thus, this paper adapts the signal identification and anchoring scheme (Liu and Zeldes, 2019) to three more genres, examines the distribution of signaling devices across relations and genres, and provides a taxonomy of indicative signals found in this dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{shelmanov-etal-2019-towards,
    title = "Towards the Data-driven System for Rhetorical Parsing of {R}ussian Texts",
    author = "Shelmanov, Artem  and
      Pisarevskaya, Dina  and
      Chistova, Elena  and
      Toldova, Svetlana  and
      Kobozeva, Maria  and
      Smirnov, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2711",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2711",
    pages = "82--87",
    abstract = "Results of the first experimental evaluation of machine learning models trained on Ru-RSTreebank {--} first Russian corpus annotated within RST framework {--} are presented. Various lexical, quantitative, morphological, and semantic features were used. In rhetorical relation classification, ensemble of CatBoost model with selected features and a linear SVM model provides the best score (macro F1 = 54.67 {\mbox{$\pm$}} 0.38). We discover that most of the important features for rhetorical relation classification are related to discourse connectives derived from the connectives lexicon for Russian and from other sources.",
}
@inproceedings{wan-etal-2019-rst,
    title = "{RST}-Tace A tool for automatic comparison and evaluation of {RST} trees",
    author = {Wan, Shujun  and
      Kutschbach, Tino  and
      L{\"u}deling, Anke  and
      Stede, Manfred},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2712",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2712",
    pages = "88--96",
    abstract = "This paper presents RST-Tace, a tool for automatic comparison and evaluation of RST trees. RST-Tace serves as an implementation of Iruskieta{'}s comparison method, which allows trees to be compared and evaluated without the influence of decisions at lower levels in a tree in terms of four factors: constituent, attachment point, nuclearity as well as relation. RST-Tace can be used regardless of the language or the size of rhetorical trees. This tool aims to measure the agreement between two annotators. The result is reflected by F- measure and inter-annotator agreement. Both the comparison table and the result of the evaluation can be obtained automatically.",
}
@inproceedings{zeldes-etal-2019-disrpt,
    title = "The {DISRPT} 2019 Shared Task on Elementary Discourse Unit Segmentation and Connective Detection",
    author = "Zeldes, Amir  and
      Das, Debopam  and
      Maziero, Erick Galani  and
      Antonio, Juliano  and
      Iruskieta, Mikel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2713",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2713",
    pages = "97--104",
    abstract = "In 2019, we organized the first iteration of a shared task dedicated to the underlying units used in discourse parsing across formalisms: the DISRPT Shared Task on Elementary Discourse Unit Segmentation and Connective Detection. In this paper we review the data included in the task, which cover 2.6 million manually annotated tokens from 15 datasets in 10 languages, survey and compare submitted systems and report on system performance on each task for both annotated and plain-tokenized versions of the data.",
}
@inproceedings{bourgonje-schafer-2019-multi,
    title = "Multi-lingual and Cross-genre Discourse Unit Segmentation",
    author = {Bourgonje, Peter  and
      Sch{\"a}fer, Robin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2714",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2714",
    pages = "105--114",
    abstract = "We describe a series of experiments applied to data sets from different languages and genres annotated for coherence relations according to different theoretical frameworks. Specifically, we investigate the feasibility of a unified (theory-neutral) approach toward discourse segmentation; a process which divides a text into minimal discourse units that are involved in s coherence relation. We apply a RandomForest and an LSTM based approach for all data sets, and we improve over a simple baseline assuming simple sentence or clause-like segmentation. Performance however varies a lot depending on language, and more importantly genre, with f-scores ranging from 73.00 to 94.47.",
}
@inproceedings{muller-etal-2019-tony,
    title = "{T}o{N}y: Contextual embeddings for accurate multilingual discourse segmentation of full documents",
    author = "Muller, Philippe  and
      Braud, Chlo{\'e}  and
      Morey, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2715",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2715",
    pages = "115--124",
    abstract = "Segmentation is the first step in building practical discourse parsers, and is often neglected in discourse parsing studies. The goal is to identify the minimal spans of text to be linked by discourse relations, or to isolate explicit marking of discourse relations. Existing systems on English report F1 scores as high as 95{\%}, but they generally assume gold sentence boundaries and are restricted to English newswire texts annotated within the RST framework. This article presents a generic approach and a system, ToNy, a discourse segmenter developed for the DisRPT shared task where multiple discourse representation schemes, languages and domains are represented. In our experiments, we found that a straightforward sequence prediction architecture with pretrained contextual embeddings is sufficient to reach performance levels comparable to existing systems, when separately trained on each corpus. We report performance between 81{\%} and 96{\%} in F1 score. We also observed that discourse segmentation models only display a moderate generalization capability, even within the same language and discourse representation scheme.",
}
@inproceedings{iruskieta-etal-2019-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual segmentation based on neural networks and pre-trained word embeddings",
    author = "Iruskieta, Mikel  and
      Bengoetxea, Kepa  and
      Atutxa Salazar, Aitziber  and
      Diaz de Ilarraza, Arantza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2716",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2716",
    pages = "125--132",
    abstract = "The DISPRT 2019 workshop has organized a shared task aiming to identify cross-formalism and multilingual discourse segments. Elementary Discourse Units (EDUs) are quite similar across different theories. Segmentation is the very first stage on the way of rhetorical annotation. Still, each annotation project adopted several decisions with consequences not only on the annotation of the relational discourse structure but also at the segmentation stage. In this shared task, we have employed pre-trained word embeddings, neural networks (BiLSTM+CRF) to perform the segmentation. We report F1 results for 6 languages: Basque (0.853), English (0.919), French (0.907), German (0.913), Portuguese (0.926) and Spanish (0.868 and 0.769). Finally, we also pursued an error analysis based on clause typology for Basque and Spanish, in order to understand the performance of the segmenter.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2019-gumdrop,
    title = "{G}um{D}rop at the {DISRPT}2019 Shared Task: A Model Stacking Approach to Discourse Unit Segmentation and Connective Detection",
    author = "Yu, Yue  and
      Zhu, Yilun  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Liu, Yan  and
      Peng, Siyao  and
      Gong, Mackenzie  and
      Zeldes, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2717",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2717",
    pages = "133--143",
    abstract = "In this paper we present GumDrop, Georgetown University{'}s entry at the DISRPT 2019 Shared Task on automatic discourse unit segmentation and connective detection. Our approach relies on model stacking, creating a heterogeneous ensemble of classifiers, which feed into a metalearner for each final task. The system encompasses three trainable component stacks: one for sentence splitting, one for discourse unit segmentation and one for connective detection. The flexibility of each ensemble allows the system to generalize well to datasets of different sizes and with varying levels of homogeneity.",
}
@inproceedings{alkorta-etal-2019-towards,
    title = "Towards discourse annotation and sentiment analysis of the Basque Opinion Corpus",
    author = "Alkorta, Jon  and
      Gojenola, Koldo  and
      Iruskieta, Mikel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2718",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2718",
    pages = "144--152",
    abstract = "Discourse information is crucial for a better understanding of the text structure and it is also necessary to describe which part of an opinionated text is more relevant or to decide how a text span can change the polarity (strengthen or weaken) of other span by means of coherence relations. This work presents the first results on the annotation of the Basque Opinion Corpus using Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST). Our evaluation results and analysis show us the main avenues to improve on a future annotation process. We have also extracted the subjectivity of several rhetorical relations and the results show the effect of sentiment words in relations and the influence of each relation in the semantic orientation value.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2019-using,
    title = "Using Rhetorical Structure Theory to Assess Discourse Coherence for Non-native Spontaneous Speech",
    author = "Wang, Xinhao  and
      Gyawali, Binod  and
      Bruno, James V.  and
      Molloy, Hillary R.  and
      Evanini, Keelan  and
      Zechner, Klaus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2719",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2719",
    pages = "153--162",
    abstract = "This study aims to model the discourse structure of spontaneous spoken responses within the context of an assessment of English speaking proficiency for non-native speakers. Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) has been commonly used in the analysis of discourse organization of written texts; however, limited research has been conducted to date on RST annotation and parsing of spoken language, in particular, non-native spontaneous speech. Due to the fact that the measurement of discourse coherence is typically a key metric in human scoring rubrics for assessments of spoken language, we conducted research to obtain RST annotations on non-native spoken responses from a standardized assessment of academic English proficiency. Subsequently, automatic parsers were trained on these annotations to process non-native spontaneous speech. Finally, a set of features were extracted from automatically generated RST trees to evaluate the discourse structure of non-native spontaneous speech, which were then employed to further improve the validity of an automated speech scoring system.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2019-applying,
    title = "Applying Rhetorical Structure Theory to Student Essays for Providing Automated Writing Feedback",
    author = "Jiang, Shiyan  and
      Yang, Kexin  and
      Suvarna, Chandrakumari  and
      Casula, Pooja  and
      Zhang, Mingtong  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking 2019",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, MN",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2720",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2720",
    pages = "163--168",
    abstract = "We present a package of annotation resources, including annotation guideline, flowchart, and an Intelligent Tutoring System for training human annotators. These resources can be used to apply Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) to essays written by students in K-12 schools. Furthermore, we highlight the great potential of using RST to provide automated feedback for improving writing quality across genres.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-models,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference",
    author = "Ogrodniczuk, Maciej  and
      Pradhan, Sameer  and
      Grishina, Yulia  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2800",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2019-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of named entity coreference",
    author = "Agarwal, Oshin  and
      Subramanian, Sanjay  and
      Nenkova, Ani  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2801",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2801",
    pages = "1--7",
    abstract = "In many NLP applications like search and information extraction for named entities, it is necessary to find all the mentions of a named entity, some of which appear as pronouns (she, his, etc.) or nominals (the professor, the German chancellor, etc.). It is therefore important that coreference resolution systems are able to link these different types of mentions to the correct entity name. We evaluate state-of-the-art coreference resolution systems for the task of resolving all mentions to named entities. Our analysis reveals that standard coreference metrics do not reflect adequately the requirements in this task: they do not penalize systems for not identifying any mentions by name to an entity and they reward systems even if systems find correctly mentions to the same entity but fail to link these to a proper name (she{--}the student{--}no name). We introduce new metrics for evaluating named entity coreference that address these discrepancies and show that for the comparisons of competitive systems, standard coreference evaluations could give misleading results for this task. We are, however, able to confirm that the state-of-the art system according to traditional evaluations also performs vastly better than other systems on the named entity coreference task.",
}
@inproceedings{grobol-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Coreference Resolution with Limited Lexical Context and Explicit Mention Detection for Oral {F}rench",
    author = {Grobol, Lo{\"\i}c},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2802",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2802",
    pages = "8--14",
    abstract = "We propose an end-to-end coreference resolution system obtained by adapting neural models that have recently improved the state-of-the-art on the OntoNotes benchmark to make them applicable to other paradigms for this task. We report the performances of our system on ANCOR, a corpus of transcribed oral French, for which it constitutes a new baseline with proper evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{kunz-hardmeier-2019-entity,
    title = "Entity Decisions in Neural Language Modelling: Approaches and Problems",
    author = "Kunz, Jenny  and
      Hardmeier, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2803",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2803",
    pages = "15--19",
    abstract = "We explore different approaches to explicit entity modelling in language models (LM). We independently replicate two existing models in a controlled setup, introduce a simplified variant of one of the models and analyze their performance in direct comparison. Our results suggest that today{'}s models are limited as several stochastic variables make learning difficult. We show that the most challenging point in the systems is the decision if the next token is an entity token. The low precision and recall for this variable will lead to severe cascading errors. Our own simplified approach dispenses with the need for latent variables and improves the performance in the entity yes/no decision. A standard well-tuned baseline RNN-LM with a larger number of hidden units outperforms all entity-enabled LMs in terms of perplexity.",
}
@inproceedings{blissett-ji-2019-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual {NIL} Entity Clustering for Low-resource Languages",
    author = "Blissett, Kevin  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2804",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2804",
    pages = "20--25",
    abstract = "Clustering unlinkable entity mentions across documents in multiple languages (cross-lingual NIL Clustering) is an important task as part of Entity Discovery and Linking (EDL). This task has been largely neglected by the EDL community because it is challenging to outperform simple edit distance or other heuristics based baselines. We propose a novel approach based on encoding the orthographic similarity of the mentions using a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) architecture. Our model adapts a training procedure from the one-shot facial recognition literature in order to achieve this. We also perform several exploratory probing tasks on our name encodings in order to determine what specific types of information are likely to be encoded by our model. Experiments show our approach provides up to a 6.6{\%} absolute CEAFm F-Score improvement over state-of-the-art methods and successfully captures phonological relations across languages.",
}
@inproceedings{lapshinova-koltunski-etal-2019-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Incongruences in the Annotation of Coreference",
    author = "Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina  and
      Lo{\'a}iciga, Sharid  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Krielke, Pauline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2805",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2805",
    pages = "26--34",
    abstract = "In the present paper, we deal with incongruences in English-German multilingual coreference annotation and present automated methods to discover them. More specifically, we automatically detect full coreference chains in parallel texts and analyse discrepancies in their annotations. In doing so, we wish to find out whether the discrepancies rather derive from language typological constraints, from the translation or the actual annotation process. The results of our study contribute to the referential analysis of similarities and differences across languages and support evaluation of cross-lingual coreference annotation. They are also useful for cross-lingual coreference resolution systems and contrastive linguistic studies.",
}
@inproceedings{urbizu-etal-2019-deep,
    title = "Deep Cross-Lingual Coreference Resolution for Less-Resourced Languages: The Case of Basque",
    author = "Urbizu, Gorka  and
      Soraluze, Ander  and
      Arregi, Olatz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2806",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2806",
    pages = "35--41",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a cross-lingual neural coreference resolution system for a less-resourced language such as Basque. To begin with, we build the first neural coreference resolution system for Basque, training it with the relatively small EPEC-KORREF corpus (45,000 words). Next, a cross-lingual coreference resolution system is designed. With this approach, the system learns from a bigger English corpus, using cross-lingual embeddings, to perform the coreference resolution for Basque. The cross-lingual system obtains slightly better results (40.93 F1 CoNLL) than the monolingual system (39.12 F1 CoNLL), without using any Basque language corpus to train it.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-cognitive,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Chersoni, Emmanuele  and
      Jacobs, Cassandra  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Linzen, Tal  and
      Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent  and
      Santus, Enrico",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2900",
}
@inproceedings{hunter-etal-2019-active,
    title = "The Active-Filler Strategy in a Move-Eager Left-Corner Minimalist Grammar Parser",
    author = "Hunter, Tim  and
      Stanojevi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Stabler, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2901",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2901",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "Recent psycholinguistic evidence suggests that human parsing of moved elements is {`}active{'}, and perhaps even {`}hyper-active{'}: it seems that a leftward-moved object is related to a verbal position rapidly, perhaps even before the transitivity information associated with the verb is available to the listener. This paper presents a formal, sound and complete parser for Minimalist Grammars whose search space contains branching points that we can identify as the locus of the decision to perform this kind of active gap-finding. This brings formal models of parsing into closer contact with recent psycholinguistic theorizing than was previously possible.",
}
@inproceedings{melnick-wasow-2019-priming,
    title = "Priming vs. Inhibition of Optional Infinitival {``}to{''}",
    author = "Melnick, Robin  and
      Wasow, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2902",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2902",
    pages = "11--19",
    abstract = "The word {``}to{''} that precedes verbs in English infinitives is optional in at least two environments: in what Wasow et al. (2015) previously called the {``}do-be{''} construction, and in the complement of {``}help{''}, which we explore in the present work. In the {``}do-be{''} construction, Wasow et al. found that a preceding infinitival {``}to{''} increases the use of following optional {``}to{''}, but the use of {``}to{''} in the complement of help is reduced following {``}to help{''}. We examine two hypotheses regarding why the same function word is primed by prior use in one construction and inhibited in another. We then test predictions made by the two hypotheses, finding support for one of them.",
}
@inproceedings{tsoukala-etal-2019-simulating,
    title = "Simulating {S}panish-{E}nglish Code-Switching: El Modelo Est{\'a} Generating Code-Switches",
    author = "Tsoukala, Chara  and
      Frank, Stefan L.  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Vald{\'e}s Kroff, Jorge  and
      Broersma, Mirjam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2903",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2903",
    pages = "20--29",
    abstract = "Multilingual speakers are able to switch from one language to the other ({``}code-switch{''}) between or within sentences. Because the underlying cognitive mechanisms are not well understood, in this study we use computational cognitive modeling to shed light on the process of code-switching. We employed the Bilingual Dual-path model, a Recurrent Neural Network of bilingual sentence production (Tsoukala et al., 2017), and simulated sentence production in simultaneous Spanish-English bilinguals. Our first goal was to investigate whether the model would code-switch without being exposed to code-switched training input. The model indeed produced code-switches even without any exposure to such input and the patterns of code-switches are in line with earlier linguistic work (Poplack,1980). The second goal of this study was to investigate an auxiliary phrase asymmetry that exists in Spanish-English code-switched production. Using this cognitive model, we examined a possible cause for this asymmetry. To our knowledge, this is the first computational cognitive model that aims to simulate code-switched sentence production.",
}
@inproceedings{ranjan-etal-2019-surprisal,
    title = "Surprisal and Interference Effects of Case Markers in {H}indi Word Order",
    author = "Ranjan, Sidharth  and
      Agarwal, Sumeet  and
      Rajkumar, Rajakrishnan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2904",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2904",
    pages = "30--42",
    abstract = "Based on the Production-Distribution-Comprehension (PDC) account of language processing, we formulate two distinct hypotheses about case marking, word order choices and processing in Hindi. Our first hypothesis is that Hindi tends to optimize for processing efficiency at both lexical and syntactic levels. We quantify the role of case markers in this process. For the task of predicting the reference sentence occurring in a corpus (amidst meaning-equivalent grammatical variants) using a machine learning model, surprisal estimates from an artificial version of the language (i.e., Hindi without any case markers) result in lower prediction accuracy compared to natural Hindi. Our second hypothesis is that Hindi tends to minimize interference due to case markers while ordering preverbal constituents. We show that Hindi tends to avoid placing next to each other constituents whose heads are marked by identical case inflections. Our findings adhere to PDC assumptions and we discuss their implications for language production, learning and universals.",
}
@inproceedings{oseki-etal-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Hierarchical Syntactic Structures in Morphological Processing",
    author = "Oseki, Yohei  and
      Yang, Charles  and
      Marantz, Alec",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2905",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2905",
    pages = "43--52",
    abstract = "Sentences are represented as hierarchical syntactic structures, which have been successfully modeled in sentence processing. In contrast, despite the theoretical agreement on hierarchical syntactic structures within words, words have been argued to be computationally less complex than sentences and implemented by finite-state models as linear strings of morphemes, and even the psychological reality of morphemes has been denied. In this paper, extending the computational models employed in sentence processing to morphological processing, we performed a computational simulation experiment where, given incremental surprisal as a linking hypothesis, five computational models with different representational assumptions were evaluated against human reaction times in visual lexical decision experiments available from the English Lexicon Project (ELP), a {``}shared task{''} in the morphological processing literature. The simulation experiment demonstrated that (i) {``}amorphous{''} models without morpheme units underperformed relative to {``}morphous{''} models, (ii) a computational model with hierarchical syntactic structures, Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar (PCFG), most accurately explained human reaction times, and (iii) this performance was achieved on top of surface frequency effects. These results strongly suggest that morphological processing tracks morphemes incrementally from left to right and parses them into hierarchical syntactic structures, contrary to {``}amorphous{''} and finite-state models of morphological processing.",
}
@inproceedings{cho-lewis-2019-modeling,
    title = "A Modeling Study of the Effects of Surprisal and Entropy in Perceptual Decision Making of an Adaptive Agent",
    author = "Cho, Pyeong Whan  and
      Lewis, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2906",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2906",
    pages = "53--61",
    abstract = "Processing difficulty in online language comprehension has been explained in terms of surprisal and entropy reduction. Although both hypotheses have been supported by experimental data, we do not fully understand their relative contributions on processing difficulty. To develop a better understanding, we propose a mechanistic model of perceptual decision making that interacts with a simulated task environment with temporal dynamics. The proposed model collects noisy bottom-up evidence over multiple timesteps, integrates it with its top-down expectation, and makes perceptual decisions, producing processing time data directly without relying on any linking hypothesis. Temporal dynamics in the task environment was determined by a simple finite-state grammar, which was designed to create the situations where the surprisal and entropy reduction hypotheses predict different patterns. After the model was trained to maximize rewards, the model developed an adaptive policy and both surprisal and entropy effects were observed especially in a measure reflecting earlier processing.",
}
@inproceedings{bushong-jaeger-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Long-Distance Cue Integration in Spoken Word Recognition",
    author = "Bushong, Wednesday  and
      Jaeger, T. Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2907",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2907",
    pages = "62--70",
    abstract = "Cues to linguistic categories are distributed across the speech signal. Optimal categorization thus requires that listeners maintain gradient representations of incoming input in order to integrate that information with later cues. There is now evidence that listeners can and do integrate cues that occur far apart in time. Computational models of this integration have however been lacking. We take a first step at addressing this gap by mathematically formalizing four models of how listeners may maintain and use cue information during spoken language understanding and test them on two perception experiments. In one experiment, we find support for rational integration of cues at long distances. In a second, more memory and attention-taxing experiment, we find evidence in favor of a switching model that avoids maintaining detailed representations of cues in memory. These results are a first step in understanding what kinds of mechanisms listeners use for cue integration under different memory and attentional constraints.",
}
@inproceedings{gaume-etal-2019-toward,
    title = "Toward a Computational Multidimensional Lexical Similarity Measure for Modeling Word Association Tasks in Psycholinguistics",
    author = "Gaume, Bruno  and
      Mai Ho-Dac, Lydia  and
      Tanguy, Ludovic  and
      Fabre, C{\'e}cile  and
      Pierrejean, B{\'e}n{\'e}dicte  and
      Hathout, Nabil  and
      Farinas, J{\'e}r{\^o}me  and
      Pinquier, Julien  and
      Danet, Lola  and
      P{\'e}ran, Patrice  and
      De Boissezon, Xavier  and
      Jucla, M{\'e}lanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2908",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2908",
    pages = "71--76",
    abstract = "This paper presents the first results of a multidisciplinary project, the {``}Evolex{''} project, gathering researchers in Psycholinguistics, Neuropsychology, Computer Science, Natural Language Processing and Linguistics. The Evolex project aims at proposing a new data-based inductive method for automatically characterising the relation between pairs of french words collected in psycholinguistics experiments on lexical access. This method takes advantage of several complementary computational measures of semantic similarity. We show that some measures are more correlated than others with the frequency of lexical associations, and that they also differ in the way they capture different semantic relations. This allows us to consider building a multidimensional lexical similarity to automate the classification of lexical associations.",
}
@inproceedings{lopopolo-etal-2019-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing with your Eyes: Dependency Structure Predicts Eye Regressions During Reading",
    author = "Lopopolo, Alessandro  and
      Frank, Stefan L.  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Willems, Roel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2909",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2909",
    pages = "77--85",
    abstract = "Backward saccades during reading have been hypothesized to be involved in structural reanalysis, or to be related to the level of text difficulty. We test the hypothesis that backward saccades are involved in online syntactic analysis. If this is the case we expect that saccades will coincide, at least partially, with the edges of the relations computed by a dependency parser. In order to test this, we analyzed a large eye-tracking dataset collected while 102 participants read three short narrative texts. Our results show a relation between backward saccades and the syntactic structure of sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{yan-white-2019-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Decoding Event-Related Potentials from Text",
    author = "Yan, Shaorong  and
      White, Aaron Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2910",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2910",
    pages = "86--92",
    abstract = "We propose a novel framework for modeling event-related potentials (ERPs) collected during reading that couples pre-trained convolutional decoders with a language model. Using this framework, we compare the abilities of a variety of existing and novel sentence processing models to reconstruct ERPs. We find that modern contextual word embeddings underperform surprisal-based models but that, combined, the two outperform either on its own.",
}
@inproceedings{de-santo-2019-testing,
    title = "Testing a Minimalist Grammar Parser on {I}talian Relative Clause Asymmetries",
    author = "De Santo, Aniello",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2911",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2911",
    pages = "93--104",
    abstract = "Stabler{'}s (2013) top-down parser for Minimalist grammars has been used to account for off-line processing preferences across a variety of seemingly unrelated phenomena cross- linguistically, via complexity metrics measuring {``}memory burden{''}. This paper extends the empirical coverage of the model by looking at the processing asymmetries of Italian relative clauses, as I discuss the relevance of these constructions in evaluating plausible structure- driven models of processing difficulty.",
}
@inproceedings{testoni-etal-2019-quantifiers,
    title = "Quantifiers in a Multimodal World: Hallucinating Vision with Language and Sound",
    author = "Testoni, Alberto  and
      Pezzelle, Sandro  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2912",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2912",
    pages = "105--116",
    abstract = "Inspired by the literature on multisensory integration, we develop a computational model to ground quantifiers in perception. The model learns to pick, out of nine quantifiers ({`}few{'}, {`}many{'}, {`}all{'}, etc.), the one that is more likely to describe the percent of animals in a visual-auditory input containing both animals and artifacts. We show that relying on concurrent sensory inputs increases model performance on the quantification task. Moreover, we evaluate the model in a situation in which only the auditory modality is given, while the visual one is {`}hallucinanted{'} either from the auditory input itself or from a linguistic caption describing the quantity of entities in the auditory input. This way, the model exploits prior associations between modalities. We show that the model profits from the prior knowledge and outperforms the auditory-only setting.",
}
@inproceedings{dunn-2019-frequency,
    title = "Frequency vs. Association for Constraint Selection in Usage-Based Construction Grammar",
    author = "Dunn, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2913",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2913",
    pages = "117--128",
    abstract = "A usage-based Construction Grammar (CxG) posits that slot-constraints generalize from common exemplar constructions. But what is the best model of constraint generalization? This paper evaluates competing frequency-based and association-based models across eight languages using a metric derived from the Minimum Description Length paradigm. The experiments show that association-based models produce better generalizations across all languages by a significant margin.",
}
@inproceedings{fourtassi-etal-2019-development,
    title = "The Development of Abstract Concepts in Children{'}s Early Lexical Networks",
    author = "Fourtassi, Abdellah  and
      Scheinfeld, Isaac  and
      Frank, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2914",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2914",
    pages = "129--133",
    abstract = "How do children learn abstract concepts such as animal vs. artifact? Previous research has suggested that such concepts can partly be derived using cues from the language children hear around them. Following this suggestion, we propose a model where we represent the children{'} developing lexicon as an evolving network. The nodes of this network are based on vocabulary knowledge as reported by parents, and the edges between pairs of nodes are based on the probability of their co-occurrence in a corpus of child-directed speech. We found that several abstract categories can be identified as the dense regions in such networks. In addition, our simulations suggest that these categories develop simultaneously, rather than sequentially, thanks to the children{'}s word learning trajectory which favors the exploration of the global conceptual space.",
}
@inproceedings{sayeed-etal-2019-verb,
    title = "Verb-Second Effect on Quantifier Scope Interpretation",
    author = "Sayeed, Asad  and
      Lindemann, Matthias  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2915",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2915",
    pages = "134--139",
    abstract = "Sentences like {``}Every child climbed a tree{''} have at least two interpretations depending on the precedence order of the universal quantifier and the indefinite. Previous experimental work explores the role that different mechanisms such as semantic reanalysis and world knowledge may have in enabling each interpretation. This paper discusses a web-based task that uses the verb-second characteristic of German main clauses to estimate the influence of word order variation over world knowledge.",
}
@inproceedings{osullivan-steinert-threlkeld-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Models of the Psychosemantics of {`}Most{'}",
    author = "O{'}Sullivan, Lewis  and
      Steinert-Threlkeld, Shane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2916",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2916",
    pages = "140--151",
    abstract = "How are the meanings of linguistic expressions related to their use in concrete cognitive tasks? Visual identification tasks show human speakers can exhibit considerable variation in their understanding, representation and verification of certain quantifiers. This paper initiates an investigation into neural models of these psycho-semantic tasks. We trained two types of network {--} a convolutional neural network (CNN) model and a recurrent model of visual attention (RAM) {--} on the {``}most{''} verification task from Pietroski2009, manipulating the visual scene and novel notions of task duration. Our results qualitatively mirror certain features of human performance (such as sensitivity to the ratio of set sizes, indicating a reliance on approximate number) while differing in interesting ways (such as exhibiting a subtly different pattern for the effect of image type). We conclude by discussing the prospects for using neural models as cognitive models of this and other psychosemantic tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{feliciano-de-faria-2019-role,
    title = "The Role of Utterance Boundaries and Word Frequencies for Part-of-speech Learning in {B}razilian {P}ortuguese Through Distributional Analysis",
    author = "Feliciano de Faria, Pablo Picasso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2917",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2917",
    pages = "152--159",
    abstract = "In this study, we address the problem of part-of-speech (or syntactic category) learning during language acquisition through distributional analysis of utterances. A model based on Redington et al.{'}s (1998) distributional learner is used to investigate the informativeness of distributional information in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). The data provided to the learner comes from two publicly available corpora of child directed speech. We present preliminary results from two experiments. The first one investigates the effects of different assumptions about utterance boundaries when presenting the input data to the learner. The second experiment compares the learner{'}s performance when counting contextual words{'} frequencies versus just acknowledging their co-occurrence with a given target word. In general, our results indicate that explicit boundaries are more informative, frequencies are important, and that distributional information is useful to the child as a source of categorial information. These results are in accordance with Redington et al.{'}s findings for English.",
}
@inproceedings{ebert-pavlick-2019-using,
    title = "Using Grounded Word Representations to Study Theories of Lexical Concepts",
    author = "Ebert, Dylan  and
      Pavlick, Ellie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-2918",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-2918",
    pages = "160--169",
    abstract = "The fields of cognitive science and philosophy have proposed many different theories for how humans represent {``}concepts{''}. Multiple such theories are compatible with state-of-the-art NLP methods, and could in principle be operationalized using neural networks. We focus on two particularly prominent theories{--}Classical Theory and Prototype Theory{--}in the context of visually-grounded lexical representations. We compare when and how the behavior of models based on these theories differs in terms of categorization and entailment tasks. Our preliminary results suggest that Classical-based representations perform better for entailment and Prototype-based representations perform better for categorization. We discuss plans for additional experiments needed to confirm these initial observations.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    author = "Niederhoffer, Kate  and
      Hollingshead, Kristy  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Resnik, Rebecca  and
      Loveys, Kate",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3000",
}
@inproceedings{demasi-etal-2019-towards,
    title = "Towards augmenting crisis counselor training by improving message retrieval",
    author = "Demasi, Orianna  and
      Hearst, Marti A.  and
      Recht, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3001",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "A fundamental challenge when training counselors is presenting novices with the opportunity to practice counseling distressed individuals without exacerbating a situation. Rather than replacing human empathy with an automated counselor, we propose simulating an individual in crisis so that human counselors in training can practice crisis counseling in a low-risk environment. Towards this end, we collect a dataset of suicide prevention counselor role-play transcripts and make initial steps towards constructing a CRISISbot for humans to counsel while in training. In this data-constrained setting, we evaluate the potential for message retrieval to construct a coherent chat agent in light of recent advances with text embedding methods. Our results show that embeddings can considerably improve retrieval approaches to make them competitive with generative models. By coherently retrieving messages, we can help counselors practice chatting in a low-risk environment.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2019-identifying,
    title = "Identifying therapist conversational actions across diverse psychotherapeutic approaches",
    author = "Lee, Fei-Tzin  and
      Hull, Derrick  and
      Levine, Jacob  and
      Ray, Bonnie  and
      McKeown, Kathy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3002",
    pages = "12--23",
    abstract = "While conversation in therapy sessions can vary widely in both topic and style, an understanding of the underlying techniques used by therapists can provide valuable insights into how therapists best help clients of different types. Dialogue act classification aims to identify the conversational {``}action{''} each speaker takes at each utterance, such as sympathizing, problem-solving or assumption checking. We propose to apply dialogue act classification to therapy transcripts, using a therapy-specific labeling scheme, in order to gain a high-level understanding of the flow of conversation in therapy sessions. We present a novel annotation scheme that spans multiple psychotherapeutic approaches, apply it to a large and diverse corpus of psychotherapy transcripts, and present and discuss classification results obtained using both SVM and neural network-based models. The results indicate that identifying the structure and flow of therapeutic actions is an obtainable goal, opening up the opportunity in the future to provide therapeutic recommendations tailored to specific client situations.",
}
@inproceedings{zirikly-etal-2019-clpsych,
    title = "{CLP}sych 2019 Shared Task: Predicting the Degree of Suicide Risk in {R}eddit Posts",
    author = {Zirikly, Ayah  and
      Resnik, Philip  and
      Uzuner, {\"O}zlem  and
      Hollingshead, Kristy},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3003",
    pages = "24--33",
    abstract = "The shared task for the 2019 Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology (CLPsych{'}19) introduced an assessment of suicide risk based on social media postings, using data from Reddit to identify users at no, low, moderate, or severe risk. Two variations of the task focused on users whose posts to the r/SuicideWatch subreddit indicated they might be at risk; a third task looked at screening users based only on their more everyday (non-SuicideWatch) posts. We received submissions from 15 different teams, and the results provide progress and insight into the value of language signal in helping to predict risk level.",
}
@inproceedings{mohammadi-etal-2019-clac-clpsych,
    title = "{CL}a{C} at {CLP}sych 2019: Fusion of Neural Features and Predicted Class Probabilities for Suicide Risk Assessment Based on Online Posts",
    author = "Mohammadi, Elham  and
      Amini, Hessam  and
      Kosseim, Leila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3004",
    pages = "34--38",
    abstract = "This paper summarizes our participation to the CLPsych 2019 shared task, under the name CLaC. The goal of the shared task was to detect and assess suicide risk based on a collection of online posts. For our participation, we used an ensemble method which utilizes 8 neural sub-models to extract neural features and predict class probabilities, which are then used by an SVM classifier. Our team ranked first in 2 out of the 3 tasks (tasks A and C).",
}
@inproceedings{matero-etal-2019-suicide,
    title = "Suicide Risk Assessment with Multi-level Dual-Context Language and {BERT}",
    author = "Matero, Matthew  and
      Idnani, Akash  and
      Son, Youngseo  and
      Giorgi, Salvatore  and
      Vu, Huy  and
      Zamani, Mohammad  and
      Limbachiya, Parth  and
      Guntuku, Sharath Chandra  and
      Schwartz, H. Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3005",
    pages = "39--44",
    abstract = "Mental health predictive systems typically model language as if from a single context (e.g. Twitter posts, status updates, or forum posts) and often limited to a single level of analysis (e.g. either the message-level or user-level). Here, we bring these pieces together to explore the use of open-vocabulary (BERT embeddings, topics) and theoretical features (emotional expression lexica, personality) for the task of suicide risk assessment on support forums (the CLPsych-2019 Shared Task). We used dual context based approaches (modeling content from suicide forums separate from other content), built over both traditional ML models as well as a novel dual RNN architecture with user-factor adaptation. We find that while affect from the suicide context distinguishes with no-risk from those with {``}any-risk{''}, personality factors from the non-suicide contexts provide distinction of the levels of risk: low, medium, and high risk. Within the shared task, our dual-context approach (listed as SBU-HLAB in the official results) achieved state-of-the-art performance predicting suicide risk using a combination of suicide-context and non-suicide posts (Task B), achieving an F1 score of 0.50 over hidden test set labels.",
}
@inproceedings{hauser-etal-2019-using,
    title = "Using natural conversations to classify autism with limited data: Age matters",
    author = "Hauser, Michael  and
      Sariyanidi, Evangelos  and
      Tunc, Birkan  and
      Zampella, Casey  and
      Brodkin, Edward  and
      Schultz, Robert  and
      Parish-Morris, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3006",
    pages = "45--54",
    abstract = "Spoken language ability is highly heterogeneous in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), which complicates efforts to identify linguistic markers for use in diagnostic classification, clinical characterization, and for research and clinical outcome measurement. Machine learning techniques that harness the power of multivariate statistics and non-linear data analysis hold promise for modeling this heterogeneity, but many models require enormous datasets, which are unavailable for most psychiatric conditions (including ASD). In lieu of such datasets, good models can still be built by leveraging domain knowledge. In this study, we compare two machine learning approaches: the first approach incorporates prior knowledge about language variation across middle childhood, adolescence, and adulthood to classify 6-minute naturalistic conversation samples from 140 age- and IQ-matched participants (81 with ASD), while the other approach treats all ages the same. We found that individual age-informed models were significantly more accurate than a single model tasked with building a common algorithm across age groups. Furthermore, predictive linguistic features differed significantly by age group, confirming the importance of considering age-related changes in language use when classifying ASD. Our results suggest that limitations imposed by heterogeneity inherent to ASD and from developmental change with age can be (at least partially) overcome using domain knowledge, such as understanding spoken language development from childhood through adulthood.",
}
@inproceedings{fraser-etal-2019-importance,
    title = "The importance of sharing patient-generated clinical speech and language data",
    author = {Fraser, Kathleen C.  and
      Linz, Nicklas  and
      Lindsay, Hali  and
      K{\"o}nig, Alexandra},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3007",
    pages = "55--61",
    abstract = "Increased access to large datasets has driven progress in NLP. However, most computational studies of clinically-validated, patient-generated speech and language involve very few datapoints, as such data are difficult (and expensive) to collect. In this position paper, we argue that we must find ways to promote data sharing across research groups, in order to build datasets of a more appropriate size for NLP and machine learning analysis. We review the benefits and challenges of sharing clinical language data, and suggest several concrete actions by both clinical and NLP researchers to encourage multi-site and multi-disciplinary data sharing. We also propose the creation of a collaborative data sharing platform, to allow NLP researchers to take a more active responsibility for data transcription, annotation, and curation.",
}
@inproceedings{nalabandian-ireland-2019-depressed,
    title = "Depressed Individuals Use Negative Self-Focused Language When Recalling Recent Interactions with Close Romantic Partners but Not Family or {F}riends",
    author = "Nalabandian, Taleen  and
      Ireland, Molly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3008",
    pages = "62--73",
    abstract = "Depression is characterized by a self-focused negative attentional bias, which is often reflected in everyday language use. In a prospective writing study, we explored whether the association between depressive symptoms and negative, self-focused language varies across social contexts. College students (N = 243) wrote about a recent interaction with a person they care deeply about. Depression symptoms positively correlated with negative emotion words and first-person singular pronouns (or negative self-focus) when writing about a recent interaction with romantic partners or, to a lesser extent, friends, but not family members. The pattern of results was more pronounced when participants perceived greater self-other overlap (i.e., interpersonal closeness) with their romantic partner. Findings regarding how the linguistic profile of depression differs by type of relationship may inform more effective methods of clinical diagnosis and treatment.",
}
@inproceedings{zomick-etal-2019-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Analysis of Schizophrenia in {R}eddit Posts",
    author = "Zomick, Jonathan  and
      Levitan, Sarah Ita  and
      Serper, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3009",
    pages = "74--83",
    abstract = "We explore linguistic indicators of schizophrenia in Reddit discussion forums. Schizophrenia (SZ) is a chronic mental disorder that affects a person{'}s thoughts and behaviors. Identifying and detecting signs of SZ is difficult given that SZ is relatively uncommon, affecting approximately 1{\%} of the US population, and people suffering with SZ often believe that they do not have the disorder. Linguistic abnormalities are a hallmark of SZ and many of the illness{'}s symptoms are manifested through language. In this paper we leverage the vast amount of data available from social media and use statistical and machine learning approaches to study linguistic characteristics of SZ. We collected and analyzed a large corpus of Reddit posts from users claiming to have received a formal diagnosis of SZ and identified several linguistic features that differentiated these users from a control (CTL) group. We compared these results to other findings on social media linguistic analysis and SZ. We also developed a machine learning classifier to automatically identify self-identified users with SZ on Reddit.",
}
@inproceedings{bar-etal-2019-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Characteristics of Schizophrenic Speech",
    author = "Bar, Kfir  and
      Zilberstein, Vered  and
      Ziv, Ido  and
      Baram, Heli  and
      Dershowitz, Nachum  and
      Itzikowitz, Samuel  and
      Vadim Harel, Eiran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3010",
    pages = "84--93",
    abstract = "Natural language processing tools are used to automatically detect disturbances in transcribed speech of schizophrenia inpatients who speak Hebrew. We measure topic mutation over time and show that controls maintain more cohesive speech than inpatients. We also examine differences in how inpatients and controls use adjectives and adverbs to describe content words and show that the ones used by controls are more common than the those of inpatients. We provide experimental results and show their potential for automatically detecting schizophrenia in patients by means only of their speech patterns.",
}
@inproceedings{parish-morris-2019-computational,
    title = "Computational Linguistics for Enhancing Scientific Reproducibility and Reducing Healthcare Inequities",
    author = "Parish-Morris, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3011",
    pages = "94--102",
    abstract = "Computational linguistics holds promise for improving scientific integrity in clinical psychology, and for reducing longstanding inequities in healthcare access and quality. This paper describes how computational linguistics approaches could address the {``}reproducibility crisis{''} facing social science, particularly with regards to reliable diagnosis of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is argued that these improvements in scientific integrity are poised to naturally reduce persistent healthcare inequities in neglected subpopulations, such as verbally fluent girls and women with ASD, but that concerted attention to this issue is necessary to avoid reproducing biases built into training data. Finally, it is suggested that computational linguistics is just one component of an emergent digital phenotyping toolkit that could ultimately be used for clinical decision support, to improve clinical care via precision medicine (i.e., personalized intervention planning), granular treatment response monitoring (including remotely), and for gene-brain-behavior studies aiming to pinpoint the underlying biological etiology of otherwise behaviorally-defined conditions like ASD.",
}
@inproceedings{linz-etal-2019-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Analysis of the Semantic Verbal Fluency Task in Persons with Subjective and Mild Cognitive Impairment",
    author = {Linz, Nicklas  and
      Lundholm Fors, Kristina  and
      Lindsay, Hali  and
      Eckerstr{\"o}m, Marie  and
      Alexandersson, Jan  and
      Kokkinakis, Dimitrios},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3012",
    pages = "103--113",
    abstract = "The Semantic Verbal Fluency (SVF) task is a classical neuropsychological assessment where persons are asked to produce words belonging to a semantic category (e.g., animals) in a given time. This paper introduces a novel method of temporal analysis for SVF tasks utilizing time intervals and applies it to a corpus of elderly Swedish subjects (mild cognitive impairment, subjective cognitive impairment and healthy controls). A general decline in word count and lexical frequency over the course of the task is revealed, as well as an increase in word transition times. Persons with subjective cognitive impairment had a higher word count during the last intervals, but produced words of the same lexical frequencies. Persons with MCI had a steeper decline in both word count and lexical frequencies during the third interval. Additional correlations with neuropsychological scores suggest these findings are linked to a person{'}s overall vocabulary size and processing speed, respectively. Classification results improved when adding the novel features ($\mathit{AUC}=0.72$), supporting their diagnostic value.",
}
@inproceedings{amir-etal-2019-mental,
    title = "Mental Health Surveillance over Social Media with Digital Cohorts",
    author = "Amir, Silvio  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Ayers, John W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3013",
    pages = "114--120",
    abstract = "The ability to track mental health conditions via social media opened the doors for large-scale, automated, mental health surveillance. However, inferring accurate population-level trends requires representative samples of the underlying population, which can be challenging given the biases inherent in social media data. While previous work has adjusted samples based on demographic estimates, the populations were selected based on specific outcomes, e.g. specific mental health conditions. We depart from these methods, by conducting analyses over demographically representative digital cohorts of social media users. To validated this approach, we constructed a cohort of US based Twitter users to measure the prevalence of depression and PTSD, and investigate how these illnesses manifest across demographic subpopulations. The analysis demonstrates that cohort-based studies can help control for sampling biases, contextualize outcomes, and provide deeper insights into the data.",
}
@inproceedings{johannssen-etal-2019-reviving,
    title = "Reviving a psychometric measure: Classification and prediction of the Operant Motive Test",
    author = "Johann{\ss}en, Dirk  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Scheffer, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3014",
    pages = "121--125",
    abstract = "Implicit motives allow for the characterization of behavior, subsequent success and long-term development. While this has been operationalized in the operant motive test, research on motives has declined mainly due to labor-intensive and costly human annotation. In this study, we analyze over 200,000 labeled data items from 40,000 participants and utilize them for engineering features for training a logistic model tree machine learning model. It captures manually assigned motives well with an F-score of 80{\%}, coming close to the pairwise annotator intraclass correlation coefficient of r = .85. In addition, we found a significant correlation of r = .2 between subsequent academic success and data automatically labeled with our model in an extrinsic evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{just-etal-2019-coherence,
    title = "Coherence models in schizophrenia",
    author = {Just, Sandra  and
      Haegert, Erik  and
      Ko{\v{r}}{\'a}nov{\'a}, Nora  and
      Br{\"o}cker, Anna-Lena  and
      Nenchev, Ivan  and
      Funcke, Jakob  and
      Montag, Christiane  and
      Stede, Manfred},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3015",
    pages = "126--136",
    abstract = "Incoherent discourse in schizophrenia has long been recognized as a dominant symptom of the mental disorder (Bleuler, 1911/1950). Recent studies have used modern sentence and word embeddings to compute coherence metrics for spontaneous speech in schizophrenia. While clinical ratings always have a subjective element, computational linguistic methodology allows quantification of speech abnormalities. Clinical and empirical knowledge from psychiatry provide the theoretical and conceptual basis for modelling. Our study is an interdisciplinary attempt at improving coherence models in schizophrenia. Speech samples were obtained from healthy controls and patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and different severity of positive formal thought disorder. Interviews were transcribed and coherence metrics derived from different embeddings. One model found higher coherence metrics for controls than patients. All other models remained non-significant. More detailed analysis of the data motivates different approaches to improving coherence models in schizophrenia, e.g. by assessing referential abnormalities.",
}
@inproceedings{chandler-etal-2019-overcoming,
    title = "Overcoming the bottleneck in traditional assessments of verbal memory: Modeling human ratings and classifying clinical group membership",
    author = "Chandler, Chelsea  and
      Foltz, Peter W.  and
      Cheng, Jian  and
      Bernstein, Jared C.  and
      Rosenfeld, Elizabeth P.  and
      Cohen, Alex S.  and
      Holmlund, Terje B.  and
      Elvev{\aa}g, Brita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3016",
    pages = "137--147",
    abstract = "Verbal memory is affected by numerous clinical conditions and most neuropsychological and clinical examinations evaluate it. However, a bottleneck exists in such endeavors because traditional methods require expert human review, and usually only a couple of test versions exist, thus limiting the frequency of administration and clinical applications. The present study overcomes this bottleneck by automating the administration, transcription, analysis and scoring of story recall. A large group of healthy participants (n = 120) and patients with mental illness (n = 105) interacted with a mobile application that administered a wide range of assessments, including verbal memory. The resulting speech generated by participants when retelling stories from the memory task was transcribed using automatic speech recognition tools, which was compared with human transcriptions (overall word error rate = 21{\%}). An assortment of surface-level and semantic language-based features were extracted from the verbal recalls. A final set of three features were used to both predict expert human ratings with a ridge regression model (r = 0.88) and to differentiate patients from healthy individuals with an ensemble of logistic regression classifiers (accuracy = 76{\%}). This is the first {`}outside of the laboratory{'} study to showcase the viability of the complete pipeline of automated assessment of verbal memory in naturalistic settings.",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-hevia-etal-2019-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the use of existing systems for the {CLP}sych 2019 Shared Task",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez Hevia, Alejandro  and
      Cerezo Men{\'e}ndez, Rebeca  and
      Gayo-Avello, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3017",
    pages = "148--151",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe the UniOvi-WESO classification systems proposed for the 2019 Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology (CLPsych) Shared Task. We explore the use of two systems trained with ReachOut data from the 2016 CLPsych task, and compare them to a baseline system trained with the data provided for this task. All the classifiers were trained with features extracted just from the text of each post, without using any other metadata. We found out that the baseline system performs slightly better than the pretrained systems, mainly due to the differences in labeling between the two tasks. However, they still work reasonably well and can detect if a user is at risk of suicide or not.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2019-similar,
    title = "Similar Minds Post Alike: Assessment of Suicide Risk Using a Hybrid Model",
    author = "Chen, Lushi  and
      Aldayel, Abeer  and
      Bogoychev, Nikolay  and
      Gong, Tao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3018",
    pages = "152--157",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system submission for the CLPsych 2019 shared task B on suicide risk assessment. We approached the problem with three separate models: a behaviour model; a language model and a hybrid model. For the behavioral model approach, we model each user{'}s behaviour and thoughts with four groups of features: posting behaviour, sentiment, motivation, and content of the user{'}s posting. We use these features as an input in a support vector machine (SVM). For the language model approach, we trained a language model for each risk level using all the posts from the users as the training corpora. Then, we computed the perplexity of each user{'}s posts to determine how likely his/her posts were to belong to each risk level. Finally, we built a hybrid model that combines both the language model and the behavioral model, which demonstrates the best performance in detecting the suicide risk level.",
}
@inproceedings{bitew-etal-2019-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Suicide Risk from Online Postings in {R}eddit The {UG}ent-{IDL}ab submission to the {CLP}ysch 2019 Shared Task A",
    author = "Bitew, Semere Kiros  and
      Bekoulis, Giannis  and
      Deleu, Johannes  and
      Sterckx, Lucas  and
      Zaporojets, Klim  and
      Demeester, Thomas  and
      Develder, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3019",
    pages = "158--161",
    abstract = "This paper describes IDLab{'}s text classification systems submitted to Task A as part of the CLPsych 2019 shared task. The aim of this shared task was to develop automated systems that predict the degree of suicide risk of people based on their posts on Reddit. Bag-of-words features, emotion features and post level predictions are used to derive user-level predictions. Linear models and ensembles of these models are used to predict final scores. We find that predicting fine-grained risk levels is much more difficult than flagging potentially at-risk users. Furthermore, we do not find clear added value from building richer ensembles compared to simple baselines, given the available training data and the nature of the prediction task.",
}
@inproceedings{ruiz-etal-2019-clpsych2019,
    title = "{CLP}sych2019 Shared Task: Predicting Suicide Risk Level from {R}eddit Posts on Multiple Forums",
    author = "Ruiz, Victor  and
      Shi, Lingyun  and
      Quan, Wei  and
      Ryan, Neal  and
      Biernesser, Candice  and
      Brent, David  and
      Tsui, Rich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3020",
    pages = "162--166",
    abstract = {We aimed to predict an individual suicide risk level from longitudinal posts on Reddit discussion forums. Through participating in a shared task competition hosted by CLPsych2019, we received two annotated datasets: a training dataset with 496 users (31,553 posts) and a test dataset with 125 users (9610 posts). We submitted results from our three best-performing machine-learning models: SVM, Na{\"\i}ve Bayes, and an ensemble model. Each model provided a user{'}s suicide risk level in four categories, i.e., no risk, low risk, moderate risk, and severe risk. Among the three models, the ensemble model had the best macro-averaged F1 score 0.379 when tested on the holdout test dataset. The NB model had the best performance in two additional binary-classification tasks, i.e., no risk vs. flagged risk (any risk level other than no risk) with F1 score 0.836 and no or low risk vs. urgent risk (moderate or severe risk) with F1 score 0.736. We conclude that the NB model may serve as a tool for identifying users with flagged or urgent suicide risk based on longitudinal posts on Reddit discussion forums.},
}
@inproceedings{rissola-etal-2019-suicide,
    title = "Suicide Risk Assessment on Social Media: {USI}-{UPF} at the {CLP}sych 2019 Shared Task",
    author = "R{\'\i}ssola, Esteban  and
      Ram{\'\i}rez-Cifuentes, Diana  and
      Freire, Ana  and
      Crestani, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3021",
    pages = "167--171",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of the USI-UPF team at the shared task of the 2019 Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology Workshop (CLPsych2019). The goal is to assess the degree of suicide risk of social media users given a labelled dataset with their posts. An appropriate suicide risk assessment, with the usage of automated methods, can assist experts on the detection of people at risk and eventually contribute to prevent suicide. We propose a set of machine learning models with features based on lexicons, word embeddings, word level n-grams, and statistics extracted from users{'} posts. The results show that the most effective models for the tasks are obtained integrating lexicon-based features, a selected set of n-grams, and statistical measures.",
}
@inproceedings{ambalavanan-etal-2019-using,
    title = "Using Contextual Representations for Suicide Risk Assessment from {I}nternet Forums",
    author = "Ambalavanan, Ashwin Karthik  and
      Jagtap, Pranjali Dileep  and
      Adhya, Soumya  and
      Devarakonda, Murthy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3022",
    pages = "172--176",
    abstract = "Social media posts may yield clues to the subject{'}s (usually, the writer{'}s) suicide risk and intent, which can be used for timely intervention. This research, motivated by the CLPsych 2019 shared task, developed neural network-based methods for analyzing posts in one or more Reddit forums to assess the subject{'}s suicide risk. One of the technical challenges this task poses is the large amount of text from multiple posts of a single user. Our neural network models use the advanced multi-headed Attention-based autoencoder architecture, called Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT). Our system achieved the 2nd best performance of 0.477 macro averaged F measure on Task A of the challenge. Among the three different alternatives we developed for the challenge, the single BERT model that processed all of a user{'}s posts performed the best on all three Tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{morales-etal-2019-investigation,
    title = "An Investigation of Deep Learning Systems for Suicide Risk Assessment",
    author = "Morales, Michelle  and
      Dey, Prajjalita  and
      Theisen, Thomas  and
      Belitz, Daniel  and
      Chernova, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3023",
    pages = "177--181",
    abstract = "This work presents the systems explored as part of the CLPsych 2019 Shared Task. More specifically, this work explores the promise of deep learning systems for suicide risk assessment.",
}
@inproceedings{allen-etal-2019-convsent,
    title = "{C}onv{S}ent at {CLP}sych 2019 Task A: Using Post-level Sentiment Features for Suicide Risk Prediction on {R}eddit",
    author = "Allen, Kristen  and
      Bagroy, Shrey  and
      Davis, Alex  and
      Krishnamurti, Tamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3024",
    pages = "182--187",
    abstract = "This work aims to infer mental health status from public text for early detection of suicide risk. It contributes to Shared Task A in the 2019 CLPsych workshop by predicting users{'} suicide risk given posts in the Reddit subforum r/SuicideWatch. We use a convolutional neural network to incorporate LIWC information at the Reddit post level about topics discussed, first-person focus, emotional experience, grammatical choices, and thematic style. In sorting users into one of four risk categories, our best system{'}s macro-averaged F1 score was 0.50 on the withheld test set. The work demonstrates the predictive power of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count dictionary, in conjunction with a convolutional network and holistic consideration of each post and user.",
}
@inproceedings{iserman-etal-2019-dictionaries,
    title = "Dictionaries and Decision Trees for the 2019 {CLP}sych Shared Task",
    author = "Iserman, Micah  and
      Nalabandian, Taleen  and
      Ireland, Molly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3025",
    pages = "188--194",
    abstract = "In this summary, we discuss our approach to the CLPsych Shared Task and its initial results. For our predictions in each task, we used a recursive partitioning algorithm (decision trees) to select from our set of features, which were primarily dictionary scores and counts of individual words. We focused primarily on Task A, which aimed to predict suicide risk, as rated by a team of expert clinicians (Shing et al., 2018), based on language used in SuicideWatch posts on Reddit. Category-level findings highlight the potential importance of social and moral language categories. Word-level correlates of risk levels underline the value of fine-grained data-driven approaches, revealing both theory-consistent and potentially novel correlates of suicide risk that may motivate future research.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-international-finite,
    title = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Vogler, Heiko  and
      Maletti, Andreas",
    month = "23{--}25 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3100",
}
@inproceedings{ranta-2019-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Framework: an Interlingual Grammar Formalism",
    author = "Ranta, Aarne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "23{--}25 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3101",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{drewes-2019-survey,
    title = "A Survey of Recent Advances in Efficient Parsing for Graph Grammars",
    author = "Drewes, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "23{--}25 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3102",
    pages = "3",
}
@inproceedings{gebhardt-2019-latent,
    title = "Latent Variable Grammars for Discontinuous Parsing",
    author = "Gebhardt, Kilian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "23{--}25 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3103",
    pages = "4--6",
}
@inproceedings{bjorklund-etal-2019-bottom,
    title = "Bottom-Up Unranked Tree-to-Graph Transducers for Translation into Semantic Graphs",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rklund, Johanna  and
      Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Drewes, Frank  and
      Satta, Giorgio},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "23{--}25 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3104",
    pages = "7--17",
    abstract = "We propose a formal model for translating unranked syntactic trees, such as dependency trees, into semantic graphs. These tree-to-graph transducers can serve as a formal basis of transition systems for semantic parsing which recently have been shown to perform very well, yet hitherto lack formalization. Our model features {``}extended{''} rules and an arc-factored normal form, comes with an efficient translation algorithm, and can be equipped with weights in a straightforward manner.",
}
@inproceedings{cognetta-etal-2019-compression,
    title = "On the Compression of Lexicon Transducers",
    author = "Cognetta, Marco  and
      Allauzen, Cyril  and
      Riley, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "23{--}25 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3105",
    pages = "18--26",
    abstract = "In finite-state language processing pipelines, a lexicon is often a key component. It needs to be comprehensive to ensure accuracy, reducing out-of-vocabulary misses. However, in memory-constrained environments (e.g., mobile phones), the size of the component automata must be kept small. Indeed, a delicate balance between comprehensiveness, speed, and memory must be struck to conform to device requirements while providing a good user experience.In this paper, we describe a compression scheme for lexicons when represented as finite-state transducers. We efficiently encode the graph of the transducer while storing transition labels separately. The graph encoding scheme is based on the LOUDS (Level Order Unary Degree Sequence) tree representation, which has constant time tree traversal for queries while being information-theoretically optimal in space. We find that our encoding is near the theoretical lower bound for such graphs and substantially outperforms more traditional representations in space while remaining competitive in latency benchmarks.",
}
@inproceedings{fernando-etal-2019-mso,
    title = "{MSO} with tests and reducts",
    author = "Fernando, Tim  and
      Woods, David  and
      Vogel, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "23{--}25 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3106",
    pages = "27--36",
    abstract = "Tests added to Kleene algebra (by Kozen and others) are considered within Monadic Second Order logic over strings, where they are likened to statives in natural language. Reducts are formed over tests and non-tests alike, specifying what is observable. Notions of temporal granularity are based on observable change, under the assumption that a finite set bounds what is observable (with the possibility of stretching such bounds by moving to a larger finite set). String projections at different granularities are conjoined by superpositions that provide another variant of concatenation for Booleans.",
}
@inproceedings{janicki-2019-finite,
    title = "Finite State Transducer Calculus for Whole Word Morphology",
    author = "Janicki, Maciej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "23{--}25 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3107",
    pages = "37--45",
    abstract = "The research on machine learning of morphology often involves formulating morphological descriptions directly on surface forms of words. As the established two-level morphology paradigm requires the knowledge of the underlying structure, it is not widely used in such settings. In this paper, we propose a formalism describing structural relationships between words based on theories of morphology that reject the notions of internal word structure and morpheme. The formalism covers a wide variety of morphological phenomena (including non-concatenative ones like stem vowel alternation) without the need of workarounds and extensions. Furthermore, we show that morphological rules formulated in such way can be easily translated to FSTs, which enables us to derive performant approaches to morphological analysis, generation and automatic rule discovery.",
}
@inproceedings{morbitz-vogler-2019-weighted,
    title = "Weighted parsing for grammar-based language models",
    author = {M{\"o}rbitz, Richard  and
      Vogler, Heiko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "23{--}25 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3108",
    pages = "46--55",
    abstract = "We develop a general framework for weighted parsing which is built on top of grammar-based language models and employs flexible weight algebras. It generalizes previous work in that area (semiring parsing, weighted deductive parsing) and also covers applications outside the classical scope of parsing, e.g., algebraic dynamic programming. We show an algorithm which terminates and is correct for a large class of weighted grammar-based language models.",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-vogler-2019-regular,
    title = "Regular transductions with {MCFG} input syntax",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Vogler, Heiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "23{--}25 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3109",
    pages = "56--64",
    abstract = "We show that regular transductions for which the input part is generated by some multiple context-free grammar can be simulated by synchronous multiple context-free grammars. We prove that synchronous multiple context-free grammars are strictly more powerful than this combination of regular transductions and multiple context-free grammars.",
}
@inproceedings{ozturel-etal-2019-syntactically,
    title = "A Syntactically Expressive Morphological Analyzer for {T}urkish",
    author = "Ozturel, Adnan  and
      Kayadelen, Tolga  and
      Demirsahin, Isin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "23{--}25 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3110",
    pages = "65--75",
    abstract = "We present a broad coverage model of Turkish morphology and an open-source morphological analyzer that implements it. The model captures intricacies of Turkish morphology-syntax interface, thus could be used as a baseline that guides language model development. It introduces a novel fine part-of-speech tagset, a fine-grained affix inventory and represents morphotactics without zero-derivations. The morphological analyzer is freely available. It consists of modular reusable components of human-annotated gold standard lexicons, implements Turkish morphotactics as finite-state transducers using OpenFst and morphophonemic processes as Thrax grammars.",
}
@inproceedings{sarveswaran-etal-2019-using,
    title = "Using Meta-Morph Rules to develop Morphological Analysers: A case study concerning {T}amil",
    author = "Sarveswaran, Kengatharaiyer  and
      Dias, Gihan  and
      Butt, Miriam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "23{--}25 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3111",
    pages = "76--86",
    abstract = "This paper describes a new and larger coverage Finite-State Morphological Analyser (FSM) and Generator for the Dravidian language Tamil. The FSM has been developed in the context of computational grammar engineering, adhering to the standards of the ParGram effort. Tamil is a morphologically rich language and the interaction between linguistic analysis and formal implementation is complex, resulting in a challenging task. In order to allow the development of the FSM to focus more on the linguistic analysis and less on the formal details, we have developed a system of meta-morph(ology) rules along with a script which translates these rules into FSM processable representations. The introduction of meta-morph rules makes it possible for computationally naive linguists to interact with the system and to expand it in future work. We found that the meta-morph rules help to express linguistic generalisations and reduce the manual effort of writing lexical classes for morphological analysis. Our Tamil FSM currently handles mainly the inflectional morphology of 3,300 verb roots and their 260 forms. Further, it also has a lexicon of approximately 100,000 nouns along with a guesser to handle out-of-vocabulary items. Although the Tamil FSM was primarily developed to be part of a computational grammar, it can also be used as a web or stand-alone application for other NLP tasks, as per general ParGram practice.",
}
@inproceedings{suresh-etal-2019-distilling,
    title = "Distilling weighted finite automata from arbitrary probabilistic models",
    author = "Suresh, Ananda Theertha  and
      Roark, Brian  and
      Riley, Michael  and
      Schogol, Vlad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "23{--}25 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3112",
    pages = "87--97",
    abstract = "Weighted finite automata (WFA) are often used to represent probabilistic models, such as n-gram language models, since they are efficient for recognition tasks in time and space. The probabilistic source to be represented as a WFA, however, may come in many forms. Given a generic probabilistic model over sequences, we propose an algorithm to approximate it as a weighted finite automaton such that the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the source model and the WFA target model is minimized. The proposed algorithm involves a counting step and a difference of convex optimization, both of which can be performed efficiently. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach on some tasks including distilling n-gram models from neural models.",
}
@inproceedings{wakabayashi-2019-silent,
    title = "Silent {HMM}s: Generalized Representation of Hidden Semi-{M}arkov Models and Hierarchical {HMM}s",
    author = "Wakabayashi, Kei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "23{--}25 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3113",
    pages = "98--107",
    abstract = "Modeling sequence data using probabilistic finite state machines (PFSMs) is a technique that analyzes the underlying dynamics in sequences of symbols. Hidden semi-Markov models (HSMMs) and hierarchical hidden Markov models (HHMMs) are PFSMs that have been successfully applied to a wide variety of applications by extending HMMs to make the extracted patterns easier to interpret. However, these models are independently developed with their own training algorithm, so that we cannot combine multiple kinds of structures to build a PFSM for a specific application. In this paper, we prove that silent hidden Markov models (silent HMMs) are flexible models that have more expressive power than HSMMs and HHMMs. Silent HMMs are HMMs that contain silent states, which do not emit any observations. We show that we can obtain silent HMM equivalent to given HSMMs and HHMMs. We believe that these results form a firm foundation to use silent HMMs as a unified representation for PFSM modeling.",
}
@inproceedings{wolf-sonkin-etal-2019-latin,
    title = "{L}atin script keyboards for South {A}sian languages with finite-state normalization",
    author = "Wolf-Sonkin, Lawrence  and
      Schogol, Vlad  and
      Roark, Brian  and
      Riley, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "23{--}25 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3114",
    pages = "108--117",
    abstract = "The use of the Latin script for text entry of South Asian languages is common, even though there is no standard orthography for these languages in the script. We explore several compact finite-state architectures that permit variable spellings of words during mobile text entry. We find that approaches making use of transliteration transducers provide large accuracy improvements over baselines, but that simpler approaches involving a compact representation of many attested alternatives yields much of the accuracy gain. This is particularly important when operating under constraints on model size (e.g., on inexpensive mobile devices with limited storage and memory for keyboard models), and on speed of inference, since people typing on mobile keyboards expect no perceptual delay in keyboard responsiveness.",
}
@inproceedings{yli-jyra-2019-transition,
    title = "Transition-Based Coding and Formal Language Theory for Ordered Digraphs",
    author = {Yli-Jyr{\"a}, Anssi},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "23{--}25 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dresden, Germany",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3115",
    pages = "118--131",
    abstract = "Transition-based parsing of natural language uses transition systems to build directed annotation graphs (digraphs) for sentences. In this paper, we define, for an arbitrary ordered digraph, a unique decomposition and a corresponding linear encoding that are associated bijectively with each other via a new transition system. These results give us an efficient and succinct representation for digraphs and sets of digraphs. Based on the system and our analysis of its syntactic properties, we give structural bounds under which the set of encoded digraphs is restricted and becomes a context-free or a regular string language. The context-free restriction is essentially a superset of the encodings used previously to characterize properties of noncrossing digraphs and to solve maximal subgraphs problems. The regular restriction with a tight bound is shown to capture the Universal Dependencies v2.4 treebanks in linguistics.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-social,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    author = "Weissenbacher, Davy  and
      Gonzalez-Hernandez, Graciela",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3200",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2019-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Kinship from Obituary to Enhance Electronic Health Records for Genetic Research",
    author = "He, Kai  and
      Wu, Jialun  and
      Ma, Xiaoyong  and
      Zhang, Chong  and
      Huang, Ming  and
      Li, Chen  and
      Yao, Lixia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3201",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "Claims database and electronic health records database do not usually capture kinship or family relationship information, which is imperative for genetic research. We identify online obituaries as a new data source and propose a special named entity recognition and relation extraction solution to extract names and kinships from online obituaries. Built on 1,809 annotated obituaries and a novel tagging scheme, our joint neural model achieved macro-averaged precision, recall and F measure of 72.69{\%}, 78.54{\%} and 74.93{\%}, and micro-averaged precision, recall and F measure of 95.74{\%}, 98.25{\%} and 96.98{\%} using 57 kinships with 10 or more examples in a 10-fold cross-validation experiment. The model performance improved dramatically when trained with 34 kinships with 50 or more examples. Leveraging additional information such as age, death date, birth date and residence mentioned by obituaries, we foresee a promising future of supplementing EHR databases with comprehensive and accurate kinship information for genetic research.",
}
@inproceedings{dirkson-etal-2019-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Normalization of User-Generated Medical Text",
    author = "Dirkson, Anne  and
      Verberne, Suzan  and
      Kraaij, Wessel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3202",
    pages = "11--20",
    abstract = "In the medical domain, user-generated social media text is increasingly used as a valuable complementary knowledge source to scientific medical literature. The extraction of this knowledge is complicated by colloquial language use and misspellings. Yet, lexical normalization of such data has not been addressed properly. This paper presents an unsupervised, data-driven spelling correction module for medical social media. Our method outperforms state-of-the-art spelling correction and can detect mistakes with an F0.5 of 0.888. Additionally, we present a novel corpus for spelling mistake detection and correction on a medical patient forum.",
}
@inproceedings{weissenbacher-etal-2019-overview,
    title = "Overview of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health ({SMM}4{H}) Shared Tasks at {ACL} 2019",
    author = "Weissenbacher, Davy  and
      Sarker, Abeed  and
      Magge, Arjun  and
      Daughton, Ashlynn  and
      O{'}Connor, Karen  and
      Paul, Michael J.  and
      Gonzalez-Hernandez, Graciela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3203",
    pages = "21--30",
    abstract = "The number of users of social media continues to grow, with nearly half of adults worldwide and two-thirds of all American adults using social networking. Advances in automated data processing, machine learning and NLP present the possibility of utilizing this massive data source for biomedical and public health applications, if researchers address the methodological challenges unique to this media. We present the Social Media Mining for Health Shared Tasks collocated with the ACL at Florence in 2019, which address these challenges for health monitoring and surveillance, utilizing state of the art techniques for processing noisy, real-world, and substantially creative language expressions from social media users. For the fourth execution of this challenge, we proposed four different tasks. Task 1 asked participants to distinguish tweets reporting an adverse drug reaction (ADR) from those that do not. Task 2, a follow-up to Task 1, asked participants to identify the span of text in tweets reporting ADRs. Task 3 is an end-to-end task where the goal was to first detect tweets mentioning an ADR and then map the extracted colloquial mentions of ADRs in the tweets to their corresponding standard concept IDs in the MedDRA vocabulary. Finally, Task 4 asked participants to classify whether a tweet contains a personal mention of one{'}s health, a more general discussion of the health issue, or is an unrelated mention. A total of 34 teams from around the world registered and 19 teams from 12 countries submitted a system run. We summarize here the corpora for this challenge which are freely available at https://competitions.codalab.org/competitions/22521, and present an overview of the methods and the results of the competing systems.",
}
@inproceedings{belousov-etal-2019-mednorm,
    title = "{M}ed{N}orm: A Corpus and Embeddings for Cross-terminology Medical Concept Normalisation",
    author = "Belousov, Maksim  and
      Dixon, William G.  and
      Nenadic, Goran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3204",
    pages = "31--39",
    abstract = "The medical concept normalisation task aims to map textual descriptions to standard terminologies such as SNOMED-CT or MedDRA. Existing publicly available datasets annotated using different terminologies cannot be simply merged and utilised, and therefore become less valuable when developing machine learning-based concept normalisation systems. To address that, we designed a data harmonisation pipeline and engineered a corpus of 27,979 textual descriptions simultaneously mapped to both MedDRA and SNOMED-CT, sourced from five publicly available datasets across biomedical and social media domains. The pipeline can be used in the future to integrate new datasets into the corpus and also could be applied in relevant data curation tasks. We also described a method to merge different terminologies into a single concept graph preserving their relations and demonstrated that representation learning approach based on random walks on a graph can efficiently encode both hierarchical and equivalent relations and capture semantic similarities not only between concepts inside a given terminology but also between concepts from different terminologies. We believe that making a corpus and embeddings for cross-terminology medical concept normalisation available to the research community would contribute to a better understanding of the task.",
}
@inproceedings{delahunty-etal-2019-passive,
    title = "Passive Diagnosis Incorporating the {PHQ}-4 for Depression and Anxiety",
    author = "Delahunty, Fionn  and
      Johansson, Robert  and
      Arcan, Mihael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3205",
    pages = "40--46",
    abstract = "Depression and anxiety are the two most prevalent mental health disorders worldwide, impacting the lives of millions of people each year. In this work, we develop and evaluate a multilabel, multidimensional deep neural network designed to predict PHQ-4 scores based on individuals written text. Our system outperforms random baseline metrics and provides a novel approach to how we can predict psychometric scores from written text. Additionally, we explore how this architecture can be applied to analyse social media data.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2019-hitsz,
    title = "{HITSZ}-{ICRC}: A Report for {SMM}4{H} Shared Task 2019-Automatic Classification and Extraction of Adverse Effect Mentions in Tweets",
    author = "Chen, Shuai  and
      Huang, Yuanhang  and
      Huang, Xiaowei  and
      Qin, Haoming  and
      Yan, Jun  and
      Tang, Buzhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3206",
    pages = "47--51",
    abstract = "This is the system description of the Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen (HITSZ) team for the first and second subtasks of the fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications (SMM4H) shared task in 2019. The two subtasks are automatic classification and extraction of adverse effect mentions in tweets. The systems for the two subtasks are based on bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT), and achieves promising results. Among the systems we developed for subtask1, the best F1-score was 0.6457, for subtask2, the best relaxed F1-score and the best strict F1-score were 0.614 and 0.407 respectively. Our system ranks first among all systems on subtask1.",
}
@inproceedings{miftahutdinov-etal-2019-kfu,
    title = "{KFU} {NLP} Team at {SMM}4{H} 2019 Tasks: Want to Extract Adverse Drugs Reactions from Tweets? {BERT} to The Rescue",
    author = "Miftahutdinov, Zulfat  and
      Alimova, Ilseyar  and
      Tutubalina, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3207",
    pages = "52--57",
    abstract = "This paper describes a system developed for the Social Media Mining for Health (SMM4H) 2019 shared tasks. Specifically, we participated in three tasks. The goals of the first two tasks are to classify whether a tweet contains mentions of adverse drug reactions (ADR) and extract these mentions, respectively. The objective of the third task is to build an end-to-end solution: first, detect ADR mentions and then map these entities to concepts in a controlled vocabulary. We investigate the use of a language representation model BERT trained to obtain semantic representations of social media texts. Our experiments on a dataset of user reviews showed that BERT is superior to state-of-the-art models based on recurrent neural networks. The BERT-based system for Task 1 obtained an F1 of 57.38{\%}, with improvements up to +7.19{\%} F1 over a score averaged across all 43 submissions. The ensemble of neural networks with a voting scheme for named entity recognition ranked first among 9 teams at the SMM4H 2019 Task 2 and obtained a relaxed F1 of 65.8{\%}. The end-to-end model based on BERT for ADR normalization ranked first at the SMM4H 2019 Task 3 and obtained a relaxed F1 of 43.2{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{ellendorff-etal-2019-approaching,
    title = "Approaching {SMM}4{H} with Merged Models and Multi-task Learning",
    author = {Ellendorff, Tilia  and
      Furrer, Lenz  and
      Colic, Nicola  and
      Aepli, No{\"e}mi  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3208",
    pages = "58--61",
    abstract = "We describe our submissions to the 4th edi- tion of the Social Media Mining for Health Applications (SMM4H) shared task. Our team (UZH) participated in two sub-tasks: Automatic classifications of adverse effects mentions in tweets (Task 1) and Generaliz- able identification of personal health expe- rience mentions (Task 4). For our submis- sions, we exploited ensembles based on a pre- trained language representation with a neu- ral transformer architecture (BERT) (Tasks 1 and 4) and a CNN-BiLSTM(-CRF) network within a multi-task learning scenario (Task 1). These systems are placed on top of a carefully crafted pipeline of domain-specific pre- processing steps.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2019-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Adverse Drug Events Mentions in Tweets Using Attentive, Collocated, and Aggregated Medical Representation",
    author = "Zhao, Xinyan  and
      Yu, Deahan  and
      Vydiswaran, V.G.Vinod",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3209",
    pages = "62--70",
    abstract = "Identifying mentions of medical concepts in social media is challenging because of high variability in free text. In this paper, we propose a novel neural network architecture, the Collocated LSTM with Attentive Pooling and Aggregated representation (CLAPA), that integrates a bidirectional LSTM model with attention and pooling strategy and utilizes the collocation information from training data to improve the representation of medical concepts. The collocation and aggregation layers improve the model performance on the task of identifying mentions of adverse drug events (ADE) in tweets. Using the dataset made available as part of the workshop shared task, we show that careful selection of neighborhood contexts can help uncover useful local information and improve the overall medical concept representation.",
}
@inproceedings{schneuwly-etal-2019-correlating,
    title = "Correlating Twitter Language with Community-Level Health Outcomes",
    author = "Schneuwly, Arno  and
      Grubenmann, Ralf  and
      Rion Logean, S{\'e}verine  and
      Cieliebak, Mark  and
      Jaggi, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3210",
    pages = "71--78",
    abstract = "We study how language on social media is linked to mortal diseases such as atherosclerotic heart disease (AHD), diabetes and various types of cancer. Our proposed model leverages state-of-the-art sentence embeddings, followed by a regression model and clustering, without the need of additional labelled data. It allows to predict community-level medical outcomes from language, and thereby potentially translate these to the individual level. The method is applicable to a wide range of target variables and allows us to discover known and potentially novel correlations of medical outcomes with life-style aspects and other socioeconomic risk factors.",
}
@inproceedings{tortoreto-etal-2019-affective,
    title = "Affective Behaviour Analysis of On-line User Interactions: Are On-line Support Groups More Therapeutic than Twitter?",
    author = "Tortoreto, Giuliano  and
      Stepanov, Evgeny  and
      Cervone, Alessandra  and
      Dubiel, Mateusz  and
      Riccardi, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3211",
    pages = "79--88",
    abstract = "The increase in the prevalence of mental health problems has coincided with a growing popularity of health related social networking sites. Regardless of their therapeutic potential, on-line support groups (OSGs) can also have negative effects on patients. In this work we propose a novel methodology to automatically verify the presence of therapeutic factors in social networking websites by using Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. The methodology is evaluated on on-line asynchronous multi-party conversations collected from an OSG and Twitter. The results of the analysis indicate that therapeutic factors occur more frequently in OSG conversations than in Twitter conversations. Moreover, the analysis of OSG conversations reveals that the users of that platform are supportive, and interactions are likely to lead to the improvement of their emotional state. We believe that our method provides a stepping stone towards automatic analysis of emotional states of users of online platforms. Possible applications of the method include provision of guidelines that highlight potential implications of using such platforms on users{'} mental health, and/or support in the analysis of their impact on specific individuals.",
}
@inproceedings{dirkson-verberne-2019-transfer,
    title = "Transfer Learning for Health-related Twitter Data",
    author = "Dirkson, Anne  and
      Verberne, Suzan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3212",
    pages = "89--92",
    abstract = "Transfer learning is promising for many NLP applications, especially in tasks with limited labeled data. This paper describes the methods developed by team TMRLeiden for the 2019 Social Media Mining for Health Applications (SMM4H) Shared Task. Our methods use state-of-the-art transfer learning methods to classify, extract and normalise adverse drug effects (ADRs) and to classify personal health mentions from health-related tweets. The code and fine-tuned models are publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{cortes-tejada-etal-2019-nlp,
    title = "{NLP}@{UNED} at {SMM}4{H} 2019: Neural Networks Applied to Automatic Classifications of Adverse Effects Mentions in Tweets",
    author = "Cortes-Tejada, Javier  and
      Martinez-Romo, Juan  and
      Araujo, Lourdes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3213",
    pages = "93--95",
    abstract = "This paper describes a system for automatically classifying adverse effects mentions in tweets developed for the task 1 at Social Media Mining for Health Applications (SMM4H) Shared Task 2019. We have developed a system based on LSTM neural networks inspired by the excellent results obtained by deep learning classifiers in the last edition of this task. The network is trained along with Twitter GloVe pre-trained word embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{ge-etal-2019-detecting,
    title = "Detecting and Extracting of Adverse Drug Reaction Mentioning Tweets with Multi-Head Self Attention",
    author = "Ge, Suyu  and
      Qi, Tao  and
      Wu, Chuhan  and
      Huang, Yongfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3214",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3214",
    pages = "96--98",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system for the first and second shared tasks of the fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications (SMM4H) workshop. We enhance tweet representation with a language model and distinguish the importance of different words with Multi-Head Self-Attention. In addition, transfer learning is exploited to make up for the data shortage. Our system achieved competitive results on both tasks with an F1-score of 0.5718 for task 1 and 0.653 (overlap) / 0.357 (strict) for task 2.",
}
@inproceedings{barry-uzuner-2019-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning for Identification of Adverse Effect Mentions In Twitter Data",
    author = "Barry, Paul  and
      Uzuner, Ozlem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3215",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3215",
    pages = "99--101",
    abstract = "Social Media Mining for Health Applications (SMM4H) Adverse Effect Mentions Shared Task challenges participants to accurately identify spans of text within a tweet that correspond to Adverse Effects (AEs) resulting from medication usage (Weissenbacher et al., 2019). This task features a training data set of 2,367 tweets, in addition to a 1,000 tweet evaluation data set. The solution presented here features a bidirectional Long Short-term Memory Network (bi-LSTM) for the generation of character-level embeddings. It uses a second bi-LSTM trained on both character and token level embeddings to feed a Conditional Random Field (CRF) which provides the final classification. This paper further discusses the deep learning algorithms used in our solution.",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-ubeda-etal-2019-using,
    title = "Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods to Find Mentions of Adverse Drug Reactions in Social Media",
    author = "L{\'o}pez {\'U}beda, Pilar  and
      D{\'\i}az Galiano, Manuel Carlos  and
      Martin, Maite  and
      Urena Lopez, L. Alfonso",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3216",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3216",
    pages = "102--106",
    abstract = "Over time the use of social networks is becoming very popular platforms for sharing health related information. Social Media Mining for Health Applications (SMM4H) provides tasks such as those described in this document to help manage information in the health domain. This document shows the first participation of the SINAI group. We study approaches based on machine learning and deep learning to extract adverse drug reaction mentions from Twitter. The results obtained in the tasks are encouraging, we are close to the average of all participants and even above in some cases.",
}
@inproceedings{vydiswaran-etal-2019-towards,
    title = "Towards Text Processing Pipelines to Identify Adverse Drug Events-related Tweets: University of Michigan @ {SMM}4{H} 2019 Task 1",
    author = "Vydiswaran, V.G.Vinod  and
      Ganzel, Grace  and
      Romas, Bryan  and
      Yu, Deahan  and
      Austin, Amy  and
      Bhomia, Neha  and
      Chan, Socheatha  and
      Hall, Stephanie  and
      Le, Van  and
      Miller, Aaron  and
      Oduyebo, Olawunmi  and
      Song, Aulia  and
      Sondhi, Radhika  and
      Teng, Danny  and
      Tseng, Hao  and
      Vuong, Kim  and
      Zimmerman, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3217",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3217",
    pages = "107--109",
    abstract = "We participated in Task 1 of the Social Media Mining for Health Applications (SMM4H) 2019 Shared Tasks on detecting mentions of adverse drug events (ADEs) in tweets. Our approach relied on a text processing pipeline for tweets, and training traditional machine learning and deep learning models. Our submitted runs performed above average for the task.",
}
@inproceedings{gondane-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Network to Identify Personal Health Experience Mention in Tweets Using {B}io{BERT} Embeddings",
    author = "Gondane, Shubham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3218",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3218",
    pages = "110--113",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system developed by team ASU-NLP for the Social Media Mining for Health Applications(SMM4H) shared task 4. We extract feature embeddings from the BioBERT (Lee et al., 2019) model which has been fine-tuned on the training dataset and use that as inputs to a dense fully connected neural network. We achieve above average scores among the participant systems with the overall F1-score, accuracy, precision, recall as 0.8036, 0.8456, 0.9783, 0.6818 respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{manousogiannis-etal-2019-give,
    title = "Give It a Shot: Few-shot Learning to Normalize {ADR} Mentions in Social Media Posts",
    author = "Manousogiannis, Emmanouil  and
      Mesbah, Sepideh  and
      Bozzon, Alessandro  and
      Baez, Selene  and
      Sips, Robert Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3219",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3219",
    pages = "114--116",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system that team MYTOMORROWS-TU DELFT developed for the 2019 Social Media Mining for Health Applications (SMM4H) Shared Task 3, for the end-to-end normalization of ADR tweet mentions to their corresponding MEDDRA codes. For the first two steps, we reuse a state-of-the art approach, focusing our contribution on the final entity-linking step. For that we propose a simple Few-Shot learning approach, based on pre-trained word embeddings and data from the UMLS, combined with the provided training data. Our system (relaxed F1: 0.337- 0.345) outperforms the average (relaxed F1 0.2972) of the participants in this task, demonstrating the potential feasibility of few-shot learning in the context of medical text normalization.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2019-bigodm,
    title = "{BIGODM} System in the Social Media Mining for Health Applications Shared Task 2019",
    author = "Wang, Chen-Kai  and
      Dai, Hong-Jie  and
      Wang, Bo-Hung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3220",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3220",
    pages = "117--119",
    abstract = "In this study, we describe our methods to automatically classify Twitter posts conveying events of adverse drug reaction (ADR). Based on our previous experience in tackling the ADR classification task, we empirically applied the vote-based under-sampling ensemble approach along with linear support vector machine (SVM) to develop our classifiers as part of our participation in ACL 2019 Social Media Mining for Health Applications (SMM4H) shared task 1. The best-performed model on the test sets were trained on a merged corpus consisting of the datasets released by SMM4H 2017 and 2019. By using VUE, the corpus was randomly under-sampled with 2:1 ratio between the negative and positive classes to create an ensemble using the linear kernel trained with features including bag-of-word, domain knowledge, negation and word embedding. The best performing model achieved an F-measure of 0.551 which is about 5{\%} higher than the average F-scores of 16 teams.",
}
@inproceedings{sarabadani-2019-detection,
    title = "Detection of Adverse Drug Reaction Mentions in Tweets Using {ELM}o",
    author = "Sarabadani, Sarah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3221",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3221",
    pages = "120--122",
    abstract = "This paper describes the models used by our team in SMM4H 2019 shared task. We submitted results for subtasks 1 and 2. For task 1 which aims to detect tweets with Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) mentions we used ELMo embeddings which is a deep contextualized word representation able to capture both syntactic and semantic characteristics. For task 2, which focuses on extraction of ADR mentions, first the same architecture as task 1 was used to identify whether or not a tweet contains ADR. Then, for tweets positively classified as mentioning ADR, the relevant text span was identified by similarity matching with 3 different lexicon sets.",
}
@inproceedings{bagherzadeh-etal-2019-adverse,
    title = "Adverse Drug Effect and Personalized Health Mentions, {CL}a{C} at {SMM}4{H} 2019, Tasks 1 and 4",
    author = "Bagherzadeh, Parsa  and
      Sheikh, Nadia  and
      Bergler, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3222",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3222",
    pages = "123--126",
    abstract = "CLaC labs participated in Task 1 and 4 of SMM4H 2019. We pursed two main objectives in our submission. First we tried to use some textual features in a deep net framework, and second, the potential use of more than one word embedding was tested. The results seem positively affected by the proposed architectures.",
}
@inproceedings{mahata-etal-2019-midas-smm4h,
    title = "{MIDAS}@{SMM}4{H}-2019: Identifying Adverse Drug Reactions and Personal Health Experience Mentions from Twitter",
    author = "Mahata, Debanjan  and
      Anand, Sarthak  and
      Zhang, Haimin  and
      Shahid, Simra  and
      Mehnaz, Laiba  and
      Kumar, Yaman  and
      Shah, Rajiv Ratn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3223",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3223",
    pages = "127--132",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present our approach and the system description for the Social Media Mining for Health Applications (SMM4H) Shared Task 1,2 and 4 (2019). Our main contribution is to show the effectiveness of Transfer Learning approaches like BERT and ULMFiT, and how they generalize for the classification tasks like identification of adverse drug reaction mentions and reporting of personal health problems in tweets. We show the use of stacked embeddings combined with BLSTM+CRF tagger for identifying spans mentioning adverse drug reactions in tweets. We also show that these approaches perform well even with imbalanced dataset in comparison to undersampling and oversampling.",
}
@inproceedings{aroyehun-gelbukh-2019-detection,
    title = "Detection of Adverse Drug Reaction in Tweets Using a Combination of Heterogeneous Word Embeddings",
    author = "Aroyehun, Segun Taofeek  and
      Gelbukh, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3224",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3224",
    pages = "133--135",
    abstract = "This paper details our approach to the task of detecting reportage of adverse drug reaction in tweets as part of the 2019 social media mining for healthcare applications shared task. We employed a combination of three types of word representations as input to a LSTM model. With this approach, we achieved an F1 score of 0.5209.",
}
@inproceedings{rawal-etal-2019-identification,
    title = "Identification of Adverse Drug Reaction Mentions in Tweets {--} {SMM}4{H} Shared Task 2019",
    author = "Rawal, Samarth  and
      Rawal, Siddharth  and
      Anwar, Saadat  and
      Baral, Chitta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Social Media Mining for Health Applications ({\#}SMM4H) Workshop {\&} Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3225",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3225",
    pages = "136--137",
    abstract = "Analyzing social media posts can offer insights into a wide range of topics that are commonly discussed online, providing valuable information for studying various health-related phenomena reported online. The outcome of this work can offer insights into pharmacovigilance research to monitor the adverse effects of medications. This research specifically looks into mentions of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in Twitter data through the Social Media Mining for Health Applications (SMM4H) Shared Task 2019. Adverse drug reactions are undesired harmful effects which can arise from medication or other methods of treatment. The goal of this research is to build accurate models using natural language processing techniques to detect reports of adverse drug reactions in Twitter data and extract these words or phrases.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-international-designing,
    title = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen  and
      Croft, William  and
      Hajic, Jan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Pustejovksy, James",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3300",
}
@inproceedings{van-gysel-etal-2019-cross,
    title = "Cross-Linguistic Semantic Annotation: Reconciling the Language-Specific and the Universal",
    author = "Van Gysel, Jens E. L.  and
      Vigus, Meagan  and
      Kalm, Pavlina  and
      Lee, Sook-kyung  and
      Regan, Michael  and
      Croft, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3301",
    pages = "1--14",
    abstract = "Developers of cross-linguistic semantic annotation schemes face a number of issues not encountered in monolingual annotation. This paper discusses four such issues, related to the establishment of annotation labels, and the treatment of languages with more fine-grained, more coarse-grained, and cross-cutting categories. We propose that a lattice-like architecture of the annotation categories can adequately handle all four issues, and at the same time remain both intuitive for annotators and faithful to typological insights. This position is supported by a brief annotation experiment.",
}
@inproceedings{abzianidze-bos-2019-thirty,
    title = "Thirty Musts for Meaning Banking",
    author = "Abzianidze, Lasha  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3302",
    pages = "15--27",
    abstract = "Meaning banking{---}creating a semantically annotated corpus for the purpose of semantic parsing or generation{---}is a challenging task. It is quite simple to come up with a complex meaning representation, but it is hard to design a simple meaning representation that captures many nuances of meaning. This paper lists some lessons learned in nearly ten years of meaning annotation during the development of the Groningen Meaning Bank (Bos et al., 2017) and the Parallel Meaning Bank (Abzianidze et al., 2017). The paper{'}s format is rather unconventional: there is no explicit related work, no methodology section, no results, and no discussion (and the current snippet is not an abstract but actually an introductory preface). Instead, its structure is inspired by work of Traum (2000) and Bender (2013). The list starts with a brief overview of the existing meaning banks (Section 1) and the rest of the items are roughly divided into three groups: corpus collection (Section 2 and 3, annotation methods (Section 4{--}11), and design of meaning representations (Section 12{--}30). We hope this overview will give inspiration and guidance in creating improved meaning banks in the future",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-etal-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Quantification and Scope in Abstract Meaning Representations",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Lai, Ken  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3303",
    pages = "28--33",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose an extension to Abstract Meaning Representations (AMRs) to encode scope information of quantifiers and negation, in a way that overcomes the semantic gaps of the schema while maintaining its cognitive simplicity. Specifically, we address three phenomena not previously part of the AMR specification: quantification, negation (generally), and modality. The resulting representation, which we call {``}Uniform Meaning Representation{''} (UMR), adopts the predicative core of AMR and embeds it under a {``}scope{''} graph when appropriate. UMR representations differ from other treatments of quantification and modal scope phenomena in two ways: (a) they are more transparent; and (b) they specify default scope when possible.{`}",
}
@inproceedings{lin-xue-2019-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Meaning Representations: Is Easier Always Better?",
    author = "Lin, Zi  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3304",
    pages = "34--43",
    abstract = "The parsing accuracy varies a great deal for different meaning representations. In this paper, we compare the parsing performances between Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) and Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS), and provide an in-depth analysis of what factors contributed to the discrepancy in their parsing accuracy. By crystalizing the trade-off between representation expressiveness and ease of automatic parsing, we hope our results can help inform the design of the next-generation meaning representations.",
}
@inproceedings{kalouli-etal-2019-gkr,
    title = "{GKR}: Bridging the Gap between Symbolic/structural and Distributional Meaning Representations",
    author = "Kalouli, Aikaterini-Lida  and
      Crouch, Richard  and
      dePaiva, Valeria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3305",
    pages = "44--55",
    abstract = "Three broad approaches have been attempted to combine distributional and structural/symbolic aspects to construct meaning representations: a) injecting linguistic features into distributional representations, b) injecting distributional features into symbolic representations or c) combining structural and distributional features in the final representation. This work focuses on an example of the third and less studied approach: it extends the Graphical Knowledge Representation (GKR) to include distributional features and proposes a division of semantic labour between the distributional and structural/symbolic features. We propose two extensions of GKR that clearly show this division and empirically test one of the proposals on an NLI dataset with hard compositional pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2019-generating,
    title = "Generating Discourse Inferences from Unscoped Episodic Logical Formulas",
    author = "Kim, Gene  and
      Kane, Benjamin  and
      Duong, Viet  and
      Mendiratta, Muskaan  and
      McGuire, Graeme  and
      Sackstein, Sophie  and
      Platonov, Georgiy  and
      Schubert, Lenhart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3306",
    pages = "56--65",
    abstract = "Abstract Unscoped episodic logical form (ULF) is a semantic representation capturing the predicate-argument structure of English within the episodic logic formalism in relation to the syntactic structure, while leaving scope, word sense, and anaphora unresolved. We describe how ULF can be used to generate natural language inferences that are grounded in the semantic and syntactic structure through a small set of rules defined over interpretable predicates and transformations on ULFs. The semantic restrictions placed by ULF semantic types enables us to ensure that the inferred structures are semantically coherent while the nearness to syntax enables accurate mapping to English. We demonstrate these inferences on four classes of conversationally-oriented inferences in a mixed genre dataset with 68.5{\%} precision from human judgments.",
}
@inproceedings{hajicova-2019-plea,
    title = "A Plea for Information Structure as a Part of Meaning Representation",
    author = "Hajicova, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3307",
    pages = "66--72",
    abstract = "The view that the representation of information structure (IS) should be a part of (any type of) representation of meaning is based on the fact that IS is a semantically relevant phenomenon. In the contribution, three arguments supporting this view are briefly summarized, namely, the relation of IS to the interpretation of negation and presupposition, the relevance of IS to the understanding of discourse connectivity and for the establishment and interpretation of coreference relations. Afterwards, possible integration of the description of the main ingredient of IS into a meaning representation is illustrated.",
}
@inproceedings{zeyrek-basibuyuk-2019-tcl,
    title = "{TCL} - a Lexicon of {T}urkish Discourse Connectives",
    author = {Zeyrek, Deniz  and
      Ba{\c{s}}{\i}b{\"u}y{\"u}k, Kezban},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3308",
    pages = "73--81",
    abstract = "It is known that discourse connectives are the most salient indicators of discourse relations. State-of-the-art parsers being developed to predict explicit discourse connectives exploit annotated discourse corpora but a lexicon of discourse connectives is also needed to enable further research in discourse structure and support the development of language technologies that use these structures for text understanding. This paper presents a lexicon of Turkish discourse connectives built by automatic means. The lexicon has the format of the German connective lexicon, DiMLex, where for each discourse connective, information about the connective{`}s orthographic variants, syntactic category and senses are provided along with sample relations. In this paper, we describe the data sources we used and the development steps of the lexicon.",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2019-meta,
    title = "Meta-Semantic Representation for Early Detection of {A}lzheimer{'}s Disease",
    author = "Choi, Jinho D.  and
      Li, Mengmei  and
      Goldstein, Felicia  and
      Hajjar, Ihab",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3309",
    pages = "82--91",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new task-oriented meaning representation called meta-semantics, that is designed to detect patients with early symptoms of Alzheimer{'}s disease by analyzing their language beyond a syntactic or semantic level. Meta-semantic representation consists of three parts, entities, predicate argument structures, and discourse attributes, that derive rich knowledge graphs. For this study, 50 controls and 50 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are selected, and meta-semantic representation is annotated on their speeches transcribed in text. Inter-annotator agreement scores of 88{\%}, 82{\%}, and 89{\%} are achieved for the three types of annotation, respectively. Five analyses are made using this annotation, depicting clear distinctions between the control and MCI groups. Finally, a neural model is trained on features extracted from those analyses to classify MCI patients from normal controls, showing a high accuracy of 82{\%} that is very promising.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-ellipsis,
    title = "Ellipsis in {C}hinese {AMR} Corpus",
    author = "Liu, Yihuan  and
      Li, Bin  and
      Yan, Peiyi  and
      Song, Li  and
      Qu, Weiguang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3310",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3310",
    pages = "92--99",
    abstract = "Ellipsis is very common in language. It{'}s necessary for natural language processing to restore the elided elements in a sentence. However, there{'}s only a few corpora annotating the ellipsis, which draws back the automatic detection and recovery of the ellipsis. This paper introduces the annotation of ellipsis in Chinese sentences, using a novel graph-based representation Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR), which has a good mechanism to restore the elided elements manually. We annotate 5,000 sentences selected from Chinese TreeBank (CTB). We find that 54.98{\%} of sentences have ellipses. 92{\%} of the ellipses are restored by copying the antecedents{'} concepts. and 12.9{\%} of them are the new added concepts. In addition, we find that the elided element is a word or phrase in most cases, but sometimes only the head of a phrase or parts of a phrase, which is rather hard for the automatic recovery of ellipsis.",
}
@inproceedings{kalm-etal-2019-event,
    title = "Event Structure Representation: Between Verbs and Argument Structure Constructions",
    author = "Kalm, Pavlina  and
      Regan, Michael  and
      Croft, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3311",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3311",
    pages = "100--109",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a novel representation of event structure by separating verbal semantics and the meaning of argument structure constructions that verbs occur in. Our model demonstrates how the two meaning representations interact. Our model thus effectively deals with various verb construals in different argument structure constructions, unlike purely verb-based approaches. However, unlike many constructionally-based approaches, we also provide a richer representation of the event structure evoked by the verb meaning.",
}
@inproceedings{rambelli-etal-2019-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Semantics Meets Construction Grammar. towards a Unified Usage-Based Model of Grammar and Meaning",
    author = "Rambelli, Giulia  and
      Chersoni, Emmanuele  and
      Blache, Philippe  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3312",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3312",
    pages = "110--120",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a new type of semantic representation of Construction Grammar that combines constructions with the vector representations used in Distributional Semantics. We introduce a new framework, Distributional Construction Grammar, where grammar and meaning are systematically modeled from language use, and finally, we discuss the kind of contributions that distributional models can provide to CxG representation from a linguistic and cognitive perspective.",
}
@inproceedings{petruck-2019-meaning,
    title = "Meaning Representation of Null Instantiated Semantic Roles in {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Petruck, Miriam R L",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3313",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3313",
    pages = "121--127",
    abstract = "Humans have the unique ability to infer information about participants in a scene, even if they are not mentioned in a text about that scene. Computer systems cannot do so without explicit information about those participants. This paper addresses the linguistic phenomenon of null-instantiated frame elements, i.e., implicit semantic roles, and their representation in FrameNet (FN). It motivates FN{'}s annotation practice, and illustrates three types of null-instantiated arguments that FrameNet tracks, noting that other lexical resources do not record such semantic-pragmatic information, despite its need in natural language understanding (NLU), and the elaborate efforts to create new datasets. It challenges the community to appeal to FN data to develop more sophisticated techniques for recognizing implicit semantic roles, and creating needed datasets. Although the annotation of null-instantiated roles was lexicographically motivated, FN provides useful information for text processing, and therefore must be considered in the design of any meaning representation for natural language understanding.",
}
@inproceedings{choe-etal-2019-copula,
    title = "Copula and Case-Stacking Annotations for {K}orean {AMR}",
    author = "Choe, Hyonsu  and
      Han, Jiyoon  and
      Park, Hyejin  and
      Kim, Hansaem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3314",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3314",
    pages = "128--135",
    abstract = "This paper concerns the application of Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) to Korean. In this regard, it focuses on the copula construction and its negation and the case-stacking phenomenon thereof. To illustrate this clearly, we reviewed the :domain annotation scheme from various perspectives. In this process, the existing annotation guidelines were improved to devise annotation schemes for each issue under the principle of pursuing consistency and efficiency of annotation without distorting the characteristics of Korean.",
}
@inproceedings{myers-palmer-2019-cleartac,
    title = "{C}lear{TAC}: Verb Tense, Aspect, and Form Classification Using Neural Nets",
    author = "Myers, Skatje  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3315",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3315",
    pages = "136--140",
    abstract = "This paper proposes using a Bidirectional LSTM-CRF model in order to identify the tense and aspect of verbs. The information that this classifier outputs can be useful for ordering events and can provide a pre-processing step to improve efficiency of annotating this type of information. This neural network architecture has been successfully employed for other sequential labeling tasks, and we show that it significantly outperforms the rule-based tool TMV-annotator on the Propbank I dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{shalev-etal-2019-preparing,
    title = "Preparing {SNACS} for Subjects and Objects",
    author = "Shalev, Adi  and
      Hwang, Jena D.  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Srikumar, Vivek  and
      Abend, Omri  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3316",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3316",
    pages = "141--147",
    abstract = "Research on adpositions and possessives in multiple languages has led to a small inventory of general-purpose meaning classes that disambiguate tokens. Importantly, that work has argued for a principled separation of the semantic role in a scene from the function coded by morphosyntax. Here, we ask whether this approach can be generalized beyond adpositions and possessives to cover all scene participants{---}including subjects and objects{---}directly, without reference to a frame lexicon. We present new guidelines for English and the results of an interannotator agreement study.",
}
@inproceedings{linh-nguyen-2019-case,
    title = "A Case Study on Meaning Representation for {V}ietnamese",
    author = "Linh, Ha  and
      Nguyen, Huyen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3317",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3317",
    pages = "148--153",
    abstract = "This paper presents a case study on meaning representation for Vietnamese. Having introduced several existing semantic representation schemes for different languages, we select as basis for our work on Vietnamese AMR (Abstract Meaning Representation). From it, we define a meaning representation label set by adapting the English schema and taking into account the specific characteristics of Vietnamese.",
}
@inproceedings{brown-etal-2019-verbnet,
    title = "{V}erb{N}et Representations: Subevent Semantics for Transfer Verbs",
    author = "Brown, Susan Windisch  and
      Bonn, Julia  and
      Gung, James  and
      Zaenen, Annie  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3318",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3318",
    pages = "154--163",
    abstract = "This paper announces the release of a new version of the English lexical resource VerbNet with substantially revised semantic representations designed to facilitate computer planning and reasoning based on human language. We use the transfer of possession and transfer of information event representations to illustrate both the general framework of the representations and the types of nuances the new representations can capture. These representations use a Generative Lexicon-inspired subevent structure to track attributes of event participants across time, highlighting oppositions and temporal and causal relations among the subevents.",
}
@inproceedings{prange-etal-2019-semantically,
    title = "Semantically Constrained Multilayer Annotation: The Case of Coreference",
    author = "Prange, Jakob  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Abend, Omri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3319",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3319",
    pages = "164--176",
    abstract = "We propose a coreference annotation scheme as a layer on top of the Universal Conceptual Cognitive Annotation foundational layer, treating units in predicate-argument structure as a basis for entity and event mentions. We argue that this allows coreference annotators to sidestep some of the challenges faced in other schemes, which do not enforce consistency with predicate-argument structure and vary widely in what kinds of mentions they annotate and how. The proposed approach is examined with a pilot annotation study and compared with annotations from other schemes.",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2019-towards,
    title = "Towards Universal Semantic Representation",
    author = "Zhu, Huaiyu  and
      Li, Yunyao  and
      Chiticariu, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3320",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3320",
    pages = "177--181",
    abstract = "Natural language understanding at the semantic level and independent of language variations is of great practical value. Existing approaches such as semantic role labeling (SRL) and abstract meaning representation (AMR) still have features related to the peculiarities of the particular language. In this work we describe various challenges and possible solutions in designing a semantic representation that is universal across a variety of languages.",
}
@inproceedings{vigus-etal-2019-dependency,
    title = "A Dependency Structure Annotation for Modality",
    author = "Vigus, Meagan  and
      Van Gysel, Jens E. L.  and
      Croft, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3321",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3321",
    pages = "182--198",
    abstract = "This paper presents an annotation scheme for modality that employs a dependency structure. Events and sources (here, conceivers) are represented as nodes and epistemic strength relations characterize the edges. The epistemic strength values are largely based on Saur{\'\i} and Pustejovsky{'}s (2009) FactBank, while the dependency structure mirrors Zhang and Xue{'}s (2018b) approach to temporal relations. Six documents containing 377 events have been annotated by two expert annotators with high levels of agreement.",
}
@inproceedings{bonial-etal-2019-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting Abstract Meaning Representation for Human-Robot Dialogue",
    author = "Bonial, Claire  and
      Donatelli, Lucia  and
      Lukin, Stephanie M.  and
      Tratz, Stephen  and
      Artstein, Ron  and
      Traum, David  and
      Voss, Clare",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3322",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3322",
    pages = "199--210",
    abstract = "We detail refinements made to Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) that make the representation more suitable for supporting a situated dialogue system, where a human remotely controls a robot for purposes of search and rescue and reconnaissance. We propose 36 augmented AMRs that capture speech acts, tense and aspect, and spatial information. This linguistic information is vital for representing important distinctions, for example whether the robot has moved, is moving, or will move. We evaluate two existing AMR parsers for their performance on dialogue data. We also outline a model for graph-to-graph conversion, in which output from AMR parsers is converted into our refined AMRs. The design scheme presented here, though task-specific, is extendable for broad coverage of speech acts using AMR in future task-independent work.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-storytelling,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Storytelling",
    author = "Ferraro, Francis  and
      Huang, Ting-Hao {`}Kenneth{'}  and
      Lukin, Stephanie M.  and
      Mitchell, Margaret",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3400",
}
@inproceedings{qi-etal-2019-composing,
    title = "Composing a Picture Book by Automatic Story Understanding and Visualization",
    author = "Qi, Xiaoyu  and
      Song, Ruihua  and
      Wang, Chunting  and
      Zhou, Jin  and
      Sakai, Tetsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3401",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "Pictures can enrich storytelling experiences. We propose a framework that can automatically compose a picture book by understanding story text and visualizing it with painting elements, i.e., characters and backgrounds. For story understanding, we extract key information from a story on both sentence level and paragraph level, including characters, scenes and actions. These concepts are organized and visualized in a way that depicts the development of a story. We collect a set of Chinese stories for children and apply our approach to compose pictures for stories. Extensive experiments are conducted towards story event extraction for visualization to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.",
}
@inproceedings{chandu-etal-2019-way,
    title = "{``}My Way of Telling a Story{''}: Persona based Grounded Story Generation",
    author = "Chandu, Khyathi  and
      Prabhumoye, Shrimai  and
      Salakhutdinov, Ruslan  and
      Black, Alan W",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3402",
    pages = "11--21",
    abstract = "Visual storytelling is the task of generating stories based on a sequence of images. Inspired by the recent works in neural generation focusing on controlling the form of text, this paper explores the idea of generating these stories in different personas. However, one of the main challenges of performing this task is the lack of a dataset of visual stories in different personas. Having said that, there are independent datasets for both visual storytelling and annotated sentences for various persona. In this paper we describe an approach to overcome this by getting labelled persona data from a different task and leveraging those annotations to perform persona based story generation. We inspect various ways of incorporating personality in both the encoder and the decoder representations to steer the generation in the target direction. To this end, we propose five models which are incremental extensions to the baseline model to perform the task at hand. In our experiments we use five different personas to guide the generation process. We find that the models based on our hypotheses perform better at capturing words while generating stories in the target persona.",
}
@inproceedings{yan-etal-2019-using,
    title = "Using Functional Schemas to Understand Social Media Narratives",
    author = "Yan, Xinru  and
      Naik, Aakanksha  and
      Jo, Yohan  and
      Rose, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3403",
    pages = "22--33",
    abstract = "We propose a novel take on understanding narratives in social media, focusing on learning {''}functional story schemas{''}, which consist of sets of stereotypical functional structures. We develop an unsupervised pipeline to extract schemas and apply our method to Reddit posts to detect schematic structures that are characteristic of different subreddits. We validate our schemas through human interpretation and evaluate their utility via a text classification task. Our experiments show that extracted schemas capture distinctive structural patterns in different subreddits, improving classification performance of several models by 2.4{\%} on average. We also observe that these schemas serve as lenses that reveal community norms.",
}
@inproceedings{zhai-etal-2019-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Model for Globally Coherent Story Generation",
    author = "Zhai, Fangzhou  and
      Demberg, Vera  and
      Shkadzko, Pavel  and
      Shi, Wei  and
      Sayeed, Asad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3404",
    pages = "34--45",
    abstract = "Automatically generating globally coherent stories is a challenging problem. Neural text generation models have been shown to perform well at generating fluent sentences from data, but they usually fail to keep track of the overall coherence of the story after a couple of sentences. Existing work that incorporates a text planning module succeeded in generating recipes and dialogues, but appears quite data-demanding. We propose a novel story generation approach that generates globally coherent stories from a fairly small corpus. The model exploits a symbolic text planning module to produce text plans, thus reducing the demand of data; a neural surface realization module then generates fluent text conditioned on the text plan. Human evaluation showed that our model outperforms various baselines by a wide margin and generates stories which are fluent as well as globally coherent.",
}
@inproceedings{ammanabrolu-etal-2019-guided,
    title = "Guided Neural Language Generation for Automated Storytelling",
    author = "Ammanabrolu, Prithviraj  and
      Tien, Ethan  and
      Cheung, Wesley  and
      Luo, Zhaochen  and
      Ma, William  and
      Martin, Lara  and
      Riedl, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3405",
    pages = "46--55",
    abstract = "Neural network based approaches to automated story plot generation attempt to learn how to generate novel plots from a corpus of natural language plot summaries. Prior work has shown that a semantic abstraction of sentences called events improves neural plot generation and and allows one to decompose the problem into: (1) the generation of a sequence of events (event-to-event) and (2) the transformation of these events into natural language sentences (event-to-sentence). However, typical neural language generation approaches to event-to-sentence can ignore the event details and produce grammatically-correct but semantically-unrelated sentences. We present an ensemble-based model that generates natural language guided by events. Our method outperforms the baseline sequence-to-sequence model. Additionally, we provide results for a full end-to-end automated story generation system, demonstrating how our model works with existing systems designed for the event-to-event problem.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-klinger-2019-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Emotion Communication Channels in Fan-Fiction: Towards Emotional Storytelling",
    author = "Kim, Evgeny  and
      Klinger, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3406",
    pages = "56--64",
    abstract = "Centrality of emotion for the stories told by humans is underpinned by numerous studies in literature and psychology. The research in automatic storytelling has recently turned towards emotional storytelling, in which characters{'} emotions play an important role in the plot development (Theune et al., 2004; y Perez, 2007; Mendez et al., 2016). However, these studies mainly use emotion to generate propositional statements in the form {``}A feels affection towards B{''} or {``}A confronts B{''}. At the same time, emotional behavior does not boil down to such propositional descriptions, as humans display complex and highly variable patterns in communicating their emotions, both verbally and non-verbally. In this paper, we analyze how emotions are expressed non-verbally in a corpus of fan fiction short stories. Our analysis shows that stories written by humans convey character emotions along various non-verbal channels. We find that some non-verbal channels, such as facial expressions and voice characteristics of the characters, are more strongly associated with joy, while gestures and body postures are more likely to occur with trust. Based on our analysis, we argue that automatic storytelling systems should take variability of emotion into account when generating descriptions of characters{'} emotions.",
}
@inproceedings{van-stegeren-theune-2019-narrative,
    title = "{N}arrative {G}eneration in the {W}ild: {M}ethods from {N}a{N}o{G}en{M}o",
    author = {van Stegeren, Judith  and
      Theune, Mari{\"e}t},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3407",
    pages = "65--74",
    abstract = "In text generation, generating long stories is still a challenge. Coherence tends to decrease rapidly as the output length increases. Especially for generated stories, coherence of the narrative is an important quality aspect of the output text. In this paper we examine how narrative coherence is attained in the submissions of NaNoGenMo 2018, an online text generation event where participants are challenged to generate a 50,000 word novel. We list the main approaches that were used to generate coherent narratives and link them to scientific literature. Finally, we give recommendations on when to use which approach.",
}
@inproceedings{flor-somasundaran-2019-lexical,
    title = "Lexical concreteness in narrative",
    author = "Flor, Michael  and
      Somasundaran, Swapna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3408",
    pages = "75--80",
    abstract = "This study explores the relation between lexical concreteness and narrative text quality. We present a methodology to quantitatively measure lexical concreteness of a text. We apply it to a corpus of student stories, scored according to writing evaluation rubrics. Lexical concreteness is weakly-to-moderately related to story quality, depending on story-type. The relation is mostly borne by adjectives and nouns, but also found for adverbs and verbs.",
}
@inproceedings{qureshi-etal-2019-simple,
    title = "A Simple Approach to Classify Fictional and Non-Fictional Genres",
    author = "Qureshi, Mohammed Rameez  and
      Ranjan, Sidharth  and
      Rajkumar, Rajakrishnan  and
      Shah, Kushal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3409",
    pages = "81--89",
    abstract = "In this work, we deploy a logistic regression classifier to ascertain whether a given doc- ument belongs to the fiction or non-fiction genre. For genre identification, previous work had proposed three classes of features, viz., low-level (character-level and token counts), high-level (lexical and syntactic information) and derived features (type-token ratio, aver- age word length or average sentence length). Using the Recursive feature elimination with cross-validation (RFECV) algorithm, we per- form feature selection experiments on an ex- haustive set of nineteen features (belonging to all the classes mentioned above) extracted from Brown corpus text. As a result, two sim- ple features viz., the ratio of the number of ad- verbs to adjectives and the number of adjec- tives to pronouns turn out to be the most sig- nificant. Subsequently, our classification ex- periments aimed towards genre identification of documents from the Brown and Baby BNC corpora demonstrate that the performance of a classifier containing just the two aforemen- tioned features is at par with that of a classifier containing the exhaustive feature set.",
}
@inproceedings{wanzare-etal-2019-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Everyday Scenarios in Narrative Texts",
    author = "Wanzare, Lilian Diana Awuor  and
      Roth, Michael  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3410",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3410",
    pages = "90--106",
    abstract = "Script knowledge consists of detailed information on everyday activities. Such information is often taken for granted in text and needs to be inferred by readers. Therefore, script knowledge is a central component to language comprehension. Previous work on representing scripts is mostly based on extensive manual work or limited to scenarios that can be found with sufficient redundancy in large corpora. We introduce the task of scenario detection, in which we identify references to scripts. In this task, we address a wide range of different scripts (200 scenarios) and we attempt to identify all references to them in a collection of narrative texts. We present a first benchmark data set and a baseline model that tackles scenario detection using techniques from topic segmentation and text classification.",
}
@inproceedings{pizzolli-strapparava-2019-personality,
    title = "Personality Traits Recognition in Literary Texts",
    author = "Pizzolli, Daniele  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3411",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3411",
    pages = "107--111",
    abstract = "Interesting stories often are built around interesting characters. Finding and detailing what makes an interesting character is a real challenge, but certainly a significant cue is the character personality traits. Our exploratory work tests the adaptability of the current personality traits theories to literal characters, focusing on the analysis of utterances in theatre scripts. And, at the opposite, we try to find significant traits for interesting characters. The preliminary results demonstrate that our approach is reasonable. Using machine learning for gaining insight into the personality traits of fictional characters can make sense.",
}
@inproceedings{andy-etal-2019-winter,
    title = "Winter is here: Summarizing Twitter Streams related to Pre-Scheduled Events",
    author = "Andy, Anietie  and
      Wijaya, Derry Tanti  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3412",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3412",
    pages = "112--116",
    abstract = "Pre-scheduled events, such as TV shows and sports games, usually garner considerable attention from the public. Twitter captures large volumes of discussions and messages related to these events, in real-time. Twitter streams related to pre-scheduled events are characterized by the following: (1) spikes in the volume of published tweets reflect the highlights of the event and (2) some of the published tweets make reference to the characters involved in the event, in the context in which they are currently portrayed in a subevent. In this paper, we take advantage of these characteristics to identify the highlights of pre-scheduled events from tweet streams and we demonstrate a method to summarize these highlights. We evaluate our algorithm on tweets collected around 2 episodes of a popular TV show, Game of Thrones, Season 7.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2019-writerforcing,
    title = "{W}riter{F}orcing: Generating more interesting story endings",
    author = "Gupta, Prakhar  and
      Bannihatti Kumar, Vinayshekhar  and
      Bhutani, Mukul  and
      Black, Alan W",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3413",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3413",
    pages = "117--126",
    abstract = "We study the problem of generating interesting endings for stories. Neural generative models have shown promising results for various text generation problems. Sequence to Sequence (Seq2Seq) models are typically trained to generate a single output sequence for a given input sequence. However, in the context of a story, multiple endings are possible. Seq2Seq models tend to ignore the context and generate generic and dull responses. Very few works have studied generating diverse and interesting story endings for the same story context. In this paper, we propose models which generate more diverse and interesting outputs by 1) training models to focus attention on important keyphrases of the story, and 2) promoting generating nongeneric words. We show that the combination of the two leads to more interesting endings.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2019-prediction,
    title = "Prediction of a Movie{'}s Success From Plot Summaries Using Deep Learning Models",
    author = "Kim, You Jin  and
      Cheong, Yun Gyung  and
      Lee, Jung Hoon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Storytelling",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3414",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3414",
    pages = "127--135",
    abstract = "As the size of investment for movie production grows bigger, the need for predicting a movie{'}s success in early stages has increased. To address this need, various approaches have been proposed, mostly relying on movie reviews, trailer movie clips, and SNS postings. However, all of these are available only after a movie is produced and released. To enable a more earlier prediction of a movie{'}s performance, we propose a deep-learning based approach to predict the success of a movie using only its plot summary text. This paper reports the results evaluating the efficacy of the proposed method and concludes with discussions and future work.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-abusive,
    title = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    author = "Roberts, Sarah T.  and
      Tetreault, Joel  and
      Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Waseem, Zeerak",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3500",
}
@inproceedings{brassard-gourdeau-khoury-2019-subversive,
    title = "Subversive Toxicity Detection using Sentiment Information",
    author = "Brassard-Gourdeau, Eloi  and
      Khoury, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3501",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "The presence of toxic content has become a major problem for many online communities. Moderators try to limit this problem by implementing more and more refined comment filters, but toxic users are constantly finding new ways to circumvent them. Our hypothesis is that while modifying toxic content and keywords to fool filters can be easy, hiding sentiment is harder. In this paper, we explore various aspects of sentiment detection and their correlation to toxicity, and use our results to implement a toxicity detection tool. We then test how adding the sentiment information helps detect toxicity in three different real-world datasets, and incorporate subversion to these datasets to simulate a user trying to circumvent the system. Our results show sentiment information has a positive impact on toxicity detection.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2019-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Deep Multimodal Fusion of Text and Photo for Hate Speech Classification",
    author = "Yang, Fan  and
      Peng, Xiaochang  and
      Ghosh, Gargi  and
      Shilon, Reshef  and
      Ma, Hao  and
      Moore, Eider  and
      Predovic, Goran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3502",
    pages = "11--18",
    abstract = "Interactions among users on social network platforms are usually positive, constructive and insightful. However, sometimes people also get exposed to objectionable content such as hate speech, bullying, and verbal abuse etc. Most social platforms have explicit policy against hate speech because it creates an environment of intimidation and exclusion, and in some cases may promote real-world violence. As users{'} interactions on today{'}s social networks involve multiple modalities, such as texts, images and videos, in this paper we explore the challenge of automatically identifying hate speech with deep multimodal technologies, extending previous research which mostly focuses on the text signal alone. We present a number of fusion approaches to integrate text and photo signals. We show that augmenting text with image embedding information immediately leads to a boost in performance, while applying additional attention fusion methods brings further improvement.",
}
@inproceedings{stoop-etal-2019-detecting,
    title = "Detecting harassment in real-time as conversations develop",
    author = "Stoop, Wessel  and
      Kunneman, Florian  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Miller, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3503",
    pages = "19--24",
    abstract = "We developed a machine-learning-based method to detect video game players that harass teammates or opponents in chat earlier in the conversation. This real-time technology would allow gaming companies to intervene during games, such as issue warnings or muting or banning a player. In a proof-of-concept experiment on League of Legends data we compute and visualize evaluation metrics for a machine learning classifier as conversations unfold, and observe that the optimal precision and recall of detecting toxic players at each moment in the conversation depends on the confidence threshold of the classifier: the threshold should start low, and increase as the conversation unfolds. How fast this sliding threshold should increase depends on the training set size.",
}
@inproceedings{davidson-etal-2019-racial,
    title = "Racial Bias in Hate Speech and Abusive Language Detection Datasets",
    author = "Davidson, Thomas  and
      Bhattacharya, Debasmita  and
      Weber, Ingmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3504",
    pages = "25--35",
    abstract = "Technologies for abusive language detection are being developed and applied with little consideration of their potential biases. We examine racial bias in five different sets of Twitter data annotated for hate speech and abusive language. We train classifiers on these datasets and compare the predictions of these classifiers on tweets written in African-American English with those written in Standard American English. The results show evidence of systematic racial bias in all datasets, as classifiers trained on them tend to predict that tweets written in African-American English are abusive at substantially higher rates. If these abusive language detection systems are used in the field they will therefore have a disproportionate negative impact on African-American social media users. Consequently, these systems may discriminate against the groups who are often the targets of the abuse we are trying to detect.",
}
@inproceedings{joksimovic-etal-2019-automated,
    title = "Automated Identification of Verbally Abusive Behaviors in Online Discussions",
    author = "Joksimovic, Srecko  and
      Baker, Ryan S.  and
      Ocumpaugh, Jaclyn  and
      Andres, Juan Miguel L.  and
      Tot, Ivan  and
      Wang, Elle Yuan  and
      Dawson, Shane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3505",
    pages = "36--45",
    abstract = "Discussion forum participation represents one of the crucial factors for learning and often the only way of supporting social interactions in online settings. However, as much as sharing new ideas or asking thoughtful questions contributes learning, verbally abusive behaviors, such as expressing negative emotions in online discussions, could have disproportionate detrimental effects. To provide means for mitigating the potential negative effects on course participation and learning, we developed an automated classifier for identifying communication that show linguistic patterns associated with hostility in online forums. In so doing, we employ several well-established automated text analysis tools and build on the common practices for handling highly imbalanced datasets and reducing the sensitivity to overfitting. Although still in its infancy, our approach shows promising results (ROC AUC .73) towards establishing a robust detector of abusive behaviors. We further provide an overview of the classification (linguistic and contextual) features most indicative of online aggression.",
}
@inproceedings{ibrohim-budi-2019-multi,
    title = "Multi-label Hate Speech and Abusive Language Detection in {I}ndonesian Twitter",
    author = "Ibrohim, Muhammad Okky  and
      Budi, Indra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3506",
    pages = "46--57",
    abstract = "Hate speech and abusive language spreading on social media need to be detected automatically to avoid conflict between citizen. Moreover, hate speech has a target, category, and level that also needs to be detected to help the authority in prioritizing which hate speech must be addressed immediately. This research discusses multi-label text classification for abusive language and hate speech detection including detecting the target, category, and level of hate speech in Indonesian Twitter using machine learning approach with Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB), and Random Forest Decision Tree (RFDT) classifier and Binary Relevance (BR), Label Power-set (LP), and Classifier Chains (CC) as the data transformation method. We used several kinds of feature extractions which are term frequency, orthography, and lexicon features. Our experiment results show that in general RFDT classifier using LP as the transformation method gives the best accuracy with fast computational time.",
}
@inproceedings{shen-rose-2019-discourse,
    title = "The Discourse of Online Content Moderation: Investigating Polarized User Responses to Changes in {R}eddit{'}s Quarantine Policy",
    author = "Shen, Qinlan  and
      Rose, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3507",
    pages = "58--69",
    abstract = "Recent concerns over abusive behavior on their platforms have pressured social media companies to strengthen their content moderation policies. However, user opinions on these policies have been relatively understudied. In this paper, we present an analysis of user responses to a September 27, 2018 announcement about the quarantine policy on Reddit as a case study of to what extent the discourse on content moderation is polarized by users{'} ideological viewpoint. We introduce a novel partitioning approach for characterizing user polarization based on their distribution of participation across interest subreddits. We then use automated techniques for capturing framing to examine how users with different viewpoints discuss moderation issues, finding that right-leaning users invoked censorship while left-leaning users highlighted inconsistencies on how content policies are applied. Overall, we argue for a more nuanced approach to moderation by highlighting the intersection of behavior and ideology in considering how abusive language is defined and regulated.",
}
@inproceedings{chakrabarty-etal-2019-pay,
    title = "Pay {``}Attention{''} to your Context when Classifying Abusive Language",
    author = "Chakrabarty, Tuhin  and
      Gupta, Kilol  and
      Muresan, Smaranda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3508",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3508",
    pages = "70--79",
    abstract = "The goal of any social media platform is to facilitate healthy and meaningful interactions among its users. But more often than not, it has been found that it becomes an avenue for wanton attacks. We propose an experimental study that has three aims: 1) to provide us with a deeper understanding of current data sets that focus on different types of abusive language, which are sometimes overlapping (racism, sexism, hate speech, offensive language, and personal attacks); 2) to investigate what type of attention mechanism (contextual vs. self-attention) is better for abusive language detection using deep learning architectures; and 3) to investigate whether stacked architectures provide an advantage over simple architectures for this task.",
}
@inproceedings{vidgen-etal-2019-challenges,
    title = "Challenges and frontiers in abusive content detection",
    author = "Vidgen, Bertie  and
      Harris, Alex  and
      Nguyen, Dong  and
      Tromble, Rebekah  and
      Hale, Scott  and
      Margetts, Helen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3509",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3509",
    pages = "80--93",
    abstract = "Online abusive content detection is an inherently difficult task. It has received considerable attention from academia, particularly within the computational linguistics community, and performance appears to have improved as the field has matured. However, considerable challenges and unaddressed frontiers remain, spanning technical, social and ethical dimensions. These issues constrain the performance, efficiency and generalizability of abusive content detection systems. In this article we delineate and clarify the main challenges and frontiers in the field, critically evaluate their implications and discuss potential solutions. We also highlight ways in which social scientific insights can advance research. We discuss the lack of support given to researchers working with abusive content and provide guidelines for ethical research.",
}
@inproceedings{fortuna-etal-2019-hierarchically,
    title = "A Hierarchically-Labeled {P}ortuguese Hate Speech Dataset",
    author = "Fortuna, Paula  and
      Rocha da Silva, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Soler-Company, Juan  and
      Wanner, Leo  and
      Nunes, S{\'e}rgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3510",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3510",
    pages = "94--104",
    abstract = "Over the past years, the amount of online offensive speech has been growing steadily. To successfully cope with it, machine learning are applied. However, ML-based techniques require sufficiently large annotated datasets. In the last years, different datasets were published, mainly for English. In this paper, we present a new dataset for Portuguese, which has not been in focus so far. The dataset is composed of 5,668 tweets. For its annotation, we defined two different schemes used by annotators with different levels of expertise. Firstly, non-experts annotated the tweets with binary labels ({`}hate{'} vs. {`}no-hate{'}). Secondly, expert annotators classified the tweets following a fine-grained hierarchical multiple label scheme with 81 hate speech categories in total. The inter-annotator agreement varied from category to category, which reflects the insight that some types of hate speech are more subtle than others and that their detection depends on personal perception. This hierarchical annotation scheme is the main contribution of the presented work, as it facilitates the identification of different types of hate speech and their intersections. To demonstrate the usefulness of our dataset, we carried a baseline classification experiment with pre-trained word embeddings and LSTM on the binary classified data, with a state-of-the-art outcome.",
}
@inproceedings{menini-etal-2019-system,
    title = "A System to Monitor Cyberbullying based on Message Classification and Social Network Analysis",
    author = "Menini, Stefano  and
      Moretti, Giovanni  and
      Corazza, Michele  and
      Cabrio, Elena  and
      Tonelli, Sara  and
      Villata, Serena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3511",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3511",
    pages = "105--110",
    abstract = "Social media platforms like Twitter and Instagram face a surge in cyberbullying phenomena against young users and need to develop scalable computational methods to limit the negative consequences of this kind of abuse. Despite the number of approaches recently proposed in the Natural Language Processing (NLP) research area for detecting different forms of abusive language, the issue of identifying cyberbullying phenomena at scale is still an unsolved problem. This is because of the need to couple abusive language detection on textual message with network analysis, so that repeated attacks against the same person can be identified. In this paper, we present a system to monitor cyberbullying phenomena by combining message classification and social network analysis. We evaluate the classification module on a data set built on Instagram messages, and we describe the cyberbullying monitoring user interface.",
}
@inproceedings{mulki-etal-2019-l,
    title = "L-{HSAB}: A {L}evantine Twitter Dataset for Hate Speech and Abusive Language",
    author = "Mulki, Hala  and
      Haddad, Hatem  and
      Bechikh Ali, Chedi  and
      Alshabani, Halima",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3512",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3512",
    pages = "111--118",
    abstract = "Hate speech and abusive language have become a common phenomenon on Arabic social media. Automatic hate speech and abusive detection systems can facilitate the prohibition of toxic textual contents. The complexity, informality and ambiguity of the Arabic dialects hindered the provision of the needed resources for Arabic abusive/hate speech detection research. In this paper, we introduce the first publicly-available Levantine Hate Speech and Abusive (L-HSAB) Twitter dataset with the objective to be a benchmark dataset for automatic detection of online Levantine toxic contents. We, further, provide a detailed review of the data collection steps and how we design the annotation guidelines such that a reliable dataset annotation is guaranteed. This has been later emphasized through the comprehensive evaluation of the annotations as the annotation agreement metrics of Cohen{'}s Kappa (k) and Krippendorff{'}s alpha (α) indicated the consistency of the annotations.",
}
@inproceedings{eder-etal-2019-lower,
    title = "At the Lower End of {L}anguage{---}{E}xploring the Vulgar and Obscene Side of {G}erman",
    author = "Eder, Elisabeth  and
      Krieg-Holz, Ulrike  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3513",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3513",
    pages = "119--128",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe a workflow for the data-driven acquisition and semantic scaling of a lexicon that covers lexical items from the lower end of the German language register{---}terms typically considered as rough, vulgar or obscene. Since the fine semantic representation of grades of obscenity can only inadequately be captured at the categorical level (e.g., obscene vs. non-obscene, or rough vs. vulgar), our main contribution lies in applying best-worst scaling, a rating methodology that has already been shown to be useful for emotional language, to capture the relative strength of obscenity of lexical items. We describe the empirical foundations for bootstrapping such a low-end lexicon for German by starting from manually supplied lexicographic categorizations of a small seed set of rough and vulgar lexical items and automatically enlarging this set by means of distributional semantics. We then determine the degrees of obscenity for the full set of all acquired lexical items by letting crowdworkers comparatively assess their pejorative grade using best-worst scaling. This semi-automatically enriched lexicon already comprises 3,300 lexical items and incorporates 33,000 vulgarity ratings. Using it as a seed lexicon for fully automatic lexical acquisition, we were able to raise its coverage up to slightly more than 11,000 entries.",
}
@inproceedings{karan-snajder-2019-preemptive,
    title = "Preemptive Toxic Language Detection in {W}ikipedia Comments Using Thread-Level Context",
    author = "Karan, Mladen  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3514",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3514",
    pages = "129--134",
    abstract = "We address the task of automatically detecting toxic content in user generated texts. We fo cus on exploring the potential for preemptive moderation, i.e., predicting whether a particular conversation thread will, in the future, incite a toxic comment. Moreover, we perform preliminary investigation of whether a model that jointly considers all comments in a conversation thread outperforms a model that considers only individual comments. Using an existing dataset of conversations among Wikipedia contributors as a starting point, we compile a new large-scale dataset for this task consisting of labeled comments and comments from their conversation threads.",
}
@inproceedings{bodapati-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Word Decomposition Models for Abusive Language Detection",
    author = "Bodapati, Sravan  and
      Gella, Spandana  and
      Bhattacharjee, Kasturi  and
      Al-Onaizan, Yaser",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3515",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3515",
    pages = "135--145",
    abstract = "The text we see in social media suffers from lots of undesired characterstics like hatespeech, abusive language, insults etc. The nature of this text is also very different compared to the traditional text we see in news with lots of obfuscated words, intended typos. This poses several robustness challenges to many natural language processing (NLP) techniques developed for traditional text. Many techniques proposed in the recent times such as charecter encoding models, subword models, byte pair encoding to extract subwords can aid in dealing with few of these nuances. In our work, we analyze the effectiveness of each of the above techniques, compare and contrast various word decomposition techniques when used in combination with others. We experiment with recent advances of finetuning pretrained language models, and demonstrate their robustness to domain shift. We also show our approaches achieve state of the art performance on Wikipedia attack, toxicity datasets, and Twitter hatespeech dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{meyer-gamback-2019-platform,
    title = "A Platform Agnostic Dual-Strand Hate Speech Detector",
    author = {Meyer, Johannes Skjeggestad  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3516",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3516",
    pages = "146--156",
    abstract = "Hate speech detectors must be applicable across a multitude of services and platforms, and there is hence a need for detection approaches that do not depend on any information specific to a given platform. For instance, the information stored about the text{'}s author may differ between services, and so using such data would reduce a system{'}s general applicability. The paper thus focuses on using exclusively text-based input in the detection, in an optimised architecture combining Convolutional Neural Networks and Long Short-Term Memory-networks. The hate speech detector merges two strands with character n-grams and word embeddings to produce the final classification, and is shown to outperform comparable previous approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{srivastava-khurana-2019-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Aggression and Toxicity using a Multi Dimension Capsule Network",
    author = "Srivastava, Saurabh  and
      Khurana, Prerna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3517",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3517",
    pages = "157--162",
    abstract = "In the era of social media, hate speech, trolling and verbal abuse have become a common issue. We present an approach to automatically classify such statements, using a new deep learning architecture. Our model comprises of a Multi Dimension Capsule Network that generates the representation of sentences which we use for classification. We further provide an analysis of our model{'}s interpretation of such statements. We compare the results of our model with state-of-art classification algorithms and demonstrate our model{'}s ability. It also has the capability to handle comments that are written in both Hindi and English, which are provided in the TRAC dataset. We also compare results on Kaggle{'}s Toxic comment classification dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{comandini-patti-2019-impossible,
    title = "An Impossible Dialogue! Nominal Utterances and Populist Rhetoric in an {I}talian Twitter Corpus of Hate Speech against Immigrants",
    author = "Comandini, Gloria  and
      Patti, Viviana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3518",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3518",
    pages = "163--171",
    abstract = "The paper proposes an investigation on the role of populist themes and rhetoric in an Italian Twitter corpus of hate speech against immigrants. The corpus had been annotated with four new layers of analysis: Nominal Utterances, that can be seen as consistent with populist rhetoric; In-out-group rhetoric, a very common populist strategy to polarize public opinion; Slogan-like nominal utterances, that may convey the call for severe illiberal policies against immigrants; News, to recognize the role of newspapers (headlines or reference to articles) in the Twitter political discourse on immigration featured by hate speech.",
}
@inproceedings{brooke-2019-condescending,
    title = "{``}Condescending, Rude, Assholes{''}: Framing gender and hostility on Stack Overflow",
    author = "Brooke, Sian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3519",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3519",
    pages = "172--180",
    abstract = "The disciplines of Gender Studies and Data Science are incompatible. This is conventional wisdom, supported by how many computational studies simplify gender into an immutable binary categorization that appears crude to the critical social researcher. I argue that the characterization of gender norms is context specific and may prove valuable in constructing useful models. I show how gender can be framed in computational studies as a stylized repetition of acts mediated by a social structure, and not a possessed biological category. By conducting a review of existing work, I show how gender should be explored in multiplicity in computational research through clustering techniques, and layout how this is being achieved in a study in progress on gender hostility on Stack Overflow.",
}
@inproceedings{weingartner-stahel-2019-online,
    title = "Online aggression from a sociological perspective: An integrative view on determinants and possible countermeasures",
    author = "Weingartner, Sebastian  and
      Stahel, Lea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3520",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3520",
    pages = "181--187",
    abstract = "The present paper introduces a theoretical model for explaining aggressive online comments from a sociological perspective. It is innovative as it combines individual, situational, and social-structural determinants of online aggression and tries to theoretically derive their interplay. Moreover, the paper suggests an empirical strategy for testing the model. The main contribution will be to match online commenting data with survey data containing rich background data of non- /aggressive online commentators.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-2019,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    author = "Axelrod, Amittai  and
      Yang, Diyi  and
      Cunha, Rossana  and
      Shaikh, Samira  and
      Waseem, Zeerak",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3600",
}
@inproceedings{ogbuju-onyesolu-2019-development,
    title = "Development of a General Purpose Sentiment Lexicon for {I}gbo Language",
    author = "Ogbuju, Emeka  and
      Onyesolu, Moses",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "1",
    abstract = "There are publicly available general purpose sentiment lexicons in some high resource languages but very few exist in the low resource languages. This makes it difficult to directly perform sentiment analysis tasks in such languages. The objective of this work is to create a general purpose sentiment lexicon for Igbo language that can determine the sentiment of documents written in Igbo language without having to translate it to English language. The material used was an automatically translated Liu{'}s lexicon and manual addition of Igbo native words. The result of this work is a general purpose lexicon {--} IgboSentilex. The performance was tested on the BBC Igbo news channel. It returned an average polarity agreement of 95{\%} with other general purpose sentiment lexicons.",
}
@inproceedings{bamutura-ljunglof-2019-towards,
    title = "Towards a Resource Grammar for {R}unyankore and Rukiga",
    author = {Bamutura, David  and
      Ljungl{\"o}f, Peter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "2--6",
    abstract = "Currently, there is a lack of computational grammar resources for many under-resourced languages which limits the ability to develop Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools and applications such as Multilingual Document Authoring, Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) and Low-Coverage Machine Translation (MT) for these languages. In this paper, we present our attempt to formalise the grammar of two such languages: Runyankore and Rukiga. For this formalisation we use the Grammatical Framework (GF) and its Resource Grammar Library (GF-RGL).",
}
@inproceedings{abera-h-mariam-2019-speech,
    title = "Speech Recognition for {T}igrinya language Using Deep Neural Network Approach",
    author = "Abera, Hafte  and
      H/mariam, Sebsibe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "7--9",
    abstract = "This work presents a speech recognition model for Tigrinya language .The Deep Neural Network is used to make the recognition model. The Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM), which is a special kind of Recurrent Neural Network composed of Long Short-Term Memory blocks, is the primary layer of our neural network model. The 40-dimensional features are MFCC-LDA-MLLT-fMLLR with CMN were used. The acoustic models are trained on features that are obtained by projecting down to 40 dimensions using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Moreover, speaker adaptive training (SAT) is done using a single feature-space maximum likelihood linear regression (FMLLR) transform estimated per speaker. We train and compare LSTM and DNN models at various numbers of parameters and configurations. We show that LSTM models converge quickly and give state of the art speech recognition performance for relatively small sized models. Finally, the accuracy of the model is evaluated based on the recognition rate.",
}
@inproceedings{rouhizadeh-etal-2019-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-Based Word Sense Disambiguation with Distributional Semantic Expansion",
    author = "Rouhizadeh, Hossein  and
      Shamsfard, Mehrnoush  and
      Rouhizadeh, Masoud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "10",
    abstract = "In this paper, we presented a WSD system that uses LDA topics for semantic expansion of document words. Our system also uses sense frequency information from SemCor to give higher priority to the senses which are more probable to happen.",
}
@inproceedings{tutubalina-etal-2019-aspera,
    title = "{A}spe{R}a: Aspect-Based Rating Prediction Based on User Reviews",
    author = "Tutubalina, Elena  and
      Malykh, Valentin  and
      Nikolenko, Sergey  and
      Alekseev, Anton  and
      Shenbin, Ilya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "11--13",
    abstract = "We propose a novel Aspect-based Rating Prediction model (AspeRa) that estimates user rating based on review texts for the items. It is based on aspect extraction with neural networks and combines the advantages of deep learning and topic modeling. It is mainly designed for recommendations, but an important secondary goal of AspeRa is to discover coherent aspects of reviews that can be used to explain predictions or for user profiling. We conduct a comprehensive empirical study of AspeRa, showing that it outperforms state-of-the-art models in terms of recommendation quality and produces interpretable aspects. This paper is an abridged version of our work (Nikolenko et al., 2019)",
}
@inproceedings{hosseini-etal-2019-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Arrow Of Time In The Short Stories",
    author = "Hosseini, Fahimeh  and
      Fooladi, Hosein  and
      Samsami, Mohammad Reza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "14--16",
    abstract = "Recognizing the arrow of time in the context of paragraphs in short stories is a challenging task. i.e., given only two paragraphs (excerpted from a random position in a short story), determining which comes first and which comes next is a difficult task even for humans. In this paper, we have collected and curated a novel dataset for tackling this challenging task. We have shown that a pre-trained BERT architecture achieves reasonable accuracy on the task, and outperforms RNN-based architectures.",
}
@inproceedings{kifle-2019-amharic,
    title = "{A}mharic Word Sequence Prediction",
    author = "Kifle, Nuniyat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "17",
    abstract = "The significance of computers and handheld devices are not deniable in the modern world of today. Texts are entered to these devices using word processing programs as well as other techniques and word prediction is one of the techniques. Word Prediction is the action of guessing or forecasting what word comes after, based on some current information, and it is the main focus of this study. Even though Amharic is used by a large number of populations, no significant work is done on the topic of word sequence prediction. In this study, Amharic word sequence prediction model is developed with statistical methods using Hidden Markov Model by incorporating detailed Part of speech tag. Evaluation of the model is performed using developed prototype and keystroke savings (KSS) as a metrics. According to our experiment, prediction result using a bi-gram with detailed Part of Speech tag model has higher KSS and it is better compared to tri-gram model and better than those without Part of Speech tag. Therefore, statistical approach with Detailed POS has quite good potential on word sequence prediction for Amharic language. This research deals with designing word sequence prediction model in Amharic language. It is a language that is spoken in eastern Africa. One of the needs for Amharic word sequence prediction for mobile use and other digital devices is in order to facilitate data entry and communication in our language. Word sequence prediction is a challenging task for inflected languages. (Arora, 2007) These kinds of languages are morphologically rich and have enormous word forms. i.e. one word can have different forms. As Amharic language is highly inflected language and morphologically rich it shares this problem. (prediction, 2008) This problem makes word prediction system much more difficult and results poor performance. Due to this reason storing all forms in dictionary won{'}t solve the problem as in English and other less inflected languages. But considering other techniques that could help the predictor to suggest the next word like a POS based prediction should be used. Previous researches used dictionary approach with no consideration of context information. Hence storing all forms of words in dictionary for inflected languages such as Amharic language has been less effective. The main goal of this thesis is to implement Amharic word prediction model that works with better prediction speed and with narrowed search space as much as possible. We introduced two models; tags and words and linear interpolation that use part of speech tag information in addition to word n-grams in order to maximize the likelihood of syntactic appropriateness of the suggestions. We believe the results found reflect this. Amharic word sequence prediction using bi-gram model with higher POS weight and detailed Part of speech tag gave better keystroke savings in all scenarios of our experiment. The study followed Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM). Since DSRM includes approaches, techniques, tools, algorithms and evaluation mechanisms in the process, we followed statistical approach with statistical language modeling and built Amharic prediction model based on information from Part of Speech tagger. The statistics included in the systems varies from single word frequencies to part-of-speech tag n-grams. That means it included the statistics of Word frequencies, Word sequence frequencies, Part-of-speech sequence frequencies and other important information. Later on the system was evaluated using Keystroke Savings. (Lindh, 011). Linux mint was used as the main Operation System during the frame work design. We used corpus of 680,000 tagged words that has 31 tag sets, python programming language and its libraries for both the part of speech tagger and the predictor module. Other Tool that was used is the SRILIM (The SRI language modeling toolkit) in order to generate unigram bigram and trigram count as an input for the language model. SRILIM is toolkit that uses to build and apply statistical language modeling. This thesis presented Amharic word sequence prediction model using the statistical approach. We described a combined statistical and lexical word prediction system for handling inflected languages by making use of POS tags to build the language model. We developed Amharic language models of bigram and trigram for the training purpose. We obtained 29{\%} of KSS using bigram model with detailed part ofspeech tag. Hence, Based on the experiments carried out for this study and the results obtained, the following conclusions were made. We concluded that employing syntactic information in the form of Part-of-Speech (POS) n-grams promises more effective predictions. We also can conclude data quantity, performance of POS tagger and data quality highly affects the keystroke savings. Here in our study the tests were done on a small collection of 100 phrases. According to our evaluation better Keystroke saving (KSS) is achieved when using bi-gram model than the tri-gram models. We believe the results obtained using the experiment of detailed Part of speech tags were effective Since speed and search space are the basic issues in word sequence prediction",
}
@inproceedings{chauhan-etal-2019-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Relation Extraction Across Multiple Datasets in Multiple Domains",
    author = "Chauhan, Geeticka  and
      McDermott, Matthew  and
      Szolovits, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "18--20",
    abstract = "In this work, we aim to build a unifying framework for relation extraction (RE), applying this on 3 highly used datasets with the ability to be extendable to new datasets. At the moment, the domain suffers from lack of reproducibility as well as a lack of consensus on generalizable techniques. Our framework will be open-sourced and will aid in performing systematic exploration on the effect of different modeling techniques, pre-processing, training methodologies and evaluation metrics on the 3 datasets to help establish a consensus.",
}
@inproceedings{sharifirad-jacovi-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning and Understanding Different Categories of Sexism Using Convolutional Neural Network{'}s Filters",
    author = "Sharifirad, Sima  and
      Jacovi, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "21--23",
    abstract = "Sexism is very common in social media and makes the boundaries of free speech tighter for female users. Automatically flagging and removing sexist content requires niche identification and description of the categories. In this study, inspired by social science work, we propose three categories of sexism toward women as follows: {``}Indirect sexism{''}, {``}Sexual sexism{''} and {``}Physical sexism{''}. We build classifiers such as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to automatically detect different types of sexism and address problems of annotation. Even though inherent non-interpretability of CNN is a challenge for users who detect sexism, as the reason classifying a given speech instance with regard to sexism is difficult to glance from a CNN. However, recent research developed interpretable CNN filters for text data. In a CNN, filters followed by different activation patterns along with global max-pooling can help us tease apart the most important ngrams from the rest. In this paper, we interpret a CNN model trained to classify sexism in order to understand different categories of sexism by detecting semantic categories of ngrams and clustering them. Then, these ngrams in each category are used to improve the performance of the classification task. It is a preliminary work using machine learning and natural language techniques to learn the concept of sexism and distinguishes itself by looking at more precise categories of sexism in social media along with an in-depth investigation of CNN{'}s filters.",
}
@inproceedings{rivas-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Five Sentence Quality Representations by Finding Latent Spaces Produced with Deep Long Short-Memory Models",
    author = "Rivas, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "24--26",
    abstract = "We present a study in which we train neural models that approximate rules that assess the quality of English sentences. We modeled five rules using deep LSTMs trained over a dataset of sentences whose quality is evaluated under such rules. Preliminary results suggest the neural architecture can model such rules to high accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{abate-etal-2019-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-{E}thiopian Languages Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Abate, Solomon Teferra  and
      Melese, Michael  and
      Tachbelie, Martha Yifiru  and
      Meshesha, Million  and
      Atinafu, Solomon  and
      Mulugeta, Wondwossen  and
      Assabie, Yaregal  and
      Abera, Hafte  and
      Ephrem, Biniyam  and
      Gebreselassie, Tewodros  and
      Tufa, Wondimagegnhue Tsegaye  and
      Lemma, Amanuel  and
      Andargie, Tsegaye  and
      Shifaw, Seifedin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "27--30",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe an attempt towards the development of parallel corpora for English and Ethiopian Languages, such as Amharic, Tigrigna, Afan-Oromo, Wolaytta and Ge{'}ez. The corpora are used for conducting bi-directional SMT experiments. The BLEU scores of the bi-directional SMT systems show a promising result. The morphological richness of the Ethiopian languages has a great impact on the performance of SMT especially when the targets are Ethiopian languages.",
}
@inproceedings{ozer-zeyrek-2019-automatic,
    title = "An automatic discourse relation alignment experiment on {TED}-{MDB}",
    author = "Ozer, Sibel  and
      Zeyrek, Deniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "31--34",
    abstract = "This paper describes an automatic discourse relation alignment experiment as an empirical justification of the planned annotation projection approach to enlarge the 3600-word multilingual corpus of TED Multilingual Discourse Bank (TED-MDB). The experiment is carried out on a single language pair (English-Turkish) included in TED-MDB. The paper first describes the creation of a large corpus of English-Turkish bi-sentences, then it presents a sense-based experiment that automatically aligns the relations in the English sentences of TED-MDB with the Turkish sentences. The results are very close to the results obtained from an earlier semi-automatic post-annotation alignment experiment validated by human annotators and are encouraging for future annotation projection tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{xia-xia-2019-design,
    title = "The Design and Construction of the Corpus of China {E}nglish",
    author = "xia, lixin  and
      Xia, Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "35--37",
    abstract = "The paper describes the development a corpus of an English variety, i.e. China English, in or-der to provide a linguistic resource for researchers in the field of China English. The Corpus of China English (CCE) was built with due consideration given to its representativeness and authenticity. It was composed of more than 13,962,102 tokens in 15,333 texts evenly divided between the following four genres: newspapers, magazines, fiction and academic writings. The texts cover a wide range of domains, such as news, financial, politics, environment, social, culture, technology, sports, education, philosophy, literary, etc. It is a helpful resource for research on China English, computational linguistics, natural language processing, corpus linguistics and English language education.",
}
@inproceedings{rauf-pado-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning Trilingual Dictionaries for {U}rdu {--} {R}oman {U}rdu {--} {E}nglish",
    author = "Rauf, Moiz  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "38--42",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present an effort to generate a joint Urdu, Roman Urdu and English trilingual lexicon using automated methods. We make a case for using statistical machine translation approaches and parallel corpora for dictionary creation. To this purpose, we use word alignment tools on the corpus and evaluate translations using human evaluators. Despite different writing script and considerable noise in the corpus our results show promise with over 85{\%} accuracy of Roman Urdu{--}Urdu and 45{\%} English{--}Urdu pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{rakshit-2019-joint,
    title = "Joint Inference on Bilingual Parse Trees for {PP}-attachment Disambiguation",
    author = "Rakshit, Geetanjali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "43--45",
    abstract = "Prepositional Phrase (PP) attachment is a classical problem in NLP for languages like English, which suffer from structural ambiguity. In this work, we solve this problem with the help of another language free from such ambiguities, using the parse tree of the parallel sentence in the other language, and word alignments. We formulate an optimization framework that encourages agreement between the parse trees for two languages, and solve it using a novel Dual Decomposition (DD) based algorithm. Experiments on the English-Hindi language pair show promising improvements over the baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{sharifirad-matwin-2019-using,
    title = "Using Attention-based Bidirectional {LSTM} to Identify Different Categories of Offensive Language Directed Toward Female Celebrities",
    author = "Sharifirad, Sima  and
      Matwin, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "46--48",
    abstract = "Social media posts reflect the emotions, intentions and mental state of the users. Twitter users who harass famous female figures may do so with different intentions and intensities. Recent studies have published datasets focusing on different types of online harassment, vulgar language, and emotional intensities. We trained, validate and test our proposed model, attention-based bidirectional neural network, on the three datasets:{''}online harassment{''}, {``}vulgar language{''} and {``}valance{''} and achieved state of the art performance in two of the datasets. We report F1 score for each dataset separately along with the final precision, recall and macro-averaged F1 score. In addition, we identify ten female figures from different professions and racial backgrounds who have experienced harassment on Twitter. We tested the trained models on ten collected corpuses each related to one famous female figure to predict the type of harassing language, the type of vulgar language and the degree of intensity of language occurring on their social platforms. Interestingly, the achieved results show different patterns of linguistic use targeting different racial background and occupations. The contribution of this study is two-fold. From the technical perspective, our proposed methodology is shown to be effective with a good margin in comparison to the previous state-of-the-art results on one of the two available datasets. From the social perspective, we introduce a methodology which can unlock facts about the nature of offensive language targeting women on online social platforms. The collected dataset will be shared publicly for further investigation.",
}
@inproceedings{mihret-atinaf-2019-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis Model for Opinionated Awngi Text: Case of Music Reviews",
    author = "Mihret, Melese  and
      Atinaf, Muluneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "49--51",
    abstract = {Abstract The analysis of sentiments is imperative to make a decision for individuals, organizations, and governments. Due to the rapid growth of Awngi (Agew) text on the web, there is no available corpus annotated for sentiment analysis. In this paper, we present a SA model for the Awngi language spoken in Ethiopia, by using a supervised machine learning approach. We developed our corpus by collecting around 1500 posts from online sources. This research is begun to build and evaluate the model for opinionated Awngi music reviews. Thus, pre-processing techniques have been employed to clean the data, to convert transliterations to the native Ethiopic script for accessibility and convenience to typing and to change the words to their base form by removing the inflectional morphemes. After pre-processing, the corpus is manually annotated by three the language professional for giving polarity, and rate, their level of confidence in their selection and sentiment intensity scale values. To improve the calculation method of feature selection and weighting and proposed a more suitable SA algorithm for feature extraction named CHI and weight calculation named TF IDF, increasing the proportion and weight of sentiment words in the feature words. We employed Support Vector Machines (SVM), Na{\"\i}ve Bayes (NB) and Maximum Entropy (MxEn) machine learning algorithms. Generally, the results are encouraging, despite the morphological challenge in Awngi, the data cleanness and small size of data. We are believed that the results could improve further with a larger corpus.},
}
@inproceedings{boritchev-amblard-2019-compositional,
    title = "A compositional view of questions",
    author = "Boritchev, Maria  and
      Amblard, Maxime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "52",
    abstract = "We present a research on compositional treatment of questions in neo-davidsonian event semantics style. Our work is based on (Champollion, 2011) where only declarative sentences were considered. Our research is based on complex formal examples, paving the way towards further research in this domain and further testing on real-life corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2019-controlling,
    title = "Controlling the Specificity of Clarification Question Generation",
    author = "Cao, Yang Trista  and
      Rao, Sudha  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "53--56",
    abstract = "Unlike comprehension-style questions, clarification questions look for some missing information in a given context. However, without guidance, neural models for question generation, similar to dialog generation models, lead to generic and bland questions that cannot elicit useful information. We argue that controlling the level of specificity of the generated questions can have useful applications and propose a neural clarification question generation model for the same. We first train a classifier that annotates a clarification question with its level of specificity (generic or specific) to the given context. Our results on the Amazon questions dataset demonstrate that training a clarification question generation model on specificity annotated data can generate questions with varied levels of specificity to the given context.",
}
@inproceedings{brantley-etal-2019-non,
    title = "Non-Monotonic Sequential Text Generation",
    author = "brantley, kiante  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Daum{\'e}, Hal  and
      Welleck, Sean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "57--59",
    abstract = "Standard sequential generation methods assume a pre-specified generation order, such as text generation methods which generate words from left to right. In this work, we propose a framework for training models of text generation that operate in non-monotonic orders; the model directly learns good orders, without any additional annotation. Our framework operates by generating a word at an arbitrary position, and then recursively generating words to its left and then words to its right, yielding a binary tree. Learning is framed as imitation learning, including a coaching method which moves from imitating an oracle to reinforcing the policy{'}s own preferences. Experimental results demonstrate that using the proposed method, it is possible to learn policies which generate text without pre-specifying a generation order while achieving competitive performance with conventional left-to-right generation.",
}
@inproceedings{gonen-goldberg-2019-lipstick,
    title = "Lipstick on a Pig: Debiasing Methods Cover up Systematic Gender Biases in Word Embeddings But do not Remove Them",
    author = "Gonen, Hila  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "60--63",
    abstract = "Word embeddings are widely used in NLP for a vast range of tasks. It was shown that word embeddings derived from text corpora reflect gender biases in society, causing serious concern. Several recent works tackle this problem, and propose methods for significantly reducing this gender bias in word embeddings, demonstrating convincing results. However, we argue that this removal is superficial. While the bias is indeed substantially reduced according to the provided bias definition, the actual effect is mostly hiding the bias, not removing it. The gender bias information is still reflected in the distances between {``}gender-neutralized{''} words in the debiased embeddings, and can be recovered from them. We present a series of experiments to support this claim, for two debiasing methods. We conclude that existing bias removal techniques are insufficient, and should not be trusted for providing gender-neutral modeling.",
}
@inproceedings{gonen-etal-2019-grammatical,
    title = "How does Grammatical Gender Affect Noun Representations in Gender-Marking Languages?",
    author = "Gonen, Hila  and
      Kementchedjhieva, Yova  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "64--67",
    abstract = "Many natural languages assign grammatical gender also to inanimate nouns in the language. In such languages, words that relate to the gender-marked nouns are inflected to agree with the noun{'}s gender. We show that this affects the word representations of inanimate nouns, resulting in nouns with the same gender being closer to each other than nouns with different gender. While {``}embedding debiasing{''} methods fail to remove the effect, we demonstrate that a careful application of methods that neutralize grammatical gender signals from the words{'} context when training word embeddings is effective in removing it. Fixing the grammatical gender bias results in a positive effect on the quality of the resulting word embeddings, both in monolingual and cross lingual settings. We note that successfully removing gender signals, while achievable, is not trivial to do and that a language-specific morphological analyzer, together with careful usage of it, are essential for achieving good results.",
}
@inproceedings{roberson-2019-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Product Categorization for Official Statistics",
    author = "Roberson, Andrea",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "68--72",
    abstract = "The North American Product Classification System (NAPCS) is a comprehensive, hierarchical classification system for products (goods and services) that is consistent across the three North American countries. Beginning in 2017, the Economic Census will use NAPCS to produce economy-wide product tabulations. Respondents are asked to report data from a long, pre-specified list of potential products in a given industry, with some lists containing more than 50 potential products. Businesses have expressed the desire to alternatively supply Universal Product Codes (UPC) to the U. S. Census Bureau. Much work has been done around the categorization of products using product descriptions. No study has applied these efforts for the calculation of official statistics (statistics published by government agencies) using only the text of UPC product descriptions. The question we address in this paper is: Given UPC codes and their associated product descriptions, can we accurately predict NAPCS? We tested the feasibility of businesses submitting a spreadsheet with Universal Product Codes and their associated text descriptions. This novel strategy classified text with very high accuracy rates, all of our algorithms surpassed over 90 percent.",
}
@inproceedings{fenglei-etal-2019-online,
    title = "An Online Topic Modeling Framework with Topics Automatically Labeled",
    author = "Fenglei, JIN  and
      Cuiyun, Gao  and
      Michael R., Lyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "73--76",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a novel online topic tracking framework, named IEDL, for tracking the topic changes related to deep learning techniques on Stack Exchange and automatically interpreting each identified topic. The proposed framework combines the prior topic distributions in a time window during inferring the topics in current time slice, and introduces a new ranking scheme to select most representative phrases and sentences for the inferred topics. Experiments on 7,076 Stack Exchange posts show the effectiveness of IEDL in tracking topic changes.",
}
@inproceedings{weber-steedman-2019-construction,
    title = "Construction and Alignment of Multilingual Entailment Graphs for Semantic Inference",
    author = "Weber, Sabine  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "77--79",
    abstract = "This paper presents ongoing work on the construction and alignment of predicate entailment graphs in English and German. We extract predicate-argument pairs from large corpora of monolingual English and German news text and construct monolingual paraphrase clusters and entailment graphs. We use an aligned subset of entities to derive the bilingual alignment of entities and relations, and achieve better than baseline results on a translated subset of a predicate entailment data set (Levy and Dagan, 2016) and the German portion of XNLI (Conneau et al., 2018).",
}
@inproceedings{cui-etal-2019-kb,
    title = "{KB}-{NLG}: From Knowledge Base to Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Cui, Wen  and
      Zhou, Minghui  and
      Zhao, Rongwen  and
      Norouzi, Narges",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "80--82",
    abstract = "We perform the natural language generation (NLG) task by mapping sets of Resource Description Framework (RDF) triples into text. First we investigate the impact of increasing the number of entity types in delexicalisaiton on the generation quality. Second we conduct different experiments to evaluate two widely applied language generation systems, encoder-decoder with attention and the Transformer model on a large benchmark dataset. We evaluate different models on automatic metrics, as well as the training time. To our knowledge, we are the first to apply Transformer model to this task.",
}
@inproceedings{gu-chen-2019-acoustic,
    title = "Acoustic Characterization of Singaporean Children{'}s {E}nglish: Comparisons to {A}merican and {B}ritish Counterparts",
    author = "Gu, Yuling  and
      Chen, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "83--87",
    abstract = "We investigate English pronunciation patterns in Singaporean children in relation to their American and British counterparts by conducting archetypal analysis on selected vowel pairs. Given that Singapore adopts British English as the institutional standard, one might expect Singaporean children to follow British pronunciation patterns, but we observe that Singaporean children also present similar patterns to Americans for TRAP-BATH spilt vowels: (1) British and Singaporean children both produce these vowels with a relatively lowered tongue height. (2) These vowels are more fronted for American and Singaporean children (p {\textless} 0.001). In addition, when comparing /{\ae}/ and /ε/ productions, British speakers show the clearest distinction between the two vowels; Singaporean and American speakers exhibit a higher and more fronted tongue position for /{\ae}/ (p {\textless} 0.001), causing /{\ae}/ to be acoustically more similar to /ε/.",
}
@inproceedings{pimentel-etal-2019-rethinking,
    title = "Rethinking Phonotactic Complexity",
    author = "Pimentel, Tiago  and
      Roark, Brian  and
      Cotterell, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "88--90",
    abstract = "In this work, we propose the use of phone-level language models to estimate phonotactic complexity{---}measured in bits per phoneme{---}which makes cross-linguistic comparison straightforward. We compare the entropy across languages using this simple measure, gaining insight on how complex different language{'}s phonotactics are. Finally, we show a very strong negative correlation between phonotactic complexity and the average length of words{---}Spearman rho=-0.744{---}when analysing a collection of 106 languages with 1016 basic concepts each.",
}
@inproceedings{oladipo-rufai-2019-implementing,
    title = "Implementing a Multi-lingual Chatbot for Positive Reinforcement in Young Learners",
    author = "Oladipo, Francisca  and
      Rufai, Abdulmalik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "91",
    abstract = "This is a humanitarian work {--}a counter-terrorism effort. The presentation describes the experiences of developing a multi-lingua, interactive chatbot trained on the corpus of two Nigerian Languages (Hausa and Fulfude), with simultaneous translation to a third (Kanuri), to stimulate conversations, deliver tailored contents to the users thereby aiding in the detection of the probability and degree of radicalization in young learners through data analysis of the games moves and vocabularies. As chatbots have the ability to simulate a human conversation based on rhetorical behavior, the system is able to learn the need of individual user through constant interaction and deliver tailored contents that promote good behavior in Hausa, Fulfulde and Kanuri languages.",
}
@inproceedings{hashempour-2019-deep,
    title = "A Deep Learning Approach to Language-independent Gender Prediction on Twitter",
    author = "Hashempour, Reyhaneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "92--94",
    abstract = "This work presents a set of experiments conducted to predict the gender of Twitter users based on language-independent features extracted from the text of the users{'} tweets. The experiments were performed on a version of TwiSty dataset including tweets written by the users of six different languages: Portuguese, French, Dutch, English, German, and Italian. Logistic regression (LR), and feed-forward neural networks (FFNN) with back-propagation were used to build models in two different settings: Inter-Lingual (IL) and Cross-Lingual (CL). In the IL setting, the training and testing were performed on the same language whereas in the CL, Italian and German datasets were set aside and only used as test sets and the rest were combined to compose training and development sets. In the IL, the highest accuracy score belongs to LR whereas, in the CL, FFNN with three hidden layers yields the highest score. The results show that neural network based models underperform traditional models when the size of the training set is small; however, they beat traditional models by a non-trivial margin, when they are fed with large enough data. Finally, the feature analysis confirms that men and women have different writing styles independent of their language.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2019-isolating,
    title = "Isolating the Effects of Modeling Recursive Structures: A Case Study in Pronunciation Prediction of {C}hinese Characters",
    author = "Nguyen, Minh  and
      Ngo, Gia H  and
      Chen, Nancy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "95--97",
    abstract = "Finding that explicitly modeling structures leads to better generalization, we consider the task of predicting Cantonese pronunciations of logographs (Chinese characters) using logographs{'} recursive structures. This task is a suitable case study for two reasons. First, logographs{'} pronunciations depend on structures (i.e. the hierarchies of sub-units in logographs) Second, the quality of logographic structures is consistent since the structures are constructed automatically using a set of rules. Thus, this task is less affected by confounds such as varying quality between annotators. Empirical results show that modeling structures explicitly using treeLSTM outperforms LSTM baseline, reducing prediction error by 6.0{\%} relative.",
}
@inproceedings{abbott-martinus-2019-benchmarking,
    title = "Benchmarking Neural Machine Translation for Southern {A}frican Languages",
    author = "Abbott, Jade  and
      Martinus, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "98--101",
    abstract = "Unlike major Western languages, most African languages are very low-resourced. Furthermore, the resources that do exist are often scattered and difficult to obtain and discover. As a result, the data and code for existing research has rarely been shared, meaning researchers struggle to reproduce reported results, and almost no publicly available benchmarks or leaderboards for African machine translation models exist. To start to address these problems, we trained neural machine translation models for a subset of Southern African languages on publicly-available datasets. We provide the code for training the models and evaluate the models on a newly released evaluation set, with the aim of starting a leaderboard for Southern African languages and spur future research in the field.",
}
@inproceedings{mieskes-schmunk-2019-ocr,
    title = "{OCR} Quality and {NLP} Preprocessing",
    author = "Mieskes, Margot  and
      Schmunk, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "102--105",
    abstract = "We present initial experiments to evaluate the performance of tasks such as Part of Speech Tagging on data corrupted by Optical Character Recognition (OCR). Our results, based on English and German data, using artificial experiments as well as initial real OCRed data indicate that already a small drop in OCR quality considerably increases the error rates, which would have a significant impact on subsequent processing steps.",
}
@inproceedings{abdulrahman-etal-2019-developing,
    title = "Developing a Fine-grained Corpus for a Less-resourced Language: the case of {K}urdish",
    author = "Abdulrahman, Roshna  and
      Hassani, Hossein  and
      Ahmadi, Sina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "106--109",
    abstract = "Kurdish is a less-resourced language consisting of different dialects written in various scripts. Approximately 30 million people in different countries speak the language. The lack of corpora is one of the main obstacles in Kurdish language processing. In this paper, we present KTC-the Kurdish Textbooks Corpus, which is composed of 31 K-12 textbooks in Sorani dialect. The corpus is normalized and categorized into 12 educational subjects containing 693,800 tokens (110,297 types). Our resource is publicly available for non-commercial use under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.",
}
@inproceedings{taffa-libsie-2019-amharic,
    title = "{A}mharic Question Answering for Biography, Definition, and Description Questions",
    author = "Taffa, Tilahun Abedissa  and
      Libsie, Mulugeta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "110--113",
    abstract = "A broad range of information needs can often be stated as a question. Question Answering (QA) systems attempt to provide users concise answer(s) to natural language questions. The existing Amharic QA systems handle fact-based questions that usually take named entities as an answer. To deal with more complex information needs we developed an Amharic non-factoid QA for biography, definition, and description questions. A hybrid approach has been used for the question classification. For document filtering and answer extraction we have used lexical patterns. On the other hand to answer biography questions we have used a summarizer and the generated summary is validated using a text classifier. Our QA system is evaluated and has shown a promising result.",
}
@inproceedings{floyd-etal-2019-polysemous,
    title = "Polysemous Language in Child Directed Speech",
    author = "Floyd, Sammy  and
      Barak, Libby  and
      Goldberg, Adele  and
      Lew-Williams, Casey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "114--117",
    abstract = "Polysemous Language in Child Directed Speech Learning the meaning of words is one of the fundamental building blocks of verbal communication. Models of child language acquisition have generally made the simplifying assumption that each word appears in child-directed speech with a single meaning. To understand naturalistic word learning during childhood, it is essential to know whether children hear input that is in fact constrained to single meaning per word, or whether the environment naturally contains multiple senses.In this study, we use a topic modeling approach to automatically induce word senses from child-directed speech. Our results confirm the plausibility of our automated analysis approach and reveal an increasing rate of using multiple senses in child-directed speech, starting with corpora from children as early as the first year of life.",
}
@inproceedings{prabhumoye-etal-2019-principled,
    title = "Principled Frameworks for Evaluating Ethics in {NLP} Systems",
    author = "Prabhumoye, Shrimai  and
      Mayfield, Elijah  and
      Black, Alan W",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "118--121",
    abstract = "We critique recent work on ethics in natural language processing. Those discussions have focused on data collection, experimental design, and interventions in modeling. But we argue that we ought to first understand the frameworks of ethics that are being used to evaluate the fairness and justice of algorithmic systems. Here, we begin that discussion by outlining deontological and consequentialist ethics, and make predictions on the research agenda prioritized by each.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2019-understanding,
    title = "Understanding the Shades of Sexism in Popular {TV} Series",
    author = "Lee, Nayeon  and
      Bang, Yejin  and
      Shin, Jamin  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "122--125",
    abstract = "[Multiple-submission] In the midst of a generation widely exposed to and influenced by media entertainment, the NLP research community has shown relatively little attention on the sexist comments in popular TV series. To understand sexism in TV series, we propose a way of collecting distant supervision dataset using Character Persona information with the psychological theories on sexism. We assume that sexist characters from TV shows are more prone to making sexist comments when talking about women, and show that this hypothesis is valid through experiment. Finally, we conduct an interesting analysis on popular TV show characters and successfully identify different shades of sexism that is often overlooked.",
}
@inproceedings{barak-goldberg-2019-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Ways of Adapting Word Similarity",
    author = "Barak, Libby  and
      Goldberg, Adele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "126--128",
    abstract = "People judge pairwise similarity by deciding which aspects of the words{'} meanings are relevant for the comparison of the given pair. However, computational representations of meaning rely on dimensions of the vector representation for similarity comparisons, without considering the specific pairing at hand. Prior work has adapted computational similarity judgments by using the softmax function in order to address this limitation by capturing asymmetry in human judgments. We extend this analysis by showing that a simple modification of cosine similarity offers a better correlation with human judgments over a comprehensive dataset. The modification performs best when the similarity between two words is calculated with reference to other words that are most similar and dissimilar to the pair.",
}
@inproceedings{koufakou-scott-2019-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Use of Lexicons to aid Deep Learning towards the Detection of Abusive Language",
    author = "Koufakou, Anna  and
      Scott, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "129--131",
    abstract = "Detecting abusive language is a significant research topic, which has received a lot of attention recently. Our work focused on detecting personal attacks in online conversations. State-of-the-art research on this task has largely used deep learning with word embeddings. We explored the use of sentiment lexicons as well as semantic lexicons towards improving the accuracy of the baseline Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) using regular word embeddings. This is a work in progress, limited by time constraints and appropriate infrastructure. Our preliminary results showed promise for utilizing lexicons, especially semantic lexicons, for the task of detecting abusive language.",
}
@inproceedings{alimova-tutubalina-2019-entity,
    title = "Entity-level Classification of Adverse Drug Reactions: a Comparison of Neural Network Models",
    author = "Alimova, Ilseyar  and
      Tutubalina, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "132--134",
    abstract = "This paper presents our experimental work on exploring the potential of neural network models developed for aspect-based sentiment analysis for entity-level adverse drug reaction (ADR) classification. Our goal is to explore how to represent local context around ADR mentions and learn an entity representation, interacting with its context. We conducted extensive experiments on various sources of text-based information, including social media, electronic health records, and abstracts of scientific articles from PubMed. The results show that Interactive Attention Neural Network (IAN) outperformed other models on four corpora in terms of macro F-measure. This work is an abridged version of our recent paper accepted to Programming and Computer Software journal in 2019.",
}
@inproceedings{barak-etal-2019-context,
    title = "Context Effects on Human Judgments of Similarity",
    author = "Barak, Libby  and
      Kong-Johnson, Noe  and
      Goldberg, Adele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "135--137",
    abstract = "The semantic similarity of words forms the basis of many natural language processing methods. These computational similarity measures are often based on a mathematical comparison of vector representations of word meanings, while human judgments of similarity differ in lacking geometrical properties, e.g., symmetric similarity and triangular similarity. In this study, we propose a novel task design to further explore human behavior by asking whether a pair of words is deemed more similar depending on an immediately preceding judgment. Results from a crowdsourcing experiment show that people consistently judge words as more similar when primed by a judgment that evokes a relevant relationship. Our analysis further shows that word2vec similarity correlated significantly better with the out-of-context judgments, thus confirming the methodological differences in human-computer judgments, and offering a new testbed for probing the differences.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2019-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} Automation to Read Radiological Reports to Detect the Stage of Cancer Among Lung Cancer Patients",
    author = "Gupta, Khushbu  and
      Thammasudjarit, Ratchainant  and
      Thakkinstian, Ammarin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "138--141",
    abstract = "A common challenge in the healthcare industry today is physicians have access to massive amounts of healthcare data but have little time and no appropriate tools. For instance, the risk prediction model generated by logistic regression could predict the probability of diseases occurrence and thus prioritizing patients{'} waiting list for further investigations. However, many medical reports available in current clinical practice system are not yet ready for analysis using either statistics or machine learning as they are in unstructured text format. The complexity of medical information makes the annotation or validation of data very challenging and thus acts as a bottleneck to apply machine learning techniques in medical data. This study is therefore conducted to create such annotations automatically where the computer can read radiological reports for oncologists and mark the staging of lung cancer. This staging information is obtained using the rule-based method implemented using the standards of Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) staging along with deep learning technology called Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) to extract clinical information from the Computed Tomography (CT) text report. The empirical experiment shows promising results being the accuracy of up to 85{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{dekhili-etal-2019-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting Named Entity Recognition with Commonsense Knowledge",
    author = "Dekhili, Gaith  and
      Le, Tan Ngoc  and
      Sadat, Fatiha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "142",
    abstract = "Commonsense can be vital in some applications like Natural Language Understanding (NLU), where it is often required to resolve ambiguity arising from implicit knowledge and underspecification. In spite of the remarkable success of neural network approaches on a variety of Natural Language Processing tasks, many of them struggle to react effectively in cases that require commonsense knowledge. In the present research, we take advantage of the availability of the open multilingual knowledge graph ConceptNet, by using it as an additional external resource in Named Entity Recognition (NER). Our proposed architecture involves BiLSTM layers combined with a CRF layer that was augmented with some features such as pre-trained word embedding layers and dropout layers. Moreover, apart from using word representations, we used also character-based representation to capture the morphological and the orthographic information. Our experiments and evaluations showed an improvement in the overall performance with +2.86 in the F1-measure. Commonsense reasonnig has been employed in other studies and NLP tasks but to the best of our knowledge, there is no study relating the integration of a commonsense knowledge base in NER.",
}
@inproceedings{lepp-2019-pardon,
    title = "Pardon the Interruption: Automatic Analysis of Gender and Competitive Turn-Taking in United States Supreme Court Hearings",
    author = "Lepp, Haley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "143--145",
    abstract = "The United States Supreme Court plays a key role in defining the legal basis for gender discrimination throughout the country, yet there are few checks on gender bias within the court itself. In conversational turn-taking, interruptions have been documented as a marker of bias between speakers of different genders. The goal of this study is to automatically differentiate between respectful and disrespectful conversational turns taken during official hearings, which could help in detecting bias and finding remediation techniques for discourse in the courtroom. In this paper, I present a corpus of turns annotated by legal professionals, and describe the design of a semi-supervised classifier that will use acoustic and lexical features to analyze turn-taking at scale. On completion of annotations, this classifier will be trained to extract the likelihood that turns are respectful or disrespectful for use in studies of speech trends.",
}
@inproceedings{dziri-etal-2019-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Coherence in Dialogue Systems using Entailment",
    author = "Dziri, Nouha  and
      Kamalloo, Ehsan  and
      Mathewson, Kory  and
      Zaiane, Osmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "146--148",
    abstract = "Evaluating open-domain dialogue systems is difficult due to the diversity of possible correct answers. Automatic metrics such as BLEU correlate weakly with human annotations, resulting in a significant bias across different models and datasets. Some researchers resort to human judgment experimentation for assessing response quality, which is expensive, time consuming, and not scalable. Moreover, judges tend to evaluate a small number of dialogues, meaning that minor differences in evaluation configuration may lead to dissimilar results. In this paper, we present interpretable metrics for evaluating topic coherence by making use of distributed sentence representations. Furthermore, we introduce calculable approximations of human judgment based on conversational coherence by adopting state-of-the-art entailment techniques. Results show that our metrics can be used as a surrogate for human judgment, making it easy to evaluate dialogue systems on large-scale datasets and allowing an unbiased estimate for the quality of the responses. This paper has been accepted in NAACL 2019.",
}
@inproceedings{isiaka-2019-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting machine algorithms in vocalic quantification of {A}frican {E}nglish corpora",
    author = "Isiaka, Lasisi Adeiza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "149--151",
    abstract = "Towards procedural fidelity in the processing of African English speech corpora, this work demonstrates how the adaptation of machine-assisted segmentation of phonemes and automatic extraction of acoustic values can significantly speed up the processing of naturalistic data and make the vocalic analysis of the varieties less impressionistic. Research in African English phonology has, till date, been least data-driven {--} much less the use of comparative corpora for cross-varietal assessments. Using over 30 hours of naturalistic data (from 28 speakers in 5 Nigerian cities), the procedures for segmenting audio files into phonemic units via the Munich Automatic Segmentation System (MAUS), and the extraction of their spectral values in Praat are explained. Evidence from the speech corpora supports a more complex vocalic inventory than attested in previous auditory/manual-based accounts {--} thus reinforcing the resourcefulness of the algorithms for the current data and cognate varieties. Keywords: machine algorithms; naturalistic data; African English phonology; vowel segmentation",
}
@inproceedings{robin-etal-2019-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Ability of Neural Machine Translation Models to Perform Syntactic Rewriting",
    author = "Robin, Jahkel  and
      Grissom II, Alvin  and
      Roselli, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "152",
    abstract = "We describe work in progress for evaluating performance of sequence-to-sequence neural networks on the task of syntax-based reordering for rules applicable to simultaneous machine translation. We train models that attempt to rewrite English sentences using rules that are commonly used by human interpreters. We examine the performance of these models to determine which forms of rewriting are more difficult for them to learn and which architectures are the best at learning them.",
}
@inproceedings{cruz-2019-authorship,
    title = "Authorship Recognition with Short-Text using Graph-based Techniques",
    author = "Cruz, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "153--156",
    abstract = "In recent years, studies of authorship recognition has aroused great interest in graph-based analysis. Modeling the writing style of each author using a network of co-occurrence words. However, short texts can generate some changes in the topology of network that cause impact on techniques of feature extraction based on graph topology. In this work, we evaluate the robustness of global-strategy and local-strategy based on complex network measurements comparing with graph2vec a graph embedding technique based on skip-gram model. The experiment consists of evaluating how each modification in the length of text affects the accuracy of authorship recognition on both techniques using cross-validation and machine learning techniques.",
}
@inproceedings{montano-etal-2019-parallel,
    title = "A Parallel Corpus Mixtec-{S}panish",
    author = "Monta{\~n}o, Cynthia  and
      Sierra Mart{\'\i}nez, Gerardo  and
      Bel-Enguix, Gemma  and
      Gomez, Helena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "157--159",
    abstract = "This work is about the compilation process of parallel documents Spanish-Mixtec. There are not many Spanish-Mixec parallel texts and most of the sources are non-digital books. Due to this, we need to face the errors when digitizing the sources and difficulties in sentence alignment, as well as the fact that does not exist a standard orthography. Our parallel corpus consists of sixty texts coming from books and digital repositories. These documents belong to different domains: history, traditional stories, didactic material, recipes, ethnographical de- scriptions of each town and instruction manuals for disease prevention. We have classified this material in five major categories: didactic (6 texts), educative (6 texts), interpretative (7 texts), narrative (39 texts), and poetic (2 texts). The final total of tokens is 49,814 Spanish words and 47,774 Mixtec words. The texts belong to the states of Oaxaca (48 texts), Guerrero (9 texts) and Puebla (3 texts). According to this data, we see that the corpus is unbalanced in what refers to the representation of the different territories. While 55{\%} of speakers are in Oaxaca, 80{\%} of texts come from this region. Guerrero has the 30{\%} of speakers and the 15{\%} of texts and Puebla, with the 15{\%} of the speakers has a representation of the 5{\%} in the corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{mahajan-shaikh-2019-emoji,
    title = "Emoji Usage Across Platforms: A Case Study for the Charlottesville Event",
    author = "Mahajan, Khyati  and
      Shaikh, Samira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "160--162",
    abstract = "We study emoji usage patterns across two social media platforms, one of them considered a fringe community called Gab, and the other Twitter. We find that Gab tends to comparatively use more emotionally charged emoji, but also seems more apathetic towards the violence during the event, while Twitter takes a more empathetic approach to the event.",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-etal-2019-reading,
    title = "Reading {KITTY}: Pitch Range as an Indicator of Reading Skill",
    author = "Gomez, Alfredo  and
      Ngo, Alicia  and
      Otondo, Alessandra  and
      Medero, Julie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "163--165",
    abstract = "While affective outcomes are generally positive for the use of eBooks and computer-based reading tutors in teaching children to read, learning outcomes are often poorer (Korat and Shamir, 2004). We describe the first iteration of Reading Kitty, an iOS application that uses NLP and speech processing to focus children{'}s time on close reading and prosody in oral reading, while maintaining an emphasis on creativity and artifact creation. We also share preliminary results demonstrating that pitch range can be used to automatically predict readers{'} skill level.",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-etal-2019-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Attack on Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Tsai, Yi-Ting (Alicia)  and
      Yang, Min-Chu  and
      Chen, Han-Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "166--173",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a white-box attack algorithm called {``}Global Search{''} method and compare it with a simple misspelling noise and a more sophisticated and common white-box attack approach called {``}Greedy Search{''}. The attack methods are evaluated on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) sentiment classifier trained on the IMDB movie review dataset. The attack success rate is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the attack methods and the perplexity of the sentences is used to measure the degree of distortion of the generated adversarial examples. The experiment results show that the proposed {``}Global Search{''} method generates more powerful adversarial examples with less distortion or less modification to the source text.",
}
@inproceedings{bustamante-oncevay-2019-csi,
    title = "{CSI} {P}eru News: finding the culprit, victim and location in news articles",
    author = "Bustamante, Gina  and
      Oncevay, Arturo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "174--176",
    abstract = "We introduce a shift on the DS method over the domain of crime-related news from Peru, attempting to find the culprit, victim and location of a crime description from a RE perspective. Obtained results are highly promising and show that proposed modifications are effective in non-traditional domains.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2019-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Social Bias in Chatbots using Stereotype Knowledge",
    author = "Lee, Nayeon  and
      Madotto, Andrea  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "177--180",
    abstract = "Exploring social bias in chatbot is an important, yet relatively unexplored problem. In this paper, we propose an approach to understand social bias in chatbots by leveraging stereotype knowledge. It allows interesting comparison of bias between chatbots and humans, and provides intuitive analysis of existing chatbots by borrowing the finer-grain concepts of sexism and racism.",
}
@inproceedings{alva-manchego-etal-2019-cross,
    title = "Cross-Sentence Transformations in Text Simplification",
    author = "Alva-Manchego, Fernando  and
      Scarton, Carolina  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Widening NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    pages = "181--184",
    abstract = "Current approaches to Text Simplification focus on simplifying sentences individually. However, certain simplification transformations span beyond single sentences (e.g. joining and re- ordering sentences). In this paper, we motivate the need for modelling the simplification task at the document level, and assess the performance of sequence-to-sequence neural models in this setup. We analyse parallel original-simplified documents created by professional editors and show that there are frequent rewriting transformations that are not restricted to sentence boundaries. We also propose strategies to automatically evaluate the performance of a simplification model on these cross-sentence transformations. Our experiments show the inability of standard sequence-to-sequence neural models to learn these transformations, and suggest directions towards document-level simplification.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-balto,
    title = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}  and
      Marci{\'n}czuk, Micha{\l}  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Piskorski, Jakub  and
      Pivovarova, Lidia  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      Steinberger, Josef  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3700",
}
@inproceedings{babych-2019-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Induction of {U}krainian Morphological Paradigms for the New Lexicon: Extending Coverage for Named Entities and Neologisms using Inflection Tables and Unannotated Corpora",
    author = "Babych, Bogdan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3701",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "The paper presents an unsupervised method for quickly extending a Ukrainian lexicon by generating paradigms and morphological feature structures for new Named Entities and neologisms, which are not covered by existing static morphological resources. This approach addresses a practical problem of modelling paradigms for entities created by the dynamic processes in the lexicon: this problem is especially serious for highly-inflected languages in domains with specialised or quickly changing lexicon. The method uses an unannotated Ukrainian corpus and a small fixed set of inflection tables, which can be found in traditional grammar textbooks. The advantage of the proposed approach is that updating the morphological lexicon does not require training or linguistic annotation, allowing fast knowledge-light extension of an existing static lexicon to improve morphological coverage on a specific corpus. The method is implemented in an open-source package on a GitHub repository. It can be applied to other low-resourced inflectional languages which have internet corpora and linguistic descriptions of their inflection system, following the example of inflection tables for Ukrainian. Evaluation results shows consistent improvements in coverage for Ukrainian corpora of different corpus types.",
}
@inproceedings{katinskaia-ivanova-2019-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Admissibility: Judging Grammaticality using Unlabeled Data in Language Learning",
    author = "Katinskaia, Anisia  and
      Ivanova, Sardana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3702",
    pages = "12--22",
    abstract = "We present our work on the problem of Multiple Admissibility (MA) in language learning. Multiple Admissibility occurs in many languages when more than one grammatical form of a word fits syntactically and semantically in a given context. In second language (L2) education - in particular, in intelligent tutoring systems/computer-aided language learning (ITS/CALL) systems, which generate exercises automatically - this implies that multiple alternative answers are possible. We treat the problem as a grammaticality judgement task. We train a neural network with an objective to label sentences as grammatical or ungrammatical, using a {``}simulated learner corpus{''}: a dataset with correct text, and with artificial errors generated automatically. While MA occurs commonly in many languages, this paper focuses on learning Russian. We present a detailed classification of the types of constructions in Russian, in which MA is possible, and evaluate the model using a test set built from answers provided by the users of a running language learning system.",
}
@inproceedings{poswiata-perelkiewicz-2019-numbers,
    title = "Numbers Normalisation in the Inflected Languages: a Case Study of Polish",
    author = "Po{\'s}wiata, Rafa{\l}  and
      Pere{\l}kiewicz, Micha{\l}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3703",
    pages = "23--28",
    abstract = "Text normalisation in Text-to-Speech systems is a process of converting written expressions to their spoken forms. This task is complicated because in many cases the normalised form depends on the context. Furthermore, when we analysed languages like Croatian, Lithuanian, Polish, Russian or Slovak there is additional difficulty related to their inflected nature. In this paper we want to show how to deal with this problem for one of these languages: Polish, without having a large dedicated data set and using solutions prepared for other NLP tasks. We limited our study to only numbers expressions, which are the most common non-standard words to normalise. The proposed solution is a combination of morphological tagger and transducer supported by a dictionary of numbers in their spoken forms. The data set used for evaluation is based on the part of 1-million word subset of the National Corpus of Polish. The accuracy of the described approach is presented with a comparison to a simple baseline and two commercial systems: Google Cloud Text-to-Speech and Amazon Polly.",
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic-dobrovoljc-2019-neural,
    title = "What does Neural Bring? Analysing Improvements in Morphosyntactic Annotation and Lemmatisation of {S}lovenian, {C}roatian and {S}erbian",
    author = "Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Dobrovoljc, Kaja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3704",
    pages = "29--34",
    abstract = "We present experiments on Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian morphosyntactic annotation and lemmatisation between the former state-of-the-art for these three languages and one of the best performing systems at the CoNLL 2018 shared task, the Stanford NLP neural pipeline. Our experiments show significant improvements in morphosyntactic annotation, especially on categories where either semantic knowledge is needed, available through word embeddings, or where long-range dependencies have to be modelled. On the other hand, on the task of lemmatisation no improvements are obtained with the neural solution, mostly due to the heavy dependence of the task on the lookup in an external lexicon, but also due to obvious room for improvements in the Stanford NLP pipeline{'}s lemmatisation.",
}
@inproceedings{ponomareva-etal-2019-agrr,
    title = "{AGRR} 2019: Corpus for Gapping Resolution in {R}ussian",
    author = "Ponomareva, Maria  and
      Droganova, Kira  and
      Smurov, Ivan  and
      Shavrina, Tatiana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3705",
    pages = "35--43",
    abstract = "This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the gapping dataset for Russian that consists of 7.5k sentences with gapping (as well as 15k relevant negative sentences) and comprises data from various genres: news, fiction, social media and technical texts. The dataset was prepared for the Automatic Gapping Resolution Shared Task for Russian (AGRR-2019) - a competition aimed at stimulating the development of NLP tools and methods for processing of ellipsis. In this paper, we pay special attention to the gapping resolution methods that were introduced within the shared task as well as an alternative test set that illustrates that our corpus is a diverse and representative subset of Russian language gapping sufficient for effective utilization of machine learning techniques.",
}
@inproceedings{shimorina-etal-2019-creating,
    title = "Creating a Corpus for {R}ussian Data-to-Text Generation Using Neural Machine Translation and Post-Editing",
    author = "Shimorina, Anastasia  and
      Khasanova, Elena  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3706",
    pages = "44--49",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose an approach for semi-automatically creating a data-to-text (D2T) corpus for Russian that can be used to learn a D2T natural language generation model. An error analysis of the output of an English-to-Russian neural machine translation system shows that 80{\%} of the automatically translated sentences contain an error and that 53{\%} of all translation errors bear on named entities (NE). We therefore focus on named entities and introduce two post-editing techniques for correcting wrongly translated NEs.",
}
@inproceedings{bosnjak-karan-2019-data,
    title = "Data Set for Stance and Sentiment Analysis from User Comments on {C}roatian News",
    author = "Bo{\v{s}}njak, Mihaela  and
      Karan, Mladen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3707",
    pages = "50--55",
    abstract = "Nowadays it is becoming more important than ever to find new ways of extracting useful information from the evergrowing amount of user-generated data available online. In this paper, we describe the creation of a data set that contains news articles and corresponding comments from Croatian news outlet 24 sata. Our annotation scheme is specifically tailored for the task of detecting stances and sentiment from user comments as well as assessing if commentator claims are verifiable. Through this data, we hope to get a better understanding of the publics viewpoint on various events. In addition, we also explore the potential of applying supervised machine learning models toautomate annotation of more data.",
}
@inproceedings{puzyrev-etal-2019-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset for Noun Compositionality Detection for a {S}lavic Language",
    author = "Puzyrev, Dmitry  and
      Shelmanov, Artem  and
      Panchenko, Alexander  and
      Artemova, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3708",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3708",
    pages = "56--62",
    abstract = "This paper presents the first gold-standard resource for Russian annotated with compositionality information of noun compounds. The compound phrases are collected from the Universal Dependency treebanks according to part of speech patterns, such as ADJ+NOUN or NOUN+NOUN, using the gold-standard annotations. Each compound phrase is annotated by two experts and a moderator according to the following schema: the phrase can be either compositional, non-compositional, or ambiguous (i.e., depending on the context it can be interpreted both as compositional or non-compositional). We conduct an experimental evaluation of models and methods for predicting compositionality of noun compounds in unsupervised and supervised setups. We show that methods from previous work evaluated on the proposed Russian-language resource achieve the performance comparable with results on English corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{piskorski-etal-2019-second,
    title = "The Second Cross-Lingual Challenge on Recognition, Normalization, Classification, and Linking of Named Entities across {S}lavic Languages",
    author = "Piskorski, Jakub  and
      Laskova, Laska  and
      Marci{\'n}czuk, Micha{\l}  and
      Pivovarova, Lidia  and
      P{\v{r}}ib{\'a}{\v{n}}, Pavel  and
      Steinberger, Josef  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3709",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3709",
    pages = "63--74",
    abstract = "We describe the Second Multilingual Named Entity Challenge in Slavic languages. The task is recognizing mentions of named entities in Web documents, their normalization, and cross-lingual linking. The Challenge was organized as part of the 7th Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing Workshop, co-located with the ACL-2019 conference. Eight teams participated in the competition, which covered four languages and five entity types. Performance for the named entity recognition task reached 90{\%} F-measure, much higher than reported in the first edition of the Challenge. Seven teams covered all four languages, and five teams participated in the cross-lingual entity linking task. Detailed evaluation information is available on the shared task web page.",
}
@inproceedings{tsygankova-etal-2019-bsnlp2019,
    title = "{BSNLP}2019 Shared Task Submission: Multisource Neural {NER} Transfer",
    author = "Tsygankova, Tatiana  and
      Mayhew, Stephen  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3710",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3710",
    pages = "75--82",
    abstract = "This paper describes the Cognitive Computation (CogComp) Group{'}s submissions to the multilingual named entity recognition shared task at the Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing (BSNLP) Workshop. The final model submitted is a multi-source neural NER system with multilingual BERT embeddings, trained on the concatenation of training data in various Slavic languages (as well as English). The performance of our system on the official testing data suggests that multi-source approaches consistently outperform single-source approaches for this task, even with the noise of mismatching tagsets.",
}
@inproceedings{moreno-etal-2019-tlr,
    title = "{TLR} at {BSNLP}2019: A Multilingual Named Entity Recognition System",
    author = "Moreno, Jose G.  and
      Linhares Pontes, Elvys  and
      Coustaty, Mickael  and
      Doucet, Antoine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3711",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3711",
    pages = "83--88",
    abstract = "This paper presents our participation at the shared task on multilingual named entity recognition at BSNLP2019. Our strategy is based on a standard neural architecture for sequence labeling. In particular, we use a mixed model which combines multilingualcontextual and language-specific embeddings. Our only submitted run is based on a voting schema using multiple models, one for each of the four languages of the task (Bulgarian, Czech, Polish, and Russian) and another for English. Results for named entity recognition are encouraging for all languages, varying from 60{\%} to 83{\%} in terms of Strict and Relaxed metrics, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{arkhipov-etal-2019-tuning,
    title = "Tuning Multilingual Transformers for Language-Specific Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Arkhipov, Mikhail  and
      Trofimova, Maria  and
      Kuratov, Yuri  and
      Sorokin, Alexey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3712",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3712",
    pages = "89--93",
    abstract = "Our paper addresses the problem of multilingual named entity recognition on the material of 4 languages: Russian, Bulgarian, Czech and Polish. We solve this task using the BERT model. We use a hundred languages multilingual model as base for transfer to the mentioned Slavic languages. Unsupervised pre-training of the BERT model on these 4 languages allows to significantly outperform baseline neural approaches and multilingual BERT. Additional improvement is achieved by extending BERT with a word-level CRF layer. Our system was submitted to BSNLP 2019 Shared Task on Multilingual Named Entity Recognition and demonstrated top performance in multilingual setting for two competition metrics. We open-sourced NER models and BERT model pre-trained on the four Slavic languages.",
}
@inproceedings{emelyanov-artemova-2019-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Named Entity Recognition Using Pretrained Embeddings, Attention Mechanism and {NCRF}",
    author = "Emelyanov, Anton  and
      Artemova, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3713",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3713",
    pages = "94--99",
    abstract = "In this paper we tackle multilingual named entity recognition task. We use the BERT Language Model as embeddings with bidirectional recurrent network, attention, and NCRF on the top. We apply multilingual BERT only as embedder without any fine-tuning. We test out model on the dataset of the BSNLP shared task, which consists of texts in Bulgarian, Czech, Polish and Russian languages.",
}
@inproceedings{jacquet-etal-2019-jrc,
    title = "{JRC} {TMA}-{CC}: {S}lavic Named Entity Recognition and Linking. Participation in the {BSNLP}-2019 shared task",
    author = "Jacquet, Guillaume  and
      Piskorski, Jakub  and
      Tanev, Hristo  and
      Steinberger, Ralf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3714",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3714",
    pages = "100--104",
    abstract = "We report on the participation of the JRC Text Mining and Analysis Competence Centre (TMA-CC) in the BSNLP-2019 Shared Task, which focuses on named-entity recognition, lemmatisation and cross-lingual linking. We propose a hybrid system combining a rule-based approach and light ML techniques. We use multilingual lexical resources such as JRC-NAMES and BABELNET together with a named entity guesser to recognise names. In a second step, we combine known names with wild cards to increase recognition recall by also capturing inflection variants. In a third step, we increase precision by filtering these name candidates with automatically learnt inflection patterns derived from name occurrences in large news article collections. Our major requirement is to achieve high precision. We achieved an average of 65{\%} F-measure with 93{\%} precision on the four languages.",
}
@inproceedings{lohar-etal-2019-building,
    title = "Building {E}nglish-to-{S}erbian Machine Translation System for {IMD}b Movie Reviews",
    author = "Lohar, Pintu  and
      Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3715",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3715",
    pages = "105--113",
    abstract = "This paper reports the results of the first experiment dealing with the challenges of building a machine translation system for user-generated content involving a complex South Slavic language. We focus on translation of English IMDb user movie reviews into Serbian, in a low-resource scenario. We explore potentials and limits of (i) phrase-based and neural machine translation systems trained on out-of-domain clean parallel data from news articles (ii) creating additional synthetic in-domain parallel corpus by machine-translating the English IMDb corpus into Serbian. Our main findings are that morphology and syntax are better handled by the neural approach than by the phrase-based approach even in this low-resource mismatched domain scenario, however the situation is different for the lexical aspect, especially for person names. This finding also indicates that in general, machine translation of person names into Slavic languages (especially those which require/allow transcription) should be investigated more systematically.",
}
@inproceedings{pecar-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Sentiment Classification in {S}lovak Language",
    author = "Pecar, Samuel  and
      Simko, Marian  and
      Bielikova, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3716",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3716",
    pages = "114--119",
    abstract = "Using different neural network architectures is widely spread for many different NLP tasks. Unfortunately, most of the research is performed and evaluated only in English language and minor languages are often omitted. We believe using similar architectures for other languages can show interesting results. In this paper, we present our study on methods for improving sentiment classification in Slovak language. We performed several experiments for two different datasets, one containing customer reviews, the other one general Twitter posts. We show comparison of performance of different neural network architectures and also different word representations. We show that another improvement can be achieved by using a model ensemble. We performed experiments utilizing different methods of model ensemble. Our proposed models achieved better results than previous models for both datasets. Our experiments showed also other potential research areas.",
}
@inproceedings{galeshchuk-etal-2019-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis for Multilingual Corpora",
    author = "Galeshchuk, Svitlana  and
      Qiu, Ju  and
      Jourdan, Julien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3717",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3717",
    pages = "120--125",
    abstract = "The paper presents a generic approach to the supervised sentiment analysis of social media content in Slavic languages. The method proposes translating the documents from the original language to English with Google{'}s Neural Translation Model. The resulted texts are then converted to vectors by averaging the vectorial representation of words derived from a pre-trained Word2Vec English model. Testing the approach with several machine learning methods on Polish, Slovenian and Croatian Twitter datasets returns up to 86{\%} of classification accuracy on the out-of-sample data.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-gender,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Radford, Will  and
      Webster, Kellie",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3800",
}
@inproceedings{webster-etal-2019-gendered,
    title = "Gendered Ambiguous Pronoun ({GAP}) Shared Task at the Gender Bias in {NLP} Workshop 2019",
    author = "Webster, Kellie  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Radford, Will",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3801",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3801",
    pages = "1--7",
    abstract = "The 1st ACL workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing included a shared task on gendered ambiguous pronoun (GAP) resolution. This task was based on the coreference challenge defined in Webster et al. (2018), designed to benchmark the ability of systems to resolve pronouns in real-world contexts in a gender-fair way. 263 teams competed via a Kaggle competition, with the winning system achieving logloss of 0.13667 and near gender parity. We review the approaches of eleven systems with accepted description papers, noting their effective use of BERT (Devlin et al., 2018), both via fine-tuning and for feature extraction, as well as ensembling.",
}
@inproceedings{hitti-etal-2019-proposed,
    title = "Proposed Taxonomy for Gender Bias in Text; A Filtering Methodology for the Gender Generalization Subtype",
    author = "Hitti, Yasmeen  and
      Jang, Eunbee  and
      Moreno, Ines  and
      Pelletier, Carolyne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3802",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3802",
    pages = "8--17",
    abstract = "The purpose of this paper is to present an empirical study on gender bias in text. Current research in this field is focused on detecting and correcting for gender bias in existing machine learning models rather than approaching the issue at the dataset level. The underlying motivation is to create a dataset which could enable machines to learn to differentiate bias writing from non-bias writing. A taxonomy is proposed for structural and contextual gender biases which can manifest themselves in text. A methodology is proposed to fetch one type of structural gender bias, Gender Generalization. We explore the IMDB movie review dataset and 9 different corpora from Project Gutenberg. By filtering out irrelevant sentences, the remaining pool of candidate sentences are sent for human validation. A total of 6123 judgments are made on 1627 sentences and after a quality check on randomly selected sentences we obtain an accuracy of 75{\%}. Out of the 1627 sentences, 808 sentence were labeled as Gender Generalizations. The inter-rater reliability amongst labelers was of 61.14{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{friedman-etal-2019-relating,
    title = "Relating Word Embedding Gender Biases to Gender Gaps: A Cross-Cultural Analysis",
    author = "Friedman, Scott  and
      Schmer-Galunder, Sonja  and
      Chen, Anthony  and
      Rye, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3803",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3803",
    pages = "18--24",
    abstract = "Modern models for common NLP tasks often employ machine learning techniques and train on journalistic, social media, or other culturally-derived text. These have recently been scrutinized for racial and gender biases, rooting from inherent bias in their training text. These biases are often sub-optimal and recent work poses methods to rectify them; however, these biases may shed light on actual racial or gender gaps in the culture(s) that produced the training text, thereby helping us understand cultural context through big data. This paper presents an approach for quantifying gender bias in word embeddings, and then using them to characterize statistical gender gaps in education, politics, economics, and health. We validate these metrics on 2018 Twitter data spanning 51 U.S. regions and 99 countries. We correlate state and country word embedding biases with 18 international and 5 U.S.-based statistical gender gaps, characterizing regularities and predictive strength.",
}
@inproceedings{chaloner-maldonado-2019-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Gender Bias in Word Embeddings across Domains and Discovering New Gender Bias Word Categories",
    author = "Chaloner, Kaytlin  and
      Maldonado, Alfredo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3804",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3804",
    pages = "25--32",
    abstract = "Prior work has shown that word embeddings capture human stereotypes, including gender bias. However, there is a lack of studies testing the presence of specific gender bias categories in word embeddings across diverse domains. This paper aims to fill this gap by applying the WEAT bias detection method to four sets of word embeddings trained on corpora from four different domains: news, social networking, biomedical and a gender-balanced corpus extracted from Wikipedia (GAP). We find that some domains are definitely more prone to gender bias than others, and that the categories of gender bias present also vary for each set of word embeddings. We detect some gender bias in GAP. We also propose a simple but novel method for discovering new bias categories by clustering word embeddings. We validate this method through WEAT{'}s hypothesis testing mechanism and find it useful for expanding the relatively small set of well-known gender bias word categories commonly used in the literature.",
}
@inproceedings{basta-etal-2019-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Underlying Gender Bias in Contextualized Word Embeddings",
    author = "Basta, Christine  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Casas, Noe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3805",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3805",
    pages = "33--39",
    abstract = "Gender bias is highly impacting natural language processing applications. Word embeddings have clearly been proven both to keep and amplify gender biases that are present in current data sources. Recently, contextualized word embeddings have enhanced previous word embedding techniques by computing word vector representations dependent on the sentence they appear in. In this paper, we study the impact of this conceptual change in the word embedding computation in relation with gender bias. Our analysis includes different measures previously applied in the literature to standard word embeddings. Our findings suggest that contextualized word embeddings are less biased than standard ones even when the latter are debiased.",
}
@inproceedings{karve-etal-2019-conceptor,
    title = "Conceptor Debiasing of Word Representations Evaluated on {WEAT}",
    author = "Karve, Saket  and
      Ungar, Lyle  and
      Sedoc, Jo{\~a}o",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3806",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3806",
    pages = "40--48",
    abstract = "Bias in word representations, such as Word2Vec, has been widely reported and investigated, and efforts made to debias them. We apply the debiasing conceptor for post-processing both traditional and contextualized word embeddings. Our method can simultaneously remove racial and gender biases from word representations. Unlike standard debiasing methods, the debiasing conceptor can utilize heterogeneous lists of biased words without loss in performance. Finally, our empirical experiments show that the debiasing conceptor diminishes racial and gender bias of word representations as measured using the Word Embedding Association Test (WEAT) of Caliskan et al. (2017).",
}
@inproceedings{moryossef-etal-2019-filling,
    title = "Filling Gender {\&} Number Gaps in Neural Machine Translation with Black-box Context Injection",
    author = "Moryossef, Amit  and
      Aharoni, Roee  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3807",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3807",
    pages = "49--54",
    abstract = "When translating from a language that does not morphologically mark information such as gender and number into a language that does, translation systems must {``}guess{''} this missing information, often leading to incorrect translations in the given context. We propose a black-box approach for injecting the missing information to a pre-trained neural machine translation system, allowing to control the morphological variations in the generated translations without changing the underlying model or training data. We evaluate our method on an English to Hebrew translation task, and show that it is effective in injecting the gender and number information and that supplying the correct information improves the translation accuracy in up to 2.3 BLEU on a female-speaker test set for a state-of-the-art online black-box system. Finally, we perform a fine-grained syntactic analysis of the generated translations that shows the effectiveness of our method.",
}
@inproceedings{sedoc-ungar-2019-role,
    title = "The Role of Protected Class Word Lists in Bias Identification of Contextualized Word Representations",
    author = "Sedoc, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3808",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3808",
    pages = "55--61",
    abstract = "Systemic bias in word embeddings has been widely reported and studied, and efforts made to debias them; however, new contextualized embeddings such as ELMo and BERT are only now being similarly studied. Standard debiasing methods require heterogeneous lists of target words to identify the {``}bias subspace{''}. We show show that using new contextu- alized word embeddings in conceptor debias- ing allows us to more accurately debias word embeddings by breaking target word lists into more homogeneous subsets and then combining ({''}Or{'}ing{''}) the debiasing conceptors of the different subsets.",
}
@inproceedings{bhaskaran-bhallamudi-2019-good,
    title = "Good Secretaries, Bad Truck Drivers? Occupational Gender Stereotypes in Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Bhaskaran, Jayadev  and
      Bhallamudi, Isha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3809",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3809",
    pages = "62--68",
    abstract = "In this work, we investigate the presence of occupational gender stereotypes in sentiment analysis models. Such a task has implications in reducing implicit biases in these models, which are being applied to an increasingly wide variety of downstream tasks. We release a new gender-balanced dataset of 800 sentences pertaining to specific professions and propose a methodology for using it as a test bench to evaluate sentiment analysis models. We evaluate the presence of occupational gender stereotypes in 3 different models using our approach, and explore their relationship with societal perceptions of occupations.",
}
@inproceedings{prost-etal-2019-debiasing,
    title = "Debiasing Embeddings for Reduced Gender Bias in Text Classification",
    author = "Prost, Flavien  and
      Thain, Nithum  and
      Bolukbasi, Tolga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3810",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3810",
    pages = "69--75",
    abstract = "(Bolukbasi et al., 2016) demonstrated that pretrained word embeddings can inherit gender bias from the data they were trained on. We investigate how this bias affects downstream classification tasks, using the case study of occupation classification (De-Arteaga et al., 2019). We show that traditional techniques for debiasing embeddings can actually worsen the bias of the downstream classifier by providing a less noisy channel for communicating gender information. With a relatively minor adjustment, however, we show how these same techniques can be used to simultaneously reduce bias and maintain high classification accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{alfaro-etal-2019-bert,
    title = "{BERT} Masked Language Modeling for Co-reference Resolution",
    author = "Alfaro, Felipe  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3811",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3811",
    pages = "76--81",
    abstract = "This paper explains the TALP-UPC participation for the Gendered Pronoun Resolution shared-task of the 1st ACL Workshop on Gender Bias for Natural Language Processing. We have implemented two models for mask language modeling using pre-trained BERT adjusted to work for a classification problem. The proposed solutions are based on the word probabilities of the original BERT model, but using common English names to replace the original test names.",
}
@inproceedings{bao-qiao-2019-transfer,
    title = "Transfer Learning from Pre-trained {BERT} for Pronoun Resolution",
    author = "Bao, Xingce  and
      Qiao, Qianqian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3812",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3812",
    pages = "82--88",
    abstract = "The paper describes the submission of the team {``}We used bert!{''} to the shared task Gendered Pronoun Resolution (Pair pronouns to their correct entities). Our final submission model based on the fine-tuned BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) ranks 14th among 838 teams with a multi-class logarithmic loss of 0.208. In this work, contribution of transfer learning technique to pronoun resolution systems is investigated and the gender bias contained in classification models is evaluated.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2019-msnet,
    title = "{MS}net: A {BERT}-based Network for Gendered Pronoun Resolution",
    author = "Wang, Zili",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3813",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3813",
    pages = "89--95",
    abstract = "The pre-trained BERT model achieves a remarkable state of the art across a wide range of tasks in natural language processing. For solving the gender bias in gendered pronoun resolution task, I propose a novel neural network model based on the pre-trained BERT. This model is a type of mention score classifier and uses an attention mechanism with no parameters to compute the contextual representation of entity span, and a vector to represent the triple-wise semantic similarity among the pronoun and the entities. In stage 1 of the gendered pronoun resolution task, a variant of this model, trained in the fine-tuning approach, reduced the multi-class logarithmic loss to 0.3033 in the 5-fold cross-validation of training set and 0.2795 in testing set. Besides, this variant won the 2nd place with a score at 0.17289 in stage 2 of the task. The code in this paper is available at: https://github.com/ziliwang/MSnet-for-Gendered-Pronoun-Resolution",
}
@inproceedings{xu-yang-2019-look,
    title = "Look Again at the Syntax: Relational Graph Convolutional Network for Gendered Ambiguous Pronoun Resolution",
    author = "Xu, Yinchuan  and
      Yang, Junlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3814",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3814",
    pages = "96--101",
    abstract = "Gender bias has been found in existing coreference resolvers. In order to eliminate gender bias, a gender-balanced dataset Gendered Ambiguous Pronouns (GAP) has been released and the best baseline model achieves only 66.9{\%} F1. Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) has broken several NLP task records and can be used on GAP dataset. However, fine-tune BERT on a specific task is computationally expensive. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end resolver by combining pre-trained BERT with Relational Graph Convolutional Network (R-GCN). R-GCN is used for digesting structural syntactic information and learning better task-specific embeddings. Empirical results demonstrate that, under explicit syntactic supervision and without the need to fine tune BERT, R-GCN{'}s embeddings outperform the original BERT embeddings on the coreference task. Our work significantly improves the snippet-context baseline F1 score on GAP dataset from 66.9{\%} to 80.3{\%}. We participated in the Gender Bias for Natural Language Processing 2019 shared task, and our codes are available online.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2019-fill,
    title = "Fill the {GAP}: Exploiting {BERT} for Pronoun Resolution",
    author = "Yang, Kai-Chou  and
      Niven, Timothy  and
      Chou, Tzu Hsuan  and
      Kao, Hung-Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3815",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3815",
    pages = "102--106",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our entry in the gendered pronoun resolution competition which achieved fourth place without data augmentation. Our method is an ensemble system of BERTs which resolves co-reference in an interaction space. We report four insights from our work: BERT{'}s representations involve significant redundancy; modeling interaction effects similar to natural language inference models is useful for this task; there is an optimal BERT layer to extract representations for pronoun resolution; and the difference between the attention weights from the pronoun to the candidate entities was highly correlated with the correct label, with interesting implications for future work.",
}
@inproceedings{abzaliev-2019-gap,
    title = "On {GAP} Coreference Resolution Shared Task: Insights from the 3rd Place Solution",
    author = "Abzaliev, Artem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3816",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3816",
    pages = "107--112",
    abstract = "This paper presents the 3rd-place-winning solution to the GAP coreference resolution shared task. The approach adopted consists of two key components: fine-tuning the BERT language representation model (Devlin et al., 2018) and the usage of external datasets during the training process. The model uses hidden states from the intermediate BERT layers instead of the last layer. The resulting system almost eliminates the difference in log loss per gender during the cross-validation, while providing high performance.",
}
@inproceedings{ionita-etal-2019-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Gendered Ambiguous Pronouns with {BERT}",
    author = "Ionita, Matei  and
      Kashnitsky, Yury  and
      Krige, Ken  and
      Larin, Vladimir  and
      Atanasov, Atanas  and
      Logvinenko, Dennis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3817",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3817",
    pages = "113--119",
    abstract = "Pronoun resolution is part of coreference resolution, the task of pairing an expression to its referring entity. This is an important task for natural language understanding and a necessary component of machine translation systems, chat bots and assistants. Neural machine learning systems perform far from ideally in this task, reaching as low as 73{\%} F1 scores on modern benchmark datasets. Moreover, they tend to perform better for masculine pronouns than for feminine ones. Thus, the problem is both challenging and important for NLP researchers and practitioners. In this project, we describe our BERT-based approach to solving the problem of gender-balanced pronoun resolution. We are able to reach 92{\%} F1 score and a much lower gender bias on the benchmark dataset shared by Google AI Language team.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-2019-anonymized,
    title = "Anonymized {BERT}: An Augmentation Approach to the Gendered Pronoun Resolution Challenge",
    author = "Liu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3818",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3818",
    pages = "120--125",
    abstract = "We present our 7th place solution to the Gendered Pronoun Resolution challenge, which uses BERT without fine-tuning and a novel augmentation strategy designed for contextual embedding token-level tasks. Our method anonymizes the referent by replacing candidate names with a set of common placeholder names. Besides the usual benefits of effectively increasing training data size, this approach diversifies idiosyncratic information embedded in names. Using same set of common first names can also help the model recognize names better, shorten token length, and remove gender and regional biases associated with names. The system scored 0.1947 log loss in stage 2, where the augmentation contributed to an improvements of 0.04. Post-competition analysis shows that, when using different embedding layers, the system scores 0.1799 which would be third place.",
}
@inproceedings{chada-2019-gendered,
    title = "Gendered Pronoun Resolution using {BERT} and an Extractive Question Answering Formulation",
    author = "Chada, Rakesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3819",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3819",
    pages = "126--133",
    abstract = "The resolution of ambiguous pronouns is a longstanding challenge in Natural Language Understanding. Recent studies have suggested gender bias among state-of-the-art coreference resolution systems. As an example, Google AI Language team recently released a gender-balanced dataset and showed that performance of these coreference resolvers is significantly limited on the dataset. In this paper, we propose an extractive question answering (QA) formulation of pronoun resolution task that overcomes this limitation and shows much lower gender bias (0.99) on their dataset. This system uses fine-tuned representations from the pre-trained BERT model and outperforms the existing baseline by a significant margin (22.2{\%} absolute improvement in F1 score) without using any hand-engineered features. This QA framework is equally performant even without the knowledge of the candidate antecedents of the pronoun. An ensemble of QA and BERT-based multiple choice and sequence classification models further improves the F1 (23.3{\%} absolute improvement upon the baseline). This ensemble model was submitted to the shared task for the 1st ACL workshop on Gender Bias for Natural Language Processing. It ranked 9th on the final official leaderboard.",
}
@inproceedings{attree-2019-gendered,
    title = "Gendered Ambiguous Pronouns Shared Task: Boosting Model Confidence by Evidence Pooling",
    author = "Attree, Sandeep",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3820",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3820",
    pages = "134--146",
    abstract = "This paper presents a strong set of results for resolving gendered ambiguous pronouns on the Gendered Ambiguous Pronouns shared task. The model presented here draws upon the strengths of state-of-the-art language and coreference resolution models, and introduces a novel evidence-based deep learning architecture. Injecting evidence from the coreference models compliments the base architecture, and analysis shows that the model is not hindered by their weaknesses, specifically gender bias. The modularity and simplicity of the architecture make it very easy to extend for further improvement and applicable to other NLP problems. Evaluation on GAP test data results in a state-of-the-art performance at 92.5{\%} F1 (gender bias of 0.97), edging closer to the human performance of 96.6{\%}. The end-to-end solution presented here placed 1st in the Kaggle competition, winning by a significant lead.",
}
@inproceedings{escude-font-costa-jussa-2019-equalizing,
    title = "Equalizing Gender Bias in Neural Machine Translation with Word Embeddings Techniques",
    author = "Escud{\'e} Font, Joel  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3821",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3821",
    pages = "147--154",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation has significantly pushed forward the quality of the field. However, there are remaining big issues with the output translations and one of them is fairness. Neural models are trained on large text corpora which contain biases and stereotypes. As a consequence, models inherit these social biases. Recent methods have shown results in reducing gender bias in other natural language processing tools such as word embeddings. We take advantage of the fact that word embeddings are used in neural machine translation to propose a method to equalize gender biases in neural machine translation using these representations. Specifically, we propose, experiment and analyze the integration of two debiasing techniques over GloVe embeddings in the Transformer translation architecture. We evaluate our proposed system on the WMT English-Spanish benchmark task, showing gains up to one BLEU point. As for the gender bias evaluation, we generate a test set of occupations and we show that our proposed system learns to equalize existing biases from the baseline system.",
}
@inproceedings{habash-etal-2019-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Gender Identification and Reinflection in {A}rabic",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Chung, Christine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3822",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3822",
    pages = "155--165",
    abstract = "The impressive progress in many Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications has increased the awareness of some of the biases these NLP systems have with regards to gender identities. In this paper, we propose an approach to extend biased single-output gender-blind NLP systems with gender-specific alternative reinflections. We focus on Arabic, a gender-marking morphologically rich language, in the context of machine translation (MT) from English, and for first-person-singular constructions only. Our contributions are the development of a system-independent gender-awareness wrapper, and the building of a corpus for training and evaluating first-person-singular gender identification and reinflection in Arabic. Our results successfully demonstrate the viability of this approach with 8{\%} relative increase in Bleu score for first-person-singular feminine, and 5.3{\%} comparable increase for first-person-singular masculine on top of a state-of-the-art gender-blind MT system on a held-out test set.",
}
@inproceedings{kurita-etal-2019-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Bias in Contextualized Word Representations",
    author = "Kurita, Keita  and
      Vyas, Nidhi  and
      Pareek, Ayush  and
      Black, Alan W  and
      Tsvetkov, Yulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3823",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3823",
    pages = "166--172",
    abstract = "Contextual word embeddings such as BERT have achieved state of the art performance in numerous NLP tasks. Since they are optimized to capture the statistical properties of training data, they tend to pick up on and amplify social stereotypes present in the data as well. In this study, we (1) propose a template-based method to quantify bias in BERT; (2) show that this method obtains more consistent results in capturing social biases than the traditional cosine based method; and (3) conduct a case study, evaluating gender bias in a downstream task of Gender Pronoun Resolution. Although our case study focuses on gender bias, the proposed technique is generalizable to unveiling other biases, including in multiclass settings, such as racial and religious biases.",
}
@inproceedings{cho-etal-2019-measuring,
    title = "On Measuring Gender Bias in Translation of Gender-neutral Pronouns",
    author = "Cho, Won Ik  and
      Kim, Ji Won  and
      Kim, Seok Min  and
      Kim, Nam Soo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3824",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3824",
    pages = "173--181",
    abstract = "Ethics regarding social bias has recently thrown striking issues in natural language processing. Especially for gender-related topics, the need for a system that reduces the model bias has grown in areas such as image captioning, content recommendation, and automated employment. However, detection and evaluation of gender bias in the machine translation systems are not yet thoroughly investigated, for the task being cross-lingual and challenging to define. In this paper, we propose a scheme for making up a test set that evaluates the gender bias in a machine translation system, with Korean, a language with gender-neutral pronouns. Three word/phrase sets are primarily constructed, each incorporating positive/negative expressions or occupations; all the terms are gender-independent or at least not biased to one side severely. Then, additional sentence lists are constructed concerning formality of the pronouns and politeness of the sentences. With the generated sentence set of size 4,236 in total, we evaluate gender bias in conventional machine translation systems utilizing the proposed measure, which is termed here as translation gender bias index (TGBI). The corpus and the code for evaluation is available on-line.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-deep,
    title = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Deep Learning and Formal Languages: Building Bridges",
    author = "Eisner, Jason  and
      Gall{\'e}, Matthias  and
      Heinz, Jeffrey  and
      Quattoni, Ariadna  and
      Rabusseau, Guillaume",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3900",
}
@inproceedings{merrill-2019-sequential,
    title = "Sequential Neural Networks as Automata",
    author = "Merrill, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Deep Learning and Formal Languages: Building Bridges",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3901",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3901",
    pages = "1--13",
    abstract = "This work attempts to explain the types of computation that neural networks can perform by relating them to automata. We first define what it means for a real-time network with bounded precision to accept a language. A measure of network memory follows from this definition. We then characterize the classes of languages acceptable by various recurrent networks, attention, and convolutional networks. We find that LSTMs function like counter machines and relate convolutional networks to the subregular hierarchy. Overall, this work attempts to increase our understanding and ability to interpret neural networks through the lens of theory. These theoretical insights help explain neural computation, as well as the relationship between neural networks and natural language grammar.",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2019-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Sequence Prediction for Real-Time Neural Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Xiao, Chunyang  and
      Teichmann, Christoph  and
      Arkoudas, Konstantine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Deep Learning and Formal Languages: Building Bridges",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3902",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3902",
    pages = "14--23",
    abstract = "While sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models achieve state-of-the-art performance in many natural language processing tasks, they can be too slow for real-time applications. One performance bottleneck is predicting the most likely next token over a large vocabulary; methods to circumvent this bottleneck are a current research topic. We focus specifically on using seq2seq models for semantic parsing, where we observe that grammars often exist which specify valid formal representations of utterance semantics. By developing a generic approach for restricting the predictions of a seq2seq model to grammatically permissible continuations, we arrive at a widely applicable technique for speeding up semantic parsing. The technique leads to a 74{\%} speed-up on an in-house dataset with a large vocabulary, compared to the same neural model without grammatical restrictions",
}
@inproceedings{liza-grzes-2019-relating,
    title = "Relating {RNN} Layers with the Spectral {WFA} Ranks in Sequence Modelling",
    author = "Liza, Farhana Ferdousi  and
      Grzes, Marek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Deep Learning and Formal Languages: Building Bridges",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3903",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3903",
    pages = "24--33",
    abstract = "We analyse Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to understand the significance of multiple LSTM layers. We argue that the Weighted Finite-state Automata (WFA) trained using a spectral learning algorithm are helpful to analyse RNNs. Our results suggest that multiple LSTM layers in RNNs help learning distributed hidden states, but have a smaller impact on the ability to learn long-term dependencies. The analysis is based on the empirical results, however relevant theory (whenever possible) was discussed to justify and support our conclusions.",
}
@inproceedings{mahalunkar-kelleher-2019-multi,
    title = "Multi-Element Long Distance Dependencies: Using {SP}k Languages to Explore the Characteristics of Long-Distance Dependencies",
    author = "Mahalunkar, Abhijit  and
      Kelleher, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Deep Learning and Formal Languages: Building Bridges",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3904",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3904",
    pages = "34--43",
    abstract = "In order to successfully model Long Distance Dependencies (LDDs) it is necessary to under-stand the full-range of the characteristics of the LDDs exhibited in a target dataset. In this paper, we use Strictly k-Piecewise languages to generate datasets with various properties. We then compute the characteristics of the LDDs in these datasets using mutual information and analyze the impact of factors such as (i) k, (ii) length of LDDs, (iii) vocabulary size, (iv) forbidden strings, and (v) dataset size. This analysis reveal that the number of interacting elements in a dependency is an important characteristic of LDDs. This leads us to the challenge of modelling multi-element long-distance dependencies. Our results suggest that attention mechanisms in neural networks may aide in modeling datasets with multi-element long-distance dependencies. However, we conclude that there is a need to develop more efficient attention mechanisms to address this issue.",
}
@inproceedings{suzgun-etal-2019-lstm,
    title = "{LSTM} Networks Can Perform Dynamic Counting",
    author = "Suzgun, Mirac  and
      Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      Shieber, Stuart  and
      Gehrmann, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Deep Learning and Formal Languages: Building Bridges",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-3905",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-3905",
    pages = "44--54",
    abstract = "In this paper, we systematically assess the ability of standard recurrent networks to perform dynamic counting and to encode hierarchical representations. All the neural models in our experiments are designed to be small-sized networks both to prevent them from memorizing the training sets and to visualize and interpret their behaviour at test time. Our results demonstrate that the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks can learn to recognize the well-balanced parenthesis language (Dyck-1) and the shuffles of multiple Dyck-1 languages, each defined over different parenthesis-pairs, by emulating simple real-time k-counter machines. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first study to introduce the shuffle languages to analyze the computational power of neural networks. We also show that a single-layer LSTM with only one hidden unit is practically sufficient for recognizing the Dyck-1 language. However, none of our recurrent networks was able to yield a good performance on the Dyck-2 language learning task, which requires a model to have a stack-like mechanism for recognition.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-linguistic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    author = "Friedrich, Annemarie  and
      Zeyrek, Deniz  and
      Hoek, Jet",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4000",
}
@inproceedings{ulinski-hirschberg-2019-crowdsourced,
    title = "Crowdsourced Hedge Term Disambiguation",
    author = "Ulinski, Morgan  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4001",
    pages = "1--5",
    abstract = "We address the issue of acquiring quality annotations of hedging words and phrases, linguistic phenomenona in which words, sounds, or other constructions are used to express ambiguity or uncertainty. Due to the limited availability of existing corpora annotated for hedging, linguists and other language scientists have been constrained as to the extent they can study this phenomenon. In this paper, we introduce a new method of acquiring hedging annotations via crowdsourcing, based on reformulating the task of labeling hedges as a simple word sense disambiguation task. We also introduce a new hedging corpus we have constructed by applying this method, a collection of forum posts annotated using Amazon Mechanical Turk. We found that the crowdsourced judgments we obtained had an inter-annotator agreement of 92.89{\%} (Fleiss{'} Kappa=0.751) and, when comparing a subset of these annotations to an expert-annotated gold standard, an accuracy of 96.65{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{lechelle-etal-2019-wire57,
    title = "{W}i{R}e57 : A Fine-Grained Benchmark for Open Information Extraction",
    author = "Lechelle, William  and
      Gotti, Fabrizio  and
      Langlais, Phillippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4002",
    pages = "6--15",
    abstract = "We build a reference for the task of Open Information Extraction, on five documents. We tentatively resolve a number of issues that arise, including coreference and granularity, and we take steps toward addressing inference, a significant problem. We seek to better pinpoint the requirements for the task. We produce our annotation guidelines specifying what is correct to extract and what is not. In turn, we use this reference to score existing Open IE systems. We address the non-trivial problem of evaluating the extractions produced by systems against the reference tuples, and share our evaluation script. Among seven compared extractors, we find the MinIE system to perform best.",
}
@inproceedings{yung-etal-2019-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing Discourse Relation Annotations by a Two-Step Connective Insertion Task",
    author = "Yung, Frances  and
      Demberg, Vera  and
      Scholman, Merel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4003",
    pages = "16--25",
    abstract = "The perspective of being able to crowd-source coherence relations bears the promise of acquiring annotations for new texts quickly, which could then increase the size and variety of discourse-annotated corpora. It would also open the avenue to answering new research questions: Collecting annotations from a larger number of individuals per instance would allow to investigate the distribution of inferred relations, and to study individual differences in coherence relation interpretation. However, annotating coherence relations with untrained workers is not trivial. We here propose a novel two-step annotation procedure, which extends an earlier method by Scholman and Demberg (2017a). In our approach, coherence relation labels are inferred from connectives that workers insert into the text. We show that the proposed method leads to replicable coherence annotations, and analyse the agreement between the obtained relation labels and annotations from PDTB and RSTDT on the same texts.",
}
@inproceedings{gold-etal-2019-annotating,
    title = "Annotating and analyzing the interactions between meaning relations",
    author = "Gold, Darina  and
      Kovatchev, Venelin  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4004",
    pages = "26--36",
    abstract = "Pairs of sentences, phrases, or other text pieces can hold semantic relations such as paraphrasing, textual entailment, contradiction, specificity, and semantic similarity. These relations are usually studied in isolation and no dataset exists where they can be compared empirically. Here we present a corpus annotated with these relations and the analysis of these results. The corpus contains 520 sentence pairs, annotated with these relations. We measure the annotation reliability of each individual relation and we examine their interactions and correlations. Among the unexpected results revealed by our analysis is that the traditionally considered direct relationship between paraphrasing and bi-directional entailment does not hold in our data.",
}
@inproceedings{evang-etal-2019-ccgweb,
    title = "{CCG}web: a New Annotation Tool and a First Quadrilingual {CCG} Treebank",
    author = "Evang, Kilian  and
      Abzianidze, Lasha  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4005",
    pages = "37--42",
    abstract = "We present the first open-source graphical annotation tool for combinatory categorial grammar (CCG), and the first set of detailed guidelines for syntactic annotation with CCG, for four languages: English, German, Italian, and Dutch. We also release a parallel pilot CCG treebank based on these guidelines, with 4x100 adjudicated sentences, 10K single-annotator fully corrected sentences, and 82K single-annotator partially corrected sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{laarmann-quante-etal-2019-making,
    title = "The making of the Litkey Corpus, a richly annotated longitudinal corpus of {G}erman texts written by primary school children",
    author = "Laarmann-Quante, Ronja  and
      Dipper, Stefanie  and
      Belke, Eva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4006",
    pages = "43--55",
    abstract = "To date, corpus and computational linguistic work on written language acquisition has mostly dealt with second language learners who have usually already mastered orthography acquisition in their first language. In this paper, we present the Litkey Corpus, a richly-annotated longitudinal corpus of written texts produced by primary school children in Germany from grades 2 to 4. The paper focuses on the (semi-)automatic annotation procedure at various linguistic levels, which include POS tags, features of the word-internal structure (phonemes, syllables, morphemes) and key orthographic features of the target words as well as a categorization of spelling errors. Comprehensive evaluations show that high accuracy was achieved on all levels, making the Litkey Corpus a useful resource for corpus-based research on literacy acquisition of German primary school children and for developing NLP tools for educational purposes. The corpus is freely available under https://www.linguistics.rub.de/litkeycorpus/.",
}
@inproceedings{mysore-etal-2019-materials,
    title = "The Materials Science Procedural Text Corpus: Annotating Materials Synthesis Procedures with Shallow Semantic Structures",
    author = "Mysore, Sheshera  and
      Jensen, Zachary  and
      Kim, Edward  and
      Huang, Kevin  and
      Chang, Haw-Shiuan  and
      Strubell, Emma  and
      Flanigan, Jeffrey  and
      McCallum, Andrew  and
      Olivetti, Elsa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4007",
    pages = "56--64",
    abstract = "Materials science literature contains millions of materials synthesis procedures described in unstructured natural language text. Large-scale analysis of these synthesis procedures would facilitate deeper scientific understanding of materials synthesis and enable automated synthesis planning. Such analysis requires extracting structured representations of synthesis procedures from the raw text as a first step. To facilitate the training and evaluation of synthesis extraction models, we introduce a dataset of 230 synthesis procedures annotated by domain experts with labeled graphs that express the semantics of the synthesis sentences. The nodes in this graph are synthesis operations and their typed arguments, and labeled edges specify relations between the nodes. We describe this new resource in detail and highlight some specific challenges to annotating scientific text with shallow semantic structure. We make the corpus available to the community to promote further research and development of scientific information extraction systems.",
}
@inproceedings{tjuka-etal-2019-tagging,
    title = "Tagging modality in Oceanic languages of Melanesia",
    author = "Tjuka, Annika  and
      Wei{\ss}mann, Lena  and
      von Prince, Kilu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4008",
    pages = "65--70",
    abstract = "Primary data from small, low-resource languages of Oceania have only recently become available through language documentation. In our study, we explore corpus data of five Oceanic languages of Melanesia which are known to be mood-prominent (in the sense of Bhat, 1999). In order to find out more about tense, aspect, modality, and polarity, we tagged these categories in a subset of our corpora. For the category of modality, we developed a novel tag set (MelaTAMP, 2017), which categorizes clauses into factual, possible, and counterfactual. Based on an analysis of the inter-annotator consistency, we argue that our tag set for the modal domain is efficient for our subject languages and might be useful for other languages and purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{mambrini-passarotti-2019-harmonizing,
    title = "Harmonizing Different Lemmatization Strategies for Building a Knowledge Base of Linguistic Resources for {L}atin",
    author = "Mambrini, Francesco  and
      Passarotti, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4009",
    pages = "71--80",
    abstract = "The interoperability between lemmatized corpora of Latin and other resources that use the lemma as indexing key is hampered by the multiple lemmatization strategies that different projects adopt. In this paper we discuss how we tackle the challenges raised by harmonizing different lemmatization criteria in the context of a project that aims to connect linguistic resources for Latin using the Linked Data paradigm. The paper introduces the architecture supporting an open-ended, lemma-based Knowledge Base, built to make textual and lexical resources for Latin interoperable. Particularly, the paper describes the inclusion into the Knowledge Base of its lexical basis, of a word formation lexicon and of a lemmatized and syntactically annotated corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{monsalve-etal-2019-assessing,
    title = "Assessing Back-Translation as a Corpus Generation Strategy for non-{E}nglish Tasks: A Study in Reading Comprehension and Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Monsalve, Fabricio  and
      Rivas Rojas, Kervy  and
      Sobrevilla Cabezudo, Marco Antonio  and
      Oncevay, Arturo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4010",
    pages = "81--89",
    abstract = "Corpora curated by experts have sustained Natural Language Processing mainly in English, but the expensiveness of corpora creation is a barrier for the development in further languages. Thus, we propose a corpus generation strategy that only requires a machine translation system between English and the target language in both directions, where we filter the best translations by computing automatic translation metrics and the task performance score. By studying Reading Comprehension in Spanish and Word Sense Disambiguation in Portuguese, we identified that a more quality-oriented metric has high potential in the corpora selection without degrading the task performance. We conclude that it is possible to systematise the building of quality corpora using machine translation and automatic metrics, besides some prior effort to clean and process the data.",
}
@inproceedings{casey-etal-2019-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Annotating {`}Related Works{'} to Support Feedback to Novice Writers",
    author = "Casey, Arlene  and
      Webber, Bonnie  and
      Glowacka, Dorota",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4011",
    pages = "90--99",
    abstract = "Understanding what is expected of academic writing can be difficult for novice writers to assimilate, and recent years have seen several automated tools become available to support academic writing. Our work presents a framework for annotating features of the Related Work section of academic writing, that supports writer feedback.",
}
@inproceedings{lawrence-etal-2019-online,
    title = "An Online Annotation Assistant for Argument Schemes",
    author = "Lawrence, John  and
      Visser, Jacky  and
      Reed, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4012",
    pages = "100--107",
    abstract = "Understanding the inferential principles underpinning an argument is essential to the proper interpretation and evaluation of persuasive discourse. Argument schemes capture the conventional patterns of reasoning appealed to in persuasion. The empirical study of these patterns relies on the availability of data about the actual use of argumentation in communicative practice. Annotated corpora of argument schemes, however, are scarce, small, and unrepresentative. Aiming to address this issue, we present one step in the development of improved datasets by integrating the Argument Scheme Key {--} a novel annotation method based on one of the most popular typologies of argument schemes {--} into the widely used OVA software for argument analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{dobrovoljc-2019-annotating,
    title = "Annotating formulaic sequences in spoken {S}lovenian: structure, function and relevance",
    author = "Dobrovoljc, Kaja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4013",
    pages = "108--112",
    abstract = "This paper presents the identification of formulaic sequences in the reference corpus of spoken Slovenian and their annotation in terms of syntactic structure, pragmatic function and lexicographic relevance. The annotation campaign, specific in terms of setting, subjectivity and the multifunctionality of items under investigation, resulted in a preliminary lexicon of formulaic sequences in spoken Slovenian with immediate potential for future explorations in formulaic language research. This is especially relevant for the notable number of identified multi-word expressions with discourse-structuring and stance-marking functions, which have often been overlooked by traditional phraseology research.",
}
@inproceedings{de-kuthy-etal-2019-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Information Structure in {I}talian: Characteristics and Cross-Linguistic Applicability of a {QUD}-Based Approach",
    author = "De Kuthy, Kordula  and
      Brunetti, Lisa  and
      Berardi, Marta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4014",
    pages = "113--123",
    abstract = "We present a discourse annotation study, in which an annotation method based on Questions under Discussion (QuD) is applied to Italian data. The results of our inter-annotator agreement analysis show that the QUD-based approach, originally spelled out for English and German, can successfully be transferred cross-linguistically, supporting good agree- ment for the annotation of central information structure notions such as focus and non-at-issueness. Our annotation and inter- annotator agreement study on Italian authentic data confirms the cross-linguistic applicability of the QuD-based approach.",
}
@inproceedings{spala-etal-2019-deft,
    title = "{DEFT}: A corpus for definition extraction in free- and semi-structured text",
    author = "Spala, Sasha  and
      Miller, Nicholas A.  and
      Yang, Yiming  and
      Dernoncourt, Franck  and
      Dockhorn, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4015",
    pages = "124--131",
    abstract = "Definition extraction has been a popular topic in NLP research for well more than a decade, but has been historically limited to well-defined, structured, and narrow conditions. In reality, natural language is messy, and messy data requires both complex solutions and data that reflects that reality. In this paper, we present a robust English corpus and annotation schema that allows us to explore the less straightforward examples of term-definition structures in free and semi-structured text.",
}
@inproceedings{kalouli-etal-2019-explaining,
    title = "Explaining Simple Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Kalouli, Aikaterini-Lida  and
      Buis, Annebeth  and
      Real, Livy  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      dePaiva, Valeria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4016",
    pages = "132--143",
    abstract = "The vast amount of research introducing new corpora and techniques for semi-automatically annotating corpora shows the important role that datasets play in today{'}s research, especially in the machine learning community. This rapid development raises concerns about the quality of the datasets created and consequently of the models trained, as recently discussed with respect to the Natural Language Inference (NLI) task. In this work we conduct an annotation experiment based on a small subset of the SICK corpus. The experiment reveals several problems in the annotation guidelines, and various challenges of the NLI task itself. Our quantitative evaluation of the experiment allows us to assign our empirical observations to specific linguistic phenomena and leads us to recommendations for future annotation tasks, for NLI and possibly for other tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{rehbein-2019-role,
    title = "On the role of discourse relations in persuasive texts",
    author = "Rehbein, Ines",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4017",
    pages = "144--154",
    abstract = "This paper investigates the use of explicitly signalled discourse relations in persuasive texts. We present a corpus study where we control for speaker and topic and show that the distribution of different discourse connectives varies considerably across different discourse settings. While this variation can be explained by genre differences, we also observe variation regarding the distribution of discourse relations across different settings. This variation, however, cannot be easily explained by genre differences. We argue that the differences regarding the use of discourse relations reflects different strategies of persuasion and that these might be due to audience design.",
}
@inproceedings{indig-etal-2019-one,
    title = "One format to rule them all {--} The emtsv pipeline for {H}ungarian",
    author = "Indig, Bal{\'a}zs  and
      Sass, B{\'a}lint  and
      Simon, Eszter  and
      Mittelholcz, Iv{\'a}n  and
      Vad{\'a}sz, No{\'e}mi  and
      Makrai, M{\'a}rton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4018",
    pages = "155--165",
    abstract = "We present a more efficient version of the e-magyar NLP pipeline for Hungarian called emtsv. It integrates Hungarian NLP tools in a framework whose individual modules can be developed or replaced independently and allows new ones to be added. The design also allows convenient investigation and manual correction of the data flow from one module to another. The improvements we publish include effective communication between the modules and support of the use of individual modules both in the chain and standing alone. Our goals are accomplished using extended tsv (tab separated values) files, a simple, uniform, generic and self-documenting input/output format. Our vision is maintaining the system for a long time and making it easier for external developers to fit their own modules into the system, thus sharing existing competencies in the field of processing Hungarian, a mid-resourced language. The source code is available under LGPL 3.0 license at https://github.com/dlt-rilmta/emtsv .",
}
@inproceedings{turk-etal-2019-turkish,
    title = "{T}urkish Treebanking: Unifying and Constructing Efforts",
    author = {T{\"u}rk, Utku  and
      Atmaca, Furkan  and
      {\"O}zate{\c{s}}, {\c{S}}aziye Bet{\"u}l  and
      K{\"o}ksal, Abdullatif  and
      Ozturk Basaran, Balkiz  and
      Gungor, Tunga  and
      {\"O}zg{\"u}r, Arzucan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4019",
    pages = "166--177",
    abstract = {In this paper, we present the current version of two different treebanks, the re-annotation of the Turkish PUD Treebank and the first annotation of the Turkish National Corpus Universal Dependency (henceforth TNC-UD). The annotation of both treebanks, the Turkish PUD Treebank and TNC-UD, was carried out based on the decisions concerning linguistic adequacy of re-annotation of the Turkish IMST-UD Treebank (T{\"u}rk et. al., forthcoming). Both of the treebanks were annotated with the same annotation process and morphological and syntactic analyses. The TNC-UD is planned to have 10,000 sentences. In this paper, we will present the first 500 sentences along with the annotation PUD Treebank. Moreover, this paper also offers the parsing results of a graph-based neural parser on the previous and re-annotated PUD, as well as the TNC-UD. In light of the comparisons, even though we observe a slight decrease in the attachment scores of the Turkish PUD treebank, we demonstrate that the annotation of the TNC-UD improves the parsing accuracy of Turkish. In addition to the treebanks, we have also constructed a custom annotation software with advanced filtering and morphological editing options. Both the treebanks, including a full edit-history and the annotation guidelines, and the custom software are publicly available under an open license online.},
}
@inproceedings{pal-sharma-2019-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset for Semantic Role Labelling of {H}indi-{E}nglish Code-Mixed Tweets",
    author = "Pal, Riya  and
      Sharma, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4020",
    pages = "178--188",
    abstract = "We present a data set of 1460 Hindi-English code-mixed tweets consisting of 20,949 tokens labelled with Proposition Bank labels marking their semantic roles. We created verb frames for complex predicates present in the corpus and formulated mappings from Paninian dependency labels to Proposition Bank labels. With the help of these mappings and the dependency tree, we propose a baseline rule based system for Semantic Role Labelling of Hindi-English code-mixed data. We obtain an accuracy of 96.74{\%} for Argument Identification and are able to further classify 73.93{\%} of the labels correctly. While there is relevant ongoing research on Semantic Role Labelling and on building tools for code-mixed social media data, this is the first attempt at labelling semantic roles in code-mixed data, to the best of our knowledge.",
}
@inproceedings{eckart-de-castilho-etal-2019-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Platform Annotation Ecosystem for Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Eckart de Castilho, Richard  and
      Ide, Nancy  and
      Kim, Jin-Dong  and
      Klie, Jan-Christoph  and
      Suderman, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4021",
    pages = "189--194",
    abstract = "This paper describes an ecosystem consisting of three independent text annotation platforms. To demonstrate their ability to work in concert, we illustrate how to use them to address an interactive domain adaptation task in biomedical entity recognition. The platforms and the approach are in general domain-independent and can be readily applied to other areas of science.",
}
@inproceedings{park-tyers-2019-new,
    title = "A New Annotation Scheme for the {S}ejong Part-of-speech Tagged Corpus",
    author = "Park, Jungyeul  and
      Tyers, Francis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4022",
    pages = "195--202",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a new annotation scheme for the Sejong part-of-speech tagged corpus based on Universal Dependencies style annotation. By using a new annotation scheme, we can produce Sejong-style morphological analysis and part-of-speech tagging results which have been the \textit{de facto} standard for Korean language processing. We also explore the possibility of doing named-entity recognition and semantic-role labelling for Korean using the new annotation scheme.",
}
@inproceedings{sezerer-etal-2019-turkish,
    title = "A {T}urkish Dataset for Gender Identification of Twitter Users",
    author = "Sezerer, Erhan  and
      Polatbilek, Ozan  and
      Tekir, Selma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4023",
    pages = "203--207",
    abstract = "Author profiling is the identification of an author{'}s gender, age, and language from his/her texts. With the increasing trend of using Twitter as a means to express thought, profiling the gender of an author from his/her tweets has become a challenge. Although several datasets in different languages have been released on this problem, there is still a need for multilingualism. In this work, we propose a dataset of tweets of Turkish Twitter users which are labeled with their gender information. The dataset has 3368 users in training set and 1924 users in test set where each user has 100 tweets. The dataset is publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{gooding-etal-2019-comparative,
    title = "Comparative judgments are more consistent than binary classification for labelling word complexity",
    author = "Gooding, Sian  and
      Kochmar, Ekaterina  and
      Sarkar, Advait  and
      Blackwell, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4024",
    pages = "208--214",
    abstract = "Lexical simplification systems replace complex words with simple ones based on a model of which words are complex in context. We explore how users can help train complex word identification models through labelling more efficiently and reliably. We show that using an interface where annotators make comparative rather than binary judgments leads to more reliable and consistent labels, and explore whether comparative judgments may provide a faster way for collecting labels.",
}
@inproceedings{lohr-etal-2019-continuous,
    title = "Continuous Quality Control and Advanced Text Segment Annotation with {WAT}-{SL} 2.0",
    author = "Lohr, Christina  and
      Kiesel, Johannes  and
      Luther, Stephanie  and
      Hellrich, Johannes  and
      Kolditz, Tobias  and
      Stein, Benno  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4025",
    pages = "215--219",
    abstract = "Today{'}s widely used annotation tools were designed for annotating typically short textual mentions of entities or relations, making their interface cumbersome to use for long(er) stretches of text, e.g, sentences running over several lines in a document. They also lack systematic support for hierarchically structured labels, i.e., one label being conceptually more general than another (e.g., anamnesis in relation to family anamnesis). Moreover, as a more fundamental shortcoming of today{'}s tools, they provide no continuous quality con trol mechanisms for the annotation process, an essential feature to intrinsically support iterative cycles in the development of annotation guidelines. We alleviated these problems by developing WAT-SL 2.0, an open-source web-based annotation tool for long-segment labeling, hierarchically structured label sets and built-ins for quality control.",
}
@inproceedings{novak-etal-2019-creation,
    title = "Creation of a corpus with semantic role labels for {H}ungarian",
    author = {Nov{\'a}k, Attila  and
      Laki, L{\'a}szl{\'o}  and
      Nov{\'a}k, Borb{\'a}la  and
      D{\"o}m{\"o}t{\"o}r, Andrea  and
      Ligeti-Nagy, No{\'e}mi  and
      Kalivoda, {\'A}gnes},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4026",
    pages = "220--229",
    abstract = "In this article, an ongoing research is presented, the immediate goal of which is to create a corpus annotated with semantic role labels for Hungarian that can be used to train a parser-based system capable of formulating relevant questions about the text it processes. We briefly describe the objectives of our research, our efforts at eliminating errors in the Hungarian Universal Dependencies corpus, which we use as the base of our annotation effort, at creating a Hungarian verbal argument database annotated with thematic roles, at classifying adjuncts, and at matching verbal argument frames to specific occurrences of verbs and participles in the corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{cruz-blandon-etal-2019-toward,
    title = "Toward Dialogue Modeling: A Semantic Annotation Scheme for Questions and Answers",
    author = "Cruz Bland{\'o}n, Mar{\'\i}a Andrea  and
      Minnema, Gosse  and
      Nourbakhsh, Aria  and
      Boritchev, Maria  and
      Amblard, Maxime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4027",
    pages = "230--235",
    abstract = "The present study proposes an annotation scheme for classifying the content and discourse contribution of question-answer pairs. We propose detailed guidelines for using the scheme and apply them to dialogues in English, Spanish, and Dutch. Finally, we report on initial machine learning experiments for automatic annotation.",
}
@inproceedings{sobrevilla-cabezudo-pardo-2019-towards,
    title = "Towards a General Abstract Meaning Representation Corpus for {B}razilian {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Sobrevilla Cabezudo, Marco Antonio  and
      Pardo, Thiago",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4028",
    pages = "236--244",
    abstract = "Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) is a recent and prominent semantic representation with good acceptance and several applications in the Natural Language Processing area. For English, there is a large annotated corpus (with approximately 39K sentences) that supports the research with the representation. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is only one restricted corpus for Portuguese, which contains 1,527 sentences. In this context, this paper presents an effort to build a general purpose AMR-annotated corpus for Brazilian Portuguese by translating and adapting AMR English guidelines. Our results show that such approach is feasible, but there are some challenging phenomena to solve. More than this, efforts are necessary to increase the coverage of the corresponding lexical resource that supports the annotation.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-nlp-conversational,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP for Conversational AI",
    author = "Chen, Yun-Nung  and
      Bedrax-Weiss, Tania  and
      Hakkani-Tur, Dilek  and
      Kumar, Anuj  and
      Lewis, Mike  and
      Luong, Thang-Minh  and
      Su, Pei-Hao  and
      Wen, Tsung-Hsien",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4100",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-etal-2019-repository,
    title = "A Repository of Conversational Datasets",
    author = "Henderson, Matthew  and
      Budzianowski, Pawe{\l}  and
      Casanueva, I{\~n}igo  and
      Coope, Sam  and
      Gerz, Daniela  and
      Kumar, Girish  and
      Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Spithourakis, Georgios  and
      Su, Pei-Hao  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Wen, Tsung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP for Conversational AI",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4101",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "Progress in Machine Learning is often driven by the availability of large datasets, and consistent evaluation metrics for comparing modeling approaches. To this end, we present a repository of conversational datasets consisting of hundreds of millions of examples, and a standardised evaluation procedure for conversational response selection models using 1-of-100 accuracy. The repository contains scripts that allow researchers to reproduce the standard datasets, or to adapt the pre-processing and data filtering steps to their needs. We introduce and evaluate several competitive baselines for conversational response selection, whose implementations are shared in the repository, as well as a neural encoder model that is trained on the entire training set.",
}
@inproceedings{ohsugi-etal-2019-simple,
    title = "A Simple but Effective Method to Incorporate Multi-turn Context with {BERT} for Conversational Machine Comprehension",
    author = "Ohsugi, Yasuhito  and
      Saito, Itsumi  and
      Nishida, Kyosuke  and
      Asano, Hisako  and
      Tomita, Junji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP for Conversational AI",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4102",
    pages = "11--17",
    abstract = "Conversational machine comprehension (CMC) requires understanding the context of multi-turn dialogue. Using BERT, a pretraining language model, has been successful for single-turn machine comprehension, while modeling multiple turns of question answering with BERT has not been established because BERT has a limit on the number and the length of input sequences. In this paper, we propose a simple but effective method with BERT for CMC. Our method uses BERT to encode a paragraph independently conditioned with each question and each answer in a multi-turn context. Then, the method predicts an answer on the basis of the paragraph representations encoded with BERT. The experiments with representative CMC datasets, QuAC and CoQA, show that our method outperformed recently published methods (+0.8 F1 on QuAC and +2.1 F1 on CoQA). In addition, we conducted a detailed analysis of the effects of the number and types of dialogue history on the accuracy of CMC, and we found that the gold answer history, which may not be given in an actual conversation, contributed to the model performance most on both datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{dziri-etal-2019-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting Neural Response Generation with Context-Aware Topical Attention",
    author = "Dziri, Nouha  and
      Kamalloo, Ehsan  and
      Mathewson, Kory  and
      Zaiane, Osmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP for Conversational AI",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4103",
    pages = "18--31",
    abstract = "Sequence-to-Sequence (Seq2Seq) models have witnessed a notable success in generating natural conversational exchanges. Notwithstanding the syntactically well-formed responses generated by these neural network models, they are prone to be acontextual, short and generic. In this work, we introduce a Topical Hierarchical Recurrent Encoder Decoder (THRED), a novel, fully data-driven, multi-turn response generation system intended to produce contextual and topic-aware responses. Our model is built upon the basic Seq2Seq model by augmenting it with a hierarchical joint attention mechanism that incorporates topical concepts and previous interactions into the response generation. To train our model, we provide a clean and high-quality conversational dataset mined from Reddit comments. We evaluate THRED on two novel automated metrics, dubbed Semantic Similarity and Response Echo Index, as well as with human evaluation. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed model is able to generate more diverse and contextually relevant responses compared to the strong baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{swanson-etal-2019-building,
    title = "Building a Production Model for Retrieval-Based Chatbots",
    author = "Swanson, Kyle  and
      Yu, Lili  and
      Fox, Christopher  and
      Wohlwend, Jeremy  and
      Lei, Tao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP for Conversational AI",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4104",
    pages = "32--41",
    abstract = "Response suggestion is an important task for building human-computer conversation systems. Recent approaches to conversation modeling have introduced new model architectures with impressive results, but relatively little attention has been paid to whether these models would be practical in a production setting. In this paper, we describe the unique challenges of building a production retrieval-based conversation system, which selects outputs from a whitelist of candidate responses. To address these challenges, we propose a dual encoder architecture which performs rapid inference and scales well with the size of the whitelist. We also introduce and compare two methods for generating whitelists, and we carry out a comprehensive analysis of the model and whitelists. Experimental results on a large, proprietary help desk chat dataset, including both offline metrics and a human evaluation, indicate production-quality performance and illustrate key lessons about conversation modeling in practice.",
}
@inproceedings{hamalainen-honkela-2019-co,
    title = "Co-Operation as an Asymmetric Form of Human-Computer Creativity. Case: Peace Machine",
    author = {H{\"a}m{\"a}l{\"a}inen, Mika  and
      Honkela, Timo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP for Conversational AI",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4105",
    pages = "42--50",
    abstract = "This theoretical paper identifies a need for a definition of asymmetric co-creativity where creativity is expected from the computational agent but not from the human user. Our co-operative creativity framework takes into account that the computational agent has a message to convey in a co-operative fashion, which introduces a trade-off on how creative the computer can be. The requirements of co-operation are identified from an interdisciplinary point of view. We divide co-operative creativity in message creativity, contextual creativity and communicative creativity. Finally these notions are applied in the context of the Peace Machine system concept.",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-etal-2019-conversational,
    title = "Conversational Response Re-ranking Based on Event Causality and Role Factored Tensor Event Embedding",
    author = "Tanaka, Shohei  and
      Yoshino, Koichiro  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP for Conversational AI",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4106",
    pages = "51--59",
    abstract = "We propose a novel method for selecting coherent and diverse responses for a given dialogue context. The proposed method re-ranks response candidates generated from conversational models by using event causality relations between events in a dialogue history and response candidates (e.g., {``}be stressed out{''} precedes {``}relieve stress{''}). We use distributed event representation based on the Role Factored Tensor Model for a robust matching of event causality relations due to limited event causality knowledge of the system. Experimental results showed that the proposed method improved coherency and dialogue continuity of system responses.",
}
@inproceedings{gunasekara-etal-2019-dstc7,
    title = "{DSTC}7 Task 1: Noetic End-to-End Response Selection",
    author = "Gunasekara, Chulaka  and
      Kummerfeld, Jonathan K.  and
      Polymenakos, Lazaros  and
      Lasecki, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP for Conversational AI",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4107",
    pages = "60--67",
    abstract = "Goal-oriented dialogue in complex domains is an extremely challenging problem and there are relatively few datasets. This task provided two new resources that presented different challenges: one was focused but small, while the other was large but diverse. We also considered several new variations on the next utterance selection problem: (1) increasing the number of candidates, (2) including paraphrases, and (3) not including a correct option in the candidate set. Twenty teams participated, developing a range of neural network models, including some that successfully incorporated external data to boost performance. Both datasets have been publicly released, enabling future work to build on these results, working towards robust goal-oriented dialogue systems.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2019-end,
    title = "End-to-End Neural Context Reconstruction in {C}hinese Dialogue",
    author = "Yang, Wei  and
      Qiao, Rui  and
      Qin, Haocheng  and
      Sun, Amy  and
      Tan, Luchen  and
      Xiong, Kun  and
      Li, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP for Conversational AI",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4108",
    pages = "68--76",
    abstract = "We tackle the problem of context reconstruction in Chinese dialogue, where the task is to replace pronouns, zero pronouns, and other referring expressions with their referent nouns so that sentences can be processed in isolation without context. Following a standard decomposition of the context reconstruction task into referring expression detection and coreference resolution, we propose a novel end-to-end architecture for separately and jointly accomplishing this task. Key features of this model include POS and position encoding using CNNs and a novel pronoun masking mechanism. One perennial problem in building such models is the paucity of training data, which we address by augmenting previously-proposed methods to generate a large amount of realistic training data. The combination of more data and better models yields accuracy higher than the state-of-the-art method in coreference resolution and end-to-end context reconstruction.",
}
@inproceedings{trinh-etal-2019-energy,
    title = "Energy-Based Modelling for Dialogue State Tracking",
    author = "Trinh, Anh Duong  and
      Ross, Robert  and
      Kelleher, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP for Conversational AI",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4109",
    pages = "77--86",
    abstract = "The uncertainties of language and the complexity of dialogue contexts make accurate dialogue state tracking one of the more challenging aspects of dialogue processing. To improve state tracking quality, we argue that relationships between different aspects of dialogue state must be taken into account as they can often guide a more accurate interpretation process. To this end, we present an energy-based approach to dialogue state tracking as a structured classification task. The novelty of our approach lies in the use of an energy network on top of a deep learning architecture to explore more signal correlations between network variables including input features and output labels. We demonstrate that the energy-based approach improves the performance of a deep learning dialogue state tracker towards state-of-the-art results without the need for many of the other steps required by current state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{kuksenok-martyniv-2019-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation and Improvement of Chatbot Text Classification Data Quality Using Plausible Negative Examples",
    author = "Kuksenok, Kit  and
      Martyniv, Andriy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP for Conversational AI",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4110",
    pages = "87--95",
    abstract = "We describe and validate a metric for estimating multi-class classifier performance based on cross-validation and adapted for improvement of small, unbalanced natural-language datasets used in chatbot design. Our experiences draw upon building recruitment chatbots that mediate communication between job-seekers and recruiters by exposing the ML/NLP dataset to the recruiting team. Evaluation approaches must be understandable to various stakeholders, and useful for improving chatbot performance. The metric, nex-cv, uses negative examples in the evaluation of text classification, and fulfils three requirements. First, it is actionable: it can be used by non-developer staff. Second, it is not overly optimistic compared to human ratings, making it a fast method for comparing classifiers. Third, it allows model-agnostic comparison, making it useful for comparing systems despite implementation differences. We validate the metric based on seven recruitment-domain datasets in English and German over the course of one year.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Long Distance Slot Carryover in Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Chen, Tongfei  and
      Naik, Chetan  and
      He, Hua  and
      Rastogi, Pushpendre  and
      Mathias, Lambert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP for Conversational AI",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4111",
    pages = "96--105",
    abstract = "Tracking the state of the conversation is a central component in task-oriented spoken dialogue systems. One such approach for tracking the dialogue state is slot carryover, where a model makes a binary decision if a slot from the context is relevant to the current turn. Previous work on the slot carryover task used models that made independent decisions for each slot. A close analysis of the results show that this approach results in poor performance over longer context dialogues. In this paper, we propose to jointly model the slots. We propose two neural network architectures, one based on pointer networks that incorporate slot ordering information, and the other based on transformer networks that uses self attention mechanism to model the slot interdependencies. Our experiments on an internal dialogue benchmark dataset and on the public DSTC2 dataset demonstrate that our proposed models are able to resolve longer distance slot references and are able to achieve competitive performance.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2019-insights,
    title = "Insights from Building an Open-Ended Conversational Agent",
    author = "Gupta, Khyatti  and
      Joshi, Meghana  and
      Chatterjee, Ankush  and
      Damani, Sonam  and
      Narahari, Kedhar Nath  and
      Agrawal, Puneet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP for Conversational AI",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4112",
    pages = "106--112",
    abstract = "Dialogue systems and conversational agents are becoming increasingly popular in modern society. We conceptualized one such conversational agent, Microsoft{'}s {``}Ruuh{''} with the promise to be able to talk to its users on any subject they choose. Building an open-ended conversational agent like Ruuh at onset seems like a daunting task, since the agent needs to think beyond the utilitarian notion of merely generating {``}relevant{''} responses and meet a wider range of user social needs, like expressing happiness when user{'}s favourite sports team wins, sharing a cute comment on showing the pictures of the user{'}s pet and so on. The agent also needs to detect and respond to abusive language, sensitive topics and trolling behaviour of the users. Many of these problems pose significant research challenges as well as product design limitations as one needs to circumnavigate the technical limitations to create an acceptable user experience. However, as the product reaches the real users the true test begins, and one realizes the challenges and opportunities that lie in the vast domain of conversations. With over 2.5 million real-world users till date who have generated over 300 million user conversations with Ruuh, there is a plethora of learning, insights and opportunities that we will talk about in this paper.",
}
@inproceedings{nie-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning to Explain: Answering Why-Questions via Rephrasing",
    author = "Nie, Allen  and
      Bennett, Erin  and
      Goodman, Noah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP for Conversational AI",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4113",
    pages = "113--120",
    abstract = "Providing plausible responses to why questions is a challenging but critical goal for language based human-machine interaction. Explanations are challenging in that they require many different forms of abstract knowledge and reasoning. Previous work has either relied on human-curated structured knowledge bases or detailed domain representation to generate satisfactory explanations. They are also often limited to ranking pre-existing explanation choices. In our work, we contribute to the under-explored area of generating natural language explanations for general phenomena. We automatically collect large datasets of explanation-phenomenon pairs which allow us to train sequence-to-sequence models to generate natural language explanations. We compare different training strategies and evaluate their performance using both automatic scores and human ratings. We demonstrate that our strategy is sufficient to generate highly plausible explanations for general open-domain phenomena compared to other models trained on different datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{olabiyi-etal-2019-multi,
    title = "Multi-turn Dialogue Response Generation in an Adversarial Learning Framework",
    author = "Olabiyi, Oluwatobi  and
      Salimov, Alan O  and
      Khazane, Anish  and
      Mueller, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP for Conversational AI",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4114",
    pages = "121--132",
    abstract = "We propose an adversarial learning approach for generating multi-turn dialogue responses. Our proposed framework, hredGAN, is based on conditional generative adversarial networks (GANs). The GAN{'}s generator is a modified hierarchical recurrent encoder-decoder network (HRED) and the discriminator is a word-level bidirectional RNN that shares context and word embeddings with the generator. During inference, noise samples conditioned on the dialogue history are used to perturb the generator{'}s latent space to generate several possible responses. The final response is the one ranked best by the discriminator. The hredGAN shows improved performance over existing methods: (1) it generalizes better than networks trained using only the log-likelihood criterion, and (2) it generates longer, more informative and more diverse responses with high utterance and topic relevance even with limited training data. This performance improvement is demonstrated on the Movie triples and Ubuntu dialogue datasets with both the automatic and human evaluations.",
}
@inproceedings{takayama-arase-2019-relevant,
    title = "Relevant and Informative Response Generation using Pointwise Mutual Information",
    author = "Takayama, Junya  and
      Arase, Yuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP for Conversational AI",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4115",
    pages = "133--138",
    abstract = "A sequence-to-sequence model tends to generate generic responses with little information for input utterances. To solve this problem, we propose a neural model that generates relevant and informative responses. Our model has simple architecture to enable easy application to existing neural dialogue models. Specifically, using positive pointwise mutual information, it first identifies keywords that frequently co-occur in responses given an utterance. Then, the model encourages the decoder to use the keywords for response generation. Experiment results demonstrate that our model successfully diversifies responses relative to previous models.",
}
@inproceedings{chikai-etal-2019-responsive,
    title = "Responsive and Self-Expressive Dialogue Generation",
    author = "Chikai, Kozo  and
      Takayama, Junya  and
      Arase, Yuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP for Conversational AI",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4116",
    pages = "139--149",
    abstract = "A neural conversation model is a promising approach to develop dialogue systems with the ability of chit-chat. It allows training a model in an end-to-end manner without complex rule design nor feature engineering. However, as a side effect, the neural model tends to generate safe but uninformative and insensitive responses like {``}OK{''} and {``}I don{'}t know.{''} Such replies are called generic responses and regarded as a critical problem for user-engagement of dialogue systems. For a more engaging chit-chat experience, we propose a neural conversation model that generates responsive and self-expressive replies. Specifically, our model generates domain-aware and sentiment-rich responses. Experiments empirically confirmed that our model outperformed the sequence-to-sequence model; 68.1{\%} of our responses were domain-aware with sentiment polarities, which was only 2.7{\%} for responses generated by the sequence-to-sequence model.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-research,
    title = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    author = "Nicolai, Garrett  and
      Cotterell, Ryan",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4200",
}
@inproceedings{madsack-weissgraeber-2019-ax,
    title = "{AX} Semantics{'} Submission to the {SIGMORPHON} 2019 Shared Task",
    author = "Madsack, Andreas  and
      Wei{\ss}graeber, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4201",
    pages = "1--5",
    abstract = "This paper describes the AX Semantics{'} submission to the SIGMORPHON 2019 shared task on morphological reinflection. We implemented two systems, both tackling the task for all languages in one codebase, without any underlying language specific features. The first one is an encoder-decoder model using AllenNLP; the second system uses the same model modified by a custom trainer that trains only with the target language resources after a specific threshold. We especially focused on building an implementation using AllenNLP with out-of-the-box methods to facilitate easy operation and reuse.",
}
@inproceedings{hauer-etal-2019-cognate,
    title = "Cognate Projection for Low-Resource Inflection Generation",
    author = "Hauer, Bradley  and
      Habibi, Amir Ahmad  and
      Luan, Yixing  and
      Riyadh, Rashed Rubby  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4202",
    pages = "6--11",
    abstract = "We propose cognate projection as a method of crosslingual transfer for inflection generation in the context of the SIGMORPHON 2019 Shared Task. The results on four language pairs show the method is effective when no low-resource training data is available.",
}
@inproceedings{kondratyuk-2019-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Lemmatization and Morphology Tagging with Two-Stage Multilingual {BERT} Fine-Tuning",
    author = "Kondratyuk, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4203",
    pages = "12--18",
    abstract = "We present our CHARLES-SAARLAND system for the SIGMORPHON 2019 Shared Task on Crosslinguality and Context in Morphology, in task 2, Morphological Analysis and Lemmatization in Context. We leverage the multilingual BERT model and apply several fine-tuning strategies introduced by UDify demonstrating exceptional evaluation performance on morpho-syntactic tasks. Our results show that fine-tuning multilingual BERT on the concatenation of all available treebanks allows the model to learn cross-lingual information that is able to boost lemmatization and morphology tagging accuracy over fine-tuning it purely monolingually. Unlike UDify, however, we show that when paired with additional character-level and word-level LSTM layers, a second stage of fine-tuning on each treebank individually can improve evaluation even further. Out of all submissions for this shared task, our system achieves the highest average accuracy and f1 score in morphology tagging and places second in average lemmatization accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{shadikhodjaev-lee-2019-cbnu,
    title = "{CBNU} System for {SIGMORPHON} 2019 Shared Task 2: a Pipeline Model",
    author = "Shadikhodjaev, Uygun  and
      Lee, Jae Sung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4204",
    pages = "19--24",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe our system for morphological analysis and lemmatization in context, using a transformer-based sequence to sequence model and a biaffine attention based BiLSTM model. First, a lemma is produced for a given word, and then both the lemma and the given word are used for morphological analysis. We also make use of character level word encodings and trainable encodings to improve accuracy. Overall, our system ranked fifth in lemmatization and sixth in morphological accuracy among twelve systems, and demonstrated considerable improvements over the baseline in morphological analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{yildiz-tantug-2019-morpheus,
    title = "{M}orpheus: A Neural Network for Jointly Learning Contextual Lemmatization and Morphological Tagging",
    author = {Yildiz, Eray  and
      Tantu{\u{g}}, A. C{\"u}neyd},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4205",
    pages = "25--34",
    abstract = "In this study, we present Morpheus, a joint contextual lemmatizer and morphological tagger. Morpheus is based on a neural sequential architecture where inputs are the characters of the surface words in a sentence and the outputs are the minimum edit operations between surface words and their lemmata as well as the morphological tags assigned to the words. The experiments on the datasets in nearly 100 languages provided by SigMorphon 2019 Shared Task 2 organizers show that the performance of Morpheus is comparable to the state-of-the-art system in terms of lemmatization. In morphological tagging, on the other hand, Morpheus significantly outperforms the SigMorphon baseline. In our experiments, we also show that the neural encoder-decoder architecture trained to predict the minimum edit operations can produce considerably better results than the architecture trained to predict the characters in lemmata directly as in previous studies. According to the SigMorphon 2019 Shared Task 2 results, Morpheus has placed 3rd in lemmatization and reached the 9th place in morphological tagging among all participant teams.",
}
@inproceedings{ustun-etal-2019-multi,
    title = "Multi-Team: A Multi-attention, Multi-decoder Approach to Morphological Analysis.",
    author = {{\"U}st{\"u}n, Ahmet  and
      van der Goot, Rob  and
      Bouma, Gosse  and
      van Noord, Gertjan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4206",
    pages = "35--49",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission to SIGMORPHON 2019 Task 2: Morphological analysis and lemmatization in context. Our model is a multi-task sequence to sequence neural network, which jointly learns morphological tagging and lemmatization. On the encoding side, we exploit character-level as well as contextual information. We introduce a multi-attention decoder to selectively focus on different parts of character and word sequences. To further improve the model, we train on multiple datasets simultaneously and use external embeddings for initialization. Our final model reaches an average morphological tagging F1 score of 94.54 and a lemma accuracy of 93.91 on the test data, ranking respectively 3rd and 6th out of 13 teams in the SIGMORPHON 2019 shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{peters-martins-2019-ist,
    title = "{IT}{--}{IST} at the {SIGMORPHON} 2019 Shared Task: Sparse Two-headed Models for Inflection",
    author = "Peters, Ben  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4207",
    pages = "50--56",
    abstract = "This paper presents the Instituto de Telecomunica{\c{c}}{\~o}es{--}Instituto Superior T{\'e}cnico submission to Task 1 of the SIGMORPHON 2019 Shared Task. Our models combine sparse sequence-to-sequence models with a two-headed attention mechanism that learns separate attention distributions for the lemma and inflectional tags. Among submissions to Task 1, our models rank second and third. Despite the low data setting of the task (only 100 in-language training examples), they learn plausible inflection patterns and often concentrate all probability mass into a small set of hypotheses, making beam search exact.",
}
@inproceedings{chaudhary-etal-2019-cmu,
    title = "{CMU}-01 at the {SIGMORPHON} 2019 Shared Task on Crosslinguality and Context in Morphology",
    author = "Chaudhary, Aditi  and
      Salesky, Elizabeth  and
      Bhat, Gayatri  and
      Mortensen, David R.  and
      Carbonell, Jaime  and
      Tsvetkov, Yulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4208",
    pages = "57--70",
    abstract = "This paper presents the submission by the CMU-01 team to the SIGMORPHON 2019 task 2 of Morphological Analysis and Lemmatization in Context. This task requires us to produce the lemma and morpho-syntactic description of each token in a sequence, for 107 treebanks. We approach this task with a hierarchical neural conditional random field (CRF) model which predicts each coarse-grained feature (eg. POS, Case, etc.) independently. However, most treebanks are under-resourced, thus making it challenging to train deep neural models for them. Hence, we propose a multi-lingual transfer training regime where we transfer from multiple related languages that share similar typology.",
}
@inproceedings{coltekin-2019-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual morphological inflection with explicit alignment",
    author = {{\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4209",
    pages = "71--79",
    abstract = "This paper describes two related systems for cross-lingual morphological inflection for SIGMORPHON 2019 Shared Task participation. Both sets of results submitted to the shared task for evaluation are obtained using a simple approach of predicting transducer actions based on initial alignments on the training set, where cross-lingual transfer is limited to only using the high-resource language data as additional training set. The performance of the system does not reach the performance of the top two systems in the competition. However, we show that results can be improved with further tuning. We also present further analyses demonstrating that the cross-lingual gain is rather modest.",
}
@inproceedings{oh-etal-2019-thomas,
    title = "{THOMAS}: The Hegemonic {OSU} Morphological Analyzer using Seq2seq",
    author = "Oh, Byung-Doh  and
      Maneriker, Pranav  and
      Jiang, Nanjiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4210",
    pages = "80--86",
    abstract = "This paper describes the OSU submission to the SIGMORPHON 2019 shared task, Crosslinguality and Context in Morphology. Our system addresses the \textit{contextual morphological analysis} subtask of Task 2, which is to produce the morphosyntactic description (MSD) of each fully inflected word within a given sentence. We frame this as a sequence generation task and employ a neural encoder-decoder (seq2seq) architecture to generate the sequence of MSD tags given the encoded representation of each token. Follow-up analyses reveal that our system most significantly improves performance on morphologically complex languages whose inflected word forms typically have longer MSD tag sequences. In addition, our system seems to capture the structured correlation between MSD tags, such as that between the {``}verb{''} tag and TAM-related tags.",
}
@inproceedings{aiken-etal-2019-sigmorphon,
    title = "Sigmorphon 2019 Task 2 system description paper: Morphological analysis in context for many languages, with supervision from only a few",
    author = "Aiken, Brad  and
      Kelly, Jared  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      polat, suleyman olcay  and
      Rama, Taraka  and
      Nielsen, Rodney",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4211",
    pages = "87--94",
    abstract = "This paper presents the UNT HiLT+Ling system for the Sigmorphon 2019 shared Task 2: Morphological Analysis and Lemmatization in Context. Our core approach focuses on the morphological tagging task; part-of-speech tagging and lemmatization are treated as secondary tasks. Given the highly multilingual nature of the task, we propose an approach which makes minimal use of the supplied training data, in order to be extensible to languages without labeled training data for the morphological inflection task. Specifically, we use a parallel Bible corpus to align contextual embeddings at the verse level. The aligned verses are used to build cross-language translation matrices, which in turn are used to map between embedding spaces for the various languages. Finally, we use sets of inflected forms, primarily from a high-resource language, to induce vector representations for individual UniMorph tags. Morphological analysis is performed by matching vector representations to embeddings for individual tokens. While our system results are dramatically below the average system submitted for the shared task evaluation campaign, our method is (we suspect) unique in its minimal reliance on labeled training data.",
}
@inproceedings{straka-etal-2019-udpipe,
    title = "{UDP}ipe at {SIGMORPHON} 2019: Contextualized Embeddings, Regularization with Morphological Categories, Corpora Merging",
    author = "Straka, Milan  and
      Strakov{\'a}, Jana  and
      Hajic, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4212",
    pages = "95--103",
    abstract = "We present our contribution to the SIGMORPHON 2019 Shared Task: Crosslinguality and Context in Morphology, Task 2: contextual morphological analysis and lemmatization. We submitted a modification of the UDPipe 2.0, one of best-performing systems of the CoNLL 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies and an overall winner of the The 2018 Shared Task on Extrinsic Parser Evaluation. As our first improvement, we use the pretrained contextualized embeddings (BERT) as additional inputs to the network; secondly, we use individual morphological features as regularization; and finally, we merge the selected corpora of the same language. In the lemmatization task, our system exceeds all the submitted systems by a wide margin with lemmatization accuracy 95.78 (second best was 95.00, third 94.46). In the morphological analysis, our system placed tightly second: our morphological analysis accuracy was 93.19, the winning system{'}s 93.23.",
}
@inproceedings{cardenas-etal-2019-cuni,
    title = "{CUNI}{--}Malta system at {SIGMORPHON} 2019 Shared Task on Morphological Analysis and Lemmatization in context: Operation-based word formation",
    author = "Cardenas, Ronald  and
      Borg, Claudia  and
      Zeman, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4213",
    pages = "104--112",
    abstract = "This paper presents the submission by the Charles University-University of Malta team to the SIGMORPHON 2019 Shared Task on Morphological Analysis and Lemmatization in context. We present a lemmatization model based on previous work on neural transducers (Makarov and Clematide, 2018b; Aharoni and Goldberg, 2016). The key difference is that our model transforms the whole word form in every step, instead of consuming it character by character. We propose a merging strategy inspired by Byte-Pair-Encoding that reduces the space of valid operations by merging frequent adjacent operations. The resulting operations not only encode the actions to be performed but the relative position in the word token and how characters need to be transformed. Our morphological tagger is a vanilla biLSTM tagger that operates over operation representations, encoding operations and words in a hierarchical manner. Even though relative performance according to metrics is below the baseline, experiments show that our models capture important associations between interpretable operation labels and fine-grained morpho-syntax labels.",
}
@inproceedings{erdmann-etal-2019-little,
    title = "A Little Linguistics Goes a Long Way: Unsupervised Segmentation with Limited Language Specific Guidance",
    author = "Erdmann, Alexander  and
      Khalifa, Salam  and
      Oudah, Mai  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Bouamor, Houda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4214",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4214",
    pages = "113--124",
    abstract = "We present de-lexical segmentation, a linguistically motivated alternative to greedy or other unsupervised methods, requiring only minimal language specific input. Our technique involves creating a small grammar of closed-class affixes which can be written in a few hours. The grammar over generates analyses for word forms attested in a raw corpus which are disambiguated based on features of the linguistic base proposed for each form. Extending the grammar to cover orthographic, morpho-syntactic or lexical variation is simple, making it an ideal solution for challenging corpora with noisy, dialect-inconsistent, or otherwise non-standard content. In two evaluations, we consistently outperform competitive unsupervised baselines and approach the performance of state-of-the-art supervised models trained on large amounts of data, providing evidence for the value of linguistic input during preprocessing.",
}
@inproceedings{anttila-etal-2019-equiprobable,
    title = "Equiprobable mappings in weighted constraint grammars",
    author = "Anttila, Arto  and
      Borgeson, Scott  and
      Magri, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4215",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4215",
    pages = "125--134",
    abstract = "We show that MaxEnt is so rich that it can distinguish between any two different mappings: there always exists a nonnegative weight vector which assigns them different MaxEnt probabilities. Stochastic HG instead does admit equiprobable mappings and we give a complete formal characterization of them.",
}
@inproceedings{hao-andersson-2019-unbounded,
    title = "Unbounded Stress in Subregular Phonology",
    author = "Hao, Yiding  and
      Andersson, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4216",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4216",
    pages = "135--143",
    abstract = "This paper situates culminative unbounded stress systems within the subregular hierarchy for functions. While Baek (2018) has argued that such systems can be uniformly understood as input tier-based strictly local constraints, we show here that default-to-opposite-side and default-to-same-side stress systems belong to distinct subregular classes when they are viewed as functions that assign primary stress to underlying forms. While the former system can be captured by input tier-based input strictly local functions, a subsequential function class that we define here, the latter system is not subsequential, though it is weakly deterministic according to McCollum et al.{'}s (2018) non-interaction criterion. Our results motivate the extension of recently proposed subregular language classes to subregular functions and argue in favor of McCollum et al{'}s definition of weak determinism over that of Heinz and Lai (2013).",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-2019-data,
    title = "Data mining {M}andarin tone contour shapes",
    author = "ZHANG, SHUO",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4217",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4217",
    pages = "144--153",
    abstract = "In spontaneous speech, Mandarin tones that belong to the same tone category may exhibit many different contour shapes. We explore the use of time-series data mining techniques for understanding the variability of tones in a large corpus of Mandarin newscast speech. First, we adapt a graph-based approach to characterize the clusters (fuzzy types) of tone contour shapes observed in each tone n-gram category. Second, we show correlations between these realized contour shape clusters and a bag of automatically extracted linguistic features. We discuss the implications of the current study within the context of phonological and information theory.",
}
@inproceedings{sorokin-2019-convolutional,
    title = "Convolutional neural networks for low-resource morpheme segmentation: baseline or state-of-the-art?",
    author = "Sorokin, Alexey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4218",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4218",
    pages = "154--159",
    abstract = "We apply convolutional neural networks to the task of shallow morpheme segmentation using low-resource datasets for 5 different languages. We show that both in fully supervised and semi-supervised settings our model beats previous state-of-the-art approaches. We argue that convolutional neural networks reflect local nature of morpheme segmentation better than other semi-supervised approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{kolachina-magyar-2019-phone,
    title = "What do phone embeddings learn about Phonology?",
    author = "Kolachina, Sudheer  and
      Magyar, Lilla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4219",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4219",
    pages = "160--169",
    abstract = "Recent work has looked at evaluation of phone embeddings using sound analogies and correlations between distinctive feature space and embedding space. It has not been clear what aspects of natural language phonology are learnt by neural network inspired distributed representational models such as word2vec. To study the kinds of phonological relationships learnt by phone embeddings, we present artificial phonology experiments that show that phone embeddings learn paradigmatic relationships such as phonemic and allophonic distribution quite well. They are also able to capture co-occurrence restrictions among vowels such as those observed in languages with vowel harmony. However, they are unable to learn co-occurrence restrictions among the class of consonants.",
}
@inproceedings{oseki-etal-2019-inverting,
    title = "Inverting and Modeling Morphological Inflection",
    author = "Oseki, Yohei  and
      Sudo, Yasutada  and
      Sakai, Hiromu  and
      Marantz, Alec",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4220",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4220",
    pages = "170--177",
    abstract = "Previous {``}wug{''} tests (Berko, 1958) on Japanese verbal inflection have demonstrated that Japanese speakers, both adults and children, cannot inflect novel present tense forms to {``}correct{''} past tense forms predicted by rules of existent verbs (de Chene, 1982; Vance, 1987, 1991; Klafehn, 2003, 2013), indicating that Japanese verbs are merely stored in the mental lexicon. However, the implicit assumption that present tense forms are bases for verbal inflection should not be blindly extended to morphologically rich languages like Japanese in which both present and past tense forms are morphologically complex without inherent direction (Albright, 2002). Interestingly, there are also independent observations in the acquisition literature to suggest that past tense forms may be bases for verbal inflection in Japanese (Klafehn, 2003; Murasugi et al., 2010; Hirose, 2017; Tatsumi et al., 2018). In this paper, we computationally simulate two directions of verbal inflection in Japanese, Present → Past and Past → Present, with the rule-based computational model called Minimal Generalization Learner (MGL; Albright and Hayes, 2003) and experimentally evaluate the model with the bidirectional {``}wug{''} test where humans inflect novel verbs in two opposite directions. We conclude that Japanese verbs can be computed online via some generalizations and those generalizations do depend on the direction of morphological inflection.",
}
@inproceedings{steiner-2019-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting a {G}erman Morphological Database by Data-Intense Methods",
    author = "Steiner, Petra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4221",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4221",
    pages = "178--188",
    abstract = "This paper deals with the automatic enhancement of a new German morphological database. While there are some databases for flat word segmentation, this is the first available resource which can be directly used for deep parsing of German words. We combine the entries of this morphological database with the morphological tools SMOR and Moremorph and a context-based evaluation method which builds on a large Wikipedia corpus. We describe the state of the art and the essential characteristics of the database and the context method. The approach is tested on an inflight magazine of Lufthansa. We derive over 5,000 new instances of complex words. The coverage for the lemma types reaches up to over 99 percent. The precision of new found complex splits and monomorphemes is between 0.93 and 0.99.",
}
@inproceedings{eskander-etal-2019-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Morphological Segmentation for Low-Resource Polysynthetic Languages",
    author = "Eskander, Ramy  and
      Klavans, Judith  and
      Muresan, Smaranda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4222",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4222",
    pages = "189--195",
    abstract = "Polysynthetic languages pose a challenge for morphological analysis due to the root-morpheme complexity and to the word class {``}squish{''}. In addition, many of these polysynthetic languages are low-resource. We propose unsupervised approaches for morphological segmentation of low-resource polysynthetic languages based on Adaptor Grammars (AG) (Eskander et al., 2016). We experiment with four languages from the Uto-Aztecan family. Our AG-based approaches outperform other unsupervised approaches and show promise when compared to supervised methods, outperforming them on two of the four languages.",
}
@inproceedings{lamont-etal-2019-weakly,
    title = "Weakly deterministic transformations are subregular",
    author = "Lamont, Andrew  and
      O{'}Hara, Charlie  and
      Smith, Caitlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4223",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4223",
    pages = "196--205",
    abstract = "Whether phonological transformations in general are subregular is an open question. This is the case for most transformations, which have been shown to be subsequential, but it is not known whether weakly deterministic mappings form a proper subset of the regular functions. This paper demonstrates that there are regular functions that are not weakly deterministic, and, because all attested processes are weakly deterministic, supports the subregular hypothesis.",
}
@inproceedings{jacobs-mailhot-2019-encoder,
    title = "Encoder-decoder models for latent phonological representations of words",
    author = "Jacobs, Cassandra L.  and
      Mailhot, Fred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4224",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4224",
    pages = "206--217",
    abstract = "We use sequence-to-sequence networks trained on sequential phonetic encoding tasks to construct compositional phonological representations of words. We show that the output of an encoder network can predict the phonetic durations of American English words better than a number of alternative forms. We also show that the model{'}s learned representations map onto existing measures of words{'} phonological structure (phonological neighborhood density and phonotactic probability).",
}
@inproceedings{hao-bowers-2019-action,
    title = "Action-Sensitive Phonological Dependencies",
    author = "Hao, Yiding  and
      Bowers, Dustin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4225",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4225",
    pages = "218--228",
    abstract = "This paper defines a subregular class of functions called the tier-based synchronized strictly local (TSSL) functions. These functions are similar to the the tier-based input-output strictly local (TIOSL) functions, except that the locality condition is enforced not on the input and output streams, but on the computation history of the minimal subsequential finite-state transducer. We show that TSSL functions naturally describe rhythmic syncope while TIOSL functions cannot, and we argue that TSSL functions provide a more restricted characterization of rhythmic syncope than existing treatments within Optimality Theory.",
}
@inproceedings{mccarthy-etal-2019-sigmorphon,
    title = "The {SIGMORPHON} 2019 Shared Task: Morphological Analysis in Context and Cross-Lingual Transfer for Inflection",
    author = "McCarthy, Arya D.  and
      Vylomova, Ekaterina  and
      Wu, Shijie  and
      Malaviya, Chaitanya  and
      Wolf-Sonkin, Lawrence  and
      Nicolai, Garrett  and
      Kirov, Christo  and
      Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Mielke, Sebastian J.  and
      Heinz, Jeffrey  and
      Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4226",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4226",
    pages = "229--244",
    abstract = "The SIGMORPHON 2019 shared task on cross-lingual transfer and contextual analysis in morphology examined transfer learning of inflection between 100 language pairs, as well as contextual lemmatization and morphosyntactic description in 66 languages. The first task evolves past years{'} inflection tasks by examining transfer of morphological inflection knowledge from a high-resource language to a low-resource language. This year also presents a new second challenge on lemmatization and morphological feature analysis in context. All submissions featured a neural component and built on either this year{'}s strong baselines or highly ranked systems from previous years{'} shared tasks. Every participating team improved in accuracy over the baselines for the inflection task (though not Levenshtein distance), and every team in the contextual analysis task improved on both state-of-the-art neural and non-neural baselines.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-representation,
    title = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    author = "Augenstein, Isabelle  and
      Gella, Spandana  and
      Ruder, Sebastian  and
      Kann, Katharina  and
      Can, Burcu  and
      Welbl, Johannes  and
      Conneau, Alexis  and
      Ren, Xiang  and
      Rei, Marek",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4300",
}
@inproceedings{benton-etal-2019-deep,
    title = "Deep Generalized Canonical Correlation Analysis",
    author = "Benton, Adrian  and
      Khayrallah, Huda  and
      Gujral, Biman  and
      Reisinger, Dee Ann  and
      Zhang, Sheng  and
      Arora, Raman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4301",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "We present Deep Generalized Canonical Correlation Analysis (DGCCA) {--} a method for learning nonlinear transformations of arbitrarily many views of data, such that the resulting transformations are maximally informative of each other. While methods for nonlinear two view representation learning (Deep CCA, (Andrew et al., 2013)) and linear many-view representation learning (Generalized CCA (Horst, 1961)) exist, DGCCA combines the flexibility of nonlinear (deep) representation learning with the statistical power of incorporating information from many sources, or views. We present the DGCCA formulation as well as an efficient stochastic optimization algorithm for solving it. We learn and evaluate DGCCA representations for three downstream tasks: phonetic transcription from acoustic {\&} articulatory measurements, recommending hashtags and recommending friends on a dataset of Twitter users.",
}
@inproceedings{peters-etal-2019-tune,
    title = "To Tune or Not to Tune? Adapting Pretrained Representations to Diverse Tasks",
    author = "Peters, Matthew E.  and
      Ruder, Sebastian  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4302",
    pages = "7--14",
    abstract = "While most previous work has focused on different pretraining objectives and architectures for transfer learning, we ask how to best adapt the pretrained model to a given target task. We focus on the two most common forms of adaptation, feature extraction (where the pretrained weights are frozen), and directly fine-tuning the pretrained model. Our empirical results across diverse NLP tasks with two state-of-the-art models show that the relative performance of fine-tuning vs. feature extraction depends on the similarity of the pretraining and target tasks. We explore possible explanations for this finding and provide a set of adaptation guidelines for the NLP practitioner.",
}
@inproceedings{budhkar-etal-2019-generative,
    title = "Generative Adversarial Networks for Text Using Word2vec Intermediaries",
    author = "Budhkar, Akshay  and
      Vishnubhotla, Krishnapriya  and
      Hossain, Safwan  and
      Rudzicz, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4303",
    pages = "15--26",
    abstract = "Generative adversarial networks (GANs) have shown considerable success, especially in the realistic generation of images. In this work, we apply similar techniques for the generation of text. We propose a novel approach to handle the discrete nature of text, during training, using word embeddings. Our method is agnostic to vocabulary size and achieves competitive results relative to methods with various discrete gradient estimators.",
}
@inproceedings{raganato-etal-2019-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of Language-Agnostic Inner-Attention-Based Representations in Machine Translation",
    author = {Raganato, Alessandro  and
      V{\'a}zquez, Ra{\'u}l  and
      Creutz, Mathias  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4304",
    pages = "27--32",
    abstract = "In this paper, we explore a multilingual translation model with a cross-lingually shared layer that can be used as fixed-size sentence representation in different downstream tasks. We systematically study the impact of the size of the shared layer and the effect of including additional languages in the model. In contrast to related previous work, we demonstrate that the performance in translation does correlate with trainable downstream tasks. In particular, we show that larger intermediate layers not only improve translation quality, especially for long sentences, but also push the accuracy of trainable classification tasks. On the other hand, shorter representations lead to increased compression that is beneficial in non-trainable similarity tasks. We hypothesize that the training procedure on the downstream task enables the model to identify the encoded information that is useful for the specific task whereas non-trainable benchmarks can be confused by other types of information also encoded in the representation of a sentence.",
}
@inproceedings{vazquez-etal-2019-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual {NMT} with a Language-Independent Attention Bridge",
    author = {V{\'a}zquez, Ra{\'u}l  and
      Raganato, Alessandro  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Creutz, Mathias},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4305",
    pages = "33--39",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose an architecture for machine translation (MT) capable of obtaining multilingual sentence representations by incorporating an intermediate attention bridge that is shared across all languages. We train the model with language-specific encoders and decoders that are connected through an inner-attention layer on the encoder side. The attention bridge exploits the semantics from each language for translation and develops into a language-agnostic meaning representation that can efficiently be used for transfer learning. We present a new framework for the efficient development of multilingual neural machine translation (NMT) using this model and scheduled training. We have tested the approach in a systematic way with a multi-parallel data set. The model achieves substantial improvements over strong bilingual models and performs well for zero-shot translation, which demonstrates its ability of abstraction and transfer learning.",
}
@inproceedings{kodryan-etal-2019-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Language Modeling with Automatic Relevance Determination in Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Kodryan, Maxim  and
      Grachev, Artem  and
      Ignatov, Dmitry  and
      Vetrov, Dmitry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4306",
    pages = "40--48",
    abstract = "Reduction of the number of parameters is one of the most important goals in Deep Learning. In this article we propose an adaptation of Doubly Stochastic Variational Inference for Automatic Relevance Determination (DSVI-ARD) for neural networks compression. We find this method to be especially useful in language modeling tasks, where large number of parameters in the input and output layers is often excessive. We also show that DSVI-ARD can be applied together with encoder-decoder weight tying allowing to achieve even better sparsity and performance. Our experiments demonstrate that more than 90{\%} of the weights in both encoder and decoder layers can be removed with a minimal quality loss.",
}
@inproceedings{rethmeier-plank-2019-morty,
    title = "{M}o{RT}y: Unsupervised Learning of Task-specialized Word Embeddings by Autoencoding",
    author = "Rethmeier, Nils  and
      Plank, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4307",
    pages = "49--54",
    abstract = "Word embeddings have undoubtedly revolutionized NLP. However, pretrained embeddings do not always work for a specific task (or set of tasks), particularly in limited resource setups. We introduce a simple yet effective, self-supervised post-processing method that constructs task-specialized word representations by picking from a menu of reconstructing transformations to yield improved end-task performance (MORTY). The method is complementary to recent state-of-the-art approaches to inductive transfer via fine-tuning, and forgoes costly model architectures and annotation. We evaluate MORTY on a broad range of setups, including different word embedding methods, corpus sizes and end-task semantics. Finally, we provide a surprisingly simple recipe to obtain specialized embeddings that better fit end-tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{eger-etal-2019-pitfalls,
    title = "Pitfalls in the Evaluation of Sentence Embeddings",
    author = {Eger, Steffen  and
      R{\"u}ckl{\'e}, Andreas  and
      Gurevych, Iryna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4308",
    pages = "55--60",
    abstract = "Deep learning models continuously break new records across different NLP tasks. At the same time, their success exposes weaknesses of model evaluation. Here, we compile several key pitfalls of evaluation of sentence embeddings, a currently very popular NLP paradigm. These pitfalls include the comparison of embeddings of different sizes, normalization of embeddings, and the low (and diverging) correlations between transfer and probing tasks. Our motivation is to challenge the current evaluation of sentence embeddings and to provide an easy-to-access reference for future research. Based on our insights, we also recommend better practices for better future evaluations of sentence embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning Bilingual Sentence Embeddings via Autoencoding and Computing Similarities with a Multilayer Perceptron",
    author = "Kim, Yunsu  and
      Rosendahl, Hendrik  and
      Rossenbach, Nick  and
      Rosendahl, Jan  and
      Khadivi, Shahram  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4309",
    pages = "61--71",
    abstract = "We propose a novel model architecture and training algorithm to learn bilingual sentence embeddings from a combination of parallel and monolingual data. Our method connects autoencoding and neural machine translation to force the source and target sentence embeddings to share the same space without the help of a pivot language or an additional transformation. We train a multilayer perceptron on top of the sentence embeddings to extract good bilingual sentence pairs from nonparallel or noisy parallel data. Our approach shows promising performance on sentence alignment recovery and the WMT 2018 parallel corpus filtering tasks with only a single model.",
}
@inproceedings{kamath-etal-2019-specializing,
    title = "Specializing Distributional Vectors of All Words for Lexical Entailment",
    author = "Kamath, Aishwarya  and
      Pfeiffer, Jonas  and
      Ponti, Edoardo Maria  and
      Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4310",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4310",
    pages = "72--83",
    abstract = "Semantic specialization methods fine-tune distributional word vectors using lexical knowledge from external resources (e.g. WordNet) to accentuate a particular relation between words. However, such post-processing methods suffer from limited coverage as they affect only vectors of words seen in the external resources. We present the first post-processing method that specializes vectors of all vocabulary words {--} including those unseen in the resources {--} for the asymmetric relation of lexical entailment (LE) (i.e., hyponymy-hypernymy relation). Leveraging a partially LE-specialized distributional space, our POSTLE (i.e., post-specialization for LE) model learns an explicit global specialization function, allowing for specialization of vectors of unseen words, as well as word vectors from other languages via cross-lingual transfer. We capture the function as a deep feed-forward neural network: its objective re-scales vector norms to reflect the concept hierarchy while simultaneously attracting hyponymy-hypernymy pairs to better reflect semantic similarity. An extended model variant augments the basic architecture with an adversarial discriminator. We demonstrate the usefulness and versatility of POSTLE models with different input distributional spaces in different scenarios (monolingual LE and zero-shot cross-lingual LE transfer) and tasks (binary and graded LE). We report consistent gains over state-of-the-art LE-specialization methods, and successfully LE-specialize word vectors for languages without any external lexical knowledge.",
}
@inproceedings{kalouli-etal-2019-composing,
    title = "Composing Noun Phrase Vector Representations",
    author = "Kalouli, Aikaterini-Lida  and
      dePaiva, Valeria  and
      Crouch, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4311",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4311",
    pages = "84--95",
    abstract = "Vector representations of words have seen an increasing success over the past years in a variety of NLP tasks. While there seems to be a consensus about the usefulness of word embeddings and how to learn them, it is still unclear which representations can capture the meaning of phrases or even whole sentences. Recent work has shown that simple operations outperform more complex deep architectures. In this work, we propose two novel constraints for computing noun phrase vector representations. First, we propose that the semantic and not the syntactic contribution of each component of a noun phrase should be considered, so that the resulting composed vectors express more of the phrase meaning. Second, the composition process of the two phrase vectors should apply suitable dimensions{'} selection in a way that specific semantic features captured by the phrase{'}s meaning become more salient. Our proposed methods are compared to 11 other approaches, including popular baselines and a neural net architecture, and are evaluated across 6 tasks and 2 datasets. Our results show that these constraints lead to more expressive phrase representations and can be applied to other state-of-the-art methods to improve their performance.",
}
@inproceedings{schweter-baiter-2019-towards,
    title = "Towards Robust Named Entity Recognition for Historic {G}erman",
    author = "Schweter, Stefan  and
      Baiter, Johannes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4312",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4312",
    pages = "96--103",
    abstract = "In this paper we study the influence of using language model pre-training for named entity recognition for Historic German. We achieve new state-of-the-art results using carefully chosen training data for language models. For a low-resource domain like named entity recognition for Historic German, language model pre-training can be a strong competitor to CRF-only methods. We show that language model pre-training can be more effective than using transfer-learning with labeled datasets. Furthermore, we introduce a new language model pre-training objective, synthetic masked language model pre-training (SMLM), that allows a transfer from one domain (contemporary texts) to another domain (historical texts) by using only the same (character) vocabulary. Results show that using SMLM can achieve comparable results for Historic named entity recognition, even when they are only trained on contemporary texts. Our pre-trained character-based language models improve upon classical CRF-based methods and previous work on Bi-LSTMs by boosting F1 score performance by up to 6{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2019-evaluating,
    title = "On Evaluating Embedding Models for Knowledge Base Completion",
    author = "Wang, Yanjie  and
      Ruffinelli, Daniel  and
      Gemulla, Rainer  and
      Broscheit, Samuel  and
      Meilicke, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4313",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4313",
    pages = "104--112",
    abstract = "Knowledge graph embedding models have recently received significant attention in the literature. These models learn latent semantic representations for the entities and relations in a given knowledge base; the representations can be used to infer missing knowledge. In this paper, we study the question of how well recent embedding models perform for the task of knowledge base completion, i.e., the task of inferring new facts from an incomplete knowledge base. We argue that the entity ranking protocol, which is currently used to evaluate knowledge graph embedding models, is not suitable to answer this question since only a subset of the model predictions are evaluated. We propose an alternative entity-pair ranking protocol that considers all model predictions as a whole and is thus more suitable to the task. We conducted an experimental study on standard datasets and found that the performance of popular embeddings models was unsatisfactory under the new protocol, even on datasets that are generally considered to be too easy. Moreover, we found that a simple rule-based model often provided superior performance. Our findings suggest that there is a need for more research into embedding models as well as their training strategies for the task of knowledge base completion.",
}
@inproceedings{kogkalidis-etal-2019-constructive,
    title = "Constructive Type-Logical Supertagging With Self-Attention Networks",
    author = "Kogkalidis, Konstantinos  and
      Moortgat, Michael  and
      Deoskar, Tejaswini",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4314",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4314",
    pages = "113--123",
    abstract = "We propose a novel application of self-attention networks towards grammar induction. We present an attention-based supertagger for a refined type-logical grammar, trained on constructing types inductively. In addition to achieving a high overall type accuracy, our model is able to learn the syntax of the grammar{'}s type system along with its denotational semantics. This lifts the closed world assumption commonly made by lexicalized grammar supertaggers, greatly enhancing its generalization potential. This is evidenced both by its adequate accuracy over sparse word types and its ability to correctly construct complex types never seen during training, which, to the best of our knowledge, was as of yet unaccomplished.",
}
@inproceedings{eikema-aziz-2019-auto,
    title = "Auto-Encoding Variational Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Eikema, Bryan  and
      Aziz, Wilker",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4315",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4315",
    pages = "124--141",
    abstract = "We present a deep generative model of bilingual sentence pairs for machine translation. The model generates source and target sentences jointly from a shared latent representation and is parameterised by neural networks. We perform efficient training using amortised variational inference and reparameterised gradients. Additionally, we discuss the statistical implications of joint modelling and propose an efficient approximation to maximum a posteriori decoding for fast test-time predictions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our model in three machine translation scenarios: in-domain training, mixed-domain training, and learning from a mix of gold-standard and synthetic data. Our experiments show consistently that our joint formulation outperforms conditional modelling (i.e. standard neural machine translation) in all such scenarios.",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning Bilingual Word Embeddings Using Lexical Definitions",
    author = "Shi, Weijia  and
      Chen, Muhao  and
      Tian, Yingtao  and
      Chang, Kai-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4316",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4316",
    pages = "142--147",
    abstract = "Bilingual word embeddings, which represent lexicons of different languages in a shared embedding space, are essential for supporting semantic and knowledge transfers in a variety of cross-lingual NLP tasks. Existing approaches to training bilingual word embeddings require either large collections of pre-defined seed lexicons that are expensive to obtain, or parallel sentences that comprise coarse and noisy alignment. In contrast, we propose BiLex that leverages publicly available lexical definitions for bilingual word embedding learning. Without the need of predefined seed lexicons, BiLex comprises a novel word pairing strategy to automatically identify and propagate the precise fine-grain word alignment from lexical definitions. We evaluate BiLex in word-level and sentence-level translation tasks, which seek to find the cross-lingual counterparts of words and sentences respectively. BiLex significantly outperforms previous embedding methods on both tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-silva-etal-2019-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study on Pre-trained Embeddings and Language Models for Bot Detection",
    author = "Garcia-Silva, Andres  and
      Berrio, Cristian  and
      G{\'o}mez-P{\'e}rez, Jos{\'e} Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4317",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4317",
    pages = "148--155",
    abstract = "Fine-tuning pre-trained language models has significantly advanced the state of art in a wide range of NLP downstream tasks. Usually, such language models are learned from large and well-formed text corpora from e.g. encyclopedic resources, books or news. However, a significant amount of the text to be analyzed nowadays is Web data, often from social media. In this paper we consider the research question: How do standard pre-trained language models generalize and capture the peculiarities of rather short, informal and frequently automatically generated text found in social media? To answer this question, we focus on bot detection in Twitter as our evaluation task and test the performance of fine-tuning approaches based on language models against popular neural architectures such as LSTM and CNN combined with pre-trained and contextualized embeddings. Our results also show strong performance variations among the different language model approaches, which suggest further research.",
}
@inproceedings{ravishankar-etal-2019-probing,
    title = "Probing Multilingual Sentence Representations With X-Probe",
    author = "Ravishankar, Vinit  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      Velldal, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4318",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4318",
    pages = "156--168",
    abstract = "This paper extends the task of probing sentence representations for linguistic insight in a multilingual domain. In doing so, we make two contributions: first, we provide datasets for multilingual probing, derived from Wikipedia, in five languages, viz. English, French, German, Spanish and Russian. Second, we evaluate six sentence encoders for each language, each trained by mapping sentence representations to English sentence representations, using sentences in a parallel corpus. We discover that cross-lingually mapped representations are often better at retaining certain linguistic information than representations derived from English encoders trained on natural language inference (NLI) as a downstream task.",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-etal-2019-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Entity Typing in Hyperbolic Space",
    author = "L{\'o}pez, Federico  and
      Heinzerling, Benjamin  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4319",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4319",
    pages = "169--180",
    abstract = "How can we represent hierarchical information present in large type inventories for entity typing? We study the suitability of hyperbolic embeddings to capture hierarchical relations between mentions in context and their target types in a shared vector space. We evaluate on two datasets and propose two different techniques to extract hierarchical information from the type inventory: from an expert-generated ontology and by automatically mining the dataset. The hyperbolic model shows improvements in some but not all cases over its Euclidean counterpart. Our analysis suggests that the adequacy of this geometry depends on the granularity of the type inventory and the representation of its distribution.",
}
@inproceedings{winata-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning Multilingual Meta-Embeddings for Code-Switching Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Winata, Genta Indra  and
      Lin, Zhaojiang  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4320",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4320",
    pages = "181--186",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose Multilingual Meta-Embeddings (MME), an effective method to learn multilingual representations by leveraging monolingual pre-trained embeddings. MME learns to utilize information from these embeddings via a self-attention mechanism without explicit language identification. We evaluate the proposed embedding method on the code-switching English-Spanish Named Entity Recognition dataset in a multilingual and cross-lingual setting. The experimental results show that our proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on the multilingual setting, and it has the ability to generalize to an unseen language task.",
}
@inproceedings{dobrossy-etal-2019-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Sub-Word Embedding Strategies for the Morphologically Rich and Free Phrase-Order {H}ungarian",
    author = {D{\"o}br{\"o}ssy, B{\'a}lint  and
      Makrai, M{\'a}rton  and
      Tarj{\'a}n, Bal{\'a}zs  and
      Szasz{\'a}k, Gy{\"o}rgy},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4321",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4321",
    pages = "187--193",
    abstract = "For morphologically rich languages, word embeddings provide less consistent semantic representations due to higher variance in word forms. Moreover, these languages often allow for less constrained word order, which further increases variance. For the highly agglutinative Hungarian, semantic accuracy of word embeddings measured on word analogy tasks drops by 50-75{\%} compared to English. We observed that embeddings learn morphosyntax quite well instead. Therefore, we explore and evaluate several sub-word unit based embedding strategies {--} character n-grams, lemmatization provided by an NLP-pipeline, and segments obtained in unsupervised learning (morfessor) {--} to boost semantic consistency in Hungarian word vectors. The effect of changing embedding dimension and context window size have also been considered. Morphological analysis based lemmatization was found to be the best strategy to improve embeddings{'} semantic accuracy, whereas adding character n-grams was found consistently counterproductive in this regard.",
}
@inproceedings{hadifar-etal-2019-self,
    title = "A Self-Training Approach for Short Text Clustering",
    author = "Hadifar, Amir  and
      Sterckx, Lucas  and
      Demeester, Thomas  and
      Develder, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4322",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4322",
    pages = "194--199",
    abstract = "Short text clustering is a challenging problem when adopting traditional bag-of-words or TF-IDF representations, since these lead to sparse vector representations of the short texts. Low-dimensional continuous representations or embeddings can counter that sparseness problem: their high representational power is exploited in deep clustering algorithms. While deep clustering has been studied extensively in computer vision, relatively little work has focused on NLP. The method we propose, learns discriminative features from both an autoencoder and a sentence embedding, then uses assignments from a clustering algorithm as supervision to update weights of the encoder network. Experiments on three short text datasets empirically validate the effectiveness of our method.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Word Embeddings Using Kernel {PCA}",
    author = {Gupta, Vishwani  and
      Giesselbach, Sven  and
      R{\"u}ping, Stefan  and
      Bauckhage, Christian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4323",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4323",
    pages = "200--208",
    abstract = "Word-based embedding approaches such as Word2Vec capture the meaning of words and relations between them, particularly well when trained with large text collections; however, they fail to do so with small datasets. Extensions such as fastText reduce the amount of data needed slightly, however, the joint task of learning meaningful morphology, syntactic and semantic representations still requires a lot of data. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to warm-start embedding models with morphological information, in order to reduce training time and enhance their performance. We use word embeddings generated using both word2vec and fastText models and enrich them with morphological information of words, derived from kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) of word similarity matrices. This can be seen as explicitly feeding the network morphological similarities and letting it learn semantic and syntactic similarities. Evaluating our models on word similarity and analogy tasks in English and German, we find that they not only achieve higher accuracies than the original skip-gram and fastText models but also require significantly less training data and time. Another benefit of our approach is that it is capable of generating a high-quality representation of infrequent words as, for example, found in very recent news articles with rapidly changing vocabularies. Lastly, we evaluate the different models on a downstream sentence classification task in which a CNN model is initialized with our embeddings and find promising results.",
}
@inproceedings{ulmer-etal-2019-assessing,
    title = "Assessing Incrementality in Sequence-to-Sequence Models",
    author = "Ulmer, Dennis  and
      Hupkes, Dieuwke  and
      Bruni, Elia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4324",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4324",
    pages = "209--217",
    abstract = "Since their inception, encoder-decoder models have successfully been applied to a wide array of problems in computational linguistics. The most recent successes are predominantly due to the use of different variations of attention mechanisms, but their cognitive plausibility is questionable. In particular, because past representations can be revisited at any point in time, attention-centric methods seem to lack an incentive to build up incrementally more informative representations of incoming sentences. This way of processing stands in stark contrast with the way in which humans are believed to process language: continuously and rapidly integrating new information as it is encountered. In this work, we propose three novel metrics to assess the behavior of RNNs with and without an attention mechanism and identify key differences in the way the different model types process sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-carvalho-2019-committee,
    title = "On Committee Representations of Adversarial Learning Models for Question-Answer Ranking",
    author = "Gupta, Sparsh  and
      Carvalho, Vitor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4325",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4325",
    pages = "218--223",
    abstract = "Adversarial training is a process in Machine Learning that explicitly trains models on adversarial inputs (inputs designed to deceive or trick the learning process) in order to make it more robust or accurate. In this paper we investigate how representing adversarial training models as committees can be used to effectively improve the performance of Question-Answer (QA) Ranking. We start by empirically probing the effects of adversarial training over multiple QA ranking algorithms, including the state-of-the-art Multihop Attention Network model. We evaluate these algorithms on several benchmark datasets and observe that, while adversarial training is beneficial to most baseline algorithms, there are cases where it may lead to overfitting and performance degradation. We investigate the causes of such degradation, and then propose a new representation procedure for this adversarial learning problem, based on committee learning, that not only is capable of consistently improving all baseline algorithms, but also outperforms the previous state-of-the-art algorithm by as much as 6{\%} in NDCG.",
}
@inproceedings{obamuyide-vlachos-2019-meta,
    title = "Meta-Learning Improves Lifelong Relation Extraction",
    author = "Obamuyide, Abiola  and
      Vlachos, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4326",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4326",
    pages = "224--229",
    abstract = "Most existing relation extraction models assume a fixed set of relations and are unable to adapt to exploit newly available supervision data to extract new relations. In order to alleviate such problems, there is the need to develop approaches that make relation extraction models capable of continuous adaptation and learning. We investigate and present results for such an approach, based on a combination of ideas from lifelong learning and optimization-based meta-learning. We evaluate the proposed approach on two recent lifelong relation extraction benchmarks, and demonstrate that it markedly outperforms current state-of-the-art approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{shakurova-etal-2019-best,
    title = "Best Practices for Learning Domain-Specific Cross-Lingual Embeddings",
    author = "Shakurova, Lena  and
      Nyari, Beata  and
      Li, Chao  and
      Rotaru, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4327",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4327",
    pages = "230--234",
    abstract = "Cross-lingual embeddings aim to represent words in multiple languages in a shared vector space by capturing semantic similarities across languages. They are a crucial component for scaling tasks to multiple languages by transferring knowledge from languages with rich resources to low-resource languages. A common approach to learning cross-lingual embeddings is to train monolingual embeddings separately for each language and learn a linear projection from the monolingual spaces into a shared space, where the mapping relies on a small seed dictionary. While there are high-quality generic seed dictionaries and pre-trained cross-lingual embeddings available for many language pairs, there is little research on how they perform on specialised tasks. In this paper, we investigate the best practices for constructing the seed dictionary for a specific domain. We evaluate the embeddings on the sequence labelling task of Curriculum Vitae parsing and show that the size of a bilingual dictionary, the frequency of the dictionary words in the domain corpora and the source of data (task-specific vs generic) influence performance. We also show that the less training data is available in the low-resource language, the more the construction of the bilingual dictionary matters, and demonstrate that some of the choices are crucial in the zero-shot transfer learning case.",
}
@inproceedings{raunak-etal-2019-effective,
    title = "Effective Dimensionality Reduction for Word Embeddings",
    author = "Raunak, Vikas  and
      Gupta, Vivek  and
      Metze, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4328",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4328",
    pages = "235--243",
    abstract = "Pre-trained word embeddings are used in several downstream applications as well as for constructing representations for sentences, paragraphs and documents. Recently, there has been an emphasis on improving the pretrained word vectors through post-processing algorithms. One improvement area is reducing the dimensionality of word embeddings. Reducing the size of word embeddings can improve their utility in memory constrained devices, benefiting several real world applications. In this work, we present a novel technique that efficiently combines PCA based dimensionality reduction with a recently proposed post-processing algorithm (Mu and Viswanath, 2018), to construct effective word embeddings of lower dimensions. Empirical evaluations on several benchmarks show that our algorithm efficiently reduces the embedding size while achieving similar or (more often) better performance than original embeddings. We have released the source code along with this paper.",
}
@inproceedings{zobnin-elistratova-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning Word Embeddings without Context Vectors",
    author = "Zobnin, Alexey  and
      Elistratova, Evgenia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4329",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4329",
    pages = "244--249",
    abstract = "Most word embedding algorithms such as word2vec or fastText construct two sort of vectors: for words and for contexts. Naive use of vectors of only one sort leads to poor results. We suggest using indefinite inner product in skip-gram negative sampling algorithm. This allows us to use only one sort of vectors without loss of quality. Our {``}context-free{''} cf algorithm performs on par with SGNS on word similarity datasets",
}
@inproceedings{chidambaram-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning Cross-Lingual Sentence Representations via a Multi-task Dual-Encoder Model",
    author = "Chidambaram, Muthu  and
      Yang, Yinfei  and
      Cer, Daniel  and
      Yuan, Steve  and
      Sung, Yunhsuan  and
      Strope, Brian  and
      Kurzweil, Ray",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4330",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4330",
    pages = "250--259",
    abstract = "The scarcity of labeled training data across many languages is a significant roadblock for multilingual neural language processing. We approach the lack of in-language training data using sentence embeddings that map text written in different languages, but with similar meanings, to nearby embedding space representations. The representations are produced using a dual-encoder based model trained to maximize the representational similarity between sentence pairs drawn from parallel data. The representations are enhanced using multitask training and unsupervised monolingual corpora. The effectiveness of our multilingual sentence embeddings are assessed on a comprehensive collection of monolingual, cross-lingual, and zero-shot/few-shot learning tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{barezi-fung-2019-modality,
    title = "Modality-based Factorization for Multimodal Fusion",
    author = "Barezi, Elham J.  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4331",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4331",
    pages = "260--269",
    abstract = "We propose a novel method, Modality-based Redundancy Reduction Fusion (MRRF), for understanding and modulating the relative contribution of each modality in multimodal inference tasks. This is achieved by obtaining an $(M+1)$-way tensor to consider the high-order relationships between $M$ modalities and the output layer of a neural network model. Applying a modality-based tensor factorization method, which adopts different factors for different modalities, results in removing information present in a modality that can be compensated by other modalities, with respect to model outputs. This helps to understand the relative utility of information in each modality. In addition it leads to a less complicated model with less parameters and therefore could be applied as a regularizer avoiding overfitting. We have applied this method to three different multimodal datasets in sentiment analysis, personality trait recognition, and emotion recognition. We are able to recognize relationships and relative importance of different modalities in these tasks and achieves a 1{\%} to 4{\%} improvement on several evaluation measures compared to the state-of-the-art for all three tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{ezeani-etal-2019-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Pre-Trained Embeddings for Welsh Taggers",
    author = "Ezeani, Ignatius  and
      Piao, Scott  and
      Neale, Steven  and
      Rayson, Paul  and
      Knight, Dawn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4332",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4332",
    pages = "270--280",
    abstract = "While the application of word embedding models to downstream Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks has been shown to be successful, the benefits for low-resource languages is somewhat limited due to lack of adequate data for training the models. However, NLP research efforts for low-resource languages have focused on constantly seeking ways to harness pre-trained models to improve the performance of NLP systems built to process these languages without the need to re-invent the wheel. One such language is Welsh and therefore, in this paper, we present the results of our experiments on learning a simple multi-task neural network model for part-of-speech and semantic tagging for Welsh using a pre-trained embedding model from FastText. Our model{'}s performance was compared with those of the existing rule-based stand-alone taggers for part-of-speech and semantic taggers. Despite its simplicity and capacity to perform both tasks simultaneously, our tagger compared very well with the existing taggers.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-innovative,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    author = "Yannakoudakis, Helen  and
      Kochmar, Ekaterina  and
      Leacock, Claudia  and
      Madnani, Nitin  and
      Pil{\'a}n, Ildik{\'o}  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4400",
}
@inproceedings{loukina-etal-2019-many,
    title = "The many dimensions of algorithmic fairness in educational applications",
    author = "Loukina, Anastassia  and
      Madnani, Nitin  and
      Zechner, Klaus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4401",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "The issues of algorithmic fairness and bias have recently featured prominently in many publications highlighting the fact that training the algorithms for maximum performance may often result in predictions that are biased against various groups. Educational applications based on NLP and speech processing technologies often combine multiple complex machine learning algorithms and are thus vulnerable to the same sources of bias as other machine learning systems. Yet such systems can have high impact on people{'}s lives especially when deployed as part of high-stakes tests. In this paper we discuss different definitions of fairness and possible ways to apply them to educational applications. We then use simulated and real data to consider how test-takers{'} native language backgrounds can affect their automated scores on an English language proficiency assessment. We illustrate that total fairness may not be achievable and that different definitions of fairness may require different solutions.",
}
@inproceedings{ha-etal-2019-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Difficulty of Multiple Choice Questions in a High-stakes Medical Exam",
    author = "Ha, Le An  and
      Yaneva, Victoria  and
      Baldwin, Peter  and
      Mee, Janet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4402",
    pages = "11--20",
    abstract = "Predicting the construct-relevant difficulty of Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) has the potential to reduce cost while maintaining the quality of high-stakes exams. In this paper, we propose a method for estimating the difficulty of MCQs from a high-stakes medical exam, where all questions were deliberately written to a common reading level. To accomplish this, we extract a large number of linguistic features and embedding types, as well as features quantifying the difficulty of the items for an automatic question-answering system. The results show that the proposed approach outperforms various baselines with a statistically significant difference. Best results were achieved when using the full feature set, where embeddings had the highest predictive power, followed by linguistic features. An ablation study of the various types of linguistic features suggested that information from all levels of linguistic processing contributes to predicting item difficulty, with features related to semantic ambiguity and the psycholinguistic properties of words having a slightly higher importance. Owing to its generic nature, the presented approach has the potential to generalize over other exams containing MCQs.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2019-intelligent,
    title = "An Intelligent Testing Strategy for Vocabulary Assessment of {C}hinese Second Language Learners",
    author = "Zhou, Wei  and
      Hu, Renfen  and
      Sun, Feipeng  and
      Huang, Ronghuai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4403",
    pages = "21--29",
    abstract = "Vocabulary is one of the most important parts of language competence. Testing of vocabulary knowledge is central to research on reading and language. However, it usually costs a large amount of time and human labor to build an item bank and to test large number of students. In this paper, we propose a novel testing strategy by combining automatic item generation (AIG) and computerized adaptive testing (CAT) in vocabulary assessment for Chinese L2 learners. Firstly, we generate three types of vocabulary questions by modeling both the vocabulary knowledge and learners{'} writing error data. After evaluation and calibration, we construct a balanced item pool with automatically generated items, and implement a three-parameter computerized adaptive test. We conduct manual item evaluation and online student tests in the experiments. The results show that the combination of AIG and CAT can construct test items efficiently and reduce test cost significantly. Also, the test result of CAT can provide valuable feedback to AIG algorithms.",
}
@inproceedings{weiss-etal-2019-computationally,
    title = "Computationally Modeling the Impact of Task-Appropriate Language Complexity and Accuracy on Human Grading of {G}erman Essays",
    author = {Weiss, Zarah  and
      Riemenschneider, Anja  and
      Schr{\"o}ter, Pauline  and
      Meurers, Detmar},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4404",
    pages = "30--45",
    abstract = "Computational linguistic research on the language complexity of student writing typically involves human ratings as a gold standard. However, educational science shows that teachers find it difficult to identify and cleanly separate accuracy, different aspects of complexity, contents, and structure. In this paper, we therefore explore the use of computational linguistic methods to investigate how task-appropriate complexity and accuracy relate to the grading of overall performance, content performance, and language performance as assigned by teachers. Based on texts written by students for the official school-leaving state examination (Abitur), we show that teachers successfully assign higher language performance grades to essays with higher task-appropriate language complexity and properly separate this from content scores. Yet, accuracy impacts teacher assessment for all grading rubrics, also the content score, overemphasizing the role of accuracy. Our analysis is based on broad computational linguistic modeling of German language complexity and an innovative theory- and data-driven feature aggregation method inferring task-appropriate language complexity.",
}
@inproceedings{snajder-etal-2019-analysing,
    title = "Analysing Rhetorical Structure as a Key Feature of Summary Coherence",
    author = "{\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      Sladoljev-Agejev, Tamara  and
      Koli{\'c} Vehovec, Svjetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4405",
    pages = "46--51",
    abstract = "We present a model for automatic scoring of coherence based on comparing the rhetorical structure (RS) of college student summaries in L2 (English) against expert summaries. Coherence is conceptualised as a construct consisting of the rhetorical relation and its arguments. Comparison with expert-assigned scores shows that RS scores correlate with both cohesion and coherence. Furthermore, RS scores improve the accuracy of a regression model for cohesion score prediction.",
}
@inproceedings{bryant-etal-2019-bea,
    title = "The {BEA}-2019 Shared Task on Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Bryant, Christopher  and
      Felice, Mariano  and
      Andersen, {\O}istein E.  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4406",
    pages = "52--75",
    abstract = "This paper reports on the BEA-2019 Shared Task on Grammatical Error Correction (GEC). As with the CoNLL-2014 shared task, participants are required to correct all types of errors in test data. One of the main contributions of the BEA-2019 shared task is the introduction of a new dataset, the Write{\&}Improve+LOCNESS corpus, which represents a wider range of native and learner English levels and abilities. Another contribution is the introduction of tracks, which control the amount of annotated data available to participants. Systems are evaluated in terms of ERRANT F{\_}0.5, which allows us to report a much wider range of performance statistics. The competition was hosted on Codalab and remains open for further submissions on the blind test set.",
}
@inproceedings{flor-etal-2019-benchmark,
    title = "A Benchmark Corpus of {E}nglish Misspellings and a Minimally-supervised Model for Spelling Correction",
    author = "Flor, Michael  and
      Fried, Michael  and
      Rozovskaya, Alla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4407",
    pages = "76--86",
    abstract = "Spelling correction has attracted a lot of attention in the NLP community. However, models have been usually evaluated on artificiallycreated or proprietary corpora. A publiclyavailable corpus of authentic misspellings, annotated in context, is still lacking. To address this, we present and release an annotated data set of 6,121 spelling errors in context, based on a corpus of essays written by English language learners. We also develop a minimallysupervised context-aware approach to spelling correction. It achieves strong results on our data: 88.12{\%} accuracy. This approach can also train with a minimal amount of annotated data (performance reduced by less than 1{\%}). Furthermore, this approach allows easy portability to new domains. We evaluate our model on data from a medical domain and demonstrate that it rivals the performance of a model trained and tuned on in-domain data.",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-park-2019-artificial,
    title = "Artificial Error Generation with Fluency Filtering",
    author = "Qiu, Mengyang  and
      Park, Jungyeul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4408",
    pages = "87--91",
    abstract = "The quantity and quality of training data plays a crucial role in grammatical error correction (GEC). However, due to the fact that obtaining human-annotated GEC data is both time-consuming and expensive, several studies have focused on generating artificial error sentences to boost training data for grammatical error correction, and shown significantly better performance. The present study explores how fluency filtering can affect the quality of artificial errors. By comparing artificial data filtered by different levels of fluency, we find that artificial error sentences with low fluency can greatly facilitate error correction, while high fluency errors introduce more noise.",
}
@inproceedings{johan-berggren-etal-2019-regression,
    title = "Regression or classification? Automated Essay Scoring for {N}orwegian",
    author = "Johan Berggren, Stig  and
      Rama, Taraka  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4409",
    pages = "92--102",
    abstract = "In this paper we present first results for the task of Automated Essay Scoring for Norwegian learner language. We analyze a number of properties of this task experimentally and assess (i) the formulation of the task as either regression or classification, (ii) the use of various non-neural and neural machine learning architectures with various types of input representations, and (iii) applying multi-task learning for joint prediction of essay scoring and native language identification. We find that a GRU-based attention model trained in a single-task setting performs best at the AES task.",
}
@inproceedings{bell-etal-2019-context,
    title = "Context is Key: Grammatical Error Detection with Contextual Word Representations",
    author = "Bell, Samuel  and
      Yannakoudakis, Helen  and
      Rei, Marek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4410",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4410",
    pages = "103--115",
    abstract = "Grammatical error detection (GED) in non- native writing requires systems to identify a wide range of errors in text written by lan- guage learners. Error detection as a purely supervised task can be challenging, as GED datasets are limited in size and the label dis- tributions are highly imbalanced. Contextual- ized word representations offer a possible so- lution, as they can efficiently capture composi- tional information in language and can be opti- mized on large amounts of unsupervised data. In this paper, we perform a systematic com- parison of ELMo, BERT and Flair embeddings (Peters et al., 2017; Devlin et al., 2018; Akbik et al., 2018) on a range of public GED datasets, and propose an approach to effectively inte- grate such representations in current methods, achieving a new state of the art on GED. We further analyze the strengths and weaknesses of different contextual embeddings for the task at hand, and present detailed analyses of their impact on different types of errors.",
}
@inproceedings{riordan-etal-2019-account,
    title = "How to account for mispellings: Quantifying the benefit of character representations in neural content scoring models",
    author = "Riordan, Brian  and
      Flor, Michael  and
      Pugh, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4411",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4411",
    pages = "116--126",
    abstract = "Character-based representations in neural models have been claimed to be a tool to overcome spelling variation in in word token-based input. We examine this claim in neural models for content scoring. We formulate precise hypotheses about the possible effects of adding character representations to word-based models and test these hypotheses on large-scale real world content scoring datasets. We find that, while character representations may provide small performance gains in general, their effectiveness in accounting for spelling variation may be limited. We show that spelling correction can provide larger gains than character representations, and that spelling correction improves the performance of models with character representations. With these insights, we report a new state of the art on the ASAP-SAS content scoring dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{alikaniotis-etal-2019-unreasonable,
    title = "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Transformer Language Models in Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Alikaniotis, Dimitris  and
      Raheja, Vipul  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4412",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4412",
    pages = "127--133",
    abstract = "Recent work on Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) has highlighted the importance of language modeling in that it is certainly possible to achieve good performance by comparing the probabilities of the proposed edits. At the same time, advancements in language modeling have managed to generate linguistic output, which is almost indistinguishable from that of human-generated text. In this paper, we up the ante by exploring the potential of more sophisticated language models in GEC and offer some key insights on their strengths and weaknesses. We show that, in line with recent results in other NLP tasks, Transformer architectures achieve consistently high performance and provide a competitive baseline for future machine learning models.",
}
@inproceedings{katsumata-komachi-2019-almost,
    title = "(Almost) Unsupervised Grammatical Error Correction using Synthetic Comparable Corpus",
    author = "Katsumata, Satoru  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4413",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4413",
    pages = "134--138",
    abstract = "We introduce unsupervised techniques based on phrase-based statistical machine translation for grammatical error correction (GEC) trained on a pseudo learner corpus created by Google Translation. We verified our GEC system through experiments on a low resource track of the shared task at BEA2019. As a result, we achieved an F0.5 score of 28.31 points with the test data.",
}
@inproceedings{kantor-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning to combine Grammatical Error Corrections",
    author = "Kantor, Yoav  and
      Katz, Yoav  and
      Choshen, Leshem  and
      Cohen-Karlik, Edo  and
      Liberman, Naftali  and
      Toledo, Assaf  and
      Menczel, Amir  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4414",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4414",
    pages = "139--148",
    abstract = "The field of Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) has produced various systems to deal with focused phenomena or general text editing. We propose an automatic way to combine black-box systems. Our method automatically detects the strength of a system or the combination of several systems per error type, improving precision and recall while optimizing F-score directly. We show consistent improvement over the best standalone system in all the configurations tested. This approach also outperforms average ensembling of different RNN models with random initializations. In addition, we analyze the use of BERT for GEC - reporting promising results on this end. We also present a spellchecker created for this task which outperforms standard spellcheckers tested on the task of spellchecking. This paper describes a system submission to Building Educational Applications 2019 Shared Task: Grammatical Error Correction. Combining the output of top BEA 2019 shared task systems using our approach, currently holds the highest reported score in the open phase of the BEA 2019 shared task, improving F-0.5 score by 3.7 points over the best result reported.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2019-erroneous,
    title = "Erroneous data generation for Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Xu, Shuyao  and
      Zhang, Jiehao  and
      Chen, Jin  and
      Qin, Long",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4415",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4415",
    pages = "149--158",
    abstract = "It has been demonstrated that the utilization of a monolingual corpus in neural Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) systems can significantly improve the system performance. The previous state-of-the-art neural GEC system is an ensemble of four Transformer models pretrained on a large amount of Wikipedia Edits. The Singsound GEC system follows a similar approach but is equipped with a sophisticated erroneous data generating component. Our system achieved an F0:5 of 66.61 in the BEA 2019 Shared Task: Grammatical Error Correction. With our novel erroneous data generating component, the Singsound neural GEC system yielded an M2 of 63.2 on the CoNLL-2014 benchmark (8.4{\%} relative improvement over the previous state-of-the-art system).",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2019-laix,
    title = "The {LAIX} Systems in the {BEA}-2019 {GEC} Shared Task",
    author = "Li, Ruobing  and
      Wang, Chuan  and
      Zha, Yefei  and
      Yu, Yonghong  and
      Guo, Shiman  and
      Wang, Qiang  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Lin, Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4416",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4416",
    pages = "159--167",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe two systems we developed for the three tracks we have participated in the BEA-2019 GEC Shared Task. We investigate competitive classification models with bi-directional recurrent neural networks (Bi-RNN) and neural machine translation (NMT) models. For different tracks, we use ensemble systems to selectively combine the NMT models, the classification models, and some rules, and demonstrate that an ensemble solution can effectively improve GEC performance over single systems. Our GEC systems ranked the first in the Unrestricted Track, and the third in both the Restricted Track and the Low Resource Track.",
}
@inproceedings{stahlberg-byrne-2019-cueds,
    title = "The {CUED}{'}s Grammatical Error Correction Systems for {BEA}-2019",
    author = "Stahlberg, Felix  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4417",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4417",
    pages = "168--175",
    abstract = "We describe two entries from the Cambridge University Engineering Department to the BEA 2019 Shared Task on grammatical error correction. Our submission to the low-resource track is based on prior work on using finite state transducers together with strong neural language models. Our system for the restricted track is a purely neural system consisting of neural language models and neural machine translation models trained with back-translation and a combination of checkpoint averaging and fine-tuning {--} without the help of any additional tools like spell checkers. The latter system has been used inside a separate system combination entry in cooperation with the Cambridge University Computer Lab.",
}
@inproceedings{asano-etal-2019-aip,
    title = "The {AIP}-Tohoku System at the {BEA}-2019 Shared Task",
    author = "Asano, Hiroki  and
      Mita, Masato  and
      Mizumoto, Tomoya  and
      Suzuki, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4418",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4418",
    pages = "176--182",
    abstract = "We introduce the AIP-Tohoku grammatical error correction (GEC) system for the BEA-2019 shared task in Track 1 (Restricted Track) and Track 2 (Unrestricted Track) using the same system architecture. Our system comprises two key components: error generation and sentence-level error detection. In particular, GEC with sentence-level grammatical error detection is a novel and versatile approach, and we experimentally demonstrate that it significantly improves the precision of the base model. Our system is ranked 9th in Track 1 and 2nd in Track 2.",
}
@inproceedings{naplava-straka-2019-cuni,
    title = "{CUNI} System for the Building Educational Applications 2019 Shared Task: Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "N{\'a}plava, Jakub  and
      Straka, Milan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4419",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4419",
    pages = "183--190",
    abstract = "Our submitted models are NMT systems based on the Transformer model, which we improve by incorporating several enhancements: applying dropout to whole source and target words, weighting target subwords, averaging model checkpoints, and using the trained model iteratively for correcting the intermediate translations. The system in the Restricted Track is trained on the provided corpora with oversampled {``}cleaner{''} sentences and reaches 59.39 F0.5 score on the test set. The system in the Low-Resource Track is trained from Wikipedia revision histories and reaches 44.13 F0.5 score. Finally, we finetune the system from the Low-Resource Track on restricted data and achieve 64.55 F0.5 score.",
}
@inproceedings{lacroix-etal-2019-noisy,
    title = "Noisy Channel for Low Resource Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Lacroix, Oph{\'e}lie  and
      Flachs, Simon  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4420",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4420",
    pages = "191--196",
    abstract = "This paper describes our contribution to the low-resource track of the BEA 2019 shared task on Grammatical Error Correction (GEC). Our approach to GEC builds on the theory of the noisy channel by combining a channel model and language model. We generate confusion sets from the Wikipedia edit history and use the frequencies of edits to estimate the channel model. Additionally, we use two pre-trained language models: 1) Google{'}s BERT model, which we fine-tune for specific error types and 2) OpenAI{'}s GPT-2 model, utilizing that it can operate with previous sentences as context. Furthermore, we search for the optimal combinations of corrections using beam search.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-wang-2019-blcu,
    title = "The {BLCU} System in the {BEA} 2019 Shared Task",
    author = "Yang, Liner  and
      Wang, Chencheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4421",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4421",
    pages = "197--206",
    abstract = "This paper describes the BLCU Group submissions to the Building Educational Applications (BEA) 2019 Shared Task on Grammatical Error Correction (GEC). The task is to detect and correct grammatical errors that occurred in essays. We participate in 2 tracks including the Restricted Track and the Unrestricted Track. Our system is based on a Transformer model architecture. We integrate many effective methods proposed in recent years. Such as, Byte Pair Encoding, model ensemble, checkpoints average and spell checker. We also corrupt the public monolingual data to further improve the performance of the model. On the test data of the BEA 2019 Shared Task, our system yields F0.5 = 58.62 and 59.50, ranking twelfth and fourth respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{kaneko-etal-2019-tmu,
    title = "{TMU} Transformer System Using {BERT} for Re-ranking at {BEA} 2019 Grammatical Error Correction on Restricted Track",
    author = "Kaneko, Masahiro  and
      Hotate, Kengo  and
      Katsumata, Satoru  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4422",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4422",
    pages = "207--212",
    abstract = "We introduce our system that is submitted to the restricted track of the BEA 2019 shared task on grammatical error correction1 (GEC). It is essential to select an appropriate hypothesis sentence from the candidates list generated by the GEC model. A re-ranker can evaluate the naturalness of a corrected sentence us- ing language models trained on large corpora. On the other hand, these language models and language representations do not explicitly take into account the grammatical errors written by learners. Thus, it is not straightforward to utilize language representations trained from a large corpus, such as Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), in a form suitable for the learner{'}s grammatical errors. Therefore, we propose to fine- tune BERT on learner corpora with grammatical errors for re-ranking. The experimental results of the W{\&}I+LOCNESS development dataset demonstrate that re-ranking using BERT can effectively improve the correction performance.",
}
@inproceedings{choe-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "A Neural Grammatical Error Correction System Built On Better Pre-training and Sequential Transfer Learning",
    author = "Choe, Yo Joong  and
      Ham, Jiyeon  and
      Park, Kyubyong  and
      Yoon, Yeoil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4423",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4423",
    pages = "213--227",
    abstract = "Grammatical error correction can be viewed as a low-resource sequence-to-sequence task, because publicly available parallel corpora are limited.To tackle this challenge, we first generate erroneous versions of large unannotated corpora using a realistic noising function. The resulting parallel corpora are sub-sequently used to pre-train Transformer models. Then, by sequentially applying transfer learning, we adapt these models to the domain and style of the test set. Combined with a context-aware neural spellchecker, our system achieves competitive results in both restricted and low resource tracks in ACL 2019 BEAShared Task. We release all of our code and materials for reproducibility.",
}
@inproceedings{yuan-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural and {FST}-based approaches to grammatical error correction",
    author = "Yuan, Zheng  and
      Stahlberg, Felix  and
      Rei, Marek  and
      Byrne, Bill  and
      Yannakoudakis, Helen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4424",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4424",
    pages = "228--239",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our submission to the BEA 2019 shared task on grammat- ical error correction. We present a system pipeline that utilises both error detection and correction models. The input text is first corrected by two complementary neural ma- chine translation systems: one using convo- lutional networks and multi-task learning, and another using a neural Transformer-based sys- tem. Training is performed on publicly avail- able data, along with artificial examples gener- ated through back-translation. The n-best lists of these two machine translation systems are then combined and scored using a finite state transducer (FST). Finally, an unsupervised re- ranking system is applied to the n-best output of the FST. The re-ranker uses a number of error detection features to re-rank the FST n- best list and identify the final 1-best correction hypothesis. Our system achieves 66.75{\%} F 0.5 on error correction (ranking 4th), and 82.52{\%} F 0.5 on token-level error detection (ranking 2nd) in the restricted track of the shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Precision of Grammatical Error Correction with a Cheat Sheet",
    author = "Qiu, Mengyang  and
      Chen, Xuejiao  and
      Liu, Maggie  and
      Parvathala, Krishna  and
      Patil, Apurva  and
      Park, Jungyeul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4425",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4425",
    pages = "240--245",
    abstract = "In this paper, we explore two approaches of generating error-focused phrases and examine whether these phrases can lead to better performance in grammatical error correction for the restricted track of BEA 2019 Shared Task on GEC. Our results show that phrases directly extracted from GEC corpora outperform phrases from statistical machine translation phrase table by a large margin. Appending error+context phrases to the original GEC corpora yields comparably high precision. We also explore the generation of artificial syntactic error sentences using error+context phrases for the unrestricted track. The additional training data greatly facilitates syntactic error correction (e.g., verb form) and contributes to better overall performance.",
}
@inproceedings{didenko-shaptala-2019-multi,
    title = "Multi-headed Architecture Based on {BERT} for Grammatical Errors Correction",
    author = "Didenko, Bohdan  and
      Shaptala, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4426",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4426",
    pages = "246--251",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our approach to GEC using the BERT model for creation of encoded representation and some of our enhancements, namely, {``}Heads{''} are fully-connected networks which are used for finding the errors and later receive recommendation from the networks on dealing with a highlighted part of the sentence only. Among the main advantages of our solution is increasing the system productivity and lowering the time of processing while keeping the high accuracy of GEC results.",
}
@inproceedings{grundkiewicz-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Grammatical Error Correction Systems with Unsupervised Pre-training on Synthetic Data",
    author = "Grundkiewicz, Roman  and
      Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin  and
      Heafield, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4427",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4427",
    pages = "252--263",
    abstract = "Considerable effort has been made to address the data sparsity problem in neural grammatical error correction. In this work, we propose a simple and surprisingly effective unsupervised synthetic error generation method based on confusion sets extracted from a spellchecker to increase the amount of training data. Synthetic data is used to pre-train a Transformer sequence-to-sequence model, which not only improves over a strong baseline trained on authentic error-annotated data, but also enables the development of a practical GEC system in a scenario where little genuine error-annotated data is available. The developed systems placed first in the BEA19 shared task, achieving 69.47 and 64.24 F$_{0.5}$ in the restricted and low-resource tracks respectively, both on the W{\&}I+LOCNESS test set. On the popular CoNLL 2014 test set, we report state-of-the-art results of 64.16 M$^2$ for the submitted system, and 61.30 M$^2$ for the constrained system trained on the NUCLE and Lang-8 data.",
}
@inproceedings{bhalla-klimcikova-2019-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of automatic collocation extraction methods for language learning",
    author = "Bhalla, Vishal  and
      Klimcikova, Klara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4428",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4428",
    pages = "264--274",
    abstract = "A number of methods have been proposed to automatically extract collocations, i.e., conventionalized lexical combinations, from text corpora. However, the attempts to evaluate and compare them with a specific application in mind lag behind. This paper compares three end-to-end resources for collocation learning, all of which used the same corpus but different methods. Adopting a gold-standard evaluation method, the results show that the method of dependency parsing outperforms regex-over-pos in collocation identification. The lexical association measures (AMs) used for collocation ranking perform about the same overall but differently for individual collocation types. Further analysis has also revealed that there are considerable differences between other commonly used AMs.",
}
@inproceedings{markov-etal-2019-anglicized,
    title = "Anglicized Words and Misspelled Cognates in Native Language Identification",
    author = "Markov, Ilia  and
      Nastase, Vivi  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4429",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4429",
    pages = "275--284",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present experiments that estimate the impact of specific lexical choices of people writing in a second language (L2). In particular, we look at misspelled words that indicate lexical uncertainty on the part of the author, and separate them into three categories: misspelled cognates, {``}L2-ed{''} (in our case, anglicized) words, and all other spelling errors. We test the assumption that such errors contain clues about the native language of an essay{'}s author through the task of native language identification. The results of the experiments show that the information brought by each of these categories is complementary. We also note that while the distribution of such features changes with the proficiency level of the writer, their contribution towards native language identification remains significant at all levels.",
}
@inproceedings{miaschi-etal-2019-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically-Driven Strategy for Concept Prerequisites Learning on {I}talian",
    author = "Miaschi, Alessio  and
      Alzetta, Chiara  and
      Cardillo, Franco Alberto  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4430",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4430",
    pages = "285--295",
    abstract = "We present a new concept prerequisite learning method for Learning Object (LO) ordering that exploits only linguistic features extracted from textual educational resources. The method was tested in a cross- and in- domain scenario both for Italian and English. Additionally, we performed experiments based on a incremental training strategy to study the impact of the training set size on the classifier performances. The paper also introduces ITA-PREREQ, to the best of our knowledge the first Italian dataset annotated with prerequisite relations between pairs of educational concepts, and describe the automatic strategy devised to build it.",
}
@inproceedings{arai-etal-2019-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical-Error-Aware Incorrect Example Retrieval System for Learners of {J}apanese as a Second Language",
    author = "Arai, Mio  and
      Kaneko, Masahiro  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4431",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4431",
    pages = "296--305",
    abstract = "Existing example retrieval systems do not include grammatically incorrect examples or present only a few examples, if any. Even if a retrieval system has a wide coverage of incorrect examples along with the correct counterpart, learners need to know whether their query includes errors or not. Considering the usability of retrieving incorrect examples, our proposed method uses a large-scale corpus and presents correct expressions along with incorrect expressions using a grammatical error detection system so that the learner do not need to be aware of how to search for the examples. Intrinsic and extrinsic evaluations indicate that our method improves accuracy of example sentence retrieval and quality of learner{'}s writing.",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-etal-2019-toward,
    title = "Toward Automated Content Feedback Generation for Non-native Spontaneous Speech",
    author = "Yoon, Su-Youn  and
      Hsieh, Ching-Ni  and
      Zechner, Klaus  and
      Mulholland, Matthew  and
      Wang, Yuan  and
      Madnani, Nitin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4432",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4432",
    pages = "306--315",
    abstract = "In this study, we developed an automated algorithm to provide feedback about the specific content of non-native English speakers{'} spoken responses. The responses were spontaneous speech, elicited using integrated tasks where the language learners listened to and/or read passages and integrated the core content in their spoken responses. Our models detected the absence of key points considered to be important in a spoken response to a particular test question, based on two different models: (a) a model using word-embedding based content features and (b) a state-of-the art short response scoring engine using traditional n-gram based features. Both models achieved a substantially improved performance over the majority baseline, and the combination of the two models achieved a significant further improvement. In particular, the models were robust to automated speech recognition (ASR) errors, and performance based on the ASR word hypotheses was comparable to that based on manual transcriptions. The accuracy and F-score of the best model for the questions included in the train set were 0.80 and 0.68, respectively. Finally, we discussed possible approaches to generating targeted feedback about the content of a language learner{'}s response, based on automatically detected missing key points.",
}
@inproceedings{mizumoto-etal-2019-analytic,
    title = "Analytic Score Prediction and Justification Identification in Automated Short Answer Scoring",
    author = "Mizumoto, Tomoya  and
      Ouchi, Hiroki  and
      Isobe, Yoriko  and
      Reisert, Paul  and
      Nagata, Ryo  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4433",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4433",
    pages = "316--325",
    abstract = "This paper provides an analytical assessment of student short answer responses with a view to potential benefits in pedagogical contexts. We first propose and formalize two novel analytical assessment tasks: analytic score prediction and justification identification, and then provide the first dataset created for analytic short answer scoring research. Subsequently, we present a neural baseline model and report our extensive empirical results to demonstrate how our dataset can be used to explore new and intriguing technical challenges in short answer scoring. The dataset is publicly available for research purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{shah-etal-2019-content,
    title = "Content Customization for Micro Learning using Human Augmented {AI} Techniques",
    author = "Shah, Ayush  and
      Abuelsaad, Tamer  and
      Ahn, Jae-Wook  and
      Dey, Prasenjit  and
      Kokku, Ravi  and
      Sharma Mittal, Ruhi  and
      Vempaty, Aditya  and
      Sharma, Mourvi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4434",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4434",
    pages = "326--335",
    abstract = "Visual content has been proven to be effective for micro-learning compared to other media. In this paper, we discuss leveraging this observation in our efforts to build audio-visual content for young learners{'} vocabulary learning. We attempt to tackle two major issues in the process of traditional visual curation tasks. Generic learning videos do not necessarily satisfy the unique context of a learner and/or an educator, and hence may not result in maximal learning outcomes. Also, manual video curation by educators is a highly labor-intensive process. To this end, we present a customizable micro-learning audio-visual content curation tool that is designed to reduce the human (educator) effort in creating just-in-time learning videos from a textual description (learning script). This provides educators with control of the content while preparing the learning scripts, and in turn can also be customized to capture the desired learning objectives and outcomes. As a use case, we automatically generate learning videos with British National Corpus{'} (BNC) frequently spoken vocabulary words and evaluate them with experts. They positively recommended the generated learning videos with an average rating of 4.25 on a Likert scale of 5 points. The inter-annotator agreement between the experts for the video quality was substantial (Fleiss Kappa=0.62) with an overall agreement of 81{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{raamadhurai-etal-2019-curio,
    title = "Curio {S}mart{C}hat : A system for Natural Language Question Answering for Self-Paced K-12 Learning",
    author = "Raamadhurai, Srikrishna  and
      Baker, Ryan  and
      Poduval, Vikraman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4435",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4435",
    pages = "336--342",
    abstract = "During learning, students often have questions which they would benefit from responses to in real time. In class, a student can ask a question to a teacher. During homework, or even in class if the student is shy, it can be more difficult to receive a rapid response. In this work, we introduce Curio SmartChat, an automated question answering system for middle school Science topics. Our system has now been used by around 20,000 students who have so far asked over 100,000 questions. We present data on the challenge created by students{'} grammatical errors and spelling mistakes, and discuss our system{'}s approach and degree of effectiveness at disambiguating questions that the system is initially unsure about. We also discuss the prevalence of student {``}small talk{''} not related to science topics, the pluses and minuses of this behavior, and how a system should respond to these conversational acts. We conclude with discussions and point to directions for potential future work.",
}
@inproceedings{gecchele-etal-2019-supporting,
    title = "Supporting content evaluation of student summaries by Idea Unit embedding",
    author = "Gecchele, Marcello  and
      Yamada, Hiroaki  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Sawaki, Yasuyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4436",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4436",
    pages = "343--348",
    abstract = "This paper discusses the computer-assisted content evaluation of summaries. We propose a method to make a correspondence between the segments of the source text and its summary. As a unit of the segment, we adopt {``}Idea Unit (IU){''} which is proposed in Applied Linguistics. Introducing IUs enables us to make a correspondence even for the sentences that contain multiple ideas. The IU correspondence is made based on the similarity between vector representations of IU. An evaluation experiment with two source texts and 20 summaries showed that the proposed method is more robust against rephrased expressions than the conventional ROUGE-based baselines. Also, the proposed method outperformed the baselines in recall. We im-plemented the proposed method in a GUI tool{``}Segment Matcher{''} that aids teachers to estab-lish a link between corresponding IUs acrossthe summary and source text.",
}
@inproceedings{vajjala-lucic-2019-understanding,
    title = "On Understanding the Relation between Expert Annotations of Text Readability and Target Reader Comprehension",
    author = "Vajjala, Sowmya  and
      Lucic, Ivana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4437",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4437",
    pages = "349--359",
    abstract = "Automatic readability assessment aims to ensure that readers read texts that they can comprehend. However, computational models are typically trained on texts created from the perspective of the text writer, not the target reader. There is little experimental research on the relationship between expert annotations of readability, reader{'}s language proficiency, and different levels of reading comprehension. To address this gap, we conducted a user study in which over a 100 participants read texts of different reading levels and answered questions created to test three forms of comprehension. Our results indicate that more than readability annotation or reader proficiency, it is the type of comprehension question asked that shows differences between reader responses - inferential questions were difficult for users of all levels of proficiency across reading levels. The data collected from this study will be released with this paper, which will, for the first time, provide a collection of 45 reader bench marked texts to evaluate readability assessment systems developed for adult learners of English. It can also potentially be useful for the development of question generation approaches in intelligent tutoring systems research.",
}
@inproceedings{forti-etal-2019-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Text Complexity for {I}talian as a Second Language Learning Purposes",
    author = "Forti, Luciana  and
      Milani, Alfredo  and
      Piersanti, Luisa  and
      Santarelli, Filippo  and
      Santucci, Valentino  and
      Spina, Stefania",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4438",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4438",
    pages = "360--368",
    abstract = "The selection of texts for second language learning purposes typically relies on teachers{'} and test developers{'} individual judgment of the observable qualitative properties of a text. Little or no consideration is generally given to the quantitative dimension within an evidence-based framework of reproducibility. This study aims to fill the gap by evaluating the effectiveness of an automatic tool trained to assess text complexity in the context of Italian as a second language learning. A dataset of texts labeled by expert test developers was used to evaluate the performance of three classifier models (decision tree, random forest, and support vector machine), which were trained using linguistic features measured quantitatively and extracted from the texts. The experimental analysis provided satisfactory results, also in relation to which kind of linguistic trait contributed the most to the final outcome.",
}
@inproceedings{renduchintala-etal-2019-simple,
    title = "Simple Construction of Mixed-Language Texts for Vocabulary Learning",
    author = "Renduchintala, Adithya  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4439",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4439",
    pages = "369--379",
    abstract = "We present a machine foreign-language teacher that takes documents written in a student{'}s native language and detects situations where it can replace words with their foreign glosses such that new foreign vocabulary can be learned simply through reading the resulting mixed-language text. We show that it is possible to design such a machine teacher without any supervised data from (human) students. We accomplish this by modifying a cloze language model to incrementally learn new vocabulary items, and use this language model as a proxy for the word guessing and learning ability of real students. Our machine foreign-language teacher decides which subset of words to replace by consulting this language model. We evaluate three variants of our student proxy language models through a study on Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). We find that MTurk {``}students{''} were able to guess the meanings of foreign words introduced by the machine teacher with high accuracy for both function words as well as content words in two out of the three models. In addition, we show that students are able to retain their knowledge about the foreign words after they finish reading the document.",
}
@inproceedings{weiss-meurers-2019-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Linguistic Complexity and Accuracy in Academic Language Development of {G}erman across Elementary and Secondary School",
    author = "Weiss, Zarah  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4440",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4440",
    pages = "380--393",
    abstract = "We track the development of writing complexity and accuracy in German students{'} early academic language development from first to eighth grade. Combining an empirically broad approach to linguistic complexity with the high-quality error annotation included in the Karlsruhe Children{'}s Text corpus (Lavalley et al. 2015) used, we construct models of German academic language development that successfully identify the student{'}s grade level. We show that classifiers for the early years rely more on accuracy development, whereas development in secondary school is better characterized by increasingly complex language in all domains: linguistic system, language use, and human sentence processing characteristics. We demonstrate the generalizability and robustness of models using such a broad complexity feature set across writing topics.",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-lee-2019-content,
    title = "Content Modeling for Automated Oral Proficiency Scoring System",
    author = "Yoon, Su-Youn  and
      Lee, Chong Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4441",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4441",
    pages = "394--401",
    abstract = "We developed an automated oral proficiency scoring system for non-native English speakers{'} spontaneous speech. Automated systems that score holistic proficiency are expected to assess a wide range of performance categories, and the content is one of the core performance categories. In order to assess the quality of the content, we trained a Siamese convolutional neural network (CNN) to model the semantic relationship between key points generated by experts and a test response. The correlation between human scores and Siamese CNN scores was comparable to human-human agreement (r=0.63), and it was higher than the baseline content features. The inclusion of Siamese CNN-based feature to the existing state-of-the-art automated scoring model achieved a small but statistically significant improvement. However, the new model suffered from score inflation for long atypical responses with serious content issues. We investigated the reasons of this score inflation by analyzing the associations with linguistic features and identifying areas strongly associated with the score errors.",
}
@inproceedings{mondal-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning Outcomes and Their Relatedness in a Medical Curriculum",
    author = "Mondal, Sneha  and
      Dhamecha, Tejas  and
      Godbole, Shantanu  and
      Pathak, Smriti  and
      Mendoza, Red  and
      Wijayarathna, K Gayathri  and
      Zary, Nabil  and
      Saha, Swarnadeep  and
      Chetlur, Malolan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4442",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4442",
    pages = "402--411",
    abstract = "A typical medical curriculum is organized in a hierarchy of instructional objectives called Learning Outcomes (LOs); a few thousand LOs span five years of study. Gaining a thorough understanding of the curriculum requires learners to recognize and apply related LOs across years, and across different parts of the curriculum. However, given the large scope of the curriculum, manually labeling related LOs is tedious, and almost impossible to scale. In this paper, we build a system that learns relationships between LOs, and we achieve up to human-level performance in the LO relationship extraction task. We then present an application where the proposed system is employed to build a map of related LOs and Learning Resources (LRs) pertaining to a virtual patient case. We believe that our system can help medical students grasp the curriculum better, within classroom as well as in Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) settings.",
}
@inproceedings{benzahra-yvon-2019-measuring,
    title = "Measuring text readability with machine comprehension: a pilot study",
    author = "Benzahra, Marc  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4443",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4443",
    pages = "412--422",
    abstract = "This article studies the relationship between text readability indice and automatic machine understanding systems. Our hypothesis is that the simpler a text is, the better it should be understood by a machine. We thus expect to a strong correlation between readability levels on the one hand, and performance of automatic reading systems on the other hand. We test this hypothesis with several understanding systems based on language models of varying strengths, measuring this correlation on two corpora of journalistic texts. Our results suggest that this correlation is rather small that existing comprehension systems are far to reproduce the gradual improvement of their performance on texts of decreasing complexity.",
}
@inproceedings{clausen-nastase-2019-metaphors,
    title = "Metaphors in Text Simplification: To change or not to change, that is the question",
    author = "Clausen, Yulia  and
      Nastase, Vivi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4444",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4444",
    pages = "423--434",
    abstract = "We present an analysis of metaphors in news text simplification. Using features that capture general and metaphor specific characteristics, we test whether we can automatically identify which metaphors will be changed or preserved, and whether there are features that have different predictive power for metaphors or literal words. The experiments show that the Age of Acquisition is the most distinctive feature for both metaphors and literal words. Features that capture Imageability and Concreteness are useful when used alone, but within the full set of features they lose their impact. Frequency of use seems to be the best feature to differentiate metaphors that should be changed and those to be preserved.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2019-application,
    title = "Application of an Automatic Plagiarism Detection System in a Large-scale Assessment of {E}nglish Speaking Proficiency",
    author = "Wang, Xinhao  and
      Evanini, Keelan  and
      Mulholland, Matthew  and
      Qian, Yao  and
      Bruno, James V.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4445",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4445",
    pages = "435--443",
    abstract = "This study aims to build an automatic system for the detection of plagiarized spoken responses in the context of an assessment of English speaking proficiency for non-native speakers. Classification models were trained to distinguish between plagiarized and non-plagiarized responses with two different types of features: text-to-text content similarity measures, which are commonly used in the task of plagiarism detection for written documents, and speaking proficiency measures, which were specifically designed for spontaneous speech and extracted using an automated speech scoring system. The experiments were first conducted on a large data set drawn from an operational English proficiency assessment across multiple years, and the best classifier on this heavily imbalanced data set resulted in an F1-score of 0.761 on the plagiarized class. This system was then validated on operational responses collected from a single administration of the assessment and achieved a recall of 0.897. The results indicate that the proposed system can potentially be used to improve the validity of both human and automated assessment of non-native spoken English.",
}
@inproceedings{mayfield-etal-2019-equity,
    title = "Equity Beyond Bias in Language Technologies for Education",
    author = "Mayfield, Elijah  and
      Madaio, Michael  and
      Prabhumoye, Shrimai  and
      Gerritsen, David  and
      McLaughlin, Brittany  and
      Dixon-Rom{\'a}n, Ezekiel  and
      Black, Alan W",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4446",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4446",
    pages = "444--460",
    abstract = "There is a long record of research on equity in schools. As machine learning researchers begin to study fairness and bias in earnest, language technologies in education have an unusually strong theoretical and applied foundation to build on. Here, we introduce concepts from culturally relevant pedagogy and other frameworks for teaching and learning, identifying future work on equity in NLP. We present case studies in a range of topics like intelligent tutoring systems, computer-assisted language learning, automated essay scoring, and sentiment analysis in classrooms, and provide an actionable agenda for research.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2019-receptive,
    title = "From Receptive to Productive: Learning to Use Confusing Words through Automatically Selected Example Sentences",
    author = "Huang, Chieh-Yang  and
      Huang, Yi-Ting  and
      Chen, MeiHua  and
      Ku, Lun-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4447",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4447",
    pages = "461--471",
    abstract = "Knowing how to use words appropriately has been a key to improving language proficiency. Previous studies typically discuss how students learn receptively to select the correct candidate from a set of confusing words in the fill-in-the-blank task where specific context is given. In this paper, we go one step further, assisting students to learn to use confusing words appropriately in a productive task: sentence translation. We leverage the GiveMe-Example system, which suggests example sentences for each confusing word, to achieve this goal. In this study, students learn to differentiate the confusing words by reading the example sentences, and then choose the appropriate word(s) to complete the sentence translation task. Results show students made substantial progress in terms of sentence structure. In addition, highly proficient students better managed to learn confusing words. In view of the influence of the first language on learners, we further propose an effective approach to improve the quality of the suggested sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{sakakini-etal-2019-equipping,
    title = "Equipping Educational Applications with Domain Knowledge",
    author = "Sakakini, Tarek  and
      Gong, Hongyu  and
      Lee, Jong Yoon  and
      Schloss, Robert  and
      Xiong, JinJun  and
      Bhat, Suma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4448",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4448",
    pages = "472--477",
    abstract = "One of the challenges of building natural language processing (NLP) applications for education is finding a large domain-specific corpus for the subject of interest (e.g., history or science). To address this challenge, we propose a tool, Dexter, that extracts a subject-specific corpus from a heterogeneous corpus, such as Wikipedia, by relying on a small seed corpus and distributed document representations. We empirically show the impact of the generated corpus on language modeling, estimating word embeddings, and consequently, distractor generation, resulting in better performances than while using a general domain corpus, a heuristically constructed domain-specific corpus, and a corpus generated by a popular system: BootCaT.",
}
@inproceedings{htut-tetreault-2019-unbearable,
    title = "The Unbearable Weight of Generating Artificial Errors for Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Htut, Phu Mon  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4449",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4449",
    pages = "478--483",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate the impact of using 4 recent neural models for generating artificial errors to help train the neural grammatical error correction models. We conduct a battery of experiments on the effect of data size, models, and comparison with a rule-based approach.",
}
@inproceedings{nadeem-etal-2019-automated,
    title = "Automated Essay Scoring with Discourse-Aware Neural Models",
    author = "Nadeem, Farah  and
      Nguyen, Huy  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4450",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4450",
    pages = "484--493",
    abstract = "Automated essay scoring systems typically rely on hand-crafted features to predict essay quality, but such systems are limited by the cost of feature engineering. Neural networks offer an alternative to feature engineering, but they typically require more annotated data. This paper explores network structures, contextualized embeddings and pre-training strategies aimed at capturing discourse characteristics of essays. Experiments on three essay scoring tasks show benefits from all three strategies in different combinations, with simpler architectures being more effective when less training data is available.",
}
@inproceedings{hou-etal-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling language learning using specialized Elo rating",
    author = "Hou, Jue  and
      Maximilian, Koppatz  and
      Hoya Quecedo, Jos{\'e} Mar{\'\i}a  and
      Stoyanova, Nataliya  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4451",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4451",
    pages = "494--506",
    abstract = "Automatic assessment of the proficiency levels of the learner is a critical part of Intelligent Tutoring Systems. We present methods for assessment in the context of language learning. We use a specialized Elo formula used in conjunction with educational data mining. We simultaneously obtain ratings for the proficiency of the learners and for the difficulty of the linguistic concepts that the learners are trying to master. From the same data we also learn a graph structure representing a domain model capturing the relations among the concepts. This application of Elo provides ratings for learners and concepts which correlate well with subjective proficiency levels of the learners and difficulty levels of the concepts.",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2019-rubric,
    title = "Rubric Reliability and Annotation of Content and Argument in Source-Based Argument Essays",
    author = "Gao, Yanjun  and
      Driban, Alex  and
      Xavier McManus, Brennan  and
      Musi, Elena  and
      Davies, Patricia  and
      Muresan, Smaranda  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4452",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4452",
    pages = "507--518",
    abstract = "We present a unique dataset of student source-based argument essays to facilitate research on the relations between content, argumentation skills, and assessment. Two classroom writing assignments were given to college students in a STEM major, accompanied by a carefully designed rubric. The paper presents a reliability study of the rubric, showing it to be highly reliable, and initial annotation on content and argumentation annotation of the essays.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-argument,
    title = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    author = "Stein, Benno  and
      Wachsmuth, Henning",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4500",
}
@inproceedings{petasis-2019-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation of Argumentative Texts with Contextualised Word Representations",
    author = "Petasis, Georgios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4501",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4501",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "The segmentation of argumentative units is an important subtask of argument mining, which is frequently addressed at a coarse granularity, usually assuming argumentative units to be no smaller than sentences. Approaches focusing at the clause-level granularity, typically address the task as sequence labeling at the token level, aiming to classify whether a token begins, is inside, or is outside of an argumentative unit. Most approaches exploit highly engineered, manually constructed features, and algorithms typically used in sequential tagging {--} such as Conditional Random Fields, while more recent approaches try to exploit manually constructed features in the context of deep neural networks. In this context, we examined to what extend recent advances in sequential labelling allow to reduce the need for highly sophisticated, manually constructed features, and whether limiting features to embeddings, pre-trained on large corpora is a promising approach. Evaluation results suggest the examined models and approaches can exhibit comparable performance, minimising the need for feature engineering.",
}
@inproceedings{jo-etal-2019-cascade,
    title = "A Cascade Model for Proposition Extraction in Argumentation",
    author = "Jo, Yohan  and
      Visser, Jacky  and
      Reed, Chris  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4502",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4502",
    pages = "11--24",
    abstract = "We present a model to tackle a fundamental but understudied problem in computational argumentation: proposition extraction. Propositions are the basic units of an argument and the primary building blocks of most argument mining systems. However, they are usually substituted by argumentative discourse units obtained via surface-level text segmentation, which may yield text segments that lack semantic information necessary for subsequent argument mining processes. In contrast, our cascade model aims to extract complete propositions by handling anaphora resolution, text segmentation, reported speech, questions, imperatives, missing subjects, and revision. We formulate each task as a computational problem and test various models using a corpus of the 2016 U.S. presidential debates. We show promising performance for some tasks and discuss main challenges in proposition extraction.",
}
@inproceedings{opitz-frank-2019-dissecting,
    title = "Dissecting Content and Context in Argumentative Relation Analysis",
    author = "Opitz, Juri  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4503",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4503",
    pages = "25--34",
    abstract = "When assessing relations between argumentative units (e.g., support or attack), computational systems often exploit disclosing indicators or markers that are not part of elementary argumentative units (EAUs) themselves, but are gained from their context (position in paragraph, preceding tokens, etc.). We show that this dependency is much stronger than previously assumed. In fact, we show that by completely masking the EAU text spans and only feeding information from their context, a competitive system may function even better. We argue that an argument analysis system that relies more on discourse context than the argument{'}s content is unsafe, since it can easily be tricked. To alleviate this issue, we separate argumentative units from their context such that the system is forced to model and rely on an EAU{'}s content. We show that the resulting classification system is more robust, and argue that such models are better suited for predicting argumentative relations across documents.",
}
@inproceedings{huber-etal-2019-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Discourse and Argumentation Structures using Subtrees and Redescription Mining",
    author = "Huber, Laurine  and
      Toussaint, Yannick  and
      Roze, Charlotte  and
      Dargnat, Mathilde  and
      Braud, Chlo{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4504",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4504",
    pages = "35--40",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate similarities between discourse and argumentation structures by aligning subtrees in a corpus containing both annotations. Contrary to previous works, we focus on comparing sub-structures and not only relations matches. Using data mining techniques, we show that discourse and argumentation most often align well, and the double annotation allows to derive a mapping between structures. Moreover, this approach enables the study of similarities between discourse structures and differences in their expressive power.",
}
@inproceedings{accuosto-saggion-2019-transferring,
    title = "Transferring Knowledge from Discourse to Arguments: A Case Study with Scientific Abstracts",
    author = "Accuosto, Pablo  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4505",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4505",
    pages = "41--51",
    abstract = "In this work we propose to leverage resources available with discourse-level annotations to facilitate the identification of argumentative components and relations in scientific texts, which has been recognized as a particularly challenging task. In particular, we implement and evaluate a transfer learning approach in which contextualized representations learned from discourse parsing tasks are used as input of argument mining models. As a pilot application, we explore the feasibility of using automatically identified argumentative components and relations to predict the acceptance of papers in computer science venues. In order to conduct our experiments, we propose an annotation scheme for argumentative units and relations and use it to enrich an existing corpus with an argumentation layer.",
}
@inproceedings{eide-2019-swedish,
    title = "The {S}wedish {P}oli{G}raph: A Semantic Graph for Argument Mining of {S}wedish Parliamentary Data",
    author = "Eide, Stian R{\o}dven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4506",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4506",
    pages = "52--57",
    abstract = "As part of a larger project on argument mining of Swedish parliamentary data, we have created a semantic graph that, together with named entity recognition and resolution (NER), should make it easier to establish connections between arguments in a given debate. The graph is essentially a semantic database that keeps track of Members of Parliament (MPs), in particular their presence in the parliament and activity in debates, but also party affiliation and participation in commissions. The hope is that the Swedish PoliGraph will enable us to perform named entity resolution on debates in the Swedish parliament with a high accuracy, with the aim of determining to whom an argument is directed.",
}
@inproceedings{lavee-etal-2019-towards,
    title = "Towards Effective Rebuttal: Listening Comprehension Using Corpus-Wide Claim Mining",
    author = "Lavee, Tamar  and
      Orbach, Matan  and
      Kotlerman, Lili  and
      Kantor, Yoav  and
      Gretz, Shai  and
      Dankin, Lena  and
      Jacovi, Michal  and
      Bilu, Yonatan  and
      Aharonov, Ranit  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4507",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4507",
    pages = "58--66",
    abstract = "Engaging in a live debate requires, among other things, the ability to effectively rebut arguments claimed by your opponent. In particular, this requires identifying these arguments. Here, we suggest doing so by automatically mining claims from a corpus of news articles containing billions of sentences, and searching for them in a given speech. This raises the question of whether such claims indeed correspond to those made in spoken speeches. To this end, we collected a large dataset of 400 speeches in English discussing 200 controversial topics, mined claims for each topic, and asked annotators to identify the mined claims mentioned in each speech. Results show that in the vast majority of speeches debaters indeed make use of such claims. In addition, we present several baselines for the automatic detection of mined claims in speeches, forming the basis for future work. All collected data is freely available for research.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2019-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon Guided Attentive Neural Network Model for Argument Mining",
    author = "Lin, Jian-Fu  and
      Huang, Kuo Yu  and
      Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4508",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4508",
    pages = "67--73",
    abstract = "Identification of argumentative components is an important stage of argument mining. Lexicon information is reported as one of the most frequently used features in the argument mining research. In this paper, we propose a methodology to integrate lexicon information into a neural network model by attention mechanism. We conduct experiments on the UKP dataset, which is collected from heterogeneous sources and contains several text types, e.g., microblog, Wikipedia, and news. We explore lexicons from various application scenarios such as sentiment analysis and emotion detection. We also compare the experimental results of leveraging different lexicons.",
}
@inproceedings{spliethover-etal-2019-worth,
    title = "Is It Worth the Attention? A Comparative Evaluation of Attention Layers for Argument Unit Segmentation",
    author = {Splieth{\"o}ver, Maximilian  and
      Klaff, Jonas  and
      Heuer, Hendrik},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4509",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4509",
    pages = "74--82",
    abstract = "Attention mechanisms have seen some success for natural language processing downstream tasks in recent years and generated new state-of-the-art results. A thorough evaluation of the attention mechanism for the task of Argumentation Mining is missing. With this paper, we report a comparative evaluation of attention layers in combination with a bidirectional long short-term memory network, which is the current state-of-the-art approach for the unit segmentation task. We also compare sentence-level contextualized word embeddings to pre-generated ones. Our findings suggest that for this task, the additional attention layer does not improve the performance. In most cases, contextualized embeddings do also not show an improvement on the score achieved by pre-defined embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{deguchi-yamaguchi-2019-argument,
    title = "Argument Component Classification by Relation Identification by Neural Network and {T}ext{R}ank",
    author = "Deguchi, Mamoru  and
      Yamaguchi, Kazunori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4510",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4510",
    pages = "83--91",
    abstract = "In recent years, argumentation mining, which automatically extracts the structure of argumentation from unstructured documents such as essays and debates, is gaining attention. For argumentation mining applications, argument-component classification is an important subtask. The existing methods can be classified into supervised methods and unsupervised methods. Supervised document classification performs classification using a single sentence without relying on the whole document. On the other hand, unsupervised document classification has the advantage of being able to use the whole document, but accuracy of these methods is not so high. In this paper, we propose a method for argument-component classification that combines relation identification by neural networks and TextRank to integrate relation informations (i.e. the strength of the relation). This method can use argumentation-specific knowledge by employing a supervised learning on a corpus while maintaining the advantage of using the whole document. Experiments on two corpora, one consisting of student essay and the other of Wikipedia articles, show the effectiveness of this method.",
}
@inproceedings{liga-2019-argumentative,
    title = "Argumentative Evidences Classification and Argument Scheme Detection Using Tree Kernels",
    author = "Liga, Davide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4511",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4511",
    pages = "92--97",
    abstract = "The purpose of this study is to deploy a novel methodology for classifying different argumentative support (supporting evidences) in arguments, without considering the context. The proposed methodology is based on the idea that the use of Tree Kernel algorithms can be a good way to discriminate between different types of argumentative stances without the need of highly engineered features. This can be useful in different Argumentation Mining sub-tasks. This work provides an example of classifier built using a Tree Kernel method, which can discriminate between different kinds of argumentative support with a high accuracy. The ability to distinguish different kinds of support is, in fact, a key step toward Argument Scheme classification.",
}
@inproceedings{hewett-etal-2019-utility,
    title = "The Utility of Discourse Parsing Features for Predicting Argumentation Structure",
    author = "Hewett, Freya  and
      Prakash Rane, Roshan  and
      Harlacher, Nina  and
      Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4512",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4512",
    pages = "98--103",
    abstract = "Research on argumentation mining from text has frequently discussed relationships to discourse parsing, but few empirical results are available so far. One corpus that has been annotated in parallel for argumentation structure and for discourse structure (RST, SDRT) are the {`}argumentative microtexts{'} (Peldszus and Stede, 2016a). While results on perusing the gold RST annotations for predicting argumentation have been published (Peldszus and Stede, 2016b), the step to automatic discourse parsing has not yet been taken. In this paper, we run various discourse parsers (RST, PDTB) on the corpus, compare their results to the gold annotations (for RST) and then assess the contribution of automatically-derived discourse features for argumentation parsing. After reproducing the state-of-the-art Evidence Graph model from Afantenos et al. (2018) for the microtexts, we find that PDTB features can indeed improve its performance.",
}
@inproceedings{niven-kao-2019-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Argumentative Discourse Acts with Linguistic Alignment",
    author = "Niven, Timothy  and
      Kao, Hung-Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4513",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4513",
    pages = "104--112",
    abstract = "We report the results of preliminary investigations into the relationship between linguistic alignment and dialogical argumentation at the level of discourse acts. We annotated a proof of concept dataset with illocutions and transitions at the comment level based on Inference Anchoring Theory. We estimated linguistic alignment across discourse acts and found significant variation. Alignment features calculated at the dyad level are found to be useful for detecting a range of argumentative discourse acts.",
}
@inproceedings{alliheedi-etal-2019-annotation,
    title = "Annotation of Rhetorical Moves in Biochemistry Articles",
    author = "Alliheedi, Mohammed  and
      Mercer, Robert E.  and
      Cohen, Robin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4514",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4514",
    pages = "113--123",
    abstract = "This paper focuses on the real world application of scientific writing and on determining rhetorical moves, an important step in establishing the argument structure of biomedical articles. Using the observation that the structure of scholarly writing in laboratory-based experimental sciences closely follows laboratory procedures, we examine most closely the Methods section of the texts and adopt an approach of identifying rhetorical moves that are procedure-oriented. We also propose a verb-centric frame semantics with an effective set of semantic roles in order to support the analysis. These components are designed to support a computational model that extends a promising proposal of appropriate rhetorical moves for this domain, but one which is merely descriptive. Our work also contributes to the understanding of argument-related annotation schemes. In particular, we conduct a detailed study with human annotators to confirm that our selection of semantic roles is effective in determining the underlying rhetorical structure of existing biomedical articles in an extensive dataset. The annotated dataset that we produce provides the important knowledge needed for our ultimate goal of analyzing biochemistry articles.",
}
@inproceedings{neves-etal-2019-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Scientific Elements for Text Similarity in Biomedical Publications",
    author = "Neves, Mariana  and
      Butzke, Daniel  and
      Grune, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4515",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4515",
    pages = "124--135",
    abstract = "Rhetorical elements from scientific publications provide a more structured view of the document and allow algorithms to focus on particular parts of the text. We surveyed the literature for previously proposed schemes for rhetorical elements and present an overview of its current state of the art. We also searched for available tools using these schemes and applied four tools for our particular task of ranking biomedical abstracts based on text similarity. Comparison of the tools with two strong baselines shows that the predictions provided by the ArguminSci tool can support our use case of mining alternative methods for animal experiments.",
}
@inproceedings{panchenko-etal-2019-categorizing,
    title = "Categorizing Comparative Sentences",
    author = "Panchenko, Alexander  and
      Bondarenko, Alexander  and
      Franzek, Mirco  and
      Hagen, Matthias  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4516",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4516",
    pages = "136--145",
    abstract = "We tackle the tasks of automatically identifying comparative sentences and categorizing the intended preference (e.g., {``}Python has better NLP libraries than MATLAB{''} $\rightarrow$ Python, better, MATLAB). To this end, we manually annotate 7,199 sentences for 217 distinct target item pairs from several domains (27{\%} of the sentences contain an oriented comparison in the sense of {``}better{''} or {``}worse{''}). A gradient boosting model based on pre-trained sentence embeddings reaches an F1 score of 85{\%} in our experimental evaluation. The model can be used to extract comparative sentences for pro/con argumentation in comparative / argument search engines or debating technologies.",
}
@inproceedings{potash-etal-2019-ranking,
    title = "Ranking Passages for Argument Convincingness",
    author = "Potash, Peter  and
      Ferguson, Adam  and
      Hazen, Timothy J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4517",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4517",
    pages = "146--155",
    abstract = "In data ranking applications, pairwise annotation is often more consistent than cardinal annotation for learning ranking models. We examine this in a case study on ranking text passages for argument convincingness. Our task is to choose text passages that provide the highest-quality, most-convincing arguments for opposing sides of a topic. Using data from a deployed system within the Bing search engine, we construct a pairwise-labeled dataset for argument convincingness that is substantially more comprehensive in topical coverage compared to existing public resources. We detail the process of extracting topical passages for queries submitted to a search engine, creating annotated sets of passages aligned to different stances on a topic, and assessing argument convincingness of passages using pairwise annotation. Using a state-of-the-art convincingness model, we evaluate several methods for using pairwise-annotated data examples to train models for ranking passages. Our results show pairwise training outperforms training that regresses to a target score for each passage. Our results also show a simple {`}win-rate{'} score is a better regression target than the previously proposed page-rank target. Lastly, addressing the need to filter noisy crowd-sourced annotations when constructing a dataset, we show that filtering for transitivity within pairwise annotations is more effective than filtering based on annotation confidence measures for individual examples.",
}
@inproceedings{kotonya-toni-2019-gradual,
    title = "Gradual Argumentation Evaluation for Stance Aggregation in Automated Fake News Detection",
    author = "Kotonya, Neema  and
      Toni, Francesca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4518",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4518",
    pages = "156--166",
    abstract = "Stance detection plays a pivot role in fake news detection. The task involves determining the point of view or stance {--} for or against {--} a text takes towards a claim. One very important stage in employing stance detection for fake news detection is the aggregation of multiple stance labels from different text sources in order to compute a prediction for the veracity of a claim. Typically, aggregation is treated as a credibility-weighted average of stance predictions. In this work, we take the novel approach of applying, for aggregation, a gradual argumentation semantics to bipolar argumentation frameworks mined using stance detection. Our empirical evaluation shows that our method results in more accurate veracity predictions.",
}
@inproceedings{longpre-etal-2019-persuasion,
    title = "Persuasion of the Undecided: Language vs. the Listener",
    author = "Longpre, Liane  and
      Durmus, Esin  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4519",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4519",
    pages = "167--176",
    abstract = "This paper examines the factors that govern persuasion for a priori UNDECIDED versus DECIDED audience members in the context of on-line debates. We separately study two types of influences: linguistic factors {---} features of the language of the debate itself; and audience factors {---} features of an audience member encoding demographic information, prior beliefs, and debate platform behavior. In a study of users of a popular debate platform, we find first that different combinations of linguistic features are critical for predicting persuasion outcomes for UNDECIDED versus DECIDED members of the audience. We additionally find that audience factors have more influence on predicting the side (PRO/CON) that persuaded UNDECIDED users than for DECIDED users that flip their stance to the opposing side. Our results emphasize the importance of considering the undecided and decided audiences separately when studying linguistic factors of persuasion.",
}
@inproceedings{lindahl-etal-2019-towards,
    title = "Towards Assessing Argumentation Annotation - A First Step",
    author = "Lindahl, Anna  and
      Borin, Lars  and
      Rouces, Jacobo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4520",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4520",
    pages = "177--186",
    abstract = "This paper presents a first attempt at using Walton{'}s argumentation schemes for annotating arguments in Swedish political text and assessing the feasibility of using this particular set of schemes with two linguistically trained annotators. The texts are not pre-annotated with argumentation structure beforehand. The results show that the annotators differ both in number of annotated arguments and selection of the conclusion and premises which make up the arguments. They also differ in their labeling of the schemes, but grouping the schemes increases their agreement. The outcome from this will be used to develop guidelines for future annotations.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-arabic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    author = "El-Hajj, Wassim  and
      Belguith, Lamia Hadrich  and
      Bougares, Fethi  and
      Magdy, Walid  and
      Zitouni, Imed  and
      Tomeh, Nadi  and
      El-Haj, Mahmoud",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4600",
}
@inproceedings{kalimuthu-etal-2019-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Domain Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation in Low-Resource Settings",
    author = "Kalimuthu, Marimuthu  and
      Barz, Michael  and
      Sonntag, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4601",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4601",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "We study the problem of incremental domain adaptation of a generic neural machine translation model with limited resources (e.g., budget and time) for human translations or model training. In this paper, we propose a novel query strategy for selecting {``}unlabeled{''} samples from a new domain based on sentence embeddings for Arabic. We accelerate the fine-tuning process of the generic model to the target domain. Specifically, our approach estimates the informativeness of instances from the target domain by comparing the distance of their sentence embeddings to embeddings from the generic domain. We perform machine translation experiments (Ar-to-En direction) for comparing a random sampling baseline with our new approach, similar to active learning, using two small update sets for simulating the work of human translators. For the prescribed setting we can save more than 50{\%} of the annotation costs without loss in quality, demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach.",
}
@inproceedings{tawfik-etal-2019-morphology,
    title = "Morphology-aware Word-Segmentation in Dialectal {A}rabic Adaptation of Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Tawfik, Ahmed  and
      Emam, Mahitab  and
      Essam, Khaled  and
      Nabil, Robert  and
      Hassan, Hany",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4602",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4602",
    pages = "11--17",
    abstract = "Parallel corpora available for building machine translation (MT) models for dialectal Arabic (DA) are rather limited. The scarcity of resources has prompted the use of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) abundant resources to complement the limited dialectal resource. However, dialectal clitics often differ between MSA and DA. This paper compares morphology-aware DA word segmentation to other word segmentation approaches like Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) and Sub-word Regularization (SR). A set of experiments conducted on Egyptian Arabic (EA), Levantine Arabic (LA), and Gulf Arabic (GA) show that a sufficiently accurate morphology-aware segmentation used in conjunction with BPE outperforms the other word segmentation approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{attia-etal-2019-pos,
    title = "{POS} Tagging for Improving Code-Switching Identification in {A}rabic",
    author = "Attia, Mohammed  and
      Samih, Younes  and
      Elkahky, Ali  and
      Mubarak, Hamdy  and
      Abdelali, Ahmed  and
      Darwish, Kareem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4603",
    pages = "18--29",
    abstract = "When speakers code-switch between their native language and a second language or language variant, they follow a syntactic pattern where words and phrases from the embedded language are inserted into the matrix language. This paper explores the possibility of utilizing this pattern in improving code-switching identification between Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Egyptian Arabic (EA). We try to answer the question of how strong is the POS signal in word-level code-switching identification. We build a deep learning model enriched with linguistic features (including POS tags) that outperforms the state-of-the-art results by 1.9{\%} on the development set and 1.0{\%} on the test set. We also show that in intra-sentential code-switching, the selection of lexical items is constrained by POS categories, where function words tend to come more often from the dialectal language while the majority of content words come from the standard language.",
}
@inproceedings{mulki-etal-2019-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-Ignorant N-gram Embeddings for Sentiment Analysis of {A}rabic Dialects",
    author = "Mulki, Hala  and
      Haddad, Hatem  and
      Gridach, Mourad  and
      Babao{\u{g}}lu, Ismail",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4604",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4604",
    pages = "30--39",
    abstract = "Arabic sentiment analysis models have employed compositional embedding features to represent the Arabic dialectal content. These embeddings are usually composed via ordered, syntax-aware composition functions and learned within deep neural frameworks. With the free word order and the varying syntax nature across the different Arabic dialects, a sentiment analysis system developed for one dialect might not be efficient for the others. Here we present syntax-ignorant n-gram embeddings to be used in sentiment analysis of several Arabic dialects. The proposed embeddings were composed and learned using an unordered composition function and a shallow neural model. Five datasets of different dialects were used to evaluate the produced embeddings in the sentiment analysis task. The obtained results revealed that, our syntax-ignorant embeddings could outperform word2vec model and doc2vec both variant models in addition to hand-crafted system baselines, while a competent performance was noticed towards baseline systems that adopted more complicated neural architectures.",
}
@inproceedings{lachraf-etal-2019-arbengvec,
    title = "{A}rb{E}ng{V}ec : {A}rabic-{E}nglish Cross-Lingual Word Embedding Model",
    author = "Lachraf, Raki  and
      Nagoudi, El Moatez Billah  and
      Ayachi, Youcef  and
      Abdelali, Ahmed  and
      Schwab, Didier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4605",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4605",
    pages = "40--48",
    abstract = "Word Embeddings (WE) are getting increasingly popular and widely applied in many Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications due to their effectiveness in capturing semantic properties of words; Machine Translation (MT), Information Retrieval (IR) and Information Extraction (IE) are among such areas. In this paper, we propose an open source ArbEngVec which provides several Arabic-English cross-lingual word embedding models. To train our bilingual models, we use a large dataset with more than 93 million pairs of Arabic-English parallel sentences. In addition, we perform both extrinsic and intrinsic evaluations for the different word embedding model variants. The extrinsic evaluation assesses the performance of models on the cross-language Semantic Textual Similarity (STS), while the intrinsic evaluation is based on the Word Translation (WT) task.",
}
@inproceedings{alqahtani-etal-2019-homograph,
    title = "Homograph Disambiguation through Selective Diacritic Restoration",
    author = "Alqahtani, Sawsan  and
      Aldarmaki, Hanan  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4606",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4606",
    pages = "49--59",
    abstract = "Lexical ambiguity, a challenging phenomenon in all natural languages, is particularly prevalent for languages with diacritics that tend to be omitted in writing, such as Arabic. Omitting diacritics leads to an increase in the number of homographs: different words with the same spelling. Diacritic restoration could theoretically help disambiguate these words, but in practice, the increase in overall sparsity leads to performance degradation in NLP applications. In this paper, we propose approaches for automatically marking a subset of words for diacritic restoration, which leads to selective homograph disambiguation. Compared to full or no diacritic restoration, these approaches yield selectively-diacritized datasets that balance sparsity and lexical disambiguation. We evaluate the various selection strategies extrinsically on several downstream applications: neural machine translation, part-of-speech tagging, and semantic textual similarity. Our experiments on Arabic show promising results, where our devised strategies on selective diacritization lead to a more balanced and consistent performance in downstream applications.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Named Entity Recognition: What Works and What{'}s Next",
    author = "Liu, Liyuan  and
      Shang, Jingbo  and
      Han, Jiawei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4607",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4607",
    pages = "60--67",
    abstract = "This paper presents the winning solution to the Arabic Named Entity Recognition challenge run by Topcoder.com. The proposed model integrates various tailored techniques together, including representation learning, feature engineering, sequence labeling, and ensemble learning. The final model achieves a test F{\_}1 score of 75.82{\%} on the AQMAR dataset and outperforms baselines by a large margin. Detailed analyses are conducted to reveal both its strengths and limitations. Specifically, we observe that (1) representation learning modules can significantly boost the performance but requires a proper pre-processing and (2) the resulting embedding can be further enhanced with feature engineering due to the limited size of the training data. All implementations and pre-trained models are made public.",
}
@inproceedings{eljundi-etal-2019-hulmona,
    title = "h{ULM}on{A}: The Universal Language Model in {A}rabic",
    author = "ElJundi, Obeida  and
      Antoun, Wissam  and
      El Droubi, Nour  and
      Hajj, Hazem  and
      El-Hajj, Wassim  and
      Shaban, Khaled",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4608",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4608",
    pages = "68--77",
    abstract = "Arabic is a complex language with limited resources which makes it challenging to produce accurate text classification tasks such as sentiment analysis. The utilization of transfer learning (TL) has recently shown promising results for advancing accuracy of text classification in English. TL models are pre-trained on large corpora, and then fine-tuned on task-specific datasets. In particular, universal language models (ULMs), such as recently developed BERT, have achieved state-of-the-art results in various NLP tasks in English. In this paper, we hypothesize that similar success can be achieved for Arabic. The work aims at supporting the hypothesis by developing the first Universal Language Model in Arabic (hULMonA - حلمنا meaning our dream), demonstrating its use for Arabic classifications tasks, and demonstrating how a pre-trained multi-lingual BERT can also be used for Arabic. We then conduct a benchmark study to evaluate both ULM successes with Arabic sentiment analysis. Experiment results show that the developed hULMonA and multi-lingual ULM are able to generalize well to multiple Arabic data sets and achieve new state of the art results in Arabic Sentiment Analysis for some of the tested sets.",
}
@inproceedings{adouane-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Models for Detecting Binary Semantic Textual Similarity for {A}lgerian and {MSA}",
    author = "Adouane, Wafia  and
      Bernardy, Jean-Philippe  and
      Dobnik, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4609",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4609",
    pages = "78--87",
    abstract = "We explore the extent to which neural networks can learn to identify semantically equivalent sentences from a small variable dataset using an end-to-end training. We collect a new noisy non-standardised user-generated Algerian (ALG) dataset and also translate it to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) which serves as its regularised counterpart. We compare the performance of various models on both datasets and report the best performing configurations. The results show that relatively simple models composed of 2 LSTM layers outperform by far other more sophisticated attention-based architectures, for both ALG and MSA datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{el-kishky-etal-2019-constrained,
    title = "Constrained Sequence-to-sequence {S}emitic Root Extraction for Enriching Word Embeddings",
    author = "El-Kishky, Ahmed  and
      Fu, Xingyu  and
      Addawood, Aseel  and
      Sobh, Nahil  and
      Voss, Clare  and
      Han, Jiawei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4610",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4610",
    pages = "88--96",
    abstract = "In this paper, we tackle the problem of {``}root extraction{''} from words in the Semitic language family. A challenge in applying natural language processing techniques to these languages is the data sparsity problem that arises from their rich internal morphology, where the substructure is inherently non-concatenative and morphemes are interdigitated in word formation. While previous automated methods have relied on human-curated rules or multiclass classification, they have not fully leveraged the various combinations of regular, sequential concatenative morphology within the words and the internal interleaving within templatic stems of roots and patterns. To address this, we propose a constrained sequence-to-sequence root extraction method. Experimental results show our constrained model outperforms a variety of methods at root extraction. Furthermore, by enriching word embeddings with resulting decompositions, we show improved results on word analogy, word similarity, and language modeling tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{alqaisi-okeefe-2019-en,
    title = "En-Ar Bilingual Word Embeddings without Word Alignment: Factors Effects",
    author = "Alqaisi, Taghreed  and
      O{'}Keefe, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4611",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4611",
    pages = "97--107",
    abstract = "This paper introduces the first attempt to investigate morphological segmentation on En-Ar bilingual word embeddings using bilingual word embeddings model without word alignment (BilBOWA). We investigate the effect of sentence length and embedding size on the learning process. Our experiment shows that using the D3 segmentation scheme improves the accuracy of learning bilingual word embeddings up to 10 percentage points compared to the ATB and D0 schemes in all different training settings.",
}
@inproceedings{mozannar-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural {A}rabic Question Answering",
    author = "Mozannar, Hussein  and
      Maamary, Elie  and
      El Hajal, Karl  and
      Hajj, Hazem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4612",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4612",
    pages = "108--118",
    abstract = "This paper tackles the problem of open domain factual Arabic question answering (QA) using Wikipedia as our knowledge source. This constrains the answer of any question to be a span of text in Wikipedia. Open domain QA for Arabic entails three challenges: annotated QA datasets in Arabic, large scale efficient information retrieval and machine reading comprehension. To deal with the lack of Arabic QA datasets we present the Arabic Reading Comprehension Dataset (ARCD) composed of 1,395 questions posed by crowdworkers on Wikipedia articles, and a machine translation of the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (Arabic-SQuAD). Our system for open domain question answering in Arabic (SOQAL) is based on two components: (1) a document retriever using a hierarchical TF-IDF approach and (2) a neural reading comprehension model using the pre-trained bi-directional transformer BERT. Our experiments on ARCD indicate the effectiveness of our approach with our BERT-based reader achieving a 61.3 F1 score, and our open domain system SOQAL achieving a 27.6 F1 score.",
}
@inproceedings{attia-elkahky-2019-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation for Domain Adaptation in {A}rabic",
    author = "Attia, Mohammed  and
      Elkahky, Ali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4613",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4613",
    pages = "119--129",
    abstract = "Segmentation serves as an integral part in many NLP applications including Machine Translation, Parsing, and Information Retrieval. When a model trained on the standard language is applied to dialects, the accuracy drops dramatically. However, there are more lexical items shared by the standard language and dialects than can be found by mere surface word matching. This shared lexicon is obscured by a lot of cliticization, gemination, and character repetition. In this paper, we prove that segmentation and base normalization of dialects can help in domain adaptation by reducing data sparseness. Segmentation will improve a system performance by reducing the number of OOVs, help isolate the differences and allow better utilization of the commonalities. We show that adding a small amount of dialectal segmentation training data reduced OOVs by 5{\%} and remarkably improves POS tagging for dialects by 7.37{\%} f-score, even though no dialect-specific POS training data is included.",
}
@inproceedings{helwe-etal-2019-assessing,
    title = "Assessing {A}rabic Weblog Credibility via Deep Co-learning",
    author = "Helwe, Chadi  and
      Elbassuoni, Shady  and
      Al Zaatari, Ayman  and
      El-Hajj, Wassim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4614",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4614",
    pages = "130--136",
    abstract = "Assessing the credibility of online content has garnered a lot of attention lately. We focus on one such type of online content, namely weblogs or blogs for short. Some recent work attempted the task of automatically assessing the credibility of blogs, typically via machine learning. However, in the case of Arabic blogs, there are hardly any datasets available that can be used to train robust machine learning models for this difficult task. To overcome the lack of sufficient training data, we propose deep co-learning, a semi-supervised end-to-end deep learning approach to assess the credibility of Arabic blogs. In deep co-learning, multiple weak deep neural network classifiers are trained using a small labeled dataset, and each using a different view of the data. Each one of these classifiers is then used to classify unlabeled data, and its prediction is used to train the other classifiers in a semi-supervised fashion. We evaluate our deep co-learning approach on an Arabic blogs dataset, and we report significant improvements in performance compared to many baselines including fully-supervised deep learning models as well as ensemble models.",
}
@inproceedings{alshargi-etal-2019-morphologically,
    title = "Morphologically Annotated Corpora for Seven {A}rabic Dialects: Taizi, Sanaani, Najdi, Jordanian, Syrian, Iraqi and {M}oroccan",
    author = "Alshargi, Faisal  and
      Dibas, Shahd  and
      Alkhereyf, Sakhar  and
      Faraj, Reem  and
      Abdulkareem, Basmah  and
      Yagi, Sane  and
      Kacha, Ouafaa  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4615",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4615",
    pages = "137--147",
    abstract = "We present a collection of morphologically annotated corpora for seven Arabic dialects: Taizi Yemeni, Sanaani Yemeni, Najdi, Jordanian, Syrian, Iraqi and Moroccan Arabic. The corpora collectively cover over 200,000 words, and are all manually annotated in a common set of standards for orthography, diacritized lemmas, tokenization, morphological units and English glosses. These corpora will be publicly available to serve as benchmarks for training and evaluating systems for Arabic dialect morphological analysis and disambiguation.",
}
@inproceedings{sawalha-etal-2019-construction,
    title = "Construction and Annotation of the Jordan Comprehensive Contemporary {A}rabic Corpus ({JCCA})",
    author = "Sawalha, Majdi  and
      Alshargi, Faisal  and
      AlShdaifat, Abdallah  and
      Yagi, Sane  and
      Qudah, Mohammad A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4616",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4616",
    pages = "148--157",
    abstract = "To compile a modern dictionary that catalogues the words in currency, and to study linguistic patterns in the contemporary language, it is necessary to have a corpus of authentic texts that reflect current usage of the language. Although there are numerous Arabic corpora, none claims to be representative of the language in terms of the combination of geographical region, genre, subject matter, mode, and medium. This paper describes a 100-million-word corpus that takes the British National Corpus (BNC) as a model. The aim of the corpus is to be balanced, annotated, comprehensive, and representative of contemporary Arabic as written and spoken in Arab countries today. It will be different from most others in not being heavily-dominated by the news or in mixing the classical with the modern. In this paper is an outline of the methodology adopted for the design, construction, and annotation of this corpus. DIWAN (Alshargi and Rambow, 2015) was used to annotate a one-million-word snapshot of the corpus. DIWAN is a dialectal word annotation tool, but we upgraded it by adding a new tag-set that is based on traditional Arabic grammar and by adding the roots and morphological patterns of nouns and verbs. Moreover, the corpus we constructed covers the major spoken varieties of Arabic.",
}
@inproceedings{durgar-el-kahlout-etal-2019-translating,
    title = "Translating Between Morphologically Rich Languages: An {A}rabic-to-{T}urkish Machine Translation System",
    author = "Durgar El-Kahlout, {\.I}lknur  and
      Bekta{\c{s}}, Emre  and
      Erdem, Naime {\c{S}}eyma  and
      Kaya, Hamza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4617",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4617",
    pages = "158--166",
    abstract = "This paper introduces the work on building a machine translation system for Arabic-to-Turkish in the news domain. Our work includes collecting parallel datasets in several ways for a new and low-resourced language pair, building baseline systems with state-of-the-art architectures and developing language specific algorithms for better translation. Parallel datasets are mainly collected three different ways; i) translating Arabic texts into Turkish by professional translators, ii) exploiting the web for open-source Arabic-Turkish parallel texts, iii) using back-translation. We per-formed preliminary experiments for Arabic-to-Turkish machine translation with neural(Marian) machine translation tools with a novel morphologically motivated vocabulary reduction method.",
}
@inproceedings{khaddaj-etal-2019-improved,
    title = "Improved Generalization of {A}rabic Text Classifiers",
    author = "Khaddaj, Alaa  and
      Hajj, Hazem  and
      El-Hajj, Wassim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4618",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4618",
    pages = "167--174",
    abstract = "While transfer learning for text has been very active in the English language, progress in Arabic has been slow, including the use of Domain Adaptation (DA). Domain Adaptation is used to generalize the performance of any classifier by trying to balance the classifier{'}s accuracy for a particular task among different text domains. In this paper, we propose and evaluate two variants of a domain adaptation technique: the first is a base model called Domain Adversarial Neural Network (DANN), while the second is a variation that incorporates representational learning. Similar to previous approaches, we propose the use of proxy A-distance as a metric to assess the success of generalization. We make use of ArSentDLEV, a multi-topic dataset collected from the Levantine countries, to test the performance of the models. We show the superiority of the proposed method in accuracy and robustness when dealing with the Arabic language.",
}
@inproceedings{zeroual-etal-2019-osian,
    title = "{OSIAN}: Open Source International {A}rabic News Corpus - Preparation and Integration into the {CLARIN}-infrastructure",
    author = "Zeroual, Imad  and
      Goldhahn, Dirk  and
      Eckart, Thomas  and
      Lakhouaja, Abdelhak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4619",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4619",
    pages = "175--182",
    abstract = "The World Wide Web has become a fundamental resource for building large text corpora. Broadcasting platforms such as news websites are rich sources of data regarding diverse topics and form a valuable foundation for research. The Arabic language is extensively utilized on the Web. Still, Arabic is relatively an under-resourced language in terms of availability of freely annotated corpora. This paper presents the first version of the Open Source International Arabic News (OSIAN) corpus. The corpus data was collected from international Arabic news websites, all being freely available on the Web. The corpus consists of about 3.5 million articles comprising more than 37 million sentences and roughly 1 billion tokens. It is encoded in XML; each article is annotated with metadata information. Moreover, each word is annotated with lemma and part-of-speech. the described corpus is processed, archived and published into the CLARIN infrastructure. This publication includes descriptive metadata via OAI-PMH, direct access to the plain text material (available under Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International License - CC BY-NC 4.0), and integration into the WebLicht annotation platform and CLARIN{'}s Federated Content Search FCS.",
}
@inproceedings{algotiml-etal-2019-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Tweet-Act: Speech Act Recognition for {A}rabic Asynchronous Conversations",
    author = "Algotiml, Bushra  and
      Elmadany, AbdelRahim  and
      Magdy, Walid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4620",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4620",
    pages = "183--191",
    abstract = "Speech acts are the actions that a speaker intends when performing an utterance within conversations. In this paper, we proposed speech act classification for asynchronous conversations on Twitter using multiple machine learning methods including SVM and deep neural networks. We applied the proposed methods on the ArSAS tweets dataset. The obtained results show that superiority of deep learning methods compared to SVMs, where Bi-LSTM managed to achieve an accuracy of 87.5{\%} and a macro-averaged F1 score 61.5{\%}. We believe that our results are the first to be reported on the task of speech-act recognition for asynchronous conversations on Arabic Twitter.",
}
@inproceedings{abu-farha-magdy-2019-mazajak,
    title = "{M}azajak: An Online {A}rabic Sentiment Analyser",
    author = "Abu Farha, Ibrahim  and
      Magdy, Walid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4621",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4621",
    pages = "192--198",
    abstract = "Sentiment analysis (SA) is one of the most useful natural language processing applications. Literature is flooding with many papers and systems addressing this task, but most of the work is focused on English. In this paper, we present {``}Mazajak{''}, an online system for Arabic SA. The system is based on a deep learning model, which achieves state-of-the-art results on many Arabic dialect datasets including SemEval 2017 and ASTD. The availability of such system should assist various applications and research that rely on sentiment analysis as a tool.",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2019-madar,
    title = "The {MADAR} Shared Task on {A}rabic Fine-Grained Dialect Identification",
    author = "Bouamor, Houda  and
      Hassan, Sabit  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4622",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4622",
    pages = "199--207",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present the results and findings of the MADAR Shared Task on Arabic Fine-Grained Dialect Identification. This shared task was organized as part of The Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop, collocated with ACL 2019. The shared task includes two subtasks: the MADAR Travel Domain Dialect Identification subtask (Subtask 1) and the MADAR Twitter User Dialect Identification subtask (Subtask 2). This shared task is the first to target a large set of dialect labels at the city and country levels. The data for the shared task was created or collected under the Multi-Arabic Dialect Applications and Resources (MADAR) project. A total of 21 teams from 15 countries participated in the shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{priban-taylor-2019-zcu,
    title = "ZCU-NLP at MADAR 2019: Recognizing {A}rabic Dialects",
    author = "P{\v{r}}ib{\'a}{\v{n}}, Pavel  and
      Taylor, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4623",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4623",
    pages = "208--213",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present our systems for the MADAR Shared Task: Arabic Fine-Grained Dialect Identification. The shared task consists of two subtasks. The goal of Subtask{--} 1 (S-1) is to detect an Arabic city dialect in a given text and the goal of Subtask{--}2 (S-2) is to predict the country of origin of a Twitter user by using tweets posted by the user. In S-1, our proposed systems are based on language modelling. We use language models to extract features that are later used as an input for other machine learning algorithms. We also experiment with recurrent neural networks (RNN), but these experiments showed that simpler machine learning algorithms are more successful. Our system achieves 0.658 macro F1-score and our rank is 6th out of 19 teams in S-1 and 7th in S-2 with 0.475 macro F1-score.",
}
@inproceedings{eltanbouly-etal-2019-simple,
    title = {Simple But Not Na{\"\i}ve: Fine-Grained {A}rabic Dialect Identification Using Only N-Grams},
    author = "Eltanbouly, Sohaila  and
      Bashendy, May  and
      Elsayed, Tamer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4624",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4624",
    pages = "214--218",
    abstract = "This paper presents the participation of Qatar University team in MADAR shared task, which addresses the problem of sentence-level fine-grained Arabic Dialect Identification over 25 different Arabic dialects in addition to the Modern Standard Arabic. Arabic Dialect Identification is not a trivial task since different dialects share some features, e.g., utilizing the same character set and some vocabularies. We opted to adopt a very simple approach in terms of extracted features and classification models; we only utilize word and character n-grams as features, and Na ̈{\i}ve Bayes models as classifiers. Surprisingly, the simple approach achieved non-na ̈{\i}ve performance. The official results, reported on a held-out testing set, show that the dialect of a given sentence can be identified at an accuracy of 64.58{\%} by our best submitted run.",
}
@inproceedings{kchaou-etal-2019-lium,
    title = "{LIUM}-{MIRACL} Participation in the {MADAR} {A}rabic Dialect Identification Shared Task",
    author = "Kchaou, Sam{\'e}h  and
      Bougares, Fethi  and
      Hadrich-Belguith, Lamia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4625",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4625",
    pages = "219--223",
    abstract = "This paper describes the joint participation of the LIUM and MIRACL Laboratories at the Arabic dialect identification challenge of the MADAR Shared Task (Bouamor et al., 2019) conducted during the Fourth Arabic Natu- ral Language Processing Workshop (WANLP 2019). We participated to the Travel Domain Dialect Identification subtask. We built several systems and explored different techniques in- cluding conventional machine learning meth- ods and deep learning algorithms. Deep learn- ing approaches did not perform well on this task. We experimented several classification systems and we were able to identify the di- alect of an input sentence with an F1-score of 65.41{\%} on the official test set using only the training data supplied by the shared task orga- nizers.",
}
@inproceedings{fares-etal-2019-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Dialect Identification with Deep Learning and Hybrid Frequency Based Features",
    author = "Fares, Youssef  and
      El-Zanaty, Zeyad  and
      Abdel-Salam, Kareem  and
      Ezzeldin, Muhammed  and
      Mohamed, Aliaa  and
      El-Awaad, Karim  and
      Torki, Marwan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4626",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4626",
    pages = "224--228",
    abstract = "Studies on Dialectical Arabic are growing more important by the day as it becomes the primary written and spoken form of Arabic on- line in informal settings. Among the impor- tant problems that should be explored is that of dialect identification. This paper reports different techniques that can be applied to- wards such goal and reports their performance on the Multi Arabic Dialect Applications and Resources (MADAR) Arabic Dialect Corpora. Our results show that improving on traditional systems using frequency based features and non deep learning classifiers is a challenging task. We propose different models based on different word and document representations. Our top model is able to achieve an F1 macro averaged score of 65.66 on MADAR{'}s small- scale parallel corpus of 25 dialects and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA).",
}
@inproceedings{ghoul-lejeune-2019-michael,
    title = "{MICHAEL}: Mining Character-level Patterns for {A}rabic Dialect Identification ({MADAR} Challenge)",
    author = {Ghoul, Dhaou  and
      Lejeune, Ga{\"e}l},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4627",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4627",
    pages = "229--233",
    abstract = "We present MICHAEL, a simple lightweight method for automatic Arabic Dialect Identification on the MADAR travel domain Dialect Identification (DID). MICHAEL uses simple character-level features in order to perform a pre-processing free classification. More precisely, Character N-grams extracted from the original sentences are used to train a Multinomial Naive Bayes classifier. This system achieved an official score (accuracy) of 53.25{\%} with 1{\textless}=N{\textless}=3 but showed a much better result with character 4-grams (62.17{\%} accuracy).",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-mujadia-2019-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Dialect Identification for Travel and Twitter Text",
    author = "Mishra, Pruthwik  and
      Mujadia, Vandan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4628",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4628",
    pages = "234--238",
    abstract = "This paper presents the results of the experiments done as a part of MADAR Shared Task in WANLP 2019 on Arabic Fine-Grained Dialect Identification. Dialect Identification is one of the prominent tasks in the field of Natural language processing where the subsequent language modules can be improved based on it. We explored the use of different features like char, word n-gram, language model probabilities, etc on different classifiers. Results show that these features help to improve dialect classification accuracy. Results also show that traditional machine learning classifier tends to perform better when compared to neural network models on this task in a low resource setting.",
}
@inproceedings{talafha-etal-2019-mawdoo3,
    title = "Mawdoo3 {AI} at {MADAR} Shared Task: {A}rabic Tweet Dialect Identification",
    author = "Talafha, Bashar  and
      Farhan, Wael  and
      Altakrouri, Ahmed  and
      Al-Natsheh, Hussein",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4629",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4629",
    pages = "239--243",
    abstract = "Arabic dialect identification is an inherently complex problem, as Arabic dialect taxonomy is convoluted and aims to dissect a continuous space rather than a discrete one. In this work, we present machine and deep learning approaches to predict 21 fine-grained dialects form a set of given tweets per user. We adopted numerous feature extraction methods most of which showed improvement in the final model, such as word embedding, Tf-idf, and other tweet features. Our results show that a simple LinearSVC can outperform any complex deep learning model given a set of curated features. With a relatively complex user voting mechanism, we were able to achieve a Macro-Averaged F1-score of 71.84{\%} on MADAR shared subtask-2. Our best submitted model ranked second out of all participating teams.",
}
@inproceedings{ragab-etal-2019-mawdoo3,
    title = "Mawdoo3 {AI} at {MADAR} Shared Task: {A}rabic Fine-Grained Dialect Identification with Ensemble Learning",
    author = "Ragab, Ahmad  and
      Seelawi, Haitham  and
      Samir, Mostafa  and
      Mattar, Abdelrahman  and
      Al-Bataineh, Hesham  and
      Zaghloul, Mohammad  and
      Mustafa, Ahmad  and
      Talafha, Bashar  and
      Freihat, Abed Alhakim  and
      Al-Natsheh, Hussein",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4630",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4630",
    pages = "244--248",
    abstract = "In this paper we discuss several models we used to classify 25 city-level Arabic dialects in addition to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) as part of MADAR shared task (sub-task 1). We propose an ensemble model of a group of experimentally designed best performing classifiers on a various set of features. Our system achieves an accuracy of 69.3{\%} macro F1-score with an improvement of 1.4{\%} accuracy from the baseline model on the DEV dataset. Our best run submitted model ranked as third out of 19 participating teams on the TEST dataset with only 0.12{\%} macro F1-score behind the top ranked system.",
}
@inproceedings{de-francony-etal-2019-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Deep Learning for {A}rabic Dialect Identification",
    author = "de Francony, Gael  and
      Guichard, Victor  and
      Joshi, Praveen  and
      Afli, Haithem  and
      Bouchekif, Abdessalam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4631",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4631",
    pages = "249--253",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present two approaches for Arabic Fine-Grained Dialect Identification. The first approach is based on Recurrent Neural Networks (BLSTM, BGRU) using hierarchical classification. The main idea is to separate the classification process for a sentence from a given text in two stages. We start with a higher level of classification (8 classes) and then the finer-grained classification (26 classes). The second approach is given by a voting system based on Naive Bayes and Random Forest. Our system achieves an F1 score of 63.02 {\%} on the subtask evaluation dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{abu-kwaik-saad-2019-arbdialectid,
    title = "{A}rb{D}ialect{ID} at {MADAR} Shared Task 1: Language Modelling and Ensemble Learning for Fine Grained {A}rabic Dialect Identification",
    author = "Abu Kwaik, Kathrein  and
      Saad, Motaz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4632",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4632",
    pages = "254--258",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a Dialect Identification system (ArbDialectID) that competed at Task 1 of the MADAR shared task, MADARTravel Domain Dialect Identification. We build a course and a fine-grained identification model to predict the label (corresponding to a dialect of Arabic) of a given text. We build two language models by extracting features at two levels (words and characters). We firstly build a coarse identification model to classify each sentence into one out of six dialects, then use this label as a feature for the fine-grained model that classifies the sentence among 26 dialects from different Arab cities, after that we apply ensemble voting classifier on both sub-systems. Our system ranked 1st that achieving an f-score of 67.32{\%}. Both the models and our feature engineering tools are made available to the research community.",
}
@inproceedings{meftouh-etal-2019-smart,
    title = "The {SM}ar{T} Classifier for {A}rabic Fine-Grained Dialect Identification",
    author = "Meftouh, Karima  and
      Abidi, Karima  and
      Harrat, Salima  and
      Smaili, Kamel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4633",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4633",
    pages = "259--263",
    abstract = "This paper describes the approach adopted by the SMarT research group to build a dialect identification system in the framework of the Madar shared task on Arabic fine-grained dialect identification. We experimented several approaches, but we finally decided to use a Multinomial Naive Bayes classifier based on word and character ngrams in addition to the language model probabilities. We achieved a score of 67.73{\%} in terms of Macro accuracy and a macro-averaged F1-score of 67.31{\%}",
}
@inproceedings{lippincott-etal-2019-jhu,
    title = "{JHU} System Description for the {MADAR} {A}rabic Dialect Identification Shared Task",
    author = "Lippincott, Tom  and
      Shapiro, Pamela  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      McNamee, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4634",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4634",
    pages = "264--268",
    abstract = "Our submission to the MADAR shared task on Arabic dialect identification employed a language modeling technique called Prediction by Partial Matching, an ensemble of neural architectures, and sources of additional data for training word embeddings and auxiliary language models. We found several of these techniques provided small boosts in performance, though a simple character-level language model was a strong baseline, and a lower-order LM achieved best performance on Subtask 2. Interestingly, word embeddings provided no consistent benefit, and ensembling struggled to outperform the best component submodel. This suggests the variety of architectures are learning redundant information, and future work may focus on encouraging decorrelated learning.",
}
@inproceedings{abbas-etal-2019-st,
    title = "{ST} {MADAR} 2019 Shared Task: {A}rabic Fine-Grained Dialect Identification",
    author = "Abbas, Mourad  and
      Lichouri, Mohamed  and
      Freihat, Abed Alhakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4635",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4635",
    pages = "269--273",
    abstract = "This paper describes the solution that we propose on MADAR 2019 Arabic Fine-Grained Dialect Identification task. The proposed solution utilized a set of classifiers that we trained on character and word features. These classifiers are: Support Vector Machines (SVM), Bernoulli Naive Bayes (BNB), Multinomial Naive Bayes (MNB), Logistic Regression (LR), Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD), Passive Aggressive(PA) and Perceptron (PC). The system achieved competitive results, with a performance of 62.87 {\%} and 62.12 {\%} for both development and test sets.",
}
@inproceedings{elaraby-zahran-2019-character,
    title = "A Character Level Convolutional {B}i{LSTM} for {A}rabic Dialect Identification",
    author = "Elaraby, Mohamed  and
      Zahran, Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4636",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4636",
    pages = "274--278",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe CU-RAISA teamcontribution to the 2019Madar shared task2, which focused on Twitter User fine-grained dialect identification.Among par-ticipating teams, our system ranked the4th(with 61.54{\%}) F1-Macro measure.Our sys-tem is trained using a character level convo-lutional bidirectional long-short-term memorynetwork trained on 2k users{'} data. We showthat training on concatenated user tweets asinput is further superior to training on usertweets separately and assign user{'}s label on themode of user{'}s tweets{'} predictions.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-abdul-mageed-2019-army,
    title = "No Army, No Navy: {BERT} Semi-Supervised Learning of {A}rabic Dialects",
    author = "Zhang, Chiyu  and
      Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4637",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4637",
    pages = "279--284",
    abstract = "We present our deep leaning system submitted to MADAR shared task 2 focused on twitter user dialect identification. We develop tweet-level identification models based on GRUs and BERT in supervised and semi-supervised set-tings. We then introduce a simple, yet effective, method of porting tweet-level labels at the level of users. Our system ranks top 1 in the competition, with 71.70{\%} macro F1 score and 77.40{\%} accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{talafha-etal-2019-team,
    title = "Team {JUST} at the {MADAR} Shared Task on {A}rabic Fine-Grained Dialect Identification",
    author = "Talafha, Bashar  and
      Fadel, Ali  and
      Al-Ayyoub, Mahmoud  and
      Jararweh, Yaser  and
      AL-Smadi, Mohammad  and
      Juola, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4638",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4638",
    pages = "285--289",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our team{'}s effort on the MADAR Shared Task on Arabic Fine-Grained Dialect Identification. The task requires building a system capable of differentiating between 25 different Arabic dialects in addition to MSA. Our approach is simple. After preprocessing the data, we use Data Augmentation (DA) to enlarge the training data six times. We then build a language model and extract n-gram word-level and character-level TF-IDF features and feed them into an MNB classifier. Despite its simplicity, the resulting model performs really well producing the 4th highest F-measure and region-level accuracy and the 5th highest precision, recall, city-level accuracy and country-level accuracy among the participating teams.",
}
@inproceedings{samih-etal-2019-qc,
    title = "{QC}-{GO} Submission for {MADAR} Shared Task: {A}rabic Fine-Grained Dialect Identification",
    author = "Samih, Younes  and
      Mubarak, Hamdy  and
      Abdelali, Ahmed  and
      Attia, Mohammed  and
      Eldesouki, Mohamed  and
      Darwish, Kareem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4639",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4639",
    pages = "290--294",
    abstract = "This paper describes the QC-GO team submission to the MADAR Shared Task Subtask 1 (travel domain dialect identification) and Subtask 2 (Twitter user location identification). In our participation in both subtasks, we explored a number of approaches and system combinations to obtain the best performance for both tasks. These include deep neural nets and heuristics. Since individual approaches suffer from various shortcomings, the combination of different approaches was able to fill some of these gaps. Our system achieves F1-Scores of 66.1{\%} and 67.0{\%} on the development sets for Subtasks 1 and 2 respectively.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-international-approaches,
    title = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    author = "Tahmasebi, Nina  and
      Borin, Lars  and
      Jatowt, Adam  and
      Xu, Yang",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4700",
}
@inproceedings{luo-etal-2019-insanely,
    title = "From Insanely Jealous to Insanely Delicious: Computational Models for the Semantic Bleaching of {E}nglish Intensifiers",
    author = "Luo, Yiwei  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Levin, Beth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4701",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4701",
    pages = "1--13",
    abstract = "We introduce novel computational models for modeling semantic bleaching, a widespread category of change in which words become more abstract or lose elements of meaning, like the development of {``}arrive{''} from its earlier meaning {`}become at shore.{'} We validate our methods on a widespread case of bleaching in English: de-adjectival adverbs that originate as manner adverbs (as in {``}awfully behaved{''}) and later become intensifying adverbs (as in {``}awfully nice{''}). Our methods formally quantify three reflexes of bleaching: decreasing similarity to the source meaning (e.g., {``}awful{''}), increasing similarity to a fully bleached prototype (e.g., {``}very{''}), and increasing productivity (e.g., the breadth of adjectives that an adverb modifies). We also test a new causal model and find evidence that bleaching is initially triggered in contexts such as {``}conspicuously evident{''} and {``}insanely jealous{''}, where an adverb premodifies a semantically similar adjective. These contexts provide a form of {``}bridging context{''} (Evans and Wilkins, 2000) that allow a manner adverb to be reinterpreted as an intensifying adverb similar to {``}very{''}.",
}
@inproceedings{gopidi-alam-2019-computational,
    title = "Computational Analysis of the Historical Changes in Poetry and Prose",
    author = "Gopidi, Amitha  and
      Alam, Aniket",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4702",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4702",
    pages = "14--22",
    abstract = "The esoteric definitions of poetry are insufficient in enveloping the changes in poetry that the age of mechanical reproduction has witnessed with the widespread proliferation of the use of digital media and artificial intelligence. They are also insufficient in distinguishing between prose and poetry, as the content of both prose and poetry can be poetic. Using quotes as prose considering their poetic, context-free and celebrated nature, stylistic differences between poetry and prose are delved into. Novel features in grammar and meter are justified as distinguishing features. Datasets of popular prose and poetry spanning across 1870-1920 and 1970-2019 have been created, and multiple experiments have been conducted to prove that prose and poetry in the latter period are more alike than they were in the former. The accuracy of classification of poetry and prose of 1970-2019 is significantly lesser than that of 1870-1920, thereby proving the convergence of poetry and prose in 1970-2019.",
}
@inproceedings{zimmermann-2019-studying,
    title = "Studying Semantic Chain Shifts with {W}ord2{V}ec: {FOOD}{\textgreater}{MEAT}{\textgreater}{FLESH}",
    author = "Zimmermann, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4703",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4703",
    pages = "23--28",
    abstract = "Word2Vec models are used to study the semantic chain shift FOOD{\textgreater}MEAT{\textgreater}FLESH in the history of English, c. 1425-1925. The development stretches out over a long time, starting before 1500, and may possibly be continuing to this day. The semantic changes likely proceeded as a push chain.",
}
@inproceedings{vylomova-etal-2019-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation of Semantic Change of Harm-Related Concepts in Psychology",
    author = "Vylomova, Ekaterina  and
      Murphy, Sean  and
      Haslam, Nicholas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4704",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4704",
    pages = "29--34",
    abstract = "The paper focuses on diachronic evaluation of semantic changes of harm-related concepts in psychology. More specifically, we investigate a hypothesis that certain concepts such as {``}addiction{''}, {``}bullying{''}, {``}harassment{''}, {``}prejudice{''}, and {``}trauma{''} became broader during the last four decades. We evaluate semantic changes using two models: an LSA-based model from Sagi et al. (2009) and a diachronic adaptation of word2vec from Hamilton et al. (2016), that are trained on a large corpus of journal abstracts covering the period of 1980{--} 2019. Several concepts showed evidence of broadening. {``}Addiction{''} moved from physiological dependency on a substance to include psychological dependency on gaming and the Internet. Similarly, {``}harassment{''} and {``}trauma{''} shifted towards more psychological meanings. On the other hand, {``}bullying{''} has transformed into a more victim-related concept and expanded to new areas such as workplaces.",
}
@inproceedings{jawahar-seddah-2019-contextualized,
    title = "Contextualized Diachronic Word Representations",
    author = "Jawahar, Ganesh  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4705",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4705",
    pages = "35--47",
    abstract = "Diachronic word embeddings play a key role in capturing interesting patterns about how language evolves over time. Most of the existing work focuses on studying corpora spanning across several decades, which is understandably still not a possibility when working on social media-based user-generated content. In this work, we address the problem of studying semantic changes in a large Twitter corpus collected over five years, a much shorter period than what is usually the norm in diachronic studies. We devise a novel attentional model, based on Bernoulli word embeddings, that are conditioned on contextual extra-linguistic (social) features such as network, spatial and socio-economic variables, which are associated with Twitter users, as well as topic-based features. We posit that these social features provide an inductive bias that helps our model to overcome the narrow time-span regime problem. Our extensive experiments reveal that our proposed model is able to capture subtle semantic shifts without being biased towards frequency cues and also works well when certain contextual features are absent. Our model fits the data better than current state-of-the-art dynamic word embedding models and therefore is a promising tool to study diachronic semantic changes over small time periods.",
}
@inproceedings{bowern-2019-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Change and Semantic Stability: Variation is Key",
    author = "Bowern, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4706",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4706",
    pages = "48--55",
    abstract = "I survey some recent approaches to studying change in the lexicon, particularly change in meaning across phylogenies. I briefly sketch an evolutionary approach to language change and point out some issues in recent approaches to studying semantic change that rely on temporally stratified word embeddings. I draw illustrations from lexical cognate models in Pama-Nyungan to identify meaning classes most appropriate for lexical phylogenetic inference, particularly highlighting the importance of variation in studying change over time.",
}
@inproceedings{perrone-etal-2019-gasc,
    title = "{GASC}: Genre-Aware Semantic Change for Ancient {G}reek",
    author = "Perrone, Valerio  and
      Palma, Marco  and
      Hengchen, Simon  and
      Vatri, Alessandro  and
      Smith, Jim Q.  and
      McGillivray, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4707",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4707",
    pages = "56--66",
    abstract = "Word meaning changes over time, depending on linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. Associating a word{'}s correct meaning in its historical context is a central challenge in diachronic research, and is relevant to a range of NLP tasks, including information retrieval and semantic search in historical texts. Bayesian models for semantic change have emerged as a powerful tool to address this challenge, providing explicit and interpretable representations of semantic change phenomena. However, while corpora typically come with rich metadata, existing models are limited by their inability to exploit contextual information (such as text genre) beyond the document time-stamp. This is particularly critical in the case of ancient languages, where lack of data and long diachronic span make it harder to draw a clear distinction between polysemy (the fact that a word has several senses) and semantic change (the process of acquiring, losing, or changing senses), and current systems perform poorly on these languages. We develop GASC, a dynamic semantic change model that leverages categorical metadata about the texts{'} genre to boost inference and uncover the evolution of meanings in Ancient Greek corpora. In a new evaluation framework, our model achieves improved predictive performance compared to the state of the art.",
}
@inproceedings{ceolin-sayeed-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Markedness with a Split-and-Merger Model of Sound Change",
    author = "Ceolin, Andrea  and
      Sayeed, Ollie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4708",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4708",
    pages = "67--70",
    abstract = "The concept of {`}markedness{'} has been influential in phonology for almost a century. Theoretical phonology has found it useful to describe some segments as more {`}marked{'} than others, referring to a cluster of language-internal and -external properties (Jakobson 1968, Haspelmath 2006). We argue, using a simple mathematical model based on Evolutionary Phonology (Blevins 2004), that markedness is an epiphenomenon of phonetically grounded sound change.",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-garcia-salido-2019-method,
    title = "A Method to Automatically Identify Diachronic Variation in Collocations.",
    author = "Garcia, Marcos  and
      Garc{\'\i}a Salido, Marcos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4709",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4709",
    pages = "71--80",
    abstract = "This paper introduces a novel method to track collocational variations in diachronic corpora that can identify several changes undergone by these phraseological combinations and to propose alternative solutions found in later periods. The strategy consists of extracting syntactically-related candidates of collocations and ranking them using statistical association measures. Then, starting from the first period of the corpus, the system tracks each combination over time, verifying different types of historical variation such as the loss of one or both lemmas, the disappearance of the collocation, or its diachronic frequency trend. Using a distributional semantics strategy, it also proposes other linguistic structures which convey similar meanings to those extinct collocations. A case study on historical corpora of Portuguese and Spanish shows that the system speeds up and facilitates the finding of some diachronic changes and phraseological shifts that are harder to identify without using automated methods.",
}
@inproceedings{rutherford-thanyawong-2019-written,
    title = "Written on Leaves or in Stones?: Computational Evidence for the Era of Authorship of Old {T}hai Prose",
    author = "Rutherford, Attapol  and
      Thanyawong, Santhawat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4710",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4710",
    pages = "81--85",
    abstract = "We aim to provide computational evidence for the era of authorship of two important old Thai texts: Traiphumikatha and Pumratchatham. The era of authorship of these two books is still an ongoing debate among Thai literature scholars. Analysis of old Thai texts present a challenge for standard natural language processing techniques, due to the lack of corpora necessary for building old Thai word and syllable segmentation. We propose an accurate and interpretable model to classify each segment as one of the three eras of authorship (Sukhothai, Ayuddhya, or Rattanakosin) without sophisticated linguistic preprocessing. Contrary to previous hypotheses, our model suggests that both books were written during the Sukhothai era. Moreover, the second half of the Pumratchtham is uncharacteristic of the Sukhothai era, which may have confounded literary scholars in the past. Further, our model reveals that the most indicative linguistic changes stem from unidirectional grammaticalized words and polyfunctional words, which show up as most dominant features in the model.",
}
@inproceedings{boldsen-etal-2019-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Temporal Trends Based on Perplexity and Clustering: Are We Looking at Language Change?",
    author = "Boldsen, Sidsel  and
      Agirrezabal, Manex  and
      Paggio, Patrizia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4711",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4711",
    pages = "86--91",
    abstract = "In this work we propose a data-driven methodology for identifying temporal trends in a corpus of medieval charters. We have used perplexities derived from RNNs as a distance measure between documents and then, performed clustering on those distances. We argue that perplexities calculated by such language models are representative of temporal trends. The clusters produced using the K-Means algorithm give an insight of the differences in language in different time periods at least partly due to language change. We suggest that the temporal distribution of the individual clusters might provide a more nuanced picture of temporal trends compared to discrete bins, thus providing better results when used in a classification task.",
}
@inproceedings{wevers-2019-using,
    title = "Using Word Embeddings to Examine Gender Bias in {D}utch Newspapers, 1950-1990",
    author = "Wevers, Melvin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4712",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4712",
    pages = "92--97",
    abstract = "Contemporary debates on filter bubbles and polarization in public and social media raise the question to what extent news media of the past exhibited biases. This paper specifically examines bias related to gender in six Dutch national newspapers between 1950 and 1990. We measure bias related to gender by comparing local changes in word embedding models trained on newspapers with divergent ideological backgrounds. We demonstrate clear differences in gender bias and changes within and between newspapers over time. In relation to themes such as sexuality and leisure, we see the bias moving toward women, whereas, generally, the bias shifts in the direction of men, despite growing female employment number and feminist movements. Even though Dutch society became less stratified ideologically (depillarization), we found an increasing divergence in gender bias between religious and social-democratic on the one hand and liberal newspapers on the other. Methodologically, this paper illustrates how word embeddings can be used to examine historical language change. Future work will investigate how fine-tuning deep contextualized embedding models, such as ELMO, might be used for similar tasks with greater contextual information.",
}
@inproceedings{hartmann-2019-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Historical Phonetic Features using Deep Neural Networks: A Case Study of the Phonetic System of Proto-{I}ndo-{E}uropean",
    author = "Hartmann, Frederik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4713",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4713",
    pages = "98--108",
    abstract = "Traditional historical linguistics lacks the possibility to empirically assess its assumptions regarding the phonetic systems of past languages and language stages since most current methods rely on comparative tools to gain insights into phonetic features of sounds in proto- or ancestor languages. The paper at hand presents a computational method based on deep neural networks to predict phonetic features of historical sounds where the exact quality is unknown and to test the overall coherence of reconstructed historical phonetic features. The method utilizes the principles of coarticulation, local predictability and statistical phonological constraints to predict phonetic features by the features of their immediate phonetic environment. The validity of this method will be assessed using New High German phonetic data and its specific application to diachronic linguistics will be demonstrated in a case study of the phonetic system Proto-Indo-European.",
}
@inproceedings{kalouli-etal-2019-parhistvis,
    title = "{P}ar{H}ist{V}is: Visualization of Parallel Multilingual Historical Data",
    author = "Kalouli, Aikaterini-Lida  and
      Kehlbeck, Rebecca  and
      Sevastjanova, Rita  and
      Kaiser, Katharina  and
      Kaiser, Georg A.  and
      Butt, Miriam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4714",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4714",
    pages = "109--114",
    abstract = "The study of language change through parallel corpora can be advantageous for the analysis of complex interactions between time, text domain and language. Often, those advantages cannot be fully exploited due to the sparse but high-dimensional nature of such historical data. To tackle this challenge, we introduce ParHistVis: a novel, free, easy-to-use, interactive visualization tool for parallel, multilingual, diachronic and synchronic linguistic data. We illustrate the suitability of the components of the tool based on a use case of word order change in Romance wh-interrogatives.",
}
@inproceedings{tripodi-etal-2019-tracing,
    title = "Tracing Antisemitic Language Through Diachronic Embedding Projections: France 1789-1914",
    author = "Tripodi, Rocco  and
      Warglien, Massimo  and
      Levis Sullam, Simon  and
      Paci, Deborah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4715",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4715",
    pages = "115--125",
    abstract = "We investigate some aspects of the history of antisemitism in France, one of the cradles of modern antisemitism, using diachronic word embeddings. We constructed a large corpus of French books and periodicals issues that contain a keyword related to Jews and performed a diachronic word embedding over the 1789-1914 period. We studied the changes over time in the semantic spaces of 4 target words and performed embedding projections over 6 streams of antisemitic discourse. This allowed us to track the evolution of antisemitic bias in the religious, economic, socio-politic, racial, ethic and conspiratorial domains. Projections show a trend of growing antisemitism, especially in the years starting in the mid-80s and culminating in the Dreyfus affair. Our analysis also allows us to highlight the peculiar adverse bias towards Judaism in the broader context of other religions.",
}
@inproceedings{schatzle-booth-2019-diahclust,
    title = "{D}ia{HC}lust: an Iterative Hierarchical Clustering Approach for Identifying Stages in Language Change",
    author = {Sch{\"a}tzle, Christin  and
      Booth, Hannah},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4716",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4716",
    pages = "126--135",
    abstract = "Language change is often assessed against a set of pre-determined time periods in order to be able to trace its diachronic trajectory. This is problematic, since a pre-determined periodization might obscure significant developments and lead to false assumptions about the data. Moreover, these time periods can be based on factors which are either arbitrary or non-linguistic, e.g., dividing the corpus data into equidistant stages or taking into account language-external events. Addressing this problem, in this paper we present a data-driven approach to periodization: {`}DiaHClust{'}. DiaHClust is based on iterative hierarchical clustering and offers a multi-layered perspective on change from text-level to broader time periods. We demonstrate the usefulness of DiaHClust via a case study investigating syntactic change in Icelandic, modelling the syntactic system of the language in terms of vectors of syntactic change.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2019-treat,
    title = "Treat the Word As a Whole or Look Inside? Subword Embeddings Model Language Change and Typology",
    author = "Xu, Yang  and
      Zhang, Jiasheng  and
      Reitter, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4717",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4717",
    pages = "136--145",
    abstract = "We use a variant of word embedding model that incorporates subword information to characterize the degree of compositionality in lexical semantics. Our models reveal some interesting yet contrastive patterns of long-term change in multiple languages: Indo-European languages put more weight on subword units in newer words, while conversely Chinese puts less weights on the subwords, but more weight on the word as a whole. Our method provides novel evidence and methodology that enriches existing theories in evolutionary linguistics. The resulting word vectors also has decent performance in NLP-related tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{brandl-lassner-2019-times,
    title = "Times Are Changing: Investigating the Pace of Language Change in Diachronic Word Embeddings",
    author = "Brandl, Stephanie  and
      Lassner, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4718",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4718",
    pages = "146--150",
    abstract = "We propose Word Embedding Networks, a novel method that is able to learn word embeddings of individual data slices while simultaneously aligning and ordering them without feeding temporal information a priori to the model. This gives us the opportunity to analyse the dynamics in word embeddings on a large scale in a purely data-driven manner. In experiments on two different newspaper corpora, the New York Times (English) and die Zeit (German), we were able to show that time actually determines the dynamics of semantic change. However, there is by no means a uniform evolution, but instead times of faster and times of slower change.",
}
@inproceedings{korat-2019-rationality,
    title = "The Rationality of Semantic Change",
    author = "Korat, Omer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4719",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4719",
    pages = "151--160",
    abstract = "This study investigates the mutual effects over time of semantically related function words on each other{'}s distribution over syntactic environments. Words that can have the same meaning are observed to have opposite trends of change in frequency across different syntactic structures which correspond to the shared meaning. This phenomenon is demonstrated to have a rational basis: it increases communicative efficiency by prioritizing words differently in the environments on which they compete.",
}
@inproceedings{uban-etal-2019-studying,
    title = "Studying Laws of Semantic Divergence across Languages using Cognate Sets",
    author = "Uban, Ana  and
      Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4720",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4720",
    pages = "161--166",
    abstract = "Semantic divergence in related languages is a key concern of historical linguistics. Intra-lingual semantic shift has been previously studied in computational linguistics, but this can only provide a limited picture of the evolution of word meanings, which often develop in a multilingual environment. In this paper we investigate semantic change across languages by measuring the semantic distance of cognate words in multiple languages. By comparing current meanings of cognates in different languages, we hope to uncover information about their previous meanings, and about how they diverged in their respective languages from their common original etymon. We further study the properties of their semantic divergence, by analyzing how the features of words such as frequency and polysemy are related to the divergence in their meaning, and thus make the first steps towards formulating laws of cross-lingual semantic change.",
}
@inproceedings{merrill-etal-2019-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Syntactic Change Using a Neural Part-of-Speech Tagger",
    author = "Merrill, William  and
      Stark, Gigi  and
      Frank, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4721",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4721",
    pages = "167--174",
    abstract = "We train a diachronic long short-term memory (LSTM) part-of-speech tagger on a large corpus of American English from the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. We analyze the tagger{'}s ability to implicitly learn temporal structure between years, and the extent to which this knowledge can be transferred to date new sentences. The learned year embeddings show a strong linear correlation between their first principal component and time. We show that temporal information encoded in the model can be used to predict novel sentences{'} years of composition relatively well. Comparisons to a feedforward baseline suggest that the temporal change learned by the LSTM is syntactic rather than purely lexical. Thus, our results suggest that our tagger is implicitly learning to model syntactic change in American English over the course of the 19th, 20th, and early 21st centuries.",
}
@inproceedings{bizzoni-etal-2019-grammar,
    title = "Grammar and Meaning: Analysing the Topology of Diachronic Word Embeddings",
    author = "Bizzoni, Yuri  and
      Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania  and
      Menzel, Katrin  and
      Krielke, Pauline  and
      Teich, Elke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4722",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4722",
    pages = "175--185",
    abstract = "The paper showcases the application of word embeddings to change in language use in the domain of science, focusing on the Late Modern English period (17-19th century). Historically, this is the period in which many registers of English developed, including the language of science. Our overarching interest is the linguistic development of scientific writing to a distinctive (group of) register(s). A register is marked not only by the choice of lexical words (discourse domain) but crucially by grammatical choices which indicate style. The focus of the paper is on the latter, tracing words with primarily grammatical functions (function words and some selected, poly-functional word forms) diachronically. To this end, we combine diachronic word embeddings with appropriate visualization and exploratory techniques such as clustering and relative entropy for meaningful aggregation of data and diachronic comparison.",
}
@inproceedings{jeszenszky-etal-2019-spatio,
    title = "Spatio-Temporal Prediction of Dialectal Variant Usage",
    author = "Jeszenszky, P{\'e}ter  and
      Siriaraya, Panote  and
      Stoeckle, Philipp  and
      Jatowt, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4723",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4723",
    pages = "186--195",
    abstract = "The distribution of most dialectal variants have not only spatial but also temporal patterns. Based on the {`}apparent time hypothesis{'}, much of dialect change is happening through younger speakers accepting innovations. Thus, synchronic diversity can be interpreted diachronically. With the assumption of the {`}contact effect{'}, i.e. contact possibility (contact and isolation) between speaker communities being responsible for language change, and the apparent time hypothesis, we aim to predict the usage of dialectal variants. In this paper we model the contact possibility based on two of the most important factors in sociolinguistics to be affecting language change: age and distance. The first steps of the approach involve modeling contact possibility using a logistic predictor, taking the age of respondents into account. We test the \textit{global}, and the \textit{local} role of age for variation where the local level means spatial subsets around each survey site, chosen based on $k$ nearest neighbors. The prediction approach is tested on Swiss German syntactic survey data, featuring multiple respondents from different age cohorts at survey sites. The results show the relative success of the logistic prediction approach and the limitations of the method, therefore further proposals are made to develop the methodology.",
}
@inproceedings{kutuzov-etal-2019-one,
    title = "One-to-X Analogical Reasoning on Word Embeddings: a Case for Diachronic Armed Conflict Prediction from News Texts",
    author = "Kutuzov, Andrey  and
      Velldal, Erik  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4724",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4724",
    pages = "196--201",
    abstract = "We extend the well-known word analogy task to a one-to-X formulation, including one-to-none cases, when no correct answer exists. The task is cast as a relation discovery problem and applied to historical armed conflicts datasets, attempting to predict new relations of type {`}location:armed-group{'} based on data about past events. As the source of semantic information, we use diachronic word embedding models trained on English news texts. A simple technique to improve diachronic performance in such task is demonstrated, using a threshold based on a function of cosine distance to decrease the number of false positives; this approach is shown to be beneficial on two different corpora. Finally, we publish a ready-to-use test set for one-to-X analogy evaluation on historical armed conflicts data.",
}
@inproceedings{rodina-etal-2019-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Diachronic Evolution of Evaluative Adjectives with Word Embeddings: the Case for {E}nglish, {N}orwegian, and {R}ussian",
    author = "Rodina, Julia  and
      Bakshandaeva, Daria  and
      Fomin, Vadim  and
      Kutuzov, Andrey  and
      Touileb, Samia  and
      Velldal, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4725",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4725",
    pages = "202--209",
    abstract = "We measure the intensity of diachronic semantic shifts in adjectives in English, Norwegian and Russian across 5 decades. This is done in order to test the hypothesis that evaluative adjectives are more prone to temporal semantic change. To this end, 6 different methods of quantifying semantic change are used. Frequency-controlled experimental results show that, depending on the particular method, evaluative adjectives either do not differ from other types of adjectives in terms of semantic change or appear to actually be less prone to shifting (particularly, to {`}jitter{'}-type shifting). Thus, in spite of many well-known examples of semantically changing evaluative adjectives (like {`}terrific{'} or {`}incredible{'}), it seems that such cases are not specific to this particular type of words.",
}
@inproceedings{abercrombie-batista-navarro-2019-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Change in the Language of {UK} Parliamentary Debates",
    author = "Abercrombie, Gavin  and
      Batista-Navarro, Riza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4726",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4726",
    pages = "210--215",
    abstract = "We investigate changes in the meanings of words used in the UK Parliament across two different epochs. We use word embeddings to explore changes in the distribution of words of interest and uncover words that appear to have undergone semantic transformation in the intervening period, and explore different ways of obtaining target words for this purpose. We find that semantic changes are generally in line with those found in other corpora, and little evidence that parliamentary language is more static than general English. It also seems that words with senses that have been recorded in the dictionary as having fallen into disuse do not undergo semantic changes in this domain.",
}
@inproceedings{haider-eger-2019-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Change and Emerging Tropes In a Large Corpus of New High {G}erman Poetry",
    author = "Haider, Thomas  and
      Eger, Steffen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4727",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4727",
    pages = "216--222",
    abstract = "Due to its semantic succinctness and novelty of expression, poetry is a great test-bed for semantic change analysis. However, so far there is a scarcity of large diachronic corpora. Here, we provide a large corpus of German poetry which consists of about 75k poems with more than 11 million tokens, with poems ranging from the 16th to early 20th century. We then track semantic change in this corpus by investigating the rise of tropes ({`}love is magic{'}) over time and detecting change points of meaning, which we find to occur particularly within the German Romantic period. Additionally, through self-similarity, we reconstruct literary periods and find evidence that the law of linear semantic change also applies to poetry.",
}
@inproceedings{sommerauer-fokkens-2019-conceptual,
    title = "Conceptual Change and Distributional Semantic Models: an Exploratory Study on Pitfalls and Possibilities",
    author = "Sommerauer, Pia  and
      Fokkens, Antske",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4728",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4728",
    pages = "223--233",
    abstract = "Studying conceptual change using embedding models has become increasingly popular in the Digital Humanities community while critical observations about them have received less attention. This paper investigates what the impact of known pitfalls can be on the conclusions drawn in a digital humanities study through the use case of {``}Racism{''}. In addition, we suggest an approach for modeling a complex concept in terms of words and relations representative of the conceptual system. Our results show that different models created from the same data yield different results, but also indicate that using different model architectures, comparing different corpora and comparing to control words and relations can help to identify which results are solid and which may be due to artefact. We propose guidelines to conduct similar studies, but also note that more work is needed to fully understand how we can distinguish artefacts from actual conceptual changes.",
}
@inproceedings{dhar-etal-2019-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Compositionality of Noun-Noun Compounds over Time",
    author = "Dhar, Prajit  and
      Pagel, Janis  and
      van der Plas, Lonneke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4729",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4729",
    pages = "234--239",
    abstract = "We present work in progress on the temporal progression of compositionality in noun-noun compounds. Previous work has proposed computational methods for determining the compositionality of compounds. These methods try to automatically determine how transparent the meaning of the compound as a whole is with respect to the meaning of its parts. We hypothesize that such a property might change over time. We use the time-stamped Google Books corpus for our diachronic investigations, and first examine whether the vector-based semantic spaces extracted from this corpus are able to predict compositionality ratings, despite their inherent limitations. We find that using temporal information helps predicting the ratings, although correlation with the ratings is lower than reported for other corpora. Finally, we show changes in compositionality over time for a selection of compounds.",
}
@inproceedings{hazem-etal-2019-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Variant Analysis of Ancient Devotional Texts",
    author = "Hazem, Amir  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice  and
      Stutzmann, Dominique  and
      Currie, Jacob  and
      Jacquin, Christine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4730",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4730",
    pages = "240--249",
    abstract = "We address in this paper the issue of text reuse in liturgical manuscripts of the middle ages. More specifically, we study variant readings of the Obsecro Te prayer, part of the devotional Books of Hours often used by Christians as guidance for their daily prayers. We aim at automatically extracting and categorising pairs of words and expressions that exhibit variant relations. For this purpose, we adopt a linguistic classification that allows to better characterize the variants than edit operations. Then, we study the evolution of Obsecro Te texts from a temporal and geographical axis. Finally, we contrast several unsupervised state-of-the-art approaches for the automatic extraction of Obsecro Te variants. Based on the manual observation of 772 Obsecro Te copies which show more than 21,000 variants, we show that the proposed methodology is helpful for an automatic study of variants and may serve as basis to analyze and to depict useful information from devotional texts.",
}
@inproceedings{mahanty-etal-2019-understanding,
    title = "Understanding the Evolution of Circular Economy through Language Change",
    author = "Mahanty, Sampriti  and
      Boons, Frank  and
      Handl, Julia  and
      Theresa Batista-Navarro, Riza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4731",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4731",
    pages = "250--253",
    abstract = "In this study, we propose to focus on understanding the evolution of a specific scientific concept{---}that of Circular Economy (CE){---}by analysing how the language used in academic discussions has changed semantically. It is worth noting that the meaning and central theme of this concept has remained the same; however, we hypothesise that it has undergone semantic change by way of additional layers being added to the concept. We have shown that semantic change in language is a reflection of shifts in scientific ideas, which in turn help explain the evolution of a concept. Focusing on the CE concept, our analysis demonstrated that the change over time in the language used in academic discussions of CE is indicative of the way in which the concept evolved and expanded.",
}
@inproceedings{cathcart-2019-gaussian,
    title = "{G}aussian Process Models of Sound Change in {I}ndo-{A}ryan Dialectology",
    author = "Cathcart, Chundra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4732",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4732",
    pages = "254--264",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a Gaussian Process model of sound change targeted toward questions in Indo-Aryan dialectology. Gaussian Processes (GPs) provide a flexible means of expressing covariance between outcomes, and can be extended to a wide variety of probability distributions. We find that GP models fare better in terms of some key posterior predictive checks than models that do not express covariance between sound changes, and outline directions for future work.",
}
@inproceedings{bloem-etal-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling a Historical Variety of a Low-Resource Language: {L}anguage Contact Effects in the Verbal Cluster of {E}arly-{M}odern {F}risian",
    author = "Bloem, Jelke  and
      Versloot, Arjen  and
      Weerman, Fred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4733",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4733",
    pages = "265--271",
    abstract = "Certain phenomena of interest to linguists mainly occur in low-resource languages, such as contact-induced language change. We show that it is possible to study contact-induced language change computationally in a historical variety of a low-resource language, Early-Modern Frisian, by creating a model using features that were established to be relevant in a closely related language, modern Dutch. This allows us to test two hypotheses on two types of language contact that may have taken place between Frisian and Dutch during this time. Our model shows that Frisian verb cluster word orders are associated with different context features than Dutch verb orders, supporting the {`}learned borrowing{'} hypothesis.",
}
@inproceedings{schatzle-etal-2019-visualizing,
    title = "Visualizing Linguistic Change as Dimension Interactions",
    author = {Sch{\"a}tzle, Christin  and
      Dennig, Frederik L.  and
      Blumenschein, Michael  and
      Keim, Daniel A.  and
      Butt, Miriam},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4734",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4734",
    pages = "272--278",
    abstract = "Historical change typically is the result of complex interactions between several linguistic factors. Identifying the relevant factors and understanding how they interact across the temporal dimension is the core remit of historical linguistics. With respect to corpus work, this entails a separate annotation, extraction and painstaking pair-wise comparison of the relevant bits of information. This paper presents a significant extension of HistoBankVis, a multilayer visualization system which allows a fast and interactive exploration of complex linguistic data. Linguistic factors can be understood as data dimensions which show complex interrelationships. We model these relationships with the Parallel Sets technique. We demonstrate the powerful potential of this technique by applying the system to understanding the interaction of case, grammatical relations and word order in the history of Icelandic.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-2019-acl,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    author = "Linzen, Tal  and
      Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz  and
      Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      Hupkes, Dieuwke",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4800",
}
@inproceedings{korrel-etal-2019-transcoding,
    title = "Transcoding Compositionally: Using Attention to Find More Generalizable Solutions",
    author = "Korrel, Kris  and
      Hupkes, Dieuwke  and
      Dankers, Verna  and
      Bruni, Elia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4801",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4801",
    pages = "1--11",
    abstract = "While sequence-to-sequence models have shown remarkable generalization power across several natural language tasks, their construct of solutions are argued to be less compositional than human-like generalization. In this paper, we present seq2attn, a new architecture that is specifically designed to exploit attention to find compositional patterns in the input. In seq2attn, the two standard components of an encoder-decoder model are connected via a transcoder, that modulates the information flow between them. We show that seq2attn can successfully generalize, without requiring any additional supervision, on two tasks which are specifically constructed to challenge the compositional skills of neural networks. The solutions found by the model are highly interpretable, allowing easy analysis of both the types of solutions that are found and potential causes for mistakes. We exploit this opportunity to introduce a new paradigm to test compositionality that studies the extent to which a model overgeneralizes when confronted with exceptions. We show that seq2attn exhibits such overgeneralization to a larger degree than a standard sequence-to-sequence model.",
}
@inproceedings{barnes-etal-2019-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis Is Not Solved! Assessing and Probing Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Barnes, Jeremy  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      Velldal, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4802",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4802",
    pages = "12--23",
    abstract = "Neural methods for sentiment analysis have led to quantitative improvements over previous approaches, but these advances are not always accompanied with a thorough analysis of the qualitative differences. Therefore, it is not clear what outstanding conceptual challenges for sentiment analysis remain. In this work, we attempt to discover what challenges still prove a problem for sentiment classifiers for English and to provide a challenging dataset. We collect the subset of sentences that an (oracle) ensemble of state-of-the-art sentiment classifiers misclassify and then annotate them for 18 linguistic and paralinguistic phenomena, such as negation, sarcasm, modality, etc. Finally, we provide a case study that demonstrates the usefulness of the dataset to probe the performance of a given sentiment classifier with respect to linguistic phenomena.",
}
@inproceedings{schlechtweg-etal-2019-second,
    title = "Second-order Co-occurrence Sensitivity of Skip-Gram with Negative Sampling",
    author = "Schlechtweg, Dominik  and
      Oguz, Cennet  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4803",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4803",
    pages = "24--30",
    abstract = "We simulate first- and second-order context overlap and show that Skip-Gram with Negative Sampling is similar to Singular Value Decomposition in capturing second-order co-occurrence information, while Pointwise Mutual Information is agnostic to it. We support the results with an empirical study finding that the models react differently when provided with additional second-order information. Our findings reveal a basic property of Skip-Gram with Negative Sampling and point towards an explanation of its success on a variety of tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{yanaka-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Can Neural Networks Understand Monotonicity Reasoning?",
    author = "Yanaka, Hitomi  and
      Mineshima, Koji  and
      Bekki, Daisuke  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Abzianidze, Lasha  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4804",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4804",
    pages = "31--40",
    abstract = "Monotonicity reasoning is one of the important reasoning skills for any intelligent natural language inference (NLI) model in that it requires the ability to capture the interaction between lexical and syntactic structures. Since no test set has been developed for monotonicity reasoning with wide coverage, it is still unclear whether neural models can perform monotonicity reasoning in a proper way. To investigate this issue, we introduce the Monotonicity Entailment Dataset (MED). Performance by state-of-the-art NLI models on the new test set is substantially worse, under 55{\%}, especially on downward reasoning. In addition, analysis using a monotonicity-driven data augmentation method showed that these models might be limited in their generalization ability in upward and downward reasoning.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2019-multi,
    title = "Multi-Granular Text Encoding for Self-Explaining Categorization",
    author = "Wang, Zhiguo  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Yu, Mo  and
      Zhang, Wei  and
      Pan, Lin  and
      Song, Linfeng  and
      Xu, Kun  and
      El-Kurdi, Yousef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4805",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4805",
    pages = "41--45",
    abstract = "Self-explaining text categorization requires a classifier to make a prediction along with supporting evidence. A popular type of evidence is sub-sequences extracted from the input text which are sufficient for the classifier to make the prediction. In this work, we define multi-granular ngrams as basic units for explanation, and organize all ngrams into a hierarchical structure, so that shorter ngrams can be reused while computing longer ngrams. We leverage the tree-structured LSTM to learn a context-independent representation for each unit via parameter sharing. Experiments on medical disease classification show that our model is more accurate, efficient and compact than the BiLSTM and CNN baselines. More importantly, our model can extract intuitive multi-granular evidence to support its predictions.",
}
@inproceedings{kuhnle-copestake-2019-meaning,
    title = "The Meaning of {``}Most{''} for Visual Question Answering Models",
    author = "Kuhnle, Alexander  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4806",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4806",
    pages = "46--55",
    abstract = "The correct interpretation of quantifier statements in the context of a visual scene requires non-trivial inference mechanisms. For the example of {``}most{''}, we discuss two strategies which rely on fundamentally different cognitive concepts. Our aim is to identify what strategy deep learning models for visual question answering learn when trained on such questions. To this end, we carefully design data to replicate experiments from psycholinguistics where the same question was investigated for humans. Focusing on the FiLM visual question answering model, our experiments indicate that a form of approximate number system emerges whose performance declines with more difficult scenes as predicted by Weber{'}s law. Moreover, we identify confounding factors, like spatial arrangement of the scene, which impede the effectiveness of this system.",
}
@inproceedings{strout-etal-2019-human,
    title = "Do Human Rationales Improve Machine Explanations?",
    author = "Strout, Julia  and
      Zhang, Ye  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4807",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4807",
    pages = "56--62",
    abstract = "Work on {``}learning with rationales{''} shows that humans providing explanations to a machine learning system can improve the system{'}s predictive accuracy. However, this work has not been connected to work in {``}explainable AI{''} which concerns machines explaining their reasoning to humans. In this work, we show that learning with rationales can also improve the quality of the machine{'}s explanations as evaluated by human judges. Specifically, we present experiments showing that, for CNN-based text classification, explanations generated using {``}supervised attention{''} are judged superior to explanations generated using normal unsupervised attention.",
}
@inproceedings{vig-belinkov-2019-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Structure of Attention in a Transformer Language Model",
    author = "Vig, Jesse  and
      Belinkov, Yonatan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4808",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4808",
    pages = "63--76",
    abstract = "The Transformer is a fully attention-based alternative to recurrent networks that has achieved state-of-the-art results across a range of NLP tasks. In this paper, we analyze the structure of attention in a Transformer language model, the GPT-2 small pretrained model. We visualize attention for individual instances and analyze the interaction between attention and syntax over a large corpus. We find that attention targets different parts of speech at different layer depths within the model, and that attention aligns with dependency relations most strongly in the middle layers. We also find that the deepest layers of the model capture the most distant relationships. Finally, we extract exemplar sentences that reveal highly specific patterns targeted by particular attention heads.",
}
@inproceedings{gangula-etal-2019-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Political Bias in News Articles Using Headline Attention",
    author = "Gangula, Rama Rohit Reddy  and
      Duggenpudi, Suma Reddy  and
      Mamidi, Radhika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4809",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4809",
    pages = "77--84",
    abstract = "Language is a powerful tool which can be used to state the facts as well as express our views and perceptions. Most of the times, we find a subtle bias towards or against someone or something. When it comes to politics, media houses and journalists are known to create bias by shrewd means such as misinterpreting reality and distorting viewpoints towards some parties. This misinterpretation on a large scale can lead to the production of biased news and conspiracy theories. Automating bias detection in newspaper articles could be a good challenge for research in NLP. We proposed a headline attention network for this bias detection. Our model has two distinctive characteristics: (i) it has a structure that mirrors a person{'}s way of reading a news article (ii) it has attention mechanism applied on the article based on its headline, enabling it to attend to more critical content to predict bias. As the required datasets were not available, we created a dataset comprising of 1329 news articles collected from various Telugu newspapers and marked them for bias towards a particular political party. The experiments conducted on it demonstrated that our model outperforms various baseline methods by a substantial margin.",
}
@inproceedings{talman-chatzikyriakidis-2019-testing,
    title = "Testing the Generalization Power of Neural Network Models across {NLI} Benchmarks",
    author = "Talman, Aarne  and
      Chatzikyriakidis, Stergios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4810",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4810",
    pages = "85--94",
    abstract = "Neural network models have been very successful in natural language inference, with the best models reaching 90{\%} accuracy in some benchmarks. However, the success of these models turns out to be largely benchmark specific. We show that models trained on a natural language inference dataset drawn from one benchmark fail to perform well in others, even if the notion of inference assumed in these benchmarks is the same or similar. We train six high performing neural network models on different datasets and show that each one of these has problems of generalizing when we replace the original test set with a test set taken from another corpus designed for the same task. In light of these results, we argue that most of the current neural network models are not able to generalize well in the task of natural language inference. We find that using large pre-trained language models helps with transfer learning when the datasets are similar enough. Our results also highlight that the current NLI datasets do not cover the different nuances of inference extensively enough.",
}
@inproceedings{pinter-etal-2019-character,
    title = "Character Eyes: Seeing Language through Character-Level Taggers",
    author = "Pinter, Yuval  and
      Marone, Marc  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4811",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4811",
    pages = "95--102",
    abstract = "Character-level models have been used extensively in recent years in NLP tasks as both supplements and replacements for closed-vocabulary token-level word representations. In one popular architecture, character-level LSTMs are used to feed token representations into a sequence tagger predicting token-level annotations such as part-of-speech (POS) tags. In this work, we examine the behavior of POS taggers across languages from the perspective of individual hidden units within the character LSTM. We aggregate the behavior of these units into language-level metrics which quantify the challenges that taggers face on languages with different morphological properties, and identify links between synthesis and affixation preference and emergent behavior of the hidden tagger layer. In a comparative experiment, we show how modifying the balance between forward and backward hidden units affects model arrangement and performance in these types of languages.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-mooney-2019-faithful,
    title = "Faithful Multimodal Explanation for Visual Question Answering",
    author = "Wu, Jialin  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4812",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4812",
    pages = "103--112",
    abstract = "AI systems{'} ability to explain their reasoning is critical to their utility and trustworthiness. Deep neural networks have enabled significant progress on many challenging problems such as visual question answering (VQA). However, most of them are opaque black boxes with limited explanatory capability. This paper presents a novel approach to developing a high-performing VQA system that can elucidate its answers with integrated textual and visual explanations that faithfully reflect important aspects of its underlying reasoning while capturing the style of comprehensible human explanations. Extensive experimental evaluation demonstrates the advantages of this approach compared to competing methods using both automated metrics and human evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{arras-etal-2019-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Recurrent Neural Network Explanations",
    author = {Arras, Leila  and
      Osman, Ahmed  and
      M{\"u}ller, Klaus-Robert  and
      Samek, Wojciech},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4813",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4813",
    pages = "113--126",
    abstract = "Recently, several methods have been proposed to explain the predictions of recurrent neural networks (RNNs), in particular of LSTMs. The goal of these methods is to understand the network{'}s decisions by assigning to each input variable, e.g., a word, a relevance indicating to which extent it contributed to a particular prediction. In previous works, some of these methods were not yet compared to one another, or were evaluated only qualitatively. We close this gap by systematically and quantitatively comparing these methods in different settings, namely (1) a toy arithmetic task which we use as a sanity check, (2) a five-class sentiment prediction of movie reviews, and besides (3) we explore the usefulness of word relevances to build sentence-level representations. Lastly, using the method that performed best in our experiments, we show how specific linguistic phenomena such as the negation in sentiment analysis reflect in terms of relevance patterns, and how the relevance visualization can help to understand the misclassification of individual samples.",
}
@inproceedings{baan-etal-2019-realization,
    title = "On the Realization of Compositionality in Neural Networks",
    author = {Baan, Joris  and
      Leible, Jana  and
      Nikolaus, Mitja  and
      Rau, David  and
      Ulmer, Dennis  and
      Baumg{\"a}rtner, Tim  and
      Hupkes, Dieuwke  and
      Bruni, Elia},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4814",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4814",
    pages = "127--137",
    abstract = "We present a detailed comparison of two types of sequence to sequence models trained to conduct a compositional task. The models are architecturally identical at inference time, but differ in the way that they are trained: our baseline model is trained with a task-success signal only, while the other model receives additional supervision on its attention mechanism (Attentive Guidance), which has shown to be an effective method for encouraging more compositional solutions. We first confirm that the models with attentive guidance indeed infer more compositional solutions than the baseline, by training them on the lookup table task presented by Liska et al. (2019). We then do an in-depth analysis of the structural differences between the two model types, focusing in particular on the organisation of the parameter space and the hidden layer activations and find noticeable differences in both these aspects. Guided networks focus more on the components of the input rather than the sequence as a whole and develop small functional groups of neurons with specific purposes that use their gates more selectively. Results from parameter heat maps, component swapping and graph analysis also indicate that guided networks exhibit a more modular structure with a small number of specialized, strongly connected neurons.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning the {D}yck Language with Attention-based {S}eq2{S}eq Models",
    author = "Yu, Xiang  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4815",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4815",
    pages = "138--146",
    abstract = "The generalized Dyck language has been used to analyze the ability of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to learn context-free grammars (CFGs). Recent studies draw conflicting conclusions on their performance, especially regarding the generalizability of the models with respect to the depth of recursion. In this paper, we revisit several common models and experimental settings, discuss the potential problems of the tasks and analyses. Furthermore, we explore the use of attention mechanisms within the seq2seq framework to learn the Dyck language, which could compensate for the limited encoding ability of RNNs. Our findings reveal that attention mechanisms still cannot truly generalize over the recursion depth, although they perform much better than other models on the closing bracket tagging task. Moreover, this also suggests that this commonly used task is not sufficient to test a model{'}s understanding of CFGs.",
}
@inproceedings{stadelmaier-pado-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Paths for Explainable Knowledge Base Completion",
    author = "Stadelmaier, Josua  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4816",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4816",
    pages = "147--157",
    abstract = "A common approach in knowledge base completion (KBC) is to learn representations for entities and relations in order to infer missing facts by generalizing existing ones. A shortcoming of standard models is that they do not explain their predictions to make them verifiable easily to human inspection. In this paper, we propose the Context Path Model (CPM) which generates explanations for new facts in KBC by providing sets of \textit{context paths} as supporting evidence for these triples. For example, a new triple (Theresa May, nationality, Britain) may be explained by the path (Theresa May, born in, Eastbourne, contained in, Britain). The CPM is formulated as a wrapper that can be applied on top of various existing KBC models. We evaluate it for the well-established TransE model. We observe that its performance remains very close despite the added complexity, and that most of the paths proposed as explanations provide meaningful evidence to assess the correctness.",
}
@inproceedings{merlo-2019-probing,
    title = "Probing Word and Sentence Embeddings for Long-distance Dependencies Effects in {F}rench and {E}nglish",
    author = "Merlo, Paola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4817",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4817",
    pages = "158--172",
    abstract = "The recent wide-spread and strong interest in RNNs has spurred detailed investigations of the distributed representations they generate and specifically if they exhibit properties similar to those characterising human languages. Results are at present inconclusive. In this paper, we extend previous work on long-distance dependencies in three ways. We manipulate word embeddings to translate them in a space that is attuned to the linguistic properties under study. We extend the work to sentence embeddings and to new languages. We confirm previous negative results: word embeddings and sentence embeddings do not unequivocally encode fine-grained linguistic properties of long-distance dependencies.",
}
@inproceedings{musil-etal-2019-derivational,
    title = "Derivational Morphological Relations in Word Embeddings",
    author = "Musil, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Vidra, Jon{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4818",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4818",
    pages = "173--180",
    abstract = "Derivation is a type of a word-formation process which creates new words from existing ones by adding, changing or deleting affixes. In this paper, we explore the potential of word embeddings to identify properties of word derivations in the morphologically rich Czech language. We extract derivational relations between pairs of words from DeriNet, a Czech lexical network, which organizes almost one million Czech lemmas into derivational trees. For each such pair, we compute the difference of the embeddings of the two words, and perform unsupervised clustering of the resulting vectors. Our results show that these clusters largely match manually annotated semantic categories of the derivational relations (e.g. the relation {`}bake{--}baker{'} belongs to category {`}actor{'}, and a correct clustering puts it into the same cluster as {`}govern{--}governor{'}).",
}
@inproceedings{wilcox-etal-2019-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Representation in Neural Language Models: Suppression and Recovery of Expectations",
    author = "Wilcox, Ethan  and
      Levy, Roger  and
      Futrell, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4819",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4819",
    pages = "181--190",
    abstract = "Work using artificial languages as training input has shown that LSTMs are capable of inducing the stack-like data structures required to represent context-free and certain mildly context-sensitive languages {---} formal language classes which correspond in theory to the hierarchical structures of natural language. Here we present a suite of experiments probing whether neural language models trained on linguistic data induce these stack-like data structures and deploy them while incrementally predicting words. We study two natural language phenomena: center embedding sentences and syntactic island constraints on the filler{--}gap dependency. In order to properly predict words in these structures, a model must be able to temporarily suppress certain expectations and then recover those expectations later, essentially pushing and popping these expectations on a stack. Our results provide evidence that models can successfully suppress and recover expectations in many cases, but do not fully recover their previous grammatical state.",
}
@inproceedings{abnar-etal-2019-blackbox,
    title = "Blackbox Meets Blackbox: Representational Similarity {\&} Stability Analysis of Neural Language Models and Brains",
    author = "Abnar, Samira  and
      Beinborn, Lisa  and
      Choenni, Rochelle  and
      Zuidema, Willem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4820",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4820",
    pages = "191--203",
    abstract = "In this paper, we define and apply representational stability analysis (ReStA), an intuitive way of analyzing neural language models. ReStA is a variant of the popular representational similarity analysis (RSA) in cognitive neuroscience. While RSA can be used to compare representations in models, model components, and human brains, ReStA compares instances of the same model, while systematically varying single model parameter. Using ReStA, we study four recent and successful neural language models, and evaluate how sensitive their internal representations are to the amount of prior context. Using RSA, we perform a systematic study of how similar the representational spaces in the first and second (or higher) layers of these models are to each other and to patterns of activation in the human brain. Our results reveal surprisingly strong differences between language models, and give insights into where the deep linguistic processing, that integrates information over multiple sentences, is happening in these models. The combination of ReStA and RSA on models and brains allows us to start addressing the important question of what kind of linguistic processes we can hope to observe in fMRI brain imaging data. In particular, our results suggest that the data on story reading from Wehbe et al./ (2014) contains a signal of shallow linguistic processing, but show no evidence on the more interesting deep linguistic processing.",
}
@inproceedings{chowdhury-zamparelli-2019-lstm,
    title = "An {LSTM} Adaptation Study of (Un)grammaticality",
    author = "Chowdhury, Shammur Absar  and
      Zamparelli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4821",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4821",
    pages = "204--212",
    abstract = "We propose a novel approach to the study of how artificial neural network perceive the distinction between grammatical and ungrammatical sentences, a crucial task in the growing field of synthetic linguistics. The method is based on performance measures of language models trained on corpora and fine-tuned with either grammatical or ungrammatical sentences, then applied to (different types of) grammatical or ungrammatical sentences. The results show that both in the difficult and highly symmetrical task of detecting subject islands and in the more open CoLA dataset, grammatical sentences give rise to better scores than ungrammatical ones, possibly because they can be better integrated within the body of linguistic structural knowledge that the language model has accumulated.",
}
@inproceedings{anastasopoulos-2019-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Source-Side Grammatical Errors in {NMT}",
    author = "Anastasopoulos, Antonios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4822",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4822",
    pages = "213--223",
    abstract = "The quality of Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has been shown to significantly degrade when confronted with source-side noise. We present the first large-scale study of state-of-the-art English-to-German NMT on real grammatical noise, by evaluating on several Grammar Correction corpora. We present methods for evaluating NMT robustness without true references, and we use them for extensive analysis of the effects that different grammatical errors have on the NMT output. We also introduce a technique for visualizing the divergence distribution caused by a source-side error, which allows for additional insights.",
}
@inproceedings{merrill-etal-2019-finding,
    title = "Finding Hierarchical Structure in Neural Stacks Using Unsupervised Parsing",
    author = "Merrill, William  and
      Khazan, Lenny  and
      Amsel, Noah  and
      Hao, Yiding  and
      Mendelsohn, Simon  and
      Frank, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4823",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4823",
    pages = "224--232",
    abstract = "Neural network architectures have been augmented with differentiable stacks in order to introduce a bias toward learning hierarchy-sensitive regularities. It has, however, proven difficult to assess the degree to which such a bias is effective, as the operation of the differentiable stack is not always interpretable. In this paper, we attempt to detect the presence of latent representations of hierarchical structure through an exploration of the unsupervised learning of constituency structure. Using a technique due to Shen et al. (2018a,b), we extract syntactic trees from the pushing behavior of stack RNNs trained on language modeling and classification objectives. We find that our models produce parses that reflect natural language syntactic constituencies, demonstrating that stack RNNs do indeed infer linguistically relevant hierarchical structure.",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-etal-2019-adversarial-attack,
    title = "Adversarial Attack on Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Tsai, Yi-Ting  and
      Yang, Min-Chu  and
      Chen, Han-Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4824",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4824",
    pages = "233--240",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a white-box attack algorithm called {``}Global Search{''} method and compare it with a simple misspelling noise and a more sophisticated and common white-box attack approach called {``}Greedy Search{''}. The attack methods are evaluated on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) sentiment classifier trained on the IMDB movie review dataset. The attack success rate is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the attack methods and the perplexity of the sentences is used to measure the degree of distortion of the generated adversarial examples. The experiment results show that the proposed {``}Global Search{''} method generates more powerful adversarial examples with less distortion or less modification to the source text.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2019-open,
    title = "Open Sesame: Getting inside {BERT}{'}s Linguistic Knowledge",
    author = "Lin, Yongjie  and
      Tan, Yi Chern  and
      Frank, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4825",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4825",
    pages = "241--253",
    abstract = "How and to what extent does BERT encode syntactically-sensitive hierarchical information or positionally-sensitive linear information? Recent work has shown that contextual representations like BERT perform well on tasks that require sensitivity to linguistic structure. We present here two studies which aim to provide a better understanding of the nature of BERT{'}s representations. The first of these focuses on the identification of structurally-defined elements using diagnostic classifiers, while the second explores BERT{'}s representation of subject-verb agreement and anaphor-antecedent dependencies through a quantitative assessment of self-attention vectors. In both cases, we find that BERT encodes positional information about word tokens well on its lower layers, but switches to a hierarchically-oriented encoding on higher layers. We conclude then that BERT{'}s representations do indeed model linguistically relevant aspects of hierarchical structure, though they do not appear to show the sharp sensitivity to hierarchical structure that is found in human processing of reflexive anaphora.",
}
@inproceedings{gralinski-etal-2019-geval,
    title = "{GE}val: Tool for Debugging {NLP} Datasets and Models",
    author = "Grali{\'n}ski, Filip  and
      Wr{\'o}blewska, Anna  and
      Stanis{\l}awek, Tomasz  and
      Grabowski, Kamil  and
      G{\'o}recki, Tomasz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4826",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4826",
    pages = "254--262",
    abstract = "This paper presents a simple but general and effective method to debug the output of machine learning (ML) supervised models, including neural networks. The algorithm looks for features that lower the evaluation metric in such a way that it cannot be ascribed to chance (as measured by their p-values). Using this method {--} implemented as MLEval tool {--} you can find: (1) anomalies in test sets, (2) issues in preprocessing, (3) problems in the ML model itself. It can give you an insight into what can be improved in the datasets and/or the model. The same method can be used to compare ML models or different versions of the same model. We present the tool, the theory behind it and use cases for text-based models of various types.",
}
@inproceedings{marecek-rosa-2019-balustrades,
    title = "From Balustrades to Pierre Vinken: Looking for Syntax in Transformer Self-Attentions",
    author = "Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      Rosa, Rudolf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4827",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4827",
    pages = "263--275",
    abstract = "We inspect the multi-head self-attention in Transformer NMT encoders for three source languages, looking for patterns that could have a syntactic interpretation. In many of the attention heads, we frequently find sequences of consecutive states attending to the same position, which resemble syntactic phrases. We propose a transparent deterministic method of quantifying the amount of syntactic information present in the self-attentions, based on automatically building and evaluating phrase-structure trees from the phrase-like sequences. We compare the resulting trees to existing constituency treebanks, both manually and by computing precision and recall.",
}
@inproceedings{clark-etal-2019-bert,
    title = "What Does {BERT} Look at? An Analysis of {BERT}{'}s Attention",
    author = "Clark, Kevin  and
      Khandelwal, Urvashi  and
      Levy, Omer  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4828",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-4828",
    pages = "276--286",
    abstract = "Large pre-trained neural networks such as BERT have had great recent success in NLP, motivating a growing body of research investigating what aspects of language they are able to learn from unlabeled data. Most recent analysis has focused on model outputs (e.g., language model surprisal) or internal vector representations (e.g., probing classifiers). Complementary to these works, we propose methods for analyzing the attention mechanisms of pre-trained models and apply them to BERT. BERT{'}s attention heads exhibit patterns such as attending to delimiter tokens, specific positional offsets, or broadly attending over the whole sentence, with heads in the same layer often exhibiting similar behaviors. We further show that certain attention heads correspond well to linguistic notions of syntax and coreference. For example, we find heads that attend to the direct objects of verbs, determiners of nouns, objects of prepositions, and coreferent mentions with remarkably high accuracy. Lastly, we propose an attention-based probing classifier and use it to further demonstrate that substantial syntactic information is captured in BERT{'}s attention.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-typ,
    title = "Proceedings of TyP-NLP: The First Workshop on Typology for Polyglot NLP",
    author = "Dubossarsky, Haim  and
      McCarthy, Arya D.  and
      Ponti, Edoardo Maria  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Vylomova, Ekaterina  and
      Berzak, Yevgeni  and
      Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Reichart, Roi",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4900",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-bionlp,
    title = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    author = "Demner-Fushman, Dina  and
      Cohen, Kevin Bretonnel  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia  and
      Tsujii, Junichi",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5000",
}
@inproceedings{newman-griffis-etal-2019-classifying,
    title = "Classifying the reported ability in clinical mobility descriptions",
    author = "Newman-Griffis, Denis  and
      Zirikly, Ayah  and
      Divita, Guy  and
      Desmet, Bart",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5001",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "Assessing how individuals perform different activities is key information for modeling health states of individuals and populations. Descriptions of activity performance in clinical free text are complex, including syntactic negation and similarities to textual entailment tasks. We explore a variety of methods for the novel task of classifying four types of assertions about activity performance: Able, Unable, Unclear, and None (no information). We find that ensembling an SVM trained with lexical features and a CNN achieves 77.9{\%} macro F1 score on our task, and yields nearly 80{\%} recall on the rare Unclear and Unable samples. Finally, we highlight several challenges in classifying performance assertions, including capturing information about sources of assistance, incorporating syntactic structure and negation scope, and handling new modalities at test time. Our findings establish a strong baseline for this novel task, and identify intriguing areas for further research.",
}
@inproceedings{yuwono-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning from the Experience of Doctors: Automated Diagnosis of Appendicitis Based on Clinical Notes",
    author = "Yuwono, Steven Kester  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Ngiam, Kee Yuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5002",
    pages = "11--19",
    abstract = "The objective of this work is to develop an automated diagnosis system that is able to predict the probability of appendicitis given a free-text emergency department (ED) note and additional structured information (e.g., lab test results). Our clinical corpus consists of about 180,000 ED notes based on ten years of patient visits to the Accident and Emergency (A{\&}E) Department of the National University Hospital (NUH), Singapore. We propose a novel neural network approach that learns to diagnose acute appendicitis based on doctors{'} free-text ED notes without any feature engineering. On a test set of 2,000 ED notes with equal number of appendicitis (positive) and non-appendicitis (negative) diagnosis and in which all the negative ED notes only consist of abdominal-related diagnosis, our model is able to achieve a promising F{\_}0.5-score of 0.895 while ED doctors achieve F{\_}0.5-score of 0.900. Visualization shows that our model is able to learn important features, signs, and symptoms of patients from unstructured free-text ED notes, which will help doctors to make better diagnosis.",
}
@inproceedings{soni-roberts-2019-paraphrase,
    title = "A Paraphrase Generation System for {EHR} Question Answering",
    author = "Soni, Sarvesh  and
      Roberts, Kirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5003",
    pages = "20--29",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a dataset and method for automatically generating paraphrases for clinical questions relating to patient-specific information in electronic health records (EHRs). Crowdsourcing is used to collect 10,578 unique questions across 946 semantically distinct paraphrase clusters. This corpus is then used with a deep learning-based question paraphrasing method utilizing variational autoencoder and LSTM encoder/decoder. The ultimate use of such a method is to improve the performance of automatic question answering methods for EHRs.",
}
@inproceedings{chauhan-etal-2019-reflex,
    title = "{RE}flex: Flexible Framework for Relation Extraction in Multiple Domains",
    author = "Chauhan, Geeticka  and
      McDermott, Matthew B.A.  and
      Szolovits, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5004",
    pages = "30--47",
    abstract = "Systematic comparison of methods for relation extraction (RE) is difficult because many experiments in the field are not described precisely enough to be completely reproducible and many papers fail to report ablation studies that would highlight the relative contributions of their various combined techniques. In this work, we build a unifying framework for RE, applying this on three highly used datasets (from the general, biomedical and clinical domains) with the ability to be extendable to new datasets. By performing a systematic exploration of modeling, pre-processing and training methodologies, we find that choices of preprocessing are a large contributor performance and that omission of such information can further hinder fair comparison. Other insights from our exploration allow us to provide recommendations for future research in this area.",
}
@inproceedings{ormerod-etal-2019-analysing,
    title = "Analysing Representations of Memory Impairment in a Clinical Notes Classification Model",
    author = "Ormerod, Mark  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-del-Rinc{\'o}n, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Robertson, Neil  and
      McGuinness, Bernadette  and
      Devereux, Barry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5005",
    pages = "48--57",
    abstract = "Despite recent advances in the application of deep neural networks to various kinds of medical data, extracting information from unstructured textual sources remains a challenging task. The challenges of training and interpreting document classification models are amplified when dealing with small and highly technical datasets, as are common in the clinical domain. Using a dataset of de-identified clinical letters gathered at a memory clinic, we construct several recurrent neural network models for letter classification, and evaluate them on their ability to build meaningful representations of the documents and predict patients{'} diagnoses. Additionally, we probe sentence embedding models in order to build a human-interpretable representation of the neural network{'}s features, using a simple and intuitive technique based on perturbative approaches to sentence importance. In addition to showing which sentences in a document are most informative about the patient{'}s condition, this method reveals the types of sentences that lead the model to make incorrect diagnoses. Furthermore, we identify clusters of sentences in the embedding space that correlate strongly with importance scores for each clinical diagnosis class.",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2019-transfer,
    title = "Transfer Learning in Biomedical Natural Language Processing: An Evaluation of {BERT} and {ELM}o on Ten Benchmarking Datasets",
    author = "Peng, Yifan  and
      Yan, Shankai  and
      Lu, Zhiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5006",
    pages = "58--65",
    abstract = "Inspired by the success of the General Language Understanding Evaluation benchmark, we introduce the Biomedical Language Understanding Evaluation (BLUE) benchmark to facilitate research in the development of pre-training language representations in the biomedicine domain. The benchmark consists of five tasks with ten datasets that cover both biomedical and clinical texts with different dataset sizes and difficulties. We also evaluate several baselines based on BERT and ELMo and find that the BERT model pre-trained on PubMed abstracts and MIMIC-III clinical notes achieves the best results. We make the datasets, pre-trained models, and codes publicly available at https://github.com/ ncbi-nlp/BLUE{\_}Benchmark.",
}
@inproceedings{apostolova-etal-2019-combining,
    title = "Combining Structured and Free-text Electronic Medical Record Data for Real-time Clinical Decision Support",
    author = "Apostolova, Emilia  and
      Wang, Tony  and
      Tschampel, Tim  and
      Koutroulis, Ioannis  and
      Velez, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5007",
    pages = "66--70",
    abstract = "The goal of this work is to utilize Electronic Medical Record (EMR) data for real-time Clinical Decision Support (CDS). We present a deep learning approach to combining in real time available diagnosis codes (ICD codes) and free-text notes: Patient Context Vectors. Patient Context Vectors are created by averaging ICD code embeddings, and by predicting the same from free-text notes via a Convolutional Neural Network. The Patient Context Vectors were then simply appended to available structured data (vital signs and lab results) to build prediction models for a specific condition. Experiments on predicting ARDS, a rare and complex condition, demonstrate the utility of Patient Context Vectors as a means of summarizing the patient history and overall condition, and improve significantly the prediction model results.",
}
@inproceedings{mitrofan-etal-2019-monero,
    title = "{M}o{NER}o: a Biomedical Gold Standard Corpus for the {R}omanian Language",
    author = "Mitrofan, Maria  and
      Barbu Mititelu, Verginica  and
      Mitrofan, Grigorina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5008",
    pages = "71--79",
    abstract = "In an era when large amounts of data are generated daily in various fields, the biomedical field among others, linguistic resources can be exploited for various tasks of Natural Language Processing. Moreover, increasing number of biomedical documents are available in languages other than English. To be able to extract information from natural language free text resources, methods and tools are needed for a variety of languages. This paper presents the creation of the MoNERo corpus, a gold standard biomedical corpus for Romanian, annotated with both part of speech tags and named entities. MoNERo comprises 154,825 morphologically annotated tokens and 23,188 entity annotations belonging to four entity semantic groups corresponding to UMLS Semantic Groups.",
}
@inproceedings{rajagopal-etal-2019-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation of {SRL} Systems for Biological Processes",
    author = "Rajagopal, Dheeraj  and
      Vyas, Nidhi  and
      Siddhant, Aditya  and
      Rayasam, Anirudha  and
      Tandon, Niket  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5009",
    pages = "80--87",
    abstract = "Domain adaptation remains one of the most challenging aspects in the wide-spread use of Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) systems. Current state-of-the-art methods are typically trained on large-scale datasets, but their performances do not directly transfer to low-resource domain-specific settings. In this paper, we propose two approaches for domain adaptation in the biological domain that involves pre-training LSTM-CRF based on existing large-scale datasets and adapting it for a low-resource corpus of biological processes. Our first approach defines a mapping between the source labels and the target labels, and the other approach modifies the final CRF layer in sequence-labeling neural network architecture. We perform our experiments on ProcessBank dataset which contains less than 200 paragraphs on biological processes. We improve over the previous state-of-the-art system on this dataset by 21 F1 points. We also show that, by incorporating event-event relationship in ProcessBank, we are able to achieve an additional 2.6 F1 gain, giving us possible insights into how to improve SRL systems for biological process using richer annotations.",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2019-deep,
    title = "Deep Contextualized Biomedical Abbreviation Expansion",
    author = "Jin, Qiao  and
      Liu, Jinling  and
      Lu, Xinghua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5010",
    pages = "88--96",
    abstract = "Automatic identification and expansion of ambiguous abbreviations are essential for biomedical natural language processing applications, such as information retrieval and question answering systems. In this paper, we present DEep Contextualized Biomedical Abbreviation Expansion (DECBAE) model. DECBAE automatically collects substantial and relatively clean annotated contexts for 950 ambiguous abbreviations from PubMed abstracts using a simple heuristic. Then it utilizes BioELMo to extract the contextualized features of words, and feed those features to abbreviation-specific bidirectional LSTMs, where the hidden states of the ambiguous abbreviations are used to assign the exact definitions. Our DECBAE model outperforms other baselines by large margins, achieving average accuracy of 0.961 and macro-F1 of 0.917 on the dataset. It also surpasses human performance for expanding a sample abbreviation, and remains robust in imbalanced, low-resources and clinical settings.",
}
@inproceedings{pylieva-etal-2019-rnn,
    title = "{RNN} Embeddings for Identifying Difficult to Understand Medical Words",
    author = "Pylieva, Hanna  and
      Chernodub, Artem  and
      Grabar, Natalia  and
      Hamon, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5011",
    pages = "97--104",
    abstract = "Patients and their families often require a better understanding of medical information provided by doctors. We currently address this issue by improving the identification of difficult to understand medical words. We introduce novel embeddings received from RNN - FrnnMUTE (French RNN Medical Understandability Text Embeddings) which allow to reach up to 87.0 F1 score in identification of difficult words. We also note that adding pre-trained FastText word embeddings to the feature set substantially improves the performance of the model which classifies words ac- cording to their difficulty. We study the generalizability of different models through three cross-validation scenarios which allow testing classifiers in real-world conditions: understanding of medical words by new users, and classification of new unseen words by the automatic models. The RNN - FrnnMUTE embeddings and the categorization code are being made available for the research.",
}
@inproceedings{norman-etal-2019-distantly,
    title = "A distantly supervised dataset for automated data extraction from diagnostic studies",
    author = "Norman, Christopher  and
      Leeflang, Mariska  and
      Spijker, Ren{\'e}  and
      Kanoulas, Evangelos  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5012",
    pages = "105--114",
    abstract = "Systematic reviews are important in evidence based medicine, but are expensive to produce. Automating or semi-automating the data extraction of index test, target condition, and reference standard from articles has the potential to decrease the cost of conducting systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy, but relevant training data is not available. We create a distantly supervised dataset of approximately 90,000 sentences, and let two experts manually annotate a small subset of around 1,000 sentences for evaluation. We evaluate the performance of BioBERT and logistic regression for ranking the sentences, and compare the performance for distant and direct supervision. Our results suggest that distant supervision can work as well as, or better than direct supervision on this problem, and that distantly trained models can perform as well as, or better than human annotators.",
}
@inproceedings{bordea-etal-2019-query,
    title = "Query selection methods for automated corpora construction with a use case in food-drug interactions",
    author = "Bordea, Georgeta  and
      Randriatsitohaina, Tsanta  and
      Mougin, Fleur  and
      Grabar, Natalia  and
      Hamon, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5013",
    pages = "115--124",
    abstract = "In this paper, we address the problem of automatically constructing a relevant corpus of scientific articles about food-drug interactions. There is a growing number of scientific publications that describe food-drug interactions but currently building a high-coverage corpus that can be used for information extraction purposes is not trivial. We investigate several methods for automating the query selection process using an expert-curated corpus of food-drug interactions. Our experiments show that index term features along with a decision tree classifier are the best approach for this task and that feature selection approaches and in particular gain ratio outperform frequency-based methods for query selection.",
}
@inproceedings{chiu-etal-2019-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing biomedical word embeddings by retrofitting to verb clusters",
    author = "Chiu, Billy  and
      Baker, Simon  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5014",
    pages = "125--134",
    abstract = "Verbs play a fundamental role in many biomed-ical tasks and applications such as relation and event extraction. We hypothesize that performance on many downstream tasks can be improved by aligning the input pretrained embeddings according to semantic verb classes.In this work, we show that by using semantic clusters for verbs, a large lexicon of verbclasses derived from biomedical literature, weare able to improve the performance of common pretrained embeddings in downstream tasks by retrofitting them to verb classes. We present a simple and computationally efficient approach using a widely-available {``}off-the-shelf{''} retrofitting algorithm to align pretrained embeddings according to semantic verb clusters. We achieve state-of-the-art results on text classification and relation extraction tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2019-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Word-based and Context-based Representations for Classification Problems in Health Informatics",
    author = "Joshi, Aditya  and
      Karimi, Sarvnaz  and
      Sparks, Ross  and
      Paris, Cecile  and
      MacIntyre, C Raina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5015",
    pages = "135--141",
    abstract = "Distributed representations of text can be used as features when training a statistical classifier. These representations may be created as a composition of word vectors or as context-based sentence vectors. We compare the two kinds of representations (word versus context) for three classification problems: influenza infection classification, drug usage classification and personal health mention classification. For statistical classifiers trained for each of these problems, context-based representations based on ELMo, Universal Sentence Encoder, Neural-Net Language Model and FLAIR are better than Word2Vec, GloVe and the two adapted using the MESH ontology. There is an improvement of 2-4{\%} in the accuracy when these context-based representations are used instead of word-based representations.",
}
@inproceedings{fauqueur-etal-2019-constructing,
    title = "Constructing large scale biomedical knowledge bases from scratch with rapid annotation of interpretable patterns",
    author = "Fauqueur, Julien  and
      Thillaisundaram, Ashok  and
      Togia, Theodosia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5016",
    pages = "142--151",
    abstract = "Knowledge base construction is crucial for summarising, understanding and inferring relationships between biomedical entities. However, for many practical applications such as drug discovery, the scarcity of relevant facts (e.g. gene X is therapeutic target for disease Y) severely limits a domain expert{'}s ability to create a usable knowledge base, either directly or by training a relation extraction model. In this paper, we present a simple and effective method of extracting new facts with a pre-specified binary relationship type from the biomedical literature, without requiring any training data or hand-crafted rules. Our system discovers, ranks and presents the most salient patterns to domain experts in an interpretable form. By marking patterns as compatible with the desired relationship type, experts indirectly batch-annotate candidate pairs whose relationship is expressed with such patterns in the literature. Even with a complete absence of seed data, experts are able to discover thousands of high-quality pairs with the desired relationship within minutes. When a small number of relevant pairs do exist - even when their relationship is more general (e.g. gene X is biologically associated with disease Y) than the relationship of interest - our system leverages them in order to i) learn a better ranking of the patterns to be annotated or ii) generate weakly labelled pairs in a fully automated manner. We evaluate our method both intrinsically and via a downstream knowledge base completion task, and show that it is an effective way of constructing knowledge bases when few or no relevant facts are already available.",
}
@inproceedings{campillos-llanos-2019-first,
    title = "First Steps towards Building a Medical Lexicon for {S}panish with Linguistic and Semantic Information",
    author = "Campillos-Llanos, Leonardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5017",
    pages = "152--164",
    abstract = "We report the work-in-progress of collecting MedLexSp, an unified medical lexicon for the Spanish language, featuring terms and inflected word forms mapped to Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Concept Unique Identifiers (CUIs), semantic types and groups. First, we leveraged a list of term lemmas and forms from a previous project, and mapped them to UMLS terms and CUIs. To enrich the lexicon, we used both domain-corpora (e.g. Summaries of Product Characteristics and MedlinePlus) and natural language processing techniques such as string distance methods or generation of syntactic variants of multi-word terms. We also added term variants by mapping their CUIs to missing items available in the Spanish versions of standard thesauri (e.g. Medical Subject Headings and World Health Organization Adverse Drug Re- actions terminology). We enhanced the vocabulary coverage by gathering missing terms from resources such as the Anatomical Therapeutical Classification, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Dictionary of Cancer Terms, OrphaData, or the Nomencl{\'a}tor de Prescripci{\'o}n for drug names. Part-of-Speech information is being included in the lexicon, and the current version amounts up to 76 454 lemmas and 203 043 inflected forms (including conjugated verbs, number and gender variants), corresponding to 30 647 UMLS CUIs. MedLexSp is distributed freely for research purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-mercer-2019-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Figure Captions and Descriptive Text in {M}e{SH} Term Indexing",
    author = "Wang, Xindi  and
      Mercer, Robert E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5018",
    pages = "165--175",
    abstract = "The goal of text classification is to automatically assign categories to documents. Deep learning automatically learns effective features from data instead of adopting human-designed features. In this paper, we focus specifically on biomedical document classification using a deep learning approach. We present a novel multichannel TextCNN model for MeSH term indexing. Beyond the normal use of the text from the abstract and title for model training, we also consider figure and table captions, as well as paragraphs associated with the figures and tables. We demonstrate that these latter text sources are important feature sources for our method. A new dataset consisting of these text segments curated from 257,590 full text articles together with the articles{'} MEDLINE/PubMed MeSH terms is publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{khachatrian-etal-2019-biorelex,
    title = "{B}io{R}el{E}x 1.0: Biological Relation Extraction Benchmark",
    author = "Khachatrian, Hrant  and
      Nersisyan, Lilit  and
      Hambardzumyan, Karen  and
      Galstyan, Tigran  and
      Hakobyan, Anna  and
      Arakelyan, Arsen  and
      Rzhetsky, Andrey  and
      Galstyan, Aram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5019",
    pages = "176--190",
    abstract = "Automatic extraction of relations and interactions between biological entities from scientific literature remains an extremely challenging problem in biomedical information extraction and natural language processing in general. One of the reasons for slow progress is the relative scarcity of standardized and publicly available benchmarks. In this paper we introduce BioRelEx, a new dataset of fully annotated sentences from biomedical literature that capture \textit{binding} interactions between proteins and/or biomolecules. To foster reproducible research on the interaction extraction task, we define a precise and transparent evaluation process, tools for error analysis and significance tests. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments to evaluate several baselines, including SciIE, a recently introduced neural multi-task architecture that has demonstrated state-of-the-art performance on several tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{goodrum-etal-2019-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Lactation Frames from Drug Labels and {L}act{M}ed",
    author = "Goodrum, Heath  and
      Gudala, Meghana  and
      Misra, Ankita  and
      Roberts, Kirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5020",
    pages = "191--200",
    abstract = "This paper describes a natural language processing (NLP) approach to extracting lactation-specific drug information from two sources: FDA-mandated drug labels and the NLM Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). A frame semantic approach is utilized, and the paper describes the selected frames, their annotation on a set of 900 sections from drug labels and LactMed articles, and the NLP system to extract such frame instances automatically. The ultimate goal of the project is to use such a system to identify discrepancies in lactation-related drug information between these resources.",
}
@inproceedings{viani-etal-2019-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Temporal Information in Clinical Notes for Timeline Reconstruction: Towards the Definition of Calendar Expressions",
    author = "Viani, Natalia  and
      Tissot, Hegler  and
      Bernardino, Ariane  and
      Velupillai, Sumithra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5021",
    pages = "201--210",
    abstract = "To automatically analyse complex trajectory information enclosed in clinical text (e.g. timing of symptoms, duration of treatment), it is important to understand the related temporal aspects, anchoring each event on an absolute point in time. In the clinical domain, few temporally annotated corpora are currently available. Moreover, underlying annotation schemas - which mainly rely on the TimeML standard - are not necessarily easily applicable for applications such as patient timeline reconstruction. In this work, we investigated how temporal information is documented in clinical text by annotating a corpus of medical reports with time expressions (TIMEXes), based on TimeML. The developed corpus is available to the NLP community. Starting from our annotations, we analysed the suitability of the TimeML TIMEX schema for capturing timeline information, identifying challenges and possible solutions. As a result, we propose a novel annotation schema that could be useful for timeline reconstruction: CALendar EXpression (CALEX).",
}
@inproceedings{gron-etal-2019-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Sublanguage Features for the Semantic Categorization of Clinical Terms",
    author = {Gr{\"o}n, Leonie  and
      Bertels, Ann  and
      Heylen, Kris},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5022",
    pages = "211--216",
    abstract = "The automatic processing of clinical documents, such as Electronic Health Records (EHRs), could benefit substantially from the enrichment of medical terminologies with terms encountered in clinical practice. To integrate such terms into existing knowledge sources, they must be linked to corresponding concepts. We present a method for the semantic categorization of clinical terms based on their surface form. We find that features based on sublanguage properties can provide valuable cues for the classification of term variants.",
}
@inproceedings{mezaoui-etal-2019-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing {PIO} Element Detection in Medical Text Using Contextualized Embedding",
    author = "Mezaoui, Hichem  and
      Gunasekara, Isuru  and
      Gontcharov, Aleksandr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5023",
    pages = "217--222",
    abstract = "In this paper, we presented an improved methodology to extract PIO elements, from abstracts of medical papers, that reduces ambiguity. The proposed technique was used to build a dataset of PIO elements that we call PICONET. We further proposed a model of PIO elements classification using state of the art BERT embedding. In addition, we investigated a contextualized embedding, BioBERT, trained on medical corpora. It has been found that using the BioBERT embedding improved the classification accuracy, outperforming the BERT-based model. This result reinforces the idea of the importance of embedding contextualization in subsequent classification tasks in this specific context.Furthermore, to enhance the accuracy of the model, we have investigated an ensemble method based on the LGBM algorithm. We trained the LGBM model, with the above models as base learners, to learn a linear combination of the predicted probabilities for the 3 classes with the TF-IDF score and the QIEF that optimizes the classification. The results indicate that these text features were good features to consider in order to boost the deeply contextualized classification model. We compared the performance of the classifier when using the features with one of the base learners and the case where we combine the base learners along with the features. We obtained the highest score in terms of AUC when we combine the base learners.The present work resulted in the creation of a PIO element dataset, PICONET, and a classification tool. These constitute and important component of our system of automatic mining of medical abstracts. We intend to extend the dataset to full medical articles. The model will be modified to take into account the higher complexity of full text data and more efficient features for model boosting will be investigated.",
}
@inproceedings{lopes-etal-2019-contributions,
    title = "Contributions to Clinical Named Entity Recognition in {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Lopes, F{\'a}bio  and
      Teixeira, C{\'e}sar  and
      Gon{\c{c}}alo Oliveira, Hugo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5024",
    pages = "223--233",
    abstract = "Having in mind that different languages might present different challenges, this paper presents the following contributions to the area of Information Extraction from clinical text, targeting the Portuguese language: a collection of 281 clinical texts in this language, with manually-annotated named entities; word embeddings trained in a larger collection of similar texts; results of using BiLSTM-CRF neural networks for named entity recognition on the annotated collection, including a comparison of using in-domain or out-of-domain word embeddings in this task. Although learned with much less data, performance is higher when using in-domain embeddings. When tested in 20 independent clinical texts, this model achieved better results than a model using larger out-of-domain embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{yan-etal-2019-character,
    title = "Can Character Embeddings Improve Cause-of-Death Classification for Verbal Autopsy Narratives?",
    author = "Yan, Zhaodong  and
      Jeblee, Serena  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5025",
    pages = "234--239",
    abstract = "We present two models for combining word and character embeddings for cause-of-death classification of verbal autopsy reports using the text of the narratives. We find that for smaller datasets (500 to 1000 records), adding character information to the model improves classification, making character-based CNNs a promising method for automated verbal autopsy coding.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2019-artificial,
    title = "Is artificial data useful for biomedical Natural Language Processing algorithms?",
    author = "Wang, Zixu  and
      Ive, Julia  and
      Velupillai, Sumithra  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5026",
    pages = "240--249",
    abstract = "A major obstacle to the development of Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods in the biomedical domain is data accessibility. This problem can be addressed by generating medical data artificially. Most previous studies have focused on the generation of short clinical text, and evaluation of the data utility has been limited. We propose a generic methodology to guide the generation of clinical text with key phrases. We use the artificial data as additional training data in two key biomedical NLP tasks: text classification and temporal relation extraction. We show that artificially generated training data used in conjunction with real training data can lead to performance boosts for data-greedy neural network algorithms. We also demonstrate the usefulness of the generated data for NLP setups where it fully replaces real training data.",
}
@inproceedings{tian-etal-2019-chimed,
    title = "{C}hi{M}ed: A {C}hinese Medical Corpus for Question Answering",
    author = "Tian, Yuanhe  and
      Ma, Weicheng  and
      Xia, Fei  and
      Song, Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5027",
    pages = "250--260",
    abstract = "Question answering (QA) is a challenging task in natural language processing (NLP), especially when it is applied to specific domains. While models trained in the general domain can be adapted to a new target domain, their performance often degrades significantly due to domain mismatch. Alternatively, one can require a large amount of domain-specific QA data, but such data are rare, especially for the medical domain. In this study, we first collect a large-scale Chinese medical QA corpus called ChiMed; second we annotate a small fraction of the corpus to check the quality of the answers; third, we extract two datasets from the corpus and use them for the relevancy prediction task and the adoption prediction task. Several benchmark models are applied to the datasets, producing good results for both tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{wiegreffe-etal-2019-clinical,
    title = "Clinical Concept Extraction for Document-Level Coding",
    author = "Wiegreffe, Sarah  and
      Choi, Edward  and
      Yan, Sherry  and
      Sun, Jimeng  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5028",
    pages = "261--272",
    abstract = "The text of clinical notes can be a valuable source of patient information and clinical assessments. Historically, the primary approach for exploiting clinical notes has been information extraction: linking spans of text to concepts in a detailed domain ontology. However, recent work has demonstrated the potential of supervised machine learning to extract document-level codes directly from the raw text of clinical notes. We propose to bridge the gap between the two approaches with two novel syntheses: (1) treating extracted concepts as features, which are used to supplement or replace the text of the note; (2) treating extracted concepts as labels, which are used to learn a better representation of the text. Unfortunately, the resulting concepts do not yield performance gains on the document-level clinical coding task. We explore possible explanations and future research directions.",
}
@inproceedings{grouin-etal-2019-clinical,
    title = "Clinical Case Reports for {NLP}",
    author = "Grouin, Cyril  and
      Grabar, Natalia  and
      Claveau, Vincent  and
      Hamon, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5029",
    pages = "273--282",
    abstract = "Textual data are useful for accessing expert information. Yet, since the texts are representative of distinct language uses, it is necessary to build specific corpora in order to be able to design suitable NLP tools. In some domains, such as medical domain, it may be complicated to access the representative textual data and their semantic annotations, while there exists a real need for providing efficient tools and methods. Our paper presents a corpus of clinical cases written in French, and their semantic annotations. Thus, we manually annotated a set of 717 files into four general categories (age, gender, outcome, and origin) for a total number of 2,835 annotations. The values of age, gender, and outcome are normalized. A subset with 70 files has been additionally manually annotated into 27 categories for a total number of 5,198 annotations.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-two,
    title = "Two-stage Federated Phenotyping and Patient Representation Learning",
    author = "Liu, Dianbo  and
      Dligach, Dmitriy  and
      Miller, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5030",
    pages = "283--291",
    abstract = "A large percentage of medical information is in unstructured text format in electronic medical record systems. Manual extraction of information from clinical notes is extremely time consuming. Natural language processing has been widely used in recent years for automatic information extraction from medical texts. However, algorithms trained on data from a single healthcare provider are not generalizable and error-prone due to the heterogeneity and uniqueness of medical documents. We develop a two-stage federated natural language processing method that enables utilization of clinical notes from different hospitals or clinics without moving the data, and demonstrate its performance using obesity and comorbities phenotyping as medical task. This approach not only improves the quality of a specific clinical task but also facilitates knowledge progression in the whole healthcare system, which is an essential part of learning health system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of federated machine learning in clinical NLP.",
}
@inproceedings{kyriakakis-etal-2019-transfer,
    title = "Transfer Learning for Causal Sentence Detection",
    author = "Kyriakakis, Manolis  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion  and
      Saudabayev, Artur  and
      Gin{\'e}s i Ametll{\'e}, Joan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5031",
    pages = "292--297",
    abstract = "We consider the task of detecting sentences that express causality, as a step towards mining causal relations from texts. To bypass the scarcity of causal instances in relation extraction datasets, we exploit transfer learning, namely ELMO and BERT, using a bidirectional GRU with self-attention ( BIGRUATT ) as a baseline. We experiment with both generic public relation extraction datasets and a new biomedical causal sentence detection dataset, a subset of which we make publicly available. We find that transfer learning helps only in very small datasets. With larger datasets, BIGRUATT reaches a performance plateau, then larger datasets and transfer learning do not help.",
}
@inproceedings{kotitsas-etal-2019-embedding,
    title = "Embedding Biomedical Ontologies by Jointly Encoding Network Structure and Textual Node Descriptors",
    author = "Kotitsas, Sotiris  and
      Pappas, Dimitris  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion  and
      McDonald, Ryan  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5032",
    pages = "298--308",
    abstract = "Network Embedding (NE) methods, which map network nodes to low-dimensional feature vectors, have wide applications in network analysis and bioinformatics. Many existing NE methods rely only on network structure, overlooking other information associated with the nodes, e.g., text describing the nodes. Recent attempts to combine the two sources of information only consider local network structure. We extend NODE2VEC, a well-known NE method that considers broader network structure, to also consider textual node descriptors using recurrent neural encoders. Our method is evaluated on link prediction in two networks derived from UMLS. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared to previous work.",
}
@inproceedings{koptient-etal-2019-simplification,
    title = "Simplification-induced transformations: typology and some characteristics",
    author = {Koptient, Ana{\"\i}s  and
      Cardon, R{\'e}mi  and
      Grabar, Natalia},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5033",
    pages = "309--318",
    abstract = "The purpose of automatic text simplification is to transform technical or difficult to understand texts into a more friendly version. The semantics must be preserved during this transformation. Automatic text simplification can be done at different levels (lexical, syntactic, semantic, stylistic...) and relies on the corresponding knowledge and resources (lexicon, rules...). Our objective is to propose methods and material for the creation of transformation rules from a small set of parallel sentences differentiated by their technicity. We also propose a typology of transformations and quantify them. We work with French-language data related to the medical domain, although we assume that the method can be exploited on texts in any language and from any domain.",
}
@inproceedings{neumann-etal-2019-scispacy,
    title = "{S}cispa{C}y: Fast and Robust Models for Biomedical Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Neumann, Mark  and
      King, Daniel  and
      Beltagy, Iz  and
      Ammar, Waleed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5034",
    pages = "319--327",
    abstract = "Despite recent advances in natural language processing, many statistical models for processing text perform extremely poorly under domain shift. Processing biomedical and clinical text is a critically important application area of natural language processing, for which there are few robust, practical, publicly available models. This paper describes scispaCy, a new Python library and models for practical biomedical/scientific text processing, which heavily leverages the spaCy library. We detail the performance of two packages of models released in scispaCy and demonstrate their robustness on several tasks and datasets. Models and code are available at https://allenai.github.io/scispacy/.",
}
@inproceedings{zhai-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Chemical Named Entity Recognition in Patents with Contextualized Word Embeddings",
    author = "Zhai, Zenan  and
      Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Akhondi, Saber  and
      Thorne, Camilo  and
      Druckenbrodt, Christian  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Gregory, Michelle  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5035",
    pages = "328--338",
    abstract = "Chemical patents are an important resource for chemical information. However, few chemical Named Entity Recognition (NER) systems have been evaluated on patent documents, due in part to their structural and linguistic complexity. In this paper, we explore the NER performance of a BiLSTM-CRF model utilising pre-trained word embeddings, character-level word representations and contextualized ELMo word representations for chemical patents. We compare word embeddings pre-trained on biomedical and chemical patent corpora. The effect of tokenizers optimized for the chemical domain on NER performance in chemical patents is also explored. The results on two patent corpora show that contextualized word representations generated from ELMo substantially improve chemical NER performance w.r.t. the current state-of-the-art. We also show that domain-specific resources such as word embeddings trained on chemical patents and chemical-specific tokenizers, have a positive impact on NER performance.",
}
@inproceedings{alhuzali-ananiadou-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving classification of Adverse Drug Reactions through Using Sentiment Analysis and Transfer Learning",
    author = "Alhuzali, Hassan  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5036",
    pages = "339--347",
    abstract = "The availability of large-scale and real-time data on social media has motivated research into adverse drug reactions (ADRs). ADR classification helps to identify negative effects of drugs, which can guide health professionals and pharmaceutical companies in making medications safer and advocating patients{'} safety. Based on the observation that in social media, negative sentiment is frequently expressed towards ADRs, this study presents a neural model that combines sentiment analysis with transfer learning techniques to improve ADR detection in social media postings. Our system is firstly trained to classify sentiment in tweets concerning current affairs, using the SemEval17-task4A corpus. We then apply transfer learning to adapt the model to the task of detecting ADRs in social media postings. We show that, in combination with rich representations of words and their contexts, transfer learning is beneficial, especially given the large degree of vocabulary overlap between the current affairs posts in the SemEval17-task4A corpus and posts about ADRs. We compare our results with previous approaches, and show that our model can outperform them by up to 3{\%} F-score.",
}
@inproceedings{vashisth-etal-2019-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Diachronic Changes of Biomedical Knowledge using Distributed Concept Representations",
    author = "Vashisth, Gaurav  and
      Voigt-Antons, Jan-Niklas  and
      Mikhailov, Michael  and
      Roller, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5037",
    pages = "348--358",
    abstract = "In research best practices can change over time as new discoveries are made and novel methods are implemented. Scientific publications reporting about the latest facts and current state-of-the-art can be possibly outdated after some years or even proved to be false. A publication usually sheds light only on the knowledge of the period it has been published. Thus, the aspect of time can play an essential role in the reliability of the presented information. In Natural Language Processing many methods focus on information extraction from text, such as detecting entities and their relationship to each other. Those methods mostly focus on the facts presented in the text itself and not on the aspects of knowledge which changes over time. This work instead examines the evolution in biomedical knowledge over time using scientific literature in terms of diachronic change. Mainly the usage of temporal and distributional concept representations are explored and evaluated by a proof-of-concept.",
}
@inproceedings{koroleva-paroubek-2019-extracting,
    title = "Extracting relations between outcomes and significance levels in Randomized Controlled Trials ({RCT}s) publications",
    author = "Koroleva, Anna  and
      Paroubek, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5038",
    pages = "359--369",
    abstract = "Randomized controlled trials assess the effects of an experimental intervention by comparing it to a control intervention with regard to some variables - trial outcomes. Statistical hypothesis testing is used to test if the experimental intervention is superior to the control. Statistical significance is typically reported for the measured outcomes and is an important characteristic of the results. We propose a machine learning approach to automatically extract reported outcomes, significance levels and the relation between them. We annotated a corpus of 663 sentences with 2,552 outcome - significance level relations (1,372 positive and 1,180 negative relations). We compared several classifiers, using a manually crafted feature set, and a number of deep learning models. The best performance (F-measure of 94{\%}) was shown by the BioBERT fine-tuned model.",
}
@inproceedings{ben-abacha-etal-2019-overview,
    title = "Overview of the {MEDIQA} 2019 Shared Task on Textual Inference, Question Entailment and Question Answering",
    author = "Ben Abacha, Asma  and
      Shivade, Chaitanya  and
      Demner-Fushman, Dina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5039",
    pages = "370--379",
    abstract = "This paper presents the MEDIQA 2019 shared task organized at the ACL-BioNLP work- shop. The shared task is motivated by a need to develop relevant methods, techniques and gold standards for inference and entail- ment in the medical domain, and their ap- plication to improve domain specific infor- mation retrieval and question answering sys- tems. MEDIQA 2019 includes three tasks: Natural Language Inference (NLI), Recogniz- ing Question Entailment (RQE), and Question Answering (QA) in the medical domain. 72 teams participated in the challenge, achieving an accuracy of 98{\%} in the NLI task, 74.9{\%} in the RQE task, and 78.3{\%} in the QA task. In this paper, we describe the tasks, the datasets, and the participants{'} approaches and results. We hope that this shared task will attract fur- ther research efforts in textual inference, ques- tion entailment, and question answering in the medical domain.",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2019-panlp,
    title = "{PANLP} at {MEDIQA} 2019: Pre-trained Language Models, Transfer Learning and Knowledge Distillation",
    author = "Zhu, Wei  and
      Zhou, Xiaofeng  and
      Wang, Keqiang  and
      Luo, Xun  and
      Li, Xiepeng  and
      Ni, Yuan  and
      Xie, Guotong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5040",
    pages = "380--388",
    abstract = "This paper describes the models designated for the MEDIQA 2019 shared tasks by the team PANLP. We take advantages of the recent advances in pre-trained bidirectional transformer language models such as BERT (Devlin et al., 2018) and MT-DNN (Liu et al., 2019b). We find that pre-trained language models can significantly outperform traditional deep learning models. Transfer learning from the NLI task to the RQE task is also experimented, which proves to be useful in improving the results of fine-tuning MT-DNN large. A knowledge distillation process is implemented, to distill the knowledge contained in a set of models and transfer it into an single model, whose performance turns out to be comparable with that obtained by the ensemble of that set of models. Finally, for test submissions, model ensemble and a re-ranking process are implemented to boost the performances. Our models participated in all three tasks and ranked the 1st place for the RQE task, and the 2nd place for the NLI task, and also the 2nd place for the QA task.",
}
@inproceedings{pugaliya-etal-2019-pentagon,
    title = "Pentagon at {MEDIQA} 2019: Multi-task Learning for Filtering and Re-ranking Answers using Language Inference and Question Entailment",
    author = "Pugaliya, Hemant  and
      Saxena, Karan  and
      Garg, Shefali  and
      Shalini, Sheetal  and
      Gupta, Prashant  and
      Nyberg, Eric  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5041",
    pages = "389--398",
    abstract = "Parallel deep learning architectures like fine-tuned BERT and MT-DNN, have quickly become the state of the art, bypassing previous deep and shallow learning methods by a large margin. More recently, pre-trained models from large related datasets have been able to perform well on many downstream tasks by just fine-tuning on domain-specific datasets (similar to transfer learning). However, using powerful models on non-trivial tasks, such as ranking and large document classification, still remains a challenge due to input size limitations of parallel architecture and extremely small datasets (insufficient for fine-tuning). In this work, we introduce an end-to-end system, trained in a multi-task setting, to filter and re-rank answers in the medical domain. We use task-specific pre-trained models as deep feature extractors. Our model achieves the highest Spearman{'}s Rho and Mean Reciprocal Rank of 0.338 and 0.9622 respectively, on the ACL-BioNLP workshop MediQA Question Answering shared-task.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2019-doubletransfer,
    title = "{D}ouble{T}ransfer at {MEDIQA} 2019: Multi-Source Transfer Learning for Natural Language Understanding in the Medical Domain",
    author = "Xu, Yichong  and
      Liu, Xiaodong  and
      Li, Chunyuan  and
      Poon, Hoifung  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5042",
    pages = "399--405",
    abstract = "This paper describes our competing system to enter the MEDIQA-2019 competition. We use a multi-source transfer learning approach to transfer the knowledge from MT-DNN and SciBERT to natural language understanding tasks in the medical domain. For transfer learning fine-tuning, we use multi-task learning on NLI, RQE and QA tasks on general and medical domains to improve performance. The proposed methods are proved effective for natural language understanding in the medical domain, and we rank the first place on the QA task.",
}
@inproceedings{nam-etal-2019-surf,
    title = "Surf at {MEDIQA} 2019: Improving Performance of Natural Language Inference in the Clinical Domain by Adopting Pre-trained Language Model",
    author = "Nam, Jiin  and
      Yoon, Seunghyun  and
      Jung, Kyomin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5043",
    pages = "406--414",
    abstract = "While deep learning techniques have shown promising results in many natural language processing (NLP) tasks, it has not been widely applied to the clinical domain. The lack of large datasets and the pervasive use of domain-specific language (i.e. abbreviations and acronyms) in the clinical domain causes slower progress in NLP tasks than that of the general NLP tasks. To fill this gap, we employ word/subword-level based models that adopt large-scale data-driven methods such as pre-trained language models and transfer learning in analyzing text for the clinical domain. Empirical results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed methods by achieving 90.6{\%} accuracy in medical domain natural language inference task. Furthermore, we inspect the independent strengths of the proposed approaches in quantitative and qualitative manners. This analysis will help researchers to select necessary components in building models for the medical domain.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2019-wtmed,
    title = "{WTMED} at {MEDIQA} 2019: A Hybrid Approach to Biomedical Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Wu, Zhaofeng  and
      Song, Yan  and
      Huang, Sicong  and
      Tian, Yuanhe  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5044",
    pages = "415--426",
    abstract = "Natural language inference (NLI) is challenging, especially when it is applied to technical domains such as biomedical settings. In this paper, we propose a hybrid approach to biomedical NLI where different types of information are exploited for this task. Our base model includes a pre-trained text encoder as the core component, and a syntax encoder and a feature encoder to capture syntactic and domain-specific information. Then we combine the output of different base models to form more powerful ensemble models. Finally, we design two conflict resolution strategies when the test data contain multiple (premise, hypothesis) pairs with the same premise. We train our models on the MedNLI dataset, yielding the best performance on the test set of the MEDIQA 2019 Task 1.",
}
@inproceedings{cengiz-etal-2019-ku,
    title = "{KU}{\_}ai at {MEDIQA} 2019: Domain-specific Pre-training and Transfer Learning for Medical {NLI}",
    author = "Cengiz, Cemil  and
      Sert, Ula{\c{s}}  and
      Yuret, Deniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5045",
    pages = "427--436",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our system and results submitted for the Natural Language Inference (NLI) track of the MEDIQA 2019 Shared Task. As KU{\_}ai team, we used BERT as our baseline model and pre-processed the MedNLI dataset to mitigate the negative impact of de-identification artifacts. Moreover, we investigated different pre-training and transfer learning approaches to improve the performance. We show that pre-training the language model on rich biomedical corpora has a significant effect in teaching the model domain-specific language. In addition, training the model on large NLI datasets such as MultiNLI and SNLI helps in learning task-specific reasoning. Finally, we ensembled our highest-performing models, and achieved 84.7{\%} accuracy on the unseen test dataset and ranked 10th out of 17 teams in the official results.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2019-dut,
    title = "{DUT}-{NLP} at {MEDIQA} 2019: An Adversarial Multi-Task Network to Jointly Model Recognizing Question Entailment and Question Answering",
    author = "Zhou, Huiwei  and
      Li, Xuefei  and
      Yao, Weihong  and
      Lang, Chengkun  and
      Ning, Shixian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5046",
    pages = "437--445",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a novel model called Adversarial Multi-Task Network (AMTN) for jointly modeling Recognizing Question Entailment (RQE) and medical Question Answering (QA) tasks. AMTN utilizes a pre-trained BioBERT model and an Interactive Transformer to learn the shared semantic representations across different task through parameter sharing mechanism. Meanwhile, an adversarial training strategy is introduced to separate the private features of each task from the shared representations. Experiments on BioNLP 2019 RQE and QA Shared Task datasets show that our model benefits from the shared representations of both tasks provided by multi-task learning and adversarial training, and obtains significant improvements upon the single-task models.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2019-dut-bim,
    title = "{DUT}-{BIM} at {MEDIQA} 2019: Utilizing Transformer Network and Medical Domain-Specific Contextualized Representations for Question Answering",
    author = "Zhou, Huiwei  and
      Lei, Bizun  and
      Liu, Zhe  and
      Liu, Zhuang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5047",
    pages = "446--452",
    abstract = "In medical domain, given a medical question, it is difficult to manually select the most relevant information from a large number of search results. BioNLP 2019 proposes Question Answering (QA) task, which encourages the use of text mining technology to automatically judge whether a search result is an answer to the medical question. The main challenge of QA task is how to mine the semantic relation between question and answer. We propose BioBERT Transformer model to tackle this challenge, which applies Transformers to extract semantic relation between different words in questions and answers. Furthermore, BioBERT is utilized to encode medical domain-specific contextualized word representations. Our method has reached the accuracy of 76.24{\%} and spearman of 17.12{\%} on the BioNLP 2019 QA task.",
}
@inproceedings{bannihatti-kumar-etal-2019-dr,
    title = "{D}r.{Q}uad at {MEDIQA} 2019: Towards Textual Inference and Question Entailment using contextualized representations",
    author = "Bannihatti Kumar, Vinayshekhar  and
      Srinivasan, Ashwin  and
      Chaudhary, Aditi  and
      Route, James  and
      Mitamura, Teruko  and
      Nyberg, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5048",
    pages = "453--461",
    abstract = "This paper presents the submissions by TeamDr.Quad to the ACL-BioNLP 2019 shared task on Textual Inference and Question Entailment in the Medical Domain. Our system is based on the prior work Liu et al. (2019) which uses a multi-task objective function for textual entailment. In this work, we explore different strategies for generalizing state-of-the-art language understanding models to the specialized medical domain. Our results on the shared task demonstrate that incorporating domain knowledge through data augmentation is a powerful strategy for addressing challenges posed specialized domains such as medicine.",
}
@inproceedings{bhaskar-etal-2019-sieg,
    title = "Sieg at {MEDIQA} 2019: Multi-task Neural Ensemble for Biomedical Inference and Entailment",
    author = "Bhaskar, Sai Abishek  and
      Rungta, Rashi  and
      Route, James  and
      Nyberg, Eric  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5049",
    pages = "462--470",
    abstract = "This paper presents a multi-task learning approach to natural language inference (NLI) and question entailment (RQE) in the biomedical domain. Recognizing textual inference relations and question similarity can address the issue of answering new consumer health questions by mapping them to Frequently Asked Questions on reputed websites like the NIH. We show that leveraging information from parallel tasks across domains along with medical knowledge integration allows our model to learn better biomedical feature representations. Our final models for the NLI and RQE tasks achieve the 4th and 2nd rank on the shared-task leaderboard respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-roychowdhury-2019-iit,
    title = "{IIT}-{KGP} at {MEDIQA} 2019: Recognizing Question Entailment using Sci-{BERT} stacked with a Gradient Boosting Classifier",
    author = "Sharma, Prakhar  and
      Roychowdhury, Sumegh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5050",
    pages = "471--477",
    abstract = "Official System Description paper of Team IIT-KGP ranked 1st in the Development phase and 3rd in Testing Phase in MEDIQA 2019 - Recognizing Question Entailment (RQE) Shared Task of BioNLP workshop - ACL 2019. The number of people turning to the Internet to search for a diverse range of health-related subjects continues to grow and with this multitude of information available, duplicate questions are becoming more frequent and finding the most appropriate answers becomes problematic. This issue is important for question answering platforms as it complicates the retrieval of all information relevant to the same topic, particularly when questions similar in essence are expressed differently, and answering a given medical question by retrieving similar questions that are already answered by human experts seems to be a promising solution. In this paper, we present our novel approach to detect question entailment by determining the type of question asked rather than focusing on the type of the ailment given. This unique methodology makes the approach robust towards examples which have different ailment names but are synonyms of each other. Also, it enables us to check entailment at a much more fine-grained level. QSpider is a staged system consisting of state-of-the-art model Sci-BERT used as a multi-class classifier aimed at capturing both question types and semantic relations stacked with a Gradient Boosting Classifier which checks for entailment. QSpider achieves an accuracy score of 68.4{\%} on the Test set which outperforms the baseline model (54.1{\%}) by an accuracy score of 14.3{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2019-anu,
    title = "{ANU}-{CSIRO} at {MEDIQA} 2019: Question Answering Using Deep Contextual Knowledge",
    author = "Nguyen, Vincent  and
      Karimi, Sarvnaz  and
      Xing, Zhenchang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5051",
    pages = "478--487",
    abstract = "We report on our system for textual inference and question entailment in the medical domain for the ACL BioNLP 2019 Shared Task, MEDIQA. Textual inference is the task of finding the semantic relationships between pairs of text. Question entailment involves identifying pairs of questions which have similar semantic content. To improve upon medical natural language inference and question entailment approaches to further medical question answering, we propose a system that incorporates open-domain and biomedical domain approaches to improve semantic understanding and ambiguity resolution. Our models achieve 80{\%} accuracy on medical natural language inference (6.5{\%} absolute improvement over the original baseline), 48.9{\%} accuracy on recognising medical question entailment, 0.248 Spearman{'}s rho for question answering ranking and 68.6{\%} accuracy for question answering classification.",
}
@inproceedings{chopra-etal-2019-msit,
    title = "{MSIT}{\_}{SRIB} at {MEDIQA} 2019: Knowledge Directed Multi-task Framework for Natural Language Inference in Clinical Domain.",
    author = "Chopra, Sahil  and
      Gupta, Ankita  and
      Kaushik, Anupama",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5052",
    pages = "488--492",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present Biomedical Multi-Task Deep Neural Network (Bio-MTDNN) on the NLI task of MediQA 2019 challenge. Bio-MTDNN utilizes {``}transfer learning{''} based paradigm where not only the source and target domains are different but also the source and target tasks are varied, although related. Further, Bio-MTDNN integrates knowledge from external sources such as clinical databases (UMLS) enhancing its performance on the clinical domain. Our proposed method outperformed the official baseline and other prior models (such as ESIM and Infersent on dev set) by a considerable margin as evident from our experimental results.",
}
@inproceedings{tawfik-spruit-2019-uu,
    title = "{UU}{\_}{TAILS} at {MEDIQA} 2019: Learning Textual Entailment in the Medical Domain",
    author = "Tawfik, Noha  and
      Spruit, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5053",
    pages = "493--499",
    abstract = "This article describes the participation of the UU{\_}TAILS team in the 2019 MEDIQA challenge intended to improve domain-specific models in medical and clinical NLP. The challenge consists of 3 tasks: medical language inference (NLI), recognizing textual entailment (RQE) and question answering (QA). Our team participated in tasks 1 and 2 and our best runs achieved a performance accuracy of 0.852 and 0.584 respectively for the test sets. The models proposed for task 1 relied on BERT embeddings and different ensemble techniques. For the RQE task, we trained a traditional multilayer perceptron network based on embeddings generated by the universal sentence encoder.",
}
@inproceedings{kearns-etal-2019-uw,
    title = "{UW}-{BHI} at {MEDIQA} 2019: An Analysis of Representation Methods for Medical Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Kearns, William  and
      Lau, Wilson  and
      Thomas, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5054",
    pages = "500--509",
    abstract = "Recent advances in distributed language modeling have led to large performance increases on a variety of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, it is not well understood how these methods may be augmented by knowledge-based approaches. This paper compares the performance and internal representation of an Enhanced Sequential Inference Model (ESIM) between three experimental conditions based on the representation method: Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), Embeddings of Semantic Predications (ESP), or Cui2Vec. The methods were evaluated on the Medical Natural Language Inference (MedNLI) subtask of the MEDIQA 2019 shared task. This task relied heavily on semantic understanding and thus served as a suitable evaluation set for the comparison of these representation methods.",
}
@inproceedings{kanakarajan-etal-2019-saama,
    title = "Saama Research at {MEDIQA} 2019: Pre-trained {B}io{BERT} with Attention Visualisation for Medical Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Kanakarajan, Kamal raj  and
      Ramamoorthy, Suriyadeepan  and
      Archana, Vaidheeswaran  and
      Chatterjee, Soham  and
      Sankarasubbu, Malaikannan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5055",
    pages = "510--516",
    abstract = "Natural Language inference is the task of identifying relation between two sentences as entailment, contradiction or neutrality. MedNLI is a biomedical flavour of NLI for clinical domain. This paper explores the use of Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformer (BERT) for solving MedNLI. The proposed model, BERT pre-trained on PMC, PubMed and fine-tuned on MIMICIII v1.4, achieves state of the art results on MedNLI (83.45{\%}) and an accuracy of 78.5{\%} in MEDIQA challenge. The authors present an analysis of the attention patterns that emerged as a result of training BERT on MedNLI using a visualization tool, bertviz.",
}
@inproceedings{bandyopadhyay-etal-2019-iitp,
    title = "{IITP} at {MEDIQA} 2019: Systems Report for Natural Language Inference, Question Entailment and Question Answering",
    author = "Bandyopadhyay, Dibyanayan  and
      Gain, Baban  and
      Saikh, Tanik  and
      Ekbal, Asif",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5056",
    pages = "517--522",
    abstract = "This paper presents the experiments accomplished as a part of our participation in the MEDIQA challenge, an (Abacha et al., 2019) shared task. We participated in all the three tasks defined in this particular shared task. The tasks are viz. i. Natural Language Inference (NLI) ii. Recognizing Question Entailment(RQE) and their application in medical Question Answering (QA). We submitted runs using multiple deep learning based systems (runs) for each of these three tasks. We submitted five system results in each of the NLI and RQE tasks, and four system results for the QA task. The systems yield encouraging results in all the three tasks. The highest performance obtained in NLI, RQE and QA tasks are 81.8{\%}, 53.2{\%}, and 71.7{\%}, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{lamurias-couto-2019-lasigebiotm,
    title = "{L}asige{B}io{TM} at {MEDIQA} 2019: Biomedical Question Answering using Bidirectional Transformers and Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Lamurias, Andre  and
      Couto, Francisco M",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5057",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5057",
    pages = "523--527",
    abstract = "Biomedical Question Answering (QA) aims at providing automated answers to user questions, regarding a variety of biomedical topics. For example, these questions may ask for related to diseases, drugs, symptoms, or medical procedures. Automated biomedical QA systems could improve the retrieval of information necessary to answer these questions. The MEDIQA challenge consisted of three tasks concerning various aspects of biomedical QA. This challenge aimed at advancing approaches to Natural Language Inference (NLI) and Recognizing Question Entailment (RQE), which would then result in enhanced approaches to biomedical QA. Our approach explored a common Transformer-based architecture that could be applied to each task. This approach shared the same pre-trained weights, but which were then fine-tuned for each task using the provided training data. Furthermore, we augmented the training data with external datasets and enriched the question and answer texts using MER, a named entity recognition tool. Our approach obtained high levels of accuracy, in particular on the NLI task, which classified pairs of text according to their relation. For the QA task, we obtained higher Spearman{'}s rank correlation values using the entities recognized by MER.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2019-ncuee,
    title = "{NCUEE} at {MEDIQA} 2019: Medical Text Inference Using Ensemble {BERT}-{B}i{LSTM}-Attention Model",
    author = "Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Lu, Yi  and
      Chen, Po-Han  and
      Lee, Po-Lei  and
      Shyu, Kuo-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5058",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5058",
    pages = "528--532",
    abstract = "This study describes the model design of the NCUEE system for the MEDIQA challenge at the ACL-BioNLP 2019 workshop. We use the BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) as the word embedding method to integrate the BiLSTM (Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory) network with an attention mechanism for medical text inferences. A total of 42 teams participated in natural language inference task at MEDIQA 2019. Our best accuracy score of 0.84 ranked the top-third among all submissions in the leaderboard.",
}
@inproceedings{agrawal-etal-2019-ars,
    title = "{ARS}{\_}{NITK} at {MEDIQA} 2019:Analysing Various Methods for Natural Language Inference, Recognising Question Entailment and Medical Question Answering System",
    author = "Agrawal, Anumeha  and
      Anil George, Rosa  and
      Ravi, Selvan Suntiha  and
      Kamath, Sowmya  and
      Kumar, Anand",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5059",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5059",
    pages = "533--540",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present three approaches for Natural Language Inference, Question Entailment Recognition and Question-Answering to improve domain-specific Information Retrieval. For addressing the NLI task, the UMLS Metathesaurus was used to find the synonyms of medical terms in given sentences, on which the InferSent model was trained to predict if the given sentence is an entailment, contradictory or neutral. We also introduce a new Extreme gradient boosting model built on PubMed embeddings to perform RQE. Further, a closed-domain Question Answering technique that uses Bi-directional LSTMs trained on the SquAD dataset to determine relevant ranks of answers for a given question is also discussed.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-joint-multiword,
    title = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    author = "Savary, Agata  and
      Escart{\'\i}n, Carla Parra  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Mitrovi{\'c}, Jelena  and
      Mititelu, Verginica Barbu",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5100",
}
@inproceedings{villavicencio-2019-whole,
    title = "When the whole is greater than the sum of its parts: Multiword expressions and idiomaticity",
    author = "Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5101",
    pages = "1",
    abstract = "Multiword expressions (MWEs) feature prominently in the mental lexicon of native speakers (Jackendoff, 1997) in all languages and domains, from informal to technical contexts (Biber et al., 1999) with about four MWEs being produced per minute of discourse (Glucksberg, 1989). MWEs come in all shapes and forms, including idioms like rock the boat (as cause problems or disturb a situation) and compound nouns like monkey business (as dishonest behaviour). Their accurate detection and understanding may often require more than knowledge about individual words and how they can be combined (Fillmore, 1979), as they may display various degrees of idiosyncrasy, including lexical, syntactic, semantic and statistical (Sag et al., 2002; Baldwin and Kim, 2010), which provide new challenges and opportunities for language processing (Constant et al., 2017). For instance, while for some combinations the meaning can be inferred from their parts like olive oil (oil made of olives) this is not always the case, as in dark horse (meaning an unknown candidate who unexpectedly succeeds), and when processing a sentence some of the challenges are to identify which words form an expression (Ramisch, 2015), and whether the expression is idiomatic (Cordeiro et al., 2019). In this talk I will give an overview of advances on the identification and treatment of multiword expressions, in particular concentrating on techniques for identifying their degree of idiomaticity.",
}
@inproceedings{barbu-mititelu-etal-2019-hear,
    title = "Hear about Verbal Multiword Expressions in the {B}ulgarian and the {R}omanian Wordnets Straight from the Horse{'}s Mouth",
    author = "Barbu Mititelu, Verginica  and
      Stoyanova, Ivelina  and
      Leseva, Svetlozara  and
      Mitrofan, Maria  and
      Dimitrova, Tsvetana  and
      Todorova, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5102",
    pages = "2--12",
    abstract = "In this paper we focus on verbal multiword expressions (VMWEs) in Bulgarian and Romanian as reflected in the wordnets of the two languages. The annotation of VMWEs relies on the classification defined within the PARSEME Cost Action. After outlining the properties of various types of VMWEs, a cross-language comparison is drawn, aimed to highlight the similarities and the differences between Bulgarian and Romanian with respect to the lexicalization and distribution of VMWEs. The contribution of this work is in outlining essential features of the description and classification of VMWEs and the cross-language comparison at the lexical level, which is essential for the understanding of the need for uniform annotation guidelines and a viable procedure for validation of the annotation.",
}
@inproceedings{barbu-mititelu-etal-2019-romanian,
    title = "The {R}omanian Corpus Annotated with Verbal Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Barbu Mititelu, Verginica  and
      Cristescu, Mihaela  and
      Onofrei, Mihaela",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5103",
    pages = "13--21",
    abstract = "This paper reports on the Romanian journalistic corpus annotated with verbal multiword expressions following the PARSEME guidelines. The corpus is sentence split, tokenized, part-of-speech tagged, lemmatized, syntactically annotated and verbal multiword expressions are identified and classified. It offers insights into the frequency of such Romanian word combinations and allows for their characterization. We offer data about the types of verbal multiword expressions in the corpus and some of their characteristics, such as internal structure, diversity in the corpus, average length, productivity of the verbs. This is a language resource that is important per se, as well as for the task of automatic multiword expressions identification, which can be further used in other systems. It was already used as training and test material in the shared tasks for the automatic identification of verbal multiword expressions organized by PARSEME.",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-etal-2019-using,
    title = "Using {O}nto{L}ex-Lemon for Representing and Interlinking {G}erman Multiword Expressions in {O}de{N}et and {MMORPH}",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry  and
      Siegel, Melanie  and
      Racioppa, Stefania",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5104",
    pages = "22--29",
    abstract = "We describe work consisting in porting two large German lexical resources into the OntoLex-Lemon model in order to establish complementary interlinkings between them. One resource is OdeNet (Open German WordNet) and the other is a further development of the German version of the MMORPH morphological analyzer. We show how the Multiword Expressions (MWEs) contained in OdeNet can be morphologically specified by the use of the lexical representation and linking features of OntoLex-Lemon, which also support the formulation of restrictions in the usage of such expressions.",
}
@inproceedings{dhar-van-der-plas-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning to Predict Novel Noun-Noun Compounds",
    author = "Dhar, Prajit  and
      van der Plas, Lonneke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5105",
    pages = "30--39",
    abstract = "We introduce temporally and contextually-aware models for the novel task of predicting unseen but plausible concepts, as conveyed by noun-noun compounds in a time-stamped corpus. We train compositional models on observed compounds, more specifically the composed distributed representations of their constituents across a time-stamped corpus, while giving it corrupted instances (where head or modifier are replaced by a random constituent) as negative evidence. The model captures generalisations over this data and learns what combinations give rise to plausible compounds and which ones do not. After training, we query the model for the plausibility of automatically generated novel combinations and verify whether the classifications are accurate. For our best model, we find that in around 85{\%} of the cases, the novel compounds generated are attested in previously unseen data. An additional estimated 5{\%} are plausible despite not being attested in the recent corpus, based on judgments from independent human raters.",
}
@inproceedings{gamallo-garcia-2019-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Compositional Translation of Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Gamallo, Pablo  and
      Garcia, Marcos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5106",
    pages = "40--48",
    abstract = "This article describes a dependency-based strategy that uses compositional distributional semantics and cross-lingual word embeddings to translate multiword expressions (MWEs). Our unsupervised approach performs translation as a process of word contextualization by taking into account lexico-syntactic contexts and selectional preferences. This strategy is suited to translate phraseological combinations and phrases whose constituent words are lexically restricted by each other. Several experiments in adjective-noun and verb-object compounds show that mutual contextualization (co-compositionality) clearly outperforms other compositional methods. The paper also contributes with a new freely available dataset of English-Spanish MWEs used to validate the proposed compositional strategy.",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-etal-2019-comparison,
    title = "A comparison of statistical association measures for identifying dependency-based collocations in various languages.",
    author = "Garcia, Marcos  and
      Garc{\'\i}a Salido, Marcos  and
      Alonso-Ramos, Margarita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5107",
    pages = "49--59",
    abstract = "This paper presents an exploration of different statistical association measures to automatically identify collocations from corpora in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. To evaluate the impact of the association metrics we manually annotated corpora with three different syntactic patterns of collocations (adjective-noun, verb-object and nominal compounds). We took advantage of the PARSEME 1.1 Shared Task corpora by selecting a subset of 155k tokens in the three referred languages, in which we annotated 1,526 collocations with the corresponding Lexical Functions according to the Meaning-Text Theory. Using the resulting gold-standard, we have carried out a comparison between frequency data and several well-known association measures, both symmetric and asymmetric. The results show that the combination of dependency triples with raw frequency information is as powerful as the best association measures in most syntactic patterns and languages. Furthermore, and despite the asymmetric behaviour of collocations, directional approaches perform worse than the symmetric ones in the extraction of these phraseological combinations.",
}
@inproceedings{kerz-etal-2019-l2,
    title = "{L}2 Processing Advantages of Multiword Sequences: Evidence from Eye-Tracking",
    author = "Kerz, Elma  and
      Heilmann, Arndt  and
      Neumann, Stella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5108",
    pages = "60--69",
    abstract = "A substantial body of research has demonstrated that native speakers are sensitive to the frequencies of multiword sequences (MWS). Here, we ask whether and to what extent intermediate-advanced L2 speakers of English can also develop the sensitivity to the statistics of MWS. To this end, we aimed to replicate the MWS frequency effects found for adult native language speakers based on evidence from self-paced reading and sentence recall tasks in an ecologically more valid eye-tracking study. L2 speakers{'} sensitivity to MWS frequency was evaluated using generalized linear mixed-effects regression with separate models fitted for each of the four dependent measures. Mixed-effects modeling revealed significantly faster processing of sentences containing MWS compared to sentences containing equivalent control items across all eyetracking measures. Taken together, these findings suggest that, in line with emergentist approaches, MWS are important building blocks of language and that similar mechanisms underlie both native and non-native language processing.",
}
@inproceedings{laskova-etal-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling {MWE}s in {BTB}-{WN}",
    author = "Laskova, Laska  and
      Osenova, Petya  and
      Simov, Kiril  and
      Radev, Ivajlo  and
      Kancheva, Zara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5109",
    pages = "70--78",
    abstract = "The paper presents the characteristics of the predominant types of MultiWord expressions (MWEs) in the BulTreeBank WordNet {--} BTB-WN. Their distribution in BTB-WN is discussed with respect to the overall hierarchical organization of the lexical resource. Also, a catena-based modeling is proposed for handling the issues of lexical semantics of MWEs.",
}
@inproceedings{savary-etal-2019-without,
    title = "Without lexicons, multiword expression identification will never fly: A position statement",
    author = "Savary, Agata  and
      Cordeiro, Silvio  and
      Ramisch, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5110",
    pages = "79--91",
    abstract = "Because most multiword expressions (MWEs), especially verbal ones, are semantically non-compositional, their automatic identification in running text is a prerequisite for semantically-oriented downstream applications. However, recent developments, driven notably by the PARSEME shared task on automatic identification of verbal MWEs, show that this task is harder than related tasks, despite recent contributions both in multilingual corpus annotation and in computational models. In this paper, we analyse possible reasons for this state of affairs. They lie in the nature of the MWE phenomenon, as well as in its distributional properties. We also offer a comparative analysis of the state-of-the-art systems, which exhibit particularly strong sensitivity to unseen data. On this basis, we claim that, in order to make strong headway in MWE identification, the community should bend its mind into coupling identification of MWEs with their discovery, via syntactic MWE lexicons. Such lexicons need not necessarily achieve a linguistically complete modelling of MWEs{'} behavior, but they should provide minimal morphosyntactic information to cover some potential uses, so as to complement existing MWE-annotated corpora. We define requirements for such minimal NLP-oriented lexicon, and we propose a roadmap for the MWE community driven by these requirements.",
}
@inproceedings{shwartz-2019-systematic,
    title = "A Systematic Comparison of {E}nglish Noun Compound Representations",
    author = "Shwartz, Vered",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5111",
    pages = "92--103",
    abstract = "Building meaningful representations of noun compounds is not trivial since many of them scarcely appear in the corpus. To that end, composition functions approximate the distributional representation of a noun compound by combining its constituent distributional vectors. In the more general case, phrase embeddings have been trained by minimizing the distance between the vectors representing paraphrases. We compare various types of noun compound representations, including distributional, compositional, and paraphrase-based representations, through a series of tasks and analyses, and with an extensive number of underlying word embeddings. We find that indeed, in most cases, composition functions produce higher quality representations than distributional ones, and they improve with computational power. No single function performs best in all scenarios, suggesting that a joint training objective may produce improved representations.",
}
@inproceedings{strakatova-hinrichs-2019-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Modelling of Adjective-Noun Collocations Using {F}rame{N}et",
    author = "Strakatova, Yana  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5112",
    pages = "104--113",
    abstract = "In this paper we argue that Frame Semantics (Fillmore, 1982) provides a good framework for semantic modelling of adjective-noun collocations. More specifically, the notion of a frame is rich enough to account for nouns from different semantic classes and to model semantic relations that hold between an adjective and a noun in terms of Frame Elements. We have substantiated these findings by considering a sample of adjective-noun collocations from German such as {``}enger Freund{''} {`}close friend{'} and {``}starker Regen{''} {`}heavy rain{'}. The data sample is taken from different semantic fields identified in the German wordnet GermaNet (Hamp and Feldweg, 1997; Henrich and Hinrichs, 2010). The study is based on the electronic dictionary DWDS (Klein and Geyken, 2010) and uses the collocation extraction tool Wortprofil (Geyken et al., 2009). The FrameNet modelling is based on the online resource available at http://framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu. Since FrameNets are available for a range of typologically different languages, it is feasible to extend the current case study to other languages.",
}
@inproceedings{waszczuk-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "A Neural Graph-based Approach to Verbal {MWE} Identification",
    author = "Waszczuk, Jakub  and
      Ehren, Rafael  and
      Stodden, Regina  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5113",
    pages = "114--124",
    abstract = "We propose to tackle the problem of verbal multiword expression (VMWE) identification using a neural graph parsing-based approach. Our solution involves encoding VMWE annotations as labellings of dependency trees and, subsequently, applying a neural network to model the probabilities of different labellings. This strategy can be particularly effective when applied to discontinuous VMWEs and, thanks to dense, pre-trained word vector representations, VMWEs unseen during training. Evaluation of our approach on three PARSEME datasets (German, French, and Polish) shows that it allows to achieve performance on par with the previous state-of-the-art (Al Saied et al., 2018).",
}
@inproceedings{hwang-hidey-2019-confirming,
    title = "Confirming the Non-compositionality of Idioms for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Hwang, Alyssa  and
      Hidey, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5114",
    pages = "125--129",
    abstract = "An idiom is defined as a non-compositional multiword expression, one whose meaning cannot be deduced from the definitions of the component words. This definition does not explicitly define the compositionality of an idiom{'}s sentiment; this paper aims to determine whether the sentiment of the component words of an idiom is related to the sentiment of that idiom. We use the Dictionary of Affect in Language augmented by WordNet to give each idiom in the Sentiment Lexicon of IDiomatic Expressions (SLIDE) a component-wise sentiment score and compare it to the phrase-level sentiment label crowdsourced by the creators of SLIDE. We find that there is no discernible relation between these two measures of idiom sentiment. This supports the hypothesis that idioms are not compositional for sentiment along with semantics and motivates further work in handling idioms for sentiment analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{markantonatou-etal-2019-idion,
    title = "{IDION}: A database for Modern {G}reek multiword expressions",
    author = "Markantonatou, Stella  and
      Minos, Panagiotis  and
      Zakis, George  and
      Moutzouri, Vassiliki  and
      Chantou, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5115",
    pages = "130--134",
    abstract = "We report on the ongoing development of IDION, a web resource of richly documented multiword expressions (MWEs) of Modern Greek addressed to the human user and to NLP. IDION contains about 2000 verb MWEs (VMWEs) of which about 850 are fully documented as regards their syntactic flexibility, their semantics and the semantic relations with other VMWEs. Sets of synonymous MWEs are defined in a bottom-up manner revealing the conceptual organization of the MG VMWE domain.",
}
@inproceedings{mccrae-2019-identification,
    title = "Identification of Adjective-Noun Neologisms using Pretrained Language Models",
    author = "McCrae, John Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5116",
    pages = "135--141",
    abstract = "Neologism detection is a key task in the constructing of lexical resources and has wider implications for NLP, however the identification of multiword neologisms has received little attention. In this paper, we show that we can effectively identify the distinction between compositional and non-compositional adjective-noun pairs by using pretrained language models and comparing this with individual word embeddings. Our results show that the use of these models significantly improves over baseline linguistic features, however the combination with linguistic features still further improves the results, suggesting the strength of a hybrid approach.",
}
@inproceedings{schmitt-constant-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Lemmatization of Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Schmitt, Marine  and
      Constant, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5117",
    pages = "142--148",
    abstract = "This article focuses on the lemmatization of multiword expressions (MWEs). We propose a deep encoder-decoder architecture generating for every MWE word its corresponding part in the lemma, based on the internal context of the MWE. The encoder relies on recurrent networks based on (1) the character sequence of the individual words to capture their morphological properties, and (2) the word sequence of the MWE to capture lexical and syntactic properties. The decoder in charge of generating the corresponding part of the lemma for each word of the MWE is based on a classical character-level attention-based recurrent model. Our model is evaluated for Italian, French, Polish and Portuguese and shows good performances except for Polish.",
}
@inproceedings{sajatovic-etal-2019-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Automatic Term Extraction Methods on Individual Documents",
    author = "{\v{S}}ajatovi{\'c}, Antonio  and
      Buljan, Maja  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan  and
      Dalbelo Ba{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Bojana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5118",
    pages = "149--154",
    abstract = "Automatic Term Extraction (ATE) extracts terminology from domain-specific corpora. ATE is used in many NLP tasks, including Computer Assisted Translation, where it is typically applied to individual documents rather than the entire corpus. While corpus-level ATE has been extensively evaluated, it is not obvious how the results transfer to document-level ATE. To fill this gap, we evaluate 16 state-of-the-art ATE methods on full-length documents from three different domains, on both corpus and document levels. Unlike existing studies, our evaluation is more realistic as we take into account all gold terms. We show that no single method is best in corpus-level ATE, but C-Value and KeyConceptRelatendess surpass others in document-level ATE.",
}
@inproceedings{taslimipoor-etal-2019-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Transfer Learning and Multitask Learning for Capturing Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Taslimipoor, Shiva  and
      Rohanian, Omid  and
      Ha, Le An",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5119",
    pages = "155--161",
    abstract = "Recent developments in deep learning have prompted a surge of interest in the application of multitask and transfer learning to NLP problems. In this study, we explore for the first time, the application of transfer learning (TRL) and multitask learning (MTL) to the identification of Multiword Expressions (MWEs). For MTL, we exploit the shared syntactic information between MWE and dependency parsing models to jointly train a single model on both tasks. We specifically predict two types of labels: MWE and dependency parse. Our neural MTL architecture utilises the supervision of dependency parsing in lower layers and predicts MWE tags in upper layers. In the TRL scenario, we overcome the scarcity of data by learning a model on a larger MWE dataset and transferring the knowledge to a resource-poor setting in another language. In both scenarios, the resulting models achieved higher performance compared to standard neural approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{walsh-etal-2019-ilfhocail,
    title = "{I}lfhocail: A Lexicon of Irish {MWE}s",
    author = "Walsh, Abigail  and
      Lynn, Teresa  and
      Foster, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5120",
    pages = "162--168",
    abstract = "This paper describes the categorisation of Irish MWEs, and the construction of the first version of a lexicon of Irish MWEs for NLP purposes (Ilfhocail, meaning {`}Multiwords{'}), collected from a number of resources. For the purposes of quality assurance, 530 entries of this lexicon were examined and manually annotated for POS information and MWE category.",
}
@inproceedings{zampieri-etal-2019-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Word Representations on Sequential Neural {MWE} Identification",
    author = "Zampieri, Nicolas  and
      Ramisch, Carlos  and
      Damnati, Geraldine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5121",
    pages = "169--175",
    abstract = "Recent initiatives such as the PARSEME shared task allowed the rapid development of MWE identification systems. Many of those are based on recent NLP advances, using neural sequence models that take continuous word representations as input. We study two related questions in neural MWE identification: (a) the use of lemmas and/or surface forms as input features, and (b) the use of word-based or character-based embeddings to represent them. Our experiments on Basque, French, and Polish show that character-based representations yield systematically better results than word-based ones. In some cases, character-based representations of surface forms can be used as a proxy for lemmas, depending on the morphological complexity of the language.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-machine,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Fishel, Mark  and
      Graham, Yvette  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Yepes, Antonio Jimeno  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e}  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Neves, Mariana  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5200",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2019-saliency,
    title = "Saliency-driven Word Alignment Interpretation for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Ding, Shuoyang  and
      Xu, Hainan  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5201",
    pages = "1--12",
    abstract = "Despite their original goal to jointly learn to align and translate, Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models, especially Transformer, are often perceived as not learning interpretable word alignments. In this paper, we show that NMT models do learn interpretable word alignments, which could only be revealed with proper interpretation methods. We propose a series of such methods that are model-agnostic, are able to be applied either offline or online, and do not require parameter update or architectural change. We show that under the force decoding setup, the alignments induced by our interpretation method are of better quality than fast-align for some systems, and when performing free decoding, they agree well with the alignments induced by automatic alignment tools.",
}
@inproceedings{pham-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Zero-shot Translation with Language-Independent Constraints",
    author = "Pham, Ngoc-Quan  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Ha, Thanh-Le  and
      Waibel, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5202",
    pages = "13--23",
    abstract = "An important concern in training multilingual neural machine translation (NMT) is to translate between language pairs unseen during training, i.e zero-shot translation. Improving this ability kills two birds with one stone by providing an alternative to pivot translation which also allows us to better understand how the model captures information between languages. In this work, we carried out an investigation on this capability of the multilingual NMT models. First, we intentionally create an encoder architecture which is independent with respect to the source language. Such experiments shed light on the ability of NMT encoders to learn multilingual representations, in general. Based on such proof of concept, we were able to design regularization methods into the standard Transformer model, so that the whole architecture becomes more robust in zero-shot conditions. We investigated the behaviour of such models on the standard IWSLT 2017 multilingual dataset. We achieved an average improvement of 2.23 BLEU points across 12 language pairs compared to the zero-shot performance of a state-of-the-art multilingual system. Additionally, we carry out further experiments in which the effect is confirmed even for language pairs with multiple intermediate pivots.",
}
@inproceedings{currey-heafield-2019-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Source Syntax into Transformer-Based Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Currey, Anna  and
      Heafield, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5203",
    pages = "24--33",
    abstract = "Transformer-based neural machine translation (NMT) has recently achieved state-of-the-art performance on many machine translation tasks. However, recent work (Raganato and Tiedemann, 2018; Tang et al., 2018; Tran et al., 2018) has indicated that Transformer models may not learn syntactic structures as well as their recurrent neural network-based counterparts, particularly in low-resource cases. In this paper, we incorporate constituency parse information into a Transformer NMT model. We leverage linearized parses of the source training sentences in order to inject syntax into the Transformer architecture without modifying it. We introduce two methods: a multi-task machine translation and parsing model with a single encoder and decoder, and a mixed encoder model that learns to translate directly from parsed and unparsed source sentences. We evaluate our methods on low-resource translation from English into twenty target languages, showing consistent improvements of 1.3 BLEU on average across diverse target languages for the multi-task technique. We further evaluate the models on full-scale WMT tasks, finding that the multi-task model aids low- and medium-resource NMT but degenerates high-resource English-German translation.",
}
@inproceedings{freitag-etal-2019-ape,
    title = "{APE} at Scale and Its Implications on {MT} Evaluation Biases",
    author = "Freitag, Markus  and
      Caswell, Isaac  and
      Roy, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5204",
    pages = "34--44",
    abstract = "In this work, we train an Automatic Post-Editing (APE) model and use it to reveal biases in standard MT evaluation procedures. The goal of our APE model is to correct typical errors introduced by the translation process, and convert the {``}translationese{''} output into natural text. Our APE model is trained entirely on monolingual data that has been round-trip translated through English, to mimic errors that are similar to the ones introduced by NMT. We apply our model to the output of existing NMT systems, and demonstrate that, while the human-judged quality improves in all cases, BLEU scores drop with forward-translated test sets. We verify these results for the WMT18 English to German, WMT15 English to French, and WMT16 English to Romanian tasks. Furthermore, we selectively apply our APE model on the output of the top submissions of the most recent WMT evaluation campaigns. We see quality improvements on all tasks of up to 2.5 BLEU points.",
}
@inproceedings{graca-etal-2019-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing Back-Translation in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Gra{\c{c}}a, Miguel  and
      Kim, Yunsu  and
      Schamper, Julian  and
      Khadivi, Shahram  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5205",
    pages = "45--52",
    abstract = "Back-translation {---} data augmentation by translating target monolingual data {---} is a crucial component in modern neural machine translation (NMT). In this work, we reformulate back-translation in the scope of cross-entropy optimization of an NMT model, clarifying its underlying mathematical assumptions and approximations beyond its heuristic usage. Our formulation covers broader synthetic data generation schemes, including sampling from a target-to-source NMT model. With this formulation, we point out fundamental problems of the sampling-based approaches and propose to remedy them by (i) disabling label smoothing for the target-to-source model and (ii) sampling from a restricted search space. Our statements are investigated on the WMT 2018 German {\textless}-{\textgreater} English news translation task.",
}
@inproceedings{caswell-etal-2019-tagged,
    title = "Tagged Back-Translation",
    author = "Caswell, Isaac  and
      Chelba, Ciprian  and
      Grangier, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5206",
    pages = "53--63",
    abstract = "Recent work in Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has shown significant quality gains from noised-beam decoding during back-translation, a method to generate synthetic parallel data. We show that the main role of such synthetic noise is not to diversify the source side, as previously suggested, but simply to indicate to the model that the given source is synthetic. We propose a simpler alternative to noising techniques, consisting of tagging back-translated source sentences with an extra token. Our results on WMT outperform noised back-translation in English-Romanian and match performance on English-German, redefining the state-of-the-art on the former.",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2019-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Document Encoder for Parallel Corpus Mining",
    author = "Guo, Mandy  and
      Yang, Yinfei  and
      Stevens, Keith  and
      Cer, Daniel  and
      Ge, Heming  and
      Sung, Yun-hsuan  and
      Strope, Brian  and
      Kurzweil, Ray",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5207",
    pages = "64--72",
    abstract = "We explore using multilingual document embeddings for nearest neighbor mining of parallel data. Three document-level representations are investigated: (i) document embeddings generated by simply averaging multilingual sentence embeddings; (ii) a neural bag-of-words (BoW) document encoding model; (iii) a hierarchical multilingual document encoder (HiDE) that builds on our sentence-level model. The results show document embeddings derived from sentence-level averaging are surprisingly effective for clean datasets, but suggest models trained hierarchically at the document-level are more effective on noisy data. Analysis experiments demonstrate our hierarchical models are very robust to variations in the underlying sentence embedding quality. Using document embeddings trained with HiDE achieves the state-of-the-art on United Nations (UN) parallel document mining, 94.9{\%} P@1 for en-fr and 97.3{\%} P@1 for en-es.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-toral-2019-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Translationese in Machine Translation Test Sets",
    author = "Zhang, Mike  and
      Toral, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5208",
    pages = "73--81",
    abstract = "The effect of translationese has been studied in the field of machine translation (MT), mostly with respect to training data. We study in depth the effect of translationese on test data, using the test sets from the last three editions of WMT{'}s news shared task, containing 17 translation directions. We show evidence that (i) the use of translationese in test sets results in inflated human evaluation scores for MT systems; (ii) in some cases system rankings do change and (iii) the impact translationese has on a translation direction is inversely cor- related to the translation quality attainable by state-of-the-art MT systems for that direction.",
}
@inproceedings{matusov-etal-2019-customizing,
    title = "Customizing Neural Machine Translation for Subtitling",
    author = "Matusov, Evgeny  and
      Wilken, Patrick  and
      Georgakopoulou, Yota",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5209",
    pages = "82--93",
    abstract = "In this work, we customized a neural machine translation system for translation of subtitles in the domain of entertainment. The neural translation model was adapted to the subtitling content and style and extended by a simple, yet effective technique for utilizing inter-sentence context for short sentences such as dialog turns. The main contribution of the paper is a novel subtitle segmentation algorithm that predicts the end of a subtitle line given the previous word-level context using a recurrent neural network learned from human segmentation decisions. This model is combined with subtitle length and duration constraints established in the subtitling industry. We conducted a thorough human evaluation with two post-editors (English-to-Spanish translation of a documentary and a sitcom). It showed a notable productivity increase of up to 37{\%} as compared to translating from scratch and significant reductions in human translation edit rate in comparison with the post-editing of the baseline non-adapted system without a learned segmentation model.",
}
@inproceedings{saboo-baumann-2019-integration,
    title = "Integration of Dubbing Constraints into Machine Translation",
    author = "Saboo, Ashutosh  and
      Baumann, Timo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5210",
    pages = "94--101",
    abstract = "Translation systems aim to perform a meaning-preserving conversion of linguistic material (typically text but also speech) from a source to a target language (and, to a lesser degree, the corresponding socio-cultural contexts). Dubbing, i.e., the lip-synchronous translation and revoicing of speech adds to this constraints about the close matching of phonetic and resulting visemic synchrony characteristics of source and target material. There is an inherent conflict between a translation{'}s meaning preservation and {`}dubbability{'} and the resulting trade-off can be controlled by weighing the synchrony constraints. We introduce our work, which to the best of our knowledge is the first of its kind, on integrating synchrony constraints into the machine translation paradigm. We present first results for the integration of synchrony constraints into encoder decoder-based neural machine translation and show that considerably more {`}dubbable{'} translations can be achieved with only a small impact on BLEU score, and dubbability improves more steeply than BLEU degrades.",
}
@inproceedings{emelin-etal-2019-widening,
    title = "Widening the Representation Bottleneck in Neural Machine Translation with Lexical Shortcuts",
    author = "Emelin, Denis  and
      Titov, Ivan  and
      Sennrich, Rico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5211",
    pages = "102--115",
    abstract = "The transformer is a state-of-the-art neural translation model that uses attention to iteratively refine lexical representations with information drawn from the surrounding context. Lexical features are fed into the first layer and propagated through a deep network of hidden layers. We argue that the need to represent and propagate lexical features in each layer limits the model{'}s capacity for learning and representing other information relevant to the task. To alleviate this bottleneck, we introduce gated shortcut connections between the embedding layer and each subsequent layer within the encoder and decoder. This enables the model to access relevant lexical content dynamically, without expending limited resources on storing it within intermediate states. We show that the proposed modification yields consistent improvements over a baseline transformer on standard WMT translation tasks in 5 translation directions (0.9 BLEU on average) and reduces the amount of lexical information passed along the hidden layers. We furthermore evaluate different ways to integrate lexical connections into the transformer architecture and present ablation experiments exploring the effect of proposed shortcuts on model behavior.",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-etal-2019-high,
    title = "A High-Quality Multilingual Dataset for Structured Documentation Translation",
    author = "Hashimoto, Kazuma  and
      Buschiazzo, Raffaella  and
      Bradbury, James  and
      Marshall, Teresa  and
      Socher, Richard  and
      Xiong, Caiming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 1: Research Papers)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5212",
    pages = "116--127",
    abstract = "This paper presents a high-quality multilingual dataset for the documentation domain to advance research on localization of structured text. Unlike widely-used datasets for translation of plain text, we collect XML-structured parallel text segments from the online documentation for an enterprise software platform. These Web pages have been professionally translated from English into 16 languages and maintained by domain experts, and around 100,000 text segments are available for each language pair. We build and evaluate translation models for seven target languages from English, with several different copy mechanisms and an XML-constrained beam search. We also experiment with a non-English pair to show that our dataset has the potential to explicitly enable $17 \times 16$ translation settings. Our experiments show that learning to translate with the XML tags improves translation accuracy, and the beam search accurately generates XML structures. We also discuss trade-offs of using the copy mechanisms by focusing on translation of numerical words and named entities. We further provide a detailed human analysis of gaps between the model output and human translations for real-world applications, including suitability for post-editing.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-machine-translation,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Fishel, Mark  and
      Graham, Yvette  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Yepes, Antonio Jimeno  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e}  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Neves, Mariana  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5300",
}
@inproceedings{barrault-etal-2019-findings,
    title = "Findings of the 2019 Conference on Machine Translation ({WMT}19)",
    author = {Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Fishel, Mark  and
      Graham, Yvette  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      M{\"u}ller, Mathias  and
      Pal, Santanu  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Zampieri, Marcos},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5301",
    pages = "1--61",
    abstract = "This paper presents the results of the premier shared task organized alongside the Conference on Machine Translation (WMT) 2019. Participants were asked to build machine translation systems for any of 18 language pairs, to be evaluated on a test set of news stories. The main metric for this task is human judgment of translation quality. The task was also opened up to additional test suites to probe specific aspects of translation.",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2019-results,
    title = "Results of the {WMT}19 Metrics Shared Task: Segment-Level and Strong {MT} Systems Pose Big Challenges",
    author = "Ma, Qingsong  and
      Wei, Johnny  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Graham, Yvette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5302",
    pages = "62--90",
    abstract = "This paper presents the results of the WMT19 Metrics Shared Task. Participants were asked to score the outputs of the translations systems competing in the WMT19 News Translation Task with automatic metrics. 13 research groups submitted 24 metrics, 10 of which are reference-less {``}metrics{''} and constitute submissions to the joint task with WMT19 Quality Estimation Task, {``}QE as a Metric{''}. In addition, we computed 11 baseline metrics, with 8 commonly applied baselines (BLEU, SentBLEU, NIST, WER, PER, TER, CDER, and chrF) and 3 reimplementations (chrF+, sacreBLEU-BLEU, and sacreBLEU-chrF). Metrics were evaluated on the system level, how well a given metric correlates with the WMT19 official manual ranking, and segment level, how well the metric correlates with human judgements of segment quality. This year, we use direct assessment (DA) as our only form of manual evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2019-findings,
    title = "Findings of the First Shared Task on Machine Translation Robustness",
    author = "Li, Xian  and
      Michel, Paul  and
      Anastasopoulos, Antonios  and
      Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      Durrani, Nadir  and
      Firat, Orhan  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Pino, Juan  and
      Sajjad, Hassan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5303",
    pages = "91--102",
    abstract = "We share the findings of the first shared task on improving robustness of Machine Translation (MT). The task provides a testbed representing challenges facing MT models deployed in the real world, and facilitates new approaches to improve models{'} robustness to noisy input and domain mismatch. We focus on two language pairs (English-French and English-Japanese), and the submitted systems are evaluated on a blind test set consisting of noisy comments on Reddit and professionally sourced translations. As a new task, we received 23 submissions by 11 participating teams from universities, companies, national labs, etc. All submitted systems achieved large improvements over baselines, with the best improvement having +22.33 BLEU. We evaluated submissions by both human judgment and automatic evaluation (BLEU), which shows high correlations (Pearson{'}s r = 0.94 and 0.95). Furthermore, we conducted a qualitative analysis of the submitted systems using compare-mt, which revealed their salient differences in handling challenges in this task. Such analysis provides additional insights when there is occasional disagreement between human judgment and BLEU, e.g. systems better at producing colloquial expressions received higher score from human judgment.",
}
@inproceedings{bawden-etal-2019-university,
    title = "The University of {E}dinburgh{'}s Submissions to the {WMT}19 News Translation Task",
    author = "Bawden, Rachel  and
      Bogoychev, Nikolay  and
      Germann, Ulrich  and
      Grundkiewicz, Roman  and
      Kirefu, Faheem  and
      Miceli Barone, Antonio Valerio  and
      Birch, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5304",
    pages = "103--115",
    abstract = "The University of Edinburgh participated in the WMT19 Shared Task on News Translation in six language directions: English↔Gujarati, English↔Chinese, German→English, and English→Czech. For all translation directions, we created or used back-translations of monolingual data in the target language as additional synthetic training data. For English↔Gujarati, we also explored semi- supervised MT with cross-lingual language model pre-training, and translation pivoting through Hindi. For translation to and from Chinese, we investigated character-based tokenisation vs. sub-word segmentation of Chinese text. For German→English, we studied the impact of vast amounts of back-translated training data on translation quality, gaining a few additional insights over Edunov et al. (2018). For English→Czech, we compared different preprocessing and tokenisation regimes.",
}
@inproceedings{bei-etal-2019-gtcom,
    title = "{GTCOM} Neural Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}19",
    author = "Bei, Chao  and
      Zong, Hao  and
      Yuan, Conghu  and
      Liu, Qingming  and
      Fan, Baoyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5305",
    pages = "116--121",
    abstract = "This paper describes the Global Tone Communication Co., Ltd.{'}s submission of the WMT19 shared news translation task. We participate in six directions: English to (Gujarati, Lithuanian and Finnish) and (Gujarati, Lithuanian and Finnish) to English. Further, we get the best BLEU scores in the directions of English to Gujarati and Lithuanian to English (28.2 and 36.3 respectively) among all the participants. The submitted systems mainly focus on back-translation, knowledge distillation and reranking to build a competitive model for this task. Also, we apply language model to filter monolingual data, back-translated data and parallel data. The techniques we apply for data filtering include filtering by rules, language models. Besides, We conduct several experiments to validate different knowledge distillation techniques and right-to-left (R2L) reranking.",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-2019-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation with parfda, {M}oses, kenlm, nplm, and {PRO}",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5306",
    pages = "122--128",
    abstract = "We build parfda Moses statistical machine translation (SMT) models for most language pairs in the news translation task. We experiment with a hybrid approach using neural language models integrated into Moses. We obtain the constrained data statistics on the machine translation task, the coverage of the test sets, and the upper bounds on the translation results. We also contribute a new testsuite for the German-English language pair and a new automated key phrase extraction technique for the evaluation of the testsuite translations.",
}
@inproceedings{bougares-etal-2019-liums,
    title = "{LIUM}{'}s Contributions to the {WMT}2019 News Translation Task: Data and Systems for {G}erman-{F}rench Language Pairs",
    author = {Bougares, Fethi  and
      Wottawa, Jane  and
      Baillot, Anne  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Bardet, Adrien},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5307",
    pages = "129--133",
    abstract = "This paper describes the neural machine translation (NMT) systems of the LIUM Laboratory developed for the French↔German news translation task of the Fourth Conference onMachine Translation (WMT 2019). The chosen language pair is included for the first time in the WMT news translation task. We de-scribe how the training and the evaluation data was created. We also present our participation in the French↔German translation directions using self-attentional Transformer networks with small and big architectures.",
}
@inproceedings{briakou-carpuat-2019-university,
    title = "The University of {M}aryland{'}s {K}azakh-{E}nglish Neural Machine Translation System at {WMT}19",
    author = "Briakou, Eleftheria  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5308",
    pages = "134--140",
    abstract = "This paper describes the University of Maryland{'}s submission to the WMT 2019 Kazakh-English news translation task. We study the impact of transfer learning from another low-resource but related language. We experiment with different ways of encoding lexical units to maximize lexical overlap between the two language pairs, as well as back-translation and ensembling. The submitted system improves over a Kazakh-only baseline by +5.45 BLEU on newstest2019.",
}
@inproceedings{budiwati-etal-2019-dbms,
    title = "{DBMS}-{KU} Interpolation for {WMT}19 News Translation Task",
    author = "Budiwati, Sari Dewi  and
      Siagian, Al Hafiz Akbar Maulana  and
      Fatyanosa, Tirana Noor  and
      Aritsugi, Masayoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5309",
    pages = "141--146",
    abstract = "This paper presents the participation of DBMS-KU Interpolation system in WMT19 shared task, namely, Kazakh-English language pair. We examine the use of interpolation method using a different language model order. Our Interpolation system combines a direct translation with Russian as a pivot language. We use 3-gram and 5-gram language model orders to perform the language translation in this work. To reduce noise in the pivot translation process, we prune the phrase table of source-pivot and pivot-target. Our experimental results show that our Interpolation system outperforms the Baseline in terms of BLEU-cased score by +0.5 and +0.1 points in Kazakh-English and English-Kazakh, respectively. In particular, using the 5-gram language model order in our system could obtain better BLEU-cased score than utilizing the 3-gram one. Interestingly, we found that by employing the Interpolation system could reduce the perplexity score of English-Kazakh when using 3-gram language model order.",
}
@inproceedings{burlot-2019-lingua,
    title = "Lingua Custodia at {WMT}{'}19: Attempts to Control Terminology",
    author = "Burlot, Franck",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5310",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5310",
    pages = "147--154",
    abstract = "This paper describes Lingua Custodia{'}s submission to the WMT{'}19 news shared task for German-to-French on the topic of the EU elections. We report experiments on the adaptation of the terminology of a machine translation system to a specific topic, aimed at providing more accurate translations of specific entities like political parties and person names, given that the shared task provided no in-domain training parallel data dealing with the restricted topic. Our primary submission to the shared task uses backtranslation generated with a type of decoding allowing the insertion of constraints in the output in order to guarantee the correct translation of specific terms that are not necessarily observed in the data.",
}
@inproceedings{casas-etal-2019-talp,
    title = "The {TALP}-{UPC} Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}19 News Translation Task: Pivoting Techniques for Low Resource {MT}",
    author = "Casas, Noe  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.  and
      Escolano, Carlos  and
      Basta, Christine  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5311",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5311",
    pages = "155--162",
    abstract = "In this article, we describe the TALP-UPC research group participation in the WMT19 news translation shared task for Kazakh-English. Given the low amount of parallel training data, we resort to using Russian as pivot language, training subword-based statistical translation systems for Russian-Kazakh and Russian-English that were then used to create two synthetic pseudo-parallel corpora for Kazakh-English and English-Kazakh respectively. Finally, a self-attention model based on the decoder part of the Transformer architecture was trained on the two pseudo-parallel corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{cromieres-kurohashi-2019-kyoto,
    title = "{K}yoto University Participation to the {WMT} 2019 News Shared Task",
    author = "Cromieres, Fabien  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5312",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5312",
    pages = "163--167",
    abstract = "We describe here the experiments we did for the the news translation shared task of WMT 2019. We focused on the new German-to-French language direction, and mostly used current standard approaches to develop a Neural Machine Translation system. We make use of the Tensor2Tensor implementation of the Transformer model. After carefully cleaning the data and noting the importance of the good use of recent monolingual data for the task, we obtain our final result by combining the output of a diverse set of trained models through the use of their {``}checkpoint agreement{''}.",
}
@inproceedings{dabre-etal-2019-nicts,
    title = "{NICT}{'}s Supervised Neural Machine Translation Systems for the {WMT}19 News Translation Task",
    author = "Dabre, Raj  and
      Chen, Kehai  and
      Marie, Benjamin  and
      Wang, Rui  and
      Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5313",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5313",
    pages = "168--174",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our supervised neural machine translation (NMT) systems that we developed for the news translation task for Kazakh↔English, Gujarati↔English, Chinese↔English, and English→Finnish translation directions. We focused on leveraging multilingual transfer learning and back-translation for the extremely low-resource language pairs: Kazakh↔English and Gujarati↔English translation. For the Chinese↔English translation, we used the provided parallel data augmented with a large quantity of back-translated monolingual data to train state-of-the-art NMT systems. We then employed techniques that have been proven to be most effective, such as back-translation, fine-tuning, and model ensembling, to generate the primary submissions of Chinese↔English. For English→Finnish, our submission from WMT18 remains a strong baseline despite the increase in parallel corpora for this year{'}s task.",
}
@inproceedings{ding-tao-2019-university,
    title = "The University of {S}ydney{'}s Machine Translation System for {WMT}19",
    author = "Ding, Liang  and
      Tao, Dacheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5314",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5314",
    pages = "175--182",
    abstract = "This paper describes the University of Sydney{'}s submission of the WMT 2019 shared news translation task. We participated in the Finnish-{\textgreater}English direction and got the best BLEU(33.0) score among all the participants. Our system is based on the self-attentional Transformer networks, into which we integrated the most recent effective strategies from academic research (e.g., BPE, back translation, multi-features data selection, data augmentation, greedy model ensemble, reranking, ConMBR system combination, and postprocessing). Furthermore, we propose a novel augmentation method Cycle Translation and a data mixture strategy Big/Small parallel construction to entirely exploit the synthetic corpus. Extensive experiments show that adding the above techniques can make continuous improvements of the BLEU scores, and the best result outperforms the baseline (Transformer ensemble model trained with the original parallel corpus) by approximately 5.3 BLEU score, achieving the state-of-the-art performance.",
}
@inproceedings{espana-bonet-ruiter-2019-uds,
    title = "{U}d{S}-{DFKI} Participation at {WMT} 2019: Low-Resource (en-gu) and Coreference-Aware (en-de) Systems",
    author = "Espa{\~n}a-Bonet, Cristina  and
      Ruiter, Dana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5315",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5315",
    pages = "183--190",
    abstract = "This paper describes the UdS-DFKI submission to the WMT2019 news translation task for Gujarati{--}English (low-resourced pair) and German{--}English (document-level evaluation). Our systems rely on the on-line extraction of parallel sentences from comparable corpora for the first scenario and on the inclusion of coreference-related information in the training data in the second one.",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-sharma-2019-iiit,
    title = "The {IIIT}-H {G}ujarati-{E}nglish Machine Translation System for {WMT}19",
    author = "Goyal, Vikrant  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5316",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5316",
    pages = "191--195",
    abstract = "This paper describes the Neural Machine Translation system of IIIT-Hyderabad for the Gujarati→English news translation shared task of WMT19. Our system is basedon encoder-decoder framework with attention mechanism. We experimented with Multilingual Neural MT models. Our experiments show that Multilingual Neural Machine Translation leveraging parallel data from related language pairs helps in significant BLEU improvements upto 11.5, for low resource language pairs like Gujarati-English",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2019-kingsofts,
    title = "Kingsoft{'}s Neural Machine Translation System for {WMT}19",
    author = "Guo, Xinze  and
      Liu, Chang  and
      Li, Xiaolong  and
      Wang, Yiran  and
      Li, Guoliang  and
      Wang, Feng  and
      Xu, Zhitao  and
      Yang, Liuyi  and
      Ma, Li  and
      Li, Changliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5317",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5317",
    pages = "196--202",
    abstract = "This paper describes the Kingsoft AI Lab{'}s submission to the WMT2019 news translation shared task. We participated in two language directions: English-Chinese and Chinese-English. For both language directions, we trained several variants of Transformer models using the provided parallel data enlarged with a large quantity of back-translated monolingual data. The best translation result was obtained with ensemble and reranking techniques. According to automatic metrics (BLEU) our Chinese-English system reached the second highest score, and our English-Chinese system reached the second highest score for this subtask.",
}
@inproceedings{gwinnup-etal-2019-afrl,
    title = "The {AFRL} {WMT}19 Systems: Old Favorites and New Tricks",
    author = "Gwinnup, Jeremy  and
      Erdmann, Grant  and
      Anderson, Tim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5318",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5318",
    pages = "203--208",
    abstract = "This paper describes the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) machine translation systems and the improvements that were developed during the WMT19 evaluation campaign. This year, we refine our approach to training popular neural machine translation toolkits, experiment with a new domain adaptation technique and again measure improvements in performance on the Russian{--}English language pair.",
}
@inproceedings{hokamp-etal-2019-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Supervised and Zero-shot Performance of Multi-lingual Translation Models",
    author = "Hokamp, Chris  and
      Glover, John  and
      Gholipour Ghalandari, Demian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5319",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5319",
    pages = "209--217",
    abstract = "We study several methods for full or partial sharing of the decoder parameters of multi-lingual NMT models. Using only the WMT 2019 shared task parallel datasets for training, we evaluate both fully supervised and zero-shot translation performance in 110 unique translation directions. We use additional test sets and re-purpose evaluation methods recently used for unsupervised MT in order to evaluate zero-shot translation performance for language pairs where no gold-standard parallel data is available. To our knowledge, this is the largest evaluation of multi-lingual translation yet conducted in terms of the total size of the training data we use, and in terms of the number of zero-shot translation pairs we evaluate. We conduct an in-depth evaluation of the translation performance of different models, highlighting the trade-offs between methods of sharing decoder parameters. We find that models which have task-specific decoder parameters outperform models where decoder parameters are fully shared across all tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{iranzo-sanchez-etal-2019-mllp,
    title = "The {MLLP}-{UPV} Supervised Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}19 News Translation Task",
    author = "Iranzo-S{\'a}nchez, Javier  and
      Garc{\'e}s D{\'\i}az-Mun{\'\i}o, Gon{\c{c}}al  and
      Civera, Jorge  and
      Juan, Alfons",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5320",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5320",
    pages = "218--224",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of the MLLP research group of the Universitat Polit{\`e}cnica de Val{\`e}ncia in the WMT 2019 News Translation Shared Task. In this edition, we have submitted systems for the German ↔ English and German ↔ French language pairs, participating in both directions of each pair. Our submitted systems, based on the Transformer architecture, make ample use of data filtering, synthetic data and domain adaptation through fine-tuning.",
}
@inproceedings{junczys-dowmunt-2019-microsoft,
    title = "{M}icrosoft Translator at {WMT} 2019: Towards Large-Scale Document-Level Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5321",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5321",
    pages = "225--233",
    abstract = "This paper describes the Microsoft Translator submissions to the WMT19 news translation shared task for English-German. Our main focus is document-level neural machine translation with deep transformer models. We start with strong sentence-level baselines, trained on large-scale data created via data-filtering and noisy back-translation and find that back-translation seems to mainly help with translationese input. We explore fine-tuning techniques, deeper models and different ensembling strategies to counter these effects. Using document boundaries present in the authentic and synthetic parallel data, we create sequences of up to 1000 subword segments and train transformer translation models. We experiment with data augmentation techniques for the smaller authentic data with document-boundaries and for larger authentic data without boundaries. We further explore multi-task training for the incorporation of document-level source language monolingual data via the BERT-objective on the encoder and two-pass decoding for combinations of sentence-level and document-level systems. Based on preliminary human evaluation results, evaluators strongly prefer the document-level systems over our comparable sentence-level system. The document-level systems also seem to score higher than the human references in source-based direct assessment.",
}
@inproceedings{kocmi-bojar-2019-cuni,
    title = "{CUNI} Submission for Low-Resource Languages in {WMT} News 2019",
    author = "Kocmi, Tom  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5322",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5322",
    pages = "234--240",
    abstract = "This paper describes the CUNI submission to the WMT 2019 News Translation Shared Task for the low-resource languages: Gujarati-English and Kazakh-English. We participated in both language pairs in both translation directions. Our system combines transfer learning from a different high-resource language pair followed by training on backtranslated monolingual data. Thanks to the simultaneous training in both directions, we can iterate the backtranslation process. We are using the Transformer model in a constrained submission.",
}
@inproceedings{kvapilikova-etal-2019-cuni,
    title = "{CUNI} Systems for the Unsupervised News Translation Task in {WMT} 2019",
    author = "Kvapil{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Ivana  and
      Mach{\'a}{\v{c}}ek, Dominik  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5323",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5323",
    pages = "241--248",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe the CUNI translation system used for the unsupervised news shared task of the ACL 2019 Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (WMT19). We follow the strategy of Artetxe ae at. (2018b), creating a seed phrase-based system where the phrase table is initialized from cross-lingual embedding mappings trained on monolingual data, followed by a neural machine translation system trained on synthetic parallel data. The synthetic corpus was produced from a monolingual corpus by a tuned PBMT model refined through iterative back-translation. We further focus on the handling of named entities, i.e. the part of vocabulary where the cross-lingual embedding mapping suffers most. Our system reaches a BLEU score of 15.3 on the German-Czech WMT19 shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{li-specia-2019-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison on Fine-grained Pre-trained Embeddings for the {WMT}19{C}hinese-{E}nglish News Translation Task",
    author = "Li, Zhenhao  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5324",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5324",
    pages = "249--256",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission to theWMT 2019 Chinese-English (zh-en) newstranslation shared task.Our systems arebased on RNN architectures with pre-trainedembeddings which utilize character and sub-character information. We compare modelswith these different granularity levels usingdifferent evaluating metics. We find that a finergranularity embeddings can help the model ac-cording to character level evaluation and thatthe pre-trained embeddings can also be bene-ficial for model performance marginally whenthe training data is limited.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2019-niutrans,
    title = "The {N}iu{T}rans Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}19",
    author = "Li, Bei  and
      Li, Yinqiao  and
      Xu, Chen  and
      Lin, Ye  and
      Liu, Jiqiang  and
      Liu, Hui  and
      Wang, Ziyang  and
      Zhang, Yuhao  and
      Xu, Nuo  and
      Wang, Zeyang  and
      Feng, Kai  and
      Chen, Hexuan  and
      Liu, Tengbo  and
      Li, Yanyang  and
      Wang, Qiang  and
      Xiao, Tong  and
      Zhu, Jingbo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5325",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5325",
    pages = "257--266",
    abstract = "This paper described NiuTrans neural machine translation systems for the WMT 2019 news translation tasks. We participated in 13 translation directions, including 11 supervised tasks, namely EN$\leftrightarrow${ZH, DE, RU, KK, LT}, GU$\rightarrow$EN and the unsupervised DE$\leftrightarrow$CS sub-track. Our systems were built on Deep Transformer and several back-translation methods. Iterative knowledge distillation and ensemble+reranking were also employed to obtain stronger models. Our unsupervised submissions were based on NMT enhanced by SMT. As a result, we achieved the highest BLEU scores in KK{\textless}-{\textgreater}EN, GU-{\textgreater}EN directions, ranking 2nd in RU-{\textgreater}EN, DE{\textless}-{\textgreater}CS and 3rd in ZH-{\textgreater}EN, LT-{\textgreater}EN, EN-{\textgreater}RU, EN{\textless}-{\textgreater}DE among all constrained submissions.",
}
@inproceedings{littell-etal-2019-multi,
    title = "Multi-Source Transformer for {K}azakh-{R}ussian-{E}nglish Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Littell, Patrick  and
      Lo, Chi-kiu  and
      Larkin, Samuel  and
      Stewart, Darlene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5326",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5326",
    pages = "267--274",
    abstract = "We describe the neural machine translation (NMT) system developed at the National Re-search Council of Canada (NRC) for the Kazakh-English news translation task of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (WMT19). Our submission is a multi-source NMT taking both the original Kazakh sentence and its Russian translation as input for translating into English.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Word and Subword Units in Unsupervised Machine Translation Using Language Model Rescoring",
    author = "Liu, Zihan  and
      Xu, Yan  and
      Winata, Genta Indra  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5327",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5327",
    pages = "275--282",
    abstract = "This paper describes CAiRE{'}s submission to the unsupervised machine translation track of the WMT{'}19 news shared task from German to Czech. We leverage a phrase-based statistical machine translation (PBSMT) model and a pre-trained language model to combine word-level neural machine translation (NMT) and subword-level NMT models without using any parallel data. We propose to solve the morphological richness problem of languages by training byte-pair encoding (BPE) embeddings for German and Czech separately, and they are aligned using MUSE (Conneau et al., 2018). To ensure the fluency and consistency of translations, a rescoring mechanism is proposed that reuses the pre-trained language model to select the translation candidates generated through beam search. Moreover, a series of pre-processing and post-processing approaches are applied to improve the quality of final translations.",
}
@inproceedings{mahata-etal-2019-jumt,
    title = "{JUMT} at {WMT}2019 News Translation Task: A Hybrid Approach to Machine Translation for {L}ithuanian to {E}nglish",
    author = "Mahata, Sainik Kumar  and
      Garain, Avishek  and
      Rayala, Adityar  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5328",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5328",
    pages = "283--286",
    abstract = "In the current work, we present a description of the system submitted to WMT 2019 News Translation Shared task. The system was created to translate news text from Lithuanian to English. To accomplish the given task, our system used a Word Embedding based Neural Machine Translation model to post edit the outputs generated by a Statistical Machine Translation model. The current paper documents the architecture of our model, descriptions of the various modules and the results produced using the same. Our system garnered a BLEU score of 17.6.",
}
@inproceedings{marchisio-etal-2019-johns,
    title = "{J}ohns {H}opkins University Submission for {WMT} News Translation Task",
    author = "Marchisio, Kelly  and
      Lal, Yash Kumar  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5329",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5329",
    pages = "287--293",
    abstract = "We describe the work of Johns Hopkins University for the shared task of news translation organized by the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (2019). We submitted systems for both directions of the English-German language pair. The systems combine multiple techniques {--} sampling, filtering, iterative backtranslation, and continued training {--} previously used to improve performance of neural machine translation models. At submission time, we achieve a BLEU score of 38.1 for De-En and 42.5 for En-De translation directions on newstest2019. Post-submission, the score is 38.4 for De-En and 42.8 for En-De. Various experiments conducted in the process are also described.",
}
@inproceedings{marie-etal-2019-nicts,
    title = "{NICT}{'}s Unsupervised Neural and Statistical Machine Translation Systems for the {WMT}19 News Translation Task",
    author = "Marie, Benjamin  and
      Sun, Haipeng  and
      Wang, Rui  and
      Chen, Kehai  and
      Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5330",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5330",
    pages = "294--301",
    abstract = "This paper presents the NICT{'}s participation in the WMT19 unsupervised news translation task. We participated in the unsupervised translation direction: German-Czech. Our primary submission to the task is the result of a simple combination of our unsupervised neural and statistical machine translation systems. Our system is ranked first for the German-to-Czech translation task, using only the data provided by the organizers ({``}constraint{'}{''}), according to both BLEU-cased and human evaluation. We also performed contrastive experiments with other language pairs, namely, English-Gujarati and English-Kazakh, to better assess the effectiveness of unsupervised machine translation in for distant language pairs and in truly low-resource conditions.",
}
@inproceedings{molchanov-2019-promt,
    title = "{PROMT} Systems for {WMT} 2019 Shared Translation Task",
    author = "Molchanov, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5331",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5331",
    pages = "302--307",
    abstract = "This paper describes the PROMT submissions for the WMT 2019 Shared News Translation Task. This year we participated in two language pairs and in three directions: English-Russian, English-German and German-English. All our submissions are Marian-based neural systems. We use significantly more data compared to the last year. We also present our improved data filtering pipeline.",
}
@inproceedings{mondal-etal-2019-ju,
    title = "{JU}-{S}aarland Submission to the {WMT}2019 {E}nglish{--}{G}ujarati Translation Shared Task",
    author = "Mondal, Riktim  and
      Nayek, Shankha Raj  and
      Chowdhury, Aditya  and
      Pal, Santanu  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5332",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5332",
    pages = "308--313",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe our joint submission (JU-Saarland) from Jadavpur University and Saarland University in the WMT 2019 news translation shared task for English{--}Gujarati language pair within the translation task sub-track. Our baseline and primary submissions are built using Recurrent neural network (RNN) based neural machine translation (NMT) system which follows attention mechanism. Given the fact that the two languages belong to different language families and there is not enough parallel data for this language pair, building a high quality NMT system for this language pair is a difficult task. We produced synthetic data through back-translation from available monolingual data. We report the translation quality of our English{--}Gujarati and Gujarati{--}English NMT systems trained at word, byte-pair and character encoding levels where RNN at word level is considered as the baseline and used for comparison purpose. Our English{--}Gujarati system ranked in the second position in the shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{ng-etal-2019-facebook,
    title = "{F}acebook {FAIR}{'}s {WMT}19 News Translation Task Submission",
    author = "Ng, Nathan  and
      Yee, Kyra  and
      Baevski, Alexei  and
      Ott, Myle  and
      Auli, Michael  and
      Edunov, Sergey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5333",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5333",
    pages = "314--319",
    abstract = "This paper describes Facebook FAIR{'}s submission to the WMT19 shared news translation task. We participate in four language directions, English {\textless}-{\textgreater} German and English {\textless}-{\textgreater} Russian in both directions. Following our submission from last year, our baseline systems are large BPE-based transformer models trained with the FAIRSEQ sequence modeling toolkit. This year we experiment with different bitext data filtering schemes, as well as with adding filtered back-translated data. We also ensemble and fine-tune our models on domain-specific data, then decode using noisy channel model reranking. Our system improves on our previous system{'}s performance by 4.5 BLEU points and achieves the best case-sensitive BLEU score for the translation direction English→Russian.",
}
@inproceedings{oravecz-etal-2019-etranslations,
    title = "e{T}ranslation{'}s Submissions to the {WMT} 2019 News Translation Task",
    author = "Oravecz, Csaba  and
      Bontcheva, Katina  and
      Lardilleux, Adrien  and
      Tihanyi, L{\'a}szl{\'o}  and
      Eisele, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5334",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5334",
    pages = "320--326",
    abstract = "This paper describes the submissions of the eTranslation team to the WMT 2019 news translation shared task. The systems have been developed with the aim of identifying and following rather than establishing best practices, under the constraints imposed by a low resource training and decoding environment normally used for our production systems. Thus most of the findings and results are transferable to systems used in the eTranslation service. Evaluations suggest that this approach is able to produce decent models with good performance and speed without the overhead of using prohibitively deep and complex architectures.",
}
@inproceedings{pinnis-etal-2019-tildes,
    title = "Tilde{'}s Machine Translation Systems for {WMT} 2019",
    author = "Pinnis, Marcis  and
      Kri{\v{s}}lauks, Rihards  and
      Rikters, Mat{\=\i}ss",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5335",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5335",
    pages = "327--334",
    abstract = "The paper describes the development process of Tilde{'}s NMT systems for the WMT 2019 shared task on news translation. We trained systems for the English-Lithuanian and Lithuanian-English translation directions in constrained and unconstrained tracks. We build upon the best methods of the previous year{'}s competition and combine them with recent advancements in the field. We also present a new method to ensure source domain adherence in back-translated data. Our systems achieved a shared first place in human evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{pirinen-2019-apertium,
    title = "Apertium-fin-eng{--}Rule-based Shallow Machine Translation for {WMT} 2019 Shared Task",
    author = "Pirinen, Tommi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5336",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5336",
    pages = "335--341",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe a rule-based, bi-directional machine translation system for the Finnish{---}English language pair. The baseline system was based on the existing data of FinnWordNet, omorfi and apertium-eng. We have built the disambiguation, lexical selection and translation rules by hand. The dictionaries and rules have been developed based on the shared task data. We describe in this article the use of the shared task data as a kind of a test-driven development workflow in RBMT development and show that it suits perfectly to a modern software engineering continuous integration workflow of RBMT and yields big increases to BLEU scores with minimal effort.",
}
@inproceedings{popel-etal-2019-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-{C}zech Systems in {WMT}19: Document-Level Transformer",
    author = "Popel, Martin  and
      Mach{\'a}{\v{c}}ek, Dominik  and
      Auersperger, Michal  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Pecina, Pavel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5337",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5337",
    pages = "342--348",
    abstract = "We describe our NMT systems submitted to the WMT19 shared task in English→Czech news translation. Our systems are based on the Transformer model implemented in either Tensor2Tensor (T2T) or Marian framework. We aimed at improving the adequacy and coherence of translated documents by enlarging the context of the source and target. Instead of translating each sentence independently, we split the document into possibly overlapping multi-sentence segments. In case of the T2T implementation, this {``}document-level{''}-trained system achieves a +0.6 BLEU improvement (p {\textless} 0.05) relative to the same system applied on isolated sentences. To assess the potential effect document-level models might have on lexical coherence, we performed a semi-automatic analysis, which revealed only a few sentences improved in this aspect. Thus, we cannot draw any conclusions from this week evidence.",
}
@inproceedings{rosendahl-etal-2019-rwth,
    title = "The {RWTH} Aachen University Machine Translation Systems for {WMT} 2019",
    author = "Rosendahl, Jan  and
      Herold, Christian  and
      Kim, Yunsu  and
      Gra{\c{c}}a, Miguel  and
      Wang, Weiyue  and
      Bahar, Parnia  and
      Gao, Yingbo  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5338",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5338",
    pages = "349--355",
    abstract = "This paper describes the neural machine translation systems developed at the RWTH Aachen University for the German-English, Chinese-English and Kazakh-English news translation tasks of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (WMT19). For all tasks, the final submitted system is based on the Transformer architecture. We focus on improving data filtering and fine-tuning as well as systematically evaluating interesting approaches like unigram language model segmentation and transfer learning. For the De-En task, none of the tested methods gave a significant improvement over last years winning system and we end up with the same performance, resulting in 39.6{\%} BLEU on newstest2019. In the Zh-En task, we show 1.3{\%} BLEU improvement over our last year{'}s submission, which we mostly attribute to the splitting of long sentences during translation. We further report results on the Kazakh-English task where we gain improvements of 11.1{\%} BLEU over our baseline system. On the same task we present a recent transfer learning approach, which uses half of the free parameters of our submission system and performs on par with it.",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-cartagena-etal-2019-universitat,
    title = "The {U}niversitat d{'}Alacant Submissions to the {E}nglish-to-{K}azakh News Translation Task at {WMT} 2019",
    author = "S{\'a}nchez-Cartagena, V{\'\i}ctor M.  and
      P{\'e}rez-Ortiz, Juan Antonio  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Mart{\'\i}nez, Felipe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5339",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5339",
    pages = "356--363",
    abstract = "This paper describes the two submissions of Universitat d{'}Alacant to the English-to-Kazakh news translation task at WMT 2019. Our submissions take advantage of monolingual data and parallel data from other language pairs by means of iterative backtranslation, pivot backtranslation and transfer learning. They also use linguistic information in two ways: morphological segmentation of Kazakh text, and integration of the output of a rule-based machine translation system. Our systems were ranked second in terms of chrF++ despite being built from an ensemble of only 2 independent training runs.",
}
@inproceedings{stahlberg-etal-2019-cued,
    title = "CUED@WMT19:EWC{\&}LMs",
    author = "Stahlberg, Felix  and
      Saunders, Danielle  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5340",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5340",
    pages = "364--373",
    abstract = "Two techniques provide the fabric of the Cambridge University Engineering Department{'}s (CUED) entry to the WMT19 evaluation campaign: elastic weight consolidation (EWC) and different forms of language modelling (LMs). We report substantial gains by fine-tuning very strong baselines on former WMT test sets using a combination of checkpoint averaging and EWC. A sentence-level Transformer LM and a document-level LM based on a modified Transformer architecture yield further gains. As in previous years, we also extract n-gram probabilities from SMT lattices which can be seen as a source-conditioned n-gram LM.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2019-baidu,
    title = "{B}aidu Neural Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}19",
    author = "Sun, Meng  and
      Jiang, Bojian  and
      Xiong, Hao  and
      He, Zhongjun  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      Wang, Haifeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5341",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5341",
    pages = "374--381",
    abstract = "In this paper we introduce the systems Baidu submitted for the WMT19 shared task on Chinese{\textless}-{\textgreater}English news translation. Our systems are based on the Transformer architecture with some effective improvements. Data selection, back translation, data augmentation, knowledge distillation, domain adaptation, model ensemble and re-ranking are employed and proven effective in our experiments. Our Chinese-{\textgreater}English system achieved the highest case-sensitive BLEU score among all constrained submissions, and our English-{\textgreater}Chinese system ranked the second in all submissions.",
}
@inproceedings{tattar-etal-2019-university,
    title = "University of Tartu{'}s Multilingual Multi-domain {WMT}19 News Translation Shared Task Submission",
    author = {T{\"a}ttar, Andre  and
      Korotkova, Elizaveta  and
      Fishel, Mark},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5342",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5342",
    pages = "382--385",
    abstract = "This paper describes the University of Tartu{'}s submission to the news translation shared task of WMT19, where the core idea was to train a single multilingual system to cover several language pairs of the shared task and submit its results. We only used the constrained data from the shared task. We describe our approach and its results and discuss the technical issues we faced.",
}
@inproceedings{toral-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation for {E}nglish{--}{K}azakh with Morphological Segmentation and Synthetic Data",
    author = "Toral, Antonio  and
      Edman, Lukas  and
      Yeshmagambetova, Galiya  and
      Spenader, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5343",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5343",
    pages = "386--392",
    abstract = "This paper presents the systems submitted by the University of Groningen to the English{--} Kazakh language pair (both translation direc- tions) for the WMT 2019 news translation task. We explore the potential benefits of (i) morpho- logical segmentation (both unsupervised and rule-based), given the agglutinative nature of Kazakh, (ii) data from two addi- tional languages (Turkish and Russian), given the scarcity of English{--}Kazakh data and (iii) synthetic data, both for the source and for the target language. Our best sub- missions ranked second for Kazakh→English and third for English→Kazakh in terms of the BLEU automatic evaluation metric.",
}
@inproceedings{stojanovski-etal-2019-lmu,
    title = "The {LMU} Munich Unsupervised Machine Translation System for {WMT}19",
    author = "Stojanovski, Dario  and
      Hangya, Viktor  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5344",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5344",
    pages = "393--399",
    abstract = "We describe LMU Munich{'}s machine translation system for German→Czech translation which was used to participate in the WMT19 shared task on unsupervised news translation. We train our model using monolingual data only from both languages. The final model is an unsupervised neural model using established techniques for unsupervised translation such as denoising autoencoding and online back-translation. We bootstrap the model with masked language model pretraining and enhance it with back-translations from an unsupervised phrase-based system which is itself bootstrapped using unsupervised bilingual word embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{stojanovski-fraser-2019-combining,
    title = "Combining Local and Document-Level Context: The {LMU} Munich Neural Machine Translation System at {WMT}19",
    author = "Stojanovski, Dario  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5345",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5345",
    pages = "400--406",
    abstract = "We describe LMU Munich{'}s machine translation system for English→German translation which was used to participate in the WMT19 shared task on supervised news translation. We specifically participated in the document-level MT track. The system used as a primary submission is a context-aware Transformer capable of both rich modeling of limited contextual information and integration of large-scale document-level context with a less rich representation. We train this model by fine-tuning a big Transformer baseline. Our experimental results show that document-level context provides for large improvements in translation quality, and adding a rich representation of the previous sentence provides a small additional gain.",
}
@inproceedings{sen-etal-2019-iitp,
    title = "{IITP}-{MT} System for {G}ujarati-{E}nglish News Translation Task at {WMT} 2019",
    author = "Sen, Sukanta  and
      Gupta, Kamal Kumar  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5346",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5346",
    pages = "407--411",
    abstract = "We describe our submission to WMT 2019 News translation shared task for Gujarati-English language pair. We submit constrained systems, i.e, we rely on the data provided for this language pair and do not use any external data. We train Transformer based subword-level neural machine translation (NMT) system using original parallel corpus along with synthetic parallel corpus obtained through back-translation of monolingual data. Our primary systems achieve BLEU scores of 10.4 and 8.1 for Gujarati→English and English→Gujarati, respectively. We observe that incorporating monolingual data through back-translation improves the BLEU score significantly over baseline NMT and SMT systems for this language pair.",
}
@inproceedings{talman-etal-2019-university,
    title = "The University of {H}elsinki Submissions to the {WMT}19 News Translation Task",
    author = {Talman, Aarne  and
      Sulubacak, Umut  and
      V{\'a}zquez, Ra{\'u}l  and
      Scherrer, Yves  and
      Virpioja, Sami  and
      Raganato, Alessandro  and
      Hurskainen, Arvi  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5347",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5347",
    pages = "412--423",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the University of Helsinki submissions to the WMT 2019 shared news translation task in three language pairs: English-German, English-Finnish and Finnish-English. This year we focused first on cleaning and filtering the training data using multiple data-filtering approaches, resulting in much smaller and cleaner training sets. For English-German we trained both sentence-level transformer models as well as compared different document-level translation approaches. For Finnish-English and English-Finnish we focused on different segmentation approaches and we also included a rule-based system for English-Finnish.",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2019-microsoft,
    title = "{M}icrosoft Research Asia{'}s Systems for {WMT}19",
    author = "Xia, Yingce  and
      Tan, Xu  and
      Tian, Fei  and
      Gao, Fei  and
      He, Di  and
      Chen, Weicong  and
      Fan, Yang  and
      Gong, Linyuan  and
      Leng, Yichong  and
      Luo, Renqian  and
      Wang, Yiren  and
      Wu, Lijun  and
      Zhu, Jinhua  and
      Qin, Tao  and
      Liu, Tie-Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5348",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5348",
    pages = "424--433",
    abstract = "We Microsoft Research Asia made submissions to 11 language directions in the WMT19 news translation tasks. We won the first place for 8 of the 11 directions and the second place for the other three. Our basic systems are built on Transformer, back translation and knowledge distillation. We integrate several of our rececent techniques to enhance the baseline systems: multi-agent dual learning (MADL), masked sequence-to-sequence pre-training (MASS), neural architecture optimization (NAO), and soft contextual data augmentation (SCA).",
}
@inproceedings{yu-2019-en,
    title = "The En-{R}u Two-way Integrated Machine Translation System Based on Transformer",
    author = "Yu, Doron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5349",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5349",
    pages = "434--439",
    abstract = "Machine translation is one of the most popular areas in natural language processing. WMT is a conference to assess the level of machine translation capabilities of organizations around the world, which is the evaluation activity we participated in. In this review we participated in a two-way translation track from Russian to English and English to Russian. We used official training data, 38 million parallel corpora, and 10 million monolingual corpora. The overall framework we use is the Transformer neural machine translation model, supplemented by data filtering, post-processing, reordering and other related processing methods. The BLEU value of our final translation result from Russian to English is 38.7, ranking 5th, while from English to Russian is 27.8, ranking 10th.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-van-genabith-2019-dfki,
    title = "{DFKI}-{NMT} Submission to the {WMT}19 News Translation Task",
    author = "Zhang, Jingyi  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5350",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5350",
    pages = "440--444",
    abstract = "This paper describes the DFKI-NMT submission to the WMT19 News translation task. We participated in both English-to-German and German-to-English directions. We trained Transformer models and adopted various techniques for effectively training our models, including data selection, back-translation and in-domain fine-tuning. We give a detailed analysis of the performance of our system.",
}
@inproceedings{avramidis-etal-2019-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Evaluation of {G}erman-{E}nglish Machine Translation Using a Test Suite",
    author = "Avramidis, Eleftherios  and
      Macketanz, Vivien  and
      Strohriegel, Ursula  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5351",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5351",
    pages = "445--454",
    abstract = "We present the results of the application of a grammatical test suite for German-to-English MT on the systems submitted at WMT19, with a detailed analysis for 107 phenomena organized in 14 categories. The systems still translate wrong one out of four test items in average. Low performance is indicated for idioms, modals, pseudo-clefts, multi-word expressions and verb valency. When compared to last year, there has been a improvement of function words, non verbal agreement and punctuation. More detailed conclusions about particular systems and phenomena are also presented.",
}
@inproceedings{rysova-etal-2019-test,
    title = "A Test Suite and Manual Evaluation of Document-Level {NMT} at {WMT}19",
    author = "Rysov{\'a}, Kate{\v{r}}ina  and
      Rysov{\'a}, Magdal{\'e}na  and
      Musil, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}}  and
      Pol{\'a}kov{\'a}, Lucie  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5352",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5352",
    pages = "455--463",
    abstract = "As the quality of machine translation rises and neural machine translation (NMT) is moving from sentence to document level translations, it is becoming increasingly difficult to evaluate the output of translation systems. We provide a test suite for WMT19 aimed at assessing discourse phenomena of MT systems participating in the News Translation Task. We have manually checked the outputs and identified types of translation errors that are relevant to document-level translation.",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-2019-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Conjunction Disambiguation on {E}nglish-to-{G}erman and {F}rench-to-{G}erman {WMT} 2019 Translation Hypotheses",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5353",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5353",
    pages = "464--469",
    abstract = "We present a test set for evaluating an MT system{'}s capability to translate ambiguous conjunctions depending on the sentence structure. We concentrate on the English conjunction {``}but{''} and its French equivalent {``}mais{''} which can be translated into two different German conjunctions. We evaluate all English-to-German and French-to-German submissions to the WMT 2019 shared translation task. The evaluation is done mainly automatically, with additional fast manual inspection of unclear cases. All systems almost perfectly recognise the target conjunction {``}aber{''}, whereas accuracies for the other target conjunction {``}sondern{''} range from 78{\%} to 97{\%}, and the errors are mostly caused by replacing it with the alternative conjunction {``}aber{''}. The best performing system for both language pairs is a multilingual Transformer {``}TartuNLP{''} system trained on all WMT 2019 language pairs which use the Latin script, indicating that the multilingual approach is beneficial for conjunction disambiguation. As for other system features, such as using synthetic back-translated data, context-aware, hybrid, etc., no particular (dis)advantages can be observed. Qualitative manual inspection of translation hypotheses shown that highly ranked systems generally produce translations with high adequacy and fluency, meaning that these systems are not only capable of capturing the right conjunction whereas the rest of the translation hypothesis is poor. On the other hand, the low ranked systems generally exhibit lower fluency and poor adequacy.",
}
@inproceedings{raganato-etal-2019-mucow,
    title = "The {M}u{C}o{W} Test Suite at {WMT} 2019: Automatically Harvested Multilingual Contrastive Word Sense Disambiguation Test Sets for Machine Translation",
    author = {Raganato, Alessandro  and
      Scherrer, Yves  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5354",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5354",
    pages = "470--480",
    abstract = "Supervised Neural Machine Translation (NMT) systems currently achieve impressive translation quality for many language pairs. One of the key features of a correct translation is the ability to perform word sense disambiguation (WSD), i.e., to translate an ambiguous word with its correct sense. Existing evaluation benchmarks on WSD capabilities of translation systems rely heavily on manual work and cover only few language pairs and few word types. We present MuCoW, a multilingual contrastive test suite that covers 16 language pairs with more than 200 thousand contrastive sentence pairs, automatically built from word-aligned parallel corpora and the wide-coverage multilingual sense inventory of BabelNet. We evaluate the quality of the ambiguity lexicons and of the resulting test suite on all submissions from 9 language pairs presented in the WMT19 news shared translation task, plus on other 5 language pairs using NMT pretrained models. The MuCoW test suite is available at http://github.com/Helsinki-NLP/MuCoW.",
}
@inproceedings{vojtechova-etal-2019-sao,
    title = "{SAO} {WMT}19 Test Suite: Machine Translation of Audit Reports",
    author = "Vojt{\v{e}}chov{\'a}, Tereza  and
      Nov{\'a}k, Michal  and
      Klou{\v{c}}ek, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5355",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5355",
    pages = "481--493",
    abstract = "This paper describes a machine translation test set of documents from the auditing domain and its use as one of the {``}test suites{''} in the WMT19 News Translation Task for translation directions involving Czech, English and German. Our evaluation suggests that current MT systems optimized for the general news domain can perform quite well even in the particular domain of audit reports. The detailed manual evaluation however indicates that deep factual knowledge of the domain is necessary. For the naked eye of a non-expert, translations by many systems seem almost perfect and automatic MT evaluation with one reference is practically useless for considering these details. Furthermore, we show on a sample document from the domain of agreements that even the best systems completely fail in preserving the semantics of the agreement, namely the identity of the parties.",
}
@inproceedings{chow-etal-2019-wmdo,
    title = "{WMDO}: Fluency-based Word Mover{'}s Distance for Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Chow, Julian  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Madhyastha, Pranava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5356",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5356",
    pages = "494--500",
    abstract = "We propose WMDO, a metric based on distance between distributions in the semantic vector space. Matching in the semantic space has been investigated for translation evaluation, but the constraints of a translation{'}s word order have not been fully explored. Building on the Word Mover{'}s Distance metric and various word embeddings, we introduce a fragmentation penalty to account for fluency of a translation. This word order extension is shown to perform better than standard WMD, with promising results against other types of metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{guo-hu-2019-meteor,
    title = "Meteor++ 2.0: Adopt Syntactic Level Paraphrase Knowledge into Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Guo, Yinuo  and
      Hu, Junfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5357",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5357",
    pages = "501--506",
    abstract = "This paper describes Meteor++ 2.0, our submission to the WMT19 Metric Shared Task. The well known Meteor metric improves machine translation evaluation by introducing paraphrase knowledge. However, it only focuses on the lexical level and utilizes consecutive n-grams paraphrases. In this work, we take into consideration syntactic level paraphrase knowledge, which sometimes may be skip-grams. We describe how such knowledge can be extracted from Paraphrase Database (PPDB) and integrated into Meteor-based metrics. Experiments on WMT15 and WMT17 evaluation datasets show that the newly proposed metric outperforms all previous versions of Meteor.",
}
@inproceedings{lo-2019-yisi,
    title = "{Y}i{S}i - a Unified Semantic {MT} Quality Evaluation and Estimation Metric for Languages with Different Levels of Available Resources",
    author = "Lo, Chi-kiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5358",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5358",
    pages = "507--513",
    abstract = "We present YiSi, a unified automatic semantic machine translation quality evaluation and estimation metric for languages with different levels of available resources. Underneath the interface with different language resources settings, YiSi uses the same representation for the two sentences in assessment. Besides, we show significant improvement in the correlation of YiSi-1{'}s scores with human judgment is made by using contextual embeddings in multilingual BERT{--}Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers to evaluate lexical semantic similarity. YiSi is open source and publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{stanchev-etal-2019-eed,
    title = "{EED}: Extended Edit Distance Measure for Machine Translation",
    author = "Stanchev, Peter  and
      Wang, Weiyue  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5359",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5359",
    pages = "514--520",
    abstract = "Over the years a number of machine translation metrics have been developed in order to evaluate the accuracy and quality of machine-generated translations. Metrics such as BLEU and TER have been used for decades. However, with the rapid progress of machine translation systems, the need for better metrics is growing. This paper proposes an extension of the edit distance, which achieves better human correlation, whilst remaining fast, flexible and easy to understand.",
}
@inproceedings{yoshimura-etal-2019-filtering,
    title = "Filtering Pseudo-References by Paraphrasing for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation",
    author = "Yoshimura, Ryoma  and
      Shimanaka, Hiroki  and
      Matsumura, Yukio  and
      Yamagishi, Hayahide  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5360",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5360",
    pages = "521--525",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce our participation in the WMT 2019 Metric Shared Task. We propose an improved version of sentence BLEU using filtered pseudo-references. We propose a method to filter pseudo-references by paraphrasing for automatic evaluation of machine translation (MT). We use the outputs of off-the-shelf MT systems as pseudo-references filtered by paraphrasing in addition to a single human reference (gold reference). We use BERT fine-tuned with paraphrase corpus to filter pseudo-references by checking the paraphrasability with the gold reference. Our experimental results of the WMT 2016 and 2017 datasets show that our method achieved higher correlation with human evaluation than the sentence BLEU (SentBLEU) baselines with a single reference and with unfiltered pseudo-references.",
}
@inproceedings{berard-etal-2019-naver,
    title = "Naver Labs {E}urope{'}s Systems for the {WMT}19 Machine Translation Robustness Task",
    author = "Berard, Alexandre  and
      Calapodescu, Ioan  and
      Roux, Claude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5361",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5361",
    pages = "526--532",
    abstract = "This paper describes the systems that we submitted to the WMT19 Machine Translation robustness task. This task aims to improve MT{'}s robustness to noise found on social media, like informal language, spelling mistakes and other orthographic variations. The organizers provide parallel data extracted from a social media website in two language pairs: French-English and Japanese-English (one for each language direction). The goal is to obtain the best scores on unseen test sets from the same source, according to automatic metrics (BLEU) and human evaluation. We propose one single and one ensemble system for each translation direction. Our ensemble models ranked first in all language pairs, according to BLEU evaluation. We discuss the pre-processing choices that we made, and present our solutions for robustness to noise and domain adaptation.",
}
@inproceedings{dabre-sumita-2019-nicts,
    title = "{NICT}{'}s Supervised Neural Machine Translation Systems for the {WMT}19 Translation Robustness Task",
    author = "Dabre, Raj  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5362",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5362",
    pages = "533--536",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe our neural machine translation (NMT) systems for Japanese↔English translation which we submitted to the translation robustness task. We focused on leveraging transfer learning via fine tuning to improve translation quality. We used a fairly well established domain adaptation technique called Mixed Fine Tuning (MFT) (Chu et. al., 2017) to improve translation quality for Japanese↔English. We also trained bi-directional NMT models instead of uni-directional ones as the former are known to be quite robust, especially in low-resource scenarios. However, given the noisy nature of the in-domain training data, the improvements we obtained are rather modest.",
}
@inproceedings{grozea-2019-system,
    title = "System Description: The Submission of {FOKUS} to the {WMT} 19 Robustness Task",
    author = "Grozea, Cristian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5363",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5363",
    pages = "537--538",
    abstract = "This paper describes the systems of Fraunhofer FOKUS for the WMT 2019 machine translation robustness task. We have made submissions to the EN-FR, FR-EN, and JA-EN language pairs. The first two were made with a baseline translator, trained on clean data for the WMT 2019 biomedical translation task. These baselines improved over the baselines from the MTNT paper by 2 to 4 BLEU points, but where not trained on the same data. The last one used the same model class and training procedure, with induced typos in the training data to increase the model robustness.",
}
@inproceedings{helcl-etal-2019-cuni,
    title = "{CUNI} System for the {WMT}19 Robustness Task",
    author = "Helcl, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Libovick{\'y}, Jind{\v{r}}ich  and
      Popel, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5364",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5364",
    pages = "539--543",
    abstract = "We present our submission to the WMT19 Robustness Task. Our baseline system is the Charles University (CUNI) Transformer system trained for the WMT18 shared task on News Translation. Quantitative results show that the CUNI Transformer system is already far more robust to noisy input than the LSTM-based baseline provided by the task organizers. We further improved the performance of our model by fine-tuning on the in-domain noisy data without influencing the translation quality on the news domain.",
}
@inproceedings{murakami-etal-2019-ntts,
    title = "{NTT}{'}s Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}19 Robustness Task",
    author = "Murakami, Soichiro  and
      Morishita, Makoto  and
      Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5365",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5365",
    pages = "544--551",
    abstract = "This paper describes NTT{'}s submission to the WMT19 robustness task. This task mainly focuses on translating noisy text (e.g., posts on Twitter), which presents different difficulties from typical translation tasks such as news. Our submission combined techniques including utilization of a synthetic corpus, domain adaptation, and a placeholder mechanism, which significantly improved over the previous baseline. Experimental results revealed the placeholder mechanism, which temporarily replaces the non-standard tokens including emojis and emoticons with special placeholder tokens during translation, improves translation accuracy even with noisy texts.",
}
@inproceedings{post-duh-2019-jhu,
    title = "{JHU} 2019 Robustness Task System Description",
    author = "Post, Matt  and
      Duh, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5366",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5366",
    pages = "552--558",
    abstract = "We describe the JHU submissions to the French{--}English, Japanese{--}English, and English{--}Japanese Robustness Task at WMT 2019. Our goal was to evaluate the performance of baseline systems on both the official noisy test set as well as news data, in order to ensure that performance gains in the latter did not come at the expense of general-domain performance. To this end, we built straightforward 6-layer Transformer models and experimented with a handful of variables including subword processing (FR→EN) and a handful of hyperparameters settings (JA↔EN). As expected, our systems performed reasonably.",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-etal-2019-robust,
    title = "Robust Machine Translation with Domain Sensitive Pseudo-Sources: {B}aidu-{OSU} {WMT}19 {MT} Robustness Shared Task System Report",
    author = "Zheng, Renjie  and
      Liu, Hairong  and
      Ma, Mingbo  and
      Zheng, Baigong  and
      Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5367",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5367",
    pages = "559--564",
    abstract = "This paper describes the machine translation system developed jointly by Baidu Research and Oregon State University for WMT 2019 Machine Translation Robustness Shared Task. Translation of social media is a very challenging problem, since its style is very different from normal parallel corpora (e.g. News) and also include various types of noises. To make it worse, the amount of social media parallel corpora is extremely limited. In this paper, we use a domain sensitive training method which leverages a large amount of parallel data from popular domains together with a little amount of parallel data from social media. Furthermore, we generate a parallel dataset with pseudo noisy source sentences which are back-translated from monolingual data using a model trained by a similar domain sensitive way. In this way, we achieve more than 10 BLEU improvement in both En-Fr and Fr-En translation compared with the baseline methods.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Robustness of Neural Machine Translation with Multi-task Learning",
    author = "Zhou, Shuyan  and
      Zeng, Xiangkai  and
      Zhou, Yingqi  and
      Anastasopoulos, Antonios  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5368",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5368",
    pages = "565--571",
    abstract = "While neural machine translation (NMT) achieves remarkable performance on clean, in-domain text, performance is known to degrade drastically when facing text which is full of typos, grammatical errors and other varieties of noise. In this work, we propose a multi-task learning algorithm for transformer-based MT systems that is more resilient to this noise. We describe our submission to the WMT 2019 Robustness shared task based on this method. Our model achieves a BLEU score of 32.8 on the shared task French to English dataset, which is 7.1 BLEU points higher than the baseline vanilla transformer trained with clean text.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-machine-translation-3,
    title = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    author = "Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Fishel, Mark  and
      Graham, Yvette  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Yepes, Antonio Jimeno  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e}  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      N{\'e}v{\'e}ol, Aur{\'e}lie  and
      Neves, Mariana  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5400",
}
@inproceedings{fonseca-etal-2019-findings,
    title = "Findings of the {WMT} 2019 Shared Tasks on Quality Estimation",
    author = "Fonseca, Erick  and
      Yankovskaya, Lisa  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.  and
      Fishel, Mark  and
      Federmann, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5401",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "We report the results of the WMT19 shared task on Quality Estimation, i.e. the task of predicting the quality of the output of machine translation systems given just the source text and the hypothesis translations. The task includes estimation at three granularity levels: word, sentence and document. A novel addition is evaluating sentence-level QE against human judgments: in other words, designing MT metrics that do not need a reference translation. This year we include three language pairs, produced solely by neural machine translation systems. Participating teams from eleven institutions submitted a variety of systems to different task variants and language pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{chatterjee-etal-2019-findings,
    title = "Findings of the {WMT} 2019 Shared Task on Automatic Post-Editing",
    author = "Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Turchi, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5402",
    pages = "11--28",
    abstract = "We present the results from the 5th round of the WMT task on MT Automatic Post-Editing. The task consists in automatically correcting the output of a {``}black-box{''} machine translation system by learning from human corrections. Keeping the same general evaluation setting of the previous four rounds, this year we focused on two language pairs (English-German and English-Russian) and on domain-specific data (In-formation Technology). For both the language directions, MT outputs were produced by neural systems unknown to par-ticipants. Seven teams participated in the English-German task, with a total of 18 submitted runs. The evaluation, which was performed on the same test set used for the 2018 round, shows a slight progress in APE technology: 4 teams achieved better results than last year{'}s winning system, with improvements up to -0.78 TER and +1.23 BLEU points over the baseline. Two teams participated in theEnglish-Russian task submitting 2 runs each. On this new language direction, characterized by a higher quality of the original translations, the task proved to be particularly challenging. None of the submitted runs improved the very high results of the strong system used to produce the initial translations(16.16 TER, 76.20 BLEU).",
}
@inproceedings{bawden-etal-2019-findings,
    title = "Findings of the {WMT} 2019 Biomedical Translation Shared Task: Evaluation for {MEDLINE} Abstracts and Biomedical Terminologies",
    author = "Bawden, Rachel  and
      Bretonnel Cohen, Kevin  and
      Grozea, Cristian  and
      Jimeno Yepes, Antonio  and
      Kittner, Madeleine  and
      Krallinger, Martin  and
      Mah, Nancy  and
      Neveol, Aurelie  and
      Neves, Mariana  and
      Soares, Felipe  and
      Siu, Amy  and
      Verspoor, Karin  and
      Vicente Navarro, Maika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5403",
    pages = "29--53",
    abstract = "In the fourth edition of the WMT Biomedical Translation task, we considered a total of six languages, namely Chinese (zh), English (en), French (fr), German (de), Portuguese (pt), and Spanish (es). We performed an evaluation of automatic translations for a total of 10 language directions, namely, zh/en, en/zh, fr/en, en/fr, de/en, en/de, pt/en, en/pt, es/en, and en/es. We provided training data based on MEDLINE abstracts for eight of the 10 language pairs and test sets for all of them. In addition to that, we offered a new sub-task for the translation of terms in biomedical terminologies for the en/es language direction. Higher BLEU scores (close to 0.5) were obtained for the es/en, en/es and en/pt test sets, as well as for the terminology sub-task. After manual validation of the primary runs, some submissions were judged to be better than the reference translations, for instance, for de/en, en/es and es/en.",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-etal-2019-findings,
    title = "Findings of the {WMT} 2019 Shared Task on Parallel Corpus Filtering for Low-Resource Conditions",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Guzm{\'a}n, Francisco  and
      Chaudhary, Vishrav  and
      Pino, Juan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5404",
    pages = "54--72",
    abstract = "Following the WMT 2018 Shared Task on Parallel Corpus Filtering, we posed the challenge of assigning sentence-level quality scores for very noisy corpora of sentence pairs crawled from the web, with the goal of sub-selecting 2{\%} and 10{\%} of the highest-quality data to be used to train machine translation systems. This year, the task tackled the low resource condition of Nepali-English and Sinhala-English. Eleven participants from companies, national research labs, and universities participated in this task.",
}
@inproceedings{bicici-2019-rtm,
    title = "{RTM} Stacking Results for Machine Translation Performance Prediction",
    author = "Bi{\c{c}}ici, Ergun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5405",
    pages = "73--77",
    abstract = "We obtain new results using referential translation machines with increased number of learning models in the set of results that are stacked to obtain a better mixture of experts prediction. We combine features extracted from the word-level predictions with the sentence- or document-level features, which significantly improve the results on the training sets but decrease the test set results.",
}
@inproceedings{kepler-etal-2019-unbabels,
    title = "Unbabel{'}s Participation in the {WMT}19 Translation Quality Estimation Shared Task",
    author = "Kepler, Fabio  and
      Tr{\'e}nous, Jonay  and
      Treviso, Marcos  and
      Vera, Miguel  and
      G{\'o}is, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Farajian, M. Amin  and
      Lopes, Ant{\'o}nio V.  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5406",
    pages = "78--84",
    abstract = "We present the contribution of the Unbabel team to the WMT 2019 Shared Task on Quality Estimation. We participated on the word, sentence, and document-level tracks, encompassing 3 language pairs: English-German, English-Russian, and English-French. Our submissions build upon the recent OpenKiwi framework: We combine linear, neural, and predictor-estimator systems with new transfer learning approaches using BERT and XLM pre-trained models. We compare systems individually and propose new ensemble techniques for word and sentence-level predictions. We also propose a simple technique for converting word labels into document-level predictions. Overall, our submitted systems achieve the best results on all tracks and language pairs by a considerable margin.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2019-qe,
    title = "{QE} {BERT}: Bilingual {BERT} Using Multi-task Learning for Neural Quality Estimation",
    author = "Kim, Hyun  and
      Lim, Joon-Ho  and
      Kim, Hyun-Ki  and
      Na, Seung-Hoon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5407",
    pages = "85--89",
    abstract = "For translation quality estimation at word and sentence levels, this paper presents a novel approach based on BERT that recently has achieved impressive results on various natural language processing tasks. Our proposed model is re-purposed BERT for the translation quality estimation and uses multi-task learning for the sentence-level task and word-level subtasks (i.e., source word, target word, and target gap). Experimental results on Quality Estimation shared task of WMT19 show that our systems show competitive results and provide significant improvements over the baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{mosyagin-logacheva-2019-mipt,
    title = "{MIPT} System for World-Level Quality Estimation",
    author = "Mosyagin, Mikhail  and
      Logacheva, Varvara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5408",
    pages = "90--94",
    abstract = "We explore different model architectures for the WMT 19 shared task on word-level quality estimation of automatic translation. We start with a model similar to Shef-bRNN, which we modify by using conditional random fields for sequence labelling. Additionally, we use a different approach for labelling gaps and source words. We further develop this model by including features from different sources such as BERT, baseline features for the task and transformer encoders. We evaluate the performance of our models on the English-German dataset for the corresponding shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{qi-2019-nju,
    title = "{NJU} Submissions for the {WMT}19 Quality Estimation Shared Task",
    author = "Qi, Hou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5409",
    pages = "95--100",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the submissions of the team from Nanjing University for the WMT19 sentence-level Quality Estimation (QE) shared task on English-German language pair. We develop two approaches based on a two-stage neural QE model consisting of a feature extractor and a quality estimator. More specifically, one of the proposed approaches employs the translation knowledge between the two languages from two different translation directions; while the other one employs extra monolingual knowledge from both source and target sides, obtained by pre-training deep self-attention networks. To efficiently train these two-stage models, a joint learning training method is applied. Experiments show that the ensemble model of the above two models achieves the best results on the benchmark dataset of the WMT17 sentence-level QE shared task and obtains competitive results in WMT19, ranking 3rd out of 10 submissions.",
}
@inproceedings{yankovskaya-etal-2019-quality,
    title = "Quality Estimation and Translation Metrics via Pre-trained Word and Sentence Embeddings",
    author = {Yankovskaya, Elizaveta  and
      T{\"a}ttar, Andre  and
      Fishel, Mark},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5410",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5410",
    pages = "101--105",
    abstract = "We propose the use of pre-trained embeddings as features of a regression model for sentence-level quality estimation of machine translation. In our work we combine freely available BERT and LASER multilingual embeddings to train a neural-based regression model. In the second proposed method we use as an input features not only pre-trained embeddings, but also log probability of any machine translation (MT) system. Both methods are applied to several language pairs and are evaluated both as a classical quality estimation system (predicting the HTER score) as well as an MT metric (predicting human judgements of translation quality).",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2019-source,
    title = "{SOURCE}: {SOUR}ce-Conditional Elmo-style Model for Machine Translation Quality Estimation",
    author = "Zhou, Junpei  and
      Zhang, Zhisong  and
      Hu, Zecong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5411",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5411",
    pages = "106--111",
    abstract = "Quality estimation (QE) of machine translation (MT) systems is a task of growing importance. It reduces the cost of post-editing, allowing machine-translated text to be used in formal occasions. In this work, we describe our submission system in WMT 2019 sentence-level QE task. We mainly explore the utilization of pre-trained translation models in QE and adopt a bi-directional translation-like strategy. The strategy is similar to ELMo, but additionally conditions on source sentences. Experiments on WMT QE dataset show that our strategy, which makes the pre-training slightly harder, can bring improvements for QE. In WMT-2019 QE task, our system ranked in the second place on En-De NMT dataset and the third place on En-Ru NMT dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2019-transformer,
    title = "Transformer-based Automatic Post-Editing Model with Joint Encoder and Multi-source Attention of Decoder",
    author = "Lee, WonKee  and
      Shin, Jaehun  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5412",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5412",
    pages = "112--117",
    abstract = "This paper describes POSTECH{'}s submission to the WMT 2019 shared task on Automatic Post-Editing (APE). In this paper, we propose a new multi-source APE model by extending Transformer. The main contributions of our study are that we 1) reconstruct the encoder to generate a joint representation of translation (mt) and its src context, in addition to the conventional src encoding and 2) suggest two types of multi-source attention layers to compute attention between two outputs of the encoder and the decoder state in the decoder. Furthermore, we train our model by applying various teacher-forcing ratios to alleviate exposure bias. Finally, we adopt the ensemble technique across variations of our model. Experiments on the WMT19 English-German APE data set show improvements in terms of both TER and BLEU scores over the baseline. Our primary submission achieves -0.73 in TER and +1.49 in BLEU compare to the baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{lopes-etal-2019-unbabels,
    title = "Unbabel{'}s Submission to the {WMT}2019 {APE} Shared Task: {BERT}-Based Encoder-Decoder for Automatic Post-Editing",
    author = "Lopes, Ant{\'o}nio V.  and
      Farajian, M. Amin  and
      Correia, Gon{\c{c}}alo M.  and
      Tr{\'e}nous, Jonay  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5413",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5413",
    pages = "118--123",
    abstract = "This paper describes Unbabel{'}s submission to the WMT2019 APE Shared Task for the English-German language pair. Following the recent rise of large, powerful, pre-trained models, we adapt the BERT pretrained model to perform Automatic Post-Editing in an encoder-decoder framework. Analogously to dual-encoder architectures we develop a BERT-based encoder-decoder (BED) model in which a single pretrained BERT encoder receives both the source src and machine translation mt strings. Furthermore, we explore a conservativeness factor to constrain the APE system to perform fewer edits. As the official results show, when trained on a weighted combination of in-domain and artificial training data, our BED system with the conservativeness penalty improves significantly the translations of a strong NMT system by -0.78 and +1.23 in terms of TER and BLEU, respectively. Finally, our submission achieves a new state-of-the-art, ex-aequo, in English-German APE of NMT.",
}
@inproceedings{pal-etal-2019-usaar,
    title = "{USAAR}-{DFKI} {--} The Transference Architecture for {E}nglish{--}{G}erman Automatic Post-Editing",
    author = {Pal, Santanu  and
      Xu, Hongfei  and
      Herbig, Nico  and
      Kr{\"u}ger, Antonio  and
      van Genabith, Josef},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5414",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5414",
    pages = "124--131",
    abstract = "In this paper we present an English{--}German Automatic Post-Editing (APE) system called transference, submitted to the APE Task organized at WMT 2019. Our transference model is based on a multi-encoder transformer architecture. Unlike previous approaches, it (i) uses a transformer encoder block for src, (ii) followed by a transformer decoder block, but without masking, for self-attention on mt, which effectively acts as second encoder combining src {--}{\textgreater} mt, and (iii) feeds this representation into a final decoder block generating pe. Our model improves over the raw black-box neural machine translation system by 0.9 and 1.0 absolute BLEU points on the WMT 2019 APE development and test set. Our submission ranked 3rd, however compared to the two top systems, performance differences are not statistically significant.",
}
@inproceedings{shterionov-etal-2019-ape,
    title = "{APE} through Neural and Statistical {MT} with Augmented Data. {ADAPT}/{DCU} Submission to the {WMT} 2019 {APE} Shared Task",
    author = "Shterionov, Dimitar  and
      Wagner, Joachim  and
      do Carmo, F{\'e}lix",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5415",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5415",
    pages = "132--138",
    abstract = "Automatic post-editing (APE) can be reduced to a machine translation (MT) task, where the source is the output of a specific MT system and the target is its post-edited variant. However, this approach does not consider context information that can be found in the original source of the MT system. Thus a better approach is to employ multi-source MT, where two input sequences are considered {--} the one being the original source and the other being the MT output. Extra context information can be introduced in the form of extra tokens that identify certain global property of a group of segments, added as a prefix or a suffix to each segment. Successfully applied in domain adaptation of MT as well as on APE, this technique deserves further attention. In this work we investigate multi-source neural APE (or NPE) systems with training data which has been augmented with two types of extra context tokens. We experiment with authentic and synthetic data provided by WMT 2019 and submit our results to the APE shared task. We also experiment with using statistical machine translation (SMT) methods for APE. While our systems score bellow the baseline, we consider this work a step towards understanding the added value of extra context in the case of APE.",
}
@inproceedings{tebbifakhr-etal-2019-effort,
    title = "Effort-Aware Neural Automatic Post-Editing",
    author = "Tebbifakhr, Amirhossein  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Turchi, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5416",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5416",
    pages = "139--144",
    abstract = "For this round of the WMT 2019 APE shared task, our submission focuses on addressing the {``}over-correction{''} problem in APE. Over-correction occurs when the APE system tends to rephrase an already correct MT output, and the resulting sentence is penalized by a reference-based evaluation against human post-edits. Our intuition is that this problem can be prevented by informing the system about the predicted quality of the MT output or, in other terms, the expected amount of needed corrections. For this purpose, following the common approach in multilingual NMT, we prepend a special token to the beginning of both the source text and the MT output indicating the required amount of post-editing. Following the best submissions to the WMT 2018 APE shared task, our backbone architecture is based on multi-source Transformer to encode both the MT output and the corresponding source text. We participated both in the English-German and English-Russian subtasks. In the first subtask, our best submission improved the original MT output quality up to +0.98 BLEU and -0.47 TER. In the second subtask, where the higher quality of the MT output increases the risk of over-correction, none of our submitted runs was able to improve the MT output.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2019-uds,
    title = "{U}d{S} Submission for the {WMT} 19 Automatic Post-Editing Task",
    author = "Xu, Hongfei  and
      Liu, Qiuhui  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5417",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5417",
    pages = "145--150",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our submission to the English-German APE shared task at WMT 2019. We utilize and adapt an NMT architecture originally developed for exploiting context information to APE, implement this in our own transformer model and explore joint training of the APE task with a de-noising encoder.",
}
@inproceedings{carrino-etal-2019-terminology,
    title = "Terminology-Aware Segmentation and Domain Feature for the {WMT}19 Biomedical Translation Task",
    author = "Carrino, Casimiro Pio  and
      Rafieian, Bardia  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Fonollosa, Jos{\'e} A. R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5418",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5418",
    pages = "151--155",
    abstract = "In this work, we give a description of the TALP-UPC systems submitted for the WMT19 Biomedical Translation Task. Our proposed strategy is NMT model-independent and relies only on one ingredient, a biomedical terminology list. We first extracted such a terminology list by labelling biomedical words in our training dataset using the BabelNet API. Then, we designed a data preparation strategy to insert the terms information at a token level. Finally, we trained the Transformer model with this terms-informed data. Our best-submitted system ranked 2nd and 3rd for Spanish-English and English-Spanish translation directions, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{hira-etal-2019-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Transfer Learning and Domain Data Selection for the Biomedical Translation",
    author = "Hira, Noor-e-  and
      Abdul Rauf, Sadaf  and
      Kiani, Kiran  and
      Zafar, Ammara  and
      Nawaz, Raheel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5419",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5419",
    pages = "156--163",
    abstract = "Transfer Learning and Selective data training are two of the many approaches being extensively investigated to improve the quality of Neural Machine Translation systems. This paper presents a series of experiments by applying transfer learning and selective data training for participation in the Bio-medical shared task of WMT19. We have used Information Retrieval to selectively choose related sentences from out-of-domain data and used them as additional training data using transfer learning. We also report the effect of tokenization on translation model performance.",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2019-huaweis,
    title = "Huawei{'}s {NMT} Systems for the {WMT} 2019 Biomedical Translation Task",
    author = "Peng, Wei  and
      Liu, Jianfeng  and
      Li, Liangyou  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5420",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5420",
    pages = "164--168",
    abstract = "This paper describes Huawei{'}s neural machine translation systems for the WMT 2019 biomedical translation shared task. We trained and fine-tuned our systems on a combination of out-of-domain and in-domain parallel corpora for six translation directions covering English{--}Chinese, English{--}French and English{--}German language pairs. Our submitted systems achieve the best BLEU scores on English{--}French and English{--}German language pairs according to the official evaluation results. In the English{--}Chinese translation task, our systems are in the second place. The enhanced performance is attributed to more in-domain training and more sophisticated models developed. Development of translation models and transfer learning (or domain adaptation) methods has significantly contributed to the progress of the task.",
}
@inproceedings{saunders-etal-2019-ucam,
    title = "{UCAM} Biomedical Translation at {WMT}19: Transfer Learning Multi-domain Ensembles",
    author = "Saunders, Danielle  and
      Stahlberg, Felix  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5421",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5421",
    pages = "169--174",
    abstract = "The 2019 WMT Biomedical translation task involved translating Medline abstracts. We approached this using transfer learning to obtain a series of strong neural models on distinct domains, and combining them into multi-domain ensembles. We further experimented with an adaptive language-model ensemble weighting scheme. Our submission achieved the best submitted results on both directions of English-Spanish.",
}
@inproceedings{soares-krallinger-2019-bsc,
    title = "{BSC} Participation in the {WMT} Translation of Biomedical Abstracts",
    author = "Soares, Felipe  and
      Krallinger, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5422",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5422",
    pages = "175--178",
    abstract = "This paper describes the machine translation systems developed by the Barcelona Supercomputing (BSC) team for the biomedical translation shared task of WMT19. Our system is based on Neural Machine Translation unsing the OpenNMT-py toolkit and Transformer architecture. We participated in four translation directions for the English/Spanish and English/Portuguese language pairs. To create our training data, we concatenated several parallel corpora, both from in-domain and out-of-domain sources, as well as terminological resources from UMLS.",
}
@inproceedings{baquero-arnal-etal-2019-mllp,
    title = "The {MLLP}-{UPV} {S}panish-{P}ortuguese and {P}ortuguese-{S}panish Machine Translation Systems for {WMT}19 Similar Language Translation Task",
    author = "Baquero-Arnal, Pau  and
      Iranzo-S{\'a}nchez, Javier  and
      Civera, Jorge  and
      Juan, Alfons",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5423",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5423",
    pages = "179--184",
    abstract = "This paper describes the participation of the MLLP research group of the Universitat Polit{\`e}cnica de Val{\`e}ncia in the WMT 2019 Similar Language Translation Shared Task. We have submitted systems for the Portuguese ↔ Spanish language pair, in both directions. We have submitted systems based on the Transformer architecture as well as an in development novel architecture which we have called 2D alternating RNN. We have carried out domain adaptation through fine-tuning.",
}
@inproceedings{biesialska-etal-2019-talp,
    title = "The {TALP}-{UPC} System for the {WMT} Similar Language Task: Statistical vs Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Biesialska, Magdalena  and
      Guardia, Lluis  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5424",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5424",
    pages = "185--191",
    abstract = "Although the problem of similar language translation has been an area of research interest for many years, yet it is still far from being solved. In this paper, we study the performance of two popular approaches: statistical and neural. We conclude that both methods yield similar results; however, the performance varies depending on the language pair. While the statistical approach outperforms the neural one by a difference of 6 BLEU points for the Spanish-Portuguese language pair, the proposed neural model surpasses the statistical one by a difference of 2 BLEU points for Czech-Polish. In the former case, the language similarity (based on perplexity) is much higher than in the latter case. Additionally, we report negative results for the system combination with back-translation. Our TALP-UPC system submission won 1st place for Czech-{\textgreater}Polish and 2nd place for Spanish-{\textgreater}Portuguese in the official evaluation of the 1st WMT Similar Language Translation task.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-avgustinova-2019-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation from an Intercomprehension Perspective",
    author = "Chen, Yu  and
      Avgustinova, Tania",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5425",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5425",
    pages = "192--196",
    abstract = "Within the first shared task on machine translation between similar languages, we present our first attempts on Czech to Polish machine translation from an intercomprehension perspective. We propose methods based on the mutual intelligibility of the two languages, taking advantage of their orthographic and phonological similarity, in the hope to improve over our baselines. The translation results are evaluated using BLEU. On this metric, none of our proposals could outperform the baselines on the final test set. The current setups are rather preliminary, and there are several potential improvements we can try in the future.",
}
@inproceedings{khatri-bhattacharyya-2019-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing Monolingual Data in {NMT} for Similar Languages: Submission to Similar Language Translation Task",
    author = "Khatri, Jyotsana  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5426",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5426",
    pages = "197--201",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission to Shared Task on Similar Language Translation in Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (WMT 2019). We submitted three systems for Hindi -{\textgreater} Nepali direction in which we have examined the performance of a RNN based NMT system, a semi-supervised NMT system where monolingual data of both languages is utilized using the architecture by and a system trained with extra synthetic sentences generated using copy of source and target sentences without using any additional monolingual data.",
}
@inproceedings{laskar-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation: {H}indi-{N}epali",
    author = "Laskar, Sahinur Rahman  and
      Pakray, Partha  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5427",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5427",
    pages = "202--207",
    abstract = "With the extensive use of Machine Translation (MT) technology, there is progressively interest in directly translating between pairs of similar languages. Because the main challenge is to overcome the limitation of available parallel data to produce a precise MT output. Current work relies on the Neural Machine Translation (NMT) with attention mechanism for the similar language translation of WMT19 shared task in the context of Hindi-Nepali pair. The NMT systems trained the Hindi-Nepali parallel corpus and tested, analyzed in Hindi ⇔ Nepali translation. The official result declared at WMT19 shared task, which shows that our NMT system obtained Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) score 24.6 for primary configuration in Nepali to Hindi translation. Also, we have achieved BLEU score 53.7 (Hindi to Nepali) and 49.1 (Nepali to Hindi) in contrastive system type.",
}
@inproceedings{marie-etal-2019-nicts-machine,
    title = "{NICT}{'}s Machine Translation Systems for the {WMT}19 Similar Language Translation Task",
    author = "Marie, Benjamin  and
      Dabre, Raj  and
      Fujita, Atsushi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5428",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5428",
    pages = "208--212",
    abstract = "This paper presents the NICT{'}s participation in the WMT19 shared Similar Language Translation Task. We participated in the Spanish-Portuguese task. For both translation directions, we prepared state-of-the-art statistical (SMT) and neural (NMT) machine translation systems. Our NMT systems with the Transformer architecture were trained on the provided parallel data enlarged with a large quantity of back-translated monolingual data. Our primary submission to the task is the result of a simple combination of our SMT and NMT systems. According to BLEU, our systems were ranked second and third respectively for the Portuguese-to-Spanish and Spanish-to-Portuguese translation directions. For contrastive experiments, we also submitted outputs generated with an unsupervised SMT system.",
}
@inproceedings{ojha-etal-2019-panlingua,
    title = "Panlingua-{KMI} {MT} System for Similar Language Translation Task at {WMT} 2019",
    author = "Ojha, Atul Kr.  and
      Kumar, Ritesh  and
      Bansal, Akanksha  and
      Rani, Priya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5429",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5429",
    pages = "213--218",
    abstract = "The present paper enumerates the development of Panlingua-KMI Machine Translation (MT) systems for Hindi ↔ Nepali language pair, designed as part of the Similar Language Translation Task at the WMT 2019 Shared Task. The Panlingua-KMI team conducted a series of experiments to explore both the phrase-based statistical (PBSMT) and neural methods (NMT). Among the 11 MT systems prepared under this task, 6 PBSMT systems were prepared for Nepali-Hindi, 1 PBSMT for Hindi-Nepali and 2 NMT systems were devel- oped for Nepali↔ Hindi. The results show that PBSMT could be an effective method for developing MT systems for closely-related languages. Our Hindi-Nepali PBSMT system was ranked 2nd among the 13 systems submit- ted for the pair and our Nepali-Hindi PBSMTsystem was ranked 4th among the 12 systems submitted for the task.",
}
@inproceedings{pal-etal-2019-uds,
    title = "{UDS}{--}{DFKI} Submission to the {WMT}2019 {C}zech{--}Polish Similar Language Translation Shared Task",
    author = "Pal, Santanu  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5430",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5430",
    pages = "219--223",
    abstract = "In this paper we present the UDS-DFKI system submitted to the Similar Language Translation shared task at WMT 2019. The first edition of this shared task featured data from three pairs of similar languages: Czech and Polish, Hindi and Nepali, and Portuguese and Spanish. Participants could choose to participate in any of these three tracks and submit system outputs in any translation direction. We report the results obtained by our system in translating from Czech to Polish and comment on the impact of out-of-domain test data in the performance of our system. UDS-DFKI achieved competitive performance ranking second among ten teams in Czech to Polish translation.",
}
@inproceedings{przystupa-abdul-mageed-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation of Low-Resource and Similar Languages with Backtranslation",
    author = "Przystupa, Michael  and
      Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5431",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5431",
    pages = "224--235",
    abstract = "We present our contribution to the WMT19 Similar Language Translation shared task. We investigate the utility of neural machine translation on three low-resource, similar language pairs: Spanish {--} Portuguese, Czech {--} Polish, and Hindi {--} Nepali. Since state-of-the-art neural machine translation systems still require large amounts of bitext, which we do not have for the pairs we consider, we focus primarily on incorporating monolingual data into our models with backtranslation. In our analysis, we found Transformer models to work best on Spanish {--} Portuguese and Czech {--} Polish translation, whereas LSTMs with global attention worked best on Hindi {--} Nepali translation.",
}
@inproceedings{scherrer-etal-2019-university,
    title = "The University of {H}elsinki Submissions to the {WMT}19 Similar Language Translation Task",
    author = "Scherrer, Yves  and
      V{\'a}zquez, Ra{\'u}l  and
      Virpioja, Sami",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5432",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5432",
    pages = "236--244",
    abstract = "This paper describes the University of Helsinki Language Technology group{'}s participation in the WMT 2019 similar language translation task. We trained neural machine translation models for the language pairs Czech {\textless}-{\textgreater} Polish and Spanish {\textless}-{\textgreater} Portuguese. Our experiments focused on different subword segmentation methods, and in particular on the comparison of a cognate-aware segmentation method, Cognate Morfessor, with character segmentation and unsupervised segmentation methods for which the data from different languages were simply concatenated. We did not observe major benefits from cognate-aware segmentation methods, but further research may be needed to explore larger parts of the parameter space. Character-level models proved to be competitive for translation between Spanish and Portuguese, but they are slower in training and decoding.",
}
@inproceedings{axelrod-etal-2019-dual,
    title = "Dual Monolingual Cross-Entropy Delta Filtering of Noisy Parallel Data",
    author = "Axelrod, Amittai  and
      Kumar, Anish  and
      Sloto, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5433",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5433",
    pages = "245--251",
    abstract = "We introduce a purely monolingual approach to filtering for parallel data from a noisy corpus in a low-resource scenario. Our work is inspired by Junczysdowmunt:2018, but we relax the requirements to allow for cases where no parallel data is available. Our primary contribution is a dual monolingual cross-entropy delta criterion modified from Cynical data selection Axelrod:2017, and is competitive (within 1.8 BLEU) with the best bilingual filtering method when used to train SMT systems. Our approach is featherweight, and runs end-to-end on a standard laptop in three hours.",
}
@inproceedings{bernier-colborne-lo-2019-nrc,
    title = "{NRC} Parallel Corpus Filtering System for {WMT} 2019",
    author = "Bernier-Colborne, Gabriel  and
      Lo, Chi-kiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5434",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5434",
    pages = "252--260",
    abstract = "We describe the National Research Council Canada team{'}s submissions to the parallel cor- pus filtering task at the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation.",
}
@inproceedings{chaudhary-etal-2019-low,
    title = "Low-Resource Corpus Filtering Using Multilingual Sentence Embeddings",
    author = "Chaudhary, Vishrav  and
      Tang, Yuqing  and
      Guzm{\'a}n, Francisco  and
      Schwenk, Holger  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5435",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5435",
    pages = "261--266",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe our submission to the WMT19 low-resource parallel corpus filtering shared task. Our main approach is based on the LASER toolkit (Language-Agnostic SEntence Representations), which uses an encoder-decoder architecture trained on a parallel corpus to obtain multilingual sentence representations. We then use the representations directly to score and filter the noisy parallel sentences without additionally training a scoring function. We contrast our approach to other promising methods and show that LASER yields strong results. Finally, we produce an ensemble of different scoring methods and obtain additional gains. Our submission achieved the best overall performance for both the Nepali-English and Sinhala-English 1M tasks by a margin of 1.3 and 1.4 BLEU respectively, as compared to the second best systems. Moreover, our experiments show that this technique is promising for low and even no-resource scenarios.",
}
@inproceedings{erdmann-gwinnup-2019-quality,
    title = "Quality and Coverage: The {AFRL} Submission to the {WMT}19 Parallel Corpus Filtering for Low-Resource Conditions Task",
    author = "Erdmann, Grant  and
      Gwinnup, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5436",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5436",
    pages = "267--270",
    abstract = "The WMT19 Parallel Corpus Filtering For Low-Resource Conditions Task aims to test various methods of filtering a noisy parallel corpora, to make them useful for training machine translation systems. This year the noisy corpora are the relatively low-resource language pairs of Nepali-English and Sinhala- English. This papers describes the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) submissions, including preprocessing methods and scoring metrics. Numerical results indicate a benefit over baseline and the relative benefits of different options.",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-rubio-2019-webinterpret,
    title = "Webinterpret Submission to the {WMT}2019 Shared Task on Parallel Corpus Filtering",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez-Rubio, Jes{\'u}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5437",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5437",
    pages = "271--276",
    abstract = "This document describes the participation of Webinterpret in the shared task on parallel corpus filtering at the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (WMT 2019). Here, we describe the main characteristics of our approach and discuss the results obtained on the data sets published for the shared task.",
}
@inproceedings{kurfali-ostling-2019-noisy,
    title = "Noisy Parallel Corpus Filtering through Projected Word Embeddings",
    author = {Kurfal{\i}, Murathan  and
      {\"O}stling, Robert},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5438",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5438",
    pages = "277--281",
    abstract = "We present a very simple method for parallel text cleaning of low-resource languages, based on projection of word embeddings trained on large monolingual corpora in high-resource languages. In spite of its simplicity, we approach the strong baseline system in the downstream machine translation evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{parcheta-etal-2019-filtering,
    title = "Filtering of Noisy Parallel Corpora Based on Hypothesis Generation",
    author = "Parcheta, Zuzanna  and
      Sanchis-Trilles, Germ{\'a}n  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5439",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5439",
    pages = "282--288",
    abstract = "The filtering task of noisy parallel corpora in WMT2019 aims to challenge participants to create filtering methods to be useful for training machine translation systems. In this work, we introduce a noisy parallel corpora filtering system based on generating hypotheses by means of a translation model. We train translation models in both language pairs: Nepali{--}English and Sinhala{--}English using provided parallel corpora. We select the training subset for three language pairs (Nepali, Sinhala and Hindi to English) jointly using bilingual cross-entropy selection to create the best possible translation model for both language pairs. Once the translation models are trained, we translate the noisy corpora and generate a hypothesis for each sentence pair. We compute the smoothed BLEU score between the target sentence and generated hypothesis. In addition, we apply several rules to discard very noisy or inadequate sentences which can lower the translation score. These heuristics are based on sentence length, source and target similarity and source language detection. We compare our results with the baseline published on the shared task website, which uses the Zipporah model, over which we achieve significant improvements in one of the conditions in the shared task. The designed filtering system is domain independent and all experiments are conducted using neural machine translation.",
}
@inproceedings{sen-etal-2019-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Corpus Filtering Based on Fuzzy String Matching",
    author = "Sen, Sukanta  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5440",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5440",
    pages = "289--293",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the IIT Patna{'}s submission to WMT 2019 shared task on parallel corpus filtering. This shared task asks the participants to develop methods for scoring each parallel sentence from a given noisy parallel corpus. Quality of the scoring method is judged based on the quality of SMT and NMT systems trained on smaller set of high-quality parallel sentences sub-sampled from the original noisy corpus. This task has two language pairs. We submit for both the Nepali-English and Sinhala-English language pairs. We define fuzzy string matching score between English and the translated (into English) source based on Levenshtein distance. Based on the scores, we sub-sample two sets (having 1 million and 5 millions English tokens) of parallel sentences from each parallel corpus, and train SMT systems for development purpose only. The organizers publish the official evaluation using both SMT and NMT on the final official test set. Total 10 teams participated in the shared task and according the official evaluation, our scoring method obtains 2nd position in the team ranking for 1-million NepaliEnglish NMT and 5-million Sinhala-English NMT categories.",
}
@inproceedings{vazquez-etal-2019-university,
    title = "The University of {H}elsinki Submission to the {WMT}19 Parallel Corpus Filtering Task",
    author = {V{\'a}zquez, Ra{\'u}l  and
      Sulubacak, Umut  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5441",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5441",
    pages = "294--300",
    abstract = "This paper describes the University of Helsinki Language Technology group{'}s participation in the WMT 2019 parallel corpus filtering task. Our scores were produced using a two-step strategy. First, we individually applied a series of filters to remove the {`}bad{'} quality sentences. Then, we produced scores for each sentence by weighting these features with a classification model. This methodology allowed us to build a simple and reliable system that is easily adaptable to other language pairs.",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-financial,
    title = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Chen, Chung-Chi  and
      Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5500",
}
@inproceedings{bai-etal-2019-business,
    title = "Business Taxonomy Construction Using Concept-Level Hierarchical Clustering",
    author = "Bai, Haodong  and
      Xing, Frank  and
      Cambria, Erik  and
      Huang, Win-Bin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5501",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{anish-etal-2019-towards,
    title = "Towards Disambiguating Contracts for their Successful Execution - A Case from Finance Domain",
    author = "Anish, Preethu Rose  and
      Sainani, Abhishek  and
      Ramrakhiyani, Nitin  and
      Pawar, Sachin  and
      Palshikar, Girish K  and
      Ghaisas, Smita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5502",
    pages = "8--13",
}
@inproceedings{ying-duboue-2019-rationale,
    title = "Rationale Classification for Educational Trading Platforms",
    author = "Ying, Annie  and
      Duboue, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5503",
    pages = "14--20",
}
@inproceedings{daudert-ahmadi-2019-cofif,
    title = "{C}o{F}i{F}: A Corpus of Financial Reports in {F}rench Language",
    author = "Daudert, Tobias  and
      Ahmadi, Sina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5504",
    pages = "21--26",
}
@inproceedings{mao-etal-2019-step,
    title = "Step-wise Refinement Classification Approach for Enterprise Legal Litigation",
    author = "Mao, Ying  and
      Wang, Xian  and
      Tang, Jianbo  and
      Li, Changliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5505",
    pages = "27--33",
}
@inproceedings{daudert-etal-2019-cosact,
    title = "{C}o{SACT}: A Collaborative Tool for Fine-Grained Sentiment Annotation and Consolidation of Text",
    author = "Daudert, Tobias  and
      Zarrouk, Manel  and
      Davis, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5506",
    pages = "34--39",
}
@inproceedings{sakaji-etal-2019-financial,
    title = "Financial Text Data Analytics Framework for Business Confidence Indices and Inter-Industry Relations",
    author = "Sakaji, Hiroki  and
      Kuramoto, Ryota  and
      Matsushima, Hiroyasu  and
      Izumi, Kiyoshi  and
      Shimada, Takashi  and
      Sunakawa, Keita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5507",
    pages = "40--46",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning to Learn Sales Prediction with Social Media Sentiment",
    author = "Lin, Zhaojiang  and
      Madotto, Andrea  and
      Winata, Genta Indra  and
      Liu, Zihan  and
      Xu, Yan  and
      Gao, Cong  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5508",
    pages = "47--53",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2019-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging {BERT} to Improve the {FEARS} Index for Stock Forecasting",
    author = "Yang, Linyi  and
      Dong, Ruihai  and
      Ng, Tin Lok James  and
      Xu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5509",
    pages = "54--60",
}
@inproceedings{izumi-sakaji-2019-economic,
    title = "Economic Causal-Chain Search using Text Mining Technology",
    author = "Izumi, Kiyoshi  and
      Sakaji, Hiroki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5510",
    pages = "61--65",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-transformer,
    title = "Transformer-Based Capsule Network For Stock Movement Prediction",
    author = "Liu, Jintao  and
      Lin, Hongfei  and
      Liu, Xikai  and
      Xu, Bo  and
      Ren, Yuqi  and
      Diao, Yufeng  and
      Yang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5511",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@inproceedings{azzi-etal-2019-finsbd,
    title = "The {F}in{SBD}-2019 Shared Task: Sentence Boundary Detection in {PDF} Noisy Text in the Financial Domain",
    author = "Azzi, Abderrahim Ait  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Ferradans, Sira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5512",
    pages = "74--80",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2019-aig,
    title = "{AIG} {I}nvestments.{AI} at the {F}in{SBD} Task: Sentence Boundary Detection through Sequence Labelling and {BERT} Fine-tuning",
    author = "Du, Jinhua  and
      Huang, Yan  and
      Moilanen, Karo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5513",
    pages = "81--87",
}
@inproceedings{tian-peng-2019-aiai,
    title = "aiai at {F}in{SBD} task: Sentence Boundary Detection in Noisy Texts From Financial Documents Using Deep Attention Model",
    author = "Tian, Ke  and
      Peng, Zi Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5514",
    pages = "88--92",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2019-pluto,
    title = "{P}luto: A Deep Learning Based Watchdog for Anti Money Laundering",
    author = "Chen, Hao-Yuan  and
      Zou, Shang-Xuan  and
      Sung, Cheng-Lung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5515",
    pages = "93--95",
}
@inproceedings{crouspeyre-etal-2019-creditworthiness,
    title = "From Creditworthiness to Trustworthiness with Alternative {NLP}/{NLU} Approaches",
    author = "Crouspeyre, Charles  and
      Alesi, Eleonore  and
      Lespinasse, Karine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5516",
    pages = "96--98",
}
@inproceedings{galitsky-ilvovsky-2019-chatbot,
    title = "On a Chatbot Conducting a Virtual Dialogue in Financial Domain",
    author = "Galitsky, Boris  and
      Ilvovsky, Dmitry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5517",
    pages = "99--101",
}
@inproceedings{hirano-etal-2019-mhirano,
    title = "mhirano at the {F}in{SBD} Task: Pointwise Prediction Based on Multi-layer Perceptron for Sentence Boundary Detection",
    author = "Hirano, Masanori  and
      Sakaji, Hiroki  and
      Izumi, Kiyoshi  and
      Matsushima, Hiroyasu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5518",
    pages = "102--107",
}
@inproceedings{daudert-ahmadi-2019-nuig,
    title = "{NUIG} at the {F}in{SBD} Task: Sentence Boundary Detection for Noisy Financial {PDF}s in {E}nglish and {F}rench",
    author = "Daudert, Tobias  and
      Ahmadi, Sina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5519",
    pages = "108--114",
}
@inproceedings{fatima-mueller-2019-hits,
    title = "{HITS}-{SBD} at the {F}in{SBD} Task: Machine Learning vs. Rule-based Sentence Boundary Detection",
    author = "Fatima, Mehwish  and
      Mueller, Mark-Christoph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5520",
    pages = "115--121",
}
@inproceedings{wan-etal-2019-polyu,
    title = "{P}oly{U}{\_}{CBS}-{CFA} at the {F}in{SBD} Task: Sentence Boundary Detection of Financial Data with Domain Knowledge Enhancement and Bilingual Training",
    author = "Wan, Mingyu  and
      Xiang, Rong  and
      Chersoni, Emmanuele  and
      Klyueva, Natalia  and
      Ahrens, Kathleen  and
      Miao, Bin  and
      Broadstock, David  and
      Kang, Jian  and
      Yung, Amos  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5521",
    pages = "122--129",
}
@inproceedings{mathew-guggilla-2019-ai,
    title = "{AI}{\_}{B}lues at {F}in{SBD} Shared Task: {CRF}-based Sentence Boundary Detection in {PDF} Noisy Text in the Financial Domain",
    author = "Mathew, Ditty  and
      Guggilla, Chinnappa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macao, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5522",
    pages = "130--136",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-arabic-corpus,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Arabic Corpus Linguistics",
    author = "El-Haj, Mahmoud  and
      Rayson, Paul  and
      Atwell, Eric  and
      Alsudias, Lama",
    month = "22 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Cardiff, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5600",
}
@inproceedings{omer-oakes-2019-computer,
    title = "Computer Stylometric Comparison of Writings by Qassim Amin and Mohammed Abdu on Women{'}s Rights",
    author = "Omer, Ahmed  and
      Oakes, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Arabic Corpus Linguistics",
    month = "22 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Cardiff, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5601",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{albaqawi-oakes-2019-compiling,
    title = "Compiling and Analysing a Corpus of Transcribed Spoken Gulf Pidgin {A}rabic Based on Length of Stay in the Gulf",
    author = "Albaqawi, Najah  and
      Oakes, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Arabic Corpus Linguistics",
    month = "22 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Cardiff, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5602",
    pages = "7--15",
}
@inproceedings{omer-oakes-2019-writing,
    title = "Writing Styles of Salwa and Al-Qarni",
    author = "Omer, Ahmed  and
      Oakes, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Arabic Corpus Linguistics",
    month = "22 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Cardiff, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5603",
    pages = "16--21",
}
@inproceedings{alsudias-rayson-2019-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Information Sources in {A}rabic Twitter to Support Online Monitoring of Infectious Diseases",
    author = "Alsudias, Lama  and
      Rayson, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Arabic Corpus Linguistics",
    month = "22 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Cardiff, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5604",
    pages = "22--30",
}
@inproceedings{altammami-etal-2019-text,
    title = "Text Segmentation Using N-grams to Annotate Hadith Corpus",
    author = "Altammami, Shatha  and
      Atwell, Eric  and
      Alsalka, Ammar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Arabic Corpus Linguistics",
    month = "22 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Cardiff, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5605",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{qwaider-etal-2019-modern,
    title = "Can Modern Standard {A}rabic Approaches be used for {A}rabic Dialects? Sentiment Analysis as a Case Study",
    author = "Qwaider, Chatrine  and
      Chatzikyriakidis, Stergios  and
      Dobnik, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Arabic Corpus Linguistics",
    month = "22 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Cardiff, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5606",
    pages = "40--50",
}
@inproceedings{alshutayri-atwell-2019-classifying,
    title = "Classifying {A}rabic dialect text in the Social Media {A}rabic Dialect Corpus ({SMADC})",
    author = "Alshutayri, Areej  and
      Atwell, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Arabic Corpus Linguistics",
    month = "22 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Cardiff, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5607",
    pages = "51--59",
}
@inproceedings{white-lonsdale-2019-verbs,
    title = "Verbs in {E}gyptian {A}rabic: a case for register variation",
    author = "White, Michael Grant  and
      Lonsdale, Deryle W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Arabic Corpus Linguistics",
    month = "22 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Cardiff, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5608",
    pages = "60--71",
}
@inproceedings{alharbi-lee-2019-crisis,
    title = "Crisis Detection from {A}rabic Tweets",
    author = "Alharbi, Alaa  and
      Lee, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Arabic Corpus Linguistics",
    month = "22 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Cardiff, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5609",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{al-harthi-alsaif-2019-design,
    title = "The Design of the {S}au{LTC} application for the {E}nglish-{A}rabic Learner Translation Corpus",
    author = "Al-Harthi, Maha  and
      Alsaif, Amal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Arabic Corpus Linguistics",
    month = "22 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Cardiff, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5610",
    pages = "80--88",
}
@inproceedings{ahmed-2019-distance,
    title = "Distance-Based Authorship Verification Across Modern Standard {A}rabic Genres",
    author = "Ahmed, Hossam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Arabic Corpus Linguistics",
    month = "22 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Cardiff, United Kingdom",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5611",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-mathematics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 16th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    author = "de Groote, Philippe  and
      Drewes, Frank  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    month = "18{--}19 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Toronto, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5700",
}
@inproceedings{bjorklund-etal-2019-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Weighted Order-Preserving Hyperedge Replacement Grammars",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rklund, Henrik  and
      Drewes, Frank  and
      Ericson, Petter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = "18{--}19 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Toronto, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5701",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{graf-santo-2019-sensing,
    title = "{S}ensing Tree Automata as a Model of Syntactic Dependencies",
    author = "Graf, Thomas  and
      Santo, Aniello De",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = "18{--}19 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Toronto, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5702",
    pages = "12--26",
}
@inproceedings{winter-2019-presupposition,
    title = "Presupposition Projection and Repair Strategies in Trivalent Semantics",
    author = "Winter, Yoad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = "18{--}19 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Toronto, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5703",
    pages = "27--39",
}
@inproceedings{zwanziger-2019-dependently,
    title = "Dependently-Typed {M}ontague Semantics in the Proof Assistant Agda-flat",
    author = "Zwanziger, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = "18{--}19 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Toronto, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5704",
    pages = "40--49",
}
@inproceedings{chandlee-jardine-2019-quantifier,
    title = "Quantifier-free least fixed point functions for phonology",
    author = "Chandlee, Jane  and
      Jardine, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = "18{--}19 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Toronto, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5705",
    pages = "50--62",
}
@inproceedings{rogers-lambert-2019-classes,
    title = "Some classes of sets of structures definable without quantifiers",
    author = "Rogers, James  and
      Lambert, Dakotah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = "18{--}19 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Toronto, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5706",
    pages = "63--77",
}
@inproceedings{burness-mcmullin-2019-efficient,
    title = "Efficient learning of Output Tier-based Strictly 2-Local functions",
    author = "Burness, Phillip  and
      McMullin, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = "18{--}19 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Toronto, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5707",
    pages = "78--90",
}
@inproceedings{chandlee-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning with Partially Ordered Representations",
    author = "Chandlee, Jane  and
      Eyraud, Remi  and
      Heinz, Jeffrey  and
      Jardine, Adam  and
      Rawski, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = "18{--}19 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Toronto, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5708",
    pages = "91--101",
}
@inproceedings{heinz-shibata-2019-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Factored Regular Deterministic Stochastic Languages",
    author = "Heinz, Jeffrey  and
      Shibata, Chihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = "18{--}19 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Toronto, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5709",
    pages = "102--113",
}
@inproceedings{borbely-kornai-2019-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Length",
    author = "Borb{\'e}ly, G{\'a}bor  and
      Kornai, Andr{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language",
    month = "18{--}19 " # jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Toronto, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5710",
    pages = "114--125",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-semantic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning (SemDeep-5)",
    author = "Espinosa-Anke, Luis  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Gromann, Dagmar  and
      Camacho-Collados, Jose  and
      Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macau, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5800",
}
@inproceedings{loureiro-jorge-2019-liaad,
    title = "{LIAAD} at {S}em{D}eep-5 Challenge: Word-in-Context ({W}i{C})",
    author = "Loureiro, Daniel  and
      Jorge, Al{\'\i}pio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning (SemDeep-5)",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macau, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5801",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{soler-etal-2019-limsi,
    title = "{LIMSI}-{MULTISEM} at the {IJCAI} {S}em{D}eep-5 {W}i{C} Challenge: Context Representations for Word Usage Similarity Estimation",
    author = "Soler, Aina Gar{\'\i}  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning (SemDeep-5)",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macau, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5802",
    pages = "6--11",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2019-bridging,
    title = "Bridging the Gap: Improve Part-of-speech Tagging for {C}hinese Social Media Texts with Foreign Words",
    author = "Wang, Dingmin  and
      Fang, Meng  and
      Song, Yan  and
      Li, Juntao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning (SemDeep-5)",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macau, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5803",
    pages = "12--20",
}
@inproceedings{ansell-etal-2019-elmo,
    title = "An {ELM}o-inspired approach to {S}em{D}eep-5{'}s Word-in-Context task",
    author = "Ansell, Alan  and
      Bravo-Marquez, Felipe  and
      Pfahringer, Bernhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning (SemDeep-5)",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macau, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5804",
    pages = "21--25",
}
@inproceedings{agibetov-etal-2019-using,
    title = "Using hyperbolic large-margin classifiers for biological link prediction",
    author = "Agibetov, Asan  and
      Dorffner, Georg  and
      Samwald, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning (SemDeep-5)",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macau, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5805",
    pages = "26--30",
}
@inproceedings{hommel-etal-2019-extending,
    title = "Extending Neural Question Answering with Linguistic Input Features",
    author = "Hommel, Fabian  and
      Cimiano, Philipp  and
      Orlikowski, Matthias  and
      Hartung, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning (SemDeep-5)",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macau, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5806",
    pages = "31--39",
}
@inproceedings{magnolini-etal-2019-use,
    title = "How to Use Gazetteers for Entity Recognition with Neural Models",
    author = "Magnolini, Simone  and
      Piccioni, Valerio  and
      Balaraman, Vevake  and
      Guerini, Marco  and
      Magnini, Bernardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning (SemDeep-5)",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macau, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5807",
    pages = "40--49",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning Household Task Knowledge from {W}iki{H}ow Descriptions",
    author = "Zhou, Yilun  and
      Shah, Julie  and
      Schockaert, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning (SemDeep-5)",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macau, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5808",
    pages = "50--56",
}
@inproceedings{deshmukh-etal-2019-sequence,
    title = "A Sequence Modeling Approach for Structured Data Extraction from Unstructured Text",
    author = "Deshmukh, Jayati  and
      M, Annervaz K  and
      Sengupta, Shubhashis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Semantic Deep Learning (SemDeep-5)",
    month = "12 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Macau, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-5809",
    pages = "57--66",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-use,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages Volume 1 (Papers)",
    author = "Arppe, Antti  and
      Good, Jeff  and
      Hulden, Mans  and
      Lachler, Jordan  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      Schwartz, Lane  and
      Silfverberg, Miikka",
    month = feb,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6000",
}
@inproceedings{everson-etal-2019-online,
    title = "An Online Platform for Community-Based Language Description and Documentation",
    author = "Everson, Rebecca  and
      Honore, Wolf  and
      Grimm, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages Volume 1 (Papers)",
    month = feb,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6001",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{gessler-2019-developing,
    title = "Developing without developers: choosing labor-saving tools for language documentation apps",
    author = "Gessler, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages Volume 1 (Papers)",
    month = feb,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6002",
    pages = "6--13",
}
@inproceedings{van-esch-etal-2019-future,
    title = "Future Directions in Technological Support for Language Documentation",
    author = "van Esch, Daan  and
      Foley, Ben  and
      San, Nay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages Volume 1 (Papers)",
    month = feb,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6003",
    pages = "14--22",
}
@inproceedings{santos-2019-ocr,
    title = "{OCR} evaluation tools for the 21st century",
    author = "Santos, Eddie Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages Volume 1 (Papers)",
    month = feb,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6004",
    pages = "23--27",
}
@inproceedings{zamaraeva-etal-2019-handling,
    title = "Handling cross-cutting properties in automatic inference of lexical classes: A case study of Chintang",
    author = "Zamaraeva, Olga  and
      Howell, Kristen  and
      cross-cutting properties in automatic inference of lexical classes: A case study of Chintang, Emily M. Bender Handling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages Volume 1 (Papers)",
    month = feb,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6005",
    pages = "28--38",
}
@inproceedings{hamalainen-rueter-2019-finding,
    title = "Finding Sami Cognates with a Character-Based {NMT} Approach",
    author = {H{\"a}m{\"a}l{\"a}inen, Mika  and
      Rueter, Jack},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages Volume 1 (Papers)",
    month = feb,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6006",
    pages = "39--45",
}
@inproceedings{wiechetek-etal-2019-seeing,
    title = "Seeing more than whitespace {---} Tokenisation and disambiguation in a North S{\'a}mi grammar checker",
    author = "Wiechetek, Linda  and
      Moshagen, Sjur N{\o}rsteb{\o}  and
      Tokenization, Kevin Brubeck Unhammer  and
      {disambiguation of potential compounds in North S{\'a}mi grammar checking}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages Volume 1 (Papers)",
    month = feb,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6007",
    pages = "46--55",
}
@inproceedings{arkhangelskiy-2019-corpus,
    title = "Corpus of usage examples: What is it good for?",
    author = "Arkhangelskiy, Timofey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages Volume 1 (Papers)",
    month = feb,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6008",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{harrigan-etal-2019-preliminary,
    title = "A Preliminary Plains Cree Speech Synthesizer",
    author = "Harrigan, Atticus  and
      Arppe, Antti  and
      Mills, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages Volume 1 (Papers)",
    month = feb,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6009",
    pages = "64--73",
}
@inproceedings{tyers-etal-2019-biscriptual,
    title = "A biscriptual morphological transducer for Crimean {T}atar",
    author = {Tyers, Francis M.  and
      Washington, Jonathan  and
      Kavitskaya, Darya  and
      G{\"o}k{\i}rmak, Memduh  and
      Howell, Nick  and
      Berberova, Remziye},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages Volume 1 (Papers)",
    month = feb,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6010",
    pages = "74--80",
}
@inproceedings{moeller-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Low-Resource Morphological Learning with Intermediate Forms from Finite State Transducers",
    author = "Moeller, Sarah  and
      Kazeminejad, Ghazaleh  and
      Cowell, Andrew  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages Volume 1 (Papers)",
    month = feb,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6011",
    pages = "81--86",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-2019-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping a Neural Morphological Analyzer for St. Lawrence Island Yupik from a Finite-State Transducer",
    author = "Schwartz, Lane  and
      Chen, Emily  and
      Hunt, Benjamin  and
      Schreiner, Sylvia L.R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages Volume 1 (Papers)",
    month = feb,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6012",
    pages = "87--96",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-machine-translation-summit,
    title = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    author = "Forcada, Mikel  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Sennrich, Rico",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6600",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2019-online,
    title = "Online Sentence Segmentation for Simultaneous Interpretation using Multi-Shifted Recurrent Neural Network",
    author = "Wang, Xiaolin  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6601",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{yarmohammadi-etal-2019-robust,
    title = "Robust Document Representations for Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval in Low-Resource Settings",
    author = "Yarmohammadi, Mahsa  and
      Ma, Xutai  and
      Hisamoto, Sorami  and
      Rahman, Muhammad  and
      Wang, Yiming  and
      Xu, Hainan  and
      Povey, Daniel  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Duh, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6602",
    pages = "12--20",
}
@inproceedings{gangi-etal-2019-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Transformer for End-to-end Speech-to-Text Translation",
    author = "Gangi, Mattia Antonino Di  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Cattoni, Roldano  and
      Dessi, Roberto  and
      Turchi, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6603",
    pages = "21--31",
}
@inproceedings{hirasawa-komachi-2019-debiasing,
    title = "Debiasing Word Embeddings Improves Multimodal Machine Translation",
    author = "Hirasawa, Tosho  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6604",
    pages = "32--42",
}
@inproceedings{gois-martins-2019-translator2vec,
    title = "{T}ranslator2{V}ec: Understanding and Representing Human Post-Editors",
    author = "G{\'o}is, Ant{\'o}nio  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6605",
    pages = "43--54",
}
@inproceedings{cuong-2019-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation for {MT}: A Study with Unknown and Out-of-Domain Tasks",
    author = "Cuong, Hoang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6606",
    pages = "55--66",
}
@inproceedings{arenas-etal-2019-impact,
    title = "What is the impact of raw {MT} on {J}apanese users of Word: preliminary results of a usability study using eye-tracking",
    author = "Arenas, Ana Guerberof  and
      Moorkens, Joss  and
      O{'}Brien, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6607",
    pages = "67--77",
}
@inproceedings{scansani-etal-2019-magmatic,
    title = "{MAGMAT}ic: A Multi-domain Academic Gold Standard with Manual Annotation of Terminology for Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Scansani, Randy  and
      Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Bernardini, Silvia  and
      Ferraresi, Adriano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6608",
    pages = "78--86",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-vilar-2019-automatic,
    title = "Automatic error classification with multiple error labels",
    author = "Popovic, Maja  and
      Vilar, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6609",
    pages = "87--95",
}
@inproceedings{lam-etal-2019-interactive,
    title = "Interactive-Predictive Neural Machine Translation through Reinforcement and Imitation",
    author = "Lam, Tsz Kin  and
      Schamoni, Shigehiko  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6610",
    pages = "96--106",
}
@inproceedings{ghader-monz-2019-intrinsic,
    title = "An Intrinsic Nearest Neighbor Analysis of Neural Machine Translation Architectures",
    author = "Ghader, Hamidreza  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6611",
    pages = "107--117",
}
@inproceedings{dakwale-monz-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Neural Machine Translation Using Noisy Parallel Data through Distillation",
    author = "Dakwale, Praveen  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6612",
    pages = "118--127",
}
@inproceedings{imankulova-etal-2019-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Out-of-Domain Parallel Data through Multilingual Transfer Learning for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Imankulova, Aizhan  and
      Dabre, Raj  and
      Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Imamura, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6613",
    pages = "128--139",
}
@inproceedings{stojanovski-fraser-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Anaphora Resolution in Neural Machine Translation Using Curriculum Learning",
    author = "Stojanovski, Dario  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6614",
    pages = "140--150",
}
@inproceedings{kim-oneill-brown-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving {A}merican Sign Language Recognition with Synthetic Data",
    author = "Kim, Jungi  and
      O{'}Neill-Brown, Patricia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6615",
    pages = "151--161",
}
@inproceedings{kimura-etal-2019-selecting,
    title = "Selecting Informative Context Sentence by Forced Back-Translation",
    author = "Kimura, Ryuichiro  and
      Iida, Shohei  and
      Cui, Hongyi  and
      Hung, Po-Hsuan  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6616",
    pages = "162--171",
}
@inproceedings{collier-beel-2019-memory,
    title = "Memory-Augmented Neural Networks for Machine Translation",
    author = "Collier, Mark  and
      Beel, Joeran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6617",
    pages = "172--181",
}
@inproceedings{post-etal-2019-exploration,
    title = "An Exploration of Placeholding in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Post, Matt  and
      Ding, Shuoyang  and
      Martindale, Marianna  and
      Wu, Winston",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6618",
    pages = "182--192",
}
@inproceedings{marchisio-etal-2019-controlling,
    title = "Controlling the Reading Level of Machine Translation Output",
    author = "Marchisio, Kelly  and
      Guo, Jialiang  and
      Lai, Cheng-I  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6619",
    pages = "193--203",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2019-call,
    title = "A Call for Prudent Choice of Subword Merge Operations in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Ding, Shuoyang  and
      Renduchintala, Adithya  and
      Duh, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6620",
    pages = "204--213",
}
@inproceedings{oudah-etal-2019-impact,
    title = "The Impact of Preprocessing on {A}rabic-{E}nglish Statistical and Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Oudah, Mai  and
      Almahairi, Amjad  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6621",
    pages = "214--221",
}
@inproceedings{vanmassenhove-etal-2019-lost,
    title = "Lost in Translation: Loss and Decay of Linguistic Richness in Machine Translation",
    author = "Vanmassenhove, Eva  and
      Shterionov, Dimitar  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6622",
    pages = "222--232",
}
@inproceedings{martindale-etal-2019-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Fluently Inadequate Output in Neural and Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Martindale, Marianna  and
      Carpuat, Marine  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      McNamee, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6623",
    pages = "233--243",
}
@inproceedings{renduchintala-etal-2019-character,
    title = "Character-Aware Decoder for Translation into Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = "Renduchintala, Adithya  and
      Shapiro, Pamela  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6624",
    pages = "244--255",
}
@inproceedings{ortega-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Translations by Combining Fuzzy-Match Repair with Automatic Post-Editing",
    author = "Ortega, John  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Mart{\'\i}nez, Felipe  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Negri, Matteo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6625",
    pages = "256--266",
}
@inproceedings{laubli-etal-2019-post,
    title = "Post-editing Productivity with Neural Machine Translation: An Empirical Assessment of Speed and Quality in the Banking and Finance Domain",
    author = {L{\"a}ubli, Samuel  and
      Amrhein, Chantal  and
      D{\"u}ggelin, Patrick  and
      Gonzalez, Beatriz  and
      Zwahlen, Alena  and
      Volk, Martin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6626",
    pages = "267--272",
}
@inproceedings{toral-2019-post,
    title = "Post-editese: an Exacerbated Translationese",
    author = "Toral, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6627",
    pages = "273--281",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-machine-translation-summit-xvii,
    title = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    author = "Forcada, Mikel  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Tinsley, John  and
      Shterionov, Dimitar  and
      Rico, Celia  and
      Gaspari, Federico",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6700",
}
@inproceedings{vasiljevs-etal-2019-competitiveness,
    title = "Competitiveness Analysis of the {E}uropean Machine Translation Market",
    author = "Vasi{\c{l}}jevs, Andrejs  and
      Skadi{\c{n}}a, Inguna  and
      S{\=a}m{\=\i}te, Indra  and
      Kauli{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Kaspars  and
      {{\=E}riks Ajausks}  and
      Me{\c{l}}{\c{n}}ika, J{\=u}lija  and
      B{\=e}rzi{\c{n}}{\v{s}}, Aivars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6701",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{vela-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving {CAT} Tools in the Translation Workflow: New Approaches and Evaluation",
    author = "Vela, Mihaela  and
      Pal, Santanu  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Naskar, Sudip  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6702",
    pages = "8--15",
}
@inproceedings{agnes-lesznyak-2019-hungarian,
    title = "{H}ungarian translators{'} perceptions of Neural Machine Translation in the {E}uropean Commission",
    author = "{{\'A}gnes Leszny{\'a}k}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6703",
    pages = "16--22",
}
@inproceedings{iwai-etal-2019-applying,
    title = "Applying Machine Translation to Psychology: Automatic Translation of Personality Adjectives",
    author = "Iwai, Ritsuko  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kumada, Takatsune  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6704",
    pages = "23--29",
}
@inproceedings{bayon-sanchez-gijon-2019-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating machine translation in a low-resource language combination: {S}panish-{G}alician.",
    author = "Bay{\'o}n, Mar{\'\i}a Do Campo  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Gij{\'o}n, Pilar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6705",
    pages = "30--35",
}
@inproceedings{premoli-etal-2019-mtpe,
    title = "{MTPE} in Patents: A Successful Business Story",
    author = "Premoli, Valeria  and
      Murgolo, Elena  and
      Cresceri, Diego",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6706",
    pages = "36--41",
}
@inproceedings{heinisch-lusicky-2019-user,
    title = "User expectations towards machine translation: A case study",
    author = "Heinisch, Barbara  and
      Lu{\v{s}}icky, Vesna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6707",
    pages = "42--48",
}
@inproceedings{alvarez-etal-2019-nmt,
    title = "Does {NMT} make a difference when post-editing closely related languages? The case of {S}panish-{C}atalan",
    author = "Alvarez, Sergi  and
      Oliver, Antoni  and
      Badia, Toni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6708",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{nunziatini-2019-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation in the Financial Services Industry: A Case Study",
    author = "Nunziatini, Mara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6709",
    pages = "57--63",
}
@inproceedings{hiraoka-yamada-2019-pre,
    title = "Pre-editing Plus Neural Machine Translation for Subtitling: Effective Pre-editing Rules for Subtitling of {TED} Talks",
    author = "Hiraoka, Yusuke  and
      Yamada, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6710",
    pages = "64--72",
}
@inproceedings{scansani-etal-2019-translator,
    title = "Do translator trainees trust machine translation? An experiment on post-editing and revision",
    author = "Scansani, Randy  and
      Bernardini, Silvia  and
      Ferraresi, Adriano  and
      Bentivogli, Luisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6711",
    pages = "73--79",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-2019-reducing,
    title = "On reducing translation shifts in translations intended for {MT} evaluation",
    author = "Popovic, Maja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6712",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{ovchinnikova-morozova-2019-comparative,
    title = "Comparative Analysis of Errors in {MT} Output and Computer-assisted Translation: Effect of the Human Factor",
    author = "Ovchinnikova, Irina  and
      Morozova, Daria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6713",
    pages = "88--94",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2019-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of {E}nglish-{C}hinese Translations of Court Texts by Machine and Human Translators and the {W}ord2{V}ec Based Similarity Measure{'}s Ability To Gauge Human Evaluation Biases",
    author = "Qian, Ming  and
      Liu, Jessie  and
      Li, Chaofeng  and
      Pals, Liming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6714",
    pages = "95--100",
}
@inproceedings{chen-kageura-2019-translating,
    title = "Translating Terminologies: A Comparative Examination of {NMT} and {PBSMT} Systems",
    author = "Chen, Long-Huei  and
      Kageura, Kyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6715",
    pages = "101--108",
}
@inproceedings{helle-herranz-2019-nec,
    title = "NEC TM DATA PROJECT",
    author = "Helle, Alexandre  and
      Herranz, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6716",
    pages = "109--109",
}
@inproceedings{den-bogaert-etal-2019-ape,
    title = "APE-QUEST",
    author = "den Bogaert, Joachim Van  and
      Depraetere, Heidi  and
      Szoc, Sara  and
      Vanallemeersch, Tom  and
      Winckel, Koen Van  and
      Everaert, Frederic  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Ive, Julia  and
      Khalilov, Maxim  and
      Maroti, Christine  and
      Farah, Eduardo  and
      Ventura, Artur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6717",
    pages = "110--111",
}
@inproceedings{way-gaspari-2019-principle,
    title = "{PRINCIPLE}: Providing Resources in Irish, {N}orwegian, {C}roatian and {I}celandic for the Purposes of Language Engineering",
    author = "Way, Andy  and
      Gaspari, Federico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6718",
    pages = "112--113",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-martinez-etal-2019-iadaatpa,
    title = "i{ADAATPA} Project: Pangeanic use cases",
    author = "Garc{\'\i}a-Mart{\'\i}nez, Mercedes  and
      Estela, Amando  and
      Bi{\'e}, Laurent  and
      Helle, Alexandre  and
      Herranz, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6719",
    pages = "114--115",
}
@inproceedings{den-bogaert-etal-2019-mice,
    title = "MICE",
    author = "den Bogaert, Joachim Van  and
      Depraetere, Heidi  and
      Vanallemeersch, Tom  and
      Everaert, Frederic  and
      Winckel, Koen Van  and
      Tammsaar, Katri  and
      Vali, Ingmar  and
      Artma, Tambet  and
      Saartee, Piret  and
      Teder, Laura Katariina  and
      Vasi{\c{l}}evskis, Art{\=u}rs  and
      Sics, Valters  and
      Haelterman, Johan  and
      Bienfait, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6720",
    pages = "116--117",
}
@inproceedings{espla-etal-2019-paracrawl,
    title = "{P}ara{C}rawl: Web-scale parallel corpora for the languages of the {EU}",
    author = "Espl{\`a}, Miquel  and
      Forcada, Mikel  and
      Ram{\'\i}rez-S{\'a}nchez, Gema  and
      Hoang, Hieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6721",
    pages = "118--119",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-pivot,
    title = "Pivot Machine Translation in {INTERACT} Project",
    author = "Liu, Chao-Hong  and
      Way, Andy  and
      Silva, Catarina  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6722",
    pages = "120--121",
}
@inproceedings{birch-etal-2019-global,
    title = "Global Under-Resourced Media Translation ({G}o{URMET})",
    author = "Birch, Alexandra  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Tito, Ivan  and
      Barone, Antonio Valerio Miceli  and
      Bawden, Rachel  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Mart{\'\i}nez, Felipe  and
      Forcada, Mikel L.  and
      Espl{\`a}-Gomis, Miquel  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Cartagena, V{\'\i}ctor  and
      P{\'e}rez-Ortiz, Juan Antonio  and
      Aziz, Wilker  and
      Secker, Andrew  and
      van der Kreeft, Peggy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6723",
    pages = "122--122",
}
@inproceedings{tukeyev-zhumanov-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural machine translation system for the {K}azakh language",
    author = "Tukeyev, Ualsher  and
      Zhumanov, Zhandos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6724",
    pages = "123--124",
}
@inproceedings{torregrosa-etal-2019-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Rule-Based Machine Translation Knowledge for Under-Resourced Neural Machine Translation Models",
    author = "Torregrosa, Daniel  and
      Pasricha, Nivranshu  and
      Masoud, Maraim  and
      Chakravarthi, Bharathi Raja  and
      Alonso, Juan  and
      Casas, Noe  and
      Arcan, Mihael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6725",
    pages = "125--133",
}
@inproceedings{roturier-etal-2019-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping a Natural Language Interface to a Cyber Security Event Collection System using a Hybrid Translation Approach",
    author = "Roturier, Johann  and
      Schlatter, Brian  and
      Schlatter, David Silva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6726",
    pages = "134--141",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2019-improving-robustness,
    title = "Improving Robustness in Real-World Neural Machine Translation Engines",
    author = "Gupta, Rohit  and
      Lambert, Patrik  and
      Patel, Raj  and
      Tinsley, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6727",
    pages = "142--148",
}
@inproceedings{liyanapathirana-etal-2019-surveying,
    title = "Surveying the potential of using speech technologies for post-editing purposes in the context of international organizations: What do professional translators think?",
    author = "Liyanapathirana, Jeevanthi  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Mesa-Lao, Bartolom{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6728",
    pages = "149--158",
}
@inproceedings{schmidtke-groves-2019-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Translation for Software with Safe Velocity",
    author = "Schmidtke, Dag  and
      Groves, Declan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6729",
    pages = "159--166",
}
@inproceedings{kosmaczewska-train-2019-application,
    title = "Application of Post-Edited Machine Translation in Fashion e{C}ommerce",
    author = "Kosmaczewska, Kasia  and
      Train, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6730",
    pages = "167--173",
}
@inproceedings{bernardinello-2019-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Neural Pre- and Post-Processing for {S}lavic Languages",
    author = "Bernardinello, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6731",
    pages = "174--178",
}
@inproceedings{castilho-etal-2019-large,
    title = "Large-scale Machine Translation Evaluation of the i{ADAATPA} Project",
    author = "Castilho, Sheila  and
      Resende, Nat{\'a}lia  and
      Gaspari, Federico  and
      Way, Andy  and
      O{'}Dowd, Tony  and
      Mazur, Marek  and
      Herranz, Manuel  and
      Helle, Alex  and
      Ram{\'\i}rez-S{\'a}nchez, Gema  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Cartagena, V{\'\i}ctor  and
      Pinnis, M{\=a}rcis  and
      {\v{S}}ics, Valters",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6732",
    pages = "179--185",
}
@inproceedings{defauw-etal-2019-collecting,
    title = "Collecting domain specific data for {MT}: an evaluation of the {P}ara{C}rawlpipeline",
    author = "Defauw, Arne  and
      Vanallemeersch, Tom  and
      Szoc, Sara  and
      Everaert, Frederic  and
      Winckel, Koen Van  and
      Scholte, Kim  and
      Brabers, Joris  and
      den Bogaert, Joachim Van",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6733",
    pages = "186--195",
}
@inproceedings{mutal-etal-2019-monolingual,
    title = "Monolingual backtranslation in a medical speech translation system for diagnostic interviews - a {NMT} approach",
    author = "Mutal, Jonathan  and
      Bouillon, Pierrette  and
      Gerlach, Johanna  and
      Estrella, Paula  and
      Spechbach, Herv{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6734",
    pages = "196--203",
}
@inproceedings{silva-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Domain Adaptation for Machine Translation with{T}ranslation Pieces",
    author = "Silva, Catarina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6735",
    pages = "204--212",
}
@inproceedings{zaretskaya-2019-raising,
    title = "Raising the {TM} Threshold in Neural {MT} Post-Editing: a Case Study on{T}wo Datasets",
    author = "Zaretskaya, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6736",
    pages = "213--218",
}
@inproceedings{domingo-etal-2019-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Adaptation of {NMT} for Professional Post-editors: A User Study",
    author = "Domingo, Miguel  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Mart{\'\i}nez, Mercedes  and
      {{\'A}lvaro Peris}  and
      Helle, Alexandre  and
      Estela, Amando  and
      Bi{\'e}, Laurent  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco  and
      Herranz, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6737",
    pages = "219--227",
}
@inproceedings{shterionov-etal-2019-less,
    title = "When less is more in Neural Quality Estimation of Machine Translation. An industry case study",
    author = "Shterionov, Dimitar  and
      Carmo, F{\'e}lix Do  and
      Moorkens, Joss  and
      Paquin, Eric  and
      Schmidtke, Dag  and
      Groves, Declan  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6738",
    pages = "228--235",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-technologies,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Technologies for MT of Low Resource Languages",
    author = "Karakanta, Alina  and
      Ojha, Atul Kr.  and
      Liu, Chao-Hong  and
      Washington, Jonathan  and
      Oco, Nathaniel  and
      Lakew, Surafel Melaku  and
      Malykh, Valentin  and
      Zhao, Xiaobing",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6800",
}
@inproceedings{thottingal-2019-finite,
    title = "Finite State Transducer based Morphology analysis for {M}alayalam Language",
    author = "Thottingal, Santhosh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Technologies for MT of Low Resource Languages",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6801",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{uddin-uddin-2019-step,
    title = "A step towards Torwali machine translation: an analysis of morphosyntactic challenges in a low-resource language",
    author = "Uddin, Naeem  and
      Uddin, Jalal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Technologies for MT of Low Resource Languages",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6802",
    pages = "6--10",
}
@inproceedings{pirinen-2019-workflows,
    title = "Workflows for kickstarting {RBMT} in virtually No-Resource Situation",
    author = "Pirinen, Tommi A",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Technologies for MT of Low Resource Languages",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6803",
    pages = "11--16",
}
@inproceedings{montoya-etal-2019-continuous,
    title = "A Continuous Improvement Framework of Machine Translation for {S}hipibo-Konibo",
    author = "Montoya, H{\'e}ctor Erasmo G{\'o}mez  and
      Rojas, Kervy Dante Rivas  and
      Oncevay, Arturo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Technologies for MT of Low Resource Languages",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6804",
    pages = "17--23",
}
@inproceedings{gokirmak-etal-2019-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation for Crimean {T}atar to {T}urkish",
    author = {G{\"o}k{\i}rmak, Memduh  and
      Tyers, Francis  and
      Washington, Jonathan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Technologies for MT of Low Resource Languages",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6805",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{defauw-etal-2019-developing,
    title = "Developing a Neural Machine Translation system for Irish",
    author = "Defauw, Arne  and
      Szoc, Sara  and
      Vanallemeersch, Tom  and
      Bardadym, Anna  and
      Brabers, Joris  and
      Everaert, Frederic  and
      Scholte, Kim  and
      Winckel, Koen Van  and
      den Bogaert, Joachim Van",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Technologies for MT of Low Resource Languages",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6806",
    pages = "32--38",
}
@inproceedings{mueller-lal-2019-sentence,
    title = "Sentence-Level Adaptation for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Mueller, Aaron  and
      Lal, Yash Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Technologies for MT of Low Resource Languages",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6807",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{tracey-etal-2019-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Building for Low Resource Languages in the {DARPA} {LORELEI} Program",
    author = "Tracey, Jennifer  and
      Strassel, Stephanie  and
      Bies, Ann  and
      Song, Zhiyi  and
      Arrigo, Michael  and
      Griffitt, Kira  and
      Delgado, Dana  and
      Graff, Dave  and
      Kulick, Seth  and
      Mott, Justin  and
      Kuster, Neil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Technologies for MT of Low Resource Languages",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6808",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{chakravarthi-etal-2019-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Multimodal Machine Translation for {D}ravidian Languages utilizing Phonetic Transcription",
    author = "Chakravarthi, Bharathi Raja  and
      Priyadharshini, Ruba  and
      Stearns, Bernardo  and
      Jayapal, Arun  and
      S, Sridevy  and
      Arcan, Mihael  and
      Zarrouk, Manel  and
      McCrae, John P",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Technologies for MT of Low Resource Languages",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6809",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{yadav-etal-2019-a3,
    title = "A3-108 Machine Translation System for {L}o{R}es{MT} 2019",
    author = "Yadav, Saumitra  and
      Mujadia, Vandan  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Technologies for MT of Low Resource Languages",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6810",
    pages = "64--67",
}
@inproceedings{bandyopadhyay-2019-factored,
    title = "Factored Neural Machine Translation at {L}o{R}es{MT} 2019",
    author = "Bandyopadhyay, Saptarashmi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Technologies for MT of Low Resource Languages",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6811",
    pages = "68--71",
}
@inproceedings{mcnamee-2019-jhu,
    title = "{JHU} {L}o{R}es{MT} 2019 Shared Task System Description",
    author = "McNamee, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Technologies for MT of Low Resource Languages",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6812",
    pages = "72--75",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-celtic,
    title = "Proceedings of the Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    author = "Lynn, Teresa  and
      Prys, Delyth  and
      Batchelor, Colin  and
      Tyers, Francis",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6900",
}
@inproceedings{spasic-etal-2019-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised multi-word term recognition in Welsh",
    author = "Spasi{\'c}, Irena  and
      Owen, David  and
      Knight, Dawn  and
      Artemiou, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6901",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{batchelor-2019-universal,
    title = "Universal dependencies for {S}cottish Gaelic: syntax",
    author = "Batchelor, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6902",
    pages = "7--15",
}
@inproceedings{bell-2019-speech,
    title = "Speech technology and Argentinean Welsh",
    author = "Bell, Elise",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6903",
    pages = "16--20",
}
@inproceedings{heinecke-tyers-2019-development,
    title = "Development of a Universal Dependencies treebank for Welsh",
    author = "Heinecke, Johannes  and
      Tyers, Francis M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6904",
    pages = "21--31",
}
@inproceedings{lynn-scannell-2019-code,
    title = "Code-switching in Irish tweets: A preliminary analysis",
    author = "Lynn, Teresa  and
      Scannell, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6905",
    pages = "32--40",
}
@inproceedings{prys-jones-2019-embedding,
    title = "Embedding {E}nglish to Welsh {MT} in a Private Company",
    author = "Prys, Myfyr  and
      Jones, Dewi Bryn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6906",
    pages = "41--47",
}
@inproceedings{mccrae-doyle-2019-adapting,
    title = "Adapting Term Recognition to an Under-Resourced Language: the Case of Irish",
    author = "McCrae, John P.  and
      Doyle, Adrian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6907",
    pages = "48--57",
}
@inproceedings{dowling-etal-2019-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging backtranslation to improve machine translation for Gaelic languages",
    author = "Dowling, Meghan  and
      Lynn, Teresa  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6908",
    pages = "58--62",
}
@inproceedings{raghallaigh-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving full-text search results on d{\'u}chas.ie using language technology",
    author = "Raghallaigh, Brian {\'O}  and
      Scannell, Kevin  and
      Dowling, Meghan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6909",
    pages = "63--69",
}
@inproceedings{doyle-etal-2019-character,
    title = {A Character-Level {LSTM} Network Model for Tokenizing the Old Irish text of the W{\"u}rzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles},
    author = "Doyle, Adrian  and
      McCrae, John P.  and
      Downey, Clodagh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6910",
    pages = "70--79",
}
@inproceedings{ward-etal-2019-green,
    title = "A Green Approach for an Irish App (Refactor, reuse and keeping it real)",
    author = "Ward, Monica  and
      Mozgovoy, Maxim  and
      Purgina, Marina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Celtic Language Technology Workshop",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6911",
    pages = "80--88",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-memento,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second MEMENTO workshop on Modelling Parameters of Cognitive Effort in Translation Production",
    author = "Carl, Michael  and
      Hansen-Schirra, Silvia",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7000",
}
@inproceedings{do-carmo-2019-edit,
    title = "Edit distances do not describe editing, but they can be useful for translation process research",
    author = "do Carmo, F{\'e}lix",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second MEMENTO workshop on Modelling Parameters of Cognitive Effort in Translation Production",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7001",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{vanroy-etal-2019-modelling,
    title = "Modelling word translation entropy and syntactic equivalence with machine learning",
    author = "Vanroy, Bram  and
      Clercq, Orph{\'e}e De  and
      Macken, Lieve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second MEMENTO workshop on Modelling Parameters of Cognitive Effort in Translation Production",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7002",
    pages = "3--4",
}
@inproceedings{cumbreno-aranberri-2019-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of temporal, technical and cognitive dimension measurements for post-editing effort",
    author = "Cumbreno, Cristina  and
      Aranberri, Nora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second MEMENTO workshop on Modelling Parameters of Cognitive Effort in Translation Production",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7003",
    pages = "5--6",
}
@inproceedings{vardaro-etal-2019-translation,
    title = "Translation Quality and Effort Prediction in Professional Machine Translation Post-Editing",
    author = "Vardaro, Jennifer  and
      Schaeffer, Moritz  and
      Hansen-Schirra, Silvia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second MEMENTO workshop on Modelling Parameters of Cognitive Effort in Translation Production",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7004",
    pages = "7--8",
}
@inproceedings{rossi-esperanca-rodier-2019-without,
    title = "With or without post-editing processes? Evidence for a gap in machine translation evaluation",
    author = "Rossi, Caroline  and
      Esperan{\c{c}}a-Rodier, Emmanuelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second MEMENTO workshop on Modelling Parameters of Cognitive Effort in Translation Production",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7005",
    pages = "9--10",
}
@inproceedings{almazroei-etal-2019-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Correlations Between Human Translation and {MT} Output",
    author = "Almazroei, Samar A.  and
      Ogawa, Haruka  and
      Gilbert, Devin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second MEMENTO workshop on Modelling Parameters of Cognitive Effort in Translation Production",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7006",
    pages = "11--13",
}
@inproceedings{sahoo-carl-2019-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Representation {\&} Retrieval on Monolingual Interpretative text production",
    author = "Sahoo, Debasish  and
      Carl, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second MEMENTO workshop on Modelling Parameters of Cognitive Effort in Translation Production",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7007",
    pages = "14--16",
}
@inproceedings{wei-2019-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Cognitive Effort in Translation Production",
    author = "Wei, Yuxiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second MEMENTO workshop on Modelling Parameters of Cognitive Effort in Translation Production",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7008",
    pages = "17--17",
}
@inproceedings{kuang-2019-computerized,
    title = "Computerized Note-taking in Consecutive Interpreting: A Pen-voice Integrated Approach towards Omissions, Additions and Reconstructions in Notes",
    author = "Kuang, Huolingxiao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second MEMENTO workshop on Modelling Parameters of Cognitive Effort in Translation Production",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7009",
    pages = "18--18",
}
@inproceedings{tardel-etal-2019-automatization,
    title = "Automatization of subprocesses in subtitling",
    author = "Tardel, Anke  and
      Hansen-Schirra, Silvia  and
      Gutermuth, Silke  and
      Schaeffer, Moritz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second MEMENTO workshop on Modelling Parameters of Cognitive Effort in Translation Production",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7010",
    pages = "19--20",
}
@inproceedings{dardi-2019-correlating,
    title = "Correlating Metaphors to Behavioural Data: A {CRITT} {TPR}-{DB}-based Study",
    author = "Dardi, Faustino",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second MEMENTO workshop on Modelling Parameters of Cognitive Effort in Translation Production",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7011",
    pages = "21--22",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2019-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Cognitive Effort in Written Translation of {C}hinese Neologisms: An Eye-tracking and Keylogging Study",
    author = "Chen, Jinjin  and
      Li, Defeng  and
      Lei, Victoria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second MEMENTO workshop on Modelling Parameters of Cognitive Effort in Translation Production",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7012",
    pages = "23--23",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-multilingualism,
    title = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Multilingualism at the Intersection of Knowledge Bases and Machine Translation",
    author = "Arcan, Mihael  and
      Turchi, Marco  and
      Du, Jinhua  and
      Shterionov, Dimitar  and
      Torregrosa, Daniel",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7100",
}
@inproceedings{chakravarthi-etal-2019-wordnet,
    title = "{W}ord{N}et Gloss Translation for Under-resourced Languages using Multilingual Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Chakravarthi, Bharathi Raja  and
      Arcan, Mihael  and
      McCrae, John P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Multilingualism at the Intersection of Knowledge Bases and Machine Translation",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7101",
    pages = "1--7",
}
@inproceedings{soto-etal-2019-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging {SNOMED} {CT} terms and relations for machine translation of clinical texts from Basque to {S}panish",
    author = "Soto, Xabier  and
      Perez-De-Vi{\~n}aspre, Olatz  and
      Oronoz, Maite  and
      Labaka, Gorka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Multilingualism at the Intersection of Knowledge Bases and Machine Translation",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7102",
    pages = "8--18",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-patent,
    title = "Proceedings of The 8th Workshop on Patent and Scientific Literature Translation",
    author = "Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Tsunakawa, Takashi",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7200",
}
@inproceedings{ono-etal-2019-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Data-Model Parallel Training for Sequence-to-Sequence Recurrent Neural Network Machine Translation",
    author = "Ono, Junya  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 8th Workshop on Patent and Scientific Literature Translation",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7201",
    pages = "4--12",
}
@inproceedings{poncelas-etal-2019-transductive,
    title = "Transductive Data-Selection Algorithms for Fine-Tuning Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Poncelas, Alberto  and
      de Buy Wenniger, Gideon Maillette  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 8th Workshop on Patent and Scientific Literature Translation",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7202",
    pages = "13--23",
}
@inproceedings{iida-etal-2019-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Hop Attention for {RNN} based Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Iida, Shohei  and
      Kimura, Ryuichiro  and
      Cui, Hongyi  and
      Hung, Po-Hsuan  and
      Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 8th Workshop on Patent and Scientific Literature Translation",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7203",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{nurminen-2019-decision,
    title = "Decision-making, Risk, and Gist Machine Translation in the Work of Patent Professionals",
    author = "Nurminen, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of The 8th Workshop on Patent and Scientific Literature Translation",
    month = "20 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7204",
    pages = "32--42",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-qualities,
    title = "Proceedings of the Qualities of Literary Machine Translation",
    author = "Hadley, James  and
      Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Afli, Haithem  and
      Way, Andy",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7300",
}
@inproceedings{kuzman-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation of Literary Texts from {E}nglish to {S}lovene",
    author = "Kuzman, Taja  and
      {{\v{S}}pela Vintar}  and
      Ar{\v{c}}an, Mihael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Qualities of Literary Machine Translation",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7301",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{matusov-2019-challenges,
    title = "The Challenges of Using Neural Machine Translation for Literature",
    author = "Matusov, Evgeny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Qualities of Literary Machine Translation",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7302",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{murchu-2019-using,
    title = "Using Intergaelic to pre-translate and subsequently post-edit a sci-fi novel from {S}cottish Gaelic to Irish",
    author = "Murch{\'u}, Eoin P. {\'O}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Qualities of Literary Machine Translation",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7303",
    pages = "20--25",
}
@inproceedings{sahin-gurses-2019-mt,
    title = "Would {MT} kill creativity in literary retranslation?",
    author = {{\c{S}}ahin, Mehmet  and
      G{\"u}rses, Sabri},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Qualities of Literary Machine Translation",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7304",
    pages = "26--34",
}
@inproceedings{taivalkoski-shilov-2019-free,
    title = "Free indirect discourse: an insurmountable challenge for literary {MT} systems?",
    author = "Taivalkoski-Shilov, Kristiina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Qualities of Literary Machine Translation",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7305",
    pages = "35--39",
}
@inproceedings{tezcan-etal-2019-sport,
    title = "When a {`}sport{'} is a person and other issues for {NMT} of novels",
    author = "Tezcan, Arda  and
      Daems, Joke  and
      Macken, Lieve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Qualities of Literary Machine Translation",
    month = "19 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7306",
    pages = "40--49",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-international-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    author = "Abbas, Mourad  and
      Freihat, Abed Alhakim",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7400",
}
@inproceedings{kosmajac-keselj-2019-twitter,
    title = "Twitter Bot Detection using Diversity Measures",
    author = "Kosmajac, Dijana  and
      Keselj, Vlado",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7401",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{nair-etal-2019-aligning,
    title = "Aligning the {I}ndo{W}ord{N}et with the {P}rinceton {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Nair, Nandu Chandran  and
      Velayuthan, Rajendran Sankara  and
      Batsuren, Khuyagbaatar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7402",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{lindsay-etal-2019-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Data-Driven Approaches for Evaluating the Phonemic Verbal Fluency Task with Healthy Adults",
    author = "Lindsay, Hali  and
      Linz, Nicklas  and
      Troeger, Johannes  and
      Alexandersson, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7403",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{mensonides-etal-2019-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection and Classification of Argument Components using Multi-task Deep Neural Network",
    author = "Mensonides, Jean-Christophe  and
      Harispe, S{\'e}bastien  and
      Montmain, Jacky  and
      Thireau, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7404",
    pages = "25--33",
}
@inproceedings{jain-etal-2019-multi,
    title = "Multi Sense Embeddings from Topic Models",
    author = "Jain, Shobhit  and
      Bodapati, Sravan Babu  and
      Nallapati, Ramesh  and
      Anandkumar, Anima",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7405",
    pages = "34--41",
}
@inproceedings{qassem-etal-2019-automatic,
    title = "Automatic {A}rabic Text Summarization Based on Fuzzy Logic",
    author = "Qassem, Lamees Al  and
      Wang, Di  and
      Barada, Hassan  and
      Al-Rubaie, Ahmad  and
      Almoosa, Nawaf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7406",
    pages = "42--48",
}
@inproceedings{lichouri-etal-2019-arabic,
    title = "An {A}rabic Multi-Domain Spoken Language Understanding System",
    author = "Lichouri, Mohamed  and
      Abbas, Mourad  and
      Djeradi, Rachida  and
      Djeradi, Amar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7407",
    pages = "49--53",
}
@inproceedings{lounnas-etal-2019-building,
    title = "Building a Speech Corpus based on {A}rabic Podcasts for Language and Dialect Identification",
    author = "Lounnas, Khaled  and
      Abbas, Mourad  and
      Lichouri, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7408",
    pages = "54--58",
}
@inproceedings{elnagar-etal-2019-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Text Tagging of {A}rabic News Articles Using Ensemble Deep Learning Models",
    author = "Elnagar, Ashraf  and
      Einea, Omar  and
      Al-Debsi, Ridhwan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7409",
    pages = "59--66",
}
@inproceedings{kuriakose-2019-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Approach for Confidence Scoring in Speech Recognition",
    author = "Kuriakose, Punnoose",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7410",
    pages = "67--74",
}
@inproceedings{zine-etal-2019-crowdsourcing,
    title = "A Crowdsourcing-based Approach for Speech Corpus Transcription Case of {A}rabic {A}lgerian Dialects",
    author = "Zine, Ilyes  and
      Zeghad, Mohamed Cherif  and
      Bougrine, Soumia  and
      Cherroun, Hadda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7411",
    pages = "75--83",
}
@inproceedings{ahmed-2019-sample,
    title = "Sample Size in {A}rabic Authorship Verification",
    author = "Ahmed, Hossam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7412",
    pages = "84--91",
}
@inproceedings{wu-li-2019-folksonomy,
    title = "A folksonomy-based approach for profiling human perception on word similarity",
    author = "Wu, Guani  and
      Li, Ker-Chau",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7413",
    pages = "92--99",
}
@inproceedings{hamed-2019-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Diacritization as Prerequisite Towards the Automatic Generation of {A}rabic Lexical Recognition Tests",
    author = "Hamed, Osama",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7414",
    pages = "100--106",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2019-expanding,
    title = "Expanding {E}nglish and {C}hinese Dictionaries by {W}ikipedia Titles",
    author = "Chen, Wei-Ting  and
      Wang, Yu-Te  and
      Lin, Chuan-Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7415",
    pages = "107--113",
}
@inproceedings{koupka-2019-production,
    title = "Production of Voicing Contrast in Children with Cochlear Implants",
    author = "Koupka, Georgia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7416",
    pages = "114--119",
}
@inproceedings{cheragui-lakhdar-2019-sumsat,
    title = "{S}um{SAT}: Hybrid {A}rabic Text Summarization based on symbolic and numerical Approaches",
    author = "Cheragui, Mohamed Amine  and
      Lakhdar, Said Moulay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7417",
    pages = "120--127",
}
@inproceedings{boumaraf-merazka-2019-speech,
    title = "Speech Coding Combining Chaos Encryption and Error Recovery for G.722.2 Codec",
    author = "Boumaraf, Messaouda  and
      Merazka, Fatiha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7418",
    pages = "128--134",
}
@inproceedings{ziai-2019-compositional,
    title = "Compositional pre-training for neural semantic parsing",
    author = "Ziai, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7419",
    pages = "135--141",
}
@inproceedings{karanikolos-refanidis-2019-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Position Improves Recurrent Neural Text Summarizers",
    author = "Karanikolos, Apostolos  and
      Refanidis, Ioannis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing",
    month = "12{--}13 " # sep,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Trento, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7420",
    pages = "142--150",
}
@proceedings{ws-2019-machine-translation-summit-xvii-3,
    title = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 3: Tutorial Abstracts",
    author = "Rossi, Laura",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
}
@inproceedings{o-dowd-2019-unreasonable,
    title = "The unreasonable effectiveness of Neural Models in Language Decoding",
    author = "O'Dowd, Tony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 3: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    abstract = "This tutorial will provide an in-depth look at the experiments, jointly carried out by KantanMT and eBay during 2018, to determine which Neural Model delivers the best translation performance for eBay Customer Service content. It will lay out the timeline, process and mechanisms used to customise Neural MT models and how these were used in conjunction with Human Based evaluations to determine which approach to Neural MT provided the best translation outcomes. The tutorial will cover the following topics and methods:- Structural differences in Neural Networks and how they assist the language decoding process {--} RNN, CNN and TNN will be covered in detailed.- Customisation of Neural MT using the KantanMT Platform- Using MQM Framework for the evaluation and comparison of Translation Outputs and comparison to Human Translation- Collation and analysis of experimental findings in reaching our decision to standardise on Transformer type networks.Participants of the tutorial will get a clear understanding of Neural Model types and the differences, it will also cover how to customise these models and then how to set up a controlled experiment to determine translation performance.",
}
@inproceedings{popovic-castilho-2019-challenge,
    title = "Challenge Test Sets for MT Evaluation",
    author = "Popovi{\'c}, Maja  and
      Castilho, Sheila",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 3: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    abstract = "Most of the test sets used for the evaluation of MT systems reflect the frequency distribution of different phenomena found in naturally occurring data ({''}standard{''} or {''}natural{''} test sets). However, to better understand particular strengths and weaknesses of MT systems, especially those based on neural networks, it is necessary to apply more focused evaluation procedures. Therefore, another type of test sets ({''}challenge{''} test sets, also called {''}test suites{''}) is being increasingly employed in order to highlight points of difficulty which are relevant to model development, training, or using of the given system. This tutorial will be useful for anyone (researchers, developers, users, translators) interested in detailed evaluation and getting a better understanding of machine translation (MT) systems and models. The attendees will learn about the motivation and linguistic background of challenge test sets and a range of testing possibilities applied to the state-of-the-art MT systems, as well as a number of practical aspects and challenges.",
}
@inproceedings{marg-yanishevsky-2019-deep,
    title = "A Deep Learning Curve for Post-Editing 2",
    author = "Marg, Lena  and
      Yanishevsky, Alex{\textgreater}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 3: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    abstract = "In the last couple of years, machine translation technology has seen major changes with the breakthrough of neural machine translation (NMT), a growing number of providers and translation platforms. Machine Translation generally is experiencing a peak in demand from translation buyers, thanks to Machine Learning and AI being omnipresent in the media and at industry events. At the same time, new models for defining translation quality are becoming more widely adopted. These changes have profound implications for translators, LSPs and translation buyers: translators have to adjust their post-editing approaches, while LSPs and translation buyers are faced with decisions on selecting providers, best approaches for updating MT systems, financial investments, integrating tools, and getting the timing for implementation right for an optimum ROI.In this tutorial on MT and post-editing we would like to continue sharing the latest trends in the field of MT technologies, and discuss their impact on post-editing practices as well as integrating MT on large, multi-language translation programs. We will look at tool compatibility, different use cases of MT and dynamic quality models, and share our experience of measuring performance.",
}
@inproceedings{toral-2019-practical,
    title = "Practical Statistics for Research in Machine Translation and Translation Studies",
    author = "Toral, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 3: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = "19{--}23 " # aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "European Association for Machine Translation",
    abstract = "The tutorial will introduce a set of very useful statistical tests for conducting analyses in the research areas of Machine Translation (MT) and Translation Studies (TS). For each statistical test, the presenter will: 1) introduce it in the context of a common research example that pertains to the area of MT and/or TS 2) explain the technique behind the test and its assumptions 3) cover common pitfalls when the test is applied in research studies, and 4) conduct a hands-on activity so that attendees can put the knowledge acquired in practice straight-away. All examples and exercises will be in R. The following statistical tests will be covered: t-tests (both parametric and non-parametric), bootstrap resampling, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, linear mixed-effects models.",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2001-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    author = "Lee, Ik-Hwan  and
      Kim, Yong-Beom  and
      Choi, Key-Sun  and
      Lee, Minhaeng",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1000",
}
@inproceedings{hinrichs-2001-robust,
    title = "Robust Syntactic Annotation of Corpora and Memory-based Parsing",
    author = "Hinrichs, Erhard W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1001",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12215",
    pages = "1--1",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2001-simple,
    title = "A Simple Syntax for Complex Semantics",
    author = "Lee, Kiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1002",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12226",
    pages = "2--27",
}
@inproceedings{cheung-etal-2001-identification,
    title = "Identification of {C}hinese Personal Names in Unrestricted Texts",
    author = "Cheung, Lawrence  and
      Tsou, Benjamin K.  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1003",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12234",
    pages = "28--35",
}
@inproceedings{chung-kim-2001-mismatches,
    title = "Mismatches in {K}orean Copula Constructions and Linearization Effects",
    author = "Chung, Chan  and
      Kim, Jong-Bok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1004",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12243",
    pages = "36--49",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2001-heuristic,
    title = "Heuristic-based {K}orean Coreference Resolution for Information Extraction",
    author = "Chung, Euisok  and
      Lim, Soojong  and
      Yun, Bo-Hyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1005",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12254",
    pages = "50--58",
}
@inproceedings{han-lee-2001-negative,
    title = "On Negative Imperatives in {K}orean",
    author = "Han, Chung-hye  and
      Lee, Chung-min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1006",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12255",
    pages = "59--68",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2001-penn,
    title = "{P}enn {K}orean Treebank : Development and Evaluation",
    author = "Han, Chung-hye  and
      Han, Na-Rae  and
      Ko, Eon-Suk  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Yi, Heejong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1007",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12256",
    pages = "69--78",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2001-deterministic,
    title = "A Deterministic Method for Structural Analysis of Compound Words in {J}apanese",
    author = "Han, Dongli  and
      Ito, Takeshi  and
      Furugori, Teiji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1008",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12257",
    pages = "79--91",
}
@inproceedings{ikeya-ikawa-2001-implicit,
    title = "Implicit Adjuncts : The Cases of Degree Modifiers in {J}apanese and {E}nglish",
    author = "Ikeya, Akira  and
      Ikawa, Hisako",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1009",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12258",
    pages = "92--102",
}
@inproceedings{im-lee-2001-type,
    title = "Type Construction of Nouns with the Verb ha- {`}do{'}",
    author = "Im, Seohyun  and
      Lee, Chungmin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1010",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12216",
    pages = "103--112",
}
@inproceedings{ishikawa-2001-event,
    title = "An Event-Based Semantics for {J}apanese Emphatic Particles",
    author = "Ishikawa, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1011",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12217",
    pages = "113--122",
}
@inproceedings{jang-2001-small,
    title = "Small Clauses and Default Case",
    author = "Jang, Youngjun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1012",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12218",
    pages = "123--134",
}
@inproceedings{kang-2001-edge,
    title = "Edge-Integrity and the Syllable Structure in {K}orean",
    author = "Kang, Eungyeong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1013",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12219",
    pages = "135--146",
}
@inproceedings{ker-lin-2001-alignment,
    title = "An Alignment Based Technique for Text Translation between Traditional {C}hinese and Simplified {C}hinese",
    author = "Ker, Sue J.  and
      Lin, Chun-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1014",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12220",
    pages = "147--156",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2001-verb,
    title = "Verb Pattern Based {K}orean-{C}hinese Machine Translation System",
    author = "Kim, Changhyun  and
      Kim, Young Kil  and
      Hong, Munpyo  and
      Seo, Young Ae  and
      Yang, Sung Il  and
      Choi, Sung-Kwon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1015",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12221",
    pages = "157--165",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2001-korean,
    title = "A {K}orean Homonym Disambiguation System Based on Statistical Model Using Weights",
    author = "Kim, Jun-Su  and
      Lee, Wang-Woo  and
      Kim, Chang-Hwan  and
      Ock, Cheol-young",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1016",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12222",
    pages = "166--176",
}
@inproceedings{kim-2001-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of {K}orean Predicative Verb Forms in {LAG} Framework",
    author = "Kim, Soora",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1017",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12223",
    pages = "177--186",
}
@inproceedings{kim-2001-concession,
    title = "Concession and Linguistic Inference",
    author = "Kim, Yong-Beom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1018",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12224",
    pages = "187--194",
}
@inproceedings{kim-2001-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Passivization and the Change of Lexical-Semantic Structures in {K}orean",
    author = "Kim, Yoon-shin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1019",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12225",
    pages = "195--204",
}
@inproceedings{kim-2001-phase,
    title = "A Phase-based Approach to {ECM} across {CP} in {K}orean",
    author = "Kim, Youngsun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1020",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12227",
    pages = "205--216",
}
@inproceedings{kojima-kotani-2001-generating,
    title = "Generating a Category Set of Words Using a Hierarchical Part-of-Speech System and Tagged Corpus",
    author = "Kojima, Takeyuki  and
      Kotani, Yoshiyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1021",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12228",
    pages = "217--226",
}
@inproceedings{kotani-2001-disambiguation,
    title = "Disambiguation of Coordinate Expressions in {J}apanese by Extracting Mutual Case Relation",
    author = "Kotani, Yoshiyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1022",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12229",
    pages = "227--236",
}
@inproceedings{kuno-2001-finite,
    title = "Finite Small Clauses in {J}apanese and Their Theoretical Implications",
    author = "Kuno, Masakazu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1023",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12230",
    pages = "237--248",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-2001-toward,
    title = "Toward a Bilingual Legal Term Glossary from Context Profiles",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1024",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12231",
    pages = "249--258",
}
@inproceedings{lavin-2001-issues,
    title = "Issues in {C}hinese Prosody : Conceptual Foundations of a Linguistically-Motivated Text-to-Speech System for {M}andarin",
    author = "Lavin, Richard S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1025",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12232",
    pages = "259--270",
}
@inproceedings{lee-chang-2001-operator,
    title = "An Operator Assisted Call Routing System",
    author = "Lee, Chun-Jen  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1026",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12233",
    pages = "271--280",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2001-backward,
    title = "Backward Anaphora",
    author = "Lee, Hyeran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1027",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12235",
    pages = "281--289",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2001-korean,
    title = "A {K}orean Noun Semantic Hierarchy ({W}ordnet) Construction",
    author = "Lee, Juho  and
      Un, Koaunghi  and
      Bae, Hee-Sook  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1028",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12236",
    pages = "290--295",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2001-implementation,
    title = "Implementation of Long-distance Reflexives in {K}orean : A Categorial Grammar Approach",
    author = "Lee, Yong-hun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1029",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12237",
    pages = "296--307",
}
@inproceedings{lin-2001-interface,
    title = "The Interface between Syntax and Morphology : {T}aiwanese Verbal Complexes",
    author = "Lin, Huei-Ling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1030",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12238",
    pages = "308--319",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2001-structure,
    title = "The Structure of Polysemy : A Study of Multi-sense Words Based on {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Lin, Jen-Yi  and
      Yang, Chang-Hua  and
      Tseng, Shu-Chuan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1031",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12239",
    pages = "320--329",
}
@inproceedings{mori-yoshimoto-2001-quantifier,
    title = "If a Quantifier is not floated, but moored or even incorporated : Complexity of Presuppositions in Local Domain",
    author = "Mori, Yoshiki  and
      Yoshimoto, Kei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1032",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12240",
    pages = "330--347",
}
@inproceedings{moriya-horie-2001-grammaticalization,
    title = "Grammaticalization and Semantic Typology : Time-relationship Adverbs in {J}apanese, {K}orean, {E}nglish and {G}erman",
    author = "Moriya, Tetsuharu  and
      Horie, Kaoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1033",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12241",
    pages = "348--357",
}
@inproceedings{nakamura-2001-double,
    title = "Double Subject, Double Nominative Object and Double Accusative Object Constructions in {J}apanese and {K}orean",
    author = "Nakamura, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1034",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12242",
    pages = "358--369",
}
@inproceedings{okabe-2001-focus,
    title = "A Focus-based Approach to Scope Ambiguity in {J}apanese",
    author = "Okabe, Ryoya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1035",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12244",
    pages = "370--381",
}
@inproceedings{pan-hu-2001-representing,
    title = "Representing Topic-Comment Structures in {C}hinese",
    author = "Pan, Haihua  and
      Hu, Jianhua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1036",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12245",
    pages = "382--390",
}
@inproceedings{park-2001-transitive,
    title = "Do Transitive Adjectives Really Exist?",
    author = "Park, Byung-Soo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1037",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12246",
    pages = "391--403",
}
@inproceedings{sato-2001-adverbial,
    title = "This Adverbial Accusative : A Corpus-based Observation and More",
    author = "Sato, Michiyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1038",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12247",
    pages = "404--410",
}
@inproceedings{schulze-2001-loom,
    title = "The Loom-{LAG} for Syntax Analysis : Adding a Language-independent Level to {LAG}",
    author = "Schulze, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1039",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12248",
    pages = "411--420",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-2001-japanese,
    title = "A {J}apanese Compound Verb V-te-iku and Event Composition",
    author = "Tanaka, Eri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1040",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12249",
    pages = "421--432",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2001-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Interference in {C}hinese-{E}nglish Bilingual Children",
    author = "Wang, Erin Yaoling",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1041",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12250",
    pages = "433--446",
}
@inproceedings{yang-lee-2001-argumentness,
    title = "Argumentness and Probabilistic Case Structures",
    author = "Yang, Dan-Hee  and
      Lee, Ik-Hwan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1042",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12251",
    pages = "447--454",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2001-important,
    title = "An Important Issue in Data Mining : Data Cleaning",
    author = "Yang, Qi Xiao  and
      Yuan, Sung Sam  and
      Chun, Lu  and
      Rajasekera, Jay",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1043",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12252",
    pages = "455--464",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-2001-building,
    title = "Building a Domain-Specific {F}rench-{K}orean Lexicon",
    author = "Yoon, Aesun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1044",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12253",
    pages = "465--474",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2001-author-index,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = jan # "/" # feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Jeju, Korea",
    publisher = "The Korean Society for Language and Information",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y02-1045",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2016-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Keynote Speeches and Invited Talks",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-1000",
}
@inproceedings{muller-2016-coregram,
    title = "The {C}ore{G}ram Project: Theoretical Linguistics, Theory Development and Verification",
    author = {M{\"u}ller, Stefan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Keynote Speeches and Invited Talks",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-1001",
    pages = "3--3",
}
@inproceedings{nenadic-2016-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Methodological Meta-knowledge from Large Biomedical Corpora",
    author = "Nenadic, Goran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Keynote Speeches and Invited Talks",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-1002",
    pages = "5--5",
}
@inproceedings{sarkar-2016-challenge,
    title = "The Challenge of Simultaneous Speech Translation",
    author = "Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Keynote Speeches and Invited Talks",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-1003",
    pages = "7--7",
}
@inproceedings{choe-2016-significance,
    title = "The Significance of Background Information in Acceptability Judgements of {K}orean Sentences",
    author = "Choe, Jae-Woong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Keynote Speeches and Invited Talks",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-1004",
    pages = "11--11",
}
@inproceedings{harada-2016-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Diversified Proficiency of {J}apanese Learners of {E}nglish",
    author = "Harada, Yasunari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Keynote Speeches and Invited Talks",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-1005",
    pages = "13--14",
}
@inproceedings{huang-2016-endurant,
    title = "Endurant vs Perdurant: Ontological Motivation for Language Variations",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Keynote Speeches and Invited Talks",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-1006",
    pages = "15--25",
}
@inproceedings{liu-2016-syntax,
    title = "The Syntax of the {C}hinese Excessive Resultative Construction",
    author = "Liu, Hongyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Keynote Speeches and Invited Talks",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-1007",
    pages = "27--34",
}
@inproceedings{dita-2016-grammar,
    title = "The grammar and semantics of disjuncts in World Englishes",
    author = "Dita, Shirley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Keynote Speeches and Invited Talks",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-1008",
    pages = "35--35",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2016-pacific-asia,
    title = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
}
@inproceedings{seraku-2016-maximal,
    title = "A {``}Maximal Exclusion{''} Approach to Structural Uncertainty in Dynamic Syntax",
    author = "Seraku, Tohru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2001",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2016-korean,
    title = "{K}orean Language Resources for Everyone",
    author = "Park, Jungyeul  and
      Hong, Jeen-Pyo  and
      Cha, Jeong-Won",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2002",
    pages = "49--58",
}
@inproceedings{shi-2016-secondary,
    title = "Secondary Predicates in Native and Nonnative Grammars",
    author = "Shi, Enchao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2003",
    pages = "59--68",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2016-generalized,
    title = "A Generalized Framework for Hierarchical Word Sequence Language Model",
    author = "Wu, Xiaoyi  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2004",
    pages = "69--75",
}
@inproceedings{park-lee-2016-processing,
    title = "Processing {E}nglish Island Sentences by {K}orean {EFL} Learners",
    author = "Park, Yeonkyung  and
      Lee, Yong-hun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2005",
    pages = "77--84",
}
@inproceedings{phan-etal-2016-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Emotions Detection in Conversation Transcripts",
    author = "Phan, Duc-Anh  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2006",
    pages = "85--94",
}
@inproceedings{park-2016-long,
    title = "Long-distance anaphors and the blocking effect revisited-An East {A}sian perspective",
    author = "Park, Hyunjun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2007",
    pages = "95--103",
}
@inproceedings{go-borra-2016-developing,
    title = "Developing an Unsupervised Grammar Checker for {F}ilipino Using Hybrid N-grams as Grammar Rules",
    author = "Go, Matthew Phillip  and
      Borra, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2008",
    pages = "105--113",
}
@inproceedings{yamaki-etal-2016-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Word Sense Disambiguation with Sentences Similarities from Context Word Embeddings",
    author = "Yamaki, Shoma  and
      Shinnou, Hiroyuki  and
      Komiya, Kanako  and
      Sasaki, Minoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2009",
    pages = "115--121",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2016-hssa,
    title = "{HSSA} tree structures for {BTG}-based preordering in machine translation",
    author = "Zhang, Yujia  and
      Wang, Hao  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2010",
    pages = "123--132",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-2016-manner,
    title = "The Manner/Result Complementarity in {C}hinese Motion Verbs Revisited",
    author = "Qiu, Lei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2011",
    pages = "133--142",
}
@inproceedings{wang-lepage-2016-yet,
    title = "Yet Another Symmetrical and Real-time Word Alignment Method: Hierarchical Sub-sentential Alignment using F-measure",
    author = "Wang, Hao  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2012",
    pages = "143--152",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2016-event,
    title = "Event Based Emotion Classification for News Articles",
    author = "Li, Minglei  and
      Wang, Da  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Long, Yunfei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2013",
    pages = "153--162",
}
@inproceedings{sperlich-etal-2016-interaction,
    title = "The interaction of politeness systems in {K}orean learners of {F}rench",
    author = "Sperlich, Darcy  and
      Leem, Jaiho  and
      Ahn, Eui-Jeen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2014",
    pages = "163--171",
}
@inproceedings{phi-matsumoto-2016-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Word Embedding Offsets into the Espresso System for Part-Whole Relation Extraction",
    author = "Phi, Van-Thuy  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2015",
    pages = "173--181",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2016-experimental,
    title = "An Experimental Study of Subject Properties in {K}orean Multiple Subject Constructions ({MSC}s)",
    author = "Kim, Ji-Hye  and
      Kim, Eunah  and
      Yoon, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2016",
    pages = "183--190",
}
@inproceedings{chen-2016-focal,
    title = "Focal Prominence Underlying Distribution of {M}andarin Minimizers",
    author = "Chen, I-Hsuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2017",
    pages = "191--198",
}
@inproceedings{zeman-etal-2016-planting,
    title = "Planting Trees in the Desert: Delexicalized Tagging and Parsing Combined",
    author = "Zeman, Daniel  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      Yu, Zhiwei  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2018",
    pages = "199--207",
}
@inproceedings{mi-etal-2016-recurrent,
    title = "Recurrent Neural Network Based Loanwords Identification in {U}yghur",
    author = "Mi, Chenggang  and
      Yang, Yating  and
      Zhou, Xi  and
      Wang, Lei  and
      Li, Xiao  and
      Jiang, Tonghai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2019",
    pages = "209--217",
}
@inproceedings{tomita-2016-solving,
    title = "Solving Event Quantification and Free Variable Problems in Semantics for Minimalist Grammars",
    author = "Tomita, Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2020",
    pages = "219--227",
}
@inproceedings{santus-etal-2016-testing,
    title = "Testing {APS}yn against Vector Cosine on Similarity Estimation",
    author = "Santus, Enrico  and
      Chersoni, Emmanuele  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Blache, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2021",
    pages = "229--238",
}
@inproceedings{muraoka-etal-2016-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Open-Vocabulary Relations between Objects in Images",
    author = "Muraoka, Masayasu  and
      Maharjan, Sumit  and
      Saito, Masaki  and
      Yamaguchi, Kota  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Okatani, Takayuki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2022",
    pages = "239--248",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-2016-strong,
    title = "Strong Associations Can Be Weak: Some Thoughts on Cross-lingual Word Webs for Translation",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2023",
    pages = "249--257",
}
@inproceedings{trieu-etal-2016-dealing,
    title = "Dealing with Out-Of-Vocabulary Problem in Sentence Alignment Using Word Similarity",
    author = "Trieu, Hai-Long  and
      Nguyen, Le-Minh  and
      Nguyen, Phuong-Thai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2024",
    pages = "259--266",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-2016-pipeline,
    title = "A Pipeline {J}apanese Entity Linking System with Embedding Features",
    author = "Zhou, Shuangshuang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2025",
    pages = "267--276",
}
@inproceedings{uemura-etal-2016-toward,
    title = "Toward the automatic extraction of knowledge of usable goods",
    author = "Uemura, Mei  and
      Orita, Naho  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2026",
    pages = "277--285",
}
@inproceedings{hoe-park-2016-syntactic,
    title = "A Syntactic Approach to the 1st Person Restriction of Causal Clauses in {K}orean",
    author = "Hoe, Semoon  and
      Park, Yugyeong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2027",
    pages = "287--295",
}
@inproceedings{park-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards a {QUD}-Based Analysis of Gapping Constructions",
    author = "Park, Sang-Hee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Oral Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-2028",
    pages = "297--305",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2016-pacific-asia-language,
    title = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2016-retrieval,
    title = "Retrieval Term Prediction Using Deep Learning Methods",
    author = "Ma, Qing  and
      Tanigawa, Ibuki  and
      Murata, Masaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3001",
    pages = "309--317",
}
@inproceedings{kamada-2016-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Post-verbal Constructions Revisited",
    author = "Kamada, Kohji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3002",
    pages = "319--328",
}
@inproceedings{ikegami-ohsawa-2016-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Clustering using {P}age{R}ank Topic Model",
    author = "Ikegami, Kenshin  and
      Ohsawa, Yukio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3003",
    pages = "329--337",
}
@inproceedings{lee-jun-2016-inner,
    title = "The Inner Circle vs. the Outer Circle or {B}ritish {E}nglish vs. {A}merican {E}nglish",
    author = "Lee, Yong-hun  and
      Jun, Ki-suk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3004",
    pages = "339--346",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2016-correlation,
    title = "A Correlation Analysis of {E}nglish Particle Placement of Three East {A}sian {EFL} Learners Writings",
    author = "Kim, Ha-Eung  and
      Lee, Gyu-Hyeong  and
      Lee, Yong-hun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3005",
    pages = "347--354",
}
@inproceedings{sboev-2016-sources,
    title = "The sources of new words and expressions in the {C}hinese {I}nternet language and the ways by which they enter the {I}nternet language",
    author = "Sboev, Aleksandr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3006",
    pages = "355--361",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2016-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Clustering with Topic and Temporal Information from Large Email Dataset",
    author = "Liu, Sisi  and
      Lee, Ickjai  and
      Cai, Guochen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3007",
    pages = "363--371",
}
@inproceedings{chung-2016-adnominal,
    title = "On What an Adnominal Appendix Modifies in {K}orean Adjunct {RDC}s",
    author = "Chung, Daeho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3008",
    pages = "373--381",
}
@inproceedings{miao-etal-2016-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identifying Entity Type in Linked Data",
    author = "Miao, Qingliang  and
      Fang, Ruiyu  and
      Song, Shuangyong  and
      Zheng, Zhongguang  and
      Fang, Lu  and
      Meng, Yao  and
      Sun, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3009",
    pages = "383--390",
}
@inproceedings{nocon-borra-2016-smtpost,
    title = "{SMTPOST} Using Statistical Machine Translation Approach in {F}ilipino Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Nocon, Nicco  and
      Borra, Allan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3010",
    pages = "391--396",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2016-built,
    title = "From built examples to attested examples: a syntax-based query for non-specialists",
    author = "Wang, Ilaine  and
      Kahane, Sylvain  and
      Tellier, Isabelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3011",
    pages = "397--405",
}
@inproceedings{li-2016-study,
    title = "A Study of Valence {\&} Argument Integration in {C}hinese Verb-Resultative Complement",
    author = "Li, Anran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3012",
    pages = "407--415",
}
@inproceedings{sok-adams-2016-phonological,
    title = "Phonological Principles for Automatic Phonetic Transcription of {K}hmer Orthographic Words",
    author = "Sok, Makara  and
      Adams, Larin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3013",
    pages = "417--424",
}
@inproceedings{takehisa-2016-possessor,
    title = "On the Possessor Interpretation of Non-Agentive Subjects",
    author = "Takehisa, Tomokazu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3014",
    pages = "425--431",
}
@inproceedings{oco-etal-2016-philippine,
    title = "{P}hilippine Language Resources: Applications, Issues, and Directions",
    author = "Oco, Nathaniel  and
      Syliongka, Leif Romeritch  and
      Allman, Tod  and
      Roxas, Rachel Edita",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3015",
    pages = "433--438",
}
@inproceedings{kang-park-2016-generating,
    title = "Generating a Linguistic Model for Requirement Quality Analysis",
    author = "Kang, Juyeon  and
      Park, Jungyeul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3016",
    pages = "439--447",
}
@inproceedings{mirovsky-etal-2016-designing,
    title = "Designing {C}ze{DL}ex {--} A Lexicon of {C}zech Discourse Connectives",
    author = "M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      J{\'\i}nov{\'a}, Pavl{\'\i}na  and
      Rysov{\'a}, Magdal{\'e}na  and
      Pol{\'a}kov{\'a}, Lucie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3017",
    pages = "449--457",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2016-transitivity,
    title = "Transitivity in Light Verb Variations in {M}andarin {C}hinese {--} A Comparable Corpus-based Statistical Approach",
    author = "Jiang, Menghan  and
      Shi, Dingxu  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3018",
    pages = "459--468",
}
@inproceedings{he-2016-interaction,
    title = "The Interaction between {SFP}-Ne and {S}p{OA}s in {M}andarin {C}hinese{--}A corpus based approach",
    author = "He, Yifan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3019",
    pages = "469--475",
}
@inproceedings{kang-2016-semantics,
    title = "On the semantics of {K}orean modalized question",
    author = "Kang, Arum",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3020",
    pages = "477--483",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-huang-2016-synaesthetic,
    title = "The Synaesthetic and Metaphorical Uses of 味 wei {`}taste{'} in {C}hinese Buddhist Suttas",
    author = "Xiong, Jiajuan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3021",
    pages = "485--492",
}
@inproceedings{park-2016-l2,
    title = "{L}2 Acquisition of {K}orean locative construction by {E}nglish {L}1 speakers: Learnability problem in {K}orean Figure non-alternating verbs",
    author = "Park, Sun Hee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3022",
    pages = "493--499",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2016-towards,
    title = "Towards a unified account of resultative constructions in {K}orean",
    author = "Lee, Juwon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3023",
    pages = "501--510",
}
@inproceedings{duann-huang-2016-use,
    title = "The use of body part terms in Taiwan and China: Analyzing 血 xue {`}blood{'} and 骨 gu {`}bone{'} in {C}hinese {G}igaword v. 2.0",
    author = "Duann, Ren-feng  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3024",
    pages = "511--517",
}
@inproceedings{iijima-kobayashi-2016-pomdp,
    title = "A {POMDP}-based Multimodal Interaction System Using a Humanoid Robot",
    author = "Iijima, Sae  and
      Kobayashi, Ichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3025",
    pages = "519--525",
}
@inproceedings{lee-hong-2016-cloud,
    title = "The Cloud of Knowing: Non-factive al-ta {`}know{'} (as a Neg-raiser) in {K}orean",
    author = "Lee, Chungmin  and
      Hong, Seungjin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3026",
    pages = "527--533",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2016-neural,
    title = "Neural Joint Learning for Classifying {W}ikipedia Articles into Fine-grained Named Entity Types",
    author = "Suzuki, Masatoshi  and
      Matsuda, Koji  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3027",
    pages = "535--544",
}
@inproceedings{chakraborty-etal-2016-mining,
    title = "MINING CALL CENTER CONVERSATIONS EXHIBITING SIMILAR AFFECTIVE STATES",
    author = "Chakraborty, Rupayan  and
      Pandharipande, Meghna  and
      Kopparapu, Sunil Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Seoul, South Korea",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y16-3028",
    pages = "545--553",
}
@proceedings{acl-1980-association,
    title = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1000",
}
@inproceedings{herskovits-1980-spatial,
    title = "ON THE SPATIAL USES OF PREPOSITIONS",
    author = "Herskovits, Annette",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981438",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{waltz-1980-understanding,
    title = "UNDERSTANDING SCENE DESCRIPTIONS AS EVENT SIMULATIONS",
    author = "Waltz, David L.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981439",
    pages = "7--11",
}
@inproceedings{salveter-1980-existence,
    title = "ON THE EXISTENCE OF PRIMITIVE MEANING UNITS",
    author = "Salveter, Sharon C.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981440",
    pages = "13--15",
}
@inproceedings{carbonell-1980-metaphor,
    title = "Metaphor - A Key to Extensible Semantic Analysis",
    author = "Carbonell, Jaime G.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981441",
    pages = "17--21",
}
@inproceedings{slack-1980-metaphor,
    title = "Metaphor Comprehension - A special mode of language processing? (Extended Abstract)",
    author = "Slack, Jon M.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981442",
    pages = "23--24",
}
@inproceedings{grosz-1980-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Discourse: Influence of Problem Context Panel Chair{'}s Introduction",
    author = "Grosz, Barbara",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981444",
    pages = "25--25",
}
@inproceedings{chafe-1980-computers,
    title = "SHOULD COMPUTERS WRITE SPOKEN LANGUAGE?",
    author = "Chafe, Wallace L.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981445",
    pages = "27--28",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-1980-signalling,
    title = "Signalling the Interpretation of Indirect Speech Acts",
    author = "Cohen, Philip R.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981446",
    pages = "29--30",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-1980-parasession,
    title = "PARASESSION ON TOPICS IN INTERACTIVE DISCOURSE INFLUENCE OF THE PROBLEM CONTEXT",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981447",
    pages = "31--33",
}
@inproceedings{linde-goguen-1980-independence,
    title = "ON THE INDEPENDENCE OF DISCOURSE STRUCTURE AND SEMANTIC DOMAIN",
    author = "Linde, Charlotte  and
      Goguen, J.A.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981448",
    pages = "35--37",
}
@inproceedings{tannen-1980-parameters,
    title = "The Parameters of Conversational Style",
    author = "Tannen, Deborah",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981449",
    pages = "39--40",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-levy-1980-phrase,
    title = "PHRASE STRUCTURE TREES BEAR MORE FRUIT THAN YOU WOULD HAVE THOUGHT",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.  and
      Levy, Leon S.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981451",
    pages = "41--42",
}
@inproceedings{konolige-1980-capturing,
    title = "CAPTURING LINGUISTIC GENERALIZATIONS WITH METARULES IN AN ANNOTATED PHRASE-STRUCTURE GRAMMAR",
    author = "Konolige, Kurt",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981452",
    pages = "43--48",
}
@inproceedings{berwick-1980-computational,
    title = "Computational Analogues of Constraints on Grammars: A Model of Syntactic Acquisition {MIT} Artificial Intelligence",
    author = "Berwick, Robert Cregar",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981453",
    pages = "49--53",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-1980-linear,
    title = "A Linear-time Model of Language Production: some psychological implications (extended abstract)",
    author = "McDonald, David D.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981454",
    pages = "55--57",
}
@inproceedings{appelt-1980-problem,
    title = "PROBLEM SOLVING APPLIED TO LANGUAGE GENERATION",
    author = "Appelt, Douglas E.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981455",
    pages = "59--63",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-1980-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Discourse: Influence of the Social Context Panel Chair{'}s Introduction",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981457",
    pages = "65--66",
}
@inproceedings{carey-1980-paralanguage,
    title = "PARALANGUAGE IN COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATION",
    author = "Carey, John",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981458",
    pages = "67--69",
}
@inproceedings{hayes-1980-expanding,
    title = "Expanding the Horizons of Natural Language Interfaces",
    author = "Hayes, Phil",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981459",
    pages = "71--74",
}
@inproceedings{hiltz-etal-1980-process,
    title = "THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION IN FACE TO FACE VS. COMPUTERIZED CONFERENCES; A CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT USING BALES INTERACTION PROCESS ANALYSIS",
    author = "Hiltz, Starr Roxanne  and
      Johnson, Kenneth  and
      Rabke, Ann Marie",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981460",
    pages = "75--79",
}
@inproceedings{schegloff-1980-type,
    title = "WHAT TYPE OF INTERACTION IS IT TO BE",
    author = "Schegloff, Emanuel A.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981461",
    pages = "81--82",
}
@inproceedings{thomas-1980-computer,
    title = "THE COMPUTER AS AN ACTIVE COMMUNICATION MEDIUM",
    author = "Thomas, John C.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981462",
    pages = "83--86",
}
@inproceedings{wynn-1980-discourse,
    title = "WHAT DISCOURSE FEATURES AREN{'}T NEEDED IN ON-LINE DIALOGUE",
    author = "Wynn, Eleanor",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981463",
    pages = "87--90",
}
@inproceedings{martin-1980-parsing,
    title = "Parsing",
    author = "Martin, W. A.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981465",
    pages = "91--93",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-black-1980-parser,
    title = "If The Parser Fails",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph M.  and
      Black, John E.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981466",
    pages = "95--95",
}
@inproceedings{hayes-mouradian-1980-flexible,
    title = "Flexible Parsing",
    author = "Hayes, Phil  and
      Mouradian, Geroge",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981467",
    pages = "97--103",
}
@inproceedings{davidson-kaplan-1980-parsiug,
    title = "Parsiug in the Absence of a Complete Lexicon",
    author = "Davidson, Jim  and
      Kaplan, S. Jerrold",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981468",
    pages = "105--106",
}
@inproceedings{church-1980-parsing,
    title = "On Parsing Strategies and Closure",
    author = "Church, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981469",
    pages = "107--111",
}
@inproceedings{ferrari-stock-1980-strategie,
    title = "STRATEGIE SELECTION FOR AN ATN SYNTACTIC PARSER",
    author = "Ferrari, Giacomo  and
      Stock, Oliviero",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981470",
    pages = "113--115",
}
@inproceedings{wilensky-arens-1980-phran,
    title = "{PHRAN} - A Knowledge-Based Natural Language Understander",
    author = "Wilensky, Robert  and
      Arens, Yigal",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981471",
    pages = "117--121",
}
@inproceedings{kehler-woods-1980-atn,
    title = "ATN GRAMMAR MODELING IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS",
    author = "KEHLER, T. P.  and
      WOODS, R. C.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981472",
    pages = "123--126",
}
@inproceedings{webber-1980-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Discourse: Looking to the Future Panel Chair{'}s Introduction",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie Lynn",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981474",
    pages = "127--127",
}
@inproceedings{harris-1980-prospects,
    title = "PROSPECTS FOR PRACTICAL NATURAL LANGUAGE SYSTEMS",
    author = "Harris, Larry R.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981475",
    pages = "129--129",
}
@inproceedings{hendrix-1980-future,
    title = "FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS",
    author = "Hendrix, Gary G.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981476",
    pages = "131--135",
}
@inproceedings{noll-1980-natural,
    title = "NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERACTION WITH MACHINES: A PASSING FAD? OR THE WAY OF THE FUTURE?",
    author = "Noll, A. Michael",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981477",
    pages = "137--137",
}
@inproceedings{shneiderman-1980-natural,
    title = "NATURAL VS. PRECISE CONCISE LANGUAGES FOR HUMAN OPERATION OF COMPUTERS: RESEARCH ISSUES AND EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES",
    author = "Shneiderman, Ben",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981478",
    pages = "139--141",
}
@inproceedings{turoff-1980-natural,
    title = "NATURAL LANGUAGE AND COMPUTER INTERFACE DESIGN",
    author = "TUROFF, MURRAY",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981479",
    pages = "143--144",
}
@inproceedings{simmons-1980-word,
    title = "WORD, PHRASE AND SENTENCE",
    author = "Simmons, Rob{'}t F.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981481",
    pages = "145--145",
}
@inproceedings{belkin-etal-1980-representation,
    title = "REPRESENTATION OF TEXTS FOR INFORMATION RETRIEVAL",
    author = "Belkin, N. J.  and
      Michell, B. G.  and
      Kuehner, D. G.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981482",
    pages = "147--148",
}
@inproceedings{blois-etal-1980-word,
    title = "WORD AND OBJECT IN DISEASE DESCRIPTIONS",
    author = "Blois, M. S.  and
      Sherertz, D. D.  and
      Tuttle, M. S.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981483",
    pages = "149--152",
}
@inproceedings{litkowski-1980-requirements,
    title = "REQUIREMENTS OF TEXT-PROCESSING-LEXICONS",
    author = "Litkowski, Kenneth C.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981484",
    pages = "153--154",
}
@inproceedings{seidenberg-tanenhaus-1980-chronometric,
    title = "Chronometric Studies of Lexical Ambiguity Resolution",
    author = "Seidenberg, Mark S.  and
      Tanenhaus, Michael K.",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981485",
    pages = "155--157",
}
@inproceedings{thibadeau-etal-1980-real,
    title = "Real Reading Behavior",
    author = "Thibadeau, Robert  and
      Just, Marcel  and
      Carpenter, Patricia",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981486",
    pages = "159--162",
}
@inproceedings{slocum-1980-experiment,
    title = "An Experiment in Machine Translation",
    author = "Slocum, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1980",
    address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P80-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/981436.981487",
    pages = "163--164",
}
@proceedings{acl-1994-association,
    title = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1000",
}
@inproceedings{traum-allen-1994-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Obligations in Dialogue Processing",
    author = "Traum, David R.  and
      Allen, James F.",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981733",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{hearst-1994-multi,
    title = "MULTI-PARAGRAPH SEGMENTATION EXPOSITORY TEXT",
    author = "Hearst, Marti A.",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981734",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{grover-etal-1994-priority,
    title = "PRIORITY UNION AND GENERALIZATION IN DISCOURSE GRAMMARS",
    author = "Grover, Claire  and
      Brew, Chris  and
      Manandhar, Suresh  and
      Moens, Marc",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981735",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-1994-hidden,
    title = "HIDDEN UNDERSTANDING MODELS OF NATURAL LANGUAGE",
    author = "Miller, Scott  and
      Bobrow, Robert  and
      Ingria, Robert  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981736",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-1994-strings,
    title = "From Strings to Trees to Strings to Trees (Abstract)",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981737",
    pages = "33--33",
}
@inproceedings{asher-lascarides-1994-intentions,
    title = "INTENTIONS AND INFORMATION IN DISCOURSE",
    author = "Asher, Nicholas  and
      Lascarides, Alex",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981738",
    pages = "34--41",
}
@inproceedings{linden-1994-generating,
    title = "GENERATING PRECONDITION EXPRESSIONS IN INSTRUCTIONAL TEXT",
    author = "Linden, Keith Vander",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981739",
    pages = "42--49",
}
@inproceedings{kehler-1994-common,
    title = "COMMON TOPICS AND COHERENT SITUATIONS: INTERPRETING ELLIPSIS IN THE CONTEXT OF DISCOURSE INFERENCE",
    author = "Kehler, Andrew",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981740",
    pages = "50--57",
}
@inproceedings{green-carberry-1994-hybrid,
    title = "A HYBRID REASONING MODEL FOR INDIRECT ANSWERS",
    author = "Green, Nancy  and
      Carberry, Sandra",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981741",
    pages = "58--65",
}
@inproceedings{sproat-etal-1994-stochastic,
    title = "A STOCHASTIC FINITE-STATE WORD-SEGMENTATION ALGORITHM FOR CHINESE",
    author = "Sproat, Richard  and
      Shih, Chilin  and
      Gale, William  and
      Chang, Nancy",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981742",
    pages = "66--73",
}
@inproceedings{stolcke-segal-1994-precise,
    title = "PRECISE N-GRAM PROBABILITIES FROM STOCHASTIC CONTEXT-FREE GRAMMARS",
    author = "Stolcke, Andreas  and
      Segal, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981743",
    pages = "74--79",
}
@inproceedings{wu-1994-aligning,
    title = "ALIGNING A PARALLEL ENGLISH-CHINESE CORPUS STATISTICALLY WITH LEXICAL CRITERIA",
    author = "Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981744",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{yarowsky-1994-decision,
    title = "DECISION LISTS FOR LEXICAL AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION: Application to Accent Restoration in {S}panish and {F}rench",
    author = "Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981745",
    pages = "88--95",
}
@inproceedings{novick-sutton-1994-empirical,
    title = "AN EMPIRICAL MODEL OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT FOR SPOKEN-LANGUAGE SYSTEMS",
    author = "Novick, David G.  and
      Sutton, Stephen",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981746",
    pages = "96--101",
}
@inproceedings{nagao-takeuchi-1994-speech,
    title = "SPEECH DIALOGUE WITH FACIAL DISPLAYS: MULTIMODAL HUMAN-COMPUTER CONVERSATION",
    author = "Nagao, Katashi  and
      Takeuchi, Akikazu",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981747",
    pages = "102--109",
}
@inproceedings{dowding-etal-1994-interleaving,
    title = "INTERLEAVING SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS IN AN EFFICIENT BOTTOM-UP PARSER",
    author = "Dowding, John  and
      Moore, Robert  and
      Andry, Francois  and
      Moran, Douglas",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981748",
    pages = "110--116",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-1994-optimal,
    title = "AN OPTIMAL TABULAR PARSING ALGORITHM",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981749",
    pages = "117--124",
}
@inproceedings{niv-1994-psycholinguistically,
    title = "A Psycholinguistically Motivated Parser for {CCG}",
    author = "Niv, Michael",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981750",
    pages = "125--132",
}
@inproceedings{wu-palmer-1994-verb,
    title = "VERB SEMANTICS AND LEXICAL SELECTION",
    author = "Wu, Zhibiao  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981751",
    pages = "133--138",
}
@inproceedings{bruce-wiebe-1994-word,
    title = "Word-Sense Disambiguation Using Decomposable Models",
    author = "Bruce, Rebecca  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981752",
    pages = "139--146",
}
@inproceedings{bouma-van-noord-1994-constraint,
    title = "Constraint-Based Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Bouma, Gosse  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981753",
    pages = "147--154",
}
@inproceedings{rogers-1994-capturing,
    title = "Capturing {CFL}s with Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Rogers, James",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981754",
    pages = "155--162",
}
@inproceedings{cornell-1994-determining,
    title = "ON DETERMINING THE CONSISTENCY OF PARTIAL DESCRIPTIONS OF TREES",
    author = "Cornell, Thomas L.",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981755",
    pages = "163--170",
}
@inproceedings{niyogi-berwick-1994-markov,
    title = "A MARKOV LANGUAGE LEARNING MODEL FOR FINITE PARAMETER SPACES",
    author = "Niyogi, Partha  and
      Berwick, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981756",
    pages = "171--180",
}
@inproceedings{schuetze-singer-1994-part,
    title = "PART-OF-SPEECH TAGGING USING A VARIABLE MEMORY MARKOV MODEL",
    author = "Schuetze, Hinrich  and
      Singer, Yoram",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981757",
    pages = "181--187",
}
@inproceedings{samuelsson-1994-grammar,
    title = "GRAMMAR SPECIALIZATION THROUGH ENTROPY THRESHOLDS",
    author = "Samuelsson, Christer",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981758",
    pages = "188--195",
}
@inproceedings{jacquemin-1994-optimizing,
    title = "OPTIMIZING THE COMPUTATIONAL LEXICALIZATION OF LARGE GRAMMARS",
    author = "JACQUEMIN, Christian",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981759",
    pages = "196--203",
}
@inproceedings{mohri-1994-compact,
    title = "COMPACT REPRESENTATIONS BY FINITE-STATE TRANSDUCERS",
    author = "Mohri, Mehryar",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981760",
    pages = "204--209",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-satta-1994-extended,
    title = "AN EXTENDED THEORY OF HEAD-DRIVEN PARSING",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981761",
    pages = "210--217",
}
@inproceedings{den-1994-generalized,
    title = "GENERALIZED CHART ALGORITHM: AN EFFICIENT PROCEDURE FOR COST-BASED ABDUCTION",
    author = "Den, Yasuharu",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981762",
    pages = "218--225",
}
@inproceedings{takeda-1994-tricolor,
    title = "Tricolor {DAG}s for Machine Translation",
    author = "Takeda, Koichi",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981763",
    pages = "226--233",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chen-1994-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Noun Phrases from Large-Scale Texts: A Hybrid Approach and Its Automatic Evaluation",
    author = "Chen, Kuang-hua  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981764",
    pages = "234--241",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-1994-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-based Approach to Automatic Compound Extraction",
    author = "Su, Keh-Yih  and
      Wu, Ming-Wen  and
      Chang, Jing-Shin",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981765",
    pages = "242--247",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-1994-automatic,
    title = "An Automatic Treebank Conversion Algorithm for Corpus Sharing",
    author = "Wang, Jong-Nae  and
      Chang, Jing-Shin  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981766",
    pages = "248--254",
}
@inproceedings{manandhar-1994-attributive,
    title = "An Attributive Logic of Set Descriptions and Set Operations",
    author = "Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981767",
    pages = "255--262",
}
@inproceedings{rambow-1994-multiset,
    title = "Multiset-Valued Linear Index Grammars: Imposing Dominance Constraints on Derivations",
    author = "Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981768",
    pages = "263--270",
}
@inproceedings{smolensky-tesar-1994-optimality,
    title = "Optimality Theory: Universal Grammar, Learning and Parsing Algorithms, and Connectionist Foundations (Abstract)",
    author = "Smolensky, Paul  and
      Tesar, Bruce",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981769",
    pages = "271--271",
}
@inproceedings{dagan-etal-1994-similarity,
    title = "Similarity-Based Estimation of Word Cooccurrence Probabilities",
    author = "Dagan, Ido  and
      Pereira, Fernando  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981770",
    pages = "272--278",
}
@inproceedings{gasser-1994-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring Receptive Morphology: A Connectionist Model",
    author = "Gasser, Michael",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981771",
    pages = "279--286",
}
@inproceedings{carroll-1994-relating,
    title = "RELATING COMPLEXITY TO PRACTICAL PERFORMANCE IN PARSING WITH WIDE-COVERAGE UNIFICATION GRAMMARS",
    author = "Carroll, John",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981772",
    pages = "287--294",
}
@inproceedings{heeman-allen-1994-detecting,
    title = "Detecting and Correcting Speech Repairs",
    author = "Heeman, Peter  and
      Allen, James",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981773",
    pages = "295--302",
}
@inproceedings{olivier-tsujii-1994-computational,
    title = "A COMPUTATIONAL VIEW OF THE COGNITIVE SEMANTICS OF SPATIAL PREPOSITIONS",
    author = "Olivier, Patrick  and
      Tsujii, Jun-ichi",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981774",
    pages = "303--309",
}
@inproceedings{mahesh-1994-reaping,
    title = "REAPING THE BENEFITS OF INTERACTIVE SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS",
    author = "Mahesh, Kavi",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981776",
    pages = "310--312",
}
@inproceedings{kim-1994-graded,
    title = "GRADED UNIFICATION: A FRAMEWORK FOR INTERACTIVE PROCESSING",
    author = "Kim, Albert",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981777",
    pages = "313--315",
}
@inproceedings{lavie-1994-integrated,
    title = "AN INTEGRATED HEURISTIC SCHEME FOR PARTIAL PARSE EVALUATION",
    author = "Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981778",
    pages = "316--318",
}
@inproceedings{kehler-1994-temporal,
    title = "TEMPORAL RELATIONS: REFERENCE OR DISCOURSE COHERENCE?",
    author = "Kehler, Andrew",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981779",
    pages = "319--321",
}
@inproceedings{boster-1994-simulating,
    title = "SIMULATING CHILDREN{'}S NULL SUBJECTS: AN EARLY LANGUAGE GENERATION MODEL",
    author = "Boster, Carole T.",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981780",
    pages = "322--324",
}
@inproceedings{wang-1994-dual,
    title = "DUAL-CODING THEORY AND CONNECTIONIST LEXICAL SELECTION",
    author = "Wang, Ye-Yi",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981781",
    pages = "325--327",
}
@inproceedings{hong-1994-integration,
    title = "Integration Of Visual Inter-word Constraints And Linguistic Knowledge In Degraded Text Recognition",
    author = "Hong, Tao",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981782",
    pages = "328--330",
}
@inproceedings{reynar-1994-automatic,
    title = "AN AUTOMATIC METHOD OF FINDING TOPIC BOUNDARIES",
    author = "Reynar, Jeffrey C.",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981783",
    pages = "331--333",
}
@inproceedings{papageorgiou-etal-1994-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC ALIGNMENT IN PARALLEL CORPORA",
    author = "Papageorgiou, Harris  and
      Cranias, Lambros  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981784",
    pages = "334--336",
}
@inproceedings{lauer-1994-conceptual,
    title = "CONCEPTUAL ASSOCIATION FOR COMPOUND NOUN ANALYSIS",
    author = "Lauer, Mark",
    booktitle = "32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1994",
    address = "Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P94-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/981732.981785",
    pages = "337--339",
}
@proceedings{muc-1992-message,
    title = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1000",
}
@inproceedings{sundheim-1992-overview,
    title = "OVERVIEW OF THE FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING EVALUATION AND CONFERENCE",
    author = "Sundheim, Beth M.",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1001",
}
@inproceedings{chinchor-1992-muc,
    title = "{MUC}-4 EVALUATION METRICS",
    author = "Chinchor, Nancy",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1002",
}
@inproceedings{chinchor-1992-statistical,
    title = "THE STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE {MUC}-4 RESULTS",
    author = "Chinchor, Nancy",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1003",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-tong-1992-text,
    title = "Text Filtering in B/IUC-3 and {MUC}-4",
    author = "Lewis, David D.  and
      Tong, Richard M.",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1004",
}
@inproceedings{hirschman-1992-adjunct,
    title = "AN ADJUNCT TEST FOR DISCOURSE PROCESSING IN {MUC}-4",
    author = "Hirschman, Lynette",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1005",
}
@inproceedings{krupka-rau-1992-ge,
    title = "GE ADJUNCT TEST REPORT: OBJECT-ORIENTED DESIGN AND SCORING FOR {MUC}-4",
    author = "Krupka, George  and
      Rau, Lisa",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1006",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-etal-1992-bbn,
    title = "BBN PLUM: {MUC}-4 Test Results and Analysis",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph  and
      Ayuso, Damaris  and
      Boisen, Sean  and
      Fox, Heidi  and
      Gish, Herbert  and
      Ingria, Robert",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1007",
}
@inproceedings{rau-etal-1992-ge,
    title = "GE NLTOOLSET: {MUC}-4 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Rau, Lisa  and
      Krupka, George  and
      Jacobs, Paul",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1008",
}
@inproceedings{krupka-etal-1992-tipster,
    title = "TIPSTER SHOGUN SYSTEM (JOINT GE-CMU): {MUC}-4 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Krupka, George  and
      Jacobs, Paul  and
      Mauldin, Michael  and
      Kaufmann, Todd  and
      Sider, Ira",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1009",
}
@inproceedings{august-dolan-1992-hughes,
    title = "HUGHES RESEARCH LABORATORIESTRAINABLE TEXT SKIMMER: {MUC}-4 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "August, Stephanie E.  and
      Dolan, Charles P.",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1010",
}
@inproceedings{montgomery-etal-1992-language,
    title = "LANGUAGE SYSTEMS, INC.{MUC}-4 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Montgomery, Christine A.  and
      Stalls, Bonnie Glover  and
      Stumberger, Robert R.  and
      Li, Naicong  and
      Belvin, Robert S.  and
      Arnaiz, Alfredo  and
      Hirsh, Susan B.",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1011",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-de-hilster-1992-mcdonnell,
    title = "MCDONNELL DOUGLAS ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS COMPANY {MUC}-4 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Meyers, Amnon  and
      de Hilster, David",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1012",
}
@inproceedings{aberdeen-etal-1992-mitre,
    title = "{MITRE}-Bedford {ALEMBIC}: {MUC}-4 Test Results and Analysis",
    author = "Aberdeen, John  and
      Burger, John  and
      Connolly, Dennis  and
      Roberts, Susan  and
      Vilain, Marc",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1013",
}
@inproceedings{cowie-etal-1992-crl,
    title = "{CRL}/{NMSU} and Brandeis {M}uc{B}ruce: {MUC}-4 Test Results and Analysis",
    author = "Cowie, Jim  and
      Guthrie, Louise  and
      Wilks, Yorick  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1014",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-etal-1992-new,
    title = "NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PROTEUS SYSTEM: {MUC}-4 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Sterling, John  and
      Macleod, Catherine",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1015",
}
@inproceedings{weir-silk-1992-paramax,
    title = "PARAMAX SYSTEMS CORPORATION: {MUC}-4 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Weir, Carl  and
      Silk, Barry",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1016",
}
@inproceedings{loatman-1992-prc,
    title = "THE PRC PAKTUS SYSTEM: {MUC}-4 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Loatman, Bruce",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1017",
}
@inproceedings{aone-etal-1992-sra,
    title = "SRA SOLOMON: {MUC}-4 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Aone, Chinatsu  and
      McKee, Doug  and
      Shinn, Sandy  and
      Blejer, Hatte",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1018",
}
@inproceedings{appelt-etal-1992-sri,
    title = "SRI INTERNATIONAL FASTUS SYSTEM {MUC}-4 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Appelt, Douglas E.  and
      Bear, John  and
      Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Israel, David  and
      Tyson, Mabry",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1019",
}
@inproceedings{mayfield-1992-university,
    title = "UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND/CONQUEST: {MUC}-4 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Mayfield, James",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1020",
}
@inproceedings{lehnert-etal-1992-university,
    title = "University of Massachusetts: {MUC}-4 Test Results and Analysis",
    author = "Lehnert, W.  and
      Cardie, C.  and
      Fisher, D.  and
      McCarthy, J.  and
      Riloff, E.  and
      Soderland, S.",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1021",
}
@inproceedings{lytinen-etal-1992-link,
    title = "The {LINK} System: {MUC}-4 Test Results and Analysis",
    author = "Lytinen, Steven L.  and
      Bhattacharyya, Sayan  and
      Burridge, Robert R.  and
      Hastings, Peter M.  and
      Huyck, Christian  and
      Lipinsky, Karen A.  and
      McDaniel, Eric S.  and
      Terrell, Karenann K.",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1022",
}
@inproceedings{moldovan-etal-1992-u,
    title = "U,SC: {MUC}-4 Test Results and Analysis",
    author = "Moldovan, D.  and
      Cha, S.  and
      Chung, M.  and
      Hendrickson, K.  and
      Kim, J.  and
      Kowalski, S.",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1023",
}
@inproceedings{ayuso-etal-1992-bbn,
    title = "{BBN}: Description of the {PLUM} System as Used for {MUC}-4",
    author = "Ayuso, Damaris  and
      Boisen, Sean  and
      Fox, Heidi  and
      Gish, Herb  and
      Ingria, Robert  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1024",
}
@inproceedings{krupka-etal-1992-ge,
    title = "GE NLTOOLSET: DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM AS USED FOR {MUC}-4",
    author = "Krupka, George  and
      Jacobs, Paul  and
      Rau, Lisa  and
      Childs, Lois  and
      Sider, Ira",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1025",
}
@inproceedings{jacobs-etal-1992-ge,
    title = "GE-CMU: DESCRIPTION OF THE TIPSTER/SHOGUN SYSTEM AS USED FOR {MUC}-4",
    author = "Jacobs, Paul  and
      Krupka, George  and
      Rau, Lisa  and
      Kaufmann, Todd  and
      Mauldin, Michael",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1026",
}
@inproceedings{august-dolan-1992-hughes-research,
    title = "HUGHES RESEARCH LABORATORIES: DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINABLE TEXT SKIMMER USED FOR {MUC}-4",
    author = "August, Stephanie E.  and
      Dolan, Charles P.",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1027",
}
@inproceedings{montgomery-etal-1992-language-systems,
    title = "LANGUAGE SYSTEMS, INC.DESCRIPTION OF THE DBG SYSTEM AS USED FOR {MUC}-4",
    author = "Montgomery, Christine A.  and
      Stalls, Bonnie Glover  and
      Stumberger, Robert E.  and
      Li, Naicong  and
      Belvin, Robert S.  and
      Arnaiz, Alfredo  and
      Hirsh, Susan B.",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1028",
}
@inproceedings{meyers-de-hilster-1992-mcdonnell-douglas,
    title = "MCDONNELL DOUGLAS ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS COMPANY: DESCRIPTION OF THE TEXUS SYSTEM AS USED FOR {MUC}-4",
    author = "Meyers, Amnon  and
      de Hilster, David",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1029",
}
@inproceedings{aberdeen-etal-1992-mitre-bedford,
    title = "{MITRE}-Bedford: Description of the {ALEMBIC} System as Used for {MUC}-4",
    author = "Aberdeen, John  and
      Burger, John  and
      Connolly, Dennis  and
      Roberts, Susan  and
      Vilain, Marc",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1030",
}
@inproceedings{cowie-etal-1992-crl-nmsu,
    title = "{CRL}/{NMSU} and Brandeis: Description of the {M}uc{B}ruce System as Used for {MUC}-4",
    author = "Cowie, Jim  and
      Guthrie, Louise  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1031",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-etal-1992-new-york,
    title = "NEW YORK UNIVERSITY DESCRIPTION OF THE PROTEUS SYSTEM AS USED FOR {MUC}-4",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Macleod, Catherine  and
      Sterling, John",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1032",
}
@inproceedings{weir-silk-1992-paramax-systems,
    title = "PARAMAX SYSTEMS CORPORATION: DESCRIPTION OF THE PARAMAX SYSTEM USED FOR {MUC}-4",
    author = "Weir, Carl  and
      Silk, Barry",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1033",
}
@inproceedings{loatman-1992-prc-inc,
    title = "PRC Inc: DESCRIPTION OF THE PAKTUS SYSTEM USED FOR {MUC}-4",
    author = "Loatman, Bruce",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1034",
}
@inproceedings{aone-etal-1992-sra-description,
    title = "{SRA}: DESCRIPTION OF THE SOLOMON SYSTEM AS USED FOR{MUC}-4",
    author = "Aone, Chinatsu  and
      McKee, Doug  and
      Shinn, Sandy  and
      Blejer, Hatte",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1035",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-etal-1992-sri,
    title = "SRI INTERNATIONAL: DESCRIPTION OF THE FASTUS SYSTEM USED FOR {MUC}-4",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Appelt, Douglas  and
      Tyson, Mabry  and
      Bear, John  and
      Israel, David",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1036",
}
@inproceedings{mayfield-1992-university-maryland,
    title = "UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND/CONQUEST: DESCRIPTION OF THE ICTOAN SYSTEM AS USED FOR {MUC}-4",
    author = "Mayfield, James",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1037",
}
@inproceedings{lehnert-etal-1992-university-massachusetts,
    title = "University of Massachusetts: Description of the {CIRCUS} System as Used for {MUC}-4",
    author = "Lehnert, W.  and
      Cardie, C.  and
      Fisher, D.  and
      McCarthy, J.  and
      Riloff, E.  and
      Soderland, S.",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1038",
}
@inproceedings{lytinen-etal-1992-description,
    title = "Description of the {LINK} System Used for {MUC}- 4",
    author = "Lytinen, Steven L.  and
      Bhattacharyya, Sayan  and
      Burridge, Robert R.  and
      Hastings, Peter M.  and
      Huyck, Christian  and
      Lipinsky, Karen A.  and
      McDaniel, Eric S.  and
      Terrell, Karenann K.",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1039",
}
@inproceedings{moldovan-etal-1992-usc,
    title = "{USC}: Description of the {SNAP} System Used for {MUC}-4",
    author = "Moldovan, D.  and
      Chet, S.  and
      Chung, M.  and
      Hendrickson, K.  and
      Kim, J.  and
      Kowalski, S.",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1040",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1992-part,
    title = "PART IV: APPENDICES",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1041",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1992-appendix,
    title = "APPENDIX A: EVALUATION TASK DESCRIPTION",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1042",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1992-appendix-b,
    title = "APPENDIX B: PROCEDURE FOR {MUC}-4 FINAL TESTING",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1043",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1992-appendix-c,
    title = "APPENDIX C: GUIDELINES FOR SCORING MISMATCHES BETWEEN SYSTEM RESPONSES AND ANSWER KEY",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1044",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1992-appendix-sample,
    title = "APPENDIX D: SAMPLE TEXTS FROM TST2 TEST SET",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1045",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1992-appendix-e,
    title = "APPENDIX E: ANSWER KEY TEMPLATES FOR TST2 SAMPLE TEXTS",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1046",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1992-appendix-f,
    title = "APPENDIX F: {MUC}-4 SYSTEM WALKTHROUGH EXAMPLE",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1047",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1992-appendix-g,
    title = "APPENDIX G: FINAL TEST SCORE SUMMARIES",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1048",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1992-appendix-h,
    title = "APPENDIX H: SCATTER PLOTS OF FINAL TEST RESULTS",
    booktitle = "FOURTH MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-4), Proceedings of a Conference Held in McLean, Virginia, June 16-18, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M92-1049",
}
@proceedings{emnlp-2010-2010,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Li, Hang  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1000",
}
@inproceedings{rush-etal-2010-dual,
    title = "On Dual Decomposition and Linear Programming Relaxations for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Rush, Alexander M.  and
      Sontag, David  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Jaakkola, Tommi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1001",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2010-self,
    title = "Self-Training with Products of Latent Variable Grammars",
    author = "Huang, Zhongqiang  and
      Harper, Mary  and
      Petrov, Slav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1002",
    pages = "12--22",
}
@inproceedings{cheung-penn-2010-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing Extra-Sentential Context for Parsing",
    author = "Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1003",
    pages = "23--33",
}
@inproceedings{martins-etal-2010-turbo,
    title = "Turbo Parsers: Dependency Parsing by Approximate Variational Inference",
    author = "Martins, Andr{\'e}  and
      Smith, Noah  and
      Xing, Eric  and
      Aguiar, Pedro  and
      Figueiredo, M{\'a}rio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1004",
    pages = "34--44",
}
@inproceedings{boyd-graber-resnik-2010-holistic,
    title = "Holistic Sentiment Analysis Across Languages: Multilingual Supervised Latent {D}irichlet Allocation",
    author = "Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1005",
    pages = "45--55",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2010-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Modeling Aspects and Opinions with a {M}ax{E}nt-{LDA} Hybrid",
    author = "Zhao, Xin  and
      Jiang, Jing  and
      Yan, Hongfei  and
      Li, Xiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1006",
    pages = "56--65",
}
@inproceedings{paul-etal-2010-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Contrastive Viewpoints in Opinionated Text",
    author = "Paul, Michael  and
      Zhai, ChengXiang  and
      Girju, Roxana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1007",
    pages = "66--76",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-etal-2010-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Producing Plot Unit Representations for Narrative Text",
    author = "Goyal, Amit  and
      Riloff, Ellen  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1008",
    pages = "77--86",
}
@inproceedings{contractor-etal-2010-handling,
    title = "Handling Noisy Queries in Cross Language {FAQ} Retrieval",
    author = "Contractor, Danish  and
      Kothari, Govind  and
      Faruquie, Tanveer  and
      Subramaniam, L. V.  and
      Negi, Sumit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1009",
    pages = "87--96",
}
@inproceedings{bunescu-huang-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning the Relative Usefulness of Questions in Community {QA}",
    author = "Bunescu, Razvan  and
      Huang, Yunfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1010",
    pages = "97--107",
}
@inproceedings{boudin-etal-2010-positional,
    title = "Positional Language Models for Clinical Information Retrieval",
    author = "Boudin, Florian  and
      Nie, Jian-Yun  and
      Dawes, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1011",
    pages = "108--115",
}
@inproceedings{navigli-crisafulli-2010-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Word Senses to Improve Web Search Result Clustering",
    author = "Navigli, Roberto  and
      Crisafulli, Giuseppe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1012",
    pages = "116--126",
}
@inproceedings{resnik-etal-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving Translation via Targeted Paraphrasing",
    author = "Resnik, Philip  and
      Buzek, Olivia  and
      Hu, Chang  and
      Kronrod, Yakov  and
      Quinn, Alex  and
      Bederson, Benjamin B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1013",
    pages = "127--137",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2010-soft,
    title = "Soft Syntactic Constraints for Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation Using Latent Syntactic Distributions",
    author = "Huang, Zhongqiang  and
      {\v{C}}mejrek, Martin  and
      Zhou, Bowen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1014",
    pages = "138--147",
}
@inproceedings{luong-etal-2010-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Morpheme-Word Representation for Machine Translation of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = "Luong, Minh-Thang  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1015",
    pages = "148--157",
}
@inproceedings{genzel-etal-2010-poetic,
    title = "{``}Poetic{''} Statistical Machine Translation: Rhyme and Meter",
    author = "Genzel, Dmitriy  and
      Uszkoreit, Jakob  and
      Och, Franz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1016",
    pages = "158--166",
}
@inproceedings{subramanya-etal-2010-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning of Structured Tagging Models",
    author = "Subramanya, Amarnag  and
      Petrov, Slav  and
      Pereira, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1017",
    pages = "167--176",
}
@inproceedings{lu-ng-2010-better,
    title = "Better Punctuation Prediction with Dynamic Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Lu, Wei  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1018",
    pages = "177--186",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2010-joint,
    title = "Joint Training and Decoding Using Virtual Nodes for Cascaded Segmentation and Tagging Tasks",
    author = "Qian, Xian  and
      Zhang, Qi  and
      Zhou, Yaqian  and
      Huang, Xuanjing  and
      Wu, Lide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1019",
    pages = "187--195",
}
@inproceedings{moon-etal-2010-crouching,
    title = "Crouching {D}irichlet, Hidden {M}arkov Model: Unsupervised {POS} Tagging with Context Local Tag Generation",
    author = "Moon, Taesun  and
      Erk, Katrin  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1020",
    pages = "196--206",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-liu-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving Gender Classification of Blog Authors",
    author = "Mukherjee, Arjun  and
      Liu, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1021",
    pages = "207--217",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2010-negative,
    title = "Negative Training Data Can be Harmful to Text Classification",
    author = "Li, Xiao-Li  and
      Liu, Bing  and
      Ng, See-Kiong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1022",
    pages = "218--228",
}
@inproceedings{persing-etal-2010-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Organization in Student Essays",
    author = "Persing, Isaac  and
      Davis, Alan  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1023",
    pages = "229--239",
}
@inproceedings{walker-etal-2010-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Models of Latent Document Semantics in the Presence of {OCR} Errors",
    author = "Walker, Daniel  and
      Lund, William B.  and
      Ringger, Eric K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1024",
    pages = "240--250",
}
@inproceedings{platt-etal-2010-translingual,
    title = "Translingual Document Representations from Discriminative Projections",
    author = "Platt, John  and
      Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Yih, Wen-tau",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1025",
    pages = "251--261",
}
@inproceedings{guthrie-hepple-2010-storing,
    title = "Storing the Web in Memory: Space Efficient Language Models with Constant Time Retrieval",
    author = "Guthrie, David  and
      Hepple, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1026",
    pages = "262--272",
}
@inproceedings{huang-mi-2010-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Incremental Decoding for Tree-to-String Translation",
    author = "Huang, Liang  and
      Mi, Haitao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1027",
    pages = "273--283",
}
@inproceedings{hardisty-etal-2010-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Perspective Using Adaptor Grammars",
    author = "Hardisty, Eric  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1028",
    pages = "284--292",
}
@inproceedings{bergsma-etal-2010-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Semantic Compositionality of Prefix Verbs",
    author = "Bergsma, Shane  and
      Bhargava, Aditya  and
      He, Hua  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1029",
    pages = "293--303",
}
@inproceedings{zhuang-zong-2010-joint,
    title = "Joint Inference for Bilingual Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Zhuang, Tao  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1030",
    pages = "304--314",
}
@inproceedings{blanco-moldovan-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Discovery of Manner Relations and its Applications",
    author = "Blanco, Eduardo  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1031",
    pages = "315--324",
}
@inproceedings{reichart-rappoport-2010-tense,
    title = "Tense Sense Disambiguation: A New Syntactic Polysemy Task",
    author = "Reichart, Roi  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1032",
    pages = "325--334",
}
@inproceedings{florian-etal-2010-improving,
    title = "Improving Mention Detection Robustness to Noisy Input",
    author = "Florian, Radu  and
      Pitrelli, John  and
      Roukos, Salim  and
      Zitouni, Imed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1033",
    pages = "335--345",
}
@inproceedings{qian-zhou-2010-clustering,
    title = "Clustering-Based Stratified Seed Sampling for Semi-Supervised Relation Classification",
    author = "Qian, Longhua  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1034",
    pages = "346--355",
}
@inproceedings{mcintosh-2010-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Discovery of Negative Categories in Lexicon Bootstrapping",
    author = "McIntosh, Tara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1035",
    pages = "356--365",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Keyphrase Extraction via Topic Decomposition",
    author = "Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Huang, Wenyi  and
      Zheng, Yabin  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1036",
    pages = "366--376",
}
@inproceedings{sauper-etal-2010-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Content Structure into Text Analysis Applications",
    author = "Sauper, Christina  and
      Haghighi, Aria  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1037",
    pages = "377--387",
}
@inproceedings{joty-etal-2010-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Conversation Structure in Unsupervised Topic Segmentation for Emails",
    author = "Joty, Shafiq  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Murray, Gabriel  and
      Ng, Raymond T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1038",
    pages = "388--398",
}
@inproceedings{hernault-etal-2010-semi,
    title = "A Semi-Supervised Approach to Improve Classification of Infrequent Discourse Relations Using Feature Vector Extension",
    author = "Hernault, Hugo  and
      Bollegala, Danushka  and
      Ishizuka, Mitsuru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1039",
    pages = "399--409",
}
@inproceedings{golland-etal-2010-game,
    title = "A Game-Theoretic Approach to Generating Spatial Descriptions",
    author = "Golland, Dave  and
      Liang, Percy  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1040",
    pages = "410--419",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2010-facilitating,
    title = "Facilitating Translation Using Source Language Paraphrase Lattices",
    author = "Du, Jinhua  and
      Jiang, Jie  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1041",
    pages = "420--429",
}
@inproceedings{you-etal-2010-mining,
    title = "Mining Name Translations from Entity Graph Mapping",
    author = "You, Gae-won  and
      Hwang, Seung-won  and
      Song, Young-In  and
      Jiang, Long  and
      Nie, Zaiqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1042",
    pages = "430--439",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-non,
    title = "Non-Isomorphic Forest Pair Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Hui  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Li, Haizhou  and
      Chng, Eng Siong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1043",
    pages = "440--450",
}
@inproceedings{foster-etal-2010-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Instance Weighting for Domain Adaptation in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Foster, George  and
      Goutte, Cyril  and
      Kuhn, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1044",
    pages = "451--459",
}
@inproceedings{dredze-etal-2010-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} on Spoken Documents Without {ASR}",
    author = "Dredze, Mark  and
      Jansen, Aren  and
      Coppersmith, Glen  and
      Church, Ken",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1045",
    pages = "460--470",
}
@inproceedings{prasov-chai-2010-fusing,
    title = "Fusing Eye Gaze with Speech Recognition Hypotheses to Resolve Exophoric References in Situated Dialogue",
    author = "Prasov, Zahar  and
      Chai, Joyce Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1046",
    pages = "471--481",
}
@inproceedings{aker-etal-2010-multi,
    title = "Multi-Document Summarization Using {A}* Search and Discriminative Learning",
    author = "Aker, Ahmet  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1047",
    pages = "482--491",
}
@inproceedings{raghunathan-etal-2010-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Pass Sieve for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Raghunathan, Karthik  and
      Lee, Heeyoung  and
      Rangarajan, Sudarshan  and
      Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1048",
    pages = "492--501",
}
@inproceedings{angeli-etal-2010-simple,
    title = "A Simple Domain-Independent Probabilistic Approach to Generation",
    author = "Angeli, Gabor  and
      Liang, Percy  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1049",
    pages = "502--512",
}
@inproceedings{woodsend-etal-2010-title,
    title = "Title Generation with Quasi-Synchronous Grammar",
    author = "Woodsend, Kristian  and
      Feng, Yansong  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1050",
    pages = "513--523",
}
@inproceedings{greene-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Analysis of Rhythmic Poetry with Applications to Generation and Translation",
    author = "Greene, Erica  and
      Bodrumlu, Tugba  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1051",
    pages = "524--533",
}
@inproceedings{setiawan-etal-2010-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Word Alignment with a Function Word Reordering Model",
    author = "Setiawan, Hendra  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1052",
    pages = "534--544",
}
@inproceedings{de-gispert-etal-2010-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation Grammars Extracted from Alignment Posterior Probabilities",
    author = "de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Pino, Juan  and
      Byrne, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1053",
    pages = "545--554",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2010-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Entropy Based Phrase Reordering for Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation",
    author = "He, Zhongjun  and
      Meng, Yao  and
      Yu, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1054",
    pages = "555--563",
}
@inproceedings{espinosa-etal-2010-meta,
    title = "Further Meta-Evaluation of Broad-Coverage Surface Realization",
    author = "Espinosa, Dominic  and
      Rajkumar, Rajakrishnan  and
      White, Michael  and
      Berleant, Shoshana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1055",
    pages = "564--574",
}
@inproceedings{christodoulopoulos-etal-2010-two,
    title = "Two Decades of Unsupervised {POS} Induction: How Far Have We Come?",
    author = "Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Goldwater, Sharon  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1056",
    pages = "575--584",
}
@inproceedings{dredze-etal-2010-kansas,
    title = "We{'}re Not in Kansas Anymore: Detecting Domain Changes in Streams",
    author = "Dredze, Mark  and
      Oates, Tim  and
      Piatko, Christine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1057",
    pages = "585--595",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-gildea-2010-fast,
    title = "A Fast Fertility Hidden {M}arkov Model for Word Alignment Using {MCMC}",
    author = "Zhao, Shaojun  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1058",
    pages = "596--605",
}
@inproceedings{chatterjee-cancedda-2010-minimum,
    title = "Minimum Error Rate Training by Sampling the Translation Lattice",
    author = "Chatterjee, Samidh  and
      Cancedda, Nicola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1059",
    pages = "606--615",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2010-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Machine Translation with a Factorized Grammar",
    author = "Shen, Libin  and
      Zhang, Bing  and
      Matsoukas, Spyros  and
      Xu, Jinxi  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1060",
    pages = "616--625",
}
@inproceedings{ananthakrishnan-etal-2010-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Sample Selection for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Ananthakrishnan, Sankaranarayanan  and
      Prasad, Rohit  and
      Stallard, David  and
      Natarajan, Prem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1061",
    pages = "626--635",
}
@inproceedings{chung-gildea-2010-effects,
    title = "Effects of Empty Categories on Machine Translation",
    author = "Chung, Tagyoung  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1062",
    pages = "636--645",
}
@inproceedings{hopkins-langmead-2010-scfg,
    title = "{SCFG} Decoding Without Binarization",
    author = "Hopkins, Mark  and
      Langmead, Greg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1063",
    pages = "646--655",
}
@inproceedings{max-2010-example,
    title = "Example-Based Paraphrasing for Improved Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Max, Aur{\'e}lien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1064",
    pages = "656--666",
}
@inproceedings{xu-rosti-2010-combining,
    title = "Combining Unsupervised and Supervised Alignments for {MT}: An Empirical Study",
    author = "Xu, Jinxi  and
      Rosti, Antti-Veikko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1065",
    pages = "667--673",
}
@inproceedings{charniak-2010-top,
    title = "Top-Down Nearly-Context-Sensitive Parsing",
    author = "Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1066",
    pages = "674--683",
}
@inproceedings{reichart-rappoport-2010-improved,
    title = "Improved Fully Unsupervised Parsing with Zoomed Learning",
    author = "Reichart, Roi  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1067",
    pages = "684--693",
}
@inproceedings{dridan-baldwin-2010-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Parse Selection for {HPSG}",
    author = "Dridan, Rebecca  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1068",
    pages = "694--704",
}
@inproceedings{petrov-etal-2010-uptraining,
    title = "Uptraining for Accurate Deterministic Question Parsing",
    author = "Petrov, Slav  and
      Chang, Pi-Chuan  and
      Ringgaard, Michael  and
      Alshawi, Hiyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1069",
    pages = "705--713",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2010-unified,
    title = "A Unified Framework for Scope Learning via Simplified Shallow Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Zhu, Qiaoming  and
      Li, Junhui  and
      Wang, Hongling  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1070",
    pages = "714--724",
}
@inproceedings{shah-etal-2010-new,
    title = "A New Approach to Lexical Disambiguation of {A}rabic Text",
    author = "Shah, Rushin  and
      Dhillon, Paramveer S.  and
      Liberman, Mark  and
      Foster, Dean  and
      Maamouri, Mohamed  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1071",
    pages = "725--735",
}
@inproceedings{boxwell-etal-2010-parser,
    title = "What a Parser Can Learn from a Semantic Role Labeler and Vice Versa",
    author = "Boxwell, Stephen  and
      Mehay, Dennis  and
      Brew, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1072",
    pages = "736--744",
}
@inproceedings{klapaftis-manandhar-2010-word,
    title = "Word Sense Induction {\&} Disambiguation Using Hierarchical Random Graphs",
    author = "Klapaftis, Ioannis  and
      Manandhar, Suresh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1073",
    pages = "745--755",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-chai-2010-towards,
    title = "Towards Conversation Entailment: An Empirical Investigation",
    author = "Zhang, Chen  and
      Chai, Joyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1074",
    pages = "756--766",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2010-necessity,
    title = "The Necessity of Combining Adaptation Methods",
    author = "Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Connor, Michael  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1075",
    pages = "767--777",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2010-training,
    title = "Training Continuous Space Language Models: Some Practical Issues",
    author = "Le, Hai Son  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1076",
    pages = "778--788",
}
@inproceedings{chang-han-2010-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Domain Portability of {C}hinese Segmentation Model Using Chi-Square Statistics and Bootstrapping",
    author = "Chang, Baobao  and
      Han, Dongxu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1077",
    pages = "789--798",
}
@inproceedings{lamar-etal-2010-latent,
    title = "Latent-Descriptor Clustering for Unsupervised {POS} Induction",
    author = "Lamar, Michael  and
      Maron, Yariv  and
      Bienenstock, Elie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1078",
    pages = "799--809",
}
@inproceedings{mcclanahan-etal-2010-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Morphological Analyzer for Syriac",
    author = "McClanahan, Peter  and
      Busby, George  and
      Haertel, Robbie  and
      Heal, Kristian  and
      Lonsdale, Deryle  and
      Seppi, Kevin  and
      Ringger, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1079",
    pages = "810--820",
}
@inproceedings{eidelman-etal-2010-lessons,
    title = "Lessons Learned in Part-of-Speech Tagging of Conversational Speech",
    author = "Eidelman, Vladimir  and
      Huang, Zhongqiang  and
      Harper, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1080",
    pages = "821--831",
}
@inproceedings{zhikov-etal-2010-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Algorithm for Unsupervised Word Segmentation with Branching Entropy and {MDL}",
    author = "Zhikov, Valentin  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1081",
    pages = "832--842",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-clark-2010-fast,
    title = "A Fast Decoder for Joint Word Segmentation and {POS}-Tagging Using a Single Discriminative Model",
    author = "Zhang, Yue  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1082",
    pages = "843--852",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2010-simple,
    title = "Simple Type-Level Unsupervised {POS} Tagging",
    author = "Lee, Yoong Keok  and
      Haghighi, Aria  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1083",
    pages = "853--861",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2010-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Dialogue Acts in One-on-One Live Chats",
    author = "Kim, Su Nam  and
      Cavedon, Lawrence  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1084",
    pages = "862--871",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2010-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Event Noun Phrases to Their Verbal Mentions",
    author = "Chen, Bin  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1085",
    pages = "872--881",
}
@inproceedings{kong-zhou-2010-tree,
    title = "A Tree Kernel-Based Unified Framework for {C}hinese Zero Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Kong, Fang  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1086",
    pages = "882--891",
}
@inproceedings{murata-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Comma Insertion for {J}apanese Text Generation",
    author = "Murata, Masaki  and
      Ohno, Tomohiro  and
      Matsubara, Shigeki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1087",
    pages = "892--901",
}
@inproceedings{cholakov-van-noord-2010-using,
    title = "Using Unknown Word Techniques to Learn Known Words",
    author = "Cholakov, Kostadin  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1088",
    pages = "902--912",
}
@inproceedings{mazur-dale-2010-wikiwars,
    title = "{W}iki{W}ars: A New Corpus for Research on Temporal Expressions",
    author = "Mazur, Pawel  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1089",
    pages = "913--922",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2010-pem,
    title = "{PEM}: A Paraphrase Evaluation Metric Exploiting Parallel Texts",
    author = "Liu, Chang  and
      Dahlmeier, Daniel  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1090",
    pages = "923--932",
}
@inproceedings{wisniewski-etal-2010-assessing,
    title = "Assessing Phrase-Based Translation Models with Oracle Decoding",
    author = "Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Allauzen, Alexandre  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1091",
    pages = "933--943",
}
@inproceedings{isozaki-etal-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Evaluation of Translation Quality for Distant Language Pairs",
    author = "Isozaki, Hideki  and
      Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Tsukada, Hajime",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1092",
    pages = "944--952",
}
@inproceedings{khemakhem-etal-2010-approach,
    title = "An Approach of Generating Personalized Views from Normalized Electronic Dictionaries : A Practical Experiment on {A}rabic Language",
    author = "Khemakhem, Aida  and
      Gargouri, Bilel  and
      Ben Hamadou, Abdelmajid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1093",
    pages = "953--960",
}
@inproceedings{rozovskaya-roth-2010-generating,
    title = "Generating Confusion Sets for Context-Sensitive Error Correction",
    author = "Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1094",
    pages = "961--970",
}
@inproceedings{mejer-crammer-2010-confidence,
    title = "Confidence in Structured-Prediction Using Confidence-Weighted Models",
    author = "Mejer, Avihai  and
      Crammer, Koby",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1095",
    pages = "971--981",
}
@inproceedings{buyko-hahn-2010-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Impact of Alternative Dependency Graph Encodings on Solving Event Extraction Tasks",
    author = "Buyko, Ekaterina  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1096",
    pages = "982--992",
}
@inproceedings{benajiba-zitouni-2010-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Mention Detection Using Projection via Aligned Corpora",
    author = "Benajiba, Yassine  and
      Zitouni, Imed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1097",
    pages = "993--1001",
}
@inproceedings{chiticariu-etal-2010-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation of Rule-Based Annotators for Named-Entity Recognition Tasks",
    author = "Chiticariu, Laura  and
      Krishnamurthy, Rajasekar  and
      Li, Yunyao  and
      Reiss, Frederick  and
      Vaithyanathan, Shivakumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1098",
    pages = "1002--1012",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2010-collective,
    title = "Collective Cross-Document Relation Extraction Without Labelled Data",
    author = "Yao, Limin  and
      Riedel, Sebastian  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1099",
    pages = "1013--1023",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-rambow-2010-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection and Classification of Social Events",
    author = "Agarwal, Apoorv  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1100",
    pages = "1024--1034",
}
@inproceedings{jakob-gurevych-2010-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Opinion Targets in a Single and Cross-Domain Setting with Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Jakob, Niklas  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1101",
    pages = "1035--1045",
}
@inproceedings{yessenalina-etal-2010-multi,
    title = "Multi-Level Structured Models for Document-Level Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Yessenalina, Ainur  and
      Yue, Yisong  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1102",
    pages = "1046--1056",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2010-cross,
    title = "Cross Language Text Classification by Model Translation and Semi-Supervised Learning",
    author = "Shi, Lei  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Tian, Mingjun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1103",
    pages = "1057--1067",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2010-srl,
    title = "{SRL}-Based Verb Selection for {ESL}",
    author = "Liu, Xiaohua  and
      Han, Bo  and
      Li, Kuan  and
      Stiller, Stephan Hyeonjun  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1104",
    pages = "1068--1076",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2010-context,
    title = "Context Comparison of Bursty Events in Web Search and Online Media",
    author = "Jiang, Yunliang  and
      Lin, Cindy Xide  and
      Mei, Qiaozhu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1105",
    pages = "1077--1087",
}
@inproceedings{schoenmackers-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning First-Order Horn Clauses from Web Text",
    author = "Schoenmackers, Stefan  and
      Davis, Jesse  and
      Etzioni, Oren  and
      Weld, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1106",
    pages = "1088--1098",
}
@inproceedings{do-roth-2010-constraints,
    title = "Constraints Based Taxonomic Relation Classification",
    author = "Do, Quang  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1107",
    pages = "1099--1109",
}
@inproceedings{kozareva-hovy-2010-semi,
    title = "A Semi-Supervised Method to Learn and Construct Taxonomies Using the Web",
    author = "Kozareva, Zornitsa  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1108",
    pages = "1110--1118",
}
@inproceedings{bu-etal-2010-function,
    title = "Function-Based Question Classification for General {QA}",
    author = "Bu, Fan  and
      Zhu, Xingwei  and
      Hao, Yu  and
      Zhu, Xiaoyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1109",
    pages = "1119--1128",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2010-learning,
    title = "Learning Recurrent Event Queries for Web Search",
    author = "Zhang, Ruiqiang  and
      Konda, Yuki  and
      Dong, Anlei  and
      Kolari, Pranam  and
      Chang, Yi  and
      Zheng, Zhaohui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1110",
    pages = "1129--1139",
}
@inproceedings{ahmed-xing-2010-staying,
    title = "Staying Informed: Supervised and Semi-Supervised Multi-View Topical Analysis of Ideological Perspective",
    author = "Ahmed, Amr  and
      Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1111",
    pages = "1140--1150",
}
@inproceedings{scherrer-rambow-2010-word,
    title = "Word-Based Dialect Identification with Georeferenced Rules",
    author = "Scherrer, Yves  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1112",
    pages = "1151--1161",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-lapata-2010-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Distributional Similarity in Context",
    author = "Dinu, Georgiana  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1113",
    pages = "1162--1172",
}
@inproceedings{reisinger-mooney-2010-mixture,
    title = "A Mixture Model with Sharing for Lexical Semantics",
    author = "Reisinger, Joseph  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1114",
    pages = "1173--1182",
}
@inproceedings{baroni-zamparelli-2010-nouns,
    title = "Nouns are Vectors, Adjectives are Matrices: Representing Adjective-Noun Constructions in Semantic Space",
    author = "Baroni, Marco  and
      Zamparelli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1115",
    pages = "1183--1193",
}
@inproceedings{chang-clark-2010-practical,
    title = "Practical Linguistic Steganography Using Contextual Synonym Substitution and Vertex Colour Coding",
    author = "Chang, Ching-Yun  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1116",
    pages = "1194--1203",
}
@inproceedings{blunsom-cohn-2010-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Induction of Tree Substitution Grammars for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Blunsom, Phil  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1117",
    pages = "1204--1213",
}
@inproceedings{brody-2010-depends,
    title = "It Depends on the Translation: Unsupervised Dependency Parsing via Word Alignment",
    author = "Brody, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1118",
    pages = "1214--1222",
}
@inproceedings{kwiatkowksi-etal-2010-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Probabilistic {CCG} Grammars from Logical Form with Higher-Order Unification",
    author = "Kwiatkowksi, Tom  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke  and
      Goldwater, Sharon  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1119",
    pages = "1223--1233",
}
@inproceedings{naseem-etal-2010-using,
    title = "Using Universal Linguistic Knowledge to Guide Grammar Induction",
    author = "Naseem, Tahira  and
      Chen, Harr  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1120",
    pages = "1234--1244",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-etal-2010-whats,
    title = "What{'}s with the Attitude? Identifying Sentences with Attitude in Online Discussions",
    author = "Hassan, Ahmed  and
      Qazvinian, Vahed  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1121",
    pages = "1245--1255",
}
@inproceedings{udupa-kumar-2010-hashing,
    title = "Hashing-Based Approaches to Spelling Correction of Personal Names",
    author = "Udupa, Raghavendra  and
      Kumar, Shaishav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1122",
    pages = "1256--1265",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2010-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Functional Relations in Web Text",
    author = "Lin, Thomas  and
      {Mausam}  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1123",
    pages = "1266--1276",
}
@inproceedings{eisenstein-etal-2010-latent,
    title = "A Latent Variable Model for Geographic Lexical Variation",
    author = "Eisenstein, Jacob  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan  and
      Smith, Noah A.  and
      Xing, Eric P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1124",
    pages = "1277--1287",
}
@inproceedings{koo-etal-2010-dual,
    title = "Dual Decomposition for Parsing with Non-Projective Head Automata",
    author = "Koo, Terry  and
      Rush, Alexander M.  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Jaakkola, Tommi  and
      Sontag, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D10-1125",
    pages = "1288--1298",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1990-rocling,
    title = "Proceedings of Rocling {III} Computational Linguistics Conference {III}",
    author = "Chang, Jason J.  and
      Soo, Von-Wun",
    month = sep,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-kuo-1990-cognitive,
    title = "A Cognitive Treatment Of Aspect In {J}apanese To {C}hinese Machine Translation",
    author = "Hsieh, Miao-Ling  and
      Kuo, June-Jei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {III} Computational Linguistics Conference {III}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O90-1001",
    pages = "187--210",
}
@inproceedings{lee-hsu-1990-ers,
    title = "An {ERS} Model For Tense And Aspect Information In {C}hinese Sentences",
    author = "Lee, Hsi-Jian  and
      Hsu, Ren-Rong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {III} Computational Linguistics Conference {III}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O90-1002",
    pages = "213--234",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-1990-logic,
    title = "A Logic-based Temporal Knowledge Representation in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Lee, Hsiu-Hui  and
      Lin, I-Peng  and
      Wu, Chien-Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {III} Computational Linguistics Conference {III}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O90-1003",
    pages = "237--252",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-1990-semantic,
    title = "The Semantic Score Approach to the Disambiguation of {PP} Attachment Problem",
    author = "Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Chang, Jing-Shin  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {III} Computational Linguistics Conference {III}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O90-1004",
    pages = "255--270",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-1990-dian,
    title = "電話轉接對話模式與表達轉接要求句型的分析 (Analyses of Dialogue Patterns and Sentence Patterns of Telephone Switching Requests) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Hu, Hai-Hsu  and
      Li, Jen-i  and
      Hu, Tzu-Ying  and
      Hsu, Ren-Rong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {III} Computational Linguistics Conference {III}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O90-1005",
    pages = "273--294",
}
@inproceedings{chien-chen-1990-ci,
    title = "詞彙訊息的層次表達與管理 (Hierarchical Representation of Word Information and Management) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chien, Lee-Feng  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {III} Computational Linguistics Conference {III}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O90-1006",
    pages = "297--310",
}
@inproceedings{chang-lee-1990-parsing,
    title = "Parsing {C}hinese Nominalizations Based On {HPSG}",
    author = "Chang, Yuan-Sheng  and
      Lee, Hsi-Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {III} Computational Linguistics Conference {III}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O90-1007",
    pages = "313--337",
}
@inproceedings{pei-etal-1990-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of syntactic properties of {E}nglish Unknown Words from a Corpus",
    author = "Pei, Tzusheng  and
      Li, Wei-Chuan  and
      Koo, Tung-Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {III} Computational Linguistics Conference {III}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O90-1008",
    pages = "341--376",
}
@inproceedings{liu-soo-1990-parsing,
    title = "Parsing-Driven Generalization for Natural Language Acquisition",
    author = "Liu, Rey-Long  and
      Soo, Von-Wun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {III} Computational Linguistics Conference {III}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O90-1009",
    pages = "353--376",
}
@inproceedings{sproat-1990-application,
    title = "An application of statistical optimization with dynamic programming to phonemic-input-to-character conversion for {C}hinese",
    author = "Sproat, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {III} Computational Linguistics Conference {III}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O90-1010",
    pages = "379--390",
}
@inproceedings{liao-chang-1990-computer,
    title = "Computer Generation Of {C}hinese Commentary On Othello Games",
    author = "Liao, Jen-Wen  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {III} Computational Linguistics Conference {III}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O90-1011",
    pages = "393--415",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chang-1990-bi,
    title = "Bi-Lingual Sentence Generation",
    author = "Chen, Chung-Cherng  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {III} Computational Linguistics Conference {III}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O90-1012",
    pages = "419--438",
}
@inproceedings{lee-lee-1990-unification,
    title = "A Unification-Based Approach for {C}hinese Inquiry Sentences Processing",
    author = "Lee, Shu-Hang  and
      Lee, Hsi-Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {III} Computational Linguistics Conference {III}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1990",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O90-1013",
    pages = "441--466",
}
@proceedings{jep-taln-recital-2012-joint,
    title = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    author = "Besacier, Laurent  and
      Lecouteux, Benjamin  and
      S{\'e}rasset, Gilles",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1000",
}
@inproceedings{meunier-2012-contexte,
    title = "Contexte et nature des r{\'e}alisations phon{\'e}tiques en parole conversationnelle (Context and nature of phonetic realizations in conversational speech) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Meunier, Christine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{feldhausen-delais-roussarie-2012-la,
    title = "La structuration prosodique et les relations syntaxe/ prosodie dans le discours politique (Prosodic Structuring and the Syntax-Prosody Relationship in Political Speech) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Feldhausen, Ingo  and
      Delais-Roussarie, Elisabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{smith-2012-emphasis,
    title = "Emphasis does not always coincide with phrasal boundaries in spontaneous spoken {F}rench",
    author = "Smith, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1003",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2012-entends,
    title = "Entends-tu mes attitudes ? Perception de la prosodie des affects sociaux en chinois {M}andarin (Do you hear my attitudes? Perception of {M}andarin {C}hinese social affects{'} prosody) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Lu, Yan  and
      Auberg{\'e}, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Rilliard, Albert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1004",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{ray-crouzet-2012-la,
    title = "La reconnaissance des sons consonantiques en cas de d{\'e}synchronisation spectrale : avec et sans information spectrale fine (Recognition of desynchronized consonantics sounds with and without fine spectral structure) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ray, Marjolaine  and
      Crouzet, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1005",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{lalain-etal-2012-lecture,
    title = "Lecture et prosodie chez l{'}enfant dyslexique, le cas des pauses (Reading and prosody in dyslexic children, pause patterns) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Lalain, Muriel  and
      Mendon{\c{c}}a-Alves, Luciana  and
      Espesser, Robert  and
      Ghio, Alain  and
      de Looze, C{\'e}line  and
      Reis, C{\'e}sar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1006",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{fayolle-etal-2012-automates,
    title = "Automates lexico-phon{\'e}tiques pour l{'}indexation et la recherche de segments de parole (Lexical-phonetic automata for spoken utterance indexing and retrieval) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Fayolle, Julien  and
      Moreau, Fabienne  and
      Raymond, Christian  and
      Gravier, Guillaume",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1007",
    pages = "49--56",
}
@inproceedings{gao-halle-2012-caracterisation,
    title = "Caract{\'e}risation acoustique des obstruantes phonologiquement vois{\'e}es du dialecte de Shanghai (Acoustic characterization of phonologically voiced obstruents in Shanghai dialect) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gao, Jiayin  and
      Hall{\'e}, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1008",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{obin-etal-2012-la,
    title = "A la recherche des temps perdus : Variations sur le rythme en fran{\c{c}}ais (Regional Variations of Speech Rhythm in {F}rench: In Search of Lost Times) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Obin, Nicolas  and
      Avanzi, Mathieu  and
      Bordal, Guri  and
      Bardiaux, Alice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1009",
    pages = "65--72",
}
@inproceedings{ming-etal-2012-mapping,
    title = "Mapping de l{'}espace spectral vers l{'}espace visuel de la parole : les voyelles du fran{\c{c}}ais en langue fran{\c{c}}aise parl{\'e}e compl{\'e}t{\'e}e (Mapping of the spectral space to the visual speech space for {F}rench vowels cued in Cued Speech) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ming, Zuheng  and
      Feng, Gang  and
      Beautemps, Denis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1010",
    pages = "73--80",
}
@inproceedings{badin-etal-2012-developpement,
    title = "D{\'e}veloppement et mise en oeuvre de marqueurs fiduciaires pour l{'}imagerie {IRM} du conduit vocal en vue de la mod{\'e}lisation articulatoire de la parole (Development and implementation of fiduciary markers for vocal tract {MRI} imaging and speech articularory modelling) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Badin, Pierre  and
      Koncki, Arielle  and
      Vald{\'e}s Vargas, Juli{\'a}n Andr{\'e}s  and
      Lamalle, Laurent  and
      Savariaux, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1011",
    pages = "81--88",
}
@inproceedings{jauriberry-etal-2012-rhoticite,
    title = "Rhoticit{\'e} et d{\'e}rhoticisation en anglais {\'e}cossais d{'}Ayrshire (Rhoticity and derhoticisation in Ayrshire {S}cottish {E}nglish) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Jauriberry, Thomas  and
      Sock, Rudolph  and
      Hamm, Albert  and
      Pukli, Monika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1012",
    pages = "89--96",
}
@inproceedings{rouvier-meignier-2012-nouvelle,
    title = "Nouvelle approche pour le regroupement des locuteurs dans des {\'e}missions radiophoniques et t{\'e}l{\'e}visuelles (New approach for speaker clustering of broadcast news) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Rouvier, Mickael  and
      Meignier, Sylvain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1013",
    pages = "97--104",
}
@inproceedings{fauth-etal-2012-etude,
    title = {Etude acoustique de voyelles soutenues produites par des patients op{\'e}r{\'e}s de la thyro{\"\i}de souffrant ou non de paralysies r{\'e}currentielles (An Acoustic Study of Sustained Vowels produced by Patient with or without Unilateral Paralysis after thyroid Surgery.) [in {F}rench]},
    author = "Fauth, Camille  and
      Vaxelaire, B{\'e}atrice  and
      Rodier, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Volkmar, Pierre-Philippe  and
      Bouarourou, Fayssal  and
      Hirsch, Fabrice  and
      Sock, Rudolph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1014",
    pages = "105--112",
}
@inproceedings{delebecque-etal-2012-influence,
    title = "Influence de l{'}expansion des joues lors de la production d{'}une plosive bilabiale (Influence of the cheeks expansion during bilabial plosive production) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Delebecque, Louis  and
      Pelorson, Xavier  and
      Beautemps, Denis  and
      Maillou, Balbine  and
      Savariaux, Christophe  and
      Laval, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1015",
    pages = "113--120",
}
@inproceedings{stephan-ferragne-2012-analyse,
    title = "Analyse acoustique de contrastes atypiques en anglais d{'}Irlande du Nord (Acoustic analysis of atypical contrasts in Northern-Irish {E}nglish) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Stephan, Pauline  and
      Ferragne, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1016",
    pages = "121--127",
}
@inproceedings{ouni-mangeonjean-2012-visartico,
    title = "{V}is{A}rtico : visualiser les donn{\'e}es articulatoires obtenues par un articulographe ({V}is{A}rtico : visualizing articulatory data acquired by an articulograph) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Ouni, Slim  and
      Mangeonjean, Lo{\"\i}c},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1017",
    pages = "129--135",
}
@inproceedings{chastagnol-devillers-2012-detection,
    title = "D{\'e}tection d{'}{\'e}motions dans la voix de patients en interaction avec un agent conversationnel anim{\'e} (Emotions detection in the voice of patients interacting with an animated conversational agent) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Chastagnol, Cl{\'e}ment  and
      Devillers, Laurence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1018",
    pages = "137--144",
}
@inproceedings{georgeton-etal-2012-analyse,
    title = "Analyse formantique des voyelles orales du fran{\c{c}}ais en contexte isol{\'e}: {\`a} la recherche d{'}une r{\'e}f{\'e}rence pour les apprenants de {FLE} (Formant analysis of {F}rench oral vowels in isolation: in search of a reference for learners of {F}rench as a Foreign Language) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Georgeton, Laurianne  and
      Paillereau, Nikola  and
      Landron, Simon  and
      Gao, Jiayin  and
      Kamiyama, Takeki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1019",
    pages = "145--152",
}
@inproceedings{pepiot-2012-les,
    title = "Les temps de traitement des voix de femmes et d{'}hommes sont-ils {\'e}quivalents ? (Are female and male voices processed equally fast?) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "P{\'e}piot, Erwan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1020",
    pages = "153--160",
}
@inproceedings{martin-etal-2012-variations,
    title = "Variations prosodiques en synth{\`e}se par s{\'e}lection d{'}unit{\'e}s: l{'}exemple des phrases interrogatives (Prosodic variations in unit-based speech synthesis: the example of interrogative sentences) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Martin, Laurence  and
      Roekhaut, Sophie  and
      Beaufort, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1021",
    pages = "161--168",
}
@inproceedings{lachambre-andre-obrecht-2012-vers,
    title = "Vers une inversion acoustico-articulatoire d{'}un locuteur {\'e}tranger (Toward an acoustic to articulatory inversion of a foreign speaker) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Lachambre, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Andr{\'e}-Obrecht, R{\'e}gine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1022",
    pages = "169--176",
}
@inproceedings{ferre-2012-prosodie,
    title = "Prosodie multimodale. Les ench{\`e}res chant{\'e}es aux Etats-Unis (Multimodal Prosody. The auction chant in the United States) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Ferr{\'e}, Ga{\"e}lle},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1023",
    pages = "177--184",
}
@inproceedings{adda-2012-un,
    title = "Un cadre exp{\'e}rimental pour les Sciences de la Parole (An experimental framework for speech sciences) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Adda, Gilles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1024",
    pages = "185--192",
}
@inproceedings{lecorve-etal-2012-impact,
    title = "Impact du degr{\'e} de supervision sur l{'}adaptation {\`a} un domaine d{'}un mod{\`e}le de langage {\`a} partir du Web (Impact of the level of supervision on Web-based language model domain adaptation) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Lecorv{\'e}, Gw{\'e}nol{\'e}  and
      Dines, John  and
      Hain, Thomas  and
      Motlicek, Petr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1025",
    pages = "193--200",
}
@inproceedings{ben-messaoud-etal-2012-estimation,
    title = "Estimation du pitch et d{\'e}cision de voisement par compression spectrale de l{'}autocorr{\'e}lation du produit multi-{\'e}chelle (Pitch estimation and voiced decision by spectral autocorrelation compression of multi-scale product) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Ben Messaoud, Mohamed Anouar  and
      Bouzid, A{\"\i}cha  and
      Ellouze, Noureddine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1026",
    pages = "201--208",
}
@inproceedings{embarki-etal-2012-clarte,
    title = "Clart{\'e} de la parole et effets coarticulatoires en arabe standard et dialectal (Speech clarity and coarticulatory effects in standard and dialectal {A}rabic) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Embarki, Mohamed  and
      Ouni, Slim  and
      Salam, Fathi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1027",
    pages = "209--216",
}
@inproceedings{audibert-fougeron-2012-distorsions,
    title = "Distorsions de l{'}espace vocalique : quelles mesures? Application {\`a} la dysarthrie (Distortions of vocalic space: which measurements? An application to dysarthria.) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Audibert, Nicolas  and
      Fougeron, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1028",
    pages = "217--224",
}
@inproceedings{zeroual-etal-2012-coordinations,
    title = "Coordinations spatio-temporelles dans les suites ab(b)i en arabe marocain (Spatio-temporal coordinations in {M}oroccan {A}rabic ab(bi) sequences) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Zeroual, Chakir  and
      Hoole, Philip  and
      Gafos, Diamantis  and
      Esling, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1029",
    pages = "225--232",
}
@inproceedings{rapin-etal-2012-trouble,
    title = "Trouble du contr{\^o}le de la parole int{\'e}rieure : cas des hallucinations auditives verbales (Inner speech monitoring deficit : a study of auditory verbal hallucinations) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Rapin, Lucile  and
      Dohen, Marion  and
      L{\oe}venbruck, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Polosan, Mircea  and
      Perrier, Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1030",
    pages = "233--240",
}
@inproceedings{daubigney-etal-2012-optimisation,
    title = "Optimisation d{'}un tuteur intelligent {\`a} partir d{'}un jeu de donn{\'e}es fix{\'e} (Optimization of a tutoring system from a fixed set of data) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Daubigney, Lucie  and
      Geist, Matthieu  and
      Pietquin, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1031",
    pages = "241--248",
}
@inproceedings{ridouane-etal-2012-les,
    title = "Les ajustements laryngaux en fran{\c{c}}ais (Laryngeal adjustments in {F}rench) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ridouane, Rachid  and
      Audibert, Nicolas  and
      Nguyen, Van Minh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1032",
    pages = "249--256",
}
@inproceedings{verdurand-etal-2012-etude,
    title = "Etude de la coarticulation {CV} chez des adultes b{\`e}gues italiens (Study of the coarticulation {CV} within {I}talian adult stutterers) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Verdurand, Marine  and
      Granjon, Lionel  and
      Balbo, Daria  and
      Rossato, Solange  and
      Zmarich, Claudio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1033",
    pages = "257--264",
}
@inproceedings{santiago-vargas-delais-roussarie-2012-la,
    title = "La Prosodie des {\'e}nonc{\'e}s interrogatifs en fran{\c{c}}ais langue seconde (The prosody of questions in {F}rench as {L}2) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Santiago Vargas, Fabian  and
      Delais-Roussarie, {\'E}lisabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1034",
    pages = "265--272",
}
@inproceedings{morchid-linares-2012-extraction,
    title = "Extraction de mots clefs dans des vid{\'e}os Web par Analyse Latente de {D}irichlet ({LDA}-based tagging of Web videos) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Morchid, Mohamed  and
      Linar{\`e}s, Georges",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1035",
    pages = "273--280",
}
@inproceedings{delaborde-devillers-2012-impact,
    title = "Impact du Comportement Social d{'}un Robot sur les Emotions de l{'}Utilisateur : une Exp{\'e}rience Perceptive (Impact of the Social Behaviour of a Robot on the User{'}s Emotions: a Perceptive Experiment) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Delaborde, Agnes  and
      Devillers, Laurence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1036",
    pages = "281--288",
}
@inproceedings{grabski-etal-2012-controle,
    title = "Contr{\^o}le pr{\'e}dictif et codage du but des actions oro-faciales (Predictice control and coding of orofacial actions) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Grabski, Krystyna  and
      Lamalle, Laurent  and
      Sato, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1037",
    pages = "289--296",
}
@inproceedings{larcher-etal-2012-analyse,
    title = "Analyse en Composante Principale pour l{'}extraction des i-vecteurs en v{\'e}rification du locuteur (Principal Component Analysis for i-vector extraction in speaker verification.) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Larcher, Anthony  and
      Bousquet, Pierre-Michel  and
      Matrouf, Driss  and
      Bonastre, Jean-Francois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1038",
    pages = "297--304",
}
@inproceedings{laurent-etal-2012-cosmo,
    title = "{COSMO}, un mod{\`e}le bay{\'e}sien de la communication parl{\'e}e :application {\`a} la perception des syllabes ({COSMO}, a {B}ayesian model of speech communication, applied to syllable perception) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Laurent, Rapha{\"e}l  and
      Schwartz, Jean-Luc  and
      Bessi{\`e}re, Pierre  and
      Diard, Julien},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1039",
    pages = "305--312",
}
@inproceedings{liegeois-etal-2012-lelision,
    title = "L{'}{\'e}lision du schwa dans les interactions parents-enfant : {\'e}tude de corpus (Schwa elision in children-parental interactions: A corpus study) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Li{\'e}geois, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Saddour, In{\`e}s  and
      Chabanal, Damien},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1040",
    pages = "313--320",
}
@inproceedings{de-looze-etal-2012-vers,
    title = "Vers un mesure automatique de l{'}adaptation prosodique en interaction conversationnelle (Automatic measurement of prosodic accommodation in conversational interaction) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "De Looze, C{\'e}line  and
      Scherer, Stefan  and
      Vaughan, Brian  and
      Campbell, Nick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1041",
    pages = "321--328",
}
@inproceedings{schmid-etal-2012-une,
    title = "Une comparaison de la d{\'e}clinaison de F0 entre le fran{\c{c}}ais et l{'}allemand journalistiques (F0-declination : a comparison between {F}rench and {G}erman journalistic speech) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Schmid, Carolin  and
      Gendrot, C{\'e}dric  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1042",
    pages = "329--336",
}
@inproceedings{gac-etal-2012-hauteurs,
    title = "Hauteurs m{\'e}lodiques en fran{\c{c}}ais : variations continues ou cat{\'e}gorielles ? (Pitch height in {F}rench: Gradual or categorical variations?) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gac, David Le  and
      Yoo, Hiyon  and
      Bartkova, Katarina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1043",
    pages = "337--344",
}
@inproceedings{dekerle-etal-2012-lamorcage,
    title = "L{'}amor{\c{c}}age s{\'e}mantique masqu{\'e} en situation de cocktail party (Masked semantic priming in cocktail party situation) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Dekerle, Marie  and
      Boulenger, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Hoen, Michel  and
      Meunier, Fanny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1044",
    pages = "345--352",
}
@inproceedings{astesano-etal-2012-perception,
    title = "Perception des fronti{\`e}res et des pro{\'e}minences en fran{\c{c}}ais (Perception of boundaries and prominences in {F}rench) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Ast{\'e}sano, Corine  and
      Bertrand, Roxane  and
      Espesser, Robert  and
      Nguyen, No{\"e}l},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1045",
    pages = "353--360",
}
@inproceedings{meynadier-gaydina-2012-contraste,
    title = "Contraste de voisement en parole chuchot{\'e}e (Voicing contrast in whispered speech) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Meynadier, Yohann  and
      Gaydina, Yulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1046",
    pages = "361--368",
}
@inproceedings{gayraud-barkat-defradas-2012-effet,
    title = "Effet du voisinage phonologique sur l{'}acc{\`e}s lexical dans le discours spontan{\'e} de patients {A}lzheimer (Effect of phonological neighborhood density on lexical retrieval in the spontaneous speech of patients with {A}lzheimer{'}s disease) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gayraud, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}rique  and
      Barkat-Defradas, Melissa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1047",
    pages = "369--376",
}
@inproceedings{fredouille-pouchoulin-2012-detection,
    title = "D{\'e}tection automatique de zones de d{\'e}viance dans la parole dysarthrique : {\'e}tude des bandes de fr{\'e}quences (Abnormal Zone Detection in Dysarthric Speech Utterances according to Frequency Bands) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Fredouille, Corinne  and
      Pouchoulin, Gilles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1048",
    pages = "377--384",
}
@inproceedings{racine-etal-2012-les,
    title = "Les voyelles /y-u/ dans {IPFC} : {\'e}valuation perceptive de productions natives, hispanophones et japonophones (The /y-u/ vowels in the {IPFC} project: a perceptual assessment of native, {S}panish and {J}apanese learners{'} productions.) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Racine, Isabelle  and
      Detey, Sylvain  and
      Kawaguchi, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1049",
    pages = "385--392",
}
@inproceedings{barbier-etal-2012-controle,
    title = "Contr{\^o}le lingual en production de parole chez l{'}enfant de 4 ans : une m{\'e}thodologie associant {\'e}tude articulatoire et mod{\'e}lisation biom{\'e}canique (Tongue control in 4-years-old children{'}s speech production: A methodology combining articulatory study and biomechanical modeling) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Barbier, Guillaume  and
      Perrier, Pascal  and
      M{\'e}nard, Lucie  and
      Bo{\"e}, Louis-Jean},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1050",
    pages = "393--400",
}
@inproceedings{huet-etal-2012-pour,
    title = "Pour une {\'e}valuation de la compliance phonique (Towards assessing phonic compliance) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Huet, Kathy  and
      Piccaluga, Myriam  and
      Delvaux, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Harmegnies, Bernard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1051",
    pages = "401--408",
}
@inproceedings{orosanu-etal-2012-detection,
    title = "D{\'e}tection de transcriptions incorrectes de parole non-native dans le cadre de l{'}apprentissage de langues {\'e}trang{\`e}res (Detection of incorrect transcriptions of non-native speech in the context of foreign language learning) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Orosanu, Luiza  and
      Jouvet, Denis  and
      Fohr, Dominique  and
      Illina, Irina  and
      Bonneau, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1052",
    pages = "409--416",
}
@inproceedings{boe-bonastre-2012-lidentification,
    title = "L{'}identification du locuteur : 20 ans de t{\'e}moignage dans les cours de Justice. Le cas du {LIPSADON} {\textless}{\textless} laboratoire ind{\'e}pendant de police scientifique {\textgreater}{\textgreater} (Forensic speaker identification: 20 years of scientific testimonies in courts of Justice. The case of {LIPSADON} {``}forensics independent laboratory{''}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Bo{\"e}, Louis-Jean  and
      Bonastre, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1053",
    pages = "417--424",
}
@inproceedings{kahn-etal-2012-verification,
    title = "V{\'e}rification du locuteur : variations de performance (Speaker verification : results variation) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Kahn, Juliette  and
      Scheffer, Nicolas  and
      Rossato, Solange  and
      Bonastre, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1054",
    pages = "425--432",
}
@inproceedings{dupuy-etal-2012-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation et Regroupement en Locuteurs d{'}une collection de documents audio (Cross-show speaker diarization) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Dupuy, Gr{\'e}gor  and
      Rouvier, Mickael  and
      Meignier, Sylvain  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1055",
    pages = "433--440",
}
@inproceedings{halle-etal-2012-lassimilation,
    title = "L{'}assimilation de voisement en fran{\c{c}}ais : elle vaut pour les non-mots autant que les mots (Voice assimilation in {F}rench: It applies to nonwords just like to words) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Hall{\'e}, Pierre  and
      Androjna, Kaja  and
      Segu{\'\i}, Juan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1056",
    pages = "441--448",
}
@inproceedings{bigi-etal-2012-influence,
    title = "Influence de la transcription sur la phon{\'e}tisation automatique de corpus oraux (what is the impact of the transcription on the phonetization) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bigi, Brigitte  and
      P{\'e}ri, Pauline  and
      Bertrand, Roxane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1057",
    pages = "449--456",
}
@inproceedings{avanzi-etal-2012-la,
    title = "La variation prosodique dialectale en fran{\c{c}}ais. Donn{\'e}es et hypoth{\`e}ses (Speech Prosody of Dialectal {F}rench: Data and Hypotheses) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Avanzi, Mathieu  and
      Obin, Nicolas  and
      Bordal, Guri  and
      Bardiaux, Alice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1058",
    pages = "457--464",
}
@inproceedings{georgeton-audibert-2012-variations,
    title = "Variations de la configuration labiale des voyelles /i, y, a/: effets de la position prosodique et du locuteur (Variations of labial configuration of vowels /i, y, a/: effect of prosodic positionand speaker) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Georgeton, Laurianne  and
      Audibert, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1059",
    pages = "465--472",
}
@inproceedings{bousselmi-ouni-2012-etude,
    title = "Etude pour l{'}am{\'e}lioration de la parole cod{\'e}e par transformation en paquets de framelette serr{\'e}e (Study for improving the coded speech by tight framelet packet transform) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bousselmi, Souhir  and
      Ouni, Kais",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1060",
    pages = "473--480",
}
@inproceedings{nahorna-etal-2012-dynamique,
    title = "Dynamique temporelle du liage dans la fusion de la parole audiovisuelle (Temporal dynamics of binding in audiovisual speech fusion) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Nahorna, Olha  and
      Berthommier, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Schwartz, Jean-Luc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1061",
    pages = "481--488",
}
@inproceedings{collet-etal-2012-apprentissage,
    title = "Apprentissage de contrastes non-natifs : Limites des entra{\^\i}nements statistiques (Learning non-native contrasts: Limits of the statistical training) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Collet, Gregory  and
      Leybaert, Jacqueline  and
      Serniclaes, Willy  and
      Colin, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1062",
    pages = "489--496",
}
@inproceedings{kahn-etal-2012-repere,
    title = "{REPERE} : premiers r{\'e}sultats d{'}un d{\'e}fi autour de la reconnaissance multimodale des personnes ({REPERE} : preliminary results of a multimodal person recognition challenge) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Kahn, Juliette  and
      Giraudel, Aude  and
      Carr{\'e}, Matthieu  and
      Galibert, Olivier  and
      Quintard, Ludovic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1063",
    pages = "497--504",
}
@inproceedings{djamah-oshaughnessy-2012-codage,
    title = "Codage {\'e}chelonnable {\`a} granularit{\'e} fine de la parole : Application au codeur G.729 (Fine granularity scalable speech coding: Application to the G.729 coder) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Djamah, Mouloud  and
      O{'}Shaughnessy, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1064",
    pages = "505--512",
}
@inproceedings{savariaux-etal-2012-etude,
    title = "{\'E}tude compar{\'e}e de la pr{\'e}cision de mesure des syst{\`e}mes d{'}articulographie {\'e}lectromagn{\'e}tique 3{D} : Wave et {AG}500 (Comparative study of the measurement accuracy of the 3{D} electromagnetic articulographs {WAVE} and {AG}500) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Savariaux, Christophe  and
      Badin, Pierre  and
      Ouni, Slim  and
      Wrobel-Dautcourt, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1065",
    pages = "513--520",
}
@inproceedings{schwab-etal-2012-etude,
    title = "Etude de l{'}influence de la vari{\'e}t{\'e} dialectale sur la vitesse d{'}articulation en fran{\c{c}}ais (Dialectal Effect on Articulation Rate in {F}rench) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Schwab, Sandra  and
      Dubosson, Pauline  and
      Avanzi, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1066",
    pages = "521--528",
}
@inproceedings{valdes-vargas-etal-2012-normalisation,
    title = "Normalisation articulatoire du locuteur par m{\'e}thodes de d{\'e}composition tri-lin{\'e}aire bas{\'e}es sur des donn{\'e}es {IRM} (Articulatory speaker normalisation based on {MRI}-data using three-way linear decomposition methods) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Vald{\'e}s Vargas, Juli{\'a}n Andr{\'e}s  and
      Badin, Pierre  and
      Ananthakrishnan, Gopal  and
      Lamalle, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1067",
    pages = "529--536",
}
@inproceedings{dodane-etal-2012-mdr,
    title = "[mdr] Une analyse pr{\'e}liminaire du rire chez des enfants de 18 {\`a} 36 mois ([lol]: a preliminary study of laughter in 18- to 36- month old children) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Dodane, Christelle  and
      Hirsch, Fabrice  and
      Sauvage, J{\'e}r{\'e}mi  and
      Barkat-Defradas, Melissa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1068",
    pages = "537--544",
}
@inproceedings{adda-decker-etal-2012-la,
    title = "La liaison dans la parole spontan{\'e}e famili{\`e}re : explorations semi-automatiques de grands corpus ({F}rench Liaison in casual speech : automatic and manual investigations) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Adda-Decker, Martine  and
      Delais-Roussarie, Elisabeth  and
      Fougeron, C{\'e}cile  and
      Gendrot, C{\'e}dric  and
      Lamel, Lori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1069",
    pages = "545--552",
}
@inproceedings{bechet-etal-2012-percol0,
    title = "Percol0 - un syst{\`e}me multimodal de d{\'e}tection de personnes dans des documents vid{\'e}o (Percol0 - A multimodal person detection system in video documents) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bechet, Frederic  and
      Auguste, Remi  and
      Ayache, Stephane  and
      Charlet, Delphine  and
      Damnati, Geraldine  and
      Favre, Benoit  and
      Fredouille, Corinne  and
      Levy, Christophe  and
      Linares, Georges  and
      Martinet, Jean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1070",
    pages = "553--560",
}
@inproceedings{bechet-etal-2012-f2,
    title = "F2/F3 d{'}occlusives sonores chez des locuteurs porteurs de fente palatine (F2/F3 of voiced plosives and F1/F2 of vowel in {VCV} Sequences in Children with a Cleft Palate-An acoustic Study) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "B{\'e}chet, Marion  and
      Hirsch, Fabrice  and
      Sock, Rudolph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1071",
    pages = "561--568",
}
@inproceedings{le-maguer-etal-2012-evaluation,
    title = "{\'E}valuation segmentale du syst{\`e}me de synth{\`e}se {HTS} pour le fran{\c{c}}ais (Segmental evaluation of {HTS}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Le Maguer, S{\'e}bastien  and
      Barbot, Nelly  and
      Boeffard, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1072",
    pages = "569--576",
}
@inproceedings{roulet-guiot-astesano-2012-lire,
    title = "Lire les tons sur les l{\`e}vres : perception(s) visuelle(s) des tons lexicaux en chinois mandarin (Read the tones on the lips : visual perception(s) of lexical tones in {M}andarin {C}hinese) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Roulet-Guiot, Gr{\'e}gory  and
      Ast{\'e}sano, Corine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1073",
    pages = "577--584",
}
@inproceedings{missaoui-lachiri-2012-separation,
    title = "S{\'e}paration de sources par lissage cepstral des masques binaires (Source separation by cepstral smoothing of binary masks) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Missaoui, Ibrahim  and
      Lachiri, Zied",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1074",
    pages = "585--592",
}
@inproceedings{boe-etal-2012-nouvelles,
    title = "Nouvelles pistes pour revisiter la production de la parole et son d{\'e}veloppement : donn{\'e}es, mod{\`e}les, repr{\'e}sentation (New tracks to revisit speech production and speech development: data, models and representation) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Bo{\"e}, Louis-Jean  and
      Captier, Guillaume  and
      Badin, Pierre  and
      Perrier, Pascal  and
      Barbier, Guillaume  and
      Serrurier, Antoine  and
      Berthommier, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Kielwasser, Nicolas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1075",
    pages = "593--600",
}
@inproceedings{bartkova-etal-2012-prosotran,
    title = "{PROSOTRAN} : un syst{\`e}me d{'}annotation symbolique des faits prosodiques pour les donn{\'e}es non-standards ({PROSOTRAN} : an tool that provides a symbolic representation of the prosodic events in non-standard data) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bartkova, Katarina  and
      Delais-Roussarie, Elisabeth  and
      Santiago Vargas, Fabian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1076",
    pages = "601--608",
}
@inproceedings{boula-de-mareuil-etal-2012-questions,
    title = "Questions corses : peut-on mettre en {\'e}vidence un transfert prosodique du corse vers le fran{\c{c}}ais ? (Corsican questions: is there a prosodic transfer from Corsican to {F}rench?) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Boula de Mare{\"u}il, Philippe  and
      Rilliard, Albert  and
      Mairano, Paolo  and
      Lai, Jean-Pierre},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1077",
    pages = "609--616",
}
@inproceedings{pellegrino-etal-2012-la,
    title = "La typologie des syst{\`e}mes vocaliques revisit{\'e}e sous l{'}angle de la charge fonctionnelle (Vocalic system{'}s typology revisited from the functional load viewpoint) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Pellegrino, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Marsico, Egidio  and
      Coup{\'e}, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1078",
    pages = "617--624",
}
@inproceedings{bardiaux-boula-de-mareuil-2012-allongements,
    title = "Allongements vocaliques en fran{\c{c}}ais de Belgique : approche exp{\'e}rimentale et perceptive (Vowel lengthening in Belgium {F}rench: an experimental and perceptual approach) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Bardiaux, Alice  and
      Boula de Mare{\"u}il, Philippe},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1079",
    pages = "625--632",
}
@inproceedings{gelas-etal-2012-developpement,
    title = "D{\'e}veloppement de ressources en swahili pour un syt{\`e}me de reconnaisance automatique de la parole (Developments of {S}wahili resources for an automatic speech recognition system) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gelas, Hadrien  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Pellegrino, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1080",
    pages = "633--640",
}
@inproceedings{illina-etal-2012-generation,
    title = "G{\'e}n{\'e}ration des prononciations de noms propres {\`a} l{'}aide des Champs Al{\'e}atoires Conditionnels (Pronunciation generation for proper names using Conditional Random Fields) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Illina, Irina  and
      Fohr, Dominique  and
      Jouvet, Denis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1081",
    pages = "641--648",
}
@inproceedings{gendrot-etal-2012-comparaison,
    title = "Comparaison de parole journalistique et de parole spontan{\'e}e : analyses de s{\'e}quences entre pauses (Comparison of journalistic and spontaneous speech: analysis of sequences between pauses) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gendrot, Cedric  and
      Adda-decker, Martine  and
      Schmid, Carolin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1082",
    pages = "649--656",
}
@inproceedings{lecouteux-etal-2012-reconnaissance-automatique,
    title = "Reconnaissance automatique de la parole distante dans un habitat intelligent : m{\'e}thodes multi-sources en conditions r{\'e}alistes (Distant Speech Recognition in a Smart Home : Comparison of Several Multisource {ASR}s in Realistic Conditions) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Lecouteux, Benjamin  and
      Vacher, Michel  and
      Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1083",
    pages = "657--664",
}
@inproceedings{cefidekhanie-etal-2012-mise,
    title = "Mise au point d{'}un paradigme de perturbation motrice pour l{'}{\'e}tude de la perception de la parole (Defining a motor perturbation paradigm for speech perception studies) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Cefidekhanie, Ali Hadian  and
      Savariaux, Christophe  and
      Sato, Marc  and
      Schwartz, Jean-Luc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1084",
    pages = "665--672",
}
@inproceedings{varnet-etal-2012-oscillations,
    title = "Oscillations corticales et intelligibilit{\'e} de la parole d{\'e}grad{\'e}e (Oscillatory cortical activity and intelligibility of degraded speech) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Varnet, L{\'e}o  and
      Meunier, Fanny  and
      Hoen, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1085",
    pages = "673--680",
}
@inproceedings{gonseth-etal-2012-encodage,
    title = "Encodage de la distance et coop{\'e}ration parole/geste : {\'e}tude d{\'e}veloppementale du pointage multimodal (Distance encoding and speech/gesture cooperation : a developmental study on multimodal pointing) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gonseth, Chloe  and
      Vilain, Coriandre  and
      Vilain, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1086",
    pages = "681--688",
}
@inproceedings{brkan-etal-2012-utilisation,
    title = "Utilisation d{'}un acc{\'e}l{\'e}rom{\`e}tre pi{\'e}zo{\'e}lectrique pour l{'}{\'e}tude de la nasalit{\'e} du Fran{\c{c}}ais Langue Etrang{\`e}re (Utilization of the piezoelectric accelerometer for the study of nasality in {F}rench as a Foreign Language) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Brkan, Altijana  and
      Amelot, Ang{\'e}lique  and
      Pillot-Loiseau, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1087",
    pages = "689--696",
}
@inproceedings{senay-etal-2012-prediction,
    title = "Pr{\'e}diction de l{'}indexabilit{\'e} d{'}une transcription (Prediction of transcription indexability) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Senay, Gr{\'e}gory  and
      Lecouteux, Benjamin  and
      Linar{\`e}s, Georges",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1088",
    pages = "697--705",
}
@inproceedings{aman-etal-2012-etude,
    title = "Etude de la performance des mod{\`e}les acoustiques pour des voix de personnes {\^a}g{\'e}es en vue de l{'}adaptation des syst{\`e}mes de {RAP} (Assessment of the acoustic models performance in the ageing voice case for {ASR} system adaptation) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Aman, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Vacher, Michel  and
      Rossato, Solange  and
      Dugheanu, Remus  and
      Portet, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Grand, Juline le  and
      Sasa, Yuko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1089",
    pages = "707--714",
}
@inproceedings{tran-vallee-2012-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition de la phonologie en langue seconde : le cas de la perception des groupes de consonnes du fran{\c{c}}ais par des apprenants vietnamiens (Second Language Phonology Acquisition: the perception of {F}rench consonant groups by {V}ietnamese learners.) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Tran, Thi-Thuy-Hien  and
      Vall{\'e}e, Nathalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1090",
    pages = "715--722",
}
@inproceedings{acher-etal-2012-methodologie,
    title = "M{\'e}thodologie en {IRM} fonctionnelle pour l{'}{\'e}tude des activations corticales associ{\'e}es au r{\'e}apprentissage de la parole (f{MRI} methodology for cognitive process study of speech production recovery) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Acher, Audrey  and
      Sato, Marc  and
      Lamalle, Laurent  and
      Krainik, Alexandre  and
      Perrier, Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1091",
    pages = "723--730",
}
@inproceedings{boeffard-etal-2012-vers,
    title = "Vers une annotation automatique de corpus audio pour la synth{\`e}se de parole (Towards Fully Automatic Annotation of Audio Books for Text-To-Speech ({TTS}) Synthesis) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Bo{\"e}ffard, Olivier  and
      Charonnat, Laure  and
      Le Maguer, S{\'e}bastien  and
      Lolive, Damien  and
      Vidal, Ga{\"e}lle},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1092",
    pages = "731--738",
}
@inproceedings{carrissimo-bertola-etal-2012-leffet,
    title = "L{'}effet Labial-Coronal en italien (The Labial-Coronal effect in {I}talian) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Carrissimo-Bertola, Manon  and
      Vall{\'e}e, Nathalie  and
      Chitoran, Ioana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1093",
    pages = "739--746",
}
@inproceedings{carignan-2012-quand,
    title = "Quand nasal est plus que nasal: L{'}articulation orale des voyelles nasales en fran{\c{c}}ais (When nasal is more than nasal: Oral articulation of {F}rench nasal vowels) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Carignan, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1094",
    pages = "747--754",
}
@inproceedings{gautreau-etal-2012-masques,
    title = "Masques acoustiques et masques linguistiques de diff{\'e}rentes langues sur la reconnaissance de mots en fran{\c{c}}ais (Acoustical and linguistic masking effects of different languages on the comprehension of {F}rench words) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gautreau, Aurore  and
      Hoen, Michel  and
      Meunier, Fanny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1095",
    pages = "755--762",
}
@inproceedings{jouvet-etal-2012-exploitation,
    title = "Exploitation d{'}une marge de tol{\'e}rance de classification pour am{\'e}liorer l{'}apprentissage de mod{\`e}les acoustiques de classes en reconnaissance de la parole (Exploitation of a classification tolerance margin for improving the estimation of class-based acoustic models for speech recognition) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Jouvet, Denis  and
      Gorin, Arseniy  and
      Vinuesa, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1096",
    pages = "763--770",
}
@inproceedings{kamiyama-2012-production,
    title = "Production des voyelles du fran{\c{c}}ais par des apprenants japonophones : effet du dialecte d{'}origine (Production of {F}rench vowels by {J}apanese-speaking learners: effect of the native dialect) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Kamiyama, Takeki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1097",
    pages = "771--778",
}
@inproceedings{lefevre-etal-2012-robustesse,
    title = "Robustesse et portabilit{\'e}s multilingue et multi-domaines des syst{\`e}mes de compr{\'e}hension de la parole : les corpus du projet {P}ort{M}edia (Robustness and portability of spoken language understanding systems among languages and domains : the {PORTMEDIA} project) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Lef{\`e}vre, Fabrice  and
      Mostefa, Djamel  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick  and
      Quignard, Matthieu  and
      Camelin, Nathalie  and
      Favre, Benoit  and
      Jabaian, Bassam  and
      Rojas-Barahona, Lina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1098",
    pages = "779--786",
}
@inproceedings{krzonowski-etal-2012-leffet,
    title = "L{'}effet d{'}aimant perceptif : r{\'e}ponses pr{\'e}liminaires au d{\'e}bat entre hypoth{\`e}ses acoustique et cognitive (The Perceptual Magnet Effect: preliminary results on the acoustic vs. cognitive debate) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Krzonowski, Jennifer  and
      Ferragne, Emmanuel  and
      Boulenger, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Bedoin, Nathalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1099",
    pages = "787--794",
}
@inproceedings{bougares-etal-2012-avancees,
    title = "Avanc{\'e}es dans le domaine de la transcription automatique par d{\'e}codage guid{\'e} (Improvements on driven decoding system combination) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bougares, Fethi  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick  and
      Del{\'e}glise, Paul  and
      Rouvier, Mickael  and
      Linar{\`e}s, Georges",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1100",
    pages = "795--802",
}
@inproceedings{cordeboeuf-etal-2012-le,
    title = "Le son de tes l{\`e}vres : corr{\'e}lats {\'e}lectrophysiologiques de la perception audio-haptique de la parole. (The sound of your lips: electrophysiological correlates of audio-haptic speech perception) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Cordeboeuf, Camille  and
      Treille, Avril  and
      Vilain, Coriandre  and
      Sato, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1101",
    pages = "803--810",
}
@inproceedings{dufour-etal-2012-detection,
    title = "D{\'e}tection et caract{\'e}risation des r{\'e}gions d{'}erreurs dans des transcriptions de contenus multim{\'e}dia : application {\`a} la recherche des noms de personnes (Error region detection and characterization in transcriptions of multimedia documents : application to person name search) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Dufour, Richard  and
      Damnati, G{\'e}raldine  and
      Charlet, Delphine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1102",
    pages = "811--818",
}
@inproceedings{bayard-etal-2012-perception,
    title = "Perception de la Langue fran{\c{c}}aise Parl{\'e}e Compl{\'e}t{\'e}e ({LPC}) et effet d{'}expertise chez les normo-entendants ({F}rench Cued Speech perception and expertise effect in hearing people) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bayard, Cl{\'e}mence  and
      Leybaert, Jacqueline  and
      Tilmant, Anne-Sophie  and
      Colin, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1103",
    pages = "819--826",
}
@inproceedings{dufour-etal-2012-combinaison,
    title = "Combinaison d{'}approches pour la reconnaissance du r{\^o}le des locuteurs (Combination of approaches for speaker role recognition) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Dufour, Richard  and
      Laurent, Antoine  and
      Est{\`e}ve, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1104",
    pages = "827--834",
}
@inproceedings{brohe-etal-2012-orientation,
    title = "Orientation s{\'e}lective de l{'}attention et apprentissage perceptuel (Selective orientation of attention and perceptual learning) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Broh{\'e}, Sarah  and
      Piccaluga, Myriam  and
      Delvaux, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Huet, Kathy  and
      Harmegnies, Bernard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1105",
    pages = "835--842",
}
@inproceedings{ghio-etal-2012-quand,
    title = "Quand la connaissance de l{'}{\'e}tat du locuteur nous fait entendre sa voix autrement (When the knowledge of the speaker{'}s state can modify the perception of voice quality) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ghio, Alain  and
      Merienne, Sabine  and
      Giovanni, Antoine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1106",
    pages = "843--850",
}
@inproceedings{dubois-sock-2012-traitement,
    title = "Traitement audiovisuel lors d{'}une t{\^a}che de discrimination syllabique : une {\'e}tude {EEG}/{IRM}f simultan{\'e}e (Audiovisual processing in syllabic discrimination task: a simultaneous f{MRI}-{EEG} study) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Dubois, Cyril  and
      Sock, Rudolph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1107",
    pages = "851--858",
}
@inproceedings{pota-etal-2012-la,
    title = "La mie de pain n{'}est pas une amie: une {\'e}tude {EEG} sur la perception de diff{\'e}rences infra-phon{\'e}miques en situation de variations (Robustness of fine acoustic cues and Speech variability: a Mismatch Negativity study) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Pota, St{\'e}phane  and
      Spinelli, Elsa  and
      Boulenger, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Ferragne, Emmanuel  and
      Varnet, L{\'e}o  and
      Hoen, Michel  and
      Meunier, Fanny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 1: JEP",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-1108",
    pages = "859--866",
}
@proceedings{jep-taln-recital-2012-joint-jep,
    title = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    author = "Antoniadis, Georges  and
      Blanchon, Herv{\'e}  and
      S{\'e}rasset, Gilles",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2000",
}
@inproceedings{minard-etal-2012-simplification,
    title = "Simplification de phrases pour l{'}extraction de relations (Sentence Simplification for Relation Extraction) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Minard, Anne-Lyse  and
      Ligozat, Anne-Laure  and
      Grau, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2001",
    pages = "1--14",
}
@inproceedings{ben-abacha-etal-2012-extraction,
    title = "Extraction d{'}information automatique en domaine m{\'e}dical par projection inter-langue : vers un passage {\`a} l{'}{\'e}chelle (Automatic Information Extraction in the Medical Domain by Cross-Lingual Projection) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ben Abacha, Asma  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2002",
    pages = "15--28",
}
@inproceedings{jean-louis-etal-2012-une,
    title = "Une m{\'e}thode d{'}extraction d{'}information fond{\'e}e sur les graphes pour le remplissage de formulaires (A Graph-Based Method for Template Filling in Information Extraction) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Jean-Louis, Ludovic  and
      Besan{\c{c}}on, Romaric  and
      Ferret, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2003",
    pages = "29--42",
}
@inproceedings{lefeuvre-etal-2012-traitement,
    title = "Traitement automatique sur corpus de r{\'e}cits de voyages pyr{\'e}n{\'e}ens : Une analyse syntaxique, s{\'e}mantique et temporelle (Processing of a Pyrenees Travel Novels Corpus : a Syntactical, Semantical and Temporal Analysis.) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Lefeuvre, Ana{\"\i}s  and
      Moot, Richard  and
      Retor{\'e}, Christian  and
      Sandillon-Rezer, No{\'e}mie-Fleur},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2004",
    pages = "43--56",
}
@inproceedings{constant-etal-2012-la,
    title = "La reconnaissance des mots compos{\'e}s {\`a} l{'}{\'e}preuve de l{'}analyse syntaxique et vice-versa : {\'e}valuation de deux strat{\'e}gies discriminantes (Recognition of Compound Words Tested against Parsing and Vice-versa : Evaluation of Two Discriminative Approaches) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Constant, Matthieu  and
      Sigogne, Anthony  and
      Watrin, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2005",
    pages = "57--70",
}
@inproceedings{alfared-etal-2012-calcul,
    title = "Calcul des cadres de sous cat{\'e}gorisation des noms d{\'e}verbaux fran{\c{c}}ais (le cas du g{\'e}nitif) (On Computing Subcategorization Frames of {F}rench Deverbal Nouns (Case of Genitive)) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Alfared, Ramadan  and
      B{\'e}chet, Denis  and
      Dikovsky, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2006",
    pages = "71--84",
}
@inproceedings{claveau-2012-vectorisation,
    title = "Vectorisation, Okapi et calcul de similarit{\'e} pour le {TAL} : pour oublier enfin le {TF}-{IDF} (Vectorization, Okapi and Computing Similarity for {NLP} : Say Goodbye to {TF}-{IDF}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Claveau, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2007",
    pages = "85--98",
}
@inproceedings{benzitoun-etal-2012-tcof,
    title = "{TCOF}-{POS} : un corpus libre de fran{\c{c}}ais parl{\'e} annot{\'e} en morphosyntaxe ({TCOF}-{POS} : A Freely Available {POS}-Tagged Corpus of Spoken {F}rench) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Benzitoun, Christophe  and
      Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2008",
    pages = "99--112",
}
@inproceedings{lardilleux-etal-2012-alignement,
    title = "Alignement sous-phrastique hi{\'e}rarchique avec Anymalign (Hierarchical Sub-Sentential Alignment with Anymalign) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Lardilleux, Adrien  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2009",
    pages = "113--126",
}
@inproceedings{saadane-semmar-2012-utilisation,
    title = "Utilisation de la translitt{\'e}ration arabe pour l{'}am{\'e}lioration de l{'}alignement de mots {\`a} partir de corpus parall{\`e}les fran{\c{c}}ais-arabe (Using {A}rabic Transliteration to Improve Word Alignment from {F}rench-{A}rabic Parallel Corpora) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Saadane, Houda  and
      Semmar, Nasredine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2010",
    pages = "127--140",
}
@inproceedings{morin-daille-2012-compositionnalite,
    title = "Compositionnalit{\'e} et contextes issus de corpus comparables pour la traduction terminologique (Compositionality and Context for Bilingual Lexicon Extraction from Comparable Corpora) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Morin, Emmanuel  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2011",
    pages = "141--154",
}
@inproceedings{bedaride-2012-raffinement,
    title = "Raffinement du Lexique des Verbes Fran{\c{c}}ais (Resource Refining : {\textless}{\textless} Les Verbes Fran{\c{c}}ais {\textgreater}{\textgreater}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "B{\'e}daride, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2012",
    pages = "155--168",
}
@inproceedings{morlane-hondere-fabre-2012-etude,
    title = "{\'E}tude des manifestations de la relation de m{\'e}ronymie dans une ressource distributionnelle (Study of Meronymy in a Distribution-Based Lexical Resource) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Morlane-Hond{\`e}re, Fran{\c{c}}ois  and
      Fabre, C{\'e}cile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2013",
    pages = "169--182",
}
@inproceedings{de-groc-etal-2012-un,
    title = "Un crit{\`e}re de coh{\'e}sion th{\'e}matique fond{\'e} sur un graphe de cooccurrences (Topical Cohesion using Graph Random Walks) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "de Groc, Cl{\'e}ment  and
      Tannier, Xavier  and
      de Loupy, Claude",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2014",
    pages = "183--195",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2012-validation,
    title = "Validation sur le Web de reformulations locales: application {\`a} la Wikip{\'e}dia (Assisted Rephrasing for {W}ikipedia Contributors through Web-based Validation) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bouamor, Houda  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Illouz, Gabriel  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2015",
    pages = "197--210",
}
@inproceedings{brouwers-etal-2012-simplification,
    title = "Simplification syntaxique de phrases pour le fran{\c{c}}ais (Syntactic Simplification for {F}rench Sentences) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Brouwers, Laetitia  and
      Bernhard, Delphine  and
      Ligozat, Anne-Laure  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2016",
    pages = "211--224",
}
@inproceedings{keskes-etal-2012-etude,
    title = "{\'E}tude comparative entre trois approches de r{\'e}sum{\'e} automatique de documents arabes (Comparative Study of Three Approaches to Automatic Summarization of {A}rabic Documents) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Keskes, Iskandar  and
      Boudabous, Mohamed Mahdi  and
      Maaloul, Mohamed H{\'e}di  and
      Hadrich Belguith, Lamia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2017",
    pages = "225--238",
}
@inproceedings{bertels-etal-2012-etude,
    title = "Etude s{\'e}mantique des mots-cl{\'e}s et des marqueurs lexicaux stables dans un corpus technique (Semantic Analysis of Keywords and Stable Lexical Markers in a Technical Corpus) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bertels, Ann  and
      De Hertog, Dirk  and
      Heylen, Kris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2018",
    pages = "239--252",
}
@inproceedings{quiniou-etal-2012-fouille,
    title = "Fouille de graphes sous contraintes linguistiques pour l{'}exploration de grands textes (Graph Mining Under Linguistic Constraints to Explore Large Texts) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Quiniou, Solen  and
      Cellier, Peggy  and
      Charnois, Thierry  and
      Legallois, Dominique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2019",
    pages = "253--266",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2012-une,
    title = "Une {\'e}tude en 3{D} de la paraphrase: types de corpus, langues et techniques (A Study of Paraphrase along 3 Dimensions : Corpus Types, Languages and Techniques) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bouamor, Houda  and
      Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2020",
    pages = "267--280",
}
@inproceedings{boudin-hernandez-2012-detection,
    title = "D{\'e}tection et correction automatique d{'}erreurs d{'}annotation morpho-syntaxique du {F}rench {T}ree{B}ank (Detecting and Correcting {POS} Annotation in the {F}rench {T}ree{B}ank) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Boudin, Florian  and
      Hernandez, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2021",
    pages = "281--291",
}
@inproceedings{guillaume-perrier-2012-annotation,
    title = "Annotation s{\'e}mantique du {F}rench Treebank {\`a} l{'}aide de la r{\'e}{\'e}criture modulaire de graphes (Semantic Annotation of the {F}rench Treebank using Modular Graph Rewriting) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Guillaume, Bruno  and
      Perrier, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2022",
    pages = "293--306",
}
@inproceedings{blache-rauzy-2012-enrichissement,
    title = "Enrichissement du {FTB} : un treebank hybride constituants/propri{\'e}t{\'e}s (Enriching the {F}rench Treebank with Properties) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Blache, Philippe  and
      Rauzy, St{\'e}phane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2023",
    pages = "307--320",
}
@inproceedings{candito-seddah-2012-le,
    title = "Le corpus Sequoia : annotation syntaxique et exploitation pour l{'}adaptation d{'}analyseur par pont lexical (The Sequoia Corpus : Syntactic Annotation and Use for a Parser Lexical Domain Adaptation Method) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Candito, Marie  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2024",
    pages = "321--334",
}
@inproceedings{brunet-manquat-goulian-2012-acolad,
    title = "{ACOLAD} Plateforme pour l{'}{\'e}dition collaborative d{\'e}pendancielle ({ACOLAD}: platform for collaborative dependency annotation) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Brunet-Manquat, Francis  and
      Goulian, J{\'e}r{\^o}me",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2025",
    pages = "335--342",
}
@inproceedings{cadilhac-etal-2012-extraction,
    title = "Extraction de pr{\'e}f{\'e}rences {\`a} partir de dialogues de n{\'e}gociation (Towards Preference Extraction From Negotiation Dialogues) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Cadilhac, Ana{\"\i}s  and
      Benamara, Farah  and
      Popescu, Vladimir  and
      Asher, Nicholas  and
      Seck, Mohamadou},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2026",
    pages = "343--350",
}
@inproceedings{denis-etal-2012-detection,
    title = "D{\'e}tection de conflits dans les communaut{\'e}s {\'e}pist{\'e}miques en ligne (Conflicts detection in online epistemic communities) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Denis, Alexandre  and
      Quignard, Matthieu  and
      Fr{\'e}ard, Dominique  and
      D{\'e}tienne, Fran{\c{c}}oise  and
      Baker, Michael  and
      Barcellini, Flore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2027",
    pages = "351--358",
}
@inproceedings{dutrey-etal-2012-quel,
    title = "Quel est l{'}apport de la d{\'e}tection d{'}entit{\'e}s nomm{\'e}es pour l{'}extraction d{'}information en domaine restreint ? (What is the contribution of named entities detection for information extraction in restricted domain ?) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Dutrey, Camille  and
      Clavel, Chlo{\'e}  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Vasilescu, Ioana  and
      Adda-Decker, Martine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2028",
    pages = "359--366",
}
@inproceedings{eensoo-valette-2012-sur,
    title = "Sur l{'}application de m{\'e}thodes textom{\'e}triques {\`a} la construction de crit{\`e}res de classification en analyse des sentiments (About the application of textometric methods for developing classi!cation criteria in Sentiment analysis) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Eensoo, Egle  and
      Valette, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2029",
    pages = "367--374",
}
@inproceedings{filhol-braffort-2012-methodologie,
    title = "M{\'e}thodologie d{'}exploration de corpus et de formalisation de r{\`e}gles grammaticales pour les langues des signes (Methodology for corpus exploration and grammatical rule building in Sign Language) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Filhol, Michael  and
      Braffort, Annelies",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2030",
    pages = "375--382",
}
@inproceedings{fort-claveau-2012-annotation,
    title = "Annotation manuelle de matchs de foot : Oh la la la ! l{'}accord inter-annotateurs ! et c{'}est le but ! (Manual Annotation of Football Matches : Inter-annotator Agreement ! Gooooal !) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Claveau, Vincent},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2031",
    pages = "383--390",
}
@inproceedings{garcia-fernandez-ferret-2012-etude,
    title = "Etude de diff{\'e}rentes strat{\'e}gies d{'}adaptation {\`a} un nouveau domaine en fouille d{'}opinion (Study of various strategies for adapting an opinion classifier to a new domain) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Garcia-Fernandez, Anne  and
      Ferret, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2032",
    pages = "391--398",
}
@inproceedings{kraif-diwersy-2012-le,
    title = "Le Lexicoscope : un outil pour l{'}{\'e}tude de profils combinatoires et l{'}extraction de constructions lexico-syntaxiques (The Lexicoscope : an integrated tool for combinatoric profles observation and lexico-syntactic constructs extraction) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Kraif, Olivier  and
      Diwersy, Sascha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2033",
    pages = "399--406",
}
@inproceedings{laroche-2012-analyse,
    title = "Analyse des contextes et des candidats dans l{'}identification des {\'e}quivalents terminologiques en corpus comparables (Analysis of contexts and candidates in term-translation spotting in comparable corpora) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Laroche, Audrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2034",
    pages = "407--414",
}
@inproceedings{planas-2012-bitermex,
    title = "{B}i{T}erm{E}x Un prototype d{'}extraction de mots compos{\'e}s {\`a} partir de documents comparables via la m{\'e}thode compositionnelle ({B}i{T}erm{E}x , A prototype for the extraction of multiword terms from comparable documents through the compositional approach) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Planas, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2035",
    pages = "415--422",
}
@inproceedings{serrano-etal-2012-combinaison,
    title = "Combinaison d{'}approches pour l{'}extraction automatique d{'}{\'e}v{\'e}nements (Automatic events extraction by combining multiple approaches) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Serrano, Laurie  and
      Charnois, Thierry  and
      Brunessau, Stephan  and
      Grilheres, Bruno  and
      Bouzid, Maroua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2036",
    pages = "423--430",
}
@inproceedings{tellier-etal-2012-apprentissage,
    title = "Apprentissage automatique d{'}un chunker pour le fran{\c{c}}ais (Machine Learning of a chunker for {F}rench) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Tellier, Isabelle  and
      Duchier, Denys  and
      Eshkol, Iris  and
      Courmet, Arnaud  and
      Martinet, Mathieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2037",
    pages = "431--438",
}
@inproceedings{tulechki-tanguy-2012-effacement,
    title = "Effacement de dimensions de similarit{\'e} textuelle pour l{'}exploration de collections de rapports d{'}incidents a{\'e}ronautiques (Deletion of dimensions of textual similarity for the exploration of collections of accident reports in aviation) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Tulechki, Nikola  and
      Tanguy, Ludovic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2038",
    pages = "439--446",
}
@inproceedings{afli-etal-2012-traduction,
    title = "Traduction automatique {\`a} partir de corpus comparables: extraction de phrases parall{\`e}les {\`a} partir de donn{\'e}es comparables multimodales (Automatic Translation from Comparable corpora : extracting parallel sentences from multimodal comparable corpora) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Afli, Haithem  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Schwenk, Holger},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2039",
    pages = "447--454",
}
@inproceedings{ben-yahia-etal-2012-la,
    title = "La reconnaissance automatique de la fonction des pronoms d{\'e}monstratifs en langue arabe (Automatic recognition of demonstrative pronouns function in {A}rabic) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ben Yahia, Yacine  and
      Mezghani Hammami, Souha  and
      Hadrich Belguith, Lamia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2040",
    pages = "455--462",
}
@inproceedings{bittar-hagege-2012-un,
    title = "Un annotateur automatique d{'}expressions temporelles du fran{\c{c}}ais et son {\'e}valuation sur le {T}ime{B}ank du fran{\c{c}}ais (An Automatic Temporal Expression Annotator and its Evaluation on the {F}rench {T}ime{B}ank) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bittar, Andr{\'e}  and
      Hag{\`e}ge, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2041",
    pages = "463--470",
}
@inproceedings{danlos-etal-2012-vers,
    title = "Vers le {FDTB} : {F}rench Discourse Tree Bank (Towards the {FDTB} : {F}rench Discourse Tree Bank) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Danlos, Laurence  and
      Antolinos-Basso, Di{\'e}go  and
      Braud, Chlo{\'e}  and
      Roze, Charlotte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2042",
    pages = "471--478",
}
@inproceedings{deveaud-bellot-2012-combinaison,
    title = "Combinaison de ressources g{\'e}n{\'e}rales pour une contextualisation implicite de requ{\^e}tes (Query Contextualization and Reformulation by Combining External Corpora) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Deveaud, Romain  and
      Bellot, Patrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2043",
    pages = "479--486",
}
@inproceedings{gahbiche-braham-etal-2012-reperage,
    title = "Rep{\'e}rage des entit{\'e}s nomm{\'e}es pour l{'}arabe : adaptation non-supervis{\'e}e et combinaison de syst{\`e}mes (Named Entity Recognition for {A}rabic : Unsupervised adaptation and Systems combination) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gahbiche-Braham, Souhir  and
      Bonneau-Maynard, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Lavergne, Thomas  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2044",
    pages = "487--494",
}
@inproceedings{gala-brun-2012-propagation,
    title = "Propagation de polarit{\'e}s dans des familles de mots : impact de la morphologie dans la construction d{'}un lexique pour l{'}analyse de sentiments (Spreading Polarities among Word Families: Impact of Morphology on Building a Lexicon for Sentiment Analysis) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Gala, N{\'u}ria  and
      Brun, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2045",
    pages = "495--502",
}
@inproceedings{labadie-etal-2012-transitions,
    title = "Transitions th{\'e}matiques : Annotation d{'}un corpus journalistique et premi{\`e}res analyses (Manual thematic annotation of a journalistic corpus : first observations and evaluation) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Labadi{\'e}, Alexandre  and
      Enjalbert, Patrice  and
      Ferrari, St{\'e}phane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2046",
    pages = "503--510",
}
@inproceedings{plaisantin-alecu-etal-2012-la,
    title = "La {``}multi-extraction{''} comme strat{\'e}gie d{'}acquisition optimis{\'e}e de ressources terminologiques et non terminologiques (Multi-extraction as a strategy of optimized extraction of terminological and lexical resources) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Plaisantin Alecu, Blandine  and
      Thomas, Izabella  and
      Renahy, Julie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2047",
    pages = "511--518",
}
@inproceedings{renard-etal-2012-une,
    title = "Une Approche de Recherche d{'}Information Structur{\'e}e fond{\'e}e sur la Correction d{'}Erreurs {\`a} l{'}Indexation des Documents (Structured Information Retrieval Approach based on Indexing Time Error Correction) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Renard, Arnaud  and
      Calabretto, Sylvie  and
      Rumpler, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2048",
    pages = "519--526",
}
@inproceedings{rubino-etal-2012-post,
    title = "Post-{\'e}dition statistique pour l{'}adaptation aux domaines de sp{\'e}cialit{\'e} en traduction automatique (Statistical Post-Editing of Machine Translation for Domain Adaptation) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Rubino, Rapha{\"e}l  and
      Huet, St{\'e}phane  and
      Lef{\`e}vre, Fabrice  and
      Linar{\`e}s, Georges},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2049",
    pages = "527--534",
}
@inproceedings{sagot-etal-2012-annotation,
    title = "Annotation r{\'e}f{\'e}rentielle du Corpus Arbor{\'e} de Paris 7 en entit{\'e}s nomm{\'e}es (Referential named entity annotation of the Paris 7 {F}rench {T}ree{B}ank) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Richard, Marion  and
      Stern, Rosa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2050",
    pages = "535--542",
}
@inproceedings{servan-petitrenaud-2012-utilisation,
    title = "Utilisation des fonctions de croyance pour l{'}estimation de param{\`e}tres en traduction automatique (Feature calculation for Statistical Machine Translation by using belief functions) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Servan, Christophe  and
      Petitrenaud, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2051",
    pages = "543--550",
}
@inproceedings{suignard-etal-2012-la,
    title = "La longueur des tours de parole comme crit{\`e}re de s{\'e}lection de conversations dans un centre d{'}appels (Turn-taking length as criterion to select call center conversations) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Suignard, Philippe  and
      Cailliau, Frederik  and
      Cavet, Ariane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2052",
    pages = "551--558",
}
@inproceedings{vanrullen-etal-2012-enjeux,
    title = "Enjeux m{\'e}thodologiques, linguistiques et informatiques pour le traitement du fran{\c{c}}ais {\'e}crit des sourds (Methodological, linguistic and computational challenges for processing written {F}rench of deaf people) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Vanrullen, Tristan  and
      Boutora, Le{\"\i}la  and
      Dagron, Jean},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 2: TALN",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-2053",
    pages = "559--566",
}
@proceedings{jep-taln-recital-2012-joint-jep-taln,
    title = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    author = "Molina Mejia, Jorge Mauricio  and
      Schwab, Didier  and
      S{\'e}rasset, Gilles",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3000",
}
@inproceedings{magistry-2012-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation non supervis{\'e}e : le cas du mandarin (Unsupervized Word Segmentation) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Magistry, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3001",
    pages = "1--13",
}
@inproceedings{tauveron-2012-incrementation,
    title = "Incr{\'e}mentation lexicale dans les textes : une auto-organisation (Lexical Incrementation within Texts: a Self-Organization) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Tauveron, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3002",
    pages = "15--28",
}
@inproceedings{panchenko-2012-study,
    title = "A Study of Heterogeneous Similarity Measures for Semantic Relation Extraction",
    author = "Panchenko, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3003",
    pages = "29--42",
}
@inproceedings{luong-2012-integrating,
    title = "Integrating lexical, syntactic and system-based features to improve Word Confidence Estimation in {SMT}",
    author = "Luong, Ngoc Quang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3004",
    pages = "43--56",
}
@inproceedings{merlo-2012-systeme,
    title = "Syst{\`e}me de pr{\'e}diction de n{\'e}ologismes formels : le cas des N suffix{\'e}s par -{IER} d{\'e}notant des artefacts (Prediction Device of Formal Neologisms : the Case of -{IER} Suffixed Nouns Denoting Artifacts) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Merlo, Aur{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3005",
    pages = "57--70",
}
@inproceedings{bernier-colborne-2012-application,
    title = "Application d{'}un algorithme de traduction statistique {\`a} la normalisation de textos (Applying a Statistical Machine Translation Algorithm to {SMS} Text Message Normalization) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bernier-Colborne, Gabriel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3006",
    pages = "71--79",
}
@inproceedings{karlov-lacroix-2012-premices,
    title = "Pr{\'e}mices d{'}une analyse syntaxique par transition pour des structures de d{\'e}pendances non-projectives (Beginnings of a Transition-Based Parsing for Non-Projectives Dependency Structures) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Karlov, Boris  and
      Lacroix, Oph{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3007",
    pages = "81--94",
}
@inproceedings{baranes-2012-vers,
    title = "Vers la correction automatique de textes bruit{\'e}s: Architecture g{\'e}n{\'e}rale et d{\'e}termination de la langue d{'}un mot inconnu (Towards Automatic Spell-Checking of Noisy Texts : General Architecture and Language Identification for Unknown Words) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Baranes, Marion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3008",
    pages = "95--108",
}
@inproceedings{beliao-2012-creation,
    title = "Cr{\'e}ation d{'}un multi-arbre {\`a} partir d{'}un texte balis{\'e} : l{'}exemple de l{'}annotation d{'}un corpus d{'}oral spontan{\'e} (Creating a Multi-Tree from a Tagged Text : Annotating Spoken {F}rench) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Beli{\~a}o, Julie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3009",
    pages = "109--122",
}
@inproceedings{boubel-2012-construction,
    title = "Construction automatique d{'}un lexique de modifieurs de polarit{\'e} (Automatic Construction of a Contextual Valence Shifters Lexicon) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Boubel, No{\'e}mi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3010",
    pages = "123--136",
}
@inproceedings{ramisch-2012-une,
    title = "Une plate-forme g{\'e}n{\'e}rique et ouverte pour le traitement des expressions polylexicales (An Open and Generic Framework for the Acquisition of Multiword Expressions) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ramisch, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3011",
    pages = "137--149",
}
@inproceedings{hatmi-2012-adaptation,
    title = "Adaptation d{'}un syst{\`e}me de reconnaissance d{'}entit{\'e}s nomm{\'e}es pour le fran{\c{c}}ais {\`a} l{'}anglais {\`a} moindre co{\^u}t (Adapting a {F}rench Named Entity Recognition System to {E}nglish with Minimal Costs) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Hatmi, Mohamed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3012",
    pages = "151--161",
}
@inproceedings{manser-2012-etat,
    title = "{\'E}tat de l{'}art sur l{'}acquisition de relations s{\'e}mantiques entre termes : contextualisation des relations de synonymie (State of the Art on the Acquisition of Semantic Relations between Terms : Contextualisation of the Synonymy Relations) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Manser, Mounira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3013",
    pages = "163--175",
}
@inproceedings{marchand-2012-etat,
    title = "{\'E}tat de l{'}art : L{'}influence du domaine sur la classification de l{'}opinion (State of the Art : Influence of Domain on Opinion Classification) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Marchand, Morgane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3014",
    pages = "177--190",
}
@inproceedings{falco-2012-typologie,
    title = "Typologie des questions {\`a} r{\'e}ponses multiples pour un syst{\`e}me de question-r{\'e}ponse (Typology of Multiple Answer Questions for a Question-answering System) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Falco, Mathieu-Henri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3015",
    pages = "191--204",
}
@inproceedings{sandillon-rezer-2012-extraction,
    title = "Extraction de {PCFG} et analyse de phrases pr{\'e}-typ{\'e}es ({PCFG} Extraction and Pre-typed Sentences Analysis) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Sandillon-Rezer, No{\'e}mie-Fleur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3016",
    pages = "205--218",
}
@inproceedings{ben-mlouka-2012-analyse,
    title = "Analyse automatique de discours en langue des signes : Repr{\'e}sentation et traitement de l{'}espace de signation (Automatic Analysis of Discourse in Sign Language : Signing Space Representation and Processing) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ben Mlouka, Monia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3017",
    pages = "219--232",
}
@inproceedings{jmal-2012-rests,
    title = "{R}es{TS} : Syst{\`e}me de R{\'e}sum{\'e} Automatique des Textes d{'}Opinions bas{\'e} sur Twitter et {S}enti{W}ord{N}et (System of Customer Review Summarization using Twitter and {S}enti{W}ord{N}et) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Jmal, Jihene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3018",
    pages = "233--246",
}
@inproceedings{hamdi-2012-apport,
    title = "Apport de la diacritisation de l{'}analyse morphosyntaxique de l{'}arabe (Apport of Diacritization in {A}rabic Morpho-Syntactic Analysis) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Hamdi, Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3019",
    pages = "247--254",
}
@inproceedings{joseph-2012-pour,
    title = "Pour un {\'e}tiquetage automatique des s{\'e}quences verbales fig{\'e}es : {\'e}tat de l{'}art et approche transformationnelle (For An Automatic Fixed Verbal Sequence Tagging: State Of Art And Transformational Approach) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Joseph, Aur{\'e}lie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3020",
    pages = "255--266",
}
@inproceedings{battaia-2012-lanalyse,
    title = "L{'}analyse de l{'}{\'e}motion dans les forums de sant{\'e} (Analysis of Emotion in Health Fora) [in {F}rench]",
    author = {Batta{\"\i}a, C{\'e}line},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3021",
    pages = "267--280",
}
@inproceedings{sadoun-2012-peuplement,
    title = "Peuplement d{'}une ontologie mod{\'e}lisant le fonctionnement d{'}un environnement intelligent guid{\'e}e par l{'}extraction d{'}instances de relations (Population of an Ontology Modeling the Behavior of an Intelligent Environment Guided by Instance Relation Extractions) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Sadoun, Driss",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3022",
    pages = "281--294",
}
@inproceedings{tchechmedjiev-2012-etat,
    title = {{\'E}tat de l{'}art : mesures de similarit{\'e} s{\'e}mantique locales et algorithmes globaux pour la d{\'e}sambigu{\"\i}sation lexicale {\`a} base de connaissances (State of the art : Local Semantic Similarity Measures and Global Algorithmes for Knowledge-based Word Sense Disambiguation) [in {F}rench]},
    author = "Tchechmedjiev, Andon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3023",
    pages = "295--308",
}
@inproceedings{kirsch-2012-compression,
    title = "Compression textuelle sur la base de r{\`e}gles issues d{'}un corpus de sms (Textual Compression Based on Rules Arising from a Corpus of Text Messages) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Kirsch, Arnaud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3024",
    pages = "309--322",
}
@inproceedings{dernoncourt-2012-de,
    title = "De l{'}utilisation du dialogue naturel pour masquer les {QCM} au sein des jeux s{\'e}rieux (Of the Use of Natural Dialogue to Hide {MCQ}s in Serious Games) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Dernoncourt, Franck",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3025",
    pages = "323--336",
}
@inproceedings{baudrillart-2012-extraction,
    title = "Extraction d{'}indicateurs de construction collective de connaissances dans la formation en ligne (Collaborative Knowledge Building Indicators Extraction in Distance Learning) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Baudrillart, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2012, volume 3: RECITAL",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-3026",
    pages = "337--350",
}
@proceedings{jep-taln-recital-2012-joint-jep-taln-recital,
    title = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference {JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, volume 4: Invited Conferences",
    author = "Besacier, Laurent  and
      Blanchon, Herv{\'e}  and
      Jacques, Marie-Paule  and
      Vall{\'e}e, Nathalie  and
      S{\'e}rasset, Gilles",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-4000",
}
@inproceedings{uszkoreit-2012-quality,
    title = "Quality Translation for a Multilingual Continent - Priorities and Chances for {E}uropean {MT} Research",
    author = "Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference {JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, volume 4: Invited Conferences",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-4001",
    pages = "1",
}
@inproceedings{leon-2012-tensions,
    title = "Tensions entre th{\'e}orie et pratique dans les syst{\`e}mes de {TAL}. {\'E}tude historique et {\'e}pist{\'e}mologique (Tensions Between Theory and Practice in {NLP} Systems. Historic and Epistemological Study) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "L{\'e}on, Jacqueline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference {JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, volume 4: Invited Conferences",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-4002",
    pages = "3",
}
@inproceedings{sagisaka-2012-trans,
    title = "Trans-disciplinary spoken language processing studies for scientific understanding of second language learner{'}s characteristics",
    author = "Sagisaka, Yoshinori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference {JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, volume 4: Invited Conferences",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-4003",
    pages = "5",
}
@inproceedings{maddieson-2012-origin,
    title = "The Origin and Distribution of Complexity of Phonological Structure",
    author = "Maddieson, Ian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference {JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, volume 4: Invited Conferences",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-4004",
    pages = "7",
}
@proceedings{jep-taln-recital-2012-joint-jep-taln-recital-2012,
    title = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference {JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, volume 5: Software Demonstrations",
    author = "Besacier, Laurent  and
      Blanchon, Herv{\'e}  and
      S{\'e}rasset, Gilles",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-5000",
}
@inproceedings{guillaume-etal-2012-grew,
    title = "{G}rew : un outil de r{\'e}{\'e}criture de graphes pour le {TAL} ({G}rew: a Graph Rewriting Tool for {NLP}) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Guillaume, Bruno  and
      Bonfante, Guillame  and
      Masson, Paul  and
      Morey, Mathieu  and
      Perrier, Guy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference {JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, volume 5: Software Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-5001",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{damnati-2012-interfaces,
    title = "Interfaces de navigation dans des contenus audio et vid{\'e}o (Navigation interfaces through audio and video contents) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Damnati, G{\'e}raldine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference {JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, volume 5: Software Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-5002",
    pages = "3--4",
}
@inproceedings{clement-2012-synthese,
    title = "Synth{\`e}se de texte avec le logiciel Syntox (Automated generation of text with Syntox) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Cl{\'e}ment, Lionel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference {JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, volume 5: Software Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-5003",
    pages = "5--6",
}
@inproceedings{tellier-etal-2012-un,
    title = "Un segmenteur-{\'e}tiqueteur et un chunker pour le fran{\c{c}}ais (A Segmenter-{POS} Labeller and a Chunker for {F}rench) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Tellier, Isabelle  and
      Dupont, Yoann  and
      Courmet, Arnaud",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference {JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, volume 5: Software Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-5004",
    pages = "7--8",
}
@inproceedings{bigi-2012-sppas-segmentation,
    title = "{SPPAS} : segmentation, phon{\'e}tisation, alignement, syllabation ({SPPAS} : a tool to perform text/speech alignement) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Bigi, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference {JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, volume 5: Software Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-5005",
    pages = "9--10",
}
@inproceedings{chaumartin-2012-solution,
    title = "Solution Proxem d{'}analyse s{\'e}mantique verticale : adaptation au domaine des Ressources Humaines (How to adapt the Proxem semantic analysis engine to the Human Resources field) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Chaumartin, Fran{\c{c}}ois-R{\'e}gis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference {JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, volume 5: Software Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-5006",
    pages = "11--12",
}
@inproceedings{delpech-candillier-2012-nomao,
    title = "{N}omao : un moteur de recherche g{\'e}olocalis{\'e} sp{\'e}cialis{\'e} dans la recommandation de lieux et l{'}e-r{\'e}putation ({N}omao : a geolocalized search engine dedicated to place recommendation and e-reputation) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Delpech, Estelle  and
      Candillier, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference {JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, volume 5: Software Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-5007",
    pages = "13--14",
}
@inproceedings{moukirm-2012-le,
    title = "Le {D}ict{A}m Dictionnaire {\'e}lectronique des verbes amazighs-fran{\c{c}}ais (The {D}ict{A}m : An electronic dictionary of Amazigh-{F}rench verbs) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Moukirm, Samira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference {JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, volume 5: Software Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-5008",
    pages = "15--16",
}
@inproceedings{hueber-etal-2012-vizart3d,
    title = "{V}izart3{D} : Retour Articulatoire Visuel pour l{'}Aide {\`a} la Prononciation ({V}izart3{D}: Visual Articulatory Feedack for Computer-Assisted Pronunciation Training) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Hueber, Thomas  and
      Ben-Youssef, Atef  and
      Badin, Pierre  and
      Bailly, G{\'e}rard  and
      Elis{\'e}i, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference {JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, volume 5: Software Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-5009",
    pages = "17--18",
}
@inproceedings{ferragne-etal-2012-rocme,
    title = "{ROC}me! : logiciel pour l{'}enregistrement et la gestion de corpus oraux ({ROC}me!: software for the recording and management of oral corpora) [in {F}rench]",
    author = "Ferragne, Emmanuel  and
      Flavier, S{\'e}bastien  and
      Fressard, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference {JEP}-{TALN}-{RECITAL} 2012, volume 5: Software Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Grenoble, France",
    publisher = "ATALA/AFCP",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/F12-5010",
    pages = "19--20",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1992-rocling,
    title = "Proceedings of Rocling V Computational Linguistics Conference V",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    month = sep,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-1992-discrimination,
    title = "Discrimination Oriented Probabilistic Tagging",
    author = "Lin, Yi-Chung  and
      Chiang, Tung-Hui  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling V Computational Linguistics Conference V",
    month = sep,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O92-1001",
    pages = "87--96",
}
@inproceedings{liu-soo-1992-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of Unbounded Dependency Using Explanation-Based Learning",
    author = "Liu, Rey-Long  and
      Soo, Von-Wun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling V Computational Linguistics Conference V",
    month = sep,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O92-1002",
    pages = "99--119",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-etal-1992-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Models for Word Segmentation And Unknown Word Resolution",
    author = "Chiang, Tung-Hui  and
      Chang, Jing-Shin  and
      Lin, Ming-Yu  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling V Computational Linguistics Conference V",
    month = sep,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O92-1003",
    pages = "123--146",
}
@inproceedings{wang-chang-1992-modular,
    title = "A Modular and Statistical Approach to Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Dah-Yih  and
      Chang, Jyun-Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling V Computational Linguistics Conference V",
    month = sep,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O92-1004",
    pages = "149--175",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-etal-1992-han,
    title = "漢語的動詞名物化初探{--}漢語中帶論元的名物化派生名詞 (A preliminary study on Nominalization in {M}andarin {C}hinese {--} argument-taking deverbal nouns) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yeh, Marie Meili  and
      Tang, Chih-Chen  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling V Computational Linguistics Conference V",
    month = sep,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O92-1005",
    pages = "179--193",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-lee-1992-lexicon,
    title = "A Lexicon-Driven Analysis Of {C}hinese Serial Verb Constructions",
    author = "Yeh, Ching-Long  and
      Lee, Hsi-Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling V Computational Linguistics Conference V",
    month = sep,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O92-1006",
    pages = "197--214",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-1992-reduplication,
    title = "Reduplication In {M}andarin {C}hinese: Their Formation Rules, Syntactic Behavior And {ICG} Representation",
    author = "Chen, Feng-yi  and
      Mo, Ruo-ping  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling V Computational Linguistics Conference V",
    month = sep,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O92-1007",
    pages = "217--233",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-1992-parallel,
    title = "A Parallel Augmented Context-Free Parsing System For Natural Language Analysis",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Leu, Jiunn-Liang  and
      Lee, Yue-Shi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling V Computational Linguistics Conference V",
    month = sep,
    year = "1992",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O92-1008",
    pages = "289--303",
}
@article{cl-2009-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 35, Number 1, March 2009",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "1",
    year = "2009",
}
@article{fulop-2009-letter,
    title = "Letter to the Editor",
    author = "Fulop, Sean",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "1",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.1.001",
    pages = "1",
}
@article{barrachina-etal-2009-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Approaches to Computer-Assisted Translation",
    author = "Barrachina, Sergio  and
      Bender, Oliver  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco  and
      Civera, Jorge  and
      Cubel, Elsa  and
      Khadivi, Shahram  and
      Lagarda, Antonio  and
      Ney, Hermann  and
      Tom{\'a}s, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Vidal, Enrique  and
      Vilar, Juan-Miguel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "1",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.07-055-R2-06-29",
    pages = "3--28",
}
@article{karamanis-etal-2009-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Centering for Information Ordering Using Corpora",
    author = "Karamanis, Nikiforos  and
      Mellish, Chris  and
      Poesio, Massimo  and
      Oberlander, Jon",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "1",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.07-036-R2-06-22",
    pages = "29--46",
}
@article{riggle-2009-complexity,
    title = "The Complexity of Ranking Hypotheses in Optimality Theory",
    author = "Riggle, Jason",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "1",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.07-031-R2-06-98",
    pages = "47--59",
}
@article{fazly-etal-2009-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Type and Token Identification of Idiomatic Expressions",
    author = "Fazly, Afsaneh  and
      Cook, Paul  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "1",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.08-010-R1-07-048",
    pages = "61--103",
}
@article{santini-2009-book,
    title = "Book Review: Discourse on the Move: Using Corpus Analysis to Describe Discourse Structure by Douglas Biber, Ulla {C}onnor, and {T}homas A. Upton",
    author = "Santini, Marina",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "1",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-1006",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.1.105",
}
@article{nn-2009-publications,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "1",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-1007",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.1.109",
}
@article{belz-2009-last,
    title = "Last Words: That{'}s Nice ... What Can You Do With It?",
    author = "Belz, Anja",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "1",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-1008",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.1.111",
}
@article{cl-2009-linguistics-35,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 35, Number 2, June 2009 - Special Issue on Prepositions",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "2",
    year = "2009",
}
@article{baldwin-etal-2009-prepositions,
    title = "Prepositions in Applications: A Survey and Introduction to the Special Issue",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Kordoni, Valia  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "2",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-2001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.2.119",
    pages = "119--149",
}
@article{ohara-wiebe-2009-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Semantic Role Resources for Preposition Disambiguation",
    author = "O{'}Hara, Tom  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "2",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-2002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.06-79-prep15",
    pages = "151--184",
}
@article{girju-2009-syntax,
    title = "The Syntax and Semantics of Prepositions in the Task of Automatic Interpretation of Nominal Phrases and Compounds: A Cross-Linguistic Study",
    author = "Girju, Roxana",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "2",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-2003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.06-77-prep13",
    pages = "185--228",
}
@article{jorgensen-lonning-2009-minimal,
    title = "A Minimal Recursion Semantic Analysis of Locatives",
    author = "J{\o}rgensen, Fredrik  and
      L{\o}nning, Jan Tore",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "2",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-2004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.06-69-prep5",
    pages = "229--270",
}
@article{kelleher-costello-2009-applying,
    title = "Applying Computational Models of Spatial Prepositions to Visually Situated Dialog",
    author = "Kelleher, John D.  and
      Costello, Fintan J.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "2",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-2005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.06-78-prep14",
    pages = "271--306",
}
@article{vechtomova-2009-book,
    title = {Book Review: Introduction to Information Retrieval by Christopher D. Manning, Prabhakar Raghavan, and Hinrich {S}ch{\"u}tze},
    author = "Vechtomova, Olga",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "2",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-2006",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.2.307",
}
@article{nn-2009-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "2",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-2007",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.2.311",
}
@article{cl-2009-linguistics-35-number,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 35, Number 3, September 2009",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "3",
    year = "2009",
}
@article{schuler-etal-2009-articles,
    title = "{A}rticles: A Framework for Fast Incremental Interpretation during Speech Decoding",
    author = "Schuler, William  and
      Wu, Stephen  and
      Schwartz, Lane",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "3",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-3001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.08-011-R2-07-021",
    pages = "313--343",
}
@article{bangalore-johnston-2009-articles,
    title = "{A}rticles: Robust Understanding in Multimodal Interfaces",
    author = "Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Johnston, Michael",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "3",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-3002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.08-022-R2-06-26",
    pages = "345--397",
}
@article{wilson-etal-2009-articles,
    title = "{A}rticles: Recognizing Contextual Polarity: An Exploration of Features for Phrase-Level Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Wilson, Theresa  and
      Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Hoffmann, Paul",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "3",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-3003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.08-012-R1-06-90",
    pages = "399--433",
}
@article{zhitomirsky-geffet-dagan-2009-articles,
    title = "{A}rticles: Bootstrapping Distributional Feature Vector Quality",
    author = "Zhitomirsky-Geffet, Maayan  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "3",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-3004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.08-032-R1-06-96",
    pages = "435--461",
}
@article{keselj-2009-book,
    title = "Book Review: Speech and Language Processing (second edition) by Daniel {J}urafsky and {J}ames H. Martin",
    author = "Keselj, Vlado",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "3",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-3005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.B09-001",
}
@article{nn-2009-publications-received,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "3",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-3006",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.35.3.467",
}
@article{bird-2009-last,
    title = "Last Words: Natural Language Processing and Linguistic Fieldwork",
    author = "Bird, Steven",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "3",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-3007",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.35.3.469",
    pages = "469--474",
}
@article{cl-2009-linguistics-35-number-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 35, Number 4, {D}ecember 2009",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "4",
    year = "2009",
}
@article{michaelson-2009-obituaries,
    title = "{O}bituaries: Alison Cawsey",
    author = "Michaelson, Greg",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "4",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-4001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.4.35400",
    pages = "475--481",
}
@article{poesio-etal-2009-obituaries,
    title = "{O}bituaries: Janet Hitzeman",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo  and
      Day, David  and
      Mani, Inderjeet",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "4",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-4002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.4.35411",
    pages = "475--481",
}
@article{baldwin-etal-2009-obituaries,
    title = "{O}bituaries: Hozumi {T}anaka",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "4",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-4003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.4.35412",
    pages = "475--481",
}
@article{jelinek-2009-acl,
    title = "{ACL} Lifetime Achievement Award: The Dawn of Statistical {ASR} and {MT}",
    author = "Jelinek, Frederick",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "4",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-4004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.4.35401",
    pages = "483--494",
}
@article{beigman-klebanov-beigman-2009-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: From Annotator Agreement to Noise Models",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Beigman, Eyal",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "4",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-4005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.4.35402",
    pages = "495--503",
}
@article{li-sun-2009-punctuation,
    title = "Punctuation as Implicit Annotations for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Li, Zhongguo  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "4",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-4006",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.4.35403",
    pages = "505--512",
}
@article{giuliano-etal-2009-kernel,
    title = "Kernel Methods for Minimally Supervised {WSD}",
    author = "Giuliano, Claudio  and
      Gliozzo, Alfio Massimiliano  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "4",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-4007",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.4.35407",
    pages = "513--528",
}
@article{reiter-belz-2009-investigation,
    title = "An Investigation into the Validity of Some Metrics for Automatically Evaluating Natural Language Generation Systems",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud  and
      Belz, Anja",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "4",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-4008",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.4.35405",
    pages = "529--558",
}
@article{huang-etal-2009-binarization,
    title = "Binarization of Synchronous Context-Free Grammars",
    author = "Huang, Liang  and
      Zhang, Hao  and
      Gildea, Daniel  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "4",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-4009",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.4.35406",
    pages = "559--595",
}
@article{marom-zukerman-2009-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of Corpus-Based Response Automation Methods for an E-mail-Based Help-Desk Domain",
    author = "Marom, Yuval  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "4",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-4010",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.4.35404",
    pages = "597--635",
}
@article{blunsom-2009-book,
    title = "Book Review: Learning Machine Translation by Cyril Goutte, Nicola Cancedda, Marc Dymetman, and {G}eorge Foster (editors)",
    author = "Blunsom, Phil",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "4",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-4011",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.4.35408",
}
@article{wintner-2009-last,
    title = "Last Words: What Science Underlies Natural Language Engineering?",
    author = "Wintner, Shuly",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "4",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-4012",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.4.35409",
    pages = "641--644",
}
@article{nn-2009-reviewers,
    title = "Reviewers for Volume 35",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "35",
    number = "4",
    year = "2009",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J09-4013",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2009.35.4.35410",
}
@proceedings{emnlp-2012-2012,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    author = "Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Henderson, James  and
      Pa{\c{s}}ca, Marius",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1000",
}
@inproceedings{durrett-etal-2012-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Transfer Using a Bilingual Lexicon",
    author = "Durrett, Greg  and
      Pauls, Adam  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1001",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{jagarlamudi-daume-iii-2012-regularized,
    title = "Regularized Interlingual Projections: Evaluation on Multilingual Transliteration",
    author = "Jagarlamudi, Jagadeesh  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1002",
    pages = "12--23",
}
@inproceedings{tamura-etal-2012-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Lexicon Extraction from Comparable Corpora Using Label Propagation",
    author = "Tamura, Akihiro  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1003",
    pages = "24--36",
}
@inproceedings{hong-etal-2012-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Differences in Autobiographical Narratives from Schizophrenic Patients and Healthy Controls",
    author = "Hong, Kai  and
      Kohler, Christian G.  and
      March, Mary E.  and
      Parker, Amber A.  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1004",
    pages = "37--47",
}
@inproceedings{van-durme-2012-streaming,
    title = "Streaming Analysis of Discourse Participants",
    author = "Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1005",
    pages = "48--58",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-etal-2012-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Subgroups in Online Discussions by Modeling Positive and Negative Relations among Participants",
    author = "Hassan, Ahmed  and
      Abu-Jbara, Amjad  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1006",
    pages = "59--70",
}
@inproceedings{eshky-etal-2012-generative,
    title = "Generative Goal-Driven User Simulation for Dialog Management",
    author = "Eshky, Aciel  and
      Allison, Ben  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1007",
    pages = "71--81",
}
@inproceedings{dethlefs-etal-2012-optimising-incremental,
    title = "Optimising Incremental Dialogue Decisions Using Information Density for Interactive Systems",
    author = "Dethlefs, Nina  and
      Hastie, Helen  and
      Rieser, Verena  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1008",
    pages = "82--93",
}
@inproceedings{paul-2012-mixed,
    title = "Mixed Membership {M}arkov Models for Unsupervised Conversation Modeling",
    author = "Paul, Michael J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1009",
    pages = "94--104",
}
@inproceedings{han-sun-2012-entity,
    title = "An Entity-Topic Model for Entity Linking",
    author = "Han, Xianpei  and
      Sun, Le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1010",
    pages = "105--115",
}
@inproceedings{sil-etal-2012-linking,
    title = "Linking Named Entities to Any Database",
    author = "Sil, Avirup  and
      Cronin, Ernest  and
      Nie, Penghai  and
      Yang, Yinfei  and
      Popescu, Ana-Maria  and
      Yates, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1011",
    pages = "116--127",
}
@inproceedings{nagesh-etal-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards Efficient Named-Entity Rule Induction for Customizability",
    author = "Nagesh, Ajay  and
      Ramakrishnan, Ganesh  and
      Chiticariu, Laura  and
      Krishnamurthy, Rajasekar  and
      Dharkar, Ankush  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1012",
    pages = "128--138",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-active,
    title = "Active Learning for Imbalanced Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Li, Shoushan  and
      Ju, Shengfeng  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Li, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1013",
    pages = "139--148",
}
@inproceedings{qu-etal-2012-weakly,
    title = "A Weakly Supervised Model for Sentence-Level Semantic Orientation Analysis with Multiple Experts",
    author = "Qu, Lizhen  and
      Gemulla, Rainer  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1014",
    pages = "149--159",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2012-collocation,
    title = "Collocation Polarity Disambiguation Using Web-based Pseudo Contexts",
    author = "Zhao, Yanyan  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1015",
    pages = "160--170",
}
@inproceedings{roth-frank-2012-aligning-predicates,
    title = "Aligning Predicates across Monolingual Comparable Texts using Graph-based Clustering",
    author = "Roth, Michael  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1016",
    pages = "171--182",
}
@inproceedings{nastase-etal-2012-local,
    title = "Local and Global Context for Supervised and Unsupervised Metonymy Resolution",
    author = "Nastase, Vivi  and
      Judea, Alex  and
      Markert, Katja  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1017",
    pages = "183--193",
}
@inproceedings{weisman-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning Verb Inference Rules from Linguistically-Motivated Evidence",
    author = "Weisman, Hila  and
      Berant, Jonathan  and
      Szpektor, Idan  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1018",
    pages = "194--204",
}
@inproceedings{dhillon-etal-2012-spectral,
    title = "Spectral Dependency Parsing with Latent Variables",
    author = "Dhillon, Paramveer  and
      Rodu, Jordan  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Foster, Dean  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1019",
    pages = "205--213",
}
@inproceedings{lindsey-etal-2012-phrase,
    title = "A Phrase-Discovering Topic Model Using Hierarchical Pitman-Yor Processes",
    author = "Lindsey, Robert  and
      Headden, William  and
      Stipicevic, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1020",
    pages = "214--222",
}
@inproceedings{levenberg-etal-2012-bayesian,
    title = "A {B}ayesian Model for Learning {SCFG}s with Discontiguous Rules",
    author = "Levenberg, Abby  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1021",
    pages = "223--232",
}
@inproceedings{woodsend-lapata-2012-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Aspect Summarization Using Integer Linear Programming",
    author = "Woodsend, Kristian  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1022",
    pages = "233--243",
}
@inproceedings{white-rajkumar-2012-minimal,
    title = "Minimal Dependency Length in Realization Ranking",
    author = "White, Michael  and
      Rajkumar, Rajakrishnan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1023",
    pages = "244--255",
}
@inproceedings{ryang-abekawa-2012-framework,
    title = "Framework of Automatic Text Summarization Using Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Ryang, Seonggi  and
      Abekawa, Takeshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1024",
    pages = "256--265",
}
@inproceedings{dou-knight-2012-large,
    title = "Large Scale Decipherment for Out-of-Domain Machine Translation",
    author = "Dou, Qing  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1025",
    pages = "266--275",
}
@inproceedings{gong-etal-2012-n,
    title = "N-gram-based Tense Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Gong, Zhengxian  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Tan, Chew Lim  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1026",
    pages = "276--285",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-source,
    title = "Source Language Adaptation for Resource-Poor Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Pidong  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1027",
    pages = "286--296",
}
@inproceedings{marecek-zabokrtsky-2012-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Reducibility in Unsupervised Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Mare{\v{c}}ek, David  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1028",
    pages = "297--307",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-gonzalez-gomez-rodriguez-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving Transition-Based Dependency Parsing with Buffer Transitions",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez-Gonz{\'a}lez, Daniel  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1029",
    pages = "308--319",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-mcdonald-2012-generalized,
    title = "Generalized Higher-Order Dependency Parsing with Cube Pruning",
    author = "Zhang, Hao  and
      McDonald, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1030",
    pages = "320--331",
}
@inproceedings{kim-snyder-2012-universal,
    title = "Universal Grapheme-to-Phoneme Prediction Over {L}atin Alphabets",
    author = "Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Snyder, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1031",
    pages = "332--343",
}
@inproceedings{andrews-etal-2012-name,
    title = "Name Phylogeny: A Generative Model of String Variation",
    author = "Andrews, Nicholas  and
      Eisner, Jason  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1032",
    pages = "344--355",
}
@inproceedings{demberg-etal-2012-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Surprisal Affects Spoken Word Duration in Conversational Contexts",
    author = "Demberg, Vera  and
      Sayeed, Asad  and
      Gorinski, Philip  and
      Engonopoulos, Nikolaos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1033",
    pages = "356--367",
}
@inproceedings{oh-etal-2012-question,
    title = "Why Question Answering using Sentiment Analysis and Word Classes",
    author = "Oh, Jong-Hoon  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Kawada, Takuya  and
      De Saeger, Stijn  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Wang, Yiou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1034",
    pages = "368--378",
}
@inproceedings{yahya-etal-2012-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Questions for the Web of Data",
    author = "Yahya, Mohamed  and
      Berberich, Klaus  and
      Elbassuoni, Shady  and
      Ramanath, Maya  and
      Tresp, Volker  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1035",
    pages = "379--390",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2012-answering,
    title = "Answering Opinion Questions on Products by Exploiting Hierarchical Organization of Consumer Reviews",
    author = "Yu, Jianxing  and
      Zha, Zheng-Jun  and
      Chua, Tat-Seng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1036",
    pages = "391--401",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2012-locally,
    title = "Locally Training the Log-Linear Model for {SMT}",
    author = "Liu, Lemao  and
      Cao, Hailong  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Zhao, Tiejun  and
      Yu, Mo  and
      Zhu, Conghui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1037",
    pages = "402--411",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2012-iterative,
    title = "Iterative Annotation Transformation with Predict-Self Reestimation for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = {Jiang, Wenbin  and
      Meng, Fandong  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      L{\"u}, Yajuan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1038",
    pages = "412--420",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2012-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Constructing a Normalisation Dictionary for Microblogs",
    author = "Han, Bo  and
      Cook, Paul  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1039",
    pages = "421--432",
}
@inproceedings{kim-mooney-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised {PCFG} Induction for Grounded Language Learning with Highly Ambiguous Supervision",
    author = "Kim, Joohyun  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1040",
    pages = "433--444",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2012-forced,
    title = "Forced Derivation Tree based Model Training to Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Duan, Nan  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1041",
    pages = "445--454",
}
@inproceedings{surdeanu-etal-2012-multi,
    title = "Multi-instance Multi-label Learning for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Tibshirani, Julie  and
      Nallapati, Ramesh  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1042",
    pages = "455--465",
}
@inproceedings{francois-fairon-2012-ai,
    title = "An {``}{AI} readability{''} Formula for {F}rench as a Foreign Language",
    author = "Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas  and
      Fairon, C{\'e}drick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1043",
    pages = "466--477",
}
@inproceedings{pitler-etal-2012-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Programming for Higher Order Parsing of Gap-Minding Trees",
    author = "Pitler, Emily  and
      Kannan, Sampath  and
      Marcus, Mitchell",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1044",
    pages = "478--488",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2012-joint,
    title = "Joint Entity and Event Coreference Resolution across Documents",
    author = "Lee, Heeyoung  and
      Recasens, Marta  and
      Chang, Angel  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1045",
    pages = "489--500",
}
@inproceedings{qian-liu-2012-joint,
    title = "Joint {C}hinese Word Segmentation, {POS} Tagging and Parsing",
    author = "Qian, Xian  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1046",
    pages = "501--511",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2012-translation,
    title = "Translation Model Based Cross-Lingual Language Model Adaptation: from Word Models to Phrase Models",
    author = "Lu, Shixiang  and
      Wei, Wei  and
      Fu, Xiaoyin  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1047",
    pages = "512--522",
}
@inproceedings{mausam-etal-2012-open,
    title = "Open Language Learning for Information Extraction",
    author = "{Mausam}  and
      Schmitz, Michael  and
      Soderland, Stephen  and
      Bart, Robert  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1048",
    pages = "523--534",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2012-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Sequential Text with an Adaptive Topic Model",
    author = "Du, Lan  and
      Buntine, Wray  and
      Jin, Huidong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1049",
    pages = "535--545",
}
@inproceedings{blacoe-lapata-2012-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Vector-based Representations for Semantic Composition",
    author = "Blacoe, William  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1050",
    pages = "546--556",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2012-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Chunk-level Features to Improve Phrase Chunking",
    author = "Zhou, Junsheng  and
      Qu, Weiguang  and
      Zhang, Fen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1051",
    pages = "557--567",
}
@inproceedings{dahlmeier-ng-2012-beam,
    title = "A Beam-Search Decoder for Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Dahlmeier, Daniel  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1052",
    pages = "568--578",
}
@inproceedings{verbeke-etal-2012-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Relational Learning Approach to Identifying Evidence Based Medicine Categories",
    author = "Verbeke, Mathias  and
      Van Asch, Vincent  and
      Morante, Roser  and
      Frasconi, Paolo  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      De Raedt, Luc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1053",
    pages = "579--589",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-strapparava-2012-lyrics,
    title = "Lyrics, Music, and Emotions",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1054",
    pages = "590--599",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-bhat-2012-assessment,
    title = "Assessment of {ESL} Learners{'} Syntactic Competence Based on Similarity Measures",
    author = "Yoon, Su-Youn  and
      Bhat, Suma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1055",
    pages = "600--608",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-gao-2012-unified,
    title = "A Unified Approach to Transliteration-based Text Input with Online Spelling Correction",
    author = "Suzuki, Hisami  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1056",
    pages = "609--618",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-etal-2012-excitatory,
    title = "Excitatory or Inhibitory: A New Semantic Orientation Extracts Contradiction and Causality from the Web",
    author = "Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      De Saeger, Stijn  and
      Oh, Jong-Hoon  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1057",
    pages = "619--630",
}
@inproceedings{fujita-etal-2012-enlarging,
    title = "Enlarging Paraphrase Collections through Generalization and Instantiation",
    author = "Fujita, Atsushi  and
      Isabelle, Pierre  and
      Kuhn, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1058",
    pages = "631--642",
}
@inproceedings{alishahi-chrupala-2012-concurrent,
    title = "Concurrent Acquisition of Word Meaning and Lexical Categories",
    author = "Alishahi, Afra  and
      Chrupala, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1059",
    pages = "643--654",
}
@inproceedings{ponomareva-thelwall-2012-neighbours,
    title = "Do Neighbours Help? An Exploration of Graph-based Algorithms for Cross-domain Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Ponomareva, Natalia  and
      Thelwall, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1060",
    pages = "655--665",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning Lexicon Models from Search Logs for Query Expansion",
    author = "Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Xie, Shasha  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Ali, Alnur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1061",
    pages = "666--676",
}
@inproceedings{do-etal-2012-joint,
    title = "Joint Inference for Event Timeline Construction",
    author = "Do, Quang  and
      Lu, Wei  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1062",
    pages = "677--687",
}
@inproceedings{spitkovsky-etal-2012-three,
    title = "Three Dependency-and-Boundary Models for Grammar Induction",
    author = "Spitkovsky, Valentin I.  and
      Alshawi, Hiyan  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1063",
    pages = "688--698",
}
@inproceedings{wong-etal-2012-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Adaptor Grammars for Native Language Identification",
    author = "Wong, Sze-Meng Jojo  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1064",
    pages = "699--709",
}
@inproceedings{gillenwater-etal-2012-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Diverse and Salient Threads in Document Collections",
    author = "Gillenwater, Jennifer  and
      Kulesza, Alex  and
      Taskar, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1065",
    pages = "710--720",
}
@inproceedings{max-etal-2012-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing Sub-sentential Paraphrase Acquisition across Original Signal Type of Text Pairs",
    author = "Max, Aur{\'e}lien  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1066",
    pages = "721--731",
}
@inproceedings{riedel-etal-2012-parse,
    title = "Parse, Price and {C}ut{---}{D}elayed Column and Row Generation for Graph Based Parsers",
    author = "Riedel, Sebastian  and
      Smith, David  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1067",
    pages = "732--743",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2012-domain,
    title = "Domain Adaptation for Coreference Resolution: An Adaptive Ensemble Approach",
    author = "Yang, Jian Bo  and
      Mao, Qi  and
      Xiang, Qiao Liang  and
      Tsang, Ivor Wai-Hung  and
      Chai, Kian Ming Adam  and
      Chieu, Hai Leong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1068",
    pages = "744--753",
}
@inproceedings{krishnamurthy-mitchell-2012-weakly,
    title = "Weakly Supervised Training of Semantic Parsers",
    author = "Krishnamurthy, Jayant  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1069",
    pages = "754--765",
}
@inproceedings{xu-fung-2012-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Language Modeling with Syntactic Reordering for Low-Resource Speech Recognition",
    author = "Xu, Ping  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1070",
    pages = "766--776",
}
@inproceedings{rahman-ng-2012-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Complex Cases of Definite Pronouns: The {W}inograd Schema Challenge",
    author = "Rahman, Altaf  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1071",
    pages = "777--789",
}
@inproceedings{okeefe-etal-2012-sequence,
    title = "A Sequence Labelling Approach to Quote Attribution",
    author = "O{'}Keefe, Timothy  and
      Pareti, Silvia  and
      Curran, James R.  and
      Koprinska, Irena  and
      Honnibal, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1072",
    pages = "790--799",
}
@inproceedings{mao-etal-2012-sshlda,
    title = "{SSHLDA}: A Semi-Supervised Hierarchical Topic Model",
    author = "Mao, Xian-Ling  and
      Ming, Zhao-Yan  and
      Chua, Tat-Seng  and
      Li, Si  and
      Yan, Hongfei  and
      Li, Xiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1073",
    pages = "800--809",
}
@inproceedings{naradowsky-etal-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving {NLP} through Marginalization of Hidden Syntactic Structure",
    author = "Naradowsky, Jason  and
      Riedel, Sebastian  and
      Smith, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1074",
    pages = "810--820",
}
@inproceedings{garrette-baldridge-2012-type,
    title = "Type-Supervised Hidden {M}arkov Models for Part-of-Speech Tagging with Incomplete Tag Dictionaries",
    author = "Garrette, Dan  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1075",
    pages = "821--831",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2012-explore,
    title = "Explore Person Specific Evidence in Web Person Name Disambiguation",
    author = "Chen, Liwei  and
      Feng, Yansong  and
      Zou, Lei  and
      Zhao, Dongyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1076",
    pages = "832--842",
}
@inproceedings{neubig-etal-2012-inducing,
    title = "Inducing a Discriminative Parser to Optimize Machine Translation Reordering",
    author = "Neubig, Graham  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Mori, Shinsuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1077",
    pages = "843--853",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2012-training,
    title = "Re-training Monolingual Parser Bilingually for Syntactic {SMT}",
    author = "Liu, Shujie  and
      Li, Chi-Ho  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1078",
    pages = "854--862",
}
@inproceedings{burkett-klein-2012-transforming,
    title = "Transforming Trees to Improve Syntactic Convergence",
    author = "Burkett, David  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1079",
    pages = "863--872",
}
@inproceedings{mcclosky-manning-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning Constraints for Consistent Timeline Extraction",
    author = "McClosky, David  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1080",
    pages = "873--882",
}
@inproceedings{takaku-etal-2012-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Constant and Unique Relations by using Time-Series Text",
    author = "Takaku, Yohei  and
      Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Toyoda, Masashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1081",
    pages = "883--892",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2012-noun,
    title = "No Noun Phrase Left Behind: Detecting and Typing Unlinkable Entities",
    author = "Lin, Thomas  and
      {Mausam}  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1082",
    pages = "893--903",
}
@inproceedings{joty-etal-2012-novel,
    title = "A Novel Discriminative Framework for Sentence-Level Discourse Analysis",
    author = "Joty, Shafiq  and
      Carenini, Giuseppe  and
      Ng, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1083",
    pages = "904--915",
}
@inproceedings{regneri-wang-2012-using,
    title = "Using Discourse Information for Paraphrase Extraction",
    author = "Regneri, Michaela  and
      Wang, Rui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1084",
    pages = "916--927",
}
@inproceedings{bohnet-etal-2012-generating,
    title = "Generating Non-Projective Word Order in Statistical Linearization",
    author = {Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Bj{\"o}rkelund, Anders  and
      Kuhn, Jonas  and
      Seeker, Wolfgang  and
      Zarriess, Sina},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1085",
    pages = "928--939",
}
@inproceedings{yatbaz-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning Syntactic Categories Using Paradigmatic Representations of Word Context",
    author = "Yatbaz, Mehmet Ali  and
      Sert, Enis  and
      Yuret, Deniz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1086",
    pages = "940--951",
}
@inproceedings{stevens-etal-2012-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Topic Coherence over Many Models and Many Topics",
    author = "Stevens, Keith  and
      Kegelmeyer, Philip  and
      Andrzejewski, David  and
      Buttler, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1087",
    pages = "952--961",
}
@inproceedings{ling-etal-2012-entropy,
    title = "Entropy-based Pruning for Phrase-based Machine Translation",
    author = "Ling, Wang  and
      Gra{\c{c}}a, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Trancoso, Isabel  and
      Black, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1088",
    pages = "962--971",
}
@inproceedings{zens-etal-2012-systematic,
    title = "A Systematic Comparison of Phrase Table Pruning Techniques",
    author = "Zens, Richard  and
      Stanton, Daisy  and
      Xu, Peng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1089",
    pages = "972--983",
}
@inproceedings{wang-manning-2012-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Finite State Machines for Regression-based {MT} Evaluation",
    author = "Wang, Mengqiu  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1090",
    pages = "984--994",
}
@inproceedings{berg-kirkpatrick-etal-2012-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Investigation of Statistical Significance in {NLP}",
    author = "Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor  and
      Burkett, David  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1091",
    pages = "995--1005",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-employing,
    title = "Employing Compositional Semantics and Discourse Consistency in {C}hinese Event Extraction",
    author = "Li, Peifeng  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming  and
      Hou, Libin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1092",
    pages = "1006--1016",
}
@inproceedings{lao-etal-2012-reading,
    title = "Reading The Web with Learned Syntactic-Semantic Inference Rules",
    author = "Lao, Ni  and
      Subramanya, Amarnag  and
      Pereira, Fernando  and
      Cohen, William W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1093",
    pages = "1017--1026",
}
@inproceedings{min-etal-2012-ensemble,
    title = "Ensemble Semantics for Large-scale Unsupervised Relation Extraction",
    author = "Min, Bonan  and
      Shi, Shuming  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1094",
    pages = "1027--1037",
}
@inproceedings{farkas-schmid-2012-forest,
    title = "Forest Reranking through Subtree Ranking",
    author = "Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      Schmid, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1095",
    pages = "1038--1047",
}
@inproceedings{kummerfeld-etal-2012-parser,
    title = "Parser Showdown at the Wall Street Corral: An Empirical Investigation of Error Types in Parser Output",
    author = "Kummerfeld, Jonathan K.  and
      Hall, David  and
      Curran, James R.  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1096",
    pages = "1048--1059",
}
@inproceedings{wong-kit-2012-extending,
    title = "Extending Machine Translation Evaluation Metrics with Lexical Cohesion to Document Level",
    author = "Wong, Billy T. M.  and
      Kit, Chunyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1097",
    pages = "1060--1068",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-etal-2012-fast,
    title = "Fast Large-Scale Approximate Graph Construction for {NLP}",
    author = "Goyal, Amit  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Guerra, Raul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1098",
    pages = "1069--1080",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2012-building,
    title = "Building a Lightweight Semantic Model for Unsupervised Information Extraction on Short Listings",
    author = "Kim, Doo Soon  and
      Verma, Kunal  and
      Yeh, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1099",
    pages = "1081--1092",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-etal-2012-sketch,
    title = "Sketch Algorithms for Estimating Point Queries in {NLP}",
    author = "Goyal, Amit  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Cormode, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1100",
    pages = "1093--1103",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2012-monte-carlo,
    title = "Monte {C}arlo {MCMC}: Efficient Inference by Approximate Sampling",
    author = "Singh, Sameer  and
      Wick, Michael  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1101",
    pages = "1104--1113",
}
@inproceedings{srikumar-etal-2012-amortizing,
    title = "On Amortizing Inference Cost for Structured Prediction",
    author = "Srikumar, Vivek  and
      Kundu, Gourab  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1102",
    pages = "1114--1124",
}
@inproceedings{carter-etal-2012-exact,
    title = "Exact Sampling and Decoding in High-Order Hidden {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Carter, Simon  and
      Dymetman, Marc  and
      Bouchard, Guillaume",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1103",
    pages = "1125--1134",
}
@inproceedings{nakashole-etal-2012-patty,
    title = "{PATTY}: A Taxonomy of Relational Patterns with Semantic Types",
    author = "Nakashole, Ndapandula  and
      Weikum, Gerhard  and
      Suchanek, Fabian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1104",
    pages = "1135--1145",
}
@inproceedings{hall-klein-2012-training,
    title = "Training Factored {PCFG}s with Expectation Propagation",
    author = "Hall, David  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1105",
    pages = "1146--1156",
}
@inproceedings{louis-nenkova-2012-coherence,
    title = "A Coherence Model Based on Syntactic Patterns",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1106",
    pages = "1157--1168",
}
@inproceedings{heafield-etal-2012-language,
    title = "Language Model Rest Costs and Space-Efficient Storage",
    author = "Heafield, Kenneth  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1107",
    pages = "1169--1178",
}
@inproceedings{hardmeier-etal-2012-document,
    title = "Document-Wide Decoding for Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = {Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1108",
    pages = "1179--1190",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2012-left,
    title = "Left-to-Right Tree-to-String Decoding with Prediction",
    author = "Feng, Yang  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1109",
    pages = "1191--1200",
}
@inproceedings{socher-etal-2012-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Compositionality through Recursive Matrix-Vector Spaces",
    author = "Socher, Richard  and
      Huval, Brody  and
      Manning, Christopher D.  and
      Ng, Andrew Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1110",
    pages = "1201--1211",
}
@inproceedings{yih-etal-2012-polarity,
    title = "Polarity Inducing Latent Semantic Analysis",
    author = "Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Zweig, Geoffrey  and
      Platt, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1111",
    pages = "1212--1222",
}
@inproceedings{boleda-etal-2012-first,
    title = "First Order vs. Higher Order Modification in Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Boleda, Gemma  and
      Vecchi, Eva Maria  and
      Cornudella, Miquel  and
      McNally, Louise",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1112",
    pages = "1223--1233",
}
@inproceedings{ratinov-roth-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning-based Multi-Sieve Co-reference Resolution with Knowledge",
    author = "Ratinov, Lev  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1113",
    pages = "1234--1244",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2012-joint,
    title = "Joint Learning for Coreference Resolution with {M}arkov Logic",
    author = "Song, Yang  and
      Jiang, Jing  and
      Zhao, Wayne Xin  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1114",
    pages = "1245--1254",
}
@inproceedings{kolhatkar-hirst-2012-resolving,
    title = "Resolving {``}This-issue{''} Anaphora",
    author = "Kolhatkar, Varada  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1115",
    pages = "1255--1265",
}
@inproceedings{singh-2012-entity,
    title = "Entity based Q{\&}A Retrieval",
    author = "Singh, Amit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1116",
    pages = "1266--1277",
}
@inproceedings{yang-2012-constructing,
    title = "Constructing Task-Specific Taxonomies for Document Collection Browsing",
    author = "Yang, Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1117",
    pages = "1278--1289",
}
@inproceedings{boyd-graber-etal-2012-besting,
    title = "Besting the Quiz Master: Crowdsourcing Incremental Classification Games",
    author = "Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Satinoff, Brianna  and
      He, He  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1118",
    pages = "1290--1301",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2012-multi,
    title = "Multi-Domain Learning: When Do Domains Matter?",
    author = "Joshi, Mahesh  and
      Dredze, Mark  and
      Cohen, William W.  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1119",
    pages = "1302--1312",
}
@inproceedings{huang-yates-2012-biased,
    title = "Biased Representation Learning for Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Huang, Fei  and
      Yates, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1120",
    pages = "1313--1323",
}
@inproceedings{tu-honavar-2012-unambiguity,
    title = "Unambiguity Regularization for Unsupervised Learning of Probabilistic Grammars",
    author = "Tu, Kewei  and
      Honavar, Vasant",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1121",
    pages = "1324--1334",
}
@inproceedings{yang-cardie-2012-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Opinion Expressions with semi-{M}arkov Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Yang, Bishan  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1122",
    pages = "1335--1345",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2012-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Target Extraction Using Word-Based Translation Model",
    author = "Liu, Kang  and
      Xu, Liheng  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1123",
    pages = "1346--1356",
}
@inproceedings{chahuneau-etal-2012-word,
    title = "Word Salad: Relating Food Prices and Descriptions",
    author = "Chahuneau, Victor  and
      Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Routledge, Bryan R.  and
      Scherlis, Lily  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1124",
    pages = "1357--1367",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning to Map into a Universal {POS} Tagset",
    author = "Zhang, Yuan  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Globerson, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1125",
    pages = "1368--1378",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2012-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Tagging for {C}hinese-{E}nglish Mixed Texts with Dynamic Features",
    author = "Zhao, Jiayi  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Zhang, Shu  and
      Ji, Feng  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1126",
    pages = "1379--1388",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-wiki,
    title = "{W}iki-ly Supervised Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Li, Shen  and
      Gra{\c{c}}a, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Taskar, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1127",
    pages = "1389--1398",
}
@inproceedings{navigli-ponzetto-2012-joining,
    title = "Joining Forces Pays Off: Multilingual Joint Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Navigli, Roberto  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1128",
    pages = "1399--1410",
}
@inproceedings{faralli-navigli-2012-new,
    title = "A New Minimally-Supervised Framework for Domain Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Faralli, Stefano  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1129",
    pages = "1411--1422",
}
@inproceedings{silberer-lapata-2012-grounded,
    title = "Grounded Models of Semantic Representation",
    author = "Silberer, Carina  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1130",
    pages = "1423--1433",
}
@inproceedings{rush-etal-2012-improved,
    title = "Improved Parsing and {POS} Tagging Using Inter-Sentence Consistency Constraints",
    author = "Rush, Alexander  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Globerson, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1131",
    pages = "1434--1444",
}
@inproceedings{li-zhou-2012-unified,
    title = "Unified Dependency Parsing of {C}hinese Morphological and Syntactic Structures",
    author = "Li, Zhongguo  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1132",
    pages = "1445--1454",
}
@inproceedings{bohnet-nivre-2012-transition,
    title = "A Transition-Based System for Joint Part-of-Speech Tagging and Labeled Non-Projective Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1133",
    pages = "1455--1465",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2012-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Event-related Bursts via Social Media Activities",
    author = "Zhao, Xin  and
      Shu, Baihan  and
      Jiang, Jing  and
      Song, Yang  and
      Yan, Hongfei  and
      Li, Xiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1134",
    pages = "1466--1477",
}
@inproceedings{filippova-2012-user,
    title = "User Demographics and Language in an Implicit Social Network",
    author = "Filippova, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1135",
    pages = "1478--1488",
}
@inproceedings{pang-ravi-2012-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting the Predictability of Language: Response Completion in Social Media",
    author = "Pang, Bo  and
      Ravi, Sujith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1136",
    pages = "1489--1499",
}
@inproceedings{roller-etal-2012-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Text-based Geolocation Using Language Models on an Adaptive Grid",
    author = "Roller, Stephen  and
      Speriosu, Michael  and
      Rallapalli, Sarat  and
      Wing, Benjamin  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1137",
    pages = "1500--1510",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2012-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Model for Query Spelling Correction with Latent Structural {SVM}",
    author = "Duan, Huizhong  and
      Li, Yanen  and
      Zhai, ChengXiang  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1138",
    pages = "1511--1521",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2012-characterizing,
    title = "Characterizing Stylistic Elements in Syntactic Structure",
    author = "Feng, Song  and
      Banerjee, Ritwik  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = jul,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Jeju Island, Korea",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D12-1139",
    pages = "1522--1533",
}
@proceedings{eacl-1999-european,
    title = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Thompson, Henry S.  and
      Lascarides, Alex",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1000",
}
@inproceedings{mikheev-etal-1999-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition without Gazetteers",
    author = "Mikheev, Andrei  and
      Moens, Marc  and
      Grover, Claire",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1001",
}
@inproceedings{power-1999-generating,
    title = "Generating referring expressions with a unification grammar",
    author = "Power, Richard",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1002",
}
@inproceedings{bourigault-jacquemin-1999-term,
    title = "TERM EXTRACTION + TERM CLUSTERING: An Integrated Platform for Computer-Aided Terminology",
    author = "Bourigault, Didier  and
      Jacquemin, Christian",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1003",
}
@inproceedings{oneill-mctear-1999-object,
    title = "An Object-Oriented Approach to the Design of Dialogue Management Functionality",
    author = "O{'}Neill, Ian M.  and
      McTear, Michael F.",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1004",
}
@inproceedings{lapata-etal-1999-determinants,
    title = "Determinants of Adjective-Noun Plausibility",
    author = "Lapata, Maria  and
      McDonald, Scott  and
      Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1005",
}
@inproceedings{eckert-strube-1999-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Discourse Deictic Anaphora in Dialogues",
    author = "Eckert, Miriam  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1006",
}
@inproceedings{stevenson-merlo-1999-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Verb Classification Using Distributions of Grammatical Features",
    author = "Stevenson, Suzanne  and
      Merlo, Paola",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1007",
}
@inproceedings{boullier-1999-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Numbers, {MIX}, Scrambling, and Concatenation Grammars Range",
    author = "Boullier, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1008",
}
@inproceedings{morrill-1999-geometry,
    title = "Geometry of Lexico-Syntactic Interaction",
    author = "Morrill, Glyn",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1009",
}
@inproceedings{och-1999-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Method for Determining Bilingual Word Classes",
    author = "Och, Franz Josef",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1010",
}
@inproceedings{mani-etal-1999-tipster,
    title = "The {TIPSTER} {SUMMAC} Text Summarization Evaluation",
    author = "Mani, Inderjeet  and
      House, David  and
      Klein, Gary  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Firmin, Therese  and
      Sundheim, Beth",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1011",
}
@inproceedings{fernando-1999-ambiguous,
    title = "Ambiguous propositions typed",
    author = "Fernando, Tim",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1012",
}
@inproceedings{mandala-etal-1999-complementing,
    title = "Complementing {W}ord{N}et with {R}oget{'}s and Corpus-based Thesauri for Information Retrieval",
    author = "Mandala, Rila  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1013",
}
@inproceedings{ciravegna-lavelli-1999-full,
    title = "Full Text Parsing using Cascades of Rules: an Information Extraction Perspective",
    author = "Ciravegna, Fabio  and
      Lavelli, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1014",
}
@inproceedings{teufel-etal-1999-annotation,
    title = "An annotation scheme for discourse-level argumentation in research articles",
    author = "Teufel, Simone  and
      Carletta, Jean  and
      Moens, Marc",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1015",
}
@inproceedings{brants-1999-cascaded,
    title = "Cascaded {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Brants, Thorsten",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1016",
}
@inproceedings{gerdemann-van-noord-1999-transducers,
    title = "Transducers from Rewrite Rules with Backreferences",
    author = "Gerdemann, Dale  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1017",
}
@inproceedings{orphanos-christodoulakis-1999-pos,
    title = "{POS} Disambiguation and Unknown Word Guessing with Decision Trees",
    author = "Orphanos, Giorgos S.  and
      Christodoulakis, Dimitris N.",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1018",
}
@inproceedings{wolters-kirsten-1999-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Use of Linguistic Features in Domain and Genre Classification",
    author = "Wolters, Maria  and
      Kirsten, Mathias",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1019",
}
@inproceedings{alonso-etal-1999-tabular,
    title = "Tabular Algorithms for {TAG} Parsing",
    author = "Alonso, Miguel A.  and
      Cabrero, David  and
      de la Clergerie, Eric  and
      Vilares, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1020",
}
@inproceedings{stamatatos-etal-1999-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Authorship Attribution",
    author = "Stamatatos, E.  and
      Fakotakis, N.  and
      Kokkinakis, G.",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1021",
}
@inproceedings{minnen-1999-selective,
    title = "Selective Magic {HPSG} Parsing",
    author = "Minnen, Guido",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1022",
}
@inproceedings{tjong-etal-1999-representing,
    title = "Representing Text Chunks",
    author = "Tjong, Erik F.  and
      Sang, Kim  and
      Veenstra, Jorn",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1023",
}
@inproceedings{shinnou-1999-detection,
    title = "Detection of {J}apanese Homophone Errors by a Decision List Including a Written Word as a Default Evidence",
    author = "Shinnou, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1024",
}
@inproceedings{chen-bangalore-1999-new,
    title = "New Models for Improving Supertag Disambiguation",
    author = "Chen, John  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1025",
}
@inproceedings{uchimoto-etal-1999-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Dependency Structure Analysis Based on Maximum Entropy Models",
    author = "Uchimoto, Kiyotaka  and
      Sekine, Satoshi  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1026",
}
@inproceedings{voutilainen-1999-experiment,
    title = "An experiment on the upper bound of interjudge agreement: the case of tagging",
    author = "Voutilainen, Atro",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1027",
}
@inproceedings{fukumoto-suzuki-1999-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation in Untagged Text based on Term Weight Learning",
    author = "Fukumoto, Fumiyo  and
      Suzuki, Yoshimi",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1028",
}
@inproceedings{carroll-etal-1999-parsing,
    title = "Parsing with an Extended Domain of Locality",
    author = "Carroll, John  and
      Nicolov, Nicolas  and
      Shaumyan, Olga  and
      Smets, Martine  and
      Weir, David",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1029",
}
@inproceedings{cavaglia-1999-development,
    title = "The Development of Lexical Resources for Information Extraction from Text Combining {W}ord{N}et and {D}ewey Decimal Classification",
    author = "Cavaglia, Gabriela",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1030",
}
@inproceedings{byron-tetreault-1999-flexible,
    title = "A Flexible Architecture for Reference Resolution",
    author = "Byron, Donna K.  and
      Tetreault, Joel R.",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1031",
}
@inproceedings{caudal-1999-result,
    title = "Result Stages and the Lexicon: The Proper Treatment of Event Structure",
    author = "Caudal, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1032",
}
@inproceedings{paiva-1999-investigating,
    title = "Investigating {NLG} Architectures: taking style into consideration",
    author = "Paiva, Daniel S.",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1033",
}
@inproceedings{picard-1999-finding,
    title = "Finding content-bearing terms using term similarities",
    author = "Picard, Justin",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1034",
}
@inproceedings{kokkinakis-kokkinakis-1999-cascaded,
    title = "A Cascaded Finite-State Parser for Syntactic Analysis of {S}wedish",
    author = "Kokkinakis, Dimitrios  and
      Kokkinakis, Sofie Johansson",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1035",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-1999-repair,
    title = "Repair Strategies for Lexicalized Tree Grammars",
    author = "Lopez, Patrice",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1036",
}
@inproceedings{reuer-1999-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Processing in a {CALL}-System",
    author = "Reuer, Veit",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1037",
}
@inproceedings{zuo-1999-focusing,
    title = "Focusing on focus: a formalization",
    author = "Zuo, Yan",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1038",
}
@inproceedings{villavicencio-1999-representing,
    title = "Representing a System of Lexical Types Using Default Unification",
    author = "Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1039",
}
@inproceedings{aldezabal-etal-1999-designing,
    title = "Designing spelling correctors for inflected languages using lexical transducers",
    author = "Aldezabal, I.  and
      Alegria, I.  and
      Ansa, O.  and
      Arriola, J. M.  and
      Ezeiza, N.",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1040",
}
@inproceedings{argenton-feldhaus-1999-treegram,
    title = "The Treegram Index-An Efficient Technique for Retrieval in Linguistic Treebanks",
    author = "Argenton, Hans  and
      Feldhaus, Anke",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1041",
}
@inproceedings{carroll-etal-1999-simplifying,
    title = "Simplifying Text for Language-Impaired Readers",
    author = "Carroll, John  and
      Minnen, Guido  and
      Pearce, Darren  and
      Canning, Yvonne  and
      Devlin, Siobhan  and
      Tait, John",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1042",
}
@inproceedings{collier-etal-1999-genia,
    title = "The {GENIA} project: corpus-based knowledge acquisition and information extraction from genome research papers",
    author = "Collier, Nigel  and
      Park, Hyun Seok  and
      Ogata, Norihiro  and
      Tateishi, Yuka  and
      Nobata, Chikashi  and
      Ohta, Tomoko  and
      Sekimizu, Tateshi  and
      Imai, Hisao  and
      Ibushi, Katsutoshi  and
      Tsujii, Jun-ichi",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1043",
}
@inproceedings{cremers-1999-note,
    title = "A Note on Categorial Grammar, Disharmony and Permutation",
    author = "Cremers, Crit",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1044",
}
@inproceedings{gamper-1999-encoding,
    title = "Encoding a Parallel Corpus for Automatic Terminology Extraction",
    author = "Gamper, Johann",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1045",
}
@inproceedings{kilgarriff-1999-95,
    title = "95{\%} Replicability for Manual Word Sense Tagging",
    author = "Kilgarriff, Adam",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1046",
}
@inproceedings{lager-1999-u-tbl,
    title = "u-{TBL} Lite: A Small, Extendible Transformation-Based Learner",
    author = "Lager, Torbjorn",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1047",
}
@inproceedings{nerbonne-etal-1999-comparison,
    title = "Comparison and Classification of Dialects",
    author = "Nerbonne, John  and
      Heeringa, Wilbert  and
      Kleiweg, Peter",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1048",
}
@inproceedings{schilder-1999-pointing,
    title = "Pointing to Events",
    author = "Schilder, Frank",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1049",
}
@inproceedings{stevenson-1999-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-Based Approach to Deriving Lexical Mappings",
    author = "Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1050",
}
@inproceedings{relano-gil-etal-1999-robust,
    title = "Robust and Flexible Mixed-Initiative Dialogue for Telephone Services",
    author = "Relano Gil, Jose  and
      Tapias, Daniel  and
      Gancedo, Maria C.  and
      Charfuelan, Marcela  and
      Hernandez, Luis A.",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1051",
}
@inproceedings{muiirisep-1999-determination,
    title = "Determination of Syntactic Functions in {E}stonian Constraint Grammar",
    author = "Muiirisep, Kaili",
    booktitle = "Ninth Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1999",
    address = "Bergen, Norway",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E99-1052",
}
@proceedings{acl-1982-association,
    title = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1000",
}
@inproceedings{rosenschein-shieber-1982-translating,
    title = "TRANSLATING ENGLISH INTO LOGICAL FORM",
    author = "Rosenschein, Stanley J.  and
      Shieber, Stuart M.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981253",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{smith-1982-linguistic,
    title = "LINGUISTIC AND COMPUTATIONAL SEMANTICS",
    author = "Smith, Brian Cantwell",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981254",
    pages = "9--15",
}
@inproceedings{moran-1982-representation,
    title = "THE REPRESENTATION OF INCONSISTENT INFORMATION IN A DYNAMIC MODEL-THEORETIC SEMANTICS",
    author = "Moran, Douglas B.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981255",
    pages = "16--18",
}
@inproceedings{allen-frisch-1982-whats,
    title = "What{'}s in a Semantic Network?",
    author = "Allen, James F.  and
      Frisch, Alan M.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981256",
    pages = "19--27",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-etal-1982-dependencies,
    title = "DEPENDENCIES OF DISCOURSE STRUCTURE ON THE MODALITY OF COMMUNICATION: TELEPHONE vs. TELETYPE",
    author = "Cohen, Philip R.  and
      Fertig, Scott  and
      Starr, Kathy",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981258",
    pages = "28--35",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-1982-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS A THEORY OF COMPREHENSION OF DECLARATIVE CONTEXTS",
    author = "Gomez, Fernando",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981259",
    pages = "36--43",
}
@inproceedings{moore-1982-natural,
    title = "NATURAL-LANGUAGE ACCESS TO DATABASES{--}THEORETICAL/TECHNICAL ISSUES",
    author = "Moore, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981261",
    pages = "44--45",
}
@inproceedings{grosz-1982-transportable,
    title = "TRANSPORTABLE NATURAL-LANGUAGE INTERFACES: PROBLEMS AND TECHNIQUES",
    author = "Grosz, Barbara J.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981262",
    pages = "46--50",
}
@inproceedings{petrick-1982-theoretical,
    title = "THEORETICAL/TECHNICAL ISSUES IN NATURAL LANGUAGE ACCESS TO DATABASES",
    author = "Petrick, S. R.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981263",
    pages = "51--56",
}
@inproceedings{scha-1982-english,
    title = "ENGLISH WORDS AND DATA BASES: HOW TO BRIDGE THE GAP",
    author = "Scha, Remko J. H.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981264",
    pages = "57--59",
}
@inproceedings{shwartz-1982-problems,
    title = "Problems With Domain-Independent Natural Language Database Access Systems",
    author = "Shwartz, Steven P.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981265",
    pages = "60--62",
}
@inproceedings{warren-1982-issues,
    title = "ISSUES IN NATURAL LANGUAGE ACCESS TO DATABASES FROM A LOGIC PROGRAMMING PERSPECTIVE",
    author = "Warren, David H. D.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981266",
    pages = "63--66",
}
@inproceedings{salveter-maier-1982-natural-language,
    title = "NATURAL LANGUAGE DATABASE UPDATES",
    author = "Salveter, Sharon C.  and
      Maier, David",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981268",
    pages = "67--73",
}
@inproceedings{gawron-etal-1982-processing,
    title = "PROCESSING ENGLISH WITH A GENERALIZED PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR",
    author = "Gawron, Jean Mark  and
      King, Jonathan  and
      Lamping, John  and
      Loebner, Egon  and
      Paulson, E. Anne  and
      Pullum, Geoffrey K.  and
      Sag, Ivan A.  and
      Wasow, Thomas",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981269",
    pages = "74--81",
}
@inproceedings{heidorn-1982-experience,
    title = "Experience with an Easily Computed Metric for Ranking Alternative Parses",
    author = "Heidorn, George E.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981270",
    pages = "82--84",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-sondheimer-1982-improved,
    title = "An Improved Heuristic for Ellipsis Processing",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph M.  and
      Sondheimer, Norman K.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981271",
    pages = "85--88",
}
@inproceedings{walker-1982-reflections,
    title = "REFLECTIONS ON 20 YEARS OF THE ACL AN INTRODUCTION",
    author = "Walker, Donald E.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981273",
    pages = "89--91",
}
@inproceedings{yngve-1982-double,
    title = "OUR DOUBLE ANNIVERSARY",
    author = "Yngve, Victor H.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981274",
    pages = "92--94",
}
@inproceedings{hays-1982-2002,
    title = "2002: ANOTHER SCORE",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981275",
    pages = "95--96",
}
@inproceedings{lehmann-1982-term,
    title = "MY TERM",
    author = "Lehmann, Winfred P.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981276",
    pages = "97--97",
}
@inproceedings{walker-1982-society,
    title = "A SOCIETY IN TRANSITION",
    author = "Walker, Donald E.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981277",
    pages = "98--99",
}
@inproceedings{simmons-1982-themes,
    title = "THEMES FROM 1972",
    author = "Simmons, Robert F.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981278",
    pages = "100--101",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-1982-twenty,
    title = "TWENTY YEARS OF REFLECTIONS",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981279",
    pages = "102--102",
}
@inproceedings{chapin-1982-acl,
    title = "ACL IN 1977",
    author = "Chapin, Paul G.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981280",
    pages = "103--103",
}
@inproceedings{allen-1982-reflections,
    title = "REFLECTIONS ON TWENTY YEARS OF THE ACL",
    author = "Allen, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981281",
    pages = "104--106",
}
@inproceedings{sondheimer-1982-present,
    title = "ON THE PRESENT",
    author = "Sondheimer, Norman K.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981282",
    pages = "107--107",
}
@inproceedings{appelt-1982-planning,
    title = "PLANNING NATURAL LANGUAGE REFERRING EXPRESSIONS",
    author = "Appelt, Douglas E.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981284",
    pages = "108--112",
}
@inproceedings{mckeown-1982-text,
    title = "THE TEXT SYSTEM FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERATION: AN OVERVIEW",
    author = "McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981285",
    pages = "113--120",
}
@inproceedings{mccoy-1982-augmenting,
    title = "AUGMENTING A DATABASE KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERATION",
    author = "McCoy, Kathleen F.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981286",
    pages = "121--128",
}
@inproceedings{conklin-mcdonald-1982-salience,
    title = "SALIENCE: THE KEY TO THE SELECTION PROBLEM IN NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERATION",
    author = "Conklin, E. Jeffrey  and
      McDonald, David D.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981287",
    pages = "129--135",
}
@inproceedings{shapiro-neal-1982-knowledge,
    title = "A KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING APPROACH TO NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "Shapiro, Stuart C.  and
      Neal, Jeannette G.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981289",
    pages = "136--144",
}
@inproceedings{langley-1982-model,
    title = "A Model of Early Syntactic Development",
    author = "Langley, Pat",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981290",
    pages = "145--151",
}
@inproceedings{marcus-1982-building,
    title = "BUILDING NON-NORMATIVE SYSTEMS - THE SEARCH FOR ROBUSTNESS AN OVERVIEW",
    author = "Marcus, Mitchell P.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981292",
    pages = "152--152",
}
@inproceedings{bobrow-1982-design,
    title = "DESIGN DIMENSIONS FOR NON-NORMATIVE UNDERSTANDING SYSTEMS",
    author = "Bobrow, Robert J.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981293",
    pages = "153--156",
}
@inproceedings{granger-1982-scruffy,
    title = "Scruffy Text Understanding: Design and Implementation of {`}Tolerant{'} Understanders",
    author = "Granger, Richard H.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981294",
    pages = "157--160",
}
@inproceedings{kroch-hindle-1982-linguistic,
    title = "ON THE LINGUISTIC CHARACTER OF NON-STANDARD INPUT",
    author = "Kroch, Anthony S.  and
      Hindle, Donald",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981295",
    pages = "161--163",
}
@inproceedings{kwasny-1982-ill,
    title = "Ill-Formed and Non-Standard Language Problems",
    author = "Kwasny, Stan",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981296",
    pages = "164--166",
}
@inproceedings{miller-1982-natural,
    title = "{``}NATURAL LANGUAGE TEXTS ARE NOT NECESSARILY GRAMMATICAL AND UNAMBIGUOUS OR EVEN COMPLETE.{''}",
    author = "Miller, Lance A.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981297",
    pages = "167--168",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-1982-solutions,
    title = "SOLUTIONS TO ISSUES DEPEND ON THE KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION",
    author = "Thompson, Frederick B.",
    booktitle = "20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1982",
    address = "Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/981251.981298",
    pages = "169--171",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2019-2019,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    author = "Burstein, Jill  and
      Doran, Christy  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1000",
}
@inproceedings{hollenstein-zhang-2019-entity,
    title = "Entity Recognition at First Sight: {I}mproving {NER} with Eye Movement Information",
    author = "Hollenstein, Nora  and
      Zhang, Ce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "Previous research shows that eye-tracking data contains information about the lexical and syntactic properties of text, which can be used to improve natural language processing models. In this work, we leverage eye movement features from three corpora with recorded gaze information to augment a state-of-the-art neural model for named entity recognition (NER) with gaze embeddings. These corpora were manually annotated with named entity labels. Moreover, we show how gaze features, generalized on word type level, eliminate the need for recorded eye-tracking data at test time. The gaze-augmented models for NER using token-level and type-level features outperform the baselines. We present the benefits of eye-tracking features by evaluating the NER models on both individual datasets as well as in cross-domain settings.",
}
@inproceedings{lakretz-etal-2019-emergence,
    title = "The emergence of number and syntax units in {LSTM} language models",
    author = "Lakretz, Yair  and
      Kruszewski, German  and
      Desbordes, Theo  and
      Hupkes, Dieuwke  and
      Dehaene, Stanislas  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1002",
    pages = "11--20",
    abstract = "Recent work has shown that LSTMs trained on a generic language modeling objective capture syntax-sensitive generalizations such as long-distance number agreement. We have however no mechanistic understanding of how they accomplish this remarkable feat. Some have conjectured it depends on heuristics that do not truly take hierarchical structure into account. We present here a detailed study of the inner mechanics of number tracking in LSTMs at the single neuron level. We discover that long-distance number information is largely managed by two {``}number units{''}. Importantly, the behaviour of these units is partially controlled by other units independently shown to track syntactic structure. We conclude that LSTMs are, to some extent, implementing genuinely syntactic processing mechanisms, paving the way to a more general understanding of grammatical encoding in LSTMs.",
}
@inproceedings{amiri-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Self-Training through Spaced Repetition",
    author = "Amiri, Hadi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1003",
    pages = "21--31",
    abstract = "Self-training is a semi-supervised learning approach for utilizing unlabeled data to create better learners. The efficacy of self-training algorithms depends on their data sampling techniques. The majority of current sampling techniques are based on predetermined policies which may not effectively explore the data space or improve model generalizability. In this work, we tackle the above challenges by introducing a new data sampling technique based on spaced repetition that dynamically samples informative and diverse unlabeled instances with respect to individual learner and instance characteristics. The proposed model is specifically effective in the context of neural models which can suffer from overfitting and high-variance gradients when trained with small amount of labeled data. Our model outperforms current semi-supervised learning approaches developed for neural networks on publicly-available datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{futrell-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural language models as psycholinguistic subjects: Representations of syntactic state",
    author = "Futrell, Richard  and
      Wilcox, Ethan  and
      Morita, Takashi  and
      Qian, Peng  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1004",
    pages = "32--42",
    abstract = "We investigate the extent to which the behavior of neural network language models reflects incremental representations of syntactic state. To do so, we employ experimental methodologies which were originally developed in the field of psycholinguistics to study syntactic representation in the human mind. We examine neural network model behavior on sets of artificial sentences containing a variety of syntactically complex structures. These sentences not only test whether the networks have a representation of syntactic state, they also reveal the specific lexical cues that networks use to update these states. We test four models: two publicly available LSTM sequence models of English (Jozefowicz et al., 2016; Gulordava et al., 2018) trained on large datasets; an RNN Grammar (Dyer et al., 2016) trained on a small, parsed dataset; and an LSTM trained on the same small corpus as the RNNG. We find evidence for basic syntactic state representations in all models, but only the models trained on large datasets are sensitive to subtle lexical cues signaling changes in syntactic state.",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-mitchell-2019-understanding,
    title = "Understanding language-elicited {EEG} data by predicting it from a fine-tuned language model",
    author = "Schwartz, Dan  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1005",
    pages = "43--57",
    abstract = "Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings of brain activity taken while participants read or listen to language are widely used within the cognitive neuroscience and psycholinguistics communities as a tool to study language comprehension. Several time-locked stereotyped EEG responses to word-presentations {--} known collectively as event-related potentials (ERPs) {--} are thought to be markers for semantic or syntactic processes that take place during comprehension. However, the characterization of each individual ERP in terms of what features of a stream of language trigger the response remains controversial. Improving this characterization would make ERPs a more useful tool for studying language comprehension. We take a step towards better understanding the ERPs by finetuning a language model to predict them. This new approach to analysis shows for the first time that all of the ERPs are predictable from embeddings of a stream of language. Prior work has only found two of the ERPs to be predictable. In addition to this analysis, we examine which ERPs benefit from sharing parameters during joint training. We find that two pairs of ERPs previously identified in the literature as being related to each other benefit from joint training, while several other pairs of ERPs that benefit from joint training are suggestive of potential relationships. Extensions of this analysis that further examine what kinds of information in the model embeddings relate to each ERP have the potential to elucidate the processes involved in human language comprehension.",
}
@inproceedings{bansal-etal-2019-pre,
    title = "Pre-training on high-resource speech recognition improves low-resource speech-to-text translation",
    author = "Bansal, Sameer  and
      Kamper, Herman  and
      Livescu, Karen  and
      Lopez, Adam  and
      Goldwater, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1006",
    pages = "58--68",
    abstract = "We present a simple approach to improve direct speech-to-text translation (ST) when the source language is low-resource: we pre-train the model on a high-resource automatic speech recognition (ASR) task, and then fine-tune its parameters for ST. We demonstrate that our approach is effective by pre-training on 300 hours of English ASR data to improve Spanish English ST from 10.8 to 20.2 BLEU when only 20 hours of Spanish-English ST training data are available. Through an ablation study, we find that the pre-trained encoder (acoustic model) accounts for most of the improvement, despite the fact that the shared language in these tasks is the target language text, not the source language audio. Applying this insight, we show that pre-training on ASR helps ST even when the ASR language differs from both source and target ST languages: pre-training on French ASR also improves Spanish-English ST. Finally, we show that the approach improves performance on a true low-resource task: pre-training on a combination of English ASR and French ASR improves Mboshi-French ST, where only 4 hours of data are available, from 3.5 to 7.1 BLEU.",
}
@inproceedings{shain-elsner-2019-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the perceptual availability of phonological features during language acquisition using unsupervised binary stochastic autoencoders",
    author = "Shain, Cory  and
      Elsner, Micha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1007",
    pages = "69--85",
    abstract = "In this paper, we deploy binary stochastic neural autoencoder networks as models of infant language learning in two typologically unrelated languages (Xitsonga and English). We show that the drive to model auditory percepts leads to latent clusters that partially align with theory-driven phonemic categories. We further evaluate the degree to which theory-driven phonological features are encoded in the latent bit patterns, finding that some (e.g. [+-approximant]), are well represented by the network in both languages, while others (e.g. [+-spread glottis]) are less so. Together, these findings suggest that many reliable cues to phonemic structure are immediately available to infants from bottom-up perceptual characteristics alone, but that these cues must eventually be supplemented by top-down lexical and phonotactic information to achieve adult-like phone discrimination. Our results also suggest differences in degree of perceptual availability between features, yielding testable predictions as to which features might depend more or less heavily on top-down cues during child language acquisition.",
}
@inproceedings{zayats-ostendorf-2019-giving,
    title = "Giving Attention to the Unexpected: Using Prosody Innovations in Disfluency Detection",
    author = "Zayats, Vicky  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1008",
    pages = "86--95",
    abstract = "Disfluencies in spontaneous speech are known to be associated with prosodic disruptions. However, most algorithms for disfluency detection use only word transcripts. Integrating prosodic cues has proved difficult because of the many sources of variability affecting the acoustic correlates. This paper introduces a new approach to extracting acoustic-prosodic cues using text-based distributional prediction of acoustic cues to derive vector z-score features (innovations). We explore both early and late fusion techniques for integrating text and prosody, showing gains over a high-accuracy text-only model.",
}
@inproceedings{adams-etal-2019-massively,
    title = "Massively Multilingual Adversarial Speech Recognition",
    author = "Adams, Oliver  and
      Wiesner, Matthew  and
      Watanabe, Shinji  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1009",
    pages = "96--108",
    abstract = "We report on adaptation of multilingual end-to-end speech recognition models trained on as many as 100 languages. Our findings shed light on the relative importance of similarity between the target and pretraining languages along the dimensions of phonetics, phonology, language family, geographical location, and orthography. In this context, experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of two additional pretraining objectives in encouraging language-independent encoder representations: a context-independent phoneme objective paired with a language-adversarial classification objective.",
}
@inproceedings{vogler-etal-2019-lost,
    title = "{L}ost in {I}nterpretation: {P}redicting {U}ntranslated {T}erminology in {S}imultaneous {I}nterpretation",
    author = "Vogler, Nikolai  and
      Stewart, Craig  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1010",
    pages = "109--118",
    abstract = "Simultaneous interpretation, the translation of speech from one language to another in real-time, is an inherently difficult and strenuous task. One of the greatest challenges faced by interpreters is the accurate translation of difficult terminology like proper names, numbers, or other entities. Intelligent computer-assisted interpreting (CAI) tools that could analyze the spoken word and detect terms likely to be untranslated by an interpreter could reduce translation error and improve interpreter performance. In this paper, we propose a task of predicting which terminology simultaneous interpreters will leave untranslated, and examine methods that perform this task using supervised sequence taggers. We describe a number of task-specific features explicitly designed to indicate when an interpreter may struggle with translating a word. Experimental results on a newly-annotated version of the NAIST Simultaneous Translation Corpus (Shimizu et al., 2014) indicate the promise of our proposed method.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2019-audiocaps,
    title = "{A}udio{C}aps: Generating Captions for Audios in The Wild",
    author = "Kim, Chris Dongjoo  and
      Kim, Byeongchang  and
      Lee, Hyunmin  and
      Kim, Gunhee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1011",
    pages = "119--132",
    abstract = "We explore the problem of Audio Captioning: generating natural language description for any kind of audio in the wild, which has been surprisingly unexplored in previous research. We contribute a large-scale dataset of 46K audio clips with human-written text pairs collected via crowdsourcing on the AudioSet dataset. Our thorough empirical studies not only show that our collected captions are indeed faithful to audio inputs but also discover what forms of audio representation and captioning models are effective for the audio captioning. From extensive experiments, we also propose two novel components that help improve audio captioning performance: the top-down multi-scale encoder and aligned semantic attention.",
}
@inproceedings{hossain-etal-2019-president,
    title = "{``}President Vows to Cut {\textless}Taxes{\textgreater} Hair{''}: Dataset and Analysis of Creative Text Editing for Humorous Headlines",
    author = "Hossain, Nabil  and
      Krumm, John  and
      Gamon, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1012",
    pages = "133--142",
    abstract = "We introduce, release, and analyze a new dataset, called Humicroedit, for research in computational humor. Our publicly available data consists of regular English news headlines paired with versions of the same headlines that contain simple replacement edits designed to make them funny. We carefully curated crowdsourced editors to create funny headlines and judges to score a to a total of 15,095 edited headlines, with five judges per headline. The simple edits, usually just a single word replacement, mean we can apply straightforward analysis techniques to determine what makes our edited headlines humorous. We show how the data support classic theories of humor, such as incongruity, superiority, and setup/punchline. Finally, we develop baseline classifiers that can predict whether or not an edited headline is funny, which is a first step toward automatically generating humorous headlines as an approach to creating topical humor.",
}
@inproceedings{rao-daume-iii-2019-answer,
    title = "{A}nswer-based {A}dversarial {T}raining for {G}enerating {C}larification {Q}uestions",
    author = "Rao, Sudha  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1013",
    pages = "143--155",
    abstract = "We present an approach for generating clarification questions with the goal of eliciting new information that would make the given textual context more complete. We propose that modeling hypothetical answers (to clarification questions) as latent variables can guide our approach into generating more useful clarification questions. We develop a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) where the generator is a sequence-to-sequence model and the discriminator is a utility function that models the value of updating the context with the answer to the clarification question. We evaluate on two datasets, using both automatic metrics and human judgments of usefulness, specificity and relevance, showing that our approach outperforms both a retrieval-based model and ablations that exclude the utility model and the adversarial training.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Grammatical Error Correction via Pre-Training a Copy-Augmented Architecture with Unlabeled Data",
    author = "Zhao, Wei  and
      Wang, Liang  and
      Shen, Kewei  and
      Jia, Ruoyu  and
      Liu, Jingming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1014",
    pages = "156--165",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation systems have become state-of-the-art approaches for Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) task. In this paper, we propose a copy-augmented architecture for the GEC task by copying the unchanged words from the source sentence to the target sentence. Since the GEC suffers from not having enough labeled training data to achieve high accuracy. We pre-train the copy-augmented architecture with a denoising auto-encoder using the unlabeled One Billion Benchmark and make comparisons between the fully pre-trained model and a partially pre-trained model. It is the first time copying words from the source context and fully pre-training a sequence to sequence model are experimented on the GEC task. Moreover, We add token-level and sentence-level multi-task learning for the GEC task. The evaluation results on the CoNLL-2014 test set show that our approach outperforms all recently published state-of-the-art results by a large margin.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2019-topic,
    title = "Topic-Guided Variational Auto-Encoder for Text Generation",
    author = "Wang, Wenlin  and
      Gan, Zhe  and
      Xu, Hongteng  and
      Zhang, Ruiyi  and
      Wang, Guoyin  and
      Shen, Dinghan  and
      Chen, Changyou  and
      Carin, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1015",
    pages = "166--177",
    abstract = "We propose a topic-guided variational auto-encoder (TGVAE) model for text generation. Distinct from existing variational auto-encoder (VAE) based approaches, which assume a simple Gaussian prior for latent code, our model specifies the prior as a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) parametrized by a neural topic module. Each mixture component corresponds to a latent topic, which provides a guidance to generate sentences under the topic. The neural topic module and the VAE-based neural sequence module in our model are learned jointly. In particular, a sequence of invertible Householder transformations is applied to endow the approximate posterior of the latent code with high flexibility during the model inference. Experimental results show that our TGVAE outperforms its competitors on both unconditional and conditional text generation, which can also generate semantically-meaningful sentences with various topics.",
}
@inproceedings{ruprecht-denkinger-2019-implementation,
    title = {Implementation of a {C}homsky-Sch{\"u}tzenberger n-best parser for weighted multiple context-free grammars},
    author = "Ruprecht, Thomas  and
      Denkinger, Tobias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1016",
    pages = "178--191",
    abstract = {Constituent parsing has been studied extensively in the last decades. Chomsky-Sch{\"u}tzenberger parsing as an approach to constituent parsing has only been investigated theoretically, yet. It uses the decomposition of a language into a regular language, a homomorphism, and a bracket language to divide the parsing problem into simpler subproblems. We provide the first implementation of Chomsky-Sch{\"u}tzenberger parsing. It employs multiple context-free grammars and incorporates many refinements to achieve feasibility. We compare its performance to state-of-the-art grammar-based parsers.},
}
@inproceedings{dehouck-denis-2019-phylogenic,
    title = "Phylogenic Multi-Lingual Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Dehouck, Mathieu  and
      Denis, Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1017",
    pages = "192--203",
    abstract = "Languages evolve and diverge over time. Their evolutionary history is often depicted in the shape of a phylogenetic tree. Assuming parsing models are representations of their languages grammars, their evolution should follow a structure similar to that of the phylogenetic tree. In this paper, drawing inspiration from multi-task learning, we make use of the phylogenetic tree to guide the learning of multi-lingual dependency parsers leveraging languages structural similarities. Experiments on data from the Universal Dependency project show that phylogenetic training is beneficial to low resourced languages and to well furnished languages families. As a side product of phylogenetic training, our model is able to perform zero-shot parsing of previously unseen languages.",
}
@inproceedings{coavoux-cohen-2019-discontinuous,
    title = "Discontinuous Constituency Parsing with a Stack-Free Transition System and a Dynamic Oracle",
    author = "Coavoux, Maximin  and
      Cohen, Shay B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1018",
    pages = "204--217",
    abstract = "We introduce a novel transition system for discontinuous constituency parsing. Instead of storing subtrees in a stack {--}i.e. a data structure with linear-time sequential access{--} the proposed system uses a set of parsing items, with constant-time random access. This change makes it possible to construct any discontinuous constituency tree in exactly $4n–2$ transitions for a sentence of length n. At each parsing step, the parser considers every item in the set to be combined with a focus item and to construct a new constituent in a bottom-up fashion. The parsing strategy is based on the assumption that most syntactic structures can be parsed incrementally and that the set {--}the memory of the parser{--} remains reasonably small on average. Moreover, we introduce a provably correct dynamic oracle for the new transition system, and present the first experiments in discontinuous constituency parsing using a dynamic oracle. Our parser obtains state-of-the-art results on three English and German discontinuous treebanks.",
}
@inproceedings{wisniewski-yvon-2019-bad,
    title = "{H}ow {B}ad are {P}o{S} {T}agger in {C}ross-{C}orpora {S}ettings? {E}valuating {A}nnotation {D}ivergence in the {UD} {P}roject.",
    author = "Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1019",
    pages = "218--227",
    abstract = "The performance of Part-of-Speech tagging varies significantly across the treebanks of the Universal Dependencies project. This work points out that these variations may result from divergences between the annotation of train and test sets. We show how the annotation variation principle, introduced by Dickinson and Meurers (2003) to automatically detect errors in gold standard, can be used to identify inconsistencies between annotations; we also evaluate their impact on prediction performance.",
}
@inproceedings{stanojevic-steedman-2019-ccg,
    title = "{CCG} Parsing Algorithm with Incremental Tree Rotation",
    author = "Stanojevi{\'c}, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1020",
    pages = "228--239",
    abstract = "The main obstacle to incremental sentence processing arises from right-branching constituent structures, which are present in the majority of English sentences, as well as optional constituents that adjoin on the right, such as right adjuncts and right conjuncts. In CCG, many right-branching derivations can be replaced by semantically equivalent left-branching incremental derivations. The problem of right-adjunction is more resistant to solution, and has been tackled in the past using revealing-based approaches that often rely either on the higher-order unification over lambda terms (Pareschi and Steedman,1987) or heuristics over dependency representations that do not cover the whole CCGbank (Ambati et al., 2015). We propose a new incremental parsing algorithm for CCG following the same revealing tradition of work but having a purely syntactic approach that does not depend on access to a distinct level of semantic representation. This algorithm can cover the whole CCGbank, with greater incrementality and accuracy than previous proposals.",
}
@inproceedings{fu-etal-2019-cyclical,
    title = "Cyclical Annealing Schedule: A Simple Approach to Mitigating {KL} Vanishing",
    author = "Fu, Hao  and
      Li, Chunyuan  and
      Liu, Xiaodong  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Celikyilmaz, Asli  and
      Carin, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1021",
    pages = "240--250",
    abstract = "Variational autoencoders (VAE) with an auto-regressive decoder have been applied for many natural language processing (NLP) tasks. VAE objective consists of two terms, the KL regularization term and the reconstruction term, balanced by a weighting hyper-parameter $\beta$. One notorious training difficulty is that the KL term tends to vanish. In this paper we study different scheduling schemes for $\beta$, and show that KL vanishing is caused by the lack of good latent codes in training decoder at the beginning of optimization. To remedy the issue, we propose a cyclical annealing schedule, which simply repeats the process of increasing $\beta$ multiple times. This new procedure allows us to learn more meaningful latent codes progressively by leveraging the results of previous learning cycles as warm re-restart. The effectiveness of cyclical annealing schedule is validated on a broad range of NLP tasks, including language modeling, dialog response generation and semi-supervised text classification.",
}
@inproceedings{schluter-2019-recurrent,
    title = "Recurrent models and lower bounds for projective syntactic decoding",
    author = "Schluter, Natalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1022",
    pages = "251--260",
    abstract = "The current state-of-the-art in neural graph-based parsing uses only approximate decoding at the training phase. In this paper aim to understand this result better. We show how recurrent models can carry out projective maximum spanning tree decoding. This result holds for both current state-of-the-art models for shift-reduce and graph-based parsers, projective or not. We also provide the first proof on the lower bounds of projective maximum spanning tree decoding.",
}
@inproceedings{wijnholds-sadrzadeh-2019-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Composition Models for Verb Phrase Elliptical Sentence Embeddings",
    author = "Wijnholds, Gijs  and
      Sadrzadeh, Mehrnoosh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1023",
    pages = "261--271",
    abstract = "Ellipsis is a natural language phenomenon where part of a sentence is missing and its information must be recovered from its surrounding context, as in {``}Cats chase dogs and so do foxes.{''}. Formal semantics has different methods for resolving ellipsis and recovering the missing information, but the problem has not been considered for distributional semantics, where words have vector embeddings and combinations thereof provide embeddings for sentences. In elliptical sentences these combinations go beyond linear as copying of elided information is necessary. In this paper, we develop different models for embedding VP-elliptical sentences. We extend existing verb disambiguation and sentence similarity datasets to ones containing elliptical phrases and evaluate our models on these datasets for a variety of non-linear combinations and their linear counterparts. We compare results of these compositional models to state of the art holistic sentence encoders. Our results show that non-linear addition and a non-linear tensor-based composition outperform the naive non-compositional baselines and the linear models, and that sentence encoders perform well on sentence similarity, but not on verb disambiguation.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Finite-State Transducers: Beyond Rational Relations",
    author = "Lin, Chu-Cheng  and
      Zhu, Hao  and
      Gormley, Matthew R.  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1024",
    pages = "272--283",
    abstract = "We introduce neural finite state transducers (NFSTs), a family of string transduction models defining joint and conditional probability distributions over pairs of strings. The probability of a string pair is obtained by marginalizing over all its accepting paths in a finite state transducer. In contrast to ordinary weighted FSTs, however, each path is scored using an arbitrary function such as a recurrent neural network, which breaks the usual conditional independence assumption (Markov property). NFSTs are more powerful than previous finite-state models with neural features (Rastogi et al., 2016.) We present training and inference algorithms for locally and globally normalized variants of NFSTs. In experiments on different transduction tasks, they compete favorably against seq2seq models while offering interpretable paths that correspond to hard monotonic alignments.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-wang-2019-riemannian,
    title = "{R}iemannian Normalizing Flow on Variational {W}asserstein Autoencoder for Text Modeling",
    author = "Wang, Prince Zizhuang  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1025",
    pages = "284--294",
    abstract = "Recurrent Variational Autoencoder has been widely used for language modeling and text generation tasks. These models often face a difficult optimization problem, also known as KL vanishing, where the posterior easily collapses to the prior and model will ignore latent codes in generative tasks. To address this problem, we introduce an improved Variational Wasserstein Autoencoder (WAE) with Riemannian Normalizing Flow (RNF) for text modeling. The RNF transforms a latent variable into a space that respects the geometric characteristics of input space, which makes posterior impossible to collapse to the non-informative prior. The Wasserstein objective minimizes the distance between marginal distribution and the prior directly and therefore does not force the posterior to match the prior. Empirical experiments show that our model avoids KL vanishing over a range of datasets and has better performance in tasks such as language modeling, likelihood approximation, and text generation. Through a series of experiments and analysis over latent space, we show that our model learns latent distributions that respect latent space geometry and is able to generate sentences that are more diverse.",
}
@inproceedings{yaghoub-zadeh-fard-etal-2019-study,
    title = "A Study of Incorrect Paraphrases in Crowdsourced User Utterances",
    author = "Yaghoub-Zadeh-Fard, Mohammad-Ali  and
      Benatallah, Boualem  and
      Chai Barukh, Moshe  and
      Zamanirad, Shayan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1026",
    pages = "295--306",
    abstract = "Developing bots demands highquality training samples, typically in the form of user utterances and their associated intents. Given the fuzzy nature of human language, such datasets ideally must cover all possible utterances of each single intent. Crowdsourcing has widely been used to collect such inclusive datasets by paraphrasing an initial utterance. However, the quality of this approach often suffers from various issues, particularly language errors produced by unqualified crowd workers. More so, since workers are tasked to write open-ended text, it is very challenging to automatically asses the quality of paraphrased utterances. In this paper, we investigate common crowdsourced paraphrasing issues, and propose an annotated dataset called Para-Quality, for detecting the quality issues. We also investigate existing tools and services to provide baselines for detecting each category of issues. In all, this work presents a data-driven view of incorrect paraphrases during the bot development process, and we pave the way towards automatic detection of unqualified paraphrases.",
}
@inproceedings{abujabal-etal-2019-comqa,
    title = "{C}om{QA}: A Community-sourced Dataset for Complex Factoid Question Answering with Paraphrase Clusters",
    author = "Abujabal, Abdalghani  and
      Saha Roy, Rishiraj  and
      Yahya, Mohamed  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1027",
    pages = "307--317",
    abstract = "To bridge the gap between the capabilities of the state-of-the-art in factoid question answering (QA) and what users ask, we need large datasets of real user questions that capture the various question phenomena users are interested in, and the diverse ways in which these questions are formulated. We introduce ComQA, a large dataset of real user questions that exhibit different challenging aspects such as compositionality, temporal reasoning, and comparisons. ComQA questions come from the WikiAnswers community QA platform, which typically contains questions that are not satisfactorily answerable by existing search engine technology. Through a large crowdsourcing effort, we clean the question dataset, group questions into paraphrase clusters, and annotate clusters with their answers. ComQA contains 11,214 questions grouped into 4,834 paraphrase clusters. We detail the process of constructing ComQA, including the measures taken to ensure its high quality while making effective use of crowdsourcing. We also present an extensive analysis of the dataset and the results achieved by state-of-the-art systems on ComQA, demonstrating that our dataset can be a driver of future research on QA.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2019-freebaseqa,
    title = "{F}reebase{QA}: A New Factoid {QA} Data Set Matching Trivia-Style Question-Answer Pairs with {F}reebase",
    author = "Jiang, Kelvin  and
      Wu, Dekun  and
      Jiang, Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1028",
    pages = "318--323",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a new data set, named FreebaseQA, for open-domain factoid question answering (QA) tasks over structured knowledge bases, like Freebase. The data set is generated by matching trivia-type question-answer pairs with subject-predicate-object triples in Freebase. For each collected question-answer pair, we first tag all entities in each question and search for relevant predicates that bridge a tagged entity with the answer in Freebase. Finally, human annotation is used to remove any false positive in these matched triples. Using this method, we are able to efficiently generate over 54K matches from about 28K unique questions with minimal cost. Our analysis shows that this data set is suitable for model training in factoid QA tasks beyond simpler questions since FreebaseQA provides more linguistically sophisticated questions than other existing data sets.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2019-simple,
    title = "Simple Question Answering with Subgraph Ranking and Joint-Scoring",
    author = "Zhao, Wenbo  and
      Chung, Tagyoung  and
      Goyal, Anuj  and
      Metallinou, Angeliki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1029",
    pages = "324--334",
    abstract = "Knowledge graph based simple question answering (KBSQA) is a major area of research within question answering. Although only dealing with simple questions, i.e., questions that can be answered through a single knowledge base (KB) fact, this task is neither simple nor close to being solved. Targeting on the two main steps, subgraph selection and fact selection, the literature has developed sophisticated approaches. However, the importance of subgraph ranking and leveraging the subject{--}relation dependency of a KB fact have not been sufficiently explored. Motivated by this, we present a unified framework to describe and analyze existing approaches. Using this framework as a starting point we focus on two aspects: improving subgraph selection through a novel ranking method, and leveraging the subject{--}relation dependency by proposing a joint scoring CNN model with a novel loss function that enforces the well-order of scores. Our methods achieve a new state of the art (85.44{\%} in accuracy) on the SimpleQuestions dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{ni-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning to Attend On Essential Terms: An Enhanced Retriever-Reader Model for Open-domain Question Answering",
    author = "Ni, Jianmo  and
      Zhu, Chenguang  and
      Chen, Weizhu  and
      McAuley, Julian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1030",
    pages = "335--344",
    abstract = "Open-domain question answering remains a challenging task as it requires models that are capable of understanding questions and answers, collecting useful information, and reasoning over evidence. Previous work typically formulates this task as a reading comprehension or entailment problem given evidence retrieved from search engines. However, existing techniques struggle to retrieve indirectly related evidence when no directly related evidence is provided, especially for complex questions where it is hard to parse precisely what the question asks. In this paper we propose a retriever-reader model that learns to attend on essential terms during the question answering process. We build (1) an essential term selector which first identifies the most important words in a question, then reformulates the query and searches for related evidence; and (2) an enhanced reader that distinguishes between essential terms and distracting words to predict the answer. We evaluate our model on multiple open-domain QA datasets, notably achieving the level of the state-of-the-art on the AI2 Reasoning Challenge (ARC) dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2019-uhop,
    title = "{UH}op: An Unrestricted-Hop Relation Extraction Framework for Knowledge-Based Question Answering",
    author = "Chen, Zi-Yuan  and
      Chang, Chih-Hung  and
      Chen, Yi-Pei  and
      Nayak, Jijnasa  and
      Ku, Lun-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1031",
    pages = "345--356",
    abstract = "In relation extraction for knowledge-based question answering, searching from one entity to another entity via a single relation is called {``}one hop{''}. In related work, an exhaustive search from all one-hop relations, two-hop relations, and so on to the max-hop relations in the knowledge graph is necessary but expensive. Therefore, the number of hops is generally restricted to two or three. In this paper, we propose UHop, an unrestricted-hop framework which relaxes this restriction by use of a transition-based search framework to replace the relation-chain-based search one. We conduct experiments on conventional 1- and 2-hop questions as well as lengthy questions, including datasets such as WebQSP, PathQuestion, and Grid World. Results show that the proposed framework enables the ability to halt, works well with state-of-the-art models, achieves competitive performance without exhaustive searches, and opens the performance gap for long relation paths.",
}
@inproceedings{cao-etal-2019-bag,
    title = "{BAG}: Bi-directional Attention Entity Graph Convolutional Network for Multi-hop Reasoning Question Answering",
    author = "Cao, Yu  and
      Fang, Meng  and
      Tao, Dacheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1032",
    pages = "357--362",
    abstract = "Multi-hop reasoning question answering requires deep comprehension of relationships between various documents and queries. We propose a Bi-directional Attention Entity Graph Convolutional Network (BAG), leveraging relationships between nodes in an entity graph and attention information between a query and the entity graph, to solve this task. Graph convolutional networks are used to obtain a relation-aware representation of nodes for entity graphs built from documents with multi-level features. Bidirectional attention is then applied on graphs and queries to generate a query-aware nodes representation, which will be used for the final prediction. Experimental evaluation shows BAG achieves state-of-the-art accuracy performance on the QAngaroo WIKIHOP dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{ionescu-butnaru-2019-vector,
    title = "Vector of Locally-Aggregated Word Embeddings ({VLAWE}): A Novel Document-level Representation",
    author = "Ionescu, Radu Tudor  and
      Butnaru, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1033",
    pages = "363--369",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a novel representation for text documents based on aggregating word embedding vectors into document embeddings. Our approach is inspired by the Vector of Locally-Aggregated Descriptors used for image representation, and it works as follows. First, the word embeddings gathered from a collection of documents are clustered by k-means in order to learn a codebook of semnatically-related word embeddings. Each word embedding is then associated to its nearest cluster centroid (codeword). The Vector of Locally-Aggregated Word Embeddings (VLAWE) representation of a document is then computed by accumulating the differences between each codeword vector and each word vector (from the document) associated to the respective codeword. We plug the VLAWE representation, which is learned in an unsupervised manner, into a classifier and show that it is useful for a diverse set of text classification tasks. We compare our approach with a broad range of recent state-of-the-art methods, demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach. Furthermore, we obtain a considerable improvement on the Movie Review data set, reporting an accuracy of 93.3{\%}, which represents an absolute gain of 10{\%} over the state-of-the-art approach.",
}
@inproceedings{akhtar-etal-2019-multi,
    title = "Multi-task Learning for Multi-modal Emotion Recognition and Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Akhtar, Md Shad  and
      Chauhan, Dushyant  and
      Ghosal, Deepanway  and
      Poria, Soujanya  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1034",
    pages = "370--379",
    abstract = "Related tasks often have inter-dependence on each other and perform better when solved in a joint framework. In this paper, we present a deep multi-task learning framework that jointly performs sentiment and emotion analysis both. The multi-modal inputs (i.e. text, acoustic and visual frames) of a video convey diverse and distinctive information, and usually do not have equal contribution in the decision making. We propose a context-level inter-modal attention framework for simultaneously predicting the sentiment and expressed emotions of an utterance. We evaluate our proposed approach on CMU-MOSEI dataset for multi-modal sentiment and emotion analysis. Evaluation results suggest that multi-task learning framework offers improvement over the single-task framework. The proposed approach reports new state-of-the-art performance for both sentiment analysis and emotion analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2019-utilizing,
    title = "Utilizing {BERT} for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis via Constructing Auxiliary Sentence",
    author = "Sun, Chi  and
      Huang, Luyao  and
      Qiu, Xipeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1035",
    pages = "380--385",
    abstract = "Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA), which aims to identify fine-grained opinion polarity towards a specific aspect, is a challenging subtask of sentiment analysis (SA). In this paper, we construct an auxiliary sentence from the aspect and convert ABSA to a sentence-pair classification task, such as question answering (QA) and natural language inference (NLI). We fine-tune the pre-trained model from BERT and achieve new state-of-the-art results on SentiHood and SemEval-2014 Task 4 datasets. The source codes are available at https://github.com/HSLCY/ABSA-BERT-pair.",
}
@inproceedings{zeng-etal-2019-variational,
    title = "A Variational Approach to Weakly Supervised Document-Level Multi-Aspect Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Zeng, Ziqian  and
      Zhou, Wenxuan  and
      Liu, Xin  and
      Song, Yangqiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1036",
    pages = "386--396",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a variational approach to weakly supervised document-level multi-aspect sentiment classification. Instead of using user-generated ratings or annotations provided by domain experts, we use target-opinion word pairs as {``}supervision.{''} These word pairs can be extracted by using dependency parsers and simple rules. Our objective is to predict an opinion word given a target word while our ultimate goal is to learn a sentiment polarity classifier to predict the sentiment polarity of each aspect given a document. By introducing a latent variable, i.e., the sentiment polarity, to the objective function, we can inject the sentiment polarity classifier to the objective via the variational lower bound. We can learn a sentiment polarity classifier by optimizing the lower bound. We show that our method can outperform weakly supervised baselines on TripAdvisor and BeerAdvocate datasets and can be comparable to the state-of-the-art supervised method with hundreds of labels per aspect.",
}
@inproceedings{jiao-etal-2019-higru,
    title = "{H}i{GRU}: {H}ierarchical Gated Recurrent Units for Utterance-Level Emotion Recognition",
    author = "Jiao, Wenxiang  and
      Yang, Haiqin  and
      King, Irwin  and
      Lyu, Michael R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1037",
    pages = "397--406",
    abstract = "In this paper, we address three challenges in utterance-level emotion recognition in dialogue systems: (1) the same word can deliver different emotions in different contexts; (2) some emotions are rarely seen in general dialogues; (3) long-range contextual information is hard to be effectively captured. We therefore propose a hierarchical Gated Recurrent Unit (HiGRU) framework with a lower-level GRU to model the word-level inputs and an upper-level GRU to capture the contexts of utterance-level embeddings. Moreover, we promote the framework to two variants, Hi-GRU with individual features fusion (HiGRU-f) and HiGRU with self-attention and features fusion (HiGRU-sf), so that the word/utterance-level individual inputs and the long-range contextual information can be sufficiently utilized. Experiments on three dialogue emotion datasets, IEMOCAP, Friends, and EmotionPush demonstrate that our proposed Hi-GRU models attain at least 8.7{\%}, 7.5{\%}, 6.0{\%} improvement over the state-of-the-art methods on each dataset, respectively. Particularly, by utilizing only the textual feature in IEMOCAP, our HiGRU models gain at least 3.8{\%} improvement over the state-of-the-art conversational memory network (CMN) with the trimodal features of text, video, and audio.",
}
@inproceedings{prollochs-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning Interpretable Negation Rules via Weak Supervision at Document Level: A Reinforcement Learning Approach",
    author = {Pr{\"o}llochs, Nicolas  and
      Feuerriegel, Stefan  and
      Neumann, Dirk},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1038",
    pages = "407--413",
    abstract = "Negation scope detection is widely performed as a supervised learning task which relies upon negation labels at word level. This suffers from two key drawbacks: (1) such granular annotations are costly and (2) highly subjective, since, due to the absence of explicit linguistic resolution rules, human annotators often disagree in the perceived negation scopes. To the best of our knowledge, our work presents the first approach that eliminates the need for world-level negation labels, replacing it instead with document-level sentiment annotations. For this, we present a novel strategy for learning fully interpretable negation rules via weak supervision: we apply reinforcement learning to find a policy that reconstructs negation rules from sentiment predictions at document level. Our experiments demonstrate that our approach for weak supervision can effectively learn negation rules. Furthermore, an out-of-sample evaluation via sentiment analysis reveals consistent improvements (of up to 4.66{\%}) over both a sentiment analysis with (i) no negation handling and (ii) the use of word-level annotations from humans. Moreover, the inferred negation rules are fully interpretable.",
}
@inproceedings{miller-2019-simplified,
    title = "Simplified Neural Unsupervised Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Miller, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1039",
    pages = "414--419",
    abstract = "Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) is the task of training a statistical model on labeled data from a source domain to achieve better performance on data from a target domain, with access to only unlabeled data in the target domain. Existing state-of-the-art UDA approaches use neural networks to learn representations that are trained to predict the values of subset of important features called {``}pivot features{''} on combined data from the source and target domains. In this work, we show that it is possible to improve on existing neural domain adaptation algorithms by 1) jointly training the representation learner with the task learner; and 2) removing the need for heuristically-selected {``}pivot features.{''} Our results show competitive performance with a simpler model.",
}
@inproceedings{feng-wan-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning Bilingual Sentiment-Specific Word Embeddings without Cross-lingual Supervision",
    author = "Feng, Yanlin  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1040",
    pages = "420--429",
    abstract = "Word embeddings learned in two languages can be mapped to a common space to produce Bilingual Word Embeddings (BWE). Unsupervised BWE methods learn such a mapping without any parallel data. However, these methods are mainly evaluated on tasks of word translation or word similarity. We show that these methods fail to capture the sentiment information and do not perform well enough on cross-lingual sentiment analysis. In this work, we propose UBiSE (Unsupervised Bilingual Sentiment Embeddings), which learns sentiment-specific word representations for two languages in a common space without any cross-lingual supervision. Our method only requires a sentiment corpus in the source language and pretrained monolingual word embeddings of both languages. We evaluate our method on three language pairs for cross-lingual sentiment analysis. Experimental results show that our method outperforms previous unsupervised BWE methods and even supervised BWE methods. Our method succeeds for a distant language pair English-Basque.",
}
@inproceedings{jauregi-unanue-etal-2019-rewe,
    title = "{R}e{WE}: Regressing Word Embeddings for Regularization of Neural Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "Jauregi Unanue, Inigo  and
      Zare Borzeshi, Ehsan  and
      Esmaili, Nazanin  and
      Piccardi, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1041",
    pages = "430--436",
    abstract = "Regularization of neural machine translation is still a significant problem, especially in low-resource settings. To mollify this problem, we propose regressing word embeddings (ReWE) as a new regularization technique in a system that is jointly trained to predict the next word in the translation (categorical value) and its word embedding (continuous value). Such a joint training allows the proposed system to learn the distributional properties represented by the word embeddings, empirically improving the generalization to unseen sentences. Experiments over three translation datasets have showed a consistent improvement over a strong baseline, ranging between 0.91 and 2.4 BLEU points, and also a marked improvement over a state-of-the-art system.",
}
@inproceedings{cohn-gordon-goodman-2019-lost,
    title = "Lost in Machine Translation: A Method to Reduce Meaning Loss",
    author = "Cohn-Gordon, Reuben  and
      Goodman, Noah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1042",
    pages = "437--441",
    abstract = "A desideratum of high-quality translation systems is that they preserve meaning, in the sense that two sentences with different meanings should not translate to one and the same sentence in another language. However, state-of-the-art systems often fail in this regard, particularly in cases where the source and target languages partition the {``}meaning space{''} in different ways. For instance, {``}I cut my finger.{''} and {``}I cut my finger off.{''} describe different states of the world but are translated to French (by both Fairseq and Google Translate) as {``}Je me suis coup{\'e} le doigt.{''}, which is ambiguous as to whether the finger is detached. More generally, translation systems are typically many-to-one (non-injective) functions from source to target language, which in many cases results in important distinctions in meaning being lost in translation. Building on Bayesian models of informative utterance production, we present a method to define a less ambiguous translation system in terms of an underlying pre-trained neural sequence-to-sequence model. This method increases injectivity, resulting in greater preservation of meaning as measured by improvement in cycle-consistency, without impeding translation quality (measured by BLEU score).",
}
@inproceedings{niu-etal-2019-bi,
    title = "Bi-Directional Differentiable Input Reconstruction for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Niu, Xing  and
      Xu, Weijia  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1043",
    pages = "442--448",
    abstract = "We aim to better exploit the limited amounts of parallel text available in low-resource settings by introducing a differentiable reconstruction loss for neural machine translation (NMT). This loss compares original inputs to reconstructed inputs, obtained by back-translating translation hypotheses into the input language. We leverage differentiable sampling and bi-directional NMT to train models end-to-end, without introducing additional parameters. This approach achieves small but consistent BLEU improvements on four language pairs in both translation directions, and outperforms an alternative differentiable reconstruction strategy based on hidden states.",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2019-code,
    title = "Code-Switching for Enhancing {NMT} with Pre-Specified Translation",
    author = "Song, Kai  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Yu, Heng  and
      Luo, Weihua  and
      Wang, Kun  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1044",
    pages = "449--459",
    abstract = "Leveraging user-provided translation to constrain NMT has practical significance. Existing methods can be classified into two main categories, namely the use of placeholder tags for lexicon words and the use of hard constraints during decoding. Both methods can hurt translation fidelity for various reasons. We investigate a data augmentation method, making code-switched training data by replacing source phrases with their target translations. Our method does not change the MNT model or decoding algorithm, allowing the model to learn lexicon translations by copying source-side target words. Extensive experiments show that our method achieves consistent improvements over existing approaches, improving translation of constrained words without hurting unconstrained words.",
}
@inproceedings{yehezkel-lubin-etal-2019-aligning,
    title = "Aligning Vector-spaces with Noisy Supervised Lexicon",
    author = "Yehezkel Lubin, Noa  and
      Goldberger, Jacob  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1045",
    pages = "460--465",
    abstract = "The problem of learning to translate between two vector spaces given a set of aligned points arises in several application areas of NLP. Current solutions assume that the lexicon which defines the alignment pairs is noise-free. We consider the case where the set of aligned points is allowed to contain an amount of noise, in the form of incorrect lexicon pairs and show that this arises in practice by analyzing the edited dictionaries after the cleaning process. We demonstrate that such noise substantially degrades the accuracy of the learned translation when using current methods. We propose a model that accounts for noisy pairs. This is achieved by introducing a generative model with a compatible iterative EM algorithm. The algorithm jointly learns the noise level in the lexicon, finds the set of noisy pairs, and learns the mapping between the spaces. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm on two alignment problems: bilingual word embedding translation, and mapping between diachronic embedding spaces for recovering the semantic shifts of words across time periods.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2019-understanding,
    title = "{U}nderstanding and {I}mproving {H}idden {R}epresentations for {N}eural {M}achine {T}ranslation",
    author = "Li, Guanlin  and
      Liu, Lemao  and
      Li, Xintong  and
      Zhu, Conghui  and
      Zhao, Tiejun  and
      Shi, Shuming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1046",
    pages = "466--477",
    abstract = "Multilayer architectures are currently the gold standard for large-scale neural machine translation. Existing works have explored some methods for understanding the hidden representations, however, they have not sought to improve the translation quality rationally according to their understanding. Towards understanding for performance improvement, we first artificially construct a sequence of nested relative tasks and measure the feature generalization ability of the learned hidden representation over these tasks. Based on our understanding, we then propose to regularize the layer-wise representations with all tree-induced tasks. To overcome the computational bottleneck resulting from the large number of regularization terms, we design efficient approximation methods by selecting a few coarse-to-fine tasks for regularization. Extensive experiments on two widely-used datasets demonstrate the proposed methods only lead to small extra overheads in training but no additional overheads in testing, and achieve consistent improvements (up to +1.3 BLEU) compared to the state-of-the-art translation model.",
}
@inproceedings{hershcovich-etal-2019-content,
    title = "Content Differences in Syntactic and Semantic Representation",
    author = "Hershcovich, Daniel  and
      Abend, Omri  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1047",
    pages = "478--488",
    abstract = "Syntactic analysis plays an important role in semantic parsing, but the nature of this role remains a topic of ongoing debate. The debate has been constrained by the scarcity of empirical comparative studies between syntactic and semantic schemes, which hinders the development of parsing methods informed by the details of target schemes and constructions. We target this gap, and take Universal Dependencies (UD) and UCCA as a test case. After abstracting away from differences of convention or formalism, we find that most content divergences can be ascribed to: (1) UCCA{'}s distinction between a Scene and a non-Scene; (2) UCCA{'}s distinction between primary relations, secondary ones and participants; (3) different treatment of multi-word expressions, and (4) different treatment of inter-clause linkage. We further discuss the long tail of cases where the two schemes take markedly different approaches. Finally, we show that the proposed comparison methodology can be used for fine-grained evaluation of UCCA parsing, highlighting both challenges and potential sources for improvement. The substantial differences between the schemes suggest that semantic parsers are likely to benefit downstream text understanding applications beyond their syntactic counterparts.",
}
@inproceedings{schick-schutze-2019-attentive,
    title = "Attentive Mimicking: Better Word Embeddings by Attending to Informative Contexts",
    author = {Schick, Timo  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1048",
    pages = "489--494",
    abstract = "Learning high-quality embeddings for rare words is a hard problem because of sparse context information. Mimicking (Pinter et al., 2017) has been proposed as a solution: given embeddings learned by a standard algorithm, a model is first trained to reproduce embeddings of frequent words from their surface form and then used to compute embeddings for rare words. In this paper, we introduce attentive mimicking: the mimicking model is given access not only to a word{'}s surface form, but also to all available contexts and learns to attend to the most informative and reliable contexts for computing an embedding. In an evaluation on four tasks, we show that attentive mimicking outperforms previous work for both rare and medium-frequency words. Thus, compared to previous work, attentive mimicking improves embeddings for a much larger part of the vocabulary, including the medium-frequency range.",
}
@inproceedings{mir-etal-2019-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Style Transfer for Text",
    author = "Mir, Remi  and
      Felbo, Bjarke  and
      Obradovich, Nick  and
      Rahwan, Iyad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1049",
    pages = "495--504",
    abstract = "Research in the area of style transfer for text is currently bottlenecked by a lack of standard evaluation practices. This paper aims to alleviate this issue by experimentally identifying best practices with a Yelp sentiment dataset. We specify three aspects of interest (style transfer intensity, content preservation, and naturalness) and show how to obtain more reliable measures of them from human evaluation than in previous work. We propose a set of metrics for automated evaluation and demonstrate that they are more strongly correlated and in agreement with human judgment: direction-corrected Earth Mover{'}s Distance, Word Mover{'}s Distance on style-masked texts, and adversarial classification for the respective aspects. We also show that the three examined models exhibit tradeoffs between aspects of interest, demonstrating the importance of evaluating style transfer models at specific points of their tradeoff plots. We release software with our evaluation metrics to facilitate research.",
}
@inproceedings{asaadi-etal-2019-big,
    title = "Big {B}i{RD}: A Large, Fine-Grained, Bigram Relatedness Dataset for Examining Semantic Composition",
    author = "Asaadi, Shima  and
      Mohammad, Saif  and
      Kiritchenko, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1050",
    pages = "505--516",
    abstract = "Bigrams (two-word sequences) hold a special place in semantic composition research since they are the smallest unit formed by composing words. A semantic relatedness dataset that includes bigrams will thus be useful in the development of automatic methods of semantic composition. However, existing relatedness datasets only include pairs of unigrams (single words). Further, existing datasets were created using rating scales and thus suffer from limitations such as in consistent annotations and scale region bias. In this paper, we describe how we created a large, fine-grained, bigram relatedness dataset (BiRD), using a comparative annotation technique called Best{--}Worst Scaling. Each of BiRD{'}s 3,345 English term pairs involves at least one bigram. We show that the relatedness scores obtained are highly reliable (split-half reliability r= 0.937). We analyze the data to obtain insights into bigram semantic relatedness. Finally, we present benchmark experiments on using the relatedness dataset as a testbed to evaluate simple unsupervised measures of semantic composition. BiRD is made freely available to foster further research on how meaning can be represented and how meaning can be composed.",
}
@inproceedings{larson-etal-2019-outlier,
    title = "Outlier Detection for Improved Data Quality and Diversity in Dialog Systems",
    author = "Larson, Stefan  and
      Mahendran, Anish  and
      Lee, Andrew  and
      Kummerfeld, Jonathan K.  and
      Hill, Parker  and
      Laurenzano, Michael A.  and
      Hauswald, Johann  and
      Tang, Lingjia  and
      Mars, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1051",
    pages = "517--527",
    abstract = "In a corpus of data, outliers are either errors: mistakes in the data that are counterproductive, or are unique: informative samples that improve model robustness. Identifying outliers can lead to better datasets by (1) removing noise in datasets and (2) guiding collection of additional data to fill gaps. However, the problem of detecting both outlier types has received relatively little attention in NLP, particularly for dialog systems. We introduce a simple and effective technique for detecting both erroneous and unique samples in a corpus of short texts using neural sentence embeddings combined with distance-based outlier detection. We also present a novel data collection pipeline built atop our detection technique to automatically and iteratively mine unique data samples while discarding erroneous samples. Experiments show that our outlier detection technique is effective at finding errors while our data collection pipeline yields highly diverse corpora that in turn produce more robust intent classification and slot-filling models.",
}
@inproceedings{fu-etal-2019-asking,
    title = "Asking the Right Question: Inferring Advice-Seeking Intentions from Personal Narratives",
    author = "Fu, Liye  and
      Chang, Jonathan P.  and
      Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1052",
    pages = "528--541",
    abstract = "People often share personal narratives in order to seek advice from others. To properly infer the narrator{'}s intention, one needs to apply a certain degree of common sense and social intuition. To test the capabilities of NLP systems to recover such intuition, we introduce the new task of inferring what is the advice-seeking goal behind a personal narrative. We formulate this as a cloze test, where the goal is to identify which of two advice-seeking questions was removed from a given narrative. The main challenge in constructing this task is finding pairs of semantically plausible advice-seeking questions for given narratives. To address this challenge, we devise a method that exploits commonalities in experiences people share online to automatically extract pairs of questions that are appropriate candidates for the cloze task. This results in a dataset of over 20,000 personal narratives, each matched with a pair of related advice-seeking questions: one actually intended by the narrator, and the other one not. The dataset covers a very broad array of human experiences, from dating, to career options, to stolen iPads. We use human annotation to determine the degree to which the task relies on common sense and social intuition in addition to a semantic understanding of the narrative. By introducing several baselines for this new task we demonstrate its feasibility and identify avenues for better modeling the intention of the narrator.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2019-seeing,
    title = "Seeing Things from a Different Angle:Discovering Diverse Perspectives about Claims",
    author = "Chen, Sihao  and
      Khashabi, Daniel  and
      Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1053",
    pages = "542--557",
    abstract = "One key consequence of the information revolution is a significant increase and a contamination of our information supply. The practice of fact checking won{'}t suffice to eliminate the biases in text data we observe, as the degree of factuality alone does not determine whether biases exist in the spectrum of opinions visible to us. To better understand controversial issues, one needs to view them from a diverse yet comprehensive set of perspectives. For example, there are many ways to respond to a claim such as {``}animals should have lawful rights{''}, and these responses form a spectrum of perspectives, each with a stance relative to this claim and, ideally, with evidence supporting it. Inherently, this is a natural language understanding task, and we propose to address it as such. Specifically, we propose the task of substantiated perspective discovery where, given a claim, a system is expected to discover a diverse set of well-corroborated perspectives that take a stance with respect to the claim. Each perspective should be substantiated by evidence paragraphs which summarize pertinent results and facts. We construct PERSPECTRUM, a dataset of claims, perspectives and evidence, making use of online debate websites to create the initial data collection, and augmenting it using search engines in order to expand and diversify our dataset. We use crowd-sourcing to filter out noise and ensure high-quality data. Our dataset contains 1k claims, accompanied with pools of 10k and 8k perspective sentences and evidence paragraphs, respectively. We provide a thorough analysis of the dataset to highlight key underlying language understanding challenges, and show that human baselines across multiple subtasks far outperform ma-chine baselines built upon state-of-the-art NLP techniques. This poses a challenge and opportunity for the NLP community to address.",
}
@inproceedings{chakrabarty-etal-2019-imho,
    title = "{IMHO} Fine-Tuning Improves Claim Detection",
    author = "Chakrabarty, Tuhin  and
      Hidey, Christopher  and
      McKeown, Kathy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1054",
    pages = "558--563",
    abstract = "Claims are the central component of an argument. Detecting claims across different domains or data sets can often be challenging due to their varying conceptualization. We propose to alleviate this problem by fine-tuning a language model using a Reddit corpus of 5.5 million opinionated claims. These claims are self-labeled by their authors using the internet acronyms IMO/IMHO (in my (humble) opinion). Empirical results show that using this approach improves the state of art performance across four benchmark argumentation data sets by an average of 4 absolute F1 points in claim detection. As these data sets include diverse domains such as social media and student essays this improvement demonstrates the robustness of fine-tuning on this novel corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{gangadharaiah-narayanaswamy-2019-joint,
    title = "Joint Multiple Intent Detection and Slot Labeling for Goal-Oriented Dialog",
    author = "Gangadharaiah, Rashmi  and
      Narayanaswamy, Balakrishnan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1055",
    pages = "564--569",
    abstract = "Neural network models have recently gained traction for sentence-level intent classification and token-based slot-label identification. In many real-world scenarios, users have multiple intents in the same utterance, and a token-level slot label can belong to more than one intent. We investigate an attention-based neural network model that performs multi-label classification for identifying multiple intents and produces labels for both intents and slot-labels at the token-level. We show state-of-the-art performance for both intent detection and slot-label identification by comparing against strong, recently proposed models. Our model provides a small but statistically significant improvement of 0.2{\%} on the predominantly single-intent ATIS public data set, and 55{\%} intent accuracy improvement on an internal multi-intent dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{alikhani-etal-2019-cite,
    title = "{CITE}: A Corpus of Image-Text Discourse Relations",
    author = "Alikhani, Malihe  and
      Nag Chowdhury, Sreyasi  and
      de Melo, Gerard  and
      Stone, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1056",
    pages = "570--575",
    abstract = "This paper presents a novel crowd-sourced resource for multimodal discourse: our resource characterizes inferences in image-text contexts in the domain of cooking recipes in the form of coherence relations. Like previous corpora annotating discourse structure between text arguments, such as the Penn Discourse Treebank, our new corpus aids in establishing a better understanding of natural communication and common-sense reasoning, while our findings have implications for a wide range of applications, such as understanding and generation of multimodal documents.",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Dialogue State Tracking by Discerning the Relevant Context",
    author = "Sharma, Sanuj  and
      Choubey, Prafulla Kumar  and
      Huang, Ruihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1057",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1057",
    pages = "576--581",
    abstract = "A typical conversation comprises of multiple turns between participants where they go back and forth between different topics. At each user turn, dialogue state tracking (DST) aims to estimate user{'}s goal by processing the current utterance. However, in many turns, users implicitly refer to the previous goal, necessitating the use of relevant dialogue history. Nonetheless, distinguishing relevant history is challenging and a popular method of using dialogue recency for that is inefficient. We, therefore, propose a novel framework for DST that identifies relevant historical context by referring to the past utterances where a particular slot-value changes and uses that together with weighted system utterance to identify the relevant context. Specifically, we use the current user utterance and the most recent system utterance to determine the relevance of a system utterance. Empirical analyses show that our method improves joint goal accuracy by 2.75{\%} and 2.36{\%} on WoZ 2.0 and Multi-WoZ restaurant domain datasets respectively over the previous state-of-the-art GLAD model.",
}
@inproceedings{kottur-etal-2019-clevr,
    title = "{CLEVR}-Dialog: A Diagnostic Dataset for Multi-Round Reasoning in Visual Dialog",
    author = "Kottur, Satwik  and
      Moura, Jos{\'e} M. F.  and
      Parikh, Devi  and
      Batra, Dhruv  and
      Rohrbach, Marcus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1058",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1058",
    pages = "582--595",
    abstract = "Visual Dialog is a multimodal task of answering a sequence of questions grounded in an image (using the conversation history as context). It entails challenges in vision, language, reasoning, and grounding. However, studying these subtasks in isolation on large, real datasets is infeasible as it requires prohibitively-expensive complete annotation of the {`}state{'} of all images and dialogs. We develop CLEVR-Dialog, a large diagnostic dataset for studying multi-round reasoning in visual dialog. Specifically, we construct a dialog grammar that is grounded in the scene graphs of the images from the CLEVR dataset. This combination results in a dataset where all aspects of the visual dialog are fully annotated. In total, CLEVR-Dialog contains 5 instances of 10-round dialogs for about 85k CLEVR images, totaling to 4.25M question-answer pairs. We use CLEVR-Dialog to benchmark performance of standard visual dialog models; in particular, on visual coreference resolution (as a function of the coreference distance). This is the first analysis of its kind for visual dialog models that was not possible without this dataset. We hope the findings from CLEVR-Dialog will help inform the development of future models for visual dialog. Our code and dataset are publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{mu-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning Outside the Box: Discourse-level Features Improve Metaphor Identification",
    author = "Mu, Jesse  and
      Yannakoudakis, Helen  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1059",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1059",
    pages = "596--601",
    abstract = "Most current approaches to metaphor identification use restricted linguistic contexts, e.g. by considering only a verb{'}s arguments or the sentence containing a phrase. Inspired by pragmatic accounts of metaphor, we argue that broader discourse features are crucial for better metaphor identification. We train simple gradient boosting classifiers on representations of an utterance and its surrounding discourse learned with a variety of document embedding methods, obtaining near state-of-the-art results on the 2018 VU Amsterdam metaphor identification task without the complex metaphor-specific features or deep neural architectures employed by other systems. A qualitative analysis further confirms the need for broader context in metaphor processing.",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-etal-2019-detection,
    title = "{D}etection of {A}busive {L}anguage: the {P}roblem of {B}iased {D}atasets",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Kleinbauer, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1060",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1060",
    pages = "602--608",
    abstract = "We discuss the impact of data bias on abusive language detection. We show that classification scores on popular datasets reported in previous work are much lower under realistic settings in which this bias is reduced. Such biases are most notably observed on datasets that are created by focused sampling instead of random sampling. Datasets with a higher proportion of implicit abuse are more affected than datasets with a lower proportion.",
}
@inproceedings{gonen-goldberg-2019-lipstick-pig,
    title = "Lipstick on a Pig: {D}ebiasing Methods Cover up Systematic Gender Biases in Word Embeddings But do not Remove Them",
    author = "Gonen, Hila  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1061",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1061",
    pages = "609--614",
    abstract = "Word embeddings are widely used in NLP for a vast range of tasks. It was shown that word embeddings derived from text corpora reflect gender biases in society. This phenomenon is pervasive and consistent across different word embedding models, causing serious concern. Several recent works tackle this problem, and propose methods for significantly reducing this gender bias in word embeddings, demonstrating convincing results. However, we argue that this removal is superficial. While the bias is indeed substantially reduced according to the provided bias definition, the actual effect is mostly hiding the bias, not removing it. The gender bias information is still reflected in the distances between {``}gender-neutralized{''} words in the debiased embeddings, and can be recovered from them. We present a series of experiments to support this claim, for two debiasing methods. We conclude that existing bias removal techniques are insufficient, and should not be trusted for providing gender-neutral modeling.",
}
@inproceedings{manzini-etal-2019-black,
    title = "Black is to Criminal as Caucasian is to Police: Detecting and Removing Multiclass Bias in Word Embeddings",
    author = "Manzini, Thomas  and
      Yao Chong, Lim  and
      Black, Alan W  and
      Tsvetkov, Yulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1062",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1062",
    pages = "615--621",
    abstract = "Online texts - across genres, registers, domains, and styles - are riddled with human stereotypes, expressed in overt or subtle ways. Word embeddings, trained on these texts, perpetuate and amplify these stereotypes, and propagate biases to machine learning models that use word embeddings as features. In this work, we propose a method to debias word embeddings in multiclass settings such as race and religion, extending the work of (Bolukbasi et al., 2016) from the binary setting, such as binary gender. Next, we propose a novel methodology for the evaluation of multiclass debiasing. We demonstrate that our multiclass debiasing is robust and maintains the efficacy in standard NLP tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{may-etal-2019-measuring,
    title = "On Measuring Social Biases in Sentence Encoders",
    author = "May, Chandler  and
      Wang, Alex  and
      Bordia, Shikha  and
      Bowman, Samuel R.  and
      Rudinger, Rachel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1063",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1063",
    pages = "622--628",
    abstract = "The Word Embedding Association Test shows that GloVe and word2vec word embeddings exhibit human-like implicit biases based on gender, race, and other social constructs (Caliskan et al., 2017). Meanwhile, research on learning reusable text representations has begun to explore sentence-level texts, with some sentence encoders seeing enthusiastic adoption. Accordingly, we extend the Word Embedding Association Test to measure bias in sentence encoders. We then test several sentence encoders, including state-of-the-art methods such as ELMo and BERT, for the social biases studied in prior work and two important biases that are difficult or impossible to test at the word level. We observe mixed results including suspicious patterns of sensitivity that suggest the test{'}s assumptions may not hold in general. We conclude by proposing directions for future work on measuring bias in sentence encoders.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2019-gender,
    title = "Gender Bias in Contextualized Word Embeddings",
    author = "Zhao, Jieyu  and
      Wang, Tianlu  and
      Yatskar, Mark  and
      Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Ordonez, Vicente  and
      Chang, Kai-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1064",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1064",
    pages = "629--634",
    abstract = "In this paper, we quantify, analyze and mitigate gender bias exhibited in ELMo{'}s contextualized word vectors. First, we conduct several intrinsic analyses and find that (1) training data for ELMo contains significantly more male than female entities, (2) the trained ELMo embeddings systematically encode gender information and (3) ELMo unequally encodes gender information about male and female entities. Then, we show that a state-of-the-art coreference system that depends on ELMo inherits its bias and demonstrates significant bias on the WinoBias probing corpus. Finally, we explore two methods to mitigate such gender bias and show that the bias demonstrated on WinoBias can be eliminated.",
}
@inproceedings{hoyle-etal-2019-combining,
    title = "{C}ombining {S}entiment {L}exica with a {M}ulti-{V}iew {V}ariational {A}utoencoder",
    author = "Hoyle, Alexander Miserlis  and
      Wolf-Sonkin, Lawrence  and
      Wallach, Hanna  and
      Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Augenstein, Isabelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1065",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1065",
    pages = "635--640",
    abstract = "When assigning quantitative labels to a dataset, different methodologies may rely on different scales. In particular, when assigning polarities to words in a sentiment lexicon, annotators may use binary, categorical, or continuous labels. Naturally, it is of interest to unify these labels from disparate scales to both achieve maximal coverage over words and to create a single, more robust sentiment lexicon while retaining scale coherence. We introduce a generative model of sentiment lexica to combine disparate scales into a common latent representation. We realize this model with a novel multi-view variational autoencoder (VAE), called SentiVAE. We evaluate our approach via a downstream text classification task involving nine English-Language sentiment analysis datasets; our representation outperforms six individual sentiment lexica, as well as a straightforward combination thereof.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2019-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Opinion Role Labeling with Semantic-Aware Word Representations from Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Zhang, Meishan  and
      Liang, Peili  and
      Fu, Guohong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1066",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1066",
    pages = "641--646",
    abstract = "Opinion role labeling (ORL) is an important task for fine-grained opinion mining, which identifies important opinion arguments such as holder and target for a given opinion trigger. The task is highly correlative with semantic role labeling (SRL), which identifies important semantic arguments such as agent and patient for a given predicate. As predicate agents and patients usually correspond to opinion holders and targets respectively, SRL could be valuable for ORL. In this work, we propose a simple and novel method to enhance ORL by utilizing SRL, presenting semantic-aware word representations which are learned from SRL. The representations are then fed into a baseline neural ORL model as basic inputs. We verify the proposed method on a benchmark MPQA corpus. Experimental results show that the proposed method is highly effective. In addition, we compare the method with two representative methods of SRL integration as well, finding that our method can outperform the two methods significantly, achieving 1.47{\%} higher F-scores than the better one.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-klinger-2019-frowning,
    title = "Frowning {F}rodo, Wincing {L}eia, and a Seriously Great Friendship: Learning to Classify Emotional Relationships of Fictional Characters",
    author = "Kim, Evgeny  and
      Klinger, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1067",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1067",
    pages = "647--653",
    abstract = "The development of a fictional plot is centered around characters who closely interact with each other forming dynamic social networks. In literature analysis, such networks have mostly been analyzed without particular relation types or focusing on roles which the characters take with respect to each other. We argue that an important aspect for the analysis of stories and their development is the emotion between characters. In this paper, we combine these aspects into a unified framework to classify emotional relationships of fictional characters. We formalize it as a new task and describe the annotation of a corpus, based on fan-fiction short stories. The extraction pipeline which we propose consists of character identification (which we treat as given by an oracle here) and the relation classification. For the latter, we provide results using several approaches previously proposed for relation identification with neural methods. The best result of 0.45 F1 is achieved with a GRU with character position indicators on the task of predicting undirected emotion relations in the associated social network graph.",
}
@inproceedings{bevendorff-etal-2019-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing Unmasking for Short Texts",
    author = "Bevendorff, Janek  and
      Stein, Benno  and
      Hagen, Matthias  and
      Potthast, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1068",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1068",
    pages = "654--659",
    abstract = "Authorship verification is the problem of inferring whether two texts were written by the same author. For this task, unmasking is one of the most robust approaches as of today with the major shortcoming of only being applicable to book-length texts. In this paper, we present a generalized unmasking approach which allows for authorship verification of texts as short as four printed pages with very high precision at an adjustable recall tradeoff. Our generalized approach therefore reduces the required material by orders of magnitude, making unmasking applicable to authorship cases of more practical proportions. The new approach is on par with other state-of-the-art techniques that are optimized for texts of this length: it achieves accuracies of 75{--}80{\%}, while also allowing for easy adjustment to forensic scenarios that require higher levels of confidence in the classification.",
}
@inproceedings{mchardy-etal-2019-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Training for Satire Detection: Controlling for Confounding Variables",
    author = "McHardy, Robert  and
      Adel, Heike  and
      Klinger, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1069",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1069",
    pages = "660--665",
    abstract = "The automatic detection of satire vs. regular news is relevant for downstream applications (for instance, knowledge base population) and to improve the understanding of linguistic characteristics of satire. Recent approaches build upon corpora which have been labeled automatically based on article sources. We hypothesize that this encourages the models to learn characteristics for different publication sources (e.g., {``}The Onion{''} vs. {``}The Guardian{''}) rather than characteristics of satire, leading to poor generalization performance to unseen publication sources. We therefore propose a novel model for satire detection with an adversarial component to control for the confounding variable of publication source. On a large novel data set collected from German news (which we make available to the research community), we observe comparable satire classification performance and, as desired, a considerable drop in publication classification performance with adversarial training. Our analysis shows that the adversarial component is crucial for the model to learn to pay attention to linguistic properties of satire.",
}
@inproceedings{cano-bojar-2019-keyphrase,
    title = "Keyphrase Generation: A Text Summarization Struggle",
    author = "{\c{C}}ano, Erion  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1070",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1070",
    pages = "666--672",
    abstract = "Authors{'} keyphrases assigned to scientific articles are essential for recognizing content and topic aspects. Most of the proposed supervised and unsupervised methods for keyphrase generation are unable to produce terms that are valuable but do not appear in the text. In this paper, we explore the possibility of considering the keyphrase string as an abstractive summary of the title and the abstract. First, we collect, process and release a large dataset of scientific paper metadata that contains 2.2 million records. Then we experiment with popular text summarization neural architectures. Despite using advanced deep learning models, large quantities of data and many days of computation, our systematic evaluation on four test datasets reveals that the explored text summarization methods could not produce better keyphrases than the simpler unsupervised methods, or the existing supervised ones.",
}
@inproceedings{baziotis-etal-2019-seq,
    title = "{SEQ}{\^{}}3: Differentiable Sequence-to-Sequence-to-Sequence Autoencoder for Unsupervised Abstractive Sentence Compression",
    author = "Baziotis, Christos  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion  and
      Konstas, Ioannis  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1071",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1071",
    pages = "673--681",
    abstract = "Neural sequence-to-sequence models are currently the dominant approach in several natural language processing tasks, but require large parallel corpora. We present a sequence-to-sequence-to-sequence autoencoder (SEQ{\^{}}3), consisting of two chained encoder-decoder pairs, with words used as a sequence of discrete latent variables. We apply the proposed model to unsupervised abstractive sentence compression, where the first and last sequences are the input and reconstructed sentences, respectively, while the middle sequence is the compressed sentence. Constraining the length of the latent word sequences forces the model to distill important information from the input. A pretrained language model, acting as a prior over the latent sequences, encourages the compressed sentences to be human-readable. Continuous relaxations enable us to sample from categorical distributions, allowing gradient-based optimization, unlike alternatives that rely on reinforcement learning. The proposed model does not require parallel text-summary pairs, achieving promising results in unsupervised sentence compression on benchmark datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{shapira-etal-2019-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing Lightweight Pyramids for Manual Summary Evaluation",
    author = "Shapira, Ori  and
      Gabay, David  and
      Gao, Yang  and
      Ronen, Hadar  and
      Pasunuru, Ramakanth  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Amsterdamer, Yael  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1072",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1072",
    pages = "682--687",
    abstract = "Conducting a manual evaluation is considered an essential part of summary evaluation methodology. Traditionally, the Pyramid protocol, which exhaustively compares system summaries to references, has been perceived as very reliable, providing objective scores. Yet, due to the high cost of the Pyramid method and the required expertise, researchers resorted to cheaper and less thorough manual evaluation methods, such as Responsiveness and pairwise comparison, attainable via crowdsourcing. We revisit the Pyramid approach, proposing a lightweight sampling-based version that is crowdsourcable. We analyze the performance of our method in comparison to original expert-based Pyramid evaluations, showing higher correlation relative to the common Responsiveness method. We release our crowdsourced Summary-Content-Units, along with all crowdsourcing scripts, for future evaluations.",
}
@inproceedings{hajipoor-etal-2019-serial,
    title = "Serial Recall Effects in Neural Language Modeling",
    author = "Hajipoor, Hassan  and
      Amiri, Hadi  and
      Rahgozar, Maseud  and
      Oroumchian, Farhad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1073",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1073",
    pages = "688--694",
    abstract = "Serial recall experiments study the ability of humans to recall words in the order in which they occurred. The following serial recall effects are generally investigated in studies with humans: word length and frequency, primacy and recency, semantic confusion, repetition, and transposition effects. In this research, we investigate neural language models in the context of these serial recall effects. Our work provides a framework to better understand and analyze neural language models and opens a new window to develop accurate language models.",
}
@inproceedings{falke-gurevych-2019-fast,
    title = "Fast Concept Mention Grouping for Concept Map-based Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Falke, Tobias  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1074",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1074",
    pages = "695--700",
    abstract = "Concept map-based multi-document summarization has recently been proposed as a variant of the traditional summarization task with graph-structured summaries. As shown by previous work, the grouping of coreferent concept mentions across documents is a crucial subtask of it. However, while the current state-of-the-art method suggested a new grouping method that was shown to improve the summary quality, its use of pairwise comparisons leads to polynomial runtime complexity that prohibits the application to large document collections. In this paper, we propose two alternative grouping techniques based on locality sensitive hashing, approximate nearest neighbor search and a fast clustering algorithm. They exhibit linear and log-linear runtime complexity, making them much more scalable. We report experimental results that confirm the improved runtime behavior while also showing that the quality of the summary concept maps remains comparable.",
}
@inproceedings{kasai-etal-2019-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-aware Neural Semantic Role Labeling with Supertags",
    author = "Kasai, Jungo  and
      Friedman, Dan  and
      Frank, Robert  and
      Radev, Dragomir  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1075",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1075",
    pages = "701--709",
    abstract = "We introduce a new syntax-aware model for dependency-based semantic role labeling that outperforms syntax-agnostic models for English and Spanish. We use a BiLSTM to tag the text with supertags extracted from dependency parses, and we feed these supertags, along with words and parts of speech, into a deep highway BiLSTM for semantic role labeling. Our model combines the strengths of earlier models that performed SRL on the basis of a full dependency parse with more recent models that use no syntactic information at all. Our local and non-ensemble model achieves state-of-the-art performance on the CoNLL 09 English and Spanish datasets. SRL models benefit from syntactic information, and we show that supertagging is a simple, powerful, and robust way to incorporate syntax into a neural SRL system.",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-gonzalez-gomez-rodriguez-2019-left,
    title = "Left-to-Right Dependency Parsing with Pointer Networks",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez-Gonz{\'a}lez, Daniel  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1076",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1076",
    pages = "710--716",
    abstract = "We propose a novel transition-based algorithm that straightforwardly parses sentences from left to right by building n attachments, with n being the length of the input sentence. Similarly to the recent stack-pointer parser by Ma et al. (2018), we use the pointer network framework that, given a word, can directly point to a position from the sentence. However, our left-to-right approach is simpler than the original top-down stack-pointer parser (not requiring a stack) and reduces transition sequence length in half, from 2n-1 actions to n. This results in a quadratic non-projective parser that runs twice as fast as the original while achieving the best accuracy to date on the English PTB dataset (96.04{\%} UAS, 94.43{\%} LAS) among fully-supervised single-model dependency parsers, and improves over the former top-down transition system in the majority of languages tested.",
}
@inproceedings{strzyz-etal-2019-viable,
    title = "Viable Dependency Parsing as Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Strzyz, Michalina  and
      Vilares, David  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1077",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1077",
    pages = "717--723",
    abstract = "We recast dependency parsing as a sequence labeling problem, exploring several encodings of dependency trees as labels. While dependency parsing by means of sequence labeling had been attempted in existing work, results suggested that the technique was impractical. We show instead that with a conventional BILSTM-based model it is possible to obtain fast and accurate parsers. These parsers are conceptually simple, not needing traditional parsing algorithms or auxiliary structures. However, experiments on the PTB and a sample of UD treebanks show that they provide a good speed-accuracy tradeoff, with results competitive with more complex approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{akbik-etal-2019-pooled,
    title = "Pooled Contextualized Embeddings for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Akbik, Alan  and
      Bergmann, Tanja  and
      Vollgraf, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1078",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1078",
    pages = "724--728",
    abstract = "Contextual string embeddings are a recent type of contextualized word embedding that were shown to yield state-of-the-art results when utilized in a range of sequence labeling tasks. They are based on character-level language models which treat text as distributions over characters and are capable of generating embeddings for any string of characters within any textual context. However, such purely character-based approaches struggle to produce meaningful embeddings if a rare string is used in a underspecified context. To address this drawback, we propose a method in which we dynamically aggregate contextualized embeddings of each unique string that we encounter. We then use a pooling operation to distill a {''}global{''} word representation from all contextualized instances. We evaluate these {''}pooled contextualized embeddings{''} on common named entity recognition (NER) tasks such as CoNLL-03 and WNUT and show that our approach significantly improves the state-of-the-art for NER. We make all code and pre-trained models available to the research community for use and reproduction.",
}
@inproceedings{jie-etal-2019-better,
    title = "Better Modeling of Incomplete Annotations for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Jie, Zhanming  and
      Xie, Pengjun  and
      Lu, Wei  and
      Ding, Ruixue  and
      Li, Linlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1079",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1079",
    pages = "729--734",
    abstract = "Supervised approaches to named entity recognition (NER) are largely developed based on the assumption that the training data is fully annotated with named entity information. However, in practice, annotated data can often be imperfect with one typical issue being the training data may contain incomplete annotations. We highlight several pitfalls associated with learning under such a setup in the context of NER and identify limitations associated with existing approaches, proposing a novel yet easy-to-implement approach for recognizing named entities with incomplete data annotations. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through extensive experiments.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-event,
    title = "Event Detection without Triggers",
    author = "Liu, Shulin  and
      Li, Yang  and
      Zhang, Feng  and
      Yang, Tao  and
      Zhou, Xinpeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1080",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1080",
    pages = "735--744",
    abstract = "The goal of event detection (ED) is to detect the occurrences of events and categorize them. Previous work solved this task by recognizing and classifying event triggers, which is defined as the word or phrase that most clearly expresses an event occurrence. As a consequence, existing approaches required both annotated triggers and event types in training data. However, triggers are nonessential to event detection, and it is time-consuming for annotators to pick out the {``}most clearly{''} word from a given sentence, especially from a long sentence. The expensive annotation of training corpus limits the application of existing approaches. To reduce manual effort, we explore detecting events without triggers. In this work, we propose a novel framework dubbed as Type-aware Bias Neural Network with Attention Mechanisms (TBNNAM), which encodes the representation of a sentence based on target event types. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness. Remarkably, the proposed approach even achieves competitive performances compared with state-of-the-arts that used annotated triggers.",
}
@inproceedings{bekoulis-etal-2019-sub,
    title = "Sub-event detection from twitter streams as a sequence labeling problem",
    author = "Bekoulis, Giannis  and
      Deleu, Johannes  and
      Demeester, Thomas  and
      Develder, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1081",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1081",
    pages = "745--750",
    abstract = "This paper introduces improved methods for sub-event detection in social media streams, by applying neural sequence models not only on the level of individual posts, but also directly on the stream level. Current approaches to identify sub-events within a given event, such as a goal during a soccer match, essentially do not exploit the sequential nature of social media streams. We address this shortcoming by framing the sub-event detection problem in social media streams as a sequence labeling task and adopt a neural sequence architecture that explicitly accounts for the chronological order of posts. Specifically, we (i) establish a neural baseline that outperforms a graph-based state-of-the-art method for binary sub-event detection (2.7{\%} micro-F1 improvement), as well as (ii) demonstrate superiority of a recurrent neural network model on the posts sequence level for labeled sub-events (2.4{\%} bin-level F1 improvement over non-sequential models).",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2019-graphie,
    title = "{G}raph{IE}: A Graph-Based Framework for Information Extraction",
    author = "Qian, Yujie  and
      Santus, Enrico  and
      Jin, Zhijing  and
      Guo, Jiang  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1082",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1082",
    pages = "751--761",
    abstract = "Most modern Information Extraction (IE) systems are implemented as sequential taggers and only model local dependencies. Non-local and non-sequential context is, however, a valuable source of information to improve predictions. In this paper, we introduce GraphIE, a framework that operates over a graph representing a broad set of dependencies between textual units (i.e. words or sentences). The algorithm propagates information between connected nodes through graph convolutions, generating a richer representation that can be exploited to improve word-level predictions. Evaluation on three different tasks {---} namely textual, social media and visual information extraction {---} shows that GraphIE consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art sequence tagging model by a significant margin.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2019-openki,
    title = "{O}pen{KI}: {I}ntegrating {O}pen {I}nformation {E}xtraction and {K}nowledge {B}ases with {R}elation {I}nference",
    author = "Zhang, Dongxu  and
      Mukherjee, Subhabrata  and
      Lockard, Colin  and
      Dong, Luna  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1083",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1083",
    pages = "762--772",
    abstract = "In this paper, we consider advancing web-scale knowledge extraction and alignment by integrating OpenIE extractions in the form of (subject, predicate, object) triples with Knowledge Bases (KB). Traditional techniques from universal schema and from schema mapping fall in two extremes: either they perform instance-level inference relying on embedding for (subject, object) pairs, thus cannot handle pairs absent in any existing triples; or they perform predicate-level mapping and completely ignore background evidence from individual entities, thus cannot achieve satisfying quality. We propose \textit{OpenKI} to handle sparsity of OpenIE extractions by performing instance-level inference: for each entity, we encode the rich information in its neighborhood in both KB and OpenIE extractions, and leverage this information in relation inference by exploring different methods of aggregation and attention. In order to handle unseen entities, our model is designed without creating entity-specific parameters. Extensive experiments show that this method not only significantly improves state-of-the-art for conventional OpenIE extractions like ReVerb, but also boosts the performance on OpenIE from semi-structured data, where new entity pairs are abundant and data are fairly sparse.",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-etal-2019-imposing,
    title = "Imposing Label-Relational Inductive Bias for Extremely Fine-Grained Entity Typing",
    author = "Xiong, Wenhan  and
      Wu, Jiawei  and
      Lei, Deren  and
      Yu, Mo  and
      Chang, Shiyu  and
      Guo, Xiaoxiao  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1084",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1084",
    pages = "773--784",
    abstract = "Existing entity typing systems usually exploit the type hierarchy provided by knowledge base (KB) schema to model label correlations and thus improve the overall performance. Such techniques, however, are not directly applicable to more open and practical scenarios where the type set is not restricted by KB schema and includes a vast number of free-form types. To model the underlying label correlations without access to manually annotated label structures, we introduce a novel label-relational inductive bias, represented by a graph propagation layer that effectively encodes both global label co-occurrence statistics and word-level similarities. On a large dataset with over 10,000 free-form types, the graph-enhanced model equipped with an attention-based matching module is able to achieve a much higher recall score while maintaining a high-level precision. Specifically, it achieves a 15.3{\%} relative F1 improvement and also less inconsistency in the outputs. We further show that a simple modification of our proposed graph layer can also improve the performance on a conventional and widely-tested dataset that only includes KB-schema types.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Event Coreference Resolution by Learning Argument Compatibility from Unlabeled Data",
    author = "Huang, Yin Jou  and
      Lu, Jing  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1085",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1085",
    pages = "785--795",
    abstract = "Argument compatibility is a linguistic condition that is frequently incorporated into modern event coreference resolution systems. If two event mentions have incompatible arguments in any of the argument roles, they cannot be coreferent. On the other hand, if these mentions have compatible arguments, then this may be used as information towards deciding their coreferent status. One of the key challenges in leveraging argument compatibility lies in the paucity of labeled data. In this work, we propose a transfer learning framework for event coreference resolution that utilizes a large amount of unlabeled data to learn argument compatibility of event mentions. In addition, we adopt an interactive inference network based model to better capture the compatible and incompatible relations between the context words of event mentions. Our experiments on the KBP 2017 English dataset confirm the effectiveness of our model in learning argument compatibility, which in turn improves the performance of the overall event coreference model.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2019-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Embedding Alignment for Lifelong Relation Extraction",
    author = "Wang, Hong  and
      Xiong, Wenhan  and
      Yu, Mo  and
      Guo, Xiaoxiao  and
      Chang, Shiyu  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1086",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1086",
    pages = "796--806",
    abstract = "Conventional approaches to relation extraction usually require a fixed set of pre-defined relations. Such requirement is hard to meet in many real applications, especially when new data and relations are emerging incessantly and it is computationally expensive to store all data and re-train the whole model every time new data and relations come in. We formulate such challenging problem as lifelong relation extraction and investigate memory-efficient incremental learning methods without catastrophically forgetting knowledge learned from previous tasks. We first investigate a modified version of the stochastic gradient methods with a replay memory, which surprisingly outperforms recent state-of-the-art lifelong learning methods. We further propose to improve this approach to alleviate the forgetting problem by anchoring the sentence embedding space. Specifically, we utilize an explicit alignment model to mitigate the sentence embedding distortion of learned model when training on new data and new relations. Experiment results on multiple benchmarks show that our proposed method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art lifelong learning approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{obeidat-etal-2019-description,
    title = "Description-Based Zero-shot Fine-Grained Entity Typing",
    author = "Obeidat, Rasha  and
      Fern, Xiaoli  and
      Shahbazi, Hamed  and
      Tadepalli, Prasad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1087",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1087",
    pages = "807--814",
    abstract = "Fine-grained Entity typing (FGET) is the task of assigning a fine-grained type from a hierarchy to entity mentions in the text. As the taxonomy of types evolves continuously, it is desirable for an entity typing system to be able to recognize novel types without additional training. This work proposes a zero-shot entity typing approach that utilizes the type description available from Wikipedia to build a distributed semantic representation of the types. During training, our system learns to align the entity mentions and their corresponding type representations on the known types. At test time, any new type can be incorporated into the system given its Wikipedia descriptions. We evaluate our approach on FIGER, a public benchmark entity tying dataset. Because the existing test set of FIGER covers only a small portion of the fine-grained types, we create a new test set by manually annotating a portion of the noisy training data. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in recognizing novel types that are not present in the training data.",
}
@inproceedings{romanov-etal-2019-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Decomposition of Text Representation",
    author = "Romanov, Alexey  and
      Rumshisky, Anna  and
      Rogers, Anna  and
      Donahue, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1088",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1088",
    pages = "815--825",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a method for adversarial decomposition of text representation. This method can be used to decompose a representation of an input sentence into several independent vectors, each of them responsible for a specific aspect of the input sentence. We evaluate the proposed method on two case studies: the conversion between different social registers and diachronic language change. We show that the proposed method is capable of fine-grained controlled change of these aspects of the input sentence. It is also learning a continuous (rather than categorical) representation of the style of the sentence, which is more linguistically realistic. The model uses adversarial-motivational training and includes a special motivational loss, which acts opposite to the discriminator and encourages a better decomposition. Furthermore, we evaluate the obtained meaning embeddings on a downstream task of paraphrase detection and show that they significantly outperform the embeddings of a regular autoencoder.",
}
@inproceedings{kang-etal-2019-pomo,
    title = "{P}o{M}o: Generating Entity-Specific Post-Modifiers in Context",
    author = "Kang, Jun Seok  and
      Logan, Robert  and
      Chu, Zewei  and
      Chen, Yang  and
      Dua, Dheeru  and
      Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Singh, Sameer  and
      Balasubramanian, Niranjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1089",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1089",
    pages = "826--838",
    abstract = "We introduce entity post-modifier generation as an instance of a collaborative writing task. Given a sentence about a target entity, the task is to automatically generate a post-modifier phrase that provides contextually relevant information about the entity. For example, for the sentence, {``}Barack Obama, {\_}{\_}{\_}{\_}{\_}{\_}{\_}, supported the {\#}MeToo movement.{''}, the phrase {``}a father of two girls{''} is a contextually relevant post-modifier. To this end, we build PoMo, a post-modifier dataset created automatically from news articles reflecting a journalistic need for incorporating entity information that is relevant to a particular news event. PoMo consists of more than 231K sentences with post-modifiers and associated facts extracted from Wikidata for around 57K unique entities. We use crowdsourcing to show that modeling contextual relevance is necessary for accurate post-modifier generation. We adapt a number of existing generation approaches as baselines for this dataset. Our results show there is large room for improvement in terms of both identifying relevant facts to include (knowing which claims are relevant gives a {\textgreater}20{\%} improvement in BLEU score), and generating appropriate post-modifier text for the context (providing relevant claims is not sufficient for accurate generation). We conduct an error analysis that suggests promising directions for future research.",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2019-improved,
    title = "Improved Lexically Constrained Decoding for Translation and Monolingual Rewriting",
    author = "Hu, J. Edward  and
      Khayrallah, Huda  and
      Culkin, Ryan  and
      Xia, Patrick  and
      Chen, Tongfei  and
      Post, Matt  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1090",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1090",
    pages = "839--850",
    abstract = "Lexically-constrained sequence decoding allows for explicit positive or negative phrase-based constraints to be placed on target output strings in generation tasks such as machine translation or monolingual text rewriting. We describe vectorized dynamic beam allocation, which extends work in lexically-constrained decoding to work with batching, leading to a five-fold improvement in throughput when working with positive constraints. Faster decoding enables faster exploration of constraint strategies: we illustrate this via data augmentation experiments with a monolingual rewriter applied to the tasks of natural language inference, question answering and machine translation, showing improvements in all three.",
}
@inproceedings{golchha-etal-2019-courteously,
    title = "Courteously Yours: Inducing courteous behavior in Customer Care responses using Reinforced Pointer Generator Network",
    author = "Golchha, Hitesh  and
      Firdaus, Mauajama  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1091",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1091",
    pages = "851--860",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose an effective deep learning framework for inducing courteous behavior in customer care responses. The interaction between a customer and the customer care representative contributes substantially to the overall customer experience. Thus it is imperative for customer care agents and chatbots engaging with humans to be personal, cordial and emphatic to ensure customer satisfaction and retention. Our system aims at automatically transforming neutral customer care responses into courteous replies. Along with stylistic transfer (of courtesy), our system ensures that responses are coherent with the conversation history, and generates courteous expressions consistent with the emotional state of the customer. Our technique is based on a reinforced pointer-generator model for the sequence to sequence task. The model is also conditioned on a hierarchically encoded and emotionally aware conversational context. We use real interactions on Twitter between customer care professionals and aggrieved customers to create a large conversational dataset having both forms of agent responses: {`}generic{'} and {`}courteous{'}. We perform quantitative and qualitative analyses on established and task-specific metrics, both automatic and human evaluation based. Our evaluation shows that the proposed models can generate emotionally-appropriate courteous expressions while preserving the content. Experimental results also prove that our proposed approach performs better than the baseline models.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-wan-2019-avoid,
    title = "How to Avoid Sentences Spelling Boring? Towards a Neural Approach to Unsupervised Metaphor Generation",
    author = "Yu, Zhiwei  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1092",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1092",
    pages = "861--871",
    abstract = "Metaphor generation attempts to replicate human creativity with language, which is an attractive but challengeable text generation task. Previous efforts mainly focus on template-based or rule-based methods and result in a lack of linguistic subtlety. In order to create novel metaphors, we propose a neural approach to metaphor generation and explore the shared inferential structure of a metaphorical usage and a literal usage of a verb. Our approach does not require any manually annotated metaphors for training. We extract the metaphorically used verbs with their metaphorical senses in an unsupervised way and train a neural language model from wiki corpus. Then we generate metaphors conveying the assigned metaphorical senses with an improved decoding algorithm. Automatic metrics and human evaluations demonstrate that our approach can generate metaphors with good readability and creativity.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2019-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Context and External Knowledge for Pronoun Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Zhang, Hongming  and
      Song, Yan  and
      Song, Yangqiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1093",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1093",
    pages = "872--881",
    abstract = "Linking pronominal expressions to the correct references requires, in many cases, better analysis of the contextual information and external knowledge. In this paper, we propose a two-layer model for pronoun coreference resolution that leverages both context and external knowledge, where a knowledge attention mechanism is designed to ensure the model leveraging the appropriate source of external knowledge based on different context. Experimental results demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of our model, where it outperforms state-of-the-art models by a large margin.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2019-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Deep Structured Semantic Models for Commonsense Reasoning",
    author = "Wang, Shuohang  and
      Zhang, Sheng  and
      Shen, Yelong  and
      Liu, Xiaodong  and
      Liu, Jingjing  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Jiang, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1094",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1094",
    pages = "882--891",
    abstract = "Commonsense reasoning is fundamental to natural language understanding. While traditional methods rely heavily on human-crafted features and knowledge bases, we explore learning commonsense knowledge from a large amount of raw text via unsupervised learning. We propose two neural network models based on the Deep Structured Semantic Models (DSSM) framework to tackle two classic commonsense reasoning tasks, Winograd Schema challenges (WSC) and Pronoun Disambiguation (PDP). Evaluation shows that the proposed models effectively capture contextual information in the sentence and co-reference information between pronouns and nouns, and achieve significant improvement over previous state-of-the-art approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2019-recovering,
    title = "Recovering dropped pronouns in {C}hinese conversations via modeling their referents",
    author = "Yang, Jingxuan  and
      Tong, Jianzhuo  and
      Li, Si  and
      Gao, Sheng  and
      Guo, Jun  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1095",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1095",
    pages = "892--901",
    abstract = "Pronouns are often dropped in Chinese sentences, and this happens more frequently in conversational genres as their referents can be easily understood from context. Recovering dropped pronouns is essential to applications such as Information Extraction where the referents of these dropped pronouns need to be resolved, or Machine Translation when Chinese is the source language. In this work, we present a novel end-to-end neural network model to recover dropped pronouns in conversational data. Our model is based on a structured attention mechanism that models the referents of dropped pronouns utilizing both sentence-level and word-level information. Results on three different conversational genres show that our approach achieves a significant improvement over the current state of the art.",
}
@inproceedings{vasiljeva-etal-2019-problem,
    title = "The problem with probabilistic {DAG} automata for semantic graphs",
    author = "Vasiljeva, Ieva  and
      Gilroy, Sorcha  and
      Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1096",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1096",
    pages = "902--911",
    abstract = "Semantic representations in the form of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) have been introduced in recent years, and to model them, we need probabilistic models of DAGs. One model that has attracted some attention is the DAG automaton, but it has not been studied as a probabilistic model. We show that some DAG automata cannot be made into useful probabilistic models by the nearly universal strategy of assigning weights to transitions. The problem affects single-rooted, multi-rooted, and unbounded-degree variants of DAG automata, and appears to be pervasive. It does not affect planar variants, but these are problematic for other reasons.",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2019-systematic,
    title = "A Systematic Study of Leveraging Subword Information for Learning Word Representations",
    author = "Zhu, Yi  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1097",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1097",
    pages = "912--932",
    abstract = "The use of subword-level information (e.g., characters, character n-grams, morphemes) has become ubiquitous in modern word representation learning. Its importance is attested especially for morphologically rich languages which generate a large number of rare words. Despite a steadily increasing interest in such subword-informed word representations, their systematic comparative analysis across typologically diverse languages and different tasks is still missing. In this work, we deliver such a study focusing on the variation of two crucial components required for subword-level integration into word representation models: 1) segmentation of words into subword units, and 2) subword composition functions to obtain final word representations. We propose a general framework for learning subword-informed word representations that allows for easy experimentation with different segmentation and composition components, also including more advanced techniques based on position embeddings and self-attention. Using the unified framework, we run experiments over a large number of subword-informed word representation configurations (60 in total) on 3 tasks (general and rare word similarity, dependency parsing, fine-grained entity typing) for 5 languages representing 3 language types. Our main results clearly indicate that there is no {``}one-size-fits-all{''} configuration, as performance is both language- and task-dependent. We also show that configurations based on unsupervised segmentation (e.g., BPE, Morfessor) are sometimes comparable to or even outperform the ones based on supervised word segmentation.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2019-better,
    title = "Better Word Embeddings by Disentangling Contextual n-Gram Information",
    author = "Gupta, Prakhar  and
      Pagliardini, Matteo  and
      Jaggi, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1098",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1098",
    pages = "933--939",
    abstract = "Pre-trained word vectors are ubiquitous in Natural Language Processing applications. In this paper, we show how training word embeddings jointly with bigram and even trigram embeddings, results in improved unigram embeddings. We claim that training word embeddings along with higher n-gram embeddings helps in the removal of the contextual information from the unigrams, resulting in better stand-alone word embeddings. We empirically show the validity of our hypothesis by outperforming other competing word representation models by a significant margin on a wide variety of tasks. We make our models publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2019-integration,
    title = "Integration of Knowledge Graph Embedding Into Topic Modeling with Hierarchical {D}irichlet Process",
    author = "Li, Dingcheng  and
      Zamani, Siamak  and
      Zhang, Jingyuan  and
      Li, Ping",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1099",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1099",
    pages = "940--950",
    abstract = "Leveraging domain knowledge is an effective strategy for enhancing the quality of inferred low-dimensional representations of documents by topic models. In this paper, we develop \textit{topic modeling with knowledge graph embedding} (TMKGE), a Bayesian nonparametric model to employ knowledge graph (KG) embedding in the context of topic modeling, for extracting more coherent topics. Specifically, we build a hierarchical Dirichlet process (HDP) based model to flexibly borrow information from KG to improve the interpretability of topics. An efficient online variational inference method based on a stick-breaking construction of HDP is developed for TMKGE, making TMKGE suitable for large document corpora and KGs. Experiments on three public datasets illustrate the superior performance of TMKGE in terms of topic coherence and document classification accuracy, compared to state-of-the-art topic modeling methods.",
}
@inproceedings{zhelezniak-etal-2019-correlation,
    title = "Correlation Coefficients and Semantic Textual Similarity",
    author = "Zhelezniak, Vitalii  and
      Savkov, Aleksandar  and
      Shen, April  and
      Hammerla, Nils",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1100",
    pages = "951--962",
    abstract = "A large body of research into semantic textual similarity has focused on constructing state-of-the-art embeddings using sophisticated modelling, careful choice of learning signals and many clever tricks. By contrast, little attention has been devoted to similarity measures between these embeddings, with cosine similarity being used unquestionably in the majority of cases. In this work, we illustrate that for all common word vectors, cosine similarity is essentially equivalent to the Pearson correlation coefficient, which provides some justification for its use. We thoroughly characterise cases where Pearson correlation (and thus cosine similarity) is unfit as similarity measure. Importantly, we show that Pearson correlation is appropriate for some word vectors but not others. When it is not appropriate, we illustrate how common non-parametric rank correlation coefficients can be used instead to significantly improve performance. We support our analysis with a series of evaluations on word-level and sentence-level semantic textual similarity benchmarks. On the latter, we show that even the simplest averaged word vectors compared by rank correlation easily rival the strongest deep representations compared by cosine similarity.",
}
@inproceedings{thorne-etal-2019-generating,
    title = "Generating Token-Level Explanations for Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Thorne, James  and
      Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Mittal, Arpit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1101",
    pages = "963--969",
    abstract = "The task of Natural Language Inference (NLI) is widely modeled as supervised sentence pair classification. While there has been a lot of work recently on generating explanations of the predictions of classifiers on a single piece of text, there have been no attempts to generate explanations of classifiers operating on pairs of sentences. In this paper, we show that it is possible to generate token-level explanations for NLI without the need for training data explicitly annotated for this purpose. We use a simple LSTM architecture and evaluate both LIME and Anchor explanations for this task. We compare these to a Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) method that uses thresholded attention make token-level predictions. The approach we present in this paper is a novel extension of zero-shot single-sentence tagging to sentence pairs for NLI. We conduct our experiments on the well-studied SNLI dataset that was recently augmented with manually annotation of the tokens that explain the entailment relation. We find that our white-box MIL-based method, while orders of magnitude faster, does not reach the same accuracy as the black-box methods.",
}
@inproceedings{finnimore-etal-2019-strong,
    title = "Strong Baselines for Complex Word Identification across Multiple Languages",
    author = "Finnimore, Pierre  and
      Fritzsch, Elisabeth  and
      King, Daniel  and
      Sneyd, Alison  and
      Ur Rehman, Aneeq  and
      Alva-Manchego, Fernando  and
      Vlachos, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1102",
    pages = "970--977",
    abstract = "Complex Word Identification (CWI) is the task of identifying which words or phrases in a sentence are difficult to understand by a target audience. The latest CWI Shared Task released data for two settings: monolingual (i.e. train and test in the same language) and cross-lingual (i.e. test in a language not seen during training). The best monolingual models relied on language-dependent features, which do not generalise in the cross-lingual setting, while the best cross-lingual model used neural networks with multi-task learning. In this paper, we present monolingual and cross-lingual CWI models that perform as well as (or better than) most models submitted to the latest CWI Shared Task. We show that carefully selected features and simple learning models can achieve state-of-the-art performance, and result in strong baselines for future development in this area. Finally, we discuss how inconsistencies in the annotation of the data can explain some of the results obtained.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2019-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Convolution for Multi-Relational Learning",
    author = "Jiang, Xiaotian  and
      Wang, Quan  and
      Wang, Bin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1103",
    pages = "978--987",
    abstract = "We consider the problem of learning distributed representations for entities and relations of multi-relational data so as to predict missing links therein. Convolutional neural networks have recently shown their superiority for this problem, bringing increased model expressiveness while remaining parameter efficient. Despite the success, previous convolution designs fail to model full interactions between input entities and relations, which potentially limits the performance of link prediction. In this work we introduce ConvR, an adaptive convolutional network designed to maximize entity-relation interactions in a convolutional fashion. ConvR adaptively constructs convolution filters from relation representations, and applies these filters across entity representations to generate convolutional features. As such, ConvR enables rich interactions between entity and relation representations at diverse regions, and all the convolutional features generated will be able to capture such interactions. We evaluate ConvR on multiple benchmark datasets. Experimental results show that: (1) ConvR performs substantially better than competitive baselines in almost all the metrics and on all the datasets; (2) Compared with state-of-the-art convolutional models, ConvR is not only more effective but also more efficient. It offers a 7{\%} increase in MRR and a 6{\%} increase in Hits@10, while saving 12{\%} in parameter storage.",
}
@inproceedings{ebisu-ichise-2019-graph,
    title = "Graph Pattern Entity Ranking Model for Knowledge Graph Completion",
    author = "Ebisu, Takuma  and
      Ichise, Ryutaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1104",
    pages = "988--997",
    abstract = "Knowledge graphs have been developed rapidly in recent years and shown their usefulness for many artificial intelligence tasks. However, knowledge graphs often have lots of missing facts. To solve this problem, many knowledge graph embedding models to populate knowledge graphs have been developed and have shown outstanding performance these days. However, knowledge graph embedding models are so called-black box. Hence, we actually does not know how information of a knowledge graph is processed and the models are hard to interpret. In this paper, we utilize graph patterns in a knowledge graph to overcome such problems. Our proposed model, graph pattern entity ranking Model (GRank), constructs an entity ranking system for each graph pattern and evaluate them using a measure for a ranking system. By doing so, we can find helpful graph patterns for predicting facts. Then we conduct the link prediction tasks on standard data sets to evaluate GRank. We show our approach outperforms other state-of-the-art approaches such as ComplEx and TorusE on standard metrics such as HITS@n and MRR. Moreover, This model is easily interpretable because output facts are described by graph patterns.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2019-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Training for Weakly Supervised Event Detection",
    author = "Wang, Xiaozhi  and
      Han, Xu  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Sun, Maosong  and
      Li, Peng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1105",
    pages = "998--1008",
    abstract = "Modern weakly supervised methods for event detection (ED) avoid time-consuming human annotation and achieve promising results by learning from auto-labeled data. However, these methods typically rely on sophisticated pre-defined rules as well as existing instances in knowledge bases for automatic annotation and thus suffer from low coverage, topic bias, and data noise. To address these issues, we build a large event-related candidate set with good coverage and then apply an adversarial training mechanism to iteratively identify those informative instances from the candidate set and filter out those noisy ones. The experiments on two real-world datasets show that our candidate selection and adversarial training can cooperate together to obtain more diverse and accurate training data for ED, and significantly outperform the state-of-the-art methods in various weakly supervised scenarios. The datasets and source code can be obtained from https://github.com/thunlp/Adv-ED.",
}
@inproceedings{barezi-etal-2019-submodular,
    title = "A Submodular Feature-Aware Framework for Label Subset Selection in Extreme Classification Problems",
    author = "Barezi, Elham J.  and
      Wood, Ian D.  and
      Fung, Pascale  and
      Rabiee, Hamid R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1106",
    pages = "1009--1018",
    abstract = "Extreme classification is a classification task on an extremely large number of labels (tags). User generated labels for any type of online data can be sparing per individual user but intractably large among all users. It would be useful to automatically select a smaller, standard set of labels to represent the whole label set. We can then solve efficiently the problem of multi-label learning with an intractably large number of interdependent labels, such as automatic tagging of Wikipedia pages. We propose a submodular maximization framework with linear cost to find informative labels which are most relevant to other labels yet least redundant with each other. A simple prediction model can then be trained on this label subset. Our framework includes both label-label and label-feature dependencies, which aims to find the labels with the most representation and prediction ability. In addition, to avoid information loss, we extract and predict outlier labels with weak dependency on other labels. We apply our model to four standard natural language data sets including Bibsonomy entries with users assigned tags, web pages with user assigned tags, legal texts with EUROVOC descriptors(A topic hierarchy with almost 4000 categories regarding different aspects of European law) and Wikipedia pages with tags from social bookmarking as well as news videos for automated label detection from a lexicon of semantic concepts. Experimental results show that our proposed approach improves label prediction quality, in terms of precision and nDCG, by 3{\%} to 5{\%} in three of the 5 tasks and is competitive in the others, even with a simple linear prediction model. An ablation study shows how different data sets benefit from different aspects of our model, with all aspects contributing substantially to at least one data set.",
}
@inproceedings{yan-etal-2019-relation,
    title = "Relation Extraction with Temporal Reasoning Based on Memory Augmented Distant Supervision",
    author = "Yan, Jianhao  and
      He, Lin  and
      Huang, Ruqin  and
      Li, Jian  and
      Liu, Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1107",
    pages = "1019--1030",
    abstract = "Distant supervision (DS) is an important paradigm for automatically extracting relations. It utilizes existing knowledge base to collect examples for the relation we intend to extract, and then uses these examples to automatically generate the training data. However, the examples collected can be very noisy, and pose significant challenge for obtaining high quality labels. Previous work has made remarkable progress in predicting the relation from distant supervision, but typically ignores the temporal relations among those supervising instances. This paper formulates the problem of relation extraction with temporal reasoning and proposes a solution to predict whether two given entities participate in a relation at a given time spot. For this purpose, we construct a dataset called WIKI-TIME which additionally includes the valid period of a certain relation of two entities in the knowledge base. We propose a novel neural model to incorporate both the temporal information encoding and sequential reasoning. The experimental results show that, compared with the best of existing models, our model achieves better performance in both WIKI-TIME dataset and the well-studied NYT-10 dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2019-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Semantic Knowledge to Tackle Zero-shot Text Classification",
    author = "Zhang, Jingqing  and
      Lertvittayakumjorn, Piyawat  and
      Guo, Yike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1108",
    pages = "1031--1040",
    abstract = "Insufficient or even unavailable training data of emerging classes is a big challenge of many classification tasks, including text classification. Recognising text documents of classes that have never been seen in the learning stage, so-called zero-shot text classification, is therefore difficult and only limited previous works tackled this problem. In this paper, we propose a two-phase framework together with data augmentation and feature augmentation to solve this problem. Four kinds of semantic knowledge (word embeddings, class descriptions, class hierarchy, and a general knowledge graph) are incorporated into the proposed framework to deal with instances of unseen classes effectively. Experimental results show that each and the combination of the two phases achieve the best overall accuracy compared with baselines and recent approaches in classifying real-world texts under the zero-shot scenario.",
}
@inproceedings{sen-etal-2019-word,
    title = "Word-{N}ode2{V}ec: Improving Word Embedding with Document-Level Non-Local Word Co-occurrences",
    author = "Sen, Procheta  and
      Ganguly, Debasis  and
      Jones, Gareth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1109",
    pages = "1041--1051",
    abstract = "A standard word embedding algorithm, such as word2vec and glove, makes a strong assumption that words are likely to be semantically related only if they co-occur locally within a window of fixed size. However, this strong assumption may not capture the semantic association between words that co-occur frequently but non-locally within documents. In this paper, we propose a graph-based word embedding method, named {`}word-node2vec{'}. By relaxing the strong constraint of locality, our method is able to capture both the local and non-local co-occurrences. Word-node2vec constructs a graph where every node represents a word and an edge between two nodes represents a combination of both local (e.g. word2vec) and document-level co-occurrences. Our experiments show that word-node2vec outperforms word2vec and glove on a range of different tasks, such as predicting word-pair similarity, word analogy and concept categorization.",
}
@inproceedings{briakou-etal-2019-cross,
    title = "Cross-Topic Distributional Semantic Representations Via Unsupervised Mappings",
    author = "Briakou, Eleftheria  and
      Athanasiou, Nikos  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1110",
    pages = "1052--1061",
    abstract = "In traditional Distributional Semantic Models (DSMs) the multiple senses of a polysemous word are conflated into a single vector space representation. In this work, we propose a DSM that learns multiple distributional representations of a word based on different topics. First, a separate DSM is trained for each topic and then each of the topic-based DSMs is aligned to a common vector space. Our unsupervised mapping approach is motivated by the hypothesis that words preserving their relative distances in different topic semantic sub-spaces constitute robust semantic anchors that define the mappings between them. Aligned cross-topic representations achieve state-of-the-art results for the task of contextual word similarity. Furthermore, evaluation on NLP downstream tasks shows that multiple topic-based embeddings outperform single-prototype models.",
}
@inproceedings{hayes-2019-just,
    title = "What just happened? {E}valuating retrofitted distributional word vectors",
    author = "Hayes, Dmetri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1111",
    pages = "1062--1072",
    abstract = "Recent work has attempted to enhance vector space representations using information from structured semantic resources. This process, dubbed retrofitting (Faruqui et al., 2015), has yielded improvements in word similarity performance. Research has largely focused on the retrofitting algorithm, or on the kind of structured semantic resources used, but little research has explored why some resources perform better than others. We conducted a fine-grained analysis of the original retrofitting process, and found that the utility of different lexical resources for retrofitting depends on two factors: the coverage of the resource and the evaluation metric. Our assessment suggests that the common practice of using correlation measures to evaluate increases in performance against full word similarity benchmarks 1) obscures the benefits offered by smaller resources, and 2) overlooks incremental gains in word similarity performance. We propose root-mean-square error (RMSE) as an alternative evaluation metric, and demonstrate that correlation measures and RMSE sometimes yield opposite conclusions concerning the efficacy of retrofitting. This point is illustrated by word vectors retrofitted with novel treatments of the FrameNet data (Fillmore and Baker, 2010).",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Knowledge and Transferability of Contextual Representations",
    author = "Liu, Nelson F.  and
      Gardner, Matt  and
      Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      Peters, Matthew E.  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1112",
    pages = "1073--1094",
    abstract = "Contextual word representations derived from large-scale neural language models are successful across a diverse set of NLP tasks, suggesting that they encode useful and transferable features of language. To shed light on the linguistic knowledge they capture, we study the representations produced by several recent pretrained contextualizers (variants of ELMo, the OpenAI transformer language model, and BERT) with a suite of sixteen diverse probing tasks. We find that linear models trained on top of frozen contextual representations are competitive with state-of-the-art task-specific models in many cases, but fail on tasks requiring fine-grained linguistic knowledge (e.g., conjunct identification). To investigate the transferability of contextual word representations, we quantify differences in the transferability of individual layers within contextualizers, especially between recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and transformers. For instance, higher layers of RNNs are more task-specific, while transformer layers do not exhibit the same monotonic trend. In addition, to better understand what makes contextual word representations transferable, we compare language model pretraining with eleven supervised pretraining tasks. For any given task, pretraining on a closely related task yields better performance than language model pretraining (which is better on average) when the pretraining dataset is fixed. However, language model pretraining on more data gives the best results.",
}
@inproceedings{stratos-2019-mutual,
    title = "Mutual Information Maximization for Simple and Accurate Part-Of-Speech Induction",
    author = "Stratos, Karl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1113",
    pages = "1095--1104",
    abstract = "We address part-of-speech (POS) induction by maximizing the mutual information between the induced label and its context. We focus on two training objectives that are amenable to stochastic gradient descent (SGD): a novel generalization of the classical Brown clustering objective and a recently proposed variational lower bound. While both objectives are subject to noise in gradient updates, we show through analysis and experiments that the variational lower bound is robust whereas the generalized Brown objective is vulnerable. We obtain strong performance on a multitude of datasets and languages with a simple architecture that encodes morphology and context.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2019-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Recurrent Neural Network Grammars",
    author = "Kim, Yoon  and
      Rush, Alexander  and
      Yu, Lei  and
      Kuncoro, Adhiguna  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Melis, G{\'a}bor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1114",
    pages = "1105--1117",
    abstract = "Recurrent neural network grammars (RNNG) are generative models of language which jointly model syntax and surface structure by incrementally generating a syntax tree and sentence in a top-down, left-to-right order. Supervised RNNGs achieve strong language modeling and parsing performance, but require an annotated corpus of parse trees. In this work, we experiment with unsupervised learning of RNNGs. Since directly marginalizing over the space of latent trees is intractable, we instead apply amortized variational inference. To maximize the evidence lower bound, we develop an inference network parameterized as a neural CRF constituency parser. On language modeling, unsupervised RNNGs perform as well their supervised counterparts on benchmarks in English and Chinese. On constituency grammar induction, they are competitive with recent neural language models that induce tree structures from words through attention mechanisms.",
}
@inproceedings{havrylov-etal-2019-cooperative,
    title = "Cooperative Learning of Disjoint Syntax and Semantics",
    author = "Havrylov, Serhii  and
      Kruszewski, Germ{\'a}n  and
      Joulin, Armand",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1115",
    pages = "1118--1128",
    abstract = "There has been considerable attention devoted to models that learn to jointly infer an expression{'}s syntactic structure and its semantics. Yet, Nangia and Bowman (2018) has recently shown that the current best systems fail to learn the correct parsing strategy on mathematical expressions generated from a simple context-free grammar. In this work, we present a recursive model inspired by Choi et al. (2018) that reaches near perfect accuracy on this task. Our model is composed of two separated modules for syntax and semantics. They are cooperatively trained with standard continuous and discrete optimisation schemes. Our model does not require any linguistic structure for supervision, and its recursive nature allows for out-of-domain generalisation. Additionally, our approach performs competitively on several natural language tasks, such as Natural Language Inference and Sentiment Analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{drozdov-etal-2019-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Latent Tree Induction with Deep Inside-Outside Recursive Auto-Encoders",
    author = "Drozdov, Andrew  and
      Verga, Patrick  and
      Yadav, Mohit  and
      Iyyer, Mohit  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1116",
    pages = "1129--1141",
    abstract = "We introduce the deep inside-outside recursive autoencoder (DIORA), a fully-unsupervised method for discovering syntax that simultaneously learns representations for constituents within the induced tree. Our approach predicts each word in an input sentence conditioned on the rest of the sentence. During training we use dynamic programming to consider all possible binary trees over the sentence, and for inference we use the CKY algorithm to extract the highest scoring parse. DIORA outperforms previously reported results for unsupervised binary constituency parsing on the benchmark WSJ dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-Augmented Language Model and Its Application to Unsupervised Named-Entity Recognition",
    author = "Liu, Angli  and
      Du, Jingfei  and
      Stoyanov, Veselin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1117",
    pages = "1142--1150",
    abstract = "Traditional language models are unable to efficiently model entity names observed in text. All but the most popular named entities appear infrequently in text providing insufficient context. Recent efforts have recognized that context can be generalized between entity names that share the same type (e.g., person or location) and have equipped language models with an access to external knowledge base (KB). Our Knowledge-Augmented Language Model (KALM) continues this line of work by augmenting a traditional model with a KB. Unlike previous methods, however, we train with an end-to-end predictive objective optimizing the perplexity of text. We do not require any additional information such as named entity tags. In addition to improving language modeling performance, KALM learns to recognize named entities in an entirely unsupervised way by using entity type information latent in the model. On a Named Entity Recognition (NER) task, KALM achieves performance comparable with state-of-the-art supervised models. Our work demonstrates that named entities (and possibly other types of world knowledge) can be modeled successfully using predictive learning and training on large corpora of text without any additional information.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2019-syntax,
    title = "Syntax-Enhanced Neural Machine Translation with Syntax-Aware Word Representations",
    author = "Zhang, Meishan  and
      Li, Zhenghua  and
      Fu, Guohong  and
      Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1118",
    pages = "1151--1161",
    abstract = "Syntax has been demonstrated highly effective in neural machine translation (NMT). Previous NMT models integrate syntax by representing 1-best tree outputs from a well-trained parsing system, e.g., the representative Tree-RNN and Tree-Linearization methods, which may suffer from error propagation. In this work, we propose a novel method to integrate source-side syntax implicitly for NMT. The basic idea is to use the intermediate hidden representations of a well-trained end-to-end dependency parser, which are referred to as syntax-aware word representations (SAWRs). Then, we simply concatenate such SAWRs with ordinary word embeddings to enhance basic NMT models. The method can be straightforwardly integrated into the widely-used sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) NMT models. We start with a representative RNN-based Seq2Seq baseline system, and test the effectiveness of our proposed method on two benchmark datasets of the Chinese-English and English-Vietnamese translation tasks, respectively. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is able to bring significant BLEU score improvements on the two datasets compared with the baseline, 1.74 points for Chinese-English translation and 0.80 point for English-Vietnamese translation, respectively. In addition, the approach also outperforms the explicit Tree-RNN and Tree-Linearization methods.",
}
@inproceedings{platanios-etal-2019-competence,
    title = "Competence-based Curriculum Learning for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Platanios, Emmanouil Antonios  and
      Stretcu, Otilia  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Poczos, Barnabas  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1119",
    pages = "1162--1172",
    abstract = "Current state-of-the-art NMT systems use large neural networks that are not only slow to train, but also often require many heuristics and optimization tricks, such as specialized learning rate schedules and large batch sizes. This is undesirable as it requires extensive hyperparameter tuning. In this paper, we propose a curriculum learning framework for NMT that reduces training time, reduces the need for specialized heuristics or large batch sizes, and results in overall better performance. Our framework consists of a principled way of deciding which training samples are shown to the model at different times during training, based on the estimated difficulty of a sample and the current competence of the model. Filtering training samples in this manner prevents the model from getting stuck in bad local optima, making it converge faster and reach a better solution than the common approach of uniformly sampling training examples. Furthermore, the proposed method can be easily applied to existing NMT models by simply modifying their input data pipelines. We show that our framework can help improve the training time and the performance of both recurrent neural network models and Transformers, achieving up to a 70{\%} decrease in training time, while at the same time obtaining accuracy improvements of up to 2.2 BLEU.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2019-extract,
    title = "Extract and Edit: An Alternative to Back-Translation for Unsupervised Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Wu, Jiawei  and
      Wang, Xin  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1120",
    pages = "1173--1183",
    abstract = "The overreliance on large parallel corpora significantly limits the applicability of machine translation systems to the majority of language pairs. Back-translation has been dominantly used in previous approaches for unsupervised neural machine translation, where pseudo sentence pairs are generated to train the models with a reconstruction loss. However, the pseudo sentences are usually of low quality as translation errors accumulate during training. To avoid this fundamental issue, we propose an alternative but more effective approach, extract-edit, to extract and then edit real sentences from the target monolingual corpora. Furthermore, we introduce a comparative translation loss to evaluate the translated target sentences and thus train the unsupervised translation systems. Experiments show that the proposed approach consistently outperforms the previous state-of-the-art unsupervised machine translation systems across two benchmarks (English-French and English-German) and two low-resource language pairs (English-Romanian and English-Russian) by more than 2 (up to 3.63) BLEU points.",
}
@inproceedings{al-shedivat-parikh-2019-consistency,
    title = "Consistency by Agreement in Zero-Shot Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Al-Shedivat, Maruan  and
      Parikh, Ankur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1121",
    pages = "1184--1197",
    abstract = "Generalization and reliability of multilingual translation often highly depend on the amount of available parallel data for each language pair of interest. In this paper, we focus on zero-shot generalization{---}a challenging setup that tests models on translation directions they have not been optimized for at training time. To solve the problem, we (i) reformulate multilingual translation as probabilistic inference, (ii) define the notion of zero-shot consistency and show why standard training often results in models unsuitable for zero-shot tasks, and (iii) introduce a consistent agreement-based training method that encourages the model to produce equivalent translations of parallel sentences in auxiliary languages. We test our multilingual NMT models on multiple public zero-shot translation benchmarks (IWSLT17, UN corpus, Europarl) and show that agreement-based learning often results in 2-3 BLEU zero-shot improvement over strong baselines without any loss in performance on supervised translation directions.",
}
@inproceedings{hao-etal-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Recurrence for Transformer",
    author = "Hao, Jie  and
      Wang, Xing  and
      Yang, Baosong  and
      Wang, Longyue  and
      Zhang, Jinfeng  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1122",
    pages = "1198--1207",
    abstract = "Recently, the Transformer model that is based solely on attention mechanisms, has advanced the state-of-the-art on various machine translation tasks. However, recent studies reveal that the lack of recurrence modeling hinders its further improvement of translation capacity. In response to this problem, we propose to directly model recurrence for Transformer with an additional recurrence encoder. In addition to the standard recurrent neural network, we introduce a novel attentive recurrent network to leverage the strengths of both attention models and recurrent networks. Experimental results on the widely-used WMT14 English⇒German and WMT17 Chinese⇒English translation tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Our studies also reveal that the proposed model benefits from a short-cut that bridges the source and target sequences with a single recurrent layer, which outperforms its deep counterpart.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2019-rethinking,
    title = "Rethinking Action Spaces for Reinforcement Learning in End-to-end Dialog Agents with Latent Variable Models",
    author = "Zhao, Tiancheng  and
      Xie, Kaige  and
      Eskenazi, Maxine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1123",
    pages = "1208--1218",
    abstract = "Defining action spaces for conversational agents and optimizing their decision-making process with reinforcement learning is an enduring challenge. Common practice has been to use handcrafted dialog acts, or the output vocabulary, e.g. in neural encoder decoders, as the action spaces. Both have their own limitations. This paper proposes a novel latent action framework that treats the action spaces of an end-to-end dialog agent as latent variables and develops unsupervised methods in order to induce its own action space from the data. Comprehensive experiments are conducted examining both continuous and discrete action types and two different optimization methods based on stochastic variational inference. Results show that the proposed latent actions achieve superior empirical performance improvement over previous word-level policy gradient methods on both DealOrNoDeal and MultiWoz dialogs. Our detailed analysis also provides insights about various latent variable approaches for policy learning and can serve as a foundation for developing better latent actions in future research.",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2019-skeleton,
    title = "Skeleton-to-Response: Dialogue Generation Guided by Retrieval Memory",
    author = "Cai, Deng  and
      Wang, Yan  and
      Bi, Wei  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Liu, Xiaojiang  and
      Lam, Wai  and
      Shi, Shuming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1124",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1124",
    pages = "1219--1228",
    abstract = "Traditional generative dialogue models generate responses solely from input queries. Such information is insufficient for generating a specific response since a certain query could be answered in multiple ways. Recently, researchers have attempted to fill the information gap by exploiting information retrieval techniques. For a given query, similar dialogues are retrieved from the entire training data and considered as an additional knowledge source. While the use of retrieval may harvest extensive information, the generative models could be overwhelmed, leading to unsatisfactory performance. In this paper, we propose a new framework which exploits retrieval results via a skeleton-to-response paradigm. At first, a skeleton is extracted from the retrieved dialogues. Then, both the generated skeleton and the original query are used for response generation via a novel response generator. Experimental results show that our approach significantly improves the informativeness of the generated responses",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2019-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Optimizing Diversity and Relevance in Neural Response Generation",
    author = "Gao, Xiang  and
      Lee, Sungjin  and
      Zhang, Yizhe  and
      Brockett, Chris  and
      Galley, Michel  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Dolan, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1125",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1125",
    pages = "1229--1238",
    abstract = "Although recent neural conversation models have shown great potential, they often generate bland and generic responses. While various approaches have been explored to diversify the output of the conversation model, the improvement often comes at the cost of decreased relevance. In this paper, we propose a SpaceFusion model to jointly optimize diversity and relevance that essentially fuses the latent space of a sequence-to-sequence model and that of an autoencoder model by leveraging novel regularization terms. As a result, our approach induces a latent space in which the distance and direction from the predicted response vector roughly match the relevance and diversity, respectively. This property also lends itself well to an intuitive visualization of the latent space. Both automatic and human evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed approach brings significant improvement compared to strong baselines in both diversity and relevance.",
}
@inproceedings{raghu-etal-2019-disentangling,
    title = "{D}isentangling {L}anguage and {K}nowledge in {T}ask-{O}riented {D}ialogs",
    author = "Raghu, Dinesh  and
      Gupta, Nikhil  and
      {Mausam}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1126",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1126",
    pages = "1239--1255",
    abstract = "The Knowledge Base (KB) used for real-world applications, such as booking a movie or restaurant reservation, keeps changing over time. End-to-end neural networks trained for these task-oriented dialogs are expected to be immune to any changes in the KB. However, existing approaches breakdown when asked to handle such changes. We propose an encoder-decoder architecture (BoSsNet) with a novel Bag-of-Sequences (BoSs) memory, which facilitates the disentangled learning of the response{'}s language model and its knowledge incorporation. Consequently, the KB can be modified with new knowledge without a drop in interpretability. We find that BoSsNeT outperforms state-of-the-art models, with considerable improvements ({\textgreater}10{\%}) on bAbI OOV test sets and other human-human datasets. We also systematically modify existing datasets to measure disentanglement and show BoSsNeT to be robust to KB modifications.",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2019-tensorized,
    title = "Tensorized Self-Attention: Efficiently Modeling Pairwise and Global Dependencies Together",
    author = "Shen, Tao  and
      Zhou, Tianyi  and
      Long, Guodong  and
      Jiang, Jing  and
      Zhang, Chengqi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1127",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1127",
    pages = "1256--1266",
    abstract = "Neural networks equipped with self-attention have parallelizable computation, light-weight structure, and the ability to capture both long-range and local dependencies. Further, their expressive power and performance can be boosted by using a vector to measure pairwise dependency, but this requires to expand the alignment matrix to a tensor, which results in memory and computation bottlenecks. In this paper, we propose a novel attention mechanism called {``}Multi-mask Tensorized Self-Attention{''} (MTSA), which is as fast and as memory-efficient as a CNN, but significantly outperforms previous CNN-/RNN-/attention-based models. MTSA 1) captures both pairwise (token2token) and global (source2token) dependencies by a novel compatibility function composed of dot-product and additive attentions, 2) uses a tensor to represent the feature-wise alignment scores for better expressive power but only requires parallelizable matrix multiplications, and 3) combines multi-head with multi-dimensional attentions, and applies a distinct positional mask to each head (subspace), so the memory and computation can be distributed to multiple heads, each with sequential information encoded independently. The experiments show that a CNN/RNN-free model based on MTSA achieves state-of-the-art or competitive performance on nine NLP benchmarks with compelling memory- and time-efficiency.",
}
@inproceedings{pilehvar-camacho-collados-2019-wic,
    title = "{W}i{C}: the Word-in-Context Dataset for Evaluating Context-Sensitive Meaning Representations",
    author = "Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Camacho-Collados, Jose",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1128",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1128",
    pages = "1267--1273",
    abstract = "By design, word embeddings are unable to model the dynamic nature of words{'} semantics, i.e., the property of words to correspond to potentially different meanings. To address this limitation, dozens of specialized meaning representation techniques such as sense or contextualized embeddings have been proposed. However, despite the popularity of research on this topic, very few evaluation benchmarks exist that specifically focus on the dynamic semantics of words. In this paper we show that existing models have surpassed the performance ceiling of the standard evaluation dataset for the purpose, i.e., Stanford Contextual Word Similarity, and highlight its shortcomings. To address the lack of a suitable benchmark, we put forward a large-scale Word in Context dataset, called WiC, based on annotations curated by experts, for generic evaluation of context-sensitive representations. WiC is released in https://pilehvar.github.io/wic/.",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2019-rebuttal,
    title = "Does My Rebuttal Matter? Insights from a Major {NLP} Conference",
    author = "Gao, Yang  and
      Eger, Steffen  and
      Kuznetsov, Ilia  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1129",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1129",
    pages = "1274--1290",
    abstract = "Peer review is a core element of the scientific process, particularly in conference-centered fields such as ML and NLP. However, only few studies have evaluated its properties empirically. Aiming to fill this gap, we present a corpus that contains over 4k reviews and 1.2k author responses from ACL-2018. We quantitatively and qualitatively assess the corpus. This includes a pilot study on paper weaknesses given by reviewers and on quality of author responses. We then focus on the role of the rebuttal phase, and propose a novel task to predict after-rebuttal (i.e., final) scores from initial reviews and author responses. Although author responses do have a marginal (and statistically significant) influence on the final scores, especially for borderline papers, our results suggest that a reviewer{'}s final score is largely determined by her initial score and the distance to the other reviewers{'} initial scores. In this context, we discuss the conformity bias inherent to peer reviewing, a bias that has largely been overlooked in previous research. We hope our analyses will help better assess the usefulness of the rebuttal phase in NLP conferences.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-iyyer-2019-casting,
    title = "{C}asting {L}ight on {I}nvisible {C}ities: {C}omputationally {E}ngaging with {L}iterary {C}riticism",
    author = "Wang, Shufan  and
      Iyyer, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1130",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1130",
    pages = "1291--1297",
    abstract = "Literary critics often attempt to uncover meaning in a single work of literature through careful reading and analysis. Applying natural language processing methods to aid in such literary analyses remains a challenge in digital humanities. While most previous work focuses on {``}distant reading{''} by algorithmically discovering high-level patterns from large collections of literary works, here we sharpen the focus of our methods to a single literary theory about Italo Calvino{'}s postmodern novel \textit{Invisible Cities}, which consists of 55 short descriptions of imaginary cities. Calvino has provided a classification of these cities into eleven thematic groups, but literary scholars disagree as to how trustworthy his categorization is. Due to the unique structure of this novel, we can computationally weigh in on this debate: we leverage pretrained contextualized representations to embed each city{'}s description and use unsupervised methods to cluster these embeddings. Additionally, we compare results of our computational approach to similarity judgments generated by human readers. Our work is a first step towards incorporating natural language processing into literary criticism.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2019-paws,
    title = "{PAWS}: Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scrambling",
    author = "Zhang, Yuan  and
      Baldridge, Jason  and
      He, Luheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1131",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1131",
    pages = "1298--1308",
    abstract = "Existing paraphrase identification datasets lack sentence pairs that have high lexical overlap without being paraphrases. Models trained on such data fail to distinguish pairs like flights from New York to Florida and flights from Florida to New York. This paper introduces PAWS (Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scrambling), a new dataset with 108,463 well-formed paraphrase and non-paraphrase pairs with high lexical overlap. Challenging pairs are generated by controlled word swapping and back translation, followed by fluency and paraphrase judgments by human raters. State-of-the-art models trained on existing datasets have dismal performance on PAWS ({\textless}40{\%} accuracy); however, including PAWS training data for these models improves their accuracy to 85{\%} while maintaining performance on existing tasks. In contrast, models that do not capture non-local contextual information fail even with PAWS training examples. As such, PAWS provides an effective instrument for driving further progress on models that better exploit structure, context, and pairwise comparisons.",
}
@inproceedings{mita-etal-2019-cross,
    title = "Cross-Corpora Evaluation and Analysis of Grammatical Error Correction Models {---} Is Single-Corpus Evaluation Enough?",
    author = "Mita, Masato  and
      Mizumoto, Tomoya  and
      Kaneko, Masahiro  and
      Nagata, Ryo  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1132",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1132",
    pages = "1309--1314",
    abstract = "This study explores the necessity of performing cross-corpora evaluation for grammatical error correction (GEC) models. GEC models have been previously evaluated based on a single commonly applied corpus: the CoNLL-2014 benchmark. However, the evaluation remains incomplete because the task difficulty varies depending on the test corpus and conditions such as the proficiency levels of the writers and essay topics. To overcome this limitation, we evaluate the performance of several GEC models, including NMT-based (LSTM, CNN, and transformer) and an SMT-based model, against various learner corpora (CoNLL-2013, CoNLL-2014, FCE, JFLEG, ICNALE, and KJ). Evaluation results reveal that the models{'} rankings considerably vary depending on the corpus, indicating that single-corpus evaluation is insufficient for GEC models.",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2019-star,
    title = "Star-Transformer",
    author = "Guo, Qipeng  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Liu, Pengfei  and
      Shao, Yunfan  and
      Xue, Xiangyang  and
      Zhang, Zheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1133",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1133",
    pages = "1315--1325",
    abstract = "Although Transformer has achieved great successes on many NLP tasks, its heavy structure with fully-connected attention connections leads to dependencies on large training data. In this paper, we present Star-Transformer, a lightweight alternative by careful sparsification. To reduce model complexity, we replace the fully-connected structure with a star-shaped topology, in which every two non-adjacent nodes are connected through a shared relay node. Thus, complexity is reduced from quadratic to linear, while preserving the capacity to capture both local composition and long-range dependency. The experiments on four tasks (22 datasets) show that Star-Transformer achieved significant improvements against the standard Transformer for the modestly sized datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{mohiuddin-etal-2019-adaptation,
    title = "Adaptation of Hierarchical Structured Models for Speech Act Recognition in Asynchronous Conversation",
    author = "Mohiuddin, Tasnim  and
      Nguyen, Thanh-Tung  and
      Joty, Shafiq",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1134",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1134",
    pages = "1326--1336",
    abstract = "We address the problem of speech act recognition (SAR) in asynchronous conversations (forums, emails). Unlike synchronous conversations (e.g., meetings, phone), asynchronous domains lack large labeled datasets to train an effective SAR model. In this paper, we propose methods to effectively leverage abundant unlabeled conversational data and the available labeled data from synchronous domains. We carry out our research in three main steps. First, we introduce a neural architecture based on hierarchical LSTMs and conditional random fields (CRF) for SAR, and show that our method outperforms existing methods when trained on in-domain data only. Second, we improve our initial SAR models by semi-supervised learning in the form of pretrained word embeddings learned from a large unlabeled conversational corpus. Finally, we employ adversarial training to improve the results further by leveraging the labeled data from synchronous domains and by explicitly modeling the distributional shift in two domains.",
}
@inproceedings{zufall-etal-2019-legal,
    title = "From legal to technical concept: Towards an automated classification of {G}erman political Twitter postings as criminal offenses",
    author = "Zufall, Frederike  and
      Horsmann, Tobias  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1135",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1135",
    pages = "1337--1347",
    abstract = "Advances in the automated detection of offensive Internet postings make this mechanism very attractive to social media companies, who are increasingly under pressure to monitor and action activity on their sites. However, these advances also have important implications as a threat to the fundamental right of free expression. In this article, we analyze which Twitter posts could actually be deemed offenses under German criminal law. German law follows the deductive method of the Roman law tradition based on abstract rules as opposed to the inductive reasoning in Anglo-American common law systems. This allows us to show how legal conclusions can be reached and implemented without relying on existing court decisions. We present a data annotation schema, consisting of a series of binary decisions, for determining whether a specific post would constitute a criminal offense. This schema serves as a step towards an inexpensive creation of a sufficient amount of data for an automated classification. We find that the majority of posts deemed offensive actually do not constitute a criminal offense and still contribute to public discourse. Furthermore, laymen can provide sufficiently reliable data to an expert reference but are, for instance, more lenient in the interpretation of what constitutes a disparaging statement.",
}
@inproceedings{dong-etal-2019-joint,
    title = "Joint Multi-Label Attention Networks for Social Text Annotation",
    author = "Dong, Hang  and
      Wang, Wei  and
      Huang, Kaizhu  and
      Coenen, Frans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1136",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1136",
    pages = "1348--1354",
    abstract = "We propose a novel attention network for document annotation with user-generated tags. The network is designed according to the human reading and annotation behaviour. Usually, users try to digest the title and obtain a rough idea about the topic first, and then read the content of the document. Present research shows that the title metadata could largely affect the social annotation. To better utilise this information, we design a framework that separates the title from the content of a document and apply a title-guided attention mechanism over each sentence in the content. We also propose two semantic-based loss regularisers that enforce the output of the network to conform to label semantics, i.e. similarity and subsumption. We analyse each part of the proposed system with two real-world open datasets on publication and question annotation. The integrated approach, Joint Multi-label Attention Network (JMAN), significantly outperformed the Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (Bi-GRU) by around 13{\%}-26{\%} and the Hierarchical Attention Network (HAN) by around 4{\%}-12{\%} on both datasets, with around 10{\%}-30{\%} reduction of training time.",
}
@inproceedings{islam-etal-2019-multi,
    title = "Multi-Channel Convolutional Neural Network for Twitter Emotion and Sentiment Recognition",
    author = "Islam, Jumayel  and
      Mercer, Robert E.  and
      Xiao, Lu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1137",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1137",
    pages = "1355--1365",
    abstract = "The advent of micro-blogging sites has paved the way for researchers to collect and analyze huge volumes of data in recent years. Twitter, being one of the leading social networking sites worldwide, provides a great opportunity to its users for expressing their states of mind via short messages which are called tweets. The urgency of identifying emotions and sentiments conveyed through tweets has led to several research works. It provides a great way to understand human psychology and impose a challenge to researchers to analyze their content easily. In this paper, we propose a novel use of a multi-channel convolutional neural architecture which can effectively use different emotion and sentiment indicators such as hashtags, emoticons and emojis that are present in the tweets and improve the performance of emotion and sentiment identification. We also investigate the incorporation of different lexical features in the neural network model and its effect on the emotion and sentiment identification task. We analyze our model on some standard datasets and compare its effectiveness with existing techniques.",
}
@inproceedings{yagcioglu-etal-2019-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Cybersecurity Events from Noisy Short Text",
    author = "Yagcioglu, Semih  and
      Seyfioglu, Mehmet Saygin  and
      Citamak, Begum  and
      Bardak, Batuhan  and
      Guldamlasioglu, Seren  and
      Yuksel, Azmi  and
      Tatli, Emin Islam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1138",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1138",
    pages = "1366--1372",
    abstract = "It is very critical to analyze messages shared over social networks for cyber threat intelligence and cyber-crime prevention. In this study, we propose a method that leverages both domain-specific word embeddings and task-specific features to detect cyber security events from tweets. Our model employs a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network which takes word level meta-embeddings as inputs and incorporates contextual embeddings to classify noisy short text. We collected a new dataset of cyber security related tweets from Twitter and manually annotated a subset of 2K of them. We experimented with this dataset and concluded that the proposed model outperforms both traditional and neural baselines. The results suggest that our method works well for detecting cyber security events from noisy short text.",
}
@inproceedings{gil-etal-2019-white,
    title = "White-to-Black: Efficient Distillation of Black-Box Adversarial Attacks",
    author = "Gil, Yotam  and
      Chai, Yoav  and
      Gorodissky, Or  and
      Berant, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1139",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1139",
    pages = "1373--1379",
    abstract = "Adversarial examples are important for understanding the behavior of neural models, and can improve their robustness through adversarial training. Recent work in natural language processing generated adversarial examples by assuming white-box access to the attacked model, and optimizing the input directly against it (Ebrahimi et al., 2018). In this work, we show that the knowledge implicit in the optimization procedure can be distilled into another more efficient neural network. We train a model to emulate the behavior of a white-box attack and show that it generalizes well across examples. Moreover, it reduces adversarial example generation time by 19x-39x. We also show that our approach transfers to a black-box setting, by attacking The Google Perspective API and exposing its vulnerability. Our attack flips the API-predicted label in 42{\%} of the generated examples, while humans maintain high-accuracy in predicting the gold label.",
}
@inproceedings{zong-etal-2019-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Perceived Severity of Cybersecurity Threats Reported on Social Media",
    author = "Zong, Shi  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Mueller, Graham  and
      Wright, Evan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1140",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1140",
    pages = "1380--1390",
    abstract = "Breaking cybersecurity events are shared across a range of websites, including security blogs (FireEye, Kaspersky, etc.), in addition to social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. In this paper, we investigate methods to analyze the severity of cybersecurity threats based on the language that is used to describe them online. A corpus of 6,000 tweets describing software vulnerabilities is annotated with authors{'} opinions toward their severity. We show that our corpus supports the development of automatic classifiers with high precision for this task. Furthermore, we demonstrate the value of analyzing users{'} opinions about the severity of threats reported online as an early indicator of important software vulnerabilities. We present a simple, yet effective method for linking software vulnerabilities reported in tweets to Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) in the National Vulnerability Database (NVD). Using our predicted severity scores, we show that it is possible to achieve a Precision@50 of 0.86 when forecasting high severity vulnerabilities, significantly outperforming a baseline that is based on tweet volume. Finally we show how reports of severe vulnerabilities online are predictive of real-world exploits.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2019-fake,
    title = "Fake News Detection using Deep {M}arkov Random Fields",
    author = "Nguyen, Duc Minh  and
      Do, Tien Huu  and
      Calderbank, Robert  and
      Deligiannis, Nikos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1141",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1141",
    pages = "1391--1400",
    abstract = "Deep-learning-based models have been successfully applied to the problem of detecting fake news on social media. While the correlations among news articles have been shown to be effective cues for online news analysis, existing deep-learning-based methods often ignore this information and only consider each news article individually. To overcome this limitation, we develop a graph-theoretic method that inherits the power of deep learning while at the same time utilizing the correlations among the articles. We formulate fake news detection as an inference problem in a Markov random field (MRF) which can be solved by the iterative mean-field algorithm. We then unfold the mean-field algorithm into hidden layers that are composed of common neural network operations. By integrating these hidden layers on top of a deep network, which produces the MRF potentials, we obtain our deep MRF model for fake news detection. Experimental results on well-known datasets show that the proposed model improves upon various state-of-the-art models.",
}
@inproceedings{hartmann-etal-2019-issue,
    title = "Issue Framing in Online Discussion Fora",
    author = "Hartmann, Mareike  and
      Jansen, Tallulah  and
      Augenstein, Isabelle  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1142",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1142",
    pages = "1401--1407",
    abstract = "In online discussion fora, speakers often make arguments for or against something, say birth control, by highlighting certain aspects of the topic. In social science, this is referred to as issue framing. In this paper, we introduce a new issue frame annotated corpus of online discussions. We explore to what extent models trained to detect issue frames in newswire and social media can be transferred to the domain of discussion fora, using a combination of multi-task and adversarial training, assuming only unlabeled training data in the target domain.",
}
@inproceedings{amiri-mohtarami-2019-vector,
    title = "Vector of Locally Aggregated Embeddings for Text Representation",
    author = "Amiri, Hadi  and
      Mohtarami, Mitra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1143",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1143",
    pages = "1408--1414",
    abstract = "We present Vector of Locally Aggregated Embeddings (VLAE) for effective and, ultimately, lossless representation of textual content. Our model encodes each input text by effectively identifying and integrating the representations of its semantically-relevant parts. The proposed model generates high quality representation of textual content and improves the classification performance of current state-of-the-art deep averaging networks across several text classification tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{zampieri-etal-2019-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Type and Target of Offensive Posts in Social Media",
    author = "Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Rosenthal, Sara  and
      Farra, Noura  and
      Kumar, Ritesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1144",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1144",
    pages = "1415--1420",
    abstract = "As offensive content has become pervasive in social media, there has been much research in identifying potentially offensive messages. However, previous work on this topic did not consider the problem as a whole, but rather focused on detecting very specific types of offensive content, e.g., hate speech, cyberbulling, or cyber-aggression. In contrast, here we target several different kinds of offensive content. In particular, we model the task hierarchically, identifying the type and the target of offensive messages in social media. For this purpose, we complied the Offensive Language Identification Dataset (OLID), a new dataset with tweets annotated for offensive content using a fine-grained three-layer annotation scheme, which we make publicly available. We discuss the main similarities and differences between OLID and pre-existing datasets for hate speech identification, aggression detection, and similar tasks. We further experiment with and we compare the performance of different machine learning models on OLID.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2019-biomedical,
    title = "Biomedical Event Extraction based on Knowledge-driven Tree-{LSTM}",
    author = "Li, Diya  and
      Huang, Lifu  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Han, Jiawei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1145",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1145",
    pages = "1421--1430",
    abstract = "Event extraction for the biomedical domain is more challenging than that in the general news domain since it requires broader acquisition of domain-specific knowledge and deeper understanding of complex contexts. To better encode contextual information and external background knowledge, we propose a novel knowledge base (KB)-driven tree-structured long short-term memory networks (Tree-LSTM) framework, incorporating two new types of features: (1) dependency structures to capture wide contexts; (2) entity properties (types and category descriptions) from external ontologies via entity linking. We evaluate our approach on the BioNLP shared task with Genia dataset and achieve a new state-of-the-art result. In addition, both quantitative and qualitative studies demonstrate the advancement of the Tree-LSTM and the external knowledge representation for biomedical event extraction.",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2019-detecting,
    title = "Detecting cognitive impairments by agreeing on interpretations of linguistic features",
    author = "Zhu, Zining  and
      Novikova, Jekaterina  and
      Rudzicz, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1146",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1146",
    pages = "1431--1441",
    abstract = "Linguistic features have shown promising applications for detecting various cognitive impairments. To improve detection accuracies, increasing the amount of data or the number of linguistic features have been two applicable approaches. However, acquiring additional clinical data can be expensive, and hand-crafting features is burdensome. In this paper, we take a third approach, proposing Consensus Networks (CNs), a framework to classify after reaching agreements between modalities. We divide linguistic features into non-overlapping subsets according to their modalities, and let neural networks learn low-dimensional representations that agree with each other. These representations are passed into a classifier network. All neural networks are optimized iteratively. In this paper, we also present two methods that improve the performance of CNs. We then present ablation studies to illustrate the effectiveness of modality division. To understand further what happens in CNs, we visualize the representations during training. Overall, using all of the 413 linguistic features, our models significantly outperform traditional classifiers, which are used by the state-of-the-art papers.",
}
@inproceedings{singh-bhatia-2019-relation,
    title = "Relation Extraction using Explicit Context Conditioning",
    author = "Singh, Gaurav  and
      Bhatia, Parminder",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1147",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1147",
    pages = "1442--1447",
    abstract = "Relation extraction (RE) aims to label relations between groups of marked entities in raw text. Most current RE models learn context-aware representations of the target entities that are then used to establish relation between them. This works well for intra-sentence RE, and we call them first-order relations. However, this methodology can sometimes fail to capture complex and long dependencies. To address this, we hypothesize that at times the target entities can be connected via a context token. We refer to such indirect relations as second-order relations, and describe an efficient implementation for computing them. These second-order relation scores are then combined with first-order relation scores to obtain final relation scores. Our empirical results show that the proposed method leads to state-of-the-art performance over two biomedical datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2019-conversation,
    title = "Conversation Model Fine-Tuning for Classifying Client Utterances in Counseling Dialogues",
    author = "Park, Sungjoon  and
      Kim, Donghyun  and
      Oh, Alice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1148",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1148",
    pages = "1448--1459",
    abstract = "The recent surge of text-based online counseling applications enables us to collect and analyze interactions between counselors and clients. A dataset of those interactions can be used to learn to automatically classify the client utterances into categories that help counselors in diagnosing client status and predicting counseling outcome. With proper anonymization, we collect counselor-client dialogues, define meaningful categories of client utterances with professional counselors, and develop a novel neural network model for classifying the client utterances. The central idea of our model, ConvMFiT, is a pre-trained conversation model which consists of a general language model built from an out-of-domain corpus and two role-specific language models built from unlabeled in-domain dialogues. The classification result shows that ConvMFiT outperforms state-of-the-art comparison models. Further, the attention weights in the learned model confirm that the model finds expected linguistic patterns for each category.",
}
@inproceedings{dai-etal-2019-using,
    title = "Using Similarity Measures to Select Pretraining Data for {NER}",
    author = "Dai, Xiang  and
      Karimi, Sarvnaz  and
      Hachey, Ben  and
      Paris, Cecile",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1149",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1149",
    pages = "1460--1470",
    abstract = "Word vectors and Language Models (LMs) pretrained on a large amount of unlabelled data can dramatically improve various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, the measure and impact of similarity between pretraining data and target task data are left to intuition. We propose three cost-effective measures to quantify different aspects of similarity between source pretraining and target task data. We demonstrate that these measures are good predictors of the usefulness of pretrained models for Named Entity Recognition (NER) over 30 data pairs. Results also suggest that pretrained LMs are more effective and more predictable than pretrained word vectors, but pretrained word vectors are better when pretraining data is dissimilar.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2019-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Annotation Difficulty to Improve Task Routing and Model Performance for Biomedical Information Extraction",
    author = "Yang, Yinfei  and
      Agarwal, Oshin  and
      Tar, Chris  and
      Wallace, Byron C.  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1150",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1150",
    pages = "1471--1480",
    abstract = "Modern NLP systems require high-quality annotated data. For specialized domains, expert annotations may be prohibitively expensive; the alternative is to rely on crowdsourcing to reduce costs at the risk of introducing noise. In this paper we demonstrate that directly modeling instance difficulty can be used to improve model performance and to route instances to appropriate annotators. Our difficulty prediction model combines two learned representations: a {`}universal{'} encoder trained on out of domain data, and a task-specific encoder. Experiments on a complex biomedical information extraction task using expert and lay annotators show that: (i) simply excluding from the training data instances predicted to be difficult yields a small boost in performance; (ii) using difficulty scores to weight instances during training provides further, consistent gains; (iii) assigning instances predicted to be difficult to domain experts is an effective strategy for task routing. Further, our experiments confirm the expectation that for such domain-specific tasks expert annotations are of much higher quality and preferable to obtain if practical and that augmenting small amounts of expert data with a larger set of lay annotations leads to further improvements in model performance.",
}
@inproceedings{aragon-etal-2019-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Depression in Social Media using Fine-Grained Emotions",
    author = "Arag{\'o}n, Mario Ezra  and
      L{\'o}pez-Monroy, Adrian Pastor  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-Gurrola, Luis Carlos  and
      Montes-y-G{\'o}mez, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1151",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1151",
    pages = "1481--1486",
    abstract = "Nowadays social media platforms are the most popular way for people to share information, from work issues to personal matters. For example, people with health disorders tend to share their concerns for advice, support or simply to relieve suffering. This provides a great opportunity to proactively detect these users and refer them as soon as possible to professional help. We propose a new representation called Bag of Sub-Emotions (BoSE), which represents social media documents by a set of fine-grained emotions automatically generated using a lexical resource of emotions and subword embeddings. The proposed representation is evaluated in the task of depression detection. The results are encouraging; the usage of fine-grained emotions improved the results from a representation based on the core emotions and obtained competitive results in comparison to state of the art approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{sousa-etal-2019-silver,
    title = "A Silver Standard Corpus of Human Phenotype-Gene Relations",
    author = "Sousa, Diana  and
      Lamurias, Andre  and
      Couto, Francisco M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1152",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1152",
    pages = "1487--1492",
    abstract = "Human phenotype-gene relations are fundamental to fully understand the origin of some phenotypic abnormalities and their associated diseases. Biomedical literature is the most comprehensive source of these relations, however, we need Relation Extraction tools to automatically recognize them. Most of these tools require an annotated corpus and to the best of our knowledge, there is no corpus available annotated with human phenotype-gene relations. This paper presents the Phenotype-Gene Relations (PGR) corpus, a silver standard corpus of human phenotype and gene annotations and their relations. The corpus consists of 1712 abstracts, 5676 human phenotype annotations, 13835 gene annotations, and 4283 relations. We generated this corpus using Named-Entity Recognition tools, whose results were partially evaluated by eight curators, obtaining a precision of 87.01{\%}. By using the corpus we were able to obtain promising results with two state-of-the-art deep learning tools, namely 78.05{\%} of precision. The PGR corpus was made publicly available to the research community.",
}
@inproceedings{manjavacas-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Lemmatization of Non-Standard Languages with Joint Learning",
    author = "Manjavacas, Enrique  and
      K{\'a}d{\'a}r, {\'A}kos  and
      Kestemont, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1153",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1153",
    pages = "1493--1503",
    abstract = "Lemmatization of standard languages is concerned with (i) abstracting over morphological differences and (ii) resolving token-lemma ambiguities of inflected words in order to map them to a dictionary headword. In the present paper we aim to improve lemmatization performance on a set of non-standard historical languages in which the difficulty is increased by an additional aspect (iii): spelling variation due to lacking orthographic standards. We approach lemmatization as a string-transduction task with an Encoder-Decoder architecture which we enrich with sentence information using a hierarchical sentence encoder. We show significant improvements over the state-of-the-art by fine-tuning the sentence encodings to jointly optimize a bidirectional language model loss. Crucially, our architecture does not require POS or morphological annotations, which are not always available for historical corpora. Additionally, we also test the proposed model on a set of typologically diverse standard languages showing results on par or better than a model without fine-tuned sentence representations and previous state-of-the-art systems. Finally, to encourage future work on processing of non-standard varieties, we release the dataset of non-standard languages underlying the present study, which is based on openly accessible sources.",
}
@inproceedings{durrani-etal-2019-one,
    title = "One Size Does Not Fit All: Comparing {NMT} Representations of Different Granularities",
    author = "Durrani, Nadir  and
      Dalvi, Fahim  and
      Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1154",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1154",
    pages = "1504--1516",
    abstract = "Recent work has shown that contextualized word representations derived from neural machine translation are a viable alternative to such from simple word predictions tasks. This is because the internal understanding that needs to be built in order to be able to translate from one language to another is much more comprehensive. Unfortunately, computational and memory limitations as of present prevent NMT models from using large word vocabularies, and thus alternatives such as subword units (BPE and morphological segmentations) and characters have been used. Here we study the impact of using different kinds of units on the quality of the resulting representations when used to model morphology, syntax, and semantics. We found that while representations derived from subwords are slightly better for modeling syntax, character-based representations are superior for modeling morphology and are also more robust to noisy input.",
}
@inproceedings{malaviya-etal-2019-simple,
    title = "A Simple Joint Model for Improved Contextual Neural Lemmatization",
    author = "Malaviya, Chaitanya  and
      Wu, Shijie  and
      Cotterell, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1155",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1155",
    pages = "1517--1528",
    abstract = "English verbs have multiple forms. For instance, talk may also appear as talks, talked or talking, depending on the context. The NLP task of lemmatization seeks to map these diverse forms back to a canonical one, known as the lemma. We present a simple joint neural model for lemmatization and morphological tagging that achieves state-of-the-art results on 20 languages from the Universal Dependencies corpora. Our paper describes the model in addition to training and decoding procedures. Error analysis indicates that joint morphological tagging and lemmatization is especially helpful in low-resource lemmatization and languages that display a larger degree of morphological complexity.",
}
@inproceedings{bjerva-etal-2019-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Generative Model of Linguistic Typology",
    author = "Bjerva, Johannes  and
      Kementchedjhieva, Yova  and
      Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Augenstein, Isabelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1156",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1156",
    pages = "1529--1540",
    abstract = "In the principles-and-parameters framework, the structural features of languages depend on parameters that may be toggled on or off, with a single parameter often dictating the status of multiple features. The implied covariance between features inspires our probabilisation of this line of linguistic inquiry{---}we develop a generative model of language based on exponential-family matrix factorisation. By modelling all languages and features within the same architecture, we show how structural similarities between languages can be exploited to predict typological features with near-perfect accuracy, outperforming several baselines on the task of predicting held-out features. Furthermore, we show that language embeddings pre-trained on monolingual text allow for generalisation to unobserved languages. This finding has clear practical and also theoretical implications: the results confirm what linguists have hypothesised, i.e. that there are significant correlations between typological features and languages.",
}
@inproceedings{ciosici-etal-2019-quantifying,
    title = "Quantifying the morphosyntactic content of Brown Clusters",
    author = "Ciosici, Manuel  and
      Derczynski, Leon  and
      Assent, Ira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1157",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1157",
    pages = "1541--1550",
    abstract = "Brown and Exchange word clusters have long been successfully used as word representations in Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems. Their success has been attributed to their seeming ability to represent both semantic and syntactic information. Using corpora representing several language families, we test the hypothesis that Brown and Exchange word clusters are highly effective at encoding morphosyntactic information. Our experiments show that word clusters are highly capable at distinguishing Parts of Speech. We show that increases in Average Mutual Information, the clustering algorithms{'} optimization goal, are highly correlated with improvements in encoding of morphosyntactic information. Our results provide empirical evidence that downstream NLP systems addressing tasks dependent on morphosyntactic information can benefit from word cluster features.",
}
@inproceedings{hao-paul-2019-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing {B}ayesian Crosslingual Transfer in Topic Models",
    author = "Hao, Shudong  and
      Paul, Michael J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1158",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1158",
    pages = "1551--1565",
    abstract = "We introduce a theoretical analysis of crosslingual transfer in probabilistic topic models. By formulating posterior inference through Gibbs sampling as a process of language transfer, we propose a new measure that quantifies the loss of knowledge across languages during this process. This measure enables us to derive a PAC-Bayesian bound that elucidates the factors affecting model quality, both during training and in downstream applications. We provide experimental validation of the analysis on a diverse set of five languages, and discuss best practices for data collection and model design based on our analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{de-lhoneux-etal-2019-recursive,
    title = "Recursive Subtree Composition in {LSTM}-Based Dependency Parsing",
    author = "de Lhoneux, Miryam  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1159",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1159",
    pages = "1566--1576",
    abstract = "The need for tree structure modelling on top of sequence modelling is an open issue in neural dependency parsing. We investigate the impact of adding a tree layer on top of a sequential model by recursively composing subtree representations (composition) in a transition-based parser that uses features extracted by a BiLSTM. Composition seems superfluous with such a model, suggesting that BiLSTMs capture information about subtrees. We perform model ablations to tease out the conditions under which composition helps. When ablating the backward LSTM, performance drops and composition does not recover much of the gap. When ablating the forward LSTM, performance drops less dramatically and composition recovers a substantial part of the gap, indicating that a forward LSTM and composition capture similar information. We take the backward LSTM to be related to lookahead features and the forward LSTM to the rich history-based features both crucial for transition-based parsers. To capture history-based information, composition is better than a forward LSTM on its own, but it is even better to have a forward LSTM as part of a BiLSTM. We correlate results with language properties, showing that the improved lookahead of a backward LSTM is especially important for head-final languages.",
}
@inproceedings{evang-2019-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual {CCG} Induction",
    author = "Evang, Kilian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1160",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1160",
    pages = "1577--1587",
    abstract = "Combinatory categorial grammars are linguistically motivated and useful for semantic parsing, but costly to acquire in a supervised way and difficult to acquire in an unsupervised way. We propose an alternative making use of cross-lingual learning: an existing source-language parser is used together with a parallel corpus to induce a grammar and parsing model for a target language. On the PASCAL benchmark, cross-lingual CCG induction outperforms CCG induction from gold-standard POS tags on 3 out of 8 languages, and unsupervised CCG induction on 6 out of 8 languages. We also show that cross-lingually induced CCGs reflect syntactic properties of the target languages.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2019-density,
    title = "Density Matching for Bilingual Word Embedding",
    author = "Zhou, Chunting  and
      Ma, Xuezhe  and
      Wang, Di  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1161",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1161",
    pages = "1588--1598",
    abstract = "Recent approaches to cross-lingual word embedding have generally been based on linear transformations between the sets of embedding vectors in the two languages. In this paper, we propose an approach that instead expresses the two monolingual embedding spaces as probability densities defined by a Gaussian mixture model, and matches the two densities using a method called normalizing flow. The method requires no explicit supervision, and can be learned with only a seed dictionary of words that have identical strings. We argue that this formulation has several intuitively attractive properties, particularly with the respect to improving robustness and generalization to mappings between difficult language pairs or word pairs. On a benchmark data set of bilingual lexicon induction and cross-lingual word similarity, our approach can achieve competitive or superior performance compared to state-of-the-art published results, with particularly strong results being found on etymologically distant and/or morphologically rich languages.",
}
@inproceedings{schuster-etal-2019-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Alignment of Contextual Word Embeddings, with Applications to Zero-shot Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Schuster, Tal  and
      Ram, Ori  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Globerson, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1162",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1162",
    pages = "1599--1613",
    abstract = "We introduce a novel method for multilingual transfer that utilizes deep contextual embeddings, pretrained in an unsupervised fashion. While contextual embeddings have been shown to yield richer representations of meaning compared to their static counterparts, aligning them poses a challenge due to their dynamic nature. To this end, we construct context-independent variants of the original monolingual spaces and utilize their mapping to derive an alignment for the context-dependent spaces. This mapping readily supports processing of a target language, improving transfer by context-aware embeddings. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach for zero-shot and few-shot learning of dependency parsing. Specifically, our method consistently outperforms the previous state-of-the-art on 6 tested languages, yielding an improvement of 6.8 LAS points on average.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2019-early,
    title = "Early Rumour Detection",
    author = "Zhou, Kaimin  and
      Shu, Chang  and
      Li, Binyang  and
      Lau, Jey Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1163",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1163",
    pages = "1614--1623",
    abstract = "Rumours can spread quickly through social media, and malicious ones can bring about significant economical and social impact. Motivated by this, our paper focuses on the task of rumour detection; particularly, we are interested in understanding how early we can detect them. Although there are numerous studies on rumour detection, few are concerned with the timing of the detection. A successfully-detected malicious rumour can still cause significant damage if it isn{'}t detected in a timely manner, and so timing is crucial. To address this, we present a novel methodology for early rumour detection. Our model treats social media posts (e.g. tweets) as a data stream and integrates reinforcement learning to learn the number minimum number of posts required before we classify an event as a rumour. Experiments on Twitter and Weibo demonstrate that our model identifies rumours earlier than state-of-the-art systems while maintaining a comparable accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2019-microblog,
    title = "Microblog Hashtag Generation via Encoding Conversation Contexts",
    author = "Wang, Yue  and
      Li, Jing  and
      King, Irwin  and
      Lyu, Michael R.  and
      Shi, Shuming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1164",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1164",
    pages = "1624--1633",
    abstract = "Automatic hashtag annotation plays an important role in content understanding for microblog posts. To date, progress made in this field has been restricted to phrase selection from limited candidates, or word-level hashtag discovery using topic models. Different from previous work considering hashtags to be inseparable, our work is the first effort to annotate hashtags with a novel sequence generation framework via viewing the hashtag as a short sequence of words. Moreover, to address the data sparsity issue in processing short microblog posts, we propose to jointly model the target posts and the conversation contexts initiated by them with bidirectional attention. Extensive experimental results on two large-scale datasets, newly collected from English Twitter and Chinese Weibo, show that our model significantly outperforms state-of-the-art models based on classification. Further studies demonstrate our ability to effectively generate rare and even unseen hashtags, which is however not possible for most existing methods.",
}
@inproceedings{eger-etal-2019-text,
    title = "Text Processing Like Humans Do: Visually Attacking and Shielding {NLP} Systems",
    author = {Eger, Steffen  and
      {\c{S}}ahin, G{\"o}zde G{\"u}l  and
      R{\"u}ckl{\'e}, Andreas  and
      Lee, Ji-Ung  and
      Schulz, Claudia  and
      Mesgar, Mohsen  and
      Swarnkar, Krishnkant  and
      Simpson, Edwin  and
      Gurevych, Iryna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1165",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1165",
    pages = "1634--1647",
    abstract = "Visual modifications to text are often used to obfuscate offensive comments in social media (e.g., {``}!d10t{''}) or as a writing style ({``}1337{''} in {``}leet speak{''}), among other scenarios. We consider this as a new type of adversarial attack in NLP, a setting to which humans are very robust, as our experiments with both simple and more difficult visual perturbations demonstrate. We investigate the impact of visual adversarial attacks on current NLP systems on character-, word-, and sentence-level tasks, showing that both neural and non-neural models are, in contrast to humans, extremely sensitive to such attacks, suffering performance decreases of up to 82{\%}. We then explore three shielding methods{---}visual character embeddings, adversarial training, and rule-based recovery{---}which substantially improve the robustness of the models. However, the shielding methods still fall behind performances achieved in non-attack scenarios, which demonstrates the difficulty of dealing with visual attacks.",
}
@inproceedings{hessel-lee-2019-somethings,
    title = "Something{'}s Brewing! Early Prediction of Controversy-causing Posts from Discussion Features",
    author = "Hessel, Jack  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1166",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1166",
    pages = "1648--1659",
    abstract = "Controversial posts are those that split the preferences of a community, receiving both significant positive and significant negative feedback. Our inclusion of the word {``}community{''} here is deliberate: what is controversial to some audiences may not be so to others. Using data from several different communities on reddit.com, we predict the ultimate controversiality of posts, leveraging features drawn from both the textual content and the tree structure of the early comments that initiate the discussion. We find that even when only a handful of comments are available, e.g., the first 5 comments made within 15 minutes of the original post, discussion features often add predictive capacity to strong content-and- rate only baselines. Additional experiments on domain transfer suggest that conversation- structure features often generalize to other communities better than conversation-content features do.",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2019-permanent,
    title = "No Permanent {F}riends or Enemies: Tracking Relationships between Nations from News",
    author = "Han, Xiaochuang  and
      Choi, Eunsol  and
      Tan, Chenhao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1167",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1167",
    pages = "1660--1676",
    abstract = "Understanding the dynamics of international politics is important yet challenging for civilians. In this work, we explore unsupervised neural models to infer relations between nations from news articles. We extend existing models by incorporating shallow linguistics information and propose a new automatic evaluation metric that aligns relationship dynamics with manually annotated key events. As understanding international relations requires carefully analyzing complex relationships, we conduct in-person human evaluations with three groups of participants. Overall, humans prefer the outputs of our model and give insightful feedback that suggests future directions for human-centered models. Furthermore, our model reveals interesting regional differences in news coverage. For instance, with respect to US-China relations, Singaporean media focus more on {``}strengthening{''} and {``}purchasing{''}, while US media focus more on {``}criticizing{''} and {``}denouncing{''}.",
}
@inproceedings{gehrmann-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Human Text Comprehension through Semi-{M}arkov {CRF}-based Neural Section Title Generation",
    author = "Gehrmann, Sebastian  and
      Layne, Steven  and
      Dernoncourt, Franck",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1168",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1168",
    pages = "1677--1688",
    abstract = "Titles of short sections within long documents support readers by guiding their focus towards relevant passages and by providing anchor-points that help to understand the progression of the document. The positive effects of section titles are even more pronounced when measured on readers with less developed reading abilities, for example in communities with limited labeled text resources. We, therefore, aim to develop techniques to generate section titles in low-resource environments. In particular, we present an extractive pipeline for section title generation by first selecting the most salient sentence and then applying deletion-based compression. Our compression approach is based on a Semi-Markov Conditional Random Field that leverages unsupervised word-representations such as ELMo or BERT, eliminating the need for a complex encoder-decoder architecture. The results show that this approach leads to competitive performance with sequence-to-sequence models with high resources, while strongly outperforming it with low resources. In a human-subject study across subjects with varying reading abilities, we find that our section titles improve the speed of completing comprehension tasks while retaining similar accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-etal-2019-unifying,
    title = "Unifying Human and Statistical Evaluation for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Hashimoto, Tatsunori  and
      Zhang, Hugh  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1169",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1169",
    pages = "1689--1701",
    abstract = "How can we measure whether a natural language generation system produces both high quality and diverse outputs? Human evaluation captures quality but not diversity, as it does not catch models that simply plagiarize from the training set. On the other hand, statistical evaluation (i.e., perplexity) captures diversity but not quality, as models that occasionally emit low quality samples would be insufficiently penalized. In this paper, we propose a unified framework which evaluates both diversity and quality, based on the optimal error rate of predicting whether a sentence is human- or machine-generated. We demonstrate that this error rate can be efficiently estimated by combining human and statistical evaluation, using an evaluation metric which we call HUSE. On summarization and chit-chat dialogue, we show that (i) HUSE detects diversity defects which fool pure human evaluation and that (ii) techniques such as annealing for improving quality actually decrease HUSE due to decreased diversity.",
}
@inproceedings{see-etal-2019-makes,
    title = "What makes a good conversation? How controllable attributes affect human judgments",
    author = "See, Abigail  and
      Roller, Stephen  and
      Kiela, Douwe  and
      Weston, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1170",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1170",
    pages = "1702--1723",
    abstract = "A good conversation requires balance {--} between simplicity and detail; staying on topic and changing it; asking questions and answering them. Although dialogue agents are commonly evaluated via human judgments of overall quality, the relationship between quality and these individual factors is less well-studied. In this work, we examine two controllable neural text generation methods, conditional training and weighted decoding, in order to control four important attributes for chit-chat dialogue: repetition, specificity, response-relatedness and question-asking. We conduct a large-scale human evaluation to measure the effect of these control parameters on multi-turn interactive conversations on the PersonaChat task. We provide a detailed analysis of their relationship to high-level aspects of conversation, and show that by controlling combinations of these variables our models obtain clear improvements in human quality judgments.",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-etal-2019-empirical,
    title = "{A}n Empirical Investigation of Global and Local Normalization for Recurrent Neural Sequence Models Using a Continuous Relaxation to Beam Search",
    author = "Goyal, Kartik  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1171",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1171",
    pages = "1724--1733",
    abstract = "Globally normalized neural sequence models are considered superior to their locally normalized equivalents because they may ameliorate the effects of label bias. However, when considering high-capacity neural parametrizations that condition on the whole input sequence, both model classes are theoretically equivalent in terms of the distributions they are capable of representing. Thus, the practical advantage of global normalization in the context of modern neural methods remains unclear. In this paper, we attempt to shed light on this problem through an empirical study. We extend an approach for search-aware training via a continuous relaxation of beam search (Goyal et al., 2017b) in order to enable training of globally normalized recurrent sequence models through simple backpropagation. We then use this technique to conduct an empirical study of the interaction between global normalization, high-capacity encoders, and search-aware optimization. We observe that in the context of inexact search, globally normalized neural models are still more effective than their locally normalized counterparts. Further, since our training approach is sensitive to warm-starting with pre-trained models, we also propose a novel initialization strategy based on self-normalization for pre-training globally normalized models. We perform analysis of our approach on two tasks: CCG supertagging and Machine Translation, and demonstrate the importance of global normalization under different conditions while using search-aware training.",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2019-pun,
    title = "Pun Generation with Surprise",
    author = "He, He  and
      Peng, Nanyun  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1172",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1172",
    pages = "1734--1744",
    abstract = "We tackle the problem of generating a pun sentence given a pair of homophones (e.g., {``}died{''} and {``}dyed{''}). Puns are by their very nature statistically anomalous and not amenable to most text generation methods that are supervised by a large corpus. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised approach to pun generation based on lots of raw (unhumorous) text and a surprisal principle. Specifically, we posit that in a pun sentence, there is a strong association between the pun word (e.g., {``}dyed{''}) and the distant context, but a strong association between the alternative word (e.g., {``}died{''}) and the immediate context. We instantiate the surprisal principle in two ways: (i) as a measure based on the ratio of probabilities given by a language model, and (ii) a retrieve-and-edit approach based on words suggested by a skip-gram model. Based on human evaluation, our retrieve-and-edit approach generates puns successfully 30{\%} of the time, doubling the success rate of a neural generation baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-single,
    title = "Single Document Summarization as Tree Induction",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Titov, Ivan  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1173",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1173",
    pages = "1745--1755",
    abstract = "In this paper, we conceptualize single-document extractive summarization as a tree induction problem. In contrast to previous approaches which have relied on linguistically motivated document representations to generate summaries, our model induces a multi-root dependency tree while predicting the output summary. Each root node in the tree is a summary sentence, and the subtrees attached to it are sentences whose content relates to or explains the summary sentence. We design a new iterative refinement algorithm: it induces the trees through repeatedly refining the structures predicted by previous iterations. We demonstrate experimentally on two benchmark datasets that our summarizer performs competitively against state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{hidey-mckeown-2019-fixed,
    title = "Fixed That for You: Generating Contrastive Claims with Semantic Edits",
    author = "Hidey, Christopher  and
      McKeown, Kathy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1174",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1174",
    pages = "1756--1767",
    abstract = "Understanding contrastive opinions is a key component of argument generation. Central to an argument is the claim, a statement that is in dispute. Generating a counter-argument then requires generating a response in contrast to the main claim of the original argument. To generate contrastive claims, we create a corpus of Reddit comment pairs self-labeled by posters using the acronym FTFY (fixed that for you). We then train neural models on these pairs to edit the original claim and produce a new claim with a different view. We demonstrate significant improvement over a sequence-to-sequence baseline in BLEU score and a human evaluation for fluency, coherence, and contrast.",
}
@inproceedings{soldner-etal-2019-box,
    title = "Box of Lies: Multimodal Deception Detection in Dialogues",
    author = "Soldner, Felix  and
      P{\'e}rez-Rosas, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1175",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1175",
    pages = "1768--1777",
    abstract = "Deception often takes place during everyday conversations, yet conversational dialogues remain largely unexplored by current work on automatic deception detection. In this paper, we address the task of detecting multimodal deceptive cues during conversational dialogues. We introduce a multimodal dataset containing deceptive conversations between participants playing the Box of Lies game from The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, in which they try to guess whether an object description provided by their opponent is deceptive or not. We conduct annotations of multimodal communication behaviors, including facial and linguistic behaviors, and derive several learning features based on these annotations. Initial classification experiments show promising results, performing well above both a random and a human baseline, and reaching up to 69{\%} accuracy in distinguishing deceptive and truthful behaviors.",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-etal-2019-crowdsourced,
    title = "A Crowdsourced Corpus of Multiple Judgments and Disagreement on Anaphoric Interpretation",
    author = "Poesio, Massimo  and
      Chamberlain, Jon  and
      Paun, Silviu  and
      Yu, Juntao  and
      Uma, Alexandra  and
      Kruschwitz, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1176",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1176",
    pages = "1778--1789",
    abstract = "We present a corpus of anaphoric information (coreference) crowdsourced through a game-with-a-purpose. The corpus, containing annotations for about 108,000 markables, is one of the largest corpora for coreference for English, and one of the largest crowdsourced NLP corpora, but its main feature is the large number of judgments per markable: 20 on average, and over 2.2M in total. This characteristic makes the corpus a unique resource for the study of disagreements on anaphoric interpretation. A second distinctive feature is its rich annotation scheme, covering singletons, expletives, and split-antecedent plurals. Finally, the corpus also comes with labels inferred using a recently proposed probabilistic model of annotation for coreference. The labels are of high quality and make it possible to successfully train a state of the art coreference resolver, including training on singletons and non-referring expressions. The annotation model can also result in more than one label, or no label, being proposed for a markable, thus serving as a baseline method for automatically identifying ambiguous markables. A preliminary analysis of the results is presented.",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2019-streamlined,
    title = "A Streamlined Method for Sourcing Discourse-level Argumentation Annotations from the Crowd",
    author = "Miller, Tristan  and
      Sukhareva, Maria  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1177",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1177",
    pages = "1790--1796",
    abstract = "The study of argumentation and the development of argument mining tools depends on the availability of annotated data, which is challenging to obtain in sufficient quantity and quality. We present a method that breaks down a popular but relatively complex discourse-level argument annotation scheme into a simpler, iterative procedure that can be applied even by untrained annotators. We apply this method in a crowdsourcing setup and report on the reliability of the annotations obtained. The source code for a tool implementing our annotation method, as well as the sample data we obtained (4909 gold-standard annotations across 982 documents), are freely released to the research community. These are intended to serve the needs of qualitative research into argumentation, as well as of data-driven approaches to argument mining.",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2019-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Dialog Structure Learning",
    author = "Shi, Weiyan  and
      Zhao, Tiancheng  and
      Yu, Zhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1178",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1178",
    pages = "1797--1807",
    abstract = "Learning a shared dialog structure from a set of task-oriented dialogs is an important challenge in computational linguistics. The learned dialog structure can shed light on how to analyze human dialogs, and more importantly contribute to the design and evaluation of dialog systems. We propose to extract dialog structures using a modified VRNN model with discrete latent vectors. Different from existing HMM-based models, our model is based on variational-autoencoder (VAE). Such model is able to capture more dynamics in dialogs beyond the surface forms of the language. We find that qualitatively, our method extracts meaningful dialog structure, and quantitatively, outperforms previous models on the ability to predict unseen data. We further evaluate the model{'}s effectiveness in a downstream task, the dialog system building task. Experiments show that, by integrating the learned dialog structure into the reward function design, the model converges faster and to a better outcome in a reinforcement learning setting.",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Document-level Causal Structures for Event Causal Relation Identification",
    author = "Gao, Lei  and
      Choubey, Prafulla Kumar  and
      Huang, Ruihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1179",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1179",
    pages = "1808--1817",
    abstract = "We aim to comprehensively identify all the event causal relations in a document, both within a sentence and across sentences, which is important for reconstructing pivotal event structures. The challenges we identified are two: 1) event causal relations are sparse among all possible event pairs in a document, in addition, 2) few causal relations are explicitly stated. Both challenges are especially true for identifying causal relations between events across sentences. To address these challenges, we model rich aspects of document-level causal structures for achieving comprehensive causal relation identification. The causal structures include heavy involvements of document-level main events in causal relations as well as several types of fine-grained constraints that capture implications from certain sentential syntactic relations and discourse relations as well as interactions between event causal relations and event coreference relations. Our experimental results show that modeling the global and fine-grained aspects of causal structures using Integer Linear Programming (ILP) greatly improves the performance of causal relation identification, especially in identifying cross-sentence causal relations.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2019-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical User and Item Representation with Three-Tier Attention for Recommendation",
    author = "Wu, Chuhan  and
      Wu, Fangzhao  and
      Liu, Junxin  and
      Huang, Yongfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1180",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1180",
    pages = "1818--1826",
    abstract = "Utilizing reviews to learn user and item representations is useful for recommender systems. Existing methods usually merge all reviews from the same user or for the same item into a long document. However, different reviews, sentences and even words usually have different informativeness for modeling users and items. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical user and item representation model with three-tier attention to learn user and item representations from reviews for recommendation. Our model contains three major components, i.e., a sentence encoder to learn sentence representations from words, a review encoder to learn review representations from sentences, and a user/item encoder to learn user/item representations from reviews. In addition, we incorporate a three-tier attention network in our model to select important words, sentences and reviews. Besides, we combine the user and item representations learned from the reviews with user and item embeddings based on IDs as the final representations to capture the latent factors of individual users and items. Extensive experiments on four benchmark datasets validate the effectiveness of our approach.",
}
@inproceedings{vor-der-bruck-pouly-2019-text,
    title = "Text Similarity Estimation Based on Word Embeddings and Matrix Norms for Targeted Marketing",
    author = {vor der Br{\"u}ck, Tim  and
      Pouly, Marc},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1181",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1181",
    pages = "1827--1836",
    abstract = "The prevalent way to estimate the similarity of two documents based on word embeddings is to apply the cosine similarity measure to the two centroids obtained from the embedding vectors associated with the words in each document. Motivated by an industrial application from the domain of youth marketing, where this approach produced only mediocre results, we propose an alternative way of combining the word vectors using matrix norms. The evaluation shows superior results for most of the investigated matrix norms in comparison to both the classical cosine measure and several other document similarity estimates.",
}
@inproceedings{prasad-kan-2019-glocal,
    title = "{G}local: Incorporating Global Information in Local Convolution for Keyphrase Extraction",
    author = "Prasad, Animesh  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1182",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1182",
    pages = "1837--1846",
    abstract = "Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) are a class of spectral clustering techniques that leverage localized convolution filters to perform supervised classification directly on graphical structures. While such methods model nodes{'} local pairwise importance, they lack the capability to model global importance relative to other nodes of the graph. This causes such models to miss critical information in tasks where global ranking is a key component for the task, such as in keyphrase extraction. We address this shortcoming by allowing the proper incorporation of global information into the GCN family of models through the use of scaled node weights. In the context of keyphrase extraction, incorporating global random walk scores obtained from TextRank boosts performance significantly. With our proposed method, we achieve state-of-the-art results, bettering a strong baseline by an absolute 2{\%} increase in F1 score.",
}
@inproceedings{haponchyk-moschitti-2019-study,
    title = "A Study of Latent Structured Prediction Approaches to Passage Reranking",
    author = "Haponchyk, Iryna  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1183",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1183",
    pages = "1847--1857",
    abstract = "The structured output framework provides a helpful tool for learning to rank problems. In this paper, we propose a structured output approach which regards rankings as latent variables. Our approach addresses the complex optimization of Mean Average Precision (MAP) ranking metric. We provide an inference procedure to find the max-violating ranking based on the decomposition of the corresponding loss. The results of our experiments on WikiQA and TREC13 datasets show that our reranking based on structured prediction is a promising research direction.",
}
@inproceedings{beltagy-etal-2019-combining,
    title = "Combining Distant and Direct Supervision for Neural Relation Extraction",
    author = "Beltagy, Iz  and
      Lo, Kyle  and
      Ammar, Waleed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1184",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1184",
    pages = "1858--1867",
    abstract = "In relation extraction with distant supervision, noisy labels make it difficult to train quality models. Previous neural models addressed this problem using an attention mechanism that attends to sentences that are likely to express the relations. We improve such models by combining the distant supervision data with an additional directly-supervised data, which we use as supervision for the attention weights. We find that joint training on both types of supervision leads to a better model because it improves the model{'}s ability to identify noisy sentences. In addition, we find that sigmoidal attention weights with max pooling achieves better performance over the commonly used weighted average attention in this setup. Our proposed method achieves a new state-of-the-art result on the widely used FB-NYT dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{siddiqua-etal-2019-tweet,
    title = "{T}weet Stance Detection Using an Attention based Neural Ensemble Model",
    author = "Siddiqua, Umme Aymun  and
      Chy, Abu Nowshed  and
      Aono, Masaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1185",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1185",
    pages = "1868--1873",
    abstract = "Stance detection in twitter aims at mining user stances expressed in a tweet towards a single or multiple target entities. To tackle this problem, most of the prior studies have been explored the traditional deep learning models, e.g., LSTM and GRU. However, in compared to these traditional approaches, recently proposed densely connected Bi-LSTM and nested LSTMs architectures effectively address the vanishing-gradient and overfitting problems as well as dealing with long-term dependencies. In this paper, we propose a neural ensemble model that adopts the strengths of these two LSTM variants to learn better long-term dependencies, where each module coupled with an attention mechanism that amplifies the contribution of important elements in the final representation. We also employ a multi-kernel convolution on top of them to extract the higher-level tweet representations. Results of extensive experiments on single and multi-target stance detection datasets show that our proposed method achieves substantial improvement over the current state-of-the-art deep learning based methods.",
}
@inproceedings{echizenya-etal-2019-word,
    title = "Word Embedding-Based Automatic {MT} Evaluation Metric using Word Position Information",
    author = "Echizen{'}ya, Hiroshi  and
      Araki, Kenji  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1186",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1186",
    pages = "1874--1883",
    abstract = "We propose a new automatic evaluation metric for machine translation. Our proposed metric is obtained by adjusting the Earth Mover{'}s Distance (EMD) to the evaluation task. The EMD measure is used to obtain the distance between two probability distributions consisting of some signatures having a feature and a weight. We use word embeddings, sentence-level tf-idf, and cosine similarity between two word embeddings, respectively, as the features, weight, and the distance between two features. Results show that our proposed metric can evaluate machine translation based on word meaning. Moreover, for distance, cosine similarity and word position information are used to address word-order differences. We designate this metric as Word Embedding-Based automatic MT evaluation using Word Position Information (WE{\_}WPI). A meta-evaluation using WMT16 metrics shared task set indicates that our WE{\_}WPI achieves the highest correlation with human judgment among several representative metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning to Stop in Structured Prediction for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Ma, Mingbo  and
      Zheng, Renjie  and
      Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1187",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1187",
    pages = "1884--1889",
    abstract = "Beam search optimization (Wiseman and Rush, 2016) resolves many issues in neural machine translation. However, this method lacks principled stopping criteria and does not learn how to stop during training, and the model naturally prefers longer hypotheses during the testing time in practice since they use the raw score instead of the probability-based score. We propose a novel ranking method which enables an optimal beam search stop- ping criteria. We further introduce a structured prediction loss function which penalizes suboptimal finished candidates produced by beam search during training. Experiments of neural machine translation on both synthetic data and real languages (German→English and Chinese→English) demonstrate our pro- posed methods lead to better length and BLEU score.",
}
@inproceedings{heyman-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning Unsupervised Multilingual Word Embeddings with Incremental Multilingual Hubs",
    author = "Heyman, Geert  and
      Verreet, Bregt  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1188",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1188",
    pages = "1890--1902",
    abstract = "Recent research has discovered that a shared bilingual word embedding space can be induced by projecting monolingual word embedding spaces from two languages using a self-learning paradigm without any bilingual supervision. However, it has also been shown that for distant language pairs such fully unsupervised self-learning methods are unstable and often get stuck in poor local optima due to reduced isomorphism between starting monolingual spaces. In this work, we propose a new robust framework for learning unsupervised multilingual word embeddings that mitigates the instability issues. We learn a shared multilingual embedding space for a variable number of languages by incrementally adding new languages one by one to the current multilingual space. Through the gradual language addition the method can leverage the interdependencies between the new language and all other languages in the current multilingual space. We find that it is beneficial to project more distant languages later in the iterative process. Our fully unsupervised multilingual embedding spaces yield results that are on par with the state-of-the-art methods in the bilingual lexicon induction (BLI) task, and simultaneously obtain state-of-the-art scores on two downstream tasks: multilingual document classification and multilingual dependency parsing, outperforming even supervised baselines. This finding also accentuates the need to establish evaluation protocols for cross-lingual word embeddings beyond the omnipresent intrinsic BLI task in future work.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2019-curriculum,
    title = "Curriculum Learning for Domain Adaptation in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Xuan  and
      Shapiro, Pamela  and
      Kumar, Gaurav  and
      McNamee, Paul  and
      Carpuat, Marine  and
      Duh, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1189",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1189",
    pages = "1903--1915",
    abstract = "We introduce a curriculum learning approach to adapt generic neural machine translation models to a specific domain. Samples are grouped by their similarities to the domain of interest and each group is fed to the training algorithm with a particular schedule. This approach is simple to implement on top of any neural framework or architecture, and consistently outperforms both unadapted and adapted baselines in experiments with two distinct domains and two language pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{vaibhav-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Robustness of Machine Translation with Synthetic Noise",
    author = "Vaibhav, Vaibhav  and
      Singh, Sumeet  and
      Stewart, Craig  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1190",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1190",
    pages = "1916--1920",
    abstract = "Modern Machine Translation (MT) systems perform remarkably well on clean, in-domain text. However most of the human generated text, particularly in the realm of social media, is full of typos, slang, dialect, idiolect and other noise which can have a disastrous impact on the accuracy of MT. In this paper we propose methods to enhance the robustness of MT systems by emulating naturally occurring noise in otherwise clean data. Synthesizing noise in this manner we are ultimately able to make a vanilla MT system more resilient to naturally occurring noise, partially mitigating loss in accuracy resulting therefrom.",
}
@inproceedings{bapna-firat-2019-non,
    title = "Non-Parametric Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Bapna, Ankur  and
      Firat, Orhan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1191",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1191",
    pages = "1921--1931",
    abstract = "Neural Networks trained with gradient descent are known to be susceptible to catastrophic forgetting caused by parameter shift during the training process. In the context of Neural Machine Translation (NMT) this results in poor performance on heterogeneous datasets and on sub-tasks like rare phrase translation. On the other hand, non-parametric approaches are immune to forgetting, perfectly complementing the generalization ability of NMT. However, attempts to combine non-parametric or retrieval based approaches with NMT have only been successful on narrow domains, possibly due to over-reliance on sentence level retrieval. We propose a novel n-gram level retrieval approach that relies on local phrase level similarities, allowing us to retrieve neighbors that are useful for translation even when overall sentence similarity is low. We complement this with an expressive neural network, allowing our model to extract information from the noisy retrieved context. We evaluate our Semi-parametric NMT approach on a heterogeneous dataset composed of WMT, IWSLT, JRC-Acquis and OpenSubtitles, and demonstrate gains on all 4 evaluation sets. The Semi-parametric nature of our approach also opens the door for non-parametric domain adaptation, demonstrating strong inference-time adaptation performance on new domains without the need for any parameter updates.",
}
@inproceedings{wei-etal-2019-online,
    title = "Online Distilling from Checkpoints for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Wei, Hao-Ran  and
      Huang, Shujian  and
      Wang, Ran  and
      Dai, Xin-yu  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1192",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1192",
    pages = "1932--1941",
    abstract = "Current predominant neural machine translation (NMT) models often have a deep structure with large amounts of parameters, making these models hard to train and easily suffering from over-fitting. A common practice is to utilize a validation set to evaluate the training process and select the best checkpoint. Average and ensemble techniques on checkpoints can lead to further performance improvement. However, as these methods do not affect the training process, the system performance is restricted to the checkpoints generated in original training procedure. In contrast, we propose an online knowledge distillation method. Our method on-the-fly generates a teacher model from checkpoints, guiding the training process to obtain better performance. Experiments on several datasets and language pairs show steady improvement over a strong self-attention-based baseline system. We also provide analysis on data-limited setting against over-fitting. Furthermore, our method leads to an improvement in a machine reading experiment as well.",
}
@inproceedings{muhlgay-etal-2019-value,
    title = "Value-based Search in Execution Space for Mapping Instructions to Programs",
    author = "Muhlgay, Dor  and
      Herzig, Jonathan  and
      Berant, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1193",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1193",
    pages = "1942--1954",
    abstract = "Training models to map natural language instructions to programs, given target world supervision only, requires searching for good programs at training time. Search is commonly done using beam search in the space of partial programs or program trees, but as the length of the instructions grows finding a good program becomes difficult. In this work, we propose a search algorithm that uses the target world state, known at training time, to train a critic network that predicts the expected reward of every search state. We then score search states on the beam by interpolating their expected reward with the likelihood of programs represented by the search state. Moreover, we search not in the space of programs but in a more compressed state of program executions, augmented with recent entities and actions. On the SCONE dataset, we show that our algorithm dramatically improves performance on all three domains compared to standard beam search and other baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{acharya-etal-2019-vqd,
    title = "{VQD}: Visual Query Detection In Natural Scenes",
    author = "Acharya, Manoj  and
      Jariwala, Karan  and
      Kanan, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1194",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1194",
    pages = "1955--1961",
    abstract = "We propose a new visual grounding task called Visual Query Detection (VQD). In VQD, the task is to localize a \textit{variable} number of objects in an image where the objects are specified in natural language. VQD is related to visual referring expression comprehension, where the task is to localize only \textit{one} object. We propose the first algorithms for VQD, and we evaluate them on both visual referring expression datasets and our new VQDv1 dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{mehta-goldwasser-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Natural Language Interaction with Robots Using Advice",
    author = "Mehta, Nikhil  and
      Goldwasser, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1195",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1195",
    pages = "1962--1967",
    abstract = "Over the last few years, there has been growing interest in learning models for physically grounded language understanding tasks, such as the popular blocks world domain. These works typically view this problem as a single-step process, in which a human operator gives an instruction and an automated agent is evaluated on its ability to execute it. In this paper we take the first step towards increasing the bandwidth of this interaction, and suggest a protocol for including advice, high-level observations about the task, which can help constrain the agent{'}s prediction. We evaluate our approach on the blocks world task, and show that even simple advice can help lead to significant performance improvements. To help reduce the effort involved in supplying the advice, we also explore model self-generated advice which can still improve results.",
}
@inproceedings{prokhorov-etal-2019-generating,
    title = "Generating Knowledge Graph Paths from Textual Definitions using Sequence-to-Sequence Models",
    author = "Prokhorov, Victor  and
      Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1196",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1196",
    pages = "1968--1976",
    abstract = "We present a novel method for mapping unrestricted text to knowledge graph entities by framing the task as a sequence-to-sequence problem. Specifically, given the encoded state of an input text, our decoder directly predicts paths in the knowledge graph, starting from the root and ending at the the target node following hypernym-hyponym relationships. In this way, and in contrast to other text-to-entity mapping systems, our model outputs hierarchically structured predictions that are fully interpretable in the context of the underlying ontology, in an end-to-end manner. We present a proof-of-concept experiment with encouraging results, comparable to those of state-of-the-art systems.",
}
@inproceedings{thomason-etal-2019-shifting,
    title = "Shifting the Baseline: Single Modality Performance on Visual Navigation {\&} {QA}",
    author = "Thomason, Jesse  and
      Gordon, Daniel  and
      Bisk, Yonatan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1197",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1197",
    pages = "1977--1983",
    abstract = "We demonstrate the surprising strength of unimodal baselines in multimodal domains, and make concrete recommendations for best practices in future research. Where existing work often compares against random or majority class baselines, we argue that unimodal approaches better capture and reflect dataset biases and therefore provide an important comparison when assessing the performance of multimodal techniques. We present unimodal ablations on three recent datasets in visual navigation and QA, seeing an up to 29{\%} absolute gain in performance over published baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-etal-2019-excl,
    title = "{E}x{CL}: {E}xtractive {C}lip {L}ocalization {U}sing {N}atural {L}anguage {D}escriptions",
    author = "Ghosh, Soham  and
      Agarwal, Anuva  and
      Parekh, Zarana  and
      Hauptmann, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1198",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1198",
    pages = "1984--1990",
    abstract = "The task of retrieving clips within videos based on a given natural language query requires cross-modal reasoning over multiple frames. Prior approaches such as sliding window classifiers are inefficient, while text-clip similarity driven ranking-based approaches such as segment proposal networks are far more complicated. In order to select the most relevant video clip corresponding to the given text description, we propose a novel extractive approach that predicts the start and end frames by leveraging cross-modal interactions between the text and video - this removes the need to retrieve and re-rank multiple proposal segments. Using recurrent networks we encode the two modalities into a joint representation which is then used in different variants of start-end frame predictor networks. Through extensive experimentation and ablative analysis, we demonstrate that our simple and elegant approach significantly outperforms state of the art on two datasets and has comparable performance on a third.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2019-detecting,
    title = "Detecting dementia in {M}andarin {C}hinese using transfer learning from a parallel corpus",
    author = "Li, Bai  and
      Hsu, Yi-Te  and
      Rudzicz, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1199",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1199",
    pages = "1991--1997",
    abstract = "Machine learning has shown promise for automatic detection of Alzheimer{'}s disease (AD) through speech; however, efforts are hampered by a scarcity of data, especially in languages other than English. We propose a method to learn a correspondence between independently engineered lexicosyntactic features in two languages, using a large parallel corpus of out-of-domain movie dialogue data. We apply it to dementia detection in Mandarin Chinese, and demonstrate that our method outperforms both unilingual and machine translation-based baselines. This appears to be the first study that transfers feature domains in detecting cognitive decline.",
}
@inproceedings{gella-etal-2019-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Visual Verb Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Gella, Spandana  and
      Elliott, Desmond  and
      Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1200",
    pages = "1998--2004",
    abstract = "Recent work has shown that visual context improves cross-lingual sense disambiguation for nouns. We extend this line of work to the more challenging task of cross-lingual verb sense disambiguation, introducing the MultiSense dataset of 9,504 images annotated with English, German, and Spanish verbs. Each image in MultiSense is annotated with an English verb and its translation in German or Spanish. We show that cross-lingual verb sense disambiguation models benefit from visual context, compared to unimodal baselines. We also show that the verb sense predicted by our best disambiguation model can improve the results of a text-only machine translation system when used for a multimodal translation task.",
}
@inproceedings{mager-etal-2019-subword,
    title = "Subword-Level Language Identification for Intra-Word Code-Switching",
    author = {Mager, Manuel  and
      {\c{C}}etino{\u{g}}lu, {\"O}zlem  and
      Kann, Katharina},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1201",
    pages = "2005--2011",
    abstract = "Language identification for code-switching (CS), the phenomenon of alternating between two or more languages in conversations, has traditionally been approached under the assumption of a single language per token. However, if at least one language is morphologically rich, a large number of words can be composed of morphemes from more than one language (intra-word CS). In this paper, we extend the language identification task to the subword-level, such that it includes splitting mixed words while tagging each part with a language ID. We further propose a model for this task, which is based on a segmental recurrent neural network. In experiments on a new Spanish{--}Wixarika dataset and on an adapted German{--}Turkish dataset, our proposed model performs slightly better than or roughly on par with our best baseline, respectively. Considering only mixed words, however, it strongly outperforms all baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{di-gangi-etal-2019-must,
    title = "{M}u{ST}-{C}: a {M}ultilingual {S}peech {T}ranslation {C}orpus",
    author = "Di Gangi, Mattia A.  and
      Cattoni, Roldano  and
      Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Turchi, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1202",
    pages = "2012--2017",
    abstract = "Current research on spoken language translation (SLT) has to confront with the scarcity of sizeable and publicly available training corpora. This problem hinders the adoption of neural end-to-end approaches, which represent the state of the art in the two parent tasks of SLT: automatic speech recognition and machine translation. To fill this gap, we created MuST-C, a multilingual speech translation corpus whose size and quality will facilitate the training of end-to-end systems for SLT from English into 8 languages. For each target language, MuST-C comprises at least 385 hours of audio recordings from English TED Talks, which are automatically aligned at the sentence level with their manual transcriptions and translations. Together with a description of the corpus creation methodology (scalable to add new data and cover new languages), we provide an empirical verification of its quality and SLT results computed with a state-of-the-art approach on each language direction.",
}
@inproceedings{vylomova-etal-2019-contextualization,
    title = "Contextualization of Morphological Inflection",
    author = "Vylomova, Ekaterina  and
      Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1203",
    pages = "2018--2024",
    abstract = "Critical to natural language generation is the production of correctly inflected text. In this paper, we isolate the task of predicting a fully inflected sentence from its partially lemmatized version. Unlike traditional morphological inflection or surface realization, our task input does not provide {``}gold{''} tags that specify what morphological features to realize on each lemmatized word; rather, such features must be inferred from sentential context. We develop a neural hybrid graphical model that explicitly reconstructs morphological features before predicting the inflected forms, and compare this to a system that directly predicts the inflected forms without relying on any morphological annotation. We experiment on several typologically diverse languages from the Universal Dependencies treebanks, showing the utility of incorporating linguistically-motivated latent variables into NLP models.",
}
@inproceedings{ouyang-etal-2019-robust,
    title = "A Robust Abstractive System for Cross-Lingual Summarization",
    author = "Ouyang, Jessica  and
      Song, Boya  and
      McKeown, Kathy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1204",
    pages = "2025--2031",
    abstract = "We present a robust neural abstractive summarization system for cross-lingual summarization. We construct summarization corpora for documents automatically translated from three low-resource languages, Somali, Swahili, and Tagalog, using machine translation and the New York Times summarization corpus. We train three language-specific abstractive summarizers and evaluate on documents originally written in the source languages, as well as on a fourth, unseen language: Arabic. Our systems achieve significantly higher fluency than a standard copy-attention summarizer on automatically translated input documents, as well as comparable content selection.",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Neural Machine Translation with Neural Syntactic Distance",
    author = "Ma, Chunpeng  and
      Tamura, Akihiro  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1205",
    pages = "2032--2037",
    abstract = "The explicit use of syntactic information has been proved useful for neural machine translation (NMT). However, previous methods resort to either tree-structured neural networks or long linearized sequences, both of which are inefficient. Neural syntactic distance (NSD) enables us to represent a constituent tree using a sequence whose length is identical to the number of words in the sentence. NSD has been used for constituent parsing, but not in machine translation. We propose five strategies to improve NMT with NSD. Experiments show that it is not trivial to improve NMT with NSD; however, the proposed strategies are shown to improve translation performance of the baseline model (+2.1 (En{--}Ja), +1.3 (Ja{--}En), +1.2 (En{--}Ch), and +1.0 (Ch{--}En) BLEU).",
}
@inproceedings{simianer-etal-2019-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Immediate Adaptation Performance for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Simianer, Patrick  and
      Wuebker, Joern  and
      DeNero, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1206",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1206",
    pages = "2038--2046",
    abstract = "Incremental domain adaptation, in which a system learns from the correct output for each input immediately after making its prediction for that input, can dramatically improve system performance for interactive machine translation. Users of interactive systems are sensitive to the speed of adaptation and how often a system repeats mistakes, despite being corrected. Adaptation is most commonly assessed using corpus-level BLEU- or TER-derived metrics that do not explicitly take adaptation speed into account. We find that these metrics often do not capture immediate adaptation effects, such as zero-shot and one-shot learning of domain-specific lexical items. To this end, we propose new metrics that directly evaluate immediate adaptation performance for machine translation. We use these metrics to choose the most suitable adaptation method from a range of different adaptation techniques for neural machine translation systems.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2019-differentiable,
    title = "Differentiable Sampling with Flexible Reference Word Order for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Xu, Weijia  and
      Niu, Xing  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1207",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1207",
    pages = "2047--2053",
    abstract = "Despite some empirical success at correcting exposure bias in machine translation, scheduled sampling algorithms suffer from a major drawback: they incorrectly assume that words in the reference translations and in sampled sequences are aligned at each time step. Our new differentiable sampling algorithm addresses this issue by optimizing the probability that the reference can be aligned with the sampled output, based on a soft alignment predicted by the model itself. As a result, the output distribution at each time step is evaluated with respect to the whole predicted sequence. Experiments on IWSLT translation tasks show that our approach improves BLEU compared to maximum likelihood and scheduled sampling baselines. In addition, our approach is simpler to train with no need for sampling schedule and yields models that achieve larger improvements with smaller beam sizes.",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2019-reinforcement,
    title = "Reinforcement Learning based Curriculum Optimization for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Kumar, Gaurav  and
      Foster, George  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Krikun, Maxim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1208",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1208",
    pages = "2054--2061",
    abstract = "We consider the problem of making efficient use of heterogeneous training data in neural machine translation (NMT). Specifically, given a training dataset with a sentence-level feature such as noise, we seek an optimal curriculum, or order for presenting examples to the system during training. Our curriculum framework allows examples to appear an arbitrary number of times, and thus generalizes data weighting, filtering, and fine-tuning schemes. Rather than relying on prior knowledge to design a curriculum, we use reinforcement learning to learn one automatically, jointly with the NMT system, in the course of a single training run. We show that this approach can beat uniform baselines on Paracrawl and WMT English-to-French datasets by +3.4 and +1.3 BLEU respectively. Additionally, we match the performance of strong filtering baselines and hand-designed, state-of-the-art curricula.",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-etal-2019-overcoming,
    title = "Overcoming Catastrophic Forgetting During Domain Adaptation of Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Thompson, Brian  and
      Gwinnup, Jeremy  and
      Khayrallah, Huda  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1209",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1209",
    pages = "2062--2068",
    abstract = "Continued training is an effective method for domain adaptation in neural machine translation. However, in-domain gains from adaptation come at the expense of general-domain performance. In this work, we interpret the drop in general-domain performance as catastrophic forgetting of general-domain knowledge. To mitigate it, we adapt Elastic Weight Consolidation (EWC){---}a machine learning method for learning a new task without forgetting previous tasks. Our method retains the majority of general-domain performance lost in continued training without degrading in-domain performance, outperforming the previous state-of-the-art. We also explore the full range of general-domain performance available when some in-domain degradation is acceptable.",
}
@inproceedings{del-tredici-etal-2019-short,
    title = "Short-Term Meaning Shift: A Distributional Exploration",
    author = "Del Tredici, Marco  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel  and
      Boleda, Gemma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1210",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1210",
    pages = "2069--2075",
    abstract = "We present the first exploration of meaning shift over short periods of time in online communities using distributional representations. We create a small annotated dataset and use it to assess the performance of a standard model for meaning shift detection on short-term meaning shift. We find that the model has problems distinguishing meaning shift from referential phenomena, and propose a measure of contextual variability to remedy this.",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-etal-2019-detecting,
    title = "{D}etecting {D}erogatory {C}ompounds {--} {A}n {U}nsupervised {A}pproach",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Wolf, Maximilian  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1211",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1211",
    pages = "2076--2081",
    abstract = "We examine the new task of detecting derogatory compounds (e.g. {``}curry muncher{''}). Derogatory compounds are much more difficult to detect than derogatory unigrams (e.g. {``}idiot{''}) since they are more sparsely represented in lexical resources previously found effective for this task (e.g. Wiktionary). We propose an unsupervised classification approach that incorporates linguistic properties of compounds. It mostly depends on a simple distributional representation. We compare our approach against previously established methods proposed for extracting derogatory unigrams.",
}
@inproceedings{hu-2019-personalized,
    title = "Personalized Neural Embeddings for Collaborative Filtering with Text",
    author = "Hu, Guangneng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1212",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1212",
    pages = "2082--2088",
    abstract = "Collaborative filtering (CF) is a core technique for recommender systems. Traditional CF approaches exploit user-item relations (e.g., clicks, likes, and views) only and hence they suffer from the data sparsity issue. Items are usually associated with unstructured text such as article abstracts and product reviews. We develop a Personalized Neural Embedding (PNE) framework to exploit both interactions and words seamlessly. We learn such embeddings of users, items, and words jointly, and predict user preferences on items based on these learned representations. PNE estimates the probability that a user will like an item by two terms{---}behavior factors and semantic factors. On two real-world datasets, PNE shows better performance than four state-of-the-art baselines in terms of three metrics. We also show that PNE learns meaningful word embeddings by visualization.",
}
@inproceedings{chronopoulou-etal-2019-embarrassingly,
    title = "An Embarrassingly Simple Approach for Transfer Learning from Pretrained Language Models",
    author = "Chronopoulou, Alexandra  and
      Baziotis, Christos  and
      Potamianos, Alexandros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1213",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1213",
    pages = "2089--2095",
    abstract = "A growing number of state-of-the-art transfer learning methods employ language models pretrained on large generic corpora. In this paper we present a conceptually simple and effective transfer learning approach that addresses the problem of catastrophic forgetting. Specifically, we combine the task-specific optimization function with an auxiliary language model objective, which is adjusted during the training process. This preserves language regularities captured by language models, while enabling sufficient adaptation for solving the target task. Our method does not require pretraining or finetuning separate components of the network and we train our models end-to-end in a single step. We present results on a variety of challenging affective and text classification tasks, surpassing well established transfer learning methods with greater level of complexity.",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2019-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Emoji Descriptions Improves Tweet Classification",
    author = "Singh, Abhishek  and
      Blanco, Eduardo  and
      Jin, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1214",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1214",
    pages = "2096--2101",
    abstract = "Tweets are short messages that often include specialized language such as hashtags and emojis. In this paper, we present a simple strategy to process emojis: replace them with their natural language description and use pretrained word embeddings as normally done with standard words. We show that this strategy is more effective than using pretrained emoji embeddings for tweet classification. Specifically, we obtain new state-of-the-art results in irony detection and sentiment analysis despite our neural network is simpler than previous proposals.",
}
@inproceedings{oba-etal-2019-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Personal Biases in Language Use by Inducing Personalized Word Embeddings",
    author = "Oba, Daisuke  and
      Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Sato, Shoetsu  and
      Akasaki, Satoshi  and
      Toyoda, Masashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1215",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1215",
    pages = "2102--2108",
    abstract = "There exist biases in individual{'}s language use; the same word (e.g., cool) is used for expressing different meanings (e.g., temperature range) or different words (e.g., cloudy, hazy) are used for describing the same meaning. In this study, we propose a method of modeling such personal biases in word meanings (hereafter, semantic variations) with personalized word embeddings obtained by solving a task on subjective text while regarding words used by different individuals as different words. To prevent personalized word embeddings from being contaminated by other irrelevant biases, we solve a task of identifying a review-target (objective output) from a given review. To stabilize the training of this extreme multi-class classification, we perform a multi-task learning with metadata identification. Experimental results with reviews retrieved from RateBeer confirmed that the obtained personalized word embeddings improved the accuracy of sentiment analysis as well as the target task. Analysis of the obtained personalized word embeddings revealed trends in semantic variations related to frequent and adjective words.",
}
@inproceedings{baly-etal-2019-multi,
    title = "Multi-Task Ordinal Regression for Jointly Predicting the Trustworthiness and the Leading Political Ideology of News Media",
    author = "Baly, Ramy  and
      Karadzhov, Georgi  and
      Saleh, Abdelrhman  and
      Glass, James  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1216",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1216",
    pages = "2109--2116",
    abstract = "In the context of fake news, bias, and propaganda, we study two important but relatively under-explored problems: (i) trustworthiness estimation (on a 3-point scale) and (ii) political ideology detection (left/right bias on a 7-point scale) of entire news outlets, as opposed to evaluating individual articles. In particular, we propose a multi-task ordinal regression framework that models the two problems jointly. This is motivated by the observation that hyper-partisanship is often linked to low trustworthiness, e.g., appealing to emotions rather than sticking to the facts, while center media tend to be generally more impartial and trustworthy. We further use several auxiliary tasks, modeling centrality, hyper-partisanship, as well as left-vs.-right bias on a coarse-grained scale. The evaluation results show sizable performance gains by the joint models over models that target the problems in isolation.",
}
@inproceedings{zou-lu-2019-joint,
    title = "Joint Detection and Location of {E}nglish Puns",
    author = "Zou, Yanyan  and
      Lu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1217",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1217",
    pages = "2117--2123",
    abstract = "A pun is a form of wordplay for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect, where a word suggests two or more meanings by exploiting polysemy (homographic pun) or phonological similarity to another word (heterographic pun). This paper presents an approach that addresses pun detection and pun location jointly from a sequence labeling perspective. We employ a new tagging scheme such that the model is capable of performing such a joint task, where useful structural information can be properly captured. We show that our proposed model is effective in handling both homographic and heterographic puns. Empirical results on the benchmark datasets demonstrate that our approach can achieve new state-of-the-art results.",
}
@inproceedings{vilares-gomez-rodriguez-2019-harry,
    title = "{H}arry {P}otter and the Action Prediction Challenge from Natural Language",
    author = "Vilares, David  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1218",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1218",
    pages = "2124--2130",
    abstract = "We explore the challenge of action prediction from textual descriptions of scenes, a testbed to approximate whether text inference can be used to predict upcoming actions. As a case of study, we consider the world of the Harry Potter fantasy novels and inferring what spell will be cast next given a fragment of a story. Spells act as keywords that abstract actions (e.g. {`}Alohomora{'} to open a door) and denote a response to the environment. This idea is used to automatically build HPAC, a corpus containing 82,836 samples and 85 actions. We then evaluate different baselines. Among the tested models, an LSTM-based approach obtains the best performance for frequent actions and large scene descriptions, but approaches such as logistic regression behave well on infrequent actions.",
}
@inproceedings{hua-etal-2019-argument,
    title = "Argument Mining for Understanding Peer Reviews",
    author = "Hua, Xinyu  and
      Nikolov, Mitko  and
      Badugu, Nikhil  and
      Wang, Lu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1219",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1219",
    pages = "2131--2137",
    abstract = "Peer-review plays a critical role in the scientific writing and publication ecosystem. To assess the efficiency and efficacy of the reviewing process, one essential element is to understand and evaluate the reviews themselves. In this work, we study the content and structure of peer reviews under the argument mining framework, through automatically detecting (1) the argumentative propositions put forward by reviewers, and (2) their types (e.g., evaluating the work or making suggestions for improvement). We first collect 14.2K reviews from major machine learning and natural language processing venues. 400 reviews are annotated with 10,386 propositions and corresponding types of Evaluation, Request, Fact, Reference, or Quote. We then train state-of-the-art proposition segmentation and classification models on the data to evaluate their utilities and identify new challenges for this new domain, motivating future directions for argument mining. Further experiments show that proposition usage varies across venues in amount, type, and topic.",
}
@inproceedings{bamman-etal-2019-annotated,
    title = "An annotated dataset of literary entities",
    author = "Bamman, David  and
      Popat, Sejal  and
      Shen, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1220",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1220",
    pages = "2138--2144",
    abstract = "We present a new dataset comprised of 210,532 tokens evenly drawn from 100 different English-language literary texts annotated for ACE entity categories (person, location, geo-political entity, facility, organization, and vehicle). These categories include non-named entities (such as {``}the boy{''}, {``}the kitchen{''}) and nested structure (such as [[the cook]{'}s sister]). In contrast to existing datasets built primarily on news (focused on geo-political entities and organizations), literary texts offer strikingly different distributions of entity categories, with much stronger emphasis on people and description of settings. We present empirical results demonstrating the performance of nested entity recognition models in this domain; training natively on in-domain literary data yields an improvement of over 20 absolute points in F-score (from 45.7 to 68.3), and mitigates a disparate impact in performance for male and female entities present in models trained on news data.",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-etal-2019-abusive,
    title = "{A}busive {L}anguage {D}etection with {G}raph {C}onvolutional {N}etworks",
    author = "Mishra, Pushkar  and
      Del Tredici, Marco  and
      Yannakoudakis, Helen  and
      Shutova, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1221",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1221",
    pages = "2145--2150",
    abstract = "Abuse on the Internet represents a significant societal problem of our time. Previous research on automated abusive language detection in Twitter has shown that community-based profiling of users is a promising technique for this task. However, existing approaches only capture shallow properties of online communities by modeling follower{--}following relationships. In contrast, working with graph convolutional networks (GCNs), we present the first approach that captures not only the structure of online communities but also the linguistic behavior of the users within them. We show that such a heterogeneous graph-structured modeling of communities significantly advances the current state of the art in abusive language detection.",
}
@inproceedings{pilehvar-2019-importance,
    title = "On the Importance of Distinguishing Word Meaning Representations: A Case Study on Reverse Dictionary Mapping",
    author = "Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1222",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1222",
    pages = "2151--2156",
    abstract = "Meaning conflation deficiency is one of the main limiting factors of word representations which, given their widespread use at the core of many NLP systems, can lead to inaccurate semantic understanding of the input text and inevitably hamper the performance. Sense representations target this problem. However, their potential impact has rarely been investigated in downstream NLP applications. Through a set of experiments on a state-of-the-art reverse dictionary system based on neural networks, we show that a simple adjustment aimed at addressing the meaning conflation deficiency can lead to substantial improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{cao-clark-2019-factorising,
    title = "Factorising {AMR} generation through syntax",
    author = "Cao, Kris  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1223",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1223",
    pages = "2157--2163",
    abstract = "Generating from Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) is an underspecified problem, as many syntactic decisions are not specified by the semantic graph. To explicitly account for this variation, we break down generating from AMR into two steps: first generate a syntactic structure, and then generate the surface form. We show that decomposing the generation process this way leads to state-of-the-art single model performance generating from AMR without additional unlabelled data. We also demonstrate that we can generate meaning-preserving syntactic paraphrases of the same AMR graph, as judged by humans.",
}
@inproceedings{dumitrache-etal-2019-crowdsourced,
    title = "A Crowdsourced Frame Disambiguation Corpus with Ambiguity",
    author = "Dumitrache, Anca  and
      Aroyo, Lora  and
      Welty, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1224",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1224",
    pages = "2164--2170",
    abstract = "We present a resource for the task of FrameNet semantic frame disambiguation of over 5,000 word-sentence pairs from the Wikipedia corpus. The annotations were collected using a novel crowdsourcing approach with multiple workers per sentence to capture inter-annotator disagreement. In contrast to the typical approach of attributing the best single frame to each word, we provide a list of frames with disagreement-based scores that express the confidence with which each frame applies to the word. This is based on the idea that inter-annotator disagreement is at least partly caused by ambiguity that is inherent to the text and frames. We have found many examples where the semantics of individual frames overlap sufficiently to make them acceptable alternatives for interpreting a sentence. We have argued that ignoring this ambiguity creates an overly arbitrary target for training and evaluating natural language processing systems - if humans cannot agree, why would we expect the correct answer from a machine to be any different? To process this data we also utilized an expanded lemma-set provided by the Framester system, which merges FN with WordNet to enhance coverage. Our dataset includes annotations of 1,000 sentence-word pairs whose lemmas are not part of FN. Finally we present metrics for evaluating frame disambiguation systems that account for ambiguity.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-inoculation,
    title = "Inoculation by Fine-Tuning: A Method for Analyzing Challenge Datasets",
    author = "Liu, Nelson F.  and
      Schwartz, Roy  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1225",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1225",
    pages = "2171--2179",
    abstract = "Several datasets have recently been constructed to expose brittleness in models trained on existing benchmarks. While model performance on these challenge datasets is significantly lower compared to the original benchmark, it is unclear what particular weaknesses they reveal. For example, a challenge dataset may be difficult because it targets phenomena that current models cannot capture, or because it simply exploits blind spots in a model{'}s specific training set. We introduce inoculation by fine-tuning, a new analysis method for studying challenge datasets by exposing models (the metaphorical patient) to a small amount of data from the challenge dataset (a metaphorical pathogen) and assessing how well they can adapt. We apply our method to analyze the NLI {``}stress tests{''} (Naik et al., 2018) and the Adversarial SQuAD dataset (Jia and Liang, 2017). We show that after slight exposure, some of these datasets are no longer challenging, while others remain difficult. Our results indicate that failures on challenge datasets may lead to very different conclusions about models, training datasets, and the challenge datasets themselves.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2019-capsule,
    title = "A Capsule Network-based Embedding Model for Knowledge Graph Completion and Search Personalization",
    author = "Nguyen, Dai Quoc  and
      Vu, Thanh  and
      Nguyen, Tu Dinh  and
      Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Phung, Dinh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1226",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1226",
    pages = "2180--2189",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce an embedding model, named CapsE, exploring a capsule network to model relationship triples (subject, relation, object). Our CapsE represents each triple as a 3-column matrix where each column vector represents the embedding of an element in the triple. This 3-column matrix is then fed to a convolution layer where multiple filters are operated to generate different feature maps. These feature maps are reconstructed into corresponding capsules which are then routed to another capsule to produce a continuous vector. The length of this vector is used to measure the plausibility score of the triple. Our proposed CapsE obtains better performance than previous state-of-the-art embedding models for knowledge graph completion on two benchmark datasets WN18RR and FB15k-237, and outperforms strong search personalization baselines on SEARCH17.",
}
@inproceedings{ning-etal-2019-partial,
    title = "Partial Or Complete, That{'}s The Question",
    author = "Ning, Qiang  and
      He, Hangfeng  and
      Fan, Chuchu  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1227",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1227",
    pages = "2190--2200",
    abstract = "For many structured learning tasks, the data annotation process is complex and costly. Existing annotation schemes usually aim at acquiring completely annotated structures, under the common perception that partial structures are of low quality and could hurt the learning process. This paper questions this common perception, motivated by the fact that structures consist of interdependent sets of variables. Thus, given a fixed budget, partly annotating each structure may provide the same level of supervision, while allowing for more structures to be annotated. We provide an information theoretic formulation for this perspective and use it, in the context of three diverse structured learning tasks, to show that learning from partial structures can sometimes outperform learning from complete ones. Our findings may provide important insights into structured data annotation schemes and could support progress in learning protocols for structured tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2019-sequential,
    title = "{S}equential {A}ttention with {K}eyword {M}ask {M}odel for {C}ommunity-based {Q}uestion {A}nswering",
    author = "Yang, Jianxin  and
      Rong, Wenge  and
      Shi, Libin  and
      Xiong, Zhang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1228",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1228",
    pages = "2201--2211",
    abstract = "In Community-based Question Answering system(CQA), Answer Selection(AS) is a critical task, which focuses on finding a suitable answer within a list of candidate answers. For neural network models, the key issue is how to model the representations of QA text pairs and calculate the interactions between them. We propose a Sequential Attention with Keyword Mask model(SAKM) for CQA to imitate human reading behavior. Question and answer text regard each other as context within keyword-mask attention when encoding the representations, and repeat multiple times(hops) in a sequential style. So the QA pairs capture features and information from both question text and answer text, interacting and improving vector representations iteratively through hops. The flexibility of the model allows to extract meaningful keywords from the sentences and enhance diverse mutual information. We perform on answer selection tasks and multi-level answer ranking tasks. Experiment results demonstrate the superiority of our proposed model on community-based QA datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2019-simple,
    title = "Simple Attention-Based Representation Learning for Ranking Short Social Media Posts",
    author = "Shi, Peng  and
      Rao, Jinfeng  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1229",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1229",
    pages = "2212--2217",
    abstract = "This paper explores the problem of ranking short social media posts with respect to user queries using neural networks. Instead of starting with a complex architecture, we proceed from the bottom up and examine the effectiveness of a simple, word-level Siamese architecture augmented with attention-based mechanisms for capturing semantic {``}soft{''} matches between query and post tokens. Extensive experiments on datasets from the TREC Microblog Tracks show that our simple models not only achieve better effectiveness than existing approaches that are far more complex or exploit a more diverse set of relevance signals, but are also much faster.",
}
@inproceedings{tokala-etal-2019-attentivechecker,
    title = "{A}ttentive{C}hecker: A Bi-Directional Attention Flow Mechanism for Fact Verification",
    author = "Tokala, Santosh  and
      G, Vishal  and
      Saha, Avirup  and
      Ganguly, Niloy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1230",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1230",
    pages = "2218--2222",
    abstract = "The recently released FEVER dataset provided benchmark results on a fact-checking task in which given a factual claim, the system must extract textual evidence (sets of sentences from Wikipedia pages) that support or refute the claim. In this paper, we present a completely task-agnostic pipelined system, AttentiveChecker, consisting of three homogeneous Bi-Directional Attention Flow (BIDAF) networks, which are multi-layer hierarchical networks that represent the context at different levels of granularity. We are the first to apply to this task a bi-directional attention flow mechanism to obtain a query-aware context representation without early summarization. AttentiveChecker can be used to perform document retrieval, sentence selection, and claim verification. Experiments on the FEVER dataset indicate that AttentiveChecker is able to achieve the state-of-the-art results on the FEVER test set.",
}
@inproceedings{erdmann-etal-2019-practical,
    title = "Practical, Efficient, and Customizable Active Learning for Named Entity Recognition in the Digital Humanities",
    author = "Erdmann, Alexander  and
      Wrisley, David Joseph  and
      Allen, Benjamin  and
      Brown, Christopher  and
      Cohen-Bod{\'e}n{\`e}s, Sophie  and
      Elsner, Micha  and
      Feng, Yukun  and
      Joseph, Brian  and
      Joyeux-Prunel, B{\'e}atrice  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1231",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1231",
    pages = "2223--2234",
    abstract = "Scholars in inter-disciplinary fields like the Digital Humanities are increasingly interested in semantic annotation of specialized corpora. Yet, under-resourced languages, imperfect or noisily structured data, and user-specific classification tasks make it difficult to meet their needs using off-the-shelf models. Manual annotation of large corpora from scratch, meanwhile, can be prohibitively expensive. Thus, we propose an active learning solution for named entity recognition, attempting to maximize a custom model{'}s improvement per additional unit of manual annotation. Our system robustly handles any domain or user-defined label set and requires no external resources, enabling quality named entity recognition for Humanities corpora where such resources are not available. Evaluating on typologically disparate languages and datasets, we reduce required annotation by 20-60{\%} and greatly outperform a competitive active learning baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-zhu-2019-doc2hash,
    title = "{D}oc2hash: Learning Discrete Latent variables for Documents Retrieval",
    author = "Zhang, Yifei  and
      Zhu, Hao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1232",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1232",
    pages = "2235--2240",
    abstract = "Learning to hash via generative model has become a powerful paradigm for fast similarity search in documents retrieval. To get binary representation (i.e., hash codes), the discrete distribution prior (i.e., Bernoulli Distribution) is applied to train the variational autoencoder (VAE). However, the discrete stochastic layer is usually incompatible with the backpropagation in the training stage, and thus causes a gradient flow problem because of non-differentiable operators. The reparameterization trick of sampling from a discrete distribution usually inc non-differentiable operators. In this paper, we propose a method, Doc2hash, that solves the gradient flow problem of the discrete stochastic layer by using continuous relaxation on priors, and trains the generative model in an end-to-end manner to generate hash codes. In qualitative and quantitative experiments, we show the proposed model outperforms other state-of-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{tevet-etal-2019-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Text {GAN}s as Language Models",
    author = "Tevet, Guy  and
      Habib, Gavriel  and
      Shwartz, Vered  and
      Berant, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1233",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1233",
    pages = "2241--2247",
    abstract = "Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are a promising approach for text generation that, unlike traditional language models (LM), does not suffer from the problem of {``}exposure bias{''}. However, A major hurdle for understanding the potential of GANs for text generation is the lack of a clear evaluation metric. In this work, we propose to approximate the distribution of text generated by a GAN, which permits evaluating them with traditional probability-based LM metrics. We apply our approximation procedure on several GAN-based models and show that they currently perform substantially worse than state-of-the-art LMs. Our evaluation procedure promotes better understanding of the relation between GANs and LMs, and can accelerate progress in GAN-based text generation.",
}
@inproceedings{haidar-etal-2019-latent,
    title = "Latent Code and Text-based Generative Adversarial Networks for Soft-text Generation",
    author = "Haidar, Md. Akmal  and
      Rezagholizadeh, Mehdi  and
      Omri, Alan Do  and
      Rashid, Ahmad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1234",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1234",
    pages = "2248--2258",
    abstract = "Text generation with generative adversarial networks (GANs) can be divided into the text-based and code-based categories according to the type of signals used for discrimination. In this work, we introduce a novel text-based approach called Soft-GAN to effectively exploit GAN setup for text generation. We demonstrate how autoencoders (AEs) can be used for providing a continuous representation of sentences, which we will refer to as soft-text. This soft representation will be used in GAN discrimination to synthesize similar soft-texts. We also propose hybrid latent code and text-based GAN (LATEXT-GAN) approaches with one or more discriminators, in which a combination of the latent code and the soft-text is used for GAN discriminations. We perform a number of subjective and objective experiments on two well-known datasets (SNLI and Image COCO) to validate our techniques. We discuss the results using several evaluation metrics and show that the proposed techniques outperform the traditional GAN-based text-generation methods.",
}
@inproceedings{hajdik-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Text Generation from Rich Semantic Representations",
    author = "Hajdik, Valerie  and
      Buys, Jan  and
      Goodman, Michael Wayne  and
      Bender, Emily M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1235",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1235",
    pages = "2259--2266",
    abstract = "We propose neural models to generate high-quality text from structured representations based on Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS). MRS is a rich semantic representation that encodes more precise semantic detail than other representations such as Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR). We show that a sequence-to-sequence model that maps a linearization of Dependency MRS, a graph-based representation of MRS, to text can achieve a BLEU score of 66.11 when trained on gold data. The performance of the model can be improved further using a high-precision, broad coverage grammar-based parser to generate a large silver training corpus, achieving a final BLEU score of 77.17 on the full test set, and 83.37 on the subset of test data most closely matching the silver data domain. Our results suggest that MRS-based representations are a good choice for applications that need both structured semantics and the ability to produce natural language text as output.",
}
@inproceedings{moryossef-etal-2019-step,
    title = "{S}tep-by-Step: {S}eparating Planning from Realization in Neural Data-to-Text Generation",
    author = "Moryossef, Amit  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1236",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1236",
    pages = "2267--2277",
    abstract = "Data-to-text generation can be conceptually divided into two parts: ordering and structuring the information (planning), and generating fluent language describing the information (realization). Modern neural generation systems conflate these two steps into a single end-to-end differentiable system. We propose to split the generation process into a symbolic text-planning stage that is faithful to the input, followed by a neural generation stage that focuses only on realization. For training a plan-to-text generator, we present a method for matching reference texts to their corresponding text plans. For inference time, we describe a method for selecting high-quality text plans for new inputs. We implement and evaluate our approach on the WebNLG benchmark. Our results demonstrate that decoupling text planning from neural realization indeed improves the system{'}s reliability and adequacy while maintaining fluent output. We observe improvements both in BLEU scores and in manual evaluations. Another benefit of our approach is the ability to output diverse realizations of the same input, paving the way to explicit control over the generated text structure.",
}
@inproceedings{hosking-riedel-2019-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Rewards for Question Generation Models",
    author = "Hosking, Tom  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1237",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1237",
    pages = "2278--2283",
    abstract = "Recent approaches to question generation have used modifications to a Seq2Seq architecture inspired by advances in machine translation. Models are trained using teacher forcing to optimise only the one-step-ahead prediction. However, at test time, the model is asked to generate a whole sequence, causing errors to propagate through the generation process (exposure bias). A number of authors have suggested that optimising for rewards less tightly coupled to the training data might counter this mismatch. We therefore optimise directly for various objectives beyond simply replicating the ground truth questions, including a novel approach using an adversarial discriminator that seeks to generate questions that are indistinguishable from real examples. We confirm that training with policy gradient methods leads to increases in the metrics used as rewards. We perform a human evaluation, and show that although these metrics have previously been assumed to be good proxies for question quality, they are poorly aligned with human judgement and the model simply learns to exploit the weaknesses of the reward source.",
}
@inproceedings{koncel-kedziorski-etal-2019-text,
    title = "{T}ext {G}eneration from {K}nowledge {G}raphs with {G}raph {T}ransformers",
    author = "Koncel-Kedziorski, Rik  and
      Bekal, Dhanush  and
      Luan, Yi  and
      Lapata, Mirella  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1238",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1238",
    pages = "2284--2293",
    abstract = "Generating texts which express complex ideas spanning multiple sentences requires a structured representation of their content (document plan), but these representations are prohibitively expensive to manually produce. In this work, we address the problem of generating coherent multi-sentence texts from the output of an information extraction system, and in particular a knowledge graph. Graphical knowledge representations are ubiquitous in computing, but pose a significant challenge for text generation techniques due to their non-hierarchical nature, collapsing of long-distance dependencies, and structural variety. We introduce a novel graph transforming encoder which can leverage the relational structure of such knowledge graphs without imposing linearization or hierarchical constraints. Incorporated into an encoder-decoder setup, we provide an end-to-end trainable system for graph-to-text generation that we apply to the domain of scientific text. Automatic and human evaluations show that our technique produces more informative texts which exhibit better document structure than competitive encoder-decoder methods.",
}
@inproceedings{bhutani-etal-2019-open,
    title = "Open Information Extraction from Question-Answer Pairs",
    author = "Bhutani, Nikita  and
      Suhara, Yoshihiko  and
      Tan, Wang-Chiew  and
      Halevy, Alon  and
      Jagadish, H. V.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1239",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1239",
    pages = "2294--2305",
    abstract = "Open Information Extraction (OpenIE) extracts meaningful structured tuples from free-form text. Most previous work on OpenIE considers extracting data from one sentence at a time. We describe NeurON, a system for extracting tuples from question-answer pairs. One of the main motivations for NeurON is to be able to extend knowledge bases in a way that considers precisely the information that users care about. NeurON addresses several challenges. First, an answer text is often hard to understand without knowing the question, and second, relevant information can span multiple sentences. To address these, NeurON formulates extraction as a multi-source sequence-to-sequence learning task, wherein it combines distributed representations of a question and an answer to generate knowledge facts. We describe experiments on two real-world datasets that demonstrate that NeurON can find a significant number of new and interesting facts to extend a knowledge base compared to state-of-the-art OpenIE methods.",
}
@inproceedings{de-cao-etal-2019-question,
    title = "Question Answering by Reasoning Across Documents with Graph Convolutional Networks",
    author = "De Cao, Nicola  and
      Aziz, Wilker  and
      Titov, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1240",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1240",
    pages = "2306--2317",
    abstract = "Most research in reading comprehension has focused on answering questions based on individual documents or even single paragraphs. We introduce a neural model which integrates and reasons relying on information spread within documents and across multiple documents. We frame it as an inference problem on a graph. Mentions of entities are nodes of this graph while edges encode relations between different mentions (e.g., within- and cross-document co-reference). Graph convolutional networks (GCNs) are applied to these graphs and trained to perform multi-step reasoning. Our Entity-GCN method is scalable and compact, and it achieves state-of-the-art results on a multi-document question answering dataset, WikiHop (Welbl et al., 2018).",
}
@inproceedings{yatskar-2019-qualitative,
    title = "A Qualitative Comparison of {C}o{QA}, {SQ}u{AD} 2.0 and {Q}u{AC}",
    author = "Yatskar, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1241",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1241",
    pages = "2318--2323",
    abstract = "We compare three new datasets for question answering: SQuAD 2.0, QuAC, and CoQA, along several of their new features: (1) unanswerable questions, (2) multi-turn interactions, and (3) abstractive answers.We show that the datasets provide complementary coverage of the first two aspects, but weak coverage of the third.Because of the datasets{'} structural similarity, a single extractive model can be easily adapted to any of the datasets and we show improved baseline results on both SQuAD 2.0 and CoQA. Despite the similarity, models trained on one dataset are ineffective on another dataset, but we find moderate performance improvement through pretraining. To encourage cross-evaluation, we release code for conversion between datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2019-bert,
    title = "{BERT} Post-Training for Review Reading Comprehension and Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Xu, Hu  and
      Liu, Bing  and
      Shu, Lei  and
      Yu, Philip",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1242",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1242",
    pages = "2324--2335",
    abstract = "Question-answering plays an important role in e-commerce as it allows potential customers to actively seek crucial information about products or services to help their purchase decision making. Inspired by the recent success of machine reading comprehension (MRC) on formal documents, this paper explores the potential of turning customer reviews into a large source of knowledge that can be exploited to answer user questions. We call this problem Review Reading Comprehension (RRC). To the best of our knowledge, no existing work has been done on RRC. In this work, we first build an RRC dataset called ReviewRC based on a popular benchmark for aspect-based sentiment analysis. Since ReviewRC has limited training examples for RRC (and also for aspect-based sentiment analysis), we then explore a novel post-training approach on the popular language model BERT to enhance the performance of fine-tuning of BERT for RRC. To show the generality of the approach, the proposed post-training is also applied to some other review-based tasks such as aspect extraction and aspect sentiment classification in aspect-based sentiment analysis. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed post-training is highly effective.",
}
@inproceedings{sakor-etal-2019-old,
    title = "Old is Gold: Linguistic Driven Approach for Entity and Relation Linking of Short Text",
    author = {Sakor, Ahmad  and
      Onando Mulang{'}, Isaiah  and
      Singh, Kuldeep  and
      Shekarpour, Saeedeh  and
      Esther Vidal, Maria  and
      Lehmann, Jens  and
      Auer, S{\"o}ren},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1243",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1243",
    pages = "2336--2346",
    abstract = "Short texts challenge NLP tasks such as named entity recognition, disambiguation, linking and relation inference because they do not provide sufficient context or are partially malformed (e.g. wrt. capitalization, long tail entities, implicit relations). In this work, we present the Falcon approach which effectively maps entities and relations within a short text to its mentions of a background knowledge graph. Falcon overcomes the challenges of short text using a light-weight linguistic approach relying on a background knowledge graph. Falcon performs joint entity and relation linking of a short text by leveraging several fundamental principles of English morphology (e.g. compounding, headword identification) and utilizes an extended knowledge graph created by merging entities and relations from various knowledge sources. It uses the context of entities for finding relations and does not require training data. Our empirical study using several standard benchmarks and datasets show that Falcon significantly outperforms state-of-the-art entity and relation linking for short text query inventories.",
}
@inproceedings{du-etal-2019-consistent,
    title = "Be Consistent! Improving Procedural Text Comprehension using Label Consistency",
    author = "Du, Xinya  and
      Dalvi, Bhavana  and
      Tandon, Niket  and
      Bosselut, Antoine  and
      Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Clark, Peter  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1244",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1244",
    pages = "2347--2356",
    abstract = "Our goal is procedural text comprehension, namely tracking how the properties of entities (e.g., their location) change with time given a procedural text (e.g., a paragraph about photosynthesis, a recipe). This task is challenging as the world is changing throughout the text, and despite recent advances, current systems still struggle with this task. Our approach is to leverage the fact that, for many procedural texts, multiple independent descriptions are readily available, and that predictions from them should be consistent (label consistency). We present a new learning framework that leverages label consistency during training, allowing consistency bias to be built into the model. Evaluation on a standard benchmark dataset for procedural text, ProPara (Dalvi et al., 2018), shows that our approach significantly improves prediction performance (F1) over prior state-of-the-art systems.",
}
@inproceedings{amini-etal-2019-mathqa,
    title = "{M}ath{QA}: Towards Interpretable Math Word Problem Solving with Operation-Based Formalisms",
    author = "Amini, Aida  and
      Gabriel, Saadia  and
      Lin, Shanchuan  and
      Koncel-Kedziorski, Rik  and
      Choi, Yejin  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1245",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1245",
    pages = "2357--2367",
    abstract = "We introduce a large-scale dataset of math word problems and an interpretable neural math problem solver by learning to map problems to their operation programs. Due to annotation challenges, current datasets in this domain have been either relatively small in scale or did not offer precise operational annotations over diverse problem types. We introduce a new representation language to model operation programs corresponding to each math problem that aim to improve both the performance and the interpretability of the learned models. Using this representation language, we significantly enhance the AQUA-RAT dataset with fully-specified operational programs. We additionally introduce a neural sequence-to-program model with automatic problem categorization. Our experiments show improvements over competitive baselines in our dataset as well as the AQUA-RAT dataset. The results are still lower than human performance indicating that the dataset poses new challenges for future research. Our dataset is available at https://math-qa.github.io/math-QA/",
}
@inproceedings{dua-etal-2019-drop,
    title = "{DROP}: A Reading Comprehension Benchmark Requiring Discrete Reasoning Over Paragraphs",
    author = "Dua, Dheeru  and
      Wang, Yizhong  and
      Dasigi, Pradeep  and
      Stanovsky, Gabriel  and
      Singh, Sameer  and
      Gardner, Matt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1246",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1246",
    pages = "2368--2378",
    abstract = "Reading comprehension has recently seen rapid progress, with systems matching humans on the most popular datasets for the task. However, a large body of work has highlighted the brittleness of these systems, showing that there is much work left to be done. We introduce a new reading comprehension benchmark, DROP, which requires Discrete Reasoning Over the content of Paragraphs. In this crowdsourced, adversarially-created, 55k-question benchmark, a system must resolve references in a question, perhaps to multiple input positions, and perform discrete operations over them (such as addition, counting, or sorting). These operations require a much more comprehensive understanding of the content of paragraphs, as they remove the paraphrase-and-entity-typing shortcuts available in prior datasets. We apply state-of-the-art methods from both the reading comprehension and semantic parsing literatures on this dataset and show that the best systems only achieve 38.4{\%} F1 on our generalized accuracy metric, while expert human performance is 96{\%}. We additionally present a new model that combines reading comprehension methods with simple numerical reasoning to achieve 51{\%} F1.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-encoding,
    title = "An Encoding Strategy Based Word-Character {LSTM} for {C}hinese {NER}",
    author = "Liu, Wei  and
      Xu, Tongge  and
      Xu, Qinghua  and
      Song, Jiayu  and
      Zu, Yueran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1247",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1247",
    pages = "2379--2389",
    abstract = "A recently proposed lattice model has demonstrated that words in character sequence can provide rich word boundary information for character-based Chinese NER model. In this model, word information is integrated into a shortcut path between the start and the end characters of the word. However, the existence of shortcut path may cause the model to degenerate into a partial word-based model, which will suffer from word segmentation errors. Furthermore, the lattice model can not be trained in batches due to its DAG structure. In this paper, we propose a novel word-character LSTM(WC-LSTM) model to add word information into the start or the end character of the word, alleviating the influence of word segmentation errors while obtaining the word boundary information. Four different strategies are explored in our model to encode word information into a fixed-sized representation for efficient batch training. Experiments on benchmark datasets show that our proposed model outperforms other state-of-the-arts models.",
}
@inproceedings{mubarak-etal-2019-highly,
    title = "Highly Effective {A}rabic Diacritization using Sequence to Sequence Modeling",
    author = "Mubarak, Hamdy  and
      Abdelali, Ahmed  and
      Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Samih, Younes  and
      Darwish, Kareem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1248",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1248",
    pages = "2390--2395",
    abstract = "Arabic text is typically written without short vowels (or diacritics). However, their presence is required for properly verbalizing Arabic and is hence essential for applications such as text to speech. There are two types of diacritics, namely core-word diacritics and case-endings. Most previous works on automatic Arabic diacritic recovery rely on a large number of manually engineered features, particularly for case-endings. In this work, we present a unified character level sequence-to-sequence deep learning model that recovers both types of diacritics without the use of explicit feature engineering. Specifically, we employ a standard neural machine translation setup on overlapping windows of words (broken down into characters), and then we use voting to select the most likely diacritized form of a word. The proposed model outperforms all previous state-of-the-art systems. Our best settings achieve a word error rate (WER) of 4.49{\%} compared to the state-of-the-art of 12.25{\%} on a standard dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2019-sc,
    title = "{SC}-{LSTM}: Learning Task-Specific Representations in Multi-Task Learning for Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Lu, Peng  and
      Bai, Ting  and
      Langlais, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1249",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1249",
    pages = "2396--2406",
    abstract = "Multi-task learning (MTL) has been studied recently for sequence labeling. Typically, auxiliary tasks are selected specifically in order to improve the performance of a target task. Jointly learning multiple tasks in a way that benefit all of them simultaneously can increase the utility of MTL. In order to do so, we propose a new LSTM cell which contains both shared parameters that can learn from all tasks, and task-specific parameters that can learn task-specific information. We name it a Shared-Cell Long-Short Term Memory SC-LSTM. Experimental results on three sequence labeling benchmarks (named-entity recognition, text chunking, and part-of-speech tagging) demonstrate the effectiveness of our SC-LSTM cell.",
}
@inproceedings{onoe-durrett-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning to Denoise Distantly-Labeled Data for Entity Typing",
    author = "Onoe, Yasumasa  and
      Durrett, Greg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1250",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1250",
    pages = "2407--2417",
    abstract = "Distantly-labeled data can be used to scale up training of statistical models, but it is typically noisy and that noise can vary with the distant labeling technique. In this work, we propose a two-stage procedure for handling this type of data: denoise it with a learned model, then train our final model on clean and denoised distant data with standard supervised training. Our denoising approach consists of two parts. First, a filtering function discards examples from the distantly labeled data that are wholly unusable. Second, a relabeling function repairs noisy labels for the retained examples. Each of these components is a model trained on synthetically-noised examples generated from a small manually-labeled set. We investigate this approach on the ultra-fine entity typing task of Choi et al. (2018). Our baseline model is an extension of their model with pre-trained ELMo representations, which already achieves state-of-the-art performance. Adding distant data that has been denoised with our learned models gives further performance gains over this base model, outperforming models trained on raw distant data or heuristically-denoised distant data.",
}
@inproceedings{flachs-etal-2019-simple,
    title = "A Simple and Robust Approach to Detecting Subject-Verb Agreement Errors",
    author = "Flachs, Simon  and
      Lacroix, Oph{\'e}lie  and
      Rei, Marek  and
      Yannakoudakis, Helen  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1251",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1251",
    pages = "2418--2427",
    abstract = "While rule-based detection of subject-verb agreement (SVA) errors is sensitive to syntactic parsing errors and irregularities and exceptions to the main rules, neural sequential labelers have a tendency to overfit their training data. We observe that rule-based error generation is less sensitive to syntactic parsing errors and irregularities than error detection and explore a simple, yet efficient approach to getting the best of both worlds: We train neural sequential labelers on the combination of large volumes of silver standard data, obtained through rule-based error generation, and gold standard data. We show that our simple protocol leads to more robust detection of SVA errors on both in-domain and out-of-domain data, as well as in the context of other errors and long-distance dependencies; and across four standard benchmarks, the induced model on average achieves a new state of the art.",
}
@inproceedings{cardenas-etal-2019-grounded,
    title = "A Grounded Unsupervised Universal Part-of-Speech Tagger for Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "Cardenas, Ronald  and
      Lin, Ying  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      May, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1252",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1252",
    pages = "2428--2439",
    abstract = "Unsupervised part of speech (POS) tagging is often framed as a clustering problem, but practical taggers need to ground their clusters as well. Grounding generally requires reference labeled data, a luxury a low-resource language might not have. In this work, we describe an approach for low-resource unsupervised POS tagging that yields fully grounded output and requires no labeled training data. We find the classic method of Brown et al. (1992) clusters well in our use case and employ a decipherment-based approach to grounding. This approach presumes a sequence of cluster IDs is a {`}ciphertext{'} and seeks a POS tag-to-cluster ID mapping that will reveal the POS sequence. We show intrinsically that, despite the difficulty of the task, we obtain reasonable performance across a variety of languages. We also show extrinsically that incorporating our POS tagger into a name tagger leads to state-of-the-art tagging performance in Sinhalese and Kinyarwanda, two languages with nearly no labeled POS data available. We further demonstrate our tagger{'}s utility by incorporating it into a true {`}zero-resource{'} variant of the MALOPA (Ammar et al., 2016) dependency parser model that removes the current reliance on multilingual resources and gold POS tags for new languages. Experiments show that including our tagger makes up much of the accuracy lost when gold POS tags are unavailable.",
}
@inproceedings{ahmad-etal-2019-difficulties,
    title = "On Difficulties of Cross-Lingual Transfer with Order Differences: A Case Study on Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Ahmad, Wasi  and
      Zhang, Zhisong  and
      Ma, Xuezhe  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Chang, Kai-Wei  and
      Peng, Nanyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1253",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1253",
    pages = "2440--2452",
    abstract = "Different languages might have different word orders. In this paper, we investigate crosslingual transfer and posit that an orderagnostic model will perform better when transferring to distant foreign languages. To test our hypothesis, we train dependency parsers on an English corpus and evaluate their transfer performance on 30 other languages. Specifically, we compare encoders and decoders based on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) and modified self-attentive architectures. The former relies on sequential information while the latter is more flexible at modeling word order. Rigorous experiments and detailed analysis shows that RNN-based architectures transfer well to languages that are close to English, while self-attentive models have better overall cross-lingual transferability and perform especially well on distant languages.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2019-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Task Approach for Disentangling Syntax and Semantics in Sentence Representations",
    author = "Chen, Mingda  and
      Tang, Qingming  and
      Wiseman, Sam  and
      Gimpel, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1254",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1254",
    pages = "2453--2464",
    abstract = "We propose a generative model for a sentence that uses two latent variables, with one intended to represent the syntax of the sentence and the other to represent its semantics. We show we can achieve better disentanglement between semantic and syntactic representations by training with multiple losses, including losses that exploit aligned paraphrastic sentences and word-order information. We evaluate our models on standard semantic similarity tasks and novel syntactic similarity tasks. Empirically, we find that the model with the best performing syntactic and semantic representations also gives rise to the most disentangled representations.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2019-self,
    title = "Self-Discriminative Learning for Unsupervised Document Embedding",
    author = "Chen, Hong-You  and
      Hu, Chin-Hua  and
      Wehbe, Leila  and
      Lin, Shou-De",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1255",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1255",
    pages = "2465--2474",
    abstract = "Unsupervised document representation learning is an important task providing pre-trained features for NLP applications. Unlike most previous work which learn the embedding based on self-prediction of the surface of text, we explicitly exploit the inter-document information and directly model the relations of documents in embedding space with a discriminative network and a novel objective. Extensive experiments on both small and large public datasets show the competitiveness of the proposed method. In evaluations on standard document classification, our model has errors that are 5 to 13{\%} lower than state-of-the-art unsupervised embedding models. The reduction in error is even more pronounced in scarce label setting.",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2019-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Convolution for Text Classification",
    author = "Choi, Byung-Ju  and
      Park, Jun-Hyung  and
      Lee, SangKeun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1256",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1256",
    pages = "2475--2485",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present an adaptive convolution for text classification to give flexibility to convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Unlike traditional convolutions which utilize the same set of filters regardless of different inputs, the adaptive convolution employs adaptively generated convolutional filters conditioned on inputs. We achieve this by attaching filter-generating networks, which are carefully designed to generate input-specific filters, to convolution blocks in existing CNNs. We show the efficacy of our approach in existing CNNs based on the performance evaluation. Our evaluation indicates that all of our baselines achieve performance improvements with adaptive convolutions as much as up to 2.6 percentage point in seven benchmark text classification datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{jebbara-cimiano-2019-zero,
    title = "{Z}ero-Shot Cross-Lingual Opinion Target Extraction",
    author = "Jebbara, Soufian  and
      Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1257",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1257",
    pages = "2486--2495",
    abstract = "Aspect-based sentiment analysis involves the recognition of so called opinion target expressions (OTEs). To automatically extract OTEs, supervised learning algorithms are usually employed which are trained on manually annotated corpora. The creation of these corpora is labor-intensive and sufficiently large datasets are therefore usually only available for a very narrow selection of languages and domains. In this work, we address the lack of available annotated data for specific languages by proposing a zero-shot cross-lingual approach for the extraction of opinion target expressions. We leverage multilingual word embeddings that share a common vector space across various languages and incorporate these into a convolutional neural network architecture for OTE extraction. Our experiments with 5 languages give promising results: We can successfully train a model on annotated data of a source language and perform accurate prediction on a target language without ever using any annotated samples in that target language. Depending on the source and target language pairs, we reach performances in a zero-shot regime of up to 77{\%} of a model trained on target language data. Furthermore, we can increase this performance up to 87{\%} of a baseline model trained on target language data by performing cross-lingual learning from multiple source languages.",
}
@inproceedings{qu-etal-2019-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Category Alignment Network for Cross-domain Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Qu, Xiaoye  and
      Zou, Zhikang  and
      Cheng, Yu  and
      Yang, Yang  and
      Zhou, Pan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1258",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1258",
    pages = "2496--2508",
    abstract = "Cross-domain sentiment classification aims to predict sentiment polarity on a target domain utilizing a classifier learned from a source domain. Most existing adversarial learning methods focus on aligning the global marginal distribution by fooling a domain discriminator, without taking category-specific decision boundaries into consideration, which can lead to the mismatch of category-level features. In this work, we propose an adversarial category alignment network (ACAN), which attempts to enhance category consistency between the source domain and the target domain. Specifically, we increase the discrepancy of two polarity classifiers to provide diverse views, locating ambiguous features near the decision boundaries. Then the generator learns to create better features away from the category boundaries by minimizing this discrepancy. Experimental results on benchmark datasets show that the proposed method can achieve state-of-the-art performance and produce more discriminative features.",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2019-target,
    title = "Target-oriented Opinion Words Extraction with Target-fused Neural Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Fan, Zhifang  and
      Wu, Zhen  and
      Dai, Xin-Yu  and
      Huang, Shujian  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1259",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1259",
    pages = "2509--2518",
    abstract = "Opinion target extraction and opinion words extraction are two fundamental subtasks in Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA). Recently, many methods have made progress on these two tasks. However, few works aim at extracting opinion targets and opinion words as pairs. In this paper, we propose a novel sequence labeling subtask for ABSA named TOWE (Target-oriented Opinion Words Extraction), which aims at extracting the corresponding opinion words for a given opinion target. A target-fused sequence labeling neural network model is designed to perform this task. The opinion target information is well encoded into context by an Inward-Outward LSTM. Then left and right contexts of the opinion target and the global context are combined to find the corresponding opinion words. We build four datasets for TOWE based on several popular ABSA benchmarks from laptop and restaurant reviews. The experimental results show that our proposed model outperforms the other compared methods significantly. We believe that our work may not only be helpful for downstream sentiment analysis task, but can also be used for pair-wise opinion summarization.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2019-abstractive,
    title = "Abstractive Summarization of {R}eddit Posts with Multi-level Memory Networks",
    author = "Kim, Byeongchang  and
      Kim, Hyunwoo  and
      Kim, Gunhee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1260",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1260",
    pages = "2519--2531",
    abstract = "We address the problem of abstractive summarization in two directions: proposing a novel dataset and a new model. First, we collect Reddit TIFU dataset, consisting of 120K posts from the online discussion forum Reddit. We use such informal crowd-generated posts as text source, in contrast with existing datasets that mostly use formal documents as source such as news articles. Thus, our dataset could less suffer from some biases that key sentences usually located at the beginning of the text and favorable summary candidates are already inside the text in similar forms. Second, we propose a novel abstractive summarization model named multi-level memory networks (MMN), equipped with multi-level memory to store the information of text from different levels of abstraction. With quantitative evaluation and user studies via Amazon Mechanical Turk, we show the Reddit TIFU dataset is highly abstractive and the MMN outperforms the state-of-the-art summarization models.",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2019-automatic,
    title = "Automatic learner summary assessment for reading comprehension",
    author = "Xia, Menglin  and
      Kochmar, Ekaterina  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1261",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1261",
    pages = "2532--2542",
    abstract = "Automating the assessment of learner summary provides a useful tool for assessing learner reading comprehension. We present a summarization task for evaluating non-native reading comprehension and propose three novel approaches to automatically assess the learner summaries. We evaluate our models on two datasets we created and show that our models outperform traditional approaches that rely on exact word match on this task. Our best model produces quality assessments close to professional examiners.",
}
@inproceedings{p-v-s-meyer-2019-data,
    title = "Data-efficient Neural Text Compression with Interactive Learning",
    author = "P.V.S, Avinesh  and
      Meyer, Christian M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1262",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1262",
    pages = "2543--2554",
    abstract = "Neural sequence-to-sequence models have been successfully applied to text compression. However, these models were trained on huge automatically induced parallel corpora, which are only available for a few domains and tasks. In this paper, we propose a novel interactive setup to neural text compression that enables transferring a model to new domains and compression tasks with minimal human supervision. This is achieved by employing active learning, which intelligently samples from a large pool of unlabeled data. Using this setup, we can successfully adapt a model trained on small data of 40k samples for a headline generation task to a general text compression dataset at an acceptable compression quality with just 500 sampled instances annotated by a human.",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2019-text,
    title = "Text Generation with Exemplar-based Adaptive Decoding",
    author = "Peng, Hao  and
      Parikh, Ankur  and
      Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Dhingra, Bhuwan  and
      Das, Dipanjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1263",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1263",
    pages = "2555--2565",
    abstract = "We propose a novel conditioned text generation model. It draws inspiration from traditional template-based text generation techniques, where the source provides the content (i.e., what to say), and the template influences how to say it. Building on the successful encoder-decoder paradigm, it first encodes the content representation from the given input text; to produce the output, it retrieves exemplar text from the training data as {``}soft templates,{''} which are then used to construct an exemplar-specific decoder. We evaluate the proposed model on abstractive text summarization and data-to-text generation. Empirical results show that this model achieves strong performance and outperforms comparable baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{arumae-liu-2019-guiding,
    title = "Guiding Extractive Summarization with Question-Answering Rewards",
    author = "Arumae, Kristjan  and
      Liu, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1264",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1264",
    pages = "2566--2577",
    abstract = "Highlighting while reading is a natural behavior for people to track salient content of a document. It would be desirable to teach an extractive summarizer to do the same. However, a major obstacle to the development of a supervised summarizer is the lack of ground-truth. Manual annotation of extraction units is cost-prohibitive, whereas acquiring labels by automatically aligning human abstracts and source documents can yield inferior results. In this paper we describe a novel framework to guide a supervised, extractive summarization system with question-answering rewards. We argue that quality summaries should serve as document surrogates to answer important questions, and such question-answer pairs can be conveniently obtained from human abstracts. The system learns to promote summaries that are informative, fluent, and perform competitively on question-answering. Our results compare favorably with those reported by strong summarization baselines as evaluated by automatic metrics and human assessors.",
}
@inproceedings{shekhar-etal-2019-beyond,
    title = "Beyond task success: A closer look at jointly learning to see, ask, and {G}uess{W}hat",
    author = {Shekhar, Ravi  and
      Venkatesh, Aashish  and
      Baumg{\"a}rtner, Tim  and
      Bruni, Elia  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella  and
      Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1265",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1265",
    pages = "2578--2587",
    abstract = "We propose a grounded dialogue state encoder which addresses a foundational issue on how to integrate visual grounding with dialogue system components. As a test-bed, we focus on the GuessWhat?! game, a two-player game where the goal is to identify an object in a complex visual scene by asking a sequence of yes/no questions. Our visually-grounded encoder leverages synergies between guessing and asking questions, as it is trained jointly using multi-task learning. We further enrich our model via a cooperative learning regime. We show that the introduction of both the joint architecture and cooperative learning lead to accuracy improvements over the baseline system. We compare our approach to an alternative system which extends the baseline with reinforcement learning. Our in-depth analysis shows that the linguistic skills of the two models differ dramatically, despite approaching comparable performance levels. This points at the importance of analyzing the linguistic output of competing systems beyond numeric comparison solely based on task success.",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2019-world,
    title = "The World in My Mind: Visual Dialog with Adversarial Multi-modal Feature Encoding",
    author = "Yao, Yiqun  and
      Xu, Jiaming  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1266",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1266",
    pages = "2588--2598",
    abstract = "Visual Dialog is a multi-modal task that requires a model to participate in a multi-turn human dialog grounded on an image, and generate correct, human-like responses. In this paper, we propose a novel Adversarial Multi-modal Feature Encoding (AMFE) framework for effective and robust auxiliary training of visual dialog systems. AMFE can force the language-encoding part of a model to generate hidden states in a distribution closely related to the distribution of real-world images, resulting in language features containing general knowledge from both modalities by nature, which can help generate both more correct and more general responses with reasonably low time cost. Experimental results show that AMFE can steadily bring performance gains to different models on different scales of data. Our method outperforms both the supervised learning baselines and other fine-tuning methods, achieving state-of-the-art results on most metrics of VisDial v0.5/v0.9 generative tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2019-strong,
    title = "Strong and Simple Baselines for Multimodal Utterance Embeddings",
    author = "Liang, Paul Pu  and
      Lim, Yao Chong  and
      Tsai, Yao-Hung Hubert  and
      Salakhutdinov, Ruslan  and
      Morency, Louis-Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1267",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1267",
    pages = "2599--2609",
    abstract = "Human language is a rich multimodal signal consisting of spoken words, facial expressions, body gestures, and vocal intonations. Learning representations for these spoken utterances is a complex research problem due to the presence of multiple heterogeneous sources of information. Recent advances in multimodal learning have followed the general trend of building more complex models that utilize various attention, memory and recurrent components. In this paper, we propose two simple but strong baselines to learn embeddings of multimodal utterances. The first baseline assumes a conditional factorization of the utterance into unimodal factors. Each unimodal factor is modeled using the simple form of a likelihood function obtained via a linear transformation of the embedding. We show that the optimal embedding can be derived in closed form by taking a weighted average of the unimodal features. In order to capture richer representations, our second baseline extends the first by factorizing into unimodal, bimodal, and trimodal factors, while retaining simplicity and efficiency during learning and inference. From a set of experiments across two tasks, we show strong performance on both supervised and semi-supervised multimodal prediction, as well as significant (10 times) speedups over neural models during inference. Overall, we believe that our strong baseline models offer new benchmarking options for future research in multimodal learning.",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning to Navigate Unseen Environments: Back Translation with Environmental Dropout",
    author = "Tan, Hao  and
      Yu, Licheng  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1268",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1268",
    pages = "2610--2621",
    abstract = "A grand goal in AI is to build a robot that can accurately navigate based on natural language instructions, which requires the agent to perceive the scene, understand and ground language, and act in the real-world environment. One key challenge here is to learn to navigate in new environments that are unseen during training. Most of the existing approaches perform dramatically worse in unseen environments as compared to seen ones. In this paper, we present a generalizable navigational agent. Our agent is trained in two stages. The first stage is training via mixed imitation and reinforcement learning, combining the benefits from both off-policy and on-policy optimization. The second stage is fine-tuning via newly-introduced {`}unseen{'} triplets (environment, path, instruction). To generate these unseen triplets, we propose a simple but effective {`}environmental dropout{'} method to mimic unseen environments, which overcomes the problem of limited seen environment variability. Next, we apply semi-supervised learning (via back-translation) on these dropout environments to generate new paths and instructions. Empirically, we show that our agent is substantially better at generalizability when fine-tuned with these triplets, outperforming the state-of-art approaches by a large margin on the private unseen test set of the Room-to-Room task, and achieving the top rank on the leaderboard.",
}
@inproceedings{prabhumoye-etal-2019-towards,
    title = "Towards Content Transfer through Grounded Text Generation",
    author = "Prabhumoye, Shrimai  and
      Quirk, Chris  and
      Galley, Michel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1269",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1269",
    pages = "2622--2632",
    abstract = "Recent work in neural generation has attracted significant interest in controlling the form of text, such as style, persona, and politeness. However, there has been less work on controlling neural text generation for content. This paper introduces the notion of Content Transfer for long-form text generation, where the task is to generate a next sentence in a document that both fits its context and is grounded in a content-rich external textual source such as a news story. Our experiments on Wikipedia data show significant improvements against competitive baselines. As another contribution of this paper, we release a benchmark dataset of 640k Wikipedia referenced sentences paired with the source articles to encourage exploration of this new task.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Machine Reading Comprehension with General Reading Strategies",
    author = "Sun, Kai  and
      Yu, Dian  and
      Yu, Dong  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1270",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1270",
    pages = "2633--2643",
    abstract = "Reading strategies have been shown to improve comprehension levels, especially for readers lacking adequate prior knowledge. Just as the process of knowledge accumulation is time-consuming for human readers, it is resource-demanding to impart rich general domain knowledge into a deep language model via pre-training. Inspired by reading strategies identified in cognitive science, and given limited computational resources - just a pre-trained model and a fixed number of training instances - we propose three general strategies aimed to improve non-extractive machine reading comprehension (MRC): (i) BACK AND FORTH READING that considers both the original and reverse order of an input sequence, (ii) HIGHLIGHTING, which adds a trainable embedding to the text embedding of tokens that are relevant to the question and candidate answers, and (iii) SELF-ASSESSMENT that generates practice questions and candidate answers directly from the text in an unsupervised manner. By fine-tuning a pre-trained language model (Radford et al., 2018) with our proposed strategies on the largest general domain multiple-choice MRC dataset RACE, we obtain a 5.8{\%} absolute increase in accuracy over the previous best result achieved by the same pre-trained model fine-tuned on RACE without the use of strategies. We further fine-tune the resulting model on a target MRC task, leading to an absolute improvement of 6.2{\%} in average accuracy over previous state-of-the-art approaches on six representative non-extractive MRC datasets from different domains (i.e., ARC, OpenBookQA, MCTest, SemEval-2018 Task 11, ROCStories, and MultiRC). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed strategies and the versatility and general applicability of our fine-tuned models that incorporate these strategies. Core code is available at https://github.com/nlpdata/strategy/.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2019-multi,
    title = "Multi-task Learning with Sample Re-weighting for Machine Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Xu, Yichong  and
      Liu, Xiaodong  and
      Shen, Yelong  and
      Liu, Jingjing  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1271",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1271",
    pages = "2644--2655",
    abstract = "We propose a multi-task learning framework to learn a joint Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) model that can be applied to a wide range of MRC tasks in different domains. Inspired by recent ideas of data selection in machine translation, we develop a novel sample re-weighting scheme to assign sample-specific weights to the loss. Empirical study shows that our approach can be applied to many existing MRC models. Combined with contextual representations from pre-trained language models (such as ELMo), we achieve new state-of-the-art results on a set of MRC benchmark datasets. We release our code at \url{https://github.com/xycforgithub/MultiTask-MRC}.",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-chen-2019-semantically,
    title = "Semantically-Aligned Equation Generation for Solving and Reasoning Math Word Problems",
    author = "Chiang, Ting-Rui  and
      Chen, Yun-Nung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1272",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1272",
    pages = "2656--2668",
    abstract = "Solving math word problems is a challenging task that requires accurate natural language understanding to bridge natural language texts and math expressions. Motivated by the intuition about how human generates the equations given the problem texts, this paper presents a neural approach to automatically solve math word problems by operating symbols according to their semantic meanings in texts. This paper views the process of generating equation as a bridge between the semantic world and the symbolic world, where the proposed neural math solver is based on an encoder-decoder framework. In the proposed model, the encoder is designed to understand the semantics of problems, and the decoder focuses on tracking semantic meanings of the generated symbols and then deciding which symbol to generate next. The preliminary experiments are conducted in a dataset Math23K, and our model significantly outperforms both the state-of-the-art single model and the best non-retrieval-based model over about 10{\%} accuracy, demonstrating the effectiveness of bridging the symbolic and semantic worlds from math word problems.",
}
@inproceedings{dasigi-etal-2019-iterative,
    title = "Iterative Search for Weakly Supervised Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Dasigi, Pradeep  and
      Gardner, Matt  and
      Murty, Shikhar  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1273",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1273",
    pages = "2669--2680",
    abstract = "Training semantic parsers from question-answer pairs typically involves searching over an exponentially large space of logical forms, and an unguided search can easily be misled by spurious logical forms that coincidentally evaluate to the correct answer. We propose a novel iterative training algorithm that alternates between searching for consistent logical forms and maximizing the marginal likelihood of the retrieved ones. This training scheme lets us iteratively train models that provide guidance to subsequent ones to search for logical forms of increasing complexity, thus dealing with the problem of spuriousness. We evaluate these techniques on two hard datasets: WikiTableQuestions (WTQ) and Cornell Natural Language Visual Reasoning (NLVR), and show that our training algorithm outperforms the previous best systems, on WTQ in a comparable setting, and on NLVR with significantly less supervision.",
}
@inproceedings{yadav-etal-2019-alignment,
    title = "Alignment over Heterogeneous Embeddings for Question Answering",
    author = "Yadav, Vikas  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1274",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1274",
    pages = "2681--2691",
    abstract = "We propose a simple, fast, and mostly-unsupervised approach for non-factoid question answering (QA) called Alignment over Heterogeneous Embeddings (AHE). AHE simply aligns each word in the question and candidate answer with the most similar word in the retrieved supporting paragraph, and weighs each alignment score with the inverse document frequency of the corresponding question/answer term. AHE{'}s similarity function operates over embeddings that model the underlying text at different levels of abstraction: character (FLAIR), word (BERT and GloVe), and sentence (InferSent), where the latter is the only supervised component in the proposed approach. Despite its simplicity and lack of supervision, AHE obtains a new state-of-the-art performance on the {``}Easy{''} partition of the AI2 Reasoning Challenge (ARC) dataset (64.6{\%} accuracy), top-two performance on the {``}Challenge{''} partition of ARC (34.1{\%}), and top-three performance on the WikiQA dataset (74.08{\%} MRR), outperforming many other complex, supervised approaches. Our error analysis indicates that alignments over character, word, and sentence embeddings capture substantially different semantic information. We exploit this with a simple meta-classifier that learns how much to trust the predictions over each representation, which further improves the performance of unsupervised AHE.",
}
@inproceedings{rohanian-etal-2019-bridging,
    title = "{B}ridging the Gap: {A}ttending to Discontinuity in Identification of Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Rohanian, Omid  and
      Taslimipoor, Shiva  and
      Kouchaki, Samaneh  and
      Ha, Le An  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1275",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1275",
    pages = "2692--2698",
    abstract = "We introduce a new method to tag Multiword Expressions (MWEs) using a linguistically interpretable language-independent deep learning architecture. We specifically target discontinuity, an under-explored aspect that poses a significant challenge to computational treatment of MWEs. Two neural architectures are explored: Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) and multi-head self-attention. GCN leverages dependency parse information, and self-attention attends to long-range relations. We finally propose a combined model that integrates complementary information from both, through a gating mechanism. The experiments on a standard multilingual dataset for verbal MWEs show that our model outperforms the baselines not only in the case of discontinuous MWEs but also in overall F-score.",
}
@inproceedings{higashiyama-etal-2019-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Word Attention into Character-Based Word Segmentation",
    author = "Higashiyama, Shohei  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Ideuchi, Masao  and
      Oida, Yoshiaki  and
      Sakamoto, Yohei  and
      Okada, Isaac",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1276",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1276",
    pages = "2699--2709",
    abstract = "Neural network models have been actively applied to word segmentation, especially Chinese, because of the ability to minimize the effort in feature engineering. Typical segmentation models are categorized as character-based, for conducting exact inference, or word-based, for utilizing word-level information. We propose a character-based model utilizing word information to leverage the advantages of both types of models. Our model learns the importance of multiple candidate words for a character on the basis of an attention mechanism, and makes use of it for segmentation decisions. The experimental results show that our model achieves better performance than the state-of-the-art models on both Japanese and Chinese benchmark datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2019-vcwe,
    title = "{VCWE}: Visual Character-Enhanced Word Embeddings",
    author = "Sun, Chi  and
      Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1277",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1277",
    pages = "2710--2719",
    abstract = "Chinese is a logographic writing system, and the shape of Chinese characters contain rich syntactic and semantic information. In this paper, we propose a model to learn Chinese word embeddings via three-level composition: (1) a convolutional neural network to extract the intra-character compositionality from the visual shape of a character; (2) a recurrent neural network with self-attention to compose character representation into word embeddings; (3) the Skip-Gram framework to capture non-compositionality directly from the contextual information. Evaluations demonstrate the superior performance of our model on four tasks: word similarity, sentiment analysis, named entity recognition and part-of-speech tagging.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2019-subword,
    title = "Subword Encoding in Lattice {LSTM} for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Yang, Jie  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Liang, Shuailong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1278",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1278",
    pages = "2720--2725",
    abstract = "We investigate subword information for Chinese word segmentation, by integrating sub word embeddings trained using byte-pair encoding into a Lattice LSTM (LaLSTM) network over a character sequence. Experiments on standard benchmark show that subword information brings significant gains over strong character-based segmentation models. To our knowledge, this is the first research on the effectiveness of subwords on neural word segmentation.",
}
@inproceedings{ye-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Cross-Domain {C}hinese Word Segmentation with Word Embeddings",
    author = "Ye, Yuxiao  and
      Li, Weikang  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Qiu, Likun  and
      Sun, Jian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1279",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1279",
    pages = "2726--2735",
    abstract = "Cross-domain Chinese Word Segmentation (CWS) remains a challenge despite recent progress in neural-based CWS. The limited amount of annotated data in the target domain has been the key obstacle to a satisfactory performance. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised word-based approach to improving cross-domain CWS given a baseline segmenter. Particularly, our model only deploys word embeddings trained on raw text in the target domain, discarding complex hand-crafted features and domain-specific dictionaries. Innovative subsampling and negative sampling methods are proposed to derive word embeddings optimized for CWS. We conduct experiments on five datasets in special domains, covering domains in novels, medicine, and patent. Results show that our model can obviously improve cross-domain CWS, especially in the segmentation of domain-specific noun entities. The word F-measure increases by over 3.0{\%} on four datasets, outperforming state-of-the-art semi-supervised and unsupervised cross-domain CWS approaches with a large margin. We make our data and code available on Github.",
}
@inproceedings{kemos-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Semi-{M}arkov Conditional Random Fields for Robust Character-Based Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = {Kemos, Apostolos  and
      Adel, Heike  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1280",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1280",
    pages = "2736--2743",
    abstract = "Character-level models of tokens have been shown to be effective at dealing with within-token noise and out-of-vocabulary words. However, they often still rely on correct token boundaries. In this paper, we propose to eliminate the need for tokenizers with an end-to-end character-level semi-Markov conditional random field. It uses neural networks for its character and segment representations. We demonstrate its effectiveness in multilingual settings and when token boundaries are noisy: It matches state-of-the-art part-of-speech taggers for various languages and significantly outperforms them on a noisy English version of a benchmark dataset. Our code and the noisy dataset are publicly available at http://cistern.cis.lmu.de/semiCRF.",
}
@inproceedings{tolmachev-etal-2019-shrinking,
    title = "Shrinking {J}apanese Morphological Analyzers With Neural Networks and Semi-supervised Learning",
    author = "Tolmachev, Arseny  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1281",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1281",
    pages = "2744--2755",
    abstract = "For languages without natural word boundaries, like Japanese and Chinese, word segmentation is a prerequisite for downstream analysis. For Japanese, segmentation is often done jointly with part of speech tagging, and this process is usually referred to as morphological analysis. Morphological analyzers are trained on data hand-annotated with segmentation boundaries and part of speech tags. A segmentation dictionary or character n-gram information is also provided as additional inputs to the model. Incorporating this extra information makes models large. Modern neural morphological analyzers can consume gigabytes of memory. We propose a compact alternative to these cumbersome approaches which do not rely on any externally provided n-gram or word representations. The model uses only unigram character embeddings, encodes them using either stacked bi-LSTM or a self-attention network, and independently infers both segmentation and part of speech information. The model is trained in an end-to-end and semi-supervised fashion, on labels produced by a state-of-the-art analyzer. We demonstrate that the proposed technique rivals performance of a previous dictionary-based state-of-the-art approach and can even surpass it when training with the combination of human-annotated and automatically-annotated data. Our model itself is significantly smaller than the dictionary-based one: it uses less than 15 megabytes of space.",
}
@inproceedings{jamshid-lou-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Constituency Parsing of Speech Transcripts",
    author = "Jamshid Lou, Paria  and
      Wang, Yufei  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1282",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1282",
    pages = "2756--2765",
    abstract = "This paper studies the performance of a neural self-attentive parser on transcribed speech. Speech presents parsing challenges that do not appear in written text, such as the lack of punctuation and the presence of speech disfluencies (including filled pauses, repetitions, corrections, etc.). Disfluencies are especially problematic for conventional syntactic parsers, which typically fail to find any EDITED disfluency nodes at all. This motivated the development of special disfluency detection systems, and special mechanisms added to parsers specifically to handle disfluencies. However, we show here that neural parsers can find EDITED disfluency nodes, and the best neural parsers find them with an accuracy surpassing that of specialized disfluency detection systems, thus making these specialized mechanisms unnecessary. This paper also investigates a modified loss function that puts more weight on EDITED nodes. It also describes tree-transformations that simplify the disfluency detection task by providing alternative encodings of disfluencies and syntactic information.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-metze-2019-acoustic,
    title = "Acoustic-to-Word Models with Conversational Context Information",
    author = "Kim, Suyoun  and
      Metze, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1283",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1283",
    pages = "2766--2771",
    abstract = "Conversational context information, higher-level knowledge that spans across sentences, can help to recognize a long conversation. However, existing speech recognition models are typically built at a sentence level, and thus it may not capture important conversational context information. The recent progress in end-to-end speech recognition enables integrating context with other available information (e.g., acoustic, linguistic resources) and directly recognizing words from speech. In this work, we present a direct acoustic-to-word, end-to-end speech recognition model capable of utilizing the conversational context to better process long conversations. We evaluate our proposed approach on the Switchboard conversational speech corpus and show that our system outperforms a standard end-to-end speech recognition system.",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2019-dynamic,
    title = "A Dynamic Speaker Model for Conversational Interactions",
    author = "Cheng, Hao  and
      Fang, Hao  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1284",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1284",
    pages = "2772--2785",
    abstract = "Individual differences in speakers are reflected in their language use as well as in their interests and opinions. Characterizing these differences can be useful in human-computer interaction, as well as analysis of human-human conversations. In this work, we introduce a neural model for learning a dynamically updated speaker embedding in a conversational context. Initial model training is unsupervised, using context-sensitive language generation as an objective, with the context being the conversation history. Further fine-tuning can leverage task-dependent supervised training. The learned neural representation of speakers is shown to be useful for content ranking in a socialbot and dialog act prediction in human-human conversations.",
}
@inproceedings{salesky-etal-2019-fluent,
    title = "Fluent Translations from Disfluent Speech in End-to-End Speech Translation",
    author = "Salesky, Elizabeth  and
      Sperber, Matthias  and
      Waibel, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1285",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1285",
    pages = "2786--2792",
    abstract = "Spoken language translation applications for speech suffer due to conversational speech phenomena, particularly the presence of disfluencies. With the rise of end-to-end speech translation models, processing steps such as disfluency removal that were previously an intermediate step between speech recognition and machine translation need to be incorporated into model architectures. We use a sequence-to-sequence model to translate from noisy, disfluent speech to fluent text with disfluencies removed using the recently collected {`}copy-edited{'} references for the Fisher Spanish-English dataset. We are able to directly generate fluent translations and introduce considerations about how to evaluate success on this task. This work provides a baseline for a new task, implicitly removing disfluencies in end-to-end translation of conversational speech.",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2019-relation,
    title = "Relation Classification Using Segment-Level Attention-based {CNN} and Dependency-based {RNN}",
    author = "Tran, Van-Hien  and
      Phi, Van-Thuy  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1286",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1286",
    pages = "2793--2798",
    abstract = "Recently, relation classification has gained much success by exploiting deep neural networks. In this paper, we propose a new model effectively combining Segment-level Attention-based Convolutional Neural Networks (SACNNs) and Dependency-based Recurrent Neural Networks (DepRNNs). While SACNNs allow the model to selectively focus on the important information segment from the raw sequence, DepRNNs help to handle the long-distance relations from the shortest dependency path of relation entities. Experiments on the SemEval-2010 Task 8 dataset show that our model is comparable to the state-of-the-art without using any external lexical features.",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2019-document,
    title = "Document-Level Event Factuality Identification via Adversarial Neural Network",
    author = "Qian, Zhong  and
      Li, Peifeng  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1287",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1287",
    pages = "2799--2809",
    abstract = "Document-level event factuality identification is an important subtask in event factuality and is crucial for discourse understanding in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Previous studies mainly suffer from the scarcity of suitable corpus and effective methods. To solve these two issues, we first construct a corpus annotated with both document- and sentence-level event factuality information on both English and Chinese texts. Then we present an LSTM neural network based on adversarial training with both intra- and inter-sequence attentions to identify document-level event factuality. Experimental results show that our neural network model can outperform various baselines on the constructed corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{ye-ling-2019-distant,
    title = "Distant Supervision Relation Extraction with Intra-Bag and Inter-Bag Attentions",
    author = "Ye, Zhi-Xiu  and
      Ling, Zhen-Hua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1288",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1288",
    pages = "2810--2819",
    abstract = "This paper presents a neural relation extraction method to deal with the noisy training data generated by distant supervision. Previous studies mainly focus on sentence-level de-noising by designing neural networks with intra-bag attentions. In this paper, both intra-bag and inter-bag attentions are considered in order to deal with the noise at sentence-level and bag-level respectively. First, relation-aware bag representations are calculated by weighting sentence embeddings using intra-bag attentions. Here, each possible relation is utilized as the query for attention calculation instead of only using the target relation in conventional methods. Furthermore, the representation of a group of bags in the training set which share the same relation label is calculated by weighting bag representations using a similarity-based inter-bag attention module. Finally, a bag group is utilized as a training sample when building our relation extractor. Experimental results on the New York Times dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed intra-bag and inter-bag attention modules. Our method also achieves better relation extraction accuracy than state-of-the-art methods on this dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2019-ranking,
    title = "Ranking-Based Autoencoder for Extreme Multi-label Classification",
    author = "Wang, Bingyu  and
      Chen, Li  and
      Sun, Wei  and
      Qin, Kechen  and
      Li, Kefeng  and
      Zhou, Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1289",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1289",
    pages = "2820--2830",
    abstract = "Extreme Multi-label classification (XML) is an important yet challenging machine learning task, that assigns to each instance its most relevant candidate labels from an extremely large label collection, where the numbers of labels, features and instances could be thousands or millions. XML is more and more on demand in the Internet industries, accompanied with the increasing business scale / scope and data accumulation. The extremely large label collections yield challenges such as computational complexity, inter-label dependency and noisy labeling. Many methods have been proposed to tackle these challenges, based on different mathematical formulations. In this paper, we propose a deep learning XML method, with a word-vector-based self-attention, followed by a ranking-based AutoEncoder architecture. The proposed method has three major advantages: 1) the autoencoder simultaneously considers the inter-label dependencies and the feature-label dependencies, by projecting labels and features onto a common embedding space; 2) the ranking loss not only improves the training efficiency and accuracy but also can be extended to handle noisy labeled data; 3) the efficient attention mechanism improves feature representation by highlighting feature importance. Experimental results on benchmark datasets show the proposed method is competitive to state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2019-posterior,
    title = "Posterior-regularized {REINFORCE} for Instance Selection in Distant Supervision",
    author = "Zhang, Qi  and
      Tang, Siliang  and
      Ren, Xiang  and
      Wu, Fei  and
      Pu, Shiliang  and
      Zhuang, Yueting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1290",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1290",
    pages = "2831--2835",
    abstract = "This paper provides a new way to improve the efficiency of the REINFORCE training process. We apply it to the task of instance selection in distant supervision. Modeling the instance selection in one bag as a sequential decision process, a reinforcement learning agent is trained to determine whether an instance is valuable or not and construct a new bag with less noisy instances. However unbiased methods, such as REINFORCE, could usually take much time to train. This paper adopts posterior regularization (PR) to integrate some domain-specific rules in instance selection using REINFORCE. As the experiment results show, this method remarkably improves the performance of the relation classifier trained on cleaned distant supervision dataset as well as the efficiency of the REINFORCE training.",
}
@inproceedings{islam-foulds-2019-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Collapsed Inference for High-Dimensional Topic Models",
    author = "Islam, Rashidul  and
      Foulds, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1291",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1291",
    pages = "2836--2845",
    abstract = "The bigger the corpus, the more topics it can potentially support. To truly make full use of massive text corpora, a topic model inference algorithm must therefore scale efficiently in 1) documents and 2) topics, while 3) achieving accurate inference. Previous methods have achieved two out of three of these criteria simultaneously, but never all three at once. In this paper, we develop an online inference algorithm for topic models which leverages stochasticity to scale well in the number of documents, sparsity to scale well in the number of topics, and which operates in the collapsed representation of the topic model for improved accuracy and run-time performance. We use a Monte Carlo inner loop in the online setting to approximate the collapsed variational Bayes updates in a sparse and efficient way, which we accomplish via the MetropolisHastings Walker method. We showcase our algorithm on LDA and the recently proposed mixed membership skip-gram topic model. Our method requires only amortized $O(k_{d})$ computation per word token instead of $O(K)$ operations, where the number of topics occurring for a particular document $k_{d}\ll$ the total number of topics in the corpus $K$, to converge to a high-quality solution.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2019-integrated,
    title = "An Integrated Approach for Keyphrase Generation via Exploring the Power of Retrieval and Extraction",
    author = "Chen, Wang  and
      Chan, Hou Pong  and
      Li, Piji  and
      Bing, Lidong  and
      King, Irwin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1292",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1292",
    pages = "2846--2856",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a novel integrated approach for keyphrase generation (KG). Unlike previous works which are purely extractive or generative, we first propose a new multi-task learning framework that jointly learns an extractive model and a generative model. Besides extracting keyphrases, the output of the extractive model is also employed to rectify the copy probability distribution of the generative model, such that the generative model can better identify important contents from the given document. Moreover, we retrieve similar documents with the given document from training data and use their associated keyphrases as external knowledge for the generative model to produce more accurate keyphrases. For further exploiting the power of extraction and retrieval, we propose a neural-based merging module to combine and re-rank the predicted keyphrases from the enhanced generative model, the extractive model, and the retrieved keyphrases. Experiments on the five KG benchmarks demonstrate that our integrated approach outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{roy-etal-2019-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Malware Attributes from Cybersecurity Texts",
    author = "Roy, Arpita  and
      Park, Youngja  and
      Pan, Shimei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1293",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1293",
    pages = "2857--2861",
    abstract = "Text analytics is a useful tool for studying malware behavior and tracking emerging threats. The task of automated malware attribute identification based on cybersecurity texts is very challenging due to a large number of malware attribute labels and a small number of training instances. In this paper, we propose a novel feature learning method to leverage diverse knowledge sources such as small amount of human annotations, unlabeled text and specifications about malware attribute labels. Our evaluation has demonstrated the effectiveness of our method over the state-of-the-art malware attribute prediction systems.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2019-improving-distantly,
    title = "Improving Distantly-supervised Entity Typing with Compact Latent Space Clustering",
    author = "Chen, Bo  and
      Gu, Xiaotao  and
      Hu, Yufeng  and
      Tang, Siliang  and
      Hu, Guoping  and
      Zhuang, Yueting  and
      Ren, Xiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1294",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1294",
    pages = "2862--2872",
    abstract = "Recently, distant supervision has gained great success on Fine-grained Entity Typing (FET). Despite its efficiency in reducing manual labeling efforts, it also brings the challenge of dealing with false entity type labels, as distant supervision assigns labels in a context-agnostic manner. Existing works alleviated this issue with partial-label loss, but usually suffer from confirmation bias, which means the classifier fit a pseudo data distribution given by itself. In this work, we propose to regularize distantly supervised models with Compact Latent Space Clustering (CLSC) to bypass this problem and effectively utilize noisy data yet. Our proposed method first dynamically constructs a similarity graph of different entity mentions; infer the labels of noisy instances via label propagation. Based on the inferred labels, mention embeddings are updated accordingly to encourage entity mentions with close semantics to form a compact cluster in the embedding space, thus leading to better classification performance. Extensive experiments on standard benchmarks show that our CLSC model consistently outperforms state-of-the-art distantly supervised entity typing systems by a significant margin.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2019-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Instance-Level Annotator Reliability for Natural Language Labelling Tasks",
    author = {Li, Maolin  and
      Fahlstr{\"o}m Myrman, Arvid  and
      Mu, Tingting  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1295",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1295",
    pages = "2873--2883",
    abstract = "When constructing models that learn from noisy labels produced by multiple annotators, it is important to accurately estimate the reliability of annotators. Annotators may provide labels of inconsistent quality due to their varying expertise and reliability in a domain. Previous studies have mostly focused on estimating each annotator{'}s overall reliability on the entire annotation task. However, in practice, the reliability of an annotator may depend on each specific instance. Only a limited number of studies have investigated modelling per-instance reliability and these only considered binary labels. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised model which can handle both binary and multi-class labels. It can automatically estimate the per-instance reliability of each annotator and the correct label for each instance. We specify our model as a probabilistic model which incorporates neural networks to model the dependency between latent variables and instances. For evaluation, the proposed method is applied to both synthetic and real data, including two labelling tasks: text classification and textual entailment. Experimental results demonstrate our novel method can not only accurately estimate the reliability of annotators across different instances, but also achieve superior performance in predicting the correct labels and detecting the least reliable annotators compared to state-of-the-art baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2019-review,
    title = "Review-Driven Multi-Label Music Style Classification by Exploiting Style Correlations",
    author = "Zhao, Guangxiang  and
      Xu, Jingjing  and
      Zeng, Qi  and
      Ren, Xuancheng  and
      Sun, Xu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1296",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1296",
    pages = "2884--2891",
    abstract = "This paper explores a new natural languageprocessing task, review-driven multi-label musicstyle classification. This task requires systemsto identify multiple styles of music basedon its reviews on websites. The biggest challengelies in the complicated relations of musicstyles. To tackle this problem, we proposea novel deep learning approach to automaticallylearn and exploit style correlations.Experiment results show that our approachachieves large improvements over baselines onthe proposed dataset. Furthermore, the visualizedanalysis shows that our approach performswell in capturing style correlations.",
}
@inproceedings{fu-etal-2019-fact,
    title = "Fact Discovery from Knowledge Base via Facet Decomposition",
    author = "Fu, Zihao  and
      Lin, Yankai  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Lam, Wai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1297",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1297",
    pages = "2892--2901",
    abstract = "During the past few decades, knowledge bases (KBs) have experienced rapid growth. Nevertheless, most KBs still suffer from serious incompletion. Researchers proposed many tasks such as knowledge base completion and relation prediction to help build the representation of KBs. However, there are some issues unsettled towards enriching the KBs. Knowledge base completion and relation prediction assume that we know two elements of the fact triples and we are going to predict the missing one. This assumption is too restricted in practice and prevents it from discovering new facts directly. To address this issue, we propose a new task, namely, fact discovery from knowledge base. This task only requires that we know the head entity and the goal is to discover facts associated with the head entity. To tackle this new problem, we propose a novel framework that decomposes the discovery problem into several facet discovery components. We also propose a novel auto-encoder based facet component to estimate some facets of the fact. Besides, we propose a feedback learning component to share the information between each facet. We evaluate our framework using a benchmark dataset and the experimental results show that our framework achieves promising results. We also conduct an extensive analysis of our framework in discovering different kinds of facts. The source code of this paper can be obtained from https://github.com/thunlp/FFD.",
}
@inproceedings{can-etal-2019-richer,
    title = "A Richer-but-Smarter Shortest Dependency Path with Attentive Augmentation for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Can, Duy-Cat  and
      Le, Hoang-Quynh  and
      Ha, Quang-Thuy  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1298",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1298",
    pages = "2902--2912",
    abstract = "To extract the relationship between two entities in a sentence, two common approaches are (1) using their shortest dependency path (SDP) and (2) using an attention model to capture a context-based representation of the sentence. Each approach suffers from its own disadvantage of either missing or redundant information. In this work, we propose a novel model that combines the advantages of these two approaches. This is based on the basic information in the SDP enhanced with information selected by several attention mechanisms with kernel filters, namely RbSP (Richer-but-Smarter SDP). To exploit the representation behind the RbSP structure effectively, we develop a combined deep neural model with a LSTM network on word sequences and a CNN on RbSP. Experimental results on the SemEval-2010 dataset demonstrate improved performance over competitive baselines. The data and source code are available at https://github.com/catcd/RbSP.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2019-bidirectional,
    title = "Bidirectional Attentive Memory Networks for Question Answering over Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Chen, Yu  and
      Wu, Lingfei  and
      Zaki, Mohammed J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1299",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1299",
    pages = "2913--2923",
    abstract = "When answering natural language questions over knowledge bases (KBs), different question components and KB aspects play different roles. However, most existing embedding-based methods for knowledge base question answering (KBQA) ignore the subtle inter-relationships between the question and the KB (e.g., entity types, relation paths and context). In this work, we propose to directly model the two-way flow of interactions between the questions and the KB via a novel Bidirectional Attentive Memory Network, called BAMnet. Requiring no external resources and only very few hand-crafted features, on the WebQuestions benchmark, our method significantly outperforms existing information-retrieval based methods, and remains competitive with (hand-crafted) semantic parsing based methods. Also, since we use attention mechanisms, our method offers better interpretability compared to other baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{clark-etal-2019-boolq,
    title = "{B}ool{Q}: Exploring the Surprising Difficulty of Natural Yes/No Questions",
    author = "Clark, Christopher  and
      Lee, Kenton  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Kwiatkowski, Tom  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Toutanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1300",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1300",
    pages = "2924--2936",
    abstract = "In this paper we study yes/no questions that are naturally occurring {---} meaning that they are generated in unprompted and unconstrained settings. We build a reading comprehension dataset, BoolQ, of such questions, and show that they are unexpectedly challenging. They often query for complex, non-factoid information, and require difficult entailment-like inference to solve. We also explore the effectiveness of a range of transfer learning baselines. We find that transferring from entailment data is more effective than transferring from paraphrase or extractive QA data, and that it, surprisingly, continues to be very beneficial even when starting from massive pre-trained language models such as BERT. Our best method trains BERT on MultiNLI and then re-trains it on our train set. It achieves 80.4{\%} accuracy compared to 90{\%} accuracy of human annotators (and 62{\%} majority-baseline), leaving a significant gap for future work.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2019-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Key-Value Memory Neural Networks for Knowledge Based Question Answering",
    author = "Xu, Kun  and
      Lai, Yuxuan  and
      Feng, Yansong  and
      Wang, Zhiguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1301",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1301",
    pages = "2937--2947",
    abstract = "Traditional Key-value Memory Neural Networks (KV-MemNNs) are proved to be effective to support shallow reasoning over a collection of documents in domain specific Question Answering or Reading Comprehension tasks. However, extending KV-MemNNs to Knowledge Based Question Answering (KB-QA) is not trivia, which should properly decompose a complex question into a sequence of queries against the memory, and update the query representations to support multi-hop reasoning over the memory. In this paper, we propose a novel mechanism to enable conventional KV-MemNNs models to perform interpretable reasoning for complex questions. To achieve this, we design a new query updating strategy to mask previously-addressed memory information from the query representations, and introduce a novel STOP strategy to avoid invalid or repeated memory reading without strong annotation signals. This also enables KV-MemNNs to produce structured queries and work in a semantic parsing fashion. Experimental results on benchmark datasets show that our solution, trained with question-answer pairs only, can provide conventional KV-MemNNs models with better reasoning abilities on complex questions, and achieve state-of-art performances.",
}
@inproceedings{trivedi-etal-2019-repurposing,
    title = "Repurposing Entailment for Multi-Hop Question Answering Tasks",
    author = "Trivedi, Harsh  and
      Kwon, Heeyoung  and
      Khot, Tushar  and
      Sabharwal, Ashish  and
      Balasubramanian, Niranjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1302",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1302",
    pages = "2948--2958",
    abstract = "Question Answering (QA) naturally reduces to an entailment problem, namely, verifying whether some text entails the answer to a question. However, for multi-hop QA tasks, which require reasoning with \textit{multiple} sentences, it remains unclear how best to utilize entailment models pre-trained on large scale datasets such as SNLI, which are based on sentence pairs. We introduce Multee, a general architecture that can effectively use entailment models for multi-hop QA tasks. Multee uses (i) a local module that helps locate important sentences, thereby avoiding distracting information, and (ii) a global module that aggregates information by effectively incorporating importance weights. Importantly, we show that both modules can use entailment functions pre-trained on a large scale NLI datasets. We evaluate performance on MultiRC and OpenBookQA, two multihop QA datasets. When using an entailment function pre-trained on NLI datasets, Multee outperforms QA models trained only on the target QA datasets and the OpenAI transformer models.",
}
@inproceedings{ananya-etal-2019-genderquant,
    title = "{G}ender{Q}uant: Quantifying Mention-Level Genderedness",
    author = "{Ananya}  and
      Parthasarthi, Nitya  and
      Singh, Sameer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1303",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1303",
    pages = "2959--2969",
    abstract = "Language is gendered if the context surrounding a mention is suggestive of a particular binary gender for that mention. Detecting the different ways in which language is gendered is an important task since gendered language can bias NLP models (such as for coreference resolution). This task is challenging since genderedness is often expressed in subtle ways. Existing approaches need considerable annotation efforts for each language, domain, and author, and often require handcrafted lexicons and features. Additionally, these approaches do not provide a quantifiable measure of how gendered the text is, nor are they applicable at the fine-grained mention level. In this paper, we use existing NLP pipelines to automatically annotate gender of mentions in the text. On corpora labeled using this method, we train a supervised classifier to predict the gender of any mention from its context and evaluate it on unseen text. The model confidence for a mention{'}s gender can be used as a proxy to indicate the level of genderedness of the context. We test this gendered language detector on movie summaries, movie reviews, news articles, and fiction novels, achieving an AUC-ROC of up to 0.71, and observe that the model predictions agree with human judgments collected for this task. We also provide examples of detected gendered sentences from aforementioned domains.",
}
@inproceedings{demszky-etal-2019-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Polarization in Social Media: Method and Application to Tweets on 21 Mass Shootings",
    author = "Demszky, Dorottya  and
      Garg, Nikhil  and
      Voigt, Rob  and
      Zou, James  and
      Shapiro, Jesse  and
      Gentzkow, Matthew  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1304",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1304",
    pages = "2970--3005",
    abstract = "We provide an NLP framework to uncover four linguistic dimensions of political polarization in social media: topic choice, framing, affect and illocutionary force. We quantify these aspects with existing lexical methods, and propose clustering of tweet embeddings as a means to identify salient topics for analysis across events; human evaluations show that our approach generates more cohesive topics than traditional LDA-based models. We apply our methods to study 4.4M tweets on 21 mass shootings. We provide evidence that the discussion of these events is highly polarized politically and that this polarization is primarily driven by partisan differences in framing rather than topic choice. We identify framing devices, such as grounding and the contrasting use of the terms {``}terrorist{''} and {``}crazy{''}, that contribute to polarization. Results pertaining to topic choice, affect and illocutionary force suggest that Republicans focus more on the shooter and event-specific facts (news) while Democrats focus more on the victims and call for policy changes. Our work contributes to a deeper understanding of the way group divisions manifest in language and to computational methods for studying them.",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning to Decipher Hate Symbols",
    author = "Qian, Jing  and
      ElSherief, Mai  and
      Belding, Elizabeth  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1305",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1305",
    pages = "3006--3015",
    abstract = "Existing computational models to understand hate speech typically frame the problem as a simple classification task, bypassing the understanding of hate symbols (e.g., 14 words, kigy) and their secret connotations. In this paper, we propose a novel task of deciphering hate symbols. To do this, we leveraged the Urban Dictionary and collected a new, symbol-rich Twitter corpus of hate speech. We investigate neural network latent context models for deciphering hate symbols. More specifically, we study Sequence-to-Sequence models and show how they are able to crack the ciphers based on context. Furthermore, we propose a novel Variational Decipher and show how it can generalize better to unseen hate symbols in a more challenging testing setting.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2019-long,
    title = "Long-tail Relation Extraction via Knowledge Graph Embeddings and Graph Convolution Networks",
    author = "Zhang, Ningyu  and
      Deng, Shumin  and
      Sun, Zhanlin  and
      Wang, Guanying  and
      Chen, Xi  and
      Zhang, Wei  and
      Chen, Huajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1306",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1306",
    pages = "3016--3025",
    abstract = "We propose a distance supervised relation extraction approach for long-tailed, imbalanced data which is prevalent in real-world settings. Here, the challenge is to learn accurate {``}few-shot{''} models for classes existing at the tail of the class distribution, for which little data is available. Inspired by the rich semantic correlations between classes at the long tail and those at the head, we take advantage of the knowledge from data-rich classes at the head of the distribution to boost the performance of the data-poor classes at the tail. First, we propose to leverage implicit relational knowledge among class labels from knowledge graph embeddings and learn explicit relational knowledge using graph convolution networks. Second, we integrate that relational knowledge into relation extraction model by coarse-to-fine knowledge-aware attention mechanism. We demonstrate our results for a large-scale benchmark dataset which show that our approach significantly outperforms other baselines, especially for long-tail relations.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2019-gan,
    title = "{GAN} Driven Semi-distant Supervision for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Li, Pengshuai  and
      Zhang, Xinsong  and
      Jia, Weijia  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1307",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1307",
    pages = "3026--3035",
    abstract = "Distant supervision has been widely used in relation extraction tasks without hand-labeled datasets recently. However, the automatically constructed datasets comprise numbers of wrongly labeled negative instances due to the incompleteness of knowledge bases, which is neglected by current distant supervised methods resulting in seriously misleading in both training and testing processes. To address this issue, we propose a novel semi-distant supervision approach for relation extraction by constructing a small accurate dataset and properly leveraging numerous instances without relation labels. In our approach, we construct accurate instances by both knowledge base and entity descriptions determined to avoid wrong negative labeling and further utilize unlabeled instances sufficiently using generative adversarial network (GAN) framework. Experimental results on real-world datasets show that our approach can achieve significant improvements in distant supervised relation extraction over strong baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{luan-etal-2019-general,
    title = "A general framework for information extraction using dynamic span graphs",
    author = "Luan, Yi  and
      Wadden, Dave  and
      He, Luheng  and
      Shah, Amy  and
      Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1308",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1308",
    pages = "3036--3046",
    abstract = "We introduce a general framework for several information extraction tasks that share span representations using dynamically constructed span graphs. The graphs are dynamically constructed by selecting the most confident entity spans and linking these nodes with confidence-weighted relation types and coreferences. The dynamic span graph allow coreference and relation type confidences to propagate through the graph to iteratively refine the span representations. This is unlike previous multi-task frameworks for information extraction in which the only interaction between tasks is in the shared first-layer LSTM. Our framework significantly outperforms state-of-the-art on multiple information extraction tasks across multiple datasets reflecting different domains. We further observe that the span enumeration approach is good at detecting nested span entities, with significant F1 score improvement on the ACE dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{lockard-etal-2019-openceres,
    title = "Open{C}eres: {W}hen Open Information Extraction Meets the Semi-Structured Web",
    author = "Lockard, Colin  and
      Shiralkar, Prashant  and
      Dong, Xin Luna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1309",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1309",
    pages = "3047--3056",
    abstract = "Open Information Extraction (OpenIE), the problem of harvesting triples from natural language text whose predicate relations are not aligned to any pre-defined ontology, has been a popular subject of research for the last decade. However, this research has largely ignored the vast quantity of facts available in semi-structured webpages. In this paper, we define the problem of OpenIE from semi-structured websites to extract such facts, and present an approach for solving it. We also introduce a labeled evaluation dataset to motivate research in this area. Given a semi-structured website and a set of seed facts for some relations existing on its pages, we employ a semi-supervised label propagation technique to automatically create training data for the relations present on the site. We then use this training data to learn a classifier for relation extraction. Experimental results of this method on our new benchmark dataset obtained a precision of over 70{\%}. A larger scale extraction experiment on 31 websites in the movie vertical resulted in the extraction of over 2 million triples.",
}
@inproceedings{bai-ritter-2019-structured,
    title = "{S}tructured {M}inimally {S}upervised {L}earning for {N}eural {R}elation {E}xtraction",
    author = "Bai, Fan  and
      Ritter, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1310",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1310",
    pages = "3057--3069",
    abstract = "We present an approach to minimally supervised relation extraction that combines the benefits of learned representations and structured learning, and accurately predicts sentence-level relation mentions given only proposition-level supervision from a KB. By explicitly reasoning about missing data during learning, our approach enables large-scale training of 1D convolutional neural networks while mitigating the issue of label noise inherent in distant supervision. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art results on minimally supervised sentential relation extraction, outperforming a number of baselines, including a competitive approach that uses the attention layer of a purely neural model.",
}
@inproceedings{anastasopoulos-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation of Text from Non-Native Speakers",
    author = "Anastasopoulos, Antonios  and
      Lui, Alison  and
      Nguyen, Toan Q.  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1311",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1311",
    pages = "3070--3080",
    abstract = "Neural Machine Translation (NMT) systems are known to degrade when confronted with noisy data, especially when the system is trained only on clean data. In this paper, we show that augmenting training data with sentences containing artificially-introduced grammatical errors can make the system more robust to such errors. In combination with an automatic grammar error correction system, we can recover 1.0 BLEU out of 2.4 BLEU lost due to grammatical errors. We also present a set of Spanish translations of the JFLEG grammar error correction corpus, which allows for testing NMT robustness to real grammatical errors.",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Domain Adaptation Translation with Domain Invariant and Specific Information",
    author = "Gu, Shuhao  and
      Feng, Yang  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1312",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1312",
    pages = "3081--3091",
    abstract = "In domain adaptation for neural machine translation, translation performance can benefit from separating features into domain-specific features and common features. In this paper, we propose a method to explicitly model the two kinds of information in the encoder-decoder framework so as to exploit out-of-domain data in in-domain training. In our method, we maintain a private encoder and a private decoder for each domain which are used to model domain-specific information. In the meantime, we introduce a common encoder and a common decoder shared by all the domains which can only have domain-independent information flow through. Besides, we add a discriminator to the shared encoder and employ adversarial training for the whole model to reinforce the performance of information separation and machine translation simultaneously. Experiment results show that our method can outperform competitive baselines greatly on multiple data sets.",
}
@inproceedings{maruf-etal-2019-selective,
    title = "Selective Attention for Context-aware Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Maruf, Sameen  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1313",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1313",
    pages = "3092--3102",
    abstract = "Despite the progress made in sentence-level NMT, current systems still fall short at achieving fluent, good quality translation for a full document. Recent works in context-aware NMT consider only a few previous sentences as context and may not scale to entire documents. To this end, we propose a novel and scalable top-down approach to hierarchical attention for context-aware NMT which uses sparse attention to selectively focus on relevant sentences in the document context and then attends to key words in those sentences. We also propose single-level attention approaches based on sentence or word-level information in the context. The document-level context representation, produced from these attention modules, is integrated into the encoder or decoder of the Transformer model depending on whether we use monolingual or bilingual context. Our experiments and evaluation on English-German datasets in different document MT settings show that our selective attention approach not only significantly outperforms context-agnostic baselines but also surpasses context-aware baselines in most cases.",
}
@inproceedings{michel-etal-2019-evaluation,
    title = "On Evaluation of Adversarial Perturbations for Sequence-to-Sequence Models",
    author = "Michel, Paul  and
      Li, Xian  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Pino, Juan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1314",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1314",
    pages = "3103--3114",
    abstract = "Adversarial examples {---} perturbations to the input of a model that elicit large changes in the output {---} have been shown to be an effective way of assessing the robustness of sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models. However, these perturbations only indicate weaknesses in the model if they do not change the input so significantly that it legitimately results in changes in the expected output. This fact has largely been ignored in the evaluations of the growing body of related literature. Using the example of untargeted attacks on machine translation (MT), we propose a new evaluation framework for adversarial attacks on seq2seq models that takes the semantic equivalence of the pre- and post-perturbation input into account. Using this framework, we demonstrate that existing methods may not preserve meaning in general, breaking the aforementioned assumption that source side perturbations should not result in changes in the expected output. We further use this framework to demonstrate that adding additional constraints on attacks allows for adversarial perturbations that are more meaning-preserving, but nonetheless largely change the output sequence. Finally, we show that performing untargeted adversarial training with meaning-preserving attacks is beneficial to the model in terms of adversarial robustness, without hurting test performance. A toolkit implementing our evaluation framework is released at https://github.com/pmichel31415/teapot-nlp.",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-tsuruoka-2019-accelerated,
    title = "Accelerated Reinforcement Learning for Sentence Generation by Vocabulary Prediction",
    author = "Hashimoto, Kazuma  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1315",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1315",
    pages = "3115--3125",
    abstract = "A major obstacle in reinforcement learning-based sentence generation is the large action space whose size is equal to the vocabulary size of the target-side language. To improve the efficiency of reinforcement learning, we present a novel approach for reducing the action space based on dynamic vocabulary prediction. Our method first predicts a fixed-size small vocabulary for each input to generate its target sentence. The input-specific vocabularies are then used at supervised and reinforcement learning steps, and also at test time. In our experiments on six machine translation and two image captioning datasets, our method achieves faster reinforcement learning ({\textasciitilde}2.7x faster) with less GPU memory ({\textasciitilde}2.3x less) than the full-vocabulary counterpart. We also show that our method more effectively receives rewards with fewer iterations of supervised pre-training.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2019-mitigating,
    title = "Mitigating Uncertainty in Document Classification",
    author = "Zhang, Xuchao  and
      Chen, Fanglan  and
      Lu, Chang-Tien  and
      Ramakrishnan, Naren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1316",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1316",
    pages = "3126--3136",
    abstract = "The uncertainty measurement of classifiers{'} predictions is especially important in applications such as medical diagnoses that need to ensure limited human resources can focus on the most uncertain predictions returned by machine learning models. However, few existing uncertainty models attempt to improve overall prediction accuracy where human resources are involved in the text classification task. In this paper, we propose a novel neural-network-based model that applies a new dropout-entropy method for uncertainty measurement. We also design a metric learning method on feature representations, which can boost the performance of dropout-based uncertainty methods with smaller prediction variance in accurate prediction trials. Extensive experiments on real-world data sets demonstrate that our method can achieve a considerable improvement in overall prediction accuracy compared to existing approaches. In particular, our model improved the accuracy from 0.78 to 0.92 when 30{\%} of the most uncertain predictions were handed over to human experts in {``}20NewsGroup{''} data.",
}
@inproceedings{kriz-etal-2019-complexity,
    title = "Complexity-Weighted Loss and Diverse Reranking for Sentence Simplification",
    author = "Kriz, Reno  and
      Sedoc, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Zheng, Carolina  and
      Kumar, Gaurav  and
      Miltsakaki, Eleni  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1317",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1317",
    pages = "3137--3147",
    abstract = "Sentence simplification is the task of rewriting texts so they are easier to understand. Recent research has applied sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) models to this task, focusing largely on training-time improvements via reinforcement learning and memory augmentation. One of the main problems with applying generic Seq2Seq models for simplification is that these models tend to copy directly from the original sentence, resulting in outputs that are relatively long and complex. We aim to alleviate this issue through the use of two main techniques. First, we incorporate content word complexities, as predicted with a leveled word complexity model, into our loss function during training. Second, we generate a large set of diverse candidate simplifications at test time, and rerank these to promote fluency, adequacy, and simplicity. Here, we measure simplicity through a novel sentence complexity model. These extensions allow our models to perform competitively with state-of-the-art systems while generating simpler sentences. We report standard automatic and human evaluation metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{halder-etal-2019-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Helpful Posts in Open-Ended Discussion Forums: A Neural Architecture",
    author = "Halder, Kishaloy  and
      Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Sugiyama, Kazunari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1318",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1318",
    pages = "3148--3157",
    abstract = "Users participate in online discussion forums to learn from others and share their knowledge with the community. They often start a thread with a question or by sharing their new findings on a certain topic. We find that, unlike Community Question Answering, where questions are mostly factoid based, the threads in a forum are often open-ended (e.g., asking for recommendations from others) without a single correct answer. In this paper, we address the task of identifying helpful posts in a forum thread to help users comprehend long running discussion threads, which often contain repetitive or irrelevant posts. We propose a recurrent neural network based architecture to model (i) the relevance of a post regarding the original post starting the thread and (ii) the novelty it brings to the discussion, compared to the previous posts in the thread. Experimental results on different types of online forum datasets show that our model significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art neural network models for text classification.",
}
@inproceedings{mahabal-etal-2019-text,
    title = "Text Classification with Few Examples using Controlled Generalization",
    author = "Mahabal, Abhijit  and
      Baldridge, Jason  and
      Karagol Ayan, Burcu  and
      Perot, Vincent  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1319",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1319",
    pages = "3158--3167",
    abstract = "Training data for text classification is often limited in practice, especially for applications with many output classes or involving many related classification problems. This means classifiers must generalize from limited evidence, but the manner and extent of generalization is task dependent. Current practice primarily relies on pre-trained word embeddings to map words unseen in training to similar seen ones. Unfortunately, this squishes many components of meaning into highly restricted capacity. Our alternative begins with sparse pre-trained representations derived from unlabeled parsed corpora; based on the available training data, we select features that offers the relevant generalizations. This produces task-specific semantic vectors; here, we show that a feed-forward network over these vectors is especially effective in low-data scenarios, compared to existing state-of-the-art methods. By further pairing this network with a convolutional neural network, we keep this edge in low data scenarios and remain competitive when using full training sets.",
}
@inproceedings{gong-etal-2019-reinforcement,
    title = "Reinforcement Learning Based Text Style Transfer without Parallel Training Corpus",
    author = "Gong, Hongyu  and
      Bhat, Suma  and
      Wu, Lingfei  and
      Xiong, JinJun  and
      Hwu, Wen-mei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1320",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1320",
    pages = "3168--3180",
    abstract = "Text style transfer rephrases a text from a source style (e.g., informal) to a target style (e.g., formal) while keeping its original meaning. Despite the success existing works have achieved using a parallel corpus for the two styles, transferring text style has proven significantly more challenging when there is no parallel training corpus. In this paper, we address this challenge by using a reinforcement-learning-based generator-evaluator architecture. Our generator employs an attention-based encoder-decoder to transfer a sentence from the source style to the target style. Our evaluator is an adversarially trained style discriminator with semantic and syntactic constraints that score the generated sentence for style, meaning preservation, and fluency. Experimental results on two different style transfer tasks{--}sentiment transfer, and formality transfer{--}show that our model outperforms state-of-the-art approaches.Furthermore, we perform a manual evaluation that demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method using subjective metrics of generated text quality.",
}
@inproceedings{qin-etal-2019-adapting,
    title = "Adapting {RNN} Sequence Prediction Model to Multi-label Set Prediction",
    author = "Qin, Kechen  and
      Li, Cheng  and
      Pavlu, Virgil  and
      Aslam, Javed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1321",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1321",
    pages = "3181--3190",
    abstract = "We present an adaptation of RNN sequence models to the problem of multi-label classification for text, where the target is a set of labels, not a sequence. Previous such RNN models define probabilities for sequences but not for sets; attempts to obtain a set probability are after-thoughts of the network design, including pre-specifying the label order, or relating the sequence probability to the set probability in ad hoc ways. Our formulation is derived from a principled notion of set probability, as the sum of probabilities of corresponding permutation sequences for the set. We provide a new training objective that maximizes this set probability, and a new prediction objective that finds the most probable set on a test document. These new objectives are theoretically appealing because they give the RNN model freedom to discover the best label order, which often is the natural one (but different among documents). We develop efficient procedures to tackle the computation difficulties involved in training and prediction. Experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate that we outperform state-of-the-art methods for this task.",
}
@inproceedings{shubha-etal-2019-customizing,
    title = "Customizing Grapheme-to-Phoneme System for Non-Trivial Transcription Problems in {B}angla Language",
    author = "Shubha, Sudipta Saha  and
      Sadeq, Nafis  and
      Ahmed, Shafayat  and
      Islam, Md. Nahidul  and
      Adnan, Muhammad Abdullah  and
      Khan, Md. Yasin Ali  and
      Islam, Mohammad Zuberul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1322",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1322",
    pages = "3191--3200",
    abstract = "Grapheme to phoneme (G2P) conversion is an integral part in various text and speech processing systems, such as: Text to Speech system, Speech Recognition system, etc. The existing methodologies for G2P conversion in Bangla language are mostly rule-based. However, data-driven approaches have proved their superiority over rule-based approaches for large-scale G2P conversion in other languages, such as: English, German, etc. As the performance of data-driven approaches for G2P conversion depend largely on pronunciation lexicon on which the system is trained, in this paper, we investigate on developing an improved training lexicon by identifying and categorizing the critical cases in Bangla language and include those critical cases in training lexicon for developing a robust G2P conversion system in Bangla language. Additionally, we have incorporated nasal vowels in our proposed phoneme list. Our methodology outperforms other state-of-the-art approaches for G2P conversion in Bangla language.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-barbosa-2019-connecting,
    title = "Connecting Language and Knowledge with Heterogeneous Representations for Neural Relation Extraction",
    author = "Xu, Peng  and
      Barbosa, Denilson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1323",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1323",
    pages = "3201--3206",
    abstract = "Knowledge Bases (KBs) require constant updating to reflect changes to the world they represent. For general purpose KBs, this is often done through Relation Extraction (RE), the task of predicting KB relations expressed in text mentioning entities known to the KB. One way to improve RE is to use KB Embeddings (KBE) for link prediction. However, despite clear connections between RE and KBE, little has been done toward properly unifying these models systematically. We help close the gap with a framework that unifies the learning of RE and KBE models leading to significant improvements over the state-of-the-art in RE. The code is available at https://github.com/billy-inn/HRERE.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2019-segmentation,
    title = "Segmentation-free compositional $n$-gram embedding",
    author = "Kim, Geewook  and
      Fukui, Kazuki  and
      Shimodaira, Hidetoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1324",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1324",
    pages = "3207--3215",
    abstract = "We propose a new type of representation learning method that models words, phrases and sentences seamlessly. Our method does not depend on word segmentation and any human-annotated resources (e.g., word dictionaries), yet it is very effective for noisy corpora written in unsegmented languages such as Chinese and Japanese. The main idea of our method is to ignore word boundaries completely (i.e., segmentation-free), and construct representations for all character $n$-grams in a raw corpus with embeddings of compositional sub-$n$-grams. Although the idea is simple, our experiments on various benchmarks and real-world datasets show the efficacy of our proposal.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2019-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Noisy Data in Distant Supervision Relation Classification",
    author = "Yang, Kaijia  and
      He, Liang  and
      Dai, Xin-yu  and
      Huang, Shujian  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1325",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1325",
    pages = "3216--3225",
    abstract = "Distant supervision has obtained great progress on relation classification task. However, it still suffers from noisy labeling problem. Different from previous works that underutilize noisy data which inherently characterize the property of classification, in this paper, we propose RCEND, a novel framework to enhance Relation Classification by Exploiting Noisy Data. First, an instance discriminator with reinforcement learning is designed to split the noisy data into correctly labeled data and incorrectly labeled data. Second, we learn a robust relation classifier in semi-supervised learning way, whereby the correctly and incorrectly labeled data are treated as labeled and unlabeled data respectively. The experimental results show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art models.",
}
@inproceedings{piktus-etal-2019-misspelling,
    title = "Misspelling Oblivious Word Embeddings",
    author = "Piktus, Aleksandra  and
      Edizel, Necati Bora  and
      Bojanowski, Piotr  and
      Grave, Edouard  and
      Ferreira, Rui  and
      Silvestri, Fabrizio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1326",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1326",
    pages = "3226--3234",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a method to learn word embeddings that are resilient to misspellings. Existing word embeddings have limited applicability to malformed texts, which contain a non-negligible amount of out-of-vocabulary words. We propose a method combining FastText with subwords and a supervised task of learning misspelling patterns. In our method, misspellings of each word are embedded close to their correct variants. We train these embeddings on a new dataset we are releasing publicly. Finally, we experimentally show the advantages of this approach on both intrinsic and extrinsic NLP tasks using public test sets.",
}
@inproceedings{rossiello-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning Relational Representations by Analogy using Hierarchical {S}iamese Networks",
    author = "Rossiello, Gaetano  and
      Gliozzo, Alfio  and
      Farrell, Robert  and
      Fauceglia, Nicolas  and
      Glass, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1327",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1327",
    pages = "3235--3245",
    abstract = "We address relation extraction as an analogy problem by proposing a novel approach to learn representations of relations expressed by their textual mentions. In our assumption, if two pairs of entities belong to the same relation, then those two pairs are analogous. Following this idea, we collect a large set of analogous pairs by matching triples in knowledge bases with web-scale corpora through distant supervision. We leverage this dataset to train a hierarchical siamese network in order to learn entity-entity embeddings which encode relational information through the different linguistic paraphrasing expressing the same relation. We evaluate our model in a one-shot learning task by showing a promising generalization capability in order to classify unseen relation types, which makes this approach suitable to perform automatic knowledge base population with minimal supervision. Moreover, the model can be used to generate pre-trained embeddings which provide a valuable signal when integrated into an existing neural-based model by outperforming the state-of-the-art methods on a downstream relation extraction task.",
}
@inproceedings{jindal-etal-2019-effective,
    title = "An Effective Label Noise Model for {DNN} Text Classification",
    author = "Jindal, Ishan  and
      Pressel, Daniel  and
      Lester, Brian  and
      Nokleby, Matthew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1328",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1328",
    pages = "3246--3256",
    abstract = "Because large, human-annotated datasets suffer from labeling errors, it is crucial to be able to train deep neural networks in the presence of label noise. While training image classification models with label noise have received much attention, training text classification models have not. In this paper, we propose an approach to training deep networks that is robust to label noise. This approach introduces a non-linear processing layer (noise model) that models the statistics of the label noise into a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture. The noise model and the CNN weights are learned jointly from noisy training data, which prevents the model from overfitting to erroneous labels. Through extensive experiments on several text classification datasets, we show that this approach enables the CNN to learn better sentence representations and is robust even to extreme label noise. We find that proper initialization and regularization of this noise model is critical. Further, by contrast to results focusing on large batch sizes for mitigating label noise for image classification, we find that altering the batch size does not have much effect on classification performance.",
}
@inproceedings{saphra-lopez-2019-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Learning Dynamics Of Language Models with {SVCCA}",
    author = "Saphra, Naomi  and
      Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1329",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1329",
    pages = "3257--3267",
    abstract = "Research has shown that neural models implicitly encode linguistic features, but there has been no research showing \textit{how} these encodings arise as the models are trained. We present the first study on the learning dynamics of neural language models, using a simple and flexible analysis method called Singular Vector Canonical Correlation Analysis (SVCCA), which enables us to compare learned representations across time and across models, without the need to evaluate directly on annotated data. We probe the evolution of syntactic, semantic, and topic representations, finding, for example, that part-of-speech is learned earlier than topic; that recurrent layers become more similar to those of a tagger during training; and embedding layers less similar. Our results and methods could inform better learning algorithms for NLP models, possibly to incorporate linguistic information more effectively.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2019-using,
    title = "Using Large Corpus N-gram Statistics to Improve Recurrent Neural Language Models",
    author = "Yang, Yiben  and
      Wang, Ji-Ping  and
      Downey, Doug",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1330",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1330",
    pages = "3268--3273",
    abstract = "Recurrent neural network language models (RNNLM) form a valuable foundation for many NLP systems, but training the models can be computationally expensive, and may take days to train on a large corpus. We explore a technique that uses large corpus n-gram statistics as a regularizer for training a neural network LM on a smaller corpus. In experiments with the Billion-Word and Wikitext corpora, we show that the technique is effective, and more time-efficient than simply training on a larger sequential corpus. We also introduce new strategies for selecting the most informative n-grams, and show that these boost efficiency.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-continual,
    title = "Continual Learning for Sentence Representations Using Conceptors",
    author = "Liu, Tianlin  and
      Ungar, Lyle  and
      Sedoc, Jo{\~a}o",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1331",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1331",
    pages = "3274--3279",
    abstract = "Distributed representations of sentences have become ubiquitous in natural language processing tasks. In this paper, we consider a continual learning scenario for sentence representations: Given a sequence of corpora, we aim to optimize the sentence encoder with respect to the new corpus while maintaining its accuracy on the old corpora. To address this problem, we propose to initialize sentence encoders with the help of corpus-independent features, and then sequentially update sentence encoders using Boolean operations of conceptor matrices to learn corpus-dependent features. We evaluate our approach on semantic textual similarity tasks and show that our proposed sentence encoder can continually learn features from new corpora while retaining its competence on previously encountered corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2019-relation,
    title = "Relation Discovery with Out-of-Relation Knowledge Base as Supervision",
    author = "Liang, Yan  and
      Liu, Xin  and
      Zhang, Jianwen  and
      Song, Yangqiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1332",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1332",
    pages = "3280--3290",
    abstract = "Unsupervised relation discovery aims to discover new relations from a given text corpus without annotated data. However, it does not consider existing human annotated knowledge bases even when they are relevant to the relations to be discovered. In this paper, we study the problem of how to use out-of-relation knowledge bases to supervise the discovery of unseen relations, where out-of-relation means that relations to discover from the text corpus and those in knowledge bases are not overlapped. We construct a set of constraints between entity pairs based on the knowledge base embedding and then incorporate constraints into the relation discovery by a variational auto-encoder based algorithm. Experiments show that our new approach can improve the state-of-the-art relation discovery performance by a large margin.",
}
@inproceedings{lichtarge-etal-2019-corpora,
    title = "Corpora Generation for Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Lichtarge, Jared  and
      Alberti, Chris  and
      Kumar, Shankar  and
      Shazeer, Noam  and
      Parmar, Niki  and
      Tong, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1333",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1333",
    pages = "3291--3301",
    abstract = "Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) has been recently modeled using the sequence-to-sequence framework. However, unlike sequence transduction problems such as machine translation, GEC suffers from the lack of plentiful parallel data. We describe two approaches for generating large parallel datasets for GEC using publicly available Wikipedia data. The first method extracts source-target pairs from Wikipedia edit histories with minimal filtration heuristics while the second method introduces noise into Wikipedia sentences via round-trip translation through bridge languages. Both strategies yield similar sized parallel corpora containing around 4B tokens. We employ an iterative decoding strategy that is tailored to the loosely supervised nature of our constructed corpora. We demonstrate that neural GEC models trained using either type of corpora give similar performance. Fine-tuning these models on the Lang-8 corpus and ensembling allows us to surpass the state of the art on both the CoNLL {`}14 benchmark and the JFLEG task. We present systematic analysis that compares the two approaches to data generation and highlights the effectiveness of ensembling.",
}
@inproceedings{wilcox-etal-2019-structural,
    title = "Structural Supervision Improves Learning of Non-Local Grammatical Dependencies",
    author = "Wilcox, Ethan  and
      Qian, Peng  and
      Futrell, Richard  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1334",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1334",
    pages = "3302--3312",
    abstract = "State-of-the-art LSTM language models trained on large corpora learn sequential contingencies in impressive detail, and have been shown to acquire a number of non-local grammatical dependencies with some success. Here we investigate whether supervision with hierarchical structure enhances learning of a range of grammatical dependencies, a question that has previously been addressed only for subject-verb agreement. Using controlled experimental methods from psycholinguistics, we compare the performance of word-based LSTM models versus Recurrent Neural Network Grammars (RNNGs) (Dyer et al. 2016) which represent hierarchical syntactic structure and use neural control to deploy it in left-to-right processing, on two classes of non-local grammatical dependencies in English{---}Negative Polarity licensing and Filler-Gap Dependencies{---}tested in a range of configurations. Using the same training data for both models, we find that the RNNG outperforms the LSTM on both types of grammatical dependencies and even learns many of the Island Constraints on the filler-gap dependency. Structural supervision thus provides data efficiency advantages over purely string-based training of neural language models in acquiring human-like generalizations about non-local grammatical dependencies.",
}
@inproceedings{tu-gimpel-2019-benchmarking,
    title = "Benchmarking Approximate Inference Methods for Neural Structured Prediction",
    author = "Tu, Lifu  and
      Gimpel, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1335",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1335",
    pages = "3313--3324",
    abstract = "Exact structured inference with neural network scoring functions is computationally challenging but several methods have been proposed for approximating inference. One approach is to perform gradient descent with respect to the output structure directly (Belanger and McCallum, 2016). Another approach, proposed recently, is to train a neural network (an {``}inference network{''}) to perform inference (Tu and Gimpel, 2018). In this paper, we compare these two families of inference methods on three sequence labeling datasets. We choose sequence labeling because it permits us to use exact inference as a benchmark in terms of speed, accuracy, and search error. Across datasets, we demonstrate that inference networks achieve a better speed/accuracy/search error trade-off than gradient descent, while also being faster than exact inference at similar accuracy levels. We find further benefit by combining inference networks and gradient descent, using the former to provide a warm start for the latter.",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2019-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating and Enhancing the Robustness of Dialogue Systems: A Case Study on a Negotiation Agent",
    author = "Cheng, Minhao  and
      Wei, Wei  and
      Hsieh, Cho-Jui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1336",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1336",
    pages = "3325--3335",
    abstract = "Recent research has demonstrated that goal-oriented dialogue agents trained on large datasets can achieve striking performance when interacting with human users. In real world applications, however, it is important to ensure that the agent performs smoothly interacting with not only regular users but also those malicious ones who would attack the system through interactions in order to achieve goals for their own advantage. In this paper, we develop algorithms to evaluate the robustness of a dialogue agent by carefully designed attacks using adversarial agents. Those attacks are performed in both black-box and white-box settings. Furthermore, we demonstrate that adversarial training using our attacks can significantly improve the robustness of a goal-oriented dialogue system. On a case-study of the negotiation agent developed by (Lewis et al., 2017), our attacks reduced the average advantage of rewards between the attacker and the trained RL-based agent from 2.68 to -5.76 on a scale from -10 to 10 for randomized goals. Moreover, we show that with the adversarial training, we are able to improve the robustness of negotiation agents by 1.5 points on average against all our attacks.",
}
@inproceedings{pezeshkpour-etal-2019-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Robustness and Interpretability of Link Prediction via Adversarial Modifications",
    author = "Pezeshkpour, Pouya  and
      Tian, Yifan  and
      Singh, Sameer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1337",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1337",
    pages = "3336--3347",
    abstract = "Representing entities and relations in an embedding space is a well-studied approach for machine learning on relational data. Existing approaches, however, primarily focus on improving accuracy and overlook other aspects such as robustness and interpretability. In this paper, we propose adversarial modifications for link prediction models: identifying the fact to add into or remove from the knowledge graph that changes the prediction for a target fact after the model is retrained. Using these single modifications of the graph, we identify the most influential fact for a predicted link and evaluate the sensitivity of the model to the addition of fake facts. We introduce an efficient approach to estimate the effect of such modifications by approximating the change in the embeddings when the knowledge graph changes. To avoid the combinatorial search over all possible facts, we train a network to decode embeddings to their corresponding graph components, allowing the use of gradient-based optimization to identify the adversarial modification. We use these techniques to evaluate the robustness of link prediction models (by measuring sensitivity to additional facts), study interpretability through the facts most responsible for predictions (by identifying the most influential neighbors), and detect incorrect facts in the knowledge base.",
}
@inproceedings{sankar-etal-2019-transferable,
    title = "Transferable Neural Projection Representations",
    author = "Sankar, Chinnadhurai  and
      Ravi, Sujith  and
      Kozareva, Zornitsa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1339",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1339",
    pages = "3355--3360",
    abstract = "Neural word representations are at the core of many state-of-the-art natural language processing models. A widely used approach is to pre-train, store and look up word or character embedding matrices. While useful, such representations occupy huge memory making it hard to deploy on-device and often do not generalize to unknown words due to vocabulary pruning. In this paper, we propose a skip-gram based architecture coupled with Locality-Sensitive Hashing (LSH) projections to learn efficient dynamically computable representations. Our model does not need to store lookup tables as representations are computed on-the-fly and require low memory footprint. The representations can be trained in an unsupervised fashion and can be easily transferred to other NLP tasks. For qualitative evaluation, we analyze the nearest neighbors of the word representations and discover semantically similar words even with misspellings. For quantitative evaluation, we plug our transferable projections into a simple LSTM and run it on multiple NLP tasks and show how our transferable projections achieve better performance compared to prior work.",
}
@inproceedings{guan-etal-2019-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Role Labeling with Associated Memory Network",
    author = "Guan, Chaoyu  and
      Cheng, Yuhao  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1340",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1340",
    pages = "3361--3371",
    abstract = "Semantic role labeling (SRL) is a task to recognize all the predicate-argument pairs of a sentence, which has been in a performance improvement bottleneck after a series of latest works were presented. This paper proposes a novel syntax-agnostic SRL model enhanced by the proposed associated memory network (AMN), which makes use of inter-sentence attention of label-known associated sentences as a kind of memory to further enhance dependency-based SRL. In detail, we use sentences and their labels from train dataset as an associated memory cue to help label the target sentence. Furthermore, we compare several associated sentences selecting strategies and label merging methods in AMN to find and utilize the label of associated sentences while attending them. By leveraging the attentive memory from known training data, Our full model reaches state-of-the-art on CoNLL-2009 benchmark datasets for syntax-agnostic setting, showing a new effective research line of SRL enhancement other than exploiting external resources such as well pre-trained language models.",
}
@inproceedings{vilares-etal-2019-better,
    title = "Better, Faster, Stronger Sequence Tagging Constituent Parsers",
    author = "Vilares, David  and
      Abdou, Mostafa  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1341",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1341",
    pages = "3372--3383",
    abstract = "Sequence tagging models for constituent parsing are faster, but less accurate than other types of parsers. In this work, we address the following weaknesses of such constituent parsers: (a) high error rates around closing brackets of long constituents, (b) large label sets, leading to sparsity, and (c) error propagation arising from greedy decoding. To effectively close brackets, we train a model that learns to switch between tagging schemes. To reduce sparsity, we decompose the label set and use multi-task learning to jointly learn to predict sublabels. Finally, we mitigate issues from greedy decoding through auxiliary losses and sentence-level fine-tuning with policy gradient. Combining these techniques, we clearly surpass the performance of sequence tagging constituent parsers on the English and Chinese Penn Treebanks, and reduce their parsing time even further. On the SPMRL datasets, we observe even greater improvements across the board, including a new state of the art on Basque, Hebrew, Polish and Swedish.",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-wang-2019-ner,
    title = "{CAN}-{NER}: {C}onvolutional {A}ttention {N}etwork for {C}hinese {N}amed {E}ntity {R}ecognition",
    author = "Zhu, Yuying  and
      Wang, Guoxin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1342",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1342",
    pages = "3384--3393",
    abstract = "Named entity recognition (NER) in Chinese is essential but difficult because of the lack of natural delimiters. Therefore, Chinese Word Segmentation (CWS) is usually considered as the first step for Chinese NER. However, models based on word-level embeddings and lexicon features often suffer from segmentation errors and out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words. In this paper, we investigate a Convolutional Attention Network called CAN for Chinese NER, which consists of a character-based convolutional neural network (CNN) with local-attention layer and a gated recurrent unit (GRU) with global self-attention layer to capture the information from adjacent characters and sentence contexts. Also, compared to other models, not depending on any external resources like lexicons and employing small size of char embeddings make our model more practical. Extensive experimental results show that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods without word embedding and external lexicon resources on different domain datasets including Weibo, MSRA and Chinese Resume NER dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{teranishi-etal-2019-decomposed,
    title = "Decomposed Local Models for Coordinate Structure Parsing",
    author = "Teranishi, Hiroki  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1343",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1343",
    pages = "3394--3403",
    abstract = "We propose a simple and accurate model for coordination boundary identification. Our model decomposes the task into three sub-tasks during training; finding a coordinator, identifying inside boundaries of a pair of conjuncts, and selecting outside boundaries of it. For inference, we make use of probabilities of coordinators and conjuncts in the CKY parsing to find the optimal combination of coordinate structures. Experimental results demonstrate that our model achieves state-of-the-art results, ensuring that the global structure of coordinations is consistent.",
}
@inproceedings{omori-komachi-2019-multi,
    title = "Multi-Task Learning for {J}apanese Predicate Argument Structure Analysis",
    author = "Omori, Hikaru  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1344",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1344",
    pages = "3404--3414",
    abstract = "An event-noun is a noun that has an argument structure similar to a predicate. Recent works, including those considered state-of-the-art, ignore event-nouns or build a single model for solving both Japanese predicate argument structure analysis (PASA) and event-noun argument structure analysis (ENASA). However, because there are interactions between predicates and event-nouns, it is not sufficient to target only predicates. To address this problem, we present a multi-task learning method for PASA and ENASA. Our multi-task models improved the performance of both tasks compared to a single-task model by sharing knowledge from each task. Moreover, in PASA, our models achieved state-of-the-art results in overall F1 scores on the NAIST Text Corpus. In addition, this is the first work to employ neural networks in ENASA.",
}
@inproceedings{marz-etal-2019-domain,
    title = "Domain adaptation for part-of-speech tagging of noisy user-generated text",
    author = {M{\"a}rz, Luisa  and
      Trautmann, Dietrich  and
      Roth, Benjamin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1345",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1345",
    pages = "3415--3420",
    abstract = "The performance of a Part-of-speech (POS) tagger is highly dependent on the domain of the processed text, and for many domains there is no or only very little training data available. This work addresses the problem of POS tagging noisy user-generated text using a neural network. We propose an architecture that trains an out-of-domain model on a large newswire corpus, and transfers those weights by using them as a prior for a model trained on the target domain (a data-set of German Tweets) for which there is very little annotations available. The neural network has a standard bidirectional LSTM at its core. However, we find it crucial to also encode a set of task-specific features, and to obtain reliable (source-domain and target-domain) word representations. Experiments with different regularization techniques such as early stopping, dropout and fine-tuning the domain adaptation prior weights are conducted. Our best model uses external weights from the out-of-domain model, as well as feature embeddings, pre-trained word and sub-word embeddings and achieves a tagging accuracy of slightly over 90{\%}, improving on the previous state of the art for this task.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural {C}hinese Address Parsing",
    author = "Li, Hao  and
      Lu, Wei  and
      Xie, Pengjun  and
      Li, Linlin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1346",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1346",
    pages = "3421--3431",
    abstract = "This paper introduces a new task {--} Chinese address parsing {--} the task of mapping Chinese addresses into semantically meaningful chunks. While it is possible to model this problem using a conventional sequence labelling approach, our observation is that there exist complex dependencies between labels that cannot be readily captured by a simple linear-chain structure. We investigate neural structured prediction models with latent variables to capture such rich structural information within Chinese addresses. We create and publicly release a new dataset consisting of 15K Chinese addresses, and conduct extensive experiments on the dataset to investigate the model effectiveness and robustness. We release our code and data at http://statnlp.org/research/sp.",
}
@inproceedings{karimi-tang-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning Hierarchical Discourse-level Structure for Fake News Detection",
    author = "Karimi, Hamid  and
      Tang, Jiliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1347",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1347",
    pages = "3432--3442",
    abstract = "On the one hand, nowadays, fake news articles are easily propagated through various online media platforms and have become a grand threat to the trustworthiness of information. On the other hand, our understanding of the language of fake news is still minimal. Incorporating hierarchical discourse-level structure of fake and real news articles is one crucial step toward a better understanding of how these articles are structured. Nevertheless, this has rarely been investigated in the fake news detection domain and faces tremendous challenges. First, existing methods for capturing discourse-level structure rely on annotated corpora which are not available for fake news datasets. Second, how to extract out useful information from such discovered structures is another challenge. To address these challenges, we propose Hierarchical Discourse-level Structure for Fake news detection. HDSF learns and constructs a discourse-level structure for fake/real news articles in an automated and data-driven manner. Moreover, we identify insightful structure-related properties, which can explain the discovered structures and boost our understating of fake news. Conducted experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Further structural analysis suggests that real and fake news present substantial differences in the hierarchical discourse-level structures.",
}
@inproceedings{geva-etal-2019-discofuse,
    title = "{D}isco{F}use: A Large-Scale Dataset for Discourse-Based Sentence Fusion",
    author = "Geva, Mor  and
      Malmi, Eric  and
      Szpektor, Idan  and
      Berant, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1348",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1348",
    pages = "3443--3455",
    abstract = "Sentence fusion is the task of joining several independent sentences into a single coherent text. Current datasets for sentence fusion are small and insufficient for training modern neural models. In this paper, we propose a method for automatically-generating fusion examples from raw text and present DiscoFuse, a large scale dataset for discourse-based sentence fusion. We author a set of rules for identifying a diverse set of discourse phenomena in raw text, and decomposing the text into two independent sentences. We apply our approach on two document collections: Wikipedia and Sports articles, yielding 60 million fusion examples annotated with discourse information required to reconstruct the fused text. We develop a sequence-to-sequence model on DiscoFuse and thoroughly analyze its strengths and weaknesses with respect to the various discourse phenomena, using both automatic as well as human evaluation. Finally, we conduct transfer learning experiments with WebSplit, a recent dataset for text simplification. We show that pretraining on DiscoFuse substantially improves performance on WebSplit when viewed as a sentence fusion task.",
}
@inproceedings{ko-etal-2019-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically-Informed Specificity and Semantic Plausibility for Dialogue Generation",
    author = "Ko, Wei-Jen  and
      Durrett, Greg  and
      Li, Junyi Jessy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1349",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1349",
    pages = "3456--3466",
    abstract = "Sequence-to-sequence models for open-domain dialogue generation tend to favor generic, uninformative responses. Past work has focused on word frequency-based approaches to improving specificity, such as penalizing responses with only common words. In this work, we examine whether specificity is solely a frequency-related notion and find that more linguistically-driven specificity measures are better suited to improving response informativeness. However, we find that forcing a sequence-to-sequence model to be more specific can expose a host of other problems in the responses, including flawed discourse and implausible semantics. We rerank our model{'}s outputs using externally-trained classifiers targeting each of these identified factors. Experiments show that our final model using linguistically motivated specificity and plausibility reranking improves the informativeness, reasonableness, and grammatically of responses.",
}
@inproceedings{ishiwatari-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning to Describe Unknown Phrases with Local and Global Contexts",
    author = "Ishiwatari, Shonosuke  and
      Hayashi, Hiroaki  and
      Yoshinaga, Naoki  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Sato, Shoetsu  and
      Toyoda, Masashi  and
      Kitsuregawa, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1350",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1350",
    pages = "3467--3476",
    abstract = "When reading a text, it is common to become stuck on unfamiliar words and phrases, such as polysemous words with novel senses, rarely used idioms, internet slang, or emerging entities. If we humans cannot figure out the meaning of those expressions from the immediate local context, we consult dictionaries for definitions or search documents or the web to find other global context to help in interpretation. Can machines help us do this work? Which type of context is more important for machines to solve the problem? To answer these questions, we undertake a task of describing a given phrase in natural language based on its local and global contexts. To solve this task, we propose a neural description model that consists of two context encoders and a description decoder. In contrast to the existing methods for non-standard English explanation [Ni+ 2017] and definition generation [Noraset+ 2017; Gadetsky+ 2018], our model appropriately takes important clues from both local and global contexts. Experimental results on three existing datasets (including WordNet, Oxford and Urban Dictionaries) and a dataset newly created from Wikipedia demonstrate the effectiveness of our method over previous work.",
}
@inproceedings{sileo-etal-2019-mining,
    title = "Mining Discourse Markers for Unsupervised Sentence Representation Learning",
    author = "Sileo, Damien  and
      Van De Cruys, Tim  and
      Pradel, Camille  and
      Muller, Philippe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1351",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1351",
    pages = "3477--3486",
    abstract = "Current state of the art systems in NLP heavily rely on manually annotated datasets, which are expensive to construct. Very little work adequately exploits unannotated data {--} such as discourse markers between sentences {--} mainly because of data sparseness and ineffective extraction methods. In the present work, we propose a method to automatically discover sentence pairs with relevant discourse markers, and apply it to massive amounts of data. Our resulting dataset contains 174 discourse markers with at least 10k examples each, even for rare markers such as {``}coincidentally{''} or {``}amazingly{''}. We use the resulting data as supervision for learning transferable sentence embeddings. In addition, we show that even though sentence representation learning through prediction of discourse marker yields state of the art results across different transfer tasks, it{'}s not clear that our models made use of the semantic relation between sentences, thus leaving room for further improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2019-large,
    title = "How Large a Vocabulary Does Text Classification Need? A Variational Approach to Vocabulary Selection",
    author = "Chen, Wenhu  and
      Su, Yu  and
      Shen, Yilin  and
      Chen, Zhiyu  and
      Yan, Xifeng  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1352",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1352",
    pages = "3487--3497",
    abstract = "With the rapid development in deep learning, deep neural networks have been widely adopted in many real-life natural language applications. Under deep neural networks, a pre-defined vocabulary is required to vectorize text inputs. The canonical approach to select pre-defined vocabulary is based on the word frequency, where a threshold is selected to cut off the long tail distribution. However, we observed that such a simple approach could easily lead to under-sized vocabulary or over-sized vocabulary issues. Therefore, we are interested in understanding how the end-task classification accuracy is related to the vocabulary size and what is the minimum required vocabulary size to achieve a specific performance. In this paper, we provide a more sophisticated variational vocabulary dropout (VVD) based on variational dropout to perform vocabulary selection, which can intelligently select the subset of the vocabulary to achieve the required performance. To evaluate different algorithms on the newly proposed vocabulary selection problem, we propose two new metrics: Area Under Accuracy-Vocab Curve and Vocab Size under X{\%} Accuracy Drop. Through extensive experiments on various NLP classification tasks, our variational framework is shown to significantly outperform the frequency-based and other selection baselines on these metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{sasaki-etal-2019-subword,
    title = "{S}ubword-based {C}ompact {R}econstruction of {W}ord {E}mbeddings",
    author = "Sasaki, Shota  and
      Suzuki, Jun  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1353",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1353",
    pages = "3498--3508",
    abstract = "The idea of subword-based word embeddings has been proposed in the literature, mainly for solving the out-of-vocabulary (OOV) word problem observed in standard word-based word embeddings. In this paper, we propose a method of reconstructing pre-trained word embeddings using subword information that can effectively represent a large number of subword embeddings in a considerably small fixed space. The key techniques of our method are twofold: memory-shared embeddings and a variant of the key-value-query self-attention mechanism. Our experiments show that our reconstructed subword-based embeddings can successfully imitate well-trained word embeddings in a small fixed space while preventing quality degradation across several linguistic benchmark datasets, and can simultaneously predict effective embeddings of OOV words. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of our reconstruction method when we apply them to downstream tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{shareghi-etal-2019-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Learning for Neural Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Shareghi, Ehsan  and
      Li, Yingzhen  and
      Zhu, Yi  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1354",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1354",
    pages = "3509--3519",
    abstract = "While neural dependency parsers provide state-of-the-art accuracy for several languages, they still rely on large amounts of costly labeled training data. We demonstrate that in the small data regime, where uncertainty around parameter estimation and model prediction matters the most, Bayesian neural modeling is very effective. In order to overcome the computational and statistical costs of the approximate inference step in this framework, we utilize an efficient sampling procedure via stochastic gradient Langevin dynamics to generate samples from the approximated posterior. Moreover, we show that our Bayesian neural parser can be further improved when integrated into a multi-task parsing and POS tagging framework, designed to minimize task interference via an adversarial procedure. When trained and tested on 6 languages with less than 5k training instances, our parser consistently outperforms the strong bilstm baseline (Kiperwasser and Goldberg, 2016). Compared with the biaffine parser (Dozat et al., 2017) our model achieves an improvement of up to 3{\%} for Vietnames and Irish, while our multi-task model achieves an improvement of up to 9{\%} across five languages: Farsi, Russian, Turkish, Vietnamese, and Irish.",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2019-autosem,
    title = "{A}uto{S}e{M}: Automatic Task Selection and Mixing in Multi-Task Learning",
    author = "Guo, Han  and
      Pasunuru, Ramakanth  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1355",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1355",
    pages = "3520--3531",
    abstract = "Multi-task learning (MTL) has achieved success over a wide range of problems, where the goal is to improve the performance of a primary task using a set of relevant auxiliary tasks. However, when the usefulness of the auxiliary tasks w.r.t. the primary task is not known a priori, the success of MTL models depends on the correct choice of these auxiliary tasks and also a balanced mixing ratio of these tasks during alternate training. These two problems could be resolved via manual intuition or hyper-parameter tuning over all combinatorial task choices, but this introduces inductive bias or is not scalable when the number of candidate auxiliary tasks is very large. To address these issues, we present AutoSeM, a two-stage MTL pipeline, where the first stage automatically selects the most useful auxiliary tasks via a Beta-Bernoulli multi-armed bandit with Thompson Sampling, and the second stage learns the training mixing ratio of these selected auxiliary tasks via a Gaussian Process based Bayesian optimization framework. We conduct several MTL experiments on the GLUE language understanding tasks, and show that our AutoSeM framework can successfully find relevant auxiliary tasks and automatically learn their mixing ratio, achieving significant performance boosts on several primary tasks. Finally, we present ablations for each stage of AutoSeM and analyze the learned auxiliary task choices.",
}
@inproceedings{ravfogel-etal-2019-studying,
    title = "Studying the Inductive Biases of {RNN}s with Synthetic Variations of Natural Languages",
    author = "Ravfogel, Shauli  and
      Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Linzen, Tal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1356",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1356",
    pages = "3532--3542",
    abstract = "How do typological properties such as word order and morphological case marking affect the ability of neural sequence models to acquire the syntax of a language? Cross-linguistic comparisons of RNNs{'} syntactic performance (e.g., on subject-verb agreement prediction) are complicated by the fact that any two languages differ in multiple typological properties, as well as by differences in training corpus. We propose a paradigm that addresses these issues: we create synthetic versions of English, which differ from English in one or more typological parameters, and generate corpora for those languages based on a parsed English corpus. We report a series of experiments in which RNNs were trained to predict agreement features for verbs in each of those synthetic languages. Among other findings, (1) performance was higher in subject-verb-object order (as in English) than in subject-object-verb order (as in Japanese), suggesting that RNNs have a recency bias; (2) predicting agreement with both subject and object (polypersonal agreement) improves over predicting each separately, suggesting that underlying syntactic knowledge transfers across the two tasks; and (3) overt morphological case makes agreement prediction significantly easier, regardless of word order.",
}
@inproceedings{jain-wallace-2019-attention,
    title = "{A}ttention is not {E}xplanation",
    author = "Jain, Sarthak  and
      Wallace, Byron C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1357",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1357",
    pages = "3543--3556",
    abstract = "Attention mechanisms have seen wide adoption in neural NLP models. In addition to improving predictive performance, these are often touted as affording transparency: models equipped with attention provide a distribution over attended-to input units, and this is often presented (at least implicitly) as communicating the relative importance of inputs. However, it is unclear what relationship exists between attention weights and model outputs. In this work we perform extensive experiments across a variety of NLP tasks that aim to assess the degree to which attention weights provide meaningful {``}explanations{''} for predictions. We find that they largely do not. For example, learned attention weights are frequently uncorrelated with gradient-based measures of feature importance, and one can identify very different attention distributions that nonetheless yield equivalent predictions. Our findings show that standard attention modules do not provide meaningful explanations and should not be treated as though they do.",
}
@inproceedings{ammanabrolu-riedl-2019-playing,
    title = "Playing Text-Adventure Games with Graph-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Ammanabrolu, Prithviraj  and
      Riedl, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1358",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1358",
    pages = "3557--3565",
    abstract = "Text-based adventure games provide a platform on which to explore reinforcement learning in the context of a combinatorial action space, such as natural language. We present a deep reinforcement learning architecture that represents the game state as a knowledge graph which is learned during exploration. This graph is used to prune the action space, enabling more efficient exploration. The question of which action to take can be reduced to a question-answering task, a form of transfer learning that pre-trains certain parts of our architecture. In experiments using the TextWorld framework, we show that our proposed technique can learn a control policy faster than baseline alternatives. We have also open-sourced our code at https://github.com/rajammanabrolu/KG-DQN.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2019-information,
    title = "Information Aggregation for Multi-Head Attention with Routing-by-Agreement",
    author = "Li, Jian  and
      Yang, Baosong  and
      Dou, Zi-Yi  and
      Wang, Xing  and
      Lyu, Michael R.  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1359",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1359",
    pages = "3566--3575",
    abstract = "Multi-head attention is appealing for its ability to jointly extract different types of information from multiple representation subspaces. Concerning the information aggregation, a common practice is to use a concatenation followed by a linear transformation, which may not fully exploit the expressiveness of multi-head attention. In this work, we propose to improve the information aggregation for multi-head attention with a more powerful routing-by-agreement algorithm. Specifically, the routing algorithm iteratively updates the proportion of how much a part (i.e. the distinct information learned from a specific subspace) should be assigned to a whole (i.e. the final output representation), based on the agreement between parts and wholes. Experimental results on linguistic probing tasks and machine translation tasks prove the superiority of the advanced information aggregation over the standard linear transformation.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-bunescu-2019-context,
    title = "Context Dependent Semantic Parsing over Temporally Structured Data",
    author = "Chen, Charles  and
      Bunescu, Razvan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1360",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1360",
    pages = "3576--3585",
    abstract = "We describe a new semantic parsing setting that allows users to query the system using both natural language questions and actions within a graphical user interface. Multiple time series belonging to an entity of interest are stored in a database and the user interacts with the system to obtain a better understanding of the entity{'}s state and behavior, entailing sequences of actions and questions whose answers may depend on previous factual or navigational interactions. We design an LSTM-based encoder-decoder architecture that models context dependency through copying mechanisms and multiple levels of attention over inputs and previous outputs. When trained to predict tokens using supervised learning, the proposed architecture substantially outperforms standard sequence generation baselines. Training the architecture using policy gradient leads to further improvements in performance, reaching a sequence-level accuracy of 88.7{\%} on artificial data and 74.8{\%} on real data.",
}
@inproceedings{cohan-etal-2019-structural,
    title = "Structural Scaffolds for Citation Intent Classification in Scientific Publications",
    author = "Cohan, Arman  and
      Ammar, Waleed  and
      van Zuylen, Madeleine  and
      Cady, Field",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1361",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1361",
    pages = "3586--3596",
    abstract = "Identifying the intent of a citation in scientific papers (e.g., background information, use of methods, comparing results) is critical for machine reading of individual publications and automated analysis of the scientific literature. We propose structural scaffolds, a multitask model to incorporate structural information of scientific papers into citations for effective classification of citation intents. Our model achieves a new state-of-the-art on an existing ACL anthology dataset (ACL-ARC) with a 13.3{\%} absolute increase in F1 score, without relying on external linguistic resources or hand-engineered features as done in existing methods. In addition, we introduce a new dataset of citation intents (SciCite) which is more than five times larger and covers multiple scientific domains compared with existing datasets. Our code and data are available at: https://github.com/allenai/scicite.",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2019-pair2vec,
    title = "pair2vec: Compositional Word-Pair Embeddings for Cross-Sentence Inference",
    author = "Joshi, Mandar  and
      Choi, Eunsol  and
      Levy, Omer  and
      Weld, Daniel  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1362",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1362",
    pages = "3597--3608",
    abstract = "Reasoning about implied relationships (e.g. paraphrastic, common sense, encyclopedic) between pairs of words is crucial for many cross-sentence inference problems. This paper proposes new methods for learning and using embeddings of word pairs that implicitly represent background knowledge about such relationships. Our pairwise embeddings are computed as a compositional function of each word{'}s representation, which is learned by maximizing the pointwise mutual information (PMI) with the contexts in which the the two words co-occur. We add these representations to the cross-sentence attention layer of existing inference models (e.g. BiDAF for QA, ESIM for NLI), instead of extending or replacing existing word embeddings. Experiments show a gain of 2.7{\%} on the recently released SQuAD 2.0 and 1.3{\%} on MultiNLI. Our representations also aid in better generalization with gains of around 6-7{\%} on adversarial SQuAD datasets, and 8.8{\%} on the adversarial entailment test set by Glockner et al. (2018).",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2019-submodular,
    title = "Submodular Optimization-based Diverse Paraphrasing and its Effectiveness in Data Augmentation",
    author = "Kumar, Ashutosh  and
      Bhattamishra, Satwik  and
      Bhandari, Manik  and
      Talukdar, Partha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1363",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1363",
    pages = "3609--3619",
    abstract = "Inducing diversity in the task of paraphrasing is an important problem in NLP with applications in data augmentation and conversational agents. Previous paraphrasing approaches have mainly focused on the issue of generating semantically similar paraphrases while paying little attention towards diversity. In fact, most of the methods rely solely on top-k beam search sequences to obtain a set of paraphrases. The resulting set, however, contains many structurally similar sentences. In this work, we focus on the task of obtaining highly diverse paraphrases while not compromising on paraphrasing quality. We provide a novel formulation of the problem in terms of monotone submodular function maximization, specifically targeted towards the task of paraphrasing. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our method for data augmentation on multiple tasks such as intent classification and paraphrase recognition. In order to drive further research, we have made the source code available.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2019-lets,
    title = "Let{'}s Make Your Request More Persuasive: Modeling Persuasive Strategies via Semi-Supervised Neural Nets on Crowdfunding Platforms",
    author = "Yang, Diyi  and
      Chen, Jiaao  and
      Yang, Zichao  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1364",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1364",
    pages = "3620--3630",
    abstract = "Modeling what makes a request persuasive - eliciting the desired response from a reader - is critical to the study of propaganda, behavioral economics, and advertising. Yet current models can{'}t quantify the persuasiveness of requests or extract successful persuasive strategies. Building on theories of persuasion, we propose a neural network to quantify persuasiveness and identify the persuasive strategies in advocacy requests. Our semi-supervised hierarchical neural network model is supervised by the number of people persuaded to take actions and partially supervised at the sentence level with human-labeled rhetorical strategies. Our method outperforms several baselines, uncovers persuasive strategies - offering increased interpretability of persuasive speech - and has applications for other situations with document-level supervision but only partial sentence supervision.",
}
@inproceedings{cases-etal-2019-recursive,
    title = "Recursive Routing Networks: Learning to Compose Modules for Language Understanding",
    author = "Cases, Ignacio  and
      Rosenbaum, Clemens  and
      Riemer, Matthew  and
      Geiger, Atticus  and
      Klinger, Tim  and
      Tamkin, Alex  and
      Li, Olivia  and
      Agarwal, Sandhini  and
      Greene, Joshua D.  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Potts, Christopher  and
      Karttunen, Lauri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1365",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1365",
    pages = "3631--3648",
    abstract = "We introduce Recursive Routing Networks (RRNs), which are modular, adaptable models that learn effectively in diverse environments. RRNs consist of a set of functions, typically organized into a grid, and a meta-learner decision-making component called the router. The model jointly optimizes the parameters of the functions and the meta-learner{'}s policy for routing inputs through those functions. RRNs can be incorporated into existing architectures in a number of ways; we explore adding them to word representation layers, recurrent network hidden layers, and classifier layers. Our evaluation task is natural language inference (NLI). Using the MultiNLI corpus, we show that an RRN{'}s routing decisions reflect the high-level genre structure of that corpus. To show that RRNs can learn to specialize to more fine-grained semantic distinctions, we introduce a new corpus of NLI examples involving implicative predicates, and show that the model components become fine-tuned to the inferential signatures that are characteristic of these predicates.",
}
@inproceedings{damonte-cohen-2019-structural,
    title = "Structural Neural Encoders for {AMR}-to-text Generation",
    author = "Damonte, Marco  and
      Cohen, Shay B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1366",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1366",
    pages = "3649--3658",
    abstract = "AMR-to-text generation is a problem recently introduced to the NLP community, in which the goal is to generate sentences from Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) graphs. Sequence-to-sequence models can be used to this end by converting the AMR graphs to strings. Approaching the problem while working directly with graphs requires the use of graph-to-sequence models that encode the AMR graph into a vector representation. Such encoding has been shown to be beneficial in the past, and unlike sequential encoding, it allows us to explicitly capture reentrant structures in the AMR graphs. We investigate the extent to which reentrancies (nodes with multiple parents) have an impact on AMR-to-text generation by comparing graph encoders to tree encoders, where reentrancies are not preserved. We show that improvements in the treatment of reentrancies and long-range dependencies contribute to higher overall scores for graph encoders. Our best model achieves 24.40 BLEU on LDC2015E86, outperforming the state of the art by 1.1 points and 24.54 BLEU on LDC2017T10, outperforming the state of the art by 1.24 points.",
}
@inproceedings{fraser-etal-2019-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual prediction of {A}lzheimer{'}s disease through domain adaptation and concept-based language modelling",
    author = {Fraser, Kathleen C.  and
      Linz, Nicklas  and
      Li, Bai  and
      Lundholm Fors, Kristina  and
      Rudzicz, Frank  and
      K{\"o}nig, Alexandra  and
      Alexandersson, Jan  and
      Robert, Philippe  and
      Kokkinakis, Dimitrios},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1367",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1367",
    pages = "3659--3670",
    abstract = "There is growing evidence that changes in speech and language may be early markers of dementia, but much of the previous NLP work in this area has been limited by the size of the available datasets. Here, we compare several methods of domain adaptation to augment a small French dataset of picture descriptions (n = 57) with a much larger English dataset (n = 550), for the task of automatically distinguishing participants with dementia from controls. The first challenge is to identify a set of features that transfer across languages; in addition to previously used features based on information units, we introduce a new set of features to model the order in which information units are produced by dementia patients and controls. These concept-based language model features improve classification performance in both English and French separately, and the best result (AUC = 0.89) is achieved using the multilingual training set with a combination of information and language model features.",
}
@inproceedings{paul-frank-2019-ranking,
    title = "Ranking and Selecting Multi-Hop Knowledge Paths to Better Predict Human Needs",
    author = "Paul, Debjit  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1368",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1368",
    pages = "3671--3681",
    abstract = "To make machines better understand sentiments, research needs to move from polarity identification to understanding the reasons that underlie the expression of sentiment. Categorizing the goals or needs of humans is one way to explain the expression of sentiment in text. Humans are good at understanding situations described in natural language and can easily connect them to the character{'}s psychological needs using commonsense knowledge. We present a novel method to extract, rank, filter and select multi-hop relation paths from a commonsense knowledge resource to interpret the expression of sentiment in terms of their underlying human needs. We efficiently integrate the acquired knowledge paths in a neural model that interfaces context representations with knowledge using a gated attention mechanism. We assess the model{'}s performance on a recently published dataset for categorizing human needs. Selectively integrating knowledge paths boosts performance and establishes a new state-of-the-art. Our model offers interpretability through the learned attention map over commonsense knowledge paths. Human evaluation highlights the relevance of the encoded knowledge.",
}
@inproceedings{olex-etal-2019-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} Whack-A-Mole: {C}hallenges in Cross-Domain Temporal Expression Extraction",
    author = "Olex, Amy  and
      Maffey, Luke  and
      McInnes, Bridget",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1369",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1369",
    pages = "3682--3692",
    abstract = "Incorporating domain knowledge is vital in building successful natural language processing (NLP) applications. Many times, cross-domain application of a tool results in poor performance as the tool does not account for domain-specific attributes. The clinical domain is challenging in this aspect due to specialized medical terms and nomenclature, shorthand notation, fragmented text, and a variety of writing styles used by different medical units. Temporal resolution is an NLP task that, in general, is domain-agnostic because temporal information is represented using a limited lexicon. However, domain-specific aspects of temporal resolution are present in clinical texts. Here we explore parsing issues that arose when running our system, a tool built on Newswire text, on clinical notes in the THYME corpus. Many parsing issues were straightforward to correct; however, a few code changes resulted in a cascading series of parsing errors that had to be resolved before an improvement in performance was observed, revealing the complexity temporal resolution and rule-based parsing. Our system now outperforms current state-of-the-art systems on the THYME corpus with little change in its performance on Newswire texts.",
}
@inproceedings{jia-etal-2019-document,
    title = "Document-Level N-ary Relation Extraction with Multiscale Representation Learning",
    author = "Jia, Robin  and
      Wong, Cliff  and
      Poon, Hoifung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1370",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1370",
    pages = "3693--3704",
    abstract = "Most information extraction methods focus on binary relations expressed within single sentences. In high-value domains, however, n-ary relations are of great demand (e.g., drug-gene-mutation interactions in precision oncology). Such relations often involve entity mentions that are far apart in the document, yet existing work on cross-sentence relation extraction is generally confined to small text spans (e.g., three consecutive sentences), which severely limits recall. In this paper, we propose a novel multiscale neural architecture for document-level n-ary relation extraction. Our system combines representations learned over various text spans throughout the document and across the subrelation hierarchy. Widening the system{'}s purview to the entire document maximizes potential recall. Moreover, by integrating weak signals across the document, multiscale modeling increases precision, even in the presence of noisy labels from distant supervision. Experiments on biomedical machine reading show that our approach substantially outperforms previous n-ary relation extraction methods.",
}
@inproceedings{lehman-etal-2019-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Which Medical Treatments Work from Reports of Clinical Trials",
    author = "Lehman, Eric  and
      DeYoung, Jay  and
      Barzilay, Regina  and
      Wallace, Byron C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1371",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1371",
    pages = "3705--3717",
    abstract = "How do we know if a particular medical treatment actually works? Ideally one would consult all available evidence from relevant clinical trials. Unfortunately, such results are primarily disseminated in natural language scientific articles, imposing substantial burden on those trying to make sense of them. In this paper, we present a new task and corpus for making this unstructured published scientific evidence actionable. The task entails inferring reported findings from a full-text article describing randomized controlled trials (RCT) with respect to a given intervention, comparator, and outcome of interest, e.g., inferring if a given article provides evidence supporting the use of aspirin to reduce risk of stroke, as compared to placebo. We present a new corpus for this task comprising 10,000+ prompts coupled with full-text articles describing RCTs. Results using a suite of baseline models {---} ranging from heuristic (rule-based) approaches to attentive neural architectures {---} demonstrate the difficulty of the task, which we believe largely owes to the lengthy, technical input texts. To facilitate further work on this important, challenging problem we make the corpus, documentation, a website and leaderboard, and all source code for baselines and evaluation publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-lee-2019-decay,
    title = "Decay-Function-Free Time-Aware Attention to Context and Speaker Indicator for Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Kim, Jonggu  and
      Lee, Jong-Hyeok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1372",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1372",
    pages = "3718--3726",
    abstract = "To capture salient contextual information for spoken language understanding (SLU) of a dialogue, we propose time-aware models that automatically learn the latent time-decay function of the history without a manual time-decay function. We also propose a method to identify and label the current speaker to improve the SLU accuracy. In experiments on the benchmark dataset used in Dialog State Tracking Challenge 4, the proposed models achieved significantly higher F1 scores than the state-of-the-art contextual models. Finally, we analyze the effectiveness of the introduced models in detail. The analysis demonstrates that the proposed methods were effective to improve SLU accuracy individually.",
}
@inproceedings{raheja-tetreault-2019-dialogue,
    title = "{D}ialogue {A}ct {C}lassification with {C}ontext-{A}ware {S}elf-{A}ttention",
    author = "Raheja, Vipul  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1373",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1373",
    pages = "3727--3733",
    abstract = "Recent work in Dialogue Act classification has treated the task as a sequence labeling problem using hierarchical deep neural networks. We build on this prior work by leveraging the effectiveness of a context-aware self-attention mechanism coupled with a hierarchical recurrent neural network. We conduct extensive evaluations on standard Dialogue Act classification datasets and show significant improvement over state-of-the-art results on the Switchboard Dialogue Act (SwDA) Corpus. We also investigate the impact of different utterance-level representation learning methods and show that our method is effective at capturing utterance-level semantic text representations while maintaining high accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{colombo-etal-2019-affect,
    title = "Affect-Driven Dialog Generation",
    author = "Colombo, Pierre  and
      Witon, Wojciech  and
      Modi, Ashutosh  and
      Kennedy, James  and
      Kapadia, Mubbasir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1374",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1374",
    pages = "3734--3743",
    abstract = "The majority of current systems for end-to-end dialog generation focus on response quality without an explicit control over the affective content of the responses. In this paper, we present an affect-driven dialog system, which generates emotional responses in a controlled manner using a continuous representation of emotions. The system achieves this by modeling emotions at a word and sequence level using: (1) a vector representation of the desired emotion, (2) an affect regularizer, which penalizes neutral words, and (3) an affect sampling method, which forces the neural network to generate diverse words that are emotionally relevant. During inference, we use a re-ranking procedure that aims to extract the most emotionally relevant responses using a human-in-the-loop optimization process. We study the performance of our system in terms of both quantitative (BLEU score and response diversity), and qualitative (emotional appropriateness) measures.",
}
@inproceedings{gangi-reddy-etal-2019-multi,
    title = "Multi-Level Memory for Task Oriented Dialogs",
    author = "Gangi Reddy, Revanth  and
      Contractor, Danish  and
      Raghu, Dinesh  and
      Joshi, Sachindra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1375",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1375",
    pages = "3744--3754",
    abstract = "Recent end-to-end task oriented dialog systems use memory architectures to incorporate external knowledge in their dialogs. Current work makes simplifying assumptions about the structure of the knowledge base, such as the use of triples to represent knowledge, and combines dialog utterances (context) as well as knowledge base (KB) results as part of the same memory. This causes an explosion in the memory size, and makes the reasoning over memory harder. In addition, such a memory design forces hierarchical properties of the data to be fit into a triple structure of memory. This requires the memory reader to infer relationships across otherwise connected attributes. In this paper we relax the strong assumptions made by existing architectures and separate memories used for modeling dialog context and KB results. Instead of using triples to store KB results, we introduce a novel multi-level memory architecture consisting of cells for each query and their corresponding results. The multi-level memory first addresses queries, followed by results and finally each key-value pair within a result. We conduct detailed experiments on three publicly available task oriented dialog data sets and we find that our method conclusively outperforms current state-of-the-art models. We report a 15-25{\%} increase in both entity F1 and BLEU scores.",
}
@inproceedings{chitkara-etal-2019-topic,
    title = "Topic Spotting using Hierarchical Networks with Self Attention",
    author = "Chitkara, Pooja  and
      Modi, Ashutosh  and
      Avvaru, Pravalika  and
      Janghorbani, Sepehr  and
      Kapadia, Mubbasir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1376",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1376",
    pages = "3755--3761",
    abstract = "Success of deep learning techniques have renewed the interest in development of dialogue systems. However, current systems struggle to have consistent long term conversations with the users and fail to build rapport. Topic spotting, the task of automatically inferring the topic of a conversation, has been shown to be helpful in making dialog system more engaging and efficient. We propose a hierarchical model with self attention for topic spotting. Experiments on the Switchboard corpus show the superior performance of our model over previously proposed techniques for topic spotting and deep models for text classification. Additionally, in contrast to offline processing of dialog, we also analyze the performance of our model in a more realistic setting i.e. in an online setting where the topic is identified in real time as the dialog progresses. Results show that our model is able to generalize even with limited information in the online setting.",
}
@inproceedings{du-black-2019-top,
    title = "Top-Down Structurally-Constrained Neural Response Generation with Lexicalized Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar",
    author = "Du, Wenchao  and
      Black, Alan W",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1377",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1377",
    pages = "3762--3771",
    abstract = "We consider neural language generation under a novel problem setting: generating the words of a sentence according to the order of their first appearance in its lexicalized PCFG parse tree, in a depth-first, left-to-right manner. Unlike previous tree-based language generation methods, our approach is both (i) top-down and (ii) explicitly generating syntactic structure at the same time. In addition, our method combines neural model with symbolic approach: word choice at each step is constrained by its predicted syntactic function. We applied our model to the task of dialog response generation, and found it significantly improves over sequence-to-sequence baseline, in terms of diversity and relevance. We also investigated the effect of lexicalization on language generation, and found that lexicalization schemes that give priority to content words have certain advantages over those focusing on dependency relations.",
}
@inproceedings{aina-etal-2019-entity,
    title = "What do Entity-Centric Models Learn? Insights from Entity Linking in Multi-Party Dialogue",
    author = "Aina, Laura  and
      Silberer, Carina  and
      Sorodoc, Ionut-Teodor  and
      Westera, Matthijs  and
      Boleda, Gemma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1378",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1378",
    pages = "3772--3783",
    abstract = "Humans use language to refer to entities in the external world. Motivated by this, in recent years several models that incorporate a bias towards learning entity representations have been proposed. Such entity-centric models have shown empirical success, but we still know little about why. In this paper we analyze the behavior of two recently proposed entity-centric models in a referential task, Entity Linking in Multi-party Dialogue (SemEval 2018 Task 4). We show that these models outperform the state of the art on this task, and that they do better on lower frequency entities than a counterpart model that is not entity-centric, with the same model size. We argue that making models entity-centric naturally fosters good architectural decisions. However, we also show that these models do not really build entity representations and that they make poor use of linguistic context. These negative results underscore the need for model analysis, to test whether the motivations for particular architectures are borne out in how models behave when deployed.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2019-continuous,
    title = "Continuous Learning for Large-scale Personalized Domain Classification",
    author = "Li, Han  and
      Lee, Jihwan  and
      Mudgal, Sidharth  and
      Sarikaya, Ruhi  and
      Kim, Young-Bum",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1379",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1379",
    pages = "3784--3794",
    abstract = "Domain classification is the task to map spoken language utterances to one of the natural language understanding domains in intelligent personal digital assistants (IPDAs). This is observed in mainstream IPDAs in industry and third-party domains are developed to enhance the capability of the IPDAs. As more and more new domains are developed very frequently, how to continuously accommodate the new domains still remains challenging. Moreover, if one wants to use personalized information dynamically for better domain classification, it is infeasible to directly adopt existing continual learning approaches. In this paper, we propose CoNDA, a neural-based approach for continuous domain adaption with normalization and regularization. Unlike existing methods that often conduct full model parameter update, CoNDA only updates the necessary parameters in the model for the new domains. Empirical evaluation shows that CoNDA achieves high accuracy on both the accommodated new domains and the existing known domains for which input samples come with personal information, and outperforms the baselines by a large margin.",
}
@inproceedings{schuster-etal-2019-cross-lingual,
    title = "Cross-lingual Transfer Learning for Multilingual Task Oriented Dialog",
    author = "Schuster, Sebastian  and
      Gupta, Sonal  and
      Shah, Rushin  and
      Lewis, Mike",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1380",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1380",
    pages = "3795--3805",
    abstract = "One of the first steps in the utterance interpretation pipeline of many task-oriented conversational AI systems is to identify user intents and the corresponding slots. Since data collection for machine learning models for this task is time-consuming, it is desirable to make use of existing data in a high-resource language to train models in low-resource languages. However, development of such models has largely been hindered by the lack of multilingual training data. In this paper, we present a new data set of 57k annotated utterances in English (43k), Spanish (8.6k) and Thai (5k) across the domains weather, alarm, and reminder. We use this data set to evaluate three different cross-lingual transfer methods: (1) translating the training data, (2) using cross-lingual pre-trained embeddings, and (3) a novel method of using a multilingual machine translation encoder as contextual word representations. We find that given several hundred training examples in the the target language, the latter two methods outperform translating the training data. Further, in very low-resource settings, multilingual contextual word representations give better results than using cross-lingual static embeddings. We also compare the cross-lingual methods to using monolingual resources in the form of contextual ELMo representations and find that given just small amounts of target language data, this method outperforms all cross-lingual methods, which highlights the need for more sophisticated cross-lingual methods.",
}
@inproceedings{dziri-etal-2019-evaluating-coherence,
    title = "Evaluating Coherence in Dialogue Systems using Entailment",
    author = "Dziri, Nouha  and
      Kamalloo, Ehsan  and
      Mathewson, Kory  and
      Zaiane, Osmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1381",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1381",
    pages = "3806--3812",
    abstract = "Evaluating open-domain dialogue systems is difficult due to the diversity of possible correct answers. Automatic metrics such as BLEU correlate weakly with human annotations, resulting in a significant bias across different models and datasets. Some researchers resort to human judgment experimentation for assessing response quality, which is expensive, time consuming, and not scalable. Moreover, judges tend to evaluate a small number of dialogues, meaning that minor differences in evaluation configuration may lead to dissimilar results. In this paper, we present interpretable metrics for evaluating topic coherence by making use of distributed sentence representations. Furthermore, we introduce calculable approximations of human judgment based on conversational coherence by adopting state-of-the-art entailment techniques. Results show that our metrics can be used as a surrogate for human judgment, making it easy to evaluate dialogue systems on large-scale datasets and allowing an unbiased estimate for the quality of the responses.",
}
@inproceedings{arora-etal-2019-knowledge,
    title = "On Knowledge distillation from complex networks for response prediction",
    author = "Arora, Siddhartha  and
      Khapra, Mitesh M.  and
      Ramaswamy, Harish G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1382",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1382",
    pages = "3813--3822",
    abstract = "Recent advances in Question Answering have lead to the development of very complex models which compute rich representations for query and documents by capturing all pairwise interactions between query and document words. This makes these models expensive in space and time, and in practice one has to restrict the length of the documents that can be fed to these models. Such models have also been recently employed for the task of predicting dialog responses from available background documents (e.g., Holl-E dataset). However, here the documents are longer, thereby rendering these complex models infeasible except in select restricted settings. In order to overcome this, we use standard simple models which do not capture all pairwise interactions, but learn to emulate certain characteristics of a complex teacher network. Specifically, we first investigate the conicity of representations learned by a complex model and observe that it is significantly lower than that of simpler models. Based on this insight, we modify the simple architecture to mimic this characteristic. We go further by using knowledge distillation approaches, where the simple model acts as a student and learns to match the output from the complex teacher network. We experiment with the Holl-E dialog data set and show that by mimicking characteristics and matching outputs from a teacher, even a simple network can give improved performance.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2019-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Multi-Level Adversarial Transfer to Enhance Low-Resource Name Tagging",
    author = "Huang, Lifu  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      May, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1383",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1383",
    pages = "3823--3833",
    abstract = "We focus on improving name tagging for low-resource languages using annotations from related languages. Previous studies either directly project annotations from a source language to a target language using cross-lingual representations or use a shared encoder in a multitask network to transfer knowledge. These approaches inevitably introduce noise to the target language annotation due to mismatched source-target sentence structures. To effectively transfer the resources, we develop a new neural architecture that leverages multi-level adversarial transfer: (1) word-level adversarial training, which projects source language words into the same semantic space as those of the target language without using any parallel corpora or bilingual gazetteers, and (2) sentence-level adversarial training, which yields language-agnostic sequential features. Our neural architecture outperforms previous approaches on CoNLL data sets. Moreover, on 10 low-resource languages, our approach achieves up to 16{\%} absolute F-score gain over all high-performing baselines on cross-lingual transfer without using any target-language resources.",
}
@inproceedings{marie-fujita-2019-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Extraction of Partial Translations for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Marie, Benjamin  and
      Fujita, Atsushi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1384",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1384",
    pages = "3834--3844",
    abstract = "In neural machine translation (NMT), monolingual data are usually exploited through a so-called back-translation: sentences in the target language are translated into the source language to synthesize new parallel data. While this method provides more training data to better model the target language, on the source side, it only exploits translations that the NMT system is already able to generate using a model trained on existing parallel data. In this work, we assume that new translation knowledge can be extracted from monolingual data, without relying at all on existing parallel data. We propose a new algorithm for extracting from monolingual data what we call partial translations: pairs of source and target sentences that contain sequences of tokens that are translations of each other. Our algorithm is fully unsupervised and takes only source and target monolingual data as input. Our empirical evaluation points out that our partial translations can be used in combination with back-translation to further improve NMT models. Furthermore, while partial translations are particularly useful for low-resource language pairs, they can also be successfully exploited in resource-rich scenarios to improve translation quality.",
}
@inproceedings{rasooli-collins-2019-low,
    title = "Low-Resource Syntactic Transfer with Unsupervised Source Reordering",
    author = "Rasooli, Mohammad Sadegh  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1385",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1385",
    pages = "3845--3856",
    abstract = "We describe a cross-lingual transfer method for dependency parsing that takes into account the problem of word order differences between source and target languages. Our model only relies on the Bible, a considerably smaller parallel data than the commonly used parallel data in transfer methods. We use the concatenation of projected trees from the Bible corpus, and the gold-standard treebanks in multiple source languages along with cross-lingual word representations. We demonstrate that reordering the source treebanks before training on them for a target language improves the accuracy of languages outside the European language family. Our experiments on 68 treebanks (38 languages) in the Universal Dependencies corpus achieve a high accuracy for all languages. Among them, our experiments on 16 treebanks of 12 non-European languages achieve an average UAS absolute improvement of 3.3{\%} over a state-of-the-art method.",
}
@inproceedings{mohiuddin-joty-2019-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting Adversarial Autoencoder for Unsupervised Word Translation with Cycle Consistency and Improved Training",
    author = "Mohiuddin, Tasnim  and
      Joty, Shafiq",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1386",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1386",
    pages = "3857--3867",
    abstract = "Adversarial training has shown impressive success in learning bilingual dictionary without any parallel data by mapping monolingual embeddings to a shared space. However, recent work has shown superior performance for non-adversarial methods in more challenging language pairs. In this work, we revisit adversarial autoencoder for unsupervised word translation and propose two novel extensions to it that yield more stable training and improved results. Our method includes regularization terms to enforce cycle consistency and input reconstruction, and puts the target encoders as an adversary against the corresponding discriminator. Extensive experimentations with European, non-European and low-resource languages show that our method is more robust and achieves better performance than recently proposed adversarial and non-adversarial approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{murthy-etal-2019-addressing,
    title = "Addressing word-order Divergence in Multilingual Neural Machine Translation for extremely Low Resource Languages",
    author = "Murthy, Rudra  and
      Kunchukuttan, Anoop  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1387",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1387",
    pages = "3868--3873",
    abstract = "Transfer learning approaches for Neural Machine Translation (NMT) train a NMT model on an assisting language-target language pair (parent model) which is later fine-tuned for the source language-target language pair of interest (child model), with the target language being the same. In many cases, the assisting language has a different word order from the source language. We show that divergent word order adversely limits the benefits from transfer learning when little to no parallel corpus between the source and target language is available. To bridge this divergence, we propose to pre-order the assisting language sentences to match the word order of the source language and train the parent model. Our experiments on many language pairs show that bridging the word order gap leads to significant improvement in the translation quality in extremely low-resource scenarios.",
}
@inproceedings{aharoni-etal-2019-massively,
    title = "Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Aharoni, Roee  and
      Johnson, Melvin  and
      Firat, Orhan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1388",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1388",
    pages = "3874--3884",
    abstract = "Multilingual Neural Machine Translation enables training a single model that supports translation from multiple source languages into multiple target languages. We perform extensive experiments in training massively multilingual NMT models, involving up to 103 distinct languages and 204 translation directions simultaneously. We explore different setups for training such models and analyze the trade-offs between translation quality and various modeling decisions. We report results on the publicly available TED talks multilingual corpus where we show that massively multilingual many-to-many models are effective in low resource settings, outperforming the previous state-of-the-art while supporting up to 59 languages in 116 translation directions in a single model. Our experiments on a large-scale dataset with 103 languages, 204 trained directions and up to one million examples per direction also show promising results, surpassing strong bilingual baselines and encouraging future work on massively multilingual NMT.",
}
@inproceedings{bollmann-2019-large,
    title = "A Large-Scale Comparison of Historical Text Normalization Systems",
    author = "Bollmann, Marcel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1389",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1389",
    pages = "3885--3898",
    abstract = "There is no consensus on the state-of-the-art approach to historical text normalization. Many techniques have been proposed, including rule-based methods, distance metrics, character-based statistical machine translation, and neural encoder{--}decoder models, but studies have used different datasets, different evaluation methods, and have come to different conclusions. This paper presents the largest study of historical text normalization done so far. We critically survey the existing literature and report experiments on eight languages, comparing systems spanning all categories of proposed normalization techniques, analysing the effect of training data quantity, and using different evaluation methods. The datasets and scripts are made publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{roth-upadhyay-2019-combining,
    title = "Combining Discourse Markers and Cross-lingual Embeddings for Synonym{--}Antonym Classification",
    author = "Roth, Michael  and
      Upadhyay, Shyam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1390",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1390",
    pages = "3899--3905",
    abstract = "It is well-known that distributional semantic approaches have difficulty in distinguishing between synonyms and antonyms (Grefenstette, 1992; Pad{\'o} and Lapata, 2003). Recent work has shown that supervision available in English for this task (e.g., lexical resources) can be transferred to other languages via cross-lingual word embeddings. However, this kind of transfer misses monolingual distributional information available in a target language, such as contrast relations that are indicative of antonymy (e.g. hot ... while ... cold). In this work, we improve the transfer by exploiting monolingual information, expressed in the form of co-occurrences with discourse markers that convey contrast. Our approach makes use of less than a dozen markers, which can easily be obtained for many languages. Compared to a baseline using only cross-lingual embeddings, we show absolute improvements of 4{--}10{\%} F1-score in Vietnamese and Hindi.",
}
@inproceedings{aldarmaki-diab-2019-context,
    title = "Context-Aware Cross-Lingual Mapping",
    author = "Aldarmaki, Hanan  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1391",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1391",
    pages = "3906--3911",
    abstract = "Cross-lingual word vectors are typically obtained by fitting an orthogonal matrix that maps the entries of a bilingual dictionary from a source to a target vector space. Word vectors, however, are most commonly used for sentence or document-level representations that are calculated as the weighted average of word embeddings. In this paper, we propose an alternative to word-level mapping that better reflects sentence-level cross-lingual similarity. We incorporate context in the transformation matrix by directly mapping the averaged embeddings of aligned sentences in a parallel corpus. We also implement cross-lingual mapping of deep contextualized word embeddings using parallel sentences with word alignments. In our experiments, both approaches resulted in cross-lingual sentence embeddings that outperformed context-independent word mapping in sentence translation retrieval. Furthermore, the sentence-level transformation could be used for word-level mapping without loss in word translation quality.",
}
@inproceedings{mulcaire-etal-2019-polyglot,
    title = "Polyglot Contextual Representations Improve Crosslingual Transfer",
    author = "Mulcaire, Phoebe  and
      Kasai, Jungo  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1392",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1392",
    pages = "3912--3918",
    abstract = "We introduce Rosita, a method to produce multilingual contextual word representations by training a single language model on text from multiple languages. Our method combines the advantages of contextual word representations with those of multilingual representation learning. We produce language models from dissimilar language pairs (English/Arabic and English/Chinese) and use them in dependency parsing, semantic role labeling, and named entity recognition, with comparisons to monolingual and non-contextual variants. Our results provide further evidence for the benefits of polyglot learning, in which representations are shared across multiple languages.",
}
@inproceedings{scholivet-etal-2019-typological,
    title = "Typological Features for Multilingual Delexicalised Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Scholivet, Manon  and
      Dary, Franck  and
      Nasr, Alexis  and
      Favre, Benoit  and
      Ramisch, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1393",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1393",
    pages = "3919--3930",
    abstract = "The existence of universal models to describe the syntax of languages has been debated for decades. The availability of resources such as the Universal Dependencies treebanks and the World Atlas of Language Structures make it possible to study the plausibility of universal grammar from the perspective of dependency parsing. Our work investigates the use of high-level language descriptions in the form of typological features for multilingual dependency parsing. Our experiments on multilingual parsing for 40 languages show that typological information can indeed guide parsers to share information between similar languages beyond simple language identification.",
}
@inproceedings{leclair-mcmillan-2019-recommendations,
    title = "Recommendations for Datasets for Source Code Summarization",
    author = "LeClair, Alexander  and
      McMillan, Collin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1394",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1394",
    pages = "3931--3937",
    abstract = "Source Code Summarization is the task of writing short, natural language descriptions of source code. The main use for these descriptions is in software documentation e.g. the one-sentence Java method descriptions in JavaDocs. Code summarization is rapidly becoming a popular research problem, but progress is restrained due to a lack of suitable datasets. In addition, a lack of community standards for creating datasets leads to confusing and unreproducible research results {--} we observe swings in performance of more than 33{\%} due only to changes in dataset design. In this paper, we make recommendations for these standards from experimental results. We release a dataset based on prior work of over 2.1m pairs of Java methods and one sentence method descriptions from over 28k Java projects. We describe the dataset and point out key differences from natural language data, to guide and support future researchers.",
}
@inproceedings{eyal-etal-2019-question,
    title = "Question Answering as an Automatic Evaluation Metric for News Article Summarization",
    author = "Eyal, Matan  and
      Baumel, Tal  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1395",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1395",
    pages = "3938--3948",
    abstract = "Recent work in the field of automatic summarization and headline generation focuses on maximizing ROUGE scores for various news datasets. We present an alternative, extrinsic, evaluation metric for this task, Answering Performance for Evaluation of Summaries. APES utilizes recent progress in the field of reading-comprehension to quantify the ability of a summary to answer a set of manually created questions regarding central entities in the source article. We first analyze the strength of this metric by comparing it to known manual evaluation metrics. We then present an end-to-end neural abstractive model that maximizes APES, while increasing ROUGE scores to competitive results.",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-cheung-2019-understanding,
    title = "{U}nderstanding the {B}ehaviour of {N}eural {A}bstractive {S}ummarizers using {C}ontrastive {E}xamples",
    author = "Kumar, Krtin  and
      Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1396",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1396",
    pages = "3949--3954",
    abstract = "Neural abstractive summarizers generate summary texts using a language model conditioned on the input source text, and have recently achieved high ROUGE scores on benchmark summarization datasets. We investigate how they achieve this performance with respect to human-written gold-standard abstracts, and whether the systems are able to understand deeper syntactic and semantic structures. We generate a set of contrastive summaries which are perturbed, deficient versions of human-written summaries, and test whether existing neural summarizers score them more highly than the human-written summaries. We analyze their performance on different datasets and find that these systems fail to understand the source text, in a majority of the cases.",
}
@inproceedings{mendes-etal-2019-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Extracting and Compressing Documents with Summary State Representations",
    author = "Mendes, Afonso  and
      Narayan, Shashi  and
      Miranda, Sebasti{\~a}o  and
      Marinho, Zita  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.  and
      Cohen, Shay B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1397",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1397",
    pages = "3955--3966",
    abstract = "We present a new neural model for text summarization that first extracts sentences from a document and then compresses them. The pro-posed model offers a balance that sidesteps thedifficulties in abstractive methods while gener-ating more concise summaries than extractivemethods. In addition, our model dynamically determines the length of the output summary based on the gold summaries it observes during training and does not require length constraints typical to extractive summarization. The model achieves state-of-the-art results on the CNN/DailyMail and Newsroom datasets, improving over current extractive and abstractive methods. Human evaluations demonstratethat our model generates concise and informa-tive summaries. We also make available a new dataset of oracle compressive summaries derived automatically from the CNN/DailyMailreference summaries.",
}
@inproceedings{karn-etal-2019-news,
    title = "News Article Teaser Tweets and How to Generate Them",
    author = {Karn, Sanjeev Kumar  and
      Buckley, Mark  and
      Waltinger, Ulli  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1398",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1398",
    pages = "3967--3977",
    abstract = "In this work, we define the task of teaser generation and provide an evaluation benchmark and baseline systems for the process of generating teasers. A teaser is a short reading suggestion for an article that is illustrative and includes curiosity-arousing elements to entice potential readers to read particular news items. Teasers are one of the main vehicles for transmitting news to social media users. We compile a novel dataset of teasers by systematically accumulating tweets and selecting those that conform to the teaser definition. We have compared a number of neural abstractive architectures on the task of teaser generation and the overall best performing system is See et al. seq2seq with pointer network.",
}
@inproceedings{lund-etal-2019-cross,
    title = "Cross-referencing Using Fine-grained Topic Modeling",
    author = "Lund, Jeffrey  and
      Armstrong, Piper  and
      Fearn, Wilson  and
      Cowley, Stephen  and
      Hales, Emily  and
      Seppi, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1399",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1399",
    pages = "3978--3987",
    abstract = "Cross-referencing, which links passages of text to other related passages, can be a valuable study aid for facilitating comprehension of a text. However, cross-referencing requires first, a comprehensive thematic knowledge of the entire corpus, and second, a focused search through the corpus specifically to find such useful connections. Due to this, cross-reference resources are prohibitively expensive and exist only for the most well-studied texts (e.g. religious texts). We develop a topic-based system for automatically producing candidate cross-references which can be easily verified by human annotators. Our system utilizes fine-grained topic modeling with thousands of highly nuanced and specific topics to identify verse pairs which are topically related. We demonstrate that our system can be cost effective compared to having annotators acquire the expertise necessary to produce cross-reference resources unaided.",
}
@inproceedings{akasaki-kaji-2019-conversation,
    title = "Conversation Initiation by Diverse News Contents Introduction",
    author = "Akasaki, Satoshi  and
      Kaji, Nobuhiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1400",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1400",
    pages = "3988--3998",
    abstract = "In our everyday chit-chat, there is a conversation initiator, who proactively casts an initial utterance to start chatting. However, most existing conversation systems cannot play this role. Previous studies on conversation systems assume that the user always initiates conversation, and have placed emphasis on how to respond to the given user{'}s utterance. As a result, existing conversation systems become passive. Namely they continue waiting until being spoken to by the users. In this paper, we consider the system as a conversation initiator and propose a novel task of generating the initial utterance in open-domain non-task-oriented conversation. Here, in order not to make users bored, it is necessary to generate diverse utterances to initiate conversation without relying on boilerplate utterances like greetings. To this end, we propose to generate initial utterance by summarizing and chatting about news articles, which provide fresh and various contents everyday. To address the lack of the training data for this task, we constructed a novel large-scale dataset through crowd-sourcing. We also analyzed the dataset in detail to examine how humans initiate conversations (the dataset will be released to facilitate future research activities). We present several approaches to conversation initiation including information retrieval based and generation based models. Experimental results showed that the proposed models trained on our dataset performed reasonably well and outperformed baselines that utilize automatically collected training data in both automatic and manual evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{takase-okazaki-2019-positional,
    title = "Positional Encoding to Control Output Sequence Length",
    author = "Takase, Sho  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1401",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1401",
    pages = "3999--4004",
    abstract = "Neural encoder-decoder models have been successful in natural language generation tasks. However, real applications of abstractive summarization must consider an additional constraint that a generated summary should not exceed a desired length. In this paper, we propose a simple but effective extension of a sinusoidal positional encoding (Vaswani et al., 2017) so that a neural encoder-decoder model preserves the length constraint. Unlike previous studies that learn length embeddings, the proposed method can generate a text of any length even if the target length is unseen in training data. The experimental results show that the proposed method is able not only to control generation length but also improve ROUGE scores.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-jiang-2019-lower,
    title = "The Lower The Simpler: Simplifying Hierarchical Recurrent Models",
    author = "Wang, Chao  and
      Jiang, Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1402",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1402",
    pages = "4005--4009",
    abstract = "To improve the training efficiency of hierarchical recurrent models without compromising their performance, we propose a strategy named as {``}the lower the simpler{''}, which is to simplify the baseline models by making the lower layers simpler than the upper layers. We carry out this strategy to simplify two typical hierarchical recurrent models, namely Hierarchical Recurrent Encoder-Decoder (HRED) and R-NET, whose basic building block is GRU. Specifically, we propose Scalar Gated Unit (SGU), which is a simplified variant of GRU, and use it to replace the GRUs at the middle layers of HRED and R-NET. Besides, we also use Fixed-size Ordinally-Forgetting Encoding (FOFE), which is an efficient encoding method without any trainable parameter, to replace the GRUs at the bottom layers of HRED and R-NET. The experimental results show that the simplified HRED and the simplified R-NET contain significantly less trainable parameters, consume significantly less training time, and achieve slightly better performance than their baseline models.",
}
@inproceedings{pujari-goldwasser-2019-using,
    title = "Using Natural Language Relations between Answer Choices for Machine Comprehension",
    author = "Pujari, Rajkumar  and
      Goldwasser, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1403",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1403",
    pages = "4010--4015",
    abstract = "While evaluating an answer choice for Reading Comprehension task, other answer choices available for the question and the answers of related questions about the same paragraph often provide valuable information. In this paper, we propose a method to leverage the natural language relations between the answer choices, such as entailment and contradiction, to improve the performance of machine comprehension. We use a stand-alone question answering (QA) system to perform QA task and a Natural Language Inference (NLI) system to identify the relations between the choice pairs. Then we perform inference using an Integer Linear Programming (ILP)-based relational framework to re-evaluate the decisions made by the standalone QA system in light of the relations identified by the NLI system. We also propose a multitask learning model that learns both the tasks jointly.",
}
@inproceedings{ghaeini-etal-2019-saliency,
    title = "{S}aliency {L}earning: {T}eaching the {M}odel {W}here to {P}ay {A}ttention",
    author = "Ghaeini, Reza  and
      Fern, Xiaoli  and
      Shahbazi, Hamed  and
      Tadepalli, Prasad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1404",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1404",
    pages = "4016--4025",
    abstract = "Deep learning has emerged as a compelling solution to many NLP tasks with remarkable performances. However, due to their opacity, such models are hard to interpret and trust. Recent work on explaining deep models has introduced approaches to provide insights toward the model{'}s behaviour and predictions, which are helpful for assessing the reliability of the model{'}s predictions. However, such methods do not improve the model{'}s reliability. In this paper, we aim to teach the model to make the right prediction for the right reason by providing explanation training and ensuring the alignment of the model{'}s explanation with the ground truth explanation. Our experimental results on multiple tasks and datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, which produces more reliable predictions while delivering better results compared to traditionally trained models.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-durrett-2019-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Dataset Design Choices for Multi-hop Reasoning",
    author = "Chen, Jifan  and
      Durrett, Greg",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1405",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1405",
    pages = "4026--4032",
    abstract = "Learning multi-hop reasoning has been a key challenge for reading comprehension models, leading to the design of datasets that explicitly focus on it. Ideally, a model should not be able to perform well on a multi-hop question answering task without doing multi-hop reasoning. In this paper, we investigate two recently proposed datasets, WikiHop and HotpotQA. First, we explore sentence-factored models for these tasks; by design, these models cannot do multi-hop reasoning, but they are still able to solve a large number of examples in both datasets. Furthermore, we find spurious correlations in the unmasked version of WikiHop, which make it easy to achieve high performance considering only the questions and answers. Finally, we investigate one key difference between these datasets, namely span-based vs. multiple-choice formulations of the QA task. Multiple-choice versions of both datasets can be easily gamed, and two models we examine only marginally exceed a baseline in this setting. Overall, while these datasets are useful testbeds, high-performing models may not be learning as much multi-hop reasoning as previously thought.",
}
@inproceedings{stahlberg-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Grammatical Error Correction with Finite State Transducers",
    author = "Stahlberg, Felix  and
      Bryant, Christopher  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1406",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1406",
    pages = "4033--4039",
    abstract = "Grammatical error correction (GEC) is one of the areas in natural language processing in which purely neural models have not yet superseded more traditional symbolic models. Hybrid systems combining phrase-based statistical machine translation (SMT) and neural sequence models are currently among the most effective approaches to GEC. However, both SMT and neural sequence-to-sequence models require large amounts of annotated data. Language model based GEC (LM-GEC) is a promising alternative which does not rely on annotated training data. We show how to improve LM-GEC by applying modelling techniques based on finite state transducers. We report further gains by rescoring with neural language models. We show that our methods developed for LM-GEC can also be used with SMT systems if annotated training data is available. Our best system outperforms the best published result on the CoNLL-2014 test set, and achieves far better relative improvements over the SMT baselines than previous hybrid systems.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2019-convolutional,
    title = "Convolutional Self-Attention Networks",
    author = "Yang, Baosong  and
      Wang, Longyue  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1407",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1407",
    pages = "4040--4045",
    abstract = "Self-attention networks (SANs) have drawn increasing interest due to their high parallelization in computation and flexibility in modeling dependencies. SANs can be further enhanced with multi-head attention by allowing the model to attend to information from different representation subspaces. In this work, we propose novel convolutional self-attention networks, which offer SANs the abilities to 1) strengthen dependencies among neighboring elements, and 2) model the interaction between features extracted by multiple attention heads. Experimental results of machine translation on different language pairs and model settings show that our approach outperforms both the strong Transformer baseline and other existing models on enhancing the locality of SANs. Comparing with prior studies, the proposed model is parameter free in terms of introducing no more parameters.",
}
@inproceedings{adhikari-etal-2019-rethinking,
    title = "Rethinking Complex Neural Network Architectures for Document Classification",
    author = "Adhikari, Ashutosh  and
      Ram, Achyudh  and
      Tang, Raphael  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1408",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1408",
    pages = "4046--4051",
    abstract = "Neural network models for many NLP tasks have grown increasingly complex in recent years, making training and deployment more difficult. A number of recent papers have questioned the necessity of such architectures and found that well-executed, simpler models are quite effective. We show that this is also the case for document classification: in a large-scale reproducibility study of several recent neural models, we find that a simple BiLSTM architecture with appropriate regularization yields accuracy and F1 that are either competitive or exceed the state of the art on four standard benchmark datasets. Surprisingly, our simple model is able to achieve these results without attention mechanisms. While these regularization techniques, borrowed from language modeling, are not novel, to our knowledge we are the first to apply them in this context. Our work provides an open-source platform and the foundation for future work in document classification.",
}
@inproceedings{edunov-etal-2019-pre,
    title = "Pre-trained language model representations for language generation",
    author = "Edunov, Sergey  and
      Baevski, Alexei  and
      Auli, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1409",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1409",
    pages = "4052--4059",
    abstract = "Pre-trained language model representations have been successful in a wide range of language understanding tasks. In this paper, we examine different strategies to integrate pre-trained representations into sequence to sequence models and apply it to neural machine translation and abstractive summarization. We find that pre-trained representations are most effective when added to the encoder network which slows inference by only 14{\%}. Our experiments in machine translation show gains of up to 5.3 BLEU in a simulated resource-poor setup. While returns diminish with more labeled data, we still observe improvements when millions of sentence-pairs are available. Finally, on abstractive summarization we achieve a new state of the art on the full text version of CNN/DailyMail.",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2019-pragmatically,
    title = "Pragmatically Informative Text Generation",
    author = "Shen, Sheng  and
      Fried, Daniel  and
      Andreas, Jacob  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1410",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1410",
    pages = "4060--4067",
    abstract = "We improve the informativeness of models for conditional text generation using techniques from computational pragmatics. These techniques formulate language production as a game between speakers and listeners, in which a speaker should generate output text that a listener can use to correctly identify the original input that the text describes. While such approaches are widely used in cognitive science and grounded language learning, they have received less attention for more standard language generation tasks. We consider two pragmatic modeling methods for text generation: one where pragmatics is imposed by information preservation, and another where pragmatics is imposed by explicit modeling of distractors. We find that these methods improve the performance of strong existing systems for abstractive summarization and generation from structured meaning representations.",
}
@inproceedings{bahuleyan-etal-2019-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic {W}asserstein Autoencoder for Probabilistic Sentence Generation",
    author = "Bahuleyan, Hareesh  and
      Mou, Lili  and
      Zhou, Hao  and
      Vechtomova, Olga",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1411",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1411",
    pages = "4068--4076",
    abstract = "The variational autoencoder (VAE) imposes a probabilistic distribution (typically Gaussian) on the latent space and penalizes the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between the posterior and prior. In NLP, VAEs are extremely difficult to train due to the problem of KL collapsing to zero. One has to implement various heuristics such as KL weight annealing and word dropout in a carefully engineered manner to successfully train a VAE for text. In this paper, we propose to use the Wasserstein autoencoder (WAE) for probabilistic sentence generation, where the encoder could be either stochastic or deterministic. We show theoretically and empirically that, in the original WAE, the stochastically encoded Gaussian distribution tends to become a Dirac-delta function, and we propose a variant of WAE that encourages the stochasticity of the encoder. Experimental results show that the latent space learned by WAE exhibits properties of continuity and smoothness as in VAEs, while simultaneously achieving much higher BLEU scores for sentence reconstruction.",
}
@inproceedings{bisk-etal-2019-benchmarking,
    title = "Benchmarking Hierarchical Script Knowledge",
    author = "Bisk, Yonatan  and
      Buys, Jan  and
      Pichotta, Karl  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1412",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1412",
    pages = "4077--4085",
    abstract = "Understanding procedural language requires reasoning about both hierarchical and temporal relations between events. For example, {``}boiling pasta{''} is a sub-event of {``}making a pasta dish{''}, typically happens before {``}draining pasta,{''} and requires the use of omitted tools (e.g. a strainer, sink...). While people are able to choose when and how to use abstract versus concrete instructions, the NLP community lacks corpora and tasks for evaluating if our models can do the same. In this paper, we introduce KidsCook, a parallel script corpus, as well as a cloze task which matches video captions with missing procedural details. Experimental results show that state-of-the-art models struggle at this task, which requires inducing functional commonsense knowledge not explicitly stated in text.",
}
@inproceedings{shain-2019-large,
    title = "A large-scale study of the effects of word frequency and predictability in naturalistic reading",
    author = "Shain, Cory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1413",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1413",
    pages = "4086--4094",
    abstract = "A number of psycholinguistic studies have factorially manipulated words{'} contextual predictabilities and corpus frequencies and shown separable effects of each on measures of human sentence processing, a pattern which has been used to support distinct mechanisms underlying prediction on the one hand and lexical retrieval on the other. This paper examines the generalizability of this finding to more realistic conditions of sentence processing by studying effects of frequency and predictability in three large-scale naturalistic reading corpora. Results show significant effects of word frequency and predictability in isolation but no effect of frequency over and above predictability, and thus do not provide evidence of distinct mechanisms. The non-replication of separable effects in a naturalistic setting raises doubts about the existence of such a distinction in everyday sentence comprehension. Instead, these results are consistent with previous claims that apparent effects of frequency are underlyingly effects of predictability.",
}
@inproceedings{budhkar-rudzicz-2019-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting word2vec with latent {D}irichlet allocation within a clinical application",
    author = "Budhkar, Akshay  and
      Rudzicz, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1414",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1414",
    pages = "4095--4099",
    abstract = "This paper presents three hybrid models that directly combine latent Dirichlet allocation and word embedding for distinguishing between speakers with and without Alzheimer{'}s disease from transcripts of picture descriptions. Two of our models get F-scores over the current state-of-the-art using automatic methods on the DementiaBank dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-idiosyncrasies,
    title = "On the Idiosyncrasies of the {M}andarin {C}hinese Classifier System",
    author = "Liu, Shijia  and
      Mei, Hongyuan  and
      Williams, Adina  and
      Cotterell, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1415",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1415",
    pages = "4100--4106",
    abstract = "While idiosyncrasies of the Chinese classifier system have been a richly studied topic among linguists (Adams and Conklin, 1973; Erbaugh, 1986; Lakoff, 1986), not much work has been done to quantify them with statistical methods. In this paper, we introduce an information-theoretic approach to measuring idiosyncrasy; we examine how much the uncertainty in Mandarin Chinese classifiers can be reduced by knowing semantic information about the nouns that the classifiers modify. Using the empirical distribution of classifiers from the parsed Chinese Gigaword corpus (Graff et al., 2005), we compute the mutual information (in bits) between the distribution over classifiers and distributions over other linguistic quantities. We investigate whether semantic classes of nouns and adjectives differ in how much they reduce uncertainty in classifier choice, and find that it is not fully idiosyncratic; while there are no obvious trends for the majority of semantic classes, shape nouns reduce uncertainty in classifier choice the most.",
}
@inproceedings{meftah-etal-2019-joint,
    title = "Joint Learning of Pre-Trained and Random Units for Domain Adaptation in Part-of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Meftah, Sara  and
      Tamaazousti, Youssef  and
      Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Essafi, Hassane  and
      Sadat, Fatiha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1416",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1416",
    pages = "4107--4112",
    abstract = "Fine-tuning neural networks is widely used to transfer valuable knowledge from high-resource to low-resource domains. In a standard fine-tuning scheme, source and target problems are trained using the same architecture. Although capable of adapting to new domains, pre-trained units struggle with learning uncommon target-specific patterns. In this paper, we propose to augment the target-network with normalised, weighted and randomly initialised units that beget a better adaptation while maintaining the valuable source knowledge. Our experiments on POS tagging of social media texts (Tweets domain) demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performances on 3 commonly used datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{shareghi-etal-2019-show,
    title = "Show Some Love to Your n-grams: A Bit of Progress and Stronger n-gram Language Modeling Baselines",
    author = "Shareghi, Ehsan  and
      Gerz, Daniela  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1417",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1417",
    pages = "4113--4118",
    abstract = "In recent years neural language models (LMs) have set the state-of-the-art performance for several benchmarking datasets. While the reasons for their success and their computational demand are well-documented, a comparison between neural models and more recent developments in n-gram models is neglected. In this paper, we examine the recent progress in n-gram literature, running experiments on 50 languages covering all morphological language families. Experimental results illustrate that a simple extension of Modified Kneser-Ney outperforms an lstm language model on 42 languages while a word-level Bayesian n-gram LM (Shareghi et al., 2017) outperforms the character-aware neural model (Kim et al., 2016) on average across all languages, and its extension which explicitly injects linguistic knowledge (Gerz et al., 2018) on 8 languages. Further experiments on larger Europarl datasets for 3 languages indicate that neural architectures are able to outperform computationally much cheaper n-gram models: n-gram training is up to 15,000x quicker. Our experiments illustrate that standalone n-gram models lend themselves as natural choices for resource-lean or morphologically rich languages, while the recent progress has significantly improved their accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{bergmanis-goldwater-2019-training,
    title = "{T}raining {D}ata {A}ugmentation for {C}ontext-{S}ensitive {N}eural {L}emmatizer {U}sing {I}nflection {T}ables and {R}aw {T}ext",
    author = "Bergmanis, Toms  and
      Goldwater, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1418",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1418",
    pages = "4119--4128",
    abstract = "Lemmatization aims to reduce the sparse data problem by relating the inflected forms of a word to its dictionary form. Using context can help, both for unseen and ambiguous words. Yet most context-sensitive approaches require full lemma-annotated sentences for training, which may be scarce or unavailable in low-resource languages. In addition (as shown here), in a low-resource setting, a lemmatizer can learn more from n labeled examples of distinct words (types) than from n (contiguous) labeled tokens, since the latter contain far fewer distinct types. To combine the efficiency of type-based learning with the benefits of context, we propose a way to train a context-sensitive lemmatizer with little or no labeled corpus data, using inflection tables from the UniMorph project and raw text examples from Wikipedia that provide sentence contexts for the unambiguous UniMorph examples. Despite these being unambiguous examples, the model successfully generalizes from them, leading to improved results (both overall, and especially on unseen words) in comparison to a baseline that does not use context.",
}
@inproceedings{hewitt-manning-2019-structural,
    title = "{A} Structural Probe for Finding Syntax in Word Representations",
    author = "Hewitt, John  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1419",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1419",
    pages = "4129--4138",
    abstract = "Recent work has improved our ability to detect linguistic knowledge in word representations. However, current methods for detecting syntactic knowledge do not test whether syntax trees are represented in their entirety. In this work, we propose a structural probe, which evaluates whether syntax trees are embedded in a linear transformation of a neural network{'}s word representation space. The probe identifies a linear transformation under which squared L2 distance encodes the distance between words in the parse tree, and one in which squared L2 norm encodes depth in the parse tree. Using our probe, we show that such transformations exist for both ELMo and BERT but not in baselines, providing evidence that entire syntax trees are embedded implicitly in deep models{'} vector geometry.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2019-cnm,
    title = "{CNM}: An Interpretable Complex-valued Network for Matching",
    author = "Li, Qiuchi  and
      Wang, Benyou  and
      Melucci, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1420",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1420",
    pages = "4139--4148",
    abstract = "This paper seeks to model human language by the mathematical framework of quantum physics. With the well-designed mathematical formulations in quantum physics, this framework unifies different linguistic units in a single complex-valued vector space, e.g. words as particles in quantum states and sentences as mixed systems. A complex-valued network is built to implement this framework for semantic matching. With well-constrained complex-valued components, the network admits interpretations to explicit physical meanings. The proposed complex-valued network for matching (CNM) achieves comparable performances to strong CNN and RNN baselines on two benchmarking question answering (QA) datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{talmor-etal-2019-commonsenseqa,
    title = "{C}ommonsense{QA}: A Question Answering Challenge Targeting Commonsense Knowledge",
    author = "Talmor, Alon  and
      Herzig, Jonathan  and
      Lourie, Nicholas  and
      Berant, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1421",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1421",
    pages = "4149--4158",
    abstract = "When answering a question, people often draw upon their rich world knowledge in addition to the particular context. Recent work has focused primarily on answering questions given some relevant document or context, and required very little general background. To investigate question answering with prior knowledge, we present CommonsenseQA: a challenging new dataset for commonsense question answering. To capture common sense beyond associations, we extract from ConceptNet (Speer et al., 2017) multiple target concepts that have the same semantic relation to a single source concept. Crowd-workers are asked to author multiple-choice questions that mention the source concept and discriminate in turn between each of the target concepts. This encourages workers to create questions with complex semantics that often require prior knowledge. We create 12,247 questions through this procedure and demonstrate the difficulty of our task with a large number of strong baselines. Our best baseline is based on BERT-large (Devlin et al., 2018) and obtains 56{\%} accuracy, well below human performance, which is 89{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{caglayan-etal-2019-probing,
    title = "Probing the Need for Visual Context in Multimodal Machine Translation",
    author = {Caglayan, Ozan  and
      Madhyastha, Pranava  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1422",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1422",
    pages = "4159--4170",
    abstract = "Current work on multimodal machine translation (MMT) has suggested that the visual modality is either unnecessary or only marginally beneficial. We posit that this is a consequence of the very simple, short and repetitive sentences used in the only available dataset for the task (Multi30K), rendering the source text sufficient as context. In the general case, however, we believe that it is possible to combine visual and textual information in order to ground translations. In this paper we probe the contribution of the visual modality to state-of-the-art MMT models by conducting a systematic analysis where we partially deprive the models from source-side textual context. Our results show that under limited textual context, models are capable of leveraging the visual input to generate better translations. This contradicts the current belief that MMT models disregard the visual modality because of either the quality of the image features or the way they are integrated into the model.",
}
@inproceedings{devlin-etal-2019-bert,
    title = "{BERT}: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding",
    author = "Devlin, Jacob  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Lee, Kenton  and
      Toutanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1423",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1423",
    pages = "4171--4186",
    abstract = "We introduce a new language representation model called BERT, which stands for Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers. Unlike recent language representation models (Peters et al., 2018a; Radford et al., 2018), BERT is designed to pre-train deep bidirectional representations from unlabeled text by jointly conditioning on both left and right context in all layers. As a result, the pre-trained BERT model can be fine-tuned with just one additional output layer to create state-of-the-art models for a wide range of tasks, such as question answering and language inference, without substantial task-specific architecture modifications. BERT is conceptually simple and empirically powerful. It obtains new state-of-the-art results on eleven natural language processing tasks, including pushing the GLUE score to 80.5 (7.7 point absolute improvement), MultiNLI accuracy to 86.7{\%} (4.6{\%} absolute improvement), SQuAD v1.1 question answering Test F1 to 93.2 (1.5 point absolute improvement) and SQuAD v2.0 Test F1 to 83.1 (5.1 point absolute improvement).",
}
@inproceedings{romanov-etal-2019-whats,
    title = "What{'}s in a Name? {R}educing Bias in Bios without Access to Protected Attributes",
    author = "Romanov, Alexey  and
      De-Arteaga, Maria  and
      Wallach, Hanna  and
      Chayes, Jennifer  and
      Borgs, Christian  and
      Chouldechova, Alexandra  and
      Geyik, Sahin  and
      Kenthapadi, Krishnaram  and
      Rumshisky, Anna  and
      Kalai, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1424",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1424",
    pages = "4187--4195",
    abstract = "There is a growing body of work that proposes methods for mitigating bias in machine learning systems. These methods typically rely on access to protected attributes such as race, gender, or age. However, this raises two significant challenges: (1) protected attributes may not be available or it may not be legal to use them, and (2) it is often desirable to simultaneously consider multiple protected attributes, as well as their intersections. In the context of mitigating bias in occupation classification, we propose a method for discouraging correlation between the predicted probability of an individual{'}s true occupation and a word embedding of their name. This method leverages the societal biases that are encoded in word embeddings, eliminating the need for access to protected attributes. Crucially, it only requires access to individuals{'} names at training time and not at deployment time. We evaluate two variations of our proposed method using a large-scale dataset of online biographies. We find that both variations simultaneously reduce race and gender biases, with almost no reduction in the classifier{'}s overall true positive rate.",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2019-2019-north,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    author = "Loukina, Anastassia  and
      Morales, Michelle  and
      Kumar, Rohit",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2000",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2019-enabling,
    title = "Enabling Real-time Neural {IME} with Incremental Vocabulary Selection",
    author = "Yao, Jiali  and
      Shu, Raphael  and
      Li, Xinjian  and
      Ohtsuki, Katsutoshi  and
      Nakayama, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2001",
    pages = "1--8",
    abstract = "Input method editor (IME) converts sequential alphabet key inputs to words in a target language. It is an indispensable service for billions of Asian users. Although the neural-based language model is extensively studied and shows promising results in sequence-to-sequence tasks, applying a neural-based language model to IME was not considered feasible due to high latency when converting words on user devices. In this work, we articulate the bottleneck of neural IME decoding to be the heavy softmax computation over a large vocabulary. We propose an approach that incrementally builds a subset vocabulary from the word lattice. Our approach always computes the probability with a selected subset vocabulary. When the selected vocabulary is updated, the stale probabilities in previous steps are fixed by recomputing the missing logits. The experiments on Japanese IME benchmark shows an over 50x speedup for the softmax computations comparing to the baseline, reaching real-time speed even on commodity CPU without losing conversion accuracy. The approach is potentially applicable to other incremental sequence-to-sequence decoding tasks such as real-time continuous speech recognition.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2019-locale,
    title = "Locale-agnostic Universal Domain Classification Model in Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Lee, Jihwan  and
      Sarikaya, Ruhi  and
      Kim, Young-Bum",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2002",
    pages = "9--15",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce an approach for leveraging available data across multiple locales sharing the same language to 1) improve domain classification model accuracy in Spoken Language Understanding and user experience even if new locales do not have sufficient data and 2) reduce the cost of scaling the domain classifier to a large number of locales. We propose a locale-agnostic universal domain classification model based on selective multi-task learning that learns a joint representation of an utterance over locales with different sets of domains and allows locales to share knowledge selectively depending on the domains. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on domain classification task in the scenario of multiple locales with imbalanced data and disparate domain sets. The proposed approach outperforms other baselines models especially when classifying locale-specific domains and also low-resourced domains.",
}
@inproceedings{damonte-etal-2019-practical,
    title = "Practical Semantic Parsing for Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Damonte, Marco  and
      Goel, Rahul  and
      Chung, Tagyoung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2003",
    pages = "16--23",
    abstract = "Executable semantic parsing is the task of converting natural language utterances into logical forms that can be directly used as queries to get a response. We build a transfer learning framework for executable semantic parsing. We show that the framework is effective for Question Answering (Q{\&}A) as well as for Spoken Language Understanding (SLU). We further investigate the case where a parser on a new domain can be learned by exploiting data on other domains, either via multi-task learning between the target domain and an auxiliary domain or via pre-training on the auxiliary domain and fine-tuning on the target domain. With either flavor of transfer learning, we are able to improve performance on most domains; we experiment with public data sets such as Overnight and NLmaps as well as with commercial SLU data. The experiments carried out on data sets that are different in nature show how executable semantic parsing can unify different areas of NLP such as Q{\&}A and SLU.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-fast,
    title = "Fast Prototyping a Dialogue Comprehension System for Nurse-Patient Conversations on Symptom Monitoring",
    author = "Liu, Zhengyuan  and
      Lim, Hazel  and
      Suhaimi, Nur Farah Ain  and
      Tong, Shao Chuen  and
      Ong, Sharon  and
      Ng, Angela  and
      Lee, Sheldon  and
      Macdonald, Michael R.  and
      Ramasamy, Savitha  and
      Krishnaswamy, Pavitra  and
      Chow, Wai Leng  and
      Chen, Nancy F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2004",
    pages = "24--31",
    abstract = "Data for human-human spoken dialogues for research and development are currently very limited in quantity, variety, and sources; such data are even scarcer in healthcare. In this work, we investigate fast prototyping of a dialogue comprehension system by leveraging on minimal nurse-to-patient conversations. We propose a framework inspired by nurse-initiated clinical symptom monitoring conversations to construct a simulated human-human dialogue dataset, embodying linguistic characteristics of spoken interactions like thinking aloud, self-contradiction, and topic drift. We then adopt an established bidirectional attention pointer network on this simulated dataset, achieving more than 80{\%} F1 score on a held-out test set from real-world nurse-to-patient conversations. The ability to automatically comprehend conversations in the healthcare domain by exploiting only limited data has implications for improving clinical workflows through red flag symptom detection and triaging capabilities. We demonstrate the feasibility for efficient and effective extraction, retrieval and comprehension of symptom checking information discussed in multi-turn human-human spoken conversations.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-graph,
    title = "Graph Convolution for Multimodal Information Extraction from Visually Rich Documents",
    author = "Liu, Xiaojing  and
      Gao, Feiyu  and
      Zhang, Qiong  and
      Zhao, Huasha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2005",
    pages = "32--39",
    abstract = "Visually rich documents (VRDs) are ubiquitous in daily business and life. Examples are purchase receipts, insurance policy documents, custom declaration forms and so on. In VRDs, visual and layout information is critical for document understanding, and texts in such documents cannot be serialized into the one-dimensional sequence without losing information. Classic information extraction models such as BiLSTM-CRF typically operate on text sequences and do not incorporate visual features. In this paper, we introduce a graph convolution based model to combine textual and visual information presented in VRDs. Graph embeddings are trained to summarize the context of a text segment in the document, and further combined with text embeddings for entity extraction. Extensive experiments have been conducted to show that our method outperforms BiLSTM-CRF baselines by significant margins, on two real-world datasets. Additionally, ablation studies are also performed to evaluate the effectiveness of each component of our model.",
}
@inproceedings{deb-etal-2019-diversifying,
    title = "Diversifying Reply Suggestions Using a Matching-Conditional Variational Autoencoder",
    author = "Deb, Budhaditya  and
      Bailey, Peter  and
      Shokouhi, Milad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2006",
    pages = "40--47",
    abstract = "We consider the problem of diversifying automated reply suggestions for a commercial instant-messaging (IM) system (Skype). Our conversation model is a standard matching based information retrieval architecture, which consists of two parallel encoders to project messages and replies into a common feature representation. During inference, we select replies from a fixed response set using nearest neighbors in the feature space. To diversify responses, we formulate the model as a generative latent variable model with Conditional Variational Auto-Encoder (M-CVAE). We propose a constrained-sampling approach to make the variational inference in M-CVAE efficient for our production system. In offline experiments, M-CVAE consistently increased diversity by ∼30−40{\%} without significant impact on relevance. This translated to a ∼5{\%} gain in click-rate in our online production system.",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2019-goal,
    title = "Goal-Oriented End-to-End Conversational Models with Profile Features in a Real-World Setting",
    author = "Lu, Yichao  and
      Srivastava, Manisha  and
      Kramer, Jared  and
      Elfardy, Heba  and
      Kahn, Andrea  and
      Wang, Song  and
      Bhardwaj, Vikas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2007",
    pages = "48--55",
    abstract = "End-to-end neural models for goal-oriented conversational systems have become an increasingly active area of research, though results in real-world settings are few. We present real-world results for two issue types in the customer service domain. We train models on historical chat transcripts and test on live contacts using a human-in-the-loop research platform. Additionally, we incorporate customer profile features to assess their impact on model performance. We experiment with two approaches for response generation: (1) sequence-to-sequence generation and (2) template ranking. To test our models, a customer service agent handles live contacts and at each turn we present the top four model responses and allow the agent to select (and optionally edit) one of the suggestions or to type their own. We present results for turn acceptance rate, response coverage, and edit rate based on approximately 600 contacts, as well as qualitative analysis on patterns of turn rejection and edit behavior. Top-4 turn acceptance rate across all models ranges from 63{\%}-80{\%}. Our results suggest that these models are promising for an agent-support application.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2019-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Customer Complaint Escalation with Recurrent Neural Networks and Manually-Engineered Features",
    author = "Yang, Wei  and
      Tan, Luchen  and
      Lu, Chunwei  and
      Cui, Anqi  and
      Li, Han  and
      Chen, Xi  and
      Xiong, Kun  and
      Wang, Muzi  and
      Li, Ming  and
      Pei, Jian  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2008",
    pages = "56--63",
    abstract = "Consumers dissatisfied with the normal dispute resolution process provided by an e-commerce company{'}s customer service agents have the option of escalating their complaints by filing grievances with a government authority. This paper tackles the challenge of monitoring ongoing text chat dialogues to identify cases where the customer expresses such an intent, providing triage and prioritization for a separate pool of specialized agents specially trained to handle more complex situations. We describe a hybrid model that tackles this challenge by integrating recurrent neural networks with manually-engineered features. Experiments show that both components are complementary and contribute to overall recall, outperforming competitive baselines. A trial online deployment of our model demonstrates its business value in improving customer service.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2019-multi-modal,
    title = "Multi-Modal Generative Adversarial Network for Short Product Title Generation in Mobile E-Commerce",
    author = "Zhang, Jianguo  and
      Zou, Pengcheng  and
      Li, Zhao  and
      Wan, Yao  and
      Pan, Xiuming  and
      Gong, Yu  and
      Yu, Philip S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2009",
    pages = "64--72",
    abstract = "Nowadays, more and more customers browse and purchase products in favor of using mobile E-Commerce Apps such as Taobao and Amazon. Since merchants are usually inclined to describe redundant and over-informative product titles to attract attentions from customers, it is important to concisely display short product titles on limited screen of mobile phones. To address this discrepancy, previous studies mainly consider textual information of long product titles and lacks of human-like view during training and evaluation process. In this paper, we propose a Multi-Modal Generative Adversarial Network (MM-GAN) for short product title generation in E-Commerce, which innovatively incorporates image information and attribute tags from product, as well as textual information from original long titles. MM-GAN poses short title generation as a reinforcement learning process, where the generated titles are evaluated by the discriminator in a human-like view. Extensive experiments on a large-scale E-Commerce dataset demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms other state-of-the-art methods. Moreover, we deploy our model into a real-world online E-Commerce environment and effectively boost the performance of click through rate and click conversion rate by 1.66{\%} and 1.87{\%}, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{murao-etal-2019-case,
    title = "A Case Study on Neural Headline Generation for Editing Support",
    author = "Murao, Kazuma  and
      Kobayashi, Ken  and
      Kobayashi, Hayato  and
      Yatsuka, Taichi  and
      Masuyama, Takeshi  and
      Higurashi, Tatsuru  and
      Tabuchi, Yoshimune",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2010",
    pages = "73--82",
    abstract = "There have been many studies on neural headline generation models trained with a lot of (article, headline) pairs. However, there are few situations for putting such models into practical use in the real world since news articles typically already have corresponding headlines. In this paper, we describe a practical use case of neural headline generation in a news aggregator, where dozens of professional editors constantly select important news articles and manually create their headlines, which are much shorter than the original headlines. Specifically, we show how to deploy our model to an editing support tool and report the results of comparing the behavior of the editors before and after the release.",
}
@inproceedings{williams-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Lexicons for Slot Tagging in Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Williams, Kyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2011",
    pages = "83--89",
    abstract = "We explore the use of lexicons or gazettes in neural models for slot tagging in spoken language understanding. We develop models that encode lexicon information as neural features for use in a Long-short term memory neural network. Experiments are performed on data from 4 domains from an intelligent assistant under conditions that often occur in an industry setting, where there may be: 1) large amounts of training data, 2) limited amounts of training data for new domains, and 3) cross domain training. Results show that the use of neural lexicon information leads to a significant improvement in slot tagging, with improvements in the F-score of up to 12{\%}. Our findings have implications for how lexicons can be used to improve the performance of neural slot tagging models.",
}
@inproceedings{peshterliev-etal-2019-active,
    title = "Active Learning for New Domains in Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Peshterliev, Stanislav  and
      Kearney, John  and
      Jagannatha, Abhyuday  and
      Kiss, Imre  and
      Matsoukas, Spyros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2012",
    pages = "90--96",
    abstract = "We explore active learning (AL) for improving the accuracy of new domains in a natural language understanding (NLU) system. We propose an algorithm called Majority-CRF that uses an ensemble of classification models to guide the selection of relevant utterances, as well as a sequence labeling model to help prioritize informative examples. Experiments with three domains show that Majority-CRF achieves 6.6{\%}-9{\%} relative error rate reduction compared to random sampling with the same annotation budget, and statistically significant improvements compared to other AL approaches. Additionally, case studies with human-in-the-loop AL on six new domains show 4.6{\%}-9{\%} improvement on an existing NLU system.",
}
@inproceedings{rastogi-etal-2019-scaling,
    title = "Scaling Multi-Domain Dialogue State Tracking via Query Reformulation",
    author = "Rastogi, Pushpendre  and
      Gupta, Arpit  and
      Chen, Tongfei  and
      Lambert, Mathias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2013",
    pages = "97--105",
    abstract = "We present a novel approach to dialogue state tracking and referring expression resolution tasks. Successful contextual understanding of multi-turn spoken dialogues requires resolving referring expressions across turns and tracking the entities relevant to the conversation across turns. Tracking conversational state is particularly challenging in a multi-domain scenario when there exist multiple spoken language understanding (SLU) sub-systems, and each SLU sub-system operates on its domain-specific meaning representation. While previous approaches have addressed the disparate schema issue by learning candidate transformations of the meaning representation, in this paper, we instead model the reference resolution as a dialogue context-aware user query reformulation task {--} the dialog state is serialized to a sequence of natural language tokens representing the conversation. We develop our model for query reformulation using a pointer-generator network and a novel multi-task learning setup. In our experiments, we show a significant improvement in absolute F1 on an internal as well as a, soon to be released, public benchmark respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{meteer-etal-2019-tools,
    title = "Are the Tools up to the Task? an Evaluation of Commercial Dialog Tools in Developing Conversational Enterprise-grade Dialog Systems",
    author = "Meteer, Marie  and
      Hickey, Meghan  and
      Rothberg, Carmi  and
      Nahamoo, David  and
      Eide Kislal, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2014",
    pages = "106--113",
    abstract = "There has been a significant investment in dialog systems (tools and runtime) for building conversational systems by major companies including Google, IBM, Microsoft, and Amazon. The question remains whether these tools are up to the task of building conversational, task-oriented dialog applications at the enterprise level. In our company, we are exploring and comparing several toolsets in an effort to determine their strengths and weaknesses in meeting our goals for dialog system development: accuracy, time to market, ease of replicating and extending applications, and efficiency and ease of use by developers. In this paper, we provide both quantitative and qualitative results in three main areas: natural language understanding, dialog, and text generation. While existing toolsets were all incomplete, we hope this paper will provide a roadmap of where they need to go to meet the goal of building effective dialog systems.",
}
@inproceedings{afzal-etal-2019-development,
    title = "Development and Deployment of a Large-Scale Dialog-based Intelligent Tutoring System",
    author = "Afzal, Shazia  and
      Dhamecha, Tejas  and
      Mukhi, Nirmal  and
      Sindhgatta, Renuka  and
      Marvaniya, Smit  and
      Ventura, Matthew  and
      Yarbro, Jessica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2015",
    pages = "114--121",
    abstract = "There are significant challenges involved in the design and implementation of a dialog-based tutoring system (DBT) ranging from domain engineering to natural language classification and eventually instantiating an adaptive, personalized dialog strategy. These issues are magnified when implementing such a system at scale and across domains. In this paper, we describe and reflect on the design, methods, decisions and assessments that led to the successful deployment of our AI driven DBT currently being used by several hundreds of college level students for practice and self-regulated study in diverse subjects like Sociology, Communications, and American Government.",
}
@inproceedings{godin-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning When Not to Answer: a Ternary Reward Structure for Reinforcement Learning Based Question Answering",
    author = "Godin, Fr{\'e}deric  and
      Kumar, Anjishnu  and
      Mittal, Arpit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2016",
    pages = "122--129",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate the challenges of using reinforcement learning agents for question-answering over knowledge graphs for real-world applications. We examine the performance metrics used by state-of-the-art systems and determine that they are inadequate for such settings. More specifically, they do not evaluate the systems correctly for situations when there is no answer available and thus agents optimized for these metrics are poor at modeling confidence. We introduce a simple new performance metric for evaluating question-answering agents that is more representative of practical usage conditions, and optimize for this metric by extending the binary reward structure used in prior work to a ternary reward structure which also rewards an agent for not answering a question rather than giving an incorrect answer. We show that this can drastically improve the precision of answered questions while only not answering a limited number of previously correctly answered questions. Employing a supervised learning strategy using depth-first-search paths to bootstrap the reinforcement learning algorithm further improves performance.",
}
@inproceedings{palshikar-etal-2019-extraction-message,
    title = "Extraction of Message Sequence Charts from Software Use-Case Descriptions",
    author = "Palshikar, Girish  and
      Ramrakhiyani, Nitin  and
      Patil, Sangameshwar  and
      Pawar, Sachin  and
      Hingmire, Swapnil  and
      Varma, Vasudeva  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2017",
    pages = "130--137",
    abstract = "Software Requirement Specification documents provide natural language descriptions of the core functional requirements as a set of use-cases. Essentially, each use-case contains a set of actors and sequences of steps describing the interactions among them. Goals of use-case reviews and analyses include their correctness, completeness, detection of ambiguities, prototyping, verification, test case generation and traceability. Message Sequence Chart (MSC) have been proposed as a expressive, rigorous yet intuitive visual representation of use-cases. In this paper, we describe a linguistic knowledge-based approach to extract MSCs from use-cases. Compared to existing techniques, we extract richer constructs of the MSC notation such as timers, conditions and alt-boxes. We apply this tool to extract MSCs from several real-life software use-case descriptions and show that it performs better than the existing techniques. We also discuss the benefits and limitations of the extracted MSCs to meet the above goals.",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Knowledge Base Construction from Robust Infobox Extraction",
    author = "Peng, Boya  and
      Huh, Yejin  and
      Ling, Xiao  and
      Banko, Michele",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2018",
    pages = "138--148",
    abstract = "A capable, automatic Question Answering (QA) system can provide more complete and accurate answers using a comprehensive knowledge base (KB). One important approach to constructing a comprehensive knowledge base is to extract information from Wikipedia infobox tables to populate an existing KB. Despite previous successes in the Infobox Extraction (IBE) problem (e.g., DBpedia), three major challenges remain: 1) Deterministic extraction patterns used in DBpedia are vulnerable to template changes; 2) Over-trusting Wikipedia anchor links can lead to entity disambiguation errors; 3) Heuristic-based extraction of unlinkable entities yields low precision, hurting both accuracy and completeness of the final KB. This paper presents a robust approach that tackles all three challenges. We build probabilistic models to predict relations between entity mentions directly from the infobox tables in HTML. The entity mentions are linked to identifiers in an existing KB if possible. The unlinkable ones are also parsed and preserved in the final output. Training data for both the relation extraction and the entity linking models are automatically generated using distant supervision. We demonstrate the empirical effectiveness of the proposed method in both precision and recall compared to a strong IBE baseline, DBpedia, with an absolute improvement of 41.3{\%} in average F1. We also show that our extraction makes the final KB significantly more complete, improving the completeness score of list-value relation types by 61.4{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chen-2019-k,
    title = "A k-Nearest Neighbor Approach towards Multi-level Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Chen, Yue  and
      Chen, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2019",
    pages = "149--156",
    abstract = "In this paper we present a new method for intent recognition for complex dialog management in low resource situations. Complex dialog management is required because our target domain is real world mixed initiative food ordering between agents and their customers, where individual customer utterances may contain multiple intents and refer to food items with complex structure. For example, a customer might say {``}Can I get a deluxe burger with large fries and oh put extra mayo on the burger would you?{''} We approach this task as a multi-level sequence labeling problem, with the constraint of limited real training data. Both traditional methods like HMM, MEMM, or CRF and newer methods like DNN or BiLSTM use only homogeneous feature sets. Newer methods perform better but also require considerably more data. Previous research has done pseudo-data synthesis to obtain the required amounts of training data. We propose to use a k-NN learner with heterogeneous feature set. We used windowed word n-grams, POS tag n-grams and pre-trained word embeddings as features. For the experiments we perform a comparison between using pseudo-data and real world data. We also perform semi-supervised self-training to obtain additional labeled data, in order to better model real world scenarios. Instead of using massive pseudo-data, we show that with only less than 1{\%} of the data size, we can achieve better result than any of the methods above by annotating real world data. We achieve labeled bracketed F-scores of 75.46, 52.84 and 49.66 for the three levels of sequence labeling where each level has a longer word span than its previous level. Overall we achieve 60.71F. In comparison, two previous systems, MEMM and DNN-ELMO, achieved 52.32 and 45.25 respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{poddar-etal-2019-train,
    title = "Train One Get One Free: Partially Supervised Neural Network for Bug Report Duplicate Detection and Clustering",
    author = "Poddar, Lahari  and
      Neves, Leonardo  and
      Brendel, William  and
      Marujo, Luis  and
      Tulyakov, Sergey  and
      Karuturi, Pradeep",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2020",
    pages = "157--165",
    abstract = "Tracking user reported bugs requires considerable engineering effort in going through many repetitive reports and assigning them to the correct teams. This paper proposes a neural architecture that can jointly (1) detect if two bug reports are duplicates, and (2) aggregate them into latent topics. Leveraging the assumption that learning the topic of a bug is a sub-task for detecting duplicates, we design a loss function that can jointly perform both tasks but needs supervision for only duplicate classification, achieving topic clustering in an unsupervised fashion. We use a two-step attention module that uses self-attention for topic clustering and conditional attention for duplicate detection. We study the characteristics of two types of real world datasets that have been marked for duplicate bugs by engineers and by non-technical annotators. The results demonstrate that our model not only can outperform state-of-the-art methods for duplicate classification on both cases, but can also learn meaningful latent clusters without additional supervision.",
}
@inproceedings{marzinotto-etal-2019-robust,
    title = "Robust Semantic Parsing with Adversarial Learning for Domain Generalization",
    author = "Marzinotto, Gabriel  and
      Damnati, G{\'e}raldine  and
      B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Favre, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2021",
    pages = "166--173",
    abstract = "This paper addresses the issue of generalization for Semantic Parsing in an adversarial framework. Building models that are more robust to inter-document variability is crucial for the integration of Semantic Parsing technologies in real applications. The underlying question throughout this study is whether adversarial learning can be used to train models on a higher level of abstraction in order to increase their robustness to lexical and stylistic variations. We propose to perform Semantic Parsing with a domain classification adversarial task, covering various use-cases with or without explicit knowledge of the domain. The strategy is first evaluated on a French corpus of encyclopedic documents, annotated with FrameNet, in an information retrieval perspective. This corpus constitutes a new public benchmark, gathering documents from various thematic domains and various sources. We show that adversarial learning yields improved results when using explicit domain classification as the adversarial task. We also propose an unsupervised domain discovery approach that yields equivalent improvements. The latter is also evaluated on a PropBank Semantic Role Labeling task on the CoNLL-2005 benchmark and is shown to increase the model{'}s generalization capabilities on out-of-domain data.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2019-toi,
    title = "{TOI}-{CNN}: a Solution of Information Extraction on {C}hinese Insurance Policy",
    author = "Sun, Lin  and
      Zhang, Kai  and
      Ji, Fule  and
      Yang, Zhenhua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2022",
    pages = "174--181",
    abstract = "Contract analysis can significantly ease the work for humans using AI techniques. This paper shows a problem of Element Tagging on Insurance Policy (ETIP). A novel Text-Of-Interest Convolutional Neural Network (TOI-CNN) is proposed for the ETIP solution. We introduce a TOI pooling layer to replace traditional pooling layer for processing the nested phrasal or clausal elements in insurance policies. The advantage of TOI pooling layer is that the nested elements from one sentence could share computation and context in the forward and backward passes. The computation of backpropagation through TOI pooling is also demonstrated in the paper. We have collected a large Chinese insurance contract dataset and labeled the critical elements of seven categories to test the performance of the proposed method. The results show the promising performance of our method in the ETIP problem.",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-etal-2019-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Transfer Learning for {J}apanese Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Johnson, Andrew  and
      Karanasou, Penny  and
      Gaspers, Judith  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2023",
    pages = "182--189",
    abstract = "This work explores cross-lingual transfer learning (TL) for named entity recognition, focusing on bootstrapping Japanese from English. A deep neural network model is adopted and the best combination of weights to transfer is extensively investigated. Moreover, a novel approach is presented that overcomes linguistic differences between this language pair by romanizing a portion of the Japanese input. Experiments are conducted on external datasets, as well as internal large-scale real-world ones. Gains with TL are achieved for all evaluated cases. Finally, the influence on TL of the target dataset size and of the target tagset distribution is further investigated.",
}
@inproceedings{mansfield-etal-2019-neural,
    title = "Neural Text Normalization with Subword Units",
    author = {Mansfield, Courtney  and
      Sun, Ming  and
      Liu, Yuzong  and
      Gandhe, Ankur  and
      Hoffmeister, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2024",
    pages = "190--196",
    abstract = "Text normalization (TN) is an important step in conversational systems. It converts written text to its spoken form to facilitate speech recognition, natural language understanding and text-to-speech synthesis. Finite state transducers (FSTs) are commonly used to build grammars that handle text normalization. However, translating linguistic knowledge into grammars requires extensive effort. In this paper, we frame TN as a machine translation task and tackle it with sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models. Previous research focuses on normalizing a word (or phrase) with the help of limited word-level context, while our approach directly normalizes full sentences. We find subword models with additional linguistic features yield the best performance (with a word error rate of 0.17{\%}).",
}
@inproceedings{cohn-etal-2019-audio,
    title = "Audio De-identification - a New Entity Recognition Task",
    author = "Cohn, Ido  and
      Laish, Itay  and
      Beryozkin, Genady  and
      Li, Gang  and
      Shafran, Izhak  and
      Szpektor, Idan  and
      Hartman, Tzvika  and
      Hassidim, Avinatan  and
      Matias, Yossi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2025",
    pages = "197--204",
    abstract = "Named Entity Recognition (NER) has been mostly studied in the context of written text. Specifically, NER is an important step in de-identification (de-ID) of medical records, many of which are recorded conversations between a patient and a doctor. In such recordings, audio spans with personal information should be redacted, similar to the redaction of sensitive character spans in de-ID for written text. The application of NER in the context of audio de-identification has yet to be fully investigated. To this end, we define the task of audio de-ID, in which audio spans with entity mentions should be detected. We then present our pipeline for this task, which involves Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), NER on the transcript text, and text-to-audio alignment. Finally, we introduce a novel metric for audio de-ID and a new evaluation benchmark consisting of a large labeled segment of the Switchboard and Fisher audio datasets and detail our pipeline{'}s results on it.",
}
@inproceedings{prateek-etal-2019-news,
    title = "In Other News: a Bi-style Text-to-speech Model for Synthesizing Newscaster Voice with Limited Data",
    author = "Prateek, Nishant  and
      {\L}ajszczak, Mateusz  and
      Barra-Chicote, Roberto  and
      Drugman, Thomas  and
      Lorenzo-Trueba, Jaime  and
      Merritt, Thomas  and
      Ronanki, Srikanth  and
      Wood, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2026",
    pages = "205--213",
    abstract = "Neural text-to-speech synthesis (NTTS) models have shown significant progress in generating high-quality speech, however they require a large quantity of training data. This makes creating models for multiple styles expensive and time-consuming. In this paper different styles of speech are analysed based on prosodic variations, from this a model is proposed to synthesise speech in the style of a newscaster, with just a few hours of supplementary data. We pose the problem of synthesising in a target style using limited data as that of creating a bi-style model that can synthesise both neutral-style and newscaster-style speech via a one-hot vector which factorises the two styles. We also propose conditioning the model on contextual word embeddings, and extensively evaluate it against neutral NTTS, and neutral concatenative-based synthesis. This model closes the gap in perceived style-appropriateness between natural recordings for newscaster-style of speech, and neutral speech synthesis by approximately two-thirds.",
}
@inproceedings{challa-etal-2019-generate,
    title = "Generate, Filter, and Rank: Grammaticality Classification for Production-Ready {NLG} Systems",
    author = "Challa, Ashwini  and
      Upasani, Kartikeya  and
      Balakrishnan, Anusha  and
      Subba, Rajen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2027",
    pages = "214--225",
    abstract = "Neural approaches to Natural Language Generation (NLG) have been promising for goal-oriented dialogue. One of the challenges of productionizing these approaches, however, is the ability to control response quality, and ensure that generated responses are acceptable. We propose the use of a generate, filter, and rank framework, in which candidate responses are first filtered to eliminate unacceptable responses, and then ranked to select the best response. While acceptability includes grammatical correctness and semantic correctness, we focus only on grammaticality classification in this paper, and show that existing datasets for grammatical error correction don{'}t correctly capture the distribution of errors that data-driven generators are likely to make. We release a grammatical classification and semantic correctness classification dataset for the weather domain that consists of responses generated by 3 data-driven NLG systems. We then explore two supervised learning approaches (CNNs and GBDTs) for classifying grammaticality. Our experiments show that grammaticality classification is very sensitive to the distribution of errors in the data, and that these distributions vary significantly with both the source of the response as well as the domain. We show that it{'}s possible to achieve high precision with reasonable recall on our dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{davoudi-etal-2019-content,
    title = "Content-based Dwell Time Engagement Prediction Model for News Articles",
    author = "Davoudi, Heidar  and
      An, Aijun  and
      Edall, Gordon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis - Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-2028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-2028",
    pages = "226--233",
    abstract = "The article dwell time (i.e., expected time that users spend on an article) is among the most important factors showing the article engagement. It is of great interest to predict the dwell time of an article before its release. This allows digital newspapers to make informed decisions and publish more engaging articles. In this paper, we propose a novel content-based approach based on a deep neural network architecture for predicting article dwell times. The proposed model extracts emotion, event and entity features from an article, learns interactions among them, and combines the interactions with the word-based features of the article to learn a model for predicting the dwell time. The experimental results on a real dataset from a major newspaper show that the proposed model outperforms other state-of-the-art baselines.",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2019-2019-north-american,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    author = "Kar, Sudipta  and
      Nadeem, Farah  and
      Burdick, Laura  and
      Durrett, Greg  and
      Han, Na-Rae",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3000",
}
@inproceedings{dzendzik-etal-2019-dish,
    title = "Is It Dish Washer Safe? Automatically Answering {``}Yes/No{''} Questions Using Customer Reviews",
    author = "Dzendzik, Daria  and
      Vogel, Carl  and
      Foster, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-3001",
    pages = "1--6",
    abstract = "It has become commonplace for people to share their opinions about all kinds of products by posting reviews online. It has also become commonplace for potential customers to do research about the quality and limitations of these products by posting questions online. We test the extent to which reviews are useful in question-answering by combining two Amazon datasets and focusing our attention on yes/no questions. A manual analysis of 400 cases reveals that the reviews directly contain the answer to the question just over a third of the time. Preliminary reading comprehension experiments with this dataset prove inconclusive, with accuracy in the range 50-66{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{bordia-bowman-2019-identifying,
    title = "Identifying and Reducing Gender Bias in Word-Level Language Models",
    author = "Bordia, Shikha  and
      Bowman, Samuel R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-3002",
    pages = "7--15",
    abstract = "Many text corpora exhibit socially problematic biases, which can be propagated or amplified in the models trained on such data. For example, doctor cooccurs more frequently with male pronouns than female pronouns. In this study we (i) propose a metric to measure gender bias; (ii) measure bias in a text corpus and the text generated from a recurrent neural network language model trained on the text corpus; (iii) propose a regularization loss term for the language model that minimizes the projection of encoder-trained embeddings onto an embedding subspace that encodes gender; (iv) finally, evaluate efficacy of our proposed method on reducing gender bias. We find this regularization method to be effective in reducing gender bias up to an optimal weight assigned to the loss term, beyond which the model becomes unstable as the perplexity increases. We replicate this study on three training corpora{---}Penn Treebank, WikiText-2, and CNN/Daily Mail{---}resulting in similar conclusions.",
}
@inproceedings{munot-nenkova-2019-emotion,
    title = "Emotion Impacts Speech Recognition Performance",
    author = "Munot, Rushab  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-3003",
    pages = "16--21",
    abstract = "It has been established that the performance of speech recognition systems depends on multiple factors including the lexical content, speaker identity and dialect. Here we use three English datasets of acted emotion to demonstrate that emotional content also impacts the performance of commercial systems. On two of the corpora, emotion is a bigger contributor to recognition errors than speaker identity and on two, neutral speech is recognized considerably better than emotional speech. We further evaluate the commercial systems on spontaneous interactions that contain portions of emotional speech. We propose and validate on the acted datasets, a method that allows us to evaluate the overall impact of emotion on recognition even when manual transcripts are not available. Using this method, we show that emotion in natural spontaneous dialogue is a less prominent but still significant factor in recognition accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2019-strength,
    title = "The Strength of the Weakest Supervision: Topic Classification Using Class Labels",
    author = "Li, Jiatong  and
      Zheng, Kai  and
      Xu, Hua  and
      Mei, Qiaozhu  and
      Wang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-3004",
    pages = "22--28",
    abstract = "When developing topic classifiers for real-world applications, we begin by defining a set of meaningful topic labels. Ideally, an intelligent classifier can understand these labels right away and start classifying documents. Indeed, a human can confidently tell if an article is about science, politics, sports, or none of the above, after knowing just the class labels. We study the problem of training an initial topic classifier using only class labels. We investigate existing techniques for solving this problem and propose a simple but effective approach. Experiments on a variety of topic classification data sets show that learning from class labels can save significant initial labeling effort, essentially providing a {''}free{''} warm start to the topic classifier.",
}
@inproceedings{paul-etal-2019-handling,
    title = "Handling Noisy Labels for Robustly Learning from Self-Training Data for Low-Resource Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Paul, Debjit  and
      Singh, Mittul  and
      Hedderich, Michael A.  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-3005",
    pages = "29--34",
    abstract = "In this paper, we address the problem of effectively self-training neural networks in a low-resource setting. Self-training is frequently used to automatically increase the amount of training data. However, in a low-resource scenario, it is less effective due to unreliable annotations created using self-labeling of unlabeled data. We propose to combine self-training with noise handling on the self-labeled data. Directly estimating noise on the combined clean training set and self-labeled data can lead to corruption of the clean data and hence, performs worse. Thus, we propose the Clean and Noisy Label Neural Network which trains on clean and noisy self-labeled data simultaneously by explicitly modelling clean and noisy labels separately. In our experiments on Chunking and NER, this approach performs more robustly than the baselines. Complementary to this explicit approach, noise can also be handled implicitly with the help of an auxiliary learning task. To such a complementary approach, our method is more beneficial than other baseline methods and together provides the best performance overall.",
}
@inproceedings{han-kando-2019-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Mining with Deep Contextualized Embeddings",
    author = "Han, Wen-Bin  and
      Kando, Noriko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-3006",
    pages = "35--42",
    abstract = "Detecting opinion expression is a potential and essential task in opinion mining that can be extended to advanced tasks. In this paper, we considered opinion expression detection as a sequence labeling task and exploited different deep contextualized embedders into the state-of-the-art architecture, composed of bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) and conditional random field (CRF). Our experimental results show that using different word embeddings can cause contrasting results, and the model can achieve remarkable scores with deep contextualized embeddings. Especially, using BERT embedder can significantly exceed using ELMo embedder.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2019-bag,
    title = "A Bag-of-concepts Model Improves Relation Extraction in a Narrow Knowledge Domain with Limited Data",
    author = "Chen, Jiyu  and
      Verspoor, Karin  and
      Zhai, Zenan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-3007",
    pages = "43--52",
    abstract = "This paper focuses on a traditional relation extraction task in the context of limited annotated data and a narrow knowledge domain. We explore this task with a clinical corpus consisting of 200 breast cancer follow-up treatment letters in which 16 distinct types of relations are annotated. We experiment with an approach to extracting typed relations called window-bounded co-occurrence (WBC), which uses an adjustable context window around entity mentions of a relevant type, and compare its performance with a more typical intra-sentential co-occurrence baseline. We further introduce a new bag-of-concepts (BoC) approach to feature engineering based on the state-of-the-art word embeddings and word synonyms. We demonstrate the competitiveness of BoC by comparing with methods of higher complexity, and explore its effectiveness on this small dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{ahamad-2019-generating,
    title = "Generating Text through Adversarial Training Using Skip-Thought Vectors",
    author = "Ahamad, Afroz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-3008",
    pages = "53--60",
    abstract = "GANs have been shown to perform exceedingly well on tasks pertaining to image generation and style transfer. In the field of language modelling, word embeddings such as GLoVe and word2vec are state-of-the-art methods for applying neural network models on textual data. Attempts have been made to utilize GANs with word embeddings for text generation. This study presents an approach to text generation using Skip-Thought sentence embeddings with GANs based on gradient penalty functions and f-measures. The proposed architecture aims to reproduce writing style in the generated text by modelling the way of expression at a sentence level across all the works of an author. Extensive experiments were run in different embedding settings on a variety of tasks including conditional text generation and language generation. The model outperforms baseline text generation networks across several automated evaluation metrics like BLEU-n, METEOR and ROUGE. Further, wide applicability and effectiveness in real life tasks are demonstrated through human judgement scores.",
}
@inproceedings{manning-2019-partially,
    title = "A Partially Rule-Based Approach to {AMR} Generation",
    author = "Manning, Emma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-3009",
    pages = "61--70",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new approach to generating English text from Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR). In contrast to the neural and statistical MT approaches used in other AMR generation systems, this one is largely rule-based, supplemented only by a language model and simple statistical linearization models, allowing for more control over the output. We also address the difficulties of automatically evaluating AMR generation systems and the problems with BLEU for this task. We compare automatic metrics to human evaluations and show that while METEOR and TER arguably reflect human judgments better than BLEU, further research into suitable evaluation metrics is needed.",
}
@inproceedings{kabbara-2019-computational,
    title = "Computational Investigations of Pragmatic Effects in Natural Language",
    author = "Kabbara, Jad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-3010",
    pages = "71--76",
    abstract = "Semantics and pragmatics are two complimentary and intertwined aspects of meaning in language. The former is concerned with the literal (context-free) meaning of words and sentences, the latter focuses on the intended meaning, one that is context-dependent. While NLP research has focused in the past mostly on semantics, the goal of this thesis is to develop computational models that leverage this pragmatic knowledge in language that is crucial to performing many NLP tasks correctly. In this proposal, we begin by reviewing the current progress in this thesis, namely, on the tasks of definiteness prediction and adverbial presupposition triggering. Then we discuss the proposed research for the remainder of the thesis which builds on this progress towards the goal of building better and more pragmatically-aware natural language generation and understanding systems.",
}
@inproceedings{morabia-etal-2019-sedtwik,
    title = "{SEDTW}ik: Segmentation-based Event Detection from Tweets Using {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Morabia, Keval  and
      Bhanu Murthy, Neti Lalita  and
      Malapati, Aruna  and
      Samant, Surender",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-3011",
    pages = "77--85",
    abstract = "Event Detection has been one of the research areas in Text Mining that has attracted attention during this decade due to the widespread availability of social media data specifically twitter data. Twitter has become a major source for information about real-world events because of the use of hashtags and the small word limit of Twitter that ensures concise presentation of events. Previous works on event detection from tweets are either applicable to detect localized events or breaking news only or miss out on many important events. This paper presents the problems associated with event detection from tweets and a tweet-segmentation based system for event detection called SEDTWik, an extension to a previous work, that is able to detect newsworthy events occurring at different locations of the world from a wide range of categories. The main idea is to split each tweet and hash-tag into segments, extract bursty segments, cluster them, and summarize them. We evaluated our results on the well-known Events2012 corpus and achieved state-of-the-art results. Keywords: Event detection, Twitter, Social Media, Microblogging, Tweet segmentation, Text Mining, Wikipedia, Hashtag.",
}
@inproceedings{hirasawa-etal-2019-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Machine Translation with Embedding Prediction",
    author = "Hirasawa, Tosho  and
      Yamagishi, Hayahide  and
      Matsumura, Yukio  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-3012",
    pages = "86--91",
    abstract = "Multimodal machine translation is an attractive application of neural machine translation (NMT). It helps computers to deeply understand visual objects and their relations with natural languages. However, multimodal NMT systems suffer from a shortage of available training data, resulting in poor performance for translating rare words. In NMT, pretrained word embeddings have been shown to improve NMT of low-resource domains, and a search-based approach is proposed to address the rare word problem. In this study, we effectively combine these two approaches in the context of multimodal NMT and explore how we can take full advantage of pretrained word embeddings to better translate rare words. We report overall performance improvements of 1.24 METEOR and 2.49 BLEU and achieve an improvement of 7.67 F-score for rare word translation.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-dipadova-2019-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning and Sociophonetics: Automatic Coding of Rhoticity Using Neural Networks",
    author = "Gupta, Sarah  and
      DiPadova, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-3013",
    pages = "92--96",
    abstract = "Automated extraction methods are widely available for vowels, but automated methods for coding rhoticity have lagged far behind. R-fulness versus r-lessness (in words like park, store, etc.) is a classic and frequently cited variable, but it is still commonly coded by human analysts rather than automated methods. Human-coding requires extensive resources and lacks replicability, making it difficult to compare large datasets across research groups. Can reliable automated methods be developed to aid in coding rhoticity? In this study, we use Neural Networks/Deep Learning, training our model on 208 Boston-area speakers.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2019-data,
    title = "Data Augmentation by Data Noising for Open-vocabulary Slots in Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Kim, Hwa-Yeon  and
      Roh, Yoon-Hyung  and
      Kim, Young-Kil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-3014",
    pages = "97--102",
    abstract = "One of the main challenges in Spoken Language Understanding (SLU) is dealing with {`}open-vocabulary{'} slots. Recently, SLU models based on neural network were proposed, but it is still difficult to recognize the slots of unknown words or {`}open-vocabulary{'} slots because of the high cost of creating a manually tagged SLU dataset. This paper proposes data noising, which reflects the characteristics of the {`}open-vocabulary{'} slots, for data augmentation. We applied it to an attention based bi-directional recurrent neural network (Liu and Lane, 2016) and experimented with three datasets: Airline Travel Information System (ATIS), Snips, and MIT-Restaurant. We achieved performance improvements of up to 0.57{\%} and 3.25 in intent prediction (accuracy) and slot filling (f1-score), respectively. Our method is advantageous because it does not require additional memory and it can be applied simultaneously with the training process of the model.",
}
@inproceedings{dammalapati-etal-2019-expectation,
    title = "Expectation and Locality Effects in the Prediction of Disfluent Fillers and Repairs in {E}nglish Speech",
    author = "Dammalapati, Samvit  and
      Rajkumar, Rajakrishnan  and
      Agarwal, Sumeet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-3015",
    pages = "103--109",
    abstract = "This study examines the role of three influential theories of language processing, \textit{viz.}, Surprisal Theory, Uniform Information Density (UID) hypothesis and Dependency Locality Theory (DLT), in predicting disfluencies in speech production. To this end, we incorporate features based on lexical surprisal, word duration and DLT integration and storage costs into logistic regression classifiers aimed to predict disfluencies in the Switchboard corpus of English conversational speech. We find that disfluencies occur in the face of upcoming difficulties and speakers tend to handle this by lessening cognitive load before disfluencies occur. Further, we see that reparandums behave differently from disfluent fillers possibly due to the lessening of the cognitive load also happening in the word choice of the reparandum, i.e., in the disfluency itself. While the UID hypothesis does not seem to play a significant role in disfluency prediction, lexical surprisal and DLT costs do give promising results in explaining language production. Further, we also find that as a means to lessen cognitive load for upcoming difficulties speakers take more time on words preceding disfluencies, making duration a key element in understanding disfluencies.",
}
@inproceedings{balazs-matsuo-2019-gating,
    title = "Gating Mechanisms for Combining Character and Word-level Word Representations: an Empirical Study",
    author = "Balazs, Jorge  and
      Matsuo, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-3016",
    pages = "110--124",
    abstract = "In this paper we study how different ways of combining character and word-level representations affect the quality of both final word and sentence representations. We provide strong empirical evidence that modeling characters improves the learned representations at the word and sentence levels, and that doing so is particularly useful when representing less frequent words. We further show that a feature-wise sigmoid gating mechanism is a robust method for creating representations that encode semantic similarity, as it performed reasonably well in several word similarity datasets. Finally, our findings suggest that properly capturing semantic similarity at the word level does not consistently yield improved performance in downstream sentence-level tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{debnath-shrivastava-2019-pregroup,
    title = "A Pregroup Representation of Word Order Alternation Using {H}indi Syntax",
    author = "Debnath, Alok  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-3017",
    pages = "125--135",
    abstract = "Pregroup calculus has been used for the representation of free word order languages (Sanskrit and Hungarian), using a construction called precyclicity. However, restricted word order alternation has not been handled before. This paper aims at introducing and formally expressing three methods of representing word order alternation in the pregroup representation of any language. This paper describes the word order alternation patterns of Hindi, and creates a basic pregroup representation for the language. In doing so, the shortcoming of correct reductions for ungrammatical sentences due to the current apparatus is highlighted, and the aforementioned methods are invoked for a grammatically accurate representation of restricted word order alternation. The replicability of these methods is explained in the representation of adverbs and prepositional phrases in English.",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-chowdhury-etal-2019-speak,
    title = "Speak up, Fight Back! Detection of Social Media Disclosures of Sexual Harassment",
    author = "Ghosh Chowdhury, Arijit  and
      Sawhney, Ramit  and
      Mathur, Puneet  and
      Mahata, Debanjan  and
      Ratn Shah, Rajiv",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-3018",
    pages = "136--146",
    abstract = "The {\#}MeToo movement is an ongoing prevalent phenomenon on social media aiming to demonstrate the frequency and widespread of sexual harassment by providing a platform to speak narrate personal experiences of such harassment. The aggregation and analysis of such disclosures pave the way to development of technology-based prevention of sexual harassment. We contend that the lack of specificity in generic sentence classification models may not be the best way to tackle text subtleties that intrinsically prevail in a classification task as complex as identifying disclosures of sexual harassment. We propose the Disclosure Language Model, a three part ULMFiT architecture, consisting of a Language model, a Medium-Specific (Twitter) model and a Task-Specific classifier to tackle this problem and create a manually annotated real-world dataset to test our technique on this, to show that using a Discourse Language Model often yields better classification performance over (i) Generic deep learning based sentence classification models (ii) existing models that rely on handcrafted stylistic features. An extensive comparison with state-of-the-art generic and specific models along with a detailed error analysis presents the case for our proposed methodology.",
}
@inproceedings{mishra-etal-2019-snap,
    title = "{SNAP}-{BATNET}: Cascading Author Profiling and Social Network Graphs for Suicide Ideation Detection on Social Media",
    author = "Mishra, Rohan  and
      Prakhar Sinha, Pradyumn  and
      Sawhney, Ramit  and
      Mahata, Debanjan  and
      Mathur, Puneet  and
      Ratn Shah, Rajiv",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-3019",
    pages = "147--156",
    abstract = "Suicide is a leading cause of death among youth and the use of social media to detect suicidal ideation is an active line of research. While it has been established that these users share a common set of properties, the current state-of-the-art approaches utilize only text-based (stylistic and semantic) cues. We contend that the use of information from networks in the form of condensed social graph embeddings and author profiling using features from historical data can be combined with an existing set of features to improve the performance. To that end, we experiment on a manually annotated dataset of tweets created using a three-phase strategy and propose SNAP-BATNET, a deep learning based model to extract text-based features and a novel Feature Stacking approach to combine other community-based information such as historical author profiling and graph embeddings that outperform the current state-of-the-art. We conduct a comprehensive quantitative analysis with baselines, both generic and specific, that presents the case for SNAP-BATNET, along with an error analysis that highlights the limitations and challenges faced paving the way to the future of AI-based suicide ideation detection.",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2019-2019-north-american-chapter,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    author = "Ammar, Waleed  and
      Louis, Annie  and
      Mostafazadeh, Nasrin",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4000",
}
@inproceedings{ciosici-assent-2019-abbreviation,
    title = "Abbreviation Explorer - an interactive system for pre-evaluation of Unsupervised Abbreviation Disambiguation",
    author = "Ciosici, Manuel  and
      Assent, Ira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4001",
    pages = "1--5",
    abstract = "We present Abbreviation Explorer, a system that supports interactive exploration of abbreviations that are challenging for Unsupervised Abbreviation Disambiguation (UAD). Abbreviation Explorer helps to identify long-forms that are easily confused, and to pinpoint likely causes such as limitations of normalization, language switching, or inconsistent typing. It can also support determining which long-forms would benefit from additional input text for unsupervised abbreviation disambiguation. The system provides options for creating corrective rules that merge redundant long-forms with identical meaning. The identified rules can be easily applied to the already existing vector spaces used by UAD to improve disambiguation performance, while also avoiding the cost of retraining.",
}
@inproceedings{obeid-etal-2019-adida,
    title = "{ADIDA}: Automatic Dialect Identification for {A}rabic",
    author = "Obeid, Ossama  and
      Salameh, Mohammad  and
      Bouamor, Houda  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4002",
    pages = "6--11",
    abstract = "This demo paper describes ADIDA, a web-based system for automatic dialect identification for Arabic text. The system distinguishes among the dialects of 25 Arab cities (from Rabat to Muscat) in addition to Modern Standard Arabic. The results are presented with either a point map or a heat map visualizing the automatic identification probabilities over a geographical map of the Arab World.",
}
@inproceedings{barbosa-etal-2019-enabling,
    title = "Enabling Search and Collaborative Assembly of Causal Interactions Extracted from Multilingual and Multi-domain Free Text",
    author = "Barbosa, George C. G.  and
      Wong, Zechy  and
      Hahn-Powell, Gus  and
      Bell, Dane  and
      Sharp, Rebecca  and
      Valenzuela-Esc{\'a}rcega, Marco A.  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4003",
    pages = "12--17",
    abstract = "Many of the most pressing current research problems (e.g., public health, food security, or climate change) require multi-disciplinary collaborations. In order to facilitate this process, we propose a system that incorporates multi-domain extractions of causal interactions into a single searchable knowledge graph. Our system enables users to search iteratively over direct and indirect connections in this knowledge graph, and collaboratively build causal models in real time. To enable the aggregation of causal information from multiple languages, we extend an open-domain machine reader to Portuguese. The new Portuguese reader extracts over 600 thousand causal statements from 120 thousand Portuguese publications with a precision of 62{\%}, which demonstrates the value of mining multilingual scientific information.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2019-ins,
    title = "{INS}: An Interactive {C}hinese News Synthesis System",
    author = "Liu, Hui  and
      Qin, Wentao  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4004",
    pages = "18--23",
    abstract = "Nowadays, we are surrounded by more and more online news articles. Tens or hundreds of news articles need to be read if we wish to explore a hot news event or topic. So it is of vital importance to automatically synthesize a batch of news articles related to the event or topic into a new synthesis article (or overview article) for reader{'}s convenience. It is so challenging to make news synthesis fully automatic that there is no successful solution by now. In this paper, we put forward a novel Interactive News Synthesis system (i.e. INS), which can help generate news overview articles automatically or by interacting with users. More importantly, INS can serve as a tool for editors to help them finish their jobs. In our experiments, INS performs well on both topic representation and synthesis article generation. A user study also demonstrates the usefulness and users{'} satisfaction with the INS tool. A demo video is available at \url{https://youtu.be/7ItteKW3GEk}.",
}
@inproceedings{ho-etal-2019-learning,
    title = "Learning to Respond to Mixed-code Queries using Bilingual Word Embeddings",
    author = "Ho, Chia-Fang  and
      Chang, Jason  and
      Chen, Jhih-Jie  and
      Yang, Chingyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4005",
    pages = "24--28",
    abstract = "We present a method for learning bilingual word embeddings in order to support second language (L2) learners in finding recurring phrases and example sentences that match mixed-code queries (e.g., {``}接 受 sentence{''}) composed of words in both target language and native language (L1). In our approach, mixed-code queries are transformed into target language queries aimed at maximizing the probability of retrieving relevant target language phrases and sentences. The method involves converting a given parallel corpus into mixed-code data, generating word embeddings from mixed-code data, and expanding queries in target languages based on bilingual word embeddings. We present a prototype search engine, x.Linggle, that applies the method to a linguistic search engine for a parallel corpus. Preliminary evaluation on a list of common word-translation shows that the method performs reasonablly well.",
}
@inproceedings{schwarzenberg-etal-2019-train,
    title = "Train, Sort, Explain: Learning to Diagnose Translation Models",
    author = {Schwarzenberg, Robert  and
      Harbecke, David  and
      Macketanz, Vivien  and
      Avramidis, Eleftherios  and
      M{\"o}ller, Sebastian},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4006",
    pages = "29--34",
    abstract = "Evaluating translation models is a trade-off between effort and detail. On the one end of the spectrum there are automatic count-based methods such as BLEU, on the other end linguistic evaluations by humans, which arguably are more informative but also require a disproportionately high effort. To narrow the spectrum, we propose a general approach on how to automatically expose systematic differences between human and machine translations to human experts. Inspired by adversarial settings, we train a neural text classifier to distinguish human from machine translations. A classifier that performs and generalizes well after training should recognize systematic differences between the two classes, which we uncover with neural explainability methods. Our proof-of-concept implementation, DiaMaT, is open source. Applied to a dataset translated by a state-of-the-art neural Transformer model, DiaMaT achieves a classification accuracy of 75{\%} and exposes meaningful differences between humans and the Transformer, amidst the current discussion about human parity.",
}
@inproceedings{neubig-etal-2019-compare,
    title = "compare-mt: A Tool for Holistic Comparison of Language Generation Systems",
    author = "Neubig, Graham  and
      Dou, Zi-Yi  and
      Hu, Junjie  and
      Michel, Paul  and
      Pruthi, Danish  and
      Wang, Xinyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4007",
    pages = "35--41",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe compare-mt, a tool for holistic analysis and comparison of the results of systems for language generation tasks such as machine translation. The main goal of the tool is to give the user a high-level and coherent view of the salient differences between systems that can then be used to guide further analysis or system improvement. It implements a number of tools to do so, such as analysis of accuracy of generation of particular types of words, bucketed histograms of sentence accuracies or counts based on salient characteristics, and extraction of characteristic n-grams for each system. It also has a number of advanced features such as use of linguistic labels, source side data, or comparison of log likelihoods for probabilistic models, and also aims to be easily extensible by users to new types of analysis. compare-mt is a pure-Python open source package, that has already proven useful to generate analyses that have been used in our published papers. Demo Video: https://youtu.be/NyJEQT7t2CA",
}
@inproceedings{sharp-etal-2019-eidos,
    title = "Eidos, {INDRA}, {\&} Delphi: From Free Text to Executable Causal Models",
    author = "Sharp, Rebecca  and
      Pyarelal, Adarsh  and
      Gyori, Benjamin  and
      Alcock, Keith  and
      Laparra, Egoitz  and
      Valenzuela-Esc{\'a}rcega, Marco A.  and
      Nagesh, Ajay  and
      Yadav, Vikas  and
      Bachman, John  and
      Tang, Zheng  and
      Lent, Heather  and
      Luo, Fan  and
      Paul, Mithun  and
      Bethard, Steven  and
      Barnard, Kobus  and
      Morrison, Clayton  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4008",
    pages = "42--47",
    abstract = "Building causal models of complicated phenomena such as food insecurity is currently a slow and labor-intensive manual process. In this paper, we introduce an approach that builds executable probabilistic models from raw, free text. The proposed approach is implemented through three systems: Eidos, INDRA, and Delphi. Eidos is an open-domain machine reading system designed to extract causal relations from natural language. It is rule-based, allowing for rapid domain transfer, customizability, and interpretability. INDRA aggregates multiple sources of causal information and performs assembly to create a coherent knowledge base and assess its reliability. This assembled knowledge serves as the starting point for modeling. Delphi is a modeling framework that assembles quantified causal fragments and their contexts into executable probabilistic models that respect the semantics of the original text, and can be used to support decision making.",
}
@inproceedings{ott-etal-2019-fairseq,
    title = "fairseq: A Fast, Extensible Toolkit for Sequence Modeling",
    author = "Ott, Myle  and
      Edunov, Sergey  and
      Baevski, Alexei  and
      Fan, Angela  and
      Gross, Sam  and
      Ng, Nathan  and
      Grangier, David  and
      Auli, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4009",
    pages = "48--53",
    abstract = "fairseq is an open-source sequence modeling toolkit that allows researchers and developers to train custom models for translation, summarization, language modeling, and other text generation tasks. The toolkit is based on PyTorch and supports distributed training across multiple GPUs and machines. We also support fast mixed-precision training and inference on modern GPUs. A demo video can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtgDdWtHvto",
}
@inproceedings{akbik-etal-2019-flair,
    title = "{FLAIR}: An Easy-to-Use Framework for State-of-the-Art {NLP}",
    author = "Akbik, Alan  and
      Bergmann, Tanja  and
      Blythe, Duncan  and
      Rasul, Kashif  and
      Schweter, Stefan  and
      Vollgraf, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4010",
    pages = "54--59",
    abstract = "We present FLAIR, an NLP framework designed to facilitate training and distribution of state-of-the-art sequence labeling, text classification and language models. The core idea of the framework is to present a simple, unified interface for conceptually very different types of word and document embeddings. This effectively hides all embedding-specific engineering complexity and allows researchers to {``}mix and match{''} various embeddings with little effort. The framework also implements standard model training and hyperparameter selection routines, as well as a data fetching module that can download publicly available NLP datasets and convert them into data structures for quick set up of experiments. Finally, FLAIR also ships with a {``}model zoo{''} of pre-trained models to allow researchers to use state-of-the-art NLP models in their applications. This paper gives an overview of the framework and its functionality. The framework is available on GitHub at https://github.com/zalandoresearch/flair .",
}
@inproceedings{sedoc-etal-2019-chateval,
    title = "{C}hat{E}val: A Tool for Chatbot Evaluation",
    author = "Sedoc, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Ippolito, Daphne  and
      Kirubarajan, Arun  and
      Thirani, Jai  and
      Ungar, Lyle  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4011",
    pages = "60--65",
    abstract = "Open-domain dialog systems (i.e. chatbots) are difficult to evaluate. The current best practice for analyzing and comparing these dialog systems is the use of human judgments. However, the lack of standardization in evaluation procedures, and the fact that model parameters and code are rarely published hinder systematic human evaluation experiments. We introduce a unified framework for human evaluation of chatbots that augments existing tools and provides a web-based hub for researchers to share and compare their dialog systems. Researchers can submit their trained models to the ChatEval web interface and obtain comparisons with baselines and prior work. The evaluation code is open-source to ensure standardization and transparency. In addition, we introduce open-source baseline models and evaluation datasets. ChatEval can be found at https://chateval.org.",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2019-leafnats,
    title = "{L}eaf{NATS}: An Open-Source Toolkit and Live Demo System for Neural Abstractive Text Summarization",
    author = "Shi, Tian  and
      Wang, Ping  and
      Reddy, Chandan K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4012",
    pages = "66--71",
    abstract = "Neural abstractive text summarization (NATS) has received a lot of attention in the past few years from both industry and academia. In this paper, we introduce an open-source toolkit, namely LeafNATS, for training and evaluation of different sequence-to-sequence based models for the NATS task, and for deploying the pre-trained models to real-world applications. The toolkit is modularized and extensible in addition to maintaining competitive performance in the NATS task. A live news blogging system has also been implemented to demonstrate how these models can aid blog/news editors by providing them suggestions of headlines and summaries of their articles.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2019-end-end,
    title = "End-to-End Open-Domain Question Answering with {BERT}serini",
    author = "Yang, Wei  and
      Xie, Yuqing  and
      Lin, Aileen  and
      Li, Xingyu  and
      Tan, Luchen  and
      Xiong, Kun  and
      Li, Ming  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4013",
    pages = "72--77",
    abstract = "We demonstrate an end-to-end question answering system that integrates BERT with the open-source Anserini information retrieval toolkit. In contrast to most question answering and reading comprehension models today, which operate over small amounts of input text, our system integrates best practices from IR with a BERT-based reader to identify answers from a large corpus of Wikipedia articles in an end-to-end fashion. We report large improvements over previous results on a standard benchmark test collection, showing that fine-tuning pretrained BERT with SQuAD is sufficient to achieve high accuracy in identifying answer spans.",
}
@inproceedings{nadeem-etal-2019-fakta,
    title = "{FAKTA}: An Automatic End-to-End Fact Checking System",
    author = "Nadeem, Moin  and
      Fang, Wei  and
      Xu, Brian  and
      Mohtarami, Mitra  and
      Glass, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4014",
    pages = "78--83",
    abstract = "We present FAKTA which is a unified framework that integrates various components of a fact-checking process: document retrieval from media sources with various types of reliability, stance detection of documents with respect to given claims, evidence extraction, and linguistic analysis. FAKTA predicts the factuality of given claims and provides evidence at the document and sentence level to explain its predictions.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2019-icomposer,
    title = "i{C}omposer: An Automatic Songwriting System for {C}hinese Popular Music",
    author = "Lee, Hsin-Pei  and
      Fang, Jhih-Sheng  and
      Ma, Wei-Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4015",
    pages = "84--88",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce iComposer, an interactive web-based songwriting system designed to assist human creators by greatly simplifying music production. iComposer automatically creates melodies to accompany any given text. It also enables users to generate a set of lyrics given arbitrary melodies. iComposer is based on three sequence-to-sequence models, which are used to predict melody, rhythm, and lyrics, respectively. Songs generated by iComposer are compared with human-composed and randomly-generated ones in a subjective test, the experimental results of which demonstrate the capability of the proposed system to write pleasing melodies and meaningful lyrics at a level similar to that of humans.",
}
@inproceedings{goldfarb-tarrant-etal-2019-plan,
    title = "Plan, Write, and Revise: an Interactive System for Open-Domain Story Generation",
    author = "Goldfarb-Tarrant, Seraphina  and
      Feng, Haining  and
      Peng, Nanyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4016",
    pages = "89--97",
    abstract = "Story composition is a challenging problem for machines and even for humans. We present a neural narrative generation system that interacts with humans to generate stories. Our system has different levels of human interaction, which enables us to understand at what stage of story-writing human collaboration is most productive, both to improving story quality and human engagement in the writing process. We compare different varieties of interaction in story-writing, story-planning, and diversity controls under time constraints, and show that increased types of human collaboration at both planning and writing stages results in a 10-50{\%} improvement in story quality as compared to less interactive baselines. We also show an accompanying increase in user engagement and satisfaction with stories as compared to our own less interactive systems and to previous turn-taking approaches to interaction. Finally, we find that humans tasked with collaboratively improving a particular characteristic of a story are in fact able to do so, which has implications for future uses of human-in-the-loop systems.",
}
@inproceedings{fischer-etal-2019-lt,
    title = "{LT} Expertfinder: An Evaluation Framework for Expert Finding Methods",
    author = "Fischer, Tim  and
      Remus, Steffen  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4017",
    pages = "98--104",
    abstract = "Expert finding is the task of ranking persons for a predefined topic or search query. Finding experts for a specified area is an important task and has attracted much attention in the information retrieval community. Most approaches for this task are evaluated in a supervised fashion, which depend on predefined topics of interest as well as gold standard expert rankings. Famous representatives of such datasets are enriched versions of DBLP provided by the ArnetMiner projet or the W3C Corpus of TREC. However, manually ranking experts can be considered highly subjective and detailed rankings are hardly distinguishable. Evaluating these datasets does not necessarily guarantee a good or bad performance of the system. Particularly for dynamic systems, where topics are not predefined but formulated as a search query, we believe a more informative approach is to perform user studies for directly comparing different methods in the same view. In order to accomplish this in a user-friendly way, we present the LT Expert Finder web-application, which is equipped with various query-based expert finding methods that can be easily extended, a detailed expert profile view, detailed evidence in form of relevant documents and statistics, and an evaluation component that allows the qualitative comparison between different rankings.",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2019-skillbot,
    title = "{S}kill{B}ot: Towards Automatic Skill Development via User Demonstration",
    author = "Shen, Yilin  and
      Ray, Avik  and
      Jin, Hongxia  and
      Nama, Sandeep",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4018",
    pages = "105--109",
    abstract = "We present SkillBot that takes the first step to enable end users to teach new skills in personal assistants (PA). Unlike existing PA products that need software developers to build new skills via IDE tools, an end user can use SkillBot to build new skills just by naturally demonstrating the task on device screen. SkillBot automatically develops a natural language understanding (NLU) engine and implements the action without the need of coding. On both benchmark and in-house datasets, we validate the competitive performance of SkillBot automatically built NLU. We also observe that it only takes a few minutes for an end user to build a new skill using SkillBot.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2019-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Entity, Relation, Event and Human Value Extraction",
    author = "Li, Manling  and
      Lin, Ying  and
      Hoover, Joseph  and
      Whitehead, Spencer  and
      Voss, Clare  and
      Dehghani, Morteza  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4019",
    pages = "110--115",
    abstract = "This paper demonstrates a state-of-the-art end-to-end multilingual (English, Russian, and Ukrainian) knowledge extraction system that can perform entity discovery and linking, relation extraction, event extraction, and coreference. It extracts and aggregates knowledge elements across multiple languages and documents as well as provides visualizations of the results along three dimensions: temporal (as displayed in an event timeline), spatial (as displayed in an event heatmap), and relational (as displayed in entity-relation networks). For our system to further support users{'} analyses of causal sequences of events in complex situations, we also integrate a wide range of human moral value measures, independently derived from region-based survey, into the event heatmap. This system is publicly available as a docker container and a live demo.",
}
@inproceedings{vacek-etal-2019-litigation-analytics,
    title = "Litigation Analytics: Extracting and querying motions and orders from {US} federal courts",
    author = "Vacek, Thomas  and
      Song, Dezhao  and
      Molina-Salgado, Hugo  and
      Teo, Ronald  and
      Cowling, Conner  and
      Schilder, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4020",
    pages = "116--121",
    abstract = "Legal litigation planning can benefit from statistics collected from past decisions made by judges. Information on the typical duration for a submitted motion, for example, can give valuable clues for developing a successful strategy. Such information is encoded in semi-structured documents called dockets. In order to extract and aggregate this information, we deployed various information extraction and machine learning techniques. The aggregated data can be queried in real time within the Westlaw Edge search engine. In addition to a keyword search for judges, lawyers, law firms, parties and courts, we also implemented a question answering interface that offers targeted questions in order to get to the respective answers quicker.",
}
@inproceedings{hunt-etal-2019-community,
    title = "Community lexical access for an endangered polysynthetic language: An electronic dictionary for St. Lawrence Island Yupik",
    author = "Hunt, Benjamin  and
      Chen, Emily  and
      Schreiner, Sylvia L.R.  and
      Schwartz, Lane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4021",
    pages = "122--126",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce a morphologically-aware electronic dictionary for St. Lawrence Island Yupik, an endangered language of the Bering Strait region. Implemented using HTML, Javascript, and CSS, the dictionary is set in an uncluttered interface and permits users to search in Yupik or in English for Yupik root words and Yupik derivational suffixes. For each matching result, our electronic dictionary presents the user with the corresponding entry from the Badten (2008) Yupik-English paper dictionary. Because Yupik is a polysynthetic language, handling of multimorphemic word forms is critical. If a user searches for an inflected Yupik word form, we perform a morphological analysis and return entries for the root word and for any derivational suffixes present in the word. This electronic dictionary should serve not only as a valuable resource for all students and speakers of Yupik, but also for field linguists working towards documentation and conservation of the language.",
}
@inproceedings{lepp-etal-2019-visualizing,
    title = "Visualizing Inferred Morphotactic Systems",
    author = "Lepp, Haley  and
      Zamaraeva, Olga  and
      Bender, Emily M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4022",
    pages = "127--131",
    abstract = "We present a web-based system that facilitates the exploration of complex morphological patterns found in morphologically very rich languages. The need for better understanding of such patterns is urgent for linguistics and important for cross-linguistically applicable natural language processing. In this paper we give an overview of the system architecture and describe a sample case study on Abui [abz], a Trans-New Guinea language spoken in Indonesia.",
}
@inproceedings{marge-etal-2019-research,
    title = "A {R}esearch {P}latform for {M}ulti-{R}obot {D}ialogue with {H}umans",
    author = "Marge, Matthew  and
      Nogar, Stephen  and
      Hayes, Cory J.  and
      Lukin, Stephanie M.  and
      Bloecker, Jesse  and
      Holder, Eric  and
      Voss, Clare",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4023",
    pages = "132--137",
    abstract = "This paper presents a research platform that supports spoken dialogue interaction with multiple robots. The demonstration showcases our crafted MultiBot testing scenario in which users can verbally issue search, navigate, and follow instructions to two robotic teammates: a simulated ground robot and an aerial robot. This flexible language and robotic platform takes advantage of existing tools for speech recognition and dialogue management that are compatible with new domains, and implements an inter-agent communication protocol (tactical behavior specification), where verbal instructions are encoded for tasks assigned to the appropriate robot.",
}
@inproceedings{cascante-bonilla-etal-2019-chat,
    title = "Chat-crowd: A Dialog-based Platform for Visual Layout Composition",
    author = "Cascante-Bonilla, Paola  and
      Yin, Xuwang  and
      Ordonez, Vicente  and
      Feng, Song",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-4024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-4024",
    pages = "138--142",
    abstract = "In this paper we introduce Chat-crowd, an interactive environment for visual layout composition via conversational interactions. Chat-crowd supports multiple agents with two conversational roles: agents who play the role of a designer are in charge of placing objects in an editable canvas according to instructions or commands issued by agents with a director role. The system can be integrated with crowdsourcing platforms for both synchronous and asynchronous data collection and is equipped with comprehensive quality controls on the performance of both types of agents. We expect that this system will be useful to build multimodal goal-oriented dialog tasks that require spatial and geometric reasoning.",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2019-2019-north-american-chapter-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorials",
    author = "Sarkar, Anoop  and
      Strube, Michael",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-5000",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2019-deep,
    title = "Deep Adversarial Learning for {NLP}",
    author = "Wang, William Yang  and
      Singh, Sameer  and
      Li, Jiwei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorials",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-5001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-5001",
    pages = "1--5",
    abstract = "Adversarial learning is a game-theoretic learning paradigm, which has achieved huge successes in the field of Computer Vision recently. Adversarial learning is also a general framework that enables a variety of learning models, including the popular Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). Due to the discrete nature of language, designing adversarial learning models is still challenging for NLP problems. In this tutorial, we provide a gentle introduction to the foundation of deep adversarial learning, as well as some practical problem formulations and solutions in NLP. We describe recent advances in deep adversarial learning for NLP, with a special focus on generation, adversarial examples {\&} rules, and dialogue. We provide an overview of the research area, categorize different types of adversarial learning models, and discuss pros and cons, aiming at providing some practical perspectives on the future of adversarial learning for solving real-world NLP problems.",
}
@inproceedings{bowman-zhu-2019-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning for Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Bowman, Samuel  and
      Zhu, Xiaodan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorials",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-5002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-5002",
    pages = "6--8",
    abstract = "This tutorial discusses cutting-edge research on NLI, including recent advance on dataset development, cutting-edge deep learning models, and highlights from recent research on using NLI to understand capabilities and limits of deep learning models for language understanding and reasoning.",
}
@inproceedings{eisenstein-2019-measuring,
    title = "Measuring and Modeling Language Change",
    author = "Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorials",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-5003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-5003",
    pages = "9--14",
    abstract = "This tutorial is designed to help researchers answer the following sorts of questions: - Are people happier on the weekend? - What was 1861{'}s word of the year? - Are Democrats and Republicans more different than ever? - When did {``}gay{''} stop meaning {``}happy{''}? - Are gender stereotypes getting weaker, stronger, or just different? - Who is a linguistic leader? - How can we get internet users to be more polite and objective? Such questions are fundamental to the social sciences and humanities, and scholars in these disciplines are increasingly turning to computational techniques for answers. Meanwhile, the ACL community is increasingly engaged with data that varies across time, and with the social insights that can be offered by analyzing temporal patterns and trends. The purpose of this tutorial is to facilitate this convergence in two main ways: 1. By synthesizing recent computational techniques for handling and modeling temporal data, such as dynamic word embeddings, the tutorial will provide a starting point for future computational research. It will also identify useful tools for social scientists and digital humanities scholars. 2. The tutorial will provide an overview of techniques and datasets from the quantitative social sciences and the digital humanities, which are not well-known in the computational linguistics community. These techniques include vector autoregressive models, multiple comparisons corrections for hypothesis testing, and causal inference. Datasets include historical newspaper archives and corpora of contemporary political speech.",
}
@inproceedings{ruder-etal-2019-transfer,
    title = "Transfer Learning in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Ruder, Sebastian  and
      Peters, Matthew E.  and
      Swayamdipta, Swabha  and
      Wolf, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorials",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-5004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-5004",
    pages = "15--18",
    abstract = "The classic supervised machine learning paradigm is based on learning in isolation, a single predictive model for a task using a single dataset. This approach requires a large number of training examples and performs best for well-defined and narrow tasks. Transfer learning refers to a set of methods that extend this approach by leveraging data from additional domains or tasks to train a model with better generalization properties. Over the last two years, the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) has witnessed the emergence of several transfer learning methods and architectures which significantly improved upon the state-of-the-art on a wide range of NLP tasks. These improvements together with the wide availability and ease of integration of these methods are reminiscent of the factors that led to the success of pretrained word embeddings and ImageNet pretraining in computer vision, and indicate that these methods will likely become a common tool in the NLP landscape as well as an important research direction. We will present an overview of modern transfer learning methods in NLP, how models are pre-trained, what information the representations they learn capture, and review examples and case studies on how these models can be integrated and adapted in downstream NLP tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{nematzadeh-etal-2019-language,
    title = "Language Learning and Processing in People and Machines",
    author = "Nematzadeh, Aida  and
      Futrell, Richard  and
      Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorials",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-5005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-5005",
    pages = "19--21",
    abstract = "The goal of this tutorial is to bring the fields of computational linguistics and computational cognitive science closer: we will introduce different stages of language acquisition and their parallel problems in NLP. As an example, one of the early challenges children face is mapping the meaning of word labels (such as {``}cat{''}) to their referents (the furry animal in the living room). Word learning is similar to the word alignment problem in machine translation. We explain the current computational models of language acquisition, their limitations, and how the insights from these models can be incorporated into NLP applications. Moreover, we discuss how we can take advantage of the cognitive science of language in computational linguistics: for example, by designing cognitively-motivated evaluations task or buildings language-learning inductive biases into our models.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2019-applications,
    title = "Applications of Natural Language Processing in Clinical Research and Practice",
    author = "Wang, Yanshan  and
      Tafti, Ahmad  and
      Sohn, Sunghwan  and
      Zhang, Rui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorials",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-5006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-5006",
    pages = "22--25",
    abstract = "Rapid growth in adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) has led to an unprecedented expansion in the availability of large longitudinal datasets. Large initiatives such as the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network, the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Network (PCORNet), and the Observational Health Data Science and Informatics (OHDSI) consortium, have been established and have reported successful applications of secondary use of EHRs in clinical research and practice. In these applications, natural language processing (NLP) technologies have played a crucial role as much of detailed patient information in EHRs is embedded in narrative clinical documents. Meanwhile, a number of clinical NLP systems, such as MedLEE, MetaMap/MetaMap Lite, cTAKES, and MedTagger have been developed and utilized to extract useful information from diverse types of clinical text, such as clinical notes, radiology reports, and pathology reports. Success stories in applying these tools have been reported widely. Despite the demonstrated success of NLP in the clinical domain, methodologies and tools developed for the clinical NLP are still underknown and underutilized by students and experts in the general NLP domain, mainly due to the limited exposure to EHR data. Through this tutorial, we would like to introduce NLP methodologies and tools developed in the clinical domain, and showcase the real-world NLP applications in clinical research and practice at Mayo Clinic (the No. 1 national hospital ranked by the U.S. News {\&} World Report) and the University of Minnesota (the No. 41 best global universities ranked by the U.S. News {\&} World Report). We will review NLP techniques in solving clinical problems and facilitating clinical research, the state-of-the art clinical NLP tools, and share collaboration experience with clinicians, as well as publicly available EHR data and medical resources, and finally conclude the tutorial with vast opportunities and challenges of clinical NLP. The tutorial will provide an overview of clinical backgrounds, and does not presume knowledge in medicine or health care. The goal of this tutorial is to encourage NLP researchers in the general domain (as opposed to the specialized clinical domain) to contribute to this burgeoning area. In this tutorial, we will first present an overview of clinical NLP. We will then dive into two subareas of clinical NLP in clinical research, including big data infrastructure for large-scale clinical NLP and advances of NLP in clinical research, and two subareas in clinical practice, including clinical information extraction and patient cohort retrieval using EHRs. Around 70{\%} of the tutorial will review clinical problems, cutting-edge methodologies, and real-world clinical NLP tools while another 30{\%} introduce use cases at Mayo Clinic and the University of Minnesota. Finally, we will conclude the tutorial with challenges and opportunities in this rapidly developing domain.",
}
@proceedings{acl-1996-association,
    title = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1000",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-kohlhase-1996-higher,
    title = "Higher-Order Coloured Unification and Natural Language Semantics",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Kohlhase, Michael",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981864",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{rogers-1996-model,
    title = "A Model-Theoretic Framework for Theories of Syntax",
    author = "Rogers, James",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981865",
    pages = "10--16",
}
@inproceedings{evans-zhai-1996-noun,
    title = "Noun Phrase Analysis in Large Unrestricted Text for Information Retrieval",
    author = "Evans, David A.  and
      Zhai, Chengxiang",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981866",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{light-1996-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Cues for Lexical Semantics",
    author = "Light, Marc",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981867",
    pages = "25--31",
}
@inproceedings{viegas-etal-1996-submit,
    title = "From Submit to Submitted via Submission: On Lexical Rules in Large-Scale Lexicon Acquisition",
    author = "Viegas, Evelyne  and
      Onyshkevych, Boyan  and
      Raskin, Victor  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981868",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@inproceedings{ng-lee-1996-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Multiple Knowledge Sources to Disambiguate Word Sense: An Exemplar-Based Approach",
    author = "Ng, Hwee Tou  and
      Lee, Hian Beng",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981869",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@inproceedings{tanenhaus-1996-using,
    title = "Using Eye Movements to Study Spoken Language Comprehension: Evidence .for Incremental Interpretation (Invited Talk)",
    author = "Tanenhaus, Michael K.",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981870",
    pages = "48--54",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-1996-fully,
    title = "A Fully Statistical Approach to Natural Language Interfaces",
    author = "Miller, Scott  and
      Stallard, David  and
      Bobrow, Robert  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981871",
    pages = "55--61",
}
@inproceedings{allen-etal-1996-robust,
    title = "A Robust System for Natural Spoken Dialogue",
    author = "Allen, James F.  and
      Miller, Bradford W.  and
      Ringger, Eric K.  and
      Sikorski, Teresa",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981872",
    pages = "62--70",
}
@inproceedings{golding-schabes-1996-combining,
    title = "Combining Trigram-Based and Feature-Based Methods for Context-Sensitive Spelling Correction",
    author = "Golding, Andrew  and
      Schabes, Yves",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981873",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@inproceedings{eisner-1996-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Normal-Form Parsing for Combinatory Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981874",
    pages = "79--86",
}
@inproceedings{boullier-1996-another,
    title = "Another Facet of {LIG} Parsing",
    author = "Boullier, Pierre",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981875",
    pages = "87--94",
}
@inproceedings{dorre-1996-parsing,
    title = "Parsing with Semidirectional Lambek Grammar is {NP}-Complete",
    author = {D{\"o}rre, Jochen},
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981876",
    pages = "95--100",
}
@inproceedings{tesar-1996-computing,
    title = "Computing Optimal Descriptions for Optimality Theory Grammars with Context-Free Position Structures",
    author = "Tesar, Bruce",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981877",
    pages = "101--107",
}
@inproceedings{karttunen-1996-directed,
    title = "Directed Replacement",
    author = "Karttunen, Lauri",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981878",
    pages = "108--115",
}
@inproceedings{rambow-satta-1996-synchronous,
    title = "Synchronous Models off Language",
    author = "Rambow, Owen  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981879",
    pages = "116--123",
}
@inproceedings{mela-fouquere-1996-coordination,
    title = "Coordination as a Direct Process",
    author = "Mela, Augusta  and
      Fouquer{\'e}, Christophe",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981880",
    pages = "124--130",
}
@inproceedings{haruno-yamazaki-1996-high,
    title = "High-Performance Bilingual Text Alignment Using Statistical and Dictionary Information",
    author = "Haruno, Masahiko  and
      Yamazaki, Takefumi",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981881",
    pages = "131--138",
}
@inproceedings{luo-roukos-1996-iterative,
    title = "An Iterative Algorithm to Build {C}hinese Language Models",
    author = "Luo, Xiaoqiang  and
      Roukos, Salim",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981882",
    pages = "139--143",
}
@inproceedings{takeda-1996-pattern-based,
    title = "Pattern-Based Context-Free Grammars for Machine Translation",
    author = "Takeda, Koichi",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981883",
    pages = "144--151",
}
@inproceedings{wu-1996-polynomial,
    title = "A Polynomial-Time Algorithm for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981884",
    pages = "152--158",
}
@inproceedings{kiraz-1996-semhe,
    title = "{SEMHE}: A Generalised Two-level System",
    author = "Kiraz, George Anton",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981885",
    pages = "159--166",
}
@inproceedings{alshawi-1996-head,
    title = "Head Automata and Bilingual Tiling: Translation with Minimal Representations (Invited Talk)",
    author = "Alshawi, Hiyan",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981886",
    pages = "167--176",
}
@inproceedings{goodman-1996-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Algorithms and Metrics",
    author = "Goodman, Joshua",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981887",
    pages = "177--183",
}
@inproceedings{collins-1996-new,
    title = "A New Statistical Parser Based on Bigram Lexical Dependencies",
    author = "Collins, Michael John",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981888",
    pages = "184--191",
}
@inproceedings{hartley-paris-1996-two,
    title = "Two Sources of Control Over the Generation of Software Instructions",
    author = "Hartley, Anthony  and
      Paris, Cecile",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981889",
    pages = "192--199",
}
@inproceedings{kay-1996-chart,
    title = "Chart Generation",
    author = "Kay, Martin",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981890",
    pages = "200--204",
}
@inproceedings{robin-1996-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Portability of Revision Rules for Incremental Summary Generation",
    author = "Robin, Jacques",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981891",
    pages = "205--214",
}
@inproceedings{sproat-riley-1996-compilation,
    title = "Compilation of Weighted Finite-State Transducers from Decision Trees",
    author = "Sproat, Richard  and
      Riley, Michael",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981892",
    pages = "215--222",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-carter-1996-fast,
    title = "Fast Parsing Using Pruning and Grammar Specialization",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Carter, David",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981893",
    pages = "223--230",
}
@inproceedings{mohri-sproat-1996-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Compiler for Weighted Rewrite Rules",
    author = "Mohri, Mehryar  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981894",
    pages = "231--238",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-satta-1996-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Tabular L R Parsing",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981895",
    pages = "239--246",
}
@inproceedings{minnen-1996-magic,
    title = "Magic for Filter Optimization in Dynamic Bottom-Up Processing",
    author = "Minnen, Guido",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981896",
    pages = "247--254",
}
@inproceedings{satta-brill-1996-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Transformation-Based Parsing",
    author = "Satta, Girogion  and
      Brill, Eric",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981897",
    pages = "255--262",
}
@inproceedings{azzam-1996-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Anaphors in Embedded Sentences",
    author = "Azzam, Saliha",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981898",
    pages = "263--268",
}
@inproceedings{strube-hahn-1996-functional,
    title = "Functional Centering",
    author = "Strube, Michael  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981899",
    pages = "270--277",
}
@inproceedings{guinn-1996-mechanisms,
    title = "Mechanisms for Mixed-Initiative Human-Computer Collaborative Discourse",
    author = "Guinn, Curry I.",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981900",
    pages = "278--285",
}
@inproceedings{hirschberg-nakatani-1996-prosodic,
    title = "A Prosodic Analysis of Discourse Segments in Direction-Giving Monologues",
    author = "Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Nakatani, Christine H.",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981901",
    pages = "286--293",
}
@inproceedings{prevost-1996-information,
    title = "An Information Structural Approach To Spoken Language Generation",
    author = "Prevost, Scott",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981902",
    pages = "294--301",
}
@inproceedings{beeferman-1996-rhythm,
    title = "The Rhythm of Lexical Stress in Prose",
    author = "Beeferman, Doug",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981903",
    pages = "302--309",
}
@inproceedings{chen-goodman-1996-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study of Smoothing Techniques for Language Modeling",
    author = "Chen, Stanley F.  and
      Goodman, Joshua",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981904",
    pages = "310--318",
}
@inproceedings{engelson-dagan-1996-minimizing,
    title = "Minimizing Manual Annotation Cost in Supervised Training from Corpora",
    author = "Engelson, Sean P.  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981905",
    pages = "319--326",
}
@inproceedings{mikheev-1996-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Word-Category Guessing Rules",
    author = "Mikheev, Andrei",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981906",
    pages = "327--333",
}
@inproceedings{de-marcken-1996-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Structure as Composition and Perturbation",
    author = "de Marcken, Carl",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981907",
    pages = "335--341",
}
@inproceedings{candito-1996-generating,
    title = "Generating an {LTAG} out of a Principle-based Hierarchical Representation",
    author = "Candito, Marie-Helene",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981909",
    pages = "342--344",
}
@inproceedings{core-1996-using,
    title = "Using Parsed Corpora for Structural Disambiguation in the {TRAINS} Domain",
    author = "Core, Mark",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981910",
    pages = "345--347",
}
@inproceedings{donecker-1996-subdeletion,
    title = "Subdeletion in Verb Phrase Ellipsis",
    author = "Donecker, Paul G.",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981911",
    pages = "348--350",
}
@inproceedings{ferrari-1996-using,
    title = "Using Textual Clues to Improve Metaphor Processing",
    author = "Ferrari, Stephane",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981912",
    pages = "351--353",
}
@inproceedings{fosler-1996-reversing,
    title = "On Reversing the Generation Process in Optimality Theory",
    author = "Fosler, J. Eric",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981913",
    pages = "354--356",
}
@inproceedings{gallippi-1996-synopsis,
    title = "A Synopsis of Learning to Recognize Names Across Languages",
    author = "Gallippi, Anthony F.",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981914",
    pages = "357--359",
}
@inproceedings{harabagiu-1996-application,
    title = "An Application of {W}ord{N}et to Prepositional Attachment",
    author = "Harabagiu, Sanda M.",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981915",
    pages = "360--362",
}
@inproceedings{jones-1996-towards-testing,
    title = "Towards Testing the Syntax of Punctuation",
    author = "Jones, Bernard",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981916",
    pages = "363--365",
}
@inproceedings{jordan-1996-using,
    title = "Using Terminological Knowledge Representation Languages to Manage Linguistic Resources",
    author = "Jordan, Pamela W.",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981917",
    pages = "366--368",
}
@inproceedings{kay-aylett-1996-transitivity,
    title = "Transitivity and Foregrounding in News Articles: Experiments in Information Retrieval and Automatic Summarising",
    author = "Kay, Roderick  and
      Aylett, Ruth",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981918",
    pages = "369--371",
}
@inproceedings{de-paiva-alves-1996-selection,
    title = "The Selection of the Most Probable Dependency Structure in {J}apanese Using Mutual Information",
    author = "de Paiva Alves, Eduardo",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981919",
    pages = "372--374",
}
@inproceedings{sarkar-1996-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Parser Generation for Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981920",
    pages = "375--377",
}
@inproceedings{strube-1996-processing,
    title = "Processing Complex Sentences in the Centering Framework",
    author = "Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1057",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981921",
    pages = "378--380",
}
@inproceedings{tomuro-1996-maximizing,
    title = "Maximizing Top-down Constraints for Unification-based Systems",
    author = "Tomuro, Noriko",
    booktitle = "34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1996",
    address = "Santa Cruz, California, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P96-1058",
    doi = "10.3115/981863.981922",
    pages = "381--383",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2000-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    author = "Ikeya, Akira  and
      Kawamori, Masahito",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1000",
}
@inproceedings{shibatani-2000-language,
    title = "Language Typology and the Comparison of Languages",
    author = "Shibatani, Masayoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1001",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12142",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-tanaka-2000-verb,
    title = "Verb Alternations and {J}apanese : How, What and Where",
    author = "Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1002",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12163",
    pages = "3--14",
}
@inproceedings{bandyopadhyay-2000-detection,
    title = "Detection and Correction of Phonetic Errors with a New Orthographic Dictionary",
    author = "Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1003",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12147",
    pages = "15--22",
}
@inproceedings{barke-2000-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Age on the Style of Discourse among {J}apanese Women",
    author = "Barke, Andrew J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1004",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12155",
    pages = "23--34",
}
@inproceedings{bernstein-etal-2000-computer,
    title = "Computer Estimation of Spoken Language Skills",
    author = "Bernstein, Jared  and
      Todic, Ognjen  and
      Townshend, Brent  and
      Warren, Eryk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1005",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12169",
    pages = "35--46",
}
@inproceedings{chan-etal-2000-textual,
    title = "Textual Information Segmentation by Cohesive Ties",
    author = "Chan, Samuel W.K.  and
      T{'}sou, Benjamin K.  and
      Choy, C.F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1006",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12177",
    pages = "47--56",
}
@inproceedings{chung-2000-wh,
    title = "{WH}-questions without {WH}-words",
    author = "Chung, Daeho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1007",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12178",
    pages = "57--66",
}
@inproceedings{ding-2000-computational,
    title = "A Computational Study of the Ba Resultative Construction : Parsing {M}andarin Ba Sentences in {HPSG}",
    author = "Ding, Picus Sizhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1008",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12179",
    pages = "67--78",
}
@inproceedings{futo-2000-categorial,
    title = "Categorial Grammar with Features and the Parser on Web pages",
    author = "Futo, Hiroyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1009",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12180",
    pages = "79--86",
}
@inproceedings{gabbay-2000-conversational,
    title = "A Conversational Logic : wa and ga",
    author = "Gabbay, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1010",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12181",
    pages = "87--96",
}
@inproceedings{harada-honda-2000-accessibility,
    title = "Accessibility among Situations : Pragmatics of Disjunction in {J}apanese",
    author = "Harada, Yasunari  and
      Honda, Kumiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1011",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12182",
    pages = "97--108",
}
@inproceedings{huang-ahrens-2000-module,
    title = "The Module-Attribute Representation of Verbal Semantics",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Ahrens, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1012",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12143",
    pages = "109--120",
}
@inproceedings{huang-choi-2000-using,
    title = "Using Bilingual Semantic Information in {C}hinese-{K}orean Word Alignment",
    author = "Huang, Jin-Xia  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1013",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12144",
    pages = "121--130",
}
@inproceedings{ishikawa-2000-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Representation of {J}apanese Complex Predicates : A Lexicalist Analysis of Subject and Object Honorific Forms",
    author = "Ishikawa, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1014",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12145",
    pages = "131--142",
}
@inproceedings{jie-2000-generation,
    title = "Generation of Adaptive Vocabulary Lexicon for {J}apanese {LVCSR}",
    author = "Jie, Charles C.H.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1015",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12146",
    pages = "143--152",
}
@inproceedings{kikuta-2000-qualia,
    title = "Qualia Structure and the Accessibility of Arguments : {J}apanese Internally-Headed Relative Clauses with Implicit Target",
    author = "Kikuta, Chiharu Uda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1016",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12148",
    pages = "153--164",
}
@inproceedings{kim-2000-constraint,
    title = "A Constraint-Based Approach to Some Multiple Nominative Constructions in {K}orean",
    author = "Kim, Jong-Bok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1017",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12149",
    pages = "165--176",
}
@inproceedings{kim-2000-dynamics,
    title = "Dynamics of Information Packaging in {K}orean",
    author = "Kim, Mi-Kyung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1018",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12150",
    pages = "177--188",
}
@inproceedings{kittila-2000-problems,
    title = "Problems in Defining a Prototypical Transitive Sentence Typologically",
    author = {Kittil{\"a}, Seppo},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1019",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12151",
    pages = "189--194",
}
@inproceedings{komatsu-2000-4,
    title = "4-valued Reasoning with Stratified Bilattices",
    author = "Komatsu, Hisashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1020",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12152",
    pages = "195--206",
}
@inproceedings{lee-lee-2000-discourse,
    title = "On the Discourse Analysis in {K}orean Dialogues",
    author = "Lee, Ik-hwan  and
      Lee, Minhaeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1021",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12153",
    pages = "207--218",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2000-ccg,
    title = "A {CCG} Fragment of {K}orean",
    author = "Lee, Kihwang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1022",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12154",
    pages = "219--230",
}
@inproceedings{lee-2000-developing,
    title = "Developing Database Semantics as a Computational Model",
    author = "Lee, Kiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1023",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12156",
    pages = "231--242",
}
@inproceedings{loukanova-2000-nominal,
    title = "Nominal Scope in Situation Semantics",
    author = "Loukanova, Roussanka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1024",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12157",
    pages = "243--252",
}
@inproceedings{moon-2000-computer,
    title = "How Computer Selects Antecedent?",
    author = "Moon, Seung-Chul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1025",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12158",
    pages = "253--260",
}
@inproceedings{nakamura-2000-case,
    title = "On Case Alternation Phenomena : A Categorial Approach",
    author = "Nakamura, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1026",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12159",
    pages = "261--272",
}
@inproceedings{nakayama-2000-move,
    title = "A Move towards a General Semantic Theory",
    author = "Nakayama, Yasuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1027",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12160",
    pages = "273--280",
}
@inproceedings{shih-2000-collocation,
    title = "Collocation Deficiency in a Learner Corpus of {E}nglish : From an Overuse Perspective",
    author = "Shih, Rebecca Hsue-Hueh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1028",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12161",
    pages = "281--288",
}
@inproceedings{siegel-2000-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Honorification in an {HPSG} Framework",
    author = "Siegel, Melanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1029",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12162",
    pages = "289--300",
}
@inproceedings{takada-etal-2000-study,
    title = "A Study of Metaphorical Mapping Involving Socio-cultural Values : How Woman is Conceptualized in {J}apanese",
    author = "Takada, Mari  and
      Shinohara, Kazuko  and
      Morizumi, Fumi  and
      Sato, Michiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1030",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12164",
    pages = "301--312",
}
@inproceedings{tsou-etal-2000-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Conversion from Phonetic to Textual Representation of {C}antonese : The Case of Hong {K}ong Court Proceedings",
    author = "Tsou, Benjamin K.  and
      Sin, K.K.  and
      Chan, Samuel W. K.  and
      Lai, Tom B. Y.  and
      Lun, Caesar  and
      Ko, K. T.  and
      Chan, Gary K. K.  and
      Cheung, Lawrence Y. L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1031",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12165",
    pages = "313--324",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2000-domain,
    title = "Domain Unconstrained Language Understanding Based on How-net",
    author = "Wang, Jhing-Fa  and
      Wang, Hsien-Chang  and
      Lee, Chin-Nan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1032",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12166",
    pages = "325--338",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-2000-object,
    title = "Object Topicalization, Passive, and Information Structure in {J}apanese",
    author = "Watanabe, Tomoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1033",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12167",
    pages = "339--344",
}
@inproceedings{wu-hsieh-2000-articulatory,
    title = "Articulatory Speech Synthesizer",
    author = "Wu, Chang-Shiann  and
      Hsieh, Yu-Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1034",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12168",
    pages = "345--352",
}
@inproceedings{yasui-2000-symmetric,
    title = "Symmetric Projection in {J}apanese and {E}nglish : A Modification of Stabler{'}s Parsing/Generation Model for Minimalist Grammar",
    author = "Yasui, Miyoko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1035",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12170",
    pages = "353--364",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-2000-temporal,
    title = "Temporal and Conditional Clauses in {C}hinese Spoken Discourse : A Function-based Study",
    author = "Yeh, Hui-Chen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1036",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12171",
    pages = "365--376",
}
@inproceedings{yoo-2000-alternative,
    title = "Alternative Questions in the Syntax-Semantics Interface",
    author = "Yoo, Eun-Jung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1037",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12172",
    pages = "377--388",
}
@inproceedings{yoshimoto-etal-2000-unified,
    title = "A Unified Approach to Tense in {J}apanese",
    author = "Yoshimoto, Kei  and
      Nakamura, Chidori  and
      Mori, Yoshiki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1038",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12173",
    pages = "389--400",
}
@inproceedings{zuber-2000-exclusion,
    title = "Exclusion phrases and criticisms of semantic compositionality",
    author = "Zuber, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1039",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12174",
    pages = "401--412",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2000-semantics,
    title = "The Semantics of amwu-N-to/-irato/-ina in {K}orean : Arbitrary Choice and Concession",
    author = "Lee, Chungmin  and
      Chung, Daeho  and
      Nam, Seungho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1040",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12175",
    pages = "413--424",
}
@inproceedings{chung-2000-external,
    title = "External Argument and {E}nglish Psychological Verbs",
    author = "Chung, Taegoo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2000",
    address = "Waseda University International Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan",
    publisher = "PACLIC 14 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y00-1041",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12176",
    pages = "425--436",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2014-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1000",
}
@inproceedings{steedman-2014-robust,
    title = "Robust Semantics for Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1001",
    pages = "1--1",
}
@inproceedings{sornlertlamvanich-2014-social,
    title = "Social Media Understanding by Word Cloud Timeline",
    author = "Sornlertlamvanich, Virach",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1002",
    pages = "2--4",
}
@inproceedings{matthiessen-2014-registerial,
    title = "Registerial Cartography: Context-based Mapping of Text Types and their Rhetorical-relational Organization",
    author = "Matthiessen, Christian M.I.M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1003",
    pages = "5--26",
}
@inproceedings{webber-2014-discourse,
    title = "Discourse for Machine Translation.",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1004",
    pages = "27--27",
}
@inproceedings{choe-2014-relating,
    title = "Relating Keywords to the Top Ten News of the Year in {K}orean Newspapers",
    author = "Choe, Jae-Woong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1005",
    pages = "28--37",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-2014-word,
    title = "Word Sense Induction for Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1006",
    pages = "38--38",
}
@inproceedings{gould-2014-setting,
    title = "Setting Syntactic Parameters with Implicit Negative Evidence: The Case of Zero-derived Causatives in {E}nglish",
    author = "Gould, Isaac",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1007",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{kim-2014-pseudo,
    title = "Pseudo-Passives as Adjectival Passives",
    author = "Kim, Kwang-sup",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1008",
    pages = "48--56",
}
@inproceedings{park-2014-phonological,
    title = "Phonological Suppression of Anaphoric Wh-expressions in {E}nglish and {K}orean",
    author = "Park, Myung-Kwan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1009",
    pages = "57--64",
}
@inproceedings{muraoka-etal-2014-finding,
    title = "Finding The Best Model Among Representative Compositional Models",
    author = "Muraoka, Masayasu  and
      Shimaoka, Sonse  and
      Yamamoto, Kazeto  and
      Watanabe, Yotaro  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1010",
    pages = "65--74",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2014-semantic-frame,
    title = "Semantic Frame-based Statistical Approach for Topic Detection",
    author = "Chang, Yung-Chun  and
      Hsieh, Yu-Lun  and
      Chen, Cen-Chieh  and
      Liu, Chad  and
      Lu, Chun-Hung  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1011",
    pages = "75--84",
}
@inproceedings{asoh-kobayashi-2014-zero,
    title = "Zero-Shot Learning of Language Models for Describing Human Actions Based on Semantic Compositionality of Actions",
    author = "Asoh, Hideki  and
      Kobayashi, Ichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1012",
    pages = "85--92",
}
@inproceedings{seraku-2014-partial,
    title = "Partial Case-Marking in {J}apanese Stripping/Sluicing: A Dynamic Syntax Account",
    author = "Seraku, Tohru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1013",
    pages = "93--100",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2014-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-Based Quantitative Study of Nominalizations across {C}hinese and {B}ritish Media {E}nglish",
    author = "Liu, Ying  and
      Fang, Alex Chengyu  and
      Wei, Naixing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1014",
    pages = "101--110",
}
@inproceedings{amnueypornsakul-bhat-2014-machine,
    title = "Machine-guided Solution to Mathematical Word Problems",
    author = "Amnueypornsakul, Bussaba  and
      Bhat, Suma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1015",
    pages = "111--119",
}
@inproceedings{uehara-thepkanjana-2014-called,
    title = "The So-called Person Restriction of Internal State Predicates in {J}apanese in Contrast with {T}hai",
    author = "Uehara, Satoshi  and
      Thepkanjana, Kingkarn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1016",
    pages = "120--128",
}
@inproceedings{larkin-2014-investigation,
    title = "Investigation Into Using the {U}nicode Standard for Primitives of Unified Han Characters",
    author = "Larkin, Henry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1017",
    pages = "129--134",
}
@inproceedings{santus-etal-2014-taking,
    title = "Taking Antonymy Mask off in Vector Space",
    author = "Santus, Enrico  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1018",
    pages = "135--144",
}
@inproceedings{sutantayawalee-etal-2014-improvement,
    title = "Improvement of Statistical Machine Translation using Charater-Based Segmentationwith Monolingual and Bilingual Information",
    author = "Sutantayawalee, Vipas  and
      Porkaew, Peerachet  and
      Boonkwan, Prachya  and
      Phaholphinyo, Sitthaa  and
      Supnithi, Thepchai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1019",
    pages = "145--151",
}
@inproceedings{shigematsu-kobayashi-2014-topic,
    title = "Topic-based Multi-document Summarization using Differential Evolution for{C}ombinatorial Optimization of Sentences",
    author = "Shigematsu, Haruka  and
      Kobayashi, Ichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1020",
    pages = "152--159",
}
@inproceedings{ketkaew-pittayaporn-2014-mapping,
    title = "Mapping between Lexical Tones and Musical Notes in {T}hai Pop Songs",
    author = "Ketkaew, Chawadon  and
      Pittayaporn, Pittayawat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1021",
    pages = "160--169",
}
@inproceedings{nakajima-etal-2014-emphasized,
    title = "Emphasized Accent Phrase Prediction from Text for Advertisement Text-To-Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Nakajima, Hideharu  and
      Mizuno, Hideyuki  and
      Sakauchi, Sumitaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1022",
    pages = "170--177",
}
@inproceedings{kertkeidkachorn-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using Tone Information in {T}hai Spelling Speech Recognition",
    author = "Kertkeidkachorn, Natthawut  and
      Punyabukkana, Proadpran  and
      Suchato, Atiwong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1023",
    pages = "178--184",
}
@inproceedings{wicaksono-etal-2014-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Building a Corpus for Sentiment Analysis on {I}ndonesian Tweets",
    author = "Wicaksono, Alfan Farizki  and
      Vania, Clara  and
      Distiawan, Bayu  and
      Adriani, Mirna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1024",
    pages = "185--194",
}
@inproceedings{inui-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic News Source Detection in Twitter Based on Text Segmentation",
    author = "Inui, Takashi  and
      Saito, Masaki  and
      Yamamoto, Mikio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1025",
    pages = "195--203",
}
@inproceedings{kaewpitakkun-etal-2014-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Lexicon Interpolation and Polarity Estimation of Objective and Out-Of-Vocabulary Words to Improve Sentiment Classification on Microblogging",
    author = "Kaewpitakkun, Yongyos  and
      Shirai, Kiyoaki  and
      Mohd, Masnizah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1026",
    pages = "204--213",
}
@inproceedings{oshima-mccready-2014-mutual,
    title = "How Mutual Knowledge Constrains the Choice of Anaphoric Demonstratives in {J}apanese and {E}nglish",
    author = "Oshima, David Yoshikazu  and
      McCready, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1027",
    pages = "214--223",
}
@inproceedings{imamura-2014-influence,
    title = "The Influence of Givenness and Heaviness on {OSV} in {J}apanese",
    author = "Imamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1028",
    pages = "224--233",
}
@inproceedings{valverde-ibanez-ohtani-2014-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Article Errors in {S}panish Learner Texts: Design and Evaluation of an Annotation Scheme",
    author = "Valverde Iba{\~n}ez, M. Pilar  and
      Ohtani, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1029",
    pages = "234--243",
}
@inproceedings{jamison-gurevych-2014-needle,
    title = "Needle in a Haystack: Reducing the Costs of Annotating Rare-Class Instances in Imbalanced Datasets",
    author = "Jamison, Emily  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1030",
    pages = "244--253",
}
@inproceedings{park-hong-2014-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Approach to Zero Subject Resolution for multilingual {MT} - {S}panish-to-{K}orean{C}ases -",
    author = "Park, Arum  and
      Hong, Munpyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1031",
    pages = "254--261",
}
@inproceedings{chu-etal-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Statistical Machine Translation Accuracy Using Bilingual Lexicon Extractionwith Paraphrases",
    author = "Chu, Chenhui  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1032",
    pages = "262--271",
}
@inproceedings{mirkin-2014-incrementally,
    title = "Incrementally Updating the {SMT} Reordering Model",
    author = "Mirkin, Shachar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1033",
    pages = "272--281",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2014-taketwo,
    title = "{T}ake{T}wo: A Word Aligner based on Self Learning",
    author = "Chang, Jim  and
      Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Chang, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1034",
    pages = "282--291",
}
@inproceedings{lan-2014-frequency,
    title = "Frequency-influenced Choice of {L}2 Sound Realization and Perception: Evidence from Two {C}hinese Dialects",
    author = "Lan, Yizhou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1035",
    pages = "292--298",
}
@inproceedings{yang-2014-l2,
    title = "The {L}2 Acquisition of the {C}hinese Aspect Marking",
    author = "Yang, Suying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1036",
    pages = "299--308",
}
@inproceedings{islam-rahman-2014-readability,
    title = "Readability of Bangla News Articles for Children",
    author = "Islam, Zahrul  and
      Rahman, Rashedur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1037",
    pages = "309--317",
}
@inproceedings{au-etal-2014-focusing,
    title = "Focusing on a Subset of Scripts Enhances the Learning Efficiency of Second Language Writing System",
    author = "Au, Ching-Pong  and
      Cheung, Yuk-Man  and
      Chen Jr., Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1038",
    pages = "318--327",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2014-transition,
    title = "Transition-based Knowledge Graph Embedding with Relational Mapping Properties",
    author = "Fan, Miao  and
      Zhou, Qiang  and
      Chang, Emily  and
      Zheng, Thomas Fang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1039",
    pages = "328--337",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2014-retrieval,
    title = "Retrieval Term Prediction Using Deep Belief Networks",
    author = "Ma, Qing  and
      Tanigawa, Ibuki  and
      Murata, Masaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1040",
    pages = "338--347",
}
@inproceedings{jhamtani-etal-2014-word,
    title = "Word-level Language Identification in Bi-lingual Code-switched Texts",
    author = "Jhamtani, Harsh  and
      Bhogi, Suleep Kumar  and
      Raychoudhury, Vaskar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1041",
    pages = "348--357",
}
@inproceedings{kruengkrai-etal-2014-example,
    title = "An Example-Based Approach to Difficult Pronoun Resolution",
    author = "Kruengkrai, Canasai  and
      Inoue, Naoya  and
      Sugiura, Jun  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1042",
    pages = "358--367",
}
@inproceedings{lam-2014-unified,
    title = "A Unified Analysis to Surpass Comparative and Experiential Aspect",
    author = "Lam, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1043",
    pages = "368--377",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-quantitative,
    title = "A Quantitative View of Short Utterances in Daily Conversation: A Case Study of Thats right, Thats true and Thats correct",
    author = "Li, Yanjiao  and
      Fang, Alex Chengyu  and
      Cao, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1044",
    pages = "378--386",
}
@inproceedings{kotani-etal-2014-listenability,
    title = "A Listenability Measuring Method for an Adaptive Computer-assisted Language Learningand Teaching System",
    author = "Kotani, Katsunori  and
      Ueda, Shota  and
      Yoshimi, Takehiko  and
      Nanjo, Hiroaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1045",
    pages = "387--394",
}
@inproceedings{heston-2014-prosodic,
    title = "Prosodic Differences Between Declaratives and Polar Questions In Fataluku",
    author = "Heston, Tyler",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1046",
    pages = "395--403",
}
@inproceedings{tungthamthiti-etal-2014-recognition,
    title = "Recognition of Sarcasms in Tweets Based on Concept Level Sentiment Analysis and Supervised Learning Approaches",
    author = "Tungthamthiti, Piyoros  and
      Shirai, Kiyoaki  and
      Mohd, Masnizah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1047",
    pages = "404--413",
}
@inproceedings{kertkeidkachorn-etal-2014-chula,
    title = "{CHULA} {TTS}: A Modularized Text-To-Speech Framework",
    author = "Kertkeidkachorn, Natthawut  and
      Chanjaradwichai, Supadaech  and
      Punyabukkana, Proadpran  and
      Suchato, Atiwong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1048",
    pages = "414--421",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-2014-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Structural Topic Transitions for Automatic Lyrics Generation",
    author = "Watanabe, Kento  and
      Matsubayashi, Yuichiroh  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Goto, Masataka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1049",
    pages = "422--431",
}
@inproceedings{imamura-etal-2014-influence,
    title = "Influence of Information Structure on Word Order Change and Topic Marker {WA} in {J}apanese",
    author = "Imamura, Satoshi  and
      Sato, Yohei  and
      Koizumi, Masatoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1050",
    pages = "432--441",
}
@inproceedings{oshima-2014-functional,
    title = "On the Functional Differences between the Discourse Particles Ne and Yone in {J}apanese.",
    author = "Oshima, David Yoshikazu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1051",
    pages = "442--451",
}
@inproceedings{rysova-rysova-2014-centre,
    title = "The Centre and Periphery of Discourse Connectives",
    author = "Rysov{\'a}, Magdal{\'e}na  and
      Rysov{\'a}, Kate{\v{r}}ina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1052",
    pages = "452--459",
}
@inproceedings{kaneko-bekki-2014-toward,
    title = "Toward a Discourse Theory for Annotating Causal Relations in {J}apanese",
    author = "Kaneko, Kimi  and
      Bekki, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1053",
    pages = "460--469",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-kobayashi-2014-line,
    title = "On-line Summarization of Time-series Documents using a Graph-based Algorithm",
    author = "Suzuki, Satoko  and
      Kobayashi, Ichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1054",
    pages = "470--478",
}
@inproceedings{jamison-gurevych-2014-adjacency,
    title = "Adjacency Pair Recognition in {W}ikipedia Discussions using Lexical Pairs",
    author = "Jamison, Emily  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1055",
    pages = "479--488",
}
@inproceedings{wu-matsumoto-2014-hierarchical,
    title = "A Hierarchical Word Sequence Language Model",
    author = "Wu, Xiaoyi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1056",
    pages = "489--494",
}
@inproceedings{xu-huang-2014-analysis,
    title = "An Analysis of Radicals-based Features in Subjectivity Classification on Simplified {C}hinese Sentences",
    author = "Xu, Ge  and
      Huang, Churen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1057",
    pages = "495--502",
}
@inproceedings{mccready-2014-semantics,
    title = "A Semantics for Honorifics with Reference to {T}hai",
    author = "McCready, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1058",
    pages = "503--512",
}
@inproceedings{towns-todd-2014-disunity,
    title = "Disunity in Cohesion: How Purpose Affects Methods and Results When {A}nalyzing{L}exical Cohesion",
    author = "Towns, Stuart G.  and
      Todd, Richard Watson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1059",
    pages = "513--521",
}
@inproceedings{hara-2014-topics,
    title = "Topics are Conditionals: A Case Study from Exhaustification Over Questions",
    author = "Hara, Yurie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1060",
    pages = "522--531",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2014-detecting,
    title = "Detecting the Untranslatable Colloquial Expressions of {J}apanese Verbs in Cross-Language Instant Messaging",
    author = "Cheng, Yuchang  and
      Fuji, Masaru  and
      Nagase, Tomoki  and
      Uegaki, Minoru  and
      Okada, Isaac",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1061",
    pages = "532--541",
}
@inproceedings{huang-2014-keyword,
    title = "A Keyword-based Monolingual Sentence Aligner in Text Simplification",
    author = "Huang, Chung-Chi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1062",
    pages = "542--550",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Comma Splices",
    author = "Lee, John  and
      Yeung, Chak Yan  and
      Chodorow, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1063",
    pages = "551--560",
}
@inproceedings{yao-2014-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Use of {BA} construction in {M}andarin {C}hinese Discourse: A Modeling Study with Two Verbs",
    author = "Yao, Yao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1064",
    pages = "561--567",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-su-2014-guo1,
    title = "Guo1 and Guo2 in {C}hinese Temporal System",
    author = "Qiu, Zhuang  and
      Su, Qi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1065",
    pages = "568--574",
}
@inproceedings{siriwittayakorn-etal-2014-non,
    title = "A Non-local Attachment Preference in the Production and Comprehension of {T}hai{R}elative Clauses",
    author = "Siriwittayakorn, Teeranoot  and
      Miyamoto, Edson T.  and
      Ratitamkul, Theeraporn  and
      Cho, Heeyoun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1066",
    pages = "575--584",
}
@inproceedings{dong-etal-2014-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Generalized Quantifiers in Dependency-based Compositional Semantics",
    author = "Dong, Yubing  and
      Tian, Ran  and
      Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1067",
    pages = "585--594",
}
@inproceedings{tawilapakul-2014-common,
    title = "On Common Ground, Context and Information Structure: The Case of Counter-Expectation in {T}hai",
    author = "Tawilapakul, Upsorn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1068",
    pages = "595--604",
}
@inproceedings{hara-2014-semantics,
    title = "Semantics and Pragmatics of {C}antonese Polar Questions: an inquisitive approach",
    author = "Hara, Yurie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1069",
    pages = "605--614",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-huang-2014-argument,
    title = "On the Argument Structures of the Transitive Verb {`}annoy; be annoyed; bother to do{'}: A Study Based on Two Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Xiong, Jiajuan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1070",
    pages = "615--623",
}
@inproceedings{suwannarat-ratitamkul-2014-semantics,
    title = "The Semantics of khn3 and lo1 in {T}hai Compared to up and down in {E}nglish: A Corpus-based Study",
    author = "Suwannarat, Junyawan  and
      Ratitamkul, Theeraporn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1071",
    pages = "624--633",
}
@inproceedings{touileb-salway-2014-constructions,
    title = "{C}onstructions: a New Unit of Analysis for Corpus-based Discourse Analysis",
    author = "Touileb, Samia  and
      Salway, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1072",
    pages = "634--643",
}
@inproceedings{kajiwara-yamamoto-2014-noun,
    title = "Noun Paraphrasing Based on a Variety of Contexts",
    author = "Kajiwara, Tomoyuki  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1073",
    pages = "644--649",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2014-sentential,
    title = "Sentential Paraphrase Generation for Agglutinative Languages Using {SVM} with a String Kernel",
    author = "Park, Hancheol  and
      Gweon, Gahgene  and
      Choi, Ho-Jin  and
      Heo, Jeong  and
      Ryu, Pum-Mo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1074",
    pages = "650--657",
}
@inproceedings{matsubara-hasida-2014-k,
    title = "K-repeating Substrings: a String-Algorithmic Approach to Privacy-Preserving Publishing of Textual Data",
    author = "Matsubara, Yusuke  and
      Hasida, Koiti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Phuket,Thailand",
    publisher = "Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y14-1075",
    pages = "658--667",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2015-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    author = "Zhao, Hai",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1000",
}
@inproceedings{wang-huang-2015-two,
    title = "Two-level Word Class Categorization Model in Analytic Languages and Its Implications for {POS} Tagging in Modern {C}hinese Corpora",
    author = "Wang, Renqiang  and
      Huang, Changning",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{yao-2015-review,
    title = "A Review of Corpus-based Statistical Models of Language Variation",
    author = "Yao, Yao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1002",
    pages = "11--15",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-translation,
    title = "Translation of Unseen Bigrams by Analogy Using an {SVM} Classifier",
    author = "Wang, Hao  and
      Lyu, Lu  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1003",
    pages = "16--25",
}
@inproceedings{meftouh-etal-2015-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation Experiments on {PADIC}: A Parallel {A}rabic {DI}alect Corpus",
    author = "Meftouh, Karima  and
      Harrat, Salima  and
      Jamoussi, Salma  and
      Abbas, Mourad  and
      Smaili, Kamel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1004",
    pages = "26--34",
}
@inproceedings{komiya-etal-2015-surrounding,
    title = "Surrounding Word Sense Model for {J}apanese All-words Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Komiya, Kanako  and
      Sasaki, Yuto  and
      Morita, Hajime  and
      Sasaki, Minoru  and
      Shinnou, Hiroyuki  and
      Kotani, Yoshiyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1005",
    pages = "35--43",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2015-computing,
    title = "Computing Semantic Text Similarity Using Rich Features",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Sun, Chengjie  and
      Lin, Lei  and
      Wang, Xiaolong  and
      Zhao, Yuming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1006",
    pages = "44--52",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-mechanical,
    title = "Mechanical Turk-based Experiment vs Laboratory-based Experiment: A Case Study on the Comparison of Semantic Transparency Rating Data",
    author = "Wang, Shichang  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Yao, Yao  and
      Chan, Angel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1007",
    pages = "53--62",
}
@inproceedings{otsuka-etal-2015-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Relation Recognition by Comparing Various Units of Sentence Expression with Recursive Neural Network",
    author = "Otsuka, Atsushi  and
      Hirano, Toru  and
      Miyazaki, Chiaki  and
      Masumura, Ryo  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Makino, Toshiro  and
      Matsuo, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1008",
    pages = "63--72",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2015-bidirectional,
    title = "Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Networks for Relation Classification",
    author = "Zhang, Shu  and
      Zheng, Dequan  and
      Hu, Xinchen  and
      Yang, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1009",
    pages = "73--78",
}
@inproceedings{fan-etal-2015-distant,
    title = "Distant Supervision for Entity Linking",
    author = "Fan, Miao  and
      Zhou, Qiang  and
      Zheng, Thomas Fang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1010",
    pages = "79--86",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2015-toward-algorithmic,
    title = "Toward Algorithmic Discovery of Biographical Information in Local Gazetteers of Ancient China",
    author = "Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Huang, Chih-Kai  and
      Wang, Hongsu  and
      Bol, Peter K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1011",
    pages = "87--95",
}
@inproceedings{takase-etal-2015-fast,
    title = "Fast and Large-scale Unsupervised Relation Extraction",
    author = "Takase, Sho  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1012",
    pages = "96--105",
}
@inproceedings{komatsu-etal-2015-reducing,
    title = "Reducing Lexical Features in Parsing by Word Embeddings",
    author = "Komatsu, Hiroya  and
      Tian, Ran  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1013",
    pages = "106--113",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-zhao-2015-high,
    title = "High-order Graph-based Neural Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Zhang, Zhisong  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1014",
    pages = "114--123",
}
@inproceedings{seraku-2015-dynamic,
    title = "A Dynamic Syntax Modelling of Postposing in {J}apanese Narratives",
    author = "Seraku, Tohru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1015",
    pages = "124--132",
}
@inproceedings{zennaki-etal-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised and Lightly Supervised Part-of-Speech Tagging Using Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Zennaki, Othman  and
      Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Besacier, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1016",
    pages = "133--142",
}
@inproceedings{li-jin-2015-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Prepositional Phrases in {C}hinese Patent Texts with Rule-based and {CRF} Methods",
    author = "Li, Hongzheng  and
      Jin, Yaohong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1017",
    pages = "143--149",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-komachi-2015-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Sentiment Classification with Stacked Denoising Auto-Encoder using Distributed Word Representation",
    author = "Zhang, Peinan  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1018",
    pages = "150--159",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2015-wikipedia,
    title = "Is {W}ikipedia Really Neutral? A Sentiment Perspective Study of War-related {W}ikipedia Articles since 1945",
    author = "Zhou, Yiwei  and
      Cristea, Alexandra  and
      Roberts, Zachary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1019",
    pages = "160--168",
}
@inproceedings{le-ho-2015-comprehensive,
    title = "A Comprehensive Filter Feature Selection for Improving Document Classification",
    author = "Le, Nguyen Hoai Nam  and
      Ho, Bao Quoc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1020",
    pages = "169--177",
}
@inproceedings{tungthamthiti-etal-2015-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analyzer with Rich Features for Ironic and Sarcastic Tweets",
    author = "Tungthamthiti, Piyoros  and
      Santus, Enrico  and
      Xu, Hongzhi  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Shirai, Kiyoaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1021",
    pages = "178--187",
}
@inproceedings{netisopakul-chattupan-2015-thai,
    title = "{T}hai Stock News Sentiment Classification using Wordpair Features",
    author = "Netisopakul, Ponrudee  and
      Chattupan, Apinan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1022",
    pages = "188--195",
}
@inproceedings{bayoudhi-etal-2015-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Classification of {A}rabic Documents: Experiments with multi-type features and ensemble algorithms",
    author = "Bayoudhi, Amine  and
      Ghorbel, Hatem  and
      Belguith, Lamia Hadrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1023",
    pages = "196--205",
}
@inproceedings{cong-etal-2015-invertible,
    title = "The Invertible Construction in {C}hinese",
    author = "Cong, Yan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Wee, Lian-Hee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1024",
    pages = "206--211",
}
@inproceedings{park-2015-pans,
    title = "Pan{'}s (2001) puzzle revisited",
    author = "Park, Hyunjun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1025",
    pages = "212--220",
}
@inproceedings{kamada-2015-english,
    title = "{E}nglish Right Dislocation",
    author = "Kamada, Kohji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1026",
    pages = "221--230",
}
@inproceedings{lau-lee-2015-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study on {M}andarin and {C}antonese Resultative Verb Compounds",
    author = "Lau, Helena Yan Ping  and
      Lee, Sophia Yat Mei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1027",
    pages = "231--239",
}
@inproceedings{lee-park-2015-complex,
    title = "Complex-{NP} Islands in {K}orean: An Experimental Approach",
    author = "Lee, Yong-hun  and
      Park, Yeonkyung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1028",
    pages = "240--249",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2015-two,
    title = "Two Types of Multiple Subject Constructions ({MSC}s) in {K}orean",
    author = "Kim, Ji-Hye  and
      Kim, Eunah  and
      Yoon, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1029",
    pages = "250--258",
}
@inproceedings{kyaw-thu-etal-2015-large,
    title = "A Large-scale Study of Statistical Machine Translation Methods for {K}hmer Language",
    author = "Kyaw Thu, Ye  and
      Chea, Vichet  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1030",
    pages = "259--269",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-english,
    title = "{E}nglish to {C}hinese Translation: How {C}hinese Character Matters",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Lu, Bao-Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1031",
    pages = "270--280",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-well,
    title = "Well-Formed Dependency to String translation with {BTG} Grammar",
    author = "Li, Xiaoqing  and
      Wang, Kun  and
      Zhang, Dakun  and
      Hao, Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1032",
    pages = "281--288",
}
@inproceedings{dabre-etal-2015-large,
    title = "Large-scale Dictionary Construction via Pivot-based Statistical Machine Translation with Significance Pruning and Neural Network Features",
    author = "Dabre, Raj  and
      Chu, Chenhui  and
      Cromieres, Fabien  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1033",
    pages = "289--297",
}
@inproceedings{prevot-etal-2015-annotation,
    title = "Annotation and Classification of {F}rench Feedback Communicative Functions",
    author = "Pr{\'e}vot, Laurent  and
      Gorisch, Jan  and
      Mukherjee, Sankar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1034",
    pages = "298--306",
}
@inproceedings{miyazaki-etal-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic conversion of sentence-end expressions for utterance characterization of dialogue systems",
    author = "Miyazaki, Chiaki  and
      Hirano, Toru  and
      Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Makino, Toshiro  and
      Matsuo, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1035",
    pages = "307--314",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2015-auditory,
    title = "Auditory Synaesthesia and Near Synonyms: A Corpus-Based Analysis of sheng1 and yin1 in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Zhao, Qingqing  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Xu, Hongzhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1036",
    pages = "315--322",
}
@inproceedings{tsukahara-uchiumi-2015-system,
    title = "System Utterance Generation by Label Propagation over Association Graph of Words and Utterance Patterns for Open-Domain Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Tsukahara, Hiroshi  and
      Uchiumi, Kei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1037",
    pages = "323--331",
}
@inproceedings{chang-chui-2015-cross,
    title = "The Cross-modal Representation of Metaphors",
    author = "Chang, Yutung  and
      Chui, Kawai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1038",
    pages = "332--340",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-reilly-2015-writing,
    title = "Writing to Read: the Case of {C}hinese",
    author = "Zhang, Qi  and
      Reilly, Ronan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1039",
    pages = "341--350",
}
@inproceedings{kotani-yoshimi-2015-design,
    title = "Design of a Learner Corpus for Listening and Speaking Performance",
    author = "Kotani, Katsunori  and
      Yoshimi, Takehiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1040",
    pages = "351--358",
}
@inproceedings{gao-guo-2015-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Infants{'} Language Development in Relation to Levels of Consciousness: An Approach in Building up an Agent-based Model",
    author = "Gao, Helena Hong  and
      Guo, Can",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1041",
    pages = "359--368",
}
@inproceedings{richardson-etal-2015-pivot,
    title = "Pivot-Based Topic Models for Low-Resource Lexicon Extraction",
    author = "Richardson, John  and
      Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1042",
    pages = "369--377",
}
@inproceedings{liu-2015-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-Based Study of zunshou and Its {E}nglish Equivalents",
    author = "Liu, Ying",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1043",
    pages = "378--386",
}
@inproceedings{elleuch-etal-2015-self,
    title = "Self Syntactico-Semantic Enrichment of {LMF} Normalized Dictionaries",
    author = "Elleuch, Imen  and
      Gargouri, Bilel  and
      Ben Hamadou, Abdelmajid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1044",
    pages = "387--395",
}
@inproceedings{duann-huang-2015-embodiment,
    title = "When Embodiment Meets Generative Lexicon: The Human Body Part Metaphors in Sinica Corpus",
    author = "Duann, Ren-feng  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1045",
    pages = "396--403",
}
@inproceedings{oda-2015-degree,
    title = "Degree Variables by Choose Degree in Izyooni {`}than{'}-Clauses",
    author = "Oda, Toshiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1046",
    pages = "404--412",
}
@inproceedings{park-choi-2015-voice,
    title = "Not Voice but Case Identity in {VP} Ellipsis of {E}nglish",
    author = "Park, Myungkwan  and
      Choi, Sunjoo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1047",
    pages = "413--421",
}
@inproceedings{kim-park-2015-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Modeling of the Correlation between Island Effects and Working-memory Capacity for {L}2 Learners",
    author = "Kim, Euhee  and
      Park, Myungkwan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1048",
    pages = "422--430",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-huang-2015-de,
    title = "De-verbalization and Nominal Categories in {M}andarin {C}hinese: A corpus-driven study in both Mainland {M}andarin and Taiwan {M}andarin",
    author = "Xiong, Jiajuan  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1049",
    pages = "431--438",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2015-zero,
    title = "Zero Object Resolution in {K}orean",
    author = "Park, Arum  and
      Lim, Seunghee  and
      Hong, Munpyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1050",
    pages = "439--448",
}
@inproceedings{wu-matsumoto-2015-improved,
    title = "An Improved Hierarchical Word Sequence Language Model Using Directional Information",
    author = "Wu, Xiaoyi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1051",
    pages = "449--454",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-neural,
    title = "Neural Network Language Model for {C}hinese Pinyin Input Method Engine",
    author = "Chen, Shenyuan  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Wang, Rui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1052",
    pages = "455--461",
}
@inproceedings{tu-etal-2015-real,
    title = "Real-time Detection and Sorting of News on Microblogging Platforms",
    author = "Tu, Wenting  and
      Cheung, David  and
      Mamoulis, Nikos  and
      Yang, Min  and
      Lu, Ziyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1053",
    pages = "462--470",
}
@inproceedings{kurihara-shimada-2015-trouble,
    title = "Trouble information extraction based on a bootstrap approach from Twitter",
    author = "Kurihara, Kohei  and
      Shimada, Kazutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1054",
    pages = "471--479",
}
@inproceedings{hu-tanida-2015-using,
    title = "Using Twitter Data to Infer Personal Values of {J}apanese Consumers",
    author = "Hu, Yinjun  and
      Tanida, Yasuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1055",
    pages = "480--487",
}
@inproceedings{fujinuma-etal-2015-distant,
    title = "Distant-supervised Language Model for Detecting Emotional Upsurge on Twitter",
    author = "Fujinuma, Yoshinari  and
      Yokono, Hikaru  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-G{\'o}mez, Pascual  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1056",
    pages = "488--495",
}
@inproceedings{shinnou-etal-2015-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Method of Semi-supervised Learning and Feature Weighted Learning for Domain Adaptation of Document Classification",
    author = "Shinnou, Hiroyuki  and
      Xiao, Liying  and
      Sasaki, Minoru  and
      Komiya, Kanako",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1057",
    pages = "496--503",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-son-etal-2015-paraphrase,
    title = "Paraphrase Detection Based on Identical Phrase and Similar Word Matching",
    author = "Nguyen-Son, Hoang-Quoc  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Echizen, Isao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1058",
    pages = "504--512",
}
@inproceedings{nakamuta-shimada-2015-multi,
    title = "Multi-aspects Rating Prediction Using Aspect Words and Sentences",
    author = "Nakamuta, Takuto  and
      Shimada, Kazutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1059",
    pages = "513--521",
}
@inproceedings{kamath-etal-2015-understanding,
    title = "Understanding Rating Behaviour and Predicting Ratings by Identifying Representative Users",
    author = "Kamath, Rahul  and
      Ochi, Masanao  and
      Matsuo, Yutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1060",
    pages = "522--528",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2015-cross,
    title = "Cross-lingual Pseudo Relevance Feedback Based on Weak Relevant Topic Alignment",
    author = "Wang, Xuwen  and
      Zhang, Qiang  and
      Wang, Xiaojie  and
      Li, Junlian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1061",
    pages = "529--534",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2015-corpus,
    title = "Corpus annotation with a linguistic analysis of the associations between event mentions and spatial expressions",
    author = "Chung, Jin-Woo  and
      You, Jinseon  and
      Park, Jong C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1062",
    pages = "535--543",
}
@inproceedings{mizuno-etal-2015-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Complex Negation on Twitter",
    author = "Mizuno, Junta  and
      Kruengkrai, Canasai  and
      Ohtake, Kiyonori  and
      Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Kloetzer, Julien  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1063",
    pages = "544--552",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2015-topic,
    title = "Topic Model for Identifying Suicidal Ideation in {C}hinese Microblog",
    author = "Huang, Xiaolei  and
      Li, Xin  and
      Liu, Tianli  and
      Chiu, David  and
      Zhu, Tingshao  and
      Zhang, Lei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1064",
    pages = "553--562",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2015-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Sector Index Movement with Microblogging Public Mood Time Series on Social Issues",
    author = "Lu, Yujie  and
      Guo, Jinlong  and
      Sakamoto, Kotaro  and
      Shibuki, Hideyuki  and
      Mori, Tatsunori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-1065",
    pages = "563--571",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2015-pacific-asia,
    title = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    author = "Zhao, Hai",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2000",
}
@inproceedings{fukuoka-shirai-2015-identification,
    title = "Identification of Sympathy in Free Conversation",
    author = "Fukuoka, Tomotaka  and
      Shirai, Kiyoaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-2015-toward,
    title = "Toward a Corpus of {C}antonese Verbal Comments and their Classification by Multi-dimensional Analysis",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2002",
    pages = "10--18",
}
@inproceedings{jeong-etal-2015-improved,
    title = "Improved Entity Linking with User History and News Articles",
    author = "Jeong, Soyun  and
      Park, Youngmin  and
      Kang, Sangwoo  and
      Seo, Jungyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2003",
    pages = "19--26",
}
@inproceedings{chuang-hsieh-2015-arguing,
    title = "An Arguing Lexicon for Stance Classification on Short Text Comments in {C}hinese",
    author = "Chuang, Ju-han  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2004",
    pages = "27--36",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning Sentential Patterns of Various Rhetoric Moves for Assisted Academic Writing",
    author = "Chang, Jim  and
      Hsu, Hsiang-Ling  and
      Boisson, Joanne  and
      Peng, Hao-Chun  and
      Wu, Yu-Hsuan  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2005",
    pages = "37--45",
}
@inproceedings{chae-2015-idioms,
    title = "{I}dioms: Formally Flexible but Semantically Non-transparent",
    author = "Chae, Hee-Rahk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2006",
    pages = "46--54",
}
@inproceedings{son-2015-asymmetries,
    title = "Asymmetries in Scrambling and Distinctness of Copies",
    author = "Son, Gwangrak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2007",
    pages = "55--63",
}
@inproceedings{uehara-etal-2015-detecting,
    title = "Detecting an Infant{'}s Developmental Reactions in Reviews on Picture Books",
    author = "Uehara, Hiroshi  and
      Baba, Mizuho  and
      Utsuro, Takehito",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2008",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{choi-etal-2015-semi,
    title = "Semi-automatic Filtering of Translation Errors in Triangle Corpus",
    author = "Choi, Sung-Kwon  and
      Shin, Jong-Hun  and
      Kim, Young-Gil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2009",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2015-cross,
    title = "Cross-language Projection of Dependency Trees for Tree-to-tree Machine Translation",
    author = "Shen, Yu  and
      Chu, Chenhui  and
      Cromieres, Fabien  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2010",
    pages = "80--88",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2015-realignment,
    title = "Realignment from Finer-grained Alignment to Coarser-grained Alignment to Enhance {M}ongolian-{C}hinese {SMT}",
    author = "Wu, Jing  and
      Hou, Hongxu  and
      Xie, Congjiao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2011",
    pages = "89--95",
}
@inproceedings{islam-dundua-2015-finding,
    title = "Finding the Origin of a Translated Historical Document",
    author = "Islam, Zahrul  and
      Dundua, Natia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2012",
    pages = "96--105",
}
@inproceedings{semmar-etal-2015-improving,
    title = "Improving the Performance of an Example-Based Machine Translation System Using a Domain-specific Bilingual Lexicon",
    author = "Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Zennaki, Othman  and
      Laib, Meriama",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2013",
    pages = "106--115",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2015-multifactorial,
    title = "A Multifactorial Analysis of {E}nglish Particle Movement in {K}orean {EFL} Learners{'} Writings",
    author = "Lee, Gyu-Hyeong  and
      Kim, Ha-Eung  and
      Lee, Yong-hun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2014",
    pages = "116--124",
}
@inproceedings{komai-etal-2015-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Annotation for Phrasal Verbs using Dependency Information",
    author = "Komai, Masayuki  and
      Shindo, Hiroyuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2015",
    pages = "125--131",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2015-color,
    title = "Color Aesthetics and Social Networks in Complete Tang Poems: Explorations and Discoveries",
    author = "Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Wang, Hongsu  and
      Cheng, Wen-Huei  and
      Hsu, Chu-Ting  and
      Chiu, Wei-Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2016",
    pages = "132--141",
}
@inproceedings{do-choi-2015-korean,
    title = "{K}orean Twitter Emotion Classification Using Automatically Built Emotion Lexicons and Fine-Grained Features",
    author = "Do, Hyo Jin  and
      Choi, Ho-Jin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2017",
    pages = "142--150",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-etal-2015-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation based on analogy and majority voting",
    author = "Zheng, Zongrong  and
      Wang, Yi  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2018",
    pages = "151--156",
}
@inproceedings{el-defrawy-etal-2015-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Root Extractors Using Light Stemmers",
    author = "El-Defrawy, Mahmoud  and
      El-Sonbaty, Yasser  and
      Belal, Nahla",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2019",
    pages = "157--166",
}
@inproceedings{takehisa-2015-morphological,
    title = "Where Morphological Complexity Matters",
    author = "Takehisa, Tomokazu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2020",
    pages = "167--175",
}
@inproceedings{hacohen-kerner-etal-2015-distinguishing,
    title = "Distinguishing between True and False Stories using various Linguistic Features",
    author = "Hacohen-Kerner, Yaakov  and
      Dilmon, Rakefet  and
      Friedlich, Shimon  and
      Cohen, Daniel Nisim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2021",
    pages = "176--186",
}
@inproceedings{mahesh-etal-2015-bilingually,
    title = "Bilingually motivated segmentation and generation of word translations using relatively small translation data sets",
    author = "Mahesh, Kavitha Karimbi  and
      Gomes, Lu{\'\i}s  and
      Lopes, Jos{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2022",
    pages = "187--196",
}
@inproceedings{perera-nand-2015-selecting,
    title = "Selecting Contextual Peripheral Information for Answer Presentation: The Need for Pragmatic Models",
    author = "Perera, Rivindu  and
      Nand, Parma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2023",
    pages = "197--205",
}
@inproceedings{perera-nand-2015-realtext,
    title = "{R}eal{T}ext-asg: A Model to Present Answers Utilizing the Linguistic Structure of Source Question",
    author = "Perera, Rivindu  and
      Nand, Parma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2024",
    pages = "206--214",
}
@inproceedings{shinnou-etal-2015-learning,
    title = "Learning under Covariate Shift for Domain Adaptation for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Shinnou, Hiroyuki  and
      Sasaki, Minoru  and
      Komiya, Kanako",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2025",
    pages = "215--223",
}
@inproceedings{kouno-etal-2015-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Word Sense Disambiguation using Stacked Denoising Autoencoder",
    author = "Kouno, Kazuhei  and
      Shinnou, Hiroyuki  and
      Sasaki, Minoru  and
      Komiya, Kanako",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2026",
    pages = "224--231",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2015-construction,
    title = "Construction of Semantic Collocation Bank Based on Semantic Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Liu, Shijun  and
      Shao, Yanqiu  and
      Ding, Yu  and
      Zheng, Lijuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2027",
    pages = "232--240",
}
@inproceedings{wu-2015-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Semantics for Intensification and Epistemic Necessity: The Case of Y{\'\i}d{\`\i}ng and Sh{\`\i}b{\`\i} in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Wu, Jiun-Shiung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2028",
    pages = "241--248",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-liu-2015-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-based Comparatively Study on the Semantic Features and Syntactic patterns of Y{\`o}u/H{\'a}i in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Zhang, Yuncui  and
      Liu, Pengyuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2029",
    pages = "249--257",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2015-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study on Sentiment Classification of {C}hinese Review using Word Embedding",
    author = "Lin, Yiou  and
      Lei, Hang  and
      Wu, Jia  and
      Li, Xiaoyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2030",
    pages = "258--266",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2015-polarity,
    title = "Polarity Classification of Short Product Reviews via Multiple Cluster-based {SVM} Classifiers",
    author = "Song, Jiaying  and
      He, Yu  and
      Fu, Guohong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2031",
    pages = "267--274",
}
@inproceedings{hacohen-kerner-hagege-2015-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Classification of Spoken Languages using Diverse Acoustic Features",
    author = "Hacohen-Kerner, Yaakov  and
      Hagege, Ruben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2032",
    pages = "275--285",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2015-syntactic,
    title = "The Syntactic and Semantic Analysis of H{\v{e}}n X Constructions in Spoken Corpora",
    author = "Chen, Yen-ju  and
      Lai, Huei-ling  and
      Hsu, Shao-chun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2033",
    pages = "286--292",
}
@inproceedings{munthuli-etal-2015-methods,
    title = "Methods and Tool for Constructing Phonetically-Balanced Materials for Speech Perception Testing: A Development of {T}hai Sentence-Length Materials",
    author = "Munthuli, Adirek  and
      Tantibundhit, Charturong  and
      Onsuwan, Chutamanee  and
      Kosawat, Krit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2034",
    pages = "293--301",
}
@inproceedings{neergaard-huang-2015-graph,
    title = "Graph Theoretic Features of the Adult Mental lexicon Predict Language Production in {M}andarin: Clustering Coefficient",
    author = "Neergaard, Karl  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2035",
    pages = "302--308",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2015-feature,
    title = "Feature Reduction Using Ensemble Approach",
    author = "Xia, Yingju  and
      Hou, Cuiqin  and
      Xu, Zhuoran  and
      Sun, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2036",
    pages = "309--318",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2015-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Popularity of Machine-Generated Sentences Using Term Count, Document Frequency, and Dependency Language Model",
    author = "Kim, Jong Myoung  and
      Park, Hancheol  and
      Jeong, Young-Seob  and
      Choi, Ho-Jin  and
      Gweon, Gahgene  and
      Hur, Jeong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2037",
    pages = "319--327",
}
@inproceedings{iwai-etal-2015-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring distributed representations for verb-object pairs by using word2vec",
    author = "Iwai, Miki  and
      Ninomiya, Takashi  and
      Kageura, Kyo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2038",
    pages = "328--336",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-dependency-parsing,
    title = "Dependency parsing for {C}hinese long sentence: A second-stage main structure parsing method",
    author = "Li, Bo  and
      Long, Yunfei  and
      Qu, Weiguang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2039",
    pages = "337--344",
}
@inproceedings{wang-zhao-2015-light,
    title = "A Light Rule-based Approach to {E}nglish Subject-Verb Agreement Errors on the Third Person Singular Forms",
    author = "Wang, Yuzhu  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2040",
    pages = "345--353",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2015-machine,
    title = "A Machine Learning Method to Distinguish Machine Translation from Human Translation",
    author = "Li, Yitong  and
      Wang, Rui  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters",
    month = oct,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Shanghai, China",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y15-2041",
    pages = "354--360",
}
@proceedings{paclic-2001-pacific-asia,
    title = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    author = "T{'}sou, Benjamin K.  and
      Kwong, Olivia O.Y.  and
      Lai, Tom B.Y.",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1000",
}
@inproceedings{fillmore-etal-2001-building,
    title = "Building a Large Lexical Databank Which Provides Deep Semantics",
    author = "Fillmore, Charles J.  and
      Wooters, Charles  and
      Baker, Collin F.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1001",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12202",
    pages = "3--26",
}
@inproceedings{ahrens-huang-2001-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of {E}nglish and {C}hinese Synonym Pairs : An Approach based on The Module-Attribute Representation of Verbal Semantics",
    author = "Ahrens, Kathleen  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1002",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12198",
    pages = "27--32",
}
@inproceedings{hui-2001-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Semantics from Collocation Clusters to Represent Verbs and Nouns",
    author = "Hui, Bowen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1003",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12206",
    pages = "33--44",
}
@inproceedings{kobayashi-yoshimoto-2001-parallel,
    title = "A Parallel Interpretation of Floated Quantifiers and Adverbials",
    author = "Kobayashi, Masahiro  and
      Yoshimoto, Kei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1004",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12209",
    pages = "45--52",
}
@inproceedings{sato-2001-else,
    title = "What else to quantify?",
    author = "Sato, Michiyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1005",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12210",
    pages = "53--60",
}
@inproceedings{di-sciullo-fong-2001-asymmetry,
    title = "Asymmetry, Zero Morphology and Tractability",
    author = "Di Sciullo, Anna Maria  and
      Fong, Sandiway",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1006",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12211",
    pages = "61--72",
}
@inproceedings{ishikawa-2001-emphatic,
    title = "Emphatic Particles and their Scopal Interactions in {J}apanese",
    author = "Ishikawa, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1007",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12212",
    pages = "73--84",
}
@inproceedings{kawamori-ikeya-2001-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Negative Polarity Items and Negative Concord",
    author = "Kawamori, Masahito  and
      Ikeya, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1008",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12213",
    pages = "85--96",
}
@inproceedings{chen-ker-2001-towards,
    title = "Towards a Conceptual Representation of Lexical Meaning in {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Chen, Jen-nan  and
      Ker, Sue J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1009",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12214",
    pages = "97--108",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-2001-forming,
    title = "Forming an Integrated Lexical Resource for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1010",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12183",
    pages = "109--120",
}
@inproceedings{koch-2001-principles,
    title = "Some Principles of Automated Natural Language Information Extraction",
    author = "Koch, Gregers",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1011",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12184",
    pages = "121--128",
}
@inproceedings{tanhermhong-etal-2001-structure,
    title = "A Structure-Shared Trie Compression Method",
    author = "Tanhermhong, Thanasan  and
      Theeramunkong, Thanaruk  and
      Chinnan, Wirat",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1012",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12185",
    pages = "129--138",
}
@inproceedings{hu-pan-2001-processing,
    title = "Processing Local Coherence of Discourse in Centering Theory",
    author = "Hu, Jianhua  and
      Pan, Haihua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1013",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12186",
    pages = "139--150",
}
@inproceedings{lee-lee-2001-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Structure on Discourse Level within the Controlled Information Packaging Theory",
    author = "Lee, Ik-Hwan  and
      Lee, Minhaeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1014",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12187",
    pages = "151--162",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-2001-highlighting,
    title = "Highlighting Utterances in {C}hinese Spoken Discourse",
    author = "Tseng, Shu-Chuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1015",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12188",
    pages = "163--174",
}
@inproceedings{fujinami-2001-decidable,
    title = "A Decidable Linear Logic for Speech Translation",
    author = "Fujinami, Tsutomu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1016",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12189",
    pages = "175--186",
}
@inproceedings{deng-etal-2001-building,
    title = "Building domain-independent text generation system",
    author = "Deng, XinYu  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Nakamura, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1017",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12190",
    pages = "187--194",
}
@inproceedings{inaba-2001-vowel,
    title = "Vowel Shortening and Surface Ternary Feet : Ternary Rhythm Through Strictly Binary Footing",
    author = "Inaba, Seiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1018",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12191",
    pages = "195--202",
}
@inproceedings{lai-ahrens-2001-mappings,
    title = "Mappings From the Source Domain of Plant in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Lai, Vicky Tzuyin  and
      Ahrens, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1019",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12192",
    pages = "203--210",
}
@inproceedings{yoo-2001-floating,
    title = "Floating Quantifiers and Lexical Specification of Quantifier Retrieval",
    author = "Yoo, Eun-Jung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1020",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12193",
    pages = "211--222",
}
@inproceedings{harada-honda-2001-pragmatic,
    title = "Pragmatic Inference with Conditionals and Concessives in {J}apanese",
    author = "Harada, Yasunari  and
      Honda, Kumiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1021",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12194",
    pages = "223--234",
}
@inproceedings{okabe-2001-semantics,
    title = "On the Semantics of {J}apanese Particles wa and mo and Their Interaction with Quantifiers",
    author = "Okabe, Ryoya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1022",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12195",
    pages = "235--246",
}
@inproceedings{cho-choe-2001-nominal,
    title = "Nominal Markers and Word Order in {K}orean",
    author = "Cho, Sae-Youn  and
      Choe, Jong-Joo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1023",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12196",
    pages = "247--258",
}
@inproceedings{singhapreecha-2001-thai,
    title = "{T}hai Classifiers and the Structure of Complex {T}hai Nominals",
    author = "Singhapreecha, Pornsiri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1024",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12197",
    pages = "259--270",
}
@inproceedings{kim-2001-negation,
    title = "Negation, {VP} Ellipsis, and {VP} Fronting in {E}nglish : A Construction-{HPSG} Analysis",
    author = "Kim, Jong-Bok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1025",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12199",
    pages = "271--282",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-2001-feature,
    title = "Feature Percolation, Movement and Cross-Linguistic Variation in Pied-Piping",
    author = "Yoon, Jeong-Me",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1026",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12200",
    pages = "283--292",
}
@inproceedings{park-2001-gerundive,
    title = "Gerundive Complements in {E}nglish : A Constraint-Based Analysis",
    author = "Park, Byung-Soo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1027",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12201",
    pages = "293--304",
}
@inproceedings{miyata-etal-2001-hpsg,
    title = "An {HPSG} Account of the Hierarchical Clause Formation in {J}apanese : {HPSG}-Based {J}apanese Grammar for Practical Parsing",
    author = "Miyata, Takashi  and
      Otani, Akira  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1028",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12203",
    pages = "305--316",
}
@inproceedings{kikuta-2001-japanese,
    title = "The {J}apanese Internally-Headed Relative Clause as a Marked Head-Complement Structure",
    author = "Kikuta, Chiharu Uda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1029",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12204",
    pages = "317--324",
}
@inproceedings{kim-2001-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Properties and Endocentricity of {E}nglish Gerunds",
    author = "Kim, Yong-Beom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1030",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12205",
    pages = "325--332",
}
@inproceedings{inui-kotani-2001-robust,
    title = "Robust N-gram Based Syntactic Analysis Using Segmentation Words",
    author = "Inui, Nobuo  and
      Kotani, Yoshiyuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1031",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12207",
    pages = "333--344",
}
@inproceedings{streiter-2001-recursive,
    title = "Recursive Top-down Fuzzy Match : New Perspectives on Memory-based Parsing",
    author = "Streiter, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "2001",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "City University of Hong Kong",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y01-1032",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12208",
    pages = "345--356",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2018-2018,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-label-aware,
    title = "Label-Aware Double Transfer Learning for Cross-Specialty Medical Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Wang, Zhenghui  and
      Qu, Yanru  and
      Chen, Liheng  and
      Shen, Jian  and
      Zhang, Weinan  and
      Zhang, Shaodian  and
      Gao, Yimei  and
      Gu, Gen  and
      Chen, Ken  and
      Yu, Yong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1001",
    pages = "1--15",
    abstract = "We study the problem of named entity recognition (NER) from electronic medical records, which is one of the most fundamental and critical problems for medical text mining. Medical records which are written by clinicians from different specialties usually contain quite different terminologies and writing styles. The difference of specialties and the cost of human annotation makes it particularly difficult to train a universal medical NER system. In this paper, we propose a label-aware double transfer learning framework (La-DTL) for cross-specialty NER, so that a medical NER system designed for one specialty could be conveniently applied to another one with minimal annotation efforts. The transferability is guaranteed by two components: (i) we propose label-aware MMD for feature representation transfer, and (ii) we perform parameter transfer with a theoretical upper bound which is also label aware. We conduct extensive experiments on 12 cross-specialty NER tasks. The experimental results demonstrate that La-DTL provides consistent accuracy improvement over strong baselines. Besides, the promising experimental results on non-medical NER scenarios indicate that La-DTL is potential to be seamlessly adapted to a wide range of NER tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-barbosa-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Fine-Grained Entity Type Classification with Hierarchy-Aware Loss",
    author = "Xu, Peng  and
      Barbosa, Denilson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1002",
    pages = "16--25",
    abstract = "The task of Fine-grained Entity Type Classification (FETC) consists of assigning types from a hierarchy to entity mentions in text. Existing methods rely on distant supervision and are thus susceptible to noisy labels that can be out-of-context or overly-specific for the training sentence. Previous methods that attempt to address these issues do so with heuristics or with the help of hand-crafted features. Instead, we propose an end-to-end solution with a neural network model that uses a variant of cross-entropy loss function to handle out-of-context labels, and hierarchical loss normalization to cope with overly-specific ones. Also, previous work solve FETC a multi-label classification followed by ad-hoc post-processing. In contrast, our solution is more elegant: we use public word embeddings to train a single-label that jointly learns representations for entity mentions and their context. We show experimentally that our approach is robust against noise and consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art on established benchmarks for the task.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2018-joint,
    title = "Joint Bootstrapping Machines for High Confidence Relation Extraction",
    author = {Gupta, Pankaj  and
      Roth, Benjamin  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1003",
    pages = "26--36",
    abstract = "Semi-supervised bootstrapping techniques for relationship extraction from text iteratively expand a set of initial seed instances. Due to the lack of labeled data, a key challenge in bootstrapping is semantic drift: if a false positive instance is added during an iteration, then all following iterations are contaminated. We introduce BREX, a new bootstrapping method that protects against such contamination by highly effective confidence assessment. This is achieved by using entity and template seeds jointly (as opposed to just one as in previous work), by expanding entities and templates in parallel and in a mutually constraining fashion in each iteration and by introducing higherquality similarity measures for templates. Experimental results show that BREX achieves an F1 that is 0.13 (0.87 vs. 0.74) better than the state of the art for four relationships.",
}
@inproceedings{cotterell-eisner-2018-deep,
    title = "A Deep Generative Model of Vowel Formant Typology",
    author = "Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1004",
    pages = "37--46",
    abstract = "What makes some types of languages more probable than others? For instance, we know that almost all spoken languages contain the vowel phoneme /i/; why should that be? The field of linguistic typology seeks to answer these questions and, thereby, divine the mechanisms that underlie human language. In our work, we tackle the problem of vowel system typology, i.e., we propose a generative probability model of which vowels a language contains. In contrast to previous work, we work directly with the acoustic information{---}the first two formant values{---}rather than modeling discrete sets of symbols from the international phonetic alphabet. We develop a novel generative probability model and report results on over 200 languages.",
}
@inproceedings{kann-etal-2018-fortification,
    title = "Fortification of Neural Morphological Segmentation Models for Polysynthetic Minimal-Resource Languages",
    author = {Kann, Katharina  and
      Mager Hois, Jesus Manuel  and
      Meza-Ruiz, Ivan Vladimir  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1005",
    pages = "47--57",
    abstract = "Morphological segmentation for polysynthetic languages is challenging, because a word may consist of many individual morphemes and training data can be extremely scarce. Since neural sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models define the state of the art for morphological segmentation in high-resource settings and for (mostly) European languages, we first show that they also obtain competitive performance for Mexican polysynthetic languages in minimal-resource settings. We then propose two novel multi-task training approaches{---}one with, one without need for external unlabeled resources{---}, and two corresponding data augmentation methods, improving over the neural baseline for all languages. Finally, we explore cross-lingual transfer as a third way to fortify our neural model and show that we can train one single multi-lingual model for related languages while maintaining comparable or even improved performance, thus reducing the amount of parameters by close to 75{\%}. We provide our morphological segmentation datasets for Mexicanero, Nahuatl, Wixarika and Yorem Nokki for future research.",
}
@inproceedings{passban-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Character-Based Decoding Using Target-Side Morphological Information for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Passban, Peyman  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1006",
    pages = "58--68",
    abstract = "Recently, neural machine translation (NMT) has emerged as a powerful alternative to conventional statistical approaches. However, its performance drops considerably in the presence of morphologically rich languages (MRLs). Neural engines usually fail to tackle the large vocabulary and high out-of-vocabulary (OOV) word rate of MRLs. Therefore, it is not suitable to exploit existing word-based models to translate this set of languages. In this paper, we propose an extension to the state-of-the-art model of Chung et al. (2016), which works at the character level and boosts the decoder with target-side morphological information. In our architecture, an additional morphology table is plugged into the model. Each time the decoder samples from a target vocabulary, the table sends auxiliary signals from the most relevant affixes in order to enrich the decoder{'}s current state and constrain it to provide better predictions. We evaluated our model to translate English into German, Russian, and Turkish as three MRLs and observed significant improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2018-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Speech: a Neural Approach to Integrating Lexical and Acoustic-Prosodic Information",
    author = "Tran, Trang  and
      Toshniwal, Shubham  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Livescu, Karen  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1007",
    pages = "69--81",
    abstract = "In conversational speech, the acoustic signal provides cues that help listeners disambiguate difficult parses. For automatically parsing spoken utterances, we introduce a model that integrates transcribed text and acoustic-prosodic features using a convolutional neural network over energy and pitch trajectories coupled with an attention-based recurrent neural network that accepts text and prosodic features. We find that different types of acoustic-prosodic features are individually helpful, and together give statistically significant improvements in parse and disfluency detection F1 scores over a strong text-only baseline. For this study with known sentence boundaries, error analyses show that the main benefit of acoustic-prosodic features is in sentences with disfluencies, attachment decisions are most improved, and transcription errors obscure gains from prosody.",
}
@inproceedings{anastasopoulos-chiang-2018-tied,
    title = "Tied Multitask Learning for Neural Speech Translation",
    author = "Anastasopoulos, Antonios  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1008",
    pages = "82--91",
    abstract = "We explore multitask models for neural translation of speech, augmenting them in order to reflect two intuitive notions. First, we introduce a model where the second task decoder receives information from the decoder of the first task, since higher-level intermediate representations should provide useful information. Second, we apply regularization that encourages transitivity and invertibility. We show that the application of these notions on jointly trained models improves performance on the tasks of low-resource speech transcription and translation. It also leads to better performance when using attention information for word discovery over unsegmented input.",
}
@inproceedings{gillick-bamman-2018-please,
    title = "Please Clap: Modeling Applause in Campaign Speeches",
    author = "Gillick, Jon  and
      Bamman, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1009",
    pages = "92--102",
    abstract = "This work examines the rhetorical techniques that speakers employ during political campaigns. We introduce a new corpus of speeches from campaign events in the months leading up to the 2016 U.S. presidential election and develop new models for predicting moments of audience applause. In contrast to existing datasets, we tackle the challenge of working with transcripts that derive from uncorrected closed captioning, using associated audio recordings to automatically extract and align labels for instances of audience applause. In prediction experiments, we find that lexical features carry the most information, but that a variety of features are predictive, including prosody, long-term contextual dependencies, and theoretically motivated features designed to capture rhetorical techniques.",
}
@inproceedings{jo-etal-2018-attentive,
    title = "Attentive Interaction Model: Modeling Changes in View in Argumentation",
    author = "Jo, Yohan  and
      Poddar, Shivani  and
      Jeon, Byungsoo  and
      Shen, Qinlan  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1010",
    pages = "103--116",
    abstract = "We present a neural architecture for modeling argumentative dialogue that explicitly models the interplay between an Opinion Holder{'}s (OH{'}s) reasoning and a challenger{'}s argument, with the goal of predicting if the argument successfully changes the OH{'}s view. The model has two components: (1) vulnerable region detection, an attention model that identifies parts of the OH{'}s reasoning that are amenable to change, and (2) interaction encoding, which identifies the relationship between the content of the OH{'}s reasoning and that of the challenger{'}s argument. Based on evaluation on discussions from the Change My View forum on Reddit, the two components work together to predict an OH{'}s change in view, outperforming several baselines. A posthoc analysis suggests that sentences picked out by the attention model are addressed more frequently by successful arguments than by unsuccessful ones.",
}
@inproceedings{ziai-meurers-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Focus Annotation: Bringing Formal Pragmatics Alive in Analyzing the Information Structure of Authentic Data",
    author = "Ziai, Ramon  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1011",
    pages = "117--128",
    abstract = "Analyzing language in context, both from a theoretical and from a computational perspective, is receiving increased interest. Complementing the research in linguistics on discourse and information structure, in computational linguistics identifying discourse concepts was also shown to improve the performance of certain applications, for example, Short Answer Assessment systems (Ziai and Meurers, 2014). Building on the research that established detailed annotation guidelines for manual annotation of information structural concepts for written (Dipper et al., 2007; Ziai and Meurers, 2014) and spoken language data (Calhoun et al., 2010), this paper presents the first approach automating the analysis of focus in authentic written data. Our classification approach combines a range of lexical, syntactic, and semantic features to achieve an accuracy of 78.1{\%} for identifying focus.",
}
@inproceedings{rao-tetreault-2018-dear,
    title = "Dear Sir or Madam, May {I} Introduce the {GYAFC} Dataset: Corpus, Benchmarks and Metrics for Formality Style Transfer",
    author = "Rao, Sudha  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1012",
    pages = "129--140",
    abstract = "Style transfer is the task of automatically transforming a piece of text in one particular style into another. A major barrier to progress in this field has been a lack of training and evaluation datasets, as well as benchmarks and automatic metrics. In this work, we create the largest corpus for a particular stylistic transfer (formality) and show that techniques from the machine translation community can serve as strong baselines for future work. We also discuss challenges of using automatic metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{dai-huang-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Implicit Discourse Relation Classification by Modeling Inter-dependencies of Discourse Units in a Paragraph",
    author = "Dai, Zeyu  and
      Huang, Ruihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1013",
    pages = "141--151",
    abstract = "We argue that semantic meanings of a sentence or clause can not be interpreted independently from the rest of a paragraph, or independently from all discourse relations and the overall paragraph-level discourse structure. With the goal of improving implicit discourse relation classification, we introduce a paragraph-level neural networks that model inter-dependencies between discourse units as well as discourse relation continuity and patterns, and predict a sequence of discourse relations in a paragraph. Experimental results show that our model outperforms the previous state-of-the-art systems on the benchmark corpus of PDTB.",
}
@inproceedings{juraska-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "A Deep Ensemble Model with Slot Alignment for Sequence-to-Sequence Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Juraska, Juraj  and
      Karagiannis, Panagiotis  and
      Bowden, Kevin  and
      Walker, Marilyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1014",
    pages = "152--162",
    abstract = "Natural language generation lies at the core of generative dialogue systems and conversational agents. We describe an ensemble neural language generator, and present several novel methods for data representation and augmentation that yield improved results in our model. We test the model on three datasets in the restaurant, TV and laptop domains, and report both objective and subjective evaluations of our best model. Using a range of automatic metrics, as well as human evaluators, we show that our approach achieves better results than state-of-the-art models on the same datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-2018-melody,
    title = "A Melody-Conditioned Lyrics Language Model",
    author = "Watanabe, Kento  and
      Matsubayashi, Yuichiroh  and
      Fukayama, Satoru  and
      Goto, Masataka  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Nakano, Tomoyasu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1015",
    pages = "163--172",
    abstract = "This paper presents a novel, data-driven language model that produces entire lyrics for a given input melody. Previously proposed models for lyrics generation suffer from the inability of capturing the relationship between lyrics and melody partly due to the unavailability of lyrics-melody aligned data. In this study, we first propose a new practical method for creating a large collection of lyrics-melody aligned data and then create a collection of 1,000 lyrics-melody pairs augmented with precise syllable-note alignments and word/sentence/paragraph boundaries. We then provide a quantitative analysis of the correlation between word/sentence/paragraph boundaries in lyrics and melodies. We then propose an RNN-based lyrics language model conditioned on a featurized melody. Experimental results show that the proposed model generates fluent lyrics while maintaining the compatibility between boundaries of lyrics and melody structures.",
}
@inproceedings{bosselut-etal-2018-discourse,
    title = "Discourse-Aware Neural Rewards for Coherent Text Generation",
    author = "Bosselut, Antoine  and
      Celikyilmaz, Asli  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Gao, Jianfeng  and
      Huang, Po-Sen  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1016",
    pages = "173--184",
    abstract = "In this paper, we investigate the use of discourse-aware rewards with reinforcement learning to guide a model to generate long, coherent text. In particular, we propose to learn neural rewards to model cross-sentence ordering as a means to approximate desired discourse structure. Empirical results demonstrate that a generator trained with the learned reward produces more coherent and less repetitive text than models trained with cross-entropy or with reinforcement learning with commonly used scores as rewards.",
}
@inproceedings{fu-feng-2018-natural,
    title = "Natural Answer Generation with Heterogeneous Memory",
    author = "Fu, Yao  and
      Feng, Yansong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1017",
    pages = "185--195",
    abstract = "Memory augmented encoder-decoder framework has achieved promising progress for natural language generation tasks. Such frameworks enable a decoder to retrieve from a memory during generation. However, less research has been done to take care of the memory contents from different sources, which are often of heterogeneous formats. In this work, we propose a novel attention mechanism to encourage the decoder to actively interact with the memory by taking its heterogeneity into account. Our solution attends across the generated history and memory to explicitly avoid repetition, and introduce related knowledge to enrich our generated sentences. Experiments on the answer sentence generation task show that our method can effectively explore heterogeneous memory to produce readable and meaningful answer sentences while maintaining high coverage for given answer information.",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2018-query,
    title = "Query and Output: Generating Words by Querying Distributed Word Representations for Paraphrase Generation",
    author = "Ma, Shuming  and
      Sun, Xu  and
      Li, Wei  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Ren, Xuancheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1018",
    pages = "196--206",
    abstract = "Most recent approaches use the sequence-to-sequence model for paraphrase generation. The existing sequence-to-sequence model tends to memorize the words and the patterns in the training dataset instead of learning the meaning of the words. Therefore, the generated sentences are often grammatically correct but semantically improper. In this work, we introduce a novel model based on the encoder-decoder framework, called Word Embedding Attention Network (WEAN). Our proposed model generates the words by querying distributed word representations (i.e. neural word embeddings), hoping to capturing the meaning of the according words. Following previous work, we evaluate our model on two paraphrase-oriented tasks, namely text simplification and short text abstractive summarization. Experimental results show that our model outperforms the sequence-to-sequence baseline by the BLEU score of 6.3 and 5.5 on two English text simplification datasets, and the ROUGE-2 F1 score of 5.7 on a Chinese summarization dataset. Moreover, our model achieves state-of-the-art performances on these three benchmark datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{kriz-etal-2018-simplification,
    title = "Simplification Using Paraphrases and Context-Based Lexical Substitution",
    author = "Kriz, Reno  and
      Miltsakaki, Eleni  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1019",
    pages = "207--217",
    abstract = "Lexical simplification involves identifying complex words or phrases that need to be simplified, and recommending simpler meaning-preserving substitutes that can be more easily understood. We propose a complex word identification (CWI) model that exploits both lexical and contextual features, and a simplification mechanism which relies on a word-embedding lexical substitution model to replace the detected complex words with simpler paraphrases. We compare our CWI and lexical simplification models to several baselines, and evaluate the performance of our simplification system against human judgments. The results show that our models are able to detect complex words with higher accuracy than other commonly used methods, and propose good simplification substitutes in context. They also highlight the limited contribution of context features for CWI, which nonetheless improve simplification compared to context-unaware models.",
}
@inproceedings{elsahar-etal-2018-zero,
    title = "Zero-Shot Question Generation from Knowledge Graphs for Unseen Predicates and Entity Types",
    author = "Elsahar, Hady  and
      Gravier, Christophe  and
      Laforest, Frederique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1020",
    pages = "218--228",
    abstract = "We present a neural model for question generation from knowledge graphs triples in a {``}Zero-shot{''} setup, that is generating questions for predicate, subject types or object types that were not seen at training time. Our model leverages triples occurrences in the natural language corpus in a encoder-decoder architecture, paired with an original part-of-speech copy action mechanism to generate questions. Benchmark and human evaluation show that our model outperforms state-of-the-art on this task.",
}
@inproceedings{amorim-etal-2018-automated,
    title = "Automated Essay Scoring in the Presence of Biased Ratings",
    author = "Amorim, Evelin  and
      Can{\c{c}}ado, Marcia  and
      Veloso, Adriano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1021",
    pages = "229--237",
    abstract = "Studies in Social Sciences have revealed that when people evaluate someone else, their evaluations often reflect their biases. As a result, rater bias may introduce highly subjective factors that make their evaluations inaccurate. This may affect automated essay scoring models in many ways, as these models are typically designed to model (potentially biased) essay raters. While there is sizeable literature on rater effects in general settings, it remains unknown how rater bias affects automated essay scoring. To this end, we present a new annotated corpus containing essays and their respective scores. Different from existing corpora, our corpus also contains comments provided by the raters in order to ground their scores. We present features to quantify rater bias based on their comments, and we found that rater bias plays an important role in automated essay scoring. We investigated the extent to which rater bias affects models based on hand-crafted features. Finally, we propose to rectify the training set by removing essays associated with potentially biased scores while learning the scoring model.",
}
@inproceedings{bhagavatula-etal-2018-content,
    title = "Content-Based Citation Recommendation",
    author = "Bhagavatula, Chandra  and
      Feldman, Sergey  and
      Power, Russell  and
      Ammar, Waleed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1022",
    pages = "238--251",
    abstract = "We present a content-based method for recommending citations in an academic paper draft. We embed a given query document into a vector space, then use its nearest neighbors as candidates, and rerank the candidates using a discriminative model trained to distinguish between observed and unobserved citations. Unlike previous work, our method does not require metadata such as author names which can be missing, e.g., during the peer review process. Without using metadata, our method outperforms the best reported results on PubMed and DBLP datasets with relative improvements of over 18{\%} in F1@20 and over 22{\%} in MRR. We show empirically that, although adding metadata improves the performance on standard metrics, it favors self-citations which are less useful in a citation recommendation setup. We release an online portal for citation recommendation based on our method, (URL: \url{http://bit.ly/citeDemo}) and a new dataset OpenCorpus of 7 million research articles to facilitate future research on this task.",
}
@inproceedings{khashabi-etal-2018-looking,
    title = "Looking Beyond the Surface: A Challenge Set for Reading Comprehension over Multiple Sentences",
    author = "Khashabi, Daniel  and
      Chaturvedi, Snigdha  and
      Roth, Michael  and
      Upadhyay, Shyam  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1023",
    pages = "252--262",
    abstract = "We present a reading comprehension challenge in which questions can only be answered by taking into account information from multiple sentences. We solicit and verify questions and answers for this challenge through a 4-step crowdsourcing experiment. Our challenge dataset contains 6,500+ questions for 1000+ paragraphs across 7 different domains (elementary school science, news, travel guides, fiction stories, etc) bringing in linguistic diversity to the texts and to the questions wordings. On a subset of our dataset, we found human solvers to achieve an F1-score of 88.1{\%}. We analyze a range of baselines, including a recent state-of-art reading comprehension system, and demonstrate the difficulty of this challenge, despite a high human performance. The dataset is the first to study multi-sentence inference at scale, with an open-ended set of question types that requires reasoning skills.",
}
@inproceedings{farag-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Automated Essay Scoring and Coherence Modeling for Adversarially Crafted Input",
    author = "Farag, Youmna  and
      Yannakoudakis, Helen  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1024",
    pages = "263--271",
    abstract = "We demonstrate that current state-of-the-art approaches to Automated Essay Scoring (AES) are not well-suited to capturing adversarially crafted input of grammatical but incoherent sequences of sentences. We develop a neural model of local coherence that can effectively learn connectedness features between sentences, and propose a framework for integrating and jointly training the local coherence model with a state-of-the-art AES model. We evaluate our approach against a number of baselines and experimentally demonstrate its effectiveness on both the AES task and the task of flagging adversarial input, further contributing to the development of an approach that strengthens the validity of neural essay scoring models.",
}
@inproceedings{grangier-auli-2018-quickedit,
    title = "{Q}uick{E}dit: Editing Text {\&} Translations by Crossing Words Out",
    author = "Grangier, David  and
      Auli, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1025",
    pages = "272--282",
    abstract = "We propose a framework for computer-assisted text editing. It applies to translation post-editing and to paraphrasing. Our proposal relies on very simple interactions: a human editor modifies a sentence by marking tokens they would like the system to change. Our model then generates a new sentence which reformulates the initial sentence by avoiding marked words. The approach builds upon neural sequence-to-sequence modeling and introduces a neural network which takes as input a sentence along with change markers. Our model is trained on translation bitext by simulating post-edits. We demonstrate the advantage of our approach for translation post-editing through simulated post-edits. We also evaluate our model for paraphrasing through a user study.",
}
@inproceedings{sen-etal-2018-tempo,
    title = "Tempo-Lexical Context Driven Word Embedding for Cross-Session Search Task Extraction",
    author = "Sen, Procheta  and
      Ganguly, Debasis  and
      Jones, Gareth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1026",
    pages = "283--292",
    abstract = "Task extraction is the process of identifying search intents over a set of queries potentially spanning multiple search sessions. Most existing research on task extraction has focused on identifying tasks within a single session, where the notion of a session is defined by a fixed length time window. By contrast, in this work we seek to identify tasks that span across multiple sessions. To identify tasks, we conduct a global analysis of a query log in its entirety without restricting analysis to individual temporal windows. To capture inherent task semantics, we represent queries as vectors in an abstract space. We learn the embedding of query words in this space by leveraging the temporal and lexical contexts of queries. Embedded query vectors are then clustered into tasks. Experiments demonstrate that task extraction effectiveness is improved significantly with our proposed method of query vector embedding in comparison to existing approaches that make use of documents retrieved from a collection to estimate semantic similarities between queries.",
}
@inproceedings{rei-sogaard-2018-zero,
    title = "Zero-Shot Sequence Labeling: Transferring Knowledge from Sentences to Tokens",
    author = "Rei, Marek  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1027",
    pages = "293--302",
    abstract = "Can attention- or gradient-based visualization techniques be used to infer token-level labels for binary sequence tagging problems, using networks trained only on sentence-level labels? We construct a neural network architecture based on soft attention, train it as a binary sentence classifier and evaluate against token-level annotation on four different datasets. Inferring token labels from a network provides a method for quantitatively evaluating what the model is learning, along with generating useful feedback in assistance systems. Our results indicate that attention-based methods are able to predict token-level labels more accurately, compared to gradient-based methods, sometimes even rivaling the supervised oracle network.",
}
@inproceedings{stathopoulos-etal-2018-variable,
    title = "Variable Typing: Assigning Meaning to Variables in Mathematical Text",
    author = "Stathopoulos, Yiannos  and
      Baker, Simon  and
      Rei, Marek  and
      Teufel, Simone",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1028",
    pages = "303--312",
    abstract = "Information about the meaning of mathematical variables in text is useful in NLP/IR tasks such as symbol disambiguation, topic modeling and mathematical information retrieval (MIR). We introduce \textit{variable typing}, the task of assigning one \textit{mathematical type} (multi-word technical terms referring to mathematical concepts) to each variable in a sentence of mathematical text. As part of this work, we also introduce a new annotated data set composed of 33,524 data points extracted from scientific documents published on arXiv. Our intrinsic evaluation demonstrates that our data set is sufficient to successfully train and evaluate current classifiers from three different model architectures. The best performing model is evaluated on an extrinsic task: MIR, by producing a \textit{typed formula index}. Our results show that the best performing MIR models make use of our typed index, compared to a formula index only containing raw symbols, thereby demonstrating the usefulness of variable typing.",
}
@inproceedings{k-m-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning beyond Datasets: Knowledge Graph Augmented Neural Networks for Natural Language Processing",
    author = "K M, Annervaz  and
      Basu Roy Chowdhury, Somnath  and
      Dukkipati, Ambedkar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1029",
    pages = "313--322",
    abstract = "Machine Learning has been the quintessential solution for many AI problems, but learning models are heavily dependent on specific training data. Some learning models can be incorporated with prior knowledge using a Bayesian setup, but these learning models do not have the ability to access any organized world knowledge on demand. In this work, we propose to enhance learning models with world knowledge in the form of Knowledge Graph (KG) fact triples for Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Our aim is to develop a deep learning model that can extract relevant prior support facts from knowledge graphs depending on the task using attention mechanism. We introduce a convolution-based model for learning representations of knowledge graph entity and relation clusters in order to reduce the attention space. We show that the proposed method is highly scalable to the amount of prior information that has to be processed and can be applied to any generic NLP task. Using this method we show significant improvement in performance for text classification with 20Newsgroups (News20) {\&} DBPedia datasets, and natural language inference with Stanford Natural Language Inference (SNLI) dataset. We also demonstrate that a deep learning model can be trained with substantially less amount of labeled training data, when it has access to organized world knowledge in the form of a knowledge base.",
}
@inproceedings{cocos-etal-2018-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Constraints for Taxonomic Organization",
    author = "Cocos, Anne  and
      Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1030",
    pages = "323--333",
    abstract = "Building a taxonomy from the ground up involves several sub-tasks: selecting terms to include, predicting semantic relations between terms, and selecting a subset of relational instances to keep, given constraints on the taxonomy graph. Methods for this final step {--} taxonomic organization {--} vary both in terms of the constraints they impose, and whether they enable discovery of synonymous terms. It is hard to isolate the impact of these factors on the quality of the resulting taxonomy because organization methods are rarely compared directly. In this paper, we present a head-to-head comparison of six taxonomic organization algorithms that vary with respect to their structural and transitivity constraints, and treatment of synonymy. We find that while transitive algorithms out-perform their non-transitive counterparts, the top-performing transitive algorithm is prohibitively slow for taxonomies with as few as 50 entities. We propose a simple modification to a non-transitive optimum branching algorithm to explicitly incorporate synonymy, resulting in a method that is substantially faster than the best transitive algorithm while giving complementary performance.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-chiang-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Lexical Choice in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Nguyen, Toan  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1031",
    pages = "334--343",
    abstract = "We explore two solutions to the problem of mistranslating rare words in neural machine translation. First, we argue that the standard output layer, which computes the inner product of a vector representing the context with all possible output word embeddings, rewards frequent words disproportionately, and we propose to fix the norms of both vectors to a constant value. Second, we integrate a simple lexical module which is jointly trained with the rest of the model. We evaluate our approaches on eight language pairs with data sizes ranging from 100k to 8M words, and achieve improvements of up to +4.3 BLEU, surpassing phrase-based translation in nearly all settings.",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2018-universal,
    title = "Universal Neural Machine Translation for Extremely Low Resource Languages",
    author = "Gu, Jiatao  and
      Hassan, Hany  and
      Devlin, Jacob  and
      Li, Victor O.K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1032",
    pages = "344--354",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a new universal machine translation approach focusing on languages with a limited amount of parallel data. Our proposed approach utilizes a transfer-learning approach to share lexical and sentence level representations across multiple source languages into one target language. The lexical part is shared through a Universal Lexical Representation to support multi-lingual word-level sharing. The sentence-level sharing is represented by a model of experts from all source languages that share the source encoders with all other languages. This enables the low-resource language to utilize the lexical and sentence representations of the higher resource languages. Our approach is able to achieve 23 BLEU on Romanian-English WMT2016 using a tiny parallel corpus of 6k sentences, compared to the 18 BLEU of strong baseline system which uses multi-lingual training and back-translation. Furthermore, we show that the proposed approach can achieve almost 20 BLEU on the same dataset through fine-tuning a pre-trained multi-lingual system in a zero-shot setting.",
}
@inproceedings{edunov-etal-2018-classical,
    title = "Classical Structured Prediction Losses for Sequence to Sequence Learning",
    author = "Edunov, Sergey  and
      Ott, Myle  and
      Auli, Michael  and
      Grangier, David  and
      Ranzato, Marc{'}Aurelio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1033",
    pages = "355--364",
    abstract = "There has been much recent work on training neural attention models at the sequence-level using either reinforcement learning-style methods or by optimizing the beam. In this paper, we survey a range of classical objective functions that have been widely used to train linear models for structured prediction and apply them to neural sequence to sequence models. Our experiments show that these losses can perform surprisingly well by slightly outperforming beam search optimization in a like for like setup. We also report new state of the art results on both IWSLT{'}14 German-English translation as well as Gigaword abstractive summarization. On the large WMT{'}14 English-French task, sequence-level training achieves 41.5 BLEU which is on par with the state of the art.",
}
@inproceedings{benton-dredze-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep {D}irichlet Multinomial Regression",
    author = "Benton, Adrian  and
      Dredze, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1034",
    pages = "365--374",
    abstract = "Dirichlet Multinomial Regression (DMR) and other supervised topic models can incorporate arbitrary document-level features to inform topic priors. However, their ability to model corpora are limited by the representation and selection of these features {--} a choice the topic modeler must make. Instead, we seek models that can learn the feature representations upon which to condition topic selection. We present deep Dirichlet Multinomial Regression (dDMR), a generative topic model that simultaneously learns document feature representations and topics. We evaluate dDMR on three datasets: New York Times articles with fine-grained tags, Amazon product reviews with product images, and Reddit posts with subreddit identity. dDMR learns representations that outperform DMR and LDA according to heldout perplexity and are more effective at downstream predictive tasks as the number of topics grows. Additionally, human subjects judge dDMR topics as being more representative of associated document features. Finally, we find that supervision leads to faster convergence as compared to an LDA baseline and that dDMR{'}s model fit is less sensitive to training parameters than DMR.",
}
@inproceedings{zeng-etal-2018-microblog,
    title = "Microblog Conversation Recommendation via Joint Modeling of Topics and Discourse",
    author = "Zeng, Xingshan  and
      Li, Jing  and
      Wang, Lu  and
      Beauchamp, Nicholas  and
      Shugars, Sarah  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1035",
    pages = "375--385",
    abstract = "Millions of conversations are generated every day on social media platforms. With limited attention, it is challenging for users to select which discussions they would like to participate in. Here we propose a new method for microblog conversation recommendation. While much prior work has focused on post-level recommendation, we exploit both the conversational context, and user content and behavior preferences. We propose a statistical model that jointly captures: (1) topics for representing user interests and conversation content, and (2) discourse modes for describing user replying behavior and conversation dynamics. Experimental results on two Twitter datasets demonstrate that our system outperforms methods that only model content without considering discourse.",
}
@inproceedings{habernal-etal-2018-name,
    title = "Before Name-Calling: Dynamics and Triggers of Ad Hominem Fallacies in Web Argumentation",
    author = "Habernal, Ivan  and
      Wachsmuth, Henning  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1036",
    pages = "386--396",
    abstract = "Arguing without committing a fallacy is one of the main requirements of an ideal debate. But even when debating rules are strictly enforced and fallacious arguments punished, arguers often lapse into attacking the opponent by an ad hominem argument. As existing research lacks solid empirical investigation of the typology of ad hominem arguments as well as their potential causes, this paper fills this gap by (1) performing several large-scale annotation studies, (2) experimenting with various neural architectures and validating our working hypotheses, such as controversy or reasonableness, and (3) providing linguistic insights into triggers of ad hominem using explainable neural network architectures.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-scene,
    title = "Scene Graph Parsing as Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Wang, Yu-Siang  and
      Liu, Chenxi  and
      Zeng, Xiaohui  and
      Yuille, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1037",
    pages = "397--407",
    abstract = "In this paper, we study the problem of parsing structured knowledge graphs from textual descriptions. In particular, we consider the scene graph representation that considers objects together with their attributes and relations: this representation has been proved useful across a variety of vision and language applications. We begin by introducing an alternative but equivalent edge-centric view of scene graphs that connect to dependency parses. Together with a careful redesign of label and action space, we combine the two-stage pipeline used in prior work (generic dependency parsing followed by simple post-processing) into one, enabling end-to-end training. The scene graphs generated by our learned neural dependency parser achieve an F-score similarity of 49.67{\%} to ground truth graphs on our evaluation set, surpassing best previous approaches by 5{\%}. We further demonstrate the effectiveness of our learned parser on image retrieval applications.",
}
@inproceedings{kiela-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Visually Grounded Sentence Representations",
    author = "Kiela, Douwe  and
      Conneau, Alexis  and
      Jabri, Allan  and
      Nickel, Maximilian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1038",
    pages = "408--418",
    abstract = "We investigate grounded sentence representations, where we train a sentence encoder to predict the image features of a given caption{---}i.e., we try to {``}imagine{''} how a sentence would be depicted visually{---}and use the resultant features as sentence representations. We examine the quality of the learned representations on a variety of standard sentence representation quality benchmarks, showing improved performance for grounded models over non-grounded ones. In addition, we thoroughly analyze the extent to which grounding contributes to improved performance, and show that the system also learns improved word embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{pezzelle-etal-2018-comparatives,
    title = "Comparatives, Quantifiers, Proportions: a Multi-Task Model for the Learning of Quantities from Vision",
    author = "Pezzelle, Sandro  and
      Sorodoc, Ionut-Teodor  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1039",
    pages = "419--430",
    abstract = "The present work investigates whether different quantification mechanisms (set comparison, vague quantification, and proportional estimation) can be jointly learned from visual scenes by a multi-task computational model. The motivation is that, in humans, these processes underlie the same cognitive, non-symbolic ability, which allows an automatic estimation and comparison of set magnitudes. We show that when information about lower-complexity tasks is available, the higher-level proportional task becomes more accurate than when performed in isolation. Moreover, the multi-task model is able to generalize to unseen combinations of target/non-target objects. Consistently with behavioral evidence showing the interference of absolute number in the proportional task, the multi-task model no longer works when asked to provide the number of target objects in the scene.",
}
@inproceedings{chao-etal-2018-negative,
    title = "Being Negative but Constructively: Lessons Learnt from Creating Better Visual Question Answering Datasets",
    author = "Chao, Wei-Lun  and
      Hu, Hexiang  and
      Sha, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1040",
    pages = "431--441",
    abstract = "Visual question answering (Visual QA) has attracted a lot of attention lately, seen essentially as a form of (visual) Turing test that artificial intelligence should strive to achieve. In this paper, we study a crucial component of this task: how can we design good datasets for the task? We focus on the design of multiple-choice based datasets where the learner has to select the right answer from a set of candidate ones including the target (i.e., the correct one) and the decoys (i.e., the incorrect ones). Through careful analysis of the results attained by state-of-the-art learning models and human annotators on existing datasets, we show that the design of the decoy answers has a significant impact on how and what the learning models learn from the datasets. In particular, the resulting learner can ignore the visual information, the question, or both while still doing well on the task. Inspired by this, we propose automatic procedures to remedy such design deficiencies. We apply the procedures to re-construct decoy answers for two popular Visual QA datasets as well as to create a new Visual QA dataset from the Visual Genome project, resulting in the largest dataset for this task. Extensive empirical studies show that the design deficiencies have been alleviated in the remedied datasets and the performance on them is likely a more faithful indicator of the difference among learning models. The datasets are released and publicly available via \url{http://www.teds.usc.edu/website_vqa/}.",
}
@inproceedings{issa-etal-2018-abstract,
    title = "Abstract Meaning Representation for Paraphrase Detection",
    author = "Issa, Fuad  and
      Damonte, Marco  and
      Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Yan, Xiaohui  and
      Chang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1041",
    pages = "442--452",
    abstract = {Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) parsing aims at abstracting away from the syntactic realization of a sentence, and denote only its meaning in a canonical form. As such, it is ideal for paraphrase detection, a problem in which one is required to specify whether two sentences have the same meaning. We show that na{\"\i}ve use of AMR in paraphrase detection is not necessarily useful, and turn to describe a technique based on latent semantic analysis in combination with AMR parsing that significantly advances state-of-the-art results in paraphrase detection for the Microsoft Research Paraphrase Corpus. Our best results in the transductive setting are 86.6{\%} for accuracy and 90.0{\%} for F$_1$ measure.},
}
@inproceedings{petroni-etal-2018-attr2vec,
    title = "attr2vec: Jointly Learning Word and Contextual Attribute Embeddings with Factorization Machines",
    author = "Petroni, Fabio  and
      Plachouras, Vassilis  and
      Nugent, Timothy  and
      Leidner, Jochen L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1042",
    pages = "453--462",
    abstract = "The widespread use of word embeddings is associated with the recent successes of many natural language processing (NLP) systems. The key approach of popular models such as word2vec and GloVe is to learn dense vector representations from the context of words. More recently, other approaches have been proposed that incorporate different types of contextual information, including topics, dependency relations, n-grams, and sentiment. However, these models typically integrate only limited additional contextual information, and often in ad hoc ways. In this work, we introduce attr2vec, a novel framework for jointly learning embeddings for words and contextual attributes based on factorization machines. We perform experiments with different types of contextual information. Our experimental results on a text classification task demonstrate that using attr2vec to jointly learn embeddings for words and Part-of-Speech (POS) tags improves results compared to learning the embeddings independently. Moreover, we use attr2vec to train dependency-based embeddings and we show that they exhibit higher similarity between functionally related words compared to traditional approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{jana-goyal-2018-network-embedding,
    title = "Can Network Embedding of Distributional Thesaurus Be Combined with Word Vectors for Better Representation?",
    author = "Jana, Abhik  and
      Goyal, Pawan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1043",
    pages = "463--473",
    abstract = "Distributed representations of words learned from text have proved to be successful in various natural language processing tasks in recent times. While some methods represent words as vectors computed from text using predictive model (Word2vec) or dense count based model (GloVe), others attempt to represent these in a distributional thesaurus network structure where the neighborhood of a word is a set of words having adequate context overlap. Being motivated by recent surge of research in network embedding techniques (DeepWalk, LINE, node2vec etc.), we turn a distributional thesaurus network into dense word vectors and investigate the usefulness of distributional thesaurus embedding in improving overall word representation. This is the first attempt where we show that combining the proposed word representation obtained by distributional thesaurus embedding with the state-of-the-art word representations helps in improving the performance by a significant margin when evaluated against NLP tasks like word similarity and relatedness, synonym detection, analogy detection. Additionally, we show that even without using any handcrafted lexical resources we can come up with representations having comparable performance in the word similarity and relatedness tasks compared to the representations where a lexical resource has been used.",
}
@inproceedings{rosenfeld-erk-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Neural Models of Semantic Shift",
    author = "Rosenfeld, Alex  and
      Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1044",
    pages = "474--484",
    abstract = "Diachronic distributional models track changes in word use over time. In this paper, we propose a deep neural network diachronic distributional model. Instead of modeling lexical change via a time series as is done in previous work, we represent time as a continuous variable and model a word{'}s usage as a function of time. Additionally, we have also created a novel synthetic task which measures a model{'}s ability to capture the semantic trajectory. This evaluation quantitatively measures how well a model captures the semantic trajectory of a word over time. Finally, we explore how well the derivatives of our model can be used to measure the speed of lexical change.",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2018-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Inclusion Vector Embedding for Unsupervised Hypernymy Detection",
    author = "Chang, Haw-Shiuan  and
      Wang, Ziyun  and
      Vilnis, Luke  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1045",
    pages = "485--495",
    abstract = "Modeling hypernymy, such as poodle is-a dog, is an important generalization aid to many NLP tasks, such as entailment, relation extraction, and question answering. Supervised learning from labeled hypernym sources, such as WordNet, limits the coverage of these models, which can be addressed by learning hypernyms from unlabeled text. Existing unsupervised methods either do not scale to large vocabularies or yield unacceptably poor accuracy. This paper introduces distributional inclusion vector embedding (DIVE), a simple-to-implement unsupervised method of hypernym discovery via per-word non-negative vector embeddings which preserve the inclusion property of word contexts. In experimental evaluations more comprehensive than any previous literature of which we are aware{---}evaluating on 11 datasets using multiple existing as well as newly proposed scoring functions{---}we find that our method provides up to double the precision of previous unsupervised methods, and the highest average performance, using a much more compact word representation, and yielding many new state-of-the-art results.",
}
@inproceedings{chinnappa-blanco-2018-mining,
    title = "Mining Possessions: Existence, Type and Temporal Anchors",
    author = "Chinnappa, Dhivya  and
      Blanco, Eduardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1046",
    pages = "496--505",
    abstract = "This paper presents a corpus and experiments to mine possession relations from text. Specifically, we target alienable and control possessions, and assign temporal anchors indicating when the possession holds between possessor and possessee. We present new annotations for this task, and experimental results using both traditional classifiers and neural networks. Results show that the three subtasks (predicting possession existence, possession type and temporal anchors) can be automated.",
}
@inproceedings{ishihara-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Tensor Networks with Diagonal Slice Matrices",
    author = "Ishihara, Takahiro  and
      Hayashi, Katsuhiko  and
      Manabe, Hitoshi  and
      Shimbo, Masashi  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1047",
    pages = "506--515",
    abstract = "Although neural tensor networks (NTNs) have been successful in many NLP tasks, they require a large number of parameters to be estimated, which often leads to overfitting and a long training time. We address these issues by applying eigendecomposition to each slice matrix of a tensor to reduce its number of paramters. First, we evaluate our proposed NTN models on knowledge graph completion. Second, we extend the models to recursive NTNs (RNTNs) and evaluate them on logical reasoning tasks. These experiments show that our proposed models learn better and faster than the original (R)NTNs.",
}
@inproceedings{vulic-etal-2018-post,
    title = "Post-Specialisation: Retrofitting Vectors of Words Unseen in Lexical Resources",
    author = "Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1048",
    pages = "516--527",
    abstract = "Word vector specialisation (also known as retrofitting) is a portable, light-weight approach to fine-tuning arbitrary distributional word vector spaces by injecting external knowledge from rich lexical resources such as WordNet. By design, these post-processing methods only update the vectors of words occurring in external lexicons, leaving the representations of all unseen words intact. In this paper, we show that constraint-driven vector space specialisation can be extended to unseen words. We propose a novel post-specialisation method that: a) preserves the useful linguistic knowledge for seen words; while b) propagating this external signal to unseen words in order to improve their vector representations as well. Our post-specialisation approach explicits a non-linear specialisation function in the form of a deep neural network by learning to predict specialised vectors from their original distributional counterparts. The learned function is then used to specialise vectors of unseen words. This approach, applicable to any post-processing model, yields considerable gains over the initial specialisation models both in intrinsic word similarity tasks, and in two downstream tasks: dialogue state tracking and lexical text simplification. The positive effects persist across three languages, demonstrating the importance of specialising the full vocabulary of distributional word vector spaces.",
}
@inproceedings{pagliardini-etal-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Sentence Embeddings Using Compositional n-Gram Features",
    author = "Pagliardini, Matteo  and
      Gupta, Prakhar  and
      Jaggi, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1049",
    pages = "528--540",
    abstract = "The recent tremendous success of unsupervised word embeddings in a multitude of applications raises the obvious question if similar methods could be derived to improve embeddings (i.e. semantic representations) of word sequences as well. We present a simple but efficient unsupervised objective to train distributed representations of sentences. Our method outperforms the state-of-the-art unsupervised models on most benchmark tasks, highlighting the robustness of the produced general-purpose sentence embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Domain Representation for Multi-Domain Sentiment Classification",
    author = "Liu, Qi  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Liu, Jiangming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1050",
    pages = "541--550",
    abstract = "Training data for sentiment analysis are abundant in multiple domains, yet scarce for other domains. It is useful to leveraging data available for all existing domains to enhance performance on different domains. We investigate this problem by learning domain-specific representations of input sentences using neural network. In particular, a descriptor vector is learned for representing each domain, which is used to map adversarially trained domain-general Bi-LSTM input representations into domain-specific representations. Based on this model, we further expand the input representation with exemplary domain knowledge, collected by attending over a memory network of domain training data. Results show that our model outperforms existing methods on multi-domain sentiment analysis significantly, giving the best accuracies on two different benchmarks.",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2018-learning-sentence,
    title = "Learning Sentence Representations over Tree Structures for Target-Dependent Classification",
    author = "Duan, Junwen  and
      Ding, Xiao  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1051",
    pages = "551--560",
    abstract = "Target-dependent classification tasks, such as aspect-level sentiment analysis, perform fine-grained classifications towards specific targets. Semantic compositions over tree structures are promising for such tasks, as they can potentially capture long-distance interactions between targets and their contexts. However, previous work that operates on tree structures resorts to syntactic parsers or Treebank annotations, which are either subject to noise in informal texts or highly expensive to obtain. To address above issues, we propose a reinforcement learning based approach, which automatically induces target-specific sentence representations over tree structures. The underlying model is a RNN encoder-decoder that explores possible binary tree structures and a reward mechanism that encourages structures that improve performances on downstream tasks. We evaluate our approach on two benchmark tasks: firm-specific cumulative abnormal return prediction (based on formal news texts) and aspect-level sentiment analysis (based on informal social media texts). Experimental results show that our model gives superior performances compared to previous work that operates on parsed trees. Moreover, our approach gives some intuitions on how target-specific sentence representations can be achieved from its word constituents.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2018-relevant,
    title = "Relevant Emotion Ranking from Text Constrained with Emotion Relationships",
    author = "Zhou, Deyu  and
      Yang, Yang  and
      He, Yulan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1052",
    pages = "561--571",
    abstract = "Text might contain or invoke multiple emotions with varying intensities. As such, emotion detection, to predict multiple emotions associated with a given text, can be cast into a multi-label classification problem. We would like to go one step further so that a ranked list of relevant emotions are generated where top ranked emotions are more intensely associated with text compared to lower ranked emotions, whereas the rankings of irrelevant emotions are not important. A novel framework of relevant emotion ranking is proposed to tackle the problem. In the framework, the objective loss function is designed elaborately so that both emotion prediction and rankings of only relevant emotions can be achieved. Moreover, we observe that some emotions co-occur more often while other emotions rarely co-exist. Such information is incorporated into the framework as constraints to improve the accuracy of emotion detection. Experimental results on two real-world corpora show that the proposed framework can effectively deal with emotion detection and performs remarkably better than the state-of-the-art emotion detection approaches and multi-label learning methods.",
}
@inproceedings{akhtar-etal-2018-solving,
    title = "Solving Data Sparsity for Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis Using Cross-Linguality and Multi-Linguality",
    author = "Akhtar, Md Shad  and
      Sawant, Palaash  and
      Sen, Sukanta  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1053",
    pages = "572--582",
    abstract = "Efficient word representations play an important role in solving various problems related to Natural Language Processing (NLP), data mining, text mining etc. The issue of data sparsity poses a great challenge in creating efficient word representation model for solving the underlying problem. The problem is more intensified in resource-poor scenario due to the absence of sufficient amount of corpus. In this work we propose to minimize the effect of data sparsity by leveraging bilingual word embeddings learned through a parallel corpus. We train and evaluate Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) based architecture for aspect level sentiment classification. The neural network architecture is further assisted by the hand-crafted features for the prediction. We show the efficacy of the proposed model against state-of-the-art methods in two experimental setups i.e. multi-lingual and cross-lingual.",
}
@inproceedings{marasovic-frank-2018-srl4orl,
    title = "{SRL}4{ORL}: Improving Opinion Role Labeling Using Multi-Task Learning with Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Marasovi{\'c}, Ana  and
      Frank, Anette",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1054",
    pages = "583--594",
    abstract = "For over a decade, machine learning has been used to extract opinion-holder-target structures from text to answer the question {``}Who expressed what kind of sentiment towards what?{''}. Recent neural approaches do not outperform the state-of-the-art feature-based models for Opinion Role Labeling (ORL). We suspect this is due to the scarcity of labeled training data and address this issue using different multi-task learning (MTL) techniques with a related task which has substantially more data, i.e. Semantic Role Labeling (SRL). We show that two MTL models improve significantly over the single-task model for labeling of both holders and targets, on the development and the test sets. We found that the vanilla MTL model, which makes predictions using only shared ORL and SRL features, performs the best. With deeper analysis we determine what works and what might be done to make further improvements for ORL.",
}
@inproceedings{junczys-dowmunt-etal-2018-approaching,
    title = "Approaching Neural Grammatical Error Correction as a Low-Resource Machine Translation Task",
    author = "Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin  and
      Grundkiewicz, Roman  and
      Guha, Shubha  and
      Heafield, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1055",
    pages = "595--606",
    abstract = "Previously, neural methods in grammatical error correction (GEC) did not reach state-of-the-art results compared to phrase-based statistical machine translation (SMT) baselines. We demonstrate parallels between neural GEC and low-resource neural MT and successfully adapt several methods from low-resource MT to neural GEC. We further establish guidelines for trustable results in neural GEC and propose a set of model-independent methods for neural GEC that can be easily applied in most GEC settings. Proposed methods include adding source-side noise, domain-adaptation techniques, a GEC-specific training-objective, transfer learning with monolingual data, and ensembling of independently trained GEC models and language models. The combined effects of these methods result in better than state-of-the-art neural GEC models that outperform previously best neural GEC systems by more than 10{\%} M{\mbox{$^2$}} on the CoNLL-2014 benchmark and 5.9{\%} on the JFLEG test set. Non-neural state-of-the-art systems are outperformed by more than 2{\%} on the CoNLL-2014 benchmark and by 4{\%} on JFLEG.",
}
@inproceedings{upadhyay-etal-2018-robust,
    title = "Robust Cross-Lingual Hypernymy Detection Using Dependency Context",
    author = "Upadhyay, Shyam  and
      Vyas, Yogarshi  and
      Carpuat, Marine  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1056",
    pages = "607--618",
    abstract = "Cross-lingual Hypernymy Detection involves determining if a word in one language ({``}fruit{''}) is a hypernym of a word in another language ({``}pomme{''} i.e. apple in French). The ability to detect hypernymy cross-lingually can aid in solving cross-lingual versions of tasks such as textual entailment and event coreference. We propose BiSparse-Dep, a family of unsupervised approaches for cross-lingual hypernymy detection, which learns sparse, bilingual word embeddings based on dependency contexts. We show that BiSparse-Dep can significantly improve performance on this task, compared to approaches based only on lexical context. Our approach is also robust, showing promise for low-resource settings: our dependency-based embeddings can be learned using a parser trained on related languages, with negligible loss in performance. We also crowd-source a challenging dataset for this task on four languages {--} Russian, French, Arabic, and Chinese. Our embeddings and datasets are publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{xie-etal-2018-noising,
    title = "Noising and Denoising Natural Language: Diverse Backtranslation for Grammar Correction",
    author = "Xie, Ziang  and
      Genthial, Guillaume  and
      Xie, Stanley  and
      Ng, Andrew  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1057",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1057",
    pages = "619--628",
    abstract = "Translation-based methods for grammar correction that directly map noisy, ungrammatical text to their clean counterparts are able to correct a broad range of errors; however, such techniques are bottlenecked by the need for a large parallel corpus of noisy and clean sentence pairs. In this paper, we consider synthesizing parallel data by noising a clean monolingual corpus. While most previous approaches introduce perturbations using features computed from local context windows, we instead develop error generation processes using a neural sequence transduction model trained to translate clean examples to their noisy counterparts. Given a corpus of clean examples, we propose beam search noising procedures to synthesize additional noisy examples that human evaluators were nearly unable to discriminate from nonsynthesized examples. Surprisingly, when trained on additional data synthesized using our best-performing noising scheme, our model approaches the same performance as when trained on additional nonsynthesized data.",
}
@inproceedings{sachan-xing-2018-self,
    title = "Self-Training for Jointly Learning to Ask and Answer Questions",
    author = "Sachan, Mrinmaya  and
      Xing, Eric",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1058",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1058",
    pages = "629--640",
    abstract = "Building curious machines that can answer as well as ask questions is an important challenge for AI. The two tasks of question answering and question generation are usually tackled separately in the NLP literature. At the same time, both require significant amounts of supervised data which is hard to obtain in many domains. To alleviate these issues, we propose a self-training method for jointly learning to ask as well as answer questions, leveraging unlabeled text along with labeled question answer pairs for learning. We evaluate our approach on four benchmark datasets: SQUAD, MS MARCO, WikiQA and TrecQA, and show significant improvements over a number of established baselines on both question answering and question generation tasks. We also achieved new state-of-the-art results on two competitive answer sentence selection tasks: WikiQA and TrecQA.",
}
@inproceedings{talmor-berant-2018-web,
    title = "The Web as a Knowledge-Base for Answering Complex Questions",
    author = "Talmor, Alon  and
      Berant, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1059",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1059",
    pages = "641--651",
    abstract = "Answering complex questions is a time-consuming activity for humans that requires reasoning and integration of information. Recent work on reading comprehension made headway in answering simple questions, but tackling complex questions is still an ongoing research challenge. Conversely, semantic parsers have been successful at handling compositionality, but only when the information resides in a target knowledge-base. In this paper, we present a novel framework for answering broad and complex questions, assuming answering simple questions is possible using a search engine and a reading comprehension model. We propose to decompose complex questions into a sequence of simple questions, and compute the final answer from the sequence of answers. To illustrate the viability of our approach, we create a new dataset of complex questions, ComplexWebQuestions, and present a model that decomposes questions and interacts with the web to compute an answer. We empirically demonstrate that question decomposition improves performance from 20.8 precision@1 to 27.5 precision@1 on this new dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2018-meaning,
    title = "A Meaning-Based Statistical {E}nglish Math Word Problem Solver",
    author = "Liang, Chao-Chun  and
      Wong, Yu-Shiang  and
      Lin, Yi-Chung  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1060",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1060",
    pages = "652--662",
    abstract = "We introduce MeSys, a meaning-based approach, for solving English math word problems (MWPs) via understanding and reasoning in this paper. It first analyzes the text, transforms both body and question parts into their corresponding logic forms, and then performs inference on them. The associated context of each quantity is represented with proposed role-tags (e.g., nsubj, verb, etc.), which provides the flexibility for annotating an extracted math quantity with its associated context information (i.e., the physical meaning of this quantity). Statistical models are proposed to select the operator and operands. A noisy dataset is designed to assess if a solver solves MWPs mainly via understanding or mechanical pattern matching. Experimental results show that our approach outperforms existing systems on both benchmark datasets and the noisy dataset, which demonstrates that the proposed approach understands the meaning of each quantity in the text more.",
}
@inproceedings{kamila-etal-2018-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Temporal Orientation and its Relationship with Psycho-Demographic Correlates",
    author = "Kamila, Sabyasachi  and
      Hasanuzzaman, Mohammed  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Way, Andy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1061",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1061",
    pages = "663--674",
    abstract = "Temporal orientation refers to an individual{'}s tendency to connect to the psychological concepts of past, present or future, and it affects personality, motivation, emotion, decision making and stress coping processes. The study of the social media users{'} psycho-demographic attributes from the perspective of human temporal orientation can be of utmost interest and importance to the business and administrative decision makers as it can provide an extra precious information for them to make informed decisions. In this paper, we propose a very first study to demonstrate the association between the sentiment view of the temporal orientation of the users and their different psycho-demographic attributes by analyzing their tweets. We first create a temporal orientation classifier in a minimally supervised way which classifies each tweet of the users in one of the three temporal categories, namely past, present, and future. A deep Bi-directional Long Short Term Memory (BLSTM) is used for the tweet classification task. Our tweet classifier achieves an accuracy of 78.27{\%} when tested on a manually created test set. We then determine the users{'} overall temporal orientation based on their tweets on the social media. The sentiment is added to the tweets at the fine-grained level where each temporal tweet is given a sentiment with either of the positive, negative or neutral. Our experiment reveals that depending upon the sentiment view of temporal orientation, a user{'}s attributes vary. We finally measure the correlation between the users{'} sentiment view of temporal orientation and their different psycho-demographic factors using regression.",
}
@inproceedings{torabi-asr-etal-2018-querying,
    title = "Querying Word Embeddings for Similarity and Relatedness",
    author = "Torabi Asr, Fatemeh  and
      Zinkov, Robert  and
      Jones, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1062",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1062",
    pages = "675--684",
    abstract = "Word embeddings obtained from neural network models such as Word2Vec Skipgram have become popular representations of word meaning and have been evaluated on a variety of word similarity and relatedness norming data. Skipgram generates a set of word and context embeddings, the latter typically discarded after training. We demonstrate the usefulness of context embeddings in predicting asymmetric association between words from a recently published dataset of production norms (Jouravlev {\&} McRae, 2016). Our findings suggest that humans respond with words closer to the cue within the context embedding space (rather than the word embedding space), when asked to generate thematically related words.",
}
@inproceedings{sulem-etal-2018-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Structural Evaluation for Text Simplification",
    author = "Sulem, Elior  and
      Abend, Omri  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1063",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1063",
    pages = "685--696",
    abstract = "Current measures for evaluating text simplification systems focus on evaluating lexical text aspects, neglecting its structural aspects. In this paper we propose the first measure to address structural aspects of text simplification, called SAMSA. It leverages recent advances in semantic parsing to assess simplification quality by decomposing the input based on its semantic structure and comparing it to the output. SAMSA provides a reference-less automatic evaluation procedure, avoiding the problems that reference-based methods face due to the vast space of valid simplifications for a given sentence. Our human evaluation experiments show both SAMSA{'}s substantial correlation with human judgments, as well as the deficiency of existing reference-based measures in evaluating structural simplification.",
}
@inproceedings{amplayo-etal-2018-entity,
    title = "Entity Commonsense Representation for Neural Abstractive Summarization",
    author = "Amplayo, Reinald Kim  and
      Lim, Seonjae  and
      Hwang, Seung-won",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1064",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1064",
    pages = "697--707",
    abstract = "A major proportion of a text summary includes important entities found in the original text. These entities build up the topic of the summary. Moreover, they hold commonsense information once they are linked to a knowledge base. Based on these observations, this paper investigates the usage of linked entities to guide the decoder of a neural text summarizer to generate concise and better summaries. To this end, we leverage on an off-the-shelf entity linking system (ELS) to extract linked entities and propose Entity2Topic (E2T), a module easily attachable to a sequence-to-sequence model that transforms a list of entities into a vector representation of the topic of the summary. Current available ELS{'}s are still not sufficiently effective, possibly introducing unresolved ambiguities and irrelevant entities. We resolve the imperfections of the ELS by (a) encoding entities with selective disambiguation, and (b) pooling entity vectors using firm attention. By applying E2T to a simple sequenceto-sequence model with attention mechanism as base model, we see significant improvements of the performance in the Gigaword (sentence to title) and CNN (long document to multi-sentence highlights) summarization datasets by at least 2 ROUGE points.",
}
@inproceedings{grusky-etal-2018-newsroom,
    title = "{N}ewsroom: A Dataset of 1.3 Million Summaries with Diverse Extractive Strategies",
    author = "Grusky, Max  and
      Naaman, Mor  and
      Artzi, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1065",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1065",
    pages = "708--719",
    abstract = "We present NEWSROOM, a summarization dataset of 1.3 million articles and summaries written by authors and editors in newsrooms of 38 major news publications. Extracted from search and social media metadata between 1998 and 2017, these high-quality summaries demonstrate high diversity of summarization styles. In particular, the summaries combine abstractive and extractive strategies, borrowing words and phrases from articles at varying rates. We analyze the extraction strategies used in NEWSROOM summaries against other datasets to quantify the diversity and difficulty of our new data, and train existing methods on the data to evaluate its utility and challenges. The dataset is available online at summari.es.",
}
@inproceedings{richardson-etal-2018-polyglot,
    title = "Polyglot Semantic Parsing in {API}s",
    author = "Richardson, Kyle  and
      Berant, Jonathan  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1066",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1066",
    pages = "720--730",
    abstract = "Traditional approaches to semantic parsing (SP) work by training individual models for each available parallel dataset of text-meaning pairs. In this paper, we explore the idea of polyglot semantic translation, or learning semantic parsing models that are trained on multiple datasets and natural languages. In particular, we focus on translating text to code signature representations using the software component datasets of Richardson and Kuhn (2017b,a). The advantage of such models is that they can be used for parsing a wide variety of input natural languages and output programming languages, or mixed input languages, using a single unified model. To facilitate modeling of this type, we develop a novel graph-based decoding framework that achieves state-of-the-art performance on the above datasets, and apply this method to two other benchmark SP tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{rudinger-etal-2018-neural-models,
    title = "Neural Models of Factuality",
    author = "Rudinger, Rachel  and
      White, Aaron Steven  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1067",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1067",
    pages = "731--744",
    abstract = "We present two neural models for event factuality prediction, which yield significant performance gains over previous models on three event factuality datasets: FactBank, UW, and MEANTIME. We also present a substantial expansion of the It Happened portion of the Universal Decompositional Semantics dataset, yielding the largest event factuality dataset to date. We report model results on this extended factuality dataset as well.",
}
@inproceedings{an-etal-2018-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Text-Enhanced Knowledge Graph Representation Learning",
    author = "An, Bo  and
      Chen, Bo  and
      Han, Xianpei  and
      Sun, Le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1068",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1068",
    pages = "745--755",
    abstract = "Previous representation learning techniques for knowledge graph representation usually represent the same entity or relation in different triples with the same representation, without considering the ambiguity of relations and entities. To appropriately handle the semantic variety of entities/relations in distinct triples, we propose an accurate text-enhanced knowledge graph representation learning method, which can represent a relation/entity with different representations in different triples by exploiting additional textual information. Specifically, our method enhances representations by exploiting the entity descriptions and triple-specific relation mention. And a mutual attention mechanism between relation mention and entity description is proposed to learn more accurate textual representations for further improving knowledge graph representation. Experimental results show that our method achieves the state-of-the-art performance on both link prediction and triple classification tasks, and significantly outperforms previous text-enhanced knowledge representation models.",
}
@inproceedings{yanaka-etal-2018-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of Phrase Correspondences Using Natural Deduction Proofs",
    author = "Yanaka, Hitomi  and
      Mineshima, Koji  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez-G{\'o}mez, Pascual  and
      Bekki, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1069",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1069",
    pages = "756--766",
    abstract = "How to identify, extract, and use phrasal knowledge is a crucial problem for the task of Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE). To solve this problem, we propose a method for detecting paraphrases via natural deduction proofs of semantic relations between sentence pairs. Our solution relies on a graph reformulation of partial variable unifications and an algorithm that induces subgraph alignments between meaning representations. Experiments show that our method can automatically detect various paraphrases that are absent from existing paraphrase databases. In addition, the detection of paraphrases using proof information improves the accuracy of RTE tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{mohtarami-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Stance Detection Using End-to-End Memory Networks",
    author = "Mohtarami, Mitra  and
      Baly, Ramy  and
      Glass, James  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1070",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1070",
    pages = "767--776",
    abstract = "We present an effective end-to-end memory network model that jointly (i) predicts whether a given document can be considered as relevant evidence for a given claim, and (ii) extracts snippets of evidence that can be used to reason about the factuality of the target claim. Our model combines the advantages of convolutional and recurrent neural networks as part of a memory network. We further introduce a similarity matrix at the inference level of the memory network in order to extract snippets of evidence for input claims more accurately. Our experiments on a public benchmark dataset, FakeNewsChallenge, demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2018-collective,
    title = "Collective Entity Disambiguation with Structured Gradient Tree Boosting",
    author = "Yang, Yi  and
      Irsoy, Ozan  and
      Rahman, Kazi Shefaet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1071",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1071",
    pages = "777--786",
    abstract = "We present a gradient-tree-boosting-based structured learning model for jointly disambiguating named entities in a document. Gradient tree boosting is a widely used machine learning algorithm that underlies many top-performing natural language processing systems. Surprisingly, most works limit the use of gradient tree boosting as a tool for regular classification or regression problems, despite the structured nature of language. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first one that employs the structured gradient tree boosting (SGTB) algorithm for collective entity disambiguation. By defining global features over previous disambiguation decisions and jointly modeling them with local features, our system is able to produce globally optimized entity assignments for mentions in a document. Exact inference is prohibitively expensive for our globally normalized model. To solve this problem, we propose Bidirectional Beam Search with Gold path (BiBSG), an approximate inference algorithm that is a variant of the standard beam search algorithm. BiBSG makes use of global information from both past and future to perform better local search. Experiments on standard benchmark datasets show that SGTB significantly improves upon published results. Specifically, SGTB outperforms the previous state-of-the-art neural system by near 1{\%} absolute accuracy on the popular AIDA-CoNLL dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{kolyvakis-etal-2018-deepalignment,
    title = "{D}eep{A}lignment: Unsupervised Ontology Matching with Refined Word Vectors",
    author = "Kolyvakis, Prodromos  and
      Kalousis, Alexandros  and
      Kiritsis, Dimitris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1072",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1072",
    pages = "787--798",
    abstract = "Ontologies compartmentalize types and relations in a target domain and provide the semantic backbone needed for a plethora of practical applications. Very often different ontologies are developed independently for the same domain. Such {``}parallel{''} ontologies raise the need for a process that will establish alignments between their entities in order to unify and extend the existing knowledge. In this work, we present a novel entity alignment method which we dub DeepAlignment. DeepAlignment refines pre-trained word vectors aiming at deriving ontological entity descriptions which are tailored to the ontology matching task. The absence of explicit information relevant to the ontology matching task during the refinement process makes DeepAlignment completely unsupervised. We empirically evaluate our method using standard ontology matching benchmarks. We present significant performance improvements over the current state-of-the-art, demonstrating the advantages that representation learning techniques bring to ontology matching.",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2018-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Sequence Learning with Group Recurrent Networks",
    author = "Gao, Fei  and
      Wu, Lijun  and
      Zhao, Li  and
      Qin, Tao  and
      Cheng, Xueqi  and
      Liu, Tie-Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1073",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1073",
    pages = "799--808",
    abstract = "Recurrent neural networks have achieved state-of-the-art results in many artificial intelligence tasks, such as language modeling, neural machine translation, speech recognition and so on. One of the key factors to these successes is big models. However, training such big models usually takes days or even weeks of time even if using tens of GPU cards. In this paper, we propose an efficient architecture to improve the efficiency of such RNN model training, which adopts the group strategy for recurrent layers, while exploiting the representation rearrangement strategy between layers as well as time steps. To demonstrate the advantages of our models, we conduct experiments on several datasets and tasks. The results show that our architecture achieves comparable or better accuracy comparing with baselines, with a much smaller number of parameters and at a much lower computational cost.",
}
@inproceedings{thorne-etal-2018-fever,
    title = "{FEVER}: a Large-scale Dataset for Fact Extraction and {VER}ification",
    author = "Thorne, James  and
      Vlachos, Andreas  and
      Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Mittal, Arpit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1074",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1074",
    pages = "809--819",
    abstract = "In this paper we introduce a new publicly available dataset for verification against textual sources, FEVER: Fact Extraction and VERification. It consists of 185,445 claims generated by altering sentences extracted from Wikipedia and subsequently verified without knowledge of the sentence they were derived from. The claims are classified as Supported, Refuted or NotEnoughInfo by annotators achieving 0.6841 in Fleiss kappa. For the first two classes, the annotators also recorded the sentence(s) forming the necessary evidence for their judgment. To characterize the challenge of the dataset presented, we develop a pipeline approach and compare it to suitably designed oracles. The best accuracy we achieve on labeling a claim accompanied by the correct evidence is 31.87{\%}, while if we ignore the evidence we achieve 50.91{\%}. Thus we believe that FEVER is a challenging testbed that will help stimulate progress on claim verification against textual sources.",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2018-global,
    title = "Global Relation Embedding for Relation Extraction",
    author = {Su, Yu  and
      Liu, Honglei  and
      Yavuz, Semih  and
      G{\"u}r, Izzeddin  and
      Sun, Huan  and
      Yan, Xifeng},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1075",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1075",
    pages = "820--830",
    abstract = "We study the problem of textual relation embedding with distant supervision. To combat the wrong labeling problem of distant supervision, we propose to embed textual relations with global statistics of relations, i.e., the co-occurrence statistics of textual and knowledge base relations collected from the entire corpus. This approach turns out to be more robust to the training noise introduced by distant supervision. On a popular relation extraction dataset, we show that the learned textual relation embedding can be used to augment existing relation extraction models and significantly improve their performance. Most remarkably, for the top 1,000 relational facts discovered by the best existing model, the precision can be improved from 83.9{\%} to 89.3{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-erk-2018-implicit,
    title = "Implicit Argument Prediction with Event Knowledge",
    author = "Cheng, Pengxiang  and
      Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1076",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1076",
    pages = "831--840",
    abstract = "Implicit arguments are not syntactically connected to their predicates, and are therefore hard to extract. Previous work has used models with large numbers of features, evaluated on very small datasets. We propose to train models for implicit argument prediction on a simple cloze task, for which data can be generated automatically at scale. This allows us to use a neural model, which draws on narrative coherence and entity salience for predictions. We show that our model has superior performance on both synthetic and natural data.",
}
@inproceedings{ning-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Temporal Relation Extraction with a Globally Acquired Statistical Resource",
    author = "Ning, Qiang  and
      Wu, Hao  and
      Peng, Haoruo  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1077",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1077",
    pages = "841--851",
    abstract = "Extracting temporal relations (before, after, overlapping, etc.) is a key aspect of understanding events described in natural language. We argue that this task would gain from the availability of a resource that provides prior knowledge in the form of the temporal order that events usually follow. This paper develops such a resource {--} a probabilistic knowledge base acquired in the news domain {--} by extracting temporal relations between events from the New York Times (NYT) articles over a 20-year span (1987{--}2007). We show that existing temporal extraction systems can be improved via this resource. As a byproduct, we also show that interesting statistics can be retrieved from this resource, which can potentially benefit other time-aware tasks. The proposed system and resource are both publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{moon-etal-2018-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Named Entity Recognition for Short Social Media Posts",
    author = "Moon, Seungwhan  and
      Neves, Leonardo  and
      Carvalho, Vitor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1078",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1078",
    pages = "852--860",
    abstract = "We introduce a new task called Multimodal Named Entity Recognition (MNER) for noisy user-generated data such as tweets or Snapchat captions, which comprise short text with accompanying images. These social media posts often come in inconsistent or incomplete syntax and lexical notations with very limited surrounding textual contexts, bringing significant challenges for NER. To this end, we create a new dataset for MNER called SnapCaptions (Snapchat image-caption pairs submitted to public and crowd-sourced stories with fully annotated named entities). We then build upon the state-of-the-art Bi-LSTM word/character based NER models with 1) a deep image network which incorporates relevant visual context to augment textual information, and 2) a generic \textit{modality-attention} module which learns to attenuate irrelevant modalities while amplifying the most informative ones to extract contexts from, adaptive to each sample and token. The proposed MNER model with modality attention significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art text-only NER models by successfully leveraging provided visual contexts, opening up potential applications of MNER on myriads of social media platforms.",
}
@inproceedings{katiyar-cardie-2018-nested,
    title = "Nested Named Entity Recognition Revisited",
    author = "Katiyar, Arzoo  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1079",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1079",
    pages = "861--871",
    abstract = "We propose a novel recurrent neural network-based approach to simultaneously handle nested named entity recognition and nested entity mention detection. The model learns a hypergraph representation for nested entities using features extracted from a recurrent neural network. In evaluations on three standard data sets, we show that our approach significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods, which are feature-based. The approach is also efficient: it operates linearly in the number of tokens and the number of possible output labels at any token. Finally, we present an extension of our model that jointly learns the head of each entity mention.",
}
@inproceedings{verga-etal-2018-simultaneously,
    title = "Simultaneously Self-Attending to All Mentions for Full-Abstract Biological Relation Extraction",
    author = "Verga, Patrick  and
      Strubell, Emma  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1080",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1080",
    pages = "872--884",
    abstract = "Most work in relation extraction forms a prediction by looking at a short span of text within a single sentence containing a single entity pair mention. This approach often does not consider interactions across mentions, requires redundant computation for each mention pair, and ignores relationships expressed across sentence boundaries. These problems are exacerbated by the document- (rather than sentence-) level annotation common in biological text. In response, we propose a model which simultaneously predicts relationships between all mention pairs in a document. We form pairwise predictions over entire paper abstracts using an efficient self-attention encoder. All-pairs mention scores allow us to perform multi-instance learning by aggregating over mentions to form entity pair representations. We further adapt to settings without mention-level annotation by jointly training to predict named entities and adding a corpus of weakly labeled data. In experiments on two Biocreative benchmark datasets, we achieve state of the art performance on the Biocreative V Chemical Disease Relation dataset for models without external KB resources. We also introduce a new dataset an order of magnitude larger than existing human-annotated biological information extraction datasets and more accurate than distantly supervised alternatives.",
}
@inproceedings{stanovsky-etal-2018-supervised,
    title = "Supervised Open Information Extraction",
    author = "Stanovsky, Gabriel  and
      Michael, Julian  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke  and
      Dagan, Ido",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1081",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1081",
    pages = "885--895",
    abstract = "We present data and methods that enable a supervised learning approach to Open Information Extraction (Open IE). Central to the approach is a novel formulation of Open IE as a sequence tagging problem, addressing challenges such as encoding multiple extractions for a predicate. We also develop a bi-LSTM transducer, extending recent deep Semantic Role Labeling models to extract Open IE tuples and provide confidence scores for tuning their precision-recall tradeoff. Furthermore, we show that the recently released Question-Answer Meaning Representation dataset can be automatically converted into an Open IE corpus which significantly increases the amount of available training data. Our supervised model outperforms the existing state-of-the-art Open IE systems on benchmark datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{gong-etal-2018-embedding,
    title = "Embedding Syntax and Semantics of Prepositions via Tensor Decomposition",
    author = "Gong, Hongyu  and
      Bhat, Suma  and
      Viswanath, Pramod",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1082",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1082",
    pages = "896--906",
    abstract = "Prepositions are among the most frequent words in English and play complex roles in the syntax and semantics of sentences. Not surprisingly, they pose well-known difficulties in automatic processing of sentences (prepositional attachment ambiguities and idiosyncratic uses in phrases). Existing methods on preposition representation treat prepositions no different from content words (e.g., word2vec and GloVe). In addition, recent studies aiming at solving prepositional attachment and preposition selection problems depend heavily on external linguistic resources and use dataset-specific word representations. In this paper we use \textit{word-triple} counts (one of the triples being a preposition) to capture a preposition{'}s interaction with its attachment and complement. We then derive preposition embeddings via tensor decomposition on a large unlabeled corpus. We reveal a new geometry involving Hadamard products and empirically demonstrate its utility in paraphrasing phrasal verbs. Furthermore, our preposition embeddings are used as simple features in two challenging downstream tasks: preposition selection and prepositional attachment disambiguation. We achieve results comparable to or better than the state-of-the-art on multiple standardized datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{bjerva-augenstein-2018-phonology,
    title = "From Phonology to Syntax: Unsupervised Linguistic Typology at Different Levels with Language Embeddings",
    author = "Bjerva, Johannes  and
      Augenstein, Isabelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1083",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1083",
    pages = "907--916",
    abstract = "A core part of linguistic typology is the classification of languages according to linguistic properties, such as those detailed in the World Atlas of Language Structure (WALS). Doing this manually is prohibitively time-consuming, which is in part evidenced by the fact that only 100 out of over 7,000 languages spoken in the world are fully covered in WALS. We learn distributed language representations, which can be used to predict typological properties on a massively multilingual scale. Additionally, quantitative and qualitative analyses of these language embeddings can tell us how language similarities are encoded in NLP models for tasks at different typological levels. The representations are learned in an unsupervised manner alongside tasks at three typological levels: phonology (grapheme-to-phoneme prediction, and phoneme reconstruction), morphology (morphological inflection), and syntax (part-of-speech tagging). We consider more than 800 languages and find significant differences in the language representations encoded, depending on the target task. For instance, although Norwegian Bokm{\aa}l and Danish are typologically close to one another, they are phonologically distant, which is reflected in their language embeddings growing relatively distant in a phonological task. We are also able to predict typological features in WALS with high accuracies, even for unseen language families.",
}
@inproceedings{keith-etal-2018-monte,
    title = "Monte {C}arlo Syntax Marginals for Exploring and Using Dependency Parses",
    author = "Keith, Katherine  and
      Blodgett, Su Lin  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1084",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1084",
    pages = "917--928",
    abstract = "Dependency parsing research, which has made significant gains in recent years, typically focuses on improving the accuracy of single-tree predictions. However, ambiguity is inherent to natural language syntax, and communicating such ambiguity is important for error analysis and better-informed downstream applications. In this work, we propose a transition sampling algorithm to sample from the full joint distribution of parse trees defined by a transition-based parsing model, and demonstrate the use of the samples in probabilistic dependency analysis. First, we define the new task of dependency path prediction, inferring syntactic substructures over part of a sentence, and provide the first analysis of performance on this task. Second, we demonstrate the usefulness of our Monte Carlo syntax marginal method for parser error analysis and calibration. Finally, we use this method to propagate parse uncertainty to two downstream information extraction applications: identifying persons killed by police and semantic role assignment.",
}
@inproceedings{lin-eisner-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Particle Smoothing for Sampling from Conditional Sequence Models",
    author = "Lin, Chu-Cheng  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1085",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1085",
    pages = "929--941",
    abstract = "We introduce neural particle smoothing, a sequential Monte Carlo method for sampling annotations of an input string from a given probability model. In contrast to conventional particle filtering algorithms, we train a proposal distribution that looks ahead to the end of the input string by means of a right-to-left LSTM. We demonstrate that this innovation can improve the quality of the sample. To motivate our formal choices, we explain how neural transduction models and our sampler can be viewed as low-dimensional but nonlinear approximations to working with HMMs over very large state spaces.",
}
@inproceedings{buys-blunsom-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Syntactic Generative Models with Exact Marginalization",
    author = "Buys, Jan  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1086",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1086",
    pages = "942--952",
    abstract = "We present neural syntactic generative models with exact marginalization that support both dependency parsing and language modeling. Exact marginalization is made tractable through dynamic programming over shift-reduce parsing and minimal RNN-based feature sets. Our algorithms complement previous approaches by supporting batched training and enabling online computation of next word probabilities. For supervised dependency parsing, our model achieves a state-of-the-art result among generative approaches. We also report empirical results on unsupervised syntactic models and their role in language modeling. We find that our model formulation of latent dependencies with exact marginalization do not lead to better intrinsic language modeling performance than vanilla RNNs, and that parsing accuracy is not correlated with language modeling perplexity in stack-based models.",
}
@inproceedings{zalmout-etal-2018-noise,
    title = "Noise-Robust Morphological Disambiguation for Dialectal {A}rabic",
    author = "Zalmout, Nasser  and
      Erdmann, Alexander  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1087",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1087",
    pages = "953--964",
    abstract = "User-generated text tends to be noisy with many lexical and orthographic inconsistencies, making natural language processing (NLP) tasks more challenging. The challenging nature of noisy text processing is exacerbated for dialectal content, where in addition to spelling and lexical differences, dialectal text is characterized with morpho-syntactic and phonetic variations. These issues increase sparsity in NLP models and reduce accuracy. We present a neural morphological tagging and disambiguation model for Egyptian Arabic, with various extensions to handle noisy and inconsistent content. Our models achieve about 5{\%} relative error reduction (1.1{\%} absolute improvement) for full morphological analysis, and around 22{\%} relative error reduction (1.8{\%} absolute improvement) for part-of-speech tagging, over a state-of-the-art baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Tweets into Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Liu, Yijia  and
      Zhu, Yi  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Schneider, Nathan  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1088",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1088",
    pages = "965--975",
    abstract = "We study the problem of analyzing tweets with universal dependencies (UD). We extend the UD guidelines to cover special constructions in tweets that affect tokenization, part-of-speech tagging, and labeled dependencies. Using the extended guidelines, we create a new tweet treebank for English (Tweebank v2) that is four times larger than the (unlabeled) Tweebank v1 introduced by Kong et al. (2014). We characterize the disagreements between our annotators and show that it is challenging to deliver consistent annotation due to ambiguity in understanding and explaining tweets. Nonetheless, using the new treebank, we build a pipeline system to parse raw tweets into UD. To overcome the annotation noise without sacrificing computational efficiency, we propose a new method to distill an ensemble of 20 transition-based parsers into a single one. Our parser achieves an improvement of 2.2 in LAS over the un-ensembled baseline and outperforms parsers that are state-of-the-art on other treebanks in both accuracy and speed.",
}
@inproceedings{yasunaga-etal-2018-robust,
    title = "Robust Multilingual Part-of-Speech Tagging via Adversarial Training",
    author = "Yasunaga, Michihiro  and
      Kasai, Jungo  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1089",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1089",
    pages = "976--986",
    abstract = "Adversarial training (AT) is a powerful regularization method for neural networks, aiming to achieve robustness to input perturbations. Yet, the specific effects of the robustness obtained from AT are still unclear in the context of natural language processing. In this paper, we propose and analyze a neural POS tagging model that exploits AT. In our experiments on the Penn Treebank WSJ corpus and the Universal Dependencies (UD) dataset (27 languages), we find that AT not only improves the overall tagging accuracy, but also 1) prevents over-fitting well in low resource languages and 2) boosts tagging accuracy for rare / unseen words. We also demonstrate that 3) the improved tagging performance by AT contributes to the downstream task of dependency parsing, and that 4) AT helps the model to learn cleaner word representations. 5) The proposed AT model is generally effective in different sequence labeling tasks. These positive results motivate further use of AT for natural language tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{bhat-etal-2018-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependency Parsing for {H}indi-{E}nglish Code-Switching",
    author = "Bhat, Irshad  and
      Bhat, Riyaz A.  and
      Shrivastava, Manish  and
      Sharma, Dipti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1090",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1090",
    pages = "987--998",
    abstract = "Code-switching is a phenomenon of mixing grammatical structures of two or more languages under varied social constraints. The code-switching data differ so radically from the benchmark corpora used in NLP community that the application of standard technologies to these data degrades their performance sharply. Unlike standard corpora, these data often need to go through additional processes such as language identification, normalization and/or back-transliteration for their efficient processing. In this paper, we investigate these indispensable processes and other problems associated with syntactic parsing of code-switching data and propose methods to mitigate their effects. In particular, we study dependency parsing of code-switching data of Hindi and English multilingual speakers from Twitter. We present a treebank of Hindi-English code-switching tweets under Universal Dependencies scheme and propose a neural stacking model for parsing that efficiently leverages the part-of-speech tag and syntactic tree annotations in the code-switching treebank and the preexisting Hindi and English treebanks. We also present normalization and back-transliteration models with a decoding process tailored for code-switching data. Results show that our neural stacking parser is 1.5{\%} LAS points better than the augmented parsing model and 3.8{\%} LAS points better than the one which uses first-best normalization and/or back-transliteration.",
}
@inproceedings{gaddy-etal-2018-whats,
    title = "What{'}s Going On in Neural Constituency Parsers? An Analysis",
    author = "Gaddy, David  and
      Stern, Mitchell  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1091",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1091",
    pages = "999--1010",
    abstract = "A number of differences have emerged between modern and classic approaches to constituency parsing in recent years, with structural components like grammars and feature-rich lexicons becoming less central while recurrent neural network representations rise in popularity. The goal of this work is to analyze the extent to which information provided directly by the model structure in classical systems is still being captured by neural methods. To this end, we propose a high-performance neural model (92.08 F1 on PTB) that is representative of recent work and perform a series of investigative experiments. We find that our model implicitly learns to encode much of the same information that was explicitly provided by grammars and lexicons in the past, indicating that this scaffolding can largely be subsumed by powerful general-purpose neural machinery.",
}
@inproceedings{rios-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Generative Model for Joint Alignment and Word Representation",
    author = "Rios, Miguel  and
      Aziz, Wilker  and
      Sima{'}an, Khalil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1092",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1092",
    pages = "1011--1023",
    abstract = "This work exploits translation data as a source of semantically relevant learning signal for models of word representation. In particular, we exploit equivalence through translation as a form of distributional context and jointly learn how to embed and align with a deep generative model. Our EmbedAlign model embeds words in their complete observed context and learns by marginalisation of latent lexical alignments. Besides, it embeds words as posterior probability densities, rather than point estimates, which allows us to compare words in context using a measure of overlap between distributions (e.g. KL divergence). We investigate our model{'}s performance on a range of lexical semantics tasks achieving competitive results on several standard benchmarks including natural language inference, paraphrasing, and text similarity.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Word Embeddings for Low-Resource Languages by {PU} Learning",
    author = "Jiang, Chao  and
      Yu, Hsiang-Fu  and
      Hsieh, Cho-Jui  and
      Chang, Kai-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1093",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1093",
    pages = "1024--1034",
    abstract = "Word embedding is a key component in many downstream applications in processing natural languages. Existing approaches often assume the existence of a large collection of text for learning effective word embedding. However, such a corpus may not be available for some low-resource languages. In this paper, we study how to effectively learn a word embedding model on a corpus with only a few million tokens. In such a situation, the co-occurrence matrix is sparse as the co-occurrences of many word pairs are unobserved. In contrast to existing approaches often only sample a few unobserved word pairs as negative samples, we argue that the zero entries in the co-occurrence matrix also provide valuable information. We then design a Positive-Unlabeled Learning (PU-Learning) approach to factorize the co-occurrence matrix and validate the proposed approaches in four different languages.",
}
@inproceedings{durmus-cardie-2018-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Role of Prior Beliefs for Argument Persuasion",
    author = "Durmus, Esin  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1094",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1094",
    pages = "1035--1045",
    abstract = "Public debate forums provide a common platform for exchanging opinions on a topic of interest. While recent studies in natural language processing (NLP) have provided empirical evidence that the language of the debaters and their patterns of interaction play a key role in changing the mind of a reader, research in psychology has shown that prior beliefs can affect our interpretation of an argument and could therefore constitute a competing alternative explanation for resistance to changing one{'}s stance. To study the actual effect of language use vs. prior beliefs on persuasion, we provide a new dataset and propose a controlled setting that takes into consideration two reader-level factors: political and religious ideology. We find that prior beliefs affected by these reader-level factors play a more important role than language use effects and argue that it is important to account for them in NLP studies of persuasion.",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-etal-2018-inducing,
    title = "Inducing a Lexicon of Abusive Words {--} a Feature-Based Approach",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Schmidt, Anna  and
      Greenberg, Clayton",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1095",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1095",
    pages = "1046--1056",
    abstract = "We address the detection of abusive words. The task is to identify such words among a set of negative polar expressions. We propose novel features employing information from both corpora and lexical resources. These features are calibrated on a small manually annotated base lexicon which we use to produce a large lexicon. We show that the word-level information we learn cannot be equally derived from a large dataset of annotated microposts. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our (domain-independent) lexicon in the cross-domain detection of abusive microposts.",
}
@inproceedings{prabhakaran-etal-2018-author,
    title = "Author Commitment and Social Power: Automatic Belief Tagging to Infer the Social Context of Interactions",
    author = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Ganeshkumar, Premkumar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1096",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1096",
    pages = "1057--1068",
    abstract = "Understanding how social power structures affect the way we interact with one another is of great interest to social scientists who want to answer fundamental questions about human behavior, as well as to computer scientists who want to build automatic methods to infer the social contexts of interactions. In this paper, we employ advancements in extra-propositional semantics extraction within NLP to study how author commitment reflects the social context of an interactions. Specifically, we investigate whether the level of commitment expressed by individuals in an organizational interaction reflects the hierarchical power structures they are part of. We find that subordinates use significantly more instances of non-commitment than superiors. More importantly, we also find that subordinates attribute propositions to other agents more often than superiors do {---} an aspect that has not been studied before. Finally, we show that enriching lexical features with commitment labels captures important distinctions in social meanings.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-2018-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Automatic and Human Evaluation of Local Explanations for Text Classification",
    author = "Nguyen, Dong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1097",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1097",
    pages = "1069--1078",
    abstract = "Text classification models are becoming increasingly complex and opaque, however for many applications it is essential that the models are interpretable. Recently, a variety of approaches have been proposed for generating local explanations. While robust evaluations are needed to drive further progress, so far it is unclear which evaluation approaches are suitable. This paper is a first step towards more robust evaluations of local explanations. We evaluate a variety of local explanation approaches using automatic measures based on word deletion. Furthermore, we show that an evaluation using a crowdsourcing experiment correlates moderately with these automatic measures and that a variety of other factors also impact the human judgements.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2018-deep-temporal,
    title = "Deep Temporal-Recurrent-Replicated-Softmax for Topical Trends over Time",
    author = {Gupta, Pankaj  and
      Rajaram, Subburam  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich  and
      Andrassy, Bernt},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1098",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1098",
    pages = "1079--1089",
    abstract = "Dynamic topic modeling facilitates the identification of topical trends over time in temporal collections of unstructured documents. We introduce a novel unsupervised neural dynamic topic model named as Recurrent Neural Network-Replicated Softmax Model (RNNRSM), where the discovered topics at each time influence the topic discovery in the subsequent time steps. We account for the temporal ordering of documents by explicitly modeling a joint distribution of latent topical dependencies over time, using distributional estimators with temporal recurrent connections. Applying RNN-RSM to 19 years of articles on NLP research, we demonstrate that compared to state-of-the art topic models, RNNRSM shows better generalization, topic interpretation, evolution and trends. We also introduce a metric (named as SPAN) to quantify the capability of dynamic topic model to capture word evolution in topics over time.",
}
@inproceedings{hao-etal-2018-lessons,
    title = "Lessons from the {B}ible on Modern Topics: Low-Resource Multilingual Topic Model Evaluation",
    author = "Hao, Shudong  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Paul, Michael J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1099",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1099",
    pages = "1090--1100",
    abstract = "Multilingual topic models enable document analysis across languages through coherent multilingual summaries of the data. However, there is no standard and effective metric to evaluate the quality of multilingual topics. We introduce a new intrinsic evaluation of multilingual topic models that correlates well with human judgments of multilingual topic coherence as well as performance in downstream applications. Importantly, we also study evaluation for low-resource languages. Because standard metrics fail to accurately measure topic quality when robust external resources are unavailable, we propose an adaptation model that improves the accuracy and reliability of these metrics in low-resource settings.",
}
@inproceedings{mullenbach-etal-2018-explainable,
    title = "Explainable Prediction of Medical Codes from Clinical Text",
    author = "Mullenbach, James  and
      Wiegreffe, Sarah  and
      Duke, Jon  and
      Sun, Jimeng  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1100",
    pages = "1101--1111",
    abstract = "Clinical notes are text documents that are created by clinicians for each patient encounter. They are typically accompanied by medical codes, which describe the diagnosis and treatment. Annotating these codes is labor intensive and error prone; furthermore, the connection between the codes and the text is not annotated, obscuring the reasons and details behind specific diagnoses and treatments. We present an attentional convolutional network that predicts medical codes from clinical text. Our method aggregates information across the document using a convolutional neural network, and uses an attention mechanism to select the most relevant segments for each of the thousands of possible codes. The method is accurate, achieving precision@8 of 0.71 and a Micro-F1 of 0.54, which are both better than the prior state of the art. Furthermore, through an interpretability evaluation by a physician, we show that the attention mechanism identifies meaningful explanations for each code assignment.",
}
@inproceedings{williams-etal-2018-broad,
    title = "A Broad-Coverage Challenge Corpus for Sentence Understanding through Inference",
    author = "Williams, Adina  and
      Nangia, Nikita  and
      Bowman, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1101",
    pages = "1112--1122",
    abstract = "This paper introduces the Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference (MultiNLI) corpus, a dataset designed for use in the development and evaluation of machine learning models for sentence understanding. At 433k examples, this resource is one of the largest corpora available for natural language inference (a.k.a. recognizing textual entailment), improving upon available resources in both its coverage and difficulty. MultiNLI accomplishes this by offering data from ten distinct genres of written and spoken English, making it possible to evaluate systems on nearly the full complexity of the language, while supplying an explicit setting for evaluating cross-genre domain adaptation. In addition, an evaluation using existing machine learning models designed for the Stanford NLI corpus shows that it represents a substantially more difficult task than does that corpus, despite the two showing similar levels of inter-annotator agreement.",
}
@inproceedings{washio-kato-2018-filling,
    title = "Filling Missing Paths: Modeling Co-occurrences of Word Pairs and Dependency Paths for Recognizing Lexical Semantic Relations",
    author = "Washio, Koki  and
      Kato, Tsuneaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1102",
    pages = "1123--1133",
    abstract = "Recognizing lexical semantic relations between word pairs is an important task for many applications of natural language processing. One of the mainstream approaches to this task is to exploit the lexico-syntactic paths connecting two target words, which reflect the semantic relations of word pairs. However, this method requires that the considered words co-occur in a sentence. This requirement is hardly satisfied because of Zipf{'}s law, which states that most content words occur very rarely. In this paper, we propose novel methods with a neural model of P(path|w1,w2) to solve this problem. Our proposed model of P (path|w1, w2 ) can be learned in an unsupervised manner and can generalize the co-occurrences of word pairs and dependency paths. This model can be used to augment the path data of word pairs that do not co-occur in the corpus, and extract features capturing relational information from word pairs. Our experimental results demonstrate that our methods improve on previous neural approaches based on dependency paths and successfully solve the focused problem.",
}
@inproceedings{vulic-mrksic-2018-specialising,
    title = "Specialising Word Vectors for Lexical Entailment",
    author = "Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1103",
    pages = "1134--1145",
    abstract = "We present LEAR (Lexical Entailment Attract-Repel), a novel post-processing method that transforms any input word vector space to emphasise the asymmetric relation of lexical entailment (LE), also known as the IS-A or hyponymy-hypernymy relation. By injecting external linguistic constraints (e.g., WordNet links) into the initial vector space, the LE specialisation procedure brings true hyponymy-hypernymy pairs closer together in the transformed Euclidean space. The proposed asymmetric distance measure adjusts the norms of word vectors to reflect the actual WordNet-style hierarchy of concepts. Simultaneously, a joint objective enforces semantic similarity using the symmetric cosine distance, yielding a vector space specialised for both lexical relations at once. LEAR specialisation achieves state-of-the-art performance in the tasks of hypernymy directionality, hypernymy detection, and graded lexical entailment, demonstrating the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed asymmetric specialisation model.",
}
@inproceedings{damonte-cohen-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Abstract Meaning Representation Parsing",
    author = "Damonte, Marco  and
      Cohen, Shay B.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1104",
    pages = "1146--1155",
    abstract = "Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) research has mostly focused on English. We show that it is possible to use AMR annotations for English as a semantic representation for sentences written in other languages. We exploit an AMR parser for English and parallel corpora to learn AMR parsers for Italian, Spanish, German and Chinese. Qualitative analysis show that the new parsers overcome structural differences between the languages. We further propose a method to evaluate the parsers that does not require gold standard data in the target languages. This method highly correlates with the gold standard evaluation, obtaining a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.95.",
}
@inproceedings{schuster-etal-2018-sentences,
    title = "Sentences with Gapping: Parsing and Reconstructing Elided Predicates",
    author = "Schuster, Sebastian  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1105",
    pages = "1156--1168",
    abstract = "Sentences with gapping, such as Paul likes coffee and Mary tea, lack an overt predicate to indicate the relation between two or more arguments. Surface syntax representations of such sentences are often produced poorly by parsers, and even if correct, not well suited to downstream natural language understanding tasks such as relation extraction that are typically designed to extract information from sentences with canonical clause structure. In this paper, we present two methods for parsing to a Universal Dependencies graph representation that explicitly encodes the elided material with additional nodes and edges. We find that both methods can reconstruct elided material from dependency trees with high accuracy when the parser correctly predicts the existence of a gap. We further demonstrate that one of our methods can be applied to other languages based on a case study on Swedish.",
}
@inproceedings{szubert-etal-2018-structured,
    title = "A Structured Syntax-Semantics Interface for {E}nglish-{AMR} Alignment",
    author = "Szubert, Ida  and
      Lopez, Adam  and
      Schneider, Nathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1106",
    pages = "1169--1180",
    abstract = "Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) annotations are often assumed to closely mirror dependency syntax, but AMR explicitly does not require this, and the assumption has never been tested. To test it, we devise an expressive framework to align AMR graphs to dependency graphs, which we use to annotate 200 AMRs. Our annotation explains how 97{\%} of AMR edges are evoked by words or syntax. Previously existing AMR alignment frameworks did not allow for mapping AMR onto syntax, and as a consequence they explained at most 23{\%}. While we find that there are indeed many cases where AMR annotations closely mirror syntax, there are also pervasive differences. We use our annotations to test a baseline AMR-to-syntax aligner, finding that this task is more difficult than AMR-to-string alignment; and to pinpoint errors in an AMR parser. We make our data and code freely available for further research on AMR parsing and generation, and the relationship of AMR to syntax.",
}
@inproceedings{kasai-etal-2018-end,
    title = "End-to-End Graph-Based {TAG} Parsing with Neural Networks",
    author = "Kasai, Jungo  and
      Frank, Robert  and
      Xu, Pauli  and
      Merrill, William  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1107",
    pages = "1181--1194",
    abstract = "We present a graph-based Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) parser that uses BiLSTMs, highway connections, and character-level CNNs. Our best end-to-end parser, which jointly performs supertagging, POS tagging, and parsing, outperforms the previously reported best results by more than 2.2 LAS and UAS points. The graph-based parsing architecture allows for global inference and rich feature representations for TAG parsing, alleviating the fundamental trade-off between transition-based and graph-based parsing systems. We also demonstrate that the proposed parser achieves state-of-the-art performance in the downstream tasks of Parsing Evaluation using Textual Entailments (PETE) and Unbounded Dependency Recovery. This provides further support for the claim that TAG is a viable formalism for problems that require rich structural analysis of sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{gulordava-etal-2018-colorless,
    title = "Colorless Green Recurrent Networks Dream Hierarchically",
    author = "Gulordava, Kristina  and
      Bojanowski, Piotr  and
      Grave, Edouard  and
      Linzen, Tal  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1108",
    pages = "1195--1205",
    abstract = "Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) achieved impressive results in a variety of linguistic processing tasks, suggesting that they can induce non-trivial properties of language. We investigate to what extent RNNs learn to track abstract hierarchical syntactic structure. We test whether RNNs trained with a generic language modeling objective in four languages (Italian, English, Hebrew, Russian) can predict long-distance number agreement in various constructions. We include in our evaluation nonsensical sentences where RNNs cannot rely on semantic or lexical cues ({``}The colorless green ideas I ate with the chair sleep furiously{''}), and, for Italian, we compare model performance to human intuitions. Our language-model-trained RNNs make reliable predictions about long-distance agreement, and do not lag much behind human performance. We thus bring support to the hypothesis that RNNs are not just shallow-pattern extractors, but they also acquire deeper grammatical competence.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2018-diverse,
    title = "Diverse Few-Shot Text Classification with Multiple Metrics",
    author = "Yu, Mo  and
      Guo, Xiaoxiao  and
      Yi, Jinfeng  and
      Chang, Shiyu  and
      Potdar, Saloni  and
      Cheng, Yu  and
      Tesauro, Gerald  and
      Wang, Haoyu  and
      Zhou, Bowen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1109",
    pages = "1206--1215",
    abstract = "We study few-shot learning in natural language domains. Compared to many existing works that apply either metric-based or optimization-based meta-learning to image domain with low inter-task variance, we consider a more realistic setting, where tasks are diverse. However, it imposes tremendous difficulties to existing state-of-the-art metric-based algorithms since a single metric is insufficient to capture complex task variations in natural language domain. To alleviate the problem, we propose an adaptive metric learning approach that automatically determines the best weighted combination from a set of metrics obtained from meta-training tasks for a newly seen few-shot task. Extensive quantitative evaluations on real-world sentiment analysis and dialog intent classification datasets demonstrate that the proposed method performs favorably against state-of-the-art few shot learning algorithms in terms of predictive accuracy. We make our code and data available for further study.",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-monroy-etal-2018-early,
    title = "Early Text Classification Using Multi-Resolution Concept Representations",
    author = "L{\'o}pez-Monroy, Adrian Pastor  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez, Fabio A.  and
      Montes, Manuel  and
      Escalante, Hugo Jair  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1110",
    pages = "1216--1225",
    abstract = "The intensive use of e-communications in everyday life has given rise to new threats and risks. When the vulnerable asset is the user, detecting these potential attacks before they cause serious damages is extremely important. This paper proposes a novel document representation to improve the early detection of risks in social media sources. The goal is to effectively identify the potential risk using as few text as possible and with as much anticipation as possible. Accordingly, we devise a Multi-Resolution Representation (MulR), which allows us to generate multiple {``}views{''} of the analyzed text. These views capture different semantic meanings for words and documents at different levels of detail, which is very useful in early scenarios to model the variable amounts of evidence. Intuitively, the representation captures better the content of short documents (very early stages) in low resolutions, whereas large documents (medium/large stages) are better modeled with higher resolutions. We evaluate the proposed ideas in two different tasks where anticipation is critical: sexual predator detection and depression detection. The experimental evaluation for these early tasks revealed that the proposed approach outperforms previous methodologies by a considerable margin.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-cardie-2018-multinomial,
    title = "Multinomial Adversarial Networks for Multi-Domain Text Classification",
    author = "Chen, Xilun  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1111",
    pages = "1226--1240",
    abstract = "Many text classification tasks are known to be highly domain-dependent. Unfortunately, the availability of training data can vary drastically across domains. Worse still, for some domains there may not be any annotated data at all. In this work, we propose a multinomial adversarial network (MAN) to tackle this real-world problem of multi-domain text classification (MDTC) in which labeled data may exist for multiple domains, but in insufficient amounts to train effective classifiers for one or more of the domains. We provide theoretical justifications for the MAN framework, proving that different instances of MANs are essentially minimizers of various f-divergence metrics (Ali and Silvey, 1966) among multiple probability distributions. MANs are thus a theoretically sound generalization of traditional adversarial networks that discriminate over two distributions. More specifically, for the MDTC task, MAN learns features that are invariant across multiple domains by resorting to its ability to reduce the divergence among the feature distributions of each domain. We present experimental results showing that MANs significantly outperform the prior art on the MDTC task. We also show that MANs achieve state-of-the-art performance for domains with no labeled data.",
}
@inproceedings{ziser-reichart-2018-pivot,
    title = "Pivot Based Language Modeling for Improved Neural Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Ziser, Yftah  and
      Reichart, Roi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1112",
    pages = "1241--1251",
    abstract = "Representation learning with pivot-based methods and with Neural Networks (NNs) have lead to significant progress in domain adaptation for Natural Language Processing. However, most previous work that follows these approaches does not explicitly exploit the structure of the input text, and its output is most often a single representation vector for the entire text. In this paper we present the Pivot Based Language Model (PBLM), a representation learning model that marries together pivot-based and NN modeling in a structure aware manner. Particularly, our model processes the information in the text with a sequential NN (LSTM) and its output consists of a representation vector for every input word. Unlike most previous representation learning models in domain adaptation, PBLM can naturally feed structure aware text classifiers such as LSTM and CNN. We experiment with the task of cross-domain sentiment classification on 20 domain pairs and show substantial improvements over strong baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-reinforced,
    title = "Reinforced Co-Training",
    author = "Wu, Jiawei  and
      Li, Lei  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1113",
    pages = "1252--1262",
    abstract = "Co-training is a popular semi-supervised learning framework to utilize a large amount of unlabeled data in addition to a small labeled set. Co-training methods exploit predicted labels on the unlabeled data and select samples based on prediction confidence to augment the training. However, the selection of samples in existing co-training methods is based on a predetermined policy, which ignores the sampling bias between the unlabeled and the labeled subsets, and fails to explore the data space. In this paper, we propose a novel method, Reinforced Co-Training, to select high-quality unlabeled samples to better co-train on. More specifically, our approach uses Q-learning to learn a data selection policy with a small labeled dataset, and then exploits this policy to train the co-training classifiers automatically. Experimental results on clickbait detection and generic text classification tasks demonstrate that our proposed method can obtain more accurate text classification results.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2018-tensor,
    title = "Tensor Product Generation Networks for Deep {NLP} Modeling",
    author = "Huang, Qiuyuan  and
      Smolensky, Paul  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Deng, Li  and
      Wu, Dapeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1114",
    pages = "1263--1273",
    abstract = "We present a new approach to the design of deep networks for natural language processing (NLP), based on the general technique of Tensor Product Representations (TPRs) for encoding and processing symbol structures in distributed neural networks. A network architecture {---} the Tensor Product Generation Network (TPGN) {---} is proposed which is capable in principle of carrying out TPR computation, but which uses unconstrained deep learning to design its internal representations. Instantiated in a model for image-caption generation, TPGN outperforms LSTM baselines when evaluated on the COCO dataset. The TPR-capable structure enables interpretation of internal representations and operations, which prove to contain considerable grammatical content. Our caption-generation model can be interpreted as generating sequences of grammatical categories and retrieving words by their categories from a plan encoded as a distributed representation.",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2018-context,
    title = "The Context-Dependent Additive Recurrent Neural Net",
    author = "Tran, Quan Hung  and
      Lai, Tuan  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      Bui, Trung  and
      Bui, Hung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1115",
    pages = "1274--1283",
    abstract = "Contextual sequence mapping is one of the fundamental problems in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Here, instead of relying solely on the information presented in the text, the learning agents have access to a strong external signal given to assist the learning process. In this paper, we propose a novel family of Recurrent Neural Network unit: the Context-dependent Additive Recurrent Neural Network (CARNN) that is designed specifically to address this type of problem. The experimental results on public datasets in the dialog problem (Babi dialog Task 6 and Frame), contextual language model (Switchboard and Penn Tree Bank) and question answering (Trec QA) show that our novel CARNN-based architectures outperform previous methods.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-combining,
    title = "Combining Character and Word Information in Neural Machine Translation Using a Multi-Level Attention",
    author = "Chen, Huadong  and
      Huang, Shujian  and
      Chiang, David  and
      Dai, Xinyu  and
      Chen, Jiajun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1116",
    pages = "1284--1293",
    abstract = "Natural language sentences, being hierarchical, can be represented at different levels of granularity, like words, subwords, or characters. But most neural machine translation systems require the sentence to be represented as a sequence at a single level of granularity. It can be difficult to determine which granularity is better for a particular translation task. In this paper, we improve the model by incorporating multiple levels of granularity. Specifically, we propose (1) an encoder with character attention which augments the (sub)word-level representation with character-level information; (2) a decoder with multiple attentions that enable the representations from different levels of granularity to control the translation cooperatively. Experiments on three translation tasks demonstrate that our proposed models outperform the standard word-based model, the subword-based model, and a strong character-based model.",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2018-dense,
    title = "Dense Information Flow for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Shen, Yanyao  and
      Tan, Xu  and
      He, Di  and
      Qin, Tao  and
      Liu, Tie-Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1117",
    pages = "1294--1303",
    abstract = "Recently, neural machine translation has achieved remarkable progress by introducing well-designed deep neural networks into its encoder-decoder framework. From the optimization perspective, residual connections are adopted to improve learning performance for both encoder and decoder in most of these deep architectures, and advanced attention connections are applied as well. Inspired by the success of the DenseNet model in computer vision problems, in this paper, we propose a densely connected NMT architecture (DenseNMT) that is able to train more efficiently for NMT. The proposed DenseNMT not only allows dense connection in creating new features for both encoder and decoder, but also uses the dense attention structure to improve attention quality. Our experiments on multiple datasets show that DenseNMT structure is more competitive and efficient.",
}
@inproceedings{bawden-etal-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Discourse Phenomena in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Bawden, Rachel  and
      Sennrich, Rico  and
      Birch, Alexandra  and
      Haddow, Barry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1118",
    pages = "1304--1313",
    abstract = "For machine translation to tackle discourse phenomena, models must have access to extra-sentential linguistic context. There has been recent interest in modelling context in neural machine translation (NMT), but models have been principally evaluated with standard automatic metrics, poorly adapted to evaluating discourse phenomena. In this article, we present hand-crafted, discourse test sets, designed to test the models{'} ability to exploit previous source and target sentences. We investigate the performance of recently proposed multi-encoder NMT models trained on subtitles for English to French. We also explore a novel way of exploiting context from the previous sentence. Despite gains using BLEU, multi-encoder models give limited improvement in the handling of discourse phenomena: 50{\%} accuracy on our coreference test set and 53.5{\%} for coherence/cohesion (compared to a non-contextual baseline of 50{\%}). A simple strategy of decoding the concatenation of the previous and current sentence leads to good performance, and our novel strategy of multi-encoding and decoding of two sentences leads to the best performance (72.5{\%} for coreference and 57{\%} for coherence/cohesion), highlighting the importance of target-side context.",
}
@inproceedings{post-vilar-2018-fast,
    title = "Fast Lexically Constrained Decoding with Dynamic Beam Allocation for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Post, Matt  and
      Vilar, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1119",
    pages = "1314--1324",
    abstract = "The end-to-end nature of neural machine translation (NMT) removes many ways of manually guiding the translation process that were available in older paradigms. Recent work, however, has introduced a new capability: lexically constrained or guided decoding, a modification to beam search that forces the inclusion of pre-specified words and phrases in the output. However, while theoretically sound, existing approaches have computational complexities that are either linear (Hokamp and Liu, 2017) or exponential (Anderson et al., 2017) in the number of constraints. We present a algorithm for lexically constrained decoding with a complexity of O(1) in the number of constraints. We demonstrate the algorithm{'}s remarkable ability to properly place these constraints, and use it to explore the shaky relationship between model and BLEU scores. Our implementation is available as part of Sockeye.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-guiding,
    title = "Guiding Neural Machine Translation with Retrieved Translation Pieces",
    author = "Zhang, Jingyi  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichro  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1120",
    pages = "1325--1335",
    abstract = "One of the difficulties of neural machine translation (NMT) is the recall and appropriate translation of low-frequency words or phrases. In this paper, we propose a simple, fast, and effective method for recalling previously seen translation examples and incorporating them into the NMT decoding process. Specifically, for an input sentence, we use a search engine to retrieve sentence pairs whose source sides are similar with the input sentence, and then collect n-grams that are both in the retrieved target sentences and aligned with words that match in the source sentences, which we call {``}translation pieces{''}. We compute pseudo-probabilities for each retrieved sentence based on similarities between the input sentence and the retrieved source sentences, and use these to weight the retrieved translation pieces. Finally, an existing NMT model is used to translate the input sentence, with an additional bonus given to outputs that contain the collected translation pieces. We show our method improves NMT translation results up to 6 BLEU points on three narrow domain translation tasks where repetitiveness of the target sentences is particularly salient. It also causes little increase in the translation time, and compares favorably to another alternative retrieval-based method with respect to accuracy, speed, and simplicity of implementation.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-handling,
    title = "Handling Homographs in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Liu, Frederick  and
      Lu, Han  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1121",
    pages = "1336--1345",
    abstract = "Homographs, words with different meanings but the same surface form, have long caused difficulty for machine translation systems, as it is difficult to select the correct translation based on the context. However, with the advent of neural machine translation (NMT) systems, which can theoretically take into account global sentential context, one may hypothesize that this problem has been alleviated. In this paper, we first provide empirical evidence that existing NMT systems in fact still have significant problems in properly translating ambiguous words. We then proceed to describe methods, inspired by the word sense disambiguation literature, that model the context of the input word with context-aware word embeddings that help to differentiate the word sense before feeding it into the encoder. Experiments on three language pairs demonstrate that such models improve the performance of NMT systems both in terms of BLEU score and in the accuracy of translating homographs.",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Neural Machine Translation with Conditional Sequence Generative Adversarial Nets",
    author = "Yang, Zhen  and
      Chen, Wei  and
      Wang, Feng  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1122",
    pages = "1346--1355",
    abstract = "This paper proposes an approach for applying GANs to NMT. We build a conditional sequence generative adversarial net which comprises of two adversarial sub models, a generator and a discriminator. The generator aims to generate sentences which are hard to be discriminated from human-translated sentences ( i.e., the golden target sentences); And the discriminator makes efforts to discriminate the machine-generated sentences from human-translated ones. The two sub models play a mini-max game and achieve the win-win situation when they reach a Nash Equilibrium. Additionally, the static sentence-level BLEU is utilized as the reinforced objective for the generator, which biases the generation towards high BLEU points. During training, both the dynamic discriminator and the static BLEU objective are employed to evaluate the generated sentences and feedback the evaluations to guide the learning of the generator. Experimental results show that the proposed model consistently outperforms the traditional RNNSearch and the newly emerged state-of-the-art Transformer on English-German and Chinese-English translation tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{zaremoodi-haffari-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation for Bilingually Scarce Scenarios: a Deep Multi-Task Learning Approach",
    author = "Zaremoodi, Poorya  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1123",
    pages = "1356--1365",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation requires large amount of parallel training text to learn a reasonable quality translation model. This is particularly inconvenient for language pairs for which enough parallel text is not available. In this paper, we use monolingual linguistic resources in the source side to address this challenging problem based on a multi-task learning approach. More specifically, we scaffold the machine translation task on auxiliary tasks including semantic parsing, syntactic parsing, and named-entity recognition. This effectively injects semantic and/or syntactic knowledge into the translation model, which would otherwise require a large amount of training bitext to learn from. We empirically analyze and show the effectiveness of our multitask learning approach on three translation tasks: English-to-French, English-to-Farsi, and English-to-Vietnamese.",
}
@inproceedings{miculicich-werlen-etal-2018-self,
    title = "Self-Attentive Residual Decoder for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Miculicich Werlen, Lesly  and
      Pappas, Nikolaos  and
      Ram, Dhananjay  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1124",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1124",
    pages = "1366--1379",
    abstract = "Neural sequence-to-sequence networks with attention have achieved remarkable performance for machine translation. One of the reasons for their effectiveness is their ability to capture relevant source-side contextual information at each time-step prediction through an attention mechanism. However, the target-side context is solely based on the sequence model which, in practice, is prone to a recency bias and lacks the ability to capture effectively non-sequential dependencies among words. To address this limitation, we propose a target-side-attentive residual recurrent network for decoding, where attention over previous words contributes directly to the prediction of the next word. The residual learning facilitates the flow of information from the distant past and is able to emphasize any of the previously translated words, hence it gains access to a wider context. The proposed model outperforms a neural MT baseline as well as a memory and self-attention network on three language pairs. The analysis of the attention learned by the decoder confirms that it emphasizes a wider context, and that it captures syntactic-like structures.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-target,
    title = "Target Foresight Based Attention for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Li, Xintong  and
      Liu, Lemao  and
      Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Shi, Shuming  and
      Meng, Max",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1125",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1125",
    pages = "1380--1390",
    abstract = "In neural machine translation, an attention model is used to identify the aligned source words for a target word (target foresight word) in order to select translation context, but it does not make use of any information of this target foresight word at all. Previous work proposed an approach to improve the attention model by explicitly accessing this target foresight word and demonstrated the substantial gains in alignment task. However, this approach is useless in machine translation task on which the target foresight word is unavailable. In this paper, we propose a new attention model enhanced by the implicit information of target foresight word oriented to both alignment and translation tasks. Empirical experiments on Chinese-to-English and Japanese-to-English datasets show that the proposed attention model delivers significant improvements in terms of both alignment error rate and BLEU.",
}
@inproceedings{bergmanis-goldwater-2018-context,
    title = "Context Sensitive Neural Lemmatization with {L}ematus",
    author = "Bergmanis, Toms  and
      Goldwater, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1126",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1126",
    pages = "1391--1400",
    abstract = "The main motivation for developing contextsensitive lemmatizers is to improve performance on unseen and ambiguous words. Yet previous systems have not carefully evaluated whether the use of context actually helps in these cases. We introduce Lematus, a lemmatizer based on a standard encoder-decoder architecture, which incorporates character-level sentence context. We evaluate its lemmatization accuracy across 20 languages in both a full data setting and a lower-resource setting with 10k training examples in each language. In both settings, we show that including context significantly improves results against a context-free version of the model. Context helps more for ambiguous words than for unseen words, though the latter has a greater effect on overall performance differences between languages. We also compare to three previous context-sensitive lemmatization systems, which all use pre-extracted edit trees as well as hand-selected features and/or additional sources of information such as tagged training data. Without using any of these, our context-sensitive model outperforms the best competitor system (Lemming) in the fulldata setting, and performs on par in the lowerresource setting.",
}
@inproceedings{aguilar-etal-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Noisiness to Recognize Named Entities using Multitask Neural Networks on Social Media",
    author = "Aguilar, Gustavo  and
      L{\'o}pez-Monroy, Adrian Pastor  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez, Fabio  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1127",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1127",
    pages = "1401--1412",
    abstract = "Recognizing named entities in a document is a key task in many NLP applications. Although current state-of-the-art approaches to this task reach a high performance on clean text (e.g. newswire genres), those algorithms dramatically degrade when they are moved to noisy environments such as social media domains. We present two systems that address the challenges of processing social media data using character-level phonetics and phonology, word embeddings, and Part-of-Speech tags as features. The first model is a multitask end-to-end Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BLSTM)-Conditional Random Field (CRF) network whose output layer contains two CRF classifiers. The second model uses a multitask BLSTM network as feature extractor that transfers the learning to a CRF classifier for the final prediction. Our systems outperform the current F1 scores of the state of the art on the Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text 2017 dataset by 2.45{\%} and 3.69{\%}, establishing a more suitable approach for social media environments.",
}
@inproceedings{assylbekov-takhanov-2018-reusing,
    title = "Reusing Weights in Subword-Aware Neural Language Models",
    author = "Assylbekov, Zhenisbek  and
      Takhanov, Rustem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1128",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1128",
    pages = "1413--1423",
    abstract = "We propose several ways of reusing subword embeddings and other weights in subword-aware neural language models. The proposed techniques do not benefit a competitive character-aware model, but some of them improve the performance of syllable- and morpheme-aware models while showing significant reductions in model sizes. We discover a simple hands-on principle: in a multi-layer input embedding model, layers should be tied consecutively bottom-up if reused at output. Our best morpheme-aware model with properly reused weights beats the competitive word-level model by a large margin across multiple languages and has 20{\%}-87{\%} fewer parameters.",
}
@inproceedings{kulkarni-wang-2018-simple,
    title = "Simple Models for Word Formation in Slang",
    author = "Kulkarni, Vivek  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1129",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1129",
    pages = "1424--1434",
    abstract = "We propose the first generative models for three types of extra-grammatical word formation phenomena abounding in slang: Blends, Clippings, and Reduplicatives. Adopting a data-driven approach coupled with linguistic knowledge, we propose simple models with state of the art performance on human annotated gold standard datasets. Overall, our models reveal insights into the generative processes of word formation in slang {--} insights which are increasingly relevant in the context of the rising prevalence of slang and non-standard varieties on the Internet",
}
@inproceedings{matthews-etal-2018-using,
    title = "Using Morphological Knowledge in Open-Vocabulary Neural Language Models",
    author = "Matthews, Austin  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1130",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1130",
    pages = "1435--1445",
    abstract = {Languages with productive morphology pose problems for language models that generate words from a fixed vocabulary. Although character-based models allow any possible word type to be generated, they are linguistically na{\"\i}ve: they must discover that words exist and are delimited by spaces{---}basic linguistic facts that are built in to the structure of word-based models. We introduce an open-vocabulary language model that incorporates more sophisticated linguistic knowledge by predicting words using a mixture of three generative processes: (1) by generating words as a sequence of characters, (2) by directly generating full word forms, and (3) by generating words as a sequence of morphemes that are combined using a hand-written morphological analyzer. Experiments on Finnish, Turkish, and Russian show that our model outperforms character sequence models and other strong baselines on intrinsic and extrinsic measures. Furthermore, we show that our model learns to exploit morphological knowledge encoded in the analyzer, and, as a byproduct, it can perform effective unsupervised morphological disambiguation.},
}
@inproceedings{ju-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "A Neural Layered Model for Nested Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Ju, Meizhi  and
      Miwa, Makoto  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1131",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1131",
    pages = "1446--1459",
    abstract = "Entity mentions embedded in longer entity mentions are referred to as nested entities. Most named entity recognition (NER) systems deal only with the flat entities and ignore the inner nested ones, which fails to capture finer-grained semantic information in underlying texts. To address this issue, we propose a novel neural model to identify nested entities by dynamically stacking flat NER layers. Each flat NER layer is based on the state-of-the-art flat NER model that captures sequential context representation with bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) layer and feeds it to the cascaded CRF layer. Our model merges the output of the LSTM layer in the current flat NER layer to build new representation for detected entities and subsequently feeds them into the next flat NER layer. This allows our model to extract outer entities by taking full advantage of information encoded in their corresponding inner entities, in an inside-to-outside way. Our model dynamically stacks the flat NER layers until no outer entities are extracted. Extensive evaluation shows that our dynamic model outperforms state-of-the-art feature-based systems on nested NER, achieving 74.7{\%} and 72.2{\%} on GENIA and ACE2005 datasets, respectively, in terms of F-score.",
}
@inproceedings{ghaeini-etal-2018-dr,
    title = "{DR}-{B}i{LSTM}: Dependent Reading Bidirectional {LSTM} for Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Ghaeini, Reza  and
      Hasan, Sadid A.  and
      Datla, Vivek  and
      Liu, Joey  and
      Lee, Kathy  and
      Qadir, Ashequl  and
      Ling, Yuan  and
      Prakash, Aaditya  and
      Fern, Xiaoli  and
      Farri, Oladimeji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1132",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1132",
    pages = "1460--1469",
    abstract = "We present a novel deep learning architecture to address the natural language inference (NLI) task. Existing approaches mostly rely on simple reading mechanisms for independent encoding of the premise and hypothesis. Instead, we propose a novel dependent reading bidirectional LSTM network (DR-BiLSTM) to efficiently model the relationship between a premise and a hypothesis during encoding and inference. We also introduce a sophisticated ensemble strategy to combine our proposed models, which noticeably improves final predictions. Finally, we demonstrate how the results can be improved further with an additional preprocessing step. Our evaluation shows that DR-BiLSTM obtains the best single model and ensemble model results achieving the new state-of-the-art scores on the Stanford NLI dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{cai-wang-2018-kbgan,
    title = "{KBGAN}: Adversarial Learning for Knowledge Graph Embeddings",
    author = "Cai, Liwei  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1133",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1133",
    pages = "1470--1480",
    abstract = "We introduce KBGAN, an adversarial learning framework to improve the performances of a wide range of existing knowledge graph embedding models. Because knowledge graphs typically only contain positive facts, sampling useful negative training examples is a nontrivial task. Replacing the head or tail entity of a fact with a uniformly randomly selected entity is a conventional method for generating negative facts, but the majority of the generated negative facts can be easily discriminated from positive facts, and will contribute little towards the training. Inspired by generative adversarial networks (GANs), we use one knowledge graph embedding model as a negative sample generator to assist the training of our desired model, which acts as the discriminator in GANs. This framework is independent of the concrete form of generator and discriminator, and therefore can utilize a wide variety of knowledge graph embedding models as its building blocks. In experiments, we adversarially train two translation-based models, TRANSE and TRANSD, each with assistance from one of the two probability-based models, DISTMULT and COMPLEX. We evaluate the performances of KBGAN on the link prediction task, using three knowledge base completion datasets: FB15k-237, WN18 and WN18RR. Experimental results show that adversarial training substantially improves the performances of target embedding models under various settings.",
}
@inproceedings{botschen-etal-2018-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Frame Identification with Multilingual Evaluation",
    author = "Botschen, Teresa  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Klie, Jan-Christoph  and
      Mousselly-Sergieh, Hatem  and
      Roth, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1134",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1134",
    pages = "1481--1491",
    abstract = "An essential step in FrameNet Semantic Role Labeling is the Frame Identification (FrameId) task, which aims at disambiguating a situation around a predicate. Whilst current FrameId methods rely on textual representations only, we hypothesize that FrameId can profit from a richer understanding of the situational context. Such contextual information can be obtained from common sense knowledge, which is more present in images than in text. In this paper, we extend a state-of-the-art FrameId system in order to effectively leverage multimodal representations. We conduct a comprehensive evaluation on the English FrameNet and its German counterpart SALSA. Our analysis shows that for the German data, textual representations are still competitive with multimodal ones. However on the English data, our multimodal FrameId approach outperforms its unimodal counterpart, setting a new state of the art. Its benefits are particularly apparent in dealing with ambiguous and rare instances, the main source of errors of current systems. For research purposes, we release (a) the implementation of our system, (b) our evaluation splits for SALSA 2.0, and (c) the embeddings for synsets and IMAGINED words.",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Joint Semantic Parsers from Disjoint Data",
    author = "Peng, Hao  and
      Thomson, Sam  and
      Swayamdipta, Swabha  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1135",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1135",
    pages = "1492--1502",
    abstract = "We present a new approach to learning a semantic parser from multiple datasets, even when the target semantic formalisms are drastically different and the underlying corpora do not overlap. We handle such {``}disjoint{''} data by treating annotations for unobserved formalisms as latent structured variables. Building on state-of-the-art baselines, we show improvements both in frame-semantic parsing and semantic dependency parsing by modeling them jointly.",
}
@inproceedings{vyas-etal-2018-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Semantic Divergences in Parallel Text without Annotations",
    author = "Vyas, Yogarshi  and
      Niu, Xing  and
      Carpuat, Marine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1136",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1136",
    pages = "1503--1515",
    abstract = "Recognizing that even correct translations are not always semantically equivalent, we automatically detect meaning divergences in parallel sentence pairs with a deep neural model of bilingual semantic similarity which can be trained for any parallel corpus without any manual annotation. We show that our semantic model detects divergences more accurately than models based on surface features derived from word alignments, and that these divergences matter for neural machine translation.",
}
@inproceedings{perez-beltrachini-lapata-2018-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Generators from Noisy Data",
    author = "Perez-Beltrachini, Laura  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1137",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1137",
    pages = "1516--1527",
    abstract = "A core step in statistical data-to-text generation concerns learning correspondences between structured data representations (e.g., facts in a database) and associated texts. In this paper we aim to bootstrap generators from large scale datasets where the data (e.g., DBPedia facts) and related texts (e.g., Wikipedia abstracts) are loosely aligned. We tackle this challenging task by introducing a special-purpose content selection mechanism. We use multi-instance learning to automatically discover correspondences between data and text pairs and show how these can be used to enhance the content signal while training an encoder-decoder architecture. Experimental results demonstrate that models trained with content-specific objectives improve upon a vanilla encoder-decoder which solely relies on soft attention.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-shaped,
    title = "{SHAPED}: Shared-Private Encoder-Decoder for Text Style Adaptation",
    author = "Zhang, Ye  and
      Ding, Nan  and
      Soricut, Radu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1138",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1138",
    pages = "1528--1538",
    abstract = "Supervised training of abstractive language generation models results in learning conditional probabilities over language sequences based on the supervised training signal. When the training signal contains a variety of writing styles, such models may end up learning an {`}average{'} style that is directly influenced by the training data make-up and cannot be controlled by the needs of an application. We describe a family of model architectures capable of capturing both generic language characteristics via shared model parameters, as well as particular style characteristics via private model parameters. Such models are able to generate language according to a specific learned style, while still taking advantage of their power to model generic language phenomena. Furthermore, we describe an extension that uses a mixture of output distributions from all learned styles to perform on-the-fly style adaptation based on the textual input alone. Experimentally, we find that the proposed models consistently outperform models that encapsulate single-style or average-style language generation capabilities.",
}
@inproceedings{nema-etal-2018-generating,
    title = "Generating Descriptions from Structured Data Using a Bifocal Attention Mechanism and Gated Orthogonalization",
    author = "Nema, Preksha  and
      Shetty, Shreyas  and
      Jain, Parag  and
      Laha, Anirban  and
      Sankaranarayanan, Karthik  and
      Khapra, Mitesh M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1139",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1139",
    pages = "1539--1550",
    abstract = "In this work, we focus on the task of generating natural language descriptions from a structured table of facts containing fields (such as nationality, occupation, etc) and values (such as Indian, actor, director, etc). One simple choice is to treat the table as a sequence of fields and values and then use a standard seq2seq model for this task. However, such a model is too generic and does not exploit task specific characteristics. For example, while generating descriptions from a table, a human would attend to information at two levels: (i) the fields (macro level) and (ii) the values within the field (micro level). Further, a human would continue attending to a field for a few timesteps till all the information from that field has been rendered and then never return back to this field (because there is nothing left to say about it). To capture this behavior we use (i) a fused bifocal attention mechanism which exploits and combines this micro and macro level information and (ii) a gated orthogonalization mechanism which tries to ensure that a field is remembered for a few time steps and then forgotten. We experiment with a recently released dataset which contains fact tables about people and their corresponding one line biographical descriptions in English. In addition, we also introduce two similar datasets for French and German. Our experiments show that the proposed model gives 21{\%} relative improvement over a recently proposed state of the art method and 10{\%} relative improvement over basic seq2seq models. The code and the datasets developed as a part of this work are publicly available on \url{https://github.com/PrekshaNema25/StructuredData_To_Descriptions}",
}
@inproceedings{suster-daelemans-2018-clicr,
    title = "{C}li{CR}: a Dataset of Clinical Case Reports for Machine Reading Comprehension",
    author = "{\v{S}}uster, Simon  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1140",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1140",
    pages = "1551--1563",
    abstract = "We present a new dataset for machine comprehension in the medical domain. Our dataset uses clinical case reports with around 100,000 gap-filling queries about these cases. We apply several baselines and state-of-the-art neural readers to the dataset, and observe a considerable gap in performance (20{\%} F1) between the best human and machine readers. We analyze the skills required for successful answering and show how reader performance varies depending on the applicable skills. We find that inferences using domain knowledge and object tracking are the most frequently required skills, and that recognizing omitted information and spatio-temporal reasoning are the most difficult for the machines.",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning to Collaborate for Question Answering and Asking",
    author = "Tang, Duyu  and
      Duan, Nan  and
      Yan, Zhao  and
      Zhang, Zhirui  and
      Sun, Yibo  and
      Liu, Shujie  and
      Lv, Yuanhua  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1141",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1141",
    pages = "1564--1574",
    abstract = "Question answering (QA) and question generation (QG) are closely related tasks that could improve each other; however, the connection of these two tasks is not well explored in literature. In this paper, we give a systematic study that seeks to leverage the connection to improve both QA and QG. We present a training algorithm that generalizes both Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) and Generative Domain-Adaptive Nets (GDAN) under the question answering scenario. The two key ideas are improving the QG model with QA through incorporating additional QA-specific signal as the loss function, and improving the QA model with QG through adding artificially generated training instances. We conduct experiments on both document based and knowledge based question answering tasks. We have two main findings. Firstly, the performance of a QG model (e.g in terms of BLEU score) could be easily improved by a QA model via policy gradient. Secondly, directly applying GAN that regards all the generated questions as negative instances could not improve the accuracy of the QA model. Learning when to regard generated questions as positive instances could bring performance boost.",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning to Rank Question-Answer Pairs Using Hierarchical Recurrent Encoder with Latent Topic Clustering",
    author = "Yoon, Seunghyun  and
      Shin, Joongbo  and
      Jung, Kyomin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1142",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1142",
    pages = "1575--1584",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a novel end-to-end neural architecture for ranking candidate answers, that adapts a hierarchical recurrent neural network and a latent topic clustering module. With our proposed model, a text is encoded to a vector representation from an word-level to a chunk-level to effectively capture the entire meaning. In particular, by adapting the hierarchical structure, our model shows very small performance degradations in longer text comprehension while other state-of-the-art recurrent neural network models suffer from it. Additionally, the latent topic clustering module extracts semantic information from target samples. This clustering module is useful for any text related tasks by allowing each data sample to find its nearest topic cluster, thus helping the neural network model analyze the entire data. We evaluate our models on the Ubuntu Dialogue Corpus and consumer electronic domain question answering dataset, which is related to Samsung products. The proposed model shows state-of-the-art results for ranking question-answer pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2018-supervised,
    title = "Supervised and Unsupervised Transfer Learning for Question Answering",
    author = "Chung, Yu-An  and
      Lee, Hung-Yi  and
      Glass, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1143",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1143",
    pages = "1585--1594",
    abstract = "Although transfer learning has been shown to be successful for tasks like object and speech recognition, its applicability to question answering (QA) has yet to be well-studied. In this paper, we conduct extensive experiments to investigate the transferability of knowledge learned from a source QA dataset to a target dataset using two QA models. The performance of both models on a TOEFL listening comprehension test (Tseng et al., 2016) and MCTest (Richardson et al., 2013) is significantly improved via a simple transfer learning technique from MovieQA (Tapaswi et al., 2016). In particular, one of the models achieves the state-of-the-art on all target datasets; for the TOEFL listening comprehension test, it outperforms the previous best model by 7{\%}. Finally, we show that transfer learning is helpful even in unsupervised scenarios when correct answers for target QA dataset examples are not available.",
}
@inproceedings{dalvi-etal-2018-tracking,
    title = "Tracking State Changes in Procedural Text: a Challenge Dataset and Models for Process Paragraph Comprehension",
    author = "Dalvi, Bhavana  and
      Huang, Lifu  and
      Tandon, Niket  and
      Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Clark, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1144",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1144",
    pages = "1595--1604",
    abstract = "We present a new dataset and models for comprehending paragraphs about processes (e.g., photosynthesis), an important genre of text describing a dynamic world. The new dataset, ProPara, is the first to contain natural (rather than machine-generated) text about a changing world along with a full annotation of entity states (location and existence) during those changes (81k datapoints). The end-task, tracking the location and existence of entities through the text, is challenging because the causal effects of actions are often implicit and need to be inferred. We find that previous models that have worked well on synthetic data achieve only mediocre performance on ProPara, and introduce two new neural models that exploit alternative mechanisms for state prediction, in particular using LSTM input encoding and span prediction. The new models improve accuracy by up to 19{\%}. We are releasing the ProPara dataset and our models to the community.",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2018-combining,
    title = "Combining Deep Learning and Topic Modeling for Review Understanding in Context-Aware Recommendation",
    author = "Jin, Mingmin  and
      Luo, Xin  and
      Zhu, Huiling  and
      Zhuo, Hankz Hankui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1145",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1145",
    pages = "1605--1614",
    abstract = "With the rise of e-commerce, people are accustomed to writing their reviews after receiving the goods. These comments are so important that a bad review can have a direct impact on others buying. Besides, the abundant information within user reviews is very useful for extracting user preferences and item properties. In this paper, we investigate the approach to effectively utilize review information for recommender systems. The proposed model is named LSTM-Topic matrix factorization (LTMF) which integrates both LSTM and Topic Modeling for review understanding. In the experiments on popular review dataset Amazon , our LTMF model outperforms previous proposed HFT model and ConvMF model in rating prediction. Furthermore, LTMF shows the better ability on making topic clustering than traditional topic model based method, which implies integrating the information from deep learning and topic modeling is a meaningful approach to make a better understanding of reviews.",
}
@inproceedings{pryzant-etal-2018-deconfounded,
    title = "Deconfounded Lexicon Induction for Interpretable Social Science",
    author = "Pryzant, Reid  and
      Shen, Kelly  and
      Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Wagner, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1146",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1146",
    pages = "1615--1625",
    abstract = "NLP algorithms are increasingly used in computational social science to take linguistic observations and predict outcomes like human preferences or actions. Making these social models transparent and interpretable often requires identifying features in the input that predict outcomes while also controlling for potential confounds. We formalize this need as a new task: inducing a lexicon that is predictive of a set of target variables yet uncorrelated to a set of confounding variables. We introduce two deep learning algorithms for the task. The first uses a bifurcated architecture to separate the explanatory power of the text and confounds. The second uses an adversarial discriminator to force confound-invariant text encodings. Both elicit lexicons from learned weights and attentional scores. We use them to induce lexicons that are predictive of timely responses to consumer complaints (controlling for product), enrollment from course descriptions (controlling for subject), and sales from product descriptions (controlling for seller). In each domain our algorithms pick words that are associated with \textit{narrative persuasion}; more predictive and less confound-related than those of standard feature weighting and lexicon induction techniques like regression and log odds.",
}
@inproceedings{chambers-etal-2018-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Denial-of-Service Attacks from Social Media Text: Applying {NLP} to Computer Security",
    author = "Chambers, Nathanael  and
      Fry, Ben  and
      McMasters, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1147",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1147",
    pages = "1626--1635",
    abstract = "This paper describes a novel application of NLP models to detect denial of service attacks using only social media as evidence. Individual networks are often slow in reporting attacks, so a detection system from public data could better assist a response to a broad attack across multiple services. We explore NLP methods to use social media as an indirect measure of network service status. We describe two learning frameworks for this task: a feed-forward neural network and a partially labeled LDA model. Both models outperform previous work by significant margins (20{\%} F1 score). We further show that the topic-based model enables the first fine-grained analysis of how the public reacts to ongoing network attacks, discovering multiple {``}stages{''} of observation. This is the first model that both detects network attacks (with best performance) and provides an analysis of when and how the public interprets service outages. We describe the models, present experiments on the largest twitter DDoS corpus to date, and conclude with an analysis of public reactions based on the learned model{'}s output.",
}
@inproceedings{card-smith-2018-importance,
    title = "The Importance of Calibration for Estimating Proportions from Annotations",
    author = "Card, Dallas  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1148",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1148",
    pages = "1636--1646",
    abstract = "Estimating label proportions in a target corpus is a type of measurement that is useful for answering certain types of social-scientific questions. While past work has described a number of relevant approaches, nearly all are based on an assumption which we argue is invalid for many problems, particularly when dealing with human annotations. In this paper, we identify and differentiate between two relevant data generating scenarios (intrinsic vs. extrinsic labels), introduce a simple but novel method which emphasizes the importance of calibration, and then analyze and experimentally validate the appropriateness of various methods for each of the two scenarios.",
}
@inproceedings{kang-etal-2018-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset of Peer Reviews ({P}eer{R}ead): Collection, Insights and {NLP} Applications",
    author = "Kang, Dongyeop  and
      Ammar, Waleed  and
      Dalvi, Bhavana  and
      van Zuylen, Madeleine  and
      Kohlmeier, Sebastian  and
      Hovy, Eduard  and
      Schwartz, Roy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1149",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1149",
    pages = "1647--1661",
    abstract = "Peer reviewing is a central component in the scientific publishing process. We present the first public dataset of scientific peer reviews available for research purposes (PeerRead v1),1 providing an opportunity to study this important artifact. The dataset consists of 14.7K paper drafts and the corresponding accept/reject decisions in top-tier venues including ACL, NIPS and ICLR. The dataset also includes 10.7K textual peer reviews written by experts for a subset of the papers. We describe the data collection process and report interesting observed phenomena in the peer reviews. We also propose two novel NLP tasks based on this dataset and provide simple baseline models. In the first task, we show that simple models can predict whether a paper is accepted with up to 21{\%} error reduction compared to the majority baseline. In the second task, we predict the numerical scores of review aspects and show that simple models can outperform the mean baseline for aspects with high variance such as {`}originality{'} and {`}impact{'}.",
}
@inproceedings{celikyilmaz-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Communicating Agents for Abstractive Summarization",
    author = "Celikyilmaz, Asli  and
      Bosselut, Antoine  and
      He, Xiaodong  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1150",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1150",
    pages = "1662--1675",
    abstract = "We present deep communicating agents in an encoder-decoder architecture to address the challenges of representing a long document for abstractive summarization. With deep communicating agents, the task of encoding a long text is divided across multiple collaborating agents, each in charge of a subsection of the input text. These encoders are connected to a single decoder, trained end-to-end using reinforcement learning to generate a focused and coherent summary. Empirical results demonstrate that multiple communicating encoders lead to a higher quality summary compared to several strong baselines, including those based on a single encoder or multiple non-communicating encoders.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Conversation Context for Neural Keyphrase Extraction from Microblog Posts",
    author = "Zhang, Yingyi  and
      Li, Jing  and
      Song, Yan  and
      Zhang, Chengzhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1151",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1151",
    pages = "1676--1686",
    abstract = "Existing keyphrase extraction methods suffer from data sparsity problem when they are conducted on short and informal texts, especially microblog messages. Enriching context is one way to alleviate this problem. Considering that conversations are formed by reposting and replying messages, they provide useful clues for recognizing essential content in target posts and are therefore helpful for keyphrase identification. In this paper, we present a neural keyphrase extraction framework for microblog posts that takes their conversation context into account, where four types of neural encoders, namely, averaged embedding, RNN, attention, and memory networks, are proposed to represent the conversation context. Experimental results on Twitter and Weibo datasets show that our framework with such encoders outperforms state-of-the-art approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{zopf-2018-estimating,
    title = "Estimating Summary Quality with Pairwise Preferences",
    author = "Zopf, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1152",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1152",
    pages = "1687--1696",
    abstract = "Automatic evaluation systems in the field of automatic summarization have been relying on the availability of gold standard summaries for over ten years. Gold standard summaries are expensive to obtain and often require the availability of domain experts to achieve high quality. In this paper, we propose an alternative evaluation approach based on pairwise preferences of sentences. In comparison to gold standard summaries, they are simpler and cheaper to obtain. In our experiments, we show that humans are able to provide useful feedback in the form of pairwise preferences. The new framework performs better than the three most popular versions of ROUGE with less expensive human input. We also show that our framework can reuse already available evaluation data and achieve even better results.",
}
@inproceedings{krishna-srinivasan-2018-generating,
    title = "Generating Topic-Oriented Summaries Using Neural Attention",
    author = "Krishna, Kundan  and
      Srinivasan, Balaji Vasan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1153",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1153",
    pages = "1697--1705",
    abstract = "Summarizing a document requires identifying the important parts of the document with an objective of providing a quick overview to a reader. However, a long article can span several topics and a single summary cannot do justice to all the topics. Further, the interests of readers can vary and the notion of importance can change across them. Existing summarization algorithms generate a single summary and are not capable of generating multiple summaries tuned to the interests of the readers. In this paper, we propose an attention based RNN framework to generate multiple summaries of a single document tuned to different topics of interest. Our method outperforms existing baselines and our results suggest that the attention of generative networks can be successfully biased to look at sentences relevant to a topic and effectively used to generate topic-tuned summaries.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-generative,
    title = "Generative Bridging Network for Neural Sequence Prediction",
    author = "Chen, Wenhu  and
      Li, Guanlin  and
      Ren, Shuo  and
      Liu, Shujie  and
      Zhang, Zhirui  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1154",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1154",
    pages = "1706--1715",
    abstract = "In order to alleviate data sparsity and overfitting problems in maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) for sequence prediction tasks, we propose the Generative Bridging Network (GBN), in which a novel bridge module is introduced to assist the training of the sequence prediction model (the generator network). Unlike MLE directly maximizing the conditional likelihood, the bridge extends the point-wise ground truth to a bridge distribution conditioned on it, and the generator is optimized to minimize their KL-divergence. Three different GBNs, namely uniform GBN, language-model GBN and coaching GBN, are proposed to penalize confidence, enhance language smoothness and relieve learning burden. Experiments conducted on two recognized sequence prediction tasks (machine translation and abstractive text summarization) show that our proposed GBNs can yield significant improvements over strong baselines. Furthermore, by analyzing samples drawn from different bridges, expected influences on the generator are verified.",
}
@inproceedings{kamigaito-etal-2018-higher,
    title = "Higher-Order Syntactic Attention Network for Longer Sentence Compression",
    author = "Kamigaito, Hidetaka  and
      Hayashi, Katsuhiko  and
      Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1155",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1155",
    pages = "1716--1726",
    abstract = "A sentence compression method using LSTM can generate fluent compressed sentences. However, the performance of this method is significantly degraded when compressing longer sentences since it does not explicitly handle syntactic features. To solve this problem, we propose a higher-order syntactic attention network (HiSAN) that can handle higher-order dependency features as an attention distribution on LSTM hidden states. Furthermore, to avoid the influence of incorrect parse results, we trained HiSAN by maximizing jointly the probability of a correct output with the attention distribution. Experimental results on Google sentence compression dataset showed that our method achieved the best performance on F1 as well as ROUGE-1,2 and L scores, 83.2, 82.9, 75.8 and 82.7, respectively. In human evaluation, our methods also outperformed baseline methods in both readability and informativeness.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Storyline Extraction Model for Storyline Generation from News Articles",
    author = "Zhou, Deyu  and
      Guo, Linsen  and
      He, Yulan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1156",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1156",
    pages = "1727--1736",
    abstract = "Storyline generation aims to extract events described on news articles under a certain news topic and reveal how those events evolve over time. Most approaches to storyline generation first train supervised models to extract events from news articles published in different time periods and then link relevant extracted events into coherent stories. They are domain dependent and cannot deal with unseen event types. To tackle this problem, approaches based on probabilistic graphic models jointly model the generations of events and storylines without the use of annotated data. However, the parameter inference procedure is too complex and models often require long time to converge. In this paper, we propose a novel neural network based approach to extract structured representations and evolution patterns of storylines without using annotated data. In this model, title and main body of a news article are assumed to share the similar storyline distribution. Moreover, similar documents described in neighboring time periods are assumed to share similar storyline distributions. Based on these assumptions, structured representations and evolution patterns of storylines can be extracted. The proposed model has been evaluated on three news corpora and the experimental results show that it outperforms state-of-the-art approaches for storyline generation on both accuracy and efficiency.",
}
@inproceedings{sakaue-etal-2018-provable,
    title = "Provable Fast Greedy Compressive Summarization with Any Monotone Submodular Function",
    author = "Sakaue, Shinsaku  and
      Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Nishino, Masaaki  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1157",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1157",
    pages = "1737--1746",
    abstract = "Submodular maximization with the greedy algorithm has been studied as an effective approach to extractive summarization. This approach is known to have three advantages: its applicability to many useful submodular objective functions, the efficiency of the greedy algorithm, and the provable performance guarantee. However, when it comes to compressive summarization, we are currently missing a counterpart of the extractive method based on submodularity. In this paper, we propose a fast greedy method for compressive summarization. Our method is applicable to any monotone submodular objective function, including many functions well-suited for document summarization. We provide an approximation guarantee of our greedy algorithm. Experiments show that our method is about 100 to 400 times faster than an existing method based on integer-linear-programming (ILP) formulations and that our method empirically achieves more than 95{\%}-approximation.",
}
@inproceedings{narayan-etal-2018-ranking,
    title = "Ranking Sentences for Extractive Summarization with Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Narayan, Shashi  and
      Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1158",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1158",
    pages = "1747--1759",
    abstract = "Single document summarization is the task of producing a shorter version of a document while preserving its principal information content. In this paper we conceptualize extractive summarization as a sentence ranking task and propose a novel training algorithm which globally optimizes the ROUGE evaluation metric through a reinforcement learning objective. We use our algorithm to train a neural summarization model on the CNN and DailyMail datasets and demonstrate experimentally that it outperforms state-of-the-art extractive and abstractive systems when evaluated automatically and by humans.",
}
@inproceedings{handler-oconnor-2018-relational,
    title = "Relational Summarization for Corpus Analysis",
    author = "Handler, Abram  and
      O{'}Connor, Brendan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1159",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1159",
    pages = "1760--1769",
    abstract = "This work introduces a new problem, relational summarization, in which the goal is to generate a natural language summary of the relationship between two lexical items in a corpus, without reference to a knowledge base. Motivated by the needs of novel user interfaces, we define the task and give examples of its application. We also present a new query-focused method for finding natural language sentences which express relationships. Our method allows for summarization of more than two times more query pairs than baseline relation extractors, while returning measurably more readable output. Finally, to help guide future work, we analyze the challenges of relational summarization using both a news and a social media corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{gorinski-lapata-2018-whats,
    title = "What{'}s This Movie About? A Joint Neural Network Architecture for Movie Content Analysis",
    author = "Gorinski, Philip John  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1160",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1160",
    pages = "1770--1781",
    abstract = "This work takes a first step toward movie content analysis by tackling the novel task of movie overview generation. Overviews are natural language texts that give a first impression of a movie, describing aspects such as its genre, plot, mood, or artistic style. We create a dataset that consists of movie scripts, attribute-value pairs for the movies{'} aspects, as well as overviews, which we extract from an online database. We present a novel end-to-end model for overview generation, consisting of a multi-label encoder for identifying screenplay attributes, and an LSTM decoder to generate natural language sentences conditioned on the identified attributes. Automatic and human evaluation show that the encoder is able to reliably assign good labels for the movie{'}s attributes, and the overviews provide descriptions of the movie{'}s content which are informative and faithful.",
}
@inproceedings{zopf-etal-2018-scores,
    title = "Which Scores to Predict in Sentence Regression for Text Summarization?",
    author = {Zopf, Markus  and
      Loza Menc{\'\i}a, Eneldo  and
      F{\"u}rnkranz, Johannes},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1161",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1161",
    pages = "1782--1791",
    abstract = "The task of automatic text summarization is to generate a short text that summarizes the most important information in a given set of documents. Sentence regression is an emerging branch in automatic text summarizations. Its key idea is to estimate the importance of information via learned utility scores for individual sentences. These scores are then used for selecting sentences from the source documents, typically according to a greedy selection strategy. Recently proposed state-of-the-art models learn to predict ROUGE recall scores of individual sentences, which seems reasonable since the final summaries are evaluated according to ROUGE recall. In this paper, we show in extensive experiments that following this intuition leads to suboptimal results and that learning to predict ROUGE precision scores leads to better results. The crucial difference is to aim not at covering as much information as possible but at wasting as little space as possible in every greedy step.",
}
@inproceedings{park-etal-2018-hierarchical,
    title = "A Hierarchical Latent Structure for Variational Conversation Modeling",
    author = "Park, Yookoon  and
      Cho, Jaemin  and
      Kim, Gunhee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1162",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1162",
    pages = "1792--1801",
    abstract = "Variational autoencoders (VAE) combined with hierarchical RNNs have emerged as a powerful framework for conversation modeling. However, they suffer from the notorious degeneration problem, where the decoders learn to ignore latent variables and reduce to vanilla RNNs. We empirically show that this degeneracy occurs mostly due to two reasons. First, the expressive power of hierarchical RNN decoders is often high enough to model the data using only its decoding distributions without relying on the latent variables. Second, the conditional VAE structure whose generation process is conditioned on a context, makes the range of training targets very sparse; that is, the RNN decoders can easily overfit to the training data ignoring the latent variables. To solve the degeneration problem, we propose a novel model named Variational Hierarchical Conversation RNNs (VHCR), involving two key ideas of (1) using a hierarchical structure of latent variables, and (2) exploiting an utterance drop regularization. With evaluations on two datasets of Cornell Movie Dialog and Ubuntu Dialog Corpus, we show that our VHCR successfully utilizes latent variables and outperforms state-of-the-art models for conversation generation. Moreover, it can perform several new utterance control tasks, thanks to its hierarchical latent structure.",
}
@inproceedings{sandbank-etal-2018-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Egregious Conversations between Customers and Virtual Agents",
    author = "Sandbank, Tommy  and
      Shmueli-Scheuer, Michal  and
      Herzig, Jonathan  and
      Konopnicki, David  and
      Richards, John  and
      Piorkowski, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1163",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1163",
    pages = "1802--1811",
    abstract = "Virtual agents are becoming a prominent channel of interaction in customer service. Not all customer interactions are smooth, however, and some can become almost comically bad. In such instances, a human agent might need to step in and salvage the conversation. Detecting bad conversations is important since disappointing customer service may threaten customer loyalty and impact revenue. In this paper, we outline an approach to detecting such egregious conversations, using behavioral cues from the user, patterns in agent responses, and user-agent interaction. Using logs of two commercial systems, we show that using these features improves the detection F1-score by around 20{\%} over using textual features alone. In addition, we show that those features are common across two quite different domains and, arguably, universal.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2018-learning-disentangle,
    title = "Learning to Disentangle Interleaved Conversational Threads with a {S}iamese Hierarchical Network and Similarity Ranking",
    author = "Jiang, Jyun-Yu  and
      Chen, Francine  and
      Chen, Yan-Ying  and
      Wang, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1164",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1164",
    pages = "1812--1822",
    abstract = "An enormous amount of conversation occurs online every day, such as on chat platforms where multiple conversations may take place concurrently. Interleaved conversations lead to difficulties in not only following discussions but also retrieving relevant information from simultaneous messages. Conversation disentanglement aims to separate intermingled messages into detached conversations. In this paper, we propose to leverage representation learning for conversation disentanglement. A Siamese hierarchical convolutional neural network (SHCNN), which integrates local and more global representations of a message, is first presented to estimate the conversation-level similarity between closely posted messages. With the estimated similarity scores, our algorithm for conversation identification by similarity ranking (CISIR) then derives conversations based on high-confidence message pairs and pairwise redundancy. Experiments were conducted with four publicly available datasets of conversations from Reddit and IRC channels. The experimental results show that our approach significantly outperforms comparative baselines in both pairwise similarity estimation and conversation disentanglement.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-variational-knowledge,
    title = "Variational Knowledge Graph Reasoning",
    author = "Chen, Wenhu  and
      Xiong, Wenhan  and
      Yan, Xifeng  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1165",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1165",
    pages = "1823--1832",
    abstract = "Inferring missing links in knowledge graphs (KG) has attracted a lot of attention from the research community. In this paper, we tackle a practical query answering task involving predicting the relation of a given entity pair. We frame this prediction problem as an inference problem in a probabilistic graphical model and aim at resolving it from a variational inference perspective. In order to model the relation between the query entity pair, we assume that there exists an underlying latent variable (paths connecting two nodes) in the KG, which carries the equivalent semantics of their relations. However, due to the intractability of connections in large KGs, we propose to use variation inference to maximize the evidence lower bound. More specifically, our framework (Diva) is composed of three modules, i.e. a posterior approximator, a prior (path finder), and a likelihood (path reasoner). By using variational inference, we are able to incorporate them closely into a unified architecture and jointly optimize them to perform KG reasoning. With active interactions among these sub-modules, Diva is better at handling noise and coping with more complex reasoning scenarios. In order to evaluate our method, we conduct the experiment of the link prediction task on multiple datasets and achieve state-of-the-art performances on both datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-miyao-2018-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Temporal Relations from Time Anchor Annotation",
    author = "Cheng, Fei  and
      Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1166",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1166",
    pages = "1833--1843",
    abstract = "Recognizing temporal relations among events and time expressions has been an essential but challenging task in natural language processing. Conventional annotation of judging temporal relations puts a heavy load on annotators. In reality, the existing annotated corpora include annotations on only {``}salient{''} event pairs, or on pairs in a fixed window of sentences. In this paper, we propose a new approach to obtain temporal relations from absolute time value (a.k.a. time anchors), which is suitable for texts containing rich temporal information such as news articles. We start from time anchors for events and time expressions, and temporal relation annotations are induced automatically by computing relative order of two time anchors. This proposal shows several advantages over the current methods for temporal relation annotation: it requires less annotation effort, can induce inter-sentence relations easily, and increases informativeness of temporal relations. We compare the empirical statistics and automatic recognition results with our data against a previous temporal relation corpus. We also reveal that our data contributes to a significant improvement of the downstream time anchor prediction task, demonstrating 14.1 point increase in overall accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{radhakrishnan-etal-2018-elden,
    title = "{ELDEN}: Improved Entity Linking Using Densified Knowledge Graphs",
    author = "Radhakrishnan, Priya  and
      Talukdar, Partha  and
      Varma, Vasudeva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1167",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1167",
    pages = "1844--1853",
    abstract = "Entity Linking (EL) systems aim to automatically map mentions of an entity in text to the corresponding entity in a Knowledge Graph (KG). Degree of connectivity of an entity in the KG directly affects an EL system{'}s ability to correctly link mentions in text to the entity in KG. This causes many EL systems to perform well for entities well connected to other entities in KG, bringing into focus the role of KG density in EL. In this paper, we propose Entity Linking using Densified Knowledge Graphs (ELDEN). ELDEN is an EL system which first densifies the KG with co-occurrence statistics from a large text corpus, and then uses the densified KG to train entity embeddings. Entity similarity measured using these trained entity embeddings result in improved EL. ELDEN outperforms state-of-the-art EL system on benchmark datasets. Due to such densification, ELDEN performs well for sparsely connected entities in the KG too. ELDEN{'}s approach is simple, yet effective. We have made ELDEN{'}s code and data publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{ye-etal-2018-interpretable,
    title = "Interpretable Charge Predictions for Criminal Cases: Learning to Generate Court Views from Fact Descriptions",
    author = "Ye, Hai  and
      Jiang, Xin  and
      Luo, Zhunchen  and
      Chao, Wenhan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1168",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1168",
    pages = "1854--1864",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose to study the problem of court view generation from the fact description in a criminal case. The task aims to improve the interpretability of charge prediction systems and help automatic legal document generation. We formulate this task as a text-to-text natural language generation (NLG) problem. Sequence-to-sequence model has achieved cutting-edge performances in many NLG tasks. However, due to the non-distinctions of fact descriptions, it is hard for Seq2Seq model to generate charge-discriminative court views. In this work, we explore charge labels to tackle this issue. We propose a label-conditioned Seq2Seq model with attention for this problem, to decode court views conditioned on encoded charge labels. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our method.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-delete,
    title = "Delete, Retrieve, Generate: a Simple Approach to Sentiment and Style Transfer",
    author = "Li, Juncen  and
      Jia, Robin  and
      He, He  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1169",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1169",
    pages = "1865--1874",
    abstract = "We consider the task of text attribute transfer: transforming a sentence to alter a specific attribute (e.g., sentiment) while preserving its attribute-independent content (e.g., {``}screen is just the right size{''} to {``}screen is too small{''}). Our training data includes only sentences labeled with their attribute (e.g., positive and negative), but not pairs of sentences that only differ in the attributes, so we must learn to disentangle attributes from attribute-independent content in an unsupervised way. Previous work using adversarial methods has struggled to produce high-quality outputs. In this paper, we propose simpler methods motivated by the observation that text attributes are often marked by distinctive phrases (e.g., {``}too small{''}). Our strongest method extracts content words by deleting phrases associated with the sentence{'}s original attribute value, retrieves new phrases associated with the target attribute, and uses a neural model to fluently combine these into a final output. Based on human evaluation, our best method generates grammatical and appropriate responses on 22{\%} more inputs than the best previous system, averaged over three attribute transfer datasets: altering sentiment of reviews on Yelp, altering sentiment of reviews on Amazon, and altering image captions to be more romantic or humorous.",
}
@inproceedings{iyyer-etal-2018-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Example Generation with Syntactically Controlled Paraphrase Networks",
    author = "Iyyer, Mohit  and
      Wieting, John  and
      Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1170",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1170",
    pages = "1875--1885",
    abstract = "We propose syntactically controlled paraphrase networks (SCPNs) and use them to generate adversarial examples. Given a sentence and a target syntactic form (e.g., a constituency parse), SCPNs are trained to produce a paraphrase of the sentence with the desired syntax. We show it is possible to create training data for this task by first doing backtranslation at a very large scale, and then using a parser to label the syntactic transformations that naturally occur during this process. Such data allows us to train a neural encoder-decoder model with extra inputs to specify the target syntax. A combination of automated and human evaluations show that SCPNs generate paraphrases that follow their target specifications without decreasing paraphrase quality when compared to baseline (uncontrolled) paraphrase systems. Furthermore, they are more capable of generating syntactically adversarial examples that both (1) {``}fool{''} pretrained models and (2) improve the robustness of these models to syntactic variation when used to augment their training data.",
}
@inproceedings{kenyon-dean-etal-2018-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis: It{'}s Complicated!",
    author = "Kenyon-Dean, Kian  and
      Ahmed, Eisha  and
      Fujimoto, Scott  and
      Georges-Filteau, Jeremy  and
      Glasz, Christopher  and
      Kaur, Barleen  and
      Lalande, Auguste  and
      Bhanderi, Shruti  and
      Belfer, Robert  and
      Kanagasabai, Nirmal  and
      Sarrazingendron, Roman  and
      Verma, Rohit  and
      Ruths, Derek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1171",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1171",
    pages = "1886--1895",
    abstract = "Sentiment analysis is used as a proxy to measure human emotion, where the objective is to categorize text according to some predefined notion of sentiment. Sentiment analysis datasets are typically constructed with gold-standard sentiment labels, assigned based on the results of manual annotations. When working with such annotations, it is common for dataset constructors to discard {``}noisy{''} or {``}controversial{''} data where there is significant disagreement on the proper label. In datasets constructed for the purpose of Twitter sentiment analysis (TSA), these controversial examples can compose over 30{\%} of the originally annotated data. We argue that the removal of such data is a problematic trend because, when performing real-time sentiment classification of short-text, an automated system cannot know a priori which samples would fall into this category of disputed sentiment. We therefore propose the notion of a {``}complicated{''} class of sentiment to categorize such text, and argue that its inclusion in the short-text sentiment analysis framework will improve the quality of automated sentiment analysis systems as they are implemented in real-world settings. We motivate this argument by building and analyzing a new publicly available TSA dataset of over 7,000 tweets annotated with 5x coverage, named MTSA. Our analysis of classifier performance over our dataset offers insights into sentiment analysis dataset and model design, how current techniques would perform in the real world, and how researchers should handle difficult data.",
}
@inproceedings{augenstein-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Task Learning of Pairwise Sequence Classification Tasks over Disparate Label Spaces",
    author = "Augenstein, Isabelle  and
      Ruder, Sebastian  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1172",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1172",
    pages = "1896--1906",
    abstract = "We combine multi-task learning and semi-supervised learning by inducing a joint embedding space between disparate label spaces and learning transfer functions between label embeddings, enabling us to jointly leverage unlabelled data and auxiliary, annotated datasets. We evaluate our approach on a variety of tasks with disparate label spaces. We outperform strong single and multi-task baselines and achieve a new state of the art for aspect-based and topic-based sentiment analysis.",
}
@inproceedings{buechel-hahn-2018-word,
    title = "Word Emotion Induction for Multiple Languages as a Deep Multi-Task Learning Problem",
    author = "Buechel, Sven  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1173",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1173",
    pages = "1907--1918",
    abstract = "Predicting the emotional value of lexical items is a well-known problem in sentiment analysis. While research has focused on polarity for quite a long time, meanwhile this early focus has been shifted to more expressive emotion representation models (such as Basic Emotions or Valence-Arousal-Dominance). This change resulted in a proliferation of heterogeneous formats and, in parallel, often small-sized, non-interoperable resources (lexicons and corpus annotations). In particular, the limitations in size hampered the application of deep learning methods in this area because they typically require large amounts of input data. We here present a solution to get around this language data bottleneck by rephrasing word emotion induction as a multi-task learning problem. In this approach, the prediction of each independent emotion dimension is considered as an individual task and hidden layers are shared between these dimensions. We investigate whether multi-task learning is more advantageous than single-task learning for emotion prediction by comparing our model against a wide range of alternative emotion and polarity induction methods featuring 9 typologically diverse languages and a total of 15 conditions. Our model turns out to outperform each one of them. Against all odds, the proposed deep learning approach yields the largest gain on the smallest data sets, merely composed of one thousand samples.",
}
@inproceedings{ding-riloff-2018-human,
    title = "Human Needs Categorization of Affective Events Using Labeled and Unlabeled Data",
    author = "Ding, Haibo  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1174",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1174",
    pages = "1919--1929",
    abstract = "We often talk about events that impact us positively or negatively. For example {``}I got a job{''} is good news, but {``}I lost my job{''} is bad news. When we discuss an event, we not only understand its affective polarity but also the reason why the event is beneficial or detrimental. For example, getting or losing a job has affective polarity primarily because it impacts us financially. Our work aims to categorize affective events based upon human need categories that often explain people{'}s motivations and desires: PHYSIOLOGICAL, HEALTH, LEISURE, SOCIAL, FINANCIAL, COGNITION, and FREEDOM. We create classification models based on event expressions as well as models that use contexts surrounding event mentions. We also design a co-training model that learns from unlabeled data by simultaneously training event expression and event context classifiers in an iterative learning process. Our results show that co-training performs well, producing substantially better results than the individual classifiers.",
}
@inproceedings{habernal-etal-2018-argument,
    title = "The Argument Reasoning Comprehension Task: Identification and Reconstruction of Implicit Warrants",
    author = "Habernal, Ivan  and
      Wachsmuth, Henning  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1175",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1175",
    pages = "1930--1940",
    abstract = "Reasoning is a crucial part of natural language argumentation. To comprehend an argument, one must analyze its warrant, which explains why its claim follows from its premises. As arguments are highly contextualized, warrants are usually presupposed and left implicit. Thus, the comprehension does not only require language understanding and logic skills, but also depends on common sense. In this paper we develop a methodology for reconstructing warrants systematically. We operationalize it in a scalable crowdsourcing process, resulting in a freely licensed dataset with warrants for 2k authentic arguments from news comments. On this basis, we present a new challenging task, the argument reasoning comprehension task. Given an argument with a claim and a premise, the goal is to choose the correct implicit warrant from two options. Both warrants are plausible and lexically close, but lead to contradicting claims. A solution to this task will define a substantial step towards automatic warrant reconstruction. However, experiments with several neural attention and language models reveal that current approaches do not suffice.",
}
@inproceedings{levitan-etal-2018-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Cues to Deception and Perceived Deception in Interview Dialogues",
    author = "Levitan, Sarah Ita  and
      Maredia, Angel  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1176",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1176",
    pages = "1941--1950",
    abstract = "We explore deception detection in interview dialogues. We analyze a set of linguistic features in both truthful and deceptive responses to interview questions. We also study the perception of deception, identifying characteristics of statements that are perceived as truthful or deceptive by interviewers. Our analysis show significant differences between truthful and deceptive question responses, as well as variations in deception patterns across gender and native language. This analysis motivated our selection of features for machine learning experiments aimed at classifying globally deceptive speech. Our best classification performance is 72.74{\%} F1-Score (about 17{\%} better than human performance), which is achieved using a combination of linguistic features and individual traits.",
}
@inproceedings{fried-etal-2018-unified,
    title = "Unified Pragmatic Models for Generating and Following Instructions",
    author = "Fried, Daniel  and
      Andreas, Jacob  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1177",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1177",
    pages = "1951--1963",
    abstract = "We show that explicit pragmatic inference aids in correctly generating and following natural language instructions for complex, sequential tasks. Our pragmatics-enabled models reason about why speakers produce certain instructions, and about how listeners will react upon hearing them. Like previous pragmatic models, we use learned base listener and speaker models to build a pragmatic speaker that uses the base listener to simulate the interpretation of candidate descriptions, and a pragmatic listener that reasons counterfactually about alternative descriptions. We extend these models to tasks with sequential structure. Evaluation of language generation and interpretation shows that pragmatic inference improves state-of-the-art listener models (at correctly interpreting human instructions) and speaker models (at producing instructions correctly interpreted by humans) in diverse settings.",
}
@inproceedings{subramanian-etal-2018-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Structured Model for Fine-to-Coarse Manifesto Text Analysis",
    author = "Subramanian, Shivashankar  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1178",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1178",
    pages = "1964--1974",
    abstract = "Election manifestos document the intentions, motives, and views of political parties. They are often used for analysing a party{'}s fine-grained position on a particular issue, as well as for coarse-grained positioning of a party on the left{--}right spectrum. In this paper we propose a two-stage model for automatically performing both levels of analysis over manifestos. In the first step we employ a hierarchical multi-task structured deep model to predict fine- and coarse-grained positions, and in the second step we perform post-hoc calibration of coarse-grained positions using probabilistic soft logic. We empirically show that the proposed model outperforms state-of-art approaches at both granularities using manifestos from twelve countries, written in ten different languages.",
}
@inproceedings{sanchez-etal-2018-behavior,
    title = "Behavior Analysis of {NLI} Models: Uncovering the Influence of Three Factors on Robustness",
    author = "Sanchez, Ivan  and
      Mitchell, Jeff  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1179",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1179",
    pages = "1975--1985",
    abstract = "Natural Language Inference is a challenging task that has received substantial attention, and state-of-the-art models now achieve impressive test set performance in the form of accuracy scores. Here, we go beyond this single evaluation metric to examine robustness to semantically-valid alterations to the input data. We identify three factors - insensitivity, polarity and unseen pairs - and compare their impact on three SNLI models under a variety of conditions. Our results demonstrate a number of strengths and weaknesses in the models{'} ability to generalise to new in-domain instances. In particular, while strong performance is possible on unseen hypernyms, unseen antonyms are more challenging for all the models. More generally, the models suffer from an insensitivity to certain small but semantically significant alterations, and are also often influenced by simple statistical correlations between words and training labels. Overall, we show that evaluations of NLI models can benefit from studying the influence of factors intrinsic to the models or found in the dataset used.",
}
@inproceedings{berzak-etal-2018-assessing,
    title = "Assessing Language Proficiency from Eye Movements in Reading",
    author = "Berzak, Yevgeni  and
      Katz, Boris  and
      Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1180",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1180",
    pages = "1986--1996",
    abstract = "We present a novel approach for determining learners{'} second language proficiency which utilizes behavioral traces of eye movements during reading. Our approach provides stand-alone eyetracking based English proficiency scores which reflect the extent to which the learner{'}s gaze patterns in reading are similar to those of native English speakers. We show that our scores correlate strongly with standardized English proficiency tests. We also demonstrate that gaze information can be used to accurately predict the outcomes of such tests. Our approach yields the strongest performance when the test taker is presented with a suite of sentences for which we have eyetracking data from other readers. However, it remains effective even using eyetracking with sentences for which eye movement data have not been previously collected. By deriving proficiency as an automatic byproduct of eye movements during ordinary reading, our approach offers a potentially valuable new tool for second language proficiency assessment. More broadly, our results open the door to future methods for inferring reader characteristics from the behavioral traces of reading.",
}
@inproceedings{zhan-levy-2018-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Theories of Speaker Choice Using a Model of Classifier Production in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Zhan, Meilin  and
      Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1181",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1181",
    pages = "1997--2005",
    abstract = "Speakers often have more than one way to express the same meaning. What general principles govern speaker choice in the face of optionality when near semantically invariant alternation exists? Studies have shown that optional reduction in language is sensitive to contextual predictability, such that more predictable a linguistic unit is, the more likely it is to get reduced. Yet it is unclear whether these cases of speaker choice are driven by audience design versus toward facilitating production. Here we argue that for a different optionality phenomenon, namely classifier choice in Mandarin Chinese, Uniform Information Density and at least one plausible variant of availability-based production make opposite predictions regarding the relationship between the predictability of the upcoming material and speaker choices. In a corpus analysis of Mandarin Chinese, we show that the distribution of speaker choices supports the availability-based production account and not the Uniform Information Density.",
}
@inproceedings{amiri-etal-2018-spotting,
    title = "Spotting Spurious Data with Neural Networks",
    author = "Amiri, Hadi  and
      Miller, Timothy  and
      Savova, Guergana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1182",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1182",
    pages = "2006--2016",
    abstract = "Automatic identification of spurious instances (those with potentially wrong labels in datasets) can improve the quality of existing language resources, especially when annotations are obtained through crowdsourcing or automatically generated based on coded rankings. In this paper, we present effective approaches inspired by queueing theory and psychology of learning to automatically identify spurious instances in datasets. Our approaches discriminate instances based on their {``}difficulty to learn,{''} determined by a downstream learner. Our methods can be applied to any dataset assuming the existence of a neural network model for the target task of the dataset. Our best approach outperforms competing state-of-the-art baselines and has a MAP of 0.85 and 0.22 in identifying spurious instances in synthetic and carefully-crowdsourced real-world datasets respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{cole-reitter-2018-timing,
    title = "The Timing of Lexical Memory Retrievals in Language Production",
    author = "Cole, Jeremy  and
      Reitter, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1183",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1183",
    pages = "2017--2027",
    abstract = "This paper explores the time course of lexical memory retrieval by modeling fluent language production. The duration of retrievals is predicted using the ACT-R cognitive architecture. In a large-scale observational study of a spoken corpus, we find that language production at a time point preceding a word is sped up or slowed down depending on activation of that word. This computational analysis has consequences for the theoretical model of language production. The results point to interference between lexical and phonological stages as well as a quantifiable buffer for lexical information that opens up the possibility of non-sequential retrievals.",
}
@inproceedings{barrett-etal-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Induction of Linguistic Categories with Records of Reading, Speaking, and Writing",
    author = "Barrett, Maria  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-Gardu{\~n}o, Ana Valeria  and
      Frermann, Lea  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1184",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1184",
    pages = "2028--2038",
    abstract = "When learning POS taggers and syntactic chunkers for low-resource languages, different resources may be available, and often all we have is a small tag dictionary, motivating type-constrained unsupervised induction. Even small dictionaries can improve the performance of unsupervised induction algorithms. This paper shows that performance can be further improved by including data that is readily available or can be easily obtained for most languages, i.e., eye-tracking, speech, or keystroke logs (or any combination thereof). We project information from all these data sources into shared spaces, in which the union of words is represented. For English unsupervised POS induction, the additional information, which is not required at test time, leads to an average error reduction on Ontonotes domains of 1.5{\%} over systems augmented with state-of-the-art word embeddings. On Penn Treebank the best model achieves 5.4{\%} error reduction over a word embeddings baseline. We also achieve significant improvements for syntactic chunk induction. Our analysis shows that improvements are even bigger when the available tag dictionaries are smaller.",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2018-challenging,
    title = "Challenging Reading Comprehension on Daily Conversation: Passage Completion on Multiparty Dialog",
    author = "Ma, Kaixin  and
      Jurczyk, Tomasz  and
      Choi, Jinho D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1185",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1185",
    pages = "2039--2048",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new corpus and a robust deep learning architecture for a task in reading comprehension, passage completion, on multiparty dialog. Given a dialog in text and a passage containing factual descriptions about the dialog where mentions of the characters are replaced by blanks, the task is to fill the blanks with the most appropriate character names that reflect the contexts in the dialog. Since there is no dataset that challenges the task of passage completion in this genre, we create a corpus by selecting transcripts from a TV show that comprise 1,681 dialogs, generating passages for each dialog through crowdsourcing, and annotating mentions of characters in both the dialog and the passages. Given this dataset, we build a deep neural model that integrates rich feature extraction from convolutional neural networks into sequence modeling in recurrent neural networks, optimized by utterance and dialog level attentions. Our model outperforms the previous state-of-the-art model on this task in a different genre using bidirectional LSTM, showing a 13.0+{\%} improvement for longer dialogs. Our analysis shows the effectiveness of the attention mechanisms and suggests a direction to machine comprehension on multiparty dialog.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-dialog,
    title = "Dialog Generation Using Multi-Turn Reasoning Neural Networks",
    author = "Wu, Xianchao  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Ander  and
      Klyen, Momo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1186",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1186",
    pages = "2049--2059",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a generalizable dialog generation approach that adapts multi-turn reasoning, one recent advancement in the field of document comprehension, to generate responses ({``}answers{''}) by taking current conversation session context as a {``}document{''} and current query as a {``}question{''}. The major idea is to represent a conversation session into memories upon which attention-based memory reading mechanism can be performed multiple times, so that (1) user{'}s query is properly extended by contextual clues and (2) optimal responses are step-by-step generated. Considering that the speakers of one conversation are not limited to be one, we separate the single memory used for document comprehension into different groups for speaker-specific topic and opinion embedding. Namely, we utilize the queries{'} memory, the responses{'} memory, and their unified memory, following the time sequence of the conversation session. Experiments on Japanese 10-sentence (5-round) conversation modeling show impressive results on how multi-turn reasoning can produce more diverse and acceptable responses than state-of-the-art single-turn and non-reasoning baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Learning with Human Teaching and Feedback in End-to-End Trainable Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems",
    author = {Liu, Bing  and
      T{\"u}r, Gokhan  and
      Hakkani-T{\"u}r, Dilek  and
      Shah, Pararth  and
      Heck, Larry},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1187",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1187",
    pages = "2060--2069",
    abstract = "In this work, we present a hybrid learning method for training task-oriented dialogue systems through online user interactions. Popular methods for learning task-oriented dialogues include applying reinforcement learning with user feedback on supervised pre-training models. Efficiency of such learning method may suffer from the mismatch of dialogue state distribution between offline training and online interactive learning stages. To address this challenge, we propose a hybrid imitation and reinforcement learning method, with which a dialogue agent can effectively learn from its interaction with users by learning from human teaching and feedback. We design a neural network based task-oriented dialogue agent that can be optimized end-to-end with the proposed learning method. Experimental results show that our end-to-end dialogue agent can learn effectively from the mistake it makes via imitation learning from user teaching. Applying reinforcement learning with user feedback after the imitation learning stage further improves the agent{'}s capability in successfully completing a task.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2018-lsdscc,
    title = "{LSDSCC}: a Large Scale Domain-Specific Conversational Corpus for Response Generation with Diversity Oriented Evaluation Metrics",
    author = "Xu, Zhen  and
      Jiang, Nan  and
      Liu, Bingquan  and
      Rong, Wenge  and
      Wu, Bowen  and
      Wang, Baoxun  and
      Wang, Zhuoran  and
      Wang, Xiaolong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1188",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1188",
    pages = "2070--2080",
    abstract = "It has been proven that automatic conversational agents can be built up using the Endto-End Neural Response Generation (NRG) framework, and such a data-driven methodology requires a large number of dialog pairs for model training and reasonable evaluation metrics for testing. This paper proposes a Large Scale Domain-Specific Conversational Corpus (LSDSCC) composed of high-quality queryresponse pairs extracted from the domainspecific online forum, with thorough preprocessing and cleansing procedures. Also, a testing set, including multiple diverse responses annotated for each query, is constructed, and on this basis, the metrics for measuring the diversity of generated results are further presented. We evaluate the performances of neural dialog models with the widely applied diversity boosting strategies on the proposed dataset. The experimental results have shown that our proposed corpus can be taken as a new benchmark dataset for the NRG task, and the presented metrics are promising to guide the optimization of NRG models by quantifying the diversity of the generated responses reasonably.",
}
@inproceedings{rios-kavuluru-2018-emr,
    title = "{EMR} Coding with Semi-Parametric Multi-Head Matching Networks",
    author = "Rios, Anthony  and
      Kavuluru, Ramakanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1189",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1189",
    pages = "2081--2091",
    abstract = "Coding EMRs with diagnosis and procedure codes is an indispensable task for billing, secondary data analyses, and monitoring health trends. Both speed and accuracy of coding are critical. While coding errors could lead to more patient-side financial burden and misinterpretation of a patient{'}s well-being, timely coding is also needed to avoid backlogs and additional costs for the healthcare facility. In this paper, we present a new neural network architecture that combines ideas from few-shot learning matching networks, multi-label loss functions, and convolutional neural networks for text classification to significantly outperform other state-of-the-art models. Our evaluations are conducted using a well known de-identified EMR dataset (MIMIC) with a variety of multi-label performance measures.",
}
@inproceedings{wendlandt-etal-2018-factors,
    title = "Factors Influencing the Surprising Instability of Word Embeddings",
    author = "Wendlandt, Laura  and
      Kummerfeld, Jonathan K.  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1190",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1190",
    pages = "2092--2102",
    abstract = "Despite the recent popularity of word embedding methods, there is only a small body of work exploring the limitations of these representations. In this paper, we consider one aspect of embedding spaces, namely their stability. We show that even relatively high frequency words (100-200 occurrences) are often unstable. We provide empirical evidence for how various factors contribute to the stability of word embeddings, and we analyze the effects of stability on downstream tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-zhang-2018-mining,
    title = "Mining Evidences for Concept Stock Recommendation",
    author = "Liu, Qi  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1191",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1191",
    pages = "2103--2112",
    abstract = "We investigate the task of mining relevant stocks given a topic of concern on emerging capital markets, for which there is lack of structural understanding. Deep learning is leveraged to mine evidences from large scale textual data, which contain valuable market information. In particular, distributed word similarities trained over large scale raw texts are taken as a basis of relevance measuring, and deep reinforcement learning is leveraged to learn a strategy of topic expansion, given a small amount of manually labeled data from financial analysts. Results on two Chinese stock market datasets show that our method outperforms a strong baseline using information retrieval techniques.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-binarized,
    title = "Binarized {LSTM} Language Model",
    author = "Liu, Xuan  and
      Cao, Di  and
      Yu, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1192",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1192",
    pages = "2113--2121",
    abstract = "Long short-term memory (LSTM) language model (LM) has been widely investigated for automatic speech recognition (ASR) and natural language processing (NLP). Although excellent performance is obtained for large vocabulary tasks, tremendous memory consumption prohibits the use of LSTM LM in low-resource devices. The memory consumption mainly comes from the word embedding layer. In this paper, a novel binarized LSTM LM is proposed to address the problem. Words are encoded into binary vectors and other LSTM parameters are further binarized to achieve high memory compression. This is the first effort to investigate binary LSTM for large vocabulary LM. Experiments on both English and Chinese LM and ASR tasks showed that can achieve a compression ratio of 11.3 without any loss of LM and ASR performances and a compression ratio of 31.6 with acceptable minor performance degradation.",
}
@inproceedings{hazarika-etal-2018-conversational,
    title = "Conversational Memory Network for Emotion Recognition in Dyadic Dialogue Videos",
    author = "Hazarika, Devamanyu  and
      Poria, Soujanya  and
      Zadeh, Amir  and
      Cambria, Erik  and
      Morency, Louis-Philippe  and
      Zimmermann, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1193",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1193",
    pages = "2122--2132",
    abstract = "Emotion recognition in conversations is crucial for the development of empathetic machines. Present methods mostly ignore the role of inter-speaker dependency relations while classifying emotions in conversations. In this paper, we address recognizing utterance-level emotions in dyadic conversational videos. We propose a deep neural framework, termed Conversational Memory Network (CMN), which leverages contextual information from the conversation history. In particular, CMN uses multimodal approach comprising audio, visual and textual features with gated recurrent units to model past utterances of each speaker into memories. These memories are then merged using attention-based hops to capture inter-speaker dependencies. Experiments show a significant improvement of 3 − 4{\%} in accuracy over the state of the art.",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2018-time,
    title = "How Time Matters: Learning Time-Decay Attention for Contextual Spoken Language Understanding in Dialogues",
    author = "Su, Shang-Yu  and
      Yuan, Pei-Chieh  and
      Chen, Yun-Nung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1194",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1194",
    pages = "2133--2142",
    abstract = "Spoken language understanding (SLU) is an essential component in conversational systems. Most SLU components treats each utterance independently, and then the following components aggregate the multi-turn information in the separate phases. In order to avoid error propagation and effectively utilize contexts, prior work leveraged history for contextual SLU. However, most previous models only paid attention to the related content in history utterances, ignoring their temporal information. In the dialogues, it is intuitive that the most recent utterances are more important than the least recent ones, in other words, time-aware attention should be in a decaying manner. Therefore, this paper designs and investigates various types of time-decay attention on the sentence-level and speaker-level, and further proposes a flexible universal time-decay attention mechanism. The experiments on the benchmark Dialogue State Tracking Challenge (DSTC4) dataset show that the proposed time-decay attention mechanisms significantly improve the state-of-the-art model for contextual understanding performance.",
}
@inproceedings{loukina-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Understanding Text Factors in Oral Reading",
    author = "Loukina, Anastassia  and
      Liceralde, Van Rynald T.  and
      Beigman Klebanov, Beata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1195",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1195",
    pages = "2143--2154",
    abstract = "Using a case study, we show that variation in oral reading rate across passages for professional narrators is consistent across readers and much of it can be explained using features of the texts being read. While text complexity is a poor predictor of the reading rate, a substantial share of variability can be explained by timing and story-based factors with performance reaching r=0.75 for unseen passages and narrator.",
}
@inproceedings{monroe-etal-2018-generating,
    title = "Generating Bilingual Pragmatic Color References",
    author = "Monroe, Will  and
      Hu, Jennifer  and
      Jong, Andrew  and
      Potts, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1196",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1196",
    pages = "2155--2165",
    abstract = "Contextual influences on language often exhibit substantial cross-lingual regularities; for example, we are more verbose in situations that require finer distinctions. However, these regularities are sometimes obscured by semantic and syntactic differences. Using a newly-collected dataset of color reference games in Mandarin Chinese (which we release to the public), we confirm that a variety of constructions display the same sensitivity to contextual difficulty in Chinese and English. We then show that a neural speaker agent trained on bilingual data with a simple multitask learning approach displays more human-like patterns of context dependence and is more pragmatically informative than its monolingual Chinese counterpart. Moreover, this is not at the expense of language-specific semantic understanding: the resulting speaker model learns the different basic color term systems of English and Chinese (with noteworthy cross-lingual influences), and it can identify synonyms between the two languages using vector analogy operations on its output layer, despite having no exposure to parallel data.",
}
@inproceedings{andreas-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning with Latent Language",
    author = "Andreas, Jacob  and
      Klein, Dan  and
      Levine, Sergey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1197",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1197",
    pages = "2166--2179",
    abstract = "The named concepts and compositional operators present in natural language provide a rich source of information about the abstractions humans use to navigate the world. Can this linguistic background knowledge improve the generality and efficiency of learned classifiers and control policies? This paper aims to show that using the space of natural language strings as a parameter space is an effective way to capture natural task structure. In a pretraining phase, we learn a language interpretation model that transforms inputs (e.g. images) into outputs (e.g. labels) given natural language descriptions. To learn a new concept (e.g. a classifier), we search directly in the space of descriptions to minimize the interpreter{'}s loss on training examples. Crucially, our models do not require language data to learn these concepts: language is used only in pretraining to impose structure on subsequent learning. Results on image classification, text editing, and reinforcement learning show that, in all settings, models with a linguistic parameterization outperform those without.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-object,
    title = "Object Counts! Bringing Explicit Detections Back into Image Captioning",
    author = "Wang, Josiah  and
      Madhyastha, Pranava Swaroop  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1198",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1198",
    pages = "2180--2193",
    abstract = "The use of explicit object detectors as an intermediate step to image captioning {--} which used to constitute an essential stage in early work {--} is often bypassed in the currently dominant end-to-end approaches, where the language model is conditioned directly on a mid-level image embedding. We argue that explicit detections provide rich semantic information, and can thus be used as an interpretable representation to better understand why end-to-end image captioning systems work well. We provide an in-depth analysis of end-to-end image captioning by exploring a variety of cues that can be derived from such object detections. Our study reveals that end-to-end image captioning systems rely on matching image representations to generate captions, and that encoding the frequency, size and position of objects are complementary and all play a role in forming a good image representation. It also reveals that different object categories contribute in different ways towards image captioning.",
}
@inproceedings{hessel-etal-2018-quantifying,
    title = "Quantifying the Visual Concreteness of Words and Topics in Multimodal Datasets",
    author = "Hessel, Jack  and
      Mimno, David  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1199",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1199",
    pages = "2194--2205",
    abstract = "Multimodal machine learning algorithms aim to learn visual-textual correspondences. Previous work suggests that concepts with concrete visual manifestations may be easier to learn than concepts with abstract ones. We give an algorithm for automatically computing the visual concreteness of words and topics within multimodal datasets. We apply the approach in four settings, ranging from image captions to images/text scraped from historical books. In addition to enabling explorations of concepts in multimodal datasets, our concreteness scores predict the capacity of machine learning algorithms to learn textual/visual relationships. We find that 1) concrete concepts are indeed easier to learn; 2) the large number of algorithms we consider have similar failure cases; 3) the precise positive relationship between concreteness and performance varies between datasets. We conclude with recommendations for using concreteness scores to facilitate future multimodal research.",
}
@inproceedings{azab-etal-2018-speaker,
    title = "Speaker Naming in Movies",
    author = "Azab, Mahmoud  and
      Wang, Mingzhe  and
      Smith, Max  and
      Kojima, Noriyuki  and
      Deng, Jia  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1200",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1200",
    pages = "2206--2216",
    abstract = "We propose a new model for speaker naming in movies that leverages visual, textual, and acoustic modalities in an unified optimization framework. To evaluate the performance of our model, we introduce a new dataset consisting of six episodes of the Big Bang Theory TV show and eighteen full movies covering different genres. Our experiments show that our multimodal model significantly outperforms several competitive baselines on the average weighted F-score metric. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework, we design an end-to-end memory network model that leverages our speaker naming model and achieves state-of-the-art results on the subtitles task of the MovieQA 2017 Challenge.",
}
@inproceedings{rajani-mooney-2018-stacking,
    title = "Stacking with Auxiliary Features for Visual Question Answering",
    author = "Rajani, Nazneen Fatema  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1201",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1201",
    pages = "2217--2226",
    abstract = "Visual Question Answering (VQA) is a well-known and challenging task that requires systems to jointly reason about natural language and vision. Deep learning models in various forms have been the standard for solving VQA. However, some of these VQA models are better at certain types of image-question pairs than other models. Ensembling VQA models intelligently to leverage their diverse expertise is, therefore, advantageous. Stacking With Auxiliary Features (SWAF) is an intelligent ensembling technique which learns to combine the results of multiple models using features of the current problem as context. We propose four categories of auxiliary features for ensembling for VQA. Three out of the four categories of features can be inferred from an image-question pair and do not require querying the component models. The fourth category of auxiliary features uses model-specific explanations. In this paper, we describe how we use these various categories of auxiliary features to improve performance for VQA. Using SWAF to effectively ensemble three recent systems, we obtain a new state-of-the-art. Our work also highlights the advantages of explainable AI models.",
}
@inproceedings{peters-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Contextualized Word Representations",
    author = "Peters, Matthew  and
      Neumann, Mark  and
      Iyyer, Mohit  and
      Gardner, Matt  and
      Clark, Christopher  and
      Lee, Kenton  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1202",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1202",
    pages = "2227--2237",
    abstract = "We introduce a new type of deep contextualized word representation that models both (1) complex characteristics of word use (e.g., syntax and semantics), and (2) how these uses vary across linguistic contexts (i.e., to model polysemy). Our word vectors are learned functions of the internal states of a deep bidirectional language model (biLM), which is pre-trained on a large text corpus. We show that these representations can be easily added to existing models and significantly improve the state of the art across six challenging NLP problems, including question answering, textual entailment and sentiment analysis. We also present an analysis showing that exposing the deep internals of the pre-trained network is crucial, allowing downstream models to mix different types of semi-supervision signals.",
}
@inproceedings{suhr-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning to Map Context-Dependent Sentences to Executable Formal Queries",
    author = "Suhr, Alane  and
      Iyer, Srinivasan  and
      Artzi, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1203",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1203",
    pages = "2238--2249",
    abstract = "We propose a context-dependent model to map utterances within an interaction to executable formal queries. To incorporate interaction history, the model maintains an interaction-level encoder that updates after each turn, and can copy sub-sequences of previously predicted queries during generation. Our approach combines implicit and explicit modeling of references between utterances. We evaluate our model on the ATIS flight planning interactions, and demonstrate the benefits of modeling context and explicit references.",
}
@inproceedings{clark-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Text Generation in Stories Using Entity Representations as Context",
    author = "Clark, Elizabeth  and
      Ji, Yangfeng  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1204",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1204",
    pages = "2250--2260",
    abstract = "We introduce an approach to neural text generation that explicitly represents entities mentioned in the text. Entity representations are vectors that are updated as the text proceeds; they are designed specifically for narrative text like fiction or news stories. Our experiments demonstrate that modeling entities offers a benefit in two automatic evaluations: mention generation (in which a model chooses which entity to mention next and which words to use in the mention) and selection between a correct next sentence and a distractor from later in the same story. We also conduct a human evaluation on automatically generated text in story contexts; this study supports our emphasis on entities and suggests directions for further research.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-recurrent,
    title = "Recurrent Neural Networks as Weighted Language Recognizers",
    author = "Chen, Yining  and
      Gilroy, Sorcha  and
      Maletti, Andreas  and
      May, Jonathan  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1205",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1205",
    pages = "2261--2271",
    abstract = "We investigate the computational complexity of various problems for simple recurrent neural networks (RNNs) as formal models for recognizing weighted languages. We focus on the single-layer, ReLU-activation, rational-weight RNNs with softmax, which are commonly used in natural language processing applications. We show that most problems for such RNNs are undecidable, including consistency, equivalence, minimization, and the determination of the highest-weighted string. However, for consistent RNNs the last problem becomes decidable, although the solution length can surpass all computable bounds. If additionally the string is limited to polynomial length, the problem becomes NP-complete. In summary, this shows that approximations and heuristic algorithms are necessary in practical applications of those RNNs.",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2018-2018-north,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2",
}
@inproceedings{hou-2018-enhanced,
    title = "Enhanced Word Representations for Bridging Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Hou, Yufang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2001",
    pages = "1--7",
    abstract = "Most current models of word representations (e.g., GloVe) have successfully captured fine-grained semantics. However, semantic similarity exhibited in these word embeddings is not suitable for resolving bridging anaphora, which requires the knowledge of associative similarity (i.e., relatedness) instead of semantic similarity information between synonyms or hypernyms. We create word embeddings (embeddings{\_}PP) to capture such relatedness by exploring the syntactic structure of noun phrases. We demonstrate that using embeddings {\_}PP alone achieves around 30{\%} of accuracy for bridging anaphora resolution on the ISNotes corpus. Furthermore, we achieve a substantial gain over the state-of-the-art system (Hou et al., 2013b) for bridging antecedent selection.",
}
@inproceedings{rudinger-etal-2018-gender,
    title = "Gender Bias in Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Rudinger, Rachel  and
      Naradowsky, Jason  and
      Leonard, Brian  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2002",
    pages = "8--14",
    abstract = "We present an empirical study of gender bias in coreference resolution systems. We first introduce a novel, Winograd schema-style set of minimal pair sentences that differ only by pronoun gender. With these {``}Winogender schemas,{''} we evaluate and confirm systematic gender bias in three publicly-available coreference resolution systems, and correlate this bias with real-world and textual gender statistics.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2018-gender,
    title = "Gender Bias in Coreference Resolution: Evaluation and Debiasing Methods",
    author = "Zhao, Jieyu  and
      Wang, Tianlu  and
      Yatskar, Mark  and
      Ordonez, Vicente  and
      Chang, Kai-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2003",
    pages = "15--20",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce a new benchmark for co-reference resolution focused on gender bias, WinoBias. Our corpus contains Winograd-schema style sentences with entities corresponding to people referred by their occupation (e.g. the nurse, the doctor, the carpenter). We demonstrate that a rule-based, a feature-rich, and a neural coreference system all link gendered pronouns to pro-stereotypical entities with higher accuracy than anti-stereotypical entities, by an average difference of 21.1 in F1 score. Finally, we demonstrate a data-augmentation approach that, in combination with existing word-embedding debiasing techniques, removes the bias demonstrated by these systems in WinoBias without significantly affecting their performance on existing datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{baly-etal-2018-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Stance Detection and Fact Checking in a Unified Corpus",
    author = "Baly, Ramy  and
      Mohtarami, Mitra  and
      Glass, James  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2004",
    pages = "21--27",
    abstract = "A reasonable approach for fact checking a claim involves retrieving potentially relevant documents from different sources (e.g., news websites, social media, etc.), determining the stance of each document with respect to the claim, and finally making a prediction about the claim{'}s factuality by aggregating the strength of the stances, while taking the reliability of the source into account. Moreover, a fact checking system should be able to explain its decision by providing relevant extracts (rationales) from the documents. Yet, this setup is not directly supported by existing datasets, which treat fact checking, document retrieval, source credibility, stance detection and rationale extraction as independent tasks. In this paper, we support the interdependencies between these tasks as annotations in the same corpus. We implement this setup on an Arabic fact checking corpus, the first of its kind.",
}
@inproceedings{rajendran-etal-2018-something,
    title = "Is Something Better than Nothing? Automatically Predicting Stance-based Arguments Using Deep Learning and Small Labelled Dataset",
    author = "Rajendran, Pavithra  and
      Bollegala, Danushka  and
      Parsons, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2005",
    pages = "28--34",
    abstract = "Online reviews have become a popular portal among customers making decisions about purchasing products. A number of corpora of reviews have been widely investigated in NLP in general, and, in particular, in argument mining. This is a subset of NLP that deals with extracting arguments and the relations among them from user-based content. A major problem faced by argument mining research is the lack of human-annotated data. In this paper, we investigate the use of weakly supervised and semi-supervised methods for automatically annotating data, and thus providing large annotated datasets. We do this by building on previous work that explores the classification of opinions present in reviews based whether the stance is expressed explicitly or implicitly. In the work described here, we automatically annotate stance as implicit or explicit and our results show that the datasets we generate, although noisy, can be used to learn better models for implicit/explicit opinion classification.",
}
@inproceedings{schulz-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Task Learning for Argumentation Mining in Low-Resource Settings",
    author = "Schulz, Claudia  and
      Eger, Steffen  and
      Daxenberger, Johannes  and
      Kahse, Tobias  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2006",
    pages = "35--41",
    abstract = "We investigate whether and where multi-task learning (MTL) can improve performance on NLP problems related to argumentation mining (AM), in particular argument component identification. Our results show that MTL performs particularly well (and better than single-task learning) when little training data is available for the main task, a common scenario in AM. Our findings challenge previous assumptions that conceptualizations across AM datasets are divergent and that MTL is difficult for semantic or higher-level tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{dhingra-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Models for Reasoning over Multiple Mentions Using Coreference",
    author = "Dhingra, Bhuwan  and
      Jin, Qiao  and
      Yang, Zhilin  and
      Cohen, William  and
      Salakhutdinov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2007",
    pages = "42--48",
    abstract = "Many problems in NLP require aggregating information from multiple mentions of the same entity which may be far apart in the text. Existing Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) layers are biased towards short-term dependencies and hence not suited to such tasks. We present a recurrent layer which is instead biased towards coreferent dependencies. The layer uses coreference annotations extracted from an external system to connect entity mentions belonging to the same cluster. Incorporating this layer into a state-of-the-art reading comprehension model improves performance on three datasets {--} Wikihop, LAMBADA and the bAbi AI tasks {--} with large gains when training data is scarce.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Dialogue Generation with Expressed Emotions",
    author = {Huang, Chenyang  and
      Za{\"\i}ane, Osmar  and
      Trabelsi, Amine  and
      Dziri, Nouha},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2008",
    pages = "49--54",
    abstract = "Despite myriad efforts in the literature designing neural dialogue generation systems in recent years, very few consider putting restrictions on the response itself. They learn from collections of past responses and generate one based on a given utterance without considering, speech act, desired style or emotion to be expressed. In this research, we address the problem of forcing the dialogue generation to express emotion. We present three models that either concatenate the desired emotion with the source input during the learning, or push the emotion in the decoder. The results, evaluated with an emotion tagger, are encouraging with all three models, but present better outcome and promise with our model that adds the emotion vector in the decoder.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-guiding,
    title = "Guiding Generation for Abstractive Text Summarization Based on Key Information Guide Network",
    author = "Li, Chenliang  and
      Xu, Weiran  and
      Li, Si  and
      Gao, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2009",
    pages = "55--60",
    abstract = "Neural network models, based on the attentional encoder-decoder model, have good capability in abstractive text summarization. However, these models are hard to be controlled in the process of generation, which leads to a lack of key information. We propose a guiding generation model that combines the extractive method and the abstractive method. Firstly, we obtain keywords from the text by a extractive model. Then, we introduce a Key Information Guide Network (KIGN), which encodes the keywords to the key information representation, to guide the process of generation. In addition, we use a prediction-guide mechanism, which can obtain the long-term value for future decoding, to further guide the summary generation. We evaluate our model on the CNN/Daily Mail dataset. The experimental results show that our model leads to significant improvements.",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2018-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Generation by Hierarchical Decoding with Linguistic Patterns",
    author = "Su, Shang-Yu  and
      Lo, Kai-Ling  and
      Yeh, Yi-Ting  and
      Chen, Yun-Nung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2010",
    pages = "61--66",
    abstract = "Natural language generation (NLG) is a critical component in spoken dialogue systems. Classic NLG can be divided into two phases: (1) sentence planning: deciding on the overall sentence structure, (2) surface realization: determining specific word forms and flattening the sentence structure into a string. Many simple NLG models are based on recurrent neural networks (RNN) and sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) model, which basically contains a encoder-decoder structure; these NLG models generate sentences from scratch by jointly optimizing sentence planning and surface realization using a simple cross entropy loss training criterion. However, the simple encoder-decoder architecture usually suffers from generating complex and long sentences, because the decoder has to learn all grammar and diction knowledge. This paper introduces a hierarchical decoding NLG model based on linguistic patterns in different levels, and shows that the proposed method outperforms the traditional one with a smaller model size. Furthermore, the design of the hierarchical decoding is flexible and easily-extendible in various NLG systems.",
}
@inproceedings{ghazvininejad-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Poetry Translation",
    author = "Ghazvininejad, Marjan  and
      Choi, Yejin  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2011",
    pages = "67--71",
    abstract = "We present the first neural poetry translation system. Unlike previous works that often fail to produce any translation for fixed rhyme and rhythm patterns, our system always translates a source text to an English poem. Human evaluation of the translations ranks the quality as acceptable 78.2{\%} of the time.",
}
@inproceedings{novikova-etal-2018-rankme,
    title = "{R}ank{ME}: Reliable Human Ratings for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Novikova, Jekaterina  and
      Du{\v{s}}ek, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Rieser, Verena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2012",
    pages = "72--78",
    abstract = "Human evaluation for natural language generation (NLG) often suffers from inconsistent user ratings. While previous research tends to attribute this problem to individual user preferences, we show that the quality of human judgements can also be improved by experimental design. We present a novel rank-based magnitude estimation method (RankME), which combines the use of continuous scales and relative assessments. We show that RankME significantly improves the reliability and consistency of human ratings compared to traditional evaluation methods. In addition, we show that it is possible to evaluate NLG systems according to multiple, distinct criteria, which is important for error analysis. Finally, we demonstrate that RankME, in combination with Bayesian estimation of system quality, is a cost-effective alternative for ranking multiple NLG systems.",
}
@inproceedings{vu-etal-2018-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Simplification with Memory-Augmented Neural Networks",
    author = "Vu, Tu  and
      Hu, Baotian  and
      Munkhdalai, Tsendsuren  and
      Yu, Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2013",
    pages = "79--85",
    abstract = "Sentence simplification aims to simplify the content and structure of complex sentences, and thus make them easier to interpret for human readers, and easier to process for downstream NLP applications. Recent advances in neural machine translation have paved the way for novel approaches to the task. In this paper, we adapt an architecture with augmented memory capacities called Neural Semantic Encoders (Munkhdalai and Yu, 2017) for sentence simplification. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on different simplification datasets, both in terms of automatic evaluation measures and human judgments.",
}
@inproceedings{beigman-klebanov-etal-2018-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus of Non-Native Written {E}nglish Annotated for Metaphor",
    author = "Beigman Klebanov, Beata  and
      Leong, Chee Wee (Ben)  and
      Flor, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2014",
    pages = "86--91",
    abstract = "We present a corpus of 240 argumentative essays written by non-native speakers of English annotated for metaphor. The corpus is made publicly available. We provide benchmark performance of state-of-the-art systems on this new corpus, and explore the relationship between writing proficiency and metaphor use.",
}
@inproceedings{srinivasan-etal-2018-simple,
    title = "A Simple and Effective Approach to the Story Cloze Test",
    author = "Srinivasan, Siddarth  and
      Arora, Richa  and
      Riedl, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2015",
    pages = "92--96",
    abstract = "In the Story Cloze Test, a system is presented with a 4-sentence prompt to a story, and must determine which one of two potential endings is the {`}right{'} ending to the story. Previous work has shown that ignoring the training set and training a model on the validation set can achieve high accuracy on this task due to stylistic differences between the story endings in the training set and validation and test sets. Following this approach, we present a simpler fully-neural approach to the Story Cloze Test using skip-thought embeddings of the stories in a feed-forward network that achieves close to state-of-the-art performance on this task without any feature engineering. We also find that considering just the last sentence of the prompt instead of the whole prompt yields higher accuracy with our approach.",
}
@inproceedings{kulkarni-etal-2018-annotated,
    title = "An Annotated Corpus for Machine Reading of Instructions in Wet Lab Protocols",
    author = "Kulkarni, Chaitanya  and
      Xu, Wei  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Machiraju, Raghu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2016",
    pages = "97--106",
    abstract = "We describe an effort to annotate a corpus of natural language instructions consisting of 622 wet lab protocols to facilitate automatic or semi-automatic conversion of protocols into a machine-readable format and benefit biological research. Experimental results demonstrate the utility of our corpus for developing machine learning approaches to shallow semantic parsing of instructional texts. We make our annotated Wet Lab Protocol Corpus available to the research community.",
}
@inproceedings{gururangan-etal-2018-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Artifacts in Natural Language Inference Data",
    author = "Gururangan, Suchin  and
      Swayamdipta, Swabha  and
      Levy, Omer  and
      Schwartz, Roy  and
      Bowman, Samuel  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2017",
    pages = "107--112",
    abstract = "Large-scale datasets for natural language inference are created by presenting crowd workers with a sentence (premise), and asking them to generate three new sentences (hypotheses) that it entails, contradicts, or is logically neutral with respect to. We show that, in a significant portion of such data, this protocol leaves clues that make it possible to identify the label by looking only at the hypothesis, without observing the premise. Specifically, we show that a simple text categorization model can correctly classify the hypothesis alone in about 67{\%} of SNLI (Bowman et. al, 2015) and 53{\%} of MultiNLI (Williams et. al, 2017). Our analysis reveals that specific linguistic phenomena such as negation and vagueness are highly correlated with certain inference classes. Our findings suggest that the success of natural language inference models to date has been overestimated, and that the task remains a hard open problem.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-soo-2018-humor,
    title = "Humor Recognition Using Deep Learning",
    author = "Chen, Peng-Yu  and
      Soo, Von-Wun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2018",
    pages = "113--117",
    abstract = "Humor is an essential but most fascinating element in personal communication. How to build computational models to discover the structures of humor, recognize humor and even generate humor remains a challenge and there have been yet few attempts on it. In this paper, we construct and collect four datasets with distinct joke types in both English and Chinese and conduct learning experiments on humor recognition. We implement a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with extensive filter size, number and Highway Networks to increase the depth of networks. Results show that our model outperforms in recognition of different types of humor with benchmarks collected in both English and Chinese languages on accuracy, precision, and recall in comparison to previous works.",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2018-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Intra-User and Inter-User Representation Learning for Automated Hate Speech Detection",
    author = "Qian, Jing  and
      ElSherief, Mai  and
      Belding, Elizabeth  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2019",
    pages = "118--123",
    abstract = "Hate speech detection is a critical, yet challenging problem in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Despite the existence of numerous studies dedicated to the development of NLP hate speech detection approaches, the accuracy is still poor. The central problem is that social media posts are short and noisy, and most existing hate speech detection solutions take each post as an isolated input instance, which is likely to yield high false positive and negative rates. In this paper, we radically improve automated hate speech detection by presenting a novel model that leverages intra-user and inter-user representation learning for robust hate speech detection on Twitter. In addition to the target Tweet, we collect and analyze the user{'}s historical posts to model intra-user Tweet representations. To suppress the noise in a single Tweet, we also model the similar Tweets posted by all other users with reinforced inter-user representation learning techniques. Experimentally, we show that leveraging these two representations can significantly improve the f-score of a strong bidirectional LSTM baseline model by 10.1{\%}.",
}
@inproceedings{choshen-abend-2018-reference,
    title = "Reference-less Measure of Faithfulness for Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Choshen, Leshem  and
      Abend, Omri",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2020",
    pages = "124--129",
    abstract = "We propose USim, a semantic measure for Grammatical Error Correction (that measures the semantic faithfulness of the output to the source, thereby complementing existing reference-less measures (RLMs) for measuring the output{'}s grammaticality. USim operates by comparing the semantic symbolic structure of the source and the correction, without relying on manually-curated references. Our experiments establish the validity of USim, by showing that the semantic structures can be consistently applied to ungrammatical text, that valid corrections obtain a high USim similarity score to the source, and that invalid corrections obtain a lower score.",
}
@inproceedings{rooshenas-etal-2018-training,
    title = "Training Structured Prediction Energy Networks with Indirect Supervision",
    author = "Rooshenas, Amirmohammad  and
      Kamath, Aishwarya  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2021",
    pages = "130--135",
    abstract = "This paper introduces rank-based training of structured prediction energy networks (SPENs). Our method samples from output structures using gradient descent and minimizes the ranking violation of the sampled structures with respect to a scalar scoring function defined with domain knowledge. We have successfully trained SPEN for citation field extraction without any labeled data instances, where the only source of supervision is a simple human-written scoring function. Such scoring functions are often easy to provide; the SPEN then furnishes an efficient structured prediction inference procedure.",
}
@inproceedings{stewart-etal-2018-si,
    title = "Si O No, Que Penses? {C}atalonian Independence and Linguistic Identity on Social Media",
    author = "Stewart, Ian  and
      Pinter, Yuval  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2022",
    pages = "136--141",
    abstract = "Political identity is often manifested in language variation, but the relationship between the two is still relatively unexplored from a quantitative perspective. This study examines the use of Catalan, a language local to the semi-autonomous region of Catalonia in Spain, on Twitter in discourse related to the 2017 independence referendum. We corroborate prior findings that pro-independence tweets are more likely to include the local language than anti-independence tweets. We also find that Catalan is used more often in referendum-related discourse than in other contexts, contrary to prior findings on language variation. This suggests a strong role for the Catalan language in the expression of Catalonian political identity.",
}
@inproceedings{vilares-gomez-rodriguez-2018-transition-based,
    title = "A Transition-Based Algorithm for Unrestricted {AMR} Parsing",
    author = "Vilares, David  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2023",
    pages = "142--149",
    abstract = "Non-projective parsing can be useful to handle cycles and reentrancy in AMR graphs. We explore this idea and introduce a greedy left-to-right non-projective transition-based parser. At each parsing configuration, an oracle decides whether to create a concept or whether to connect a pair of existing concepts. The algorithm handles reentrancy and arbitrary cycles natively, i.e. within the transition system itself. The model is evaluated on the LDC2015E86 corpus, obtaining results close to the state of the art, including a Smatch of 64{\%}, and showing good behavior on reentrant edges.",
}
@inproceedings{koper-schulte-im-walde-2018-analogies,
    title = "Analogies in Complex Verb Meaning Shifts: the Effect of Affect in Semantic Similarity Models",
    author = {K{\"o}per, Maximilian  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2024",
    pages = "150--156",
    abstract = "We present a computational model to detect and distinguish analogies in meaning shifts between German base and complex verbs. In contrast to corpus-based studies, a novel dataset demonstrates that {``}regular{''} shifts represent the smallest class. Classification experiments relying on a standard similarity model successfully distinguish between four types of shifts, with verb classes boosting the performance, and affective features for abstractness, emotion and sentiment representing the most salient indicators.",
}
@inproceedings{lan-xu-2018-character,
    title = "Character-Based Neural Networks for Sentence Pair Modeling",
    author = "Lan, Wuwei  and
      Xu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2025",
    pages = "157--163",
    abstract = "Sentence pair modeling is critical for many NLP tasks, such as paraphrase identification, semantic textual similarity, and natural language inference. Most state-of-the-art neural models for these tasks rely on pretrained word embedding and compose sentence-level semantics in varied ways; however, few works have attempted to verify whether we really need pretrained embeddings in these tasks. In this paper, we study how effective subword-level (character and character n-gram) representations are in sentence pair modeling. Though it is well-known that subword models are effective in tasks with single sentence input, including language modeling and machine translation, they have not been systematically studied in sentence pair modeling tasks where the semantic and string similarities between texts matter. Our experiments show that subword models without any pretrained word embedding can achieve new state-of-the-art results on two social media datasets and competitive results on news data for paraphrase identification.",
}
@inproceedings{vempala-etal-2018-determining,
    title = "Determining Event Durations: Models and Error Analysis",
    author = "Vempala, Alakananda  and
      Blanco, Eduardo  and
      Palmer, Alexis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2026",
    pages = "164--168",
    abstract = "This paper presents models to predict event durations. We introduce aspectual features that capture deeper linguistic information than previous work, and experiment with neural networks. Our analysis shows that tense, aspect and temporal structure of the clause provide useful clues, and that an LSTM ensemble captures relevant context around the event.",
}
@inproceedings{schlechtweg-etal-2018-diachronic,
    title = "Diachronic Usage Relatedness ({DUR}el): A Framework for the Annotation of Lexical Semantic Change",
    author = "Schlechtweg, Dominik  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Eckmann, Stefanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2027",
    pages = "169--174",
    abstract = "We propose a framework that extends synchronic polysemy annotation to diachronic changes in lexical meaning, to counteract the lack of resources for evaluating computational models of lexical semantic change. Our framework exploits an intuitive notion of semantic relatedness, and distinguishes between innovative and reductive meaning changes with high inter-annotator agreement. The resulting test set for German comprises ratings from five annotators for the relatedness of 1,320 use pairs across 22 target words.",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2018-directional,
    title = "Directional Skip-Gram: Explicitly Distinguishing Left and Right Context for Word Embeddings",
    author = "Song, Yan  and
      Shi, Shuming  and
      Li, Jing  and
      Zhang, Haisong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2028",
    pages = "175--180",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present directional skip-gram (DSG), a simple but effective enhancement of the skip-gram model by explicitly distinguishing left and right context in word prediction. In doing so, a direction vector is introduced for each word, whose embedding is thus learned by not only word co-occurrence patterns in its context, but also the directions of its contextual words. Theoretical and empirical studies on complexity illustrate that our model can be trained as efficient as the original skip-gram model, when compared to other extensions of the skip-gram model. Experimental results show that our model outperforms others on different datasets in semantic (word similarity measurement) and syntactic (part-of-speech tagging) evaluations, respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{glavas-vulic-2018-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating between Lexico-Semantic Relations with the Specialization Tensor Model",
    author = "Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2029",
    pages = "181--187",
    abstract = "We present a simple and effective feed-forward neural architecture for discriminating between lexico-semantic relations (synonymy, antonymy, hypernymy, and meronymy). Our Specialization Tensor Model (STM) simultaneously produces multiple different specializations of input distributional word vectors, tailored for predicting lexico-semantic relations for word pairs. STM outperforms more complex state-of-the-art architectures on two benchmark datasets and exhibits stable performance across languages. We also show that, if coupled with a bilingual distributional space, the proposed model can transfer the prediction of lexico-semantic relations to a resource-lean target language without any training data.",
}
@inproceedings{braune-etal-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating bilingual word embeddings on the long tail",
    author = "Braune, Fabienne  and
      Hangya, Viktor  and
      Eder, Tobias  and
      Fraser, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2030",
    pages = "188--193",
    abstract = "Bilingual word embeddings are useful for bilingual lexicon induction, the task of mining translations of given words. Many studies have shown that bilingual word embeddings perform well for bilingual lexicon induction but they focused on frequent words in general domains. For many applications, bilingual lexicon induction of rare and domain-specific words is of critical importance. Therefore, we design a new task to evaluate bilingual word embeddings on rare words in different domains. We show that state-of-the-art approaches fail on this task and present simple new techniques to improve bilingual word embeddings for mining rare words. We release new gold standard datasets and code to stimulate research on this task.",
}
@inproceedings{coates-bollegala-2018-frustratingly,
    title = "Frustratingly Easy Meta-Embedding {--} Computing Meta-Embeddings by Averaging Source Word Embeddings",
    author = "Coates, Joshua  and
      Bollegala, Danushka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2031",
    pages = "194--198",
    abstract = "Creating accurate meta-embeddings from pre-trained source embeddings has received attention lately. Methods based on global and locally-linear transformation and concatenation have shown to produce accurate meta-embeddings. In this paper, we show that the arithmetic mean of two distinct word embedding sets yields a performant meta-embedding that is comparable or better than more complex meta-embedding learning methods. The result seems counter-intuitive given that vector spaces in different source embeddings are not comparable and cannot be simply averaged. We give insight into why averaging can still produce accurate meta-embedding despite the incomparability of the source vector spaces.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2018-introducing,
    title = "Introducing Two {V}ietnamese Datasets for Evaluating Semantic Models of (Dis-)Similarity and Relatedness",
    author = "Nguyen, Kim Anh  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2032",
    pages = "199--205",
    abstract = "We present two novel datasets for the low-resource language Vietnamese to assess models of semantic similarity: ViCon comprises pairs of synonyms and antonyms across word classes, thus offering data to distinguish between similarity and dissimilarity. ViSim-400 provides degrees of similarity across five semantic relations, as rated by human judges. The two datasets are verified through standard co-occurrence and neural network models, showing results comparable to the respective English datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{buljan-etal-2018-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Substitution for Evaluating Compositional Distributional Models",
    author = "Buljan, Maja  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      {\v{S}}najder, Jan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2033",
    pages = "206--211",
    abstract = "Compositional Distributional Semantic Models (CDSMs) model the meaning of phrases and sentences in vector space. They have been predominantly evaluated on limited, artificial tasks such as semantic sentence similarity on hand-constructed datasets. This paper argues for lexical substitution (LexSub) as a means to evaluate CDSMs. LexSub is a more natural task, enables us to evaluate meaning composition at the level of individual words, and provides a common ground to compare CDSMs with dedicated LexSub models. We create a LexSub dataset for CDSM evaluation from a corpus with manual {``}all-words{''} LexSub annotation. Our experiments indicate that the Practical Lexical Function CDSM outperforms simple component-wise CDSMs and performs on par with the context2vec LexSub model using the same context.",
}
@inproceedings{dingwall-potts-2018-mittens,
    title = "{M}ittens: an Extension of {G}lo{V}e for Learning Domain-Specialized Representations",
    author = "Dingwall, Nicholas  and
      Potts, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2034",
    pages = "212--217",
    abstract = "We present a simple extension of the GloVe representation learning model that begins with general-purpose representations and updates them based on data from a specialized domain. We show that the resulting representations can lead to faster learning and better results on a variety of tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{shwartz-waterson-2018-olive,
    title = "Olive Oil is Made \textit{of} Olives, Baby Oil is Made \textit{for} Babies: Interpreting Noun Compounds Using Paraphrases in a Neural Model",
    author = "Shwartz, Vered  and
      Waterson, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2035",
    pages = "218--224",
    abstract = "Automatic interpretation of the relation between the constituents of a noun compound, e.g. olive oil (source) and baby oil (purpose) is an important task for many NLP applications. Recent approaches are typically based on either noun-compound representations or paraphrases. While the former has initially shown promising results, recent work suggests that the success stems from memorizing single prototypical words for each relation. We explore a neural paraphrasing approach that demonstrates superior performance when such memorization is not possible.",
}
@inproceedings{kashefi-etal-2018-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Pleonasm Detection",
    author = "Kashefi, Omid  and
      Lucas, Andrew T.  and
      Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2036",
    pages = "225--230",
    abstract = "Pleonasms are words that are redundant. To aid the development of systems that detect pleonasms in text, we introduce an annotated corpus of semantic pleonasms. We validate the integrity of the corpus with interannotator agreement analyses. We also compare it against alternative resources in terms of their effects on several automatic redundancy detection methods.",
}
@inproceedings{paula-etal-2018-similarity,
    title = "Similarity Measures for the Detection of Clinical Conditions with Verbal Fluency Tasks",
    author = "Paula, Felipe  and
      Wilkens, Rodrigo  and
      Idiart, Marco  and
      Villavicencio, Aline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2037",
    pages = "231--235",
    abstract = "Semantic Verbal Fluency tests have been used in the detection of certain clinical conditions, like Dementia. In particular, given a sequence of semantically related words, a large number of switches from one semantic class to another has been linked to clinical conditions. In this work, we investigate three similarity measures for automatically identifying switches in semantic chains: semantic similarity from a manually constructed resource, and word association strength and semantic relatedness, both calculated from corpora. This information is used for building classifiers to distinguish healthy controls from clinical cases with early stages of Alzheimer{'}s Disease and Mild Cognitive Deficits. The overall results indicate that for clinical conditions the classifiers that use these similarity measures outperform those that use a gold standard taxonomy.",
}
@inproceedings{ronning-etal-2018-sluice,
    title = "Sluice Resolution without Hand-Crafted Features over Brittle Syntax Trees",
    author = "R{\o}nning, Ola  and
      Hardt, Daniel  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2038",
    pages = "236--241",
    abstract = "Sluice resolution in English is the problem of finding antecedents of \textit{wh}-fronted ellipses. Previous work has relied on hand-crafted features over syntax trees that scale poorly to other languages and domains; in particular, to dialogue, which is one of the most interesting applications of sluice resolution. Syntactic information is arguably important for sluice resolution, but we show that multi-task learning with partial parsing as auxiliary tasks effectively closes the gap and buys us an additional 9{\%} error reduction over previous work. Since we are not directly relying on features from partial parsers, our system is more robust to domain shifts, giving a 26{\%} error reduction on embedded sluices in dialogue.",
}
@inproceedings{schluter-2018-word,
    title = "The Word Analogy Testing Caveat",
    author = "Schluter, Natalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2039",
    pages = "242--246",
    abstract = "There are some important problems in the evaluation of word embeddings using standard word analogy tests. In particular, in virtue of the assumptions made by systems generating the embeddings, these remain tests over randomness. We show that even supposing there were such word analogy regularities that should be detected in the word embeddings obtained via unsupervised means, standard word analogy test implementation practices provide distorted or contrived results. We raise concerns regarding the use of Principal Component Analysis to 2 or 3 dimensions as a provision of visual evidence for the existence of word analogy relations in embeddings. Finally, we propose some solutions to these problems.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-transition,
    title = "Transition-Based {C}hinese {AMR} Parsing",
    author = "Wang, Chuan  and
      Li, Bin  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2040",
    pages = "247--252",
    abstract = "This paper presents the first AMR parser built on the Chinese AMR bank. By applying a transition-based AMR parsing framework to Chinese, we first investigate how well the transitions first designed for English AMR parsing generalize to Chinese and provide a comparative analysis between the transitions for English and Chinese. We then perform a detailed error analysis to identify the major challenges in Chinese AMR parsing that we hope will inform future research in this area.",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2018-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge-Enriched Two-Layered Attention Network for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Kumar, Abhishek  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2041",
    pages = "253--258",
    abstract = "We propose a novel two-layered attention network based on Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory for sentiment analysis. The novel two-layered attention network takes advantage of the external knowledge bases to improve the sentiment prediction. It uses the Knowledge Graph Embedding generated using the WordNet. We build our model by combining the two-layered attention network with the supervised model based on Support Vector Regression using a Multilayer Perceptron network for sentiment analysis. We evaluate our model on the benchmark dataset of SemEval 2017 Task 5. Experimental results show that the proposed model surpasses the top system of SemEval 2017 Task 5. The model performs significantly better by improving the state-of-the-art system at SemEval 2017 Task 5 by 1.7 and 3.7 points for sub-tracks 1 and 2 respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{maharjan-etal-2018-letting,
    title = "Letting Emotions Flow: Success Prediction by Modeling the Flow of Emotions in Books",
    author = "Maharjan, Suraj  and
      Kar, Sudipta  and
      Montes, Manuel  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez, Fabio A.  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2042",
    pages = "259--265",
    abstract = "Books have the power to make us feel happiness, sadness, pain, surprise, or sorrow. An author{'}s dexterity in the use of these emotions captivates readers and makes it difficult for them to put the book down. In this paper, we model the flow of emotions over a book using recurrent neural networks and quantify its usefulness in predicting success in books. We obtained the best weighted F1-score of 69{\%} for predicting books{'} success in a multitask setting (simultaneously predicting success and genre of books).",
}
@inproceedings{hazarika-etal-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Inter-Aspect Dependencies for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Hazarika, Devamanyu  and
      Poria, Soujanya  and
      Vij, Prateek  and
      Krishnamurthy, Gangeshwar  and
      Cambria, Erik  and
      Zimmermann, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2043",
    pages = "266--270",
    abstract = "Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis is a fine-grained task of sentiment classification for multiple aspects in a sentence. Present neural-based models exploit aspect and its contextual information in the sentence but largely ignore the inter-aspect dependencies. In this paper, we incorporate this pattern by simultaneous classification of all aspects in a sentence along with temporal dependency processing of their corresponding sentence representations using recurrent networks. Results on the benchmark SemEval 2014 dataset suggest the effectiveness of our proposed approach.",
}
@inproceedings{yadav-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Task Learning Framework for Mining Crowd Intelligence towards Clinical Treatment",
    author = "Yadav, Shweta  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Saha, Sriparna  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Sheth, Amit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2044",
    pages = "271--277",
    abstract = "In recent past, social media has emerged as an active platform in the context of healthcare and medicine. In this paper, we present a study where medical user{'}s opinions on health-related issues are analyzed to capture the medical sentiment at a blog level. The medical sentiments can be studied in various facets such as medical condition, treatment, and medication that characterize the overall health status of the user. Considering these facets, we treat analysis of this information as a multi-task classification problem. In this paper, we adopt a novel adversarial learning approach for our multi-task learning framework to learn the sentiment{'}s strengths expressed in a medical blog. Our evaluation shows promising results for our target tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-recurrent,
    title = "Recurrent Entity Networks with Delayed Memory Update for Targeted Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Liu, Fei  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2045",
    pages = "278--283",
    abstract = "While neural networks have been shown to achieve impressive results for sentence-level sentiment analysis, targeted aspect-based sentiment analysis (TABSA) {---} extraction of fine-grained opinion polarity w.r.t. a pre-defined set of aspects {---} remains a difficult task. Motivated by recent advances in memory-augmented models for machine reading, we propose a novel architecture, utilising external {``}memory chains{''} with a delayed memory update mechanism to track entities. On a TABSA task, the proposed model demonstrates substantial improvements over state-of-the-art approaches, including those using external knowledge bases.",
}
@inproceedings{grundkiewicz-junczys-dowmunt-2018-near,
    title = "Near Human-Level Performance in Grammatical Error Correction with Hybrid Machine Translation",
    author = "Grundkiewicz, Roman  and
      Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2046",
    pages = "284--290",
    abstract = "We combine two of the most popular approaches to automated Grammatical Error Correction (GEC): GEC based on Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) and GEC based on Neural Machine Translation (NMT). The hybrid system achieves new state-of-the-art results on the CoNLL-2014 and JFLEG benchmarks. This GEC system preserves the accuracy of SMT output and, at the same time, generates more fluent sentences as it typical for NMT. Our analysis shows that the created systems are closer to reaching human-level performance than any other GEC system reported so far.",
}
@inproceedings{mohammed-etal-2018-strong,
    title = "Strong Baselines for Simple Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs with and without Neural Networks",
    author = "Mohammed, Salman  and
      Shi, Peng  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2047",
    pages = "291--296",
    abstract = "We examine the problem of question answering over knowledge graphs, focusing on simple questions that can be answered by the lookup of a single fact. Adopting a straightforward decomposition of the problem into entity detection, entity linking, relation prediction, and evidence combination, we explore simple yet strong baselines. On the popular SimpleQuestions dataset, we find that basic LSTMs and GRUs plus a few heuristics yield accuracies that approach the state of the art, and techniques that do not use neural networks also perform reasonably well. These results show that gains from sophisticated deep learning techniques proposed in the literature are quite modest and that some previous models exhibit unnecessary complexity.",
}
@inproceedings{weise-levitan-2018-looking,
    title = "Looking for Structure in Lexical and Acoustic-Prosodic Entrainment Behaviors",
    author = "Weise, Andreas  and
      Levitan, Rivka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2048",
    pages = "297--302",
    abstract = "Entrainment has been shown to occur for various linguistic features individually. Motivated by cognitive theories regarding linguistic entrainment, we analyze speakers{'} overall entrainment behaviors and search for an underlying structure. We consider various measures of both acoustic-prosodic and lexical entrainment, measuring the latter with a novel application of two previously introduced methods in addition to a standard high-frequency word measure. We present a negative result of our search, finding no meaningful correlations, clusters, or principal components in various entrainment measures, and discuss practical and theoretical implications.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Semantic Plausibility by Injecting World Knowledge",
    author = "Wang, Su  and
      Durrett, Greg  and
      Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2049",
    pages = "303--308",
    abstract = "Distributional data tells us that a man can swallow candy, but not that a man can swallow a paintball, since this is never attested. However both are physically plausible events. This paper introduces the task of semantic plausibility: recognizing plausible but possibly novel events. We present a new crowdsourced dataset of semantic plausibility judgments of single events such as man swallow paintball. Simple models based on distributional representations perform poorly on this task, despite doing well on selection preference, but injecting manually elicited knowledge about entity properties provides a substantial performance boost. Our error analysis shows that our new dataset is a great testbed for semantic plausibility models: more sophisticated knowledge representation and propagation could address many of the remaining errors.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-bi,
    title = "A Bi-Model Based {RNN} Semantic Frame Parsing Model for Intent Detection and Slot Filling",
    author = "Wang, Yu  and
      Shen, Yilin  and
      Jin, Hongxia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2050",
    pages = "309--314",
    abstract = "Intent detection and slot filling are two main tasks for building a spoken language understanding(SLU) system. Multiple deep learning based models have demonstrated good results on these tasks . The most effective algorithms are based on the structures of sequence to sequence models (or {``}encoder-decoder{''} models), and generate the intents and semantic tags either using separate models. Most of the previous studies, however, either treat the intent detection and slot filling as two separate parallel tasks, or use a sequence to sequence model to generate both semantic tags and intent. None of the approaches consider the cross-impact between the intent detection task and the slot filling task. In this paper, new Bi-model based RNN semantic frame parsing network structures are designed to perform the intent detection and slot filling tasks jointly, by considering their cross-impact to each other using two correlated bidirectional LSTMs (BLSTM). Our Bi-model structure with a decoder achieves state-of-art result on the benchmark ATIS data, with about 0.5{\%} intent accuracy improvement and 0.9 {\%} slot filling improvement.",
}
@inproceedings{plachouras-etal-2018-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Two Paraphrase Models for Taxonomy Augmentation",
    author = "Plachouras, Vassilis  and
      Petroni, Fabio  and
      Nugent, Timothy  and
      Leidner, Jochen L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2051",
    pages = "315--320",
    abstract = "Taxonomies are often used to look up the concepts they contain in text documents (for instance, to classify a document). The more comprehensive the taxonomy, the higher recall the application has that uses the taxonomy. In this paper, we explore automatic taxonomy augmentation with paraphrases. We compare two state-of-the-art paraphrase models based on Moses, a statistical Machine Translation system, and a sequence-to-sequence neural network, trained on a paraphrase datasets with respect to their abilities to add novel nodes to an existing taxonomy from the risk domain. We conduct component-based and task-based evaluations. Our results show that paraphrasing is a viable method to enrich a taxonomy with more terms, and that Moses consistently outperforms the sequence-to-sequence neural model. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first approach to augment taxonomies with paraphrases.",
}
@inproceedings{hatty-schulte-im-walde-2018-laypeople,
    title = "A Laypeople Study on Terminology Identification across Domains and Task Definitions",
    author = {H{\"a}tty, Anna  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2052",
    pages = "321--326",
    abstract = "This paper introduces a new dataset of term annotation. Given that even experts vary significantly in their understanding of termhood, and that term identification is mostly performed as a binary task, we offer a novel perspective to explore the common, natural understanding of what constitutes a term: Laypeople annotate single-word and multi-word terms, across four domains and across four task definitions. Analyses based on inter-annotator agreement offer insights into differences in term specificity, term granularity and subtermhood.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2018-novel,
    title = "A Novel Embedding Model for Knowledge Base Completion Based on Convolutional Neural Network",
    author = "Nguyen, Dai Quoc  and
      Nguyen, Tu Dinh  and
      Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Phung, Dinh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2053",
    pages = "327--333",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a novel embedding model, named ConvKB, for knowledge base completion. Our model ConvKB advances state-of-the-art models by employing a convolutional neural network, so that it can capture global relationships and transitional characteristics between entities and relations in knowledge bases. In ConvKB, each triple (head entity, relation, tail entity) is represented as a 3-column matrix where each column vector represents a triple element. This 3-column matrix is then fed to a convolution layer where multiple filters are operated on the matrix to generate different feature maps. These feature maps are then concatenated into a single feature vector representing the input triple. The feature vector is multiplied with a weight vector via a dot product to return a score. This score is then used to predict whether the triple is valid or not. Experiments show that ConvKB achieves better link prediction performance than previous state-of-the-art embedding models on two benchmark datasets WN18RR and FB15k-237.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-tsai-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-language Article Linking Using Cross-Encyclopedia Entity Embedding",
    author = "Wu, Chun-Kai  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2054",
    pages = "334--339",
    abstract = "Cross-language article linking (CLAL) is the task of finding corresponding article pairs of different languages across encyclopedias. This task is a difficult disambiguation problem in which one article must be selected among several candidate articles with similar titles and contents. Existing works focus on engineering text-based or link-based features for this task, which is a time-consuming job, and some of these features are only applicable within the same encyclopedia. In this paper, we address these problems by proposing cross-encyclopedia entity embedding. Unlike other works, our proposed method does not rely on known cross-language pairs. We apply our method to CLAL between English Wikipedia and Chinese Baidu Baike. Our features improve performance relative to the baseline by 29.62{\%}. Tested 30 times, our system achieved an average improvement of 2.76{\%} over the current best system (26.86{\%} over baseline), a statistically significant result.",
}
@inproceedings{choubey-etal-2018-identifying,
    title = "Identifying the Most Dominant Event in a News Article by Mining Event Coreference Relations",
    author = "Choubey, Prafulla Kumar  and
      Raju, Kaushik  and
      Huang, Ruihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2055",
    pages = "340--345",
    abstract = "Identifying the most dominant and central event of a document, which governs and connects other foreground and background events in the document, is useful for many applications, such as text summarization, storyline generation and text segmentation. We observed that the central event of a document usually has many coreferential event mentions that are scattered throughout the document for enabling a smooth transition of subtopics. Our empirical experiments, using gold event coreference relations, have shown that the central event of a document can be well identified by mining properties of event coreference chains. But the performance drops when switching to system predicted event coreference relations. In addition, we found that the central event can be more accurately identified by further considering the number of sub-events as well as the realis status of an event.",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2018-improve,
    title = "Improve Neural Entity Recognition via Multi-Task Data Selection and Constrained Decoding",
    author = "Zhao, Huasha  and
      Yang, Yi  and
      Zhang, Qiong  and
      Si, Luo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2056",
    pages = "346--351",
    abstract = "Entity recognition is a widely benchmarked task in natural language processing due to its massive applications. The state-of-the-art solution applies a neural architecture named BiLSTM-CRF to model the language sequences. In this paper, we propose an entity recognition system that improves this neural architecture with two novel techniques. The first technique is Multi-Task Data Selection, which ensures the consistency of data distribution and labeling guidelines between source and target datasets. The other one is constrained decoding using knowledge base. The decoder of the model operates at the document level, and leverages global and external information sources to further improve performance. Extensive experiments have been conducted to show the advantages of each technique. Our system achieves state-of-the-art results on the English entity recognition task in KBP 2017 official evaluation, and it also yields very strong results in other languages.",
}
@inproceedings{nagesh-surdeanu-2018-keep,
    title = "Keep Your Bearings: Lightly-Supervised Information Extraction with Ladder Networks That Avoids Semantic Drift",
    author = "Nagesh, Ajay  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2057",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2057",
    pages = "352--358",
    abstract = "We propose a novel approach to semi-supervised learning for information extraction that uses ladder networks (Rasmus et al., 2015). In particular, we focus on the task of named entity classification, defined as identifying the correct label (e.g., person or organization name) of an entity mention in a given context. Our approach is simple, efficient and has the benefit of being robust to semantic drift, a dominant problem in most semi-supervised learning systems. We empirically demonstrate the superior performance of our system compared to the state-of-the-art on two standard datasets for named entity classification. We obtain between 62{\%} and 200{\%} improvement over the state-of-art baseline on these two datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{ferguson-etal-2018-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Event Extraction with Paraphrase Clusters",
    author = "Ferguson, James  and
      Lockard, Colin  and
      Weld, Daniel  and
      Hajishirzi, Hannaneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2058",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2058",
    pages = "359--364",
    abstract = "Supervised event extraction systems are limited in their accuracy due to the lack of available training data. We present a method for self-training event extraction systems by bootstrapping additional training data. This is done by taking advantage of the occurrence of multiple mentions of the same event instances across newswire articles from multiple sources. If our system can make a high-confidence extraction of some mentions in such a cluster, it can then acquire diverse training examples by adding the other mentions as well. Our experiments show significant performance improvements on multiple event extractors over ACE 2005 and TAC-KBP 2015 datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{wen-etal-2018-structure,
    title = "Structure Regularized Neural Network for Entity Relation Classification for {C}hinese Literature Text",
    author = "Wen, Ji  and
      Sun, Xu  and
      Ren, Xuancheng  and
      Su, Qi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2059",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2059",
    pages = "365--370",
    abstract = "Relation classification is an important semantic processing task in the field of natural language processing. In this paper, we propose the task of relation classification for Chinese literature text. A new dataset of Chinese literature text is constructed to facilitate the study in this task. We present a novel model, named Structure Regularized Bidirectional Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network (SR-BRCNN), to identify the relation between entities. The proposed model learns relation representations along the shortest dependency path (SDP) extracted from the structure regularized dependency tree, which has the benefits of reducing the complexity of the whole model. Experimental results show that the proposed method significantly improves the F1 score by 10.3, and outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches on Chinese literature text.",
}
@inproceedings{patel-etal-2018-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Patterns Improve Information Extraction for Medical Search",
    author = "Patel, Roma  and
      Yang, Yinfei  and
      Marshall, Iain  and
      Nenkova, Ani  and
      Wallace, Byron",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2060",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2060",
    pages = "371--377",
    abstract = "Medical professionals search the published literature by specifying the type of patients, the medical intervention(s) and the outcome measure(s) of interest. In this paper we demonstrate how features encoding syntactic patterns improve the performance of state-of-the-art sequence tagging models (both neural and linear) for information extraction of these medically relevant categories. We present an analysis of the type of patterns exploited and of the semantic space induced for these, i.e., the distributed representations learned for identified multi-token patterns. We show that these learned representations differ substantially from those of the constituent unigrams, suggesting that the patterns capture contextual information that is otherwise lost.",
}
@inproceedings{espinosa-anke-schockaert-2018-syntactically,
    title = "Syntactically Aware Neural Architectures for Definition Extraction",
    author = "Espinosa-Anke, Luis  and
      Schockaert, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2061",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2061",
    pages = "378--385",
    abstract = "Automatically identifying definitional knowledge in text corpora (Definition Extraction or DE) is an important task with direct applications in, among others, Automatic Glossary Generation, Taxonomy Learning, Question Answering and Semantic Search. It is generally cast as a binary classification problem between definitional and non-definitional sentences. In this paper we present a set of neural architectures combining Convolutional and Recurrent Neural Networks, which are further enriched by incorporating linguistic information via syntactic dependencies. Our experimental results in the task of sentence classification, on two benchmarking DE datasets (one generic, one domain-specific), show that these models obtain consistent state of the art results. Furthermore, we demonstrate that models trained on clean Wikipedia-like definitions can successfully be applied to more noisy domain-specific corpora.",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-gonzalez-gomez-rodriguez-2018-dynamic-oracle,
    title = "A Dynamic Oracle for Linear-Time 2-Planar Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez-Gonz{\'a}lez, Daniel  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2062",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2062",
    pages = "386--392",
    abstract = "We propose an efficient dynamic oracle for training the 2-Planar transition-based parser, a linear-time parser with over 99{\%} coverage on non-projective syntactic corpora. This novel approach outperforms the static training strategy in the vast majority of languages tested and scored better on most datasets than the arc-hybrid parser enhanced with the Swap transition, which can handle unrestricted non-projectivity.",
}
@inproceedings{rama-etal-2018-automatic,
    title = "Are Automatic Methods for Cognate Detection Good Enough for Phylogenetic Reconstruction in Historical Linguistics?",
    author = {Rama, Taraka  and
      List, Johann-Mattis  and
      Wahle, Johannes  and
      J{\"a}ger, Gerhard},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2063",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2063",
    pages = "393--400",
    abstract = "We evaluate the performance of state-of-the-art algorithms for automatic cognate detection by comparing how useful automatically inferred cognates are for the task of phylogenetic inference compared to classical manually annotated cognate sets. Our findings suggest that phylogenies inferred from automated cognate sets come close to phylogenies inferred from expert-annotated ones, although on average, the latter are still superior. We conclude that future work on phylogenetic reconstruction can profit much from automatic cognate detection. Especially where scholars are merely interested in exploring the bigger picture of a language family{'}s phylogeny, algorithms for automatic cognate detection are a useful complement for current research on language phylogenies.",
}
@inproceedings{wisniewski-etal-2018-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Selecting the Best Dependency Annotation Design with Dynamic Oracles",
    author = "Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Lacroix, Oph{\'e}lie  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2064",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2064",
    pages = "401--406",
    abstract = "This work introduces a new strategy to compare the numerous conventions that have been proposed over the years for expressing dependency structures and discover the one for which a parser will achieve the highest parsing performance. Instead of associating each sentence in the training set with a single gold reference we propose to consider a set of references encoding alternative syntactic representations. Training a parser with a dynamic oracle will then automatically select among all alternatives the reference that will be predicted with the highest accuracy. Experiments on the UD corpora show the validity of this approach.",
}
@inproceedings{yoshikawa-etal-2018-consistent,
    title = "Consistent {CCG} Parsing over Multiple Sentences for Improved Logical Reasoning",
    author = "Yoshikawa, Masashi  and
      Mineshima, Koji  and
      Noji, Hiroshi  and
      Bekki, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2065",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2065",
    pages = "407--412",
    abstract = "In formal logic-based approaches to Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE), a Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) parser is used to parse input premises and hypotheses to obtain their logical formulas. Here, it is important that the parser processes the sentences consistently; failing to recognize the similar syntactic structure results in inconsistent predicate argument structures among them, in which case the succeeding theorem proving is doomed to failure. In this work, we present a simple method to extend an existing CCG parser to parse a set of sentences consistently, which is achieved with an inter-sentence modeling with Markov Random Fields (MRF). When combined with existing logic-based systems, our method always shows improvement in the RTE experiments on English and Japanese languages.",
}
@inproceedings{aufrant-etal-2018-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Dynamic Oracles to Train Projective Dependency Parsers on Non-Projective Trees",
    author = "Aufrant, Lauriane  and
      Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2066",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2066",
    pages = "413--419",
    abstract = "Because the most common transition systems are projective, training a transition-based dependency parser often implies to either ignore or rewrite the non-projective training examples, which has an adverse impact on accuracy. In this work, we propose a simple modification of dynamic oracles, which enables the use of non-projective data when training projective parsers. Evaluation on 73 treebanks shows that our method achieves significant gains (+2 to +7 UAS for the most non-projective languages) and consistently outperforms traditional projectivization and pseudo-projectivization approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Coverage and Runtime Complexity for Exact Inference in Non-Projective Transition-Based Dependency Parsers",
    author = "Shi, Tianze  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos  and
      Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2067",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2067",
    pages = "420--425",
    abstract = "We generalize Cohen, G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, and Satta{'}s (2011) parser to a family of non-projective transition-based dependency parsers allowing polynomial-time exact inference. This includes novel parsers with better coverage than Cohen et al. (2011), and even a variant that reduces time complexity to $O(n^6)$, improving over the known bounds in exact inference for non-projective transition-based parsing. We hope that this piece of theoretical work inspires design of novel transition systems with better coverage and better run-time guarantees.",
}
@inproceedings{pasquer-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards a Variability Measure for Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Pasquer, Caroline  and
      Savary, Agata  and
      Antoine, Jean-Yves  and
      Ramisch, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2068",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2068",
    pages = "426--432",
    abstract = "One of the most outstanding properties of multiword expressions (MWEs), especially verbal ones (VMWEs), important both in theoretical models and applications, is their idiosyncratic variability. Some MWEs are always continuous, while some others admit certain types of insertions. Components of some MWEs are rarely or never modified, while some others admit either specific or unrestricted modification. This unpredictable variability profile of MWEs hinders modeling and processing them as {``}words-with-spaces{''} on the one hand, and as regular syntactic structures on the other hand. Since variability of MWEs is a matter of scale rather than a binary property, we propose a 2-dimensional language-independent measure of variability dedicated to verbal MWEs based on syntactic and discontinuity-related clues. We assess its relevance with respect to a linguistic benchmark and its utility for the tasks of VMWE classification and variant identification on a French corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{madhyastha-etal-2018-defoiling,
    title = "Defoiling Foiled Image Captions",
    author = "Madhyastha, Pranava Swaroop  and
      Wang, Josiah  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2069",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2069",
    pages = "433--438",
    abstract = "We address the task of detecting foiled image captions, i.e. identifying whether a caption contains a word that has been deliberately replaced by a semantically similar word, thus rendering it inaccurate with respect to the image being described. Solving this problem should in principle require a fine-grained understanding of images to detect subtle perturbations in captions. In such contexts, encoding sufficiently descriptive image information becomes a key challenge. In this paper, we demonstrate that it is possible to solve this task using simple, interpretable yet powerful representations based on explicit object information over multilayer perceptron models. Our models achieve state-of-the-art performance on a recently published dataset, with scores exceeding those achieved by humans on the task. We also measure the upper-bound performance of our models using gold standard annotations. Our study and analysis reveals that the simpler model performs well even without image information, suggesting that the dataset contains strong linguistic bias.",
}
@inproceedings{cohn-gordon-etal-2018-pragmatically,
    title = "Pragmatically Informative Image Captioning with Character-Level Inference",
    author = "Cohn-Gordon, Reuben  and
      Goodman, Noah  and
      Potts, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2070",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2070",
    pages = "439--443",
    abstract = "We combine a neural image captioner with a Rational Speech Acts (RSA) model to make a system that is pragmatically informative: its objective is to produce captions that are not merely true but also distinguish their inputs from similar images. Previous attempts to combine RSA with neural image captioning require an inference which normalizes over the entire set of possible utterances. This poses a serious problem of efficiency, previously solved by sampling a small subset of possible utterances. We instead solve this problem by implementing a version of RSA which operates at the level of characters ({``}a{''}, {``}b{''}, {``}c{''}, ...) during the unrolling of the caption. We find that the utterance-level effect of referential captions can be obtained with only character-level decisions. Finally, we introduce an automatic method for testing the performance of pragmatic speaker models, and show that our model outperforms a non-pragmatic baseline as well as a word-level RSA captioner.",
}
@inproceedings{tan-bansal-2018-object,
    title = "Object Ordering with Bidirectional Matchings for Visual Reasoning",
    author = "Tan, Hao  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2071",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2071",
    pages = "444--451",
    abstract = "Visual reasoning with compositional natural language instructions, e.g., based on the newly-released Cornell Natural Language Visual Reasoning (NLVR) dataset, is a challenging task, where the model needs to have the ability to create an accurate mapping between the diverse phrases and the several objects placed in complex arrangements in the image. Further, this mapping needs to be processed to answer the question in the statement given the ordering and relationship of the objects across three similar images. In this paper, we propose a novel end-to-end neural model for the NLVR task, where we first use joint bidirectional attention to build a two-way conditioning between the visual information and the language phrases. Next, we use an RL-based pointer network to sort and process the varying number of unordered objects (so as to match the order of the statement phrases) in each of the three images and then pool over the three decisions. Our model achieves strong improvements (of 4-6{\%} absolute) over the state-of-the-art on both the structured representation and raw image versions of the dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{kobayashi-2018-contextual,
    title = "Contextual Augmentation: Data Augmentation by Words with Paradigmatic Relations",
    author = "Kobayashi, Sosuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2072",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2072",
    pages = "452--457",
    abstract = "We propose a novel data augmentation for labeled sentences called contextual augmentation. We assume an invariance that sentences are natural even if the words in the sentences are replaced with other words with paradigmatic relations. We stochastically replace words with other words that are predicted by a bi-directional language model at the word positions. Words predicted according to a context are numerous but appropriate for the augmentation of the original words. Furthermore, we retrofit a language model with a label-conditional architecture, which allows the model to augment sentences without breaking the label-compatibility. Through the experiments for six various different text classification tasks, we demonstrate that the proposed method improves classifiers based on the convolutional or recurrent neural networks.",
}
@inproceedings{sasaki-etal-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Learning-to-Rank with Shared Representations",
    author = "Sasaki, Shota  and
      Sun, Shuo  and
      Schamoni, Shigehiko  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2073",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2073",
    pages = "458--463",
    abstract = "Cross-lingual information retrieval (CLIR) is a document retrieval task where the documents are written in a language different from that of the user{'}s query. This is a challenging problem for data-driven approaches due to the general lack of labeled training data. We introduce a large-scale dataset derived from Wikipedia to support CLIR research in 25 languages. Further, we present a simple yet effective neural learning-to-rank model that shares representations across languages and reduces the data requirement. This model can exploit training data in, for example, Japanese-English CLIR to improve the results of Swahili-English CLIR.",
}
@inproceedings{shaw-etal-2018-self,
    title = "Self-Attention with Relative Position Representations",
    author = "Shaw, Peter  and
      Uszkoreit, Jakob  and
      Vaswani, Ashish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2074",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2074",
    pages = "464--468",
    abstract = "Relying entirely on an attention mechanism, the Transformer introduced by Vaswani et al. (2017) achieves state-of-the-art results for machine translation. In contrast to recurrent and convolutional neural networks, it does not explicitly model relative or absolute position information in its structure. Instead, it requires adding representations of absolute positions to its inputs. In this work we present an alternative approach, extending the self-attention mechanism to efficiently consider representations of the relative positions, or distances between sequence elements. On the WMT 2014 English-to-German and English-to-French translation tasks, this approach yields improvements of 1.3 BLEU and 0.3 BLEU over absolute position representations, respectively. Notably, we observe that combining relative and absolute position representations yields no further improvement in translation quality. We describe an efficient implementation of our method and cast it as an instance of relation-aware self-attention mechanisms that can generalize to arbitrary graph-labeled inputs.",
}
@inproceedings{koshorek-etal-2018-text,
    title = "Text Segmentation as a Supervised Learning Task",
    author = "Koshorek, Omri  and
      Cohen, Adir  and
      Mor, Noam  and
      Rotman, Michael  and
      Berant, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2075",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2075",
    pages = "469--473",
    abstract = "Text segmentation, the task of dividing a document into contiguous segments based on its semantic structure, is a longstanding challenge in language understanding. Previous work on text segmentation focused on unsupervised methods such as clustering or graph search, due to the paucity in labeled data. In this work, we formulate text segmentation as a supervised learning problem, and present a large new dataset for text segmentation that is automatically extracted and labeled from Wikipedia. Moreover, we develop a segmentation model based on this dataset and show that it generalizes well to unseen natural text.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-whats,
    title = "What{'}s in a Domain? Learning Domain-Robust Text Representations using Adversarial Training",
    author = "Li, Yitong  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2076",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2076",
    pages = "474--479",
    abstract = "Most real world language problems require learning from heterogenous corpora, raising the problem of learning robust models which generalise well to both similar (\textit{in domain}) and dissimilar (\textit{out of domain}) instances to those seen in training. This requires learning an underlying task, while not learning irrelevant signals and biases specific to individual domains. We propose a novel method to optimise both in- and out-of-domain accuracy based on joint learning of a structured neural model with domain-specific and domain-general components, coupled with adversarial training for domain. Evaluating on multi-domain language identification and multi-domain sentiment analysis, we show substantial improvements over standard domain adaptation techniques, and domain-adversarial training.",
}
@inproceedings{apidianaki-etal-2018-automated,
    title = "Automated Paraphrase Lattice Creation for {H}y{TER} Machine Translation Evaluation",
    author = "Apidianaki, Marianna  and
      Wisniewski, Guillaume  and
      Cocos, Anne  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2077",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2077",
    pages = "480--485",
    abstract = "We propose a variant of a well-known machine translation (MT) evaluation metric, HyTER (Dreyer and Marcu, 2012), which exploits reference translations enriched with meaning equivalent expressions. The original HyTER metric relied on hand-crafted paraphrase networks which restricted its applicability to new data. We test, for the first time, HyTER with automatically built paraphrase lattices. We show that although the metric obtains good results on small and carefully curated data with both manually and automatically selected substitutes, it achieves medium performance on much larger and noisier datasets, demonstrating the limits of the metric for tuning and evaluation of current MT systems.",
}
@inproceedings{marcheggiani-etal-2018-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Semantics in Neural Machine Translation with Graph Convolutional Networks",
    author = "Marcheggiani, Diego  and
      Bastings, Joost  and
      Titov, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2078",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2078",
    pages = "486--492",
    abstract = "Semantic representations have long been argued as potentially useful for enforcing meaning preservation and improving generalization performance of machine translation methods. In this work, we are the first to incorporate information about predicate-argument structure of source sentences (namely, semantic-role representations) into neural machine translation. We use Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) to inject a semantic bias into sentence encoders and achieve improvements in BLEU scores over the linguistic-agnostic and syntax-aware versions on the English{--}German language pair.",
}
@inproceedings{dalvi-etal-2018-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Decoding and Training Methods for Simultaneous Translation in Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Dalvi, Fahim  and
      Durrani, Nadir  and
      Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2079",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2079",
    pages = "493--499",
    abstract = "We address the problem of simultaneous translation by modifying the Neural MT decoder to operate with dynamically built encoder and attention. We propose a tunable agent which decides the best segmentation strategy for a user-defined BLEU loss and Average Proportion (AP) constraint. Our agent outperforms previously proposed Wait-if-diff and Wait-if-worse agents (Cho and Esipova, 2016) on BLEU with a lower latency. Secondly we proposed data-driven changes to Neural MT training to better match the incremental decoding framework.",
}
@inproceedings{vilar-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Hidden Unit Contribution for Adapting Neural Machine Translation Models",
    author = "Vilar, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2080",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2080",
    pages = "500--505",
    abstract = "In this paper we explore the use of Learning Hidden Unit Contribution for the task of neural machine translation. The method was initially proposed in the context of speech recognition for adapting a general system to the specific acoustic characteristics of each speaker. Similar in spirit, in a machine translation framework we want to adapt a general system to a specific domain. We show that the proposed method achieves improvements of up to 2.6 BLEU points over a general system, and up to 6 BLEU points if the initial system has only been trained on out-of-domain data, a situation which may easily happen in practice. The good performance together with its short training time and small memory footprint make it a very attractive solution for domain adaptation.",
}
@inproceedings{hasler-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation Decoding with Terminology Constraints",
    author = "Hasler, Eva  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Iglesias, Gonzalo  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2081",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2081",
    pages = "506--512",
    abstract = "Despite the impressive quality improvements yielded by neural machine translation (NMT) systems, controlling their translation output to adhere to user-provided terminology constraints remains an open problem. We describe our approach to constrained neural decoding based on finite-state machines and multi-stack decoding which supports target-side constraints as well as constraints with corresponding aligned input text spans. We demonstrate the performance of our framework on multiple translation tasks and motivate the need for constrained decoding with attentions as a means of reducing misplacement and duplication when translating user constraints.",
}
@inproceedings{poliak-etal-2018-evaluation,
    title = "On the Evaluation of Semantic Phenomena in Neural Machine Translation Using Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Poliak, Adam  and
      Belinkov, Yonatan  and
      Glass, James  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2082",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2082",
    pages = "513--523",
    abstract = "We propose a process for investigating the extent to which sentence representations arising from neural machine translation (NMT) systems encode distinct semantic phenomena. We use these representations as features to train a natural language inference (NLI) classifier based on datasets recast from existing semantic annotations. In applying this process to a representative NMT system, we find its encoder appears most suited to supporting inferences at the syntax-semantics interface, as compared to anaphora resolution requiring world knowledge. We conclude with a discussion on the merits and potential deficiencies of the existing process, and how it may be improved and extended as a broader framework for evaluating semantic coverage",
}
@inproceedings{pourdamghani-etal-2018-using,
    title = "Using Word Vectors to Improve Word Alignments for Low Resource Machine Translation",
    author = "Pourdamghani, Nima  and
      Ghazvininejad, Marjan  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2083",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2083",
    pages = "524--528",
    abstract = "We present a method for improving word alignments using word similarities. This method is based on encouraging common alignment links between semantically similar words. We use word vectors trained on monolingual data to estimate similarity. Our experiments on translating fifteen languages into English show consistent BLEU score improvements across the languages.",
}
@inproceedings{qi-etal-2018-pre,
    title = "When and Why Are Pre-Trained Word Embeddings Useful for Neural Machine Translation?",
    author = "Qi, Ye  and
      Sachan, Devendra  and
      Felix, Matthieu  and
      Padmanabhan, Sarguna  and
      Neubig, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2084",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2084",
    pages = "529--535",
    abstract = "The performance of Neural Machine Translation (NMT) systems often suffers in low-resource scenarios where sufficiently large-scale parallel corpora cannot be obtained. Pre-trained word embeddings have proven to be invaluable for improving performance in natural language analysis tasks, which often suffer from paucity of data. However, their utility for NMT has not been extensively explored. In this work, we perform five sets of experiments that analyze when we can expect pre-trained word embeddings to help in NMT tasks. We show that such embeddings can be surprisingly effective in some cases {--} providing gains of up to 20 BLEU points in the most favorable setting.",
}
@inproceedings{cotterell-etal-2018-languages,
    title = "Are All Languages Equally Hard to Language-Model?",
    author = "Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Mielke, Sebastian J.  and
      Eisner, Jason  and
      Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2085",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2085",
    pages = "536--541",
    abstract = "For general modeling methods applied to diverse languages, a natural question is: how well should we expect our models to work on languages with differing typological profiles? In this work, we develop an evaluation framework for fair cross-linguistic comparison of language models, using translated text so that all models are asked to predict approximately the same information. We then conduct a study on 21 languages, demonstrating that in some languages, the textual expression of the information is harder to predict with both n-gram and LSTM language models. We show complex inflectional morphology to be a cause of performance differences among languages.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-hulden-2018-computational,
    title = "The Computational Complexity of Distinctive Feature Minimization in Phonology",
    author = "Chen, Hubie  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2086",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2086",
    pages = "542--547",
    abstract = "We analyze the complexity of the problem of determining whether a set of phonemes forms a natural class and, if so, that of finding the minimal feature specification for the class. A standard assumption in phonology is that finding a minimal feature specification is an automatic part of acquisition and generalization. We find that the natural class decision problem is tractable (i.e. is in P), while the minimization problem is not; the decision version of the problem which determines whether a natural class can be defined with $k$ features or less is NP-complete. We also show that, empirically, a greedy algorithm for finding minimal feature specifications will sometimes fail, and thus cannot be assumed to be the basis for human performance in solving the problem.",
}
@inproceedings{cotterell-etal-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Disambiguation of Syncretism in Inflected Lexicons",
    author = "Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Kirov, Christo  and
      Mielke, Sebastian J.  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2087",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2087",
    pages = "548--553",
    abstract = "Lexical ambiguity makes it difficult to compute useful statistics of a corpus. A given word form might represent any of several morphological feature bundles. One can, however, use unsupervised learning (as in EM) to fit a model that probabilistically disambiguates word forms. We present such an approach, which employs a neural network to smoothly model a prior distribution over feature bundles (even rare ones). Although this basic model does not consider a token{'}s context, that very property allows it to operate on a simple list of unigram type counts, partitioning each count among different analyses of that unigram. We discuss evaluation metrics for this novel task and report results on 5 languages.",
}
@inproceedings{salant-berant-2018-contextualized,
    title = "Contextualized Word Representations for Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Salant, Shimi  and
      Berant, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2088",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2088",
    pages = "554--559",
    abstract = "Reading a document and extracting an answer to a question about its content has attracted substantial attention recently. While most work has focused on the interaction between the question and the document, in this work we evaluate the importance of context when the question and document are processed independently. We take a standard neural architecture for this task, and show that by providing rich contextualized word representations from a large pre-trained language model as well as allowing the model to choose between context-dependent and context-independent word representations, we can obtain dramatic improvements and reach performance comparable to state-of-the-art on the competitive SQuAD dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{michael-etal-2018-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing Question-Answer Meaning Representations",
    author = "Michael, Julian  and
      Stanovsky, Gabriel  and
      He, Luheng  and
      Dagan, Ido  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2089",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2089",
    pages = "560--568",
    abstract = "We introduce Question-Answer Meaning Representations (QAMRs), which represent the predicate-argument structure of a sentence as a set of question-answer pairs. We develop a crowdsourcing scheme to show that QAMRs can be labeled with very little training, and gather a dataset with over 5,000 sentences and 100,000 questions. A qualitative analysis demonstrates that the crowd-generated question-answer pairs cover the vast majority of predicate-argument relationships in existing datasets (including PropBank, NomBank, and QA-SRL) along with many previously under-resourced ones, including implicit arguments and relations. We also report baseline models for question generation and answering, and summarize a recent approach for using QAMR labels to improve an Open IE system. These results suggest the freely available QAMR data and annotation scheme should support significant future work.",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2018-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Context Information for Natural Question Generation",
    author = "Song, Linfeng  and
      Wang, Zhiguo  and
      Hamza, Wael  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Gildea, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2090",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2090",
    pages = "569--574",
    abstract = "The task of natural question generation is to generate a corresponding question given the input passage (fact) and answer. It is useful for enlarging the training set of QA systems. Previous work has adopted sequence-to-sequence models that take a passage with an additional bit to indicate answer position as input. However, they do not explicitly model the information between answer and other context within the passage. We propose a model that matches the answer with the passage before generating the question. Experiments show that our model outperforms the existing state of the art using rich features.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-bansal-2018-robust,
    title = "Robust Machine Comprehension Models via Adversarial Training",
    author = "Wang, Yicheng  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2091",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2091",
    pages = "575--581",
    abstract = "It is shown that many published models for the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (Rajpurkar et al., 2016) lack robustness, suffering an over 50{\%} decrease in F1 score during adversarial evaluation based on the AddSent (Jia and Liang, 2017) algorithm. It has also been shown that retraining models on data generated by AddSent has limited effect on their robustness. We propose a novel alternative adversary-generation algorithm, AddSentDiverse, that significantly increases the variance within the adversarial training data by providing effective examples that punish the model for making certain superficial assumptions. Further, in order to improve robustness to AddSent{'}s semantic perturbations (e.g., antonyms), we jointly improve the model{'}s semantic-relationship learning capabilities in addition to our AddSentDiverse-based adversarial training data augmentation. With these additions, we show that we can make a state-of-the-art model significantly more robust, achieving a 36.5{\%} increase in F1 score under many different types of adversarial evaluation while maintaining performance on the regular SQuAD task.",
}
@inproceedings{dhingra-etal-2018-simple,
    title = "Simple and Effective Semi-Supervised Question Answering",
    author = "Dhingra, Bhuwan  and
      Danish, Danish  and
      Rajagopal, Dheeraj",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2092",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2092",
    pages = "582--587",
    abstract = "Recent success of deep learning models for the task of extractive Question Answering (QA) is hinged on the availability of large annotated corpora. However, large domain specific annotated corpora are limited and expensive to construct. In this work, we envision a system where the end user specifies a set of base documents and only a few labelled examples. Our system exploits the document structure to create cloze-style questions from these base documents; pre-trains a powerful neural network on the cloze style questions; and further fine-tunes the model on the labeled examples. We evaluate our proposed system across three diverse datasets from different domains, and find it to be highly effective with very little labeled data. We attain more than 50{\%} F1 score on SQuAD and TriviaQA with less than a thousand labelled examples. We are also releasing a set of 3.2M cloze-style questions for practitioners to use while building QA systems.",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2018-typesql,
    title = "{T}ype{SQL}: Knowledge-Based Type-Aware Neural Text-to-{SQL} Generation",
    author = "Yu, Tao  and
      Li, Zifan  and
      Zhang, Zilin  and
      Zhang, Rui  and
      Radev, Dragomir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2093",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2093",
    pages = "588--594",
    abstract = "Interacting with relational databases through natural language helps users with any background easily query and analyze a vast amount of data. This requires a system that understands users{'} questions and converts them to SQL queries automatically. In this paper, we present a novel approach TypeSQL which formats the problem as a slot filling task in a more reasonable way. In addition, TypeSQL utilizes type information to better understand rare entities and numbers in the questions. We experiment this idea on the WikiSQL dataset and outperform the prior art by 6{\%} in much shorter time. We also show that accessing the content of databases can significantly improve the performance when users{'} queries are not well-formed. TypeSQL can reach 82.6{\%} accuracy, a 17.5{\%} absolute improvement compared to the previous content-sensitive model.",
}
@inproceedings{jaech-etal-2018-community,
    title = "Community Member Retrieval on Social Media Using Textual Information",
    author = "Jaech, Aaron  and
      Hathi, Shobhit  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2094",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2094",
    pages = "595--601",
    abstract = "This paper addresses the problem of community membership detection using only text features in a scenario where a small number of positive labeled examples defines the community. The solution introduces an unsupervised proxy task for learning user embeddings: user re-identification. Experiments with 16 different communities show that the resulting embeddings are more effective for community membership identification than common unsupervised representations.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-cross,
    title = "Cross-Domain Review Helpfulness Prediction Based on Convolutional Neural Networks with Auxiliary Domain Discriminators",
    author = "Chen, Cen  and
      Yang, Yinfei  and
      Zhou, Jun  and
      Li, Xiaolong  and
      Bao, Forrest Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2095",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2095",
    pages = "602--607",
    abstract = "With the growing amount of reviews in e-commerce websites, it is critical to assess the helpfulness of reviews and recommend them accordingly to consumers. Recent studies on review helpfulness require plenty of labeled samples for each domain/category of interests. However, such an approach based on close-world assumption is not always practical, especially for domains with limited reviews or the {``}out-of-vocabulary{''} problem. Therefore, we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) based model which leverages both word-level and character-based representations. To transfer knowledge between domains, we further extend our model to jointly model different domains with auxiliary domain discriminators. On the Amazon product review dataset, our approach significantly outperforms the state of the art in terms of both accuracy and cross-domain robustness.",
}
@inproceedings{volkova-etal-2018-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Foreign Language Usage from {E}nglish-Only Social Media Posts",
    author = "Volkova, Svitlana  and
      Ranshous, Stephen  and
      Phillips, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2096",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2096",
    pages = "608--614",
    abstract = "Social media is known for its multi-cultural and multilingual interactions, a natural product of which is code-mixing. Multilingual speakers mix languages they tweet to address a different audience, express certain feelings, or attract attention. This paper presents a large-scale analysis of 6 million tweets produced by 27 thousand multilingual users speaking 12 other languages besides English. We rely on this corpus to build predictive models to infer non-English languages that users speak exclusively from their English tweets. Unlike native language identification task, we rely on large amounts of informal social media communications rather than ESL essays. We contrast the predictive power of the state-of-the-art machine learning models trained on lexical, syntactic, and stylistic signals with neural network models learned from word, character and byte representations extracted from English only tweets. We report that content, style and syntax are the most predictive of non-English languages that users speak on Twitter. Neural network models learned from byte representations of user content combined with transfer learning yield the best performance. Finally, by analyzing cross-lingual transfer {--} the influence of non-English languages on various levels of linguistic performance in English, we present novel findings on stylistic and syntactic variations across speakers of 12 languages in social media.",
}
@inproceedings{cohan-etal-2018-discourse,
    title = "A Discourse-Aware Attention Model for Abstractive Summarization of Long Documents",
    author = "Cohan, Arman  and
      Dernoncourt, Franck  and
      Kim, Doo Soon  and
      Bui, Trung  and
      Kim, Seokhwan  and
      Chang, Walter  and
      Goharian, Nazli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2097",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2097",
    pages = "615--621",
    abstract = "Neural abstractive summarization models have led to promising results in summarizing relatively short documents. We propose the first model for abstractive summarization of single, longer-form documents (e.g., research papers). Our approach consists of a new hierarchical encoder that models the discourse structure of a document, and an attentive discourse-aware decoder to generate the summary. Empirical results on two large-scale datasets of scientific papers show that our model significantly outperforms state-of-the-art models.",
}
@inproceedings{jain-etal-2018-mixed,
    title = "A Mixed Hierarchical Attention Based Encoder-Decoder Approach for Standard Table Summarization",
    author = "Jain, Parag  and
      Laha, Anirban  and
      Sankaranarayanan, Karthik  and
      Nema, Preksha  and
      Khapra, Mitesh M.  and
      Shetty, Shreyas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2098",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2098",
    pages = "622--627",
    abstract = "Structured data summarization involves generation of natural language summaries from structured input data. In this work, we consider summarizing structured data occurring in the form of tables as they are prevalent across a wide variety of domains. We formulate the standard table summarization problem, which deals with tables conforming to a single predefined schema. To this end, we propose a mixed hierarchical attention based encoder-decoder model which is able to leverage the structure in addition to the content of the tables. Our experiments on the publicly available weathergov dataset show around 18 BLEU (around 30{\%}) improvement over the current state-of-the-art.",
}
@inproceedings{jiang-etal-2018-effective,
    title = "Effective Crowdsourcing for a New Type of Summarization Task",
    author = "Jiang, Youxuan  and
      Finegan-Dollak, Catherine  and
      Kummerfeld, Jonathan K.  and
      Lasecki, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2099",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2099",
    pages = "628--633",
    abstract = "Most summarization research focuses on summarizing the entire given text, but in practice readers are often interested in only one aspect of the document or conversation. We propose targeted summarization as an umbrella category for summarization tasks that intentionally consider only parts of the input data. This covers query-based summarization, update summarization, and a new task we propose where the goal is to summarize a particular aspect of a document. However, collecting data for this new task is hard because directly asking annotators (e.g., crowd workers) to write summaries leads to data with low accuracy when there are a large number of facts to include. We introduce a novel crowdsourcing workflow, Pin-Refine, that allows us to collect high-quality summaries for our task, a necessary step for the development of automatic systems.",
}
@inproceedings{mahata-etal-2018-key2vec,
    title = "{K}ey2{V}ec: Automatic Ranked Keyphrase Extraction from Scientific Articles using Phrase Embeddings",
    author = "Mahata, Debanjan  and
      Kuriakose, John  and
      Shah, Rajiv Ratn  and
      Zimmermann, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2100",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2100",
    pages = "634--639",
    abstract = "Keyphrase extraction is a fundamental task in natural language processing that facilitates mapping of documents to a set of representative phrases. In this paper, we present an unsupervised technique (Key2Vec) that leverages phrase embeddings for ranking keyphrases extracted from scientific articles. Specifically, we propose an effective way of processing text documents for training multi-word phrase embeddings that are used for thematic representation of scientific articles and ranking of keyphrases extracted from them using theme-weighted PageRank. Evaluations are performed on benchmark datasets producing state-of-the-art results.",
}
@inproceedings{kaffee-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning to Generate {W}ikipedia Summaries for Underserved Languages from {W}ikidata",
    author = "Kaffee, Lucie-Aim{\'e}e  and
      Elsahar, Hady  and
      Vougiouklis, Pavlos  and
      Gravier, Christophe  and
      Laforest, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}rique  and
      Hare, Jonathon  and
      Simperl, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2101",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2101",
    pages = "640--645",
    abstract = "While Wikipedia exists in 287 languages, its content is unevenly distributed among them. In this work, we investigate the generation of open domain Wikipedia summaries in underserved languages using structured data from Wikidata. To this end, we propose a neural network architecture equipped with copy actions that learns to generate single-sentence and comprehensible textual summaries from Wikidata triples. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach by evaluating it against a set of baselines on two languages of different natures: Arabic, a morphological rich language with a larger vocabulary than English, and Esperanto, a constructed language known for its easy acquisition.",
}
@inproceedings{pasunuru-bansal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Reward Reinforced Summarization with Saliency and Entailment",
    author = "Pasunuru, Ramakanth  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2102",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2102",
    pages = "646--653",
    abstract = "Abstractive text summarization is the task of compressing and rewriting a long document into a short summary while maintaining saliency, directed logical entailment, and non-redundancy. In this work, we address these three important aspects of a good summary via a reinforcement learning approach with two novel reward functions: ROUGESal and Entail, on top of a coverage-based baseline. The ROUGESal reward modifies the ROUGE metric by up-weighting the salient phrases/words detected via a keyphrase classifier. The Entail reward gives high (length-normalized) scores to logically-entailed summaries using an entailment classifier. Further, we show superior performance improvement when these rewards are combined with traditional metric (ROUGE) based rewards, via our novel and effective multi-reward approach of optimizing multiple rewards simultaneously in alternate mini-batches. Our method achieves the new state-of-the-art results on CNN/Daily Mail dataset as well as strong improvements in a test-only transfer setup on DUC-2002.",
}
@inproceedings{peyrard-gurevych-2018-objective,
    title = "Objective Function Learning to Match Human Judgements for Optimization-Based Summarization",
    author = "Peyrard, Maxime  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2103",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2103",
    pages = "654--660",
    abstract = "Supervised summarization systems usually rely on supervision at the sentence or n-gram level provided by automatic metrics like ROUGE, which act as noisy proxies for human judgments. In this work, we learn a summary-level scoring function $\theta$ including human judgments as supervision and automatically generated data as regularization. We extract summaries with a genetic algorithm using $\theta$ as a fitness function. We observe strong and promising performances across datasets in both automatic and manual evaluation.",
}
@inproceedings{honda-etal-2018-pruning,
    title = "Pruning Basic Elements for Better Automatic Evaluation of Summaries",
    author = "Honda, Ukyo  and
      Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2104",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2104",
    pages = "661--666",
    abstract = "We propose a simple but highly effective automatic evaluation measure of summarization, pruned Basic Elements (pBE). Although the BE concept is widely used for the automated evaluation of summaries, its weakness is that it redundantly matches basic elements. To avoid this redundancy, pBE prunes basic elements by (1) disregarding frequency count of basic elements and (2) reducing semantically overlapped basic elements based on word similarity. Even though it is simple, pBE outperforms ROUGE in DUC datasets in most cases and achieves the highest rank correlation coefficient in TAC 2011 AESOP task.",
}
@inproceedings{boudin-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Keyphrase Extraction with Multipartite Graphs",
    author = "Boudin, Florian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2105",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2105",
    pages = "667--672",
    abstract = "We propose an unsupervised keyphrase extraction model that encodes topical information within a multipartite graph structure. Our model represents keyphrase candidates and topics in a single graph and exploits their mutually reinforcing relationship to improve candidate ranking. We further introduce a novel mechanism to incorporate keyphrase selection preferences into the model. Experiments conducted on three widely used datasets show significant improvements over state-of-the-art graph-based models.",
}
@inproceedings{chaturvedi-etal-2018-heard,
    title = "Where Have {I} Heard This Story Before? Identifying Narrative Similarity in Movie Remakes",
    author = "Chaturvedi, Snigdha  and
      Srivastava, Shashank  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2106",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2106",
    pages = "673--678",
    abstract = "People can identify correspondences between narratives in everyday life. For example, an analogy with the Cinderella story may be made in describing the unexpected success of an underdog in seemingly different stories. We present a new task and dataset for story understanding: identifying instances of similar narratives from a collection of narrative texts. We present an initial approach for this problem, which finds correspondences between narratives in terms of plot events, and resemblances between characters and their social relationships. Our approach yields an 8{\%} absolute improvement in performance over a competitive information-retrieval baseline on a novel dataset of plot summaries of 577 movie remakes from Wikipedia.",
}
@inproceedings{barbieri-etal-2018-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Emoji Prediction",
    author = "Barbieri, Francesco  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Ronzano, Francesco  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2107",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2107",
    pages = "679--686",
    abstract = "Emojis are small images that are commonly included in social media text messages. The combination of visual and textual content in the same message builds up a modern way of communication, that automatic systems are not used to deal with. In this paper we extend recent advances in emoji prediction by putting forward a multimodal approach that is able to predict emojis in Instagram posts. Instagram posts are composed of pictures together with texts which sometimes include emojis. We show that these emojis can be predicted by using the text, but also using the picture. Our main finding is that incorporating the two synergistic modalities, in a combined model, improves accuracy in an emoji prediction task. This result demonstrates that these two modalities (text and images) encode different information on the use of emojis and therefore can complement each other.",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2018-higher,
    title = "Higher-Order Coreference Resolution with Coarse-to-Fine Inference",
    author = "Lee, Kenton  and
      He, Luheng  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2108",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2108",
    pages = "687--692",
    abstract = "We introduce a fully-differentiable approximation to higher-order inference for coreference resolution. Our approach uses the antecedent distribution from a span-ranking architecture as an attention mechanism to iteratively refine span representations. This enables the model to softly consider multiple hops in the predicted clusters. To alleviate the computational cost of this iterative process, we introduce a coarse-to-fine approach that incorporates a less accurate but more efficient bilinear factor, enabling more aggressive pruning without hurting accuracy. Compared to the existing state-of-the-art span-ranking approach, our model significantly improves accuracy on the English OntoNotes benchmark, while being far more computationally efficient.",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-gonzalez-gomez-rodriguez-2018-non,
    title = "Non-Projective Dependency Parsing with Non-Local Transitions",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez-Gonz{\'a}lez, Daniel  and
      G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2109",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2109",
    pages = "693--700",
    abstract = "We present a novel transition system, based on the Covington non-projective parser, introducing non-local transitions that can directly create arcs involving nodes to the left of the current focus positions. This avoids the need for long sequences of No-Arcs transitions to create long-distance arcs, thus alleviating error propagation. The resulting parser outperforms the original version and achieves the best accuracy on the Stanford Dependencies conversion of the Penn Treebank among greedy transition-based parsers.",
}
@inproceedings{karlekar-etal-2018-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Linguistic Characteristics of {A}lzheimer{'}s Dementia by Interpreting Neural Models",
    author = "Karlekar, Sweta  and
      Niu, Tong  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2110",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2110",
    pages = "701--707",
    abstract = "Alzheimer{'}s disease (AD) is an irreversible and progressive brain disease that can be stopped or slowed down with medical treatment. Language changes serve as a sign that a patient{'}s cognitive functions have been impacted, potentially leading to early diagnosis. In this work, we use NLP techniques to classify and analyze the linguistic characteristics of AD patients using the DementiaBank dataset. We apply three neural models based on CNNs, LSTM-RNNs, and their combination, to distinguish between language samples from AD and control patients. We achieve a new independent benchmark accuracy for the AD classification task. More importantly, we next interpret what these neural models have learned about the linguistic characteristics of AD patients, via analysis based on activation clustering and first-derivative saliency techniques. We then perform novel automatic pattern discovery inside activation clusters, and consolidate AD patients{'} distinctive grammar patterns. Additionally, we show that first derivative saliency can not only rediscover previous language patterns of AD patients, but also shed light on the limitations of neural models. Lastly, we also include analysis of gender-separated AD data.",
}
@inproceedings{louis-sutton-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Dungeons and Dragons: Learning Character-Action Interactions from Role-Playing Game Transcripts",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Sutton, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2111",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2111",
    pages = "708--713",
    abstract = "An essential aspect to understanding narratives is to grasp the interaction between characters in a story and the actions they take. We examine whether computational models can capture this interaction, when both character attributes and actions are expressed as complex natural language descriptions. We propose role-playing games as a testbed for this problem, and introduce a large corpus of game transcripts collected from online discussion forums. Using neural language models which combine character and action descriptions from these stories, we show that we can learn the latent ties. Action sequences are better predicted when the character performing the action is also taken into account, and vice versa for character attributes.",
}
@inproceedings{casanueva-etal-2018-feudal-reinforcement,
    title = "Feudal Reinforcement Learning for Dialogue Management in Large Domains",
    author = "Casanueva, I{\~n}igo  and
      Budzianowski, Pawe{\l}  and
      Su, Pei-Hao  and
      Ultes, Stefan  and
      Rojas-Barahona, Lina M.  and
      Tseng, Bo-Hsiang  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2112",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2112",
    pages = "714--719",
    abstract = "Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising approach to solve dialogue policy optimisation. Traditional RL algorithms, however, fail to scale to large domains due to the curse of dimensionality. We propose a novel Dialogue Management architecture, based on Feudal RL, which decomposes the decision into two steps; a first step where a master policy selects a subset of primitive actions, and a second step where a primitive action is chosen from the selected subset. The structural information included in the domain ontology is used to abstract the dialogue state space, taking the decisions at each step using different parts of the abstracted state. This, combined with an information sharing mechanism between slots, increases the scalability to large domains. We show that an implementation of this approach, based on Deep-Q Networks, significantly outperforms previous state of the art in several dialogue domains and environments, without the need of any additional reward signal.",
}
@inproceedings{robertson-goldwater-2018-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Historical Text Normalization Systems: How Well Do They Generalize?",
    author = "Robertson, Alexander  and
      Goldwater, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2113",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2113",
    pages = "720--725",
    abstract = {We highlight several issues in the evaluation of historical text normalization systems that make it hard to tell how well these systems would actually work in practice{---}i.e., for new datasets or languages; in comparison to more na{\"\i}ve systems; or as a preprocessing step for downstream NLP tools. We illustrate these issues and exemplify our proposed evaluation practices by comparing two neural models against a na{\"\i}ve baseline system. We show that the neural models generalize well to unseen words in tests on five languages; nevertheless, they provide no clear benefit over the na{\"\i}ve baseline for downstream POS tagging of an English historical collection. We conclude that future work should include more rigorous evaluation, including both intrinsic and extrinsic measures where possible.},
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2018-gated,
    title = "Gated Multi-Task Network for Text Classification",
    author = "Xiao, Liqiang  and
      Zhang, Honglun  and
      Chen, Wenqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2114",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2114",
    pages = "726--731",
    abstract = "Multi-task learning with Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has shown great success in many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. This success can be largely attributed to the feature sharing by fusing some layers among tasks. However, most existing approaches just fully or proportionally share the features without distinguishing the helpfulness of them. By that the network would be confused by the helpless even harmful features, generating undesired interference between tasks. In this paper, we introduce gate mechanism into multi-task CNN and propose a new Gated Sharing Unit, which can filter the feature flows between tasks and greatly reduce the interference. Experiments on 9 text classification datasets shows that our approach can learn selection rules automatically and gain a great improvement over strong baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2018-natural,
    title = "Natural Language to Structured Query Generation via Meta-Learning",
    author = "Huang, Po-Sen  and
      Wang, Chenglong  and
      Singh, Rishabh  and
      Yih, Wen-tau  and
      He, Xiaodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2115",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2115",
    pages = "732--738",
    abstract = "In conventional supervised training, a model is trained to fit all the training examples. However, having a monolithic model may not always be the best strategy, as examples could vary widely. In this work, we explore a different learning protocol that treats each example as a unique pseudo-task, by reducing the original learning problem to a few-shot meta-learning scenario with the help of a domain-dependent relevance function. When evaluated on the WikiSQL dataset, our approach leads to faster convergence and achieves 1.1{\%}{--}5.4{\%} absolute accuracy gains over the non-meta-learning counterparts.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-gimpel-2018-smaller,
    title = "Smaller Text Classifiers with Discriminative Cluster Embeddings",
    author = "Chen, Mingda  and
      Gimpel, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2116",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2116",
    pages = "739--745",
    abstract = "Word embedding parameters often dominate overall model sizes in neural methods for natural language processing. We reduce deployed model sizes of text classifiers by learning a hard word clustering in an end-to-end manner. We use the Gumbel-Softmax distribution to maximize over the latent clustering while minimizing the task loss. We propose variations that selectively assign additional parameters to words, which further improves accuracy while still remaining parameter-efficient.",
}
@inproceedings{al-hanai-etal-2018-role,
    title = "Role-specific Language Models for Processing Recorded Neuropsychological Exams",
    author = "Al Hanai, Tuka  and
      Au, Rhoda  and
      Glass, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2117",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2117",
    pages = "746--752",
    abstract = "Neuropsychological examinations are an important screening tool for the presence of cognitive conditions (e.g. Alzheimer{'}s, Parkinson{'}s Disease), and require a trained tester to conduct the exam through spoken interactions with the subject. While audio is relatively easy to record, it remains a challenge to automatically diarize (who spoke when?), decode (what did they say?), and assess a subject{'}s cognitive health. This paper demonstrates a method to determine the cognitive health (impaired or not) of 92 subjects, from audio that was diarized using an automatic speech recognition system trained on TED talks and on the structured language used by testers and subjects. Using leave-one-out cross validation and logistic regression modeling we show that even with noisily decoded data (81{\%} WER) we can still perform accurate enough diarization (0.02{\%} confusion rate) to determine the cognitive state of a subject (0.76 AUC).",
}
@inproceedings{goo-etal-2018-slot,
    title = "Slot-Gated Modeling for Joint Slot Filling and Intent Prediction",
    author = "Goo, Chih-Wen  and
      Gao, Guang  and
      Hsu, Yun-Kai  and
      Huo, Chih-Li  and
      Chen, Tsung-Chieh  and
      Hsu, Keng-Wei  and
      Chen, Yun-Nung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2118",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2118",
    pages = "753--757",
    abstract = "Attention-based recurrent neural network models for joint intent detection and slot filling have achieved the state-of-the-art performance, while they have independent attention weights. Considering that slot and intent have the strong relationship, this paper proposes a slot gate that focuses on learning the relationship between intent and slot attention vectors in order to obtain better semantic frame results by the global optimization. The experiments show that our proposed model significantly improves sentence-level semantic frame accuracy with 4.2{\%} and 1.9{\%} relative improvement compared to the attentional model on benchmark ATIS and Snips datasets respectively",
}
@inproceedings{gella-keller-2018-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of Image-Based Verb Prediction Models against Human Eye-Tracking Data",
    author = "Gella, Spandana  and
      Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2119",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2119",
    pages = "758--763",
    abstract = "Recent research in language and vision has developed models for predicting and disambiguating verbs from images. Here, we ask whether the predictions made by such models correspond to human intuitions about visual verbs. We show that the image regions a verb prediction model identifies as salient for a given verb correlate with the regions fixated by human observers performing a verb classification task.",
}
@inproceedings{manjunatha-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning to Color from Language",
    author = "Manjunatha, Varun  and
      Iyyer, Mohit  and
      Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Davis, Larry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2120",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2120",
    pages = "764--769",
    abstract = "Automatic colorization is the process of adding color to greyscale images. We condition this process on language, allowing end users to manipulate a colorized image by feeding in different captions. We present two different architectures for language-conditioned colorization, both of which produce more accurate and plausible colorizations than a language-agnostic version. Furthermore, we demonstrate through crowdsourced experiments that we can dramatically alter colorizations simply by manipulating descriptive color words in captions.",
}
@inproceedings{chandrasekaran-etal-2018-punny,
    title = "Punny Captions: Witty Wordplay in Image Descriptions",
    author = "Chandrasekaran, Arjun  and
      Parikh, Devi  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2121",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2121",
    pages = "770--775",
    abstract = "Wit is a form of rich interaction that is often grounded in a specific situation (e.g., a comment in response to an event). In this work, we attempt to build computational models that can produce witty descriptions for a given image. Inspired by a cognitive account of humor appreciation, we employ linguistic wordplay, specifically puns, in image descriptions. We develop two approaches which involve retrieving witty descriptions for a given image from a large corpus of sentences, or generating them via an encoder-decoder neural network architecture. We compare our approach against meaningful baseline approaches via human studies and show substantial improvements. Moreover, in a Turing test style evaluation, people find the image descriptions generated by our model to be slightly wittier than human-written witty descriptions when the human is subject to similar constraints as the model regarding word usage and style.",
}
@inproceedings{dharmaretnam-fyshe-2018-emergence,
    title = "The Emergence of Semantics in Neural Network Representations of Visual Information",
    author = "Dharmaretnam, Dhanush  and
      Fyshe, Alona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2122",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2122",
    pages = "776--780",
    abstract = "Word vector models learn about semantics through corpora. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) can learn about semantics through images. At the most abstract level, some of the information in these models must be shared, as they model the same real-world phenomena. Here we employ techniques previously used to detect semantic representations in the human brain to detect semantic representations in CNNs. We show the accumulation of semantic information in the layers of the CNN, and discover that, for misclassified images, the correct class can be recovered in intermediate layers of a CNN.",
}
@inproceedings{cirik-etal-2018-visual,
    title = "Visual Referring Expression Recognition: What Do Systems Actually Learn?",
    author = "Cirik, Volkan  and
      Morency, Louis-Philippe  and
      Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2123",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2123",
    pages = "781--787",
    abstract = "We present an empirical analysis of state-of-the-art systems for referring expression recognition {--} the task of identifying the object in an image referred to by a natural language expression {--} with the goal of gaining insight into how these systems reason about language and vision. Surprisingly, we find strong evidence that even sophisticated and linguistically-motivated models for this task may ignore linguistic structure, instead relying on shallow correlations introduced by unintended biases in the data selection and annotation process. For example, we show that a system trained and tested on the input image without the input referring expression can achieve a precision of 71.2{\%} in top-2 predictions. Furthermore, a system that predicts only the object category given the input can achieve a precision of 84.2{\%} in top-2 predictions. These surprisingly positive results for what should be deficient prediction scenarios suggest that careful analysis of what our models are learning {--} and further, how our data is constructed {--} is critical as we seek to make substantive progress on grounded language tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{rahgooy-etal-2018-visually,
    title = "Visually Guided Spatial Relation Extraction from Text",
    author = "Rahgooy, Taher  and
      Manzoor, Umar  and
      Kordjamshidi, Parisa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2124",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2124",
    pages = "788--794",
    abstract = "Extraction of spatial relations from sentences with complex/nesting relationships is very challenging as often needs resolving inherent semantic ambiguities. We seek help from visual modality to fill the information gap in the text modality and resolve spatial semantic ambiguities. We use various recent vision and language datasets and techniques to train inter-modality alignment models, visual relationship classifiers and propose a novel global inference model to integrate these components into our structured output prediction model for spatial role and relation extraction. Our global inference model enables us to utilize the visual and geometric relationships between objects and improves the state-of-art results of spatial information extraction from text.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-watch,
    title = "Watch, Listen, and Describe: Globally and Locally Aligned Cross-Modal Attentions for Video Captioning",
    author = "Wang, Xin  and
      Wang, Yuan-Fang  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2125",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-2125",
    pages = "795--801",
    abstract = "A major challenge for video captioning is to combine audio and visual cues. Existing multi-modal fusion methods have shown encouraging results in video understanding. However, the temporal structures of multiple modalities at different granularities are rarely explored, and how to selectively fuse the multi-modal representations at different levels of details remains uncharted. In this paper, we propose a novel hierarchically aligned cross-modal attention (HACA) framework to learn and selectively fuse both global and local temporal dynamics of different modalities. Furthermore, for the first time, we validate the superior performance of the deep audio features on the video captioning task. Finally, our HACA model significantly outperforms the previous best systems and achieves new state-of-the-art results on the widely used MSR-VTT dataset.",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2018-2018-north-american,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    author = "Bangalore, Srinivas  and
      Chu-Carroll, Jennifer  and
      Li, Yunyao",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3",
}
@inproceedings{amoia-etal-2018-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Wide and Deep Learning for Computer Assisted Coding",
    author = "Amoia, Marilisa  and
      Diehl, Frank  and
      Gimenez, Jesus  and
      Pinto, Joel  and
      Schumann, Raphael  and
      Stemmer, Fabian  and
      Vozila, Paul  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3001",
    pages = "1--7",
    abstract = "In recent years the use of electronic medical records has accelerated resulting in large volumes of medical data when a patient visits a healthcare facility. As a first step towards reimbursement healthcare institutions need to associate ICD-10 billing codes to these documents. This is done by trained clinical coders who may use a computer assisted solution for shortlisting of codes. In this work, we present our work to build a machine learning based scalable system for predicting ICD-10 codes from electronic medical records. We address data imbalance issues by implementing two system architectures using convolutional neural networks and logistic regression models. We illustrate the pros and cons of those system designs and show that the best performance can be achieved by leveraging the advantages of both using a system combination approach.",
}
@inproceedings{shah-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Network based Extreme Classification and Similarity Models for Product Matching",
    author = "Shah, Kashif  and
      Kopru, Selcuk  and
      Ruvini, Jean-David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3002",
    pages = "8--15",
    abstract = "Matching a seller listed item to an appropriate product has become a fundamental and one of the most significant step for e-commerce platforms for product based experience. It has a huge impact on making the search effective, search engine optimization, providing product reviews and product price estimation etc. along with many other advantages for a better user experience. As significant and vital it has become, the challenge to tackle the complexity has become huge with the exponential growth of individual and business sellers trading millions of products everyday. We explored two approaches; classification based on shallow neural network and similarity based on deep siamese network. These models outperform the baseline by more than 5{\%} in term of accuracy and are capable of extremely efficient training and inference.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2018-scalable,
    title = "A Scalable Neural Shortlisting-Reranking Approach for Large-Scale Domain Classification in Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Kim, Young-Bum  and
      Kim, Dongchan  and
      Kim, Joo-Kyung  and
      Sarikaya, Ruhi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3003",
    pages = "16--24",
    abstract = "Intelligent personal digital assistants (IPDAs), a popular real-life application with spoken language understanding capabilities, can cover potentially thousands of overlapping domains for natural language understanding, and the task of finding the best domain to handle an utterance becomes a challenging problem on a large scale. In this paper, we propose a set of efficient and scalable shortlisting-reranking neural models for effective large-scale domain classification for IPDAs. The shortlisting stage focuses on efficiently trimming all domains down to a list of k-best candidate domains, and the reranking stage performs a list-wise reranking of the initial k-best domains with additional contextual information. We show the effectiveness of our approach with extensive experiments on 1,500 IPDA domains.",
}
@inproceedings{gangadharaiah-etal-2018-need,
    title = "What we need to learn if we want to do and not just talk",
    author = "Gangadharaiah, Rashmi  and
      Narayanaswamy, Balakrishnan  and
      Elkan, Charles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3004",
    pages = "25--32",
    abstract = "In task-oriented dialog, agents need to generate both fluent natural language responses and correct external actions like database queries and updates. Our paper makes the first attempt at evaluating state of the art models on a large real world task with human users. We show that methods that achieve state of the art performance on synthetic datasets, perform poorly in real world dialog tasks. We propose a hybrid model, where nearest neighbor is used to generate fluent responses and Seq2Seq type models ensure dialogue coherency and generate accurate external actions. The hybrid model on the customer support data achieves a 78{\%} relative improvement in fluency, and a 200{\%} improvement in accuracy of external calls.",
}
@inproceedings{kang-etal-2018-data,
    title = "Data Collection for Dialogue System: A Startup Perspective",
    author = "Kang, Yiping  and
      Zhang, Yunqi  and
      Kummerfeld, Jonathan K.  and
      Tang, Lingjia  and
      Mars, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3005",
    pages = "33--40",
    abstract = "Industrial dialogue systems such as Apple Siri and Google Now rely on large scale diverse and robust training data to enable their sophisticated conversation capability. Crowdsourcing provides a scalable and inexpensive way of data collection but collecting high quality data efficiently requires thoughtful orchestration of the crowdsourcing jobs. Prior study of this topic have focused on tasks only in the academia settings with limited scope or only provide intrinsic dataset analysis, lacking indication on how it affects the trained model performance. In this paper, we present a study of crowdsourcing methods for a user intent classification task in our deployed dialogue system. Our task requires classification of 47 possible user intents and contains many intent pairs with subtle differences. We consider different crowdsourcing job types and job prompts and analyze quantitatively the quality of the collected data and the downstream model performance on a test set of real user queries from production logs. Our observation provides insights into designing efficient crowdsourcing jobs and provide recommendations for future dialogue system data collection process.",
}
@inproceedings{shah-etal-2018-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping a Neural Conversational Agent with Dialogue Self-Play, Crowdsourcing and On-Line Reinforcement Learning",
    author = {Shah, Pararth  and
      Hakkani-T{\"u}r, Dilek  and
      Liu, Bing  and
      T{\"u}r, Gokhan},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3006",
    pages = "41--51",
    abstract = "End-to-end neural models show great promise towards building conversational agents that are trained from data and on-line experience using supervised and reinforcement learning. However, these models require a large corpus of dialogues to learn effectively. For goal-oriented dialogues, such datasets are expensive to collect and annotate, since each task involves a separate schema and database of entities. Further, the Wizard-of-Oz approach commonly used for dialogue collection does not provide sufficient coverage of salient dialogue flows, which is critical for guaranteeing an acceptable task completion rate in consumer-facing conversational agents. In this paper, we study a recently proposed approach for building an agent for arbitrary tasks by combining dialogue self-play and crowd-sourcing to generate fully-annotated dialogues with diverse and natural utterances. We discuss the advantages of this approach for industry applications of conversational agents, wherein an agent can be rapidly bootstrapped to deploy in front of users and further optimized via interactive learning from actual users of the system.",
}
@inproceedings{ueffing-etal-2018-quality,
    title = "Quality Estimation for Automatically Generated Titles of e{C}ommerce Browse Pages",
    author = "Ueffing, Nicola  and
      C. de Souza, Jos{\'e} G.  and
      Leusch, Gregor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3007",
    pages = "52--59",
    abstract = "At eBay, we are automatically generating a large amount of natural language titles for eCommerce browse pages using machine translation (MT) technology. While automatic approaches can generate millions of titles very fast, they are prone to errors. We therefore develop quality estimation (QE) methods which can automatically detect titles with low quality in order to prevent them from going live. In this paper, we present different approaches: The first one is a Random Forest (RF) model that explores hand-crafted, robust features, which are a mix of established features commonly used in Machine Translation Quality Estimation (MTQE) and new features developed specifically for our task. The second model is based on Siamese Networks (SNs) which embed the metadata input sequence and the generated title in the same space and do not require hand-crafted features at all. We thoroughly evaluate and compare those approaches on in-house data. While the RF models are competitive for scenarios with smaller amounts of training data and somewhat more robust, they are clearly outperformed by the SN models when the amount of training data is larger.",
}
@inproceedings{yoon-etal-2018-atypical,
    title = "Atypical Inputs in Educational Applications",
    author = "Yoon, Su-Youn  and
      Cahill, Aoife  and
      Loukina, Anastassia  and
      Zechner, Klaus  and
      Riordan, Brian  and
      Madnani, Nitin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3008",
    pages = "60--67",
    abstract = "In large-scale educational assessments, the use of automated scoring has recently become quite common. While the majority of student responses can be processed and scored without difficulty, there are a small number of responses that have atypical characteristics that make it difficult for an automated scoring system to assign a correct score. We describe a pipeline that detects and processes these kinds of responses at run-time. We present the most frequent kinds of what are called non-scorable responses along with effective filtering models based on various NLP and speech processing technologies. We give an overview of two operational automated scoring systems {---}one for essay scoring and one for speech scoring{---} and describe the filtering models they use. Finally, we present an evaluation and analysis of filtering models used for spoken responses in an assessment of language proficiency.",
}
@inproceedings{mitcheltree-etal-2018-using,
    title = "Using Aspect Extraction Approaches to Generate Review Summaries and User Profiles",
    author = "Mitcheltree, Christopher  and
      Wharton, Veronica  and
      Saluja, Avneesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3009",
    pages = "68--75",
    abstract = "Reviews of products or services on Internet marketplace websites contain a rich amount of information. Users often wish to survey reviews or review snippets from the perspective of a certain aspect, which has resulted in a large body of work on aspect identification and extraction from such corpora. In this work, we evaluate a newly-proposed neural model for aspect extraction on two practical tasks. The first is to extract canonical sentences of various aspects from reviews, and is judged by human evaluators against alternatives. A $k$-means baseline does remarkably well in this setting. The second experiment focuses on the suitability of the recovered aspect distributions to represent users by the reviews they have written. Through a set of review reranking experiments, we find that aspect-based profiles can largely capture notions of user preferences, by showing that divergent users generate markedly different review rankings.",
}
@inproceedings{chiticariu-etal-2018-systemt,
    title = "{S}ystem{T}: Declarative Text Understanding for Enterprise",
    author = "Chiticariu, Laura  and
      Danilevsky, Marina  and
      Li, Yunyao  and
      Reiss, Frederick  and
      Zhu, Huaiyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3010",
    pages = "76--83",
    abstract = "The rise of enterprise applications over unstructured and semi-structured documents poses new challenges to text understanding systems across multiple dimensions. We present SystemT, a declarative text understanding system that addresses these challenges and has been deployed in a wide range of enterprise applications. We highlight the design considerations and decisions behind SystemT in addressing the needs of the enterprise setting. We also summarize the impact of SystemT on business and education.",
}
@inproceedings{ammar-etal-2018-construction,
    title = "Construction of the Literature Graph in Semantic Scholar",
    author = "Ammar, Waleed  and
      Groeneveld, Dirk  and
      Bhagavatula, Chandra  and
      Beltagy, Iz  and
      Crawford, Miles  and
      Downey, Doug  and
      Dunkelberger, Jason  and
      Elgohary, Ahmed  and
      Feldman, Sergey  and
      Ha, Vu  and
      Kinney, Rodney  and
      Kohlmeier, Sebastian  and
      Lo, Kyle  and
      Murray, Tyler  and
      Ooi, Hsu-Han  and
      Peters, Matthew  and
      Power, Joanna  and
      Skjonsberg, Sam  and
      Wang, Lucy  and
      Wilhelm, Chris  and
      Yuan, Zheng  and
      van Zuylen, Madeleine  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3011",
    pages = "84--91",
    abstract = "We describe a deployed scalable system for organizing published scientific literature into a heterogeneous graph to facilitate algorithmic manipulation and discovery. The resulting literature graph consists of more than 280M nodes, representing papers, authors, entities and various interactions between them (e.g., authorships, citations, entity mentions). We reduce literature graph construction into familiar NLP tasks (e.g., entity extraction and linking), point out research challenges due to differences from standard formulations of these tasks, and report empirical results for each task. The methods described in this paper are used to enable semantic features in \url{www.semanticscholar.org}.",
}
@inproceedings{kreutzer-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Can Neural Machine Translation be Improved with User Feedback?",
    author = "Kreutzer, Julia  and
      Khadivi, Shahram  and
      Matusov, Evgeny  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3012",
    pages = "92--105",
    abstract = "We present the first real-world application of methods for improving neural machine translation (NMT) with human reinforcement, based on explicit and implicit user feedback collected on the eBay e-commerce platform. Previous work has been confined to simulation experiments, whereas in this paper we work with real logged feedback for offline bandit learning of NMT parameters. We conduct a thorough analysis of the available explicit user judgments{---}five-star ratings of translation quality{---}and show that they are not reliable enough to yield significant improvements in bandit learning. In contrast, we successfully utilize implicit task-based feedback collected in a cross-lingual search task to improve task-specific and machine translation quality metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{iglesias-etal-2018-accelerating,
    title = "Accelerating {NMT} Batched Beam Decoding with {LMBR} Posteriors for Deployment",
    author = "Iglesias, Gonzalo  and
      Tambellini, William  and
      De Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Hasler, Eva  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3013",
    pages = "106--113",
    abstract = "We describe a batched beam decoding algorithm for NMT with LMBR n-gram posteriors, showing that LMBR techniques still yield gains on top of the best recently reported results with Transformers. We also discuss acceleration strategies for deployment, and the effect of the beam size and batching on memory and speed.",
}
@inproceedings{quinn-ballesteros-2018-pieces,
    title = "Pieces of Eight: 8-bit Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Quinn, Jerry  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3014",
    pages = "114--120",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation has achieved levels of fluency and adequacy that would have been surprising a short time ago. Output quality is extremely relevant for industry purposes, however it is equally important to produce results in the shortest time possible, mainly for latency-sensitive applications and to control cloud hosting costs. In this paper we show the effectiveness of translating with 8-bit quantization for models that have been trained using 32-bit floating point values. Results show that 8-bit translation makes a non-negligible impact in terms of speed with no degradation in accuracy and adequacy.",
}
@inproceedings{finley-etal-2018-dictations,
    title = "From dictations to clinical reports using machine translation",
    author = "Finley, Gregory  and
      Salloum, Wael  and
      Sadoughi, Najmeh  and
      Edwards, Erik  and
      Robinson, Amanda  and
      Axtmann, Nico  and
      Brenndoerfer, Michael  and
      Miller, Mark  and
      Suendermann-Oeft, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3015",
    pages = "121--128",
    abstract = "A typical workflow to document clinical encounters entails dictating a summary, running speech recognition, and post-processing the resulting text into a formatted letter. Post-processing entails a host of transformations including punctuation restoration, truecasing, marking sections and headers, converting dates and numerical expressions, parsing lists, etc. In conventional implementations, most of these tasks are accomplished by individual modules. We introduce a novel holistic approach to post-processing that relies on machine callytranslation. We show how this technique outperforms an alternative conventional system{---}even learning to correct speech recognition errors during post-processing{---}while being much simpler to maintain.",
}
@inproceedings{pivovarova-etal-2018-benchmarks,
    title = "Benchmarks and models for entity-oriented polarity detection",
    author = "Pivovarova, Lidia  and
      Klami, Arto  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3016",
    pages = "129--136",
    abstract = "We address the problem of determining entity-oriented polarity in business news. This can be viewed as classifying the polarity of the sentiment expressed toward a given mention of a company in a news article. We present a complete, end-to-end approach to the problem. We introduce a new dataset of over 17,000 manually labeled documents, which is substantially larger than any currently available resources. We propose a benchmark solution based on convolutional neural networks for classifying entity-oriented polarity. Although our dataset is much larger than those currently available, it is small on the scale of datasets commonly used for training robust neural network models. To compensate for this, we use transfer learning{---}pre-train the model on a much larger dataset, annotated for a related but different classification task, in order to learn a good representation for business text, and then fine-tune it on the smaller polarity dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{gaspers-etal-2018-selecting,
    title = "Selecting Machine-Translated Data for Quick Bootstrapping of a Natural Language Understanding System",
    author = "Gaspers, Judith  and
      Karanasou, Penny  and
      Chatterjee, Rajen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3017",
    pages = "137--144",
    abstract = "This paper investigates the use of Machine Translation (MT) to bootstrap a Natural Language Understanding (NLU) system for a new language for the use case of a large-scale voice-controlled device. The goal is to decrease the cost and time needed to get an annotated corpus for the new language, while still having a large enough coverage of user requests. Different methods of filtering MT data in order to keep utterances that improve NLU performance and language-specific post-processing methods are investigated. These methods are tested in a large-scale NLU task with translating around 10 millions training utterances from English to German. The results show a large improvement for using MT data over a grammar-based and over an in-house data collection baseline, while reducing the manual effort greatly. Both filtering and post-processing approaches improve results further.",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-etal-2018-fast,
    title = "Fast and Scalable Expansion of Natural Language Understanding Functionality for Intelligent Agents",
    author = "Goyal, Anuj Kumar  and
      Metallinou, Angeliki  and
      Matsoukas, Spyros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3018",
    pages = "145--152",
    abstract = "Fast expansion of natural language functionality of intelligent virtual agents is critical for achieving engaging and informative interactions. However, developing accurate models for new natural language domains is a time and data intensive process. We propose efficient deep neural network architectures that maximally re-use available resources through transfer learning. Our methods are applied for expanding the understanding capabilities of a popular commercial agent and are evaluated on hundreds of new domains, designed by internal or external developers. We demonstrate that our proposed methods significantly increase accuracy in low resource settings and enable rapid development of accurate models with less data.",
}
@inproceedings{jha-etal-2018-bag,
    title = "Bag of Experts Architectures for Model Reuse in Conversational Language Understanding",
    author = "Jha, Rahul  and
      Marin, Alex  and
      Shivaprasad, Suvamsh  and
      Zitouni, Imed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3019",
    pages = "153--161",
    abstract = "Slot tagging, the task of detecting entities in input user utterances, is a key component of natural language understanding systems for personal digital assistants. Since each new domain requires a different set of slots, the annotation costs for labeling data for training slot tagging models increases rapidly as the number of domains grow. To tackle this, we describe Bag of Experts (BoE) architectures for model reuse for both LSTM and CRF based models. Extensive experimentation over a dataset of 10 domains drawn from data relevant to our commercial personal digital assistant shows that our BoE models outperform the baseline models with a statistically significant average margin of 5.06{\%} in absolute F1-score when training with 2000 instances per domain, and achieve an even higher improvement of 12.16{\%} when only 25{\%} of the training data is used.",
}
@inproceedings{mathur-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-lingual neural title generation for e-Commerce browse pages",
    author = "Mathur, Prashant  and
      Ueffing, Nicola  and
      Leusch, Gregor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3020",
    pages = "162--169",
    abstract = "To provide better access of the inventory to buyers and better search engine optimization, e-Commerce websites are automatically generating millions of browse pages. A browse page consists of a set of slot name/value pairs within a given category, grouping multiple items which share some characteristics. These browse pages require a title describing the content of the page. Since the number of browse pages are huge, manual creation of these titles is infeasible. Previous statistical and neural approaches depend heavily on the availability of large amounts of data in a language. In this research, we apply sequence-to-sequence models to generate titles for high-resource as well as low-resource languages by leveraging transfer learning. We train these models on multi-lingual data, thereby creating one joint model which can generate titles in various different languages. Performance of the title generation system is evaluated on three different languages; English, German, and French, with a particular focus on low-resourced French language.",
}
@inproceedings{niraula-etal-2018-novel,
    title = "A Novel Approach to Part Name Discovery in Noisy Text",
    author = "Niraula, Nobal Bikram  and
      Whyatt, Daniel  and
      Kao, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3021",
    pages = "170--176",
    abstract = "As a specialized example of information extraction, part name extraction is an area that presents unique challenges. Part names are typically multi-word terms longer than two words. There is little consistency in how terms are described in noisy free text, with variations spawned by typos, ad hoc abbreviations, acronyms, and incomplete names. This makes search and analyses of parts in these data extremely challenging. In this paper, we present our algorithm, PANDA (Part Name Discovery Analytics), based on a unique method that exploits statistical, linguistic and machine learning techniques to discover part names in noisy text such as that in manufacturing quality documentation, supply chain management records, service communication logs, and maintenance reports. Experiments show that PANDA is scalable and outperforms existing techniques significantly.",
}
@inproceedings{kollar-etal-2018-alexa,
    title = "The {A}lexa Meaning Representation Language",
    author = "Kollar, Thomas  and
      Berry, Danielle  and
      Stuart, Lauren  and
      Owczarzak, Karolina  and
      Chung, Tagyoung  and
      Mathias, Lambert  and
      Kayser, Michael  and
      Snow, Bradford  and
      Matsoukas, Spyros",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3022",
    pages = "177--184",
    abstract = "This paper introduces a meaning representation for spoken language understanding. The Alexa meaning representation language (AMRL), unlike previous approaches, which factor spoken utterances into domains, provides a common representation for how people communicate in spoken language. AMRL is a rooted graph, links to a large-scale ontology, supports cross-domain queries, fine-grained types, complex utterances and composition. A spoken language dataset has been collected for Alexa, which contains ∼20k examples across eight domains. A version of this meaning representation was released to developers at a trade show in 2016.",
}
@inproceedings{mehrabani-etal-2018-practical,
    title = "Practical Application of Domain Dependent Confidence Measurement for Spoken Language Understanding Systems",
    author = "Mehrabani, Mahnoosh  and
      Thomson, David  and
      Stern, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3023",
    pages = "185--192",
    abstract = "Spoken Language Understanding (SLU), which extracts semantic information from speech, is not flawless, specially in practical applications. The reliability of the output of an SLU system can be evaluated using a semantic confidence measure. Confidence measures are a solution to improve the quality of spoken dialogue systems, by rejecting low-confidence SLU results. In this study we discuss real-world applications of confidence scoring in a customer service scenario. We build confidence models for three major types of dialogue states that are considered as different domains: how may I help you, number capture, and confirmation. Practical challenges to train domain-dependent confidence models, including data limitations, are discussed, and it is shown that feature engineering plays an important role to improve performance. We explore a wide variety of predictor features based on speech recognition, intent classification, and high-level domain knowledge, and find the combined feature set with the best rejection performance for each application.",
}
@inproceedings{ambroselli-etal-2018-prediction,
    title = "Prediction for the Newsroom: Which Articles Will Get the Most Comments?",
    author = "Ambroselli, Carl  and
      Risch, Julian  and
      Krestel, Ralf  and
      Loos, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3024",
    pages = "193--199",
    abstract = "The overwhelming success of the Web and mobile technologies has enabled millions to share their opinions publicly at any time. But the same success also endangers this freedom of speech due to closing down of participatory sites misused by individuals or interest groups. We propose to support manual moderation by proactively drawing the attention of our moderators to article discussions that most likely need their intervention. To this end, we predict which articles will receive a high number of comments. In contrast to existing work, we enrich the article with metadata, extract semantic and linguistic features, and exploit annotated data from a foreign language corpus. Our logistic regression model improves F1-scores by over 80{\%} in comparison to state-of-the-art approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{hopkinson-etal-2018-demand,
    title = "Demand-Weighted Completeness Prediction for a Knowledge Base",
    author = "Hopkinson, Andrew  and
      Gurdasani, Amit  and
      Palfrey, Dave  and
      Mittal, Arpit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3025",
    pages = "200--207",
    abstract = "In this paper we introduce the notion of Demand-Weighted Completeness, allowing estimation of the completeness of a knowledge base with respect to how it is used. Defining an entity by its classes, we employ usage data to predict the distribution over relations for that entity. For example, instances of person in a knowledge base may require a birth date, name and nationality to be considered complete. These predicted relation distributions enable detection of important gaps in the knowledge base, and define the required facts for unseen entities. Such characterisation of the knowledge base can also quantify how usage and completeness change over time. We demonstrate a method to measure Demand-Weighted Completeness, and show that a simple neural network model performs well at this prediction task.",
}
@inproceedings{fiorini-lu-2018-personalized,
    title = "Personalized neural language models for real-world query auto completion",
    author = "Fiorini, Nicolas  and
      Lu, Zhiyong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3026",
    pages = "208--215",
    abstract = "Query auto completion (QAC) systems are a standard part of search engines in industry, helping users formulate their query. Such systems update their suggestions after the user types each character, predicting the user{'}s intent using various signals {--} one of the most common being popularity. Recently, deep learning approaches have been proposed for the QAC task, to specifically address the main limitation of previous popularity-based methods: the inability to predict unseen queries. In this work we improve previous methods based on neural language modeling, with the goal of building an end-to-end system. We particularly focus on using real-world data by integrating user information for personalized suggestions when possible. We also make use of time information and study how to increase diversity in the suggestions while studying the impact on scalability. Our empirical results demonstrate a marked improvement on two separate datasets over previous best methods in both accuracy and scalability, making a step towards neural query auto-completion in production search engines.",
}
@inproceedings{elsafty-etal-2018-document,
    title = "Document-based Recommender System for Job Postings using Dense Representations",
    author = "Elsafty, Ahmed  and
      Riedl, Martin  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans - Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-3027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-3027",
    pages = "216--224",
    abstract = "Job boards and professional social networks heavily use recommender systems in order to better support users in exploring job advertisements. Detecting the similarity between job advertisements is important for job recommendation systems as it allows, for example, the application of item-to-item based recommendations. In this work, we research the usage of dense vector representations to enhance a large-scale job recommendation system and to rank German job advertisements regarding their similarity. We follow a two-folded evaluation scheme: (1) we exploit historic user interactions to automatically create a dataset of similar jobs that enables an offline evaluation. (2) In addition, we conduct an online A/B test and evaluate the best performing method on our platform reaching more than 1 million users. We achieve the best results by combining job titles with full-text job descriptions. In particular, this method builds dense document representation using words of the titles to weigh the importance of words of the full-text description. In the online evaluation, this approach allows us to increase the click-through rate on job recommendations for active users by 8.0{\%}.",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2018-2018-north-american-chapter,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    author = "Cordeiro, Silvio Ricardo  and
      Oraby, Shereen  and
      Pavalanathan, Umashanthi  and
      Rim, Kyeongmin",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4",
}
@inproceedings{shin-doyle-2018-alignment,
    title = "Alignment, Acceptance, and Rejection of Group Identities in Online Political Discourse",
    author = "Shin, Hagyeong  and
      Doyle, Gabriel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4001",
    pages = "1--8",
    abstract = "Conversation is a joint social process, with participants cooperating to exchange information. This process is helped along through linguistic alignment: participants{'} adoption of each other{'}s word use. This alignment is robust, appearing many settings, and is nearly always positive. We create an alignment model for examining alignment in Twitter conversations across antagonistic groups. This model finds that some word categories, specifically pronouns used to establish group identity and common ground, are negatively aligned. This negative alignment is observed despite other categories, which are less related to the group dynamics, showing the standard positive alignment. This suggests that alignment is strongly biased toward cooperative alignment, but that different linguistic features can show substantially different behaviors.",
}
@inproceedings{aedmaa-etal-2018-combining,
    title = "Combining Abstractness and Language-specific Theoretical Indicators for Detecting Non-Literal Usage of {E}stonian Particle Verbs",
    author = {Aedmaa, Eleri  and
      K{\"o}per, Maximilian  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4002",
    pages = "9--16",
    abstract = "This paper presents two novel datasets and a random-forest classifier to automatically predict literal vs. non-literal language usage for a highly frequent type of multi-word expression in a low-resource language, i.e., Estonian. We demonstrate the value of language-specific indicators induced from theoretical linguistic research, which outperform a high majority baseline when combined with language-independent features of non-literal language (such as abstractness).",
}
@inproceedings{seyffarth-2018-verb,
    title = "Verb Alternations and Their Impact on Frame Induction",
    author = "Seyffarth, Esther",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4003",
    pages = "17--24",
    abstract = "Frame induction is the automatic creation of frame-semantic resources similar to FrameNet or PropBank, which map lexical units of a language to frame representations of each lexical unit{'}s semantics. For verbs, these representations usually include a specification of their argument slots and of the selectional restrictions that apply to each slot. Verbs that participate in diathesis alternations have different syntactic realizations whose semantics are closely related, but not identical. We discuss the influence that such alternations have on frame induction, compare several possible frame structures for verbs in the causative alternation, and propose a systematic analysis of alternating verbs that encodes their similarities as well as their differences.",
}
@inproceedings{emami-etal-2018-generalized,
    title = "A Generalized Knowledge Hunting Framework for the {W}inograd Schema Challenge",
    author = "Emami, Ali  and
      Trischler, Adam  and
      Suleman, Kaheer  and
      Cheung, Jackie Chi Kit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4004",
    pages = "25--31",
    abstract = "We introduce an automatic system that performs well on two common-sense reasoning tasks, the Winograd Schema Challenge (WSC) and the Choice of Plausible Alternatives (COPA). Problem instances from these tasks require diverse, complex forms of inference and knowledge to solve. Our method uses a knowledge-hunting module to gather text from the web, which serves as evidence for candidate problem resolutions. Given an input problem, our system generates relevant queries to send to a search engine. It extracts and classifies knowledge from the returned results and weighs it to make a resolution. Our approach improves F1 performance on the WSC by 0.16 over the previous best and is competitive with the state-of-the-art on COPA, demonstrating its general applicability.",
}
@inproceedings{pierrejean-tanguy-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Qualitative Word Embeddings Evaluation: Measuring Neighbors Variation",
    author = "Pierrejean, B{\'e}n{\'e}dicte  and
      Tanguy, Ludovic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4005",
    pages = "32--39",
    abstract = "We propose a method to study the variation lying between different word embeddings models trained with different parameters. We explore the variation between models trained with only one varying parameter by observing the distributional neighbors variation and show how changing only one parameter can have a massive impact on a given semantic space. We show that the variation is not affecting all words of the semantic space equally. Variation is influenced by parameters such as setting a parameter to its minimum or maximum value but it also depends on the corpus intrinsic features such as the frequency of a word. We identify semantic classes of words remaining stable across the models trained and specific words having high variation.",
}
@inproceedings{macavaney-zeldes-2018-deeper,
    title = "A Deeper Look into Dependency-Based Word Embeddings",
    author = "MacAvaney, Sean  and
      Zeldes, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4006",
    pages = "40--45",
    abstract = "We investigate the effect of various dependency-based word embeddings on distinguishing between functional and domain similarity, word similarity rankings, and two downstream tasks in English. Variations include word embeddings trained using context windows from Stanford and Universal dependencies at several levels of enhancement (ranging from unlabeled, to Enhanced++ dependencies). Results are compared to basic linear contexts and evaluated on several datasets. We found that embeddings trained with Universal and Stanford dependency contexts excel at different tasks, and that enhanced dependencies often improve performance.",
}
@inproceedings{kameswara-sarma-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Word Embeddings for Data Sparse and Sentiment Rich Data Sets",
    author = "Kameswara Sarma, Prathusha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4007",
    pages = "46--53",
    abstract = "This research proposal describes two algorithms that are aimed at learning word embeddings for data sparse and sentiment rich data sets. The goal is to use word embeddings adapted for domain specific data sets in downstream applications such as sentiment classification. The first approach learns word embeddings in a supervised fashion via SWESA (Supervised Word Embeddings for Sentiment Analysis), an algorithm for sentiment analysis on data sets that are of modest size. SWESA leverages document labels to jointly learn polarity-aware word embeddings and a classifier to classify unseen documents. In the second approach domain adapted (DA) word embeddings are learned by exploiting the specificity of domain specific data sets and the breadth of generic word embeddings. The new embeddings are formed by aligning corresponding word vectors using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) or the related nonlinear Kernel CCA. Experimental results on binary sentiment classification tasks using both approaches for standard data sets are presented.",
}
@inproceedings{ezeani-etal-2018-igbo,
    title = "{I}gbo Diacritic Restoration using Embedding Models",
    author = "Ezeani, Ignatius  and
      Hepple, Mark  and
      Onyenwe, Ikechukwu  and
      Chioma, Enemouh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4008",
    pages = "54--60",
    abstract = "Igbo is a low-resource language spoken by approximately 30 million people worldwide. It is the native language of the Igbo people of south-eastern Nigeria. In Igbo language, diacritics - orthographic and tonal - play a huge role in the distinguishing the meaning and pronunciation of words. Omitting diacritics in texts often leads to lexical ambiguity. Diacritic restoration is a pre-processing task that replaces missing diacritics on words from which they have been removed. In this work, we applied embedding models to the diacritic restoration task and compared their performances to those of n-gram models. Although word embedding models have been successfully applied to various NLP tasks, it has not been used, to our knowledge, for diacritic restoration. Two classes of word embeddings models were used: those projected from the English embedding space; and those trained with Igbo bible corpus ({\mbox{$\approx$}} 1m). Our best result, 82.49{\%}, is an improvement on the baseline n-gram models.",
}
@inproceedings{lavrentovich-2018-using,
    title = "Using Classifier Features to Determine Language Transfer on Morphemes",
    author = "Lavrentovich, Alexandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4009",
    pages = "61--66",
    abstract = "The aim of this thesis is to perform a Native Language Identification (NLI) task where we identify an English learner{'}s native language background based only on the learner{'}s English writing samples. We focus on the use of English grammatical morphemes across four proficiency levels. The outcome of the computational task is connected to a position in second language acquisition research that holds all learners acquire English grammatical morphemes in the same order, regardless of native language background. We use the NLI task as a tool to uncover cross-linguistic influence on the developmental trajectory of morphemes. We perform a cross-corpus evaluation across proficiency levels to increase the reliability and validity of the linguistic features that predict the native language background. We include native English data to determine the different morpheme patterns used by native versus non-native English speakers. Furthermore, we conduct a human NLI task to determine the type and magnitude of language transfer cues used by human raters versus the classifier.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-lane-2018-end,
    title = "End-to-End Learning of Task-Oriented Dialogs",
    author = "Liu, Bing  and
      Lane, Ian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4010",
    pages = "67--73",
    abstract = "In this thesis proposal, we address the limitations of conventional pipeline design of task-oriented dialog systems and propose end-to-end learning solutions. We design neural network based dialog system that is able to robustly track dialog state, interface with knowledge bases, and incorporate structured query results into system responses to successfully complete task-oriented dialog. In learning such neural network based dialog systems, we propose hybrid offline training and online interactive learning methods. We introduce a multi-task learning method in pre-training the dialog agent in a supervised manner using task-oriented dialog corpora. The supervised training agent can further be improved via interacting with users and learning online from user demonstration and feedback with imitation and reinforcement learning. In addressing the sample efficiency issue with online policy learning, we further propose a method by combining the learning-from-user and learning-from-simulation approaches to improve the online interactive learning efficiency.",
}
@inproceedings{acharya-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Generating Personalized Hospitalization Summaries",
    author = "Acharya, Sabita  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Boyd, Andrew  and
      Cameron, Richard  and
      Dunn Lopez, Karen  and
      Martyn-Nemeth, Pamela  and
      Dickens, Carolyn  and
      Ardati, Amer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4011",
    pages = "74--82",
    abstract = "Most of the health documents, including patient education materials and discharge notes, are usually flooded with medical jargons and contain a lot of generic information about the health issue. In addition, patients are only provided with the doctor{'}s perspective of what happened to them in the hospital while the care procedure performed by nurses during their entire hospital stay is nowhere included. The main focus of this research is to generate personalized hospital-stay summaries for patients by combining information from physician discharge notes and nursing plan of care. It uses a metric to identify medical concepts that are Complex, extracts definitions for the concept from three external knowledge sources, and provides the simplest definition to the patient. It also takes various features of the patient into account, like their concerns and strengths, ability to understand basic health information, level of engagement in taking care of their health, and familiarity with the health issue and personalizes the content of the summaries accordingly. Our evaluation showed that the summaries contain 80{\%} of the medical concepts that are considered as being important by both doctor and nurses. Three patient advisors (i.e. individuals who are trained in understanding patient experience extensively) verified the usability of our summaries and mentioned that they would like to get such summaries when they are discharged from hospital.",
}
@inproceedings{deng-tam-2018-read,
    title = "Read and Comprehend by Gated-Attention Reader with More Belief",
    author = "Deng, Haohui  and
      Tam, Yik-Cheung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4012",
    pages = "83--91",
    abstract = "Gated-Attention (GA) Reader has been effective for reading comprehension. GA Reader makes two assumptions: (1) a uni-directional attention that uses an input query to gate token encodings of a document; (2) encoding at the cloze position of an input query is considered for answer prediction. In this paper, we propose Collaborative Gating (CG) and Self-Belief Aggregation (SBA) to address the above assumptions respectively. In CG, we first use an input document to gate token encodings of an input query so that the influence of irrelevant query tokens may be reduced. Then the filtered query is used to gate token encodings of an document in a collaborative fashion. In SBA, we conjecture that query tokens other than the cloze token may be informative for answer prediction. We apply self-attention to link the cloze token with other tokens in a query so that the importance of query tokens with respect to the cloze position are weighted. Then their evidences are weighted, propagated and aggregated for better reading comprehension. Experiments show that our approaches advance the state-of-theart results in CNN, Daily Mail, and Who Did What public test sets.",
}
@inproceedings{nangia-bowman-2018-listops,
    title = "{L}ist{O}ps: A Diagnostic Dataset for Latent Tree Learning",
    author = "Nangia, Nikita  and
      Bowman, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4013",
    pages = "92--99",
    abstract = "Latent tree learning models learn to parse a sentence without syntactic supervision, and use that parse to build the sentence representation. Existing work on such models has shown that, while they perform well on tasks like sentence classification, they do not learn grammars that conform to any plausible semantic or syntactic formalism (Williams et al., 2018a). Studying the parsing ability of such models in natural language can be challenging due to the inherent complexities of natural language, like having several valid parses for a single sentence. In this paper we introduce ListOps, a toy dataset created to study the parsing ability of latent tree models. ListOps sequences are in the style of prefix arithmetic. The dataset is designed to have a single correct parsing strategy that a system needs to learn to succeed at the task. We show that the current leading latent tree models are unable to learn to parse and succeed at ListOps. These models achieve accuracies worse than purely sequential RNNs.",
}
@inproceedings{kurosawa-etal-2018-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Predicate Conjugation for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Kurosawa, Michiki  and
      Matsumura, Yukio  and
      Yamagishi, Hayahide  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4014",
    pages = "100--105",
    abstract = "Neural machine translation (NMT) has a drawback in that can generate only high-frequency words owing to the computational costs of the softmax function in the output layer. In Japanese-English NMT, Japanese predicate conjugation causes an increase in vocabulary size. For example, one verb can have as many as 19 surface varieties. In this research, we focus on predicate conjugation for compressing the vocabulary size in Japanese. The vocabulary list is filled with the various forms of verbs. We propose methods using predicate conjugation information without discarding linguistic information. The proposed methods can generate low-frequency words and deal with unknown words. Two methods were considered to introduce conjugation information: the first considers it as a token (conjugation token) and the second considers it as an embedded vector (conjugation feature). The results using these methods demonstrate that the vocabulary size can be compressed by approximately 86.1{\%} (Tanaka corpus) and the NMT models can output the words not in the training data set. Furthermore, BLEU scores improved by 0.91 points in Japanese-to-English translation, and 0.32 points in English-to-Japanese translation with ASPEC.",
}
@inproceedings{shimanaka-etal-2018-metric,
    title = "Metric for Automatic Machine Translation Evaluation based on Universal Sentence Representations",
    author = "Shimanaka, Hiroki  and
      Kajiwara, Tomoyuki  and
      Komachi, Mamoru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4015",
    pages = "106--111",
    abstract = "Sentence representations can capture a wide range of information that cannot be captured by local features based on character or word N-grams. This paper examines the usefulness of universal sentence representations for evaluating the quality of machine translation. Al-though it is difficult to train sentence representations using small-scale translation datasets with manual evaluation, sentence representations trained from large-scale data in other tasks can improve the automatic evaluation of machine translation. Experimental results of the WMT-2016 dataset show that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance with sentence representation features only.",
}
@inproceedings{ramesh-sankaranarayanan-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Machine Translation for Low Resource Languages using Bilingual Lexicon Induced from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Ramesh, Sree Harsha  and
      Sankaranarayanan, Krishna Prasad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4016",
    pages = "112--119",
    abstract = "Resources for the non-English languages are scarce and this paper addresses this problem in the context of machine translation, by automatically extracting parallel sentence pairs from the multilingual articles available on the Internet. In this paper, we have used an end-to-end Siamese bidirectional recurrent neural network to generate parallel sentences from comparable multilingual articles in Wikipedia. Subsequently, we have showed that using the harvested dataset improved BLEU scores on both NMT and phrase-based SMT systems for the low-resource language pairs: English{--}Hindi and English{--}Tamil, when compared to training exclusively on the limited bilingual corpora collected for these language pairs.",
}
@inproceedings{htut-etal-2018-training,
    title = "Training a Ranking Function for Open-Domain Question Answering",
    author = "Htut, Phu Mon  and
      Bowman, Samuel  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4017",
    pages = "120--127",
    abstract = "In recent years, there have been amazing advances in deep learning methods for machine reading. In machine reading, the machine reader has to extract the answer from the given ground truth paragraph. Recently, the state-of-the-art machine reading models achieve human level performance in SQuAD which is a reading comprehension-style question answering (QA) task. The success of machine reading has inspired researchers to combine Information Retrieval with machine reading to tackle open-domain QA. However, these systems perform poorly compared to reading comprehension-style QA because it is difficult to retrieve the pieces of paragraphs that contain the answer to the question. In this study, we propose two neural network rankers that assign scores to different passages based on their likelihood of containing the answer to a given question. Additionally, we analyze the relative importance of semantic similarity and word level relevance matching in open-domain QA.",
}
@inproceedings{vijay-etal-2018-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Creation and Emotion Prediction for {H}indi-{E}nglish Code-Mixed Social Media Text",
    author = "Vijay, Deepanshu  and
      Bohra, Aditya  and
      Singh, Vinay  and
      Akhtar, Syed Sarfaraz  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4018",
    pages = "128--135",
    abstract = "Emotion Prediction is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) task dealing with detection and classification of emotions in various monolingual and bilingual texts. While some work has been done on code-mixed social media text and in emotion prediction separately, our work is the first attempt which aims at identifying the emotion associated with Hindi-English code-mixed social media text. In this paper, we analyze the problem of emotion identification in code-mixed content and present a Hindi-English code-mixed corpus extracted from twitter and annotated with the associated emotion. For every tweet in the dataset, we annotate the source language of all the words present, and also the causal language of the expressed emotion. Finally, we propose a supervised classification system which uses various machine learning techniques for detecting the emotion associated with the text using a variety of character level, word level, and lexicon based features.",
}
@inproceedings{tornblad-etal-2018-sensing,
    title = "{S}ensing and Learning Human Annotators Engaged in Narrative Sensemaking",
    author = "Tornblad, McKenna  and
      Lapresi, Luke  and
      Homan, Christopher  and
      Ptucha, Raymond  and
      Ovesdotter Alm, Cecilia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4019",
    pages = "136--143",
    abstract = "While labor issues and quality assurance in crowdwork are increasingly studied, how annotators make sense of texts and how they are personally impacted by doing so are not. We study these questions via a narrative-sorting annotation task, where carefully selected (by sequentiality, topic, emotional content, and length) collections of tweets serve as examples of everyday storytelling. As readers process these narratives, we measure their facial expressions, galvanic skin response, and self-reported reactions. From the perspective of annotator well-being, a reassuring outcome was that the sorting task did not cause a measurable stress response, however readers reacted to humor. In terms of sensemaking, readers were more confident when sorting sequential, target-topical, and highly emotional tweets. As crowdsourcing becomes more common, this research sheds light onto the perceptive capabilities and emotional impact of human readers.",
}
@inproceedings{jindal-2018-generating,
    title = "Generating Image Captions in {A}rabic using Root-Word Based Recurrent Neural Networks and Deep Neural Networks",
    author = "Jindal, Vasu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-4020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-4020",
    pages = "144--151",
    abstract = "Image caption generation has gathered widespread interest in the artificial intelligence community. Automatic generation of an image description requires both computer vision and natural language processing techniques. While, there has been advanced research in the English caption generation, research on generating Arabic descriptions of an image is extremely limited. Semitic languages like Arabic are heavily influenced by root-words. We leverage this critical dependency of Arabic to generate captions of an image directly in Arabic using root-word based Recurrent Neural Network and Deep Neural Networks. Experimental results on dataset from various Middle Eastern newspaper websites allow us to report the first BLEU score for direct Arabic caption generation. We also compare the results of our approach with BLEU score captions generated in English and translated in Arabic. Experimental results confirm that generating image captions using root-words directly in Arabic significantly outperforms the English-Arabic translated captions using state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2018-2018-north-american-chapter-association,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Paek, Tim  and
      Patwardhan, Manasi",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5",
}
@inproceedings{schreiber-etal-2018-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} Lean Programming Framework: Developing {NLP} Applications More Effectively",
    author = {Schreiber, Marc  and
      Kraft, Bodo  and
      Z{\"u}ndorf, Albert},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5001",
    pages = "1--5",
    abstract = "This paper presents NLP Lean Programming framework (NLPf), a new framework for creating custom Natural Language Processing (NLP) models and pipelines by utilizing common software development build systems. This approach allows developers to train and integrate domain-specific NLP pipelines into their applications seamlessly. Additionally, NLPf provides an annotation tool which improves the annotation process significantly by providing a well-designed GUI and sophisticated way of using input devices. Due to NLPf{'}s properties developers and domain experts are able to build domain-specific NLP application more effectively. Project page: \url{https://gitlab.com/schrieveslaach/NLPf} Video Tutorial: \url{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44UJspVebTA} (Demonstration starts at 11:40 min) This paper is related to: - Interfaces and resources to support linguistic annotation - Software architectures and reusable components - Software tools for evaluation or error analysis",
}
@inproceedings{tu-etal-2018-pay,
    title = "Pay-Per-Request Deployment of Neural Network Models Using Serverless Architectures",
    author = "Tu, Zhucheng  and
      Li, Mengping  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5002",
    pages = "6--10",
    abstract = "We demonstrate the serverless deployment of neural networks for model inferencing in NLP applications using Amazon{'}s Lambda service for feedforward evaluation and DynamoDB for storing word embeddings. Our architecture realizes a pay-per-request pricing model, requiring zero ongoing costs for maintaining server instances. All virtual machine management is handled behind the scenes by the cloud provider without any direct developer intervention. We describe a number of techniques that allow efficient use of serverless resources, and evaluations confirm that our design is both scalable and inexpensive.",
}
@inproceedings{finley-etal-2018-automated,
    title = "An automated medical scribe for documenting clinical encounters",
    author = "Finley, Gregory  and
      Edwards, Erik  and
      Robinson, Amanda  and
      Brenndoerfer, Michael  and
      Sadoughi, Najmeh  and
      Fone, James  and
      Axtmann, Nico  and
      Miller, Mark  and
      Suendermann-Oeft, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5003",
    pages = "11--15",
    abstract = "A medical scribe is a clinical professional who charts patient{--}physician encounters in real time, relieving physicians of most of their administrative burden and substantially increasing productivity and job satisfaction. We present a complete implementation of an automated medical scribe. Our system can serve either as a scalable, standardized, and economical alternative to human scribes; or as an assistive tool for them, providing a first draft of a report along with a convenient means to modify it. This solution is, to our knowledge, the first automated scribe ever presented and relies upon multiple speech and language technologies, including speaker diarization, medical speech recognition, knowledge extraction, and natural language generation.",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2018-cl,
    title = "{CL} Scholar: The {ACL} Anthology Knowledge Graph Miner",
    author = "Singh, Mayank  and
      Dogga, Pradeep  and
      Patro, Sohan  and
      Barnwal, Dhiraj  and
      Dutt, Ritam  and
      Haldar, Rajarshi  and
      Goyal, Pawan  and
      Mukherjee, Animesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5004",
    pages = "16--20",
    abstract = "We present CL Scholar, the ACL Anthology knowledge graph miner to facilitate high-quality search and exploration of current research progress in the computational linguistics community. In contrast to previous works, periodically crawling, indexing and processing of new incoming articles is completely automated in the current system. CL Scholar utilizes both textual and network information for knowledge graph construction. As an additional novel initiative, CL Scholar supports more than 1200 scholarly natural language queries along with standard keyword-based search on constructed knowledge graph. It answers binary, statistical and list based natural language queries. The current system is deployed at \url{http://cnerg.iitkgp.ac.in/aclakg}. We also provide REST API support along with bulk download facility. Our code and data are available at \url{https://github.com/CLScholar}.",
}
@inproceedings{stab-etal-2018-argumentext,
    title = "{A}rgumen{T}ext: Searching for Arguments in Heterogeneous Sources",
    author = "Stab, Christian  and
      Daxenberger, Johannes  and
      Stahlhut, Chris  and
      Miller, Tristan  and
      Schiller, Benjamin  and
      Tauchmann, Christopher  and
      Eger, Steffen  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5005",
    pages = "21--25",
    abstract = "Argument mining is a core technology for enabling argument search in large corpora. However, most current approaches fall short when applied to heterogeneous texts. In this paper, we present an argument retrieval system capable of retrieving sentential arguments for any given controversial topic. By analyzing the highest-ranked results extracted from Web sources, we found that our system covers 89{\%} of arguments found in expert-curated lists of arguments from an online debate portal, and also identifies additional valid arguments.",
}
@inproceedings{jaradat-etal-2018-claimrank,
    title = "{C}laim{R}ank: Detecting Check-Worthy Claims in {A}rabic and {E}nglish",
    author = "Jaradat, Israa  and
      Gencheva, Pepa  and
      Barr{\'o}n-Cede{\~n}o, Alberto  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Nakov, Preslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5006",
    pages = "26--30",
    abstract = "We present ClaimRank, an online system for detecting check-worthy claims. While originally trained on political debates, the system can work for any kind of text, e.g., interviews or just regular news articles. Its aim is to facilitate manual fact-checking efforts by prioritizing the claims that fact-checkers should consider first. ClaimRank supports both Arabic and English, it is trained on actual annotations from nine reputable fact-checking organizations (PolitiFact, FactCheck, ABC, CNN, NPR, NYT, Chicago Tribune, The Guardian, and Washington Post), and thus it can mimic the claim selection strategies for each and any of them, as well as for the union of them all.",
}
@inproceedings{ruder-etal-2018-360deg,
    title = "360{\mbox{$^\circ$}} Stance Detection",
    author = "Ruder, Sebastian  and
      Glover, John  and
      Mehrabani, Afshin  and
      Ghaffari, Parsa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5007",
    pages = "31--35",
    abstract = "The proliferation of fake news and filter bubbles makes it increasingly difficult to form an unbiased, balanced opinion towards a topic. To ameliorate this, we propose 360{\mbox{$^\circ$}} Stance Detection, a tool that aggregates news with multiple perspectives on a topic. It presents them on a spectrum ranging from support to opposition, enabling the user to base their opinion on multiple pieces of diverse evidence.",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-etal-2018-debugsl,
    title = "{D}ebug{SL}: An Interactive Tool for Debugging Sentiment Lexicons",
    author = "Schneider, Andrew  and
      Male, John  and
      Bhogadhi, Saroja  and
      Dragut, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5008",
    pages = "36--40",
    abstract = "We introduce DebugSL, a visual (Web) debugging tool for sentiment lexicons (SLs). Its core component implements our algorithms for the automatic detection of polarity inconsistencies in SLs. An inconsistency is a set of words and/or word-senses whose polarity assignments cannot all be simultaneously satisfied. DebugSL finds inconsistencies of small sizes in SLs and has a rich user interface which helps users in the correction process. The project source code is available at \url{https://github.com/atschneid/DebugSL} A screencast of DebugSL can be viewed at \url{https://cis.temple.edu/~edragut/DebugSL.webm}",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-elisa,
    title = "{ELISA}-{EDL}: A Cross-lingual Entity Extraction, Linking and Localization System",
    author = "Zhang, Boliang  and
      Lin, Ying  and
      Pan, Xiaoman  and
      Lu, Di  and
      May, Jonathan  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5009",
    pages = "41--45",
    abstract = "We demonstrate ELISA-EDL, a state-of-the-art re-trainable system to extract entity mentions from low-resource languages, link them to external English knowledge bases, and visualize locations related to disaster topics on a world heatmap. We make all of our data sets, resources and system training and testing APIs publicly available for research purpose.",
}
@inproceedings{maheshwari-etal-2018-entity,
    title = "Entity Resolution and Location Disambiguation in the Ancient {H}indu Temples Domain using Web Data",
    author = "Maheshwari, Ayush  and
      Kumar, Vishwajeet  and
      Ramakrishnan, Ganesh  and
      Nath, J. Saketha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5010",
    pages = "46--50",
    abstract = "We present a system for resolving entities and disambiguating locations based on publicly available web data in the domain of ancient Hindu Temples. Scarce, unstructured information poses a challenge to Entity Resolution(ER) and snippet ranking. Additionally, because the same set of entities may be associated with multiple locations, Location Disambiguation(LD) is a problem. The mentions and descriptions of temples exist in the order of hundreds of thousands, with such data generated by various users in various forms such as text (Wikipedia pages), videos (YouTube videos), blogs, etc. We demonstrate an integrated approach using a combination of grammar rules for parsing and unsupervised (clustering) algorithms to resolve entity and locations with high confidence. A demo of our system is accessible at \url{tinyurl.com/templedemos}. Our system is open source and available on GitHub.",
}
@inproceedings{gokcen-etal-2018-madly,
    title = "Madly Ambiguous: A Game for Learning about Structural Ambiguity and Why It{'}s Hard for Computers",
    author = "Gokcen, Ajda  and
      Hill, Ethan  and
      White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5011",
    pages = "51--55",
    abstract = "Madly Ambiguous is an open source, online game aimed at teaching audiences of all ages about structural ambiguity and why it{'}s hard for computers. After a brief introduction to structural ambiguity, users are challenged to complete a sentence in a way that tricks the computer into guessing an incorrect interpretation. Behind the scenes are two different NLP-based methods for classifying the user{'}s input, one representative of classic rule-based approaches to disambiguation and the other representative of recent neural network approaches. Qualitative feedback from the system{'}s use in online, classroom, and science museum settings indicates that it is engaging and successful in conveying the intended take home messages. A demo of Madly Ambiguous can be played at \url{http://madlyambiguous.osu.edu}.",
}
@inproceedings{vu-etal-2018-vncorenlp,
    title = "{V}n{C}ore{NLP}: A {V}ietnamese Natural Language Processing Toolkit",
    author = "Vu, Thanh  and
      Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Nguyen, Dai Quoc  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5012",
    pages = "56--60",
    abstract = "We present an easy-to-use and fast toolkit, namely VnCoreNLP{---}a Java NLP annotation pipeline for Vietnamese. Our VnCoreNLP supports key natural language processing (NLP) tasks including word segmentation, part-of-speech (POS) tagging, named entity recognition (NER) and dependency parsing, and obtains state-of-the-art (SOTA) results for these tasks. We release VnCoreNLP to provide rich linguistic annotations to facilitate research work on Vietnamese NLP. Our VnCoreNLP is open-source and available at: \url{https://github.com/vncorenlp/VnCoreNLP}",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2018-cnns,
    title = "{CNN}s for {NLP} in the Browser: Client-Side Deployment and Visualization Opportunities",
    author = "Liang, Yiyun  and
      Tu, Zhucheng  and
      Huang, Laetitia  and
      Lin, Jimmy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5013",
    pages = "61--65",
    abstract = "We demonstrate a JavaScript implementation of a convolutional neural network that performs feedforward inference completely in the browser. Such a deployment means that models can run completely on the client, on a wide range of devices, without making backend server requests. This design is useful for applications with stringent latency requirements or low connectivity. Our evaluations show the feasibility of JavaScript as a deployment target. Furthermore, an in-browser implementation enables seamless integration with the JavaScript ecosystem for information visualization, providing opportunities to visually inspect neural networks and better understand their inner workings.",
}
@inproceedings{spinks-moens-2018-generating,
    title = "Generating Continuous Representations of Medical Texts",
    author = "Spinks, Graham  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5014",
    pages = "66--70",
    abstract = "We present an architecture that generates medical texts while learning an informative, continuous representation with discriminative features. During training the input to the system is a dataset of captions for medical X-Rays. The acquired continuous representations are of particular interest for use in many machine learning techniques where the discrete and high-dimensional nature of textual input is an obstacle. We use an Adversarially Regularized Autoencoder to create realistic text in both an unconditional and conditional setting. We show that this technique is applicable to medical texts which often contain syntactic and domain-specific shorthands. A quantitative evaluation shows that we achieve a lower model perplexity than a traditional LSTM generator.",
}
@inproceedings{steele-specia-2018-vis,
    title = "Vis-Eval Metric Viewer: A Visualisation Tool for Inspecting and Evaluating Metric Scores of Machine Translation Output",
    author = "Steele, David  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5015",
    pages = "71--75",
    abstract = "Machine Translation systems are usually evaluated and compared using automated evaluation metrics such as BLEU and METEOR to score the generated translations against human translations. However, the interaction with the output from the metrics is relatively limited and results are commonly a single score along with a few additional statistics. Whilst this may be enough for system comparison it does not provide much useful feedback or a means for inspecting translations and their respective scores. VisEval Metric Viewer VEMV is a tool designed to provide visualisation of multiple evaluation scores so they can be easily interpreted by a user. VEMV takes in the source, reference, and hypothesis files as parameters, and scores the hypotheses using several popular evaluation metrics simultaneously. Scores are produced at both the sentence and dataset level and results are written locally to a series of HTML files that can be viewed on a web browser. The individual scored sentences can easily be inspected using powerful search and selection functions and results can be visualised with graphical representations of the scores and distributions.",
}
@inproceedings{deleris-etal-2018-know,
    title = "Know Who Your {F}riends Are: Understanding Social Connections from Unstructured Text",
    author = "Deleris, L{\'e}a  and
      Bonin, Francesca  and
      Daly, Elizabeth  and
      Deparis, St{\'e}phane  and
      Hou, Yufang  and
      Jochim, Charles  and
      Lassoued, Yassine  and
      Levacher, Killian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5016",
    pages = "76--80",
    abstract = "Having an understanding of interpersonal relationships is helpful in many contexts. Our system seeks to assist humans with that task, using textual information (e.g., case notes, speech transcripts, posts, books) as input. Specifically, our system first extracts qualitative and quantitative information elements (which we call signals) about interactions among persons, aggregates those to provide a condensed view of relationships and then enables users to explore all facets of the resulting social (multi-)graph through a visual interface.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-riskfinder,
    title = "{R}isk{F}inder: A Sentence-level Risk Detector for Financial Reports",
    author = "Liu, Yu-Wen  and
      Liu, Liang-Chih  and
      Wang, Chuan-Ju  and
      Tsai, Ming-Feng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5017",
    pages = "81--85",
    abstract = "This paper presents a web-based information system, RiskFinder, for facilitating the analyses of soft and hard information in financial reports. In particular, the system broadens the analyses from the word level to sentence level, which makes the system useful for practitioner communities and unprecedented among financial academics. The proposed system has four main components: 1) a Form 10-K risk-sentiment dataset, consisting of a set of risk-labeled financial sentences and pre-trained sentence embeddings; 2) metadata, including basic information on each company that published the Form 10-K financial report as well as several relevant financial measures; 3) an interface that highlights risk-related sentences in the financial reports based on the latest sentence embedding techniques; 4) a visualization of financial time-series data for a corresponding company. This paper also conducts some case studies to showcase that the system can be of great help in capturing valuable insight within large amounts of textual information. The system is now online available at \url{https://cfda.csie.org/RiskFinder/}.",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2018-smilee,
    title = "{SMILEE}: Symmetric Multi-modal Interactions with Language-gesture Enabled ({AI}) Embodiment",
    author = "Kim, Sujeong  and
      Salter, David  and
      DeLuccia, Luke  and
      Son, Kilho  and
      Amer, Mohamed R.  and
      Tamrakar, Amir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5018",
    pages = "86--90",
    abstract = "We demonstrate an intelligent conversational agent system designed for advancing human-machine collaborative tasks. The agent is able to interpret a user{'}s communicative intent from both their verbal utterances and non-verbal behaviors, such as gestures. The agent is also itself able to communicate both with natural language and gestures, through its embodiment as an avatar thus facilitating natural symmetric multi-modal interactions. We demonstrate two intelligent agents with specialized skills in the Blocks World as use-cases of our system.",
}
@inproceedings{deleris-etal-2018-decision,
    title = "Decision Conversations Decoded",
    author = "Deleris, L{\'e}a  and
      Ganguly, Debasis  and
      Levacher, Killian  and
      Stephenson, Martin  and
      Bonin, Francesca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5019",
    pages = "91--95",
    abstract = "We describe the vision and current version of a Natural Language Processing system aimed at group decision making facilitation. Borrowing from the scientific field of Decision Analysis, its essential role is to identify alternatives and criteria associated with a given decision, to keep track of who proposed them and of the expressed sentiment towards them. Based on this information, the system can help identify agreement and dissent or recommend an alternative. Overall, it seeks to help a group reach a decision in a natural yet auditable fashion.",
}
@inproceedings{fang-etal-2018-sounding,
    title = "Sounding Board: A User-Centric and Content-Driven Social Chatbot",
    author = "Fang, Hao  and
      Cheng, Hao  and
      Sap, Maarten  and
      Clark, Elizabeth  and
      Holtzman, Ari  and
      Choi, Yejin  and
      Smith, Noah A.  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-5020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-5020",
    pages = "96--100",
    abstract = "We present Sounding Board, a social chatbot that won the 2017 Amazon Alexa Prize. The system architecture consists of several components including spoken language processing, dialogue management, language generation, and content management, with emphasis on user-centric and content-driven design. We also share insights gained from large-scale online logs based on 160,000 conversations with real-world users.",
}
@proceedings{naacl-2018-2018-north-american-chapter-association-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    author = "Bansal, Mohit  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-6000",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-6",
}
@inproceedings{neubig-allamanis-2018-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Natural Language, Programs, and their Intersection",
    author = "Neubig, Graham  and
      Allamanis, Miltiadis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-6001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-6001",
    pages = "1--3",
    abstract = "As computers and information grow a more integral part of our world, it is becoming more and more important for humans to be able to interact with their computers in complex ways. One way to do so is by programming, but the ability to understand and generate programming languages is a highly specialized skill. As a result, in the past several years there has been an increasing research interest in methods that focus on the intersection of programming and natural language, allowing users to use natural language to interact with computers in the complex ways that programs allow us to do. In this tutorial, we will focus on machine learning models of programs and natural language focused on making this goal a reality. First, we will discuss the similarities and differences between programming and natural language. Then we will discuss methods that have been designed to cover a variety of tasks in this field, including automatic explanation of programs in natural language (code-to-language), automatic generation of programs from natural language specifications (language-to-code), modeling the natural language elements of source code, and analysis of communication in collaborative programming communities. The tutorial will be aimed at NLP researchers and practitioners, aiming to describe the interesting opportunities that models at the intersection of natural and programming languages provide, and also how their techniques could provide benefit to the practice of software engineering as a whole.",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-narayan-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning Approaches to Text Production",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Narayan, Shashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-6002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-6002",
    pages = "4--9",
    abstract = "Text production is a key component of many NLP applications. In data-driven approaches, it is used for instance, to generate dialogue turns from dialogue moves, to verbalise the content of Knowledge bases or to generate natural English sentences from rich linguistic representations, such as dependency trees or Abstract Meaning Representations. In text-driven methods on the other hand, text production is at work in sentence compression, sentence fusion, paraphrasing, sentence (or text) simplification, text summarisation and end-to-end dialogue systems. Following the success of encoder-decoder models in modeling sequence-rewriting tasks such as machine translation, deep learning models have successfully been applied to the various text production tasks. In this tutorial, we will cover the fundamentals and the state-of-the-art research on neural models for text production. Each text production task raises a slightly different communication goal (e.g, how to take the dialogue context into account when producing a dialogue turn; how to detect and merge relevant information when summarising a text; or how to produce a well-formed text that correctly capture the information contained in some input data in the case of data-to-text generation). We will outline the constraints specific to each subtasks and examine how the existing neural models account for them.",
}
@inproceedings{ren-etal-2018-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Construction and Reasoning of Massive Knowledge Bases",
    author = "Ren, Xiang  and
      Peng, Nanyun  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-6003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-6003",
    pages = "10--16",
    abstract = "In today{'}s information-based society, there is abundant knowledge out there carried in the form of natural language texts (e.g., news articles, social media posts, scientific publications), which spans across various domains (e.g., corporate documents, advertisements, legal acts, medical reports), which grows at an astonishing rate. Yet this knowledge is mostly inaccessible to computers and overwhelming for human experts to absorb. How to turn such massive and unstructured text data into structured, actionable knowledge, and furthermore, how to teach machines learn to reason and complete the extracted knowledge is a grand challenge to the research community. Traditional IE systems assume abundant human annotations for training high quality machine learning models, which is impractical when trying to deploy IE systems to a broad range of domains, settings and languages. In the first part of the tutorial, we introduce how to extract structured facts (i.e., entities and their relations for types of interest) from text corpora to construct knowledge bases, with a focus on methods that are weakly-supervised and domain-independent for timely knowledge base construction across various application domains. In the second part, we introduce how to leverage other knowledge, such as the distributional statistics of characters and words, the annotations for other tasks and other domains, and the linguistics and problem structures, to combat the problem of inadequate supervision, and conduct low-resource information extraction. In the third part, we describe recent advances in knowledge base reasoning. We start with the gentle introduction to the literature, focusing on path-based and embedding based methods. We then describe DeepPath, a recent attempt of using deep reinforcement learning to combine the best of both worlds for knowledge base reasoning.",
}
@inproceedings{camacho-collados-etal-2018-interplay,
    title = "The interplay between lexical resources and Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Camacho-Collados, Jose  and
      Espinosa Anke, Luis  and
      Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-6004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-6004",
    pages = "17--23",
    abstract = "Incorporating linguistic, world and common sense knowledge into AI/NLP systems is currently an important research area, with several open problems and challenges. At the same time, processing and storing this knowledge in lexical resources is not a straightforward task. We propose to address these complementary goals from two methodological perspectives: the use of NLP methods to help the process of constructing and enriching lexical resources and the use of lexical resources for improving NLP applications. This tutorial may be useful for two main types of audience: those working on language resources who are interested in becoming acquainted with automatic NLP techniques, with the end goal of speeding and/or easing up the process of resource curation; and on the other hand, researchers in NLP who would like to benefit from the knowledge of lexical resources to improve their systems and models.",
}
@inproceedings{tsvetkov-etal-2018-socially,
    title = "Socially Responsible {NLP}",
    author = "Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Voigt, Rob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-6005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-6005",
    pages = "24--26",
    abstract = "As language technologies have become increasingly prevalent, there is a growing awareness that decisions we make about our data, methods, and tools are often tied up with their impact on people and societies. This tutorial will provide an overview of real-world applications of language technologies and the potential ethical implications associated with them. We will discuss philosophical foundations of ethical research along with state of the art techniques. Through this tutorial, we intend to provide the NLP researcher with an overview of tools to ensure that the data, algorithms, and models that they build are socially responsible. These tools will include a checklist of common pitfalls that one should avoid (e.g., demographic bias in data collection), as well as methods to adequately mitigate these issues (e.g., adjusting sampling rates or de-biasing through regularization). The tutorial is based on a new course on Ethics and NLP developed at Carnegie Mellon University.",
}
@inproceedings{su-etal-2018-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning for Conversational {AI}",
    author = "Su, Pei-Hao  and
      Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Casanueva, I{\~n}igo  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-6006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-6006",
    pages = "27--32",
    abstract = "Spoken Dialogue Systems (SDS) have great commercial potential as they promise to revolutionise the way in which humans interact with machines. The advent of deep learning led to substantial developments in this area of NLP research, and the goal of this tutorial is to familiarise the research community with the recent advances in what some call the most difficult problem in NLP. From a research perspective, the design of spoken dialogue systems provides a number of significant challenges, as these systems depend on: a) solving several difficult NLP and decision-making tasks; and b) combining these into a functional dialogue system pipeline. A key long-term goal of dialogue system research is to enable open-domain systems that can converse about arbitrary topics and assist humans with completing a wide range of tasks. Furthermore, such systems need to autonomously learn on-line to improve their performance and recover from errors using both signals from their environment and from implicit and explicit user feedback. While the design of such systems has traditionally been modular, domain and language-specific, advances in deep learning have alleviated many of the design problems. The main purpose of this tutorial is to encourage dialogue research in the NLP community by providing the research background, a survey of available resources, and giving key insights to application of state-of-the-art SDS methodology into industry-scale conversational AI systems. We plan to introduce researchers to the pipeline framework for modelling goal-oriented dialogue systems, which includes three key components: 1) Language Understanding; 2) Dialogue Management; and 3) Language Generation. The differences between goal-oriented dialogue systems and chat-bot style conversational agents will be explained in order to show the motivation behind the design of both, with the main focus on the pipeline SDS framework. For each key component, we will define the research problem, provide a brief literature review and introduce the current state-of-the-art approaches. Complementary resources (e.g. available datasets and toolkits) will also be discussed. Finally, future work, outstanding challenges, and current industry practices will be presented. All of the presented material will be made available online for future reference.",
}
@proceedings{acl-1997-association,
    title = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1000",
}
@inproceedings{gotz-meurers-1997-interleaving,
    title = "Interleaving Universal Principles and Relational Constraints over Typed Feature Logic",
    author = "Gotz, Thilo  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979618",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{lee-1997-fast,
    title = "Fast Context-Free Parsing Requires Fast {B}oolean Matrix Multiplication",
    author = "Lee, Lillian",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979619",
    pages = "9--15",
}
@inproceedings{collins-1997-three,
    title = "Three Generative, Lexicalised Models for Statistical Parsing",
    author = "Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979620",
    pages = "16--23",
}
@inproceedings{jacquemin-etal-1997-expansion,
    title = "Expansion of Multi-Word Terms for Indexing and Retrieval Using Morphology and Syntax",
    author = "Jacquemin, Christian  and
      Klavans, Judith L.  and
      Tzoukermann, Evelyne",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979621",
    pages = "24--31",
}
@inproceedings{kessler-etal-1997-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Text Genre",
    author = "Kessler, Brett  and
      Nunberg, Geoffrey  and
      Schutze, Hinrich",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979622",
    pages = "32--38",
}
@inproceedings{li-yamanishi-1997-document,
    title = "Document Classification Using a Finite Mixture Model",
    author = "Li, Hang  and
      Yamanishi, Kenji",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979623",
    pages = "39--47",
}
@inproceedings{rigau-etal-1997-combining,
    title = "Combining Unsupervised Lexical Knowledge Methods for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Rigau, German  and
      Atserias, Jordi  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979624",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@inproceedings{dagan-etal-1997-similarity,
    title = "Similarity-Based Methods for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Dagan, Ido  and
      Lee, Lillian  and
      Pereira, Fernando",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979625",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@inproceedings{lin-1997-using,
    title = "Using Syntactic Dependency as Local Context to Resolve Word Sense Ambiguity",
    author = "Lin, Dekang",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979626",
    pages = "64--71",
}
@inproceedings{krovetz-1997-homonymy,
    title = "Homonymy and Polysemy in Information Retrieval",
    author = "Krovetz, Robert",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979627",
    pages = "72--79",
}
@inproceedings{di-eugenio-etal-1997-learning,
    title = "Learning Features that Predict Cue Usage",
    author = "Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Moore, Johanna D.  and
      Paolucci, Massimo",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979628",
    pages = "80--87",
}
@inproceedings{cristea-webber-1997-expectations,
    title = "Expectations in Incremental Discourse Processing",
    author = "Cristea, Dan  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979629",
    pages = "88--95",
}
@inproceedings{marcu-1997-rhetorical,
    title = "The Rhetorical Parsing of Unrestricted Natural Language Texts",
    author = "Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979630",
    pages = "96--103",
}
@inproceedings{hahn-strube-1997-centering,
    title = "Centering in-the-Large: Computing Referential Discourse Segments",
    author = "Hahn, Udo  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979631",
    pages = "104--111",
}
@inproceedings{volk-1997-probing,
    title = "Probing the Lexicon in Evaluating Commercial {MT} Systems",
    author = "Volk, Martin",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979632",
    pages = "112--119",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-1997-ambiguity,
    title = "Ambiguity Resolution for Machine Translation of Telegraphic Messages",
    author = "Lee, Young-Suk  and
      Weinstein, Clifford  and
      Seneff, Stephanie  and
      Tummala, Dinesh",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979633",
    pages = "120--127",
}
@inproceedings{knight-graehl-1997-machine,
    title = "Machine Transliteration",
    author = "Knight, Kevin  and
      Graehl, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979634",
    pages = "128--135",
}
@inproceedings{copestake-lascarides-1997-intergrating,
    title = "Intergrating Symbolic and Statistical Representations: The Lexicon Pragmatics Interface",
    author = "Copestake, Ann  and
      Lascarides, Alex",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979635",
    pages = "136--143",
}
@inproceedings{fry-1997-negative,
    title = "Negative Polarity Licensing at the Syntax-Semantics Interface",
    author = "Fry, John",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979636",
    pages = "144--150",
}
@inproceedings{dorr-olsen-1997-deriving,
    title = "Deriving Verbal and Compositonal Lexical Aspect for {NLP} Applications",
    author = "Dorr, Bonnie J.  and
      Olsen, Mari Broman",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979637",
    pages = "151--158",
}
@inproceedings{bonnema-etal-1997-dop,
    title = "A {DOP} Model for Semantic Interpretation",
    author = "Bonnema, Remko  and
      Bod, Rens  and
      Scha, Remko",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979638",
    pages = "159--167",
}
@inproceedings{della-pietra-etal-1997-fertility,
    title = "Fertility Models for Statistical Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Della Pietra, Stephen  and
      Epstein, Mark  and
      Roukos, Salim  and
      Ward, Todd",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979639",
    pages = "168--173",
}
@inproceedings{hatzivassiloglou-mckeown-1997-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Semantic Orientation of Adjectives",
    author = "Hatzivassiloglou, Vasileios  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979640",
    pages = "174--181",
}
@inproceedings{franz-1997-independence,
    title = "Independence Assumptions Considered Harmful",
    author = "Franz, Alexander",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979641",
    pages = "182--189",
}
@inproceedings{huang-1997-planning,
    title = "Planning Reference Choices for Argumentative Teas",
    author = "Huang, Xiaorong",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979642",
    pages = "190--197",
}
@inproceedings{stone-doran-1997-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Planning as Description Using Tree Adjoining Grammar",
    author = "Stone, Matthew  and
      Doran, Christine",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979643",
    pages = "198--205",
}
@inproceedings{horacek-1997-algorithm,
    title = "An Algorithm for Generating Referential Descriptions with Flexible Interfaces",
    author = "Horacek, Helmut",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979644",
    pages = "206--213",
}
@inproceedings{neumann-1997-applying,
    title = "Applying Explanation-based Learning to Control and Speeding-up Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Neumann, Gunter",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979645",
    pages = "214--221",
}
@inproceedings{oflazer-tur-1997-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Disambiguation by Voting Constraints",
    author = "Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Tur, Gokhan",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979646",
    pages = "222--229",
}
@inproceedings{haruno-matsumoto-1997-mistake,
    title = "Mistake-Driven Mixture of Hierarchical Tag Context Trees",
    author = "Haruno, Masahiko  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979647",
    pages = "230--237",
}
@inproceedings{marquez-padro-1997-flexible,
    title = "A Flexible {POS} Tagger Using an Automatically Acquired Language Model",
    author = "Marquez, Lluis  and
      Padro, Lluis",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979648",
    pages = "238--245",
}
@inproceedings{samuelsson-voutilainen-1997-comparing,
    title = "Comparing a Linguistic and a Stochastic Tagger",
    author = "Samuelsson, Christer  and
      Voutilainen, Atro",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979649",
    pages = "246--253",
}
@inproceedings{heeman-allen-1997-intonational,
    title = "Intonational Boundaries, Speech Repairs, and Discourse Markers: Modeling Spoken Dialog",
    author = "Heeman, Peter A.  and
      Allen, James F.",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979650",
    pages = "254--261",
}
@inproceedings{chu-carroll-brown-1997-tracking,
    title = "Tracking Initiative in Collaborative Dialogue Interactions",
    author = "Chu-Carroll, Jennifer  and
      Brown, Michael K.",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979651",
    pages = "262--270",
}
@inproceedings{walker-etal-1997-paradise,
    title = "{PARADISE}: A Framework for Evaluating Spoken Dialogue Agents",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn A.  and
      Litman, Diane J.  and
      Kamm, Candace A.  and
      Abella, Alicia",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979652",
    pages = "271--280",
}
@inproceedings{johnston-etal-1997-unification,
    title = "Unification-based Multimodal Integration",
    author = "Johnston, Michael  and
      Cohen, Philip R.  and
      McGee, David  and
      Oviatt, Sharon L.  and
      Pittman, James A.  and
      Smith, Ira",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979653",
    pages = "281--288",
}
@inproceedings{tillmann-etal-1997-dp,
    title = "A {DP}-based Search Using Monotone Alignments in Statistical Translation",
    author = "Tillmann, Christoph  and
      Vogel, Stephan  and
      Ney, Hermann  and
      Zubiaga, Alex",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979654",
    pages = "289--296",
}
@inproceedings{chang-chen-1997-alignment,
    title = "An Alignment Method for Noisy Parallel Corpora based on Image Processing Techniques",
    author = "Chang, Jason S.  and
      Chen, Mathis H.",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979655",
    pages = "297--304",
}
@inproceedings{melamed-1997-portable,
    title = "A Portable Algorithm for Mapping Bitext Correspondence",
    author = "Melamed, I. Dan",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979656",
    pages = "305--312",
}
@inproceedings{eisner-1997-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Generation in Primitive Optimality Theory",
    author = "Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979657",
    pages = "313--320",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-1997-trainable,
    title = "A Trainable Rule-Based Algorithm for Word Segmentation",
    author = "Palmer, David D.",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979658",
    pages = "321--328",
}
@inproceedings{kiraz-1997-compiling,
    title = "Compiling Regular Formalisms with Rule Features into Finite-State Automata",
    author = "Kiraz, George Anton",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979659",
    pages = "329--336",
}
@inproceedings{neuhaus-broker-1997-complexity,
    title = "The Complexity of Recognition of Linguistically Adequate Dependency Grammars",
    author = "Neuhaus, Peter  and
      Broker, Norbert",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979660",
    pages = "337--343",
}
@inproceedings{hepple-1997-maximal,
    title = "Maximal Incrementality in Linear Categorial Deduction",
    author = "Hepple, Mark",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979661",
    pages = "344--351",
}
@inproceedings{oishi-matsumoto-1997-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Aspectual Information from a Monolingual Corpus",
    author = "Oishi, Akira  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979662",
    pages = "352--359",
}
@inproceedings{alshawi-etal-1997-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Head Transducers and Transfer for a Limited Domain Translation Application",
    author = "Alshawi, Hiyan  and
      Buchsbaum, Adam L.  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979663",
    pages = "360--365",
}
@inproceedings{wang-waibel-1997-decoding,
    title = "Decoding Algorithm in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Ye-Yi  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979664",
    pages = "366--372",
}
@inproceedings{beeferman-etal-1997-model,
    title = "A Model of Lexical Attraction and Repulsion",
    author = "Beeferman, Doug  and
      Berger, Adam  and
      Lafferty, John",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979665",
    pages = "373--380",
}
@inproceedings{ristad-thomas-1997-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Non-Emitting {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Ristad, Eric Sven  and
      Thomas, Robert G.",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979666",
    pages = "381--385",
}
@inproceedings{dorre-1997-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Construction of Underspecified Semantics under Massive Ambiguity",
    author = {D{\"o}rre, Jochen},
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979667",
    pages = "386--393",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-kehler-1997-theory,
    title = "A Theory of Parallelism and the Case of {VP} Ellipsis",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Kehler, Andrew",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979668",
    pages = "394--401",
}
@inproceedings{van-genabith-crouch-1997-interpreting,
    title = "On Interpreting F-Structures as {UDRS}s",
    author = "van Genabith, Josef  and
      Crouch, Richard",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979669",
    pages = "402--409",
}
@inproceedings{niehren-etal-1997-uniform,
    title = "A Uniform Approach to Underspecification and Parallelism",
    author = "Niehren, Joachim  and
      Pinkal, Manfred  and
      Ruhrberg, Peter",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979670",
    pages = "410--417",
}
@inproceedings{briscoe-1997-co,
    title = "Co-Evolution of Language and of the Language Acquisition Device",
    author = "Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979671",
    pages = "418--427",
}
@inproceedings{yvon-1997-paradigmatic,
    title = "Paradigmatic Cascades: A Linguistically Sound Model of Pronunciation by Analogy",
    author = "Yvon, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979672",
    pages = "428--435",
}
@inproceedings{zavrel-daelemans-1997-memory,
    title = "Memory-Based Learning: Using Similarity for Smoothing",
    author = "Zavrel, Jakub  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979673",
    pages = "436--443",
}
@inproceedings{satta-henderson-1997-string,
    title = "String Transformation Learning",
    author = "Satta, Giorgio  and
      Henderson, John C.",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1057",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979674",
    pages = "444--451",
}
@inproceedings{evans-1997-approximating,
    title = "Approximating Context-Free Grammars with a Finite-State Calculus",
    author = "Evans, Edmund Grimley",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1058",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979675",
    pages = "452--459",
}
@inproceedings{kempe-1997-finite,
    title = "Finite State Transducers Approximating Hidden {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Kempe, Andre",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1059",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979676",
    pages = "460--467",
}
@inproceedings{morawietz-cornell-1997-representing,
    title = "Representing Constraints with Automata",
    author = "Morawietz, Frank  and
      Cornell, Tom",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1060",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979677",
    pages = "468--475",
}
@inproceedings{shimohata-etal-1997-retrieving,
    title = "Retrieving Collocations by Co-Occurrences and Word Order Constraints",
    author = "Shimohata, Sayori  and
      Sugio, Toshiyuki  and
      Nagata, Junji",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1061",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979678",
    pages = "476--481",
}
@inproceedings{hermjakob-mooney-1997-learning,
    title = "Learning Parse and Translation Decisions from Examples with Rich Context",
    author = "Hermjakob, Ulf  and
      Mooney, Raymond J.",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1062",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979679",
    pages = "482--489",
}
@inproceedings{melamed-1997-word,
    title = "A Word-to-Word Model of Translational Equivalence",
    author = "Melamed, I. Dan",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1063",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979680",
    pages = "490--497",
}
@inproceedings{chelba-1997-structured,
    title = "A Structured Language Model",
    author = "Chelba, Ciprian",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1064",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979681",
    pages = "498--500",
}
@inproceedings{frantzi-1997-incorporating,
    title = "Incorporating Context Information for the Extraction of Terms",
    author = "Frantzi, Katerina T.",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1065",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979682",
    pages = "501--503",
}
@inproceedings{assadi-1997-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Acquisition from Texts: Using an Automatic Clustering Method Based on Noun-Modifier Relationship",
    author = "Assadi, Houssem",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1066",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979683",
    pages = "504--506",
}
@inproceedings{edmonds-1997-choosing,
    title = "Choosing the Word Most Typical in Context Using a Lexical Co-occurrence Network",
    author = "Edmonds, Philip",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1067",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979684",
    pages = "507--509",
}
@inproceedings{taboada-1997-improving,
    title = "Improving Translation through Contextual Information",
    author = "Taboada, Maite",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1068",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979685",
    pages = "510--512",
}
@inproceedings{komagata-1997-generative,
    title = "Generative Power of {CCG}s with Generalized Type-Raised Categories",
    author = "Komagata, Nobo",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1069",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979686",
    pages = "513--515",
}
@inproceedings{dras-1997-representing,
    title = "Representing Paraphrases Using Synchronous {TAGS}",
    author = "Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1070",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979687",
    pages = "516--518",
}
@inproceedings{theune-1997-contrastive,
    title = "Contrastive accent in a data-to-speech system",
    author = "Theune, Mariet",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1071",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979688",
    pages = "519--521",
}
@inproceedings{vieira-teufel-1997-towards,
    title = "Towards resolution of bridging descriptions",
    author = "Vieira, Renata  and
      Teufel, Simone",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1072",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979689",
    pages = "522--524",
}
@inproceedings{wolters-1997-compositional,
    title = "Compositional Semantics of {G}erman Prefix Verbs",
    author = "Wolters, Maria",
    booktitle = "35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "1997",
    address = "Madrid, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P97-1073",
    doi = "10.3115/976909.979690",
    pages = "525--527",
}
@proceedings{acl-1983-association,
    title = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1000",
}
@inproceedings{pullum-1983-context,
    title = "CONTEXT-FREENESS AND THE COMPUTER PROCESSING OF HUMAN LANGUAGES",
    author = "Pullum, Geoffrey K.",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981313",
    pages = "1--6",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-1983-factoring,
    title = "FACTORING RECURSION AND DEPENDENCIES: AN ASPECT OF TREE ADJOINING GRAMMARS (TAG) AND A COMPARISON OF SOME FORMAL PROPERTIES OF TAGS, GPSGS, PLGS, AND LPGS",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981314",
    pages = "7--15",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-1983-crossed,
    title = "Crossed Serial Dependencies: A low-power parseable extension to {GPSG}",
    author = "Thompson, Henry",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981315",
    pages = "16--21",
}
@inproceedings{shieber-etal-1983-formal,
    title = "Formal Constraints on Metarules",
    author = "Shieber, Stuart M.  and
      Stucky, Swan U.  and
      Uszkoreit, Hans  and
      Robinson, Jane J.",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981316",
    pages = "22--27",
}
@inproceedings{israel-1983-prolegomenon,
    title = "A PROLEGOMENON TO SITUATION SEMANTICS",
    author = "Israel, David J.",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981318",
    pages = "28--37",
}
@inproceedings{mays-1983-modal,
    title = "A Modal Temporal Logic for Reasoning about Change",
    author = "Mays, Eric",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981319",
    pages = "38--43",
}
@inproceedings{grosz-etal-1983-providing,
    title = "PROVIDING A UNIFIED ACCOUNT OF DEFINITE NOUN PHRASES IN DISCOURSE",
    author = "Grosz, Barbara J.  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.  and
      Weinstein, Scott",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981320",
    pages = "44--50",
}
@inproceedings{warren-1983-using,
    title = "USING X-CALCULUS TO REPRESENT MEANINGS IN LOGIC GRAMMARS",
    author = "Warren, David Scott",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981321",
    pages = "51--56",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-1983-improper,
    title = "AN IMPROPER TREATMENT OF QUANTIFICATION IN ORDINARY ENGLISH",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981322",
    pages = "57--63",
}
@inproceedings{hirst-1983-foundation,
    title = "A FOUNDATION FOR SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION",
    author = "Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981323",
    pages = "64--73",
}
@inproceedings{appelt-1983-telegram,
    title = "{TELEGRAM}: A GRAMMAR FORMALISM FOR LANGUAGE PLANNING",
    author = "Appelt, Douglas E.",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981325",
    pages = "74--78",
}
@inproceedings{mann-1983-overview,
    title = "AN OVERVIEW OF THE NIGEL TEXT GENERATION GRAMMAR",
    author = "Mann, William C.",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981326",
    pages = "79--84",
}
@inproceedings{pierrehumbert-1983-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Recognition of Intonation Patterns",
    author = "Pierrehumbert, Janet B.",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981328",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@inproceedings{church-1983-finite,
    title = "A Finite-State Parser for Use in Speech Recognition",
    author = "Church, Kenneth W.",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981329",
    pages = "91--97",
}
@inproceedings{perrault-1983-mathematical,
    title = "On the Mathematical Properties of Linguistic Theories",
    author = "Perrault, C. Raymond",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981331",
    pages = "98--105",
}
@inproceedings{uszkoreit-1983-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Processing Partially Free Word Order",
    author = "Uszkoreit, Hans",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981333",
    pages = "106--112",
}
@inproceedings{shieber-1983-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Disambiguation by a Shift-Reduce Parsing Technique",
    author = "Shieber, Stuart M.",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981334",
    pages = "113--118",
}
@inproceedings{berwick-weinberg-1983-syntactic,
    title = "SYNTACTIC CONSTRAINTS AND EFFICIENT PARSABILITY",
    author = "Berwick, Robert C.  and
      Weinberg, Amy S.",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981335",
    pages = "119--122",
}
@inproceedings{hindle-1983-deterministic,
    title = "Deterministic Parsing of Syntactic Non-fluencies",
    author = "Hindle, Donald",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981336",
    pages = "123--128",
}
@inproceedings{marcus-etal-1983-theory,
    title = "D-Theory: Talking about Talking about Trees",
    author = "Marcus, Mitchell P.  and
      Hindle, Donald  and
      Fleck, Margaret M.",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981337",
    pages = "129--136",
}
@inproceedings{pereira-warren-1983-parsing,
    title = "PARSING AS DEDUCTION",
    author = "Pereira, Fernando C. N.  and
      Warren, David H. D.",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981338",
    pages = "137--144",
}
@inproceedings{kukich-1983-design,
    title = "DESIGN OF A KNOWLEDGE-BASED REPORT GENERATOR",
    author = "Kukich, Karen",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981340",
    pages = "145--150",
}
@inproceedings{tennant-etal-1983-menu,
    title = "MENU-BASED NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "Tennant, Harry R.  and
      Ross, Kenneth M.  and
      Saenz, Richard M.  and
      Thompson, Craig W.  and
      Miller, James R.",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981341",
    pages = "151--158",
}
@inproceedings{chin-1983-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Structures in {UC}, the {UNIX}* Consultant",
    author = "Chin, David N.",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981342",
    pages = "159--163",
}
@inproceedings{carbonell-1983-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Pragmatics and Ellipsis Resolution in Task-Oriented Natural Language Interfaces",
    author = "Carbonell, Jaime G.",
    booktitle = "21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1983",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P83-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/981311.981343",
    pages = "164--168",
}
@proceedings{alta-2018-australasian,
    title = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2018",
    author = "Kim, Sunghwan Mac  and
      Zhang, Xiuzhen (Jenny)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U18-1000",
}
@inproceedings{hoang-etal-2018-improved,
    title = "Improved Neural Machine Translation using Side Information",
    author = "Hoang, Cong Duy Vu  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2018",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U18-1001",
    pages = "6--16",
    abstract = "In this work, we investigate whether side information is helpful in neural machine translation (NMT). We study various kinds of side information, including topical information, personal trait, then propose different ways of incorporating them into the existing NMT models. Our experimental results show the benefits of side information in improving the NMT models.",
}
@inproceedings{tsuge-ishihara-2018-text,
    title = "Text-dependent Forensic Voice Comparison: Likelihood Ratio Estimation with the Hidden {M}arkov Model ({HMM}) and {G}aussian Mixture Model",
    author = "Tsuge, Satoru  and
      Ishihara, Shunichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2018",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U18-1002",
    pages = "17--25",
    abstract = "Among the more typical forensic voice comparison (FVC) approaches, the acoustic-phonetic statistical approach is suitable for text-dependent FVC, but it does not fully exploit available time-varying information of speech in its modelling. The automatic approach, on the other hand, essentially deals with text-independent cases, which means temporal information is not explicitly incorporated in the modelling. Text-dependent likelihood ratio (LR)-based FVC studies, in particular those that adopt the automatic approach, are few. This preliminary LR-based FVC study compares two statistical models, the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), for the calculation of forensic LRs using the same speech data. FVC experiments were carried out using different lengths of Japanese short words under a forensically realistic, but challenging condition: only two speech tokens for model training and LR estimation. Log-likelihood-ratio cost (Cllr) was used as the assessment metric. The study demonstrates that the HMM system constantly outperforms the GMM system in terms of average Cllr values. However, words longer than three mora are needed if the advantage of the HMM is to become evident. With a seven-mora word, for example, the HMM outperformed the GMM by a Cllr value of 0.073.",
}
@inproceedings{solano-etal-2018-development,
    title = "Development of Natural Language Processing Tools for Cook Islands M{\=a}ori",
    author = "Solano, Rolando Coto  and
      Nicholas, Sally Akevai  and
      Wray, Samantha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2018",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U18-1003",
    pages = "26--33",
    abstract = "This paper presents three ongoing projects for NLP in Cook Islands Maori: Untrained Forced Alignment (approx. 9{\%} error when detecting the center of words), speech-to-text (37{\%} WER in the best trained models) and POS tagging (92{\%} accuracy for the best performing model). Included as part of these projects are new resources filling in a gap in Australasian languages, including gold standard POS-tagged written corpora, transcribed speech corpora, time-aligned corpora down to the level of phonemes. These are part of efforts to accelerate the documentation of Cook Islands Maori and to increase its vitality amongst its users.",
}
@inproceedings{vine-etal-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Mining of Analogical Frames by Constraint Satisfaction",
    author = "Vine, Lance De  and
      Geva, Shlomo  and
      Bruza, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2018",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U18-1004",
    pages = "34--43",
    abstract = "It has been demonstrated that vector-based representations of words trained on large text corpora encode linguistic regularities that may be exploited via the use of vector space arithmetic. This capability has been extensively explored and is generally measured via tasks which involve the automated completion of linguistic proportional analogies. The question remains, however, as to what extent it is possible to induce relations from word embeddings in a principled and systematic way, without the provision of exemplars or seed terms. In this paper we propose an extensible and efficient framework for inducing relations via the use of constraint satisfaction. The method is efficient, unsupervised and can be customized in various ways. We provide both quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results.",
}
@inproceedings{hossain-schwitter-2018-specifying,
    title = "Specifying Conceptual Models Using Restricted Natural Language",
    author = "Hossain, Bayzid Ashik  and
      Schwitter, Rolf",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2018",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U18-1005",
    pages = "44--52",
    abstract = "The key activity to design an information system is conceptual modelling which brings out and describes the general knowledge that is required to build a system. In this paper we propose a novel approach to conceptual modelling where the domain experts will be able to specify and construct a model using a restricted form of natural language. A restricted natural language is a subset of a natural language that has well-defined computational properties and therefore can be translated unambiguously into a formal notation. We will argue that a restricted natural language is suitable for writing precise and consistent specifications that lead to executable conceptual models. Using a restricted natural language will allow the domain experts to describe a scenario in the terminology of the application domain without the need to formally encode this scenario. The resulting textual specification can then be automatically translated into the language of the desired conceptual modelling framework.",
}
@inproceedings{holt-chisholm-2018-extracting,
    title = "Extracting structured data from invoices",
    author = "Holt, Xavier  and
      Chisholm, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2018",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U18-1006",
    pages = "53--59",
    abstract = "Business documents encode a wealth of information in a format tailored to human consumption {--} i.e. aesthetically disbursed natural language text, graphics and tables. We address the task of extracting key fields (e.g. the amount due on an invoice) from a wide-variety of potentially unseen document formats. In contrast to traditional template driven extraction systems, we introduce a content-driven machine-learning approach which is both robust to noise and generalises to unseen document formats. In a comparison of our approach with alternative invoice extraction systems, we observe an absolute accuracy gain of 20{\textbackslash}{\%} across compared fields, and a 25{\textbackslash}{\%}{--}94{\textbackslash}{\%} reduction in extraction latency.",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2018-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Textual and Speech information in Dialogue Act Classification with Speaker Domain Adaptation",
    author = "He, Xuanli  and
      Tran, Quan  and
      Havard, William  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2018",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U18-1007",
    pages = "61--65",
    abstract = "In spite of the recent success of Dialogue Act (DA) classification, the majority of prior works focus on text-based classification with oracle transcriptions, i.e. human transcriptions, instead of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR){'}s transcriptions. In spoken dialog systems, however, the agent would only have access to noisy ASR transcriptions, which may further suffer performance degradation due to domain shift. In this paper, we explore the effectiveness of using both acoustic and textual signals, either oracle or ASR transcriptions, and investigate speaker domain adaptation for DA classification. Our multimodal model proves to be superior to the unimodal models, particularly when the oracle transcriptions are not available. We also propose an effective method for speaker domain adaptation, which achieves competitive results.",
}
@inproceedings{poostchi-piccardi-2018-cluster,
    title = "Cluster Labeling by Word Embeddings and {W}ord{N}et's Hypernymy",
    author = "Poostchi, Hanieh  and
      Piccardi, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2018",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U18-1008",
    pages = "66--70",
    abstract = "Cluster labeling is the assignment of representative labels to clusters obtained from the organization of a document collection. Once assigned, the labels can play an important role in applications such as navigation, search and document classification. However, finding appropriately descriptive labels is still a challenging task. In this paper, we propose various approaches for assigning labels to word clusters by leveraging word embeddings and the synonymity and hypernymy relations in the WordNet lexical ontology. Experiments carried out using the WebAP document dataset have shown that one of the approaches stand out in the comparison and is capable of selecting labels that are reasonably aligned with those chosen by a pool of four human annotators.",
}
@inproceedings{nandakumar-etal-2018-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of Embedding Models in Predicting the Compositionality of Multiword Expressions",
    author = "Nandakumar, Navnita  and
      Salehi, Bahar  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2018",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U18-1009",
    pages = "71--76",
    abstract = "In this paper, we perform a comparative evaluation of off-the-shelf embedding models over the task of compositionality prediction of multiword expressions(``MWEs''). Our experimental results suggest that character- and document-level models capture knowledge of MWE compositionality and are effective in modelling varying levels of compositionality, with the advantage over word-level models that they do not require token-level identification of MWEs in the training corpus.",
}
@inproceedings{mathur-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Efficient Machine Translation Evaluation by Modelling Annotators",
    author = "Mathur, Nitika  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2018",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U18-1010",
    pages = "77--82",
    abstract = "Accurate evaluation of translation has long been a difficult, yet important problem. Current evaluations use direct assessment (DA), based on crowd sourcing judgements from a large pool of workers, along with quality control checks, and a robust method for combining redundant judgements. In this paper we show that the quality control mechanism is overly conservative, which increases the time and expense of the evaluation. We propose a model that does not rely on a pre-processing step to filter workers and takes into account varying annotator reliabilities. Our model effectively weights each worker's scores based on the inferred precision of the worker, and is much more reliable than the mean of either the raw scores or the standardised scores. We also show that DA does not deliver on the promise of longitudinal evaluation, and propose redesigning the structure of the annotation tasks that can solve this problem.",
}
@inproceedings{molla-seneviratne-2018-overview,
    title = "Overview of the 2018 {ALTA} Shared Task: Classifying Patent Applications",
    author = "Moll{\'a}, Diego  and
      Seneviratne, Dilesha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2018",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U18-1011",
    pages = "84--88",
    abstract = "We present an overview of the 2018 ALTA shared task. This is the 9th of the series of shared tasks organised by ALTA since 2010. The task was to classify Australian patent classifications following the sections defined by the International Patient Classification (IPC), using data made available by IP Australia. We introduce the task, describe the data and present the results of the participating teams. Some of the participating teams outperformed state of the art.",
}
@inproceedings{benites-etal-2018-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Patent Applications with Ensemble Methods",
    author = "Benites, Fernando  and
      Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Zampieri, Marcos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2018",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U18-1012",
    pages = "89--92",
    abstract = "We present methods for the automatic classification of patent applications using an annotated dataset provided by the organizers of the ALTA 2018 shared task - Classifying Patent Applications. The goal of the task is to use computational methods to categorize patent applications according to a coarse-grained taxonomy of eight classes based on the International Patent Classification (IPC). We tested a variety of approaches for this task and the best results, 0.778 micro-averaged F1-Score, were achieved by SVM ensembles using a combination of words and characters as features. Our team, BMZ, was ranked first among 14 teams in the competition.",
}
@inproceedings{hepburn-2018-universal,
    title = "Universal Language Model Fine-tuning for Patent Classification",
    author = "Hepburn, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2018",
    month = dec,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Dunedin, New Zealand",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U18-1013",
    pages = "93--96",
    abstract = "This paper describes the methods used for the 2018 ALTA Shared Task. The task this year was to automatically classify Australian patents into their main International Patent Classification section. Our final submission used a Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Universal Language Model with Fine-tuning (ULMFiT). Our system achieved the best results in the student category.",
}
@proceedings{muc-1991-message,
    title = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1000",
}
@inproceedings{sundheim-1991-overview,
    title = "OVERVIEW OF THE THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING EVALUATION AND CONFERENCE",
    author = "Sundheim, Beth M.",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1001",
}
@inproceedings{chinchor-1991-muc,
    title = "{MUC}-3 EVALUATION METRICS",
    author = "Chinchor, Nancy",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1002",
}
@inproceedings{hirschman-1991-comparing,
    title = "COMPARING {MUCK}-{II} AND {MUC}-3: ASSESSING THE DIFFICULTY OF DIFFERENT TASKS",
    author = "Hirschman, Lynette",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1003",
}
@inproceedings{chinchor-1991-muc-3,
    title = "{MUC}-3 LINGUISTIC PHENOMENA TEST EXPERIMENT",
    author = "Chinchor, Nancy",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1004",
}
@inproceedings{balcom-tong-1991-advanced,
    title = "ADVANCED DECISION SYSTEMS{'} CODEX: {MUC}-3 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Balcom, Laura Blumer  and
      Tong, Richard M.",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1005",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-etal-1991-bbn,
    title = "BBN PLUM: {MUC}-3 Test Results and Analysis",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph  and
      Ayuso, Damaris  and
      Boisen, Sean  and
      Ingria, Robert  and
      Palmucci, Jeff",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1006",
}
@inproceedings{krupka-etal-1991-ge,
    title = "GE NLTOOLSET: {MUC}-3 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Krupka, George  and
      Iwariska, Lucja  and
      Jacobs, Paul  and
      Rau, Lisa",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1007",
}
@inproceedings{taylor-ii-1991-gtes,
    title = "GTE{'}S TEXT INTERPRETATION AID (TIA): {MUC}-3 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Taylor II, Charles T.",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1008",
}
@inproceedings{dolan-etal-1991-hughes,
    title = "HUGHES TRAINABLE TEXT SKIMMER: {MUC}-3 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Dolan, Charles P.  and
      Goldman, Seth R.  and
      Cuda, Thomas V.  and
      Nakamura, Alan M.",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1009",
}
@inproceedings{dahlgren-etal-1991-itp,
    title = "ITP INTERPRETEXT SYSTEM: {MUC}-3 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Dahlgren, Kathleen  and
      Lord, Carol  and
      Wada, Hajime  and
      McDowell, Joyce  and
      Stabler, Jr., Edward P.",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1010",
}
@inproceedings{montgomery-etal-1991-language,
    title = "LANGUAGE SYSTEMS, INC.{MUC}-3 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Montgomery, Christine A.  and
      Stalls, Bonnie Glover  and
      Belvin, Robert S.  and
      Stumberger, Robert E.",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1011",
}
@inproceedings{de-hilster-meyers-1991-mcdonnell,
    title = "MCDONNELL DOUGLAS ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS COMPANY: {MUC}-3 Test Results and Analysis",
    author = "de Hilster, David  and
      Meyers, Amnon",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1012",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-etal-1991-new,
    title = "NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PROTEUS SYSTEM: {MUC}-3 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Sterling, John  and
      Macleod, Catherine",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1013",
}
@inproceedings{kariya-1991-prc,
    title = "PRC PAKTUS: {MUC}-3 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Kariya, Cheryl",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1014",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-1991-sri,
    title = "SRI INTERNATIONAL{'}S TACITUS SYSTEM: {MUC}-3 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1015",
}
@inproceedings{mayfield-addison-1991-synchronetics,
    title = "{SYNCHRONETICS}: {MUC}-3 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Mayfield, James  and
      Addison, Edwin",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1016",
}
@inproceedings{weir-etal-1991-unisys,
    title = "{UNISYS}:{MUC}-3 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Weir, Carl  and
      McEntire, Robin  and
      Silk, Barry  and
      Finin, Tim",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1017",
}
@inproceedings{lehnert-etal-1991-university,
    title = "UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS: {MUC}-3 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Lehnert, Wendy  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Fisher, David  and
      Riloff, Ellen  and
      Williams, Robert",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1018",
}
@inproceedings{deogun-raghavan-1991-unl,
    title = "UNL/USL: {MUC}-3 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS",
    author = "Deogun, Jitender S.  and
      Raghavan, Vijay V.",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1019",
}
@inproceedings{balcom-tong-1991-advanced-decision,
    title = "ADVANCED DECISION SYSTEMS: DESCRIPTION OF THE CODEX SYSTEM AS USED FOR {MUC}-3",
    author = "Balcom, Laura Blumer  and
      Tong, Richard M.",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1020",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-etal-1991-bbn-description,
    title = "{BBN}: Description of the {PLUM} System as Used for{MUC}-3",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph  and
      Ayuso, Damaris  and
      Boisen, Sean  and
      Ingria, Robert  and
      Palmucci, Jeff",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1021",
}
@inproceedings{krupka-etal-1991-ge-description,
    title = "{GE}: DESCRIPTION OF THE {NLT}OOLSET SYSTEM AS USED FOR {MUC}-3",
    author = "Krupka, George  and
      Jacobs, Paul  and
      Rau, Lisa  and
      Iwanska, Lucja",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1022",
}
@inproceedings{dietz-1991-gte,
    title = "{GTE}: DESCRIPTION OF THE TIA SYSTEM USED FOR {MUC}-3",
    author = "Dietz, Robert",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1023",
}
@inproceedings{dolan-etal-1991-hughes-trainable,
    title = "HUGHES TRAINABLE TEXT SKIMMER: DESCRIPTION OF THE TTS SYSTEM AS USED FOR {MUC}-3",
    author = "Dolan, Charles P.  and
      Goldman, Seth R.  and
      Cuda, Thomas V.  and
      Nakamura, Alan M.",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1024",
}
@inproceedings{dahlgren-etal-1991-itp-description,
    title = "{ITP}: DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERPRETEXT SYSTEMAS USED FOR {MUC}-3",
    author = "Dahlgren, Kathleen  and
      Lord, Carol  and
      Wada, Hajime  and
      McDowell, Joyce  and
      Edward P. Stabler, Jr.",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1025",
}
@inproceedings{montgomery-etal-1991-language-systems,
    title = "LANGUAGE SYSTEMS, INC.DESCRIPTION OF THE DBG SYSTEM AS USED FOR {MUC}-3",
    author = "Montgomery, Christine A.  and
      Stalls, Bonnie Glover  and
      Belvin, Robert S.  and
      Stumberger, Robert E.",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1026",
}
@inproceedings{de-hilster-meyers-1991-mcdonnell-douglas,
    title = "MCDONNELL DOUGLAS ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS COMPANY: Description of the INLET System Used for {MUC}-3",
    author = "de Hilster, David  and
      Meyers, Amnon",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1027",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-etal-1991-new-york,
    title = "NEW YORK UNIVERSITYDESCRIPTION OF THE PROTEUS SYSTEMAS USED FOR {MUC}-3",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Sterling, John  and
      Macleod, Catherine",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1028",
}
@inproceedings{loatman-1991-prc,
    title = "PRC Inc: DESCRIPTION OF THE PAKTUS SYSTEM USED FOR {MUC}-3",
    author = "Loatman, Bruce",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1029",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-1991-sri-international,
    title = "SRI INTERNATIONAL: DESCRIPTION OF THE TACITUS SYSTEM AS USED FOR {MUC}-3",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1030",
}
@inproceedings{mayfield-1991-synchronetics,
    title = "{S}YNCHRONETICS: DESCRIPTION OF THE {S}YNCHRONETICS SYSTEM USED FOR {MUC}-3",
    author = "Mayfield, James",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1031",
}
@inproceedings{weir-etal-1991-unisys-description,
    title = "{U}NISYS: DESCRIPTION OF THE {U}NISYS SYSTEM USED FOR {MUC}-3",
    author = "Weir, Carl  and
      Finin, Tim  and
      McEntire, Robin  and
      Silk, Barry",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1032",
}
@inproceedings{lehnert-etal-1991-university-massachusetts,
    title = "UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS: DESCRIPTION OF THE CIRCUS SYSTEM AS USED FOR {MUC}-3",
    author = "Lehnert, Wendy  and
      Cardie, Claire  and
      Fisher, David  and
      Riloff, Ellen  and
      Williams, Robert",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1033",
}
@inproceedings{deogun-raghavan-1991-description,
    title = "DESCRIPTION OF THE UNL/USL SYSTEM USEDFOR {MUC}-3",
    author = "Deogun, Jitender S.  and
      Raghavan, Vijay V.",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1034",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-1991-data,
    title = "Data Extraction as Text Categorization: An Experiment With the {MUC}-3 Corpus",
    author = "Lewis, David D.",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1035",
}
@inproceedings{iwanska-etal-1991-computational,
    title = "COMPUTATIONAL ASPECTS OF DISCOURSE INTHE CONTEXT OF {MUC}-3",
    author = "Iwanska, Lucja  and
      Appelt, Douglas  and
      Ayuso, Damaris  and
      Dahlgren, Kathy  and
      Stalls, Bonnie Glover  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      Krupka, George  and
      Montgomery, Christine  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1036",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1991-appendix,
    title = "APPENDIX A: EVALUATION TASK DESCRIPTION",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1037",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1991-appendix-b,
    title = "APPENDIX B: TEST PROCEDURES",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1038",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1991-appendix-c,
    title = "APPENDIX C: GUIDELINES FOR INTERACTIVE SCORING",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1039",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1991-appendix-sample,
    title = "APPENDIX D: SAMPLE TEXTS FROM TST1 TEST SET",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1040",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1991-appendix-e,
    title = "APPENDIX E: ANSWER KEY TEMPLATES FOR TST1 SAMPLE TEXTS",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1041",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1991-appendix-f,
    title = "APPENDIX F: FINAL TEST SCORE SUMMARIES",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1042",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1991-appendix-g,
    title = "APPENDIX G: SCATTER PLOTS OF FINAL TEST RESULTS",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1043",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1991-appendix-h,
    title = "APPENDIX H: TEXT AND ANSWER KEY TEMPLATES FOR TST1-MUC3-0099",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1044",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1991-author,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCE ({MUC}-3): Proceedings of a Conference Held in San Diego, California, May 21-23, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/M91-1045",
}
@proceedings{tinlap-1978-theoretical,
    title = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    author = "Waltz, David L.",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1000",
}
@inproceedings{gentner-1978-testing,
    title = "Testing The Psychological Reality of a Representational Model",
    author = "Gentner, Dedre",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1001",
}
@inproceedings{schank-1978-makes,
    title = "What Makes Something {``}Ad Hoc{''}",
    author = "Schank, Roger C.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1002",
}
@inproceedings{talmy-1978-relation,
    title = "The Relation of Grammar to Cognition{--}a Synopsis",
    author = "Talmy, Leonard",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1003",
}
@inproceedings{winograd-1978-primitives,
    title = "On primitives, prototypes, and other semantic anomalies",
    author = "Winograd, Terry",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1004",
}
@inproceedings{woods-1978-taxonomic,
    title = "Taxonomic Lattice Structures for Situation Recognition",
    author = "Woods, William A.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1005",
}
@inproceedings{webber-1978-description,
    title = "Description Formation and Discourse Model Synthesis",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie Lynn",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1006",
}
@inproceedings{anderson-1978-processing,
    title = "The Processing of Referring Expressions within a Semantic Network",
    author = "Anderson, John R.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1007",
}
@inproceedings{clark-marshall-1978-reference,
    title = "Reference Diaries",
    author = "Clark, Herbert H.  and
      Marshall, Catherine",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1008",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-1978-subsequent,
    title = "Subsequent Reference: Syntactic and Rhetorical Constraints",
    author = "McDonald, David D.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1009",
}
@inproceedings{ortony-1978-psycholinguistic,
    title = "Some Psycholinguistic Constraints on the Construction and Interpretation of Definite Descriptions",
    author = "Ortony, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1010",
}
@inproceedings{partee-1978-bound,
    title = "BOUND VARIABLES AND OTHER ANAPHORS",
    author = "Partee, Barbara H.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1011",
}
@inproceedings{sidner-1978-use,
    title = "The Use of Focus as a Tool for Disambiguation of Definite Noun Phrases",
    author = "Sidner, Candace L.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1012",
}
@inproceedings{grosz-1978-focusing,
    title = "FOCUSING IN DIALOG",
    author = "Grosz, Barbara J.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1013",
}
@inproceedings{grimes-1978-topic,
    title = "Topic Levels",
    author = "Grimes, Joseph E.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1014",
}
@inproceedings{morgan-1978-toward,
    title = "Toward a Rational Model of Discourse Comprehension",
    author = "Morgan, Jerry L.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1015",
}
@inproceedings{olson-1978-assent,
    title = "ASSENT AND COMPLIANCE IN CHILDREN{'}S LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION",
    author = "Olson, David R.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1016",
}
@inproceedings{perrault-allen-1978-speech,
    title = "Speech Acts as a Basis for Understanding Dialogue Coherence",
    author = "Perrault, C. Raymond  and
      Allen, James F.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1017",
}
@inproceedings{rubin-1978-framework,
    title = "A Framework for Comparing Language Experiences (with particular emphasis on: The Effect of Audience on Discourse Models)",
    author = "Rubin, Andee",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1018",
}
@inproceedings{carbonell-jr-1978-intentlonallty,
    title = "Intentlonallty and Human Conversations",
    author = "Carbonell Jr, Jaime G.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1019",
}
@inproceedings{waltz-1978-interdependence,
    title = "ON THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF LANGUAGE AND PERCEPTION",
    author = "Waltz, David L.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1020",
}
@inproceedings{bajcsy-joshi-1978-problem,
    title = "The Problem of Naming Shapes: Vision-Language Interface",
    author = "Bajcsy, R.  and
      Joshi, A. K.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1021",
}
@inproceedings{jackendoff-1978-argument,
    title = "An Argument about the Composition of Conceptual Structure",
    author = "Jackendoff, Ray",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1022",
}
@inproceedings{kosslyn-1978-ontological,
    title = "ON THE ONTOLOGICAL STATUS OF VISUAL MENTAL IMAGES",
    author = "Kosslyn, Stephen Michael",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1023",
}
@inproceedings{pylyshyn-1978-language,
    title = "What has language to do with perception? Some speculations on the \textit{Lingua Mentis}",
    author = "Pylyshyn, Zenon W.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1024",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-1978-semantic,
    title = "SEMANTIC PRIMITIVES IN LANGUAGE AND VISION",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1025",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-1978-note,
    title = "A NOTE ON PARTIAL MATCH OF DESCRIPTIONS. CAN ONE SIMULTANEOUSLY QUESTION (RETRIEVE) AND INFORM (UPDATE)?",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1026",
}
@inproceedings{charniak-1978-spoon,
    title = "WITH A SPOON IN HAND THIS MUST BE THE EATING FRAME",
    author = "Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1027",
}
@inproceedings{collins-1978-fragments,
    title = "Fragments of a Theory of Human Plausible Reasoning",
    author = "Collins, Allan",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1028",
}
@inproceedings{kaplan-1978-indirect,
    title = "INDIRECT RESPONSES TO LOADED QUESTIONS",
    author = "Kaplan, S. Jerrold",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1029",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-1978-reasoning,
    title = "ON REASONING BY DEFAULT",
    author = "Reiter, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1030",
}
@inproceedings{shapiro-1978-path,
    title = "PATH-BASED AND NODE-BASED INFERENCE IN SEMANTIC NETWORKS",
    author = "Shapiro, Stuart C.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1031",
}
@inproceedings{spiro-etal-1978-representation,
    title = "The Representation of Derivable Information in Memory: When What Might Have Been Left Unsaid Is Said",
    author = "Spiro, Rand J.  and
      Esposito, Joseph  and
      Vondruska, Richard J.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1032",
}
@inproceedings{grimes-1978-heuristic,
    title = "A Heuristic for Paradigms",
    author = "Grimes, Joseph E.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1033",
}
@inproceedings{marcus-1978-computational,
    title = "A Computational Account of Some Constraints on Language",
    author = "Marcus, Mitchell",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1034",
}
@inproceedings{wasow-1978-remarks,
    title = "REMARKS ON PROCESSING, CONSTRAINTS, AND THE LEXICON",
    author = "Wasow, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1035",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1978-list,
    title = "List of questions suggested for consideration in each session",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing-2",
    year = "1978",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T78-1036",
}
@proceedings{emnlp-2013-2013,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Yarowsky, David  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Livescu, Karen  and
      Bethard, Steven",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1000",
}
@inproceedings{ge-etal-2013-event,
    title = "Event-Based Time Label Propagation for Automatic Dating of News Articles",
    author = "Ge, Tao  and
      Chang, Baobao  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Sui, Zhifang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1001",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{ng-etal-2013-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Discourse Analysis for Article-Wide Temporal Classification",
    author = "Ng, Jun-Ping  and
      Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Lin, Ziheng  and
      Feng, Wei  and
      Chen, Bin  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Tan, Chew-Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1002",
    pages = "12--23",
}
@inproceedings{roth-klakow-2013-combining,
    title = "Combining Generative and Discriminative Model Scores for Distant Supervision",
    author = "Roth, Benjamin  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1003",
    pages = "24--29",
}
@inproceedings{frank-etal-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Utility of Joint Morphological and Syntactic Learning from Child-directed Speech",
    author = "Frank, Stella  and
      Keller, Frank  and
      Goldwater, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1004",
    pages = "30--41",
}
@inproceedings{elsner-etal-2013-joint,
    title = "A Joint Learning Model of Word Segmentation, Lexical Acquisition, and Phonetic Variability",
    author = "Elsner, Micha  and
      Goldwater, Sharon  and
      Feldman, Naomi  and
      Wood, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1005",
    pages = "42--54",
}
@inproceedings{moore-etal-2013-animacy,
    title = "{A}nimacy Detection with Voting Models",
    author = "Moore, Joshua  and
      Burges, Christopher J.C.  and
      Renshaw, Erin  and
      Yih, Wen-tau",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1006",
    pages = "55--60",
}
@inproceedings{yang-eisenstein-2013-log,
    title = "A Log-Linear Model for Unsupervised Text Normalization",
    author = "Yang, Yi  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1007",
    pages = "61--72",
}
@inproceedings{ling-etal-2013-paraphrasing,
    title = "Paraphrasing 4 Microblog Normalization",
    author = "Ling, Wang  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Black, Alan W  and
      Trancoso, Isabel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1008",
    pages = "73--84",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2013-question,
    title = "Question Difficulty Estimation in Community Question Answering Services",
    author = "Liu, Jing  and
      Wang, Quan  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Hon, Hsiao-Wuen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1009",
    pages = "85--90",
}
@inproceedings{sim-etal-2013-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Ideological Proportions in Political Speeches",
    author = "Sim, Yanchuan  and
      Acree, Brice D. L.  and
      Gross, Justin H.  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1010",
    pages = "91--101",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning to Freestyle: Hip Hop Challenge-Response Induction via Transduction Rule Segmentation",
    author = "Wu, Dekai  and
      Addanki, Karteek  and
      Saers, Markus  and
      Beloucif, Meriem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1011",
    pages = "102--112",
}
@inproceedings{foulds-smyth-2013-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Scientific Impact with Topical Influence Regression",
    author = "Foulds, James  and
      Smyth, Padhraic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1012",
    pages = "113--123",
}
@inproceedings{rasooli-tetreault-2013-joint,
    title = "Joint Parsing and Disfluency Detection in Linear Time",
    author = "Rasooli, Mohammad Sadegh  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1013",
    pages = "124--129",
}
@inproceedings{tsubaki-etal-2013-modeling,
    title = "Modeling and Learning Semantic Co-Compositionality through Prototype Projections and Neural Networks",
    author = "Tsubaki, Masashi  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Shimbo, Masashi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1014",
    pages = "130--140",
}
@inproceedings{vecchi-etal-2013-studying,
    title = "Studying the Recursive Behaviour of Adjectival Modification with Compositional Distributional Semantics",
    author = "Vecchi, Eva Maria  and
      Zamparelli, Roberto  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1015",
    pages = "141--151",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning Latent Word Representations for Domain Adaptation using Supervised Word Clustering",
    author = "Xiao, Min  and
      Zhao, Feipeng  and
      Guo, Yuhong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1016",
    pages = "152--162",
}
@inproceedings{damani-ghonge-2013-appropriately,
    title = "Appropriately Incorporating Statistical Significance in {PMI}",
    author = "Damani, Om P.  and
      Ghonge, Shweta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1017",
    pages = "163--169",
}
@inproceedings{faralli-navigli-2013-growing,
    title = "Growing Multi-Domain Glossaries from a Few Seeds using Probabilistic Topic Models",
    author = "Faralli, Stefano  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1018",
    pages = "170--181",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2013-joint,
    title = "Joint Learning of Phonetic Units and Word Pronunciations for {ASR}",
    author = "Lee, Chia-ying  and
      Zhang, Yu  and
      Glass, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1019",
    pages = "182--192",
}
@inproceedings{richardson-etal-2013-mctest,
    title = "{MCT}est: A Challenge Dataset for the Open-Domain Machine Comprehension of Text",
    author = "Richardson, Matthew  and
      Burges, Christopher J.C.  and
      Renshaw, Erin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1020",
    pages = "193--203",
}
@inproceedings{sudoh-etal-2013-noise,
    title = "Noise-Aware Character Alignment for Bootstrapping Statistical Machine Transliteration from Bilingual Corpora",
    author = "Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1021",
    pages = "204--209",
}
@inproceedings{rush-etal-2013-optimal,
    title = "Optimal Beam Search for Machine Translation",
    author = "Rush, Alexander  and
      Chang, Yin-Wen  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1022",
    pages = "210--221",
}
@inproceedings{yasuhara-etal-2013-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Language Model Using Double-Array Structures",
    author = "Yasuhara, Makoto  and
      Tanaka, Toru  and
      Norimatsu, Jun-ya  and
      Yamamoto, Mikio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1023",
    pages = "222--232",
}
@inproceedings{nelakanti-etal-2013-structured,
    title = "Structured Penalties for Log-Linear Language Models",
    author = "Nelakanti, Anil Kumar  and
      Archambeau, C{\'e}dric  and
      Mairal, Julien  and
      Bach, Francis  and
      Bouchard, Guillaume",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1024",
    pages = "233--243",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-rubio-etal-2013-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Machine Translation using Hierarchical Translation Models",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez-Rubio, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Ortiz-Mart{\'\i}nez, Daniel  and
      Bened{\'\i}, Jos{\'e}-Miguel  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1025",
    pages = "244--254",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-xiong-2013-max,
    title = "Max-Margin Synchronous Grammar Induction for Machine Translation",
    author = "Xiao, Xinyan  and
      Xiong, Deyi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1026",
    pages = "255--264",
}
@inproceedings{kummerfeld-klein-2013-error,
    title = "Error-Driven Analysis of Challenges in Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Kummerfeld, Jonathan K.  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1027",
    pages = "265--277",
}
@inproceedings{kong-ng-2013-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Zero Pronouns to Improve {C}hinese Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Kong, Fang  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1028",
    pages = "278--288",
}
@inproceedings{hajishirzi-etal-2013-joint,
    title = "Joint Coreference Resolution and Named-Entity Linking with Multi-Pass Sieves",
    author = "Hajishirzi, Hannaneh  and
      Zilles, Leila  and
      Weld, Daniel S.  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1029",
    pages = "289--299",
}
@inproceedings{kolhatkar-etal-2013-interpreting,
    title = "Interpreting Anaphoric Shell Nouns using Antecedents of Cataphoric Shell Nouns as Training Data",
    author = "Kolhatkar, Varada  and
      Zinsmeister, Heike  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1030",
    pages = "300--310",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2013-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Representations from Unlabeled Data with Co-training for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Zhang, Longkai  and
      Wang, Houfeng  and
      Sun, Xu  and
      Mansur, Mairgup",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1031",
    pages = "311--321",
}
@inproceedings{mueller-etal-2013-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Higher-Order {CRF}s for Morphological Tagging",
    author = {Mueller, Thomas  and
      Schmid, Helmut  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1032",
    pages = "322--332",
}
@inproceedings{seeker-kuhn-2013-effects,
    title = "The Effects of Syntactic Features in Automatic Prediction of Morphology",
    author = "Seeker, Wolfgang  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1033",
    pages = "333--344",
}
@inproceedings{botha-blunsom-2013-adaptor,
    title = "Adaptor Grammars for Learning Non-Concatenative Morphology",
    author = "Botha, Jan A.  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1034",
    pages = "345--356",
}
@inproceedings{cadilhac-etal-2013-grounding,
    title = "Grounding Strategic Conversation: Using Negotiation Dialogues to Predict Trades in a Win-Lose Game",
    author = {Cadilhac, Ana{\"\i}s  and
      Asher, Nicholas  and
      Benamara, Farah  and
      Lascarides, Alex},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1035",
    pages = "357--368",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Induction of Contingent Event Pairs from Film Scenes",
    author = "Hu, Zhichao  and
      Rahimtoroghi, Elahe  and
      Munishkina, Larissa  and
      Swanson, Reid  and
      Walker, Marilyn A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1036",
    pages = "369--379",
}
@inproceedings{hardmeier-etal-2013-latent,
    title = "Latent Anaphora Resolution for Cross-Lingual Pronoun Prediction",
    author = {Hardmeier, Christian  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Nivre, Joakim},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1037",
    pages = "380--391",
}
@inproceedings{fang-etal-2013-towards,
    title = "Towards Situated Dialogue: Revisiting Referring Expression Generation",
    author = "Fang, Rui  and
      Liu, Changsong  and
      She, Lanbo  and
      Chai, Joyce Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1038",
    pages = "392--402",
}
@inproceedings{pasca-2013-open,
    title = "Open-Domain Fine-Grained Class Extraction from Web Search Queries",
    author = "Pa{\c{s}}ca, Marius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1039",
    pages = "403--414",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-de-lacalle-lapata-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Relation Extraction with General Domain Knowledge",
    author = "Lopez de Lacalle, Oier  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1040",
    pages = "415--425",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2013-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Collective Entity Linking with Stacking",
    author = "He, Zhengyan  and
      Liu, Shujie  and
      Song, Yang  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1041",
    pages = "426--435",
}
@inproceedings{mohapatra-etal-2013-joint,
    title = "Joint Bootstrapping of Corpus Annotations and Entity Types",
    author = "Mohapatra, Hrushikesh  and
      Jain, Siddhanth  and
      Chakrabarti, Soumen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1042",
    pages = "436--446",
}
@inproceedings{mesquita-etal-2013-effectiveness,
    title = "Effectiveness and Efficiency of Open Relation Extraction",
    author = "Mesquita, Filipe  and
      Schmidek, Jordan  and
      Barbosa, Denilson",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1043",
    pages = "447--457",
}
@inproceedings{severyn-moschitti-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Feature Engineering for Answer Selection and Extraction",
    author = "Severyn, Aliaksei  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1044",
    pages = "458--467",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Web Search Ranking by Incorporating Structured Annotation of Queries",
    author = "Ding, Xiao  and
      Dou, Zhicheng  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Wen, Ji-Rong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1045",
    pages = "468--478",
}
@inproceedings{bouamor-etal-2013-building-specialized,
    title = "Building Specialized Bilingual Lexicons Using Large Scale Background Knowledge",
    author = "Bouamor, Dhouha  and
      Popescu, Adrian  and
      Semmar, Nasredine  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1046",
    pages = "479--489",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-document,
    title = "Document Summarization via Guided Sentence Compression",
    author = "Li, Chen  and
      Liu, Fei  and
      Weng, Fuliang  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1047",
    pages = "490--500",
}
@inproceedings{setiawan-etal-2013-anchor,
    title = "{A}nchor {G}raph: Global Reordering Contexts for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Setiawan, Hendra  and
      Zhou, Bowen  and
      Xiang, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1048",
    pages = "501--512",
}
@inproceedings{lerner-petrov-2013-source,
    title = "Source-Side Classifier Preordering for Machine Translation",
    author = "Lerner, Uri  and
      Petrov, Slav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1049",
    pages = "513--523",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Pivot-Based Statistical Machine Translation Using Random Walk",
    author = "Zhu, Xiaoning  and
      He, Zhongjun  and
      Wu, Hua  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Zhu, Conghui  and
      Zhao, Tiejun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1050",
    pages = "524--534",
}
@inproceedings{xia-etal-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Alignment of System Combination by Using Multi-objective Optimization",
    author = "Xia, Tian  and
      Ji, Zongcheng  and
      Zhai, Shaodan  and
      Chen, Yidong  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Wang, Shaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1051",
    pages = "535--544",
}
@inproceedings{cmejrek-etal-2013-flexible,
    title = "Flexible and Efficient Hypergraph Interactions for Joint Hierarchical and Forest-to-String Decoding",
    author = "{\v{C}}mejrek, Martin  and
      Mi, Haitao  and
      Zhou, Bowen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1052",
    pages = "545--555",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2013-factored,
    title = "Factored Soft Source Syntactic Constraints for Hierarchical Machine Translation",
    author = "Huang, Zhongqiang  and
      Devlin, Jacob  and
      Zbib, Rabih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1053",
    pages = "556--566",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-recursive,
    title = "Recursive Autoencoders for {ITG}-Based Translation",
    author = "Li, Peng  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1054",
    pages = "567--577",
}
@inproceedings{daxenberger-gurevych-2013-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Classifying Edit Categories in {W}ikipedia Revisions",
    author = "Daxenberger, Johannes  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1055",
    pages = "578--589",
}
@inproceedings{yao-etal-2013-semi,
    title = "Semi-{M}arkov Phrase-Based Monolingual Alignment",
    author = "Yao, Xuchen  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Clark, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1056",
    pages = "590--600",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2013-constrained,
    title = "A Constrained Latent Variable Model for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Chang, Kai-Wei  and
      Samdani, Rajhans  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1057",
    pages = "601--612",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2013-centering,
    title = "Centering Similarity Measures to Reduce Hubs",
    author = "Suzuki, Ikumi  and
      Hara, Kazuo  and
      Shimbo, Masashi  and
      Saerens, Marco  and
      Fukumizu, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1058",
    pages = "613--623",
}
@inproceedings{bailly-etal-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Spectral Learning of {WCFG} as Low-rank Matrix Completion",
    author = {Bailly, Rapha{\"e}l  and
      Carreras, Xavier  and
      Luque, Franco M.  and
      Quattoni, Ariadna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1059",
    pages = "624--635",
}
@inproceedings{pichotta-denero-2013-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Phrasal Verbs Using Many Bilingual Corpora",
    author = "Pichotta, Karl  and
      DeNero, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1060",
    pages = "636--646",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-etal-2013-deep,
    title = "Deep Learning for {C}hinese Word Segmentation and {POS} Tagging",
    author = "Zheng, Xiaoqing  and
      Chen, Hanyang  and
      Xu, Tianyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1061",
    pages = "647--657",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-etal-2013-joint,
    title = "Joint {C}hinese Word Segmentation and {POS} Tagging on Heterogeneous Annotated Corpora with Multiple Task Learning",
    author = "Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Zhao, Jiayi  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1062",
    pages = "658--668",
}
@inproceedings{dubuisson-etal-2013-topology,
    title = "The Topology of Semantic Knowledge",
    author = {Dubuisson, Jimmy  and
      Eckmann, Jean-Pierre  and
      Scheible, Christian  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1063",
    pages = "669--680",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-steedman-2013-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Induction of Cross-Lingual Semantic Relations",
    author = "Lewis, Mike  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1064",
    pages = "681--692",
}
@inproceedings{kloetzer-etal-2013-two,
    title = "Two-Stage Method for Large-Scale Acquisition of Contradiction Pattern Pairs using Entailment",
    author = "Kloetzer, Julien  and
      De Saeger, Stijn  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro  and
      Hashimoto, Chikara  and
      Oh, Jong-Hoon  and
      Sano, Motoki  and
      Ohtake, Kiyonori",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1065",
    pages = "693--703",
}
@inproceedings{riloff-etal-2013-sarcasm,
    title = "Sarcasm as Contrast between a Positive Sentiment and Negative Situation",
    author = "Riloff, Ellen  and
      Qadir, Ashequl  and
      Surve, Prafulla  and
      De Silva, Lalindra  and
      Gilbert, Nathan  and
      Huang, Ruihong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1066",
    pages = "704--714",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-collective,
    title = "Collective Personal Profile Summarization with Social Networks",
    author = "Wang, Zhongqing  and
      Li, Shoushan  and
      Kong, Fang  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1067",
    pages = "715--725",
}
@inproceedings{huang-huang-2013-optimized,
    title = "Optimized Event Storyline Generation based on Mixture-Event-Aspect Model",
    author = "Huang, Lifu  and
      Huang, Lian{'}en",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1068",
    pages = "726--735",
}
@inproceedings{ma-nakagawa-2013-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Determining a Proper Length for Multi-Document Summarization: A {B}ayesian Nonparametric Approach",
    author = "Ma, Tengfei  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1069",
    pages = "736--746",
}
@inproceedings{liakata-etal-2013-discourse,
    title = "A Discourse-Driven Content Model for Summarising Scientific Articles Evaluated in a Complex Question Answering Task",
    author = "Liakata, Maria  and
      Dobnik, Simon  and
      Saha, Shyamasree  and
      Batchelor, Colin  and
      Rebholz-Schuhmann, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1070",
    pages = "747--757",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2013-optimal,
    title = "Optimal Incremental Parsing via Best-First Dynamic Programming",
    author = "Zhao, Kai  and
      Cross, James  and
      Huang, Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1071",
    pages = "758--768",
}
@inproceedings{le-etal-2013-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Language Models for Visual Recognition",
    author = "Le, Dieu-Thu  and
      Uijlings, Jasper  and
      Bernardi, Raffaella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1072",
    pages = "769--779",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2013-mining,
    title = "Mining Scientific Terms and their Definitions: A Study of the {ACL} Anthology",
    author = "Jin, Yiping  and
      Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Ng, Jun-Ping  and
      He, Xiangnan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1073",
    pages = "780--790",
}
@inproceedings{rozovskaya-roth-2013-joint,
    title = "Joint Learning and Inference for Grammatical Error Correction",
    author = "Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1074",
    pages = "791--802",
}
@inproceedings{matthies-sogaard-2013-blinkers,
    title = "With Blinkers on: Robust Prediction of Eye Movements across Readers",
    author = "Matthies, Franz  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1075",
    pages = "803--807",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-rojas-barahona-2013-using,
    title = "Using Paraphrases and Lexical Semantics to Improve the Accuracy and the Robustness of Supervised Models in Situated Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Rojas Barahona, Lina M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1076",
    pages = "808--813",
}
@inproceedings{hou-etal-2013-cascading,
    title = "Cascading Collective Classification for Bridging Anaphora Recognition using a Rich Linguistic Feature Set",
    author = "Hou, Yufang  and
      Markert, Katja  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1077",
    pages = "814--820",
}
@inproceedings{bethard-2013-synchronous,
    title = "A Synchronous Context Free Grammar for Time Normalization",
    author = "Bethard, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1078",
    pages = "821--826",
}
@inproceedings{chiticariu-etal-2013-rule,
    title = "Rule-Based Information Extraction is Dead! Long Live Rule-Based Information Extraction Systems!",
    author = "Chiticariu, Laura  and
      Li, Yunyao  and
      Reiss, Frederick R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1079",
    pages = "827--832",
}
@inproceedings{gardner-etal-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Learning and Inference in a Large Knowledge-Base using Latent Syntactic Cues",
    author = "Gardner, Matt  and
      Talukdar, Partha Pratim  and
      Kisiel, Bryan  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1080",
    pages = "833--838",
}
@inproceedings{shen-zhou-2013-hidden,
    title = "What is Hidden among Translation Rules",
    author = "Shen, Libin  and
      Zhou, Bowen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1081",
    pages = "839--844",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-converting,
    title = "Converting Continuous-Space Language Models into N-Gram Language Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Goto, Isao  and
      Sumita, Eiichro  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Lu, Bao-Liang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1082",
    pages = "845--850",
}
@inproceedings{tan-etal-2013-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus Level {MIRA} Tuning Strategy for Machine Translation",
    author = "Tan, Ming  and
      Xia, Tian  and
      Wang, Shaojun  and
      Zhou, Bowen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1083",
    pages = "851--856",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-dogruoz-2013-word,
    title = "Word Level Language Identification in Online Multilingual Communication",
    author = {Nguyen, Dong  and
      Do{\u{g}}ru{\"o}z, A. Seza},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1084",
    pages = "857--862",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2013-microblog,
    title = "Microblog Entity Linking by Leveraging Extra Posts",
    author = "Guo, Yuhang  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Li, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1085",
    pages = "863--868",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-automatic-domain,
    title = "Automatic Domain Partitioning for Multi-Domain Learning",
    author = "Wang, Di  and
      Xiong, Chenyan  and
      Wang, William Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1086",
    pages = "869--873",
}
@inproceedings{berg-kirkpatrick-klein-2013-decipherment,
    title = "Decipherment with a Million Random Restarts",
    author = "Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1087",
    pages = "874--878",
}
@inproceedings{hall-sproat-2013-russian,
    title = "{R}ussian Stress Prediction using Maximum Entropy Ranking",
    author = "Hall, Keith  and
      Sproat, Richard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1088",
    pages = "879--883",
}
@inproceedings{riedl-biemann-2013-scaling,
    title = "Scaling to Large{\mbox{$^3$}} Data: An Efficient and Effective Method to Compute Distributional Thesauri",
    author = "Riedl, Martin  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1089",
    pages = "884--890",
}
@inproceedings{ji-eisenstein-2013-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Improvements to Distributional Sentence Similarity",
    author = "Ji, Yangfeng  and
      Eisenstein, Jacob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1090",
    pages = "891--896",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2013-twitter,
    title = "Is {T}witter A Better Corpus for Measuring Sentiment Similarity?",
    author = "Feng, Shi  and
      Zhang, Le  and
      Li, Binyang  and
      Wang, Daling  and
      Yu, Ge  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1091",
    pages = "897--902",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-implicit,
    title = "Implicit Feature Detection via a Constrained Topic Model and {SVM}",
    author = "Wang, Wei  and
      Xu, Hua  and
      Huang, Xiaoqiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1092",
    pages = "903--907",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2013-online,
    title = "Online Learning for Inexact Hypergraph Search",
    author = "Zhang, Hao  and
      Huang, Liang  and
      Zhao, Kai  and
      McDonald, Ryan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1093",
    pages = "908--913",
}
@inproceedings{patterson-kehler-2013-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Presence of Discourse Connectives",
    author = "Patterson, Gary  and
      Kehler, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1094",
    pages = "914--923",
}
@inproceedings{hangyo-etal-2013-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Zero Reference Resolution Considering Exophora and Author/Reader Mentions",
    author = "Hangyo, Masatsugu  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1095",
    pages = "924--934",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-dataset,
    title = "A Dataset for Research on Short-Text Conversations",
    author = "Wang, Hao  and
      Lu, Zhengdong  and
      Li, Hang  and
      Chen, Enhong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1096",
    pages = "935--945",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2013-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Level Explanatory Relation Extraction from Product Reviews Using First-Order Logic",
    author = "Zhang, Qi  and
      Qian, Jin  and
      Chen, Huan  and
      Kang, Jihua  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1097",
    pages = "946--957",
}
@inproceedings{tannier-moriceau-2013-building,
    title = "Building Event Threads out of Multiple News Articles",
    author = "Tannier, Xavier  and
      Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1098",
    pages = "958--967",
}
@inproceedings{zou-etal-2013-tree,
    title = "Tree Kernel-based Negation and Speculation Scope Detection with Structured Syntactic Parse Features",
    author = "Zou, Bowei  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1099",
    pages = "968--976",
}
@inproceedings{preotiuc-pietro-cohn-2013-temporal,
    title = "A temporal model of text periodicities using {G}aussian Processes",
    author = "Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1100",
    pages = "977--988",
}
@inproceedings{pareti-etal-2013-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Detecting and Attributing Indirect Quotations",
    author = "Pareti, Silvia  and
      O{'}Keefe, Tim  and
      Konstas, Ioannis  and
      Curran, James R.  and
      Koprinska, Irena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1101",
    pages = "989--999",
}
@inproceedings{hassan-2013-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Web Search Query Reformulation using Concept based Matching",
    author = "Hassan, Ahmed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1102",
    pages = "1000--1010",
}
@inproceedings{ageev-etal-2013-answer,
    title = "The Answer is at your Fingertips: Improving Passage Retrieval for Web Question Answering with Search Behavior Data",
    author = "Ageev, Mikhail  and
      Lagun, Dmitry  and
      Agichtein, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1103",
    pages = "1011--1021",
}
@inproceedings{makhambetov-etal-2013-assembling,
    title = "Assembling the {K}azakh Language Corpus",
    author = "Makhambetov, Olzhas  and
      Makazhanov, Aibek  and
      Yessenbayev, Zhandos  and
      Matkarimov, Bakhyt  and
      Sabyrgaliyev, Islam  and
      Sharafudinov, Anuar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1104",
    pages = "1022--1031",
}
@inproceedings{eskander-etal-2013-automatic-extraction,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Morphological Lexicons from Morphologically Annotated Corpora",
    author = "Eskander, Ramy  and
      Habash, Nizar  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1105",
    pages = "1032--1043",
}
@inproceedings{auli-etal-2013-joint,
    title = "Joint Language and Translation Modeling with Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Auli, Michael  and
      Galley, Michel  and
      Quirk, Chris  and
      Zweig, Geoffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1106",
    pages = "1044--1054",
}
@inproceedings{cui-etal-2013-multi,
    title = "Multi-Domain Adaptation for {SMT} Using Multi-Task Learning",
    author = "Cui, Lei  and
      Chen, Xilun  and
      Zhang, Dongdong  and
      Liu, Shujie  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1107",
    pages = "1055--1065",
}
@inproceedings{meng-etal-2013-translation,
    title = "Translation with Source Constituency and Dependency Trees",
    author = {Meng, Fandong  and
      Xie, Jun  and
      Song, Linfeng  and
      L{\"u}, Yajuan  and
      Liu, Qun},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1108",
    pages = "1066--1076",
}
@inproceedings{irvine-etal-2013-monolingual,
    title = "Monolingual Marginal Matching for Translation Model Adaptation",
    author = "Irvine, Ann  and
      Quirk, Chris  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1109",
    pages = "1077--1088",
}
@inproceedings{siahbani-etal-2013-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Left-to-Right Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation with Improved Reordering",
    author = "Siahbani, Maryam  and
      Sankaran, Baskaran  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1110",
    pages = "1089--1099",
}
@inproceedings{gimpel-etal-2013-systematic,
    title = "A Systematic Exploration of Diversity in Machine Translation",
    author = "Gimpel, Kevin  and
      Batra, Dhruv  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Shakhnarovich, Gregory",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1111",
    pages = "1100--1111",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2013-max,
    title = "Max-Violation Perceptron and Forced Decoding for Scalable {MT} Training",
    author = "Yu, Heng  and
      Huang, Liang  and
      Mi, Haitao  and
      Zhao, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1112",
    pages = "1112--1123",
}
@inproceedings{qian-liu-2013-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Multiple Userids of the Same Author",
    author = "Qian, Tieyun  and
      Liu, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1113",
    pages = "1124--1135",
}
@inproceedings{ciot-etal-2013-gender,
    title = "Gender Inference of {T}witter Users in Non-{E}nglish Contexts",
    author = "Ciot, Morgane  and
      Sonderegger, Morgan  and
      Ruths, Derek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1114",
    pages = "1136--1145",
}
@inproceedings{roller-schulte-im-walde-2013-multimodal,
    title = "A Multimodal {LDA} Model integrating Textual, Cognitive and Visual Modalities",
    author = "Roller, Stephen  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1115",
    pages = "1146--1157",
}
@inproceedings{le-roux-etal-2013-combining,
    title = "Combining {PCFG}-{LA} Models with Dual Decomposition: A Case Study with Function Labels and Binarization",
    author = "Le Roux, Joseph  and
      Rozenknop, Antoine  and
      Foster, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1116",
    pages = "1158--1169",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-feature,
    title = "Feature Noising for Log-Linear Structured Prediction",
    author = "Wang, Sida  and
      Wang, Mengqiu  and
      Wager, Stefan  and
      Liang, Percy  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1117",
    pages = "1170--1179",
}
@inproceedings{noji-etal-2013-improvements,
    title = "Improvements to the {B}ayesian Topic N-Gram Models",
    author = "Noji, Hiroshi  and
      Mochihashi, Daichi  and
      Miyao, Yusuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1118",
    pages = "1180--1190",
}
@inproceedings{yang-vozila-2013-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study Of Semi-Supervised {C}hinese Word Segmentation Using Co-Training",
    author = "Yang, Fan  and
      Vozila, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1119",
    pages = "1191--1200",
}
@inproceedings{dridan-2013-ubertagging,
    title = "{U}bertagging: Joint Segmentation and Supertagging for {E}nglish",
    author = "Dridan, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1120",
    pages = "1201--1212",
}
@inproceedings{sasano-etal-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Knowledge Acquisition for Case Alternation between the Passive and Active Voices in {J}apanese",
    author = "Sasano, Ryohei  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1121",
    pages = "1213--1223",
}
@inproceedings{fu-etal-2013-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Multiple Sources for Open-Domain Hypernym Discovery",
    author = "Fu, Ruiji  and
      Qin, Bing  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1122",
    pages = "1224--1234",
}
@inproceedings{blanco-moldovan-2013-semantically,
    title = "A Semantically Enhanced Approach to Determine Textual Similarity",
    author = "Blanco, Eduardo  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1123",
    pages = "1235--1245",
}
@inproceedings{kuznetsova-etal-2013-understanding,
    title = "Understanding and Quantifying Creativity in Lexical Composition",
    author = "Kuznetsova, Polina  and
      Chen, Jianfu  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1124",
    pages = "1246--1258",
}
@inproceedings{guerini-etal-2013-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis: How to Derive Prior Polarities from {S}enti{W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Guerini, Marco  and
      Gatti, Lorenzo  and
      Turchi, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1125",
    pages = "1259--1269",
}
@inproceedings{white-etal-2013-simulating,
    title = "Simulating Early-Termination Search for Verbose Spoken Queries",
    author = "White, Jerome  and
      Oard, Douglas W.  and
      Rajput, Nitendra  and
      Zalk, Marion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1126",
    pages = "1270--1280",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2013-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Complex Events: a Cross-Modal Solution of Storylines Extraction and Reconstruction",
    author = "Xu, Shize  and
      Wang, Shanshan  and
      Zhang, Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1127",
    pages = "1281--1291",
}
@inproceedings{elliott-keller-2013-image,
    title = "Image Description using Visual Dependency Representations",
    author = "Elliott, Desmond  and
      Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1128",
    pages = "1292--1302",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2013-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Feature Transformation for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Chen, Wenliang  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1129",
    pages = "1303--1313",
}
@inproceedings{simon-etal-2013-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Lexical Cohesion and Disruption for Topic Segmentation",
    author = "{\c{S}}imon, Anca-Roxana  and
      Gravier, Guillaume  and
      S{\'e}billot, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1130",
    pages = "1314--1324",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-text,
    title = "This Text Has the Scent of {S}tarbucks: A Laplacian Structured Sparsity Model for Computational Branding Analytics",
    author = "Wang, William Yang  and
      Lin, Edward  and
      Kominek, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1131",
    pages = "1325--1336",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2013-mining,
    title = "Mining New Business Opportunities: Identifying Trend related Products by Leveraging Commercial Intents from Microblogs",
    author = "Wang, Jinpeng  and
      Zhao, Wayne Xin  and
      Wei, Haitian  and
      Yan, Hongfei  and
      Li, Xiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1132",
    pages = "1337--1347",
}
@inproceedings{resnik-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using Topic Modeling to Improve Prediction of Neuroticism and Depression in College Students",
    author = "Resnik, Philip  and
      Garron, Anderson  and
      Resnik, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1133",
    pages = "1348--1353",
}
@inproceedings{engonopoulos-etal-2013-predicting,
    title = "Predicting the Resolution of Referring Expressions from User Behavior",
    author = "Engonopoulos, Nikos  and
      Villalba, Mart{\'\i}n  and
      Titov, Ivan  and
      Koller, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1134",
    pages = "1354--1359",
}
@inproceedings{chen-ng-2013-chinese-zero,
    title = "{C}hinese Zero Pronoun Resolution: Some Recent Advances",
    author = "Chen, Chen  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1135",
    pages = "1360--1365",
}
@inproceedings{weston-etal-2013-connecting,
    title = "Connecting Language and Knowledge Bases with Embedding Models for Relation Extraction",
    author = "Weston, Jason  and
      Bordes, Antoine  and
      Yakhnenko, Oksana  and
      Usunier, Nicolas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1136",
    pages = "1366--1371",
}
@inproceedings{hashimoto-etal-2013-simple,
    title = "Simple Customization of Recursive Neural Networks for Semantic Relation Classification",
    author = "Hashimoto, Kazuma  and
      Miwa, Makoto  and
      Tsuruoka, Yoshimasa  and
      Chikayama, Takashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1137",
    pages = "1372--1376",
}
@inproceedings{wuebker-etal-2013-improving,
    title = "Improving Statistical Machine Translation with Word Class Models",
    author = "Wuebker, Joern  and
      Peitz, Stephan  and
      Rietig, Felix  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1138",
    pages = "1377--1381",
}
@inproceedings{hayashi-etal-2013-shift,
    title = "Shift-Reduce Word Reordering for Machine Translation",
    author = "Hayashi, Katsuhiko  and
      Sudoh, Katsuhito  and
      Tsukada, Hajime  and
      Suzuki, Jun  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1139",
    pages = "1382--1386",
}
@inproceedings{vaswani-etal-2013-decoding,
    title = "Decoding with Large-Scale Neural Language Models Improves Translation",
    author = "Vaswani, Ashish  and
      Zhao, Yinggong  and
      Fossum, Victoria  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1140",
    pages = "1387--1392",
}
@inproceedings{zou-etal-2013-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Word Embeddings for Phrase-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Zou, Will Y.  and
      Socher, Richard  and
      Cer, Daniel  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1141",
    pages = "1393--1398",
}
@inproceedings{rebersek-verlic-2013-application,
    title = "Application of Localized Similarity for Web Documents",
    author = "Reber{\v{s}}ek, Peter  and
      Verli{\v{c}}, Mateja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1142",
    pages = "1399--1404",
}
@inproceedings{gubbins-vlachos-2013-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Language Models for Sentence Completion",
    author = "Gubbins, Joseph  and
      Vlachos, Andreas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1143",
    pages = "1405--1410",
}
@inproceedings{srivastava-etal-2013-walk,
    title = "A Walk-Based Semantically Enriched Tree Kernel Over Distributed Word Representations",
    author = "Srivastava, Shashank  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1144",
    pages = "1411--1416",
}
@inproceedings{muzny-zettlemoyer-2013-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Idiom Identification in {W}iktionary",
    author = "Muzny, Grace  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1145",
    pages = "1417--1421",
}
@inproceedings{evang-etal-2013-elephant,
    title = "{E}lephant: Sequence Labeling for Word and Sentence Segmentation",
    author = "Evang, Kilian  and
      Basile, Valerio  and
      Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz  and
      Bos, Johan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1146",
    pages = "1422--1426",
}
@inproceedings{kiela-clark-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Compositionality of Multi-Word Expressions using Nearest Neighbours in Vector Space Models",
    author = "Kiela, Douwe  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1147",
    pages = "1427--1432",
}
@inproceedings{choe-charniak-2013-naive,
    title = "Naive {B}ayes Word Sense Induction",
    author = "Choe, Do Kook  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1148",
    pages = "1433--1437",
}
@inproceedings{hartshorne-etal-2013-verbcorner,
    title = "The {V}erb{C}orner Project: Toward an Empirically-Based Semantic Decomposition of Verbs",
    author = "Hartshorne, Joshua K.  and
      Bonial, Claire  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1149",
    pages = "1438--1442",
}
@inproceedings{kang-etal-2013-eat,
    title = "Where Not to Eat? Improving Public Policy by Predicting Hygiene Inspections Using Online Reviews",
    author = "Kang, Jun Seok  and
      Kuznetsova, Polina  and
      Luca, Michael  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1150",
    pages = "1443--1448",
}
@inproceedings{koppel-seidman-2013-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Identifying Pseudepigraphic Texts",
    author = "Koppel, Moshe  and
      Seidman, Shachar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1151",
    pages = "1449--1454",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2013-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Feature Selection for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "He, He  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1152",
    pages = "1455--1464",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-guo-2013-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Representation Learning for Cross-Lingual Text Classification",
    author = "Xiao, Min  and
      Guo, Yuhong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1153",
    pages = "1465--1475",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-etal-2013-using,
    title = "Using Crowdsourcing to get Representations based on Regular Expressions",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      Martinez, Hector  and
      Elming, Jakob  and
      Johannsen, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1154",
    pages = "1476--1480",
}
@inproceedings{filippova-altun-2013-overcoming,
    title = "Overcoming the Lack of Parallel Data in Sentence Compression",
    author = "Filippova, Katja  and
      Altun, Yasemin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1155",
    pages = "1481--1491",
}
@inproceedings{qian-liu-2013-fast,
    title = "Fast Joint Compression and Summarization via Graph Cuts",
    author = "Qian, Xian  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1156",
    pages = "1492--1502",
}
@inproceedings{konstas-lapata-2013-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Document Plans for Concept-to-Text Generation",
    author = "Konstas, Ioannis  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1157",
    pages = "1503--1514",
}
@inproceedings{hirao-etal-2013-single,
    title = "Single-Document Summarization as a Tree Knapsack Problem",
    author = "Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Yoshida, Yasuhisa  and
      Nishino, Masaaki  and
      Yasuda, Norihito  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1158",
    pages = "1515--1520",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-hierarchical,
    title = "A Hierarchical Entity-Based Approach to Structuralize User Generated Content in Social Media: A Case of {Y}ahoo! Answers",
    author = "Li, Baichuan  and
      Liu, Jing  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      King, Irwin  and
      Lyu, Michael R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1159",
    pages = "1521--1532",
}
@inproceedings{berant-etal-2013-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Parsing on {F}reebase from Question-Answer Pairs",
    author = "Berant, Jonathan  and
      Chou, Andrew  and
      Frostig, Roy  and
      Liang, Percy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1160",
    pages = "1533--1544",
}
@inproceedings{kwiatkowski-etal-2013-scaling,
    title = "Scaling Semantic Parsers with On-the-Fly Ontology Matching",
    author = "Kwiatkowski, Tom  and
      Choi, Eunsol  and
      Artzi, Yoav  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1161",
    pages = "1545--1556",
}
@inproceedings{huang-riloff-2013-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Message Board Posts with an Extracted Lexicon of Patient Attributes",
    author = "Huang, Ruihong  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1162",
    pages = "1557--1562",
}
@inproceedings{xiong-etal-2013-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Chain Based Cohesion Models for Document-Level Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Xiong, Deyi  and
      Ding, Yang  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1163",
    pages = "1563--1573",
}
@inproceedings{simion-etal-2013-convex,
    title = "A Convex Alternative to {IBM} Model 2",
    author = "Simion, Andrei  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Stein, Cliff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1164",
    pages = "1574--1583",
}
@inproceedings{beckley-roark-2013-pair,
    title = "Pair Language Models for Deriving Alternative Pronunciations and Spellings from Pronunciation Dictionaries",
    author = "Beckley, Russell  and
      Roark, Brian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1165",
    pages = "1584--1589",
}
@inproceedings{kartsaklis-sadrzadeh-2013-prior,
    title = "Prior Disambiguation of Word Tensors for Constructing Sentence Vectors",
    author = "Kartsaklis, Dimitri  and
      Sadrzadeh, Mehrnoosh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1166",
    pages = "1590--1601",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-2013-multi,
    title = "Multi-Relational Latent Semantic Analysis",
    author = "Chang, Kai-Wei  and
      Yih, Wen-tau  and
      Meek, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1167",
    pages = "1602--1612",
}
@inproceedings{vulic-moens-2013-study,
    title = "A Study on Bootstrapping Bilingual Vector Spaces from Non-Parallel Data (and Nothing Else)",
    author = "Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1168",
    pages = "1613--1624",
}
@inproceedings{kim-de-marneffe-2013-deriving,
    title = "Deriving Adjectival Scales from Continuous Space Word Representations",
    author = "Kim, Joo-Kyung  and
      de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1169",
    pages = "1625--1630",
}
@inproceedings{socher-etal-2013-recursive,
    title = "Recursive Deep Models for Semantic Compositionality Over a Sentiment Treebank",
    author = "Socher, Richard  and
      Perelygin, Alex  and
      Wu, Jean  and
      Chuang, Jason  and
      Manning, Christopher D.  and
      Ng, Andrew  and
      Potts, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1170",
    pages = "1631--1642",
}
@inproceedings{mitchell-etal-2013-open,
    title = "Open Domain Targeted Sentiment",
    author = "Mitchell, Margaret  and
      Aguilar, Jacqui  and
      Wilson, Theresa  and
      Van Durme, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1171",
    pages = "1643--1654",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2013-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Domain Knowledge in Aspect Extraction",
    author = "Chen, Zhiyuan  and
      Mukherjee, Arjun  and
      Liu, Bing  and
      Hsu, Meichun  and
      Castellanos, Malu  and
      Ghosh, Riddhiman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1172",
    pages = "1655--1667",
}
@inproceedings{dou-knight-2013-dependency,
    title = "Dependency-Based Decipherment for Resource-Limited Machine Translation",
    author = "Dou, Qing  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1173",
    pages = "1668--1676",
}
@inproceedings{chahuneau-etal-2013-translating,
    title = "Translating into Morphologically Rich Languages with Synthetic Phrases",
    author = "Chahuneau, Victor  and
      Schlinger, Eva  and
      Smith, Noah A.  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1174",
    pages = "1677--1687",
}
@inproceedings{sokokov-etal-2013-boosting,
    title = "Boosting Cross-Language Retrieval by Learning Bilingual Phrase Associations from Relevance Rankings",
    author = "Sokokov, Artem  and
      Jehl, Laura  and
      Hieber, Felix  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1175",
    pages = "1688--1699",
}
@inproceedings{kalchbrenner-blunsom-2013-recurrent-continuous,
    title = "Recurrent Continuous Translation Models",
    author = "Kalchbrenner, Nal  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1176",
    pages = "1700--1709",
}
@inproceedings{thalappillil-scaria-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning Biological Processes with Global Constraints",
    author = "Thalappillil Scaria, Aju  and
      Berant, Jonathan  and
      Wang, Mengqiu  and
      Clark, Peter  and
      Lewis, Justin  and
      Harding, Brittany  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1177",
    pages = "1710--1720",
}
@inproceedings{balasubramanian-etal-2013-generating,
    title = "Generating Coherent Event Schemas at Scale",
    author = "Balasubramanian, Niranjan  and
      Soderland, Stephen  and
      {Mausam}  and
      Etzioni, Oren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1178",
    pages = "1721--1731",
}
@inproceedings{mccrae-etal-2013-orthonormal,
    title = "Orthonormal Explicit Topic Analysis for Cross-Lingual Document Matching",
    author = "McCrae, John Philip  and
      Cimiano, Philipp  and
      Klinger, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1179",
    pages = "1732--1740",
}
@inproceedings{chen-he-2013-automated,
    title = "Automated Essay Scoring by Maximizing Human-Machine Agreement",
    author = "Chen, Hongbo  and
      He, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1180",
    pages = "1741--1752",
}
@inproceedings{ganjigunte-ashok-etal-2013-success,
    title = "Success with Style: Using Writing Style to Predict the Success of Novels",
    author = "Ganjigunte Ashok, Vikas  and
      Feng, Song  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1181",
    pages = "1753--1764",
}
@inproceedings{wallace-etal-2013-generative,
    title = "A Generative Joint, Additive, Sequential Model of Topics and Speech Acts in Patient-Doctor Communication",
    author = "Wallace, Byron C.  and
      Trikalinos, Thomas A.  and
      Laws, M. Barton  and
      Wilson, Ira B.  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1182",
    pages = "1765--1775",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-weld-2013-harvesting,
    title = "Harvesting Parallel News Streams to Generate Paraphrases of Event Relations",
    author = "Zhang, Congle  and
      Weld, Daniel S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1183",
    pages = "1776--1786",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-roth-2013-relational,
    title = "Relational Inference for Wikification",
    author = "Cheng, Xiao  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1184",
    pages = "1787--1796",
}
@inproceedings{chambers-2013-event,
    title = "Event Schema Induction with a Probabilistic Entity-Driven Model",
    author = "Chambers, Nathanael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1185",
    pages = "1797--1807",
}
@inproceedings{jindal-roth-2013-using,
    title = "Using Soft Constraints in Joint Inference for Clinical Concept Recognition",
    author = "Jindal, Prateek  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1186",
    pages = "1808--1814",
}
@inproceedings{volkova-etal-2013-exploring-demographic,
    title = "Exploring Demographic Language Variations to Improve Multilingual Sentiment Analysis in Social Media",
    author = "Volkova, Svitlana  and
      Wilson, Theresa  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1187",
    pages = "1815--1827",
}
@inproceedings{scholz-conrad-2013-opinion,
    title = "Opinion Mining in Newspaper Articles by Entropy-Based Word Connections",
    author = "Scholz, Thomas  and
      Conrad, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1188",
    pages = "1828--1839",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2013-collective,
    title = "Collective Opinion Target Extraction in {C}hinese Microblogs",
    author = "Zhou, Xinjie  and
      Wan, Xiaojun  and
      Xiao, Jianguo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1189",
    pages = "1840--1850",
}
@inproceedings{bhosale-etal-2013-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Promotional Content in {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Bhosale, Shruti  and
      Vinicombe, Heath  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1190",
    pages = "1851--1857",
}
@inproceedings{gottipati-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning Topics and Positions from {D}ebatepedia",
    author = "Gottipati, Swapna  and
      Qiu, Minghui  and
      Sim, Yanchuan  and
      Jiang, Jing  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1191",
    pages = "1858--1868",
}
@inproceedings{diao-jiang-2013-unified,
    title = "A Unified Model for Topics, Events and Users on {T}witter",
    author = "Diao, Qiming  and
      Jiang, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1192",
    pages = "1869--1879",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-2013-authorship,
    title = "Authorship Attribution of Micro-Messages",
    author = "Schwartz, Roy  and
      Tsur, Oren  and
      Rappoport, Ari  and
      Koppel, Moshe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1193",
    pages = "1880--1891",
}
@inproceedings{kessler-kuhn-2013-detection,
    title = "Detection of Product Comparisons - How Far Does an Out-of-the-Box Semantic Role Labeling System Take You?",
    author = "Kessler, Wiltrud  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1194",
    pages = "1892--1897",
}
@inproceedings{canny-etal-2013-multi,
    title = "A Multi-Teraflop Constituency Parser using {GPU}s",
    author = "Canny, John  and
      Hall, David  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1195",
    pages = "1898--1907",
}
@inproceedings{lazaridou-etal-2013-fish,
    title = "Fish Transporters and Miracle Homes: How Compositional Distributional Semantics can Help {NP} Parsing",
    author = "Lazaridou, Angeliki  and
      Vecchi, Eva Maria  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1196",
    pages = "1908--1913",
}
@inproceedings{fitzgerald-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning Distributions over Logical Forms for Referring Expression Generation",
    author = "FitzGerald, Nicholas  and
      Artzi, Yoav  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1197",
    pages = "1914--1925",
}
@inproceedings{szarvas-etal-2013-learning,
    title = "Learning to Rank Lexical Substitutions",
    author = {Szarvas, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Busa-Fekete, R{\'o}bert  and
      H{\"u}llermeier, Eyke},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1198",
    pages = "1926--1932",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2013-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Manipulated Offerings on Review Portals",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Ott, Myle  and
      Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1199",
    pages = "1933--1942",
}
@inproceedings{gaillard-etal-2013-well,
    title = "Well-Argued Recommendation: Adaptive Models Based on Words in Recommender Systems",
    author = "Gaillard, Julien  and
      El-Beze, Marc  and
      Altman, Eitan  and
      Ethis, Emmanuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1200",
    pages = "1943--1947",
}
@inproceedings{galley-etal-2013-regularized,
    title = "Regularized Minimum Error Rate Training",
    author = "Galley, Michel  and
      Quirk, Chris  and
      Cherry, Colin  and
      Toutanova, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1201",
    pages = "1948--1959",
}
@inproceedings{anderson-etal-2013-words,
    title = "Of Words, Eyes and Brains: Correlating Image-Based Distributional Semantic Models with Neural Representations of Concepts",
    author = "Anderson, Andrew J.  and
      Bruni, Elia  and
      Bordignon, Ulisse  and
      Poesio, Massimo  and
      Baroni, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1202",
    pages = "1960--1970",
}
@inproceedings{durrett-klein-2013-easy,
    title = "Easy Victories and Uphill Battles in Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Durrett, Greg  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1203",
    pages = "1971--1982",
}
@inproceedings{spitkovsky-etal-2013-breaking,
    title = "Breaking Out of Local Optima with Count Transforms and Model Recombination: A Study in Grammar Induction",
    author = "Spitkovsky, Valentin I.  and
      Alshawi, Hiyan  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1204",
    pages = "1983--1995",
}
@inproceedings{ganchev-das-2013-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Discriminative Learning of Sequence Models with Posterior Regularization",
    author = "Ganchev, Kuzman  and
      Das, Dipanjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = oct,
    year = "2013",
    address = "Seattle, Washington, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1205",
    pages = "1996--2006",
}
@proceedings{emnlp-2007-2007,
    title = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    author = "Eisner, Jason",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1000",
}
@inproceedings{clarke-lapata-2007-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Compression with Discourse Constraints",
    author = "Clarke, James  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1001",
    pages = "1--11",
}
@inproceedings{shen-lapata-2007-using,
    title = "Using Semantic Roles to Improve Question Answering",
    author = "Shen, Dan  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1002",
    pages = "12--21",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2007-jeopardy,
    title = "What is the {J}eopardy Model? A Quasi-Synchronous Grammar for {QA}",
    author = "Wang, Mengqiu  and
      Smith, Noah A.  and
      Mitamura, Teruko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1003",
    pages = "22--32",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2007-learning,
    title = "Learning Unsupervised {SVM} Classifier for Answer Selection in Web Question Answering",
    author = "Wu, Youzheng  and
      Zhang, Ruiqiang  and
      Hu, Xinhui  and
      Kashioka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1004",
    pages = "33--41",
}
@inproceedings{kumar-etal-2007-improving,
    title = "Improving Word Alignment with Bridge Languages",
    author = "Kumar, Shankar  and
      Och, Franz J.  and
      Macherey, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1005",
    pages = "42--50",
}
@inproceedings{fraser-marcu-2007-getting,
    title = "Getting the Structure Right for Word Alignment: {LEAF}",
    author = "Fraser, Alexander  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1006",
    pages = "51--60",
}
@inproceedings{carpuat-wu-2007-improving,
    title = "Improving Statistical Machine Translation Using Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Carpuat, Marine  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1007",
    pages = "61--72",
}
@inproceedings{cohn-lapata-2007-large,
    title = "Large Margin Synchronous Generation and its Application to Sentence Compression",
    author = "Cohn, Trevor  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1008",
    pages = "73--82",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2007-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Text Structuring with Online Hierarchical Ranking",
    author = "Chen, Erdong  and
      Snyder, Benjamin  and
      Barzilay, Regina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1009",
    pages = "83--91",
}
@inproceedings{wellner-pustejovsky-2007-automatically,
    title = "Automatically Identifying the Arguments of Discourse Connectives",
    author = "Wellner, Ben  and
      Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1010",
    pages = "92--101",
}
@inproceedings{gatt-van-deemter-2007-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Generation of Plural Descriptions: Similarity and Partitioning",
    author = "Gatt, Albert  and
      van Deemter, Kees",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1011",
    pages = "102--111",
}
@inproceedings{wagner-etal-2007-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Evaluation of Deep and Shallow Approaches to the Automatic Detection of Common Grammatical Errors",
    author = "Wagner, Joachim  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1012",
    pages = "112--121",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-nivre-2007-characterizing,
    title = "Characterizing the Errors of Data-Driven Dependency Parsing Models",
    author = "McDonald, Ryan  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1013",
    pages = "122--131",
}
@inproceedings{smith-smith-2007-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Models of Nonprojective Dependency Trees",
    author = "Smith, David A.  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1014",
    pages = "132--140",
}
@inproceedings{koo-etal-2007-structured,
    title = "Structured Prediction Models via the Matrix-Tree Theorem",
    author = "Koo, Terry  and
      Globerson, Amir  and
      Carreras, Xavier  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1015",
    pages = "141--150",
}
@inproceedings{alex-etal-2007-using,
    title = "Using Foreign Inclusion Detection to Improve Parsing Performance",
    author = "Alex, Beatrice  and
      Dubey, Amit  and
      Keller, Frank",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1016",
    pages = "151--160",
}
@inproceedings{bhagat-etal-2007-ledir,
    title = "{LEDIR}: An Unsupervised Algorithm for Learning Directionality of Inference Rules",
    author = "Bhagat, Rahul  and
      Pantel, Patrick  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1017",
    pages = "161--170",
}
@inproceedings{boleda-etal-2007-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Polysemy in Adjective Classes by Multi-Label Classification",
    author = "Boleda, Gemma  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Badia, Toni",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1018",
    pages = "171--180",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2007-improving,
    title = "Improving Query Spelling Correction Using Web Search Results",
    author = "Chen, Qing  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1019",
    pages = "181--189",
}
@inproceedings{chen-martin-2007-towards,
    title = "Towards Robust Unsupervised Personal Name Disambiguation",
    author = "Chen, Ying  and
      Martin, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1020",
    pages = "190--198",
}
@inproceedings{church-etal-2007-compressing,
    title = "Compressing Trigram Language Models With {G}olomb Coding",
    author = "Church, Kenneth  and
      Hart, Ted  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1021",
    pages = "199--207",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-smith-2007-joint,
    title = "Joint Morphological and Syntactic Disambiguation",
    author = "Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1022",
    pages = "208--217",
}
@inproceedings{dasgupta-ng-2007-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Part-of-Speech Acquisition for Resource-Scarce Languages",
    author = "Dasgupta, Sajib  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1023",
    pages = "218--227",
}
@inproceedings{erkan-etal-2007-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Classification for Extracting Protein Interaction Sentences using Dependency Parsing",
    author = {Erkan, G{\"u}ne{\c{s}}  and
      {\"O}zg{\"u}r, Arzucan  and
      Radev, Dragomir R.},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1024",
    pages = "228--237",
}
@inproceedings{freitag-khadivi-2007-sequence,
    title = "A Sequence Alignment Model Based on the Averaged Perceptron",
    author = "Freitag, Dayne  and
      Khadivi, Shahram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1025",
    pages = "238--247",
}
@inproceedings{giuliano-gliozzo-2007-instance,
    title = "Instance Based Lexical Entailment for Ontology Population",
    author = "Giuliano, Claudio  and
      Gliozzo, Alfio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1026",
    pages = "248--256",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2007-recovering,
    title = "Recovering Non-Local Dependencies for {C}hinese",
    author = "Guo, Yuqing  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1027",
    pages = "257--266",
}
@inproceedings{hogan-etal-2007-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Multi-Word Units in History-Based Probabilistic Generation",
    author = "Hogan, Deirdre  and
      Cafferkey, Conor  and
      Cahill, Aoife  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1028",
    pages = "267--276",
}
@inproceedings{huang-papineni-2007-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical System Combination for Machine Translation",
    author = "Huang, Fei  and
      Papineni, Kishore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1029",
    pages = "277--286",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2007-using-rbmt,
    title = "Using {RBMT} Systems to Produce Bilingual Corpus for {SMT}",
    author = "Hu, Xiaoguang  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Wu, Hua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1030",
    pages = "287--295",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-2007-doesnt,
    title = "Why Doesn{'}t {EM} Find Good {HMM} {POS}-Taggers?",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1031",
    pages = "296--305",
}
@inproceedings{kawahara-kurohashi-2007-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Coordination Disambiguation in a Fully-Lexicalized {J}apanese Parser",
    author = "Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1032",
    pages = "306--314",
}
@inproceedings{kazama-torisawa-2007-new,
    title = "A New Perceptron Algorithm for Sequence Labeling with Non-Local Features",
    author = "Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1033",
    pages = "315--324",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-tsou-2007-extending,
    title = "Extending a Thesaurus in the Pan-{C}hinese Context",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee  and
      Tsou, Benjamin K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1034",
    pages = "325--333",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2007-low,
    title = "Low-Quality Product Review Detection in Opinion Summarization",
    author = "Liu, Jingjing  and
      Cao, Yunbo  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Huang, Yalou  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1035",
    pages = "334--342",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2007-improving,
    title = "Improving Statistical Machine Translation Performance by Training Data Selection and Optimization",
    author = {L{\"u}, Yajuan  and
      Huang, Jin  and
      Liu, Qun},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1036",
    pages = "343--350",
}
@inproceedings{matveeva-levow-2007-topic,
    title = "Topic Segmentation with Hybrid Document Indexing",
    author = "Matveeva, Irina  and
      Levow, Gina-Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1037",
    pages = "351--359",
}
@inproceedings{may-knight-2007-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Re-Alignment Models for Machine Translation",
    author = "May, Jonathan  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1038",
    pages = "360--368",
}
@inproceedings{mccarthy-etal-2007-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Compositionality of Verb-Object Combinations using Selectional Preferences",
    author = "McCarthy, Diana  and
      Venkatapathy, Sriram  and
      Joshi, Aravind",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1039",
    pages = "369--379",
}
@inproceedings{mihalcea-ceylan-2007-explorations,
    title = "Explorations in Automatic Book Summarization",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Ceylan, Hakan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1040",
    pages = "380--389",
}
@inproceedings{moon-baldridge-2007-part,
    title = "Part-of-Speech Tagging for Middle {E}nglish through Alignment and Projection of Parallel Diachronic Texts",
    author = "Moon, Taesun  and
      Baldridge, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1041",
    pages = "390--399",
}
@inproceedings{pado-etal-2007-flexible,
    title = "Flexible, Corpus-Based Modelling of Human Plausibility Judgements",
    author = "Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Pad{\'o}, Ulrike  and
      Erk, Katrin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1042",
    pages = "400--409",
}
@inproceedings{rosenberg-hirschberg-2007-v,
    title = "{V}-Measure: A Conditional Entropy-Based External Cluster Evaluation Measure",
    author = "Rosenberg, Andrew  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1043",
    pages = "410--420",
}
@inproceedings{sato-nakagawa-2007-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Document Generative Model with Explicit Multiple Topics",
    author = "Sato, Issei  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1044",
    pages = "421--429",
}
@inproceedings{schwenk-etal-2007-smooth,
    title = "Smooth Bilingual $N$-Gram Translation",
    author = "Schwenk, Holger  and
      R. Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta  and
      R. Fonollosa, Jose A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1045",
    pages = "430--438",
}
@inproceedings{shacham-wintner-2007-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Disambiguation of {H}ebrew: A Case Study in Classifier Combination",
    author = "Shacham, Danny  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1046",
    pages = "439--447",
}
@inproceedings{svore-etal-2007-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Single-Document Summarization by Combining {R}ank{N}et and Third-Party Sources",
    author = "Svore, Krysta  and
      Vanderwende, Lucy  and
      Burges, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1047",
    pages = "448--457",
}
@inproceedings{takeuchi-etal-2007-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Important Segments and Expressions for Mining of Business-Oriented Conversations at Contact Centers",
    author = "Takeuchi, Hironori  and
      Subramaniam, L Venkata  and
      Nasukawa, Tetsuya  and
      Roy, Shourya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1048",
    pages = "458--467",
}
@inproceedings{talbot-osborne-2007-smoothed,
    title = "Smoothed {B}loom Filter Language Models: Tera-Scale {LM}s on the Cheap",
    author = "Talbot, David  and
      Osborne, Miles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1049",
    pages = "468--476",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-etal-2007-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation Incorporating Lexical and Structural Semantic Information",
    author = "Tanaka, Takaaki  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Fujita, Sanae  and
      Hashimoto, Chikara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1050",
    pages = "477--485",
}
@inproceedings{tomanek-etal-2007-approach,
    title = "An Approach to Text Corpus Construction which Cuts Annotation Costs and Maintains Reusability of Annotated Data",
    author = "Tomanek, Katrin  and
      Wermter, Joachim  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1051",
    pages = "486--495",
}
@inproceedings{versley-2007-antecedent,
    title = "Antecedent Selection Techniques for High-Recall Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Versley, Yannick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1052",
    pages = "496--505",
}
@inproceedings{wandmacher-antoine-2007-methods,
    title = "Methods to Integrate a Language Model with Semantic Information for a Word Prediction Component",
    author = "Wandmacher, Tonio  and
      Antoine, Jean-Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1053",
    pages = "506--513",
}
@inproceedings{yamamoto-sumita-2007-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Cluster Based Models for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Yamamoto, Hirofumi  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1054",
    pages = "514--523",
}
@inproceedings{zens-etal-2007-systematic,
    title = "A Systematic Comparison of Training Criteria for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Zens, Richard  and
      Hasan, Sa{\v{s}}a  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1055",
    pages = "524--532",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2007-phrase,
    title = "Phrase Reordering Model Integrating Syntactic Knowledge for {SMT}",
    author = "Zhang, Dongdong  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Li, Chi-Ho  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1056",
    pages = "533--540",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-ng-2007-identification,
    title = "Identification and Resolution of {C}hinese Zero Pronouns: A Machine Learning Approach",
    author = "Zhao, Shanheng  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1057",
    pages = "541--550",
}
@inproceedings{zuidema-2007-parsimonious,
    title = "Parsimonious Data-Oriented Parsing",
    author = "Zuidema, Willem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1058",
    pages = "551--560",
}
@inproceedings{chiu-etal-2007-generating,
    title = "Generating Lexical Analogies Using Dependency Relations",
    author = "Chiu, Andy  and
      Poupart, Pascal  and
      DiMarco, Chrysanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1059",
    pages = "561--570",
}
@inproceedings{mohammad-etal-2007-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Distributional Profiles of Concepts for Measuring Semantic Distance",
    author = "Mohammad, Saif  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Hirst, Graeme  and
      Zesch, Torsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1060",
    pages = "571--580",
}
@inproceedings{hughes-ramage-2007-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Semantic Relatedness with Random Graph Walks",
    author = "Hughes, Thad  and
      Ramage, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1061",
    pages = "581--589",
}
@inproceedings{liu-sarkar-2007-experimental,
    title = "Experimental Evaluation of {LTAG}-Based Features for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Liu, Yudong  and
      Sarkar, Anoop",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1062",
    pages = "590--599",
}
@inproceedings{tamura-etal-2007-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Dependency Analysis Using the Ancestor-Descendant Relation",
    author = "Tamura, Akihiro  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1063",
    pages = "600--609",
}
@inproceedings{shimbo-hara-2007-discriminative,
    title = "A Discriminative Learning Model for Coordinate Conjunctions",
    author = "Shimbo, Masashi  and
      Hara, Kazuo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1064",
    pages = "610--619",
}
@inproceedings{filimonov-harper-2007-recovery,
    title = "Recovery of Empty Nodes in Parse Structures",
    author = "Filimonov, Denis  and
      Harper, Mary",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1065",
    pages = "620--629",
}
@inproceedings{rehbein-van-genabith-2007-treebank,
    title = "Treebank Annotation Schemes and Parser Evaluation for {G}erman",
    author = "Rehbein, Ines  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1066",
    pages = "630--639",
}
@inproceedings{shi-etal-2007-semi,
    title = "Semi-{M}arkov Models for Sequence Segmentation",
    author = "Shi, Qinfeng  and
      Altun, Yasemin  and
      Smola, Alex  and
      Vishwanathan, S.V.N.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1067",
    pages = "640--648",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-2007-graph,
    title = "A Graph-Based Approach to Named Entity Categorization in {W}ikipedia Using Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Watanabe, Yotaro  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1068",
    pages = "649--657",
}
@inproceedings{fader-etal-2007-mavenrank,
    title = "{M}aven{R}ank: Identifying Influential Members of the {US} Senate Using Lexical Centrality",
    author = "Fader, Anthony  and
      Radev, Dragomir R.  and
      Crespin, Michael H.  and
      Monroe, Burt L.  and
      Quinn, Kevin M.  and
      Colaresi, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1069",
    pages = "658--666",
}
@inproceedings{smith-eisner-2007-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Feature-Rich Dependency Parsers with Entropic Priors",
    author = "Smith, David A.  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1070",
    pages = "667--677",
}
@inproceedings{zettlemoyer-collins-2007-online,
    title = "Online Learning of Relaxed {CCG} Grammars for Parsing to Logical Form",
    author = "Zettlemoyer, Luke  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1071",
    pages = "678--687",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2007-infinite,
    title = "The Infinite {PCFG} Using Hierarchical {D}irichlet Processes",
    author = "Liang, Percy  and
      Petrov, Slav  and
      Jordan, Michael  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1072",
    pages = "688--697",
}
@inproceedings{kazama-torisawa-2007-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting {W}ikipedia as External Knowledge for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1073",
    pages = "698--707",
}
@inproceedings{cucerzan-2007-large,
    title = "Large-Scale Named Entity Disambiguation Based on {W}ikipedia Data",
    author = "Cucerzan, Silviu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1074",
    pages = "708--716",
}
@inproceedings{patwardhan-riloff-2007-effective,
    title = "Effective Information Extraction with Semantic Affinity Patterns and Relevant Regions",
    author = "Patwardhan, Siddharth  and
      Riloff, Ellen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1075",
    pages = "717--727",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2007-tree,
    title = "Tree Kernel-Based Relation Extraction with Context-Sensitive Structured Parse Tree Information",
    author = "Zhou, GuoDong  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Ji, Dong Hong  and
      Zhu, QiaoMing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1076",
    pages = "728--736",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2007-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Syntactic Reordering for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Chao  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1077",
    pages = "737--745",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2007-binarizing,
    title = "Binarizing Syntax Trees to Improve Syntax-Based Machine Translation Accuracy",
    author = "Wang, Wei  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1078",
    pages = "746--754",
}
@inproceedings{deneefe-etal-2007-syntax,
    title = "What Can Syntax-Based {MT} Learn from Phrase-Based {MT}?",
    author = "DeNeefe, Steve  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      Wang, Wei  and
      Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1079",
    pages = "755--763",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-2007-online,
    title = "Online Large-Margin Training for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Watanabe, Taro  and
      Suzuki, Jun  and
      Tsukada, Hajime  and
      Isozaki, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1080",
    pages = "764--773",
}
@inproceedings{li-sun-2007-scalable,
    title = "Scalable Term Selection for Text Categorization",
    author = "Li, Jingyang  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1081",
    pages = "774--782",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-hovy-2007-active,
    title = "Active Learning for Word Sense Disambiguation with Methods for Addressing the Class Imbalance Problem",
    author = "Zhu, Jingbo  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1082",
    pages = "783--790",
}
@inproceedings{suzuki-etal-2007-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Structured Output Learning Based on a Hybrid Generative and Discriminative Approach",
    author = "Suzuki, Jun  and
      Fujino, Akinori  and
      Isozaki, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1083",
    pages = "791--800",
}
@inproceedings{loper-2007-finding,
    title = "Finding Good Sequential Model Structures using Output Transformations",
    author = "Loper, Edward",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1084",
    pages = "801--809",
}
@inproceedings{chia-etal-2007-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Language Modeling Approach to Lattice-Based Spoken Document Retrieval",
    author = "Chia, Tee Kiah  and
      Li, Haizhou  and
      Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1085",
    pages = "810--818",
}
@inproceedings{bergsma-wang-2007-learning,
    title = "Learning Noun Phrase Query Segmentation",
    author = "Bergsma, Shane  and
      Wang, Qin Iris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1086",
    pages = "819--826",
}
@inproceedings{canisius-sporleder-2007-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping Information Extraction from Field Books",
    author = "Canisius, Sander  and
      Sporleder, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1087",
    pages = "827--836",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2007-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Data Records from Unstructured Biomedical Full Text",
    author = "Feng, Donghui  and
      Burns, Gully  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1088",
    pages = "837--846",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-2007-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Alignment of Citation Sentences with Conditional Random Fields and Posterior Decoding",
    author = "Schwartz, Ariel  and
      Divoli, Anna  and
      Hearst, Marti",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1089",
    pages = "847--857",
}
@inproceedings{brants-etal-2007-large,
    title = "Large Language Models in Machine Translation",
    author = "Brants, Thorsten  and
      Popat, Ashok C.  and
      Xu, Peng  and
      Och, Franz J.  and
      Dean, Jeffrey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1090",
    pages = "858--867",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-hoang-2007-factored,
    title = "Factored Translation Models",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Hoang, Hieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1091",
    pages = "868--876",
}
@inproceedings{langlais-patry-2007-translating,
    title = "Translating Unknown Words by Analogical Learning",
    author = "Langlais, Philippe  and
      Patry, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1092",
    pages = "877--886",
}
@inproceedings{bouchard-etal-2007-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Approach to Diachronic Phonology",
    author = "Bouchard, Alexandre  and
      Liang, Percy  and
      Griffiths, Thomas  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1093",
    pages = "887--896",
}
@inproceedings{petrov-etal-2007-learning,
    title = "Learning Structured Models for Phone Recognition",
    author = "Petrov, Slav  and
      Pauls, Adam  and
      Klein, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1094",
    pages = "897--905",
}
@inproceedings{branting-2007-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Search Keys for Name Filtering",
    author = "Branting, L. Karl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1095",
    pages = "906--914",
}
@inproceedings{nivre-etal-2007-conll,
    title = "The {C}o{NLL} 2007 Shared Task on Dependency Parsing",
    author = {Nivre, Joakim  and
      Hall, Johan  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      McDonald, Ryan  and
      Nilsson, Jens  and
      Riedel, Sebastian  and
      Yuret, Deniz},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1096",
    pages = "915--932",
}
@inproceedings{hall-etal-2007-single,
    title = "Single Malt or Blended? A Study in Multilingual Parser Optimization",
    author = {Hall, Johan  and
      Nilsson, Jens  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Eryi{\v{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en  and
      Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta  and
      Nilsson, Mattias  and
      Saers, Markus},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1097",
    pages = "933--939",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2007-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Parsing Action Models for Multi-Lingual Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Duan, Xiangyu  and
      Zhao, Jun  and
      Xu, Bo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1098",
    pages = "940--946",
}
@inproceedings{titov-henderson-2007-fast,
    title = "Fast and Robust Multilingual Dependency Parsing with a Generative Latent Variable Model",
    author = "Titov, Ivan  and
      Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1099",
    pages = "947--951",
}
@inproceedings{nakagawa-2007-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Dependency Parsing Using Global Features",
    author = "Nakagawa, Tetsuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1100",
    pages = "952--956",
}
@inproceedings{carreras-2007-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with a Higher-Order Projective Dependency Parser",
    author = "Carreras, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1101",
    pages = "957--961",
}
@inproceedings{hall-etal-2007-log,
    title = "Log-Linear Models of Non-Projective Trees, $k$-best {MST} Parsing and Tree-Ranking",
    author = "Hall, Keith  and
      Havelka, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      Smith, David A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1102",
    pages = "962--966",
}
@inproceedings{johnson-etal-2007-improving,
    title = "Improving Translation Quality by Discarding Most of the Phrasetable",
    author = "Johnson, Howard  and
      Martin, Joel  and
      Foster, George  and
      Kuhn, Roland",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1103",
    pages = "967--975",
}
@inproceedings{lopez-2007-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation with Suffix Arrays",
    author = "Lopez, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1104",
    pages = "976--985",
}
@inproceedings{macherey-och-2007-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Study on Computing Consensus Translations from Multiple Machine Translation Systems",
    author = "Macherey, Wolfgang  and
      Och, Franz J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1105",
    pages = "986--995",
}
@inproceedings{wu-chang-2007-learning-find,
    title = "Learning to Find {E}nglish to {C}hinese Transliterations on the Web",
    author = "Wu, Jian-Cheng  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1106",
    pages = "996--1004",
}
@inproceedings{snow-etal-2007-learning,
    title = "Learning to Merge Word Senses",
    author = "Snow, Rion  and
      Prakash, Sushant  and
      Jurafsky, Daniel  and
      Ng, Andrew Y.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1107",
    pages = "1005--1014",
}
@inproceedings{cai-etal-2007-improving,
    title = "Improving Word Sense Disambiguation Using Topic Features",
    author = "Cai, Junfu  and
      Lee, Wee Sun  and
      Teh, Yee Whye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1108",
    pages = "1015--1023",
}
@inproceedings{boyd-graber-etal-2007-topic,
    title = "A Topic Model for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Boyd-Graber, Jordan  and
      Blei, David  and
      Zhu, Xiaojin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1109",
    pages = "1024--1033",
}
@inproceedings{villavicencio-etal-2007-validation,
    title = "Validation and Evaluation of Automatically Acquired Multiword Expressions for Grammar Engineering",
    author = "Villavicencio, Aline  and
      Kordoni, Valia  and
      Zhang, Yi  and
      Idiart, Marco  and
      Ramisch, Carlos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1110",
    pages = "1034--1043",
}
@inproceedings{sagae-tsujii-2007-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing and Domain Adaptation with {LR} Models and Parser Ensembles",
    author = "Sagae, Kenji  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1111",
    pages = "1044--1050",
}
@inproceedings{dredze-etal-2007-frustratingly,
    title = "Frustratingly Hard Domain Adaptation for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Dredze, Mark  and
      Blitzer, John  and
      Talukdar, Partha Pratim  and
      Ganchev, Kuzman  and
      Gra{\c{c}}a, Jo{\~a}o  and
      Pereira, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1112",
    pages = "1051--1055",
}
@inproceedings{kim-hovy-2007-crystal,
    title = "{C}rystal: Analyzing Predictive Opinions on the Web",
    author = "Kim, Soo-Min  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1113",
    pages = "1056--1064",
}
@inproceedings{kobayashi-etal-2007-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Aspect-Evaluation and Aspect-Of Relations in Opinion Mining",
    author = "Kobayashi, Nozomi  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1114",
    pages = "1065--1074",
}
@inproceedings{kaji-kitsuregawa-2007-building,
    title = "Building Lexicon for Sentiment Analysis from Massive Collection of {HTML} Documents",
    author = "Kaji, Nobuhiro  and
      Kitsuregawa, Masaru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1115",
    pages = "1075--1083",
}
@inproceedings{habash-etal-2007-determining,
    title = "Determining Case in {A}rabic: Learning Complex Linguistic Behavior Requires Complex Linguistic Features",
    author = "Habash, Nizar  and
      Gabbard, Ryan  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Kulick, Seth  and
      Marcus, Mitch",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1116",
    pages = "1084--1092",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2007-mandarin,
    title = "{M}andarin Part-of-Speech Tagging and Discriminative Reranking",
    author = "Huang, Zhongqiang  and
      Harper, Mary  and
      Wang, Wen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1117",
    pages = "1093--1102",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2007-building,
    title = "Building Domain-Specific Taggers without Annotated (Domain) Data",
    author = "Miller, John  and
      Torii, Manabu  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1118",
    pages = "1103--1111",
}
@inproceedings{attardi-etal-2007-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Dependency Parsing and Domain Adaptation using {D}e{SR}",
    author = "Attardi, Giuseppe  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Simi, Maria  and
      Chanev, Atanas  and
      Ciaramita, Massimiliano",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1119",
    pages = "1112--1118",
}
@inproceedings{bick-2007-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Ways to Improve Domain Independence in an {ML} Dependency Parser",
    author = "Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1120",
    pages = "1119--1123",
}
@inproceedings{canisius-tjong-kim-sang-2007-constraint,
    title = "A Constraint Satisfaction Approach to Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Canisius, Sander  and
      Tjong Kim Sang, Erik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1121",
    pages = "1124--1128",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2007-two,
    title = "A Two-Stage Parser for Multilingual Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Chen, Wenliang  and
      Zhang, Yujie  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1122",
    pages = "1129--1133",
}
@inproceedings{johansson-nugues-2007-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Dependency Parsing Using Online Learning",
    author = "Johansson, Richard  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1123",
    pages = "1134--1138",
}
@inproceedings{mannem-2007-online,
    title = "Online Learning for Deterministic Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Mannem, Prashanth Reddy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1124",
    pages = "1139--1143",
}
@inproceedings{marinov-2007-covington,
    title = "{C}ovington Variations",
    author = "Marinov, Svetoslav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1125",
    pages = "1144--1148",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2007-multilingual,
    title = "A Multilingual Dependency Analysis System Using Online Passive-Aggressive Learning",
    author = "Nguyen, Le-Minh  and
      Shimazu, Akira  and
      Nguyen, Phuong-Thai  and
      Phan, Xuan-Hieu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1126",
    pages = "1149--1155",
}
@inproceedings{schiehlen-spranger-2007-global,
    title = "Global Learning of Labeled Dependency Trees",
    author = "Schiehlen, Michael  and
      Spranger, Kristina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1127",
    pages = "1156--1160",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-etal-2007-pro3gres,
    title = "{P}ro3{G}res Parser in the {C}o{NLL} Domain Adaptation Shared Task",
    author = "Schneider, Gerold  and
      Kaljurand, Kaarel  and
      Rinaldi, Fabio  and
      Kuhn, Tobias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1128",
    pages = "1161--1165",
}
@inproceedings{shimizu-nakagawa-2007-structural,
    title = "Structural Correspondence Learning for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Shimizu, Nobuyuki  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1129",
    pages = "1166--1169",
}
@inproceedings{watson-briscoe-2007-adapting,
    title = "Adapting the {RASP} System for the {C}o{NLL}07 Domain-Adaptation Task",
    author = "Watson, Rebecca  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1130",
    pages = "1170--1174",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2007-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Deterministic Dependency Parsing Framework using Modified Finite {N}ewton Method Support Vector Machines",
    author = "Wu, Yu-Chieh  and
      Yang, Jie-Chi  and
      Lee, Yue-Shi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning ({EMNLP}-{C}o{NLL})",
    month = jun,
    year = "2007",
    address = "Prague, Czech Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1131",
    pages = "1175--1181",
}
@article{cl-2008-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 34, Number 1, March 2008",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "1",
    year = "2008",
}
@article{barzilay-lapata-2008-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Local Coherence: An Entity-Based Approach",
    author = "Barzilay, Regina  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "1",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-1001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.1.1",
    pages = "1--34",
}
@article{miyao-tsujii-2008-feature,
    title = "Feature Forest Models for Probabilistic {HPSG} Parsing",
    author = "Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "1",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.1.35",
    pages = "35--80",
}
@article{cahill-etal-2008-wide,
    title = "Wide-Coverage Deep Statistical Parsing Using Automatic Dependency Structure Annotation",
    author = "Cahill, Aoife  and
      Burke, Michael  and
      O{'}Donovan, Ruth  and
      Riezler, Stefan  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Way, Andy",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "1",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-1003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.1.81",
    pages = "81--124",
}
@article{mihalcea-2008-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: The Text Mining Handbook: Advanced Approaches to Analyzing Unstructured Data by Ronen Feldman and {J}ames Sanger",
    author = "Mihalcea, Rada",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "1",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-1004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.1.125",
    pages = "125--127",
}
@article{piwek-2008-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Incremental Conceptualization for Language Production by Markus Guhe",
    author = "Piwek, Paul",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "1",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-1005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.1.129",
    pages = "129--132",
}
@article{ten-hacken-2008-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Errors and Intelligence in Computer-Assisted Language Learning: Parsers and Pedagogues by Trude Heift and Mathias Schulze",
    author = "ten Hacken, Pius",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "1",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-1006",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.1.133",
    pages = "133--134",
}
@article{nn-2008-publications,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "1",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-1007",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.1.135",
}
@article{steedman-2008-last,
    title = "Last Words: On Becoming a Discipline",
    author = "Steedman, Mark",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "1",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-1008",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.1.137",
    pages = "137--144",
}
@article{cl-2008-linguistics-34,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 34, Number 2, June 2008 - Special Issue on Semantic Role Labeling",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "2",
    year = "2008",
}
@article{marquez-etal-2008-special,
    title = "Special Issue Introduction: Semantic Role Labeling: An Introduction to the Special Issue",
    author = "M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Carreras, Xavier  and
      Litkowski, Kenneth C.  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "2",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-2001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.2.145",
    pages = "145--159",
}
@article{toutanova-etal-2008-global,
    title = "A Global Joint Model for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Toutanova, Kristina  and
      Haghighi, Aria  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "2",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-2002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.2.161",
    pages = "161--191",
}
@article{moschitti-etal-2008-tree,
    title = "Tree Kernels for Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Pighin, Daniele  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "2",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-2003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.2.193",
    pages = "193--224",
}
@article{xue-2008-labeling,
    title = "Labeling {C}hinese Predicates with Semantic Roles",
    author = "Xue, Nianwen",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "2",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-2004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.2.225",
    pages = "225--255",
}
@article{punyakanok-etal-2008-importance,
    title = "The Importance of Syntactic Parsing and Inference in Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Punyakanok, Vasin  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Yih, Wen-tau",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "2",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-2005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.2.257",
    pages = "257--287",
}
@article{pradhan-etal-2008-towards,
    title = "Towards Robust Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Pradhan, Sameer S.  and
      Ward, Wayne  and
      Martin, James H.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "2",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-2006",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.2.289",
    pages = "289--310",
}
@article{egg-2008-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: A Computational Model of Natural Language Communication by Roland Hausser",
    author = "Egg, Markus",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "2",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-2007",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.2.311",
    pages = "311--313",
}
@article{maynard-2008-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Information Extraction: Algorithms and Prospects in a Retrieval Context by Marie-Francine Moens",
    author = "Maynard, Diana",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "2",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-2008",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.2.315",
    pages = "315--317",
}
@article{cl-2008-linguistics-34-number,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 34, Number 3, September 2008",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "3",
    year = "2008",
}
@article{reidsma-carletta-2008-squibs,
    title = "{S}quibs: Reliability Measurement without Limits",
    author = "Reidsma, Dennis  and
      Carletta, Jean",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "3",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-3001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.3.319",
    pages = "319--326",
}
@article{yang-etal-2008-twin,
    title = "A Twin-Candidate Model for Learning-Based Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Yang, Xiaofeng  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "3",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-3002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.07-004-R2-06-57",
    pages = "327--356",
}
@article{eryigit-etal-2008-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Parsing of {T}urkish",
    author = {Eryi{\u{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Oflazer, Kemal},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "3",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-3003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.07-017-R1-06-83",
    pages = "357--389",
}
@article{graehl-etal-2008-training,
    title = "Training Tree Transducers",
    author = "Graehl, Jonathan  and
      Knight, Kevin  and
      May, Jonathan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "3",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-3004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.07-051-R2-03-57",
    pages = "391--427",
}
@article{daya-etal-2008-identifying,
    title = "Identifying {S}emitic Roots: Machine Learning with Linguistic Constraints",
    author = "Daya, Ezra  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "3",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-3005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.07-002-R1-06-30",
    pages = "429--448",
}
@article{ng-2008-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Semisupervised Learning for Computational Linguistics by Steven Abney",
    author = "Ng, Vincent",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "3",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-3006",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.3.449",
    pages = "449--452",
}
@article{smith-2008-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Computational Approaches to Morphology and Syntax by Brian Roark and Richard Sproat",
    author = "Smith, Noah A.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "3",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-3007",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.3.453",
    pages = "453--457",
}
@article{kiraz-2008-book,
    title = {Book Reviews: {A}rabic Computational Morphology: Knowledge-Based and Empirical Methods by Abdelhadi Soudi, Antal van den Bosch, and G{\"u}nter Neumann (editors)},
    author = "Kiraz, George",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "3",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-3008",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.3.459",
    pages = "459--462",
}
@article{nn-2008-publications-received,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "3",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-3009",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.3.463",
}
@article{pedersen-2008-last,
    title = "Last Words: Empiricism Is Not a Matter of Faith",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "3",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-3010",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.3.465",
    pages = "465--470",
}
@article{cl-2008-linguistics-34-number-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 34, Number 4, {D}ecember 2008",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "4",
    year = "2008",
}
@article{wilks-2008-acl,
    title = "{ACL} Lifetime Achievement Award: On Whose Shoulders?",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "4",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-4001",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.4.471",
    pages = "471--486",
}
@article{henderson-etal-2008-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid Reinforcement/Supervised Learning of Dialogue Policies from Fixed Data Sets",
    author = "Henderson, James  and
      Lemon, Oliver  and
      Georgila, Kallirroi",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "4",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-4002",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.07-028-R2-05-82",
    pages = "487--511",
}
@article{nivre-2008-algorithms,
    title = "Algorithms for Deterministic Incremental Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Nivre, Joakim",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "4",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-4003",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.07-056-R1-07-027",
    pages = "513--553",
}
@article{artstein-poesio-2008-survey,
    title = "Survey Article: Inter-Coder Agreement for Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Artstein, Ron  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "4",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-4004",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.07-034-R2",
    pages = "555--596",
}
@article{cohn-etal-2008-constructing,
    title = "Constructing Corpora for the Development and Evaluation of Paraphrase Systems",
    author = "Cohn, Trevor  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "4",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-4005",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.08-003-R1-07-044",
    pages = "597--614",
}
@article{sproat-girju-2008-book,
    title = "Book Review: Mathematical Linguistics by Andr{\'a}s Kornai",
    author = "Sproat, Richard  and
      G{\^\i}rju, Roxana",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "4",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-4006",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.4.615",
    pages = "615--617",
}
@article{nn-2008-publications-received-2,
    title = "Publications Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "4",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-4007",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.4.619",
}
@article{dale-2008-last,
    title = "Last Words: What{'}s the Future for \textit{Computational Linguistics}",
    author = "Dale, Robert",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "4",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-4008",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.4.621",
    pages = "621--624",
}
@article{nn-2008-reviewers,
    title = "Reviewers for Volume 34",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "4",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-4009",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.4.625",
}
@article{eryigit-etal-2008-erratum,
    title = "{E}rratum: Dependency Parsing of {T}urkish",
    author = {Eryi{\u{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Oflazer, Kemal},
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "34",
    number = "4",
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J08-4010",
    doi = "10.1162/coli.2008.34.4.627",
    pages = "627",
}
@proceedings{tinlap-1987-theoretical,
    title = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1000",
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@inproceedings{nn-1987-tinlap3,
    title = "Tinlap3",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1001",
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@inproceedings{nn-1987-program,
    title = "Program for Tinlap3",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1002",
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@inproceedings{nn-1987-panels,
    title = "The Panels",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1003",
}
@inproceedings{boguraev-1987-definitional,
    title = "THE DEFINITIONAL POWER OF WORDS",
    author = "Boguraev, Branimir K.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1004",
}
@inproceedings{amsler-1987-words,
    title = "WORDS AND WORLDS",
    author = "Amsler, Robert A.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1005",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-1987-world,
    title = "World Knowledge and Word Meaning",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1006",
}
@inproceedings{kegl-1987-boundary,
    title = "THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN WORD KNOWLEDGE AND WORLD KNOWLEDGE",
    author = "Kegl, Judy",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1007",
}
@inproceedings{pereira-1987-information,
    title = "Information, Unification and Locality",
    author = "Pereira, Fernando C. N.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1008",
}
@inproceedings{gazdar-1987-comit,
    title = "COMIT =={\textgreater} PATR II",
    author = "Gazdar, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1009",
}
@inproceedings{pulman-1987-unification,
    title = "Unification and the new grammatism",
    author = "Pulman, Steve",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1010",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-1987-unification,
    title = "Unification and Some New Grammatical Formalisms",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1011",
}
@inproceedings{kay-1987-linguistic,
    title = "The Linguistic Connection",
    author = "Kay, Martin",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1012",
}
@inproceedings{waltz-1987-connectionist,
    title = "Connectionist Models: Not Just a Notational Variant Not a Panacea",
    author = "Waltz, David L.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1013",
}
@inproceedings{cottrell-1987-toward,
    title = "Toward Connectionist Semantics",
    author = "Cottrell, Garrison W.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1014",
}
@inproceedings{charniak-1987-connectionism,
    title = "Connectionism and Explanation",
    author = "Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1015",
}
@inproceedings{mcclelland-1987-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Distributed Processing and Role Assignment Constraints",
    author = "McClelland, James L.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1016",
}
@inproceedings{lehnert-1987-possible,
    title = "Possible Implications of Connectionism",
    author = "Lehnert, Wendy G.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1017",
}
@inproceedings{grosz-1987-whither,
    title = "Whither Discourse and Speech Acts?",
    author = "Grosz, Barbara J.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1018",
}
@inproceedings{hirschberg-1987-title,
    title = "NO TITLE",
    author = "Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1019",
}
@inproceedings{perrault-1987-towards,
    title = "Towards a Semantic Theory of Discourse",
    author = "Perrault, C. Raymond",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1020",
}
@inproceedings{wilensky-1987-framework,
    title = "A Framework for a Theory of Meaning",
    author = "Wilensky, Robert",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1021",
}
@inproceedings{guenthner-1987-discourse,
    title = "Discourse Representation Theory and the Semantics of Natural Languages: Contribution to a Panel on {``}Discourse Theory and Speech Acts{''} {TINLAP}3",
    author = "Guenthner, F.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1022",
}
@inproceedings{schank-kass-1987-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Processing: What{'}s Really Involved?",
    author = "Schank, Roger  and
      Kass, Alex",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1023",
}
@inproceedings{sondheimer-1987-rate,
    title = "THE RATE OF PROGRESS IN NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Sondheimer, Norman K.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1024",
}
@inproceedings{birnbaum-1987-lets,
    title = "LET{'}S PUT THE AI BACK IN NLP",
    author = "Birnbaum, Lawrence",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1025",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-1987-keeping,
    title = "On keeping logic in its place",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1026",
}
@inproceedings{nunberg-1987-position,
    title = "Position Paper on Common-sense and Formal Semantics",
    author = "Nunberg, Geoffrey",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1027",
}
@inproceedings{israel-1987-formal,
    title = "On Formal Versus Commonsense Semantics",
    author = "Israel, David",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1028",
}
@inproceedings{jones-1987-say,
    title = "They say it{'}s a new sort of engine: but the {SUMP}{'}s still there",
    author = "Jones, Karen Sparck",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1029",
}
@inproceedings{stucky-1987-situated,
    title = "A Situated Perspective on Natural-Language Processing",
    author = "Stucky, Susan U.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1030",
}
@inproceedings{appelt-1987-reference,
    title = "Reference and Pragmatic Identification",
    author = "Appelt, Douglas E.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1031",
}
@inproceedings{dahl-1987-determiners,
    title = "Determiners, Entities, and Contexts",
    author = "Dahl, Deborah A.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1032",
}
@inproceedings{webber-1987-position,
    title = "Position Paper: Event Reference",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie Lynn",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1033",
}
@inproceedings{kronfeld-1987-goals,
    title = "Goals of Referring Acts",
    author = "Kronfeld, Amichai",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1034",
}
@inproceedings{goodman-1987-reference,
    title = "Reference and Reference Failures",
    author = "Goodman, Bradley A.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1035",
}
@inproceedings{gentner-etal-1987-metaphor,
    title = "METAPHOR: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY",
    author = "Gentner, Dedre  and
      Falkenhainer, Brian  and
      Skorstad, Janice",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1036",
}
@inproceedings{ortony-fainsilber-1987-role,
    title = "THE ROLE OF METAPHORS IN DESCRIPTIONS OF EMOTIONS",
    author = "Ortony, Andrew  and
      Fainsilber, Lynn",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1037",
}
@inproceedings{plantin-1987-mental,
    title = "Mental Models and Metaphor",
    author = "Plantin, Edwin",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1038",
}
@inproceedings{lakoff-1987-position,
    title = "Position Paper on Metaphor",
    author = "Lakoff, George",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1039",
}
@inproceedings{nunberg-1987-poetic,
    title = "Poetic and Prosaic Metaphors",
    author = "Nunberg, Geoffrey",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1040",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-1987-generation,
    title = "GENERATION - A NEW FRONTIER OF NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING?",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1041",
}
@inproceedings{appelt-1987-bidirectional,
    title = "Bidirectional Grammars and the Design of Natural Language Generation Systems",
    author = "Appelt, Douglas E.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1042",
}
@inproceedings{kroch-1987-limits,
    title = "Limits on the human sentence generator",
    author = "Kroch, Anthony S.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1043",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-1987-better,
    title = "{``}No Better, but no Worse, than People{''}",
    author = "McDonald, David D.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1044",
}
@inproceedings{mann-1987-special,
    title = "What is Special About Natural Language Generation Research?",
    author = "Mann, William C.",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1045",
}
@inproceedings{marcus-1987-generation,
    title = "Generation Systems Should Choose Their Words",
    author = "Marcus, Mitchell",
    booktitle = "Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 3",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/T87-1046",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1993-rocling,
    title = "Proceedings of Rocling {VI} Computational Linguistics Conference {VI}",
    author = "Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{chang-chen-1993-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Clustering of {C}hinese Characters and Words",
    author = "Chang, Chao-Huang  and
      Chen, Cheng-Der",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VI} Computational Linguistics Conference {VI}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O93-1001",
    pages = "57--78",
}
@inproceedings{chen-lee-1993-storage,
    title = "A Storage Reduction Method For Corpus-Based Language Models",
    author = "Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Lee, Yue-Shi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VI} Computational Linguistics Conference {VI}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O93-1002",
    pages = "79--98",
}
@inproceedings{chen-chen-1993-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Chunker",
    author = "Chen, Kuang-hua  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VI} Computational Linguistics Conference {VI}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O93-1003",
    pages = "99--117",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-1993-preliminary,
    title = "A Preliminary Study On Unknown Word Problem In {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Lin, Ming-Yu  and
      Chiang, Tung-Hui  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VI} Computational Linguistics Conference {VI}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O93-1004",
    pages = "119--141",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-1993-guo,
    title = "國語語音辨認中詞群雙連語言模型的解碼方法 (A Word-Class Bigram Approach to Linguistic Decoding in {M}andarin Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Sung-Chen  and
      Chien, Lee-Feng  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Lee, Lin-Shan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VI} Computational Linguistics Conference {VI}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O93-1005",
    pages = "143--160",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-1993-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based Automatic Rule Selection in Designing a Grammar Checker",
    author = "Liu, Yuan-Ling  and
      Wang, Shih-ping  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VI} Computational Linguistics Conference {VI}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O93-1006",
    pages = "161--171",
}
@inproceedings{peng-chang-1993-zhong,
    title = "中文辭彙岐義之研究─斷詞與詞性標示 (The Resolution of Lexicon Ambiguity in {C}hinese - Segmentation and Tagging) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Peng, Tsai-Yen  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VI} Computational Linguistics Conference {VI}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O93-1007",
    pages = "173--193",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-1993-cong,
    title = "從中文語料庫中自動選取連續國語語音特性平衡句的方法 (Automatic Selection of Phonetically Rich Sentences from A {C}hinese Text Corpus) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Hsin-Min  and
      Chang, Yuan-Cheng  and
      Lee, Lin-Shan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VI} Computational Linguistics Conference {VI}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O93-1008",
    pages = "195--206",
}
@inproceedings{wu-su-1993-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based Automatic Compound Extraction with Mutual Information and Relative Frequency Count",
    author = "Wu, Ming-Wen  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VI} Computational Linguistics Conference {VI}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O93-1009",
    pages = "207--216",
}
@inproceedings{iunn-etal-1993-zhong,
    title = "中文文件自動分類之研究 (A Study of Document Auto-Classification in {M}andarin {C}hinese) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Iunn, Un-Gian  and
      Hsien, Ching-Cyun  and
      Chen, Shu-Mei  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Rocling {VI} Computational Linguistics Conference {VI}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O93-1010",
    pages = "217--233",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-1993-rocling-1993,
    title = "{ROCLING} 1993 Short Papers",
    author = "{}",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{hon-lun-1993-fawrmt,
    title = "{FAWRMT}: With Special Emphasis On Grammar Designs And Partitioned Parsing",
    author = "Hon, Andy Wong Man  and
      Lun, Suen Caesar",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1993 Short Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O93-2001",
    pages = "235--258",
}
@inproceedings{lin-soo-1993-toward,
    title = "Toward Discourse-guided Theta-grid Chart Parsing for Madarin {C}hinese {--} A Preliminary Report",
    author = "Lin, Koong H. C.  and
      Soo, Von-Wun",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1993 Short Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O93-2002",
    pages = "259--270",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-1993-developing,
    title = "Developing a {C}hinese Module in {UNITRAN}",
    author = "Wu, Zhibiao  and
      Hsu, Loke Soo  and
      Palmer, Martha  and
      Tan, Chew Lim",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 1993 Short Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "1993",
    address = "Nantou, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O93-2003",
    pages = "271--284",
}
@proceedings{anlp-1988-applied,
    title = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1000",
}
@inproceedings{brennan-1988-multimedia,
    title = "The Multimedia Articulation of Answers in a Natural Language Database Query System",
    author = "Brennan, Susan E.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974237",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{hayes-etal-1988-news,
    title = "A News Story Categorization System",
    author = "Hayes, Philip J.  and
      Knecht, Laura E.  and
      Cellio, Monica J.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974238",
    pages = "9--17",
}
@inproceedings{rich-luperfoy-1988-architecture,
    title = "An Architecture for Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Rich, Elaine  and
      LuperFoy, Susann",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974239",
    pages = "18--24",
}
@inproceedings{rosner-1988-semsyn,
    title = "THE SEMSYN GENERATION SYSTEM: INGREDIENTS, APPLICATIONS, PROSPECTS",
    author = "Rosner, Dietmar",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974241",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{boggess-1988-two,
    title = "TWO SIMPLE PREDICTION ALGORITHMS TO FACILITATE TEXT PRODUCTION",
    author = "Boggess, Lois",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974242",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-meteer-1988-water,
    title = "FROM WATER TO WINE: GENERATING NATURAL LANGUAGE TEXT FROM TODAY{'}S APPLICATIONS PROGRAMS",
    author = "McDonald, David D.  and
      Meteer, Marie W.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974243",
    pages = "41--48",
}
@inproceedings{lang-hirschman-1988-improved,
    title = "IMPROVED PORTABILITY AND PARSING THROUGH INTERACTIVE ACQUISITION OF SEMANTIC INFORMATION",
    author = "Lang, Francois-Michel  and
      Hirschman, Lynette",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974245",
    pages = "49--57",
}
@inproceedings{hurum-1988-handling,
    title = "HANDLING SCOPE AMBIGUITIES IN ENGLISH",
    author = "Hurum, Sven",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974246",
    pages = "58--65",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-peng-1988-responding,
    title = "RESPONDING TO SEMANTICALLY ILL-FORMED INPUT",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Peng, Ping",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974247",
    pages = "66--70",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-chitrao-1988-evaluation,
    title = "EVALUATION OF A PARALLEL CHART PARSER",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Chitrao, Mahesh",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974248",
    pages = "71--76",
}
@inproceedings{van-berkelt-smedt-1988-triphone,
    title = "TRIPHONE ANALYSIS: A COMBINED METHOD FOR THE CORRECTION OF ORTHOGRAPHICAL AND TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS.",
    author = "van Berkelt, Brigitte  and
      Smedt, Koenraad De",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974250",
    pages = "77--83",
}
@inproceedings{neff-etal-1988-creating,
    title = "CREATING AND QUERYING LEXICAL DATA BASES",
    author = "Neff, Mary S.  and
      Byrd, Roy J.  and
      Rizk, Omneya A.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974251",
    pages = "84--92",
}
@inproceedings{means-1988-cn,
    title = "CN YUR CMPUTR RAED THS?",
    author = "Means, Linda G.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974252",
    pages = "93--100",
}
@inproceedings{fox-etal-1988-building,
    title = "BUILDING A LARGE THESAURUS FOR INFORMATION RETRIEVAL",
    author = "Fox, Edward A.  and
      Nutter, J. Terry  and
      Ahlswede, Thomas  and
      Evens, Martha  and
      Markowitz, Judith",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974253",
    pages = "101--108",
}
@inproceedings{ryan-etal-1988-application,
    title = "APPLICATION-SPECIFIC ISSUES IN NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACER DEVELOPMENT FOR A DIAGNOSTIC EXPERT SYSTEM",
    author = "Ryan, Karen L.  and
      Root, Rebecca  and
      Olawsky, Duane",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974255",
    pages = "109--114",
}
@inproceedings{emorine-martin-1988-multivoc,
    title = "THE MULTIVOC TEXT-TO-SPEECH SYSTEM",
    author = "Emorine, Olivier M.  and
      Martin, Pierre M.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974256",
    pages = "115--120",
}
@inproceedings{moerdler-1988-structure,
    title = "Structure from Anarchy: Meta Level Representation of Expert System Propositions for Natural Language Interfaces.",
    author = "Moerdler, Galina Datskovsky",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974257",
    pages = "121--128",
}
@inproceedings{rau-jacobs-1988-integrating,
    title = "INTEGRATING TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP STRATEGIES IN A TEXT PROCESSING SYSTEM",
    author = "Rau, Lisa F.  and
      Jacobs, Paul S.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974259",
    pages = "129--135",
}
@inproceedings{church-1988-stochastic,
    title = "A Stochastic Parts Program and Noun Phrase Parser for Unrestricted Text",
    author = "Church, Kenneth Ward",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974260",
    pages = "136--143",
}
@inproceedings{chodorow-etal-1988-tool,
    title = "A TOOL FOR INVESTIGATING THE SYNONYMY RELATION IN A SENSE DISAMBIGUATED THESAURUS",
    author = "Chodorow, Martin S.  and
      Ravin, Yael  and
      Sachar, Howard E.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974261",
    pages = "144--151",
}
@inproceedings{jensen-binot-1988-dictionary,
    title = "DICTIONARY TEXT ENTRIES AS A SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE FOR SYNTACTIC AND OTHER DISAMBIGUATIONS",
    author = "Jensen, Karen  and
      Binot, Jean-Louis",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974262",
    pages = "152--159",
}
@inproceedings{varile-lau-1988-eurotra,
    title = "EUROTRA PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH A MULTILINGUAL MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM UNDER DEVELOPMENT",
    author = "Varile, Giovanni B.  and
      Lau, Peter",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974264",
    pages = "160--167",
}
@inproceedings{gebruers-1988-valency,
    title = "VALENCY AND MT: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE METAL SYSTEM",
    author = "Gebruers, Rudi",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974265",
    pages = "168--175",
}
@inproceedings{sondheimer-1988-natural,
    title = "NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACES: PRESENT AND FUTURE",
    author = "Sondheimer, Norman K.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974267",
    pages = "176--177",
}
@inproceedings{kalita-shende-1988-automatically,
    title = "AUTOMATICALLY GENERATING NATURAL LANGUAGE REPORTS IN AN OFFICE ENVIRONMENT",
    author = "Kalita, Jugal  and
      Shende, Sunil",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974269",
    pages = "178--185",
}
@inproceedings{wroblewski-rich-1988-luke,
    title = "{LUKE}: AN EXPERIMENT IN THE EARLY INTEGRATION OF NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Wroblewski, David A.  and
      Rich, Elaine A.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974270",
    pages = "186--194",
}
@inproceedings{richardson-braden-harder-1988-experience,
    title = "THE EXPERIENCE OF DEVELOPING A LARGE-SCALE NATURAL LANGUAGE TEXT PROCESSING SYSTEM: CRITIQUE",
    author = "Richardson, Stephen D.  and
      Braden-Harder, Lisa C.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974271",
    pages = "195--202",
}
@inproceedings{oshika-etal-1988-computational,
    title = "COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES FOR IMPROVED NAME SEARCH",
    author = "Oshika, Beatrice T.  and
      Machi, Filip  and
      Evans, Bruce  and
      Tom, Janet",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974273",
    pages = "203--210",
}
@inproceedings{allport-1988-tic,
    title = "THE TIC: PARSING INTERESTING TEXT.",
    author = "Allport, David",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974274",
    pages = "211--218",
}
@inproceedings{ejerhed-1988-finding,
    title = "FINDING CLAUSES IN UNRESTRICTED TEXT BY FINITARY AND STOCHASTIC METHODS",
    author = "Ejerhed, Eva I.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974275",
    pages = "219--227",
}
@inproceedings{slocum-1988-morphological,
    title = "MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSING IN THE NABU SYSTEM",
    author = "Slocum, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974276",
    pages = "228--234",
}
@inproceedings{bear-hobbs-1988-localizing,
    title = "Localizing Expression of Ambiguity",
    author = "Bear, John  and
      Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974278",
    pages = "235--242",
}
@inproceedings{newman-1988-combinatorial,
    title = "COMBINATORIAL DISAMBIGUATION",
    author = "Newman, P. S.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974279",
    pages = "243--252",
}
@inproceedings{wittenburg-barnett-1988-canonical,
    title = "CANONICAL REPRESENTATION IN NLP SYSTEM DESIGN: A CRITICAL EVALUATION",
    author = "Wittenburg, Kent  and
      Barnett, Jim",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing",
    month = feb,
    year = "1988",
    address = "Austin, Texas, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A88-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/974235.974280",
    pages = "253--259",
}
@proceedings{hlt-1986-strategic,
    title = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1000",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-etal-1986-research,
    title = "Research and Development in Natural Language Processing at {BBN} Laboratories in the Strategic Computing Program",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph  and
      Scha, Remko  and
      Walker, Edward  and
      Ayuso, Damaris  and
      Haas, Andrew  and
      Hinrichs, Erhard  and
      Ingria, Robert  and
      Ramshaw, Lance  and
      Shaked, Varda  and
      Stallard, David",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1001",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-hirschman-1986-proteus,
    title = "PROTEUS and PUNDIT: RESEARCH IN TEXT UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Hirschman, Lynette",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1002",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-1986-overview,
    title = "Overview of the {TACITUS} Project",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1003",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-pustejowky-1986-counselor,
    title = "The Counselor Project at the Un/versity of Massachusetts",
    author = "McDonald, David D.  and
      Pustejowky, James D.",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1004",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-1986-research,
    title = "RESEARCH IN NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind  and
      Finin, Tim  and
      Miller, Dale  and
      Shastri, Lokendra  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1005",
}
@inproceedings{mann-sondheimer-1986-text,
    title = "Text Generation for Strategic Computing",
    author = "Mann, William  and
      Sondheimer, Norman",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1006",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-etal-1986-laboratory,
    title = "Out of the Laboratory: A Case Study with the {IRUS} Natural Language Interface",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph M.  and
      Walker, Edward  and
      Ayuso, Damaris  and
      de Bruin, Jos  and
      Koile, Kimberle  and
      Ramshaw, Lance  and
      Shaked, Varda",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1007",
}
@inproceedings{stallard-1986-terminological-simplification,
    title = "A Terminological Simplification Transformation for Natural Language Question-Answering Systems 1",
    author = "Stallard, David G.",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1008",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-etal-1986-model,
    title = "Model-based Analysis of Messages about Equipment",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Ksiezyk, Tomasz  and
      Nhan, Ngo Thanh",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1009",
}
@inproceedings{ksiezyk-grishman-1986-equipment,
    title = "An Equipment Model and Its Role in the Interpretation of Nominal Compounds",
    author = "Ksiezyk, Tomasz  and
      Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1010",
}
@inproceedings{palmer-etal-1986-recovering-implicit,
    title = "RECOVERING IMPLICIT INFORMATION",
    author = "Palmer, Martha S.  and
      Dahl, Deborah A.  and
      Schiffman, Rebecca J.  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Linebarger, Marcia  and
      Dowding, John",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1011",
}
@inproceedings{dahl-1986-focusing,
    title = "Focusing and Reference Resolution in {PUNDIT}",
    author = "Dahl, Deborah A.",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1012",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-etal-1986-commonsense-metaphysics,
    title = "COMMONSENSE METAPHYSICS AND LEXICAL SEMANTICS",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Croft, William  and
      Davies, Todd  and
      Edwards, Douglas  and
      Laws, Kenneth",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1013",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-1986-multi,
    title = "Multi-Level Description Directed Generation",
    author = "McDonald, David D.",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1014",
}
@inproceedings{mcdonald-pustejovsky-1986-tags,
    title = "{TAG}{'}s as a Grammatical Formalism for Generation",
    author = "McDonald, David D.  and
      Pustejovsky, James D.",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1015",
}
@inproceedings{rissland-ashley-1986-hypotheticals,
    title = "Hypotheticals as Heuristic Device",
    author = "Rissland, Edwina L.  and
      Ashley, Kevin D.",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1016",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-1986-living,
    title = "LIVING UP TO EXPECTATIONS: COMPUTING EXPERT RESPONSES{'}",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind  and
      Webber, Bonnie  and
      Weischedel, Ralph M.",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1017",
}
@inproceedings{mccoy-1986-tiie,
    title = "TIIE ROLE OF PERSPECTIVE IN RESPONDING TO PROPERTY MISCONCEPTIONS",
    author = "McCoy, Kathleen F.",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1018",
}
@inproceedings{rubinoff-1986-adapting,
    title = "Adapting {MUMBLE}: Experience with Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Rubinoff, Robert",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1019",
}
@inproceedings{vijay-shankar-joshi-1986-computational,
    title = "SOME COMPUTATIONAL PROPERTIES OF TREE ADJOINING GRAMMARS",
    author = "Vijay-Shankar, K.  and
      Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1020",
}
@inproceedings{finin-drager-1986-gums,
    title = "{GUMS} 1 : A General User Modeling System",
    author = "Finin, Tim  and
      Drager, David",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1021",
}
@inproceedings{sondheimer-nebel-1986-logical,
    title = "A LOGICAL-FORM AND KNOWLEDGE-BASE DESIGN FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERATION",
    author = "Sondheimer, Norman K.  and
      Nebel, Bernhard",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1022",
}
@inproceedings{cumming-1986-lexicon,
    title = "The Lexicon in Text Generation",
    author = "Cumming, Susanna",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1023",
}
@inproceedings{mann-thompson-1986-assertions,
    title = "Assertions from Discourse Structure",
    author = "Mann, William C.  and
      Thompson, Sandra A.",
    booktitle = "Strategic Computing - Natural Language Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Marina del Rey, California, May 1-2, 1986",
    year = "1986",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H86-1024",
}
@proceedings{hlt-1992-speech,
    title = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1000",
}
@inproceedings{marcus-1992-overview,
    title = "Overview of the Fifth {DARPA} Speech and Natural Language Workshop",
    author = "Marcus, Mitchell P.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1001",
}
@inproceedings{allen-1992-session,
    title = "SESSION {I}: EVALUATING SPOKEN LANGUAGE",
    author = "Allen, James F.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1002",
}
@inproceedings{hirschman-1992-multi,
    title = "Multi-Site Data Collection for a Spoken Language Corpus",
    author = "Hirschman, Lynette",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1003",
}
@inproceedings{pallett-etal-1992-darpa,
    title = "DARPA FEBRUARY 1992 ATIS BENCHMARK TEST RESULTS",
    author = "Pallett, David S.  and
      Dahlgren, Nancy L.  and
      Fiscus, Jonathan G.  and
      Fisher, William M.  and
      Garofolo, John S.  and
      Tjaden, Brett C.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1004",
}
@inproceedings{polifroni-etal-1992-experiments,
    title = "Experiments in Evaluating Interactive Spoken Language Systems",
    author = "Polifroni, Joseph  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Seneff, Stephanie  and
      Zue, Victor",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1005",
}
@inproceedings{price-etal-1992-subject,
    title = "SUBJECT-BASED EVALUATION MEASURES FOR INTERACTIVE SPOKEN LANGUAGE SYSTEMS",
    author = "Price, Patti  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Shriberg, Elizabeth  and
      Wade, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1006",
}
@inproceedings{ward-1992-session,
    title = "SESSION 2: SPOKEN LANGUAGE SYSTEMS II",
    author = "Ward, Wayne",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1007",
}
@inproceedings{pao-wilpon-1992-spontaneous,
    title = "Spontaneous Speech Collection for the {ATIS} Domain with an Aural User Feedback Paradigm",
    author = "Pao, Christine  and
      Wilpon, Jay",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1008",
}
@inproceedings{shriberg-etal-1992-human,
    title = "Human-Machine Problem Solving Using Spoken Language Systems ({SLS}): Factors Affecting Performance and User Satisfaction",
    author = "Shriberg, Elizabeth  and
      Wade, Elizabeth  and
      Price, Patti",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1009",
}
@inproceedings{mariani-1992-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Language Processing in the Framework of Human-Machine Communication at {LIMSI}",
    author = "Mariani, J.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1010",
}
@inproceedings{moore-morris-1992-experiences,
    title = "Experiences Collecting Genuine Spoken Enquiries using {WOZ} Techniques",
    author = "Moore, Roger  and
      Morris, Angela",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1011",
}
@inproceedings{makhoul-1992-session,
    title = "SESSION 3: SPOKEN LANGUAGE SYSTEMS llI",
    author = "Makhoul, John",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1012",
}
@inproceedings{pieraccini-etal-1992-progress,
    title = "Progress Report on the Chronus System: {ATIS} Benchmark Results",
    author = "Pieraccini, Roberto  and
      Tzoukermann, Evelyne  and
      Gorelov, Zakhar  and
      Levin, Esther  and
      Lee, Chin-Hui  and
      Gauvain, Jean-Luc",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1013",
}
@inproceedings{kubala-etal-1992-bbn,
    title = "BBN BYBLOS and HARC {F}ebruary 1992 ATIS Benchmark Results",
    author = "Kubala, Francis  and
      Barry, Chris  and
      Bates, Madeleine  and
      Bobrow, Robert  and
      Fung, Pascale  and
      Ingria, Robert  and
      Makhoul, John  and
      Nguyen, Long  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Stallard, David",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1014",
}
@inproceedings{ward-etal-1992-speech,
    title = "SPEECH UNDERSTANDING IN OPEN TASKS",
    author = "Ward, Wayne  and
      Issar, Sunil  and
      Huang, Xuedong  and
      Hon, Hsiao-Wuen  and
      Hwang, Mei-Yuh  and
      Young, Sheryl  and
      Matessa, Mike  and
      Liu, Fu-Hua  and
      Stern, Richard",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1015",
}
@inproceedings{zue-etal-1992-mit,
    title = "T]he MIT ATIS System: {F}ebruary 1992 Progress Report",
    author = "Zue, Victor  and
      Glass, James  and
      Goddeau, David  and
      Goodine, David  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Phillips, Michael  and
      Polifroni, Joseph  and
      Seneff, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1016",
}
@inproceedings{norton-etal-1992-recent,
    title = "Recent Improvements and Benchmark Results for Paramax {ATIS} System",
    author = "Norton, Lewis M.  and
      Dahl, Deborah A.  and
      Linebarger, Marcia C.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1017",
}
@inproceedings{appelt-jackson-1992-sri,
    title = "SRI INTERNATIONAL RESULTS FEBRUARY 1992 ATIS BENCHMARK TEST",
    author = "Appelt, Douglas E.  and
      Jackson, Eric",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1018",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-1992-session,
    title = "SESSION 4: STATISTICAL LANGUAGE MODELING",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1019",
}
@inproceedings{della-pietra-etal-1992-adaptive,
    title = "ADAPTIVE LANGUAGE MODELING USING MINIMUM DISCRIMINANT ESTIMATION*",
    author = "Della Pietra, S.  and
      Della Pietra, V.  and
      Mercer, R. L.  and
      Roukos, S.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1020",
}
@inproceedings{rosenfeld-huang-1992-improvements,
    title = "IMPROVEMENTS IN STOCHASTIC LANGUAGE MODELING",
    author = "Rosenfeld, Ronald  and
      Huang, Xuedong",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1021",
}
@inproceedings{brill-1992-simple-rule,
    title = "A SIMPLE RULE-BASED PART OF SPEECH TAGGER",
    author = "Brill, Eric",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1022",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-1992-decision,
    title = "Decision Tree Models Applied to the Labeling of Text with Parts-of-Speech",
    author = "Black, Ezra  and
      Jelinek, Fred  and
      Lafferty, John  and
      Mercer, Robert  and
      Roukos, Salim",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1023",
}
@inproceedings{pereira-schabes-1992-inside-outside,
    title = "INSIDE-OUTSIDE REESTIMATION FROM PARTIALLY BRACKETED CORPORA",
    author = "Pereira, Fernando  and
      Schabes, Yves",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1024",
}
@inproceedings{magerman-weir-1992-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Prediction and Picky Chart Parsing",
    author = "Magerman, David M.  and
      Weir, Carl",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1025",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-1992-towards,
    title = "Towards History-based Grammars: Using Richer Models for Probabilistic Parsing",
    author = "Black, Ezra  and
      Jelinek, Fred  and
      Lafferty, John  and
      Magerman, David M.  and
      Mercer, Robert  and
      Roukos, Salim",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1026",
}
@inproceedings{schabes-1992-stochastic-tree,
    title = "STOCHASTIC TREE-ADJOINING GRAMMARS",
    author = "Schabes, Yves",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1027",
}
@inproceedings{mark-etal-1992-parameter,
    title = "PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR CONSTRAINED CONTEXT-FREE LANGUAGE MODELS",
    author = "Mark, Kevin  and
      Miller, Michael  and
      Grenander, Ulf  and
      Abney, Steve",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1028",
}
@inproceedings{hindle-1992-analogical,
    title = "An Analogical Parser for Restricted Domains",
    author = "Hindle, Donald",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1029",
}
@inproceedings{brill-marcus-1992-automatically,
    title = "AUTOMATICALLY ACQUIRING PHRASE STRUCTURE USING DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS",
    author = "Brill, Eric  and
      Marcus, Mitchell",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1030",
}
@inproceedings{murveit-1992-session,
    title = "SESSION 5a: ACOUSTIC MODELING",
    author = "Murveit, Hy",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1031",
}
@inproceedings{furui-etal-1992-recent,
    title = "RECENT TOPICS IN SPEECH RECOGNITION RESEARCH AT NTT LABORATORIES",
    author = "Furui, Sadaoki  and
      Shikano, Kiyohiro  and
      Matsunaga, Shoichi  and
      Matsuoka, Tatsuo  and
      Takahashi, Satoshi  and
      Yamada, Tomokazu",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1032",
}
@inproceedings{hon-lee-1992-vocabulary,
    title = "Vocabulary and Environment Adaptation in Vocabulary-Independent Speech Recognition",
    author = "Hon, Hsiao-Wuen  and
      Lee, Kai-Fu",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1033",
}
@inproceedings{hwang-huang-1992-subphonetic,
    title = "Subphonetic Modeling for Speech Recognition",
    author = "Hwang, Mei-Yuh  and
      Huang, Xuedong",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1034",
}
@inproceedings{austin-etal-1992-improving,
    title = "Improving State-of-the-Art Continuous Speech Recognition Systems Using the N-Best Paradigm with Neural Networks",
    author = "Austin, S.  and
      Zavaliagkos, G.  and
      Makhoul, J.  and
      Schwartz, R.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1035",
}
@inproceedings{gauvain-lee-1992-map,
    title = "{MAP} Estimation of Continuous Density {HMM} : Theory and Applications",
    author = "Gauvain, Jean-Luc  and
      Lee, Chin-Hui",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1036",
}
@inproceedings{huang-1992-minimizing,
    title = "Minimizing Speaker Variation Effects for Speaker-Independent Speech Recognition",
    author = "Huang, Xuedong",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1037",
}
@inproceedings{kimball-etal-1992-recognition,
    title = "Recognition Using Classification and Segmentation Scoring",
    author = "Kimball, Owen  and
      Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Rohlicek, Robin",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1038",
}
@inproceedings{harman-1992-session,
    title = "Session 5b. Information Retrieval",
    author = "Harman, Donna",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1039",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-1992-information,
    title = "INFORMATION RETRIEVAL USING ROBUST NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1040",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-1992-feature,
    title = "Feature Selection and Feature Extract ion for Text Categorization",
    author = "Lewis, David D.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1041",
}
@inproceedings{mccray-1992-inferencing,
    title = "INFERENCING IN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL",
    author = "McCray, Alexa T.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1042",
}
@inproceedings{riloff-lehnert-1992-classifying,
    title = "CLASSIFYING TEXTS USING RELEVANCY SIGNATURES",
    author = "Riloff, Ellen  and
      Lehnert, Wendy",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1043",
}
@inproceedings{jacobs-1992-session,
    title = "SESSION 6: LEXICON AND LEXICAL SEMANTICS",
    author = "Jacobs, Paul S.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1044",
}
@inproceedings{gale-etal-1992-one,
    title = "One Sense Per Discourse",
    author = "Gale, William A.  and
      Church, Kenneth W.  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1045",
}
@inproceedings{cowie-etal-1992-lexical-disambiguation,
    title = "Lexical Disambiguation using Simulated Annealing",
    author = "Cowie, Jim  and
      Guthrie, Joe  and
      Guthrie, Louise",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1046",
}
@inproceedings{pustejovsky-1992-acquisition,
    title = "The Acquisition of Lexical Semantic Knowledge from Large Corpora",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1047",
}
@inproceedings{zue-1992-session,
    title = "SESSION 7: DEMONSTRATIONS AND VIDEOS",
    author = "Zue, Victor W.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1048",
}
@inproceedings{austin-etal-1992-bbn,
    title = "{BBN} Real-Time Speech Recognition Demonstrations",
    author = "Austin, Steve  and
      Bobrow, Rusty  and
      Ellard, Dan  and
      Ingria, Robert  and
      Makhoul, John  and
      Nguyen, Long  and
      Peterson, Pat  and
      Placeway, Paul  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1049",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-1992-session,
    title = "SESSION 8A: MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1050",
}
@inproceedings{kinoshita-etal-1992-interaction-structural,
    title = "Interaction between Structural Changes in Machine Translation",
    author = "KINOSHITA, Satoshi  and
      PHILLIPS, John  and
      TSUJII, Jun-ichi",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1051",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-nirenburg-1992-approximating,
    title = "APPROXIMATING AN INTERLINGUA IN A PRINCIPLED WAY",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1052",
}
@inproceedings{brown-etal-1992-dividing,
    title = "Dividing and Conquering Long Sentences in a Translation System",
    author = "Brown, Peter F.  and
      Della Pietra, Stephen A.  and
      Della Pietra, Vincent J.  and
      Mercer, Robert L.  and
      Mohanty, Surya",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1053",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-1992-session,
    title = "SESSION 8B: ROBUST SPEECH PROCESSING",
    author = "Cohen, Jordan R.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1054",
}
@inproceedings{stern-etal-1992-multiple,
    title = "MULTIPLE APPROACHES TO ROBUST SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Stern, Richard M.  and
      Liu, Fu-Hua  and
      Ohshima, Yoshiaki  and
      Sullivan, Thomas M.  and
      Acero, Alejandro",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1055",
}
@inproceedings{murveit-etal-1992-reduced,
    title = "REDUCED CHANNEL DEPENDENCE FOR SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Murveit, Hy  and
      Butzberger, John  and
      Weintraub, Mitch",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1056",
}
@inproceedings{silverman-etal-1992-experimental,
    title = "Experimental Results for Baseline Speech Recognition Performance using Input Acquired from a Linear Microphone Array",
    author = "Silverman, Harvey F.  and
      Kirtman, Smart E.  and
      Adcock, John E.  and
      Meuse, Paul C.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1057",
}
@inproceedings{chigier-1992-phonetic,
    title = "PHONETIC CLASSIFICATION ON WIDE-BAND AND TELEPHONE QUALITY SPEECH",
    author = "Chigier, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1058",
}
@inproceedings{mckeown-1992-session,
    title = "SESSION 9: NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSINGS",
    author = "McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1059",
}
@inproceedings{seneff-1992-relaxation,
    title = "A Relaxation Method for Understanding Speech Utterances",
    author = "Seneff, Stephanie",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1060",
}
@inproceedings{stallard-bobrow-1992-fragment,
    title = "Fragment Processing in the {DELPHI} System",
    author = "Stallard, David  and
      Bobrow, Robert",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1061",
}
@inproceedings{bobrow-etal-1992-syntactic,
    title = "SYNTACTIC/SEMANTIC COUPLING IN THE BBN DELPHI SYSTEM",
    author = "Bobrow, Robert  and
      Ingria, Robert  and
      Stallard, David",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1062",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-etal-1992-new,
    title = "A NEW APPROACH TO TEXT UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph  and
      Ayuso, Damaris  and
      Boisen, Sean  and
      Fox, Heidi  and
      Ingria, Robert",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1063",
}
@inproceedings{walter-1992-neal,
    title = "NEAL-MONTGOMERY NLP SYSTEM EVALUATION METHODOLOGY",
    author = "Walter, Sharon M.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1064",
}
@inproceedings{doddington-1992-session,
    title = "Session 10: Large Vocabulary {CSR}",
    author = "Doddington, George R.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1065",
}
@inproceedings{gillick-etal-1992-rapid,
    title = "RAPID MATCH TRAINING FOR LARGE VOCABULARIES",
    author = "Gillick, Larry  and
      Peskin, Barbara  and
      Roth, Robert",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1066",
}
@inproceedings{kenny-etal-1992-algorithm,
    title = "An {A}* algorithm for very large vocabulary continuous speech recognition",
    author = "Kenny, P.  and
      Hollan, R.  and
      Boulianne, G.  and
      Garudadri, H.  and
      Lennig, M.  and
      O{'}Shaughnessy, D.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1067",
}
@inproceedings{butzberger-etal-1992-spontaneous,
    title = "Spontaneous Speech Effects In Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition Applications",
    author = "Butzberger, John  and
      Murveit, Hy  and
      Shriberg, Elizabeth  and
      Price, Patti",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1068",
}
@inproceedings{gauvain-lamel-1992-speaker,
    title = "Speaker-Independent Phone Recognition Using {BREF}",
    author = "Gauvain, Jean-Luc  and
      Lamel, Lori F.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1069",
}
@inproceedings{liberman-1992-session,
    title = "SESSION lOb: CORE NL LEXICON AND GRAMMAR",
    author = "Liberman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1070",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-1992-national,
    title = "A NATIONAL RESOURCE GRAMMAR",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1071",
}
@inproceedings{weinstein-1992-session,
    title = "SESSION 11: CONTINUOUS SPEECH RECOGNITION AND EVALUATION {I}",
    author = "Weinstein, Clifford J.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1072",
}
@inproceedings{paul-baker-1992-design,
    title = "The Design for the Wall Street Journal-based {CSR} Corpus",
    author = "Paul, Douglas B.  and
      Baker, Janet M.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1073",
}
@inproceedings{doddington-1992-csr,
    title = "{CSR} Corpus Development",
    author = "Doddington, George R.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1074",
}
@inproceedings{phillips-etal-1992-collection,
    title = "Collection and Analyses of {WSJ}-{CSR} Data at {MIT}",
    author = "Phillips, Michael  and
      Glass, James  and
      Polifroni, Joseph  and
      Zue, Victor",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1075",
}
@inproceedings{bernstein-danielson-1992-spontaneous,
    title = "SPONTANEOUS SPEECH COLLECTION FOR THE CSR CORPUS",
    author = "Bernstein, Jared  and
      Danielson, Denise",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1076",
}
@inproceedings{weinstein-1992-session-12,
    title = "SESSION 12: CONTINUOUS SPEECH RECOGNITION AND EVALUATION II",
    author = "Weinstein, Clifford J.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1077",
}
@inproceedings{pallett-1992-darpa,
    title = "DARPA FEBRUARY 1992 PILOT CORPUS CSR {``}DRY RUN{''} BENCHMARK TEST RESULTS",
    author = "Pallett, David S.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1078",
}
@inproceedings{baker-etal-1992-large,
    title = "Large Vocabulary Recognition of Wall Street Journal Sentences at Dragon Systems",
    author = "Baker, James  and
      Baker, Janet  and
      Bamberg, Paul  and
      Bishop, Kathleen  and
      Gillick, Larry  and
      Helman, Vera  and
      Huang, Zezhen  and
      Ito, Yoshiko  and
      Lowe, Stephen  and
      Peskin, Barbara  and
      Roth, Robert  and
      Scattone, Francesco",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1079",
}
@inproceedings{alleva-etal-1992-applying,
    title = "Applying {SPHINX}-{II} to the {DARPA} Wall Street Journal {CSR} Task",
    author = "Alleva, F.  and
      Hon, H.  and
      Huang, X.  and
      Hwang, M.  and
      Rosenfeld, R.  and
      Weide, R.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1080",
}
@inproceedings{paul-1992-lincoln,
    title = "The {L}incoln Large-Vocabulary {HMM} {CSR}",
    author = "Paul, Douglas B.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1081",
}
@inproceedings{paul-1992-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient {A}* Stack Decoder Algorithm for Continuous Speech Recognition with a Stochastic Language Model",
    author = "Paul, Douglas B.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1082",
}
@inproceedings{murveit-etal-1992-performance,
    title = "PERFORMANCE OF {SRI}{'}S {DECIPHER}{\mbox{$^\mbox{TM}$}} SPEECH RECOGNITION SYSTEM ON {DARPA}{'}S {CSR} TASK",
    author = "Murveit, Hy  and
      Butzberger, John  and
      Weintraub, Mitch",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1083",
}
@inproceedings{price-hirschberg-1992-session,
    title = "SESSION 13: PROSODY",
    author = "Price, Patti  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1084",
}
@inproceedings{shriberg-etal-1992-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection and Correction of Repairs in Human-Computer Dialog",
    author = "Shriberg, Elizabeth  and
      Bear, John  and
      Dowding, John",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1085",
}
@inproceedings{abney-1992-prosodic,
    title = "PROSODIC STRUCTURE, PERFORMANCE STRUCTURE AND PHRASE STRUCTURE",
    author = "Abney, Steven",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1086",
}
@inproceedings{veilleux-ostendorf-1992-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Parse Scoring Based on Prosodic Phrasing",
    author = "Veilleux, N. M.  and
      Ostendorf, M.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1087",
}
@inproceedings{silverman-etal-1992-towards,
    title = "TOWARDS USING PROSODY IN SPEECH RECOGNITION/UNDERSTANDING SYSTEMS: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN READ AND SPONTANEOUS SPEECH",
    author = "Silverman, Kim E.A.  and
      Blaauw, Eleonora  and
      Spitz, Judith  and
      Pitrelli, John F.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1088",
}
@inproceedings{hirschberg-grosz-1992-intonational,
    title = "Intonational Features of Local and Global Discourse Structure",
    author = "Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Grosz, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1089",
}
@inproceedings{wayne-1992-session,
    title = "SESSION 14: GOVERNMENT PANEL",
    author = "Wayne, Charles L.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1090",
}
@inproceedings{chien-1992-language,
    title = "Language and Speech Meets the {HPCC} Grand Challenge",
    author = "Chien, Y. T.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1091",
}
@inproceedings{jankowski-jr-lippmann-1992-comparison,
    title = "COMPARISON OF AUDITORY MODELS FOR ROBUST SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Jankowski, Jr., Charles R.  and
      Lippmann, Richard P.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1092",
}
@inproceedings{kannan-etal-1992-weight,
    title = "Weight Estimation for N-Best Rescoring",
    author = "Kannan, Ashvin  and
      Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Rohlicek, J. Robin",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1093",
}
@inproceedings{riloff-lehnert-1992-augmenting,
    title = "AUGMENTING WITH SLOT FILLER RELEVANCY SIGNATURES DATA",
    author = "Riloff, Ellen  and
      Lehnert, Wendy",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1094",
}
@inproceedings{dahl-etal-1992-language,
    title = "Language Understanding Research at Paramax",
    author = "Dahl, Deborah A.  and
      Weir, Carl  and
      Taylor, Suzanne Liebowitz  and
      Norton, Lewis M.  and
      Linebarger, Marcia C.  and
      Lipshutz, Mark",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1095",
}
@inproceedings{makhoul-bates-1992-development,
    title = "DEVELOPMENT OF A SPOKEN LANGUAGE SYSTEM",
    author = "Makhoul, John  and
      Bates, Madeleine",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1096",
}
@inproceedings{makhoul-schwartz-1992-robust,
    title = "ROBUST CONTINUOUS SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Makhoul, John  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1097",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-1992-robustness,
    title = "ROBUSTNESS, PORTABILITY, AND SCALABILITY LANGUAGE SYSTEMS",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1098",
}
@inproceedings{ostendorf-price-1992-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Use of Prosodic Information in Speech Recognition and Understanding",
    author = "Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Price, Patti",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1099",
}
@inproceedings{ostendorf-rohlicek-1992-segment,
    title = "Segment-Based Acoustic Models with Multi-level Search Algorithms for Continuous Speech Recognition",
    author = "Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Rohlicek, J. Robin",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1100",
}
@inproceedings{silverman-1992-microphone,
    title = "Microphone-Array Systems for Speech Recognition Input",
    author = "Silverman, Harvey F.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1101",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-1992-spoken,
    title = "SPOKEN-LANGUAGE RESEARCH AT CARNEGIE MELLON",
    author = "Reddy, Raj",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1102",
}
@inproceedings{mckeown-etal-1992-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Constraints on Word Usage from Large Text Corpora",
    author = "McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Litman, Diane  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1103",
}
@inproceedings{baker-etal-1992-research,
    title = "RESEARCH IN CONTINUOUS SPEECH RECOGNITION AT DRAGON SYSTEMS UNDER THE DARPA SLS PROGRAM",
    author = "Baker, Janet  and
      Gillick, Larry  and
      Roth, Robert",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1104",
}
@inproceedings{shore-1992-portable,
    title = "PORTABLE SOFTWARE MODULES FOR SPEECH RECOGNITION (DARPA PHASE II SBIR Contract DAAH01-91-C-R297)",
    author = "Shore, John",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1105",
}
@inproceedings{talkin-1992-software,
    title = "SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FROM SLS",
    author = "Talkin, David",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1106",
}
@inproceedings{zue-hirschman-1992-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Language Recognition and Understanding",
    author = "Zue, Victor  and
      Hirschman, Lynette",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1107",
}
@inproceedings{lippmann-1992-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation and Analysis of Auditory Model Front Ends for Robust Speech Recognition Program Summary",
    author = "Lippmann, Richard P.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1108",
}
@inproceedings{weinstein-paul-1992-robust,
    title = "Robust Continuous Speech Recognition Technology Program Summary",
    author = "Weinstein, Clifford J.  and
      Paul, Douglas B.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1109",
}
@inproceedings{pallett-1992-nist,
    title = "{NIST}-{DARPA} Interagency Agreement: Spoken Language Program",
    author = "Pallett, David S.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1110",
}
@inproceedings{sundheim-1992-evaluating,
    title = "EVALUATING TEXT UNDERSTANDING SYSTEMS",
    author = "Sundheim, Beth M.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1111",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-etal-1992-diderot,
    title = "{D}iderot: {TIPSTER} Program, Automatic Data Extraction from Text Utilizing Semantic Analysis",
    author = "Wilks, Y.  and
      Pustejovsky, J.  and
      Cowie, J.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1112",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-1992-pangloss,
    title = "{P}angloss: A Knowledge-based Machine Assisted Translation Research Project - Site",
    author = "Wilks, Y.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1113",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-1992-consortium,
    title = "THE CONSORTIUM FOR LEXICAL RESEARCH",
    author = "Wilks, Y.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1114",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-1992-research,
    title = "RESEARCH IN NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1115",
}
@inproceedings{miller-1992-wordnet,
    title = "{WORDNET}: A LEXICAL DATABASE FOR ENGLISH",
    author = "Miller, George A.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1116",
}
@inproceedings{hunicke-smith-bernstein-1992-annotation,
    title = "ANNOTATION OF ATIS DATA",
    author = "Hunicke-Smith, Kate  and
      Bernstein, Jared",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1117",
}
@inproceedings{danielson-bernstein-1992-csr,
    title = "CSR DATA COLLECTION PILOT",
    author = "Danielson, Denise  and
      Bernstein, Jared",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1118",
}
@inproceedings{weintraub-1992-real,
    title = "REAL-TIME SPEECH RECOGNITION SYSTEM",
    author = "Weintraub, Mitchel",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1119",
}
@inproceedings{price-moore-1992-real,
    title = "A Real-Time Spoken-Language System for Interactive Problem Solving",
    author = "Price, Patti  and
      Moore, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1120",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-1992-tacitus,
    title = "{TACITUS}: RESEARCH IN TEXT UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1121",
}
@inproceedings{lehnert-1992-nlp,
    title = "NLP AND TEXT UNIVERSITY OF ANALYSIS AT THE MASSACHUSETTS",
    author = "Lehnert, Wendy G.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1122",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-1992-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Research",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind  and
      Marcus, Mitch  and
      Steedman, Mark  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1123",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-1992-depth,
    title = "IN-DEPTH KNOWLEDGE-BASED MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Harriman, New York, {F}ebruary 23-26, 1992",
    year = "1992",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H92-1124",
}
@article{cl-1984-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics. Formerly the {A}merican Journal of Computational Linguistics, Volume 10, Number1, {J}anuary-March 1984",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "1",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-1000",
}
@article{weiner-1984-knowledge,
    title = "A Knowledge Representation Approach to Understanding Metaphors",
    author = "Weiner, E. Judith",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "1",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-1001",
    pages = "1--14",
}
@article{guida-mauri-1984-formal,
    title = "A Formal Basis for Performance Evaluation of Natural Language Understanding Systems",
    author = "Guida, Giovanni  and
      Mauri, Giancarlo",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "1",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-1002",
    pages = "15--30",
}
@article{thomas-1984-book,
    title = "Book Review: Principles of Computer Speech",
    author = "Thomas, John",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "1",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-1003",
}
@article{nn-1984-site,
    title = "Site Report",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "1",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-1004",
}
@article{nn-1984-announcements,
    title = "Announcements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "1",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-1005",
}
@article{nn-1984-calls,
    title = "Calls for Papers",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "1",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-1006",
}
@article{nn-1984-minutes,
    title = "Minutes of the 1983 {ACL} Meeting",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "1",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-1007",
}
@article{nn-1984-minutes-1983,
    title = "Minutes of the 1983 {E}uropean Chapter General Meeting",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "1",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-1008",
}
@article{nn-1984-acl,
    title = "ACL INTERNATIONAL FUND",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "1",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-1009",
}
@article{nn-1984-abstracts,
    title = "Abstracts of Current Literature",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "1",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-1010",
}
@article{nn-1984-1983,
    title = "1983 {ACL} Membership List",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "1",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-1011",
}
@article{nn-1984-guidelines,
    title = "Guidelines for Submission",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "1",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-1012",
}
@article{cl-1984-linguistics-formerly,
    title = "Computational Linguistics. Formerly the {A}merican Journal of Computational Linguistics, Volume 10, Number 2, {A}pril-June 1984",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "2",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-2000",
}
@article{ballard-tinkham-1984-phrase,
    title = "A Phrase-Structured Grammatical Framework for Transportable Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Ballard, Bruce W.  and
      Tinkham, Nancy L.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "2",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-2001",
    pages = "81--96",
}
@article{cohen-1984-pragmatics,
    title = "The Pragmatics of Referring and the Modality of Communication",
    author = "Cohen, Philip R.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "2",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-2002",
    pages = "97--146",
}
@article{carter-1984-fass,
    title = "On the {F}ass and {W}ilks Proposal to Use {``}Polysemy Rules{''}",
    author = "Carter, David M.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "2",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-2003",
    pages = "147--148",
}
@article{teller-1984-book,
    title = "Book Review: The Textbook Problem: {W}inograd{'}s Language as a Cognitive Process",
    author = "Teller, Virginia",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "2",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-2004",
}
@article{nn-1984-books,
    title = "Books Awaiting Review",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "2",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-2005",
}
@article{nn-1984-calls-papers,
    title = "Calls for Papers",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "2",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-2006",
}
@article{nn-1984-programs,
    title = "Programs",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "2",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-2007",
}
@article{nn-1984-calls-participation,
    title = "Calls for Participation",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "2",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-2008",
}
@article{nn-1984-announcements-2,
    title = "Announcements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "2",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-2009",
}
@article{nn-1984-abstracts-current,
    title = "Abstracts of Current Literature",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "2",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-2010",
}
@article{nn-1984-guidelines-submission,
    title = "Guidelines for Submission",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "2",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-2011",
}
@article{cl-1984-linguistics-formerly-american,
    title = "Computational Linguistics. Formerly the {A}merican Journal of Computational Linguistics, Volume 10, Number 3-4, July-{D}ecember 1984",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "3-4",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-3000",
}
@article{perrault-1984-mathematical,
    title = "On the Mathematical Properties of Linguistic Theories",
    author = "Perrault, C. Raymond",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "3-4",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-3001",
    pages = "165--176",
}
@article{postal-langendoen-1984-english,
    title = "{E}nglish and the Class of Context-Free Languages",
    author = "Postal, Paul M.  and
      Langendoen, D. Terence",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "3-4",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-3002",
    pages = "177--181",
}
@article{pullum-1984-two,
    title = "On Two Recent Attempts to Show that {E}nglish Is Not a {CFL}",
    author = "Pullum, Geoffrey K.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "3-4",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-3003",
    pages = "182--186",
}
@article{langendoen-postal-1984-comments,
    title = "Comments on {P}ullum{'}s Criticisms",
    author = "Langendoen, D. Terence  and
      Postal, Paul M.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "3-4",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-3004",
    pages = "186--188",
}
@article{berwick-1984-strong,
    title = "Strong Generative Capacity, Weak Generative Capacity, and Modern Linguistic Theories",
    author = "Berwick, Robert C.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "3-4",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-3005",
    pages = "189--202",
}
@article{nevin-1984-book,
    title = "Book Review: A Grammar of {E}nglish on Mathematical Principles",
    author = "Nevin, Bruce E.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "3-4",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-3006",
}
@article{nn-1984-announcing,
    title = "Announcing a New Section",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "3-4",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-3007",
}
@article{nn-1984-site-report,
    title = "Site Report",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "3-4",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-3008",
}
@article{nn-1984-program,
    title = "Program",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "3-4",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-3009",
}
@article{nn-1984-minutes-1984,
    title = "Minutes of the 1984 {ACL} Meeting",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "3-4",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-3010",
}
@article{nn-1984-abstracts-current-literature,
    title = "Abstracts of Current Literature",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "3-4",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-3011",
}
@article{gehrt-1984-take,
    title = "Take a few nanoseconds to explore the roots of computing",
    author = "Gehrt, Richard F.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "10",
    number = "3-4",
    year = "1984",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J84-3012",
}
@article{cl-1990-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 16, Number 1, March 1990",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "1",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-1000",
}
@article{pereira-1990-categorial,
    title = "Categorial Semantics and Scoping",
    author = "Pereira, Fernando C. N.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "1",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@article{dawar-vijay-shanker-1990-interpretation,
    title = "An Interpretation of Negation in Feature Structure Descriptions",
    author = "Dawar, Anuj  and
      Vijay-Shanker, K.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "1",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-1002",
    pages = "11--21",
}
@article{church-hanks-1990-word,
    title = "Word Association Norms, Mutual Information, and Lexicography",
    author = "Church, Kenneth Ward  and
      Hanks, Patrick",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "1",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-1003",
    pages = "22--29",
}
@article{shieber-etal-1990-semantic,
    title = "Semantic-Head-Driven Generation",
    author = "Shieber, Stuart M.  and
      van Noord, Gertjan  and
      Pereira, Fernando C. N.  and
      Moore, Robert C.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "1",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-1004",
    pages = "30--42",
}
@article{kac-1990-letter,
    title = "Letter to the Editor",
    author = "Kac, Michael B.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "1",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-1005",
}
@article{dahl-1990-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: INTERPRETING ANAPHORS IN NATURAL LANGUAGE TEXTS",
    author = "Dahl, Deborah",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "1",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-1006",
}
@article{koskenniemi-1990-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Phonological Parsing in Speech Recognition",
    author = "Koskenniemi, Kimmo",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "1",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-1007",
}
@article{bachenko-1990-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Prosody and Speech Recognition",
    author = "Bachenko, Joan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "1",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-1008",
}
@article{somers-1990-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: From Syntax to Semantics: Insights from Machine Translation",
    author = "Somers, Harold",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "1",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-1009",
}
@article{evens-1990-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Studies in Computer-Aided Lexicology",
    author = "Evens, Martha",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "1",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-1010",
}
@article{roach-1990-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Computational Linguistics: An Introduction",
    author = "Roach, John",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "1",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-1011",
}
@article{taylor-taylor-1990-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Speaking: From Intention to Articulation",
    author = "Taylor, M. Martin  and
      Taylor, Insup",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "1",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-1012",
}
@article{nn-1990-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "1",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-1013",
}
@article{nn-1990-books,
    title = "Books Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "1",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-1014",
}
@article{nn-1990-abstracts,
    title = "Abstracts of Current Literature",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "1",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-1015",
}
@article{nn-1990-advertisements,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "1",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-1016",
}
@article{cl-1990-linguistics-16,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 16, Number 2, June 1990",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "2",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-2000",
}
@article{tsutsumi-1990-wide,
    title = "Wide-Range Restructuring of Intermediate Representations in Machine Translation",
    author = "Tsutsumi, Taijiro",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "2",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-2001",
    pages = "71--78",
}
@article{brown-etal-1990-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Approach to Machine Translation",
    author = "Brown, Peter F.  and
      Cocke, John  and
      Della Pietra, Stephen A.  and
      Della Pietra, Vincent J.  and
      Jelinek, Fredrick  and
      Lafferty, John D.  and
      Mercer, Robert L.  and
      Roossin, Paul S.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "2",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-2002",
    pages = "79--85",
}
@article{rayner-banks-1990-implementable,
    title = "An Implementable Semantics for Comparative Constructions",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Banks, Amelie",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "2",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-2003",
    pages = "86--112",
}
@article{sampson-1990-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: COMPUTATIONAL LEXICOGRAPHY FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Sampson, Geoffrey",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "2",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-2004",
}
@article{tjoeliong-1990-natural,
    title = "NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN LISP: AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS: NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN POP-11: AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS: NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN PROLOG: AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS",
    author = "TjoeLiong, Kwee",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "2",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-2005",
}
@article{schubert-1990-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Modelisafion du dialogue: Representation de l{'}inference argumentative",
    author = "Schubert, Klaus",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "2",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-2006",
}
@article{hirst-1990-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Computational Linguistics: An International Handbook on Computer Oriented Language Research and Applications: COMPUTERLINGUISTIK: EIN INTERNATIONALES HANDBUCH ZUR COMPUTERGESTUTZTEN SPRACHFORSCHUNG UND IHRER ANWENDUNGEN",
    author = "Hirst, Graeme",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "2",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-2007",
}
@article{nn-1990-briefly-noted,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "2",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-2008",
}
@article{nn-1990-books-received,
    title = "Books Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "2",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-2009",
}
@article{nn-1990-abstracts-current,
    title = "Abstracts of Current Literature",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "2",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-2010",
}
@article{nn-1990-advertisements-2,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "2",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-2011",
}
@article{cl-1990-linguistics-16-number,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 16, Number 3, September 1990",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "3",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-3000",
}
@article{alshawi-1990-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Quasi Logical Forms",
    author = "Alshawi, Hiyan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "3",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-3001",
    pages = "133--144",
}
@article{decary-lapalme-1990-editor,
    title = "An Editor for the Explanatory and Combinatory Dictionary of Comtemporary {F}rench ({DECFC})",
    author = "D{\'e}cary, Michael  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "3",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-3002",
    pages = "145--154",
}
@article{bachenko-fitzpatrick-1990-computational,
    title = "A Computational Grammar of Discourse-Neutral Prosodic Phrasing in {E}nglish",
    author = "Bachenko, J.  and
      Fitzpatrick, E.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "3",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-3003",
    pages = "155--170",
}
@article{ramsay-1990-disjunction,
    title = "Disjunction without Tears",
    author = "Ramsay, Allan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "3",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-3004",
    pages = "171--174",
}
@article{palmer-finin-1990-workshop,
    title = "Workshop on the Evaluation of Natural Language Processing Systems",
    author = "Palmer, Martha  and
      Finin, Tim",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "3",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-3005",
    pages = "175--181",
}
@article{estival-1990-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: MACHINE TRANSLATION: HOW FAR CAN IT GO?",
    author = "Estival, Dominique",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "3",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-3006",
}
@article{boguraev-1990-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Looking Up: An Account of the {COBUILD} PROJECT IN LEXICAL COMPUTING",
    author = "Boguraev, Branimir",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "3",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-3007",
}
@article{hoeppner-1990-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Generating Natural Language under Pragmatic Constraints",
    author = "Hoeppner, Wolfgang",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "3",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-3008",
}
@article{nn-1990-briefly-noted-2,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "3",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-3009",
}
@article{nn-1990-books-received-2,
    title = "Books Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "3",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-3010",
}
@article{nn-1990-abstracts-current-literature,
    title = "Abstracts of Current Literature",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "3",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-3011",
}
@article{nn-1990-advertisements-3,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "3",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-3012",
}
@article{cl-1990-linguistics-16-number-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 16, Number 4, {D}ecember 1990",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "4",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-4000",
}
@article{lappin-mccord-1990-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora Resolution in Slot Grammar",
    author = "Lappin, Shalom  and
      McCord, Michael",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "4",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-4001",
    pages = "197--212",
}
@article{haas-1990-sentential,
    title = "Sentential Semantics for Propositional Attitudes",
    author = "Haas, Andrew R.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "4",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-4002",
    pages = "213--233",
}
@article{covington-1990-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Discontinuous constituents in Dependency Grammar",
    author = "Covington, Michael A.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "4",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-4003",
    pages = "234--236",
}
@article{scott-1990-letter,
    title = "Letter to the Editor",
    author = "Scott, Bernard E.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "4",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-4004",
}
@article{hirst-1990-book-reviews,
    title = "Book Reviews: A CONNECTIONIST APPROACH TO WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION",
    author = "Hirst, Graeme",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "4",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-4005",
}
@article{schwind-1990-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Language Learning",
    author = "Schwind, Camilla",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "4",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-4006",
}
@article{taylor-taylor-1990-book-reviews,
    title = "Book Reviews: An Introduction to {C}hinese, {J}apanese and {K}orean Computing",
    author = "Taylor, M. Martin  and
      Taylor, Insup",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "4",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-4007",
}
@article{nn-1990-briefly-noted-3,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "4",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-4008",
}
@article{nn-1990-books-received-3,
    title = "Books Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "4",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-4009",
}
@article{nn-1990-abstracts-current-literature-2,
    title = "Abstracts of Current Literature",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "4",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-4010",
}
@article{nn-1990-advertisements-4,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "16",
    number = "4",
    year = "1990",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J90-4011",
}
@proceedings{coling-2012-coling,
    title = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    author = "Kay, Martin  and
      Boitet, Christian",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1000",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2012-multi,
    title = "Multi-Dimensional Feature Merger for Question Answering",
    author = "Agarwal, Apoorv  and
      Murdock, J. William  and
      Chu-Carroll, Jennifer  and
      Lally, Adam  and
      Kalyanpur, Aditya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1001",
    pages = "1--16",
}
@inproceedings{akbik-etal-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Discovery of Relations and Discriminative Extraction Patterns",
    author = {Akbik, Alan  and
      Visengeriyeva, Larysa  and
      Herger, Priska  and
      Hemsen, Holmer  and
      L{\"o}ser, Alexander},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1002",
    pages = "17--32",
}
@inproceedings{al-khatib-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Point of View Differences in {W}ikipedia",
    author = {Al Khatib, Khalid  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich  and
      Kantner, Cathleen},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1003",
    pages = "33--50",
}
@inproceedings{al-rfou-skiena-2012-speedread,
    title = "{S}peed{R}ead: A Fast Named Entity Recognition Pipeline",
    author = "Al-Rfou{'}, Rami  and
      Skiena, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1004",
    pages = "51--66",
}
@inproceedings{arcan-etal-2012-experiments,
    title = "Experiments with Term Translation",
    author = "Arcan, Mihael  and
      Federmann, Christian  and
      Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1005",
    pages = "67--82",
}
@inproceedings{attia-etal-2012-floating,
    title = "The {F}loating {A}rabic {D}ictionary: An Automatic Method for Updating a Lexical Database through the Detection and Lemmatization of Unknown Words",
    author = "Attia, Mohammed  and
      Samih, Younes  and
      Shaalan, Khaled  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1006",
    pages = "83--96",
}
@inproceedings{atutxa-etal-2012-contribution,
    title = "Contribution of Complex Lexical Information to Solve Syntactic Ambiguity in {B}asque",
    author = "Atutxa, Aitziber  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Sarasola, Kepa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1007",
    pages = "97--114",
}
@inproceedings{avramidis-2012-comparative,
    title = "Comparative Quality Estimation: Automatic Sentence-Level Ranking of Multiple Machine Translation Outputs",
    author = "Avramidis, Eleftherios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1008",
    pages = "115--132",
}
@inproceedings{ayele-etal-2012-constructing,
    title = "Constructing Reference Semantic Predictions from Biomedical Knowledge Sources",
    author = "Ayele, Demeke  and
      Chevallet, Jean-Pierre  and
      Meshesha, Million  and
      Kassie, Getnet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1009",
    pages = "133--148",
}
@inproceedings{banerjee-etal-2012-translation,
    title = "Translation Quality-Based Supplementary Data Selection by Incremental Update of Translation Models",
    author = "Banerjee, Pratyush  and
      Naskar, Sudip Kumar  and
      Roturier, Johann  and
      Way, Andy  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1010",
    pages = "149--166",
}
@inproceedings{bar-etal-2012-text,
    title = "Text Reuse Detection using a Composition of Text Similarity Measures",
    author = {B{\"a}r, Daniel  and
      Zesch, Torsten  and
      Gurevych, Iryna},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1011",
    pages = "167--184",
}
@inproceedings{bar-dershowitz-2012-deriving,
    title = "Deriving Paraphrases for Highly Inflected Languages from Comparable Documents",
    author = "Bar, Kfir  and
      Dershowitz, Nachum",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1012",
    pages = "185--200",
}
@inproceedings{barbosa-etal-2012-harvesting,
    title = "Harvesting Parallel Text in Multiple Languages with Limited Supervision",
    author = "Barbosa, Luciano  and
      Rangarajan Sridhar, Vivek Kumar  and
      Yarmohammadi, Mahsa  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1013",
    pages = "201--214",
}
@inproceedings{bechara-etal-2012-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of Statistical Post-Editing Systems Applied to {RBMT} and {SMT} Systems",
    author = {B{\'e}chara, Hanna  and
      Rubino, Rapha{\"e}l  and
      He, Yifan  and
      Ma, Yanjun  and
      van Genabith, Josef},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1014",
    pages = "215--230",
}
@inproceedings{bejcek-etal-2012-prague,
    title = "{P}rague {D}ependency {T}reebank 2.5 {--} a Revisited Version of {PDT} 2.0",
    author = "Bej{\v{c}}ek, Eduard  and
      Panevov{\'a}, Jarmila  and
      Popelka, Jan  and
      Stra{\v{n}}{\'a}k, Pavel  and
      {\v{S}}ev{\v{c}}{\'\i}kov{\'a}, Magda  and
      {\v{S}}t{\v{e}}p{\'a}nek, Jan  and
      {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1015",
    pages = "231--246",
}
@inproceedings{bender-etal-2012-deriving,
    title = "Deriving a Lexicon for a Precision Grammar from Language Documentation Resources: A Case Study of {C}hintang",
    author = "Bender, Emily M.  and
      Schikowski, Robert  and
      Bickel, Balthasar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1016",
    pages = "247--262",
}
@inproceedings{biemann-etal-2012-quantifying,
    title = "Quantifying Semantics using Complex Network Analysis",
    author = "Biemann, Chris  and
      Roos, Stefanie  and
      Weihe, Karsten",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1017",
    pages = "263--278",
}
@inproceedings{billingsley-curran-2012-improvements,
    title = "Improvements to Training an {RNN} parser",
    author = "Billingsley, Richard  and
      Curran, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1018",
    pages = "279--294",
}
@inproceedings{biyani-etal-2012-thread,
    title = "Thread Specific Features are Helpful for Identifying Subjectivity Orientation of Online Forum Threads",
    author = "Biyani, Prakhar  and
      Bhatia, Sumit  and
      Caragea, Cornelia  and
      Mitra, Prasenjit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1019",
    pages = "295--310",
}
@inproceedings{blake-etal-2012-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Generation for Nature Conservation: Automating Feedback to Help Volunteers Identify Bumblebee Species",
    author = "Blake, Steven  and
      Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Nguyen, Hien  and
      Sharma, Nirwan  and
      Robinson, Anne-Marie  and
      O{'}Mahony, Elaine  and
      Darvill, Ben  and
      Mellish, Chris  and
      van der Wal, Ren{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1020",
    pages = "311--324",
}
@inproceedings{borschinger-etal-2012-studying,
    title = "Studying the Effect of Input Size for {B}ayesian Word Segmentation on the {P}rovidence Corpus",
    author = {B{\"o}rschinger, Benjamin  and
      Demuth, Katherine  and
      Johnson, Mark},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1021",
    pages = "325--340",
}
@inproceedings{botha-etal-2012-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Language Modelling of {G}erman Compounds",
    author = "Botha, Jan A.  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1022",
    pages = "341--356",
}
@inproceedings{bott-etal-2012-spanish,
    title = "Can {S}panish Be Simpler? {L}ex{S}i{S}: Lexical Simplification for {S}panish",
    author = "Bott, Stefan  and
      Rello, Luz  and
      Drndarevic, Biljana  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1023",
    pages = "357--374",
}
@inproceedings{bracewell-etal-2012-identification,
    title = "Identification of Social Acts in Dialogue",
    author = "Bracewell, David  and
      Tomlinson, Marc  and
      Wang, Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1024",
    pages = "375--390",
}
@inproceedings{brooke-hirst-2012-robust,
    title = "Robust, Lexicalized Native Language Identification",
    author = "Brooke, Julian  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1025",
    pages = "391--408",
}
@inproceedings{butt-etal-2012-identifying,
    title = "Identifying {U}rdu Complex Predication via Bigram Extraction",
    author = {Butt, Miriam  and
      B{\"o}gel, Tina  and
      Hautli, Annette  and
      Sulger, Sebastian  and
      Ahmed, Tafseer},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1026",
    pages = "409--424",
}
@inproceedings{bykh-meurers-2012-native,
    title = "Native Language Identification using Recurring $n$-grams {--} Investigating Abstraction and Domain Dependence",
    author = "Bykh, Serhiy  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1027",
    pages = "425--440",
}
@inproceedings{cassidy-etal-2012-analysis,
    title = "Analysis and Enhancement of Wikification for Microblogs with Context Expansion",
    author = "Cassidy, Taylor  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Ratinov, Lev-Arie  and
      Zubiaga, Arkaitz  and
      Huang, Hongzhao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1028",
    pages = "441--456",
}
@inproceedings{chali-hasan-2012-effectiveness,
    title = "On the Effectiveness of using Sentence Compression Models for Query-Focused Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Chali, Yllias  and
      Hasan, Sadid A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1029",
    pages = "457--474",
}
@inproceedings{chali-hasan-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Topical Question Generation",
    author = "Chali, Yllias  and
      Hasan, Sadid A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1030",
    pages = "475--492",
}
@inproceedings{chang-clark-2012-adjective,
    title = "Adjective Deletion for Linguistic Steganography and Secret Sharing",
    author = "Chang, Ching-Yun  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1031",
    pages = "493--510",
}
@inproceedings{chang-clark-2012-secrets,
    title = "The Secret{'}s in the Word Order: Text-to-Text Generation for Linguistic Steganography",
    author = "Chang, Ching-Yun  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1032",
    pages = "511--528",
}
@inproceedings{chen-ng-2012-joint,
    title = "Joint Modeling for {C}hinese Event Extraction with Rich Linguistic Features",
    author = "Chen, Chen  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1033",
    pages = "529--544",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2012-simplification,
    title = "A Simplification-Translation-Restoration Framework for Cross-Domain {SMT} Applications",
    author = "Chen, Han-Bin  and
      Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Tan, Ching-Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1034",
    pages = "545--560",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2012-semi,
    title = "A Semi-Supervised {B}ayesian Network Model for Microblog Topic Classification",
    author = "Chen, Yan  and
      Li, Zhoujun  and
      Nie, Liqiang  and
      Hu, Xia  and
      Wang, Xiangyu  and
      Chua, Tat-Seng  and
      Zhang, Xiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1035",
    pages = "561--576",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-zhulyn-2012-system,
    title = "A System for Multilingual Sentiment Learning On Large Data Sets",
    author = "Cheng, Alex  and
      Zhulyn, Oles",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1036",
    pages = "577--592",
}
@inproceedings{chetviorkin-loukachevitch-2012-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of {R}ussian Sentiment Lexicon for Product Meta-Domain",
    author = "Chetviorkin, Ilia  and
      Loukachevitch, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1037",
    pages = "593--610",
}
@inproceedings{chodorow-etal-2012-problems,
    title = "Problems in Evaluating Grammatical Error Detection Systems",
    author = "Chodorow, Martin  and
      Dickinson, Markus  and
      Israel, Ross  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1038",
    pages = "611--628",
}
@inproceedings{claveau-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised and Semi-Supervised Morphological Analysis for Information Retrieval in the Biomedical Domain",
    author = "Claveau, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1039",
    pages = "629--646",
}
@inproceedings{collier-etal-2012-hybrid,
    title = "A Hybrid Approach to Finding Phenotype Candidates in Genetic Texts",
    author = "Collier, Nigel  and
      Tran, Mai-Vu  and
      Le, Hoang-Quynh  and
      Oellrich, Anika  and
      Kawazoe, Ai  and
      Hall-May, Martin  and
      Rebholz-Schuhmann, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1040",
    pages = "647--662",
}
@inproceedings{contractor-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using Argumentative Zones for Extractive Summarization of Scientific Articles",
    author = "Contractor, Danish  and
      Guo, Yufan  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1041",
    pages = "663--678",
}
@inproceedings{coyne-etal-2012-annotation,
    title = "Annotation Tools and Knowledge Representation for a Text-To-Scene System",
    author = "Coyne, Bob  and
      Klapheke, Alex  and
      Rouhizadeh, Masoud  and
      Sproat, Richard  and
      Bauer, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1042",
    pages = "679--694",
}
@inproceedings{crysmann-packard-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards Efficient {HPSG} Generation for {G}erman, a Non-Configurational Language",
    author = "Crysmann, Berthold  and
      Packard, Woodley",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1043",
    pages = "695--710",
}
@inproceedings{daxenberger-gurevych-2012-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-Based Study of Edit Categories in Featured and Non-Featured {W}ikipedia Articles",
    author = "Daxenberger, Johannes  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1044",
    pages = "711--726",
}
@inproceedings{deb-roy-zeng-2012-computational,
    title = "A Computational Cognitive Model for Semantic Sub-Network Extraction from Natural Language Queries",
    author = "Deb Roy, Suman  and
      Zeng, Wenjun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1045",
    pages = "727--744",
}
@inproceedings{delpech-etal-2012-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Domain-Specific Bilingual Lexicon from Comparable Corpora: Compositional Translation and Ranking",
    author = "Delpech, Estelle  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice  and
      Morin, Emmanuel  and
      Lemaire, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1046",
    pages = "745--762",
}
@inproceedings{duan-etal-2012-twitter,
    title = "{T}witter Topic Summarization by Ranking Tweets using Social Influence and Content Quality",
    author = "Duan, Yajuan  and
      Chen, Zhumin  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Shum, Heung-Yeung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1047",
    pages = "763--780",
}
@inproceedings{eger-2012-restricted,
    title = "{S}-Restricted Monotone Alignments: Algorithm, Search Space, and Applications",
    author = "Eger, Steffen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1048",
    pages = "781--798",
}
@inproceedings{ehara-etal-2012-mining,
    title = "Mining Words in the Minds of Second Language Learners: Learner-Specific Word Difficulty",
    author = "Ehara, Yo  and
      Sato, Issei  and
      Oiwa, Hidekazu  and
      Nakagawa, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1049",
    pages = "799--814",
}
@inproceedings{fahrni-strube-2012-jointly,
    title = "Jointly Disambiguating and Clustering Concepts and Entities with {M}arkov Logic",
    author = "Fahrni, Angela  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1050",
    pages = "815--832",
}
@inproceedings{farahmand-penn-2012-flexible,
    title = "Flexible Structural Analysis of Near-Meet-Semilattices for Typed Unification-Based Grammar Design",
    author = "Farahmand, Rouzbeh  and
      Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1051",
    pages = "833--848",
}
@inproceedings{farkas-bohnet-2012-stacking,
    title = "Stacking of Dependency and Phrase Structure Parsers",
    author = "Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      Bohnet, Bernd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1052",
    pages = "849--866",
}
@inproceedings{feng-etal-2012-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Cohesion Model for Phrase-Based {SMT}",
    author = "Feng, Minwei  and
      Sun, Weiwei  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1053",
    pages = "867--878",
}
@inproceedings{fernando-etal-2012-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Taxonomies for Organising Collections of Documents",
    author = "Fernando, Samuel  and
      Hall, Mark  and
      Agirre, Eneko  and
      Soroa, Aitor  and
      Clough, Paul  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1054",
    pages = "879--894",
}
@inproceedings{fort-etal-2012-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the Complexity of Manual Annotation Tasks: a Grid of Analysis",
    author = {Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Nazarenko, Adeline  and
      Rosset, Sophie},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1055",
    pages = "895--910",
}
@inproceedings{galanis-etal-2012-extractive,
    title = "Extractive Multi-Document Summarization with Integer Linear Programming and Support Vector Regression",
    author = "Galanis, Dimitrios  and
      Lampouras, Gerasimos  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1056",
    pages = "911--926",
}
@inproceedings{ganguly-etal-2012-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Topical Relevance Models",
    author = "Ganguly, Debasis  and
      Leveling, Johannes  and
      Jones, Gareth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1057",
    pages = "927--942",
}
@inproceedings{glass-gliozzo-2012-structured,
    title = "Structured Term Recognition in Medical Text",
    author = "Glass, Michael  and
      Gliozzo, Alfio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1058",
    pages = "943--958",
}
@inproceedings{goldberg-nivre-2012-dynamic,
    title = "A Dynamic Oracle for Arc-Eager Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Goldberg, Yoav  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1059",
    pages = "959--976",
}
@inproceedings{goto-etal-2012-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Mechanical Analysis of Semantic Orientations on Lexical Network",
    author = "Goto, Takuma  and
      Kabashima, Yoshiyuki  and
      Takamura, Hiroya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1060",
    pages = "977--994",
}
@inproceedings{gottipati-jiang-2012-finding,
    title = "Finding Thoughtful Comments from Social Media",
    author = "Gottipati, Swapna  and
      Jiang, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1061",
    pages = "995--1010",
}
@inproceedings{goyal-etal-2012-distributed,
    title = "A Distributed Platform for {S}anskrit Processing",
    author = "Goyal, Pawan  and
      Huet, G{\'e}rard  and
      Kulkarni, Amba  and
      Scharf, Peter  and
      Bunker, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1062",
    pages = "1011--1028",
}
@inproceedings{guzman-vogel-2012-understanding,
    title = "Understanding the Performance of Statistical {MT} Systems: A Linear Regression Framework",
    author = "Guzman, Francisco  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1063",
    pages = "1029--1044",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2012-geolocation,
    title = "Geolocation Prediction in Social Media Data by Finding Location Indicative Words",
    author = "Han, Bo  and
      Cook, Paul  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1064",
    pages = "1045--1062",
}
@inproceedings{hancke-etal-2012-readability,
    title = "Readability Classification for {G}erman using Lexical, Syntactic, and Morphological Features",
    author = "Hancke, Julia  and
      Vajjala, Sowmya  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1065",
    pages = "1063--1080",
}
@inproceedings{hara-etal-2012-walk,
    title = "Walk-based Computation of Contextual Word Similarity",
    author = "Hara, Kazuo  and
      Suzuki, Ikumi  and
      Shimbo, Masashi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1066",
    pages = "1081--1096",
}
@inproceedings{harashima-kurohashi-2012-flexible,
    title = "Flexible {J}apanese Sentence Compression by Relaxing Unit Constraints",
    author = "Harashima, Jun  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1067",
    pages = "1097--1112",
}
@inproceedings{haselbach-etal-2012-approximating,
    title = "Approximating Theoretical Linguistics Classification in Real Data: the Case of {G}erman {``}nach{''} Particle Verbs",
    author = "Haselbach, Boris  and
      Eckart, Kerstin  and
      Seeker, Wolfgang  and
      Eberle, Kurt  and
      Heid, Ulrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1068",
    pages = "1113--1128",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2012-bridging,
    title = "Bridging the Gap between Intrinsic and Perceived Relevance in Snippet Generation",
    author = "He, Jing  and
      Duboue, Pablo  and
      Nie, Jian-Yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1069",
    pages = "1129--1146",
}
@inproceedings{he-wang-2012-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison and Improvement of Online Learning Algorithms for Sequence Labeling",
    author = "He, Zhengyan  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1070",
    pages = "1147--1162",
}
@inproceedings{higashinaka-etal-2012-creating,
    title = "Creating an Extended Named Entity Dictionary from {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Higashinaka, Ryuichiro  and
      Sadamitsu, Kugatsu  and
      Saito, Kuniko  and
      Makino, Toshiro  and
      Matsuo, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1071",
    pages = "1163--1178",
}
@inproceedings{hirayama-etal-2012-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Method of Building Dialect Language Models for {ASR} Systems",
    author = "Hirayama, Naoki  and
      Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Okuno, Hiroshi G.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1072",
    pages = "1179--1194",
}
@inproceedings{holub-etal-2012-tailored,
    title = "Tailored Feature Extraction for Lexical Disambiguation of {E}nglish Verbs Based on Corpus Pattern Analysis",
    author = "Holub, Martin  and
      Kr{\'\i}{\v{z}}, Vincent  and
      Cinkov{\'a}, Silvie  and
      Bick, Eckhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1073",
    pages = "1195--1210",
}
@inproceedings{houngbo-mercer-2012-method,
    title = "Method Mention Extraction from Scientific Research Papers",
    author = "Houngbo, Hospice  and
      Mercer, Robert E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1074",
    pages = "1211--1222",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2012-context,
    title = "Context-Enhanced Personalized Social Summarization",
    author = "Hu, Po  and
      Ji, Donghong  and
      Teng, Chong  and
      Guo, Yujing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1075",
    pages = "1223--1238",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2012-tweet,
    title = "Tweet Ranking Based on Heterogeneous Networks",
    author = "Huang, Hongzhao  and
      Zubiaga, Arkaitz  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Deng, Hongbo  and
      Wang, Dong  and
      Le, Hieu  and
      Abdelzaher, Tarek  and
      Han, Jiawei  and
      Leung, Alice  and
      Hancock, John  and
      Voss, Clare",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1076",
    pages = "1239--1256",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2012-improved-combinatory,
    title = "Improved Combinatory Categorial Grammar Induction with Boundary Words and {B}ayesian Inference",
    author = "Huang, Yun  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Tan, Chew-Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1077",
    pages = "1257--1274",
}
@inproceedings{inokuchi-yamaoka-2012-mining,
    title = "Mining Rules for Rewriting States in a Transition-based Dependency Parser for {E}nglish",
    author = "Inokuchi, Akihiro  and
      Yamaoka, Ayumu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1078",
    pages = "1275--1290",
}
@inproceedings{inoue-etal-2012-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution with {ILP}-based Weighted Abduction",
    author = "Inoue, Naoya  and
      Ovchinnikova, Ekaterina  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Hobbs, Jerry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1079",
    pages = "1291--1308",
}
@inproceedings{jameel-etal-2012-n,
    title = "$N$-gram Fragment Sequence Based Unsupervised Domain-Specific Document Readability",
    author = "Jameel, Shoaib  and
      Qian, Xiaojun  and
      Lam, Wai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1080",
    pages = "1309--1326",
}
@inproceedings{jindal-roth-2012-using,
    title = "Using Knowledge and Constraints To Find the Best Antecedent",
    author = "Jindal, Prateek  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1081",
    pages = "1327--1342",
}
@inproceedings{jochim-schutze-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards a Generic and Flexible Citation Classifier Based on a Faceted Classification Scheme",
    author = {Jochim, Charles  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1082",
    pages = "1343--1358",
}
@inproceedings{jones-etal-2012-semantics,
    title = "Semantics-Based Machine Translation with Hyperedge Replacement Grammars",
    author = "Jones, Bevan  and
      Andreas, Jacob  and
      Bauer, Daniel  and
      Hermann, Karl Moritz  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1083",
    pages = "1359--1376",
}
@inproceedings{kanayama-etal-2012-answering,
    title = "Answering Yes/No Questions via Question Inversion",
    author = "Kanayama, Hiroshi  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Prager, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1084",
    pages = "1377--1392",
}
@inproceedings{kapociute-dzikiene-etal-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving Topic Classification for Highly Inflective Languages",
    author = "Kapociute-Dzikiene, Jurgita  and
      Vaassen, Frederik  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Krupavi{\v{c}}ius, Algis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1085",
    pages = "1393--1410",
}
@inproceedings{kawasaki-etal-2012-generating,
    title = "Generating {``}{A} for {A}lpha{''} When There Are Thousands of Characters",
    author = "Kawasaki, Hiroaki  and
      Sasano, Ryohei  and
      Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1086",
    pages = "1411--1424",
}
@inproceedings{khordad-etal-2012-machine,
    title = "A Machine Learning Approach for Phenotype Name Recognition",
    author = "Khordad, Maryam  and
      Mercer, Robert E.  and
      Rogan, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1087",
    pages = "1425--1440",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving Combinatory Categorial Grammar Parse Reranking with Dependency Grammar Features",
    author = "Kim, Sunghwan Mac  and
      Ng, Dominick  and
      Johnson, Mark  and
      Curran, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1088",
    pages = "1441--1458",
}
@inproceedings{klementiev-etal-2012-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Crosslingual Distributed Representations of Words",
    author = "Klementiev, Alexandre  and
      Titov, Ivan  and
      Bhattarai, Binod",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1089",
    pages = "1459--1474",
}
@inproceedings{kong-zhou-2012-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Local and Global Semantic Information for Event Pronoun Resolution",
    author = "Kong, Fang  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1090",
    pages = "1475--1488",
}
@inproceedings{kulkarni-etal-2012-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Processing of Compounds in {I}ndian Languages",
    author = "Kulkarni, Amba  and
      Paul, Soma  and
      Kulkarni, Malhar  and
      Kumar, Anil  and
      Surtani, Nitesh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1091",
    pages = "1489--1502",
}
@inproceedings{lai-etal-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised {J}apanese-{C}hinese Opinion Word Translation using Dependency Distance and Feature-Opinion Association Weight",
    author = "Lai, Guo-Hau  and
      Guo, Ying-Mei  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1092",
    pages = "1503--1518",
}
@inproceedings{lau-etal-2012-line,
    title = "On-line Trend Analysis with Topic Models: {\#}twitter Trends Detection Topic Model Online",
    author = "Lau, Jey Han  and
      Collier, Nigel  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1093",
    pages = "1519--1534",
}
@inproceedings{le-zuidema-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning Compositional Semantics for Open Domain Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Le, Phong  and
      Zuidema, Willem",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1094",
    pages = "1535--1552",
}
@inproceedings{leturia-2012-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Different Methods for Automatically Collecting Large General Corpora for {B}asque from the Web",
    author = "Leturia, Igor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1095",
    pages = "1553--1570",
}
@inproceedings{leveling-etal-2012-approximate,
    title = "Approximate Sentence Retrieval for Scalable and Efficient Example-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Leveling, Johannes  and
      Ganguly, Debasis  and
      Dandapat, Sandipan  and
      Jones, Gareth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1096",
    pages = "1571--1586",
}
@inproceedings{li-liu-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving Text Normalization using Character-Blocks Based Models and System Combination",
    author = "Li, Chen  and
      Liu, Yang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1097",
    pages = "1587--1602",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-update,
    title = "Update Summarization using a Multi-level Hierarchical {D}irichlet Process Model",
    author = "Li, Jiwei  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Wang, Xun  and
      Tian, Ye  and
      Chang, Baobao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1098",
    pages = "1603--1618",
}
@inproceedings{li-zhou-2012-employing,
    title = "Employing Morphological Structures and Sememes for {C}hinese Event Extraction",
    author = "Li, Peifeng  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1099",
    pages = "1619--1634",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-joint,
    title = "Joint Modeling of Trigger Identification and Event Type Determination in {C}hinese Event Extraction",
    author = "Li, Peifeng  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming  and
      Diao, Hongjun  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1100",
    pages = "1635--1652",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Surface and Abstract Features for Robust Cross-Domain {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Li, Xiaoqing  and
      Wang, Kun  and
      Zong, Chengqing  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1101",
    pages = "1653--1670",
}
@inproceedings{li-fung-2012-code,
    title = "Code-Switch Language Model with Inversion Constraints for Mixed Language Speech Recognition",
    author = "Li, Ying  and
      Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1102",
    pages = "1671--1680",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-separately,
    title = "A Separately Passive-Aggressive Training Algorithm for Joint {POS} Tagging and Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Li, Zhenghua  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1103",
    pages = "1681--1698",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2012-graph,
    title = "Graph-Based Multi-Tweet Summarization using Social Signals",
    author = "Liu, Xiaohua  and
      Li, Yitong  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Zhou, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1104",
    pages = "1699--1714",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2012-topical,
    title = "Topical Word Trigger Model for Keyphrase Extraction",
    author = "Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Liang, Chen  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1105",
    pages = "1715--1730",
}
@inproceedings{ma-etal-2012-easy,
    title = "Easy-First {C}hinese {POS} Tagging and Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Ma, Ji  and
      Xiao, Tong  and
      Zhu, Jingbo  and
      Ren, Feiliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1106",
    pages = "1731--1746",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-gomez-etal-2012-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Personal Characteristics of Readers using Eye-Movements and Text Features",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez-G{\'o}mez, Pascual  and
      Hara, Tadayoshi  and
      Aizawa, Akiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1107",
    pages = "1747--1762",
}
@inproceedings{meyer-gurevych-2012-exhibit,
    title = "To Exhibit is not to Loiter: A Multilingual, Sense-Disambiguated {W}iktionary for Measuring Verb Similarity",
    author = "Meyer, Christian M.  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1108",
    pages = "1763--1780",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using Distributional Similarity for Lexical Expansion in Knowledge-based Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Miller, Tristan  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Zesch, Torsten  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1109",
    pages = "1781--1796",
}
@inproceedings{morin-daille-2012-revising,
    title = "Revising the Compositional Method for Terminology Acquisition from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Morin, Emmanuel  and
      Daille, B{\'e}atrice",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1110",
    pages = "1797--1810",
}
@inproceedings{motazedi-etal-2012-bad,
    title = "Is Bad Structure Better Than No Structure?: Unsupervised Parsing for Realisation Ranking",
    author = "Motazedi, Yasaman  and
      Dras, Mark  and
      Lareau, Fran{\c{c}}ois",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1111",
    pages = "1811--1830",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-liu-2012-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Linguistic Style Accommodation in Online Debates",
    author = "Mukherjee, Arjun  and
      Liu, Bing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1112",
    pages = "1831--1846",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-bhattacharyya-2012-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Analysis in {T}witter with Lightweight Discourse Analysis",
    author = "Mukherjee, Subhabrata  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1113",
    pages = "1847--1864",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-bhattacharyya-2012-youcat,
    title = "{Y}ou{C}at: Weakly Supervised Youtube Video Categorization System from Meta Data {\&} User Comments using {W}ordNet {\&} {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Mukherjee, Subhabrata  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1114",
    pages = "1865--1882",
}
@inproceedings{muller-etal-2012-constrained,
    title = "Constrained Decoding for Text-Level Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Muller, Philippe  and
      Afantenos, Stergos  and
      Denis, Pascal  and
      Asher, Nicholas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1115",
    pages = "1883--1900",
}
@inproceedings{mulugeta-etal-2012-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Learning of Affix Segmentation",
    author = "Mulugeta, Wondwossen  and
      Gasser, Michael  and
      Yimam, Baye",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1116",
    pages = "1901--1914",
}
@inproceedings{murawaki-kurohashi-2012-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Noun Compound Analysis with Edge and Span Features",
    author = "Murawaki, Yugo  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1117",
    pages = "1915--1932",
}
@inproceedings{murphy-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning Effective and Interpretable Semantic Models using Non-Negative Sparse Embedding",
    author = "Murphy, Brian  and
      Talukdar, Partha  and
      Mitchell, Tom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1118",
    pages = "1933--1950",
}
@inproceedings{mykowiecka-marciniak-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining {W}ordnet and Morphosyntactic Information in Terminology Clustering",
    author = "Mykowiecka, Agnieszka  and
      Marciniak, Malgorzata",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1119",
    pages = "1951--1962",
}
@inproceedings{nakazawa-kurohashi-2012-alignment,
    title = "Alignment by Bilingual Generation and Monolingual Derivation",
    author = "Nakazawa, Toshiaki  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1120",
    pages = "1963--1978",
}
@inproceedings{nakov-etal-2012-optimizing,
    title = "Optimizing for Sentence-Level {BLEU}+1 Yields Short Translations",
    author = "Nakov, Preslav  and
      Guzman, Francisco  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1121",
    pages = "1979--1994",
}
@inproceedings{naradowsky-etal-2012-grammarless,
    title = "Grammarless Parsing for Joint Inference",
    author = "Naradowsky, Jason  and
      Vieira, Tim  and
      Smith, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1122",
    pages = "1995--2010",
}
@inproceedings{narayan-gardent-2012-error,
    title = "Error Mining with Suspicion Trees: Seeing the Forest for the Trees",
    author = "Narayan, Shashi  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1123",
    pages = "2011--2026",
}
@inproceedings{narayan-gardent-2012-structure,
    title = "Structure-Driven Lexicalist Generation",
    author = "Narayan, Shashi  and
      Gardent, Claire",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1124",
    pages = "2027--2042",
}
@inproceedings{navratil-etal-2012-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Syntactic Reordering Methods for {E}nglish-{G}erman Machine Translation",
    author = "Navr{\'a}til, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      Visweswariah, Karthik  and
      Ramanathan, Ananthakrishnan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1125",
    pages = "2043--2058",
}
@inproceedings{nayak-mukerjee-2012-grounded,
    title = "Grounded Language Acquisition: A Minimal Commitment Approach",
    author = "Nayak, Sushobhan  and
      Mukerjee, Amitabha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1126",
    pages = "2059--2076",
}
@inproceedings{newman-etal-2012-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Text Segmentation for Index Term Identification and Keyphrase Extraction",
    author = "Newman, David  and
      Koilada, Nagendra  and
      Lau, Jey Han  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1127",
    pages = "2077--2092",
}
@inproceedings{ng-etal-2012-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Category-Specific Information for Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Ng, Jun-Ping  and
      Bysani, Praveen  and
      Lin, Ziheng  and
      Kan, Min-Yen  and
      Tan, Chew-Lim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1128",
    pages = "2093--2108",
}
@inproceedings{ng-kan-2012-improved,
    title = "Improved Temporal Relation Classification using Dependency Parses and Selective Crowdsourced Annotations",
    author = "Ng, Jun-Ping  and
      Kan, Min-Yen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1129",
    pages = "2109--2124",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2012-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Unbounded Dependency Recovery using Generalized Categorial Grammars",
    author = "Nguyen, Luan  and
      Van Schijndel, Marten  and
      Schuler, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1130",
    pages = "2125--2140",
}
@inproceedings{nuo-etal-2012-tibetan,
    title = "{T}ibetan Base Noun Phrase Identification Framework Based on {C}hinese-{T}ibetan Sentence Aligned Corpus",
    author = "Nuo, Ming Hua  and
      Liu, Hui Dan  and
      Zhao, Wei Na  and
      Ma, Long Long  and
      Wu, Jian  and
      Ding, Zhi Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1131",
    pages = "2141--2158",
}
@inproceedings{oudah-shaalan-2012-pipeline,
    title = "A Pipeline {A}rabic Named Entity Recognition using a Hybrid Approach",
    author = "Oudah, Mai  and
      Shaalan, Khaled",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1132",
    pages = "2159--2176",
}
@inproceedings{pasca-2012-attribute,
    title = "Attribute Extraction from Conjectural Queries",
    author = "Pa{\c{s}}ca, Marius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1133",
    pages = "2177--2190",
}
@inproceedings{patejuk-przepiorkowski-2012-comprehensive,
    title = "A Comprehensive Analysis of Constituent Coordination for Grammar Engineering",
    author = "Patejuk, Agnieszka  and
      Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1134",
    pages = "2191--2208",
}
@inproceedings{pecina-etal-2012-simple,
    title = "Simple and Effective Parameter Tuning for Domain Adaptation of Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Pecina, Pavel  and
      Toral, Antonio  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1135",
    pages = "2209--2224",
}
@inproceedings{pei-etal-2012-supervised,
    title = "A Supervised Aggregation Framework for Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Pei, Yulong  and
      Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Fan, Qifeng  and
      Huang, Lian{'}en",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1136",
    pages = "2225--2242",
}
@inproceedings{pilz-paass-2012-collective,
    title = "Collective Search for Concept Disambiguation",
    author = "Pilz, Anja  and
      Paa{\ss}, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1137",
    pages = "2243--2258",
}
@inproceedings{prabhakaran-etal-2012-whos,
    title = "Who{'}s (Really) the Boss? Perception of Situational Power in Written Interactions",
    author = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1138",
    pages = "2259--2274",
}
@inproceedings{qian-etal-2012-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Lexicon Construction from Comparable Corpora via Dependency Mapping",
    author = "Qian, Longhua  and
      Wang, Hongling  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1139",
    pages = "2275--2290",
}
@inproceedings{quochi-etal-2012-mwe,
    title = "A {MWE} Acquisition and Lexicon Builder Web Service",
    author = "Quochi, Valeria  and
      Frontini, Francesca  and
      Rubino, Francesco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1140",
    pages = "2291--2306",
}
@inproceedings{reichart-etal-2012-diverse,
    title = "A Diverse {D}irichlet Process Ensemble for Unsupervised Induction of Syntactic Categories",
    author = "Reichart, Roi  and
      Elidan, Gal  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1141",
    pages = "2307--2324",
}
@inproceedings{saers-etal-2012-finite,
    title = "From Finite-State to Inversion Transductions: Toward Unsupervised Bilingual Grammar Induction",
    author = "Saers, Markus  and
      Addanki, Karteek  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1142",
    pages = "2325--2340",
}
@inproceedings{sajjad-etal-2012-underspecified,
    title = "Underspecified Query Refinement via Natural Language Question Generation",
    author = "Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Pantel, Patrick  and
      Gamon, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1143",
    pages = "2341--2356",
}
@inproceedings{sakaguchi-etal-2012-joint,
    title = "Joint {E}nglish Spelling Error Correction and {POS} Tagging for Language Learners Writing",
    author = "Sakaguchi, Keisuke  and
      Mizumoto, Tomoya  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1144",
    pages = "2357--2374",
}
@inproceedings{saleem-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Detection of Psychological Distress Indicators and Severity Assessment from Online Forum Posts",
    author = "Saleem, Shirin  and
      Prasad, Rohit  and
      Vitaladevuni, Shiv  and
      Pacula, Maciej  and
      Crystal, Michael  and
      Marx, Brian  and
      Sloan, Denise  and
      Vasterling, Jennifer  and
      Speroff, Theodore",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1145",
    pages = "2375--2388",
}
@inproceedings{schwab-etal-2012-ant,
    title = "Ant Colony Algorithm for the Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation of Texts: Comparison and Evaluation",
    author = "Schwab, Didier  and
      Goulian, J{\'e}r{\^o}me  and
      Tchechmedjiev, Andon  and
      Blanchon, Herv{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1146",
    pages = "2389--2404",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-2012-learnability,
    title = "Learnability-Based Syntactic Annotation Design",
    author = "Schwartz, Roy  and
      Abend, Omri  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1147",
    pages = "2405--2422",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving Supervised Sense Disambiguation with Web-Scale Selectors",
    author = "Schwartz, H. Andrew  and
      Gomez, Fernando  and
      Ungar, Lyle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1148",
    pages = "2423--2440",
}
@inproceedings{seddah-etal-2012-french,
    title = "The {F}rench {S}ocial {M}edia {B}ank: a Treebank of Noisy User Generated Content",
    author = "Seddah, Djam{\'e}  and
      Sagot, Benoit  and
      Candito, Marie  and
      Mouilleron, Virginie  and
      Combet, Vanessa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1149",
    pages = "2441--2458",
}
@inproceedings{seker-eryigit-2012-initial,
    title = "Initial Explorations on using {CRF}s for {T}urkish Named Entity Recognition",
    author = {{\c{S}}eker, G{\"o}khan Ak{\i}n  and
      Eryi{\u{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1150",
    pages = "2459--2474",
}
@inproceedings{sikdar-etal-2012-differential,
    title = "Differential Evolution Based Feature Selection and Classifier Ensemble for Named Entity Recognition",
    author = "Sikdar, Utpal Kumar  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Saha, Sriparna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1151",
    pages = "2475--2490",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2012-noun,
    title = "Noun Group and Verb Group Identification for {H}indi",
    author = "Singh, Smriti  and
      Damani, Om P.  and
      Sarma, Vaijayanthi M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1152",
    pages = "2491--2506",
}
@inproceedings{singh-etal-2012-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition System for {U}rdu",
    author = "Singh, UmrinderPal  and
      Goyal, Vishal  and
      Lehal, Gurpreet Singh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1153",
    pages = "2507--2518",
}
@inproceedings{stoyanov-eisner-2012-easy,
    title = "Easy-first Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Stoyanov, Veselin  and
      Eisner, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1154",
    pages = "2519--2534",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-etal-2012-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Leadership and Influence in Multi-party Online Discourse",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Shaikh, Samira  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Broadwell, George Aaron  and
      Stromer-Galley, Jenny  and
      Taylor, Sarah  and
      Boz, Umit  and
      Ravishankar, Veena  and
      Ren, Xiaoai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1155",
    pages = "2535--2552",
}
@inproceedings{tahmasebi-etal-2012-neer,
    title = "{NEER}: An Unsupervised Method for Named Entity Evolution Recognition",
    author = "Tahmasebi, Nina  and
      Gossen, Gerhard  and
      Kanhabua, Nattiya  and
      Holzmann, Helge  and
      Risse, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1156",
    pages = "2553--2568",
}
@inproceedings{tambouratzis-etal-2012-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Translation Accuracy of a Novel Language-Independent {MT} Methodology",
    author = "Tambouratzis, George  and
      Sofianopoulos, Sokratis  and
      Vassiliou, Marina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1157",
    pages = "2569--2584",
}
@inproceedings{tetreault-etal-2012-native,
    title = "Native Tongues, Lost and Found: Resources and Empirical Evaluations in Native Language Identification",
    author = "Tetreault, Joel  and
      Blanchard, Daniel  and
      Cahill, Aoife  and
      Chodorow, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1158",
    pages = "2585--2602",
}
@inproceedings{thom-etal-2012-inverse,
    title = "Inverse Document Density: A Smooth Measure for Location-Dependent Term Irregularities",
    author = "Thom, Dennis  and
      Bosch, Harald  and
      Ertl, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1159",
    pages = "2603--2618",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-ljubesic-2012-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Discrimination Between Closely Related Languages",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1160",
    pages = "2619--2634",
}
@inproceedings{titov-klementiev-2012-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Semantic Role Labeling: Approaching from an Unsupervised Perspective",
    author = "Titov, Ivan  and
      Klementiev, Alexandre",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1161",
    pages = "2635--2652",
}
@inproceedings{tonelli-cabrio-2012-hunting,
    title = "Hunting for Entailing Pairs in the {P}enn Discourse Treebank",
    author = "Tonelli, Sara  and
      Cabrio, Elena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1162",
    pages = "2653--2668",
}
@inproceedings{torabi-asr-demberg-2012-implicitness,
    title = "Implicitness of Discourse Relations",
    author = "Torabi Asr, Fatemeh  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1163",
    pages = "2669--2684",
}
@inproceedings{ture-etal-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining Statistical Translation Techniques for Cross-Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Ture, Ferhan  and
      Lin, Jimmy  and
      Oard, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1164",
    pages = "2685--2702",
}
@inproceedings{van-de-cruys-etal-2012-multi,
    title = "Multi-way Tensor Factorization for Unsupervised Lexical Acquisition",
    author = "Van de Cruys, Tim  and
      Rimell, Laura  and
      Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1165",
    pages = "2703--2720",
}
@inproceedings{vulic-moens-2012-sub,
    title = "Sub-corpora Sampling with an Application to Bilingual Lexicon Extraction",
    author = "Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1166",
    pages = "2721--2738",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-utility,
    title = "The Utility of Discourse Structure in Identifying Resolved Threads in Technical User Forums",
    author = "Wang, Li  and
      Kim, Su Nam  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1167",
    pages = "2739--2756",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-implicit,
    title = "Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition by Selecting Typical Training Examples",
    author = "Wang, Xun  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Li, Jiwei  and
      Li, Wenjie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1168",
    pages = "2757--2772",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Evaluative Information Analysis",
    author = "Wang, Yiou  and
      Kazama, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Kawada, Takuya  and
      Torisawa, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1169",
    pages = "2773--2788",
}
@inproceedings{waszczuk-2012-harnessing,
    title = "Harnessing the {CRF} Complexity with Domain-Specific Constraints. The Case of Morphosyntactic Tagging of a Highly Inflected Language",
    author = "Waszczuk, Jakub",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1170",
    pages = "2789--2804",
}
@inproceedings{watanabe-etal-2012-latent,
    title = "A Latent Discriminative Model for Compositional Entailment Relation Recognition using Natural Logic",
    author = "Watanabe, Yotaro  and
      Mizuno, Junta  and
      Nichols, Eric  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Inui, Kentaro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1171",
    pages = "2805--2820",
}
@inproceedings{wong-etal-2012-strategies,
    title = "Strategies for Mixed-Initiative Conversation Management using Question-Answer Pairs",
    author = "Wong, Wilson  and
      Cavedon, Lawrence  and
      Thangarajah, John  and
      Padgham, Lin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1172",
    pages = "2821--2834",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2012-factored,
    title = "Factored Language Model based on Recurrent Neural Network",
    author = "Wu, Youzheng  and
      Lu, Xugang  and
      Yamamoto, Hitoshi  and
      Matsuda, Shigeki  and
      Hori, Chiori  and
      Kashioka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1173",
    pages = "2835--2850",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-guo-2012-multi,
    title = "Multi-View {A}da{B}oost for Multilingual Subjectivity Analysis",
    author = "Xiao, Min  and
      Guo, Yuhong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1174",
    pages = "2851--2866",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2012-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised Representation Learning for Domain Adaptation using Dynamic Dependency Networks",
    author = "Xiao, Min  and
      Guo, Yuhong  and
      Yates, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1175",
    pages = "2867--2882",
}
@inproceedings{xiao-etal-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Discriminative Induction of Synchronous Grammar for Machine Translation",
    author = "Xiao, Xinyan  and
      Xiong, Deyi  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Lin, Shouxun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1176",
    pages = "2883--2898",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2012-paraphrasing,
    title = "Paraphrasing for Style",
    author = "Xu, Wei  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Dolan, Bill  and
      Grishman, Ralph  and
      Cherry, Colin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1177",
    pages = "2899--2914",
}
@inproceedings{xue-hwa-2012-modeling,
    title = "Modeling {ESL} Word Choice Similarities By Representing Word Intensions and Extensions",
    author = "Xue, Huichao  and
      Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1178",
    pages = "2915--2930",
}
@inproceedings{yaghoobzadeh-etal-2012-iso,
    title = "{ISO}-{T}ime{ML} Event Extraction in {P}ersian Text",
    author = "Yaghoobzadeh, Yadollah  and
      Ghassem-sani, Gholamreza  and
      Mirroshandel, Seyed Abolghasem  and
      Eshaghzadeh, Mahbaneh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1179",
    pages = "2931--2944",
}
@inproceedings{yamada-etal-2012-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Similarity between {TV} Programs using Semantic Relations",
    author = "Yamada, Ichiro  and
      Miyazaki, Masaru  and
      Sumiyoshi, Hideki  and
      Matsui, Atsushi  and
      Furumiya, Hironori  and
      Tanaka, Hideki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1180",
    pages = "2945--2960",
}
@inproceedings{yin-etal-2012-relationlistwise,
    title = "{R}elation{L}istwise for Query-Focused Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Huang, Lifu  and
      Pei, Yulong  and
      Huang, Lian{'}en",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1181",
    pages = "2961--2976",
}
@inproceedings{yin-etal-2012-senttopic,
    title = "{S}ent{T}opic-{M}ulti{R}ank: a Novel Ranking Model for Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Pei, Yulong  and
      Zhang, Fan  and
      Huang, Lian{'}en",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1182",
    pages = "2977--2992",
}
@inproceedings{yoshino-etal-2012-language,
    title = "Language Modeling for Spoken Dialogue System based on Filtering using Predicate-Argument Structures",
    author = "Yoshino, Koichiro  and
      Mori, Shinsuke  and
      Kawahara, Tatsuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1183",
    pages = "2993--3002",
}
@inproceedings{yu-chen-2012-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Word Ordering Errors in {C}hinese Sentences for Learning {C}hinese as a Foreign Language",
    author = "Yu, Chi-Hsin  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1184",
    pages = "3003--3018",
}
@inproceedings{zhai-etal-2012-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation by Modeling Predicate-Argument Structure Transformation",
    author = "Zhai, Feifei  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zhou, Yu  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1185",
    pages = "3019--3036",
}
@inproceedings{zhai-etal-2012-tree,
    title = "Tree-based Translation without using Parse Trees",
    author = "Zhai, Feifei  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Zhou, Yu  and
      Zong, Chengqing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1186",
    pages = "3037--3054",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-constructing,
    title = "Constructing {C}hinese Abbreviation Dictionary: A Stacked Approach",
    author = "Zhang, Longkai  and
      Li, Sujian  and
      Wang, Houfeng  and
      Sun, Ni  and
      Meng, Xinfan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1187",
    pages = "3055--3070",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-stacking,
    title = "Stacking Heterogeneous Joint Models of {C}hinese {POS} Tagging and Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Zhang, Meishan  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Li, Zhenghua",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1188",
    pages = "3071--3088",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-lazy,
    title = "A Lazy Learning Model for Entity Linking using Query-Specific Information",
    author = "Zhang, Wei  and
      Su, Jian  and
      Tan, Chew-Lim  and
      Cao, Yunbo  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1189",
    pages = "3089--3104",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-use,
    title = "The Use of Dependency Relation Graph to Enhance the Term Weighting in Question Retrieval",
    author = "Zhang, Weinan  and
      Ming, Zhaoyan  and
      Zhang, Yu  and
      Nie, Liqiang  and
      Liu, Ting  and
      Chua, Tat-Seng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1190",
    pages = "3105--3120",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-marcus-2012-long,
    title = "Long-Tail Distributions and Unsupervised Learning of Morphology",
    author = "Zhao, Qiuye  and
      Marcus, Mitch",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1191",
    pages = "3121--3136",
}
@inproceedings{zhao-etal-2012-user,
    title = "User Behaviors Lend a Helping Hand: Learning Paraphrase Query Patterns from Search Log Sessions",
    author = "Zhao, Shiqi  and
      Wang, Haifeng  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1192",
    pages = "3137--3152",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2012-exploiting-bilingual,
    title = "Exploiting Bilingual Translation for Question Retrieval in Community-Based Question Answering",
    author = "Zhou, Guangyou  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1193",
    pages = "3153--3170",
}
@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2012-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Lexical Dependencies from Large-Scale Data for Better Shift-Reduce Constituency Parsing",
    author = "Zhu, Muhua  and
      Zhu, Jingbo  and
      Wang, Huizhen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1194",
    pages = "3171--3186",
}
@proceedings{coling-2012-coling-2012,
    title = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    author = "Kay, Martin  and
      Boitet, Christian",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2000",
}
@inproceedings{agic-2012-k,
    title = "{K}-Best Spanning Tree Dependency Parsing With Verb Valency Lexicon Reranking",
    author = "Agic, Zeljko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2001",
    pages = "1--12",
}
@inproceedings{ahlberg-bouma-2012-best,
    title = "A Best-First Anagram Hashing Filter for Approximate String Matching with Generalized Edit Distance",
    author = "Ahlberg, Malin  and
      Bouma, Gerlof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2002",
    pages = "13--22",
}
@inproceedings{aker-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Bilingual Phrase Extraction from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Aker, Ahmet  and
      Feng, Yang  and
      Gaizauskas, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2003",
    pages = "23--32",
}
@inproceedings{alansary-2012-formalized,
    title = "A Formalized Reference Grammar for {UNL}-Based Machine Translation between {E}nglish and {A}rabic",
    author = "Alansary, Sameh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2004",
    pages = "33--42",
}
@inproceedings{alotaibi-lee-2012-mapping,
    title = "Mapping {A}rabic {W}ikipedia into the Named Entities Taxonomy",
    author = "Alotaibi, Fahd  and
      Lee, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2005",
    pages = "43--52",
}
@inproceedings{altamirano-etal-2012-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Refinement Algorithms for the Generation of Referring Expressions",
    author = "Altamirano, Romina  and
      Areces, Carlos  and
      Benotti, Luciana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2006",
    pages = "53--62",
}
@inproceedings{apidianaki-2012-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Adequacy of Cross-Lingual Paraphrases in a Machine Translation Setting",
    author = "Apidianaki, Marianna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2007",
    pages = "63--72",
}
@inproceedings{a-r-etal-2012-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Sentiment Analysis for {I}ndian Languages using Linked {W}ord{N}ets",
    author = "A.R., Balamurali  and
      Joshi, Aditya  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2008",
    pages = "73--82",
}
@inproceedings{arkhangelskiy-etal-2012-creation,
    title = "The Creation of Large-Scale Annotated Corpora of Minority Languages using {U}ni{P}arser and the {EANC} platform",
    author = "Arkhangelskiy, Timofey  and
      Belyaev, Oleg  and
      Vydrin, Arseniy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2009",
    pages = "83--92",
}
@inproceedings{asadi-atui-etal-2012-collocation,
    title = "Collocation Extraction using Parallel Corpus",
    author = "Asadi Atui, Kavosh  and
      Faili, Heshaam  and
      Assadi Atuie, Kaveh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2010",
    pages = "93--102",
}
@inproceedings{attia-etal-2012-improved,
    title = "Improved Spelling Error Detection and Correction for {A}rabic",
    author = "Attia, Mohammed  and
      Pecina, Pavel  and
      Samih, Younes  and
      Shaalan, Khaled  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2011",
    pages = "103--112",
}
@inproceedings{berment-boitet-2012-heloise,
    title = "{H}eloise {---} A Reengineering of {A}riane-{G}5 {SLLP}s for Application to {\mbox{$\pi$}}-languages",
    author = "Berment, Vincent  and
      Boitet, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2012",
    pages = "113--124",
}
@inproceedings{bird-chiang-2012-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation for Language Preservation",
    author = "Bird, Steven  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2013",
    pages = "125--134",
}
@inproceedings{bjorkelund-kuhn-2012-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Non-projective Strategies for Labeled Graph-Based Dependency Parsing",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rkelund, Anders  and
      Kuhn, Jonas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2014",
    pages = "135--144",
}
@inproceedings{bjorkelund-kuhn-2012-phrase,
    title = "Phrase Structures and Dependencies for End-to-End Coreference Resolution",
    author = {Bj{\"o}rkelund, Anders  and
      Kuhn, Jonas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2015",
    pages = "145--154",
}
@inproceedings{bracewell-tomlinson-2012-language,
    title = "The Language of Power and its Cultural Influence",
    author = "Bracewell, David  and
      Tomlinson, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2016",
    pages = "155--164",
}
@inproceedings{brun-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning Opinionated Patterns for Contextual Opinion Detection",
    author = "Brun, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2017",
    pages = "165--174",
}
@inproceedings{catherine-etal-2012-similarity,
    title = "Does Similarity Matter? The Case of Answer Extraction from Technical Discussion Forums",
    author = "Catherine, Rose  and
      Singh, Amit  and
      Gangadharaiah, Rashmi  and
      Raghu, Dinesh  and
      Visweswariah, Karthik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2018",
    pages = "175--184",
}
@inproceedings{chen-ng-2012-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Noun Phrase Coreference Resolution: Insights into the State of the Art",
    author = "Chen, Chen  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2019",
    pages = "185--194",
}
@inproceedings{chong-specia-2012-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic and Statistical Traits Characterising Plagiarism",
    author = "Chong, Miranda  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2020",
    pages = "195--204",
}
@inproceedings{chowdhury-lavelli-2012-impact,
    title = "Impact of Less Skewed Distributions on Efficiency and Effectiveness of Biomedical Relation Extraction",
    author = "Chowdhury, Md. Faisal Mahbub  and
      Lavelli, Alberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2021",
    pages = "205--216",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2012-lattice,
    title = "Lattice Rescoring for Speech Recognition using Large Scale Distributed Language Models",
    author = "Chung, Euisok  and
      Jeon, Hyung-Bae  and
      Park, Jeon-Gue  and
      Lee, Yun-Keun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2022",
    pages = "217--224",
}
@inproceedings{dabre-etal-2012-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Analyzer for Affix Stacking Languages: A Case Study of {M}arathi",
    author = "Dabre, Raj  and
      Amberkar, Archana  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2023",
    pages = "225--234",
}
@inproceedings{dasgupta-etal-2012-modelling,
    title = "Modelling the Organization and Processing of {B}angla Polymorphemic Words in the Mental Lexicon: A Computational Approach",
    author = "Dasgupta, Tirthankar  and
      Sinha, Manjira  and
      Basu, Anupam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2024",
    pages = "235--244",
}
@inproceedings{de-belder-moens-2012-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Clustering using Column Generation",
    author = "De Belder, Jan  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2025",
    pages = "245--254",
}
@inproceedings{dhillon-etal-2012-metric,
    title = "Metric Learning for Graph-Based Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Dhillon, Paramveer  and
      Talukdar, Partha  and
      Crammer, Koby",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2026",
    pages = "255--264",
}
@inproceedings{ding-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Hashtag Recommendation for Microblogs using Topic-Specific Translation Model",
    author = "Ding, Zhuoye  and
      Zhang, Qi  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2027",
    pages = "265--274",
}
@inproceedings{eidelman-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Feature-Rich Clustering",
    author = "Eidelman, Vladimir",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2028",
    pages = "275--286",
}
@inproceedings{elfardy-diab-2012-token,
    title = "Token Level Identification of Linguistic Code Switching",
    author = "Elfardy, Heba  and
      Diab, Mona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2029",
    pages = "287--296",
}
@inproceedings{el-maarouf-villaneau-2012-parenthetical,
    title = "Parenthetical Classification for Information Extraction",
    author = "El Maarouf, Ismail  and
      Villaneau, Jeanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2030",
    pages = "297--308",
}
@inproceedings{fei-etal-2012-dictionary,
    title = "A Dictionary-Based Approach to Identifying Aspects Implied by Adjectives for Opinion Mining",
    author = "Fei, Geli  and
      Liu, Bing  and
      Hsu, Meichun  and
      Castellanos, Malu  and
      Ghosh, Riddhiman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2031",
    pages = "309--318",
}
@inproceedings{formiga-fonollosa-2012-dealing,
    title = "Dealing with Input Noise in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Formiga, Lluis  and
      Fonollosa, Jose A. R.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2032",
    pages = "319--328",
}
@inproceedings{friedrich-etal-2012-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Knowledge-based Algorithms for Graded Word Sense Assignment",
    author = "Friedrich, Annemarie  and
      Engonopoulos, Nikos  and
      Thater, Stefan  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2033",
    pages = "329--338",
}
@inproceedings{garain-etal-2012-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Statistical Transliteration for Dictionary-Based {E}nglish-{B}engali {CLIR} of {OCR}{`}d Text",
    author = "Garain, Utpal  and
      Das, Arjun  and
      Doermann, David  and
      Oard, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2034",
    pages = "339--348",
}
@inproceedings{gareyshina-etal-2012-ru,
    title = "{RU}-{EVAL}-2012: Evaluating Dependency Parsers for {R}ussian",
    author = "Gareyshina, Anastasia  and
      Ionov, Maxim  and
      Lyashevskaya, Olga  and
      Privoznov, Dmitry  and
      Sokolova, Elena  and
      Toldova, Svetlana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2035",
    pages = "349--360",
}
@inproceedings{gatti-guerini-2012-assessing,
    title = "Assessing Sentiment Strength in Words Prior Polarities",
    author = "Gatti, Lorenzo  and
      Guerini, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2036",
    pages = "361--370",
}
@inproceedings{georgi-etal-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving Dependency Parsing with Interlinear Glossed Text and Syntactic Projection",
    author = "Georgi, Ryan  and
      Xia, Fei  and
      Lewis, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2037",
    pages = "371--380",
}
@inproceedings{gerow-ahmad-2012-diachronic,
    title = "Diachronic Variation in Grammatical Relations",
    author = "Gerow, Aaron  and
      Ahmad, Khurshid",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2038",
    pages = "381--390",
}
@inproceedings{ghosh-muresan-2012-relation,
    title = "Relation Classification using Entity Sequence Kernels",
    author = "Ghosh, Debanjan  and
      Muresan, Smaranda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2039",
    pages = "391--400",
}
@inproceedings{giordani-moschitti-2012-translating,
    title = "Translating Questions to {SQL} Queries with Generative Parsers Discriminatively Reranked",
    author = "Giordani, Alessandra  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2040",
    pages = "401--410",
}
@inproceedings{gong-etal-2012-classifier,
    title = "Classifier-Based Tense Model for {SMT}",
    author = "Gong, ZhengXian  and
      Zhang, Min  and
      Tan, ChewLim  and
      Zhou, GuoDong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2041",
    pages = "411--420",
}
@inproceedings{gottipati-jiang-2012-extracting,
    title = "Extracting and Normalizing Entity-Actions from Users{'} Comments",
    author = "Gottipati, Swapna  and
      Jiang, Jing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2042",
    pages = "421--430",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-rosso-2012-expected,
    title = "Expected Divergence Based Feature Selection for Learning to Rank",
    author = "Gupta, Parth  and
      Rosso, Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2043",
    pages = "431--440",
}
@inproceedings{han-etal-2012-lepor,
    title = "{LEPOR}: A Robust Evaluation Metric for Machine Translation with Augmented Factors",
    author = "Han, Aaron L. F.  and
      Wong, Derek F.  and
      Chao, Lidia S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2044",
    pages = "441--450",
}
@inproceedings{hasan-ng-2012-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Stance in Ideological Debate with Rich Linguistic Knowledge",
    author = "Hasan, Kazi Saidul  and
      Ng, Vincent",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2045",
    pages = "451--460",
}
@inproceedings{heimerl-etal-2012-featureforge,
    title = "{F}eature{F}orge: A Novel Tool for Visually Supported Feature Engineering and Corpus Revision",
    author = "Heimerl, Florian  and
      Jochim, Charles  and
      Koch, Steffen  and
      Ertl, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2046",
    pages = "461--470",
}
@inproceedings{horie-etal-2012-verb,
    title = "Verb Temporality Analysis using {R}eichenbach{'}s Tense System",
    author = "Horie, Andr{\'e}  and
      Tanaka-Ishii, Kumiko  and
      Ishizuka, Mitsuru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2047",
    pages = "471--482",
}
@inproceedings{iida-tokunaga-2012-metric,
    title = "A Metric for Evaluating Discourse Coherence based on Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Iida, Ryu  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2048",
    pages = "483--494",
}
@inproceedings{islam-etal-2012-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Word Relatedness Measures Based on {G}oogle $n$-grams",
    author = "Islam, Aminul  and
      Milios, Evangelos  and
      Keselj, Vlado",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2049",
    pages = "495--506",
}
@inproceedings{jagan-etal-2012-two,
    title = "Two-Stage Bootstrapping for Anaphora Resolution",
    author = "Jagan, Balaji  and
      Geetha, T V  and
      Parthasarathi, Ranjani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2050",
    pages = "507--516",
}
@inproceedings{jokinen-2012-explorations,
    title = "Explorations in the Speakers{'} Interaction Experience and Self-Assessments",
    author = "Jokinen, Kristiina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2051",
    pages = "517--526",
}
@inproceedings{jokinen-wilcock-2012-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal Signals and Holistic Interaction Structuring",
    author = "Jokinen, Kristiina  and
      Wilcock, Graham",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2052",
    pages = "527--538",
}
@inproceedings{kapelner-etal-2012-new,
    title = "New Insights from Coarse Word Sense Disambiguation in the Crowd",
    author = "Kapelner, Adam  and
      Kaliannan, Krishna  and
      Schwartz, H. Andrew  and
      Ungar, Lyle  and
      Foster, Dean",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2053",
    pages = "539--548",
}
@inproceedings{kartsaklis-etal-2012-unified,
    title = "A Unified Sentence Space for Categorical Distributional-Compositional Semantics: Theory and Experiments",
    author = "Kartsaklis, Dimitri  and
      Sadrzadeh, Mehrnoosh  and
      Pulman, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2054",
    pages = "549--558",
}
@inproceedings{kavuluru-harris-2012-knowledge,
    title = "A Knowledge-Based Approach to Syntactic Disambiguation of Biomedical Noun Compounds",
    author = "Kavuluru, Ramakanth  and
      Harris, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2055",
    pages = "559--568",
}
@inproceedings{kessler-schutze-2012-classification,
    title = "Classification of Inconsistent Sentiment Words using Syntactic Constructions",
    author = {Kessler, Wiltrud  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2056",
    pages = "569--578",
}
@inproceedings{kim-etal-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning Semantics with Deep Belief Network for Cross-Language Information Retrieval",
    author = "Kim, Jungi  and
      Nam, Jinseok  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2057",
    pages = "579--588",
}
@inproceedings{king-hasegawa-johnson-2012-detection,
    title = "Detection of Acoustic-Phonetic Landmarks in Mismatched Conditions using a Biomimetic Model of Human Auditory Processing",
    author = "King, Sarah  and
      Hasegawa-Johnson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2058",
    pages = "589--598",
}
@inproceedings{kozareva-2012-learning,
    title = "Learning Verbs on the Fly",
    author = "Kozareva, Zornitsa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2059",
    pages = "599--610",
}
@inproceedings{lee-rim-2012-decoder,
    title = "Decoder-based Discriminative Training of Phrase Segmentation for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Lee, Hyoung-Gyu  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2060",
    pages = "611--620",
}
@inproceedings{lee-wong-2012-glimpses,
    title = "Glimpses of Ancient {C}hina from Classical {C}hinese Poems",
    author = "Lee, John  and
      Wong, Tak-sum",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2061",
    pages = "621--632",
}
@inproceedings{lehal-saini-2012-conversion,
    title = "Conversion between Scripts of {P}unjabi: Beyond Simple Transliteration",
    author = "Lehal, Gurpreet Singh  and
      Saini, Tejinder Singh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2062",
    pages = "633--642",
}
@inproceedings{lehal-saini-2012-development,
    title = "Development of a Complete {U}rdu-{H}indi Transliteration System",
    author = "Lehal, Gurpreet Singh  and
      Saini, Tejinder Singh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2063",
    pages = "643--652",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-random,
    title = "Random Walks on Context-Aware Relation Graphs for Ranking Social Tags",
    author = "Li, Han  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2064",
    pages = "653--662",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-phrase,
    title = "Phrase-Based Evaluation for Machine Translation",
    author = "Li, Liangyou  and
      Gong, Zhengxian  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2065",
    pages = "663--672",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-beam,
    title = "A Beam Search Algorithm for {ITG} Word Alignment",
    author = "Li, Peng  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2066",
    pages = "673--682",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-active-learning,
    title = "Active Learning for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Li, Shoushan  and
      Zhou, Guodong  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2067",
    pages = "683--692",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2012-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Classification of Named Entities by Fusing Multi-Features",
    author = "Li, Wenjie  and
      Li, Jiwei  and
      Tian, Ye  and
      Sui, Zhifang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2068",
    pages = "693--702",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2012-expert,
    title = "Expert Finding for Microblog Misinformation Identification",
    author = "Liang, Chen  and
      Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2069",
    pages = "703--712",
}
@inproceedings{ling-etal-2012-improving,
    title = "Improving Relative-Entropy Pruning using Statistical Significance",
    author = "Ling, Wang  and
      Tomeh, Nadi  and
      Xiang, Guang  and
      Trancoso, Isabel  and
      Black, Alan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2070",
    pages = "713--722",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2012-expected,
    title = "Expected Error Minimization with Ultraconservative Update for {SMT}",
    author = "Liu, Lemao  and
      Zhao, Tiejun  and
      Watanabe, Taro  and
      Cao, Hailong  and
      Zhu, Conghui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2071",
    pages = "723--732",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2012-generalized,
    title = "Generalized Sentiment-Bearing Expression Features for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Liu, Shizhu  and
      Agam, Gady  and
      Grossman, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2072",
    pages = "733--744",
}
@inproceedings{liu-zhang-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Joint Segmentation and {POS}-Tagging",
    author = "Liu, Yang  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2073",
    pages = "745--754",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2012-tag,
    title = "Tag Dispatch Model with Social Network Regularization for Microblog User Tag Suggestion",
    author = "Liu, Zhiyuan  and
      Tu, Cunchao  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2074",
    pages = "755--764",
}
@inproceedings{louis-newman-2012-summarization,
    title = "Summarization of Business-Related Tweets: A Concept-Based Approach",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Newman, Todd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2075",
    pages = "765--774",
}
@inproceedings{lynch-vogel-2012-towards,
    title = "Towards the Automatic Detection of the Source Language of a Literary Translation.",
    author = "Lynch, Gerard  and
      Vogel, Carl",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2076",
    pages = "775--784",
}
@inproceedings{ma-zhao-2012-fourth,
    title = "Fourth-Order Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Ma, Xuezhe  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2077",
    pages = "785--796",
}
@inproceedings{manna-etal-2012-subjective,
    title = "A Subjective Logic Framework for Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Manna, Sukanya  and
      Gao, Byron J.  and
      Coke, Reed",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2078",
    pages = "797--808",
}
@inproceedings{mathet-etal-2012-manual,
    title = "Manual Corpus Annotation: Giving Meaning to the Evaluation Metrics",
    author = {Mathet, Yann  and
      Widl{\"o}cher, Antoine  and
      Fort, Kar{\"e}n  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, Claire  and
      Galibert, Olivier  and
      Grouin, Cyril  and
      Kahn, Juliette  and
      Rosset, Sophie  and
      Zweigenbaum, Pierre},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2079",
    pages = "809--818",
}
@inproceedings{meng-etal-2012-discriminative,
    title = "Discriminative Boosting from Dictionary and Raw Text {--} A Novel Approach to Build A {C}hinese Word Segmenter",
    author = "Meng, Fandong  and
      Jiang, Wenbin  and
      Xiong, Hao  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2080",
    pages = "819--828",
}
@inproceedings{meng-etal-2012-lost,
    title = "Lost in Translations? Building Sentiment Lexicons using Context Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Meng, Xinfan  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Xu, Ge  and
      Zhang, Longkai  and
      Liu, Xiaohua  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Wang, Houfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2081",
    pages = "829--838",
}
@inproceedings{mille-etal-2012-granularity,
    title = "How Does the Granularity of an Annotation Scheme Influence Dependency Parsing Performance?",
    author = "Mille, Simon  and
      Burga, Alicia  and
      Ferraro, Gabriela  and
      Wanner, Leo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2082",
    pages = "839--852",
}
@inproceedings{mirovsky-etal-2012-tectogrammatics,
    title = "Does Tectogrammatics Help the Annotation of Discourse?",
    author = "M{\'\i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}  and
      J{\'\i}nov{\'a}, Pavl{\'\i}na  and
      Pol{\'a}kov{\'a}, Lucie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2083",
    pages = "853--862",
}
@inproceedings{mizumoto-etal-2012-effect,
    title = "The Effect of Learner Corpus Size in Grammatical Error Correction of {ESL} Writings",
    author = "Mizumoto, Tomoya  and
      Hayashibe, Yuta  and
      Komachi, Mamoru  and
      Nagata, Masaaki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2084",
    pages = "863--872",
}
@inproceedings{mohaghegh-etal-2012-grafix,
    title = "{GRAFIX}: Automated Rule-Based Post Editing System to Improve {E}nglish-{P}ersian {SMT} Output",
    author = "Mohaghegh, Mahsa  and
      Sarrafzadeh, Abdolhossein  and
      Mohammadi, Mehdi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2085",
    pages = "873--882",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-poesio-2012-relational,
    title = "Relational Structures and Models for Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Nguyen, Truc-Vien T.  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2086",
    pages = "883--892",
}
@inproceedings{nishikawa-etal-2012-text,
    title = "Text Summarization Model based on Redundancy-Constrained Knapsack Problem",
    author = "Nishikawa, Hitoshi  and
      Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Makino, Toshiro  and
      Matsuo, Yoshihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2087",
    pages = "893--902",
}
@inproceedings{ovrelid-skjaerholt-2012-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Categories for Improved Parsing of Web Data",
    author = "{\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      Skj{\ae}rholt, Arne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2088",
    pages = "903--912",
}
@inproceedings{palkar-etal-2012-text,
    title = "Text-To-Speech for Languages without an Orthography",
    author = "Palkar, Sukhada  and
      Black, Alan  and
      Parlikar, Alok",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2089",
    pages = "913--922",
}
@inproceedings{patra-etal-2012-part,
    title = "Part of Speech ({POS}) Tagger for {K}okborok",
    author = "Patra, Braja Gopal  and
      Debbarma, Khumbar  and
      Das, Dipankar  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2090",
    pages = "923--932",
}
@inproceedings{peitz-etal-2012-forced,
    title = "Forced Derivations for Hierarchical Machine Translation",
    author = "Peitz, Stephan  and
      Mauser, Arne  and
      Wuebker, Joern  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2091",
    pages = "933--942",
}
@inproceedings{penn-kiparsky-2012-panini,
    title = "On {P}anini and the Generative Capacity of Contextualized Replacement Systems",
    author = "Penn, Gerald  and
      Kiparsky, Paul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2092",
    pages = "943--950",
}
@inproceedings{qiu-etal-2012-joint,
    title = "Joint Segmentation and Tagging with Coupled Sequences Labeling",
    author = "Qiu, Xipeng  and
      Ji, Feng  and
      Zhao, Jiayi  and
      Huang, Xuanjing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2093",
    pages = "951--964",
}
@inproceedings{ragheb-dickinson-2012-defining,
    title = "Defining Syntax for Learner Language Annotation",
    author = "Ragheb, Marwa  and
      Dickinson, Markus",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2094",
    pages = "965--974",
}
@inproceedings{rama-kolachina-2012-good,
    title = "How Good are Typological Distances for Determining Genealogical Relationships among Languages?",
    author = "Rama, Taraka  and
      Kolachina, Prasanth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2095",
    pages = "975--984",
}
@inproceedings{read-etal-2012-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Boundary Detection: A Long Solved Problem?",
    author = "Read, Jonathon  and
      Dridan, Rebecca  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      Solberg, Lars J{\o}rgen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2096",
    pages = "985--994",
}
@inproceedings{reichart-korhonen-2012-document,
    title = "Document and Corpus Level Inference For Unsupervised and Transductive Learning of Information Structure of Scientific Documents",
    author = "Reichart, Roi  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2097",
    pages = "995--1006",
}
@inproceedings{richardson-kuhn-2012-light,
    title = "Light Textual Inference for Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Richardson, Kyle  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2098",
    pages = "1007--1018",
}
@inproceedings{richter-etal-2012-korektor,
    title = "{K}orektor {--} A System for Contextual Spell-Checking and Diacritics Completion",
    author = "Richter, Michal  and
      Stra{\v{n}}{\'a}k, Pavel  and
      Rosen, Alexandr",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2099",
    pages = "1019--1028",
}
@inproceedings{romeo-etal-2012-using,
    title = "Using Qualia Information to Identify Lexical Semantic Classes in an Unsupervised Clustering Task",
    author = "Romeo, Lauren  and
      Mendes, Sara  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2100",
    pages = "1029--1038",
}
@inproceedings{rudnicka-etal-2012-strategy,
    title = "A Strategy of Mapping {P}olish {W}ordNet onto {P}rinceton {W}ordNet",
    author = "Rudnicka, Ewa  and
      Maziarz, Marek  and
      Piasecki, Maciej  and
      Szpakowicz, Stan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2101",
    pages = "1039--1048",
}
@inproceedings{ryu-etal-2012-hierarchical,
    title = "A Hierarchical Domain Model-Based Multi-Domain Selection Framework for Multi-Domain Dialog Systems",
    author = "Ryu, Seonghan  and
      Lee, Donghyeon  and
      Lee, Injae  and
      Han, Sangdo  and
      Lee, Gary Geunbae  and
      Kim, Myungjae  and
      Kim, Kyungduk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2102",
    pages = "1049--1058",
}
@inproceedings{schafer-etal-2012-fully,
    title = "A Fully Coreference-annotated Corpus of Scholarly Papers from the {ACL} Anthology",
    author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Ulrich  and
      Spurk, Christian  and
      Steffen, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2103",
    pages = "1059--1070",
}
@inproceedings{schwenk-2012-continuous,
    title = "Continuous Space Translation Models for Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Schwenk, Holger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2104",
    pages = "1071--1080",
}
@inproceedings{seeker-etal-2012-data,
    title = "Data-driven Dependency Parsing With Empty Heads",
    author = "Seeker, Wolfgang  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd  and
      Bohnet, Bernd  and
      Schmid, Helmut  and
      Kuhn, Jonas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2105",
    pages = "1081--1090",
}
@inproceedings{selvaraj-etal-2012-extension,
    title = "Extension of {TSVM} to Multi-Class and Hierarchical Text Classification Problems With General Losses",
    author = "Selvaraj, Sathiya Keerthi  and
      Sellamanickam, Sundararajan  and
      Shevade, Shirish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2106",
    pages = "1091--1100",
}
@inproceedings{servan-petitrenaud-2012-calculation,
    title = "Calculation of Phrase Probabilities for Statistical Machine Translation by using Belief Functions",
    author = "Servan, Christophe  and
      Petitrenaud, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2107",
    pages = "1101--1110",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2012-sense,
    title = "Sense and Reference Disambiguation in {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Shen, Hui  and
      Bunescu, Razvan  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2108",
    pages = "1111--1120",
}
@inproceedings{shutova-etal-2012-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Metaphor Paraphrasing using a Vector Space Model",
    author = "Shutova, Ekaterina  and
      Van de Cruys, Tim  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2109",
    pages = "1121--1130",
}
@inproceedings{siarhei-artsiom-2012-memory,
    title = "Memory-Efficient {K}atakana Compound Segmentation using Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Siarhei, Krauchanka  and
      Artsiom, Artsimenya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2110",
    pages = "1131--1140",
}
@inproceedings{sinha-etal-2012-new-readability,
    title = "New Readability Measures for {B}angla and {H}indi Texts",
    author = "Sinha, Manjira  and
      Sharma, Sakshi  and
      Dasgupta, Tirthankar  and
      Basu, Anupam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2111",
    pages = "1141--1150",
}
@inproceedings{skalban-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Question Generation in Multimedia-Based Learning",
    author = "Skalban, Yvonne  and
      Ha, Le An  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2112",
    pages = "1151--1160",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2012-cohesive,
    title = "A More Cohesive Summarizer",
    author = {Smith, Christian  and
      Danielsson, Henrik  and
      J{\"o}nsson, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2113",
    pages = "1161--1170",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-johannsen-2012-robust,
    title = "Robust Learning in Random Subspaces: Equipping {NLP} for {OOV} Effects",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      Johannsen, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2114",
    pages = "1171--1180",
}
@inproceedings{sogaard-wulff-2012-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Etudy of Non-Lexical Extensions to Delexicalized Transfer",
    author = "S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      Wulff, Julie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2115",
    pages = "1181--1190",
}
@inproceedings{song-etal-2012-entropy,
    title = "Entropy-based Training Data Selection for Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Song, Yan  and
      Klassen, Prescott  and
      Xia, Fei  and
      Kit, Chunyu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2116",
    pages = "1191--1200",
}
@inproceedings{strapparava-etal-2012-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-based Explorations of Affective Load Differences in {A}rabic-{H}ebrew-{E}nglish",
    author = "Strapparava, Carlo  and
      Stock, Oliviero  and
      Alon, Ilai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2117",
    pages = "1201--1208",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-etal-2012-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring and Generalizing Causal Inference Rules from Deverbal Noun Constructions",
    author = "Tanaka, Shohei  and
      Okazaki, Naoaki  and
      Ishizuka, Mitsuru",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2118",
    pages = "1209--1218",
}
@inproceedings{tang-etal-2012-advertising,
    title = "Advertising Legality Recognition",
    author = "Tang, Yi-jie  and
      Lin, Cong-kai  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2119",
    pages = "1219--1228",
}
@inproceedings{thadani-etal-2012-joint,
    title = "A Joint Phrasal and Dependency Model for Paraphrase Alignment",
    author = "Thadani, Kapil  and
      Martin, Scott  and
      White, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2120",
    pages = "1229--1238",
}
@inproceedings{caselli-huang-2012-sourcing,
    title = "Sourcing the Crowd for a Few Good Ones: Event Type Detection",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2121",
    pages = "1239--1248",
}
@inproceedings{tu-etal-2012-combining,
    title = "Combining Multiple Alignments to Improve Machine Translation",
    author = "Tu, Zhaopeng  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      He, Yifan  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Lin, Shouxun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2122",
    pages = "1249--1260",
}
@inproceedings{vakil-khadivi-2012-new,
    title = "A New Search Approach for Interactive-Predictive Computer-Assisted Translation",
    author = "Vakil, Zeinab  and
      Khadivi, Shahram",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2123",
    pages = "1261--1270",
}
@inproceedings{vazquez-etal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Polar Adjectives for the Creation of Polarity Lexicons",
    author = "V{\'a}zquez, Silvia  and
      Padr{\'o}, Muntsa  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      Gonzalo, Julio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2124",
    pages = "1271--1280",
}
@inproceedings{wachsmuth-stein-2012-optimal,
    title = "Optimal Scheduling of Information Extraction Algorithms",
    author = "Wachsmuth, Henning  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2125",
    pages = "1281--1290",
}
@inproceedings{wan-2012-update,
    title = "Update Summarization Based on Co-Ranking with Constraints",
    author = "Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2126",
    pages = "1291--1300",
}
@inproceedings{wang-zhang-2012-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Realization with Unlexicalized Tree Linearization Grammars",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Zhang, Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2127",
    pages = "1301--1310",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Discourse Relations for Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Wang, Fei  and
      Wu, Yunfang  and
      Qiu, Likun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2128",
    pages = "1311--1320",
}
@inproceedings{white-etal-2012-expansion,
    title = "Expansion Methods for Job-Candidate Matching Amidst Unreliable and Sparse Data",
    author = "White, Jerome  and
      Kummamuru, Krishna  and
      Rajput, Nitendra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2129",
    pages = "1321--1330",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2012-unified,
    title = "A Unified Framework for Discourse Argument Identification via Shallow Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Xu, Fan  and
      Zhu, Qiaoming  and
      Zhou, Guodong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2130",
    pages = "1331--1340",
}
@inproceedings{xu-zhao-2012-using,
    title = "Using Deep Linguistic Features for Finding Deceptive Opinion Spam",
    author = "Xu, Qiongkai  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2131",
    pages = "1341--1350",
}
@inproceedings{xun-etal-2012-latent,
    title = "Latent Community Discovery with Network Regularization for Core Actors Clustering",
    author = "Xun, Guangxu  and
      Yang, Yujiu  and
      Wang, Liangwei  and
      Liu, Wenhuang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2132",
    pages = "1351--1360",
}
@inproceedings{yosef-etal-2012-hyena,
    title = "{HYENA}: Hierarchical Type Classification for Entity Names",
    author = "Yosef, Mohamed Amir  and
      Bauer, Sandro  and
      Hoffart, Johannes  and
      Spaniol, Marc  and
      Weikum, Gerhard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2133",
    pages = "1361--1370",
}
@inproceedings{yoshikawa-etal-2012-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Temporal Relations by Sentence and Document Optimizations",
    author = "Yoshikawa, Katsumasa  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Iida, Ryu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2134",
    pages = "1371--1380",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-jiang-2012-affect,
    title = "Affect Detection from Semantic Interpretation of Drama Improvisation",
    author = "Zhang, Li  and
      Jiang, Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2135",
    pages = "1381--1390",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-nivre-2012-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Effect of Global Learning and Beam-Search on Transition-Based Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Zhang, Yue  and
      Nivre, Joakim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2136",
    pages = "1391--1400",
}
@inproceedings{yang-huang-2012-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Sense Disambiguation based on Context Expansion",
    author = "Yang, Zhizhuo  and
      Huang, Heyan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2137",
    pages = "1401--1408",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2012-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Identification of Ambiguous Discourse Connectives for Resource-Poor Language",
    author = "Zhou, Lanjun  and
      Gao, Wei  and
      Li, Binyang  and
      Wei, Zhongyu  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Posters",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2138",
    pages = "1409--1418",
}
@proceedings{coling-2012-coling-2012-demonstration,
    title = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    author = "Kay, Martin  and
      Boitet, Christian",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3000",
}
@inproceedings{balusu-2012-complex,
    title = "Complex Predicates in {T}elugu: A Computational Perspective",
    author = "Balusu, Rahul",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3001",
    pages = "1--8",
}
@inproceedings{berment-boitet-2012-heloise-ariane,
    title = "{H}eloise {---} An {A}riane-{G}5 Compatible Rnvironment for Developing Expert {MT} Systems Online",
    author = "Berment, Vincent  and
      Boitet, Christian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3002",
    pages = "9--16",
}
@inproceedings{bhaskar-etal-2012-keyphrase,
    title = "Keyphrase Extraction in Scientific Articles: A Supervised Approach",
    author = "Bhaskar, Pinaki  and
      Nongmeikapam, Kishorjit  and
      Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3003",
    pages = "17--24",
}
@inproceedings{broda-etal-2012-ikar,
    title = "{IKAR}: An Improved Kit for Anaphora Resolution for {P}olish",
    author = "Broda, Bartosz  and
      Burdka, {\L}ukasz  and
      Maziarz, Marek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3004",
    pages = "25--32",
}
@inproceedings{carlos-yalamanchi-2012-intention,
    title = "Intention Analysis for Sales, Marketing and Customer Service",
    author = "Carlos, Cohan Sujay  and
      Yalamanchi, Madhulika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3005",
    pages = "33--40",
}
@inproceedings{chakraborty-2012-authorship,
    title = "Authorship Identification in {B}engali Literature: a Comparative Analysis",
    author = "Chakraborty, Tanmoy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3006",
    pages = "41--50",
}
@inproceedings{chang-chang-2012-word,
    title = "Word Root Finder: a Morphological Segmentor Based on {CRF}",
    author = "Chang, Joseph Z  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3007",
    pages = "51--58",
}
@inproceedings{chatterji-etal-2012-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Technique for De-Noising Sentences using Monolingual Corpus and Synonym Dictionary",
    author = "Chatterji, Sanjay  and
      Chatterjee, Diptesh  and
      Sarkar, Sudeshna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3008",
    pages = "59--66",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-nagase-2012-example,
    title = "An Example-Based {J}apanese Proofreading System for Offshore Development",
    author = "Cheng, Yuchang  and
      Nagase, Tomoki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3009",
    pages = "67--76",
}
@inproceedings{chetviorkin-loukachevitch-2012-domex,
    title = "{D}om{E}x: Extraction of Sentiment Lexicons for Domains and Meta-Domains",
    author = "Chetviorkin, Ilia  and
      Loukachevitch, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3010",
    pages = "77--86",
}
@inproceedings{ciobanu-dinu-2012-romanian,
    title = "On the {R}omanian Rhyme Detection",
    author = "Ciobanu, Alina  and
      Dinu, Liviu P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3011",
    pages = "87--94",
}
@inproceedings{cuayahuitl-etal-2012-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Dialogue Policy Learning using Flexible State Transitions and Linear Function Approximation",
    author = "Cuay{\'a}huitl, Heriberto  and
      Kruijff-Korbayov{\'a}, Ivana  and
      Dethlefs, Nina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3012",
    pages = "95--102",
}
@inproceedings{desai-etal-2012-automated,
    title = "Automated Paradigm Selection for {FSA} based {K}onkani Verb Morphological Analyzer",
    author = "Desai, Shilpa  and
      Pawar, Jyoti  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3013",
    pages = "103--110",
}
@inproceedings{dhore-etal-2012-hindi,
    title = "{H}indi and {M}arathi to {E}nglish {NE} Transliteration Tool using Phonology and Stress Analysis",
    author = "Dhore, Manikrao  and
      Dixit, Shantanu  and
      Dhore, Ruchi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3014",
    pages = "111--118",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-etal-2012-dealing,
    title = "Dealing with the Grey Sheep of the {R}omanian Gender System, the Neuter",
    author = "Dinu, Liviu P.  and
      Niculae, Vlad  and
      Sulea, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3015",
    pages = "119--124",
}
@inproceedings{dinu-nisioi-2012-authorial,
    title = "Authorial Studies using Ranked Lexical Features",
    author = "Dinu, Liviu P.  and
      Nisioi, Sergiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3016",
    pages = "125--130",
}
@inproceedings{falaise-etal-2012-scienquest,
    title = "{S}cien{Q}uest: a Treebank Exploitation Tool for non {NLP}-Specialists",
    author = "Falaise, Achille  and
      Kraif, Olivier  and
      Tutin, Agn{\`e}s  and
      Rouquet, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3017",
    pages = "131--140",
}
@inproceedings{fraisse-etal-2012-context,
    title = "An In-Context and Collaborative Software Localisation Model",
    author = "Fraisse, Amel  and
      Boitet, Christian  and
      Bellynck, Val{\'e}rie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3018",
    pages = "141--146",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2012-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Feedback-based Feature Learning for Blog Distillation as a Terabyte Challenge",
    author = "Gao, Dehong  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Zhang, Renxian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3019",
    pages = "147--154",
}
@inproceedings{gao-etal-2012-beyond,
    title = "Beyond {T}witter Text: A Preliminary Study on {T}witter Hyperlink and its Application",
    author = "Gao, Dehong  and
      Li, Wenjie  and
      Zhang, Renxian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3020",
    pages = "155--162",
}
@inproceedings{garg-etal-2012-rule,
    title = "Rule Based {H}indi Part of Speech Tagger",
    author = "Garg, Navneet  and
      Goyal, Vishal  and
      Preet, Suman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3021",
    pages = "163--174",
}
@inproceedings{ghodke-bird-2012-fangorn,
    title = "{F}angorn: A System for Querying very large Treebanks",
    author = "Ghodke, Sumukh  and
      Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3022",
    pages = "175--182",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2012-crab,
    title = "{CRAB} Reader: A Tool for Analysis and Visualization of Argumentative Zones in Scientific Literature",
    author = "Guo, Yufan  and
      Silins, Ilona  and
      Reichart, Roi  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3023",
    pages = "183--190",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-lehal-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic {P}unjabi Text Extractive Summarization System",
    author = "Gupta, Vishal  and
      Lehal, Gurpreet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3024",
    pages = "191--198",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-lehal-2012-complete,
    title = "Complete Pre Processing Phase of {P}unjabi Text Extractive Summarization System",
    author = "Gupta, Vishal  and
      Lehal, Gurpreet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3025",
    pages = "199--206",
}
@inproceedings{hart-etal-2012-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting {A}rabic Semantic Role Labeling using {SVM} Kernel Methods",
    author = "Hart, Laurel  and
      Alam, Hassan  and
      Kumar, Aman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3026",
    pages = "207--214",
}
@inproceedings{holzmann-etal-2012-fokas,
    title = "fokas: {F}ormerly {K}nown {A}s {--} A Search Engine Incorporating Named Entity Evolution",
    author = "Holzmann, Helge  and
      Gossen, Gerhard  and
      Tahmasebi, Nina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3027",
    pages = "215--222",
}
@inproceedings{huang-chen-2012-annotation,
    title = "An Annotation System for Development of {C}hinese Discourse Corpus",
    author = "Huang, Hen-Hsen  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3028",
    pages = "223--230",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2012-modeling,
    title = "Modeling {P}ollyanna Phenomena in {C}hinese Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Huang, Ting-Hao  and
      Yu, Ho-Cheng  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3029",
    pages = "231--238",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2012-eating,
    title = "Eating Your Own Cooking: Automatically Linking {W}ordnet Synsets of Two Languages",
    author = "Joshi, Salil  and
      Chatterjee, Arindam  and
      Karra, Arun Karthikeyan  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3030",
    pages = "239--246",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-2012-sense,
    title = "{I} Can Sense It: a Comprehensive Online System for {WSD}",
    author = "Joshi, Salil  and
      Khapra, Mitesh M  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3031",
    pages = "247--254",
}
@inproceedings{kalitvianski-etal-2012-collaborative,
    title = "Collaborative Computer-Assisted Translation Applied to Pedagogical Documents and Literary Works",
    author = "Kalitvianski, Ruslan  and
      Boitet, Christian  and
      Bellynck, Val{\'e}rie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3032",
    pages = "255--260",
}
@inproceedings{kanojia-etal-2012-discrimination,
    title = "Discrimination-Net for {H}indi",
    author = "Kanojia, Diptesh  and
      Chatterjee, Arindam  and
      Joshi, Salil  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3033",
    pages = "261--266",
}
@inproceedings{kansal-etal-2012-rule,
    title = "Rule Based {U}rdu Stemmer",
    author = "Kansal, Rohit  and
      Goyal, Vishal  and
      Lehal, Gurpreet Singh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3034",
    pages = "267--276",
}
@inproceedings{kaufmann-2012-jmaxalign,
    title = "{JM}ax{A}lign: A Maximum Entropy Parallel Sentence Alignment Tool",
    author = "Kaufmann, Max",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3035",
    pages = "277--288",
}
@inproceedings{khan-karim-2012-mike,
    title = "{MIKE}: An Interactive Microblogging Keyword Extractor using Contextual Semantic Smoothing",
    author = "Khan, Osama  and
      Karim, Asim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3036",
    pages = "289--296",
}
@inproceedings{krail-gupta-2012-domain-based,
    title = "Domain Based Classification of {P}unjabi Text Documents",
    author = "Krail, Nidhi  and
      Gupta, Vishal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3037",
    pages = "297--304",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2012-open,
    title = "Open Information Extraction for {SOV} Language Based on Entity-Predicate Pair Detection",
    author = "Lee, Woong-Ki  and
      Lee, Yeon-Su  and
      Lee, Hyoung-Gyu  and
      Ryu, Won-Ho  and
      Rim, Hae-Chang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3038",
    pages = "305--312",
}
@inproceedings{lehal-etal-2012-omni,
    title = "An Omni-Font {G}urmukhi to {S}hahmukhi Transliteration System",
    author = "Lehal, Gurpreet Singh  and
      Saini, Tejinder Singh  and
      Chowdhary, Savleen Kaur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3039",
    pages = "313--320",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2012-thutr,
    title = "{THUTR}: A Translation Retrieval System",
    author = "Liu, Chunyang  and
      Liu, Qi  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3040",
    pages = "321--328",
}
@inproceedings{marujo-etal-2012-recognition,
    title = "Recognition of Named-Event Passages in News Articles",
    author = "Marujo, Luis  and
      Ling, Wang  and
      Gershman, Anatole  and
      Carbonell, Jaime  and
      Neto, Jo{\~a}o P.  and
      Matos, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3041",
    pages = "329--336",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-vogel-2012-nonparametric,
    title = "Nonparametric Model for Inupiaq Word Segmentation",
    author = "Nguyen, Thuy Linh  and
      Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3042",
    pages = "337--344",
}
@inproceedings{osman-mikami-2012-stemming,
    title = "Stemming {T}igrinya Words for Information Retrieval",
    author = "Osman, Omer  and
      Mikami, Yoshiki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3043",
    pages = "345--352",
}
@inproceedings{de-paiva-etal-2012-openwordnet,
    title = "{O}pen{W}ord{N}et-{PT}: An Open {B}razilian {W}ordnet for Reasoning",
    author = "de Paiva, Valeria  and
      Rademaker, Alexandre  and
      de Melo, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3044",
    pages = "353--360",
}
@inproceedings{prabhugaonkar-etal-2012-wordnet,
    title = "{W}ordNet Website Development And Deployment using Content Management Approach",
    author = "Prabhugaonkar, Neha  and
      Nagvenkar, Apurva  and
      Prabhu, Venkatesh  and
      Karmali, Ramdas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3045",
    pages = "361--368",
}
@inproceedings{ren-2012-demo,
    title = "A Demo for Constructing Domain Ontology from Academic Papers",
    author = "Ren, Feiliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3046",
    pages = "369--376",
}
@inproceedings{ren-2012-practical,
    title = "A Practical {C}hinese-{E}nglish {ON} Translation Method Based on {ON}{`}s Distribution Characteristics on the Web",
    author = "Ren, Feiliang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3047",
    pages = "377--384",
}
@inproceedings{salloum-habash-2012-elissa,
    title = "{E}lissa: A Dialectal to Standard {A}rabic Machine Translation System",
    author = "Salloum, Wael  and
      Habash, Nizar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3048",
    pages = "385--392",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-gupta-2012-domain,
    title = "Domain Based {P}unjabi Text Document Clustering",
    author = "Sharma, Saurabh  and
      Gupta, Vishal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3049",
    pages = "393--400",
}
@inproceedings{silberztein-etal-2012-open,
    title = "Open source multi-platform {N}oo{J} for {NLP}",
    author = "Silberztein, Max  and
      V{\'a}radi, Tam{\'a}s  and
      Tadi{\'c}, Marko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3050",
    pages = "401--408",
}
@inproceedings{singh-lehal-2012-punjabi,
    title = "{P}unjabi Text-To-Speech Synthesis System",
    author = "Singh, Parminder  and
      Lehal, Gurpreet Singh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3051",
    pages = "409--416",
}
@inproceedings{stadtfeld-kiss-2012-excotate,
    title = "{EXCOTATE}: An Add-on to {MMAX}2 for Inspection and Exchange of Annotated Data",
    author = "Stadtfeld, Tobias  and
      Kiss, Tibor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3052",
    pages = "417--422",
}
@inproceedings{stoykova-2012-bulgarian,
    title = "{B}ulgarian Inflectional Morphology in Universal Networking Language",
    author = "Stoykova, Velislava",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3053",
    pages = "423--430",
}
@inproceedings{tadic-varadi-2012-central,
    title = "{C}entral and {S}outh-{E}ast {E}uropean Resources in {META}-{SHARE}",
    author = "Tadi{\'c}, Marko  and
      V{\'a}radi, Tam{\'a}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3054",
    pages = "431--438",
}
@inproceedings{tandon-etal-2012-markov,
    title = "{M}arkov Chains for Robust Graph-Based Commonsense Information Extraction",
    author = "Tandon, Niket  and
      Rajagopal, Dheeraj  and
      de Melo, Gerard",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3055",
    pages = "439--446",
}
@inproceedings{tsai-wang-2012-visualization,
    title = "Visualization on Financial Terms via Risk Ranking from Financial Reports",
    author = "Tsai, Ming-Feng  and
      Wang, Chuan-Ju",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3056",
    pages = "447--452",
}
@inproceedings{uchida-etal-2012-unl,
    title = "{UNL} Explorer",
    author = "Uchida, Hiroshi  and
      Zhu, Meiying  and
      Khan, Md. Anwarus Salam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3057",
    pages = "453--458",
}
@inproceedings{venkatapathy-mirkin-2012-smt,
    title = "An {SMT}-driven Authoring Tool",
    author = "Venkatapathy, Sriram  and
      Mirkin, Shachar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3058",
    pages = "459--466",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-generating,
    title = "Generating Questions from Web Community Contents",
    author = "Wang, Baoxun  and
      Liu, Bingquan  and
      Sun, Chengjie  and
      Wang, Xiaolong  and
      Zhang, Deyuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3059",
    pages = "467--474",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2012-demo,
    title = "Demo of i{MAG} Possibilities: {MT}-postediting, Translation Quality Evaluation, Parallel Corpus Production",
    author = "Wang, Ling Xiao  and
      Zhang, Ying  and
      Boitet, Christian  and
      Bellynck, Valerie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3060",
    pages = "475--482",
}
@inproceedings{wuebker-etal-2012-jane,
    title = "{J}ane 2: Open Source Phrase-based and Hierarchical Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Wuebker, Joern  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Peitz, Stephan  and
      Nuhn, Malte  and
      Freitag, Markus  and
      Peter, Jan-Thorsten  and
      Mansour, Saab  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3061",
    pages = "483--492",
}
@inproceedings{yildirim-yildiz-2012-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of {T}urkish Hypernym-Hyponym Pairs From Large Corpus",
    author = "Yildirim, Sava{\c{s}}  and
      Yildiz, Tu{\u{g}}ba",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3062",
    pages = "493--500",
}
@inproceedings{yu-chen-2012-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Web Scale Linguistic Datasets and Toolkit",
    author = "Yu, Chi-Hsin  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3063",
    pages = "501--508",
}
@inproceedings{yu-hsu-2012-developing,
    title = "Developing and Evaluating a Computer-Assisted Near-Synonym Learning System",
    author = "Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Hsu, Kai-Hsiang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3064",
    pages = "509--516",
}
@inproceedings{zaraket-makhlouta-2012-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Morphological Analyzer with Agglutinative Affix Morphemes and Fusional Concatenation Rules",
    author = "Zaraket, Fadi  and
      Makhlouta, Jad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3065",
    pages = "517--526",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-smr,
    title = "{SMR}-{C}mp: Square-Mean-Root Approach to Comparison of Monolingual Contrastive Corpora",
    author = "Zhang, HuaRui  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Quattri, Francesca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3066",
    pages = "527--534",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2012-machine,
    title = "A Machine Learning Approach to Convert {CCG}bank to {P}enn Treebank",
    author = "Zhang, Xiaotian  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Hui, Cong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of {COLING} 2012: Demonstration Papers",
    month = dec,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-3067",
    pages = "535--542",
}
@proceedings{eacl-2014-european,
    title = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Wintner, Shuly  and
      Goldwater, Sharon  and
      Riezler, Stefan",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1",
}
@inproceedings{huang-yates-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Word Alignment Using Linguistic Code Switching Data",
    author = "Huang, Fei  and
      Yates, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1001",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{gesmundo-henderson-2014-undirected,
    title = "Undirected Machine Translation with Discriminative Reinforcement Learning",
    author = "Gesmundo, Andrea  and
      Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1002",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{hu-etal-2014-minimum,
    title = "Minimum Translation Modeling with Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Hu, Yuening  and
      Auli, Michael  and
      Gao, Qin  and
      Gao, Jianfeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1003",
    pages = "20--29",
}
@inproceedings{martzoukos-etal-2014-maximizing,
    title = "Maximizing Component Quality in Bilingual Word-Aligned Segmentations",
    author = "Martzoukos, Spyros  and
      Monz, Christof  and
      Costa Flor{\^e}ncio, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1004",
    pages = "30--38",
}
@inproceedings{almeida-etal-2014-joint,
    title = "A Joint Model for Quotation Attribution and Coreference Resolution",
    author = "Almeida, Mariana S. C.  and
      Almeida, Miguel B.  and
      Martins, Andr{\'e} F. T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1005",
    pages = "39--48",
}
@inproceedings{frermann-etal-2014-hierarchical,
    title = "A Hierarchical {B}ayesian Model for Unsupervised Induction of Script Knowledge",
    author = "Frermann, Lea  and
      Titov, Ivan  and
      Pinkal, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1006",
    pages = "49--57",
}
@inproceedings{kawahara-etal-2014-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Example-based Semantic Frames from a Massive Amount of Verb Uses",
    author = "Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Peterson, Daniel  and
      Popescu, Octavian  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1007",
    pages = "58--67",
}
@inproceedings{cholakov-etal-2014-automated,
    title = "Automated Verb Sense Labelling Based on Linked Lexical Resources",
    author = "Cholakov, Kostadin  and
      Eckle-Kohler, Judith  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1008",
    pages = "68--77",
}
@inproceedings{pavlopoulos-androutsopoulos-2014-multi,
    title = "Multi-Granular Aspect Aggregation in Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Pavlopoulos, John  and
      Androutsopoulos, Ion",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1009",
    pages = "78--87",
}
@inproceedings{san-vicente-etal-2014-simple,
    title = "Simple, Robust and (almost) Unsupervised Generation of Polarity Lexicons for Multiple Languages",
    author = "San Vicente, I{\~n}aki  and
      Agerri, Rodrigo  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1010",
    pages = "88--97",
}
@inproceedings{doyle-2014-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Dialectal Variation by Querying Social Media",
    author = "Doyle, Gabriel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1011",
    pages = "98--106",
}
@inproceedings{piergallini-etal-2014-modeling,
    title = "Modeling the Use of Graffiti Style Features to Signal Social Relations within a Multi-Domain Learning Paradigm",
    author = {Piergallini, Mario  and
      Do{\u{g}}ru{\"o}z, A. Seza  and
      Gadde, Phani  and
      Adamson, David  and
      Ros{\'e}, Carolyn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1012",
    pages = "107--115",
}
@inproceedings{dubbin-blunsom-2014-modelling,
    title = "Modelling the Lexicon in Unsupervised Part of Speech Induction",
    author = "Dubbin, Gregory  and
      Blunsom, Phil",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1013",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1013",
    pages = "116--125",
}
@inproceedings{deoskar-etal-2014-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing a Strongly Lexicalized Parser using Unlabeled Data",
    author = "Deoskar, Tejaswini  and
      Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Birch, Alexandra  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1014",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1014",
    pages = "126--134",
}
@inproceedings{szanto-farkas-2014-special,
    title = "Special Techniques for Constituent Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = "Sz{\'a}nt{\'o}, Zsolt  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1015",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1015",
    pages = "135--144",
}
@inproceedings{blanco-moldovan-2014-leveraging,
    title = "Leveraging Verb-Argument Structures to Infer Semantic Relations",
    author = "Blanco, Eduardo  and
      Moldovan, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1016",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1016",
    pages = "145--154",
}
@inproceedings{louis-webber-2014-structured,
    title = "Structured and Unstructured Cache Models for {SMT} Domain Adaptation",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1017",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1017",
    pages = "155--163",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-regularized,
    title = "Regularized Structured Perceptron: A Case Study on {C}hinese Word Segmentation, {POS} Tagging and Parsing",
    author = "Zhang, Kaixu  and
      Su, Jinsong  and
      Zhou, Changle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1018",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1018",
    pages = "164--173",
}
@inproceedings{lafourcade-etal-2014-inferences,
    title = "About Inferences in a Crowdsourced Lexical-Semantic Network",
    author = "Lafourcade, Mathieu  and
      Zarrouk, Manel  and
      Joubert, Alain",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1019",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1019",
    pages = "174--182",
}
@inproceedings{perez-beltrachini-etal-2014-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Query Generation",
    author = "Perez-Beltrachini, Laura  and
      Gardent, Claire  and
      Franconi, Enrico",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1020",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1020",
    pages = "183--191",
}
@inproceedings{weese-etal-2014-paradigm,
    title = "{PARADIGM}: Paraphrase Diagnostics through Grammar Matching",
    author = "Weese, Jonathan  and
      Ganitkevitch, Juri  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1021",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1021",
    pages = "192--201",
}
@inproceedings{bloodgood-strauss-2014-translation,
    title = "Translation memory retrieval methods",
    author = "Bloodgood, Michael  and
      Strauss, Benjamin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1022",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1022",
    pages = "202--210",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-etal-2014-frame,
    title = "Frame Semantic Tree Kernels for Social Network Extraction from Text",
    author = "Agarwal, Apoorv  and
      Balasubramanian, Sriramkumar  and
      Kotalwar, Anup  and
      Zheng, Jiehan  and
      Rambow, Owen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1023",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1023",
    pages = "211--219",
}
@inproceedings{pichotta-mooney-2014-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Script Learning with Multi-Argument Events",
    author = "Pichotta, Karl  and
      Mooney, Raymond",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1024",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1024",
    pages = "220--229",
}
@inproceedings{polajnar-clark-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Distributional Semantic Vectors through Context Selection and Normalisation",
    author = "Polajnar, Tamara  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1025",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1025",
    pages = "230--238",
}
@inproceedings{jehl-etal-2014-source,
    title = "Source-side Preordering for Translation using Logistic Regression and Depth-first Branch-and-Bound Search",
    author = "Jehl, Laura  and
      de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Hopkins, Mark  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1026",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1026",
    pages = "239--248",
}
@inproceedings{frermann-lapata-2014-incremental,
    title = "Incremental {B}ayesian Learning of Semantic Categories",
    author = "Frermann, Lea  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1027",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1027",
    pages = "249--258",
}
@inproceedings{de-gispert-etal-2014-word,
    title = "Word Ordering with Phrase-Based Grammars",
    author = "de Gispert, Adri{\`a}  and
      Tomalin, Marcus  and
      Byrne, Bill",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1028",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1028",
    pages = "259--268",
}
@inproceedings{akkaya-etal-2014-iterative,
    title = "Iterative Constrained Clustering for Subjectivity Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Akkaya, Cem  and
      Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Mihalcea, Rada",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1029",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1029",
    pages = "269--278",
}
@inproceedings{fornaciari-poesio-2014-identifying,
    title = "Identifying fake {A}mazon reviews as learning from crowds",
    author = "Fornaciari, Tommaso  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1030",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1030",
    pages = "279--287",
}
@inproceedings{vajjala-meurers-2014-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the relative reading level of sentence pairs for text simplification",
    author = "Vajjala, Sowmya  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1031",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1031",
    pages = "288--297",
}
@inproceedings{roberts-etal-2014-subcategorisation,
    title = "Subcategorisation Acquisition from Raw Text for a Free Word-Order Language",
    author = "Roberts, Will  and
      Egg, Markus  and
      Kordoni, Valia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1032",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1032",
    pages = "298--307",
}
@inproceedings{mirza-tonelli-2014-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Temporal Relations with Simple Features",
    author = "Mirza, Paramita  and
      Tonelli, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1033",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1033",
    pages = "308--317",
}
@inproceedings{stoop-van-den-bosch-2014-using,
    title = "Using idiolects and sociolects to improve word prediction",
    author = "Stoop, Wessel  and
      van den Bosch, Antal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1034",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1034",
    pages = "318--327",
}
@inproceedings{hasler-etal-2014-dynamic-topic,
    title = "Dynamic Topic Adaptation for Phrase-based {MT}",
    author = "Hasler, Eva  and
      Blunsom, Phil  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Haddow, Barry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1035",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1035",
    pages = "328--337",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-mccaffery-2014-deterministic,
    title = "Deterministic Parsing using {PCFG}s",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      McCaffery, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1036",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1036",
    pages = "338--347",
}
@inproceedings{glass-yates-2014-empirically,
    title = "Empirically-motivated Generalizations of {CCG} Semantic Parsing Learning Algorithms",
    author = "Glass, Jesse  and
      Yates, Alexander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1037",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1037",
    pages = "348--357",
}
@inproceedings{rozovskaya-etal-2014-correcting,
    title = "Correcting Grammatical Verb Errors",
    author = "Rozovskaya, Alla  and
      Roth, Dan  and
      Srikumar, Vivek",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1038",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1038",
    pages = "358--367",
}
@inproceedings{angelov-ljunglof-2014-fast,
    title = "Fast Statistical Parsing with Parallel Multiple Context-Free Grammars",
    author = {Angelov, Krasimir  and
      Ljungl{\"o}f, Peter},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1039",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1039",
    pages = "368--376",
}
@inproceedings{deng-wiebe-2014-sentiment,
    title = "Sentiment Propagation via Implicature Constraints",
    author = "Deng, Lingjia  and
      Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1040",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1040",
    pages = "377--385",
}
@inproceedings{pasca-2014-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of Noncontiguous Class Attributes from Web Search Queries",
    author = "Pa{\c{s}}ca, Marius",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1041",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1041",
    pages = "386--394",
}
@inproceedings{denkowski-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning from Post-Editing: Online Model Adaptation for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Denkowski, Michael  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1042",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1042",
    pages = "395--404",
}
@inproceedings{lampos-etal-2014-predicting,
    title = "Predicting and Characterising User Impact on Twitter",
    author = "Lampos, Vasileios  and
      Aletras, Nikolaos  and
      Preo{\c{t}}iuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1043",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1043",
    pages = "405--413",
}
@inproceedings{franco-salvador-etal-2014-knowledge,
    title = "A Knowledge-based Representation for Cross-Language Document Retrieval and Categorization",
    author = "Franco-Salvador, Marc  and
      Rosso, Paolo  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1044",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1044",
    pages = "414--423",
}
@inproceedings{ding-arase-2014-dependency,
    title = "Dependency Tree Abstraction for Long-Distance Reordering in Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Ding, Chenchen  and
      Arase, Yuki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1045",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1045",
    pages = "424--433",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-improving-lexical,
    title = "Improving the Lexical Function Composition Model with Pathwise Optimized Elastic-Net Regression",
    author = "Li, Jiming  and
      Baroni, Marco  and
      Dinu, Georgiana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1046",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1046",
    pages = "434--442",
}
@inproceedings{graham-etal-2014-machine,
    title = "Is Machine Translation Getting Better over Time?",
    author = "Graham, Yvette  and
      Baldwin, Timothy  and
      Moffat, Alistair  and
      Zobel, Justin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1047",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1047",
    pages = "443--451",
}
@inproceedings{neelakantan-collins-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning Dictionaries for Named Entity Recognition using Minimal Supervision",
    author = "Neelakantan, Arvind  and
      Collins, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1048",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1048",
    pages = "452--461",
}
@inproceedings{faruqui-dyer-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Vector Space Word Representations Using Multilingual Correlation",
    author = "Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1049",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1049",
    pages = "462--471",
}
@inproceedings{salehi-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using Distributional Similarity of Multi-way Translations to Predict Multiword Expression Compositionality",
    author = "Salehi, Bahar  and
      Cook, Paul  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1050",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1050",
    pages = "472--481",
}
@inproceedings{lebret-collobert-2014-word,
    title = "Word Embeddings through Hellinger {PCA}",
    author = "Lebret, R{\'e}mi  and
      Collobert, Ronan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1051",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1051",
    pages = "482--490",
}
@inproceedings{fahrni-strube-2014-latent,
    title = "A Latent Variable Model for Discourse-aware Concept and Entity Disambiguation",
    author = "Fahrni, Angela  and
      Strube, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1052",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1052",
    pages = "491--500",
}
@inproceedings{jardine-teufel-2014-topical,
    title = "Topical {P}age{R}ank: A Model of Scientific Expertise for Bibliographic Search",
    author = "Jardine, James  and
      Teufel, Simone",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1053",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1053",
    pages = "501--510",
}
@inproceedings{rimell-2014-distributional,
    title = "Distributional Lexical Entailment by Topic Coherence",
    author = "Rimell, Laura",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1054",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1054",
    pages = "511--519",
}
@inproceedings{elsner-etal-2014-information,
    title = "Information Structure Prediction for Visual-world Referring Expressions",
    author = "Elsner, Micha  and
      Rohde, Hannah  and
      Clarke, Alasdair",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1055",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1055",
    pages = "520--529",
}
@inproceedings{lau-etal-2014-machine,
    title = "Machine Reading Tea Leaves: Automatically Evaluating Topic Coherence and Topic Model Quality",
    author = "Lau, Jey Han  and
      Newman, David  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1056",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1056",
    pages = "530--539",
}
@inproceedings{kremer-etal-2014-substitutes,
    title = "What Substitutes Tell Us - Analysis of an {``}All-Words{''} Lexical Substitution Corpus",
    author = "Kremer, Gerhard  and
      Erk, Katrin  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian  and
      Thater, Stefan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1057",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1057",
    pages = "540--549",
}
@inproceedings{antoine-etal-2014-weighted,
    title = "Weighted {K}rippendorff{'}s alpha is a more reliable metrics for multi-coders ordinal annotations: experimental studies on emotion, opinion and coreference annotation",
    author = {Antoine, Jean-Yves  and
      Villaneau, Jeanne  and
      Lefeuvre, Ana{\"\i}s},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1058",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1058",
    pages = "550--559",
}
@inproceedings{lofi-etal-2014-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating Rhetorical Analogies in Social Media",
    author = "Lofi, Christoph  and
      Nieke, Christian  and
      Collier, Nigel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1059",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1059",
    pages = "560--568",
}
@inproceedings{hulden-etal-2014-semi,
    title = "Semi-supervised learning of morphological paradigms and lexicons",
    author = "Hulden, Mans  and
      Forsberg, Markus  and
      Ahlberg, Malin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1060",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1060",
    pages = "569--578",
}
@inproceedings{cap-etal-2014-produce,
    title = "How to Produce Unseen Teddy Bears: Improved Morphological Processing of Compounds in {SMT}",
    author = "Cap, Fabienne  and
      Fraser, Alexander  and
      Weller, Marion  and
      Cahill, Aoife",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1061",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1061",
    pages = "579--587",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2014-type,
    title = "Type-Supervised Domain Adaptation for Joint Segmentation and {POS}-Tagging",
    author = "Zhang, Meishan  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Che, Wanxiang  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1062",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1062",
    pages = "588--597",
}
@inproceedings{fancellu-webber-2014-applying,
    title = "Applying the semantics of negation to {SMT} through n-best list re-ranking",
    author = "Fancellu, Federico  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1063",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1063",
    pages = "598--606",
}
@inproceedings{chen-zhu-2014-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Sentiment Consistency for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Chen, Boxing  and
      Zhu, Xiaodan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1064",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1064",
    pages = "607--615",
}
@inproceedings{tsvetkov-etal-2014-augmenting-translation,
    title = "Augmenting Translation Models with Simulated Acoustic Confusions for Improved Spoken Language Translation",
    author = "Tsvetkov, Yulia  and
      Metze, Florian  and
      Dyer, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1065",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1065",
    pages = "616--625",
}
@inproceedings{eshky-etal-2014-generative,
    title = "A Generative Model for User Simulation in a Spatial Navigation Domain",
    author = "Eshky, Aciel  and
      Allison, Ben  and
      Ramamoorthy, Subramanian  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1066",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1066",
    pages = "626--635",
}
@inproceedings{louis-nenkova-2014-verbose,
    title = "Verbose, Laconic or Just Right: A Simple Computational Model of Content Appropriateness under Length Constraints",
    author = "Louis, Annie  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1067",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1067",
    pages = "636--644",
}
@inproceedings{rutherford-xue-2014-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Implicit Discourse Relations Through Brown Cluster Pair Representation and Coreference Patterns",
    author = "Rutherford, Attapol  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1068",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1068",
    pages = "645--654",
}
@inproceedings{goldwasser-daume-iii-2014-object,
    title = "{``}{I} Object!{''} Modeling Latent Pragmatic Effects in Courtroom Dialogues",
    author = "Goldwasser, Dan  and
      Daum{\'e} III, Hal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1069",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1069",
    pages = "655--663",
}
@inproceedings{tymoshenko-etal-2014-encoding,
    title = "Encoding Semantic Resources in Syntactic Structures for Passage Reranking",
    author = "Tymoshenko, Kateryna  and
      Moschitti, Alessandro  and
      Severyn, Aliaksei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1070",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1070",
    pages = "664--672",
}
@inproceedings{wiegand-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Food Categorization from Large Unlabeled Corpora and Its Impact on Relation Extraction",
    author = "Wiegand, Michael  and
      Roth, Benjamin  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1071",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1071",
    pages = "673--682",
}
@inproceedings{xue-hwa-2014-redundancy,
    title = "Redundancy Detection in {ESL} Writings",
    author = "Xue, Huichao  and
      Hwa, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1072",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1072",
    pages = "683--691",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2014-fast,
    title = "Fast Recursive Multi-class Classification of Pairs of Text Entities for Biomedical Event Extraction",
    author = "Liu, Xiao  and
      Bordes, Antoine  and
      Grandvalet, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1073",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1073",
    pages = "692--701",
}
@inproceedings{dethlefs-etal-2014-cluster,
    title = "Cluster-based Prediction of User Ratings for Stylistic Surface Realisation",
    author = "Dethlefs, Nina  and
      Cuay{\'a}huitl, Heriberto  and
      Hastie, Helen  and
      Rieser, Verena  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1074",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1074",
    pages = "702--711",
}
@inproceedings{hong-nenkova-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving the Estimation of Word Importance for News Multi-Document Summarization",
    author = "Hong, Kai  and
      Nenkova, Ani",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1075",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1075",
    pages = "712--721",
}
@inproceedings{siddharthan-mandya-2014-hybrid,
    title = "Hybrid text simplification using synchronous dependency grammars with hand-written and automatically harvested rules",
    author = "Siddharthan, Advaith  and
      Mandya, Angrosh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1076",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1076",
    pages = "722--731",
}
@inproceedings{fang-teufel-2014-summariser,
    title = "A Summariser based on Human Memory Limitations and Lexical Competition",
    author = "Fang, Yimai  and
      Teufel, Simone",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1077",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1077",
    pages = "732--741",
}
@inproceedings{plank-etal-2014-learning,
    title = "Learning part-of-speech taggers with inter-annotator agreement loss",
    author = "Plank, Barbara  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-1078",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-1078",
    pages = "742--751",
}
@proceedings{eacl-2014-demonstrations,
    title = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Wintner, Shuly  and
      Tadi{\'c}, Marko  and
      Babych, Bogdan",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2",
}
@inproceedings{eryigit-2014-itu,
    title = "{ITU} {T}urkish {NLP} Web Service",
    author = {Eryi{\u{g}}it, G{\"u}l{\c{s}}en},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2001",
    pages = "1--4",
}
@inproceedings{agerri-etal-2014-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual, Efficient and Easy {NLP} Processing with {IXA} Pipeline",
    author = "Agerri, Rodrigo  and
      Bermudez, Josu  and
      Rigau, German",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2002",
    pages = "5--8",
}
@inproceedings{carreras-etal-2014-xlike,
    title = "{XL}ike Project Language Analysis Services",
    author = "Carreras, Xavier  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Zhang, Lei  and
      Rettinger, Achim  and
      Li, Zhixing  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Cuesta, Esteban  and
      Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Bekavac, Bo{\v{z}}o  and
      Fortuna, Blaz  and
      {\v{S}}tajner, Tadej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2003",
    pages = "9--12",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-rettinger-2014-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Annotation, Analysis and Comparison: A Multilingual and Cross-lingual Text Analytics Toolkit",
    author = "Zhang, Lei  and
      Rettinger, Achim",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2004",
    pages = "13--16",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2014-rdrpostagger,
    title = "{RDRPOST}agger: A Ripple Down Rules-based Part-Of-Speech Tagger",
    author = "Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Nguyen, Dai Quoc  and
      Pham, Dang Duc  and
      Pham, Son Bao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2005",
    pages = "17--20",
}
@inproceedings{smit-etal-2014-morfessor,
    title = "{M}orfessor 2.0: Toolkit for statistical morphological segmentation",
    author = {Smit, Peter  and
      Virpioja, Sami  and
      Gr{\"o}nroos, Stig-Arne  and
      Kurimo, Mikko},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2006",
    pages = "21--24",
}
@inproceedings{alabau-etal-2014-casmacat,
    title = "{CASMACAT}: A Computer-assisted Translation Workbench",
    author = "Alabau, Vicent  and
      Buck, Christian  and
      Carl, Michael  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco  and
      Garc{\'\i}a-Mart{\'\i}nez, Mercedes  and
      Germann, Ulrich  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez-Rubio, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Hill, Robin  and
      Koehn, Philipp  and
      Leiva, Luis  and
      Mesa-Lao, Bartolom{\'e}  and
      Ortiz-Mart{\'\i}nez, Daniel  and
      Saint-Amand, Herve  and
      Sanchis Trilles, Germ{\'a}n  and
      Tsoukala, Chara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2007",
    pages = "25--28",
}
@inproceedings{freitag-etal-2014-jane,
    title = "{J}ane: Open Source Machine Translation System Combination",
    author = "Freitag, Markus  and
      Huck, Matthias  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2008",
    pages = "29--32",
}
@inproceedings{centelles-etal-2014-chispa,
    title = "{CHISPA} on the {GO}: A mobile {C}hinese-{S}panish translation service for travellers in trouble",
    author = "Centelles, Jordi  and
      Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R.  and
      Banchs, Rafael E.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2009",
    pages = "33--36",
}
@inproceedings{larsson-etal-2014-safe,
    title = "Safe In-vehicle Dialogue Using Learned Predictions of User Utterances",
    author = {Larsson, Staffan  and
      Kronlid, Fredrik  and
      W{\"a}rnest{\aa}l, Pontus},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2010",
    pages = "37--40",
}
@inproceedings{angelov-etal-2014-speech,
    title = "Speech-Enabled Hybrid Multilingual Translation for Mobile Devices",
    author = {Angelov, Krasimir  and
      Bringert, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Ranta, Aarne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2011",
    pages = "41--44",
}
@inproceedings{ortiz-martinez-casacuberta-2014-new,
    title = "The New Thot Toolkit for Fully-Automatic and Interactive Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Ortiz-Mart{\'\i}nez, Daniel  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2012",
    pages = "45--48",
}
@inproceedings{bosca-etal-2014-lightweight,
    title = "A Lightweight Terminology Verification Service for External Machine Translation Engines",
    author = "Bosca, Alessio  and
      Nikoulina, Vassilina  and
      Dymetman, Marc",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2013",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2013",
    pages = "49--52",
}
@inproceedings{jakubicek-etal-2014-finding,
    title = "Finding Terms in Corpora for Many Languages with the Sketch Engine",
    author = "Jakub{\'\i}{\v{c}}ek, Milo{\v{s}}  and
      Kilgarriff, Adam  and
      Kov{\'a}{\v{r}}, Vojt{\v{e}}ch  and
      Rychl{\'y}, Pavel  and
      Suchomel, V{\'\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2014",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2014",
    pages = "53--56",
}
@inproceedings{thiele-etal-2014-graphical,
    title = "A Graphical Interface for Automatic Error Mining in Corpora",
    author = {Thiele, Gregor  and
      Seeker, Wolfgang  and
      G{\"a}rtner, Markus  and
      Bj{\"o}rkelund, Anders  and
      Kuhn, Jonas},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2015",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2015",
    pages = "57--60",
}
@inproceedings{derczynski-etal-2014-dkie,
    title = "{DKIE}: Open Source Information Extraction for {D}anish",
    author = "Derczynski, Leon  and
      Field, Camilla Vilhelmsen  and
      B{\o}gh, Kenneth S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2016",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2016",
    pages = "61--64",
}
@inproceedings{zavarella-etal-2014-event,
    title = "Event Extraction for Balkan Languages",
    author = {Zavarella, Vanni  and
      K{\"u}{\c{c}}{\"u}k, Dilek  and
      Tanev, Hristo  and
      H{\"u}rriyeto{\u{g}}lu, Ali},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2017",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2017",
    pages = "65--68",
}
@inproceedings{rizov-dekova-2014-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora {--} Clause Annotation and Alignment Tool.",
    author = "Rizov, Borislav  and
      Dekova, Rositsa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2018",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2018",
    pages = "69--72",
}
@inproceedings{delmonte-prati-2014-sparsar,
    title = "{SPARSAR}: An Expressive Poetry Reader",
    author = "Delmonte, Rodolfo  and
      Prati, Anton Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2019",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2019",
    pages = "73--76",
}
@inproceedings{toledo-etal-2014-annotating,
    title = "Annotating by Proving using {S}em{A}n{TE}",
    author = "Toledo, Assaf  and
      Alexandropoulou, Stavroula  and
      Chesney, Sophie  and
      Grimm, Robert  and
      Kokke, Pepijn  and
      Kruit, Benno  and
      Neophytou, Kyriaki  and
      Nguyen, Antony  and
      Winter, Yoad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2020",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2020",
    pages = "77--80",
}
@inproceedings{goncalves-branco-2014-answering,
    title = "Answering List Questions using Web as a corpus",
    author = "Gon{\c{c}}alves, Patr{\'\i}cia  and
      Branco, Ant{\'o}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2021",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2021",
    pages = "81--84",
}
@inproceedings{schlogl-etal-2014-designing,
    title = "Designing Language Technology Applications: A Wizard of {O}z Driven Prototyping Framework",
    author = {Schl{\"o}gl, Stephan  and
      Milhorat, Pierrick  and
      Chollet, G{\'e}rard  and
      Boudy, J{\'e}r{\^o}me},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2022",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2022",
    pages = "85--88",
}
@inproceedings{roth-etal-2014-relationfactory,
    title = "{R}elation{F}actory: A Fast, Modular and Effective System for Knowledge Base Population",
    author = "Roth, Benjamin  and
      Barth, Tassilo  and
      Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz  and
      Gropp, Martin  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2023",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2023",
    pages = "89--92",
}
@inproceedings{kopec-2014-mmax2,
    title = "{MMAX}2 for coreference annotation",
    author = "Kope{\'c}, Mateusz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2024",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2024",
    pages = "93--96",
}
@inproceedings{bontcheva-etal-2014-gate,
    title = "The {GATE} Crowdsourcing Plugin: Crowdsourcing Annotated Corpora Made Easy",
    author = "Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Roberts, Ian  and
      Derczynski, Leon  and
      Rout, Dominic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2025",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2025",
    pages = "97--100",
}
@inproceedings{braslavski-etal-2014-spinning,
    title = "A Spinning Wheel for {YARN}: User Interface for a Crowdsourced Thesaurus",
    author = "Braslavski, Pavel  and
      Ustalov, Dmitry  and
      Mukhin, Mikhail",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-2026",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-2026",
    pages = "101--104",
}
@proceedings{eacl-2014-student,
    title = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Wintner, Shuly  and
      Elliott, Desmond  and
      Garoufi, Konstantina  and
      Kiela, Douwe  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-3000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-3",
}
@inproceedings{aamot-2014-literature,
    title = "Literature-based discovery for Oceanographic climate science",
    author = "Aamot, Elias",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-3001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-3001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@inproceedings{remus-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Relation Extraction of In-Domain Data from Focused Crawls",
    author = "Remus, Steffen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-3002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-3002",
    pages = "11--20",
}
@inproceedings{skeppstedt-2014-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Medical Named Entity Recognition with Features Derived from Unsupervised Methods",
    author = "Skeppstedt, Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-3003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-3003",
    pages = "21--30",
}
@inproceedings{stewart-2014-now,
    title = "Now We Stronger than Ever: {A}frican-{A}merican {E}nglish Syntax in Twitter",
    author = "Stewart, Ian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-3004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-3004",
    pages = "31--37",
}
@inproceedings{liew-2014-expanding,
    title = "Expanding the Range of Automatic Emotion Detection in Microblogging Text",
    author = "Liew, Jasy Suet Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-3005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-3005",
    pages = "38--44",
}
@inproceedings{roesiger-teufel-2014-resolving,
    title = "Resolving Coreferent and Associative Noun Phrases in Scientific Text",
    author = "Roesiger, Ina  and
      Teufel, Simone",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-3006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-3006",
    pages = "45--55",
}
@inproceedings{barbieri-saggion-2014-modelling-irony,
    title = "Modelling Irony in Twitter",
    author = "Barbieri, Francesco  and
      Saggion, Horacio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-3007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-3007",
    pages = "56--64",
}
@inproceedings{bjerva-2014-multi,
    title = "Multi-class {A}nimacy Classification with Semantic Features",
    author = "Bjerva, Johannes",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-3008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-3008",
    pages = "65--75",
}
@inproceedings{lien-2014-using,
    title = "Using Minimal Recursion Semantics for Entailment Recognition",
    author = "Lien, Elisabeth",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-3009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-3009",
    pages = "76--84",
}
@inproceedings{horvat-byrne-2014-graph,
    title = "A Graph-Based Approach to String Regeneration",
    author = "Horvat, Matic  and
      Byrne, William",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-3010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-3010",
    pages = "85--95",
}
@inproceedings{lahiri-2014-complexity,
    title = "Complexity of Word Collocation Networks: A Preliminary Structural Analysis",
    author = "Lahiri, Shibamouli",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-3011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-3011",
    pages = "96--105",
}
@inproceedings{althobaiti-etal-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Creation of {A}rabic Named Entity Annotated Corpus Using {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Althobaiti, Maha  and
      Kruschwitz, Udo  and
      Poesio, Massimo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-3012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-3012",
    pages = "106--115",
}
@inproceedings{felice-yuan-2014-generating,
    title = "Generating artificial errors for grammatical error correction",
    author = "Felice, Mariano  and
      Yuan, Zheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-3013",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-3013",
    pages = "116--126",
}
@proceedings{eacl-2014-european-chapter,
    title = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    author = "Wintner, Shuly  and
      Riezler, Stefan  and
      Goldwater, Sharon",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4000",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4",
}
@inproceedings{moreno-dias-2014-easy,
    title = "Easy Web Search Results Clustering: When Baselines Can Reach State-of-the-Art Algorithms",
    author = {Moreno, Jose G.  and
      Dias, Ga{\"e}l},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4001",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4001",
    pages = "1--5",
}
@inproceedings{hasanuzzaman-etal-2014-propagation,
    title = "Propagation Strategies for Building Temporal Ontologies",
    author = {Hasanuzzaman, Mohammed  and
      Dias, Ga{\"e}l  and
      Ferrari, St{\'e}phane  and
      Mathet, Yann},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4002",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4002",
    pages = "6--11",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-etal-2014-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Open Relation Extraction for Knowledge Acquisition",
    author = "Tseng, Yuen-Hsien  and
      Lee, Lung-Hao  and
      Lin, Shu-Yen  and
      Liao, Bo-Shun  and
      Liu, Mei-Jun  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Etzioni, Oren  and
      Fader, Anthony",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4003",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4003",
    pages = "12--16",
}
@inproceedings{niculae-etal-2014-temporal,
    title = "Temporal Text Ranking and Automatic Dating of Texts",
    author = "Niculae, Vlad  and
      Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Dinu, Liviu  and
      Ciobanu, Alina Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4004",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4004",
    pages = "17--21",
}
@inproceedings{aletras-stevenson-2014-measuring,
    title = "Measuring the Similarity between Automatically Generated Topics",
    author = "Aletras, Nikolaos  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4005",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4005",
    pages = "22--27",
}
@inproceedings{gesmundo-hall-2014-projecting,
    title = "Projecting the Knowledge Graph to Syntactic Parsing",
    author = "Gesmundo, Andrea  and
      Hall, Keith",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4006",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4006",
    pages = "28--32",
}
@inproceedings{alexopoulos-pavlopoulos-2014-vague,
    title = "A Vague Sense Classifier for Detecting Vague Definitions in Ontologies",
    author = "Alexopoulos, Panos  and
      Pavlopoulos, John",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4007",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4007",
    pages = "33--37",
}
@inproceedings{santus-etal-2014-chasing,
    title = "Chasing Hypernyms in Vector Spaces with Entropy",
    author = "Santus, Enrico  and
      Lenci, Alessandro  and
      Lu, Qin  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4008",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4008",
    pages = "38--42",
}
@inproceedings{cho-etal-2014-tight,
    title = "Tight Integration of Speech Disfluency Removal into {SMT}",
    author = "Cho, Eunah  and
      Niehues, Jan  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4009",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4009",
    pages = "43--47",
}
@inproceedings{rasooli-tetreault-2014-non,
    title = "Non-Monotonic Parsing of Fluent Umm {I} mean Disfluent Sentences",
    author = "Rasooli, Mohammad Sadegh  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4010",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4010",
    pages = "48--53",
}
@inproceedings{mehay-etal-2014-lightly,
    title = "Lightly-Supervised Word Sense Translation Error Detection for an Interactive Conversational Spoken Language Translation System",
    author = "Mehay, Dennis  and
      Ananthakrishnan, Sankaranarayanan  and
      Hewavitharana, Sanjika",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4011",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4011",
    pages = "54--58",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2014-map,
    title = "Map Translation Using Geo-tagged Social Media",
    author = "Lee, Sunyou  and
      Lee, Taesung  and
      Hwang, Seung-won",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4012",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4012",
    pages = "59--63",
}
@inproceedings{ciobanu-etal-2014-predicting,
    title = "Predicting {R}omanian Stress Assignment",
    author = "Ciobanu, Alina Maria  and
      Dinu, Anca  and
      Dinu, Liviu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4013",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4013",
    pages = "64--68",
}
@inproceedings{derczynski-bontcheva-2014-passive,
    title = "Passive-Aggressive Sequence Labeling with Discriminative Post-Editing for Recognising Person Entities in Tweets",
    author = "Derczynski, Leon  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4014",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4014",
    pages = "69--73",
}
@inproceedings{ruokolainen-etal-2014-accelerated,
    title = "Accelerated Estimation of Conditional Random Fields using a Pseudo-Likelihood-inspired Perceptron Variant",
    author = "Ruokolainen, Teemu  and
      Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Kurimo, Mikko  and
      Linden, Krister",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4015",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4015",
    pages = "74--78",
}
@inproceedings{sassano-2014-deterministic,
    title = "Deterministic Word Segmentation Using Maximum Matching with Fully Lexicalized Rules",
    author = "Sassano, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4016",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4016",
    pages = "79--83",
}
@inproceedings{ruokolainen-etal-2014-painless,
    title = "Painless Semi-Supervised Morphological Segmentation using Conditional Random Fields",
    author = "Ruokolainen, Teemu  and
      Kohonen, Oskar  and
      Virpioja, Sami  and
      Kurimo, Mikko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4017",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4017",
    pages = "84--89",
}
@inproceedings{gonzalez-rubio-casacuberta-2014-inference,
    title = "Inference of Phrase-Based Translation Models via Minimum Description Length",
    author = "Gonz{\'a}lez-Rubio, Jes{\'u}s  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4018",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4018",
    pages = "90--94",
}
@inproceedings{malmasi-dras-2014-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Native Language Identification",
    author = "Malmasi, Shervin  and
      Dras, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4019",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4019",
    pages = "95--99",
}
@inproceedings{illig-etal-2014-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Parsing for Generating Surface-Based Relation Extraction Patterns",
    author = "Illig, Jens  and
      Roth, Benjamin  and
      Klakow, Dietrich",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4020",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4020",
    pages = "100--105",
}
@inproceedings{makino-2014-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Selection of Reference Pages in {W}ikipedia for Improving Targeted Entities Disambiguation",
    author = "Makino, Takuya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4021",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4021",
    pages = "106--110",
}
@inproceedings{kontonatsios-etal-2014-using,
    title = "Using a Random Forest Classifier to Compile Bilingual Dictionaries of Technical Terms from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Kontonatsios, Georgios  and
      Korkontzelos, Ioannis  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4022",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4022",
    pages = "111--116",
}
@inproceedings{ruppenhofer-etal-2014-comparing,
    title = "Comparing methods for deriving intensity scores for adjectives",
    author = "Ruppenhofer, Josef  and
      Wiegand, Michael  and
      Brandes, Jasper",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4023",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4023",
    pages = "117--122",
}
@inproceedings{ostling-2014-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Word Alignment for Massively Parallel Texts",
    author = {{\"O}stling, Robert},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4024",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4024",
    pages = "123--127",
}
@inproceedings{vu-etal-2014-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring a Dictionary of Emotion-Provoking Events",
    author = "Vu, Hoa Trong  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Sakti, Sakriani  and
      Toda, Tomoki  and
      Nakamura, Satoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4025",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4025",
    pages = "128--132",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Temporal Tagging with {H}eidel{T}ime",
    author = {Li, Hui  and
      Str{\"o}tgen, Jannik  and
      Zell, Julian  and
      Gertz, Michael},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4026",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4026",
    pages = "133--137",
}
@inproceedings{asghari-etal-2014-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Approach to {P}ersian Ezafe Recognition",
    author = "Asghari, Habibollah  and
      Maleki, Jalal  and
      Faili, Heshaam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4027",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4027",
    pages = "138--142",
}
@inproceedings{lipenkova-soucek-2014-converting,
    title = "Converting {R}ussian Dependency Treebank to {S}tanford Typed Dependencies Representation",
    author = "Lipenkova, Janna  and
      Sou{\v{c}}ek, Milan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4028",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4028",
    pages = "143--147",
}
@inproceedings{durrani-etal-2014-integrating,
    title = "Integrating an Unsupervised Transliteration Model into Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Durrani, Nadir  and
      Sajjad, Hassan  and
      Hoang, Hieu  and
      Koehn, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4029",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4029",
    pages = "148--153",
}
@inproceedings{ouchi-etal-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Dependency Parsers with Supertags",
    author = "Ouchi, Hiroki  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4030",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4030",
    pages = "154--158",
}
@inproceedings{ambati-etal-2014-improving,
    title = "Improving Dependency Parsers using Combinatory Categorial Grammar",
    author = "Ambati, Bharat Ram  and
      Deoskar, Tejaswini  and
      Steedman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4031",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4031",
    pages = "159--163",
}
@inproceedings{schlund-etal-2014-fast,
    title = "Fast and Accurate Unlexicalized Parsing via Structural Annotations",
    author = "Schlund, Maximilian  and
      Luttenberger, Michael  and
      Esparza, Javier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4032",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4032",
    pages = "164--168",
}
@inproceedings{swanson-charniak-2014-data,
    title = "Data Driven Language Transfer Hypotheses",
    author = "Swanson, Ben  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4033",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4033",
    pages = "169--173",
}
@inproceedings{peitz-etal-2014-simple,
    title = "Simple and Effective Approach for Consistent Training of Hierarchical Phrase-based Translation Models",
    author = "Peitz, Stephan  and
      Vilar, David  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4034",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4034",
    pages = "174--179",
}
@inproceedings{simion-etal-2014-experiments,
    title = "Some Experiments with a Convex {IBM} Model 2",
    author = "Simion, Andrei  and
      Collins, Michael  and
      Stein, Cliff",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4035",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4035",
    pages = "180--184",
}
@inproceedings{dara-etal-2014-active,
    title = "Active Learning for Post-Editing Based Incrementally Retrained {MT}",
    author = "Dara, Aswarth Abhilash  and
      van Genabith, Josef  and
      Liu, Qun  and
      Judge, John  and
      Toral, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4036",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4036",
    pages = "185--189",
}
@inproceedings{yung-etal-2014-analysis,
    title = "Analysis and Prediction of Unalignable Words in Parallel Text",
    author = "Yung, Frances  and
      Duh, Kevin  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4037",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4037",
    pages = "190--194",
}
@inproceedings{tschuggnall-specht-2014-enhancing,
    title = "Enhancing Authorship Attribution By Utilizing Syntax Tree Profiles",
    author = {Tschuggnall, Michael  and
      Specht, G{\"u}nther},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4038",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4038",
    pages = "195--199",
}
@inproceedings{scheible-schutze-2014-multi,
    title = "Multi-Domain Sentiment Relevance Classification with Automatic Representation Learning",
    author = {Scheible, Christian  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4039",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4039",
    pages = "200--204",
}
@inproceedings{dunietz-gillick-2014-new,
    title = "A New Entity Salience Task with Millions of Training Examples",
    author = "Dunietz, Jesse  and
      Gillick, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4040",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4040",
    pages = "205--209",
}
@inproceedings{gkatzia-etal-2014-finding,
    title = "Finding middle ground? Multi-objective Natural Language Generation from time-series data",
    author = "Gkatzia, Dimitra  and
      Hastie, Helen  and
      Lemon, Oliver",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4041",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4041",
    pages = "210--214",
}
@inproceedings{gella-etal-2014-one,
    title = "One Sense per Tweeter ... and Other Lexical Semantic Tales of Twitter",
    author = "Gella, Spandana  and
      Cook, Paul  and
      Baldwin, Timothy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4042",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4042",
    pages = "215--220",
}
@inproceedings{kopec-2014-zero,
    title = "Zero subject detection for Polish",
    author = "Kope{\'c}, Mateusz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4043",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4043",
    pages = "221--225",
}
@inproceedings{feizabadi-pado-2014-crowdsourcing,
    title = "Crowdsourcing Annotation of Non-Local Semantic Roles",
    author = "Feizabadi, Parvin Sadat  and
      Pad{\'o}, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4044",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4044",
    pages = "226--230",
}
@inproceedings{tuggener-2014-coreference,
    title = "Coreference Resolution Evaluation for Higher Level Applications",
    author = "Tuggener, Don",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4045",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4045",
    pages = "231--235",
}
@inproceedings{olariu-2014-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Online Summarization of Microblogging Streams",
    author = "Olariu, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2: Short Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Gothenburg, Sweden",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E14-4046",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/E14-4046",
    pages = "236--240",
}
@proceedings{ws-1996-large,
    title = "Fourth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0100",
}
@inproceedings{tzoukermann-radev-1996-using,
    title = "Using Word Class for Part-of-speech Disambiguation",
    author = "Tzoukermann, Evelyne  and
      Radev, Dragomir R.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0101",
}
@inproceedings{daelemans-etal-1996-mbt,
    title = "{MBT}: A Memory-Based Part of Speech Tagger-Generator",
    author = "Daelemans, Walter  and
      Zavrel, Jakub  and
      Berck, Peter  and
      Gillis, Steven",
    booktitle = "Fourth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0102",
}
@inproceedings{ushioda-1996-hierarchical-clustering,
    title = "Hierarchical Clustering of Words and Application to {NLP} Tasks",
    author = "Ushioda, Akira",
    booktitle = "Fourth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0103",
}
@inproceedings{karov-edelman-1996-learning,
    title = "Learning Similarity-based Word Sense Disambiguation from Sparse Data",
    author = "Karov, Yael  and
      Edelman, Shimon",
    booktitle = "Fourth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0104",
}
@inproceedings{fujii-etal-1996-selective,
    title = "Selective Sampling of Effective Example Sentence Sets for Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "Fourth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0105",
}
@inproceedings{samuelsson-1996-relating,
    title = "Relating {T}uring{'}s Formula and {Z}ipf{'}s Law",
    author = "Samuelsson, Christer",
    booktitle = "Fourth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0106",
}
@inproceedings{kitamura-matsumoto-1996-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Word Sequence Correspondences in Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Kitamura, Mihoko  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Fourth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0107",
}
@inproceedings{tong-evans-1996-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Approach to Automatic {OCR} Error Correction in Context",
    author = "Tong, Xiang  and
      Evans, David A.",
    booktitle = "Fourth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0108",
}
@inproceedings{nomoto-matsumoto-1996-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Text Structure for Topic Identification",
    author = "Nomoto, Tadashi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Fourth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0109",
}
@inproceedings{chiang-su-1996-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Models for Deep-structure Disambiguation",
    author = "Chiang, TungHui  and
      Su, Keh-Yih",
    booktitle = "Fourth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0110",
}
@inproceedings{bod-1996-two,
    title = "Two Questions about Data-Oriented Parsing",
    author = "Bod, Rens",
    booktitle = "Fourth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0111",
}
@inproceedings{li-1996-probabilistic,
    title = "A Probabilistic Disambiguation Method Based on Psycholinguistic Principles",
    author = "Li, Hang",
    booktitle = "Fourth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0112",
}
@inproceedings{yamamoto-1996-estimation,
    title = "A Re-estimation Method for Stochastic Language Modeling from Ambiguous Observations",
    author = "Yamamoto, Mikio",
    booktitle = "Fourth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0113",
}
@inproceedings{theeramunkong-okumara-1996-towards,
    title = "Towards Automatic Grammar Acquisition from a Bracketed Corpus",
    author = "Theeramunkong, Thanaruk  and
      Okumara, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Fourth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0114",
}
@proceedings{ws-1996-empirical,
    title = "Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0200",
}
@inproceedings{melamed-1996-geometric,
    title = "A Geometric Approach to Mapping Bitext Correspondence",
    author = "Melamed, I. Dan",
    booktitle = "Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0201",
}
@inproceedings{xia-wu-1996-parsing,
    title = "Parsing {C}hinese With an Almost-Context-Free Grammar",
    author = "Xia, Xuanyin  and
      Wu, Dekai",
    booktitle = "Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0202",
}
@inproceedings{basili-etal-1996-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Learning of Syntactic Knowledge: Methods and Measures",
    author = "Basili, R.  and
      Marziali, A.  and
      Pazienza, M.T.  and
      Velardi, P.",
    booktitle = "Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0203",
}
@inproceedings{meteer-iyer-1996-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Conversational Speech for Speech Recognition",
    author = "Meteer, Marie  and
      Iyer, Rukmini",
    booktitle = "Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0204",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-1996-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of New Words from {J}apanese Texts using Generalized Forward-Backward Search",
    author = "Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0205",
}
@inproceedings{brants-1996-better,
    title = "Better Language Models with Model Merging",
    author = "Brants, Thorsten",
    booktitle = "Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0206",
}
@inproceedings{oflazer-tur-1996-combining,
    title = "Combining Hand-crafted Rules and Unsupervised Learning in Constraint-based Morphological Disambiguation",
    author = "Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Tur, Gokhan",
    booktitle = "Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0207",
}
@inproceedings{mooney-1996-comparative,
    title = "Comparative Experiments on Disambiguating Word Senses: An Illustration of the Role of Bias in Machine Learning",
    author = "Mooney, Raymond J.",
    booktitle = "Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0208",
}
@inproceedings{carroll-briscoe-1996-apportioning,
    title = "Apportioning Development Effort in a Probabilistic {LR} Parsing System Through Evaluation",
    author = "Carroll, John  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0209",
}
@inproceedings{bruce-etal-1996-measure,
    title = "The Measure of a Model",
    author = "Bruce, Rebecca  and
      Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Pedersen, Ted",
    booktitle = "Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0210",
}
@inproceedings{cardie-1996-automating,
    title = "Automating Feature Set Selection for Case-Based Learning of Linguistic Knowledge",
    author = "Cardie, Claire",
    booktitle = "Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0211",
}
@inproceedings{caraballo-charniak-1996-figures,
    title = "Figures of Merit for Best-First Probabilistic Chart Parsing",
    author = "Caraballo, Sharon A.  and
      Charniak, Eugene",
    booktitle = "Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0212",
}
@inproceedings{ratnaparkhi-1996-maximum,
    title = "A Maximum Entropy Model for Part-Of-Speech Tagging",
    author = "Ratnaparkhi, Adwait",
    booktitle = "Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0213",
}
@inproceedings{goodman-1996-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Algorithms for Parsing the {DOP} Model",
    author = "Goodman, Joshua",
    booktitle = "Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0214",
}
@proceedings{ws-1996-breadth,
    title = "Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0300",
}
@inproceedings{viegas-1996-breadth,
    title = "Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons - Notes on the Workshop",
    author = "Viegas, Evelyne",
    booktitle = "Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0301",
}
@inproceedings{talmy-1996-language,
    title = "How language Structures Concepts - an Outline",
    author = "Talmy, Leonard",
    booktitle = "Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0302",
}
@inproceedings{briscoe-copestake-1996-controlling,
    title = "Controlling the Application of Lexical Rules",
    author = "Briscoe, Ted  and
      Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0303",
}
@inproceedings{burstein-etal-1996-using,
    title = "Using Lexical Semantic Techniques to Classify Free-Responses",
    author = "Burstein, Jill  and
      Kaplan, Randy  and
      Wolff, Susanne  and
      Lu, Chi",
    booktitle = "Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0304",
}
@inproceedings{chang-chen-1996-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of Computational-Semantic Lexicons from Machine Readable Lexical Resources",
    author = "Chang, Jason J.S.  and
      Chen, J.N.",
    booktitle = "Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0305",
}
@inproceedings{dorr-jones-1996-acquisition,
    title = "Acquisition of Semantic Lexicons: Using Word Sense Disambiguation to Improve Precision",
    author = "Dorr, Bonnie J.  and
      Jones, Doug",
    booktitle = "Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0306",
}
@inproceedings{gillon-1996-lexical,
    title = "The Lexical Semantics of {E}nglish Count and Mass Nouns",
    author = "Gillon, Brendan S.",
    booktitle = "Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0307",
}
@inproceedings{helmreich-farwell-1996-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Rules is Italicized",
    author = "Helmreich, Stephen  and
      Farwell, David",
    booktitle = "Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0308",
}
@inproceedings{johnston-busa-1996-qualia,
    title = "Qualia Structure and the Compositional Interpretation of Compounds",
    author = "Johnston, Michael  and
      Busa, Federica",
    booktitle = "Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0309",
}
@inproceedings{raskin-nirenburg-1996-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Rules for Deverbal Adjectives",
    author = "Raskin, Victor  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0310",
}
@inproceedings{sehitoglu-bozsahin-1996-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Productivity in the Lexicon",
    author = "Sehitoglu, Onur T.  and
      Bozsahin, H. Cem",
    booktitle = "Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0311",
}
@proceedings{ws-1996-international,
    title = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0400",
}
@inproceedings{wanner-hovy-1996-healthdoc,
    title = "The {H}ealth{D}oc Sentence Planner",
    author = "Wanner, Leo  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0401",
}
@inproceedings{linden-di-eugenio-1996-learning,
    title = "Learning Micro-Planning Rules for Preventive Expressions",
    author = "Linden, Keith Vander  and
      Di Eugenio, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0402",
}
@inproceedings{huang-fiedler-1996-paraphrasing,
    title = "Paraphrasing and Aggregating Argumentative Texts Using Text Structure",
    author = "Huang, Xiaorong  and
      Fiedler, Armin",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0403",
}
@inproceedings{nicolov-etal-1996-approximate,
    title = "Approximate Generation from Non-Hierarchical Representations",
    author = "Nicolov, Nicolas  and
      Mellish, Chris  and
      Ritchie, Graeme",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0404",
}
@inproceedings{odonnell-1996-input,
    title = "Input Specification in the {WAG} Sentence Generation System",
    author = "O{'}Donnell, Michael",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0405",
}
@inproceedings{fasciano-lapalme-1996-postgraphe,
    title = "{P}ost{G}raphe: A System for the Generation of Statistical Graphics and Text",
    author = "Fasciano, Massimo  and
      Lapalme, Guy",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0406",
}
@inproceedings{sheremetyeva-etal-1996-generating,
    title = "Generating Patent Claims from Interactive Input",
    author = "Sheremetyeva, Svetlana  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Nirenburg, Irene",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0407",
}
@inproceedings{mccoy-penpington-1996-considering,
    title = "Considering the Effects of Second Language Learning on Generation",
    author = "McCoy, Kathleen F.  and
      Penpington, Christopher A.",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0408",
}
@inproceedings{hakkani-etal-1996-tactical,
    title = "Tactical Generation in a Free Constituent Order Language",
    author = "Hakkani, Dilek Zeynep  and
      Oflazer, Kemal  and
      Cicekli, Ilyas",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0409",
}
@inproceedings{stone-doran-1996-paying,
    title = "Paying Heed to Collocations",
    author = "Stone, Matthew  and
      Doran, Christine",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0410",
}
@inproceedings{busemann-1996-best,
    title = "Best-First Surface Realization",
    author = "Busemann, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0411",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-1996-evaluation,
    title = "An Evaluation of Anaphor Generation in {C}hinese",
    author = "Yeh, Ching-Long",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0412",
}
@inproceedings{creaney-1996-algorithm,
    title = "An Algorithm for Generating Quantifiers",
    author = "Creaney, Norman",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0413",
}
@inproceedings{cerbah-1996-studyof,
    title = "A Study{'}of some Lexical Differences between {F}rench and Englisfi Instructions in a Multilingual Generation Framework",
    author = "Cerbah, Farid",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0414",
}
@inproceedings{stede-1996-generative,
    title = "A generative perspecl:ive on verbs and their readings",
    author = "Stede, Manfred",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0415",
}
@inproceedings{knott-etal-1996-sources,
    title = "Sources of Flexibility in Dynamic Hypertext Generation",
    author = "Knott, Alistair  and
      Mellish, Chris  and
      Oberlander, Jon  and
      O{'}Donnell, Mick",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0416",
}
@inproceedings{milosavljevic-dale-1996-strategies,
    title = "Strategies for Comparison in Encyclopmdia Descriptions",
    author = "Milosavljevic, Maria  and
      Dale, Robert",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0417",
}
@inproceedings{grote-1996-matchmaking,
    title = "{M}atchmaking: dialogue modelling and speech generation meet",
    author = "Grote, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0418",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1996-author-index,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0419",
}
@proceedings{ws-1996-international-natural,
    title = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop (Posters and Demonstrations)",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0500",
}
@inproceedings{elhadad-robin-1996-overview,
    title = "An Overview of {SURGE}: a Reusable Comprehensive Syntactic Realization Component",
    author = "Elhadad, Michael  and
      Robin, Jacques",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop (Posters and Demonstrations)",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0501",
}
@inproceedings{jakeway-dimarco-1996-splat,
    title = "{SPLAT}: A sentence-plan authoring tool",
    author = "Jakeway, Bruce  and
      DiMarco, Chrysanne",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop (Posters and Demonstrations)",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0502",
}
@inproceedings{lavoie-etal-1996-modelexplainer,
    title = "The {M}odel{E}xplainer",
    author = "Lavoie, Benoit  and
      Rambow, Owen  and
      Reiter, Ehud",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop (Posters and Demonstrations)",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0503",
}
@inproceedings{paris-linden-1996-drafter,
    title = "DRAFTER",
    author = "Paris, C{\'e}cile  and
      Linden, Keith Vander",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop (Posters and Demonstrations)",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0504",
}
@inproceedings{power-cavallotto-1996-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual generation of administrative forms",
    author = "Power, Richard  and
      Cavallotto, Nico",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop (Posters and Demonstrations)",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0505",
}
@inproceedings{beale-nirenburg-1996-picard,
    title = "{PICARD}: The Next Generator",
    author = "Beale, Stephen  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop (Posters and Demonstrations)",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0506",
}
@inproceedings{coch-1996-overview,
    title = "Overview of {A}leth{G}en",
    author = "Coch, Jos{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop (Posters and Demonstrations)",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0507",
}
@inproceedings{dalianis-hovy-1996-lexical,
    title = "On Lexical Aggregation and Ordering",
    author = "Dalianis, Hercules  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop (Posters and Demonstrations)",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0508",
}
@inproceedings{di-eugenio-moore-1996-generating,
    title = "Generating {`}Distributed{'} Referring Expressions: an Initial Report",
    author = "Di Eugenio, Barbara  and
      Moore, Johanna D.",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop (Posters and Demonstrations)",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0509",
}
@inproceedings{hoffman-1996-summarization,
    title = "{S}ummarization: an Application for {NL} Generation",
    author = "Hoffman, Beryl",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop (Posters and Demonstrations)",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0510",
}
@inproceedings{lin-fawcett-1996-implementing,
    title = "Implementing an Integration of the Systemic Flowchart Model of Dialogue and Rhetorical Structure Theory",
    author = "Lin, Yuen Q.  and
      Fawcett, Robin P.",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop (Posters and Demonstrations)",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0511",
}
@inproceedings{radev-1996-architecture,
    title = "An Architecture For Distributed Natural Language Summarization",
    author = "Radev, Dragomir R.",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop (Posters and Demonstrations)",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0512",
}
@inproceedings{viegas-beale-1996-multilinguality,
    title = "Multilinguality and Reversibility in Computational Semantic Lexicons",
    author = "Viegas, Evelyne  and
      Beale, Stephen",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop (Posters and Demonstrations)",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0513",
}
@inproceedings{ziesche-1996-computation,
    title = "The Computation of the Informational Status of Discourse Entities",
    author = "Ziesche, Soenke",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop (Posters and Demonstrations)",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0514",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1996-author-index-2,
    title = "Author Index",
    booktitle = "Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop (Posters and Demonstrations)",
    year = "1996",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0515",
}
@proceedings{paclic-1999-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    author = "Wang, Jhing-Fa  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1000",
}
@inproceedings{manning-1999-linguistics,
    title = "Linguistics in an Age of Engineering",
    author = "Manning, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1001",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12106",
    pages = "1--1",
}
@inproceedings{nakayasu-1999-extensibility,
    title = "Extensibility in {J}apanese Noun Modification",
    author = "Nakayasu, Minako",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1002",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12131",
    pages = "3--14",
}
@inproceedings{lin-1999-meaning,
    title = "On the Meaning of Shenme {`}what{'} in {C}hinese Bare Conditionals and its Implications for Carlson{'}s Semantics of Bare Plurals",
    author = "Lin, Jo-wang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1003",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12112",
    pages = "15--26",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-1999-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Information and Beyond : Constructional Inferences in Semantic Representation",
    author = "Liu, Mei-Chun  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Lee, Ching-Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1004",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12127",
    pages = "27--37",
}
@inproceedings{chang-etal-1999-alternation,
    title = "Alternation Across Semantic Fields : A Study of {M}andarin Verbs of Emotion",
    author = "Chang, Li-li  and
      Chen, Keh-jiann  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1005",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12136",
    pages = "39--50",
}
@inproceedings{xu-1999-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-style and {C}hinese-style Topic : A Uniform Semantic Analysis",
    author = "Xu, Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1006",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12137",
    pages = "51--62",
}
@inproceedings{su-liu-1999-mataphorical,
    title = "Mataphorical Extension and Lexical Meaning",
    author = "Su, Lily-I-wen  and
      Liu, Laura Hsiu-min",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1007",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12138",
    pages = "63--74",
}
@inproceedings{kikuta-1999-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Information and Pragmatic Information : Reflexivity of an Event and Resultative Constructions in {J}apanese",
    author = "Kikuta, Chiharu Uda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1008",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12139",
    pages = "75--86",
}
@inproceedings{saiki-kaneko-1999-dative,
    title = "The Dative in Modern {I}celandic : Exploration of the Semantic Genotype of the Dative in Natural Languages",
    author = "Saiki, Mariko  and
      Kaneko, Yasutaka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1009",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12140",
    pages = "87--94",
}
@inproceedings{ahrens-say-1999-mapping,
    title = "Mapping Image-schemas and Translating Metaphors",
    author = "Ahrens, Kathleen  and
      Say, Alicia L. T.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1010",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12141",
    pages = "95--102",
}
@inproceedings{kawamori-shimazu-1999-utterance,
    title = "Utterance Units and Exchanges in Spontaneous {J}apanese Dialogue",
    author = "Kawamori, Masahito  and
      Shimazu, Akira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1011",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12107",
    pages = "103--110",
}
@inproceedings{hsieh-1999-coherence,
    title = "Coherence via Collaboration : A Study of {C}hinese Causal Connectives",
    author = "Hsieh, Hsin-yun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1012",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12108",
    pages = "111--118",
}
@inproceedings{yoshida-1999-reconstruction,
    title = "Reconstruction, Beck Effects and Wh-phrases in Situ",
    author = "Yoshida, Keiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1013",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12109",
    pages = "119--129",
}
@inproceedings{chung-1999-nonconfigurational,
    title = "A Nonconfigurational Approach to the Weak Crossover Effect in {K}orean",
    author = "Chung, Chan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1014",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12110",
    pages = "131--142",
}
@inproceedings{park-1999-relative,
    title = "Relative Clause Constructions with Possessive Specifier Gaps : A Constraint-based Approach",
    author = "Park, Byung-Soo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1015",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12111",
    pages = "143--152",
}
@inproceedings{komatsu-1999-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Categorial Grammar Based on Term and Sentence",
    author = "Komatsu, Hisashi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1016",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12113",
    pages = "153--160",
}
@inproceedings{lai-huang-1999-free,
    title = "Free Word Order in a Constraint-based Implementation of Dependency Grammar",
    author = "Lai, Tom B.Y.  and
      Huang, Changning",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1017",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12114",
    pages = "161--168",
}
@inproceedings{wong-hancox-1999-lexical,
    title = "What is the Lexical Form of {`}{BEI}{'}?",
    author = "Wong, Shun Ha Sylvia  and
      Hancox, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1018",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12115",
    pages = "169--176",
}
@inproceedings{lee-1999-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Language Systems - Technical Challenges for Speech and Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Lee, Chin-Hui",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1019",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12116",
    pages = "177--177",
}
@inproceedings{tsay-etal-1999-implementation,
    title = "Implementation and Evaluation of Scalable Approaches for Automatic {C}hinese Text Categorization",
    author = "Tsay, Jyh-Jong  and
      Wang, Jing-Doo  and
      Pai, Chun-Fu  and
      Tsay, Ming-Kuen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1020",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12117",
    pages = "179--190",
}
@inproceedings{guo-1999-mandarin,
    title = "{M}andarin Loanword Phonology and Optimality Theory : Evidence from Transliterated {A}merican State Names and Typhoon Names",
    author = "Guo, Hugo Ling-yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1021",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12118",
    pages = "191--202",
}
@inproceedings{shin-1999-consonantal,
    title = "Consonantal Weakening and Licensing in Optimality Theory",
    author = "Shin, Seung-Hoon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1022",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12119",
    pages = "203--214",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-1999-lexicon,
    title = "The Lexicon in {FCIDB} : A Friendly {C}hinese Interface for {DBMS}",
    author = "Wang, Da-Jinn  and
      Chen, Tsong-Yi  and
      Evens, Martha W.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1023",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12120",
    pages = "215--222",
}
@inproceedings{kim-1999-simple,
    title = "Simple Syllable Structure and {E}nglish Pre-nucleus Glides",
    author = "Kim, Hyo-Young",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1024",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12121",
    pages = "223--230",
}
@inproceedings{wu-hsieh-1999-speech,
    title = "Speech Inverse Filtering by Simulated Annealing Algorithm",
    author = "Wu, Chang-Shiann  and
      Hsieh, Yu-Fu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1025",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12122",
    pages = "231--240",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-ozeki-1999-classification,
    title = "A Classification Tree Approach to Automatic Segmentation of {J}apanese Compound Sentences",
    author = "Zhang, Yujie  and
      Ozeki, Kazuhiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1026",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12123",
    pages = "241--250",
}
@inproceedings{koga-etal-1999-determining,
    title = "Determining the Antecedent of Noun Phrase Containing the Determiner {KONO} or {SONO} in {J}apanese",
    author = "Koga, Toshimasa  and
      Wu, Haodong  and
      Furugori, Teiji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1027",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12124",
    pages = "251--259",
}
@inproceedings{oku-etal-1999-generating,
    title = "Generating Supplementary Index Records Using Morphological Analysis for High-speed Partial Matching",
    author = "Oku, Masahiro  and
      Noda, Ryousuke  and
      Nagai, Ryoji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1028",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12125",
    pages = "261--268",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-1999-extraction,
    title = "Extraction of Simple Sentences from Mixed Sentences for Building {K}orean Case Frames",
    author = "Yang, Dan-Hee  and
      Lee, Ik-Hwan  and
      Song, Mansuk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1029",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12126",
    pages = "269--276",
}
@inproceedings{andriamanankasina-etal-1999-sub,
    title = "Sub-Sentential Alignment Method by Analogy",
    author = "Andriamanankasina, Tantely  and
      Araki, Kenji  and
      Tochinai, Koji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1030",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12128",
    pages = "277--284",
}
@inproceedings{echizen-ya-etal-1999-study,
    title = "A Study of Performance Evaluation for {GA}-{ILMT} Using Travel {E}nglish",
    author = "Echizen-ya, Hiroshi  and
      Araki, Kenji  and
      Momouchi, Yoshio  and
      Tochinai, Koji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1031",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12129",
    pages = "285--292",
}
@inproceedings{chan-tsou-1999-anaphora,
    title = "Anaphora Resolution as Lexical Cohesion Identification",
    author = "Chan, Samuel W.K.  and
      T{'}sou, Benjamin K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1032",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12130",
    pages = "293--304",
}
@inproceedings{shyuu-wang-1999-large,
    title = "A Large-Vocabulary Bilingual Speech Recognition System for {C}hinese and {J}apanese Language",
    author = "Shyuu, Jyh-Shing  and
      Wang, Jhing-Fa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1033",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12132",
    pages = "305--311",
}
@inproceedings{siegel-1999-syntactic,
    title = "The Syntactic Processing of Particles in {J}apanese Spoken Language",
    author = "Siegel, Melanie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1034",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12133",
    pages = "313--320",
}
@inproceedings{chen-wu-1999-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Selection of Synthesis Units from a Large Speech Database",
    author = "Chen, Jau-Hung  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1035",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12134",
    pages = "321--328",
}
@inproceedings{chancharoen-etal-1999-pattern,
    title = "Pattern-based Machine Translation for {E}nglish-{T}hai",
    author = "Chancharoen, Kaewchai  and
      Tannin, Nisanad  and
      Sirinaovakul, Booncharoen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1999",
    address = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    publisher = "National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y99-1036",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12135",
    pages = "329--336",
}
@proceedings{paclic-1998-pacific,
    title = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    author = "Guo, Jin  and
      Lua, Kim Teng  and
      Xu, Jie",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1000",
}
@inproceedings{chung-1998-ettehkey,
    title = "Ettehkey {`}how{'} as a Small Clause Head",
    author = "Chung, Daeho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1001",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12068",
    pages = "1--9",
}
@inproceedings{kang-1998-three,
    title = "Three Kinds of {K}orean Reflexives : A Corpus Linguistic Investigation on Grammar and Usage",
    author = "Kang, Beom-mo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1002",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12069",
    pages = "10--19",
}
@inproceedings{yang-kuo-1998-chinese,
    title = "The {C}hinese Temporal Coverbs, Postpositions, Coverb-Postposition Pairs, and Their Temporal Logic",
    author = "Yang, York Chung-Ho  and
      Kuo, June-Jei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1003",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12079",
    pages = "20--32",
}
@inproceedings{xu-1998-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical Devices in the Processing of [+{W}h] and [+{F}ocus]",
    author = "Xu, Jie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1004",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12095",
    pages = "33--47",
}
@inproceedings{chief-1998-mandarin,
    title = "{M}andarin Intransitive Reflexive Verbs and the Unaccusative Hypothesis ({M}andarin Intransitive Reflexive Verbs)",
    author = "Chief, Lian-Cheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1005",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12101",
    pages = "48--59",
}
@inproceedings{oku-1998-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Embedded Noun Phrase Structures Derived from {J}apanese Double-Nominal-Case Construction",
    author = "Oku, Masahiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1006",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12102",
    pages = "60--68",
}
@inproceedings{ikeya-kawamori-1998-two,
    title = "The Two Kinds of {J}apanese Negative Nai in Terms of Their {NPI} Licensing Conditions",
    author = "Ikeya, Akira  and
      Kawamori, Masahito",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1007",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12103",
    pages = "69--81",
}
@inproceedings{kikuta-1998-multiple,
    title = "A Multiple Inheritance Analysis of the Internally-Headed Relative Clause in {J}apanese",
    author = "Kikuta, Chiharu Uda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1008",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12104",
    pages = "82--93",
}
@inproceedings{yamashita-1998-acquisition,
    title = "The Acquisition of Functional Categories : Data from {J}apanese",
    author = "Yamashita, Yoshie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1009",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12105",
    pages = "94--105",
}
@inproceedings{inaba-1998-moras,
    title = "Moras, Syllables, and Feet in {J}apanese",
    author = "Inaba, Seiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1010",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12070",
    pages = "106--117",
}
@inproceedings{kang-1998-english,
    title = "{E}nglish Nasal-Final Prefixes and Uniform Exponence",
    author = "Kang, Seok-keun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1011",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12071",
    pages = "118--126",
}
@inproceedings{yeom-lee-1998-common,
    title = "Common Grounds as Multiple Information States",
    author = "Yeom, Jae-Il  and
      Lee, Ik-Hwan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1012",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12072",
    pages = "127--138",
}
@inproceedings{ni-1998-co,
    title = "Co-Interpretation Network in {E}nglish Discourse",
    author = "Ni, Yibin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1013",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12073",
    pages = "139--151",
}
@inproceedings{verspoor-1998-predictivity,
    title = "Predictivity vs. Stipulativity in the Lexicon",
    author = "Verspoor, Cornelia Maria",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1014",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12074",
    pages = "152--162",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-1998-using,
    title = "Using Case Prototypicality as a Semantic Primitive",
    author = "Yang, Dan-Hee  and
      Lee, Ik-Hwan  and
      Song, Mansuk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1015",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12075",
    pages = "163--171",
}
@inproceedings{nakamura-fujita-1998-case,
    title = "Case Alternations in Potential Constructions in {J}apanese and their Semantic Implications",
    author = "Nakamura, Hiroaki  and
      Fujita, Takeshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1016",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12076",
    pages = "172--183",
}
@inproceedings{ishikawa-1998-plural,
    title = "On Plural Anaphora",
    author = "Ishikawa, Kiyoshi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1017",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12077",
    pages = "184--194",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-lua-1998-mi,
    title = "{MI}-trigger-based Language Modelling",
    author = "Zhou, Guodong  and
      Lua, Kim-Teng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1018",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12078",
    pages = "195--205",
}
@inproceedings{gao-somers-1998-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Recurrent Phrases and Terms from Texts Using a Purely Statistical Method",
    author = "Gao, Zhao-Ming  and
      Somers, Harold",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1019",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12080",
    pages = "206--211",
}
@inproceedings{li-yuan-1998-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Li, Haizhou  and
      Yuan, Baosheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1020",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12081",
    pages = "212--217",
}
@inproceedings{hockenmaier-brew-1998-error,
    title = "Error-Driven Learning of {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      Brew, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1021",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12082",
    pages = "218--229",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-ozeki-1998-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Bunsetsu Segmentation of {J}apanese Sentences Using a Classification Tree",
    author = "Zhang, Yujie  and
      Ozeki, Kazuhiko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1022",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12083",
    pages = "230--235",
}
@inproceedings{lau-luk-1998-word,
    title = "Word-Sense Classification by Hierarchical Clustering",
    author = "Lau, Ken Y.K.  and
      Luk, Robert W.P.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1023",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12084",
    pages = "236--247",
}
@inproceedings{gao-1998-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of a High-Precision Translation Lexicon from Parallel {C}hinese-{E}nglish Corpora",
    author = "Gao, Zhao-Ming",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1024",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12085",
    pages = "248--254",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-1998-surrogater,
    title = "{S}urrogater : A Simple Yet Efficient Document Condensation System",
    author = "Zhou, Joe",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1025",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12086",
    pages = "255--262",
}
@inproceedings{wu-furugori-1998-computational,
    title = "A Computational Method for Resolving Ambiguities in Coordinate Structures",
    author = "Wu, Haodong  and
      Furugori, Teiji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1026",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12087",
    pages = "263--270",
}
@inproceedings{li-ito-1998-removing,
    title = "On Removing Ambiguity in Text Understanding",
    author = "Li, Simin  and
      Ito, Yukihiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1027",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12088",
    pages = "271--282",
}
@inproceedings{kuo-1998-automatic,
    title = "An Automatic {C}hinese Document Revision System Using Bit and Character Mask Approach",
    author = "Kuo, June-Jei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1028",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12089",
    pages = "283--294",
}
@inproceedings{koyama-etal-1998-japanese,
    title = "{J}apanese Kana-to-Kanji Conversion Using Large Scale Collocation Data",
    author = "Koyama, Yasuo  and
      Yasutake, Masako  and
      Yoshimura, Kenji  and
      Shudo, Kosho",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1029",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12090",
    pages = "295--302",
}
@inproceedings{jung-etal-1998-syntactic,
    title = "Syntactic Verifier as a Filter to Compound Unit Recognizer",
    author = "Jung, Hanmin  and
      Yuh, Sanghwa  and
      Kim, Taewan  and
      Park, Dong-In",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1030",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12091",
    pages = "303--309",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-kita-1998-machine,
    title = "Machine-Readable Dictionary Headwords",
    author = "Tanaka, Yasuhito  and
      Kita, Kenji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1031",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12092",
    pages = "310--315",
}
@inproceedings{lee-1998-advantages,
    title = "The Advantages of 3{D}-Trees in Modeling Human Sentence Processing",
    author = "Lee, Charles C.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1032",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12093",
    pages = "316--327",
}
@inproceedings{chae-1998-improvement,
    title = "Improvement of {K}orean Proofreading System Using Corpus and Collocation Rules",
    author = "Chae, Young-Soog",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1033",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12094",
    pages = "328--333",
}
@inproceedings{wong-hancox-1998-investigation,
    title = "An Investigation into the Use of Argument Structure and Lexical Mapping Theory for Machine Translation",
    author = "Wong, Shun Ha Sylvia  and
      Hancox, Peter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1034",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12096",
    pages = "334--339",
}
@inproceedings{gan-1998-using,
    title = "Using A Semantic Classification in Parsing {C}hinese : Some Preliminary Results",
    author = "Gan, Kok Wee",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1035",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12097",
    pages = "340--347",
}
@inproceedings{kim-1998-adjunct,
    title = "Adjunct Roles and External Predication",
    author = "Kim, Yong-Beom",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1036",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12098",
    pages = "348--356",
}
@inproceedings{saiki-1998-underlying,
    title = "The Underlying Representation of the Tough Construction in {E}nglish",
    author = "Saiki, Mariko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1037",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12099",
    pages = "357--362",
}
@inproceedings{nakayasu-1998-tense,
    title = "Tense and the Speaker{'}s Attitude in {E}nglish",
    author = "Nakayasu, Minako",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation",
    month = feb,
    year = "1998",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y98-1038",
    doi = "http://hdl.handle.net/2065/12100",
    pages = "363--368",
}
@proceedings{ws-1997-large,
    title = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0100",
}
@inproceedings{marcus-1997-summary,
    title = "Summary of Invited Speech",
    author = "Marcus, Mitch",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0101",
}
@inproceedings{rausch-1997-commercial,
    title = "Commercial Implementation of Text Recognition Tools for {VLC}",
    author = "Rausch, John",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0102",
}
@inproceedings{turtle-1997-commercial,
    title = "Commercial Impact of {VLC} Research",
    author = "Turtle, Howard",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0103",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-1997-statistics,
    title = "A Statistics-Based {C}hinese Parser",
    author = "Zhou, Qiang",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0104",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-1997-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Parsing of Unrestricted {E}nglish Text, With a {I}-Iighly-Detailed Grammar",
    author = "Black, Ezra  and
      Eubank, Stephen  and
      Kashioka, Hideki  and
      Magerman, David",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0105",
}
@inproceedings{theeramunkong-okumura-1997-grammar,
    title = "Grammar Acquisition Based on Clustering Analysis and Its Application to Statistical Parsing",
    author = "Theeramunkong, Thanaruk  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0106",
}
@inproceedings{lee-choi-1997-reestimation,
    title = "Reestimation and Best-First Parsing Algorithm for Probabilistic Dependency Grammars",
    author = "Lee, Seungmi  and
      Choi, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0107",
}
@inproceedings{peh-1997-domain,
    title = "Domain-Specific Semantic Class Disambiguation Using {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Peh, Li Shiuau",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0108",
}
@inproceedings{stetina-nagao-1997-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Based {PP} Attachment Ambiguity Resolution with a Semantic Dictionary",
    author = "Stetina, Jiri  and
      Nagao, Makoto",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0109",
}
@inproceedings{chai-biermann-1997-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Based Statistical Generalization Tree in Rule Optimization",
    author = "Chai, Joyce Yue  and
      Biermann, Alan W.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0110",
}
@inproceedings{tanaka-ishii-1997-clustering,
    title = "Clustering Co-occurrence Graph based on Transitivity",
    author = "TANAKA-Ishii, Kumiko",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0111",
}
@inproceedings{sta-1997-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Acquisition: Classification of Terms in a Thesaurus from a Corpus",
    author = "STA, Jean-David",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0112",
}
@inproceedings{nomoto-matsumoto-1997-data,
    title = "Data Reliability and Its Effects on Automatic Abstracting",
    author = "Nomoto, Tadashi  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0113",
}
@inproceedings{nakaiwa-1997-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Identification of Zero Pronouns and their Antecedents within Aligned Sentence Pairs",
    author = "Nakaiwa, Hiromi",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0114",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-1997-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Acquisition of Terminology Dictionary",
    author = "Huang, Xuan-jing  and
      Wu, Li-de  and
      Wang, Wen-xin",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0115",
}
@inproceedings{de-lima-1997-acquiring,
    title = "Acquiring {G}erman Prepositional Subcategorization Frames from Corpora",
    author = "de Lima, Erika F.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0116",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-brandow-1997-natural,
    title = "A Natural Language Correction Model for Continuous Speech Recognition",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Brandow, Ronald",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0117",
}
@inproceedings{rose-1997-effects,
    title = "The Effects of Corpus Size and Homogeneity on Language Model Quality",
    author = "Rose, Tony G.",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0118",
}
@inproceedings{fung-1997-finding,
    title = "Finding Terminology Translations from Non-parallel Corpora",
    author = "Fung, Pascale",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0119",
}
@inproceedings{nagata-1997-self,
    title = "A Self-Organizing {J}apanese Word Segmenter using Heuristic Word Identification and Re-estimation",
    author = "Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0120",
}
@inproceedings{mikheev-1997-collocation,
    title = "Collocation Lattices and Maximum Entropy Models",
    author = "Mikheev, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0121",
}
@inproceedings{kilgarriff-1997-using,
    title = "Using Word Frequency Lists to Measure Corpus Homogeneity and Similarity between Corpora",
    author = "Kilgarriff, Adam",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0122",
}
@inproceedings{utsuro-miyata-1997-maximum,
    title = "Maximum Entropy Model Learning of Subcategorization Preference",
    author = "Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Miyata, Takashi",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0123",
}
@inproceedings{thede-harper-1997-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of Unknown Lexical Items using Morphological and Syntactic Information with the {TIMIT} Corpus",
    author = "Thede, Scott M.  and
      Harper, Mary",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0124",
}
@inproceedings{nam-choi-1997-local,
    title = "A Local Grammar-based Approach to Recognizing of Proper Names in {K}orean Texts",
    author = "NAM, Jee-Sun  and
      CHOI, Key-Sun",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0125",
}
@inproceedings{kawtrakul-thumkanon-1997-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Approach to {T}hai Morphological Analyzer",
    author = "Kawtrakul, Asanee  and
      Thumkanon, Chalathip",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0126",
}
@inproceedings{gao-chen-1997-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Word Classification Based on Context-Sensitive Binary Tree Method",
    author = "Gao, Jun  and
      Chen, XiXian",
    booktitle = "Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0127",
}
@proceedings{ws-1997-tagging,
    title = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0200",
}
@inproceedings{ng-1997-getting,
    title = "Getting Serious about Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0201",
}
@inproceedings{wiebe-etal-1997-experience,
    title = "Experience in {W}ord{N}et Sense Tagging in the Wall Street Journal",
    author = "Wiebe, Janyce  and
      Maples, Julie  and
      Duan, Lei  and
      Bruce, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0202",
}
@inproceedings{litkowski-1997-desiderata,
    title = "Desiderata for Tagging with {W}ord{N}et Synsets or {MCCA} Categories",
    author = "Litkowski, Kenneth C.",
    booktitle = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0203",
}
@inproceedings{lowe-1997-frame,
    title = "A Frame-Semantic Approach to Semantic Annotation",
    author = "Lowe, John B.",
    booktitle = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0204",
}
@inproceedings{buitelaar-1997-lexicon,
    title = "A Lexicon for Underspecified Semantic Tagging",
    author = "Buitelaar, Paul",
    booktitle = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0205",
}
@inproceedings{fellbaum-etal-1997-analysis,
    title = "Analysis of a Hand-Tagging Task",
    author = "Fellbaum, Christiane  and
      Grabowski, Joachim  and
      Land, Shari",
    booktitle = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0206",
}
@inproceedings{melamed-1997-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Semantic Entropy",
    author = "Melamed, I. Dan",
    booktitle = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0207",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-stevenson-1997-sense,
    title = "Sense Tagging: Semantic Tagging with a Lexicon",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick  and
      Stevenson, Mark",
    booktitle = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0208",
}
@inproceedings{resnik-1997-selectional,
    title = "Selectional Preference and Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0209",
}
@inproceedings{jing-etal-1997-investigating,
    title = "Investigating Complementary Methods for Verb Sense Pruning",
    author = "Jing, Hongyan  and
      Hatzivassiloglou, Vasileios  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca  and
      McKeown, Kathleen",
    booktitle = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0210",
}
@inproceedings{basili-etal-1997-towards,
    title = "Towards a Bootstrapping Framework for Corpus Semantic Tagging",
    author = "Basili, Roberto  and
      Rocca, Michelangelo Della  and
      Pazienza, Maria Teresa",
    booktitle = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0211",
}
@inproceedings{harley-glennon-1997-sense,
    title = "Sense Tagging in Action Combining Different Tests with Additive Weighangs",
    author = "Harley, Andrew  and
      Glennon, Dominic",
    booktitle = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0212",
}
@inproceedings{resnik-1997-perspective,
    title = "A Perspective on Word Sense Disambiguation Methods and Their Evaluation",
    author = "Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0213",
}
@inproceedings{wiebe-1997-writing,
    title = "Writing Annotation Instructions",
    author = "Wiebe, Janyce",
    booktitle = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0214",
}
@inproceedings{jones-onyshkevych-1997-combining,
    title = "Combining Knowledge Sources for Automatic Semantic Tagging",
    author = "Jones, Douglas  and
      Onyshkevych, Boyan",
    booktitle = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0215",
}
@inproceedings{declerck-klein-1997-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Tagging and {NLP} Applications",
    author = "Declerck, Thierry  and
      Klein, Judith",
    booktitle = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0216",
}
@inproceedings{resnik-1997-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Automatic Semantic Taggers",
    author = "Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0217",
}
@inproceedings{polguere-1997-constructing,
    title = "Constructing Semantic Tagsets",
    author = "Polguere, Alain",
    booktitle = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0218",
}
@inproceedings{dorr-olsen-1997-structured,
    title = "Structured Lexicons and Semantic Tagging",
    author = "Dorr, Bonnie J.  and
      Olsen, Mari Broman",
    booktitle = "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0219",
}
@proceedings{ws-1997-empirical,
    title = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0300",
}
@inproceedings{ratnaparkhi-1997-linear,
    title = "A Linear Observed Time Statistical Parser Based on Maximum Entropy Models",
    author = "Ratnaparkhi, Adwait",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0301",
}
@inproceedings{goodman-1997-global,
    title = "Global Thresholding and Multiple-Pass Parsing",
    author = "Goodman, Joshua",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0302",
}
@inproceedings{rose-lavie-1997-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Distribution of Labor in a Two Stage Robust Interpretation Process",
    author = "Rose, Carolyn Penstein  and
      Lavie, Alon",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0303",
}
@inproceedings{beeferman-etal-1997-text,
    title = "Text Segmentation Using Exponential Models",
    author = "Beeferman, Doug  and
      Berger, Adam  and
      Lafferty, John",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0304",
}
@inproceedings{richmond-etal-1997-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Subject Boundaries Within Text: A Language Independent Statistical Approach",
    author = "Richmond, Korin  and
      Smith, Andrew  and
      Amitay, Einat",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0305",
}
@inproceedings{dagan-etal-1997-mistake,
    title = "Mistake-Driven Learning in Text Categorization",
    author = "Dagan, Ido  and
      Karov, Yael  and
      Roth, Dan",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0306",
}
@inproceedings{brants-etal-1997-tagging,
    title = "Tagging Grammatical Functions",
    author = "Brants, Thorsten  and
      Skut, Wojciech  and
      Krenn, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0307",
}
@inproceedings{calder-1997-aligning,
    title = "On aligning trees",
    author = "Calder, Jo",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0308",
}
@inproceedings{saul-pereira-1997-aggregate,
    title = "Aggregate and mixed-order {M}arkov models for statistical language processing",
    author = "Saul, Lawrence  and
      Pereira, Fernando",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0309",
}
@inproceedings{de-lima-1997-assigning,
    title = "Assigning Grammatical Relations with a Back-off Model",
    author = "de Lima, Erika F.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0310",
}
@inproceedings{melamed-1997-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Discovery of Non-Compositional Compounds in Parallel Data",
    author = "Melamed, I. Dan",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0311",
}
@inproceedings{bennett-aone-1997-learning,
    title = "Learning to Tag Multilingual Texts Through Observation",
    author = "Bennett, Scott W.  and
      Aone, Chinatsu",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0312",
}
@inproceedings{riloff-shepherd-1997-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus-Based Approach for Building Semantic Lexicons",
    author = "Riloff, Ellen  and
      Shepherd, Jessica",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0313",
}
@inproceedings{basili-etal-1997-inducing,
    title = "Inducing Terminology for Lexical Acquisition",
    author = "Basili, Roberto  and
      Rossi, Gianluca De  and
      Pazienza, Maria Teresa",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0314",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-dozier-1997-name,
    title = "Name Searching and Information Retrieval",
    author = "Thompson, Paul  and
      Dozier, Christopher C.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0315",
}
@inproceedings{kwok-1997-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon Effects on {C}hinese Information Retrieval",
    author = "Kwok, K.L.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0316",
}
@inproceedings{merlo-1997-attaching,
    title = "Attaching Multiple Prepositional Phrases: Backed-off Estimation Generalized",
    author = "Merlo, Paola",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0317",
}
@inproceedings{siegel-1997-learning,
    title = "Learning Methods for Combining Linguistic Indicators to Classify Verbs",
    author = "Siegel, Eric V.",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0318",
}
@inproceedings{kehler-1997-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Coreference in Information Extraction",
    author = "Kehler, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0319",
}
@inproceedings{wiebe-etal-1997-empirical,
    title = "An Empirical Approach to Temporal Reference Resolution",
    author = "Wiebe, Janyce  and
      O{'}Hara, Tom  and
      McKeever, Kenneth  and
      Ohrstrom-Sandgren, Thorsten",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0320",
}
@inproceedings{ji-huang-1997-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation Based on Structured Semantic Space",
    author = "Ji, Donghong  and
      Huang, Changning",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0321",
}
@inproceedings{pedersen-bruce-1997-distinguishing,
    title = "Distinguishing Word Senses in Untagged Text",
    author = "Pedersen, Ted  and
      Bruce, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0322",
}
@inproceedings{ng-1997-exemplar,
    title = "Exemplar-Based Word Sense Disambiguation{''} Some Recent Improvements",
    author = "Ng, Hwee Tou",
    booktitle = "Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0323",
}
@proceedings{ws-1997-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Language Translation",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0400",
}
@inproceedings{stede-schmitz-1997-discourse,
    title = "Discourse particles and routine formulas in spoken language translation",
    author = "Stede, Manfred  and
      Schmitz, Birte",
    booktitle = "Spoken Language Translation",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0401",
}
@inproceedings{lee-kim-1997-dialogue,
    title = "A Dialogue Analysis Model with Statistical Speech Act Processing for Dialogue Machine Translation",
    author = "Lee, Jae-won  and
      Kim, Gil Chang",
    booktitle = "Spoken Language Translation",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0402",
}
@inproceedings{horiguchi-1997-towards,
    title = "Towards Translating Spoken Language Pragmatics in an Analogical Framework",
    author = "Horiguchi, Keiko",
    booktitle = "Spoken Language Translation",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0403",
}
@inproceedings{wakita-kawai-1997-correct,
    title = "Correct parts extraction from speech recognition results using semantic distance calculation, and its application to speech translation",
    author = "WAKITA, Yumi  and
      KAWAI, Jun",
    booktitle = "Spoken Language Translation",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0404",
}
@inproceedings{horiguchi-1997-formal,
    title = "A Formal Basis for Spoken Language Translation by Analogy",
    author = "Horiguchi, Keiko",
    booktitle = "Spoken Language Translation",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0405",
}
@inproceedings{fung-etal-1997-dealing,
    title = "Dealing with Multilinguality in a Spoken Language Query Translator",
    author = "Fung, Pascale  and
      Shi, Bertram  and
      Wu, Dekai  and
      Bun, Lain Wai  and
      Kong, Wong Shuen",
    booktitle = "Spoken Language Translation",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0406",
}
@inproceedings{amengual-etal-1997-using,
    title = "Using Categories in the {EUTRANS} System",
    author = "Amengual, J. C.  and
      Bened{\'\i}, J. M.  and
      Casacuberta, F.  and
      Casta{\~n}o, A.  and
      Castellanos, A.  and
      Llorens, D.  and
      Marzal, A.  and
      Prat, F.  and
      Vidal, E.  and
      Vilar, J. M.",
    booktitle = "Spoken Language Translation",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0407",
}
@inproceedings{alshawi-1997-english,
    title = "{E}nglish-to-{M}andarin Speech Translation with Head Transducers",
    author = "Alshawi, Hiyan",
    booktitle = "Spoken Language Translation",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0408",
}
@inproceedings{frederking-etal-1997-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Speech Translation in the {DIPLOMAT} Project",
    author = "Frederking, Robert  and
      Rudnicky, Alexander  and
      Hogan, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Spoken Language Translation",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0409",
}
@inproceedings{lavie-etal-1997-expanding,
    title = "Expanding the Domain of a Multi-lingual Speech-to-Speech Translation System",
    author = "Lavie, Alon  and
      Levin, Lori  and
      Zhan, Puming  and
      Taboada, Maite  and
      Gates, Donna  and
      Lapata, Mirella  and
      Clark, Cortis  and
      Broadhead, Matthew  and
      Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "Spoken Language Translation",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0410",
}
@inproceedings{carter-etal-1997-translation,
    title = "Translation Methodology in the Spoken Language Translator: An Evaluation",
    author = "Carter, David  and
      Becket, Ralph  and
      Rayner, Manny  and
      Eklund, Robert  and
      MacDermid, Catriona  and
      Wir{\'e}n, Mats  and
      Kirchmeier-Andersen, Sabine  and
      Philp, Christina",
    booktitle = "Spoken Language Translation",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0411",
}
@inproceedings{seligman-1997-six,
    title = "Six Issues in Speech Translation",
    author = "Seligman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Spoken Language Translation",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0412",
}
@inproceedings{fujinami-1997-combining,
    title = "Combining Situated Reasoning with Semantic Transfer Minimally",
    author = "Fujinami, Tsutomu",
    booktitle = "Spoken Language Translation",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0413",
}
@inproceedings{jassem-1997-polish,
    title = "A Polish-to-{E}nglish Text-to-text Translation System Based on an Electronic Dictionary",
    author = "Jassem, Krzysztof",
    booktitle = "Spoken Language Translation",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0414",
}
@inproceedings{wehrli-cochard-1997-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Language Translation with the {ITSV}ox System",
    author = "Wehrli, Eric  and
      Cochard, Jean-Luc",
    booktitle = "Spoken Language Translation",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0415",
}
@proceedings{ws-1997-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Processing for Communication Aids",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0500",
}
@inproceedings{todman-alm-1997-pragmatics,
    title = "Pragmatics and {AAC} approaches to conversational goals",
    author = "Todman, John  and
      Alm, Norman",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Processing for Communication Aids",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0501",
}
@inproceedings{langer-hickey-1997-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Message Indexing and Full Text Retrieval for a Communication Aid",
    author = "Langer, Stefan  and
      Hickey, Marianne",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Processing for Communication Aids",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0502",
}
@inproceedings{mccoy-1997-simple,
    title = "Simple {NLP} Techniques for Expanding Telegraphic Sentences",
    author = "McCoy, Kathleen F.",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Processing for Communication Aids",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0503",
}
@inproceedings{carlberger-etal-1997-profet,
    title = "Profet, A New Generation of Word Prediction: An Evaluation Study",
    author = "Carlberger, Alice  and
      Carlberger, Johan  and
      Magnuson, Tina  and
      Hunnicutt, M. Sharon  and
      Palazuelos-Cagigas, Sira E.  and
      Navarro, Santiago Aguilera",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Processing for Communication Aids",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0504",
}
@inproceedings{garay-vitoria-abascal-1997-word,
    title = "Word Prediction for Inflected Languages. Application to Basque Language",
    author = "Garay-Vitoria, Nestor  and
      Abascal, Julio G.",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Processing for Communication Aids",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0505",
}
@inproceedings{copestake-1997-augmented,
    title = "Augmented and alternative {NLP} techniques for augmentative and alternative communication",
    author = "Copestake, Ann",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Processing for Communication Aids",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0506",
}
@inproceedings{file-elder-1997-using,
    title = "Using {NLP} in the design of a conversation aid for non-speaking children",
    author = "File, Portia  and
      Elder, Leona",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Processing for Communication Aids",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0507",
}
@inproceedings{mccoy-masterman-1997-tutor,
    title = "A Tutor for Teaching {E}nglish as a Second Language for Deaf Users of {A}merican Sign Language",
    author = "McCoy, Kathleen F.  and
      Masterman, Lisa N.",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Processing for Communication Aids",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0508",
}
@inproceedings{wakao-etal-1997-application,
    title = "Application of {NLP} technologyto production of closed-caption {TV}. programs in {J}apanese for the hearing impaired",
    author = "Wakao, Takahiro  and
      Ehara, Terumasa  and
      Sawamura, Eiji  and
      Abe, Yoshiharu  and
      Shirai, Katsuhiko",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Processing for Communication Aids",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0509",
}
@inproceedings{godbert-etal-1997-software,
    title = "A software for language education and rehabilitation of autistic-like children",
    author = "Godbert, Elisabeth  and
      Mouret, Pascal  and
      Pasero, Robert  and
      Rolbert, Monique",
    booktitle = "Natural Language Processing for Communication Aids",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0510",
}
@proceedings{ws-1997-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0600",
}
@inproceedings{walker-etal-1997-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Interactive Dialogue Systems: Extending Component Evaluation to Integrated System Evaluation",
    author = "Walker, Marilyn A.  and
      Litman, Diane J.  and
      Kamm, Candace A.  and
      Abella, Alicia",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0601",
}
@inproceedings{churcher-etal-1997-generic,
    title = "A Generic Template to evaluate integrated components in spoken dialogue systems",
    author = "Churcher, Gavin E.  and
      Atwell, Eric S.  and
      Souter, Clive",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0602",
}
@inproceedings{dybkjaer-etal-1997-generality,
    title = "{GENERALITY} {AND} {OBJECTIVITY} Central Issues in Putting a Dialogue Evaluation Tool into Practical Use",
    author = "Dybkjaer, Laila  and
      Bernsen, Niels Ole  and
      Dybkjaer, Hans",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0603",
}
@inproceedings{oneill-mctear-1997-object,
    title = "An Object-Oriented Model for the Design of Cross-Domain Dialogue Systems",
    author = "O{'}Neill, Ian M.  and
      McTear, Michael F.",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0604",
}
@inproceedings{bechet-etal-1997-automatic,
    title = "AUTOMATIC LEXICON ENHANCEMENT BY MEANS OF CORPUS TAGGING",
    author = "Bechet, Frederic  and
      Spriet, Thierry  and
      El-Beze, Marc",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0605",
}
@inproceedings{maier-etal-1997-clarification,
    title = "Clarification Dialogues as Measure to Increase Robustness in a Spoken Dialogue System",
    author = "Maier, Elisabeth  and
      Reithinger, Norbert  and
      Alexandersson, Jan",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0606",
}
@inproceedings{smith-1997-performance,
    title = "Performance Measures for the Next Generation of Spoken Natural Language Dialog Systems",
    author = "Smith, Ronnie W.",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0607",
}
@inproceedings{spyns-etal-1997-practical,
    title = "A practical Message-to-Speech strategy for dialogue systems",
    author = "Spyns, P.  and
      Deprez, F.  and
      Tichelen, L. Van  and
      Coile, B. Van",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0608",
}
@inproceedings{lieske-1997-turn,
    title = "Turn off the Radio and Call Again: How Acoustic Clues can Improve Dialogue Management",
    author = "Lieske, Christian",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0609",
}
@inproceedings{van-deemter-1997-context,
    title = "Context Modeling for Language and Speech Generation",
    author = "van Deemter, Kees",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0610",
}
@inproceedings{hagen-1997-planning,
    title = "Planning Efficient Mixed Initiative Dialogue",
    author = "Hagen, Eli",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0611",
}
@inproceedings{itoh-etal-1997-robust,
    title = "A Robust Dialogue System with Spontaneous Speech Understanding and Cooperative Response",
    author = "ITOH, Toshihiko  and
      DENDA, Akihiro  and
      KOGURE, Satoru  and
      NAKAGAWA, Seiichi",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0612",
}
@inproceedings{martin-1997-casual,
    title = "The {``}Casual Cashmere Diaper Bag{''}: Constraining Speech Recognition Using Examples",
    author = "Martin, Paul",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0613",
}
@inproceedings{nederhof-etal-1997-grammatical,
    title = "Grammatical analysis in the {OVIS} spoken-dialogue system",
    author = "Nederhof, Mark-Jan  and
      Bouma, Gosse  and
      Koeling, Rob  and
      van Noord, Gertjan",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0614",
}
@inproceedings{roussel-halber-1997-filtering,
    title = "Filtering Errors and Repairing Linguistic Anomalies for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Roussel, David  and
      Halber, Ariane",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0615",
}
@inproceedings{krahmer-etal-1997-obey,
    title = "How to obey the 7 commandments for spoken dialogue?",
    author = "Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Landsbergen, Jan  and
      Pouteau, Xavier",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0616",
}
@inproceedings{agarwal-1997-towards,
    title = "Towards a {PURE} Spoken Dialogue System for Information Access",
    author = "Agarwal, Rajeev",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0617",
}
@inproceedings{denecke-1997-programmable,
    title = "A Programmable Multi-Blackboard Architecture for Dialogue Processing Systems",
    author = "Denecke, Matthias",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0618",
}
@inproceedings{rats-etal-1997-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Based Information Presentation for a Spoken Public Transport Information System",
    author = "Rats, M.M.M.  and
      van Vark, R.J.  and
      de Vreught, J.P.M.",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0619",
}
@inproceedings{danieli-etal-1997-dialogue,
    title = "Dialogue Strategies for Improving the Usability of Telephone Human-Machine Communication",
    author = "Danieli, Morena  and
      Gerbino, Elisabetta  and
      Moisa, Loreta M.",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0620",
}
@inproceedings{biermann-etal-1997-speech,
    title = "Speech-Graphics Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Biermann, Alan W.  and
      Fulkerson, Michael S.  and
      Keim, Greg A.",
    booktitle = "Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bringing Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0621",
}
@proceedings{ws-1997-intelligent,
    title = "Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0700",
}
@inproceedings{jones-1997-summarising,
    title = "{S}ummarising: Where are we now? Where should we go?",
    author = "Jones, Karen Sparck",
    booktitle = "Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0701",
}
@inproceedings{boguraev-1997-salience,
    title = "Salience-based Content Characterisafion of Text Documents",
    author = "Boguraev, Branimir",
    booktitle = "Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0702",
}
@inproceedings{barzilay-elhadad-1997-using,
    title = "Using Lexical Chains for Text Summarization",
    author = "Barzilay, Regina  and
      Elhadad, Michael",
    booktitle = "Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0703",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-lin-1997-automated,
    title = "Automated Text Summarization in {SUMMARIST}",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard  and
      Lin, ChinYew",
    booktitle = "Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0704",
}
@inproceedings{minel-etal-1997-appreciate,
    title = "How to Appreciate the Quality of Automatic Text Summarization? Examples of {FAN} and {MLUCE} Protocols and their Results on {SERAPHIN}",
    author = "Minel, Jean-Luc  and
      Nugier, Sylvaine  and
      Piat, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0705",
}
@inproceedings{hand-1997-proposal,
    title = "A Proposal for Task-based Evaluation of Text Summarization Systems",
    author = "Hand, Therese Firmin",
    booktitle = "Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0706",
}
@inproceedings{mitra-etal-1997-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Text Summarization by Paragraph Extraction",
    author = "Mitra, Mandar  and
      Singhal, Amit  and
      Buckley, Chris",
    booktitle = "Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0707",
}
@inproceedings{ochitani-etal-1997-goal,
    title = "Goal-Directed Approach for Text Summarization",
    author = "Ochitani, Ryo  and
      Nakao, Yoshio  and
      Nishino, Fumihito",
    booktitle = "Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0708",
}
@inproceedings{abracos-lopes-1997-statistical,
    title = "Statistical methods for retrieving most significant paragraphs in newspaper articles",
    author = "Abracos, Jose  and
      Lopes, Gabriel Pereira",
    booktitle = "Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0709",
}
@inproceedings{teufel-1997-sentence,
    title = "Sentence extraction as a classification task",
    author = "Teufel, Simone",
    booktitle = "Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0710",
}
@inproceedings{aone-etal-1997-scalable,
    title = "A Scalable Summarization System Using Robust {NLP}",
    author = "Aone, Chinatsu  and
      Okurowski, Mary Ellen  and
      Gorlinsky, James  and
      Larsen, Bjornar",
    booktitle = "Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0711",
}
@inproceedings{aretoulaki-1997-cosy,
    title = "{COSY}-{MATS}: An Intelligent and Scalable Summarisation Shell",
    author = "Aretoulaki, Maria",
    booktitle = "Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0712",
}
@inproceedings{marcu-1997-discourse,
    title = "From discourse structures to text summaries",
    author = "Marcu, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0713",
}
@inproceedings{endres-niggemeyer-1997-simsum,
    title = "{S}im{S}um: Simulation of summarizing",
    author = "Endres-Niggemeyer, Brigitte",
    booktitle = "Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0714",
}
@inproceedings{reimer-hahn-1997-formal,
    title = "A Formal Model of Text Summarization Based on Condensation Operators of a Terminological Logic",
    author = "Reimer, Ulrich  and
      Hahn, Udo",
    booktitle = "Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0715",
}
@proceedings{ws-1997-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Information Extraction and Building of Lexical Semantic Resources for {NLP} Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0800",
}
@inproceedings{vossen-etal-1997-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual design of {E}uro{W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Vossen, Piek  and
      Diez-Orzas, Pedro  and
      Peters, Wim",
    booktitle = "Automatic Information Extraction and Building of Lexical Semantic Resources for {NLP} Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0801",
}
@inproceedings{hamp-feldweg-1997-germanet,
    title = "{G}erma{N}et - a Lexical-Semantic Net for {G}erman",
    author = "Hamp, Birgit  and
      Feldweg, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Automatic Information Extraction and Building of Lexical Semantic Resources for {NLP} Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0802",
}
@inproceedings{tokunaga-etal-1997-extending,
    title = "Extending a thesaurus by classifying words",
    author = "Tokunaga, Takenobu  and
      Fujii, Atsushi  and
      Sakurai, Naoyuki  and
      Tanaka, Hozumi",
    booktitle = "Automatic Information Extraction and Building of Lexical Semantic Resources for {NLP} Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0803",
}
@inproceedings{fischer-1997-formal,
    title = "Formal redundancy and consistency checking rules for the lexicai database {W}ord{N}et 1.5",
    author = "Fischer, Dietrich H.",
    booktitle = "Automatic Information Extraction and Building of Lexical Semantic Resources for {NLP} Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0804",
}
@inproceedings{artale-etal-1997-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Discrimination with the {I}talian Version of {W}ord{N}et",
    author = "Artale, Alessandro  and
      Magnini, Bernardo  and
      Strapparava, Carlo",
    booktitle = "Automatic Information Extraction and Building of Lexical Semantic Resources for {NLP} Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0805",
}
@inproceedings{gomez-hidalgo-de-buenaga-rodriguez-1997-integrating,
    title = "Integrating a Lexical Database and a Training Collection for Text Categorization",
    author = "Gomez-Hidalgo, Jose Maria  and
      de Buenaga Rodriguez, Manuel",
    booktitle = "Automatic Information Extraction and Building of Lexical Semantic Resources for {NLP} Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0806",
}
@inproceedings{fujii-etal-1997-integration,
    title = "Integration of Hand-Crafted and Statistical Resources in Measuring Word Similarity",
    author = "FUJII, Atsushi  and
      HASEGAWA, Toshihiro  and
      TOKUNAGA, Takenobu",
    booktitle = "Automatic Information Extraction and Building of Lexical Semantic Resources for {NLP} Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0807",
}
@inproceedings{mccarthy-1997-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation for Acquisition of Selectional Preferences",
    author = "McCarthy, Diana",
    booktitle = "Automatic Information Extraction and Building of Lexical Semantic Resources for {NLP} Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0808",
}
@inproceedings{chai-biermann-1997-use,
    title = "The Use of Lexical Semantics in Information Extraction",
    author = "Chai, Joyce Yue  and
      Biermann, Alan W.",
    booktitle = "Automatic Information Extraction and Building of Lexical Semantic Resources for {NLP} Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0809",
}
@inproceedings{ait-mokhtar-chanod-1997-subject,
    title = "Subject and Object Dependency Extraction Using Finite-State Transducers",
    author = "Ait-Mokhtar, Salah  and
      Chanod, Jean-Pierre",
    booktitle = "Automatic Information Extraction and Building of Lexical Semantic Resources for {NLP} Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0810",
}
@inproceedings{segond-etal-1997-experiment,
    title = "An Experiment in Semantic Tagging using Hidden {M}arkov Model Tagging",
    author = "Segond, Frederique  and
      Schiller, Anne  and
      Grefenstette, Gregory  and
      Chanod, Jean-Pierre",
    booktitle = "Automatic Information Extraction and Building of Lexical Semantic Resources for {NLP} Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0811",
}
@inproceedings{sanfilippo-1997-using,
    title = "Using Semantic Similarity to Acquire Cooccurrence Restrictions from Corpora",
    author = "Sanfilippo, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Automatic Information Extraction and Building of Lexical Semantic Resources for {NLP} Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0812",
}
@inproceedings{federici-etal-1997-inferring,
    title = "Inferring Semantic Similarity from Distributional Evidence: an Analogy-based Approach to Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Federici, Stefano  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta  and
      Pirrelli, Vito",
    booktitle = "Automatic Information Extraction and Building of Lexical Semantic Resources for {NLP} Applications",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0813",
}
@proceedings{ws-1997-research,
    title = "From Research to Commercial Applications: Making {NLP} Work in Practice",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0900",
}
@inproceedings{aone-maloney-1997-reuse,
    title = "Reuse of a Proper Noun Recognition System in Commercial and Operational {NLP} Applications",
    author = "Aone, Chinatsu  and
      Maloney, John",
    booktitle = "From Research to Commercial Applications: Making {NLP} Work in Practice",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0901",
}
@inproceedings{tschichold-etal-1997-developing,
    title = "Developing a new grammar checker for {E}nglish as a second language",
    author = "Tschichold, Cornelia  and
      Bodmer, Franck  and
      Cornu, Etienne  and
      Grosjean, Francois  and
      Grosjean, Lysiane  and
      Kubler, Natalie  and
      Lewy, Nicolas  and
      Tschumi, Corinne",
    booktitle = "From Research to Commercial Applications: Making {NLP} Work in Practice",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0902",
}
@inproceedings{kukich-etal-1997-software,
    title = "Software Re-Use and Evolution in Text Generation Applications",
    author = "Kukich, Karen  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca  and
      McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Radev, Dragomir  and
      Hatzivassiloglou, Vasileios  and
      Jing, Hongyan",
    booktitle = "From Research to Commercial Applications: Making {NLP} Work in Practice",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0903",
}
@inproceedings{nolan-1997-estimating,
    title = "ESTIMATING THE TRUE PERFORMANCE OF CLASSIFICATION-BASED NLP TECHNOLOGY",
    author = "Nolan, James R.",
    booktitle = "From Research to Commercial Applications: Making {NLP} Work in Practice",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0904",
}
@inproceedings{reiter-1997-tailored,
    title = "Tailored Patient Information: Some Issues and Questions",
    author = "Reiter, Ehud",
    booktitle = "From Research to Commercial Applications: Making {NLP} Work in Practice",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0905",
}
@inproceedings{tait-1997-practical,
    title = "Practical Considerations in Building a Multi-Lingual Authoring System for Business Letters",
    author = "Tait, John",
    booktitle = "From Research to Commercial Applications: Making {NLP} Work in Practice",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0906",
}
@inproceedings{adams-resnik-1997-language,
    title = "A Language Identification Application Built on the {J}ava Client / Server Platform",
    author = "Adams, Gary  and
      Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "From Research to Commercial Applications: Making {NLP} Work in Practice",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0907",
}
@inproceedings{gamon-etal-1997-practical,
    title = "Practical Experience with Grammar Sharing in Multilingual {NLP}",
    author = "Gamon, Michael  and
      Lozano, Carmen  and
      Pinkham, Jessie  and
      Reutter, Tom",
    booktitle = "From Research to Commercial Applications: Making {NLP} Work in Practice",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0908",
}
@inproceedings{obrst-jha-1997-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} and Industry: Transfer and Reuse of Technologies",
    author = "Obrst, Leo  and
      Jha, Krishna Nanda",
    booktitle = "From Research to Commercial Applications: Making {NLP} Work in Practice",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0909",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-1997-recycling,
    title = "Recycling Lingware in a Multilingual {MT} System",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Carter, David  and
      Bretan, Ivan  and
      Eklund, Robert  and
      Wiren, Mats  and
      Hansen, Steffen Leo  and
      Kirchmeier-Andersen, Sabine  and
      Philp, Christina  and
      Sorensen, Finn  and
      Thomsen, Hanne Erdman",
    booktitle = "From Research to Commercial Applications: Making {NLP} Work in Practice",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0910",
}
@proceedings{ws-1997-conll97,
    title = "{C}o{NLL}97: Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1000",
}
@inproceedings{bagga-chai-1997-trainable,
    title = "A Trainable Message Understanding System",
    author = "Bagga, Amit  and
      Chai, Joyce Yue",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL}97: Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1001",
}
@inproceedings{califf-mooney-1997-relational,
    title = "Relational Learning of Pattern-Match Rules for Information Extraction",
    author = "Califf, Mary Elaine  and
      Mooney, Raymond J.",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL}97: Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1002",
}
@inproceedings{hogenhout-matsumoto-1997-preliminary,
    title = "A Preliminary Study of Word Clustering Based on Syntactic Behavior",
    author = "Hogenhout, Wide R.  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL}97: Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1003",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-1997-learning,
    title = "Learning New Compositions from Given Ones",
    author = "Ji, Donghong  and
      He, Jun  and
      Huang, Changning",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL}97: Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1004",
}
@inproceedings{kayaalp-etal-1997-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Decision Making Method: A Case Study on Prepositional Phrase Attachment",
    author = "Kayaalp, Mehmet  and
      Pedersen, Ted  and
      Bruce, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL}97: Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1005",
}
@inproceedings{korkmaz-ucoluk-1997-method,
    title = "METHOD FOR IMPROVING AUTOMATIC WORD CATEGORIZATION",
    author = "Korkmaz, Emin Erkan  and
      Ucoluk, Gokturk",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL}97: Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1006",
}
@inproceedings{maritxalar-etal-1997-psycholinguistic,
    title = "From Psycholinguistic Modelling of Interlanguage in Second Language Acquisition to a Computational Model",
    author = "Maritxalar, Montse  and
      Diaz de Ilarraza, Arantza  and
      Oronoz, Maite",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL}97: Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1007",
}
@inproceedings{tomokiyo-ries-1997-makes,
    title = "What makes a word: Learning base units in {J}apanese for speech recognition",
    author = "Tomokiyo, Laura Mayfield  and
      Ries, Klaus",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL}97: Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1008",
}
@inproceedings{nakisa-plunkett-1997-evolution,
    title = "Evolution of a Rapidly Learned Representation for Speech",
    author = "Nakisa, Ramin Charles  and
      Plunkett, Kim",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL}97: Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1009",
}
@inproceedings{osborne-briscoe-1997-learning,
    title = "Learning Stochastic Categorial Grammars",
    author = "Osborne, Miles  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL}97: Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1010",
}
@inproceedings{powers-1997-learning,
    title = "Learning and Application of Differential Grammars",
    author = "Powers, David M. W.",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL}97: Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1011",
}
@inproceedings{rodd-1997-recurrent,
    title = "Recurrent Neural-Network Learning of Phonological Regularities in {T}urkish",
    author = "Rodd, Jennifer",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL}97: Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1012",
}
@inproceedings{simaan-1997-explanation,
    title = "Explanation-Based Learning of Data-Oriented Parsing",
    author = "Sima{'}an, K.",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL}97: Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1013",
}
@inproceedings{tillmann-ney-1997-word,
    title = "Word Triggers and the {EM} Algorithm",
    author = "Tillmann, Christoph  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL}97: Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1014",
}
@inproceedings{winiwarter-kambayashi-1997-comparative,
    title = "A Comparative Study of the Application of Different Learning Techniques to Natural Language Interfaces",
    author = "Winiwarter, Werner  and
      Kambayashi, Yahiko",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL}97: Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1015",
}
@inproceedings{zavrel-etal-1997-resolving,
    title = "Resolving {PP} attachment Ambiguities with Memory-Based Learning",
    author = "Zavrel, Jakub  and
      Daelemans, Walter  and
      Veenstra, Jorn",
    booktitle = "{C}o{NLL}97: Computational Natural Language Learning",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1016",
}
@proceedings{ws-1997-phonology,
    title = "Computational Phonology: Third Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1100",
}
@inproceedings{raman-etal-1997-complexity,
    title = "A Complexity Measure for Diachronic {C}hinese Phonology",
    author = "Raman, Anand  and
      Newman, John  and
      Patrick, Jon",
    booktitle = "Computational Phonology: Third Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1101",
}
@inproceedings{nerbonne-heeringa-1997-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Dialect Distance Phonetically",
    author = "Nerbonne, John  and
      Heeringa, Wilbert",
    booktitle = "Computational Phonology: Third Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1102",
}
@inproceedings{de-boer-1997-self,
    title = "Self Organisation in Vowel Systems through Imitation",
    author = "de Boer, Bart",
    booktitle = "Computational Phonology: Third Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1103",
}
@inproceedings{carre-mody-1997-prediction,
    title = "Prediction of Vowel and Consonant Place of Articulation",
    author = "Carre, Rene  and
      Mody, Maria",
    booktitle = "Computational Phonology: Third Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1104",
}
@inproceedings{bird-1997-lexical,
    title = "A LEXICAL DATABASE TOOL FOR QUANTITATIVE PHONOLOGICAL RESEARCH",
    author = "Bird, Steven",
    booktitle = "Computational Phonology: Third Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1105",
}
@inproceedings{skoumalova-1997-czech,
    title = "A {C}zech Morphological Lexicon",
    author = "Skoumalova, Hana",
    booktitle = "Computational Phonology: Third Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1106",
}
@inproceedings{coleman-pierrehumbert-1997-stochastic,
    title = "Stochastic phonological grammars and acceptability",
    author = "Coleman, John  and
      Pierrehumbert, Janet",
    booktitle = "Computational Phonology: Third Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1107",
}
@inproceedings{kiraz-1997-linearization,
    title = "Linearization of Nonlinear Lexical Representations",
    author = "Kiraz, George Anton",
    booktitle = "Computational Phonology: Third Meeting of the {ACL} Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1108",
}
@proceedings{ws-1997-concept,
    title = "Concept to Speech Generation Systems",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1200",
}
@inproceedings{veilleux-1997-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Model of Acoustic/Prosody/Concept Relationships for Speech Synthesis",
    author = "Veilleux, Nanette M.",
    booktitle = "Concept to Speech Generation Systems",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1201",
}
@inproceedings{spyns-etal-1997-message,
    title = "Message-to-Speech: high quality speech generation for messaging and dialogue systems",
    author = "Spyns, P.  and
      Deprez, F.  and
      Tichelen, L. Van  and
      Coile, B. Van",
    booktitle = "Concept to Speech Generation Systems",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1202",
}
@inproceedings{poller-1997-compact,
    title = "A compact Representation of prosodically relevant Knowledge in a Speech Dialogue System",
    author = "Poller, Peter",
    booktitle = "Concept to Speech Generation Systems",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1203",
}
@inproceedings{pan-mckeown-1997-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Language Generation with Speech Synthesis in a Concept to Speech System",
    author = "Pan, Shimei  and
      McKeown, Kathleen R.",
    booktitle = "Concept to Speech Generation Systems",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1204",
}
@inproceedings{grice-savino-1997-pitch,
    title = "Can pitch accent type convey information status in yes-no questions?",
    author = "Grice, Martine  and
      Savino, Michelina",
    booktitle = "Concept to Speech Generation Systems",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1205",
}
@inproceedings{theune-etal-1997-computing,
    title = "Computing prosodic properties in a data-to-speech system",
    author = "Theune, M.  and
      Klabbers, E.  and
      Odijk, J.  and
      de Pijper, J.R.",
    booktitle = "Concept to Speech Generation Systems",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1206",
}
@inproceedings{hiyakumoto-etal-1997-semantic,
    title = "Semantic and Discourse Information for Text-to-Speech Intonation",
    author = "Hiyakumoto, Laurie  and
      Prevost, Scott  and
      Cassell, Justine",
    booktitle = "Concept to Speech Generation Systems",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1207",
}
@inproceedings{sonntag-portele-1997-looking,
    title = "Looking for the Presence of Linguistic Concepts in the Prosody of Spoken Utterances",
    author = "Sonntag, Gerit P.  and
      Portele, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Concept to Speech Generation Systems",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1208",
}
@proceedings{ws-1997-operational,
    title = "Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1300",
}
@inproceedings{poesio-etal-1997-resolving,
    title = "Resolving bridging references in unrestricted text",
    author = "POESIO, Massimo  and
      VIEIRA, Renata  and
      TEUFEL, Simone",
    booktitle = "Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1301",
}
@inproceedings{mori-etal-1997-constraints,
    title = "Constraints and defaults of zero pronouns in {J}apanese instruction manuals",
    author = "MORI, Tatsunori  and
      MATSUO, Mamoru  and
      NAKAGAWA, Hiroshi",
    booktitle = "Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1302",
}
@inproceedings{mitkov-1997-factors,
    title = "Factors in anaphora resolution: they are not the only things that matter. A case study based on two different approaches",
    author = "MITKOV, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1303",
}
@inproceedings{nakaiwa-1997-automatic-extraction,
    title = "Automatic extraction of rules for anaphora resolution of {J}apanese. zero pronouns from aligned sentence pairs",
    author = "NAKAIWA, Hiromi",
    booktitle = "Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1304",
}
@inproceedings{stuckardt-1997-resolving,
    title = "Resolving anaphoric references on deficient syntactic descriptions",
    author = "STUCKARDT, Roland",
    booktitle = "Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1305",
}
@inproceedings{baldwin-1997-cogniac,
    title = "{C}og{NIAC}: high precision coreference with limited knowledge and linguistic resources",
    author = "BALDWIN, Breck",
    booktitle = "Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1306",
}
@inproceedings{kameyama-1997-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing referential links: an information extraction prespective",
    author = "KAMEYAMA, Megumi",
    booktitle = "Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1307",
}
@inproceedings{rocha-1997-supporting,
    title = "Supporting anaphor resolution in dialogues with a corpus-based probabilistic model",
    author = "ROCHA, Marco",
    booktitle = "Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1308",
}
@inproceedings{bergler-1997-towards,
    title = "Towards reliable partial anaphora resolution",
    author = "BERGLER, Sabine",
    booktitle = "Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1309",
}
@inproceedings{mcenery-etal-1997-corpus,
    title = "Corpus annotation and reference resolution",
    author = "McENERY, Tony  and
      TANAKA, Izumi  and
      BOTLEY, Simon",
    booktitle = "Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1310",
}
@inproceedings{humphreys-etal-1997-event,
    title = "Event coreference for information extraction",
    author = "HUMPHREYS, Kevin  and
      GAIZAUSKAS, Robert  and
      AZZAM, Saliha",
    booktitle = "Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1311",
}
@inproceedings{mitkov-1997-far,
    title = "How far are we from (semi-)automatic of anaphoric links in corpora?",
    author = "MITKOV, Ruslan",
    booktitle = "Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1312",
}
@inproceedings{borthen-fretheim-1997-brings,
    title = "What brings a higher-order entity into focus of attention? Sentential pronouns in {E}nglish and {N}orwegian.",
    author = "BORTHEN, Kaja  and
      FRETHEIM, Thorstein",
    booktitle = "Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1313",
}
@inproceedings{popescu-belis-robba-1997-cooperation,
    title = "Cooperation between pronoun and reference resolution for unrestricted texts",
    author = "POPESCU-BELIS, Andrei  and
      ROBBA, Isabelle",
    booktitle = "Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1314",
}
@proceedings{ws-1997-referring,
    title = "Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1400",
}
@inproceedings{oviatt-etal-1997-integration,
    title = "Integration and Synchronization of Input Modes during Multimodal Human-Computer Interaction",
    author = "Oviatt, Sharon  and
      DeAngeli, Antonella  and
      Kuhn, Karen",
    booktitle = "Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1401",
}
@inproceedings{petrelli-etal-1997-referring,
    title = "Referring in Multimodal Systems: The Importance of User Expertise and System Features",
    author = "Petrelli, Daniela  and
      Angeli, Antonella De  and
      Gerbino, Walter  and
      Cassano, Giulia",
    booktitle = "Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1402",
}
@inproceedings{kato-nakano-1997-towards,
    title = "Towards Generation of Fluent Referring Action in Multimodal Situations",
    author = "Kato, Tsuneaki  and
      Nakano, Yukiko I.",
    booktitle = "Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1403",
}
@inproceedings{loehr-1997-hypertext,
    title = "Hypertext and Deixis",
    author = "Loehr, Dan",
    booktitle = "Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1404",
}
@inproceedings{siroux-etal-1997-multimodal,
    title = "Multimodal References in {GEORAL} {TACTILE}",
    author = "Siroux, Jacques  and
      Guyomard, Marc  and
      Multon, Franck  and
      Remondeau, Christophe",
    booktitle = "Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1405",
}
@inproceedings{streit-1997-active,
    title = "Active and Passive Gestures - Problems with the Resolution of Deictic and Elliptic Expressions in a Multimodal System",
    author = "Streit, Michael",
    booktitle = "Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1406",
}
@inproceedings{nakagawa-etal-1997-scene,
    title = "Scene Direction Based Reference In Drama Scenes",
    author = "Nakagawa, Hiroshi  and
      Yaginuma, Yoshitomo  and
      Sakauchi, Masao",
    booktitle = "Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1407",
}
@inproceedings{horacek-1997-generating,
    title = "Generating Referential Descriptions in Multimedia Environments",
    author = "Horacek, Helmut",
    booktitle = "Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1408",
}
@inproceedings{andre-rist-1997-planning,
    title = "Planning Referential Acts for Animated Presentation Agents",
    author = "Andre, Elisabeth  and
      Rist, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1409",
}
@inproceedings{hartmann-schopp-1997-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Image Descriptions for the Generation of Referring Expressions",
    author = "Hartmann, Knut  and
      Schopp, Jochen",
    booktitle = "Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1410",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-1997-referring,
    title = "Referring to Displays in Multimodal Interfaces",
    author = "He, Daqing  and
      Ritchie, Graeme  and
      Lee, John",
    booktitle = "Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1411",
}
@inproceedings{faconti-massink-1997-syndetic,
    title = "A Syndetic Approach to Referring Phenomena in Multimodal Interaction",
    author = "Faconti, Giorgio P.  and
      Massink, Mieke",
    booktitle = "Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1412",
}
@inproceedings{gaiffe-romary-1997-constraints,
    title = "Constraints on the Use of Language, Gesture and Speech for Multimodal Dialogues",
    author = "Gaiffe, Bertrand  and
      Romary, Laurent",
    booktitle = "Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1413",
}
@inproceedings{pineda-garza-1997-model,
    title = "A Model for Multimodal Reference Resolution",
    author = "Pineda, Luis. A.  and
      Garza, E. Gabriela",
    booktitle = "Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1414",
}
@inproceedings{martin-etal-1997-cartoon,
    title = "The {CARTOON} project : Towards Integration of Multimodal and Linguistic Analysis for Cartographic Applications",
    author = "Martin, J.C.  and
      Bfiffault, X.  and
      Goncalves, M.R.  and
      Vapillon, J.",
    booktitle = "Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1415",
}
@inproceedings{jorgensen-1997-recognition,
    title = "Recognition of referring expressions",
    author = "Jorgensen, Stig W.",
    booktitle = "Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1416",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1997-information,
    title = "Information on the {ACL} Special Interest Group on Multimedia Language Processing",
    booktitle = "Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1417",
}
@proceedings{ws-1997-environments,
    title = "Computational Environments for Grammar Development and Linguistic Engineering",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1500",
}
@inproceedings{bateman-1997-apparently,
    title = "Some apparently disjoint aims and requirements for grammar development environments{''} the case of natural language generation",
    author = "Bateman, John",
    booktitle = "Computational Environments for Grammar Development and Linguistic Engineering",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1501",
}
@inproceedings{carter-1997-treebanker,
    title = "The {T}ree{B}anker: a Tool for Supervised Training of Parsed Corpora",
    author = "Carter, David",
    booktitle = "Computational Environments for Grammar Development and Linguistic Engineering",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1502",
}
@inproceedings{ciravegna-etal-1997-participatory,
    title = "Participatory Design for Linguistic Engineering: the Case of the {GEPPETTO} Development Environment",
    author = "Ciravegna, Fabio  and
      Lavelli, Alberto  and
      Petrelli, Daniela  and
      Pianesi, Fabio",
    booktitle = "Computational Environments for Grammar Development and Linguistic Engineering",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1503",
}
@inproceedings{dini-mazzini-1997-hypertextual,
    title = "Hypertextual Grammar Development",
    author = "Dini, Luca  and
      Mazzini, Giampaolo",
    booktitle = "Computational Environments for Grammar Development and Linguistic Engineering",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1504",
}
@inproceedings{doran-etal-1997-maintaining,
    title = "Maintaining the Forest and Burning out the Underbrush in {XTAG}",
    author = "Doran, Christine  and
      Hockey, Beth  and
      Hopely, Philip  and
      Rosenzweig, Joseph  and
      Sarkar, Anoop  and
      Srinivas, B.  and
      Xia, Fei",
    booktitle = "Computational Environments for Grammar Development and Linguistic Engineering",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1505",
}
@inproceedings{gotz-meurers-1997-controll,
    title = "The {C}on{T}roll System as Large Grammar Development Platform",
    author = "Gotz, Thilo  and
      Meurers, Walt Detmar",
    booktitle = "Computational Environments for Grammar Development and Linguistic Engineering",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1506",
}
@inproceedings{henschel-1997-application,
    title = "Application-driven automatic subgrammar extraction",
    author = "Henschel, Renate",
    booktitle = "Computational Environments for Grammar Development and Linguistic Engineering",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1507",
}
@inproceedings{kaplan-1997-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Resource Reconciliation in the Xerox Linguistic Environment",
    author = "Kaplan, Ronald M.",
    booktitle = "Computational Environments for Grammar Development and Linguistic Engineering",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1508",
}
@inproceedings{penn-1997-head,
    title = "Head-Driven Generation and Indexing in {ALE}",
    author = "Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "Computational Environments for Grammar Development and Linguistic Engineering",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1509",
}
@inproceedings{stromback-1997-efluf,
    title = "{EFLUF} - an Implementation of a {FL}exible Unification Formalism",
    author = "Stromback, Lena",
    booktitle = "Computational Environments for Grammar Development and Linguistic Engineering",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1510",
}
@inproceedings{theeramunkong-etal-1997-exploiting,
    title = "Exploiting Contextual Information in Hypothesis Selection for Grammar Refinement",
    author = "Theeramunkong, Thanaruk  and
      Kawaguchi, Yasunobu  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "Computational Environments for Grammar Development and Linguistic Engineering",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1511",
}
@inproceedings{theofilidis-1997-alep,
    title = "{ALEP}-Based Distributed Grammar Engineering",
    author = "Theofilidis, Axel",
    booktitle = "Computational Environments for Grammar Development and Linguistic Engineering",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1512",
}
@inproceedings{van-noord-bouma-1997-hdrug,
    title = "Hdrug. A Flexible and Extendible Development Environment for Natural Language Processing.",
    author = "van Noord, Gertjan  and
      Bouma, Gosse",
    booktitle = "Computational Environments for Grammar Development and Linguistic Engineering",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1513",
}
@inproceedings{vapillon-etal-1997-object,
    title = "An Object-Oriented Linguistic Engineering Environment using {LFG} (Lexical Functionnal Grammar) and {CG} (Conceptual Graphs)",
    author = "Vapillon, Jerome  and
      Briffault, Xavier  and
      Sabah, Gerard  and
      Chibout, Karim",
    booktitle = "Computational Environments for Grammar Development and Linguistic Engineering",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1514",
}
@inproceedings{volk-1997-experiences,
    title = "Experiences with the {GTU} grammar development environment",
    author = "Volk, Martin",
    booktitle = "Computational Environments for Grammar Development and Linguistic Engineering",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W97-1515",
}
@proceedings{ws-1984-nordic,
    title = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    author = "Hein, Anna S{\aa}gvall",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0100",
}
@inproceedings{ahrenberg-1984-de,
    title = "De grammatiska beskrivningarna i {SVE}.{UCP} (The grammatical descriptions in {SVE}.{UCP}) [In {S}wedish]",
    author = "Ahrenberg, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0101",
    pages = "1--13",
}
@inproceedings{allen-1984-inte,
    title = "Inte bara idiom (Not only idioms) [In {S}wedish]",
    author = "All{\'e}n, Sture",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0102",
    pages = "14--20",
}
@inproceedings{beckman-1984-utnyttjande,
    title = {Utnyttjande av ordklasser for f{\"o}rfattarbest{\"a}mning (Utilization of part of speech for authorship attribution) [In {S}wedish]},
    author = "Beckman, Bengt",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0103",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@inproceedings{bernth-1984-logik,
    title = "Logik anvendt til overs{\ae}ttelse af japansk (Logic used for translation of {J}apanese) [In {D}anish]",
    author = "Bernth, Arendse",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0104",
    pages = "29--36",
}
@inproceedings{borin-1984-ett,
    title = {Ett textdatabassystem f{\"o}r lingvister (A text database system for linguists) [In {S}wedish]},
    author = "Borin, Lars",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0105",
    pages = "37--47",
}
@inproceedings{brodda-1984-rattsinformatik,
    title = {R{\"a}ttsinformatik och lingvistik (Legal Informatics and Linguistics) [In {S}wedish]},
    author = "Brodda, Benny",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0106",
    pages = "48--61",
}
@inproceedings{dyvik-hofland-1984-parsing,
    title = "Parsing basert p{\aa} {LFG}: Et {MIT}/Xerox-system applisert p{\aa} norsk (Parsing based on {LFG}: A {MIT}/Xerox system applied on {N}orwegian) [In {N}orwegian]",
    author = "Dyvik, Helge  and
      Hofland, Knut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0107",
    pages = "62--73",
}
@inproceedings{erlandsen-1984-gesa,
    title = "{GESA}, et {GE}nerelt System til Analyse af naturlige sprog, udformet som et overs{\ae}tter-for-tolker system med virtuel mellem-kode ({GESA}, a {GE}neral System for Analysis of natural language, designed as a compiler system with virtual bytecode) [In {D}anish]",
    author = "Erlandsen, Jens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0108",
    pages = "74--83",
}
@inproceedings{fjeldvig-golden-1984-automatisk,
    title = "Automatisk rotlemmatisering (Automatic Root Lemmatization) [In {N}orwegian]",
    author = "Fjeldvig, Tove  and
      Golden, Anne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0109",
    pages = "84--103",
}
@inproceedings{holmboe-1984-konkordans,
    title = "Konkordans over de danske runeindskrifter (Concordance of the {D}anish runic inscriptions) [In {D}anish]",
    author = "Holmboe, Henrik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0110",
    pages = "104--110",
}
@inproceedings{jappinen-etal-1984-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Engineering Applied to Morphological Analysis",
    author = {J{\"a}ppinen, Harri  and
      Lehtola, Aarno  and
      Nelimarkka, Esa  and
      Ylilammi, Matti},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0111",
    pages = "111--120",
}
@inproceedings{karlsson-1984-tagging,
    title = "Tagging and Parsing {F}innish",
    author = "Karlsson, Fred",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0112",
    pages = "121--131",
}
@inproceedings{koch-1984-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Programming",
    author = "Koch, Gregers",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0113",
    pages = "132--144",
}
@inproceedings{koskenniemi-1984-general-computational,
    title = "A General Computational Model for Word-Form Recognition and Production",
    author = "Koskenniemi, Kimmo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0114",
    pages = "145--154",
}
@inproceedings{kallgren-1984-hp,
    title = "{HP} {--} A Heuristic Finite State Parser Based on Morphology",
    author = {K{\"a}llgren, Gunnel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0115",
    pages = "155--161",
}
@inproceedings{maegaard-1984-regelformalismer,
    title = "Regelformalismer til brug ved datamatisk lingvistik (Rule formalisms for use in computational linguistics) [In {D}anish]",
    author = "Maegaard, Bente",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0116",
    pages = "162--168",
}
@inproceedings{nelimarkka-etal-1984-computational,
    title = "A Computational Model of {F}innish Sentence Structure",
    author = {Nelimarkka, Esa  and
      J{\"a}ppinen, Harri  and
      Lehtola, Aarno},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0117",
    pages = "169--177",
}
@inproceedings{ruus-1984-dansk,
    title = "Dansk morfologi til automatisk analyse ({D}anish morphology for automatic analysis) [In {D}anish]",
    author = "Ruus, Hanne",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0118",
    pages = "178--186",
}
@inproceedings{sagvall-hein-1984-regelaktivering,
    title = {Regelaktivering i en parser f{\"o}r svenska ({SVE}.{UCP}) (Rule activation in a parser for {S}wedish ({SVE}.{UCP})) [In {S}wedish]},
    author = "S{\aa}gvall Hein, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics ({NODALIDA} 1983)",
    month = may,
    year = "1984",
    address = "Uppsala, Sweden",
    publisher = {Centrum f{\"o}r datorlingvistik, Uppsala University, Sweden},
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W83-0119",
    pages = "187--199",
}
@article{cl-1991-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 17, Number 1, March 1991",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "1",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-1000",
}
@article{justeson-katz-1991-co,
    title = "Co-occurrences of Antonymous Adjectives and Their Contexts",
    author = "Justeson, John S.  and
      Katz, Slava M.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "1",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-1001",
    pages = "1--20",
}
@article{morris-hirst-1991-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Cohesion Computed by Thesaural relations as an indicator of the structure of text",
    author = "Morris, Jane  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "1",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-1002",
    pages = "21--48",
}
@article{fass-1991-met,
    title = "met*: A Method for Discriminating Metonymy and Metaphor by Computer",
    author = "Fass, Dan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "1",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-1003",
    pages = "49--90",
}
@article{norvig-1991-techniques,
    title = "Techniques for Automatic Memoization with Applications to Context-Free Parsing",
    author = "Norvig, Peter",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "1",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-1004",
    pages = "91--98",
}
@article{church-1991-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Theory and Practice in Corpus Linguistics",
    author = "Church, Kenneth Ward",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "1",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-1005",
}
@article{fraser-1991-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Functional Grammar and the Computer",
    author = "Fraser, Norman",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "1",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-1006",
}
@article{fass-1991-computational,
    title = "A Computational Model of Metaphor Interpretation",
    author = "Fass, Dan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "1",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-1007",
}
@article{ess-dykema-1991-practical,
    title = "Practical {SGML}",
    author = "Ess-Dykema, Carol Van",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "1",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-1008",
}
@article{nn-1991-books,
    title = "Books Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "1",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-1009",
}
@article{nn-1991-author-index,
    title = "Author Index: Volumes 6-16",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "1",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-1010",
}
@article{nn-1991-title,
    title = "Title Index: Volumes 6-16",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "1",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-1011",
}
@article{nn-1991-advertisements,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "1",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-1012",
}
@article{cl-1991-linguistics-17,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 17, Number 2, June 1991",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "2",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-2000",
}
@article{johnson-1991-features,
    title = "Features and Formulae",
    author = "Johnson, Mark",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "2",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-2001",
    pages = "131--152",
}
@article{velardi-etal-1991-encode,
    title = "How to Encode Semantic Knowledge: A Method for Meaning Representation and Computer-Aided Acquisition",
    author = "Velardi, Paola  and
      Pazienze, Maria Teresa  and
      Fasolo, Michela",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "2",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-2002",
    pages = "153--170",
}
@article{zadrozny-jensen-1991-semantics,
    title = "Semantics of Paragraphs",
    author = "Zadrozny, Wlodek  and
      Jensen, Karen",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "2",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-2003",
    pages = "171--210",
}
@article{hirst-1991-conversation,
    title = "Does Conversation Analysis Have a Role in Computational Linguistics?",
    author = "Hirst, Graeme",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "2",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-2004",
    pages = "211--227",
}
@article{sproat-1991-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: {PC}-{KIMMO}: A Two-Level Processor for Morphological Analysis",
    author = "Sproat, Richard",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "2",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-2005",
}
@article{ter-meulen-1991-formal,
    title = "Formal Semantics and Pragmatics for Natural Language Querying",
    author = "ter Meulen, Alice",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "2",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-2006",
}
@article{ramsay-1991-intentions,
    title = "Intentions in Communication",
    author = "Ramsay, Allan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "2",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-2007",
}
@article{pullum-1991-antilinguistics,
    title = "{A}ntilinguistics: A Critical Assessment of Modern Linguistic Theory and Practice",
    author = "Pullum, Geoffrey K.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "2",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-2008",
}
@article{slator-1991-semantic,
    title = "Semantic Processing for Finite Domains",
    author = "Slator, Brian M.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "2",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-2009",
}
@article{banko-1991-analogical,
    title = "Analogical Modeling of Language",
    author = "Banko, Miroslaw",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "2",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-2010",
}
@article{nn-1991-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "2",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-2011",
}
@article{nn-1991-books-received,
    title = "Books Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "2",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-2012",
}
@article{nn-1991-advertisements-2,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "2",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-2013",
}
@article{cl-1991-linguistics-17-number,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 17, Number 3, September 1991",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "3",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-3000",
}
@article{vitale-1991-algorithm,
    title = "An Algorithm for High Accuracy Name Pronunciation by Parametric Speech Synthesizer",
    author = "Vitale, Tony",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "3",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-3001",
    pages = "257--276",
}
@article{radzinski-1991-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Number-Names, Tree Adjoining Languages, and Mild Context-Sensitivity",
    author = "Radzinski, Daniel",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "3",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-3002",
    pages = "277--300",
}
@article{carpenter-1991-generative,
    title = "The Generative Power of Categorial Grammars and Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammars with Lexical Rules",
    author = "Carpenter, Bob",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "3",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-3003",
    pages = "301--314",
}
@article{jelinek-lafferty-1991-computation,
    title = "Computation of the Probability of Initial Substring Generation by Stochastic Context-Free Grammars",
    author = "Jelinek, Frederick  and
      Lafferty, John D.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "3",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-3004",
    pages = "315--353",
}
@article{brown-etal-1991-erratum,
    title = "Erratum to: A Statistical Approach to Machine Translation",
    author = "Brown, Peter F.  and
      Della Pietra, Stephen A.  and
      Jelinek, Fredrick  and
      Mercer, Robert L.  and
      Cocke, John  and
      Della Pietra, Vincent J.  and
      Lafferty, John D.  and
      Roossin, Paul S.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "3",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-3005",
    pages = "79--85",
}
@article{calistri-yeh-1991-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Plan Recognition in Natural Language",
    author = "Calistri-Yeh, Randall J.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "3",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-3006",
}
@article{zukerman-1991-current,
    title = "Current Research in Natural Language Generation",
    author = "Zukerman, Ingrid",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "3",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-3007",
}
@article{berwick-1991-computational,
    title = "A Computational Model of First Language Acquisition",
    author = "Berwick, Robert C.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "3",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-3008",
}
@article{dalrymple-1991-time,
    title = "As Time Goes By: Tense and Universal Grammar",
    author = "Dalrymple, Mary",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "3",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-3009",
}
@article{volk-1991-logical,
    title = "The Logical Structure of {E}nglish: Computing Semantic Content",
    author = "Volk, Martin",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "3",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-3010",
}
@article{nn-1991-books-received-2,
    title = "Books Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "3",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-3011",
}
@article{nn-1991-advertisements-3,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "3",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-3012",
}
@article{cl-1991-computationai,
    title = "ComputationaI Linguistics, Volume 17, Number 4, {D}ecember 1991",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "4",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-4000",
}
@article{lee-etal-1991-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Natural Language Processing System Specially Designed for the {C}hinese Language",
    author = "Lee, Lin-Shan  and
      Chien, Lee-Feng  and
      Lin, Long-Ji  and
      Huang, James  and
      Chen, K. J.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "4",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-4001",
    pages = "347--374",
}
@article{brew-1991-systematic,
    title = "Systematic Classification and its Efficiency",
    author = "Brew, Chris",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "4",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-4002",
    pages = "375--408",
}
@article{pustejovsky-1991-generative,
    title = "The Generative Lexicon",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "4",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-4003",
    pages = "409--441",
}
@article{proctor-1991-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Computer Processing of Natural Language",
    author = "Proctor, Laura",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "4",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-4004",
}
@article{dale-1991-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Natural Language Generation in Artificial Intelligence and Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Dale, Robert",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "4",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-4005",
}
@article{kuhns-1991-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Current Issues in Parsing Technology",
    author = "Kuhns, Robert J.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "4",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-4006",
}
@article{lancashire-1991-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Linguistic Exploitation of Syntactic Databases: The Use of the Nijmegen Linguistic {D}ata{B}ase Program",
    author = "Lancashire, Ian",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "4",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-4007",
}
@article{nn-1991-books-received-3,
    title = "Books Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "4",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-4008",
}
@article{nn-1991-advertisements-4,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "17",
    number = "4",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J91-4009",
}
@article{cl-1985-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics Formerly the {A}merican Journal of Computational Linguistics, Volume 11, Number 1, {J}anuary-March 1985",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "1",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-1000",
}
@article{slocum-1985-survey,
    title = "A Survey of Machine Translation: Its History, Current Status and Future Prospects",
    author = "Slocum, Jonathan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "1",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-1001",
    pages = "1--17",
}
@article{isabelle-bourbeau-1985-taum,
    title = "Taum-Aviation: Its Technical Features and Some Experimental Results",
    author = "Isabelle, Pierre  and
      Bourbeau, Laurent",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "1",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-1002",
    pages = "18--27",
}
@article{vauquois-boitet-1985-automated,
    title = "Automated Translation at Grenoble University",
    author = "Vauquois, Bernard  and
      Boitet, Christian",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "1",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-1003",
    pages = "28--36",
}
@article{israel-1985-book,
    title = "Book Review: THE LOGIC OF MIND",
    author = "Israel, David",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "1",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-1004",
}
@article{nn-1985-calls,
    title = "CALLS FOR PAPERS",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "1",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-1005",
}
@article{nn-1985-programs,
    title = "Programs",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "1",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-1006",
}
@article{nn-1985-announcements,
    title = "Announcements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "1",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-1007",
}
@article{nn-1985-astracts,
    title = "ASTRACTS OF CURRENT LITERATURE",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "1",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-1008",
}
@article{nn-1985-1984,
    title = "1984 ACL MEMBERSHIP LIST",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "1",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-1009",
}
@article{nn-1985-author,
    title = "AUTHOR INDEX Volumes 6 - 10",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "1",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-1010",
}
@article{nn-1985-title,
    title = "TITLE INDEX Volumes 6 - 10",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "1",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-1011",
}
@article{nn-1985-acl,
    title = "{ACL} Membership Application",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "1",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-1012",
}
@article{cl-1985-linguistics-formerly,
    title = "Computational Linguistics Formerly the {A}merican Journal of Computational Linguistics, Volume 11, Number 2-3, {A}pril-September 1985",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "2-3",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-2000",
}
@article{nagao-etal-1985-japanese,
    title = "The {J}apanese Government Project for Machine Translation",
    author = "Nagao, Makoto  and
      Tsujii, Jun-ichi  and
      Nakamura, Jun-ichi",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "2-3",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-2001",
    pages = "91--110",
}
@article{bennett-slocum-1985-lrc,
    title = "The {LRC} Machine Translation System",
    author = "Bennett, Winfield S.  and
      Slocum, Jonathan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "2-3",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-2002",
    pages = "111--121",
}
@article{vasconcellos-leon-1985-spanam,
    title = "{S}panam and {E}ngspan: Machine Translation at the {P}an {A}merican {H}ealth {O}rganization",
    author = "Vasconcellos, Muriel  and
      Leon, Marjorie",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "2-3",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-2003",
    pages = "122--136",
}
@article{biewer-etal-1985-ascof,
    title = "{ASCOF} {---} A Modular Multilevel System for {F}rench-{G}erman Translation",
    author = "Biewer, Axel  and
      Faneyrol, Christian  and
      Ritzke, Johannes  and
      Stegentritt, Erwin",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "2-3",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-2004",
    pages = "137--154",
}
@article{johnson-etal-1985-eurotra,
    title = "{EUROTRA}: A Multilingual System under Development",
    author = "Johnson, Rod  and
      King, Maghi  and
      des Tombe, Louis",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "2-3",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-2005",
    pages = "155--169",
}
@article{nn-1985-machine,
    title = "A MACHINE(-AIDEO) TRANSLATION BIBLIOGRAPHY",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "2-3",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-2006",
}
@article{brandson-1985-affix,
    title = "AFFIX POSITIONS AND COOCCURRENCES: THE PARADIGM PROGRAM",
    author = "Brandson, R.L.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "2-3",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-2007",
}
@article{sampson-1985-elements,
    title = "Elements of Mathematical Linguistics",
    author = "Sampson, Geoffrey",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "2-3",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-2008",
}
@article{hirst-1985-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Semantic Interpretation: A Computer Model of Understanding Natural Language",
    author = "Hirst, Graeme",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "2-3",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-2009",
}
@article{nn-1985-calls-papers,
    title = "CALLS FOR PAPERS",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "2-3",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-2010",
}
@article{nn-1985-conference,
    title = "CONFERENCE ANNOUNCEMENTS",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "2-3",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-2011",
}
@article{nn-1985-program,
    title = "PROGRAM COMMITTEE",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "2-3",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-2012",
}
@article{nn-1985-announcements-2,
    title = "ANNOUNCEMENTS",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "2-3",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-2013",
}
@article{nn-1985-abstracts,
    title = "ABSTRACTS OF CURRENT LITERATURE",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "2-3",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-2014",
}
@article{nn-1985-advertising,
    title = "Advertising",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "2-3",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-2015",
}
@article{cl-1985-linguistics-formerly-american,
    title = "Computational Linguistics Formerly the {A}merican Journal of Computational Linguistics, Volume 11, Number 4, October-{D}ecember 1985",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "4",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-4000",
}
@article{barton-jr-1985-complexity,
    title = "On the Complexity of {ID}/{LP} Parsing",
    author = "Barton, Jr., G. Edward",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "4",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-4001",
    pages = "205--218",
}
@article{jacobs-1985-phred,
    title = "{PHRED}: A Generator for Natural Language Interfaces",
    author = "Jacobs, Paul S.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "4",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-4002",
    pages = "219--242",
}
@article{nelson-1985-concept,
    title = "The Concept of Superautomaton",
    author = "Nelson, R. J.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "4",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-4003",
    pages = "243--244",
}
@article{monahan-1985-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: COMPUTERS IN LANGUAGE RESEARCH",
    author = "Monahan, Brian D.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "4",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-4004",
}
@article{evens-1985-information,
    title = "Information Retrieval Experiment",
    author = "Evens, Martha",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "4",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-4005",
}
@article{nn-1985-books,
    title = "BOOKS RECEIVED",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "4",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-4006",
}
@article{nn-1985-calls-papers-2,
    title = "CALLS FOR PAPERS",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "4",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-4007",
}
@article{nn-1985-minutes,
    title = "Minutes of the 1985 {ACL} Meeting",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "4",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-4008",
}
@article{nn-1985-announcements-3,
    title = "Announcements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "4",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-4009",
}
@article{nn-1985-abstracts-current,
    title = "ABSTRACTS OF CURRENT LITERATURE",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "4",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-4010",
}
@article{nn-1985-1985,
    title = "1985 ACL MEMBERSHIP LIST",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "4",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-4011",
}
@article{nn-1985-titles,
    title = "Titles from the {C}ambridge/{ACL} Series",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "11",
    number = "4",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-4012",
}
@proceedings{hlt-1993-human,
    title = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1000",
}
@inproceedings{bates-1993-overview,
    title = "Overview of the {ARPA} Human Language Technology Workshop",
    author = "Bates, Madeleine",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1001",
}
@inproceedings{rudnicky-1993-session,
    title = "SESSION 1: SPOKEN LANGUAGE SYSTEMS",
    author = "Rudnicky, Alexander I.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1002",
}
@inproceedings{pallett-etal-1993-benchmark,
    title = "BENCHMARK TESTS FOR THE DARPA SPOKEN LANGUAGE PROGRAM",
    author = "Pallett, David S.  and
      Fiscus, Johathan G.  and
      Fisher, William M.  and
      Garofolo, John S.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1003",
}
@inproceedings{hirschman-etal-1993-multi,
    title = "Multi-Site Data Collection and Evaluation in Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Hirschman, L.  and
      Bates, M.  and
      Dahl, D.  and
      Fisher, W.  and
      Garofolo, J.  and
      Pallett, D.  and
      Hunicke-Smith, K.  and
      Price, P.  and
      Rudnicky, A.  and
      Tzoukermann, E.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1004",
}
@inproceedings{thompson-etal-1993-hcrc,
    title = "THE HCRC MAP TASK CORPUS: NATURAL DIALOGUE FOR SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Thompson, Henry S.  and
      Anderson, Anne  and
      Bard, Ellen Gurman  and
      Doherty-Sneddon, Gwyneth  and
      Newlands, Alison  and
      Sotillo, Cathy",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1005",
}
@inproceedings{linebarger-etal-1993-portable,
    title = "A PORTABLE APPROACH TO LAST RESORT PARSING AND INTERPRETATION",
    author = "Linebarger, Marcia C.  and
      Norton, Lewis M.  and
      Dahl, Deborah A.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1006",
}
@inproceedings{stallard-bobrow-1993-semantic,
    title = "THE SEMANTIC LINKER- A NEW FRAGMENT COMBINING METHOD",
    author = "Stallard, David  and
      Bobrow, Robert",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1007",
}
@inproceedings{dowding-etal-1993-gemini-natural,
    title = "{G}emini: A Natural Language System for Spoken-Language Understanding",
    author = "Dowding, John  and
      Gawron, Jean Mark  and
      Appelt, Doug  and
      Bear, John  and
      Cherny, Lynn  and
      Moore, Robert  and
      Moran, Doug",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1008",
}
@inproceedings{goodine-etal-1993-bilingual,
    title = "A Bilingual {VOYAGER} System",
    author = "Goodine, D.  and
      Phillips, M.  and
      Sakai, S.  and
      Seneff, S.  and
      Zue, V.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1009",
}
@inproceedings{bates-1993-session,
    title = "SESSION 2: INVITED OVERVIEWS",
    author = "Bates, Madeleine",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1010",
}
@inproceedings{sundheim-chinchor-1993-survey,
    title = "SURVEY OF THE MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING CONFERENCES",
    author = "Sundheim, Beth M.  and
      Chinchor, Nancy A.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1011",
}
@inproceedings{harman-1993-overview,
    title = "OVERVIEW OF TREC-1",
    author = "Harman, Donna",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1012",
}
@inproceedings{paul-1993-session,
    title = "SESSION 3: CONTINUOUS SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Paul, Douglas B.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1013",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-1993-efficient,
    title = "EFFICIENT CEPSTRAL NORMALIZATION FOR ROBUST SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Liu, Fu-Hua  and
      Stern, Richard M.  and
      Huang, Xuedong  and
      Acero, Alejandro",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1014",
}
@inproceedings{schwartz-etal-1993-comparative,
    title = "COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTS ON LARGE VOCABULARY SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Schwartz, Richard  and
      Anastasakos, Tasos  and
      Kubala, Francis  and
      Makhoul, John  and
      Nguyen, Long  and
      Zavaliagkos, George",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1015",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-1993-overview,
    title = "An Overview of the {SPHINX}-{II} Speech Recognition System",
    author = "Huang, Xuedong  and
      Alleva, Fileno  and
      Hwang, Mei-Yuh  and
      Rosenfeld, Ronald",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1016",
}
@inproceedings{murveit-etal-1993-progressive,
    title = "PROGRESSIVE-SEARCH ALGORITHMS FOR LARGE-VOCABULARY SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Murveit, Hy  and
      Butzberger, John  and
      Digalakis, Vassilios  and
      Weintraub, Mitch",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1017",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-1993-search,
    title = "Search Algorithms for Software-Only Real-Time Recognition with Very Large Vocabularies",
    author = "Nguyen, Long  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Kubala, Francis  and
      Placeway, Paul",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1018",
}
@inproceedings{gauvain-lamel-1993-identification,
    title = "Identification of Non-Linguistic Speech Features",
    author = "Gauvain, Jean-Luc  and
      Lamel, Lori F.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1019",
}
@inproceedings{kimball-ostendorf-1993-use,
    title = "ON THE USE OF TIED-MIXTURE DISTRIBUTIONS",
    author = "Kimball, Owen  and
      Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1020",
}
@inproceedings{lau-etal-1993-adaptive,
    title = "ADAPTIVE LANGUAGE MODELING USING THE MAXIMUM ENTROPY PRINCIPLE",
    author = "Lau, Raymond  and
      Rosenfeld, Ronald  and
      Roukos, Salim",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1021",
}
@inproceedings{weintraub-1993-improved,
    title = "IMPROVED KEYWORD-SPOTTING USING {SRI}{'}S {DECIPHER}{\mbox{$^\mbox{TM}$}} LARGE-VOCABUARLY SPEECH-RECOGNITION SYSTEM",
    author = "Weintraub, Mitchel",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1022",
}
@inproceedings{peskin-etal-1993-topic,
    title = "Topic and Speaker Identification via Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition",
    author = "Peskin, Barbara  and
      Gillick, Larry  and
      Ito, Yoshiko  and
      Lowe, Stephen  and
      Roth, Robert  and
      Scattone, Francesco  and
      Baker, James  and
      Baker, Janet  and
      Bridle, John  and
      Hunt, Melvyn  and
      Orloff, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1023",
}
@inproceedings{moore-1993-session,
    title = "SESSION 4: NATURAL LANGUAGE",
    author = "Moore, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1024",
}
@inproceedings{mccord-1993-heuristics,
    title = "HEURISTICS FOR BROAD-COVERAGE NATURAL LANGUAGE PARSING",
    author = "McCord, Michael C.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1025",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-etal-1993-fastus,
    title = "{FASTUS}: A System for Extracting Information from Text",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Appelt, Douglas  and
      Bear, John  and
      Israel, David  and
      Kameyalna, Megumi  and
      Tyson, Mabry",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1026",
}
@inproceedings{hwang-schubert-1993-interpreting,
    title = "INTERPRETING TEMPORAL ADVERBIALS",
    author = "Hwang, Chung Hee  and
      Schubert, Lenhart K.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1027",
}
@inproceedings{aone-etal-1993-murasaki,
    title = "THE MURASAKI PROJECT: MULTILINGUAL NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "Aone, Chinatsu  and
      Blejer, Hatte  and
      Flank, Sharon  and
      McKee, Douglas  and
      Shinn, Sandy",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1028",
}
@inproceedings{vilain-1993-validation,
    title = "VALIDATION OF TERMINOLOGICAL INFERENCE IN AN INFORMATION EXTRACTION TASK",
    author = "Vilain, Marc",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1029",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-1993-session,
    title = "SESSION 5: DISCOURSE",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1030",
}
@inproceedings{liddy-etal-1993-development,
    title = "DEVELOPMENT, IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING OF A DISCOURSE MODEL FOR NEWSPAPER TEXTS",
    author = "Liddy, Elizabeth D.  and
      McVearry, Kenneth A.  and
      Paik, Woojin  and
      Yu, Edmund  and
      McKenna, Mary",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1031",
}
@inproceedings{moore-1993-indexing,
    title = "INDEXING AND EXPLOITING A DISCOURSE HISTORY TO GENERATE CONTEXT-SENSITIVE EXPLANATIONS",
    author = "Moore, Johanna D.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1032",
}
@inproceedings{ferguson-allen-1993-generic,
    title = "Generic Plan Recognition for Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Ferguson, George  and
      Allen, James F.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1033",
}
@inproceedings{biermann-etal-1993-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Collaborative Discourse: A Theory and Its Implementation",
    author = "Biermann, Alan W.  and
      Guinn, Curry I.  and
      Hipp, D. Richard  and
      Smith, Ronnie W.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1034",
}
@inproceedings{waibel-1993-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation",
    author = "Waibel, Alex",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1035",
}
@inproceedings{knight-1993-building,
    title = "BUILDING A LARGE ONTOLOGY FOR MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1036",
}
@inproceedings{yamron-etal-1993-lingstat,
    title = "{LINGSTAT}: AN INTERACTIVE, MACHINE-AIDED TRANSLATION SYSTEM",
    author = "Yamron, Jonathan  and
      Baker, James  and
      Bamberg, Paul  and
      Chevalier, Haakon  and
      Dietzel, Taiko  and
      Elder, John  and
      Kampmann, Frank  and
      Mandel, Mark  and
      Manganaro, Linda  and
      Margolis, Todd  and
      Steele, Elizabeth",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1037",
}
@inproceedings{frederking-etal-1993-mat,
    title = "An {MAT} Tool and Its Effectiveness",
    author = "Frederking, Robert  and
      Grannes, Dean  and
      Cousseau, Peter  and
      Nirenburg, Sergei",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1038",
}
@inproceedings{brown-etal-1993-dictionaries,
    title = "But Dictionaries Are Data Too",
    author = "Brown, Peter F.  and
      Della Pietra, Stephen A.  and
      Della Pietra, Vincent J.  and
      Goldsmith, Meredith J.  and
      Hajic, Jan  and
      Mercer, Robert L.  and
      Mohanty, Surya",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1039",
}
@inproceedings{white-oconnell-1993-evaluation,
    title = "EVALUATION OF MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "White, John S.  and
      O{'}Connell, Theresa A.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1040",
}
@inproceedings{woszczyna-etal-1993-recent,
    title = "RECENT ADVANCES IN JANUS: A SPEECH TRANSLATION SYSTEM",
    author = "Woszczyna, M.  and
      Coccaro, N.  and
      Eisele, A.  and
      Lavie, A.  and
      McNair, A.  and
      Polzin, T.  and
      Rogina, I.  and
      Rose, C. P.  and
      Sloboda, T.  and
      Tomita, M.  and
      Tsutsumi, J.  and
      Aoki-Waibel, N.  and
      Waibel, A.  and
      Ward, W.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1041",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-1993-speech,
    title = "A SPEECH TO SPEECH TRANSLATION SYSTEM BUILT FROM STANDARD COMPONENTS",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Alshawi, Hiyan  and
      Bretan, Ivan  and
      Carter, David  and
      Digalakis, Vassilios  and
      Gamback, Bjorn  and
      Kaja, Jaan  and
      Karlgren, Jussi  and
      Lyberg, Bertil  and
      Pulman, Steve  and
      Price, Patti  and
      Samuelsson, Christer",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1042",
}
@inproceedings{murveit-1993-session,
    title = "SESSION 7: DEMONSTRATIONS",
    author = "Murveit, Hy",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1043",
}
@inproceedings{marcus-1993-session,
    title = "Session 8: Statistical Language Modeling",
    author = "Marcus, Mitchell",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1044",
}
@inproceedings{matsukawa-etal-1993-example,
    title = "EXAMPLE-BASED CORRECTION OF WORD SEGMENTATION AND PART OF SPEECH LABELLING",
    author = "Matsukawa, Tomoyoshi  and
      Miller, Scott  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1045",
}
@inproceedings{abney-1993-measures,
    title = "MEASURES AND MODELS FOR PHRASE RECOGNITION",
    author = "Abney, Steven",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1046",
}
@inproceedings{brill-1993-automatic-grammar,
    title = "Automatic Grammar Induction and Parsing Free Text: A Transformation-Based Approach",
    author = "Brill, Eric",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1047",
}
@inproceedings{hindle-1993-prediction,
    title = "Prediction of Lexicalized Tree Fragments in Text",
    author = "Hindle, Donald",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1048",
}
@inproceedings{matsukawa-1993-hypothesizing,
    title = "HYPOTHESIZING WORD ASSOCIATION FROM UNTAGGED TEXT",
    author = "Matsukawa, Tomoyoshi",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1049",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-sterling-1993-smoothing,
    title = "SMOOTHING OF AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED SELECTIONAL CONSTRAINTS",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Sterling, John",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1050",
}
@inproceedings{leacock-etal-1993-corpus,
    title = "CORPUS-BASED STATISTICAL SENSE RESOLUTION",
    author = "Leacock, Claudia  and
      Towell, Geoffrey  and
      Voorhees, Ellen",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1051",
}
@inproceedings{yarowsky-1993-one,
    title = "ONE SENSE PER COLLOCATION",
    author = "Yarowsky, David",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1052",
}
@inproceedings{mckeown-hatzivassiloglou-1993-augmenting,
    title = "Augmenting Lexicons Automatically: Clustering Semantically Related Adjectives",
    author = "McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Hatzivassiloglou, Vasileios",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1053",
}
@inproceedings{resnik-1993-semantic,
    title = "SEMANTIC CLASSES AND SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY",
    author = "Resnik, Philip",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1054",
}
@inproceedings{ess-dykema-1993-session,
    title = "SESSION 9: GOVERNMENT PANEL",
    author = "Ess-Dykema, Carol J. Van",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1055",
}
@inproceedings{gigley-1993-projected,
    title = "PROJECTED GOVERNMENT NEEDS IN HUMAN LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY AND THE ROLE OF RESEARCHERS IN MEETING THEM",
    author = "Gigley, Helen M.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1056",
}
@inproceedings{chipman-1993-language,
    title = "LANGUAGE RESEARCH SPONSORED BY ONR",
    author = "Chipman, Susan",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1057",
}
@inproceedings{fussell-1993-technology,
    title = "TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS",
    author = "Fussell, Jesse W.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1058",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-1993-session,
    title = "Session 10: THE LEXICON",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1059",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-etal-1993-comlex,
    title = "The {COMLEX} Syntax Project",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph  and
      Macleod, Catherine  and
      Wolff, Susanne",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1060",
}
@inproceedings{miller-etal-1993-semantic,
    title = "A SEMANTIC CONCORDANCE",
    author = "Miller, George A.  and
      Leacock, Claudia  and
      Tengi, Randee  and
      Bunker, Ross T.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1061",
}
@inproceedings{paik-etal-1993-interpretation,
    title = "INTERPRETATION OF PROPER NOUNS FOR INFORMATION RETRIEVAL",
    author = "Paik, Woojin  and
      Liddy, Elizabeth D.  and
      Yu, Edmund  and
      McKenna, Mary",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1062",
}
@inproceedings{ostendorf-1993-session,
    title = "SESSION 11: PROSODY",
    author = "Ostendorf, M.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1063",
}
@inproceedings{silverman-1993-customizing,
    title = "ON CUSTOMIZING PROSODY IN SPEECH SYNTHESIS: NAMES AND ADDRESSES AS A CASE IN POINT",
    author = "Silverman, Kim E. A.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1064",
}
@inproceedings{van-santen-1993-quantitative,
    title = "QUANTITATIVE MODELING OF SEGMENTAL DURATION",
    author = "van Santen, Jan P. H.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1065",
}
@inproceedings{nakatani-hirschberg-1993-speech-first,
    title = "A SPEECH-FIRST MODEL FOR REPAIR DETECTION AND CORRECTION",
    author = "Nakatani, Christine  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1066",
}
@inproceedings{veilleux-ostendorf-1993-prosody,
    title = "PROSODY/PARSE SCORING AND ITS APPLICATION IN ATIS",
    author = "Veilleux, N. M.  and
      Ostendorf, M.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1067",
}
@inproceedings{collier-etal-1993-perceived,
    title = "PERCEIVED PROSODIC BOUNDARIES AND THEIR PHONETIC CORRELATES",
    author = "Collier, Renk  and
      de Pijper, Jan Roelof  and
      Sanderman, Angelien",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1068",
}
@inproceedings{jones-1993-document,
    title = "Document retrieval and text retrieval",
    author = "Jones, Karen Sparck",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1069",
}
@inproceedings{buckley-1993-importance,
    title = "The Importance of Proper Weighting Methods",
    author = "Buckley, Chris",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1070",
}
@inproceedings{broglio-croft-1993-query,
    title = "QUERY PROCESSING FOR RETRIEVAL FROM LARGE TEXT BASES",
    author = "Broglio, John  and
      Croft, W. Bruce",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1071",
}
@inproceedings{liddy-etal-1993-overview,
    title = "AN OVERVIEW OF DR-LINK AND ITS APPROACH TO DOCUMENT FILTERING",
    author = "Liddy, Elizabeth D.  and
      Paik, Woojin  and
      Yu, Edmund S.  and
      McVearry, Kenneth A.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1072",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-1993-session,
    title = "SESSION 13: NEW DIRECTIONS",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1073",
}
@inproceedings{rudnicky-1993-mode,
    title = "Mode preference in a simple data-retrieval task",
    author = "Rudnicky, Alexander I.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1074",
}
@inproceedings{oviatt-etal-1993-simulation,
    title = "A SIMULATION-BASED RESEARCH STRATEGY FOR DESIGNING COMPLEX NL SYSTEMS",
    author = "Oviatt, Sharon  and
      Cohen, Philip  and
      Wang, Michelle  and
      Gaston, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1075",
}
@inproceedings{bush-1993-speech,
    title = "Speech and Text-Image Processing in Documents",
    author = "Bush, Marcia A.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1076",
}
@inproceedings{tong-appelbaum-1993-machine,
    title = "MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES FOR DOCUMENT FILTERING",
    author = "Tong, Richard M.  and
      Appelbaum, Lee A.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1077",
}
@inproceedings{rohlicek-1993-gisting,
    title = "Gisting Continuous Speech",
    author = "Rohlicek, J. R.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1078",
}
@inproceedings{makhoul-schwartz-1993-robust,
    title = "ROBUST CONTINUOUS SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Makhoul, John  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1079",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-1993-robustness,
    title = "ROBUSTNESS, PORTABILITY, AND SCALABILITY OF NATURAL LANGUAGE SYSTEMS",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1080",
}
@inproceedings{makhoul-bates-1993-usable,
    title = "USABLE, REAL-TIME, INTERACTIVE SPOKEN LANGUAGE SYSTEMS",
    author = "Makhoul, John  and
      Bates, Madeleine",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1081",
}
@inproceedings{ostendorf-price-1993-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Use of Prosodic Information in Speech Recognition and Understanding",
    author = "Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Price, Patti",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1082",
}
@inproceedings{ostendorf-rohlicek-1993-segment,
    title = "Segment-Based Acoustic Models for Continuous Speech Recognition",
    author = "Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Rohlicek, J. Robin",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1083",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-1993-spoken,
    title = "SPOKEN-LANGUAGE RESEARCH AT CARNEGIE MELLON",
    author = "Reddy, Raj",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1084",
}
@inproceedings{mckeown-passonneau-1993-extracting,
    title = "Extracting Constraints on Word Usage from Large Text Corpora",
    author = "McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Passonneau, Rebecca",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1085",
}
@inproceedings{buckley-etal-1993-smart,
    title = "The {SMART} Information Retrieval Project",
    author = "Buckley, C.  and
      Salton, G.  and
      Allan, J.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1086",
}
@inproceedings{yamron-baker-1993-lingstat,
    title = "{LINGSTAT}: AN INTERACTIVE, MACHINE-AIDED TRANSLATION SYSTEM",
    author = "Yamron, Jonathan  and
      Baker, James",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1087",
}
@inproceedings{baker-etal-1993-research,
    title = "RESEARCH IN LARGE VOCABULARY CONTINUOUS SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Baker, Janet  and
      Gillick, Larry  and
      Roth, Robert",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1088",
}
@inproceedings{jacobs-1993-shogun,
    title = "SHOGUN- MULTILINGUAL DATA EXTRACTION FOR TIPSTER",
    author = "Jacobs, P.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1089",
}
@inproceedings{gallant-caid-1993-matchplus,
    title = "{M}atch{P}lus: A CONTEXT VECTOR SYSTEM FOR DOCUMENT RETRIEVAL",
    author = "Gallant, Stephen L.  and
      Caid, William R.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1090",
}
@inproceedings{brown-1993-applying,
    title = "Applying Statistical Methods to Machine Translation",
    author = "Brown, Peter F.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1091",
}
@inproceedings{roukos-1993-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Extraction of Grammars From Annotated Text",
    author = "Roukos, Salim",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1092",
}
@inproceedings{lippmann-1993-evaluation,
    title = "EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF AUDITORY MODEL FRONT ENDS FOR ROBUST SPEECH RECOGNITION PROGRAM SUMMARY",
    author = "Lippmann, Richard P.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1093",
}
@inproceedings{weinstein-paul-1993-robust,
    title = "ROBUST CONTINUOUS SPEECH RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM SUMMARY",
    author = "Weinstein, Clifford J.  and
      Paul, Douglas B.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1094",
}
@inproceedings{zue-hirschman-1993-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Language Recognition and Understanding",
    author = "Zue, Victor  and
      Hirschman, Lynette",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1095",
}
@inproceedings{pallett-1993-nist,
    title = "{NIST}-{DARPA} Interagency Agreement: Spoken Language Program",
    author = "Pallett, David S.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1096",
}
@inproceedings{sundheim-1993-information,
    title = "INFORMATION EXTRACTION SYSTEM EVALUATION",
    author = "Sundheim, Beth M.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1097",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-1993-consortium,
    title = "THE CONSORTIUM FOR LEXICAL RESEARCH",
    author = "Wilks, Y.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1098",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-etal-1993-diderot,
    title = "{D}iderot: {TIPSTER} Program, Automatic Data Extraction from Text Utilizing Semantic Analysis",
    author = "Wilks, Y.  and
      Pustejovsky, J.  and
      Cowie, J.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1099",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-1993-pangloss,
    title = "{P}angloss: A Knowledge-based Machine Assisted Translation Research Project - Site",
    author = "Wilks, Y.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1100",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-1993-research,
    title = "RESEARCH IN NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1101",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-1993-robust,
    title = "ROBUST TEXT PROCESSING AND INFORMATION RETRIEVAL",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1102",
}
@inproceedings{miller-1993-wordnet,
    title = "{WORDNET}: A LEXICAL DATABASE FOR ENGLISH",
    author = "Miller, George A.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1103",
}
@inproceedings{kwok-1993-information,
    title = "Information Retrieval from Large Textbases",
    author = "Kwok, K.L.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1104",
}
@inproceedings{voorhees-1993-exploiting,
    title = "EXPLOITING CONCEPT SPACES FOR TEXT RETRIEVAL",
    author = "Voorhees, Ellen M.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1105",
}
@inproceedings{hunicke-smith-bernstein-1993-annotation,
    title = "ANNOTATION OF ATIS DATA",
    author = "Hunicke-Smith, Kate  and
      Bernstein, Jared",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1106",
}
@inproceedings{danielson-bernstein-1993-csr,
    title = "CSR CORPUS COLLECTION",
    author = "Danielson, Denise  and
      Bernstein, Jared",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1107",
}
@inproceedings{price-moore-1993-real,
    title = "A REAL-TIME SPOKEN-LANGUAGE SYSTEM FOR INTERACTIVE PROBLEM SOLVING",
    author = "Price, Patti  and
      Moore, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1108",
}
@inproceedings{digalakis-etal-1993-high,
    title = "HIGH PERFORMANCE SPEECH RECOGNITION USING CONSISTENCY MODELING",
    author = "Digalakis, Vassilios  and
      Murveit, Hy  and
      Weintraub, Mitch",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1109",
}
@inproceedings{liddy-myaeng-1993-dr-link,
    title = "{DR}-{LINK}: Document Retrieval Using Linguistic Knowledge",
    author = "Liddy, Elizabeth D.  and
      Myaeng, Sung H.",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1110",
}
@inproceedings{lehnert-dolan-1993-umass,
    title = "{UM}ass/Hughes {TIPSTER} Project on Extraction from Text",
    author = "Lehnert, Wendy  and
      Dolan, Charles",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1111",
}
@inproceedings{croft-1993-text,
    title = "Text Retrieval and Routing Techniques Based on an Inference Net",
    author = "Croft, W. Bruce",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1112",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-1993-natural,
    title = "Natural Language Research",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind  and
      Marcus, Mitch  and
      Steedman, Mark  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1113",
}
@inproceedings{allen-schubert-1993-natural,
    title = "NATURAL LANGUAGE PLANNING DIALOGUE FOR INTELLIGENT APPLICATIONS",
    author = "Allen, James F.  and
      Schubert, Len",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1114",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-1993-penman,
    title = "THE PENMAN PROJECT ON KNOWLEDGE-BASED MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "{HUMAN} {LANGUAGE} {TECHNOLOGY}: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, March 21-24, 1993",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1115",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2008-linguistics,
    title = "Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    author = "Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2008-measuring,
    title = "Measuring Text Readability by Lexical Relations Retrieved from {W}ordnet",
    author = "Lin, Shu-yen  and
      Su, Cheng-chao  and
      Lai, Yu-da  and
      Yang, Li-chin  and
      Hsieh, Shu-kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-1001",
    pages = "1--17",
}
@inproceedings{tai-etal-2008-semantic,
    title = "A Semantic Composition Method for Deriving Sense Representations of Determinative-Measure Compounds in E-{H}ow{N}et",
    author = "Tai, Chia-hung  and
      Huang, Shu-Ling  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-1002",
    pages = "18--37",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2008-thesaurus,
    title = "A Thesaurus-Based Semantic Classification of {E}nglish Collocations",
    author = "Huang, Chung-chi  and
      Tseng, Chiung-hui  and
      Kao, Kate H.  and
      Chang, Jason S.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-1003",
    pages = "38--52",
}
@inproceedings{tseng-su-2008-yi,
    title = "以{F}ujisaki模型驗證連續語流中字調及韻律詞對應於階層性韻律架構{HPG}的意義 ({M}andarin Discourse Prosody Other than Tones and Intonation {--} Decomposing the F0 Constitution by Prosodic Hierarchy with the Fujisaki Model) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Tseng, Chiu-Yu  and
      Su, Zhao-Yu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-1004",
    pages = "53--65",
}
@inproceedings{gu-wu-2008-ji,
    title = "基於{ANN}之頻譜演進模型及其於國語語音合成之應用 (An {ANN} based Spectrum-progression Model and Its Application to {M}andarin Speech Synthesis) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Gu, Hung-Yan  and
      Wu, Chang-Yi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-1005",
    pages = "66--77",
}
@inproceedings{shih-etal-2008-yi,
    title = "一個結合{SVM} 與{E}igen-{MLLR} 新的多語者線上調適架構應用於泛在語音辨識系統 (A New On-Line Multi-Speaker Adaptation Architecture Combining {SVM} with Eigen-{MLLR} for Ubiquitous Speech Recognition System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Shih, Po-Yi  and
      Lin, Yuan-Ning  and
      Wang, Jhing-Fa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-1006",
    pages = "78--92",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2008-diao,
    title = "調變頻譜正規化法使用於強健語音辨識之研究 (Study of Modulation Spectrum Normalization Techniques for Robust Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Wang, Chih-Cheng  and
      Tu, Wen-hsiang  and
      Hung, Jeih-weih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-1007",
    pages = "93--107",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2008-xing,
    title = "形音相近的易混淆漢字的搜尋與應用 (Identification and Applications of Visually Confusing {C}hinese Characters ) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Liu, Chao-Lin  and
      Huang, Chih-Pin  and
      Weng, Jui-Yu  and
      Chuang, Yi-Hsuan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-1008",
    pages = "108--122",
}
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2008-realistic,
    title = "A Realistic and Robust Model for {C}hinese Word Segmentation",
    author = "Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Yo, Ting-Shuo  and
      {\v{S}}imon, Petr  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-1009",
    pages = "123--136",
}
@inproceedings{yu-tsai-2008-guo,
    title = "國台語無聲調拼音輸入法實作 (An Implementation of Toneless Input for {M}andarin and {T}aiwanese) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Yu, Ming-Shing  and
      Tsai, Cheng-Rong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-1010",
    pages = "137--150",
}
@inproceedings{chang-wu-2008-propositional,
    title = "Propositional Term Extraction over Short Text using Word Cohesiveness and Conditional Random Fields with Multi-Level Features",
    author = "Chang, Ru-Yng  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-1011",
    pages = "151--165",
}
@inproceedings{iunn-etal-2008-li,
    title = "利用統計方法及中文訓練資料處理台語文詞性標記 (Modeling {T}aiwanese {POS} tagging with statistical methods and {M}andarin training data) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Iunn, Un-Gian  and
      Tai, Chia-hung  and
      Lau, Kiat-gak  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Kao, Cheng Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-1012",
    pages = "166--179",
}
@inproceedings{lin-etal-2008-zhong,
    title = "中文名詞組的辨識：監督式與半監督式學習法的實驗 ({C}hinese {NP} Chunking: Experiments with Supervised,and Semisupervised Learning) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lin, Yen Hsi  and
      Gao, Zhao Ming  and
      Kao, Cheng Yan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-1013",
    pages = "180--193",
}
@inproceedings{pan-etal-2008-qiang,
    title = "強健性語音辨識中能量相關特徵之改良式正規化技術的研究 (Study of the Improved Normalization Techniques of Energy-Related Features for Robust Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Pan, Chi-an  and
      Tu, Wen-hsiang  and
      Hung, Jeih-weih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-1014",
    pages = "194--208",
}
@inproceedings{fu-wang-2008-robust,
    title = "Robust Features for Effective Speech and Music Discrimination",
    author = "Fu, Zhong-hua  and
      Wang, Jhing-Fa",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-1015",
    pages = "209--215",
}
@inproceedings{wang-2008-robust,
    title = "Robust Voice Activity Detection Based on Discrete Wavelet Transform",
    author = "Wang, Kun-Ching",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-1016",
    pages = "216--228",
}
@inproceedings{tu-etal-2008-zu,
    title = "組合式倒頻譜統計正規化法於強健性語音辨識之研究 (Associative Cepstral Statistics Normalization Techniques for Robust Speech Recognition) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Tu, Wen-hsiang  and
      Wu, Kuang-chieh  and
      Hung, Jeih-weih",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-1017",
    pages = "229--243",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2008-rocling,
    title = "{ROCLING} 2008 Poster Papers",
    author = "{}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
}
@inproceedings{ho-2008-polysemy,
    title = "The Polysemy of {PO} in {M}andarin {C}hinese",
    author = "Ho, Hsin-chang",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2008 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-2001",
    pages = "244--258",
}
@inproceedings{li-chang-2008-one,
    title = "One-Sample Speech Recognition of {M}andarin Monosyllables using Unsupervised Learning",
    author = "Li, Tze Fen  and
      Chang, Shui-Ching",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2008 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-2002",
    pages = "259--273",
}
@inproceedings{tai-2008-examining,
    title = "Examining the Lexical Effect on Categorical Perception of Stops in Taiwan Southern Min",
    author = "Tai, Yunglin",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2008 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-2003",
    pages = "274--283",
}
@inproceedings{lo-etal-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic labeling of troponymy for {C}hinese verbs",
    author = "Lo, Chiao-Shan  and
      Chen, Yi-Rung  and
      Lin, Chih-Yu  and
      Hsieh, Shu-Kai",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2008 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-2004",
    pages = "284--292",
}
@inproceedings{lai-liu-2008-dian,
    title = "電腦輔助中學程度漢英翻譯習作環境之建置 (Computer Assisted Learning of {E}nglish-{C}hinese Translation for Middle Schoolers) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Lai, Min Hua  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2008 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-2005",
    pages = "293--307",
}
@inproceedings{chang-liu-2008-yi,
    title = "以範例為基礎之英漢{TIMSS}詴題輔助翻譯 (Example Based Machine Translation of {TIMSS} Test Items) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chang, Chih-Chieh  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2008 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-2006",
    pages = "308--322",
}
@inproceedings{chen-liu-2008-dian,
    title = "電腦輔助推薦學術會議論文評審委員之初探 (An Exploration of Algorithmic Recommendation of Reviewers for Conference Manuscripts) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Yu-Hsi  and
      Liu, Chao-Lin",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2008 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-2007",
    pages = "323--337",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2008-duo,
    title = "多領域文件集之詞彙概念擴展與知識架構之建立 (Conceptual Expansion and Ontological Mapping of Multi-domain Documents) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Chen, Yong-Xiang  and
      Ke, Xiu-Ling  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2008 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-2008",
    pages = "338--350",
}
@inproceedings{teng-bian-2008-jie,
    title = "結合線上翻譯服務的跨語言專利檢索系統 (Integrating Query Translation and Text Classification in a Cross-Language Patent Retrieval System) [In {C}hinese]",
    author = "Teng, Shun-Yuan  and
      Bian, Guo-Wei",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2008 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-2009",
    pages = "351--365",
}
@inproceedings{yeh-etal-2008-generating,
    title = "Generating Patterns for Extracting {C}hinese-{K}orean Named Entity Translations from the{W}eb",
    author = "Yeh, Chih-Hao  and
      Tsai, Wei-Chi  and
      Wang, Yu-Chun  and
      Tsai, Richard Tzong-Han",
    booktitle = "{ROCLING} 2008 Poster Papers",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    address = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (ACLCLP)",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-2010",
    pages = "366--372",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2008-international,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 1, March 2008: Special Issue on Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval and Question Answering",
    month = mar,
    year = "2008",
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2008-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Shallow Answer Ranking Features in Cross-Lingual and Monolingual Factoid Question Answering",
    author = "Lee, Cheng-Wei  and
      Lee, Yi-Hsun  and
      Hsu, Wen-Lian",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 1, March 2008: Special Issue on Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval and Question Answering",
    month = mar,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-3001",
    pages = "1--26",
}
@inproceedings{aceves-perez-etal-2008-two,
    title = "Two Approaches for Multilingual Question Answering: Merging Passages vs. Merging Answers",
    author = "Aceves-P{\'e}rez, Rita M.  and
      Montes-y-G{\'o}mez, Manuel  and
      Villase{\~n}or-Pineda, Luis  and
      Ure{\~n}a-L{\'o}pez, L. Alfonso",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 1, March 2008: Special Issue on Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval and Question Answering",
    month = mar,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-3002",
    pages = "27--40",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2008-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual News Group Recommendation Using Cluster-Based Cross-Training",
    author = "Yang, Cheng-Zen  and
      Chen, Ing-Xiang  and
      Wu, Ping-Jung",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 1, March 2008: Special Issue on Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval and Question Answering",
    month = mar,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-3003",
    pages = "41--60",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2008-web,
    title = "Web-Based Query Translation for {E}nglish-{C}hinese {CLIR}",
    author = "Lu, Chengye  and
      Xu, Yue  and
      Geva, Shlomo",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 1, March 2008: Special Issue on Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval and Question Answering",
    month = mar,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-3004",
    pages = "61--90",
}
@inproceedings{lu-etal-2008-improving,
    title = "Improving Translation of Queries with Infrequent Unknown Abbreviations and Proper Names",
    author = "Lu, Wen-Hsiang  and
      Lin, Jiun-Hung  and
      Chang, Yao-Sheng",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 1, March 2008: Special Issue on Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval and Question Answering",
    month = mar,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-3005",
    pages = "91--120",
}
@inproceedings{mandl-womser-hacker-2008-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Information Retrieval Results With a Focus on Named Entities",
    author = "Mandl, Thomas  and
      Womser-Hacker, Christa",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 1, March 2008: Special Issue on Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval and Question Answering",
    month = mar,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-3006",
    pages = "121--140",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2008-international-journal,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 2, June 2008",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
}
@inproceedings{vikas-etal-2008-multiple,
    title = "Multiple Document Summarization Using Principal Component Analysis Incorporating Semantic Vector Space Model",
    author = "Vikas, Om  and
      Meshram, Akhil K  and
      Meena, Girraj  and
      Gupta, Amit",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 2, June 2008",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-4001",
    pages = "141--156",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-zheng-2008-study,
    title = "A Study on Consistency Checking Method of Part-Of-Speech Tagging for {C}hinese Corpora",
    author = "Zhang, Hu  and
      Zheng, Jiaheng",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 2, June 2008",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-4002",
    pages = "157--170",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-etal-2008-constructing,
    title = "Constructing a Temporal Relation Tagged Corpus of {C}hinese Based on Dependency Structure Analysis",
    author = "Cheng, Yuchang  and
      Asahara, Masayuki  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 2, June 2008",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-4003",
    pages = "171--196",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-2008-effects,
    title = "The Effects of Formal Schema on Reading Comprehension {---} An Experiment with {C}hinese {EFL} Readers",
    author = "Zhang, Xiaoyan",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 2, June 2008",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-4004",
    pages = "197--214",
}
@inproceedings{chao-chen-2008-cross,
    title = "A Cross-Linguistic Study of Voice Onset Time in Stop Consonant Productions",
    author = "Chao, Kuan-Yi  and
      Chen, Li-mei",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 2, June 2008",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-4005",
    pages = "215--232",
}
@inproceedings{liang-etal-2008-data,
    title = "Data Driven Approaches to Phonetic Transcription with Integration of Automatic Speech Recognition and Grapheme-to-Phoneme for Spoken Buddhist Sutra",
    author = "Liang, Min-Siong  and
      Lyu, Ren-Yuan  and
      Chiang, Yuang-Chin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 2, June 2008",
    month = jun,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-4006",
    pages = "233--254",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2008-international-journal-linguistics,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 3, September 2008: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XIX}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
}
@inproceedings{huang-chen-2008-knowledge,
    title = "Knowledge Representation and Sense Disambiguation for Interrogatives in E-{H}ow{N}et",
    author = "Huang, Shu-Ling  and
      Chen, Keh-Jiann",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 3, September 2008: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XIX}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-5001",
    pages = "255--278",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2008-language,
    title = "A Language Information Retrieval Approach to Writing Assistance",
    author = "Liu, Jyi-Shane  and
      Hung, Pei-Chun  and
      Lee, Ching-Ying",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 3, September 2008: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XIX}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-5002",
    pages = "279--306",
}
@inproceedings{ku-etal-2008-question,
    title = "Question Analysis and Answer Passage Retrieval for Opinion Question Answering Systems",
    author = "Ku, Lun-Wei  and
      Liang, Yu-Ting  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 3, September 2008: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XIX}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-5003",
    pages = "307--326",
}
@inproceedings{gu-zhou-2008-hnm,
    title = "An {HNM} Based Scheme for Synthesizing {M}andarin Syllable Signal",
    author = "Gu, Hung-Yan  and
      Zhou, Yan-Zuo",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 3, September 2008: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XIX}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-5004",
    pages = "327--342",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2008-improved,
    title = "Improved Minimum Phone Error based Discriminative Training of Acoustic Models for {M}andarin Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition",
    author = "Liu, Shih-Hung  and
      Chu, Fang-Hui  and
      Lo, Yueng-Tien  and
      Chen, Berlin",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 3, September 2008: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XIX}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-5005",
    pages = "343--362",
}
@inproceedings{lyu-etal-2008-acoustic,
    title = "Acoustic Model Optimization for Multilingual Speech Recognition",
    author = "Lyu, Dau-Cheng  and
      Hsu, Chun-Nan  and
      Chiang, Yuang-Chin  and
      Lyu, Ren-Yuan",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 3, September 2008: Special Issue on Selected Papers from {ROCLING} {XIX}",
    month = sep,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-5006",
    pages = "363--386",
}
@proceedings{rocling-ijclclp-2008-international-journal-linguistics-chinese,
    title = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 4, {D}ecember 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
}
@inproceedings{ye-etal-2008-feature,
    title = "Feature Weighting Random Forest for Detection of Hidden Web Search Interfaces",
    author = "Ye, Yunming  and
      Li, Hongbo  and
      Deng, Xiaobai  and
      Huang, Joshua Zhexue",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 4, {D}ecember 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-6001",
    pages = "387--404",
}
@inproceedings{yu-etal-2008-corpus,
    title = "Corpus Cleanup of Mistaken Agreement Using Word Sense Disambiguation",
    author = "Yu, Liang-Chih  and
      Wu, Chung-Hsien  and
      Yeh, Jui-Feng  and
      Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 4, {D}ecember 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-6002",
    pages = "405--420",
}
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2008-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Taxonomy Integration Using Semantic Feature Expansion on Category-Specific Terms",
    author = "Yang, Cheng-Zen  and
      Chen, Ing-Xiang  and
      Hung, Cheng-Tse  and
      Wu, Ping-Jung",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 4, {D}ecember 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-6003",
    pages = "421--442",
}
@inproceedings{chou-wu-2008-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Wikibook Prototyping via Mining {W}ikipedia",
    author = "Chou, Jen-Liang  and
      Wu, Shih-Hung",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 4, {D}ecember 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-6004",
    pages = "443--460",
}
@inproceedings{nn-2008-author-subject,
    title = "Author and Subject Index",
    booktitle = "International Journal of Computational Linguistics {\&} {C}hinese Language Processing, Volume 13, Number 4, {D}ecember 2008",
    month = dec,
    year = "2008",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/O08-6005",
}
@proceedings{hlt-1991-speech,
    title = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1000",
}
@inproceedings{price-1991-overview,
    title = "Overview of the Fourth {DARPA} Speech and Natural Language Workshop",
    author = "Price, Patti",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1001",
}
@inproceedings{liberman-price-1991-session,
    title = "SESSION 1: SPEECH AND NATURAL LANGUAGE EFFORTS IN THE U. S. AND ABROAD",
    author = "Liberman, Mark Y.  and
      Price, Patti",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1002",
}
@inproceedings{boves-1991-esprit,
    title = "THE ESPRIT PROJECT POLYGLOT",
    author = "Boves, Louis",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1003",
}
@inproceedings{carlson-1991-notes,
    title = "SOME NOTES ABOUT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AT KTH",
    author = "Carlson, Rolf",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1004",
}
@inproceedings{peckham-1991-speech,
    title = "Speech Understanding and Dialogue over the telephone: an overview of the {ESPRIT} {SUNDIAL} project.",
    author = "Peckham, Jeremy",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1005",
}
@inproceedings{warwick-armstrong-1991-machine,
    title = "MACHINE TRANSLATION IN EUROPE",
    author = "Warwick-Armstrong, S.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1006",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1991-esprit,
    title = "ESPRIT, THE EUROPEAN STRATEGIC PROGRAMME FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1007",
}
@inproceedings{pallett-1991-session,
    title = "SESSION 2: DARPA RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND ATIS BENCHMARK TEST POSTER SESSION",
    author = "Pallett, David S.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1008",
}
@inproceedings{baker-etal-1991-dragon,
    title = "DRAGON SYSTEMS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT BENCHMARK RESULTS FEBRUARY 1991",
    author = "Baker, James  and
      Baker, Janet  and
      Bamberg, Pard  and
      Gillick, Larry  and
      Lamel, Lori  and
      Roth, Robert  and
      Scattone, Francesco  and
      Sturtevant, Dean  and
      Ba, Ousmane  and
      Benedict, Richard",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1009",
}
@inproceedings{paul-1991-new,
    title = "New Results with the {L}incoln Tied-Mixture {HMM} {CSR} System",
    author = "Paul, Douglas B.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1010",
}
@inproceedings{phillips-etal-1991-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Context Dependency in Acoustic-Phonetic and Lexical Representations",
    author = "Phillips, Michael  and
      Glass, James  and
      Zue, Victor",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1011",
}
@inproceedings{kubala-etal-1991-byblos,
    title = "BYBLOS SPEECH RECOGNITION BENCHMARK RESULTS",
    author = "Kubala, F.  and
      Austin, S.  and
      Barry, C.  and
      Makhoul, J.  and
      Placeway, P.  and
      Schwartz, R.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1012",
}
@inproceedings{ostendorf-etal-1991-integration,
    title = "Integration of Diverse Recognition Methodologies Through Reevaluation of N-Best Sentence Hypotheses",
    author = "Ostendorf, M.  and
      Kannan, A.  and
      Austin, S.  and
      Kimball, O.  and
      Schwartz, R.  and
      Rohlicek, J.R.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1013",
}
@inproceedings{seneff-etal-1991-development,
    title = "Development and Preliminary Evaluation of the {MIT} {ATIS} System",
    author = "Seneff, Stephanie  and
      Glass, James  and
      Goddeau, David  and
      Goodine, David  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Leung, Hong  and
      Phillips, Michael  and
      Polifroni, Joseph  and
      Zue, Victor",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1014",
}
@inproceedings{murveit-etal-1991-speech,
    title = "SPEECH RECOGNITION IN SRI{'}S RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND ATIS SYSTEMS",
    author = "Murveit, Hy  and
      Butzberger, John  and
      Weintraub, Mitch",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1015",
}
@inproceedings{ward-1991-evaluation,
    title = "EVALUATION OF THE CMU ATIS SYSTEM",
    author = "Ward, Wayne",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1016",
}
@inproceedings{young-1991-using,
    title = "USING SEMANTICS TO CORRECT PARSER OUTPUT FOR ATIS UTTERANCES",
    author = "Young, Sheryl",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1017",
}
@inproceedings{austin-etal-1991-bbn,
    title = "{BBN} {HARC} and {DELPHI} Results on the {ATIS} Benchmarks - {F}ebruary 1991",
    author = "Austin, S.  and
      Ayuso, D.  and
      Bates, M.  and
      Bobrow, R.  and
      Ingria, R.  and
      Makhoul, J.  and
      Placeway, P.  and
      Schwartz, R.  and
      Stallard, D.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1018",
}
@inproceedings{oshaughnessy-1991-textual,
    title = "A Textual processor to handle {ATIS} queries",
    author = "O{'}Shaughnessy, Douglas",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1019",
}
@inproceedings{pieraccini-etal-1991-stochastic,
    title = "STOCHASTIC REPRESENTATION OF CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE IN THE ATIS TASK",
    author = "Pieraccini, Roberto  and
      Levin, Esther  and
      Lee, Chin-Hui",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1020",
}
@inproceedings{norton-etal-1991-augmented,
    title = "Augmented Role Filling Capabilities for Semantic Interpretation of Spoken Language",
    author = "Norton, Lewis  and
      Linebarger, Marcia  and
      Dahl, Deborah  and
      Nguyen, Nghi",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1021",
}
@inproceedings{tzoukermann-1991-use,
    title = "THE USE OF A COMMERCIAL NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACE IN THE ATIS TASK",
    author = "Tzoukermann, Evelyne",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1022",
}
@inproceedings{carbonell-1991-session,
    title = "SESSION 3: MACHINE TRANSLATION",
    author = "Carbonell, Jaime",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1023",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-kameyama-1991-machine,
    title = "Machine Translation Using Abductive Inference",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Kameyama, Megumi",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1024",
}
@inproceedings{brown-etal-1991-statistical,
    title = "A Statistical Approach to Sense Disambiguation in Machine Translation",
    author = "Brown, Peter F.  and
      Della Pietra, Stephen A.  and
      Della Pietra, Vincent J.  and
      Mercer, Robert L.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1025",
}
@inproceedings{gale-church-1991-identifying,
    title = "Identifying Word Correspondences in Parallel Texts",
    author = "Gale, William A.  and
      Church, Kenneth W.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1026",
}
@inproceedings{lyon-1991-session,
    title = "SESSION 4: SPEECH {I}",
    author = "Lyon, Richard F.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1027",
}
@inproceedings{gagnoulet-sorin-1991-field,
    title = "FIELD TEST EVALUATIONS and OPTIMIZATION of SPEAKER INDEPENDENT SPEECH RECOGNITION for TELEPHONE APPLICATIONS",
    author = "GAGNOULET, Christian  and
      SORIN, Christel",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1028",
}
@inproceedings{spitz-1991-collection,
    title = "COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM REAL USERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR SPEECH RECOGNITION/UNDERSTANDING SYSTEMS",
    author = "Spitz, Judith",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1029",
}
@inproceedings{flanagan-etal-1991-autodirective,
    title = "AUTODIRECTIVE MICROPHONE SYSTEMS FOR NATURAL COMMUNICATION WITH SPEECH RECOGNIZERS",
    author = "Flanagan, J. L.  and
      Mammone, R.  and
      Elko, G. W.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1030",
}
@inproceedings{meng-etal-1991-signal,
    title = "Signal Representation Attribute Extraction and the Use Distinctive Features for Phonetic Classification",
    author = "Meng, Helen M.  and
      Zue, Victor W.  and
      Leung, Hong C.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1031",
}
@inproceedings{allen-1991-session,
    title = "SESSION 5: NATURAL LANGUAGE {I}",
    author = "Allen, James F.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1032",
}
@inproceedings{bobrow-etal-1991-mapping,
    title = "THE MAPPING UNIT APPROACH TO SUBCATEGORIZATION",
    author = "Bobrow, Robert  and
      Ingria, Robert  and
      Stallard, David",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1033",
}
@inproceedings{jackson-etal-1991-template,
    title = "A Template Matcher for Robust {NL} Interpretation",
    author = "Jackson, Eric  and
      Appelt, Douglas  and
      Bear, John  and
      Moore, Robert  and
      Podlozny, Ann",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1034",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-schabes-1991-fixed,
    title = "Fixed and Flexible Phrase Structure: Coordination in Tree Adjoining Grammars",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.  and
      Schabes, Yves",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1035",
}
@inproceedings{moore-dowding-1991-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Bottom-Up Parsing",
    author = "Moore, Robert  and
      Dowding, John",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1036",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-etal-1991-partial,
    title = "Partial Parsing: A Report on Work in Progress",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph  and
      Ayuso, Damaris  and
      Bobrow, R.  and
      Boisen, Sean  and
      Ingria, Robert  and
      Palmucci, Jeff",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1037",
}
@inproceedings{ostendorf-1991-session,
    title = "SESSION 6: DEMONSTRATIONS AND VIDEOTAPES OF SPEECH AND NATURAL LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGIES",
    author = "Ostendorf, Mari",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1038",
}
@inproceedings{lyon-1991-analog,
    title = "ANALOG IMPLEMENTATIONS OF AUDITORY MODELS",
    author = "Lyon, Richard F.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1039",
}
@inproceedings{bates-etal-1991-using,
    title = "Using Spoken Language to Facilitate Military Transportation Planning",
    author = "Bates, Madeleine  and
      Ellard, Dan  and
      Peterson, Pat  and
      Shaked, Varda",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1040",
}
@inproceedings{roukos-1991-session,
    title = "Session 7: Natural Language {II}",
    author = "Roukos, Salim",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1041",
}
@inproceedings{bobrow-1991-statistical,
    title = "Statistical Agenda Parsing",
    author = "Bobrow, Robert J.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1042",
}
@inproceedings{mori-kuhn-1991-results,
    title = "SOME RESULTS ON STOCHASTIC LANGUAGE MODELLING",
    author = "Mori, Renato De  and
      Kuhn, Roland",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1043",
}
@inproceedings{magerman-marcus-1991-parsing,
    title = "Parsing the Voyager Domain Using Pearl",
    author = "Magerman, David M.  and
      Marcus, Mitchell P.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1044",
}
@inproceedings{kochman-kupin-1991-calculating,
    title = "Calculating the Probability of a Partial Parse of a Sentence",
    author = "Kochman, Fred  and
      Kupin, Joseph",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1045",
}
@inproceedings{kupiec-1991-trellis,
    title = "A Trellis-Based Algorithm For Estimating The Parameters Of Hidden Stochastic Context-Free Grammar",
    author = "Kupiec, Julian",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1046",
}
@inproceedings{lee-1991-session,
    title = "SESSION 8: SPEECH II",
    author = "Lee, Kai-Fu",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1047",
}
@inproceedings{austin-etal-1991-continuous,
    title = "Continuous Speech Recognition Using Segmental Neural Nets",
    author = "Austin, S.  and
      Makhoul, J.  and
      Schwartz, R.  and
      Zavaliagkos, G.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1048",
}
@inproceedings{digalakis-etal-1991-dynamical,
    title = "A DYNAMICAL SYSTEM APPROACH TO CONTINUOUS SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Digalakis, V.  and
      Rohlicek, J.R.  and
      Ostendorf, M.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1049",
}
@inproceedings{hon-lee-1991-recent,
    title = "Recent Progress in Robust Vocabulary-Independent Speech Recognition",
    author = "Hon, Hsiao-Wuen  and
      Lee, Kai-Fu",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1050",
}
@inproceedings{bahl-etal-1991-context,
    title = "Context Dependent Modeling of Phones in Continuous Speech Using Decision Trees",
    author = "Bahl, L.R.  and
      de Souza, P.V.  and
      Gopalakrishnan, P.S.  and
      Nahamoo, D.  and
      Picheny, M.A.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1051",
}
@inproceedings{kubala-1991-session,
    title = "SESSION 9: SPEECH III",
    author = "Kubala, Francis",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1052",
}
@inproceedings{gauvain-lee-1991-bayesian,
    title = "{B}ayesian Learning of {G}aussian Mixture Densities for Hidden {M}arkov Models",
    author = "Gauvain, Jean-Luc  and
      Lee, Chin-Hui",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1053",
}
@inproceedings{huang-1991-study,
    title = "A Study on Speaker-Adaptive Speech Recognition",
    author = "Huang, X.D.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1054",
}
@inproceedings{paul-1991-experience,
    title = "Experience with a Stack Decoder-Based {HMM} {CSR} and Back-Off N-Gram Language Models",
    author = "Paul, Douglas B.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1055",
}
@inproceedings{riley-ljolje-1991-lexical,
    title = "LEXICAL ACCESS WITH A STATISTICALLY-DERIVED PHONETIC NETWORK",
    author = "Riley, Michael D.  and
      Ljolje, Andrej",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1056",
}
@inproceedings{jelinek-etal-1991-dynamic,
    title = "A Dynamic Language Model for Speech Recognition",
    author = "Jelinek, F.  and
      Merialdo, B.  and
      Roukos, S.  and
      Strauss, M.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1057",
}
@inproceedings{weinstein-1991-session,
    title = "SESSION 10: CORPORA AND EVALUATION",
    author = "Weinstein, Clifford J.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1058",
}
@inproceedings{sundheim-1991-third,
    title = "THIRD MESSAGE UNDERSTANDING EVALUATION AND CONFERENCE (MUC-3): PHASE 1 STATUS REPORT",
    author = "Sundheim, Beth M.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1059",
}
@inproceedings{black-etal-1991-procedure,
    title = "A Procedure for Quantitatively Comparing the Syntactic Coverage of {E}nglish Grammars",
    author = "Black, E.  and
      Abney, S.  and
      Flickenger, D.  and
      Gdaniec, C.  and
      Grishman, R.  and
      Harrison, P.  and
      Hindle, D.  and
      Ingria, R.  and
      Jelinek, F.  and
      Klavans, J.  and
      Liberman, M.  and
      Marcus, M.  and
      Roukos, S.  and
      Santorini, B.  and
      Strzalkowski, T.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1060",
}
@inproceedings{lewis-1991-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Text Categorization {I}",
    author = "Lewis, David D.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1061",
}
@inproceedings{bates-ayuso-1991-proposal,
    title = "A Proposal for Incremental Dialogue Evaluation",
    author = "Bates, Madeleine  and
      Ayuso, Damaris",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1062",
}
@inproceedings{marcus-1991-session,
    title = "SESSION 11 - NATURAL LANGUAGE III",
    author = "Marcus, Mitch",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1063",
}
@inproceedings{allen-1991-discourse,
    title = "DISCOURSE STRUCTURE IN THE TRAINS PROJECT",
    author = "Allen, James F.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1064",
}
@inproceedings{meteer-etal-1991-studies,
    title = "STUDIES IN PART OF SPEECH LABELLING",
    author = "Meteer, Marie  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1065",
}
@inproceedings{jacobs-etal-1991-lexico,
    title = "LEXICO-SEMANTIC PATTERN MATCHING AS A COMPANION TO PARSING IN TEXT UNDERSTANDING",
    author = "Jacobs, Paul S.  and
      Krupka, George R.  and
      Rau, Lisa F.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1066",
}
@inproceedings{brent-berwick-1991-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Subcategorization Frames from Tagged Text",
    author = "Brent, Michael R.  and
      Berwick, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1067",
}
@inproceedings{strzalkowski-vauthey-1991-fast,
    title = "FAST TEXT PROCESSING FOR INFORMATION RETRIEVAL",
    author = "Strzalkowski, Tomek  and
      Vauthey, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1068",
}
@inproceedings{neuburg-1991-session,
    title = "SESSION 12: SLS AND PROSODY",
    author = "Neuburg, Edward P.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1069",
}
@inproceedings{seneff-etal-1991-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Problem Solving and Dialogue in the {ATIS} Domain",
    author = "Seneff, Stephanie  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Zue, Victor W.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1070",
}
@inproceedings{polifroni-etal-1991-collection,
    title = "Collection of Spontaneous Speech for the {ATIS} Domain and Comparative Analyses of Data Collected at {MIT} and {TI}",
    author = "Polifroni, Joseph  and
      Seneff, Stephanie  and
      Zue, Victor W.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1071",
}
@inproceedings{hirschman-etal-1991-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Syntax and Semantics into Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Seneff, Stephanie  and
      Goodine, David  and
      Phillips, Michael",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1072",
}
@inproceedings{price-etal-1991-use,
    title = "THE USE OF PROSODY IN SYNTACTIC DISAMBIGUATION",
    author = "Price, Patti  and
      Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Shattuck-Hufnagel, Stefanie  and
      Fong, Cynthia",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1073",
}
@inproceedings{wang-hirschberg-1991-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Intonational Boundaries Automatically from Text: The {ATIS} Domain",
    author = "Wang, Michelle Q.  and
      Hirschberg, Julia",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1074",
}
@inproceedings{wightman-etal-1991-use,
    title = "USE OF PROSODY IN SYNTACTIC DISAMBIGUATION: AN ANALYSIS-BY-SYNTHESIS APPROACH",
    author = "Wightman, C. W.  and
      Veilleux, N. M.  and
      Ostendorf, M.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1075",
}
@inproceedings{nn-1991-consortium,
    title = "The Consortium for Lexical Research",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1076",
}
@inproceedings{miller-teibel-1991-proposal,
    title = "A PROPOSAL FOR LEXICAL DISAMBIGUATION",
    author = "Miller, George A.  and
      Teibel, Daniel A.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1077",
}
@inproceedings{wayne-1991-snapshot,
    title = "A SNAPSHOT OF TWO DARPA SPEECH AND NATURAL LANGUAGE PROGRAMS",
    author = "Wayne, Charles L.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1078",
}
@inproceedings{weischedel-1991-adaptive,
    title = "Adaptive Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1079",
}
@inproceedings{makhoul-schwartz-1991-research,
    title = "RESEARCH IN CONTINUOUS SPEECH RECOGNITION",
    author = "Makhoul, John  and
      Schwartz, Richard",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1080",
}
@inproceedings{makhoul-1991-spoken,
    title = "SPOKEN LANGUAGE SYSTEMS",
    author = "Makhoul, John",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1081",
}
@inproceedings{ostendorf-price-1991-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating the Use of Prosodic Information in Speech Recognition and Understanding",
    author = "Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Price, Patti",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1082",
}
@inproceedings{ostendorf-rohlicek-1991-segment,
    title = "Segment-Based Acoustic Models with Multi-level Search Algorithms for Continuous Speech Recognition",
    author = "Ostendorf, Mari  and
      Rohlicek, J. Robin",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1083",
}
@inproceedings{silverman-1991-microphone,
    title = "Microphone-Array Systems for Speech Recognition Input",
    author = "Silverman, Harvey F.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1084",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-1991-spoken,
    title = "SPOKEN-LANGUAGE RESEARCH AT CARNEGIE MELLON",
    author = "Reddy, Raj",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1085",
}
@inproceedings{bisiani-1991-plus,
    title = "The {PLUS} Accelerator",
    author = "Bisiani, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1086",
}
@inproceedings{mckeown-feiner-1991-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Multimedia Explanation for Equipment Maintenance and Repair",
    author = "McKeown, Kathleen  and
      Feiner, Steven",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1087",
}
@inproceedings{baker-gillick-1991-progress,
    title = "PROGRESS REPORT FOR DARPA SLS PROGRAM AT DRAGON SYSTEMS, INC.",
    author = "Baker, Janet  and
      Gillick, Larry",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1088",
}
@inproceedings{shore-1991-portable,
    title = "Portable Software Modules for Speech Recognition (Phase {I} {SBIR} grant from {DARPA})",
    author = "Shore, John",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1089",
}
@inproceedings{zue-hirschman-1991-spoken,
    title = "Spoken Language Recognition and Understanding",
    author = "Zue, Victor W.  and
      Hirschman, Lynette",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1090",
}
@inproceedings{weinstein-paul-1991-robust,
    title = "Robust Speech Recognition Technology Program Summary",
    author = "Weinstein, Clifford J.  and
      Paul, Douglas B.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1091",
}
@inproceedings{pallett-1991-nist,
    title = "NIST-DARPA Interagency Agreement: SLS Program",
    author = "Pallett, David S.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1092",
}
@inproceedings{sundheim-1991-evaluating,
    title = "EVALUATING TEXT UNDERSTANDING SYSTEMS",
    author = "Sundheim, Beth M.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1093",
}
@inproceedings{wilks-1991-active,
    title = "Active Knowledge Structures in Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1094",
}
@inproceedings{grishman-1991-robust,
    title = "ROBUST AND PORTABLE TEXT PROCESSING",
    author = "Grishman, Ralph",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1095",
}
@inproceedings{zweig-1991-robust,
    title = "A Robust Preprocessor for Speech-Recognition Systems",
    author = "Zweig, George",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1096",
}
@inproceedings{bernstein-1991-corpus,
    title = "CORPUS COLLECTION FOR ATIS",
    author = "Bernstein, Jared",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1097",
}
@inproceedings{murveit-weintraub-1991-real,
    title = "REAL-TIME SPEECH RECOGNITION SYSTEM",
    author = "Murveit, Hy  and
      Weintraub, Mitchel",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1098",
}
@inproceedings{price-moore-1991-sris,
    title = "SRI{'}S REAL-TIME SPOKEN LANGUAGE SYSTEM",
    author = "Price, Patti  and
      Moore, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1099",
}
@inproceedings{hobbs-1991-tacitus,
    title = "{TACITUS}: The Abductive Commonsense Inference-based Text Understanding System",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1100",
}
@inproceedings{dahl-1991-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Knowledge Sources for Spoken Language Understanding",
    author = "Dahl, Deborah A.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1101",
}
@inproceedings{wilensky-1991-language,
    title = "Language Processing and Commonsense Reasoning",
    author = "Wilensky, Robert",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1102",
}
@inproceedings{joshi-etal-1991-natural,
    title = "NATURAL LANGUAGE RESEARCH",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.  and
      Marcus, Mitch  and
      Steedman, Mark  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1103",
}
@inproceedings{marcus-1991-large,
    title = "Very Large Annotated Database of {A}merican {E}nglish",
    author = "Marcus, Mitch",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1104",
}
@inproceedings{allen-schubert-1991-natural,
    title = "Natural Language, Knowledge Representation and Discourse",
    author = "Allen, James F.  and
      Schubert, Lenhart K.",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1105",
}
@inproceedings{hovy-1991-penman,
    title = "The Penman Natural Language Project Systemics-Based Machine Translation",
    author = "Hovy, Eduard",
    booktitle = "Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Pacific Grove, California, {F}ebruary 19-22, 1991",
    year = "1991",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H91-1106",
}
@article{cl-1978-american,
    title = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics (February 1978)",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1978",
}
@article{nn-1978-finite,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 15, Number 1",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 73",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-1001",
    abstract = "What Some Semantic Theories Can{'}t Do (Th R. Hofmann); {NL} in Information Science (Donald E. Walker; Hans Karlgren; Martin Kay); {CAL} in Science Education; New Journal: Annuals Of the History of Computing (Bernard A. Caller); {N}ew {E}ngland Research Application Center; Linguafranca: Document Search ({LLBA}); Demonstration: Interactive Search of {LLBA}; {NFAIS}/{UNESCO} Indexing Education Kit; Symposium: Computer Assisted Learning (J. J. Mathews); 1978 Linguistic Institute: Conferences and Symposia; Data BAses: Usability and Responsiveness (Dr. Allen Baiter); Conferences: Internal Auditing (D. Eugene Shaeffer); Conferences: Briefly Noted (K. Preston Jr.); {NSF} Awards in Computer Science for 1976; {AJCL}: A Description; {AJCL}: Page Format; {AJCL}: Opaque Card Format; {AFIPS} {W}ashington Newsletter",
}
@article{friedman-etal-1978-two,
    title = "Two Papers on Semantic Interpretation in {M}ontague Grammar",
    author = "Friedman, Joyce  and
      Moran, Douglas B.  and
      Warren, David S.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = feb,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 74",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-1002",
}
@article{cl-1978-american-journal,
    title = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics (June 1978)",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1978",
}
@article{nn-1978-finite-string,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 15, Number 2",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 75",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-2001",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@article{damerau-1978-derivation,
    title = "The Derivation of Answers from Logical Forms in a Question Answering System",
    author = "Damerau, Fred J.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 75",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-2002",
    pages = "3--42",
}
@article{findler-lee-1978-one,
    title = "One More Step Toward Computer Lexicometry",
    author = "Findler, Nicholas V.  and
      Lee, Shu-Hwa",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 75",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-2003",
    pages = "43--61",
}
@article{fritzson-1978-computation,
    title = "Computation in Departments of Linguistics",
    author = "Fritzson, Richard",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 75",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-2004",
    pages = "62--68",
}
@article{nn-1978-finite-string-volume,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 15, Number 2 (continued)",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 75",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-2005",
    pages = "69--85",
    abstract = "Manifesto: The Press At {T}win {W}illows (David G. Hays); Reviews of Micro Hardware and Software to be Published; Publishing {AJCL} (David G. Hays); Conferences: {ASIS} and {HICSS}; Linguistic Structures Processing, Zampolli, ed.; Natural Language in Information Science, Walker, Kalrgren, and Kay, eds.; Description of {AJCL}; {AFIPS} {W}ashington Report, June 78",
}
@article{nn-1978-finite-string-volume-15,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 15, Number 3",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 76",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-2006",
    pages = "1--61",
    abstract = "{TINLAP}-2: Program and Abstracts; Dictionary Society of {N}orth {A}merica: Special Meeting (Dr. Ladisslav Zgusts); {NCC} {'}79 Personal Computing Festival (Richard Kuzneck; Russell Adams; Jay P. Lucas); 1979 National Computer Conference (Merlin G. Smith; Richard E. Merwin); Short Notice of Upcoming Conferences (Makato Nagao); Recognition Memory ({REM}): {S}emionics Associates; {S}creensplitter;",
}
@article{burge-1978-target,
    title = "The {TARGET} {P}roject's Interactive Computerized Multilingual Dictionary",
    author = "Burge, John",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = jun,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 76",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-2007",
    pages = "62--77",
}
@article{cl-1978-american-journal-linguistics,
    title = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics (December 1978)",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
}
@article{nn-1978-finite-string-volume-15-number,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 15, Number 4",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 77",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3001",
    pages = "1--40",
    abstract = "{ACL}: Minutes Of the 16th Annual Business Meeting; {ACL} Secretary-Treasurer{'}s Report; {ACL} Officers For 1979; {ACL} Officers 1963-1979; {NSF}: Support for Computational Linguistics (Paul G. Chapin); News: Short Notes; News: {ARIST} Reprint Request (Martha E. Williams); News: Summer Linguistics at {T}exas; {P}h{D} Programs in Computational Linguistics; Journal: Computational Linguistics and Computer Languages (T. Frey; T. Vamos); Journal: Discourse Processes (Roy D. Freedle); Book Notices (Mel{'}cuk R. Ravic); {Y}ale {AI} Project Research Reports Available; Summary of Research on Computational Aspects of Evolution Theories (Raymond D. Gumb); Taxonomy: Information Sciences (Editors of Information Systems); Machine Aids to Translation: A Concise State of the Art Bibliography (Wayne Zachary);",
}
@article{benzon-1978-review,
    title = "Review: \textit{ {O}n {H}uman {C}ommunication: {A} {R}eview, a {S}urvey, and a {C}riticism} 3rd ed., by {C}olin {C}herry",
    author = "Benzon, William L.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 77",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3002",
    pages = "41--46",
}
@article{ballin-1978-review,
    title = "Review: \textit{ {A}bhangigkeitsgrammatik}, by {J}urgen {K}unze",
    author = "Ballin, Kenneth F.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 77",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3003",
    pages = "47--52",
}
@article{wahlster-etal-1978-glancing,
    title = "Glancing, Referring and Explaining in the Dialogue System {HAM-RPM}",
    author = "Wahlster, W.  and
      Jameson, A.  and
      Hoeppner, W.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 77",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3004",
    pages = "53--67",
}
@article{borgida-1978-critical,
    title = "A Critical Look at a Formal Model for Stratificational Linguistics",
    author = "Borgida, Alexander T.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 77",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3005",
    pages = "68--98",
}
@article{waltz-1978-language,
    title = "Language Representation: Papers presented in two sessions of {TINLAP}-2",
    editor = "Waltz, David L.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 78",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3006",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@article{gentner-1978-testing-psychological,
    title = "Testing the Psychological Reality of a Representation Model",
    author = "Gentner, Dedre",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 78",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3007",
    pages = "3--9",
}
@article{schank-1978-makes-something,
    title = "What Makes Something {``}Ad Hoc{''}",
    author = "Schank, Roger C.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 78",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3008",
    pages = "10--15",
}
@article{talmy-1978-relation-grammar,
    title = "The Relation of Grammar to Cognition--a Synopsis",
    author = "Talmy, Leonard",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 78",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3009",
    pages = "16--26",
}
@article{winograd-1978-primitives-prototypes,
    title = "On primitives, prototypes, and other semantic anomalies",
    author = "Winograd, Terry",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 78",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3010",
    pages = "27--34",
}
@article{woods-1978-taxonomic-lattice,
    title = "Taxonomic Lattice Structures for Situation Recognition",
    author = "Woods, William A.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 78",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3011",
    pages = "35--43",
}
@article{webber-1978-description-formation,
    title = "Description Formation and Discourse Model Synthesis",
    author = "Webber, Bonnie Lynn",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 78",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3012",
    pages = "44--52",
}
@article{anderson-1978-processing-referring,
    title = "The Processing of Referring Expressions within a Semantic Network",
    author = "Anderson, John R.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 78",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3013",
    pages = "53--58",
}
@article{clark-marshall-1978-reference-diaries,
    title = "Reference Diaries",
    author = "Clark, Herbert H.  and
      Marshall, Catherine",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 78",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3014",
    pages = "59--65",
}
@article{mcdonald-1978-subsequent-reference,
    title = "Subsequent Reference: Syntactic and Rhetorical Considerations",
    author = "McDonald, David D.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 78",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3015",
    pages = "66--74",
}
@article{ortony-1978-psycholinguistic-constraints,
    title = "Some Psycholinguistic Constraints on the Construction and Interpretation of Definite Descriptions",
    author = "Ortony, Andrew",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 78",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3016",
    pages = "75--80",
}
@article{partee-1978-bound-variables,
    title = "BOUND VARIABLES AND OTHER ANAPHORS",
    author = "Partee, Barbara H.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 78",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3017",
    pages = "81--87",
}
@article{sidner-1978-use-focus,
    title = "The Use of Focus as a Tool for Disambiguation of Definite Noun Phrases",
    author = "Sidner, Candace L.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 78",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3018",
    pages = "88--97",
}
@article{waltz-1978-language-representation,
    title = "Language Representation: Papers presented in two sessions of {TINLAP}-2",
    editor = "Waltz, David L.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 79",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3019",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@article{grosz-1978-focusing-dialog,
    title = "FOCUSING IN DIALOG",
    author = "Grosz, Barbara J.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 79",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3020",
    pages = "3--10",
}
@article{grimes-1978-topic-levels,
    title = "Topic Levels",
    author = "Grimes, Joseph E.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 79",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3021",
    pages = "11--15",
}
@article{morgan-1978-toward-rational,
    title = "Toward a Rational Model of Discourse Comprehension",
    author = "Morgan, Jerry L.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 79",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3022",
    pages = "16--21",
}
@article{olson-1978-assent-compliance,
    title = "ASSENT AND COMPLIANCE IN CHILDREN{'}S LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION",
    author = "Olson, David R.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 79",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3023",
    pages = "22--31",
}
@article{perrault-etal-1978-speech,
    title = "Speech Acts as a Basis for Understanding Dialogue Coherence",
    author = "Perrault, C. Raymond  and
      Allen, James F.  and
      Cohen, Philip R.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 79",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3024",
    pages = "32--39",
}
@article{rubin-1978-framework-comparing,
    title = "A Framework for Comparing Language Experiences (with particular emphasis on: The Effect of Audience on Discourse Models)",
    author = "Rubin, Andee",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 79",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3025",
    pages = "40--47",
}
@article{carbonell-jr-1978-intentlonallty-human,
    title = "Intentlonallty and Human Conversations",
    author = "Carbonell Jr, Jaime G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 79",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3026",
    pages = "48--55",
}
@article{waltz-1978-interdependence-language,
    title = "ON THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF LANGUAGE AND PERCEPTION",
    author = "Waltz, David L.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 79",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3027",
    pages = "56--63",
}
@article{bajcsy-joshi-1978-problem-naming,
    title = "The Problem of Naming Shapes: Vision-Language Interface",
    author = "Bajcsy, R.  and
      Joshi, A. K.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 79",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3028",
    pages = "64--68",
}
@article{jackendoff-1978-argument-composition,
    title = "An Argument about the Composition of Conceptual Structure",
    author = "Jackendoff, Ray",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 79",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3029",
    pages = "69--73",
}
@article{kosslyn-1978-ontological-status,
    title = "ON THE ONTOLOGICAL STATUS OF VISUAL MENTAL IMAGES",
    author = "Kosslyn, Stephen Michael",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 79",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3030",
    pages = "74--78",
}
@article{pylyshyn-1978-language-perception,
    title = "What has language to do with perception? Some speculations on the \textit{Lingua Mentis}",
    author = "Pylyshyn, Zenon W.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 79",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3031",
    pages = "79--86",
}
@article{wilks-1978-semantic-primitives,
    title = "SEMANTIC PRIMITIVES IN LANGUAGE AND VISION",
    author = "Wilks, Yorick",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 79",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3032",
    pages = "87--90",
}
@article{waltz-1978-inference,
    title = "Inference and Theory: Papers presented in two sessions of {TINLAP}-2",
    editor = "Waltz, David L.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 80",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3033",
    pages = "1--2",
}
@article{joshi-1978-note-partial,
    title = "A NOTE ON PARTIAL MATCH OF DESCRIPTIONS. CAN ONE SIMULTANEOUSLY QUESTION (RETRIEVE) AND INFORM (UPDATE)?",
    author = "Joshi, Aravind K.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 80",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3034",
    pages = "3--5",
}
@article{charniak-1978-spoon-hand,
    title = "WITH A SPOON IN HAND THIS MUST BE THE EATING FRAME",
    author = "Charniak, Eugene",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 80",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3035",
    pages = "6--12",
}
@article{collins-1978-fragments-theory,
    title = "Fragments of a Theory of Human Plausible Reasoning",
    author = "Collins, Allan",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 80",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3036",
    pages = "13--20",
}
@article{kaplan-1978-indirect-responses,
    title = "INDIRECT RESPONSES TO LOADED QUESTIONS",
    author = "Kaplan, S. Jerrold",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 80",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3037",
    pages = "21--28",
}
@article{reiter-1978-reasoning-default,
    title = "ON REASONING BY DEFAULT",
    author = "Reiter, Raymond",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 80",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3038",
    pages = "29--37",
}
@article{shapiro-1978-path-based,
    title = "PATH-BASED AND NODE-BASED INFERENCE IN SEMANTIC NETWORKS",
    author = "Shapiro, Stuart C.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 80",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3039",
    pages = "38--44",
}
@article{spiro-etal-1978-representation-derivable,
    title = "The Representation of Derivable Information in Memory: When What Might Have Been Left Unsaid Is Said",
    author = "Spiro, Rand J.  and
      Esposito, Joseph  and
      Vondruska, Richard J.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 80",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3040",
    pages = "45--50",
}
@article{grimes-1978-heuristic-paradigms,
    title = "A Heuristic for Paradigms",
    author = "Grimes, Joseph E.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 80",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3041",
    pages = "51--54",
}
@article{marcus-1978-computational-account,
    title = "A Computational Account of Some Constraints on Language",
    author = "Marcus, Mitchell",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 80",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3042",
    pages = "55--65",
}
@article{wasow-1978-remarks-processing,
    title = "REMARKS ON PROCESSING, CONSTRAINTS, AND THE LEXICON",
    author = "Wasow, Thomas",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 80",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3043",
    pages = "66--70",
}
@article{nn-1978-list-questions,
    title = "List of questions suggested for consideration in each session",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 80",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-3044",
    pages = "71--72",
}
@article{cl-1978-american-journal-linguistics-december,
    title = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics (December 1978)",
    author = "Hays, David G.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
}
@article{nn-1978-finite-string-volume-15-number-5,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 15, Number 5",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 81",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-4001",
    pages = "1--15",
    abstract = "Computational Linguistics in the {USSR}: July 1978 (Joyce Friedman); Association for Literary and Linguistics Computing Bulletin, Volume 6, Number 2, 1978; Association for Literary and Linguistics Computing Bulletin, Volume 6, Number 3, 1978",
}
@article{evens-smith-1978-properties,
    title = "Properties of Lexical Relations [Appendix II of {``}A Lexicon for a Computer Question-Answering System,{''} AJCL Microfiche 83]",
    author = "Evens, Martha W.  and
      Smith, Raoul N.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 81",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-4002",
    pages = "16--24",
}
@article{litkowski-1978-models,
    title = "Models of the Semantic Structure of Dictionaries",
    author = "Litkowski, Kenneth C.",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 81",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-4003",
    pages = "25--74",
}
@article{nn-1978-finite-string-volume-15-number-5-continued,
    title = "The FINITE STRING, Volume 15, Number 5 (continued)",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 81",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-4004",
    pages = "75--96",
    abstract = "{AFIPS} {W}ashington Report, {F}ebruary 1979, {AFIPS} {W}ashington Report, {M}arch 1979, {AFIPS} {W}ashington Report, {A}pril 1979",
}
@article{phillips-1978-model,
    title = "A Model for Knowledge and its Application to Discourse Analysis",
    author = "Phillips, Brian",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 82",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-4005",
}
@article{evens-smith-1978-lexicon,
    title = "A Lexicon for a Computer Question-Answering System",
    author = "Evens, Martha W  and
      Smith, Raoul N",
    journal = "American Journal of Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "1978",
    note = "Microfiche 83",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J78-4006",
}
@article{cl-1993-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 19, Number 1, March 1993, Special Issue on Using Large Corpora: {I}",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "1",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-1000",
}
@article{church-mercer-1993-introduction,
    title = "Introduction to the Special Issue on Computational Linguistics Using Large Corpora",
    author = "Church, Kenneth W.  and
      Mercer, Robert L.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "1",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-1001",
    pages = "1--24",
}
@article{briscoe-carroll-1993-generalized,
    title = "Generalized Probabilistic {LR} Parsing of Natural Language (Corpora) with Unification-Based Grammars",
    author = "Briscoe, Ted  and
      Carroll, John",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "1",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-1002",
    pages = "25--59",
}
@article{dunning-1993-accurate,
    title = "Accurate Methods for the Statistics of Surprise and Coincidence",
    author = "Dunning, Ted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "1",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-1003",
    pages = "61--74",
}
@article{gale-church-1993-program,
    title = "A Program for Aligning Sentences in Bilingual Corpora",
    author = "Gale, William A.  and
      Church, Kenneth W.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "1",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-1004",
    pages = "75--102",
}
@article{hindle-rooth-1993-structural,
    title = "Structural Ambiguity and Lexical Relations",
    author = "Hindle, Donald  and
      Rooth, Mats",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "1",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-1005",
    pages = "103--120",
}
@article{kay-roscheisen-1993-text,
    title = "Text-Translation Alignment",
    author = "Kay, Martin  and
      Roscheisen, Martin",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "1",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-1006",
    pages = "121--142",
}
@article{smadja-1993-retrieving,
    title = "Retrieving Collocations from Text: {X}tract",
    author = "Smadja, Frank",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "1",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-1007",
    pages = "143--178",
}
@article{shieber-1993-problem,
    title = "The problem of logical form equivalence",
    author = "Shieber, Stuart M.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "1",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-1008",
    pages = "179--190",
}
@article{mcdonald-1993-issues,
    title = "Issues in the choice of a source for Natural Language Generation",
    author = "McDonald, David D.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "1",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-1009",
    pages = "191--197",
}
@article{dahl-1993-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: The Core Language Engine",
    author = "Dahl, Deborah A.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "1",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-1010",
}
@article{patten-1993-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Text Generation and Systemic-Functional Linguistics: Experiences from {E}nglish and {J}apanese",
    author = "Patten, Terry",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "1",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-1011",
}
@article{haas-1993-book,
    title = "Book Reviews:Text-Based Intelligent Systems: Current Research and Practice in Information Extraction and Retrieval",
    author = "Haas, Stephanie W.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "1",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-1012",
}
@article{lytinen-1993-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Machine Translation: A Knowledge-Based Approach",
    author = "Lytinen, Steven",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "1",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-1013",
}
@article{briscoe-1993-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Corpus Linguistics and the Automatic Analysis of {E}nglish",
    author = "Briscoe, Ted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "1",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-1014",
}
@article{sadler-1993-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Lexical Acquisition: Exploiting On-Line Resources to Build a Lexicon",
    author = "Sadler, Victor",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "1",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-1015",
}
@article{nn-1993-briefly,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "1",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-1016",
}
@article{nn-1993-advertisements,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "1",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-1017",
}
@article{cl-1993-linguistics-19,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 19, Number 2, June 1993, Special Issue on Using Large Corpora: {II}",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "2",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-2000",
}
@article{biber-1993-using,
    title = "Using Register-Diversified Corpora for General Language Studies",
    author = "Biber, Douglas",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "2",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-2001",
    pages = "219--241",
}
@article{brent-1993-grammar,
    title = "From Grammar to Lexicon: Unsupervised Learning of Lexical Syntax",
    author = "Brent, Michael R.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "2",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-2002",
    pages = "243--262",
}
@article{brown-etal-1993-mathematics,
    title = "The Mathematics of Statistical Machine Translation: Parameter Estimation",
    author = "Brown, Peter F.  and
      Della Pietra, Stephen A.  and
      Della Pietra, Vincent J.  and
      Mercer, Robert L.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "2",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-2003",
    pages = "263--311",
}
@article{marcus-etal-1993-building,
    title = "Building a Large Annotated Corpus of {E}nglish: The {P}enn {T}reebank",
    author = "Marcus, Mitchell P.  and
      Santorini, Beatrice  and
      Marcinkiewicz, Mary Ann",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "2",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-2004",
    pages = "313--330",
}
@article{pustejovsky-etal-1993-lexical,
    title = "Lexical Semantic Techniques for Corpus Analysis",
    author = "Pustejovsky, James  and
      Bergler, Sabine  and
      Anick, Peter",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "2",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-2005",
    pages = "331--358",
}
@article{weischedel-etal-1993-coping,
    title = "Coping with Ambiguity and Unknown Words through Probabilistic Models",
    author = "Weischedel, Ralph  and
      Meteer, Marie  and
      Schwartz, Richard  and
      Ramshaw, Lance  and
      Palmucci, Jeff",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "2",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-2006",
    pages = "359--382",
}
@article{magnusdottir-1993-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: An Introduction to Machine Translation",
    author = "Magn{\'u}sd{\'o}ttir, Gu{\dh}run",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "2",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-2007",
}
@article{kronfeld-1993-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Meaning and Speech Acts Volume {I}: Principles of Language Use Volume {II}: Formal Semantics of Success and Satisfaction",
    author = "Kronfeld, Amichai",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "2",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-2008",
}
@article{altmann-1993-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Grammatical Competence and Parsing Performance",
    author = "Altmann, Gerry",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "2",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-2009",
}
@article{pullum-1993-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Principle-Based Parsing: Computation and Psycholinguistics",
    author = "Pullum, Geoffrey K.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "2",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-2010",
}
@article{white-1993-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Questions and Information Systems",
    author = "White, John S.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "2",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-2011",
}
@article{nn-1993-books,
    title = "Books Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "2",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-2012",
}
@article{johnson-1993-letters,
    title = "Letters to the Editor",
    author = "Johnson, Julia",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "2",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-2013",
}
@article{nn-1993-advertisment,
    title = "Advertisment",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "2",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-2014",
}
@article{cl-1993-linguistics-19-number,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 19, Number 3, September 1993",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "3",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-3000",
}
@article{chinchor-etal-1993-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating Message Understanding Systems: An Analysis of the Third Message Understanding Conference ({MUC}-3)",
    author = "Chinchor, Nancy  and
      Hirschman, Lynette  and
      Lewis, David D.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "3",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-3001",
    pages = "409--450",
}
@article{dimarco-hirst-1993-computational,
    title = "A Computational Theory of Goal-Directed Style in Syntax",
    author = "DiMarco, Chrysanne  and
      Hirst, Graeme",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "3",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-3002",
    pages = "451--500",
}
@article{hirschberg-litman-1993-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Studies on the Disambiguation of Cue Phrases",
    author = "Hirschberg, Julia  and
      Litman, Diane",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "3",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-3003",
    pages = "501--530",
}
@article{biber-1993-co,
    title = "Co-occurrence Patterns among Collocations: A Tool for Corpus-Based Lexical Knowledge Acquisition",
    author = "Biber, Douglas",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "3",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-3004",
    pages = "531--538",
}
@article{bateman-1993-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Ontologie und Axiomatik der Wissensbasis von {LILOG}",
    author = "Bateman, John",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "3",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-3005",
}
@article{pereira-1993-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: The Logic of Typed Feature Structures",
    author = "Pereira, Fernando",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "3",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-3006",
}
@article{way-1993-metaphor,
    title = "Metaphor and Cognition: An Interactionist Approach",
    author = "Way, Eileen C.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "3",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-3007",
}
@article{henderson-1993-connectionist,
    title = "Connectionist Approaches to Natural Language Processing",
    author = "Henderson, James",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "3",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-3008",
}
@article{dahl-1993-constraint,
    title = "Constraint-Based Grammar Formalisms: Parsing and Type Inference for Natural and Computer Languages",
    author = "Dahl, Veronica",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "3",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-3009",
}
@article{nn-1993-briefly-noted,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "3",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-3010",
}
@article{nn-1993-books-received,
    title = "Books Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "3",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-3011",
}
@article{nn-1993-advertisements-2,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "3",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-3012",
}
@article{cl-1993-linguistics-19-number-4,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Volume 19, Number 4, {D}ecember 1993",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "4",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-4000",
}
@article{maxwell-kaplan-1993-interface,
    title = "The Interface between Phrasal and Functional Constraints",
    author = "Maxwell, John T.  and
      Kaplan, Ronald M.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "4",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-4001",
    pages = "571--590",
}
@article{vijay-shanker-weir-1993-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Some Constrained Grammar Formalisms",
    author = "Vijay-Shanker, K  and
      Weir, David J.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "4",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-4002",
    pages = "591--636",
}
@article{haas-1993-indexical,
    title = "Indexical Expressions in the Scope of Attitude Verbs",
    author = "Haas, Andrew R.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "4",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-4003",
    pages = "637--649",
}
@article{moore-paris-1993-planning,
    title = "Planning Text for Advisory Dialogues: Capturing Intentional and Rhetorical Information",
    author = "Moore, Johanna D.  and
      Paris, Cecile L.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "4",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-4004",
    pages = "651--694",
}
@article{saint-dizier-1993-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Functional Grammar in Prolog: An Integrated Implementation for {E}nglish, {F}rench, and {D}utch",
    author = "Saint-Dizier, Patrick",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "4",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-4005",
}
@article{jacobs-1993-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: Natural Language Processing: The {PLNLP} Approach",
    author = "Jacobs, Paul S.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "4",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-4006",
}
@article{nn-1993-briefly-noted-2,
    title = "Briefly Noted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "4",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-4007",
}
@article{nn-1993-books-received-2,
    title = "Books Received",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "4",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-4008",
}
@article{nn-1993-author,
    title = "Author Index: Volumes 6-19",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "4",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-4009",
}
@article{nn-1993-title,
    title = "Title Index: Volumes 6-19",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "4",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-4010",
}
@article{nn-1993-advertisements-3,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "19",
    number = "4",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J93-4011",
}
@article{cl-1987-linguistics,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Formerly the {A}merican Journal of Computational Linguistics, Volume 13, Numbers 1-2, {J}anuary-June 1987",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1000",
}
@article{stabler-jr-1987-restricting,
    title = "Restricting Logic Grammars with Government-Binding Theory",
    author = "Stabler, Jr., Edward P.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
}
@article{cohen-1987-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing the Structure of Argumentative Discourse",
    author = "Cohen, Robin",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1002",
    pages = "11--24",
}
@article{kac-etal-1987-simultaneous,
    title = "Simultaneous-Distributive Coordination and Context-Freeness",
    author = "Kac, Michael B.  and
      Manaster-Ramer, Alexis  and
      Rounds, William C.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1003",
    pages = "25--30",
}
@article{tomita-1987-efficient,
    title = "An Efficient Augmented-Context-Free Parsing Algorithm",
    author = "Tomita, Masaru",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1004",
    pages = "31--46",
}
@article{hobbs-shieber-1987-algorithm,
    title = "An Algorithm for Generating Quantifier Scopings",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Shieber, Stuart M.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1005",
    pages = "47--63",
}
@article{manaster-ramer-1987-subject,
    title = "Subject-Verb Agreement in Respective Coordinations and Context Freeness",
    author = "Manaster-Ramer, Alexis",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1006",
    pages = "64--65",
}
@article{jones-boguraev-1987-note,
    title = "A Note on a Study of Cases",
    author = "Jones, Karen Sparck  and
      Boguraev, Branimir",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1007",
    pages = "65--68",
}
@article{burger-1987-book,
    title = "Book Reviews",
    author = "Burger, Henry G.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1008",
}
@article{curteanu-1987-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: LECTURE ON CONTEMPORARY SYNTACTIC THEORIES: AN INTRODUCTION TO UNIFICATION-BASED APPROACHES TO GRAMMAR",
    author = "Curteanu, Neculai",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1009",
}
@article{schubert-1987-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: MULTILINGUAL ASPECTS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY",
    author = "Schubert, Klaus",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1010",
}
@article{fisher-1987-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: ELECTRONIC SYNTHESIS OF SPEECH",
    author = "Fisher, William M.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1011",
}
@article{gigley-1987-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: READINGS IN KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION",
    author = "Gigley, Helen",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1012",
}
@article{siemienski-1987-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: DISCOURSE SEMANTICS",
    author = "Siemienski, Tomasz",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1013",
}
@article{somers-1987-book,
    title = "Book Reviews: PLANNING AND UNDERSTANDING: A COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH TO HUMAN REASONING",
    author = "Somers, Harold",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1014",
}
@article{nn-1987-books,
    title = "Books Recieved",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1015",
}
@article{masterman-1987-finite,
    title = "The Finite String Newsletter",
    author = "MASTERMAN, MARGARET",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1016",
}
@article{nn-1987-finite,
    title = "The Finite String Newsletter: Calls for Papers",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1017",
}
@article{nn-1987-finite-string,
    title = "The Finite String Newsletter: Announcements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1018",
}
@article{nn-1987-finite-string-newsletter,
    title = "The Finite String Newsletter: Calendar of Meetings",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1019",
}
@article{nn-1987-finite-string-newsletter-abstracts,
    title = "The Finite String Newsletter: ABSTRACTS OF CURRENT LITERATURE",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1020",
}
@article{nn-1987-finite-string-newsletter-1986,
    title = "The Finite String Newsletter: 1986 ACL MEMBERSHIP LIST",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1021",
}
@article{nn-1987-finite-string-newsletter-author,
    title = "The Finite String Newsletter: AUTHOR INDEX: VOLUMES 6-12",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1022",
}
@article{nn-1987-finite-string-newsletter-title,
    title = "The Finite String Newsletter: TITLE INDEX: VOLUMES 6-12",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1023",
}
@article{nn-1987-advertisements,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-1024",
}
@article{cl-1987-linguistics-formerly,
    title = "Computational Linguistics, Formerly the {A}merican Journal of Computational Linguistics, Volume 13, Numbers 3-4, July-{D}ecember 1987",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-3000",
}
@article{alshawi-1987-processing,
    title = "Processing Dictionary Definitions with Phrasal Pattern Hierarchies",
    author = "Alshawi, Hiyan",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-3001",
    pages = "195--202",
}
@article{boguraev-briscoe-1987-large,
    title = "Large Lexicons for Natural Language Processing: Utilising the Grammar Coding System of {LDOCE}",
    author = "Boguraev, Bran  and
      Briscoe, Ted",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-3002",
    pages = "203--218",
}
@article{byrd-etal-1987-tools,
    title = "Tools and Methods for Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Byrd, Roy J.  and
      Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Chodorow, Martin S.  and
      Klavans, Judith L.  and
      Neff, Mary S.  and
      Rizk, Omneya A.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-3003",
    pages = "219--240",
}
@article{hobbs-etal-1987-commonsense,
    title = "Commonsense Metaphysics and Lexical Semantics",
    author = "Hobbs, Jerry R.  and
      Croft, William  and
      Davies, Todd  and
      Edwards, Douglas  and
      Laws, Kenneth",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-3004",
    pages = "241--250",
}
@article{jensen-binot-1987-disambiguating,
    title = "Disambiguating Prepositional Phrase Attachments by Using On-Line Dictionary Definitions",
    author = "Jensen, Karen  and
      Binot, Jean-Louis",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-3005",
    pages = "251--260",
}
@article{melcuk-polguere-1987-formal,
    title = "A Formal Lexicon in Meaning-Text Theory (Or How to Do Lexica with Words)",
    author = "Mel{'}{\v{c}}uk, Igor  and
      Polguere, Alain",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-3006",
    pages = "261--275",
}
@article{nirenburg-raskin-1987-subworld,
    title = "The Subworld Concept Lexicon and the Lexicon Management System",
    author = "Nirenburg, Sergei  and
      Raskin, Victor",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-3007",
    pages = "276--289",
}
@article{ritchie-etal-1987-computational,
    title = "A Computational Framework for Lexical Description",
    author = "Ritchie, Graeme D.  and
      Pulman, Stephen G.  and
      Black, Alan W.  and
      Russell, Graham J.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-3008",
    pages = "290--307",
}
@article{zernik-dyer-1987-self,
    title = "The Self-Extending Phrasal Lexicon",
    author = "Zernik, Uri  and
      Dyer, Michael G.",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-3009",
    pages = "308--327",
}
@article{nn-1987-book,
    title = "Book Reviews",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-3010",
}
@article{gibbon-1987-finite-string,
    title = "The Finite String Newsletter: SITE REPORT: LINGUISTICS IN GERMANY",
    author = "Gibbon, Dafydd",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-3011",
}
@article{nn-1987-finite-string-newsletter-2,
    title = "The Finite String Newsletter",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-3012",
}
@article{nn-1987-finite-string-newsletter-announcements,
    title = "The Finite String Newsletter: Announcements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-3013",
}
@article{nn-1987-finite-string-newsletter-abstracts-current,
    title = "The Finite String Newsletter: ABSTRACTS OF CURRENT LITERATURE",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-3014",
}
@article{nn-1987-advertisements-2,
    title = "Advertisements",
    journal = "Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "1987",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J87-3015",
}
@proceedings{conll-2018-natural,
    title = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    author = "Korhonen, Anna  and
      Titov, Ivan",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1000",
}
@inproceedings{thai-etal-2018-embedded,
    title = "Embedded-State Latent Conditional Random Fields for Sequence Labeling",
    author = "Thai, Dung  and
      Ramesh, Sree Harsha  and
      Murty, Shikhar  and
      Vilnis, Luke  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "Complex textual information extraction tasks are often posed as sequence labeling or \textit{shallow parsing}, where fields are extracted using local labels made consistent through probabilistic inference in a graphical model with constrained transitions. Recently, it has become common to locally parametrize these models using rich features extracted by recurrent neural networks (such as LSTM), while enforcing consistent outputs through a simple linear-chain model, representing Markovian dependencies between successive labels. However, the simple graphical model structure belies the often complex non-local constraints between output labels. For example, many fields, such as a first name, can only occur a fixed number of times, or in the presence of other fields. While RNNs have provided increasingly powerful context-aware local features for sequence tagging, they have yet to be integrated with a global graphical model of similar expressivity in the output distribution. Our model goes beyond the linear chain CRF to incorporate multiple hidden states per output label, but parametrizes them parsimoniously with low-rank log-potential scoring matrices, effectively learning an embedding space for hidden states. This augmented latent space of inference variables complements the rich feature representation of the RNN, and allows exact global inference obeying complex, learned non-local output constraints. We experiment with several datasets and show that the model outperforms baseline CRF+RNN models when global output constraints are necessary at inference-time, and explore the interpretable latent structure.",
}
@inproceedings{fu-etal-2018-continuous,
    title = "Continuous Word Embedding Fusion via Spectral Decomposition",
    author = "Fu, Tianfan  and
      Zhang, Cheng  and
      Mandt, Stephan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1002",
    pages = "11--20",
    abstract = "Word embeddings have become a mainstream tool in statistical natural language processing. Practitioners often use pre-trained word vectors, which were trained on large generic text corpora, and which are readily available on the web. However, pre-trained word vectors oftentimes lack important words from specific domains. It is therefore often desirable to extend the vocabulary and embed new words into a set of pre-trained word vectors. In this paper, we present an efficient method for including new words from a specialized corpus, containing new words, into pre-trained generic word embeddings. We build on the established view of word embeddings as matrix factorizations to present a spectral algorithm for this task. Experiments on several domain-specific corpora with specialized vocabularies demonstrate that our method is able to embed the new words efficiently into the original embedding space. Compared to competing methods, our method is faster, parameter-free, and deterministic.",
}
@inproceedings{tran-nguyen-2018-dual,
    title = "Dual Latent Variable Model for Low-Resource Natural Language Generation in Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Tran, Van-Khanh  and
      Nguyen, Le-Minh",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1003",
    pages = "21--30",
    abstract = "Recent deep learning models have shown improving results to natural language generation (NLG) irrespective of providing sufficient annotated data. However, a modest training data may harm such models{'} performance. Thus, how to build a generator that can utilize as much of knowledge from a low-resource setting data is a crucial issue in NLG. This paper presents a variational neural-based generation model to tackle the NLG problem of having limited labeled dataset, in which we integrate a variational inference into an encoder-decoder generator and introduce a novel auxiliary auto-encoding with an effective training procedure. Experiments showed that the proposed methods not only outperform the previous models when having sufficient training dataset but also demonstrate strong ability to work acceptably well when the training data is scarce.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2018-trio,
    title = "A Trio Neural Model for Dynamic Entity Relatedness Ranking",
    author = "Nguyen, Tu  and
      Tran, Tuan  and
      Nejdl, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1004",
    pages = "31--41",
    abstract = "Measuring entity relatedness is a fundamental task for many natural language processing and information retrieval applications. Prior work often studies entity relatedness in a static setting and unsupervised manner. However, entities in real-world are often involved in many different relationships, consequently entity relations are very dynamic over time. In this work, we propose a neural network-based approach that leverages public attention as supervision. Our model is capable of learning rich and different entity representations in a joint framework. Through extensive experiments on large-scale datasets, we demonstrate that our method achieves better results than competitive baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{ebrahimi-etal-2018-unified,
    title = "A Unified Neural Network Model for Geolocating {T}witter Users",
    author = "Ebrahimi, Mohammad  and
      ShafieiBavani, Elaheh  and
      Wong, Raymond  and
      Chen, Fang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1005",
    pages = "42--53",
    abstract = "Locations of social media users are important to many applications such as rapid disaster response, targeted advertisement, and news recommendation. However, many users do not share their exact geographical coordinates due to reasons such as privacy concerns. The lack of explicit location information has motivated a growing body of research in recent years looking at different automatic ways of determining the user{'}s primary location. In this paper, we propose a unified user geolocation method which relies on a fusion of neural networks. Our joint model incorporates different types of available information including tweet text, user network, and metadata to predict users{'} locations. Moreover, we utilize a bidirectional LSTM network augmented with an attention mechanism to identify the most location indicative words in textual content of tweets. The experiments demonstrate that our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance over two Twitter benchmark geolocation datasets. We also conduct an ablation study to evaluate the contribution of each type of information in user geolocation performance.",
}
@inproceedings{kuznetsov-gurevych-2018-corpus,
    title = "Corpus-Driven Thematic Hierarchy Induction",
    author = "Kuznetsov, Ilia  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1006",
    pages = "54--64",
    abstract = "Thematic role hierarchy is a widely used linguistic tool to describe interactions between semantic roles and their syntactic realizations. Despite decades of dedicated research and numerous thematic hierarchy suggestions in the literature, this concept has not been used in NLP so far due to incompatibility and limited scope of existing hierarchies. We introduce an empirical framework for thematic hierarchy induction and evaluate several role ranking strategies on English and German full-text corpus data. We hypothesize that global thematic hierarchy induction is feasible, that a hierarchy can be induced from just fractions of training data and that resulting hierarchies apply cross-lingually. We evaluate these assumptions empirically.",
}
@inproceedings{minervini-riedel-2018-adversarially,
    title = "Adversarially Regularising Neural {NLI} Models to Integrate Logical Background Knowledge",
    author = "Minervini, Pasquale  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1007",
    pages = "65--74",
    abstract = "Adversarial examples are inputs to machine learning models designed to cause the model to make a mistake. They are useful for understanding the shortcomings of machine learning models, interpreting their results, and for regularisation. In NLP, however, most example generation strategies produce input text by using known, pre-specified semantic transformations, requiring significant manual effort and in-depth understanding of the problem and domain. In this paper, we investigate the problem of automatically generating adversarial examples that violate a set of given First-Order Logic constraints in Natural Language Inference (NLI). We reduce the problem of identifying such adversarial examples to a combinatorial optimisation problem, by maximising a quantity measuring the degree of violation of such constraints and by using a language model for generating linguistically-plausible examples. Furthermore, we propose a method for adversarially regularising neural NLI models for incorporating background knowledge. Our results show that, while the proposed method does not always improve results on the SNLI and MultiNLI datasets, it significantly and consistently increases the predictive accuracy on adversarially-crafted datasets {--} up to a 79.6{\%} relative improvement {--} while drastically reducing the number of background knowledge violations. Furthermore, we show that adversarial examples transfer among model architectures, and that the proposed adversarial training procedure improves the robustness of NLI models to adversarial examples.",
}
@inproceedings{tulkens-etal-2018-strings,
    title = "From Strings to Other Things: Linking the Neighborhood and Transposition Effects in Word Reading",
    author = "Tulkens, St{\'e}phan  and
      Sandra, Dominiek  and
      Daelemans, Walter",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1008",
    pages = "75--85",
    abstract = "We investigate the relation between the transposition and deletion effects in word reading, i.e., the finding that readers can successfully read {``}SLAT{''} as {``}SALT{''}, or {``}WRK{''} as {``}WORK{''}, and the neighborhood effect. In particular, we investigate whether lexical orthographic neighborhoods take into account transposition and deletion in determining neighbors. If this is the case, it is more likely that the neighborhood effect takes place early during processing, and does not solely rely on similarity of internal representations. We introduce a new neighborhood measure, rd20, which can be used to quantify neighborhood effects over arbitrary feature spaces. We calculate the rd20 over large sets of words in three languages using various feature sets and show that feature sets that do not allow for transposition or deletion explain more variance in Reaction Time (RT) measurements. We also show that the rd20 can be calculated using the hidden state representations of an Multi-Layer Perceptron, and show that these explain less variance than the raw features. We conclude that the neighborhood effect is unlikely to have a perceptual basis, but is more likely to be the result of items co-activating after recognition. All code is available at: \url{www.github.com/clips/conll2018}",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-global,
    title = "Global Attention for Name Tagging",
    author = "Zhang, Boliang  and
      Whitehead, Spencer  and
      Huang, Lifu  and
      Ji, Heng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1009",
    pages = "86--96",
    abstract = "Many name tagging approaches use local contextual information with much success, but can fail when the local context is ambiguous or limited. We present a new framework to improve name tagging by utilizing local, document-level, and corpus-level contextual information. For each word, we retrieve document-level context from other sentences within the same document and corpus-level context from sentences in other documents. We propose a model that learns to incorporate document-level and corpus-level contextual information alongside local contextual information via document-level and corpus-level attentions, which dynamically weight their respective contextual information and determines the influence of this information through gating mechanisms. Experiments on benchmark datasets show the effectiveness of our approach, which achieves state-of-the-art results for Dutch, German, and Spanish on the CoNLL-2002 and CoNLL-2003 datasets. We will make our code and pre-trained models publicly available for research purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{elbayad-etal-2018-pervasive,
    title = "Pervasive Attention: 2{D} Convolutional Neural Networks for Sequence-to-Sequence Prediction",
    author = "Elbayad, Maha  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Verbeek, Jakob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1010",
    pages = "97--107",
    abstract = "Current state-of-the-art machine translation systems are based on encoder-decoder architectures, that first encode the input sequence, and then generate an output sequence based on the input encoding. Both are interfaced with an attention mechanism that recombines a fixed encoding of the source tokens based on the decoder state. We propose an alternative approach which instead relies on a single 2D convolutional neural network across both sequences. Each layer of our network re-codes source tokens on the basis of the output sequence produced so far. Attention-like properties are therefore pervasive throughout the network. Our model yields excellent results, outperforming state-of-the-art encoder-decoder systems, while being conceptually simpler and having fewer parameters.",
}
@inproceedings{blohm-etal-2018-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Attention-Based Convolutional and Recurrent Neural Networks: Success and Limitations in Machine Reading Comprehension",
    author = "Blohm, Matthias  and
      Jagfeld, Glorianna  and
      Sood, Ekta  and
      Yu, Xiang  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1011",
    pages = "108--118",
    abstract = "We propose a machine reading comprehension model based on the compare-aggregate framework with two-staged attention that achieves state-of-the-art results on the MovieQA question answering dataset. To investigate the limitations of our model as well as the behavioral difference between convolutional and recurrent neural networks, we generate adversarial examples to confuse the model and compare to human performance. Furthermore, we assess the generalizability of our model by analyzing its differences to human inference, drawing upon insights from cognitive science.",
}
@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2018-uncovering,
    title = "Uncovering Code-Mixed Challenges: A Framework for Linguistically Driven Question Generation and Neural Based Question Answering",
    author = "Gupta, Deepak  and
      Lenka, Pabitra  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1012",
    pages = "119--130",
    abstract = "Existing research on question answering (QA) and comprehension reading (RC) are mainly focused on the resource-rich language like English. In recent times, the rapid growth of multi-lingual web content has posed several challenges to the existing QA systems. Code-mixing is one such challenge that makes the task more complex. In this paper, we propose a linguistically motivated technique for code-mixed question generation (CMQG) and a neural network based architecture for code-mixed question answering (CMQA). For evaluation, we manually create the code-mixed questions for Hindi-English language pair. In order to show the effectiveness of our neural network based CMQA technique, we utilize two benchmark datasets, SQuAD and MMQA. Experiments show that our proposed model achieves encouraging performance on CMQG and CMQA.",
}
@inproceedings{jung-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning to Embed Semantic Correspondence for Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Jung, Sangkeun  and
      Lee, Jinsik  and
      Kim, Jiwon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1013",
    pages = "131--140",
    abstract = "While learning embedding models has yielded fruitful results in several NLP subfields, most notably Word2Vec, embedding correspondence has relatively not been well explored especially in the context of natural language understanding (NLU), a task that typically extracts structured semantic knowledge from a text. A NLU embedding model can facilitate analyzing and understanding relationships between unstructured texts and their corresponding structured semantic knowledge, essential for both researchers and practitioners of NLU. Toward this end, we propose a framework that learns to embed semantic correspondence between text and its extracted semantic knowledge, called semantic frame. One key contributed technique is semantic frame reconstruction used to derive a one-to-one mapping between embedded vectors and their corresponding semantic frames. Embedding into semantically meaningful vectors and computing their distances in vector space provides a simple, but effective way to measure semantic similarities. With the proposed framework, we demonstrate three key areas where the embedding model can be effective: visualization, semantic search and re-ranking.",
}
@inproceedings{saito-etal-2018-commonsense,
    title = "Commonsense Knowledge Base Completion and Generation",
    author = "Saito, Itsumi  and
      Nishida, Kyosuke  and
      Asano, Hisako  and
      Tomita, Junji",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1014",
    pages = "141--150",
    abstract = "This study focuses on acquisition of commonsense knowledge. A previous study proposed a commonsense knowledge base completion (CKB completion) method that predicts a confidence score of for triplet-style knowledge for improving the coverage of CKBs. To improve the accuracy of CKB completion and expand the size of CKBs, we formulate a new commonsense knowledge base generation task (CKB generation) and propose a joint learning method that incorporates both CKB completion and CKB generation. Experimental results show that the joint learning method improved completion accuracy and the generation model created reasonable knowledge. Our generation model could also be used to augment data and improve the accuracy of completion.",
}
@inproceedings{peris-casacuberta-2018-active,
    title = "Active Learning for Interactive Neural Machine Translation of Data Streams",
    author = "Peris, {\'A}lvaro  and
      Casacuberta, Francisco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1015",
    pages = "151--160",
    abstract = "We study the application of active learning techniques to the translation of unbounded data streams via interactive neural machine translation. The main idea is to select, from an unbounded stream of source sentences, those worth to be supervised by a human agent. The user will interactively translate those samples. Once validated, these data is useful for adapting the neural machine translation model. We propose two novel methods for selecting the samples to be validated. We exploit the information from the attention mechanism of a neural machine translation system. Our experiments show that the inclusion of active learning techniques into this pipeline allows to reduce the effort required during the process, while increasing the quality of the translation system. Moreover, it enables to balance the human effort required for achieving a certain translation quality. Moreover, our neural system outperforms classical approaches by a large margin.",
}
@inproceedings{abbet-etal-2018-churn,
    title = "Churn Intent Detection in Multilingual Chatbot Conversations and Social Media",
    author = "Abbet, Christian  and
      M{'}hamdi, Meryem  and
      Giannakopoulos, Athanasios  and
      West, Robert  and
      Hossmann, Andreea  and
      Baeriswyl, Michael  and
      Musat, Claudiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1016",
    pages = "161--170",
    abstract = "We propose a new method to detect when users express the intent to leave a service, also known as churn. While previous work focuses solely on social media, we show that this intent can be detected in chatbot conversations. As companies increasingly rely on chatbots they need an overview of potentially churny users. To this end, we crowdsource and publish a dataset of churn intent expressions in chatbot interactions in German and English. We show that classifiers trained on social media data can detect the same intent in the context of chatbots. We introduce a classification architecture that outperforms existing work on churn intent detection in social media. Moreover, we show that, using bilingual word embeddings, a system trained on combined English and German data outperforms monolingual approaches. As the only existing dataset is in English, we crowdsource and publish a novel dataset of German tweets. We thus underline the universal aspect of the problem, as examples of churn intent in English help us identify churn in German tweets and chatbot conversations.",
}
@inproceedings{barrena-etal-2018-learning,
    title = "Learning Text Representations for 500{K} Classification Tasks on Named Entity Disambiguation",
    author = "Barrena, Ander  and
      Soroa, Aitor  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1017",
    pages = "171--180",
    abstract = "Named Entity Disambiguation algorithms typically learn a single model for all target entities. In this paper we present a word expert model and train separate deep learning models for each target entity string, yielding 500K classification tasks. This gives us the opportunity to benchmark popular text representation alternatives on this massive dataset. In order to face scarce training data we propose a simple data-augmentation technique and transfer-learning. We show that bag-of-word-embeddings are better than LSTMs for tasks with scarce training data, while the situation is reversed when having larger amounts. Transferring a LSTM which is learned on all datasets is the most effective context representation option for the word experts in all frequency bands. The experiments show that our system trained on out-of-domain Wikipedia data surpass comparable NED systems which have been trained on in-domain training data.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-hierarchical,
    title = "Hierarchical Attention Based Position-Aware Network for Aspect-Level Sentiment Analysis",
    author = "Li, Lishuang  and
      Liu, Yang  and
      Zhou, AnQiao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1018",
    pages = "181--189",
    abstract = "Aspect-level sentiment analysis aims to identify the sentiment of a specific target in its context. Previous works have proved that the interactions between aspects and the contexts are important. On this basis, we also propose a succinct hierarchical attention based mechanism to fuse the information of targets and the contextual words. In addition, most existing methods ignore the position information of the aspect when encoding the sentence. In this paper, we argue that the position-aware representations are beneficial to this task. Therefore, we propose a hierarchical attention based position-aware network (HAPN), which introduces position embeddings to learn the position-aware representations of sentences and further generate the target-specific representations of contextual words. The experimental results on SemEval 2014 dataset show that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2018-bidirectional,
    title = "Bidirectional Generative Adversarial Networks for Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Zhirui  and
      Liu, Shujie  and
      Li, Mu  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Chen, Enhong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1019",
    pages = "190--199",
    abstract = "Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) has been proposed to tackle the exposure bias problem of Neural Machine Translation (NMT). However, the discriminator typically results in the instability of the GAN training due to the inadequate training problem: the search space is so huge that sampled translations are not sufficient for discriminator training. To address this issue and stabilize the GAN training, in this paper, we propose a novel Bidirectional Generative Adversarial Network for Neural Machine Translation (BGAN-NMT), which aims to introduce a generator model to act as the discriminator, whereby the discriminator naturally considers the entire translation space so that the inadequate training problem can be alleviated. To satisfy this property, generator and discriminator are both designed to model the joint probability of sentence pairs, with the difference that, the generator decomposes the joint probability with a source language model and a source-to-target translation model, while the discriminator is formulated as a target language model and a target-to-source translation model. To further leverage the symmetry of them, an auxiliary GAN is introduced and adopts generator and discriminator models of original one as its own discriminator and generator respectively. Two GANs are alternately trained to update the parameters. Experiment results on German-English and Chinese-English translation tasks demonstrate that our method not only stabilizes GAN training but also achieves significant improvements over baseline systems.",
}
@inproceedings{shoshan-radinsky-2018-latent,
    title = "Latent Entities Extraction: How to Extract Entities that Do Not Appear in the Text?",
    author = "Shoshan, Eylon  and
      Radinsky, Kira",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1020",
    pages = "200--210",
    abstract = "Named-entity Recognition (NER) is an important task in the NLP field , and is widely used to solve many challenges. However, in many scenarios, not all of the entities are explicitly mentioned in the text. Sometimes they could be inferred from the context or from other indicative words. Consider the following sentence: {``}CMA can easily hydrolyze into free acetic acid.{''} Although water is not mentioned explicitly, one can infer that H2O is an entity involved in the process. In this work, we present the problem of Latent Entities Extraction (LEE). We present several methods for determining whether entities are discussed in a text, even though, potentially, they are not explicitly written. Specifically, we design a neural model that handles extraction of multiple entities jointly. We show that our model, along with multi-task learning approach and a novel task grouping algorithm, reaches high performance in identifying latent entities. Our experiments are conducted on a large biological dataset from the biochemical field. The dataset contains text descriptions of biological processes, and for each process, all of the involved entities in the process are labeled, including implicitly mentioned ones. We believe LEE is a task that will significantly improve many NER and subsequent applications and improve text understanding and inference.",
}
@inproceedings{kementchedjhieva-etal-2018-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing {P}rocrustes Analysis for Better Bilingual Dictionary Induction",
    author = "Kementchedjhieva, Yova  and
      Ruder, Sebastian  and
      Cotterell, Ryan  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1021",
    pages = "211--220",
    abstract = "Most recent approaches to bilingual dictionary induction find a linear alignment between the word vector spaces of two languages. We show that projecting the two languages onto a third, latent space, rather than directly onto each other, while equivalent in terms of expressivity, makes it easier to learn approximate alignments. Our modified approach also allows for supporting languages to be included in the alignment process, to obtain an even better performance in low resource settings.",
}
@inproceedings{bennani-smires-etal-2018-simple,
    title = "Simple Unsupervised Keyphrase Extraction using Sentence Embeddings",
    author = "Bennani-Smires, Kamil  and
      Musat, Claudiu  and
      Hossmann, Andreea  and
      Baeriswyl, Michael  and
      Jaggi, Martin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1022",
    pages = "221--229",
    abstract = "Keyphrase extraction is the task of automatically selecting a small set of phrases that best describe a given free text document. Supervised keyphrase extraction requires large amounts of labeled training data and generalizes very poorly outside the domain of the training data. At the same time, unsupervised systems have poor accuracy, and often do not generalize well, as they require the input document to belong to a larger corpus also given as input. Addressing these drawbacks, in this paper, we tackle keyphrase extraction from single documents with EmbedRank: a novel unsupervised method, that leverages sentence embeddings. EmbedRank achieves higher F-scores than graph-based state of the art systems on standard datasets and is suitable for real-time processing of large amounts of Web data. With EmbedRank, we also explicitly increase coverage and diversity among the selected keyphrases by introducing an embedding-based maximal marginal relevance (MMR) for new phrases. A user study including over 200 votes showed that, although reducing the phrases{'} semantic overlap leads to no gains in F-score, our high diversity selection is preferred by humans.",
}
@inproceedings{martschat-markert-2018-temporally,
    title = "A Temporally Sensitive Submodularity Framework for Timeline Summarization",
    author = "Martschat, Sebastian  and
      Markert, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1023",
    pages = "230--240",
    abstract = "Timeline summarization (TLS) creates an overview of long-running events via dated daily summaries for the most important dates. TLS differs from standard multi-document summarization (MDS) in the importance of date selection, interdependencies between summaries of different dates and by having very short summaries compared to the number of corpus documents. However, we show that MDS optimization models using submodular functions can be adapted to yield well-performing TLS models by designing objective functions and constraints that model the temporal dimension inherent in TLS. Importantly, these adaptations retain the elegance and advantages of the original MDS models (clear separation of features and inference, performance guarantees and scalability, little need for supervision) that current TLS-specific models lack.",
}
@inproceedings{yi-etal-2018-chinese,
    title = "{C}hinese Poetry Generation with a Salient-Clue Mechanism",
    author = "Yi, Xiaoyuan  and
      Li, Ruoyu  and
      Sun, Maosong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1024",
    pages = "241--250",
    abstract = "As a precious part of the human cultural heritage, Chinese poetry has influenced people for generations. Automatic poetry composition is a challenge for AI. In recent years, significant progress has been made in this area benefiting from the development of neural networks. However, the coherence in meaning, theme or even artistic conception for a generated poem as a whole still remains a big problem. In this paper, we propose a novel Salient-Clue mechanism for Chinese poetry generation. Different from previous work which tried to exploit all the context information, our model selects the most salient characters automatically from each so-far generated line to gradually form a salient clue, which is utilized to guide successive poem generation process so as to eliminate interruptions and improve coherence. Besides, our model can be flexibly extended to control the generated poem in different aspects, for example, poetry style, which further enhances the coherence. Experimental results show that our model is very effective, outperforming three strong baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{beard-etal-2018-multi,
    title = "Multi-Modal Sequence Fusion via Recursive Attention for Emotion Recognition",
    author = "Beard, Rory  and
      Das, Ritwik  and
      Ng, Raymond W. M.  and
      Gopalakrishnan, P. G. Keerthana  and
      Eerens, Luka  and
      Swietojanski, Pawel  and
      Miksik, Ondrej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1025",
    pages = "251--259",
    abstract = "Natural human communication is nuanced and inherently multi-modal. Humans possess specialised sensoria for processing vocal, visual, and linguistic, and para-linguistic information, but form an intricately fused percept of the multi-modal data stream to provide a holistic representation. Analysis of emotional content in face-to-face communication is a cognitive task to which humans are particularly attuned, given its sociological importance, and poses a difficult challenge for machine emulation due to the subtlety and expressive variability of cross-modal cues. Inspired by the empirical success of recent so-called End-To-End Memory Networks and related works, we propose an approach based on recursive multi-attention with a shared external memory updated over multiple gated iterations of analysis. We evaluate our model across several large multi-modal datasets and show that global contextualised memory with gated memory update can effectively achieve emotion recognition.",
}
@inproceedings{derby-etal-2018-using,
    title = "Using Sparse Semantic Embeddings Learned from Multimodal Text and Image Data to Model Human Conceptual Knowledge",
    author = "Derby, Steven  and
      Miller, Paul  and
      Murphy, Brian  and
      Devereux, Barry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1026",
    pages = "260--270",
    abstract = "Distributional models provide a convenient way to model semantics using dense embedding spaces derived from unsupervised learning algorithms. However, the dimensions of dense embedding spaces are not designed to resemble human semantic knowledge. Moreover, embeddings are often built from a single source of information (typically text data), even though neurocognitive research suggests that semantics is deeply linked to both language and perception. In this paper, we combine multimodal information from both text and image-based representations derived from state-of-the-art distributional models to produce sparse, interpretable vectors using Joint Non-Negative Sparse Embedding. Through in-depth analyses comparing these sparse models to human-derived behavioural and neuroimaging data, we demonstrate their ability to predict interpretable linguistic descriptions of human ground-truth semantic knowledge.",
}
@inproceedings{rama-2018-similarity,
    title = "Similarity Dependent {C}hinese Restaurant Process for Cognate Identification in Multilingual Wordlists",
    author = "Rama, Taraka",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1027",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1027",
    pages = "271--281",
    abstract = "We present and evaluate two similarity dependent Chinese Restaurant Process (sd-CRP) algorithms at the task of automated cognate detection. The sd-CRP clustering algorithms do not require any predefined threshold for detecting cognate sets in a multilingual word list. We evaluate the performance of the algorithms on six language families (more than 750 languages) and find that both the sd-CRP variants performs as well as InfoMap and better than UPGMA at the task of inferring cognate clusters. The algorithms presented in this paper are family agnostic and can be applied to any linguistically under-studied language family.",
}
@inproceedings{artetxe-etal-2018-uncovering,
    title = "Uncovering Divergent Linguistic Information in Word Embeddings with Lessons for Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evaluation",
    author = "Artetxe, Mikel  and
      Labaka, Gorka  and
      Lopez-Gazpio, I{\~n}igo  and
      Agirre, Eneko",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1028",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1028",
    pages = "282--291",
    abstract = "Following the recent success of word embeddings, it has been argued that there is no such thing as an ideal representation for words, as different models tend to capture divergent and often mutually incompatible aspects like semantics/syntax and similarity/relatedness. In this paper, we show that each embedding model captures more information than directly apparent. A linear transformation that adjusts the similarity order of the model without any external resource can tailor it to achieve better results in those aspects, providing a new perspective on how embeddings encode divergent linguistic information. In addition, we explore the relation between intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation, as the effect of our transformations in downstream tasks is higher for unsupervised systems than for supervised ones.",
}
@inproceedings{shen-etal-2018-comparing,
    title = "Comparing Models of Associative Meaning: An Empirical Investigation of Reference in Simple Language Games",
    author = "Shen, Judy Hanwen  and
      Hofer, Matthias  and
      Felbo, Bjarke  and
      Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1029",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1029",
    pages = "292--301",
    abstract = "Simple reference games are of central theoretical and empirical importance in the study of situated language use. Although language provides rich, compositional truth-conditional semantics to facilitate reference, speakers and listeners may sometimes lack the overall lexical and cognitive resources to guarantee successful reference through these means alone. However, language also has rich associational structures that can serve as a further resource for achieving successful reference. Here we investigate this use of associational information in a setting where only associational information is available: a simplified version of the popular game Codenames. Using optimal experiment design techniques, we compare a range of models varying in the type of associative information deployed and in level of pragmatic sophistication against human behavior. In this setting we find that listeners{'} behavior reflects direct bigram collocational associations more strongly than word-embedding or semantic knowledge graph-based associations and that there is little evidence for pragmatically sophisticated behavior on the part of either speakers or listeners. More generally, we demonstrate the effective use of simple tasks to derive insights into the nature of complex linguistic phenomena.",
}
@inproceedings{barrett-etal-2018-sequence,
    title = "Sequence Classification with Human Attention",
    author = "Barrett, Maria  and
      Bingel, Joachim  and
      Hollenstein, Nora  and
      Rei, Marek  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1030",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1030",
    pages = "302--312",
    abstract = "Learning attention functions requires large volumes of data, but many NLP tasks simulate human behavior, and in this paper, we show that human attention really does provide a good inductive bias on many attention functions in NLP. Specifically, we use estimated human attention derived from eye-tracking corpora to regularize attention functions in recurrent neural networks. We show substantial improvements across a range of tasks, including sentiment analysis, grammatical error detection, and detection of abusive language.",
}
@inproceedings{kann-etal-2018-sentence,
    title = "Sentence-Level Fluency Evaluation: References Help, But Can Be Spared!",
    author = "Kann, Katharina  and
      Rothe, Sascha  and
      Filippova, Katja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1031",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1031",
    pages = "313--323",
    abstract = "Motivated by recent findings on the probabilistic modeling of acceptability judgments, we propose syntactic log-odds ratio (SLOR), a normalized language model score, as a metric for referenceless fluency evaluation of natural language generation output at the sentence level. We further introduce WPSLOR, a novel WordPiece-based version, which harnesses a more compact language model. Even though word-overlap metrics like ROUGE are computed with the help of hand-written references, our referenceless methods obtain a significantly higher correlation with human fluency scores on a benchmark dataset of compressed sentences. Finally, we present ROUGE-LM, a reference-based metric which is a natural extension of WPSLOR to the case of available references. We show that ROUGE-LM yields a significantly higher correlation with human judgments than all baseline metrics, including WPSLOR on its own.",
}
@inproceedings{demeester-etal-2018-predefined,
    title = "Predefined Sparseness in Recurrent Sequence Models",
    author = "Demeester, Thomas  and
      Deleu, Johannes  and
      Godin, Fr{\'e}deric  and
      Develder, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1032",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1032",
    pages = "324--333",
    abstract = "Inducing sparseness while training neural networks has been shown to yield models with a lower memory footprint but similar effectiveness to dense models. However, sparseness is typically induced starting from a dense model, and thus this advantage does not hold during training. We propose techniques to enforce sparseness upfront in recurrent sequence models for NLP applications, to also benefit training. First, in language modeling, we show how to increase hidden state sizes in recurrent layers without increasing the number of parameters, leading to more expressive models. Second, for sequence labeling, we show that word embeddings with predefined sparseness lead to similar performance as dense embeddings, at a fraction of the number of trainable parameters.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-learning-actively,
    title = "Learning to Actively Learn Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Liu, Ming  and
      Buntine, Wray  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1033",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1033",
    pages = "334--344",
    abstract = "Traditional active learning (AL) methods for machine translation (MT) rely on heuristics. However, these heuristics are limited when the characteristics of the MT problem change due to e.g. the language pair or the amount of the initial bitext. In this paper, we present a framework to learn sentence selection strategies for neural MT. We train the AL query strategy using a high-resource language-pair based on AL simulations, and then transfer it to the low-resource language-pair of interest. The learned query strategy capitalizes on the shared characteristics between the language pairs to make an effective use of the AL budget. Our experiments on three language-pairs confirms that our method is more effective than strong heuristic-based methods in various conditions, including cold-start and warm-start as well as small and extremely small data conditions.",
}
@inproceedings{krishna-etal-2018-upcycle,
    title = "Upcycle Your {OCR}: Reusing {OCR}s for Post-{OCR} Text Correction in {R}omanised {S}anskrit",
    author = "Krishna, Amrith  and
      Majumder, Bodhisattwa P.  and
      Bhat, Rajesh  and
      Goyal, Pawan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1034",
    pages = "345--355",
    abstract = "We propose a post-OCR text correction approach for digitising texts in Romanised Sanskrit. Owing to the lack of resources our approach uses OCR models trained for other languages written in Roman. Currently, there exists no dataset available for Romanised Sanskrit OCR. So, we bootstrap a dataset of 430 images, scanned in two different settings and their corresponding ground truth. For training, we synthetically generate training images for both the settings. We find that the use of copying mechanism (Gu et al., 2016) yields a percentage increase of 7.69 in Character Recognition Rate (CRR) than the current state of the art model in solving monotone sequence-to-sequence tasks (Schnober et al., 2016). We find that our system is robust in combating OCR-prone errors, as it obtains a CRR of 87.01{\%} from an OCR output with CRR of 35.76{\%} for one of the dataset settings. A human judgement survey performed on the models shows that our proposed model results in predictions which are faster to comprehend and faster to improve for a human than the other systems.",
}
@inproceedings{cheng-lapata-2018-weakly,
    title = "Weakly-Supervised Neural Semantic Parsing with a Generative Ranker",
    author = "Cheng, Jianpeng  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1035",
    pages = "356--367",
    abstract = "Weakly-supervised semantic parsers are trained on utterance-denotation pairs, treating logical forms as latent. The task is challenging due to the large search space and spuriousness of logical forms. In this paper we introduce a neural parser-ranker system for weakly-supervised semantic parsing. The parser generates candidate tree-structured logical forms from utterances using clues of denotations. These candidates are then ranked based on two criterion: their likelihood of executing to the correct denotation, and their agreement with the utterance semantics. We present a scheduled training procedure to balance the contribution of the two objectives. Furthermore, we propose to use a neurally encoded lexicon to inject prior domain knowledge to the model. Experiments on three Freebase datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our semantic parser, achieving results within the state-of-the-art range.",
}
@inproceedings{tkachenko-sirts-2018-modeling,
    title = "Modeling Composite Labels for Neural Morphological Tagging",
    author = "Tkachenko, Alexander  and
      Sirts, Kairit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1036",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1036",
    pages = "368--379",
    abstract = "Neural morphological tagging has been regarded as an extension to POS tagging task, treating each morphological tag as a monolithic label and ignoring its internal structure. We propose to view morphological tags as composite labels and explicitly model their internal structure in a neural sequence tagger. For this, we explore three different neural architectures and compare their performance with both CRF and simple neural multiclass baselines. We evaluate our models on 49 languages and show that the neural architecture that models the morphological labels as sequences of morphological category values performs significantly better than both baselines establishing state-of-the-art results in morphological tagging for most languages.",
}
@inproceedings{collins-etal-2018-evolutionary,
    title = "Evolutionary Data Measures: Understanding the Difficulty of Text Classification Tasks",
    author = "Collins, Edward  and
      Rozanov, Nikolai  and
      Zhang, Bingbing",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1037",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1037",
    pages = "380--391",
    abstract = "Classification tasks are usually analysed and improved through new model architectures or hyperparameter optimisation but the underlying properties of datasets are discovered on an ad-hoc basis as errors occur. However, understanding the properties of the data is crucial in perfecting models. In this paper we analyse exactly which characteristics of a dataset best determine how difficult that dataset is for the task of text classification. We then propose an intuitive measure of difficulty for text classification datasets which is simple and fast to calculate. We empirically prove that this measure generalises to unseen data by comparing it to state-of-the-art datasets and results. This measure can be used to analyse the precise source of errors in a dataset and allows fast estimation of how difficult a dataset is to learn. We searched for this measure by training 12 classical and neural network based models on 78 real-world datasets, then use a genetic algorithm to discover the best measure of difficulty. Our difficulty-calculating code and datasets are publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{merlo-ackermann-2018-vectorial,
    title = "Vectorial Semantic Spaces Do Not Encode Human Judgments of Intervention Similarity",
    author = "Merlo, Paola  and
      Ackermann, Francesco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1038",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1038",
    pages = "392--401",
    abstract = "Despite their practical success and impressive performances, neural-network-based and distributed semantics techniques have often been criticized as they remain fundamentally opaque and difficult to interpret. In a vein similar to recent pieces of work investigating the linguistic abilities of these representations, we study another core, defining property of language: the property of long-distance dependencies. Human languages exhibit the ability to interpret discontinuous elements distant from each other in the string as if they were adjacent. This ability is blocked if a similar, but extraneous, element intervenes between the discontinuous components. We present results that show, under exhaustive and precise conditions, that one kind of word embeddings and the similarity spaces they define do not encode the properties of intervention similarity in long-distance dependencies, and that therefore they fail to represent this core linguistic notion.",
}
@inproceedings{kadar-etal-2018-lessons,
    title = "Lessons Learned in Multilingual Grounded Language Learning",
    author = "K{\'a}d{\'a}r, {\'A}kos  and
      Elliott, Desmond  and
      C{\^o}t{\'e}, Marc-Alexandre  and
      Chrupa{\l}a, Grzegorz  and
      Alishahi, Afra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1039",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1039",
    pages = "402--412",
    abstract = "Recent work has shown how to learn better visual-semantic embeddings by leveraging image descriptions in more than one language. Here, we investigate in detail which conditions affect the performance of this type of grounded language learning model. We show that multilingual training improves over bilingual training, and that low-resource languages benefit from training with higher-resource languages. We demonstrate that a multilingual model can be trained equally well on either translations or comparable sentence pairs, and that annotating the same set of images in multiple language enables further improvements via an additional caption-caption ranking objective.",
}
@inproceedings{fevry-phang-2018-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised Sentence Compression using Denoising Auto-Encoders",
    author = "Fevry, Thibault  and
      Phang, Jason",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1040",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1040",
    pages = "413--422",
    abstract = "In sentence compression, the task of shortening sentences while retaining the original meaning, models tend to be trained on large corpora containing pairs of verbose and compressed sentences. To remove the need for paired corpora, we emulate a summarization task and add noise to extend sentences and train a denoising auto-encoder to recover the original, constructing an end-to-end training regime without the need for any examples of compressed sentences. We conduct a human evaluation of our model on a standard text summarization dataset and show that it performs comparably to a supervised baseline based on grammatical correctness and retention of meaning. Despite being exposed to no target data, our unsupervised models learn to generate imperfect but reasonably readable sentence summaries. Although we underperform supervised models based on ROUGE scores, our models are competitive with a supervised baseline based on human evaluation for grammatical correctness and retention of meaning.",
}
@inproceedings{elekes-etal-2018-resources,
    title = "Resources to Examine the Quality of Word Embedding Models Trained on n-Gram Data",
    author = {Elekes, {\'A}bel  and
      Englhardt, Adrian  and
      Sch{\"a}ler, Martin  and
      B{\"o}hm, Klemens},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1041",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1041",
    pages = "423--432",
    abstract = "Word embeddings are powerful tools that facilitate better analysis of natural language. However, their quality highly depends on the resource used for training. There are various approaches relying on n-gram corpora, such as the Google n-gram corpus. However, n-gram corpora only offer a small window into the full text {--} 5 words for the Google corpus at best. This gives way to the concern whether the extracted word semantics are of high quality. In this paper, we address this concern with two contributions. First, we provide a resource containing 120 word-embedding models {--} one of the largest collection of embedding models. Furthermore, the resource contains the n-gramed versions of all used corpora, as well as our scripts used for corpus generation, model generation and evaluation. Second, we define a set of meaningful experiments allowing to evaluate the aforementioned quality differences. We conduct these experiments using our resource to show its usage and significance. The evaluation results confirm that one generally can expect high quality for n-grams with n {\textgreater} 3.",
}
@inproceedings{aghaebrahimian-2018-linguistically,
    title = "Linguistically-Based Deep Unstructured Question Answering",
    author = "Aghaebrahimian, Ahmad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1042",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1042",
    pages = "433--443",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a new linguistically-based approach to answering non-factoid open-domain questions from unstructured data. First, we elaborate on an architecture for textual encoding based on which we introduce a deep end-to-end neural model. This architecture benefits from a bilateral attention mechanism which helps the model to focus on a question and the answer sentence at the same time for phrasal answer extraction. Second, we feed the output of a constituency parser into the model directly and integrate linguistic constituents into the network to help it concentrate on chunks of an answer rather than on its single words for generating more natural output. By optimizing this architecture, we managed to obtain near-to-human-performance results and competitive to a state-of-the-art system on SQuAD and MS-MARCO datasets respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-dimsim,
    title = "{DIMSIM}: An Accurate {C}hinese Phonetic Similarity Algorithm Based on Learned High Dimensional Encoding",
    author = "Li, Min  and
      Danilevsky, Marina  and
      Noeman, Sara  and
      Li, Yunyao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1043",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1043",
    pages = "444--453",
    abstract = "Phonetic similarity algorithms identify words and phrases with similar pronunciation which are used in many natural language processing tasks. However, existing approaches are designed mainly for Indo-European languages and fail to capture the unique properties of Chinese pronunciation. In this paper, we propose a high dimensional encoded phonetic similarity algorithm for Chinese, DIMSIM. The encodings are learned from annotated data to separately map initial and final phonemes into n-dimensional coordinates. Pinyin phonetic similarities are then calculated by aggregating the similarities of initial, final and tone. DIMSIM demonstrates a 7.5X improvement on mean reciprocal rank over the state-of-the-art phonetic similarity approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{el-baff-etal-2018-challenge,
    title = "Challenge or Empower: Revisiting Argumentation Quality in a News Editorial Corpus",
    author = "El Baff, Roxanne  and
      Wachsmuth, Henning  and
      Al-Khatib, Khalid  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1044",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1044",
    pages = "454--464",
    abstract = "News editorials are said to shape public opinion, which makes them a powerful tool and an important source of political argumentation. However, rarely do editorials change anyone{'}s stance on an issue completely, nor do they tend to argue explicitly (but rather follow a subtle rhetorical strategy). So, what does argumentation quality mean for editorials then? We develop the notion that an effective editorial challenges readers with opposing stance, and at the same time empowers the arguing skills of readers that share the editorial{'}s stance {---} or even challenges both sides. To study argumentation quality based on this notion, we introduce a new corpus with 1000 editorials from the New York Times, annotated for their perceived effect along with the annotators{'} political orientations. Analyzing the corpus, we find that annotators with different orientation disagree on the effect significantly. While only 1{\%} of all editorials changed anyone{'}s stance, more than 5{\%} meet our notion. We conclude that our corpus serves as a suitable resource for studying the argumentation quality of news editorials.",
}
@inproceedings{cohen-widdows-2018-bringing,
    title = "Bringing Order to Neural Word Embeddings with Embeddings Augmented by Random Permutations ({EARP})",
    author = "Cohen, Trevor  and
      Widdows, Dominic",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1045",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1045",
    pages = "465--475",
    abstract = "Word order is clearly a vital part of human language, but it has been used comparatively lightly in distributional vector models. This paper presents a new method for incorporating word order information into word vector embedding models by combining the benefits of permutation-based order encoding with the more recent method of skip-gram with negative sampling. The new method introduced here is called Embeddings Augmented by Random Permutations (EARP). It operates by applying permutations to the coordinates of context vector representations during the process of training. Results show an 8{\%} improvement in accuracy on the challenging Bigger Analogy Test Set, and smaller but consistent improvements on other analogy reference sets. These findings demonstrate the importance of order-based information in analogical retrieval tasks, and the utility of random permutations as a means to augment neural embeddings.",
}
@inproceedings{nie-etal-2018-aggregated,
    title = "Aggregated Semantic Matching for Short Text Entity Linking",
    author = "Nie, Feng  and
      Zhou, Shuyan  and
      Liu, Jing  and
      Wang, Jinpeng  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew  and
      Pan, Rong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1046",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1046",
    pages = "476--485",
    abstract = "The task of entity linking aims to identify concepts mentioned in a text fragments and link them to a reference knowledge base. Entity linking in long text has been well studied in previous work. However, short text entity linking is more challenging since the text are noisy and less coherent. To better utilize the local information provided in short texts, we propose a novel neural network framework, Aggregated Semantic Matching (ASM), in which two different aspects of semantic information between the local context and the candidate entity are captured via representation-based and interaction-based neural semantic matching models, and then two matching signals work jointly for disambiguation with a rank aggregation mechanism. Our evaluation shows that the proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-arts on public tweet datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{niu-bansal-2018-adversarial,
    title = "Adversarial Over-Sensitivity and Over-Stability Strategies for Dialogue Models",
    author = "Niu, Tong  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1047",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1047",
    pages = "486--496",
    abstract = "We present two categories of model-agnostic adversarial strategies that reveal the weaknesses of several generative, task-oriented dialogue models: Should-Not-Change strategies that evaluate over-sensitivity to small and semantics-preserving edits, as well as Should-Change strategies that test if a model is over-stable against subtle yet semantics-changing modifications. We next perform adversarial training with each strategy, employing a max-margin approach for negative generative examples. This not only makes the target dialogue model more robust to the adversarial inputs, but also helps it perform significantly better on the original inputs. Moreover, training on all strategies combined achieves further improvements, achieving a new state-of-the-art performance on the original task (also verified via human evaluation). In addition to adversarial training, we also address the robustness task at the model-level, by feeding it subword units as both inputs and outputs, and show that the resulting model is equally competitive, requires only 1/4 of the original vocabulary size, and is robust to one of the adversarial strategies (to which the original model is vulnerable) even without adversarial training.",
}
@inproceedings{chaudhuri-etal-2018-improving,
    title = "Improving Response Selection in Multi-Turn Dialogue Systems by Incorporating Domain Knowledge",
    author = "Chaudhuri, Debanjan  and
      Kristiadi, Agustinus  and
      Lehmann, Jens  and
      Fischer, Asja",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1048",
    pages = "497--507",
    abstract = "Building systems that can communicate with humans is a core problem in Artificial Intelligence. This work proposes a novel neural network architecture for response selection in an end-to-end multi-turn conversational dialogue setting. The architecture applies context level attention and incorporates additional external knowledge provided by descriptions of domain-specific words. It uses a bi-directional Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) for encoding context and responses and learns to attend over the context words given the latent response representation and vice versa. In addition, it incorporates external domain specific information using another GRU for encoding the domain keyword descriptions. This allows better representation of domain-specific keywords in responses and hence improves the overall performance. Experimental results show that our model outperforms all other state-of-the-art methods for response selection in multi-turn conversations.",
}
@inproceedings{chung-etal-2018-lifted,
    title = "The Lifted Matrix-Space Model for Semantic Composition",
    author = "Chung, WooJin  and
      Wang, Sheng-Fu  and
      Bowman, Samuel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1049",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1049",
    pages = "508--518",
    abstract = "Tree-structured neural network architectures for sentence encoding draw inspiration from the approach to semantic composition generally seen in formal linguistics, and have shown empirical improvements over comparable sequence models by doing so. Moreover, adding multiplicative interaction terms to the composition functions in these models can yield significant further improvements. However, existing compositional approaches that adopt such a powerful composition function scale poorly, with parameter counts exploding as model dimension or vocabulary size grows. We introduce the Lifted Matrix-Space model, which uses a global transformation to map vector word embeddings to matrices, which can then be composed via an operation based on matrix-matrix multiplication. Its composition function effectively transmits a larger number of activations across layers with relatively few model parameters. We evaluate our model on the Stanford NLI corpus, the Multi-Genre NLI corpus, and the Stanford Sentiment Treebank and find that it consistently outperforms TreeLSTM (Tai et al., 2015), the previous best known composition function for tree-structured models.",
}
@inproceedings{kolitsas-etal-2018-end,
    title = "End-to-End Neural Entity Linking",
    author = "Kolitsas, Nikolaos  and
      Ganea, Octavian-Eugen  and
      Hofmann, Thomas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1050",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1050",
    pages = "519--529",
    abstract = "Entity Linking (EL) is an essential task for semantic text understanding and information extraction. Popular methods separately address the Mention Detection (MD) and Entity Disambiguation (ED) stages of EL, without leveraging their mutual dependency. We here propose the first neural end-to-end EL system that jointly discovers and links entities in a text document. The main idea is to consider all possible spans as potential mentions and learn contextual similarity scores over their entity candidates that are useful for both MD and ED decisions. Key components are context-aware mention embeddings, entity embeddings and a probabilistic mention - entity map, without demanding other engineered features. Empirically, we show that our end-to-end method significantly outperforms popular systems on the Gerbil platform when enough training data is available. Conversely, if testing datasets follow different annotation conventions compared to the training set (e.g. queries/ tweets vs news documents), our ED model coupled with a traditional NER system offers the best or second best EL accuracy.",
}
@inproceedings{ager-etal-2018-modelling,
    title = "Modelling Salient Features as Directions in Fine-Tuned Semantic Spaces",
    author = "Ager, Thomas  and
      Ku{\v{z}}elka, Ond{\v{r}}ej  and
      Schockaert, Steven",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1051",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1051",
    pages = "530--540",
    abstract = "In this paper we consider semantic spaces consisting of objects from some particular domain (e.g. IMDB movie reviews). Various authors have observed that such semantic spaces often model salient features (e.g. how scary a movie is) as directions. These feature directions allow us to rank objects according to how much they have the corresponding feature, and can thus play an important role in interpretable classifiers, recommendation systems, or entity-oriented search engines, among others. Methods for learning semantic spaces, however, are mostly aimed at modelling similarity. In this paper, we argue that there is an inherent trade-off between capturing similarity and faithfully modelling features as directions. Following this observation, we propose a simple method to fine-tune existing semantic spaces, with the aim of improving the quality of their feature directions. Crucially, our method is fully unsupervised, requiring only a bag-of-words representation of the objects as input.",
}
@inproceedings{yoshikawa-iwakura-2018-model,
    title = "Model Transfer with Explicit Knowledge of the Relation between Class Definitions",
    author = "Yoshikawa, Hiyori  and
      Iwakura, Tomoya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1052",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1052",
    pages = "541--550",
    abstract = "This paper investigates learning methods for multi-class classification using labeled data for the target classification scheme and another labeled data for a similar but different classification scheme (support scheme). We show that if we have prior knowledge about the relation between support and target classification schemes in the form of a class correspondence table, we can use it to improve the model performance further than the simple multi-task learning approach. Instead of learning the individual classification layers for the support and target schemes, the proposed method converts the class label of each example on the support scheme into a set of candidate class labels on the target scheme via the class correspondence table, and then uses the candidate labels to learn the classification layer for the target scheme. We evaluate the proposed method on two tasks in NLP. The experimental results show that our method effectively learns the target schemes especially for the classes that have a tight connection to certain support classes.",
}
@inproceedings{zemlyanskiy-sha-2018-aiming,
    title = "Aiming to Know You Better Perhaps Makes Me a More Engaging Dialogue Partner",
    author = "Zemlyanskiy, Yury  and
      Sha, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1053",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1053",
    pages = "551--561",
    abstract = "There have been several attempts to define a plausible motivation for a chit-chat dialogue agent that can lead to engaging conversations. In this work, we explore a new direction where the agent specifically focuses on discovering information about its interlocutor. We formalize this approach by defining a quantitative metric. We propose an algorithm for the agent to maximize it. We validate the idea with human evaluation where our system outperforms various baselines. We demonstrate that the metric indeed correlates with the human judgments of engagingness.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-neural,
    title = "Neural Maximum Subgraph Parsing for Cross-Domain Semantic Dependency Analysis",
    author = "Chen, Yufei  and
      Huang, Sheng  and
      Wang, Fang  and
      Cao, Junjie  and
      Sun, Weiwei  and
      Wan, Xiaojun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1054",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1054",
    pages = "562--572",
    abstract = "We present experiments for cross-domain semantic dependency analysis with a neural Maximum Subgraph parser. Our parser targets 1-endpoint-crossing, pagenumber-2 graphs which are a good fit to semantic dependency graphs, and utilizes an efficient dynamic programming algorithm for decoding. For disambiguation, the parser associates words with BiLSTM vectors and utilizes these vectors to assign scores to candidate dependencies. We conduct experiments on the data sets from SemEval 2015 as well as Chinese CCGBank. Our parser achieves very competitive results for both English and Chinese. To improve the parsing performance on cross-domain texts, we propose a data-oriented method to explore the linguistic generality encoded in English Resource Grammar, which is a precisionoriented, hand-crafted HPSG grammar, in an implicit way. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our data-oriented method across a wide range of conditions.",
}
@inproceedings{xu-etal-2018-random,
    title = "From Random to Supervised: A Novel Dropout Mechanism Integrated with Global Information",
    author = "Xu, Hengru  and
      Li, Shen  and
      Hu, Renfen  and
      Li, Si  and
      Gao, Sheng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1055",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1055",
    pages = "573--582",
    abstract = "Dropout is used to avoid overfitting by randomly dropping units from the neural networks during training. Inspired by dropout, this paper presents GI-Dropout, a novel dropout method integrating with global information to improve neural networks for text classification. Unlike the traditional dropout method in which the units are dropped randomly according to the same probability, we aim to use explicit instructions based on global information of the dataset to guide the training process. With GI-Dropout, the model is supposed to pay more attention to inapparent features or patterns. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the dropout with global information on seven text classification tasks, including sentiment analysis and topic classification.",
}
@inproceedings{he-etal-2018-sequence,
    title = "Sequence to Sequence Mixture Model for Diverse Machine Translation",
    author = "He, Xuanli  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Norouzi, Mohammad",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1056",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-1056",
    pages = "583--592",
    abstract = "Sequence to sequence (SEQ2SEQ) models lack diversity in their generated translations. This can be attributed to their limitations in capturing lexical and syntactic variations in parallel corpora, due to different styles, genres, topics, or ambiguity of human translation process. In this paper, we develop a novel sequence to sequence mixture (S2SMIX) model that improves both translation diversity and quality by adopting a committee of specialized translation models rather than a single translation model. Each mixture component selects its own training dataset via optimization of the marginal log-likelihood, which leads to a soft clustering of the parallel corpus. Experiments on four language pairs demonstrate the superiority of our mixture model compared to SEQ2SEQ model with the standard and diversity encouraged beam search. Our mixture model incurs negligible additional parameters and no extra computation in the decoding time.",
}
@proceedings{conll-2018-conll,
    title = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Zeman, Daniel  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2000",
}
@inproceedings{zeman-etal-2018-conll,
    title = "{C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    author = "Zeman, Daniel  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan  and
      Popel, Martin  and
      Potthast, Martin  and
      Straka, Milan  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Petrov, Slav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2001",
    pages = "1--21",
    abstract = "Every year, the Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL) features a shared task, in which participants train and test their learning systems on the same data sets. In 2018, one of two tasks was devoted to learning dependency parsers for a large number of languages, in a real-world setting without any gold-standard annotation on test input. All test sets followed a unified annotation scheme, namely that of Universal Dependencies. This shared task constitutes a 2nd edition{---}the first one took place in 2017 (Zeman et al., 2017); the main metric from 2017 has been kept, allowing for easy comparison, also in 2018, and two new main metrics have been used. New datasets added to the Universal Dependencies collection between mid-2017 and the spring of 2018 have contributed to increased difficulty of the task this year. In this overview paper, we define the task and the updated evaluation methodology, describe data preparation, report and analyze the main results, and provide a brief categorization of the different approaches of the participating systems.",
}
@inproceedings{fares-etal-2018-2018,
    title = "The 2018 Shared Task on Extrinsic Parser Evaluation: On the Downstream Utility of {E}nglish Universal Dependency Parsers",
    author = {Fares, Murhaf  and
      Oepen, Stephan  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      Bj{\"o}rne, Jari  and
      Johansson, Richard},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2002",
    pages = "22--33",
    abstract = "We summarize empirical results and tentative conclusions from the Second Extrinsic Parser Evaluation Initiative (EPE 2018). We review the basic task setup, downstream applications involved, and end-to-end results for seventeen participating teams. Based on in-depth quantitative and qualitative analysis, we correlate intrinsic evaluation results at different layers of morph-syntactic analysis with observed downstream behavior.",
}
@inproceedings{duthoo-mesnard-2018-cea,
    title = "{CEA} {LIST}: Processing Low-Resource Languages for {C}o{NLL} 2018",
    author = "Duthoo, Elie  and
      Mesnard, Olivier",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2003",
    pages = "34--44",
    abstract = "In this paper, we describe the system used for our first participation at the CoNLL 2018 shared task. The submitted system largely reused the state of the art parser from CoNLL 2017 (\url{https://github.com/tdozat/Parser-v2}). We enhanced this system for morphological features predictions, and we used all available resources to provide accurate models for low-resource languages. We ranked 5th of 27 participants in MLAS for building morphology aware dependency trees, 2nd for morphological features only, and 3rd for tagging (UPOS) and parsing (LAS) low-resource languages.",
}
@inproceedings{rybak-wroblewska-2018-semi,
    title = "Semi-Supervised Neural System for Tagging, Parsing and Lematization",
    author = "Rybak, Piotr  and
      Wr{\'o}blewska, Alina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2004",
    pages = "45--54",
    abstract = "This paper describes the ICS PAS system which took part in CoNLL 2018 shared task on Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies. The system consists of jointly trained tagger, lemmatizer, and dependency parser which are based on features extracted by a biLSTM network. The system uses both fully connected and dilated convolutional neural architectures. The novelty of our approach is the use of an additional loss function, which reduces the number of cycles in the predicted dependency graphs, and the use of self-training to increase the system performance. The proposed system, i.e. ICS PAS (Warszawa), ranked 3th/4th in the official evaluation obtaining the following overall results: 73.02 (LAS), 60.25 (MLAS) and 64.44 (BLEX).",
}
@inproceedings{che-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards Better {UD} Parsing: Deep Contextualized Word Embeddings, Ensemble, and Treebank Concatenation",
    author = "Che, Wanxiang  and
      Liu, Yijia  and
      Wang, Yuxuan  and
      Zheng, Bo  and
      Liu, Ting",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2005",
    pages = "55--64",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system (HIT-SCIR) submitted to the CoNLL 2018 shared task on Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies. We base our submission on Stanford{'}s winning system for the CoNLL 2017 shared task and make two effective extensions: 1) incorporating deep contextualized word embeddings into both the part of speech tagger and parser; 2) ensembling parsers trained with different initialization. We also explore different ways of concatenating treebanks for further improvements. Experimental results on the development data show the effectiveness of our methods. In the final evaluation, our system was ranked first according to LAS (75.84{\%}) and outperformed the other systems by a large margin.",
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-joint-learning,
    title = "Joint Learning of {POS} and Dependencies for Multilingual Universal Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Li, Zuchao  and
      He, Shexia  and
      Zhang, Zhuosheng  and
      Zhao, Hai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2006",
    pages = "65--73",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system of team LeisureX in the CoNLL 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies. Our system predicts the part-of-speech tag and dependency tree jointly. For the basic tasks, including tokenization, lemmatization and morphology prediction, we employ the official baseline model (UDPipe). To train the low-resource languages, we adopt a sampling method based on other richresource languages. Our system achieves a macro-average of 68.31{\%} LAS F1 score, with an improvement of 2.51{\%} compared with the UDPipe.",
}
@inproceedings{wu-etal-2018-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Universal Dependency Parsing from Raw Text with Low-Resource Language Enhancement",
    author = "Wu, Yingting  and
      Zhao, Hai  and
      Tong, Jia-Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2007",
    pages = "74--80",
    abstract = "This paper describes the system of our team Phoenix for participating CoNLL 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies. Given the annotated gold standard data in CoNLL-U format, we train the tokenizer, tagger and parser separately for each treebank based on an open source pipeline tool UDPipe. Our system reads the plain texts for input, performs the pre-processing steps (tokenization, lemmas, morphology) and finally outputs the syntactic dependencies. For the low-resource languages with no training data, we use cross-lingual techniques to build models with some close languages instead. In the official evaluation, our system achieves the macro-averaged scores of 65.61{\%}, 52.26{\%}, 55.71{\%} for LAS, MLAS and BLEX respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-verspoor-2018-improved,
    title = "An Improved Neural Network Model for Joint {POS} Tagging and Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2008",
    pages = "81--91",
    abstract = "We propose a novel neural network model for joint part-of-speech (POS) tagging and dependency parsing. Our model extends the well-known BIST graph-based dependency parser (Kiperwasser and Goldberg, 2016) by incorporating a BiLSTM-based tagging component to produce automatically predicted POS tags for the parser. On the benchmark English Penn treebank, our model obtains strong UAS and LAS scores at 94.51{\%} and 92.87{\%}, respectively, producing 1.5+{\%} absolute improvements to the BIST graph-based parser, and also obtaining a state-of-the-art POS tagging accuracy at 97.97{\%}. Furthermore, experimental results on parsing 61 {``}big{''} Universal Dependencies treebanks from raw texts show that our model outperforms the baseline UDPipe (Straka and Strakova, 2017) with 0.8{\%} higher average POS tagging score and 3.6{\%} higher average LAS score. In addition, with our model, we also obtain state-of-the-art downstream task scores for biomedical event extraction and opinion analysis applications. Our code is available together with all pre-trained models at: \url{https://github.com/datquocnguyen/jPTDP}",
}
@inproceedings{wan-etal-2018-ibm,
    title = "{IBM} Research at the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task on Multilingual Parsing",
    author = "Wan, Hui  and
      Naseem, Tahira  and
      Lee, Young-Suk  and
      Castelli, Vittorio  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2009",
    pages = "92--102",
    abstract = "This paper presents the IBM Research AI submission to the CoNLL 2018 Shared Task on Parsing Universal Dependencies. Our system implements a new joint transition-based parser, based on the Stack-LSTM framework and the Arc-Standard algorithm, that handles tokenization, part-of-speech tagging, morphological tagging and dependency parsing in one single model. By leveraging a combination of character-based modeling of words and recursive composition of partially built linguistic structures we qualified 13th overall and 7th in low resource. We also present a new sentence segmentation neural architecture based on Stack-LSTMs that was the 4th best overall.",
}
@inproceedings{hershcovich-etal-2018-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependency Parsing with a General Transition-Based {DAG} Parser",
    author = "Hershcovich, Daniel  and
      Abend, Omri  and
      Rappoport, Ari",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2010",
    pages = "103--112",
    abstract = "This paper presents our experiments with applying TUPA to the CoNLL 2018 UD shared task. TUPA is a general neural transition-based DAG parser, which we use to present the first experiments on recovering enhanced dependencies as part of the general parsing task. TUPA was designed for parsing UCCA, a cross-linguistic semantic annotation scheme, exhibiting reentrancy, discontinuity and non-terminal nodes. By converting UD trees and graphs to a UCCA-like DAG format, we train TUPA almost without modification on the UD parsing task. The generic nature of our approach lends itself naturally to multitask learning.",
}
@inproceedings{smith-etal-2018-82,
    title = "82 Treebanks, 34 Models: Universal Dependency Parsing with Multi-Treebank Models",
    author = "Smith, Aaron  and
      Bohnet, Bernd  and
      de Lhoneux, Miryam  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Shao, Yan  and
      Stymne, Sara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2011",
    pages = "113--123",
    abstract = "We present the Uppsala system for the CoNLL 2018 Shared Task on universal dependency parsing. Our system is a pipeline consisting of three components: the first performs joint word and sentence segmentation; the second predicts part-of-speech tags and morphological features; the third predicts dependency trees from words and tags. Instead of training a single parsing model for each treebank, we trained models with multiple treebanks for one language or closely related languages, greatly reducing the number of models. On the official test run, we ranked 7th of 27 teams for the LAS and MLAS metrics. Our system obtained the best scores overall for word segmentation, universal POS tagging, and morphological features.",
}
@inproceedings{kirnap-etal-2018-tree,
    title = "Tree-Stack {LSTM} in Transition Based Dependency Parsing",
    author = {K{\i}rnap, {\"O}mer  and
      Dayan{\i}k, Erenay  and
      Yuret, Deniz},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2012",
    pages = "124--132",
    abstract = "We introduce tree-stack LSTM to model state of a transition based parser with recurrent neural networks. Tree-stack LSTM does not use any parse tree based or hand-crafted features, yet performs better than models with these features. We also develop new set of embeddings from raw features to enhance the performance. There are 4 main components of this model: stack{'}s σ-LSTM, buffer{'}s β-LSTM, actions{'} LSTM and tree-RNN. All LSTMs use continuous dense feature vectors (embeddings) as an input. Tree-RNN updates these embeddings based on transitions. We show that our model improves performance with low resource languages compared with its predecessors. We participate in CoNLL 2018 UD Shared Task as the {``}KParse{''} team and ranked 16th in LAS, 15th in BLAS and BLEX metrics, of 27 participants parsing 82 test sets from 57 languages.",
}
@inproceedings{kanerva-etal-2018-turku,
    title = "{T}urku Neural Parser Pipeline: An End-to-End System for the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task",
    author = "Kanerva, Jenna  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Miekka, Niko  and
      Leino, Akseli  and
      Salakoski, Tapio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2013",
    pages = "133--142",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe the TurkuNLP entry at the CoNLL 2018 Shared Task on Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies. Compared to the last year, this year the shared task includes two new main metrics to measure the morphological tagging and lemmatization accuracies in addition to syntactic trees. Basing our motivation into these new metrics, we developed an end-to-end parsing pipeline especially focusing on developing a novel and state-of-the-art component for lemmatization. Our system reached the highest aggregate ranking on three main metrics out of 26 teams by achieving 1st place on metric involving lemmatization, and 2nd on both morphological tagging and parsing.",
}
@inproceedings{lim-etal-2018-sex,
    title = "{SE}x {B}i{ST}: A Multi-Source Trainable Parser with Deep Contextualized Lexical Representations",
    author = "Lim, KyungTae  and
      Park, Cheoneum  and
      Lee, Changki  and
      Poibeau, Thierry",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2014",
    pages = "143--152",
    abstract = "We describe the SEx BiST parser (Semantically EXtended Bi-LSTM parser) developed at Lattice for the CoNLL 2018 Shared Task (Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies). The main characteristic of our work is the encoding of three different modes of contextual information for parsing: (i) Treebank feature representations, (ii) Multilingual word representations, (iii) ELMo representations obtained via unsupervised learning from external resources. Our parser performed well in the official end-to-end evaluation (73.02 LAS {--} 4th/26 teams, and 78.72 UAS {--} 2nd/26); remarkably, we achieved the best UAS scores on all the English corpora by applying the three suggested feature representations. Finally, we were also ranked 1st at the optional event extraction task, part of the 2018 Extrinsic Parser Evaluation campaign.",
}
@inproceedings{bhat-etal-2018-slt,
    title = "The {SLT}-Interactions Parsing System at the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task",
    author = "Bhat, Riyaz A.  and
      Bhat, Irshad  and
      Bangalore, Srinivas",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2015",
    pages = "153--159",
    abstract = "This paper describes our system (SLT-Interactions) for the CoNLL 2018 shared task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies. Our system performs three main tasks: word segmentation (only for few treebanks), POS tagging and parsing. While segmentation is learned separately, we use neural stacking for joint learning of POS tagging and parsing tasks. For all the tasks, we employ simple neural network architectures that rely on long short-term memory (LSTM) networks for learning task-dependent features. At the basis of our parser, we use an arc-standard algorithm with Swap action for general non-projective parsing. Additionally, we use neural stacking as a knowledge transfer mechanism for cross-domain parsing of low resource domains. Our system shows substantial gains against the UDPipe baseline, with an average improvement of 4.18{\%} in LAS across all languages. Overall, we are placed at the 12th position on the official test sets.",
}
@inproceedings{qi-etal-2018-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependency Parsing from Scratch",
    author = "Qi, Peng  and
      Dozat, Timothy  and
      Zhang, Yuhao  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2016",
    pages = "160--170",
    abstract = "This paper describes Stanford{'}s system at the CoNLL 2018 UD Shared Task. We introduce a complete neural pipeline system that takes raw text as input, and performs all tasks required by the shared task, ranging from tokenization and sentence segmentation, to POS tagging and dependency parsing. Our single system submission achieved very competitive performance on big treebanks. Moreover, after fixing an unfortunate bug, our corrected system would have placed the 2nd, 1st, and 3rd on the official evaluation metrics LAS, MLAS, and BLEX, and would have outperformed all submission systems on low-resource treebank categories on all metrics by a large margin. We further show the effectiveness of different model components through extensive ablation studies.",
}
@inproceedings{boros-etal-2018-nlp,
    title = "{NLP}-Cube: End-to-End Raw Text Processing With Neural Networks",
    author = "Boros, Tiberiu  and
      Dumitrescu, Stefan Daniel  and
      Burtica, Ruxandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2017",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2017",
    pages = "171--179",
    abstract = "We introduce NLP-Cube: an end-to-end Natural Language Processing framework, evaluated in CoNLL{'}s {``}Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies 2018{''} Shared Task. It performs sentence splitting, tokenization, compound word expansion, lemmatization, tagging and parsing. Based entirely on recurrent neural networks, written in Python, this ready-to-use open source system is freely available on GitHub. For each task we describe and discuss its specific network architecture, closing with an overview on the results obtained in the competition.",
}
@inproceedings{arakelyan-etal-2018-towards,
    title = "Towards {J}oint{UD}: Part-of-speech Tagging and Lemmatization using Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Arakelyan, Gor  and
      Hambardzumyan, Karen  and
      Khachatrian, Hrant",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2018",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2018",
    pages = "180--186",
    abstract = "This paper describes our submission to CoNLL UD Shared Task 2018. We have extended an LSTM-based neural network designed for sequence tagging to additionally generate character-level sequences. The network was jointly trained to produce lemmas, part-of-speech tags and morphological features. Sentence segmentation, tokenization and dependency parsing were handled by UDPipe 1.2 baseline. The results demonstrate the viability of the proposed multitask architecture, although its performance still remains far from state-of-the-art.",
}
@inproceedings{rosa-marecek-2018-cuni,
    title = "{CUNI} x-ling: Parsing Under-Resourced Languages in {C}o{NLL} 2018 {UD} Shared Task",
    author = "Rosa, Rudolf  and
      Mare{\v{c}}ek, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2019",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2019",
    pages = "187--196",
    abstract = "This is a system description paper for the CUNI x-ling submission to the CoNLL 2018 UD Shared Task. We focused on parsing under-resourced languages, with no or little training data available. We employed a wide range of approaches, including simple word-based treebank translation, combination of delexicalized parsers, and exploitation of available morphological dictionaries, with a dedicated setup tailored to each of the languages. In the official evaluation, our submission was identified as the clear winner of the Low-resource languages category.",
}
@inproceedings{straka-2018-udpipe,
    title = "{UDP}ipe 2.0 Prototype at {C}o{NLL} 2018 {UD} Shared Task",
    author = "Straka, Milan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2020",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2020",
    pages = "197--207",
    abstract = "UDPipe is a trainable pipeline which performs sentence segmentation, tokenization, POS tagging, lemmatization and dependency parsing. We present a prototype for UDPipe 2.0 and evaluate it in the CoNLL 2018 UD Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies, which employs three metrics for submission ranking. Out of 26 participants, the prototype placed first in the MLAS ranking, third in the LAS ranking and third in the BLEX ranking. In extrinsic parser evaluation EPE 2018, the system ranked first in the overall score.",
}
@inproceedings{seker-etal-2018-universal,
    title = "Universal Morpho-Syntactic Parsing and the Contribution of Lexica: Analyzing the {ONLP} Lab Submission to the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task",
    author = "Seker, Amit  and
      More, Amir  and
      Tsarfaty, Reut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2021",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2021",
    pages = "208--215",
    abstract = "We present the contribution of the ONLP lab at the Open University of Israel to the UD shared task on multilingual parsing from raw text to Universal Dependencies. Our contribution is based on a transition-based parser called {`}yap {--} yet another parser{'}, which includes a standalone morphological model, a standalone dependency model, and a joint morphosyntactic model. In the task we used \textit{yap}{`}s standalone dependency parser to parse input morphologically disambiguated by UDPipe, and obtained the official score of 58.35 LAS. In our follow up investigation we use yap to show how the incorporation of morphological and lexical resources may improve the performance of end-to-end raw-to-dependencies parsing in the case of a \textit{morphologically-rich} and \textit{low-resource} language, Modern Hebrew. Our results on Hebrew underscore the importance of CoNLL-UL, a UD-compatible standard for accessing external lexical resources, for enhancing end-to-end UD parsing, in particular for morphologically rich and low-resource languages. We thus encourage the community to create, convert, or make available more such lexica in future tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{onder-etal-2018-sparse,
    title = "{SP}arse: {K}o{\c{c}} University Graph-Based Parsing System for the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task",
    author = {{\"O}nder, Berkay  and
      G{\"u}meli, Can  and
      Yuret, Deniz},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2022",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2022",
    pages = "216--222",
    abstract = "We present SParse, our Graph-Based Parsing model submitted for the CoNLL 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies (Zeman et al., 2018). Our model extends the state-of-the-art biaffine parser (Dozat and Manning, 2016) with a structural meta-learning module, SMeta, that combines local and global label predictions. Our parser has been trained and run on Universal Dependencies datasets (Nivre et al., 2016, 2018) and has 87.48{\%} LAS, 78.63{\%} MLAS, 78.69{\%} BLEX and 81.76{\%} CLAS (Nivre and Fang, 2017) score on the Italian-ISDT dataset and has 72.78{\%} LAS, 59.10{\%} MLAS, 61.38{\%} BLEX and 61.72{\%} CLAS score on the Japanese-GSD dataset in our official submission. All other corpora are evaluated after the submission deadline, for whom we present our unofficial test results.",
}
@inproceedings{jawahar-etal-2018-elmolex,
    title = "{ELM}o{L}ex: Connecting {ELM}o and Lexicon Features for Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Jawahar, Ganesh  and
      Muller, Benjamin  and
      Fethi, Amal  and
      Martin, Louis  and
      Villemonte de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Seddah, Djam{\'e}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2023",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2023",
    pages = "223--237",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present the details of the neural dependency parser and the neural tagger submitted by our team {`}ParisNLP{'} to the CoNLL 2018 Shared Task on parsing from raw text to Universal Dependencies. We augment the deep Biaffine (BiAF) parser (Dozat and Manning, 2016) with novel features to perform competitively: we utilize an indomain version of ELMo features (Peters et al., 2018) which provide context-dependent word representations; we utilize disambiguated, embedded, morphosyntactic features from lexicons (Sagot, 2018), which complements the existing feature set. Henceforth, we call our system {`}ELMoLex{'}. In addition to incorporating character embeddings, ELMoLex benefits from pre-trained word vectors, ELMo and morphosyntactic features (whenever available) to correctly handle rare or unknown words which are prevalent in languages with complex morphology. ELMoLex ranked 11th by Labeled Attachment Score metric (70.64{\%}), Morphology-aware LAS metric (55.74{\%}) and ranked 9th by Bilexical dependency metric (60.70{\%}).",
}
@inproceedings{ozates-etal-2018-morphology,
    title = "A Morphology-Based Representation Model for {LSTM}-Based Dependency Parsing of Agglutinative Languages",
    author = {{\"O}zate{\c{s}}, {\c{S}}aziye Bet{\"u}l  and
      {\"O}zg{\"u}r, Arzucan  and
      G{\"u}ng{\"o}r, Tunga  and
      {\"O}zt{\"u}rk, Balk{\i}z},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2024",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2024",
    pages = "238--247",
    abstract = "We propose two word representation models for agglutinative languages that better capture the similarities between words which have similar tasks in sentences. Our models highlight the morphological features in words and embed morphological information into their dense representations. We have tested our models on an LSTM-based dependency parser with character-based word embeddings proposed by Ballesteros et al. (2015). We participated in the CoNLL 2018 Shared Task on multilingual parsing from raw text to universal dependencies as the BOUN team. We show that our morphology-based embedding models improve the parsing performance for most of the agglutinative languages.",
}
@inproceedings{ji-etal-2018-antnlp,
    title = "{A}nt{NLP} at {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: A Graph-Based Parser for Universal Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Ji, Tao  and
      Liu, Yufang  and
      Wang, Yijun  and
      Wu, Yuanbin  and
      Lan, Man",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2025",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2025",
    pages = "248--255",
    abstract = "We describe the graph-based dependency parser in our system (AntNLP) submitted to the CoNLL 2018 UD Shared Task. We use bidirectional lstm to get the word representation, then a bi-affine pointer networks to compute scores of candidate dependency edges and the MST algorithm to get the final dependency tree. From the official testing results, our system gets 70.90 LAS F1 score (rank 9/26), 55.92 MLAS (10/26) and 60.91 BLEX (8/26).",
}
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2018-simple,
    title = "A Simple yet Effective Joint Training Method for Cross-Lingual Universal Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Chen, Danlu  and
      Lin, Mengxiao  and
      Hu, Zhifeng  and
      Qiu, Xipeng",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL} 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels, Belgium",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-2026",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-2026",
    pages = "256--263",
    abstract = "This paper describes Fudan{'}s submission to CoNLL 2018{'}s shared task Universal Dependency Parsing. We jointly train models when two languages are similar according to linguistic typology and then ensemble the models using a simple re-parse algorithm. We outperform the baseline method by 4.4{\%} (2.1{\%}) on average on development (test) set in CoNLL 2018 UD Shared Task.",
}
@proceedings{conll-2018-conll-sigmorphon,
    title = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    author = "Hulden, Mans  and
      Cotterell, Ryan",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-3000",
}
@inproceedings{cotterell-etal-2018-conll,
    title = "The {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    author = "Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Kirov, Christo  and
      Sylak-Glassman, John  and
      Walther, G{\'e}raldine  and
      Vylomova, Ekaterina  and
      McCarthy, Arya D.  and
      Kann, Katharina  and
      Mielke, Sebastian  and
      Nicolai, Garrett  and
      Silfverberg, Miikka  and
      Yarowsky, David  and
      Eisner, Jason  and
      Hulden, Mans",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-3001",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-3001",
    pages = "1--27",
}
@inproceedings{agirrezabal-2018-ku,
    title = "{KU}-{CST} at {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: a Tridirectional Model",
    author = "Agirrezabal, Manex",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-3002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-3002",
    pages = "28--32",
}
@inproceedings{fam-lepage-2018-ips,
    title = "{IPS}-{WASEDA} system at {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task on morphological inflection",
    author = "Fam, Rashel  and
      Lepage, Yves",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-3003",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-3003",
    pages = "33--42",
}
@inproceedings{madsack-etal-2018-ax-semantics,
    title = "{AX} Semantics{'} Submission to the {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task",
    author = "Madsack, Andreas  and
      Cavallo, Alessia  and
      Heininger, Johanna  and
      Wei{\ss}graeber, Robert",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-3004",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-3004",
    pages = "43--47",
}
@inproceedings{jain-singh-2018-experiments,
    title = "Experiments on Morphological Reinflection: {C}o{NLL}-2018 Shared Task",
    author = "Jain, Rishabh  and
      Singh, Anil Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-3005",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-3005",
    pages = "48--57",
}
@inproceedings{kann-etal-2018-nyu,
    title = "The {NYU} System for the {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task on Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    author = "Kann, Katharina  and
      Lauly, Stanislas  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-3006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-3006",
    pages = "58--63",
}
@inproceedings{dumitrescu-boros-2018-attention,
    title = "Attention-free encoder decoder for morphological processing",
    author = "Dumitrescu, Stefan Daniel  and
      Boros, Tiberiu",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-3007",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-3007",
    pages = "64--68",
}
@inproceedings{makarov-clematide-2018-uzh,
    title = "{UZH} at {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task on Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    author = "Makarov, Peter  and
      Clematide, Simon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-3008",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-3008",
    pages = "69--75",
}
@inproceedings{schroder-etal-2018-finding,
    title = {Finding the way from {\"a} to a: Sub-character morphological inflection for the {SIGMORPHON} 2018 shared task},
    author = {Schr{\"o}der, Fynn  and
      Kamlot, Marcel  and
      Billing, Gregor  and
      K{\"o}hn, Arne},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-3009",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-3009",
    pages = "76--85",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2018-morphological,
    title = "Morphological Reinflection in Context: {CU} Boulder{'}s Submission to {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task",
    author = "Liu, Ling  and
      Subbiah, Ilamvazhuthy  and
      Wiemerslage, Adam  and
      Lilley, Jonathan  and
      Moeller, Sarah",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-3010",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-3010",
    pages = "86--92",
}
@inproceedings{kementchedjhieva-etal-2018-copenhagen,
    title = "Copenhagen at {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018: Multilingual Inflection in Context with Explicit Morphosyntactic Decoding",
    author = "Kementchedjhieva, Yova  and
      Bjerva, Johannes  and
      Augenstein, Isabelle",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-3011",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-3011",
    pages = "93--98",
}
@inproceedings{sorokin-2018-gain,
    title = "What can we gain from language models for morphological inflection?",
    author = "Sorokin, Alexey",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-3012",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-3012",
    pages = "99--104",
}
@inproceedings{sharma-etal-2018-iit,
    title = "{IIT}({BHU}){--}{IIITH} at {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task on Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    author = "Sharma, Abhishek  and
      Katrapati, Ganesh  and
      Sharma, Dipti Misra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-3013",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-3013",
    pages = "105--111",
}
@inproceedings{rama-coltekin-2018-tubingen,
    title = {T{\"u}bingen-Oslo system at {SIGMORPHON} shared task on morphological inflection. A multi-tasking multilingual sequence to sequence model.},
    author = {Rama, Taraka  and
      {\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i}},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-3014",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-3014",
    pages = "112--115",
}
@inproceedings{najafi-etal-2018-combining,
    title = "Combining Neural and Non-Neural Methods for Low-Resource Morphological Reinflection",
    author = "Najafi, Saeed  and
      Hauer, Bradley  and
      Riyadh, Rashed Rubby  and
      Yu, Leyuan  and
      Kondrak, Grzegorz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-3015",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-3015",
    pages = "116--120",
}
@inproceedings{acs-2018-bme,
    title = "{BME}-{HAS} System for {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    author = "{\'A}cs, Judit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {C}o{NLL}{--}{SIGMORPHON} 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K18-3016",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/K18-3016",
    pages = "121--126",
}
@proceedings{eacl-2003-european,
    title = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    author = "Copestake, Ann  and
      Haji{\v{c}}, Jan",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}
@inproceedings{oard-2003-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual Access to Large Spoken Archives (Invited talk)",
    author = "Oard, Doug",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1001",
}
@inproceedings{henderson-2003-neural,
    title = "Neural Network Probability Estimation for Broad Coverage Parsing",
    author = "Henderson, James",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1002",
}
@inproceedings{burstein-wolska-2003-toward,
    title = "Toward Evaluation of Writing Style: Overly Repetitious Word Use",
    author = "Burstein, Jill  and
      Wolska, Magdalena",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1003",
}
@inproceedings{cmejrek-etal-2003-czech,
    title = "{C}zech-{E}nglish Dependency Tree-based Machine Translation",
    author = "{\v{C}}mejrek, Martin  and
      Cu{\v{r}}{\'\i}n, Jan  and
      Havelka, Ji{\v{r}}{\'\i}",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1004",
}
@inproceedings{bod-2003-efficient,
    title = "An efficient implementation of a new {DOP} model",
    author = "Bod, Rens",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1005",
}
@inproceedings{smets-etal-2003-french,
    title = "{F}rench Amalgam: a quick adaptation of a sentence realization system to {F}rench",
    author = "Smets, Martine  and
      Gamon, Michael  and
      Corston-Oliver, Simon  and
      Ringger, Eric",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1006",
}
@inproceedings{ueffing-ney-2003-using,
    title = "Using {POS} Information for {SMT} into Morphologically Rich Languages",
    author = "Ueffing, Nicola  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1007",
}
@inproceedings{steedman-etal-2003-bootstrapping,
    title = "Bootstrapping statistical parsers from small datasets",
    author = "Steedman, Mark  and
      Osborne, Miles  and
      Sarkar, Anoop  and
      Clark, Stephen  and
      Hwa, Rebecca  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia  and
      Ruhlen, Paul  and
      Baker, Steven  and
      Crim, Jeremiah",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1008",
}
@inproceedings{clark-2003-combining,
    title = "Combining Distributional and Morphological Information for Part of Speech Induction",
    author = "Clark, Alexander",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1009",
}
@inproceedings{yasuda-etal-2003-applications,
    title = "Applications of Automatic Evaluation Methods to Measuring a Capability of Speech Translation System",
    author = "Yasuda, Keiji  and
      Sugaya, Fumiaki  and
      Takezawa, Toshiyuki  and
      Yamamoto, Seiichi  and
      Yanagida, Masuzo",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1010",
}
@inproceedings{dingli-etal-2003-mining,
    title = "Mining Web Sites Using Unsupervised Adaptive Information Extraction",
    author = "Dingli, Alexiei  and
      Ciravegna, Fabio  and
      Guthrie, David  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1011",
}
@inproceedings{alexin-etal-2003-annotated,
    title = "Annotated {H}ungarian National Corpus",
    author = "Alexin, Zolt{\'a}n  and
      Csirik, J{\'a}nos  and
      Gyim{\'o}thy, Tibor  and
      Bibok, K{\'a}roly  and
      Hatvani, Csaba  and
      Pr{\'o}sz{\'e}ky, G{\'a}bor  and
      Tihanyi, L{\'a}szl{\'o}",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1012",
}
@inproceedings{hosaka-etal-2003-effect,
    title = "Effect of utilizing terminology on extraction of protein-protein interaction information from biomedical literature",
    author = "Hosaka, Junko  and
      Koh, Judice L. Y.  and
      Konagaya, Akihiko",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1013",
}
@inproceedings{zabokrtsky-smrz-2003-arabic,
    title = "{A}rabic Syntactic Trees: from Constituency to Dependency",
    author = "Zabokrtsky, Zdenek  and
      Smrz, Otakar",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1014",
}
@inproceedings{poibeau-etal-2003-multilingual,
    title = "The Multilingual Named Entity Recognition Framework",
    author = "Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Acoulon, A.  and
      Avaux, C.  and
      Beroff-B{\'e}n{\'e}at, L.  and
      Cadeau, A.  and
      Calberg, M.  and
      Delale, A.  and
      Temmerman, L. De  and
      Guenet, A.-L.  and
      Huis, D.  and
      Jamalpour, M.  and
      Krul, A.  and
      Marcus, A.  and
      Picoli, F.  and
      Plancq, C.",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1015",
}
@inproceedings{yablonsky-2003-corpora,
    title = "The Corpora Management System Based on {J}ava and Oracle Technologies",
    author = "Yablonsky, Serge A.",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1016",
}
@inproceedings{horacek-2003-best,
    title = "A Best-First Search Algorithm for Generating Referring Expressions",
    author = "Horacek, Helmut",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1017",
}
@inproceedings{bentivogli-pianta-2003-beyond,
    title = "Beyond Lexical Units: Enriching {W}ord{N}ets with Phrasets",
    author = "Bentivogli, Luisa  and
      Pianta, Emanuele",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1018",
}
@inproceedings{piwek-2003-flexible,
    title = "A Flexible Pragmatics-Driven Language Generator for Animated Agents",
    author = "Piwek, Paul",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1019",
}
@inproceedings{dorow-widdows-2003-discovering,
    title = "Discovering Corpus-Specific Word Senses",
    author = "Dorow, Beate  and
      Widdows, Dominic",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1020",
}
@inproceedings{sripada-etal-2003-summarizing,
    title = "Summarizing Neonatal Time Series Data",
    author = "Sripada, Somayajulu G.  and
      Reiter, Ehud  and
      Hunter, Jim  and
      Yu, Jin",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1021",
}
@inproceedings{nerima-etal-2003-creating,
    title = "Creating a multilingual collocations dictionary from large text corpora",
    author = "Nerima, Luka  and
      Seretan, Violeta  and
      Wehrli, Eric",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1022",
}
@inproceedings{utsuro-etal-2003-effect,
    title = "Effect of Cross-Language {IR} in Bilingual Lexicon Acquisition from Comparable Corpora",
    author = "Utsuro, Takehito  and
      Horiuchi, Takashi  and
      Hino, Kohei  and
      Hamamoto, Takeshi  and
      Nakayama, Takeaki",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1023",
}
@inproceedings{koller-etal-2003-underspecification,
    title = "Underspecification formalisms: Hole semantics as dominance constraints",
    author = "Koller, Alexander  and
      Niehren, Joachim  and
      Thater, Stefan",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1024",
}
@inproceedings{preiss-2003-using,
    title = "Using Grammatical Relations to Compare Parsers",
    author = "Preiss, Judita",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1025",
}
@inproceedings{tiedemann-2003-combining,
    title = "Combining Clues for Word Alignment",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1026",
}
@inproceedings{erk-niehren-2003-well,
    title = "Well-Nested Parallelism Constraints for Ellipsis Resolution",
    author = "Erk, Katrin  and
      Niehren, Joachim",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1027",
}
@inproceedings{penn-2003-avm,
    title = "{AVM} Description Compilation using Types as Modes",
    author = "Penn, Gerald",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1028",
}
@inproceedings{imamura-etal-2003-automatic-construction,
    title = "Automatic Construction of Machine Translation Knowledge Using Translation Literalness",
    author = "Imamura, Kenji  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Matsumoto, Yuji",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1029",
}
@inproceedings{gardent-kallmeyer-2003-semantic,
    title = "Semantic construction in F-{TAG}",
    author = "Gardent, Claire  and
      Kallmeyer, Laura",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1030",
}
@inproceedings{yli-jyra-2003-describing,
    title = "Describing Syntax with Star-Free Regular Expressions",
    author = {Yli-Jyr{\"a}, Anssi},
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1031",
}
@inproceedings{och-etal-2003-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Search for Interactive Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Och, Franz Josef  and
      Zens, Richard  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1032",
}
@inproceedings{florencio-2003-rigid,
    title = "Rigid grammars in the Associative-Commutative Lambek Calculus are not learnable",
    author = "Florencio, Christophe Costa",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1033",
}
@inproceedings{brockmann-lapata-2003-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating and Combining Approaches to Selectional Preference Acquisition",
    author = "Brockmann, Carsten  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1034",
}
@inproceedings{moore-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning Translations of Named-Entity Phrases from Parallel Corpora",
    author = "Moore, Robert C.",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1035",
}
@inproceedings{baldridge-kruijff-2003-multi,
    title = "Multi-modal combinatory categorial grammar",
    author = "Baldridge, Jason  and
      Kruijff, Geert-Jan M.",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1036",
}
@inproceedings{schulte-im-walde-2003-experiments,
    title = "Experiments on the Choice of Features for Learning Verb Classes",
    author = "Schulte im Walde, Sabine",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1037",
}
@inproceedings{carreras-etal-2003-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition For {C}atalan Using Only {S}panish Resources and Unlabelled Data",
    author = "Carreras, Xavier  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s  and
      Padr{\'o}, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1038",
}
@inproceedings{penn-haji-abdolhosseini-2003-topological,
    title = "Topological Parsing",
    author = "Penn, Gerald  and
      Haji-Abdolhosseini, Mohammad",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1039",
}
@inproceedings{joanis-stevenson-2003-general,
    title = "A General Feature Space for Automatic Verb Classification",
    author = "Joanis, Eric  and
      Stevenson, Suzanne",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1040",
}
@inproceedings{fouvry-2003-lexicon,
    title = "Lexicon Acquisition with a large-coverage unification-based grammar",
    author = "Fouvry, Frederik",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1041",
}
@inproceedings{bos-etal-2003-meaningful,
    title = "Meaningful Conversation with a Mobile Robot",
    author = "Bos, Johan  and
      Klein, Ewan  and
      Oka, Tetsushi",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1042",
}
@inproceedings{lonneker-jakopin-2003-contents,
    title = "Contents and evaluation of the first {S}lovenian-{G}erman online dictionary",
    author = {L{\"o}nneker, Birte  and
      Jakopin, Primoz},
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1043",
}
@inproceedings{kordoni-2003-key,
    title = "The key role of semantics in the development of large-scale grammars of natural language",
    author = "Kordoni, Valia",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1044",
}
@inproceedings{schaden-2003-rule,
    title = "Rule-based lexical modelling of foreign-accented pronunciation variants",
    author = "Schaden, Stefan",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1045",
}
@inproceedings{mccracken-2003-oxford,
    title = "{O}xford Dictionary of {E}nglish - current developments",
    author = "McCracken, James",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1046",
}
@inproceedings{miyao-etal-2003-lexicalized,
    title = "Lexicalized Grammar Acquisition",
    author = "Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Ninomiya, Takashi  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1047",
}
@inproceedings{sumita-etal-2003-corpus,
    title = "A corpus-centered approach to spoken language translation",
    author = "Sumita, Eiichiro  and
      Akiba, Yasuhiro  and
      Doi, Takao  and
      Finch, Andrew  and
      Imamura, Kenji  and
      Paul, Michael  and
      Shimohata, Mitsuo  and
      Watanabe, Taro",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1048",
}
@inproceedings{higgins-2003-machine,
    title = "A machine learning approach to the identification of {WH} gaps",
    author = "Higgins, Derrick",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1049",
}
@inproceedings{vogel-2003-using,
    title = "Using Noisy Biligual Data for Statistical Machine Translation",
    author = "Vogel, Stephan",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1050",
}
@inproceedings{van-herwijnen-etal-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning {PP} attachment for filtering prosodic phrasing",
    author = "van Herwijnen, Olga  and
      Terken, Jacques  and
      van den Bosch, Antal  and
      Marsi, Erwin",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1051",
}
@inproceedings{daum-etal-2003-constraint,
    title = "Constraint Based Integration of Deep and Shallow Parsing Techniques",
    author = "Daum, Michael  and
      Foth, Kilian A.  and
      Menzel, Wolfgang",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1052",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2003-language-independent,
    title = "Language Independent Authorship Attribution with Character Level N-Grams",
    author = "Peng, Fuchun  and
      Schuurmans, Dale  and
      Keselj, Vlado  and
      Wang, Shaojun",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1053",
}
@inproceedings{kruijff-duchier-2003-information,
    title = "Information Structure in Topological Dependency Grammar",
    author = "Kruijff, Geert-Jan M.  and
      Duchier, Denys",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1054",
}
@inproceedings{bender-etal-2003-comparison,
    title = "Comparison of Alignment Templates and Maximum Entropy Models for {NLP}",
    author = "Bender, Oliver  and
      Macherey, Klaus  and
      Och, Franz Josef  and
      Ney, Hermann",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1055",
}
@inproceedings{kornai-etal-2003-classifying,
    title = "Classifying the {H}ungarian Web",
    author = "Kornai, Andr{\'a}s  and
      Krellenstein, Marc  and
      Mulligan, Michael  and
      Twomey, David  and
      Veress, Fruzsina  and
      Wysoker, Alec",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1056",
}
@inproceedings{kruijff-korbayova-etal-2003-producing,
    title = "Producing Contextually Appropriate Intonation is an Information-State Based Dialogue System",
    author = "Kruijff-Korbayova, Ivana  and
      Ericsson, Stina  and
      Rodr{\'\i}guez, Kepa J.  and
      Karagjosova, Elena",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1057",
}
@inproceedings{kehagias-etal-2003-linear,
    title = "Linear Text Segmentation using a Dynamic Programming Algorithm",
    author = "Kehagias, Athanasios  and
      Fragkou, Pavlina  and
      Petridis, Vassilios",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1058",
}
@inproceedings{schneider-2003-comparison,
    title = "A Comparison of Event Models for Naive {B}ayes Anti-Spam E-Mail Filtering",
    author = "Schneider, Karl-Michael",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1059",
}
@inproceedings{benamara-saint-dizier-2003-webcoop,
    title = "{WEBCOOP}: A Cooperative Question Answering System on the Web",
    author = "Benamara, Farah  and
      Saint Dizier, Patrick",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1060",
}
@inproceedings{fujiki-etal-2003-automatic,
    title = "Automatic Acquisition of Script Knowledge from a Text Collection",
    author = "Fujiki, Toshiaki  and
      Nanba, Hidetsugu  and
      Okumura, Manabu",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1061",
}
@inproceedings{piwek-2003-flexible-pragmatics,
    title = "A Flexible Pragmatics-Driven Language Generator for Animated Agents",
    author = "Piwek, Paul",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1062",
}
@inproceedings{yablonsky-2003-corpora-management,
    title = "The Corpora Management System Based on {J}ava and Oracle Technologies",
    author = "Yablonsky, Serge A.",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1063",
}
@inproceedings{orasan-etal-2003-build,
    title = "How to build a {QA} system in your back-garden: application for {R}omanian",
    author = "Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin  and
      Tatar, Doina  and
      {\c{S}}erban, Gabriela  and
      Lupsa, Dana  and
      One{\c{t}}, Adrian",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1064",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-etal-2003-nlp,
    title = "{NLP} for Indexing and Retrieval of Captioned Photographs",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio  and
      Pastra, Katerina  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1065",
}
@inproceedings{orasan-etal-2003-cast,
    title = "{CAST}: A computer-aided summarisation tool",
    author = "Orasan, Constantin  and
      Mitkov, Ruslan  and
      Hasler, Laura",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1066",
}
@inproceedings{barnden-etal-2003-domain,
    title = "Domain-transcending mappings in a system for metaphorical reasoning",
    author = "Barnden, John A.  and
      Glasbey, Sheila R.  and
      Lee, Mark G.  and
      Wallington, Alan M.",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1067",
}
@inproceedings{dickinson-meurers-2003-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Errors in Part-of-Speech Annotation",
    author = "Dickinson, Markus  and
      Meurers, W. Detmar",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1068",
}
@inproceedings{cathcart-etal-2003-model,
    title = "A model of back-channel acknowledgements in spoken dialogue",
    author = "Cathcart, Nicola  and
      Carletta, Jean  and
      Klein, Ewan",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1069",
}
@inproceedings{yang-chua-2003-qualifier,
    title = "{QUALIFIER}: Question Answering by Lexical Fabric and External Resources",
    author = "Yang, Hui  and
      Chua, Tat-Seng",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1070",
}
@inproceedings{curran-clark-2003-investigating,
    title = "Investigating {GIS} and Smoothing for Maximum Entropy Taggers",
    author = "Curran, James R.  and
      Clark, Stephen",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1071",
}
@inproceedings{core-etal-2003-role,
    title = "The Role of Initiative in Tutorial Dialogue",
    author = "Core, Mark G.  and
      Moore, Johanna D.  and
      Zinn, Claus",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1072",
}
@inproceedings{lapata-lascarides-2003-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Novel Compounds: The Role of Distributional Evidence",
    author = "Lapata, Mirella  and
      Lascarides, Alex",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1073",
}
@inproceedings{kepser-2003-finite,
    title = "Finite Structure Query: A Tool for Querying Syntactically Annotated Corpora",
    author = "Kepser, Stephan",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1074",
}
@inproceedings{hockey-etal-2003-targeted,
    title = "Targeted Help for Spoken Dialogue Systems",
    author = "Hockey, Beth Ann  and
      Lemon, Oliver  and
      Campana, Ellen  and
      Hiatt, Laura  and
      Aist, Gregory  and
      Hieronymus, James  and
      Gruenstein, Alexander  and
      Dowding, John",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1075",
}
@inproceedings{koehn-knight-2003-empirical,
    title = "Empirical Methods for Compound Splitting",
    author = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Knight, Kevin",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1076",
}
@inproceedings{spasic-etal-2003-integrated,
    title = "An Integrated Term-Based Corpus Query System",
    author = "Spasic, Irena  and
      Nenadic, Goran  and
      Manios, Kostas  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1077",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-hockey-2003-transparent,
    title = "Transparent combination of rule-based and data-driven approaches in speech understanding",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1078",
}
@inproceedings{merlo-2003-generalised,
    title = "Generalised {PP}-attachment Disambiguation Using Corpus-based Linguistic Diagnostics",
    author = "Merlo, Paola",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1079",
}
@inproceedings{evert-kermes-2003-experiments,
    title = "Experiments on Candidate Data for Collocation Extraction",
    author = "Evert, Stefan  and
      Kermes, Hannah",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1080",
}
@inproceedings{kwong-tsou-2003-categorial,
    title = "Categorial Fluidity in {C}hinese and its Implications for Part-of-speech Tagging",
    author = "Kwong, Oi Yee  and
      Tsou, Benjamin K.",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1081",
}
@inproceedings{poibeau-etal-2003-multilingual-named,
    title = "The Multilingual Named Entity Recognition Framework",
    author = "Poibeau, Thierry  and
      Acoulon, A.  and
      Avaux, C.  and
      Beroff-B{\'e}n{\'e}at, L.  and
      Cadeau, A.  and
      Calberg, M.  and
      Delale, A.  and
      Temmerman, L. De  and
      Guenet, A.-L.  and
      Huis, D.  and
      Jamalpour, M.  and
      Krul, A.  and
      Marcus, A.  and
      Picoli, F.  and
      Plancq, C.",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1082",
}
@inproceedings{nerima-etal-2003-creating-multilingual,
    title = "Creating a multilingual collocations dictionary from large text corpora",
    author = "Nerima, Luka  and
      Seretan, Violeta  and
      Wehrli, Eric",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1083",
}
@inproceedings{pekar-staab-2003-word,
    title = "Word classification based on combined measures of distributional and semantic similarity",
    author = "Pekar, Viktor  and
      Staab, Steffen",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1084",
}
@inproceedings{gendner-etal-2003-peas,
    title = "{PEAS}, the first instantiation of a comparative framework for evaluating parsers of {F}rench",
    author = "Gendner, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Illouz, Gabriel  and
      Jardino, Mich{\`e}le  and
      Monceaux, Laura  and
      Paroubek, Patrick  and
      Robba, Isabelle  and
      Vilnat, Anne",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1085",
}
@inproceedings{ahrenberg-etal-2003-interactive,
    title = "Interactive Word Alignment for Language Engineering",
    author = "Ahrenberg, Lars  and
      Merkel, Magnus  and
      Petterstedt, Michael",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1086",
}
@inproceedings{schiehlen-2003-cascaded,
    title = "A Cascaded Finite-State Parser for {G}erman",
    author = "Schiehlen, Michael",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1087",
}
@inproceedings{nerbonne-2003-linguistic,
    title = "Linguistic Variation and Computation (Invited talk)",
    author = "Nerbonne, John",
    booktitle = "10th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = apr,
    year = "2003",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-1088",
}
@proceedings{eacl-2003-demonstrations,
    title = "Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
}
@inproceedings{aist-etal-2003-talking,
    title = "Talking through Procedures: An Intelligent Space Station Procedure Assistant",
    author = "Aist, Greg  and
      Dowding, J.  and
      Hockey, B. A.  and
      Rayner, M.  and
      Hieronymus, J.  and
      Bohus, D.  and
      Boven, B.  and
      Blaylock, N.  and
      Campana, E.  and
      Early, S.  and
      Gorrell, G.  and
      Phan, S.",
    booktitle = "Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-2001",
}
@inproceedings{akerberg-etal-2003-carsim,
    title = "{C}ar{S}im: An Automatic 3{D} Text-to-Scene Conversion System Applied to Road Accident Reports",
    author = "{\AA}kerberg, Ola  and
      Svensson, Hans  and
      Schulz, Bastian  and
      Nugues, Pierre",
    booktitle = "Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-2002",
}
@inproceedings{brun-etal-2003-controlled,
    title = "Controlled Authoring of Biological Experiment Reports",
    author = "Brun, Caroline  and
      Dymetman, Marc  and
      Fanchon, Eric  and
      Lhomme, Stanislas",
    booktitle = "Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-2003",
}
@inproceedings{kruijff-korbayova-etal-2003-dialogue,
    title = "A dialogue system with contextually appropriate spoken output intonation",
    author = "Kruijff-Korbayova, Ivana  and
      Karagjosova, Elena  and
      Rodriguez, Kepa Joseba  and
      Ericsson, Stina",
    booktitle = "Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-2004",
}
@inproceedings{evans-power-2003-wysiwym,
    title = "{WYSIWYM} - building user interfaces with natural language feedback",
    author = "Evans, Roger  and
      Power, Richard",
    booktitle = "Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-2005",
}
@inproceedings{harbusch-kuhn-2003-towards,
    title = "Towards an Adaptive Communication Aid with Ambiguous Text Input",
    author = {Harbusch, Karin  and
      K{\"u}hn, Michael},
    booktitle = "Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-2006",
}
@inproceedings{kilgarriff-etal-2003-waspbench,
    title = "{WASPBENCH}: a lexicographer{'}s workbench incorporating state-of-the-art word sense disambiguation",
    author = "Kilgarriff, Adam  and
      Evans, Roger  and
      Koeling, Rob  and
      Rundell, Michael  and
      Tugwell, David",
    booktitle = "Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-2007",
}
@inproceedings{huske-kraus-2003-suregen,
    title = "Suregen-2: a shell system for the generation of clinical documents",
    author = {H{\"u}ske-Kraus, Dirk},
    booktitle = "Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-2008",
}
@inproceedings{maynard-etal-2003-multilingual,
    title = "Multilingual adaptations of a reusable information extraction tool",
    author = "Maynard, Diana  and
      Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina",
    booktitle = "Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-2009",
}
@inproceedings{rayner-etal-2003-open,
    title = "An Open-Source Environment for Compiling Typed Unification Grammars into Speech Recognisers",
    author = "Rayner, Manny  and
      Hockey, Beth Ann  and
      Dowding, John",
    booktitle = "Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-2010",
}
@inproceedings{relano-gil-etal-2003-agora,
    title = "{AGORA}. Multilingual Multiplatform Architecture for the development of Natural Language Voice Services",
    author = "Rela{\~n}o-Gil, Jose  and
      Rodriguez-Gancedo, Mari Carmen  and
      Villarrubia, Luis  and
      Gomez, Luis Hern{\'a}ndez",
    booktitle = "Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-2011",
}
@inproceedings{sacaleanu-etal-2003-cross,
    title = "A Cross Language Document Retrieval System Based on Semantic Annotation",
    author = "Sacaleanu, Bogdan  and
      Buitelaar, Paul  and
      Volk, Martin",
    booktitle = "Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-2012",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-etal-2003-robust,
    title = "Robust Generic and Query-based Summarization",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio  and
      Bontcheva, Kalina  and
      Cunningham, Hamish",
    booktitle = "Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-2013",
}
@inproceedings{saggion-etal-2003-event,
    title = "Event-Coreference across Multiple, Multi-lingual Sources in the Mumis Project",
    author = "Saggion, Horacio  and
      Kuper, Jan  and
      Cunningham, Hamish  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Puts, Marco  and
      Hoenkamp, Eduard  and
      de Jong, Franciska  and
      Wilks, Yorick",
    booktitle = "Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-2014",
}
@inproceedings{simov-etal-2003-development,
    title = "Development of Corpora within the {CL}a{RK} System: The {B}ul{T}ree{B}ank Project Experience",
    author = "Simov, Kiril  and
      Simov, Alexander  and
      Kouylekov, Milen  and
      Ivanova, Krasimira  and
      Grigorov, Ilko  and
      Ganev, Hristo",
    booktitle = "Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-2015",
}
@inproceedings{wilcock-2003-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Natural Language Generation with {XML} Web Technology",
    author = "Wilcock, Graham",
    booktitle = "Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-2016",
}
@inproceedings{zheng-2003-question,
    title = "Question Answering Using Web News as Knowledge Base",
    author = "Zheng, Zhiping",
    booktitle = "Demonstrations",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-2017",
}
@proceedings{eacl-2003-student,
    title = "Student Research Workshop",
    year = "2003",
}
@inproceedings{lendvai-2003-learning,
    title = "Learning to Identify Fragmented Words in Spoken Discourse",
    author = "Lendvai, Piroska",
    booktitle = "Student Research Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-3001",
}
@inproceedings{alonso-i-alemany-fuentes-fort-2003-cohesion,
    title = "Cohesion and coherence for Automatic Summarization",
    author = "Alonso i Alemany, Laura  and
      Fuentes Fort, Maria",
    booktitle = "Student Research Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-3002",
}
@inproceedings{boleda-torrent-alonso-i-alemany-2003-clustering,
    title = "Clustering Adjectives for Class Discovery",
    author = "Boleda Torrent, Gemma  and
      Alonso i Alemany, Laura",
    booktitle = "Student Research Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-3003",
}
@inproceedings{yankova-boytcheva-2003-focusing,
    title = "Focusing on Scenario Recognition in Infomation Extraction",
    author = "Yankova, Milena  and
      Boytcheva, Svetla",
    booktitle = "Student Research Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-3004",
}
@inproceedings{fernandez-2003-dynamic,
    title = "A Dynamic Logic Formalisation of the Dialogue Gameboard",
    author = "Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel",
    booktitle = "Student Research Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-3005",
}
@inproceedings{max-2003-reversing,
    title = "Reversing Controlled Document Authoring to Normalize Documents",
    author = "Max, Aur{\'e}lien",
    booktitle = "Student Research Workshop",
    year = "2003",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E03-3006",
}
@proceedings{eacl-2017-european,
    title = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    author = "Lapata, Mirella  and
      Blunsom, Phil  and
      Koller, Alexander",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1000",
}
@inproceedings{liu-perez-2017-gated,
    title = "Gated End-to-End Memory Networks",
    author = "Liu, Fei  and
      Perez, Julien",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1001",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "Machine reading using differentiable reasoning models has recently shown remarkable progress. In this context, End-to-End trainable Memory Networks (MemN2N) have demonstrated promising performance on simple natural language based reasoning tasks such as factual reasoning and basic deduction. However, other tasks, namely multi-fact question-answering, positional reasoning or dialog related tasks, remain challenging particularly due to the necessity of more complex interactions between the memory and controller modules composing this family of models. In this paper, we introduce a novel end-to-end memory access regulation mechanism inspired by the current progress on the connection short-cutting principle in the field of computer vision. Concretely, we develop a Gated End-to-End trainable Memory Network architecture (GMemN2N). From the machine learning perspective, this new capability is learned in an end-to-end fashion without the use of any additional supervision signal which is, as far as our knowledge goes, the first of its kind. Our experiments show significant improvements on the most challenging tasks in the 20 bAbI dataset, without the use of any domain knowledge. Then, we show improvements on the Dialog bAbI tasks including the real human-bot conversion-based Dialog State Tracking Challenge (DSTC-2) dataset. On these two datasets, our model sets the new state of the art.",
}
@inproceedings{munkhdalai-yu-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Tree Indexers for Text Understanding",
    author = "Munkhdalai, Tsendsuren  and
      Yu, Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1002",
    pages = "11--21",
    abstract = "Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) process input text sequentially and model the conditional transition between word tokens. In contrast, the advantages of recursive networks include that they explicitly model the compositionality and the recursive structure of natural language. However, the current recursive architecture is limited by its dependence on syntactic tree. In this paper, we introduce a robust syntactic parsing-independent tree structured model, Neural Tree Indexers (NTI) that provides a middle ground between the sequential RNNs and the syntactic treebased recursive models. NTI constructs a full n-ary tree by processing the input text with its node function in a bottom-up fashion. Attention mechanism can then be applied to both structure and node function. We implemented and evaluated a binary tree model of NTI, showing the model achieved the state-of-the-art performance on three different NLP tasks: natural language inference, answer sentence selection, and sentence classification, outperforming state-of-the-art recurrent and recursive neural networks.",
}
@inproceedings{adel-schutze-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Different Dimensions of Attention for Uncertainty Detection",
    author = {Adel, Heike  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1003",
    pages = "22--34",
    abstract = "Neural networks with attention have proven effective for many natural language processing tasks. In this paper, we develop attention mechanisms for uncertainty detection. In particular, we generalize standardly used attention mechanisms by introducing external attention and sequence-preserving attention. These novel architectures differ from standard approaches in that they use external resources to compute attention weights and preserve sequence information. We compare them to other configurations along different dimensions of attention. Our novel architectures set the new state of the art on a Wikipedia benchmark dataset and perform similar to the state-of-the-art model on a biomedical benchmark which uses a large set of linguistic features.",
}
@inproceedings{al-nabki-etal-2017-classifying,
    title = "Classifying Illegal Activities on Tor Network Based on Web Textual Contents",
    author = "Al Nabki, Mhd Wesam  and
      Fidalgo, Eduardo  and
      Alegre, Enrique  and
      de Paz, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1004",
    pages = "35--43",
    abstract = "The freedom of the Deep Web offers a safe place where people can express themselves anonymously but they also can conduct illegal activities. In this paper, we present and make publicly available a new dataset for Darknet active domains, which we call {''}Darknet Usage Text Addresses{''} (DUTA). We built DUTA by sampling the Tor network during two months and manually labeled each address into 26 classes. Using DUTA, we conducted a comparison between two well-known text representation techniques crossed by three different supervised classifiers to categorize the Tor hidden services. We also fixed the pipeline elements and identified the aspects that have a critical influence on the classification results. We found that the combination of TFIDF words representation with Logistic Regression classifier achieves 96.6{\%} of 10 folds cross-validation accuracy and a macro F1 score of 93.7{\%} when classifying a subset of illegal activities from DUTA. The good performance of the classifier might support potential tools to help the authorities in the detection of these activities.",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-alonso-plank-2017-multitask,
    title = "When is multitask learning effective? Semantic sequence prediction under varying data conditions",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Plank, Barbara",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1005",
    pages = "44--53",
    abstract = "Multitask learning has been applied successfully to a range of tasks, mostly morphosyntactic. However, little is known on \textit{when} MTL works andwhether there are data characteristics that help to determine the success ofMTL. In this paper we evaluate a range of semantic sequence labeling tasks in aMTL setup. We examine different auxiliary task configurations, amongst which anovel setup, and correlate their impact to data-dependent conditions. Ourresults show that MTL is not always effective, because significant improvementsare obtained only for 1 out of 5 tasks. When successful, auxiliary tasks with compact and more uniform label distributions arepreferable.",
}
@inproceedings{hartung-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning Compositionality Functions on Word Embeddings for Modelling Attribute Meaning in Adjective-Noun Phrases",
    author = "Hartung, Matthias  and
      Kaupmann, Fabian  and
      Jebbara, Soufian  and
      Cimiano, Philipp",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1006",
    pages = "54--64",
    abstract = "Word embeddings have been shown to be highly effective in a variety of lexical semantic tasks. They tend to capture meaningful relational similarities between individual words, at the expense of lacking the capabilty of making the underlying semantic relation explicit. In this paper, we investigate the attribute relation that often holds between the constituents of adjective-noun phrases. We use CBOW word embeddings to represent word meaning and learn a compositionality function that combines the individual constituents into a phrase representation, thus capturing the compositional attribute meaning. The resulting embedding model, while being fully interpretable, outperforms count-based distributional vector space models that are tailored to attribute meaning in the two tasks of attribute selection and phrase similarity prediction. Moreover, as the model captures a generalized layer of attribute meaning, it bears the potential to be used for predictions over various attribute inventories without re-training.",
}
@inproceedings{shwartz-etal-2017-hypernyms,
    title = "Hypernyms under Siege: Linguistically-motivated Artillery for Hypernymy Detection",
    author = "Shwartz, Vered  and
      Santus, Enrico  and
      Schlechtweg, Dominik",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1007",
    pages = "65--75",
    abstract = "The fundamental role of hypernymy in NLP has motivated the development of many methods for the automatic identification of this relation, most of which rely on word distribution. We investigate an extensive number of such unsupervised measures, using several distributional semantic models that differ by context type and feature weighting. We analyze the performance of the different methods based on their linguistic motivation. Comparison to the state-of-the-art supervised methods shows that while supervised methods generally outperform the unsupervised ones, the former are sensitive to the distribution of training instances, hurting their reliability. Being based on general linguistic hypotheses and independent from training data, unsupervised measures are more robust, and therefore are still useful artillery for hypernymy detection.",
}
@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2017-distinguishing,
    title = "Distinguishing Antonyms and Synonyms in a Pattern-based Neural Network",
    author = "Nguyen, Kim Anh  and
      Schulte im Walde, Sabine  and
      Vu, Ngoc Thang",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1008",
    pages = "76--85",
    abstract = "Distinguishing between antonyms and synonyms is a key task to achieve high performance in NLP systems. While they are notoriously difficult to distinguish by distributional co-occurrence models, pattern-based methods have proven effective to differentiate between the relations. In this paper, we present a novel neural network model AntSynNET that exploits lexico-syntactic patterns from syntactic parse trees. In addition to the lexical and syntactic information, we successfully integrate the distance between the related words along the syntactic path as a new pattern feature. The results from classification experiments show that AntSynNET improves the performance over prior pattern-based methods.",
}
@inproceedings{panchenko-etal-2017-unsupervised-mean,
    title = "Unsupervised Does Not Mean Uninterpretable: The Case for Word Sense Induction and Disambiguation",
    author = "Panchenko, Alexander  and
      Ruppert, Eugen  and
      Faralli, Stefano  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo  and
      Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1009",
    pages = "86--98",
    abstract = "The current trend in NLP is the use of highly opaque models, e.g. neural networks and word embeddings. While these models yield state-of-the-art results on a range of tasks, their drawback is poor interpretability. On the example of word sense induction and disambiguation (WSID), we show that it is possible to develop an interpretable model that matches the state-of-the-art models in accuracy. Namely, we present an unsupervised, knowledge-free WSID approach, which is interpretable at three levels: word sense inventory, sense feature representations, and disambiguation procedure. Experiments show that our model performs on par with state-of-the-art word sense embeddings and other unsupervised systems while offering the possibility to justify its decisions in human-readable form.",
}
@inproceedings{raganato-etal-2017-word,
    title = "Word Sense Disambiguation: A Unified Evaluation Framework and Empirical Comparison",
    author = "Raganato, Alessandro  and
      Camacho-Collados, Jose  and
      Navigli, Roberto",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1010",
    pages = "99--110",
    abstract = "Word Sense Disambiguation is a long-standing task in Natural Language Processing, lying at the core of human language understanding. However, the evaluation of automatic systems has been problematic, mainly due to the lack of a reliable evaluation framework. In this paper we develop a unified evaluation framework and analyze the performance of various Word Sense Disambiguation systems in a fair setup. The results show that supervised systems clearly outperform knowledge-based models. Among the supervised systems, a linear classifier trained on conventional local features still proves to be a hard baseline to beat. Nonetheless, recent approaches exploiting neural networks on unlabeled corpora achieve promising results, surpassing this hard baseline in most test sets.",
}
@inproceedings{guo-etal-2017-effective,
    title = "Which is the Effective Way for {G}aokao: Information Retrieval or Neural Networks?",
    author = "Guo, Shangmin  and
      Zeng, Xiangrong  and
      He, Shizhu  and
      Liu, Kang  and
      Zhao, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1011",
    pages = "111--120",
    abstract = "As one of the most important test of China, Gaokao is designed to be difficult enough to distinguish the excellent high school students. In this work, we detailed the Gaokao History Multiple Choice Questions(GKHMC) and proposed two different approaches to address them using various resources. One approach is based on entity search technique (IR approach), the other is based on text entailment approach where we specifically employ deep neural networks(NN approach). The result of experiment on our collected real Gaokao questions showed that they are good at different categories of questions, that is IR approach performs much better at entity questions(EQs) while NN approach shows its advantage on sentence questions(SQs). We achieve state-of-the-art performance and show that it{'}s indispensable to apply hybrid method when participating in the real-world tests.",
}
@inproceedings{bogdanova-etal-2017-cant,
    title = "If You Can{'}t Beat Them Join Them: Handcrafted Features Complement Neural Nets for Non-Factoid Answer Reranking",
    author = "Bogdanova, Dasha  and
      Foster, Jennifer  and
      Dzendzik, Daria  and
      Liu, Qun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1012",
    pages = "121--131",
    abstract = "We show that a neural approach to the task of non-factoid answer reranking can benefit from the inclusion of tried-and-tested handcrafted features. We present a neural network architecture based on a combination of recurrent neural networks that are used to encode questions and answers, and a multilayer perceptron. We show how this approach can be combined with additional features, in particular, the discourse features used by previous research. Our neural approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on a public dataset from Yahoo! Answers and its performance is further improved by incorporating the discourse features. Additionally, we present a new dataset of Ask Ubuntu questions where the hybrid approach also achieves good results.",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2017-chains,
    title = "Chains of Reasoning over Entities, Relations, and Text using Recurrent Neural Networks",
    author = "Das, Rajarshi  and
      Neelakantan, Arvind  and
      Belanger, David  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1013",
    pages = "132--141",
    abstract = "Our goal is to combine the rich multi-step inference of symbolic logical reasoning with the generalization capabilities of neural networks. We are particularly interested in complex reasoning about entities and relations in text and large-scale knowledge bases (KBs). Neelakantan et al. (2015) use RNNs to compose the distributed semantics of multi-hop paths in KBs; however for multiple reasons, the approach lacks accuracy and practicality. This paper proposes three significant modeling advances: (1) we learn to jointly reason about relations, \textit{entities, and entity-types}; (2) we use neural attentionmodeling to incorporate \textit{multiple paths}; (3) we learn to \textit{share strength in a single RNN} that represents logical composition across allrelations. On a large-scale Freebase+ClueWeb prediction task, we achieve 25{\%}error reduction, and a 53{\%} error reduction on sparse relations due to sharedstrength. On chains of reasoning in WordNet we reduce error in mean quantile by84{\%} versus previous state-of-the-art.",
}
@inproceedings{stanovsky-etal-2017-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Mentions of Adverse Drug Reaction in Social Media Using Knowledge-Infused Recurrent Models",
    author = "Stanovsky, Gabriel  and
      Gruhl, Daniel  and
      Mendes, Pablo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1014",
    pages = "142--151",
    abstract = "Recognizing mentions of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) in social media is challenging: ADR mentions are context-dependent and include long, varied and unconventional descriptions as compared to more formal medical symptom terminology. We use the CADEC corpus to train a recurrent neural network (RNN) transducer, integrated with knowledge graph embeddings of DBpedia, and show the resulting model to be highly accurate (93.4 F1). Furthermore, even when lacking high quality expert annotations, we show that by employing an active learning technique and using purpose built annotation tools, we can train the RNN to perform well (83.9 F1).",
}
@inproceedings{benton-etal-2017-multitask,
    title = "Multitask Learning for Mental Health Conditions with Limited Social Media Data",
    author = "Benton, Adrian  and
      Mitchell, Margaret  and
      Hovy, Dirk",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1015",
    pages = "152--162",
    abstract = "Language contains information about the author{'}s demographic attributes as well as their mental state, and has been successfully leveraged in NLP to predict either one alone. However, demographic attributes and mental states also interact with each other, and we are the first to demonstrate how to use them jointly to improve the prediction of mental health conditions across the board. We model the different conditions as tasks in a multitask learning (MTL) framework, and establish for the first time the potential of deep learning in the prediction of mental health from online user-generated text. The framework we propose significantly improves over all baselines and single-task models for predicting mental health conditions, with particularly significant gains for conditions with limited data. In addition, our best MTL model can predict the presence of conditions (neuroatypicality) more generally, further reducing the error of the strong feed-forward baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{vulic-etal-2017-evaluation,
    title = "Evaluation by Association: A Systematic Study of Quantitative Word Association Evaluation",
    author = "Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Kiela, Douwe  and
      Korhonen, Anna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1016",
    pages = "163--175",
    abstract = "Recent work on evaluating representation learning architectures in NLP has established a need for evaluation protocols based on subconscious cognitive measures rather than manually tailored intrinsic similarity and relatedness tasks. In this work, we propose a novel evaluation framework that enables large-scale evaluation of such architectures in the free word association (WA) task, which is firmly grounded in cognitive theories of human semantic representation. This evaluation is facilitated by the existence of large manually constructed repositories of word association data. In this paper, we (1) present a detailed analysis of the new quantitative WA evaluation protocol, (2) suggest new evaluation metrics for the WA task inspired by its direct analogy with information retrieval problems, (3) evaluate various state-of-the-art representation models on this task, and (4) discuss the relationship between WA and prior evaluations of semantic representation with well-known similarity and relatedness evaluation sets. We have made the WA evaluation toolkit publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{wachsmuth-etal-2017-computational,
    title = "Computational Argumentation Quality Assessment in Natural Language",
    author = "Wachsmuth, Henning  and
      Naderi, Nona  and
      Hou, Yufang  and
      Bilu, Yonatan  and
      Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Thijm, Tim Alberdingk  and
      Hirst, Graeme  and
      Stein, Benno",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1017",
    pages = "176--187",
    abstract = "Research on computational argumentation faces the problem of how to automatically assess the quality of an argument or argumentation. While different quality dimensions have been approached in natural language processing, a common understanding of argumentation quality is still missing. This paper presents the first holistic work on computational argumentation quality in natural language. We comprehensively survey the diverse existing theories and approaches to assess logical, rhetorical, and dialectical quality dimensions, and we derive a systematic taxonomy from these. In addition, we provide a corpus with 320 arguments, annotated for all 15 dimensions in the taxonomy. Our results establish a common ground for research on computational argumentation quality assessment.",
}
@inproceedings{tuggener-2017-method,
    title = "A method for in-depth comparative evaluation: How (dis)similar are outputs of pos taggers, dependency parsers and coreference resolvers really?",
    author = "Tuggener, Don",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1018",
    pages = "188--198",
    abstract = "This paper proposes a generic method for the comparative evaluation of system outputs. The approach is able to quantify the pairwise differences between two outputs and to unravel in detail what the differences consist of. We apply our approach to three tasks in Computational Linguistics, i.e. POS tagging, dependency parsing, and coreference resolution. We find that system outputs are more distinct than the (often) small differences in evaluation scores seem to suggest.",
}
@inproceedings{kilickaya-etal-2017-evaluating,
    title = "Re-evaluating Automatic Metrics for Image Captioning",
    author = "Kilickaya, Mert  and
      Erdem, Aykut  and
      Ikizler-Cinbis, Nazli  and
      Erdem, Erkut",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1019",
    pages = "199--209",
    abstract = "The task of generating natural language descriptions from images has received a lot of attention in recent years. Consequently, it is becoming increasingly important to evaluate such image captioning approaches in an automatic manner. In this paper, we provide an in-depth evaluation of the existing image captioning metrics through a series of carefully designed experiments. Moreover, we explore the utilization of the recently proposed Word Mover{'}s Distance (WMD) document metric for the purpose of image captioning. Our findings outline the differences and/or similarities between metrics and their relative robustness by means of extensive correlation, accuracy and distraction based evaluations. Our results also demonstrate that WMD provides strong advantages over other metrics.",
}
@inproceedings{baskaya-etal-2017-integrating,
    title = "Integrating Meaning into Quality Evaluation of Machine Translation",
    author = {Ba{\c{s}}kaya, Osman  and
      Yildiz, Eray  and
      Tunao{\u{g}}lu, Doruk  and
      Eren, Mustafa Tolga  and
      Do{\u{g}}ru{\"o}z, A. Seza},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1020",
    pages = "210--219",
    abstract = "Machine translation (MT) quality is evaluated through comparisons between MT outputs and the human translations (HT). Traditionally, this evaluation relies on form related features (e.g. lexicon and syntax) and ignores the transfer of meaning reflected in HT outputs. Instead, we evaluate the quality of MT outputs through meaning related features (e.g. polarity, subjectivity) with two experiments. In the first experiment, the meaning related features are compared to human rankings individually. In the second experiment, combinations of meaning related features and other quality metrics are utilized to predict the same human rankings. The results of our experiments confirm the benefit of these features in predicting human evaluation of translation quality in addition to traditional metrics which focus mainly on form.",
}
@inproceedings{schlichtkrull-sogaard-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Dependency Parsing with Late Decoding for Truly Low-Resource Languages",
    author = "Schlichtkrull, Michael  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1021",
    pages = "220--229",
    abstract = "In cross-lingual dependency annotation projection, information is often lost during transfer because of early decoding. We present an end-to-end graph-based neural network dependency parser that can be trained to reproduce matrices of edge scores, which can be directly projected across word alignments. We show that our approach to cross-lingual dependency parsing is not only simpler, but also achieves an absolute improvement of 2.25{\%} averaged across 10 languages compared to the previous state of the art.",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-alonso-etal-2017-parsing,
    title = "Parsing Universal Dependencies without training",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor  and
      Agi{\'c}, {\v{Z}}eljko  and
      Plank, Barbara  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1022",
    pages = "230--240",
    abstract = "We present UDP, the first training-free parser for Universal Dependencies (UD). Our algorithm is based on PageRank and a small set of specific dependency head rules. UDP features two-step decoding to guarantee that function words are attached as leaf nodes. The parser requires no training, and it is competitive with a delexicalized transfer system. UDP offers a linguistically sound unsupervised alternative to cross-lingual parsing for UD. The parser has very few parameters and distinctly robust to domain change across languages.",
}
@inproceedings{dehouck-denis-2017-delexicalized,
    title = "Delexicalized Word Embeddings for Cross-lingual Dependency Parsing",
    author = "Dehouck, Mathieu  and
      Denis, Pascal",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1023",
    pages = "241--250",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new approach to the problem of cross-lingual dependency parsing, aiming at leveraging training data from different source languages to learn a parser in a target language. Specifically, this approach first constructs word vector representations that exploit structural (i.e., dependency-based) contexts but only considering the morpho-syntactic information associated with each word and its contexts. These delexicalized word embeddings, which can be trained on any set of languages and capture features shared across languages, are then used in combination with standard language-specific features to train a lexicalized parser in the target language. We evaluate our approach through experiments on a set of eight different languages that are part the Universal Dependencies Project. Our main results show that using such delexicalized embeddings, either trained in a monolingual or multilingual fashion, achieves significant improvements over monolingual baselines.",
}
@inproceedings{bar-haim-etal-2017-stance,
    title = "Stance Classification of Context-Dependent Claims",
    author = "Bar-Haim, Roy  and
      Bhattacharya, Indrajit  and
      Dinuzzo, Francesco  and
      Saha, Amrita  and
      Slonim, Noam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1024",
    pages = "251--261",
    abstract = "Recent work has addressed the problem of detecting relevant claims for a given controversial topic. We introduce the complementary task of Claim Stance Classification, along with the first benchmark dataset for this task. We decompose this problem into: (a) open-domain target identification for topic and claim (b) sentiment classification for each target, and (c) open-domain contrast detection between the topic and the claim targets. Manual annotation of the dataset confirms the applicability and validity of our model. We describe an implementation of our model, focusing on a novel algorithm for contrast detection. Our approach achieves promising results, and is shown to outperform several baselines, which represent the common practice of applying a single, monolithic classifier for stance classification.",
}
@inproceedings{karoui-etal-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring the Impact of Pragmatic Phenomena on Irony Detection in Tweets: A Multilingual Corpus Study",
    author = "Karoui, Jihen  and
      Benamara, Farah  and
      Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique  and
      Patti, Viviana  and
      Bosco, Cristina  and
      Aussenac-Gilles, Nathalie",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1025",
    pages = "262--272",
    abstract = "This paper provides a linguistic and pragmatic analysis of the phenomenon of irony in order to represent how Twitter{'}s users exploit irony devices within their communication strategies for generating textual contents. We aim to measure the impact of a wide-range of pragmatic phenomena in the interpretation of irony, and to investigate how these phenomena interact with contexts local to the tweet. Informed by linguistic theories, we propose for the first time a multi-layered annotation schema for irony and its application to a corpus of French, English and Italian tweets. We detail each layer, explore their interactions, and discuss our results according to a qualitative and quantitative perspective.",
}
@inproceedings{nozza-etal-2017-multi,
    title = "A Multi-View Sentiment Corpus",
    author = "Nozza, Debora  and
      Fersini, Elisabetta  and
      Messina, Enza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1026",
    pages = "273--280",
    abstract = "Sentiment Analysis is a broad task that involves the analysis of various aspect of the natural language text. However, most of the approaches in the state of the art usually investigate independently each aspect, i.e. Subjectivity Classification, Sentiment Polarity Classification, Emotion Recognition, Irony Detection. In this paper we present a Multi-View Sentiment Corpus (MVSC), which comprises 3000 English microblog posts related the movie domain. Three independent annotators manually labelled MVSC, following a broad annotation schema about different aspects that can be grasped from natural language text coming from social networks. The contribution is therefore a corpus that comprises five different views for each message, i.e. subjective/objective, sentiment polarity, implicit/explicit, irony, emotion. In order to allow a more detailed investigation on the human labelling behaviour, we provide the annotations of each human annotator involved.",
}
@inproceedings{rutherford-etal-2017-systematic,
    title = "A Systematic Study of Neural Discourse Models for Implicit Discourse Relation",
    author = "Rutherford, Attapol  and
      Demberg, Vera  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1027",
    pages = "281--291",
    abstract = "Inferring implicit discourse relations in natural language text is the most difficult subtask in discourse parsing. Many neural network models have been proposed to tackle this problem. However, the comparison for this task is not unified, so we could hardly draw clear conclusions about the effectiveness of various architectures. Here, we propose neural network models that are based on feedforward and long-short term memory architecture and systematically study the effects of varying structures. To our surprise, the best-configured feedforward architecture outperforms LSTM-based model in most cases despite thorough tuning. Further, we compare our best feedforward system with competitive convolutional and recurrent networks and find that feedforward can actually be more effective. For the first time for this task, we compile and publish outputs from previous neural and non-neural systems to establish the standard for further comparison.",
}
@inproceedings{braud-etal-2017-cross-lingual,
    title = "Cross-lingual {RST} Discourse Parsing",
    author = "Braud, Chlo{\'e}  and
      Coavoux, Maximin  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1028",
    pages = "292--304",
    abstract = "Discourse parsing is an integral part of understanding information flow and argumentative structure in documents. Most previous research has focused on inducing and evaluating models from the English RST Discourse Treebank. However, discourse treebanks for other languages exist, including Spanish, German, Basque, Dutch and Brazilian Portuguese. The treebanks share the same underlying linguistic theory, but differ slightly in the way documents are annotated. In this paper, we present (a) a new discourse parser which is simpler, yet competitive (significantly better on 2/3 metrics) to state of the art for English, (b) a harmonization of discourse treebanks across languages, enabling us to present (c) what to the best of our knowledge are the first experiments on cross-lingual discourse parsing.",
}
@inproceedings{perez-liu-2017-dialog,
    title = "Dialog state tracking, a machine reading approach using Memory Network",
    author = "Perez, Julien  and
      Liu, Fei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1029",
    pages = "305--314",
    abstract = "In an end-to-end dialog system, the aim of dialog state tracking is to accurately estimate a compact representation of the current dialog status from a sequence of noisy observations produced by the speech recognition and the natural language understanding modules. This paper introduces a novel method of dialog state tracking based on the general paradigm of machine reading and proposes to solve it using an End-to-End Memory Network, MemN2N, a memory-enhanced neural network architecture. We evaluate the proposed approach on the second Dialog State Tracking Challenge (DSTC-2) dataset. The corpus has been converted for the occasion in order to frame the hidden state variable inference as a question-answering task based on a sequence of utterances extracted from a dialog. We show that the proposed tracker gives encouraging results. Then, we propose to extend the DSTC-2 dataset with specific reasoning capabilities requirement like counting, list maintenance, yes-no question answering and indefinite knowledge management. Finally, we present encouraging results using our proposed MemN2N based tracking model.",
}
@inproceedings{treviso-etal-2017-sentence,
    title = "Sentence Segmentation in Narrative Transcripts from Neuropsychological Tests using Recurrent Convolutional Neural Networks",
    author = "Treviso, Marcos  and
      Shulby, Christopher  and
      Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1030",
    pages = "315--325",
    abstract = "Automated discourse analysis tools based on Natural Language Processing (NLP) aiming at the diagnosis of language-impairing dementias generally extract several textual metrics of narrative transcripts. However, the absence of sentence boundary segmentation in the transcripts prevents the direct application of NLP methods which rely on these marks in order to function properly, such as taggers and parsers. We present the first steps taken towards automatic neuropsychological evaluation based on narrative discourse analysis, presenting a new automatic sentence segmentation method for impaired speech. Our model uses recurrent convolutional neural networks with prosodic, Part of Speech (PoS) features, and word embeddings. It was evaluated intrinsically on impaired, spontaneous speech as well as normal, prepared speech and presents better results for healthy elderly (CTL) (F1 = 0.74) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients (F1 = 0.70) than the Conditional Random Fields method (F1 = 0.55 and 0.53, respectively) used in the same context of our study. The results suggest that our model is robust for impaired speech and can be used in automated discourse analysis tools to differentiate narratives produced by MCI and CTL.",
}
@inproceedings{hough-schlangen-2017-joint,
    title = "Joint, Incremental Disfluency Detection and Utterance Segmentation from Speech",
    author = "Hough, Julian  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1031",
    pages = "326--336",
    abstract = "We present the joint task of incremental disfluency detection and utterance segmentation and a simple deep learning system which performs it on transcripts and ASR results. We show how the constraints of the two tasks interact. Our joint-task system outperforms the equivalent individual task systems, provides competitive results and is suitable for future use in conversation agents in the psychiatric domain.",
}
@inproceedings{bergmanis-goldwater-2017-segmentation,
    title = "From Segmentation to Analyses: a Probabilistic Model for Unsupervised Morphology Induction",
    author = "Bergmanis, Toms  and
      Goldwater, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1032",
    pages = "337--346",
    abstract = "A major motivation for unsupervised morphological analysis is to reduce the sparse data problem in under-resourced languages. Most previous work focus on segmenting surface forms into their constituent morphs (taking: tak +ing), but surface form segmentation does not solve the sparse data problem as the analyses of take and taking are not connected to each other. We present a system that adapts the MorphoChains system (Narasimhan et al., 2015) to provide morphological analyses that aim to abstract over spelling differences in functionally similar morphs. This results in analyses that are not compelled to use all the orthographic material of a word (stopping: stop +ing) or limited to only that material (acidified: acid +ify +ed). On average across six typologically varied languages our system has a similar or better F-score on EMMA (a measure of underlying morpheme accuracy) than three strong baselines; moreover, the total number of distinct morphemes identified by our system is on average 12.8{\%} lower than for Morfessor (Virpioja et al., 2013), a state-of-the-art surface segmentation system.",
}
@inproceedings{mukherjee-etal-2017-creating,
    title = "Creating {POS} Tagging and Dependency Parsing Experts via Topic Modeling",
    author = {Mukherjee, Atreyee  and
      K{\"u}bler, Sandra  and
      Scheutz, Matthias},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1033",
    pages = "347--355",
    abstract = "Part of speech (POS) taggers and dependency parsers tend to work well on homogeneous datasets but their performance suffers on datasets containing data from different genres. In our current work, we investigate how to create POS tagging and dependency parsing experts for heterogeneous data by employing topic modeling. We create topic models (using Latent Dirichlet Allocation) to determine genres from a heterogeneous dataset and then train an expert for each of the genres. Our results show that the topic modeling experts reach substantial improvements when compared to the general versions. For dependency parsing, the improvement reaches 2 percent points over the full training baseline when we use two topics.",
}
@inproceedings{vincze-etal-2017-universal,
    title = "Universal Dependencies and Morphology for {H}ungarian - and on the Price of Universality",
    author = "Vincze, Veronika  and
      Simk{\'o}, Katalin  and
      Sz{\'a}nt{\'o}, Zsolt  and
      Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1034",
    pages = "356--365",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present how the principles of universal dependencies and morphology have been adapted to Hungarian. We report the most challenging grammatical phenomena and our solutions to those. On the basis of the adapted guidelines, we have converted and manually corrected 1,800 sentences from the Szeged Treebank to universal dependency format. We also introduce experiments on this manually annotated corpus for evaluating automatic conversion and the added value of language-specific, i.e. non-universal, annotations. Our results reveal that converting to universal dependencies is not necessarily trivial, moreover, using language-specific morphological features may have an impact on overall performance.",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2017-addressing,
    title = "Addressing the Data Sparsity Issue in Neural {AMR} Parsing",
    author = "Peng, Xiaochang  and
      Wang, Chuan  and
      Gildea, Daniel  and
      Xue, Nianwen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1035",
    pages = "366--375",
    abstract = "Neural attention models have achieved great success in different NLP tasks. However, they have not fulfilled their promise on the AMR parsing task due to the data sparsity issue. In this paper, we describe a sequence-to-sequence model for AMR parsing and present different ways to tackle the data sparsity problem. We show that our methods achieve significant improvement over a baseline neural attention model and our results are also competitive against state-of-the-art systems that do not use extra linguistic resources.",
}
@inproceedings{reddy-etal-2017-generating,
    title = "Generating Natural Language Question-Answer Pairs from a Knowledge Graph Using a {RNN} Based Question Generation Model",
    author = "Reddy, Sathish  and
      Raghu, Dinesh  and
      Khapra, Mitesh M.  and
      Joshi, Sachindra",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1036",
    pages = "376--385",
    abstract = "In recent years, knowledge graphs such as Freebase that capture facts about entities and relationships between them have been used actively for answering factoid questions. In this paper, we explore the problem of automatically generating question answer pairs from a given knowledge graph. The generated question answer (QA) pairs can be used in several downstream applications. For example, they could be used for training better QA systems. To generate such QA pairs, we first extract a set of keywords from entities and relationships expressed in a triple stored in the knowledge graph. From each such set, we use a subset of keywords to generate a natural language question that has a unique answer. We treat this subset of keywords as a sequence and propose a sequence to sequence model using RNN to generate a natural language question from it. Our RNN based model generates QA pairs with an accuracy of 33.61 percent and performs 110.47 percent (relative) better than a state-of-the-art template based method for generating natural language question from keywords. We also do an extrinsic evaluation by using the generated QA pairs to train a QA system and observe that the F1-score of the QA system improves by 5.5 percent (relative) when using automatically generated QA pairs in addition to manually generated QA pairs available for training.",
}
@inproceedings{hirao-etal-2017-enumeration,
    title = "Enumeration of Extractive Oracle Summaries",
    author = "Hirao, Tsutomu  and
      Nishino, Masaaki  and
      Suzuki, Jun  and
      Nagata, Masaaki",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1037",
    pages = "386--396",
    abstract = "To analyze the limitations and the future directions of the extractive summarization paradigm, this paper proposes an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation to obtain extractive oracle summaries in terms of ROUGE-N. We also propose an algorithm that enumerates all of the oracle summaries for a set of reference summaries to exploit F-measures that evaluate which system summaries contain how many sentences that are extracted as an oracle summary. Our experimental results obtained from Document Understanding Conference (DUC) corpora demonstrated the following: (1) room still exists to improve the performance of extractive summarization; (2) the F-measures derived from the enumerated oracle summaries have significantly stronger correlations with human judgment than those derived from single oracle summaries.",
}
@inproceedings{munkhdalai-yu-2017-neural-semantic,
    title = "Neural Semantic Encoders",
    author = "Munkhdalai, Tsendsuren  and
      Yu, Hong",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1038",
    pages = "397--407",
    abstract = "We present a memory augmented neural network for natural language understanding: Neural Semantic Encoders. NSE is equipped with a novel memory update rule and has a variable sized encoding memory that evolves over time and maintains the understanding of input sequences through read, compose and write operations. NSE can also access 1 multiple and shared memories. In this paper, we demonstrated the effectiveness and the flexibility of NSE on five different natural language tasks: natural language inference, question answering, sentence classification, document sentiment analysis and machine translation where NSE achieved state-of-the-art performance when evaluated on publically available benchmarks. For example, our shared-memory model showed an encouraging result on neural machine translation, improving an attention-based baseline by approximately 1.0 BLEU.",
}
@inproceedings{haffari-etal-2017-efficient,
    title = "Efficient Benchmarking of {NLP} {API}s using Multi-armed Bandits",
    author = "Haffari, Gholamreza  and
      Tran, Tuan Dung  and
      Carman, Mark",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1039",
    pages = "408--416",
    abstract = "Comparing NLP systems to select the best one for a task of interest, such as named entity recognition, is critical for practitioners and researchers. A rigorous approach involves setting up a hypothesis testing scenario using the performance of the systems on query documents. However, often the hypothesis testing approach needs to send a lot of document queries to the systems, which can be problematic. In this paper, we present an effective alternative based on the multi-armed bandit (MAB). We propose a hierarchical generative model to represent the uncertainty in the performance measures of the competing systems, to be used by Thompson Sampling to solve the resulting MAB. Experimental results on both synthetic and real data show that our approach requires significantly fewer queries compared to the standard benchmarking technique to identify the best system according to F-measure.",
}
@inproceedings{verwimp-etal-2017-character,
    title = "Character-Word {LSTM} Language Models",
    author = "Verwimp, Lyan  and
      Pelemans, Joris  and
      Van hamme, Hugo  and
      Wambacq, Patrick",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1040",
    pages = "417--427",
    abstract = "We present a Character-Word Long Short-Term Memory Language Model which both reduces the perplexity with respect to a baseline word-level language model and reduces the number of parameters of the model. Character information can reveal structural (dis)similarities between words and can even be used when a word is out-of-vocabulary, thus improving the modeling of infrequent and unknown words. By concatenating word and character embeddings, we achieve up to 2.77{\%} relative improvement on English compared to a baseline model with a similar amount of parameters and 4.57{\%} on Dutch. Moreover, we also outperform baseline word-level models with a larger number of parameters.",
}
@inproceedings{tran-etal-2017-hierarchical,
    title = "A Hierarchical Neural Model for Learning Sequences of Dialogue Acts",
    author = "Tran, Quan Hung  and
      Zukerman, Ingrid  and
      Haffari, Gholamreza",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1041",
    pages = "428--437",
    abstract = "We propose a novel hierarchical Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) for learning sequences of Dialogue Acts (DAs). The input in this task is a sequence of utterances (i.e., conversational contributions) comprising a sequence of tokens, and the output is a sequence of DA labels (one label per utterance). Our model leverages the hierarchical nature of dialogue data by using two nested RNNs that capture long-range dependencies at the dialogue level and the utterance level. This model is combined with an attention mechanism that focuses on salient tokens in utterances. Our experimental results show that our model outperforms strong baselines on two popular datasets, Switchboard and MapTask; and our detailed empirical analysis highlights the impact of each aspect of our model.",
}
@inproceedings{wen-etal-2017-network,
    title = "A Network-based End-to-End Trainable Task-oriented Dialogue System",
    author = "Wen, Tsung-Hsien  and
      Vandyke, David  and
      Mrk{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Ga{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Milica  and
      Rojas-Barahona, Lina M.  and
      Su, Pei-Hao  and
      Ultes, Stefan  and
      Young, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1042",
    pages = "438--449",
    abstract = "Teaching machines to accomplish tasks by conversing naturally with humans is challenging. Currently, developing task-oriented dialogue systems requires creating multiple components and typically this involves either a large amount of handcrafting, or acquiring costly labelled datasets to solve a statistical learning problem for each component. In this work we introduce a neural network-based text-in, text-out end-to-end trainable goal-oriented dialogue system along with a new way of collecting dialogue data based on a novel pipe-lined Wizard-of-Oz framework. This approach allows us to develop dialogue systems easily and without making too many assumptions about the task at hand. The results show that the model can converse with human subjects naturally whilst helping them to accomplish tasks in a restaurant search domain.",
}
@inproceedings{peng-etal-2017-may,
    title = "May {I} take your order? A Neural Model for Extracting Structured Information from Conversations",
    author = "Peng, Baolin  and
      Seltzer, Michael  and
      Ju, Y.C.  and
      Zweig, Geoffrey  and
      Wong, Kam-Fai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1043",
    pages = "450--459",
    abstract = "In this paper we tackle a unique and important problem of extracting a structured order from the conversation a customer has with an order taker at a restaurant. This is motivated by an actual system under development to assist in the order taking process. We develop a sequence-to-sequence model that is able to map from unstructured conversational input to the structured form that is conveyed to the kitchen and appears on the customer receipt. This problem is critically different from other tasks like machine translation where sequence-to-sequence models have been used: the input includes two sides of a conversation; the output is highly structured; and logical manipulations must be performed, for example when the customer changes his mind while ordering. We present a novel sequence-to-sequence model that incorporates a special attention-memory gating mechanism and conversational role markers. The proposed model improves performance over both a phrase-based machine translation approach and a standard sequence-to-sequence model.",
}
@inproceedings{muzny-etal-2017-two,
    title = "A Two-stage Sieve Approach for Quote Attribution",
    author = "Muzny, Grace  and
      Fang, Michael  and
      Chang, Angel  and
      Jurafsky, Dan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1044",
    pages = "460--470",
    abstract = "We present a deterministic sieve-based system for attributing quotations in literary text and a new dataset: QuoteLi3. Quote attribution, determining who said what in a given text, is important for tasks like creating dialogue systems, and in newer areas like computational literary studies, where it creates opportunities to analyze novels at scale rather than only a few at a time. We release QuoteLi3, which contains more than 6,000 annotations linking quotes to speaker mentions and quotes to speaker entities, and introduce a new algorithm for quote attribution. Our two-stage algorithm first links quotes to mentions, then mentions to entities. Using two stages encapsulates difficult sub-problems and improves system performance. The modular design allows us to tune for overall performance or higher precision, which is useful for many real-world use cases. Our system achieves an average F-score of 87.5 across three novels, outperforming previous systems, and can be tuned for precision of 90.4 at a recall of 65.1.",
}
@inproceedings{hartmann-etal-2017-domain,
    title = "Out-of-domain {F}rame{N}et Semantic Role Labeling",
    author = "Hartmann, Silvana  and
      Kuznetsov, Ilia  and
      Martin, Teresa  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1045",
    pages = "471--482",
    abstract = "Domain dependence of NLP systems is one of the major obstacles to their application in large-scale text analysis, also restricting the applicability of FrameNet semantic role labeling (SRL) systems. Yet, current FrameNet SRL systems are still only evaluated on a single in-domain test set. For the first time, we study the domain dependence of FrameNet SRL on a wide range of benchmark sets. We create a novel test set for FrameNet SRL based on user-generated web text and find that the major bottleneck for out-of-domain FrameNet SRL is the frame identification step. To address this problem, we develop a simple, yet efficient system based on distributed word representations. Our system closely approaches the state-of-the-art in-domain while outperforming the best available frame identification system out-of-domain. We publish our system and test data for research purposes.",
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2017-tdparse,
    title = "{TDP}arse: Multi-target-specific sentiment recognition on Twitter",
    author = "Wang, Bo  and
      Liakata, Maria  and
      Zubiaga, Arkaitz  and
      Procter, Rob",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1046",
    pages = "483--493",
    abstract = "Existing target-specific sentiment recognition methods consider only a single target per tweet, and have been shown to miss nearly half of the actual targets mentioned. We present a corpus of UK election tweets, with an average of 3.09 entities per tweet and more than one type of sentiment in half of the tweets. This requires a method for multi-target specific sentiment recognition, which we develop by using the context around a target as well as syntactic dependencies involving the target. We present results of our method on both a benchmark corpus of single targets and the multi-target election corpus, showing state-of-the art performance in both corpora and outperforming previous approaches to multi-target sentiment task as well as deep learning models for single-target sentiment.",
}
@inproceedings{upadhyay-chang-2017-annotating,
    title = "Annotating Derivations: A New Evaluation Strategy and Dataset for Algebra Word Problems",
    author = "Upadhyay, Shyam  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1047",
    pages = "494--504",
    abstract = "We propose a new evaluation for automatic solvers for algebra word problems, which can identify mistakes that existing evaluations overlook. Our proposal is to evaluate such solvers using derivations, which reflect how an equation system was constructed from the word problem. To accomplish this, we develop an algorithm for checking the equivalence between two derivations, and show how derivation annotations can be semi-automatically added to existing datasets. To make our experiments more comprehensive, we include the derivation annotation for DRAW-1K, a new dataset containing 1000 general algebra word problems. In our experiments, we found that the annotated derivations enable a more accurate evaluation of automatic solvers than previously used metrics. We release derivation annotations for over 2300 algebra word problems for future evaluations.",
}
@inproceedings{heigold-etal-2017-extensive,
    title = "An Extensive Empirical Evaluation of Character-Based Morphological Tagging for 14 Languages",
    author = "Heigold, Georg  and
      Neumann, Guenter  and
      van Genabith, Josef",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1048",
    pages = "505--513",
    abstract = "This paper investigates neural character-based morphological tagging for languages with complex morphology and large tag sets. Character-based approaches are attractive as they can handle rarely- and unseen words gracefully. We evaluate on 14 languages and observe consistent gains over a state-of-the-art morphological tagger across all languages except for English and French, where we match the state-of-the-art. We compare two architectures for computing character-based word vectors using recurrent (RNN) and convolutional (CNN) nets. We show that the CNN based approach performs slightly worse and less consistently than the RNN based approach. Small but systematic gains are observed when combining the two architectures by ensembling.",
}
@inproceedings{kann-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Multi-Source Morphological Reinflection",
    author = {Kann, Katharina  and
      Cotterell, Ryan  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1049",
    pages = "514--524",
    abstract = "We explore the task of multi-source morphological reinflection, which generalizes the standard, single-source version. The input consists of (i) a target tag and (ii) multiple pairs of source form and source tag for a lemma. The motivation is that it is beneficial to have access to more than one source form since different source forms can provide complementary information, e.g., different stems. We further present a novel extension to the encoder-decoder recurrent neural architecture, consisting of multiple encoders, to better solve the task. We show that our new architecture outperforms single-source reinflection models and publish our dataset for multi-source morphological reinflection to facilitate future research.",
}
@inproceedings{chatterjee-etal-2017-online,
    title = "Online Automatic Post-editing for {MT} in a Multi-Domain Translation Environment",
    author = "Chatterjee, Rajen  and
      Gebremelak, Gebremedhen  and
      Negri, Matteo  and
      Turchi, Marco",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1050",
    pages = "525--535",
    abstract = "Automatic post-editing (APE) for machine translation (MT) aims to fix recurrent errors made by the MT decoder by learning from correction examples. In controlled evaluation scenarios, the representativeness of the training set with respect to the test data is a key factor to achieve good performance. Real-life scenarios, however, do not guarantee such favorable learning conditions. Ideally, to be integrated in a real professional translation workflow (e.g. to play a role in computer-assisted translation framework), APE tools should be flexible enough to cope with continuous streams of diverse data coming from different domains/genres. To cope with this problem, we propose an online APE framework that is: i) robust to data diversity (i.e. capable to learn and apply correction rules in the right contexts) and ii) able to evolve over time (by continuously extending and refining its knowledge). In a comparative evaluation, with English-German test data coming in random order from two different domains, we show the effectiveness of our approach, which outperforms a strong batch system and the state of the art in online APE.",
}
@inproceedings{damonte-etal-2017-incremental,
    title = "An Incremental Parser for Abstract Meaning Representation",
    author = "Damonte, Marco  and
      Cohen, Shay B.  and
      Satta, Giorgio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1051",
    pages = "536--546",
    abstract = "Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) is a semantic representation for natural language that embeds annotations related to traditional tasks such as named entity recognition, semantic role labeling, word sense disambiguation and co-reference resolution. We describe a transition-based parser for AMR that parses sentences left-to-right, in linear time. We further propose a test-suite that assesses specific subtasks that are helpful in comparing AMR parsers, and show that our parser is competitive with the state of the art on the LDC2015E86 dataset and that it outperforms state-of-the-art parsers for recovering named entities and handling polarity.",
}
@inproceedings{padmakumar-etal-2017-integrated,
    title = "Integrated Learning of Dialog Strategies and Semantic Parsing",
    author = "Padmakumar, Aishwarya  and
      Thomason, Jesse  and
      Mooney, Raymond J.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1052",
    pages = "547--557",
    abstract = "Natural language understanding and dialog management are two integral components of interactive dialog systems. Previous research has used machine learning techniques to individually optimize these components, with different forms of direct and indirect supervision. We present an approach to integrate the learning of both a dialog strategy using reinforcement learning, and a semantic parser for robust natural language understanding, using only natural dialog interaction for supervision. Experimental results on a simulated task of robot instruction demonstrate that joint learning of both components improves dialog performance over learning either of these components alone.",
}
@inproceedings{chen-palmer-2017-unsupervised,
    title = "Unsupervised {AMR}-Dependency Parse Alignment",
    author = "Chen, Wei-Te  and
      Palmer, Martha",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1053",
    pages = "558--567",
    abstract = "In this paper, we introduce an Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) to Dependency Parse aligner. Alignment is a preliminary step for AMR parsing, and our aligner improves current AMR parser performance. Our aligner involves several different features, including named entity tags and semantic role labels, and uses Expectation-Maximization training. Results show that our aligner reaches an 87.1{\%} F-Score score with the experimental data, and enhances AMR parsing.",
}
@inproceedings{jin-etal-2017-improving,
    title = "Improving {C}hinese Semantic Role Labeling using High-quality Surface and Deep Case Frames",
    author = "Jin, Gongye  and
      Kawahara, Daisuke  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1054",
    pages = "568--577",
    abstract = "This paper presents a method for applying automatically acquired knowledge to semantic role labeling (SRL). We use a large amount of automatically extracted knowledge to improve the performance of SRL. We present two varieties of knowledge, which we call surface case frames and deep case frames. Although the surface case frames are compiled from syntactic parses and can be used as rich syntactic knowledge, they have limited capability for resolving semantic ambiguity. To compensate the deficiency of the surface case frames, we compile deep case frames from automatic semantic roles. We also consider quality management for both types of knowledge in order to get rid of the noise brought from the automatic analyses. The experimental results show that Chinese SRL can be improved using automatically acquired knowledge and the quality management shows a positive effect on this task.",
}
@inproceedings{yaghoobzadeh-schutze-2017-multi,
    title = "Multi-level Representations for Fine-Grained Typing of Knowledge Base Entities",
    author = {Yaghoobzadeh, Yadollah  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1055",
    pages = "578--589",
    abstract = "Entities are essential elements of natural language. In this paper, we present methods for learning multi-level representations of entities on three complementary levels: character (character patterns in entity names extracted, e.g., by neural networks), word (embeddings of words in entity names) and entity (entity embeddings). We investigate state-of-the-art learning methods on each level and find large differences, e.g., for deep learning models, traditional ngram features and the subword model of fasttext (Bojanowski et al., 2016) on the character level; for word2vec (Mikolov et al., 2013) on the word level; and for the order-aware model wang2vec (Ling et al., 2015a) on the entity level. We confirm experimentally that each level of representation contributes complementary information and a joint representation of all three levels improves the existing embedding based baseline for fine-grained entity typing by a large margin. Additionally, we show that adding information from entity descriptions further improves multi-level representations of entities.",
}
@inproceedings{faralli-etal-2017-contrastmedium,
    title = "The {C}ontrast{M}edium Algorithm: Taxonomy Induction From Noisy Knowledge Graphs With Just A Few Links",
    author = "Faralli, Stefano  and
      Panchenko, Alexander  and
      Biemann, Chris  and
      Ponzetto, Simone Paolo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1056",
    pages = "590--600",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present ContrastMedium, an algorithm that transforms noisy semantic networks into full-fledged, clean taxonomies. ContrastMedium is able to identify the embedded taxonomy structure from a noisy knowledge graph without explicit human supervision such as, for instance, a set of manually selected input root and leaf concepts. This is achieved by leveraging structural information from a companion reference taxonomy, to which the input knowledge graph is linked (either automatically or manually). When used in conjunction with methods for hypernym acquisition and knowledge base linking, our methodology provides a complete solution for end-to-end taxonomy induction. We conduct experiments using automatically acquired knowledge graphs, as well as a SemEval benchmark, and show that our method is able to achieve high performance on the task of taxonomy induction.",
}
@inproceedings{min-etal-2017-probabilistic,
    title = "Probabilistic Inference for Cold Start Knowledge Base Population with Prior World Knowledge",
    author = "Min, Bonan  and
      Freedman, Marjorie  and
      Meltzer, Talya",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1057",
    pages = "601--612",
    abstract = "Building knowledge bases (KB) automatically from text corpora is crucial for many applications such as question answering and web search. The problem is very challenging and has been divided into sub-problems such as mention and named entity recognition, entity linking and relation extraction. However, combining these components has shown to be under-constrained and often produces KBs with supersize entities and common-sense errors in relations (a person has multiple birthdates). The errors are difficult to resolve solely with IE tools but become obvious with world knowledge at the corpus level. By analyzing Freebase and a large text collection, we found that per-relation cardinality and the popularity of entities follow the power-law distribution favoring flat long tails with low-frequency instances. We present a probabilistic joint inference algorithm to incorporate this world knowledge during KB construction. Our approach yields state-of-the-art performance on the TAC Cold Start task, and 42{\%} and 19.4{\%} relative improvements in F1 over our baseline on Cold Start hop-1 and all-hop queries respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{verga-etal-2017-generalizing,
    title = "Generalizing to Unseen Entities and Entity Pairs with Row-less Universal Schema",
    author = "Verga, Patrick  and
      Neelakantan, Arvind  and
      McCallum, Andrew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1058",
    pages = "613--622",
    abstract = "Universal schema predicts the types of entities and relations in a knowledge base (KB) by jointly embedding the union of all available schema types{---}not only types from multiple structured databases (such as Freebase or Wikipedia infoboxes), but also types expressed as textual patterns from raw text. This prediction is typically modeled as a matrix completion problem, with one type per column, and either one or two entities per row (in the case of entity types or binary relation types, respectively). Factorizing this sparsely observed matrix yields a learned vector embedding for each row and each column. In this paper we explore the problem of making predictions for entities or entity-pairs unseen at training time (and hence without a pre-learned row embedding). We propose an approach having no per-row parameters at all; rather we produce a row vector on the fly using a learned aggregation function of the vectors of the observed columns for that row. We experiment with various aggregation functions, including neural network attention models. Our approach can be understood as a natural language database, in that questions about KB entities are answered by attending to textual or database evidence. In experiments predicting both relations and entity types, we demonstrate that despite having an order of magnitude fewer parameters than traditional universal schema, we can match the accuracy of the traditional model, and more importantly, we can now make predictions about unseen rows with nearly the same accuracy as rows available at training time.",
}
@inproceedings{dong-etal-2017-learning-generate,
    title = "Learning to Generate Product Reviews from Attributes",
    author = "Dong, Li  and
      Huang, Shaohan  and
      Wei, Furu  and
      Lapata, Mirella  and
      Zhou, Ming  and
      Xu, Ke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1059",
    pages = "623--632",
    abstract = "Automatically generating product reviews is a meaningful, yet not well-studied task in sentiment analysis. Traditional natural language generation methods rely extensively on hand-crafted rules and predefined templates. This paper presents an attention-enhanced attribute-to-sequence model to generate product reviews for given attribute information, such as user, product, and rating. The attribute encoder learns to represent input attributes as vectors. Then, the sequence decoder generates reviews by conditioning its output on these vectors. We also introduce an attention mechanism to jointly generate reviews and align words with input attributes. The proposed model is trained end-to-end to maximize the likelihood of target product reviews given the attributes. We build a publicly available dataset for the review generation task by leveraging the Amazon book reviews and their metadata. Experiments on the dataset show that our approach outperforms baseline methods and the attention mechanism significantly improves the performance of our model.",
}
@inproceedings{chisholm-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to generate one-sentence biographies from {W}ikidata",
    author = "Chisholm, Andrew  and
      Radford, Will  and
      Hachey, Ben",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1060",
    pages = "633--642",
    abstract = "We investigate the generation of one-sentence Wikipedia biographies from facts derived from Wikidata slot-value pairs. We train a recurrent neural network sequence-to-sequence model with attention to select facts and generate textual summaries. Our model incorporates a novel secondary objective that helps ensure it generates sentences that contain the input facts. The model achieves a BLEU score of 41, improving significantly upon the vanilla sequence-to-sequence model and scoring roughly twice that of a simple template baseline. Human preference evaluation suggests the model is nearly as good as the Wikipedia reference. Manual analysis explores content selection, suggesting the model can trade the ability to infer knowledge against the risk of hallucinating incorrect information.",
}
@inproceedings{puduppully-etal-2017-transition,
    title = "Transition-Based Deep Input Linearization",
    author = "Puduppully, Ratish  and
      Zhang, Yue  and
      Shrivastava, Manish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1061",
    pages = "643--654",
    abstract = "Traditional methods for deep NLG adopt pipeline approaches comprising stages such as constructing syntactic input, predicting function words, linearizing the syntactic input and generating the surface forms. Though easier to visualize, pipeline approaches suffer from error propagation. In addition, information available across modules cannot be leveraged by all modules. We construct a transition-based model to jointly perform linearization, function word prediction and morphological generation, which considerably improves upon the accuracy compared to a pipelined baseline system. On a standard deep input linearization shared task, our system achieves the best results reported so far.",
}
@inproceedings{castro-ferreira-etal-2017-generating,
    title = "Generating flexible proper name references in text: Data, models and evaluation",
    author = "Castro Ferreira, Thiago  and
      Krahmer, Emiel  and
      Wubben, Sander",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1062",
    pages = "655--664",
    abstract = "This study introduces a statistical model able to generate variations of a proper name by taking into account the person to be mentioned, the discourse context and variation. The model relies on the REGnames corpus, a dataset with 53,102 proper name references to 1,000 people in different discourse contexts. We evaluate the versions of our model from the perspective of how human writers produce proper names, and also how human readers process them. The corpus and the model are publicly available.",
}
@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2017-dependency-parsing,
    title = "Dependency Parsing as Head Selection",
    author = "Zhang, Xingxing  and
      Cheng, Jianpeng  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1063",
    pages = "665--676",
    abstract = "Conventional graph-based dependency parsers guarantee a tree structure both during training and inference. Instead, we formalize dependency parsing as the problem of independently selecting the head of each word in a sentence. Our model which we call DENSE (as shorthand for \textbf{De}pendency \textbf{N}eural \textbf{Se}lection) produces a distribution over possible heads for each word using features obtained from a bidirectional recurrent neural network. Without enforcing structural constraints during training, DeNSe generates (at inference time) trees for the overwhelming majority of sentences, while non-tree outputs can be adjusted with a maximum spanning tree algorithm. We evaluate DeNSe on four languages (English, Chinese, Czech, and German) with varying degrees of non-projectivity. Despite the simplicity of the approach, our parsers are on par with the state of the art.",
}
@inproceedings{le-fokkens-2017-tackling,
    title = "Tackling Error Propagation through Reinforcement Learning: A Case of Greedy Dependency Parsing",
    author = "L{\^e}, Minh  and
      Fokkens, Antske",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1064",
    pages = "677--687",
    abstract = "Error propagation is a common problem in NLP. Reinforcement learning explores erroneous states during training and can therefore be more robust when mistakes are made early in a process. In this paper, we apply reinforcement learning to greedy dependency parsing which is known to suffer from error propagation. Reinforcement learning improves accuracy of both labeled and unlabeled dependencies of the Stanford Neural Dependency Parser, a high performance greedy parser, while maintaining its efficiency. We investigate the portion of errors which are the result of error propagation and confirm that reinforcement learning reduces the occurrence of error propagation.",
}
@inproceedings{futrell-levy-2017-noisy,
    title = "Noisy-context surprisal as a human sentence processing cost model",
    author = "Futrell, Richard  and
      Levy, Roger",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1065",
    pages = "688--698",
    abstract = "We use the noisy-channel theory of human sentence comprehension to develop an incremental processing cost model that unifies and extends key features of expectation-based and memory-based models. In this model, which we call noisy-context surprisal, the processing cost of a word is the surprisal of the word given a noisy representation of the preceding context. We show that this model accounts for an outstanding puzzle in sentence comprehension, language-dependent structural forgetting effects (Gibson and Thomas, 1999; Vasishth et al., 2010; Frank et al., 2016), which are previously not well modeled by either expectation-based or memory-based approaches. Additionally, we show that this model derives and generalizes locality effects (Gibson, 1998; Demberg and Keller, 2008), a signature prediction of memory-based models. We give corpus-based evidence for a key assumption in this derivation.",
}
@inproceedings{yin-schutze-2017-task,
    title = "Task-Specific Attentive Pooling of Phrase Alignments Contributes to Sentence Matching",
    author = {Yin, Wenpeng  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1066",
    pages = "699--709",
    abstract = "This work studies comparatively two typical sentence matching tasks: textual entailment (TE) and answer selection (AS), observing that weaker phrase alignments are more critical in TE, while stronger phrase alignments deserve more attention in AS. The key to reach this observation lies in phrase detection, phrase representation, phrase alignment, and more importantly how to connect those aligned phrases of different matching degrees with the final classifier. Prior work (i) has limitations in phrase generation and representation, or (ii) conducts alignment at word and phrase levels by handcrafted features or (iii) utilizes a single framework of alignment without considering the characteristics of specific tasks, which limits the framework{'}s effectiveness across tasks. We propose an architecture based on Gated Recurrent Unit that supports (i) representation learning of phrases of arbitrary granularity and (ii) task-specific attentive pooling of phrase alignments between two sentences. Experimental results on TE and AS match our observation and show the effectiveness of our approach.",
}
@inproceedings{martinez-gomez-etal-2017-demand,
    title = "On-demand Injection of Lexical Knowledge for Recognising Textual Entailment",
    author = "Mart{\'\i}nez-G{\'o}mez, Pascual  and
      Mineshima, Koji  and
      Miyao, Yusuke  and
      Bekki, Daisuke",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1067",
    pages = "710--720",
    abstract = "We approach the recognition of textual entailment using logical semantic representations and a theorem prover. In this setup, lexical divergences that preserve semantic entailment between the source and target texts need to be explicitly stated. However, recognising subsentential semantic relations is not trivial. We address this problem by monitoring the proof of the theorem and detecting unprovable sub-goals that share predicate arguments with logical premises. If a linguistic relation exists, then an appropriate axiom is constructed on-demand and the theorem proving continues. Experiments show that this approach is effective and precise, producing a system that outperforms other logic-based systems and is competitive with state-of-the-art statistical methods.",
}
@inproceedings{lai-hockenmaier-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to Predict Denotational Probabilities For Modeling Entailment",
    author = "Lai, Alice  and
      Hockenmaier, Julia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1068",
    pages = "721--730",
    abstract = "We propose a framework that captures the denotational probabilities of words and phrases by embedding them in a vector space, and present a method to induce such an embedding from a dataset of denotational probabilities. We show that our model successfully predicts denotational probabilities for unseen phrases, and that its predictions are useful for textual entailment datasets such as SICK and SNLI.",
}
@inproceedings{maheshwari-etal-2017-societal,
    title = "A Societal Sentiment Analysis: Predicting the Values and Ethics of Individuals by Analysing Social Media Content",
    author = {Maheshwari, Tushar  and
      Reganti, Aishwarya N.  and
      Gupta, Samiksha  and
      Jamatia, Anupam  and
      Kumar, Upendra  and
      Gamb{\"a}ck, Bj{\"o}rn  and
      Das, Amitava},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1069",
    pages = "731--741",
    abstract = "To find out how users{'} social media behaviour and language are related to their ethical practices, the paper investigates applying Schwartz{'} psycholinguistic model of societal sentiment to social media text. The analysis is based on corpora collected from user essays as well as social media (Facebook and Twitter). Several experiments were carried out on the corpora to classify the ethical values of users, incorporating Linguistic Inquiry Word Count analysis, n-grams, topic models, psycholinguistic lexica, speech-acts, and non-linguistic information, while applying a range of machine learners (Support Vector Machines, Logistic Regression, and Random Forests) to identify the best linguistic and non-linguistic features for automatic classification of values and ethics.",
}
@inproceedings{lukin-etal-2017-argument,
    title = "Argument Strength is in the Eye of the Beholder: Audience Effects in Persuasion",
    author = "Lukin, Stephanie  and
      Anand, Pranav  and
      Walker, Marilyn  and
      Whittaker, Steve",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1070",
    pages = "742--753",
    abstract = "Americans spend about a third of their time online, with many participating in online conversations on social and political issues. We hypothesize that social media arguments on such issues may be more engaging and persuasive than traditional media summaries, and that particular types of people may be more or less convinced by particular styles of argument, e.g. emotional arguments may resonate with some personalities while factual arguments resonate with others. We report a set of experiments testing at large scale how audience variables interact with argument style to affect the persuasiveness of an argument, an under-researched topic within natural language processing. We show that belief change is affected by personality factors, with conscientious, open and agreeable people being more convinced by emotional arguments.",
}
@inproceedings{liu-etal-2017-language,
    title = "A Language-independent and Compositional Model for Personality Trait Recognition from Short Texts",
    author = "Liu, Fei  and
      Perez, Julien  and
      Nowson, Scott",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1071",
    pages = "754--764",
    abstract = "There have been many attempts at automatically recognising author personality traits from text, typically incorporating linguistic features with conventional machine learning models, e.g. linear regression or Support Vector Machines. In this work, we propose to use deep-learning-based models with atomic features of text {--} the characters {--} to build hierarchical, vectorial word and sentence representations for the task of trait inference. On a corpus of tweets, this method shows state-of-the-art performance across five traits and three languages (English, Spanish and Italian) compared with prior work in author profiling. The results, supported by preliminary visualisation work, are encouraging for the ability to detect complex human traits.",
}
@inproceedings{levy-etal-2017-strong,
    title = "A Strong Baseline for Learning Cross-Lingual Word Embeddings from Sentence Alignments",
    author = "Levy, Omer  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders  and
      Goldberg, Yoav",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1072",
    pages = "765--774",
    abstract = "While cross-lingual word embeddings have been studied extensively in recent years, the qualitative differences between the different algorithms remain vague. We observe that whether or not an algorithm uses a particular feature set (sentence IDs) accounts for a significant performance gap among these algorithms. This feature set is also used by traditional alignment algorithms, such as IBM Model-1, which demonstrate similar performance to state-of-the-art embedding algorithms on a variety of benchmarks. Overall, we observe that different algorithmic approaches for utilizing the sentence ID feature space result in similar performance. This paper draws both empirical and theoretical parallels between the embedding and alignment literature, and suggests that adding additional sources of information, which go beyond the traditional signal of bilingual sentence-aligned corpora, may substantially improve cross-lingual word embeddings, and that future baselines should at least take such features into account.",
}
@inproceedings{denis-ralaivola-2017-online,
    title = "Online Learning of Task-specific Word Representations with a Joint Biconvex Passive-Aggressive Algorithm",
    author = "Denis, Pascal  and
      Ralaivola, Liva",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1073",
    pages = "775--784",
    abstract = "This paper presents a new, efficient method for learning task-specific word vectors using a variant of the Passive-Aggressive algorithm. Specifically, this algorithm learns a word embedding matrix in tandem with the classifier parameters in an online fashion, solving a bi-convex constrained optimization at each iteration. We provide a theoretical analysis of this new algorithm in terms of regret bounds, and evaluate it on both synthetic data and NLP classification problems, including text classification and sentiment analysis. In the latter case, we compare various pre-trained word vectors to initialize our word embedding matrix, and show that the matrix learned by our algorithm vastly outperforms the initial matrix, with performance results comparable or above the state-of-the-art on these tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{schutze-2017-nonsymbolic,
    title = "Nonsymbolic Text Representation",
    author = {Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1074",
    pages = "785--796",
    abstract = "We introduce the first generic text representation model that is completely nonsymbolic, i.e., it does not require the availability of a segmentation or tokenization method that attempts to identify words or other symbolic units in text. This applies to training the parameters of the model on a training corpus as well as to applying it when computing the representation of a new text. We show that our model performs better than prior work on an information extraction and a text denoising task.",
}
@inproceedings{abhishek-etal-2017-fine,
    title = "Fine-Grained Entity Type Classification by Jointly Learning Representations and Label Embeddings",
    author = "Abhishek, Abhishek  and
      Anand, Ashish  and
      Awekar, Amit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1075",
    pages = "797--807",
    abstract = "Fine-grained entity type classification (FETC) is the task of classifying an entity mention to a broad set of types. Distant supervision paradigm is extensively used to generate training data for this task. However, generated training data assigns same set of labels to every mention of an entity without considering its local context. Existing FETC systems have two major drawbacks: assuming training data to be noise free and use of hand crafted features. Our work overcomes both drawbacks. We propose a neural network model that jointly learns entity mentions and their context representation to eliminate use of hand crafted features. Our model treats training data as noisy and uses non-parametric variant of hinge loss function. Experiments show that the proposed model outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods on two publicly available datasets, namely FIGER (GOLD) and BBN with an average relative improvement of 2.69{\%} in micro-F1 score. Knowledge learnt by our model on one dataset can be transferred to other datasets while using same model or other FETC systems. These approaches of transferring knowledge further improve the performance of respective models.",
}
@inproceedings{zhou-etal-2017-event,
    title = "Event extraction from Twitter using Non-Parametric {B}ayesian Mixture Model with Word Embeddings",
    author = "Zhou, Deyu  and
      Zhang, Xuan  and
      He, Yulan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1076",
    pages = "808--817",
    abstract = "To extract structured representations of newsworthy events from Twitter, unsupervised models typically assume that tweets involving the same named entities and expressed using similar words are likely to belong to the same event. Hence, they group tweets into clusters based on the co-occurrence patterns of named entities and topical keywords. However, there are two main limitations. First, they require the number of events to be known beforehand, which is not realistic in practical applications. Second, they don{'}t recognise that the same named entity might be referred to by multiple mentions and tweets using different mentions would be wrongly assigned to different events. To overcome these limitations, we propose a non-parametric Bayesian mixture model with word embeddings for event extraction, in which the number of events can be inferred automatically and the issue of lexical variations for the same named entity can be dealt with properly. Our model has been evaluated on three datasets with sizes ranging between 2,499 and over 60 million tweets. Experimental results show that our model outperforms the baseline approach on all datasets by 5-8{\%} in F-measure.",
}
@inproceedings{pawar-etal-2017-end,
    title = "End-to-end Relation Extraction using Neural Networks and {M}arkov Logic Networks",
    author = "Pawar, Sachin  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak  and
      Palshikar, Girish",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1077",
    pages = "818--827",
    abstract = "End-to-end relation extraction refers to identifying boundaries of entity mentions, entity types of these mentions and appropriate semantic relation for each pair of mentions. Traditionally, separate predictive models were trained for each of these tasks and were used in a {``}pipeline{''} fashion where output of one model is fed as input to another. But it was observed that addressing some of these tasks jointly results in better performance. We propose a single, joint neural network based model to carry out all the three tasks of boundary identification, entity type classification and relation type classification. This model is referred to as {``}All Word Pairs{''} model (AWP-NN) as it assigns an appropriate label to each word pair in a given sentence for performing end-to-end relation extraction. We also propose to refine output of the AWP-NN model by using inference in Markov Logic Networks (MLN) so that additional domain knowledge can be effectively incorporated. We demonstrate effectiveness of our approach by achieving better end-to-end relation extraction performance than all 4 previous joint modelling approaches, on the standard dataset of ACE 2004.",
}
@inproceedings{heinzerling-etal-2017-trust,
    title = "Trust, but Verify! Better Entity Linking through Automatic Verification",
    author = "Heinzerling, Benjamin  and
      Strube, Michael  and
      Lin, Chin-Yew",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1078",
    pages = "828--838",
    abstract = "We introduce automatic verification as a post-processing step for entity linking (EL). The proposed method trusts EL system results collectively, by assuming entity mentions are mostly linked correctly, in order to create a semantic profile of the given text using geospatial and temporal information, as well as fine-grained entity types. This profile is then used to automatically verify each linked mention individually, i.e., to predict whether it has been linked correctly or not. Verification allows leveraging a rich set of global and pairwise features that would be prohibitively expensive for EL systems employing global inference. Evaluation shows consistent improvements across datasets and systems. In particular, when applied to state-of-the-art systems, our method yields an absolute improvement in linking performance of up to 1.7 F1 on AIDA/CoNLL{'}03 and up to 2.4 F1 on the English TAC KBP 2015 TEDL dataset.",
}
@inproceedings{jochim-deleris-2017-named,
    title = "Named Entity Recognition in the Medical Domain with Constrained {CRF} Models",
    author = "Jochim, Charles  and
      Deleris, L{\'e}a",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1079",
    pages = "839--849",
    abstract = "This paper investigates how to improve performance on information extraction tasks by constraining and sequencing CRF-based approaches. We consider two different relation extraction tasks, both from the medical literature: dependence relations and probability statements. We explore whether adding constraints can lead to an improvement over standard CRF decoding. Results on our relation extraction tasks are promising, showing significant increases in performance from both (i) adding constraints to post-process the output of a baseline CRF, which captures {``}domain knowledge{''}, and (ii) further allowing flexibility in the application of those constraints by leveraging a binary classifier as a pre-processing step.",
}
@inproceedings{yadav-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning and Knowledge Transfer with Memory Networks for Machine Comprehension",
    author = "Yadav, Mohit  and
      Vig, Lovekesh  and
      Shroff, Gautam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1080",
    pages = "850--859",
    abstract = "Enabling machines to read and comprehend unstructured text remains an unfulfilled goal for NLP research. Recent research efforts on the {``}machine comprehension{''} task have managed to achieve close to ideal performance on simulated data. However, achieving similar levels of performance on small real world datasets has proved difficult; major challenges stem from the large vocabulary size, complex grammar, and, the frequent ambiguities in linguistic structure. On the other hand, the requirement of human generated annotations for training, in order to ensure a sufficiently diverse set of questions is prohibitively expensive. Motivated by these practical issues, we propose a novel curriculum inspired training procedure for Memory Networks to improve the performance for machine comprehension with relatively small volumes of training data. Additionally, we explore various training regimes for Memory Networks to allow knowledge transfer from a closely related domain having larger volumes of labelled data. We also suggest the use of a loss function to incorporate the asymmetric nature of knowledge transfer. Our experiments demonstrate improvements on Dailymail, CNN, and MCTest datasets.",
}
@inproceedings{sarabi-blanco-2017-media,
    title = "If No Media Were Allowed inside the Venue, Was Anybody Allowed?",
    author = "Sarabi, Zahra  and
      Blanco, Eduardo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1081",
    pages = "860--869",
    abstract = "This paper presents a framework to understand negation in positive terms. Specifically, we extract positive meaning from negation when the negation cue syntactically modifies a noun or adjective. Our approach is grounded on generating potential positive interpretations automatically, and then scoring them. Experimental results show that interpretations scored high can be reliably identified.",
}
@inproceedings{abualhaija-etal-2017-metaheuristic,
    title = "Metaheuristic Approaches to Lexical Substitution and Simplification",
    author = "Abualhaija, Sallam  and
      Miller, Tristan  and
      Eckle-Kohler, Judith  and
      Gurevych, Iryna  and
      Zimmermann, Karl-Heinz",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1082",
    pages = "870--880",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose using metaheuristics{---}in particular, simulated annealing and the new D-Bees algorithm{---}to solve word sense disambiguation as an optimization problem within a knowledge-based lexical substitution system. We are the first to perform such an extrinsic evaluation of metaheuristics, for which we use two standard lexical substitution datasets, one English and one German. We find that D-Bees has robust performance for both languages, and performs better than simulated annealing, though both achieve good results. Moreover, the D-Bees{--}based lexical substitution system outperforms state-of-the-art systems on several evaluation metrics. We also show that D-Bees achieves competitive performance in lexical simplification, a variant of lexical substitution.",
}
@inproceedings{mallinson-etal-2017-paraphrasing,
    title = "Paraphrasing Revisited with Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Mallinson, Jonathan  and
      Sennrich, Rico  and
      Lapata, Mirella",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1083",
    pages = "881--893",
    abstract = "Recognizing and generating paraphrases is an important component in many natural language processing applications. A well-established technique for automatically extracting paraphrases leverages bilingual corpora to find meaning-equivalent phrases in a single language by {``}pivoting{''} over a shared translation in another language. In this paper we revisit bilingual pivoting in the context of neural machine translation and present a paraphrasing model based purely on neural networks. Our model represents paraphrases in a continuous space, estimates the degree of semantic relatedness between text segments of arbitrary length, and generates candidate paraphrases for any source input. Experimental results across tasks and datasets show that neural paraphrases outperform those obtained with conventional phrase-based pivoting approaches.",
}
@inproceedings{duong-etal-2017-multilingual-training,
    title = "Multilingual Training of Crosslingual Word Embeddings",
    author = "Duong, Long  and
      Kanayama, Hiroshi  and
      Ma, Tengfei  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1084",
    pages = "894--904",
    abstract = "Crosslingual word embeddings represent lexical items from different languages using the same vector space, enabling crosslingual transfer. Most prior work constructs embeddings for a pair of languages, with English on one side. We investigate methods for building high quality crosslingual word embeddings for many languages in a unified vector space.In this way, we can exploit and combine strength of many languages. We obtained high performance on bilingual lexicon induction, monolingual similarity and crosslingual document classification tasks.",
}
@inproceedings{silva-de-carvalho-nguyen-2017-building,
    title = "Building Lexical Vector Representations from Concept Definitions",
    author = "Silva de Carvalho, Danilo  and
      Nguyen, Minh Le",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1085",
    pages = "905--915",
    abstract = "The use of distributional language representations have opened new paths in solving a variety of NLP problems. However, alternative approaches can take advantage of information unavailable through pure statistical means. This paper presents a method for building vector representations from meaning unit blocks called concept definitions, which are obtained by extracting information from a curated linguistic resource (Wiktionary). The representations obtained in this way can be compared through conventional cosine similarity and are also interpretable by humans. Evaluation was conducted in semantic similarity and relatedness test sets, with results indicating a performance comparable to other methods based on single linguistic resource extraction. The results also indicate noticeable performance gains when combining distributional similarity scores with the ones obtained using this approach. Additionally, a discussion on the proposed method{'}s shortcomings is provided in the analysis of error cases.",
}
@inproceedings{butnaru-etal-2017-shotgunwsd,
    title = "{S}hotgun{WSD}: An unsupervised algorithm for global word sense disambiguation inspired by {DNA} sequencing",
    author = "Butnaru, Andrei  and
      Ionescu, Radu Tudor  and
      Hristea, Florentina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1086",
    pages = "916--926",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a novel unsupervised algorithm for word sense disambiguation (WSD) at the document level. Our algorithm is inspired by a widely-used approach in the field of genetics for whole genome sequencing, known as the Shotgun sequencing technique. The proposed WSD algorithm is based on three main steps. First, a brute-force WSD algorithm is applied to short context windows (up to 10 words) selected from the document in order to generate a short list of likely sense configurations for each window. In the second step, these local sense configurations are assembled into longer composite configurations based on suffix and prefix matching. The resulted configurations are ranked by their length, and the sense of each word is chosen based on a voting scheme that considers only the top k configurations in which the word appears. We compare our algorithm with other state-of-the-art unsupervised WSD algorithms and demonstrate better performance, sometimes by a very large margin. We also show that our algorithm can yield better performance than the Most Common Sense (MCS) baseline on one data set. Moreover, our algorithm has a very small number of parameters, is robust to parameter tuning, and, unlike other bio-inspired methods, it gives a deterministic solution (it does not involve random choices).",
}
@inproceedings{kocmi-bojar-2017-lanidenn,
    title = "{L}anide{NN}: Multilingual Language Identification on Text Stream",
    author = "Kocmi, Tom  and
      Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1087",
    pages = "927--936",
    abstract = "In language identification, a common first step in natural language processing, we want to automatically determine the language of some input text. Monolingual language identification assumes that the given document is written in one language. In multilingual language identification, the document is usually in two or three languages and we just want their names. We aim one step further and propose a method for textual language identification where languages can change arbitrarily and the goal is to identify the spans of each of the languages. Our method is based on Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks and it performs well in monolingual and multilingual language identification tasks on six datasets covering 131 languages. The method keeps the accuracy also for short documents and across domains, so it is ideal for off-the-shelf use without preparation of training data.",
}
@inproceedings{adams-etal-2017-cross,
    title = "Cross-Lingual Word Embeddings for Low-Resource Language Modeling",
    author = "Adams, Oliver  and
      Makarucha, Adam  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Cohn, Trevor",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1088",
    pages = "937--947",
    abstract = "Most languages have no established writing system and minimal written records. However, textual data is essential for natural language processing, and particularly important for training language models to support speech recognition. Even in cases where text data is missing, there are some languages for which bilingual lexicons are available, since creating lexicons is a fundamental task of documentary linguistics. We investigate the use of such lexicons to improve language models when textual training data is limited to as few as a thousand sentences. The method involves learning cross-lingual word embeddings as a preliminary step in training monolingual language models. Results across a number of languages show that language models are improved by this pre-training. Application to Yongning Na, a threatened language, highlights challenges in deploying the approach in real low-resource environments.",
}
@inproceedings{pu-etal-2017-consistent,
    title = "Consistent Translation of Repeated Nouns using Syntactic and Semantic Cues",
    author = "Pu, Xiao  and
      Mascarell, Laura  and
      Popescu-Belis, Andrei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1089",
    pages = "948--957",
    abstract = "We propose a method to decide whether two occurrences of the same noun in a source text should be translated consistently, i.e. using the same noun in the target text as well. We train and test classifiers that predict consistent translations based on lexical, syntactic, and semantic features. We first evaluate the accuracy of our classifiers intrinsically, in terms of the accuracy of consistency predictions, over a subset of the UN Corpus. Then, we also evaluate them in combination with phrase-based statistical MT systems for Chinese-to-English and German-to-English. We compare the automatic post-editing of noun translations with the re-ranking of the translation hypotheses based on the classifiers{'} output, and also use these methods in combination. This improves over the baseline and closes up to 50{\%} of the gap in BLEU scores between the baseline and an oracle classifier.",
}
@inproceedings{howcroft-demberg-2017-psycholinguistic,
    title = "Psycholinguistic Models of Sentence Processing Improve Sentence Readability Ranking",
    author = "Howcroft, David M.  and
      Demberg, Vera",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1090",
    pages = "958--968",
    abstract = "While previous research on readability has typically focused on document-level measures, recent work in areas such as natural language generation has pointed out the need of sentence-level readability measures. Much of psycholinguistics has focused for many years on processing measures that provide difficulty estimates on a word-by-word basis. However, these psycholinguistic measures have not yet been tested on sentence readability ranking tasks. In this paper, we use four psycholinguistic measures: idea density, surprisal, integration cost, and embedding depth to test whether these features are predictive of readability levels. We find that psycholinguistic features significantly improve performance by up to 3 percentage points over a standard document-level readability metric baseline.",
}
@inproceedings{das-etal-2017-web,
    title = "Web-Scale Language-Independent Cataloging of Noisy Product Listings for E-Commerce",
    author = "Das, Pradipto  and
      Xia, Yandi  and
      Levine, Aaron  and
      Di Fabbrizio, Giuseppe  and
      Datta, Ankur",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1091",
    pages = "969--979",
    abstract = "The cataloging of product listings through taxonomy categorization is a fundamental problem for any e-commerce marketplace, with applications ranging from personalized search recommendations to query understanding. However, manual and rule based approaches to categorization are not scalable. In this paper, we compare several classifiers for categorizing listings in both English and Japanese product catalogs. We show empirically that a combination of words from product titles, navigational breadcrumbs, and list prices, when available, improves results significantly. We outline a novel method using correspondence topic models and a lightweight manual process to reduce noise from mis-labeled data in the training set. We contrast linear models, gradient boosted trees (GBTs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and show that GBTs and CNNs yield the highest gains in error reduction. Finally, we show GBTs applied in a language-agnostic way on a large-scale Japanese e-commerce dataset have improved taxonomy categorization performance over current state-of-the-art based on deep belief network models.",
}
@inproceedings{stab-gurevych-2017-recognizing,
    title = "Recognizing Insufficiently Supported Arguments in Argumentative Essays",
    author = "Stab, Christian  and
      Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1092",
    pages = "980--990",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose a new task for assessing the quality of natural language arguments. The premises of a well-reasoned argument should provide enough evidence for accepting or rejecting its claim. Although this criterion, known as sufficiency, is widely adopted in argumentation theory, there are no empirical studies on its applicability to real arguments. In this work, we show that human annotators substantially agree on the sufficiency criterion and introduce a novel annotated corpus. Furthermore, we experiment with feature-rich SVMs and Convolutional Neural Networks and achieve 84{\%} accuracy for automatically identifying insufficiently supported arguments. The final corpus as well as the annotation guideline are freely available for encouraging future research on argument quality.",
}
@inproceedings{sato-etal-2017-distributed,
    title = "Distributed Document and Phrase Co-embeddings for Descriptive Clustering",
    author = "Sato, Motoki  and
      Brockmeier, Austin J.  and
      Kontonatsios, Georgios  and
      Mu, Tingting  and
      Goulermas, John Y.  and
      Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi  and
      Ananiadou, Sophia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1093",
    pages = "991--1001",
    abstract = "Descriptive document clustering aims to automatically discover groups of semantically related documents and to assign a meaningful label to characterise the content of each cluster. In this paper, we present a descriptive clustering approach that employs a distributed representation model, namely the paragraph vector model, to capture semantic similarities between documents and phrases. The proposed method uses a joint representation of phrases and documents (i.e., a co-embedding) to automatically select a descriptive phrase that best represents each document cluster. We evaluate our method by comparing its performance to an existing state-of-the-art descriptive clustering method that also uses co-embedding but relies on a bag-of-words representation. Results obtained on benchmark datasets demonstrate that the paragraph vector-based method obtains superior performance over the existing approach in both identifying clusters and assigning appropriate descriptive labels to them.",
}
@inproceedings{farra-mckeown-2017-smarties,
    title = "{SMART}ies: Sentiment Models for {A}rabic Target entities",
    author = "Farra, Noura  and
      McKeown, Kathy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1094",
    pages = "1002--1013",
    abstract = "We consider entity-level sentiment analysis in Arabic, a morphologically rich language with increasing resources. We present a system that is applied to complex posts written in response to Arabic newspaper articles. Our goal is to identify important entity {``}targets{''} within the post along with the polarity expressed about each target. We achieve significant improvements over multiple baselines, demonstrating that the use of specific morphological representations improves the performance of identifying both important targets and their sentiment, and that the use of distributional semantic clusters further boosts performances for these representations, especially when richer linguistic resources are not available.",
}
@inproceedings{segura-bedmar-etal-2017-exploring,
    title = "Exploring Convolutional Neural Networks for Sentiment Analysis of {S}panish tweets",
    author = "Segura-Bedmar, Isabel  and
      Quir{\'o}s, Antonio  and
      Mart{\'\i}nez, Paloma",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1095",
    pages = "1014--1022",
    abstract = "Spanish is the third-most used language on the internet, after English and Chinese, with a total of 7.7{\%} (more than 277 million of users) and a huge internet growth of more than 1,400{\%}. However, most work on sentiment analysis has been focused on English. This paper describes a deep learning system for Spanish sentiment analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that explores the use of a convolutional neural network to polarity classification of Spanish tweets.",
}
@inproceedings{mousa-schuller-2017-contextual,
    title = "Contextual Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network Language Models: A Generative Approach to Sentiment Analysis",
    author = {Mousa, Amr  and
      Schuller, Bj{\"o}rn},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1096",
    pages = "1023--1032",
    abstract = "Traditional learning-based approaches to sentiment analysis of written text use the concept of bag-of-words or bag-of-n-grams, where a document is viewed as a set of terms or short combinations of terms disregarding grammar rules or word order. Novel approaches de-emphasize this concept and view the problem as a sequence classification problem. In this context, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have achieved significant success. The idea is to use RNNs as discriminative binary classifiers to predict a positive or negative sentiment label at every word position then perform a type of pooling to get a sentence-level polarity. Here, we investigate a novel generative approach in which a separate probability distribution is estimated for every sentiment using language models (LMs) based on long short-term memory (LSTM) RNNs. We introduce a novel type of LM using a modified version of bidirectional LSTM (BLSTM) called contextual BLSTM (cBLSTM), where the probability of a word is estimated based on its full left and right contexts. Our approach is compared with a BLSTM binary classifier. Significant improvements are observed in classifying the IMDB movie review dataset. Further improvements are achieved via model combination.",
}
@inproceedings{sun-etal-2017-large,
    title = "Large-scale Opinion Relation Extraction with Distantly Supervised Neural Network",
    author = "Sun, Changzhi  and
      Wu, Yuanbin  and
      Lan, Man  and
      Sun, Shiliang  and
      Zhang, Qi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1097",
    pages = "1033--1043",
    abstract = "We investigate the task of open domain opinion relation extraction. Different from works on manually labeled corpus, we propose an efficient distantly supervised framework based on pattern matching and neural network classifiers. The patterns are designed to automatically generate training data, and the deep learning model is design to capture various lexical and syntactic features. The result algorithm is fast and scalable on large-scale corpus. We test the system on the Amazon online review dataset. The result shows that our model is able to achieve promising performances without any human annotations.",
}
@inproceedings{argueta-chiang-2017-decoding,
    title = "Decoding with Finite-State Transducers on {GPU}s",
    author = "Argueta, Arturo  and
      Chiang, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1098",
    pages = "1044--1052",
    abstract = "Weighted finite automata and transducers (including hidden Markov models and conditional random fields) are widely used in natural language processing (NLP) to perform tasks such as morphological analysis, part-of-speech tagging, chunking, named entity recognition, speech recognition, and others. Parallelizing finite state algorithms on graphics processing units (GPUs) would benefit many areas of NLP. Although researchers have implemented GPU versions of basic graph algorithms, no work, to our knowledge, has been done on GPU algorithms for weighted finite automata. We introduce a GPU implementation of the Viterbi and forward-backward algorithm, achieving speedups of up to 4x over our serial implementations running on different computer architectures and 3335x over widely used tools such as OpenFST.",
}
@inproceedings{gu-etal-2017-learning,
    title = "Learning to Translate in Real-time with Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Gu, Jiatao  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Li, Victor O.K.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1099",
    pages = "1053--1062",
    abstract = "Translating in real-time, a.k.a.simultaneous translation, outputs translation words before the input sentence ends, which is a challenging problem for conventional machine translation methods. We propose a neural machine translation (NMT) framework for simultaneous translation in which an agent learns to make decisions on when to translate from the interaction with a pre-trained NMT environment. To trade off quality and delay, we extensively explore various targets for delay and design a method for beam-search applicable in the simultaneous MT setting. Experiments against state-of-the-art baselines on two language pairs demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed framework both quantitatively and qualitatively.",
}
@inproceedings{toral-sanchez-cartagena-2017-multifaceted,
    title = "A Multifaceted Evaluation of Neural versus Phrase-Based Machine Translation for 9 Language Directions",
    author = "Toral, Antonio  and
      S{\'a}nchez-Cartagena, V{\'\i}ctor M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1100",
    pages = "1063--1073",
    abstract = "We aim to shed light on the strengths and weaknesses of the newly introduced neural machine translation paradigm. To that end, we conduct a multifaceted evaluation in which we compare outputs produced by state-of-the-art neural machine translation and phrase-based machine translation systems for 9 language directions across a number of dimensions. Specifically, we measure the similarity of the outputs, their fluency and amount of reordering, the effect of sentence length and performance across different error categories. We find out that translations produced by neural machine translation systems are considerably different, more fluent and more accurate in terms of word order compared to those produced by phrase-based systems. Neural machine translation systems are also more accurate at producing inflected forms, but they perform poorly when translating very long sentences.",
}
@inproceedings{rabinovich-etal-2017-personalized,
    title = "Personalized Machine Translation: Preserving Original Author Traits",
    author = "Rabinovich, Ella  and
      Patel, Raj Nath  and
      Mirkin, Shachar  and
      Specia, Lucia  and
      Wintner, Shuly",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1101",
    pages = "1074--1084",
    abstract = "The language that we produce reflects our personality, and various personal and demographic characteristics can be detected in natural language texts. We focus on one particular personal trait of the author, gender, and study how it is manifested in original texts and in translations. We show that author{'}s gender has a powerful, clear signal in originals texts, but this signal is obfuscated in human and machine translation. We then propose simple domain-adaptation techniques that help retain the original gender traits in the translation, without harming the quality of the translation, thereby creating more personalized machine translation systems.",
}
@inproceedings{heyman-etal-2017-bilingual,
    title = "Bilingual Lexicon Induction by Learning to Combine Word-Level and Character-Level Representations",
    author = "Heyman, Geert  and
      Vuli{\'c}, Ivan  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1102",
    pages = "1085--1095",
    abstract = "We study the problem of bilingual lexicon induction (BLI) in a setting where some translation resources are available, but unknown translations are sought for certain, possibly domain-specific terminology. We frame BLI as a classification problem for which we design a neural network based classification architecture composed of recurrent long short-term memory and deep feed forward networks. The results show that word- and character-level representations each improve state-of-the-art results for BLI, and the best results are obtained by exploiting the synergy between these word- and character-level representations in the classification model.",
}
@inproceedings{escoter-etal-2017-grouping,
    title = "Grouping business news stories based on salience of named entities",
    author = "Escoter, Lloren{\c{c}}  and
      Pivovarova, Lidia  and
      Du, Mian  and
      Katinskaia, Anisia  and
      Yangarber, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1103",
    pages = "1096--1106",
    abstract = "In news aggregation systems focused on broad news domains, certain stories may appear in multiple articles. Depending on the relative importance of the story, the number of versions can reach dozens or hundreds within a day. The text in these versions may be nearly identical or quite different. Linking multiple versions of a story into a single group brings several important benefits to the end-user{--}reducing the cognitive load on the reader, as well as signaling the relative importance of the story. We present a grouping algorithm, and explore several vector-based representations of input documents: from a baseline using keywords, to a method using salience{--}a measure of importance of named entities in the text. We demonstrate that features beyond keywords yield substantial improvements, verified on a manually-annotated corpus of business news stories.",
}
@inproceedings{conneau-etal-2017-deep,
    title = "Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Text Classification",
    author = {Conneau, Alexis  and
      Schwenk, Holger  and
      Barrault, Lo{\"\i}c  and
      Lecun, Yann},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1104",
    pages = "1107--1116",
    abstract = "The dominant approach for many NLP tasks are recurrent neural networks, in particular LSTMs, and convolutional neural networks. However, these architectures are rather shallow in comparison to the deep convolutional networks which have pushed the state-of-the-art in computer vision. We present a new architecture (VDCNN) for text processing which operates directly at the character level and uses only small convolutions and pooling operations. We are able to show that the performance of this model increases with the depth: using up to 29 convolutional layers, we report improvements over the state-of-the-art on several public text classification tasks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that very deep convolutional nets have been applied to text processing.",
}
@inproceedings{wachsmuth-etal-2017-pagerank,
    title = "{``}{P}age{R}ank{''} for Argument Relevance",
    author = "Wachsmuth, Henning  and
      Stein, Benno  and
      Ajjour, Yamen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1105",
    pages = "1117--1127",
    abstract = "Future search engines are expected to deliver pro and con arguments in response to queries on controversial topics. While argument mining is now in the focus of research, the question of how to retrieve the relevant arguments remains open. This paper proposes a radical model to assess relevance objectively at web scale: the relevance of an argument{'}s conclusion is decided by what other arguments reuse it as a premise. We build an argument graph for this model that we analyze with a recursive weighting scheme, adapting key ideas of PageRank. In experiments on a large ground-truth argument graph, the resulting relevance scores correlate with human average judgments. We outline what natural language challenges must be faced at web scale in order to stepwise bring argument relevance to web search engines.",
}
@inproceedings{perez-rosas-etal-2017-predicting,
    title = "Predicting Counselor Behaviors in Motivational Interviewing Encounters",
    author = "P{\'e}rez-Rosas, Ver{\'o}nica  and
      Mihalcea, Rada  and
      Resnicow, Kenneth  and
      Singh, Satinder  and
      An, Lawrence  and
      Goggin, Kathy J.  and
      Catley, Delwyn",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1106",
    pages = "1128--1137",
    abstract = "As the number of people receiving psycho-therapeutic treatment increases, the automatic evaluation of counseling practice arises as an important challenge in the clinical domain. In this paper, we address the automatic evaluation of counseling performance by analyzing counselors{'} language during their interaction with clients. In particular, we present a model towards the automation of Motivational Interviewing (MI) coding, which is the current gold standard to evaluate MI counseling. First, we build a dataset of hand labeled MI encounters; second, we use text-based methods to extract and analyze linguistic patterns associated with counselor behaviors; and third, we develop an automatic system to predict these behaviors. We introduce a new set of features based on semantic information and syntactic patterns, and show that they lead to accuracy figures of up to 90{\%}, which represent a significant improvement with respect to features used in the past.",
}
@inproceedings{stamatatos-2017-authorship,
    title = "Authorship Attribution Using Text Distortion",
    author = "Stamatatos, Efstathios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1107",
    pages = "1138--1149",
    abstract = "Authorship attribution is associated with important applications in forensics and humanities research. A crucial point in this field is to quantify the personal style of writing, ideally in a way that is not affected by changes in topic or genre. In this paper, we present a novel method that enhances authorship attribution effectiveness by introducing a text distortion step before extracting stylometric measures. The proposed method attempts to mask topic-specific information that is not related to the personal style of authors. Based on experiments on two main tasks in authorship attribution, closed-set attribution and authorship verification, we demonstrate that the proposed approach can enhance existing methods especially under cross-topic conditions, where the training and test corpora do not match in topic.",
}
@inproceedings{leeuwenberg-moens-2017-structured,
    title = "Structured Learning for Temporal Relation Extraction from Clinical Records",
    author = "Leeuwenberg, Artuur  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1108",
    pages = "1150--1158",
    abstract = "We propose a scalable structured learning model that jointly predicts temporal relations between events and temporal expressions (TLINKS), and the relation between these events and the document creation time (DCTR). We employ a structured perceptron, together with integer linear programming constraints for document-level inference during training and prediction to exploit relational properties of temporality, together with global learning of the relations at the document level. Moreover, this study gives insights in the results of integrating constraints for temporal relation extraction when using structured learning and prediction. Our best system outperforms the state-of-the art on both the CONTAINS TLINK task, and the DCTR task.",
}
@inproceedings{yadav-etal-2017-entity,
    title = "Entity Extraction in Biomedical Corpora: An Approach to Evaluate Word Embedding Features with {PSO} based Feature Selection",
    author = "Yadav, Shweta  and
      Ekbal, Asif  and
      Saha, Sriparna  and
      Bhattacharyya, Pushpak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1109",
    pages = "1159--1170",
    abstract = "Text mining has drawn significant attention in recent past due to the rapid growth in biomedical and clinical records. Entity extraction is one of the fundamental components for biomedical text mining. In this paper, we propose a novel approach of feature selection for entity extraction that exploits the concept of deep learning and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The system utilizes word embedding features along with several other features extracted by studying the properties of the datasets. We obtain an interesting observation that compact word embedding features as determined by PSO are more effective compared to the entire word embedding feature set for entity extraction. The proposed system is evaluated on three benchmark biomedical datasets such as GENIA, GENETAG, and AiMed. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is evident with significant performance gains over the baseline models as well as the other existing systems. We observe improvements of 7.86{\%}, 5.27{\%} and 7.25{\%} F-measure points over the baseline models for GENIA, GENETAG, and AiMed dataset respectively.",
}
@inproceedings{quirk-poon-2017-distant,
    title = "Distant Supervision for Relation Extraction beyond the Sentence Boundary",
    author = "Quirk, Chris  and
      Poon, Hoifung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1110",
    pages = "1171--1182",
    abstract = "The growing demand for structured knowledge has led to great interest in relation extraction, especially in cases with limited supervision. However, existing distance supervision approaches only extract relations expressed in single sentences. In general, cross-sentence relation extraction is under-explored, even in the supervised-learning setting. In this paper, we propose the first approach for applying distant supervision to cross-sentence relation extraction. At the core of our approach is a graph representation that can incorporate both standard dependencies and discourse relations, thus providing a unifying way to model relations within and across sentences. We extract features from multiple paths in this graph, increasing accuracy and robustness when confronted with linguistic variation and analysis error. Experiments on an important extraction task for precision medicine show that our approach can learn an accurate cross-sentence extractor, using only a small existing knowledge base and unlabeled text from biomedical research articles. Compared to the existing distant supervision paradigm, our approach extracted twice as many relations at similar precision, thus demonstrating the prevalence of cross-sentence relations and the promise of our approach.",
}
@inproceedings{yaghoobzadeh-etal-2017-noise,
    title = "Noise Mitigation for Neural Entity Typing and Relation Extraction",
    author = {Yaghoobzadeh, Yadollah  and
      Adel, Heike  and
      Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1111",
    pages = "1183--1194",
    abstract = "In this paper, we address two different types of noise in information extraction models: noise from distant supervision and noise from pipeline input features. Our target tasks are entity typing and relation extraction. For the first noise type, we introduce multi-instance multi-label learning algorithms using neural network models, and apply them to fine-grained entity typing for the first time. Our model outperforms the state-of-the-art supervised approach which uses global embeddings of entities. For the second noise type, we propose ways to improve the integration of noisy entity type predictions into relation extraction. Our experiments show that probabilistic predictions are more robust than discrete predictions and that joint training of the two tasks performs best.",
}
@inproceedings{takamura-etal-2017-analyzing,
    title = "Analyzing Semantic Change in {J}apanese Loanwords",
    author = "Takamura, Hiroya  and
      Nagata, Ryo  and
      Kawasaki, Yoshifumi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1112",
    pages = "1195--1204",
    abstract = "We analyze semantic changes in loanwords from English that are used in Japanese (Japanese loanwords). Specifically, we create word embeddings of English and Japanese and map the Japanese embeddings into the English space so that we can calculate the similarity of each Japanese word and each English word. We then attempt to find loanwords that are semantically different from their original, see if known meaning changes are correctly captured, and show the possibility of using our methodology in language education.",
}
@inproceedings{jager-etal-2017-using,
    title = "Using support vector machines and state-of-the-art algorithms for phonetic alignment to identify cognates in multi-lingual wordlists",
    author = {J{\"a}ger, Gerhard  and
      List, Johann-Mattis  and
      Sofroniev, Pavel},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1113",
    pages = "1205--1216",
    abstract = "Most current approaches in phylogenetic linguistics require as input multilingual word lists partitioned into sets of etymologically related words (cognates). Cognate identification is so far done manually by experts, which is time consuming and as of yet only available for a small number of well-studied language families. Automatizing this step will greatly expand the empirical scope of phylogenetic methods in linguistics, as raw wordlists (in phonetic transcription) are much easier to obtain than wordlists in which cognate words have been fully identified and annotated, even for under-studied languages. A couple of different methods have been proposed in the past, but they are either disappointing regarding their performance or not applicable to larger datasets. Here we present a new approach that uses support vector machines to unify different state-of-the-art methods for phonetic alignment and cognate detection within a single framework. Training and evaluating these method on a typologically broad collection of gold-standard data shows it to be superior to the existing state of the art.",
}
@inproceedings{maharjan-etal-2017-multi,
    title = "A Multi-task Approach to Predict Likability of Books",
    author = "Maharjan, Suraj  and
      Arevalo, John  and
      Montes, Manuel  and
      Gonz{\'a}lez, Fabio A.  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1114",
    pages = "1217--1227",
    abstract = "We investigate the value of feature engineering and neural network models for predicting successful writing. Similar to previous work, we treat this as a binary classification task and explore new strategies to automatically learn representations from book contents. We evaluate our feature set on two different corpora created from Project Gutenberg books. The first presents a novel approach for generating the gold standard labels for the task and the other is based on prior research. Using a combination of hand-crafted and recurrent neural network learned representations in a dual learning setting, we obtain the best performance of 73.50{\%} weighted F1-score.",
}
@inproceedings{van-cranenburgh-bod-2017-data,
    title = "A Data-Oriented Model of Literary Language",
    author = "van Cranenburgh, Andreas  and
      Bod, Rens",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1115",
    pages = "1228--1238",
    abstract = "We consider the task of predicting how literary a text is, with a gold standard from human ratings. Aside from a standard bigram baseline, we apply rich syntactic tree fragments, mined from the training set, and a series of hand-picked features. Our model is the first to distinguish degrees of highly and less literary novels using a variety of lexical and syntactic features, and explains 76.0 {\%} of the variation in literary ratings.",
}
@inproceedings{shoemark-etal-2017-aye,
    title = "Aye or naw, whit dae ye hink? {S}cottish independence and linguistic identity on social media",
    author = "Shoemark, Philippa  and
      Sur, Debnil  and
      Shrimpton, Luke  and
      Murray, Iain  and
      Goldwater, Sharon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1116",
    pages = "1239--1248",
    abstract = "Political surveys have indicated a relationship between a sense of Scottish identity and voting decisions in the 2014 Scottish Independence Referendum. Identity is often reflected in language use, suggesting the intuitive hypothesis that individuals who support Scottish independence are more likely to use distinctively Scottish words than those who oppose it. In the first large-scale study of sociolinguistic variation on social media in the UK, we identify distinctively Scottish terms in a data-driven way, and find that these terms are indeed used at a higher rate by users of pro-independence hashtags than by users of anti-independence hashtags. However, we also find that in general people are less likely to use distinctively Scottish words in tweets with referendum-related hashtags than in their general Twitter activity. We attribute this difference to style shifting relative to audience, aligning with previous work showing that Twitter users tend to use fewer local variants when addressing a broader audience.",
}
@inproceedings{kuncoro-etal-2017-recurrent,
    title = "What Do Recurrent Neural Network Grammars Learn About Syntax?",
    author = "Kuncoro, Adhiguna  and
      Ballesteros, Miguel  and
      Kong, Lingpeng  and
      Dyer, Chris  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Smith, Noah A.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1117",
    pages = "1249--1258",
    abstract = "Recurrent neural network grammars (RNNG) are a recently proposed probablistic generative modeling family for natural language. They show state-of-the-art language modeling and parsing performance. We investigate what information they learn, from a linguistic perspective, through various ablations to the model and the data, and by augmenting the model with an attention mechanism (GA-RNNG) to enable closer inspection. We find that explicit modeling of composition is crucial for achieving the best performance. Through the attention mechanism, we find that headedness plays a central role in phrasal representation (with the model{'}s latent attention largely agreeing with predictions made by hand-crafted head rules, albeit with some important differences). By training grammars without nonterminal labels, we find that phrasal representations depend minimally on nonterminals, providing support for the endocentricity hypothesis.",
}
@inproceedings{coavoux-crabbe-2017-incremental,
    title = "Incremental Discontinuous Phrase Structure Parsing with the {GAP} Transition",
    author = "Coavoux, Maximin  and
      Crabb{\'e}, Beno{\^\i}t",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1118",
    pages = "1259--1270",
    abstract = "This article introduces a novel transition system for discontinuous lexicalized constituent parsing called SR-GAP. It is an extension of the shift-reduce algorithm with an additional gap transition. Evaluation on two German treebanks shows that SR-GAP outperforms the previous best transition-based discontinuous parser (Maier, 2015) by a large margin (it is notably twice as accurate on the prediction of discontinuous constituents), and is competitive with the state of the art (Fern{\'a}ndez-Gonz{\'a}lez and Martins, 2015). As a side contribution, we adapt span features (Hall et al., 2014) to discontinuous parsing.",
}
@inproceedings{shimaoka-etal-2017-neural,
    title = "Neural Architectures for Fine-grained Entity Type Classification",
    author = "Shimaoka, Sonse  and
      Stenetorp, Pontus  and
      Inui, Kentaro  and
      Riedel, Sebastian",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers",
    month = apr,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Valencia, Spain",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1119",
    pages = "1271--1280",
    abstract = "In this work, we investigate several neural network architectures for fine-grained entity type classification and make three key contributions. Despite being a natural comparison and addition, previous work on attentive neural architectures have not considered hand-crafted features and we combine these with learnt features and establish that they complement each other. Additionally, through quantitative analysis we establish that the attention mechanism learns to attend over syntactic heads and the phrase containing the mention, both of which are known to be strong hand-crafted features for our task. We introduce parameter sharing between labels through a hierarchical encoding method, that in low-dimensional projections show clear clusters for each type hierarchy. Lastly, despite using the same evaluation dataset, the literature frequently compare models trained using different data. We demonstrate that the choice of training data has a drast